bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Life History of Olveria indica, an Amphistome Parasite from the Rumen of Indian Cattle
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: June 2009

The life history of Olveria indica was worked out experimentally at Lucknow. Gyraulus convexiusculus was shown to be the intermediate host. The various stages in the larval development are described in detail.
On the Identity of the Kidney Worm of Pigs in New South Wales
Authors: Cameron T. W. M. , Ross I. Clunies
Published: June 2009

In 1839 Diesing described Stephanurus dentatus from the kidney of the pig. His description was incorrect in two important particulars, viz.— in stating that only one spicule was present and that the vulva was in the middle of the body instead of posteriorly. These errors, although corrected by Verril in 1870 and Louise Taylor in 1899, still persist, and it was on account of this that Drabble, in 1922, basing his diagnosis on a faulty text-book description, claimed that the Kidney worm of swine in New South Wales was generally distinct from Stephanurus dentatus. This worm he called Sclerostomum renium, n. sp.
Eosinophilia and the Differential Blood Count in Trichinosis of the Rat
Authors: Someren Vernon D. Van
Published: June 2009

The differential blood count of the normal laboratory rat shows at all times a greater proportion of lymphocytes than of neutrophiles. In rats infected with 400–600 larvae there is within 2–4 days of the infection a great relative, and possibly absolute, neutrophilia with a corresponding lymphocytopenia, which becomes less marked as the infection progresses, though the percentage of neutrophiles remains above, and that of lymphocytes below, the normal average. This neutrophilia is accompanied by a moderate left shift in the Cooke polynuclear count which may persist for a considerable period. At the same time the infection is immediately followed by a relative eosinopenia or aneosinophilia which persists for 1–5 days and is probably due to the setting up of a local eosinophilia in the sub-mucosa of the intestine. Thereafter the eosinophilia becomes generalised and reaches its maximum in 7–16 days after infection, with considerable fluctuations from day to day, finally settling to a low-grade eosinophilia which may persist for some months. The degree of eosinophilia appears to be only generally related to the severity of the infection and depends on the individual host animal. Persistence of aneosinophilia is an unfavourable prognostic sign.
Some Parasites of Domestic Animals in South-Eastern England
Authors: Brade-Birks S. Graham
Published: June 2009

This paper forms a preliminary account of the occurrence of some helminths parasitic in sheep and pigs in South-Eastern England. The rocks of the Wye district are mainly Cretaceous, while Romney Marsh, with its extensive sheep population, is alluvial. Earlier workers have already considered certain helminthic parasites of this region. The present writer uses Morgan's technique. Thirteen helminths parasitic in the gut of sheep and lambs are listed with notes, and a record is made of some other observations, including the identification ofAscaris lumbricoides and Œsophagostomum dentatumfrom swine.
The “Hemizonid,” a Hitherto Unrecorded Structure in Members of the Tylenchoidea.
Authors: Goodey J. Basil
Published: June 2009

During the detailed study of the finer anatomical structure of the potato tuber nematode, Ditylenchus destructor Thome, 1945, the presence of an apparently hitherto unrecorded structure was revealed. It is situated on the ventral surface of the body just anterior to the excretory pore. It is quite easily seen in living nematodes and has no doubt, in the past, been confused with the excretory pore. It appears as a bright lens-like structure, more highly refractive than the neighbouring parts, especially when specimens are viewed in an approximately lateral position. The structure is really band-like, usually more or less biconvex in section, situated between the cuticle and hypodermal layer.
A Method for the Enumeration of Trichostrongylid Third Stage Larvae
Authors: Downey N. E. , Connolly J. F.
Published: June 2009

As far as the authors are aware, no standard technique has been described for the enumeration of infective trichostrongylid larvae recovered from faecal cultures. In experiments involving artificial infestations it is usually necessary to divide a concentrated suspension of larvae into a number of doses. In measuring the doses a dilution method may be used in which all the larvae in one or more aliquots taken from the diluted suspension are distributed on to a convenient number of slides and counted under the microscope. Alternatively, aliquots may be placed on the counting slide devised by Scott (1927). Such procedures are, however, time consuming and are fatiguing to the operator, where a large number of enumerations has to be made. They have the further disadvantage that the arbitrary dilution factor employed may result in too great a dispersion or conversely too great a concentration, either of which is undesirable from the point of view of accuracy and ease of counting.
Observations on the Nematode Genus Citellina: with the Description of a New Species, Citellina himalensis
Authors: Inglis William G. , Ogden Colin G.
Published: June 2009

The genus Citellina was introduced by Prendel (1928) for a new species, C. dispar, which he described from Citellus suslika. Since that date a further nine nominal species have been referred to the genus, thus: C. alatau Spassky, Rijikov and Sudarikov, 1950; C. alpina Jettmar and Anschau, 1951; C. bashiri Akhtar, 1956; C. levini Li, 1933; C. marmotae Manter, 1930; C. petrowi Schulz, 1930; C. schulzi Korneev, 1951; C. skrjabini Merkuscheva, 1955 and C. triradiata (Hall, 1916) Manter, 1930. Descriptions and figures of eight of these species are given by Skrjabin, Schikhobalova and Lagodovskaya (1960), who have missed only C. bashiri and had no description of C. alpina at their disposal.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting the Freshwater Molluscs of Llangorse Lake, South Wales Part II. The Gymnocephalous Cercariae
Authors: Probert Allan J.
Published: June 2009

During a three year study of the larval trematodes of Llangorse Lake, South Wales, twenty-one species of cercariae have been encountered. The present paper deals with four cercariae of the Gymnocephalous group. Two new species of Agilis cercariae are described in detail; Cercaria Sphaeridiotrema globulus is recorded from Britain for the first time and the occurrence of Cercaria lophocerca noted
A New Species of the Genus Astiotrema Looss, 1900 with a Key to its Species
Authors: Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: June 2009

Yeh Liang-Sheng and Fotedar (1958) reviewed the genus Astiotrema Looss, 1900 and considered A. reniferum, A. impletum, A. odhneri and A. monticelli as the only valid species of the genus. They transferred A. emydis Esjmont, 1930 to Leptophallus Lühe, 1909 without giving any reason. However, recently Grabda-Kazubska (1961) has rightly revalidated A. emydis. Since the revision of the genus by Yeh Liang-Sheng and Fotedar (1958), three more species have been added. They are A. geomydia Siddiqui, 1958, A.sudanensis Khalil, 1959, and A. trituri Grabda, 1959.
On the Structure of Wuchereria bancrofti Adults from India, with a Note on Male Specimens from British Guiana and Fiji
Authors: Buckley J. J. C. , Singh S. N.
Published: June 2009

The present study of the morphology of a few specimens of W. bancrofti from India reveals no significant differences from previous published descriptions, with the exception of those of Maplestone (1929) and Maplestone & Rao (1939), which were also concerned with Indian specimens. In the writers' opinion, the male tail does not possess caudal alae supported by pedunculated papillae; moreover the grouping of the papillae in the Indian specimens follows the pattern originally outlined by Leiper (1913), and not the conjectured pattern of Maplestone (1929, 1939). The present description confirms that (1) there are 8 circumoral papillae forming 2 circles, an inner and an outer of 4 each, and that there are 2 lateral amphids; (2) there is an unpaired papilla immediately anterior to the cloacal aperture in the male; (3) There are cuticular striations in the male on the ventral surface only, anterior to the cloacal apertur; (4) there is a subterminal triangular piece, heavily cuticularised, at the distal end of the right spicule; (5) the female tail bears numerous minute cuticular bosses and on the left side, posterior to the anus, there is a single phasmid.
Studies on the Biology of some Oxyurid Nematodes. I. Factors in the Development of Eggs of Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz
Authors: Anya A. O.
Published: June 2009

An investigation of the factors necessary in the development of eggs of the mouse pinworm, A. tetraptera, outside the host, have shown that both oxygen and a suitable temperature (20–30°C.) are necessary. Development at high temperatures (37°C.) leads to a reduction in the number of infective eggs. It has also been demonstrated that there exists in the development of the infective eggs, a period of incubation during which the infective larvae within the eggs, though morphologically well-developed, are incapable of hatching.
Helminth Parasites of Wildfowl from Slimbridge, Gloucestershire. II. Parasites of wild mallard
Authors: Avery R. A.
Published: June 2009

Twenty species of helminth parasites were found in the alimentary canal of thirty mallard caught in the decoy at Slimbridge.
Preliminary Observations on the Ultrastructure of the Body Wall of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Stranack F. R. , Woodhouse M. A. , Griffin R. L.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the metasomal body wall of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis has been studied.

The cuticle was seen to be pierced by numerous pores leading into tubular channels of the striped layer which appeared to have connections with the endoplasmic reticulum deeper in the body wall. The inner edge of the body wall was perforated by a number of channels which, it was thought, might form the final link in a chain of ramifying channels leading from the exterior of the parasite to the pseudocoel. The syncytial cytoplasm of the body wall was thought to be supported by the network of strands forming the felt layer.
The Neascus (Posthodiplostomulum) Stage ofPosthodiplostomutn nanumDubois and an Experimental Determination of Part of the Life Cycle
Authors: Williams Modupe O.
Published: June 2009

Williams and Chaytor (1966) reported the presence of encysted strigeid trematode larvae on the muscles and liver ofEpiplatys sexfasciatusandE. senegalensiscollected from a stream at Hastings, Sierra Leone. Out of 253 fishes examined 89 or 35% were infected with the parasite.

The parasites when fed to day-old chicks or cattle egrets gave rise to adults which were identified asPosthodiplostomutn nanumDubois, 1937.
The Effect of Cambendazole on Trichinella spiralis Infections in Mice
Authors: Duckett M.G. , Denham D.A.
Published: June 2009

Gavage administration of cambendazole at 50 mg/kg was found to eliminate a 7 hour Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Cambendazole was also found to be highly active against the muscle phase of trichinosis. Partial activity was also indicated against migratory larvae and adult worms. Cambendazole appears to have a sterilising effect on adult T. spiralis. It is postulated that cambendazole has potential therapeutic value.
Abnormal development of a filarial worm, Brugia patei (Buckley, Nelson and Heisch), in a mosquito host, Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus van Thiel
Authors: Oothuman Pakeer , Simpson M. G. , Laurence B. R.
Published: June 2009

The morphology of abnormal development of the filarial worm Brugia patel in a mosquito host, Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, is described. Development was very variable, from little growth beyond the microfilarial stage to the complete development of two infective stage larvae in one mosquito. The majority of larvae developed beyond the microfilarial stage but integrated differentiation did not occur. In the most bizarre larval development, the intestinal and the rectal cells prolapsed and then attempted to differentiate outside the body of the filarial larva. It is concluded that the abnormal development of the filarial larvae in this mosquito host is due to the host reaction elicited by the developing larvae, apparent as melanisation 48–78 hours after ingestion by the mosquito, often localised specifically over the excretory and anal vesicles.
Studies with Brugia pahangi 10. An attempt to demonstrate the sharing of antigenic determinants between the worm and its hosts
Authors: McGreevy P. B. , Ismail M. M. , Phillips T. M. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

Infective stage Brugia pahangi that were reared in Aedes aegypti survived equally well in cats that had
previously been immunized against mosquito tissue and in a normal cat. The survival of third, fourth, juvenile, adult and microfilarial stages of B. paliangi that were recovered from cats was similar in jirds that had been immunized against cat antigens and in normal jirds. Host antigenic determinants were not detected on the surface of larvae in substantial amounts using fluorescent antibody techniques. It is unlikely that B. paliangi evades the immune response of its vertebrate hosts by masquerading as ‘self’ behind host antigens.
Studies on Dracunculus medinensis (Linnaeus) III. Structure of the Phasmids in the First-Stage Larva
Authors: Muller R. , Ellis D.S.
Published: June 2009

The phasmids of the first-stage larva of Dracunculus medinensis were paired, each consisting of a single cell with a lumen connected to the exterior by a closable duct. The cell consisted of an outer region filled with mitochondria and an inner region consisting of endoplasmic reticulum bordering the lumen, whose inner surfaces was supported by a fibrillar framework. There were a pair of cilia projecting into the lumen of each cell and two nerve bundles at the base in direct continuity with a branch of the lateral nerve. The lumen of the phasmidial cell contained acid mucopolysaccharides and esterases.
Observations on the Development of a new Filaria (Breinlia booliati, Singh and Ho, 1973) of a Rat Rattus sabanus in the Mosquito Aedes togoi
Authors: Ho Beng-Chuan , Singh Mulkit , Lim Boo-Liat
Published: June 2009

The development of the larvae of Breinlia booliati a new filarial parasite of the forest rat Rattus sabanus in Aedes togoi is described. Complete larval development to the infective stage occurred in the fat body of the head, the thorax, and especially the abdomen of the mosquito. The first moult occurs at 7 days and the second at 11 days. As the larvae grow very rapidly in length, the parts of the parasitized fat body cells which harbour the developing larvae take on a syncytial appearance. By the 11th day, the larvae move out from the fat body into the haemocoele. The infective forms are found in the proboscis at the 12th day after the infecting blood meal.
Observations on the Morphology and Biology of Echinococcus grantdosus (Batsch, 1786) of Goat-Dog Origin
Authors: Pandey V. S.
Published: June 2009

In the present goat-dog material great individual variation was observed in the rostellar hooks. The strobila had either 3 or 4 segments in the gravid worms. The position of the genital pore was near the middle in the mature segments and posterior to the middle in the gravid segments. There were more testes anterior (average 27) than posterior (average 18) to the genital pore but they usually extended even behind the vitellaria. The cirrus sac was either elongated or pear shaped. The ovary was bilobed and uterus sacculated.
Serological Investigations with Loa loa Antigens
Authors: Ogunba E. O.
Published: June 2009

Antigens prepared from adult worms and microfilariae of Loa loa were used for an assessment of the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of double immuno-diffusion in agar gel, haemagglutination and fluorescent antibody tests.

Both antigens formed a broad band which moved slowly towards the cathode on electrophoresis, and each antigen separated into two protein fractions when passed through Sephadex G-200.

Both precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies were detected in sera from Loa loa patients. The haemagglutination test and fluorescent antibody test were sensitive in detecting Loa loa antibodies and would be of diagnostic value, but the double diffusion test in agar-gel was insensitive and would have a limited value in loiasis diagnosis.
Rapidity and Duration of Hatching of St. Lucian Schistosoma mansoni Eģģs in Outdoor Habitats
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments were carried out to investigate the rapidity and duration of hatching of S. mansoni ova under simulated field conditions, using B. glabrata to detect miracidia hatching from infested faeces.

2. Hatching times varied according to consistency of the stool. Hatching started at 4 hours and ended at 32 hours for blended stools; started within 24 hours and ended within 48 hours for soft stools; and started at 32 hours and ended at 128 hours for hard stools.

3. Survival of B. glabrata was poor in the blended-stool experiments, but excellent in the soft-stool and hard-stool experiments.
On Two Capillariid Nematodes Parasitic in British Water Shrews (Neomys fodiens Schr.)
Authors: Bernard J.
Published: June 2009

Several years ago, thanks to a grant obtained from the British Council, I spent a fortnight in Oxford at the Bureau of Animal Population. During this stay, I was able to trap some small mammals in a wood near Oxford. Among these mammals were several water shrews, Neomys fodiens Schr., which were brought to Belgium to be put in the collection of the State Entomological Research Station.
Adult worms of a ‘Dipetalonema’ sp. from the dermis of cattle in the Sudan
Authors: Mustafa M. B. , Khalil L. F. , Bianco A. E.
Published: June 2009

Adult worms of a filarial parasite have been found during a survey of cattle at Wau Municipal Abbatoir, Bahr El Ghazal Province, Sudan. Two intact male worms were recovered but no females have been encountered as yet. Both worms were found within intradermal tissues at the umbilicus, and came from separate animals of the longhorned variety of indigenous Zebu cattle, Bos indicus. They were unencapsulated in the tissues from which they were isolated by dissection, fixed in 10% (v/v) formal saline and examined by phase microscopy. Dimensions were calculated from camera lucida drawings and are given as mean values for the two specimens.
Immunity to tapeworms: acquired resistance toHymenolepis citelliin the mouse
Authors: Alghali Sidit. O.
Published: June 2009

The dynamics of secondary infections withHymenolepis citelliin mice are described. A primary infection of one and six cysticercoids for 21 days sensitized CFLP male mice against homologous challenge infections. Acquired resistance was manifested mainly as stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms. The severity of stunting depended on the intensity of the primary infection. Secondary worms were not expelled more rapidly than primary worms but the protective response retards growth early in challenge infections. Sensitization of mice for seven days with six or 24 cysticercoids did not confer a measurable protective response, whereas priming by the same regime for 21 days induced a significant Protective response. Acquired resistance to challenge waned with time in the absence of the primary Worms. The growth and survival of a six-cysticercoid primary infection was enhanced by the administration of the immunosuppressant drug cortisone acetate. Worms from cortisone-treated mice Were heavier than those from untreated controls. Acquired resistance to homologous challenge was also Partially ablated in cortisone-treated mice. It is suggested that rejection of primary infections and stunting/destrobilation of secondary worms may be immunologically mediated.
Studies on the Malayan forest rat filaria, Breinlia booliati: Periodicity and microfilaraemic patterns during the course of infection
Authors: yap Eu-Hian , Ho Beng-Chuan , Singh Mulkit , Kang Kim-Lian , Lim Boo-Liat
Published: June 2009

Breinlia booliati exhibited nocturnal subperiodicity in its natural host, Rattus sabanus in contrast to experimentally infected laboratory-reared albino rats which showed irregular fluctuations of microfilariae throughout the 24 hour cycle. All the infected albino rats showed a prepatent period between 11–14 weeks postinoculation. Three patterns of microfilaraemia were discerned during the course of infection. 38/49 rats displayed a single peak, 4/49 displayed 2 peaks about 12–15 weeks apart and 7/49 showed a sustained high plateau-like pattern of microfilaraemia.

Cortisone had no effect on microfilarial levels when administered to rats near postpatcncy and some at postpatency.
On the Nematode and Trematode Parasites of some Small Mammals from the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Thomas R. J.
Published: June 2009

(1) A survey was made of the trematode and nematode parasites of Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Sorex araneus from the islands of Raasay, Ulva and Scalpay.

(2) The following species have been recorded:—

A. sylvaticus:

Trematodes—

Lyperosomum villa

Brachylaemus recurvum

Nematodes—

Capillaria muris-sylvatici

Heligmosomum glareoli*

Syphacia stroma
The Longevity of some Species of Helminth Parasites in Naturally Acquired Infections of the Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus L., in Britain
Authors: Ellis Catherine , Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

1. Ninety-six lesser black-backed gulls, Larus fuscus L., captured at about 6 weeks of age, were kept in captivity for up to 2⅛ years. At intervals some gulls were killed and examined for helminth parasites, of which 14 species were found comprising 4 species of Trematoda, 5 species of Cestoda and 5 species of Nematoda.

2. Nine of the 14 species are commonly found in Holarctic gulls and may be regarded as characteristic members of the helminth fauna of these birds. Six species are recorded from L. fuscus for the first time.

3. The life span of different species of helminth parasites in L. fuscus varied from 2 months to 2⅛ years; few specimens lived in their host for more than one year. During captivity there was a marked decline in the variety of the helminth fauna of individual gulls, as well as a general decline in the incidence and intensity of infection with individual species of parasites. There was one exception, the tape-worm Tetrabothrius cylindraceus, which increased in incidence and maintained a fairly even intensity of infection in L. fuscus over 21 months. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasite and the host.
Uptake of diethylcarbamazine by microfilariae and adults of Litomosoides carinii and Dlpetalonema viteae
Authors: Srivastava† V. M. L. , Singh D. P. , Chatterjee R. K. , Sen A. B.
Published: June 2009

Mierofilariae of Litomosoides carinii and Dipetalonema viteae absorbed about ten times as much diethylcarbamazine (DEC) as did their adults, but bound much less. The higher uptake of DEC by the microfilariae might be related to the fact that DEC is microfilariae Binding of DEC: with the parasites supports the view that the microfilarcidal action begins with the fixation of the drug to the microfilariae.
A Review of the Genus Aulolaimus de Man, 1880 (Axonolaimidae: Aulolaiminae n. subfam.) with Notes on the Synonymy of the Genus Pandurinema Timm, 1957
Authors: Jairajpuri M. Shamim , Hooper David J.
Published: June 2009

Aulolaimus oxycephalus de Man, 1880 is redescribed with observations on the lectotype male and on specimens from England. The definition of the family Axonolaimidae Sch. Stek. and de Coninck, 1933 is emended to include reflexed ovaries. Aulolaiminae n.subfam. is proposed, within the Axonolaimidae, for the genera Aulolaimus de Man, 1880 and Pseudoaulolaimus Imamura, 1931. A. meyli Loof, 1961 is considered to be a species inquirenda. Pandurinema Timm, 1957, is made a synonym of Aulolaimus and further observations are made on A. filiformis (Timm, 1957) n.comb.
Tetragomphius arctonycis n.sp. from the Pancreatic Ducts of a Mustelid, Arctonyx collaris
Authors: Jansen J.
Published: June 2009

In the autumn of 19G6 the writer received two samples of nematodes, containing over a hundred specimens, which were found in the pancreatic ducts of the mustelid Arctonyx collaris. The two host animals arrived from Bangkok, one already dead; the other died in the Zoological Garden of Emmen a week after arrival.
The epidemiology of Echinococcu infection in Kuwait
Authors: Hassounah O. , Behbehani K.
Published: June 2009

Infection of dogs with E. granulosus is recorded for the first time in the State of Kuwait and observations on 204 dogs from different suburbs showed an infection rate of 23.039%. Cattle, sheep, goats and camels killed for public consumption in the period 6th April to 6th May, 1975, in a slaughter house were inspected and the rate of infection with E. granulosus cysts was recorded. The possible methods of transmission from animals and dogs to man is discussed.
Tapeworms from Philippine birds, with three new species of Raillietina (Raillietina)
Authors: Deardorff Thomas L. , Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2009

13 species of ccstodcs from 13 species of Philippine birds are reported from Palawan Island. Raillietina (R.) palawanensis n. sp., from Chalcophaps i. indica, has three or four testes, and a cirrus pouch 93 to 108 µm long, 28 to 45 µm wide, and its egg capsules are 10 to 12 µm long, seven to nine µm wide, each containing four to six eggs. Raillietina (R.) passeriformicola n. sp., from Gracula religiosa palawanensis, has seven to nine testes, and a cirrus pouch 134 to 170 µm long, 47 to 68 µm wide. Its egg capsules are 79 to 115 µm wide, containing 7 to 12 eggs each. Raillietina (R.) fischthali n. sp., from Ducula aenea palawanensis, has 12 to 15 testes, and a cirrus pouch 130 to 150 µm long, 52 to 72 µm wide. Its egg capsules are 130 to 200 µmi wide each containing 50 to 70 eggs. Raillietina (R.) johri Ortlepp, 1938, is redescribed. Anonchotaenia chauhani Mukherjee, 1965 is shown to be a junior synonym of A. gaugl Singh, 1952.
Host-parasite relationships between Paragonimus ohirai and various crabs. I. Morphology of the metacercariae parasitic in Sesarma (Holontetopus) dehaani and S. (H.) haematocheir
Authors: Hashiguchi Y. , Kono S. , Hirai H.
Published: June 2009

According to Miyazaki (1974), 25 species belonging to the genus Paragonimus have been found in the world. In Japan, five species of the lung flukes, viz., P. westermani, P. ohirai, P. iloktsuenensis, P. miyazakii and P. sadoensis have been known up to date. P. ohirai metacercariae are found in the liver, and in the body and leg muscles of the brackish water crabs, Sesarma (Holometopus) dehaani, S. (H.) haematocheir, S. (Sesarma) intermedium, Helice tridens tridens and Chasmagnathus convexus.
HaplorchoidesChen, 1949 (Haplorchinae: Heterophyidae) in freshwater fishes
Authors: Pande B. P. , Shukla R. P.
Published: June 2009

Two metacercariae ofHaplorchoides, recorded in the fingerlings of over a dozen species of freshwater fishes, are described and illustrated. Oyigerous flukes were recovered from older specimens of two species of fishes procured from the same locality. Comparison of taxonomic characters of the juveniles and adults suggests that they are conspecific. The metacercariae and adults are assigned to two new species,Haplorchoides pearsoniandH. mehrai. The observations, presented herein, necessitated a review of the species named under this genus and a revision of the generic diagnosis. The reports on fish intermediaries ofH. attenuatushave been enlarged.
Trematodiasis in Turkey: comparative efficacy of triclabendazole and niclofolan against natural infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep
Authors: Güralp N. , Tinar R.
Published: June 2009

A new fasciolicide, triclabendazole, tested at single oral dose rates of 5 and lOmg/kg body-weight, proved to be highly effective (>99%) against chronic field infections of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in sheep. The Performance of the new drug compared favourably with niclofolan at the recommended dose. Neither product was effective against Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum spp.
Toxocara canis infection in dogs in Beersheba, Israel
Authors: Cross Ellis M. , Zeitan Ronan , Torok Viola
Published: June 2009

In the desert city of Beersheba, Israel, a survey was made of the infection rate of Toxocara canis in dogs. 3.0% of dogs destroyed at the municipal dog pound had intestinal T. canis. 7% of faecal samples gathered from day care centres throughout the city were shown to contain T. canis eggs. This low rate of infection could possibly be explained by the hot, arid climatic conditions which may render eggs non-infective or by the sandy soil in the area that may cover faeces containing T. canis ova and make the eggs unavailable to other dogs.
Experimental and computational characterization of hydrodynamic expansion of a preformed plasma from thin-foil target for laser-driven proton acceleration
Authors: SAGISAKA AKITO , NAGATOMO HIDEO , DAIDO HIROYUKI , PIROZHKOV ALEXANDER S. , OGURA KOICHI , ORIMO SATOSHI , MORI MICHIAKI , NISHIUCHI MAMIKO , YOGO AKIFUMI , KADO MASATAKA
Published: June 2009

We characterize the electron density distributions of preformed plasma for laser-accelerated proton generation. The preformed plasma of a titanium target 3 μm thick is generated by prepulse and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of a high-intensity Ti:sapphire laser and is measured with an interferometer using a second harmonic probe beam. High-energy protons are obtained by reducing the size of the preformed plasma by changing the ASE duration before main pulse at the front side (laser incidence side) of the target. Simulation results with two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code are close to the experimental results for low-density region ~4 × 1019 cm−3 at the front side. In the high-density region near to the target surface, the interferometry underestimates the density due to the substantial refraction. The characterization of hydrodynamic expansion with the interferometer and simulation is a useful tool for investigation of high-energy proton generation.
A new species of Petractis (Ostropales s. lat., lichenized Ascomycota) from Wales
Authors: ORANGE Alan
Published: May 2009

Petractis nodispora is described as a new species, characterized by an endolithic thallus with Trentepohlia as photobiont, immersed apothecia, 3-septate, halonate ascospores, and very distinctive multicellular conidia. Nuclear ribosomal SSU and LSU sequences show that it is closely related to P. luetkemuelleri, but its relationship to the type species of Petractis, P. clausa, is unclear.
Notes on Ticks. II.
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The following descriptions relate to a new species of Amblyomma in all its stages, to two species of Haemaphysalis of which diagnoses of the males and females are given, and to the hitherto unknown larva of Ixodes putus:
Artificially transformed schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni: mechanism of acquisition of protection against antibody-mediated killing
Authors: Tavares C. A. P. , Cordeiro M. N. , Mota-Santos T. A. , Gazzinelli G.
Published: June 2009

Incorporation of labelled amino acid into tegumental proteins and acquisition of protection by schistosomula against antibody-mediated killingin vitrowere simultaneously stimulated by serum factors and inhibited by puromycin. Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns with fluorographic autoradiography indicates that the majority of proteins in the parasite tegument were labelled with the isotope after incubation for 3 h. No new, clearly defined band was observed in the autoradiography pattern. During this period a decreasing susceptibility of the schistosomula to antibody plus complement was observed. Quantitative fluorescence assay shows that schistosomula insensitive to antibody plus complement were still able to bind the same amount of antibody as the unprotected parasites. Pre-culture of schistosomula in the presence of inactivated normal rabbit serum also decreased the susceptibility of the parasites to thein vivokilling mechanism.
Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: IV. Experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly Challenge
Authors: Nantulya V. M. , Doyle J. J. , Jenni L.
Published: June 2009

Groups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense spread over a period of 8 days. The mice were subsequently treated with Berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. The group of mice which received 12–15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of T. congolense. These mice were also immune to challenge by flies infected with a different bloodstream variable antigen type derived from this same stock. The immunity was stock-specific and directed against the metacyclic forms of the parasite, but was short-lived.
A simple staining technique to demonstrate the sporozoite refractile globule in coccidian parasites
Authors: Peirce M. A.
Published: June 2009

A staining technique was developed for locating the sporozoites of Eimeria spp. in both mammalian and avian hosts. Bouin-fixed tissues embedded in Paraffin wax and cut at a thickness of 3 μg were stained by a controlled sequence of Ehrlich's haematoxylin, acid fuchsin and aniline blue–orange G–acetic acid which took only 30 min to perform. The refractile globule of the sporozoite stained a brilliant crimson whilst the tissue had an overall blue colour, thus enabling rapid scanning of material under low-power magnification. The granules of eosinophils and heterophils also stained a brilliant crimson and their significance in immunological responses indicates a wider application for this technique.
Studies of antigens inPlasmodium yoelii
Authors: Panton Lindsey J. , Knowles G. , Walliker D.
Published: June 2009

Antigens of three lines of the rodent malaria parasitePlasmodium yoeliihave been studied using crossed immunoelectrophoresis.P. y. yoeliiline A1is a mild line which is restricted to reticulocytes.P. y. yoeliiline YM andP. y. nigeriensisline D1are virulent infections which multiply in both immature and mature erythrocytes. One antigen, designated Py-1, was found to differ in its electrophoretic mobility between the lines, being fast (F) in lines A1and YM and slow (S) in line D1. Antigen Py-1 also varied in quantity among the three lines; greater amounts were detected in parasites inhabiting mature erythrocytes than in those in reticulocytes. These characters were stable during blood and mosquito passage.
Field trials of an asexual blood stage malaria vaccine: studies of the synthetic peptide polymer SPf66 in Thailand and the analytic plan for a phase IIb efficacy study
Authors: Ballou W. R. , Blood J. , Chongsuphajaissidhi T. , Gordon D. M. , Heppner D. G. , Kyle D. E. , Luxemburger C. , Nosten F. , Sadoff J. C. , Singhasivanon P. , White N. J. , Webster K. H. , Wittes J. , Wongsrichanalai C.
Published: June 2009

Several years ago the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) initiated an independent analysis of the candidate malaria blood stage vaccine SPf66. WRAIR contracted for the synthesis and formulation of SPf66 in United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspected laboratories within the U.S., and in 1992, filed an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA. Preclinical studies indicated that the vaccine could be synthesized to meet its release specifications, and when adjuvanted with alum, was essentially equivalent to Colombian produced SPf66 in regards to immunogenicity in preclinical studies of rodents and primates, and in human volunteers in Phase I studies. The goal of these efforts was ultimately to conduct a Phase IIb field trial to determine the safety and efficacy of SPf66 produced under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Such a trial is currently underway in a malaria endemic refugee camp along the Thai–Burmese border. Here we briefly describe the study and present the formal analytic plan that was submitted to regulatory authorities in the United States for analysis of the study results. We believe such independent confirmatory studies are an essential part of the vaccine development process and are required to provide important data regarding the safety and efficacy of candidate vaccines in diverse geographical regions, and as a means to assess their role in the context of broader malaria control programmes.
Observations on the Division of Spirochaetes
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

The morphology of the spirochaetes has proved in recent years a fruitful source of controversy. One has only to look through some of the vast literature on the subject to be convinced that the time has not yet come for drawing final conclusions, so varied and so contradictory are the observations by different well-accredited authors.
Note of a case of Intestinal Infection in Man, with the Larva of Homalomyia canigularis
Authors: Soltau A. Bertram
Published: June 2009

The specimen of the larva of H. canicalaris was obtained from the stool of an adult man, who gave the following history:

He had been in good health and had not been conscious of any intestinal disorder. On the morning of the 28th of May he happened to look down into the pan of the closet after passing a motion and noticed that there was considerable movement taking place in the motion, which was partially formed. This movement was due to the presence of a large number of larvae, several of which crawled up the edge of the pan. He secured one and brought it to me in a bottle, and it was then alive and moving vigorously about the bottle. It maintained its vitality so long as it was in my possession, and until it was despatched to Cambridge for identification.
Note on a case of Intestinal Myiasis
Authors: Garrood J. R.
Published: June 2009

The following case of Intestinal Myiasis occurred in a boy about twelve years of age, in normal health, who brought to me in September 1909 what he took to be “worms” discharged with his faeces. He said he did not feel anything abnormal but saw a mass of the creatures upon and in his freshly-voided faeces. He called his mother, and she stated to me afterwards that the “worms were in a cluster like a swarm of bees,” they were crawling about the faecal mass which was loose in character, as had been the case for several days. They varied considerably in size, as did the specimens brought to me. The mass of creatures would have filled one or two tablespoons.
A note on the application of Giemsa's Romanowsky stain to the blood and tissues of marine Invertebrates
Authors: Drew G. Harold
Published: June 2009

This method is especially applicable to the blood and body fluids of Invertebrates in which true clotting does not occur, and in which the proportion of proteid substances in the serum is not high.
On some more protozoan parasites from Trichoptera
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper (Journal of Parasitology, 1910, III. pp. 245—54) I described a new trichomonad (Trichomastixc trichopterorum) and a spirochaete from the hind-gut of certain trichopterous larvae. I also mentioned the occurrence along with these parasites of another peculiar flagellate, which, at the time, I was disposed to consider as closely related to Macrostoma caulleryi, Alexeieff.
On a disease in man following tick-bites and occurring in Lourenço Marques
Authors: Sant' Anna José F.
Published: June 2009

The grass in the vicinity of the town of Lourenço Marques is often infested by larval ticks, especially in places frequented by cattle. These ticks are so numerous as to constitute a veritable scourge, since they attack a variety of animals, and man is frequently a victim to their onslaughts. The ticks are especially prevalent in July and August. Their bites may produce merely a local effect, but in some persons general symptoms may follow.
The ova of Schistosoma japonicum and the absence of spines
Authors: Woolley Paul G. , Huffman Otto V.
Published: June 2009

The observations recently set forth by Dr Leiper, and by Dr Sambon in a discussion, have led us to re-examine the ova of S. japonicum in the material which we have at hand. This material was described previously by one of us together with a report of some comparative measurements of the ova of this species of trematode furnished by Dr Shiga.
Notes on Ticks. I
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In a paper published last year, I described the female, nymph and larva of Ixodes caledonicus. Having regard to the views expressed in my recent paper on the adaptation of ticks to the habits of their hosts, I wrote to Mr William Evans, in Edinburgh, asking him, if possible, to kindly search the dove-cot at Dunipace, Stirlingshire, for the missing male which he would probably find in the habitat of the host, the domestic pigeon. On 25 May, 1911, Mr Evans discovered two ticks, a male and female in copula, in the dove-cot, and he sent the specimens to me for identification. The female accords with my published description of caledonicus. The male is here described for the first time, and it is interesting to find that it agrees in structure and habits with what was to be expected according to the theory advanced by me in the second paper I have referred to.
Aerial contamination as a fallacy in the study of amoebic infections by cultural methods
Authors: Wells R. T.
Published: June 2009

Dysentery is usually classified as (i) bacillary, and (ii) amoebic.

In 1898 Shiga described a bacillus (B. dysenteriae, also known as Shiga's bacillus), as the cause of epidemic dysentery in Japan. Since then his observations have been, in the main, confirmed. Other varieties of dysentery bacilli have been described and “Bacillary Dysentery” seems now to be a well-defined disease capable of study by ordinary bacteriological methods.
The Mode of Multiplication of Piroplasma bovis, P. Pitheci in the Circulating Blood compared with that of P. Canis, with Notes on other species of Piroplasma
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

In stained preparations Piroplasma canis, P. bovis and P. pitheci may be distinguished from other intracorpuscular parasites by the presence of intracorpuscular pyriform bodies, usually occurring in pairs and less commonly in fours, eights and sixteens. These pyriform bodies show a dense mass of chromatin near the pointed end and a loose mass, often connected with the dense mass, situated towards the blunt end. In suitable preparations peculiar dividing forms, most typically repre-sented by trilobed forms or more or less pyriform bodies joined to a single smaller rounded or elongated mass of protoplasm, may be seen.
Liver Rot of Sheep, and Bionomics of Limnaea truncatula in the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: June 2009

1. Certain flocks in the Aberystwyth Area having suffered considerably from Liver Rot, a Survey of the Agricultural Zoology was carried out between October, 1913, and October, 1916, special attention being given to the above disease and the bionomics of the host snail L. truncatula.

2. The Area comprised some 250 sq. miles of North Cardiganshire, etc., including Plynlymon, and falls into six natural divisions.

3. The presence of the disease has caused a number of local modifications in farm practice, designed to prevent, or mitigate losses. The disease was found to be on the wane within the Area, though endemic in certain places.

4. L. truncatula and L. peregra are the only abundant local species of the Genus. Considerable differences occur in the distribution of these two species. L. peregra was only studied in order to better understand the habits of L. truncatula. This latter species occurs in shallow water floored with Diatomaceous clayey mud, and is absent from soft mud, and peat. There is a marked coincidence between the distribution of clay and L. truncatula, and L. truncatula and Liver Rot.

5. The growth of the snails takes place throughout the year unless interrupted by drought or severe frost. Ova are deposited in March–April and hatch in May. The resulting snails, when they become adults, measure about 5 mm. in length. They in turn deposit ova during June–July. Drought usually limits further progress until the late Autumn, the snail being often very scarce during August–September.

6. Desiccation speedily kills L. truncatula. Local environmental conditions—rainfall, aspect, soil, vegetation, etc.—play a very important part in respect to its survival. Rainfall and its distribution through the year is the most important factor governing the increase, spread, and infectivity of the snail.

7. The ova masses dry rapidly and then resemble a hard inconspicuous scale. They resume their former size and shape when moisture returns, and many appear to be able to hatch subsequently, though the amount of desiccation they will withstand is not yet determined. In spite of prolonged droughts, L. truncatula re-appears, unless ditches, etc., have been cleaned out.

8. Roadside ditches are very frequently inhabited by infected snails and the drainage from them may be the cause of cases of rot.

9. Cercariae of D. hepaticum were obtained from L. truncatula in large numbers practically throughout the year; but not from snails measuring less than 4·5 mm. in length. Seventy cercariae were given off naturally, within 48 hours, from one specimen measuring 7 mm. in length. Heavily parasitized snails are adversely affected. A few cercariae, resembling those of D. hepaticum were obtained once from L. peregra.
A Practical Hot Air Disinfestor
Authors: Orr Harold
Published: June 2009

The Hot Air Disinfestor herein described is the outcome of experiments undertaken in 1915, at the instigation of Colonel G. S. Rennie, C.M.G., then A.D.M.S., Canadians, Shorncliffe, in an effort to devise a satisfactory solution of the louse problem.
A Contribution to the Life-history of a Gnathostome
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

The family Gnathostomidae contains several genera and a fair number of species of nematodes of rather aberrant type and of uncertain affinities. As pointed out by Baylis and Lane (1920) in their excellent revision of the family, there is little doubt but that it should be included in the superfamily Spiruroidea. The subfamily Gnathostominae is characterised by the possession of a head bulb containing four closed membranous hollow structures, called ballonets by Baylis and Lane, connected posteriorly with four elongate sac-like structures designated cervical sacs. Three genera are recognised in this sub-family as follows:Tanqua, in which the head bulb is provided with transverse cuticular ridges, andEchinocephalusandGnathostomain which the head bulb is provided with rows of thorn-like spines. InEchinocephalusthe body is smooth and destitute of cuticular spines, whereas inGnathostomaall or a large part of the body has rows of cuticular spines on the posterior edges of the annulations. The first two genera are parasitic in the intestinal tract of cold-blooded vertebrates, whereasGnathostomaapparently has its normal habitat in the stomach wall of mammals, as Baylis and Lane have pointed out.
Lernaea (Lernaeocera) elegans n.sp, a Parasitic Copepod of Anguilla japonica
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Record. During November 1924, by the courtesy of Seizo Takeda, I received from the Yogyo Shikenjyo (Piscicultural Experiment Station) at Kitajima near Toyohashi, Japan, the head of a small Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, whose buccal cavity appeared to be completely filled with about forty parasites belonging to the genus usually known as Lernaeocera, but to which Wilson (1917, p. 3) has given reasons for restoring the name Lernaea Linnaeus. (See Note, p. 251.)