bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bad Business
Authors: Hobbs Dick
Published: November 2023

Written by a leading commentator on the culture of crime and criminality, this is a hard-hitting and disturbing insight into the activities and attitudes of professional criminals. The book is based upon interviews with generations of criminals whose activities range from violence, intimidation, and protection rackets through to drug dealing and car theft. Professional criminals talk in graphic detail about their violent methods and their often ruthless attitudes to those who stand in their way. Their stories show a picture of a community where criminals have an elevated status, where violence is seen as a way of life, and prison is an occupational hazard - not a deterrent. The author spent three years at street level talking to the people whose stories appear in this book, and he presents us with a picture of a world beyond the usual glamorous, media friendly images of the gangster: a place where it is a struggle to thrive in a dangerous and highly competitive environment.
Autonomy In International Contracts
Authors: Nygh Peter
Published: November 2023

This book explores the source and extent of the right of parties to an international contract to make appropriate arrangements for the determination of their legal relationship, primarily by selecting the applicable law, but also by selecting the judicial or arbitral forum. The book focuses on the legal systems of the United States, the Commonwealth jurisdictions and the civil law countries of western and central Europe, taking as a starting point the provisions of the several Hague Conventions on the Choice of Law in Sales and other contracts, the Rome Convention of 1980 on the Law Applicable to International Contracts and the Mexico Convention of 1994 on the same topic, as well as modern legislation on conflicts of law. Nygh’s aim is to discern a general consensus, where present, and to argue for a further development and extension of the principles of autonomy unhampered by historical notions of territoriality and sovereignty, which hitherto have sought to restrain it, with only such limitations as can be justified for the protection of weaker parties or genuine state interests. This fascinating analysis, written from the author’s unique perspective, will be welcomed by practitioners and scholars alike. This book is part of the Oxford Monographs in Private International Law series, the aim of which is to publish work of high quality and originality in a number of important areas of private international law. The series is intended for both scholarly and practitioner readers.
The Book of K ‘Art ‘Li
Authors: Thomson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Now the martyr of Christ, Arc ‘il, left two sons, Juanber and Ivane, and four daughters whose names were: Goranduxt, Mariam, the church which had been built by him. To those who had Geo.
Naturalism and Naturalized Jurisprudence
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: November 2023

Naturalism is a familiar development in recent philosophy. Indeed, it would not be wrong to say that it is the distinctive development in philosophy over the last thirty years. The linguistic turn of the first half of this century (in which traditional philosophical problems were framed as problems about our use of language) has either been supplanted or supplemented by the naturalistic turn, in which traditional philosophical problems are thought to be insoluble by the a priori, armchair methods of the philosopher, and to require, instead, embedding in (or replacement by) suitable empirical theories.
On defining the holy man
Authors: Cameron Averil
Published: November 2023

It falls to few of us to write an article that justifies the epithet ‘seminal’, but Peter Brown’s ‘Rise and Function of the Holy Man’ was certainly that. Appearing in 1971, the year after The World of Late Antiquity, it represented a major change of direction from Augustine of Hippo (1967), the importance of which is evident for Peter Brown himself as well as for his readers. The World of Late Antiquity moved away from the close textual analysis and the psychological interpretation which are the marks of the book on Augustine towards a broader sweep, even if still in the same chronological period. Its horizons were vast, its energy enviable. Brown was staking out a new field. With the article on the holy man he could be seen stepping more confidently into the territory of social anthropology, using a wide range of ‘data’ to construct a social definition, not of a saint, but of the ‘holy man’ in late antiquity as a typically interstitial figure exercising a patronage role based on the symbolic capital of his perceived authority. Such figures were presentedmainly on the basis of Eastern, and especially Syrian, sources-as rural patrons, able to mediate between town and country, and between the powerful and the poor. There was to be more to say.
Lecture Three Federalism
Authors: Gummow W M C
Published: November 2023

federalism is a form of government the nature of which is seldom adequately understood in all its bearings by those whose fortune it is to live under a unitary system. The problems of federal ism and the considerations governing their solution assume a different aspect to those whose lives are spent under the operation of a federal Constitution, particularly if by education, practice and study they have been brought to think about the constitutional conceptions and modes of reasoning which belong to federalism as commonplace and familiar ideas. A unitary system presents no analogies and indeed, on the contrary, it forms a background against which many of the conceptions and distinctions inherent in federalism must strike the mind as strange and exotic refinements.
Responses to Crime
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of criminal offending in England and Wales, its causes, the harms that result, and what can be done to counter it, have been in the forefront of public policy concerns throughout the second half of the twentieth century. The differing ways in which successive governments and policy-makers have responded has been the theme of Lord Windlesham's four volumes on `Responses to Crime`. In this final part of his survey, covering the closing years of the century, the author analyses how the dominant influence of public opinion, systematically measured, evaluated, and translated into policy decisions, interacted with a trend towards retribution and a harsher penal climate. Despite the relief afforded by electronically monitored early release the numbers in prison rose to record levels, with consequent failures to achieve targets relating to conditions and treatment. Since the 1997 General Election New labour's modernizing mission has led to far-reaching managerial and structural reforms in the process of justice. The Crown Prosecution Service, Legal Aid, and the Probation Service have been reorganized; a new system of youth justice instituted; and mandatory sentencing, inherited from the Conservatives, preserved and extended. This volume contains detailed commentaries on the controversy over access to jury trial, the not yet completed reform of criminal legal aid, and the policy imperative of strengthening the enforcement of community penalties. `Dispensing Justice` also includes a comparative study of the development of public defender systems for indigent persons charged with criminal offences in the United States.
Extraterritorial Impact of Choice of Law Rules for Non-United States Debtors under Revised Uniform Commercial Code Article 9 and a New Proposal for International Harmonization*
Authors: Charles Professor , Jun W Mooney
Published: November 2023

After almost a decade of study, meetings, deliberations, and drafting, a new version of Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Article 9 (Secured Transactions)1 recently was promulgated in the United States. As of May 2000, Revised Article 9 had been enacted in twenty-two states (including California and Texas), was on the governor’s desk for signature in three other states, and had been introduced in fifteen other jurisdictions. It is under study as a part of the legislative process in several others. Former Article 9, which is destined to be replaced by Revised Article 9, is generally believed to have been one of the most successful-if not the most successful-uniform law projects ever undertaken in the United States. I expect that Revised Article 9 will earn a similar reputation.
Transmitter Receptor Systems In Cingulate Regions And Areas
Authors: Palomero-Gallagher Nicola , Zilles Karl
Published: November 2023

Transmitter receptors are heterogeneously distributed throughout the cerebral cortex and provide a novel and functionally relevant insight into the regional organization of the cortex, which cannot be achieved by architectonic observations in cell body- or myelin-stained sections alone. The regional distribution of transmitter receptors reflects well-established cyto and myelo architectonically defined borders of cortical areas, and enables the additional identification of more cortical areas than previously demonstrated (Zilles and Palomero-Gallagher, 2001; Zilles et al., 2003).The mapping of different receptor binding sites is a novel and powerful tool which reveals the receptor-architectonic organization of the cerebral cortex (Zilles et al., 1995, 2002a, 2002b; Morosan et al., 2004). A single neuron expresses a variety of receptor subtypes of different neurotransmitter systems and, therefore, a single architectonical area will contain many different receptor subtypes. Furthermore, interactions between neurotransmitter systems are common (Atzori et al., 2003; West et al., 2003; Akiyama et al., 2004; Drew and Vaughan, 2004; Lee et al., 2004; Trudeau, 2004; Franco et al., 2005), so that synaptic signalling mediated by a given neurotransmitter can be altered as a consequence of previous alterations in other neurotransmitter systems. Thus, it would be desirable to study as many different subtypes of receptors from as many different neurotransmitter systems as possible to obtain a comprehensive portrayal of such a complex system as that constituted by a cortical area.
The Anterior and Midcingulate Cortices and Reward
Authors: Rolls Edmund T
Published: November 2023

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) occupies approximately the anterior one third of the cingulate cortex and is implicated in emotion. Figure 8.1 shows areas 24 and 32 in the pregenual ACC and area 25 in the subgenual ACC. The ACC is distinguished from the midcingulate cortex (MCC) which occupies approximately the middle third of the cingulate cortex and is comprised of areas 24a´b´ and 24d; the latter of which contains part of the caudal cingulate motor area (Chapters 1, 3, and 5) and may be involved in response selection (Rushworth et al., 2004). In what follows, I will distinguish the anterior or pregenual cingulate cortex (pACC) from the midcingulate cortex (MCC).Vogt et al. (1996) showed that pain produced an increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in an area of ACC which included parts of areas 25, 32, 24a, 24b, and/or 24c. They suggested that activation of this region is related to the affective aspect of pain. There are direct projections to the cingulate cortex from medial thalamic nuclei that relay pain inputs, including the parafascicular nucleus. In terms of other connections (Van Hoesen et al., 1993; Vogt and Pandya, 1987; Vogt et al., 1987), the ACC is connected to the medial orbitofrontal areas, parts of lateral orbitofrontal area 12 (Carmichael and Price, 1995), the amygdala (which projects strongly to cingulate areas, 25, 24 and 32), and the temporal pole cortex, and also receives somatosensory inputs from the insula and other somatosensory cortical areas (Fig. 8.1).
The Geography Of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Allen Bryant J
Published: November 2023

Present evidence suggests that humans established themselves on the island of New Guinea at least 40 000 years ago. By 1966, the year of the first complete census, the inhabitants of what is now the nation of Papua New Guinea numbered over 2.15 million. In 1980 this figure had increased to 3.03 million. Although it is incorrect to suggest that the island and its population were isolated from the rest of the world for much of that time, it is true that the intensity of contact increased substantially from the 1880s, following the establishment of small enclave outposts by representatives of European capitalism.
Humanist Chronology (I): Ways of Dealing with Calendar Dates
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

We begin where Scaliger did: with the equipment traditionally found in the humanist’s toolbox, which he mastered with unheard-of precocity and skill in his late teens and early twenties. In 1560 he signed and dated, in Greek, a copy of Hervagius’ second edition of Euripides (Basie, 1544).
Back to the Brigantes: Fantasy, Philology, and National Origins
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1570s Scaliger moved into the most contentious of all areas in world history. No subject pricked more sensibilities, caused more pens to be dipped in gall, or generated more original critical scholarship than the problem of the origins of the modem English, Dutch, French, German, Italian, and Spanish peoples. A web of fanciful genealogies, spun out for the first time as early as the seventh century, connected the nations of the day and their noble ancestors, the Trojan exile Francio or Francus, progenitor of the Franks, and his cousin Brutus, the first Briton. Individual accounts varied sharply by the later Middle Ages, as old fantasies became unrecognizable under the incrustation of new ones, and critics impatiently sheared several layers away at once. In fifteenth-century France alone, as Colette Beaune has shown, some writers insisted on a biblical, some on a classical origin for the nation; others conflated the two, and still others rejected all such efforts and insisted that the origins of France must be sought in the early centuries of the Christian era, when the barbarians were first mentioned by classical authors.
The Territory of the Chronologer (II): Technical Chronology
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

By the autumn of 1581 Scaliger had also come into contact with the other existing tradition of chronological research that would yield vital ingredients and methods for De emendatione. In May of that year he wrote to Dupuy that he was ‘en peine’ for a book ‘on correcting epochs in chronology’ written by a German and published at Basle. In July he asked Dupuy for the book again. On 4 September, when he boasted to Chrestien of his mastery over the arts of the computus, he also thanked Dupuy for the book on epochs, ‘lequel est fort bon’—and asked his help in obtaining the Samaritan computus.
From Preuilly to Leiden
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Between 1583 and 1593 Scaliger’s life changed dramatically for the worse, and he plunged into isolation and despair. Political and social conditions in the cities grew increasingly violent and chaotic. The Catholic League drove most of his close friends in the Parlement out of Paris; Brisson, who insisted on remaining, died miserably at their hands. The assassinations of 1588 further polluted the poisoned air of French politics. And Scaliger himself, though safe enough as a member of the Rocheposay household, found himself confined in one small chateau after another, mostly around Poitiers in the west. Now he really was a prisoner in Arabia deserta. The constant threats of attack and need to move prevented him from engaging in serious study. He saw no hope of regaining peace of mind, freedom to travel, or even access to his own library. ‘I did little studying; I had to do more running than studying’—so he later summed up these agitated years.
Emendatio emendata: 1584-1598
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

As Scaliger looked back in 1597 on the reception of his chronology, every prospect displeased him, and all the men who had written in response to his work seemed vile. His book, he wryly declared, had offered his contemporaries an intelligence test. Unfortunately, virtually all of them had failed.
Don Quixote’s Last Ride: The Attack on Precession
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

On 19 March Qulian) 1608 Scaliger wrote a long letter about ancient astronomy to the modern astronomer Nicolaus Mulerius. He praised Mulerius’ efforts to compute a wholly new set of astronomical tables; he also criticized at greater length the existing ones, which shared one basic flaw. The authors of the Alfonsine Tables had gone wrong by resorting to artificial devices—the motion of the eighth sphere and what they called the ‘motus trepidationis’—to account for the non-uniform length of the tropical year. They had, that is, assumed that the sphere of the fixed stars moved eastwards while the equinoxes remained fixed.
Winter
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

As Scaliger completed his great book, he had little reason to feel confidence about its reception or optimism about his discipline of chronology. He had found some allies of very high competence. Calvisius had published a sound introduction to his ideas, die Opus chronologicum, in 1605, and offered support and friendship as well as criticism. Ignatius Hanniel based his lectures on chronology at Rostock on Scaliger’s work, setting the era of Cyrus where Scaliger had and praising him as the most learned man in Europe.
Civil Jurisdiction Rules Of The Eu And Their Impact On Third States
Authors: Kruger Thalia
Published: November 2023

Over the past few years the European Community has been active in establishing rules of civil jurisdiction. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the three main instruments for implementing these rules: Brussels I (covering jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters), Brussels IIbis (jurisdiction in matters of divorce and parental responsibility) and the Insolvency Regulation. The Regulations were drawn up from the point of view of the European Community and the facilitation of co-operation between the Member States. However, legal practice shows that disputes, whether of a commercial or family nature, are not always neatly restricted to being either within the competence of the EU, or entirely outside the EU. When a single dispute might fall into the jurisdiction of either EU Member States or third States, the exact scope of application of the Regulations is uncertain. This book covers the background and development of civil jurisdiction rules in the European Union, analysing the three main regulations on civil jurisdiction, and the effect that the application of these rules has on parties domiciled or habitually resident outside the EU, particularly with regard to the recognition and enforcement of judgments made within the EU in external jurisdictions. There is analysis of case law and practical problems which have arisen, or might arise, in disputes where there is a conflict of laws between an EU Member State and a third State, for example involving the rules of the domicile of the defendant, exclusive jurisdiction, forum clauses, and procedural rules such as forum non conveniens and lis pendens. It will also examine the external competences of the European Community in the field of civil jurisdiction with regard to the ECJ Lugano Opinion and the far-reaching implications of this ruling for possible future conventions, both for the EU and for third states who will now have to negotiate with the European Community as a whole, and not with a collection of states.
EU Law of Free Movement of Goods and Customs Union
Authors: Gormley Laurence W
Published: November 2023

This work gives a practical overview of the legal aspects of the Free Movement of Goods and the working of the Customs Union within the European Union and their interpretation and application by the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The essential purpose of the free movement of goods and customs provisions of the EC Treaty is to contribute to the establishment of a common market that will ensure, amongst other things, free trade in goods between member states. The free movement of goods is the primary pillar on which the internal market within the European Community - the heart of the EU - is based. This book analyses the operation of the customs union, with detailed treatment of the Community Customs Code and its implementing and associated measures. It also discusses the elimination of customs duties and charges having equivalent effect, and the elimination of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect in trade between Member States. It concludes with coverage of state monopolies of a commercial character, and the nuclear common market. It derives from a section in the looseleaf Law of the EU (Vaughan and Robertson, eds), and is made available here for the benefit of those who do not subscribe to the looseleaf.
Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Gearty Conor
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explore further the two main versions of civil liberties to which I alluded in Chapter 1, describing the intellectual origins of each and explaining how they have come to gain such a strong hold on our subject despite their manifest differences. First, I analyse the connection with individual liberty and then counterpoint this with a version of our subject more in line with the democratic thinking that is at the core of this book. The role of the Human Rights Act 1998 as a (partial) guarantor of civil liberties and as the promoter of certain human rights values is then considered, with the Act’s especial strength being (as we shall see presently) its capacity to confront and to some extent resolve the potential majoritarian crisis that is inherent in all democratic systems that promote and/or depend on a strong sense of community.
The Prohibition on Torture and the Rights to Life and Security of the Person
Authors: Gearty Conor
Published: November 2023

Together with the prohibition on torture and on inhuman and degrading treatment, the rights to life, to liberty, to security of the person, and to procedural fairness form the very core of the law and politics of international human rights. They appear in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, signed in 1948, and also in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, agreed in 1996.The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a version of these various rights, as do the regional human rights instruments that define the subject for the Americas and for Africa. The European Convention on Human Rights prohibits torture in absolute terms in Article 3, guarantees the right to life in Article 2, and the rights to liberty and security of the person in Article 5. Article 6 deals with the guarantee of fair proceedings. Many contemporary domestic constitutions include these rights within the human rights sections of their basic law. Their centrality to human rights is immediately obvious: as we have seen, the subject has its roots deep in the autonomy of the individual and these are the entitlements that make real the very personhood that is at the core of human identity. We need to live our lives and to enjoy our physical integrity if we are truly to flourish as individual persons.
Fair Trial Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

This book is a reprint of the Chapter on Fair Trial Rights from the authors' major practitioner text, The Law of Human Rights; its separate publication in this form is intended to make it accessible to those who might not want to buy the larger work. It provides a comprehensive and systematic treatment of human rights law and practice in the UK in relation to fair trial rights, including detailed analysis of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998. The book contains a discussion of the pre-existing status of the right in English law, a thorough analysis of the European Convention case law, and full examination of the likely impact of incorporation on English law. This impact is considered in relation to the applicable general principles but also in respect of a number of specific subject areas, including business and commerce, criminal law and justice, education, employment, immigration, media, mental health, police and prisoners. There are detailed appendices drawing out lessons from the experience under the Canadian Charter and the New Zealand Bill of Rights as well as discussion of fair trial rights in other jurisdictions. It is the only book which provides a detailed analysis of this centrally important Convention right, and is likely to be of interest to criminal practitioners, public lawyers and anyone involved in professional discipline or regulation.
Brokerage and Closure
Authors: Burt Ronald S
Published: November 2023

Social Capital, the advantage created by location in social structure, is a critical element in business strategy. Who has it, how it works, and how to develop it have become key questions as markets, organizations, and careers become more and more dependent on informal, discretionary relationships. The formal organization deals with accountability; Everything else flows through the informal: advice, coordination, cooperation friendship, gossip, knowledge, trust. Informal relations have always been with us, they have always mattered. What is new is the range of activities in which they now matter, and the emerging clarity we have about how they create advantage for certain people at the expense of others. This is done by brokerage and closure. Ronald S. Burt builds upon his celebrated work in this area to explore the nature of brokerage and closure. Brokerage is the activity of people who live at the intersection of social worlds, who have a vision advantage of seeing and developing good ideas, an advantage which can be seen in their compensation, recognition, and the responsibility they're entrusted with in comparison to their peers. Closure is the tightening of coordination in a closed network of people, and people who do this do well as a complement to brokers because of the trust and alignment they create. Brokerage and Closure explores how these elements work together to define social capital, showing how in the business world reputation has come to replace authority, pursued opportunity assignment, and reward has come to be associated with achieving competitive advantage in a social order of continuous disequilibrium.
Didache 1. 1–6. 1, James, Matthew, and the Torah
Authors: Kloppenborg John S
Published: November 2023

The topic of the Didache and James is perhaps an odd choice for this conference commemorating the 1905 publication of The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, whose purpose it was to inquire into the likelihood that the Apostolic Fathers displayed some acquaintance with books of the New Testament.1 Kirsopp Lake found no reason to mention James in his chapter on the Didache; James is in fact discussed only in the chapters on the Shepherd and 2 Clement.2 Even in the more recent index, Biblia patristica, which adopts generous deWnitions of ‘citation’ and ‘allusion’, there are no entries for the Didache in the section that compiles early patristic citations of James.3 There are indeed no good grounds for believing that James and the Didache enjoyed any direct literary relationship.
First-Fruits And The Support Of Prophets, Teachers, And The Poor In Didache 13 In Relation To New Testament Parallels
Authors: Draper Jonathan A
Published: November 2023

Few today would pronounce with as much condense as Adolf Harnack, in his pioneering commentary Die Lehre der Zwolf Apostel,1 on the saying found twice in slightly dive rent forms in Did. 13. 1–2, ‘The laborers is worthy of his food’: ‘Der Verfasser fuss auchhier auf einem Herrnwort in der Fassung des Matthaus.’ For one thing, scholarly opinions on the dependence of the Didache on Matthew’s Gospel remain deeply divided,2 and therefore an opinion on a particular logion will partly depend on one’s judgement on the situation as a whole. For another, the possibility that individual logia set by the evangelists on the lips of Jesus may have originated from more general Jewish tradition is more widely accepted. So, on this saying, Rudolf Bultmann remarks that it is ‘evidently a proverb which has been turned to use by the Church for the instructional material it provided’.3 It is indeed a saying which is found not only in Q (Matt. 10. 10 Luke 10. 7) but also in 1 Tim. 5. 18, and it probably also underlies the argumentation of Paul in 1 Cor. 9. 1–18 as well as the Gospel of Thomas, 88. In such a case, it seems that the balance of the evidence must favour caution, so that Helmut Köster’s conclusion is probably right in this case:
Comparative Localization of Academic and Industrial Spillovers
Authors: Adams James D
Published: November 2023

An expanding literature in economic geography studies the spatial concentration of production and innovation and the role that geographic clustering plays in urban and regional growth. Geographic limits on knowledge spill overs, where spillovers are defined as flows of ideas between agents at less than the original cost (Griliches, 1992), are one factor that may cause geographic localization of innovation and output. According to this hypothesis, knowledge spillovers are an externality that is at least temporarily bounded by geography. As a result, the spillovers confer disproportionate benefits on nearby firms. This, in turn, contributes to regional scale economies and growth (Feldman, 1999). As with more general agglomeration economies Qacobs, 1969; Mills, 1972), geographic limits on knowledge spillovers become a policy issue. If the limits matter then growth depends on aspects of region building that exceed the decision-making abilities of individual firms and industries.
Cross-Border Consumer Contracts
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Until relatively recently, almost all contracts were domestic: both the consumer and the supplier were from the same country and the situation involved no substantial foreign elements. Technological changes (in terms of international travel, means of communication and information technology) have meant that it is a more frequent occurrence for consumer contracts to involve a cross-border dimension. This book explores the legal regimes which seek to deal with disputes which arise out of such cross-border consumer contracts. In terms of private international law, English law traditionally treated consumer contracts no differently from commercial contracts. However, at European level, jurisdictional and choice of law issues arising out of certain consumer contracts are subject to specific rules. The first part of the book focuses on these European developments and seeks to explain why the private litigation model for the resolution of disputes arising out of cross-border consumer contracts has failed to deal adequately with the problems generated by such contracts. Subsequent to these failures, alternative mechanisms for resolving contractual disputes have a particular significance in the consumer context. The second part of the book focuses on an evaluation of these alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, including online dispute resolution.
Content and Process Approaches to Studying Strategy and Management Control Systems
Authors: Chenhall Robert H
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with developing our understanding of the role of management control systems (MCS) in formulating and implementing strategy. Strategy has become a dominant influence in the study of organizations. Researchers in areas such as economics (Milgrom and Roberts 1992; Seth and Thomas 1994), human resource management (Miller 1991; Kochan and Osterman 1994), information technology (IT) (Grover et al. 1997), and organizational behaviour (Knights and Morgan 1991; Rowe et al. 1994; Rouleau and Seguin 1995) all seek to understand the ways in which their disciplines assist in understanding how managers use strategy to achieve desired outcomes.
The Making of the Corporate Acolyte: Some Thoughts on Charismatic Leadership and the Reality of Organizational Commitment
Authors: Hopfl Heather
Published: November 2023

He enters the room, assured and confident. A wry smile plays on his lips. He casts an indulgent eye over his audience. They in turn stop their chatter and take their measure of the man. This after-dinner speech has been well publicized. Most of those present are there because they fear the consequences of being absent, but they have not articulated this thought. The man is middle- aged. He is not handsome but, at the same time, he is not unattractive. His clothes are expensive and conservative: they make a statement. The man stands before them, examines his manicured nails and then, with the same perceptive eye, scrutinizes the menage of middle management gathered to hear him.
Computer Crimes And Digital Investigations
Authors: Walden Ian
Published: November 2023

Computer and network-based crime is a rapidly growing phenomenon and problem for individuals, organisations and society as a whole, whether in the form of viruses or the distribution of child pornography. Following September 11th 2001, the horrific terrorism attacks on the London transport system in July 2005, and the threat of further attack through chemical and biological weapons, there is a broad governmental recognition of the vulnerability of society to attacks against critical infrastructure, which includes computer and communications systems. As a consequence, governments have placed computer crime laws high on the political agenda. This text provides a comprehensive legal analysis of the substantive and procedural rules relating to computer crime, and offers a clear explanation of the relevant technical aspects of computer crime, from types of attacks launched through to forensic techniques. The text places computer crime firmly in its international context, through comparative discussion of laws in other jurisdictions, international harmonisation initiatives, and mechanisms for co-operation between law enforcement bodies in different jurisdictions.
A tale of three constitutions: Ethnicity and politics in Fiji
Authors: Ghai Yash , Cottrell Jill
Published: November 2023

The experience of Fiji provides valuable insights into the debates regarding the dynamics of politics and the appropriate ways of structuring the state in multiethnic societies. Fiji’s multiethnic origins lie in colonialism, which, globally, has not only been the greatest creator of multiethnic political entities but has also fashioned policies and institutions tailored to such societies. In contemporary studies of multiethnic states, too little attention is paid to colonial origins and policies. The constitutional framework for the organization of the state and state power in Fiji, since independence, has been of greater critical importance than economic or social frameworks because of ethnic fragmentation and the dominance of the public sphere. Our view—not universally shared in Fiji—is that the country would have done better to pursue its destiny through integrative policies. However, given Fiji’s colonial history, which bred distrust and discord between the two major communities as a matter of policy and a syndrome of perceived vulnerability on the part of indigenous Fijians, integration would have required considerable sensitivity and sympathy, qualities that have been in short supply.
Explaining Policy Change: The Role Of Scientific Actors And Policy Entrepreneurs In Theory And Environmental Policy Practice In Germany
Authors: Böcher Michael
Published: November 2023

Hahn’s statement about the role played by environmental economists in the design of environmental policy practice seems to present the perfect introduction to this chapter. It deals with the in?uence of economic and other scientists as policy actors on environmental policy. In the opinion of environmental economists, policy-makers all too often choose inefficient command-and-control instruments instead of applying market-based instruments. A certain frustration can therefore be observed amongst economists due to their lack of in?uence on policy practice. Environmental economists commonly explain this lack of market-based instruments in environmental policy by choosing the public choice approach: the ‘homo oeconomicus’ impedes an efficient environmental policy. This chapter aims to show that this interpretation is too simplistic. Not only do policy actors’ short-term interests impede policy change in environmental policy, but environmental economic advice cannot be applied, since economists fail to consider the following equally important questions adequately: How can in?uence be exerted over the political process through new scientific knowledge? How can it become widely accepted? Which determinants may hinder the use of scientific knowledge in the policy process? Which kinds of actor are able to spread new scientific knowledge in the policy process?
Adaptive Optics Microscopy with Wavefront Sensing Based on Neighbor Correlation
Authors: Miura Noriaki , Ashida Yusuke , Matsuda Yuya , Shibuya Takatoshi , Tamada Yosuke , Hatsumi Shuto , Yamamoto Hirotsugu , Kajikawa Ikumi , Kamei Yasuhiro , Hattori Masayuki
Published: November 2023

Complex structures in living cells and tissues induce wavefront errors when light waves pass through them, and images observed with optical microscopes are undesirably blurred. This problem is especially serious for living plant cells because images are strikingly degraded even within a single cell. Adaptive optics (AO) is expected to be a solution to this problem by correcting such wavefront errors, thus enabling high-resolution imaging. In particular, scene-based AO involves wavefront sensing based on the image correlation between subapertures in a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and thus does not require an intense point light source. However, the complex 3D structures of living cells often cause low correlation between subimages, leading to loss of accuracy in wavefront sensing. This paper proposes a novel method for scene-based sensing using only image correlations between adjacent subapertures. The method can minimize changes between subimages to be correlated and thus prevent inaccuracy in phase estimation. Using an artificial test target mimicking the optical properties of a layer of living plant cells, an imaging performance with a Strehl ratio of approximately 0.5 was confirmed. Upon observation of chloroplast autofluorescence inside living leaf cells of the moss Physcomitrium patens, recovered resolution images were successfully obtained even with complex biological structures. Under bright-field illumination, the proposed method outperformed the conventional method, demonstrating the future potential of this method for label- and damage-free AO microscopy. Several points for improvement in terms of the effect of AO correction are discussed.
The Genome of Vitis zhejiang-adstricta Strengthens the Protection and Utilization of the Endangered Ancient Grape Endemic to China
Authors: Li Huayang , Liu Yongbo , Fan Peige , Dai Zhanwu , Hao Jiachen , Duan Wei , Liang Zhenchang , Wang Yi
Published: November 2023

Vitis zhejiang-adstricta (V. zhejiang-adstricta) is one of the most important and endangered wild grapes. It is a national key protected wild, rare and endangered ancient grape endemic to China and used as a candidate material for resistance breeding owing to its excellent significant disease resistance. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of V. zhejiang-adstricta (IB-VB-01), comprising 506.66 Mb assembled into 19 pseudo-chromosomes. The contig N50 length is 3.91 Mb with 31,196 annotated protein-coding genes. Comparative genome and evolutionary analyses illustrated that V. zhejiang-adstricta has a specific position in the evolution of East Asian Vitis and shared a common ancestor with Vitis vinifera during the divergence of the two species about 10.42 (between 9.34 and 11.12) Mya. The expanded gene families compared with those in plants were related to disease resistance, and constructed gene families were related to plant growth and primary metabolism. With the analysis of gene family expansion and contraction, the evolution of environmental adaptability and especially the NBS-LRR gene family of V. zhejiang-adstricta was elucidated based on the pathways of resistance genes (R genes), unique genes and structural variations. The near-complete and accurate diploid V. zhejiang-adstricta reference genome obtained herein serves as an important complement to wild grape genomes and will provide valuable genomic resources for investigating the genomic architecture of V. zhejiang-adstricta as well as for improving disease resistance breeding strategies in grape.
Who Governs Now?
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas
Published: November 2023

Conventional wisdom holds that local democracy is more responsive because it is closer to the people. Political science research suggests we should not be so optimistic. Scholars have long been studying American local governments, but, for a generation the field was relegated to the sidelines of political science. A new generation of scholars is bringing it back to the center, using an increasingly sophisticated set of research methods. Sarah Anzia has been a leader in this field rebirth, and her new book, Local Interests: Politics, Policy, and Interest Groups in U.S. City Governments, examines how local interests groups engage in local political decision-making, shaping electoral outcomes and policy. Her sharp, highly quantitative analysis identifies what factors make engagement and influence by local interest groups more likely. When read alongside classics in the literature as well as the new generation's emerging work, scholars and engaged practitioners alike can understand why the most optimistic views of local democratic action are unrealistic. Some of the same democratic shortcomings in representation and responsiveness that occur at the national level are also present in local politics. But the renewed interest in local analysis presents opportunities for scholars to learn from other fields and for local actors to build new organizations and institutions to increase the quality of local democracy in the United States. This essay assesses what is gained and lost in the quantitative rebirth of local politics analysis and how the field as a whole can continue to focus on the core issues of democracy, inequality, and public policy that will keep the field fresh and relevant.
Irisin-loaded electrospun core-shell nanofibers as calvarial periosteum accelerate vascularized bone regeneration by activating the mitochondrial SIRT3 pathway
Authors: Hua Xi , Hou Mingzhuang , Deng Lei , Lv Nanning , Xu Yong , Zhu Xuesong , Yang Huilin , Shi Qin , Liu Hao , He Fan
Published: November 2023

The scarcity of native periosteum poses a significant clinical barrier in the repair of critical-sized bone defects. The challenge of enhancing regenerative potential in bone healing is further compounded by oxidative stress at the fracture site. However, the introduction of artificial periosteum has demonstrated its ability to promote bone regeneration through the provision of appropriate mechanical support and controlled release of pro-osteogenic factors. In this study, a poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanofibrous membrane was fabricated using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The incorporation of irisin into the core-shell structure of PLLA/HA nanofibers (PLLA/HA@Irisin) achieved its sustained release. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the PLLA/HA@Irisin membranes exhibited favorable biocompatibility. The osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) was improved by PLLA/HA@Irisin, as evidenced by a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Mechanistically, PLLA/HA@Irisin significantly enhanced the mitochondrial function of BMMSCs via the activation of the sirtuin 3 antioxidant pathway. To assess the therapeutic effectiveness, PLLA/HA@Irisin membranes were implanted in situ into critical-sized calvarial defects in rats. The results at 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery indicated that the implantation of PLLA/HA@Irisin exhibited superior efficacy in promoting vascularized bone formation, as demonstrated by the enhancement of bone matrix synthesis and the development of new blood vessels. The results of our study indicate that the electrospun PLLA/HA@Irisin nanofibers possess characteristics of a biomimetic periosteum, showing potential for effectively treating critical-sized bone defects by improving the mitochondrial function and maintaining redox homeostasis of BMMSCs.
Protocol for the Development of the Fourth Edition of the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline Using GRADE Methods
Authors: Haesler Emily , Cuddigan Janet , Carville Keryln , Moore Zena , Kottner Jan , Ayello Elizabeth A. , Berlowitz Dan , Carruth Althea , Yee Chang Yee , Cox Jill , Creehan Sue , Nixon Jane , Ngan Hau Lan , Balzer Katrin
Published: November 2023

The National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, and the Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance are commencing a new (fourth) edition of the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline. The fourth edition of the International Pressure Injury (PI) Guideline will be developed using GRADE methods to ensure a rigorous process consistent with evolving international standards. Clinical questions will address prevention and treatment of PIs, identification of individuals at risk of PIs, assessment of skin and tissues, and PI assessment. Implementation considerations supporting application of the guidance in clinical practice will be developed. The guideline development process will be overseen by a guideline governance group and methodologist; the guideline development team will include health professionals, educators, researchers, individuals with or at risk of PIs, and informal carers.

This article presents the project structure and processes to be used to undertake a systematic literature search, appraise risk of bias of the evidence, and aggregate research findings. The methods detail how certainty of evidence will be evaluated; presentation of relative benefits, risks, feasibility, acceptability, and resource requirements; and how recommendations will be made and graded. The methods outline transparent processes of development that combine scientific research with best clinical practice. Strong involvement from health professionals, educators, individuals with PIs, and informal carers will enhance the guideline’s relevance and facilitate uptake. This update builds on previous editions to ensure consistency and comparability, with methodology changes improving the guideline’s quality and clarity.