bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Circular Urban Expansion Patterns of Compact Chinese Cities: The Case of Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Chen S S , Yan Yue , Gao Qun , Liu Dene
Published: October 2014

Accelerating urbanization all over the world has renewed interdisciplinary interest and public concerns over sustainable urban forms. Despite abundant literature on the concentric model and its application to urban land-use patterns, a rigorous and straightforward methodology to characterize the model quantitatively in space is especially needed. In this paper we present a diagramatic method and refine five indicators to measure and clarify the circular pattern of urban expansion. With remote sensing data, the approach has been examined for the sample set of fifty-one cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China. The five indicators adopted illustrated that most of YRD cities display a compact centralized form with a relatively small matured core area and are undergoing fast expansion. Furthermore, we have found distinctive local models of density gradient in built-up areas, shaped by urban population size and local institutional structures. The preliminary results related to the methodology are inspiring, which should be useful for elucidating urban growth trends and for decision making.
Sustainable Urban Development in Practice: The SAVE Concept
Authors: Blackwood David J , Gilmour Daniel J , Isaacs John P , Kurka Thomas , Falconer Ruth E
Published: October 2014

The need for sustainable development of the urban environment presents the research community with a number of challenges and opportunities. A considerable volume of research has been undertaken into the constituent parts of this complex problem and a number of tool kits and methodologies have been developed to enable and encourage the application of specific aspects of research in practice. However, there is limited evidence of the holistic integration of the body of knowledge arising from the research within real-life decision-making practices. In this paper we present an overview of the existing body of knowledge relating to sustainable development of the urban environment and propose a generic framework for its integration within current practices. This framework recognises the need to: understand social, economic, and environmental issues; understand the decision-making processes; provide a means of measurement, assessment, or valuation of the issues; provide analytical methods for the comparative assessment of complex data to enable an evaluation of strategies and design options and to communicate effectively throughout the process with a wide range of stakeholders. The components of a novel sustainability assessment, visualisation and enhancement (SAVE) framework, developed by the authors to ‘operationalise’ the body of knowledge are presented and justified. These include: decision-mapping methods to identify points of intervention; indicator identification and measurement approaches; appropriate mathematical and analytical tools and an interactive simulation and visualisation platform which integrates and communicates complex multivariate information to diverse stakeholder groups. We report on the application of the SAVE framework to a major urban development project and reflect on its current and potential impact on the development. Conclusions are also drawn about its general applicability.
Governing Vitalities and the Security State
Authors: Kearns Gerry
Published: October 2014

The techniques by which states regulate life are both spatial and geopolitical. Foucault wrote of a broad transition from a state concern with territory focused on regulating threats such as famine and epidemics, to a modern concern with population that prioritised instead a set of everyday dangers that were to be averted by continual action for and upon individuals. In this paper I argue that territoriality is more geopolitical in character and more continually significant than Foucault suggested. This geopolitics implicates a global political economy and forms of imperialism and colonialism occluded by Foucault's state-centric rather than states-centric approach.
Counterinsurgency Ecotourism in Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Devine Jennifer
Published: October 2014

Through analysis of a Guatemalan ecotourism project, this paper examines how tourism development is driving the militarization of conservation through a modality of violence I identify as counterinsurgency ecotourism. I look at four manifestations of counterinsurgency ecotourism: the repurposing of the army to enforce conservation law; the creation of an environmental ‘predator’ discourse; the eviction of peasants from protected areas; and the construction of military outposts. These practices illustrate that ecotourism development has become a means by which the Guatemalan state is militarizing conservation spaces in ways that revive and repurpose tactics of counterinsurgency warfare from the country's civil war (1960–96). Furthermore, this militarized approach to ecotourism development obscures the structural production of poverty, insecurity, and deforestation in northern Guatemala and undermines environmental conservation and social justice efforts. The counterinsurgency ecotourism practices identified in Guatemala resonate with many other conservation and ecotourism spaces found across the world, such as UNESCO Biospheres, as well places across the Global South with histories of counterinsurgency warfare.
Theorizing Violence and the Dialectics of Landscape Memorialization: A Case Study of Greensboro, North Carolina
Authors: Tyner James A , Inwood Joshua F J , Alderman Derek H
Published: October 2014

The study of the memorialization of landscapes of violence is a vibrant field both within and beyond geography. Previous scholarship has highlighted the contestation that surrounds the memorialization of landscapes of violence as well as the politics of memory that are manifest on the landscape. To date, however, little work has explicitly theorized ‘violence’; this has a tremendous bearing on the understanding of how, or if, certain ‘violent’ acts are remembered or memorialized. This paper constitutes an attempt to denaturalize violence through a foregrounding of ‘abstract’ and ‘concrete’ violence. Through a case study of racialized violence in Greensboro, North Carolina, we argue that geographers and other social scientists must articulate more clearly how violence, as a theoretical construct, is abstracted from the concrete realities of lived experience and represented discursively and materially on the landscape. We conclude that the potential for, and actual realized memorialization of landscapes of, violence is always and already a dialectical process of abstraction.
Bifunctional ectodermal stem cells around the nail display dual fate homeostasis and adaptive wounding response toward nail regeneration
Authors: Leung Yvonne , Kandyba Eve , Chen Yi-Bu , Ruffins Seth , Chuong Cheng-Ming , Kobielak Krzysztof
Published: October 2014

Significance

Skin appendages including hair follicles, sweat glands, and nails offer a source of regenerative support following injury. Here, we focus on the regenerative potential of the peri-nail region and reveal a population of K15-positive, label retaining cells (LRCs) within the nail proximal fold with self-renewal capabilities. Physiologically, these cells display bifunctional stem cell qualities and contribute to both the nail structure and peri-nail epidermis long term; however, upon injury, the homeostatic balance is tilted toward nail regeneration. Molecularly, reduced bone morphogenetic protein signaling tilts nail keratinocytes toward an epidermal fate. Collectively, we demonstrate the plasticity of these stem cells: bifunctional under normal homeostasis, but adaptive in response to wounding. Such principles may exist in the interface between other ectodermal organs and skin.
Cognitive and motivational contributors to aptitude
Authors: Shaw Sherry
Published: October 2014

This article reports the findings of a causal-comparative study with spoken language (primarily conference) and signed language (primarily public service) interpreting students carried out at four institutions in the European Union in 2008. The study was built on two previous investigations of essential characteristics, as reported by interpreting students and their professors, to measure these characteristics with standardized performance and motivation tests. It grouped participants as “entry-level” or “advanced” depending upon their prior experience in simultaneous interpreting coursework. The study documented cognitive and motivational scores of spoken language (SP) and signed language (SL) interpreting students at both levels, using a computerized neuropsychological screening test and an achievement motivation instrument. Significant differences between the SP and SL students were found in the areas of visual memory, concentration, and internality (belief that success is due to internal causes), and between the advanced and entry-level students in the areas of concentration and the eagerness to learn new concepts in the absence of external rewards.
Assessing aptitude for interpreting
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz
Published: October 2014

Based on a review of some of the most promising approaches to aptitude testing in the literature this paper proposes a novel task piloted at the Center for Translation Studies of the University of Vienna. The SynCloze test combines an auditory cloze exercise with a task requiring high expressional fluency, that is, rapidly finding contextually appropriate synonymic sentence completions. The rationale and design of the SynCloze test as well as the scoring method, which takes into account both the degree of accuracy and the speed of response, are described. The results of four rounds of testing involving some 120 students in the final stage of their undergraduate studies show that the test effectively discriminates between undergraduate novices and a control group of interpreting students, and students for whom the test language (German) is the A vs. the B language. Most significantly, the test scores correlate, albeit moderately, with students’ performance on an intralingual consecutive interpreting exam at the end of the course.
Putting interpreting admissions exams to the test
Authors: Chabasse Catherine , Kader Stephanie
Published: October 2014

With increasing numbers of students wishing to become conference interpreters, but limited capacities in most university degree programs, accurate admission testing is an important means of predicting an applicant’s chances of completing the program successfully. This article focuses on three aptitude tests for simultaneous interpretation: Pöchhacker’s SynCloze test; Chabasse’s cognitive shadowing test; and Timarová’s personalized cloze test. The test battery was administered at the start of the 2009/2010 academic year to students beginning the two-year Master’s program in conference interpreting (MA KD) at Germersheim. Correlations between test performance and subsequent exam grades at the end of the second semester were examined for all three tests. Given the large number of applicants each year, practical feasibility of the tests was taken into consideration with a view to scheduling the format and content of the entrance exam for the 2012/2013 academic year. In this perspective, cognitive shadowing was identified as the most useful test under the existing time constraints.
The development planning era and developmental statehood: the pursuit of structural transformation in Nigeria
Authors: Ikpe Eka
Published: October 2014

This paper locates the development planning era within the discourse on developmental statehood, with reference to Nigeria. It considers the state's use of development planning to facilitate resource transfers between economic sectors for the purpose of socio-economic transformation. The paper draws on the analytical framework of the enhanced developmental state paradigm (EDSP), which derives from the empirical experiences of East Asian developmental states and classical development economic concepts. It finds that although the development planning era was very significant for attempts at structural change, attendant processes and outcomes were undermined by changes in intellectual and policy debates on global development.
Large data local well-posedness for a class of KdV-type equations
Authors: Harrop-Griffiths Benjamin
Published: October 2014

In this article we consider the Cauchy problem with large initial data for an equation of the form
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis partial-differential Subscript t Baseline plus partial-differential Subscript x Superscript 3 Baseline right-parenthesis u equals upper F left-parenthesis u comma u Subscript x Baseline comma u Subscript x x Baseline right-parenthesis">

(

∂
t

+

∂
x
3

)
u
=
F
(
u
,

u
x

,

u

x
x

)

(\partial _t+\partial _x^3)u=F(u,u_x,u_{xx})

\]
where

F
F

is a polynomial with no constant or linear terms. Local well-posedness was established in weighted Sobolev spaces by Kenig-Ponce-Vega. In this paper we prove local well-posedness in a translation invariant subspace of

H
s

H^s

by adapting the result of Marzuola-Metcalfe-Tataru on quasilinear Schrödinger equations.
Coorbit spaces and wavelet coefficient decay over general dilation groups
Authors: Führ Hartmut
Published: October 2014

We study continuous wavelet transforms associated to matrix dilation groups giving rise to an irreducible square-integrable quasi-regular representation on

L

2

(

R

d

)

\textrm {L}^2(\mathbb {R}^d)

. It turns out that these representations are integrable as well, with respect to a wide variety of weights, thus allowing to consistently quantify wavelet coefficient decay via coorbit space norms. We then show that these spaces always admit an atomic decomposition in terms of bandlimited Schwartz wavelets. We exhibit spaces of Schwartz functions contained in all coorbit spaces, and dense in most of them. We also present an example showing that for a consistent definition of coorbit spaces, the irreducibility requirement cannot be easily dispensed with.

We then address the question of how to predict wavelet coefficient decay from vanishing moment assumptions. To this end, we introduce a new condition on the open dual orbit associated to a dilation group: If the orbit is temperately embedded, it is possible to derive rather general weighted mixed

L

p

\textrm {L}^{p}

-estimates for the wavelet coefficients from vanishing moment conditions on the wavelet and the analyzed function. These estimates have various applications: They provide very explicit admissibility conditions for wavelets and integrable vectors, as well as sufficient criteria for membership in coorbit spaces. As a further consequence, one obtains a transparent way of identifying elements of coorbit spaces with certain (cosets of) tempered distributions.

We then show that, for every dilation group in dimension two, the associated dual orbit is temperately embedded. In particular, the general results derived in this paper apply to the shearlet group and its associated family of coorbit spaces, where they complement and generalize the known results.
A Prognostic Index to Identify Patients With Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Who Could Benefit From Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin
Authors: Lee Suk-young , Kim Hye sook , Choi Yoon Ji , Park Kyong Hwa , Shin Sang Won , Kim Yeul Hong , Tae Kim Seung
Published: October 2014

Biliary tract cancer is a heterogenous group. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin has been the standard chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer, but there is lack of evidence on treatment in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC). We analyzed 29 patients with only IHC who received gemcitabine plus cisplatin between June 2010 and February 2013. The median age was 63 years (range, 40–78 years), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of all patients was <2. The median progression-free survival and median overall survival (OS) were 4.3 and 7.3 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that platelet count (≤180 × 109 per liter), metastatic site of more than 2, and albumin level (≤3.5 g/dL) were independent prognostic factors for decreased OS. OS was estimated based on the number of adverse prognostic factors: zero or 1 (good prognostic group), 2 (intermediate group), or 3 (poor prognostic group). The median OS for good (n = 15), intermediate (n = 10), and poor (n = 4) prognostic group was 10.5, 6.1, and 1.6 months, respectively (P < 0.005). Relatively better prognosis of the good prognosis group comparing to other prognosis groups can be expected from the prognostic model established in this study by analyzing patients with IHC treated with gemcitabine.
Adalimumab Therapy in Children With Crohn Disease Previously Treated With Infliximab
Authors: Cozijnsen Martinus , Duif Vera , Kokke Freddy , Kindermann Angelika , van Rheenen Patrick , de Meij Tim , Schaart Maaike , Damen Gerard , Norbruis Obbe , Pelleboer Rolf , Van den Neucker Anita , van Wering Herbert , Hummel Thalia , Oudshoorn Johanna , Escher Johanna , de Ridder Lissy ,   Dutch PIBD Working Group Kids with Crohn and Colitis
Published: October 2014

Objectives:

Adalimumab, a humanised anti‐tumour necrosis factor antibody, is an effective treatment in adult patients with refractory Crohn disease (CD). The available literature on its efficacy in children remains limited. We aimed to evaluate the real‐world efficacy in paediatric patients with CD and compare the efficacy between infliximab (IFX) nonresponders and patients who lost response to IFX.

Methods:

All Dutch patients with CD receiving adalimumab before the age of 18 years after previous IFX therapy were identified. We analysed longitudinal disease activity, assessed by the mathematically weighted Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (wPCDAI) or the physician global assessment (PGA), and adverse events (AEs).

Results:

Fifty‐three patients with CD were included. Twelve patients received monotherapy and the others received combination treatment with thiopurines (n = 21), methotrexate (n = 11), steroids (n = 7), or exclusive enteral nutrition (n = 2). Median follow‐up was 12 months (interquartile range 5–23). Remission was reached in 34 patients (64%, wPCDAI < 12.5 or PGA = 0) after a median of 3.3 months, and maintained by 50% for 2 years. Eleven patients (21%) reached response but not remission (decrease in wPCDAI ≥ 17.5 or decrease in PGA). Eighteen patients (34%) failed adalimumab treatment because of nonresponse (n = 4), lost response (n = 11), or AEs (n = 3). More IFX nonresponders failed adalimumab treatment than patients who lost response to IFX (2/3 vs 8/34, hazard ratio 18.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1–303.6). Only 1 patient encountered a serious AE, a severe but nonfatal infection.

Conclusions:

In clinical practice, adalimumab induces remission in two‐thirds of children with IFX refractory CD.
Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-stain-negative, benzoate-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Junghare Madan , Schink Bernhard
Published: October 2014

A strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain KoBa311T, isolated from the wastewater treatment plant at Konstanz, Germany, was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, oval to short rods, 3–5 µm long and 0.8–1.0 µm wide with rounded ends, dividing by binary fission and occurring singly or in pairs. The strain grew optimally in freshwater medium and the optimum temperature was 30 °C. Strain KoBa311T showed optimum growth at pH 7.3−7.6. Organic electron donors were oxidized completely to carbon dioxide concomitant with sulfate reduction to sulfide. At excess substrate supply, substrates were oxidized incompletely and acetate (mainly) and/or propionate accumulated. The strain utilized short-chain fatty acids, alcohols (except methanol) and benzoate. Sulfate and DMSO were used as terminal electron acceptors for growth. The genomic DNA G+C content was 52.3 mol% and the respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-5 (V-H2). The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c and C18 : 1ω7c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain KoBa311T within the family

Desulfobulbaceae

in the class

Deltaproteobacteria

. Its closest related bacterial species on the basis of the distance matrix were

Desulfobacterium catecholicum

DSM 3882T (93.0 % similarity),

Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes

(93.1 %),

Desulforhopalus singaporensis

(92.9 %),

Desulfopila aestuarii

(92.4 %),

Desulfopila inferna

JS_SRB250LacT (92.3 %) and

Desulfofustis glycolicus

(92.3 %). On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain KoBa311T was distinct from any related type species. Therefore, strain KoBa311T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Desulfoprunum benzoelyticum is KoBa311T ( = DSM 28570T = KCTC 15441T).
Crystal structure of 1-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene
Authors: Mohri Saki , Ohisa Shinji , Tsumuki Takehiro , Yonezawa Noriyuki , Okamoto Akiko
Published: October 2014

The asymmetric unit of the compound, C19H15FO3, contains two independent molecules. Each molecule has essentially the same feature of non-coplanarly accumulated aromatic rings whereby the aroyl group at the 1-position of the naphthalene ring system is twisted almost perpendicularly to the ring system [dihedral angles of 86.52 (8) and 89.66 (8)°]. In the crystal structure, molecules of the same conformer are stacked into columns parallel to theaaxis by van der Waals interactions only.
Crystal structure ofmeso-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)porphyrin nitrobenzene disolvate
Authors: Seredyuk Maksym , Gumienna–Kontecka Elzbieta , Brzuszkiewicz Anna , Iskenderov Turganbay S. , Kalibabchuk Valentina A.
Published: October 2014

The porphyrin core of the title centrosymmetric compound, C44H26N8O8·2C6H5NO2, is approximately planar, the maximum deviation being 0.069 (3) Å. The planes of the benzene rings of the nitrophenyl substituents are almost perpendicular to the porphyrin mean plane, making dihedral angles of 73.89 (9) and 89.24 (9)°. The two pyrrole ring H atoms are equally disordered over the four pyrrole ring N atoms. In the crystal, weak C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds link the porphyrin molecules into a three-dimensional supramolecular network. The nitrobenzene solvent molecules are linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds into supramolecular chains propagating along thea-axis direction.
The present and future of accounting history
Authors: D. Carnegie Garry
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to outline some personal reflections, based on recent published accounting history research and methodological contributions, on the state of the art and future directions in interdisciplinary research on accounting's past.

Design/methodology/approach

– An essay focusing on recent developments in the accounting history specialisation and outlining some possible future research developments.

Findings

– The paper points to the growing literature in the accounting history specialisation; the conduct of historical accounting research across an array of institutions, including business, social and religious institutions; the diversity of theoretical perspectives which have been applied during the past 15-20 years, essentially on the premise of accounting as social practice, and the prospects of theoretically-informed investigations continuing to offer the greatest potential insight into both accounting's present and future. Reflections rendered on possible future directions of historical accounting research may provide some motivation for future research or at least stimulate some discussion and debate on the subject.

Research limitations/implications

– The analysis and critique represents the author's perspectives as a longstanding academic in the field.

Originality/value

– The paper may assist in generating some new ideas, topics and approaches for future historical accounting research in any given country or region and may even stimulate “comparative international accounting history” (CIAH) studies in different locations around the globe.
Addressing directions in interdisciplinary accounting research
Authors: D. Parker Lee , Guthrie James
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to address and critique the current state and trajectory of the interdisciplinary accounting movement.

Design/methodology/approach

– An interdisciplinary literature sourced analysis and critique of the movement's positioning and trajectory.

Findings

– It observes the creeping currency of the financial economics-based accounting research tradition, with its attendant limitations in scope and policy/practice relevance of its subject matter and findings. The paper reveals the persistent growth and development of an interdisciplinary accounting community despite the pressures of careerist research score-based goal displacement produced by government and university performance measurement systems.

Originality/value

– The interdisciplinary movement is seen as offering issues focused and innovation-driven research that aims to engage with the complexities of the organisational and institutional actors’ worlds. This remit remains essential to the challenge of the accounting academy's pursuit of issues of societal significance.
Job scheduling in the Expert Cloud based on genetic algorithms
Authors: Jafari Navimipour Nima , Masoud Rahmani Amir , Habibizad Navin Ahmad , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– Expert Cloud as a new class of Cloud computing systems enables its users to request the skill, knowledge and expertise of people by employing internet infrastructures and Cloud computing concepts without any information of their location. Job scheduling is one of the most important issue in Expert Cloud and impacts on its efficiency and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to propose an applicable method based on genetic algorithm for job scheduling in Expert Cloud.

Design/methodology/approach

– Because of the nature of the scheduling issue as a NP-Hard problem and the success of genetic algorithm in optimization and NP-Hard problems, the authors used a genetic algorithm to schedule the jobs on human resources in Expert Cloud. In this method, chromosome or candidate solutions are represented by a vector; fitness function is calculated based on response time; one point crossover and swap mutation are also used.

Findings

– The results indicate that the proposed method can schedule the received jobs in appropriate time with high accuracy in comparison to common methods (First Come First Served, Shortest Process Next and Highest Response Ratio Next). Also the proposed method has better performance in term of total execution time, service+wait time, failure rate and Human Resource utilization rate in comparison to common methods.

Originality/value

– In this paper the job scheduling issue in Expert Cloud is pointed out and the approach to resolve the problem is applied into a practical example.
Semantic Category theory and Semantic Intertwine: the anathema of mathematics
Authors: St Quinton John
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The recent scientific observation that human information processing involves four independent data types, has pinpointed a source of fallacious arguments within many domains of human thought. The species-unique ability to assign observable characteristics to purely conceptual entities has created beautiful poetry and literature. However, this ability to generate “Semantic Intertwine” has also created the most incomprehensible paradoxes and conundrums. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Semantic Intertwine can be created between, or within, Semantic Categories; and in either case it then lies at the heart of fallacious, yet often very persuasive, reasoning.

Findings

– This paper describes how to detect mathematically related Semantic Intertwine in erroneous arguments involving: operands (VIII), mathematical induction (VIIA), orthogonal axiom sets (VIIB), continuous functions (VIIA), exclusive disjunction (VIIA), propositional calculus (VI) and the hitherto thorny problems arising from ambiguous intra-category use of “infinity” (VIIB).

Originality/value

– The applications of Semantic Category Analysis (SCA) are manifold. Determine the Semantic Categories involved in an argument and their modes of combination, and any Semantic Intertwine revealed pinpoints erroneous reasoning. SCA can be applied to any domain of human thought.
Managing breaches of containment and eradication of invasive plant populations
Authors: Fletcher Cameron S. , Westcott David A. , Murphy Helen T. , Grice Anthony C. , Clarkson John R.
Published: October 2014

Containment can be a viable strategy for managing invasive plants, but it is not always cheaper than eradication. In many cases, converting a failed eradication programme to a containment programme is not economically justified. Despite this, many contemporary invasive plant management strategies invoke containment as a fallback for failed eradication, often without detailing how containment would be implemented.

We demonstrate a generalized analysis of the costs of eradication and containment, applicable to any plant invasion for which infestation size, dispersal distance, seed bank lifetime and the economic discount rate are specified. We estimate the costs of adapting eradication and containment in response to six types of breach and calculate under what conditions containment may provide a valid fallback to a breached eradication programme.

We provide simple, general formulae and plots that can be applied to any invasion and show that containment will be cheaper than eradication only when the size of the occupied zone exceeds a multiple of the dispersal distance determined by seed bank longevity and the discount rate. Containment becomes proportionally cheaper than eradication for invaders with smaller dispersal distances, longer lived seed banks, or for larger discount rates.

Both containment and eradication programmes are at risk of breach. Containment is less exposed to risk from reproduction in the ‘occupied zone’ and three types of breach that lead to a larger ‘occupied zone’, but more exposed to one type of breach that leads to a larger ‘buffer zone’.

For a well‐specified eradication programme, only the three types of breach leading to reproduction in or just outside the buffer zone can justify falling back to containment, and only if the expected costs of eradication and containment were comparable before the breach.

Synthesis and applications. Weed management plans must apply a consistent definition of containment and provide sufficient implementation detail to assess its feasibility. If the infestation extent, dispersal capacity, seed bank longevity and economic discount rate are specified, the general results presented here can be used to assess whether containment can outperform eradication, and under what conditions it would provide a valid fallback to a breached eradication programme.
Host range expansion of native insects to exotic trees increases with area of introduction and the presence of congeneric native trees
Authors: Branco Manuela , Brockerhoff Eckehard G. , Castagneyrol Bastien , Orazio Christophe , Jactel Hervé
Published: October 2014

Exotic tree species are widely used in forest plantations for their often high productivity and performance compared to native trees. However, these advantages may be compromised by herbivore damage.

A list of European insect species that have expanded their host range to one of 28 exotic tree species introduced to Europe was compiled from a systematic literature review. The number of successful expansions was analysed using three predictors: (i) phylogenetic relatedness between exotic and European tree species; (ii) area covered by exotic tree species in Europe; and (iii) time since their introduction into Europe.

In total, 590 host expansions of native insects to exotic trees were found, mainly of polyphagous species (43%); 25% of the cases reported some type of damage. Bark and wood borers, and defoliators were the dominant guilds.

The number of recruited native insect species and cases where major damage occurred was positively correlated with the geographical extent of exotic trees in Europe and the presence of congeneric native trees.

Synthesis and applications. The use of exotic tree species creates opportunities for native insect herbivores to expand their host range and increase their damage if they are widely planted next to native congeners. Risk assessment studies are recommended when introducing new tree species for forestry plantations. Risk assessments should include trials on susceptibility to any potential damaging organisms in the introduced range.
Conjugated linoleic acid content in fermented goat milk as affected by the starter culture and the presence of free linoleic acid
Authors: Trigueros Lorena , Barber Xavier , Sendra Esther
Published: October 2014

The effect of yoghurt starter cultures and probiotic Lactobacillus casei on the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and microbial populations of fermented goat milk was investigated during 35 days of cold storage. The addition of hydrolysed sunflower oil as a source of free linoleic acid was investigated. The fermentation process enhanced the content of the cis9, trans11‐CLA isomer in milk, whereas the trans10, cis12‐CLA isomer was not detected in goat milk or control fermented milks. The use of both starters generated trans10, cis12‐CLA only when hydrolysed sunflower oil was supplemented. Populations of streptococci and lactobacilli were affected by the presence of hydrolysed sunflower oil.
Therapeutic Spectrum of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides: Overview of Current State and Prospect
Authors: Kothari Damini , Patel Seema , Goyal Arun
Published: October 2014

Functional oligosaccharides have emerged as valuable components of food and dietary supplements. Their resistance to digestion and fermentation by colonic microbes has given them the nutritional edge. Apart from implications as dietary fibers, sweeteners, and humectants, they are hailed as prebiotics. Their beneficial effects extend from antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiallergic, hypotensive, hyperlipemic, neuroprotective to anticancer. The rising popularity of bioactive oligosaccharides has accelerated the search for their generation from new, sustainable sources. The surfacing crucial role in healthcare and unprecedented demand necessitates deeper investigation. The present review embodies an overview on various aspects of production, properties with emphasis on therapeutic applications of functional oligosaccharides. The biological efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of oligosaccharides have also been discussed.
The Shelf Life of Farmed Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Roth Bjorn , Kramer Lene , Skuland Aase Vorre , Løvdal Trond , Øines Sigurd , Foss Atle , Imsland Albert Kjartansson
Published: October 2014

A total of 18 farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were slaughtered over 4 successive weeks in November 2012 and stored in polystyrene boxes with ice until analyzed. The fish were stored between 1 and 22 d and presented to a taste panel and further analyzed for quality index method (QIM), microbiological analysis by real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR), taste, pH, color by computer imaging, protein denaturation with differential scanner calorimeter (DSC), texture hardness, and shear force. Results show small, but significant changes in physical and visual attributes such as texture and color. No gaping was observed. Only small changes in texture were observed explained by lack of myosin denaturation. The fillets became more white and yellow during storage, whereas the major changes occurred during the 1st week. A panel evaluating QIM and taste could not distinguish major differences in appearance and taste and over 15 d storage period, but were able to quantify the age by smell. Analysis of microorganisms on the epidermis displayed growth of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, potentially inhibiting growth of other spoilage bacteria. Fish stored for 22 d were rejected by the taste panel caused by a stale smell and taste, but not bitter or rancid. It is concluded that turbot has a shelf life of at least 16 d.
THE 2013 ANTIPODE RGS‐IBG LECTURE New Materialisms and Neoliberal Natures
Authors: Braun Bruce
Published: October 2014

The rise of non‐deterministic understandings of nature, with their emphasis on intensive difference and non‐linear processes, has occurred in conjunction with the neoliberalization of environmental governance, which at once emphasizes and financializes the inherent productivity of nature. This paper accepts the position that there is a link between the two, but argues that if we are to maintain a crucial ontological distinction between capital and non‐capital, this link must be understood as contingent rather than necessary. Drawing upon Deleuze and Guattari's concept of “universal history”, I argue that the neoliberalization of nature must be understood, in part, as the strategic containment of the critical energies of new materialist thought, and that the role of critical historiography is to recognize within processes of containment the contents and qualities of more radical possibilities. If such critical efforts are to succeed they must continually distinguish between nature's innovative force and the mechanisms that seek to capture this force in the service of capital and state. In turn, if we are to remember the radical potential of these ideas, the neoliberalization of nature must be understood as a response to these critical energies, and not their origin.
The trouble with halos: Invited commentary on Kim, S., & Harris, P. L. (2014). Children prefer to learn from mind‐readers. British Journal of Developmental Psychology
Authors: Richert Rebekah A.
Published: October 2014

This commentary on Kim and Harris (2014) addresses the authors’ interpretation of the halo effect, in which 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children preferentially agreed with an informant who could read other people's minds, regardless of domain of knowledge.
Selecting among extraordinary informants
Authors: Kim Sunae , Harris Paul
Published: October 2014

In our reply to the commentaries by Jacqui Woolley and Rebekah Richert, we discuss the following: (1) possible effects that religious educations have on individual differences and (2) how older children may construe mind‐readers.
Ten years of a model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments : The aesthetic episode – Developments and challenges in empirical aesthetics
Authors: Leder Helmut , Nadal Marcos
Published: October 2014

About a decade ago, psychology of the arts started to gain momentum owing to a number of drives: technological progress improved the conditions under which art could be studied in the laboratory, neuroscience discovered the arts as an area of interest, and new theories offered a more comprehensive look at aesthetic experiences. Ten years ago, Leder, Belke, Oeberst, and Augustin (2004) proposed a descriptive information‐processing model of the components that integrate an aesthetic episode. This theory offered explanations for modern art's large number of individualized styles, innovativeness, and for the diverse aesthetic experiences it can stimulate. In addition, it described how information is processed over the time course of an aesthetic episode, within and over perceptual, cognitive and emotional components. Here, we review the current state of the model, and its relation to the major topics in empirical aesthetics today, including the nature of aesthetic emotions, the role of context, and the neural and evolutionary foundations of art and aesthetics.
Scientific aesthetics: Three steps forward
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: October 2014

Leder and Nadal (2014, this issue) examine the current state of scientific aesthetics through the lens of a prescient psychological model proposed 10 years ago. These retrospective points to several future directions of which I touch on three: the nature of aesthetic emotions, the time course of emotions in aesthetic episodes, and the relationship of art and evolution.
Perceived shared understanding in teams: The motivational effect of being ‘on the same page’
Authors: Aubé Caroline , Rousseau Vincent , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: October 2014

This study examines the role of perceived shared understanding with regard to team performance, taking into account the motivational mechanisms (i.e., group potency and team effort) involved in this relationship and the moderating role of task routineness. Using a multisource approach and a team‐level design, we collected data from 101 teams (i.e., 381 members and their 101 immediate superiors) working in a Canadian public safety organization. The results support the mediating role of group potency and team effort in the relationship between perceived shared understanding and team performance. Moreover, the results show that the relationship between team effort and team performance is moderated by task routineness, such that this relationship is stronger when task routineness is high. On the whole, the findings of this study help to better understand why and under what circumstances perceived shared understanding may enhance team performance.
Living with a brother who has an Autism Spectrum Disorder: a sister's perspective
Authors: Connell Zara O. , Halloran Maeve O. , Doody Owen
Published: October 2014

Accessible summary

The relationship between brothers and sisters starts from infancy and is possibly the longest lasting relationship.

Many people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remain within the family home and are cared for by their family.

This article describes a sister's experience of growing up with her brother who has ASD

People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are born into families and influence family functioning both positively and negatively. One of the most enduring relationships a person with ASD will have is their relationship with a brother or sister. Services for people with ASD should provide effective support to families, which include brothers, sisters, parents and broader family members and address the needs of the family as a whole in a holistic manner. This article outlines one sister's experience and reflections of growing up with her brother who has ASD. The article gives a voice to a sibling's experience and highlights the importance of brothers and sisters as part of the family unit in assisting parents.
Breast cancer risk in MEN1 – a cancer genetics perspective
Authors: Brennan Paul
Published: October 2014

The tumour spectrum associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) has been known for many years. New data suggest that females with MEN1 may face an additional, hitherto unrecognized, risk of early‐onset breast cancer. The menin protein is certainly known to have a role in regulating oestrogen receptor activity; but how robust are the data linking MEN1 to breast cancer? This article examines the published data from the viewpoint of a cancer geneticist and considers whether there really is a justifiable indication for enhanced breast surveillance in women with MEN1.
Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science
Authors: FULLER RICHARD A. , LEE JASMINE R. , WATSON JAMES E. M.
Published: October 2014

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees.

Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación
Elevation of biomarkers and long‐term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Slimani Alisson , Hanet Claude , Jamart Jacques , Gabriel Laurence , Guedes Antoine , Dangoisse Vincent , Galanti Laurence M. , Schroeder Erwin
Published: October 2014

Background/Objectives

The impact of an elevation of cardiac biomarkers occurring after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on long‐term outcome remains controversial. Most available data are based on observational registries using multivariable analysis. In this study, a case–control approach was used to assess separately the impact of post‐PCI elevation of CK‐MB on the short‐term in‐hospital outcome and on the long‐term outcome after hospital discharge.

Methods

Between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2008, a postprocedural rise of CK‐MB was observed in 363 among 8346 consecutive PCI procedures (4·3%). The overall in‐hospital mortality for patients with or without CK‐MB elevation after PCI was 8·5% and 1·5%, respectively (P < 0·001). For 245 hospital survivors with CK‐MB elevation, we found 245 control cases matched for 9 relevant clinical parameters in our PCI database during the same period. The long‐term survival of these patients was assessed by KM estimates.

Results

Despite an increased in‐hospital mortality among patients with periprocedural elevation of CK‐MB, the long‐term outcome of patients who are discharged alive is independent of CK‐MB release, curves of overall survival and of survival free of recurrence of myocardial infarction being similar up to 10 years after hospital discharge.

Conclusions

In our population, the elevation of CK‐MB after PCI identified a high‐risk subgroup for in‐hospital mortality but had no impact on the long‐term prognosis, once the patient is discharged alive from the hospital.