bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemorrhagic streptococcal pneumonia in newly procured research dogs
Authors: Garnett N. L. , Eydelloth R. S. , Swindle Μ. Μ. , Vonderfecht S. L. , Strandberg J. D. , Luzarraga Μ. B.
Published: February 2025

An acute necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia syndrome was recognized among 14 newly arrived research dogs. Typically, there were acute deaths without clinical signs. Necropsy revealed diffuse hemorrhagic pneumonia, and Lancefield group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated consistently from the lungs. In many cases, septic thrombi were seen in the small vessels of the kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, brain, and adrenal glands. The syndrome was reproduced by intratracheal inoculation of the isolant into a susceptible dog.
Harderian gland involvement in facial lesions in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: Thiessen D. D. , Pendergrass Merri
Published: February 2025

Fourteen Mongolian gerbils with naturally occurring facial lesions were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups. The Harderian gland was removed surgically from the animals in group 1; a sham operation left the Harderian gland intact in animals in group 2; and animals in group 3 were housed on a sand substrate rather than the usual pine shavings. The progress of this disease state was monitored over a 2-month period. Animals in groups 1 and 3 recovered or improved, whereas the condition of the control animals worsened. It was concluded that the facial lesions are associated with an accumulation of the Harderian gland secretions around the external nares and that laboratory ambient temperatures and cage bedding may modify the development of the condition.
The microcomputer as an aid to medical records management in a zoological park
Authors: Janssen Donald L. , Bush Mitchell
Published: February 2025

A system for computerizing clinical medical records at a zoological park was designed, using microcomputer system components. Records were entered and retrieved in natural language, with minimal coding of information. Commercially available computer programs were used to manage data from anesthesia, radiography, clinical pathology, vaccination records, and tuberculin testing records. Programs written in BASIC language were used for storing and retrieving animal inventory data, daily medical and surgical records, results of fecal examinations, and anthelmintic treatment records.
Insulin therapy in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Moise N. Sydney , Reimers Thomas J.
Published: February 2025

Thirteen cats with diabetes mellitus were evaluated. Clinical signs included polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lethargy, and weight loss. Results of physical examination included obesity, hepatomegaly, mild seborrhea sicca, muscle wasting, and dehydration. One cat walked plantigrade and was suspected of having a diabetic neuropathy. Persistent hyperglycemia, glucosuria, high liver enzyme activities, hypercholesterolemia, hyperproteinemia, and low electrolyte concentrations were the common laboratory findings.

In 3 cats diabetes mellitus developed after megestrol acetate therapy; 2 of these cats required only temporary insulin treatment. In a 3rd cat, which had no history of receiving diabetogenic drug therapy, remission of diabetes mellitus also was observed.

Serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were determined in 6 cats after administration of an intermediate-acting insulin (isophane insulin) and in 3 cats after administration of a long-acting insulin (protamine zinc insulin). The insulin concentration peaked 2 to 6 hours after the injection of intermediate-acting insulin and 6 to 12 hours after the injection of long-acting insulin. The lowest glucose concentration was recorded 4 to 8 hours after injection of intermediate-acting insulin, and 6 to 12 hours after injection of long-acting insulin. It was concluded that, although insulin therapy must be adjusted to the individual, the diabetic cat usually requires twice-daily administration of isophane insulin; however, the protamine zinc insulin can be given once daily for satisfactory control.
Can antibody responses in cattle vaccinated with a multivalent leptospiral bacterin interfere with serologic diagnosis of disease?
Authors: Stringfellow David A. , Brown Robert R. , Hanson Lyle E. , Schnurrenberger Paul R. , Johnson J.
Published: February 2025

A commercially available leptospiral bacterin containing 5 serovars (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona) was used per label directions to vaccinate 45 steers and bulls. In animals in which the prevaccination sera were negative for microscopic agglutinating antibody, the increase and decrease of titers were similar among all serovars. A serologic response was stimulated by a single dose and enhanced by the 2nd dose. Most titers peaked at 2 weeks and then fell rapidly by 15 weeks after the 2nd dose.

Thirty-four animals with prevaccinal titers to serovar hardjo responded with high microscopic agglutinating titers for a sustained period. Of these cattle, 31 still had titers between 200 and 400 by 29 weeks after the 2nd dose. These results were interpreted as representing an anamnestic response initiated by the bacterin to a sensitization that had followed natural exposure.
Canine hip dysplasia in German Shepherd Dog-Greyhound crossbreeds
Authors: Cardinet George H. , Guffy Mark M. , Wallace Larry J. , Laben Robert C.
Published: February 2025

Nineteen German Shepherd Dog-Greyhound crossbreeds in 7 litters were evaluated by pathoanatomic and/or radiographic examination of their pelves when 12 to 24 months old (mean, 19 months). The prevalence of hip dysplasia in the crossbreeds was 42% (8/19). The prevalence of hip dysplasia in purebred German Shepherd Dog half-siblings in 16 litters produced by parents of the crossbreeds when mated to other German Shepherd Dogs was 35% (16/46). When numerical values were assigned to the pathoanatootmic and radiographic evaluations of the pelves, it was found that the severity of dysplastic changes in the crossbreeds were not significantly different from those changes in their purebred German Shepherd Dog half-siblings. It was concluded that selection for normal hips through mating German Shepherd Dogs with Greyhounds would be no more effective in lowering the prevalence of hip dysplasia than would selection within the German Shepherd Dog breed, which would be more desirable with regard to maintaining the standard of the breed.
Sampling protocol for thyrotropin stimulation test in the dog
Authors: Oliver J. W. , Waldrop V.
Published: February 2025

A study was designed to assess the secretory response of thyroid glands in dogs to small doses of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, tsh; 2.5 and 5.0 units, total iv dose), and to establish valid blood-sampling periods in cases in which thyroxine concentrations were different from base-line values. Significant (P < 0.001) response occurred as early as 3 hours after tsh administration, with peak response at 5 to 7 hours. Fasting dogs for 12 hours had no effect on test results. Because base-line thyroxine concentrations in dogs are equivocal and base-line triiodothyronine concentrations are influenced by many factors, thyrotropin stimulation testing is one of the best methods at present to evaluate thyroid function. Administration of a total dose of 2.5 to 5.0 units of tsh is economical, and collection of the 2nd blood sample as early as 3 hours for response may be advantageous in terms of scheduling for the client and practicing veterinarian.
Pendular nystagmus in dairy cattle
Authors: McConnon J. Mark , White Maurice E. , Smith Mary C. , Stem Edgar S. , Hickey Gerard
Published: February 2025

In a survey of 2,932 mature dairy cattle performed over a 1-month period, we found 15 with rapid oscillation in 1 or both eyes. Nystagmus had been present since shortly after birth in 2 animals, and the age at onset was unknown in the others. The nystagmus was not associated with any other physical or neurologic problem. Pendular nystagmus apparently is benign and should not be mistaken for a sign of serious neurologic disease.
Spinal cord compression and hindlimb paresis in cats with mucopolysaccharidosis VI
Authors: Haskins M. E. , Bingel S. A. , Northington J. W. , Newton C. D. , Sande R. D. , Jezyk P. F. , Patterson D. F.
Published: February 2025

Six cats with mucopolysaccharidosis VI had hindlimb paresis and other clinical signs associated with compression of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. In 5 cats, the neurologic abnormality progressed over 2 to 4 weeks to loss of thoracolumbar spinal cord function. In 1 cat, the hindlimb paresis remained stable for 18 months.

In the cats with progressive worsening of hindlimb function, the abnormality was caused by compression of the spinal cord from proliferation of bony tissue in the thoracolumbar region. In all affected cats, the compression occurred from T12 to L2. In 1 cat, an attempt to relieve the clinical signs by surgery was unsuccessful.
Castellated laryngofissure and vocal fold resection for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in the dog
Authors: Gourley I. M. , Paul H. , Gregory C.
Published: February 2025

Upper airway obstruction in 4 dogs with laryngeal paralysis was relieved by castellated laryngofissure and vocal fold excision. Tracheotomy was a necessary adjunct of the technique.
Fatal acorn poisoning in a horse: Pathologic findings and diagnostic considerations
Authors: Anderson Gary A. , Mount Michael E. , Vrins Andre A. , Ziemer Ellen L.
Published: February 2025

Acorn poisoning was diagnosed in an 11-year-old Quarter Horse with signs of severe colic, tachycardia, hyperpnea, abdominal borborygmus, rectal tenesmus, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. The diagnosis was based on history and predisposing factors, clinical signs, laboratory data, acorn husks in the feces, the urinary gallic acid equivalent concentration, and necropsy findings. The most striking pathologic changes were gastrointestinal and mesenteric edema, ulcerative enterocolitis, and nephrosis.
Grass awn migration in dogs and cats: A retrospective study of 182 cases
Authors: Brennan Kathleen E. , Ihrke Peter J.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective study of 182 cases of grass awn migration in dogs and cats seen during a 1-year period was performed. The 182 cases comprised 61% of all foreign body-related cases during that year. Compared with the total hospital population, there was an increased prevalence of grass awn problems in the Springer Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Brittany Spaniel, and Airedale Terrier, but a decreased prevalence in German Shepherd Dogs, Miniature Poodles, and Dachshunds. The most common site of grass awn localization was the external ear canal, involving 51% of grass awn cases. Other common sites of grass awn localization included the interdigital webs, eye, nose, lumbar area, and thoracic cavity. Only 8 of the 182 animals were cats and 7 of the 8 had ocular involvement.
Automatic noninvasive sphygmomanometry in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Wade A. , Grospitch B.
Published: February 2025

Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate were determined in 73 horses, using an indirect automatic oscillometric technique. Blood pressure and heart rate data obtained by sphygmomanometry were compared with similar data obtained from cannulation of the horses’ facial or dorsal metatarsal arteries. Good correlation between direct (actual) and indirect (oscillometric) blood pressures and heart rate measurements were obtained when the heart rate was low, using high sensitivity setting. Cardiac arrhythmias or hypotension prevented oscillometric measurements from being obtained in 9 (12%) horses.
Mycoplasma felis as a cause of pleuritis in horses
Authors: Ogilvie Timothy H. , Rosendal Søren , Blackwell Timothy E. , Rostkowski Charlene M. , Julian Richard J. , Path Dip , Ruhnke Louise
Published: February 2025

Mycoplasma felis was the only organism recovered from the thoracic cavity of a horse with pleuritis. Large numbers of mildly degenerative neutrophils were in the pleural fluid. The horse developed a serologic response to M felis and recovered during hospitalization.

Experimentally, a pony was inoculated in the thoracic cavity with a pure culture of the M felis isolate suspended in the pony's serum. A control pony was inoculated with serum only. Within 48 hours, the principal pony developed fever, increased respiratory rate, pleural effusion, and signs of pain. A highly cellular exudate with nondegenerative neutrophils and large numbers of M felis was recovered from the thoracic cavity. The control pony remained normal.

The principal pony developed an antibody response to M felis. The control pony did not.

Fourteen days after inoculation, both ponies were euthanatized. Necropsy revealed pleural inflammation in the principal pony. Pleural lesions were not found in the control pony.
Plasmapheresis and chemotherapy of hyperviscosity syndrome associated with monoclonal gammopathy in the dog
Authors: Matus Robert E. , Leifer Connie E. , Gordon Bruce R. , MacEwen E. Gregory , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: February 2025

Hyperviscosity syndrome associated with IgA monoclonal gammopathy was diagnosed in 3 dogs. Continuous plasmapheresis and alkylation therapy with melphalan and cyclophosphamide induced sustained remission in each dog. There was resolution of clinical signs associated with hyperviscosity syndrome and rapid establishment of normal serum protein concentrations.
Evaluation of various techniques for diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis in the dog
Authors: Barsanti Jeanne A. , Prasse Keith W. , Crowell Wayne A. , Shotts Emmett B. , Finco Delmar R.
Published: February 2025

The usefulness of various techniques for diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis was evaluated in 28 dogs. Chronic bacterial prostatitis was induced by injection of Escherichia coli into the prostate gland (24 dogs) or by instilling E coli into the bladder after chemically traumatizing the bladder wall (2 dogs). In 2 dogs, physiologic saline solution rather than E coli was injected into the prostate gland. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for positive and negative prediction was determined for each diagnostic technique by comparing the respective results with results of bacterial culture of prostatic tissue and with histopathologic findings.

Results of ejaculate bacterial culture correlated about 80% of the time with results of bacterial culture of prostatic tissue. Cytologic evidence of inflammation in the ejaculate correlated better with histologic evidence of prostatic inflammation than with results of bacterial culture of prostatic tissue. Ejaculate pH did not change with the development of prostatic infection.

Urine bacterial culture results correlated well with evidence of prostatic infection. However, most dogs with prostatic infection also had bladder infection, and a few dogs also had renal infection.

Results of bacterial culture of fluid collected after prostatic massage were not interpretable if there was concurrent urinary tract infection. In the absence of urinary tract infection, false-negative results were frequent. Cytologic evidence of inflammation in samples collected after prostatic massage was more consistent with results of bacterial culture of prostatic tissue.

The blood leukocyte count did not correlate with the development of prostatic infection.
Nitrosonapthol test for screening of small intestinal diarrheal disease in the dog
Authors: Burrows Colin F. , Jezyk Peter F.
Published: February 2025

The nitrosonapthol test, which qualitatively measures urinary excretion of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and related compounds, was evaluated as a screening test for small intestinal disease in 60 dogs with chronic diarrhea. Test results were positive in 8 of 13 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, in 8 of 12 dogs with small intestinal malabsorption, in 2 of 17 dogs with colitis, and in all of 14 dogs with normal gut function and in which the specific cause of diarrhea was not determined. Test results were negative in 4 dogs with functional (stress-induced) diarrhea and in 25 clinically normal dogs. Thus, the test results were positive in 30 of 39 (77%) dogs with confirmed small intestinal or pancreatic disease or in which small intestinal disease was the most likely diagnosis, and in only 2 of 21 (9.5%) dogs with large intestinal disease (P<0.001). In human medicine, positive test results have been associated with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Accordingly, antibiotics were administered orally to 8 of the dogs with diarrhea of undetermined cause. In all treated dogs, antibiotic therapy resulted in improvement in fecal consistency, decreased frequency of defecation, and a change from a positive to a less strongly positive or negative reaction to the nitrosonapthol test. These findings suggested that the nitrosonapthol test is useful in the discrimination of small intestinal from large intestinal diarrhea and as a guide to the use of oral antibiotic therapy in dogs with chronic diarrhea of undetermined cause.
Susceptibility of Bacteroides nodosus to various antimicrobial agents
Authors: Gradin J. L. , Schmitz J. A.
Published: February 2025

The susceptibility of 18 strains of Bacteroides nodosus to 21 antimicrobial agents was tested in vitro. Penicillin was the most effective antibiotic tested. Other antibiotics tested, in order of relative efficacy, were cefamandole, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, sodium cefoxitin, tylosin tartrate, nitrofurazone, tinidazole, and dihydrostreptomycin sulfate. Tests of solutions of 4 antibiotics in 70% ethanol indicated that ethanol served primarily as a diluent and did not contribute substantially to the curative effect of such topical medications on foot rot lesions in sheep.

Of the chemicals commonly used in foot baths for treatment of ovine foot rot, copper sulfate was most effective, followed by zinc sulfate, then formalin. Several commercial disinfectants and iodine were quite effective against B nodosus, whereas 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol alone were relatively ineffective.
Surgical correction of angular limb deformities in foals: A retrospective study
Authors: Fretz P. B. , Donecker John M.
Published: February 2025

The outcome of surgical treatment of angular limb deformities in 29 foals was evaluated through long-term monitoring of athletic performance. Foals were placed into 1 of 2 groups, depending on the site of the angular limb deformity. In group 1 foals, the deformity involved the carpus or distal end of the radius. In group 2 foals, the deformity involved the distal end of the 3rd metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Group 1 contained 20 foals and group 2 contained 11 foals. Two foals were in both groups. Sixteen foals in group 1 and 4 foals in group 2 progressed to some form of athletic use. The underlying reasons for the failures in both groups was poor selection of cases and inappropriate surgical treatment.
Brucella ovis-induced abortion in ewes
Authors: Libal Μ. C. , Kirkbride C. A.
Published: February 2025

Aborted fetuses and placental tissue from ewes in 2 flocks were submitted for diagnostic examinations. Brucella ovis was isolated from fetal lung or abomasal contents, or both. Placentitis was a consistent gross lesion. Microscopic lesions included suppurative pneumonia and placentitis.
Main Drain Virus as a Cause of Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Emmons Richard W. , Woodie James D. , Laub Ronald L. , Oshiro Lyndon S.
Published: February 2025

Main Drain virus, which is thought to be transmitted normally among rabbits and various rodents by its natural vector, Culicoides variipennis, was isolated repeatedly from brain tissue of a sick horse from Sacramento County, California, and was implicated as the causative agent. Signs of illness were incoordination and ataxia, stiff neck, head pressing, inability to swallow, fever, and tachycardia.
Bacterial endotoxin in blood of dysgalactic sows in relation to microbial status of uterus, milk, and intestine
Authors: Morkoç Amy , Bäckström Lennart , Lund Lisa , Smith A. R.
Published: February 2025

Clinical cases of lactation failure in sows from 6 swine herds in Illinois were investigated for the presence of bacterial endotoxins in blood and the concurrent microbial status of uterus, milk, and intestine. Twenty-five affected sows were compared with 13 contemporary healthy sows (controls) in the same herds.

A higher prevalence of bacterial endotoxin in blood of affected sows than in the controls, although not statistically significant, supported earlier theories of endotoxin involvement in the disease. Further, a positive relationship was noticed between prevalence of solely gram-negative bacteria in ileum and milk and development of dysgalactia and endotoxemia. No such relationship was found for bacterial isolates from the uterus, suggesting lack of association between lactation failure and metritis.
Massive hematuria of nontraumatic renal origin in dogs
Authors: Stone E. A. , DeNovo R. C. , Rawlings C. A.
Published: February 2025

Massive hematuria of renal origin was diagnosed in 4 dogs. In all dogs, blood and blood clots were clearly visible in the urine. Serum urea nitrogen and urine concentrating ability were normal. All dogs were anemic, and results of coagulation and platelet function tests were within normal limits. Excretory urography indicated hydroureter and hydronephrosis in all dogs, with filling defects in the bladder attributable to large blood clots in 2 dogs. Cystotomy and catheterization of the ureters enabled identification of one kidney as the source of bleeding in 3 dogs. Unilateral nephrectomy and ureterectomy resolved their hematuria. The results of histologic examination were normal in 2 dogs. The 3rd dog had evidence of pyelitis. Cystoscopy of the 4th dog did not reveal hematuria from either ureter. The dog was not operated on and it continued to have intermittent hematuria.
Fatal cerebrospinal disease caused by Baylisascaris procyonis in domestic rabbits
Authors: Kazacos Kevin R. , Reed Willie M. , Kazacos Evelyn A. , Thacker H. Leon
Published: February 2025

Infection with Baylisascaris procyonis, the common roundworm of raccoons, was found to be the cause of an epizootic of fatal cnsdisease in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Clinical signs included torticollis, ataxia, tremors, and falling. Gross lesions were limited to white, raised nodules (1 to 1.5 mm) on the epicardium, endocardium, and liver serosa, and they were found to be larval granulomas. Microscopic lesions included multifocal myocarditis, multifocal hemorrhagic tracks and associated necrosis and inflammation in the liver, multifocal eosinophilic myositis, focal nephritis, and mild interstitial pneumonia; larval granulomas were seen in the heart, liver, lung, and mandibular salivary gland. Lesions in the brain consisted of multifocal areas of necrosis and inflammation in the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, and medulla, with accompanying perivascular leukocyte aggregates and neuronal and axonal degeneration. Large numbers of large ascarid larvae were seen in the brain. Epidemiologically, infection was linked to the use of contaminated straw from a barn used by raccoons. On the basis of this study as well as that of similar studies, it was concluded that barn use and contamination by raccoons may be an important source of infection of animals and possibly man with this parasite.
Chronic encephalomyelitis caused by canine distemper virus in a Bengal tiger
Authors: Blythe Linda L. , Schmitz John A. , Roelke Melody , Skinner Steve
Published: February 2025

A chronic progressive neurologic disease was observed and monitored for 18 months in a young, tamed Bengal tiger. Clinical, serologic, and neuropathology evidence of canine distemper virus infection was seen. Clinical signs included convulsions, myoclonus, and slowly progressive ataxia. Marked increases in neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus were seen in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neuropathologic findings were nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, with perivascular cuffing, demyelination, and inclusion bodies typical of canine distemper virus.

It was concluded that, in light of this case and an earlier report of canine distemper in lion cubs, vaccination of this subgroup of carnivores with a killed vaccine may be beneficial if exposure to other animals susceptible to canine distemper is anticipated.
Regression of cetacean tattoo lesions concurrent with conversion of precipitin antibody against a poxvirus
Authors: Smith Alvin W. , Skilling Douglas E. , Ridgway Sam H. , Fenner Candice A.
Published: February 2025

Tattoo lesions linked to the cetacean poxvirus of bottlenose dolphins regressed without treatment. Two types of regression were observed: (1) The tattoo lesions became raised and blanched, then disappeared along with sloughing skin. (2) When an incision was made through a tattoo lesion, the tattoo disappeared in a zone around the incision. Poxviruses removed from the raised, blanched skin lesions and from typical tatoo lesions were reacted with dolphin serums and examined by immunoelectron microscopy. Antibody was not detected against either of these poxvirus preparations when the dolphins had only typical tattoo lesions. However, after the raised, blanched lesions appeared, serums obtained during the acute or convalescent stages were positive for the poxvirus separated from the lesions. Regression of the typical tattoo lesions was concurrent with antibody conversion.
Enucleation in birds of prey
Authors: Murphy C. J. , Brooks D. E. , Kern T. J. , Quesenberry K. E. , Riis R. C.
Published: February 2025

Enucleation in birds requires special consideration. Two case reports are presented as examples of 2 techniques for enucleation in raptors. The first technique utilizes a transaural approach and is suitable only in owls that have extensive external ear openings. The major advantage of this technique is that it allows complete histologic examination of the globe. The second technique is a globe-collapsing procedure that is suitable for any avian species. This technique precludes complete histologic examination.
Myelopathy and vitamin E deficiency in six Mongolian wild horses
Authors: Liu Si-Kwang , Dolensek Emil P. , Adams Charles R. , Tappe James P.
Published: February 2025

Degenerative myelopathy was diagnosed in six Mongolian wild horses. Three of the horses had a history of ataxia dating from birth to 3 months of age. The clinical signs were uncoordinated movement of the hindlimbs and an abnormally wide-based gait and stance. The other 3 horses had mild ataxia. There were no gross lesions in the brain, vertebrae, or spinal cord. Histologic examination revealed degeneration of the neural processes in the ventral and lateral funiculi of all 6 horses. Myelin sheaths were dilated and vacuolated, and there were swollen, fragmented, or lysed axons. Neuronal degeneration, phagocytosis, and accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive, xylol-insoluble lipopigment were observed in the affected neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. The plasma α-tocopherol values of 5 of the affected horses ranged from <0.03 to 0.08 (mean, 0.04 ± 0.01) mg/dl. Seven clinically normal horses from the same herd had a range of <0.03 to 0.3 (mean, 0.11 ± 0.02) mg/dl, which was low enough to be considered deficient.
Toxic hepatic failure in newborn foals
Authors: Divers T. J. , Warner A. , Vaala W. E. , Whitlock R. H. , Acland H. A. , Mansmann R. A. , Palmer J. E.
Published: February 2025

Eight foals, 2 to 5 days of age, with similar clinical signs and laboratory and pathologic findings, died from hepatic failure. The predominant clinical signs were depression and icterus. Abnormally high values were found for plasma ammonia content, aromatic-to-branch-chain amino acid ratio, total serum bilirubin content, gamma glutamyl transferase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and pcv; partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were prolonged. Some foals had high sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. These laboratory findings were suggestive of subacute hepatic disease and failure. Predominant pathologic findings were limited to the liver and brain. The livers were less than half the expected size for 2- to 5-day-old foals, had prominent bile ductule proliferation, hepatic cell necrosis, and mild periportal fibrosis. These findings suggested both prenatal and postnatal diseases caused by exposure to a hepatoxin. The predominant lesion in the brain was the presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes, which are characteristic of hepatoencephalopathy. Although the periportal fibrosis was suggestive of in utero exposure to a toxin, epidemiologic information suggested that the hepatic failure more likely resulted from oral inoculation of a microorganism culture product at birth. The same disease was reproduced in 2 newborn foals by feeding this product.
A computer based decision-making model for poultry inspection
Authors: Habtemariam T. , Cho Y.
Published: February 2025

In an attempt to develop a predictive model for poultry inspection at processing plants, a systems research design was developed to examine poultry population health dynamics from hatching to processing. Five cooperating Alabama poultry firms with 5 to 7 growers from each firm were identified to form the study unit. The farms were stratified to represent good, average, and poor producers. Via epidemiologic causal diagrams, variables with potential influence on poultry condemnation due to diseases were identified for hatchery, broiler, and processing subsystems. Field and/or laboratory data were generated for each study unit and for each variable. Using stepwise multiple regression and discriminant analysis, a predictor model with a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.91 and multiple coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82 was developed. A discriminant analysis model for classifying a flock into high or low condemnation group, using 0.1% to 2.0% as the demarcation line, was also developed. This latter model had overall correct classification probabilities ranging from 0.88 to 1.0. The 2 decision-making models were then computerized, using Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC).

On the day of processing, the grower provides the inspector with selected information, which is entered on a computer. Alternatives for scaled-down inspection or others are then systematically evaluated by the computer, and decision-making information is provided to the user.
Posttransfusion viability of feline erythrocytes stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution
Authors: Marion Richard S. , Smith Joseph E.
Published: February 2025

The 24-hour posttransfusion viability of erythrocytes was determined in feline blood stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution, using 51Cr-labeling. Viability decreased significantly (P<0.01) between 30 to 40 days of storage. It was concluded that feline blood can be stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution at 4 C for at least 30 days and retain high erythrocyte viability.
Diagnostic value of pericardial fluid analysis in the dog
Authors: Sisson David , Thomas William P. , Ruehl William W. , Zinkl Joseph G.
Published: February 2025

The physical, chemical, and cytologic characteristics of 50 pericardial effusions were reviewed to determine their value to the clinician for distinguishing a variety of pericardial disorders in the dog. Pericardial fluid analysis allowed identification of chylous and bacterial pericardial effusions. Overlap in the ranges of rbc counts, nucleated cell counts, and protein concentrations between dogs with neoplastic and nonneoplastic disorders precluded identification of the cause of the effusion. Of 19 neoplastic effusions, 74% were not detected on the basis of cytologic findings and 13% of 31 nonneoplastic effusates were falsely reported as positive or suspect for a neoplasm. It was concluded that pericardial fluid analysis, including cytologic examination, did not reliably distinguish neoplastic from nonneoplastic disorders.
Thread and sewing needles as gastrointestinal foreign bodies in the cat: A review of 64 cases
Authors: Felts James F. , Fox Philip R. , Burk Ronald L.
Published: February 2025

Sixty-four cases of gastrointestinal linear foreign body in the cat were reviewed. Most of the cats were less than 4 years old. The most common clinical signs were persistent vomiting, partial to complete anorexia, and depression.

Abdominal palpation by itself was rarely diagnostic. Diagnosis in approximately 75% of the cases was possible, however, by using a combination of oral examination and abdominal palpation. Survey radiography contributed to the diagnosis in 86% of the cases in which it was used, based on evidence of bowel plication, presence of tapered, enteric gas bubbles, gathering of the small intestine, peritonitis, intestinal needles, or bowel obstruction.

Surgery (gastrotomy and multiple enterotomies) was necessary in 96.9% of the cases, and most of the cats so treated did well (83.9%). Approximately 50% of the cats with linear foreign body-induced bowel lacerations recovered.
Clinical and pathologic features of canine ocular melanomas
Authors: Ryan A. M. , Diters R. W.
Published: February 2025

Ocular melanomas in 40 dogs were reviewed and classified by site of origin and cytologic features. An apparent correlation existed between site, cytologic classification, and prognosis. Limbal melanomas and intraocular melanomas classified as spindle A or spindle B were less aggressive and had a more favorable prognosis than intraocular melanomas classified as a mixed-cell type or epithelioid.
Xylazine-ketamine-oxymorphone: an injectable anesthetic combination in swine
Authors: Breese Constance E. , Dodman Nicholas H.
Published: February 2025

A xylazine, ketamine, and oxymorphone combination was investigated to determine its effectiveness as an injectable anesthetic regimen for use in swine. The combination was found to provide good narcosis, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, and was considered to be adequate for minor surgery. The intravenous dose rate was xylazine, 2mg/kg; ketamine, 2mg/kg; and oxymorphone, 0.075mg/kg. The dose of each component was double when the intramuscular route was used.
Survey of vomitoxin-contaminated feed grains in midwestern United States, and associated health problems in swine
Authors: Côté L. M. , Reynolds J. D. , Vesonder R. F. , Buck W. B. , Swanson S. P. , Coffey R. T. , Brown D. C.
Published: February 2025

During the 1981 corn harvest season in Illinois and surrounding states, cold wet weather enhanced the growth of Fusarium graminearurn, with resulting contamination by vomitoxin and, to a lesser extent, zearalenone. Of 342 feed samples analyzed, 274 contained vomitoxin at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 41.6 ppm (mean, 3.1 ppm) and 40 samples contained zearalenone at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 8 ppm (mean, 0.66 ppm). Animal health problems and reduced growth performance were observed mainly in swine fed vomitoxin-contaminated rations. The predominant clinical complaints, in decreasing frequency were: reproductive problems (50%), feed refusal (43%), reduced weight gain (25%), diarrhea (17%), death (14%), and emesis (11%).
Carriers of equine infectious anemia virus
Authors: Coggins Leroy
Published: February 2025

Presently available data continue to support the idea that once a horse is infected with equine infectious anemia virus it remains infected indefinitely. Infection may not always be demonstrated by inoculation of plasma, serum, or whole blood transfusions into susceptible recipients, but transfusions of fresh whole blood will be infective in at least 95% of the horses testing positive in the agar gel immunodiffusion test. For detection of infectivity in a small percentage of inapparent carriers, it appears necessary to inoculate washed leukocytes collected over a period of time.
Modified Forssel's operation for crib biting in the horse
Authors: Turner A. Simon , White Nathanial , Ismay John
Published: February 2025

Thirty-five horses with a history of crib biting or wind sucking were treated with a modification of the Forssell procedure. The technique involved bilateral neurectomy of the ventral branch of the accessory nerve combined with excision of a portion of the omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and sternothyroideus muscles. Twenty horses became free of the vice, while in 11 there was a noticeable reduction in frequency of the vice. Four horses returned to crib biting/wind sucking at the same intensity as before surgery. The observation time following each operation was at least 12 months. Complications from wound healing were minimal, and cosmetic results were considered excellent in most horses. It was concluded that this modified surgical procedure produced a better result than neurectomy alone, without the disfigurement of Forssel's procedure.
Fibrotic myopathy in the horse
Authors: Turner A. S. , Trotter G. W.
Published: February 2025

The case histories of 18 horses with hindlimb lameness attributed to fibrotic myopathy were reviewed. In 14 horses, the problem developed after trauma. In 5 others, it developed secondary to intramuscular injections. Other causes of the lameness were surgery, exertional injuries, and purpura hemorrhagica. Eleven of the horses were treated by resection of scar tissue or by semitendinosus myotenotomy. Postoperative complications included pressure necrosis under quill sutures (9 horses), acute disruption of the skin incision (2 horses), dehiscence of the wound during healing (2 horses), and prolonged hemorrhage from the wound (1 horse). Of the 9 horses that were available for follow-up examination, 1 was free of lameness, 7 had various degrees of improvement, and 1 had no improvement.
Preparation of veterinary gross anatomy specimens: A method that allows storage at room temperature for four years
Authors: Kinnamon Kenneth E. , Holborow George S. , Simmonds Richard C. , Sheridan Michael N.
Published: February 2025

On the basis of methods used to prepare human anatomic specimens, 2 Yucatan miniature pigs were embalmed over 4 years ago. Results obtained suggest that specimens commonly used in the teaching of veterinary gross anatomy may be fixed in this manner. Advantages include no requirement for refrigeration, superior long-term preservation, less offensive odor, and better tissue texture qualities, including less evidence of dehydration.
Porcine Haemophilus pleuropneumonia: Microbiologic and pathologic findings
Authors: Didier Peter J. , Perino Louis , Urbance John
Published: February 2025

Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae was isolated from 11% of porcine lung specimens submitted to the University of Illinois Diagnostic Laboratory during 1979-1982.

Acute necrotizing fibrinous bronchopneumonia was the most common diagnosis; 65% of lungs had severe involvement of the caudal lobes; 10% of lungs had unilateral involvement only. In 46% of lungs, a second pathogen was isolated.

Isolates of H pleuropneumoniae tested by the Kirby-Bauer disk method were most sensitive to nitrofurazone (100%), polymyxin B (97%), chloramphenicol (95%), gentamicin (94%), sulfachloropyridazine (87%), ampicillin (83%), and penicillin (77%). Isolates were less sensitive to 9 other antimicrobials tested. Over 4 years in 1 herd, succeeding isolates of H pleuropneumoniae developed resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline.
Small intestine incarceration through the epiploic foramen of the horse
Authors: Turner Tracy A. , Adams Stephen B. , White Nathaniel A.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen horses were referred to Purdue University or to the University of Georgia because of colic. Each of these horses had small intestine incarcerated through the epiploic foramen. However, signs of pain, gastric reflux, and small intestine distention were not consistent signs, as would have been expected with small intestine strangulation/obstruction. In 10 of the 15 cases, abdominal fluid analysis provided the decisive information needed for surgical intervention.

Surgery was performed in 14 cases. The small intestine was incarcerated through the epiploic foramen in a right-to-left direction in 12 cases and in a left-to-right direction in 3 cases. The intestinal incarceration was reduced by gentle traction on the adjacent unaffected intestine. Resection and anastomosis were performed in 10 cases. Twelve of the 14 surgical patients died, and it was believed that the failure to intervene surgically at an earlier time contributed to these poor results. Surgery was delayed in most cases because of the inconsistent clinical signs observed in these horses. It was concluded that small intestine incarceration through the epiploic foramen should be suspected in any case of colic that has inconsistent physical findings and does not resolve in short time. Further, serial abdominal fluid analysis should be used in such cases in order to detect changes or trends that would indicate a lesion requiring surgical intervention.
Cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats: Report of two cases in Oklahoma, with a review and discussion of the disease
Authors: Glenn Bertis L. , Stair Ernest L.
Published: February 2025

In 2 cases of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats in Oklahoma, the clinical features, gross lesions, and microscopic findings were of similar nature and degree to those previously reported by others, both in the naturally occurring and experimentally induced disease. Intraerythrocytic forms of Cytauxzoon felis organisms were demonstrated in stained blood smears from one cat. Blood from the other cat was not examined. The diagnosis was established by the finding of schizonts in endothelial-associated macrophages within vascular channels in tissues from both cats.
Thermodilution curves for diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in cattle
Authors: McGuirk S. M. , Welker F. H. , Muir W. W. , Hull B. L.
Published: February 2025

An indicator dilution method developed for detection of intracardiac shunts and determination of cardiac output in man and domestic animals was evaluated in 4 calves and 1 cow with holosystolic cardiac murmurs. Thermodilution curves recorded from the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle confirmed a left-to-right intracardiac shunt and provided a means for its quantitation. Ventricular septal defect was confirmed in 2 cows, which were euthanatized. The data obtained by thermodilution were evaluated along with information obtained from other diagnostic procedures (auscultation, oximetry, echocardiography, measurement of intravascular pressures). It was concluded that the procedure is a simple and accurate method for diagnosis of ventricular septal defect in cattle.
Factors relating to urine spraying and fighting in prepubertally gonadectomized cats
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Cooper Leslie
Published: February 2025

The fact that male cats are routinely castrated prior to full sexual maturity for behavioral reasons prompted a survey of the prevalence of these behaviors in prepubertally gonadectomized male and female cats. About 10% of the 134 male and 5% of the 152 female cats studied engaged in spraying on a frequent basis later in adult life. Problem spraying and fighting in males was of the same order of magnitude as in males castrated in adulthood after the problem behaviors had appeared. The age of prepubertal castration, ranging from 6 to 10 months, had no influence on spraying or fighting later in life. It was found that male cats are more likely to spray and fight if they are in households with female cats than with other male cats. With regard to female cats, spraying or fighting was less than that of male cats. Age at the time of gonadectomy was not a factor in their tendency to spray or fight. Possible prenatal masculinization of female fetuses by male fetuses, as revealed by littermate composition, was not a factor in the predisposition of female cats to spray or fight.
Pelvic bladder in dogs without urinary incontinence
Authors: Mahaffey M. B. , Barsanti J. A. , Barber D. L. , Crowell W. A.
Published: February 2025

Double-contrast cystography was performed simultaneously with cystometrography in 6 male and 6 female dogs. All dogs were continent, and results of urinalyses were normal. Initial radiographs were made following intravesical infusion of 0.88 ml of positive contrast medium/kg of body weight. Additional radiographs were made during infusion of CO2. The last radiographs were made at the time of detrusor reflex (11 dogs) or when intravesical pressure reached 50 cm H2O (1 female). An average of 34% range, 11% to 67%) of bladder length was within the pelvic canal when only the positive contrast medium was infused into the bladders. By the end of CO2 infusion, the bladder neck was more cranially located in 5 of 6 males and in 5 of 6 females. On the last radiographs made, an average of 19% (range, 10% to 35%) of bladder length was within the pelvic canal in 3 of 6 males and in 4 of 6 females. The bladder neck was rounded in 10 of 12 dogs. Thus, it was concluded that previous reports associating pelvic urinary bladder with urinary incontinence and other urologic abnormalities are questionable.
Treatment of central tarsal bone fractures in the racing Greyhound
Authors: Boudrieau Randy J. , Dee Jon F. , Dee Larry G.
Published: February 2025

Methods of repair of central tarsal bone (Tc) fractures in the racing greyhound can involve coaptation, single-screw fixation, or 2-screw fixation. Successful management, defined as a return to competitive racing, was obtained in 71% of 114 affected dogs treated by these methods. Both 1- and 2-screw fixation, with interfragmentary compression, was used to repair Tc fractures in 81 dogs. It was concluded that satisfactory results can be expected by use of open reduction and screw fixation in all types of Tc fractures except those that are severely comminuted.
Mycoplasma as a cause of canine urinary tract infection
Authors: Jang Spencer S. , Ling Gerald V. , Yamamoto Richard , Wolf Alice M.
Published: February 2025

Mycoplasmas were isolated from 60 specimens of urine obtained by cystocentesis from 41 dogs (23 males and 18 females) with urinary tract infection. Mycoplasmas were isolated in pure culture from 41 (68%) of the specimens, and were isolated in conjunction with one or more bacterial species from 19 (32%) specimens. Clinical signs of urinary tract infection were noted in 20 of 31 dogs in which mycoplasmas were isolated in pure culture, and numbers of wbc in the urine sediment were above the reported normal range in 22 of 25 urine specimens from those 20 dogs. Twenty-four of 29 mycoplasma isolates were found to be Mycoplasma canis, 4 were found to be M spumans, and 1 was identified as M cynos.
Results of surgical excision of perianal fistulas in dogs
Authors: Vasseur P. B.
Published: February 2025

Eighty-seven dogs that had perianal fistulas diagnosed at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, were treated by excision of the diseased tissues and bilateral anal sacculectomy. Males were affected more often than females (66 to 21), and the German Shepherd Dog was the predominant breed (59 of 87). Information from owners regarding long-term postoperative progress was available for 41 dogs. Twenty-two of the 41 dogs had been euthanatized, 15 (36.6%) because of complications related to perianal fistulus and 7 because of unrelated causes. The mean postoperative period, ie, from the time of surgery to the time of euthanasia, was 34.7 months (range, 1 to 82 months). The remaining 19 dogs were examined after a mean postoperative period of 42.3 months (range, 13 to 100 months). Postoperative complications included development of clinically evident fistulas in 23 of the 41 dogs (56.1%), lack of normal continence (26.8%), tenesmus (19.5%), flatulence (17.1%), and anal stricture (14.6%). Twenty-one of the 41 dogs (51.2%) were judged by their owners to be satisfactory pets or to have been satisfactory pets before euthanasia for unrelated reasons.
Results of tube gastrostomy as treatment for gastric volvulus in the dog
Authors: Flanders James A. , Harvey H. Jay
Published: February 2025

The Dragstedt modification of the Stamm tube gastrostomy was used in 29 dogs with gastric volvulus. A total of 17 dogs were monitored for 14 to 40 months after surgery. Volvulus recurred in one dog. All dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of gastric volvulus were treated surgically by gastric derotation and gastrostomy on an emergency basis. Mortality during the first week after surgery was 31%.