bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel model of early experiences involving neonatal learning of a T‐maze using maternal contact as a reward or its denial as an event of mild emotional adversity
Authors: Stamatakis Antonios , Diamantopoulou Anastasia , Panagiotaropoulos Theofanis , Raftogianni Androniki , Stylianopoulou Fotini
Published: September 2014

We developed a novel animal model of early life experiences in which rat pups are trained during postnatal days (PND) 10–13 in a T‐maze with maternal contact as a reward (RER group) or its denial (DER group) as a mildly aversive event. Both groups of animals learn the T‐maze, albeit the RER do so more efficiently. Training results in activation of the basal ganglia in the RER and of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the DER. Moreover, on PND10 DER training leads to increased corticosterone levels and activation of the amygdala. In adulthood, male DER animals show better mnemonic abilities in the Morris water maze while the RER exhibit enhanced fear memory. Furthermore, DER animals have a hypofunctioning serotonergic system and express depressive‐like behavior and increased aggression. However, they have increased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, indicative of efficient hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function, and an adaptive pattern of stress‐induced corticosterone response. The DER experience with its relatively negative emotional valence results in a complex behavioral phenotype, which cannot be considered simply as adaptive or maladaptive. © 2014Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1651–1660, 2014.
Adjoint‐based error estimation and mesh adaptation for hybridized discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Woopen M. , May G. , Schütz J.
Published: September 2014

We present a robust and efficient target‐based mesh adaptation methodology, building on hybridized discontinuous Galerkin schemes for (nonlinear) convection–diffusion problems, including the compressible Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. The hybridization of finite element discretizations has the main advantage that the resulting set of algebraic equations has globally coupled degrees of freedom (DOFs) only on the skeleton of the computational mesh. Consequently, solving for these DOFs involves the solution of a potentially much smaller system. This not only reduces storage requirements but also allows for a faster solution with iterative solvers. The mesh adaptation is driven by an error estimate obtained via a discrete adjoint approach. Furthermore, the computed target functional can be corrected with this error estimate to obtain an even more accurate value. The aim of this paper is twofold: Firstly, to show the superiority of adjoint‐based mesh adaptation over uniform and residual‐based mesh refinement and secondly, to investigate the efficiency of the global error estimate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated reservoir modeling at the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project
Authors: Senel Ozgur , Will Robert , Butsch Robert J.
Published: September 2014

Injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into the subsurface comes with the added responsibility of understanding the movement of the CO2 once injected, and ensuring that it remains contained in the target reservoir. Consequently, a significant part of the sequestration process is to build and maintain models of the subsurface that will predict the flow of the injected CO2. These models need to integrate all data available so that the subsurface movement of the CO2 can be predicted should changes to the injection parameters be made. As the CO2 plume is monitored by various measurements, the model needs to be flexible enough to be updated to account for any difference between predicted and known behavior. An integrated predictive reservoir model was created for the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project utilizing a variety of data collected from 2007 until January 2013. The evolution of this model will be discussed. Prior to the beginning of injection, in November 2011, reservoir models and numerical simulations were used extensively to design the wellbore, completions, and well tests; optimize predicted injectivity; simulate the CO2 subsurface migration development and pressure perturbation; analyze and understand well test results; and quantify uncertainties in predictions. Now, with the help of dynamic injection data collected, the calibration of the model has been accomplished by honoring the observations and this facilitates making more informed forecasts. Our analysis indicates a laterally developing CO2 subsurface migration, thus reducing the near to mid‐term expectation of CO2 reaching the seal and upper sections of target reservoir. Further planned modeling efforts include additional model refinements required for anticipated future applications including regulatory compliance and multi‐physics data integration.
Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of a gabbro–granodiorite complex in Tongxunlian, Inner Mongolia: partial melting of enriched lithosphere mantle
Authors: Zhou Wenxiao , Li Shucai , Ge Mengchun , Fu Dong , Chai Xinna , Yu Yang
Published: September 2014

A complex of gabbro (with metamorphic pyroxenite xenoliths)–gabbroic diorite–granodiorite was recently discovered in Tongxunlian, Xilinhot city, Inner Mongolia. Zircon U–Pb isotopic dating showed that the gabbro and the granodiorite were formed ca. 319 ± 1 Ma and ca. 318 ± 1 Ma respectively, indicating that emplacement of the composite rocks occurred in the late Carboniferous. Positive εHf(t) values of +12.0 to +14.1 and two‐stage model ages (TDM2) of 418 to 537 Ma of these rocks are similar to the age of formation of metamorphic pyroxenite (560 Ma, based on Sm–Nd isochron dating) and suggest that the rocks were derived from depleted lithospheric mantle (metamorphic pyroxenite). Our findings revealed that all of these calc‐alkaline and metaluminous intrusive rocks formed from the fractional crystallization of comagmatic evolution in an island‐arc setting. Moreover, the gabbro–gabbroic diorite in the study region was characterized by a low TiO2 content, a slight deficit of Nb, a surplus of Ta, and relatively low LREE/HREE ratios. Along with a relatively high Zr/Y ratio (4.0 to 5.6), these characteristics indicate that the rocks may have been formed by melting of the mantle wedge via metasomatism. Combination with other features of the rocks indicates a two‐episode tectonic model: we conclude that first, the fluid and Si‐rich melt metasomatism caused partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle, and these influences were then stored in the mantle; and second, slab breakoff resulted in upwelling of the upper mantle's soft fluid (stratum), which melted the enriched mantle of the lithosphere and formed the basaltic magma of the gabbro–gabbroic diorite. This study provides new geological evidence to support the Neoproterozoic subduction between the Paleo‐Asian Ocean plate and the Xilinhot microcontinent. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Developments in Technology‐Assisted Supervision and Training: A Practical Overview
Authors: Rousmaniere Tony , Abbass Allan , Frederickson Jon
Published: September 2014

Clinical supervision and training are now widely available online. In this article, three of the most accessible and widely adopted new developments in clinical supervision and training technology are described: Videoconference supervision, cloud‐based file sharing software, and clinical outcome tracking software. Partial transcripts from two online supervision sessions are provided as examples of videoconference‐based supervision. The benefits and limitations of technology in supervision and training are discussed, with an emphasis on supervision process, ethics, privacy, and security. Recommendations for supervision practice are made, including methods to enhance experiential learning, the supervisory working alliance, and online security.
Study of isobaric grape seed proanthocyanidins by MALDI‐TOF MS
Authors: De Marchi Fabiola , Seraglia Roberta , Molin Laura , Traldi Pietro , Dalla Vedova Antonio , Gardiman Massimo , De Rosso Mirko , Flamini Riccardo
Published: September 2014

Positive matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) spectra of grape seed raw extracts show the signals of putative proanthocyanidin (PA) oligomers, including those of several sodium and potassium adducts with the same nominal molecular weight. As a result, the MALDI time‐of‐flight profiles are characterized by several isobaric signals from different PAs. The presence of isobaric PA adducts was studied by sodium and potassium exchange experiments on the seed extracts of six grape varieties. This approach was effective in differentiating PAs with isobaric signals, and 15 different PAs were identified in the MALDI spectra of all samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the phenolic composition of fungus‐resistant grape varieties cultivated in Italy and Germany using UHPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Ehrhardt Carolin , Arapitsas Panagiotis , Stefanini Marco , Flick Gerhard , Mattivi Fulvio
Published: September 2014

The phenolic composition of grape berries grown in Italy (Cabernet Cortis, Johanniter, Solaris, Phoenix, and Regent) and in Germany (Regent and Phoenix) was analyzed using two complementary LC‐MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography ‐ Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry) methods. These five cultivars belong to fungus‐resistant grape varieties (PIWI) and little is known about their phenolic profile, although phenolics such as phytoalexins have been recognized, playing a key role in the resistance mechanism. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer detector was used for both identification and quantification, and analytical tools from untargeted metabolomics were applied to check and control the quality of the results. Specifically, biological, technical, and instrumental replications were included in order to study the variability at different levels. The results allowed tuning of the sampling protocol and provided a rich phenolic metabolite profile for the aforementioned PIWI varieties, as compared with Vitis vinifera cultivars, especially in the class of stilbenes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PTR‐ToF‐MS characterisation of roasted coffees (C. arabica) from different geographic origins
Authors: Yener Sine , Romano Andrea , Cappellin Luca , Märk Tilmann D. , Sánchez del Pulgar José , Gasperi Flavia , Navarini Luciano , Biasioli Franco
Published: September 2014

Characterisation of coffees according to their origins is of utmost importance for commercial qualification. In this study, the aroma profiles of different batches of three monoorigin roasted Coffea arabica coffees (Brazil, Ethiopia and Guatemala) were analysed by Proton‐Transfer‐Reaction‐Time of Flight‐Mass Spectrometry (PTR‐ToF‐MS). The measurements were performed with the aid of a multipurpose autosampler. Unsupervised and supervised multivariate data analysis techniques were applied in order to visualise data and classify the coffees according to origin. Significant differences were found in volatile profiles of coffees. Principal component analysis allowed visualising a separation of the three coffees according to geographic origin and further partial least square regression‐discriminant analysis classification showed completely correct predictions. Remarkably, the samples of one batch could be used as training set to predict geographic origin of the samples of the other batch, suggesting the possibility to predict further batches in coffee production by means of the same approach. Tentative identification of mass peaks aided characterisation of aroma fractions. Classification pinpointed some volatile compounds important for discrimination of coffees. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Botanical traceability of commercial tannins using the mineral profile and stable isotopes
Authors: Bertoldi Daniela , Santato Alessandro , Paolini Mauro , Barbero Alice , Camin Federica , Nicolini Giorgio , Larcher Roberto
Published: September 2014

Commercial tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds extracted from different plant tissues such as gall, the wood of different species and fruit. In the food industry they are mainly used as flavourings and food ingredients, whereas in winemaking they are classified as clarification agents for wine protein stabilisation, although colour stabilisation, metal removal, unpleasant thiol removal and rheological correction are also well‐known and desired effects.

Due to their particular technical properties and very different costs, the possibility of correct identification of the real botanical origin of tannins can be considered a primary target in oenology research and in fulfilling the technical and economic requirements of the wine industry. For some categories of tannins encouraging results have already been achieved by considering sugar or polyphenolic composition. For the first time this work verifies the possibility of determining the botanical origin of tannins on the basis of the mineral element profile and analysis of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio.

One hundred two commercial tannins originating from 10 different botanical sources (grapes, oak, gall, chestnut, fruit trees, quebracho, tea, acacia, officinal plants and tara) were analysed to determine 57 elements and the 13C/12C isotopic ratio, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry, respectively.

Forward stepwise discriminant analysis provided good discrimination between the 8 most abundant groups, with 100% correct re‐classification. The model was then validated five times on subsets of 10% of the overall samples, randomly extracted, achieving satisfactory results. With a similar approach it was also possible to distinguish toasted and untoasted oak tannins as well as tannins from grape skin and grape seeds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estrogen regulates energy metabolic pathway and upstream adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase and phosphatase enzyme expression in dorsal vagal complex metabolosensory neurons during glucostasis and hypoglycemia
Authors: Tamrakar Pratistha , Ibrahim Baher A. , Gujar Amit D. , Briski Karen P.
Published: September 2014

The ability of estrogen to shield the brain from the bioenergetic insult hypoglycemia is unclear. Estradiol (E) prevents hypoglycemic activation of the energy deficit sensor adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hindbrain metabolosensory A2 noradrenergic neurons. This study investigates the hypothesis that estrogen regulates A2 AMPK through control of fuel metabolism and/or upstream protein kinase/phosphatase enzyme expression. A2 cells were harvested by laser microdissection after insulin or vehicle (V) injection of E‐ or oil (O)‐implanted ovariectomized female rats. Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblot for glycolytic, tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory chain, and acetyl‐CoA‐malonyl‐CoA pathway enzymes. A2 phosphofructokinase (PFKL), isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and ATP synthase subunit profiles were elevated in E/V vs. O/V; hypoglycemia augmented PFKL and α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase expression in E only. Hypoglycemia increased A2 Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase‐β in O and reduced protein phosphatase in both groups. A2 phospho‐AMPK levels were equivalent in O/V vs. E/V but elevated during hypoglycemia in O only. These results implicate E in compensatory upregulation of substrate catabolism and corresponding maintenance of energy stability of A2 metabolosensory neurons during hypoglycemia, outcomes that support the potential viability of molecular substrates for hormone action as targets for therapies alleviating hypoglycemic brain injury. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An adaptive strategy for the bivariate solution of finite element problems using multivariate nested Padé approximants
Authors: Rumpler R. , Göransson P. , Rice H.J.
Published: September 2014

Most engineering applications involving solutions by numerical methods are dependent on several parameters, whose impact on the solution may significantly vary from one to the other. At times an evaluation of these multivariate solutions may be required at the expense of a prohibitively high computational cost. In the present paper, an adaptive approach is proposed as a way to estimate the solution of such multivariate finite element problems. It is based upon the integration of so‐called nested Padé approximants within the finite element procedure. This procedure includes an effective control of the approximation error, which enables adaptive refinements of the converged intervals upon reconstruction of the solution. The main advantages lie in a potential reduction of the computational effort and the fact that the level of a priori knowledge required about the solution in order to have an accurate, efficient, and well‐sampled estimate of the solution is low. The approach is introduced for bivariate problems, for which it is validated on elasto‐poro‐acoustic problems of both academic and more industrial scale. It is argued that the methodology in general holds for more than two variables, and a discussion is opened about the truncation refinements required in order to generalize the results accordingly. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process‐induced phase and crystal morphologies in water‐assisted injection molded polypropylene/polymeric β‐nucleating agent blend parts
Authors: Wang Bin , Huang Han‐Xiong , Wang Zhi‐Yong
Published: September 2014

By adding a polymeric β‐nucleating agent (acrylonitrile–styrene copolymer, SAN), in situ microfibril reinforced isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/SAN blend parts with high contents of β‐form crystals and transcrystals were molded via water‐assisted injection molding (WAIM). Thanks to the unique stress and temperature fields occurring during the WAIM, SAN microfibers formed across the whole residual wall of iPP/SAN blend parts with relatively large thickness. Numerical simulations on high‐pressure water penetration and cooling stages of the WAIM were carried out to reveal the stress and temperature fields. Comprehensive analysis of both experimental and simulated results showed that not only the shear flow field but also elongational flow field occurring during the WAIM was responsible for the formation of SAN microfibers and unique crystal morphology distribution in the WAIM iPP/SAN blend part. Moreover, during the WAIM, the high cooling rate also played an important role in the formation of both phase and crystal morphologies. The preferential formation of transcrystals in the inner layer of WAIM iPP/SAN blend part could be ascribed to the strong elongation, rather than the strong shear. It was believed that the quantification of stress and temperature fields of the WAIM via numerical simulation could provide a guidence for molding high‐performance products. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1698–1705, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhancement of Angiogenesis and Epithelialization Processes in Mice with Burn Wounds through ROS/RNS Signals Generated by Non‐Thermal N2/Ar Micro‐Plasma
Authors: Ngo Thi Minh‐Hien , Shao Pei‐Lin , Liao Jiunn‐Der , Lin Chou‐Ching K. , Yip Hon‐Kan
Published: September 2014

Non‐thermal 0.5% N2/Ar micro‐plasma treatment with relatively high NO content was conducted on mice with second‐degree burn wounds. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) concentrations in the plasma‐exposed tissue lysate were measured. The wound closure kinetics, inflammatory responses, proliferation phase, blood flow, and formation of blood vessels in the mice were then assessed. The results showed that the wound contraction in the plasma‐exposed mice occurred five days earlier than that in the control group. The generated ROS/RNS signals stimulated the burn wound healing process, which were correlated with the angiogenesis and epithelialization processes. A possible in vivo mechanism for the enhancement of the processes in the plasma‐exposed mice is thereafter proposed.
Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue: The holy grail of clinical proteomics?
Authors: Broeckx Valérie , Peeters Lise , Maes Evelyne , Pringels Lentel , Verjans Eddy‐Tim , Landuyt Bart
Published: September 2014

Tissue is the most relevant biological material to gather insight in disease mechanisms by means of omics technologies. However, fresh frozen tissue, which is generally regarded as the best imaginable source for such studies, is often not available. In case it is available, the different ways of storage (e.g. −20°C, −80°C, liquid nitrogen, etc.) hamper the conduction of reproducible multicenter studies because of different protein degradation rates. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue on the contrary is considered as a valuable alternative for fresh frozen tissue, because only a few standard operation procedures are applied worldwide for the preparation of these tissues and because they are all stored in the same way. However, a study on the impact of the different preparation protocols for FFPE tissue was still lacking. Therefore, Bronsert et al. in this issue [Bronsert, P., Weißer, J., Biniossek, M. L., Kuehs, M. et al., Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2014, 8 786–804] conducted such a study that provides proof that there is no significant effect between these sample preparations procedures, and thereby they further open the gate for FFPE tissues to enter the field of clinical proteomics.
Properties of a‐SiGe:H thin films: correlation between photosensitivity and density of states
Authors: Laidoudi Lamia , Fedala Abdelkrim , Rahal Abla
Published: September 2014

Thin films of hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (a‐Si1‐xGex:H) alloy are prepared using DC magnetron sputtering method, at a substrate temperature of 150 °C. Silicon and germanium are co‐pulverized. All our films are deposited in the same preparation conditions except for those having a germanium content from 27% to 40%. Structural, optical and electrical properties are systematically studied from IR absorption, optical transmission and electrical measurements. Hydrogen content is determined by integrating the wagging mode infrared absorption. The increase of the Ge content from 27% to 40% is responsible for a decrease in optical bandgap of 1.59 to 1.43 eV and a reduction of the total content of hydrogen bonds in both Si‐H and Ge‐H configurations. A good correlation is observed between the reduction of the optical gap and the increase of one order of magnitude of the dark conductivity.

The white light sensitivity shows a significant degradation due to germanium incorporation in the silicon matrix. Therefore, this degradation increases with germanium content. The density of states (DOS) located at the Fermi level g(EF) is estimated from the analysis of capacitance‐frequency measurements on Au/a‐Si1‐xGex:H/c‐Si(N+) Schottky structure, in zero bias condition. In our layers, the turn on condition which permits to measure the complete response of the deep states, for 1 kHz frequency, occurs at a relatively high temperature (over 75 °C). The measured density of states increases from 3x1016 cm‐3 eV‐1 to 3x1018 cm‐3 eV‐1 when the germanium content increases. This can highlight the narrow correlation between sensitivity degradation and density of states augmentation. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Room temperature kerfless silicon thin foils obtained via a stress inducing epoxy layer
Authors: Serra João , Bellanger Pierre , Bouchard Pierre O. , Bernacki Marc
Published: September 2014

We present 5 × 5 cm2 SLIM‐cut foils obtained by cooling form curing temperatures of 150 °C to room temperature using an epoxy stress inducing layer. Numerical simulations were performed to help the definition of an optimum geometry and we demonstrate the capability to obtain several thin foils from the same substrate. The evolution of minority carrier lifetime upon successive exfoliation of the same substrate is presented. Measured lifetimes in these silicon foils increase after etching suggesting that recombination centers are present close to the foil surface. Effective lifetimes of 50 microseconds were obtained in 120 µm thick foils, corresponding to diffusion length much larger than the foil thickness. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Evaluation of the Relations Between Flow Regime Components, Stream Characteristics, Species Traits, and Meta‐Demographic Rates of Warm‐Water‐Stream Fishes: Implications for Aquatic Resource Management
Authors: Peterson J. T. , Shea C. P.
Published: September 2014

Fishery biologists are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering the dynamic nature of streams when developing streamflow policies. Such approaches require information on how flow regimes influence the physical environment and how those factors, in turn, affect species‐specific demographic rates. A more cost‐effective alternative could be the use of dynamic occupancy models to predict how species are likely to respond to changes in flow. To appraise the efficacy of this approach, we evaluated relative support for hypothesized effects of seasonal streamflow components, stream channel characteristics, and fish species traits on local extinction, colonization, and recruitment (meta‐demographic rates) of stream fishes. We used 4 years of seasonal fish collection data from 23 streams to fit multistate, multiseason occupancy models for 42 fish species in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia. Modelling results suggested that meta‐demographic rates were influenced by streamflows, particularly short‐term (10‐day) flows. Flow effects on meta‐demographic rates also varied with stream size, channel morphology, and fish species traits. Small‐bodied species with generalized life‐history characteristics were more resilient to flow variability than large‐bodied species with specialized life‐history characteristics. Using this approach, we simplified the modelling framework, thereby facilitating the development of dynamic, spatially explicit evaluations of the ecological consequences of water resource development activities over broad geographic areas. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Serum and hepatic vitamin A levels in captive and wild marine toads (Bufo marinus)
Authors: Berkvens Charlene N. , Lentini Andrew , Dutton Christopher J. , Pearl David L. , Barker Ian K. , Crawshaw Graham J.
Published: September 2014

The captive breeding program for the endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne [Bufo] lemur) has been hampered by an undiagnosed condition called “Brown Skin Disease” (BSD). Toads develop widespread skin darkening, skin thickening and abnormal shedding and eventually succumb to a chronic loss of viability. This project evaluated the marine toad (Bufo marinus) as a model for the PRCT, examining vitamin A deficiency as a potential cause of BSD. Wild caught marine toads had significantly higher liver vitamin A concentrations (61.89 ± 63.49 µg/g) than captive born marine toads (0.58 ± 0.59 µg/g); P < 0.001). A significant difference in serum vitamin A concentration was found between the captive and wild caught toads (P = 0.013) and between the low vitamin A‐fed and wild caught toads (P = 0.004), when controlling for liver vitamin A concentrations. After captive toads were treated with topical and/or oral vitamin A, their hepatic vitamin A concentrations were similar to those of the wild toads, averaging 48.41 ± 37.03 µg/g. However, plasma vitamin A concentrations pre‐ and post‐vitamin A supplementation did not differ statistically. We concluded that plasma vitamin A concentrations do not provide a linear indication of liver/body vitamin A status, and that both topical and oral supplementation with an oil‐based vitamin A formulation can increase liver stores in amphibians. No evidence of BSD or other signs of deficiency were noted in the marine toads, although this feeding trial was relatively short (127 days). To date, clinical, pathological and research findings do not support vitamin A deficiency as a primary factor underlying BSD. Zoo Biol. 33:536–543, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Increasing Participation in Genomic Research and Biobanking Through Community‐Based Capacity Building
Authors: Cohn Elizabeth Gross , Husamudeen Maryam , Larson Elaine L. , Williams Janet K.
Published: September 2014

Achieving equitable minority representation in genomic biobanking is one of the most difficult challenges faced by researchers today. Capacity building—a framework for research that includes collaborations and on‐going engagement—can be used to help researchers, clinicians and communities better understand the process, utility, and clinical application of genomic science. The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to examine factors that influence the decision to participate in genomic research, and identify essential components of capacity building with a community at risk of being under‐represented in biobanks. Results of focus groups conducted in Central Harlem with 46 participants were analyzed by a collaborative team of community and academic investigators using content analysis and AtlisTi. Key themes identified were: (1) the potential contribution of biobanking to individual and community health, for example the effect of the environment on health, (2) the societal context of the science, such as DNA criminal databases and paternity testing, that may affect the decision to participate, and (3) the researchers’ commitment to community health as an outcome of capacity building. These key factors can contribute to achieving equity in biobank participation, and guide genetic specialists in biobank planning and implementation.
Rationale and Applications of Survival Tree and Survival Ensemble Methods
Authors: Zhou Yan , McArdle John J.
Published: September 2014

Classification and Regression Trees (CART), and their successors—bagging and random forests, are statistical learning tools that are receiving increasing attention. However, due to characteristics of censored data collection, standard CART algorithms are not immediately transferable to the context of survival analysis. Questions about the occurrence and timing of events arise throughout psychological and behavioral sciences, especially in longitudinal studies. The prediction power and other key features of tree-based methods are promising in studies where an event occurrence is the outcome of interest. This article reviews existing tree algorithms designed specifically for censored responses as well as recently developed survival ensemble methods, and introduces available computer software. Through simulations and a practical example, merits and limitations of these methods are discussed. Suggestions are provided for practical use.
Large myxofibrosarcoma of oral cavity: A rare clinical presentation in lower gingivobuccal sulcus
Authors: Gokavarapu Sandhya , Mustyala Bharati , Kumar Jeevan , Sreenivasa Puthamakula , Murthy Sudha
Published: September 2014

Myxofibrosarcoma occurs frequently in the extremities of older individuals and is rarely reported in the head and neck sites. The present case is a rare clinical presentation with respect to site, size and origin of the tumour. Occurring at an intraoral site, the tumour was 8 cm × 7 cm × 5.5 cm in dimensions. Myxofibrosarcoma is known to originate from subcutaneous tissues in the majority of the cases. The origin of the tumour was ambiguous in the current case, as it appeared entirely intraorally.

The tumour was resected with adequate margin and following which post‐operative adjuvant radiotherapy was given.
Radar observations of the seasonal migration of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) in Southern China
Authors: Qi H. , Jiang C. , Zhang Y. , Yang X. , Cheng D.
Published: September 2014

The summer and autumn migrations of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) were observed in Southern China with a millimetric scanning entomological radar and a searchlight trap supplemented with capture in field cages, field surveys, and dissections of females. Nilaparvata lugens took off at dusk and dawn in summer, but in autumn there was sometimes only a dusk take-off. The variation of the area density of the radar targets indicated that flight durations were about 9–10 h. In summer, planthopper-size targets generally flew below 1800 m above ground level (AGL), although some insects reached 2000 m AGL; in autumn, they flew lower, generally below 1100 m although some insects reached 1700 m AGL. Multiple layer concentrations were seen every night in both summer and autumn. The depths of these layers in autumn were less than in summer. Nilaparvata lugens flew in strong winds; wind shear may be the main factor causing them to accumulate and form dense layers at certain heights. Nilaparvata lugens emigrating in summer from the vicinity of the radar site in the Northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and carried by the prevailing southwesterly wind, would have travelled northeastwards and reached Northern Hunan Province. In autumn, with the prevailing northeasterly wind, emigrants would have reached overwintering areas (south of 21°N).
Impaired alveolar-arterial oxygen transfer is associated with reduced milk yield in primiparous post-partum dairy heifers at moderate altitude
Authors: Neary Joseph M , Garry Franklyn B
Published: September 2014

Domestic cattle have limited cardiopulmonary reserve for their body size and oxygen requirements. Therefore, it is plausible that impaired alveolar-arterial gas exchange may be detrimental to energetically expensive traits such as milk production which, like all aerobic processes, requires oxygen. The degree of alveolar-arterial oxygen transfer impairment can be determined by estimating the alveolar-arterial oxygen (A-a O2) pressure gradient from arterial blood-gas tensions. The degree of oxygen transfer impairment is proportional to the A-a O2pressure gradient: the higher the A-a O2pressure gradient the less oxygen is transferred to the blood for a given ventilation rate. In this study two cohorts of Holstein-Friesian heifers were followed on one northern Colorado dairy farm. Arterial blood-gas analyses were performed up to 9 d post-calving. Heifers were grouped into quartiles based on A-a O2pressure gradient so that relative comparisons could be made. Heifers in the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q4) quartile had the least and greatest impairment of alveolar-arterial oxygen transfer, respectively. We hypothesised that milk yield over 60 d would be greatest for heifers in Q1and would decrease with quartile increments. Hyperventilation, as indicated by hypocapnia, was notable. Despite hypoxia, haematocrit was low. Alveolar-arterial O2pressure gradient was associated with milk production (P=0·03) when controlling for cohort, treatment for disease and calving difficulty score. Heifers in Q1produced 1992 kg (95% CI=1858, 2127 kg) of milk when controlling for all other variables. Relative to heifers in Q1, heifers in Q2, Q3and Q4produced 130 kg (95% CI=313, −52 kg; P=0·45), 285 kg (95% CI=474, 96 kg; P=0·004) and 169 kg (95% CI=395, −57 kg; P=0.14) less milk, respectively. In conclusion, efficacy of alveolar-arterial oxygen transfer was associated with milk yield in dairy heifers on one farm at moderate altitude.
Efficacy of standardvs.extended intramammary cefquinome treatment of clinical mastitis in cows with persistent high somatic cell counts
Authors: Swinkels Jantijn M , Krömker Volker , Lam Theo JGM
Published: September 2014

Extended duration of clinical mastitis (CM) treatment has been advocated, although results showing its higher efficacy compared with standard treatment are difficult to compare and seem conflicting. In a non-blinded, positively controlled clinical trial with systematic allocation, the efficacy of a standard, 1·5-d cefquinome treatment (ST), and an extended, 5-d intramammary cefquinome treatment (ET) were evaluated. The latter is frequently performed in cows with persistent high somatic cell count (SCC), expecting a better cure. Therefore, cows with CM immediately preceded by at least two consecutive monthly elevated SCC >200 000 cells/ml, were studied. The primary efficacy criteria were bacteriological cure (BC) and clinical cure (CC), while SCC cure was considered a secondary criterion of cure. Least square means of overall BC were not different after ET (79%,n=206) compared with ST (72%,n=203). ET, as compared with ST, improved BC of CM when caused by streptococci, specificallyStreptococcus uberis. At day 1·5, only 13% of quarters showed CC, increasing significantly towards 60% at day 5, and 99% at day 14 and at day 21. No significant difference in CC was present between treatment groups. Overall SCC cure was low (22%) and not significantly different between treatment groups, but significantly higher for cases due to enterobacteriacae compared with staphylococci. In conclusion, ET with cefquinome of CM in cows with a persistent high SCC seems to be only indicated when caused by streptococci, mainlyStr. uberisbut shows no advantage when no information on bacteriological causes of mastitis is available. In our data, absence of CC directly after ST was not related to eventual BC.
Bioinformatics in otolaryngology research. Part two: other high-throughput platforms in genomics and epigenetics
Authors: Ow T J , Upadhyay K , Belbin T J , Prystowsky M B , Ostrer H , Smith R V
Published: September 2014

Objectives:

This second segment of the two-part review summarises several modern high-throughput methods in genomics, epigenetics and molecular biology. Many principles from nucleotide sequencing and transcriptomics can be applied to other high-throughput molecular biology techniques. Specifically, this manuscript reviews: array comparative genome hybridisation; single nucleotide polymorphism arrays; microarray technology, used to study epigenetics; and methodology applied in proteomics. Finally, the review describes current methods for the integration of multiple molecular biology platforms.

Conclusion:

Progress in treating human disease in general will require close collaboration with experts in bioinformatics. Improved understanding, by clinicians and physician-scientists in our field, of the concepts presented in both parts of this review will advance diagnosis and therapy for diseases of the head and neck.
‘The Rani of Sirmur’ Revisited: Sati and sovereignty in theory and practice
Authors: MORAN ARIK
Published: September 2014

In ‘The Rani of Sirmur: An Essay in Reading the Archives’, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak offered a literary analysis of British records to demonstrate the inextricability of language from the colonial/imperial project's goal of world domination. Honing her arguments on the threat of a Himalayan queen (rani) to ‘become sati’ (i.e. immolate herself), Spivak interpreted the event as representative of the plight of subalterns and of ‘third world women’ in particular. However, a close reading of the records reveals profound discrepancies between Spivak's interpretation and conditions that existed in and around the kingdom at the time. This article contextualizes the rani's story by supplementing archival sources with folk traditions, local histories, and recent research on sati and Rajput women. It shows that the rani was actually an astute ruler, similar to her peers in the West Himalayan elite, and that her threat of suicide resulted from reasons that go beyond an alleged attempt at recovering agency from the dual oppressions of patriarchal indignity and an invasive superpower. The discourses about sati in contemporary texts are also investigated, revealing a considerable overlap in South Asian and European views of sati among Himalayan elites in turn-of-the-nineteenth-century northwest India.
Trajectories of cognitive decline in different types of dementia
Authors: Smits L. L. , van Harten A. C. , Pijnenburg Y. A. L. , Koedam E. L. G. E. , Bouwman F. H. , Sistermans N. , Reuling I. E. W. , Prins N. D. , Lemstra A. W. , Scheltens P. , van der Flier W. M.
Published: September 2014

Background.

To investigate trajectories of cognitive decline in patients with different types of dementia compared to controls in a longitudinal study.

Method.

In 199 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 10 with vascular dementia (VaD), 26 with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 20 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 15 with language variant frontotemporal dementia (lvFTD) and 112 controls we assessed five cognitive domains: memory, language, attention, executive and visuospatial functioning, and global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE). All subjects had at least two neuropsychological assessments (median 2, range 2–7). Neuropsychological data were standardized intozscores using baseline performance of controls as reference. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to estimate baseline cognitive functioning and cognitive decline over time for each group, adjusted for age, gender and education.

Results.

At baseline, patients with dementia performed worse than controls in all cognitive domains (p< 0.05) except visuospatial functioning, which was only impaired in patients with AD and DLB (p< 0.001). During follow-up, patients with AD declined in all cognitive domains (p< 0.001). DLB showed decline in every cognitive domain except language and global cognition. bvFTD showed rapid decline in memory, language, attention and executive functioning (allp< 0.01) whereas visuospatial functioning remained fairly stable. lvFTD declined mostly in attention and executive functioning (p< 0.01). VaD showed decline in attention and executive functioning.

Conclusions.

We show cognitive trajectories of different types of dementia. These estimations of natural disease course have important value for the design of clinical trials as neuropsychological measures are increasingly being used as outcome measures.
Examining the shared and unique relationships among substance use and mental disorders
Authors: Sunderland M. , Slade T. , Krueger R. F.
Published: September 2014

Background.

Co-morbidity among use of different substances can be explained by a shared underlying dimensional factor. What remains unknown is whether the relationship between substance use and various co-morbid mental disorders can be explained solely by the general factor or whether there remain unique contributions of specific substances.

Method.

Data were from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB). A unidimensional latent factor was constructed that represented general substance use. The shared and specific relationships between lifetime substance use indicators and internalizing disorders, suicidality and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were examined using Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models in the total sample. Additional analyses then examined the shared and specific relationships associated with substance dependence diagnoses as indicators of the latent trait focusing on a subsample of substance users.

Results.

General levels of latent substance use were significantly and positively related to internalizing disorders, suicidality and psychotic-like experiences. Similar results were found when examining general levels of latent substance dependence in a sample of substance users. There were several direct effects between specific substance use/dependence indicators and the mental health correlates that significantly improved the overall model fit but they were small in magnitude and had relatively little impact on the general relationship.

Conclusions.

The majority of pairwise co-morbid relationships between substance use/dependence and mental health correlates can be explained through a general latent factor. Researchers should focus on investigating the commonalities across all substance use and dependence indicators when studying mental health co-morbidity.
Cytoskeletal proteins associate with components of the ribosomal maturation and translation apparatus inXenopusstage I oocytes
Authors: Chierchia Loredana , Tussellino Margherita , Guarino Domenico , Carotenuto Rosa , DeMarco Nadia , Campanella Chiara , Biffo Stefano , Vaccaro Maria Carmela
Published: September 2014

Actin-based cytoskeleton (CSK) and microtubules may bind to RNAs and related molecules implicated in translation. However, many questions remain to be answered regarding the role of cytoskeletal components in supporting the proteins involved in steps in the maturation and translation processes. Here, we performed co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence to examine the association between spectrins, keratins and tubulin and proteins involved in 60S ribosomal maturation and translation inXenopusstage I oocytes, including ribosomal rpl10, eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (Eif6), thesaurins A/B, homologs of the eEF1α elongation factor, and P0, the ribosomal stalk protein. We found that rpl10 and eif6 cross-reacted with the actin-based CSK and with tubulin. rpl10 co-localizes with spectrin, particularly in the perinuclear region. eif6 is similarly localized. Given that upon ribosomal maturation, the insertion of rpl10 into the 60S subunit occurs simultaneously with the release of eif6, one can hypothesise that actin-based CSK and microtubules provide the necessary scaffold for the insertion/release of these two molecules and, subsequently, for eif6 transport and binding to the mature 60S subunit. P0 and thesaurins cross-reacted with only spectrin and cytokeratins. Thesaurins aggregated at the oocyte periphery, rendering this a territory favourable site for protein synthesis; the CSK may support the interaction between thesaurins and sites of the translating ribosome. Moreover, given that the assembly of the ribosome stalk, where P0 is located, to the 60S subunit is essential for the release of eif6, it can be hypothesised that the CSK can facilitate the binding of the stalk to the 60S.
Exposure to Air Pollution From Traffic and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Swedish Twins
Authors: Gong Tong , Almqvist Catarina , Bölte Sven , Lichtenstein Paul , Anckarsäter Henrik , Lind Tomas , Lundholm Cecilia , Pershagen Göran
Published: September 2014

Background: Recent studies have reported associations between air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children, but the role of pre- and postnatal exposure has not been elucidated. Aim: We aimed to explore the risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children in relation to pre- and postnatal exposure to air pollution from road traffic. Methods: Parents of 3,426 twins born in Stockholm during 1992–2000 were interviewed, when their children were 9 or 12 years old, for symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Residence time-weighted concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter <10 μm (PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from road traffic were estimated at participants’ addresses during pregnancy, the first year, and the ninth year of life using dispersion modeling, controlling for seasonal variation. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the association between air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: No clear or consistent associations were found between air pollution exposure during any of the three time windows and any of the neurodevelopmental outcomes. For example, a 5–95% difference in exposure to NOx during pregnancy was associated with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.92 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44–1.96) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.58–1.40) for ASD and ADHD respectively. A corresponding range in exposure to PM10 during pregnancy was related to ORs of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.52–1.96) and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.68–1.47) for ASD and ADHD. Conclusions: Our data do not provide support for an association between pre- or postnatal exposure to air pollution from road traffic and neurodevelopmental disorders in children.