bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of microglial anandamide‐metabolizing cytochrome P‐450s leading to the formation of a CB2 receptor agonist with increased biostability
Authors: Nast James A.
Published: June 2021

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are known to oxidize the endocannabinoid anandamide, thus potentially affecting the endocannabinoid system. Work from this lab has demonstrated that P450s 3A4 and 4F2 oxygenate anandamide to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamides (HETE‐EAs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EET‐EAs) (Snider et al., 2007). We have shown that one of these metabolites, 5,6‐EET‐EA, is a potent agonist of the CB2 receptor and inhibited forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. In the central nervous system, the CB2 receptor is almost exclusively expressed on microglia. Activated microglia have an increased expression of the CB2 receptor and is a possible target for the treatment of neuroinflammation. BV‐2 microglia cells stimulated with low doses of interferon‐gamma exhibited an increase of metabolism of anandamide to 5,6‐EET‐EA, corresponding to increased expression of the microglial P450s 4F13 and 3A1. We also demonstrated that 5,6‐EET‐EA has a higher stability than anandamide in mouse brain homogenate. Our results suggest that epoxidation of anandamide by P450s to form 5,6‐EET‐EA represents an endocannabinoid bioactivation pathway in the context of immune cell function.
Molecular Mechanism of Heart Failure in Rats Induced by Chronic Systemic Hypoxia: Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor‐1α in the Regulation of B‐type Natiuretic Peptide‐45 Gene Expression
Authors: Ferdinal Frans , Suyatna Franciscus D , Wanandi Septelia Inawati , Sadikin Mohamad
Published: June 2021

Plasma BNP levels have been shown to correlate closely with the left ventricle pressure, makes it the first biomarker for heart failure. Although BNP has been applied broadly, its biochemistry is far from complete and its expression remained elusive. At the molecular level the reaction of the organism to hypoxia is mediated by HIF‐1α which activates more than 200 of target genes, but its linked to BNP has not reported yet. The aim of recent study is to develop heart failure model in rats. Rats, male, were randomized into 7 groups (n = 4 per group): control normoxia group exposed to room air, hypoxia group were caged in hypoxic chambers (O2 8%) for 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days.

Result

histopathologic examination shows massive hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, accompanied by damage to the structure of intercalated disk (ID), necrosis, fibrosis and apoptosis as a hallmark of ventricular remodeling. Drastic increase in plasma BNP‐45 levels on 21 day exposure, BNP mRNA expression increased > 7 fold changed and activities of HIF‐1α were significantly increased, compared with control group.

Conclusions

Chronic systemic hypoxia causes: Ventricular hypertrophy accompanied by damage in the structure of ID and then progress to heart failure. There were changes in the gene expression either in transcription and post‐transcription level.
Orientation studies of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors using Glide® docking and spectroscopic kinetic assays
Authors: Stockert Amy , Mahfouz Tarek , Petersen Brad , Fakunmoju Oluweseun , Patel Rajvi
Published: June 2021

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid, the last two steps in purine metabolism. XO is a molybdenum enzyme, which contains reductive and oxidative half reactions and uses oxygen gas as its final electron acceptor. Because O2 is the final electron receptor, XO generates reducing equivalents as a product of reaction. During an ischemic condition such as a stroke or a heart attack, the oxidative half reaction does not occur, leading to a buildup of reducing equivalents. Upon reintroduction of oxygen, these reducing equivalents rapidly convert oxygen to H2O2 and O2 ? at a rate that cannot be broken down by other enzymes, leading to oxidative tissue damage. Therefore, the overall goal of this project is to find an inhibitor which slows release of electrons to oxygen. Using computer modeling and docking programs various inhibitors were docked into XO active site and their docking energies estimated. Glide® was used to dock the inhibitors and investigate their different binding modes. Docking results were compared to enzyme assay results to validate our computational approach. Enzyme assays were performed using XO purified from cow's milk. Enzyme concentration was measured by examining the absorbance at 450 nm and calculated using the extinction coefficient 37.8 mM/cm AU. Enzyme activity was estimated by measuring the uric acid production at 295nm upon addition of xanthine. Binding of inhibitors to two mutants of Xanthine Dehydrogenase was also investigated computationally. The results showed that 1H‐Benzotriazole‐5‐Carboxylic, Benzotriazole‐1‐methanol and Benzotriazole has the most favorable conformation out of all the inhibitors and these results were used to prepare the enzyme assay. Glide docking result matches the experimental data and we can use these data in future for more experiments.
Template‐assisted hemolytic activity of carboxy‐terminal mutants of truncated hemolysin A
Authors: Hocking Jason Mark , Weaver Todd Michael
Published: June 2021

Proteus species, a common urinary tract infectious gram‐negative bacterium, contains the virulence factor hemolysin A. Hemolysin A is one member of the two‐partner secretion (TPS) pathway. In the TPS pathway hemolysin B (HpmB) secretes and activates hemolysin A from the periplasm into the external environment. Additional studies have reported the activation of inactive hemolysin A after mixing with an exogenous pool of truncated and post‐HpmB secreted hemolysin A. This so‐called template‐assisted hemolytic activity has been monitored under a number of different conditions. More recently, a 3‐dimensional structure of truncated hemolysin A, dubbed HpmA265, has been determined. In this crystal structure one of the important interactions occurs between the carboxy‐terminal ends of two beta‐helix monomers, thereby forming a cross beta‐stranded, dry dimer interface. In an effort to understand the template‐assisted activity of HpmA265, two types of mutants were constructed. First, a series of carboxy‐terminal mutants were constructed where a lysine residue was substituted within the normally hydrophobic core. Additionally, a truncated form of hemolysin A was constructed to contain only the first 141 residues and has been termed HpmA141. Each of these mutants were purified and analyzed for template‐assisted activity and temperature stability. The lysine replacements engineered at the carboxy‐terminus of HpmA265 did not inhibit activity. However, temperature stability differences have been observed between these carboxy‐terminal mutants and HpmA265. Furthermore, HpmA141 showed some residual template‐assisted activity even though it only harbors the first 141 residues. The later results are supportive of a model whereby the carboxy‐terminal end of truncated HpmA is an important interface during template‐assisted activity. Research supported by NSF‐RUI (MCB 0744754)
In‐Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Antimalarial Drug Toxicity on Cultured Embryonic Rat Neurons, Macrophage (RAW 264.7), and Kidney Cells (VERO‐CCl‐81)
Authors: Agboruche Rebecca Latice
Published: June 2021

Malaria is endemic to 106 nations and currently threatens over half of the world's population. Today it is becoming increasingly important to find effective antimalarial drugs with substantial half‐lives and few adverse effects. In the United States, Mefloquine remains the primary drug of choice for U.S. military deployments and civilians traveling to regions where malaria is prevalent. However, in previous studies, mefloquine has been proven to be highly neurotoxic contributing to numerous adverse effects. Throughout this study, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of eight antimalarial drugs will be compared to mefloquine in an attempt to compare their relative toxicity levels. For each drug, neurotoxicity was assessed by exposure of cultured embryonic rat neurons to graded concentrations of the drugs for 20 min. Mefloquine exhibited the highest level of neurotoxicity in relation to all other antimalarial drugs with the exception of Tafenoquine as indicated by the IC50 values. A general toxicity assay was also conducted to compare the effects of the antimalarial drugs in a rat macrophage (RAW 264.7) and African green monkey kidney (VERO‐CCl‐81) cell line. The general toxicity results indicated that mefloquine exhibited the highest degree of toxicity when compared to all eight antimalarial drugs as indicated by IC50 values. Collectively these data suggest that the profile of toxicity was analogous in all three cell lines investigated.

The growing prevalence of malaria calls for antimalarial drugs which are highly effective and don't contribute to adverse side effects. This investigation demonstrates that mefloquine is considerably more toxic than all eight antimalarial drugs analyzed within the study. Therefore it is highly plausible that alternative antimalarial drugs with negligible degrees of toxicity can be administered as a substitute for mefloquine.
Evaluating vaccine‐induced immune responses in a murine model of LCMV infection
Authors: Tuyishime Steven , Weiner David B , Shedlock Devon
Published: June 2021

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects vital cells of the human immune system. Currently, HIV infection is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is expensive and has severe side effects. Therapeutic vaccination using plasmid DNA has been proposed as an alternative to ART. DNA vaccines have been shown to induce immune responses against encoded proteins that may help treat or cure disease. To study novel DNA vaccine approaches against viral infection we are developing a murine model of infection that mimics HIV infection in humans. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can establish a chronic infection in mice and is well characterized in the rodent model. We designed a DNA vaccine against LCMV expressing the viral glycoprotein and vaccine potency will be enhanced using in vivo electroporation. To measure vaccine‐specific antibody production in immunized mice, we developed an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using plate‐bound whole LCMV virus. ELISA results are reported from a pilot study examining vaccine dose at two weeks post‐immunization. These responses will be monitored weekly until the study endpoint, at which time vaccine‐specific cellular immune responses will be assessed using murine splenocytes. This work was funded by the HHMI Program, the MARC U*STAR T34 08663, and UPenn SUIP.
Modulation of MUC1 Protein Expression by PPAR‐gamma in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Mmagu Obinna , Wang Peng , Carson Daniel
Published: June 2021

The survival rate of pancreatic cancer is approximately four months. Most pancreatic carcinomas overexpress MUC1. MUC1 is a glycoprotein that serves as a barrier to infection in normal cells. However, MUC1 protects cancer cells from immune responses and cell death. Therefore, reducing MUC1 protein expression is expected to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to killing by cells of the immune system. PPARs are transcription factors of the nuclear receptor family. PPARγ heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor and binds to PPAR response elements. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that rosiglitazone reduces cytokine‐stimulated MUC1 expression in various cancer cell lines. Therefore, we hypothesized that rosiglitazone will reduce MUC1 protein expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreatic cancer cell lines were cultured and serum starved for several days. The cell lines were treated with and without rosiglitazone. Western blotting and autoradiography were used to separate and detect the MUC1 proteins synthesized by the cells. Our results indicate that rosiglitazone significantly reduces MUC1 protein expression in Capan2 and HPAF2 cell lines. PPARγ agonists in combination with tumoricidal agents offer a promising avenue to increase pancreatic tumor cell sensitivity to killing by decreasing MUC1 levels. Funding provided by the HHMI Science Education Grant and the McNair Scholars Program.
Phenylarsine Oxide‐Affinity Isolation of Candidate Redox Receptor Proteins from the Brain
Authors: Foley Timothy Daniel , Stredny Coral M , Coppa Teresa M , Gubbiotti Maria
Published: June 2021

Proteins containing vicinal dithiols, capable of reversible oxidation to form intraprotein disulfide bonds, may play important roles in redox signaling. Affinity chromatography using immobilized phenylarsine oxide (PAO), which binds vicinal dithiol‐containing proteins has been used in limited studies to isolate proteins containing vicinal thiols that undergo reversible oxidation. In this method, the oxidized proteins are captured selectively by reduction of the thiols to enable binding to PAO following oxidative stress and alkylation to block non‐oxidized thiols. The PAO‐bound proteins are removed by the addition of low‐molecular‐weight thiols which compete for binding to PAO. A major limitation of this method has been the lack of a disulfide reducing agent that would promote the reduction of reversibly‐oxidized thiols but not also compete with proteins for binding to PAO. The present study demonstrates using a Triton X‐100‐soluble fraction from rat brain as a source of proteins that the efficiency of PAO‐affinity chromatography as a means to capture selectively vicinal dithiol proteins as well as the subset of these that undergo reversible oxidation in response to mild oxidative stress can be improved greatly by using the reducing agent tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) which does not contain a thiol group. The results show that (i) a large fraction of brain proteins bind PAO in a thiol‐sensitive manner and (ii) a small number of these undergo reversible oxidation in response to mild oxidative stress in vitro. In addition, the known vicinal thiol protein SNAP‐25, which plays a critical role in neurotransmitter release, is identified by Western blotting as a candidate "redox receptor" protein in the brain.
Chasing nanodiamond in cell cycle progression
Authors: Chao Jui‐I , Liu Kuang‐Kai
Published: June 2021

Nanodiamond (ND) is a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications. After treatment with 100 nm ND particles, these cells were re‐cultured in fresh medium for long‐term observation, which counted the total cell number of every 2 day in A549 and 3T3‐L1 cells. ND particles did not inhibit the cell growth ability after cultured 10 days. Furthermore, the cell cycle progression of these cells did not alter by ND particles. Interestingly, the ND¡ ?s particles were retained in the inside of cells. It was formed a single ND¡¦ s cluster in cytosol but not nucleus. ND particles can be persistently existed in cell but without inducing cell damage. Our findings provide ND particles that are compatible in cell cycle progression.
Sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 2 (SREBP‐2) couples cholesterol homeostasis and T cell activation to HIV‐1 transcription
Authors: Taylor Harry Eugene , Hildreth James E. K.
Published: June 2021

HIV‐1 replication in primary human CD4+T cells requires cellular activation and host cholesterol for productive infection. Interestingly, both T cell activation and HIV‐1 infection independently induce SREBP‐2‐dependent transcription. Oxysterols that suppress host cell cholesterol‐dependent transcription by inhibiting SREBP‐2 processing also inhibit HIV‐1 replication in vitro. Using bioinformatic and molecular approaches, we have identified TFII‐I, a transcription factor critical for T cell receptor‐mediated HIV‐1 LTR transcription, as a novel SREBP‐2 target gene in CD4+T cells. Levels of TFII‐I in CD4+T cells increased after HIV‐1 infection and correlated with the level of T cell activation. Reduction of endogenous SREBP‐2 activity by 25‐hydroxycholesterol treatment or siRNA‐mediated silencing inhibited induction of TFII‐I in both activated and HIV‐1 infected primary CD4+T cells. Correspondingly, depletion of SREBP‐2 reduced HIV‐1 replication in CD4+T cells by more than 75%. Consistent with a role in HIV‐1 LTR transcription, siRNA‐mediated knockdown of either SREBP‐2 or TFII‐I reduced intracellular viral antigen levels in HIV‐1‐infected CD4+T cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that control of TFII‐I expression via SREBP‐2 is essential for HIV‐1 replication. Inhibition of this pathway may provide a new therapeutic strategy for AIDS.

Supported by NIH (R01 HD040772)
Advancing active learning in biochemistry: an NSF‐funded project
Authors: Minderhout Vicky , Loertscher Jennifer , Lewis Jennifer , Villafane Sachel
Published: June 2021

Biochemistry at Seattle University has been taught using small groups and instructor‐designed activities for eleven years. The long‐term success of this course led the National Science Foundation to fund a project to test, improve, and disseminate our materials at institutions nationwide. Any attempt to improve biochemistry learning nationally must account for the interdisciplinary nature of the field as well as ASBMB curriculum guidelines. We asked expert biochemists to map ASBMB guidelines onto our classroom activities. It was found that most content and many skill areas were addressed by existing activities. A small number of gaps were identified and addressed at a workshop in which biochemists collaborated to write new activities. In the current academic year, instructors from a diversity of settings, including a large research university, are using our materials and providing feedback. Participating faculty are also administering preliminary versions of pre‐ and post‐tests to examine conceptual gains made as a result of the activities. Results from conceptual gains testing will be used to improve assessment instruments in preparation for large‐scale testing in the 2009‐10 academic year.
Fluorescence investigation of hydrophobic pocket exposure in protein with 1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonic acid
Authors: DeLaLuz Paul James , Ackley Brittany Lynee
Published: June 2021

Typically, hydrophobic residues in proteins are found on the interior of the tertiary structure minimizing interactions with water. Many proteins function by exposing hydrophobic faces to the solvent. The molecule 1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonic acid (1,8‐ANS) will fluoresce exclusively in presence of hydrophobic interactions allowing investigation of exposed pockets in proteins. Two separate investigations with ANS and the proteins calmodulin and lysozyme are outlined. Calmodulin in the presence of calcium exposes two hydrophobic pockets which are accessible to ANS increasing the fluorescence signal compared to the absence of calcium. Lysozyme in the presence of varying the concentration of urea and ANS will produce a fluorescence maximum indicating a conformational structure exposing the hydrophobic core to solvent called the molten‐globule state. These investigations are intended for an introductory laboratory in biochemistry.
Undergraduates training undergraduates: developing a protocol for peer mentoring in a molecular biology laboratory at a liberal arts college
Authors: Columbus Devin Ann , Aguanno Ann
Published: June 2021

Undergraduate biological research has been shown to be a powerful pedagogy tool. Its value is even greater at a liberal arts college, since this experience fosters proficiency in many aspects of biology without sacrificing the value of a liberal arts education. Moreover, undergraduate research benefits students beyond the obvious provision of scientific knowledge; public speaking, problem solving, and time management skills, along with self‐confidence, are all developed. Here we describe our protocol for peer mentoring in an undergraduate biology research program at Marymount Manhattan College, a small, urban, liberal arts institution. Students begin with a review of literature and lab protocols, followed by discreet training activities. Independence in the lab and the ability to troubleshoot are emphasized. Once students have mastered appropriate skills, they outline and conduct their own experiments. Data is organized and presented at weekly lab meetings. All of these activities are guided by experienced undergraduates and overseen by a faculty advisor. Eventually students present their findings at multiple public forums. Effectiveness of these methods as measured by specific outcomes (communication skills, GPA, post baccalaureate status) are assessed. Preliminary analysis indicates a highly successful and reproducible training protocol, benefitting both the student and peer mentor.
Nutrient Rich Food Index categorization of foods aligns with nutrient content claim criteria
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , Keast Debra R , Drewnowski Adam
Published: June 2021

The Nutrient Rich Food Index is calculated as the sum of the Daily Values (DV) of nine nutrients to encourage (protein; fiber; vitamins A, C, and E; Ca; Mg; Fe; K) minus the sum of the DV of three nutrients to limit (saturated fat, Na, and added sugars DV=50) per 100 calories. Using USDA's Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies we calculated the NRF index for all calorie‐containing foods consumed in NHANES 1999‐2002 and developed a five point scale (1=low/5= high) after standardizing scores within and across USDA defined food groups. We then determined the number of foods that met the following US FDA labeling standards: 1) % of foods that were a) a "good source" (GS) and b) an "excellent source" (ES) of nutrients with a DV; and 2) % of foods that met the definition of "healthy" (Hy). Over 92% of category 5 foods (high NRF score) had one or more nutrients at a GS level; about 82% of category 5 foods had one or more nutrients at an ES level, and over 60% of category five foods qualify for FDA Hy. In Category 3 (mid‐point NRF scores), 87, 65, and 22% of foods met the GS, ES, and Hy criteria, respectively. A little over 60% of category 1 foods (low NRF scores) had one or more nutrients at a GS level, about 30% of category 1 foods had one or more nutrients at an ES level, and less than 7% of category 1 foods met Hy. We conclude that the NRF index categories can distinguish between foods based on several definitions of FDA labeling criteria, especially for those foods meeting the definition of healthy. Supported by the National Dairy Council.
Antioxidant micronutrients and their performance in Hispanics infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis C virus
Authors: Yoon G‐A , Beretta G , Yeum K‐J , Forrester J E
Published: June 2021

Antioxidant micronutrients and total antioxidant performance (TAP) were determined in Hispanics infected with HIV and/or hepatitis C (HCV). Hispanics > 18 yrs were stratified to 1) HIV alone (HIV, n=75), 2) HIV with HCV (HIV/HCV, n=115), 3) HCV alone (HCV, n=58), and 4) control (C, n=84). Plasma antioxidants were measured by HPLC‐UVD & ‐ECD, insulin sensitivity by Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), and TAP by fluorometry. HIV and HIV/HCV showed higher plasma triglyceride & glucose, and lower QUICKI than C. Plasma insulin was significantly higher in HIV/HCV and higher tendency in HIV and HCV than that of C. Although antioxidant micronutrients were normal in range, significantly lower plasma carotenoid in HIV, HIV/HCV and HCV and of uric acid and vitamin E in HIV and HIV/HCV, respectively, than those of C were found. Uric acid and insulin were lowest in HIV and C, respectively, among groups. TAP was significantly higher in HIV/HCV and HCV (p<0.0001) than HIV or C. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that uric acid was a predictor of TAP in HIV, HIV/HCV and HCV and insulin in C. When insulin was excluded from the model, uric acid became a predictor of TAP in C. Thus, unexpectedly higher TAP in HIV/HCV and HCV may be due to uric acid and elevated insulin caused by endocrine‐metabolic disturbances. The significance of elevated TAP in the HIV/HCV and HCV warrants further study. (Supported by NIDA DA11598, DA14501, Ctr Metab Res on HIV & Drug Use P30DA013868)
The effect of oil supplements on the proliferation of bone cells
Authors: Kim Youjin , Kelly Owen J , Ilich Jasminka Z
Published: June 2021

Obesity and osteoporosis may be linked as both adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from common mesenchymal stem cell precursors. Based on some studies, both conditions may benefit by increased n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and decreased n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio. n‐3 fatty acids (alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are frequently taken as supplements but their efficacy in all aspects of bone metabolism has not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of some frequently used oil supplements on the proliferation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (ST2), pre‐adipocytes (MC3T3‐L1), and pre‐osteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1). Cell media containing oils was replaced every 2 days until day 8 when cell proliferation was measured. Fish oil significantly increased ST2 and MC3T3‐E1 cell proliferation, however, the lower dose had the greatest effect on MC3T3‐E1 cells. Flax oil also significantly increased MC3T3‐E1 cell proliferation but had no effect on ST2 cells. Neither fish nor flax oil had a significant effect on MC3T3‐L1 cell proliferation. This preliminary research suggests that various n‐3 PUFAs have different modes of action and fish (EPA and DHA) and flax (ALA) oil may benefit osteoblastogenesis. Further research in this novel area is required.
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate transcription of uncoupling protein 3 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Lee Mak‐Soon , Kim Yangha
Published: June 2021

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a mitochondrial membrane transporter, regulating energy expenditure and fat oxidation in skeletal muscle and is up‐regulated by fatty acids. In the present, we investigated the effects of omega‐3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on the regulation of UCP3 gene transcription in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. The mRNA levels were assayed using quantitative real‐time PCR. DHA and EPA up‐regulated the UCP3 mRNA level in a dose‐dependent manner. The ‐1790/+52 bp of the UCP3 promoter was subcloned into the pGL3‐basic vector that includes luciferase as a reporter gene. UCP3 promoter activity was also increased by DHA or EPA in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggested that omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may regulate transcription of the UCP3 gene in skeletal muscle cells. "This study was supported by the Project of Bio‐Food Research from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF, M10510130005‐08N1013‐00510)".
Dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation lowers seizure threshold in rats
Authors: Taha Ameer Y , Burnham W McIntyre , Bazinet Richard P
Published: June 2021

Several candidate genes that play a role in seizure etiology have been identified. Yet, the impact of environmental influences such as dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) is not known. We therefore tested the impact of chronic dietary n‐3 PUFA deprivation on seizure threshold in the cortex and amygdala. Rats were surgically implanted with electrodes in the cortex or amygdala, and subsequently randomized to the AIN‐93G diet containing n‐3 PUFA derived from soybean oil, or a modified n‐3 PUFA‐deficient version derived from coconut and safflower oil. The rats were maintained on the diets for 33 weeks. Seizure thresholds were measured monthly by electrically stimulating the cortex and amygdala. At the end of 33 weeks, seizure threshold was assessed following a bolus subcutaneous injection of oleic (OA) or docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). Dietary n‐3 PUFA deprivation resulted in a statistically significant decrease in cortical and amygdaloid thresholds by week 16, relative to baseline (P<0.05). The decrease in thresholds was not observed in rats on the control, soybean oil diet. Compared to a bolus injection of OA, acute injection of DHA raised seizure threshold in rats on the control diet but not the n‐3 PUFA deficient diet (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate for the first time that dietary n‐3 PUFA deficiency increases seizure susceptibility in rats.

Grant Funding Source

Canadian Institutes of Health research
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and n‐3 fatty acids on body composition and bone loss in aging C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Halade Ganesh V , Rahman Md Mizanur , Williams Paul , Fernandes Gabriel
Published: June 2021

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n‐3 fatty acids (FA) have been proposed as an important pharmaconutrient for modulating cancer and obesity. We investigated effect of CLA and n‐3 FA alone or in combination to modulate bone loss and liver steaotosis in aging C57Bl/6 mice. Twelve months old C57Bl/6 mice were fed with 10% corn oil (CO) as control, with or without 0.5 % CLA (50:50 mixture of c9t11 and t10c12 isomers), 5% n‐3 FA and a combination of 0.5 % CLA and 5% n‐3 FA for 6 months. After 6 months dietary intervention, CLA and CLA+n‐3 FA fed mice reduced body weight and maintained bone mineral density compared to CO group. Importantly, CLA induced liver hypertrophy or steatosis was completely prevented by incorporation of n‐ 3 FA in CLA diet. The liver histology revealed that lipid filled vacuoles were significantly less in n‐3 FA and CLA+n‐3 FA diet fed mice compared to CO and CLA fed mice. The inherited property of n‐3 FA to reduce triglycerides may be responsible in modulating the liver hypertrophy induced by CLA. The DXA results showed that CLA and CLA+n‐3 FA diet also increased the lean mass in the hind leg. Furthermore, femoral bone histological sections stained with oil red O showed that CLA and CLA+n‐3 FA diet prevented bone adiposity. These findings demonstrate that CLA with n‐3 FA can be used for obesity as well as osteoporosis prevention strategy. Further studies in higher species and humans are needed to confirm this observation.

Research support: NIH R21 AG027562
Effect on red blood cell membrane fatty acids of diets enriched with different sources of n‐3 fatty acids in healthy adults
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Wien Michelle , Oda Keiji , Rajaram Sujatha , Haddad Ella
Published: June 2021

Background

Consumption of n‐3 fatty acids from algal‐oil supplements and plant sources produce health benefits, which may be dependent on the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) into cell membranes.

Aim and Methods

To determine if plant sources (flaxseed oil and walnuts) of á‐linolenic acid (ALA) produce similar change in red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acids as algal‐oil (EPA/DHA) supplements, we performed a randomized cross‐over study (3 8‐week study periods) in 24 healthy adults (15 women, 9 men; mean±SE age 42±2.7 years; BMI 25.4±0.9 kg/m2). Under controlled feeding conditions, subjects consumed eucaloric lacto‐ovo vegetarian diets [Control, ALA (6‐7g/2400 kcal/d), EPA/DHA (0.20/0.72g EPA/DHA per 2400 kcal/d), and Combination (ALA + EPA/DHA)]. Fasting EPA and DHA levels were measured at baseline and at week 8 for the 3 study periods. Mixed model analyses were performed.

Results

Increased EPA levels were observed in the RBC membrane with consumption of the EPA/DHA (41%, p<0.0001), ALA (54%, p=0.0064) and Combination (101%, p<0.0001) diets. DHA levels increased with consumption of the EPA/DHA (49%, p<0.0001) and Combination (36%, p=0.0025) diets.

Conclusion

N‐3 fatty acids from algal‐oil and plant sources produce similar increases in RBC membrane EPA levels; however DHA levels increased only in the algal‐oil containing diets.
Effect of high glycemic foods on blood glucose response, appetite and food intake in young Kuwaiti females
Authors: Zafar Tasleem Ara , Kabir Yearul
Published: June 2021

High glycemic carbohydrates (CHO) foods provide an elevated glucose response resulting in lower food intake at a later meal. The present study was designed to test if the glycemic response of CHO predicts satiety and food intake (FI). Mashed potatoes (MP) and white bread (WB) were compared to oats, chick peas (ChP) and water (control). Twelve young normal‐weight female volunteers consumed the test foods providing 50g available CHO after an overnight fast once a week in random order. Both visual analogue questionnaires to measure appetite and finger prick blood glucose testing were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. An ad libitum pizza meal was consumed at 120 min to assess FI. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for both blood glucose and appetite was higher after MP and WB (p<0.001). FI (calories mean ± SD) was lower after ChP (533±112)b and oats (607± 128)b than after MP (745± 35)a, WB (742± 176) a and water (762 ± 147) a (p<0.0001). FI had a positive (p<0.0001) correlation with appetite yet no correlation (p=0.9) with glycemic response We conclude that 1) glycemic response is not a reliable predictor of food intake, 2) low glycemic foods prevent rapid rise in blood glucose and 3) suppress both appetite and FI in young female Kuwaiti adults.

Supported by Kuwait University Research Grant.
Influence of honey versus sucrose on satiety and postprandial metabolism in healthy subjects
Authors: Cholish Dana , Nemoseck Tricia , Petrisko Yumi , Kern Mark
Published: June 2021

We recently demonstrated that rats consuming a honey‐based diet gained less body weight and fat and ate less food versus rats consuming a sucrose‐based diet. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of honey compared to sucrose on satiety and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and ghrelin in healthy humans. Thirteen healthy (BMI: 23.2±3.3) participants (6 men, 7 women) aged 21‐40 y fasted overnight (10 hours) then consumed isocaloric beverages (240 kcal) sweetened with sucrose, clover honey, or glucose in a randomized, crossover design where glucose served as a control. Fingerprick blood samples were collected and satiety ratings were assessed prior to beverage consumption and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes following the start of ingestion. Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of glucose, insulin and ghrelin, and area under the curve (AUC) or over the curve was calculated for all variables. Satiety was not different between sucrose and honey. Lower (p<0.05) AUCs for plasma glucose were detected for honey (‐35±28%) and sucrose (‐27±29%) relative to glucose consumption. No differences in insulin or ghrelin responses were detected among groups. Honey promoted a potentially healthier response than glucose but not sucrose with regard to postprandial glucose metabolism, but no differences in the satiating effects of the sweeteners were detected.

Supported by the American Heart Association.
Does Greater Variety Increase Consumption of Healthy Foods?
Authors: Raynor Hollie , Osterholt Kathrin , Wing Rena
Published: June 2021

Background

Greater dietary variety increases intake. Most studies of variety have examined its effect on energy‐dense foods, emphasizing the negative impact variety has on intake. This investigation examined if greater variety increases intake of a healthy, low‐energy‐dense food, fruit.

Methods

Participants were 20 healthy adults (26.5 + 8.2 years, 50% female, 100 % Caucasian), who were non‐obese (body mass index [BMI] = 22.9 + 3.0), unrestrained eaters (6.4 + 3.2). Participants received 4 courses of the same fruit (NON‐VARIETY [NV]) and 4 courses of 4 different fruits (VARIETY [V]) to eat during a laboratory session. The conditions of NV and V were counterbalanced across participants, and participants received their highest liked fruit to consume in NV. Each course contained 200 g of fruit and participants were given 7 minutes to eat the fruit ad libitum before the next course.

Results

Intake decreased in each successive course (p < 0.01), but was greater in courses 3 and 4 in V as compared to NV, such that a significant (p < 0.05) interaction (condition x course) occurred, with intake in course 4 greater in V than in NV (65.2 + 42.2 g vs. 41.0 + 46.8 g). Intake across all 4 courses in V was 355.9 + 139.1 g vs. 330.1 + 168.7 g in NV.

Conclusion

Increasing the variety of fruits eaten may be a dietary environmental strategy that can increase intake of healthy, low‐energy‐dense foods.

Supported by grant ADA 7‐05‐HFC‐27
Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on hunger and energy intake in young physically active adults
Authors: Laan Derek J , Leidy Heather J , Campbell Wayne W
Published: June 2021

Background

Aerobic exercise (AEx) has been shown to induce a transient anorexia of exercise. The impact of AEx on hunger and energy intake is controversial. The effects of resistance exercise (REx) on appetite and energy intake are undocumented.

Methods

19 young, fit adults (9M, 10F; age 22±1 y; VO2max 55.9±3.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed duplicate sessions of: 35 min AEx (cycling at 70% heart rate reserve); 35 min REx (3 sets at 70% one rep max for five exercises); and no exercise (CON). Perceived hunger was assessed throughout each session. 30 min post‐Ex a pasta meal was consumed ad libitum. Total (TEI) and relative (REI) energy intakes were determined [REI = TEI ‐ energy expenditure of exercise (EEEx)].

Results

Hunger was reduced immediately after AEx and returned to CON levels 30 min later, whereas the hunger response after REx was not different than CON (session effect p<0.05). TEI of the pasta meal was higher after AEx and REx than control (897 ± 96, 928 ± 94, 784 ± 89 kcal, respectively; session effect p<0.05). The estimated EEEx of AEx and REx differed (290±7 vs. 80±2 kcal, p<0.05). REI was lower after AEx than REx and CON (607±94, 848±94, 784±89 kcal, p<0.05).

Conclusion

The description that AEx induces anorexia of exercise is not consistent with the increased TEI, but reflects the transient decrease in hunger and lower REI attributable to the EEEx. REx stimulates energy intake and does not induce anorexia of exercise.

Support: NIH R01 AG021911
Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Risk factors and Dietary behavior of young women in Korea
Authors: Koo Jae Ok
Published: June 2021

Low bone mineral density is a risk factor of osteoporosis in old and young women. This study was carried out to identify bone mineral density(BMD), body composition, lifestyle and dietary behavior of women. The study subjects, 190 young women living in Seoul, were divied into three age groups: 20~24 years, 25~29 years and 30~39 years and BMD normal and risk group. The rate of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis subjects by BMD were 60.5%, 38.4%, 1.1%, respectively. The rate of (45.2%) in 20~24 years group was significantly higer than the other age groups. There was significant higher in mean body muscle mass, protein, mineral, body fat of normal group. The rate of women who walk and are exposed to sunlight more than 1hr per day were significantly higher in 20~24 years group than the others. However, the score of food behaviors is significantly higher(bad) in 20~24 years group than the others. Dietary habits were not different in the groups. In conclusion, the risk rate of BMD was very high(40%) of the subjects. The food behaviors were not healthy enough. Therefore nutrition education is need for bone health.
Sialyllactose suppress TNF‐α stimulated IL‐8 secretion in vitro
Authors: Kunz Clemens , Kuntz Sabine , Rudloff Silvia
Published: June 2021

Background

Intestinal epithelial cells play an important role in mucosal immune reactions via production and expression of chemokines such as interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) being involved in carbohydrate mediated neutrophil adhesion and infiltration. Sialylated milk oligosaccharides have previously been shown to inhibit these inflammatory processes.

Methods

The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory effect of sialyllactose (SL) on IL‐8 production via mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) in TNF‐alpha‐stimulated human colon epithelial cells (HT‐29). HT29 cells were stimulated with TNF‐alpha in the presence or absence of 3′‐ and 6′‐SL. IL‐8 secretion was determined by ELISA and expression of IL‐8 and NF‐kB p65 by real time PCR. MAPK activation was assessed using a proteome profiler array.

Results

3′‐ and 6′‐SL (1 mg/mL) suppressed IL‐8 mRNA expression (35.8 ± 5.4% and 38.6 ± 6.3% of controls) and secretion (66.8 ± 4.1% and 76.8 ± 8.4% of controls, respectively). Furthermore, SL significantly inhibited the TNF‐alpha induced phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK1/2 and p38‐delta as well as the expression of NF‐kB p65.

Conclusions

These observations suggest that milk oligosaccharides may reveal an anti‐inflammatory potential on intestinal epithelial cells possibly by interfering with the signaling pathway downstream of the ligand/receptor binding.
Qigong Therapy vs Progressive Resistance Exercise in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sun Guan‐Cheng , Lovejoy Jennifer , Bradley Ryan , Putiri Amy , Gillham Sara
Published: June 2021

Objective

Nutrition and physical activity are cornerstones of Type 2 diabetes management yet compliance with lifestyle recommendations is often poor. This study compared metabolic and psychological effects of Qigong therapy (a traditional Chinese energy medicine practice), progressive resistance training (PRT), or usual care in Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

32 adults with Type 2 diabetes (age 58 ± 7.3 yr, BMI 31.8±6.0 kg/m2), were randomly assigned to Qigong, PRT, or control for 12 weeks. Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C, insulin, HOMA‐IR (an estimate of insulin resistance) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were determined before and after the intervention.

Results

Qigong therapy reduced plasma glucose (184.9+35.3 to161.9+40.5, P=0.003), HOMA‐IR (5.3+2.3 to 4.7+2.2; NS) and HbA1c (8.8+1.1 to 8.1+1.3;NS). In contrast, both PRT and control groups had slight increases in glucose and HOMA‐IR (NS). Qigong decreased perceived stress by 29.3% (p=0.05) and depression scores by 14.3% (NS). PRT decreased BDI scores by 52% (p=0.03) but both PRT and control groups increased PSS scores. Dropout was greater in the PRT group (45%) than the Qigong group (18%).

Conclusion

Qigong had beneficial effects on glycemia and psychological measures in patients with type 2 diabetes, while results were less consistent for PRT. Compliance and dropout were better with Qigong than with exercise.
Duration of residence, age at migration, and diabetes risk among U.S. immigrants
Authors: Oza‐Frank Reena , Narayan K.M. Venkat
Published: June 2021

Among U.S. immigrants, there are few data on the effect of duration of residence on diabetes risk. We assessed the association between duration of residence and diabetes prevalence and investigated whether this association is modified by age at immigration. We used nationally representative data on immigrant adults aged 18+ years from the National Health Interview Survey, pooled for years 1997‐2005 (n=33,499). We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to estimate adjusted prevalence of diabetes by duration of residence. Among immigrants, diabetes prevalence was higher with increased duration of residence in the U.S, independent of age and body mass index (<5 years duration: 3.3%; 5‐<10y: 3.4%; 10‐<15y: 4.5%; 15+y: 5.3%; p for trend < 0.001). Duration has the strongest effect on diabetes prevalence among immigrants who arrive at 25‐44 years of age (prevalence: 1.4% for <5y duration vs. 11.1% for 15+y; odds ratio=9.7 (95% CI: 5.2‐18.1)). However, those who arrive at 45‐74 years of age are also at increased risk of diabetes with increased duration (prevalence: 9.5% for <5y duration vs. 17.4% for 15+y; odds ratio=2.1 (95% CI: 1.2‐3.9)). We found that among U.S. immigrants, diabetes prevalence increased with increasing duration of residence, independent of age and obesity and this association was modified by age at immigration. Duration of residence may have a more unfavorable impact on immigrants who arrive at younger ages, but migrants who arrive at older ages are also at increased risk of developing diabetes. These results suggest that duration may have an independent effect on diabetes risk, over and above aging and obesity, among the growing population of immigrants in the U.S.
Dietary intake of patients with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study
Authors: Quirk Meghan Elise , Hebbar Gautam , Ziegler Thomas R. , Evatt Marian L.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To describe habitual nutrient intake of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to age‐matched controls without PD and to nutrient‐specific Estimated Average Requirements (EARs).

Methods

Block '98 Food Frequency Questionnaires were collected from 31 patients with PD (16M/15F) and 14 cohabitating spousal controls (7M/7F). Gender‐stratified reported intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrate and 15 micronutrients were compared between groups. PD intake was also compared to current EARs.

Results

Intake of micro‐ and macronutrients did not differ between patients with PD and controls (p>0.05). The estimated mean intake of PD patients did not significantly differ from EARs. However, reported magnesium intake was below the EAR in 56% of PD males and reported vitamin E intake was below the EAR in 53% of PD females.

Conclusion

Reported dietary intake of micro‐ and macronutrients in patients with PD appears to conform to the EAR and is similar between PD patients and controls. Intake of certain micronutrients may be insufficient in this population. Further evaluation of chronic inadequate intake of specific micronutrients in PD may be warranted.

Funded by NIH K12 RR17643

Grant Funding Source

NIH
The development of geriatric nutritional risk Index (GNRI) for Korean elderly
Authors: Yang Eun Ju
Published: June 2021

This study was performed to identify and develop GNRI for Korean elderly. Based on literature review, factors for GNRI were identified and indices were assessed by a cross‐sectional survey. The survey involved elderly women (¡Ã 60, n=94) in Gwangju area, Korea. Socio‐demographics, lifestyle characteristics, health conditions, dietary intakes, anthropometric measures, and clinical biochemistry parameters were examined relation to nutritional risk index. The risk factors related to nutritional status were abdominal fat, RBC, HbA1c, HDL‐cholesterol, and ferritin using stepwise multiple linear regression. Based on literature review and data analyses, three NRIs were identified. NRI I was related to having metabolic syndrome, NRI II was related to serum albumin and body weight, and NRI III was related to food habit and health concerns. Abdominal fat (%) of elderly was correlated with each NRIs. NRI II was correlated with nutritional deficiency and higher tendency of inflammatory response, and NRI III was correlated with nutritional status which tends to be lower on aging (protein, folate, Vit B12). (Funded by the Korea Research Foundation)
Young adults: triglycerides and associations with dietary intake
Authors: Fernandes Jill , Lofgren Ingrid E.
Published: June 2021

Young adults (18‐24 y) have limited documented chronic disease risk because they have just recently become a population of interest. Elevated triglycerides (TAG), >150 mg/dL, is a criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS), an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and is associated with poor dietary intake. A cross sectional study of first year URI students was done to explore the associations present between TAG and dietary intake. Two 12‐hour fasting blood samples were obtained to measure TAG. Dietary assessment was done via 24‐hour recalls on nonconsecutive days; 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day; using NDS‐R. Mean age for males (n=8) and females (n=28) was 18.3 + 0.5 y. Mean BMI for males and females was 24.3 + 4.0 kg/m2 and 22.4 + 3.0 kg/m2 respectively. Mean TAG were 104.9 + 47.8 mg/dL and 149.8 + 51.9 mg/dL for males and females, respectively. Mean alcohol consumption for males was 1.87 + 5.0 g and for females 5.59 + 12.0 g. A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.52) between TAG and alcohol consumption was found in female subjects, controlling for BMI (p<0.05). Preliminary data found no significant associations were found for TAG with carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, saturated fat, glycemic index, or omega‐3 fatty acids. Females have higher TAG compared to males and it's associated with alcohol intake. Focusing on less alcohol intake may be a way to decrease one risk factor for MetS in young female adults.