bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating Motherhood and the Role of the Head Athletic Trainer in the Collegiate Setting
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M.
Published: September 2016

Context: Motherhood has been identified as a barrier to the head athletic trainer (AT) position. Role models have been cited as a possible facilitator for increasing the number of women who pursue and maintain this role in the collegiate setting.

Objective: To examine the experiences of female ATs balancing motherhood and head AT positions in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II and III and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics settings.

Design: Qualitative study.

Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions II and III and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics.

Patients or Other Participants: A total of 22 female head ATs (average age = 40 ± 8 years) who were married with children completed our study. Our participants had been certified for 15.5 ± 7.5 years and in their current positions as head ATs for 9 ± 8 years.

Data Collection and Analysis: We conducted online interviews with all participants. Participants journaled their reflections on a series of open-ended questions pertaining to their experiences as head ATs. Data were analyzed following a general inductive approach. Credibility was confirmed through peer review and researcher triangulation.

Results: We identified 3 major contributors to work-life conflict. Two speak to organizational influences on conflict: work demands and time of year. The role of motherhood, which was more of a personal contributor, also precipitated conflict for our ATs. Four themes emerged as work-life balance facilitators: planning, attitude and perspective, support networks, and workplace integration. Support was defined at both the personal and professional levels.

Conclusions: In terms of the organization, our participants juggled long work hours, travel, and administrative tasks. Individually and socioculturally, they overcame their guilt and their need to be present and an active part of the parenting process. These mothers demonstrated the ability to cope with their demanding roles as both moms and head ATs.
Modulation of the Fibularis Longus Hoffmann Reflex and Postural Instability Associated With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Kim Kyung-Min , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan A. , Hertel Jay
Published: September 2016

Context:

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) present with decreased modulation of the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) from a simple to a more challenging task. The neural alteration is associated with impaired postural control, but the relationship has not been investigated in individuals with CAI.

Objective:

To determine differences in H-reflex modulation and postural control between individuals with or without CAI and to identify if they are correlated in individuals with CAI.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 15 volunteers with CAI (9 males, 6 females; age = 22.6 ± 5.8 years, height = 174.7 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 74.9 ± 12.8 kg) and 15 healthy sex-matched volunteers serving as controls (9 males, 6 females; age = 23.8 ± 5.8 years, height = 171.9 ± 9.9 cm, mass = 68.9 ± 15.5 kg) participated.

Intervention(s):

Maximum H-reflex (Hmax) and motor wave (Mmax) from the soleus and fibularis longus were recorded while participants lay prone and then stood in unipedal stance. We assessed postural tasks of unipedal stance with participants' eyes closed for 10 seconds using a forceplate.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We normalized Hmax to Mmax to obtain Hmax : Mmax ratios for the 2 positions. For each muscle, H-reflex modulation was quantified using the percentage change scores in Hmax : Mmax ratios calculated from prone position to unipedal stance. Center-of-pressure data were used to compute 4 time-to-boundary variables. Separate independent-samples t tests were performed to determine group differences. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated between the modulation and balance measures in the CAI group.

Results:

The CAI group presented less H-reflex modulation in the soleus (t26 = −3.77, P = .001) and fibularis longus (t25 = −2.59, P = .02). The mean of the time-to-boundary minima in the anteroposterior direction was lower in the CAI group (t28 = −2.06, P = .048). We observed a correlation (r = 0.578, P = .049) between the fibular longus modulation and mean of time-to-boundary minima in the anteroposterior direction.

Conclusions:

The strong relationship indicated that, as H-reflex amplitude in unipedal stance was less down modulated, unipedal postural control was more impaired. Given the deficits in H-reflex modulation and postural control in the CAI group, the relationship may provide insights into the neurophysiologic mechanism of postural instability.
Extended Use of Kinesiology Tape and Balance in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Jackson Kristen , Simon Janet E. , Docherty Carrie L.
Published: September 2016

Context

Participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have been shown to have balance deficits related to decreased proprioception and neuromuscular control. Kinesiology tape (KT) has been proposed to have many benefits, including increased proprioception.

Objective

To determine if KT can help with balance deficits associated with CAI.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Thirty participants with CAI were recruited for this study.

Intervention(s)

Balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). Participants were pretested and then randomly assigned to either the control or KT group. The participants in the KT group had 4 strips applied to the foot and lower leg and were instructed to leave the tape on until they returned for testing. All participants returned 48 hours later for another BESS assessment. The tape was then removed, and all participants returned 72 hours later to complete the final BESS assessment.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Total BESS errors.

Results

Differences between the groups occurred at 48 hours post–application of the tape (mean difference = 4.7 ± 1.4 errors, P < .01; 95% confidence interval = 2.0, 7.5) and at 72 hours post–removal of the tape (mean difference = 2.3 ± 1.1 errors, P = .04; 95% confidence interval = 0.1, 4.6).

Conclusions

The KT improved balance after it had been applied for 48 hours when compared with the pretest and with the control group. One of the most clinically important findings is that balance improvements were retained even after the tape had been removed for 72 hours.
Evaluation of an Algorithm to Predict Menstrual-Cycle Phase at the Time of Injury
Authors: Tourville Timothy W. , Shultz Sandra J. , Vacek Pamela M. , Knudsen Emily J. , Bernstein Ira M. , Tourville Kelly J. , Hardy Daniel M. , Johnson Robert J. , Slauterbeck James R. , Beynnon Bruce D.
Published: September 2016

Context

Women are 2 to 8 times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than men, and previous studies indicated an increased risk for injury during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle (MC). However, investigations of risk rely on retrospective classification of MC phase, and no tools for this have been validated.

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of an algorithm for retrospectively classifying MC phase at the time of a mock injury based on MC history and salivary progesterone (P4) concentration.

Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Participants

Thirty-one healthy female collegiate athletes (age range, 18−24 years) provided serum or saliva (or both) samples at 8 visits over 1 complete MC.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Self-reported MC information was obtained on a randomized date (1−45 days) after mock injury, which is the typical timeframe in which researchers have access to ACL-injured study participants. The MC phase was classified using the algorithm as applied in a stand-alone computational fashion and also by 4 clinical experts using the algorithm and additional subjective hormonal history information to help inform their decision. To assess algorithm accuracy, phase classifications were compared with the actual MC phase at the time of mock injury (ascertained using urinary luteinizing hormone tests and serial serum P4 samples). Clinical expert and computed classifications were compared using κ statistics.

Results

Fourteen participants (45%) experienced anovulatory cycles. The algorithm correctly classified MC phase for 23 participants (74%): 22 (76%) of 29 who were preovulatory/anovulatory and 1 (50%) of 2 who were postovulatory. Agreement between expert and algorithm classifications ranged from 80.6% (κ = 0.50) to 93% (κ = 0.83). Classifications based on same-day saliva sample and optimal P4 threshold were the same as those based on MC history alone (87.1% correct). Algorithm accuracy varied during the MC but at no time were both sensitivity and specificity levels acceptable.

Conclusions

These findings raise concerns about the accuracy of previous retrospective MC-phase classification systems, particularly in a population with a high occurrence of anovulatory cycles.
Exploring Summer Medical Care Within the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Setting: A Perspective From the Athletic Trainer
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M. , Goodman Ashley
Published: September 2016

Over the last few decades, the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) has made changes related to the increase in sanctioned team activities during summer athletics. These changes may affect how athletic training services are provided.Context:

 To investigate the methods by which athletic training departments of NCAA institutions manage expectations regarding athletic training services during the summer.Objective:

 Mixed-methods qualitative and quantitative study.Design:

 The NCAA Division I.Setting:

 Twenty-two athletic trainers (13 men, 9 women) participated. All were employed full time within the NCAA Division I setting. Participants were 35 ± 8 years of age (range, 26−52 years), with 12 ± 7 years (range, 3−29 years) of athletic training experience.Patients or Other Participants:

 All participants completed a series of questions online that consisted of closed- (demographic and Likert-scale 5-point) and open-ended items that addressed the research questions. Descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, and phenomenologic analyses were completed with the data. Peer review and multiple-analyst triangulation established credibility.Data Collection and Analysis:

 Summer athletic training services included 3 primary mechanisms: individual medical care, shared medical care, or a combination of the 2. Participants reported working 40 ± 10 hours during the summer. Likert-item analysis showed that participants were moderately satisfied with their summer medical care structure (3.3 ± 1.0) and with the flexibility of summer schedules (3.0 ± 1.2). Yet the qualitative analysis revealed that perceptions of summer medical care were more positive for shared-care participants than for individual- or combination-care participants. The perceived effect on the athletic trainer included increased workload and expectations and a negative influence on work-life balance, particularly in terms of decreased schedule flexibility and opportunities for rejuvenation. For many, the summer season mimicked the hours, workload, and expectations of the nontraditional season.Results:

 The NCAA rule changes and medical care expectations affected the summer workload of athletic trainers, but job sharing seemed to help them manage conflict associated with providing summer athletic training services.Conclusions:
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004–2005 Through 2008–2009
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Moran Ryan , Elbin R. J.
Published: September 2016

Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and female concussed athletes.Context:

To examine sex differences in IRs and time loss in concussed National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes.Objective:

Descriptive epidemiologic study.Design:

National Collegiate Athletic Association athletics.Setting:

A total of 1702 concusssed NCAA athletes, consisting of 903 females and 779 males participating in soccer, basketball, ice hockey, lacrosse, softball, or baseball over a 5-year period from 2004–2005 through 2008–2009.Patients or Other Participants:

Using the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program, athletic trainers reported concussions, athlete-exposures (AEs), and time loss across 10 NCAA sports. An IR is the number of injuries in a particular category divided by the number of AEs in that category.Main Outcome Measure(s):

During the study period, 1702 concussions were reported during 4 170 427 AEs for an overall total of 5.47 per 10 000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, females had a 1.4 times higher overall concussion IR than males (IRs = 4.84 and 3.46, respectively), with greater rates in women's baseball/softball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer than men. Female soccer and basketball players also displayed more time loss after concussion compared with male basketball and soccer players.Results:

Female athletes sustained a higher rate of concussion and, in all sports except lacrosse, had greater time loss from concussion than male athletes. Additional research is needed on sex differences in time loss after concussions.Conclusions:
Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Cold-Shower Cooling After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia
Authors: Butts Cory L. , McDermott Brendon P. , Buening Brian J. , Bonacci Jeffrey A. , Ganio Matthew S. , Adams J. D. , Tucker Matthew A. , Kavouras Stavros A.
Published: September 2016

Exercise conducted in hot, humid environments increases the risk for exertional heat stroke (EHS). The current recommended treatment of EHS is cold-water immersion; however, limitations may require the use of alternative resources such as a cold shower (CS) or dousing with a hose to cool EHS patients.Context:

To investigate the cooling effectiveness of a CS after exercise-induced hyperthermia.Objective:

Randomized, crossover controlled study.Design:

Environmental chamber (temperature = 33.4°C ± 2.1°C; relative humidity = 27.1% ± 1.4%).Setting:

Seventeen participants (10 male, 7 female; height = 1.75 ± 0.07 m, body mass = 70.4 ± 8.7 kg, body surface area = 1.85 ± 0.13 m2, age range = 19–35 years) volunteered.Patients or Other Participants:

On 2 occasions, participants completed matched-intensity volitional exercise on an ergometer or treadmill to elevate rectal temperature to ≥39°C or until participant fatigue prevented continuation (reaching at least 38.5°C). They were then either treated with a CS (20.8°C ± 0.80°C) or seated in the chamber (control [CON] condition) for 15 minutes.Intervention(s):

Rectal temperature, calculated cooling rate, heart rate, and perceptual measures (thermal sensation and perceived muscle pain).Main Outcome Measure(s):

The rectal temperature (P = .98), heart rate (P = .85), thermal sensation (P = .69), and muscle pain (P = .31) were not different during exercise for the CS and CON trials (P > .05). Overall, the cooling rate was faster during CS (0.07°C/min ± 0.03°C/min) than during CON (0.04°C/min ± 0.03°C/min; t16 = 2.77, P = .01). Heart-rate changes were greater during CS (45 ± 20 beats per minute) compared with CON (27 ± 10 beats per minute; t16 = 3.32, P = .004). Thermal sensation was reduced to a greater extent with CS than with CON (F3,45 = 41.12, P < .001).Results:

Although the CS facilitated cooling rates faster than no treatment, clinicians should continue to advocate for accepted cooling modalities and use CS only if no other validated means of cooling are available.Conclusions:
Immediate Effect of Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation on Pain and Muscle Activation in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Glaviano Neal R. , Saliba Susan A.
Published: September 2016

For individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP), altered muscle activity and pain are common during functional tasks. Clinicians often seek interventions to improve muscle activity and reduce impairments. One intervention that has not been examined in great detail is electrical stimulation.Context:

 To determine whether a single patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) treatment would alter muscle activity and pain in individuals with PFP during 2 functional tasks, a single-legged squat and a lateral step down.Objective:

 Cohort study.Design:

 Sports medicine research laboratory.Setting:

 A total of 22 individuals with PFP (15 women, 7 men; age = 26.0 ± 7.9 years, height = 173.8 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 75.1 ± 17.9 kg).Patients of Other Participants:

 Participants were randomized into 2 intervention groups: a 15-minute PENS treatment that produced a strong motor response or a 15-minute 1-mA subsensory (sham) treatment.Intervention(s):

 Before and immediately after the intervention, we assessed normalized electromyography amplitude, percentage of activation time across functional tasks, and onset of activation for the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, adductor longus, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius muscles during a single-legged squat and a lateral step down. Scores on the visual analog scale for pain were recorded before and after the intervention.Main Outcome Measure(s):

 After a single treatment of PENS, the percentage of gluteus medius activation increased (0.024) during the lateral step down. Visual analog scores decreased during both the single-legged squat (PENS: preintervention = 2.7 ± 1.9, postintervention = 0.9 ± 0.7; sham: preintervention = 3.2 ± 1.6, postintervention = 2.8 ± 1.9; group × time interaction: P = .041) and lateral step down (PENS: preintervention = 3.4 ± 2.4, postintervention = 1.1 ± 0.8; sham: preintervention = 3.9 ± 1.7, postintervention = 3.3 ± 2.0; group × time interaction: P = .023). No changes in electromyography or pain measures were noted in the sham group.Results:

 The PFP participants who received PENS had immediate improvement in gluteus medius activation and a reduction in pain during functional tasks.Conclusions:
A Meta-Analysis to Determine if Lower Extremity Muscle Strengthening Should Be Included in Military Knee Overuse Injury-Prevention Programs
Authors: Kollock Roger O. , Andrews Corey , Johnston Ashlyn , Elliott Teresa , Wilson Alan E. , Games Kenneth E. , Sefton JoEllen M.
Published: September 2016

Context: Knee overuse injuries are the most common musculoskeletal complaints in military trainees and are common in active-duty warfighters. Muscle strengthening is usually recommended; however, research is conflicting in this area, which makes it difficult to develop effective screening, prevention, and training interventions for warfighters.

Objective: To determine if lower extremity muscular weakness contributes to knee overuse injuries and identify specific muscular involvement.

Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Military & Government Collection and reference lists of relevant articles published between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2013.

Study Selection: For inclusion, requirements were uninjured and injured groups; provision of the sample size, means, and standard deviations for all groups; identification of the specific muscles assessed; and clearly defined knee injury.

Data Extraction: Sample size, sex, and muscle strength means and standard deviations.

Data Synthesis: Twenty-five studies met these criteria. We used the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network algorithm to determine the appropriate tool for appraising article quality. Unweighted random-effects model meta-analyses were conducted. Separate meta-analyses were performed for the moderators of strength measurement scale (absolute or normalized muscle strength), muscle group, and sex. A weighted random-effects model with a Hedges g effect metric and 95% confidence intervals were used for comparison across studies.

Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that individuals with symptoms of a knee overuse injury have lower absolute and normalized hip muscle strength. Specifically, they had lower absolute hip external-rotator, knee-extensor, and knee-flexor strength, as well as lower normalized hip external-rotator, hip-extensor, and hip-abductor strength, compared with asymptomatic control participants. The findings suggest a possible link between lower hip and thigh strength and knee overuse injuries. Further research is needed to determine if weakness is a cause or a result of knee overuse injuries before screening and intervention can be developed for at-risk warfighters.
Quantifying Emergency Department Visits From Sport and Recreation: Focus on the Lower Extremity and Knee, 1997–2009
Authors: Tenan Matthew S.
Published: September 2016

Few authors have reported nationally representative data on the number of sport and recreation (SR) injuries resulting in emergency department (ED) visitation. The existing studies have only provided 1 or 2 years of data and are not longitudinal in nature.Context:

To use a novel algorithmic approach to determine if ED visitation is due to SR, resulting in a substantially larger longitudinal dataset.Objective:

Descriptive epidemiology study.Design:

Hospital.Setting:

The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a stratified random-sample survey of US hospital EDs was combined for years 1997–2009. There were 15 699 unweighted patient visits determined to be from SR.Patients or Other Participants:

A custom algorithm classified SR visits based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification E-code and pattern recognition of narrative text. Sport and recreation visits were assessed by age and categorized according to broad injury classifications. Additional quantification was performed on SR visits for lower extremity and knee-specific injuries. Sample weights were applied to provide national annual estimates.Main Outcome Measure(s):

Annually, 4 243 000 ED visits resulted from SR. The largest classification of injury from SR was sprains and strains (896 000/y). Males had substantially more SR-related ED visits than females (2 929 000/y versus 1 314 000/y). For patients 10–49 years old, 1 093 000 lower extremity and 169 000 knee-specific injury visits annually were from SR. For both injury types, males had a higher rate of ED visitation; however, females had 25% and 39% greater odds of visitation for lower extremity and knee-specific injury, respectively.Results:

The burden on the health system of ED visits from SR was substantial. Males presented in the ED at a higher rate for SR injury, though females had a higher proportion of lower extremity and knee-specific injury ED visitations from SR. This longitudinal analysis of population-level data provides the information to target research on specific subpopulations to mitigate SR injury.Conclusions:
“Playing Through It”: Delayed Reporting and Removal From Athletic Activity After Concussion Predicts Prolonged Recovery
Authors: Asken Breton M. , McCrea Michael A. , Clugston James R. , Snyder Aliyah R. , Houck Zachary M. , Bauer Russell M.
Published: September 2016

Preclinical research has demonstrated a window of vulnerability in the immediate aftermath of concussion wherein continued activity and stimulation can impair or prolong neurobehavioral recovery. However, this concept has not been quantified in a human population.Context:

To examine the effect of delayed reporting and removal from athletic activity after concussion on recovery time.Objective:

Cross-sectional study.Design:

A National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university.Setting:

Ninety-seven athletes who sustained a sport-related concussion between 2008 and 2015 were analyzed (age = 20.4 ± 1.3 years). Athletes were grouped as immediate removal from activity (I-RFA) or delayed removal from activity (D-RFA).Patients or Other Participants:

Days missed was defined as the number of days between the concussion-causing event and clearance for return to contact. Associations between RFA group and prolonged (8 or more days') versus normal (7 or fewer days') recovery were also analyzed.Main Outcome Measure(s):

Fifty (51.5%) of the 97 athletes did not immediately report concussion symptoms. The D-RFA athletes averaged 4.9 more days missed than the I-RFA athletes. Membership in the specific RFA group predicted days missed even after controlling for sex, concussion history, learning disability or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, diagnosed psychological disorder, and acute symptom severity (R 2 change = 0.097, β = .319, P = .002). The D-RFA athletes were approximately 2.2 times more likely to have a prolonged recovery (8 or more days) compared with the I-RFA athletes (χ2 = 10.268, P = .001, φ = 0.325).Results:

Athletes who do not immediately report symptoms of a concussion and continue to participate in athletic activity are at risk for longer recoveries than athletes who immediately report symptoms and are immediately removed from activity. Continuing to participate in athletic activity during the immediate aftermath of a concussion potentially exposes the already injured brain to compounded neuropathophysiologic processes.Conclusions:
Osteoarthritis and the Tactical Athlete: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cameron Kenneth L. , Driban Jeffrey B. , Svoboda Steven J.
Published: September 2016

Objective: Although tactical athletes (eg, military service members, law enforcement personnel, fire fighters) are exposed to several known risk factors, it remains unclear if they are at increased risk for osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between serving as a tactical athlete and the incidence and prevalence of OA.

Data Sources: We completed a comprehensive systematic literature search in November 2014 using 12 bibliographic databases (eg, PubMed, Ovid, SportDiscus) supplemented with manual searches of reference lists.

Study Selection: Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) an aim of the study was to investigate an association between tactical athletes and OA; (2) the outcome measure was radiographic OA, clinical OA, total joint replacement, self-reported diagnosis of OA, or placement on a waiting list for a total joint replacement; (3) the study design was a cohort study; and (4) the study was written in English.

Data Extraction: One investigator extracted data from articles that met all inclusion criteria (eg, group descriptions, measures of disease burden, source of nonexposed controls).

Data Synthesis: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and described retrospective cohort studies. Firefighters, active-duty military service members, and veteran military parachutists consistently had a higher incidence or prevalence of knee, hip, or any OA diagnosis (4 studies). Active-duty pilots and veteran military parachutists may have a higher prevalence of spine OA, but this was not statistically significant (2 studies). Occupational risk factors for OA among tactical athletes include rank and branch of military service. The risk of OA among individuals who completed mandatory national military service remains unclear (6 studies).

Conclusions: The incidence of OA among tactical athletes appears to be significantly higher when compared with nonexposed controls. Further research is needed to specifically identify modifiable risk factors within this high-risk population to develop and implement effective risk-reduction strategies.
Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
Authors: Thomas Abbey C. , Hubbard-Turner Tricia , Wikstrom Erik A. , Palmieri-Smith Riann M.
Published: September 2016

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability whose prevalence and incidence continue to increase. History of joint injury represents an important risk factor for posttraumatic osteoarthritis and is a significant contributor to the rapidly growing percentage of the population with osteoarthritis. This review will present the epidemiology associated with posttraumatic osteoarthritis, with particular emphasis on the knee and ankle joints. It is important to understand the effect of posttraumatic osteoarthritis on the population so that sufficient resources can be devoted to countering the disease and promoting optimal long-term health for patients after joint injury.
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Certified Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of the Benefits of Sport Psychology Services
Authors: Zakrajsek Rebecca A. , Martin Scott B. , Wrisberg Craig A.
Published: September 2016

Context: Certified athletic trainers (ATs) are responsible for integrating relevant professionals into the rehabilitation team to assist with the holistic care of injured athletes.

Objective: To explore National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (DI) ATs' experience with sport psychology consultants (SPCs), willingness to encourage athletes to use SPCs for injury rehabilitation, and perceptions of the benefits of sport psychology services.

Design: Quantitative study.

Setting: A Web-based survey was administered to a national sample of DI ATs.

Patients or Other Participants: A total of 659 (341 men, 318 women) ATs completed the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers' experience with SPCs, willingness to encourage athletes to seek sport psychology services, and perceptions of the benefits of those services in injury-rehabilitation settings were self-reported using a rating scale that ranged from 1 (never or not at all) to 5 (definitely or extremely).

Results: Logistic regression revealed that the availability of SPCs, previous encouragement to athletes to seek sport psychology services, and previous positive interactions with SPCs predicted the ATs' willingness to encourage athletes to use these services (P < .0001). The services ATs rated the highest for injury rehabilitation were managing anxiety and emotion, improving coping techniques, and building confidence (ie, confidence in returning to sport and building confidence). Chi-square analyses indicated that female ATs' ratings of perceived benefits were higher (P ≤ .001) than those of male ATs, and the ratings of ATs who were likely to encourage the use of SPCs were higher (P ≤ .001) than those who were unlikely to encourage SPC service use.

Conclusions: Athletic trainers in our study who had previous positive SPC experiences were most likely to use SPCs and their services during the injury-rehabilitation process. Possible implications are offered for how ATs interested in sport psychology services might call on SPCs to complement their work with injured athletes.
Body Size Changes Among National Collegiate Athletic Association New England Division III Football Players, 1956−2014: Comparison With Age-Matched Population Controls
Authors: Elliott Kayla R. , Harmatz Jerold S. , Zhao Yanli , Greenblatt David J.
Published: September 2016

Context: Collegiate football programs encourage athletes to pursue high body weights.

Objective: To examine position-dependent trends over time in body size characteristics among football players in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) from 1956 to 2014 and to compare the observed absolute and relative changes with those in age-matched male population controls.

Design: Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting: Medical school affiliated with a NESCAC institution.

Patients or Other Participants: Football team rosters from the 10-member NESCAC schools, available as public documents, were analyzed along with body size data from general population males aged 20 to 29 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Main Outcome Measure(s): Body weight, height, and calculated body mass index were evaluated using analysis of variance, linear regression, and nonlinear regression to determine the distribution features of size variables and changes associated with time (year), school, and position.

Results: Among NESCAC linemen, absolute and relative changes over time in body weight and body mass index exceeded corresponding changes in the NHANES population controls. New England Small College Athletic Conference offensive linemen body weights increased by 37.5% from 1956 to 2014 (192 to 264 lb [86.4 to 118.8 kg]), compared with a 12% increase (164 to 184 lb [73.8 to 82.8 kg]) since 1961 in the NHANES population controls. Body mass index changed in parallel with body weight and exceeded 35 kg/m2 in more than 30% of contemporary NESCAC offensive linemen. Among skill players in the NESCAC group, time-related changes in body size characteristics generally paralleled those in the NHANES controls.

Conclusions: High body weight and body mass indices were evident in offensive linemen, even among those in Division III football programs with no athletic scholarships. These characteristics may be associated with adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. We need approaches to encourage risk modification in the postfootball lifestyles of these individuals.
Scapular Upward-Rotation Deficits After Acute Fatigue in Tennis Players
Authors: Rich R. Lyndsey , Struminger Aaron H. , Tucker W. Steven , Munkasy Barry A. , Joyner A. Barry , Buckley Thomas A.
Published: September 2016

Context: Fatigue in overhead athletes reduces shoulder muscular contraction and proprioception. These deficits may lead to alterations in scapular upward rotation, which is associated with multiple chronic shoulder conditions prevalent in tennis players.

Objective: To identify the effect of a functional fatigue protocol on scapular upward rotation in collegiate male tennis players.

Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting: Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants: Twenty healthy male tennis players with no history of shoulder injury completed this study. Participants were divided into 2 groups, experimental (age = 19.4 ± 1.1 years, height = 180.1 ± 8.9 cm, weight = 72.7 ± 11.6 kg) and control (age = 19.6 ± 1.2 years, height = 181.1 ± 6.6 cm, weight = 81.6 ± 13.5 kg).

Intervention(s): Participants in the experimental group performed a tennis-serving protocol until the onset of fatigue. Fatigue was defined as a participant reporting a rating of 15 on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion and reaching a heart rate of 70% of maximum. Instead of completing the fatigue protocol, control participants rested for an interval time matched to the experimental group.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Scapular upward rotation of the dominant arm was measured at rest and at 60°, 90°, and 120° of glenohumeral elevation in the scapular plane. Upward-rotation measurements were taken prefatigue, postfatigue, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise. Scapular upward-rotation values were calculated as change scores from baseline and analyzed using a 2 × 4 mixed-model analysis of variance.

Results: Significant group-by-time interaction effects were found in postfatigue change scores. The experimental group displayed scapular upward-rotation deficits at all testing positions postfatigue (rest: −2.1° ± 1.4°, 60°: −2.2° ± 2.2°, 90°: −3.2° ± 2.1°, 120°: −4.0° ± 1.3°). No differences were observed at 24, 48, or 72 hours after the fatigue protocol.

Conclusions: Fatigue impaired scapular upward rotation in male tennis players, but values returned to baseline within 24 hours. Clinicians should monitor scapular upward rotation in tennis players returning to competition within a day after heavy serving activity.
Content Validation of Athletic Therapy Clinical Presentations in Canada
Authors: Lafave Mark R. , Yeo Michelle , Westbrook Khatija , Valdez Dennis , Eubank Breda , McAllister Jenelle
Published: September 2016

Context: Competency-based education requires strong planning and a vehicle to deliver and track students' progress across their undergraduate programs. Clinical presentations (CPs) are proposed as 1 method to deliver a competency-based curriculum in a Canadian undergraduate athletic therapy program.

Objective: Validation of 253 CPs.

Setting: Canadian universities/colleges and clinical practices.

Patients or Other Participants: Six Canadian Athletic Therapists Association-accredited program directors and 6 athletic therapists with at least 10 years of experience working in both field and clinical athletic therapy settings.

Intervention(s): We surveyed 12 experts who rated the importance and difficulty of 253 CPs using a 100-mm and electronic visual analog scale with extremely important at 1 anchor and irrelevant at the other end. Difficulty was measured in a similar manner anchored by extremely difficulty and extremely easy.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Descriptive statistics for importance and difficulty were tabulated on all CPs. An importance-difficulty index was calculated as a mean score of both importance and difficulty scores.

Results: Data were converted into quartiles to represent a 4-point categorical importance scale to mimic the original categories from the Ebel procedure (ie, essential, important, acceptable, and questionable). Difficulty was likewise converted into quartiles representing a 4-point categorical difficulty scale. Mean importance scores ranged from 99.3 for airway management (ie, most important) to 54 for high altitude cerebral edema (ie, less important). Clinical presentation difficulty scales ranged from 89.8 for biceps contusion (ie, easier) to 21.2 for decompression illness (ie, harder).

Conclusions: These 253 CPs are thought to be representative (ie, valid) of the athletic therapy scope of practice in Canada. To our knowledge, CPs have not been developed in the athletic therapy context prior to this research. We anticipate more will be identified as these CPs are used to align teaching, learning, and assessment within competency-based athletic therapy programs in Canada.
On a Conjecture of Livingston
Authors: Pathak Siddhi
Published: September 2016

In an attempt to resolve a folklore conjecture of Erdös regarding the non-vanishing at s = 1 of the L-series attached to a periodic arithmetical function with period q and values in {−1, 1}, Livingston conjectured the -linear independence of logarithms of certain algebraic numbers. In this paper, we disprove Livingston’s conjecture for composite q ≥ 4, highlighting that a newapproach is required to settle Erdös conjecture. We also prove that the conjecture is true for prime q ≥ 3, and indicate that more ingredients will be needed to settle Erdös conjecture for prime q.
Numerical Analysis of the Mixed 4th-Order Runge-Kutta Scheme of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Approach for the EI Niño-Southern Oscillation Model
Authors: Zhao Xin , Li Jian , Duan Wansuo , Xue Dongqian
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we proposes and analyzes the mixed 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme of conditional nonlinear perturbation (CNOP) approach for the EI Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model. This method consists of solving the ENSO model by using a mixed 4th-order Runge-Kutta method. Convergence, the local and global truncation error of this mixed 4th-order Runge-Kutta method are proved. Furthermore, optimal control problem is developed and the gradient of the cost function is determined.
Bifurcations and Single Peak Solitary Wave Solutions of an Integrable Nonlinear Wave Equation
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Chunhai , Zhu Wenjing
Published: September 2016

Dynamical system theory is applied to the integrable nonlinear wave equation ut±(u3–u2)x+(u3)xxx=0. We obtain the single peak solitary wave solutions and compacton solutions of the equation. Regular compacton solution of the equation correspond to the case of wave speed c=0. In the case of c≠0, we find smooth soliton solutions. The influence of parameters of the traveling wave solutions is explored by using the phase portrait analytical technique. Asymptotic analysis and numerical simulations are provided for these soliton solutions of the nonlinear wave equation.
"Daughter and son: a completely different story”? Gender as a moderator of the relationship between sexism and parental attitudes
Authors: Lipowska Małgorzata , Lipowski Mariusz , Pawlicka Paulina
Published: September 2016

Background

During childhood, parents are the first and most important individuals who form the base of the content of gender stereotypes in children. A parent’s expectations about the extent a child’s behaviour should be line with gender stereotypes also depends on the intensity of a parent’s sexism. A parent’s sexism may be exhibited in parental attitudes. Hence, in our study we analysed the relationship between parental ambivalent sexism and parental attitudes within dyads of mothers and fathers with a special focus on the role of the gender of both parents and children.

Participants and procedure

Two hundred and ninety-four couples of parents of five-year-olds (153 girls, 141 boys) participated. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) was used to measure levels of sexism, and the Parental Attitudes Scale (SPR) was used to assess parental attitudes.

Results

In terms of the profile of parental attitudes, regardless of the child’s sex, mothers and fathers scored highest for inconsequent and demanding attitudes, and lowest for overprotective and autonomy attitudes. The child’s sex is also not important for the overall levels of parents’ sexism – fathers exhibit higher levels of hostile sexism in comparison to mothers. Only the mothers’ education level is important for levels of sexism – women with higher education exhibited the lowest levels of hostile sexism. The child’s sex moderates relationships between parents’ sexism and parental attitudes. In the case of mothers of sons, the intensity of benevolent sexism is negatively related to overprotective and demanding attitudes. The more educated the mothers of sons, the more demanding they were. For fathers of sons, the inconsequence attitude increases under the influence of both hostile and benevolent sexism. Among fathers of daughters, hostile sexism strengthens the overprotective attitude, while levels of both benevolent and hostile sexism as well as education influence the autonomy attitude.

Conclusions

The gender of both the parents and the child moderates the relationship between sexism and parental attitudes. The role of sexism in shaping the attitude of mothers towards sons is the most prominent – it seems that it guards the ‘manliness’ of young boys.
Sharing housework can be healthy: cultural and psychological factors influencing men’s involvement in household maintenance
Authors: Kosakowska-Berezecka Natasza , Korzeniewska Lubomiła , Kaczorowska Marta
Published: September 2016

Following gender prescriptions can affect individuals’ quality of life. Research has shown that the unequal distribution of household labor is correlated with low psychological well-being and family conflict. Therefore, negotiations concerning household and family duties within relationships appear to be an important health-related issue. Additionally, research has shown that couples who have more gender-egalitarian arrangements within their households have better health outcomes if the wider society is more gender egalitarian.

In this literature review, we aim to shed light on the relationship of the equal division of housework between women and men with their health and well-being. We also present selected results from the series of studies conducted during our PAR Migration Navigator project, which explores the practices of gender equality within households and their relationship to individual well-being among Polish couples living in Poland, Polish migrant couples living in Norway, and Norwegian couples living in Norway.
Atmospheric inertia-gravity waves retrieved from level-2 data of the satellite microwave limb sounder Aura/MLS
Authors: Hocke Klemens , Lainer Martin , Moreira Lorena , Hagen Jonas , Fernandez Vidal Susana , Schranz Franziska
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The temperature profiles of the satellite experiment Aura/MLS are horizontally spaced by 1.5° or 165 km along the satellite orbit. These level-2 data contain valuable information about horizontal fluctuations in temperature, which are mainly induced by inertia-gravity waves. Wave periods of 2–12 h, horizontal wavelengths of 200–1500 km, and vertical wavelengths of 6–30 km efficiently contribute to the standard deviation of the horizontal temperature fluctuations. The study retrieves and discusses the global distributions of inertia-gravity waves in the stratosphere and mesosphere during July 2015 and January 2016. We find many patterns that were previously present in data of TIMED/SABER, Aura/HIRDLS, and ECMWF analysis. However, it seems that Aura/MLS achieves a higher vertical resolution in the gravity wave maps since the maps are derived from the analysis of horizontal fluctuations along the orbit of the sounding volume. The zonal mean of the inertia-gravity wave distribution shows vertical modulations with scales of 10–20 km. Enhanced wave amplitudes occur in regions of increased zonal wind or in the vicinity of strong wind gradients. Further, we find a banana-like shape of enhanced inertia-gravity waves above the Andes in the winter mesosphere. We find areas of enhanced inertia-gravity wave activity above tropical deep convection zones at 100 hPa (z ∼ 13 km). Finally, we study the temporal evolution of inertia-gravity wave activity at 100 hPa in the African longitude sector from December 2015 to February 2016.
Autotrophic component of soil respiration is repressed by drought more than
the heterotrophic one in dry grasslands
Authors: Balogh János , Papp Marianna , Pintér Krisztina , Fóti Szilvia , Posta Katalin , Eugster Werner , Nagy Zoltán
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Summer droughts projected to increase in central Europe due to climate changes strongly influence the carbon cycle of ecosystems. Persistent respiration activities during drought periods are responsible for a significant carbon loss, which may turn the ecosystem from a sink into a source of carbon. There are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the characteristic changes taking place in the respiration of the different components of the ecosystem in response to drought events.In the present study, we combined a physical separation of soil respiration components with continuous measurements of soil CO2 efflux and its isotopic (13C) signals at a dry grassland site in Hungary. The physical separation of soil respiration components was performed by means of inox meshes and tubes inserted into the soil. The root-excluded and root- and mycorrhiza-excluded treatments served to measure the isotopic signals of the rhizospheric, mycorrhizal fungi and heterotrophic components, respectively.In the dry grassland investigated in the study the three components of the soil CO2 efflux decreased at different rates under drought conditions. During drought the contribution made by the heterotrophic components was the highest (54 ± 8 %; mean ±SE). Rhizospheric component was the most sensitive to soil drying with its relative contribution to the total soil respiration dropping from 66 ± 7 (non-stressed) to 35 ± 17 % (mean ±SE) under drought conditions. According to our results the heterotrophic component of soil respiration is the major contributor to the respiration activities during drought events in the dry grassland ecosystem studied.