bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subglacial Meltwater Recharge in the Dongkemadi River Basin, Yangtze River Source Region
Authors: He Qiule , Kuang Xingxing , Chen Jiachang , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Liang Sihai , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: February 2022

Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the local hydrological cycle. However, there are only few studies on groundwater in the alpine basins in the Tibetan Plateau which considered the effects of glaciers. Glaciers are extensively distributed in the Dongkemadi River Basin, which is a representative alpine basin in the Yangtze River source region. This study focuses on building a numerical groundwater flow model with glaciations using HydroGeoSphere (HGS) to simulate subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater in the Dongkemadi River Basin in response to future climate changes. Effects of hydraulic conductivity, precipitation, and temperature on subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater were discussed. Glacier changes in the future 50 years were predicted under different climate change scenarios. Results show that: (1) the average thickness of the glacier will change significantly; (2) the simulated rate of annual mean subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater is 4.58 mm, which accounts for 6.33% of total groundwater recharge; and (3) hydraulic conductivity has the largest influence on subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater, followed by temperature and precipitation. Results of this study are also important to sustainable water resource usage in the Yangtze River source region.
Revisiting the cross‐sectional and prospective association of physical activity with body composition and physical fitness in preschoolers: A compositional data approach
Authors: Migueles Jairo H. , Delisle Nyström Christine , Leppänen Marja H. , Henriksson Pontus , Löf Marie
Published: February 2022

Background

Information is limited for the benefits of physical activity (PA) in preschoolers. Previous research using accelerometer‐assessed PA may be affected for multicollinearity issues.

Objectives

This study investigated the cross‐sectional and prospective associations of sedentary behaviour (SB) and PA with body composition and physical fitness using compositional data analysis.

Methods

Baseline PA and SB were collected in 4‐year‐old (n = 315) using wrist‐worn GT3X+ during seven 24 h‐periods. Body composition (air‐displacement plethysmography) and physical fitness (PREFIT test battery) were assessed at baseline and at the 12‐month follow‐up.

Results

Increasing vigorous PA at expenses of lower‐intensity behaviours for 4‐year‐old was associated with body composition and physical fitness at cross‐sectional and longitudinal levels. For example, reallocating 15 min/day from lower intensities to vigorous PA at baseline was associated with higher fat‐free mass index (+0.45 kg/m2, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.18–0.72 kg/m2), higher upper‐body strength (+0.6 kg, 95% CI: 0.1–1.19 kg), higher lower‐body strength (+8 cm, 95% CI: 3–13 cm), and shorter time in completing the motor fitness test (−0.4 s, 95% CI: −0.82 to [−0.01] s) at the 12‐month follow‐up. Pairwise reallocations of time indicated that the behaviour replaced was not relevant, as long as vigorous PA was increased.

Conclusions

More time in vigorous PA may imply short‐ and long‐term benefits on body composition and physical fitness in preschoolers. These findings using compositional data analysis corroborate our previously published results using isotemporal substitution models.
Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the cotton cutworm Spodoptera litura in marigolds
Authors: Burana Kunlachat , Ehlers Ralf‐Udo , Nimkingrat Prakaijan
Published: February 2022

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of marigolds in Thailand. It causes severe damage to flower quantity and quality. The most common control method is synthetic insecticides, although this method struggles to control hidden larvae inside flowers or buds and underground pupae. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used as biocontrol agents against many foliage and cryptic insects. The virulence of two commercial EPNs strains, Steinernema siamkayai (Stock, Somsook and Reid) and S. carpocapsae (Weiser), isolated in Thailand, were assessed against different developmental stages of S. litura. The younger larvae of first and third instar were more susceptible to S. siamkayai with the LD50 of 15.84 and 40.34 dauer juveniles (DJs) per host, whereas S. carpocapsae caused higher mortality in older larvae. Against the fifth instar larvae and pupae, the LD50 ranged between 54.37 and 607.97 DJs/host. Field experiments compared the effect of EPNs with farmer's practice (insecticides). EPNs treatments with S. siamkayai and S. carpocapsae significantly reduced the percentage of damaged flowers to 2.53 ± 1.2% and 2.97 ± 1.5%, respectively, compared with insecticide treatment at 4.21 ± 2.1% in the first trial. In trial 2, the insecticide treatment had the highest percentage of damaged flowers of 5.02 ± 5.7%. The benefit–cost ratio (BCR) of EPNs treatments ranged from 2.42 to 2.53 in the first trial and 1.24–1.50 in the second trial and was superior to insecticide treatments with 2.21 and 1.16 in the two trials.
An opinion piece: the evolutionary and ecological consequences of changing selection pressures on marine migration in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Adams Colin E. , Chavarie Louise , Rodger Jessica R. , Honkanen Hannele M. , Thambithurai Davide , Newton Matthew P.
Published: February 2022

There are strong signals that the selection forces favouring the expression of long‐distance sea migration by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are changing. Unlike many other behavioural traits, the costs of migration are incurred before any fitness benefits become apparent to the migrant. The expression of this behaviour has thus been shaped by selection forces over multiple generations and cannot respond to short interval (within a single generation) environmental change as many other behavioural traits can. Here we provide a framework to examine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of a sustained increase in migration cost. We argue that Atlantic salmon may have entered anevolutionary trap, where long‐distance sea migration has become maladaptive because of shifting environmental conditions. We predict that if higher migration costs (affecting survivorship and ultimately fitness) persist, then shifting selection pressures will result in continuing declines in population size. We suggest, however, that in some populations there is demonstrable capacity forevolutionary rescueresponses within the species which is to be found in the variation in the expression of migration. Under a scenario of low to moderate change in the selection forces that previously promoted migration, we argue that disruptive, sex‐based selection would result in partial migration, where females retain sea migration but with anadromy loss predominantly in males. With more acute selection forces, anadromy may be strongly selected against, under these conditions both sexes may become freshwater resident. We suggest that as the migration costs appear to be higher in catchments with standing waters, then this outcome is more likely in such systems. We also speculate that as a result of the genetic structuring in this species, not all populations may have the capacity to respond adequately to change. The consequences of this for the species and its management are discussed.
Prehospital noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for severe respiratory distress in adult patients: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Meng Meng , Zhang Junhong , Chen Liying , Wang Liqin
Published: February 2022

Aim

To compare the effect of prehospital noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and standard care for severe respiratory distress.

Background

Severe respiratory distress is an important cause of death in adult patients. There is a growing body of research exploring the benefits of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) for patients undergoing severe respiratory distress. However, a systematic review is needed to synthesise and summarise this body of knowledge to identify the effectiveness of NIPPV. This is an update of a meta‐analysis first published in 2014.

Design

Meta‐analysis based on PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

Databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases were electronically searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that reported NIPPV therapy for adult patients with severe respiratory distress. The retrieval time is limited from inception to August 2021. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed risk bias of included studies. Meta‐analysis was performed by using STATA 11.0 software.

Results

A total of 10 studies involving 1465 patients were included. The meta‐analysis results showed that compared with standard care, CPAP therapy decreased intubation rate (RR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27–0.67, p < .001, I2 = 0.0%), reduced hospital stay (WMD = −4.19, 95% CI: −5.62, −2.77) and ICU stay (WMD = −0.65, 95% CI: −1.09, −0.20) for patients with severe respiratory distress. However, no significant effects of NIPPV were observed on in‐hospital mortality (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.64–1.07) and ICU admission rate (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.73–1.19).

Conclusions

Adult patients with NIPPV treatment for severe respiratory distress had a significantly lower intubation rate and shorter hospital and ICU stay, compared with those with standard care. However, no effect of NIPPV on in‐hospital mortality was observed. Further study is needed by enrolling large‐sample original studies.

Relevance to clinical practice

Among patients with severe respiratory distress, prehospital NIPPV, compared with standard care, was associated with lower intubation rate and shorter hospital and ICU stay in our study. Although our meta‐analysis did not find a relationship between prehospital NIPPV and in‐hospital mortality and ICU admission rate, which may be limited by the number of studies included and the small sample size. However, our study still suggested that the use of prehospital NIPPV was beneficial to the condition of patients with severe respiratory distress.
Aligning the self and reaping the benefits: Ego effectiveness in romantic relationships
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Irvin Roberta L. , Persich Michelle R.
Published: February 2022

Objective

There are components of self that recognize effective courses of action and there are components of self that enact behaviors. The objective of the research was to examine alignment between these different components of self.

Method

The present research assessed degrees of alignment between these two components of self, in the romantic relationship domain, using scenarios involving the self and a hypothetical romantic partner, with alignment defined in terms of the extent to which self‐likelihood ratings for different courses of action (what one “would do”) correlated with the person's own effectiveness ratings (what one “should do”).

Results

In Study 1 (n = 183), this dimension of ego effectiveness positively predicted partner support and negatively predicted partner aggression, whether reported on by selves or peers. In Study 2 (n = 212), both participants and partners reported greater satisfaction in their relationships with participants scoring higher in ego effectiveness.

Conclusions

The discussion focuses both on the assessment‐related implications of the work and its relevance to understanding variations in relationship functioning.
Managing behavioural and developmental paediatric conditions in rural outpatient clinics: An insight to the challenge ahead
Authors: Kardell Luke David , Lee Joanna , Pinidiyapathirage Janani , Brumpton Kay
Published: February 2022

Aim

The aim of this study is to characterise the nature and caseload of general paediatric outpatient clinics in rural Queensland and to compare the findings with national data.

Methods

A retrospective clinical audit of medical records in paediatric clinics at two rural hospitals was undertaken over a 6‐month period. Data extracted included demographics, diagnostic category and onward referral outcomes. The same diagnostic categories were used as the national Children Attending Paediatricians Study (CAPS) to facilitate comparison.

Results

A total of 346 records were reviewed, 56 (16.2%) documented Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent. Compared to national data, significantly more children with behavioural/developmental diagnoses were seen in the rural clinics (CAPS 33.8%; rural 59.2%; P < 0.001). In contrast, children presenting with medical conditions (CAPS 48.2%; rural 28.6%; P < 0.001) and mixed medical/developmental conditions (CAPS 17.9%; rural 12.1%; P = 0.006) were seen less frequently in the rural clinics. Referral rates from the rural sites were lower than the rates reported by CAPS for children with behavioural/developmental diagnoses (CAPS 35.9%, rural 24.9%; P = 0.002) and mixed diagnoses (CAPS 40.6%, rural 19.0%; P = 0.005), while there was no difference in referral rates for children with medical diagnoses (CAPS 16.1%, rural 18.2%; P = 0.575).

Conclusions

Rural paediatricians' caseloads are dominated by developmental/behavioural conditions, however children with these conditions are less likely to be referred to allied health and psychology services. The reasons for lower referral rates and specific pressures upon rural health services need to be investigated in future studies to provide better health services for rural children.
Acquired partial lower urinary tract obstruction caused by intravesical ureterocele in an adult dog
Authors: Uva A. , Gernone F. , Cavalera M. A. , D'Ippolito P. , Ricciardi M. , Carelli G. , Zatelli A.
Published: February 2022

Ureterocele is an uncommon condition in dogs characterised by a cystic dilation of the submucosal portion of the distal ureter. A 4‐year‐old intact male Siberian husky with a 4‐month previous diagnosis of ureterocele was presented for pollakiuria. Abdominal ultrasound showed increased dimensions of the ureterocele, and a retrograde positive contrast urethrocystography detected a filling defect of the bladder neck lumen. The position of ureterocele was considered responsible for the partial urinary obstruction. This hypothesis is supported by the resolution of pollakiuria after surgical ureterocele resection. Based on a literature search, this is the first case of an intravesical ureterocele causing partial urinary obstruction in dogs. Ureterocele should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with pollakiuria.
Content analysis of breast milk substitutes marketing on Chinese e‐commerce platforms
Authors: Han Shannon , Chen Huixi , Wu Yanting , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: February 2022

China has the largest and fastest‐growing breast milk substitutes (BMSs) market and a disproportionately low exclusive breastfeeding rate. Many BMS manufacturers have established Chinese e‐commerce stores. This marketing is of concern as it is likely to undermine breastfeeding. This study aimed to identify: (1) the marketing themes and strategies used to promote BMSs on the Chinese BMSs e‐commerce websites; (2) if and how digital BMSs marketing may deviate from the World Health Organization Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (the Code) recommendations. Content analysis was conducted on the flagship websites of 10 BMSs companies on the Chinese e‐commerce platform “TMall” in July 2019. The main landing page (n = 10) of the flagship TMall website and the product description page (n = 113) of all individual formulas (Stages 1–3) within each company's TMall website were examined. The content was analysed and coded using an iterative thematic analysis approach. Emphasis on Premiumization and Science & Nutrition was the most commonly used marketing approaches. A total of 27.4% of the product description pages sampled used images of infants (<12 months), 33.6% made favourable comparisons of BMSs to breast milk, and only 34.5% included probreastfeeding statements. Marketing strategies were often inconsistent with the Code, and companies used “creative” ways to target mothers, often circumventing the Code recommendations. Unsubstantiated information was commonplace and of concern, because the e‐commerce platform provided easy opportunities for bulk purchases. National regulatory actions are urgently needed to monitor online BMS marketing and the undermining of breastfeeding in China.
‘But this soil, I know!’: Materiality, Incarnation, and the Earthiness of Popular Belief and Practice
Authors: Ryan Salvador
Published: February 2022

Taking its cue from the story of a Cretan peasant who was reluctant to let go of a handful of his native soil in order to enter heaven, this article begins by exploring ideas concerning the afterlife in which this world is contrasted with the world to come. It then proceeds to discuss how Christians historically have frequently understood themselves to be in the world, but not of it; how dualistic tendencies have often pitted the soul against the body, and how such views have had an influence on how we understand the person of Christ, often preventing Christians from fully accepting the implications of the Incarnation. The article examines instances of a lingering docetic streak within Christianity, which lies uncomfortably with its central claim that God became fully human. Notwithstanding the difficulties some Christians may have with the idea of a fully human Jesus, there is also a very rich tradition within Christianity of bodily engagement with the material world, not only sacramentally, but also within many popular religious practices, including pilgrimage and relic veneration. Finally, the revival of interest in sacred natural sites, even in areas where church attendances continue to fall, is investigated.
Patients' experiences of the decision‐making process for clinical trial participation
Authors: A. Gregersen Trine , Birkelund Regner , Wolderslund Maiken , Dahl Steffensen Karina , Ammentorp Jette
Published: February 2022

Clinical decision‐making about participating in a clinical trial is a complex process influenced by overwhelming information about prognosis, disease, and treatment options. The study aimed to explore patients' experiences of the decision‐making process when patients are presented with the opportunity to participate in a cancer clinical trial and to shed light on how patients experience the health communication, the nurse's role, and the physician's role. A qualitative study design was applied. Nine patients with advanced cancer were interviewed after being informed about their treatment options. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed that patients made treatment decisions mainly guided by their emotions and trust in the physician. Furthermore, the physicians had a great impact on the decisions, and the nurse's role was associated with conversations about how to manage life. The study highlights the importance of talking about prognosis and addressing the patient's existential issues, particularly in this context of advanced cancer. The study elucidates a need for healthcare professionals to engage in health communication about life when it is coming to an end.
Impact of role conflicts and self‐efficacy on academic performance of graduate‐entry healthcare students: A lagged study
Authors: O'Connor Anne , McCarthy Gemma , O'Shea Deirdre
Published: February 2022

Graduate entry healthcare students experience many challenges during their academic journey. The impact of these challenges needs to be considered to support students through their training and education. In this study, we examined the impact of experiencing these role conflicts (at the outset of the academic year), for example, family and caring responsibilities, activities with family/friends, and daily tasks/chores, on the academic performance (at the end of the academic year) of graduate‐entry healthcare students. We also investigated the potential of students' self‐efficacy for learning to mitigate the extent to which such role conflicts impact academic performance. Findings demonstrate that the more graduate entry healthcare students experienced conflicts between their life responsibilities and their academic responsibilities, the worse their academic performance was across the year. This negative relationship was somewhat mitigated by high self‐efficacy for learning. The practical implications of our research suggest the need to provide specific mitigation strategies to support healthcare students regarding conflicts between their life/family responsibilities and their academic work.
Moral distress: Does this impact on intent to stay among adult critical care nurses?
Authors: Witton Nicola , Goldsworthy Sandra , Phillips Leah Adeline
Published: February 2022

Background

Moral distress is recognized as an international problem that contributes to decreased work productivity, job dissatisfaction and intent to leave for adult Critical Care nurses.

Aim

To explore Critical Care nurses moral distress levels using the Moral Distress Scale Revised (MDS‐R) and its relationship with intention to stay. The study reported in this paper was part of a larger study that also investigated Critical Care nurses' work environment in Canada and the Midlands region of the UK.

Study design

During January to August 2017 a cross‐sectional survey was distributed to adult Critical Care nurses in the Midlands region of the UK.

Methods

Surveys were distributed to adult Critical Care Registered Nurses in the Midlands region of the UK examining moral distress levels and intention to stay in Critical Care, the organization (NHS Trust) and in the nursing profession.

Results

Two hundred sixty‐six number of a potential sample of 1066 Critical Care nurses completed the survey (25% response rate). Age and moral distress were significantly positively correlated with intention to stay on their current unit (r = 0.16, P = .05), indicating older nurses were more likely to stay in the critical care unit. Moral distress was negatively correlated with intent to stay scores, showing critical care nurses with higher levels of moral distress were less likely to stay on their unit (r = −0.20, P = .02). Moral distress was also significantly negatively correlated with intention to stay with their current employer (r = −0.28, P < .001). Nurses that stated they had high rates of moral distress were more likely to consider leaving their current employer.

Conclusion

Moral distress appears to be an issue among adult Critical Care nurses requiring further exploration and development of effective strategies to reduce this phenomenon and stabilize the workforce by reducing turnover.

Relevance to clinical practice

By identifying the top causes of moral distress, tools and strategies can be developed to allow the Critical Care nurse to work within an ethically safe clinical environment and reduce the turnover of experienced adult Critical Care nurses.
Embracing mountain microbiome and ecosystem functions under global change
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Hu Ang , Meng Fanfan , Zhao Wenqian , Yang Yunfeng , Soininen Janne , Shen Ji , Zhou Jizhong
Published: February 2022

Mountains are pivotal to maintaining habitat heterogeneity, global biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services to humans. They have provided classic model natural systems for plant and animal diversity gradient studies for over 250 years. In the recent decade, the exploration of microorganisms on mountainsides has also achieved substantial progress. Here, we review the literature on microbial diversity across taxonomic groups and ecosystem types on global mountains. Microbial community shows climatic zonation with orderly successions along elevational gradients, which are largely consistent with traditional climatic hypotheses. However, elevational patterns are complicated for species richness without general rules in terrestrial and aquatic environments and are driven mainly by deterministic processes caused by abiotic and biotic factors. We see a major shift from documenting patterns of biodiversity towards identifying the mechanisms that shape microbial biogeographical patterns and how these patterns vary under global change by the inclusion of novel ecological theories, frameworks and approaches. We thus propose key questions and cutting‐edge perspectives to advance future research in mountain microbial biogeography by focusing on biodiversity hypotheses, incorporating meta‐ecosystem framework and novel key drivers, adapting recently developed approaches in trait‐based ecology and manipulative field experiments, disentangling biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships and finally modelling and predicting their global change responses.
Evidence for a robust photosystem II in the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella
Authors: Gabr Arwa , Zournas Apostolos , Stephens Timothy G. , Dismukes G. Charles , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: February 2022

Paulinella represents the only known case of an independent primary plastid endosymbiosis, outside Archaeplastida, that occurred c. 120 (million years ago) Ma. These photoautotrophs grow very slowly in replete culture medium with a doubling time of 6–7 d at optimal low light, and are highly sensitive to photodamage under moderate light levels.

We used genomic and biophysical methods to investigate the extreme slow growth rate and light sensitivity of Paulinella, which are key to photosymbiont integration.

All photosystem II (PSII) genes except psb28‐2 and all cytochrome b6f complex genes except petM and petL are present in Paulinella micropora KR01 (hereafter, KR01). Biophysical measurements of the water oxidation complex, variable chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthesis‐irradiance curves show no obvious evidence of PSII impairment. Analysis of photoacclimation under high‐light suggests that although KR01 can perform charge separation, it lacks photoprotection mechanisms present in cyanobacteria.

We hypothesize that Paulinella species are restricted to low light environments because they are deficient in mitigating the formation of reactive oxygen species formed within the photosystems under peak solar intensities. The finding that many photoprotection genes have been lost or transferred to the host‐genome during endosymbiont genome reduction, and may lack light‐regulation, is consistent with this hypothesis.
Mediating factors of statistics anxiety in university students: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Trassi Angélica P. , Leonard Sophie J. , Rodrigues Larissa D. , Rodas Jose A. , Santos Flávia H.
Published: February 2022

Statistics plays a key role in many areas of modern society, including technology, social and behavior studies, economics, and the sciences. Statistics anxiety (SA) has a detrimental impact on academic experiences in university populations, although the mediating factors remain underexplored. We conducted the first systematic review and meta‐analysis focused on SA in university students in the context of statistical performance, individual differences in statistical learning, self‐perceptions regarding the statistics course and instructor, and sociodemographic factors. Searches were carried out in the PsycINFO, PubMed, Scielo, and Web of Science databases according to our preregistration. Forty studies were selected for systematic review. Seventeen were included in a series of six meta‐analyses concerning academic achievement, attitudes, self‐perception, procrastination, and gender. The findings reveal learning strategies, procrastination, self‐efficacy, and self‐awareness as predictors of SA. However, the impact of sociodemographic data in these moderators is still uncharted. We conclude with a critical appraisal of the selected studies and present future directions for research in SA.
Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to understand diamorphine dose‐response in neonates, children, and adolescents
Authors: Morse James D. , Anderson Brian J. , Gastine Silke , Wong Ian C. K. , Standing Joseph F.
Published: February 2022

Pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation can facilitate understanding and prediction of exposure‐response relationships in children with acute or chronic pain. The pharmacokinetics of diamorphine (diacetylmorphine, heroin), a strong opioid, remain poorly quantified in children and dose is often guided by clinical acumen. This tutorial demonstrates how a model to describe intranasal and intravenous diamorphine pharmacokinetics can be fashioned from a model for diamorphine disposition in adults and a model describing morphine disposition in children. Allometric scaling and maturation models were applied to clearances and volumes to account for differences in size and age between children and adults. The utility of modeling and simulation to gain insight into the analgesic exposure‐response relationship is demonstrated. The model explains reported observations, can be used for interrogation, interpolated to determine equianalgesia and inform future clinical studies. Simulation was used to illustrate how diamorphine is rapidly metabolized to morphine via its active metabolite 6‐monoacetylmorphine, which mediates an early dopaminergic response accountable for early euphoria. Morphine formation is then responsible for the slower, prolonged analgesic response. Time‐concentration profiles of diamorphine and its metabolites reflected disposition changes with age and were used to describe intravenous and intranasal dosing regimens. These indicated that morphine exposure in children after intranasal diamorphine 0.1 mg.kg−1 was similar to that after intranasal diamorphine 5 mg in adults. A target concentration of morphine 30 μg.L−1 can be achieved by a diamorphine intravenous infusion in neonates 14 μg.kg−1.h−1, in a 5‐year‐old child 42 μg.kg−1.h−1 and in an 15 year‐old‐adolescent 33 μg.kg−1.h−1.
High inoculum of Monilinia fructicola is a threat to peach production in the tropics due to fruit susceptibility at all development stages
Authors: Thomazi‐Kleina Heloisa , Nesi Cristiano Nunes , Amorim Lilian , May De Mio Louise Larissa
Published: February 2022

Brown rot is the main disease of stone fruits in Brazil, but the susceptibility of peaches to brown rot at different stages of development in the field has not been studied under subtropical conditions. This information is relevant to guide the management of the disease. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of inoculating peaches with Monilinia fructicola at different stages of development on the infection and progress of brown rot at postharvest. Two experiments were carried out: one ex vivo with two cultivars and the other in the field for two seasons. Peaches were inoculated at different sizes for both experiments. In the field, peaches were bagged to avoid natural infection, and M. fructicola inoculum was monitored. The ex vivo incidence of the disease was lower at pit hardening than at other fruit stages for both cultivars. The incidence of brown rot for peaches attached to the trees increased with fruit ripening. Conversely, the time for symptom expression was reduced according to peach diameter. Peaches inoculated with a diameter smaller than 2 cm showed a lower incidence of brown rot and longer periods for disease expression than fruit inoculated near harvest. In conclusion, in areas with high inoculum in the orchard, a common condition in the subtropics, the grower must prevent infection at all stages of fruit development, thus avoiding losses during marketing.
Linking bifurcation analysis of Holling–Tanner model with generalist predator to a changing environment
Authors: Xiang Chuang , Huang Jicai , Wang Hao
Published: February 2022

Bifurcation theory has been highly popular in the analysis of mathematical models. However, stability and bifurcation analyses are only for asymptotic dynamics while applied scientists care more about transient dynamics. In this paper, we first rigorously analyze Holling–Tanner model with generalist predators who have alternative food sources, and then discuss transient dynamics via a changing environment. For a constant environment, we provide a complete bifurcation analysis with high codimension. It is shown that the highest codimension of a nilpotent cusp is 3, and the model can undergo degenerate Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension 3. Moreover, by using resultant elimination to solve the semialgebraic varieties of Lyapunov coefficients, we show that a center‐type equilibrium is a weak focus with order at most 2, and the model can exhibit Hopf bifurcation of codimension 2. Our results indicate that generalist predators can cause not only richer dynamics and bifurcations, but also the extinction of prey for some positive initial densities. Numerical simulations, including the coexistence of a limit cycle and a homoclinic cycle, tristability, two limit cycles, are presented to illustrate the theoretical results. In a changing environment, the populations start along one stable state but can track unstable states or oscillations when the system crosses a bifurcation point, and then tend to another stable state or oscillations. This tracking on transient dynamics predicts regime shifts under environmental changes. When environmental conditions vary, the populations can track unstable states in the constant environment. The rate of environmental change determines how long the system tracks an unstable state although finally the solution under environmental change is attracted to a stable steady state or limit cycle. Finally, we focus on a periodic environment and find that the populations converge to a periodic solution or an invariant torus depending on both the initial environmental capacity and the amplitude of periodic fluctuation.
Efficacy of packed red blood cell transfusions based on weight versus formula in thalassemic children: An open‐label randomized control trial
Authors: Kaur Mehakdeep , Kaur Ravneet , Sood Tanvi , Jindal Geetanjali , Kaur Paramjit , Mittal Kshitija
Published: February 2022

Background

Protocols for transfusion therapy in transfusion‐dependent thalassemia (TDT) children differ among various medical centers. In India, most centers consider only the patient's weight while calculating the volume of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) to be transfused. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of PRBC transfusions of different volumes calculated either by weight or by a formula using weight and pretransfusion hemoglobin of patient and hematocrit of PRBC.

Study Design and Methods

Sixty TDT patients in the age group of 3–9 years were enrolled and randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received PRBC transfusion volume based on the patient's weight, and Group B received PRBC volume calculated using a formula for 6 months.

Results

Average pretransfusion hemoglobin in Group A and Group B (9 ± 0.4 vs. 8.9 ± 0.4 g/dl) was not significantly different (p = .353). Although the average number of visits in 6 months was less for Group A compared to Group B (7 ± 1 vs. 8 ± 1; p = .001); the average volume transfused per visit was more (351 ± 78 vs. 287 ± 68 ml; p = .003). The calculated average annual pure red cell requirement of the patients was 178 ml/kg/year for Group A and 154 ml/kg/year for Group B (p = .000). Total donor exposures were significantly lower in Group B than Group A (11 ± 3 vs. 14 ± 3; p = .006).

Conclusion

The number of donor exposures and annual pure red cell requirement was significantly lower in the formula‐based group. Transfusions based on formula are recommended in TDT patients.
SHĪʿĪ READINGS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ TO ḤAYDARĪ
Authors: Kocsenda Karim Gabor
Published: February 2022

Within the context of Islamic discourse about evolution, this is the first study that focuses exclusively on the views of Kamāl al‐Ḥaydarī (b. 1957), a prominent Shīʿī thinker of the contemporary period. Ḥaydarī develops his views from Muḥammad Ḥusayn al‐Ṭabāṭabāʾī (1904–1981), the author of the seminal exegesis The Balance in Interpreting the Qurʾān (Al‐Mīzān fī Tafsīr al‐Qurʾān). Ṭabāṭabāʾī is very hesitant about accepting whether the Qurʾān can be read to indicate evolution and ultimately refuses it because of a lack of scientific evidence in his eyes. However, Ḥaydarī challenges the hesitation in Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s hermeneutics while nonetheless agreeing with him on the lack of hard scientific proof for macroevolution. Instead, Ḥaydarī proposes a novel, theological reading of evolution understood in a nonscientific sense. The article examines Ḥaydarī’s views on evolution, his creationist conclusions, his suggestion of multiple “Adams” in human and Prophetic origins, and his attempt to link evolution of consciousness with the Shīʿī belief in the Parousia of the Mahdī. His unique reading of scripture marks him as being radically different to any of the currently available opinions in the discourse of Islam and evolution.
Directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure–flow relationship in young healthy individuals trained in endurance and resistance exercise
Authors: Roy Marc‐Antoine , Labrecque Lawrence , Perry Blake G. , Korad Stephanie , Smirl Jonathan D. , Brassard Patrice
Published: February 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Does habitual exercise modality affect the directionality of the cerebral pressure–flow relationship?

What is the main finding and its importance?

These data suggest the hysteresis‐like pattern of dynamic cerebral autoregulation appears present in long‐term sedentary and endurance‐trained individuals, but absent in resistance‐trained individuals. This is the first study to expand knowledge on the directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure–flow relationship to trained populations.

Evidence suggests the cerebrovasculature may be more efficient at dampening cerebral blood flow (CBF) variations when mean arterial pressure (MAP) transiently increases, compared to when it decreases. Despite divergent MAP and CBF responses to acute endurance and resistance training, the long‐term impact of habitual exercise modality on the directionality of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) is currently unknown. Thirty‐six young healthy participants (sedentary (n = 12), endurance‐trained (n = 12), and resistance‐trained (n = 12)) undertook a 5‐min repeated squat–stand protocol at two forced MAP oscillation frequencies (0.05 and 0.10 Hz). Middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAv) and MAP were continuously monitored. We calculated absolute (ΔMCAvT/ΔMAPT) and relative (%MCAvT/%MAPT) changes in MCAv and MAP with respect to the transition time intervals of both variables to compute a time‐adjusted ratio in each MAP direction, averaged over the 5‐min repeated squat–stand protocols. At 0.10 Hz repeated squat–stands, ΔMCAvT/ΔMAPT and %MCAvT/%MAPT were lower when MAP increased compared with when MAP decreased for sedentary (ΔMCAvT/ΔMAPT: P = 0.032; %MCAvT/%MAPT: P = 0.040) and endurance‐trained individuals (ΔMCAvT/ΔMAPT: P = 0.012; %MCAvT/%MAPT P = 0.007), but not in the resistance‐trained individuals (ΔMCAvT/ΔMAPT: P = 0.512; %MCAvT/%MAPT P = 0.666). At 0.05 Hz repeated squat–stands, time‐adjusted ratios were similar for all groups (all P > 0.605). These findings suggest exercise training modality does influence the directionality of the cerebral pressure–flow relationship and support the presence of a hysteresis‐like pattern during 0.10 Hz repeated squat–stands in sedentary and endurance‐trained participants, but not in resistance‐trained individuals. In future studies, assessment of elite endurance and resistance training habits may further elucidate modality‐dependent discrepancies on directional dCA measurements.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Nucleation Site Density and Heat Transfer During Dropwise Condensation on Thin Hydrophobic Coatings
Authors: Sablowski Jakob , Galle Lydia , Grothe Julia , Roudini Mehrzad , Winkler Andreas , Unz Simon , Beckmann Michael
Published: February 2022

Dropwise condensation (DWC) has the potential to enhance heat transfer compared to filmwise condensation (FWC). The heat transfer rates achieved by DWC depend on the drop size distribution, which is influenced by nucleation processes of newly formed drops. In DWC modeling, the nucleation site density Ns is used as an input parameter to obtain the drop size distribution of small drops. However, due to the small scale of the condensate nuclei, direct observation is difficult, and experimental data on the nucleation site density are scarce. In the literature, values in the range of 109 m−2 to 1015 m−2 can be found for Ns. In this paper, we report DWC experiments on SiO2 and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES) thin hydrophobic coatings that show significantly different nucleation site densities. Nucleation site densities are estimated from high-speed imaging of small drops during initial condensation and from model calibration using established DWC theory. We have found the values for Ns to be in the range from 1.1×1010 m−2 to 5.1×1011 m−2 for the SiO2 coating and 1011 m−2 to 1013 m−2 for the PFDTES coating. Our results show that there can be large differences in the nucleation site density under similar conditions depending on the surface properties. This underlines the importance of investigating nucleation site density specifically for each surface and under consideration of the specific process conditions used for DWC.
Study on Minimum Miscibility Pressure of CO2–Oil System Based on Gaussian Process Regression and Particle Swarm Optimization Model
Authors: Hou Zhiwei , Su Haizhou , Wang Guodong
Published: February 2022

Injecting CO2 into the reservoir can not only improve crude oil recovery but also achieve the goal of CO2 geological storage. It can not only reduce the greenhouse effect but also obtain additional economic benefits. From the perspective of minimum miscible pressure, carbon dioxide flooding can be divided into miscible flooding and immiscible flooding, and miscible flooding is widely used in the oil field. The most important condition for miscible flooding is to achieve the minimum miscible pressure (MMP). In the study, combining the particle swarm optimization (PSO) with Gaussian process regression (GPR), a novel intelligent GPR and particle swarm optimization (GPR-PSO) method was proposed to establish the model of predicting the MMP of the CO2 and oil system. The model uses the database with more data than in the previous literature, with 365 data points, and the value range of the data is also wider. Moreover, the accuracy of GPR-PSO model was evaluated by statistical error and graph error and compared with the prediction results of existing models. The results show that compared with other models, the GPR-PSO model has higher accuracy and wider application range, the mean absolute relative error is only 1.66%. Meanwhile, the reliability of the model is verified by the sensitivity analysis of parameters. The results show that the most influential parameter on the prediction results is the reservoir temperature, and the least influential parameter is the critical temperature of injected gas. The GPR-PSO model can be used not only to predict the MMP of CO2 and oil system but also to predict the MMP of other gases and crude oil system.
Controversial Analyzing of a Vapor-Compression Cycle in Various Climatic Conditions Using Various Refrigerants
Authors: Zand Mazyar , Sadr Vaghefi Seyed Ali , Mousavi Seyed Zaeim
Published: February 2022

This research is about “controversial analysis of a refrigeration vapor-compression cycle,” using R22, and environmentally friendly hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants such as R134a, R407c, and R410a in various climatic conditions. For initiation, a complete database was provided for thermophysical properties of the refrigerants’ performances. Then, P–h, s–T, s–h equations are derived in matlab and Excel with the maximum R2. Meanwhile, five climatic conditions (from hot to cold state) are assumed. Consequently, temperature, pressure, enthalpy, and entropy of the cycle states are illustrated for aforesaid conditions as per working fluids properties in the form of quadripartite diagrams. Subsequently, the cycle was analyzed thermodynamically. The coeffcient of performance (COP) was performed for refrigeration (cooling procedure), heat pump (heating procedure), and both heating and cooling for both standard and actual conditions. Afterward, the calculation was performed for parameters like energy efficiency ratio (EER), heat rejected ratio (HRR), capacity, energy, exergy, irreversibility, and exergy destruction ratio (EDR) of each system component according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics, individually. Derived and calculated values in each session illustrated in 3D diagrams on which TEvap s, TCond s and working fluids for each assumed climatic condition can be distinguished easily. A concise analytic study was performed for the increasing and decreasing in values. Forecast for two steps upper and lower than all values derived for trending. Making a trend for indicating either positive or negative inclines of the values and proposing a development for all similar cycles can be considered as the novelty of this research.
Mutual Interaction of Guided Waves Having Mixed Polarity for Early Detection of Material Degradation
Authors: Lissenden Cliff J. , Guha Anurup , Hasanian Mostafa
Published: February 2022

Guided wave mixing leverages mutual wave interactions to provide sensitive diagnostics of material degradation in plates and pipes and an early warning upon which maintenance decisions can be based. In some cases, the material to be interrogated may be otherwise inaccessible for nondestructive evaluation. The distortion of the waveform in nonlinear ultrasonics is typically quite small, often making it difficult to distinguish from nonlinearities in the sensing system. Mutual wave interactions are preferred to wave self-interactions in this respect because they can be designed to occur away from frequencies corrupted by sensing system nonlinearity. Furthermore, primary waves that generate secondary waves having a different polarity also provide a means to separate the material nonlinearity from the sensing system nonlinearity. Finite element simulations of wave mixing using a hyperelastic material model are conducted as a precursor to laboratory experiments to establish realistic expectations. In one case, shear-horizontal waves are mixed with co-directional symmetric Lamb waves to generate backpropagating shear-horizontal waves at the difference frequency. In the second case, counterpropagating shear-horizontal waves mix to generate secondary standing waves at the cutoff frequency of the S1 Lamb wave mode. In both cases, the results indicate that the larger the wave mixing zone, the more measurable is the amplitude of the secondary waves. These results will be used to design experiments that demonstrate the utility of these novel wave interactions.
Ruralidad y discurso: del caso español al de Cantabria
Authors: Gómez-Peyón Eloy
Published: February 2022

La reforma de la Política Agraria Comunitaria (PAC) en 1992 por parte de la Unión Europea, en aras de lo que desde entonces se denominará multifuncionalidad de los espacios rurales, hará de la conservación del paisaje y del medio natural, del mantenimiento del tejido social y del bienestar de las poblaciones locales, sus objetivos más ambiciosos. Como atributo del territorio, y en rima con el principio de la sostenibilidad, la multifuncionalidad estará llamada a proveer de bienes públicos a la sociedad en general. Pasado el tiempo, la retórica de la ruralidad, afianzada mediante la Agenda 2000 y las reformas de la PAC de 2003 y de 2004, ha creado la creciente ilusión de un inmenso mundo rural que supuestamente abarca la práctica totalidad del territorio de la Unión Europea, según parece desprenderse de la aplicación de criterios meramente cuantitativos. Paradójicamente, la Unión Europea se extiende sobre una de las áreas más urbanizadas del mundo, y sus habitantes han adoptado estilos de vida urbanos desde hace mucho tiempo. El presente trabajo muestra, a partir del análisis del caso español, por un lado, las dificultades insalvables para asumir esta concepción dicotómica del territorio y, por otro lado, cómo la multifuncionalidad de los espacios rurales esconde una multitud de paisajes sociales de la ruralidad.