bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Effect of Temperature on the Characteristics of Cutterhead Mud Cake in Complex Red-Bed Geology
Authors: Yan Jinshuo , Xue Xingwei , Xue Kaiwen , Gong Chaofan , Zhang Kexin
Published: August 2024

Mud caking on shield cutterhead is a critical issue for tunnel safety, and temperature and duration are factors that can affect the characteristics of mud cake. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of different temperatures and action times on the adhesion and hardness of red-bed geological mud cake. A self-designed experimental apparatus was used to simulate the adhesion of mud cake on the cutterhead. The adhesion and hardness of the mud cake were analyzed through mud cake shedding tests and hardness tests. In addition, water film theory is used to analyze the adhesion mechanism of the mud cake. The results indicate that temperature and duration are key factors affecting mud cake shedding. Within the range of 25~150 °C, mud cake shedding efficiency is positively correlated with temperature and duration. However, temperatures above 150 °C promote the sintering of the mud cake, reducing its shedding efficiency. The hardness of the mud cake increases with temperatures above 150 °C, where the mud cake hardens and sinters, increasing the difficulty of shield tunneling. The water content of mud cake is influenced by temperature and time, affecting the amount of mud cake shedding. As the water content increases, the shedding initially decreases and then increases, reaching its minimum at about 30%, where the adhesion is strongest. By controlling the temperature and time, the water content can be optimized, improving the handling of mud cake.
Full Face Tailored Treatments Using Hyaluronan Dermal Fillers: Biophysical Characterization for Safe and Effective Approaches
Authors: Molina Beatriz , Romano Domenico , Zazzaron Michela , Kramer Eyal , Cigni Clara , Grimolizzi Franco , Bellia Gilberto
Published: August 2024

Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based dermal fillers are among the most popular non-invasive facial aesthetic treatments. To ensure an effective and safe treatment experience, knowledge of their biophysical and rheological characteristics, such as: HA concentration, molecular weight (MW), G′, and the degree of cross-linking is essential. Products with a higher MW, G′, and degree of cross-linking are more suitable for promoting volume and lift. Dermal fillers with a lower MW, G′, and degree of cross-linking can produce a soft filling effect that regulates hydration and elasticity. This review discusses how these rheological characteristics can inform treatment choice and their effects on clinical outcomes. The Aliaxin® line of HA dermal fillers, which are tailored to different clinical applications due to their rheological characteristics, highlights that extensive knowledge of the product can provide very safe and effective procedures for patients, whilst respecting their natural facial aesthetics. This review discusses studies using Aliaxin® dermal fillers for volumizing and hydrating treatments and fillers that can be used for lip augmentation. Treatment with Aliaxin® was overall very effective, with no reported adverse events. A full facial treatment using tailored dermal fillers may be a future approach to achieve an effective and safe harmonized and natural aesthetic.
Polar AUV Challenges and Applications: A Review
Authors: Fan Shuangshuang , Bose Neil , Liang Zeming
Published: August 2024

This study presents a comprehensive review of the development and progression of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in polar regions, aiming to synthesize past experiences and provide guidance for future advancements and applications. We extensively explore the history of notable polar AUV deployments worldwide, identifying and addressing the key technological challenges these vehicles face. These include advanced navigation techniques, strategic path planning, efficient obstacle avoidance, robust communication, stable energy supply, reliable launch and recovery, and thorough risk analysis. Furthermore, this study categorizes the typical capabilities and applications of AUVs in polar contexts, such as under-ice mapping and measurement, water sampling, ecological investigation, seafloor mapping, and surveillance networking. We also briefly highlight existing research gaps and potential future challenges in this evolving field.
Control Barrier Function-Based Collision Avoidance Guidance Strategy for Multi-Fixed-Wing UAV Pursuit-Evasion Environment
Authors: Lv Xinyuan , Peng Chi , Ma Jianjun
Published: August 2024

In order to address the potential collision issue arising from multiple fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) intercepting targets in n-on-n and n-on-1 pursuit-evasion scenarios, we propose a collision-avoidance guidance strategy for UAVs based on high-order control barrier functions (HOCBFs). Initially, a two-dimensional model of multiple UAVs and targets is established, and the interaction between UAVs is determined. Subsequently, the collision-avoidance problem within a UAV swarm is formulated as a mathematical problem involving multiple constraints in the form of higher-order control obstacle functions. Multiple HOCBF constraints are then simplified into a single linear constraint for computational convenience. By integrating HOCBF constraints with quadratic programming problems, we obtain a closed-form solution for UAVs that incorporates collision-avoidance guidance terms alongside nominal guidance terms. Simulations with different numbers of pursuers and different target motion states are conducted. The results demonstrate an excellent experimental effect, ensuring that the multi-UAVs consistently remain above the minimum safe distance and ultimately hit the targets accurately.
Analysing Rational Bubbles in African Stock Markets: Evidence from Econophysics Frequency Domain Estimates and DCC MGARCH Model
Authors: Lawal Adedoyin Isola , Oseni Ezeikel , Ahmed Adel , Riyadh Hosam Alden , Tabash Mosab I. , Abaver Dominic T.
Published: August 2024

The stock market operates on informed decisions based on information gathered from heterogeneous sources, encompassing diverse beliefs, strategies, and knowledge. This study examines the validity of rational bubbles in stock market prices, focusing on eight African stock markets: South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Morocco, Mauritius, Ghana, and Botswana. Utilizing newly developed econophysics-based unit root tests and the Dynamic Conditional Correlation Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (DCC MGARCH) models, the authors analyzed daily data from 1996 to 2022. Our findings indicate that these markets experienced bubbles at various points, often followed by bursts. These bubbles coincided with significant economic changes, suggesting a strong link between stock market behavior and economic growth. For instance, financial crises, political instability, and global economic downturns significantly influenced bubble formation and bursts in these markets. The study reveals that market-specific events, such as regulatory changes and shifts in investor sentiment, also contributed to the occurrence of bubbles. Three key policy options are proposed to address bubbles in the studied markets including, enhancing regulatory frameworks to monitor and mitigate bubble formation, improving financial literacy among investors to promote informed decision-making, and strengthening economic policies to stabilize macroeconomic conditions and reduce vulnerability to external shocks. By implementing these measures, policymakers can enhance market stability and foster sustainable economic growth in African stock markets.
Road Freight Quality Management in Industry 4.0: International Experience and Perspectives in Kazakhstan
Authors: Tazhiyev Rashid Oiykbayevich , Dirsehan Taskin , Baimukhanbetova Elmira Esenbekovna , Sandykbaeva Urikkul Duisenovna
Published: August 2024

This article explores the evolution of road freight transport in the context of Industry 4.0, focusing on management practices and technological advancements in transport and logistics companies’ management information systems. By analyzing the latest international practices in road freight quality management within Industry 4.0 through regression and correlation methods, a model highlighting the significant influence of quality over price and institutional factors on the development of information and communication technology (ICT) goods exports was developed. It showcases how digital frameworks, alongside AI and big data, can enhance road freight quality in Industry 4.0, establishing a digital ecosystem for transport and logistics quality management. This study introduces a novel perspective on managing road freight transport as a digital ecosystem, offering insights into improving ICT goods exports in Kazakhstan by enhancing management information systems. It suggests a new management information system organization scheme to increase road freight quality management efficiency and ensure quality in Industry 4.0 settings.
Modified Dissolved Gas Analysis Scoring Approach for Transformer Health Evaluation Considering Delta and Rate Values of Dissolved Gases in Mineral Oil
Authors: Cinar Mehmet Aytac
Published: August 2024

Transformers are among the most important components in the energy grid due to their missions and high costs. The challenging operating conditions deteriorate their components and shorten the life of the transformers. The health index approach is a critical and effective method for monitoring transformers in the operating environment, early diagnosis of possible malfunctions, and evaluation of their general condition. DGA, OQA, and PIF parameters, which represent the condition of the insulation materials, which mainly determine the life of transformers, constitute the basic inputs of the health index approach. In this study, a new method was proposed to determine the DGAF score based on the dissolved gases in mineral oil. With this method, in addition to the delta and rate values of the gases, the past DGA results of the transformer were also considered in determining the DGAF. In this way, faults experienced during operation are included in the health index calculation. The proposed method was tested using 36 DGA results obtained over a period of approximately 10 years from a transformer operating in the grid. The obtained results are presented in comparison with the traditional DGAF scoring method.
Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Decline in Insect Species and Individual Numbers
Authors: Quandahor Peter , Kim Leesun , Kim Minju , Lee Keunpyo , Kusi Francis , Jeong In-hong
Published: August 2024

As agricultural production increases, the use of chemical fertilisers, herbicides, and other synthetic pesticides has equally increased over the years. Inadequate pesticide application description and monitoring has generated a heated debate among governmental organisations, agricultural industries, and conservation organisations about pesticide effects on insect species richness and abundance. This review is therefore aimed at summarizing the decline in insects’ species and individual numbers as a result of extensive pesticide utilisation and recommends possible management strategies for its mitigation. This review revealed an average pesticide application of 1.58 kg per ha per year, 0.37 kg per person per year, and 0.79 kg per USD 1000 per year. Insects have experienced a greater species abundance decline than birds, plants, and other organisms, which could pose a significant challenge to global ecosystem management. Although other factors such as urbanisation, deforestation, monoculture, and industrialisation may have contributed to the decline in insect species, the extensive application of agro-chemicals appears to cause the most serious threat. Therefore, the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly management strategies is critical for mitigating insect species’ decline.
Rehabilitation or Demolition of Small Hydropower Plants: Evaluation of the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of the Case Study “El Cerrajón”
Authors: Vázquez-López Eduardo , Matitos-Montoya Victor , Marrero Madelyn
Published: August 2024

During the 1950s, numerous small-capacity hydroelectric power plants were built in Spain. Seventy-five years on, it must now be decided whether to continue their operation or demolish them. In order to provide a valid answer, it is necessary to have access to decision-making tools that enable sustainable economic and environmental decision making. The present work proposes a methodology that employs an economic indicator of life cycle cost and environmental indicators of carbon footprint and embodied energy by means of life cycle data analysis. Quantification of the impacts was carried out with the support of construction cost databases and the PREDICE software tool for the quantification of environmental impacts incorporated into maintenance tasks. The case study of the “Cerrajón” power plant was analyzed, where historical hydrological cycles were considered. A life cycle scenario was evaluated in which renovation extended the life of the power plant by a further 75 years. The results show savings in environmental impacts with respect to the impacts of the Spanish energy mix of up to 175 kgCO2 per MWh produced, although no economic benefit was found. It was also shown that in climate change scenarios, the profit price breakeven increases. Rehabilitation appears to present the best choice when combining the two criteria.
Optimization of Polyphenols Release from Highland Barley Bran by Solid-State Fermentation and Antioxidant Activity Characterization
Authors: Zhang Qianfang , Li Min , Cheng Zhe , Meng Jingyan , Li Yunlong
Published: August 2024

Response surface tests were used to determine the optimal conditions for Bacillus subtilis solid-state fermentation of highland barley bran. The polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of the fermented bran were also assessed. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions for highland barley bran were 10% inoculum, a liquid–feed ratio of 1.80, a fermentation temperature of 30 °C, and a fermentation time of 93.5 h. Under these conditions, the polyphenol content of highland barley bran was 12.43 mg/g. After fermentation, the ferulic acid content of the bran decreased, catechol and gallic acid contents increased significantly, and catechins shifted from the bound state to the free state. In addition, solid-state fermentation improved the antioxidant capacity of highland barley bran, and the DPPH• radical scavenging rate, Fe ion-reducing capacity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of highland barley bran increased after fermentation.
Learning-Based Super-Resolution Imaging of Turbulent Flames in Both Time and 3D Space Using Double GAN Architectures
Authors: Zheng Chenxu , Huang Weiming , Xu Wenjiang
Published: August 2024

This article presents a spatiotemporal super-resolution (SR) reconstruction model for two common flame types, a swirling and then a jet flame, using double generative adversarial network (GAN) architectures. The approach develops two sets of generator and discriminator networks to learn topographic and temporal features and infer high spatiotemporal resolution turbulent flame structure from supplied low-resolution counterparts at two time points. In this work, numerically simulated 3D turbulent swirling and jet flame structures were used as training data to update the model parameters of the GAN networks. The effectiveness of our model was then thoroughly evaluated in comparison to other traditional interpolation methods. An upscaling factor of 2 in space, which corresponded to an 8-fold increase in the total voxel number and a double time frame acceleration, was used to verify the model’s ability on a swirling flame. The results demonstrate that the assessment metrics, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), overall error (ER), and structural similarity index (SSIM), with average values of 35.27 dB, 1.7%, and 0.985, respectively, in the spatiotemporal SR results, can reach acceptable accuracy. As a second verification to highlight the present model’s potential universal applicability to flame data of diverse types and shapes, we applied the model to a turbulent jet flame and had equal success. This work provides a different method for acquiring high-resolution 3D structure and further boosting repeat rate, demonstrating the potential of deep learning technology for combustion diagnosis.
A Review of the Occurrence and Causes for Wildfires and Their Impacts on the Geoenvironment
Authors: Farid Arvin , Alam Md Khorshed , Goli Venkata Siva Naga Sai , Akin Idil Deniz , Akinleye Taiwo , Chen Xiaohui , Cheng Qing , Cleall Peter , Cuomo Sabatino , Foresta Vito , Ge Shangqi , Iervolino Luca , Iradukunda Pierrette , Luce Charles H. , Koda Eugeniusz , Mickovski Slobodan B. , O’Kelly Brendan C. , Paleologos Evan K. , Peduto Dario , Ricketts Evan John , Sadegh Mojtaba , Sarris Theo S. , Singh Devendra N. , Singh Prithvendra , Tang Chao-Sheng , Tardio Guillermo , Vaverková Magdalena Daria , Veneris Max , Winkler Jan
Published: August 2024

Wildfires have short- and long-term impacts on the geoenvironment, including the changes to biogeochemical and mechanical properties of soils, landfill stability, surface- and groundwater, air pollution, and vegetation. Climate change has increased the extent and severity of wildfires across the world. Simultaneously, anthropogenic activities—through the expansion of urban areas into wildlands, abandonment of rural practices, and accidental or intentional fire-inception activities—are also responsible for a majority of fires. This paper provides an overall review and critical appraisal of existing knowledge about processes induced by wildfires and their impact on the geoenvironment. Burning of vegetation leads to loss of root reinforcement and changes in soil hydromechanical properties. Also, depending on the fire temperature, soil can be rendered hydrophobic or hydrophilic and compromise soil nutrition levels, hinder revegetation, and, in turn, increase post-fire erosion and the debris flow susceptibility of hillslopes. In addition to direct hazards, wildfires pollute air and soil with smoke and fire suppression agents releasing toxic, persistent, and relatively mobile contaminants into the geoenvironment. Nevertheless, the mitigation of wildfires’ geoenvironmental impacts does not fit within the scope of this paper. In the end, and in no exhaustive way, some of the areas requiring future research are highlighted.
Determination of Organ Blood Flow in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and Micropterus salmoides by Fluorescent Microspheres
Authors: Xu Ning , Zhang Huan , Yang Qiuhong , Zhou Shun , Ai Xiaohui
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this study was to measure organ blood flow (OBF) in yellow catfish (YC, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), largemouth bass (LB, Micropterus salmoides), and grass carp (GC, Ctenopharyngodon idella) using the method of fluorescent microspheres. Yellow–green microspheres were injected into the fish via cardiac catheterization using a syringe pump at a rate of 0.8 mL/min. Reference blood samples were collected from the dorsal aorta, and fish tissues were harvested after 5 min and processed for fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis. The results showed that the OBF of the heart increased significantly with the increase in temperature from 20 to 30 °C, while there was no significant difference in the OBF of other organs/tissues in YC. The OBFs of different species of LB and GC were also determined at 25 °C. In GC, the blood flow rates of the heart, spleen, kidney, liver, others, gills, swim bladder, intestines, muscles, and skin were 9.55, 1.00, 10.3, 6.92, 6.70, 6.04, 2.06, 2.81, 1.78, and 3.72 (mL/min/g), respectively. In LB, the blood flow rates of the same organs were 8.80, 2.33, 1.01, 0.71, 4.11, 2.72, 1.22, 0.54, 9.47, and 0.40 (mL/min/g), respectively. Compared to the OBFs of YC at 25 °C, the OBFs in GC were the highest, followed by LB. These results reflect that OBF in fish has significant species differences. These studies provide fundamental physiological data on OBFs in YC, GC, and LB, which has practical implications for improving the development of disciplines associated with fish physiology.
Vitamin A in Fish Well-Being: Integrating Immune Strength, Antioxidant Capacity and Growth
Authors: Shastak Yauheni , Pelletier Wolf
Published: August 2024

This review synthesizes the multifaceted role of vitamin A in fish well-being, encompassing immune function, antioxidant capacity and growth regulation, providing a comprehensive understanding of its significance in fish diets and implications for aquaculture. Key objectives include exploring the role of vitamin A in fish immunology, growth impact, oxidative stress status, and future directions. Vitamin A is critical for immune cell development, enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. It maintains mucosal integrity and modulates phagocytic activity, crucial for pathogen defense. Growth regulation is influenced by vitamin A through cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, essential for tissue and skeletal development. Studies indicate that vitamin A supplementation improves growth metrics and body composition across various fish species. Vitamin A also combats oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and inducing autophagy, thus protecting cellular components from oxidative damage. Interactions with other vitamins like E, D, and C highlight the importance of balanced nutrition in aquaculture. Integrative management practices, including nutritionally balanced diets, optimal water quality, stress reduction, and environmental enrichment, are recommended to maximize fish health and productivity through adequate vitamin A utilization.
Wild Mushrooms as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Their Antioxidant Properties—Preliminary Studies
Authors: Bolesławska Izabela , Górna Ilona , Sobota Marta , Bolesławska-Król Natasza , Przysławski Juliusz , Szymański Marcin
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study was to preliminarily determine the content of bioactive components in the fruiting bodies of four previously unstudied mushroom species: Aleuria aurantia, Phallus hadriani, Phanus conchatus, Geastrum pectinatum, their antioxidant activity and the content of polyphenols, minerals and heavy metals. Methods: Determination of active compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was carried out in addition to thermogravimetric determinations, quantitative determination of total polyphenols by spectrophotometry using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, determination of antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbentiazoline sulphonated] (ATBS). In addition, spectrometric analysis of selected minerals and heavy metals was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results: The mushrooms analysed varied in terms of their bioactive constituents. They contained components with varying effects on human health, including fatty acids, oleamide, 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-methyl ester of oleic acid, deoxyspergualin, 2-methylenocholestan-3-ol, hexadecanoamide, isoallochan, 2,6-diaminopurine, and adenine. All contained polyphenols and varying amounts of minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, copper, silicon and manganese) and exhibited antioxidant properties of varying potency. No exceedances of the permissible concentration of lead and cadmium were observed in any of them. Conclusions: All of the mushrooms studied can provide material for the extraction of various bioactive compounds with physiological effects. In addition, the presence of polyphenols and minerals, as well as antioxidant properties and the absence of exceeding the permissible concentration of heavy metals, indicate that these species could be interesting material in the design of foods with health-promoting properties, nutraceuticals or dietary supplements. However, the use of the fruiting bodies of these mushrooms requires mandatory toxicological and clinical studies.
Exploring the Impact of Fermentation Time and Climate on Quality of Cocoa Bean-Derived Chocolate: Sensorial Profile and Volatilome Analysis
Authors: Llano Sandra , Vaillant Fabrice , Santander Margareth , Zorro-González Andrés , González-Orozco Carlos E. , Maraval Isabelle , Boulanger Renaud , Escobar Sebastián
Published: August 2024

The market for fine-flavor cocoa provides significant benefits to farmers. However, identifying the sensory qualities of chocolate under specific environmental conditions and measuring how its chemical compounds may be affected by climate differences and postharvesting practices remain a challenge. This study investigates how fermentation time and agroclimatic conditions in Colombia’s fine cocoa-producing region of Arauca influence the sensory profile and volatile compound composition (volatilome) of chocolate derived from cocoa beans. Sensory evaluation was conducted on chocolates fermented for 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, revealing that fermentation time critically affects the development of fine-flavor attributes, particularly fruitiness and nuttiness. The optimal fermentation period to enhance these attributes was identified at 96 h, a duration consistently associated with peak fruitiness under all studied climatic conditions. Analysis of 44 volatile compounds identified several key aroma markers, such as acetoin, 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate, and various pyrazines, which correlate with desirable sensory attributes. These compounds exhibited varying amounts depending on fermentation time and specific agroclimatic conditions, with a 96 h fermentation yielding chocolates with a higher quantity of volatile compounds associated with preferred attributes. Our findings highlight the complex interaction between fermentation processes and agroclimatic factors in determining cocoa quality, providing new insights into optimizing the flavor profiles of chocolate.
Characterization and Differentiation of Flavor Profile of 12 Air-Dried Yak Meat Products Using GC–IMS and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Wang Qiuyu , Du Rongsheng , Wang Yuqi , Zhang Shulin , Wang Linlin , Wang Lina
Published: August 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in food are key factors constituting their unique flavor, while the characteristics of VOCs in air-dried yak meat (AYM) from various regions of the Tibetan Plateau and their inter-regional differences remain unclear. Therefore, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of VOCs in the five-spice (FS), spicy and numbing (SN), and aromatic and spicy (AS) versions of AYM from four regions of the Tibetan Plateau (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Tibet) using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS) A total of 58 VOCs were identified, with alcohols accounting for 28.40%, ketones 22.89%, aldehydes 18.85%, and terpenes 17.61%. Topographic plots, fingerprint profiles, and multivariate analysis not only distinguished AYM of the same flavor from different regions but also discriminated those of different flavors within the same region. Furthermore, 17 key VOCs were selected as the primary aroma characteristics of the 12 types of AYM, including linalool, 3-methylbutanal, acetone, and limonene. Meanwhile, the differential VOCs for each flavor were determined, with linalyl acetate being unique to the FS, (E)-ocimene and ethyl propanoate being specific to the SN, and 2-methyl-3-(methylthio)furan-D and Hexanal-D being characteristic of the AS flavor. Based on the above results, the flavor of AYM can be improved to suit the taste of most people and increase its consumption.
Impact of Rice Bran Oil Emulsified Formulation on Digestion and Glycemic Response to Japonica Rice: An In Vitro Test and a Clinical Trial in Adult Men
Authors: Kawada Naoki , Kamachi Keiko , Tamura Masatsugu , Tamura Maki , Kitamura Rika , Susaki Kenta , Yamamoto Hiroyoshi , Kobayashi Hideaki , Matsuoka Ryosuke , Ishihara Osamu
Published: August 2024

To assess the effect of rice bran oil emulsified formulation (EMF) on cooked rice, a single-arm open clinical trial and in vitro testing for digestion and glycemic response were performed. Fifteen Japanese men consumed 200 g of packed rice, cooked with or without EMF. Blood samples were collected 0, 30, 60, and 120 min post-consumption and analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and sensory evaluation were also performed. A two-step in vitro digestion test, simulating gastric and small intestinal digestion was conducted. EMF-added rice group showed higher insulin response levels at 60 min than the placebo group. Stratification of participants with HbA1c ≥ 5.6 or an insulinogenic index ≤ 0.4 revealed a significant reduction in Cmax glucose levels. A significant correlation was observed between venous and CGM blood glucose levels and no significant sensory differences were observed. The in vitro test revealed significantly lower C∞, equilibrium starch concentrations, with EMF. Clinical trial suggests that EMF may stimulate insulin secretion and reduce blood glucose levels in participants with lower insulin responses. In vitro tests suggest that EMF inhibits glycemic digestion. This trial was registered at the UMIN Center (UMIN000053495; registered 31 January 2024).
Consumer Perceptions and Acceptance of Edible Insects in Slovenia
Authors: Rehman Nayyer , Ogrinc Nives
Published: August 2024

Slovenia, influenced by Slavic, Mediterranean, and Balkan cultures, along with Austro-Hungarian traditions and strong environmental concerns, is an ideal case study for understanding consumer perceptions of edible insects and increasing their acceptance as an alternative protein source. A survey conducted in Slovenian and English with 537 participants examined existing perceptions and acceptance of edible insects as food and livestock feed. Findings show moderate interest in insects, particularly in non-visible, integrated forms, despite most participants not having tried whole insects. Young, educated individuals and those residing in rural areas have tried insects more often than other sociodemographic groups. Men showed more interest in entomophagy compared to women. Crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts were most acceptable, while cockroaches were least favored. Economic factors are crucial, with a preference for insect-based products priced similarly to conventional foods. The majority also support using insects as livestock feed. These results can aid policymakers at regional and national levels, help businesses market these products, and contribute to the literature on consumer responses in different European regions regarding edible insects as a sustainable food source.
An Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiome Combined with Metabolomics to Explore the Mechanism of How Jasmine Tea Improves Depression in CUMS-Treated Rats
Authors: Zhang Yangbo , Lin Yong , Xiong Yifan , Huang Jianan , Liu Zhonghua
Published: August 2024

Recently, research has confirmed that jasmine tea may help improve the depressive symptoms that are associated with psychiatric disorders. Our team previously found that jasmine tea improved the depressive-like behavior that is induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. We hypothesized that the metabolic disorder component of depression may be related to the gut microbiota, which may be reflected in the metabolome in plasma. The influence of jasmine tea on gut microbiota composition and the association with depressive-related indexes were explored. Furthermore, the metabolites in plasma that are related to the gut microbiota were identified. SD rats were treated with control or CUMS and administrated jasmine tea for 8 weeks. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota in feces samples, and untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze the metabolites in plasma. The results found that jasmine tea significantly ameliorated the depressive behavior induced by CUMS, significantly improved the neurotransmitter concentration (BDNF and 5-HT), and decreased the pro-inflammation levels (TNF-α and NF-κB). The intervention of jasmine tea also alleviated the dysbiosis caused by CUMS; increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Blautia, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus; and decreased Ruminococcus and Butyrivibrio in the CUMS-treated rats. Furthermore, the serum metabolites of the CUMS-treated rats were reversed after the jasmine tea intervention, i.e., 22 were up-regulated and 18 were down-regulated, which may have a close relationship with glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways, glycine serine and threonine metabolism pathways, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways. Finally, there were 30 genera of gut microbiota related to the depressive-related indexes, and 30 metabolites in the plasma had a strong predictive ability for depressive behavior. Potentially, our research implies that the intervention of jasmine tea can ameliorate the depression induced by CUMS via controlling the gut flora and the host’s metabolism, which is an innovative approach for the prevention and management of depression.
A Review of Recent Developments in Edible Films and Coatings-Focus on Whey-Based Materials
Authors: Pires Arona Figueroa , Díaz Olga , Cobos Angel , Pereira Carlos Dias
Published: August 2024

Packaging for food products is particularly important to preserve product quality and shelf life. The most used materials for food packaging are plastic, glass, metal, and paper. Plastic films produced based on petroleum are widely used for packaging because they have good mechanical properties and help preserve the characteristics of food. However, environmental concerns are leading the trend towards biopolymers. Films and coatings based on biopolymers have been extensively studied in recent years, as they cause less impact on the environment, can be obtained from renewable sources or by-products, are relatively abundant, have a good coating and film-forming capacity, are biodegradable and have nutritional properties that can be beneficial to human health. Whey protein-based films have demonstrated good mechanical resistance and a good barrier to gases when at low relative humidity levels, in addition to demonstrating an excellent barrier to aromatic compounds and especially oils. The use of whey proteins for films or coatings has been extensively studied, as these proteins are edible, have high nutritional value, and are biodegradable. Thus, the main objective of this document was to review new methodologies to improve the physicochemical properties of whey protein films and coatings. Importance will also be given to the combinations of whey proteins with other polymers and the development of new techniques that allow the manipulation of structures at a molecular level. The controlled release and mass transfer of new biomaterials and the improvement of the design of films and packaging materials with the desired functional properties can increase the quality of the films and, consequently, broaden their applications.
Artichoke By-Product Extracts as a Viable Alternative for Shelf-Life Extension of Breadsticks
Authors: Cannas Michela , Conte Paola , Piga Antonio , Del Caro Alessandra
Published: August 2024

The upcycling of agricultural by-products and the extension of the shelf-life of staple foods represent crucial strategies for mitigating the consequences of food losses and enhancing the competitiveness of the agri-food industry, thus facilitating the attainment of higher financial revenues. This is particularly relevant for global artichoke cultivation, where 60–80% of its biomass is discarded annually. The present study investigated the potential of using non-stabilized polyphenol-rich extracts from the main artichoke by-products (bracts, leaves, and stems) to fortify and extend the shelf-life of breadsticks. The incorporation of hydroalcoholic extracts at two addition levels (1000–2000 ppm) resulted in an increased antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of fortified breadsticks. Rheological tests revealed that the fortification did not affect the dough’s workability, with the exception of the leaf extract. While a slight deterioration in texture was observed, the shelf-life of breadsticks was significantly extended, particularly at the highest levels of addition, without any visible alteration in their appearance. The stem extract demonstrated the most promising outcomes, exhibiting a maximum increase of 69% in antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and an extension of the estimated shelf-life by 62% in the resulting breadsticks, prompting the potential for utilizing them to develop nutritious and healthy snacks with extended shelf-life.
Artificial Intelligence in Chromatin Analysis: A Random Forest Model Enhanced by Fractal and Wavelet Features
Authors: Pantic Igor , Paunovic Pantic Jovana
Published: August 2024

In this study, we propose an innovative concept that applies an AI-based approach using the random forest algorithm integrated with fractal and discrete wavelet transform features of nuclear chromatin. This strategy could be employed to identify subtle structural changes in cells that are in the early stages of programmed cell death. The code for the random forest model is developed using the Scikit-learn library in Python and includes hyperparameter tuning and cross-validation to optimize performance. The suggested input data for the model are chromatin fractal dimension, fractal lacunarity, and three wavelet coefficient energies obtained through high-pass and low-pass filtering. Additionally, the code contains several methods to assess the performance metrics of the model. This model holds potential as a starting point for designing simple yet advanced AI biosensors capable of detecting apoptotic cells that are not discernible through conventional microscopy techniques.
A Delayed Fractional-Order Predator–Prey Model with Three-Stage Structure and Cannibalism for Prey
Authors: Zhang Hui , Muhammadhaji Ahmadjan
Published: August 2024

In this study, we investigate a delayed fractional-order predator–prey model with a stage structure and cannibalism. The model is characterized by a three-stage structure of the prey population and incorporates cannibalistic interactions. Our main objective is to analyze the existence, uniqueness, boundedness, and local stability of the equilibrium points of the proposed system. In addition, we investigate the Hopf bifurcation of the system, taking the digestion delay of the predator as the branch parameter, and clarify the necessary conditions for the existence of the Hopf bifurcation. To confirm our theoretical analysis, we provide a numerical example to validate the accuracy of our research results. In the conclusion section, we carefully review the results of the numerical simulation and propose directions for future research.
Measuring the Effect of an Ergonomic Lecture on the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment Scores of Dental Assistant Students Using Inertial Sensor-Based Motion Capture—A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Simon Steven , Laurendi Laura , Meining Jonna , Dully Jonas , Dindorf Carlo , Maurer Lukas , Fröhlich Michael
Published: August 2024

Individuals working in the field of dentistry have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) owing to monotonous and one-sided physical exertion. Inertial measurement units (IMU) are increasingly shifting into focus for assessing postural risk at work. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ergonomic lecture and training intervention on postural risk and MSDs in dental assistant students using inertial sensor-based motion capture (MoCap). Eighteen female dental assistant students (age: 19.44 ± 6.83 years; height: 164.59 ± 5.32 cm; weight: 64.88 ± 16.52 kg; BMI: 19.70 ± 4.89 kg/m2), randomly divided into intervention (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups, participated in the present study. The participants completed the Nordic Questionnaire on MSD prevalence, after which a 90 s MoCap with Xsens IMU was performed. A lecture on ergonomics was provided, followed by a five-week intervention for the intervention group. Follow-up assessments were performed, and 5- and 18-week follow-up MSD questionnaires were administered. Mixed analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant difference in the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and part-scores of the upper arm and wrist. Despite a reduction in MSDs, no significant differences in the time of measurement and groups were detected after the five-week training intervention and the 18-week follow-up questionnaire. A targeted ergonomics lecture was effective for dental assistant students, and technologies such as IMU improved workplace ergonomics in dentists. Further studies with a longer measurement periods, follow-up, and larger sample sizes are recommended.
Descriptive Study on the Relationship between Dyspnea, Physical Performance, and Functionality in Oncology Patients
Authors: Lucas-Ruano Diego , Sanchez-Gomez Celia , Rihuete-Galve María Isabel , Garcia-Martin Alberto , Fonseca-Sanchez Emilio , Fernández-Rodríguez Eduardo José
Published: August 2024

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Dyspnea, affecting up to 60% of cancer patients, exacerbates physical and psychological distress, reducing quality of life. This study aims to explore the relationship between dyspnea and factors such as age, sex, clinical diagnosis, and treatment lines in cancer patients, with the goal of improving understanding and management of this debilitating symptom to enhance patient care and quality of life. Methods: This study employed an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive approach to investigate patients with oncological disease at the University Hospital of Salamanca between March 2021 and April 2024. A convenience sample was selected, including patients over 18 years old with a pathological diagnosis of cancer, experiencing any degree of dyspnea, and who consented to participate by signing the informed consent. Exclusion criteria included lack of consent and clinical conditions that prevented an interview. The studied variables encompass sociodemographic (age, gender, diagnosis, tumor stage, number of treatment lines) and clinical aspects (daily activities, degree of dyspnea, functional capacity, physical performance), evaluated using the Barthel Index, the mMRC Dyspnea Scale, the ECOG Scale, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Data were collected through semistructured interviews and medical records, and analyzed using specialized software. This research has ethical approval CEiM Code 2023 12 1472, Reference 2024/01. Results: The mean age was 66.82 years. Lung cancer was predominant (60.2%), with most patients in stage 3 (65.7%) and receiving three treatment lines (68.7%). Higher age, advanced disease stage, and more treatment lines correlated with lower Barthel and SPPB scores, and higher ECOG and mMRC scores, indicating worse functionality, physical performance, and greater dyspnea. No significant correlations were found between gender or pathological diagnosis and the studied variables. Conclusions: Advanced age, higher disease stage, and more treatment lines are associated with decreased functionality, poorer physical performance, and increased dyspnea in cancer patients. Gender and specific cancer diagnosis do not significantly affect these relationships. Addressing dyspnea is crucial to improving the quality of life and physical performance in this population. Future studies should explore additional factors like treatment types and nutritional status.
The Influence of Different Solvents on the Physical Properties of ZnO Thin Films
Authors: López-Suárez Alejandra , Acosta Dwight R.
Published: August 2024

Polycrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates using the chemical spray pyrolysis method at three different substrate temperatures: 400, 450, and 500 °C. The solvents used in the precursor solution consisted of either ethanol or methanol. The effects of these solvents on the compositional, structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties were studied with different techniques, including Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), four-point method, and Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (Uv-Vis). The results show that both temperature and the type of solvent modify the properties of the materials. An essential outcome of the study was that at 500 °C, the ZnO thin films prepared with either ethanol or methanol exhibited almost the same high-quality crystallinity, stoichiometry, average crystallite size, energy band gap, and resistivity. These findings contribute to our understanding of the properties of these materials and their potential applications.
Beneficial Physiological and Metabolic Effects with Acute Intake of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract during 4 h of Indoor Cycling in a Male Ironman Athlete: A Case Study
Authors: Willems Mark E. T. , Spurr Tilly J. , Lacey Jonathan , Briggs Andrew R.
Published: August 2024

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) is known to alter exercise-induced physiological and metabolic responses with chronic (i.e., 7 days) dosing. We examined the effects of acute intake of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on 4 h indoor cycling-induced physiological and metabolic responses in a male amateur Ironman athlete (age: 49 years; BMI: 24.3 kg·m−2; V˙O2max: 58.6 mL·kg−1·min−1; maximal aerobic power: 400 W; history: 14 Ironman events in 16 years) three weeks before competition. Indirect calorimetry was used and heart rate was recorded at 30 min intervals during 4 h indoor (~22.4 °C, relative humidity: ~55%) constant power (165 W) cycling on a Trek Bontrager connected to a Kickr smart trainer. Blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were taken at 60 min intervals. Study was a single-blind placebo-controlled study with capsules (4 × 105 mg anthocyanins) taken 2 h before starting the 4 h of cycling. Water was allowed ad libitum with personalised consumption of gels [a total of eight with three with caffeine (100 mg)], two bananas and 8 × electrolyte capsules (each 250 mg sodium and 125 mg potassium) at personalised time-points. With NZBC extract (CurraNZ), during 4 h of cycling (mean of 8 measurements), minute ventilation was 8% lower than placebo. In addition, there was no difference for oxygen uptake, with carbon dioxide production found to be 4% lower with NZBC extract. With the NZBC extract, the ventilatory equivalents were lower for oxygen and carbon dioxide by 5.5% and 3.7%; heart rate was lower by 10 beats·min−1; lactate was 40% different with lower lactate at 2, 3 and 4 h; RPE was lower at 2, 3 and 4 h; and carbohydrate oxidation was 11% lower. With NZBC extract, there was a trend for fat oxidation to be higher by 13% (p = 0.096), with the respiratory exchange ratio being lower by 0.02 units. Acute intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract (420 mg anthocyanins) provided beneficial physiological and metabolic responses during 4 h of indoor constant power cycling in a male amateur Ironman athlete 3 weeks before a competition. Future work is required to address whether acute and chronic dosing strategies with New Zealand blackcurrant provide a nutritional ergogenic effect for Ironman athletes to enhance swimming, cycling and running performance.
A Review of Advancements and Challenges in Liver Segmentation
Authors: Wei Di , Jiang Yundan , Zhou Xuhui , Wu Di , Feng Xiaorong
Published: August 2024

Liver segmentation technologies play vital roles in clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, and surgical planning due to the complex anatomical structure and physiological functions of the liver. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the developments, challenges, and future directions in liver segmentation technology. We systematically analyzed high-quality research published between 2014 and 2024, focusing on liver segmentation methods, public datasets, and evaluation metrics. This review highlights the transition from manual to semi-automatic and fully automatic segmentation methods, describes the capabilities and limitations of available technologies, and provides future outlooks.