bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined effects of grazing and climate warming drive shrub dominance on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Geissler Katja , Fiedler Sebastian , Ni Jian , Herzschuh Ulrike , Jeltsch Florian
Published: December 2019

Encroachment of shrubs into the unique pastoral grassland ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau has significant impact on ecosystem services, especially forage production. We developed a process-based ecohydrological model to identify the relative importance of the main drivers of shrub encroachment for the alpine meadows within the Qinghai province. Specifically, we explored the effects of summer livestock grazing (intensity and type of livestock) together with the effects of climate warming, including interactions between herbaceous and woody vegetation and feedback loops between soil, water and vegetation. Under current climatic conditions and a traditional herd composition, an increasing grazing intensity above a threshold value of 0.32±0.10 large stock units (LSU) ha−1 day−1 changes the vegetation composition from herbaceous towards a woody and bare soil dominated system. Very high grazing intensity (above 0.8 LSU ha−1 day−1) leads to a complete loss of any vegetation. Under warmer conditions, the vegetation showed a higher resilience against livestock farming. This resilience is enhanced when the herd has a higher browser:grazer ratio. A cooler climate has a shrub encroaching effect, whereas warmer conditions increase the cover of the herbaceous vegetation. This effect was primarily due to season length and an accompanied competitive loss of slower growing shrubs, rather than evaporative water loss leading to less soil water in deeper soil layers for deeper rooting shrubs. If climate warming is driving current shrub encroachment, we conclude it is only indirectly so. It would be manifest by an advancing shrubline and could be regarded as a climatic escape of specific shrub species such as Potentilla fruticosa. Under the recent high intensity of grazing, only herding by more browsing animals can potentially prevent both shrub encroachment and the complete loss of herbaceous vegetation.
Principles of genome sciences.
Authors: Meilan R. , Kirst M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes the major disciplinary areas of genomics that have been explored in and utilized for various tree species. It will serve as a foundation for the remaining chapters in Section I of this book.
Genomics of conifers.
Authors: Meilan R. , Kirst M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on characterizing conifer genomes, which offers opportunities for understanding aspects of plant biology that could not be studied otherwise.
Quantitative genomics of forest-tree breeding.
Authors: Meilan R. , Kirst M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the quantitative genomics of forest tree breeding. The collective analysis of large numbers of variable loci in individuals of breeding populations is now feasible for several species, and is bound to become an essential tool to advance genetic gains in future tree breeding programmes.
Engineering for bioenergy.
Authors: Meilan R. , Kirst M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes the chemical constituents of plant biomass that can be converted to various types of liquid fuel. Also, the chapter discusses lignin modification and the carbohydrate component of the cell wall.
Regulatory affairs.
Authors: Meilan R. , Kirst M.
Published: December 2019

Growing genetically engineered (GE) plants in the field for either research or commercial purposes, or moving them across state/national borders, is carefully regulated by the government of the USA. This chapter describes which agencies are involved and the process for getting the required paperwork and approvals.
Protecting intellectual property.
Authors: Meilan R. , Grant K. , Shier V.
Published: December 2019

Technological innovations are important for driving economic growth and maintaining industrial competitiveness. They also can yield societal benefits, be favourable for the environment, and improve the human condition. This chapter describes the need for and the ways in which innovations such as these can be protected, with an emphasis on plant biotechnology.
Neuronal‐derived extracellular vesicles are enriched in the brain and serum of HIV‐1 transgenic rats
Authors: Dagur Raghubendra Singh , Liao Ke , Sil Susmita , Niu Fang , Sun Zhiqiang , Lyubchenko Yuri L. , Peeples Eric S. , Hu Guoku , Buch Shilpa
Published: December 2019

Despite the efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) replication, cytotoxic viral proteins such as HIV‐1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) persist in tissues such as the brain. Although HIV‐1 does not infect neuronal cells, it is susceptible to viral Tat protein‐mediated toxicity, leading to neuroinflammation that underlies HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Given the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in both cellular homoeostasis and under pathological conditions, we sought to investigate the alterations in the quantity of neuronal‐derived EVs in the brain – as defined by the presence of cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM) and to evaluate the presence of L1CAM+ EVs in the peripheral circulation of HIV‐1 transgenic (HIV‐1 Tg) rats. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effect of long‐term exposure of HIV‐1 viral proteins on the release of neuronal EVs in the brain and their transfer in the systemic compartment. Brain and serum EVs were isolated from both wild type and HIV‐1 Tg rats using differential ultracentrifugation with further purification using the Optiprep gradient method. The subpopulation of neuronal EVs was further enriched using immunoprecipitation. The current findings demonstrated increased presence of L1CAM+ neuronal‐derived EVs both in the brain and serum of HIV‐1 Tg rats.
Thermal generation of shift electric current
Authors: Budkin G V , Tarasenko S A
Published: December 2019

It is shown that the dissipation of energy in an electron gas confined in a quantum well made of non-centrosymmetric crystal leads to a direct electric current. The current originates from the real-space shift of the wave packets of Bloch electrons at the electron scattering by phonons, which tends to restore thermal equilibrium between the electron and phonon subsystems. We develop a microscopic theory of such a phonogalvanic effect for narrow band gap zinc-blende quantum wells.
Implications of pinned occupation numbers for natural orbital expansions: I. Generalizing the concept of active spaces
Authors: Schilling Christian , Benavides-Riveros Carlos L , Lopes Alexandre , Maciążek Tomasz , Sawicki Adam
Published: December 2019

The concept of active spaces simplifies the description of interacting quantum many-body systems by restricting to a neighborhood of active orbitals around the Fermi level. The respective wavefunction ansatzes which involve all possible electron configurations of active orbitals can be characterized by the saturation of a certain number of Pauli constraints

0
≤

n

i

≤
1

, identifying the occupied core orbitals (n

i
 = 1) and the inactive virtual orbitals (n

j
 = 0). In Part I, we generalize this crucial concept of active spaces by referring to the generalized Pauli constraints. To be more specific, we explain and illustrate that the saturation of any such constraint on fermionic occupation numbers characterizes a distinctive set of active electron configurations. A converse form of this selection rule establishes the basis for corresponding multiconfigurational wavefunction ansatzes. In Part II, we provide rigorous derivations of those findings. Moroever, we extend our results to non-fermionic multipartite quantum systems, revealing that extremal single-body information has always strong implications for the multipartite quantum state. In that sense, our work also confirms that pinned quantum systems define new physical entities and the presence of pinnings reflect the existence of (possibly hidden) ground state symmetries.
Implications of pinned occupation numbers for natural orbital expansions. II: rigorous derivation and extension to non-fermionic systems
Authors: Maciążek Tomasz , Sawicki Adam , Gross David , Lopes Alexandre , Schilling Christian
Published: December 2019

We have explained and comprehensively illustrated in Part I (Schilling et al 2019 arXiv:1908.10938) that the generalized Pauli constraints suggest a natural extension of the concept of active spaces. In the present Part I (Schilling et al 2019 arXiv:1908.10938)I, we provide rigorous derivations of the theorems involved therein. This will offer in particular deeper insights into the underlying mathematical structure and will explain why the saturation of generalized Pauli constraints implies a specific simplified structure of the corresponding many-fermion quantum state. Moreover, we extend the results of Part I (Schilling et al 2019 arXiv:1908.10938) to non-fermionic multipartite quantum systems, revealing that extremal single-body information has always strong implications for the multipartite quantum state. In that sense, our work also confirms that pinned quantum systems define new physical entities and the presence of pinnings reflect the existence of (possibly hidden) ground state symmetries.
Investigating interaction of microdischarges with TiO2 surface films in the cell of dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Andreev V V
Published: December 2019

The paper presents the results of studying the interaction of microdischarges in the cell of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with enamel-based surface films deposited on a fabric-based laminate. TiO2 powder was added to the surface films. Elemental composition of the surface films was studied in the areas with different level of microdischarges exposure. Before measurement, the samples were bonded onto a 25 mm aluminum specimen with conductive silver paint. The metal was coated with a thin film (13 nm) of carbon using magnetron sputtering method. The observations were carried out using Hitachi SU8000 field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Images were acquired in secondary electron mode at 30 kV accelerating voltage and at working distance 8-15 mm. EDX-SEM investigation and mapping were carried out using Oxford Instruments X-max EDX system. Before measurement, the samples were coated with a thin film (13 nm) of carbon using Cressington 208 carbon coater. The study results showed significant effect of microdischarges in the DBD cell on elemental composition of surface films deposited on the fabric-based laminate surface.
Online course (MOOC) “Concepts of Modern Natural Science” on the National Platform of Open Education: experience in teaching students
Authors: Babaeva M A
Published: December 2019

The article discusses transformation of the education system under the influence of MOOC. It provides information about the features of open online courses offered on the Russian national platform for open education (NPOE), and their place in the educational process of Russian universities. We show the structure of the MOOC “Concepts of Modern Natural Science” at NPOE and consider the features of using the MOOC in teaching natural sciences to humanities students of the Polytechnic University (in blended learning format as well as in completely online learning). The authors investigate the efficiency of the electronic format in teaching students a non-major discipline. We present and discuss the results of the statistical processing of data obtained when testing and surveying the online course students. The article shows the efficiency of applying the MOOC in the implementation of the university’s educational programs.
To the possibility of using clocks in gravitational antenna network
Authors: Izmailov G N
Published: December 2019

When gravitational waves (GW) spread in space-time, we usually say that spatial distances between reference points are distorted. The LISA project was developed to measure distortion in space. Simultaneously with the GW arrival, time intervals are also distorted. For this purpose, the pulsar timing method was developed. This article proposes to use a network of stabilized atomic clocks installed on deep-space spacecraft to measure time interval. A preliminary estimate of the required accuracy of clocks when registering GW is offered. It is indicated that a network of clocks installed on LISA-type spacecraft can serve as an additional and independent GW detection channel.
Temperature features of ZnO exciton luminescence
Authors: Kokin S M , Nikitenko V A , Pautkina A V , Stoyukhin S G
Published: December 2019

The study shows exciton-phonon luminescence (EPL) of free excitons in ZnO crystals within temperatures 77-300 K. It’s been found that low resistivity samples with temperatures above 150 K demonstrate temperature anomalies in the EPL of free excitons, which is supposed to be the result of the exciton – electron interaction. The EPL temperature dynamics is closely related to the nature of a defective crystal structure. This allows that we should propose a method of quality non-destructive operation with zinc oxide crystals. The paper describes conditions for recording the specific luminescence spectrum of ZnO, which can be the result of inelastic scattering of free excitons and which is accompanied by radiation of excited excitons and exciton-phonon complexes.
Baric and dimensional changes of niobium properties
Authors: Kramynin S P , Akhmedov E N
Published: December 2019

We have calculated the baric dependencies of thermophysical properties and melting temperature as well as the thermal equation of state for niobium based on the pair interatomic Mi-Lenard-Jones potential and the crystal Einstein model for niobium (Nb). Baric dependencies computations made along two isotherms 300 K and 3000 K are in good agreement with the experimental data for niobium. We have obtained the charts of pressure dependencies for the following properties: Debye temperature, the first, second and third Gruneisen parameters, isothermal compression modulus, isochoric and isobaric heat capacity, volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion and the melting temperature. The article investigates size dependencies of both specified properties and the melting temperature of niobium using an RP-model of nanocrystal.
An approximate model for slow free-surface flows of a fluid through a highly porous medium accounting for the effect of a capillary fringe
Authors: Leontiev N E , Roschin E I
Published: December 2019

The paper proposes a model for unconfined creeping flows of a thin fluid layer through a highly porous medium accounting for the effect of a capillary fringe at the free surface. To derive the model, we used the thin-layer approximation for the Brinkman equation with the Navier slip conditions at both the impermeable underlying surface and the free surface. The equation for the fluid layer thickness appears to be a special type of the non-linear heat conduction equation. We present similarity solutions that describe fluid propagation over a horizontal substrate.
Some features of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with complex fractal objects
Authors: Tupik V A , Potapov A A , Margolin V I
Published: December 2019

The effects and phenomena arising from the interaction of both coherent structured and scattered electromagnetic radiation with complex fractal objects are considered. Attention is paid to such fractal objects as complex diffraction gratings. The questions of their practical application and further researches are discussed.
Investigating dynamics of the interface between air and magnetic fluid in the so-called magnetic vacuum within an annular magnet
Authors: Polunin V M , Ryapolov P A , Sokolov E A , Moroz V S
Published: December 2019

Magnetic, acoustic, and thermophysical phenomena in magnetic fluid systems have found application in the design of magnetic fluid seals, shock absorbers, sensitive three-axis accelerometers, density meters, and a number of other advanced devices. This explains the interest in studying these effects. Lately, due to the rapid development of microfluidics, more and more works have appeared that deal with magnetic fluid dynamics in channels of various shapes when various external physical fields affect them. However, several aspects have only been studied superficially, although they are potentially of great scientific and practical interest; these are levitating gas cavity properties and magnetic, acoustic and thermophysical phenomena accompanying dynamic gas cavity and bubble displacement in a magnetic fluid. This paper investigates the dynamics of bubble trapping in magnetic fluid located in the so-called magnetic vacuum region of an annular magnet. We obtained data on effects of centrifugation and magnetic fluid structure on the strength of magnetic fluid bridges subjected to external pressure. This information may be useful for developing a test bench for magnetic fluids used in seals, where fluids undergo similar effects. We used two samples of magnetic fluid to perform an experiment which involved compressing the air cavity, eventually leading to gas bubbles detaching from the samples. We draw conclusions concerning the effects of physical parameters of magnetic fluids and magnetic field configuration on the diameter of the resulting bubbles.
Study of efficiency of using vibration to improve the process of loose raw material classification
Authors: Kharitonov A , Busigina E , Maslennikov I
Published: December 2019

The paper presents the results of a study dedicated to assessment of the effectiveness of vibration use to intensify the process of classification of loose mediums at arch screens. In the laboratory, the experiment was based on the separation of bulk material flow at the arch screen. The frequency and amplitude of oscillations of the screening surface were taken as variable parameters, while the response function was the fraction of take-off product in the total volume of the sifted mass of bulk material. According to the experiment data processing using the method of mathematical planning, the feasibility of vibrations application was confirmed, providing a reduction of energy consumption up to 14%.
Use of graphic computer programs in the study of engineering graphics
Authors: Kharitonov A , Nikitina O
Published: December 2019

The paper is devoted to study of processes occurring in a higher school, in the field of graduates’ graphics studies. We consider the necessity of graphical package knowledge and achieving confident user skills for computer programs. We make an attempt to tackle a debatable problem on students acquiring computer-aided drafting skills. The increase of necessity for graphics packages study by the students of all specialties is justified. The paper demonstrates the findings of comparative analysis of different methods of teaching graphics in a higher school. The influence and possibilities of technologies in education was examined through theoretical material in lecture course and practical studies.
Raman spectroscopy of silicon nanowires formed by metal-assisted chemical etching
Authors: Yakunin V G , Asilbaeva R B , Rodichkina S P , Alykova A F , Turmukhambetov A Zh , Timoshenko V Yu
Published: December 2019

Silicon nanowires obtained by metal-assisted chemical etching of crystalline silicon (Si) wafers are studied by Raman spectroscopy to reveal the effect of the formation time of nanowires and their additional doping with boron and phosphorus. The observed modification of the spectrum shape in the boron-doped samples due to the Fano effect made it possible to estimate the concentration of free holes in Si nanowires, which is of the order of 1019 - 1020 cm3, depending on the preparation conditions. The obtained results indicate the potential of the Raman spectroscopy for contactless diagnostics of Si nanostructures.
Study of the luminescence from polymeric membrane swollen in water with various content of deuterium; isotopic effects
Authors: Bunkin N F , Bashkina U A , Bolikov N G , Bereza I S , Molchanov I I , Kozlov V A
Published: December 2019

The paper describes the experiments with the irradiation in the near UV range of a swollen surface of Nafion polymer membrane in the grazing-incidence pumping geometry. The pump radiation caused a photoluminescence from the Nafion interface in a certain spectral range. The photoluminescence signal proved to be an important parameter for describing the swelling of the polymer in water. It is shown that luminescence is generated due to the presence of sulfonic groups, anchored to the ends of the perfluorovinyl ether groups forming a tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) base. The dynamics of Nafion swelling was studied depending on the content of deuterium in water. In the case where the polymer is swollen in water with different deuterium content, isotopic effects appeared to be largely manifested.
Optical properties of globular photonic crystals with different particle sizes
Authors: Gorelik V S , Bi Dongxue , Yurasova I I
Published: December 2019

The article reports the results of experimental studies of the optical properties of globular photonic crystals filled with various chemical liquids. It opens up the possibility of creating highly sensitive refractive sensors of chemical compounds based on the introduction of these substances into the pores of opal matrices. The optical properties of opal matrices with different sizes of globules have been analyzed. Different spectral positions of the stop bands are present in the reflectance spectrum of globular photonic crystals, depending on the size of the particles. The sharp increase in the density of photonic states in photonic crystals opens up the possibility of increasing the efficiency of Raman scattering and nonlinear-optical processes in materials of this kind.
Dynamic type Fourier spectrometer development for Raman spectra detection
Authors: Balashov A A , Golyak Ig S , Golyak Il S , Morozov A N , Khorokhorin A I
Published: December 2019

The dynamic Fourier spectrometer model for Raman scattering (RS) is developed. The working spectral range is 800–1050 nm. The excitation source is the laser with the wavelength λ = 785 nm. In the spectrometer the “white light” channel for summing interferograms over several scans is implemented. Also the reference channel with a sampling frequency of λ / 4 is realised. The developed layout in experiments of the chemical compounds registration is approved. The signal-to-noise ratios for recorded Raman spectra are also calculated. The work shows the RS spectra of stilbene (C14H12) and 1,4-bis (5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl) benzene (POPOP, C24H16N2O2) recorded on the model spectrometer. An experimental research of the registration of the minimum amount of stilbene (C14H12) dissolved in acetone using the Raman spectroscopy method was carried out.
Movable mirror of Michelson interferometer in Fourier’s spectrometer steadiness assessment
Authors: Demkin P P
Published: December 2019

A method to assess steadiness of movable mirror of Michelson interferometer in Fourier’s spectrometer has been developed. Steadiness of movable mirror motion has been analyzed experimentally using three devices with different control systems of the movable mirror. A comparative analysis of the speed steadiness of the frame motion has been made, using analog and digital control types, with and without feedback. We have found that the developed method helps to analyze the above mentioned process faster if there is an interference pattern. We have shown that the control system without feedback has more deviation of speed motion than one with feedback.
Generation and detection of high-frequency gravitational waves in dielectrics, excited by the intense ultrashort laser pulse
Authors: Gorelik V S
Published: December 2019

The generation and detection of scalar or pseudoscalar high-frequency gravitational waves in some dielectrics, excited by ultrashort intense laser pulses are proposed. Hidden photons and axion particles are elemental excitations of such gravitational waves. The properties of longitudinal electromagnetic waves in dielectric media have been described from the point of view of photon-hidden photon conversion processes in these crystals. Scalar bound photonic states in dielectric media are analyzed. The experimental schemes for photon-hidden photon conversion with taking part in longitudinal electromagnetic excitations in media have been proposed. Hertz gravitational laboratory experiments with the illumination of the dielectric media by intense ultrashort laser pulses and the “Light Sching Trough Wall” scheme using are analyzed.
Directed UV and X-ray generation in nanomaterials at the optical excitation
Authors: Tcherniega N V , Baranov A N , Belyanin A F , Borisov V V , Karpov M A , Kudryavtseva A D , Kuznetsova M V , Rozinskii D V , Shevchenko M A
Published: December 2019

Efficient electromagnetic emission of radiation in the spectral range with wavelengths shorter than exciting light wavelength was observed at the nanomaterials excitation by laser pulses. Emission was registered in a visible (blue-green) range, in vacuum UV and in soft X-ray. Luminescence was registered both in the air and in the vacuum chamber. Synthetic opal matrices and nanocomposites on their base (matrices infiltrated with different liquids) were used as samples. Luminescence was excited with the help of different lasers: ruby laser, second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser and copper vapor laser. In the visible range two regimes of luminescence were observed: fast (few μs) and slow (up to 12 s). Slow luminescence was registered at temperatures lower than 110 K. Spectra of X-ray emission were registered. The connection of this emission with the triboluminescence effect is considered.
Optical characteristics of the aluminium mesoporous photonic crystal
Authors: Gorelik V S , Pichkurenko S V , Filatov V V
Published: December 2019

We propose the novel, Kurosawa-like, easy-to-use method to calculate the optical properties of the periodical photonic structures. We start from the experimental transmittance data for the aluminium-oxide-based mesoporous photonic crystal film, and simulate its reflectance, dispersion law and the group velocity of light propagated in the film. We established the anomalous speed-of-light deceleration at the photonic bandgaps edges. The good theory-to-experiment agreement allows to use our technique for the various photonic applications
Raman opalescence near the phase transition point in lead germanate crystals
Authors: Pyatyshev A Y , Gorelik V S
Published: December 2019

It was established that the nature of opalescence near the phase transition point in a lead germanate crystal is dynamic and is caused by a sharp increase in the spectral intensity of Raman scattering on a soft mode responsible for the instability of the crystal lattice near the phase transition temperature. Experimental studies of combination opalescence in a soft mode were performed using the method of constructing isofrequency temperature dependences of the spectral intensity for fixed values of the frequency shift Ω of the scattered radiation relative to the frequency ω0 of the exciting radiation. It is shown that the experimentally observed anomalies of the spectral intensity agree with the dynamic theory of phase transitions in crystals, based on the concept of softening of the crystal lattice in the phase transition region.
Software for numerical simulation of the combustion of aluminum particles suspended in air
Authors: Romanova T N , Yagodnikov D A , Shchetinin G A
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a computer model for studying the processes of ignition and combustion of air suspended aluminum particles, based on a system of differential equations of the gas phase balance and the probability density function for temperature and particle size. The model is implemented as software for a two-dimensional non-steady state case. A new implicit difference scheme consisting in two - and three-point approximations for the first and second derivatives is proposed and implemented. A set of calculations is performed and the results of the reacting mixture characteristics distribution, the areas of the maximum heat release and their relationship with the most air suspension probable state are presented.
Statistical approach to determining the cut-off value in the algorithms of substance identification in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Oranov A A , Bashkin S V , Fufurin I L
Published: December 2019

The purpose of the paper was to find the approach to determining the cut-off value in the spectral library matching identification algorithm. We used Pearson correlation coefficient as a similarity measure between the spectra, and according to its value between the reference spectra we divided the spectral library into classes. We considered a situation when one of the investigated spectra had an additive narrowband white noise component with a Gaussian distribution. We examined the impact of the cut-off value on the possibility of calculating the probability of right identification in a single identification experiment by means of probability distribution function, when the signal-to-noise ratio is known a priori. The signal-to-noise ratio was taken from the value area where analytical expressions were unknown. In the research we applied numerical methods. The algorithm of determining the cut-off value based on the fundamental principles of the ROC-curves analysis was proposed. The cut-off value was obtained where possible, and the situation for every class was analysed. Maximal probabilities of right identification were obtained.
Observation of the spatial emission spectrum in the experiments of Abbe-Porter and Talbot
Authors: Vasilyeva N M , Kurakin V V , Morozov A N , Skuybin B G
Published: December 2019

The observation results of the spatial spectrum harmonic height are given. It was experimentally shown that the limitation associated with the final aperture and the parabolic approximation in the Fresnel integral does not interfere with the confident observation of the high harmonics reaching the fortieth.
Stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering in biological nanoparticles suspensions
Authors: Kudryavtseva A D , Savichev V I , Shevchenko M A , Tcherniega N V , Umarov M F
Published: December 2019

The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with nanoscale particles systems (including suspension of metallic dielectric and semiconductor nanoparticles, biological nanostructures, etc.) can lead to various non-linear effects, in particular, to the stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering (SLFRS). It can provide important information about investigated system elastic properties. In the present study low-frequency vibrational modes in different biological nanoparticles systems were investigated, such as tobacco mosaic viruses (TMV), two types of potato viruses (PVX and PVA), cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), human and bovine serum albumin (HSA and BSA) in Tris-HCl pH7.5 buffer and in water. 20 ns ruby laser pulses were used for excitation. SLFRS frequency shifts, corresponding to acoustic eigenfrequencies of the samples were registered by Fabri-Perot interferometers. Conversion efficiency and threshold were also measured for the first time. SLFRS can be applied for nanoobjects identification and effective impact on biological nanoparticles systems.
Research of the current distribution in solids using the Gibbs magnetodynamic principle
Authors: Aliev I N , Samedova Z A
Published: December 2019

To find equilibrium distribution of surface and volumetric currents in continuous bodies Gibbs’ thermodynamic hypothesis is used, which allows to solve a task using the magnetic principle of virtual work. Variation of the magnetic energy is considered under additional conditions, defining constancy of currents, two of which are of a differential nature, necessary and sufficient to solve the task in case of simply connected body. If the body under consideration is doubly-connected (e.g. a torus, a thick ring), one extra condition is necessary. It is shown in this paper that this condition, which makes the solution unique at the same time, can be the constancy of current flowing through the cross section of the torus or setting of a constant flux of magnetic induction through the torus hole. Setting up a problem, the first method is selected as more visual. The task is solved with the use of the method of Lagrange multipliers. The fundamental result of this paper is that magnetic induction and the volumetric current in a volume are vanished. Thus, the magnetic field with currents are extruded to the surface. Connections between obtained results, the Meissner-Oxenfield effect and the London equitation used in the theory of superconductivity are discussed, as well as the problem of connection of molecular currents and conduction currents.
Thermodynamic aspects of naphthyldiamidophosphite dismutation
Authors: Slitikov P V
Published: December 2019

Dismutation of naphthyldiamidophosphites in various solvents was studied. The results of theoretical calculations of thermodynamic state functions

(

Δ
f

H

298

∘

,

S

298

∘

)

were analyzed for various dismutation components – mono- and diamidophosphites based on 2-naphthol, as well full amides of phosphorous acid. The estimation of dismutation possibility was based on calculation of standard Gibbs energy

Δ
r

G

298

∘

. It was shown that the results of theoretical calculations correlate with the experimental data.
The Talbot effect in X-ray range
Authors: Smirnov E V
Published: December 2019

This article describes the advances made using Talbot effect in X-ray wavelength range. The possibilities of phase-contrast interferometry using a three-grating Talbot interferometer are noted. The achievements of applying the Talbot effect in nanoscale X-ray lithography are discussed. The need to include this material in courses on X-ray optics, read in Russian Technical Universities, is underlined.
Irreversible phase transitions in structural elements of synthetic opal
Authors: Yurasov N I , Yurasova I I , Plokhikh A I , Galkin N K , Tetyanchuk V A , Dolgikh E B
Published: December 2019

The globular photonic crystal of artificial opal was synthesized by Stœber process in order to study its internal structure. Two methods were used to measure density and to determine porosity, which was 0.368. A fractal model of pores formation was considered for different silica phases, including the amorphous one. Assumptions were made on the type of pores inside globules. The differential scanning calorimetry method was used to reveal the fine multisection structure of the heat flow thermogram through the sample. The second-order phase transition was revealed. The experimental substantiation was given that phase transition is connected with the creation of β-cristobalite. A model was proposed for calculation of the number of component molecules leaving a sample at heating. Independent confirmation of calculation as per the proposed model was obtained by the gravimetric analysis.
Laser monochromatizing by dielectric media
Authors: Gorelik V S , Filatov V V , Tsikunova M A
Published: December 2019

We propose the new way for the laser monochromatizing based on the laser harmonic filtering followed by the one’s spectral splitting. To do this we analyze the Lorentz electronic oscillators’ effect on the medium reflectance. The calculations for the rare earth show there are opportunities for the spectral narrowing of solid-state laser lines up to 1kHz.
Modeling the optical properties of gold nanodisks with two holes
Authors: Aferenok A S , Shabatina T I , Bochenkov V E
Published: December 2019

Localized surface plasmon resonances in gold nanodisks with two holes have been investigated by numerical simulations. The longitudinal and transverse modes have been observed upon illumination with polarized light. The estimated refractive index sensitivity of low-energy dipolar mode is higher for longitudinal light polarization and reaches values of 1800 nm/RIU.
Exact solutions of boundary integral equation arising in vortex methods for incompressible flow simulation around elliptical and Zhukovsky airfoils
Authors: Kuzmina Kseniia , Marchevsky Ilia , Ryatina Evgeniya
Published: December 2019

The problem of 2D incompressible flow simulation around airfoils using vortex methods is considered. An exact solution for the boundary integral equation with respect to a free vortex sheet intensity at the airfoil surface line that arises in such problems is obtained. The exact solution is constructed for flows around elliptical and Zhukovsky airfoils using the theory of complex potentials and conformal mappings technique. It is possible to take into account the influence of singularities in the flow domain — point vortices which simulate vortex wake. The obtained exact solutions can be used to verify and estimate the accuracy of numerical schemes for the boundary integral equation solution: such procedure is also described in details.
Simulation research of a wind turbine using SolidWorks software
Authors: Cekus Dawid , Gnatowska Renata , Kwiatoń Paweł , Šofer Michal
Published: December 2019

The paper presents wind turbine simulation tests using SolidWorks software. The geometrical model of the HAWT wind turbine was developed based on a real object. It consisted of three selected parts: shell, bearing girders and stiffening ribs. The wing profile of the analyzed object was modelled using NREL’s and NACA airfoils. A numerical analysis was carried out to determine the strength of the tested structure under specific wind speed. Stresses were calculated according to the Huber-Mises hypothesis.
Environmental protection - greenhouse gas emissions from electricity production in Poland
Authors: Gazda-Grzywacz M , Burchart-Korol D , Smoliński A , Zarębska K
Published: December 2019

The analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from the production of electricity in the so-called conventional coal based thermal power plant was carried out. The aim of the paper is to prove the legitimacy of using electricity in transport in the context of environmental protection, especially against greenhouse gas emissions. Emission factors were calculated on the basis of current and original data from the national generation plant. These indices, calculated per 1 Mg of extracted and transported raw material and 1 kWh of produced electricity, are related to net production of electricity and heat and direct emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the assumed life cycle of the product (energy). The life cycle includes direct and indirect emissions related to the demand for various forms of energy and materials during: hard coal mining, coal enrichment processes, transport of coal by rail from the mine to the power plant, preparation of raw material for the technological process, as well as the basic process of burning raw material and obtaining electricity. The emission of greenhouse gases during the production of 1 kWh of electricity from hard coal amounts 0.9379 kg CO2.
The influence of the oxidizing atmosphere on the mass loss of biomass pellets combusted in the inert material stream
Authors: Kaczyńska K , Kaczyński K , Pełka P
Published: December 2019

Biomass is a renewable energy source with high growth potential due to wide availability around the world. Wood pellets are commonly used biomass for modern energy production, however, due to the growing demand, the issue of sustainable development has encouraged many entrepreneurs to produce pellets from non-wood biomass. On the one hand, the versatile nature of biomass enables its use in all parts of the world, on the other hand, this diversity makes biomass a complex and difficult fuel. Especially because of the high percentage of alkali (potassium) and chlorine in some types of biomass that can generate problems during combustion. The production and use of pellets from various types of biomass, therefore, opens up opportunities and challenges for existing technologies. In recent years, fluidized combustion technology has been considered as one of the main directions of development of professional energy in the world. Fluidized bed boilers also allow the implementation of the dynamically developing oxy-combustion technology, which perfectly fits the prevailing trends due to the key advantages of increased energy conversion, as well as the possibility of direct sequestration of carbon dioxide. During experimental research, the mass loss of individual biomass pellets of various origin combusted in a laboratory reactor with a circulating fluid layer under various conditions of the furnace chamber (oxidizing atmosphere and intensity of inert material stream) was analyzed. The obtained results allow stating that the large variety of biomass offered by suppliers requires a thorough knowledge of its properties and determination of its impact on the process and installations when used in the power industry.
The influence of the usage of secondary fuels for Portland clinker production on the emission value of heavy metals from cement and concrete
Authors: Kalarus D , Tkocz A , Duszak B , Najduchowska M
Published: December 2019

The influence of secondary fuels components used for Portland clinker production on emission value of heavy metals is presented in this paper. Analyses and studies of hazardous substances emission (heavy metals) from cements and concretes were conducted according to standards developed by Technical Committee CEN TC 351. The contents of following heavy metals were analyzed: Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Sr, Ba and P in secondary fuels used by cement industry in Poland for Portland clinker production. Total heavy metal contents in cements and their leaching from cements CEM I were studied. Leaching of heavy metals from CEM I-based concretes to environment was also determined. Obtained tests results allow to conclude that changes in technology of cement clinker production leading to the usage of waste materials and secondary fuels does not cause an increase in heavy metals emission in level, which requires qualifying cement as material, which has to be regularly controlled for harmfulness on man and natural environment.
Analysis of pollutant emissions during circulating fluidized bed combustion of sewage sludge
Authors: Kosowska-Golachowska M , Luckos A , Kijo-Kleczkowska A , Musiał T , Wolski K , Środa K
Published: December 2019

In this paper, pollutant emissions during air-CFB combustion of sewage sludge, wheat straw, Scots pine and bituminous coal are discussed. Combustion tests were carried out in a bench-scale circulating fluidized-bed reactor. Time-resolved profiles of emitted pollutants (NO, N2O, NO2, SO2 and CO) are presented and analyzed. The effects fuel type on gaseous emissions are evaluated. Due to the high contents of nitrogen, sulphur and ash in sewage sludge high concentrations of NOx and SO2 may be expected in the flue gas.
Theoretical analysis of the thermal conversion of RDF fuel in the context of Waste Management
Authors: Rajca P. , Skibiński A.
Published: December 2019

The European Union strives to introduce waste-free or low-waste closed-loop technologies using material and energy recovery to manage natural resources in a rational manner. Therefore, European regulations require member states to progressively restrict the amount of landfill waste. The article presents the current shape of waste management in Poland, and also introduces the dominant form of RDF management in the cement industry. Nevertheless, the capacity of cement plants is limited, and the energy use of fuels from waste encounters difficulties related to a significant reduction in pollutant emissions, which is why the use of modern installations for the thermal conversion of waste such as pyrolysis and gasification is increasingly considered. Taking into account the promising energy properties of secondary fuels obtained during the pyrolysis process, the chemical composition of gas from RDF pyrolysis was modeled for a pilot installation operating in Poland. Determination of the combustible components allowed the calorific value of pyrolysis gas to be estimated, ranging from 28.2 - 28.7 MJ/m3. The obtained calorific encourages wider use of the waste pyrolysis process in order to obtain secondary fuels with promising energy parameters. It will contribute to a further reduction in the amount of deposited waste, and thus to creating environmentally-friendly closed-loop waste management.
Classification of alternative fuels used in the cement industry
Authors: Szymanek Przemysław , Szymanek Ewa , Rajczyk Rafał
Published: December 2019

The article presents the classification of alternative fuels used in the cement industry as well as the advantages of using this type of fuel. Possibilities of their use by cement plants, types of alternative fuels used as well as the amount of use of this type of fuel. Physico-chemical parameters of alternative fuels were described, which should be met in order to use the cement industry.
Comparison of fly ash from co-combustion of coal/solid recovered fuel (SRF) and coal/refuse derived fuel (RDF).
Authors: Ściubidło A , Majchrzak-Kucęba I , Niedzielska M
Published: December 2019

The formation of ashes originating from the combustion of alternative fuels causes a need to find ways for their practical application and demands the knowledge about their properties. Therefore, the present work is devoted to studying the co-combustion of slternative fuel SRF/coal and RDF/coal. The major objectives of this paper is to present the detail characteristics of ash by using the advanced instrumental techniques (XRF, XRD, SEM, BET, TGA).
Distillery waste management in line with the concept of circular economy
Authors: Wzorek Z , Krupa-Żuczek K , Čablik V , Nowak A K , Gorazda K
Published: December 2019

The paper presents physico-chemical characteristic of distillery residue and ashes after its calcination at 650 and 850°C, that may become a potential energy source due to a relatively high heat of combustion and low content of sulphur and moisture. The chemical composition of the obtained ash as well as fresh distillery residue determines its further use for fertilising purposes. Adducing the legislative regulations none of the analysed key heavy metal exceeds norms allowable in the regulation referring to organic and organo-mineral fertilisers. Proposed solution can be considered as waste minimization technology with energy recovery by rational recycling of nutrients. Such an application will exert an additional positive influence on the circular economy potential.
Strength and structural properties of AlN films grown on SiC/Si substrates synthesized by atomic substitution
Authors: Grashchenko A S , Kukushkin S A , Osipov A V
Published: December 2019

In the present work, we studied the strength and structural characteristics of the layers of the AlN/SiC/Si heterostructure. The surface morphology of the AlN film and the SiC/Si substrate was studied using atomic force microscopy. The thickness of the AlN and SiC layers was determined by analyzing the data of ellipsometry. The hardness of the films and the substrate was measured by the method of nanoscratch testing. It was experimentally shown that the films under study have a high crystalline quality.
Thermal-activated granulation of ultrathin Au films. Structural and phase transformations
Authors: Tomilina O A , Berzhansky V N , Tomilin S V , Milyukova E T
Published: December 2019

This paper represents the results of time, temperature, and dimension factors influence on the formation dynamics and structural-phase transformations in ultrathin and islands metallic films during their synthesis by methods of thermal-activated granulation and gradient coatings deposition. It’s shown that the efficiency of metallic coatings granulation depends on the temperature and time of the TAG and determined by the effective thickness of the granulated coating. At a certain effective thickness, the second-order phase transition occurs in the film during the granulation process (percolation transition).
Genetic algorithm application for solving inverse problems of X-ray diffraction on systems with quantum dots
Authors: Sivkov D V , Punegov V I
Published: December 2019

For solving inverse problem of X-ray diffraction on GaAs-AlAs superlattices with InAs quantum dots within the statistical theory of X-ray diffraction the Genetic Algorithm in the form of Differential Evolution method was used. The calculation results were compared with experimental data.