bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzziness Evaluation of Polyester / Viscose Woven Fabrics Using Image Analysis Method
Authors: Kianiha A. , Ghane M. , Semnani D.
Published: April 2016

Fabric fuzziness is a property which affects the appearance, handle, thermal insulation and other fabric features; it also leads to pilling that is a serious problem for the apparel industry. Fuzz on fabric surface has been measured mostly by subjective methods (human vision) rather than objective methods. In this study, an objective method using image analysis techniques is developed for the measurement of fuzz on fabric surface. The effects of fibers blend ratio and abrasion on fabric fuzziness are evaluated. For this purpose, several blended plain fabrics including polyester/viscose fibers with different blend ratios were produced and abraded under various cycles of traversing abrasion. Yarn hairiness was also measured using an Uster tester 4 apparatus before weaving. High correlation between Uster 4 data and the results obtained from the fuzz measurement of fabrics demonstrates that this method has high accuracy and great potential for the determination of fabric fuzziness levels in a quantitative and reliable manner.
Characterization and Evaluation of the Levelness Parameters of Natural Dyes on Natural Fabrics
Authors: Osman E.M. , El-Ebissy A.A. , Michael M.N.
Published: April 2016

The objective of this paper is to establish a quantitative method to determine the levelness (L) of coloration by spectrophotometric measurements. Previously, the L of coloration is mainly evaluated by visual assessment.

Hence, we are not able to produce quantitative L data because the visual evaluation of the same colored material obtained from different observers can be quite different. Color levelness is actually a description of the uniformity of color shade in different places of the fabric. It is a very important parameter for the quality of textile coloration, quality control, and communication between laboratories.

Thus, this research work evaluates the L parameters by using different variables, including: a) three different natural fabrics; namely, wool, silk and cotton dyed with yellow natural dye from onion skins under the effect of different mordants, and b) three different natural dyes; namely, onion skins, turmeric and madder applied on wool fabric samples under the effect of different mordants.

The obtained results show that dyed samples with the highest color strength (K/S) have the highest unlevelness (U) and the lowest color difference (ΔE) values (i.e. the highest light fastness). These results are obtained regardless of the fabric type or dye used.
A Study of Quality Factors for Cotton Fabrics in Ink-Jet Printing
Authors: Liao Shen-kung , Chen Huo-yuan , Kan Chi-wai
Published: April 2016

This research focuses on the effects of paste pre-treatment, concentration of sodium alginate, steaming conditions for colour yield and outline sharpness of ink-jet printing. The results show that (a) coating is a better method than padding for paste pre-treatment of cotton fabrics; (b) 102°C × 12min is the best condition for steaming; (c) pattern sharpness is better when the concentration of sodium alginate increases; and (d) color yield diminishes when the concentration exceeds 20g/L. In other words, when the optimum concentration of sodium alginate is 20g/L, the amount of ejected ink can reach as much as 260%. In this study, four reactive dyes (i.e. cyan, magenta, yellow and black) of different chemical constitutions were used, and the colour fastness results against washing and light reveal an acceptable rating above grade 4.
Synthesis of Cotton Graft Copolymers Containing Glycidyl Methacrylate and Different Cyclodextrins Moieties Using Linear Electron Beam Radiation
Authors: Hebeish Ali A. , Abdel-Halim Essam S. , Hamdy Ibrahim A. , El-Sawy Sanaa M. , Ibrahim Mervat S. , Abdel-Mohdy Fikry A.
Published: April 2016

Linear electron beam radiation has been used to induce irradiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), glycidyl methacrylate/β-cyclodextrin (GMA/β-CD), and glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin (GMA/MCT-β-CD) onto cotton fabrics. The effect of radiation dose, GMA concentration and CDs concentration on graft yield, epoxide content and the bonded amount of CDs was investigated. Results obtained reveal that the amount of CDs bonded within the fabric; the add-on and the epoxide content are directly related to the CDs concentration, GMA concentration and the irradiation dose. Graft yield and epoxide content increase with the increase of radiation dose to a certain extent, and they decrease due to degradation of GMA at higher irradiation doses. Results also reveal that although the bonded amount of CDs is nearly proportional to the concentration of CDs in the treatment solution, the accessibility ratio of CDs decreases with increasing CDs concentration. Treatment of fabrics grafted with GMA (Cell-g-GMA) and GMA/CDs mixtures (Cell-g-GMA/CDs) in a sequel step with the corresponding CDs increases the amounts of CDs fixed onto the fabrics, while epoxide content decreases. The treatment of the cotton fabrics with GMA and CDs was established on the basis of spectral data studies.
Prediction of Tensile Behaviour of Laterally Crushed Filaments Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Murugan R , Dasaradan B S , Subramaniam V , Senthilkumar M
Published: April 2016

Nylon monofilament and polyester multifilament yarn find applications in fishing nets and parachute fabrics , each of which might demand different load levels to be sustained without breaking. While usage, it is quite likely that few places/spots in the yarn may get permanently deformed due to the application of high transverse compressive stresses. Such "Weak spots" in yarn are amenable to breaks. The aspect of lateral or transverse compression was studied with a crushing instrument that applied forces laterally on the filaments. The tensile properties of such filaments were obtained experimentally and were simulated using FEM. A good correlation was seen between theoretical as well as experimental values.
Natural Dyeing of Cotton, Wool and Silk with the Stem and Leaves Extract of Illicium Griffithii
Authors: Vankar Padma S. , Dixit Shalini
Published: April 2016

Illicium griffithii (local name - Lissi) belongs to the family Illiaceae. It produces yellow colored natural dye from its stem and leaves, which has been used to dye textiles for the first time here. In the present study, innovative dyeing with Illicium griffithii has been shown to give good dyeing results. Pre-mordanting with 1-2% metal mordants viz. alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, stannous chloride and stannic chloride, and using 5% (o.w.f.) of plant aqueous solution of the extract, is found to be satisfactory and shows very good fastness properties for cotton, wool and silk fabrics. The innovative solvent extraction of the dry stem-leaves of Illicium griffithii is an easy process; the solvent is removed/recovered and the aqueous extract is used for dyeing. The CIELab and color strength (K/S) of the dyed fabrics are also evaluated. The superiority of solvent extraction over conventional extraction has been established through this study.
Environmental Assessment of Osage Orange Extraction and Its Dyeing Properties on Protein Fabrics Part II: Dyeing Properties
Authors: Mansour Heba F. , Gamal A.M.
Published: April 2016

Ultrasonic assisted extraction of Osage orange with a water-acetone co-solvent has been chosen in part one of this research as a model to study the shade reproducibility of dyeing silk and wool protein-based materials. The use of ultrasound to assist the dyeing parameters is studied to determine the standardization of the dyeing process. Pre and post mordanting methods by using eco-friendly mordants, alum mixed with cream of tartar, are chosen to enhance the fastness properties. Ultrasonic assistance on the mixture of alum and cream of tartar as a pre-mordant, followed by dyeing for a shorter time at a lower temperature, shows good shade reproducibility and satisfying levelness with significant fastness properties, whereas the amounts of fading are evaluated in terms of the color difference to deduce the influence of dye- fiber bonding after treatment and mordanting methods. As a result, this study offers an efficient methodology for a renewable natural yellow, a revolutionizing start towards environmental protection, and eco-friendly dyeing of protein fabrics as a potential viable option.
Studies on Nano – UV Protective Finish on Apparel Fabrics for Health Protection
Authors: Mankodi Dr. Hireni , Agarwal Dr. Bipin
Published: April 2016

There is a growing demand in the marketplace for textile apparel that offers comfort and protection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The UV rays of the sun when they come into contact with skin lead to all kinds of skin problems. The accumulated effects damage the skin’s DNA and cell function. In addition to skin cancer, excessive sun exposure also causes pre-malignant actinic keratoses, wrinkles, dark and unsightly blotches, leathery skin and prone to destabilizing the immune system. Research has shown that sun (UV) protective clothing is one of the most effective ways to protect against skin cancer. Such fabrics are specifically designed for sun protection by covering a maximum amount of skin and made from a fabric rated for its level of UV protection. Throwing on a sun protective shirt with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 30+ value is a proactive decision, which can simply help to live a healthier life. Hence, an attempt has been made in this study to visualize the effect of an application of titanium dioxide nano finish onto cotton and its blends with viscose and polyester to provide nano UV protection, without hampering the strength of the substrate.
Effect of Modifications on Dyeing Behaviour and Tenacity of Rajshahi Silk Fabric Dyed with Reactive Brown 10 and Direct Orange 31 Dyes
Authors: Faruqui A. Nayeem , Sheikh R.K.
Published: April 2016

An improved multivoltine variety of Rajshahi silk fabric is used as material for investigation. This fabric is degummed to remove sericin, as sericin is soluble in hot water and highly responsible for the fading of dyed silk after washing. Rajshahi silk fabric is dyed with Reactive Brown 10 and Direct Orange 31 dyes. The color of the silk fabric becomes even and bright when it is dyed with 2.0% Reactive Brown 10 and 2.5% Direct Orange 31 after 50-60 minutes at 80-100°C. To achieve fast color, the silk fabric is treated with six modifying conditions prior to dyeing and among them, comparatively better modifying conditions are selected on the basis of color fastness upon exposure to sunlight in air and wash fastness in a soap solution. The modified Rajshahi silk fabric with 30% CH3COOH and 20% tannic acid together show better dyeing properties than modifications with other conditions and unmodified silk fabric. Direct Orange 31 shows better colorfastness than Reactive Brown 10 after exposure to sunlight in air and also after washing with a soap solution.
Alkali-catalyzed Crosslinking of a New Wheat Gluten Fiber and the Effect of Crosslinking Parameters on Its Mechanical Properties
Authors: Li Ying , Hepperle Steven S. , Yang Yiqi
Published: April 2016

Although new wheat protein fibers have been reported to be crosslinked to obtain good mechanical properties, the effect of formaldehyde-free chemical crosslinking conditions on the mechanical properties of crosslinked wheat gluten fibers has not been studied in detail. In this paper, new wheat gluten fibers are crosslinked by glutaraldehyde in various conditions, and the quantitative relationship between the breaking tenacities of crosslinked wheat gluten fibers and the crosslinking conditions are developed. This study shows that the reaction follows pseudo 0.6 order, which is lower than pseudo 1.2 order for the reaction between citric acid and gliadin fibers.
Influence of Polyester Fibre Fineness and Cross-Sectional Shapes on Tensile Properties of Yarns
Authors: Kothari V K , Dhamija S , Varshney R K
Published: April 2016

Mechanical properties of 100% polyester and polyester-viscose (P/V) blended yarns produced from polyester fibres which vary in denier and cross-sectional shape have been analyzed. It is observed that fibre fineness and cross-sectional shape play a significant role in the translation of fibre properties to the respective yarn properties. As the fibre linear density decreases, fibre strength translation efficiency increases. In the case of trilobal fibre, translation efficiency is observed to be lower, but yarn breaking elongation is higher in comparison to the corresponding circular fibre. Scalloped oval fibre contributes more towards yarn strength and elongation versus the equivalent circular and tetraskelion fibres. In the P/V blended form, a decrease in yarn tenacity does not affect fibre fineness, but is substantially influenced by changes in the fibre profile. Contribution of broken viscose fibres (comparatively weaker component) at the point of actual breaking of yarn, i.e. Z-value, is altered depending on the polyester fibre profile, which is higher in trilobal and scalloped oval fibres in comparison to the corresponding circular ones, but the role of fibre linear density in this regard is rendered insignificant.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Reactive Blue 13
Authors: Batool Iram , Bhatti Ijaz Ahmad , Adeel Shahid , Abbas Muhammad
Published: April 2016

The effect of gamma radiation on the dyeing of cotton with Reactive Blue 13 dye powder has been investigated. The cotton and dye powder are irradiated to absorb doses of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy by using a Co-60 gamma irradiator. Dyeing is performed by using irradiated and un-irradiated cotton with irradiated and un-irradiated dye powder, in order to observe the effect of radiation treatment on the colour strength of the reactive dye on cotton. Different dyeing parameters such as temperature, time and p H are optimized using irradiated cotton and dye powder. The effect of gamma irradiation on the colour strength and Lab values has been observed through optimized conditions of dyeing. The colour strength and Lab values are obtained by spectra flash spectrophotometer (SF650). ISO standard methods are employed to study the effect of gamma radiation on the Colourfastness properties of fabric. It can be demonstrated that gamma irradiation not only improves the colour strength of the dye in irradiated cotton, but also enhances the Colourfastness properties.
A Study of Interactivity in Art and Design
Authors: XIA W.J. , NG. M.C.F.
Published: April 2016

The concept of interactivity began with the expressive form of arts. Today, it has become a key topic of research in various design disciplines. Gradually, interactivity has become an incisive point that fuses art and design with technology. It is apparent that interactivity is key in the 21st century when emphasis is being put on people-oriented interaction. Through an analytical review of a substantial number of prior examples, this paper reports the study of the manifestation of interactivity in art and design, by which a systematic theoretical construct of the deployment of interactivity has been established. The practicality of the theoretical construct is validated with informative support through a series of experiments of representative feasibility tests in various disciplines.
The Effects of Underwater Shock Wave Loading on the Physico – Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber
Authors: Shafiur Rahman G. M. , Itoh Shigeru
Published: April 2016

Underwater shock wave loading has been implemented on various metals, foods and wood. The main goal of this study is to investigate the performance of unbleached jute fiber in terms of underwater shock wave loading and fiber surface parameters. The input short wave loading is varied by shock pressure. The underwater shock wave is generated by the explosion of a detonating fuse in the water tank. The process of bubble generation and expansion inside the water results in the formation of shock waves. After shock loading, jute fiber is taken for physico - mechanical and physico-chemical testing, such as those for breaking strength, elongation, moisture content, wicking, permeability, etc. The effects on jute fiber exposed by the underwater shock waves are also demonstrated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The maximum effect is observed at 100 MPa. Jute fiber treated by underwater shock waves shows improved moisture content and dye permeability than that of untreated jute fiber.
Anchoring of Monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin onto Cotton Fabrics and Use of its Inclusion Ability to Impart Durable Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Abdel-Halim Essam S. , Fouda Moustafa M.G. , El-Sawy Sanaa M. , Hamdy Ibrahim A. , Abdel-Mohdy Fikry A.
Published: April 2016

Glycidyl methacrylate/monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin mixture (GMA/MCT-β-CD) is grafted onto cotton fabric by an irradiation technique that uses linear electron beam radiation for initiating the grafting reaction. The obtained grafted fabric (cell-g-GMA/MCT-β-CD) is loaded with chlorohexidin diacetate (an antimicrobial agent) and subjected to several washing cycles. Grafted cotton fabrics (before and after loading with the antimicrobial agent) and control cotton fabrics are characterized for antimicrobial activity against different kinds of bacteria and fungi by using the diffusion disk method.

Grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent show very good antimicrobial activity in comparison with control and grafted fabrics which are not loaded with an antimicrobial agent. The results in this study also demonstrate that GMA/MCT-β-CD grafted fabrics that are loaded with an antimicrobial agent retain a good deal of their antimicrobial activity after five washings. Good retention of antimicrobial activity is due to the cavities that are present in the cyclodextrin moieties which are used to host and keep the antimicrobial agent.
A Historical Review of Environmental Factors and Business Strategies for U.S. Apparel Manufacturing Industry 1973-2005
Authors: Park Hyejune , Kincade Doris H.
Published: April 2016

The apparel manufacturers that service apparel products, also known as fashion products, have been challenged by turbulent and volatile changes within the market over the past 30 years. Changes in the business environment in the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry and the reactions of associated firms have continued to affect the profile of this industry. In this research, we documented the historical changes in the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry, from 1973 to 2005, and examined the impact of the business environment on strategies during this time. A mixture of positivism and phenomenology techniques was used within the scope of the historical review to achieve the study's purposes. The conceptual framework developed from theories about environmental determinism or adaptation provided support for data collection and organization. The results present an in-depth exploration of three environmental factors (i.e., globalization, technology, consumer) for the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry, a listing of the implemented business strategies for U.S. apparel manufacturing firms, and the interrelation of the environmental factors to these resultant strategies.
Russian Roulette at the Trade Table: A Specific Factors CGE Analysis of an Agri‐food Import Ban
Authors: Boulanger Pierre , Dudu Hasan , Ferrari Emanuele , Philippidis George
Published: April 2016

In the summer of 2014 Russia imposed a ban on most agri‐food products from countries enforcing Ukraine‐related sanctions against Russia. We use a specific factors computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the short‐run impact of this retaliatory policy. The baseline is carefully designed to isolate the impacts of the ban on the European Union (EU), Russia itself and a selection of key trade partners. The modelling of the ban follows a novel approach, where it is treated as a loss of established trade preferences via reductions in consumer utility in the Armington import function. Not surprisingly, the results indicate that Russia bears the highest income loss (about €3.4 billion) while the EU recovers part of its lost trade through expansion of exports to other markets. Anex‐postcomparison between simulation results and observed trade data reveals the model predictions to be broadly accurate, thereby validating the robustness of the modelling approach.
The marine ‘great wall’ of China: local‐ and broad‐scale ecological impacts of coastal infrastructure on intertidal macrobenthic communities
Authors: Dong Yun‐wei , Huang Xiong‐wei , Wang Wei , Li Yan , Wang Jie
Published: April 2016

Aim

Increasing areas of artificial infrastructure are being built along coastlines for purposes of land reclamation and coastal defences. Impacts of these structures on intertidal communities could be severe. Here, we tested the hypothesis that artificial structures can alter intertidal community composition by providing hard substrata for rocky intertidal species, and can serve as ‘stepping stones’ that facilitate broad‐scale migration of rocky intertidal species and may weaken a phylogeographic transition.

Location

Chinese intertidal ecosystem.

Methods

Three‐year field ecological survey of macrobenthic species and phylogeographic analyses of three common species found on artificial structures and nearby natural rocky shores.

Results

(1) Artificial substrata were rapidly colonized by rocky intertidal species, and in the mid‐ and high‐intertidal zone, habitats were occupied by some widely distributed rocky intertidal species. (2) Distance to the nearest rocky shore and age of the artificial structures were important for species richness and community composition on the artificial structures. (3) Both ecological and genetic data showed that most populations on the artificial structures north of the Yangtze River estuary were derived by migration from natural rocky shores south of the Yangtze River estuary. This estuary formed a phylogeographic and biogeographic transition for intertidal species along China's coastline.

Main conclusions

(1) Artificial structures associated with large‐scale land reclamation along China's coastline provide appropriate habitats for rocky shore species; (2) because artificial structures are ubiquitous world‐wide, the biogeography of rocky shore species and other ecological impacts of this infrastructure along global coastlines should be reconsidered under the coupled impacts of climate change and human activities.
Mirror therapy in children with hemiparesis: a randomized observer‐blinded trial
Authors: Bruchez Roselyn , Jequier Gygax Marine , Roches Sylvie , Fluss Joel , Jacquier David , Ballabeni Pierluigi , Grunt Sebastian , Newman Christopher J
Published: April 2016

Aim

To determine the efficacy of mirror therapy in children with hemiparesis.

Method

The design was an observer‐blinded parallel‐group randomized controlled trial (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number 48748291). Randomization was computer‐generated, 1:1 allocation to mirror therapy or comparison groups. The settings were home‐based intervention and tertiary centre assessments. Participants were 90 children with hemiparesis aged 7 to 17 years. Intervention was 15 minutes per day of simultaneous arm training, 5 days a week, for 5 weeks. The mirror therapy group used a mirror; those in the comparison group looked at their paretic limb. Assessments comprised measures of upper limb strength, function (Melbourne Assessment 2), daily performance (ABILHAND‐Kids), and sensory function at weeks 0 (T0), 5 (T1), and 10 (T2).

Results

There were no significant differences in outcomes and their progression over time between the mirror therapy and comparison groups. Post‐hoc intention‐to‐treat analyses showed significant improvements in both groups for grasp strength (T0−T1+12.6%), pinch strength (T0−T2+9.1%), upper limb function in terms of accuracy (T0−T2+2.7%) and fluency (T0−T2+5.0%), as well as daily performance (T0−T2+16.6%). Per protocol analyses showed additional improvements in dexterity (T0−T2+4.0%).

Interpretation

The use of the mirror illusion during therapy had no significant effect on treatment outcomes. However, 5 weeks of daily simultaneous arm training significantly improved paretic upper limb strength, function, and daily use.
Evaluation of the discrete element method (DEM) and of the experimental evidence on concrete behaviour under static 3D compression
Authors: Riera J. D. , Miguel L. F. F. , Iturrioz I.
Published: April 2016

The authors successfully employed the discrete element method (DEM) in numerical determinations of the response up to and beyond failure of reinforced concrete structures subjected to impact and impulsive loadings in which tensile fracture, which is reliably predicted by DEM models, often controls the dominant failure modes. However, in impact problems when penetration occurs, the reliability of the approach in predictions of the structural response of the 3D compression zone that develops at the tip of the projectile has not yet been explicitly confirmed. In this context, in view of its complexity, the performance of the method is herein assessed and compared with available experimental results in static tests. By means of numerical simulations, it was previously verified that DEM models do predict, but overestimate, the strength increase observed on concrete cubes subjected to static multiaxial compression in relation with the unconfined strength, for confining (lateral) pressures up to about 20% of the unconfined compressive stress. For higher confining stresses, however, the DEM formulation underestimates the compressive strength increase observed in cubic and cylindrical samples, for the reasons examined in the paper, in which limitations of both the numerical predictions and experimental observations are thoroughly discussed.
Mitigation of unwanted direct and indirect land‐use change – an integrated approach illustrated for palm oil, pulpwood, rubber and rice production in North and East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Van der Laan Carina , Wicke Birka , Verweij Pita A. , Faaij André P. C.
Published: April 2016

The widespread production of cash crops can result in the decline of forests, peatlands, rice fields and local community land. Such unwanted land‐use and land‐cover (LULC) change can lead to decreased carbon stocks, diminished biodiversity, displaced communities and reduced local food production. In this study, we analysed to what extent four main commodities, namely, palm oil, pulpwood, rice and rubber, can be produced in North and East Kalimantan in Indonesia without such unwanted LULC change. We investigated the technical potential of four measures to mitigate unwanted LULC change between 2008 and 2020 under low, medium and high scenarios, referring to the intensities of the mitigation measures compared with those implemented in 2008. These measures are related to land sparing through (i) the improvements of yields, (ii) chain efficiencies, (iii) chain integration and (iv) the steering of any expansion of these commodities to suitable and available underutilised (potentially degraded) lands. Our analyses resulted in a land‐sparing potential of 0.4–1.2 Mha (i.e. 24–62% of the total land demand of the commodities) between 2008 and 2020, depending on the land‐use projection of the four commodities and the scenario for implementing the mitigation measures. Additional expansion on underutilised land is the most important mitigation measure (45–62% of the total potential), followed by yield improvements as the second most important mitigation measure (32–46% of the total potential). Our study shows that reconciling the production of palm oil, pulpwood, rice and rubber with the maintenance of existing agricultural lands, forests and peatlands is technically possible only (i) under a scenario of limited agricultural expansion, (ii) if responsible land zoning is applied and enforced and (iii) if the yields and chain efficiencies are strongly improved.
Digestive sensitivity varies according to size of dogs: a review
Authors: Weber M. P. , Biourge V. C. , Nguyen P. G.
Published: April 2016

Field observations on food tolerance have repeatedly shown that when fed an identical diet, large breed (>25 kg) dogs present softer and moister faeces than small breed ones (<15 kg). The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings of four PhD theses, carried out between 1998 and 2013, whose objectives were to investigate the anatomical and physiological peculiarities that would explain, at least in part, this observation, as well as their nutritional implication. This work showed that large breed dogs, in contrast with smaller breeds, present a highly developed caecum and colon, which could explain the relatively longer colonic transit time. A prolonged colonic transit time could explain higher colonic fermentative activity, as supported by higher faecal concentrations of fermentative by‐products. This effect would be reinforced by increased intestinal permeability and reduced sodium net‐absorption. Taken together, these elements could be a possible cause of higher digestive sensitivity in large breed dogs. When prescribing a diet to a small or large breed dog, several aspects of the formulation must be taken into account. For a large breed dog, the general goal is to limit any ingredient that could increase the level of fermentable undigested residues and, in fine, exacerbate colonic fermentation. Highly digestible sources of proteins and starches are therefore strongly recommended to maintain an optimal digestive tolerance. Fermentable fibre sources (i.e. beet pulp and FOS) must also be used in limited quantity in their diet. Conversely, the incorporation of non‐fermentable fibre (i.e. cellulose) appears useful to increase their stool quality. For a small breed dog, the general objective is to minimize any ingredient that could excessively limit colonic fermentation and induce in fine constipation. Purified starches and cellulose are therefore not really suitable for them. In contrast, cereals flours as well as non‐fermentable fibre provided by cereals are recommended.
Deep sequencing of hepatitis C virus reveals genetic compartmentalization in cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively impaired patients
Authors: Tully Damien C. , Hjerrild Simon , Leutscher Peter D. , Renvillard Signe G. , Ogilvie Colin B. , Bean David J. , Videbech Poul , Allen Todd M. , McKeating Jane A. , Fletcher Nicola F.
Published: April 2016

Background & Aims

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes neuropsychiatric impairment and fatigue with recent studies suggesting HCV invasion of the central nervous system (CNS). Our previous finding that endothelial cells from the blood–brain barrier support HCV infection warrants further investigation to elucidate whether the CNS can serve as a reservoir for independent HCV evolution.

Methods

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from six HCV‐infected patients without liver disease or co‐morbidities together with plasma from six healthy subjects were profiled for markers of immune activation and viral quasispecies measured by deep sequencing. Unsupervised data analyses were used to identify any associations between cytokine activation markers and clinical outcomes.

Results

Four of six HCV‐infected patients showed significant evidence of cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Deep sequencing revealed independent viral evolution within the CNS of two cognitively impaired patients. Principal component analysis of peripheral cytokines demonstrated that individuals without cognitive impairment clustered together while a distinct cytokine pattern emerged with patients exhibiting cognitive dysfunction and fatigue.

Conclusions

Deep sequencing demonstrated unique viral variants in the CSF of two cognitively impaired patients consistent with CNS replication or sequestration. Meanwhile, compartmentalization was absent in infected patients with no neurocognitive impairment. Examination of cytokine profiles in HCV‐infected patients with cognitive dysfunction revealed elevated peripheral cytokine levels resulting in a distinct cytokine profile that may be related to cognitive impairment or viral penetration into the CNS. Further studies to determine the significance of unique HCV variants within the CNS are warranted.
Management and prevention of gingival recession
Authors: Merijohn George K.
Published: April 2016

Gingival recession is highly prevalent worldwide. It increases the risk for root caries and can interfere with patient comfort, function and esthetics. Progressive gingival recession also increases the risk of tooth loss secondary to clinical attachment loss. Although mitigating the causes of gingival recession decreases its incidence and severity, implementing practical management and prevention strategies in the clinical setting can be challenging. Identification of susceptible patients and evaluating them for the presence of modifiable risk exposures are essential first steps in developing action plans for appropriate interventions. This article reviews these steps and introduces chairside tools that can help in the selection of interventions designed to reduce the risk of future gingival recession and may also facilitate patient communication. Practical decision‐making criteria are proposed for when and how to monitor gingival recession, for deciding when a patient is a candidate for surgical evaluation or referral to a periodontist, and, if surgery is the treatment of choice, what should be considered as key surgical outcome objectives.
Post‐treatment supportive care for the natural dentition and dental implants
Authors: Armitage Gary C. , Xenoudi Pinelopi
Published: April 2016

Long‐term successful treatment of chronic periodontitis requires placement of patients on post‐treatment recall programs known as either periodontal maintenance therapy or supportive periodontal therapy. Selection of the recall intervals must be based on the specific needs of individual patients. A single recall interval (e.g. 6 months) is not suitable for all patients. The main purpose of these programs is to prevent the recurrence of periodontitis. The components of every periodontal maintenance therapy program include: review of medical/dental histories; complete oral examination with an emphasis on the detection of gingival inflammation; establishing whether the maintenance program is working by monitoring clinical attachment levels; evaluation of oral hygiene; and full‐mouth supragingival and subgingival debridement (i.e. biofilm removal). Long‐term post‐insertion care for dental implants also requires a similar patient‐specific recall program of supportive implant therapy. The main purposes of a supportive implant therapy program are to maintain a healthy peri‐implant mucosa and thereby prevent the development of peri‐implantitis. In cases in which plaque‐induced peri‐implant mucositis has occurred, a well‐designed supportive implant therapy program can help return the mucosa to a healthy state. At the current time there is no consensus on the optimal interventions for the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis. However, all effective supportive implant therapy programs emphasize meticulous oral hygiene practices, careful peri‐implant examination, thoughtful analysis of risk factors and periodic removal of microbial deposits from the implants.
Lasers in minimally invasive periodontal and peri‐implant therapy
Authors: Mizutani Koji , Aoki Akira , Coluzzi Donald , Yukna Raymond , Wang Chen‐Ying , Pavlic Verica , Izumi Yuichi
Published: April 2016

Laser therapy has the potential to be an effective, minimally invasive procedure in periodontal therapy. The aim of the present review was to survey the relevant literature on the clinical application of lasers as a minimally invasive treatment for periodontitis and peri‐implant disease. Currently, there are a large number of published clinical studies and case reports that evaluate the adjunctive use of diode, carbon dioxide, neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG), erbium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium, chromium‐doped: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers or antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for nonsurgical and minimally invasive surgical treatment of periodontal pockets. These procedures are expected not only to control inflammation but also to provide biostimulation effects with photonic energy. Recent meta‐analyses did not show statistically significant differences in pocket reduction and clinical attachment gain compared with mechanical debridement alone, although limited positive effects of adjunctive laser therapy were reported. At present, systematic literature approaches suggest that more evidence‐based studies need to be performed to support the integration of various laser therapies into the treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. The disparity between previous statistical analyses and individual successful clinical outcomes of laser applications might reveal the necessity of developing optimal laser‐treatment modalities of different wavelengths and better‐defined indications for each protocol.
Risk assessment and periodontal prevention in primary care
Authors: Garcia Raul I. , Compton Robert , Dietrich Thomas
Published: April 2016

The role of risk factors and risk assessment in the prediction of clinical periodontal outcomes, and thus in patient management, continues to be a subject of high professional interest and clinical relevance globally. Advances in our understanding of periodontal disease causality and the role of risk factors as predictors of future disease risk have led to the development of various quantitative tools to calculate risk and inform clinical decision‐making. We review the conceptual basis for periodontal risk calculation and frame its potential, as well as its limitations, in the context of similar advances in medical care. Lastly, we discuss how broader health‐policy changes are taking place that will probably lead to incorporation of risk‐factor assessments in periodontal treatment planning and care management.
Minimally invasive periodontal therapy for general practitioners
Authors: Ryder Mark I. , Armitage Gary C.
Published: April 2016

There remains a high prevalence of mild‐to‐moderate forms of periodontal diseases in both developed and developing countries. Although many periodontal specialty practices currently place strong emphasis on implant surgery, periodontal plastic surgery and esthetics, general dentists and hygienists have often assumed more responsibility than periodontal specialty practices for the diagnosis, treatment, assessment and maintenance, and possible referral, of their patients. To address these current trends and challenges, this volume of Periodontology 2000 presents a series of topics on the basic biological principles of periodontal disease, as well as on approaches to diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment, in what is called ‘conservative’ or ‘noninvasive’ periodontal therapy. These topics include risk assessment of the periodontal condition; reduction, elimination and/or control of etiologies and risk factors, including mechanical, antimicrobial and host‐modulation approaches; considerations for evaluation of clinical outcomes based on treatment approaches; and selected topics in laser therapy, halitosis and gingival recession.
Delirium associated with concomitant use of duloxetine and bupropion in an elderly patient
Authors: Ma Szu‐Pin , Tsai Chia‐Jui , Chang Cheng‐Chen , Hsu Wen‐Yu
Published: April 2016

Delirium is common in daily practice. Drug‐induced delirium constitutes approximately one‐third of all cases of delirium. In cases characterized by the limited efficacy of a single antidepressant, a combination of two antidepressants is required, which may induce a complex drug–drug interaction. We reviewed a case of duloxetine‐ and bupropion‐related delirium in an elderly male patient in our clinical practice. The patient was diagnosed with major depressive disorder and was treated with duloxetine. However, he developed delirium 10 days after bupropion was added to his treatment regimen. Three days after the cessation of bupropion, his delirious condition gradually improved. Duloxetine and bupropion are both cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors that may result in a higher level of hydroxybupropion. An increased level of hydroxybupropion may cause the elevation of dopamine and a risk of subsequent delirium. We should be aware of the risk of delirium induced by drug–drug interactions.
Dynamic RSA: Examining parasympathetic regulatory dynamics via vector‐autoregressive modeling of time‐varying RSA and heart period
Authors: Fisher Aaron J. , Reeves Jonathan W. , Chi Cyrus
Published: April 2016

Expanding on recently published methods, the current study presents an approach to estimating the dynamic, regulatory effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart period on a moment‐to‐moment basis. We estimated second‐to‐second variation in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in order to estimate the contemporaneous and time‐lagged relationships among RSA, interbeat interval (IBI), and respiration rate via vector autoregression. Moreover, we modeled these relationships at lags of 1 s to 10 s, in order to evaluate the optimal latency for estimating dynamic RSA effects. The IBI (t) on RSA (t‐n) regression parameter was extracted from individual models as an operationalization of the regulatory effect of RSA on IBI—referred to as dynamic RSA (dRSA). Dynamic RSA positively correlated with standard averages of heart rate and negatively correlated with standard averages of RSA. We propose that dRSA reflects the active downregulation of heart period by the parasympathetic nervous system and thus represents a novel metric that provides incremental validity in the measurement of autonomic cardiac control—specifically, a method by which parasympathetic regulatory effects can be measured in process.
Technology Transfer and North–South
Authors: Davies Martin
Published: April 2016

Costless technology transfer is a standard assumption in the international trade literature, however, by some estimates the average technology transfer cost is nearly 20% of total project costs. This analysis examines the conditions under which the advanced country gains when the transfer of technology from the advanced North to the less advanced South incurs resource costs. Results are derived for the effect on production, wages, prices and welfare of lower transmission and absorption costs, and productivity and population shocks. The framework is extended to examine the implications of an improvement in the enforcement of international intellectual property rights.
Aeolian dune sediment flux variability over an annual cycle of wind
Authors: Swanson Travis , Mohrig David , Kocurek Gary
Published: April 2016

Aeolian dune motion is thought to be driven by an annual cycle of sediment‐transporting wind events. Each wind event drives uneven motion of dune crestlines, yet dune crestlines align as a trend to an annual cycle of wind. Understanding the variability in dune motion over such a cycle aids the interpretation of aeolian cross‐stratification, often available only in the limiting exposure of core and outcrop. Digital elevation models obtained by light detection and ranging are used to estimate dune brink motion and sediment flux along the sinuous crestlines of crescentic dunes at White Sands gypsum dune field (south‐central New Mexico, USA) over an annual cycle of wind. In tandem, meteorological observations over the same annual cycle are used to drive a kinematic model of dune crestline motion. Wind‐driven kinematic modelling does well to predict the mean and overall variation in sediment flux with compass direction. Digital elevation model‐based estimations of brink motion and sediment flux reveal that dune motion and sediment flux very nearly follow a circular normal distribution. Dunes at White Sands were found to achieve steady mean values of lee surface dip direction, brink motion and sediment flux within a sample window the size of approximately six dunes of average crestline length. Due to the symmetrical distribution of dune motion about the average lee surface dip direction, uneven motion of dune crestlines averages to become motion of dune crestlines normal to a trend, as predicted by wind‐driven kinematic models.
Intimate Violence against Rural Women: The Current and Future State of Feminist Empirical and Theoretical Contributions
Authors: Hall‐Sanchez Amanda
Published: April 2016

Rural crime in general ranks among the least studied social problems in the social sciences; however, a growing body of research shows that rural woman abuse is a major problem. The current state of progressive critical feminist social scientific knowledge enhances an empirical and theoretical understanding of intimate violence against rural women. Revealing the complexities of rural women's experiences and struggles with violent relationships reconstitutes violence against women as a public crisis that requires continued serious attention with regard research, theory, and policy. Three primary objectives of this article are as follows: (i) briefly review recent feminist social scientific literature on research, methodology, and theoretical contributions on violence against women in rural areas, (ii) suggest new directions in researching and theorizing rural women's experiences with intimate violence, and (iii) offer creative practical and policy solutions towards a broad vision of social change.
Subjectivity in Feminist Science and Technology Studies: Implications and Applications for Sociological Research
Authors: Schnabel Landon , Breitwieser Lindsey , Hawbaker Amelia
Published: April 2016

Feminist science and technology studies calls the researcher to reconsider subjectivity in three ways. First, who or what has subjectivity? Second, is subjectivity a property of an individual being with sentience, or is it a more diffuse process? Third, who or what acts in meaningful ways to impact social relations (and are thus worthy of sociological study)? According to feminist STS, the conferral of subjectivity has been nationalized, racialized, and sexualized, and the influence of non‐human life and non‐living matter has been underemphasized. We suggest that sociological research could benefit from a more expansive understanding of subjectivity and a more interactive (or “entangled”) notion of social–material relations. Human relations and action need not just be considered in the context of the human and social but can also be considered in relation to the non‐human and material. To make the implications of feminist STS more concrete, we offer specific applications of feminist STS methodologies across a range of sociological methods and topics.
Transitioning to the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics: A Mixed Methods Study of Elementary Teachers’ Experiences and Perspectives
Authors: Swars Susan Lee , Chestnutt Cliff
Published: April 2016

This mixed methods study explored elementary teachers’ (n = 73) experiences with and perspectives on the recently implemented Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSS‐Mathematics) at a high‐needs, urban school. Analysis of the survey, questionnaire, and interview data reveals the findings cluster around: familiarity with and preparation to use the standards; implementation of the standards, including incorporation and teacher change; and tensions associated with enactment of the standards. Notably, the teachers believed in the merit of the standards but were constrained by their inadequate content knowledge, limited aligned curricular resources, lack of student readiness, and a perceived mismatch with ELLs. The results illuminate the professional needs of teachers during this critical time of transition to the standards and also add to the scant research on this national‐scale reform in mathematics education.

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