bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMBINED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER TO THERMALLY DEVELOPING FLOW IN HORIZONTAL CIRCULAR CYLINDER
Authors: Salman Yasin K. , Ahmed Hussain H. , Hussein A. M.
Published: March 2024

Experiments were conducted to study the local and average heat transfer by mixed convection for hydrodynamically fully developed but thermally developing laminar air flow in horizontal circular cylinder. The experimental setup using an aluminum cylinder as test section with 30 mm inside diameter and 900 mm heated length (L/D=30), is subjected to a constant wall heat flux boundary condition. The investigation covers Reynolds number range from (400 to 1600), heat flux varied from (60W/m² to 400W/m²)and by using an aluminum entrance section pipes (calming sections) having the same inside diameter as test section pipe but with variable lengths as entrance sections. The entrance sections included a long calming section of length 240 cm (L/D=80) and two short calming sections with lengths 60 cm (L/D=20), 120 cm (L/D=40). The results present the temperature variation along the cylinder surface and the local and average Nusselt number variation with the dimensionless axial distance (Z). For all entrance sections, the results show an increase in the Nusselt number values as the heat flux increases. Also, the mixed convection regime can be bounded by a suitable selection of (Re) number ranges and the heat flux ranges. The obtained Richardson numbers (Ri) range varied approximately from (0.1171 to 12.54).
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A TAPERED GLASS WINDOW
Authors: Ali Luma F.
Published: March 2024

The conjugate heat transfer problem through a glass window with non-uniform thickness is presented. The problem was studied using the fully implicit finite difference numerical technique. The tapered glass window is subjected to a convective boundary condition on the outer uniform side of the window and the heat transfer coefficient depends on the direction of the flow. While the inside boundary condition is at constant comfortable temperature. The upper and lower edge of the tapered section is also at constant temperature but equal to the mean temperature between the indoor and the outdoor temperature. In the first part a rectangular cross section an area of 4mm width and I'm height was taken under study. While, in the second part of the study, a tapered cross section with different tapered angles of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 degree was held. Another case of the equal cross section area of the tapered and the rectangular cross section was also studied. Good results were obtained and reported graphically. It was found that the ratio of the heat loss by convection from the linear tapered to the rectangular section increases with the increasing of time and the tapered angle
THE SELECTION OF OPTIMUM ROAD PATH USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS )
Authors: Al-Joboory Bashar S. , Al-Bakry Maitham M. , Al-Hamadany Oday Y.
Published: March 2024

In this research a modern scientific procedure was used utilizing geographic information systemGIS in selecting the optimum road path between two cities . All the programming facilities offeredby ArcView GIS software with its extensions of spatial analysis and 3D analysis to solve the problem .The solution take a form of geographic map graduated in colors from best to bad portion of land that the suggested road could pass through. The proposed procedure was checked by conventional mathematical solution used in such problems and the results were both agreed.
SLANTLET TRANSFORM-BASED OFDM SCHEME
Authors: Abbas Sulaiman M. , Abbas Mohammed Nadhim , Mohammed Saifuldeen A.
Published: March 2024

Wireless digital communication is rapidly expanding resulting in a demand for systems that are reliable and have a high spectral efficiency. To fulfill these demands OFDM technology has drawn a lot of attention. In this paper a new technique is proposed to improve the performance of OFDM. The new technique is use the slantlet transform (SLT) instead Fast Fourier transform (FFT) in order to reduce the level of interference. This also will remove the need for Guard interval (GI) in the case of the FFT-OFDM and therefore improve the bandwidth efficiency of the OFDM. The SLT-OFDM is also better than wavelet packet (WP)-OFDM in the selective channel because the slantlet filter bank is less frequency selective than the traditional DWT filter bank, due to the shorter length of the filters and SLT algorithm is faster than WP algorithm. The main results obtained indicate that the performance of SLT-OFDM is better on average by 18dB in comparison with that of FFT-OFDM flat fading channels. For frequency selective fading channel the SLT-OFDM performs is better than the FFT-OFDM on the lower SNR region, while the situation will reverse with increase SNR values.
MONITORING PROCESS IN TURNING OPERATIONS FOR CRACKED MATERIAL ALLOY USING STRAIN AND VIBRATION SENSOR WITH NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFICATION
Authors: AL-Sahib Nabeel Kadim Abid
Published: March 2024

Surface finish and monitoring tool wear is essential for optimization of machining parameters and performing automated manufacturing systems. There is a very close relationship between tool wear and machining material parameters as surface roughness, shrinkage, cracks, hard particle ... etc. Monitoring of manufacturing processes plays a very important role to avoid dawn time of the machine, or prevent unwanted conditions such as chatter, excessive tool wear or breakage. Feature extraction and decision making is a matter of considerable interest for condition monitoring of complex phenomena with multiple sensors.  In this work, the implementation of a monitoring system utilizing simultaneous vibration and strain measurements on the tool tip is investigated for the shrinkage and crack of cast iron work piece. Machining parameters taken into consideration are cutting speed (116.5 and 136.6) m/min, feed rate (0.17 and 0.23)rev/min respectively and depth of cut (1) mm. Data from the machining processes were recorded with one piezoelectric strain sensor type (PCB 740B02) and an accelerometer type (4370), each coupled to the data acquisition card type (9111 DR). There were 22 features indicative of crack were extracted from the original signal. These include features from the time domain (mean, STD, crest factor, RMS, kurtosis, variance), frequency domains (power spectral density), time-series model coefficient (AR) and four packet features extracted from wavelet packet analysis (RMS, STD, kurtosis, crest factor). The (2x1) self organizing map neural network was employed to identify the crack and shrinkage effect on the tool state. The program used with this process is MATLAB V.6.5. As a result of the present work, we have an SOM model can classifying the crack with minimal error.
COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF FURFURAL AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ONTO ACTIVATED CARBON IN FIXED BED COLUMN
Authors: SULAYMON ABBAS H. , AHMED KAWTHER W.
Published: March 2024

For a multicomponent competitive adsorption of furfural and phenolic compounds, a mathematical model was built to describe the mass transfer kinetics in a fixed bed column with activated carbon. The effects of competitive adsorption equilibrium constant, axial dispersion, external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion resistance on the breakthrough curve were studied for weakly adsorbed compound (furfural) and strongly compounds (parachlorophenol and phenol). Experiments were carried out to remove the furfural and phenolic compound from aqueous solution. The equilibrium data and intraparticle diffusion coefficients obtained from separate experiments in a batch absorber, by fitting the experimental data with theoretical model. The results show that the mathematical model includes external mass transfer and pore diffusion using nonlinear isotherms, provides a good description of the adsorption process for furfural and phenolic compounds in fixed bed adsorber.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GYPSEOUS SOILS TREATED WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: Al-Abdullah Saad Farhan , Al-Dulaimi Nabeel Shaker Mahmood
Published: March 2024

Gypseous Soils are distributed in many regions in the world including Iraq, which cover about(31.7%) of the surface area of the country. Existence of these soils, some times with high gypsumcontent, caused difficult problems to the buildings and strategic projects due to dissolution andleaching of the gypsum slates by the action of water flow through the soil mass.In this study the effect of treatment with Dihydrate Calcium Chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) as watersolution on compaction, compressibility, leaching, permeability and shear strength characteristics ofGypseous soil is investigated. It is found that the maximum dry unit weight increases while optimum moisture content decreases with the increase in the concentration of calcium chloride in the molding water. It is concluded that the engineering properties of the samples are highly improved when thesamples are soaked in calcium chloride solution at (20%) concentration. Where, considerablereduction is observed in compressibility, collapsibility, coefficient of permeability, percentage ofdissolved gypsum and leaching strain. Also, the treatment minimizes the reduction in cohesioncomponent (c) upon soaking in water and slightly decreases the angle of internal friction (f).Analysis of the tests results showed that the using of calcium chloride solution in improvement the gypseous soil is more efficient than using it in any other form (powder).
EVALUATION OF COLLAPSIBILITY OF GYPSEOUS SOILS IN IRAQ
Authors: Seleam Shewnim N.
Published: March 2024

Gypseous soils can be found in arid and semi arid region. In civil engineering it can be defined that a soil is a gypseous soil when it has gypsum content enough to change the properties of this soil. Collapsibility of these soils was found to be of major importance. The collapsibility of the soil can be estimated from the term "Collapse Potential (CP)" which can be obtained from two types of tests performed in the oedometer device; (1) Single Collapse Test (SCT) and (2) Double Oedometer Test (DOT). In this study, an analysis of the results obtained by 7 researchers in Iraq was performed. The data collected included basic properties for each sample in addition to the results of the two collapsibility tests. A total of 50 samples were analyzed and it was noticed that 33 % of the investigated soils have a CP less than 1% which are considered as "No Trouble" soils and about 60% have a CP ranging between 1 and 5 which are considered as "moderate trouble" soils. The factors affecting collapsibility were studied and it appeared that the initial water content, void ratio and total unit weight are the major factors while the gypsum content and plasticity index seem to have lesser effect. Three proposed equations are introduced to estimate CP at 200 kPa as obtained from (SCT) from other parameters. These equations are: (1) CP from (DOT) (2) CP from different soaking pressures and (3) CP from basic soil properties (initial water content, void ratio and gypsum content). These equations have a regression (R-squared) ranging between 0.7 and 0.85
Modeling Seepage Control in Hydraulic Structures
Authors: El-Suhaili Rafa H. , Al-Joubori Fawaz M. Aziz
Published: March 2024

This paper brings together random field generation and finite element technique to model steadystate seepage through two dimensional soil domain in which the hydraulic conductivity is randomlydistributed in space. The analysis treats the hydraulic conductivity as a spatially random property withspecified mean, variance and spatial correlation length. The results of the combined model used in anoptimization procedure to obtain the optimum dimension of the hydraulic structure seepage controltechniques.
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TIGRIS RIVER POLLUTION (BETWEEN JADIRRIYA AND DORA BRIDGES)
Authors: Al-Shami Alaa , Al-Ani Najmiddin , Al-Shalchi Thana Kamil
Published: March 2024

Al-Saidiya PN pumping station raw sewage discharges forms the major pollution source to Tigris river between Al-Jadirriya and Al-Dora bridges, its main importance comes from its location upstream to Al-Dora water treatment plant. In an attempt to evaluate the environmental effects on water quality within the river reach under study, special emphasis was put on evaluating the environmental impact of Al-Saidiya (PN) pumping station wastewater discharges on downstream intakes of water supply, using parameters Oil & Grease, DO, BOD and Coliform & Feacal coliform, in addition to SO4, Cl & EC distributionsin three dimensions. It was found that most pollutants concentrations at Al-Dora WTP range within thepermissible level for Iraqi raw waters; with the exceptions of Coliform and Feacal Coliform that are highly above the limits; SO4 and BOD showed some high values. Concentrations of pollutants NH3, SO4, BOD, Coliform and Feacal Coliform showed higher values at Al-Dora WTP site compared to Al-Qadissiya and Al-Rasheed WTPs sites. Oil & Grease high concentrations measured at Al-Saidiya pumping station showed that it should not be allowed to discharge directly to the river. Another importance of this location comes from the river hydraulic characteristics represented by the sharp U-shape bend that enhances the transversal mixing process, and hence facilitates the pollutants distribution, through the secondary currents and spiral flow.
A MODIFIED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SCALE FACTOR OF THE PROJECTED GEODESIC
Authors: Mahdi Hussein Alwan
Published: March 2024

Conformal projection is one of the most important aspects that geodesy dealing with. Thedetermination of the scale factors in the meridian, the parallel and projected geodesic directions are thefinal result of the conformal projection. Methods for determining the scale factors in the meridian andthe parallel directions have a quite sufficient accuracy. While methods for determining the projectedgeodesic have different accuracy and computation complicity.This research adopts a modified method for computing the exact value of scale factor ingeodesic direction. In this method the scale factor is obtained by determining the true and projecteddistances of the geodetic line. In the traditional methods for determining the projected distance it isusual to use the 1/3 Simpson's rule in the computations while the modified method the 3/8 Simpson'srule is used.Computations and mathematical tests were carried out to obtain the scale factors using thetraditional methods and comparison was made with modified method.By applying the developed method and the traditional methods to calculate the scale factor, it wasfound that the modified method is more accurate and the projected distances can be obtained exactly.
CURVATURE DUCTILITYOF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM SECTIONS STIFFENED WITH STEEL PLATES
Authors: Al-Azzawi Thamir K. , Al Azzawi Raad K. , Ibrahim Teghreed H.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents theoretical parametric study of the curvature ductility capacity forreinforced concrete beam sections stiffened with steel plates. The study considers the behavior ofconcrete and reinforcing steel under different strain rates. A computer program has been written tocompute the curvature ductility taking into account the spalling in concrete cover. Strain ratesensitive constitutive models of steel and concrete were used for predicting the moment-curvaturerelationship of reinforced concrete beams at different rate of straining. The study parameters are theyield strength of main reinforcement, yield strength of transverse reinforcement, compressivestrength of concrete, spacing of stirrups and steel plate thickness. The results indicated that higherstrain rates improve both the curvature ductility and the moment capacity of reinforced concretebeam sections. Moreover the section curvature ductility increases as the thickness of the stiffeningplates decreases.
STRATIFIED WATER-OIL-GAS FLOW THROUGH HORIZONTAL PIPES
Authors: Aswad Zeiad A. R. , Hamad-Allah Sameera M. , Alzubaidi Faaiz H. R.
Published: March 2024

Stratified three-phase flow through horizontal pipe has been studied experimentally. Thefluids used in the system are water, kerosene, and air. A closed loop flow system, which composedof 0.051 m inside diameter and 4 m length test pipe, is designed with facilities for measuring flowrate, pressure drop and thickness of each phase.The effects of gas, liquid flow rates and water liquid ratio (WLR) have been experimentallyobserved. It was found that liquid (water, and oil) thickness decreased when the gas flow rate isincreased with constant liquid flow rate, and increased when the liquid flow rate is increased atconstant gas flow rate. Pressure drop increased when the gas and/or liquid flow rate is increased.Three equations have been formulated, using the experimental data of the present work, topredict liquid, water thickness and system pressure drop in stratified three-phase flow in horizontalpipe. High correlation coefficients are obtained for these equations.The experimental results are compared with the results obtained from three-phase model ofTaital, Barnea, & Brill (1995). The comparison showed that the predicted data which obtained fromthree-phase flow model Taital et al. (1995) is in good agreement with experimental data.
EFFECTIVE STRESS FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PILE-SOIL INTERACTION PROBLEMS
Authors: Al-Shakarchi Yousif J. , Fattah Mohammed Yousif , Raheem Aram M.
Published: March 2024

The effective stress method is developed to predict the axial capacity of piles in clay. Thismethod is based on the principle that, at failure, the available shear resistance at the pile soilinterface is related to the mean normal effective stress at the pile face and the effective stressfriction angle for the soil sliding on the pile material.In this paper, the coupled non-linear finite element method is used to analyze some pile-soilinteraction problems. This computer program ( CRISP ) is used for this task. Eight- nodeisoparametric elements were used for displacements while four- node elements are used forpore pressure. Interface elements are used to simulate the interaction between the pile and thesoil. The soil is assumed to follow different models, linear elastic and modified Cam-claymodel. A comparison is made between the measured and predicted settlements and excesspore water pressures and good convergence was obtained in which the proposed techniqueused in this paper, in which the measured excess pore water pressures are considered as initialpore pressures in the computer program ( CRISP ). No load was applied on the pile. Thedissipation of excess pore water was studied through carrying out consolidation analysis.
TREATMENT OF LOW– AND INTERMEDIATE– LEVEL RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE FROM ALTWATHA SITE USING IRAQI ZEOLITE
Authors: Zaiter Maysoon Jawdat
Published: March 2024

Ion exchange material used in this study is synthetic inorganic resin. It is Iraqi synthetic zeolite type Na-A, which was prepared from Iraqi kaolinite. The prepared zeolite pellets were solidified by heat treatment at 600oC for 3 hours. Nine radiochemical experiments were carried out on real (radioactive) samples. Five of these experiments were to study the uptake rate (sorption rate) of cobalt-60. The measured value for equilibrium time was one hour. The other experiments were carried out to obtain sorption isotherm using batch test. The product cobalt concentration was fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as followed respectively:x/m= 1.25 Ce / (1+6*104 Ce)x/m= 8*10-4 Ce 0.4Gamma spectrometry analysis system of Sodium Iodide (NaI) detector coupled with a multichannel analyzer, was used for the measurements of radioactivity of the samples pre- and after treatment with zeolite. In general the experimental results have shown an efficient performance of the Iraqi zeolite to remove different cobalt concentration from low- and intermediate- level radioactive liquid waste.
STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR WELDS
Authors: Abbas Muna K. , Khalaf Kasim A. , Nawi Sami A.
Published: March 2024

In this research dissimilar welds were made of low carbon steel (A516) and austenitic stainless steel (316L) by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and with different electrodes (E7018) , (E6013) , (E309L) and (E308L). The sheet thickness (6 mm), welding current (120 A), voltage (78V), polarity (DCRP) and electrode diameter (3.25 mm) were remained constant. Many tests were carried out, mechanical tests included tensile test, bending and microhardness also made , and metallurgical inspections included microstructure, delta- ferrite phase and x- ray diffraction analysis. It was found from tensile and bending tests results that the electrode (E309L) was the most convenient for dissimilar welds of base metal (C.St. A516) and (St. St. 316L). Hardness tests showed that the highesthardness value appears in (HAZ) and there are two peaks of maximum hardness, each peak value in each (HAZ) for both dissimilar metals, the peak values are not equal and the higher value appears in the zone, where the electrode differ from the base metal, i. e. when the electrode is used (E6013) thehigher value appeared in the (HAZ) which is near the stainless steel (316L), and when the electrode (E309L) is used, the higher value appeared in (HAZ) near the low carbon steel (A516) .The tests demonstrated that the delta (δ) ferrite phase was about 3-10% near stainless steel and for all used electrodes.
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN A VERTICAL CONCENTRIC ANNULUS
Authors: Mohammed Akeel A.
Published: March 2024

Experiments were carried out to study the local and average heat transfer by natural convection in a vertical concentric cylindrical annulus. The experimental setup consists of an annulus has a radius ratio of 0.555 and inner cylinder with a heated length 1.2m subjected to the constant heat flux while the outer cylinder is subjected to the ambient temperature. The investigation covers heat flux range from 58.2 W/m2to 274.31 W/m2. Results show an increase in the natural convection as heat flux increases leads to an improve in the heat transfer process. An empirical equation of average Nusselt number as a function of Raylieh number was deduced .
تطوير انتاج البلاطات الخرسانية (الشتايكر)
Authors: المشهداني شاكر احمد , ال عطار طارق صالح , الخطيب علاء مهدي
Published: March 2024

تضمن البحث إجراء دراسو شاممو لواقع حال وآفاق تطوير منتوج بالطات التسطيح الخرسانيو )الشتايكر( الشائعـَـبَأإلستخدام وأإلنتاج في الع ارق. ت إن أغمب , إن لم يكن كل , المنتوج يفشل في تحقيق متطمبات المواصفوَـنَيالقياسية العراقيو 0016 لسنة .0877 سطوانات ومواشير ومن ثم قطع شتايكر
تم إعداد نماذج تتضمن مكعبات واأألساليب المتبعو محمياً ومن ثم تحمميا لمحاكاة وجرى فحصيا لمعرفة مقاومتيا لإلنضغاط وأإلنشطار وأإلنثناءلمحمل المستعرض وقياس قابميتيا لإلمتصاص , وقد إتضح من خالل الفحص بأنيا دون المستوى القياسيالمطموب. من خالل معرفة قوة التحمل المستعرض المطموبو تم حساب مقاومة أإلنثناء الدنيا المستيدفو ومن ثمُطمق عميياَـبي ذلك وقد اـمُجرى تصميم حمطو خرسانيو ت إسم الخمطو الجديده. تم تكرار إعداد النماذج )التي بمغمجموع عيناتيا الكمي 51 سموب المعالجو.أثبتتعينو( ولكن بإستخدام الخمطو الجديده مع أإلىتمام بتدرج الركام واالفحوصات بإن نماذج الشتايكر تفوق متطمبات المواصفو.رغم نجاح النماذج الجديده مختبرياً , ال ازل أإلعتقاد قائماً بوجود إمكانيو لفشل بعض النماذج عندما يستمر أإلنتاجالنمطي وتضعف المراقبو والسيطره النوعيو, وعميو تم تجريب طريقو جديده لتعزيز بالطات الخمطة الجديدة بمشبكاتسمكيو. أدت ىذه الطريقة الى زيادة قوة التحمل المستعرض بمقدار.%10
ASSESSING THE RISK AND POTENTIAL OF PERSONAL EXPOSURE TO ROAD GENERATED POLLUTANT EMISSIONS THROUGH URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Authors: Sarsam Saad Issa
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a study to assess the degree of personal exposure to traffic generated pollutant emission along urban arterials in Mosul. The traffic flow characteristics (volume, speed, density, and vehicle type) were determined in the field at selected locations on the arterials.The vehicular traffic which includes (drivers, number of passengers in vehicles on the road, and pedestrian) exposed to road generated emissions were obtained through field survey.The vehicle emissions of CO, VOC, and NOx were calculated using air pollution estimation computer model (Mobile 4.1). It was concluded that the emission of CO, VOC, and NOx exceeds the standard level requirements. The risk arising from personal exposure to traffic generated emissions of such pollutants was analyzed and the degree of personal exposure of road users (drivers, passengers, and pedestrians) to pollutants emission along urban arterials in Mosul was determined.
EVALUATION OF THE SACRIFICIAL ANODE CATHODIC PROTECTION OF CARBON STEEL IN 0.5M NACL USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Authors: Yaro Aprael Sarkis
Published: March 2024

This study examined the effect of Temperature (T); flow rate(F); and pH ; on the zinc consumption as sacrificial anode in cathodic protection of steel pipe carrying saline solution (i.e., 0.5 M NaCl) using a 23 factorial design. Rates of zinc consumption during cathodic protection were measured by weight loss technique and it ranges from 7.5x10-3 to 98.9x10-3 g/cm2.day. For the system under investigation, the cell responsible for cathodic protection is Zn/NaCl/Fe .It was found that both temperature and flow rate increases the zinc consumption while pH decreases it sharply.It was found also that the interaction between the temperature and pH is the dominant term compared with other interactions.
Factors effecting locating Industrial Buildings in the Industrial Site
Authors: ألبدري أمجد محمود عبد الله
Published: March 2024

Industrial building architecture of grand measures represent a reflection of industry diversity relating its items and functional vast requirements ;therefore, factories buildings should be recognized from their concept, various designs , location plus the factors effecting locating them within the location and effecting climate situations, to ensure adequacy of its their thermal performance with the minimum consumed industrial energy To locate the industrial building and other spaces activities within the location, this requires studying the relation exchanged between the building and constructive natural components of the location (Regional Factors) and the location atmosphere circumstances (Planning Factors). All this to relate with the location climate design concept, that aims at improving the building thermal performance basically. this is represented by the principle of rationing energy consumption on the hypothetical range of the building age and providing an internal environment comfortable for occupants that are consistent with requirements of thermal, light, visual, and sound comfort of the factors space. this what the research seeks at.
WATER QUALITY INDICES FOR TIGRIS RIVER IN BAGHDAD CITY
Authors: AL Suhaili RAFA H. SH. , NASSER NAWAR O.A.
Published: March 2024

Due to the deterioration of water quality within the last few years because of the increase of water consumption and the waste water production and disposal into the river The water quality in both surface and ground water resources was negatively affected .The concept of water quality index is used as a tool for water quality classification in Tigris River within Baghdad City .Twenty two parameters of pollution were selected to measure the water quality indices of Tigris river within Baghdad city .Those parameters were measured during (2000-2004)as average monthly values ,three water treatment plants were selected out of the eight water treatment plants that exist along the river.Al Kharkh water treatment plant to reflect the water quality north of Baghdad ,Al Wathba water treatment plant to reflect water quality at the center and Al Rasheed water treatment plant located south of Baghdad to reflect the water quality at this area .The estimated water quality indices indicated that the river quality deteriorate south of Baghdad and the geological and hydrological conditions played the prime role relative to the agricultural and industrial activities within the catchments on the quality of Tigris river .Furthermore ,due to the continuous decrease of flow and the simultaneous increase in agricultural and industrial development with time ,the river showed a general deterioration in quality while the worst years were 2002,2003 due to the significant decrease in the amount of flow .
مدن الصحراء بينالمكونات الايكواوجية والحلول التخطيطية
Authors: الملا حويش لوي طه , جمعة انتصار قدوري , المومن احلام
Published: March 2024

يبدو الاثر الكبير للمكونات الايكولوجية ..............
THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FUEL DROPLET COMBUSTION PROCESS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND TRANSIENT MODELS
Authors: ABDULMAJEED BASMA ABBAS , SABRI ALI
Published: March 2024

The study introduces a theoretical analysis and numerical solution for the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel droplet inside the combustion chamber. The study employs two mathematical models to analyze the combustion process. Conventional (Classical) model and Transient model. The combustion process of a stagnant droplet in the steady state was analyzed in the classical model, while, In the transient model, it was assumed that there is a period of time in the stages of the droplet combustion in which the droplet is heated before combustion. The effect of change in temperature on the thermo-physical properties of the fuel was adopted through the two models. For the classical model, a convenient approximation was adopted for the heat transferred inside the droplet.
EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DORA REFINERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
Authors: Al-Suhaili Rafa H. , Abed Muwafaq A.
Published: March 2024

Oil refineries are major contributors to local environmental problems .The main pollutants are oil , dissolved components , spent acids , suspended solids, sludge . Technically it is possible to remove all these pollutants by Physical , chemical and biological means .Oil is initially removed in the (API) separators , by skimming, while the heavy particles by scrapping . Further removal of discrete particles is done by gravity settlement in the primary settlement tank .The remaining suspended matter is removed by chemicals , that are added in the flocculation tank , while further flocs are removed in the air flotation tank . The biological treatment follows to remove the biological pollutants , usually followed by secondary settlement to reduce the flux of suspended particles carried with the effluent water. This thesis deals with the Dora refinery wastewater treatment plant , its present performance in comparison with the designed treatment performance and its final effluents compared with the Iraqi discharged water quality limitations .In order to identify the characteristics of the refinery effluents and to evaluate the performance of the refinery wastewater treatment plant , wastewater from different treatment stages were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters . Using these parameters as the criteria of performance , comparisons were made between the actual and the designed performance for various potential pollutants. The sampling was conducted during 6 months from May to October 2006 , with two samples in each month for each of the units, one before , and one after.The results showed that the wastewater treatment plant in Al-Dora Refinery performed significantly, where high removal efficiencies , were obtained. For T.S.S , Oil , COD , BOD , Sulfide and Phenol which were 95% , 88% , 86% , 81% , 85% and 97% respectively . And the plant was not very efficient in NH3 , SO4 and PO4 removal .
USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR A TWO- TANK LEVEL CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Abdul-Wahab Omar W.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller for a two-tank level control system, which is a process with a dead time. The fuzzy controller is a proportional-integral (PI-like) fuzzy controller which is suitable for steady state behavior of the system. Transient behavior of the system was improved without the need for a derivative action by suitable change in the rule base of the controller. Simulation results showed the step response of the two-tank level control system when this controller was used to control this plant and the effect of the dead time on the response of the system.
CAPABIIITY OF FORGING TECHNIQUE TO PRODUCE ROUND SHAPE FLANGE USING (POM) MATERIAL UNDER COLD AND HOT CONDITIONS
Authors: Rashid Talib.H.
Published: March 2024

The paper studied capability o f forging proces s to produce round shape flange using ace t al (celcon celconR polymer w hich is an engineering crystalline material having a good ductility if it is preheated The process done under cold & hot conditions Th i s kind of technique guarantees a produc t with high strength and stiffness better than what injection molding could achieve . The products showed crack and curling traces on the flange under cold forging, but a good product was achieved by heating the billet and the tools to (100 C o with i mprovem ent in the mechanical properties The paper discussed also through stress strain c urves manner of deformation through forging action . The results explained that POM (celcon celconR) is forgeable polymer if it is preheated at 100 C o ) using slow speed pre ss by closed die forging process under applied pressure of 170 Mpa to produce round shape flange, while this technique f ailed to forge same polymer at room temperature.
Simulation of Scheduling Production System by Using Integrating Simulation Models with Artificial Neural Network Model
Authors: AL-Daoud Z. I. , Shams Ouf A.
Published: March 2024

Traditional methods of dealing with finding the relationship between the inputs data of simulation models and the outputs data fail or takes a long time to find this relationship. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the ability to learn complex relationships between inputs and outputs. Their use can greatly enhance simulation models and allow for more accurate representations of real life scenarios.This paper is concerned with the application of the mechanism of integrating simulation models with artificial neural network (ANN) model. This mechanism was tested by integrating simulation models of re-tubing heat exchangers line (RTHEL) with ANN model to schedule entering exchangers to inside retubing workshop. The result of applying this mechanism of integration in system (RTHEL) was in reducing completion time of re-tubing batches of heat exchangers by about (12.5%).
HYDROLOGICAL MODELING OF ASSANNA’F MARSH
Authors: Al Zubaidy Riyadh Z. , Al Thamiry Hayder A. , Al Khafaji Mahmoud S.
Published: March 2024

AsSanna'f Marsh is one of the southern Iraqi Marshes. It is considered as a seasonal marsh. During rainy season, the marsh feeders start to fill the nearly empty region of the marsh and the water levels start to increase gradually. After the water level reaches a specific value, it starts to flow toward Al Huwayza Marsh. Studies on the hydrological properties of AsSanna'f Marsh are rare and there is a lack of hydrological data of AsSanna’f Marsh feeders. Generally, this paper was prepared to predict missing hydrological data, a procedure was developed and applied for this purpose, and to be used with the available hydrological and topographical data for modeling and analysis the hydrological properties of AsSanna’f Marsh. The topographical survey and the hydrological field measurements for a period of six months, which were carried out by the Center for Restoration of Iraqi Marshlands, CRIM, of the Ministry of Water Resources, MOR, were used in the hydrological analysis carried out by thispaper. The area and storage elevation curves were computed in two different methods satisfying the existing behavior of the flow condition through the marsh. Relations between the inflow, out flow with the water level elevation, and storage and losses within the marsh were obtained. The hydrological routing showed the dykes surrounding AsSanna'f Marsh must be at least 11m.a.s.l to increase the Marsh outflow into Al Huwayza Marsh. especially at the south east boundary of the marsh near Al Msharah River. Maximum and minimum storages and the extended wetted area of the marsh were specified. The required inflow and outflow of AsSanna’f Marsh was studied, taking in consideration the wet, normal, and dry years. The maximum allowable AsSanna’f Marsh inflow into Al Huwayza Marsh is specified for flooded year satisfying different the design criteria of the control structures of the outlets of Al Huwayza Marsh and Kmait Flood Escape. A control structure was suggested at the outlet of AsSanna’f Marsh to ensure the full restoration of Al Huwayza Marsh.
DRAG REDUCTION BY USING ANIONIC SURFACTANTS
Authors: Hamad-Allah Sameera M. , Hussein Hussein H.
Published: March 2024

The aim of reducing drag is to increase the flow efficiency by using the same pipes and pumps. As a result the amount of crude oil transported will increase without using new pipes and pumps.In the present work, the effectiveness of two surfactants (Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)) are studied by using a closed loop system. This system consists of three pipes made from commercial steel, each one with different diameter (0.75, 1 and 1.5 inch). The length of each individual test section of the pipe is two meters. The experimental work is achieved under three different temperatures (30º, 40º and 50°C). The concentrations of both surfactants used are ranging between 50 to 300 weight ppm. Laboratory tests showed that there is a direct proportionality between the percentage ofdrag reduction (%DR) on one hand and in Reynolds number and pipe diameter on the other hand.Inverse proportionality is observed between %DR and temperature. The %DR increases as concentration increases, but at a certain higher concentration, this relation will reverse. The final results showed that the highest drag reduction (%DR) was 23.67%. This value is obtained when 200 ppm SDBS is added at 30°C.The calculated values of friction factor were found to be situated between Blasius and Virk asymptote adjacent.
GENERATION AND SIMULATION OF MESHING FOR INVOLUTE HELICAL GEARS
Authors: Abdullah Mohammad Qasim , Ismael Mansour Ali
Published: March 2024

A new method for generation and simulation of meshing for involute helical gears is presented. Theapproaches proposed for generation are based on the imaginary application of two rack-cutters onefor pinion and the other for gear generation. The proposed simulation of meshing of aligned andmisaligned helical gears gives (i) the shift of the bearing contact (real contact path) on pinion andgear tooth surfaces, (ii) the function of transmission errors.
HYDROGENATION OF D-GLUCOSE TO D-MANNITOL USING RANEY NICKEL CATALYST
Authors: Ahmed Muthanna J.
Published: March 2024

Hydrogenation of D-glucose in the presence of Raney nickel as a catalyst was employed for the preparation of D-mannitol. The effects of the reaction time (15-115 min), reaction temperature (15-65 oC), and catalyst to D-glucose ratio (3-11 %) on the yield of D-mannitol were studied. The experimental design of Box-Wilson method was adopted to find a useful relationship between the effecting variables and the D-mannitol yield. The experimental data collected by this design was successively fitted to a second order polynomial mathematical model. The analysis of variance shows that the reaction time had the greatest effect on the yield of D-mannitol among other variables. An optimum operating conditions of 115 min reaction time, 50 ˚C reaction temperature, and 3 % catalyst to D-glucose ratio gave 14.01 % D-mannitol yield, 81.34 % D-sorbitol yield, and 94.9 % D-glucose conversion. D-Mannitol of purity 99.7 % was obtained after its separation from D-sorbitol, the second product of the hydrogenation process, using the fractional crystallization method
THE EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITION FOR CUMENE CRACKING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PREPARED HX - ZEOLITE CATALYST
Authors: Mohammed Abdul Halim A-K
Published: March 2024

The present study reports the effect of temperature and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on the cumene cracking reaction rate and selectivity by using a laboratory continuous flow unit with fixed bed reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. The prepared HX zeolite was made from Iraqi kaolin with good crystallinity .The activity and selectivity of prepared HX-zeolite was compared with standard HY zeolite and HX zeolite catalysts in the temperature range of 673-823K and LHSV of 0.7-2.5 h-1. It was found that the cumene conversion increases with increasing temperature and decreasing LHSV at 823K and LHSV of 0.7 h-1 the conversions 65.32, 42.88 and 59.42 mol% for HY, HX and prepared HX catalysts respectively and at LHSV of 2.5 h-1 and the same temperature the conversions decrease to 29.24, 12.53 and 22.89 mol%, respectively .It also found that the benzene yield increases with increasing temperature at 823K and LHSV of 0.7 h-1 the benzene yields were 58.79, 38.56 and 54.56 mol% for HY zeolite , HX zeolite and prepared HX zeolite, respectively and the selectivity to benzene is nearly constant over the studied temperatures range. The kinetics of cumene cracking ( the kinetics parameters-rate constant )and activation energy are used in this study to characterize differences between various catalysts. The reaction was found to be first order with activation energy equal to 78.58 , 89.10 and 97.77 kJ/mol for HY, prepared HX and HX , respectively.
GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED LOAD FLOW SOLUTION PROBLEM IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
Authors: Kubba Hassan A. , Mahmood Samir Sami
Published: March 2024

In this paper, a proposed method based on real-coded genetic algorithm is presented and applied to solve multiple load flow solution problem. Genetic algorithm is a kind of stochastic search algorithm based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics. They combine the concepts of survival of the fittest with genetic operators such as selection, crossover and mutation abstracted from nature to form a surprisingly robust mechanism that has been successfully applied to solve a variety of search and optimization problems. Elitist method is also used in this research, and blending models are implemented for crossover operator. In the proposed work, five busbars typical test system and 362-bus Iraqi National Grid are used to demonstrate the efficiency and performance of the proposed method. The results show that, genetic algorithm is on-line load flow solution problem for small-scale power systems, but for large-scale power systems, it is recommended that the load flow solution using genetic algorithm is for planning studies. The main important feature of the purposed method is to give high accurate solution with respect to the conventional methods
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER USING REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ahmedzek Nada S.i , Abdullah Sama M. , Salman Rasha H.
Published: March 2024

Reverse osmosis technique was used for the treatment of industrial waste water. Ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and nitrate were found in the waste water of the General Company of Vegetable Oil with high concentrations which must be treated for reuse. Feed water containing the above mentioned ions was fed to the RO unit at feed flow rates (0.4 and 0.8 lit/min) and different operating pressure (2-4bar) .It is concluded that increasing operating pressure and feed flow rate improved the separation by a decrease in the concentration of ions in the product. High rejection was obtained for all ions present in feed water, ranging from (63.8-97.6%). Rejection of TDS was 87% when the concentration of TDS was reduced from 1192 to 154.94 ppm.
EFFECT OF EXISTING FLANGE OPENINGS AND COLD JOINTS ON STRENGTH OF RC T-BEAMS
Authors: Aziz Ali H. , Ajeel Awadh E.
Published: March 2024

In the construction of modern buildings, a network of pipes and ducts is necessary to accommodate essential services like water supply, sewage, air-conditioning, electricity, telephone, and computer network. Passing these services vertically required creating openings in slab (Flanges of T-Beams) after or before construction.New researches show that the concrete flanges provide a certain level of shear resistance above a certain width. Therefore, due to existing of these openings or cold joints in slab (Flange) and abrupt changes in the sectional configuration, opening corners are subject to high stress concentration that may lead to reduction in stiffness of the T-Beam and produced cracking and excessive deflection.In the present research, shear behavior of reinforced concrete T-Beams which contains vertical opening (Flange openings) or cold joints at the flanges are studied as well as the effect of openings or cold joints locations. Eight beams were tested, one of which were constructed without any openings or cold joints (reference beam), while, the others were constructed with openings or cold joints in different locations.Experimental results show that the presence of flange openings reduce the shear capacity about (22% to 32%) for beams containing one opening and about (17%-39%) for beams containing two openings. For beams containing cold joints, the shear capacity decreased about (27%) in comparison with reference beam.
DEPENDABLE DISCHARGES OF THE UPPER AND MIDDLE DIYALA BASINS
Authors: Hussein Haitham A.
Published: March 2024

The Diyala river is a major tributary of the Tigris river that runs through Iran and Iraq which drains an area of 32600 km2. The catchment area consist of four parts which are the area of the basin above Derbendi-Khan, Upper Diyala, Middle Diyala and lower Diyala. Through the last two decade the water coming to the upstream Derbendi-Khan reduced and this reduction reach to about 35%. This research focusing on the water dependable discharges reached to upper and middle Diyala river basin as compared with Russian study(water balance). The water balance mention that the discharge can be supplied the above basins with probability of 95%for the year (1947-1948). In this research consider the mean discharge down stream Derbendi-Khan dam for the period (1989-2007) in order to find the dependable probability for discharge which can be satisfied and equivalent to the water balance study .In this research considered different probabilities (95%,80% and 50%) of each months (Oct-Sep) water year for the period (1989-2007) by using the empirical Wei Bull probability equation, and it was conclude that the probability of 50% can be considered the suitable probability for the water requirement to upper and middle basins.
THEORETICAL SIMULATION OF STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FOR SOME IRAQI CLAYS USING THE ENDOCHRONIC MODEL
Authors: Fattah Mohammed Yousif , Al-Hadidy Maysm Th. , Al-Gharbawi Akeel A.S.
Published: March 2024

A constitutive law can be defined as a mathematical functional relation between physical quantities such as stress and strain and may take other factors like time ,temperature and additional material properties into account. In this paper , the endochronic model is used to predict the stress-strain relations of two Iraqi clays. This model is a viscoplastic one but without introducing a yield surface. It encompasses material behaviour such that the current stress state is a function of strain history through a time scale called “intrinsic time” which is not the absolute time but a material property. The simulation showed that the model overestimates the strains for all cases studied. This may be attributed to the material parameters which require a parametric study to determine their actual values for Iraqi clays.
DRAG FORCE OF TWO SPHERES IN POWER LAW FLUIDS
Authors: Sulaymon Abbas H. , Alwared Abeer Ibrahim
Published: March 2024

The present research is concerned with studying of the drag force on two spheres moving side by side and in line in non-Newtonian liquid. Polyacryamide (PAA) solution with different concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07)% by weight and water is used for comparison for obtaining the effect of fluid properties on the drag force. Different types of spheres stainless steel, glass and plastic with different sizes and densities were used. Within the considered range of power law index (0.6 - 1), and generated Reynolds number (1.1 -75) in power law fluid and Reynolds number (100 - 1000) for water it was found the drag coefficient increases with increasing the power law index for constant generated Reynolds number and the drag force increases with fluid density increases but it decreases with the sphere density increases.