bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pervasive Media Cookbook: Cooking up – communicating Pervasive Media
Authors: Dovey Jon , Fleuriot Constance
Published: December 2013

This work emerges from an ongoing knowledge exchange partnership between the Pervasive Media Studio Bristol, UK, and the University of the West of England’s Digital Cultures Research Centre (DCRC). The development of a shared vocabulary for ‘Pervasive Media’ formed a central question in an AHRC funded Knowledge Transfer Fellowship (KTF) undertaken by the DCRC in the Pervasive Media Studio 2010–2012. Using a collaborative process with Pervasive Media producers we addressed the question of a general language for Pervasive Media, and how we together begin to define this emergent field. A common set of terms and definitions is an important precursor for the development of this field of innovation in which multi-disciplinary teams and general publics are having to come to terms with these new forms of media experience. Project outputs have been published online in the form of the Pervasive Media Cookbook (2012). The cookbook documents a variety of case studies of Pervasive Media experiences, as well as including essays and thought pieces on relevant themes that have emerged over the course of the project. Dissemination in a form that is easily accessible to our creative industries participants is an essential element of our research process.
Laser-assisted selection of field plots for an area-based forest inventory
Authors: Gobakken Terje , Korhonen Lauri , Næsset Erik
Published: December 2013

Field measurements conducted on sample plots are a major cost component in airborne laser scanning (ALS) based forest inventories, as field data is needed to obtain reference variables for the statistical models. The ALS data also provides an excellent source of prior information that may be used in the design phase of the field survey to reduce the size of the field data set. In the current study, we acquired two independent modeling data sets: one with ALS-assisted and another with random plot selection. A third data set was used for validation. One canopy height and one canopy density variable were used as a basis for the ALS-assisted selection. Ordinary and partial least squares regressions for stem volume were fitted for four different strata using the two data sets separately. The results show that the ALS-assisted plot selection helped to decrease the root mean square error (RMSE) of the predicted volume. Although the differences in RMSE were relatively small, models based on random plot selection showed larger mean differences from the reference in the independent validation data. Furthermore, a sub-sampling experiment showed that 40 well placed plots should be enough for fairly reliable predictions.
The asymptotic expansion of a hypergeometric series coming from mirror symmetry
Authors: Shokri Khosro M.
Published: December 2013

In this paper we give a description of the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion of the logarithmic derivative of
a family of hypergeometric series. This family plays an important role in the computation of the reduced genus one Gromov–Witten invariants
of projective hypersurfaces and the confirmation of Bershadsky, Cecotti, Ooguri, Vafa (BCOV) conjecture for genus
one Gromov–Witten invariants of a generic quintic threefold by Zinger.
A New Leukocyte Hyperadhesion Syndrome of Delayed Cord Separation, Skin Infection, and Nephrosis
Authors: Simpson Brittany N. , Hogg Nancy , Svensson Lena M. , McDowall Alison , Daley William , Yarbrough Kilby , Abdul-Rahman Omar A.
Published: December 2013

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) I is a well-described genetic disorder in which leukocytes are unable to migrate to sites of inflammation due to mutations in the ITGB2 gene coding for the β subunit of β2 (CD18) leukocyte integrins. The classic symptoms of the disease present in the newborn period as failure of separation of the umbilical cord and recurrent bacterial infections, which continue throughout life. We report on a patient with these clinical manifestations but with normal ITGB2 gene sequencing excluding LAD-I, normal carbohydrate-deficient transferrin testing excluding LAD-II, and normal platelet function excluding LAD-III. With testing for CD18 integrin function by flow cytometry, adhesion assay analysis, and time-lapse microscopy, we found the patient’s T lymphocytes to express normal levels of β1 and β2 integrins but to be highly adhesive to integrin ligands and to display decreased migration compared with control T lymphocytes. The hyperadhesiveness of the cells suggests that they might be prevented from reaching infected tissues. Interestingly, administration of glucocorticoids, for the patient’s nephrotic syndrome, alleviated the patient’s chronic diarrhea and decreased the incidence of skin infections. The hyperadhesiveness rather than adhesion deficiency of the patient’s leukocytes suggests that a novel lesion in a pathway regulating integrin adhesion is responsible for the patient’s unique LAD-I–like symptoms.
Vitamin D During Pregnancy and Infancy and Infant Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration
Authors: Grant Cameron C. , Stewart Alistair W. , Scragg Robert , Milne Tania , Rowden Judy , Ekeroma Alec , Wall Clare , Mitchell Edwin A. , Crengle Sue , Trenholme Adrian , Crane Julian , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the vitamin D dose necessary to achieve serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration ≥20 ng/mL during infancy.

METHODS:

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in New Zealand. Pregnant mothers, from 27 weeks’ gestation to birth, and then their infants, from birth to age 6 months, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 mother/infant groups: placebo/placebo, vitamin D3 1000/400 IU, or vitamin D3 2000/800 IU. Serum 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations were measured at enrollment, 36 weeks’ gestation, in cord blood, and in infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

RESULTS:

Two-hundred-and-sixty pregnant women were randomized. At enrollment, the proportions with serum 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL for placebo, lower-dose, and higher-dose groups were 54%, 64%, and 55%, respectively. The proportion with 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL was larger in both intervention groups at 36 weeks’ gestation (50%, 91%, 89%, P < .001). In comparison with placebo, the proportion of infants with 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL was larger in both intervention groups to age 4 months: cord blood (22%, 72%, 71%, P < .001), 2 months (50%, 82%, 92%, P < .001), and 4 months (66%, 87%, 87%, P = .004), but only in the higher-dose group at age 6 months (74%, 82%, 89%, P = .07; higher dose versus placebo P = .03, lower dose versus placebo P = .21).

CONCLUSIONS:

Daily vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and then infancy with 1000/400 IU or 2000/800 IU increases the proportion of infants with 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL, with the higher dose sustaining this increase for longer.
Nerve Retraction During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Repositioning Procedure: A New Simple Method and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hassani Ali , Saadat Sarang , Moshiri Roya , Shahmirzad Solaleh , Hassani Amin
Published: December 2013

Nerve repositioning surgery is one of the treatments chosen for the patients with edentulous posterior atrophic mandible. Like any other treatments, this therapy has its advantages and disadvantages, indications and contraindications. The most important complication of this procedure is neurosensory disturbance. This problem may occur at different stages of the treatment. One common time when nerve damage happens is when the nerve is located outside the canal and drilling and insertion of the implant are performed. Accordingly, this report describes a simple and feasible method to retract and protect nerves outside the canal during the treatment of nerve transposition. This will reduce the risk of nerve damage.
Estrutura do componente arbóreo em áreas de cerrado no município de São Tomé das Letras, MG
Authors: Lopes Renata de Melo Ferreira , Freitas Valéria Lúcia de Oliveira , Barbosa Paulina Maria Maia
Published: December 2013

O município de São Tomé das Letras localiza-se ao sul de Minas Gerais, na bacia do rio Grande, em área de transição entre a Floresta Atlântica e o Cerrado, onde se distinguem também campos rupestres. Possui economia baseada em extrativismo mineral, agropecuária e turismo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a estrutura fitossociológica de três áreas de cerrado no município. Foram amostrados 60 pontos-quadrantes por área, tomando-se medidas de altura das árvores e circunferência de tronco (≥ 10 cm) à altura do solo. Foram calculados para cada ambiente: densidade de indivíduos, dominância, frequência, área basal, Valor de Importância (VI) e diversidade florística (Índice de Shannon, H'). Ao todo, foram identificadas 27 famílias, 36 gêneros e 56 espécies. Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia, Asteraceae) foi a espécie de maior Valor de Importância (VI) encontrada nas áreas Candeias e Vale das Borboletas e Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão, Fabaceae) e Piptocarpha rotundifolia (coração-de-negro, Asteraceae) as espécies que se destacaram em VI na área Carrapatos. A altura média variou de 2,0 ± 1,2 a 2,3 ± 1,3m. O diâmetro médio variou de 6,5 ± 4,4 a 7,3 ± 4,8 cm. A densidade média foi de 2315 indiv.ha-1 e área basal média de 13,4 m².ha-1. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H') para espécies variou de 2,67 a 2,96 nats/ind. Foi observada baixa similaridade de espécies entre as três áreas. Considerando as pressões antrópicas que os ambientes naturais da região vêm sofrendo, os dados obtidos poderão subsidiar projetos locais de recomposição da vegetação, principalmente do componente arbóreo.
Avaliação do banco de sementes do solo para fins de restauração florestal em Carandaí, MG
Authors: Calegari Leandro , Martins Sebastião Venâncio , Campos Lilian Cristina , Silva Elias , Gleriani José Marinaldo
Published: December 2013

O conhecimento do banco de sementes do solo fornece informações essenciais sobre o potencial de regeneração de determinada área, permitindo que se façam inferências sobre a sua restauração. Por meio de 20 parcelas de dimensões 25 x 25 cm e 5 cm de profundidade, foram coletadas amostras de solos de diferentes situações ambientais (pasto limpo, pasto sujo, capoeira, eucalipto e mata) identificadas numa propriedade rural do município de Carandaí, MG. O material coletado foi colocado para germinar em casa de vegetação e analisado durante oito meses, sendo avaliadas a composição e a densidade das espécies (herbáceas, subarbustivas, arbustivas e arbóreas). As situações ambientais apresentaram diferentes expressões de regeneração natural. O pasto sujo foi a situação que apresentou maior número de indivíduos herbáceos regenerantes, o que a torna mais problemática para fins de restauração florestal. Todas as situações ambientais apresentaram banco de sementes de plântulas arbustivo-arbóreas, o que poderá auxiliar no processo de restauração. Entretanto, o sucesso dessa atividade estará diretamente vinculado às atividades de controle de competidores, principalmente gramínea reconhecidamente agressiva que germinou amplamente em todas as situações ambientais. Devido à ausência de espécies de estádios finais de sucessão no banco de sementes no solo, deverá haver outras intervenções complementares, como plantio de mudas, semeadura direta de espécies arbóreas e/ou implantação de poleiros artificiais para acelerar a sucessão vegetal.
Influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia: HRCT findings
Authors: Amorim Viviane Brandao , Rodrigues Rosana Souza , Barreto Miriam Menna , Zanetti Glaucia , Hochhegger Bruno , Marchiori Edson
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To describe aspects found on HRCT scans of the chest in patients infected with the influenza A (H1N1) virus. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the HRCT scans of 71 patients (38 females and 33 males) with H1N1 infection, confirmed through laboratory tests, between July and September of 2009. The HRCT scans were interpreted by two thoracic radiologists independently, and in case of disagreement, the decisions were made by consensus. RESULTS: The most common HRCT findings were ground-glass opacities (85%), consolidation (64%), or a combination of ground-glass opacities and consolidation (58%). Other findings were airspace nodules (25%), bronchial wall thickening (25%), interlobular septal thickening (21%), crazy-paving pattern (15%), perilobular pattern (3%), and air trapping (3%). The findings were frequently bilateral (89%), with a random distribution (68%). Pleural effusion, when observed, was typically minimal. No lymphadenopathy was identified. CONCLUSIONS: The most common findings were ground-glass opacities and consolidations, or a combination of both. Involvement was commonly bilateral with no axial or craniocaudal predominance in the distribution. Although the major tomographic findings in H1N1 infection are nonspecific, it is important to recognize such findings in order to include infection with the H1N1 virus in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms.
Local adverse effects associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with moderate or severe asthma
Authors: Pinto Charleston Ribeiro , Almeida Natalie Rios , Marques Thamy Santana , Yamamura Laira Lorena Lima , Costa Lindemberg Assuncao , Souza-Machado Adelmir
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To describe and characterize local adverse effects (in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx) associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) in patients with moderate or severe asthma. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving a convenience sample of 200 asthma patients followed in the Department of Pharmaceutical Care of the Bahia State Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Control Program Referral Center, located in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The patients were ≥ 18 years of age and had been using ICSs regularly for at least 6 months. Local adverse effects (irritation, pain, dry throat, throat clearing, hoarseness, reduced vocal intensity, loss of voice, sensation of thirst, cough during ICS use, altered sense of taste, and presence of oral candidiasis) were assessed using a 30-day recall questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients studied, 159 (79.5%) were women. The mean age was 50.7 ± 14.4 years. In this sample, 55 patients (27.5%) were using high doses of ICS, with a median treatment duration of 38 months. Regarding the symptoms, 163 patients (81.5%) reported at least one adverse effect, and 131 (65.5%) had a daily perception of at least one symptom. Vocal and pharyngeal symptoms were identified in 57 (28.5%) and 154 (77.0%) of the patients, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse effects were dry throat, throat clearing, sensation of thirst, and hoarseness. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported adverse effects related to ICS use were common among the asthma patients evaluated here.
Oxygen desaturation in healthy subjects undergoing the incremental shuttle walk test
Authors: Seixas Daniel Machado , Seixas Daniela Miti Tsukumo , Pereira Monica Corso , Moreira Marcos Mello , Paschoal Ilma Aparecida
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To determine the probability of oxygen desaturation in healthy individuals undergoing the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT). METHODS: We enrolled 83 healthy subjects: 55 males (including 1 smoker) and 28 females. We determined pre-ISWT FEV1, FEV6, HR and SpO2, as well as post-ISWT HR and SpO2. RESULTS: Mean values overall were as follows: age, 35.05 ± 12.53 years; body mass index, 24.30 ± 3.47 kg/m2; resting HR, 75.12 ± 12.48 bpm; resting SpO2, 97.96 ± 1.02%; FEV1, 3.75 ± 0.81 L; FEV6, 4.45 ± 0.87 L; FEV1/FEV6 ratio, 0.83 ± 0.08 (no restriction or obstruction); incremental shuttle walk distance, 958.30 ± 146.32 m; post-ISWT HR, 162.41 ± 18.24 bpm; and post-ISWT SpO2, 96.27 ± 2.21%. In 11 subjects, post-ISWT SpO2 was higher than was pre-ISWT SpO2. In 17 subjects, there was a 4% decrease in SpO2 after the ISWT. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with and without post-ISWT oxygen desaturation in terms of age, gender, FEV1, FEV6, FEV1/FEV6, pre-ISWT SpO2, incremental shuttle walk distance, HR, or percentage of maximal HR. In the individuals with post-ISWT oxygen desaturation, the body mass index was higher (p = 0.01) and post-ISWT SpO2 was lower (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy individuals can present oxygen desaturation after the ISWT. Using the ISWT to predict subtle respiratory abnormalities can be misleading. In healthy subjects, oxygen desaturation is common after the ISWT, as it is during any intense physical activity.
Prevalence of nutritional deficiency in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Piva Silvana Gomes Nunes , Costa Maria da Conceicao Nascimento , Barreto Florisneide Rodrigues , Pereira Susan Martins
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of nutritional deficiency among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data obtained from the Brazilian Case Registry Database and from the medical records of patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (15-59 years of age) residing in one of the municipalities that make up the 16th Regional Health District of the state of Bahia. We calculated the incidence, lethality, and mortality rates, as well as the prevalence of nutritional deficiency, as evaluated by body mass index. Demographic, social, clinical, and epidemiological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 72 confirmed cases of tuberculosis, 59 (81.9%) were in males, and 21 (29.2%) of the patients were in the 40-49 year age bracket. The majority (85.3%) described themselves as Mulatto or Black; 55.2% reported using alcohol; and approximately 90% were treated as outpatients. In the district and age bracket studied, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 30.6/100,000 population. Among the 72 patients, data regarding nutritional status was available for 34. Of those, 50% and 25%, respectively, presented nutritional deficiency at the beginning and at the end of treatment. No statistically significant differences were found between normal-weight and malnourished patients regarding the characteristics studied. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of nutritional deficiency was high among our sample of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. This underscores the importance of nutritional follow-up for the assessment of tuberculosis treatment in the decision-making process regarding therapeutic interventions.
Effectiveness of diaphragmatic stimulation with single-channel electrodes in rabbits
Authors: Ghedini Rodrigo Guellner , Espinel Julio de Oliveira , Felix Elaine Aparecida , Paludo Artur de Oliveira , Mariano Rodrigo , Holand Arthur Rodrigo Ronconi , Andrade Cristiano Feijo
Published: December 2013

Every year, a large number of individuals become dependent on mechanical ventilation because of a loss of diaphragm function. The most common causes are cervical spinal trauma and neuromuscular diseases. We have developed an experimental model to evaluate the performance of electrical stimulation of the diaphragm in rabbits using single-channel electrodes implanted directly into the muscle. Various current intensities (10, 16, 20, and 26 mA) produced tidal volumes above the baseline value, showing that this model is effective for the study of diaphragm performance at different levels of electrical stimulation
Level of asthma control and its impact on activities of daily living in asthma patients in Brazil
Authors: Gazzotti Mariana Rodrigues , Nascimento Oliver Augusto , Montealegre Federico , Fish James , Jardim Jose Roberto
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of asthma on activities of daily living and on health status in patients with controlled, partially controlled, or uncontrolled asthma in Brazil. METHODS: We used data related to 400 patients in four Brazilian cities (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Curitiba), obtained in a survey conducted throughout Latin America in 2011. All study subjects were > 12 years of age and completed a standardized questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. The questions addressed asthma control, hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and school/work absenteeism, as well as the impact of asthma on the quality of life, sleep, and leisure. The level of asthma control was determined in accordance with the Global Initiative for Asthma criteria. RESULTS: Among the 400 respondents, asthma was controlled in 37 (9.3%), partially controlled in 226 (56.5%), and uncontrolled in 137 (34.2%). The numbers of patients with uncontrolled or partially controlled asthma who visited the emergency room, who were hospitalized, and who missed school/work were higher than were those of patients with controlled asthma (p = 0.001, p = 0.05, and p = 0.01, respectively). Among those with uncontrolled asthma, the impact of the disease on activities of daily living, sleep, social activities, and normal physical exertion was greater than it was among those with controlled or partially controlled asthma (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, asthma treatment should be monitored more closely in order to increase treatment adherence and, consequently, the level of asthma control, which can improve patient quality of life and minimize the negative impact of the disease.
Validation and development of an immunonephelometric assay for the determination of alpha-1 antitrypsin levels in dried blood spots from patients with COPD
Authors: Zillmer Laura Russo , Russo Rodrigo , Manzano Beatriz Martins , Ivanaga Ivan , Nascimento Oliver Augusto , Souza Altay Alves Lino de , Santos Junior Gildo , Rodriguez Francisco , Miravitlles Marc , Jardim Jose Roberto
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To validate and develop an immunonephelometric assay for the determination of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) levels in dried blood spots from COPD patients in Brazil. METHODS: We determined AAT levels in serum samples and dried blood spots from 192 COPD patients. For the preparation of dried blood spots, a disk (diameter, 6 mm) was placed into a tube, eluted with 200 µL of PBS, and stored overnight at 4ºC. All of the samples were analyzed by immunonephelometry in duplicate. We used the bootstrap resampling method in order to determine a cut-off point for AAT levels in dried blood spots. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between the AAT levels in serum samples and those in dried blood spots was r = 0.45. For dried blood spots, the cut-off value was 2.02 mg/dL (97% CI: 1.45-2.64 mg/dL), with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 100%, 95.7%, 27.2%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This method for the determination of AAT levels in dried blood spots appears to be a reliable screening tool for patients with AAT deficiency.
Pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and pneumothorax after a pulmonary function testing in a patient with bleomycin-induced interstitial pneumonitis
Authors: Araujo Mariana Sponholz , Fernandes Frederico Leon Arrabal , Kay Fernando Uliana , Carvalho Carlos Roberto Ribeiro
Published: December 2013

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an uncommon event, the clinical picture of which includes retrosternal chest pain, subcutaneous emphysema, dyspnea, and dysphonia. The pathophysiological mechanism involved is the emergence of a pressure gradient between the alveoli and surrounding structures, causing alveolar rupture with subsequent dissection of the peribronchovascular sheath and infiltration of the mediastinum and subcutaneous tissue with air. Known triggers include acute exacerbations of asthma and situations that require the Valsalva maneuver. We described and documented with HRCT scans the occurrence of pneumomediastinum after a patient with bleomycin-induced interstitial lung disease underwent pulmonary function testing. Although uncommon, the association between pulmonary function testing and air leak syndromes has been increasingly reported in the literature, and lung diseases, such as interstitial lung diseases, include structural changes that facilitate the occurrence of this complication.
Os processos de apropriação de gêneros acadêmicos (escritos) por graduandos em letras e as possíveis implicações para a formação de professores/pesquisadores
Authors: Souza Micheli Gomes de , Bassetto Lívia Maria Turra
Published: December 2013

Considerando a relevância atribuída à prática da pesquisa durante e após a graduação e a constante dificuldade encontrada por pesquisadores iniciantes nessa produção, este artigo objetiva analisar as experiências de leitura e produção de textos de alunos de um curso de licenciatura. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário a graduandos do curso de Letras de uma universidade pública de um estado da região Sudeste do Brasil com o intuito de observar, por meio de uma análise qualitativa, como essas experiências contribuem para a inserção dos alunos na comunidade acadêmica e para sua formação como professores/pesquisadores. A pesquisa conta como base teórica com os conceitos de letramento e de gêneros textuais.
Effectiveness and Cost of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Control at High Elevation
Authors: Concilio Amy L.
Published: December 2013

Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) is an invasive, annual grass that has spread through much of the Great Basin desert but remains patchy at high elevation. This study evaluates control options for outlier infestations in the eastern Sierra Nevada, CA, based on their ecological effectiveness and their economic and practical feasibility. I tested the efficacy of hand-pulling, sheet-mulching, and soil solarization followed by broadcast and seedball seeding of native forbs and grasses. Downy brome cover, density, and dominance in the seed bank decreased with all removal treatments. Soil solarization and sheet mulching were most successful at eliminating downy brome (decreasing density by 99% after just 1 yr of treatment in both cases), but they had negative nontarget impacts on other herbaceous species. Germination of native seeds was low with both broadcast and seedball seeding, probably because of dry conditions. Each of the methods tested has potential for decreasing or eliminating small-scale, outlier infestations of downy brome along roadsides and in disturbed sites and thereby helping to contain the invasion.
Treatment Alternatives and Timing Affect Seeds of African Mustard (Brassica tournefortii), an Invasive Forb in American Southwest Arid Lands
Authors: Abella Scott R. , Suazo Alexis A. , Norman Carrie M. , Newton Alice C.
Published: December 2013

Developing management strategies for invasive plant species requires identifying effective treatment methods (e.g., physical or chemical treatments) and optimally timing their application. For invasive annual plants, effects of treatments on seed production and germinability are paramount to reduce seed banks and subsequent plant establishment. We compared effects of a range of physical and chemical treatments applied to plants containing seeds at different developmental stages at field sites in the Mojave Desert (Nevada and Arizona) for managing the exotic annual forb, African mustard. Effectiveness of physical treatments (hand pulling entire plants, breaking plants, or separating siliques from plants) for reducing African mustard seed size and germination varied by treatment and seed maturity stage at which treatments were applied. With all treated plant material remaining in the field (i.e., not bagged and transported off site), hand pulling or breaking plants resulted in 90 to 100% of developing and developed seeds still able to germinate. Separating siliques from plants, however, resulted in 0% germination of undeveloped and developing seeds. All three tested herbicides (glyphosate, 2,4-D, and metsulfuron) reduced germination to zero or near zero across all seed development stages. Results suggest that physical treatments are most effective at early stages of seed development, whereas several different herbicides are effective across seed developmental stages. Results also highlight the importance of considering the potential for continued seed development and germinability on treated plant material when choosing invasive plant treatment types and timing.
Landscape Disturbances Impact Affect the Distribution and Abundance of Exotic Grasses in Northern Fescue Prairies
Authors: Gifford Marlene , Otfinowski Rafael
Published: December 2013

The presence of landscape disturbances increases the establishment of exotic plants inside natural areas. Here, we examine the effect of human disturbances to prairie landscapes on the distribution and abundance of Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome, exotic grasses that threaten the integrity of prairie ecosystems throughout the northern Great Plains. Using plant inventory data from Riding Mountain National Park in Manitoba, Canada, we investigated how roads, trails, and the intensity of historic livestock grazing affect the distribution and abundance of exotic grasses. On the basis of our results, both Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome were more abundant in areas closer to roads. Kentucky bluegrass was also more abundant in areas farther from trails and those historically grazed by cattle. Our research demonstrates that the effect of landscape disturbances on exotic grasses varies between species and suggests that patterns of invasion may reflect different introduction histories. Given our findings, conserving the integrity of northern fescue prairies should account for human disturbances of landscapes and their effects on the proliferation of exotic plants into areas of native prairie.
Assessing Invasiveness of Exotic Weeds outside their Current Invasive Range
Authors: Rinella Matthew J.
Published: December 2013

When exotic species invade a region, it becomes important to assess their invasiveness in adjacent uninvaded regions to determine if weed prevention measures are needed. Leafy spurge and knapweed species are absent from the vast majority of eastern Montana, but the region is surrounded by regions heavily invaded by these species. To assess invasiveness of leafy spurge and Russian and spotted knapweed in common eastern Montana grassland sites, I introduced these species to three sites as seeds (120 live seeds plot−1) and seedlings (6 plot−1). I assessed how common grazing regimes influenced invasiveness by imposing cattle, sheep, mixed grazing (i.e., cattle plus sheep), and grazing exclusion treatments for 7 yr. Invader survival did not appear to differ greatly among sheep, cattle, and mixed grazing treatments, but excluding grazing lowered probabilities that plots maintained invaders for the entire study period at two of three sites. At these same sites, grazing exclusion increased growth rates of those invaders that did survive, at least in the case of leafy spurge. Regardless of grazing treatment or site, however, large proportions of plots did not maintain invaders through the end of the study period. At one heavy clay site, only one small leafy spurge plant persisted through the end of the study. In the seventh study year, the plots with the most leafy spurge and Russian knapweed produced 222 and 112 stems, respectively, and the stems remained mostly confined to the 2- by 2-m plots. These findings suggest that, barring intense disturbance, leafy spurge and spotted and Russian knapweed might be incapable of invading some grasslands of eastern Montana, particularly upland sites with high clay content. Any upland sites in the region these species are capable of invading will likely be invaded only very slowly.
Routine Prophylaxes Every 3 Months Improves Chronic Periodontitis Status in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: López Néstor J. , Quintero Antonio , Casanova Patricia A. , Martínez Benjamín
Published: December 2013

Background: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are major health problems, especially in low‐income populations with little access to dental care. Low‐cost models for treatment of periodontal disease have not been tested in controlled studies in low‐income populations. Dental prophylaxis, which includes removal of supragingival calculus and plaque, has been shown to arrest the progression of periodontitis. A controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of dental prophylaxis on periodontitis in T2DM.

Methods: Twenty‐six patients with T2DM and chronic periodontitis (CP) and 26 without T2DM with CP were selected. Periodontal probing depth (PD), gingival bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and surfaces with plaque were recorded at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months after initial treatment. All the participants received instructions on oral hygiene and one session of dental prophylaxis at baseline and every 3 months. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and every 3 months in patients with T2DM.

Results: A significant improvement of PD, BOP, and sites with plaque was observed 3 months after treatment in patients with T2DM (P = 0.001). In controls, mean PD significantly improved after 6 months compared with baseline (P = 0.001). No significant improvement of CAL occurred in either group. No significant differences in periodontal parameters between the groups were detected, and no participant showed progression of CP during the 9‐month study period. Dental prophylaxis did not influence HbA1c levels, and no association among HbA1c concentration, pretreatment metabolic status, and severity of CP was found.

Conclusion: Routine prophylaxes every 3 months significantly improve periodontal health and prevent progression of CP in both poorly controlled and well‐controlled patients with T2DM.
The Changing Character of the Black–White Infant Mortality Gap, 1983–2004
Authors: Elder Todd E. , Goddeeris John H. , Haider Steven J. , Paneth Nigel
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We examined how changes in demographic, geographic, and childbearing risk factors were related to changes in the Black–White infant mortality rate (IMR) gap over 2 decades.

Methods. Using 1983–2004 Vital Statistics, we applied inverse probability weighting methods to examine the relationship between risk factors and 3 outcomes: the overall IMR gap, its birth weight component, and its conditional (on birth weight) IMR component.

Results. The unexplained IMR gap (the part not related to observed risk factors) was stable, changing from 5.0 to 5.3 deaths per 1000 live births. By contrast, the explained gap declined from 4.6 to 1.9. The decline in the explained gap was driven by the changing relationship between risk factors and IMR. Further analysis revealed that most of the unexplained gap occurred among infants weighing less than 1000 grams at birth, whereas most of the explained gap occurred among infants weighing more than 1000 grams.

Conclusions. The unexplained gap was stable over the last 2 decades, but the explained gap declined markedly. If the stability of the unexplained gap continues, even complete convergence of risk factors would reduce the Black–White IMR gap by only one quarter.
Association Between Birthplace and Current Asthma: The Role of Environment and Acculturation
Authors: Iqbal Shahed , Oraka Emeka , Chew Ginger L. , Flanders W. Dana
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We evaluated associations between current asthma and birthplace among major racial/ethnic groups in the United States.

Methods. We used multivariate logistic regression methods to analyze data on 102 524 children and adolescents and 255 156 adults in the National Health Interview Survey (2001–2009).

Results. We found significantly higher prevalence (P < .05) of current asthma among children and adolescents (9.3% vs 5.1%) and adults (7.6% vs 4.7%) born in the 50 states and Washington, DC (US-born), than among those born elsewhere. These differences were among all age groups of non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics (excluding Puerto Ricans) and among Chinese adults. Non–US-born adults with 10 or more years of residency in the United States had higher odds of current asthma (odds ratio = 1.55; 95% confidence interval = 1.25, 1.93) than did those who arrived more recently. Findings suggested a similar trend among non–US-born children.

Conclusions. Current asthma status was positively associated with being born in the United States and with duration of residency in the United States. Among other contributing factors, changes in environment and acculturation may explain some of the differences in asthma prevalence.
Through the looking glass: making the design and output of economic models useful for setting medical policy
Authors: Ollendorf Daniel A , Pearson Steven D
Published: December 2013

Economic modeling has rarely been considered to be an essential component of healthcare policy-making in the USA, due to a lack of transparency in model design and assumptions, as well as political interests that equate examination of cost with unfair rationing. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review has been involved in several efforts to bring economic modeling into public discussion of the comparative value of healthcare interventions, efforts that have evolved over time to suit the needs of multiple public forums. In this article, we review these initiatives and present a template that attempts to ‘unpack’ model output and present the major drivers of outcomes and cost. We conclude with a series of recommendations for effective presentation of economic models to US policy-makers.
Comparative effectiveness of oral diabetes drug combinations in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin
Authors: Flory James H , Small Dylan S , Cassano Patricia A , Brillon David J , Mushlin Alvin I , Hennessy Sean
Published: December 2013

Aims:
To provide evidence on the comparative effectiveness of oral diabetes drug combinations.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study of glycosylated hemoglobin change in outpatients newly exposed to dual- or triple-drug oral diabetes treatment.
Results:
Adjusted response to a second drug added to metformin ranged from 0.85 to 1.21% glycosylated hemoglobin decline. Response to a third drug was smaller (0.53–0.91%). Higher baseline glycosylated hemoglobin was associated with larger response; sulfonylurea effectiveness declined over time; and thiazolidinediones were more effective in obese patients and women.
Conclusion:
Observational data provide results qualitatively consistent with the limited available randomized data on diabetes drug effectiveness, and extend these findings into common clinical scenarios where randomized data are unavailable. Sex and BMI influence the comparative effectiveness of diabetes drug combinations.
‘Doing’ Social Justice in Early Childhood: The Potential of Leadership
Authors: Hard Louise , Press Frances , Gibson Megan
Published: December 2013

Early childhood education has long been connected with objectives related to social justice. Australian early childhood education and care (ECEC) has its roots in philanthropic and educational reform movements prevalent at the turn of the twentieth century. More recently, with the introduction of the National Early Childhood Reform Agenda, early childhood education has once more been linked to the achievement of aims associated with redressing inequality and disadvantage. The authors argue that educational leaders have an obligation to promote equity as they articulate the needs of marginalised students who are traditionally disadvantaged while they also work towards challenging the social order that affords this circumstance of inequity to exist. Drawing on extant literature, including data from two previously reported Australian studies in which leadership emerged as having a transformational impact on service delivery, this article examines the potential of early childhood leadership to generate ‘socially just’ educational communities. With reference to critical theory, the authors argue that critically informed, intentional and strategic organisational leadership can play a pivotal role in creating changed circumstances and opportunities for children and families. Such leadership includes positional and distributed elements, articulation of values and beliefs, and collective action that is mindful and informed.
Determinants and Market Consequences of Auditor Dismissals after Accounting Restatements
Authors: Hennes Karen M. , Leone Andrew J. , Miller Brian P.
Published: December 2013

This study examines the conditions under which financial restatements lead corporate boards to dismiss external auditors and how the market responds to those dismissal announcements. We find that auditors are more likely to be dismissed after more severe restatements but that the severity effect is primarily attributable to the dismissal of non-Big 4 auditors rather than Big 4 auditors. We also document that among corporations with Big 4 auditors, those that are larger and more complex operationally are less likely to dismiss their auditors. Combined, this evidence suggests that firms with higher switching costs and fewer replacement auditor choices are less likely to dismiss their auditors after a restatement, which is informative to the debates about the costs and benefits of mandatory auditor rotation and limited competition in the audit market. Additionally, we examine contemporaneous executive turnover and find evidence that boards view auditor dismissals as complementary rather than substitute responses to restatements. Finally, we investigate the market reaction to auditor dismissals after restatements. The market reaction to the dismissal is significantly more positive following more severe restatements (5.9 percent) relative to less severe restatements (0.6 percent) when the client engages a comparably sized auditor. This positive market reaction is consistent with firms restoring financial reporting credibility by replacing their auditors and highlights the important role that auditors play in the financial markets.

Data Availability: Data are available from public sources indicated in the text.
Presumed primary and secondary hepatic copper accumulation in cats
Authors: Hurwitz Brandi M. , Center Sharon A. , Randolph John F. , McDonough Sean P. , Warner Karen L. , Hazelwood Kanda S. , Chiapella Ann M. , Mazzei Michael J. , Leavey Kathy , Acquaviva Anthony E. , Lindsay Mary M. , Sanders Leslie , Pintar Jason
Published: December 2013

Objective—To determine signalments, clinical features, clinicopathologic variables, imaging findings, treatments, and survival time of cats with presumed primary copper-associated hepatopathy (PCH) and to determine quantitative measures and histologic characteristics of the accumulation and distribution of copper in liver samples of cats with presumed PCH, extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, chronic nonsuppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis, and miscellaneous other hepatobiliary disorders and liver samples of cats without hepatobiliary disease.

Design—Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Animals—100 cats with hepatobiliary disease (PCH [n = 11], extrahepatic bile duct obstruction [14], cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis [37], and miscellaneous hepatobiliary disorders [38]) and 14 cats without hepatobiliary disease.

Procedures—From 1980 to 2013, cats with and without hepatobiliary disease confirmed by liver biopsy and measurement of hepatic copper concentrations were identified. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging data were compared between cats with and without PCH.

Results—Cats with PCH were typically young (median age, 2.0 years); clinicopathologic and imaging characteristics were similar to those of cats with other liver disorders. Copper-specific staining patterns and quantification of copper in liver samples confirmed PCH (on the basis of detection of > 700 μg/g of liver sample dry weight). Six cats with PCH underwent successful treatment with chelation (penicillamine; n = 5), antioxidants (5), low doses of elemental zinc (2), and feeding of hepatic support or high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets, and other hepatic support treatments. One cat that received penicillamine developed hemolytic anemia, which resolved after discontinuation of administration. Three cats with high hepatic copper concentrations developed hepatocellular neoplasia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that copper accumulates in livers of cats as primary and secondary processes. Long-term management of cats with PCH was possible.
Algorithmic Perspectives of Network Transitive Reduction Problems and their Applications to Synthesis and Analysis of Biological Networks
Authors: Aditya Satabdi , DasGupta Bhaskar , Karpinski Marek
Published: December 2013

In this survey paper, we will present a number of core algorithmic questions concerning several transitive reduction problems on network that have applications in network synthesis and analysis involving cellular processes. Our starting point will be the so-called minimum equivalent digraph problem, a classic computational problem in combinatorial algorithms. We will subsequently consider a few non-trivial extensions or generalizations of this problem motivated by applications in systems biology. We will then discuss the applications of these algorithmic methodologies in the context of three major biological research questions: synthesizing and simplifying signal transduction networks, analyzing disease networks, and measuring redundancy of biological networks.
A Simple Strategy for Development of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms from Non-Model Species and Its Application in Panax
Authors: Li Ming , Wang Xin , Zhang Cui , Wang Hua , Shi Feng , Xiao Hong , Li Lin
Published: December 2013

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are widely employed in the studies of population genetics, molecular breeding and conservation genetics. In this study, we explored a simple route to develop SNPs from non-model species based on screening the library of single copy nuclear genes (SCNGs). Through application of this strategy in Panax, we identified 160 and 171 SNPs from P. quinquefolium and P. ginseng, respectively. Our results demonstrated that both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium possessed a high level of nucleotide diversity. The number of haplotype per locus ranged from 1 to 12 for P. ginseng and from 1 to 9 for P. quinquefolium, respectively. The nucleotide diversity of total sites (πT) varied between 0.000 and 0.023 for P. ginseng and 0.000 and 0.035 for P. quinquefolium, respectively. These findings suggested that this approach is well suited for SNP discovery in non-model organisms and is easily employed in standard genetics laboratory studies.
Bone Health in Patients with Breast Cancer: Recommendations from an Evidence-Based Canadian Guideline
Authors: Paterson Alexander , Shea-Budgell Melissa
Published: December 2013

Bone loss is common in patients with breast cancer. Bone modifying agents (BMAs), such as bisphosphonates and denosumab, have been shown to reverse or stabilize bone loss and may be useful in the primary and metastatic settings. The purpose of this review is to provide clear evidence-based strategies for the management of bone loss and its symptoms in breast cancer. A systematic review of clinical trials and meta-analyses published between 1996 and 2012 was conducted of MEDLINE and EMBASE. Reference lists were hand-searched for additional publications. Recommendations were developed based on the best available evidence. Zoledronate, pamidronate, clodronate, and denosumab are recommended for metastatic breast cancer patients; however, no one agent can be recommended over another. Zoledronate or any oral bisphosphonate and denosumab should be considered in primary breast cancer patients who are postmenopausal on aromatase inhibitor therapy and have a high risk of fracture and/or a low bone mineral density and in premenopausal primary breast cancer patients who become amenorrheic after therapy. No one agent can be recommended over another. BMAs are not currently recommended as adjuvant therapy in primary breast cancer for the purpose of improving survival, although a major Early Breast Cancer Cooperative Trialists’ Group meta-analysis is underway which may impact future practice. Adverse events can be managed with appropriate supportive care.