bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on temperament in Russia: After Teplov and Nebylitsyn
Authors: Bodunov Mikhail V.
Published: June 2007

In this paper a review of studies on temperament in Russia conducted during the last two decades is presented. Special attention has been given to the linkage between the theoretical background of modern Russian psychology and the main tendencies in the development of Russian studies on temperament. Three main trends are discussed: the traditional trend referring to the classic (Pavlovian) approach, the behavioural one based on modern conceptions in behavioural sciences, and the personological approach which postulates a holistic (‚integral’︁) view on human individuality. Finally, the interrelationships between the main trends in research on temperament are considered.
The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour‐Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI): theoretical assumptions and scale construction
Authors: Strelau Jan , Zawadzki Bogdan
Published: June 2007

A psychometric study has been conducted with the aims of revising the structure of temperament as postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT) and of constructing an inventory which corresponds to the RTT. A starting point for the study was the assumption that temperament refers to formal attributes of behaviour expressed in energetic and temporal characteristics. About 600 items covering 12 characteristics were generated. A study based on linguistic and itemmetric analysis allowed us to reduce the number of items representing the 12 characteristics to a 381‐item pool. This set of items served as the basis for distinguishing the temperamental traits and for constructing the inventory: the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour–Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI). A thorough psychometric study and factor analysis of data obtained from over 2000 subjects (both genders, aged from 15 to 80 years) allowed us to distinguish six temperamental traits which have the status of first‐order factors. Among them, four–Sensory Sensitivity, Endurance, Emotional Reactivity, and Activity–refer to the energetic aspect of behaviour and two–Briskness and Perseverance–refer to the temporal characteristics. The FCB‐TI has satisfactory psychometric characteristics, including Cronbach alpha and stability measures. Studies have shown that the six FCB‐TI scales are replica across samples and refer to robust temperament dimensions.
Personality traits and job characteristics as predictors of job experiences
Authors: Van Den Berg Peter Th. , Feij Jan A.
Published: June 2007

This study investigates the relationships of personality traits and job characteristics (predictors) with job experiences (criteria) in a sample of job incumbents working in a broad variety of occupations. Subjects were 181 job applicants, who participated in a personnel selection procedure carried out by a Dutch staffing organization. As a part of this procedure, subjects completed a number of personality questionnaires. Personality scale scores were factor‐analysed, and four orthogonal trait dimensions were identified: Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Sensation Seeking, and Achievement Motivation. Between l½ and 2 years after the selection, subjects rated their current jobs on four job characteristics dimensions, namely dynamicity, autonomy, external–internal, and structure. At the same time, they completed a questionnaire measuring job experiences, namely job satisfaction, job‐induced tension, propensity to leave the job, and self‐appraised performance. The results indicated that personality traits had several significant and hypothesized longitudinal effects on the job experience criteria. Personality contributed to the prediction of the criteria even when the effects of job characteristics were taken into account. No significant Personality X Job Characteristics interactions were found, although subgroup analysis revealed a number of interesting differences among the various categories of occupations. For example, Sensation Seeking predicted job strain and propensity to leave, especially in highly structured and not very autonomous jobs. It is concluded that work experiences are clearly determined by person and job characteristics, although in an additive rather than in an interactional way.
Children's temperament in the US and China: similarities and differences
Authors: Ahadi Stephan A. , Rothbart Mary K. , Ye Renmin
Published: June 2007

We report the results of research investigating temperamental characteristics of children in the People's Republic of China and the US using a parent‐report instrument, the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), defining temperament as individual differences in emotional, motoric, and attentional reactivity and self‐regulation. Subjects were 624 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children, from Shanghai and the north‐western region of the US. The 15 CBQ scales were factored for both samples, employing a principal axis factor analysis with an oblique rotation. Our findings indicated considerable similarity of factor structure in the two cultures, obtaining three factors labelled Surgency, Negative Affect, and Attentional Self‐Regulation or Effortful Control. Differences across cultures were also found, with Surgency and Effortful Control scores being relatively higher than Negative Affect in the US sample and Negative Affect being relatively higher than Surgency and Effortful Control in the Chinese sample. Gender differences were also found to vary across cultures. Our findings are congruent with a view of underlying cultural similarities in temperamental variability across these cultures, influenced over time by the children's culturally varied experience.
General intelligence, temperament, and the Matching Familiar Figures Test
Authors: Czeschlik Tatiana
Published: June 2007

To investigate the relationship between general intelligence g and temperament, highly intelligent 10‐year‐old children (N = 151) were compared with classmates of the same gender and socio‐economic status but of average intelligence (N = 134). The two ability groups were administered the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) during home visits. The parents and teachers rated the temperament of the children. The results showed a consistent pattern: highly intelligent children are more task‐oriented, e.g. less distractible and more controlled than their average counterparts. In the MFFT, gifted children not only gave a higher percentage of correct answers, but also showed longer (!) reaction times.
Gender‐schematic processing: An extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study
Authors: van Strien Tatjana
Published: June 2007

This study is an extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study (1986) on the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI) as a measurement instrument for gender‐schematic processing. Using a Dutch sample and the GRAS (Groninger Androgyny Scale)—a Dutch sex‐role inventory—responses to this inventory were factor‐analysed separately for sex‐typed and non‐sex‐typed groups. The extremity of response style on GRAS items and the degree of self‐indicated cross‐situational variability on GRAS items were used as additional indices for gender‐schematic processing. Similar to Larsen and Seidman's (1986) study, bipolar factors were found for the sex‐typed groups and unipolar factors for the non‐sex‐typed groups. Similar to a study conducted by Bem (1981) into differences among the sex‐types in their response latencies to the attributes of the BSRI, sex‐typed subjects showed more extremity of response style on attributes of the GRAS when making schema‐consistent judgements about themselves, and showed less extremity of response style when making schema‐inconsistent judgements about themselves. The data on cross‐situational variability were less equivocal. It is concluded that the degree of gender‐schematic processing in individuals can be well measured by means of a sex‐role inventory.
Well‐being and motivational person‐environment fit: A time‐sampling study of emotions
Authors: Brandstätter Hermann
Published: June 2007

The report is based on the data of seven studies (altogether 188 persons varying in gender, age, and education level) with the author's time‐sampling diary, by which the subjects record their momentary mood, the behaviour setting, other persons present, activities, causal attributions of experienced emotions, and affected motives about four times a day for a period of 30 days. For each pattern of four 16PF second‐order factors (median split), the relative frequencies of references to six classes of motives (i.e. the personal motive profiles) and for each of 16 behaviour settings, the relative frequencies by which each of those motives was satisfied in the whole sample of persons (environmental motive profiles) were derived from the diary data. The degree of motivational person–environment fit (P–E fit; correlation of personal and environmental motive profiles) was calculated for each combination of personality structure and behaviour setting. As predicted, a person's well‐being in a behaviour setting clearly depends on the motivational P–E fit which explains the intra‐individual variance of well‐being (across situations) and the intra‐situational variance (across persons) in addition to the variance explained by emotional stability and extraversion.
Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits
Authors: Szirmák Zsófia , De Raad Boele
Published: June 2007

This study reports on the application of the principles of the lexical approach to a non‐Indo‐European language, namely Hungarian. This language is a Uralic island surrounded on all sides by Indo‐European languages. In addition, the Hungarians are, in terms of cultural features, Europeans. These conditions provide a great opportunity for a crucial test case of the lexical approach to personality. Study 1 reports on the different phases of the selection of the trait terms from the Hungarian lexicon, a categorization into kinds of personality‐relevant terms, a comparison of the category findings with those of other languages, and on indices of relevance of the personality terms. Of the total number of 8738 personality‐relevant terms, 3914 adjectives were used for Study 2. In that study, personality descriptiveness ratings were obtained from a group of judges (N = 5). On the basis of these ratings, a manageable set of 624 adjectives was selected for a rating task. Four hundred subjects provided self‐ratings on the 624 adjectives. On the basis of the means and standard deviations of the ratings, the set of 624 was further reduced to 561 adjectives. On ipsatized data, principal components analyses were performed. Both a four‐factor solution and a five‐factor solution, which were Varimax‐rotated, are presented. The correspondence of these factors to the traditional Big Five factors is discussed.
Cognitive and attributional strategies among unemployed young adults: A case of the failure‐trap strategy
Authors: Nurmi Jari‐Erik , Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Ruotsalainen Hilkka
Published: June 2007

This study concerns the extent to which people who display evident problem behaviour show signs of applying inefficient cognitive and attributional strategies in an achievement context. Twenty unemployed young adults, 14 people with health problems, and 23 students of a vocational school were compared in terms of the strategies they applied. The Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Cartoon‐Attribution‐Strategy Test (CAST) developed for this study were used. The results showed that the unemployed young adults reported higher levels of failure expectations and task‐irrelevant behaviour, and lower levels of self‐esteem and self‐serving attributional bias, than the control group. This pattern of results does not fully fit in with the conceptualizations of self‐handicapping and learned helplessness. Therefore, a failure‐trap strategy is discussed as an alternative type of maladaptive strategy. Typical of this strategy is that people with low self‐esteem concentrate on task‐irrelevant behaviour, but do not refer to this behaviour as an external excuse for failure.
Values and personality
Authors: Bilsky Wolfgang , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: June 2007

Personality and differential psychology have paid little attention to values research. Consequently, the constructs used in these subdisciplines have developed independently, and evidence regarding the relations of personality to values is minimal. This study seeks to advance our understanding of these relations and to arrive at a theoretical integration of constructs. Starting from recent developments in values theory (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz and Bilsky, 1987, 1990) and drawing on Maslow's (1955) distinction between ‘deficiency’ and ‘growth’ needs, we elaborate theoretical links between personality and values with special emphasis on structural relations. A set of hypotheses regarding these relations is generated and tested next, using data from a study with 331 German students. These students completed both the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), measuring ten primary and two secondary personality variables, namely extraversion and emotionality. Joint Similarity Structure Analyses (SSAs) of values and personality variables were conducted. The findings reveal both meaningful and systematic associations of value priorities with personality variables, confirming the hypothesized structural relationships. The compatibility of our hypotheses with the complex findings of George (1954) using totally different indexes of both values (Allport–Vernon Study of Values) and personality (drawn from Eysenck and Guilford) further supports the theoretical connections proposed in this study.
Gender and locus of control correlates of body image dissatisfaction
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Greaves Nicola
Published: June 2007

The study concerned sex and various locus of control correlates of body image satisfaction. The results indicated that men and women differ significantly in the degree and in the direction of dissatisfaction towards their bodies, which were consistent with the culturally defined ideals for men and women. Significant differences were also observed regarding self‐perceptions, suggesting that women more than men are more likely to suffer from depression and have lower self‐esteem which was itself associated with body image satisfaction. Individual beliefs about perceived control towards achieving an ‘ideal’ body shape were assessed using a new locus of control scale which correlated significantly with two scales measuring attitudes relating to body shape. The results from this new scale suggest that perceived locus of control beliefs are important predictors of the resulting behaviours and self‐perceptions associated with body shape satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
Coping with an ego‐threat: Monitoring and blunting during an intelligence test
Authors: Muris Peter , van Zuuren Florence J. , Merckelbach Harald , Stoffels Evert‐Jan , Kindt Merel
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the predictive validity of the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS; Miller, 1987). Subjects had to work on an intelligence test. During this test, they could observe lights that informed them on how they were performing. There were two conditions: a low‐stress condition (n = 37) in which the lights always indicated that the subject was performing well, and a high‐stress condition (n.= 33) in which the lights signalled a deterioration of performance. In general, little support was found for the predictive validity of the MBSS.
Neurobiological factors in personality and depression
Authors: Depue Richard A.
Published: June 2007

There is very little empirical work that directly assesses the neurobiological association of personality superfactors with the liability to depression. Therefore, as a means of providing a framework for future research, this article outlines the putative neurobiological foundation of three major personality superfactors: positive emotionality or extraversion, constraint or psychoticism, and negative emotionality or neuroticism. The neurobiology of these superfactors, particularly the central dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine projection systems, respectively, is derived largely from animal biobehavioral research, although human work is discussed where available. In an attempt to explore the association of this framework to depression, extreme quantitative variation in the resulting neurobiological systems, alone and in interaction with each other, is discussed in terms of different forms of depression and of modification of the phenotype and course of depression. The effects of experience on neurobiological functioning is briefly considered as a therapeutic approach, in lieu of, or in interaction with, pharmacological modulation of behavior.
Synthesis of dithiocarbamate bearing azobenzene group and use for RAFT polymerization of vinyl monomers
Authors: Wan Xiaoming , Zhu Xiulin , Zhu Jian , Zhang Zhengbiao , Cheng Zhenping
Published: June 2007

A novel dithiocarbamate bearing azobenzene group, 2‐(phenylazo‐phenoxy‐carbonyl) prop‐2‐yl 9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbodithioate (APCDT), was synthesized and used as a RAFT agent in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). The results showed that the controllability to the polymerization of MMA was promoted with APCDT as RAFT agent compared to 2‐(ethoxycarbonyl) prop‐2‐yl 9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbodithioate (EPCDT) under the same experimental conditions. The reason was attributed to the higher chain transfer constant of APCDT than that of EPCDT in the presence of more bulkier and more electrophilic azobenzene moiety. In addition, the RAFT polymerizations of St and methylacrylate (MA) using APCDT as the RAFT agent were also carried out. The ultraviolet spectrum and fluorescence spectrum of the obtained polymers were investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2886–2896, 2007
Photopolymerization kinetics of ionic liquid monomers derived from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines and acid‐containing (meth)acrylates
Authors: Jiménez Zulma , Bounds Christopher , Hoyle Charles E. , Lowe Andrew B. , Zhou Hui , Pojman John A.
Published: June 2007

Polymerizable ionic liquids were synthesized from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines (tributylamine, trihexylamine, trioctylamine, 2‐(dimethyl‐amino)ethyl acrylate, and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and acid‐containing (meth)acrylates to study the kinetics of their photopolymerization. The ionic liquids formed from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid with trialkylamines showed low or moderate increases in rate compared to their monofunctional analogues. The ionic liquids formed from (meth)acrylic acid and a tertiary amine with a pendant acrylate exhibited rates typical of traditional di(meth)acrylates, although the (meth)acrylates were not covalently attached to the same molecule. All of the phosphate‐based ionic liquids exhibited very rapid polymerization rates and strong dependence on the initial viscosity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3009–3021, 2007
Construction and purpose of effective field theories for frustrated magnetic order
Authors: Oppermann R. , Schmidt M. J.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews recent years' progress in the low temperature analysis of standard models of spin glass order such as the Sherrington‐Kirkpatrick (SK) model. Applications to CdTe/CdMnTe layered systems and explanation of glassy antiferromagnetic order at lowest temperatures stimulated us to study in detail the beautifully complex physical effects of replica symmetry breaking (RSB).We discuss analytical ideas based on highly precise numerical data which lead to the construction of relatively simple effective field theories for the SK model and help to understand the mysterious features of its exact solution. The goal is to find construction principles for the theory of interplay between frustrated magnetic order and various relevant physical degrees of freedom. The emphasis in this article is on the role of Parisi's RSB, which surprisingly creates critical phenomena in the low temperature limit despite the absence of a standard phase transition. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the independence number of sparse graphs
Authors: Shearer James B.
Published: June 2007

Let G be a regular graph of degree d on n points which contains no Kr (r ≥ 4). Let α be the independence number of G. Then we show for large d that α ≥ c(r)n . © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparative investigation of executive stress: A ten‐nation study
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Hensman Robin
Published: June 2007

An international study investigated 1065 senior and chief executives from 10 countries in terms of their mental health, job satisfaction and sources of job stress. It was found that executives from developing or rapidly changing societies were most ‘at risk’ of mental ill‐health and job dissatisfaction. Within‐country multiple regression analysis revealed that executives from the developed world suffered from a feeling of ‘lack of autonomy’, while those from the developing countries reflected more basic pressures of ‘work overload’, time pressures and deadlines, long working hours and, ultimately, the consequences of interpersonal difficulties with colleagues.
Non‐oestrogen therapy of the menopausal syndrome
Authors: Hegg Robert , da Fonseca Angela Maggio , Netto C. de Guarnieri , Filassi José Roberto , de Mello Nilson Roberto , de Souza Aurélio Zecchi , Salvatore Carlos Alberto
Published: June 2007

A double‐blind study of cyclofenil plus diazepam compared to placebo was carried out in 30 postmenopausal patients at the Gynaecologic Clinic of São Paulo University Medical School. All patients had had amenorrhoea for at least one year before the trial. Kupperman Menopausal Index (KMI), FSH, LH, prolactin and oestradiol blood levels and vaginal smears were the data analysed.

Cyclofenil 400 mg plus diazepam 10 mg po daily was the prescribed standard dose, which relieved the main symptoms of the menopausal syndrome. With the dose schedule used, neither blood hormone levels nor vaginal smears data showed any statistical difference before and after treatment. Also, no important side‐effects were observed.
The role of foreign subsidiaries in strategic decision‐making in swedish multinational corporations
Authors: Hedlund Gunnar
Published: June 2007

The paper describes how six large Swedish multinational corporations manage the task of assuring strategic integration between headquarters and foreign subsidiaries. Swedish companies are shown to address the problem in an informal way and by leaving their foreign subsidiaries a great deal of autonomy. However, in many instances the necessary integration is not assured. Cases of strategic conflict between parts of companies are analysed, characteristics of and trends in the environment of multinational corporations are identified, and theoretical considerations are applied. With this discussion as a basis, some suggestions are advanced about how to involve subsidiaries more in strategic decision making.
Formulating strategic problems: Empirical analysis and model development
Authors: Lyles Marjorie A.
Published: June 2007

Thirty‐three case histories of the process of formulating the nature of a strategic decision are analysed to determine what patterns emerge when they are compared with the Lyles' model of strategic problem formulation. A description of each pattern, its causes, and results are discussed.
Equilibrium market share—a measure of competitive strength
Authors: Karnani Aneel
Published: June 2007

If an oligopoly is modelled as a non‐zero‐sum game, then the market shares associated with an equilibrium solution can be interpreted as measuring the competitive strength of the firms. By comparing afirm's equilibrium market share with its actual market share, one can conclude whether the firm has positive or negative growth potential in terms of market share, which has some implications for its investment strategy.
Survivors of industry shake‐outs: The case of the U.S. color television set industry
Authors: Willard Gary E. , Cooper Arnold C.
Published: June 2007

In this article survivors and non‐survivors of the ‘shake‐out’ in the U.S. color television set industry are compared to determine how and along what dimensions these two classes of businesses differ. Two types of strategy variables are used in 18 hypotheses to probe similarities and differences at both the ‘corporate level’ and ‘business level’ of strategy. Significant differences are found, particularly at the business level. The findings are consistent with those of previous strategy research, but suggest that traditional wisdom regarding size, low costs and market share did not necessarily hold in this industry.
A two‐factor classification of competitive strategy variables
Authors: Varadarajan P. Rajan
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on the appropriateness of a two‐factor classification of competitive strategy variables as success producers and failure preventers. Theoretical frameworks which provide static and quasi‐dynamic perspectives of the proposed two‐factor classification are outlined. An empirical exposition of the success producing and failure preventing properties of marketing strategy variables is presented using the PIMS data. Strategic implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A computerized interactive technique for mapping influence diagrams (MIND)
Authors: Ramaprasad Arkalgud , Poon Eric
Published: June 2007

A computerized interactive technique for mapping influence diagrams is presented. The technique can be used to elicit influence diagrams for large, complex business policy and planning problems, to map the diagrams, to encode more information in the diagrams than is possible with traditional techniques, and to do so systematically and efficiently. The technique can reduce the cognitive strain associated with mapping influence diagrams. At the same time it can improve the efficiency of interpretation and use of the diagrams.
Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Walsh James P.
Published: June 2007

Little is known about the effects of a merger or an acquisition on an acquired company's management team. This research follows the employment status of target companies' top managers for 5 years from the date of acquisition. Results indicate that turnover rates in acquired top management teams are significantly higher than ‘normal’ turnover rates, and that visible, very senior executives are likely to turn over sooner than their less‐visible colleagues. Variations in top management turnover rates, however, are not accounted for by type of acquisition (i.e. related or unrelated).
Differentiation strategies in ‘stalemate industries’
Authors: Calori R. , Ardisson J. M.
Published: June 2007

Empirical studies conducted at the Institut de Recherche de l'Entreprise (Lyon, France) show that, in ‘stalemate industries’ (cf. the BCG's typology, 1981), differentiation strategies are effective and profitable alternatives to the usual strategic recommendations. The knowledge of customers' behavior shows up several opportunities for differentiation, hidden by some kind of ‘strategic presbyopia’. Total quality or ‘zero default’ strategy (product quality regularity, punctuality of deliveries, quick response to unexpected orders, quick and correct answers to requests, short delivery times) is the major opportunity for differentiation. Such strategies are compatible with a low‐cost position; excellent companies which succeeded in building this ‘total advantage’ (diferentiation + low cost) over their competitors enjoy the highest market share growth and profitability.
Measuring and modelling changes in strategy: Theoretical foundations and empirical directions
Authors: Ginsberg Ari
Published: June 2007

Confronted by increasingly turbulent and complex environments, general managers have become more interested in understanding the conditions and forces that enable or disable successful changes in organizational strategies. Yet, largely because of their tendency to use fuzzy definitions and inadequate methodologies, empirical studies of changes in strategy have not provided practitioners with a set of well‐tested theories. To provide a basis for circumscribing, evaluating, and directing future research, this paper begins by developing a framework for assessing and modelling changes in strategy. After discussing the forces that influence their occurrence and performance outcomes, the paper reviews a representative sample of empirical studies in terms of two major questions: (1) how are changes in strategy conceptualized and modelled? and (2) what methods of observation and analysis are employed? This review concludes with a report of important patterns and concerns followed by suggestions for future research.
Corporate strategy and capital structure
Authors: Barton Sidney L. , Gordon Paul J.
Published: June 2007

The basic thesis of this exploratory investigation was that a corporate strategy perspective may complement the traditional financial paradigm in explaining capital structure in large U.S. corporations. Earlier fusion of strategic and financial literature led to a series of propositions antecedent to this work. Inclusion of Rumelt's diversification categories plus elsewhere validated financial contextual variables led to hypotheses for the present study. Results suggest a managerial choice perspective may help to explain the capital structure choice at the firm level of analysis.
Strategies and boundaries: Subcontracting in construction
Authors: Üsdiken Behlül , Sözen Zeynep , Enbiyaoḡlu Hayat
Published: June 2007

A central concern in studying organization environment relationships has been the issue of how boundaries of organizational activity are defined and altered. A specific organizational response that pertains to the issue of boundaries is subcontracting. Construction is one industry where subcontracting is used extensively. Eccles' (1981a) study shows, however, that there is great variation in the subcontracting practices of contractors. This paper reports an exploratory study on the possible determinants of the extent of subcontracting by the construction firm.
Flexibility: The next competitive battle the manufacturing futures survey
Authors: De Meyer Arnoud , Nakane Jinichiro , Miller Jeffrey G. , Ferdows Kasra
Published: June 2007

Over the past 4 years research teams from INSEAD (Fontainebleau), Boston University and Waseda University (Tokyo) have administered a yearly survey on the manufacturing strategy of the large manufacturers of the three industrialized regions of the world. In this paper the results for the 1986 survey are compared. One of the most striking results of that year's survey is the emphasis some of the more advanced manufacturers put on their efforts to overcome the trade‐off between flexibility and cost efficiency. In particular for the Japanese respondents these attempts become clear. Europeans and North Americans are not yet seizing the opportunity to cut costs through rapid production and design changes, and are focusing more on traditional cost reduction programmes and the improvement of quality. This might mean that they are preparing the basis on which they can built to obtain added value from flexible automation. If this is the case then the Japanese are clearly ahead.
Choice and determinism: A test of Hrebiniak and Joyce's framework on strategy‐environment fit
Authors: Lawless Michael W. , Finch Linda K.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the first empirical test of Hrebiniak and Joyce'S innovative model of business‐environment relations. Virtually all the literature prior to their Administrative Science Quarterly article (1985) assumes a zero‐sum relationship between managerial choice and environmental determinism. In the Hrebiniak and Joyce framework the two are orthogonal, and environments where management and environment are both weak or both powerful are possible. We first look for evidence of Hrebiniak and Joyce'S environment typology in 52 manufacturing industries previously specified by Dess and Beard (1984). Next, we test their propositions of strategy‐environment fit by classifying 146 firms into strategic groups, then evaluating each group in each environment. Our tests provide partial support for Hrebiniak and Joyce'S environment typology and for their contingent strategies. However, frequencies of firm location among the environments were highly skewed. These results suggest that strategy‐environment fit may not be as critical as market‐selection in the competitive success of firms.
Shifting gears: Enabling change in corporate aggressiveness
Authors: Fombrun Charles J. , Ginsberg Ari
Published: June 2007

This paper interprets the corporate strategies of multi‐business firms as patterns in their aggregate deployment of resources to functional uses across businesses. By integrating business and corporate levels in the study of strategy‐making, such a perspective facilitates analyzing aggressiveness in corporate posture as a concept distinct from, but complementary to, competitive strategy and diversification. Changes in aggressiveness, we argue, result from the interplay of two sets of forces: (1) inhibitors that create inertia; and (2) inductors that stimulate redeployments. Specific hypotheses are tested using data drawm from a random sample of 352 firms in ten economic sectors between 1977 and 1984. Results support the view that prior performance and sector volatility have a curvilinear impact on the propensity of firms to change their corporate aggressiveness. Change in corporate posture is significantly inhibited by size and prior resource deployments. However, the inductive forces of prior performance and volatility act to stimulate change.
The linkage between strategy, strategic groups, and performance in the U.K. retail grocery industry
Authors: Lewis Pam , Thomas Howard
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses upon the performance consequences of strategic group membership in a specific context, namely, the U.K. retail grocery industry. Alternative grouping procedures indicate that performance differences exist across groups‐in line with theoretical expectations‐for some of the multiple indicators of performance used in the study, specifically ROS (return on sales) but not ROCE (return on capital employed) or PER (price‐earnings ratio). A discriminant analysis model demonstrates that the strategic dimensions identified from in‐depth industry analysis are good performance discriminators. The results generally indicate that strategic groups are useful constructs for studying industry structure and competitive strategy, but that they generally do not explain performance differences. This is in line with the results of more recent studies, e.g. Cool and Schendel (1987) and Fiegenbaum (1987), which show limited evidence of performance differences suggesting perhaps that the unit of analysis for examining performance differences should be at the level of the firm. The study also shows that there are consistent patterns present in the positioning of the main strategic groups within the industry.
Generalinstandsetzung der Salzachbrücke Laufen–Oberndorf
Authors: Danzl Vitus , Niedermeier Stefan , Kallert Heike , Wurbs Thomas
Published: June 2007

Die in den Jahren 1902/1903 errichtete sogenannte “Länderbrücke” stellt ein technisches Denkmal besonderer Art dar. Erhebliche Schäden, vor allem infolge Korrosion, machten eine Instandsetzung der Brücke erforderlich. Die Planungen und die Bauausführung des denkmalgeschützten Bauwerkes wurden durch die Forderung erschwert, dass der Verkehr während der gesamten Baumaßnahme weitestgehend aufrecht zu erhalten war. Die Instandsetzung der Brücke hatte zum Ziel, die zulässige Verkehrsbelastung wieder auf 30 t anzuheben und die Dauerhaftigkeit bis zur nächsten Generalinstandsetzung in 20 bis 25 Jahren zu gewährleisten. Außerdem legte man größten Wert auf eine originalgetreue Wiederherstellung der Brücke und eine originalgetreue Restaurierung der Verzierungs, elemente.
Static tests on road bridge made from steel corrugated plates
Authors: Beben Damian , Mańko Zbigniew
Published: June 2007

The paper deals with a new arch road bridge made from structural corrugated plates, over the Plawna Stream on a local road between Bystrzyca Klodzka and Ladek Zdroj in Stary Waliszow, Poland. The bridge replaced the old stone arch bridge destroyed during the flood of 1997. The steel bridge is founded on two continuous footings made of reinforced concrete. Its effective span is 10.00 m and clear height – 4.02 m. The results of tests carried out on the bridge under three static load schemes after four years of service are presented. The average values of the measured displacements and strains in selected points and elements of the steel shell structure were found to be considerably lower than the ones calculated for the same load. Since designs of this type are more and more often adopted for small‐ and medium‐size bridges, the conclusions drawn from the presented tests can be generalized to the whole class of such bridge structures.
Part count and design of robust systems
Authors: Frey Daniel , Palladino Joseph , Sullivan John , Atherton Malvern
Published: June 2007

Systems engineering frequently includes efforts to reduce part count with the goal of cutting costs, enhancing performance, or improving reliability. This paper examines the engineering practices related to part count, applying three different theories—Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, Axiomatic Design, and Highly Optimized Tolerance. Case studies from the jet engine industry are used to illustrate the complicated tradesoffs involved in real‐world part count reduction efforts. The principal conclusions are that: (1) Part consolidation at the component level has generally been accomplished as technological advancements enable them which is consistent with the “law of ideality” in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving; (2) part count reduction frequently increases coupling among functional requirements, design parameters, and processing variables while also delivering higher reliability which conflicts with the theory of Axiomatic Design; and (3) at the overall system level, jet engine part count has generally increased in response to escalating demands for system robustness as suggested by the theory of Highly Optimized Tolerance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 203–221, 2007
Partial reduction of pyrroles: application to natural product synthesis
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Thomas Rhian E.
Published: June 2007

The partial reduction of N‐Boc pyrroles has been explored giving stereoselective routes to disubstituted pyrrolines in good yields and with excellent diastereoselectivities. A novel methodology has been developed to carry out reductive aldol reactions on 2‐substituted N‐Boc pyrroles; use of aldehydes under reductive aldol conditions gave the anti aldol product in good selectivity. This chemistry was used as the key transformation in a synthesis of omuralide, which was achieved in 13 steps and 14% overall yield. We also report a methodology for selectively forming either cis or trans 2,5‐disubstituted pyrrolines via a partial reduction of an electron‐deficient N‐Boc pyrrole. The trans pyrroline formed using this route was utilized in the syntheses of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine natural products hyacinthacine A1 and 1‐epiaustraline. Further investigation has led to the development of routes to enantiopure substituted pyrroline compounds. This has been achieved via a chiral protonation approach using easily accessible chiral acids, such as ephedrine and oxazolidinones, to quench enolates formed during the partial reduction process. Alternatively, enzymatic desymmetrization of symmetrical diol compounds formed from the partial reduction products of substituted pyrroles is also reported. This leads to formation of both enantiomers of 2,2‐ and 2,5‐disubstituted N‐Boc pyrrolines in excellent ee and yields. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 180–190; 2007: Published online in Wiley Inter‐Science (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20115
Weak locally homogeneous turbulence and heat transfer with uniform normal strain
Authors: Deissler R. G.
Published: June 2007

Turbulence and longitudinal heat transfer for an axisymmetric accelerating or decelerating flow are analyzed. The analysis is based on generalized two‐point correlation equations which are obtained from the incompressible Navier‐Stokes, continuity, and energy equations. Viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the effects of mean strain are retained in the analysis, but the turbulence is assumed to be weak enough to neglect the triple correlation terms in the equations in comparison with the other terms. The calculated longitudinal turbulent heat transfer in the decelerating case is discussed in connection with the heat transfer at a stagnation point.
Large deflection of a supported circular plate having a non‐linear stress‐strain relation
Authors: Ohashi Yoshio , Kamiya Norio
Published: June 2007

In this paper, fundamental equations for analysing a large deflection of thin circular plate having non‐linear stress‐strain relation were introduced by expressing the stress‐strain relation with a third order polynomial form between the effective stress and strain, and taking into account the effects of the compressibility of material and the membrane force induced by the deflection of the plate. Though the above mentioned representation cannot be applied for largeemore than a certain limit, since the limit corresponds with a fairly large deflection of the plate, the result of analysis may be considered as useful in actual purpose. The corresponding experiment using an aluminium alloy plate showed a good agreement with the analytical result within a fairly wide range of strain and proved a high accuracy of this analysis.
Asymptotische Darstellungen von Stieltjesintegralen mit Anwendungen auf Reihen
Authors: Riedel R.
Published: June 2007

In der Arbeit wird die Übertragung eines bekannten Verfahrens zur Ermittlung der asymptotischen Darstellung von Integralen auf Stieltjesintegrale vorgenommen. Damit werden für Reihen asymptotische Darstellungen aufgestellt, wobei von einigen analoge Formeln für Integrale bekannt waren, bei anderen eine solche Analogie nicht besteht.
Laminar Flow in Curved Pipes
Authors: Itō H.
Published: June 2007

Steady laminar flow in a curved pipe of circular cross section is investigated. It is assumed that the flow consists of a frictionless central core surrounded by a boundary layer. A formula for the friction factor of a curved pipe is derived, and the discharge coefficient for a 360‐deg elbow flowmeter is discussed.
On the Conditional Density of a Noise Driven Evolution
Authors: Gopalsamy K.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this brief note is to establish a method for the determination of the conditional probability density of a linear distributed parameter evolution process driven by Gaussian noisy sources. A semi‐group theoretic inversion of the evolution operator is used. Certain estimates for the confinement probability functional are obtained.
Eine Bemerkung zum Zieglerschen Dissipationsprinzip in der nichtlinearen Viskoelastizitätstheorie
Authors: Balke H.
Published: June 2007

Die Folgerungen aus dem Zieglerschen Dissipationsprinzip für spezielle nichtlinear‐viskoelastische Deformationsgesetze, die bereits zur Approximation realen Materialverhaltens benutzt wurden, werden untersucht. Die betrachteten Beispiele zeigen, daß das Dissipationsprinzip nicht hilft, brauchbare von unbrauchbaren Materialannahmen zu trennen. Es ist deshalb für diese Deformationsgesetze und ihre eventuelle Verbesserung bedeutungslos.
Similarity Solutions for Magnetogasdynamic Outflows and Inflows with Viscous, Ohmic, and Thermal Dissipation between Inclined Walls
Authors: Liron N. , Wilhelm H. E.
Published: June 2007

Numerical solutions are presented for outflows and inflows of a compressible, ionized gas between plane inclined walls, considering Lorentz forces due to an azimuthal magnetic field, viscous momentum transfer, thermal, ohmic, and viscous energy dissipation. The analysis is based on a similarity transformation of the flow fields which reduces the (nonlinear) partial differential equations of magnetogasdynamics into ordinary ones. In addition to regular, monotone outflow and inflow solutions, “oscillatory” outflow and “mixed” outflow and inflow solutions are shown to exist in steady state for certain values of the Reynolds, Prandtl, Mach, and Hartmann numbers. Mathematical theorems are established which define the conditions for the occurrence of these flow types.
Langsame Druckströmung nicht‐NEWTONScher Flüssigkeiten durch gekrümmte Rohre
Authors: Böhme G.
Published: June 2007

Es wird die voll ausgebildete laminare Strömung eines inkompressiblen, nicht‐newtonschen, Fluids durch ein beliebig stark gekrümmtes Rohr mit beliebigem Querschnitt untersucht. Der treibende axiale Druckgradient wird als so klein vorausgesetzt, daß das Fluid „langsam”︁ strömt. Unter solchen Bedingungen kann das allgemeine Stoffgesetz der betrachteten Flüssigkeit durch dasjenige einer Flüssigkeit zweiten Grades approximiert werden. Die Analysis beruht darauf, das Strömungsfeld in einen primären und einen sekundären Anteil aufzuspalten. Die Primärströmung ist viskosimetrisch und beschreibt die schleichende Bewegung eines newtonschen Fluids mit gleicher Nullviskosität wie die reale Flüssigkeit. Die Sekundärströmung wird durch die von der Primärströmung hervorgerufenen Zentrifugalkräfte und Normalspannungen angetrieben. Sie besteht aus mehreren Ringwirbeln in der Querschnittsebene des Rohres. Das Berechnungsverfahren führt auf lineare Randwertprobleme für das primäre und das sekundäre Geschwindigkeitsfeld, die für Rohre mit Kreisquerschnitt und Rohre mit schmalem ringförmigem Querschnitt veränderlicher Breite explizit gelöst werden.
Simple Shear of Hypo‐Elastic Materials with Internal Variables
Authors: Tokuoka T.
Published: June 2007

The simple shear deformations of two special hypo‐elastic materials with internal variables are analyzed. Two bodies are treated; one is the P‐R body, which has a scalar internal variable and is subjected to the modified Huber‐Mises yield criterion, and the other is the T body, which has a tensor internal variable and is subjected to the modified Tresca yield criterion. The general formulae are obtained, where the stress, time and the angle of shear are given by functions of internal variables. Numerical calculations for several values of material constants are done, and the results are illustrated, which disclose that the two bodies show work‐hardening phenomenon.
Optimal Control for Processes Governed by Mildly Nonlinear Differential Equations of Parabolic Type II
Authors: Wolfersdorf L. V.
Published: June 2007

In this second part of the paper maximum principles are derived for optimal control processes by a class of systems of parabolic differential equations of second order and by an equation of second order in a non cylindrical domain.
Zur Bilanz der Turbulenzenergie und ihrer Komponenten im ablösungsnahen Bereich einer turbulenten Grenzschicht
Authors: Szablewski W.
Published: June 2007

Auf der Grundlage der kürzlich in [1] entwickelten Ansätze ergibt sich für die wandnahe vollturbulente Schicht in einem ablösungsnahen Bereich einer turbulenten Grenzschicht ein 1/3 Potenzgesetz der Turbulenzenergie und ihrer Komponenten in übereinstimmung mit Messungen von G. B. Schubauer und P. S. Klebanoff. Die Energiebilanz weist die charakteristischen Merkmale auf, die Messungen von P. Bradshaw zeigen.
On the Existence Theorem of an Eigenvalue Problem Arising from Hydrodynamics
Authors: Wen Shih‐Liang
Published: June 2007

The existence of a denumerable set of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions is proved for the problem: g′ + (λ2 ‐ λv‐1u) g = 0, h′ + λ2h = ‐g with h(0) = h′(0) = h(1) = h′(1) = 0. The procedure involves a suitable transformation, asymptotic expansions and complex variable techniques.