bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empathy and Utilitarian Judgment in Incarcerated and Community Control Adolescents
Authors: Bacchini Dario , De Angelis Grazia , Dragone Mirella
Published: June 2018

We aimed to test direct and indirect associations of affective and cognitive empathy and utilitarian judgment (UJ) on involvement in serious crimes during adolescence. An Italian sample including 67 male incarcerated youths and 239 male community youths completed Rule-Breaking (RBS), Perspective Taking (PT), and Empathic Concern (EC) scales. Moreover, participants responded to moral dilemmas evaluating UJs. A community control and a community deviant group were identified based on the scores on RBS. A MANOVA showed that incarcerated youth were higher in UJ and lower in PT than community control youth whereas community deviant group was lower in EC than the other two groups. A Structural Equation Model evidenced that UJ was directly associated with the probability of belonging to the incarcerated versus community control group and mediated the relationship between PT and group. Results were discussed in light of different theoretical explanations of the used measure for UJ.
From Food Production to Commodity Production in Argentina’s Agricultural Sector
Authors: Palmisano Tomás
Published: June 2018

An analysis of the semiotic and productive transformation of food crops under Argentina’s agribusiness model through a study of the diffusion of the term “commodity” in the discourse produced/reproduced by the rural sections of the hegemonic media, combined with statistical data that allow a dialogue between discourse and measurable quantities, concludes that defining the Argentine countryside as a place for commodity production is linked with increasing crop production for export that leads to the erosion of food sovereignty and food security.

Un análisis de las transformaciones semióticas y productivas de los frutos de la tierra bajo el modelo argentino de los agronegocios que examina la extensión del término commodity en los discursos producidos/reproducidos por las secciones rurales de los medios gráficos de comunicación hegemónicos, entrecruzado con datos estadísticos para poner en diálogo el nivel del discurso con el de las cantidades medibles, concluye que la consigna que define al campo argentino como un lugar de producción de commodities se imbrica con una tendencia a la intensificación de los cultivos orientados exclusivamente a la exportación y la erosión de la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria.
Revealing Clothing Does Not Make the Object: ERP Evidences That Cognitive Objectification is Driven by Posture Suggestiveness, Not by Revealing Clothing
Authors: Bernard Philippe , Hanoteau Florence , Gervais Sarah , Servais Lara , Bertolone Irene , Deltenre Paul , Colin Cécile
Published: June 2018

Recent research found that sexualized bodies are visually processed similarly to objects. This article examines the effects of skin-to-clothing ratio and posture suggestiveness on cognitive objectification. Participants were presented images of upright versus inverted bodies while we recorded the N170. We used the N170 amplitude inversion effect (larger N170 amplitudes for inverted vs. upright stimuli) to assess cognitive objectification, with no N170 inversion effect indicating less configural processing and more cognitive objectification. Contrary to Hypothesis 1, skin-to-clothing ratio was not associated with cognitive objectification (Experiments 1-3). However, consistent with Hypothesis 2, we found that posture suggestiveness was the key driver of cognitive objectification (Experiment 2), even after controlling for body asymmetry (Experiment 3). This article showed that high (vs. low) posture suggestiveness caused cognitive objectification (regardless of body asymmetry), whereas high (vs. low) skin-to-clothing ratio did not. The implications for objectification and body perception literatures are discussed.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suicidal Ideation among Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: Longitudinal Study
Authors: Henry Melissa , Rosberger Zeev , Bertrand Lia , Klassen Christina , Hier Michael , Zeitouni Anthony , Kost Karen , Mlynarek Alex , Richardson Keith , Black Martin , MacDonald Christina , Zhang Xun , Chartier Gabrielle , Frenkiel Saul
Published: June 2018

Objectives

(1) Determine 1‐year period prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide among patients newly diagnosed with a first occurrence of head and neck cancer (HNC). (2) Characterize stability and trajectory of suicidal ideation over the year following cancer diagnosis. (3) Identify patients at risk of suicidal ideation.

Study Design

Prospective longitudinal study with 1‐year follow‐up.

Setting

Three university‐affiliated outpatient departments of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery.

Subjects and Methods

The study comprised a representative sample of 223 consecutive patients who were newly diagnosed (<2 weeks) with a first occurrence of primary HNC, were ≥18 years old and able to consent, and had a Karnofsky Performance Scale score ≥60. Patients completed the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV‐TR Axis I Disorders.

Results

Sixteen percent (15.7%) of patients with HNC were suicidal <1 year from diagnosis, with point prevalences of 8.1% <2 weeks, 14.8% at 3 months, 9.4% at 6 months, and 10.4% at 12 months; 0.4% committed suicide within 3 months, and 0.9% attempted suicide. An a priori comprehensive conceptual model revealed 2 predictors of 1‐year period prevalence of suicidal ideation in HNC: psychiatric history (P =. 017, β = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.4‐3.8) and coping with the diagnosis by using substances (alcohol/drugs; P =. 008, β = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.16‐1.06). All other predictors, including medical predictors, were nonsignificant. A clinical suicide risk assessment revealed low risk among 71.4% and medium to high risk among 28.6%.

Conclusion

Suicide prevention strategies are clearly needed as part of routine clinical care in head and neck oncology, as well as their integration into clinical practice guidelines for HNC.
Management of a case of unacknowledged foreign body in the upper airway
Authors: D’Agostino Federica Gilda , Monaco Francesco , Mondello Baldassare , Familiari Dario , Barone Mario
Published: June 2018

Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration occurs rarely in adults and may go unrecognized for a long time, but early detection and immediate retrieval of the foreign body are essential to prevent major morbidity. We describe the case of an adult who unusually aspirated part of his dental prosthesis during an attempted strangulation, which was unacknowledged until 6 months later when he was hospitalized with acute respiratory failure and required an emergency surgical tracheotomy. The foreign body was successfully removed via flexible bronchoscopy.
Prolonged use of eptifibatide as a bridge to maintain drug-eluting stent patency in a patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Gurnani Payal K. , Bohlmann Allison , March Robert J.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been used as a bridge to cardiac recovery in patients following a major cardiac event. There is a lack of literature surrounding prolonged use of eptifibatide and optimal dosing during ECMO. This case report describes our experience with extended durations and standard dosing of eptifibatide in the setting of ECMO.

Case:

A 40-year-old male with a history of Marfan’s syndrome, aortic root and ascending aortic aneurysm status post a modified Bentall with a St. Jude mechanical aortic valve conduit and hemi-Cabrol with a Dacron graft to the left main coronary artery presented with exertional chest pain and was found to have an anastomotic narrowing to the left main which occluded while awaiting surgical revision. A rescue percutaneous coronary intervention at the anastomotic site was performed. Due to hemodynamic instability, he was placed on femoral VA-ECMO. The patient was started on anticoagulation for the ECMO circuit and eptifibatide to maintain stent patency. The patient experienced several bleeding episodes for which he received supportive care, endoscopic intervention and left gastric artery embolization. Eptifibatide was maintained at standard dosing and the heparin infusion was withheld. A coronary angiogram revealed no thrombus within the Cabrol graft a patent stent previously placed at the site of the distal graft-coronary anastomosis. The patient was decannulated from ECMO and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and division of the hemi-Cabrol graft.

Conclusion:

While eptifibatide was effective in maintaining stent patency, our patient experienced several bleeding episodes during ECMO. Thus, the risks and benefits of concurrent antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy must be appropriately weighed in this patient population. Additionally, as the need for dual antiplatelet therapy due to coronary stent implantation is increasing, further studies are needed to validate optimal dosing of eptifibatide in patients at a high risk of bleeding during ECMO.
Endovascular thrombectomy in anterior circulation stroke and clinical value of bridging with intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: Balodis Arturs , Radzina Maija , Miglane Evija , Rudd Anthony , Millers Andrejs , Savlovskis Janis , Kupcs Karlis
Published: June 2018

Background

Bridging treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke is applied under the assumption of benefits for patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, the benefit of this additional step has not yet been proven.

Purpose

To compare procedural parameters (procedural time, number of attempts), complications, and clinical outcome in patients receiving EVT vs. patients with bridging treatment.

Material and Methods

In this prospective study all patients had acute anterior cerebral circulation occlusion and were treated with EVT. All patients were selected for treatment based on clinical criteria, multimodal computed tomography (CT) imaging. Eighty-four patients were treated with bridging IVT followed by EVT; 62 patients were treated with EVT only.

Results

Bridging therapy did not influence endovascular procedure time ( P = 0.71) or number of attempts needed ( P = 0.63). Bleeding from any site was more common in the bridging group (27, 32%) vs. the EVT group (12, 19%) ( P = 0.09). Functional independence modified Rankin Scale after 90 days was slightly higher in the bridging group (44%) vs. the EVT group (42%) ( P = 0.14). Mortality did not differ significantly at 90 days: 17% in the bridging group vs. 21% in EVT alone ( P = 0.57). Both treatment methods showed high recanalization rates: 94% in the bridging group and 89% for EVT alone.

Conclusion

Bridging treatment in LVO did not show benefits or elevated risks of complications in comparison to EVT only. The bridging group did not show significantly better neurological outcome or significant impact on procedural parameters vs. EVT alone.
Household transmission of acute gastroenteritis during the winter season in Japan
Authors: Matsuyama Ryota , Miura Fuminari , Tsuzuki Shinya , Nishiura Hiroshi
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Acute gastroenteritis, including illness caused by norovirus, is sometimes transmissible among susceptible persons who experience close contact, including those within a household, and it disturbs social activities of patients and their family. However, epidemiological assessment of the transmissibility and its heterogeneity has not been conducted. The present study aimed to quantify the frequency of household transmission that was likely caused by norovirus, and characterize its determinants.

Methods

A household survey was conducted, analyzing the history of suspected norovirus infection from January to March, 2017. Noro-like illness was clinically defined as a patient with either: (i) diarrhea or vomiting multiple times a day; or (ii) diarrhea or vomiting persisting for 2 or more days.

Results

Among 380 households, 132 households (34.7%) were eligible for epidemiological analysis, with an estimated secondary attack risk of 13.8% (38/276). Age-specific secondary attack risk was highest among index case patients aged 0 to 14 years (25.8%). The prevalence of vomiting in this age group was higher than in other age groups, with an odds ratio of household transmission estimated at 4.3.

Conclusions

Age-dependent heterogeneity was successfully identified, offering critical insights into future considerations for norovirus control at various social settings.
Bacteria meets influenza A virus: A bioluminescence mouse model of Escherichia coli O157:H7 following influenza A virus/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain infection
Authors: Wang Zhongyi , Chi Hang , Wang Xiwen , Li Wenliang , Li Zhiping , Li Jiaming , Fu Yingying , Lu Bing , Xia Zhiping , Qian Jun , Liu Linna
Published: June 2018

Objective

To develop a bioluminescence-labelled bacterial infection model to monitor the colonization and clearance process of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the lungs of mice following influenza A virus/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain (IAV/PR8) infection.

Methods

BALB/c mice were administered IAV/PR8 or 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) intranasally 4 days prior to intranasal administration of 1 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli O157:H7-lux. Whole-body bioluminescent signals were monitored at 10 min, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 24 h post-bacterial infection. Lung bioluminescent signals and bacterial load (CFU/g) were monitored at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 24 h post-bacterial infection.

Results

Prior IAV/PR8 infection of mice resulted in a higher level of bacterial colonization and a lower rate of bacterial clearance from the lungs compared with mice treated with PBS. There were also consistent findings between the bioluminescence imaging and the CFU measurements in terms of identifying bacterial colonization and monitoring the clearance dynamics of E. coli O157:H7-lux in mouse lungs.

Conclusion

This novel bioluminescence-labelled bacterial infection model rapidly detected bacterial colonization of the lungs and monitored the clearance dynamics of E. coli O157:H7-lux following IAV/PR8 infection.
Human oocyte maturation arrest caused by a novel missense mutation in TUBB8
Authors: Xiang Jingjing , Wang Wei , Qian Chunfeng , Xue Jiangyang , Wang Ting , Li Haibo , Li Hong
Published: June 2018

Objective

To explore the etiology of human oocyte maturation arrest in two infertile Chinese sisters.

Methods

Clinical examination and genetic testing of all available family members were conducted, and the findings were used to create a pedigree. Mutation screening using PCR amplification and DNA Sanger sequencing of the entire tubulin beta 8 class VIII gene ( TUBB8) including intron–exon boundaries was performed to identify mutations.

Results

A novel missense TUBB8 mutation (c.1054G > T, p.A352S) in the patient and her elder sister was detected and shown to be associated with oocyte maturation arrest.

Conclusion

Our findings expand the known mutation spectrum of TUBB8 and provide insights into the etiology of human oocyte maturation arrest.
Foucault’s End of History: The Temporality of Governmentality and its End in the Anthropocene
Authors: Hamilton Scott
Published: June 2018

Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality is widely used throughout the social sciences to analyse the state, liberalism, and individual subjectivity. Surprisingly, what remains ignored are the repeated claims made by Foucault throughout his seminal Security, Territory, Population lectures (2007) that governmentality depends more fundamentally on a specific form of time, than on the state or the subject. By paying closer attention to Foucault’s comments on political temporality, this article reveals that governmentality emerged from, and depends upon, a very specific cosmological order that experiences time as indefinite: what Foucault calls our modern ‘indefinite governmentality’. This is elaborated here in three ways. First, by reviewing the transformation from a linear Christian cosmology to our modern indefinite governmentality through what Foucault calls the ‘de-governmentalization of the cosmos’. Second, by arguing that our experience of indefinite temporality was concretised by the geological discovery of ‘deep time’. Third, by engaging a contemporary geological concept that returns humanity to its lost cosmological centrality, thereby re-governing the cosmos: the Anthropocene, or the ‘human epoch’. Analysed using indefinite governmentality, Foucault’s forewarning of an ‘end of history’ is implicit in the new concept of the Anthropocene’s origins and ends. If it is the paradigm shift its proponents claim, then it threatens to end the temporality of the state, the subject, and governmentality itself.
Comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics techniques for two straight-bladed vertical-axis wind turbines in inline arrangement
Authors: Nazari Saeed , Zamani Mahdi , Moshizi Sajad A
Published: June 2018

This study is dedicated to drawing a comparison between two- and three-dimensional approach capabilities for the simulation of two similar rotors placed in three inline (or tandem) arrangements. This arrangement is generally recognized as the worst-case scenario for the downwind rotor considering the vortices and disorders produced by the upwind rotor. The rotor in question with the diameter of 2.5 m is made up of three NACA0015 blades with the chord length and span size equal to 0.4 and 3 m, respectively. Based on the authors’ previous works, the [Formula: see text] shear stress transport model was selected for this comparative study. According to the results, there is an appreciable deviation in the aerodynamic performance of the upwind rotor predicted by the two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation techniques. There is no tangible difference between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional results in terms of the averaged power output for the downwind rotor. However, the study of flow field employing different means like vortex structures, axial velocity, and even torque variation indicates that the two-dimensional approach is unable to achieve realistic and reliable output data. The introduced “pillar effect” regarding the dimensional limitations of the two-dimensional approach, which affects the vorticity shape and its dissipation, is plausible evidence for this discrepancy.
Co-simulation and hardware implementation of multi-port rectifier for power system and renewable energy applications
Authors: Senthilnathan Karthikrajan , Annapoorani K Iyswarya
Published: June 2018

In this article, a novel rectifier is designed for two three-phase sources with single-phase inverter and three-phase inverter. The proposed configuration results in back-to-back converter with the dual input source. The main objective is to reduce the semiconductor components in the rectifier. The rectifier design consists of six diodes and three split capacitors. A separate direct current link capacitor is eliminated due to the presence of split capacitors. The simulation model of rectifier and inverter is designed in Multisim, a PSpice-based power electronics simulator, and interfaced with LabVIEW, a graphical programming language for co-simulation. The co-simulation enables the user to utilize two simulation engines for better analysis. The hardware prototype is fabricated and tested for rectifier and inverter. The co-simulation and hardware results proved that proposed design is capable to use in back-to-back converter applications.
Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1
Authors: Bretzin Abigail C. , Covassin Tracey , Fox Meghan E. , Petit Kyle M. , Savage Jennifer L. , Walker Lauren F. , Gould Daniel
Published: June 2018

Background:

Sports-related concussion (SRC) injury rates are well established in collegiate athletics through epidemiological studies using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System. However, few studies have examined sex differences, time loss, and missed school days in high school athletes, especially at the state level.

Purpose:

To identify sex differences in the clinical incidence of SRCs, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiological study.

Methods:

A total of 193,757 (116,434 male and 77,323 female) student-athletes (10th grade ± 1.1) participating in Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA)–sponsored athletic activities were recorded in the Head Injury Reporting System. Certified athletic trainers, school athletic administrators, and coaches from MHSAA high schools reported SRC data and overall participation for the 2015-2016 academic year. Total concussive injuries, as well as missed school days and time loss for each concussive injury, were reported. The clinical incidence was calculated by dividing the number of SRCs in a particular category by the number of participants in that category and presented with 95% CIs. Relative risk ratios (RRs) were determined for sex-comparable sports.

Results:

The overall clinical incidence for all sports was 1.7 per 100 player-seasons (95% CI, 1.6-1.8) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.8-2.0) for male sports and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.4-1.6) for female sports. Female athletes were at a 1.9 (95% CI, 1.8-2.2) times greater risk for enduring SRCs than male athletes in sex-comparable sports, with a greater risk in baseball/softball (RR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.9-3.8]), basketball (RR, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.1-2.9]), and soccer (RR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.4-1.9]). Female student-athletes had significantly longer time loss than male student-athletes ( P < .001). The mean number of missed school days did not differ between sexes ( P = .70).

Conclusion:

High school female student-athletes have a higher risk for an SRC in all sex-comparable sports except lacrosse. This may be because of biomechanical differences of the head-neck segment, hormonal differences, and the fact that female athletes are more likely to report symptoms after a suspected SRC.

Clinical Relevance:

Despite sex differences in the clinical incidence of SRCs and time loss from participation in high school sports, the numbers of missed school days are relatively similar between sexes.
Brain Lesion Load and Anatomic Distribution in Patients With Juvenile Clinically Isolated Syndrome Predicts Rapidly Advanced to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Menascu Shay , Legarda Carolina , Miron Shmuel , Achiron Anat
Published: June 2018

The aim was to assess brain lesion load and anatomical distribution in patients with juvenile clinically isolated syndrome and define magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables associated with rapidly advancing to multiple sclerosis. Patients were followed for one year after disease onset. Patients who experienced a second relapse were defined as those who rapidly advanced to multiple sclerosis. In all, 46 juvenile patients with a clinical presentation suggestive of multiple sclerosis were evaluated; 21 with gadolinium-enhancing lesions on initial brain MRI were excluded as they had already fulfilled the diagnosis criteria for multiple sclerosis. A total of 25 patients, 10 males and 15 females (mean ± SE age at onset 15.6 ± 0.6 years), met the definition of clinically isolated syndrome. The presence of a corpus callosum lesion at onset significantly differentiated between sustained clinically isolated syndrome and patients who rapidly advanced to multiple sclerosis.
Gellan gum macrobeads loaded with naproxen: The impact of various naturally derived polymers on pH-dependent behavior
Authors: Osmałek Tomasz Z , Froelich Anna , Soból Marcin , Milanowski Bartłomiej , Skotnicki Marcin , Kunstman Paweł , Szybowicz Mirosław
Published: June 2018

Aims

After oral administration, naproxen generates several side-effects related to stomach malfunction. Undoubtedly, the enteric dosage forms with naproxen can be considered as safer. Moreover, since it has been evidenced that development and growth of colorectal cancer is related to the presence of cyclooxygenase, naproxen is investigated in terms of the tumor prevention. The aim of the present work was to formulate and evaluate the properties of novel naproxen-loaded macrobeads, made on the basis of low-acyl gellan gum and its blends with carrageenans, guar gum, cellulose sulfate, and dextran sulfates.

Method

Seven formulations were prepared by ionotropic gelation. The morphology of the dried beads was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The next step focused on Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis of naproxen, polymers, and the beads. Next, the swelling behavior was examined in three acceptor fluids at pH = 1.2; 4.5, and 7.4. The beads were evaluated regarding naproxen content and encapsulation efficiency. The last stage of the work concerned the drug release studies.

Results

Addition of any other polysaccharide than gellan resulted in flattening of the beads upon drying. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the crystalline form of naproxen. Raman spectra showed that no apparent interactions occurred. In the acidic environment, all the beads revealed the tendency to absorb water. The beads swelled to the greatest extent at pH = 4.5. Naproxen was released from the beads at a varied rate. At pH = 7.4, the most prolonged release was observed for the beads containing carrageenans.

Conclusions

We have proved that blending of gellan with various polysaccharides can change the pH-dependent properties of the beads loaded with naproxen. We believe that the information enclosed in the paper will be of particular importance regarding the development and characteristics of novel oral dosage forms based on natural polymers.
High thermodynamic stability study of PLA/LCNF composite
Authors: Liu Yang , Ding Zhaodong , Liu Xuejiao , Wang Xuan , Zhang Liping
Published: June 2018

Thermal degradation behaviors of one composite constituted by poly(lactic acid) (PLA), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and lignin–cellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) in a nitrogen atmosphere were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the thermal degradation stability of the PLA/LCNF composite was improved when compared to PLA and PLA/CNF. The Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method was used to determine the apparent activation energy of the composite samples which was based on a set of TGA data obtained at different heating rates. It was shown that the conversion functions calculated by means of the Coats–Redfern method depend on a set of kinetic models, which could be concluded that using the model-fitting methods couldn’t reveal the complexity of the thermal degradation process and the isokinetic relationship method was used to estimate a model-independent pre-exponential factor (ln A) corresponding to a given degree of conversion.
Peer Influence of Online Comments in Newspapers: Applying Social Norms and the Social Identification Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)
Authors: Chung Jae Eun
Published: June 2018

This research aimed to understand social influence of comments by answering the following questions: How do online comments impact subsequent readers’ attitudes and perceptions related to the subject matter covered in the newspaper article? Can such impact vary by the degree of social identification? Drawing on the literature on social norms and the social identification model of deindividuation effects (SIDE), the current study examined how the valence of comments affects comment readers’ responses and how the social identification process influences such responses. Findings from an online experiment supported the SIDE model: Stronger social identification increased social influence. Results showed that comments on newspaper work as peer influence in that comments prompt comment readers to adjust their views with reading of others’ comments.
Braking characteristics integrating open working chamber model and hydraulic control system model in a hydrodynamic retarder
Authors: Mu Hongbin , Wei Wei , Kong Lingxing , Zhao Yulong , Yan Qingdong
Published: June 2018

Hydraulic control system has important influence on the steady and transient braking performance of a hydrodynamic retarder. The braking characteristics of hydrodynamic retarder regulated by hydraulic control system should be investigated first, before designing and making the braking strategy and control method. The accurate and detailed braking characteristics models of open working chamber and hydraulic control system are established, integrated, and validated by steady and dynamic experimental data. Based on full factorial design experimental method, the influence of control parameters on braking performance achieving steady state is analyzed with parameter sensitivity, and the effect of control parameters on braking response characteristics is conducted. Then the influence of different tube lengths between working chamber and hydraulic control system on braking performance is discussed and analyzed. The results show the control pressure and rotor rotational speed both have significant impact on braking characteristics with obvious nonlinear, coupling, and interaction effect. The longer response time of hydraulic control system will be for the larger braking torque. Shortening the tube lengths as much as possible is needed to improve the braking torque, cooling flow rate, and system integration.
Experimental study on flat-wall impinging spray flame and its heat flux on wall under diesel engine–like condition: First report—effect of impingement distance
Authors: Mahmud Rizal , Kurisu Toru , Nishida Keiya , Ogata Yoichi , Kanzaki Jun , Tadokoro Tadashi
Published: June 2018

Reducing heat loss is one of the most important development concerns for improving the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine. In order to know heat transfer through the combustion chamber wall more clearly, the effects of flame impingement on transient heat flux to the wall were investigated. Using a high-pressure and high-temperature chamber under diesel engine–like conditions, fuel was injected from a single-hole injector against an impingement wall. Surface heat flux of the impingement wall was measured by temperature with three thin film thermocouple heat flux sensors. Simultaneously, luminous flame, flame temperature, and soot distribution were also investigated. The results showed that temperature near the wall and flame contact area have great influence on the local heat flux. Furthermore, local heat flux, combustion, and soot formation reached maximum levels at some spray impingement distance to the wall.
Vibration characteristics and thermoelastic analysis of the supersonic composite laminated panel with arbitrary elastic boundaries
Authors: Lin Huagang , Cao Dengqing , Xu Yuqian
Published: June 2018

The novelty of this study is to present a theoretical approach to investigate the dynamic behaviors of the laminated panels under arbitrary elastic boundary conditions. The motion equations of panels considering the first order piston theory are derived using Hamilton principle. A solution of computing the vibration characteristics of a panel with arbitrary elastic boundaries is proposed based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method, in which the admissible functions are constructed by a set of characteristic orthogonal polynomials employing the Gram–Schmidt process; the support boundary is modeled by introducing the technology of artificial springs. The effects of spring stiffness and different boundaries on the dynamic characteristics and thermal aeroelastic behaviors are presented in detail. Numerical results show that the small ply angle and large spring stiffness are helpful to improve the aerodynamic stability. Multiple new phenomena have been observed, e.g. the phenomena of mode jumping and the alterations of coupled mode orders. Moreover, the thermal loads and aerodynamic loads play an opposite effect on the stability of composite panels.
Metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
Authors: Duro M , Manso MC , Barreira S , Rebelo I , Medeiros R , Almeida C
Published: June 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the factors underlying the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in HIV-infected patients. Two hundred and sixty-six clinical cases were selected for a retrospective study. The sample was classified using the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines and the identification of risk or protective factors associated with MetS evaluated via multivariate logistic or multinomial regressions. HIV-infected individuals diagnosed with MetS tend to be older, overweight, or obese (85% have a BMI ≥ 25), with a waist circumference > 90 cm (96.5 [88.8–105.5] cm, median [interquartile range]). Blood testing these individuals revealed high fasting levels of insulin (8.1 [5.8–21.6] pg/ml), glucose (98.0 [84.0–116.0] mg/dl), triglycerides (201.0 [142.0–267.3] mg/dl), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (36.5 [29.8–43.3] mg/dl) in addition with higher levels of inflammatory mediators such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (2.5 [1.0–4.9] mg/dl) and interleukin-6 (3.4 [2.8–3.8] pg/ml). The likelihood of HIV-infected individuals who are virally suppressed developing MetS is about 60% higher than those with acute infection. Treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) increases the chance of developing MetS by around 2.4 times. Individuals with a lower antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant status [TAS] <1.33) have a 2.6 times higher risk of developing MetS. HIV-related chronic inflammation, a low TAS, and treatment with NRTIs in association with PIs are additional MetS risk factors.
The Nonlinear Development of Emotion Differentiation: Granular Emotional Experience Is Low in Adolescence
Authors: Nook Erik C. , Sasse Stephanie F. , Lambert Hilary K. , McLaughlin Katie A. , Somerville Leah H.
Published: June 2018

People differ in how specifically they separate affective experiences into different emotion types—a skill called emotion differentiation or emotional granularity. Although increased emotion differentiation has been associated with positive mental health outcomes, little is known about its development. Participants ( N = 143) between the ages of 5 and 25 years completed a laboratory measure of negative emotion differentiation in which they rated how much a series of aversive images made them feel angry, disgusted, sad, scared, and upset. Emotion-differentiation scores were computed using intraclass correlations. Emotion differentiation followed a nonlinear developmental trajectory: It fell from childhood to adolescence and rose from adolescence to adulthood. Mediation analyses suggested that an increased tendency to report feeling emotions one at a time explained elevated emotion differentiation in childhood. Importantly, two other mediators (intensity of emotional experiences and scale use) did not explain this developmental trend. Hence, low emotion differentiation in adolescence may arise because adolescents have little experience conceptualizing co-occurring emotions.
Design and real-time implementation of actuator fault-tolerant control for differential-drive mobile robots based on multiple-model approach
Authors: Yazdjerdi Parisa , Meskin Nader
Published: June 2018

In this article, an actuator fault-tolerant control scheme is proposed for differential-drive mobile robots based on the concept of multiple-model approach. The nonlinear kinematic model of the differential-drive mobile robot is discretized and a bank of extended Kalman filters is designed to detect, isolate, and identify actuator faults. A fault-tolerant controller is then developed based on the detected fault to accommodate its effect on the trajectory-tracking performance of the mobile robot. Extensive experimental results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed fault-tolerant control approach.
Robust H∞ fault tolerant control for quadrotor attitude regulation
Authors: Li Cong , Jing Hui , Bao Jiading , Sun Shanlin , Wang Rongrong
Published: June 2018

This article investigates the robust H∞ fault tolerant control of quadrotor attitude regulation. The hover stability is heavily dependent on the thrust forces generated by the four rotors of the quadrotor. If faults occur in the rotors, the quadrotor becomes unstable, and possibly out of control. To this end, this article proposes a robust H∞ fault tolerant control schema, consisting of two level controllers, for regulation of the quadrotor attitude. The functions of the upper level controller and lower level controller are to generate the desired control input, and obtain the real input of the four rotors, respectively. In addition, the external disturbances are considered and attenuated by the controller. The simulation details are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed control schema is verified.
Temporal tensions: European Union citizen migrants, asylum seekers and refugees navigating dominant temporalities of work in England
Authors: Clayton John , Vickers Tom
Published: June 2018

This article considers the role of temporality in the differential inclusion of migrants. In order to do this we draw on research which examined the working lives of a diverse group of new migrants in North East England: Eastern European migrants arriving from 2004 and asylum seekers and refugees arriving from 1999. In so doing we emphasize both distinct and shared experiences, related to immigration status but also a range of other dimensions of identity. We specifically consider how dominant temporalities regulate the lives of new migrants through degrees, periods and moments of acceleration/deceleration. The paper illustrates the ways in which dominant temporalities control access and non-access to particular, often precarious forms of work – but also how migrants attempt to navigate such restrictions through their own use and constructions of time. We explore this in relation to three ‘phases’ of time. Firstly, through experiences of the UK asylum system and work prohibition. Secondly, for a broader group of participants we explore the speeding up and slowing down of transitions to and progression within work. Lastly, we consider how participants experience everyday temporal tensions between paid employment and unpaid care. Across these phases, we suggest that dominant orderings of time and the narratives which make sense of these represent non-simultaneous temporalities that do not neatly map onto each other.
Are the religious suspicious of science? Investigating religiosity, religious context, and orientations towards science
Authors: Chan Esther
Published: June 2018

Are the religious suspicious of science? Drawing on data from 52 nations in the World Values Survey (wave 6) ( N = 58,474), I utilize multilevel models to examine the relationship between religiosity, religious context, and five different orientations towards science: confidence in science, trust in scientific authority under conditions of conflict with religion, faith in science, views on the moral effects of science, and interest in scientific knowledge. Results show that while religiosity is on average negatively associated with the five outcomes, the relationship between religiosity and orientations towards science varies by country such that religiosity is sometimes positively associated with the different outcomes. Religiosity is only consistently negatively associated with trust in scientific authority in all countries and with all orientations towards science in western countries. Finally, differences in orientations towards science also exist across country religious contexts, with countries dominated by the unaffiliated having more positive orientations towards science.
Open-Source Software in the Sciences: The Challenge of User Support
Authors: Swarts Jason
Published: June 2018

This study examines user support issues concerning open-source software in computational sciences. The literature suggests that there are three main problem areas: transparency, learnability, and usability. Looking at questions asked in user communities for chemistry software projects, the author found that for software supported by feature-based documentation, problems of transparency and learnability are prominent, leading users to have difficulty reconciling disciplinary practices and values with software operations. For software supported by task-based documentation, usability problems were more prominent. The author considers the implications of this study for user support and the role that technical communication could play in developing and supporting open-source projects.
Women’s Lived Experience of Embodied Disenfranchised Grief: Loss, Betrayal, and the Double Jeopardy
Authors: Garrod Teresa , Pascal Jan
Published: June 2018

The experience of disenfranchised grief has many twists and turns. This is particularly the case in situations that have external cause for celebration, but, in fact, contain internal loss, embodied betrayal, and double jeopardy. Focusing on a significant embodied experience, that of pregnancy after a previous pregnancy loss, we suggest that the lived experience can be vastly different from the normative experiences of joy, celebration, and “moving on.” Drawing on existing literature, we find the lived experience of a subsequent pregnancy, instead reignites anxiety, guilt, grief, and loss; a profound sense of betrayal by one’s body; and the liminality of the double jeopardy. Women maintain an inexpressible continuing bond to the lost baby amidst struggling with the paradox of a new pregnancy. The past seems to contradict the present, and even cloud the future. To understand such complexity, we then theorize these experiences from the Heideggerian perspectives of Being-toward-death, Angst and unheimlichkeit, and the authenticity of lived experience. We propose that phenomenological ways of seeing the world can enrich our understanding of disenfranchised grief.
The AVERT MoCA Data: Scoring Reliability in a Large Multicenter Trial
Authors: Cumming Toby B. , Lowe Danielle , Linden Thomas , Bernhardt Julie
Published: June 2018

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a widely used cognitive screening tool in stroke. As scoring the visuospatial/executive MoCA items involves subjective judgement, reliability is important. Analyzing data on these items from A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT), we compared the original scoring of assessors ( n = 102) to blind scoring by a single, independent rater. In a sample of scoresheets from 1,119 participants, we found variable interrater reliability. The match between original assessors and the independent rater was the following: trail-making 97% (κ = 0.94), cube copy 90% (κ = 0.80), clock contour 92% (κ = 0.49), clock numbers 89% (κ = 0.67), and clock hands 72% (κ = 0.46). For all items except clock contour, the independent rater was “stricter” than the original assessors. Discrepancies were typically errors in original scoring, rather than borderline differences in subjective judgement. In trials that include the MoCA, researchers should emphasize scoring rules to assessors and implement independent data checking, especially for clock hands, to maximize accuracy.
Aging in the Brain: New Roles of Epigenetics in Cognitive Decline
Authors: Barter Jolie D. , Foster Thomas C.
Published: June 2018

Gene expression in the aging brain depends on transcription signals generated by senescent physiology, interacting with genetic and epigenetic programs. In turn, environmental factors influence epigenetic mechanisms, such that an epigenetic–environmental link may contribute to the accumulation of cellular damage, susceptibility or resilience to stressors, and variability in the trajectory of age-related cognitive decline. Epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation and histone modifications, alter chromatin structure and the accessibility of DNA. Furthermore, small non-coding RNA, termed microRNA (miRNA) bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) to regulate translation. In this review, we examine key questions concerning epigenetic mechanisms in regulating the expression of genes associated with brain aging and age-related cognitive decline. In addition, we highlight the interaction of epigenetics with senescent physiology and environmental factors in regulating transcription.
A Review of Mental Health and Mental Health Care Disparities Research: 2011-2014
Authors: Cook Benjamin Lê , Hou Sherry Shu-Yeu , Lee-Tauler Su Yeon , Progovac Ana Maria , Samson Frank , Sanchez Maria Jose
Published: June 2018

Racial/ethnic minorities in the United States are more likely than Whites to have severe and persistent mental disorders and less likely to access mental health care. This comprehensive review evaluates studies of mental health and mental health care disparities funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to provide a benchmark for the 2015 NIMH revised strategic plan. A total of 615 articles were categorized into five pathways underlying mental health care and three pathways underlying mental health disparities. Identified studies demonstrate that socioeconomic mechanisms and demographic moderators of disparities in mental health status and treatment are well described, as are treatment options that support diverse patient needs. In contrast, there is a need for studies that focus on community- and policy-level predictors of mental health care disparities, link discrimination- and trauma-induced neurobiological pathways to disparities in mental illness, assess the cost effectiveness of disparities reduction programs, and scale up culturally adapted interventions.
Early Neglect and the Development of Aggression in Toddlerhood: The Role of Working Memory
Authors: Demeusy Elizabeth M. , Handley Elizabeth D. , Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree L.
Published: June 2018

Previous research has provided evidence for the robust relation between maltreatment and the development of externalizing behavior, including aggression. However, less empirical attention has been given to the specific role of neglect. The current study aimed to examine the role of working memory in the association between early neglect and aggression in toddlerhood. Longitudinal data were collected from 89 infants and their biological mothers when the infant was approximately 12, 26, and 38 months old. History of neglect was assessed at 12 months using official Child Protective Service records. Working memory and mental development were assessed at 26 months. Aggression was measured using maternal report at 38 months. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and mediation was tested using 95% asymmetric confidence intervals. Results indicated that infants who experienced neglect exhibited poorer working memory abilities, specifically spatial working memory, and higher rates of aggression in toddlerhood. In addition, spatial working memory mediated the relation between neglect and aggression, suggesting that this may be one promising target for intervention.