bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ENU‐induced cetus mutation reveals an essential role of the DNA helicase DDX11 for mesoderm development during early mouse embryogenesis
Authors: Cota Christina D. , García‐García María J.
Published: June 2012

Background: DDX11 is a DNA helicase of the conserved FANCJ/RAD3/XPD family involved in maintaining genome stability. Studies in yeast and humans have shown requirements for DDX11 in sister chromatid cohesion and DNA repair. In mouse, loss of Ddx11 results in embryonic lethality. However, the developmental defects of Ddx11 mutants are poorly understood. Results: We describe the characterization and positional cloning of cetus, a mouse ENU‐induced mutation in Ddx11. We demonstrate that cetus causes a nonconservative amino acid change in DDX11 motif V and that this mutation is a null allele of Ddx11. cetus mutant embryos failed to thrive beyond embryonic day 8.5 and displayed placental defects similar to those described in Ddx11 null embryos. Additionally, our characterization of Ddx11cetus mutants identified embryonic phenotypes that had not been previously reported in Ddx11KO embryos, including loss of somitic mesoderm, an open kinked neural tube and abnormal heart looping. We show that loss of Ddx11 causes widespread apoptosis from early embryonic stages and that loss of Ddx11 disrupts somitic mesoderm more dramatically than other embryonic cells. Conclusions: Our results identify novel roles of Ddx11 during embryo morphogenesis and demonstrate that the activity of its motif V is essential for DDX11 function. Developmental Dynamics 241:1249–1259, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Late Carboniferous algal mound from the Tarim Basin, NW China: internal structure and palaeoecology
Authors: Chen Zhong‐Qiang
Published: June 2012

ABeresella‐dominated algal mound and its internal construction from Paojianggou, southwestern Tarim Basin, NW China are studied for the first time. This algal mound was constructed during the early–middle late Moscovian and its age is constrained by fusulinids of theFusulina kamensisandF.quasicylindricazones of middle Pennsylvanian age. The mound substrate beds are composed of crinoid and brachiopod grainstones. Crinoid bank and brachiopod‐dominated skeletal shoals indicate a high‐energy environment and produced a local topographic high on which the mound grew.Komiabafflestone of the foremound facies further increased the relief of the crinoid bank on the seafloor. The lower part of the mound framework is dominated byShamovella–Archaeolithoporellaboundstone, while the main (upper) mound framework consists predominantly ofBeresellaboundstone. Grainstone–packstone characterizes the windward mound flank facies. The mound capping facies include a lower skeletal packstone–wackestone and an upper lagoon facies marlstone and black shale. Various algal colonies performed different roles in the formation of the mound.Komiacolonies were the mound constructors that baffled higher energy currents and entrapped fine sediment.Archaeolithoporella,Shamovellaand possibly microbes (cyanobacteria) acted as the binders to stabilize mud and fine‐grained sediment.Beresellacolonies were the major framework constructors whose network entrapped the mud to build the mound.

The growth of the Paojianggou mound in the Tarim Basin has undergone three major algal colonization stages:Komiabaffling, laminarArchaeolithoporellaandShamovellaencrusting and binding, andBeresellabinding and stabilizing. The Paojianggou mound developed in a protected lagoonal position behind the shoals and grew during a short rise in sea level followed by a long‐period sea‐level fall. Its demise was caused by terrigenous siliciclastic input due to regional tectonic uplifting in the Tarim Basin during the latest Moscovian time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CCPE: Methodology for a Combined Evaluation of Cognitive and Physical Ergonomics in the Interaction between Human and Machine
Authors: Bligård Lars‐Ola , Osvalder Anna‐Lisa
Published: June 2012

Evaluation methods of today often focus on cognitive ergonomics (such as mental workload or usability) or physical ergonomics (such as physical workload or body posture). This article describes an analytical methodology of a joint systematic search for potential deficiencies in the human–machine interaction; such as high physical and mental workload, use errors, usability problems, and physical ergonomic errors. The purpose with the joint search is to achieve a more holistic evaluation approach and make the evaluation cost more effective than when using separate evaluation methods for cognitive and physical ergonomic aspects. The methodology is task‐based, which makes it possible to use both with focus on the device design, as in development projects; as well as with focus on the procedure, in the operative organization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
E‐tracers: Development of a low cost wireless technique for exploring sub‐surface hydrological systems
Authors: Bagshaw Elizabeth A. , Burrow Stephen , Wadham Jemma L. , Bowden James , Lishman Ben , Salter Mike , Barnes Richard , Nienow Peter
Published: June 2012

This briefing describes the first deployment of a new electronic tracer (E‐tracer) for obtaining along‐flowpath measurements in subsurface hydrological systems. These low‐cost, wireless sensor platforms were deployed into moulins on the Greenland Ice Sheet. After descending into the moulin, the tracers travelled through the subglacial drainage system before emerging at the glacier portal. They are capable of collecting along‐flowpath data from the point of injection until detection. The E‐tracers emit a radio frequency signal, which enables sensor identification, location and recovery from the proglacial plain. The second generation of prototype E‐tracers recorded water pressure, but the robust sensor design provides a versatile platform for measuring a range of parameters, including temperature and electrical conductivity, in hydrological environments that are challenging to monitor using tethered sensors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity modelling of hydrologic time series
Authors: Modarres R. , Ouarda T. B. M. J.
Published: June 2012

The existence of time‐dependent variance or conditional variance, commonly called heteroscedasticity, in hydrologic time series has not been thoroughly investigated. This paper deals with modelling the heteroscedasticity in the residuals of the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model using a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model. The model is applied to two monthly rainfall time series from humid and arid regions. The effect of Box–Cox transformation and seasonal differencing on the remaining seasonal heteroscedasticity in the residuals of the SARIMA model is also investigated. It is shown that the seasonal heteroscedasticity in the residuals of the SARIMA model can be removed using Box–Cox transformation along with seasonal differencing for the humid region rainfall. On the other hand, transformation and seasonal differencing could not remove heteroscedasticity from the residuals of the SARIMA model fitted to rainfall data in the arid region. Therefore, the GARCH modelling approach is necessary to capture the heteroscedasticity remaining in the residuals of a SARIMA model. However, the evaluation criteria do not necessarily show that the GARCH model improves the performance of the SARIMA model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can We Identify Emotion Over‐regulation in Infancy? Associations with Avoidant Attachment, Dyadic Emotional Interaction and Temperament
Authors: Martins Eva Costa , Soares Isabel , Martins Carla , Tereno Susana , Osório Ana
Published: June 2012

Emotion over‐regulation in infancy has seldom been the focus of empirical research. This study analysed the specificities of over‐regulation when compared with under‐regulation (maladaptive) and adaptive regulation by testing its association with attachment, dyadic emotional interaction, and temperament. The sample consisted of 52 low‐risk mother–infant dyads. During a home visit, dyadic emotional interaction was assessed in the daily routines and free play of 10‐month‐old infants. The infant's emotion regulation was assessed using the Shape Sorter Task, and a temperament questionnaire was completed by the mother. Attachment was assessed at 12 or 16 months using the Strange Situation. As hypothesized, (i) emotion over‐regulation (versus adaptive regulation) was predicted by a lower quality of dyadic emotional interaction and marginally by avoidant attachment; (ii) over‐regulation (versus under‐regulation) was predicted by avoidant attachment; and (iii) the predictive role of avoidant attachment was substantiated after controlling for another measure of mother–infant interaction. Contrary to expectations, temperament did not distinguish between emotion regulation styles. The link between over‐regulation and lower quality of mother–infant emotional interaction and avoidant attachment was demonstrated. There is empirical support to the claim that it is possible to identify emotion over‐regulation in infancy and that it is a maladaptive style of emotion regulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of FAP48 in HIV‐associated lipodystrophy
Authors: Esposito Vincenzo , Manente Lucrezia , Lucariello Angela , Perna Angelica , Viglietti Rosaria , Gargiulo Miriam , Parrella Roberto , Parrella Giovanni , Baldi Alfonso , De Luca Antonio , Chirianni Antonio
Published: June 2012

The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can cause a metabolic syndrome consisting of lipodystropy/lipoatrophy, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus with an increased cardiovascular risk. The pathogenetic bases of HAART‐associated lipodystrophy are poorly known. A genetic screen was used to evaluate proteins that are modulated in HIV‐1‐infected patients with or without lipodystrophy syndrome, that are routinely treated with HAART regimens. The most significant modulation was represented by FAP48 expression. Stable over‐expression of FAP48 was able to alter, in vitro, adipogenesis, acting both on calcineurin and glucocorticoid pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that FAP48 over‐expression was able to influence the capacity of some HIV drugs, Saquinavir and Efavirenz, but not Stavudine, Amprenavir, and Indinavir to inhibit adipocyte formation. In conclusion, this molecule could be a potential target for novel therapeutic approaches to the HAART related lipodystrophy in HIV patients. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3446–3454, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational study on hydrolysis of cefotaxime in gas phase and in aqueous solution
Authors: Meliá Conchín , Ferrer Silvia , Moliner Vicent , Tuñón Iñaki , Bertrán Juan
Published: June 2012

We are presenting a theoretical study of the hydrolysis of a β‐lactam antibiotic in gas phase and in aqueous solution by means of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics potentials. After exploring the potential energy surfaces at semiempirical and density functional theory (DFT) level, potentials of mean force have been computed for the reaction in solution with hybrid PM3/TIP3P calculations and corrections with the B3LYP and M06‐2X functionals. Inclusion of the full molecule of the antibiotic, Cefotaxime, in the gas phase molecular model has been demonstrated to be crucial since its carboxylate group can activate a nucleophilic water molecule. Moreover, the flexibility of the substrate implies the existence of a huge number of possible conformers, some of them implying formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond interaction that can determine the energetics of the conformers defining the different states along the reaction profile. The results show PM3 provides results that are in qualitative agreement with DFT calculations. The free energy profiles show a step‐wise mechanism that is kinetically determined by the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule activated by the proton transfer to the carboxylate group of the substrate (the first step). However, since the main role of the β‐lactamase would be reducing the free energy barrier of the first step, and keeping in mind the barrier obtained from second intermediate to products, population of this second intermediate could be significant and consequently experimentally detected in β‐lactamases, as shown in the literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uterus didelphys with blind hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (Herlyn‐Werner‐Wunderlich syndrome) suspected on the presence of hydrocolpos on prenatal sonography
Authors: Han Byoung Hee , Park Sung Bin , Lee Yu Jin , Lee Kyung Sang , Lee Yeon Kyung
Published: June 2012

We report the case of a female neonate with ipsilateral renal agenesis and uterus didelphys with blind hemivagina, also known as Herlyn‐Werner‐Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome. Prenatal sonography revealed the absence of the left kidney and a retrovesical cystic lesion suspected as hydrometrocolpos. Postnatal evaluation confirmed that the cystic lesion was a hydrocolpos associated with double uterus and blind hemivagina (HWW syndrome). HWW syndrome can be suspected prenatally if a retrovesical cystic lesion is detected in a female fetus with unilateral absence of kidney. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:380–382, 2013
Dereplication of known pregnane glycosides and structural characterization of novel pregnanes in Marsdenia tenacissima by high‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: McGarvey Brian D. , Liao Hui , Ding Keyi , Wang Xiaoling
Published: June 2012

In the search for novel natural products in plants, particularly those with potential bioactivity, it is important to efficiently distinguish novel compounds from previously isolated, known compounds, a process known as dereplication. In this study, electrospray ionization‐multiple stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) was used to study the behaviour of 12 pregnane glycosides and genins previously isolated from Marsdenia tenacissima, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, as a basis for dereplication of compounds in a plant extract. In addition to [M + Na]+ and [M + NH4]+ ions, a characteristic [M‐glycosyl + H]+ ion was observed in full‐scan mode with in‐source fragmentation. Sequential in‐trap collision‐induced dissociation of [M + Na]+ ions from 11,12‐diesters revealed consistent preferred losses of substituents first from C‐12, then from C‐11, followed by losses of monosaccharide fragments from the C‐3 tri‐ and tetrasaccharide substituents. A crude methanol extract of M. tenacissima stems was analysed using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to ESI‐MS. Several previously isolated pregnane glycosides were dereplicated, and the presence of an additional nine novel pregnane glycosides is predicted on the basis of the primary and fragment ions observed, including two with a previously unreported C4H7O C‐11/C‐12 substituent of pregnane glycosides. This study is the first report of prediction of the structures of novel pregnane glycosides in a crude plant extract by a combination of in‐source fragmentation and in‐trap collision‐induced dissociation and supports the usefulness of LC‐ESI‐MSn not only for dereplication of active compounds in extracts of medicinal plants but also for detecting the presence of novel related compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees
Authors: Allen David G. , Shanock Linda Rhoades
Published: June 2012

Retention of new hires is a critical issue for organizations. We propose that relationships are important mechanisms through which socialization tactics influence commitment and turnover. The key theoretical mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to turnover in our model are the extent to which newcomers perceive their relationship with the organization as supportive, caring, and entailing positive social exchanges and the extent to which newcomers become embedded within the organization. We collected longitudinal data from over 500 employees over the first year of employment. Consistent with our hypotheses, socialization tactics influence perceived organizational support (POS) and job embeddedness, and POS and embeddedness both relate to organizational commitment and voluntary turnover. Results support POS and embeddedness as relational mechanisms that bind employees to the organization as a result of socialization tactics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting the success of Zappos.com, Four Seasons, and Nordstrom: Customer centricity is but one‐third of the job
Authors: Kopelman Richard E. , Chiou Andy Y. , Lipani Louis J. , Zhu Zhu
Published: June 2012

Can organizations that are noted for outstanding customer service rely solely on their remarkable customer‐centricity to achieve success? An analysis incorporating Internet‐based surveys, traditional measures of customer satisfaction and financial performance, and an examination of the practices at three exceptionally successful customer‐focused companies—Zappos.com, Four Seasons, and Nordstrom—shows that an emphasis on employee satisfaction and productivity also play key roles in organizational excellence. Management practices at these firms illustrate the validity of the Cube One framework, which posits that a combination of customer‐, employee‐, and productivity‐directed practices drives organizational performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Falling over a glass cliff: A study of the recruitment of women to leadership roles in troubled enterprises
Authors: Hunt‐Earle Keziah
Published: June 2012

Are women breaking through the glass ceiling only to arrive at a glass cliff—that is, being preferentially appointed to leadership roles where the chances of failure are higher? This study investigates the concept of the glass cliff, both by seeking evidence for its existence and by examining its implications. Focusing specifically on the impact of the recruiter's gender, the researchers asked professionals from a range of backgrounds to evaluate candidates for a post in a hypothetical company that was portrayed either as a success or as in decline. Taken as a whole, the results support the existence of a glass cliff. When the results from male and female recruiters were analyzed separately, a different picture emerged, however. Male recruiters showed no gender preference in the failing company context but favored the male candidate for the low‐risk position. In contrast, female recruiters consistently favored a female candidate, with this preference being more marked for a high‐risk role. The study concluded by looking into the possible motivations for these biases and examining their implications in informing recruitment and career decisions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Putting Rhineland principles into practice in Thailand: Sustainable leadership at Bathroom Design Company
Authors: Kantabutra Sooksan
Published: June 2012

Enterprises in less developed economies that wish to sustain success have a choice of business models to follow. This case study investigates the extent to which a Thai corporation engages in management practices matching the 19 sustainable leadership criteria attributed to Rhineland organizations and distills those practices into six categories: a focus on long‐term perspective, staff development, organizational culture, innovation, social responsibility, and ethical behavior. In sharp contrast to the prevailing Anglo/US business model of short‐term maximization of profitability, these practices offered the company a solid framework for evaluating its corporate sustainability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of polymorphism in the methlyenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Chapsky Alexandra , Melamed Osnat , Galron Dalia , Golan Hava M. , Bar Ilana
Published: June 2012

A novel approach using micro‐Raman spectroscopy for the detection of alteration of global DNA methylation levels in human individuals with polymorphism in the methlyenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene was tested. Comparison of measured Raman spectra from samples with wild type genotype to those with polymorphism (homozygous and heterozygous) in the MTHFR gene revealed that the intensity of the ~ 2945 cm–1 peak, representing C–H stretches in the DNA constituents and in the methyl group is sample dependent. The intensity ratios between the area of these peaks in the different samples and the peaks at 1667 cm–1 were used to assess the extent of methylation, allowing classification of the DNA samples for the common MTHFR polymorphism, MTHFR 677 C > T. These results suggest that improvement of the identification capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for DNA methylation can contribute to disease diagnosis and to a better understanding of the physical and biomolecular processes related to epigenetic regulation of the genome. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of calixarene to high active surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates suitable for in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater
Authors: Kwon Yong‐Hyok , Sowoidnich Kay , Schmidt Heinar , Kronfeldt Heinz‐Detlef
Published: June 2012

The characteristics of the sol–gel matrix embedding Ag nanoparticles functionalized with 25,27‐dimercaptoacetic acid‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐4‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (DMCX) suitable for the in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater is presented. The DMCX‐functionalized silver nanoparticles were produced by the thermal reduction method in xerogel film. The silver colloid blocks were formed in the sol–gel matrix, with a diameter ranging from 50 to 120 nm. DMCX forming the monolayer on the silver nanoparticle surface contributes to the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity due to the aggregation of silver nanoparticles and the preconcentration of PAH molecules within the zone of electromagnetic enhancement. When selected, PAH molecules e.g. pyrene and naphthalene were adsorbed onto the SERS substrate; Raman band positions of PAH were slightly shifted. A calibration procedure reveals that this type of SERS substrate has a limit of detection of 3 × 10−10 mol/l for pyrene and 13 × 10−9 mol/l for naphthalene in artificial seawater. The Raman signal response on a pyrene concentration change in artificial seawater was evaluated using a 671‐nm Raman setup with a flow‐through cell. This type of SERS substrate will be suitable for the in situ trace detection of pollutant chemicals in seawater. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of 1,2,4‐triazole on a silver electrode: surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory studies
Authors: Wrzosek B. , Cukras J. , Bukowska J.
Published: June 2012

The pH‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 1,2,4‐triazole adsorbed on silver electrode and normal Raman (NR) spectra of this compound in the aqueous solutions were investigated. The observed bands in the NR and SERS spectra were assigned with the help of density functional theory calculations for model molecules in the neutral, anionic, and cationic forms and their complexes with silver. The Raman wavenumbers and intensities were computed at the optimized molecular geometry. Vibrational assignments of the SERS and NR spectra are provided by calculated potential energy distributions. The combination of experimental SERS results and density functional theory calculations provide an insight into the molecular structure of adlayers formed by 1,2,4‐triazole on a silver surface at varying pH values and enable the determination of molecular orientation with respect to the surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salt effect on phenolics and antioxidant activities of Tunisian and Canadian sweet marjoram (Origanum majoranaL.) shoots
Authors: Baâtour Olfa , Mahmoudi Hela , Tarchoun Imen , Nasri Nawel , Trabelsi Najla , Kaddour Rym , Zaghdoudi Maha , Hamdawi Ghaith , Ksouri Riadh. , Lachaâl Mokhtar , Marzouk Brahim
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Two varieties ofOriganum majorana(Canadian and Tunisian) were evaluated for their phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents, individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities under NaCl constraint.

RESULTS: The results showed a significant variability in phenolic composition and antioxidant behavior between the two varieties under salt stress. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Amentoflavone was the predominant flavonoid compound; in addition,trans‐2‐hydrocinnamic acid became the major phenolic acid with salt treatment of the Tunisian variety. In the control, Canadian variety extract was characterized by high levels of gallic acid and amentoflavone. However, under 75 mmol L−1NaCl, gallic acid content doubled, whereas amentoflavone content was maintained in the Canadian variety. Stimulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis was observed in these two varieties under salt treatment despite the fact that shoots of the Tunisian variety showed higher antioxidant activities compared to those from the Canadian variety. TunisianO. majoranamight have developed tolerance to salinity and avoided tissue damage by activating enzymes involved in the galactosylation of quercetin into quercetin‐3‐galactoside and quercetin‐3‐rhamnoside.

CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the tolerance of TunisianO. majoranaplants. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Donation After Cardiac Death in Abdominal Organ Transplantation
Authors: Reich David J. , Guy Stephen R.
Published: June 2012

This article reviews the field of donation after cardiac death, focusing on the history, ethicolegal issues, clinical outcomes, best practices, operative techniques, and emerging strategies to optimize utilization of this resource. Donation after cardiac death is one effective way to decrease the organ shortage and has contributed the largest recent increase in abdominal organ allografts. Currently, donation after cardiac death organs confer an increased risk of ischemic cholangiopathy after liver transplant and of delayed graft function after kidney transplant. As this field matures, risk factors for donation after cardiac death organ transplant will be further identified and clinical outcomes will improve as a result of protocol standardization and ongoing research. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21309
Live‐Donor Nephrectomy
Authors: Rocca Juan P. , Davis Eric , Edye Michael
Published: June 2012

Six decades after its first implementation, kidney transplantation remains the optimal therapy for end‐stage renal disease requiring dialysis. Despite the incontrovertible mortality reduction and cost‐effectiveness of kidney transplantation, the greatest remaining barrier to treatment of end‐stage renal disease is organ availability. Although the waiting list of patients who stand to benefit from kidney transplantation grows at a rate proportional to the overall population and proliferation of diabetes and hypertension, the pool of deceased‐donor organs available for transplantation experiences minimal to no growth. Because the kidney is uniquely suited as a paired organ, the transplant community's answer to this shortage is living donation of a healthy volunteer's kidney to a recipient with end‐stage renal disease. This review details the history and evolution of living‐donor kidney transplantation in the United States as well as advances the next decade promises. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has overcome many of the obstacles to living donation in terms of donor morbidity and volunteerism. Known donor risks in terms of surgical and medical morbidity are reviewed, as well as the ongoing efforts to delineate and mitigate donor risk in the context of accumulating recipient morbidity while on the waiting list. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21317
Model for large strain consolidation under constant rate of strain
Authors: Pu He‐Fu , Fox Patrick J. , Liu Yong
Published: June 2012

A numerical model, called CCRS1, is presented for one‐dimensional large strain consolidation under constant rate of strain loading conditions. The algorithm accounts for vertical strain, general constitutive relationships, relative velocity of fluid and solid phases, changing compressibility and hydraulic conductivity during consolidation, and an externally applied hydraulic gradient acting across the specimen. Soil compressibility is rate independent, and as such, the current model is most appropriate for less‐structured clays. Verification checks show excellent agreement with analytical and numerical solutions for small and large strain conditions. A series of numeric examples indicates that compressibility and hydraulic conductivity constitutive relationships can have an important effect on constant rate of strain consolidation response. Results also indicate that analytical solutions obtained using small strain theory can be in significant error for large strain conditions with changing coefficient of consolidation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boards of directors and innovation in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina
Published: June 2012

There is a growing consensus that boards of directors “matter,” but the specific effects of board influences on organizational innovation remain unclear. Although boards of directors have been studied extensively in diverse disciplines—finance, management, sociology, nonprofit management, and economics—those studies have focused primarily on how board variables influence organizational effectiveness and performance. Missing from these studies is explanation of the relationships between the board of directors and organizational innovation (Wu, 2008a). This article links previous research and theories on governance and organizational innovation, examines how the board of directors may influence organizational innovation, and presents an integrative model that includes direct and indirect linkages between the board demographic and process variables, board effectiveness, and organizational innovation.
The nonprofit board as a team: Pilot results and initial insights
Authors: Nicholson Gavin , Newton Cameron , McGregor‐Lowndes Myles
Published: June 2012

There is a growing desire for boards of nonprofits to deliver better governance to the organizations they control. Consequently, self‐evaluation has become an important tool for nonprofit boards to meet these expectations and demonstrate that they are discharging their responsibilities effectively. This article describes initial results aimed at developing a psychometrically sound, survey‐based board evaluation instrument based on the Team Development Survey, which assesses the team attributes of an organization's board. Our results indicate that while constructs applicable to teams generally appear to apply to boards, there are also important differences. We highlight how a perception of board objective clarity, appropriate skills mix, resource availability, and psychological safety were positively and significantly associated with measures of board, management, and organizational performance.
Use of self‐assessment by nonprofit organization boards: The Swiss case
Authors: Lichtsteiner Hans , Lutz Vanessa
Published: June 2012

Nonprofit organizations are expected to be effective, efficient, and transparent, but they also must legitimize their governance practices. Such high expectations often lead to the adoption of concepts and practices from the for‐profit sector, including, notably, the use of self‐assessment. This article provides an overview of current practice in the use of self‐assessment by nonprofit boards in Switzerland, its antecedents, and its effects from a neoinstitutionalist perspective.
Hepatoblastoma clinical research: Lessons learned and future challenges
Authors: Perilongo Giorgio , Malogolowkin Marcio , Feusner James
Published: June 2012

The past four decades has brought significant improvement to the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of children diagnosed with hepatoblastoma. These improvements are the results of multidisciplinary and multi‐institutional international cooperative trials, such as those conducted by the Children's Oncology Group (COG) or the International Childhood Liver Tumor Strategy Group (SIOPEL) and national studies such as those conducted in Germany and Japan. Due to the different treatment strategies used by the various groups, the information generated has been at times complementary but at other times contradictory. In this manuscript, we will provide a global picture of where “we stand and where we are going” in regards to clinical research of childhood hepatoblastoma. We will focus on lessons learned, especially in reference to the experiences of the COG and SIOPEL study groups, and discuss future challenges. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 818–821. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosis and staging of hepatoblastoma: Imaging aspects
Authors: McCarville M. Beth , Roebuck Derek J.
Published: June 2012

Imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of children with hepatoblastoma. However, the continuing evolution of imaging technologies and rarity of hepatoblastoma make validation of imaging approaches challenging. In Europe and other parts of the world staging of hepatoblastoma is based on imaging features while in North America it is based on surgical resectability. In this review we discuss the clinical and imaging features that aid in diagnosing and monitoring children with hepatoblastoma. The potential roles of new imaging techniques are presented, and differences between staging systems are addressed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 793–799. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebral tissue hemoglobin saturation in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Quinn Charles T. , Dowling Michael M.
Published: June 2012

Background

Desaturation of hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebral tissue, a physiologic marker of brain vulnerable to ischemic injury, can be detected non‐invasively by transcranial oximetry. Absolute cerebral oximetry has not been studied in sickle cell disease (SCD), a group at very high risk of cerebral infarction in whom prevention of brain injury is key.

Procedure

We measured absolute Hb saturation in cerebral tissue (SCTO2) in children with SCD using near‐infrared spectrophotometry and investigated the contributions of peripheral Hb saturation (SPO2), hematologic measures, cerebral arterial blood flow velocity, and cerebral arterial stenosis to SCTO2. We also assessed the effects of transfusion.

Results

We studied 149 children with SCD (112 HbSS/Sβ0; 37 HbSC/Sβ+). SCTO2 was abnormally low in 75% of HbSS/Sβ0 and 35% of HbSC/Sβ+ patients. SCTO2 (mean ± SD) was 53.2 ± 14.2 in HbSS/Sβ0 and 66.1 ± 9.2% in SC/Sβ+ patients. SCTO2 correlated with age, sex, Hb concentration, reticulocytes, Hb F, and SPO2, but not transcranial Doppler arterial blood flow velocities as continuous measures. In multivariable models, SPO2, Hb concentration, and age were significant independent determinants of SCTO2. Cerebral vasculopathy was associated with ipsilateral cerebral desaturation. Transfusion increased SCTO2 and minimized the inter‐hemispheric differences in SCTO2 due to vasculopathy.

Conclusions

Cerebral desaturation, a physiologic marker of at‐risk brain, is common in SCD, more severe in HbSS/Sβ0 patients, and associated with peripheral desaturation, more severe anemia, and increasing age. Cerebral oximetry has the potential to improve the identification of children with SCD at highest risk of neurologic injury and possibly serve as a physiologic guide for neuroprotective therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 881–887. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New insight on an old reaction – the aqueous hydrolysis of acetic anhydride
Authors: Wiseman Floyd Landis
Published: June 2012

Studies have shown that aqueous reactions generating a change in pH can be accurately monitored using a fast‐response pH electrode. This technique has been successfully applied in this work to the aqueous hydrolysis of acetic anhydride, which is a reaction that has been studied using a variety of techniques for nearly one hundred years. Many of these techniques involve elaborate equipment and sophisticated analyses, making the pH technique an attractive alternative. Studies here have focused on the temperature effects of the simple hydrolysis and acetate‐catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. Data analyses suggest the notion that if simple hydrolysis occurs by a two‐step mechanism, it does so only at low temperatures, whereas acetate‐catalyzed hydrolysis occurs almost assuredly by a single step mechanism. Results of this work yield the following values for the activation parameters for simple hydrolysis (subscripted with a “w”) and acetate‐catalyzed hydrolysis (subscripted with an “a”) at atmospheric pressure: and
. Implications of these results are discussed in this article. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(1‐hexene) with long methylene sequences and controlled branches obtained by a thermostable α‐diimine nickel catalyst with bulky camphyl backbone
Authors: Liu Fengshou , Gao Haiyang , Hu Zhilong , Hu Haibin , Zhu Fangming , Wu Qing
Published: June 2012

1‐Hexene polymerizations catalyzed by α‐diimine nickel complexes after activation with modified methylaluminoxane were performed at various reaction temperatures. Effects of catalyst structure and polymerization temperature on activity and polymer microstructure were evaluated in detail. Bulky catalyst 1b with camphyl backbone exhibited good control ability and greatly enhanced thermal stability to be capable of polymerizing 1‐hexene at 80°C. The poly(1‐hexene)s with long methylene sequences and dominate branches (methyl and butyl) were synthesized using catalyst 1b. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis further confirmed that long polymethylene block ((CH2)n, n > 20) was formed in the poly(1‐hexene)s with melting point of 64°C obtained by catalyst 1b on the basis of initial branched model polyethylene. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Solution‐processable and thermally cross‐linkable fluorene‐cored triple‐triphenylamines with terminal vinyl groups to enhance electroluminescence of MEH‐PPV: Synthesis, curing, and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shing , Yang Ya‐Ju , Fang Szu‐Wen , Chen Yun
Published: June 2012

This study reports the synthesis, curing, and optoelectronic properties of a solution‐processable, thermally cross‐linkable electron‐ and hole‐blocking material containing fluorene‐core and three periphery N‐phenyl‐N‐(4‐vinylphenyl)benzeneamine (FTV). The FTV exhibited good thermal stability with Td above 478 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. The FTV is readily cross‐linked via terminal vinyl groups by heating at 160 °C for 30 min to obtain homogeneous film with excellent solvent resistance. Multilayer PLED device [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/cured‐FTV/MEH‐PPV/Ca (50 nm)/Al (100 nm)] was successfully fabricated using solution processed. Inserting cured‐FTV is between PEDOT:PSS and MEH‐PPV results in simultaneous reduction in hole injection from PEDOT:PSS to MEH‐PPV and blocking in electron transport from MEH‐PPV to anode. The maximum luminance and maximum current efficiency were enhanced from 1810 and 0.27 to 4640 cd/m2 and 1.08 cd/A, respectively, after inserting cured‐FTV layer. Current results demonstrate that the thermally cross‐linkable FTV enhances not only device efficiency but also film homogeneity after thermal curing. FTV is a promising electron‐ and hole‐blocking material applicable for the fabrication of multilayer PLEDs based on PPV derivatives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 000: 000–000, 2012
Synthesis of double hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) by single‐electron transfer–living radical polymerization
Authors: Nicol Erwan , Derouineau Thibault , Puaud Fanny , Zaitsev Andrii
Published: June 2012

In this study, the polymerization of (2‐hydroxyethyl) acrylate (HEA), in polar media, using Cu(0)‐mediated radical polymerization also called single‐electron transfer–living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) is reported. The kinetics aspects of both the homopolymerization and the copolymerization from a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macroinitiator were analyzed by 1H NMR. The effects of both the ligand and the solvent were studied. The polymerization was shown to reach very high monomer conversions and to proceed in a well‐controlled fashion in the presence of tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine Me6‐TREN and N, N,N′, N″, N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). SET‐LRP of HEA was also led in water, and it was shown to be faster than in DMSO. In pure water, Me6‐TREN allowed a better control over the molar masses and polydispersity indices than PMDETA and TREN. Double hydrophilic PEO‐b‐PHEA block copolymers, exhibiting various PHEA block lengths up to 100 HEA units, were synthesized, in the same manner, from a bromide‐terminated PEO macroinitiator. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Quality of life of Latina and Euro‐American women with ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Bloom Joan R. , Stewart Susan L. , Napoles Anna M. , Hwang E. Shelly , Livaudais Jennifer C. , Karliner Leah , Kaplan Celia P.
Published: June 2012

Background

Risk factors for psychosocial distress following a breast cancer diagnosis include younger age, history of depression, inadequate social support, and serious comorbid conditions. Although these quality of life (QOL) concerns have been studied in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), Latina women have been understudied.

Methods

Data were from a cross‐sectional telephone survey of Latina and Euro‐American women with DCIS recruited through a population‐based cancer registry. The sample included 396 Euro‐American women and 349 Latina women; 156 were interviewed in English and 193 in Spanish, with a median of 2 years after diagnosis. Regression models were created for measures in each of the following four QOL domains: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual.

Results

Younger age, no partner, and lower income were related to lower QOL in various domains. Physical comorbidities were associated with lower physical, psychological, and social QOL; lingering effects of surgery and prior depression were associated with lower QOL in all domains. English‐speaking and Spanish‐speaking Latinas (SSLs) reported higher spiritual QOL, and SSLs reported lower social QOL than Euro‐American women.

Conclusions

Despite having lower mortality, women with DCIS are treated with surgery and radiation therapy as if they have invasive cancer, and the aftereffects of treatment can impact their QOL. SSLs are at risk for lower QOL partly because of poverty. However, Latinas' greater spiritual QOL may mitigate some of the psychological and social effects of treatment.

Implications

It is important to incorporate these findings into treatment decision making (choice of surgical treatment) and survivorship care (monitoring women with a history of depression or physical comorbidity). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An introduction to assessing process hazards
Authors: Dharmavaram Seshu , Klein James A.
Published: June 2012

A surprising number of process incidents occur due to a lack of general understanding of process hazards and lack of basic hazards assessment, subsequently resulting in the absence of or inadequate Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) to provide appropriate safeguards for minimizing process risks. Comprehensive assessment of intrinsic hazards that are present in a chemical process or facility is one of the first steps necessary in documenting process safety information and technology prior to conducting PHAs and requires much more than, for example, just a review of the material safety data sheets of materials used in the process. This article reviews practical approaches for conducting and documenting intrinsic hazards assessments. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Relative resistance or susceptibility of maple (Acer) species, hybrids and cultivars to six arthropod pests of production nurseries
Authors: Seagraves Bonny L , Redmond Carl T , Potter Daniel A
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Maples (Acer spp.) in production nurseries are vulnerable to numerous arthropod pests that can stunt or even kill the young trees. Seventeen cultivars representing various Acer species and hybrids were evaluated for extent of infestation or injury by shoot and trunk borers (Proteoteras aesculana, Chrysobothris femorata), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), maple spider mite (Oligonychus aceris) and calico scale (Eulecanium cerasorum). Evaluations were done in replicated field plots in central and western Kentucky.

RESULTS: All of the maples were susceptible, to varying degrees, to one or more key pest(s). Red maples (A. rubrum) were relatively vulnerable to potato leafhopper injury and borers but nearly free of Japanese beetle feeding and spider mites. Sugar maples sustained conspicuous Japanese beetle damage but had very low mite populations, whereas the opposite was true for Freeman maples (A. × freemanii). A. campestre was heavily infested by calico scale. Within each species or hybrid there were cultivar differences in degree of infestation or damage by particular pests.

CONCLUSION: The results should help growers to focus pest management efforts on those plantings at greatest risk from particular pests, and to choose cultivars requiring fewer insecticide inputs to produce a quality tree. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Entrainment and detrainment in cumulus convection: an overview
Authors: de Rooy Wim C. , Bechtold Peter , Fröhlich Kristina , Hohenegger Cathy , Jonker Harm , Mironov Dmitrii , Pier Siebesma A. , Teixeira Joao , Yano Jun‐Ichi
Published: June 2012

Entrainment and detrainment processes have been recognised for a long time as key processes for cumulus convection and have recently witnessed a regrowth of interest mainly due to the capability of large‐eddy simulations (LES) to diagnose these processes in more detail. This article has a twofold purpose. Firstly, it provides a historical overview of the past research on these mixing processes, and secondly, it highlights more recent important developments. These include both fundamental process studies using LES aiming to improve our understanding of the mixing process, but also more practical studies targeted toward an improved parametrised representation of entrainment and detrainment in large‐scale models. A highlight of the fundamental studies resolves a long‐lasting controversy by showing that lateral entrainment is the dominant mixing mechanism in comparison with the cloud‐top entrainment in shallow cumulus convection. The more practical studies provide a wide variety of new parametrisations with sometimes conflicting approaches to the way in which the effect of the free tropospheric humidity on the lateral mixing is taken into account. An important new insight that will be highlighted is that, despite the focus in the literature on entrainment, it appears that it is rather the detrainment process that determines the vertical structure of the convection in general and the mass flux especially. Finally, in order to speed up progress and stimulate convergence in future parametrisations, stronger and more systematic use of LES is advocated. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society