bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression by Angiotensin II in the Pancreatic Islets and β-Cells
Authors: Chipitsyna Galina , Gong Qiaoke , Gray Chance F. , Haroon Yasir , Kamer Erdinc , Arafat Hwyda A.
Published: February 2007

Angiotensin II (AngII), the principal hormone of the renin-angiotensin system, is actively generated in the pancreas and has been suggested as a key mediator of inflammation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine that plays an important role in the recruitment of mononuclear cells into the pancreatic islets. In this study, we investigated the potential molecular basis for the role of AngII in islet inflammation through studying its effect on MCP-1. AngII significantly increased the expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein in the RINm5F β-cell line and activated MCP-1 promoter. AngII-MCP-1 mRNA induction was inhibited by an AngII type 1 receptor antagonist but was unchanged by an AngII type 2 receptor antagonist. AngII-MCP-1 induction was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, suggesting a MAPK signaling mechanism. AngII activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not p38 or c-Jun NH2-terminal MAPKs. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation reduced the AngII-induced MCP-1 synthesis. In nonobese diabetic mice pancreata, the temporal pattern of angiotensin-converting enzyme expression correlated well with progression of insulitis and β-cell destruction. Immunostaining of pancreatic serial sections show colocalization of angiotensin-converting enzyme with MCP-1 in β-cells in the islets. In freshly isolated islets from normoglycemic mice, AngII alone and in combination with IL-1β elicited an inflammatory response by stimulation of MCP-1. Our data suggest a positive autocrine/paracrine action for the local pancreatic AngII-generating system during insulitis and provide the first insight into an AngII-initiated signal transduction pathway that regulates MCP-1 as a possible inflammatory mechanism in the islets.
Heat transfer evaluation of industrial pneumatic cylinders
Authors: Carneiro J. F. , de Almeida F Gomes
Published: February 2007

Automatic positioning devices are used worldwide in tasks such as handling or assembly, making them key components of modern manufacturing systems. Pneumatic solutions are usually less expensive than their electrical counterparts, are more reliable, and require less maintenance. However, the complex non-linear nature and high model order of pneumatic systems lead to a very difficult control task.

These problems make model order reductions and simplifications a common practice in servopneumatics. The heat transfer between air inside the cylinder and its environment is usually neglected or only indirectly accounted for, since it varies with the pressure, temperature, and speed of the actuator, which makes its experimental assessment difficult. In this work a simple and yet accurate procedure is presented on the basis of a thermal time constant, enabling its evaluation. The procedure is validated by simulation studies, and furthermore the heat conductance of three industrial actuators is experimentally determined.
Mathematical dynamic modelling of a twin-rotor multiple input-multiple output system
Authors: Rahideh A , Shaheed M. H.
Published: February 2007

This investigation presents the mathematical modelling of an experimental aerodynamic test rig, a twin-rotor multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) system (TRMS). The system is modelled in terms of vertical one-degree-of-freedom (1DOF), horizontal 1DOF, and two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) dynamics using Newtonian as well as Lagrangian methods. The modelling is carried out in two phases. In the first phase the interface circuit, d.c. motors, and propulsive forces due to these motors, common to both Newtonian and Lagrangian approaches, are modelled. Thereafter, the dynamic equations for the remaining parts are formulated taking all the effective forces into account. The responses of both the Newtonian and the Lagrangian models are compared with that of the real TRMS to validate the accuracy of the models. The performances of the two models are also compared.
Characterization of Activation Energy Distribution for Ultraviolet Irradiation of T-Rich Oligonucleotide Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Song Renfang , Liu Jinzhong , Zhang Wenbing , Chen Huayong , Ma Huimin , Sheng Guoying , Zhou Zhen , Fu Jiamo
Published: February 2007

Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation gives rise to mutations that may lead to skin cancer of human beings. A series of experiments was carried out in order to reveal activation energy distribution of deoxynucleic acid (DNA) mutation caused by UV radiation. The T-rich oligonucleotides were exposed to UV radiation with increasing intensity for different durations. Photo products of T-rich oligonucleotides were investigated using ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry at room temperature. Two photo products of T-rich oligonucleotides were cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmer (T[c,s]T) and the pyrimidine(6,4)pyrimidone product (T[6,4]T). Activation energy distribution of DNA mutation was calculated using a commercial kinetics analysis program by Robert L. Braun and Alan K. Burnham, Lawrence Livermore International Laboratory (version 2.4.1). To use the software for deriving the kinetics parameters, the factor T (temperature) in the software was substituted with k1R, in which k1 is a factor and R is radiation intensity. The activation energy derived ranges from 55 to 110 kJ mol−1. Using the same software, those kinetic parameters were extrapolated to a natural UV radiation process to predict the degree of DNA damage without the DNA repair process.
Influence of Solvent and Counter Ion on Copper Complexes with N-Alkyl-Pyridine-2-Carboxamides as Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Frański Rafał , Klonowska-Wieszczycka Karolina , Borowiak-Resterna Aleksandra , Olszanowski Andrzej
Published: February 2007

The interactions of copper(II) with N-alkyl-pyridine-2-carboxamides (M) were studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The influence of solvent and counter ion (Cl−, ClO4−) on the type of ions (complexes) observed was discussed. By cone voltage increase, the fragmentation “in source” of the ions discussed was achieved. In methanol solution containing N-alkyl-pyridine-2-carboxamide (M) and CuCl2 the singly- and doubly charged-ions [M + CuCl]+ and [M2 + Cu]+2 were detected. In acetonitrile solution containing N-alkyl-pyridine-2-carboxamide and CuCl2, the copper(I)-containing ions [M + CH3CN+Cu]+ were formed. The use of Cu(ClO4)2 instead of CuCl2 resulted in more abundant doubly-charged ions in both methanol and acetonitrlile solutions and, for the former solution, the ions containing methoxyl anion, namely [M + CuOCH3]+, were observed. When water was used as a solvent, the abundant ions corresponding to the protonated ligands were formed, while the ions corresponding to copper complexes were characterised by low abundances.
In Vitro Nitrosation of Insulin A- and B-Chains
Authors: Santos Celina , Afonso Ricardo A. , Guarino Maria Pedro , Patarrão Rita S. , Fernandes Ana , Noronha João Paulo , Macedo M. Paula , Caldeira Jorge
Published: February 2007

The physiological roles of insulin and nitric oxide (NO) have recently been recognized by several studies. A diversity of chemical modifications of insulin is reported both in vivo and in vitro. S-nitrosation, the covalent linkage of NO to cysteine-free thiol, is recognized as an important post-translational regulation in many proteins. Here, we report the in vitro synthesis of a S-nitrosothiol of bovine insulin A- and B-chains. These compounds were characterized by their HPLC chromatographic behavior, monitored by UV visible spectroscopy and electron spray ionization mass spectrometry. The experimental results indicate that each A- and B-chain were S-nitrosated with only one NO group. Stability and solubility of these synthesized derivatives is described for physiological purposes. In this work, nitroso A- and B-chains of insulin were synthesized in vitro in order to better understand the possible interactions between insulin and NO that may be involved in the etiology of insulin resistance.
The Strong Second-Order Sufficient Condition and Constraint Nondegeneracy in Nonlinear Semidefinite Programming and Their Implications
Authors: Sun Defeng
Published: February 2007

For a locally optimal solution to the nonlinear semidefinite programming problem, under Robinson’s constraint qualification, the following conditions are proved to be equivalent: the strong second-order sufficient condition and constraint nondegeneracy; the nonsingularity of Clarke’s Jacobian of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker system; the strong regularity of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker point; and others.
Disability Management Strategies: A Preliminary Investigation of Perceptions, Policies and Return-to-Work Outcomes
Authors: Harder Henry G. , McHugh Gabrielle , Wagner Shannon L. , Harder Kari A.
Published: February 2007

The objectives of this retrospective study were to (1) examine the predictive value of employer's disability management (DM) perceptions and DM policies in return-to-work outcomes for the injured worker, (2) examine factors that influence employer's DM perceptions, polices and return-to-work outcomes, and (3) examine the relationship between demographic factors of the individual and return-to-work outcomes. Employers from a northern British Columbia, Canada community were randomly selected to participate. The findings of the study supported the hypothesis that company perception towards DM is a significant contributing factor to the presence of DM policies in the workplace and that DM polices are predictive of return-to-work outcomes for injured workers.
Reliability and Validity of Functional Capacity Evaluations: An Update
Authors: Innes Ev
Published: February 2007

Functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) and other work-related assessments continue to be used in occupational rehabilitation to determine the capacity of injured and disabled workers to either return to their preinjury jobs, or to determine what they are capable of doing in a work context. New instruments have been developed and others refined. There is a continuing call however for these systems to demonstrate acceptable reliability and validity. Comprehensive reviews of reliability and validity of work-related assessments were published and included information up to the end of 1997. This study updates that information by examining research conducted on five FCEs over the subsequent 8-year period (January 1998–March 2006). The Isernhagen Work Systems (IWS) FCE had the most comprehensive coverage of all aspects of reliability and validity, while the Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation (PILE) was also extensively researched. Newer FCEs show promise and should continue to be investigated. Clinicians and others are encouraged to be informed consumers of the evidence that exists for the reliability and validity of FCEs and other work-related assessments.
Disability Management Best Practices and Joint Labour–Management Collaboration
Authors: Shrey Don , Hursh Norman , Gallina Paul , Slinn Sara , White Anthony
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this article is to discuss the rationale for labour involvement in the management of injury and disability at the workplace. The authors discuss the importance of joint labour–management collaboration in the development and implementation of disability management and return-to-work programs. Best practices in disability management are reviewed, with a focus on important implications for joint labour–management committees. An overview of the key elements of formal return-to-work programs is discussed, including established benchmarks for return-to-work program development and implementation. This article also provides an overview of a proposed pioneering research project to analyse collective bargaining agreements, to review evidence of a joint commitment to best practices in worksite disability management, and to determine the extent to which disability management best practices are evident within unionised worksites.
Developing an Occupational Rehabilitation System for Workplace Stress
Authors: Randall Christine , Buys Nicholas , Kendall Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

The costs of occupational stress are rising and employers increasingly need to address occupational stress, prevention and rehabilitation issues. However, there is a relative lack of understanding about implementing strategies within specific organisational contexts. Extant literature indicates a need for integrated prevention and rehabilitation strategies that address specific organisational climates that contribute to stress. The Queensland Police Service (QPS) is one policing organisation facing significant occupational stress issues requiring organisational solutions. This article describes a Participatory Action Research case study, the aim of which is to develop an occupational rehabilitation system within the QPS to address identified stress issues. A combination of background information, interview and focus group data is being used to determine stress issues and provide potential solutions to specifically address the needs of the QPS. The findings of this study emphasise the importance of participant involvement in identifying issues and generating solutions, as well as demonstrating the value of taking a systemic approach. The findings suggest that the use of the Participatory Action Research approach is invaluable in promoting the long-term success of the QPS change process.
Posttrauma Employability of People With Symptoms of PTSD and the Contribution of Work Environments
Authors: Matthews Lynda R.
Published: February 2007

The role of work environments in employability was examined at approximately 8 months postaccident in a sample of 69 trauma-exposed, injured adults with and without PTSD. Results showed that participants with PTSD reported significantly lower employability than those without PTSD and this translated into significantly poorer return-to-work rates. Two work environment dimensions, low work support and poor organisational structure, were significantly associated with low employability in the sample. Low levels of work support were significantly related to high PTSD symptom severity. A combination of 3 variables, PTSD symptom severity, physical functioning, and workplace organisational structure, accounted for 60% of variation in employability. Interventions in the workplace should aim to minimise and accommodate PTSD symptomatology and physical dysfunction. In addition, this study has also shown that workplace-based interventions should be aimed at clarifying expectations about job tasks, and promoting moderate managerial control in the workplace. These factors should be considered for inclusion as standard disability management practices for this population.
The ovoidal hyperplanes of a dual polar space of rank 4
Authors: Pralle Harm , Shpectorov Sergey
Published: February 2007

Let π be a thick polar space of rank 4 over a field 𝕂 such that the generalised quadrangle Res+(α) of a line α of π which consists of the planes and 3-spaces of π containing α, admits a spread. Let

be a line-spread of π with the following property: Let

be the set of 3-spaces of π in which

induces spreads. For every point Σ of π, the 3-spaces of

containing Σ all contain the spread line λ ∈

covering Σ and form a spread of the generalised quadrangle

. Then

is a generalised quadrangle. The polar spaces Sp8 (𝕂) and

admit such spreads for both finite and infinite fields 𝕂. They are the only finite classical polar spaces admitting such spreads. If π ≅ Sp8(q), respectively

, then Γ ≅ Sp4(q
2), respectively H5(q
2). If π ≅ Sp8(𝕂) for some infinite field 𝕂, then Γ ≅ Sp4(ℍ) for some field ℍ. In the infinite case, there exists an example of a spread

in H8(ℂ) over the complex numbers ℂ with

over the quaternions.

Dualizing π, the point set

of the dual polar space Δ dual to π is a hyperplane of Δ intersecting each symp Σ, i.e. an element of maximal type of Δ, in the set of neighbours of an ovoid of a quad of Σ.
The effect of a GnRH agonist on cryopreserved human ovarian grafts in severe combined immunodeficient mice
Authors: Maltaris Theodoros , Beckmann Matthias W , Binder Helge , Mueller Andreas , Hoffmann Inge , Koelbl Heinz , Dittrich Ralf
Published: February 2007

This prospective study compares the effect of a GnRH agonist on the number of follicles in different developmental stages in cryopreserved human ovarian grafts transplanted into gonadotropin-stimulated or not stimulated severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID mice). Human ovarian tissue from seven patients was cryopreserved with an open-freezing system and xenotransplanted in SCID mice. The SCID mice were then treated according to different stimulation protocols. The survival of the tissue after cryopreservation was examined by LIVE/DEAD viability staining or transplanted in the neck muscle of 41 SCID mice. Development of follicles, estradiol production, vaginal cytology, and uterus weight were assessed after 15 weeks with or without gonadotropin stimulation. Viable follicles were detected in all frozen/thawed specimens using the LIVE/DEAD assay. Triptorelin, a GnRH agonist, caused a significant reduction of follicles in all developmental stages in the non-gonadotropin-stimulated animals (P<0.001). In gonadotropin-stimulated animals, GnRH agonist treatment has no significant effect on primordial, primary and preantral follicle count, whereas the antral follicles were significantly fewer (P = 0.03). The GnRH agonist treatment is not able to prevent the primordial follicle depletion after the xenografting of ovarian tissue in SCID mice with or without gonadotropin stimulation. Furthermore, it causes an additional loss of follicles if administered during the critical neovascularization period after the transplantation.
Deficiency of co-chaperone immunophilin FKBP52 compromises sperm fertilizing capacity
Authors: Hong Jiyoung , Kim Sung Tae , Tranguch Susanne , Smith David F , Dey Sudhansu K
Published: February 2007

FKBP52 is a member of the FK506-binding family of immunophilins and serves as a co-chaperone for steroid hormone nuclear receptors to govern appropriate hormone action in target tissues. Male mice missing Fkbp52 are infertile, and this infertility has been ascribed to compromised sensitivity of the anterior prostate, external genitalia, and other accessory sex organs to androgen. Here, we show additional defects contributing to infertility. We found that epididymal Fkbp52−/− sperm are sparse often with aberrant morphology, and they have reduced fertilizing capacity. This phenotype, initially observed in null males on a C57BL/6/129 background, is also maintained on a CD1 background. Expression studies show that while FKBP52 and androgen receptor are co-expressed in similar cell types in the epididymis, FKBP52 is also present in epididymal sperm flagella. Collectively, our results suggest that reduced number and abnormal morphology contribute to compromised fertilizing capacity of Fkbp52−/− sperm. This study is clinically relevant because unraveling the role of immunophilin signaling in male fertility will help identify new targets for male contraceptives and/or alleviate male infertility.
Relation between serum xenobiotic-induced receptor activities and sperm DNA damage and sperm apoptotic markers in European and Inuit populations
Authors: Long Manhai , Stronati Alessandra , Bizzaro Davide , Krüger Tanja , Manicardi Gian-Carlo , Hjelmborg Philip S , Spanò Marcello , Giwercman Alexander , Toft Gunnar , Bonde Jens Peter , Bonefeld-Jorgensen Eva C
Published: February 2007

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can interfere with hormone activities and are suspected as endocrine disrupters involved in disorders, e.g. reproductive disorders. We investigated the possible relation between the actual integrated serum xenoestrogenic, xenoandrogenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activities, and the sperm DNA damage and sperm apoptotic markers of 262 adult males (54 Inuits from Greenland, 69 from Warsaw (Poland), 81 from Sweden, and 58 from Kharkiv (Ukraine)) exposed to different levels of POPs. Xenobiotic-induced receptor activities were determined by receptor-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression. Sperm DNA damage was measured using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-driven dUTP nick labeling assay (TUNEL) and pro- (Fas) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-xL) markers were determined by immune methods. Different features of xenobiotic-induced receptor activity in serum and sperm DNA fragmentation and apoptotic markers existed between the Inuits and the European Caucasians. Negative correlations between xenobiotic-induced receptor activities and DNA damage were found for Inuits having relatively lower xenoestrogenic, lower dioxin-like activity, and lower sperm DNA damage, but higher xenoandrogenic activity. In contrast, in the European groups, xenobiotic-induced receptor activities were found to be positively correlated with the DNA damage. Further research must elucidate whether altered receptor activities in concerted action with genetic and/or nutrient factors may have protecting effect on sperm DNA damage of the Inuit population.
Evaluation of primary re-excision after recent inadequate resection of soft tissue sarcomas in dogs: 41 cases (1999–2004)
Authors: Bacon Nicholas J. , Dernell William S. , Ehrhart Nicole , Powers Barbara E. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To determine the efficacy of primary re-excision alone for treatment of soft tissue sarcomas after recent incomplete resection, the frequency and clinical importance of detecting residual tumor in resected scars, and prognostic factors associated with the procedure.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—41 dogs.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs that had undergone recent incomplete excision of a soft tissue sarcoma at a referring veterinary practice and subsequent re-excision of the scar at the Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center were reviewed.Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information.Slides from re-excised specimens were reviewed.Dogs that underwent radiation therapy after the re-excision procedure were excluded.

Results—41 dogs met the inclusion criteria, and long-term follow-up information was available for 39 dogs.Median follow-up time was 816 days.Local recurrence of tumor developed in 6 of 39 (15%) dogs, and distant metastasis occurred in 4 of 39 (10%) dogs.Healthy tis sue margins of 0.5 to 3.5 cm were achieved at re-excision. Residual tumor was identified in 9 of 41 (22%) resected scars.No tumor-, patient-, or treatment-related variables were associated with local recurrence except for the presence of liposarcoma or fibrosarcoma or whether fine-needle aspiration had been performed prior to surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After incomplete resection of soft tissue sarcomas, resection of local tissue should be performed, even if excisable tissue margins appear narrow.A long-term favorable prognosis is achievable without radiation therapy or amputation. The presence of residual tumor in resected scar tissue should not be used to predict local recurrence.
Lengthening the Hamstring Muscles Without Stretching Using “Awareness Through Movement”
Authors: Stephens James , Davidson Joshua , DeRosa Joseph , Kriz Michael , Saltzman Nicole
Published: February 2007

Background and PurposePassive stretching is widely used to increase muscle flexibility, but it has been shown that this process does not produce long-term changes in the viscoelastic properties of muscle as originally thought. The authors tested a method of lengthening hamstring muscles called “Awareness Through Movement” (ATM) that does not use passive stretching. Subjects. Thirty-three subjects who were randomly assigned to ATM and control groups met the screening criteria and completed the intervention phase of the study. Methods. The ATM group went through a process of learning complex active movements designed to increase length in the hamstring muscles. Hamstring muscle length was measured before and after intervention using the Active Knee Extension Test. Results. The ATM group gained significantly more hamstring muscle length (+7.04°) compared with the control group (+1.15°). Discussion and Conclusions. The results suggest that muscle length can be increased through a process of active movement that does not involve stretching. Further research is needed to investigate this finding.
Community-Based Tai Chi and Its Effect on Injurious Falls, Balance, Gait, and Fear of Falling in Older People
Authors: Lin Mau-Roung , Hwang Hei-Fen , Wang Yi-Wei , Chang Shu-Hui , Wolf Steven L
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose. It is important to determine the effect of adherence to a tai chi program on falls and related functional outcomes in older people. This study examined the effect of a community-based tai chi program on injurious falls, balance, gait, and fear of falling among people aged 65 years and older in Taiwan. Subjects and Methods. In 6 rural villages in Taichung County, 1,200 subjects participated in the initial assessment. During a 1-year intervention period, all study villages were provided with education on fall prevention. Two villages had been provided tai chi exercise (n=472 participants or “tai chi villagers”), and 4 villages served as control villages (n=728 participants or “control villagers”). Injurious falls were ascertained by telephone interviews every 3 months over a 2-year study period; additionally, balance, gait, and fear of falling were assessed in 2 follow-up assessments. Results. Eighty-eight subjects, 83 from the tai chi villages and 5 from the control villages, participated and practiced in the tai chi program (the group labeled “tai chi practitioners”). After the tai chi program, injurious falls among the control villagers significantly declined by 44% (adjusted rate ratio [RR]=0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.36–0.92). Compared with the results for the control villagers, the decline was 31% greater (RR=0.69; 95% CI=0.30–1.56) among the tai chi villagers and 50% greater (RR=0.5; 95% CI=0.11–2.17) among the tai chi practitioners; the results did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, compared with the scores for the control villagers, the scores for the tai chi practitioners increased by 1.8 points (95% CI=0.2–3.4) on the Tinetti Balance Scale and increased by 0.9 point (95% CI=0.1–1.8) on the Tinetti Gait Scale. No significant changes in the fear of falling were detected among the tai chi practitioners, tai chi villagers, and control villagers. Discussion and Conclusion. Tai chi can prevent a decline in functional balance and gait among older people. However, the reduction in injurious falls attained with tai chi did not reach statistical significance; the statistical inefficiency may have resulted partly from the large decline in injurious falls in control villagers. Finally, the unexpected effect of educational intervention on reducing injurious falls in different settings needs to be further examined. on injurious falls, balance, gait, and fear of falling in older people. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1189 –1201.]
Identification of Intervention Categories for Physical Therapy, Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A Delphi Exercise
Authors: Finger Monika E , Cieza Alarcos , Stoll Juerg , Stucki Gerold , Huber Erika O
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose. Disability or limitations in human functioning are universal experiences that concern all people. Physical therapists aim to improve functioning and prevent disability. With the approval of the new International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), we can now rely on a globally recognized framework and classification to be used in different health care situations by all health care professionals in multidisciplinary teams. The objective of this study was to identify ICF categories that describe the most relevant and common patient problems managed by physical therapists in acute, rehabilitation, and community health care situations taking into account 3 major groups of health conditions: musculoskeletal, neurological, and internal. Subjects. The subjects were physical therapists who were identified as possible participants by the heads of physical therapy departments who were members of the Swiss Association of Physical Therapy Department Heads or who were recruited from the membership of the Swiss Association of Physiotherapy. Methods. A consensus-building, 3-round, electronic-mail survey with 9 groups of physical therapists was conducted using the Delphi technique. Results. Two hundred sixty-three physical therapists participated in at least one round of the Delphi exercise. They had consensus levels of 80% or higher for categories in all ICF components (Body Functions, Body Structures, Activities and Participation, and Environmental Factors 1 and 2). Discussion and Conclusion. This study is a first step toward identifying a list of intervention categories relevant for physical therapy according to the ICF. The ICF, designed as a common language for multidisciplinary use, is also a very helpful framework for defining the core competence for the physical therapy profession.
Gait Training of Patients After Stroke Using an Electromechanical Gait Trainer Combined With Simultaneous Functional Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Tong Raymond KY , Ng Maple FW , Li Leonard SW , So Elaine FM
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose. This case report describes the implementation of gait training intervention that used an electromechanical gait trainer with simultaneous functional electrical stimulation (FES) for 2 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Case Descriptions. Two individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia of less than 6 weeks' duration participated in a 4-week gait training program as an adjunct to physical therapy received at a hospital. After the 4-week intervention, both patients were discharged from the hospital, and they returned after 6 months for a follow-up evaluation. Outcomes. By the end of the 4-week intervention, both patients had shown improvements in scores on the Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Ambulation Categories Scale, 5-m timed walking test, and Motricity Index. In the 6-month follow-up evaluation, both patients continued to have improvements in all outcome measures. Discussion. This case report shows that, following the use of an electromechanical gait trainer simultaneously with FES, patients after acute stroke had improvements in gait performance, functional activities, balance, and motor control in the long term.
Measurement of Muscle Thickness as Quantitative Muscle Evaluation for Adults With Severe Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Ohata Koji , Tsuboyama Tadao , Ichihashi Noriaki , Minami Satosi
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose. The muscle strength of people with severe cerebral palsy (CP) is difficult to quantify because of cognitive and selective motor control problems. However, if muscle strength is related to muscle atrophy caused by activity limitation, quantitative morphological analysis such as analysis of muscle thickness (MTH), measured by ultrasound imaging, may be used to examine the muscle condition in daily use. The primary purpose of this investigation was to clarify the difference in MTH of several muscles by the motor functions used in daily activity in adults with CP with different levels of severity of involvement. The secondary purpose was to examine whether MTH is associated with age, body characteristics, and muscle spasticity. Subjects. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 25 adults with severe CP. Methods. The MTH of the biceps brachii (BB), quadriceps femoris (QF), triceps surae (TS), and longissimus (LO) muscles was measured with an ultrasound imaging device. The severity of the condition was classified with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and functional status in sitting and standing was evaluated with a questionnaire administered to the staff assisting in the care of the subjects. Muscle spasticity was assessed with the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Results. The MTH of the QF, LO, and TS showed significant differences according to the GMFCS level, and the MTH of the QF and LO differed significantly depending on functional status during activities of daily living. Age and body mass index showed no significant correlation with the MTH of any muscle. Body weight was correlated with the MTH of the BB and LO. The girth of the extremity was correlated only with the MTH of the BB. There was no relationship between MTH and MAS scores. Discussion and Conclusion. These results suggest that the MTH of the QF and LO differed significantly depending on the subjects' motor function during daily activity. The measurement of MTH may be an alternative method of quantitative muscle evaluation for people with severe CP for whom direct measurement of muscle strength is difficult. [Ohata K, Tsuboyama T, Ichihashi N, Minami S. Measurement of muscle thickness as quantitative muscle evaluation for adults with severe cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1231–1239.]
Physical Therapist Management Following Rotator Cuff Repair for a Patient With Postpolio Syndrome
Authors: Carlson Mary , Hadlock Tana
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose

Postpoliomyelitis sequelae, such as gait instability and progressive weakness, predispose people with postpolio syndrome to secondary disabilities. With aging, people who depend on their upper extremities to accommodate lower-extremity deficits may anticipate overuse injuries. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of mobilization and exercise in postoperative rehabilitation of rotator cuff surgery on a patient with postpolio syndrome.

Case Description

A 48-year-old woman with postpolio syndrome had rotator cuff surgical repair followed by physical therapy intervention. Maitland mobilization and mild functional exercises were chosen to avoid triggering fatigue.

Outcomes

Measurements taken preoperatively, before and after physical therapy intervention, and 2 years after intervention showed return to independent status with excellent retention.

Discussion

No fatigue or overuse weakness was encountered. This is the first case report to document physical therapy following rotator cuff repair in a patient with postpolio syndrome.
Neuroplasticity After Spinal Cord Injury and Training: An Emerging Paradigm Shift in Rehabilitation and Walking Recovery
Authors: Behrman Andrea L , Bowden Mark G , Nair Preeti M
Published: February 2007

Physical rehabilitation after spinal cord injury has been based on the premise that the nervous system is hard-wired and irreparable. Upon this assumption, clinicians have compensated for irremediable sensorimotor deficits using braces, assistive devices, and wheelchairs to achieve upright and seated mobility. Evidence from basic science, however, demonstrates that the central nervous system after injury is malleable and can learn, and this evidence has challenged our current assumptions. The evidence is especially compelling concerning locomotion. The purpose of this perspective article is to summarize the evidence supporting an impending paradigm shift from compensation for deficits to rehabilitation as an agent for walking recovery. A physiologically based approach for the rehabilitation of walking has developed, translating evidence for activity-dependent neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury and the neurobiological control of walking. Advanced by partnerships among neuroscientists, clinicians, and researchers, critical rehabilitation concepts are emerging for activity-based therapy to improve walking recovery, with promising clinical findings.
Application of Combined Botulinum Toxin Type A and Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for an Individual With Chronic Upper-Extremity Spasticity After Stroke
Authors: Sun Shu-Fen , Hsu Chien-Wei , Hwang Chiao-Wen , Hsu Pei-Te , Wang Jue-Long , Yang Chia-Lin
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a promising intervention for retraining upper-extremity function after a stroke. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of a combination of botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) and a modified CIMT program for a patient with severe spasticity who was unable to use his right upper extremity. Case Description. The 52-year-old patient, who had a stroke 4 years ago, did not meet the minimum motor criteria for CIMT benefit. After receiving BtxA injections targeting the elbow, wrist, and finger flexors, he completed a 4-week program of modified CIMT followed by a 5-month home exercise program. Outcomes. The patient exhibited improvement in muscle tone (the velocity-dependent resistance to stretch that muscle exhibits) and in scores on several upper-extremity function tests (Modified Ashworth Scale, Motor Activity Log, Wolf Motor Function Test, Action Research Arm Test, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery). He also reported making much progress in the functional use of the involved upper extremity. Discussion. In a patient with severe flexor spasticity and nonuse of the dominant upper extremity after a stroke, a combined treatment of BtxA and modified CIMT may have resulted in improved upper-extremity use.
Paretic Upper-Limb Strength Best Explains Arm Activity in People With Stroke
Authors: Harris Jocelyn E , Eng Janice J
Published: February 2007

Background and Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among variables of upper-limb impairment, upper-limb performance in activities of daily living (activity), and engagement in life events and roles (participation) in people with chronic stroke.

Subjects

The subjects were 93 community-dwelling individuals with stroke (≥1 year).

Methods

This study, which was conducted in a tertiary rehabilitation center, used a cross-sectional design. The main measures of impairment were the Modified Ashworth Scale, handheld dynamometry, sensory testing (monofilaments), and the Brief Pain Inventory. The main measures of activity were the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI) and the Motor Activity Log (MAL). The main measure of participation was the Reintegration to Normal Living (RNL) Index.

Results

Paretic upper-limb strength (force-generating capacity) (r=.89, P<.01), grip strength (r=.69, P<.01), and tone (resistance to passive movement) (r=−.80, P<.01) were the impairment variables that were most strongly related to activity. Tone (r=−.23, P<.05) and CAHAI scores (r=.22, P<.05) had a significant, but weak, relationship to participation. Upper-limb strength accounted for 87% of the variance of the CAHAI scores and 78% of the variance of the MAL scores. In the participation models, tone and CAHAI scores accounted for 5% of the variance of the RNL Index scores.

Discussion and Conclusion

Paretic upper-limb strength had the strongest relationship with variables of activity and best explained upper-limb performance in activities of daily living. Grip strength, tone, and sensation also were factors of upper-limb performance in activities of daily living. Increased tone and upper-limb performance in activities of daily living had a weak relationship with participation.
Aging of the Somatosensory System: A Translational Perspective
Authors: Shaffer Scott W , Harrison Anne L
Published: February 2007

Balance in the elderly population is a major concern given the often catastrophic and disabling consequences of fall-related injuries. Structural and functional declines of the somatosensory system occur with aging and potentially contribute to postural instability in older adults. The objectives of this article are: (1) to discuss the evidence regarding age-related anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the peripheral proprioceptive and cutaneous systems, (2) to relate the basic science research to the current evidence regarding clinical changes associated with normal aging, and (3) to review the evidence regarding age-related proprioceptive and cutaneous clinical changes and relate it to research examining balance performance in older adults. The article is organized by an examination of the receptors responsible for activating afferent pathways (muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ, and articular and cutaneous receptors) and the corresponding sensory afferent fibers and neurons. It integrates basic science laboratory findings with clinical evidence suggesting that advanced aging results in a decline in cutaneous sensation and proprioception. The potential relationship between postural instability and sensory impairments in older adults also is discussed. Current laboratory and clinical evidence suggests that aging results in: (1) diverse and nonuniform declines in the morphology and physiological function of the various sensory structures examined, (2) preferential loss of distal large myelinated sensory fibers and receptors, and (3) impaired distal lower-extremity proprioception, vibration and discriminative touch, and balance. These findings provide foundational knowledge that emphasizes the importance of using reliable and valid sensory testing protocols for older adults and the need for further research that clarifies the relationship between sensory impairment and balance.
Lessons Learned in Participant Recruitment and Retention: The EXCITE Trial
Authors: Blanton Sarah , Morris David M , Prettyman Michelle G , McCulloch Karen , Redmond Susan , Light Kathye E , Wolf Steven L
Published: February 2007

Participant recruitment is considered the most difficult aspect of the research process. Despite the integral role of recruitment in randomized clinical trials, publication of data defining the recruitment effort is not routine in rehabilitation initiatives. The recruitment process for the Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation (EXCITE) trial illustrates obstacles to and strategies for participant accrual and retention that are inherent in rehabilitation clinical trials. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness of the multiple facets of recruitment necessary for successful clinical trials, thus supporting the continued development of evidence-based practice in physical therapy. The Recruitment Index is presented as a variable to measure recruitment efficacy. In addition, ethical aspects of recruitment are explored, including informed consent and the concept of therapeutic misconception.
Tribological behavior of the polyamide composite coating filled with different fillers under dry sliding
Authors: Xu Haiyan , Feng Zhizhong , Chen Jianmin , Zhou Huidi
Published: February 2007

The polyamide (PA) composite coating filled with the particles of microsized MoS2, microsized graphite, and nano‐Al2O3, respectively, were prepared by flame spraying. The friction and wear characteristics of the PA coating and composite coating filled with the varied content of filler under dry sliding against stainless steel were comparatively investigated using a block‐ring tester. The morphologies of the worn surfaces and transfer films on the counterpart steel ring were observed on a scanning electron microscope. The result showed that the addition of fillers to the composite coatings changed significantly the friction coefficient and wear rate of the coatings. The composite coatings filled with a low level content of fillers showed lower wear rate than did pure PA coating under dry sliding; especially the MoS2/PA composite coating had the lowest wear rate among these composite coatings. The composite coatings with a high level content of fillers had higher wear rate than did pure PA coating, except of the Al2O3/PA composite coating. The bonding strengths between the polymer matrix and fillers changed with the content of the fillers, which accounted for the differences in the tribological properties of the composite coatings filled with the varied content fillers. On the other hand, the difference in the friction and wear behaviors of the composite coatings and pure coating were attributed to the difference in their worn surface morphologies and transfer film characteristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Reinforced material from reclaimed rubber/natural rubber, using electron beam and thermal treatment
Authors: Hassan Medhat M. , Mahmoud Ghada A. , El‐Nahas Hussien H. , Hegazy El‐Sayed A.
Published: February 2007

Reclaimed rubber powder (RRP) was treated by the addition of maleic anhydride (MA) to impart desired properties suitable for self‐adhesive sheets and concrete lining applications. The produced MA‐RRP was mixed with natural rubber (NR) with various compositions. A fixed 1 : 1 blend ratio of NR : RRP was reinforced with various contents of glass fiber (GF) in an open two‐roll mixing mill. The composites were irradiated using a 1.5 MeV electron beam accelerator at 30 and 50 kGy irradiation doses. Different properties of composite such as tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, swelling behavior in different media, thermal stability, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for both unirradiated and irradiated samples with respect to the RRP and GF content were investigated. Results show that the tensile strength and swelling resistance increase with increasing RRP content in the NR/RRP blends, whereas the elongation at break exhibit opposite trend. It can be observed that the hardness increases with increasing the fiber content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and optimization of copper sulfide‐coated electrically conducting poly(acrylonitrile) fibers
Authors: Baseri S. , Zadhoush A. , Morshed M. , Amirnasr M. , Azarnasab M.
Published: February 2007

In this research work, coating of acrylic fibers (fibers spun from poly acrylonitrile) with copper sulfide was investigated. Surface of the acrylic fibers were coated with an insoluble conducting copper sulfide layer. One‐step dipping method was carried out. Acrylic fibers were treated in a bath containing divalent copper ions, a reducing agent, which is capable of reducing the divalent copper ions to a monovalent copper ions and a sulfur‐containing compound. This treatment resulted in a reduction of electrical resistance to 1 × 109that of an almost infinite resistance for the untreated fibers. The influence of some parameters such as concentration of copper (II) sulfate, hydroxylamine sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, and temperature of treatment bath were also investigated. A second reducing material such as sodium dithionite was used to improve the electrical conductivity of the fibers. The amount of reacted copper was measured by atomic absorption technique. The surface properties of the coated‐acrylic fibers were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Within the experimental conditions, a solution containing 1.2 g/dm3copper (II) sulfate, 1.6 g/dm3hydroxylamine sulfate, 3.6 g/dm3sodium thiosulfate, and 3 g/dm3sodium dithionite was selected as a suitable formulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007