bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the social complexities of assisted migration through deliberative methods
Authors: Hagerman Shannon , Kozak Robert
Published: April 2021

The impacts of climate change have prompted forest practitioners and decision makers to consider assisted migration (a form of plant translocation) as a management strategy.

Historically, decisions around forest management, including the application of novel approaches, have been driven by the interests of particular groups and informed by a narrow range of knowledge inputs.

Drawing on our program of social science research and that of others, we demonstrate: (a) the need to expand the range of groups consulted in climate‐adaptive forest management; (b) the necessity to incorporate a broader range of knowledge inputs; and (c) the development and application of deliberative approaches that facilitate both.

Synthesis. We identify a novel deliberative agenda for understanding the societal aspects and implications of plant translocation research and practice, and make recommendations for mixed socially based research methods that revolve around engaging a diverse set of publics and forms of knowledge in environmental decision‐making and policy‐setting.
High tree diversity enhances light interception in tropical forests
Authors: Duarte Marina Melo , Moral Rafael de Andrade , Guillemot Joannès , Zuim Caroline Isaac Ferreira , Potvin Catherine , Bonat Wagner Hugo , Stape José Luiz , Brancalion Pedro H. S.
Published: April 2021

Understanding the processes that underlie the effects of tree diversity on primary production is of foremost importance to enhance climate change mitigation by tropical forests. Here, we investigated the effects of tree diversity on light interception over space and time in two tropical tree experiments, located in Panama—Sardinilla site (monocultures to 18‐species mixtures), and in Brazil—Anhembi site (20‐ to 114‐species mixtures).

We assessed intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR) over horizontal grids and vertical transects (up to 5 m high in Sardinilla and up to 4 m high in Anhembi), in plots containing different richness levels and combinations of species.

Light interception increased from monocultures to 5‐species mixtures in Sardinilla and from 20‐ to 114‐species mixtures in Anhembi (during the dry season). At the Sardinilla site, five‐species mixtures showed iPAR comparable to the best performing monocultures, despite substantial differences observed among monocultures. Diversity‐iPAR relationships changed seasonally and were more pronounced during the dry season. Tree richness promoted a less variable temporal and spatial (i.e. both horizontal and vertical) distribution of light interception.

Synthesis. High tree diversity (i.e. over a hundred species in mixture) maximizes the amount of light intercepted by the canopy in restored tropical forests through more even capture in space and time. Diversity‐light interception relationships should be critically considered for designing cost‐efficient large‐scale tropical forest restoration programs.
The ‘Hiroshima Maidens’ on Different Shores: Decentralising Scarred Japanese Femininity in the A‐Bomb Victimhood
Authors: Wake Naoko
Published: April 2021

This article explores uneven histories of hibakusha (survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings in 1945) activism involving publicly visible nuclear injuries. By looking beyond the famous ‘Hiroshima Maidens’ and expanding an intersectional analysis of gender, race and disability to Korean, Japanese and American hibakusha, this article decentralises the scarred Japanese femininity in our understanding of hibakusha history. As Japan's former colonial subjects, Korean hibakusha successfully obtained disability compensation from the Japanese government beginning in the 1970s, helping Japanese and American survivors, too, to gain better treatment by the government. By contrast, US survivors remained unrecognised by any official US entities, despite the rising activism in Asian America in the 1970s. This article argues, it was a redefined, postcolonial masculinity of Korean and Japanese hibakusha that brought them tangible state benefits. In America, transforming gender was not enough to deconstruct the ‘model minority’ myth, which trivialised any physical injuries and disabilities among Asian Americans as self‐healable. Indeed, racism might have overwhelmed gender by making both femininity and masculinity irrelevant to racial minority rights. This illuminates a need to analyse the intersection of gender, race and disability in trans‐Pacific contexts so as to better identify the roots of nuclear injustice.
Economic Downturns and the Informativeness of Management Earnings Forecasts
Authors: MASLAR DAVID A. , SERFLING MATTHEW , SHAIKH SARAH
Published: April 2021

Economic downturns create uncertainty about a firm's operations and make it disproportionately harder for outside market participants to assess the firm's prospects. We posit that in this environment, management earnings forecasts will be more informative to investors and analysts. Consistent with this prediction, we find larger stock price reactions and analyst forecast revisions to news in management forecasts during downturns. Holding the amount of news in forecasts constant, stock price reactions to management forecasts are also greater than those to analyst forecasts. We also find that relative to analyst forecasts, management forecast accuracy increases during downturns, suggesting that investors justifiably assess management forecasts as more informative. Overall, we document that macroeconomic conditions create time‐series variation in the informativeness of different sources of information to outside market participants.
Evaluation of rapid DNA using ANDE™ in a technical exploitation Level 2 laboratory workflow
Authors: Hinton Nicole , Springstead Tyson , Wright Kirsty , McNamara Kevin P.
Published: April 2021

A trial of rapid DNA (rDNA), a fully automated DNA profiling system, within a technical exploitation (TE) workflow is an important endeavor. In the 2019 Ardent Defender (AD) exercise, the Deployable Technical Analysis Laboratory (DTAL), of the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND), evaluated the use of rDNA using ANDE™. Sixteen samples were processed during a pre‐exercise “controlled” setting, 44 samples were from an “uncontrolled” environment during the exercise, and 22 samples were buccal swabs. The proportion of profiles suitable for upload to ANDE™ was 95.5% of buccal samples (21/22), 66.7% controlled samples, and 15.9% for uncontrolled samples. A considerable difference was observed in the proportions of complete DNA profiles obtained from all exploited items between the controlled (58.3%) and uncontrolled (15.9%) trials and in the proportions of samples where no DNA was detected (16.7% controlled trial vs. 56.8% uncontrolled trial). Overall, the trials highlighted the potential to gain identity intelligence using rDNA within a TE workflow and revealed the impact of operational constraints and the need to improve certain TE practices to gain the most benefit from rDNA. It also demonstrated the benefit of including an uncontrolled component for a more realistic indication of rDNA effectiveness in operational settings and highlighted operational practices impacting rDNA success. Mixture deconvolution was difficult as current guidelines do not consider some of the stochastic effects produced by the rDNA analysis; however, overall, the study demonstrated that rDNA using the ANDE™ instrument could be successfully incorporated into a TE workflow within a deployable laboratory.
Novel adsorptive type apheresis device Immunopure for ulcerative colitis from clinical perspectives based on clinical trials: Japan and Europe
Authors: Endo Yoshihiro , Yonekawa Motoki , Kukita Kazutaka , Katagiri Masaki , Matsumoto Takayuki , Kawasaki Keisuke , Yanai Shunichi , Kato Shingo , Kani Kazuhito , Ogawa Tomonari , Kitamura Kazuya , Hasegawa Izumi , Inoue Yusuke , Doi Takuya , Higuchi Kazuhide , Kawakami Ken , Kakimoto Kazuki , Nakamura Hiroki
Published: April 2021

Several adsorptive type devices for ulcerative colitis are used for the induction of remission in patients with active severe disease worldwide. In 2020, the novel apheresis device Immunopure for ulcerative colitis was launched in Japan. Immunopure, like the polyethylene terephthalate column, uses polyarylate, a type of polyester resin, as the adsorbent. Similar to the cellulose acetate column, Immunopure is filled with adsorbent beads and expected to provide ease of use, with minimal risk of column clogging. Immunopure adsorbs leukocytes and platelets, especially activated platelets and platelet‐leukocyte aggregates. In this article, the capability of Immunopure is evaluated from clinical perspective based on a clinical trial in Japan/Europe. As a result, Immunopure is comparable to other products in clinical effectiveness and indicated for the treatment of patients with refractory moderate ulcerative colitis, making it highly useful in clinical practice.
Spatio‐temporalities of convenience eating for sustainability outcomes at an inner‐urban university
Authors: Middha Bhavna , Strengers Yolande , Lewis Tania , Horne Ralph
Published: April 2021

This article addresses questions about sustainability outcomes and the convenience‐oriented eating practices that tend to dominate some urban universities and that are largely associated with intensive resource and energy consumption. Instead of considering food consumption on campus as a product of individual behaviours and choices (commonly the normative frame for provisioning of eating sociospatial infrastructures), we use social practice theory to examine how timespace infrastructures shape and are shaped by eating practices on campus. The digital ethnographic methods used to capture these practices include focus groups, food maps, and discussions on a facilitated Facebook group. Our analysis suggests that university eating times and spaces normalise and promote unsustainable forms of convenience eating. For university leadership teams concerned with promoting sustainable practices, the findings highlight the limitations of individualistic solutions that aim to encourage students to make healthier and more sustainable food choices. We show that by rescheduling timetables to provide dedicated mealtimes and by providing more shared eating spaces and associated infrastructure, those leadership teams could work to reimagine and intervene in the timespaces of campus life and steer taken‐for‐granted food practices in more sustainable directions.
Separating overlapping bat calls with a bi‐directional long short‐term memory network
Authors: ZHANG Kangkang , LIU Tong , SONG Shengjing , ZHAO Xin , SUN Shijun , METZNER Walter , FENG Jiang , LIU Ying
Published: April 2021

Acquiring clear acoustic signals is critical for the analysis of animal vocalizations. Bioacoustics studies commonly face the problem of overlapping signals, which can impede the structural identification of vocal units, but there is currently no satisfactory solution. This study presents a bi‐directional long short‐term memory network to separate overlapping echolocation‐communication calls of 6 different bat species and reconstruct waveforms. The separation quality was evaluated using 7 temporal‐spectrum parameters. All the echolocation pulses and syllables of communication calls in the overlapping signals were separated and parameter comparisons showed no significant difference and negligible deviation between the extracted and original calls. Clustering analysis was conducted with separated echolocation calls from each bat species to provide an example of practical application of the separated and reconstructed calls. The result of clustering analysis showed high corrected rand index (82.79%), suggesting the reconstructed waveforms could be reliably used for species classification. These results demonstrate a convenient and automated approach for separating overlapping calls. The study extends the application of deep neural networks to separate overlapping animal sounds.
Insights into the mechanism of shortened developmental duration and accelerated weight gain associated with Wolbachia infection in Hylyphantes graminicola
Authors: LI Chunfen , HE Meng , CUI Yinjie , PENG Yu , LIU Jie , YUN Yueli
Published: April 2021

Wolbachia infection is known to affect host reproduction and development. To date, however, the underlying mechanism related to the effects of Wolbachia on host development has not yet been reported. Here, we compared the developmental duration and body weight in different instars of Wolbachia‐positive (W+) and Wolbachia‐negative (W−) spiders (Hylyphantes graminicola) and detected the relative expression levels of 6 insulin‐related genes and 3 ecdysone‐related genes using reverse transcription qPCR. Results showed that the developmental duration was significantly shortened in W+ spiders compared with W− spiders. Furthermore, W+ spiders were significantly heavier than W− spiders at the 3rd and 4th instars, although no significant differences in body weight were observed after maturity. We also found that the expression levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐2 mRNA‐binding protein‐1, insulin‐degrading enzyme, and ecdysone‐inducible protein‐1 genes were significantly down‐regulated in W+ spiders compared with W− spiders, whereas the expression levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐1, insulin‐like peptide receptor, insulin receptor substrate 2‐B, insulin‐like, ecdysone‐induced protein‐2, and ecdysone receptor genes were significantly up‐regulated in W+ spiders. Our results suggest that Wolbachia may influence host development by affecting insulin and ecdysone signaling pathways.
Radiological and pathological correlation of a rare case of primary breast follicular lymphoma in a male patient, presenting as gynaecomastia
Authors: Coughlan Fionn , Rijhumal Anmol , Dissanayake Deepthi , Wylie Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

We present an exceptionally rare case of primary breast follicular lymphoma in a male patient, who presented to us with gynaecomastia for investigation. To our knowledge there have only been two other cases published in the literature to date. In Western Australia, there have been no cases in at least the past 10 years. This particular case highlights the importance of radiological and pathological correlation in making the diagnosis, particularly in the assessment of breast lumps in a male patient, where imaging and clinical findings alone could not make the diagnosis.
Sexual health after vaginoplasty: A systematic review
Authors: Kloer Carmen , Parker Augustus , Blasdel Gaines , Kaplan Samantha , Zhao Lee , Bluebond‐Langner Rachel
Published: April 2021

Background

Vaginoplasty is a gender‐affirming procedure for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients who experience gender incongruence. This procedure reduces mental health concerns and enhances patients’ quality of life. A systematic review investigating the sexual health outcomes of vaginoplasty has not been performed.

Objectives

To investigate sexual health after gender‐affirming vaginoplasty for TGD patients.

Data Sources

MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases were searched, unrestricted by dates or study design.

Methods

We included primary literature that incorporated TGD patients, reported sexual health outcomes after vaginoplasty intervention and were available in English. Outcomes included at least one of these sexual health parameters: sexual desire, arousal, sensation, activity, secretions, satisfaction, pleasure, orgasm, interferences, or aids.

Results

Our search yielded 140 studies with 12 different vaginoplasty surgical techniques and 6,953 patients. The majority of these studies were cross‐section or retrospective cohort observational studies (66%). 17.4%–100% (median 79.7%) of patients (n = 2,384) were able to orgasm postoperatively regardless of revision or primary vaginoplasty techniques. Female Sexual Function Index was the most used standardized questionnaire (17 studies, ranging from 16.9 to 28.6). 64%–98% (median 81%) of patients were satisfied with their general sexual satisfaction. The most common interference of sexual activity was dyspareunia.

Conclusions

The heterogenous methods of measuring sexual outcomes reflect the difficulty in comparing single‐center surgical outcomes, encouraging the need for a standardized and validated metric for reporting sexual health after vaginoplasty for TGD patients. The most common sexual health parameter reported is sexual activity while therapeutic aids and pleasure were the least reported parameters. Future studies are needed to improve and expand methods of measuring sexual health, including prospective studies, validated questionnaires, and inclusive metrics.

Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO 01/01/2021: CRD42021224014.
Regional and ethnic differences in semen quality and reproductive hormones in Russia: A Siberian population‐based cohort study of young men
Authors: Osadchuk Ludmila , Shantanova Larisa , Troev Ivan , Kleshchev Maxim , Osadchuk Alexander
Published: April 2021

Background

This is the first large‐scale Russian study describing semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among young men.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to compare semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men of four cities and three ethnic groups living in the Siberian region of Russia and to find out ethnic or environmental reasons for regional differences.

Materials and methods

The study population consisted of 1291 young men from Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan‐Ude, and Yakutsk, including 1013 men of three most numerous ethnic groups: Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts. Each participant provided one sperm and blood sample, information about lifestyle and ethnicity. Anthropometric parameters, semen quality and reproductive hormone levels, were evaluated.

Results

Significant regional and ethnic differences were detected for semen and reproductive hormone parameters. Median sperm concentrations in Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan‐Ude, and Yakutsk were 54.6, 39.9, 34.7, 33.1 × 106/ml; total sperm counts—202.5, 138.7, 97.9, 93.4 × 106; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa—7.8%, 6.5%, 6.3%, 5.0%, respectively. Median sperm concentrations in Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts were 43.7, 37.0, 30.6 × 106/ml; total sperm counts—150.0, 102.3 and 74.8 × 106; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa—6.8%, 6.8%, 4.8%, respectively.

Discussion

The young men in Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, populated by Slavs, had a higher semen quality compared to Ulan‐Ude and Yakutsk, populated by Buryats and Yakuts, apparently due to the higher testicular function in Slavic compared to Asian ethnicity. Impaired spermatogenesis in young men in Kemerovo compared to Novosibirsk, located in the same climatic zone and having a socio‐cultural and ethnic identity, may be due to the influence of a polluted environment.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that ethnic composition and environment may be responsible for regional differences in semen and reproductive hormone parameters.
Does the legal form matter for firm performance in the MENA region?
Authors: Abdo Ahmad Issam , Fakih Ali
Published: April 2021

This paper attempts to examine the relationship between firm legal form and firm performance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) database. As per our analysis, it was determined that open shareholding, closed shareholding, partnership, and limited partnership companies have an advantage in terms of annual sales and annual productivity growth rates over sole proprietorship firms and that medium‐sized and large‐sized firms also demonstrate an advantage over small ones. Furthermore, our analysis shows that foreign ownership, exporting activities, the usage of the web in communication with clients and suppliers, and the presence of full‐time workers have positively affected firm performance. These findings are deemed robust when running the analysis for firms with female participation in ownership. This paper provides directions for strategists targeting at improving the performance of firms.
Benefits of pharmacological and electrical cholinergic stimulation in hypertension and heart failure
Authors: Cavalcante Gisele L. , Brognara Fernanda , Oliveira Lucas Vaz de C. , Lataro Renata M. , Durand Marina de T. , de Oliveira Aldeidia P. , da Nóbrega Antônio Cláudio L. , Salgado Helio C. , Sabino João Paulo J.
Published: April 2021

Systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure are cardiovascular diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. They are characterized by a change in the autonomic nervous system balance, highlighted by an increase in sympathetic activity associated with a decrease in parasympathetic activity. Most therapeutic approaches seek to treat these diseases by medications that attenuate sympathetic activity. However, there is a growing number of studies demonstrating that the improvement of parasympathetic function, by means of pharmacological or electrical stimulation, can be an effective tool for the treatment of these cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review aims to describe the advances reported by experimental and clinical studies that addressed the potential of cholinergic stimulation to prevent autonomic and cardiovascular imbalance in hypertension and heart failure. Overall, the published data reviewed demonstrate that the use of central or peripheral acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is efficient to improve the autonomic imbalance and hemodynamic changes observed in heart failure and hypertension. Of note, the baroreflex and the vagus nerve activation have been shown to be safe and effective approaches to be used as an alternative treatment for these cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, pharmacological and electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system has the potential to be used as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, deserving to be more explored in the clinical setting.
Feminine perceptions of Kamala Harris positively relate to evaluations of her candidacy
Authors: Cassidy Brittany S. , Liebenow Hayley A.
Published: April 2021

When selecting a face best resembling a male political candidate, the extent to which selected faces look consistent with positive category stereotypes relates to more favorable candidate evaluations. Because people more positively evaluate feminine versus masculine female faces and also evaluate them as having more stereotypically feminine traits, representing female candidate faces as more feminine may produce a similar relationship. This possibility is examined in the context of the 2020 election in which Kamala Harris became the first woman elected to the Vice Presidency. People evaluated feminine versus masculine representations of Harris's face as reflecting more stereotypically feminine, but fewer stereotypically masculine, traits. People selecting a more feminine representation of Harris's face as best resembling her more favorably evaluated her candidacy even when controlling for explicit evaluations of her gender stereotypicality. This relationship was stronger when Harris's agentic versus communal traits were emphasized. Further, people selecting feminine representations were more ideologically liberal. These findings replicate and extend past work using a real example of a woman on the national political stage. People may have favorably evaluated Kamala Harris in part due to having more feminine representations of her face, thus identifying a novel potential pathway to her historic accomplishment.
Fish communities critically depend on forest subsidies in small neotropical streams with high biodiversity value
Authors: Roussel Jean‐Marc , Covain Raphael , Vigouroux Regis , Allard Luc , Treguier Anne , Papa Yvan , Le Bail Pierre‐Yves
Published: April 2021

Trophic support of species‐rich tropical fish communities remains uncertain in small forest streams where dense and constant canopy cover strongly limits the solar radiation available to aquatic producers. We sampled >1300 fish from 80 species in 14 remote headwater streams during the dry season in French Guiana. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses and mixing models were run to estimate the trophic position (TP) of each species and its dependence on terrestrial organic carbon sources. Matching patterns were found between nitrogen stable isotope ratios and the literature on diets of species at the base and top of the food web. Nearly 60% of the species fed exclusively on animal prey (mean TP >3), including piscivorous and parasitic fish species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TP were distributed broadly along the phylogeny and changed gradually within lineages. Carbon stable isotope ratios differed strongly between herbivores that fed on aquatic primary producers and those that fed on terrestrial plants along banksides. Terrestrial carbon was dominant in nearly 90% of species, and most of them depended more or less exclusively on terrestrial carbon. Ancestral state reconstructions indicated that only a few lineages showed local changes toward the consumption of algal carbon. We conclude that fish in neotropical headwater streams shaded by a dense tree canopy depend strongly on terrestrial subsidies. Changes in this aquatic‐terrestrial linkage would have major consequences for the remarkable fish biodiversity in these streams.

Abstract in French is available with online material.
Patch test results in patients with suspected contact allergy to shoes: Retrospective IVDK data analysis 2009–2018
Authors: Traidl Stephan , Werfel Thomas , Ruëff Franziska , Simon Dagmar , Lang Claudia , Geier Johannes ,   for the IVDK
Published: April 2021

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by shoes is common and new relevant allergens have been identified.

Objectives

To investigate the pattern of type IV sensitization in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis of the feet related to shoes as a presumed culprit trigger.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2009‐2018.

Results

Six hundred twenty‐five patients with presumed shoe dermatitis were identified in a cohort of 119 417 patients. Compared to patients with suspected contact sensitization from other allergen sources (n = 118 792), study group patients were more frequently sensitized to potassium dichromate (10.8% vs 3.5%), colophony (7.2% vs 3.7%), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT; 4.0% vs 0.6%), mercapto mix (4.6% vs 0.6%), and p‐tert‐butylphenol formaldehyde resin (1.6% vs 0.5%). Sensitizations to urea formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin, glutaraldehyde, tricresyl phosphate, and phenyl glycidylether were rare. Moreover, reactions to compounds in the leather or textile dyes test series were scarce.

Conclusion

A distinct sensitization pattern was observed in patients with suspected allergy to shoe materials. Although substances with low sensitization rates should be removed from the leather and shoe patch test series, novel potential allergens should be added.
Symptoms of anxiety after heart transplantation and their association with mortality: A secondary analysis
Authors: Bürker Britta S. , Malt Ulrik F. , Gude Einar , Grov Ingelin , Relbo Authen Anne , Dew Mary Amanda , Gullestad Lars
Published: April 2021

Background

Few studies, with inconclusive results, have examined the association of anxiety with mortality after heart transplantation (HTx). We examined whether anxiety symptoms, measured several years after HTx, are associated with increased mortality during long‐term follow‐up.

Methods

Anxiety symptoms were measured with the anxiety subscale of the Symptom Checklist‐90‐R (SCL‐90‐R) in 142 HTx recipients at a mean of 5.7 years (SD: 3.9) after HTx. Anxiety symptoms’ impact on mortality during follow‐up for up to 18.6 years was examined with Cox proportional hazard models. We accounted for relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables, including depressive symptoms (measured by the depression subscale of the SCL‐90‐R), in the multivariate analyses. In additional analyses, we explored the combined effect of anxious and depressive symptomatology.

Results

Anxiety symptoms were not significantly associated with mortality (univariate analysis: HR (95% CI): 1.04 (0.75–1.45); p = .813). Exploration of the combined effect of anxious and depressive symptomatology on mortality rendered non‐significant results. Depressive symptoms were independently associated with mortality (multivariate analysis: HR (95% CI): 1.86 (1.07–3.24); p = .028).

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms’ negative impact on survival after HTx was confirmed, while anxiety symptoms were not significantly associated with mortality during long‐term follow‐up. Anxiety symptoms’ predictive role after HTx requires further study.
The Nurturing of a Communal Self in an Elementary School Home Class: A Case of the Innovation School Movement in South Korea
Authors: Son Sungkyu
Published: April 2021

This article examines the educational practices of elementary schooling in South Korea, especially the case of the recent “innovation school (hyeoksinhakgyo)” movement in the public school system. In particular, the educational unit of the home class, called “ban,” has been strengthened in innovation schools to nurture, simultaneously, communality and creativity among students. By presenting ethnographic scenes from a sixth‐grade home class, I seek to show how the sociality of the home class is organized, and interpersonal behaviors are regulated by the teacher to nurture interdependence among the students, interdependence as a crucial foundation for creativity learning and community spirit in the ban. I also attend to the children's responses and reactions to the organizing and regulating of their peer relationships, especially when equality is imposed as a paramount value in peer sociality. [Interdependence, Peer Group, Schooling, Home Class, South Korea]

Abstract in Korean

본 논문은 초등학교에서의 현지조사를 토대로 2010년대 한국의 혁신학교에서 나타나는 공교육 개혁의 방향성과 그 실천적 효과를 검토한다. 특히 학생들의 공동체성과 창의성을 함양하는 과정에서 혁신학교에서 ‘반’이라는 교육의 기본단위가 강화되는 장면들에 주목한다. 보다 구체적으로, 반의 사회성이 어떤 식으로 구축되는지, 교사‐학생 간, 그리고 또래 간 관계성이 교사에 의해 어떻게 조정되는지 살펴본다. 교사는 지속적으로 학생들 간 상호의존성을 일깨우고자 하는데, 상호의존성은 창의성 교육 및 반 공동체성의 핵심적 토대로 자리한다. 이 연구는 무엇보다도 교사가 또래관계에 개입하고 규제하는 방식, 그리고 아이들이 그것에 반응하는 양태에 주목한다. 이러한 방식과 양태는 반 공동체의 핵심가치로 평등이 부각되는 순간들과 연루되어 있다. 이를 통해 전지구화 시대 한국에서 공교육 개혁이 반의 공동체적 특징을 강화하거나 재각색하는 작업임을, 그리고 공동체성의 핵심에 특정한 평등이라는 이상이 놓여있음을 밝힌다.
Microenvironmental markers are correlated with lymph node metastasis in invasive submucosal colorectal cancer
Authors: Sugai Tamotsu , Yamada Noriyuki , Osakabe Mitsumasa , Hashimoto Mai , Uesugi Noriyuki , Eizuka Makoto , Tanaka Yoshihito , Sugimoto Ryo , Yanagawa Naoki , Matsumoto Takayuki
Published: April 2021

Aims

Recent studies have shown that the microenvironment can include cancer cells and cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and that both play important roles in the progression and metastasis of CRC. Here, we aimed to analyse the expression patterns of cancer cell‐ and CAF‐related proteins in submucosal invasive colorectal cancer (SiCRC) and whether such markers are correlated with lymph node metastasis (LNM).

Methods and results

Quantitative analysis was conducted for Ki‐67, p53, β‐catenin and matrix metalloproteinase‐7 (MMP7) to assess cancer cell markers. In addition, we examined CAF markers, including smooth muscle alpha‐actin (α‐SMA), CD10, podoplanin, fibroblast‐specific protein 1 (FSP‐1), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α, PDGFR‐β, adipocyte enhancer‐binding protein 1 (AEBP1), fibroblast‐associated protein 1 (FAP‐1), zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and TWIST‐related protein 1 (TWIST1). In both cases, we conducted digital pathology with Aperio software. We also examined the expression patterns of biomarkers using hierarchical cluster analysis. Two subgroups were established based on the expression patterns of cancer cell‐ and CAF‐ related markers, and the associations of these subgroups with clinicopathological variables. In multivariate analysis, subgroup 2, which was characterised by high expression of Ki‐67, p53, FAP‐1, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α, PDGFR‐β and TWIST1, was correlated with LNM (P < 0.01). Next, we examined the associations of individual biomarkers with LNM. Multivariate analysis showed that high expression levels of Ki‐67 and FAP‐1 were significantly associated with LNM (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our findings showed that expression patterns of cancer cell‐ and CAF‐related proteins may allow for stratification of patients into risk categories for LNM in SiCRC. In addition, Ki‐67‐ and FAP‐1‐expressing microenvironmental cells might be helpful for identification of correlations with LNM in SiCRC.
A non‐destructive approach to collect nest material data using photographs
Authors: Sugasawa Shoko , Edwards Sophie C , Stanforth Rowan , Bruton Emily , Hansell Mike , Reilly Maggie , Healy Susan D
Published: April 2021

The materials that birds use to build their nests have a profound effect on nest quality and consequently on the builder’s reproductive success. Given that the common method to quantify nest materials by dismantling nests takes time and limits study species, we developed a non‐destructive and much quicker method for quantifying nest materials using nest photographs. Using our photographic method, the proportions of the main materials in 45 Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus and 20 Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata nests, including grass, heather and moss, matched those found by dismantling the nests, but the proportions of rarer animal‐derived materials differed between the two methods. Provided that there is an initial calibration with the dismantling method, the photographic method offers two key advantages: a reduction in the time it takes to quantify the major components of nests, and application to previously inaccessible data, including museum collections. Together, these advantages encourage further study of nesting materials and enable a better understanding of avian nest diversification.
Montée en qualification et modification de la répartition au sein de la chaîne de valeur mondiale du secteur de l’électronique
Authors: LLADÓS‐MASLLORENS Josep , MESEGUER‐ARTOLA Antoni , VILASECA‐REQUENA Jordi
Published: April 2021

Le secteur de l’électronique repose sur une chaîne de production mondiale particulièrement complexe. Les auteurs s'appuient sur des données de la base WIOD pour la période 2000–2014 afin d'apprécier la contribution des pays à cette chaîne de valeur. Ils examinent notamment l'incidence de la crise financière mondiale de 2007–2008 sur son évolution et établissent une cartographie des interactions internationales. L’étude révèle une augmentation des délocalisations depuis la crise financière, la Chine et d'autres pays d'Asie de l'Est étant devenus les principaux pôles de création de valeur. Elle montre aussi que les technologies de production ont connu une transformation radicale, accompagnée d'une montée en qualification.
Electronic structure and thermal conductivity of zirconium carbide with hafnium additions
Authors: Zhou Yue , Fahrenholtz William G. , Graham Joseph , Hilmas Gregory E.
Published: April 2021

The lattice thermal conductivity of ZrC with different Hf contents was investigated theoretically. The density of states and electron density differences were calculated for ZrC and (Zr,Hf)C containing 3.125 or 6.25 at% Hf. It was found that the electronic structure did not change significantly with the Hf additions. Lattice thermal conductivities were calculated for all of the compositions by combining first‐principles calculations with the Debye–Callaway model. The theoretical lattice thermal conductivity of ZrC was 68 W·m−1·K−1 at room temperature. When adding 3.125 and 6.25 at% Hf into ZrC, the lattice thermal conductivities decreased to 18 and 15 W·m−1·K−1, respectively. The mechanism for the decreased conductivity is that with the addition of Hf impurities, the frequency of the acoustic phonons decreased, which resulted in decreases in the Debye temperature and lattice thermal conductivity.
Defect cluster engineering in ZnGa2−x(Mg/Ge)xO4:Cr3+ nanoparticles for remarkably improved NIR persistent luminescence
Authors: Zhu Qi , Xiahou Junqing , Li Xiaodong , Sun Xudong , Li Ji‐Guang
Published: April 2021

Recently, study on Cr3+‐doped zinc gallate and zinc gallogermanate persistent phosphors has become a hot topic in persistent luminescence and bio imaging areas, because of their near infrared (NIR) emission and long afterglow. However, regulation of efficient traps and improvement of persistent luminescence through bottom‐up design are the key challenge. Here, we recommend a new paradigm of chemical unit co‐substitution with [Mg2+‐Ge4+] substituting for [Ga3+‐Ga3+] in ZnGa2O4, which contributes to the opposite charged and distorted octahedral defects of MgGa′ and GeGa· in pair around the CrN2 ions. The formed defect clusters of MgGa′‐CrN2‐GeGa·, which are closely related to the trap depth, can be accurately regulated through varying the doping content of Mg2+/Ge4+ in the resulting spinel solid solutions of ZnGa2−x(Mg/Ge)xO4:Cr3+ (x = 0–1.25). Moreover, the defect clusters cannot only store and recharge visible and UV radiations that contributes to the long lasting NIR persistent luminescence but also can enhance the NIR emission intensity at ~695 nm. The persistent luminescence induced by UV light excitation exhibits an improvement at a deeper trap depth, but it follows an opposite law through visible light excitation. The prepared nanoparticles have the advantages of intense NIR emission, long lasting afterglow, and excellent rechargeability for visible/UV radiations, so they are the potential nanoprobes for long‐term bio imaging in living animals.
Warm winters and cool springs negatively influence recruitment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a southern England chalk stream
Authors: Marsh Jessica E. , Lauridsen Rasmus B. , Riley William D. , Simmons Olivia M. , Artero Céline , Scott Luke J. , Beaumont William R. C. , Beaumont William A. , Davy‐Bowker John , Lecointre Thomas , Roberts Dylan E. , Gregory Stephen D.
Published: April 2021

Previous work suggests that juvenile salmon recruitment in rain‐fed rivers is negatively influenced by warm and wet winters and cool springs. We tested whether this is generally applicable to a southern England chalk stream characterized by comparatively stable discharges and temperatures. We found that warm spawning and cool emergence temperatures negatively influenced juvenile recruitment between 2015 and 2020. Together these findings suggest an ability to predict juvenile productivity from water temperature records around spawning and fry emergence, thereby allowing time for management interventions in years of unfavourable temperatures.
Flavonoid fisetin reverses impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function by regulating the function of AMPARs in a male rat model of schizophrenia
Authors: Zhan Jin‐Qiong , Chen Chun‐Nuan , Wu Si‐Xian , Wu Han‐Jun , Zou Ke , Xiong Jian‐Wen , Wei Bo , Yang Yuan‐Jian
Published: April 2021

Cognitive deficits are the core feature of schizophrenia and effective treatment strategies are still missing. Previous studies have reported that fisetin promotes long‐term potentiation (LTP) and cognitive function in normal rodents and other model animals of neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of fisetin on synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits caused by a brief disruption of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) with dizocilpine (MK‐801) during early development in rats. The cognitive performance was examined by the Morris water maze task and a fear conditioning test. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity was investigated by field potential recording. The expression of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) and cognition‐related proteins was measured by western blotting. We found that intraperitoneal administration of fisetin rescued hippocampus‐dependent spatial and contextual fear memory in MK‐801 rats. In parallel with these behavioral results, fisetin treatment in MK‐801 rats reversed the impairment of hippocampal LTP. At the molecular level, fisetin treatment selectively increased the phosphorylation and surface expression of AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluA1) in MK‐801‐treated rats. Moreover, fisetin restored the phosphorylation levels of calcium‐calmodulin‐dependent kinaseII (CaMKII), cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), and the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in MK‐801‐treated rats. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that fisetin treatment can reverse the deficits of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in a male rat model of schizophrenia by restoring the phosphorylation and surface expression of AMPAR GluA1 subunit, suggesting fisetin as a promising therapeutic candidate for schizophrenia‐associated cognitive deficits.

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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with hypertrophic nerves
Authors: Ripellino Paolo , Ventura Elisa , Querol Luis , Gobbi Claudio
Published: April 2021

We describe the distinctive features (with images and video) of a case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) with giant nerves. The main clinical findings were insidious onset, gait ataxia and sensory symptoms. Electrodiagnostic studies showed very slow nerve conduction velocities, multiple conduction blocks, distal CMAP duration increase and absence of F‐waves. The protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid was very high. Nerve ultrasound showed swelling of all peripheral nerves outside entrapment sites, with significant variability within different segments of the same nerve; nerves were massively enlarged (up to 10‐fold normal values). Brain MRI showed hypertrophic cranial nerves, with gadolinium‐enhancement. Spinal MRI showed hypertrophy of spinal roots and cauda equine, with gadolinium enhancement. Genetic test (PMP22 duplication/deletion, Whole Exome Sequencing panel for neuropathies) resulted negative. The patient had a relapsing‐remitting course and responded to immunoglobulin treatment. In CIDP with hypertrophic nerves, there is discrepancy between severe nerve hypertrophy and mild clinical symptoms. Nerve enlargement seems inversely related to nerve conduction velocity and directly correlated with disease duration, but not associated with disease severity.
Potato virus Y recombinant coat protein production in Escherichia coli: Applications in antibody production and virus detection
Authors: Rabie Mona , Abdel Aleem Engy E. , Elwan Esraa A. , Fattouh Faiza A.
Published: April 2021

The coat protein coding region of Potato virus Y (PVY) was cloned into pGEM‐T, sub‐cloned into plasmid pET‐28a (+) then transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS to express the protein. Induction of the recombinant protein was made with isopropyl‐β‐d‐thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), which has been tested in a variety of concentrations and for varying periods of time. The highest expression level of the protein was achieved with 1 mM IPTG for 4 hr. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) followed by Western blotting has been used to confirm the identity of the expressed protein. The PVY coat protein (30 kDa) was purified under denaturing conditions by affinity chromatography and identity reconfirmed by Western blotting. The expressed protein was used as a recombinant antigen to raise polyclonal antibodies in mice. Purified anti‐PVYCP immunoglobulin (IgG) reacted positively with PVY‐infected leaf samples and the purified expressed CP in plate‐trapped antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (PTA‐ELISA). The currently produced antiserum detects the more prevailing strains in the region: PVY N, NTN and Wilga.
Risk‐neutral pricing techniques and examples
Authors: Jarrow Robert A. , Patie Pierre , Srapionyan Anna , Zhao Yixuan
Published: April 2021

Tractability and flexibility are among the two most attractive features of models in mathematical finance. For the pricing of derivative products, to avoid arbitrage opportunities, the fundamental theorem of asset pricing requires the existence of an equivalent martingale measure under which the discounted price process is a (local) martingale. In the semimartingale setting, the traditional approach of risk‐neutral valuation uses a change of measure invoking Girsanov's theorem. This approach often destroys the tractability of the process which is undesirable for quantitative finance applications. To overcome these limitations, we employ a transformation based on the concept of intertwining relationships that allows us to convert Markovian semigroups into a pricing semigroup while keeping its tractability. In order to illustrate the usefulness of this approach, we apply it to exponential Lévy, positive self‐similar, and generalized CIR processes that all fall within the class of polynomial processes introduced by Cuchiero et al. (2012). Furthermore, for the jump CIR class, relying on recent work of Patie and Savov (2019), we provide an eigenvalues expansion of the pricing semigroup and carry out some numerical experiments.
Comparative genome sequencing reveals insights into the dynamics of Wolbachia in native and invasive cherry fruit flies
Authors: Wolfe Thomas M. , Bruzzese Daniel J. , Klasson Lisa , Corretto Erika , Lečić Sonja , Stauffer Christian , Feder Jeffrey L. , Schuler Hannes
Published: April 2021

Wolbachia is a maternally inherited obligate endosymbiont that can induce a wide spectrum of effects in its host, ranging from mutualism to reproductive parasitism. At the genomic level, recombination within and between strains, transposable elements, and horizontal transfer of strains between host species make Wolbachia an evolutionarily dynamic bacterial system. The invasive cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cingulata arrived in Europe from North America ~40 years ago, where it now co‐occurs with the native cherry pest R. cerasi. This shared distribution has been proposed to have led to the horizontal transfer of different Wolbachia strains between the two species. To better understand transmission dynamics, we performed a comparative genome study of the strain wCin2 in its native United States and invasive European populations of R. cingulata with wCer2 in European R. cerasi. Previous multilocus sequence genotyping (MLST) of six genes implied that the source of wCer2 in R. cerasi was wCin2 from R. cingulata. However, we report genomic evidence discounting the recent horizontal transfer hypothesis for the origin of wCer2. Despite near identical sequences for the MLST markers, substantial sequence differences for other loci were found between wCer2 and wCin2, as well as structural rearrangements, and differences in prophage, repetitive element, gene content, and cytoplasmic incompatibility inducing genes. Our study highlights the need for whole‐genome sequencing rather than relying on MLST markers for resolving Wolbachia strains and assessing their evolutionary dynamics.