bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground‐based thermal imagery as a simple, practical tool for mapping saturated area connectivity and dynamics
Authors: Pfister Laurent , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Hissler Christophe , Hoffmann Lucien
Published: September 2010

The hillslope‐riparian‐stream system is a key functional unit of catchments, yet very difficult to measure and monitor due to its tremendous complexity and high spatio‐temporal variability. Here, we present a simple and practical tool for imaging directly these hillslope‐riparian‐area connections. We used a FLIR b50 infrared camera to produce thermal images at the scale of 140 × 140 pixels over the spectral range 7·5–13 µm. Our IR imaging technique is sensitive to the upper 0·1 mm of the water column. Images were obtained from a constant position on the right bank of the Weierbach catchment in Luxembourg, at an incidence angle of approximately 45° over a 5‐week period. The study site measured 5 × 3 m. Our results show that ground‐based IR imagery can discriminate between areas with snow cover, snow melt, soil seepage, and stream water. More importantly, it can detect when and where variably saturated areas are active and when connectivity exists between the hillslope–riparian–stream system. Our proof of concept suggests that this is a simple, inexpensive technology for sequential mapping and characterisation of surface saturated areas and a useful complement to conventional tracer techniques. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subacute axonal neuropathy in Parkinson's disease with cobalamin and vitamin B6 deficiency under duodopa therapy
Authors: Urban Peter P. , Wellach Ingmar , Faiss Siegbert , Layer Peter , Rosenkranz Thorsten , Knop Karl , Weis Joachim
Published: September 2010

We describe two patients who developed subacute axonal peripheral neuropathy under duodopa treatment. Comprehensive diagnostic workup including muscle and sural nerve biopsy revealed that the most probable cause of subacute axonal peripheral neuropathy was cobalaminand vitamin B6 deficiency in both the patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Facile Synthesis of Amine-Functionalized Eu3+-Doped La(OH)3 Nanophosphors for Bioimaging
Authors: Sun Conroy , Carpenter Colin , Pratx Guillem , Xing Lei
Published: September 2010

Here, we report a straightforward synthesis process to produce colloidal Eu3+-activated nanophosphors (NPs) for use as bioimaging probes. In this procedure, poly(ethylene glycol) serves as a high-boiling point solvent allowing for nanoscale particle formation as well as a convenient medium for solvent exchange and subsequent surface modification. The La(OH)3:Eu3+ NPs produced by this process were ~3.5 nm in diameter as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The NP surface was coated with aminopropyltriethoxysilane to provide chemical functionality for attachment of biological ligands, improve chemical stability and prevent surface quenching of luminescent centers. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of the NPs displayed emission peaks at 597 and 615 nm (λex = 280 nm). The red emission, due to 5D0 → 7F1 and 5D0 → 7F2 transitions, was linear with concentration as observed by imaging with a conventional bioimaging system. To demonstrate the feasibility of these NPs to serve as optical probes in biological applications, an in vitro experiment was performed with HeLa cells. NP emission was observed in the cells by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the NPs displayed no cytotoxicity over the course of a 48-h MTT cell viability assay. These results suggest that La(OH)3:Eu3+ NPs possess the potential to serve as a luminescent bioimaging probe.
Alzheimer's disease, a multifactorial disorder seeking multitherapies
Authors: Iqbal Khalid , Grundke‐Iqbal Inge
Published: September 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multifactorial and apparently involves several different etiopathogenic mechanisms. There are at least five subgroups of AD based on cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ1–42, a marker of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques, and tau and ubiquitin, two markers of neurofibrillary tangles. These different AD subgroups may respond differently to a given disease‐modifying drug, and hence, different therapeutic drugs for different disease subgroups might be required. Stratification of AD patients by disease subgroups in clinical trials is critical to the successful development of potent disease‐modifying drugs. Levels of disease markers in the cerebrospinal fluid are promising, both in identifying various subgroups of AD and in monitoring the response to therapeutic drugs.
Non-linear connections between dune activity and climate in the High Plains, Kansas and Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Werner Corey M. , Mason Joseph A. , Hanson Paul R.
Published: September 2010

Discrete dune fields are found throughout much of the Great Plains of North America, and the timing of past dune activity is often used as a proxy for paleoclimate because of the intuitive link between dune activity and a more arid climate. This research suggests that feedbacks in the soil-geomorphic system create a relationship between dune activity and climate that varies both spatially and temporally. Older eolian landforms are more resistant to activation because of the long-term accumulation of finer soil particles in a Bt horizon which retain moisture and anchor the deposit even during more arid times. Conversely, younger deposits lack these fines and are more easily reactivated. This spatially variable relationship is supported by soil stratigraphy, particle size analysis, and optical age control. Additionally, the water retention of the Bt horizons is quantifiably greater than that of the soils found in the younger dunes of the area. This complication in the relationship between eolian activity and climate is important because it suggests that caution is needed when using past dune activity as the lone proxy for paleoclimate.
Ethics and the Quest for Wisdom
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: September 2010

Modernity has challenged the ancient ideal of a universal quest for wisdom, and today's world of conflicting cultures and values has raised further doubts regarding the possibility of objective ethical standards. Robert Kane refocuses the debate on the philosophical quest for wisdom, and argues that ethical principles about right action and the good life can be seen to emerge from that very quest itself. This book contends that the search for wisdom involves a persistent striving to overcome narrowness of vision that comes from the inevitable limitations of finite points of view. When applied to questions of value and the good life, this striving has ethical implications about the way we should treat ourselves and others. This study argues for the merits of this central thesis against alternative theories in contemporary normative ethics, and discusses its practical applications for social ethics, political philosophy, law and moral education.
Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour
Authors: Ghodse Hamid
Published: September 2010

This classic text provides a comprehensive, accessible overview of substance misuse and dependence with an emphasis on practical and evidence-based approaches to the assessment, management and prevention of a wide range of drug-related problems, in a variety of clinical and social settings. The book includes definitions of terms, and describes the effects and clinical characteristics of all substances of misuse. The theoretical background to these topics is clearly explained. For the fourth edition, every chapter has been revised to include the most up-to-date information, with the latest international data on the extent of the world drug problem. There is detailed emphasis on harm minimization, AIDS and hepatitis C and entirely new coverage of tobacco addiction and its management. This is an essential guide for all healthcare workers, health policy specialists, counselors and those seeking to train in areas related to addiction and substance misuse.
Rouquier's Cocovering Theorem and Well-generated Triangulated Categories
Authors: Murfet Daniel
Published: September 2010

We study cocoverings of triangulated categories, in the sense of Rouquier, and prove that for any regular cardinal α the condition of α-compactness, in the sense of Neeman, is local with respect to such cocoverings. This was established for ordinary compactness by Rouquier. Our result yields a new technique for proving that a given triangulated category is well-generated. As an application we describe the α-compact objects in the unbounded derived category of a quasi-compact and semi-separated scheme.
Competitive Memory Training (COMET) for Low Self-Esteem in Patients with Personality Disorders: A Randomized Effectiveness Study
Authors: Korrelboom Kees , Marissen Marlies , van Assendelft Tanja
Published: September 2010

Background: Self-esteem is a major concern in the treatment of patients with personality disorders in general. In patients with borderline personality disorder, low self-esteem is associated with factors contributing to suicidal and self-injurious behaviour. At the moment there are no well-proven interventions that specifically target low self-esteem. Recently, a new approach, Competitive Memory Training or COMET, aimed at the enhancement of retrieving beneficial information from memory, appeared to be successful in addressing low self-esteem in different patient populations. Aims: To assess whether COMET for low self-esteem is also an effective intervention for patients with personality disorders. Method: 91 patients with personality disorders who were already in therapy in a regular mental health institution were randomly assigned to either 7 group sessions of COMET in addition to their regular therapy or to 7 weeks of ongoing regular therapy. These latter patients received COMET after their “7 weeks waiting period for COMET”. All patients that completed COMET were contacted 3 months later to assess whether the effects of COMET had remained stable. Results: Compared to the patients who received regular therapy only, patients in the COMET + regular therapy condition improved significantly and with large effect sizes on indices of self-esteem and depression. Significant differential improvements on measures of autonomy and social optimism were also in favour of COMET, but had small to intermediate effect sizes. The therapeutic effects of COMET remained stable after 3 months on three out of the four outcome measures. Conclusion: COMET for low self-esteem seems to be an efficacious trans-diagnostic approach that can rather easily be implemented in the treatment of patients with personality disorders.
Molecular insights into amyloid regulation by membrane cholesterol and sphingolipids: common mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Fantini Jacques , Yahi Nouara
Published: September 2010

Alzheimer, Parkinson and other neurodegenerative diseases involve a series of brain proteins, referred to as ‘amyloidogenic proteins’, with exceptional conformational plasticity and a high propensity for self-aggregation. Although the mechanisms by which amyloidogenic proteins kill neural cells are not fully understood, a common feature is the concentration of unstructured amyloidogenic monomers on bidimensional membrane lattices. Membrane-bound monomers undergo a series of lipid-dependent conformational changes, leading to the formation of oligomers of varying toxicity rich in β-sheet structures (annular pores, amyloid fibrils) or in α-helix structures (transmembrane channels). Condensed membrane nano- or microdomains formed by sphingolipids and cholesterol are privileged sites for the binding and oligomerisation of amyloidogenic proteins. By controlling the balance between unstructured monomers and α or β conformers (the chaperone effect), sphingolipids can either inhibit or stimulate the oligomerisation of amyloidogenic proteins. Cholesterol has a dual role: regulation of protein–sphingolipid interactions through a fine tuning of sphingolipid conformation (indirect effect), and facilitation of pore (or channel) formation through direct binding to amyloidogenic proteins. Deciphering this complex network of molecular interactions in the context of age- and disease-related evolution of brain lipid expression will help understanding of how amyloidogenic proteins induce neural toxicity and will stimulate the development of innovative therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Choice, emergence, and constitutional process: a framework for positive analysis
Authors: RUNST PETRIK , WAGNER RICHARD E.
Published: September 2010

Constitutional theorizing typically employs a bi-level analytical framework wherein the choice of rules precedes the actions that people pursue within those rules. Constitutions are thus products of planning and are prior to the spontaneous ordering that characterizes market processes. This paper explores an alternative conceptual framework wherein rules and actions are coeval and not sequential. Hence, constitutions are subject to spontaneous ordering just as are ordinary market processes. All societies necessarily possess constitutional frameworks that frame the actions of participants; however, those frameworks are not fully settled prior to action but rather evolve through action, which means, in turn, that constitutions, like societies, are living entities and not background precepts against which societal life evolves.
Ground‐based observations of diffuse auroral frequencies in the context of whistler mode chorus
Authors: Samara M. , Michell R. G.
Published: September 2010

We present a case study of an active auroral event containing diffuse auroral structures. These data were collected on 04 February 2009 during a ground‐based observational campaign at Poker Flat, Alaska (L ∼ 6), from January through April 2009. They were used to extract the frequencies of pulsating auroral structures that lasted many hours after substorm breakup. There are two main frequency ranges reported, coincident with the spatial resolution capabilities of the two different fields of view of the optical imagers used. The all‐sky imager clearly revealed the pulsations of the large patches, ranging from approximately 50 to 500 mHz. The narrowfield imager measured the pulsations within the finer structure to be in the range of 0.5 to 15 Hz. Both observations are consistent with the frequencies expected from theoretical, modeling and observational work on whistler mode chorus and ECH waves. In particular, the repetition frequencies observed in the visual aurora closely match the observed repetition rate of discrete chorus elements previously described in the literature. There are three significant additional insights gained through these data. The frequency of the pulsations correlates to the intensity of the aurora, with the brighter aurora containing higher frequencies. The scale size of the structures relates to the frequency of the pulsations, with the smaller structures occurring with higher frequency pulsations. The intensity profile of the pulsating structures is not symmetric, with the intensity increasing at a slower rate than it decreases.
A geologically constrained Monte Carlo approach to modeling exposure ages from profiles of cosmogenic nuclides: An example from Lees Ferry, Arizona
Authors: Hidy Alan J. , Gosse John C. , Pederson Joel L. , Mattern Jann Paul , Finkel Robert C.
Published: September 2010

We present a user‐friendly and versatile Monte Carlo simulator for modeling profiles of in situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCNs). Our program (available online at http://geochronology.earthsciences.dal.ca/downloads‐models.html) permits the incorporation of site‐specific geologic knowledge to calculate most probable values for exposure age, erosion rate, and inherited nuclide concentration while providing a rigorous treatment of their uncertainties. The simulator is demonstrated with 10Be data from a fluvial terrace at Lees Ferry, Arizona. Interpreted constraints on erosion, based on local soil properties and terrace morphology, yield a most probable exposure age and inheritance of 83.9−14.1+19.1 ka, and 9.49−2.52+1.21 × 104 atoms g−1, respectively (2σ). Without the ability to apply some constraint to either erosion rate or age, shallow depth profiles of any cosmogenic nuclide (except for nuclides produced via thermal and epithermal neutron capture, e.g., 36Cl) cannot be optimized to resolve either parameter. Contrasting simulations of 10Be data from both sand‐ and pebble‐sized clasts within the same deposit indicate grain size can significantly affect the ability to model ages with TCN depth profiles and, when possible, sand—not pebbles—should be used for depth profile exposure dating.
Nanoscale measurements of local junction breakdown in epitaxial film silicon solar cells
Authors: Romero M. J. , Alberi K. , Martin I. T. , Jones K. M. , Young D. L. , Yan Y. , Teplin C. , Al-Jassim M. M. , Stradins P. , Branz H. M.
Published: September 2010

In this contribution, the authors report on near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements of the luminescence emitted from localized junction breakdown in epitaxial silicon solar cells. Our measurements suggest that the observed local reduction in breakdown voltage results from avalanche multiplication assisted by the reinforcing combination of (i) the local enhancement of the electrostatic field at the apex of inverted pyramid pits and (ii) the participation of defect states in the avalanche breakdown. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the microstructure of the defect responsible for the local junction breakdown.
The Chemical Constituents of Australian Flindersia Species. I. Collinin, 7-Geranoxy-8-methoxycoumarin
Authors: Anet FAL , Blanks FR , Hughes GK
Published: September 2010

Collinin, a new coumarin, has been
isolated from the bark of Flindersia collina Bail. and shown to be
7-geranoxy-8-methoxycoumarin.
The Relative Stability of Internal Metal Complexes. II. Metal Derivatives of 8-Hydroxyquinoline 5-Sulphonic Acid and a Series of Monocarboxylic Mono-α-amino Acids including Histidine
Authors: Maley LE , Mellor DP
Published: September 2010

Stability constants of ct series of metal
complexes derived from the series of α-amino acids, glycine, alanine,
leucine, valine, histidine, and 8-hydroxyquinoline 5-sulphonic acid have been
determined by an electrometric method.

The metals fall in the same order, as
regards stability of their complexes, as was found for the chelating molecules
studied in Part I of this series.

As the length of the a chain of the amino
acid increases, there is a small decrease in the stability of the amino acid
complexes of any one metal. The cobalt II complex of histidine is much more
stable than cobalt II complexes derived from any of the other α-amino
acids. It is suggested that this explains why histidine is able to nullify the
inhibiting action of cobalt on the growth and respiration of various aerobic
and anaerobic organisms.

Though there is no great difference in the
stability of corresponding metal complexes derived from 8-hydroxyquinoline and
8-hydroxyquinoline 5-sulphonic acid (when allowance is made for different
solvents used in making the measurements), there is a marked difference in the
bacteriostatic action of these two chelating molecules. A reason for this
difference is suggested.

The stability constants of any chelating
reaction involving the liberation of any number of hydrogen ions can be
evaluated by using the generalized mathematical treatment which has been set
out in this series of papers.
The Polarization of Thermal 'Solar Noise' and a Determination of the Sun's General Magnetic Field
Authors: Smerd SF
Published: September 2010

The equation of transfer of radiation and
the magneto-ionic theory are used to derive expressions for the degree of
polarization of thermal " solar noise " due to a general magnetic
field of the sun. In particular, the net polarization of 600 Mc/s. (50 cm.)
radiation corresponding to the maximum phase of the eclipse of November 1,
1948, as seen from Melbourne, Victoria, is evaluated theoretically and compared
with observational evidence. This leads to an upper limit of 11 gauss for the
surface field- strength at the solar poles at the time of observation.
Observations of the Spectrum of High-Intensity Solar Radiation at Metre Wavelengths. IV. Enhanced Radiation
Authors: Wild JP
Published: September 2010

Observations are described of the spectrum
of " enhanced radiation" from the Sun (i.e. the radio-frequency
radiation which maintains a high but variable level for periods of hours' or
days' duration) in the frequency range 70-130 Mc/s. This radiation is known to
be received from the direction of sunspots and to show circular polarization.
For the purpose of presenting results, two components are recognized, viz. a
background continuum which varies gradually with time and frequency, and
short-lived, narrow-band bursts (" storm bursts "). The behaviour of
the two components, and the relation between them during periods of high level
(" noise storms ") are described. A detailed analysis is given of the
properties of recorded storm bursts. The distribution of recorded bursts with
frequency was found to be markedly non- uniform, e.g. a pronounced minimum at
89 Mc/s. was present. The possibility that the background continuum is due to
the resultant of a large number of bursts is discussed.
The Crystalline Structure of Cellulose as Revealed by Acid Hydrolysis
Authors: Foster DH , Wardrop AB
Published: September 2010

The hydrolysis of holocellulose from
Eucalyptus regnans F. v. M. has been studied employing a percolation technique
and using 2 per cent. sulphuric acid for varying times of hydrolysis (0 to 6
hr.) and at three temperatures, 150, 160, and 170 �C. For comparison a series
of experiments at 160 �C. on cotton was also carried out. The course of
hydrolysis of the resistant cellulose in each experiment could be represented
by the equation for a fist order reaction. The " reaction constant "
for cotton was smaller than that for holocellulose.

Powder X-ray diffraction photographs were
made of samples at each stage of hydrolysis in the 160 �C. series. From these
photographs the breadth at half maximum intensity of the line corresponding to
the (002) planes, and the combined lines corresponding to the (101) and (101)
planes was determined by photometric measurement. Throughout the period of
hydrolysis studied, the line breadths decreased for both holocellulose and for
cotton. This observation is considered to indicate the existence of a
distribution of the degree of lateral order of the crystalline regions in each
sample. The narrow line breadths in the cotton series' may indicate the
existence of greater lateral order in the cotton than in the wood holocellulose
and may account for the observed smaller reaction constant for cotton. The
results obtained are consistent with the view that the mesomorphous regions
surrounding the micelles are more extensive in wood holocellulose than in
cotton.
Galactic Radiation at Radio Frequencies. IV. The Distribution of Radio Stars in the Galaxy
Authors: Bolton JG , Westfold KC
Published: September 2010

The distribution of sources of galactic
noise at 100 Mc/s. in the galactic plane is deduced from the data of a previous
survey. assuming axial symmetry. Effects of absorption and emission within the
interstellar gas are considered and found to be negligible. Away from the
galactic plane, the noise contours do not conform to a single spheroidal source
distribution. Consideration is given to an isotropic contribution to the
general background radiation-possibly extragalactic in origin.

On the hypothesis that the background
radiation is the aggregate emission from a distribution of radio stars typified
by the discrete sources previously studied, estimates of the local number
density, the flux from a typical radio star, and the distances of some of the
observed discrete sources are made. These estimates are briefly discussed.
Polarography with Alternating Currents. IV. A.C. Polarography of Uranium, Iron, Nickel, and Manganese
Authors: Breyer B , Hacobian S
Published: September 2010

The A.C. polarography of uranium, iron, nickel,
and manganese in suitable supporting electrolytes 1s discussed. Uranium was estimated
in perchloric acid as the uranyl ion (UO2++) ; Iron as
the oxalato complex ion in neutral or acid oxalate. Nickel and manganese were
estimated as cyano complexes which are reversibly reduced at the dropping
mercury electrode.
Isotope Effect in the Reaction of 14C-Formaldehyde with Dimedone
Authors: Downes AM
Published: September 2010

Formulae for the specific activity of a
labelled product at any stage in a reaction which involves an " isotope
effect " are discussed. The investigation of isotope effect by isolating a
labelled product in consecutive fractions is illustrated by the reaction of 14C-formaldehyde
with dimedone. In this reaction the 14C-formaldehyde reacts 0.927�
0.005 times as rapidly as the unlabelled compound at room temperature.

Care must be taken when using dimedone as
a derivative for the accurate assay of isotopic formaldehyde if errors due to
isotope effect are to be avoided.
The Dielectic properties of Crystalline Alcohols containing sterically hindered Hydroxyl groups
Authors: Meakins RJ
Published: September 2010

It has been previously suggested that the
high dielectric absorption of certain crystalline forms of long-chain alcohols
is associated with hydrogen-bonding of the hydroxyl groups. This theory is
supported by the results given in the present paper, which show that with other
alcohols, in which the hydroxyl groups are sterically hindered, the loss is
almost completely eliminated.

The smallest losses are obtained with
triphenylcarbinol and cholesterol which both possess hydroxyl groups embedded
in a bulky molecular structure. For the former compound, infra-red data from
the literature indicate the absence of any appreciable amount of
hydrogen-bonding and are thus in agreement with the evidence from dielectric
measurements.

High frequency absorption observed in
these compounds is considered to be associated with dipole orientation
resulting from hindered rotation of the free hydroxyl groups.

The effects of steric hindrance of the
hydroxyl group are also observed in tert.-butanol.
A synthesis of O-Methylcryptaustoline Iodide
Authors: Hughes GK , Ritchie E , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

Two optically active forms of O-methylcryptaustoline
iodide, one of them identical with the methyl ether of the natural alkaloid,
have been synthesized.
The structure of Aromadendrene
Authors: Birch AJ , Lahey FN
Published: September 2010

The reactions of aromadendrene do not
agree with either formulae I or II (R=CH2). On the basis of the reactions of
apoaromadendrone, assisted by the use of infra-red spectra the formula IV is
tentatively proposed. A new stereoisomeric form of apo-aromadendrone has been
obtained.
The non-resistant components of the wook of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. I. Water-soluble Hemicellulose
Authors: Stewart CM
Published: September 2010

A xylosan uronide material has been
extracted, by means of water, from the residues remaining after exhaustive
methanol extraction (at 150 �C) of the wood of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. The
fractions isolated from the xylosan uronide material appear to be chemically
similar, the observed fractionation depending on physical properties.
The non-resistant components of the Wood of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. II. Polysaccharide constituents
Authors: Stewart CM , Foster DH
Published: September 2010

It is shown that the wood of Eucalyptus
regnans F. Muell., on hydrolysis with N sulphuric acid, yields an aldobiuronic
acid containing 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and D-xylose residues.

The composition of the non-resistant
hemicellulose of E. regnans wood is compared. with hemicelluloses obtained from
various sources by other workers. The evidence suggests that the non-resistant
hemicellulose in situ is composed, basically, of a poly-(hexaxylose 4-O-methyl-D-glucosiduronic
acid) complex containing, in addition, acetyl groups and possibly galactose
residues.
Some nitro- and amino-compounds prepared from naturally occurring 2,2-dimethylchromenes
Authors: McHugh DJ , Wright SE
Published: September 2010

The preparation of some nitro-compounds of
alloevodionol and dihydromethylevodionol is described.
Aminodihydromethylevodionol has also been prepared and found to be too toxic
for pharmacological use and devoid of antibiotic activity.
Direct current polarography in the presence of alternating voltages. II. Irreversible systems
Authors: Buchanan GS , Werner RL
Published: September 2010

The superposition of a small alternating
voltage on the normal D.C. voltage applied at the dropping mercury electrode
(D.M.E.) results in the case of irreversible systems in a marked displacement
of the entire D.C. wave, in contradistinction to those cases known to be
reversible. Such a displacement has been interpreted in terms of an ionic
picture.

The cases examined were ZnO2--,
Fe++, Ni++, Sb+++ in the presence of varying
concentrations of Cl-, and Cd++ in the presence of
varying concentrations of cyclohexanol. The effect of frequency was
investigated.
The behaviour of fluids of Quasi-Spherical molecules. IV. Concerning Trouton's and Hilderbrand's rules
Authors: Hamann SD
Published: September 2010

An examination of the theoretical
foundations of Trouton's and Hildebrand's rules gives an explanation of the
greater generality of Hildebrand's rule. In a group of liquids obeying the
principle of corresponding states those with the larger critical volumes Vc
have smaller Hildebrand entropies of evaporation. But in many groups of
non-polar liquids an increase in Vc is accompanied by a change in
the form of the molecular interaction potential (with consequent departure from
the principle of corresponding states) and this change can produce a
compensating increase in Hildebrand's entropy.
The Tautomerism of 6-Hydroxy-4-methyldihydrofuro-(2',3',2,3)pyridine
Authors: Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

The claim, that two tautomeric forms, of
which 6-hydroxy-4-methyldihydrofuro-(2?,3?,2,3)pyridine
is one, may be isolated, could not be substantiated.
The effect of free valencies on the chemical properties of azacarbons and carbons
Authors: Gabor T
Published: September 2010

Carbons of high nitrogen content were
prepared by charring urea-formaldehyde condensation products, and their
adsorption properties studied after activation at various temperatures. The
products were found to have only low basicity, which, it is suggested, is
partly due to the presence of positive holes formed in the π-band during
devolatilization (removal of hydrogen atoms and substituents) of the carbons.
The quinone character of the carbons and their behaviour in adsorption and
rubber reinforcement are also discussed in the light of this theory. It is
suggested that the stabilization of devolatilized carbons, their facile
adsorption of oxygen and resistance to hydrogenation, is explained by the
presence in the σ-band of unshared electron pairs resulting from the
formation of the π-band holes.
The π-Electron distribution in Pyridine and the molecular-orbital parameters for nitrogen
Authors: Brown RD , Heffernan ML
Published: September 2010

The π-electron distribution in
pyridine has been calculated by the self-consistent-field molecular-orbital
method, including electron interaction explicitly. Empirical parameters
analogous to the coulomb parameters in the simple molecular-orbital theory are
not required in the calculations.

The results have been compared with
chemical properties of pyridine and have also been used to determine the most
suitable values for the coulomb parameters in the simple molecular-orbital
treatment of pyridine. It emerges that, in addition to a coulomb parameter to
allow for the eleotronegativity of nitrogen being greater than that of carbon,
an appreciable auxiliary coulomb parameter, representing an enhanced
electronegativity of carbon atoms adjacent to the hetero-atom, must be
introduced. This auxiliary parameter is necessary to allow for purely π-electron
effects in the vicinity of a hetero-atom and is additional to any parameter
which might be required owing to σ-electron polarization effects around
the nitrogen atom.
A new interpretation of the Acidic and Basic structures in Carbons. I. Lactone groups of the ordinary and fluorescein types in carbons
Authors: Garten VA , Weiss DE , Willis JB
Published: September 2010

Methylation of a sugar carbon or carbon
black with diazomethane produces a methoxyl group which is readily hydrolysed
by dilute acid but which is not due to the presence of a simple carboxylic
ester, since the titration curves of the carbons are those of much weaker
acids. It most probably arises from the methylation of a lactone which is
present in conjunction with a phenol, such as occurs in the fluorescein and
phthalein dyestuffs. This, however, accounts for only part of the acidity of
the carbons, some of which is due to a group which reacts with alkali but not
with diazomethane and is probably a normal lactone group. The remainder of the
acidity of the carbons is due to phenolic hydroxyl groups. Infra-red
spectroscopic evidence is presented in support of these views. The effects of
temperature and of oxidation on the concentration of these various groups have
also been studied.
Extractives of Australian Timbers. II. Emmolic Acid, a new triterpene acid from Emmenospermum alphitonioides F. Muell
Authors: Boyer JP , Eade RA , Locksley H , Simes JJH
Published: September 2010

Extraction of the wood of Emmenospermum
alphitonioides F. Muell. yields a saponin, an essential oil, and a free
triterpene acid, C30H46O5, for which the name
emmolic acid is proposed. Emmolic acid contains two hindered carboxyl groups,
one double bond, and a secondary hydroxyl group which is located in a 5-membered
ring in a β-position to one of the carboxyl groups. Chemical and
spectroscopic evidence indicates that the double bond, which is easily
reducible, is present in an isopropenyl group. Lactone formation involving
interaction of a methoxycarbonyl group with the double bond occurs with
dimethyl acetylemmolate and dimethyl emmonate. It is concluded that emmolic
acid is probably pentacyclic with a carbon skeleton different from that of any
of the naturally occurring triterpenes.
Hydrogen bonding in organic compounds. II. Amine-cabonyl interactions
Authors: Hambly AN , Bonnyman J
Published: September 2010

A comparison of the infra-red spectra of
typical aromatic compounds, with a primary amine group adjacent to a carbonyl
group, with the spectra of related compounds, shows that, in the former, weak
hydrogen bonding occurs between the two groups. The strength of the bonds
formed is in the order : 1-aminoanthraquinone > 2-amino-acetophenone > methyl
anthranilate, and the changes in carbonyl frequency are comparable with those
of the symmetric NH2 stretching frequency. Stronger hydrogen bonds
are formed in corresponding ortho-acetamido compounds.

A brief study of the NH2
stretching frequencies of o-nitroamines in dioxan solution shows that there is
considerable interaction between solute and solvent but this cannot be
definitely attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Studies of the optically active compounds of Anacardiaceae exudates. V. Further investigation of the exudate from Campnosperma auriculata Hook. F
Authors: Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

Distillation of the hydrogenated oil from
Campnosperma auriculata Hook. f. yields n-pentacosane-2,6-dione (IV), which is
formed from (+)-3-hydroxy-3-nonadecylcyclohexanone (II) by a retro-aldol
reaction. In alcoholic alkali, IV is recyclized to 3-nona-decylcyclohex-2-enone
(III), and on Wolff-Kishner reduction the disemicarbazone of IV yields
n-pentacosane. Oxidation of 3-nonadecylcyclohex-2-enone (III) yields
5-ketotetracosanoic acid, which has been synthesized by an improved method. The
synthesis of III and of 3-heptadecylcyclohex-2-enone is described and a
convenient method is given for the preparation of 3-methylcyclohex-2-enone.

Examination of the mixture of phenols
obtained by the action of alkali on C. auriculata oil has shown the presence of
3-nonadecyl phenol and a mixture composed predominantly of cis-monoethylenic
C,, alkyl phenols. The phenols are admixed with a small amount of certain
long-chain quinols which are also present in the original oils.
Nonadecylquinol, one component, has been characterized by conversion into
nonadecyl-benzoquinone.

The exudate from Campnosperma macrophylla
Hook. f. (also Malayan) is unlike that from C. auriculata and contains little
oil.
The Influence of Monolayers on Evaporation from Water Storages. IV. The Spreading of Monolayers from Solids
Authors: Mansfield WW
Published: September 2010

It is shown that the nature and the rate
of spreading of a monolayer from a solid depends upon the state and extent of
the solid source and upon the hydrodynamic resistance to spreading.
Experimental data describing spreading from solid cetyl alcohol are presented.
The Infra-Red Spectra of 2- and 4-Quinolones
Authors: Price JR , Willis JB
Published: September 2010

Examination of the infra-red spectra of
thirty 2- or 4-quinolones shows that discrimination between them on the basis
of the frequency of the carbonyl absorption band is not reliable. Certain
quinolinyl ethers and quinolinium salts also show absorption in the same region
of the spectrum as the quinolones. The spectra of several acridine derivatives
have been measured for comparison with those of the quinolones.
A New Theory of Fluids: The 'Tunnel' Model
Authors: Barker JA
Published: September 2010

A new method for calculating the
thermodynamic properties of liquids and compressed gases is proposed, based on
a model in which lines of molecules move almost one-dimensionally in "
tunnels ", the walls of the tunnels being formed by neighbouring lines of
molecules. This picture is related to the " cell " model, but it is a
disordered picture, as is appropriate in a model for fluids, and the problem of
the " communal entropy " which besets the cell model, does not arise.
The method is applied to the hard-sphere fluid and the calculated
pressure/volume isotherm is in very much better agreement with the expected
isotherm than either the cell theory or the superposition theory, and also in
rather better agreement than the virial expansion truncated after five terms.
Solvolysis of Sulphonyl Halides. I. The Hydrolysis of Aromatic Sulphonyl Chlorides in Aqueous Dioxan and Aqueous Acetone
Authors: Jenkins FE , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The hydrolysis of benzene, p-toluene,
p-bromobenzene, and p-nitrobenzene sulphonyl chlorides in 10-60 wt. %
water-dioxan and water-acetone has been shown to follow an SN2 mechanism. The reaction does not show acid catalysis
or any " salt " effect. Hammett?s equation does not describe fully
the effects of substituents on the reaction rate.

For solutions in which water has the same
molarity, aqueous acetone gives lower rates than aqueous dioxan when the
molarity of water is high but higher rates when the molarity of water is low.
Change in the water content of the solvent produces only small changes in the
enthalpy of activation except in solutions of low dielectric constant. The
reduction in rate as solutions become less aqueous is mainly determined by the
entropy of activation becoming more strongly negative.
The Effect of Residence Time Distribution on the Rate of Advancement of the Reaction
Authors: Bosworth RCL , Groden CM
Published: September 2010

In any form of continuous reactor the different reagent molecules spend different
residence times in the reacting zone. The degree to which a reaction advances after
a lapse of nominal residence time may be somewhat different from that expected from
classical (micro) kinetics and the known order of the reaction.
If the reaction mixture passes laminarly through a reasonably large cylindrical
reactor-one in which intermolecular diffusion is negligible-the effective measure
of the advancement of the reaction in terms of the residual concentration of the reagent - measured (i) as an actual distributed system C and (ii) as an idealized system in which
all molecules spend an equal tlme of residence Cm. may be expressed by the equation:
Equation (29)
where n is order of reaction, S=knC0n-1τ0, and τ0 is the minimal time of residence (time
for the central core).
Equation (29) becomes meaningless when n=1 and is replaced by
Equation (30)
The ratio C/Cm increases as S increases; the increase, however, is the less pronounced
the higher the value of n.
If the mixture passes through a mixed tank reactor advancement of the degree of
the reaction is measured by a function given by Metzner and Pigford. For a second
order of reaction a correct treatment can only be carried out if a distinction is made
between the square on the mean concentration and the mean of the square concentration.
Synthetical Applications of Activated Metal Catalysts. XVI. The Role of Hydrogen in the Formation of 2,2'-Bipyridyl from Pyridine under the Influence of Degassed Raney Nickel
Authors: Sasse WHF , Whittle CP
Published: September 2010

The efficiency of W7 Raney nickel
catalysts degassed between 30 and 400�C in the preparation of 2,2'-bipyridyl
has been examined. The highest activities are observed with catalysts which
have been degassed at 200�C, and these catalysts arc up to 20% more efficient
than catalysts previously used and degassed at 100�C. The results obtained are
compared with published data concerning the hydrogen contents of degassed Raney
nickel catalysts (Kokes and Emmett 1959, 1960). This shows that catalysts which
are virtually free of hydrogen are only 25% less efficient than catalysts
degassed at l00�C (containing 65 to 70% of their original hydrogen). Because of
this finding a new mechanism is proposed in which the adsorbed pyridine is
activated by the transfer of an electron from the catalyst. On stereochemical
grounds it is proposed that meso-2,2'-dihydro-2,2'-bipyridyl with axially
disposed hydrogen atoms at the 2,2'-positions and bonded via both nitrogen
atoms to one nickel atom is the energetically most favoured intermediate.
Thiyl radicals. III. Some reactions of anthracene, 1,2-benzanthracene, and 3,4-benzopyrene with thiols and oxygen
Authors: Beckwith ALJ , See LB
Published: September 2010

Anthracene, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and
oxygen interact in benzene at room temperature yielding
3-(9-anthry1thio)propionic acid (IV), from which anthracene is regenerated by
alkaline hydrolysis in the presence of zinc powder. S-(9-anthryl)-N-acetyl-L-cysteine
(VI) was similarly formed from anthracene, oxygen, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, but
experiments using L-cysteine were unsuccessful. Although 1-butanethiol and
methyl mercaptoacetate each react readily with anthracene and oxygen, pure
products could not be isolated.

Thioacetic acid and oxygen react with
l,2-benzanthracene yielding 10-acetylthio-l,2-benzanthracene (IX) and
9,10-di(acetylthio)-9,10-dihydro-1,2-benzanthracene (X). 3,4-Benzopyrene, when
similarly treated, affords 5-acetyl-thio-3,4-benzopyrene (XI) but phenanthrene,
pyrene, perylene, and 1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene remain unaffected.

The theoretical and biochemical
implications of these results are discussed.
Insect venoms, attractants, and repellents. VI. Synthesis of the dolichodials
Authors: Cavill GWK , Whitfield FB
Published: September 2010

The cis-trans, trans-cis, and
trans-trans-dolichodials (II, III, and IV) have been synthesized from the
ethylene acetal of ethyl α-(2-formyl-3-methylcyclopentyl)-cyanoacetate, a
transformation product of D-(+)-citronellal. The cis-trans and trans-cis-isomers
(II and III) are enantiomers of the natural dolichodial.
Syntheses and properties of Di(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III)chloride
Authors: Reid AF , Wailes PC
Published: September 2010

Di(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride
has been prepared in high yield by addition of tetrahydrofuran to dry mixtures
of titanium trichloride and di(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium in stoicheiometric or
excess amounts. Reaction of titanium tetrachloride with excess
di(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium also yielded (C5H5)2TiCl in moderate yield. Some properties of the
compound are given, including solid state and aqueous spectra. Magnetic
measurements show the compound to have one unpaired electron per titanium atom.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies. III. Rotational isomerism of some C-glucosylflavonoid acetates
Authors: Eade RA , Hillis WE , Horn DHS , Simes JJH
Published: September 2010

The temperature-dependent variations in
the spectra of certain C-glucosyl-flavonoid acetates are attributed to the
effect of steric hindrance of bulky substituent groups of the sugar and
aromatic moieties on the rate of interconversion of the two rotational isomers
present. The differences in the chemical shifts of the protons of the two
isomers are attributed to differences in the orientation and position of the
acetyl and phenyl groups.
Free-radical rearrangement of N-chloro-amides: A synthesis of lactones
Authors: Beckwith ALJ , Goodrich JE
Published: September 2010

Ultraviolet irradiation of N-chlorohexanamide
with subsequent hydrolysis of the crude product affords the lactones of 4- and
5-hydroxyhexanoic acids in yields of 49% and 15% respectively. Similar results
were obtained using a variety of N-chloro-amides, which were conveniently
prepared in high yield by the bromine-catalysed reaction of primary amides with
t-butyl hypochlorite. It is suggested that the reaction proceeds by a
free-radical chain mechanism involving intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer in
amide radicals formed by dissociation of the N-Cl bond.

A similar transformation of N-chloro-amides
may be induced by their treatment with cuprous chloride in carbon
tetrachloride.
Cerium tetrafluoride. II. The system cerium tetrafluoride-cerium trifluoride
Authors: Asker WJ , Wylie AW
Published: September 2010

A tentative phase diagram has been
proposed which shows that the system CeF4-CeF3 is
essentially eutectic in character. There is no solid solution in the terminal
phases. The melting behaviour of the tetrafluoride is complicated by its
volatility and by its decomposition into a fluorine-rich vapour and a
fluorine-poor liquid. Clarification of phase relationships requires that the
system be regarded as portion of the system CeF3-F2.
Constituents of Melicope sarcococca Laut. II. A new flavanone
Authors: Brune W , Geissman TA
Published: September 2010

A new flavanone has been isolated from the
bark of Melicope sarcococca Laut. (Rutaceae), the structure of which has been
found to be 5-hydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxy-4'-(3,6-dimethylhept-2-enyloxy)flavanone (III).
The presence of the C9 rather than a C10 carbon atom alkenyloxy group is
unusual but is supported by evidence from proton magnetic resonance and
degradation studies.
The alkaloids of Beilschmiedia elliptica
Authors: Clezy PS , Gellert E , Lau DYK , Nichol AW
Published: September 2010

The isolation of the major
alkaloid of the bark of Beilschmiedia elliptica is
described and its structure determined as l,9-dihydroxy-2,l0-dimethoxynoraporphine
(IIIb). This is an amendment of the structure
originally proposed for this base. Of the alkaloids present in the leaves of
this species one was identified as isoboldine, the N-methyl
derivative of laurelliptine.
Eremophilane sesquiterpenes from Eremophila mitchelli
Authors: Massy-Westropp RA , Reynolds GD
Published: September 2010

8α-Hydroxy-7α(H)-eremophila-1,ll-dien-9-one and 8α-hydroxy-7α(H)-eremophila-l0,ll-dien-9-one have been isolated from the
wood oil of Eremophila mitchelli and their structure shown to be (I) and (11)
respectively.
The trace diffusion of iodide ion in aqueous solutions of calcium and cadmium perchlorates
Authors: Turner IR , Matheson RA
Published: September 2010

The trace diffusion of
iodide ion in aqueous calcium and cadmium perchlorate solutions has been
followed in diaphragm cells using the radio tracer method. The trace diffusion
coefficients in the cadmium perchlorate solutions have been used to calculate the
limiting mobility of the CdI+ ion.
Organoaluminium compounds. XI. Reaction of trialkylaluminiums with dialkylaluminium alkoxides
Authors: Mole T
Published: September 2010

The reactions of trialkylalumiuiums
(R3Al) with dialkylaluminium
alkoxides (R2AlOR")
have been studied by p.m.r. spectrometry, in the
cases where R = Me, R' = Et, and R = Et, R' = Me, and where R" = Me, Pr1, But. It has been established
that R is exchanged for R' when R" = Pr1
and But. The ease of exchange depends strongly upon the nature of
R".