bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smooth Muscle Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Plays a Critical Role in Formation and Rupture of Cerebral Aneurysms in Mice In Vivo
Authors: Hasan David M. , Starke Robert M. , Gu He , Wilson Katina , Chu Yi , Chalouhi Nohra , Heistad Donald D. , Faraci Frank M. , Sigmund Curt D.
Published: April 2015

Vascular inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, whereas dominant-negative mutations in PPARγ promote atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction. We tested the role of PPARγ in aneurysm formation and rupture. Aneurysms were induced with a combination of systemic infusion of angiotensin-II and local injection of elastase in (1) mice that received the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, (2) mice carrying dominant-negative PPARγ mutations in endothelial or smooth muscle cells, and (3) mice that received the Cullin inhibitor MLN4924. Incidence of aneurysm formation, rupture, and mortality was quantified. Cerebral arteries were analyzed for expression of Cullin3, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)1 (NQO1), and inflammatory marker mRNAs. Neither pioglitazone nor GW9662 altered the incidence of aneurysm formation. GW9662 significantly increased the incidence of aneurysm rupture, whereas pioglitazone tended to decrease the incidence of rupture. Dominant-negative endothelial-specific PPARγ did not alter the incidence of aneurysm formation or rupture. In contrast, dominant-negative smooth muscle–specific PPARγ resulted in an increase in aneurysm formation (
P
<0.05) and rupture (
P
=0.05). Dominant-negative smooth muscle–specific PPARγ, but not dominant-negative endothelial-specific PPARγ, resulted in significant decreases in expression of genes encoding Cullin3, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, along with significant increases in tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, CD68, matrix metalloproteinase-3, -9, and -13. MLN4924 did not alter incidence of aneurysm formation, but increased the incidence of rupture (
P
<0.05). In summary, endogenous PPARγ, specifically smooth muscle PPARγ, plays an important role in protecting from formation and rupture of experimental cerebral aneurysms in mice.
Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Vascular Remodeling Induced by Angiotensin II
Authors: Takayanagi Takehiko , Kawai Tatsuo , Forrester Steven J. , Obama Takashi , Tsuji Toshiyuki , Fukuda Yamato , Elliott Katherine J. , Tilley Douglas G. , Davisson Robin L. , Park Joon-Young , Eguchi Satoru
Published: April 2015

The mechanisms by which angiotensin II (AngII) elevates blood pressure and enhances end-organ damage seem to be distinct. However, the signal transduction cascade by which AngII specifically mediates vascular remodeling such as medial hypertrophy and perivascular fibrosis remains incomplete. We have previously shown that AngII-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation is mediated by disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17 (ADAM17), and that this signaling is required for vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy but not for contractile signaling in response to AngII. Recent studies have implicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hypertension. Interestingly, EGFR is capable of inducing ER stress. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that activation of EGFR and ER stress are critical components required for vascular remodeling but not hypertension induced by AngII. Mice were infused with AngII for 2 weeks with or without treatment of EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, or ER chaperone, 4-phenylbutyrate. AngII infusion induced vascular medial hypertrophy in the heart, kidney and aorta, and perivascular fibrosis in heart and kidney, cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertension. Treatment with erlotinib as well as 4-phenylbutyrate attenuated vascular remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy but not hypertension. In addition, AngII infusion enhanced ADAM17 expression, EGFR activation, and ER/oxidative stress in the vasculature, which were diminished in both erlotinib-treated and 4-phenylbutyrate–treated mice. ADAM17 induction and EGFR activation by AngII in vascular cells were also prevented by inhibition of EGFR or ER stress. In conclusion, AngII induces vascular remodeling by EGFR activation and ER stress via a signaling mechanism involving ADAM17 induction independent of hypertension.
Neo-Orientalism and the e-Revolutionary: Self-Representation and the Post-Arab Spring
Authors: Mohamedou Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould
Published: April 2015

The uprisings of 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa opened the way for a potential reimagining of the role of the Arab socio-political militant and the work of the public intellectual. Much change was achieved and the action of postmodern social activists played a central role in this historical undertaking. Deeper examination of the discourse and subsequent positioning of a large segment among these newer actors reveal, in the post-Arab Spring period, neo-Orientalist traits whereby Western metropolis concerns and phraseology overtake the domestic requirements of political transition. Self-representing themselves and their theatres by way of borrowed perspectives proceeding from external, paternalistic logics has led this new generation of actors to a series of contradictions as to the very democratizing rupture and rebirth of the region they have been advocating for. Borrowed prisms and subservient agency are the consequential drivers of this mode, which proceeds paradoxically on claims of independence and ownership.
From Dynamic Events to Deep Causes: Outcomes and Explanations of the Arab Spring
Authors: Brownlee Jason , Masoud Tarek , Reynolds Andrew
Published: April 2015

Attempting to understand the complexities of the Arab Spring is a challenge both methodologically and evidentially. Over a three year period we evolved a problem-driven attempt at theory building and came to see historically rooted structural factors as more satisfying explanatory variables than some of the more proximate arguments proposed to explain the causes and consequences of the Arab Spring. We found that antecedent variables could account for the contrast between countries that experienced successful uprisings and those countries that experienced no uprising at all or an unsuccessful uprising. We found two variables provided significant explanatory leverage. The first was the extent of non-tax hydrocarbon (mainly oil) rents, the second, the nature of the ruling elite and whether the incumbent had inherited power.
Beyond Crisis Management: Governments, Academics, and Strategic Thinking about the Arab Uprisings
Authors: Kinninmont Jane
Published: April 2015

The Arab uprisings prompted the promise of a grand rethink of Western policy towards the region, but four years on there is still a lack of new thinking about new Western strategic approaches to the region, as policymakers have been stretched by the need for immediate, emergency responses to the subsequent series of interconnected crises. This paper lays out some of the differences and overlaps between academic researchers and government policymakers in terms of their interests and approaches. It goes on to identify some of the research that helped to explain – and sometimes presage – the uprisings, and the gaps that became evident in policy analysis. It considers how research interactions have changed as a result, but also how changes to policymakers’ research approaches or analytical frameworks have been limited, as policymakers have been preoccupied with short-term responses to pressing conflicts and crises. Given the different timescales that governments and academic researchers work to, much of the research on the Arab uprisings is only being published now, at a time when the policy agenda has largely moved on to counterterrorism and stabilisation. Yet it remains vitally important to understand the causes of the 2011 unrest, especially as many of the same grievances persist and continue to drive challenges to the status quo, even if these now take different forms to the large-scale, coalition-based and largely peaceful mass protests seen in 2011.
The Mongolian Dog as an Intimate ‘Other’
Authors: Terbish Baasanjav
Published: April 2015

For Mongols their dogs are the most intimate and loveable animals. Dogs also have an important symbolic significance for their owners. Therefore, beating or killing dogs is considered a sin. As a dog’s feeding bowl is considered to be a ‘circle of abundance’, (hishgiin hüree), it is forbidden to step over it. However, dogs are also believed to be a source of pollution and danger. Hence they are kept out of the Mongolian tent (ger) and treated as inferiors. Their feeding bowls see only leftovers. In this article, I examine the reasons for this apparently contradictory treatment of dogs in Mongolia by appealing to traditional cosmology.
Onuphis and Aponuphis (Annelida: Onuphidae) from southwestern Europe,
with the description of a new species
Authors: ARIAS ANDRÉS , PAXTON HANNELORE
Published: April 2015

This study recognises five species of Onuphis and four species of Aponuphis from southwestern Europe, represented in the Bay of Biscay, the Atlantic coasts of Iberia and the western Mediterranean Sea. One species, Onuphis anadonae sp. nov., is newly described and another species, Aponuphis willsiei Cantone & Bellan, 1996 is a new record for the Iberian Peninsula waters. Aponuphis ornata (Fauvel, 1928) and A. willsiei are shown to be tube brooders and the development of the juveniles is described. The usefulness of some Onuphis characters, as well as the size-dependent distribution of branchiae and chaetae, complicating Aponuphis species identification, are discussed. We are presenting descriptions and photographs of the distinctive Aponuphis colour pattern which we recommend as an identificatory tool instead. A dichotomous key to all species is included.
Two new species of Grylloblatta Walker, 1914 (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) from western North America, and a neotype designation for G. rothi Gurney 1953
Authors: MARSHALL CHRISTOPHER J. , LYTLE DAVID A.
Published: April 2015

Grylloblatta rothi Gurney, 1953 is redescribed and a neotype is designated from Cultus Mountain in the Oregon Cascades, U.S.A. Two new species of Grylloblatta are described, bringing the total number of Grylloblatta species to 15. Grylloblatta chintimini new species is described from Marys Peak in the Coast Range of Western Oregon, where it occurs on snowpack near the 1250 m summit. Grylloblatta newberryensis new species is described from Newberry Volcano in Central Oregon, where it is associated with snowfields overlying geologically-young lava flows. Morphological characters, primarily derived from male genitalia, are presented to diagnose these species and differentiate them from other Grylloblatta spp. in Oregon, Washington, and California. Molecular sequences from the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene suggest that significant divergence has occurred among these species and provide a tool to aid identification of juvenile and female specimens.
A Hybrid Cloud Regime Methodology Used to Evaluate Southern Ocean Cloud and Shortwave Radiation Errors in ACCESS
Authors: Mason Shannon , Fletcher Jennifer K. , Haynes John M. , Franklin Charmaine , Protat Alain , Jakob Christian
Published: April 2015

A deficit of shortwave cloud forcing over the Southern Ocean is persistent in many global climate models. Cloud regimes have been widely used in model evaluation studies to make a process-oriented diagnosis of cloud parameterization errors, but cloud regimes have some limitations in resolving both observed and simulated cloud behavior. A hybrid methodology is developed for identifying cloud regimes from observed and simulated cloud simultaneously.

Through this methodology, 11 hybrid cloud regimes are identified in the ACCESS1.3 model for the high-latitude Southern Ocean. The hybrid cloud regimes resolve the features of observed cloud and characterize cloud errors in the model. The simulated properties of the hybrid cloud regimes, and their occurrence over the Southern Ocean and in the context of extratropical cyclones, are evaluated, and their contributions to the shortwave radiation errors are quantified.

Three errors are identified: an overall deficit of cloud fraction, a tendency toward optically thin low and midtopped cloud, and an absence of a shallow frontal-type cloud at high latitudes and in the warm fronts of extratropical cyclones.

To demonstrate the utility of the hybrid cloud regimes for the evaluation of changes to the model, the effects of selected changes to the model microphysics are investigated.
Quantifying the Added Value of Snow Cover Area Observations in Passive Microwave Snow Depth Data Assimilation
Authors: Kumar Sujay V. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Arsenault Kristi R. , Getirana Augusto , Mocko David , Liu Yuqiong
Published: April 2015

Accurate determination of snow conditions is important for several water management applications, partly because of the significant influence of snowmelt on seasonal streamflow prediction. This article examines an approach using snow cover area (SCA) observations as snow detection constraints during the assimilation of snow depth retrievals from passive microwave sensors. Two different SCA products [the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)] are employed jointly with the snow depth retrievals from a variety of sensors for data assimilation in the Noah land surface model. The results indicate that the use of MODIS data is effective in obtaining added improvements (up to 6% improvement in aggregate RMSE) in snow depth fields compared to assimilating passive microwave data alone, whereas the impact of IMS data is small. The improvements in snow depth fields are also found to translate to small yet systematic improvements in streamflow estimates, especially over the western United States, the upper Missouri River, and parts of the Northeast and upper Mississippi River. This study thus demonstrates a simple approach for exploiting the information from SCA observations in data assimilation.
Castration Depression: Affect, Signal Affect, and/or Depressive Illness?
Authors: Fleischer Les M.
Published: April 2015

The value of Charles Brenner’s ideas regarding depression is assessed, focusing on the significance of castration depressive affect. His discussion of whether depression is an affect, a signal affect, or an illness is examined, with special emphasis on his failure to sufficiently address depression as an illness or disorder as defined by psychiatry. Clinical material from the analysis of a man who suffers from severe depression suggests that incorporating psychiatric concepts (biological and pharmacological) with modern conflict theory can be a useful way to understand and treat some patients with depression. Theoretical and clinical controversies associated with combining psychiatric/biological and psychoanalytic views of depression are examined.
The challenges of coordination in national security management – the case of the terrorist attack in Norway
Authors: Christensen Tom , Lægreid Per , Rykkja Lise H
Published: April 2015

The article addresses a ‘wicked problem’: Organizing for internal security and societal safety. It examines the central emergency and crisis management under the terrorist attack in Norway in July 2011, with a special focus on the coordinating role of the Ministry of Justice (MJ). Our analysis is based on an in-depth qualitative analysis of relevant official documents and interviews with government officials, using a structural-instrumental and a cultural-institutional perspective to understand outcomes. There is a consensus when it comes to diagnosing the problems, identified as fragmentation, pulverization of accountability and weak coordination arrangements. The organizational changes have been cautious and incremental, however. A gradual upgrading of the MJ as an overarching coordinating ministry does not challenge the existing principles of ministerial responsibility. Suggested solutions are beset with ambiguity and conflicts, and there is a mismatch between problems and available solutions.

Points for practitioners

Challenges of coordination are evident in modern public administration, related to both vertical and horizontal coordination, and particularly so within the field of internal security and crisis management. New Public Management (NPM)-related reforms have created further coordination problems, especially in policy areas and public services that cross sector boundaries. New arrangements, labeled post-NPM reforms, have tried to counter the alleged increasing fragmentation. The challenges are quite evident when it comes to crisis management, where a combination of organizing for coordination and flexibility is necessary. Major crises do not always lead to radical changes, however. Instrumental and formal changes are often mediated by the existing culture. The result is a rather hybrid and multi-layered modern public administration.
Notes From the Field
Authors: Mondal Swadhin
Published: April 2015

In India, rural medical practitioners (RMPs) practice allopathic, homeopathic, and other modern systems of medicine without formal medical training. However, the quality of treatment offered remains questionable. The present study systematically examines the knowledge, practices, and competencies of the RMPs. While about 80% of RMPs can diagnose common diseases and treat them, 25% are involved in inappropriate practices like unsafe abortion and unsafe childbirth. Hence, there is an urgent need for appropriate intervention to reduce potential harm and improve care provided.
Clinical Outcomes, Utilization, and Charges in Persons With Neck Pain Receiving Guideline Adherent Physical Therapy
Authors: Horn Maggie E. , Brennan Gerard P. , George Steven Z. , Harman Jeffrey S. , Bishop Mark D.
Published: April 2015

In efforts to decrease practice variation, clinical practice guidelines for neck pain have been published. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of receiving guideline adherent physical therapy (PT) on clinical outcomes, health care utilization, and charges for health care services in patients with neck pain. A retrospective review of 298 patients with neck pain receiving PT from 2008 to 2011 was performed. Clinical outcomes, utilization, and charges were compared between patients who received guideline adherent care and nonadherent care. Patients in the adherent care group experienced a lower percentage improvement in pain score compared to nonadherent care group ( p = .01), but groups did not significantly differ on percentage improvement in disability ( p = .32). However, patients receiving adherent care had an average 3.6 fewer PT visits ( p < .001) and less charges for PT ( p < .001). Additionally, patients receiving adherent care had 7.3 fewer visits to other health care providers ( p < .001), one less prescription medication ( p = .02) and 43% fewer diagnostic images ( p = .02) but did not differ in their charges to other health care providers ( p = .68) during the calendar year of undergoing PT. Although receiving guideline adherent care demonstrated positive effects on health care utilization and financial outcomes, there appears to be a trade-off with clinical outcomes.
High TPOAb Levels (>1300 IU/mL) Indicate Multifocal PTC in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Patients and Support Total Thyroidectomy
Authors: Dong Shuai , Xia Qing , Wu Yi‐Jun
Published: April 2015

Objective

We aimed to identify whether thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are indicative of multifocal papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) patients and may help to determine necessity for total thyroidectomy.

Study design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Teaching hospital.

Subjects

A total of 808 consecutive patients with HT alone or with HT and unifocal or multifocal PTC were included.

Methods

Preoperative thyroid function tests, TPOAb determination, preoperative ultrasonography, intraoperative frozen biopsy, and postoperative routine pathologic examination to confirm thyroid nodules were performed for all patients. Patients with nodules or malignancy potential on ultrasound and fine‐needle aspiration cytology were included. Patients with hyperthyroidism, concomitant chronic disease, a history of other malignant tumors, or history of major diseases were excluded. All patients underwent surgery, and HT and PTC were confirmed by postoperative pathologic results.

Results

No significant differences were found in age and sex between groups (P >. 05). TPOAb ≤1300 IU/mL were more prevalent in the HT + unifocal PTC group than in the other groups (99.57% vs 15.52% and 60.75%, P <. 001). TPOAb >1300 IU/mL were more prevalent in the HT + multifocal PTC group than in the other groups (84.48% vs 0.43% and 39.25%; P <. 001). Compared to the other groups, the HT + multifocal PTC group had higher percentages of patients with elevated thyroid‐stimulating hormone and positive central lymph node (LN) metastasis (elevated thyroid‐stimulating hormone: 8.7% vs 3.2% and 6.5%, P =. 008; positive central LN metastasis: 74.57% vs 67.38% and 0%, P <. 001).

Conclusion

High TPOAb levels (>1300 IU/mL) are definitive indicators of multifocal PTC in HT patients, which may support surgical treatment with total thyroidectomy.
Prevalence and Severity of Dysphonia in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Willis John , Michael Deirdre D. , Boyer Holly , Misono Stephanie
Published: April 2015

Objective

To assess the prevalence and severity of dysphonia in patients with cystic fibrosis sinusitis. We hypothesized that patients with CF sinusitis, compared with 2 control groups, would have higher self‐reported prevalence of dysphonia and greater severity of dysphonia, according to patient‐reported outcome measures as well as auditory‐perceptual evaluation by expert listeners.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional comparative pilot study.

Setting

Academic tertiary care clinic.

Study Participants and Methods

Analysis included 37 study participants: 17 patients with CF sinusitis, 10 healthy individuals, and 10 patients with non‐CF sinusitis. All participants completed the 10‐item Voice Handicap Index (VHI‐10) questionnaire and provided voice samples. On all samples, 6 blinded speech‐language pathologists independently performed auditory‐perceptual evaluation, using Consensus Auditory‐Perceptual Evaluation of Voice. To assess severity of sinonasal symptoms, we used the 20‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐20). Standard parametric and nonparametric statistical analysis was performed.

Results

The differences between the 3 groups in prevalence of abnormal VHI‐10 scores were not statistically significant. SNOT‐20 scores were similar in the 2 sinusitis patient groups. VHI‐10 scores were highest in patients with CF sinusitis, intermediate in patients with non‐CF sinusitis, and lowest in healthy individuals (P =. 005). Auditory‐perceptual evaluation demonstrated greater overall severity of dysphonia in patients with CF sinusitis compared with the 2 control groups (P =. 0005).

Conclusions

Cystic fibrosis sinusitis appeared to be associated with worse vocal function as measured by patient self‐report as well as auditory‐perceptual evaluation of voice compared with patients with non‐CF sinusitis and healthy controls. Further investigation in this area is warranted.
Conventional and 3‐Dimensional Computerized Tomography in Eagle’s Syndrome, Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia, and Asymptomatic Controls
Authors: Kent David T. , Rath Tanya J. , Snyderman Carl
Published: April 2015

Objective

Eagle’s syndrome (ES) is an aggregate of symptoms, including recurrent throat pain, foreign body sensation, dysphagia, or facial pain related to an elongated styloid process (SP). It resembles glossopharyngeal neuralgia and has been linked to irritation of the glossopharyngeal nerve. This study was designed to determine whether computerized tomography (CT) imaging of the stylohyoid chain (SHC) differs between asymptomatic controls (ACs), patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN), and patients with ES.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary otolaryngology practice.

Subjects and Methods

Conventional and 3‐dimensional CT reconstructions of the SHC were reviewed for 10 ES, 17 GN, and 30 AC patients. Demographic and clinical symptom data were recorded. Anatomic data collected from CT scans included length of the ossified SP, anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral styloid process angulation, ossification pattern of the SHC, and minimum distances between the SP tip, the internal carotid artery, and the tonsillar fossa.

Results

The average distance from the SP tip to the tonsillar fossa was significantly shorter in ES (12.7 mm) compared with GN (21.4 mm; P =. 027) or AC (24.8 mm; P <. 0005) patients. No other variables were significantly different between groups, including average SP length (ES: 48.0 vs GN: 40.3 vs AC: 40 mm; P >. 05).

Conclusion

The SP was significantly closer to the tonsillar fossa in patients with ES compared with ACs. No significant differences were found in other measures. Distance to the tonsillar fossa may be a more appropriate diagnostic criterion for ES than SP length and may contribute to the pathophysiology of ES.
Alpha generation in portfolio management: Long-run Australian equity fund evidence
Authors: Bennett Scott , Gallagher David R , Harman Graham , Warren Geoffrey J , Xi Lihui
Published: April 2015

This study provides the first long-run analysis of the skill of active Australian equity fund managers based on trades inferred from a market-wide database of monthly portfolio holdings over the period 1994–2009. In addition to confirming previous findings that skill exists amongst active Australian managers using a more comprehensive sample, we also deepen the understanding of this skill in two ways. First, we sharpen the identification of skill by categorizing trades. We find that alpha is concentrated in trades that are more likely to involve informed trading rather than portfolio rebalancing. Second, we investigate skill across manager types. Alpha for growth-oriented managers is found to stem from selection skill, while that for value managers appears more related to characteristic exposure. We also find stronger evidence of skill amongst boutique firms relative to more institutionalized managers.
A Multicomponent Measure of Writing Motivation With Basic College Writers
Authors: MacArthur Charles A. , Philippakos Zoi A. , Graham Steve
Published: April 2015

The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a measure of motivation for use with basic college writers that would measure self-efficacy, achievement goals, beliefs, and affect. As part of a design research project on curriculum for community college developmental writing classes, 133 students in 11 classes completed the motivation scales at the beginning and end of the semester along with measures of writing quality. Single factors were found for self-efficacy and affect. For goal orientation, factors were found for mastery, performance, and avoidance goals. For beliefs, factors were found for beliefs related to the content of writing and to conventions. Anticipated patterns of correlations among the factors were found. The validity of the scales was further supported by significant differences in the anticipated direction between higher and lower level classes on five of seven factors. In addition, significant changes were noted from pretest to posttest in the anticipated direction on six of seven factors.
Peer Victimization and Social-Emotional Functioning
Authors: O’Brennan Lindsey M. , Waasdorp Tracy E. , Pas Elise T. , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: April 2015

The present longitudinal study used a social-ecological framework to explore the extent to which peer victimization and aggression were associated with changes in concentration problems and emotion regulation among elementary students in general versus special education, while accounting for student demographics and school contextual factors. Data come from a multilevel, longitudinal dataset including 7,314 students (kindergarten through Grade 2) across 37 elementary schools. Multilevel analyses indicated that on average, students in special education had worse trajectories, including higher concentration problem scores and lower emotion regulation skills over time than students in general education. Children who were victimized and in special education displayed significantly more concentration problems and worse emotion regulation skills at baseline as compared with other students. The findings highlight the risks associated with prolonged victimization among children in special education. Implications for prevention programming targeting social-emotional functioning and special education populations are discussed.
The essence of trade unions: understanding identity, ideology and purpose
Authors: Hodder Andy , Edwards Paul
Published: April 2015

Academics have long investigated trade union behaviour through the complex interaction of identity, ideology and purpose. At the same time, there have been increasing calls to gain a deeper understanding of the purpose of strategies but the two bodies of literature seldom overlap. The article proposes a framework to help understand the essence of trade unions and to situate strategies (such as organizing) in this broader context and bridge the gap between the literature on union purpose and identity and on strategies for renewal. It is argued that the essence of unions framework can assist with the analysis of both historical and contemporary trade unionism and allows both clarification and consideration of the range of concepts and terms already in use in the industrial relations literature.
Research on the importance of tool–workpiece separation in ultrasonic vibration–assisted milling
Authors: Abootorabi Zarchi Mohammad Mahdi , Razfar Mohammad Reza , Abdullah Amir
Published: April 2015

In recent years, various reasons for improvement of performance and efficiency in ultrasonic vibration–assisted machining processes have been reported, which were mostly descriptive and without sufficient analytical and empirical proofs. Among the different machining processes, the least amount of experimental data and analytical relations exist about ultrasonic-assisted milling. In this article, for the first time in ultrasonic-assisted milling, we have determined the times of tool–workpiece engagement and their separation from each other in each vibration cycle and then investigated the influence of vibration amplitude and cutting speed on tool–workpiece effective engagement in ultrasonic-assisted milling. Contrary to ultrasonic-assisted turning, cutting time in each vibration cycle in ultrasonic-assisted milling is different from each other. With the aid of comprehensive experiments at tool–workpiece engagement angles smaller than 90°, we have proved that the main reason for average cutting force decrease in ultrasonic-assisted milling compared with conventional milling is the separation of tool and workpiece that occurs in a portion of each vibration cycle, and other factors such as change of friction behavior have less importance. At investigated tool–workpiece engagement angles, experimental and analytical results agree with each other.
Gender Diversity Programs, Perceived Potential for Advancement, and Organizational Attractiveness
Authors: Olsen Jesse E. , Parsons Charles K. , Martins Luis L. , Ivanaj Vera
Published: April 2015

We conducted an experimental study to compare the effects of organization-sponsored gender diversity management programs on women’s evaluations of organizational attractiveness in two countries: the United States and France. Importantly, we examined perceived potential for advancement as a mediator of the relationship, thus elaborating on an underlying mechanism implied by signaling theory. Results from a sample of 230 women in the United States and France provided overall support for the model. We found that country and individual characteristics affect how diversity management signals are translated into perceptions of the organization. We discuss the theoretical and practical contributions of the study, as well as limitations and opportunities for future research.
Executive Function Coaching: Assisting With Transitioning From Secondary to Postsecondary Education
Authors: Goudreau Shara B. , Knight Melissa
Published: April 2015

Objective: ADHD is defined as impairment to self-regulatory behavior and executive functioning (EF). Many students with other learning disabilities (LD) also experience EF impairments. With the rising number of students with ADHD and LD enrolling in higher education, it is important to recognize the challenges these students face and to provide effective support when transitioning from secondary to postsecondary school. This article examines the challenges of the transition from secondary to postsecondary environments, specifically with the student diagnosed with ADHD and/or other LD. Method: Scholarly articles relating to the efficacy of EF coaching as well as students with ADHD and/or other LD transitioning from secondary to postsecondary school were examined and then considered for best practices in EF coaching. Results: Although the literature supports that EF coaching can improve EF skills, there is a paucity of empirical studies that examines the efficacy of EF coaching (Franklin & Franklin, 2012). The literature also supports the use of EF coaching for students with ADHD and/or LD when transitioning from highschool to college, however limited research has been published to date. Conclusion: With the finite research available in the field of coaching, recommendations for future consideration and research is included to support the need for evidence-based programs. An EF coaching model at Lynn University’s Institute for Achievement and Learning (IAL) is discussed and addresses how students are supported during their first year at the University.
The choice of candidate-centered electoral systems in new democracies
Authors: Shin Jae Hyeok
Published: April 2015

Most studies of candidate-centered electoral systems, that encourage politicians to seek personal votes, have focused on the impact of such institutions. This paper focuses instead on their origins in new democracies. It hypothesizes that voter demands for local and individual benefits and party access to government resources for such benefits are likely to lead politicians to choose a candidate-centered electoral rule during a transition to democracy. Cross-national quantitative studies of 97 new democracies from 1950 to 2008 support these claims, revealing that (1) the poorer the average voter, the more likely a candidate-centered electoral institution will be adopted and (2) where incumbent governing parties are more influential in selecting new rules, candidate-centered electoral systems are more likely to be selected. Nonetheless, (3) in highly developed countries even those governing party members tend to opt for a party-centered system; conversely, (4) in extremely less-developed countries even opposition politicians, who would otherwise select a party-centered electoral system, are likely to choose a candidate-centered system if they are dominant at the time of writing the new institution. These findings shed light on the endogeneity of electoral systems and suggest a powerful impact of social context on institutional choice. The paper also contributes more generally to theories of electoral system choice.
Evidential in Persian editorials
Authors: Shokouhi Hossein , Norwood Clodagh , Soltani Sadeq
Published: April 2015

Based on the analysis of 267 tokens derived from editorial columns primarily drawn from two Persian newspapers, following on earlier studies by Chafe, Jahani, Lazard, Dahl, Adel, and Dafouze, and inspired by a series of Hyland’s studies on metadiscourse signals, this study has aimed at investigating evidential markers in these columns. In order to come to grips with the types of evidentials, first, we classify them into two major types – inferential and reportative; the reportative evidentials are further classified into four types. The reportative classification is based, in the first place, on whether the source of information comes from an individual or from a government body, hence institutional. The further classifications are based on their identifiability/specificity. Results show that inferential evidentials comprise about 15% of all the tokens. Among the four reportative types, those whose source is individual and identified/specified and those that are institutional and unidentified/unspecified, coded as TYPE 1 and TYPE 4, respectively, have the highest frequency. The results overall show that Persian editorials in these two papers feature a high frequency of attribution of information to identified sources when the source is individual (TYPE 1), but to unidentified sources when the source is institutional (TYPE 4). The results also support other authors (e.g. Lazard) who claim that the imperfective (progressive) aspect marker mi-, which is frequent in Persian, is a marker worthy of consideration in evidentiality.
Lessons Learned in the Surgical Treatment of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Over 10 Years
Authors: Likes Kendall C. , Orlando Megan S. , Salditch Quinn , Mirza Serene , Cohen Anne , Reifsnyder Thomas , Lum Ying Wei , Freischlag Julie A.
Published: April 2015

Objective:

To evaluate our extensive experience over a decade in the treatment of patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) who underwent first rib resection and scalenectomy (FRRS).

Methods:

Patients treated with FRRS for NTOS from 2003 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed using a prospectively maintained database.

Results:

Over 10 years, 286 patients underwent 308 FRRS. During the first 5-year period, 127 FRRS were performed (96 F, 31 M), with an average age of 36.9 years. During the second 5-year period, 181 FRRS were performed (143 F, 38 M), with an average age of 33 years. A total of 24 children (age ≤18years) underwent FRRS, 9 during the first 5 years and 15 during the second 5 years. When comparing the second 5-year period to the first 5-year period, patients were younger ( P = .066), reported a significantly shorter length of preoperative symptoms (35.4 vs 52.1 months, P < .01), prior narcotic use decreased from 31.5% to 23.8% ( P < .05), and a history of prior surgical intervention on the ipsilateral side (head, neck, and shoulder) increased from 30.1% to 51.9% ( P < .01). Use of lidocaine blocks as a diagnostic tool (57%-35.4%, P = .06) and Botox blocks as a therapeutic tool (29.1%-12.7%, P < .01) decreased in the second 5 years with similar positive results. Improved or fully resolved symptoms following FRRS increased from 89% in the first 5 years to 92.8% in the second 5 years. Average length of follow-up over the 10-year period was 13.4 months.

Conclusion:

Excellent results were seen in this surgical series reported for NTOS. Younger patients with shorter duration of symptoms with less narcotic use led to even better FRRS results in the second 5 years of surgical intervention. An established vascular practice for referrals for NTOS resulted in an increased number of appropriate patients for surgical intervention, requiring fewer lidocaine and/or Botox injections preoperatively.
The function of contextual knowledge: A videotaped class session in France
Authors: Schelle Carla
Published: April 2015

This paper concerns seeing; specifically, what should and what can be seen in a classroom situation in a progressive school in Paris. It focuses on a lesson given in a foreign cultural context and the possibility of documenting it and reconstructing it: first, as far as possible, unaffectedly and out of context, to achieve comparative and interpretative classroom research. The emphasis will be on the way the subject matter is set up and the role the learners assume. It will become apparent that technical recordings, which are helpful in allowing literal transcriptions and descriptions, tempt us into abandoning objectiveness, thereby overlooking certain facts and circumstances. Only contextual information that is subsequently acquired, and repeated considerations of the actions/practices of individual participants, will allow for a new perspective of observations. It is the possibility of videography that renders actions and reactions ‘visible’, revealing that which had formerly gone unnoticed.
Promoting the rights and responsibilities of children: a South Australian example
Authors: George Emma , Schmidt Casey , Vella Grace , McDonagh Imelda
Published: April 2015

In 2014, the Parafield Gardens Children’s Centre for Early Childhood Development and Parenting was recognised as a Global Peace School – Early Years (GPSEY). During the recognition process, a project promoting the rights and responsibilities of children and families was facilitated. Partnering with children and families in decision making was a project priority. Young children had an active role in decision making. Through age-appropriate activities and discussions, children and families developed deeper understanding of child rights, peace building, global awareness and social inclusion. Educational staff were supported to enhance this child rights focus. A GPSEY recognition celebration acknowledged child rights and the community’s cultural diversity. The outcome of GPSEY recognition is significant but the process that fostered community ownership, participation and social inclusion is worth noting. Involving children in decision making and development promotes their rights and responsibilities; this can make a positive difference for children locally, and globally.
Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes - More Common Than You Think
Authors: Gehlaut Richa Redhu , Dogbey Godwin Y. , Schwartz Frank L. , Marling Cynthia R. , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: April 2015

Background:

Hypoglycemia is often the limiting factor for intensive glucose control in diabetes management, however its actual prevalence in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not well documented.

Methodology:

A total of 108 patients with T2DM wore a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 5 days. Rates and patterns of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability (GV) were calculated. Patient and medication factors were correlated with rates, timing, and severity of hypoglycemia.

Results:

Of the patients, 49.1% had at least 1 hypoglycemic episode (mean 1.74 episodes/patient/ 5 days of CGMS) and 75% of those patients experienced at least 1 asymptomatic hypoglycemic episode. There was no significant difference in the frequency of daytime versus nocturnal hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia was more frequent in individuals on insulin (alone or in combination) ( P = .02) and those on oral hypoglycemic agents ( P < .001) compared to noninsulin secretagogues. CGMS analysis resulted in treatment modifications in 64% of the patients. T2DM patients on insulin exhibited higher glycemic variability (GV) scores (2.3 ± 0.6) as compared to those on oral medications (1.8 ± 0.7, P = .017).

Conclusions:

CGMS can provide rich data that show glucose excursions in diabetes patients throughout the day. Consequently, unwarranted onset of hypo- and hyperglycemic events can be detected, intervened, and prevented by using CGMS. Hypoglycemia was frequently unrecognized by the patients in this study (75%), which increases their potential risk of significant adverse events. Incorporation of CGMS into the routine management of T2DM would increase the detection and self-awareness of hypoglycemia resulting in safer and potentially better overall control.
Analysis
Authors: van Beers Cornelis A. J. , DeVries J. H.
Published: April 2015

In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Nakamura and Balo report on accuracy and efficacy of the Dexcom G4 Platinum Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. The authors demonstrate good overall performance of this real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) system, although accuracy data of the next generation RT-CGM system, the G4AP, is already available. Also, now that MARDs seem to move to single-digit numbers, the question comes up how low we need to go with accuracy. Results of the study also showed a reduction in time spent in hypoglycemia, although the clinical relevance should be questioned. To date, few trials have demonstrated a reduction of severe hypoglycemia. Conventional RT-CGM, without threshold suspension or closing the loop, might be insufficient in preventing severe hypoglycemia.
A dynamic model of applicant faking
Authors: Roulin Nicolas , Krings Franciska , Binggeli Steve
Published: April 2015

In the past years, several authors have proposed theoretical models of faking at selection. Although these models greatly improved our understanding of applicant faking, they mostly offer static approaches. In contrast, we propose a model of applicant faking derived from signaling theory, which describes faking as a dynamic process driven by applicants’ and organizations’ adaptations in a competitive environment. We argue that faking depends on applicants’ motivation and capacity to fake, which are determined by individual differences in skills, abilities, and stable attitudes, as well as by perceptions of the competition, but also on applicants’ perceived opportunities versus risks to fake, which are contingent upon organizations’ measures to increase the costs of faking. We further explain how selection outcomes can trigger adaptations of applicants, such as faking in subsequent selection encounters, and of organizations, such as changes in measures making faking costly for applicants in the long term.
Effect of variant transformations in fusion zones of gas metal arc welds
Authors: Béreš M. , Abreu H. F. G. , Santos L. P. M. , Davies C. M. , Dye D.
Published: April 2015

The macro- and microtextures of gas metal arc welds fabricated using both conventional ferritic and low transformation temperature (LTT) filler metals were examined. Both welds were largely composed of acicular ferrite. The weld textures were found to be distinct, which is observed to be due to variant selection during the austenite to ferrite transformation. In situ electron backscatter diffraction performed during thermal cycling of the LTT fusion zone into the austenite phase field confirmed that these transformations satisfy the expected crystallographic relationships. Implications for welding consumable design and finite element process modelling are drawn.
Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome after hematopoietic cell transplantation: evidence of occult infectious etiologies
Authors: Seo Sachiko , Renaud Christian , Kuypers Jane M. , Chiu Charles Y. , Huang Meei-Li , Samayoa Erik , Xie Hu , Yu Guixia , Fisher Cynthia E. , Gooley Ted A. , Miller Steven , Hackman Robert C. , Myerson David , Sedlak Ruth H. , Kim Yae-Jean , Fukuda Takahiro , Fredricks David N. , Madtes David K. , Jerome Keith R. , Boeckh Michael
Published: April 2015

Key Points

In patients with previously diagnosed IPS, more than half (57%) had pathogens detected by currently available diagnostic methods. Detection of a pathogen was significantly associated with high mortality regardless of significance of pathogenicity in lung.