bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐pressure Nucleation of Low‐Density Polymorphs
Authors: Sobczak Szymon , Ratajczyk Paulina , Katrusiak Andrzej
Published: April 2021

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Andrzej Katrusiak at Adam Mickiewicz University. The image depicts a wave and the sun, which represent the high energy required for the high‐entropy nucleation reported in this work. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202005121.
Nonplanar Perylene Monoimide‐Based Fluorescent Film for Enhanced BTX Sensing
Authors: Zhang Meiling , Ding Nannan , Lai Fayan , Shang Congdi , Miao Rong , Liu Zhongshan , Fang Yu
Published: April 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Film‐based fluorescent sensors have been adapted into portable devices for the vapor phase detection. The satisfactory sensing performance (e.g., sensitivity, selectivity, reusability) largely benefits from fluorophores. Here we report a new nonplanar perylene monoimide derivative (PMI‐CB) and demonstrate its application in a miniaturized film‐based fluorescent sensor for BTX (i.e., benzene, toluene, xylene) detection. The fluorophore of PMI‐CB is obtained through incorporating a three‐dimensional o‐carborane with the perylene monoimide (PMI). Compared to a planar PMI derivative (PMIA), the nonplanar PMI‐CB with reduced intermolecular aggregation exhibits enhanced fluorescence intensities in both solvents and film state. The PMI‐CB film exhibited fluorescence enhancements for BTX, while fluorescence quenching for commonly interfering compounds like ethanol, triethylamine, and acetone. Such opposite response behavior endows the PMI‐CB‐based sensor with the ability for selective detection of BTX. Importantly, our PMI‐CB film is not sensitive to water. The sensitivity test shows that the PMI‐CB film can detect benzene vapor at a concentration of as low as 3.3 mg/m3 without any preconcentration procedures, and exhibits a good linear relationship from 3.3 to 425.9 mg/m3. On the basis of this work, a portable detector with high selectivity, sensitivity, reusability, and low power consumption can be adapted for the on‐site BTX detection.
Harpagide Inhibits Microglial Activation and Protects Dopaminergic Neurons as Revealed by Nanoelectrode Amperometry†
Authors: Zhang Fu‐Li , Tang Yun , Jiang Hong , Yang Xiao‐Ke , Huang Wei‐Hua
Published: April 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurogenerative diseases (NDDs), characterized as less neurotransmitter release and loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with microglial inflammatory response as a key player. Natural product harpagide with anti‐inflammatory function is a potential therapeutic drug of PD, but its role towards microglial activation and inflammation‐mediated neuronal injury remained unsure. In this work, taking advantage of nanoelectrode amperometry with high temporal‐spatial resolution, we used nanowire electrodes (NWEs) to monitor intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and carbon fiber nanoelectrodes (CFNEs) to detect synaptic dopamine exocytosis, to explore the effect of harpagide in modulating microglial inflammatory reaction and protecting DAergic neurons in neuron‐microglia co‐culture system. The results indicate that harpagide inhibits microglia from activation induced by LPS/IFN‐γ and generation of ROS, therefore reduces inflammation‐mediated neural injury and maintains dopamine exocytosis function. These conclusions establish that harpagide possesses promising avenues for preventive or therapeutic interventions against PD and other NDDs.
A Hypervalent Cyclic Dibenzoiodolium Salt as a Halogen‐Bond‐Donor Catalyst for the [4+2] Cycloaddition of 2‐Alkenylindoles
Authors: Nishida Yuki , Suzuki Takumi , Takagi Yuri , Amma Emi , Tajima Ryoya , Kuwano Satoru , Arai Takayoshi
Published: April 2021

A stable, hypervalent cyclic dibenzoiodolium salt acted as a strong halogen bonding (XB)‐donor catalyst for [4+2] cycloaddition of 2‐alkenylindoles, and not as an oxidizing agent. The cross‐[4+2] cycloaddition of 2‐vinylindoles with 2‐alkenylindoles was catalyzed smoothly by the hypervalent cyclic dibenzoiodolium triflate catalyst to give the tetrahydrocarbazoles in up to 99 % yield with 17 : 1 diastereoselectivity. The hypervalent cyclic dibenzoiodolium salt was also applicable to the Povarov reaction of 2‐vinylindole with N‐p‐methoxyphenyl (PMP) imine to give the indolyl‐tetrahydroquinoline in 83 % yield.
Data denoising and compression of intelligent transportation system based on two‐dimensional discrete wavelet transform
Authors: Dou Huili , Wang Guohua
Published: April 2021

Two‐dimensional discrete wavelet transform is an important tool for digital image analysis. It is widely used in the field of image editing, such as image coding and compression and digital image processing. The realization of effective two‐dimensional discrete wavelet transform has important realities in data or image processing. This paper mainly introduces the research of intelligent transportation system data denoising and compression based on two‐dimensional discrete wavelet transform and intends to provide solutions to the problem of data overload in the process of intelligent transportation system data collection, transmission, and storage. This paper proposes the construction of two‐dimensional discrete wavelet transform, including separation calculation method and non‐separation calculation method, and proposes the construction of time–space data model of intelligent transportation system, including support vector machine (SVM), K nearest neighbor algorithm, and deep neural network algorithm. It is proposed to construct two‐dimensional wavelet transform to denoise and compress data of intelligent transportation systems. The experimental results in this paper show that the signal after denoising by two‐dimensional discrete wavelet transform is smoother, with a maximum difference of 0.57, and the denoising effect is better.
The causal association between body mass index and type 2 diabetes mellitus—evidence based on regression discontinuity design
Authors: Guo Zhaoyan , Liu Li , Yu Fangfang , Cai Yaning , Wang Junyi , Gao Yang , Ping Zhiguang
Published: April 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate and determine the precise causal association between body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a regression discontinuity design (RDD).

Methods

The cross‐sectional data of 8550 participants were from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2015. Influencing factors with statistically significant were selected with logistic regression analysis, and a risk prediction model was established to obtain the risk of individuals suffering from T2DM. RDD was performed with BMI as the grouping variable and the risk of individuals suffering from T2DM as the outcome variable.

Results

The predictive factors in the T2DM risk prediction model were age, gender, BMI, habitation, education, physical activity level, preference for sugary beverages, walking, self‐evaluation health status and history of hypertension. The AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve) of the T2DM risk prediction model was 0.849 (95% CI: 0.833, 0.866). BMI was an independent risk factor for T2DM (OR = 1.109, p < 0.001); at BMI = 31 kg/m2, the risk of T2DM increased sharply by 5.03% (p = 0.006).

Conclusions

There was a positive causal association between BMI and T2DM; when BMI = 31 kg/m2, the risk of individuals suffering from T2DM was sharply increased.
Optimal DCFP bearing properties and seismic performance assessment in nondimensional form for isolated bridges
Authors: Castaldo Paolo , Amendola Guglielmo
Published: April 2021

The study analyzes the influence of double concave friction pendulum (DCFP) isolator properties on the seismic performance of isolated multispan continuous deck bridges. The behavior of these systems is analyzed by employing an eight‐degree‐of‐freedom model accounting for the pier flexibility in addition to the rigid presence of both abutment and deck, whereas the DCFP isolator behavior is described combining two single FP devices in series. The uncertainty in the seismic input is taken into account by considering a set of nonfrequent natural records with different characteristics. The variation of the statistics of the response parameters relevant to the seismic performance of the isolated bridges is investigated through the proposal of a nondimensionalization of the motion equations, with respect to the seismic intensity, within an extensive parametric study carried out for different isolator and bridge properties. Moreover, two cases related to different ratios between the sliding friction coefficients of the two surfaces of the DCFP devices are analyzed with the aim also to evaluate the corresponding optimal values able to minimize the seismic demand to the pier. In this way, all the presented nondimensional results are useful for the preliminary design or retrofit of multispan continuous deck bridges, isolated with DCFP devices, located in any site and in relation, especially, to the seismic ultimate limit states.
A breath of fresh air: The effect of public smoking bans on Indigenous youth
Authors: Daley Angela , Rahman Muntasir , Watson Barry
Published: April 2021

In general, past studies have estimated the average effect of public smoking bans on youth, ignoring differences across sub‐populations. We extend the literature by considering Indigenous youth, who are a vulnerable and previously unexamined group (however, our analysis excludes First Nations youth who live on reserve). We also consider previously unexamined outcomes among youth: self‐assessed health and subjective well‐being. Our difference‐in‐differences estimates from Canada indicate that public bans reduced youth smoking and second‐hand exposure in public places, on average. There was no displacement on the extensive margin, but the bans increased the number of people who smoke in the homes of youth, conditional on the presence of smokers in the household. Beyond average effects, however, we find that public bans reduced second‐hand exposure in the homes of Indigenous youth (particularly Métis youth), on the extensive and intensive margins. The same youth experienced concurrent improvements in self‐assessed health and life satisfaction. We conclude that public bans mitigate disparities in health and well‐being between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous youth, but the extent varies across Indigenous sub‐populations, even within a particular country.
Impact of surgical margins on local control in patients undergoing single‐modality transoral robotic surgery for HPV‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Holcomb Andrew J. , Herberg Matthew , Strohl Madeleine , Ochoa Edgar , Feng Allen L. , Abt Nicholas B. , Mokhtari Tara E. , Suresh Krish , McHugh Christopher I. , Parikh Anuraag S. , Sadow Peter , Faquin William , Faden Daniel , Deschler Daniel G. , Varvares Mark A. , Lin Derrick T. , Fakhry Carole , Ryan William R. , Richmon Jeremy D.
Published: April 2021

Background

The impact of close surgical margins on oncologic outcomes in HPV‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPSCC) is unclear.

Methods

Retrospective case series including patients undergoing single modality transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for HPV + OPSCC at three academic medical centers from 2010 to 2019. Outcomes were compared between patients with close surgical margins (<1 mm or requiring re‐resection) and clear margins using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Ninety‐nine patients were included (median follow‐up 21 months, range 6–121). Final margins were close in 22 (22.2%) patients, clear in 75 (75.8%), and positive in two (2.0%). Eight patients (8.1%) recurred, including two local recurrences (2.0%). Four patients died during the study period (4.0%). Local control (p = 0.470), disease‐free survival (p = 0.513), and overall survival (p = 0.064) did not differ between patients with close and clear margins.

Conclusions

Patients with close surgical margins after TORS for HPV + OPSCC without concurrent indications for adjuvant therapy may be considered for observation alone.
Life cycle sustainability assessment of a light rail transit system: Integration of environmental, economic, and social impacts
Authors: Gulcimen Sedat , Aydogan Emel K. , Uzal Nigmet
Published: April 2021

The transition toward sustainable urban transportation has gained importance in recent decades. However, urban transportation has not been addressed for all dimensions of sustainability. This study presents a life cycle sustainability assessment of a light rail transit system in Kayseri, Turkey, by integrating environmental, economic, and social aspects. The sustainability performance of the light rail transit system is evaluated using a cradle-to-grave approach to assess three aspects of sustainability. For the environmental evaluation, a life cycle assessment was applied using SimaPro 8.4.1 PhD version based on ISO 14040 and 14044. The method, which includes nine environmental impact categories, was employed to assess the environmental performance of the light rail transit system with a functional unit of 1 passenger-km. For the economic assessment, life cycle costing was utilized with the functional unit of USD for 1 passenger-km. A social life cycle assessment was applied to assess the social performance of the light rail transit system based on guidelines published by the United Nations Environment Programme in collaboration with the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. For the determination of social impacts, 11 subcategories and 18 social indicators were selected. The results showed that the global warming potential and abiotic depletion potential of the light rail system per passenger-km were 2.4E − 02 kg CO2 eq. and 2.7E − 01 MJ, respectively, with a service life of 50 years. The total life cycle cost of the light rail system was calculated as 0.046 USD for 1 passenger-km. The results also revealed that the main contributor to the total life cycle cost was energy cost, with 92% (2.88E + 08 USD) of the total cost. In the social performance evaluation, it is found that the industry performs well for society, the local community, and workers but has a weaker social performance for the consumer due to a weak feedback mechanism. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1070–1082. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) implementation, the environmental, economic and social performance of a light rail system were assessed with a holistic approach. The majority of emissions with 50% contribution originate from the operation and maintenance phases of the light rail system. For the light rail system, energy costs are the main contributor (92%), which should be reduced to lower the overall life cycle cost. Social performance of a light rail system has the lowest score on consumers among the all stakeholders.
Pregnancy intendedness, maternal–fetal bonding, and postnatal maternal–infant bonding
Authors: Shreffler Karina M. , Spierling Tiffany N. , Jespersen Jens E. , Tiemeyer Stacy
Published: April 2021

This study models associations between pregnancy intendedness and prenatal maternal–fetal bonding with postnatal maternal–infant bonding. Unintended pregnancies are associated with disruptions in maternal–infant bonding, which has long‐term adverse implications for maternal and child well‐being. Given the high proportion of births that are unintended in the United States, identifying protective factors is critical. Pregnant women (ages 16–38) were recruited from two prenatal clinics in a metropolitan city in the South Central United States at their first prenatal visit and followed throughout pregnancy and postbirth. Multiple regression analyses examined associations, mediation, and moderation. Results indicate that the more unintended/unwanted women reported their pregnancies to be, the lower they reported their maternal–infant bonding postbirth, and higher maternal–fetal bonding scores are associated with higher postnatal maternal–infant bonding. An interaction revealed that a higher level of prenatal bonding is protective for postnatal bonding among those with unintended/unwanted pregnancies. Because prenatal bonding can be enhanced through intervention, it is a promising target to reduce the risks associated with unintended pregnancy.
The Chief in Sukuma Local Government
Authors: Liebenow J. Gus
Published: April 2021

This article is the product of field study conducted in Tanganyika during 1954 and made possible through grants provided by the Social Science Research Council and the Program of African Studies, Northwestern University.
Continuity and Change in Zambian Administration
Authors: Heisler Helmuth
Published: April 2021

“There are in my estimation two vital principles which characterize the growth of a wise administration‐ they are Decentralization and Continuity”.—Lugard.
Public Enterprise as an Instrument of Development
Authors: Wu Chi‐Yuen
Published: April 2021

This is a paper presented on 6th October, 1966 by the author at the tenth session of the Working Party on Economic Development and Planning, United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), which was organized by ECAFE with the co‐operation of the United Nations Public Administration Branch and held in Bangkok, Thailand, 3‐10 October, 1966. The author is the Head of the United Nations Public Administration Branch and concurrently the Senior Deputy Director of the Bureau of Technical Assistance Operations. The views expressed herewith are the views of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations.
Should dental schools adopt teledentistry in their curricula? Two viewpoints
Authors: Amin Maryam , Lai Jim Yuan , Lindauer Paul A. , McPherson Karen , Qari Hiba
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Teledentistry is a cutting edge technology that could be used to improve access to care to underserved populations and those in remote areas.

Objectives

To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting teledentistry into the predoctoral dental curriculum.

Methods

Two teams of dentists reviewed the pros and cons of introducing teledentistry into the predoctoral dental curriculum.

Results

Viewpoint 1 produced evidence that teledentistry is a cutting‐edge technology that can improve access to care for underserved populations in a practical, cost‐effective manner. Viewpoint 2 showed evidence that teledentistry is too new to have an evidence base to support its widespread use, legal and regulatory requirements have not been established and there is no precedent for third party payers to reimburse for this service.

Conclusion

The authors feel that a national teledentistry policy should be developed starting at the state level with stakeholders from the dental profession, dental education, government, patient advocates, and third party payers working together to determine the best way forward.
Financial inclusion of individuals who arrived as refugees to the United States
Authors: Hagstrom Paul , Pereira Javier
Published: April 2021

We study determinants of financial inclusion for individuals with a refugee background (refugees) from over 30 countries residing in Utica, New York. We find that greater financial inclusion is associated with refugees who are male, more educated, employed, richer, older at time of migration, have better language skills, and have lived in the country longer. Financial inclusion also increases with the degree to which refugees trust financial institutions and decreases with the degree to which refugees' close friends are from the same ethnic group. Country of origin, religious affiliation, and religiosity are strong predictors in many specifications.
An evaluation of biochemical, structural and volatile changes of dry‐cured pork using a combined ion mobility spectrometry, hyperspectral and confocal imaging approach
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Yu , Aheto Joshua H , Huang Xingyi , Zheng Kaiyi , Dai Chunxia , Wang Chengquan , Bai Jun‐Wen
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Food processing induces various modifications that affect the structure, physical and chemical properties of food products and hence the acceptance of the product by the consumer. In this work, the evolution of volatile components, 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), moisture content (MC) and microstructural changes of pork was investigated by hyperspectral (HSI) and confocal imaging (CLSM) techniques in synergy with gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS). Models based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) were developed using the full HSI spectrum variables as well as optimum variables selected through a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm.

RESULTS

Prediction results for MC and TBARS using multiplicative scatter correction pre‐processed spectra models demonstrated greater efficiency and predictability with determination coefficient of prediction of 0.928, 0.930 and root mean square error of prediction of 0.114, 1.002, respectively. Major structural changes were also observed during CLSM imaging, which were greatly pronounced in pork samples oven cooked for 15 and 20 h. These structural changes could be related to the denaturation of the major meat components, which could explain the loss of moisture and the formation of TBARS visualized from the HSI chemical distribution maps. GC‐IMS identified 35 volatile components, including hexanal and pentanal, which are also known to have a higher lipid oxidation specificity.

CONCLUSION

The synergistic application of HSI, CLSM and GC‐IMS enhanced data mining and interpretation and provided a convenient way for analyzing the chemical, structural and volatile changes occurring in meat during processing. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
High‐Frequency Ultrasound for Evaluation of the Pathological Invasion Level of Extramammary Paget Disease
Authors: Ma Yuan‐Yuan , Gong Xue‐Hao , Wang Qiao , Wang Li‐Fan , Xu Hui‐Xiong , Guo Le‐Hang
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Pathological invasion level of extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is strongly related with its risk staging, treatment, and prognosis. However, the current evaluation before treatments fails to evaluate pathological invasion level of EMPD. High‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) may play a key role to solve this problem. The purpose was to explore the performance of HFUS in the evaluation of pathological invasion level of EMPD.

Methods

Sixty pathologically proven EMPD patients were retrospectively enrolled and divided into 2 groups as follows: in situ in the epidermis (IE) (n = 42) and invasion into the dermis or subcutaneous (ID) (n = 18) groups. Clinical and HFUS features were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

Between the 2 groups, HFUS features (lesion shape, internal echogenicity and echotexture, surface shape, epidermal hyperechoic layer on the surface, the “pseudopod sign”, and color Doppler ultrasound features) and clinical features were comparable (all P >.05). Tumor growth pattern significantly differed between the 2 groups (P <.05). Infiltration depth was significantly deeper for the ID group than the IE group (P <.05). With a cutoff value of 1.55 mm for infiltration depth, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.833.

Conclusions

HFUS features of tumor growth pattern and infiltration depth may contribute to the assessment of invasion level of EMPD.
The Impact of Socioeconomic Disadvantage on Pediatric Tracheostomy Outcomes
Authors: Liao Kershena , Chorney Stephen R. , Brown Ashley B. , Brooks Rebecca L. , Sewell Ashley , Bailey Candice , Whitney Cindy , Johnson Romaine F.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To determine if socioeconomic disadvantage impacts perioperative outcomes after tracheostomy.

Methods

We performed a retrospective case series of children who underwent tracheostomy. Children were divided into less and more disadvantaged groups based on their community's Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated socioeconomic vulnerability measure. Primary outcomes were the length of stay, total cost, in‐hospital mortality, and 30‐day all‐cause readmission after tracheostomy placement. Length of stay was further analyzed using parametric survival analysis.

Results

A total of 239 patients met inclusion criteria, with 153 (64%) residing in more disadvantaged communities. Children from more disadvantaged communities were less likely to be White (42% vs. 26%, P = .009) and more likely to have Medicaid coverage (90% vs. 62%, P < .001). The two groups had similar medical complexity and comorbidities. The main outcome measures showed differences in median total length of stay (113 vs. 79 days, P = .04) and median total cost ($461 000 vs. $279 000, P = .01). Children with tracheostomies who were from more disadvantaged communities also had increased risk of prolonged hospitalizations (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.48–0.83, P = .001). Readmissions, mortality rates, and quality of life scores were similar between groups.

Conclusions

Community disadvantage was associated with differences in hospitalization length and costs after pediatric tracheostomy placement. Further research should continue to describe how health disparities impact children's safe and efficient care with tracheostomies.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:2603–2609, 2021
Consumers as creative agents: How required effort influences willingness to engage
Authors: Zeng Xianfang , Mourali Mehdi
Published: April 2021

Consumers often engage with brands by participating in activities such as co‐creating products and contributing ideas about product promotion. Such engagement enables consumers to be creative agents rather than mere end‐users. However, it also places a burden on them, as it inevitably requires effort on the consumer part. This study investigates the impact of expected effort level (low vs. high) on consumers' inclination toward engagement, and its underlying mechanisms. Three experiments find that higher expected effort leads to lower intention to engage. This effect is mediated by the perceived probability of success and perceived value of engagement, and the two mediators operate in tandem. Effort levels negatively affect the perceived probability of success, which exerts a positive impact on the perceived value of engagement and then on willingness to engage. We also examine the moderating effect of consumer mindsets and find that chronic and situational consumer mindsets work differently. Specifically, primed mindsets have a significant effect, but enduring mindsets do not. This study contributes to the literature on engagement and expectancy–value theory by exploring consumer effort in a context where effort aids in implementing creativity.
De Novo Movement Disorders and COVID‐19: Exploring the Interface
Authors: Ghosh Ritwik , Biswas Uttam , Roy Dipayan , Pandit Alak , Lahiri Durjoy , Ray Biman Kanti , Benito‐León Julián
Published: April 2021

Background

Neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are being widely documented. However, movement disorders in the setting of 2019 coronavirus infectious disease (COVID‐19) have been a strikingly less discussed topic.

Objectives

To summarize available pieces of evidence documenting de novo movement disorders in COVID‐19.

Methods

We used the existing PRISMA consensus statement. Data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to the 29th January, 2021, using pre‐specified searching strategies.

Results

Twenty‐two articles were selected for the qualitative synthesis. Among these, a total of 52 patients with de novo movement disorders were reported. Most of these had myoclonus, ataxia, tremor or a combination of these, while three had parkinsonism and one a functional disorder. In general, they were managed successfully by intravenous immunoglobulin or steroids. Some cases, primarily with myoclonus, could be ascribed to medication exposures, metabolic disturbances or severe hypoxia, meanwhile others to a post‐or para‐infectious immune‐mediated mechanism. SARS‐CoV‐2 could also invade the central nervous system, through vascular or retrograde axonal pathways, and cause movement disorders by two primary mechanisms. Firstly, through the downregulation of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptors, resulting in the imbalance of dopamine and norepinephrine; and secondly, the virus could cause cellular vacuolation, demyelination and gliosis, leading to encephalitis and associated movement disorders.

Conclusion

De novo movement disorders are scantly reported in COVID‐19. The links between SARS‐CoV‐2 and movement disorders are not yet established. However, we should closely monitor COVID‐19 survivors for the possibility of post‐COVID movement disorders.
Connecting the dots: Targeting the microbiome in drug toxicity
Authors: Luo Yusha , Zhou Tingting
Published: April 2021

The gut microbiota has a vast influence on human health and its role in initiating, aggravating, or ameliorating diseases is beginning to emerge. Recently, its contribution to heterogeneous toxicological responses is also gaining attention, especially in drug‐induced toxicity. Whether they are orally administered or not, drugs may interact with the gut microbiota directly or indirectly, which leads to altered toxicity. Present studies focus more on the unidirectional influence of how xenobiotics disturb intestinal microbial composition and functions, and thus induce altered homeostasis. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and xenobiotics are bidirectional and the impact of the gut microbiota on xenobiotics, especially on drugs, should not be neglected. Thus, in this review, we focus on how the gut microbiota modulates drug toxicity by highlighting the microbiome, microbial enzyme, and microbial metabolites. We connect the dots between drugs, the microbiome, microbial enzymes or metabolites, drug metabolites, and host toxicological responses to facilitate the discovery of microbial targets and mechanisms associated with drug toxicity. Besides this, current mainstream strategies to manipulate drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome are summarized and discussed. The review provides technical reference for the evaluation of medicinal properties in the research and development of innovative drugs, and for the future exploitation of strategies to reduce drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome.
Nonlinear dynamics of (2 + 1)‐dimensional Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation arising in plasma physics
Authors: Ismael Hajar F. , Bulut Hasan
Published: April 2021

In this literature, the dynamic characteristics of the Bogoyavlenskii–Schieff equation in (2 + 1)‐dimension that arises in plasma physics are studied. Several characteristics of multi‐soliton solutions, complex rogue wave, M‐lump solutions, fusion solutions, and interaction phenomena between M‐lump and soliton solutions also with a fusion solution are discussed. A logarithmic variable transform is used to convert the studied nonlinear equation to a Hirota trilinear form. For all solutions, three‐dimensional figures are presented to more understand its dynamic behaviors. All findings are recent, and no experts have reported them.
A right‐handed circularly polarized array antenna based on gap waveguide technology at 35 GHz
Authors: Kong Lingwen , Jin Cheng , Han Hangcheng , Chen Jianhong , Li Ji , Liu Jinlin
Published: April 2021

In this article, the authors have proposed a right‐handed circularly‐polarized array antenna with gap waveguide (GWG) distribution network at 35 GHz. By using GWG technology, the strict electrical contact of different layers is not required so that the expensive vacuum welding or the diffusion bonding technology can be avoided. The entire geometry consists of the top radiation layer and two distribution network layers on the bottom. The aperture shape of the top radiation layer has been designed as a hexagon in order to generate the circular‐polarized electromagnetic waves. The final measurement results show that the reflection coefficient of the whole array antenna is below −10 dB with 8.45% bandwidth where the axial ratio is less than 2 dB. The antenna efficiency is higher than 70% over the whole operating frequency band, and the corresponding antenna gain is higher than 30.8 dBi.
Highly accelerated parallel MRI using wave encoding and virtual conjugate coils
Authors: Qiu Zhilang , Jia Sen , Su Shi , Zhu Yanjie , Liu Xin , Zheng Hairong , Liang Dong , Wang Haifeng
Published: April 2021

Purpose

To propose a novel model incorporating virtual conjugate coil (VCC) reconstruction and wave encoding (Wave) for improved parallel MRI.

Theory and Methods

A novel model (VCC‐Wave) incorporating VCC and Wave is proposed. The correlation matrix of the encoding operator is introduced to analyze the encoding capability. In addition, simulation experiments are conducted to gain insights into VCC‐Wave. In vivo experiments are performed to compare VCC‐Wave with alternative methods.

Results

The correlation matrix and the simulation experiments show that the proposed VCC‐Wave can utilize more priors of Wave under the VCC framework. In vivo experiments show that the proposed VCC‐Wave can achieve good image quality at a 6‐fold acceleration in high‐resolution and high‐bandwidth cases, indicating an improvement over the original Wave technique.

Conclusion

The proposed VCC‐Wave can not only combine the advantages of both the VCC and Wave but also exploit more priors of Wave under the VCC framework. The improvement in VCC‐Wave alleviates the limitation of Wave in high‐resolution and high‐bandwidth cases.
Sugarcane aphids in grain sorghum
Authors: Filbert Sophie
Published: April 2021

Sugarcane aphids made their way into the southern US in 2013, and have since been spreading throughout the country. They are asexually reproducing Hemipterans, each capable of producing up to 60 young. Like other Hemipterans, sugarcane aphids use piercing‐sucking mouthparts to feed on plant sap. This feeding causes chlorosis and necrosis in sorghum, and the severity of damage depends on crop stage. Sugarcane aphids also excrete sticky honeydew, inviting sooty mold infections and causing problems during harvest. Management of this insect begins by scouting for economically damaging populations. If an economic injury level is reached, there are insecticides available on the market for control. Biological control is also an option, but can be difficult to maintain. To prevent high levels of damage, a tolerant hybrid can be planted. Sugarcane aphid populations have the ability to explode due to the insect's biology; scouting is necessary to decide when management is necessary.
Virtually engaging students through collaborative investigation of scientific literature, a case study
Authors: Stengel Ashley , Stanke Kimberly M. , McPherson Morgan R. , Drijber Rhae A.
Published: April 2021

Critical evaluation and analysis are essential skills of the scientific process which can be further developed through reading primary scientific literature. However, early stage scientists, including undergraduate and graduate students, often face barriers to reading and comprehending primary literature, which can make deeper investigation and evaluation of content even more challenging. To address this core skills gap, we designed a virtual journal club series. This series was designed to keep undergraduate students engaged following restrictions on in‐person activities due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. As this initiative was developed and led by graduate students, activities were designed with an emphasis on facilitating student‐centered learning outcomes. We used several active learning techniques, including deconstruction of the main message through one‐sentence summaries, collaborative student engagement via distinct team roles, conceptual diagrams to reinforce learning and develop communication skills through presentations, and word journals to encourage evaluation and synthesis of ideas across readings. We highlight how these strategies can be used for the design of literature‐based training both inside and outside of the classroom. Further, we demonstrate that virtual journal clubs are an effective strategy for enhancing science literacy skills by facilitating student buy‐in.
Cobalt selenide decorated polyaniline composite nanofibers as a newer counter electrode for dye‐sensitized solar cell
Authors: Sowbakkiyavathi Elindjeane Sheela , Murugadoss Vignesh , Sittaramane Ramadasse , Dhanusuraman Ragupathy , Angaiah Subramania
Published: April 2021

The cobalt selenide nanoparticles (CoSe NPs) were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, and polyaniline nanofibers (PANI NFs) were prepared by a chemical oxidative polymerization and its composite NFs were prepared by incorporating CoSe onto PANI at the optimized wt% 1:1 by ultrasonication to use as a newer photocathode for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The physio‐chemical properties of the prepared CoSe NPs/PANI NFs composite NFs were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffractometer, and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the phase pure CoSe NPs were decorated onto the PANI NFs without affecting their physio‐chemical nature. The electrochemical characteristics of CoSe NPs/PANI NFs composite NFs as photocathode were investigated by electrochemical AC‐impedance, cyclic voltammetry, and Tafel polarization studies. The CoSe decorated PANI composite NFs displayed excellent electrocatalytic behavior toward the tri‐iodide reduction. Further, DSSC fabricated with CoSe/PANI composite NFs as the photocathode exhibited the highest photoconversion efficiency of 9.14% than that of the pristine CoSe NPs and PANI NFs‐based counter electrodes (CEs). This is attributed to the synergistic electrocatalytic ability of CoSe NPs and the multiple interfacial charge transferability of PANI NFs. These results suggest that CoSe decorated PANI composite NFs could be used as a promising CE to fabricate high‐performance DSSC.
Principles of laser scanning microscopes
Authors: Farell Megan
Published: April 2021

Functional materials have been developed and widely used in industrial fields including the automobile, aviation, metal, and chemical industries, requiring high accuracy and resolving power for measurements and testing. This article details the features and applications of industrial laser scanning microscopes, concentrating on the reflection‐type confocal laser scanning microscope built for high resolution detection.
Exploring influence of fluorine substitution on the strength and nature of halogen bond between iodobenzene and hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Naghani Farhad Fereydooni , Emamian Saeedreza , Zare Karim
Published: April 2021

In the present study, the intermolecular I … N halogen bond (XB) interaction between iodobenzene (IBZ) and its fluorinated derivatives (as Lewis acids LA 1 through LA 20) with HCN (as Lewis base LB) is theoretically explored to shed light on the electronic nature and strength of the mentioned non‐covalent interaction (NCI). The hydrogen atoms of phenyl ring in IBZ were substituted by fluorine atom to probe different impacts of this atom. Such a substitution is paid attention from the number as well as the position of fluorine atoms points of view. Our analyses reveal that this XB interaction whose interaction energy spans a narrow range between 1.0 and 3.0 kcal·mol−1should be classified as a weak NCI. The symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) analysis evidences that the I … N XB in the investigated binary complexes (BCs) is mainly dominated by electrostatic and dispersion interactions, and, in the meantime, induction interactions can safely be ignored. Among the many I … N XB descriptors,Vs,max, which corresponds to the most positive value of electrostatic potential computed for the iodine atom in LAs, plays a key role. Indeed, such an easily and rapidly computable quantity (Vs,max) allows a sufficiently accurate prediction of interaction energy together with SAPT‐derived components analysis to become feasible by a simple inclusion ofVs,maxvalue within the numerous explored estimators. Although the strength of I … N XB interaction in the studied BCs is increased by an increase in the number of fluorine substituent, the position of fluorine atom cannot significantly alter the strength of the mentioned interaction.
Wet‐spun porous fibers from high internal phase emulsions: Continuous preparation and high stretchability
Authors: Jiang Bing , Zhang Tao , Xu Zhiguang , Zhao Yan
Published: April 2021

Although high internal phase emulsion (HIPE)‐templating is promising to prepare macroporous materials (polyHIPEs) with controllable shapes and tuneable property, fibrous polyHIPEs with stretchability and their continuous preparation are still challenging. Here, we report the fabrication of polyHIPE fibers in a continuous manner through wet spinning of HIPEs. The successful fabrication of polyHIPE fibers depends on HIPE dispersed phase fractions, ammonia‐catalyzed interfacial reaction and wet spinning. Dry polyHIPE fibers exhibit tunable diameters, hierarchically porous structures, high stability to temperature and to various solutions, and high stretchability (with a high tensile strain of 155%), which is hard to achieve for polyHIPEs. The polyHIPE fibers show enhanced uptakes to both water (14.4 ml g−1) and organic solvents (up to 26.3 ml g−1), and the amphiphilic swelling is rare for polyHIPEs. Moreover, the dry polyHIPE fibers show good thermal insulation, similar to that of cotton. Simple wet spinning, combining with HIPEs with tuneable composition, is promising for preparing various polyHIPE fibers for various potential applications.
A randomized controlled evaluation of an educational resource to address fertility concerns after cancer
Authors: Ussher Jane M , Perz Janette , Hawkey Alexandra J
Published: April 2021

Objective

This study evaluated the acceptability and impact of a written oncofertility educational resource (ER), as a self‐help intervention (SH), and as an adjunct to a one‐hour health‐care professional discussion (HP).

Methods

Within a randomized control trial (RCT), 194 adults with cancer (175 womens; 19 mens) were allocated to the SH or HP intervention. 127 completed 6‐weeks post‐intervention measures, a retention rate of 65.85%.

Results

Across interventions, the ER was rated as highly acceptable and useful, in terms of ease of understanding, and information. Heath literacy significantly increased post‐intervention, including functional literacy, communicative literacy, and critical health literacy. There were no significant changes in ratings of fertility distress or general distress pre‐post intervention. Quality of life was significantly reduced post intervention. Those in the HP condition reported higher quality of life and greater likelihood of communication with others about fertility, most notably with intimate partners, post‐intervention. Qualitative identification of increased knowledge, confidence with communication and normalization of fertility concerns, reflects increased health literacy, and provides explanation for significant reductions in feeling nervous and fearful about fertility treatments post‐intervention.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm the importance of information provision about the impact of cancer on fertility. Written ERs are a useful adjunct to a patient‐clinician discussion, increasing health literacy, which facilitates knowledge, self‐efficacy and management of fertility concerns and changes.
A Method for Estimation of Blast Performance of RDX‐IPN‐Al Annular Thermobaric Charges
Authors: Iorga Ovidiu G. , Tigănescu Tudor V. , Sućeska Muhamed , Rotariu Traian , Marin Alexandru , Munteanu Mihail , Zecheru Teodora , Ginghină Raluca E.
Published: April 2021

The objective of this research was to develop and to experimentally validate a method to predict the blast performance of thermobaric annular charges based on isopropyl nitrate‐aluminium and RDX‐isopropyl nitrate‐aluminium. Overpressure and thermal output were investigated in open air using piezoelectric pressure transducers, high speed visible and infrared imaging. Prediction of the explosive transformation of the annular thermobaric charge was computed by thermochemical code EXPLO5® using the Chapman‐Jouguet (ideal detonation) and non‐ideal Wood and Kirkwood (WK) detonation model. The Jones‐Wilkins‐Lee (JWL) parameters obtained in the calculations were used in hydrocode numerical simulation using AUTODYN® in order to predict the incident overpressure, total impulse and arrival time. Additional energy attributed to aluminium afterburning was used in order to simulate the post‐combustion phase. For isopropyl nitrate‐aluminium based charges, both BKW and WK models estimate correctly the peak overpressure and arrival time, while the total impulse was more accurately calculated by WK non‐ideal detonation model. For the RDX‐containing formulation, the prediction of peak overpressure, total impulse and arrival time are in agreement with the predictions obtained using WK non‐ideal detonation model with additional energy. The performances of the investigated thermobaric charges were compared with an equivalent mass charge of TNT, confirming both the expected higher total impulse and higher peak overpressures in the case of RDX‐isopropyl nitrate‐aluminium based thermobaric charges. Thermal measurements highlighted two distinct phases, an anaerobic phase and the post combustion of the thermobaric compositions. In terms of thermal output, the RDX‐isopropyl nitrate‐aluminium thermobaric based charge manifests superior performances.
Human DND1‐RRM2 forms a non‐canonical domain swapped dimer
Authors: Kumari Pooja , Bhavesh Neel Sarovar
Published: April 2021

RNA recognition motif (RRM) being the most abundant RNA binding domain in eukaryotes, is a major player in cellular regulation. Several variations in the canonical βαββαβ topology have been observed. We have determined the 2.3 Å crystal structure of the human DND1‐RRM2 domain. The structure revealed an interesting non‐canonical RRM fold, which is maintained by the formation of a 3D domain swapped dimer between β1 and β4 strands across protomers. We have delineated the structural basis of the stable domain swapped dimer formation using the residue level dynamics of protein explored by NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations. Our structural and dynamics studies substantiate major determinants and molecular basis for domain swapped dimerization observed in the RRM domain.
Naturally occurring and synthetic peptides: Efficient tyrosinase inhibitors
Authors: Hariri Roshanak , Saeedi Mina , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh
Published: April 2021

Tyrosinase is a copper‐containing enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of melanin pigment, which is the most important photo protective agent against skin photo carcinogenesis. Excess production of melanin causes hyperpigmentation leading to undesired browning in human skin, fruits, and vegetable as well as plant‐derived foods. Moreover, the role of tyrosinase in the onset and progression of various diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson diseases has been well documented in the literature. In this respect, tyrosinase inhibitors have been in the center of attention particularly as the efficient skin whitening agents. Among a wide range of compounds possessing anti‐tyrosinase activity, peptides both natural and synthetic derivatives have attracted attention due to high potency and safety.