bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hermitian K -theory of the integers
Authors: Berrick A. J. , Karoubi M.
Published: July 2005

Rognes and Weibel used Voevodsky's work on the Milnor conjecture to deduce the strong Dwyer-Friedlander form of the Lichtenbaum-Quillen conjecture at the prime 2. In consequence (the 2-completion of) the classifying space for algebraic K -theory of the integers [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] can be expressed as a fiber product of well-understood spaces BO and [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] over BU . Similar results are now obtained for Hermitian K -theory and the classifying spaces of the integral symplectic and orthogonal groups. For the integers [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /], this leads to computations of the 2-primary Hermitian K -groups and affirmation of the Lichtenbaum-Quillen conjecture in the framework of Hermitian K -theory.
Rational curves and points on K3 surfaces
Authors: Bogomolov Fedor , Tschinkel Yuri
Published: July 2005

We study the distribution of algebraic points on K3 surfaces.
Overconvergent Hilbert modular forms
Authors: Kisin Mark , Lai King Fai
Published: July 2005

We generalize the construction of the eigencurve by Coleman-Mazur to the setting of totally real fields, and show that a finite slope Hilbert modular eigenform can be deformed into a one parameter family of finite slope eigenforms. The key point is to show the overconvergence of the canonical subgroup and the complete continuity of the U p operator. We deduce this form some general considerations in rigid analytic geometry.
The Archaeology of Foraging and Farming at Niah Cave, Sarawak
Authors: Barker Graeme
Published: July 2005

This paper reports on the principal archaeological results of a renewed program of fieldwork in the Niah Caves (Sarawak) by an interdisciplinary team of archaeologists and environmental scientists. The paper focuses on two main themes: (1) the evidence for the changing nature of the human use of the cave and the implications of this evidence for wider debates in Southeast Asia regarding the foraging behaviors of the modern human populations who colonized the region in the later Pleistocene, and (2) the character of the later transition from foraging to farming. The first foragers visiting the caves ca. 45,000 years ago encountered much more varied landscapes than the present-day equatorial evergreen rainforest around Niah, though they were ones in which rainforest probably remained a component. A remarkable array of organic evidence indicates that the Pleistocene foragers using the caves exploited such landscapes with a combination of hunting, fishing, mollusk collection, and plant gathering, the latter including tuberous forest plants such as aroids, taro, yam, and sago palm. In the mid Holocene, when the landscape surrounding the cave was more similar to that of today, the primary use of the caves was for burials: the West Mouth of the Great Cave in particular was the location for an elaborate Neolithic cemetery that was characterized by a considerable degree of formal planning through its ca. 2500-year life. However, Neolithic people may also have used the West Mouth for habitation, as they certainly used other entrances of the cave complex. Based on present evidence, their subsistence base appears to have been forest foraging, though they were in contact with rice farmers. The remarkable antiquity and longevity of rainforest foraging knowledge and technologies at Niah appear to be among the most important conclusions emerging from the project, findings that may provide further support for arguments against the foragerfarmer dichotomy that underpins the currently dominant model of agricultural origins in Southeast Asia.
The Case for Rainforest Foragers: The Starch Record at Niah Cave, Sarawak
Authors: Barton Huw
Published: July 2005

A study of preserved starch grains from sedimentary sequences at Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo, reveals direct evidence for the use of rainforest plants rich in digestible carbohydrates. Plants identified include several species of Aroids (Alocasia sp., Cyrtosperma sp.), at least one species of yam (Dioscorea sp.), and the pith of sago palm (cf. Caryota mitis, Eugeissona utilis). Starch grains from a total of fourteen recurring types indicate that a wide range of starch-rich plants are present in Pleistocene occupation sediments from the cave, and await identification with a more comprehensive reference collection of tropical species. The technique of starch extraction from archaeological sediments presents archaeologists with a new and powerful tool for investigating the past diet of tropical forest hunter-gatherers.
Rock Art, Burials, and Habitations: Caves in East Kalimantan
Authors: Chazine J.-M. (Jean-Michel)
Published: July 2005

This paper presents a brief summary of a program of study of the archaeology of caves and rock shelters in East Kalimantan, especially the results of recent fieldwork along the Marang River. The caves and rock shelters cluster into three groups in terms of their elevations in the karstic landscape and their archaeological remains. The highest and most inaccessible caves are the locations of rock paintings. Caves at middle locations have produced evidence for funerary activity. Large, dry rock shelters, mostly flat-bottomed, at the foot of the cliffs were preferred for habitation. The paintings consist especially of hand stencils but also include anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures as well as other motifs. A stalactite date indicates that the earliest hand stencils may predate ca. 10,000 B.P., and drawings of what may be extinct animals suggest that some of the other motifs could be of such antiquity. The funerary material includes both pottery similar to Neolithic material elsewhere in Borneo and also later material associated with bronze artifacts. Some of the habitation sites may be pre-Neolithic on the evidence of multiple AMS dates between 4000 and 11750 B.P.; others are more recent. A particular focus of further research will need to be an attempt to establish the antiquity and the authorship of the rock art, and its relationship, if any, to the Holocene uses of the caves for burials and habitation.
Past Human Activity and Geomorphological Change in a Guano-Rich Tropical Cave Mouth: Initial Interpretations of the Late Quaternary Succession in the Great Cave of Niah, Sarawak
Authors: Gilbertson D. D , Bird Michael , Hunt Christopher , McLaren Sue J , Banda Richard Mani , Pyatt Brian , Rose James , Stephens Mark
Published: July 2005

This paper presents initial interpretations of the processes and events responsible for the late Quaternary sequence in the West Mouth of the Great Cave of Niah, in the hot and humid lowland rainforest and swamp forest of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo. It evaluates the geomorphological context of the site within the known pattern of rapid late Quaternary climate change. Attention is given to the proximity to the sea and the likelihood of humid tropical or cooler drier conditions. The stratigraphic succession is described and four units or lithofacies (2C, 2, 3 and 4) are recognized as being of particular geomorphological and archaeological importance. The key processes operating within the site are the accumulation and subsequent failure and flow of bat and bird guano, hillslope colluviation, and ephemeral stream flow and pond development. Units 2C and 2 contain the critical archaeology, including the Deep Skull from an anatomically modern human, discovered by Tom Harrisson. These were formed by colluviation from a complex cave-mouth rampart and stream flow from within the cave. The stream transported fine-grained sediment to a shallow pond, and both the stream and pond deposits show evidence for prolonged desiccation. Human activity is associated with these surfaces. The human remains and related archaeology are preserved because a mudflow (Unit 3) plowed into and overrode the land surface upon which the humans had lived, resulting in the deformation and burial of the surface and the preservation of the archaeological material. Provisional radiocarbon dates indicate that Units 2C and 2 accumulated from before ca. 45,000 B.P. until ca. 38,000 B.P. Dates bracketing the Deep Skull give this an age of ca. 45,000 B.P. to ca. 43,000 B.P. Overlying the mudflow, Unit 4, a silty diamicton with a relatively high carbonate and organic content, appears to have formed by a mix of natural colluvial and human transport processes, and is associated with human cultural material. Unpublished radiocarbon dates indicate that this deposit formed from before ca. 19,500 B.P. to ca. 8500 B.P. (uncalibrated).This interpretation of the site and its finds has required detailed reconstruction of the changing palaeogeography within and beyond the cave entrance and the nature and rate of geomorphological processes operating within the region, which have been placed within models for rapid Quaternary environmental change. The results suggest that during the earlier period of human presence in the Great Cave of Niah(earlier than ca. 45,000 B.P. until ca. 38,000 B.P.), the climate was episodically wet with much longer periods of relative dryness. During the later period of human occupancy (ca. 19,500 B.P. to ca. 8500 B.P. [uncalibrated]), the evidence is less secure and a slightly moister climate is suggested.
Cave Use Variability in Central Maluku, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Latinis D. Kyle , Stark Ken
Published: July 2005

This paper explores variability in cave use in central Maluku from initial settlement in the late Pleistocene to the ethnographic present. Significant variability exists. Historic and ethnographic accounts highlight cave use that is not often considered by archaeologists. Some uses may leave few archaeological signatures. Factors affecting different cave uses are examined, including environmental, social/cultural, and historical factors. The effects of immigrant population influences, such as the Austronesian immigration into and/or influence on central Maluku, are also important considerations. The possibility of multiple migrations of pre-Austronesians and various Austronesian groups, and the subsequent effects on cave use, are also discussed. Archaeological case studies include the Labarisi site (north Buru), the Hatusua site (southwest Seram), and several cave sites on the northern Leihitu Peninsula (Ambon).
Prehistoric Hunting Strategies in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: The Evidence of the Cuscus (Phalanger orientalis) Remains from Buang Merabak Cave
Authors: Leavesley Matthew G
Published: July 2005

The cuscus, Phalanger orientalis, was probably the most important food source in New Ireland from its introduction 20,000 years ago until the introduction of the pig, Sus scrofa, 3500 years ago. Terrestrial, or land-based, fauna were an essential part of the prehistoric diet because they provided both protein and fat, which were often difficult to obtain from marine resources alone. P. orientalis was an important prey species because New Ireland had a relatively low range of prey taxa. Prior to 20,000 B.P., the New Ireland fauna were relatively meager: the potential terrestrial prey taxa for prehistoric hunters included bats, rats, birds, and reptiles. The introduction of the cuscus dramatically increased the number of individual animals and therefore expanded the island-based protein resource available to prehistoric hunters. This paper investigates the nature of the late Pleistocene to Holocene capture of P. orientalis based on data from Buang Merabak, a central New Ireland cave site, and investigates whether prehistoric hunters captured P. orientalis of a particular age and how this changed over time.
Toward a Cultural Topography of Cave Use in East Timor: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Pannell Sandra N , O'Connor Sue
Published: July 2005

In his seminal work on the archaeology of East Timor, Ian Glover (1986) notes that there appeared to be little archaeological evidence for change in the nature of cave use as a focus for settlement, despite the subsistence changes that occurred with the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Looking to the ethnographic record for hunter-gatherer groups, he found little evidence to support the expectation that caves served as "permanent home bases" and commented that "at a time when stable village settlements existed in Timor it is inevitable that the caves provide an even more biased sample of the total Timorese way of life . . ." (1986 : 206). In this paper we revisit the issue of contemporary cave occupation in East Timor with the purpose of providing a more detailed ethnographic discussion of the caves' various uses and meanings. These encompass both the sorts of secular uses described by Glover as well as the social status of caves as sacred or in other ways significant natural formations in the cultural topography of local and national landscapes. The implications some of these observations on contemporary cave use hold for the interpretation of the archaeological record are briefly explored. We also review the sparse literature on contemporary cave use for tropical and tropical semi-arid regions and conclude that the notions of "permanent home cases" and "stable village settlements" are probably not very meaningful, either in contemporary horticultural or past hunter-gatherer contexts.
Australian Foreign Policy and the RAMSI Intervention in Solomon Islands
Authors: Kabutaulaka Tarcisius Tara
Published: July 2005

The Australian government's decision to lead a Pacific Islands Forum regional intervention into Solomon Islands marked a dramatic change in Australian policy toward the Solomons in particular and the Pacific Islands region in general. It demonstrated Australia's willingness to play a more assertive role in the domestic affairs of Pacific countries. The decision also reflected fundamental changes in
the global security environment following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States and the perception that international terrorism has made it difficult to separate external and internal security. Canberra was influenced by the idea that terrorists could use "failed states" to pose security problems for Australia (and other western countries). While Australia's concerns about its own security as well as the influence of Anglo-American security policies have led the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands to concentrate on rebuilding the Solomon Islands state, this paper argues that the post-conflict nation building process must include other institutions besides the state—such as churches, community leaders, nongovernmental organizations, women's groups—that already have an influence on society. This is particularly important for Solomon Islands, a country where there have always been multiple centers of power, with the state not always the most important. Further, post-conflict nation building must also involve the mending and rebuilding of relationships between peoples while ensuring that foreign assistance does not create a culture of dependency.
The Anti-Catholic Roots of Liberal and Republican Conceptions of Freedom in English Political Thought
Authors: Fatovic Clement
Published: July 2005

Intense religious and political hostility to Roman Catholicism, or "popery" as its detractors referred to it, played a pervasive and constitutive role in the development of both liberal and republican conceptions of liberty in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English political thought. Liberal and republican thinkers alike endorsed both individual and collective notions of liberty, such as freedom of thought and the idea of a free state, in contradistinction to various political and religious evils closely associated with Catholicism. The rhetoric of anti-popery served as the common language of thinkers who otherwise approached the question of English liberty in different ways. Ideas of Creation in the Writings of Richard Overton the Leveller and Paradise Lost
The Presence of Democracy: Deweyan Exceptionalism and Communist Teachers in the 1930s
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: July 2005

In the 1930s, John Dewey helped lead a purge of communists from the New York City teachers union. That he justified this action politically and philosophically calls into question the claim that Deweyan pragmatism was a radically democratic philosophy. Instead, Dewey's abiding belief in the exceptionally democratic character of American life allowed him to evade genuine democracy, to normalize political engagement while aligning it with national and nationalist imperatives, and to endorse the repression of legitimate political dissent.
"A book which is no longer discussed today": Tran Duc Thao, Jacques Derrida, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Herrick Tim
Published: July 2005

This article deals with Jacques Derrida's relationship with the variations of phenomenology represented by Tran Duc Thao and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. In his public thesis defense of 1980, Derrida aligns himself with Thao, a Vietnamese philosopher who used phenomenology in a critique of colonialist politics, and explicitly opposes himself to the institutionally-valorized Merleau-Ponty. While direct overlaps and typological similarities exist between Thao and Derrida, the latter is shown overall to be closer to Merleau-Ponty, suggesting Derrida deploys the image of Thao as part of a strategy of autobiographical self-representation which emphasizes his critical relationship to philosophical institutions.
Ideas of Creation in the Writings of Richard Overton the Leveller and Paradise Lost
Authors: McDowell Nicholas
Published: July 2005

Historians have been divided about the origins of Leveller theories concerning natural rights, equality, and democracy. This article gives an account of the monistic natural philosophy outlined by Richard Overton in his pre-Leveller work Mans Mortalitie (1643/44) and demonstrates how his heretical conception of creation provided a metaphysical foundation for his political ideas about the liberty of the subject. Comparisons and contrasts are made with the hermetic idealism of Henry and Thomas Vaughan and the spiritual materialism of Gerrard Winstanley. The most illuminating comparison amongst contemporaries, however, is found in Milton's poetic vision of the cosmos in Paradise Lost (1667).
Empire and the Historiography of European Political Thought: Marsiglio of Padua, Nicholas of Cusa, and the Medieval/Modern Divide
Authors: Nederman Cary J
Published: July 2005

John Pocock's The First Decline and Fall (2003) presents a novel argument for drawing a clear distinction between medieval and early modern varieties of political thinking and writing that implicitly challenges the current historiographical trend that "softens" the dividing line between the two. The present paper critically examines Pocock's claim, which is based on the appearance of the theme of the historicity of the Roman Empire (imperial decline and fall) in early modern (and especially Florentine) political theory. In particular, the works of Marsiglio of Padua and Nicholas of Cusa are surveyed to demonstrate that Pocock's thesis, while useful, fails to capture fully the historical complexity of the medieval / modern divide in European thought.
The New Iraq: The Uses of Historical Memory
Authors: Davis Eric
Published: July 2005

Abstract: This article examines the idea that historical memory can assist democratic transitions, delving into how this idea applies to the case of Iraq. “Historical memory” is defined as the collective understanding that a specific group of people shares about past events which this group perceives as having shaped its current economic, cultural, social, and political status and identity. How this memory shapes Iraq’s democratization is important not only in understanding Iraq, but in understanding the conditions under which democracy prospers.
A Fresh Look at Semipresidentialism: Variations on a Theme
Authors: Elgie Robert
Published: July 2005

Abstract: This paper provides a definition of semipresidentialism and identifies the set of semipresidential countries in the world. It aims to isolate the independent impact of semipresidentialism on democratic performance. The conclusion is that countries should avoid highly presidentialised semipresidential systems, whereas semipresidential systems with ceremonial presidents and strong prime ministers have performed well. In semipresidential systems where both the president and the prime minister have significant powers, the situation is more complex. Many such countries have democratized successfully, but only despite the institutional crises caused by this particular form of semipresidentialism. So, a balanced form of semipresidentialism is a risky choice for newly-democratizing regimes.
Costa Rica: Paradise in Doubt
Authors: Lehoucq Fabrice Edouard
Published: July 2005

Latin America's oldest democracy is undergoing a crisis of confidence, one made manifest by the recent jailing of two former presidents on corruption charges. This paper analyzes how changing electoral preferencesis behind the disintegration of the two-party system. It examines how citizen dissatisfaction is rooted in the difficulty of overseeing more than one hundred autonomous institutions responsible for a wide array of governmental functions. It also examines the political repercussions of chronic fiscal deficits. Reasonable levels of economic growth and the resilience of the political system should permit a recovery that, however, will be neither quick nor painless.
Transitions from Postcommunism
Authors: McFaul Michael
Published: July 2005

The years since 2000 have seen a surprising new wave of democratic breakthroughs in the postcommunist countries of Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine. This article compares and contrasts these three cases, naming seven common factors which made the breakthroughs in these countries possible: 1) a semi-autocratic rather than fully autocratic regime; 2) an unpopular incumbent; 3) a united and organized opposition; 4) an ability quickly to drive home the point that voting results were falsified, 5) enough independent media to inform citizens about the falsified vote, 6) a political opposition capable of mobilizing tens of thousands or more demonstrators to protest electoral fraud, and 7) divisions among the regime's coercive forces.
Turkey's AKP: A Model "Muslim-Democratic" Party?
Authors: Tepe Sultan
Published: July 2005

Turkey's democracy reached a turning point with the meteoric rise of the pro-Islamic Justice and Development Party (AKP) in the 2002 election. Surprising many, the AKP has launched an aggressive reform process to meet the European Union's Copenhagen criteria. The AKP-led "quiet revolution" raises serious questions as to how the reforms will shape the future of Turkish democracy and what role Islam will play in it. Three areas in which the party's policies appear paradoxical are examined: its commitment to decentralization while curbing intra-party democracy, democratic reforms without civil society input, and party institutionalization without having formulated an enduring ideology.
Gauging Arab Support for Democracy
Authors: Tessler Mark A , Gao Eleanor
Published: July 2005

The Arab world stands out as a region for its limited progress toward democracy. At the same time, eight national surveys in six Arab countries between 2000 and 2004 show that 90 percent or more of those interviewed would like to see a democratic political system in their country. This does not necessarily imply support for secular democracy, however. Roughly half of the respondents who support democracy also believe that Islam should play an important role in political affairs. It remains to be seen whether popular support for democracy, coupled with recent, albeit limited political openings in some Arab countries, will lead to sustained democratic transitions.
Cultivated Food Plants: Culture and Gendered Spaces of Colonists and the Chachi in Ecuador
Authors: Fadiman Maria G
Published: July 2005

Colonists and indigenous groups living in and around Ecuador's Mache-Chindul Reserve cultivate various subsistence food plants. The data reveal various differences between the two groups in regards to gendered agricultural spaces. Colonists maintain distinct planting areas, while the Chachi do so less. While each group plants some of the same crops, their basic staples differ: rice for the colonists and plantains for the Chachi. The gendered spaces are also distinct. In colonist households, women take primary care of plants closest to the home, while men's domain is furthest from the home. Among the Chachi, the reverse pattern is the norm. This spatial organization is looked at in the context of previous theories regarding gender and agricultural. These distinctions are important to be considered in the context of better understanding gendered space among rural groups, and also for developing and implementing effective land use programs in and around protected areas.

Los colonos y grupos ind�genas que viven dentro y alrededor de la reserva ecuatoriana Mache-Chindul cultivan varias plantas de subsistencia. Mis investigaciones muestran importantes diferencias entre los dos grupos relativas a los espacios agr�colas y las relaciones de g�nero a su interior. Los colonos mantienen zonas plantadas separadas y claramente diferenciadas, los Chachi en menor medida. Aunque cada grupo siembra algunos de los mismos cultivos, sus productos b�sicos son diferentes: arroz para los colonos y pl�tanos para los Chachi. Las relaciones de g�nero dentro de los espacios agr�colas tambi�n son distintos. En los hogares de los colonos, las mujeres cuidan las plantas m�s cerca de la casa, mientras los hombres tienen sus dominios m�s lejos. Entre los Chachi el patr�n es el contrario. Se examina esta organizaci�n espacial desde perspectivas te�ricas sobre g�nero y la agricultura. Tales diferenciaciones son importantes para un mejor entendimiento del espacio afectado por el g�nero dentro grupos rurales, y tambi�n para el desarrollo e implementaci�n de programas de uso del suelo efectivos dentro y alrededor de �reas protegidas.
Folk Classification and Capability Assessment of Soils in Two Highland Guatemalan Municipios
Authors: Rainey Steven J
Published: July 2005

Fieldwork involving the elicitation of folk classification and capability assessments of soils was conducted in seven small communities within the Guatemalan highlands, with the original goal of searching for complementarities between scientific and folk soil classification systems. While locals' classification of soils share certain commonalities with scientific classification systems, they differ in at least two aspects: 1) Unlike soil classification systems such as Soil Taxonomy, local classification does not display exclusive relations of taxonomic membership; and 2) local soil classification reflects greater concern with managing soils for crop production than with natural processes of soil landscape development. However, local farmers are aware of soil-landscape-plant relationships that impact soil suitability for crop production. This awareness is best exemplified through an explanation of the criteria that peasant farmers in this highland tropical setting use when applying concepts of "hot" and "cold" to assess soil productivity. An analysis of farmer explanations of the criteria that they use when referring to a particular soil as being "hot" or "cold" indicates the ecological sophistication of local concepts of soil-landscape-plant relationships among both indigenous (Kaqchikel Maya) and non-indigenous (Ladino) peasant farmers within the Guatemalan highlands.

El trabajo de campo para elicitar la clasificaci�n popular y una evaluaci�n de la capacidad de suelos fue conducido en siete peque�as comunidades dentro de la sierra guatemalteca, con el prop�sito original de buscar las complementaridades entre los sistemas de clasificaci�n cient�fica y popular. Mientras la clasificaci�n de los campesinos de las localidades comparte algunos aspectos comunes con el sistema cient�fico, hay por lo menos dos diferencias: 1) a diferencia de los sistemas de clasificaci�n como la taxonom�a de suelos, la clasificaci�n popular no muestra relaciones exclusivas de membres�a taxon�mica; y 2) la clasificaci�n popular refleja m�s preocupaci�n por el manejo de los suelos para la producci�n que por los procesos naturales de desarrollo del suelo. Sin embargo, los campesinos son concientes de la relaci�n suelo-plantas con impacto en la conveniencia del suelo para producci�n. Esta conciencia est� mejor ejemplificada a trav�s de la explicaci�n de los criterios que campesinos utilizan en este contexto de la sierra tropical cuando ellos aplican los conceptos de "caliente" y "frio" en la evaluaci�n de la productividad del suelo. Esto indica una sofisticaci�n de conceptos locales de las relaciones entre suelos y plantas tanto dentro el grupo ind�geno (Kaqchikel Maya), como del grupo no-ind�geno (Ladino).
Surviving the City: Urban Home Gardens and the Economy of Affection in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: WinklerPrins Antoinette M. G. A , Souza Perpetuo S. de
Published: July 2005

The Brazilian Amazon region is today an urban place, with 70% of its population residing in urban places. Economic development has lagged behind urbanization and new migrants continue to rely on self-provisioning, especially by growing food in urban home gardens, to meet their food needs. This study is a descriptive analysis of local urban livelihood emphasizing the importance of informal systems of production, exchange, and knowledge that contribute to survival in a medium-sized city, Santar�m, Par�, Brazil.
A regi�o Amaz�nica brasileira � contemporaneamente uma �rea urbanizada, com 70% de sua popula��o residindo em lugares urbanizadas. Desenvolvimento econ�mico tem sido defasado em rela��o � urbaniza��o e novos imigrantes continuam a extrair seu sustento, especialmente de cultivos desenvolvidos em quintais urbanos, como forma de garantir o atendimento de suas necessidades alimentares. Nosso estudo � um an�lise descritivo das condi��es da vida local, enfatizando a import�ncia dos sistemas informais de produ��o, doa��o e conhecimento que contribui para a sobreviv�ncia numa cidade de tamanho m�dio da regi�o, Santar�m, Par�, Brasil.
Completion of Vital Transition and Changing Migration in Indonesia: Empirical Results and Projection Scenarios
Authors: Ananta Aris , Muhidin Salahudin
Published: July 2005

This paper describes population dynamics in Indonesia, with a focus on the possible relationship between declining fertility and mortality trends on one hand and changing levels of internal migration on the other. The high variability in the levels of fertility, mortality and migration among Indonesian provinces provides a rich opportunity to perform a statistical analysis on the possible relationship between these demographic components. The analysis utilizes data from the 1980 and 1990 Indonesia population censuses, and the 1995 intercensal population survey with province as the unit of analysis. The result of this study provides important inputs to improve population projection, particularly for Indonesia, by going one step beyond conventional migration scenarios where little attention is given to the possible correlation with fertility and mortality. More work should be done to further examine the possible relationship between fertility, mortality and migration, particularly over the next 30 years when fertility in all provinces will have declined to below the replacement level.
China's Future Population: Predictions and Prospects
Authors: Men Kepei , Guan Linlin , Jia Lingyun
Published: July 2005

Based on the 1949–2004 statistics, models of grey increment and grey growth rate are used to predict the population of China up to the year 2050. Evidence shows that at the end of 2005, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 the total population will reach 1.3068, 1.336, 1.372, 1.391, 1.401 and 1.406 billion, respectively. In the last decade the annual increase is predicted to be less than 460,000 people, showing an almost zero growth.
The Return of the Repressed: Leo Frank Through the Eyes of Oscar Micheaux
Authors: Bronski Michael
Published: July 2005

This article examines how pioneer African American filmmaker Oscar Micheaux, in his 1935 film Murder in Harlem, radically altered the traditional understanding of the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan and the ensuant trial, conviction, and lynching of Leo Frank. By rejecting the accepted—racist—preconceptions of the case, and by using the genre of the detective story to retell, and reexamine, this material, Micheaux made a unique and vital contribution to how issues of racism as well as antisemitism affected not only the Leo Frank trial but the literature surrounding it as well.
Some Notes on the Erotics of "Black-Jewish Relations"
Authors: Melnick Jeffrey Paul
Published: July 2005

In this essay Melnick plots a "hidden" history of Black-Jewish relations organized around the alternating currents of homerotic attraction and homophobic repulsion. Focusing on Chester Himes's underappreciated novel Lonely Crusade, this essay invites readers to move beyond the more traditional alliance-building narratives of Black-Jewish relations that have dominated critical studies.
Quantum Cloning and Cavity QED
Authors: González Joanna , Orszag Miguel
Published: July 2005

A Universal 1 → 2 Cloner is proposed using cavity QED. This is a deterministic proposal that takes far less steps than previous models, and makes use of dispersive C-NOT gates.
The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M. , Dindo Marietta , Freeman Cassiopeia A. , Hall Marisa J.
Published: July 2005

It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self–other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self.
Stress-Induced Protein S-Glutathionylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Dixon David P. , Skipsey Mark , Grundy Nicholas M. , Edwards Robert
Published: July 2005

S-Glutathionylation (thiolation) is a ubiquitous redox-sensitive and reversible modification of protein cysteinyl residues that can directly regulate their activity. While well established in animals, little is known about the formation and function of these mixed disulfides in plants. After labeling the intracellular glutathione pool with [35S]cysteine, suspension cultures of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia) were shown to undergo a large increase in protein thiolation following treatment with the oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide. To identify proteins undergoing thiolation, a combination of in vivo and in vitro labeling methods utilizing biotinylated, oxidized glutathione (GSSG-biotin) was developed to isolate Arabidopsis proteins/protein complexes that can be reversibly glutathionylated. Following two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry proteomics, a total of 79 polypeptides were identified, representing a mixture of proteins that underwent direct thiolation as well as proteins complexed with thiolated polypeptides. The mechanism of thiolation of five proteins, dehydroascorbate reductase (AtDHAR1), zeta-class glutathione transferase (AtGSTZ1), nitrilase (AtNit1), alcohol dehydrogenase (AtADH1), and methionine synthase (AtMetS), was studied using the respective purified recombinant proteins. AtDHAR1, AtGSTZ1, and to a lesser degree AtNit1 underwent spontaneous thiolation with GSSG-biotin through modification of active-site cysteines. The thiolation of AtADH1 and AtMetS required the presence of unidentified Arabidopsis proteins, with this activity being inhibited by S-modifying agents. The potential role of thiolation in regulating metabolism in Arabidopsis is discussed and compared with other known redox regulatory systems operating in plants.
Regulation of Photosynthetic GAPDH Dissected by Mutants
Authors: Sparla Francesca , Zaffagnini Mirko , Wedel Norbert , Scheibe Renate , Pupillo Paolo , Trost Paolo
Published: July 2005

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of higher plants catalyzes an NADPH-consuming reaction, which is part of the Calvin cycle. This reaction is regulated by light via thioredoxins and metabolites, while a minor NADH-dependent activity is constant and constitutive. The major native isozyme is formed by A- and B-subunits in stoichiometric ratio (A2B2, A8B8), but tetramers of recombinant B-subunits (GapB) display similar regulatory features to A2B2-GAPDH. The C-terminal extension (CTE) of B-subunits is essential for thioredoxin-mediated regulation and NAD-induced aggregation to partially inactive oligomers (A8B8, B8). Deletion mutant B(minCTE) is redox insensitive and invariably tetrameric, and chimeric mutant A(plusCTE) acquired redox sensitivity and capacity to aggregate to very large oligomers in presence of NAD. Redox regulation principally affects the turnover number, without significantly changing the affinity for either 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate or NADPH. Mutant R77A of GapB, B(R77A), is down-regulated and mimics the behavior of oxidized GapB under any redox condition, whereas mutant B(E362Q) is constantly up-regulated, resembling reduced GapB. Despite their redox insensitivity, both B(R77A) and B(E362Q) mutants are notably prone to aggregate in presence of NAD. Based on structural data and current functional analysis, a model of GAPDH redox regulation is presented. Formation of a disulfide in the CTE induces a conformational change of the GAPDH with repositioning of the terminal amino acid Glu-362 in the proximity of Arg-77. The latter residue is thus distracted from binding the 2′-phosphate of NADP, with the final effect that the enzyme relaxes to a conformation leading to a slower NADPH-dependent catalytic activity.
E-cadherin promotes EGFR-mediated cell differentiation and MUC5AC mucin expression in cultured human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Kim Suil , Schein Aaron J. , Nadel Jay A.
Published: July 2005

In previous work, we showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation causes mucin expression in airway epithelium in vivo and in human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells in vitro. Here we show that the cell surface adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, promotes EGFR-mediated mucin production in NCI-H292 cells in a cell density- and cell cycle-dependent fashion. The addition of the EGFR ligand, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, increased MUC5AC protein expression markedly in dense, but not in sparse, cultures. MUC5AC-positive cells in dense cultures contained 2 N DNA content and did not incorporate bromodeoxyuridine, suggesting that they develop via cell differentiation and that a surface molecule involved in cell-cell contact is important for EGFR-mediated mucin production. In support of this hypothesis, in dense cultures of NCI-H292 cells and in NHBE cells at air-liquid interface, blockade of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts decreased EGFR-dependent mucin production. E-cadherin blockade also increased EGFR-dependent cell proliferation and TGF-α-induced EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation in dense cultures of NCI-H292 cells, suggesting that E-cadherin promotes EGFR-dependent mucin production and inhibits EGFR-dependent cell proliferation via modulation of EGFR phosphotyrosine levels. Furthermore, in dense cultures, E-cadherin blockade decreased the rate of EGFR tyrosine dephosphorylation, implicating an E-cadherin-dependent protein tyrosine phosphatase in EGFR dephosphorylation. Thus E-cadherin promotes EGFR-mediated cell differentiation and MUC5AC production, and our results suggest that this occurs via a pathway involving protein tyrosine phosphatase-dependent EGFR dephosphorylation.
A topological isomorphism invariant for certain AF algebras
Authors: Zerr Ryan J.
Published: July 2005

For certain AF algebras, a topological space is described which
provides an isomorphism invariant for the algebras in this class.
These AF algebras can be described in graphical terms by virtue of
the existence of a certain type of Bratteli diagram, and the
order‐preserving automorphisms of the corresponding AF algebra′s
dimension group are then studied by utilizing this graph. This
will also provide information about the automorphism groups of the
corresponding AF algebras.
On f‐derivations of BCI‐algebras
Authors: Zhan Jianming , Liu Yong Lin
Published: July 2005

The notion of left‐right (resp., right‐left) f‐derivation of a BCI‐algebra is introduced, and some related properties are
investigated. Using the idea of regular f‐derivation, we give characterizations of a p‐semisimple BCI‐algerba.
Fixed point iteration for asymptotically quasi‐nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces
Authors: Plubtieng Somyot , Wangkeeree Rabian
Published: July 2005

Suppose that C is a nonempty closed convex subset of a real uniformly convex Banach space X. Let T : C → C be an asymptotically quasi‐nonexpansive mapping. In this paper, we introduce the three‐step iterative scheme for such map with error members. Moreover, we prove that if T is uniformly L‐Lipschitzian and completely continuous, then the iterative
scheme converges strongly to some fixed point of T.
The case of equality in Landau′s problem
Authors: Hagerty G. W. , Nag P.
Published: July 2005

Kolmogorov (1949) determined the best possible constant
Kn,m for the inequality where f is any function with n bounded, piecewise continuous derivative on ℝ and Mk(f) = supx∈ℝ|f(k)(x)|. In this paper, we provide a relatively simple proof for the case of equality.
Sensitivity analysis of solutions for a system of generalizedparametric nonlinear quasivariational inequalities
Authors: Liu Zeqing , Zhu Beibei , Kang Shin Min , Kim Gwang Il
Published: July 2005

A new class of system of generalized parametric nonlinear quasivariational inequalities involving various classes of mappings is introduced and studied. With the properties of maximal monotone mappings, the equivalence between the class of system of
generalized parametric nonlinear quasivariational inequalities and a class of fixed point problems is proved and an iterative algorithm with errors is constructed. A few existence and
uniqueness results and sensitivity analysis of solutions are also established for the system of generalized nonlinear parametric quasivariational inequalities and some convergence results of iterative sequence generated by the algorithm with errors are proved.
Computing with Continuous Attractors: Stability and Online Aspects
Authors: Wu Si , Amari Shun-ichi
Published: July 2005

Two issues concerning the application of continuous attractors in neural systems are investigated: the computational robustness of continuous attractors with respect to input noises and the implementation of Bayesian online decoding. In a perfect mathematical model for continuous attractors, decoding results for stimuli are highly sensitive to input noises, and this sensitivity is the inevitable consequence of the system's neutral stability. To overcome this shortcoming, we modify the conventional network model by including extra dynamical interactions between neurons. These interactions vary according to the biologically plausible Hebbian learning rule and have the computational role of memorizing and propagating stimulus information accumulated with time. As a result, the new network model responds to the history of external inputs over a period of time, and hence becomes insensitive to short-term fluctuations. Also, since dynamical interactions provide a mechanism to convey the prior knowledge of stimulus, that is, the information of the stimulus presented previously, the network effectively implements online Bayesian inference. This study also reveals some interesting behavior in neural population coding, such as the trade-off between decoding stability and the speed of tracking time-varying stimuli, and the relationship between neural tuning width and the tracking speed.
Argentina: Economic Disaster and the Rejection of the Political Class
Authors: Carballo Marita , Turner Frederick
Published: July 2005

The Argentine economic crisis of 1999-2003 caused GDP to drop precipitously and levels of poverty and unemployment to rise greatly. Although more profound, this crisis resembled three others since 1966, and it led Argentines overwhelmingly to reject the members of their political class. In 1999, the confidence of Argentine citizens in politicians and political institutions was already very low, reflecting in part the earlier crises and the fact that income distribution in the country had become far more unequal in the 1990s. Causes for the economic crisis include economic policies, political constraints, and the structure of Argentine society and values. Although some economic growth has returned under the presidency of Néstor Kirchner since 2003, the depth of the rejection of the political class is so great that it may lead to some change in Argentine values.
Erosion of Confidence in Thirty European Democracies
Authors: Dogan Mattei
Published: July 2005

The deficit of confidence is attested by a wealth of empirical data. The analysis deals with some nine institutions, political parties, discredit of politicians, the tandem of judges and journalists in denouncing the wrongdoings, the decreasing mistrust between nations as a compensatory trend of mistrust within nations. The countries are ranked according to the level of mistrust, which permeates all social strata. Corruption is an ubiquitous phenomenon in Europe, with few exceptions. Two illustrative emblematic cases are compared; Britain and Italy. In spite of the widespread feeling of mistrust, the legitimacy of democracy remains unchallenged. What types of citizens are needed in advanced democracies? Ignorant, credulous, believers in myths or well informed rationally distrustful citizens? Today democracy is permanently under the supervision of the public, as attested by surveys conducted periodically.
Norway: Trust Among Elites in a Corporatist Democracy
Authors: Gulbrandsen Trygve
Published: July 2005

While there have been many studies of ordinary citizens' institutional trust, there is very little knowledge about how national elites or leaders evaluate the trustworthiness of public institutions. This article contributes to filling this knowledge gap. Based on data from the Norwegian Power and Democracy Project's Leadership Study 2000, it is demonstrated that Norwegian top leaders have more trust in the main institutions of the society than citizens do in general. They rank, however, the various institutions in the same way. As found in studies of citizens' institutional trust, ideological orientation is an important cause of institutional trust among the top leaders. How they relate to the public/private cleavage as well as to the centre/periphery cleavage has significant impact upon their trust giving. The degree of trust in a particular institution is also positively affected by how much contact a top leader has with the leaders of this institution. The elites in Norway are involved in an extensive network of contacts and relations with leaders in other sectors and institutions. An indirect, and thus not always discernable effect of this network of relations seems to be that a higher degree of mutual trust is emerging among all the elites in the system.