bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of watershed run‐off on the hydrology, forest floor litter and soil carbon of headwater wetlands
Authors: Barksdale W. Flynt , Anderson Christopher J. , Kalin Latif
Published: June 2013

The effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on aquatic systems have been extensively studied however less research has focused on headwater wetlands. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of watershed land conversion and associated run‐off on the hydrology and carbon cycling of headwater wetlands in coastal Alabama, USA. A total of 15 headwater wetlands were selected to reflect a range of surrounding LULC across coastal Alabama. Land use and soil data were utilized to estimate watershed run‐off curve numbers (CN) that were used with precipitation data to calculate surface run‐off (Q). Within each wetland, water level recorders were installed to monitor ground water levels for 1 year and data were used to generate hydrological metrics related to stage and flashiness. Data varied among sites, but wetlands with higher watershed CN tended to have a greater tendency for water level measurements to exceed the normal fluctuation range (outliers). Carbon dynamics associated with leaf litter and soil storage were also measured during this time period. Leaf litter traps were installed to determine litter fall carbon input (CLF). Bimonthly monitoring of forest floor carbon (CFF) was conducted to evaluate its relationship to watershed run‐off. Soil carbon content was quantified in each wetland by collecting 40‐cm cores analysed at 10 cm sections. Watershed run‐off characteristics (CN and Q) were significantly related to mean CFF and CFF : CLF (CFF adjusted for the amount of CLF) suggesting that hydrologic export and possibly decomposition increased with run‐off. Surface soil (0–10 cm) carbon content was related to median groundwater level; however, no relationship was detected between soil carbon and CN or Q. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological responses and sediment processes following a typhoon‐induced dam failure, Dahan River, Taiwan
Authors: Tullos Desiree , Wang Hsiao‐Wen
Published: June 2013

The rates and styles of channel adjustments following an abrupt and voluminous sediment pulse are investigated in the context of site and valley characteristics and time‐varying sediment transport regimes. Approximately 10.5 x 106 m3 of stored gravel and sand was exposed when Barlin Dam failed during Typhoon WeiPa in 2007. The dam was located on the Dahan River, Taiwan, a system characterized by steep river gradients, typhoon‐ and monsoon‐driven hydrology, high, episodic sediment supply, and highly variable hydraulic conditions. Topography, bulk sediment samples, aerial photos, and simulated hydraulic conditions are analyzed to investigate temporal and spatial patterns in morphology and likely sediment transport regimes. Results document the rapid response of the reservoir and downstream channel, which occurred primarily through incision and adjustment of channel gradient. Hydraulic simulations illustrate how the dominant sediment transport regime likely varies between study periods with sediment yield and caliber and with the frequency and duration of high flows. Collectively, results indicate that information on variability in sediment transport regime, valley configuration, and distance from the dam is needed to explain the rate and pattern of morphological changes across study periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel DICER1 mutation as cause of multinodular goiter in children
Authors: Darrat Ilaaf , Bedoyan Jirair K. , Chen Ming , Schuette Jane L. , Lesperance Marci M.
Published: June 2013

Background

The aim of this report was to present a rare case of an adolescent with multinodular goiter (MNG) found to have a DICER1 mutation.

Methods and Results

The methodology includes a presentation and discussion of a chart review including endocrine hormone tests, thyroid ultrasound, and genetic testing for DICER1. A 12‐year‐old girl presented with a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland. Family history revealed an older sister with a history of bilateral ovarian Sertoli‐Leydig cell tumors and MNG. Thyroid function tests were normal. Serial thyroid ultrasounds showed enlarging multiple bilateral nodules. Fine‐needle aspiration suggested MNG. Genetic testing revealed a novel heterozygous premature termination mutation (c.1525C>T p.R509X) in the DICER1 gene.

Conclusions

Thyroid nodules are rare in children but carry a higher risk for malignancy. It is essential to inquire about family history and refer for genetic evaluation with a family history of MNG. In patients with DICER1 mutations, tumor surveillance is critical due to the increased risk of multiple tumors, including ovarian tumors and pleuropulmonary blastoma. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: E369–E371, 2013
Lack of association between high serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone level and risk of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas
Authors: Sohn Seo Young , Kim Hye Jeong , Jang Hye Won , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon
Published: June 2013

Background

High serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) is associated with thyroid carcinoma in patients with thyroid nodules. However, previous studies suggests that TSH is not involved in the pathogenesis of small thyroid carcinomas. We performed this study to evaluate serum TSH as a malignancy predictor in the assessment of small thyroid nodules.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 3791 patients who underwent thyroidectomy. We classified all patients into 3 to 5 groups by serum TSH or nodule size and analyzed the association of serum TSH and risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Results

The frequency of PTC increased as serum TSH increased. Serum TSH and older age were associated with the risk of PTC in multivariate analysis (p < .0001). In subgroup analysis, the risk of PTC increased as serum TSH increased with thyroid nodules > 1 cm (p < .05).

Conclusions

Serum TSH may not be useful for clinical risk assessment of small thyroid nodules. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 43–46, 2014
Functional hemitongue reconstruction using innervated supraclavicular fasciocutaneous island flaps with the cervical plexus and reinnervated supraclavicular fasciocutaneous island flaps with neurorrhaphy of the cervical plexus and lingual nerve
Authors: Chen Wei‐liang , Zhang Da‐ming , Yang Zhao‐hui , Wang You‐yuan , Fan Song
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tongue function in patients with tongue cancer after reconstruction with innervated supraclavicular fasciocutaneous island flaps (iSFIFs) with the cervical plexus (iSFIFs‐SPN) or reinnervated SFIFs with neurorrhaphy of the cervical plexus and lingual nerve (rSFIFs‐SPN‐LN).

Methods

Forty‐two tongue defects were reconstructed using iSFIFs‐SPN and rSFIFs‐SPN‐LN. Two‐point discrimination tests revealed a significant difference on the dorsal and ventral hemitongue reconstructed using rSFIFs‐SPN‐LN from control values.

Results

No statistical difference in swallowing, speech, or esthetic outcome was found in the iSFIFs‐SPN or the rSFIFs‐SPN‐LN. A significant difference was noted in the dorsal aspect and ventral surface of hemitongues reconstructed with rSFIFs‐SPN‐LN from control values and between 6 and 12 months.

Conclusion

Sensation after hemitongue reconstruction with the iSFIF‐SPN and the neurorrhaphy of the cervical plexus nerve was sutured to the lingual nerve, sensation after hemitongue reconstruction with the rSFIF‐SPN‐LN approached normal 6 to12 months postoperatively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 66–70, 2014
Sentinel node biopsy as an alternative to elective neck dissection for staging of early oral carcinoma
Authors: Samant Sandeep
Published: June 2013

Background

We report the outcome of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for staging the neck in a consecutive cohort of 34 patients with T1/2 clinically N0 oral carcinoma.

Methods

SNB was performed along with resection of primary tumor. Neck dissection was reserved for failure of SNB or pathologically positive sentinel nodes (pN+).

Results

Sentinel node identification was successful in 32 of 34 patients (94%); 2 patients with unsuccessful SNB underwent immediate neck dissection. Seven patients (21%) were pN+, 6 by SNB and 1 by elective neck dissection (END). Among 29 patients who were pN0 on SNB, nodal recurrence developed in 2 patients; both were surgically salvaged. Local failure developed in 1 patient. Two‐year overall and disease‐free survival was 87% and 80%, respectively.

Conclusion

Successful eradication of lymphatic metastasis noted in this study suggests that SNB may be a safe alternative to END for neck staging in patients with early oral carcinoma. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 241–246, 2014
Transoral laser microsurgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma: Oncologic outcomes and prognostic factors
Authors: Sinha Parul , Hackman Trevor , Nussenbaum Brian , Wu Ningying , Lewis James S. , Haughey Bruce H.
Published: June 2013

Background

Modest survival rates are published for treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using conventional approaches. Few cohort studies are available for transoral resection of OSCC.

Methods

Analysis for recurrence, survival, and prognosis of patients with OSCC treated with transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) ± neck dissection was obtained from a prospective database.

Results

Ninety‐five patients (71 patients had stages T1–T2 and 24 had stages T3–T4 disease) with minimum follow‐up of 24 months met criteria and demonstrated negative margins in 95%. Five‐year local control (LC) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were 78% and 76%, respectively. Surgical salvage achieved an absolute final locoregional control of 92%. Immune compromise and final margins were prognostic for LC, whereas T classification, N classification, TNM stage, comorbidity, and perineural invasion were also significant for DSS.

Conclusion

We document a large series of patients with OSCC treated with TLM, incorporating T1 to T4 primaries. A significant proportion of stage III/IV cases demonstrates feasibility of TLM in higher stages, with final margin positivity of 5%, LC greater than 90%, and comparable survival outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 340–351, 2014
Super‐radical surgery for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A large cohort study using the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma research consortium of Japan database
Authors: Sugitani Iwao , Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Sugasawa Masashi , Tori Masayuki , Higashiyama Takuya , Miyazaki Masakazu , Hosoi Hiroshi , Orita Yorihisa , Kitano Hiroya
Published: June 2013

Background

The consequences of super‐radical resection in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) have not been fully investigated.

Methods

This retrospective study used the multicenter ATC Research Consortium of Japan database. Among 233 stage IVB patients, 23 underwent super‐radical resection (group S). Outcomes for group S were compared to those for patients with restricted curative surgery (group R; n = 49), palliative surgery (group P; n = 72) or no surgery (group N; n = 80).

Results

One‐year cause‐specific survival rate for group S was 33%. It was identical to group R (p = .94) and significantly better than groups N and P (p = .0065). Permanent tracheostomy was significantly more frequent in group S than in other groups, but only 5 patients died directly from local disease.

Conclusions

Radical resection offers significantly better outcomes than limited surgery. Super‐radical procedures may be indicated in select patients to avoid mortality due to locally uncontrolled disease at the expense of tracheostomy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 328–333, 2014
Preoperative 18F‐FDG PET/CT and high‐risk HPV in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Joo Young‐Hoon , Yoo Ie‐Ryung , Cho Kwang‐Jae , Park Jun‐Ook , Nam In‐Chul , Kim Min‐Sik
Published: June 2013

Background

To evaluate the association of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) and high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) status and to establish the histologic correlates in oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC).

Method

The medical records of 78 patients who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT for OPSCC before surgery were reviewed.

Results

The positive rate of high‐risk HPV in situ hybridization was 36% (28 of 78). The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of negativity for the high‐risk HPV subtypes (10.29 ± 4.30) and positivity (6.69 ± 4.17) were found to be significantly different (p = .001). The SUVmax cutoff value for differentiating negativity for the high‐risk HPV subtypes from positivity was 7.10, with the sensitivity of 78% and the specificity of 68%. A median SUVmax (using 7.10 as a cutoff) (p = .041) and high‐risk HPV status (p = .040) were found to be associated with 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS).

Conclusions

Median 18F‐FDG PET/CT SUVmax cutoff values 7.10 or greater are associated with a high‐risk HPV negativity in OPSCC patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 323–327, 2014
Cross‐facial nerve graft and masseteric nerve cooptation for one‐stage facial reanimation: Principles, indications, and surgical procedure
Authors: Bianchi Bernardo , Ferri Andrea , Ferrari Silvano , Copelli Chiara , Magri Alice , Ferri Teore , Sesenna Enrico
Published: June 2013

Background

The use of facial cross‐grafting in acquired recent unilateral facial palsy provides spontaneity and emotional activation. Masseteric nerve for facial animation has mainly been described for reinnervation of neuromuscular transplants, babysitter procedures, or direct facial nerve cooptation. The simultaneous use in a single procedure of cross‐facial nerve grafting and masseteric cooptation has not been described.

Methods

Eight patients underwent facial animation using single stage cross‐facial nerve grafting and masseteric nerve cooptation. The mean duration of facial palsy was 10.2 months (range, 1–23 months).

Results

Voluntary contraction in response to masseteric nerve activation was observed after 2 to 4 months. All patients underwent postoperative rehabilitation and spontaneous contraction was achieved in 7 to 13 months postoperatively. Cosmetic outcomes were evaluated as moderate in 1 patient, good in 5 patients, and excellent in the remaining 2 patients.

Conclusion

This new technique could provide good results with fast, reliable, and powerful reinnervation, spontaneity, and low morbidity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 235–240, 2014
Endoscopic supraomohyoid neck dissection via a retroauricular or modified facelift approach: Preliminary results
Authors: Byeon Hyung Kwon , Holsinger F. Christopher , Koh Yoon Woo , Ban Myung Jin , Ha Jong Gyun , Park Jeong Jin , Kim Dahee , Choi Eun Chang
Published: June 2013

Background

Based on our previous experiences with endoscopic or robotic neck surgery utilizing the retroauricular (RA) or modified facelift (MFL) approach, we realized the value of verifying the feasibility of endoscopic supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOND). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential role of endoscopic SOND.

Methods

Six patients who underwent elective endoscopic SOND of the ipsilateral neck for biopsy proven head and neck cancer from January 2011 to February 2012 were analyzed.

Results

All endoscopic operations via RA or MFL were successfully performed without any significant intraoperative complications or conversion to open surgery. Based on patient‐reported outcome questionnaires, all patients were satisfied with the cosmetic surgical outcomes.

Conclusion

Endoscopic selective neck dissection via an RA or an MFL approach is technically feasible and safe with satisfactory cosmetic results for patients with clinically node‐negative early‐stage head and neck cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 425–430, 2014
Liposarcoma of the head and neck: Analysis of 318 cases with comparison to non–head and neck sites
Authors: Gerry Daniel , Fox Nyssa F. , Spruill Laura S. , Lentsch Eric J.
Published: June 2013

Background

Liposarcomas are rare in the head and neck. We analyzed a large series of head and neck liposarcomas to determine features unique to the head and neck.

Methods

Three hundred eighteen liposarcomas of the head and neck were contrasted with 9485 liposarcomas of other regions using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Results

Head and neck liposarcomas were most commonly subcutaneous (81.%), low grade (70.1%; p < .001), and early stage (p < .001). They were more likely to be treated with surgery alone, whereas conventional liposarcomas were more likely to receive adjuvant radiation (p < .001). Treatment that included surgery had better survival than radiation therapy alone (p = .008). Overall, liposarcomas of the head and neck had significantly higher disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) than conventional liposarcomas (p < .001).

Conclusion

Liposarcomas of the head and neck are usually early stage, low grade, and with fewer nodal metastases than conventional liposarcomas. DSS and OS were significantly greater for liposarcomas of the head and neck. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 393–400, 2014
Enhancement of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by tumor‐associated fibroblasts in preclinical models
Authors: Wheeler Sarah Elizabeth , Shi Huifang , Lin Fangchen , Dasari Sumana , Bednash Joseph , Thorne Stephen , Watkins Simon , Joshi Radhika , Thomas Sufi Mary
Published: June 2013

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has had little improvement in mortality rates in decades. A clearer understanding of the HNSCC tumor microenvironment will aid in finding more effective targeted therapies for this disease. Tumor‐associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are the largest stromal cellular components of the tumor microenvironment in HNSCC.

Methods

We isolated TAFs from clinical HNSCC cases and propagated in vitro. The effects of TAF‐secreted paracrine factors on in vitro HNSCC migration, invasion, and proliferation was assessed. The effect of TAFs on HNSCC growth and metastases was determined in an orthotopic floor‐of‐the‐mouth tumor model.

Results

TAF‐conditioned media increased HNSCC cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. TAFs increased HNSCC tumor growth and metastases in vivo.

Conclusion

TAFs play a major role in increasing tumor growth and metastasis in HNSCC. Targeting the tumor stroma may be important to reduce the rate of HNSCC metastasis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 385–392, 2014
Global DNA methylation status in laryngeal cancer
Authors: Stembalska Agnieszka , Leszczyński Przemysław , Gil Justyna , Ramsey David , Pitala Grzegorz , Maciejczyk Adam , Frączek Marcin
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of our study was to evaluate if DNA methylation level in leukocytes may be used as a surrogate marker of genome methylation status in laryngeal cancer tissues.

Methods

We evaluated global DNA methylation using an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)‐based method to assess the total content of 5‐methylcytosine (5 mC).

Results

The study was performed on DNA isolated from cancer tissues, adjacent normal tissues, and peripheral blood leukocytes in a group of 72 patients with laryngeal cancer. DNA hypomethylation was found in tumor tissue (56%) and normal tissue (49%). There was a significant correlation between the levels of 5 mC in these 2 types of tissue. There was no significant DNA hypomethylation in blood. A negative correlation between tumor grade and blood levels of 5 mC was found.

Conclusion

The level of leukocyte DNA methylation measured using total 5 mC content cannot be used as a surrogate marker for genome methylation status in laryngeal cancer tissues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 419–424, 2014
Prevalence and trends of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer in a predominantly north Indian population
Authors: Bahl Ankur , Kumar Pankaj , Dar Lalit , Mohanti Bidhu K. , Sharma Atul , Thakar Alok , Karthikeyan Venkat , Sikka Kapil , Singh Chiromamit , Poo Kamala , Lodha Jaini
Published: June 2013

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (SCC) remains variable and studies have estimated that up to 60% may be positive.

Methods

One hundred five treatment‐naïve oropharyngeal SCC patients were included. HPV genotyping was done by consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse line‐blot hybridization assay. HPV prevalence was co‐related with sex, age, tobacco consumption, alcohol use, and high‐risk sexual behavior.

Results

HPV prevalence was 22.8%. No significant associations were seen between tobacco or alcohol consumption with HPV status. The mean number of lifetime sexual partners and indulgence in high‐risk sexual behavior was significantly more in patients who are HPV positive. There were no significant associations between the 2 groups with respect to the stage of the tumor.

Conclusion

Results of this study confirms that patients who are HPV positive are younger, and with high‐risk sexual behavior. We did not find any impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on HPV status. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 505–510, 2014
Feasibility of super‐selective neck dissection for indeterminate lateral neck nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Kim Heejin , Jin Young Ju , Cha Wonjae , Jeong Woo‐Jin , Ahn Soon‐Hyun
Published: June 2013

Background

Therapeutic lateral compartment neck dissection is recommended for cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma with biopsy‐proven lymph node metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of super‐selective neck dissection for patients with clinically suspicious lymph node metastasis not confirmed by biopsy.

Methods

Among 620 patients treated for papillary thyroid carcinoma between 2008 and 2010, 34 had suspicious lymph node enlargement in the lateral neck and underwent total thyroidectomy with super‐selective neck dissection.

Results

Metastatic disease was confirmed in 38.2% patients (13 of 34) with indeterminate lymph nodes identified by preoperative CT and/or ultrasonography who underwent super‐selective neck dissection. Most harvested lymph nodes were located at level IV. There was no recurrence during a mean follow‐up period of 31.6 months.

Conclusion

Patients with clinically suspicious lateral neck nodes that are not confirmed by biopsy may be good candidates for super‐selective neck dissection, which had minimal morbidity and did not compromise oncologic outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 487–491, 2014
Use of fallout tracers 7Be, 210Pb and 137Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments
Authors: Hancock Gary J. , Wilkinson Scott N. , Hawdon Aaron A. , Keen Rex J.
Published: June 2013

Fallout radionuclides (FRNs) 137Cs and 210Pb are well established as tracers of surface and sub‐surface soil erosion contributing sediment to river systems. However, without additional information, it has not been possible to distinguish sub‐surface soil erosion sources. Here, we use the FRN 7Be (half‐life 53 days) in combination with 137Cs and excess 210Pb to trace the form of erosion contributing sediment in three large river catchments in eastern Australia; the Logan River (area 3700 km2), Bowen River (9400 km2) and Mitchell River (4700 km2). We show that the combination of 137Cs, excess 210Pb and 7Be can discriminate horizontally aligned sub‐surface erosion sources (rilled and scalded hillslopes and the floors of incised drainage lines and gully ‘badland’ areas) from vertical erosion sources (channel banks and gully walls). Specifically, sub‐surface sources of sediment eroded during high rainfall and high river flow events have been distinguished by the ability of rainfall‐derived 7Be to label horizontal soil surfaces, but not vertical. Our results indicate that in the two northern catchments, erosion of horizontal sub‐surface soil sources contributed almost as much fine river sediment as vertical channel banks, and several times the contribution of hillslope topsoils. This result improves on source discrimination provided previously and indicates that in some areas erosion of hillslope soils may contribute significantly to sediment yield, but not as topsoil loss. We find that in north‐eastern Australia, scalded areas on hillslopes and incising drainage lines may be sediment sources of comparable importance to vertical channel banks. Previous studies have used the combination of 137Cs, excess 210Pb and 7Be to estimate soils losses at the hillslope scale. Here, we show that with timely and judicious sampling of soil and sediment during and immediately after high flow events 7Be measurements can augment fallout 137Cs and 210Pb to provide important erosion source information over large catchments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of fractionated irradiation with anti‐VEGF expressing vaccinia virus therapy enhances tumor control by simultaneous radiosensitization of tumor associated endothelium
Authors: Buckel Lisa , Advani Sunil J. , Frentzen Alexa , Zhang Qian , Yu Yong A. , Chen Nanhai G. , Ehrig Klaas , Stritzker Jochen , Mundt Arno J. , Szalay Aladar A.
Published: June 2013

Oncolytic viruses are currently in clinical trials for a variety of tumors, including high grade gliomas. A characteristic feature of high grade gliomas is their high vascularity and treatment approaches targeting tumor endothelium are under investigation, including bevacizumab. The aim of this study was to improve oncolytic viral therapy by combining it with ionizing radiation and to radiosensitize tumor vasculature through a viral encoded anti‐angiogenic payload. Here, we show how vaccinia virus‐mediated expression of a single‐chain antibody targeting VEGF resulted in radiosensitization of the tumor‐associated vasculature. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that purified vaccinia virus encoded antibody targeting VEGF reversed VEGF‐induced radioresistance specifically in endothelial cells but not tumor cells. In a subcutaneous model of U‐87 glioma, systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing anti‐VEGF antibody (GLV‐1h164) in combination with fractionated irradiation resulted in enhanced tumor growth inhibition when compared to nonanti‐VEGF expressing oncolytic virus (GLV‐1h68) and irradiation. Irradiation of tumor xenografts resulted in an increase in VACV replication of both GLV‐1h68 and GLV‐1h164. However, GLV‐1h164 in combination with irradiation resulted in a drastic decrease in intratumoral VEGF levels and tumor vessel numbers in comparison to GLV‐1h68 and irradiation. These findings demonstrate the incorporation of an oncolytic virus expressing an anti‐VEGF antibody (GLV‐1h164) into a fractionated radiation scheme to target tumor cells by enhanced VACV replication in irradiated tumors as well as to radiosensitize tumor endothelium which results in enhanced efficacy of combination therapy of human glioma xenografts.
Periostin Mediates the Increased Pro‐Angiogenic Activity of Gastric Cancer Cells under Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Qiu Feng , Shi Chun‐hua , Zheng Jun , Liu Yu‐bin
Published: June 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the biological role of periostin in gastric cancer (GC) under hypoxia. Western blot analysis revealed that along with an upregulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha, there was a time‐dependent induction of periostin in MKN‐45 cells under hypoxia (2% O2), increasing by eightfold as compared to normoxic cells. Pretreatment with 30 µM PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, significantly reduced hypoxia‐stimulated periostin expression (P < 0.01). Periostin knockdown in MKN‐45 cells was achieved by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). The conditioned medium from periostin siRNA‐transfected MKN‐45 cells induced significantly less (P < 0.01) endothelial tube formation than control siRNA‐transfected cells. Additionally, periostin silencing markedly decreased the mRNA expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in hypoxic MKN‐45 cells. Thus, our data suggest that periostin is a hypoxia‐response gene and mediates a cross talk between GC and endothelial cells under hypoxia, partially through regulation of the VEGF expression. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:364‐369, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21498
On ultraviolet emission observed on the flanks of Io
Authors: Shaposhnikov V. E. , Zaitsev V. V. , Rucker H. O. , Litvinenko G. V.
Published: June 2013

Two very bright ultraviolet (UV) radiation sources (equatorial spots) which are located on the limb of Io near its equator have been detected in a series of observations with the Hubble space telescope. In this paper, we propose the mechanism that provides the sufficient energy of the equatorial spots to explain their high brightness in the UV wavelength range. According to the proposed model, this UV radiation is generated due to electrons which are formed as a result of additional ionization of the atmosphere in the front part of the satellite. These secondary electrons in crossed electric and magnetic fields are shifted downstream into Io's flanks. The optical depth of the source increases on the flanks of Io's atmosphere (from the vantage point of the observer), and we therefore observe the brightest UV radiation in this region, the value of which is in good agreement with the measured values. Also, a reasonable explanation is given for the main observed properties of the UV equatorial spots, such as (1) a correlation between the brightness of the emission and the magnetic longitude of Io and as a result, Io's distance from the plasma torus centrifugal equator; (2) a correlation between the equatorial spot location and the planetary magnetic field orientation; and (3) the excess of the brightness of anti‐Jovian UV source over the brightness of sub‐Jovian source.
Interplanetary and geomagnetic consequences of 5 January 2005 CMEs associated with eruptive filaments
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Srivastava Nandita , Chakrabarty D. , Möstl Christian , Hu Qiang
Published: June 2013

On 5 January 2005, SoHO/LASCO observed the launch of two successive coronal mass ejections (CMEs) associated with the filament (active region and quiescent) structures. The eruptions resulted in two distinct magnetic clouds whose embedded flux‐rope topology is modeled by the Grad‐Shafranov (G‐S) reconstruction technique. Filament plasma remnants in these magnetic clouds were identified using a combination of in situ plasma, magnetic, and composition signatures. In situ spacecraft (ACE and Wind) measurements suggest interaction between two magnetic clouds with complex magnetic structures at interface region separated by magnetic holes. These features impacted the Earth's terrestrial magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and resulted in a moderate geomagnetic storm (peak Dst ≈−96 nT). During the main phase of this storm on 7 January 2005, polarity reversals in the Y component (dawn to dusk) of interplanetary electric field triggered two major auroral substorms with concomitant changes in the polar ionospheric electric field. However, similar polarity reversal on 8 January 2005 during the recovery phase of the storm did not trigger any auroral substorm activity. The results provide clues for the interplanetary interaction of the two CMEs and its possible role in the development of the geomagnetic storm and substorms.
A statistical study on the characteristics of ionospheric storms in the equatorial ionization anomaly region: GPS‐TEC observed over Taiwan
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Yang W. H. , Lin C. H. , Chen Y. I. , Lee I. T.
Published: June 2013

Positive and negative signatures of the ionospheric storms caused by the penetration electric field, disturbance dynamo, neutral wind, neutral composition, etc., have been reported. In this paper, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) derived from the records of a network of ground‐based GPS receivers in Taiwan is used to statistically study the characteristics such as local time of appearance and duration of the storm signatures of various casuals in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region during 1994–2003. A bias‐corrected accelerated bootstrap method and a z test are employed for the first time to detect each event, and the overall storm signatures and characteristics, respectively. It is found that the positive signatures that appeared minutes to hours after the geomagnetic storm onset are pronounced on the storm day and the next day, while the negative signatures that started hours after the geomagnetic storm onset can last for as long as the next 4 days. The positive signature is statistically significant and most pronounced, when the intense geomagnetic storm onset occurs during local afternoon, which suggests that the signature may result from a combination of the prompt penetration electric field effect and mechanical effects of equatorward neutral wind. Additionally, the negative signature that is statistically significant and most pronounced in the local afternoon of the storm‐onset day and/or the next day may be produced by the disturbance dynamo or overshielding effects. The long‐lasting negative signature occurred in local midnight‐noon period on days 2–4 after the storm onset may result from the neutral composition disturbances.
Permeability and frictional strength of cation‐exchanged montmorillonite
Authors: Behnsen J. , Faulkner D. R.
Published: June 2013

Smectites, such as montmorillonite, are abundant throughout the upper crust and are commonly found in fault gouge. They are known for their weak frictional strength and low permeability. Smectites are swellable clays in which the interlayer cation can easily be exchanged. In this study, we measure permeability and frictional strength of montmorillonite exchanged with Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ using a triaxial shear apparatus. We find that the interlayer cation influences both permeability and the friction coefficient. K‐montmorillonite is significantly stronger (μ=0.26) than Na‐montmorillonite (μ=0.15) and Ca‐ or Mg‐montmorillonite (μ=0.11). Permeability for all four clays is between 10−21 and 10−23 m2 in the pressure range between 10 MPa and 100 MPa, with K‐montmorillonite the most permeable clay gouge. Mg‐, Ca‐, and Na‐montmorillonite show relative similar permeabilities of which Na‐montmorillonite is least permeable. We relate the higher frictional strength and permeability of K‐montmorillonite to reduce interlayer water content caused by differences in cation hydration and adsorption. The results show that the rapid cation exchange process in montmorillonite can influence macroscale parameters, such as permeability and strength, which can contribute to changes in local pressure conditions and frictional strength of shallow fault zones.
Spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter in the Cariaco Basin
Authors: Lorenzoni Laura , Taylor Gordon T. , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia , Hansell Dennis A. , Montes Enrique , Masserini Robert , Fanning Kent , Varela Ramón , Astor Yrene , Guzmán Laurencia , Muller‐Karger Frank E.
Published: June 2013

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), and phosphorus (DOP) were measured monthly at the CARIACO Time Series station (10°30′N, 64°40′W) in the southeastern Caribbean Sea between 2005 and 2012. Marked seasonal variability in DOC concentrations was observed, with lower values (~66 µM) in the upper water column (<75 m) during the upwelling season (December–April) due to the injection of cool, DOC‐impoverished Subtropical Underwater from the Caribbean Sea. During the rainy season (May–November) waters were stratified and upper layer DOC concentrations increased to ~71 µM. Interannual variability in surface (1 m) concentrations of DOC was also observed in response to the variable strength in upwelling and stratification that the Cariaco Basin experienced. DON and DOP showed no such seasonality. At depths >350 m, DOC concentrations were 56 ± 4.7 µM, roughly 10 µM higher than those in the Caribbean Sea over the same depth range. DON and DOP showed similar vertical profiles to that of DOC, with higher concentrations (6.8 ± 1.2 µM N and 0.15 ±0.09 µM P) in the upper water column and invariant, lower concentrations at depth (4.8 ± 1.6 µM N and 0.10 ± 0.08 µM P). Wind‐driven advection of surface DOC out of the Cariaco Basin was estimated to support a net export ~15 Gmol C yr−1 into the Caribbean Sea; this rate is comparable to the flux of settling particulate organic carbon to depths >275 m within the basin.
Tongue suspension
Authors: Handler Ethan , Hamans Evert , Goldberg Andrew N. , Mickelson Samuel
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Our first objective was to perform a systematic review of suture‐based tongue suspension procedures as a stand‐alone therapy for hypopharyngeal obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A second objective compared outcomes of tongue suspension as part of a multilevel approach to OSA surgery to genioglossus advancement (GA) with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), and to genioglossus advancement with hyoid suspension (GAHM) with UPPP.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

The PubMed database was queried for English‐language studies published after 1997 to create four cohorts: tongue suspension alone, tongue suspension with UPPP, GA + UPPP, and GAHM with UPPP. Chi‐squared test was used to compare outcomes between cohorts.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies were included, broken down into cohorts based on our selection criteria. Six studies qualified for the tongue suspension‐alone group with a surgical success rate of 36.6%. Eight studies qualified for our cohort of tongue suspension with UPPP with a surgical success rate of 62.3%. Eighteen studies qualified for our remaining two cohorts: GA + UPPP, and GAHM + UPPP. Their surgical success rates were both 61.1%. A chi‐squared test to compare surgical outcomes showed that there was no difference between tongue suspension with UPPP, GA + UPPP, and GAHM + UPPP.

Conclusion

Tongue suspension is effective and safe as part of a multilevel surgical approach for patients with OSA. As a stand‐alone procedure, its success rate is 36.6%, comparable to UPPP procedures for OSA success rates across the board. Tongue suspension should be considered in patients with OSA who demonstrate tongue base obstruction.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 124:329–336, 2014
Children and adults with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with severe, acquired Adamts13 deficiency: Comparison of incidence, demographic and clinical features
Authors: Reese Jessica A. , Muthurajah Darrshini S. , Hovinga Johanna A. Kremer , Vesely Sara K. , Terrell Deirdra R. , George James N.
Published: June 2013

Background

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) associated with severe, acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency is uncommonly reported in children. The incidence, demographic, and clinical features of these children, compared to adults, have not been described.

Procedures

This study focused on children (<18 years old) and adults with TTP associated with severe, acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency, defined as activity <10%. The incidence rates for TTP in children and adults were calculated from patients enrolled in the Oklahoma TTP–HUS (Hemolytic–Uremic syndrome) Registry, 1996–2012. To describe demographic and clinical features, children with TTP were also identified from a systematic review of published reports and from samples sent to a reference laboratory for analysis of ADAMTS13.

Results

The standardized annual incidence rate of TTP in children was 0.09 × 106 children per year, 3% of the incidence rate among adults (2.88 × 106 adults per year). Among the 79 children who were identified (one from the Oklahoma Registry, 55 from published reports, 23 from the reference laboratory), TTP appeared to be more common among females, similar to the relative increased frequency of women among adults with TTP, and more common in older children. Clinical data were available on 52 children; the frequency of severe renal failure, relapse, treatment with rituximab, and systemic lupus erythematosus in these children was similar to adults with TTP.

Conclusions

TTP associated with severe, acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency is uncommon in children. The demographic and clinical features of these children are similar to the features of adults with TTP. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1676–1682. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of passband characteristics on imaging microwave radiometer brightness temperatures over the ocean
Authors: Bettenhausen Michael H. , Adams Ian S.
Published: June 2013

Radiative transfer modeling is used to estimate the effects of nonideal receiver frequency passband characteristics on the measured brightness temperatures from imaging microwave radiometers over the ocean. The analysis includes microwave frequencies from 6 to 40 GHz and applies to the lower frequency channels of conically scanning, space‐based radiometers such as AMSR‐E, SSMI, SSMIS, and WindSat. The analysis demonstrates that frequency passband characteristics can have significant effects on the brightness temperatures for microwave imaging channels. The largest effects are due to shifts in the center frequency of the passband. The imaging channels near the water vapor resonance at 22.235 GHz are most sensitive to passband characteristics. The effects for these channels depend on the water vapor in the scene.
The use of reflected GPS signals to retrieve ocean surface wind speeds in tropical cyclones
Authors: Katzberg Stephen J. , Dunion Jason , Ganoe George G.
Published: June 2013

Since the first intentional acquisition of GPS signals reflected from water bodies, one of the objectives which has driven the research is to determine whether the acquired signal can provide useful geophysical information about the reflecting surface. One obvious condition of considerable interest is ocean surface wind speed. Theory suggested that the reflection technique, a form of bistatic RADAR, would be sensitive to surface roughness which in turn is driven by wind speed. This paper reports the results derived from data acquired over the past decade of applying the GPS reflection technique to ocean surface winds, particularly ocean surface winds in tropical cyclones. Examples of wind speed retrievals will be given for some illustrative cases of hurricanes and tropical storms. The results from several hurricanes and tropical storms on how the signal was calibrated will be presented. In addition, a quantitative comparison will be given between dropsondes deployed by NOAA during the storms and GPS reflection derived wind speeds taken at the same time. Conditions in which the GPS technique offers excellent comparisons as well as examples where the comparison is not so good will be presented. Suggestions will be given as to when the GPS technique can be used with confidence and when it is likely to be at variance with other methods.
Third Annual Space Weather Community Operations Workshop: Building a Robust Space Weather Enterprise
Authors: Fulgham Jared , Tobiska W. Kent
Published: June 2013

Key Points

Developing systems to handle large amounts of data

Increasing capabilities to share real‐time data

Managing operations procedures and problems
Do singing‐ground surveys reflect american woodcock abundance in the western Great Lakes region?
Authors: Nelson Matthew R. , Andersen David E.
Published: June 2013

The Singing‐ground Survey (SGS) is the primary monitoring tool used to assess population status and trends of American woodcock (Scolopax minor). Like most broad‐scale surveys, the SGS cannot be directly validated because there are no independent estimates of abundance of displaying male American woodcock at an appropriate spatial scale. Furthermore, because locations of individual SGS routes have generally remained stationary since the SGS was standardized in 1968, it is not known whether routes adequately represent the landscapes they were intended to represent. To indirectly validate the SGS, we evaluated whether 1) counts of displaying male American woodcock on SGS routes related to land‐cover types known to be related to American woodcock abundance, 2) changes in counts of displaying male American woodcock through time were related to changes in land cover along SGS routes, and 3) land‐cover type composition along SGS routes was similar to land‐cover type composition of the surrounding landscape. In Wisconsin and Minnesota, USA, counts along SGS routes reflected known American woodcock‐habitat relations. Increases in the number of woodcock heard along SGS routes over a 13‐year period in Wisconsin were related to increasing amounts of early successional forest, decreasing amounts of mature forest, and increasing dispersion and interspersion of cover types. Finally, the cover types most strongly associated with American woodcock abundance were represented along SGS routes in proportion to their composition of the broader landscape. Taken together, these results suggest that in the western Great Lakes region, the SGS likely provides a reliable tool for monitoring relative abundance and population trends of breeding, male American woodcock. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
On the Coulomb and Higgs branch formulae for multi-centered black holes and quiver invariants
Authors: Manschot Jan , Pioline Boris , Sen Ashoke
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In previous work we have shown that the equivariant index of multi-centered
$ \mathcal{N}=2 $
black holes localizes on collinear configurations along a fixed axis. Here we provide a general algorithm for enumerating such collinear configurations and computing their contribution to the index. We apply this machinery to the case of black holes described by quiver quantum mechanics, and give a systematic prescription — the Coulomb branch formula — for computing the cohomology of the moduli space of quiver representations. For quivers without oriented loops, the Coulomb branch formula is shown to agree with the Higgs branch formula based on Reineke’s result for stack invariants, even when the dimension vector is not primitive. For quivers with oriented loops, the Coulomb branch formula parametrizes the Poincaré polynomial of the quiver moduli space in terms of single-centered (or pure-Higgs) BPS invariants, which are conjecturally independent of the stability condition (i.e. the choice of Fayet-Iliopoulos parameters) and angular-momentum free. To facilitate further investigation we provide a Mathematica package “CoulombHiggs.m” implementing the Coulomb and Higgs branch formulae.
Top polarization in stop production at the LHC
Authors: Bélanger G. , Godbole R. M. , Hartgring L. , Niessen I.
Published: June 2013

Abstract

We survey the expected polarization of the top produced in the decay of a scalar top quark,
$ \widetilde{t}\to t\widetilde{\chi}_i^0,i=1-2 $
. The phenomenology is quite interesting, since the expected polarization depends both on the mixing in the stop and neutralino sectors and on the mass differences between the stop and the neutralino. We find that a mixed stop behaves almost like a right-handed stop due to the larger hypercharge that enters the stop/top/gaugino coupling and that these polarisation effects disappear, when
$ {m_{{{{{\widetilde{t}}}_1}}}}\approx {m_t}+{m_{{\widetilde{\chi}_i^0}}} $
. After a discussion on the expected top polarization from the decay of a scalar top quark, we focus on the interplay of polarization and kinematics at the LHC. We discuss different probes of the top polarization in terms of lab-frame observables. We find that these observables faithfully reflect the polarization of the parent top-quark, but also have a non-trivial dependence on the kinematics of the stop production and decay process. In addition, we illustrate the effect of top polarization on the energy and transverse momentum of the decay lepton in the laboratory frame. Our results show that both spectra are softened substantially in case of a negatively polarized top, particularly for a large mass difference between the stop and the neutralino. Thus, the search strategies, and the conclusions that can be drawn from them, depends not just on the mass difference
$ {m_{{\widetilde{t}}}}-{m_{{\widetilde{\chi}_i^0}}} $
due to the usual kinematic effects but also on the effects of top polarization on the decay kinematics the extent of which depends in turn on the said mass difference.