bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest Service Interdisciplinary Teams: Size, Composition, and Leader Characteristics
Authors: Cerveny Lee K. , Blahna Dale J. , Stern Marc J. , Mortimer Michael J. , Freeman James W.
Published: April 2024

Interdisciplinary (ID) teams were created by the US Forest Service in response to environmental legislation. In 2008, we surveyed ID team leaders for National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis of 106 recreation-related projects conducted between 2005 and 2008. Results were compared with current workforce data and previous studies of ID team leadership and composition for NEPA assessments. ID teams were large in size and diverse in composition, with representatives of a broad range of disciplines and functional areas. The composition of ID teams may be changing from traditional natural resource management to more discipline-specific expertise. The role of social scientists and other human dimension specialists remains modest, despite the importance of social science questions inherent in recreation projects. Results reflect changes in agency hiring practices in the last 20 years and raise questions about the interdisciplinary nature of US Forest Service ID teams.
A Comparison of Accuracy and Cost of LiDAR versus Stand Exam Data for Landscape Management on the Malheur National Forest
Authors: Hummel Susan , Hudak A.T. , Uebler E.H. , Falkowski M.J. , Megown K.A.
Published: April 2024

Foresters are increasingly interested in remote sensing data because they provide an overview of landscape conditions, which is impractical with field sample data alone. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) provides exceptional spatial detail of forest structure, but difficulties in processing LiDAR data have limited their application beyond the research community. Another obstacle to operational use of LiDAR data has been the high cost of data collection. Our objectives in this study were to summarize, at the stand level, both LiDAR- and Landsat (satellite)-based predictions of some common structural and volume attributes and to compare the cost of obtaining such summaries with those obtained through traditional stand exams. We found that the accuracy and cost of a LiDAR-based inventory summarized at the stand level was comparable to traditional stand exams for structural attributes. However, the LiDAR data were able to provide information across a much larger area than the stand exams alone.
Assessment of Cooperative Learning in Natural Resources Education
Authors: Etchberger Richard C.
Published: April 2024

I compared the academic achievement of students in a biodiversity class before and after I used cooperative learning techniques. Student achievement by nonscience majors before using cooperative learning averaged 66.1% or a class grade of D+. For nonscience students in the classes after I began using cooperative learning techniques, the class average was 77.2% or a class grade of C+. Students who took the class after I began using cooperative learning expressed satisfaction with working in a group but found it challenging to schedule time to work in a group outside of class. Cooperative learning is a well-researched technique that helped improve student achievement in the class.
Use of Classroom Response Systems for Formative Assessment in Natural Resource Courses
Authors: Bibles Brent D.
Published: April 2024

Classroom response systems, i.e., clickers, increase student engagement and participation during class. Although they have many uses, clickers are particularly useful for encouraging student discussion and for formative assessment of student understanding. Clickers enable the instructor to rapidly gauge student understanding of the class topic and move discussion to points where students are having trouble. They also enable instructors to probe for common misconceptions about concepts, stimulate discussion concerning these misconceptions, and stimulate critical thinking in students in the process. I discuss my approach to using clickers for formative assessment and provide suggestions for effective use of clickers in the natural resource classroom.
Regional Impacts of a Program for Private Forest Carbon Offset Sales
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Alig Ralph , Latta Greg , White Eric M.
Published: April 2024

Policymakers are examining a wide range of alternatives for climate change mitigation, including carbon offset sales programs, to enhance sequestration in the forest sector. Under an offset sales program, on-the-ground forestry could change as a result of both afforestation and modifications in the management of existing forests. These effects could vary markedly by region in the United States because of differences in areas of agricultural land suitable for afforestation, forest carbon and volume growth characteristics, the structure of landownership, and forest industry concentration. Using a dynamic model of North American markets, our analysis of alternative carbon price levels suggests that the largest carbon increment response would come from changes in forest management: extending rotations, shifting silvicultural regimes, and reforestation to hardwood forest types (in some regions). Carbon payments could also stimulate a substantial afforestation response in eastern regions (North and South). Afforestation is particularly important in the North where timberland area could expand markedly. Much of the area would be planted to hardwoods, stemming the projected decline in hardwood forest types and growing stock volume.
Silviculture and Forest Ecology
Authors: Mercker David , Blair Ryan , Tyler Don , Jain Theresa , Graham Russell , Rockwood Donald , Koch Nicholas , Brawner Jeremy , Carrero Omar , Covey Kristofer , Barrett Alex , Ashton Mark , Covey Kristofer , Gupta Angela , Miedtke Julie , Mayer Amy , Scowcroft Paul , Yeh Justin , Beane Nathan , Rentch James , Sensenig Thomas , Liang Jingjing , Kane Michael , Zhao Dehai , Borders Bruce , Rheney John , McNassar Bridget , Kleinknecht Jake , Davis Anthony S. , Farrell Michael , Downs Stephanie , Apsley Dave , Balser Daniel , Fei Songlin , Kong Ningning , Steiner Kim , Moser Keith , Steiner Erik , Overton Emily , Davis Anthony S. , Adamski Daniel , Dudley Nicklos , Morden Clifford , Borthakur Dulal , Aghai Matthew , Pinto Jeremy , Davis Anthony S. , Guldin James , Koerth Nancy , Ganio Lisa , Progar Robert , Rinella Matt , Ceder Kevin , Turnblom Eric , Cram Douglas , Baker Terrell , Suronen Elise , Newingham Beth , Rathbun Leah , Meador Andrew Sanchez , Kreye Jesse , McClellan Michael , Berg Erik , Clinton Barry , Vose Jim , Swank Wayne , Pinto Jeremy , Dumroese R. Kasten , Davis Anthony S. , Marshall John D. , Piirto Doug , Soderlund Joshua , Roller Gary , Pinto Jeremy , Dumroese R. Kasten , Davis Anthony S. , Marshall John D. , Zielke Ken , Nelson Harry , Perez David , Eisen Katherine
Published: April 2024

2Over the past several decades, federal incentive programs have encouraged the restoration of bottomland forests throughout the West Gulf Coastal Plain (WGCP) and the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV). Programs such as the Conservation Reserve (CRP) and Wetlands Reserve (WRP) Programs have been marginally successful (Stanturf et al. 2001). Foresters and contractors often follow conventional tree planting procedures that are well established for upland sites, but prove problematic in bottomlands. High water tables, soil drainage and compaction, overland flooding and diverse soil properties make species selection difficult. Slight changes in topography and soil structure often have a dramatic effect on survival and growth of planted oak seedlings (Hodges and Schweitzer 1979). This project documented the survival and growth of six-year old seedlings that were established on a bottomland site in 2004, located at the West Tennessee Research and Education Center, Jackson, Tennessee. The purpose was to determine how soil drainage as indicated by mottling (specifically, the point of 50 percent gray color throughout the soil profile) affects the survival and growth of bottomland oak species. The findings suggest that practitioners plant Nuttall, pin and overcup oaks in poorly drained soils. As the drainage improves, begin mixing in willow oak. In the best drained soils (if they exist), finish by including water, swamp chestnut, swamp white, Shumard, cherrybark and bur oaks. Potential species diversity should expand as the soil drainage improves.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Agroforestry track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Leadership and Communication track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the People and Communities in Natural Resource Management track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Silviculture and Forest Ecology track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Wildland Fire track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Transportation Planning to Meet Hour-Control Requirements
Authors: Norcross T. W. , Grefe R. F.
Published: April 2024

In the early days of the national forests the money provided for their protection against fire was sufficient for little more than the employment of a few men. With the greater funds now available it is possible to employ more men and to build roads and trails to make their efforts more effective. The proper location of these routes to give the fire-fighing forces quicker access to any portion of the forest requires careful analysis of the value and location of the resources, as well as the topography and the cost of road building, to make the money yield the greatest service. The authors discuss such an analysis and offer a technique for its preparation.
Forest Fire Damage Appraisal
Authors: MacDaniels E. H.
Published: April 2024

As far as the forester is concerned, timber is sold when fire destroys it, whether the stand burned is ten years old or one hundred years old. The appraisal of mature stands presents few problems. A satisfactory yard stick for valuing immature stands has not yet been devised, but the author describes a method, recommended for use in Oregon and Washington, which deserves carful consideration.
A National Forest as a Local Economic Factor
Authors: Bishop L. L.
Published: April 2024

Just how does a proposed or newly-created national forest affect nearby local communities? The author answers this question for conditions prevailing in the national forest “purchase” areas in the East.
Forestry and Lumbering in British Columbia
Authors: Caverhill P. Z.
Published: April 2024

The Province of British Columbia in managing its timber lands and in working toward the stabilization of the lumber industry has problems that differ little from those of the United States. British Columbia’s method of attack is, however, different. The author gives data on the extent of the Province’s timber resources, problems of its lumber industry, the responsibility of the state and private owner, and tells what his government is doing to relieve the pressure to liquidate holdings, improve marketing and make the forestry industries permanent.
The Effect of Phosphorus Placement on the Growth of White Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Meagher M. D. , Armson K. A.
Published: April 2024

White spruce seedlings were grown in a sandy soil that received super-phosphate fertilizer at four rates, and placed in three ways in the soil. It was found that placing the fertilizer in a band of soil one inch below the surface produced the greatest seedling growth at all fertilizerlevels. Surface placement resulted in the least growth and mixing the fertilizer throughout the entire rooting volume gave intermediate results.
Thirty-eight Years of Group Selection in New England Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Leak W. B. , Filip S. M.
Published: April 2024

A 38-year period of group selection in northern hardwoods is resulting in a permanent composition of one-quarter to one-third intermediate and intolerant species. The diameter distribution follows the inverse J-shaped form that typifies uneven-aged stands. Uneven-aged management based on a combination of group and single-tree selection appears to be silviculturally sound.
Marking Ponderosa Pine To Combine Commercial Thinning and Control of Armillaria Root Rot
Authors: Roth Lewis F. , Shaw III Charles G. , Rolph Leonard
Published: April 2024

Root rot caused by Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quél, in natural ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) can be reduced by removing diseased trees during commercial thinning. Critically situated infected trees are pushed out to interrupt vegetative spread among the roots and to kill the fungus through exposure.
Long-run Sustainable Timber Yield–Floor or Ceiling?
Authors: Johnson K. Norman , Beuter John H.
Published: April 2024

On a forest typical of the Douglas-fir region, analysis indicated that the policy prescribed by the sustained-yield clause of the National Forest Management Act might result in forgoing timber volume that could otherwise be harvested without ever going below the sustained yield level. Whether the extra volume should be harvested under an exception to the clause depends on how the Forest Service weighs attainment of multiple-use objectives.
Community Stability as a Forest Management Objective
Authors: Waggener Thomas R.
Published: April 2024

Regulations issued pursuant to the Forest Management Act of 1976 have renewed interest in community stability as an implicit policy objective. Traditional definitions of stability, community, and dependency are vague, and the relationship between timber flow and stability is largely conjectural. Local community constancy is often in conflict with the broader concept of dynamic economic stability. It is necessary to define appropriate measures of economic stability, the geographical context for considering stability, and the time interval over which stability is to be measured. A dynamic economy requires the reallocation of resources and adjustments within and between communities. Current problems reflect these causes of instability, which are largely outside the forestry sector. Policy must address these causes rather than simply focus on the symptoms of change.
Using Television Effectively
Authors: Sandfort Steve , Cone John F.
Published: April 2024

Commercial television is an important means of forming opinion and educating the public. By using it effectively, as outlined in this how-to-do article, foresters will improve general understanding of their profession and its capabilities for service.
Floating Exchange Rates and Log Export Policy
Authors: Darr David R.
Published: April 2024

Debates on softwood log export policy have focused on several factors, including that of export restrictions on the U.S. balance of payments. A shift in international monetary policy from fixed to floating exchange rates in 1973 relegated to secondary importance the balance-of-payments issue and shifted interest to other factors in trade policy formulation.
Confidence Or More Controversy: Whither Public Involvement?
Authors: Twight Ben W.
Published: April 2024

If judiciously carried out the public involvement process can be a way of increasing public support for programs of natural resource agencies. Effectiveness depends on the involved parties perceiving some degree of personal impact on the outcomes. However, attempts to insure representative involvement may attract alienated persons who participate only to express resentment and generalized distrust of public officials.
Modifying the Christen Hypsometer for Use in Dense Conifer Stands
Authors: Buckner Edward R. , Richeson Jerry L. , Rennie John , Boyd Wayne
Published: April 2024

Locating a position that provides a clear view of the top of the target tree is a major problem when tree heights are being measured in dense conifer stands. A further complication arises if a measured horizontal distance is required, as with conventional hypsometers based on trigonometric principles. The Christen hypsometer, based on geometric principles, does not require a measured horizontal but has been little used, probably because of the instability of the hand-held instrument. A modification of the Christen hypsometer utilizes a staff for stability, thereby enabling greatly increased precision with prolonged use. Since the staff permits positioning the instrument further from the eye, additional gains are then possible via an enlarged scale. For trees over 50 or 60 feet high increasing the length of the standard pole from 10 feet to 18 or 20 feet is recommended.
Shadow Patterns Located with a Programmable Calculator
Authors: Satterlund Donald R.
Published: April 2024

Approximate location of shadows at any time can be established rapidly with the aid of a programmable pocket calculator. The procedure can be applied in the field; only the calculator, a compass, and a clinometer are needed. It can also be applied in the office if a contour map and tree height data around a forest opening are available.
Mathematical Programing in Forestry
Authors: Bell Enoch F.
Published: April 2024

Linear programing and its related techniques are increasingly being applied in forestry planning, programing, and budgeting. Caution must be exercised in application to assure that the assumptions accompanying use of the models are not extensively violated.
Goal Programing in Land-Use Planning
Authors: Dane C. W. , Meador Nancy C. , White John B.
Published: April 2024

The land-use planning process on the Mount Hood National Forest involves nine steps designed to identify needs, determine the complex interaction of effects from fulfilling these needs, and providing a means by which decisionmakers can see the tradeoffs required to achieve the various levels of need satisfaction. Goal programming, a variation of linear programming, has been experimentally used to assist in this process.
Harvesting the Forest Resource--Are We Prepared?
Authors: Boyd Conor W. , Carson Ward W. , Jorgensen Jens E.
Published: April 2024

Projections of U.S. wood supply requirements and ability to harvest from domestic reserves point clearly to potential difficulties in the near future. Demand for forest products shows steady growth while the supply diminishes and the restrictions on harvesting become more constraining. Meanwhile, harvesting technology has advanced slowly. The situation correlates strongly with a history of inadequate harvesting research and development and a limited effort to educate professional forest engineers.
The Monongahela Controversy and the Political Process
Authors: Fairfax Sally K. , Achterman Gail L.
Published: April 2024

Misinterpretations of the Monongahela controversy obscure important lessons which that experience should teach us about the political process. Forest policy is debated continually in a variety of arenas. Foresters must be aware of the process and the nature of the different forums if they are to be effective participants in the deliberations.
Containerized Seedlings in Western Reforestation
Authors: Stein William I. , Owston Peyton W.
Published: April 2024

Technology for growing seedlings in containers is well advanced, and such stock is used extensively for planting in the West. Installed production capacity approaches 100 million seedlings per year, and more is planned. The shaped root system facilitates planting, especially among logging slash or in rocky soil. Containerized seedlings generally cost more to produce and transport but usually survive better than bare-root stock and make faster early growth.
Horizontal Line Sampling in Upland Hardwoods
Authors: Birth Elvin E.
Published: April 2024

Continuous horizontal line sampling combines the advantages of PPS sampling and of strip cruising. Field work is concentrated on measuring trees. The method offers a choice of ways to control sample intensity. The direct estimate of a horizontal line sample is the sum of diameters per unit area of land. Tallying by diameter class permits calculation of tree frequency and number of trees per unit area of land. The average diameter calculated is the "average" assumed by nonforesters. Tally sheets may be formatted to show stocking percent, diameter growth required for full stocking, or volume.
Heat Accumulation: An Easy Way To Anticipate the Flowering of Southern Pines
Authors: Boyer William D.
Published: April 2024

Accumulation of degree-day heat sums accounts for most of the year-to-year variation in dates of peak pollen shed by slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), loblolly (P. taeda L.), and shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pines. During 19 years of observation for longleaf and 6 years for each of the other species, the average deviation of observed from predicted peak date was four days or less. Slash pine had the greatest range among years in date of peak flowering (45 days), followed by longleaf (40 days), loblolly (23 days), and shortleaf (20 days). Male strobili of slash pine developed without pause. except on cold days, after their emergence in late November or early December. Longleaf, however, had a period of winter dormancy that averaged about one month, and loblolly and shortleaf were dormant about two months during winter. Only the pollen shed periods of longleaf and loblolly pines overlapped during this study. Differences in heat and dormancy requirements apparently preclude overlap between longleaf and slush pines, or between shortleaf and any of the others.
Reduced Fire Frequency Changes Species Composition of a Ponderosa Pine Stand
Authors: Dickman Alan
Published: April 2024

In the Umpqua National Forest, Oregon, a 35-acre ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stand situated in the midst of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) forest is being invaded by Douglas-fir seedlings as a result of reduced fire frequency within the last 50 years. In earlier times frequent ground fires kept Douglas-fir at a minimum.
Endangered Plant Species and Wildland Management
Authors: Zeedyk W. D. , Farmer R. E. , MacBryde B. , Baker G. S.
Published: April 2024

Recent legislation has given wildland managers the authority and responsibility to ensure the survival of endangered and threatened plant species. Management strategies to protect such species include inventory compilation, refuge establishment, special environmental practices, and artificial propagation. Research into life histories, environmental requirements, and population dynamics is needed.
Significance to Forestry of the Dahlem Conference on Global Chemical Cycles and their Alteration by Man
Authors: Gessel S. P. , Zinke P.
Published: April 2024

Conferees debated whether forests are places where excess carbon dioxide can be disposed of, or whether they are sources for generating the compound and passing it into the global cycle. The role of forests in carbon supply seems to depend upon management practices. Information on the carbon cycle and on release of nitrogen oxides is very incomplete. Forest scientists should begin to accumulate data needed to develop correct policies.
Uses of Land Classification
Authors: Frayer W. E. , Davis L. S. , Risser Paul G.
Published: April 2024

Land classification serves three basic purposes. The first two--developing information needed for policy formulation and for land management--differ mainly in the amount of information required. A single, hierarchical classification system may serve both purposes equally well, although the techniques employed in applying the system may differ. A third purpose--coordination within and between land-managing agencies--provides a strong argument for standardized classification.
A National Forest Policy for Canada?
Authors: Nagle George S.
Published: April 2024

One of the most important of the provincial powers within the Canadian Federation is the responsibility for management of forest resources. Because of the various jurisdictional and regional rivalries, an operational forest policy at the national level has often been said to be an impossible dream. However, there is a growing consensus at all levels that the need for un concertation national, or joint federal-provincial accord, is so pressing that improved means of achieving it will simply have to be found. The Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers is currently sponsoring an effort to establish appropriate principles some workable targets and production strategies, and the mechanisms necessary to sustain continuing forest policy discussions at the national level.
Forest Environmental Impact Analysis--A New Approach
Authors: Thor Edward C. , Elsner Gary H. , Travis Michael R. , O'Loughlin Kathleen M.
Published: April 2024

IMPACT is a new computerized approach that has been developed by the U.S. Forest Service to simplify the work of land-management agencies in conducting environmental impact analyses and in preparing impact statements. IMPACT consists of an information base and an interactive computer program. The information base is a complex network of short descriptions of environmental conditions linked together in cause-and-effect relationships associated with a variety of forest management activities. The information base also includes literature references useful in analyzing specific environmental effects. IMPACT is being used on several national forests.
Increased Growth of Released White Oak Poles Continues through Two Decades
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C.
Published: April 2024

Release doubled the diameter growth of white oak (Quercus alba L.) for 20 years after treatment. Pole-size trees released and pruned grew 10 percent less than those released only. The larger trees, especially those that were growing most rapidly prior to release, increased in diameter most rapidly during the 20-year period.
Five New Machines and Six Products Can Triple Commodity Recovery from Southern Forests
Authors: Koch Peter
Published: April 2024

Mixed southern pine-hardwood stands now yield 20 to 22 percent of their biomass in wood products. A new energy self-sufficient system using tree pullers, wet-fuel burners, mobile chippers, shaping-lathe headrigs, and continuous kilns can convert 67 percent of the biomass (above- and below-ground parts of trees of all species) into products worth about $150 per dry ton. Products of the system are pallets; dowel-laminated crossties (no adhesive); structural exterior flakeboard; structural lumber glue-laminated from veneer: studs; and hogged fuel for plant energy. Composite structural panels or fiberboards could be made also. Application of the system could provide high returns to private landholders while halting incursion of low-grade hardwoods into the southern pinery.
Wheelchairs in the Woods
Authors: Helbig Terry
Published: April 2024

A forest recreation area accessible to persons in wheelchairs can be developed on a modest budget. Simple materials are adequate. Grade is the most important factor in site selection.
World Forestry: Birth Sap Utilization in the Ukraine
Authors: Sendak Paul E.
Published: April 2024

Birch sap is used to make beverages in the Ukraine. Unlike the maple sap used in North America for syrup and sugar, that from birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh., B. pubescens Ehrh.) is not boiled down; it is mixed with sugar and citric acid. Similarities between the birch and maple enterprises suggest that innovations in one might be adopted by the other.
Coastal Plain Hardwood Problem
Authors: Sternitzke Herbert S.
Published: April 2024

Most forest acreage suitable for growing the major species of southern pine is on the Coastal Plain. But much of the growing space on these sites is encumbered with unwanted hardwoods. Moreover, the amount is increasing. Cultural measures to increase pine stocking could be undertaken at moderate cost on some four-fifths of the Coastal Plain acreage.
Potential of Forest Fuels for Producing Electrical Energy
Authors: Burgess Robert L.
Published: April 2024

Annual aboveground wood increment in the world's forests is approximately 12.9 billion metric tons. At 50 percent accessibility, about 6.5 billion tons are available for all wood uses. On the assumption of 3.5 x 106 kcal/ton of air-dried wood, a thermal-electric conversion of about 35 percent, and a power station running at 60 percent operating efficiency, then one megawatt per year requires about 6,200 tons of wood annually. Therefore, if all wood was used for electrical generation, maximum production from the world's forests would amount to 1.0 x 106 mWe (megawatts electric), without dipping into capital. This is roughly twice the equivalent of the present U.S. generating capacity, and half that projected for the year 2000.
Declining Quality of B&W Infrared Aerial Photography -- And What to Do about It
Authors: Meyer Merle P. , Marshall James R.
Published: April 2024

Adoption by the aerial photography industry of automated electronic dodging and printing techniques, associated with a shift to low-contrast negatives to suit photogrammetric applications, has seriously impaired the tonal contrast essential to medium-scale black and white infrared forest photography. In comparisons of various types of 1:15, 840 coverage of a representative forested area, experienced interpreters agreed that tonal quality of photography conventionally provided in Minnesota could be improved by using a Zeiss C filter, holding film exposure slightly below normal, processing to a contrasty negative, and printing on medium contrast paper.
Professional Profile of Urban Foresters Practicing in the Eastern United States
Authors: Dunn B. Allen , Gornicki Philip P.
Published: April 2024

Increasingly, urban vegetative resources are being managed by foresters. A survey of 123 urban foresters found that most held degrees in forest management, began their professional careers since 1970, and considered themselves well received by the public they serve. They perform diverse services, primarily in information and education, administration of programs, and planning.
How Do Nontimber Values Affect Douglas-fir Rotations?
Authors: Calish Steven , Fight Roger D. , Teeguarden Dennis E.
Published: April 2024

When nontimber values are included, economically optimum rotations for Douglas-fir may be shortened or lengthened by comparison with similar calculations based on timber values alone. Lengthening rotations to the age that maximizes wood production results in much less site value that the economically optimum rotation.
Does the U.S. Face a Shortfall of Timber?
Authors: Hair Dwight
Published: April 2024

Recent studies show that the demands for timber from domestic forests are likely to grow rapidly in the decades ahead. Supplies, on the other hand, will increase rather slowly if forests continue to be managed much as they have been. These projections and the widening gap between them have been viewed by some in terms of a physical shortfall. In a free market economy, however, there will not be a shortfall. Prices will rise until there is an equilibrium between demands and supplies. Rising relative prices will limit the expansion potential of the timber industries. They will also mean higher costs to consumers, increased dependence on imports, greater environmental costs associated with expanding use of substitutes, and acceleration in the rate of use of nonrenewable resource.
Resolving Conflicts in Transport of Rock Aggregates: A Cost Analysis
Authors: Kirby Malcolm , Hager William
Published: April 2024

A mathematical model was used to analyze trade-offs between environmental impacts and economic values of proposals for developing rock sources to produce aggregates for surfacing roads in a national forest. The model can be applied to the transport of other materials.
Subsurface Geologic Formations and Site Variation in Upper Sand Hills of South Carolina
Authors: Dearing Oliver Chadwick
Published: April 2024

In the southeastern Sand Hills, the undulating surface of a less permeable, compact formation beneath the superficial sands was found to have a major influence on the rooting pattern of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and the moisture available to it by subsurface lateral movement. Site index of longleaf pine was related to the thickness of the sand layer and the buried topography of the compact formation.
Employment of 1977 Forestry Graduates
Authors: Robie Edward F.
Published: April 2024

Of the 1977 forestry graduates surveyed, 57.4 percent found forestry-related jobs, an improvement over employment in 1976 and 1975. Hiring by industry was greater than that by the federal government. Most federal appointments were for temporary or technician positions.
Industry Goals and Forestry Education
Authors: Gruenfeld Jay
Published: April 2024

Industry wants foresters who are technically competent but who can also work well with people. Training in logical thinking and the principles of management is important, and the forestry graduate should be able to function effectively as an American citizen as well as a professional.
Using a Chainsaw to Control Brush
Authors: Bernstein Arthur
Published: April 2024

When chainsaws were used to control brush on small tracts in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon, 56 percent of suppressed conifer seedlings were released but about one-third of these were damaged from saws, piled slash, or trampling by workers. Worker production was one-fifth that obtained for precommercial thinning, a similar operation. The slash created an extreme fire hazard.
Judging Recreation Impacts on Wilderness Campsites
Authors: Frissell Sidney S.
Published: April 2024

A simple, easily applied condition classification is presented as an aid in the inventory and management of campsites.
SIGHTLINE, PERSPECTIVE PLOT, SCOPE–Three Desktop Computer Programs for Forest Landscape Design
Authors: Nickerson Devon B.
Published: April 2024

SIGHTLINE, PERSPECTIVE PLOT, and SCOPE are new computer programs to assist the forest manager in predicting the visual consequences of timber harvest. Developed by the U.S. Forest Service for use on desktop computer systems, they can depict (1) terrain and timber stands from a viewpoint, (2) clearcut harvest blocks and ridgelines in true perspective from a viewpoint, and (3) partially cut harvest blocks and associated features in true perspective from a viewpoint.
Realities of Nonindustrial Private Forest Ownership in Northern Michigan: An Extension Forester's Opinion
Authors: Olson David D.
Published: April 2024

Nonindustrial private owners control 47 percent of northern Michigan's commercial forests. The trend is toward smaller parcels. Absentee owners are rapidly increasing in number. Owners' objectives and use of land strongly emphasize nonfiber products or general recreational interests, and management quality must be measured accordingly. Taxation, subdivision, and appreciation are problems.
Bird Response to Snag Removal in Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Scott Virgil E.
Published: April 2024

In an Arizona study the population of cavity-nesting birds declined by 52 percent on a plot in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) when conifer snags were removed during a timber harvest but some quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) snags were left standing. On an adjacent plot where snags were left standing, birds increased by 23 percent. There was also a 31-percent increase on an unharvested control plot. Population of violet-green swallows (Tachycineta thalassina) decreased from 20.7 pairs per 100 acres to 2.2 pairs on the plot where snags were removed. There was no significant change in populations of open-nesting birds but gray-headed juncos (Junco caniceps) and American robins (Turdus migratorius) increased on all plots.
Snow Distribution Behind Single-Row Field Windbreaks
Authors: Scholten Harold
Published: April 2024

Single-row windbreaks of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) trapped too much snow when trees were spaced 5 or 10 feet apart. Even 15-foot spacing, with pruning to a height of 3 feet, was unsatisfactory. When trees were purned to 6 feet, though, the 15-foot spacing gave snow distribution patterns similar to those on open fields. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) held back too much snow at 5-foot spacing but allowed a fairly uniform spread when spacing was 10 or 15 feet. No pruning was required.
How Gifting Between Spouses can Reduce Forest Estate Taxes
Authors: Sutherland Charles F. , Siegel William C.
Published: April 2024

The 1976 Tax Reform Act contains features designed to lower federal death taxes. The key provisions are the combining of estate and gift taxes, and the associated rate and exemption changes. Single unified rates and exemptions now apply to both taxes. The act also provides an opportunity for further reduction, in certain situations, of estate taxes on real property held jointly by husband and wife. The procedure involves making lifetime gifts between spouses of the jointly owned property rights. A forest ownership example is used to show how taxes may be saved under these provisions.
Can Potential Recreation Areas Be Inventoried in the Office?
Authors: Green Daniel F.
Published: April 2024

Many characteristics that might be used to inventory a site's recreation potential can be accurately and quickly assessed from maps and aerial photos.
Oak Stump Sprouts in Regeneration on a Good Site
Authors: Ward W. W. , Bowersox T. W.
Published: April 2024

Treatment of oak stumps with herbicides substantially reduced the percentage of stumps with living sprouts, but regeneration frequency and abundance 15 years after cutting of the stand did not differ between treated and control areas. Dominant-codominant oak stump sprouts were present on only 3 percent of the sample plots and constitued about 3.5 percent of the 373 dominant-codominants per acre. On this good site in central Pennsylvania, aspen, red maple, and black cherry seedlings and seedling sprouts completely dominated the slower growing black, scarlet, and white oak sprouts.
World Forestry: Silviculture of the Southern Pines in South Africa
Authors: Kevin Darrow William
Published: April 2024

The forest industries of the Republic of South Africa depend heavily on introduced tree species such as the American southern pines, slash and loblolly (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii P. taeda.) Because only a very small area is available for high-quality plantations, South Africa has developed an intensive management system which aims for short rotations and high product quality, particularly for sawlogs and peeler logs.
National Forests and Reserved Water Rights in the Western United States: Another Perspective
Authors: Lapping Mark B.
Published: April 2024

Recent litigation on the subject of reserved water rights on national forestlands may have a significant influence upon the planning and management of all federal lands. The problem must be seen in the wider context of an evolving national water policy. The analysis by Fairfax and Andrews in the October 1979 issue of the Journal of Forestry is astute, though the interpretations they provide are open to question.
Tree Age and Cavity Initiation By Red-cockaded Woodpeckers
Authors: Jackson Jerome A. , Lennartz Michael R. , Hooper Robert G.
Published: April 2024

The red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis, is an endangered species that has declined in numbers with loss of nesting habitat. This loss is due partly to the increased prevalence of short rotations in southern pine forests. Data from Mississippi and South Carolina indicate that, for cavity initiation, the species needs living trees averaging approximately 75 years old for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and 95 years old for longleaf pine (P. palustris).
How Many Technician Schools, and Students? How Much Employment?
Authors: Coufal James E.
Published: April 2024

A Survey located 69 two-year forest technician schools in 26 states. More than 3,600 students were enrolled in the fall of 1977, and 1,200 graduated ht 1978. Of 1977 graduates, 64.1 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1978, and 18.7 percent had other employment. This total of 82.8 percent compares with 63.2 percent for 1977 graduates with bachelor's degrees. Industry was the main employer of 1977 technician graduates.
Shelterwood Cutting in Allegheny Hardwoods
Authors: Marquis David A.
Published: April 2024

In a study of four levels of cutting (removal of none, one-third, two-thirds, or all of a fully stocked 55-year-old stand), removal of one-third of the basal area provided best conditions for the establishment of new seedlings of preferred species, especially black cherry. Height growth was limited, an indication that the remaining over-story should be removed in 5 to 10 years. Fern and grass cover increased after all levels of cutting on poorly drained soils, creating potential interference with the seedlings. These plants were not a problem on well-drained soils.
Impacts of RARE II Withdrawals on Softwood Prices, Consumption, and Production
Authors: Haynes Richard W. , Adams Darius M.
Published: April 2024

Market simulation studies suggest that withdrawing all RARE II roadless areas could raise U.S. lumber prices by about 4 percent and reduce domestic lumber consumption by 3 percent by the year 2000. Total annual wholesale expenditures on lumber and plywood might rise by $110 million. Price and consumption effects at the consumer level would be moderated by a 19-percent increase in lumber imports from Canada. Reductions in domestic wood products output would be concentrated in the Douglas-fir and the Rocky Mountain regions, with 17- and 28-percent declines in lumber output, respectively. Southern lumber output would increase by 1 percent. If Canadian lumber imports were restricted to a maximum of 13.25 billion board feet, lumber price and consumption effects might double by 2000 with only modest reductions in the regional impacts.
Dendrology Education in the United States
Authors: Steiner Kim C. , Kunsman John R.
Published: April 2024

A survey was made of dendrology instruction at professional and technician forestry schools in the United States. In continuation of trends noted earlier, total instructional time has declined 20 percent since 1965 and most schools now require only one term of dendrology. Schools in the East require the most credits in the subject and cover the most species. Course content varies widely, and there is overlap in every respect between courses taught at professional and at technician schools.
Use Rationing in Two Southern California Wildernesses
Authors: Stankey George H.
Published: April 2024

A majority of applicants supported visitor quotas in two wildernesses on the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. Even persons who did not obtain a permit agreed rationing was needed. The most common problem was inadequate advance knowledge about the rationing system. People obtained information about the system chiefly from the Forest Service, but also from other visitors, conservation organizations, and news media.
Natural Fire in Subalpine Meadows: A Case Description from the Sierra Nevada
Authors: DeBenedetti Steven H. , Parsons David J.
Published: April 2024

During a severe drought in the summer of 1977, a lightning-ignited fire entered and spread throughout Ellis Meadow (elevation 8,800 feet) in Kings Canyon National Park in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. This is the first time that a naturally ignited fire has been documented as burning a significant portion of a Sierran subalpine meadow. It provides evidence that fires may have significantly influenced the evolution and maintenance of these high-elevation plant communities.
Habitat Management for Hole-Nesting Birds in Forests of Western Larch and Douglas-fir
Authors: McClelland B. Riley , Frissell Sidney S. , Fischer William C. , Halvorson Curtis H.
Published: April 2024

During a 3-year study in western larch (Larix occidentalis)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests of northwestern Montana, 273 active nest trees of 20 hole-nesting bird species were located. Stands with major components of old-growth western lurch, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), or black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) supported the highest density and diversity of hole-nesters. On commercial forests, managers should maintain units of old growth and prepare silvicultural prescriptions that will provide continuing replacement in the future.
Nature of New England Forests
Authors: Smith David M.
Published: April 2024

Because moisture supplies are abundant, forests are the natural vegetation of nearly all of New England, and most sites are of commercial quality. Stands in the southern portions are extensions of the Appalachian hardwood forest, with northern red oak common in the main canopy and eastern hemlock in the understory. Yellow-poplar, scarlet oak, white oak, and hickories drop out successively northeastward, to be replaced by maples, birches, and beech of the northern hardwood forest. In the north, where soil drainage is often poor, the spruce-fir type is wide-spread. White pine is found throughout New England; sugar maple is restricted to the best soils. Species regenerate so readily from advance growth that planting is not widely practiced. Fires are infrequent.
Regenerating the Natural Longleaf Pine Forest
Authors: Boyer William D.
Published: April 2024

Natural regeneration by the shelterwood system is a reliable, low-cost alternative for existing longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests. The system is well suited to the natural attributes and requirements of the species. It may be attractive to landowners wishing to retain a natural forest and avoid high costs of site preparation and planting. Seven successive regeneration steps are: (1) thin over-stocked stands to about 70 square feet of basal area per acre; (2) about 5 years before the scheduled harvest reduce the stand to a basal area of 30 square feet per acre of best crop trees: (3) monitor seed crops through annual checks of flowers and conelets on sample trees: (4) prepare a seedbed when a good crop is forecast: (5) check regeneration areas for seedling stocking: (6) after an adequate seedling stand is established remove the overstory: (7) control hardwood competition and brown-spot as needed.
Birds in Six Communities within a Lodgepole Pine Forest
Authors: Austin Dennis D. , Perry Michael L.
Published: April 2024

Birds were censused in six communities within a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest in the Uinta Mountains of Utah: wet and dry meadows, mature and stagnated lodgepole pine stands, and openings made by clearcutting in 1940 and 1960 and presently having regenerating lodgepole pine stands. The richest avifauna was in the dry meadows, a finding that suggests the need to protect these areas from disturbance. Although a few bird species were adversely affected by clearcutting, many were more numerous in the clearcut areas than in unlogged stands, and the number of species remained about the same. Disturbance of the stagnated stands would be highly beneficial to birds.
World Forestry: Intermediate Technologies for Philippine Forestry
Authors: Laarman Jan
Published: April 2024

Research in the Philippines measured the monetary costs and labor input of logging and silvicultural technologies intermediate to primitive manual methods and capital-intensive mechanization. Time-and-motion studies indicated that such technologies are feasible, though numerous obstacles stand in the way of wide implementation.
Dispersal of Limber Pine Seed by Clark's Nutcracker
Authors: Lanner Ronald M. , Vander Wall Stephen B.
Published: April 2024

A 90+ year-old burn in the Raft River Mountains, Utah, is being restocked with limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) and other conifers. Limber pine's large wingless seeds are incapable of wind dispersal, and are being brought to the burn area by Clark's nutcracker, a bird that stores them in the soil for food. Unretrieved seeds germinate, often in clumps, and are reestablishing limber pine on this site. In some years nearly the entire seed crop may be harvested by nutcrackers. No other reliable dispersal agent of limber pine seed has been identified.