bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human papillomavirus genotyping as a predictor of high‐grade cervical dysplasia in women with mildly cytologic abnormalities: A two‐year follow‐up report
Authors: Huang Lee‐Wen , Lin Yu‐Hung , Pan Hun‐Shan , Seow Kok‐Min , Lin Ching‐Yu
Published: March 2011

High‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) DNA testing has emerged as another testing modality for women with mildly cytologic abnormalities. We conducted a two‐year follow‐up study of 108 women with mildly abnormal cervical cytology for detection of CIN 2/3. A cervical swab sample was obtained for HPV genotyping by a HPV blot and histologic follow‐up results were correlated with HR‐HPV types. Of the 108 cases, 93 (86.1%) were positive for HR‐HPV DNA. HPV‐16 was detected in 45.1% of patients. CIN grade 2 or 3 was confirmed in 25 (23.1%) of the 108 women during the two‐year follow‐up period. The two‐year cumulative incidence rates of CIN 2/3 were 38.6% (17/44) among HPV‐16‐ positive women, but only 5.6% among HR‐HPV‐positive women without HPV‐16 or HPV‐18. The sensitivity of a positive HPV‐16 test for CIN 2/3 was 68.0%, the specificity was 67.5%. Our results demonstrated that the type‐specific HPV‐16 test increased sensitivity of detecting high‐grade cervical dysplasia for women who have mildly cytologic abnormalities. The implication of the present findings is that HPV genotyping may identify women with the greatest risk of high‐grade CIN. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Annual runoff and evapotranspiration of forestlands and non‐forestlands in selected basins of the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Wang Yanhui , Yu Pengtao , Feger Karl‐Heinz , Wei Xiaohua , Sun Ge , Bonell Mike , Xiong Wei , Zhang Shulan , Xu Lihong
Published: March 2011

Large‐scale forestation has been undertaken over decades principally to control the serious soil erosion in the Loess Plateau of China. A quantitative assessment of the hydrological effects of forestation, especially on basin water yield, is critical for the sustainable forestry development within this dry region. In this study, we constructed the multi‐annual water balances to estimate the respective grand average of annual evapotranspiration (ET) and runoff for forestlands and non‐forestlands of 57 basins. The overall annual runoff and corresponding runoff/precipitation ratio were low, with a mean of 33 mm (7%) ranging from 10 (2%) to 56 mm (15%). Taking the grand average of annual precipitation of 463 mm for all basins, the corresponding grand averages of annual ET and runoff were 447 and 16 mm for forestlands, 424 and 39 mm for non‐forestlands, respectively. Thus, the corresponding ratios of annual ET and runoff to precipitation were 91·7 and 8·3% for non‐forestlands, 96·6 and 3·4% for forestlands, respectively. Although the absolute difference in grand average of annual runoff was only 23 mm, it represents a large difference in relative terms, as it equates up to 58% of annual runoff from non‐forestlands. We argue that the large‐scale forestation may have serious consequences for water management and sustainable development in the dry region of NW China because of a runoff reduction. This study highlights the importance of quantifying the ET of forests and other land uses and to examine how land cover change may affect the water balances in an arid environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interannual variation in transpiration onset and its predictive indicator for a tropical deciduous forest in northern Thailand based on 8‐year sap‐flow records
Authors: Yoshifuji Natsuko , Komatsu Hikaru , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Tanaka Nobuaki , Tantasirin Chatchai , Suzuki Masakazu
Published: March 2011

In deciduous forests, leaf‐out and leaf‐fall determine the durations of canopy transpiration and photosynthesis and affect interannual variations in energy, water, and carbon exchanges. Despite numerous studies on the interannual variation in vegetation phenology and its modelling for boreal and temperate deciduous forests, few studies have examined these topics for tropical deciduous forests. We quantified the extent of interannual variation in the transpiration onset dates in a teak plantation in northern Thailand, one of the major deciduous forests in Thailand, on the basis of 8 years of sap‐flow measurements and developed an empirical model to predict their interannual variation through correlation analysis with environmental variables. Interannual variation in the transpiration onset date at this site spanned 41 days over the 8‐year observation period. The transpiration onset date corresponded to the date when the leaf area index reached 0·2–0·4. Interannual variation in the transpiration onset date was reproduced by the date when relative extractable water in the soil layer of 0–0·6 m depth became greater than 0·2 with a root mean square error of 10 days. The interannual variation in the transpiration onset dates for the studied tropical deciduous forest site was greater than that of deciduous forests in temperate and boreal regions, implying the considerable potential effect on annual energy, water, and carbon exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere. Our results also suggest that the use of soil moisture would allow predictions of interannual variations in the transpiration onset and the leaf‐out for deciduous forests in tropical regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 4/11
Authors: Jean‐Mairet Roberto Martín , López‐Menéndez Celia , Sánchez‐Ruiloba Lucía , Sacristán Sandra , Rodríguez‐Martínez María , Riol‐Blanco Lorena , Sánchez‐Mateos Paloma , Sánchez‐Madrid Francisco , Rodríguez‐Fernández José Luis , Campanero Miguel R. , Iglesias Teresa
Published: March 2011

The cover image of this issue consists of a microscopy image showing the morphological polarization of JHM1‐2.2 cells upon SDF1‐α‐stimulation, and is taken from Jean‐Mairet et al. (pp. 1035–1046). In this article, the authors investigate the role of the neuronal protein Kidins220/ARMS in T lymphocytes. The authors identify Kidins220/ARMS as a novel and important component of the uropod, where it establishes associations with critical T‐cell uropod components, and participates in the regulation of T‐cell motility. The image has been digitally manipulated and the colours have no significance.
Control Over the Crystallinity and Defect Chemistry of YVO4 Nanocrystals for Optimum Photocatalytic Property
Authors: Yang Liusai , Li Guangshe , Hu Wanbiao , Zhao Minglei , Sun Lang , Zheng Jing , Yan Tingjiang , Li Liping
Published: March 2011

This work reports on the kinetic control over the crystallinity and defect chemistry of YVO4 nanoparticles for the optimization of their photocatalytic performance. YVO4 nanoparticles were prepared at room temperature via a precipitation method and then annealed in air at selected temperatures ≤ 500 °C to tune their crystallinity and defect features. By systematic evaluation of the sample characterizations, it has been found that the as‐prepared samples crystallized in a pure tetragonal zircon‐type structure, and the surfaces of the particles are hydrated. Upon annealing, all YVO4 nanoparticles became dehydrated, which increased the crystallite sizes and improved the crystallinity of the samples. In contrast to many other oxide nanoparticles reported in literature, the increase in crystallite size of YVO4 nanoparticles led to a lattice expansion, as observed by enhancement of the covalency of the V–O bonds and the systematic shifts in the Raman frequency modes, owing to the generation of oxygen vacancies on particle surfaces. The presence of oxygen vacancies not only introduced a deep acceptor level in the electronic structure that gives rise to a slightly narrowed band‐gap and a broad visible emission, but also improved the photocatalytic activity of the particles; this latter effect is also a consesqence of the improved crystallinity of the samples.
Synthesis of the 5′‐Fluoro‐2′β‐methyl Analogues of Neplanocin
Authors: Kumamoto Hiroki , Kobayashi Marina , Kato Nobuyuki , Balzarini Jan , Tanaka Hiromichi
Published: March 2011

Synthesis of the 5′‐fluoro‐2′‐β‐methyl analogues of neplanocin was carried out. Key intermediate cyclopentenone 19 was prepared from methyl α‐D‐mannopyranoside by a new approach consisting of ring‐closing metathesis, stereoselective introduction of the 2′‐methyl group, and intramolecular oxyselenenylation of the double bond as representative steps. Subsequent introduction of a fluorine atom at the 5′‐position of 19 was performed by electrophilic fluorination by using Selectfluor
Forecast Combination and Bayesian Model Averaging: A Prior Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Feldkircher Martin
Published: March 2011

In this study we evaluate the forecast performance of model‐averaged forecasts based on the predictive likelihood carrying out a prior sensitivity analysis regarding Zellner's g prior. The main results are fourfold. First, the predictive likelihood does always better than the traditionally employed ‘marginal’ likelihood in settings where the true model is not part of the model space. Secondly, forecast accuracy as measured by the root mean square error (RMSE) is maximized for the median probability model. On the other hand, model averaging excels in predicting direction of changes. Lastly, g should be set according to Laud and Ibrahim (1995: Predictive model selection. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 57: 247–262) with a hold‐out sample size of 25% to minimize the RMSE (median model) and 75% to optimize direction of change forecasts (model averaging). We finally apply the aforementioned recommendations to forecast the monthly industrial production output of six countries, beating for almost all countries the AR(1) benchmark model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The expression of RKIP, RhoGDI, galectin, c‐Myc and p53 in gastrointestinal system of Cr(VI)‐exposed rats
Authors: Tsao Der‐An , Tseng Wei‐Chang , Chang Huoy‐Rou
Published: March 2011

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is considered to be a risk factor in the formation of human cancer. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), Rho‐GDIα, galectin, c‐Myc and p53 play important roles in cancer formation. The purpose of this study was to determine if Cr(VI) induces the formation of gastrointestinal cancer. We explored the expression of RKIP, Rho‐GDIα, galectin, c‐Myc and p53 in the colon and stomach in rats exposed to chromium (CrVI). Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups which were chronically fed with 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm Na2Cr2O7 and water for 60 days. The level of Cr(VI) was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The expression of RKIP, Rho‐GDIα, galectin, c‐Myc and p53 of stomach and colon was measured by western blot. The gene expression of RKIP, Rho‐GDIα, galectin, c‐Myc and p53 of the stomach and colon was determined by RT‐PCR. The results showed that the expression of p53 and Rho‐GDIα was decreased in the stomach and colon of rats with Cr(VI) treatment. The expression of RKIP was decreased in the stomach and colon of rats treated with high‐dose Cr(VI). The expression of c‐Myc and gelectin‐1 was increased in the stomach and colon of rats with Cr(VI) treatment. We concluded that the anomalous expression of RKIP, Rho‐GDIα, galectin, c‐Myc and p53 might be a dangerous index of cancer formation in the stomach and colon of rats with Cr(VI) exposure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of nano‐hydroxyapatite on electrospun silk fibroin nanofiber and their effects in osteoblastic behavior
Authors: Wei Kai , Li Yuan , Kim Kyu‐Oh , Nakagawa Yuya , Kim Byoung‐Suhk , Abe Koji , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Kim Ick‐Soo
Published: March 2011

In this study, a novel tissue engineering scaffold material of electrospun silk fibroin/nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHA) biocomposite was prepared by means of an effective calcium and phosphate (Ca‐P) alternate soaking method. nHA was successfully produced on regenerated silk fibroin nanofiber as a substrate within several minutes without any pretreatments. The morphologies of both nonmineralized and mineralized nanofibers were analyzed using a field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The crystallographic phases of the nHA were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and thermogravimetry analyses (TGA) were employed to determine the type of functional groups and the amount of nHA presenting in the silk/nHA biocomposite nanofibers, respectively. The osteoblastic activities of this novel nanofibrous biocomposite scaffold were also investigated by employing osteoblastic‐like MC3T3‐E1 cell line. The cell functionality such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was ameliorated on mineralized nanofibers. All these results indicated that this silk/nHA biocomposite scaffold material may be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 2011.
Incorporation of biomimetic matrix molecules in PEG hydrogels enhances matrix deposition and reduces load‐induced loss of chondrocyte‐secreted matrix
Authors: Roberts Justine J. , Nicodemus Garret D. , Giunta Suzanne , Bryant Stephanie J.
Published: March 2011

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels offer numerous advantages in designing controlled 3D environments for cartilage regeneration, but offer little biorecognition for the cells. Incorporating molecules that more closely mimic the native tissue may provide key signals for matrix synthesis and may also help in the retention of neotissue, particularly when mechanical stimulation is employed. Therefore, this research tested the hypothesis that exogenous hyaluronan encapsulated within PEG hydrogels improves tissue deposition by chondrocytes, while the incorporation of Link‐N (DHLSDNYTLDHDRAIH), a fragment of link protein that is involved in stabilizing hyaluronan and aggrecan in cartilage, aids in the retention of the entrapped hyaluronan as well as cell‐secreted glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), particularly when dynamic loading is employed. The incorporation of Link‐N as covalent tethers resulted in a significant reduction, ∼60%, in the loss of entrapped exogenous hyaluronan under dynamic stimulation. When chondrocytes were encapsulated in PEG hydrogels containing exogenous hyaluronan and/or Link‐N, the extracellular matrix (ECM) analogs aided in the retention of cell‐secreted GAGs under loading. The presence of hyaluronan led to enhanced deposition of collagen type II and aggrecan. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of ECM analogs, specifically hyaluronan and Link‐N, in matrix retention and matrix development and offer new strategies for designing scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Development of chondroitin sulfate encapsulated PLGA microsphere delivery systems with controllable multiple burst releases for treating osteoarthritis
Authors: Jiang Tao , Petersen Rebecca R. , Call Gazell , Ofek Gidon , Gao Jizong , Yao Jian Q.
Published: March 2011

The purpose of the study was to design and develop unique drug delivery systems with controllable multiple burst releases of drugs for treating osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was encapsulated into four types of PLGA materials, that is, PLGA 50:50, PLGA 65:35, PLGA 75:25, and PLGA 85:15. The effects of microsphere size and various combinations of blend PLGA microspheres on CS release were investigated. The cytotoxicity of the CS‐encapsulated microspheres was investigated according to the ISO 10993 guideline. Our study showed that the encapsulation efficiency of CS into PLGA 50:50 microspheres varied with the size of microspheres; however, the encapsulation efficiencies of CS into PLGA microspheres were independent of the types of PLGA materials. The size of PLGA microspheres was shown to affect the rate of CS release. With the increase of microsphere size from 75–150 μm to 300–355 μm, the initial CS release decreased. Further increase in microsphere size led to an increase in the initial CS release. In addition, combination of different types of PLGA microspheres was shown to be capable of achieving multiple burst CS releases. Moreover, the CS encapsulated PLGA microspheres were shown to be non‐cytotoxic. This study proved the concept of multiple burst drug releases that were achieved by encapsulating CS into different types of PLGA microspheres and delivering CS from systems consisting of mixed types of PLGA microspheres, which may be applied to treat osteoarthritis by mimicking multiple intra‐joint injection of therapeutic agents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
A forward loop between glioma and microglia: Glioma‐derived extracellular matrix‐activated microglia secrete IL‐18 to enhance the migration of glioma cells
Authors: Yeh Wei‐Lan , Lu Dah‐Yuu , Liou Houng‐Chi , Fu Wen‐Mei
Published: March 2011

The mediators and cellular effectors of inflammation are important constituents of the local environment of tumors. In some occasions, oncogenic changes induce an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the progression of tumors. In gliomas, the presence of microglia may represent tumor‐related inflammation and microglia activation, and subsequent inflammatory responses may influence tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we found that C6 glioma—but not primary astrocyte‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) could activate microglia, including primary microglia and BV‐2 cell line, and activated microglia‐secreted interleukin (IL)‐18, a potent inflammatory cytokine of the IL‐1 family, to promote C6 migration. In addition, by coating purified ECM components, it was found that secretion of IL‐18 by activated microglia was enhanced when microglia encountered with fibronectin and vitronectin. Furthermore, IL‐18‐induced C6 migration and microfilament disassembly were antagonized by iNOS inhibitor, guanylate cyclase inhibitor, and protein kinase G inhibitor. Taken together, these results indicate that IL‐18 secreted by microglia, which was activated by C6 glioma‐derived ECM, enhanced migration of C6 glioma through NO/cGMP pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 558–568, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of FSH and triiodothyronine in Sertoli cell development expressed by formation of connexin 43‐based gap junctions
Authors: Marchlewska Katarzyna , Kula Krzysztof , Walczak‐Jedrzejowska Renata , Oszukowska Elzbieta , Filipiak Eliza , Slowikowska‐Hilczer Jolanta
Published: March 2011

Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) are known regulatory factors of spermatogenesis initiation. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most ubiquitous constitutive protein of gap junctions in the testis. This study evaluates the effects of the hyperstimulation of FSH and T3 during testicular maturation on Cx43 expression in the testis. The newborn, male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four experimental groups: FSH group—daily injections of FSH 7.5 IU/animal; T3 group—100 µg T3/kg body weight; FSH+T3 group—both substances; A control group—received vehicles in the same volume. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and toluidine blue staining were used to determine the germ cell proliferation and degeneration. Cx43 immunolocalization was evaluated to find Cx43 maturational changes. Under FSH treatment, the proliferation rate was high so the total number of Sertoli cells increased with a low level of degeneration and lumen formation. T3 stimulation evoked a reduction in the proliferation rate and a decrease in Sertoli cell number but with intensive formation of lumen. T3+FSH inhibited the proliferation rate and stimulated lumen formation together with degeneration, which negatively influenced the number of germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium. We conclude that T3 action seems to be particularly connected with the maturation of Cx43 gap junctions. FSH stimulates maturation of Sertoli cell function, but this effect may take place regardless of the presence of Cx43‐dependent intercellular communication. The hyperstimulation of both FSH and T3 damages Cx43 connections and hence evokes regressional changes in the seminiferous epithelium. J. Exp. Zool. 315:329–336, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Don't mourn; organize” institutions and organizations in the politics and economics of growth and poverty‐reduction
Authors: Leftwich Adrian , Sen Kunal
Published: March 2011

It is commonly argued that ‘institutions matter’ for growth and poverty reduction. While recognising the importance of institutions, it is necessary to go ‘beyond institutions’ in understanding the factors that promote growth and poverty reduction. This paper draws on the research findings of the IPPG Research Consortium (Improving Institutions for Pro‐Poor Growth), some of which are included in this issue, to make the following arguments. We argue, first, that the ways in which economic, political and social institutions interact are crucial in shaping pro‐poor development outcomes. Secondly, the establishment of effective institutions also requires the building and strengthening of effective social, political and economic organizations, across sectors and issue areas, which can push for, negotiate, implement and monitor locally appropriate and legitimate institutional arrangements if the aim of poverty reduction is to have sustained traction as a policy goal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access to public infrastructure, institutional thickness and pro‐poor growth in Rural Peru
Authors: Escobal Javier A. , Ponce Carmen
Published: March 2011

Using panel data from Rural Peru we explore the role of institutional thickness on furthering the effects of key infrastructure investments on pro‐poor growth. Institutional thickness is characterised here as the result of a combination of four interrelated characteristics: (a) the presence of organisations signalling collective action; (b) the degree of productive asset inequality; (c) the degree of inequality of opportunities and (d) the degree of political fragmentation. The paper shows that institutionally thick environments do contribute to amplify the effects of public infrastructure on income growth for those belonging to the poorest tercile, allowing poverty to be more responsive to growth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Petroleomics: advanced molecular probe for petroleum heavy ends
Authors: Hsu Chang S. , Hendrickson Christopher L. , Rodgers Ryan P. , McKenna Amy M. , Marshall Alan G.
Published: March 2011

To look into complex mixtures of petroleum heavy ends at the molecular level, ultra high‐resolution mass spectrometry, i.e. resolving power > 50 000, is needed to resolve overlapping components for accurate determination of molecular composition of individual components. Recent progress in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) incorporated with soft ionization techniques adaptable to liquid chromatography enables analysis of petroleum high ends, i.e., heavy oils, residua and asphaltenes. FT‐ICR MS at the Future Fuels Institute of Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) routinely provides 1 000 000 resolving power at 400 Da, with root mean square (rms) mass measurement accuracy between 30 and 500 ppb for 5000–30 000 identified species in a single mass spectrum. Phase correction of the detected ion signal increases resolving power 40–100%, improving mass accuracy up to twofold. Overlapping ionic species that differ in mass by as little as one electron mass (548 µDa) can be resolved. A database of more than 100 000 components of different elemental composition has been generated at NHMFL. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultraviolet photodissociation of chromophore‐labeled oligosaccharides via reductive amination and hydrazide conjugation
Authors: Ko Byoung Joon , Brodbelt Jennifer S.
Published: March 2011

The fragmentation patterns of hydrazide‐conjugated and reductively aminated oligosaccharides, including lacto‐N‐fucopentaoses and lacto‐N‐difucohexaoses, produced on collisionally induced dissociation (CID) and ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) in a quadrupole ion trap are presented. The two derivatization methods generate different cross‐ring cleavages on UVPD and CID. UVPD of hydrazide‐conjugated oligosaccharides yield predominant 2, 4A‐type cross‐ring cleavage ions. In contrast, UVPD of aminated oligosaccharides results mainly in 0, 1A‐type ions. Moreover, more extensive dual‐cleavage pathways (i.e. internal fragment ions) were observed on UVPD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic liquid‐assisted electrospray ionization of polysaccharides
Authors: Chang Yu‐Ling , Lee Yuan‐Chun , Yang Wen‐Bin , Chen Chung‐Hsuan
Published: March 2011

In this work, we give the report of significant detection sensitivity improvement of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of polysaccharides by adding various ionic liquid compounds into samples. Mass spectra obtained were greatly simplified and appeared to be similar to spectra from matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization due to the narrow charge number distribution. Mass spectra of polysaccharides with the attachment of either anion or cation of ionic liquid compounds were observed. No protonated or deprotonated polysaccharide ions were detected when ionic liquid compounds were added into samples. Little alkali‐attached polysaccharide ions were observed. Ionic liquid‐assisted ESI (ILA‐ESI) mass spectrometry has significantly improved the detection sensitivity of large neutral polysaccharide compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nebulization ionization and desorption ionization analysis of reactive organofunctionalized silanes in nanofilm products
Authors: Nørgaard Asger W. , Janfelt Christian , Benassi Mario , Wolkoff Peder , Lauritsen Frants R.
Published: March 2011

Three different and recently developed desorption ionization techniques, transmission‐mode desorption electrospray ionization (TM‐DESI), low temperature plasma (LTP) ionization and nano‐assisted laser desorption ionization (NALDI), are compared with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) for the analysis of two nanofilm products (NFPs) for surface coating, which contain hydrolysates and condensates of organo‐functionalized silanes. The NFPs were characterized in different states from the liquid phase to the fully formed surface film. The LTP spectra were dominated by the silanes, while the corresponding di‐, tri‐ and tetrasiloxanes were common in ESI, APCI and TM‐DESI. This indicates readily condensation of the silanes during the ESI and APCI ionization processes leading to the observed siloxanes. NALDI showed larger siloxane structures than the other techniques, indicating film formation on the NALDI target. Real‐time monitoring of the film formation on a glass surface by LTP showed a decreasing abundance of the silanes, while the abundances of the di‐, tri and tetrasiloxanes increased significantly within the first 100 s. LTP was superior in showing the non‐reacted content of the NFPs, while ESI, APCI and TM‐DESI were characterized by artefact formation of siloxanes. NALDI was ideal for showing the siloxane structures of the formed film. The applicabilities of each of the ionization techniques were examined, showing the advantage of utilizing more than one ionization technique for the analysis of reactive species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐ion quantitative mass spectrometry by orthogonal projection method with periodic signal of electrostatic ion beam trap
Authors: Sun Qi , Gu Changxin , Ding Li
Published: March 2011

In this article, orthogonal projection method (OPM) is introduced which could perform multi‐ion quantitative MS with signal of electrostatic ion beam trap (EIBT), and its application has been demonstrated by numerical modeling. To acquire periodic current signal, a model of EIBT with cylindrical‐detector is set up to simulate ions' oscillatory motion. Whereafter, OPM is introduced and applied for quantitative MS with sampling time being as short as 200 µs. Comparing with fast Fourier transform (FFT), the MS acquired by OPM is characterized by a more readable spectrum, a much shortened sampling time and the ability to do quantitative analysis. Within the optimum sampling time range, quantitative MS could be performed with accuracy of over 90%. It is found that the lower limit and the upper limit of the optimum sampling time range are all proportional to $M^{3/2}\big/\delta M$ and its relation is specified by linear regression. Aided by the results of FFT, OPM is applied to a compound tested signal induced by three kinds of ions. It shows that OPM could be performed respectively to each kind of ions without interference from other component of the signal. The resolving power acquired by OPM is about 75 000 with sampling time as short as 10 ms, and the quantitative result that acquired is quite accurate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the changing precipitation regime of Manchester, United Kingdom, driven by the development of urban areas?
Authors: Russell Andrew , Hughes Meghan
Published: March 2011

Precipitation measurements made at three weather stations and one composite record from the Manchester region and the Isle of Man have been analysed over the period 1899–2008. Large positive trends over the last 40 years were identified for the three records within 50 km of Manchester whilst the Isle of Man measurements revealed no such trend. The recent increase in rainfall at the urban or urban‐influenced sites was significantly and negatively correlated with NOx emissions recorded in Manchester whilst local temperature and atmospheric circulation indices appeared to be largely unrelated. Sea surface temperature in the precipitation source region was also significantly related to annual precipitation levels. Further evidence for an urban influence was investigated but an analysis of back trajectories (BTs) showed only a slight increase in rainfall on the days where the trajectories tracked back past an urban centre. However, the discovery of a weekly cycle in the precipitation increase suggests that an urban influence should not be ruled out. The complicated factors driving this distinctive rainfall trend require further investigation so that water resources and flood impacts can be managed more effectively in the future. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Distribution of phosphorus in size fractions of sandy soils with different fertilization histories
Authors: Geisseler Daniel , Linsler Deborah , Piegholdt Christiane , Andruschkewitsch Rouven , Raupp Joachim , Ludwig Bernard
Published: March 2011

A major challenge in sustainable crop management is to ensure adequate P supply for crops, while minimizing losses of P that could negatively impact water quality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of long‐term applications of different levels of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure on (1) the availability of P, (2) the relationship between soil C, N, and P, and (3) the distribution of inorganic and organic P in size fractions obtained by wet sieving. Soil samples were taken from the top 20 cm of a long‐term (29 y) fertilization trial on a sandy Cambisol near Darmstadt, SW Germany. Plant‐available P, determined with the CAL method, was little affected by fertilization treatment (p < 0.05) and was low to optimal. The concentration of inorganic and organic P extracted with a NaOH‐EDTA solution (PNaOH‐EDTA) averaged about 350 mg (kg dry soil)–1, with 42% being in the organic form (Po). Manure application tended to increase soil C, N, and Po concentrations by 8%, 9%, and 5.6%, respectively. Across all treatments, the C : N : Po ratio was 100 : 9.5 : 2 and was not significantly affected by the fertilization treatments. Aggregate formation was weak due to the low clay and organic‐matter content of the soil, and the fractions > 53 μm consisted predominantly of sand grains. The different fertilization treatments had little effect on the distribution of size fractions and their C, N, and P contents. In the fractions > 53 μm, PNaOH‐EDTA ranged between 200 and 300 mg kg–1, while it reached 1260 mg kg–1 in the fraction < 53 μm. Less than one third of PNaOH‐EDTA was present as Po in the fractions > 53 μm, while Po accounted for 70% of PNaOH‐EDTA in the smallest fraction (< 53 μm). Therefore, 16% and 28% of PNaOH‐EDTA and Po, respectively, were associated with the smallest fraction, even though this fraction accounted for < 5% of the soil mass. Therefore, runoff may cause higher P losses than the soil P content suggests in this sandy soil with a weak aggregate formation. Overall, the results indicate that manure and mineral fertilizer had similar effects on soil P fractions.
Origin of spectral interferences in femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy
Authors: Ploetz E. , Marx B. , Gilch P.
Published: March 2011

In femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy (FSRM), a spectrally narrow (Raman pump) pulse and a broad (Raman probe) laser pulse are employed to generate the Raman spectra of microscopic objects. The resulting spectra exhibit, in addition to the Raman bands, spectral modulations of comparable amplitude. Here a model is devised that attributes these modulations to a four‐wave mixing (FWM) process. Two light fields of the probe pulse and one field of the pump pulse serve as input fields. The resulting FWM field experiences a heterodyne amplification by the probe field. Simulations based on this model reproduce the appearance of the spectral modulations. Furthermore, the amplitude of the modulations exhibits dependences on the energies of pump and probe pulses as well as on the nonlinear refractive index n2, which are in line with the model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of acetins by counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Meireles Bruno Amaral , Pinto Shaft Corrêa , Pereira Vera Lúcia Patrocinio , Leitão Gilda Guimarães
Published: March 2011

In this work we report the purification of a crude acetin mixture into mono‐, di‐ and triacetin by countercurrent chromatography. The process was initially tested on a small, semi‐preparative scale (0.5 g) to determine its efficiency. The process was then scaled up to accommodate 2.5 g of crude reaction products containing a mixture of the acetins. The solvent system ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/water 1:0.2:1 was used in all separation procedures. Mono‐, di‐ and triacetins were separated similarly in the semi‐preparative and preparative runs.
Continuous‐flow separation of nanoparticles by electrostatic sieving at a micro‐nanofluidic interface
Authors: Regtmeier Jan , Käsewieter Jörg , Everwand Martina , Anselmetti Dario
Published: March 2011

Continuous‐flow separation of nanoparticles (NPs) (15 and 39 nm) is demonstrated based on electrostatic sieving at a micro‐nanofluidic interface. The interface is realized in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) device with a nanoslit of 525 nm laterally spanning the microfluidic channel (aspect ratio of 540:1). Within this nanoslit, the Debye layers overlap and generate an electrostatic sieve. This was exploited to selectively deflect and sort NPs with a sorting purity of up to 97%. Because of the continuous‐flow operation, the sample is continuously fed into the device, immediately separated, and the parameters can be adapted in real time. For bioanalytical purposes, we also demonstrate the deflection of proteins (longest axis 6.8 nm). The continuous operation mode and the general applicability of this separation concept make this method a valuable addition to the current Lab‐on‐a‐Chip devices for continuous sorting of NPs and macromolecules.
More than the loss of a parent: Potentially traumatic events among orphaned and abandoned children
Authors: Whetten Kathryn , Ostermann Jan , Whetten Rachel , O'Donnell Karen , Thielman Nathan ,   The Positive Outcomes for Orphans Research Team
Published: March 2011

This study examines rates of potentially traumatic events and associated anxiety and emotional/behavioral difficulties among 1,258 orphaned and abandoned children in 5 low‐ and middle‐income countries. The study quantifies the types of events the children experienced and demonstrates that anxiety and emotional/behavioral difficulties increase with additional exposure. As policies for orphaned and abandoned children are being implemented, this study helps policy makers and care providers recognize that (a) children and caregivers are willing to report experiences of potentially traumatic events, (b) those who report such events are at higher risk for experiencing additional events, (c) resulting symptomatology indicates a need for appropriate mental health services, and (d) boys are as vulnerable as girls, indicating an equal need for protection.
Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Conducting Polymer Nanotubes Derived from Nanofibers and Their Application for Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Han Jie , Wang Lu , Guo Rong
Published: March 2011

Hollowing of inorganic nano/micromaterials can be realized by well‐known Ostwald ripening and Kirkendall processes. However, hollowing of organic polymer without sacrificial templates is seldom seen. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that conducting polymer nanofibers can be transformed into nanotubes by a simple, effective, and controllable swelling–evaporation strategy. By controlling swelling degree, surface‐patterned poly(o‐toluidine) (POT) nanofibers, and nanotubes with controllable inner diameter can be fabricated. Novel characteristics of such nanotubes, such as patterned surfaces and sealed tips, will endow them with enhanced properties when applied in fields as controlled drug delivery, noble metal nanocatalysts supporter, and adsorbent for heavy‐metal ions.

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Mechanical behaviour of aluminum screws Part 2 – Cyclic behaviour
Authors: Arz U. , Weber J. O. , Marx T. , Berger C.
Published: March 2011

Der vorliegende Beitrag ist der zweite Teil zur Tragfähigkeit von Aluminiumschrauben. Während sich der erste Teil der Tragfähigkeit unter statischer Beanspruchung widmet, wird in diesem Teil das zyklische Verhalten betrachtet. Es wird eine Übersicht über die zyklische Tragfähigkeit und deren Beeinflussung von hochfesten Aluminiumschrauben aus den Knetwerkstoffen EN AW 6013, EN AW 6056 und EN AW 7075 gegeben. Vereinzelt finden sich Hinweise auf die Legierung EN AW 6082.
Investigations of glass sealing and reactive air brazing materials for joining high temperature solid oxide fuel cells by dilatometric examinations
Authors: Reichle M.S. , Koppitz T. , Federmann D. , Reisgen U.
Published: March 2011

Eine Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle (solid oxide fuel cell = SOFC) hat zwar ein sehr einfaches Funktionsprinzip, jedoch erfordern die sehr unterschiedlichen Materialien der Einzelkomponenten hochentwickelte thermische Fügeverfahren, um sie funktionsgerecht miteinander zu verbinden. Für die SOFC existieren zwei Optionen einer möglichen Anwendung, erstens als dezentrale Hauskraftwerke (stationäre SOFC), zweitens als Energiewandler für Kraftfahrzeuge (mobile SOFC). Es haben sich daher im Forschungszentrum Jülich zwei sehr verschiedene Konstruktionstypen etabliert, für die auch die Entwicklung unterschiedlicher Verfahren zum Fügen der Einzelkomponenten erforderlich wurde. Beim stationären Design besteht der Hauptfügeprozess in dem elektrisch isolierenden Verbinden einzelner Stahlplatten durch ein Glaslot zu einem SOFC‐Stapel. Beim mobilen Design besteht der SOFC‐Stapel aus einzelnen dünnen Stahlkassetten. Bei den Kassetten wird deren Fensterblech aus ferritischem Chromstahl mit der keramischen Schicht des Zirkonoxidfeststoffelektrolyten durch ein metallisches Lot verlötet. Es handelt sich bei diesem Lot um ein Silberbasislot mit nur geringen benetzungsbegünstigenden Zusätzen von Kupferoxid und Titanhydrid. Entscheidend für beide Lötprozesse ist ihre Anwendbarkeit in normaler Atmosphäre (Luft), also unter oxidativen Bedingungen. Um die SOFC zur Marktreife auf dem Energiesektor zu entwickeln, dauern die F&E‐Arbeiten zur Wirkungsgradsteigerung und zur Langzeitbetriebsstabilität an. Auch die beiden Lötverfahren sind noch nicht als normale Standardprozesse zu betrachten, sondern erfordern ebenso permanente Weiterentwicklungen, hier im Hinblick auf Reproduzierbarkeit, Beständigkeit und Festigkeit der Lötverbunde. Auf der Suche nach geeigneten schnellen Ersatzmethoden, um die Fügeeigenschaften der Lotmaterialien genauer studieren und messtechnisch erfassen zu können, ohne den Bau aufwendiger komplexer SOFC‐Stacks betreiben zu müssen, setzt die Arbeitsgruppe Sonderfügetechnik im Forschungszentrum Jülich speziell abgewandte dilatometrische Messverfahren ein. Mit einem sog. Absenkdilatometer werden die Schwindungsprozesse der Glaslotfugen nachgestellt und im μm‐Bereich gemessen. Dies ermöglicht, die für Dichtheit und Kontaktierung entscheidende Glaslotmenge und die Prozessparameter vorherzubestimmen. Mit einem vertikalen Dilatometer erfolgen Untersuchungen des Schmelzverhaltens der reaktiven Silberlote im Hinblick auf Schmelzpunktverschiebung, Zähigkeit und Porenanteil und in Abhängigkeit von der Prozessatmosphäre und von einem metallischen Additiv (Aluminium).
Blind randomized controlled study of the efficacy of cognitive training in Parkinson's disease
Authors: París Anna Prats , Saleta Heidi Guerra , de la Cruz Crespo Maraver Maria , Silvestre Emmanuel , Freixa Maite Garolera , Torrellas Cristina Petit , Pont Silvia Alonso , Nadal Marc Fabra , Garcia Sheila Alcaine , Bartolomé Maria Victoria Perea , Fernández Valentina Ladera , Bayés Àngels Rusiñol
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of a cognitive training program on cognitive performance and quality of life in nondemented Parkinson's disease patients. Participants who met UK Brain Bank diagnosis criteria for Parkinson's disease, with I–III Hoehn & Yahr, aged 50–80, and nondemented (Mini‐Mental State Examination ≥ 23) were recruited. Patient's cognitive performance and functional and quality‐of‐life measures were assessed with standardized neuropsychological tests and scales at baseline and after 4 weeks. Subjects were randomly and blindly allocated by age and premorbid intelligence (Vocabulary, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III) into 2 groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received 4 weeks of 3 weekly 45‐minute sessions using multimedia software and paper‐and‐pencil cognitive exercises, and the control group received speech therapy. A total of 28 patients were analyzed. Compared with the control group participants (n = 12), the experimental group participants (n = 16) demonstrated improved performance in tests of attention, information processing speed, memory, visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities, semantic verbal fluency, and executive functions. There were no observable benefits in self‐reported quality of life or cognitive difficulties in activities of daily living. We concluded that intensive cognitive training may be a useful tool in the management of cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Ventricular dilatation and brain atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease with incipient dementia
Authors: Camicioli Richard , Sabino Jennifer , Gee Myrlene , Bouchard Thomas , Fisher Nancy , Hanstock Chris , Emery Derek , Martin W.R. Wayne
Published: March 2011

Age‐related ventricular enlargement is accelerated in Alzheimer's disease, but its relationship to cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease is less clear, even though dementia is common in Parkinson's disease. Our goals were to determine if greater enlargement of the ventricles and gray or white matter atrophy occurred in Parkinson's disease patients developing cognitive decline. Older nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (33) and age‐ and sex‐matched controls (39) were recruited and prospectively assessed for the development of significant cognitive decline over 36 months. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained every 18 months, and ventricular volume and total brain gray and white matter volumes were measured using reliable segmentation of T1‐weighted volumetric scans. Subjects with incidental intracranial abnormalities, an atypical course, and stroke as well as dropouts were excluded from a cohort of 52 patients and 50 controls. Among 33 patients and 39 controls, 10 patients and 3 controls developed significant cognitive impairment or dementia. Ventricular change and Parkinson's disease status were significantly associated with dementia. Ventricular change was significantly correlated with change in Mini‐Mental Status Examination in the Parkinson's disease with dementia group (r = 0.87, P = .001). Gray matter atrophy was greater in Parkinson's disease with dementia, with similar change over time in both Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia. White matter volumes were not significantly different between Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia; however, the decrease over time might be greater in Parkinson's disease with dementia. Ventricular dilatation occurs early in the course of significant cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease, possibly reflecting both cortical gray and white matter loss. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Chip design of an UWB and high gain on‐chip transformer receiver front‐end
Authors: Huang Jhin‐Fang , Shie Pei‐Jiuan , Liu Ron‐Yi
Published: March 2011

An ultra‐wideband receiver front‐end operating in 3.1–8.0 GHz frequency range is presented. The proposed front‐end consists of on‐chip transformer low‐noise amplifier, passive balun, double‐balanced mixer, and is fabricated in a TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process with 1.8 V supply voltage. Measured results show that maximum conversion gain of 30.32 dB, noise figure less than 5.9 dB, input return loss (S11) smaller than −15.3 dB, input‐referred third‐order intercept point of −21.4 dBm, 1 dB compression point (P1 dB) of −30 dBm over the whole frequency range of interest are achieved. In addition, isolations of LO to RF and LO to IF are less than −57 dB and −27.8 dB, respectively, chip area including pads is only 0.985 mm2 and power dissipation is 36.88 mW. The realized front‐end achieves the smallest chip area and the best merit of figure compared with previously reported front‐ends. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1422–1427, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25956
Low profile dual‐feed Planar Inverted‐F Antenna for wireless LAN applications
Authors: Chattha Hassan Tariq , Huang Yi
Published: March 2011

This letter presents a new low profile dual‐feed Planar Inverted‐F Antenna (PIFA) suitable for wireless LAN applications. Pattern diversity is exploited using one common radiating plate and two isolated feeding ports. The isolation is successfully achieved mainly by modifying the ground plane under the radiating plate and producing an antiresonance between the ports. Thus, this single PIFA antenna can act as two separate antennas for diversity and MIMO applications with reduced space and cost. Simulated and measured results are obtained to verify the conclusion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1382–1386, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25958
Printed monopole antenna on a thin substrate for UWB applications
Authors: Yoon Cheol , Kim Woo‐Su , Kang Suk‐Youb , Lee Hwa‐Choon , Park Hyo‐Dal
Published: March 2011

A compact and simple design of a printed monopole antenna on a thin substrate for ultra‐wideband applications is presented. The antenna size is 30 × 36 × 0.4 mm3 and operates over an extremely wide band of 2.82–13.60 GHz. The proposed design consists of a coplanar radiator and a ground plane on a thin FR‐4 substrate. The advantages of the proposed antenna are its low cost, compact size, thin substrate, and simple design. The measured impedance bandwidth defined by voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) ≤2 of 10.78 GHz (2.82–13.60 GHz) is obtained. Moreover, omnidirectional radiation patterns with appreciable gain across the operating band can be obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1262–1264, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25964