bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A persistência do carisma
Authors: Perruso Marco Antonio
Published: November 2013

Resenha: TEIXEIRA, Rosana da Câmara Krig-ha, bandolo! Cuidado, aí vem Raul Seixas. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras/FAPERJ, 2008.
Apresentação - Teoria política e social na contemporaneidade: aspectos, questões, debates
Authors: Kritsch Raquel
Published: November 2013

Esta apresentação contou com a leitura atenta e contribuição de Andreas Hofbauer, a quem agradeço.
Do problema do essencialismo a outra maneira de se fazer política: retomando o potencial transformador das políticas de diferença
Authors: Tosold Léa
Published: November 2013

Este artigo visa retomar e fazer uma avaliação crítica do debate sobre as políticas de diferença travado entre teóricas políticas feministas de tradição liberal. Após explicitar as estratégias apontadas nesse debate para tentar legitimar a politização de sujeitos coletivos em face do problema do essencialismo, argumenta-se que o excessivo foco na relação entre essencialismo e conceitualização de grupos sociais ofuscou o vínculo do projeto de politização de diferenças com o questionamento do próprio fazer político. Assim, sob a perspectiva de que a politização de diferenças está transformando – e não inviabilizando – o funcionamento da comunidade política e a possibilidade de efetiva justiça social, avalia-se como os projetos políticos de Anne Phillips e Iris Marion Young evidenciam novos caminhos para reconfigurar a esfera política de uma maneira transformadora das desigualdades estruturais.
Percursos biográficos e eficácia simbólica: a dinâmica da cura no Vale do Amanhecer
Authors: Oliveira Amurabi Pereira
Published: November 2013

O presente trabalho tem como foco a construção de narrativas biográficas entre adeptos do movimento místico-esotérico denominado Vale do Amanhecer, que surgiu em Planaltina no final da década de 1960, agregando elementos do catolicismo, espiritismo, nova era e religiões afro-brasileiras. Nossa investigação visa compreender como os percursos biográficos se atrelam à eficácia simbólica dos processos rituais realizados pelos médiuns deste movimento. Nossa análise das narrativas considerará o processo de deslocamento nos campos, tal como compreendido por Bourdieu, porém destacando o processo de performatividade dado a tais deslocamentos, através da construção interacional do self.
Ecologia e modernidade em "Os Parceiros do Rio Bonito" de Antonio Candido: uma primeira aproximação
Authors: Santos Ana Carolina Vila Ramos dos
Published: November 2013

Nesse trabalho, proponho uma leitura peculiar acerca dos dilemas da modernidade brasileira a partir da obra "Os Parceiros do Rio Bonito" de Antonio Candido. Tomando como partida uma sociologia da questão ambiental brasileira, focaliza-se o entrelaçamento entre o tema da natureza e da modernidade e se sugere que Antonio Candido, ao aproximar-se das proposições de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda em "Caminhos e Fronteiras" e "Monções", propõe uma leitura muito original acerca da modernidade brasileira que se aproxima do que a sociologia internacional intitula "modernidades múltiplas" (EISENSTAEDT, 2000; WITTROCK, 2000; TAVOLARO, 2005).
As contradições da globalização: os centros de confinamento para os imigrantes ilegais na Itália
Authors: Zuin João Carlos Soares
Published: November 2013

A teoria social é desafiada a compreender os densos e complexos fenômenos sociais produzidos na era da globalização. É extremamente importante que a teoria social procure compreender o sentido da guerra como meio de resolução dos conflitos políticos e do fluxo de imigrantes para as principais potências econômicas, que flagelam a humanidade. O objetivo deste artigo é o compreender o sentido das mudanças sociais que alteram e transformam a sociedade e as formas de vida associativa, tendo como objeto a Itália e a política de imigração desenvolvida desde os anos noventa.
Effect of High-Oxygen Packaging on Respiratory Physiology and Sensorial Qualities of Fresh Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinus edodes)
Authors: Li Yanjie , Ishikawa Yutaka , Satake Takaaki , Kitazawa Hiroaki , Qiu Xiaoli
Published: November 2013

In this research, the effect of high-oxygen packaging (HOP) with initial 80% and 100% oxygen on fresh shiitake mushrooms was studied. Initial air in package was the control treatment. All the samples were stored at 10 °C with RH 90% for 9 days. Respiration rate, hardness, TSS, and color were determined, and sensory quality was evaluated during the storage. Results indicated that high-oxygen packaging retarded the anaerobic metabolism occurrence and HOP with initial 100% oxygen could maintain the lightness of shitake mushroom better than 80% oxygen. Hardness and TSS did not show significant difference between high-oxygen packaging and control treatment. However, neither initial 100% O2 nor 80% O2 could reduce the respiration rate of fresh shiitake mushroom. Sensory quality especially the aroma, cap color and gill color of fresh shiitake mushroom could be better maintained in high-oxygen packaging than control treatment. The acceptability of the shiitake mushrooms after storage was the highest in HOP with initial 100% oxygen. In conclusion, high-oxygen packaging especially with initial 100% oxygen showed the obvious effect maintaining the sensory quality of fresh shiitake mushrooms although it could not reduce the respiration rate at 10 °C.
Multiphoton Microscopy: A Potential “Optical Biopsy” Tool for Real-Time Evaluation of Lung Tumors Without the Need for Exogenous Contrast Agents
Authors: Jain Manu , Narula Navneet , Aggarwal Amit , Stiles Brendon , Shevchuk Maria M. , Sterling Joshua , Salamoon Bekheit , Chandel Vishal , Webb Watt W. , Altorki Nasser K. , Mukherjee Sushmita
Published: November 2013

Context.—Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an emerging, nonlinear, optical-biopsy technique, which can generate subcellular-resolution images from unprocessed and unstained tissue in real time.

Objective.—To assess the potential of MPM for lung tumor diagnosis.

Design.—Fresh sections from tumor and adjacent nonneoplastic lung were imaged with MPM and then compared with corresponding hematoxylin-eosin slides.

Results.—Alveoli, bronchi, blood vessels, pleura, smokers' macrophages, and lymphocytes were readily identified with MPM in nonneoplastic tissue. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (a preinvasive lesion) was identified in tissue adjacent to the tumor in one case. Of the 25 tumor specimens used for blinded pathologic diagnosis, 23 were diagnosable with MPM. Of these 23 cases, all but one adenocarcinoma (15 of 16; 94%) was correctly diagnosed on MPM, along with their histologic patterns. For squamous cell carcinoma, 4 of 7 specimens (57%) were correctly diagnosed. For the remaining 3 squamous cell carcinoma specimens, the solid pattern was correctly diagnosed in 2 additional cases (29%), but it was not possible to distinguish the squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. The other squamous cell carcinoma specimen (1 of 7; 14%) was misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma because of pseudogland formation. Invasive adenocarcinomas with acinar and solid pattern showed statistically significant increases in collagen. Interobserver agreement for collagen quantification (among 3 observers) was 80%.

Conclusions.—Our pilot study provides a proof of principle that MPM can differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic lung tissue and identify tumor subtypes. If confirmed in a future, larger study, we foresee real-time intraoperative applications of MPM, using miniaturized instruments for directing lung biopsies, assessing their adequacy for subsequent histopathologic analysis or banking, and evaluating surgical margins in limited lung resections.
Revisão dos conhecimentos sobre o significado das linhas de seixos
Authors: Hiruma Silvio Takashi
Published: November 2013

O termo linha de seixos corresponde a um horizonte de fragmentos grossos, resistentes à alteração química, freqüentemente encontrado no interior de coberturas pedológicas das zonas intertropicais. Apesar de mencionadas na literatura desde o século XIX, a origem alóctone ou autóctone dessas feições é um tema que ainda desperta polêmica no meio científico, alvo de inúmeros estudos desenvolvidos por pedólogos, biólogos, geólogos e geomorfólogos. A presente contribuição tem por finalidade discutir as hipóteses sobre a origem das linhas de seixos e os métodos de análise.
Harbour seals in the North Atlantic and the Baltic
Authors: Acquarone Mario
Published: November 2013

Preface to Volume 8: Harbour seals in the North Atlantic and the Baltic
Status and biology of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Svalbard
Authors: Lydersen Christian , Kovacs Kit M
Published: November 2013

Harbour seals in Svalbard are the northernmost population of this species. This small population is comprised of ca. 1,000 individuals, most of which reside along the west coast of Prins Karls Forland (78°20’N). Satellite tracking studies have shown that adults are resident. Birthing occurs in the latter half of June. Newborns weigh about 11 kg and gain an average of 0.7 kg/d during the nursing period. Haulout patterns in Svalbard harbour seals are influenced by date (season), time of day, tidal cycle and temperature. Moulting takes place in early fall, first among juveniles, then in adult females and finally in adult males. Feeding studies show that polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is the dominant prey in terms of numbers, while Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is the dominant prey based on biomass, at least during the early autumn. Growth curves display significant sexual dimorphism with asymptotic values for standard length and body mass being greater formales. Testosterone levels inmales showed an abrupt increase at 6 years of age, while estradiol levels in females increased abruptly from age 4 years. The reproductive rate for adult females was 0.93. Longevity of Svalbard harbour seals is very short compared with populations from other areas.
Status of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in mainland Norway
Authors: Nilssen Kjell Tormod , Skavberg Nils-Erik , Poltermann Michael , Haug Tore , Härkönen Tero , Henriksen Gunnar
Published: November 2013

Harbour seals were counted along the entire Norwegian coast at known moulting haulout sites in the period mid-August to early September 2003-2006. In 2003-2005, almost all known moulting areas from Finnmark to Vestfold counties were covered by aerial photo surveys flown at altitudes of approximately 800-900 ft (243-274m), and at low tide (± 2 hours). Surveys in the Østfold County were flown in 2003-2006 at 300 ft (91m), and the small tidal amplitudes permitted counts to be carried out irrespective of the tidal cycle. In some sub-areas, two or three independent surveys were conducted. Visual counts using binoculars from smaller boats and islands were carried out in some selected areas. The surveys revealed a total minimum population of 6,705 harbour seals in Norwegian waters. Harbour seals were most abundant in the Nordland and Sør-Trøndelag counties with minimum estimates of approximately 2,500 and 1,500 seals, respectively. The presented minimum estimate is approximately 800 seals lower than an estimate obtained in a comparable study carried out during the moult in 1996-1999. Increased anthropogenic removals, and the phocine distemper virus (PDV) epidemic in the Skagerrak region in 2002, may have contributed to the current lower estimate.
A note on harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) distribution and abundance in France and Belgium
Authors: Hassani Sami , Dupuis Laëtitia , Elder Jean François , Caillot Emmanuel , Gautier Gerard , Hemon Audrey , Lair Jean Michel , Haelters Jan
Published: November 2013

The most southern European colonies of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are located in France, in three areas: Baie du Mont Saint Michel, Baie des Veys and Baie de Somme. The largest colony is situated at the Baie de Somme, with a maximum of 186 individuals recorded on one occasion in the summer of 2008. All colonies are regularly monitored by different organisations. Different monitoring methods are used, including land-based, air-based and ship-based survey techniques. The basic results of the monitoring indicate a regular increase in the population size since 1990, with the total count of hauled out harbour seals for the three colonies increasing from 24 in 1990 to 295 in 2008. During the last years, an increasing number of pregnant females, pups and postweaned seals have been observed. The recorded number of pups in 2008 was 53. Along the Belgian coast, no harbour seal colonies exist anymore, although individual animals and small groups are regularly observed at different locations. The high recreational use of Belgian beachesmay prevent the establishment of colonies or regularly used haulout sites.
A note on the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) in the Faroe Islands
Authors: Mikkelsen Bjarni
Published: November 2013

The harbour seal was exterminated as a breeding species in the Faroe Islands in the mid-19th Century. Historical sources document that the harbour seal used to be a common inhabitant of the sheltered fjords where breeding occurred. It was reported to be more common than the grey seal, the other pinniped specie resident around the Faroes. But the number of harbour seals seemingly decreased as human settlements and other anthropogenic activities increased. Seal hunting was apparently already introduced by the Norse that arrived on the islands in the 7th century, a hunt that finally lead to the extermination of the harbour seal. For the last 40 years the harbour seal has only been positively identified twice in the Faroe Islands, in 2001 and 2005.
Status of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Hammill Mike O , Bowen W Don , Sjare Becky
Published: November 2013

Harbour seals are associated with small islets, reefs and rocks exposed at low tide and estuarine habitats throughout eastern Canada. Evidence of harvesting by indigenous people has been found in pre-European contact archaeological excavations. A bounty harvest as well as subsistence and commercial hunting probably lead to a decline in the population from 1949 to the early 1970s. The bounty was removed in 1976, and harbour seals, in the southern parts of their range have been protected since then. There is little information available on total abundance and current population trend. Mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA research has shown separation between Northeast and Northwest Atlantic harbour seals. Within Canada, the subspecies Phoca vitulina concolor shows some population sub-structure with three distinct units that could be separated into Hudson Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence and Sable Island. Urban development resulting in habitat degradation is probably the most important factor affecting harbour seal populations in AtlanticCanada, although other factors such as incidental catches in commercial fisheries and competition with grey seals may also be important.
Age determination methods in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) with a review of methods applicable to carnivores
Authors: Lockyer Christina , Mackey Beth , Read Fiona , Härkönen Tero , Hasselmeier Ilk
Published: November 2013

The development of age determination methods in marine mammals is reviewed with particular reference to the use of teeth Growth Layer Groups (GLGs) formed in the dentine and cement of carnivores. Using this background, practices for sampling, tooth extraction and collection, storage and different methods of preparation of teeth as well as reading and counting GLGs are discussed and evaluated for the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). The paper includes comments on best practices for counting GLGs with new examples from known-age seals, and also a detailed examination of confounding factors in interpreting GLGs such as mineralization anomalies and the phenomena of accessory lines, “false annuli” and “paired laminae” which have not been discussed previously. The paper concludes with recommendations for undertaking age estimation in harbour seals from sampling through final GLG interpretation with special emphasis on standardization of methods with other researchers.
Predicting recurrent PDV epizootics in European harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Härkönen Tero , Harding Karin C
Published: November 2013

Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) caused mass mortality in European harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in 1988 and in 2002. Both epizootics likely originated from refugia in Arctic seals, where data indicate PDV hops among populations and species. The metapopulation structure of host populations is suggested to be the reason why PDV is preserved among Arctic seals, since the high rate of spread of PDV would require much larger panmictic populations to maintain an infection. The pattern of sudden outbreaks of PDVis also seen in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), the only to date identified species that could act as a vector between Arctic and North Sea seal populations. Harbour seal populations along mainland Europe were below critical herd immunity levels by 3-5 years after the events, and thus vulnerable for new outbreaks, but historical data and the 14 years between the 2 epizootics suggest that harbour seals in the North Sea area are only rarely exposed to the infective agent. The risk for new outbreaks of the seal plague in North Sea harbour seals is likely linked to the dynamics of the disease in Arctic seal species as well asvector species.
Interactions between harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and coastal fisheries along the Swedish west coast: an overview
Authors: Lundström Karl , Lunneryd Sven-Gunnar , Königson Sara , Hemmingsson Malin
Published: November 2013

The conflicts between seals and fisheries along the Swedish west coast have intensified during the last decades, concurrently with the increase in the harbour seal population size. This study presents published information about interactions between harbour seals and fisheries in the Kattegat-Skagerrak, in addition to new information on the seal by-catch rate and an overview of fisheries suffering from seal damage. Several fisheries have reported interactions with seals, principally fisheries with fyke nets, gill nets and static gear. Development of mitigation measures has been focused on the eel fishery with fyke nets, in which the use of stronger net material has significantly decreased the damage frequency from seals and has yet maintained the catches at satisfactory levels. Under-water filming at fyke nets together with studies of the prey preferences of seals has shown individual specializations in certain foraging techniques. For example, eel may not be a common prey for harbour seals in general, but, it was chosen in preference to other species by seals attacking fyke nets. There is a lack of current data concerning the diet of harbour seals. Previous studies, based on material from the 1970s and 1980s, have shown that locally and seasonally abundant prey is preferred. Due to the non-existent information about the foodchoice, current assessments of the ecological role of harbour seals in Sweden cannot be evaluated.
Review on utilization and research on harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) in Iceland
Authors: Hauksson Erlingur , Einarsson Sólmundur T
Published: November 2013

Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) have been harvested in Iceland since the first settlers arrived in the 9th century. Pups were generally netted, clubbed and harpooned until 1875 when general use of guns for hunting began. Seal-hunting has been traditional amongst the farms legal rights. Seal hunting was an important supplement to other economic resources. Harbour seal skins, salted ordried, were exported and large dataset of catch statistics is available from trading logbooks since the late 19th century. In the early 20th century catch was about 6,000. In the ‘bounty’ period 1982 – 1989, maximum catches were of 4,000 animals with about 350 hunters participated; in 2006 catches were only about 100 animals with 18 hunters. After 1989 the population continued to decline even though catches decreased markedly. Unreported by-catch in fishing gear, hunt for local consumption and shooting of seals swimming in salmon rivers estuaries may have kept the total removal from the stock above sustainable levels. A considerable Icelandic knowledge base had been compiled about the biology of the harbour seal since the late 16th century, with the first written reference in 1588-1589. In the last decades, research on various aspects of its biology and monitoring have been intensified, with focus on abundance, distribution, diet and nematode infestation. The main results show that the Icelandic harbour seal population - has declined annually about 5% in the period 1980-2006, - was most abundant on the NW-coast, - feeds mainly on sand-eels and gadoids, - and was less infected with anisakid nematodes than grey seals. Seal watching, as a low-consumptive indirect utilization, may represent a new economical opportunity if properly regulated.
Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and rehabilitation
Authors: Osinga Nynke , ‘t Hart Pieter
Published: November 2013

Throughout the past few decades, rehabilitation of seals has become an activity that is anchored in the present day society of many countries. Seals are primarily rehabilitated to help individual animals in distress. At the same time, the release of seals which would have otherwise died can be considered as a contribution to the population. Most rehabilitated seals are animals under one year of age. They are mainly orphans, weaned seals with complications and seals with a parasiticbronchopneumonia. For the optimal handling of seals and their diseases, centralised operations with quality standards are essential. Rehabilitation provides an instrument to monitor the health of the seal population and its ecosystem. Changes in stranding trends or the appearance of new diseases can be monitored. Moreover, rehabilitation is important to show the general public thestate of the marine environment. In the Netherlands there is significant social support for the rehabilitation of seals. Experience obtained with seal care is of importance in countries where urgent help of threatened seal species is required. Here individual seals are also ambassadors to raise support for the protection of this species in general. Given that the anthropogenic impact on the seals and their environment is extensive in the Wadden Sea, rehabilitation centres can compensate the consequences of this impact on individual seals as well as the population as a whole.
A note on the distribution and abundance of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Central and Northeast North Atlantic
Authors: Pike Daniel G , Víkingsson Gísli A , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Øien Nils
Published: November 2013

The distribution and abundance of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) was assessed from ship surveys conducted in the Central and Northeast Atlantic in 1987, 1989, 1995 and 2001. Blue whales were most commonly sighted off western Iceland, and to a lesser extent northeast of Iceland. They were very rare or absent in the Northeast Atlantic. Sightings were combined over all surveys to estimate the detection function using standard line transect methodology, with the addition of a covariate to account for differences between surveys. Total abundance was highest in 1995 (979, 95% CI 137-2,542) and lowest in 1987 (222, 95% CI 115-440). Uncertainty in species identity had little effect on estimates of abundance. There was a significant positive trend in abundance northeast of Iceland and in the total survey area.
Distribution and abundance of large whales in Norwegian and adjacent waters based on ship surveys 1995-2001
Authors: Øien Nils
Published: November 2013

The abundances of large whale species are presented for the northeast Atlantic from near-complete survey coverage in 1995 and from multiple partial-area surveys during 1996-2001. These Norwegian shipboard surveys were generally conducted with 2 independent observer platforms, except for single-platform surveys during part of 1995. Tracking procedures implemented for minke whales – Balaenoptera acutorostrata (the target species) meant that the surveys had to be conducted in passing mode, and there were therefore only limited opportunities for closing on sightings to determine species identity and school size. Abundance estimates for large whale species (fin – Balaenoptera physalus, humpback – Megaptera novaeangliae and sperm whales – Physeter macrocephalus) were obtained by combining sightings from both platforms, and applying standard distance sampling techniques to the smeared and truncated perpendicular distances for each species. Abundance estimates for the 2 survey groupings (1995 and 1996-2001) summarised over comparable areas were: fin whales, 5,034 (cv 0.209) and 6,409 (cv 0.18); humpback whales, 1,059 (cv 0.248) and 1,450 (cv 0.29); and sperm whales, 4,319 (cv 0.199) and 6,207 (cv 0.22). The estimated cv’s are likely underestimates and specifically the combined partial-area survey cv’s do not include additional variance due to possible distributional shifts between years. Inclusion of a new survey stratum north of Iceland (block NVS) in the later set of surveys revealed a high additional abundance there of fin whales 3,960 (cv 0.538) and humpback whales 3,246 (cv 0.512). The high humpback whale estimate for this stratum confirms the Icelandic survey findings of a large humpback whale population summering in that area.
Distribution and abundance of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Northeast and Central Atlantic as inferred from the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys 1987-2001
Authors: Víkingsson Gísli A , Pike Daniel G , Desportes Geneviève , Øien Nils , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Bloch Dorete
Published: November 2013

North Atlantic Sightings Surveys (NASS) is a series of large scale international cetacean line transect surveys, conducted in 1987, 1989, 1995 and 2001, that covered a large part of the central and eastern North Atlantic. Target species were fin (Balaenoptera physalus), common minke (B. acutorostrata), pilot (Globicephala melas) and sei (B. borealis) whales. Here we present new estimates of abundance for fin whales from the 2 most recent surveys and analysis of trends throughout the survey period. Fin whales were found in highest densities in the Irminger Sea between Iceland and Greenland. Abundance of fin whales in the survey area of the Icelandic and Faroese vessels (Central North Atlantic) was estimated as 19,672 (95% C.I. 12,083-28,986) animals in 1995 and 24,887 (95% C.I. 18,186-30,214) in 2001. The estimates are negatively biased because of whales diving during the passage of vessels, and whales being missed by observers, but these and other potential biases are likely small for this species. The abundance of fin whales increased significantly over the survey period. For all areas combined the estimated annual growth rate was 4%. An estimated annual increase of 10% in the area between Iceland and Greenland was responsible for most of this overall increase in numbers of fin whales in the area. Although high, the estimated rates of increase are not out of bounds of biological plausibility and can thus be viewed as recovery of a depleted population. However, the apparent pattern of population growth and the whaling history in the area indicate that fin whales made a significant recovery during the first half of the 20th century and that the recent observed high growth rates cannot be explained solely by recovery after overexploitation.
Combined line-transect and cue-count estimate of sperm whale abundance in the North Atlantic, from Icelandic NASS-2001 shipboard survey
Authors: Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Víkingsson Gisli A , Pike Daniel G
Published: November 2013

Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) pose a particular problem to shipboard surveys as they dive for extended periods and are therefore likely to be missed (not available) even if they are right under the track line. To address these problems the NAMMCO planning committee for the NASS 2001 survey drew up guidelines to be followed when sperm whales were sighted. This required every deep dive to be recorded and considered to be a cue, from which a cue-count estimate is calculated if the cue rate is known. For those whales that did not dive before coming abeam, a conventional line-transect estimate is calculated, which gives an instantaneous surface estimate from which a total estimate can be obtained if the proportion of the time spent at the surface is known. These estimates are compared and combined. Precise dive cycle information is missing for the mostly single all male sperm whales in this area but a preliminary estimate of 11,185 (cv 0.34) is obtained for the surveyed area with an assumed surface time of 20% and two deep dives per hour.
Estimates of the abundance of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from Faroese and Icelandic NASS shipboard surveys
Authors: Pike Daniel G , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Víkingsson Gísli A , Desportes Geneviève , Bloch Dorete
Published: November 2013

North Atlantic Sightings Surveys for cetaceans were carried out Northeast and Central Atlantic in 1987, 1989, 1995 and 2001. Here we provide estimates of density and abundance for minke whales from the Faroese and Icelandic ship surveys. The estimates are not corrected for availability or perception biases. Double platform data collected in 2001 indicates that perception bias is likely considerable for this species. However comparison of corrected estimates of densityfrom aerial surveys with a ship survey estimate from the same area suggests that ship surveys can be nearly unbiased under optimal survey conditions with high searching effort. There were some regional changes in density over the period but no overall changes in density and abundance. Given the recent catch history for minke whales in this area, we would not expect to see changes in abundance due to exploitation that would be detectable with these surveys.
Minke whale abundance estimation from the NASS 1987 and 2001 aerial cue–counting surveys taking appropriate account of distance estimation errors
Authors: Borchers David L , Pike Daniel G , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Víkingsson Gísli A
Published: November 2013

We estimate the abundance of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the Icelandic coastal shelf aerial surveys carried out as part of the 1987 and 2001 North Atlantic Sightings Surveys (NASS). In the case of the 1987 survey, the probability of detecting animals at distance zero (g(0)) is very close to 1 but there is substantial random measurement error in estimating distances. To estimate abundance from these data, we use methods which assume g(0)=1 but which includea distance measurement error model. In the case of the 2001 survey, measurement errors were sufficiently small to be negligible, and we use double platform methods which estimate g(0) and assume no measurement error to estimate abundance. From the 1987 survey, we estimate abundance to be 24,532 animals, with 95% CI (13,399; 44,916). From the 2001 NASS survey data, minke whale abundance is estimated to be 43,633 animals, with 95% CI (30,148; 63,149).
Trends in the distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986-2001
Authors: Pike Daniel G , Paxton Charles GM , Gunnlaugsson Thorvaldur , Víkingsson Gísli A
Published: November 2013

Aerial surveys were carried out in coastal Icelandic waters 4 times between 1986 and 2001 as part of the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys. The surveys had nearly identical designs in 3 of the 4 years. The target species was the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) but all species encountered were recorded. Sighting rate and density from line transect analysis were used as indices of relative abundance to monitor trends over the period, and abundance estimates corrected for perception biases were calculated for some species from the 2001 survey. More than 11 species were sighted, of which the most common were the minke whale, humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), dolphins of genus Lagenorhychus, and the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Minke whales anddolphins showed little change in distribution or abundance over the period. There were an estimated 31,653 (cv 0.30) dolphins in the survey area in 2001. Humpback whales increased rapidly at a rate of about 12%, with much of the increase occurring off eastern and northeastern Iceland. In 2001 there were an estimated 4,928 (cv 0.463) humpback whales in the survey area. The relative abundance of harbour porpoises decreased over the period, but estimates for this species were compromised by uncorrected perception biases and poor coverage. The ecological and historical significance of these findings with respect to previous whaling activities and present-day fisheries is discussed.
A short review of the distribution of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the central and eastern North Atlantic with an abundance estimate for part of this area
Authors: Cañadas Ana , Donovan Greg P , Desportes Geneviève , Borchers David L
Published: November 2013

This paper uses data from 3 programmes: (1) the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys (NASS) surveys undertaken throughout much of the central and eastern North Atlantic north of about 40° N in 1987, 1989, 1995 and 2001; (2) the MICA-93 programme; and (3) the north eastern Atlantic segment of the Small Cetacean Abundance in the North Sea (SCANS) survey in 1994. The data from all surveys were used to examine the distribution of common dolphins in the NE Atlantic. No sightings were made north of 57° N. An initial attempt to examine distribution against 4 potential non biological explanatory variables was made. A simple interpretation of the preliminary analyses presented here is that the primary areas for groups of common dolphins were in waters over 15° C and depths of 400-1,000 m (there does appear a link with shelf features), between around 49°-55° N especially between 20°-30°W. An illustrative example of spatial modelling is presented. Only for 1 year (and part of the total survey area) were there sufficient data to attempt to estimate abundance: 1995. The estimated abundance in the W Block of the NASS-95 Faroese survey was 273,159 (cv=0.26; 95% CI=153,392-435,104) short-beaked common dolphins. This estimate is corrected for animals missed on the trackline (g(0)) and for responsive movement.
Encountering whales: How encounter rates became the basis for managing whaling
Authors: Smith Tim D
Published: November 2013

Declining rates of encountering whales, including both sighting and catching, were noted by whalers throughout the 19th century, and these declines became the first indication that whaling was adversely affecting whale abundance. The interpretation of declines in both sighting and catch rates proved to be a difficult scientific task. Satisfactory quantitative methods of interpreting changes in whale encounter rates were not developed until the second half of the 20th century. Rates of encountering whales played a key role in the International Whaling Commission (IWC) Scientific Committee from its beginning in the early 1950s, as well as in the US in implementing its Marine Mammal Protection Act beginning in the early 1970s. The development of methods of collecting and interpreting sighting and catch data was intimately interwoven with the development of themanagement of whaling and cetacean by-catches in fisheries throughout the world, but especially within the context of the Scientific Committees of the IWC and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). Although overfishing of whales was initially identified through the use of sighting rate data, catch rate data provided the IWC’s Committee its first firm footing for management advice. However, it was sighting rate data that ultimately became the basis for the scientific advice on whaling and for management advice in other settings. This led to the development of large scale cetacean sighting programmes, such as the IWC’s International Decade of Cetacean Researchsurveys in Antarctic aboard Japanese ships, the North Atlantic Sighting Surveys (NASS) aboard Norwegian, Icelandic, Spanish, Greenlandic and Faroese vessels and aircraft (coordinated by NAMMCO through its Scientific Committee from 1995), and surveys under the US’s Marine Mammal Protection Act and the European Union’s Small Cetacean Abundance in the North Sea (SCANS) programme. Fishery independent cetacean sighting surveys have proven to be both central and essential to understanding and regulating of human impacts on cetaceans.
Estimation of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) diet composition in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Lundström Karl , Hjerne Olle , Alexandersson Karin , Karlsson Olle
Published: November 2013

We examined the digestive tract contents from 145 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) collected between 2001 and 2004 in the Baltic Sea. We compensated for biases introduced by erosion of otoliths, both by using additional hard-part structures other than otoliths, and species-specific size and numerical correction factors. In the absence of numerical correction factors based on feeding experiments for some species, we used correction factors based on a relationship between otolith recoveryrate and otolith width. A total of 24 prey taxa were identified but only a few species contributed substantially to the diet. The estimated diet composition was, independently of the prey number estimation method and diet composition estimation model used, dominated by herring (Clupea harengus), both by numbers and biomass. In addition to herring, common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) were important prey, but cyprinids (Cyprinidae), eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), flounder (Platichtys flesus) and salmon (Salmo salar) also contributed significantly. Our results indicated dietary differences between grey seals of different age as well as between seals from the northern (Gulf of Bothnia) and the southern (Baltic Proper) Baltic Sea.
Angular Dependence of the MOSFET Dosimeter and its Impact on In vivo Surface Dose Measurement in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Qin Songbing , Chen Ting , Wang Lili , Tu Yu , Yue Ning , Zhou Juying
Published: November 2013

The focus of this study is the angular dependence of two types of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters (MOSFET20 and OneDose/OneDosePlus) when used for surface dose measurements. External beam radiationat different gantry angles were delivered to a cubic solid water phantom with a MOSFET placed on the top surface at CAX. The long axis of the MOSFET was oriented along the gantry axis of rotation, with the dosimeter (bubble side) facing the radiation source. MOSFET-measured surface doses were compared against calibrated radiochromic film readings. It was found that both types of MOSFET dosimeters exhibited larger than previously reported angular dependence when measuring surface dose in beams at large oblique angles. For the MOSFET20 dosimeter the measured surface dose deviation against film readings was as high as 17% when the incident angle was 72 degrees to the norm of the phantom surface. It is concluded that some MOSFET dosimeters may have a strong angular dependence when placed on the surface of water-equivalent material, even though they may have an isotropic angular response when surrounded by uniform medium. Extra on-surface calibration maybe necessary before using MOSFET dosimeters for skin dose measurement in tangential fields.
Quantitative Assessment of Cancer Vascular Architecture by Skeletonization of High-Resolution 3-D Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Images: Role of Liposomes and Microbubbles
Authors: Molinari F. , Meiburger K. M. , Giustetto P. , Rizzitelli S. , Boffa C. , Castano M. , Terreno E.
Published: November 2013

The accurate characterization and description of the vascular network of a cancer lesion is of paramount importance in clinical practice and cancer research in order to improve diagnostic accuracy or to assess the effectiveness of a treatment. The aim of this study was to show the effectiveness of liposomes as an ultrasound contrast agent to describe the 3-D vascular architecture of a tumor. Eight C57BL/6 mice grafted with syngeneic B16-F10 murine melanoma cells were injected with a bolus of 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (DSPC)-based non-targeted liposomes and with a bolus of microbubbles. 3-D contrast-enhanced images of the tumor lesions were acquired in three conditions: pre-contrast, after the injection of microbubbles, and after the injection of liposomes. By using a previously developed reconstruction and characterization image processing technique, we obtained the 3-D representation of the vascular architecture in these three conditions. Six descriptive parameters of these networks were also computed: the number of vascular trees (NT), the vascular density (VD), the number of branches, the 2-D curvature measure, the number of vascular flexes of the vessels, and the 3-D curvature. Results showed that all the vascular descriptors obtained by liposome-based images were statistically equal to those obtained by using microbubbles, except the VD which was found to be lower for liposome images. All the six descriptors computed in pre-contrast conditions had values that were statistically lower than those computed in presence of contrast, both for liposomes and microbubbles. Liposomes have already been used in cancer therapy for the selective ultrasound-mediated delivery of drugs. This work demonstrated their effectiveness also as vascular diagnostic contrast agents, therefore proving that liposomes can be used as efficient “theranostic” ( i.e. therapeutic + diagnostic) ultrasound probes.
Sequence of infilling events in Gale Crater, Mars: Results from morphology, stratigraphy, and mineralogy
Authors: Deit Laetitia Le , Hauber Ernst , Fueten Frank , Pondrelli Monica , Rossi Angelo Pio , Jaumann Ralf
Published: November 2013

Gale Crater is filled by sedimentary deposits including a mound of layered deposits, Aeolis Mons. Using orbital data, we mapped the crater infillings and measured their geometry to determine their origin. The sediment of Aeolis Mons is interpreted to be primarily air fall material such as dust, volcanic ash, fine‐grained impact products, and possibly snow deposited by settling from the atmosphere, as well as wind‐blown sands cemented in the crater center. Unconformity surfaces between the geological units are evidence for depositional hiatuses. Crater floor material deposited around Aeolis Mons and on the crater wall is interpreted to be alluvial and colluvial deposits. Morphologic evidence suggests that a shallow lake existed after the formation of the lowermost part of Aeolis Mons (the Small yardangs unit and the mass‐wasting deposits). A suite of several features including patterned ground and possible rock glaciers are suggestive of periglacial processes with a permafrost environment after the first hundreds of thousands of years following its formation, dated to ~3.61 Ga, in the Late Noachian/Early Hesperian. Episodic melting of snow in the crater could have caused the formation of sulfates and clays in Aeolis Mons, the formation of rock glaciers and the incision of deep canyons and valleys along its flanks as well as on the crater wall and rim, and the formation of a lake in the deepest portions of Gale.
Coupling self‐organizing maps with a Naïve Bayesian classifier: Stream classification studies using multiple assessment data
Authors: Fytilis Nikolaos , Rizzo Donna M.
Published: November 2013

Organizing or clustering data into natural groups is one of the most fundamental aspects of understanding and mining information. The recent explosion in sensor networks and data storage associated with hydrological monitoring has created a huge potential for automating data analysis and classification of large, high‐dimensional data sets. In this work, we develop a new classification tool that couples a Naïve Bayesian classifier with a neural network clustering algorithm (i.e., Kohonen Self‐Organizing Map (SOM)). The combined Bayesian‐SOM algorithm reduces classification error by leveraging the Bayesian's ability to accommodate parameter uncertainty with the SOM's ability to reduce high‐dimensional data to lower dimensions. The resulting algorithm is data‐driven, nonparametric and is as computationally efficient as a Naïve Bayesian classifier due to its parallel architecture. We apply, evaluate and test the Bayesian‐SOM network using two real‐world hydrological data sets. The first uses genetic data to classify the state of disease in native fish populations in the upper Madison River, MT, USA. The second uses stream geomorphic and water quality data measured at ∼2500 Vermont stream reaches to predict habitat conditions. The new classification tool has substantial benefits over traditional classification methods due to its ability to dynamically update prior information, assess the uncertainty/confidence of the posterior probability values, and visualize both the input data and resulting probabilistic clusters onto two‐dimensional maps to better assess nonlinear mappings between the two.
Relationship between outer forearc subsidence and plate boundary kinematics along the Northeast Japan convergent margin
Authors: Regalla Christine , Fisher Donald M. , Kirby Eric , Furlong Kevin P.
Published: November 2013

Tectonic erosion along convergent plate boundaries, whereby removal of upper plate material along the subduction zone interface drives kilometer‐scale outer forearc subsidence, has been purported to explain the evolution of nearly half the world's subduction margins, including part of the history of northeast Japan. Here, we evaluate the role of plate boundary dynamics in driving forearc subsidence in northeastern Japan. A synthesis of newly updated analyses of outer forearc subsidence, the timing and kinematics of upper plate deformation, and the history of plate convergence along the Japan trench demonstrate that the onset of rapid fore‐arc tectonic subsidence is contemporaneous with upper plate extension during the opening of the Sea of Japan and with an acceleration in convergence rate at the trench. In Plio‐Quaternary time, relative uplift of the outer forearc is contemporaneous with contraction across the arc and a decrease in plate convergence rate. The coincidence of these changes across the forearc, arc, backarc system appears to require an explanation at the scale of the entire plate boundary. Similar observations along other western Pacific margins suggest that correlations between forearc subsidence and major changes in plate kinematics are the rule, rather than the exception. We suggest that a significant component of forearc subsidence at the northeast Japan margin is not the consequence of basal tectonic erosion, but instead reflects dynamic changes in plate boundary geometry driven by temporal variations in plate kinematics. If correct, this model requires a reconsideration of the mass balance and crustal recycling of continental crust at nonaccretionary margins.
Temporal point positioning approach for real‐time GNSS seismology using a single receiver
Authors: Li Xingxing , Ge Maorong , Guo Bofeng , Wickert Jens , Schuh Harald
Published: November 2013

High‐rate Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has an increasing number of applications in geohazard monitoring. GNSS‐derived displacements can provide important information for magnitude estimation and fault slip inversion, which is critical for seismic and tsunamigenic hazard mitigation. In this paper, we propose a new approach to quickly capture coseismic displacements with a single GNSS receiver in real time. The new approach can overcome the convergence problem of precise point positioning, and also avoids the integration process of the variometric approach. Using the results of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can provide accurate displacement waveforms and permanent coseismic offsets at an accuracy of few centimeters, and can also reliably recover the moment magnitude and fault slip distribution.