Genetic insights into ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
Authors: Koike Yoshinao , Takahata Masahiko , Nakajima Masahiro , Otomo Nao , Suetsugu Hiroyuki , Liu Xiaoxi , Endo Tsutomu , Imagama Shiro , Kobayashi Kazuyoshi , Kaito Takashi , Kato Satoshi , Kawaguchi Yoshiharu , Kanayama Masahiro , Sakai Hiroaki , Tsuji Takashi , Miyamoto Takeshi , Inose Hiroyuki , Yoshii Toshitaka , Kashii Masafumi , Nakashima Hiroaki , Ando Kei , Taniguchi Yuki , Takeuchi Kazuhiro , Ito Shuji , Tomizuka Kohei , Hikino Keiko , Iwasaki Yusuke , Kamatani Yoichiro , Maeda Shingo , Nakajima Hideaki , Mori Kanji , Seichi Atsushi , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Kanchiku Tsukasa , Watanabe Kei , Tanaka Toshihiro , Kida Kazunobu , Kobayashi Sho , Takahashi Masahito , Yamada Kei , Takuwa Hiroshi , Lu Hsing-Fang , Niida Shumpei , Ozaki Kouichi , Momozawa Yukihide ,   Genetic Study Group of Investigation Committee on Ossification of the Spinal Ligaments, Yamazaki Masashi , Okawa Atsushi , Matsumoto Morio , Iwasaki Norimasa , Terao Chikashi , Ikegawa Shiro 
Published: June 2022

Background

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is an intractable disease, leading to severe neurological deficits. Its etiology and pathogenesis are mostly unknown. The relationship between OPLL and comorbidities, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D) and body mass index (BMI), has been the focus of attention; however, no trait has been proven to have a causal relationship.

Methods

To clarify the etiology and pathogenesis of OPLL, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GAWSs) using 22,016 Japanese individuals. We classified OPLL into cervical, thoracic and the other types, and conducted GWAS sub-analyses. We conducted a gene- based association analysis and a transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization approach to identify other potential causal genes. To investigate cell groups related to OPLL, we conducted cell type group enrichment analysis. To identify traits with a causal effect on OPLL, we evaluated the genetic correlation with 99 complex traits and then performed mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Finally, we generated polygenic risk score (PRS) to investigate the genetic impact of the causal trait on OPLL subtypes.

Results

A GWAS meta-analysis identified 14 significant loci, including eight novel loci. GWAS sub-analyses identified subtype-specific signals. A Gene-based association analysis and a transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization approach identified five and three potential causal genes, respectively. These loci/genes contained bone metabolism-related genes. Cell type group enrichment analysis observed significant enrichment of the polygenic signals in the active enhancers of the connective/bone cell group, especially H3K27ac in chondrogenic differentiation cells. Genetic correlations showed positive correlation with T2D and BMI and negative correlation with cerebral aneurysm and osteoporosis. MR analyses demonstrated a significant causal effect of increased BMI and high bone mineral density (BMD) on OPLL, but not of T2D, indicating that high BMI confounded the T2D correlation. A PRS for BMI demonstrated that the effect of BMI was particularly strong in thoracic OPLL.

Conclusion

We identified multiple causative genes involved in bone metabolism that are candidates for future therapeutic targets. By MR analyses, we showed for the first time a causal relationship between the common metabolic conditions (high BMI and BMD) and OPLL. We successfully linked intervenable traits to OPLL.