bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of interferon-α on cytopathic changes and titers for feline herpesvirus-1 in primary cultures of feline corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Sandmeyer Lynne S. , Keller Charlotte B. , Bienzle Dorothee
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the effect of interferon (IFN)-α
on viability of feline corneal epithelial cells, replication
of feline herpesvirus (FHV)-1, and virus-induced cytopathic
changes.

Sample Population—Healthy eyes from 10 recently
euthanatized cats.

Procedure—4 replicate primary cultures of feline
corneal epithelial cells were grown after the addition
of 102 to 106 IU of IFN-α/mL. Cultures were examined
every 24 hours for evidence of cytotoxic changes.
Viable cell counts and percentage of viable cells were
determined 48 hours after initiation of culture. In a
separate experiment, cultures of corneal cells were
inoculated with FHV-1 and cultured for 72 hours with
or without 105 IU of IFN-α/mL. The FHV-1–infected cultures
were evaluated for viral-induced cytopathic
effects, and viral titers were determined in samples of
culture supernatant.

Results—Interferon-α did not have cytotoxic effects
on corneal epithelial cells at concentrations ranging
from 102 to 106 IU of IFN-α/mL. Interferon-α at a concentration
of 105 IU/mL significantly reduced the cytopathic
changes and FHV-1 titers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lack of in
vitro cytotoxic effects and efficacy against FHV-1
infection in primary cultures of feline corneal cells
suggests that the in vivo therapeutic effect of IFN-α
should be assessed in controlled clinical trials. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:210–216)
Use of force plate analysis to compare the analgesic effects of intravenous administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine in horses with navicular syndrome
Authors: Erkert Ronald S. , MacAllister Charles G. , Payton Mark E. , Clarke Cyril R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To use force plate analysis to evaluate the analgesic efficacies of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone administered IV at typical clinical doses in horses with navicular syndrome.

Animals—12 horses with navicular syndrome that were otherwise clinically normal.

Procedure—Horses received flunixin (1.1 mg/kg), phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg), or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl; 1 mL/45 kg) solution administered IV once daily for 4 days with a 14-day washout period between treatments (3 treatments/horse). Before beginning treatment (baseline) and 6, 12, 24, and 30 hours after the fourth dose of each treatment, horses were evaluated by use of the American Association of Equine Practitioners lameness scoring system (half scores permitted) and peak vertical force of the forelimbs was measured via a force plate.

Results—At 6, 12, and 24 hours after the fourth treatment, subjective lameness evaluations and force plate data indicated significant improvement in lameness from baseline values in horses treated with flunixin or phenylbutazone, compared with control horses; at those time points, the assessed variables in flunixin- or phenylbutazone-treated horses were not significantly different.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses with navicular syndrome treated once daily for 4 days, typical clinical doses of flunixin and phenylbutazone resulted in similar significant improvement in lameness at 6, 12, and 24 hours after the final dose, compared with findings in horses treated with saline solution. The effect of flunixin or phenylbutazone was maintained for at least 24 hours. Flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone appear to have similar analgesic effects in horses with navicular syndrome. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:284–288)
Cloning and expression of equine insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in normal equine tendon
Authors: Dahlgren Linda A. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To define a portion of the nucleotide
sequences of each of the 6 insulin-like growth factor
(IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) in horses and describe
patterns of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein
expression for IGFBPs in normal equine tendons.

Animals—7 horses.

Procedure—Total RNA was extracted from the tensile
region of normal superficial digital flexor tendons
and reverse transcribed into complimentary DNA
(cDNA). The cDNA was amplified via PCR, and products
representing portions of each IGFBP were
cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequences were
used to deduce the amino acid sequences, and both
nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences were
compared with those published for bovine, human,
mouse, and ovine IGFBPs. Gene expression was
quantitated by real-time PCR assay, and protein
expression was evaluated by western ligand blot
(WLB).

Results—Clones ranged in size from 262 to 522 bp
and had high degrees of sequence homology with
other mammalian species. Sequence homology
was highest between bovine and equine IGFBPs
(86% to 95%) and amongst the IGFBP-5
sequences from the various species (92% to 95%).
Message for IGFBP-2 to -6, but not IGFBP-1, was
expressed in normal tendon. Protein expression for
IGFBP-2, -3, and -4 was detected by WLB in normal
tendon and markedly increased in damaged tendons.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provide
basic information and tools needed for further
characterization of the role of the IGF system in tendon
healing and may lead to the ability to potentiate
the response of healing tendon to exogenous IGF-I via
concurrent manipulation of IGFBPs. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:300–306)
Incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of Boxers
Authors: van Hagen Marjan A. E. , Ducro Bart J. , Broek Jan van den , Knol Bart W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of Boxers.

Animals—1,733 Boxers from 325 litters.

Procedure—Status of Boxers with respect to clinical signs of canine hip dysplasia (cCHD) was registered during an 8-year period. Survival analysis accounted for dogs lost to follow-up. Effective heritability for developing cCHD was estimated by use of a proportional hazard model on the basis of the Weibull distribution. Parametric survival models were developed to identify the influence of potential risk factors.

Results—Cumulative hazard rate for cCHD from 7 weeks to 8 years of age was 8.5%. Dogs that were kept on a floor covered with a slippery material were 1.6 times as likely to develop cCHD, compared with dogs kept on a nonslippery floor. Risk of cCHD doubled in dogs from litters with a high preweaning mortality rate. Dogs that were neutered at 6 months prior to a diagnosis of CHD were 1.5 times as likely to develop cCHD, compared with sexually intact dogs. Dogs > 5 years of age were 1.8 times as likely to develop cCHD, compared with younger dogs. Estimated effective heritability of cCHD was 0.11. In terms of the risk of cCHD in progeny, mean estimated breeding value (EBV) of the 10 best and 10 worst sires was –0.32 and 0.42, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Registration of Boxers that develop cCHD may provide a strategy for disease prevention. In addition to diagnostic evaluation of radiographs, sire EBVs provide useful information for breeding selection decisions. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:307–312)
Evaluation of a radiographic caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte on the femoral neck and its relationship to degenerative joint disease and distraction index in dogs
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , McKelvie Pamela J. , Biery Darryl N. , Shofer Frances S. , Smith Gail K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence of a radiographic caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte (CCO) on the femoral neck in various breeds and age groups of dogs and to evaluate its contemporaneous relationship with degenerative joint disease (DJD) and distraction index (DI).

Design—Cross-sectional prevalence study.

Animals—25,968 dogs, including 3,729 German Shepherd Dogs, 4,545 Golden Retrievers, 6,277 Labrador Retrievers, and 1,191 Rottweilers.

Procedure—Data from the University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program database were analyzed, including ventrodorsal hip-extended, compression, and distraction radiographs. The CCO and radiographic signs of DJD were considered independent events and were interpreted as either present or absent. Statistical methods were used to evaluate the CCO as a possible risk factor for DJD and assess its association with DI, as measured by use of distraction radiography.

Results—When all breeds were pooled, DJD was detected in 8.6% of dogs, and the CCO was detected in 21.6% of dogs. Among dogs with a CCO, 25.1% had radiographic evidence of DJD. Among dogs without a CCO, only 4% had DJD. Dogs with a CCO were 7.9 times as likely to have DJD as were those without a CCO. Additionally, DI, weight, and age were significant risk factors for the CCO.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results confirm the contemporaneous association between the CCO and DJD and that passive hip laxity, as measured by use of the DI, is associated with both the CCO and DJD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:472–476)
Comparison of platelet count recovery with use of vincristine and prednisone or prednisone alone for treatment for severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs
Authors: Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Callan Mary Beth , Hughes Dez , Sanders Nancy , Giger Urs
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of prednisone alone, compared with a combination of prednisone and vincristine, on platelet counts in bleeding dogs with severe primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT).

Design—Prospective case study.

Animals—24 dogs with severe primary IMT.

Procedure—All dogs received immunosuppressive doses of prednisone (1.5 to 2 mg/kg [0.7 to 0.9 mg/lb] of body weight, PO, q 12 h). In addition, 12 dogs received a single dose of vincristine (0.02 mg/kg [0.01 mg/lb], IV). Platelet count, transfusion requirement, and outcome were monitored. A response was defined as an increase in platelet count to ≥ 40,000/µl. Dogs in the prednisone group that failed to respond received 1 dose of vincristine on day 7.

Results—Dogs that received prednisone and vincristine had a significantly faster increase in platelet count to ≥ 40,000/µl than dogs that received prednisone alone (mean ± SD, 4.9 ± 1.1 vs 6.8 ± 4.5 days, respectively). A similarly rapid response was observed in dogs that received vincristine on day 7 after treatment with prednisone alone failed. Furthermore, duration of hospitalization was reduced in the vincristine group, compared with the prednisone group (5.4 ± 0.3 vs 7.3 ± 0.5 days, respectively). No adverse effects attributable to vincristine were observed in any dog.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of combined vincristine and prednisone is associated with more rapid increase in platelet numbers and shortened duration of hospitalization in dogs with IMT, compared with use of prednisone alone. Early use of vincristine seems warranted in dogs with severe primary IMT. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002; 220:477–481)
Evaluation of equine breeding farm management and preventative health practices as risk factors for development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals
Authors: Chaffin M. Keith , Cohen Noah D. , Martens Ronald J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether foal management practices, environmental management, and preventative health practices are risk factors for development ofRhodococcus equipneumonia in foals.

Design—Prospective matched case-control study.

Animals—2,764 foals on 64 equine breeding farms with 9,991 horses.

Procedure—During 1997, participating veterinarians completed paired data collection forms for comparison; 1 for an affected farm (containing ≥ 1 foal with pneumonia caused byR equi)and 1 for a control farm. Information collected pertained to stabling facilities, environmental management, foal husbandry, and preventative equine health practices.

Results—Matched farm data compared by use of conditional logistic regression indicated that personnel on affected farms were more likely to attend foal births, test foals for adequacy of passive immunity, administer plasma or other treatments to foals to supplement serum immunoglobulin concentrations, administer hyperimmune plasma prophylactically to foals, vaccinate mares and foals againstStreptococcus equiinfection, and use multiple anthelmintics in deworming programs. Affected farms were also more likely to have foals that developed other respiratory tract disorders and were approximately 4 times as likely to have dirt floors in stalls used for housing foals as were control farms.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rhodococcus equipneumonia does not appear to be associated with poor farm management or a lack of attention to preventative health practices. Housing foals in stalls with dirt floors may increase the risk for development ofR equipneumonia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003; 222:476–485)
Use of a combination of propofol and fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil for total intravenous anesthesia in cats
Authors: Mendes Guilherme M. , Selmi André L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the cardiorespiratory effects of an IV infusion of propofol alone or in association with fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil in cats and, for each combination, the minimal infusion rate of propofol that would inhibit a response to noxious stimuli.

Design—Randomized crossover study.

Animals—6 cats.

Procedure—Cats were anesthetized 4 times in random order. After IV administration of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, anesthesia was induced with propofol (7 mg/kg [3.2 mg/lb], IV) and maintained for 90 minutes with a continuous infusion of propofol in conjunction with fentanyl (0.1 µg/kg/min [0.045 µg/lb/min]), alfentanil (0.5 µg/kg/min [0.23 µg/lb/min]), sufentanil (0.01 µg/kg/min [0.004 µg/lb/min]), or saline solution (0.08 mL/kg/min [0.036 mL/lb/min]).

Results—Minimal infusion rate of propofol required to prevent a response to a noxious stimulus was higher when cats received saline solution. After 70 minutes, minimal infusion rate of propofol was significantly higher with fentanyl than with sufentanil. Decreases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were detected with all treatments. Oxygen saturation did not change significantly, but end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased with all treatments. There were no significant differences in recovery times or sedation and recovery scores among treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that infusion of propofol in combination with fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil results in satisfactory anesthesia in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1608–1613)
Prevalence of shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in adult dairy cattle
Authors: Dunn John R. , Keen James E. , Thompson R. Alex
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe shiga-toxigenicEscherichia coliO157:H7 (STEC O157:H7) fecal shedding prevalence, seasonal fecal shedding patterns, and site-specific prevalence from the oral cavity, skin, and feces of dairy cattle.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—Adult dairy cattle from 13 herds in Louisiana.

Procedure—Samples were cultured for STEC O157 by use of sensitive and specific techniques, including selective broth enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, monoclonal antibody-based O:H enzyme immunoassay serotyping, and polymerase chain reaction virulence gene characterization. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for fecal shedding prevalence as well as site-specific prevalence from the oral cavity, skin, and feces. Logistic regression was used to assess seasonal variation and differences at various stages of lactation with respect to fecal shedding of STEC O157 in cattle sampled longitudinally.

Results—Summer prevalence in herds (n = 13) was 38.5%, with a cow-level prevalence of 6.5%. Among positive herds, prevalence ranged from 3% to 34.6%. Samples from 3 of 5 herds sampled quarterly over 1 year yielded positive results for STEC O157. In herds with STEC O157, an increase in cow-level prevalence was detected during spring (13.3%) and summer (10.5%), compared with values for fall and winter. Site-specific prevalences of STEC O157:H7 from oral cavity, skin, and fecal samples were 0%, 0.7%, and 25.2%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our data indicated that STEC O157:H7 was commonly isolated from dairy cows in Louisiana, seasonally shed, and isolated from the skin surface but not the oral cavity of cows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1151–1158)
Plasma fentanyl concentrations and analgesic effects during full or partial exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches in cats
Authors: Davidson Charisse D. , Pettifer Glenn R. , Henry Jack D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare plasma fentanyl concentrations and analgesic efficacy during full or partial exposure to 25-μg/h transdermal fentanyl patches (TFPs) in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Animals—16 client-owned cats.

Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to receive full or partial exposure to a TFP; patches were applied approximately 24 hours prior to ovariohysterectomy. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood glucose concentration, and blood pressure were measured and pain severity was assessed periodically for 72 hours after patch application. Venous blood samples were collected for determination of plasma fentanyl concentration 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after patch application.

Results—Mean ± SD steady state plasma fentanyl concentration in cats in the full TFP exposure group (1.78 ± 0.92 ng/mL) was significantly greater than concentration in cats in the partial exposure group (1.14 ± 0.86 ng/mL). Steady state plasma fentanyl concentrations were evident between 18 and 72 hours after patch application. Subjective scores used to evaluate analgesic efficacy were not significantly different between treatment groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that delivery of fentanyl from TFPs can be reduced by decreasing the amount of exposed surface area. In cats weighing < 4 kg (9 lb), exposure to half a 25-μg/h TFP appears to provide adequate analgesia following ovariohysterectomy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004:224:700–705)
Ultrasonographic findings in dogs with hyperammonemia: 90 cases (2000–2002)
Authors: Szatmári Viktor , Rothuizen Jan , van den Ingh Ted S. G. A. M. , van Sluijs Frederik J. , Voorhout George
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine ultrasonographic abnormalities in dogs with hyperammonemia.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—90 client-owned dogs with hyperammonemia.

Procedure—Ultrasonography of the abdominal vessels and organs was performed in a systematic way. Dogs in which the ultrasonographic diagnosis was a congenital portosystemic shunt were included only if they underwent laparotomy or necropsy. Dogs in which the abdominal vasculature appeared normal and dogs in which the ultrasonographic diagnosis was acquired portosystemic shunts and portal hypertension were included only if liver biopsy specimens were submitted for histologic examination.

Results—Ultrasonography excluded portosystemic shunting in 11 dogs. Acquired portosystemic shunts were found in 17 dogs, of which 3 had arterioportal fistulae and 14 had other hepatic abnormalities. Congenital portosystemic shunts were found in 61 dogs, of which 19 had intrahepatic shunts and 42 had extrahepatic shunts. Intrahepatic shunts originated from the left portal branch in 14 dogs and the right portal branch in 5. Extrahepatic shunts originated from the splenic vein, the right gastric vein, or both and entered the caudal vena cava or the thorax. Ultrasonography revealed splenic-caval shunts in 24 dogs, right gastric-caval shunts in 9 dogs, splenic-azygos shunts in 8 dogs, and a right gastric-azygos shunt in 1 dog.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that ultrasonography is a reliable diagnostic method to noninvasively characterize the underlying disease in dogs with hyperammonemia. A dilated left testicular or ovarian vein was a reliable indicator of acquired portosystemic shunts. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:717–727)
Use of signal-averaged electrocardiography in the evaluation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in Boxers
Authors: Spier Alan W. , Meurs Kathryn M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) for evaluation of Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and identify dogs at risk for sudden death (SD) or death related to congestive heart failure (CHF).

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—94 Boxers with ARVC and 49 clinically normal non-Boxers (controls).

Procedure—Boxers were screened for ARVC, and severity was estimated by use of echocardiography, 24-hour ambulatory ECG, and SAECG. Statistical evaluation was performed to identify significant differences in SAECG variables relative to clinical outcome, frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, and systolic function. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated for each SAECG variable for occurrence of SD or death related to CHF. Late potentials were also evaluated as a predictor of cardiac-related death.

Results—Differences were detected in SAECG variables on the basis of clinical outcome, systolic function, and frequency of ventricular arrhythmias. More severely affected dogs had significantly more abnormal SAECG findings. The presence of late potentials, defined as 2 abnormal root mean square values (of 4), was associated with high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for cardiac-related SD or death secondary to CHF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that SAECG is a useful noninvasive diagnostic test to evaluate dogs affected with ARVC and identify individuals at risk for cardiac-related death. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1050–1055)
Effects of meloxicam on severity of lameness and other clinical signs of osteoarthritis in dogs
Authors: Peterson Kurt D. , Keefe Thomas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of meloxicam on severity of lameness and other clinical signs in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).

Design—Randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial.

Animals—217 client-owned dogs with clinical and radiographic signs of OA.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to be treated with meloxicam (n = 105; 0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], SC, once on day 1, then 0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h, for 13 days) or a placebo (n = 112). A general clinical score was assigned by investigators on days 1 (ie, prior to initiation of treatment), 8, and 15 on the basis of severity of lameness, extent of weight bearing, and severity of signs during palpation of the affected joint. Owners and investigators provided overall evaluations on days 8 and 15.

Results—Dogs treated with meloxicam had significantly greater improvements in general clinical scores, compared with baseline scores, on days 8 and 15 than did dogs treated with placebo. On days 8 and 15, percentages of dogs treated with meloxicam in which owners and investigators considered treatment to be successful were significantly higher than percentages of control dogs in which treatment was considered to be successful. No abnormalities in hematologic and serum biochemical test results were detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that compared with administration of a placebo, administration of meloxicam for 14 days significantly improved the clinical condition of dogs with OA without causing adverse effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1056–1060)
Evaluation of an outbreak of West Nile virus infection in horses: 569 cases (2002)
Authors: Schuler Larry A. , Khaitsa Margaret L. , Dyer Neil W. , Stoltenow Charles L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize an outbreak of West Nile
virus (WNV) infection in horses in North Dakota in
2002, evaluate vaccine effectiveness, and determine
horse characteristics and clinical signs associated
with infection.

Design—Retrospective study .

Animals—569 horses.

Procedure—Data were obtained from veterinary laboratory
records, and a questionnaire was mailed to
veterinarians of affected horses.

Results—Affected horses were defined as horses
with typical clinical signs and seroconversion or positive
results of virus isolation; affected horses were
detected in 52 of the 53 counties and concentrated in
the eastern and northeastern regions of the state.
Among affected horses, 27% (n = 152) were vaccinated
against WNV, 54% (309) were not, and 19%
(108) had unknown vaccination status; 61% (345)
recovered, 22% (126) died, and 17% (98) had
unknown outcome. The odds of death among nonvaccinated
horses were 3 and 16 times the odds among
horses that received only 1 or 2 doses of vaccine and
horses that were vaccinated according to manufacturer's
recommendations, respectively. Horses with
recumbency, caudal paresis, and age > 5 years had
higher odds of death, whereas horses with incoordination
had lower odds of death, compared with affected
horses without these characteristics.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination
appears to have beneficial effects regarding infection
and death caused by WNV. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1084–1089)
Anesthetic indices of sevoflurane and isoflurane in unpremedicated dogs
Authors: Galloway David S. , Ko Jeff C. H. , Reaugh H. Fulton , Mandsager Ronald E. , Payton Mark E. , Inoue Tomohito , Portillo Erin
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the anesthetic index of sevoflurane with that of isoflurane in unpremedicated dogs.

Design—Randomized complete-block crossover design.

Animals—8 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced by administering sevoflurane or isoflurane through a face mask. Time to intubation was recorded. After induction of anesthesia, minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined with a tail clamp method while dogs were mechanically ventilated. Apneic concentration was determined while dogs were breathing spontaneously by increasing the anesthetic concentration until dogs became apneic. Anesthetic index was calculated as apneic concentration divided by MAC.

Results—Anesthetic index of sevoflurane (mean ± SEM, 3.45 ± 0.22) was significantly higher than that of isoflurane (2.61 ± 0.14). No clinically important differences in heart rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures; oxygen saturation; and respiratory rate were detected when dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane versus isoflurane. There was a significant linear trend toward lower values for end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide during anesthesia with sevoflurane, compared with isoflurane, at increasing equipotent anesthetic doses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that sevoflurane has a higher anesthetic index in dogs than isoflurane. Sevoflurane and isoflurane caused similar dose-related cardiovascular depression, but although both agents caused dose-related respiratory depression, sevoflurane caused less respiratory depression at higher equipotent anesthetic doses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:700–704)
Pneumothorax in dairy cattle: 30 cases (1990–2003)
Authors: Slack Jo Ann , Thomas Chet B. , Peek Simon F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the features, underlying causes, results of diagnostic testing, and treatment of pneumothorax in dairy cattle.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—30 dairy cattle.

Procedure—Medical records of all cattle with a diagnosis of pneumonia were reviewed. For cattle with pneumothorax, information was obtained pertaining to signalment, anamnesis, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Survival data were compared between cattle with pneumonia with or without pneumothorax.

Results—Pneumothorax was associated with bronchopneumonia in 18 cattle, interstitial pneumonia in 7 cattle, pharyngeal or laryngeal trauma in 3 cattle, and neonatal respiratory distress in 2 calves. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus was the most commonly detected infectious agent. Eighteen of 30 (60%) cattle survived; 8 were euthanatized and 4 died. Survival rate was 81% for cattle with pneumonia without pneumothorax during the same time period. Pneumothorax was a significant risk factor for failure to survive to discharge from the hospital for cattle with underlying chronic bronchopneumonia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pneumothorax in dairy cattle appears to occur most commonly in association with chronic bronchopneumonia. Cattle of both sexes and all ages can be affected. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:732–735)
Odors and the Perception of Hygiene
Authors: Kerr Kara-Lynne , Rosero Stephanie Joyce , Doty Richard L.
Published: December 2005

Although certain odors, such as lemon, are commonly associated with cleanliness and positive hygiene, empirical assessment of such associations for other odors and attributes is generally lacking. Moreover, differences between men and women in such associations have not been established. In this study of lemon, onion, pine, and smoke odors, ratings were obtained from 142 men and 336 women ( M age = 30.1 yr., SD = 12.3) for odor intensity, gender association (masculine/feminine), and the success, sociability, intelligence, cleanliness, and attractiveness of a hypothetical person whose clothes smell like the odor in question. Ratings of the pleasantness or unpleasantness one would attribute to each odor in various rooms of the home were obtained, as well as a specification of whether such ratings are influenced by laundry habits, e.g., whether laundry is smelled before or after washing. Numerous associations were found. For example, a hypothetical person whose clothes smell of pine was rated as relatively more successful, intelligent, sociable, sanitary, and attractive than one whose clothes smelled of lemon, onion, or smoke. Sex differences, as well as differences between people who reported smelling their own laundry, were also found.
Use of the Ten-Point Clock Test to Compare Executive Functioning across 24 Months in Patients with Subcortical Vascular Dementia
Authors: Moretti Rita , Torre Paola , Antonello Rodolfo M. , Cazzato Giuseppe , Bava Antonio , Manos Peter J.
Published: December 2005

The Ten-point Clock Test can be used to identify early forms of Alzheimer's disease because it is reliable, well accepted, and easily administered at the bedside. Nevertheless, its clinical role in the detection of early dementia and its correlations with other cognitive processes is still under investigation. Vascular dementia is an uncertain nosological entity, in which unevenly distributed patterns of cognitive deficits comprising slowing of cognitive processing and impairment of executive function occur. The present study assessed how the Clock Test scores correlated with a number of other neuropsychological and functional tests in a sample of 144 patients with vascular dementia, who were followed for a period of 24 mo. At baseline, at 12 mo. and at 24 mo. subjects were administered a battery of tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination, word fluency, visuospatial skills, an evaluation of hetero- and autotopognosia (knowledge of self), the Proverbs Test, and the Ten-point Clock Test. For these patients scores on the Clock Test correlated significantly with semantic abilities, with abstract reasoning capacities, visuospatial perception, and with right and left recognition.
Accelerometer Feedback to Promote Physical Activity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Paschali Antonia A. , Kalantzi-Azizi Anastasia , Goodrick G. Kenneth , Papadatou Danai , Balasubramanyam Ashok
Published: December 2005

This study examined whether giving activity feedback to obese, sedentary adults with Type 2 diabetes would improve their adherence to a home-based walking program. 49 subjects were recruited. Ten failed a treadmill cardiovascular test. Another 9 dropped out before the intervention, and 4 dropped out during the intervention. The remaining 26 adults (14 women, 12 men; age M = 48.1 yr., SD = 7.1) received behavioral counseling monthly for 3 mo. regarding exercise. All subjects wore a triaxial accelerometer during these 3 months. Randomly, half of the subjects were blind to the data from the accelerometers, i.e., no feedback, and had counseling based on their self-report diaries. The other half had access to the accelerometer data, got a computerized graph of their physical activity for the period between counseling sessions, and had counseling based on these objective data, i.e., feedback. The feedback group showed an increase in exercise over the 3 mo. The nonfeedback group showed an increase in activity at 1.5 mo. but reverted to their baseline exercise levels at 3 mo. However, analysis of variance showed there was at least an 8% probability that this effect was due to chance, so the hypothesis that feedback would improve exercise adherence could not be supported. Further studies with larger sample sizes and greater control of experimental conditions are needed to determine the utility of objective activity feedback.
An Examination of Euro-American and African-American Differences in Social Physique Anxiety among College Women
Authors: Jordan Eleanor H. , Smisson Cassandra P. , Burke Kevin L. , Joyner A. Barry , Czech Daniel R.
Published: December 2005

Many studies have examined sex differences in social physique anxiety; however, few researchers have examined possible perceptual differences in such anxiety based on ethnicity. The present purpose was to examine social physique anxiety among college-age women of Euro-American and African-American descent. Participants ( N = 91) from physical activity classes at a university located in the southeastern United States completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. The participants were 67 Euro-Americans and 24 African Americans. An independent t test yielded a significant difference ( p = .01) between groups on Eklund's scale, which supports the hypothesis.
Arthritic Pain, Aging, and Psychomotor Decline in People with HIV
Authors: Vance David E.
Published: December 2005

Arthritic pain and subsequent immobility are common in people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and in persons of older ages. It is hypothesized that such pain may contribute to psychomotor impairment commonly observed with HIV and aging. Empirical evaluation of this hypothesis among older persons with HIV and consideration of treatment should be undertaken.
Novel Stimuli are Negative Stimuli: Evidence That Negative Affect is Reduced in the Mere Exposure Effect
Authors: Robinson Brent M. , Elias Lorin J.
Published: December 2005

Repeated exposure of a nonreinforced stimulus results in an increased preference for that stimulus, the mere exposure effect. The present study repeatedly presented positive, negative, and neutrally affective faces to 48 participants while they made judgments about the emotional expression. Participants then rated the likeability of novel neutrally expressive faces and some of these previously presented faces, this time in their neutral expression. Faces originally presented as happy were rated as the most likeable, followed by faces originally presented as neutral. Negative and novel faces were not rated significantly differently from each other. These findings support the notion that the increase in preference towards repeatedly presented stimuli is the result of the reduction in negative affect, consistent with the modified two-factor uncertainty-reduction model and classical conditioning model of the mere exposure effect.
Attention and Reading Skills
Authors: Commodari Elena , Guarnera Maria
Published: December 2005

Attention plays a critical role in information processing. Its adequate functioning is required for correct development of complex cognitive abilities and regular scholastic progress. Children with attention deficits often have difficulties in reading, writing, and arithmetic. The present study investigated interactions among reading skills, overall scholastic performance as rated by teachers, and components of attention: visual reaction time, simple immediate span of attention, and selectivity. The sample was 98 students in the first and second years of public junior high school (age range 11–14 years, M = 12.6, SD = 1.2), i.e., with expected already well-established reading. Reading was evaluated using Comprehension, Accuracy, and Speed tests. Overall scholastic performance was obtained by means of teachers' ratings. Simple Reaction Time, Digit Span, and Color-Word Interference, included in a multitask computerized test, assessed attention. Analysis confirmed the hypothesis that the reading skills are strongly predictive of the Scholastic Assessment rated by the teachers. High scholastic ratings were correlated with Reading Speed and Accuracy rather than Reading Comprehension. Poor readers showed worse performances on the Digit Span test which measures simple immediate span of attention. Good and poor readers obtained a similar score on the Color-Word Interference task. This observation seems to contrast with the more common interpretation of this effect, suggesting that reading is an automatic process and, therefore, the semantic dimension overcomes the controlled perceptual one. According to other studies, an alternative explanation is suggested. In conclusion, present results confirm the hypothesis of a strong link among reading speed and accuracy, scholastic assessment as rated by teachers, simple immediate span of attention, and visual reaction time.
Effects of Script Types of Japanese Loan Words on Priming Performance
Authors: Hayashi Chiyoko
Published: December 2005

23 female undergraduate students ( M = 20 yr., 10 mo., SD = 15 mo.) were given a word-fragment completion task, containing a study and nonstudy list. In the present study, the effect of orthographic familiarity (e.g., script type) of a test item on a word-fragment completion task was examined. The script types of word stimuli (Katakana and Hiragana) were manipulated between a study and test phase. Priming effect was greater when the script type was the same between a study and test phase than in the cross-script condition. Further, even if the script type of word stimulus was different between study and test phases, a significant priming effect was obtained when the test fragment was orthographically familiar. These results suggested that not only the consistency of the perceptual feature of the stimulus word between study and test phases, but also orthographic familiarity of the stimulus word in the test phase facilitated priming effect in a word-fragment completion test.
Effects of Visual Occlusion and Fatigue on Motor Performance in Water
Authors: Sullivan Elke A. , Hooper Sue L.
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of visual occlusion and fatigue on the motor performance of vertical skills in synchronized swimming. Experienced synchronized swimmers ( n = 12) were randomly assigned to either an exercise or nonexercise (control) activity group. Subjective ratings of fatigue were obtained from the swimmers who then each performed four vertical skills under alternating conditions of vision and visual occlusion before and after either a swimming (designed to induce fatigue) or nonphysical activity. A main effect of activity ( p<.03) was found for two measures of performance accuracy (lateral and anterior total distance traveled) but not for lateral and anterior maximum deviation from vertical, indicating that fatigue played a role in executing the skills. The data also indicate that the maintenance of a stationary position is a skill of greater difficulty than maintaining a true vertical. In contrast with previous research findings on synchronized swimmers, a significant effect of vision in all conditions was found, with performance decrements in the conditions of visual occlusion showing that vision provided important sensory input for the swimmers.
Further Evaluation of Microswitch Clusters to Enhance Hand Response and Head Control in Persons with Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , O'Reilly M. F. , Singh N. N. , Oliva D. , Scalini L. , Vigo C. M. , Groeneweg J.
Published: December 2005

This study was a further evaluation of microswitch clusters (combinations of two microswitches) to improve adaptive responding together with correct head position in two persons with multiple disabilities. The two participants were 19.7 and 6.6 yr. old and had profound intellectual disabilities, spastic tetraparesis, and visual impairment. They were initially taught an adaptive hand response that activated a pressure microswitch and produced favorite stimulation. Thereafter, their performance of the hand response produced favorite stimulation only when it was combined with a correct head position (detected through a mercury microswitch). Analysis showed that both participants increased the frequency of the hand response and, subsequently, the percentage of times they emitted this response in combination with correct (upright) head position. In essence, they were able to coordinate constructive occupation with exercise of appropriate posture. Performance was maintained at a 2-mo. postintervention check.
Word-Imagery Effects on Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory
Authors: O'Neill Ward
Published: December 2005

The Remember/Know procedure was used to investigate the effects of word imageability on recognition memory. An experiment, using French-speaking undergraduate students (17 women and 3 men), replicated Dewhurst and Conway's 1994 finding that rated imageability significantly increased accurate Remember responses but not Know responses when analyzed in the traditional way, assuming that the response types are mutually exclusive. Data were also analyzed using the Yonelinas, et al. 1998 dual-process signal-detection model, for estimating recollection and familiarity while assuming that Remember and Know responses are independent. Analysis indicated significant enhancement of imageability for estimates of both recollection and familiarity. This was interpreted as meaning that imageability enhanced both item-specific and contextual information associated with studied words.
Predicting Credit Card Behavior: A Study in Neuroeconomics
Authors: Spinella Marcello , Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: December 2005

In a sample of 139 community residents, credit card ownership was associated with age, sex, income, attitudes toward credit cards and toward money, and scores on a verbal measure of prefrontal cortical dysfunction, supporting a neuroeconomic approach to economic decision-making.
Backstroke Organization in Physical Education Students as a Function of Skill and Sex
Authors: Lerda Robert , Cardelli Chantal , Coudereau Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2005

This study assessed how stroking in backstroke varies with performance status and sex. A total of 36 subjects were separated into two groups of 18 by sex and further divided into two subgroups of nine, faster and slower, based on velocity in the 100-m event. Stroking parameters and coordination indexes were measured at this 100-m pace. Index 1 characterizes the continuity between propulsive phases of each arm and Index 2, the simultaneity between the beginning of the pull of one arm and of the recovery of the other arm. It is shown that the entry-catch and clearing vary ( p< .05) between men (4.5% ± 3.7 and 27.1% ± 9.0) and women (8.3% ± 8.5 and 20.0% ± 4.6). Index 1 indicates that women have a better continuity than men (7.4% ± 6.3 vs −10.7% ± 3.6; p<.05). Performance is mainly explained ( p<.05) by the increase in the entry and catch ( r = .58 for men and .75 for women) at the expense of clearing (respectively, r = −.70 and –.53, p<.05). For men, Index 2 indicates that the simultaneity is higher in faster than in slower swimmers (10.6 ± 7.0% vs 15.5 ± 7.4%; p<.05) and is correlated with performance ( r = −.47, p<.05). Index 2 is related to the clearing ( r = .71), the number of kicks per cycle (K · C−1, r = −.61), and the pull ( r = .60). For women, the performance is explained by Index 1 ( r = .48, p< .05). Index 1 is related ( p<.05) to stroke rate ( r = .84), the clearing ( r = −.70), and K · C−1 ( r = −.61). K · C−1 increases from 6.4 ± .70 for the faster to 7.8 ± 2.0 for the slower group ( p< .05).
Effects of Sex and Seating Arrangement on Selection of Leader
Authors: Jackson Danielle , Engstrom Erika , Hassenzahl David M.
Published: December 2005

Effects of a person's sex and seating arrangement were tested with 310 participants (151 men and 159 women; M age = 20.0, SD = 3.3) from a large southwestern U.S. university who were asked to select a leader from among five persons depicted around a rectangular table. Participants chose a person shown seated at the head of the table as the leader of a group, regardless of that person's sex. This conflicts with prior research indicating gender bias against women as leaders.
The Noisy Cue Abstraction Model is Equivalent to the Multiplicative Prototype Model
Authors: Olsson Henrik , Poom Leo
Published: December 2005

We prove that the noisy cue abstraction model for binary choice and the multiplicative prototype model of categorization are formally identical.
Effect of Dynamic Display and Speed of Display Movement on Reading Chinese Text Presented on a Small Screen
Authors: Chen Chien-Hsiung , Chien Yu-Hung
Published: December 2005

Automatic dynamic displays, e.g., scrolling displays, are frequently used to present text information on small screens. This study examined the effects of three dynamic displays [leading, scrolling, and rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)] and three presentations speeds [171, 250, and 305 wpm (words per minute)] on subjects' reading comprehension for different types of small screens for laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and mobile phones. 12 college students who were native speakers of Chinese (4 men and 8 women between the ages of 19 and 36 years) participated. Scores for reading comprehension indicated (1) for laptops, both leading displays and RSVP, at speeds of about 250 wpm, comprehension was highest; (2) for PDAs and mobile phones, scrolling displays and RSVP, speeds of about 305 wpm were more suitable for presenting information in Chinese text; (3) consequently, RSVP appeared to be the most viable dynamic display on small screens and led to the highest reading comprehension for these Chinese readers.
Evaluation of a Possible Proximity Effect of Aspartame and Vitamin C on Muscular Strength
Authors: Keating Tedd M. , Kendler Barry S. , Merriman William
Published: December 2005

Inconsistent findings of a proximity effect on muscular strength, using a neutral control substance, prompted the current study. Double-blind, counterbalanced assessments of grip strength were performed, with subjects holding either an envelope of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) or aspartame. No proximity effects were found despite the use of two substances believed by some applied kinesiologists to yield positive and negative results, respectively.