bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How User Manuals Support the Diagnosis of Common Faults in Household Appliances: an Analysis of 150 Manuals
Authors: Pozo Arcos Beatriz , Bakker Conny , Balkenende Ruud
Published: July 2022

Product repairs are at the core of sustainable consumption and user manuals can play a relevant role in facilitating them. They are the accredited source of product information for end users and are therefore sought as an important means for the diagnosis and subsequent repair of household appliances. However, despite increasing societal demand for repairable products, few studies have been conducted on the extent to which manuals contribute to the fault diagnosis and subsequent repair process. In this study, we analysed current guidance provided by manuals for the diagnosis process, answering the research question: ‘To what extent do user manuals provide sufficient information to diagnose the most frequent faults in household appliances?’ We examined the diagnosis instructions provided in the user manuals of four different household appliances using data on the appliances’ most frequently failing components, and a framework that considers three steps towards a successful diagnosis: fault detection, fault location, and fault isolation. In total, we analysed 150 user manuals of 48 brands available on the European market. We show that manuals do not instruct the diagnosis of frequently failing components. They mainly refer to causes of failure and directly recommend corrective actions after fault detection. Thus, they rarely include a three-step fault diagnosis process to identify and isolate a faulty component. Based on these results, we have extended the framework for the process of fault diagnosis to include a step from cause identification to corrective action. Both routes, the component-oriented and the cause-oriented route in fault diagnosis, should be considered during the design of products for easy fault diagnosis, and should be included in future regulations that address product reparability.
Woody species in the urban schoolyards in West Africa Sahel cities in Niger: diversity and benefits for green schools
Authors: Soulé Moussa , Nyamekye Clement , Abdoul-Azize Hamidou Taffa
Published: July 2022

Urban schoolyards are essential in biodiversity conservation; they provide numerous ecosystem services to students, school managers, and the city where the schools are located. However, limited or no studies have explored the role of urban schoolyards in both biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. This study, therefore, assessed the structure and values of urban schoolyards forest in the cities of Niamey and Maradi in the Niger Republic. A total of 60 schools was selected purposively from Maradi and Niamey (30 schools in each city), where the data were collected through a face-to-face survey. Additionally, a forest inventory and participatory observations were conducted to gather the dendrometric data and animal biodiversity. The findings revealed that, a total of 97 different tree species belonging to 35 families and 81 genera. In addition, neem tree and Fabaceae (22 species) were found to be the dominant tree species and botanical family respectively in the schoolyards of both cities. The similarity index was 64% indicating high similarity between the floras of the schoolyards in the two cities. The biomass value equals about 48.91 t/ha and 27.49 t/ha carbon stock in the primary schools of Niamey and Maradi respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of the structure of the urban schoolyard forests showed high values of structural parameters indicating the vitality/health/integrity of the forest. The ability of students to name plants, animals, and ecosystem services of their schoolyards is significantly low. This study recommends the use of multipurpose woody plant species in urban greening school initiatives for quality education. Furthermore, the study recommends a further investigation of the effects of the school urban forest structure on the students' academic performance and the allergenic potential of woody species found in urban schools.
How WTO-Consistent Tools can Ensure the Decarbonization of Emission-Intensive Industrial Sectors
Authors: Galiffa Chiara , Bercero Ignacio Garcia
Published: July 2022

The European Union (EU) has been a frontrunner in curbing greenhouse gas emissions, having established in 2005 the Emission Trading System (ETS) and having adopted in July 2021 a proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This essay explains how the design of the EU CBAM proposal complies with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, in particular with the principle of non-discrimination. It then discusses how the EU can cooperate with other countries that share similar climate ambitions to decarbonize industrial sectors and achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement. The essay argues that autonomous measures and international cooperation initiatives can work as complementary tools to attain climate neutrality.
Of False Conflicts and Real Challenges: Trade Agreements, Climate Clubs, and Border Adjustments
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo , Venzke Ingo
Published: July 2022

Assessments of the relationship between trade agreements and the climate regime often focus on the potential for normative conflict. Concerns that trade commitments may prevent the adoption of measures to curb climate change, or at least that these are two regimes that “point in different directions,”1 are often voiced to suggest that taking climate action requires fundamentally modifying, and maybe getting rid of, current trade agreements. In this essay, we argue that allegations of conflict disregard longstanding World Trade Organization (WTO) jurisprudence on policy-justified trade measures. As a matter of principle, this alleged conflict has been essentially overcome since the 1998 Appellate Body report in United States – Shrimp.2 Focusing on potential conflict distracts from the real challenges and dilemmas involved in designing and implementing a global carbon regime, including through the trade instruments known as carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs and so-called “climate clubs”), for which the legal parameters provided by trade agreements may be instrumental.
What’s the Plan? Exploring the Bounds of a Health-Care Standard of Preparedness for Florida Hospitals: A Policy Analysis
Authors: Connor Courtney Lee
Published: July 2022

Hurricane Katrina uncovered a potential new theory of liability for the health-care industry—failure to plan. Today, the issue remains unresolved: how does a hospital define its duty of preparedness? Research shows there are over 13 definitions for hospital preparedness, multiple types of risk, and arbitrary hospital assessment tools that are not based on empirical data. In the absence of a clear definition for health-care preparedness, this article proposes a “reasonable under the circumstances” test to evaluate alleged liability for failure to plan and similar claims of negligence. In addition, translational science is proposed to aid in the development of a health-care standard of preparedness through a 5-phase evidenced-based, multi-disciplinary process.
Identifying the Challenges of Simulating the Hospital Emergency Department in the Event of Emergencies and Providing Effective Solutions: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Barghi Shirazi Fahimeh , Moslehi Shandiz , Rasouli Mohammad Reza , Masoumi Gholamreza
Published: July 2022

Introduction:

Emergencies and disasters occur in any society, and it is the hospitals and their emergency department staff who must be prepared in such cases. Therefore, 1 of the effective methods of training medical care staff is the use of simulators. However, when introducing new simulation approaches, we face many challenges. The aim of this study was to identify challenges of the simulation of the hospital emergency department during disasters and provide effective solutions.

Methods:

This conventional content, thematic, analysis study was conducted in 2021. Participants were selected from Iranian experts using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed by the content analysis.

Results:

After analyzing the data, the challenges of simulating the hospital emergency department during disasters were identified in 2 main components and 6 perspectives, which included organizational components (inappropriate and aimless training methods, lack of interaction and cooperation, lack of funding, and inadequate physical space) and technological components (weak information management and lack of interdisciplinary cooperation). Solutions included management (resource support) and data sharing and exchange (infrastructures, cooperation and coordination).

Conclusion:

The simulation technology can be used as a method for training and improving the quality of health care services in emergencies. Considering that most of these challenges can be solved and need the full support of managers and policy makers, by examining these issues, supporting staff of health care centers are advised to make a significant contribution to the advancement of education and problem reduction in the event of disasters.
Egoism and Class Consciousness, or: Why Marx and Engels Wrote So Much About Stirner
Authors: Whyman Tom
Published: July 2022

Interest inThe German Ideologyhas largely focused on the ‘chapter’ on Feuerbach—invariably the focus of the various abridgements in which the work is usually read. But this does not reflect the weighting of the text itself, which is dominated by Marx and Engels's critique of the radical egoist philosopher Max Stirner. Which begs the question: just why did they spend so much time and effort writing about Stirner? In this paper, I will provide an answer—which comes down to three related points. The first concerns the critique of reason; the second, egoistic self-interest. On both of these two points, Stirner makes a novel contribution—contributions which Marx and Engels feel clear affinities with. However, Stirner can ultimately be seen to get these two points, as it were,the wrong way around. This then leads to the third point: Stirner's misunderstanding of the nature of Communism. To clarify the nature of Communism, then, Marx and Engels were compelled to turn Stirner on his head.
Surgical site infection trends in community hospitals from 2013 to 2018
Authors: Seidelman Jessica L. , Baker Arthur W. , Lewis Sarah S. , Advani Sonali D. , Smith Becky , Anderson Deverick ,   for the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network Surveillance Team
Published: July 2022

Objective:

Sparse recent data are available on the epidemiology of surgical site infections (SSIs) in community hospitals. Our objective was to provide updated epidemiology data on complex SSIs in community hospitals and to characterize trends of SSI prevalence rates over time.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

SSI data were collected from patients undergoing 26 commonly performed surgical procedures at 32 community hospitals in the southeastern United States from 2013 to 2018. SSI prevalence rates were calculated for each year and were stratified by procedure and causative pathogen.

Results:

Over the 6-year study period, 3,561 complex (deep incisional or organ-space) SSIs occurred following 669,467 total surgeries (prevalence rate, 0.53 infections per 100 procedures). The overall complex SSI prevalence rate did not change significantly during the study period: 0.58 of 100 procedures in 2013 versus 0.53 of 100 procedures in 2018 (prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66–1.08; P = .16). Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) complex SSIs (n = 480, 13.5%) were more common than complex SSIs caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; n = 363, 10.2%).

Conclusions:

The complex SSI rate did not decrease in our cohort of community hospitals from 2013 to 2018, which is a change from prior comparisons. The reason for this stagnation is unclear. Additional research is needed to determine the proportion of or remaining SSIs that are preventable and what measures would be effective to further reduce SSI rates.
Computing the viscous effect in early-time drop impact dynamics
Authors: Mishra Shruti , Rubinstein Shmuel M. , Rycroft Chris H.
Published: July 2022

The impact of a liquid drop on a solid surface involves many intertwined physical effects, and is influenced by drop velocity, surface tension, ambient pressure and liquid viscosity, among others. Experiments by Kolinski et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 112, no. 13, 2014b, p. 134501) show that the liquid–air interface begins to deviate away from the solid surface even before contact. They found that the lift-off of the interface starts at a critical time that scales with the square root of the kinematic viscosity of the liquid. To understand this, we study the approach of a liquid drop towards a solid surface in the presence of an intervening gas layer. We take a numerical approach to solve the Navier–Stokes equations for the liquid, coupled to the compressible lubrication equations for the gas, in two dimensions. With this approach, we recover the experimentally captured early time effect of liquid viscosity on the drop impact, but our results show that lift-off time and liquid kinematic viscosity have a more complex dependence than the square-root scaling relationship. We also predict the effect of interfacial tension at the liquid–gas interface on the drop impact, showing that it mediates the lift-off behaviour.
On the solidity parameter in canopy flows
Authors: Monti Alessandro , Nicholas Shane , Omidyeganeh Mohammad , Pinelli Alfredo , Rosti Marco E.
Published: July 2022

We have performed high-fidelity simulations of turbulent open-channel flows over submerged rigid canopies made of cylindrical filaments of fixed length

$l=0.25H$

(

$H$

being the domain depth) mounted on the wall with angle of inclination

$\theta$

. The inclination is the free parameter that sets the density of the canopy by varying its frontal area. The density of the canopy, based on the solidity parameter

$\lambda$

, is a widely accepted criterion defining the ongoing canopy flow regime, with low values (

$\lambda \ll 0.1$

) indicating the sparse regime, and higher values (

$\lambda > 0.1$

) the dense regime. All the numerical predictions have been obtained considering the same nominal bulk Reynolds number (i.e.

$Re_b=U_b H/\nu = 6000$

). We consider nine configurations of canopies, with

$\theta$

varying symmetrically around

$0^{\circ }$

in the range

$\theta \in [\pm 78.5^{\circ }$

], where positive angles define canopies inclined in the flow direction (with the grain) and

$\theta =0^{\circ }$

corresponds to the wall-normally mounted canopy. The study compares canopies with identical solidity obtained inclining the filaments in opposite angles, and assesses the efficacy of the solidity as a representative parameter. It is found that when the canopy is inclined, the actual flow regime differs substantially from the one of a straight canopy that shares the same solidity, indicating that criteria based solely on this parameter are not robust. Finally, a new phenomenological model describing the interaction between the coherent structures populating the canopy region and the outer flow is given.
A hierarchical network densification approach for reconstruction of historical ice velocity fields in East Antarctica
Authors: Feng Tiantian , Li Yanjun , Wang Kangle , Qiao Gang , Cheng Yuan , Yuan Xiaohan , Luo Shulei , Li Rongxing
Published: July 2022

Accurate ice flow velocity data are essential for studying the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, there is a lack of ice velocity maps of 1960s–80s in basin-wide regions or the entire ice sheet. In this study, an enhanced hierarchical network densification approach is developed for basin-wide Antarctic velocity mapping using historical ARGON and Landsat images. The produced multiple historical velocity maps from 1963 to 1989 in the region of the Fimbul and Jelbart ice shelves, East Antarctica, achieved an accuracy better than 29 m a−1. They revealed that the ice flow velocity had no significant changes over the period. Combining the surface mass balance estimate with the ice discharge estimated from our historical velocity maps and recently published velocity maps, we estimated a positive mass balance of 8.6 ± 3.9 Gt a−1 in the study area from 1963 and 2015. Our results indicate that the region's positive mass balance, as estimated in recently published studies, has been maintained since the 1960s. It is also in concordance with the low level of mass balance from 1992 to 2017 in East Antarctica. This suggests that the study area has been stable since the 1960s.
The larval brachyopid Platycepsion wilkinsoni from the Triassic of New South Wales provides insight into the stereospondyl life cycle
Authors: Witzmann Florian , Schoch Rainer R.
Published: July 2022

The small, immature brachyopid stereospondyl Platycepsion wilkinsoni from the Early or Middle Triassic of Gosford, New South Wales, is redescribed from a developmental point of view. Whereas the sutural contact between postorbital and parietal suggested by earlier authors cannot be confirmed, a new autapomorphy, the posterior process of the interclavicle with a slightly concave posterior margin, is recognized. A further apomorphic state may be the probable presence of five pairs of ossified ceratobranchials. Soft-tissue preservation of external gills demonstrates that Platycepsion wilkinsoni represents a true larva, forming the first evidence of a larval stage in stereospondyls. Morphology and developmental stage of Platycepsion wilkinsoni indicates that brachyopids conserved the plesiomorphic ontogenetic pattern seen in most Paleozoic temnospondyls, including the early ossification of the dermal skull roof and delayed ossification of the postcranium. The strongly developed ornament, the widened lateral lines, and the well-ossified exoccipitals and stapes suggest an even faster ossification and differentiation of the skull compared to Paleozoic temnospondyls and might represent a general stereospondyl characteristic. In the vertebral column, only the poorly differentiated, still separate neural arches are ossified, whereas the centra remained cartilaginous. This implies that the plesiomorphic pattern of vertebral development was conserved in Mesozoic stereospondyls, irrespective of whether the adult vertebral morphology was rhachitomous, stereospondylous, or diplospondylous. The low degree of ossification of the postcranium, its slow differentiation, and the delayed development of the scapulocoracoid indicate an aquatic mode of life, and the strongly ossified skull and hyobranchial apparatus suggest an emphasis on powerful suction feeding.
Recovery with Applications to Forecasting Equity Disaster Probability and Testing the Spanning Hypothesis in the Treasury Market
Authors: Bakshi Gurdip , Gao Xiaohui , Xue Jinming
Published: July 2022

We investigate the implications of recovering real-world conditional expectation of return functions using options on the S&P 500 index and Treasury bond futures. First, we construct estimates of the probability of disasters, defined as higher than 6%, 5%, or 4% equity market declines over option expiration cycles. This measure of disaster probability forecasts realized disasters. Second, we employ options on the futures of the 10- and 30-year Treasury bonds to construct estimates for the expected return of bond futures. These measures display forecasting ability for subsequent futures returns beyond the level, slope, and curvature variables extracted from the yield curve.
Are people with obsessive-compulsive disorder under-confident in their memory and perception? A review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dar Reuven , Sarna Noam , Yardeni Gal , Lazarov Amit
Published: July 2022

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) tend to distrust their memory, perception, and other cognitive functions, and many OCD symptoms can be traced to diminished confidence in one's cognitive processes. For example, poor confidence in recall accuracy can cause doubt about one's memory and motivate repeated checking. At the same time, people with OCD also display performance deficits in a variety of cognitive tasks, so their reduced confidence must be evaluated in relation to their actual performance. To that end, we conducted an exhaustive review and meta-analysis of studies in which OCD participants and non-clinical control participants performed cognitive tasks and reported their confidence in their performance. Our search resulted in 19 studies that met criteria for inclusion in the quantitative analysis, with all studies addressing either memory or perception. We found that both performance and reported confidence were lower in OCD than in control participants. Importantly, however, confidence was more impaired than performance in participants with OCD. These findings suggest that people with OCD are less confident in their memory and perception than they should be, indicating a genuineunder-confidencein this population. We discuss potential mechanisms that might account for this finding and suggest avenues for further research into under-confidence and related meta-cognitive characteristics of OCD.
Indoor Built Environment and Older Adults’ Activity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Azim Farah T. , Ariza-Vega Patrocinio , Gardiner Paul A. , Ashe Maureen C.
Published: July 2022

Although the physical environment can influence people’s activity, there are few knowledge syntheses for indoor environments and older adults’ daily life routines. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed evidence to inform future research and practice. Inclusion criteria were studies with any research designs, across all years and languages focused on older adults 60 years of age or more, on physical activity/sedentary behaviour and the indoor environment. After searching five databases, two authors completed title/abstract and full-text screening. The last search was on December 19, 2020. We screened 1,367 citations, and included 23 studies situated in private or collective dwellings (e.g., assisted living). We identified physical activity-supportive indoor features across three domains: campus (e.g., amenities, pathways), building (e.g., area, floor level), and fixtures (e.g., elevators, hallways). Knowledge of indoor environmental factors for older adults’ engagement in daily activities can guide future research and policy on housing design.
Current developments of robotic hip exoskeleton toward sensing, decision, and actuation: A review
Authors: Yang Canjun , Yu Linfan , Xu Linghui , Yan Zehao , Hu Dongming , Zhang Sheng , Yang Wei
Published: July 2022

The aging population is now a global challenge, and impaired walking ability is a common feature in the elderly. In addition, some occupations such as military and relief workers require extra physical help to perform tasks efficiently. Robotic hip exoskeletons can support ambulatory functions in the elderly and augment human performance in healthy people during normal walking and loaded walking by providing assistive torque. In this review, the current development of robotic hip exoskeletons is presented. In addition, the framework of actuation joints and the high-level control strategy (including the sensors and data collection, the way to recognize gait phase, the algorithms to generate the assist torque) are described. The exoskeleton prototypes proposed by researchers in recent years are organized to benefit the related fields realizing the limitations of the available robotic hip exoskeletons, therefore, this work tends to be an influential factor with a better understanding of the development and state-of-the-art technology.
Hydroelectricity Modeling for Low‐Carbon and No‐Carbon Grids: Empirical Operational Parameters for Optimization and Dispatch Models
Authors: Marshall Adrienne M. , Grubert Emily
Published: July 2022

Hydroelectric power has unusual technical characteristics that could become more valuable as the penetration of variable generation renewables grows, but its use for electricity generation is constrained by complex physical, safety, and socioenvironmental considerations. Hydroelectricity can therefore be difficult to represent in national‐scale energy models, and is frequently presumed to be either overly flexible or inflexible. While a few grid models address this complexity via detailed hydraulic process models, more simplified optimization and dispatch models could benefit from the use of empirical parameter values. In this study, we combine a new data set comprising 7.8 million flow‐hours of data from 2011 to 2016 at 158 dams across the United States with monthly and hourly generation data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) to elucidate such empirical constraints for the continental United States. We introduce an approach for estimating power generation from hourly water discharge, then present regionally resolved interannual seasonal and diurnal generation patterns; frequency analyses of ramp rates; minimum and maximum generation rates; daily reversals; and load duration curves, all available interactively with a new data visualization tool. We suggest that due largely to hydropower's role as power generation that also serves non‐energy purposes, it acts as a predictable variable generator with constrained dispatchability, more like a supply side analog to demand response resources than like a battery. This observation is particularly relevant for high penetration renewable energy scenarios, given hydroelectric generators' expected value for grid stabilization and load balancing.
Rheological Controls on Magma Reservoir Failure in a Thermo‐Viscoelastic Crust
Authors: Head Matthew , Hickey James , Thompson Joe , Gottsmann Joachim , Fournier Nicolas
Published: July 2022

As volcanoes undergo unrest, understanding the conditions and timescales required for magma reservoir failure, and the links to geodetic observations, are critical when evaluating the potential for magma migration to the surface and eruption. Inferring the dynamics of a pressurized magmatic system from episodes of surface deformation is heavily reliant on the assumed crustal rheology, typically represented by an elastic medium. Here, we use Finite Element models to identify the rheological response to reservoir pressurization within a temperature‐dependent Standard Linear Solid viscoelastic (“thermo‐viscoelastic”) domain. We assess the mechanical stability of a deforming reservoir by evaluating the overpressures required to initiate brittle failure along the reservoir wall, and the sensitivity to key parameters. Reservoir inflation facilitates compression of the ductile wall rock, due to the non‐uniform crustal viscosity, impacting the temporal evolution of the induced tensile stress. Thermo‐viscoelasticity enables a deforming reservoir to sustain greater overpressures prior to failure, compared to elastic analyses. High‐temperature (e.g., mafic) reservoirs fail at lower overpressures compared to low‐temperature (e.g., felsic) reservoirs, producing smaller coincident displacements at the ground surface. The impact of thermo‐viscoelasticity on reservoir failure is significant across a wide range of overpressure loading rates. By resisting mechanical failure on the reservoir wall, thermo‐viscoelasticity impacts dyke nucleation and formation of shear fractures. Numerical models may need to incorporate additional processes that act to promote failure, such as regional stresses (e.g., topographic and tectonic), external triggers (e.g., earthquake stress drops), or pre‐existing weaknesses along the reservoir wall.
Constraining Upper Mantle Viscosity Using Temperature and Water Content Inferred From Seismic and Magnetotelluric Data
Authors: Ramirez F. D. C. , Selway K. , Conrad C. P. , Lithgow‐Bertelloni C.
Published: July 2022

Mantle viscosity controls a variety of geodynamic processes such as glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), but it is poorly constrained because it cannot be measured directly from geophysical measurements. Here we develop a method that calculates viscosity using empirical viscosity flow laws coupled with mantle parameters (temperature and water content) inferred from seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) observations. We find that combining geophysical constraints allows us to place significantly tighter bounds on viscosity estimates compared to using seismic or MT observations alone. In particular, electrical conductivity inferred from MT data can determine whether upper mantle minerals are hydrated, which is important for viscosity reduction. Additionally, we show that rock composition should be considered when estimating viscosity from geophysical data because composition directly affects seismic velocity and electrical conductivity. Therefore, unknown composition increases uncertainty in temperature and water content, and makes viscosity more uncertain. Furthermore, calculations that assume pure thermal control of seismic velocity may misinterpret compositional variations as temperature, producing erroneous interpretations of mantle temperature and viscosity. Stress and grain size also affect the viscosity and its associated uncertainty, particularly via their controls on deformation regime. Dislocation creep is associated with larger viscosity uncertainties than diffusion creep. Overall, mantle viscosity can be estimated best when both seismic and MT data are available and the mantle composition, grain size and stress can be estimated. Collecting additional MT data probably offers the greatest opportunity to improve geodynamic or GIA models that rely on viscosity estimates.
Diurnal Variation in Clouds and Radiative Budgets Over the Tibetan Plateau During Summer Using CERES Data
Authors: Chen Guangcan , Zhang Xiangdong , Fu Yunfei
Published: July 2022

Diurnal variations in clouds and radiation budgets over four subareas of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during summer (June–August) are analyzed using the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) synoptic 1° (SYN1deg) data from 2000 to 2020. The results show that the total cloud amount decreases from southeast to northwest and is larger during daytime (71.1%) than nighttime (67.2%) over the entire TP. High‐clouds develop in the afternoon, persist during nighttime, and dissipate after sunrise. Low clouds develop after sunrise and dissipate in the afternoon over the entire TP, but show opposite temporal variation over the Kunlun Mountains. The net radiation budget at the top‐of‐atmosphere reaches its maximum at noon. The surface net radiation budget is positive in the daytime and negative at nighttime. These features are mainly adjusted by the cloud distribution. The diurnal variations in heating rate over the four subareas are similar in the upper atmosphere but different in the lower layer. The low‐atmosphere heating rate shows a maximum value over the center‐south (CS) subarea, while it is lowest over the west (W) subarea. Internal cloud forcing has distinct regional differences over the four subareas: it shows a heating effect in the low atmosphere and a cooling effect in the middle atmosphere over the CS subarea, whereas over the W subarea it shows a radiative cooling effect in the low atmosphere and no significant radiative effect in the middle layer. The findings of this study help toward improving our understanding of the TP's energy cycle.
Improving Multiday Solar Wind Speed Forecasts
Authors: Elliott H. A. , Arge C. N. , Henney C. J. , Dayeh M. A. , Livadiotis G. , Jahn J.‐M. , DeForest C. E.
Published: July 2022

We analyze the residual errors for the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA) solar wind speed forecasts as a function of the photospheric magnetic field expansion factor (fp) and the minimum separation angle (d) in the photosphere between the footpoints of open field lines and the nearest coronal hole boundary. We find the map of residual speed errors are systematic when examined as a function of fp and d. We use these residual error maps to apply corrections to the model speeds. We test this correction approach using 3‐day lead time speed forecasts for an entire year of observations and model results. Our methods can readily be applied to develop corrections for the remaining WSA forecast lead times which range from 1 to 7 days in 1‐day increments. Since the solar wind density, temperature, and the interplanetary magnetic field strength all correlate well with the solar wind speed, the improved accuracy of solar wind speed forecasts enables the production of multiday forecasts of the solar wind density, temperature, pressure, and interplanetary field strength, and geophysical indices. These additional parameters would expand the usefulness of Air Force Data Assimilative Photospheric Flux Transport‐WSA forecasts for space weather clients.
Resolving Continental Magma Reservoirs With 3D Surface Wave Tomography
Authors: Maguire Ross , Schmandt Brandon , Chen Min , Jiang Chengxin , Li Jiaqi , Wilgus Justin
Published: July 2022

Surface wave tomography is widely used to improve our understanding of continental magma reservoirs that may be capable of fueling explosive volcanic eruptions. However, traditional surface wave tomography based on inversions for phase velocity maps and locally 1D shear velocity may have difficulty resolving strong 3D low‐velocity anomalies associated with crustal magma reservoirs. Here, we perform synthetic tomography experiments based on 3D seismic waveform simulations to understand how the limitations of surface wave tomography could affect interpretations of tomography in volcanic settings. We focus our modeling on the Yellowstone volcanic system, one of the largest and most thoroughly studied continental magmatic systems, and explore scenarios in which the maximum shear velocity anomaly associated with the crustal magma reservoir ranges between −10% and −66%. We find that even with the well‐instrumented setting near Yellowstone, the recovered shear velocity anomalies in the mid‐to‐upper crust are severely diminished due to the small spatial scale of the reservoir with respect to the seismic wavelengths that sample it. In particular, recovered VS anomalies could be reduced by a factor of two or more, implying that the inferred melt fraction of large‐scale continental magma reservoirs may be considerably underestimated.
DMSP Poynting Flux: Data Processing and Inter‐Spacecraft Comparisons
Authors: Kilcommons Liam M. , Knipp Delores J. , Hairston Marc , Coley W. Robin
Published: July 2022

Poynting flux (PF) calculated from low Earth orbit spacecraft in situ ion drift and magnetic field measurements is an important measure of energy exchange between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft provide an extensive back‐catalog of ion drift and magnetic perturbation measurements, from which quasi‐steady PF could be calculated. However, since DMSP are operations‐focused spacecraft, data must be carefully preprocessed for research use. We describe an automated approach for calculating earthward PF focusing on pre‐processing and quality control. We produce a PF data set using nine satellite‐years of DMSP F15, F16, and F18 observations. To validate our process we inter‐compare PF from different spacecraft using more than 2,000 magnetic conjunction events. We find no serious systematic differences. We further describe and apply an equal‐area binning technique to obtain average spatial patterns of PF, magnetic perturbation, electric field and ion drift velocity. We perform our analysis using all components of electric and magnetic field and comment on the adverse consequences of the typical single‐electric‐field‐component DMSP PF approximation on inter‐spacecraft agreement. Including full‐field components significantly increases the relative strength of near‐cusp PF and increases the integrated high‐latitude PF by ∼25%.
Strain Partitioning Among Forearc Faults in Southern Cascadia Inferred From GNSS
Authors: Nuyen Carolyn P. , Schmidt David A.
Published: July 2022

Crustal faults in the southern Cascadia forearc help to accommodate strains related to plate interactions near the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ). Geologic work has identified the Little Salmon fault, Mad River fault zone (MRFZ), and Grogan fault as Quaternary‐active structures; however, the slip rates on these major fault systems are poorly constrained. This work constructs elastic block models of the MTJ region and leverages GNSS velocity data to better understand how strain is partitioned among these three faults. We evaluate models with various forearc fault structures and apply a bootstrap analysis to provide independent slip rate distributions for each fault. Model results indicate that the Little Salmon fault zone is an important structure that accommodates both thrust and right‐lateral shear motion in the forearc. Appreciable right‐lateral slip rates on the MRFZ indicate that this system plays an important role in facilitating translation of the forearc and may serve as an extension of the northern San Andreas fault system. In contrast, the models place very little strike‐slip motion on the Grogan fault and prefer this structure to mainly host reverse slip. We observe the highest slip rates on the Bear River fault zone, indicating significant strain to the north of the MTJ.
Drivers, Dynamics, and Persistence of the 2017/2018 Tasman Sea Marine Heatwave
Authors: Kajtar Jules B. , Bachman Scott D. , Holbrook Neil J. , Pilo Gabriela S.
Published: July 2022

During the austral summer of 2017/2018, the Tasman Sea experienced an intense marine heatwave over an extensive area. It persisted for approximately 3 months and caused substantial ecological impacts. The marine heatwave was understood to have been driven primarily by increased net downward heat flux associated with a high pressure system. However, it has been unclear why the marine heatwave persisted. Using an ultra‐high‐resolution (∼1 km) regional ocean model simulation, the drivers, dynamics, and persistence of the 2017/2018 marine heatwave are explored in detail. It is found that a burst of warm water advection helped to initiate the event, but a shallower than usual mixed layer, coupled with near continuous net downward air‐sea heat flux, caused the marine heatwave to persist. Submesoscale dynamics were found to be relatively unimportant to the marine heatwave's persistence.
Sensitivity Analysis of Wind and Turbulence Predictions With Mesoscale‐Coupled Large Eddy Simulations Using Ensemble Machine Learning
Authors: Kaul Colleen M. , Hou Zhangshuan Jason , Zhou Huifen , Rai Raj K. , Berg Larry K.
Published: July 2022

Coupling between mesoscale models and large‐eddy simulation (LES) models is increasingly used to more realistically represent the wide range of scales of atmospheric motions affecting boundary layer winds and turbulence that need to be simulated accurately for applications such as wind energy. However, such mesoscale‐to‐microscale coupled modeling frameworks are potentially affected by a large number of uncertain closure parameters. Here, we investigate the sensitivity associated with six closure parameters related to a 1.5‐order subgrid‐scale turbulence closure for an ensemble of mesoscale‐coupled LES. The simulations are performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model nested from horizontal resolutions of greater than a kilometer down to tens of meters. Closure parameters are varied to generate perturbed parameter ensembles for two case studies of highly sheared, convective boundary layers observed in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington during the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project. Machine learning algorithms are used to explore the sensitivity of LES predictions, considering the effects of the perturbed physical parameters alongside categorical factors such as the case study identity, measurement location, and LES resolution. For the conditions we examine, a single parameter, the eddy viscosity coefficient, is the dominant source of parametric sensitivity and its importance is comparable to the categorical factors for several of the simulation response variables we examine.
A 4DEnVar‐Based Ensemble Four‐Dimensional Variational (En4DVar) Hybrid Data Assimilation System for Global NWP: System Description and Primary Tests
Authors: Zhu Shujun , Wang Bin , Zhang Lin , Liu Juanjuan , Liu Yongzhu , Gong Jiandong , Xu Shiming , Wang Yong , Huang Wenyu , Liu Li , He Yujun , Wu Xiangjun , Zhao Bin , Chen Fajing
Published: July 2022

This study developed an ensemble four‐dimensional variational (En4DVar) hybrid data assimilation system. Different from most of the available En4DVar systems that adopted ensemble Kalman Filter class or ensemble data assimilation approaches to produce ensemble covariances for their hybrid background error covariances (BECs), it used a four‐dimensional ensemble variational (4DEnVar) system to obtain the ensemble covariance. The localization scheme for 4DEnVar applied orthogonal functions to decompose the correlation matrix so that it was implemented easily and rapidly. In terms of analysis quality and forecast skill, the En4DVar system was evaluated in the single‐point observation experiments and observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) with sounding and cloud‐derived wind observations, using its standalone four‐dimensional variational (4DVar) and 4DEnVar components as references. The single‐point observation experiments visually verified the explicit flow‐dependent characteristic of the BEC due to the introduction of the ensemble covariance from the 4DEnVar system. The OSSE‐based sensitivity experiments revealed different contributions of the weight for the ensemble covariance in the En4DVar system to the forecasts in the Northern and Southern Extratropics and Tropics. A much higher weight for the ensemble covariance in a properly inflated hybrid covariance helped En4DVar produce the most reasonable analysis. The forecast initialized by En4DVar is overall better than by 4DVar and 4DEnVar, although the quality of En4DVar analysis is between those of 4DVar and 4DEnVar ensemble mean analyses. It indicates that the flow‐dependent ensemble covariance provided by 4DEnVar dominantly contributes to the improvements in the En4DVar‐initialized forecast, with certain but necessary constraint from the balanced climatological covariance.
PARP14 is a novel target in STAT6 mutant follicular lymphoma
Authors: Mentz Michael , Keay William , Strobl Carolin Dorothea , Antoniolli Martina , Adolph Louisa , Heide Michael , Lechner Axel , Haebe Sarah , Osterode Elisa , Kridel Robert , Ziegenhain Christoph , Wange Lucas Esteban , Hildebrand Johannes Adrian , Shree Tanaya , Silkenstedt Elisabeth , Staiger Annette M. , Ott German , Horn Heike , Szczepanowski Monika , Richter Julia , Levy Ronald , Rosenwald Andreas , Enard Wolfgang , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Klapper Wolfram , Schmidt-Supprian Marc , Rudelius Martina , Bararia Deepak , Passerini Verena , Weigert Oliver
Published: July 2022

The variable clinical course of follicular lymphoma (FL) is determined by the molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells and complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-4 producing follicular helper T cells (TFH) are critical components of the FL TME. Binding of IL-4 to IL-4R on FL cells activates JAK/STAT signaling. We identified STAT6 mutations (STAT6MUT) in 13% of FL (N = 33/258), all clustered within the DNA binding domain. Gene expression data and immunohistochemistry showed upregulation of IL-4/STAT6 target genes in STAT6MUT FL, including CCL17, CCL22, and FCER2 (CD23). Functionally, STAT6MUT was gain-of-function by serial replating phenotype in pre-B CFU assays. Expression of STAT6MUT enhanced IL-4 induced FCER2/CD23, CCL17 and CCL22 expression and was associated with nuclear accumulation of pSTAT6. RNA sequencing identified PARP14 -a transcriptional switch and co-activator of STAT6- among the top differentially upregulated genes in IL-4 stimulated STAT6MUT lymphoma cells and in STAT6MUT primary FL cells. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) demonstrated binding of STAT6MUT but not STAT6WT to the PARP14 promotor. Reporter assays showed increased IL-4 induced transactivation activity of STAT6MUT at the PARP14 promotor, suggesting a self-reinforcing regulatory circuit. Knock-down of PARP14 or PARP-inhibition abrogated the STAT6MUT gain-of-function phenotype. Thus, our results identify PARP14 as a novel therapeutic target in STAT6MUT FL.
Reproducible measurable residual disease detection by multiparametric flow cytometry in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Röhnert Maximilian A. , Kramer Michael , Schadt Jonas , Ensel Philipp , Thiede Christian , Krause Stefan W. , Bücklein Veit , Hoffmann Jörg , Jaramillo Sonia , Schlenk Richard F. , Röllig Christoph , Bornhäuser Martin , McCarthy Nicholas , Freeman Sylvie , Oelschlägel Uta , von Bonin Malte
Published: July 2022

Measurable residual disease (MRD) detected by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) is associated with unfavorable outcome in patients with AML. A simple, broadly applicable eight-color panel was implemented and analyzed utilizing a hierarchical gating strategy with fixed gates to develop a clear-cut LAIP-based DfN approach. In total, 32 subpopulations with aberrant phenotypes with/without expression of markers of immaturity were monitored in 246 AML patients after completion of induction chemotherapy. Reference values were established utilizing 90 leukemia-free controls. Overall, 73% of patients achieved a response by cytomorphology. In responders, the overall survival was shorter for MRDpospatients (HR 3.8,p = 0.006). Overall survival of MRDnegnon-responders was comparable to MRDnegresponders. The inter-rater-reliability for MRD detection was high with a Krippendorffs α of 0.860. The mean time requirement for MRD analyses at follow-up was very short with 04:31 minutes. The proposed one-tube MFC approach for detection of MRD allows a high level of standardization leading to a promising inter-observer-reliability with a fast turnover. MRD defined by this strategy provides relevant prognostic information and establishes aberrancies outside of cell populations with markers of immaturity as an independent risk feature. Our results imply that this strategy may provide the base for multicentric immunophenotypic MRD assessment.
Glutamine addiction promotes glucose oxidation in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Quek Lake-Ee , van Geldermalsen Michelle , Guan Yi Fang , Wahi Kanu , Mayoh Chelsea , Balaban Seher , Pang Angel , Wang Qian , Cowley Mark J. , Brown Kristin K. , Turner Nigel , Hoy Andrew J. , Holst Jeff
Published: July 2022

Glutamine is a conditionally essential nutrient for many cancer cells, but it remains unclear how consuming glutamine in excess of growth requirements confers greater fitness to glutamine-addicted cancers. By contrasting two breast cancer subtypes with distinct glutamine dependencies, we show that glutamine-indispensable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells rely on a non-canonical glutamine-to-glutamate overflow, with glutamine carbon routed once through the TCA cycle. Importantly, this single-pass glutaminolysis increases TCA cycle fluxes and replenishes TCA cycle intermediates in TNBC cells, a process that achieves net oxidation of glucose but not glutamine. The coupling of glucose and glutamine catabolism appears hard-wired via a distinct TNBC gene expression profile biased to strip and then sequester glutamine nitrogen, but hampers the ability of TNBC cells to oxidise glucose when glutamine is limiting. Our results provide a new understanding of how metabolically rigid TNBC cells are sensitive to glutamine deprivation and a way to select vulnerable TNBC subtypes that may be responsive to metabolic-targeted therapies.