bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of endoscopy in evaluating upper gastrointestinal tract lesions in rural population
Authors: Javali Sharanabasavaraj , Madan M. , Harendrakumar M. L. , Mahesh M. S.
Published: June 2015

Background and Objectives: Before the advent of endoscopy direct access to the lesion for the confirmation of the diagnosis was difficult, this posed difficulty in contemplating adequate and appropriate surgery. Endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool has grown in recent years. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is one of the most fascinating branch which serves not only as a means of resolving or amplifying the diagnosis made clinically or by X-ray, but also a primary diagnostic procedure for conditions not otherwise diagnosable on unoperated case. Fiber optic upper GI endoscopy has already become firmly established as a reliable, quick and inexpensive tool. This study was done to detect the upper gastrointestinal lesions in rural population of Kolar District, the distribution pattern of various upper GI lesions in patients presenting with upper GI symptoms and to follow the endoscopic diagnosis for medical and surgical management. Materials and Methods: The study group includes patients reporting to outpatient department and also the inpatients in wards of General Surgery and other departments, who have upper GI symptoms, were advised endoscopy at R. L. JALAPPA Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar, from a period of December 2011 to August 2013. Results: Of the 600 cases, 370 were males, and 230 were females. Disease incidence was highest in 51–70 years age group, that is, 21.6%. Pain abdomen was the most common symptom. Epigastric tenderness was the most common sign among the patients clinically. Reflux esophagitis and diffuse gastritis formed most common cases (307 cases). The incidence of duodenitis - 7.83%, peptic ulcer -3.3%, esophageal varices - 1.5%, the incidence of carcinoma esophagus and carcinoma stomach was approximately same that is, 4.5% and 4.6% respectively. The incidence of esophageal candidiasis was 4.16%. The majority of the patients had a normal study that is, 14.5%. Conclusion: Upper GI lesions were more common in males. The incidence of diseases was highest among the elderly age group. Most of the benign mucosal lesions were mainly due to spicy food and habit of tobacco consumption. The incidence of malignancy was mostly among older age group above 50 years. The incidence of the normal study was high owing to increased medical care, easy availability of the procedure and increased medical awareness among patients. In all these cases, upper GI endoscopy not only helped in diagnosing the disease but also helped to get information about pathology, extent of disease and complications that have occurred. This study highlights the importance of diagnostic and therapeutic uses, recording of the various gastroenterological diseases we come across in rural population.
AAC Proclaim general purpose spring wheat
Authors: Randhawa H. S. , Graf R. J. , Fox S. L. , Sadasivaiah R. S.
Published: June 2015

Randhawa, H. S., Graf, R. J., Fox, S. L. and Sadasivaiah, R. S. 2015. AAC Proclaim general purpose spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1265–1269. AAC Proclaim is a soft red spring wheat cultivar eligible for the Canada Western General Purpose (CWGP) wheat class. Evaluated in 18 trials grown over 2 yr in the General Purpose Wheat Cooperative Registration trial, AAC Proclaim yielded significantly lower than the CWGP checks, AC Andrew and Pasteur, and was 1 and 5 d earlier maturing, respectively. AAC Proclaim was significantly taller than the checks, but had similar straw strength. Test weight was higher than the checks and kernel mass was similar to AC Andrew. Based on visual assessments and deoxynivalenol testing over 3 yr, AAC Proclaim was rated as resistant to Fusarium head blight. It also expressed resistance to the prevalent races of leaf rust and moderate resistance to the prevalent races of stem rust and loose smut. AAC Proclaim showed susceptibility to infection by stripe rust and common bunt.
Harvest date, post-harvest vernalization and regrowth temperature affect flower bud induction in Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz)
Authors: Hodgson-Kratky Katrina J. M. , Demers Michelle N. K. , Stoffyn Olivier M. , Wolyn David J.
Published: June 2015

Hodgson-Kratky, K. M. J., Demers, M. N. K., Stoffyn, O. M. and Wolyn, D. J. 2015. Harvest date, post-harvest vernalization and regrowth temperature affect flower bud induction in Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1221–1228. Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-sagyz Rodin; TKS) is a promising candidate for introducing natural rubber production into North America; however, a comprehensive analysis of factors that influence flowering is essential for efficient breeding and crop development. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fall harvest date (early September, October and November), post-harvest vernalization (0, 4 and 8 wk at 4°C), and greenhouse regrowth temperature [15/13°C or 21/18°C (day/night)] on flower induction. The vernalization requirements (0, 4, 8 and 12 wk at 4°C) to reflower TKS plants were also examined in controlled environments at 21/18°C. Plants harvested in September or October required 4 wk of vernalization and growth at 15/13°C to maximize the percentage of plants with flower buds and minimize the time for flower bud appearance. Those harvested in November flowered quickly and at high frequency with no vernalization and regrowth at 21/18°C. Vernalization was not essential to re-induce flowering; 80–100% of plants flowered regardless of treatment. Various combinations of harvest dates, vernalization periods and regrowth temperatures can be used to maximize flowering in TKS and have a positive impact on germplasm development.
The discriminant and oscillation lengths for contact and Legendrian isotopies
Authors: Colin Vincent , Sandon Sheila
Published: June 2015

We define an integer-valued non-degenerate bi-invariant metric (the \emph{discriminant metric}) on the universal cover of the identity component of the contactomorphism group of any contact manifold. This metric has a very simple geometric definition, based on the notion of discriminant points of contactomorphisms. Using generating functions we prove that the discriminant metric is unbounded for the standard contact structures on

\mathbb{R}^{2n}\times S^1

and

\mathbb{R}P^{2n+1}

. On the other hand we also show by elementary arguments that the discriminant metric is bounded for the standard contact structures on

\mathbb{R}^{2n+1}

and

S^{2n+1}

. As an application of these results we get that the contact fragmentation norm is unbounded for

\mathbb{R}^{2n}\times S^1

and

\mathbb{R}P^{2n+1}

. By elaborating on the construction of the discriminant metric we then define an integer-valued bi-invariant pseudo-metric, that we call the \emph{oscillation pseudo-metric}, which is non-degenerate if and only if the contact manifold is orderable in the sense of Eliashberg and Polterovich and, in this case, it is compatible with the partial order. Finally we define the discriminant and oscillation lengths of a Legendrian isotopy, and prove that they are unbounded for

T^{\ast}B\times S^1

for any closed manifold

B

, for

\mathbb{R}P^{2n+1}

and for some

3

-dimensional circle bundles.
Almost sure well-posedness for the periodic 3D quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation below the energy space
Authors: Nahmod Andrea R. , Staffilani Gigliola
Published: June 2015

In this paper we prove an almost sure local well-posedness result for the periodic 3D quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the supercritical regime, that is below the critical space

H^1(\mathbb T^3)

.

We also prove a long time existence result; more precisely we prove that for fixed

T>0

there exists a set

\Sigma_T

,

\mathbb P(\Sigma_T) > 0

such that any data

\phi^{\omega}(x) \in H^{\gamma}(\mathbb T^3), \gamma<1, \omega \in \Sigma_T

, evolves up to time

T

into a solution

u(t)

with

u(t) - e^{it\Delta} \phi^{\omega} \in C([0,T]; H^s(\mathbb T^3))

,

s=s(\gamma)>1

. In particular we find a nontrivial set of data which gives rise to long time solutions below the critical space

H^1(\mathbb T^3)

, that is in the supercritical scaling regime.
Molecular Detection of the Carriage Rate of Four Intestinal Protozoa with Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Possible Overdiagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica in Nigeria
Authors: Efunshile Michael A. , Ngwu Bethrand A. F. , Kurtzhals Jørgen A. L. , Sahar Sumrin , König Brigitte , Stensvold Christen R.
Published: June 2015

Diarrhea remains the second largest killer of children worldwide, and Nigeria ranks number two on the list of global deaths attributable to diarrhea. Meanwhile, prevalence studies on potentially diarrheagenic protozoa in asymptomatic carriers using molecular detection methods remain scarce in sub-Saharan countries. To overcome sensitivity issues related to microscopic detection and identification of cysts in stool concentrates, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze genomic DNAs extracted from stool samples from 199 healthy school children for Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, Giardia intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium. Questionnaires were administered for epidemiological data collection. E. histolytica was not detected in any of the samples, whereas Giardia (37.2%), E. dispar (18.6%), and Cryptosporidium (1%) were found. Most of the children sourced their drinking water from community wells (91%), while the majority disposed of feces in the bush (81.9%). Our study is the first to use real-time PCR to evaluate the epidemiology of E. histolytica, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium in Nigeria where previous studies using traditional diagnostic techniques have suggested higher and lower carriage rates of E. histolytica and Giardia, respectively. It is also the first study to accurately identify the prevalence of common potentially diarrheagenic protozoa in asymptomatic carriers in sub-Saharan Africa.
Clinical Features of Imported Loiasis: A Case Series from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London
Authors: Saito Makoto , Armstrong Margaret , Boadi Samuel , Lowe Patricia , Chiodini Peter L. , Doherty Tom
Published: June 2015

We retrospectively analyzed the background, clinical features, and treatment response of 50 cases of imported loiasis who presented between 2000 and 2014 to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (HTD), London, United Kingdom. Of them, 29 were migrants from, and 21 were visitors to, countries where the disease is endemic. Clinical features differed between these groups. Migrants experienced fewer Calabar swellings (odds ratio [OR] = 0.12), more eye worm (OR = 3.4), more microfilaremia (OR = 3.5), lower filarial antibody levels, and lower eosinophil counts (P < 0.05 for all tests). Among 46 patients who were started on treatment at HTD, 33 (72%) received diethylcarbamazine (DEC) monotherapy as first-line treatment, and among 26 patients who were followed up after treatment, seven (27%) needed a second course of treatment. There were 46 courses of treatment with DEC, and 20 (43%) of them had reactions. All patients with microfilaremia > 3,000 microfilariae/mL and all those with an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (≥ 5 mg/L) before treatment had reactions (P = 0.10 and P = 0.01, respectively). These data suggest that monotherapy with DEC may not be the optimal treatment for patients with loiasis, particularly for those with a high microfilarial load.
Mapping the Woman’s Body in Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient
Authors: Burcar Lilijana
Published: June 2015

This article shows that fixed national identities in Ondaatje’s The English Patient are not only questioned but relinquished in favour of a flux of multiple, incessant becomings, while the specificity of a woman’s identity, far from being decentred and evacuated of its discursively produced socio-symbolic meanings, continues to be addressed in terms of supposedly homogeneous female body and its institutionally sanctified appearances. Imbued with socially marked distinctiveness, such female body consequently gives forth a particular embodiment of feminine which comes to operate as its unproblematic facticity, thus simultaneously narrowing down the scope of identity options from which the feminine is compelled to derive the makeup of its very much truncated existence. The paper then seeks to apply the argument developed here to a classroom situation and students’ creative approach towards redressing the problem of gendering the text at the expense of women characters by lending them their own voice.
Word Order and Markedness in a Slovenian Poem and Its English Translations
Authors: Grošelj Nada
Published: June 2015

When systemic differences between languages preclude the possibility of a truly “faithful” translation, the translator may choose to preserve either the form of the original, that is its syntactic structure, or its function, which includes not only the meaning but also stylistic effects such as the degree of markedness. Faithfulness to the original form may result in a different degree of markedness in translation, or even in a reinterpretation of the structure, with a concomitant change in meaning. On the other hand, the preservation of the original function by introducing structural devices congenial to the target language may obscure the original cohesive devices, including figures. Since the balance between form and function is particularly delicate in poetry, this paper examines the choices between them in two English translations of “Belo”, a free verse poem by the contemporary Slovenian poet Dane Zajc. The central issue discussed is the ordering of constituents, which is dominated by different principles in the two languages. Since both form and function play a vital role in poetry, such an analysis cannot yield a formula for each type of translation problem; nevertheless, it can locate the points of divergence in the source and target languages, as well as use the translators’ choices to draw conclusions about the nuances of acceptability in the target language.
Language Impairment and Generative Analysis
Authors: Stopar Andrej , Ilc Gašper
Published: June 2015

This article deals with different types of language impairment from the perspective of generative grammar. The paper focuses on syntactic deficiencies observed in aphasic and SLI (specific language impairment) patients. We show that the observed ungrammatical structures do not appear in a random fashion but can be predicted by that theory of universal sentence structure which posits a strict hierarchy of its constituent parts. The article shows that while the hierarchically lower elements remain unaffected, the higher positions in the hierarchy show various degrees of syntactic impairment. The paper supports the implementation of recent developments in the field of generative grammar with the intention of encouraging further theoretical, experimental and therapeutic research in the field.
House and Home across Cultures
Authors: Kavalir Monika
Published: June 2015

Based on the assumption that language and culture are inextricably linked, the paper looks at some characteristics of the domain that can be labelled ‘house and home’ in the British Isles and North America, and contrasts it in particular with the situation in Slovenia(n). It examines the construction materials used, the size of people’s dwellings, the use of light, colour and style, hygiene, class distinctions, and the attitude to house vs. home, showing that like almost any concept in any language, the notions of house and home are culturally determined experiences of time and space – they are not coincidental but have to do with structural traits of the three cultures. In addition, a corpus analysis of expressions to do with house and home is carried out to demonstrate the intimate link between language and culture and to show that mastery of a language goes hand in hand with understanding the target society/societies.
The Importance of Being ‘On the Road’: A Reading of the Journey in The Darjeeling Limited (2007) by Wes Anderson
Authors: Duarte José
Published: June 2015

Road stories are significant cultural objects that “provide a ready space for [the] exploration” (Cohan and Hark 1997, 2) of different landscapes, contributing to the encounter of the traveller with him/herself or with the Other. These cultural encounters offer the opportunity both for inner reflection upon the nation in which the protagonists travel. Such is the case of the Whitman brothers in The Darjeeling Limited (2007, Wes Anderson), who embark on a journey in India, seeking spiritual enlightenment from the problems of the past. The confrontation with the foreign Other will not only put into perspective a changed notion of the Indian nation but also their true purpose in life. Based upon the idea of the transformative power of journeys, and considering The Darjeeling Limited as a road movie, this article analyzes the brothers’ awakening as they travel deeper into the Indian landscape to emerge with a renewed sense of self.
On Not Remembering/Knowing the Right Words: The Reverse Dictionary under Review
Authors: Gabrovšek Dušan
Published: June 2015

The paper focuses on the onomasiological situation in monolingual dictionary consultation: When the reference need is not the typical one of looking up the meaning of an unfamiliar word or sense, but one of knowing what you want to say/write but cannot think of or do not know the right word(s). There are several English-language reference sources available that attempt to meet this kind of reference need, notably several “reverse” dictionaries, the Longman Lexicon, the Language Activator, the Superthesaurus, and a few more, including one online reference. Such sources are typically hybrid works, in the sense that they try to provide several kinds of lexical information that we normally expect to find selectively in different sources (general dictionaries, thesauruses, dictionaries of quotations, etc.). The work analyzed in some detail is the American Flip Dictionary (Kipfer 2000), designed “for when you know what you want to say but can’t think of the word” (cover subtitle). User perspective in particular is highlighted.
Unenthusiastic Europeans or Affected English: the Impact of Intonation on the Overall Make-up of Speech
Authors: Komar Smiljana
Published: June 2015

Attitudes and emotions are expressed by linguistic as well as extra-linguistic features. The linguistic features comprise the lexis, the word-order and the intonation of the utterance. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of intonation on our perception of speech. I will attempt to show that our expression, as well as our perception and understanding of attitudes and emotions are realized in accordance with the intonation patterns typical of the mother tongue. When listening to non-native speakers using our mother tongue we expect and tolerate errors in pronunciation, grammar and lexis but are quite ignorant and intolerant of non-native intonation patterns. Foreigners often sound unenthusiastic to native English ears. On the basis of the results obtained from an analysis of speech produced by 21 non-native speakers of English, including Slovenes, I will show that the reasons for such an impression of being unenthusiastic stem from different tonality and tonicity rules, as well as from the lack of the fall-rise tone and a very narrow pitch range with no or very few pitch jumps or slumps.
An Empirical Study of Dictionary Use: the Case of Slovenia
Authors: Vrbinc Marjeta
Published: June 2015

The article presents the results of the first research into dictionary use conducted in Slovenia on a sample of 70 students from the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The first part investigates the profile of the students as dictionary users, their level of knowledge, and describes the questionnaire used in the study. The second part presents the results of individual tasks with an emphasis on dictionary use and compares the achievements of test subjects from both faculties, while the final part deals with the causes for these differences and proposes steps that could be taken to increase student and teacher awareness concerning dictionary use and dictionary skills.
Patient or Vehicle? Semantic roles in German and English descriptive verbs (revisited)
Authors: Snell-Hornby Mary
Published: June 2015

The paper investigates the problem of semantic roles within the concept of verb-descriptivity (Snell-Hornby 1983). Descriptive verbs are semantically complex lexical items, where the modifying components are more focal than the verbal action itself (as in bustle or strut), and where the participants, the background situation and the attitude of the speaker emerge as distinctive elements (as in grovel and waft). As against orthodox views in early case grammar, a distinction is made here between the Patient as “sufferer” of the verbal action and the Vehicle as its “conveyer”. It is argued that this differentiation is essential for the understanding, the analysis and the translation of descriptive verbs, as the semantic roles are by no means identical when compared in various languages (here English and German). This is illustrated by the comparison of lexemes in the semantic field of verbs expressing anger. The aim of the paper is to sharpen awareness of such fine distinctions, particularly in their relevance for translation.
Anglistics as a Dialogic Discipline
Authors: Delanoy Werner
Published: June 2015

In my article; dialogue is suggested as a basic direction for Anglistics. Such a perspective results from a normative notion of dialogue based on a set of particular criteria. In general terms; a case is made for (self)-critical and respectful confrontation with other viewpoints within and beyond Anglistics to further develop existing positions and to create new forms of co-operation. While in the first two sections this concept is introduced and applied to the discipline of Anglistics; the final section is focussed on an area of major conflict in contemporary ELT debates. In fact; a dialogic approach will be suggested for dealing with two opposite tendencies; one aiming for standardization and the other for a humanistic form of education.
General English Attrition and Its Significance for Business English Teaching/Learning of Prospective Economists
Authors: Čepon Slavica , Zavašnik Mihaela
Published: June 2015

This article summarizes some of the findings of a large-scale study of the foreign language needs of economics students (Čepon 2007). It focuses on the rationale behind the lengthy period of disuse of general English (GE) during economics students’ first year of undergraduate study. The article presents evidence for processes of GE attrition that slowly set in and are deemed to be particularly detrimental to economics. It is also important to determine exactly which language needs are essential for the future professional development of the economics graduates. It is hoped that this will spur foreign language policy renewal.
Divergent Polysemy: The Case of Slovene namreč vs. English namely
Authors: Jurko Primož
Published: June 2015

Divergent polysemy is a formidable translation problem; especially in L1-L2 translation. In the paper the case of the Slovene-English pair of items namreč and namely was used to illustrate the most frequent polysemy-triggered translation errors and their corrections. The hypothesis of full transferability of semantic structures from L1 into L2 was identified as one of the sources of errors. Since dictionaries turned out to be of limited use; electronic corpora were consulted to shed more light on the matter; they revealed huge differences in patterns of use between the two terms; which in turn determined the proposed plan of action. Bilingual lexicography; EFL teaching and translator education are key factors in improving the current situation.
The Political Use of the Figure of John Coltrane in American Poetry
Authors: Šalamon Samo
Published: June 2015

John Coltrane; one of the most influential and important musicians and composers of the 20th century; began to inspire jazz musicians and American poets in the 1960s with the Black Arts Movement poets. His music was interpreted and used for the promotion of political ideas in the poetics of Amiri Baraka; Sonia Sanchez; Askia Muhammad Toure; Larry Neal and others. This is the political Coltrane poetry. On the other hand; Coltrane’s music inspired another kind of poets; the musical poets; which began to emerge in the 1970s. In this case; the poetry reflects the true nature of Coltrane’s spiritual music quest. The poets belonging to this group; like Michael S. Harper; William Matthews; Jean Valentine; Cornelius Eady; Philip Levine; Nathaniel Mackey and others; go beyond politics; beyond race or gender. The paper will examine the first type of the Coltrane poetry; where Coltrane’s music was used to promote the political ideas of the Black Art Movement in connection with the political movement of Malcolm X. These poets changed; rearticulated and shifted Coltrane’s spiritually musical message towards the principles of the black nationalism.
Deconstructing the Text and (Re)Constructing the Past: History and Identity in Geraldine Brooks’ People of the Book
Authors: Kondali Ksenija
Published: June 2015

This paper examines Geraldine Brooks’ latest novel People of the Book (2008) in light of postmodern critiques of history and the desire to explore and signify the past through processes of deconstructing male-centered dominance and (re)constructing histories. The paper highlights ethno-spatial representation that involves intercultural dynamics behind the fate and importance of the manuscript. Drawing on discussions of postmodern views of history and identity construction, I engage the novel against the background of these and other postmodern and postcolonial concerns, also considering intertextual effects stemming from the mixing of genres and sub-genres. Lastly, I offer a reflection about the potential of this fictional account, based on the real-life fate of a prayer book that has testified to the spirit of interfaith tolerance and mutual enrichment of diverse cultures, to provide a context for understanding contemporary preoccupations with heritage, history, memory and identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Reported Speech: Corpus-Based Findings vs. EFL Textbook Presentations
Authors: Šegedin Danijela
Published: June 2015

Corpus linguistic research shows that EFL textbook grammar descriptions often do not reflect authentic language usage. Based on this background, this paper presents a survey of the presentation of indirect reported speech in EFL textbooks currently used in elementary and secondary schools in Croatia. Results of the corpus-based cross-register research of indirect reported speech are presented in the second part of the paper. The survey findings are then contrasted with the corpus findings to show that EFL textbooks often omit important information regarding the use of indirect reported speech in naturally occurring discourse. The results of this study support the results of Eckhardt’s study (2001) on the patterns of usage of indirect reported speech. Due to the small size of the corpus and the lack of an appropriate computer program the conclusions of the present study should be subjected to further verification and re-examination.
Recent English Loanwords in Slovene
Authors: Šabec Nada
Published: June 2015

The paper discusses Slovene-English language contact in general and English loanwords in Slovene in particular. The focus is on recent loanwords, where a great deal of variability in their pronunciation and spelling can be observed depending on the time of their borrowing, the channel of transmission (oral or written) and the degree of their linguistic and social integration into Slovene. Sociolinguistic variables such as the age and education of the users play a role as well, as do the differences between the phonological and orthographic systems of the two languages. In addition to phonological, morphological and orthographic aspects of English loanwords, their meaning and its occasional adaptations and modifications will be addressed. Data for illustration purposes will be taken primarily from the media, especially electronic ones (blogs, forums), since this is the field in which various forms of loanwords feature most frequently.
Cross-cultural semantic equivalence of some gender-related words
Authors: Lazović Vesna
Published: June 2015

This paper explores similarities and differences between two cultures, English and Serbian, in terms of connotative equivalence of some gender-related words. In both languages there exist myriad pairs of words that historically differentiated male and female gender only, but which, over time, have unexplainably gained different connotations. Usually the semantic change can be seen in words describing women; words which once used to be neutral or positive have acquired negative and/or sexual connotations. The well-known example of bachelor and spinster (neženja and usedelica in Serbian) is just one among many. Based on the male/female pairs of words analysed in these two languages, the paper examines the following: (1) whether it is possible that in both cultures such words (un)intentionally carry the same derogatory and pejorative meanings, (2) whether semantic derogation equally applies to male and female words, and (3) whether and how often the connotation changes to negative when words refer to women. Finally, it addresses the issue of potential semantic derogation when using different job titles for men and women in both languages.
Variations of surface ozone at Ieodo Ocean Research Station in the East China Sea and influence of Asian outflows
Authors: Han J. , Shin B. , Lee M. , Hwang G. , Kim J. , Shim J. , Lee G. , Shim C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS), a research tower (~ 40 m a.s.l.) for atmospheric and oceanographic observations, is located in the East China Sea (32.07° N, 125.10° E). The IORS is almost equidistant from South Korea, China, and Japan and, therefore, it is an ideal place to observe Asian outflows without local emission effects. The average ozone concentrations were 51.8 ± 15.9 ppbv during June 2003–December 2010. The seasonal variation of ozone was distinct, with a summer minimum (37.8 ppbv) and a spring maximum (61.1 ppbv), and was largely affected by seasonal wind pattern over East Asia. The fractional contribution of ozone at IORS could be attributed to six well distinguished air masses that were classified by the cluster analysis of backward trajectories. Marine air from the Pacific Ocean represents a relatively clean background air with a lowest ozone level of 32.2 ppbv in summer. In spring and winter the influence of Chinese outflows was dominant with higher ozone concentrations of 61.6 and 49.3 ppbv, respectively. This study confirms that the influence of Chinese outflows was the main factor determining O3 levels at IORS, of which extent was apt to be changed by meteorological state, particularly at a long-term scale.
Reconstruction of cloud geometry using a scanning cloud radar
Authors: Ewald F. , Winkler C. , Zinner T.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Clouds are one of the main reasons of uncertainties in the forecasts of weather and climate. In part, this is due to limitations of remote sensing of cloud microphysics. Present approaches often use passive spectral measurements for the remote sensing of cloud microphysical parameters. Large uncertainties are introduced by three-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer effects and cloud inhomogeneities. Such effects are largely caused by unknown orientation of cloud sides or by shadowed areas on the cloud. Passive ground-based remote sensing of cloud properties at high spatial resolution could be crucially improved with this kind of additional knowledge of cloud geometry. To this end, a method for the accurate reconstruction of 3-D cloud geometry from cloud radar measurements is developed in this work. Using a radar simulator and simulated passive measurements of model clouds based on a large eddy simulation (LES), the effects of different radar scan resolutions and varying interpolation methods are evaluated. In reality, a trade-off between scan resolution and scan duration has to be found as clouds change quickly. A reasonable choice is a scan resolution of 1 to 2\\degree. The most suitable interpolation procedure identified is the barycentric interpolation method. The 3-D reconstruction method is demonstrated using radar scans of convective cloud cases with the Munich miraMACS, a 35 GHz scanning cloud radar. As a successful proof of concept, camera imagery collected at the radar location is reproduced for the observed cloud cases via 3-D volume reconstruction and 3-D radiative transfer simulation. Data sets provided by the presented reconstruction method will aid passive spectral ground-based measurements of cloud sides to retrieve microphysical parameters.
Validation of first chemistry mode retrieval results from the new limb-imaging FTS GLORIA with correlative MIPAS-STR observations
Authors: Woiwode W. , Sumińska-Ebersoldt O. , Oelhaf H. , Höpfner M. , Belyaev G. V. , Ebersoldt A. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Grooß J.-U. , Gulde T. , Kaufmann M. , Kleinert A. , Krämer M. , Kretschmer E. , Kulessa T. , Maucher G. , Neubert T. , Piesch C. , Preusse P. , Riese M. , Rongen H. , Sartorius C. , Schardt G. , Schönfeld A. , Schuettemeyer D. , Sha M. K. , Stroh F. , Ungermann J. , Volk C. M. , Orphal J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We report first chemistry mode retrieval results from the new airborne limb-imaging infrared FTS (Fourier transform spectrometer) GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) and comparisons with observations by the conventional airborne limb-scanning infrared FTS MIPAS-STR (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding – STRatospheric aircraft). For GLORIA, the flights aboard the high-altitude research aircraft M55 Geophysica during the ESSenCe campaign (ESa Sounder Campaign 2011) were the very first in field deployment after several years of development. The simultaneous observations of GLORIA and MIPAS-STR during the flight on 16 December 2011 inside the polar vortex and under conditions of optically partially transparent polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) provided us the first opportunity to compare the observations by two different infrared FTS generations directly. We validate the GLORIA results with MIPAS-STR based on the lower vertical resolution of MIPAS-STR and compare the vertical resolutions of the instruments derived from their averaging kernels. The retrieval results of temperature, HNO3, O3, H2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12 show reasonable agreement of GLORIA with MIPAS-STR and collocated in situ observations. For the horizontally binned hyperspectral limb images, the GLORIA sampling outnumbered the horizontal cross-track sampling of MIPAS-STR by up to 1 order of magnitude. Depending on the target parameter, typical vertical resolutions of 0.5 to 2.0 km were obtained for GLORIA and are typically a factor of 2 to 4 better compared to MIPAS-STR. While the improvement of the performance, characterization and data processing of GLORIA are the subject of ongoing work, the presented first results already demonstrate the considerable gain in sampling and vertical resolution achieved with GLORIA.
Characterizing black carbon in rain and ice cores using coupled tangential flow filtration and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Ellis A. , Edwards R. , Saunders M. , Chakrabarty R. K. , Subramanian R. , van Riessen A. , Smith A. M. , Lambrinidis D. , Nunes L. J. , Vallelonga P. , Goodwin I. D. , Moy A. D. , Curran M. A. J. , van Ommen T. D.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Antarctic ice cores have been used to study the history of black carbon (BC), but little is known with regards to the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles in the remote atmosphere. Characterization remains limited by ultra-trace concentrations in ice core samples and the lack of adequate methods to isolate the particles unaltered from the melt water. To investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles, we have developed a tangential flow filtration (TFF) method combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tests using ultrapure water and polystyrene latex particle standards resulted in excellent blanks and significant particle recovery. This approach has been applied to melt water from Antarctic ice cores as well as tropical rain from Darwin, Australia with successful results: TEM analysis revealed a variety of BC particle morphologies, insoluble coatings, and the attachment of BC to mineral dust particles. The TFF-based concentration of these particles has proven to give excellent results for TEM studies of BC particles in Antarctic ice cores and can be used for future studies of insoluble aerosols in rainwater and ice core samples.
A harmonised dataset of greenhouse gas emissions inventories from cities under the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative
Authors: Iancu A. , Martelli S. , Cerutti A. K. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Melica G. , Rivas-Calvete S. , Kona A. , Zancanella P. , Bertoldi P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The realization of national climate change commitments, as agreed through international negotiations, requires local action. However, data is still insufficient to make accurate statements about the scale of urban emissions (UNHABITAT, 2011). The need of comparable emission inventories at city level, including smaller cities, is widely recognized to develop evidence-based policies accounting for the relation between emissions and institutional, socio-economic and demographic characteristics at city level. This paper presents a collection of harmonized greenhouse gases (GHG) emission inventories (the "CoM sample 2013") at municipal level directly computed by the cities and towns that participate in the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative. This is the mainstream European movement of local and regional authorities who voluntarily commit to reduce GHG emissions by 20 % or more by 2020. The "CoM sample 2013" (http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/com/data/index.php?SECURE=123, doi:10.2904/EDGARcom2013) has been carefully checked to ensure its internal consistency and its congruity with respect to internationally accepted guide values for emission factors. Overall, it provides valuable data for the analysis of the heterogeneity of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of cities.
A 2-D process-based model for suspended sediment dynamics: a first step towards ecological modeling
Authors: Achete F. M. , van der Wegen M. , Roelvink D. , Jaffe B.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In estuaries suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is one of the most important contributors to turbidity, which influences habitat conditions and ecological functions of the system. Sediment dynamics differs depending on sediment supply and hydrodynamic forcing conditions that vary over space and over time. A robust sediment transport model is a first step in developing a chain of models enabling simulations of contaminants, phytoplankton and habitat conditions. This works aims to determine turbidity levels in the complex-geometry delta of the San Francisco estuary using a process-based approach (Delft3D Flexible Mesh software). Our approach includes a detailed calibration against measured SSC levels, a sensitivity analysis on model parameters and the determination of a yearly sediment budget as well as an assessment of model results in terms of turbidity levels for a single year, water year (WY) 2011. Model results show that our process-based approach is a valuable tool in assessing sediment dynamics and their related ecological parameters over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The model may act as the base model for a chain of ecological models assessing the impact of climate change and management scenarios. Here we present a modeling approach that, with limited data, produces reliable predictions and can be useful for estuaries without a large amount of processes data.
Three-dimensional approach to understanding the relationship between the Plio–Quaternary stress field and tectonic inversion in the Triassic Cuyo Basin, Argentina
Authors: Giambiagi L. , Spagnotto S. , Moreiras S. M. , Gómez G. , Stahlschmidt E. , Mescua J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Cacheuta sub-basin of the Triassic Cuyo Basin is an example of rift basin inversion contemporaneous to the advance of the Andean thrust front, during the Plio–Quaternary. This basin is one of the most important sedimentary basins in a much larger Triassic NNW-trending depositional system along the southwestern margin of the Pangea supercontinent. The amount and structural style of inversion is provided in this paper by a three-dimensional approach to the relationship between inversion of rift-related structures and spatial variations in late Cenozoic stress fields. The Plio–Quaternary stress field exhibits important N–S variations in the foreland area of the southern Central Andes, between 33 and 34° S, with a southward gradual change from pure compression, with σ1 and σ2 being horizontal, to a strike-slip type stress field, with σ2 being vertical. We present a 3-D approach for studying the tectonic inversion of the sub-basin master fault associated with strike-slip–reverse to strike-slip faulting stress regimes. We suggest that the inversion of Triassic extensional structures, striking NNW to WNW, occurred during the Plio–Pleistocene in those areas with strike-slip–reverse to strike-slip faulting stress regime, while in the reverse faulting stress regime domain they remain fossilized. Our example demonstrates the impact of the stress regime on the reactivation pattern along the faults.
Theoretical analysis of errors when estimating snow distribution through point measurements
Authors: Trujillo E. , Lehning M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In recent years, marked improvements in our knowledge of the statistical properties of the spatial distribution of snow properties have been achieved thanks to improvements in measuring technologies (e.g., LIDAR, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR)). Despite this, objective and quantitative frameworks for the evaluation of errors in snow measurements have been lacking. Here, we present a theoretical framework for quantitative evaluations of the uncertainty in average snow depth derived from point measurements over a profile section or an area. The error is defined as the expected value of the squared difference between the real mean of the profile/field and the sample mean from a limited number of measurements. The model is tested for one- and two-dimensional survey designs that range from a single measurement to an increasing number of regularly spaced measurements. Using high-resolution (~ 1 m) LIDAR snow depths at two locations in Colorado, we show that the sample errors follow the theoretical behavior. Furthermore, we show how the determination of the spatial location of the measurements can be reduced to an optimization problem for the case of the predefined number of measurements, or to the designation of an acceptable uncertainty level to determine the total number of regularly spaced measurements required to achieve such an error. On this basis, a series of figures are presented as an aid for snow survey design under the conditions described, and under the assumption of prior knowledge of the spatial covariance/correlation properties. With this methodology, better objective survey designs can be accomplished that are tailored to the specific applications for which the measurements are going to be used. The theoretical framework can be extended to other spatially distributed snow variables (e.g., SWE – snow water equivalent) whose statistical properties are comparable to those of snow depth.
Does United States v. Windsor (The DOMA Case) Open the Door to Congressional Standing Rights?
Authors: Mank Bradford C.
Published: June 2015

In rare cases, a president refuses to defend a statute based upon a belief that the statute is unconstitutional. The law is unclear whether either House of Congress has Article III standing to defend a statute that the president refuses to defend. In United States v. Windsor, the Supreme Court in 2013 addressed the onstitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). The Obama Administration took the middle position of declining to defend DOMA, but still enforcing it, despite its view that the statute was unconstitutional to assist federal courts in reviewing the constitutionality of the statute. It was unclear whether an appeal was proper in the case once a district court held the statute was unconstitutional, and the Executive Branch essentially agreed with that decision. Applying both prudential standing principles and mandatory Article III standing rules, Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority, recognized that the Executive Branch was an appropriate party on appeal because it continued to enforce the statute. Additionally, the majority acknowledged that briefs filed by House of Representatives leadership supporting the constitutionality of DOMA supplied the necessary adverseness in the case given the Executive's view that DOMA was unconstitutional. The majority did not fully resolve the thorny issue of Congressional standing in cases where a president refuses to enforce a federal statute. Justice Scalia, in his dissent, emphasized the almost exclusive role of the Executive Branch in defending federal laws under Article II, squarely rejected Congressional standing, and argued that no party had standing to appeal in Windsor because the Executive agreed with the district court's judgment holding Section 3 unconstitutional. By contrast, Justice Alito, in his dissent, would have expressly recognized the authority and standing of the leaders of either House to defend any federal statute that the president does not defend. Yet by acknowledging that Congressional participation could supply the necessary adverseness to litigate a case when the Executive Branch agrees with the challenger that a statute is unconstitutional, the Court's opinion in Windsor likely will pave the way for increased Congressional participation in unusual cases where the Executive Branch believes a statute is unconstitutional, but at least one House of Congress wishes to defend the statute's constitutionality.
Toward a Foucauldian Legal Method
Authors: Woolhandler Justin
Published: June 2015

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HIGHLY ACTIVE AND REUSABLE RHODIUM CATALYST FOR SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF NITRILE–BUTADIENE RUBBER
Authors: Cao Peng , Su Lin , Li Cui , Zhang Liqun , Yue Dongmei
Published: June 2015

A recyclable heterogeneous rhodium catalyst (MTS-T-Rh) was prepared by loading Rh species onto an amino-silica support grafted by tannin, an intermediate linker and stabilizer, and fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma. The importance of tannin in improving the activity and stability of the heterogeneous catalyst is discussed. Tannin is a stabilizer for chelating with the Rh-active sites through a chemical bond, which enhances interactions between the Rh nanoparticles and silica. The catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile–butadiene rubber was evaluated in solution. Above 96% conversion and 100% selectivity, the carbon–carbon double bond was obtained at 120 °C and 3.0 MPa H2 after 8 h over MTS-T-Rh. Compared with Rh/SiO2, the as-prepared MTS-T-Rh catalyst exhibited considerably improved reusability, which suffered about 11% deactivation for hydrogenation of nitrile–butadiene rubber, whereas Rh/SiO2 was 53%.