bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial Electric Field Algorithm with Greedy State Transition Strategy for Spherical Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem
Authors: Bi Jian , Zhou Guo , Zhou Yongquan , Luo Qifang , Deng Wu
Published: January 2022

The multiple traveling salesman problem (MTSP) is an extension of the traveling salesman problem (TSP). It is found that the MTSP problem on a three-dimensional sphere has more research value. In a spherical space, each city is located on the surface of the Earth. To solve this problem, an integer-serialized coding and decoding scheme was adopted, and artificial electric field algorithm (AEFA) was mixed with greedy strategy and state transition strategy, and an artificial electric field algorithm based on greedy state transition strategy (GSTAEFA) was proposed. Greedy state transition strategy provides state transition interference for AEFA, increases the diversity of population, and effectively improves the accuracy of the algorithm. Finally, we test the performance of GSTAEFA by optimizing examples with different numbers of cities. Experimental results show that GSTAEFA has better performance in solving SMTSP problems than other swarm intelligence algorithms.
A MINIMAL SET LOW FOR SPEED
Authors: DOWNEY ROD , HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW
Published: January 2022

An oracle A is low-for-speed if it is unable to speed up the computation of a set which is already computable: if a decidable language can be decided in time
$t(n)$
using A as an oracle, then it can be decided without an oracle in time
$p(t(n))$
for some polynomial p. The existence of a set which is low-for-speed was first shown by Bayer and Slaman who constructed a non-computable computably enumerable set which is low-for-speed. In this paper we answer a question previously raised by Bienvenu and Downey, who asked whether there is a minimal degree which is low-for-speed. The standard method of constructing a set of minimal degree via forcing is incompatible with making the set low-for-speed; but we are able to use an interesting new combination of forcing and full approximation to construct a set which is both of minimal degree and low-for-speed.
Negotiating Status: Pro Bono Partners and Counsels in Large Law Firms
Authors: Adediran Atinuke O.
Published: January 2022

Law firm pro bono work provides access to justice to low-income people and other vulnerable populations. The professionals that manage pro bono programs are at the forefront of that process. The limited available research on these professionals do not often distinguish lawyers from other managers or theorize about their statusvis-à-visother law firm lawyers. Yet the status of lawyers who are also managers of pro bono programs influences both their identities and the management and provision of legal services and advocacy. Drawing on original demographic and interview data, this article shows how law firm pro bono partners and counsels navigate their ambiguous roles and negotiate their status as lawyers and managers. I find that pro bono partners and counsels navigate their ambiguous roles by striving to be perceived as “real” lawyers, reframe their roles as business generators, conform to the billing culture, and establish a common identity. They also negotiate their titles and office spaces to raise their profiles. Gender inequality influences the negotiation of office spaces and the approval of pro bono matters. These findings have implications for lawyers who manage pro bono programs and the legitimacy of pro bono work.
Territorial and Non-territorial Aspects in the Autonomist Proposals of the Sudeten German Party, 1937–38
Authors: Mulej Oskar
Published: January 2022

The article focuses on two sets of autonomist demands that the far-right Sudeten German Party (SdP) in Czechoslovakia put forward during 1937–38. Its central thesis being that both sets were marked by a profoundly close interplay between territorial and non-territorial approaches at accommodating national diversity, it sets to explore this relationship, highlighting the underlying dynamic. Although the 1937 Volksschutzgesetze posed as an ostensibly “pure” case of non-territorial autonomy, whereas the 1938 Skizze über Neuordnung der innerstaatlichen Verhältnisse entailed major territorial provisions, in both cases the practical end-goal implied territorial autonomy. A closer look into their inner logic and intellectual origins however, also reveals a shared, essentially non-territorial underpinning. While the SdP agenda was firmly centered on national territory, its specific völkisch and organicist understanding of nationality manifested a clear preponderance of non-territoriality. Both sets of autonomist demands may thus be treated as a potentially maximalist combination of territorial and non-territorial arrangements resting on a fundamentally non-territorial notion of Volkspersönlichkeit. Encompassing all the members of the national group, the latter was simultaneously conceived as the basic carrier of political will. Volksschutzgesetze and Skizze thus represented clear examples of illiberal (re-)conceptualization of national autonomy, informed by contemporary völkisch sociological, legal, and political thought.
Current and future potential distributions of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): is this the next FAW?
Authors: de M. Oliveira Ruan C. , Zalucki Myron P. , Pastori Patrik L. , Kriticos Darren J.
Published: January 2022

Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren), the native budworm, is an important highly polyphagous pest that has caused serious damage on a wide variety of crops in Australia. In Australia, its range overlaps that of its congener, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), a notorious invasive pest globally. We used CLIMEX, a bioclimatic niche modelling software package, to estimate the potential geographical distribution of H. punctigera under current and future climates (A1B scenario). Under both current and future climate conditions, the model indicates that H. punctigera could establish throughout the tropics and subtropics. Comparing the potential distributions under each climate scenario revealed that in the future its potential distribution is likely to shift poleward and into higher altitudes, into areas that are currently too cold as observed in the South of Brazil, Europe, North America, South East Asia, and South Pacific Islands including New Zealand. The projected potential distribution can inform pre- and post-border biosecurity strategies for the management of this pest in each country.
An investigation into the cognitive, metacognitive, and spatial markers of creativity and efficiency in architectural design
Authors: Al Sayed Kinda , Cheng Peter C H. , Penn Alan
Published: January 2022

This paper presents a preliminary study into the spatial features that can be used to distinguish creativity andefficiency in design layouts, and the distinct pattern of cognitive and metacognitive activity that is associated with creative design. In a design experiment, a group of 12 architects were handed a design brief. Their drawing activity was recorded and they were required to externalize their thoughts during the design process. Both design solutions and verbal comments were analysed and modelled. A separate group of experienced architects used their expert knowledge to assign creativity and efficiency scores to the 12 design solutions. The design solutions were evaluated spatially. Protocol analysis studies including linkography and macroscopic analysis were used to discern distinctive patterns in the cognitive and metacognition activity of designs marked with the highest and least creativity scores. Entropy models of the linkographs and knowledge graphs were further introduced Finally, we assessed how creativity and efficiency correlates to experiment variables, cognitive activity, metacognitive activity, spatial and functional distribution of spaces in the design solutions, and the number and type of design constraints applied through the course of design. Through this investigation, we suggest that expert knowledge can be used to assess creativity and efficiency in designs. Our findings indicate that efficient layouts have distinct spatial features, and that cognitive and metacognitive activity in design that yields a highly creative outcome corresponds to higher frequencies of design moves and higher linkages between design moves.
NAFLD and vitamin D: Evidence for intersection of microRNA-regulated pathways
Authors: Zhang Zixuan , Moon Rachel , Thorne James L. , Moore J. Bernadette
Published: January 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease, worldwide. The molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex, involving numerous signalling molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Dysregulation of miRNA expression is associated with hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although miRNAs are also critical to the cellular response to vitamin D, mediating regulation of the vitamin D receptor and vitamin D’s anti-cancer effects, the role of vitamin-D-regulated miRNAs in NAFLD pathogenesis has been relatively unexplored. Therefore, this review aims to critically assess the evidence for a potential subset of miRNAs that are both dysregulated in NAFLD and modulated by vitamin D. Comprehensive review of eighty-nine human studies identified twenty-five miRNAs found dysregulated in more than one NAFLD study. In contrast, only seventeen studies, including a protocol for a trial in NAFLD, had examined miRNAs in relation to vitamin D status, response to supplementation, or vitamin D in the context of the liver. This paper summarises these data and reviews the biological roles of six miRNAs (miR-21, miR-30, miR-34, miR-122, miR-146, miR-200) found dysregulated in multiple independent NAFLD studies. While modulation of miRNAs by vitamin D has been understudied, integration of the data suggests seven vitamin-D-modulated miRNAs (miR-27, miR-125, miR-155, miR-192, miR-223, miR-375, miR-378) potentially relevant to NAFLD pathogenesis. Our summary tables provide a significant resource to underpin future hypothesis-driven research, and we conclude that the measurement of serum and hepatic miRNAs in response to vitamin D supplementation in larger trials is warranted.
‘Seven whole days’: The Obligation of the Clergy of the Church of England to ‘say daily the Morning and Evening Prayer’
Authors: Dewhurst Russell
Published: January 2022

All Christians are called to pray. The daily offering of Morning and Evening Prayer is a particular obligation of the clergy of the Church of England, as part of the ‘manner of life of clerks’ laid down in Canon C 26. However, despite the significant time devoted to these prayers by the clergy on a daily basis, there has been little detailed examination of this canonical obligation. This article explores the historical background to the obligation and its effect today.
Improving Quantitative EDS Chemical Analysis of Alloy Nanoparticles by PCA Denoising: Part I, Reducing Reconstruction Bias
Authors: Moreira Murilo , Hillenkamp Matthias , Divitini Giorgio , Tizei Luiz H. G. , Ducati Caterina , Cotta Monica A. , Rodrigues Varlei , Ugarte Daniel
Published: January 2022

Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a crucial tool for nanoscience, achieving sub-nanometric spatial resolution in both image and spectroscopic studies. This generates large datasets that cannot be analyzed without computational assistance. The so-called machine learning procedures can exploit redundancies and find hidden correlations. Principal component analysis (PCA) is the most popular approach to denoise data by reducing data dimensionality and extracting meaningful information; however, there are many open questions on the accuracy of reconstructions. We have used experiments and simulations to analyze the effect of PCA on quantitative chemical analysis of binary alloy (AuAg) nanoparticles using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain very good fidelity of chemical composition distribution when the signal-to-noise ratio exceeds a certain minimal level. Accurate denoising derives from a complex interplay between redundancy (data matrix size), counting noise, and noiseless data intensity variance (associated with sample chemical composition dispersion). We have suggested several quantitative bias estimators and noise evaluation procedures to help in the analysis and design of experiments. This work demonstrates the high potential of PCA denoising, but it also highlights the limitations and pitfalls that need to be avoided to minimize artifacts and perform reliable quantification.
MODES OF CONVERGENCE TO THE TRUTH: STEPS TOWARD A BETTER EPISTEMOLOGY OF INDUCTION
Authors: LIN HANTI
Published: January 2022

Evaluative studies of inductive inferences have been pursued extensively with mathematical rigor in many disciplines, such as statistics, econometrics, computer science, and formal epistemology. Attempts have been made in those disciplines to justify many different kinds of inductive inferences, to varying extents. But somehow those disciplines have said almost nothing to justify a most familiar kind of induction, an example of which is this: “We’ve seen this many ravens and they all are black, so all ravens are black.” This is enumerative induction in itsfullstrength. For it does not settle with a weaker conclusion (such as “the ravens observed in the future will all be black”); nor does it proceed with any additional premise (such as the statistical IID assumption). The goal of this paper is to take some initial steps toward a justification for the full version of enumerative induction, against counterinduction, and against the skeptical policy. The idea is to explore various epistemic ideals, mathematically defined as different modes of convergence to the truth, and look for one that is weak enough to be achievable and strong enough to justify a norm that governs both the long run and the short run. So the proposal is learning-theoretic in essence, but a Bayesian version is developed as well.
Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Xiao Qing , Xiao Jiani , Niu Chenxi , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Xiaojun , Zhou Zhengwei , Shu Guang , Yin Gang
Published: January 2022

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway comprises a family of proteins that play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling often leads to various serious diseases, including cancer and non-cancer diseases. Although many articles have reviewed Wnt/β-catenin from various aspects, a systematic review encompassing the origin, composition, function, and clinical trials of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in tumour and diseases is lacking. In this article, we comprehensively review the Wnt/β-catenin pathway from the above five aspects in combination with the latest research. Finally, we propose challenges and opportunities for the development of small-molecular compounds targeting the Wnt signalling pathway in disease treatment.
SignalP 6.0 predicts all five types of signal peptides using protein language models
Authors: Teufel Felix , Almagro Armenteros José Juan , Johansen Alexander Rosenberg , Gíslason Magnús Halldór , Pihl Silas Irby , Tsirigos Konstantinos D. , Winther Ole , Brunak Søren , von Heijne Gunnar , Nielsen Henrik
Published: January 2022

Signal peptides (SPs) are short amino acid sequences that control protein secretion and translocation in all living organisms. SPs can be predicted from sequence data, but existing algorithms are unable to detect all known types of SPs. We introduce SignalP 6.0, a machine learning model that detects all five SP types and is applicable to metagenomic data.
Transplantation of collagen sponge-based three-dimensional neural stem cells cultured in a RCCS facilitates locomotor functional recovery in spinal cord injury animals
Authors: Zou Yunlong , Yin Yanyun , Xiao Zhifeng , Zhao Yannan , Han Jin , Chen Bing , Xu Bai , Cui Yi , Ma Xu , Dai Jianwu
Published: January 2022

The better therapeutic effect of 3D NSCs cultured in a RCCS for the treatment of SCI was verified, indicating that RCCS has promising application in producing tissue engineered seed cells for future clinical treatment.
Electronic interplay: synergism of binary transition metals and role of M–N–S site towards oxygen electrocatalysis
Authors: Das Manisha , Biswas Ashmita , Dey Ramendra Sundar
Published: January 2022

The exciting oxygen electrocatalysis of binary Fe–Co catalyst coordinated with –N–S– moiety results from combined +R effect of S atoms and a π-drift from the Fe-dxz/yz orbital to the Co-dz2 orbital.
POM-based metal organic frameworks with a woven fabric structure for lithium storage
Authors: Li Meng-Ting , Sun Jing-Wen , Yi-Fei-Liu  , Niu Mei-Hui , Zou Han-Yu , Sun Da-Qiang , Yu Yang
Published: January 2022

A novel POMOFs with fabric structure possesses high lithium storage capacity, and its long life cycle performance is further enhanced by CNTs.
Luminescent polymorphic crystals: mechanoresponsive and multicolor-emissive properties
Authors: Ito Suguru
Published: January 2022

Polymorphic organic crystals that can switch their photophysical properties in response to mechanical stimuli are highlighted.
Formation of phenylacetylene and benzocyclobutadiene in the ortho-benzyne + acetylene reaction
Authors: McCabe Morgan N. , Hemberger Patrick , Campisi Dario , Broxterman Jeger C. , Reusch Engelbert , Bodi Andras , Bouwman Jordy
Published: January 2022

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the ortho-benzyne + acetylene reaction using iPEPICO spectroscopy concludes that phenylacetylene and benzocyclobutadiene are formed in a 2 : 1 ratio under nonequilibrium conditions.
The impact of twisting on the intersystem crossing in acenes: an experimental and computational study
Authors: Malakar Partha , Borin Veniamin , Bedi Anjan , Schapiro Igor , Gidron Ori , Ruhman Sanford
Published: January 2022

Due to their unique excited state dynamics, acenes play a dominant role in optoelectronic and light-harvesting applications.
The intricacies of the “steady-state” regime in methanol-to-hydrocarbon experimentation over H-ZSM-5
Authors: Lissens Marie-Elisabeth M. L. , Mendes Pedro S. F. , Lei Tingjun , Sabbe Maarten K. , Thybaut Joris W.
Published: January 2022

The operating conditions window and experimental procedures ensuring “steady-state” operation in methanol to hydrocarbon conversion have been experimentally determined over an H-ZSM-5 zeolite with considerable acidity (Si/Al = 40).
Chemical design of a new displacive-type ferroelectric
Authors: Itoh Mitsuru , Hamasaki Yosuke , Takashima Hiroshi , Yokoi Rie , Taguchi Ayako , Moriwake Hiroki
Published: January 2022

Ferroelectricity in various kinds of oxides is discussed based on the chemical bonds between cations and oxygen. Covalency plays a crucial role in the evolution of ferroelectricity in oxides.
An efficient chemodosimeter for the detection of Hg(ii) via diselenide oxidation
Authors: Deshmukh Pratiksha P. , Malankar Gauri S. , Sakunthala Arunima , Navalkar Ambuja , Maji Samir K. , Murale Dhiraj P. , Saravanan Raju , Manjare Sudesh T.
Published: January 2022

A coumarin based turn-on sensor for the selective detection of Hg(ii) through oxidation of diselenide. The sensing mechanism supported with single crystal XRD of monoselenide. Sensitivity of the probe for the detection of Hg(ii) confirmed with imaging in MCF-7 cells.
Cobalt metal organic framework (Co-MOF) derived CoSe2/C hybrid nanostructures for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction supported by DFT studies
Authors: Tripathy Rajat K. , Samantara Aneeya K. , Mane Pratap , Chakraborty Brahmananda , Behera J. N.
Published: January 2022

Through a single step and facile approach, CoSe2/C is synthesized from a HER inactive pristine MOF without adding any external carbon source, which efficiently catalyses HER in acidic medium which was also supported by DFT studies.
Silver(i)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling of 2-aroylbenzofurans with phosphites
Authors: Jajula Kashanna , Kumar Rathod Aravind , Kishore Ravada , Thommandru Prakash Raj , Shrikanth Ravula , Satyanarayana Sirasani , Kishore Pilli V. V. N.
Published: January 2022

The silver(i)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of 2-aroylbenzofurans with phosphites to afford 2-aroyl-3-phosphonylbenzofurans is reported.
Evaluation of relative beam–profile-compensated quantum yield of upconverting nanoparticles over a wide dynamic range of power densities
Authors: Matias J. S. , Komolibus K. , Konugolu-Venkata-Sekar S. , Andersson-Engels S.
Published: January 2022

Beam-profile-compensated Quantum Yield of UCNPs over a 106 dynamic range of power densities. A powerful strategy for exploring the upconversion efficiency at low excitation intensity.
Star-like poly(peptoid)s with selective antibacterial activity
Authors: Salas-Ambrosio Pedro , Tronnet Antoine , Badreldin Mostafa , Reyes Luzangel , Since Marc , Bourgeade-Delmas Sandra , Dupuy Bruno , Verhaeghe Pierre , Bonduelle Colin
Published: January 2022

We developed new macromolecular engineering approaches enabling the preparation of star-shaped and antimicrobial polypeptoids by ring-opening polymerization.
Synthesis and evaluation of potent yaku'amide A analogs
Authors: Lo Concordia C. L. , Joaquin Daniel , Moyá Diego A. , Ramos Alexander , Kastner David W. , White Stephen M. , Christensen Blake L. , Naglich Joseph G. , Degnen William J. , Castle Steven L.
Published: January 2022

Simplified full-length analogs of yaku'amide A were designed with the aid of computations and then synthesized. The analog that was predicted to most closely resemble the structure of the natural product mimicked its anticancer activity.
Surface environment complication makes Ag29 nanoclusters more robust and leads to their unique packing in the supracrystal lattice
Authors: Xu Chao , Yuan Qianqin , Wei Xiao , Li Hao , Shen Honglei , Kang Xi , Zhu Manzhou
Published: January 2022

A strategy of “surface environment complication” has been exploited to endow Ag29 nanoclusters with high robustness and a unique packing mode in the supracrystal lattice.
Electrofabrication of large volume di- and tripeptide hydrogels via hydroquinone oxidation
Authors: Patterson Courtenay , Dietrich Bart , Wilson Claire , Mount Andrew R. , Adams Dave J.
Published: January 2022

A simple and effective electrochemical method is used to fabricate large dipeptide hydrogels on electrode surfaces.
A phase field model for dynamic simulations of reactive blending of polymers
Authors: Tikekar Mukul D. , Delaney Kris T. , Villet Michael C. , Tree Douglas R. , Fredrickson Glenn H.
Published: January 2022

We develop scaling relations for reaction rates and laws of mass action in reactive blending of polymers using a new phase field simulation framework.
Tomato leaf disease classification by exploiting transfer learning and feature concatenation
Authors: Al‐gaashani Mehdhar S. A. M. , Shang Fengjun , Muthanna Mohammed S. A. , Khayyat Mashael , Abd El‐Latif Ahmed A.
Published: January 2022

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables worldwide. It is considered a mainstay of many countries’ economies. However, tomato crops are vulnerable to many diseases that lead to reducing or destroying production, and for this reason, early and accurate diagnosis of tomato diseases is very urgent. For this reason, many deep learning models have been developed to automate tomato leaf disease classification. Deep learning is far superior to traditional machine learning with loads of data, but traditional machine learning may outperform deep learning for limited training data. The authors propose a tomato leaf disease classification method by exploiting transfer learning and features concatenation. The authors extract features using pre‐trained kernels (weights) from MobileNetV2 and NASNetMobile; then, they concatenate and reduce the dimensionality of these features using kernel principal component analysis. Following that, they feed these features into a conventional learning algorithm. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of concatenated features for boosting the performance of classifiers. The authors have evaluated the three most popular traditional machine learning classifiers, random forest, support vector machine, and multinomial logistic regression; among them, multinomial logistic regression achieved the best performance with an average accuracy of 97%.
Dust entrainment in magnetically and thermally driven disk winds
Authors: Rodenkirch P. J. , Dullemond C. P.
Published: January 2022

Context.Magnetically and thermally driven disk winds have gained popularity in the light of the current paradigm of low viscosities in protoplanetary disks that nevertheless present large accretion rates even in the presence of inner cavities. The possibility of dust entrainment in these winds may explain recent scattered light observations and constitutes a way of dust transport towards outer regions of the disk.

Aims.We aim to study the dust dynamics in these winds and explore the differences between photoevaporation and magnetically driven disk winds in this regard. We quantify maximum entrainable grain sizes, the flow angle, and the general detectability of such dusty winds.

Methods.We used the FARGO3D code to perform global, 2.5D axisymmetric, nonideal MHD simulations including ohmic and ambipolar diffusion. Dust was treated as a pressureless fluid. Synthetic observations were created with the radiative transfer code RADMC-3D.

Results.We find a significant difference in the dust entrainment efficiency of warm, ionized winds such as photoevaporation and magnetic winds including X-ray and extreme ultraviolet heating compared to cold magnetic winds. The maximum entrainable grain size varies from 3 μm−6 μm for ionized winds to 1 μm for cold magnetic winds. The dust flow angle decreases rapidly with increasing grain size. Dust grains in cold magnetic winds tend to flow along a shallower angle compared to the warm, ionized winds. With increasing distance to the central star, the dust entrainment efficiency decreases. Larger values of the turbulent viscosity increase the maximum grain size radius of possible dust entrainment. Our simulations indicate that diminishing dust content in the outer regions of the wind can be mainly attributed to the dust settling in the disk. The Stokes number along the wind launching front stays constant in the outer region. In the synthetic images, the dusty wind appears as a faint, conical emission region which is brighter for a cold magnetic wind.
Brücken bauen mit Liaison Nurses
Authors: Marqueses Daniel
Published: January 2022

Wie spezialisierte Pflegende den Übergang vormals kritisch kranker Patienten von der Intensiv- zur Allgemeinstation verbessern können.
Pflegeleistungen sichtbar machen – aber womit?
Authors: Glaß Franziska , Tack Anna-Katharina
Published: January 2022

Die angespannte Personalsituation der Pflegenden auf deutschen Intensivstationen macht eine am Bedarf orientierte Planung unabdingbar. Bisher existiert neben den Pflegepersonaluntergrenzen, Strukturrichtlinien der DIVI und Qualitätssicherungsrichtlinien kein Goldstandard. In der Praxis werden verschiedene Systeme – darunter TISS-28 und INPULS® – genutzt. Doch welchem der beiden gelingt es, den Bedarf näher an der Realität abzubilden?
Koalitionsvertrag: Ampel legt Schwerpunkt auf Pflege
Authors: Doelfs Guntram
Published: January 2022

Mit dem am 24. November vorgelegten Koalitionsvertrag verschieben SPD, Grüne und FDP die Schwerpunkte in der Gesundheitspolitik. Die Koalitionäre rücken die Pflege noch viel stärker in den Fokus und spendieren den in der Corona-Pandemie hoch belasteten Pflegekräften in den Kliniken kurzfristig einen Milliardenbonus.
Interview: Drei Fragen an Christian Kämpf
Authors: Heeser Alexandra
Published: January 2022

Christian Kampf ist gelernter Gesundheits- und Krankenpfleger und einer der ersten Deeskalationsmanager der GeBO.
Gender and Disability: The Experiences of Microaggressions Against Women with Disabilities in the Philippines
Authors: Ancha Christelle Juin Reduta
Published: January 2022

This article presents how women with disabilities experience microaggression from a gender lens. Through analyzing a qualitative dataset from 14 women with disabilities, this article showed the distinct microaggression types against women with disabilities. The findings from the study supported seven (7) of Keller and Galgay (Microaggressions and marginality: manifestations, dynamics and impact, Wiley, Hoboken, 2010) Ten (10) Domains of Microaggression. This research also revealed other aspects of microaggression that are important in extending the existing knowledge of gender and disability studies. First, perpetrators of microaggression against women with disabilities are primarily in closed communities such as their families and friends. Second, gender microaggression may present a continuum towards sexual harassment, but this needs further investigation. This article explains the following recommendations: (i) targeted public campaigns to reduce specific types of microaggression; (ii) changes in public transportation systems; (iii) more studies on women with disabilities; (iv) integration of practical and strategic gender interest in disability inclusion in the Philippines.
Studying a microwave discharge cathode, both inside and out
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: January 2022

Using an optical window, plasma behavior inside the microwave cavity of a discharge cathode was measured for the first time.
Tuning the functionality of liquid crystal elastomer composites
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: January 2022

Recent advances in LCE composites yield smarter, more responsive materials.
Electron relay acceleration in wakefields driven by a single laser interacting with multi-stage plasma channels
Authors: Zhu Xin-Zhe , Chen Min , Li Bo-Yuan , Liu Feng , Ge Xu-Lei , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Zhang Jie
Published: January 2022

One limitation in high energy and high-efficiency electron acceleration by laser-driven plasma wakefield is the dephasing due to the accelerated electrons surpassing the acceleration phase of the wake. Here, by utilizing multi-stage plasma channels with different densities, we show in simulations that electrons can jump from a back acceleration bubble into a front one before getting into the deceleration phase and obtain relay acceleration in the front bubble when the laser steps into a new stage of the plasma channel. In our numerical studies, the final maximum energy of the electrons by such relay acceleration can be several times higher than electrons accelerated in a single-stage plasma channel. The defocusing effects on the beam emittance and charge, caused by electrons crossing the high-density electron layer located between the neighboring bubbles, can be suppressed by appropriately connecting the staged channels. The current scheme helps to increase the acceleration energy and efficiency of laser wakefield accelerators.
A molecular beam-surface apparatus for quantum state-resolved adsorption studies
Authors: Shen Qiqi , Wu Jiawei , Zhou Feiyue , Song Yunlong , Dong Wenrui , Wang Xingan , Wang Tao , Yang Xueming
Published: January 2022

Understanding the microscopic mechanism of molecule–surface interaction is of great importance in the study of chemical dynamics. Yet, it remains challenging to experimentally acquire quantum state resolved results, particularly the results related to different degrees of freedom of the reactants. Here, we report the design and performance of a new apparatus for molecule–surface dynamics studies, which enable the measurement of quantum state-resolved adsorption. A continuous narrow-linewidth infrared laser source and molecular beam unit were developed and employed in this new apparatus to achieve independent control on different degrees of freedom (translation, vibration, and rotation) of the molecule. Preliminary results on hydrogen and hydrogen chloride adsorption on the Cu (111) surface were also presented.
Power supply for fast-scanning magnet in proton therapy: Design and test
Authors: Yuan Jushigang , Pang Shiqiang , Chen Taiyan , Zhou Zijian , Zou Jiabao , Zuo Chen , Huang Jiang
Published: January 2022

Proton therapy is one of the most effective radiation methods to combat cancer and offers a substantial advantage over conventional photon therapy. Magnetic scanning systems consisting of a magnet and power supply form an integral part of proton therapy and allow the beam position (x, y) to be controlled during spot scanning. Ensuring that the dose is rapidly and precisely distributed within the contour of the tumor requires a high-precision, fast-ramp-speed, and high-stability power supply with accurate control. The present work uses a three-phase bridge rectifier and multiple series-parallel H-bridge converters to propose a prototype power supply for the scanning magnet of a magnetic scanning system. The power supply is controlled using a proportional integral controller using digital signal processing. A prototype of the scanning power supply is developed and tested, and the results demonstrate an output current of ±500 A, a ramp speed of ±40 kA/s, and a short- and long-term stability of less than 20 ppm.
Hadamard states for bosonic quantum field theory on globally hyperbolic spacetimes
Authors: Lewandowski Max
Published: January 2022

According to Radzikowski’s celebrated results, bisolutions of a wave operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime are of the Hadamard form iff they are given by a linear combination of distinguished parametrices i2G̃aF−G̃F+G̃A−G̃R in the sense of Duistermaat and Hörmander [Acta Math. 128, 183–269 (1972)] and Radzikowski [Commun. Math. Phys. 179, 529 (1996)]. Inspired by the construction of the corresponding advanced and retarded Green operator GA, GR as done by Bär, Ginoux, and Pfäffle {Wave Equations on Lorentzian Manifolds and Quantization [European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2007]}, we construct the remaining two Green operators GF, GaF locally in terms of Hadamard series. Afterward, we provide the global construction of i2G̃aF−G̃F, which relies on new techniques such as a well-posed Cauchy problem for bisolutions and a patching argument using Čech cohomology. This leads to global bisolutions of the Hadamard form, each of which can be chosen to be a Hadamard two-point-function, i.e., the smooth part can be adapted such that, additionally, the symmetry and the positivity condition are exactly satisfied.
Modulation of intensity emerging from zero effort (MIEZE) with extended Fourier time at large scattering angle
Authors: Dadisman Ryan , Ehlers Georg , Li Fankang
Published: January 2022

Modulation of Intensity Emerging from Zero Effort (MIEZE) is a neutron resonant spin echo technique that allows one to measure time correlation scattering functions in materials by implementing radio-frequency (RF) intensity modulation at the sample and the detector. The technique avoids neutron spin manipulation between the sample and the detector and, thus, could find applications in cases where the sample depolarizes the neutron beam. However, the finite sample size creates a variance in the path length between the locations where scattering and detection happen, which limits the contrast in intensity modulation that one can detect, in particular, toward long correlation times or large scattering angles. We propose a modification to the MIEZE setup that will enable one to extend those detection limits to longer times and larger angles. We use Monte Carlo simulations of a neutron scattering beamline to show that by tilting the RF flippers in the primary spectrometer with respect to the beam direction, one can shape the wave front of the intensity modulation at the sample to compensate for the path variance from the sample and the detector. The simulation results indicate that this change enables one to operate a MIEZE instrument at much increased RF frequencies, thus improving the effective energy resolution of the technique. For the MIEZE instrument simulated, it shows that for an incident beam with the maximum divergence of 0.33°, the maximum Fourier time can be increased by a factor of 3.
Spectral optimization of Dirac rectangles
Authors: Briet Philippe , Krejčiřík David
Published: January 2022

We are concerned with the dependence of the lowest positive eigenvalue of the Dirac operator on the geometry of rectangles, subject to infinite-mass boundary conditions. We conjecture that the square is a global minimizer under both the area or perimeter constraints. Contrary to the well-known non-relativistic analogs, we show that the present spectral problem does not admit explicit solutions. We prove partial optimization results based on a variational reformulation and newly established lower and upper bounds to the Dirac eigenvalue. We also propose an alternative approach based on symmetries of rectangles and a non-convex minimization problem; this implies a sufficient condition formulated in terms of a symmetry of the minimizer which guarantees the conjectured results.
Design and development of heater control circuit without temperature sensor for monitoring hydrogen in argon
Authors: Premalatha S. , Prabhu E. , Gunasekaran G. , Krithika P. , Parthasarathy R. , Jayaraman V.
Published: January 2022

A thin film based tin oxide sensor is developed to monitor low levels of hydrogen (concentration ranging from 5 to 75 ppm) in the cover gas plenum of the fast breeder test reactor. The heater and the sensor patterns are integrated on a miniature alumina substrate, and necessary electrical leads are incorporated into it. For proper functioning of the sensor, the heater has to be maintained at a constant temperature of 350 °C. This paper gives an outline of the electronics developed to measure the sensor signal and to control the heater temperature. The major challenge in this work is that there was no provision for embedding a temperature sensor on the heater surface due to physical constraints. This constrained the maintenance of a constant heater temperature for the proper functioning of the sensor. This led us to develop and demonstrate a heater control circuit without a temperature sensor to maintain a fixed temperature for monitoring hydrogen in argon, and electronics for the above-mentioned circuitry is discussed.
Causes of fuel–ablator mix inferred from modeling of monochromatic time-gated radiography of OMEGA cryogenic implosions
Authors: Collins T. J. B. , Stoeckl C. , Epstein R. , Bittle W. A. , Forrest C. J. , Glebov V. Yu. , Goncharov V. N. , Harding D. R. , Hu S. X. , Jacobs-Perkins D. W. , Kosc T. Z. , Marozas J. A. , Mileham C. , Marshall F. J. , Morse S. F. B. , Radha P. B. , Regan S. P. , Rice B. , Sangster T. C. , Shoup M. J. , Shmayda W. T. , Sorce C. , Theobald W. , Wittman M. D.
Published: January 2022

Here, we present evidence, in the context of OMEGA cryogenic target implosions, that laser imprint, known to be capable of degrading laser-direct-drive target performance, plays a major role in generating fuel–ablator mix. OMEGA cryogenic target implosions show a performance boundary correlated with acceleration-phase shell stability; for sufficiently low adiabats (where the adiabat is the ratio of the pressure to the Fermi pressure) and high in-flight aspect ratios (IFAR's), the neutron-weighted shell areal density and neutron yield relative to the clean simulated values sharply decline. Direct evidence of Rayleigh–Taylor fuel–ablator mixing was previously obtained using a Si Heα backlighter driven by an ∼20-ps short pulse generated by OMEGA EP. The shadow cast by the shell shortly prior to stagnation, as diagnosed using backlit radiographs, shows a softening near the limb, which is evidence of an ablator–fuel mix region for a low-adiabat implosion (α ∼ 1.9, IFAR = 14) but not for a moderate adiabat implosion (α ∼ 2.5, IFAR = 10). We find good agreement between experimental and synthetic radiographs in simulations that model laser imprint and account for uncertainty in the initial ablator thickness. We further explore the role of other mechanisms such as classical instability growth at the fuel–ablator interface, species concentration diffusion, and long-wavelength drive and target asymmetries.
Evidence of a free-space ion acceleration layer in the plume of a quad confinement plasma source
Authors: Lucca Fabris Andrea , Young Christopher V. , Knoll Aaron , Rosati Azevedo Emmanuelle K. , Cappelli Mark A.
Published: January 2022

The quad confinement plasma source is a novel plasma device developed for space propulsion applications, whose core is an E×B discharge with open electron drift. The magnetic field is produced by independently powered electromagnets able to generate different magnetic field topologies with the ultimate aim of manipulating the ion flow field for achieving thrust vectoring. In this work, we map the ion velocity in the plasma ejected from the quad confinement thruster with different magnetic configurations using non-intrusive laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics. Measurements show a steep ion acceleration layer located 8 cm downstream the exit plane of the discharge channel, detached from any physical boundary of the plasma source. In this location, the ion velocity increases from 3 to 10 km/s within a 1 cm axial region. The ion acceleration profile has been characterized under multiple testing conditions in order to identify the influence of the magnetic field intensity and topology on this peculiar ion acceleration layer.
A method for synthesis of quasi-optical transmission line for the 45 GHz/20 kW electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Liu Jianwei , Guo Junwei , Wang Lina , Niu Xinjian , Sun Xu
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the method for synthesis of a quasi-optical transmission line (QOTL) for a 45-GHz/20-kW Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source is proposed. The QOTL consists of five quasi-optical elliptical mirrors which had successfully transmitted the microwave power of about 12.8 m from the output of the matching optical unit to the vacuum window of the corrugated waveguide. The lengths of the major and minor axes of the five elliptical mirrors are optimized by adopting the Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm to achieve the maximum power transmission efficiency. Meanwhile, analysis of the electromagnetic fields in the QOTL system has been developed in terms of the vector diffraction theory. The model of the QOTL system is built using the Altair Feko software to simulate the electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. After the optimized design and simulation verification, the QOTL system has been fabricated, installed, and measured. The experimental results reveal that the power transmission efficiency of the QOTL system is 86.5%, including diffractive and ohmic losses. Moreover, the correlation coefficient reaches 96.53% between the field pattern of the theoretical value and the measured value at the vacuum window of the 45-GHz/20-kW ECR ion source.
Spectral theory for Sturm–Liouville operators with measure potentials through Otelbaev’s function
Authors: Fulsche Robert , Nursultanov Medet
Published: January 2022

We investigate the spectral properties of Sturm–Liouville operators with measure potentials. We obtain two-sided estimates for the spectral distribution function of the eigenvalues. As a corollary, we derive a criterion for the discreteness of the spectrum and a criterion for the membership of the resolvents to Schatten classes. We give two side estimates for the lower bound of the essential spectrum. Our main tool in achieving this is Otelbaev’s function.
Numerical study on magnetic parametron under perpendicular excitation
Authors: Shimizu Hiroki , Hioki Tomosato , Saitoh Eiji
Published: January 2022

Magnetization dynamics induced by parametric pumping has been investigated by numerically calculating a master equation. The results show that a weak microwave with the same frequency as the ferromagnetic resonance, a bias microwave, can be used to control which phase state appears under a parametric excitation. The amplitude dependence of the appearance probability exhibits sigmoid-like behavior. We have also found that a strong microwave causes an amplitude squeezed state with a sub-Poissonian distribution, which has a potential to serve as a quantum information resource.
Hall and ion-slip effects on MHD fluid flow in a rotating curved duct with aspect ratio 3
Authors: Islam Md. Rafiqul , Samad Md. Abdus , Alam Md. Mahmud
Published: January 2022

This study numerically investigates the fully developed two-dimensional, steady, viscous, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow that passes through a rotating curved duct with an aspect ratio of 3. The curvature of the duct has been taken over a wide range of 0.01 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5. The governing equations are derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, and these equations are transformed into their non-dimensional form by applying usual transformations. The velocity of the flow is influenced by a pressure gradient force (namely, Dean forces) along the axial direction of the curved duct. The flow is also accelerated due to the combined action of the centrifugal and Coriolis forces. The effects of the Dean number, rotation, magnetic, Hall, and ion-slip parameters are examined on that flow. The spectral method is used as the primary tool to calculate the numerical solution, while the Chebyshev polynomial, collocation, and Newton–Raphson methods are used as supporting tools. The arc length method has also been used to calculate the results at any point of the critical zone of the solution curve. The main focal point of this paper is to investigate the effect of the magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, and ion-slip parameter on the flow characteristics in the rotational curve duct with a comparatively large aspect ratio. There are symmetric 2-, 4-, up to 12-vortex solutions that have been found for the streamlines of the secondary flow. In contrast, 1-, 2-, up to uncountable contour plots have been found for the axial flow. Specifically, asymmetric flow structures have been found for a small curvature and large Dean number.
Construction of solutions for the nonlinear magnetic Schrödinger equation in RN
Authors: Hu Congcong , Liu Weiming
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we construct a new type of solution like the one proposed in the work of Duan and Musso (arXiv:2006.16125v1) for the magnetic Schrödinger equation. Our argument requires new estimates in order to overcome the appearance of the magnetic potential. The approach here can be seen as an extension of that mentioned in the work of Duan and Musso (arXiv:2006.16125v1).
Relativistic massive particle with spin-1/2: A vector bundle point of view
Authors: Lee Heon
Published: January 2022

Recently, in the context of Relativistic Quantum Information Theory (RQI) of massive spin-1/2 particles, it has been suggested that it is impossible to perform a momentum-independent spin measurement, showing the inadequacy of the spin reduced density matrix as a legitimate information resource. This is because there is an unavoidable ambiguity in the definition of the spin of a moving particle. In this paper, by introducing a vector bundle theoretic way to view the single-particle state space, we try to rule out this ambiguity. The discrete degree of freedom of the resulting representation space contains information about the Pauli–Lubanski four-vector of the particle instead of the ambiguous spin. Comparing this representation with the standard one used in the RQI literature, we show that the discrete degree of freedom of the standard representation space attains the meaning of the Newton–Wigner spin. In addition, using this viewpoint, we give a mathematical proof of why the spin reduced density matrix is meaningless, which is stronger than the previous claims in that it asserts that the matrix is void of any meaning at all, not just in terms of the impossibility of measurement or Lorentz non-covariance. We give a way (which turns out to be the only way) to modify it to obtain the Pauli–Lubanski reduced density matrix, which is covariant under Lorentz transformations.