bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus on Terminology for Describing Child Language Interventions: A Delphi Study
Authors: Denman Deborah , Kim Jae-Hyun , Munro Natalie , Speyer Renée , Cordier Reinie
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Language intervention for children with language disorder may be effective; however, lack of detailed and consistent terminology for describing language interventions poses barriers for advancement within the field. This study aimed to develop consensus from speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in Australia on a taxonomy with terminology for describing language interventions for school-aged children and investigate SLPs' application of taxonomy terminology when describing child language interventions.

Method

A taxonomy with terms for describing interventions was developed with reference to contemporary literature and presented to clinicians and researchers with expertise in child language disorders in a three-round Delphi study. We asked Delphi participants to indicate agreement with the taxonomy or propose changes. Application of the taxonomy was investigated by asking participants to use taxonomy terminology to describe interventions presented in two case studies.

Results

The taxonomy consists of five aspects across which interventions may be described: modality/domain, purpose, delivery, form, and teaching techniques. Consensus on the taxonomy was established in both Round 1 (55 participants) and Round 2 (43 participants), with 100% of SLPs strongly agreeing or agreeing with the overall structure of the taxonomy and at least 87.3% of SLPs strongly agreeing or agreeing with each aspect. In Round 3 (32 participants), consensus was reached on 45/54 taxonomy categories (4/12 of the components) for Case Study 1 and 45/54 taxonomy categories (7/12 of the components) for Case Study 2.

Conclusions

Consensus on a taxonomy with terminology for describing language interventions represents a significant advancement in the field of child language intervention. Future actions may be needed to facilitate consistent application of taxonomy terms.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16435290
Laser-induced ultrasonic measurements for the detection and reconstruction of surface defects
Authors: Qian Feiming , Xing Guangzhen , Yang Ping , Hu Pengcheng , Zou Limin , Koukoulas Triantafillos
Published: August 2021

Laser-induced ultrasonic measurement is a non-contact non-destructive technology that can be employed for the testing and assessment of surface defects. In order to improve the correct identification of defects, the full matrix capture (FMC) and total focusing method (TFM) are applied on the imaging process. FMC data includes A-scans resulting from the combination of all measurement axes defined by the sequential generation and detection of utilized laser beams in the system. In this paper, an aluminium block with four holes whose diameters range from 1 mm to 2.5 mm is assessed through B-scans, the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and FMC/TFM. The results demonstrate that the FMC/TFM technology can significantly improve the imaging quality and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, this method has higher lateral resolution and larger imaging range compared with traditional B-scans.
Der angestellte Facharzt in der ambulanten vertragsärztlichen Versorgung
Authors: Krapohl Christian
Published: August 2021

Die Anstellung wird weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen. Sie kann ein probates Mittel für diverse Lebenssituationen (Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, Ausübung des Berufes ohne finanzielles Risiko, Work/Life-Balance, Kennenlernen vor Einstieg, weitere Tätigkeit nach Verkauf, etc.) sein.
Die fehlerhafte Honorarabrechnung – sozialrechtliche und strafrechtliche Folgen
Authors: Tigges Gerrit
Published: August 2021

Nach einleitender Übersicht über die Rahmenbedingungen vertragsarztrechtlicher Honorarabrechnung sowie möglicher strafrechtlicher Implikationen werden die Grundsätze der Abrechnungsprüfung auf Rechtmäßigkeit und Plausibilität in der vertragsärztlichen Versorgung dargestellt. Anhand von beispielhaften Entscheidungen aus der Rechtsprechung werden die Falltypen der sachlich-rechnerischen Richtigstellung und Plausibilitätsprüfung aufgezeigt, speziell im Hinblick auf die Verpflichtung zur persönlichen Leistungserbringung am Beispiel des ermächtigten Arztes.
Betriebswirtschaftliche Betrachtungen und Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten einer nuklearmedizinischen Praxis aus Sicht eines Finanzinstitutes
Authors: Plappert Andrea , Gabler Michael
Published: August 2021

Eine Niederlassung in einer nuklearmedizinischen Praxis ist komplex. Es gilt viele Aspekte zu betrachten. Daher ist ein gutes Praxiskonzept extrem wichtig.

Mit den richtigen Ratgebern/Unterstützern wird die Existenzgründung zum Erfolg.

Diese sollten auf Heilberufler spezialisiert sein und gerade mit dieser Fachrichtung Erfahrung haben. Denn nur dann verfügen sie über entsprechendes Know-How und kennen die besonderen Bedürfnisse dieser Klientel.
17-Year Results following Transepiphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Zimmerer Alexander , Schneider Marco M. , Semann Carina , Schopf Wolfgang , Sobau Christian , Ellermann Andree
Published: August 2021

Objective Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in childhood and adolescence is a serious injury. It is now known that conservative therapy of an unstable knee joint in
childhood or adolescence under can lead to poor subjective and objective results. The aim of this study is to record long-term results after transepiphyseal ACL reconstruction using
autologous hamstring tendons and extracortical fixation in childhood and adolescence with open physes – at least 15 years after surgery.

Methods Our internal registry was used to identify all patients who received surgical treatment of an acl tear during childhood and adolescence by transepiphyseal acl reconstruction
more than 15 years previously. In these patients, the International Knee Documentation Committee for Subjective Knee Form (IKDCsubj.), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS),
Tegner Activity Score (TAS) and Lysholm Score were collected, and clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed.

Results A total of 22 patients were identified, 5 of whom could not be contacted. The mean age at the time of surgery was 13.1 years, and the mean follow-up time was 17.4 years. In 3
patients, a traumatic tear was observed with subsequent reconstruction of the ACL. None of the included patients showed a growth disorder during the course of the study. The
IKDCsubj. was 92.4 ± 14.7 (48 – 100), the Lysholm score was 87.9 ± 16.9 (34 – 100), the TAS was 5.7 ± 2.3 (3 – 9) and the pain level based on VAS was 3.5 ± 2.6 (1 – 8) points.
The values showed subjective and objective deterioration compared to the 10-year results, with no statistical significance. The following subscores were reported for the KOOS:
KOOSpain 90.9 ± 17.6 (28 – 100); KOOSsymptom 82.9 ± 22.6 (11 – 100); KOOOSADL 94.3 ± 13.7 (44 – 100); KOOSSport 80.3 ± 26.4 (15 – 100);
KOOSQOL 80.9 ± 25.8 (0 – 100). 13 of the 17 patients could also be clinically and radiologically examined. In 92% of patients, an intact acl reconstruction was found without
evidence of cartilage or meniscus damage. The mean lateral difference in the KT-1000 measurement was 1.5 mm.

Conclusion ACL reconstruction in childhood and adolescence provides good functionality and stability of the knee joint over the long term. Secondary signs of osteoarthritis can only
be detected in isolated cases by MRI. ACL reconstruction using the transepiphyseal technique can be considered the method of choice for open growth plate knee joints.
Psychische Krisen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Frey Michael
Published: August 2021

Psychische Krisen im Kindes- und Jugendalter sind geprägt von altersspezifischen Vulnerabilitäten. Im Kindesalter stehen sie oft im Zusammenhang mit dem ausgeprägten Abhängigkeitsverhältnis gegenüber den Eltern und Situationen, in denen Eltern durch eine eigene oder eine psychische Erkrankung ihres Kindes in eine Überforderungssituation geraten. Im Jugendalter interagieren neurobiologische Veränderungen und herausfordernde Entwicklungsaufgaben, die eine krisenhafte Zuspitzung begünstigen können. Im Hinblick auf Kriseninterventionsstrategien für diese Altersgruppen stellen sich vor allem die Fragen, wie der Zugang zur Krisenintervention gelingt und welche Strategien es für die wichtigen sozialen Bezugssysteme Familie und Schule gibt?
Krise als Chance?! …
Authors: Heuer Imke , Schulz Gwen , Bock Thomas , Mahlke Candelaria
Published: August 2021

Krise als Chance?! – Das klingt nach neoliberaler Rhetorik. Dennoch kann diese Sichtweise konstruktiv und emanzipatorisch sein, wenn die Krise nicht allein dem einzelnen Menschen zugeschrieben, sondern der kritische Zustand der Gesellschaft insgesamt betrachtet wird. Unser Artikel diskutiert die Zusammenhänge zwischen persönlichen seelischen Erschütterungen

und der Krise des psychiatrischen Versorgungssystems. Wie wir zeigen, kann die aktuelle Zuspitzung ein Wendepunkt zu neuen kreativen Wegen sein. Hier lohnt ein Blick auf niedrigschwellige partizipative Projekte in außereuropäischen Ländern. Aber auch Peer-Konzepte, die die Expertise von Menschen einbeziehen, die psychische Krisen erlebt haben, sind vielversprechend. Peer-Begleiter können dazu beitragen, stigmatisierende Vorstellungen über psychiatrische Diagnosen abzubauen. Zugleich dürfen sie nicht als „Reparaturbetrieb” des Systems instrumentalisiert werden. Nötig ist ein struktureller Wandel, der allen Mitarbeitenden ermöglicht, zu eigenen Krisen und Brüchen zu stehen. Wünschenswert sind zudem ein Ausbau trialogischer Projekte und eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Peers auf allen Ebenen der Forschung und Versorgung.
Native Amine-Directed ortho-C–H Halogenation and Acetoxylation /Condensation of Benzylamines
Authors: Young Michael C. , Chand-Thakuri Pratibha , Alahakoon Indunil , Liu Daniel , Kapoor Mohit , Kennedy John F. , Jenkins Kenneth W. , Rabon Allison M.
Published: August 2021

Free or unfunctionalized benzylamines are well known to participate in C–H activation in the presence of palladium salts. Despite the ease with which these complexes can be activated, subsequent functionalization of the dimeric cyclometalates can be challenging. We demonstrate herein a free primary amine based C–H activation/functionalization protocol that allows for the ortho-C–H chlorination and bromination of unprotected benzylamines. We also demonstrate how use of fluorine-based oxidants gives rise to a unique acetoxylation/­cyclization owing to the nucleophilicity of the free primary amine directing group.
Management of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: Unmet Needs and Future Perspectives
Authors: Falanga Anna , Gal Grégoire Le , Carrier Marc , Abdel-Razeq Hikmat , Ay Cihan , Martin Andrés J. Muñoz , Rocha Ana Thereza Cavalcanti , Agnelli Giancarlo , Elalamy Ismail , Brenner Benjamin
Published: August 2021

Patients with cancer are at a high risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), which is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Increased risk of recurrent VTE and bleeding complications are two major challenges associated with therapeutic anticoagulation in these patients. Long-term therapy with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) has been the standard of care for the treatment of cancer-associated VTE given its favorable risk–benefit ratio in comparison with vitamin K antagonists. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), which offer the convenience of oral administration and have a rapid onset of action, have recently emerged as a new treatment option for patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CT). Randomized clinical trial data with head-to-head comparisons between DOACs and LMWHs showed that overall, DOACs have a similar efficacy profile but a higher risk of bleeding was observed in some of these studies. This review aims to identify unmet needs in the treatment of CT. We discuss important considerations for clinicians tailoring anticoagulation (1) drug–drug interactions, (2) risk of bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding), (3) thrombocytopenia, hematological malignancies, (4) metastatic or primary brain tumors, and (5) renal impairment. Additional research is warranted in several clinical scenarios to help clinicians on the best therapeutic approach.
Hot carrier transport limits the displacive excitation of coherent phonons in bismuth
Authors: Jnawali G. , Boschetto D. , Malard L. M. , Heinz T. F. , Sciaini G. , Thiemann F. , Payer T. , Kremeyer L. , Meyer zu Heringdorf F.-J. , Horn-von Hoegen M.
Published: August 2021

We performed femtosecond transient reflectivity measurements on epitaxially grown bismuth (Bi) films in the weak photoexcitation regime. Single crystalline ultrathin Bi films down to a thickness of 7 nm enabled us to determine a clear correspondence between the amplitude of the coherent A1g phonon and the photoexcitation level. We were able to empirically measure the effective hot carrier penetration length that determines the excited carrier density governing the magnitude of the coherent A1g phonon in Bi. Our findings suggest that the transport behavior of hot carriers is to be taken into consideration in order to provide insights into the mechanism for the displacive excitation of coherent phonons.
Imprinting the complex dielectric permittivity of liquids into the spintronic terahertz emission
Authors: Balos Vasileios , Müller Patrick , Jakob Gerhard , Kläui Mathias , Sajadi Mohsen
Published: August 2021

We report an approach in time-domain terahertz (THz) spectroscopy for measuring the dielectric response of liquids based on inherent properties of spintronic THz emitters (STEs). The THz electric field radiated from the STE is inversely proportional to the sum of the complex refractive indices of the media surrounding the thin metallic stack of the STE and the stack's conductivity. We demonstrate that by bringing a liquid in contact with the emitter, its complex refractive index and accordingly its dielectric response are imprinted into the radiated electromagnetic field from the emitter. We use water as the test liquid and ascertain its dielectric loss and permittivity in the range of ∼0.3–15 THz.
Hydrodynamic benefits of protruding eyes and mouth in a self-propelled flexible stingray
Authors: Mao Qian , Zhao Jiazhen , Liu Yingzheng , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: August 2021

The hydrodynamic benefits of the protruding eyes and mouth (e&m) of a stingray's smooth body are explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. A self-propelled flexible plate was realized in the present study; a clamped leading edge of the flexible plate was forced into a prescribed harmonic oscillation in the vertical direction but was free to move in the horizontal direction. The e&m was formulated by the superposition of several rigid plates. Simulations without the e&m were also performed for comparison. The pressure distributions and vortical structures around the flexible plate were visualized to characterize the hydrodynamic roles of the e&m. The streamwise and spanwise vortices generated by the e&m function together enhance the average cruising speed and thrust, where the streamwise vortices enhance the negative pressure at the leading edge of the flexible plate and the spanwise vortices increase the pressure difference between the upper and lower sides of the plate. A parametric study was performed to find an optimal shape of the e&m that maximizes the average cruising speed (U¯c) and propulsion efficiency (η) as a function of the spanwise width. The presence of the e&m increased the U¯c and η by more than 20.5% and 10.6%, respectively.
Hydrogen bonding-assisted transformations of cyclic chalcones: E/Z-isomerization, self-association and unusual tautomerism
Authors: Shainyan B. A. , Sigalov M. V.
Published: August 2021

Condensation of 1- or 2-indanones and 1,3-indandiones with aromatic or heteroaromatic carbaldehydes gives products that demonstrate various transformations and effects of general interest for organic chemistry. In the present review, phenomena such as tautomerism, E/Z-isomerization, π-conjugation, hydrogen bonding, and homo- and heteroassociation are considered. The relative stability of various isomers of cyclic chalcones is shown to be determined by the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in their molecules and the formation of associates. The same effects also result in the formation of unusual, otherwise unstable tautomers, such as 2H-indazoles. The hydrogen bonding-assisted keto-enol and E/Z-isomerization are analyzed. A novel, specific type of conjugation for the studied compounds was proposed and termed "roundabout" conjugation.
 The bibliography includes 101 references.
Gimme shelter: three-dimensional architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum, the replication site of grapevine Pinot gris virus
Authors: Pagliari Laura , Tarquini Giulia , Loschi Alberto , Buoso Sara , Kapun Gregor , Ermacora Paolo , Musetti Rita
Published: August 2021

Grapevine leaf mottling and deformation is a novel grapevine disease that has been associated with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). The virus was observed exclusively inside membrane-bound structures in the bundle sheath cells of the infected grapevines. As reported widely in the literature, many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses modify host-cell membranes to form a variety of deformed organelles, which shelter viral genome replication from host antiviral compounds. Morphologically, the GPGV-associated membranous structures resemble the deformed endoplasmic reticulum described in other virus-host interactions. In this study we investigated the GPGV-induced membranous structures observed in the bundle sheath cells of infected plants. The upregulation of different ER stress-related genes was evidenced by RT-qPCR assays, further confirming the involvement of the ER in grapevine/GPGV interaction. Specific labelling of the membranous structures with an antibody against luminal-binding protein identified them as ER. Double-stranded RNA molecules, which are considered intermediates of viral replication, were localised exclusively in the ER-derived structures and indicated that GPGV exploited this organelle to replicate itself in a shelter niche. Novel analyses using focussed ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) were performed in grapevine leaf tissues to detail the three-dimensional organisation of the ER-derived structures and their remodelling due to virus replication.
Spatial variation and drivers of vegetation structure and composition in coastal freshwater wetlands of subtropical Australia
Authors: Grieger Rebekah , Capon Samantha J. , Hadwen Wade L. , Mackey Brendan
Published: August 2021

Coastal freshwater wetlands (CFWs) are among the most understudied wetlands globally and are highly vulnerable to projected climate changes. To address CFW knowledge gaps in south-east Queensland, Australia, we surveyed the floristic composition and structure of wooded CFWs and explored variation in vegetation patterns in relation to selected environmental drivers. Understorey and shrub assemblages were surveyed using a cover-class scale and stem counts for tree species abundance. Vegetation structure attributes (stem density, basal area) were calculated from survey data. Redundancy analysis was used to investigate drivers of vegetation structure and the species composition of each stratum. Vegetation structure patterns were associated with gradients of rainfall, soil moisture, salinity and pH. Understorey species composition was associated with wallum wetland species, native perennial grass and herb species, and vegetation patterns of the canopy. Common CFW species, namely Melaleuca quinquenervia and Eucalyptus tereticornis, dominated tree assemblage variation. Overall, CFW vegetation exhibited strong associations with gradients of salinity, rainfall, groundwater dependence and disturbance. Alterations to key drivers of vegetation pattern with future climate changes are likely to markedly influence the composition, structure and function of CFW vegetation communities. Action is therefore required to maintain CFW vegetation communities and ecological function in these diverse and unique wetland systems.
Genomic instability in the naturally and prematurely aged myocardium
Authors: De Majo Federica , Martens Leonie , Hegenbarth Jana-Charlotte , Rühle Frank , Hamczyk Magda R. , Nevado Rosa M. , Andrés Vicente , Hilbold Erika , Bär Christian , Thum Thomas , de Boer Martine , Duncker Dirk J. , Schroen Blanche , Armand Anne-Sophie , Stoll Monika , De Windt Leon J.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Accumulation of DNA variants is considered a cause of organ dysfunction during natural aging. Here, we directly assessed the frequency of DNA damage of the murine myocardium during natural aging and in hearts from four mouse models of premature aging. In contrast to the prevailing dogma, our results provide no evidence for an enrichment in variants in the naturally aging heart until 2 y of age in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome hearts or in hearts with reduced telomere lengths. Accumulation of randomly distributed variants was, however, evident in Ercc1 knockout mice with deficient DNA repair machinery and in the intestine, liver, and lung of naturally aging mice. These results launch avenues to dissect the fundamental biological processes underlying cardiac aging.
Mass of genes rather than master genes underlie the genomic architecture of amphibian speciation
Authors: Dufresnes Christophe , Brelsford Alan , Jeffries Daniel L. , Mazepa Glib , Suchan Tomasz , Canestrelli Daniele , Nicieza Alfredo , Fumagalli Luca , Dubey Sylvain , Martínez-Solano Iñigo , Litvinchuk Spartak N. , Vences Miguel , Perrin Nicolas , Crochet Pierre-André
Published: August 2021

Significance

Reproductive isolation is instrumental to the formation of new species (speciation), but it remains largely enigmatic how many incompatibilities are required to prevent hybridization and where they lie across the genome. By studying patterns of admixture in amphibian hybrid zones, we found that reproductive isolation is initiated by numerous small-effect incompatibilities scattered across the genome rather than concentrated in a few important genes. Unlike mammals and birds, in which Y/W degeneracy is a major cause of hybrid dysfunctions, the undifferentiated sex chromosomes of amphibians do not always host more genetic incompatibilities than other chromosomes. These combined results might explain why amphibian speciation is relatively slow, and its clock-like dynamics offer practical perspectives to categorize evolutionary lineages into species or subspecies.
Smart physics to create kinematic data from GPS measurements
Authors: Kaps A , Stallmach F
Published: August 2021

An experimental exercise is presented where students explore the principal concepts of kinematics with the GPS sensor of their smartphone. It enables our students to record and analyze a self-performed complex movement independently. Students learn how to transform geographical into Cartesian coordinates and how to investigate movements in everyday life.
Handling of beam spectra in training and application of proton RBE models
Authors: Almhagen Erik , Traneus Erik , Ahnesjö Anders
Published: August 2021

Published data from cell survival experiments are frequently used as training data for models of proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The publications rarely provide full information about the primary particle spectrum of the used beam, or its content of heavy secondary particles. The purpose of this paper is to assess to what extent heavy secondary particles may have been present in published cell survival experiments, and to investigate the impact of non-primary protons for RBE calculations in treatment planning. We used the Monte Carlo code Geant4 to calculate the occurrence of non-primary protons and heavier secondary particles for clinical protons beams in water for four incident energies in the [100, 250] MeV interval. We used the resulting spectra together with a conservative RBE parameterization and an RBE model to map both the rise of RBE at the beam entry surface due to heavy secondary particle buildup, and the difference in estimated RBE if non-primary protons are included or not in the beam quality metric. If included, non-primary protons cause a difference of 2% of the RBE in the plateau region of an spread out Bragg peak and 1% in the Bragg peak. Including non-primary protons specifically for RBE calculations will consequently have a negligible impact and can be ignored. A buildup distance in water of one millimeter was sufficient to reach an equilibrium state of RBE for the four incident energies selected. For the investigated experimental data, 83 out of the 86 data points were found to have been determined with at least that amount of buildup material. Hence, RBE model training data should be interpreted to include the contribution of heavy secondaries.
External validation of a novel signature of illness in continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring to detect early respiratory deterioration of ICU patients
Authors: Callcut Rachael A , Xu Yuan , Moorman J Randall , Tsai Christina , Villaroman Andrea , Robles Anamaria J , Lake Douglas E , Hu Xiao , Clark Matthew T
Published: August 2021

Objective: The goal of predictive analytics monitoring is the early detection of patients at high risk of subacute potentially catastrophic illnesses. An excellent example of a targeted illness is respiratory failure leading to urgent unplanned intubation, where early detection might lead to interventions that improve patient outcomes. Previously, we identified signatures of this illness in the continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring data of intensive care unit (ICU) patients and devised algorithms to identify patients at rising risk. Here, we externally validated three logistic regression models to estimate the risk of emergency intubation developed in Medical and Surgical ICUs at the University of Virginia. Approach: We calculated the model outputs for more than 8000 patients in the University of California—San Francisco ICUs, 240 of whom underwent emergency intubation as determined by individual chart review. Main results: We found that the AUC of the models exceeded 0.75 in this external population, and that the risk rose appreciably over the 12 h before the event. Significance: We conclude that there are generalizable physiological signatures of impending respiratory failure in the continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring data.
‘Frozen’ detonation could enable hypersonic flight
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: August 2021

Scientists in the US have produced a detonation that is fixed in space for the first time.
Researchers analyse carbon footprint of planned neutrino experiment
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: August 2021

The annual greenhouse-gas emissions of a planned neutrino experiment could be on a par with the production of 1000 cars.
Vaccination reluctance
Authors: Crease Robert P
Published: August 2021

Robert P Crease explores the range of factors that turned him from vaccine sceptic to believer
The core of the matter
Authors: Jeynes Christopher
Published: August 2021

In response to Edwin Cartlidge’s feature article “Solving the proton puzzle” (June pp41–45), in which he discusses the discrepancies found in the value of the proton radius between different groups of researchers over the years.
Wary partnership
Authors: Palmer Tim
Published: August 2021

In response to the May special issue on artificial intelligence, which explored the relationship between AI and physics, and the risks and opportunities of adopting AI technology.
It’s the little things
Authors: Saini Angela
Published: August 2021

Angela Saini and her son Aneurin review Nano: the Spectacular Science of the Very (Very) Small by Jess Wade, illustrated by Melissa Castrillon
Stephen Hawking: cosmic commodity
Authors: Hiscott Laura
Published: August 2021

Laura Hiscott reviews Hawking Hawking: the Selling of a Scientific Celebrity by Charles Seife
Photoactive layer formation in the dark for high performance of air-processable organic photovoltaics
Authors: Maeda Akihiro , Liu Ruiyuan , Yu Kilho , Lee Shinyoung , Nakano Kyohei , Takakuwa Masahito , Zhang Shipei , Tajima Keisuke , Fukuda Kenjiro , Umezu Shinjiro , Someya Takao
Published: August 2021

Recent progress in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has led to an increased importance of laboratory-scale fabrication in ambient air using solution processes. However, the effect of the existence of both ambient air and light during the formation of a photoactive layer on the performance of fabricated devices has not been elucidated thus far in detail. Here, we show that photoactive layer formation in completely dark conditions enables air-processable OPVs with a high power conversion efficiency. The degradation in OPV performance caused by the coexistence of air and room light was confirmed by systematically examining atmospheric and room-light irradiation conditions during the formation and drying of the photoactive layer. Moreover, the degradation rate was much faster than that in the case of dried solid photoactive layers exposed to room light in ambient air. The photoactive layer with non-fullerene acceptors showed a much slower degradation rate, owing to room light, than that with fullerene acceptors. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that by eliminating light during formation, slot-die-coated OPVs in ambient air show comparable performance to that of spin-coated OPVs in an inert glovebox.
A-6 Childhood Adversity’s Impact on Neurocognitive Functioning: Findings from South African Adolescents Living with HIV
Authors: Santoro Anthony F , Ferraris Christopher , Phillips Nicole , Hoare Jacqueline , Robbins Reuben N
Published: August 2021

Objective

Childhood adversity (e.g., abuse/neglect) negatively affects neurocognitive functioning among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, less is known about this relationship among youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) in low-and-middle-income countries, such as South Africa, many whom experience tremendous adversity in addition to living with a chronic, highly stigmatized disease. This study examined associations between adversity and neurocognitive functioning among South African adolescents (14–17 years) with PHIV.

Method

72 adolescents with PHIV (Mage = 15.63 years; 52.8% female) recruited from HIV clinics in Cape Town, South Africa completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) scale and a tablet-based neurocognitive assessment. Controlling for age and sex, multiple regressions tested associations between ACE scores and processing speed, working memory, and executive functioning tests. T-tests assessed differences between participants exposed to high (≥2 ACEs) versus low (0–1 ACEs) adversity.

Results

Adjusting for covariates, ACE scores predicted performance on tests of processing speed (Trail Making 1: B = 5.87, p = 0.001; Visual Discrimination 1: B = -1.01, p = 0.02; Visual Discrimination 2: B = -1.55, p = 0.002; Number Speed; B = 2.15, p = 0.02) and executive functioning (Inhibition errors: B = 1.27, p = 0.03), explaining 10–19% of variance in test scores. Significant differences between the high and low adversity groups on processing speed and executive functioning tests represented medium-to-large effects (d range = 0.51–1.11; Table 1).

Conclusions

Childhood adversity predicts poorer neurocognitive functioning among youth with PHIV, specifically worse processing speed and executive functions – known drivers of functional outcomes among PLWH. Elucidating mechanisms by which adversity impacts neurocognitive functioning is critical to identify therapeutic targets and inform interventions to support neurocognitive health in PLWH across the lifespan.
A-8 Developmental Cognitive Phenotypes in First-Episode Psychosis and Longitudinal Cognitive Change Following Antipsychotic Treatment
Authors: Gotra Milena Y , Khalid Elmma , Dykins Madison M , Hill Scot K
Published: August 2021

Objective

The present study applied a developmentally based subgrouping procedure previously examined in chronic psychosis patients to a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and examined change in cognition following treatment with antipsychotic medication.

Method

Medication naïve FEP patients (n = 119; age = 27.96; 63.9% male; 62.2% White, 32.8% Black, 5.0% Other) recruited during initial hospitalization were categorized into groups based on 1) estimated premorbid intellectual ability and 2) the discrepancy between predicted (modeled on 151 healthy controls) and current cognitive ability. Consistent with findings from chronic psychosis samples, groups were characterized as Preserved (n = 46; average premorbid, no discrepancy), Deteriorated (n = 44; average premorbid, significant discrepancy), and Compromised (n = 29, low premorbid and current cognitive ability). A mixed analysis of variance was used to examine change in a composite cognitive score derived from a comprehensive neuropsychological battery at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 months.

Results

There was a significant group by time interaction [Figure 1; F(5.4142.4) = 2.81, p = 0.02] in which the Preserved group performed similar to healthy controls across all time points, the Compromised group demonstrated stable deficits after treatment, and the Deteriorated group diverged from the Compromised group at 6 weeks and 12 months.

Discussion

There is considerable cognitive heterogeneity in FEP at baseline and after initiation of antipsychotic medication. Findings of cognitive improvement in the Deteriorated group after treatment initiation suggests a differential response to antipsychotic medications that was not found in the Compromised or Preserved groups. Future work may benefit from examining medication and symptom severity as potential factors contributing to the unique change observed in the Deteriorated group.
A-86 Reactive Attachment Disorder in Adulthood: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Authors: Keniston Alyssa , Lewandowski Alan , Briggs Katelyn , Whynot Delaney
Published: August 2021

Objective

The sequelae of poor attachment and trauma on psychological and social functioning is well documented, however, this complex relationship applied to a neuropsychological profile is less understood. The current case uses a neuropsychological assessment to further understand the brain-behavior relationship in a case of poor maternal attachment, multiple traumas, psychiatric comorbidities, and poor social adaptation.

Method

Patient is a 22-year-old, right-handed, Eastern European woman with fetal alcohol and infant toxic mold exposure, failure to thrive, maternal neglect, adoption and relocation to the United States (age four), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; multiple reported sexual traumas and bullying victimization), and depression. Referred for a neuropsychological evaluation for longstanding inattention, learning difficulties, being socially and emotionally withdrawn, and suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Results

Data revealed average intellectual ability, dyscalculia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), PTSD, and depression. A self-report measure of ASD revealed a strong perception of ASD, characterized by inability to read verbal cues or other’s emotions, and poor communication and self-expression, however, this diagnosis was not supported by formal assessment and behavioral observations; instead, it was determined a diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD).

Conclusions

This case provides an example of the complex interplay of poor maternal–infant bonding coupled by adolescent trauma on adult attachment style and compromised social interactions. More specifically, the case addresses the poly-etiologic and neuropsychological impact of an insecure attachment style and trauma on self-perceptions of social and emotional withdrawal commonly seen in ASD. The case further stresses the overlapping presentations RAD, ADHD, learning disabilities, and psychiatric comorbidities.
A-91 Examining Symptoms of Depression in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors Attention and Processing Speed Abilities
Authors: Schierholz Laura , Lopez-Hernandez Daniel W , Olmos Winter , Saravia Sarah , Budding Deborah , Smith Kristina E , Edry Loren , Muñoz Isabel , Nordberg Bethany A , Baez Abril J , Hovda David A , Vespa Paul , Woo Ellen , Hardy David J , Wright Matthew J
Published: August 2021

Objective

We examined the effects of depression in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy comparison (HC) adults attention/processing speed (APS) performance.

Method

The sample size consisted of 44 acute TBI (ATBI), 32 chronic TBI (CTBI), and 59 HC participants. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test Oral (SDMT-O) and written (SDMT-W), Stroop Color Word Test word (SCWT-W) and color (SCWT-C), and Trail Making Test part A (TMT-A) were used to evaluate APS. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess depression (HADS-D).

Results

ANCOVAs, controlling for age revealed the HC group outperformed both TBI groups on the SDMT-W and SCWT-C, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.08–0.24. We also found the CTBI group outperformed the ATBI group on the SDMT-W, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.24. Next, on the SDMT-O and TMT-A, the HC and CTBI groups outperformed the ATBI group, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.10–0.15. On the SCWT-W, the HC group outperformed the ATBI group, p = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.08. Additionally, on HADS-D, both TBI groups reported higher symptoms of depression compared to the HC group, p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.09. Pearson correlations revealed that for the CTBI group HADS-D correlated with SDMT-W, R2 = -0.36, p = 0.043. Finally, for the HC group HADS-D correlated with SDMT-O, R2 = -0.38, p = 0.003, and SCWT-C, R2 = -0.26, p = 0.045.

Conclusions

Overall, the ATBI survivors underperformed on all APS tasks compared to the HC group. Furthermore, we found the CTBI group outperformed the ATBI group on several APS tasks. Our data suggests that depressive symptoms are related more to APS tasks in CTBI survivors and HC compared to ATBI survivors.
A-93 Comorbidity or Concussion: Can we Tell the Difference?
Authors: Thomas Garrett A , Riegler Kaitlin E , Guty Erin , Bradson Megan L , Arnett Peter A
Published: August 2021

Objective

To evaluate athletes with comorbid mood disturbances at baseline (without recent concussion) compared to those without mood symptoms tested post-concussion. This study is predicated upon previous findings showing that athletes with comorbidity at baseline demonstrate greater neurocognitive impairment, and report greater symptomatology, than healthy controls. It is currently unclear how athletes with comorbidity at baseline compare to athletes post-concussion.

Method

119 college athletes completed objective neurocognitive testing, including measures of depression and anxiety. Athletes were separated into two groups: those with symptoms of comorbid anxiety/depression at baseline (n = 61,M = 35,F = 26) and those without such mood symptoms tested post-concussion (n = 58,M = 52,F = 6). All post-concussion athletes were tested within 14 days of injury. There were no overlapping athletes in these groups. Groups were compared on neurocognitive performance on mean z-score composites of Attention/Processing Speed (A/PS) and Memory.

Results

Regression results revealed that, on the A/PS composite, the Baseline Comorbid group (M = −0.15,SD = 0.64) did not differ significantly from the Post-Concussion Healthy Mood group (M = 0.05,SD = 0.62), t(117) = 1.75,p = 0.08, though there was a small effect size, d = 0.32. Additionally, on the Memory composite, the Baseline Comorbid Group (M = -0.12,SD = 0.69) did not differ from the Post-Concussion Healthy Mood group (M = -0.11,SD = 0.84), t(117) = 0.08,p = 0.94,d = 0.01.

Conclusions

These results suggest that athletes with comorbid anxiety/depression tested at baseline perform similarly to recently concussed athletes without mood disturbance, on objective neurocognitive measures. Thus, despite not experiencing recent injury, athletes with comorbidity present with similar neurocognitive profiles as athletes with recent concussions. These findings highlight the impact of comorbid mood disturbance on cognitive performance and demonstrate the importance of accounting for mood symptomatology when conducting neuropsychological assessments.
A-111 Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood after Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wilson Julianne , Rabinowitz Amanda R , Hart Tessa
Published: August 2021

Objective

In persons with moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (msTBI), we compared traditional measures of mood with dynamic measures of affect derived from ecological momentary assessment (EMA), for the purpose of validating the EMA indices and exploring their unique contributions to emotional assessment.

Method

23 community-dwelling participants with chronic msTBI were enrolled in a treatment trial for anxiety and/ or depression. At baseline, participants completed the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 Depression and Anxiety subscales (BSI-D, BSI-A) and the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS), a measure of everyday pleasure and reward. EMA data, including the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), were collected via smartphone 5 times daily for 7–14 days prior to treatment (M = 8.65; SD = 1.87). Spearman correlations tested associations between baseline BSI-D, BSI-A, and EROS scores with both overall means and temporal variability measures for positive and negative affect (PA, NA).

Results

Mean PA was significantly correlated with BSI-D (rho −0.60, p < 0.05) and EROS (rho 0.72, p < 0.01). Mean NA and affect variability measures were uncorrelated with baseline scores. NA mean and variability were intercorrelated (rho 0.87, p < 0.001), but this was not the case for PA.

Conclusion

EMA measures of averaged positive affect showed robust relationships with retrospective measures of depression and environmental reward, providing support for the validity of EMA measures of PA, and for use of the EROS in msTBI. While negative findings must be interpreted with caution, the lack of association of affective variability with retrospective measures suggest a unique role for EMA in examining temporal dynamics of affect.
A-116 Neuropsychological Support for Use of Russell Posttraumatic Amnesia Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Cancelliere Andy E , Mascarenhas Melanie A
Published: August 2021

Objective

To compare neurocognitive outcomes between 3 traumatic brain injury (TBI) groups (mild, moderate, severe) across 3 TBI classification systems: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Russell (mild <1 hour, moderate <24 hours and severe >24 hours) and the modified (mild <24 hours, moderate < one week and severe > one week) posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) systems.

Method

Private practice archival data were reviewed for ambulance/hospital documentation of lowest GCS and PTA duration. Exclusion criteria included ESL and failed tests of engagement. Tests included WAIS, WMS, WRAT, Halstead Reitan etc.

Results

There were 91 patients (16 mild, 30 moderate and 45 severe); 45 were male. Mean age and education was 30.9 and 12.6. Russell PTA classification yielded significant differences (t-tests) between mild and moderate TBI on 8 of 46 tests/measures and 13 differences in moderate versus severe and 24 differences in mild versus severe TBI. Differences were always severe > moderate > mild impairment, with most in psychomotor speed, memory, working memory and executive/frontal functions consistent with TBI. The modified PTA classification yielded 2 significant differences between mild and moderate, 6 differences between moderate and severe and 22 differences between mild and severe TBI. GCS yielded 0 differences between mild and moderate, 7 differences between moderate and severe and 14 differences between mild and severe TBI. The modified PTA and GCS reduced moderate TBI numbers and some differences were opposite expectations.

Conclusions

Russell PTA was superior to the modified PTA system and GCS in separation/discrimination (without reversals) and maintenance of moderate TBI as a substantive category.
A-120 Comparison of Baseline and Post-Concussion ImPACT Performance in Spanish-English Bilingual and English Monolingual Athletes
Authors: Rogers Erick , Kuwabara Hana , Goodwin Grace , Moore Sara , Hopkins Nia , Goto Amber , Maietta Julia , Ross Staci , Kinsora Thomas , Allen Daniel
Published: August 2021

Objective

Research comparing English and Spanish administrations of Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) have consistently found differences in performance on various cognitive composites. Few studies have examined the effect of bilingualism on baseline and post-concussion assessments. This study examined whether monolingual English-speakers (MO) and bilingual Spanish/English speakers (BI) differed in cognitive performance at baseline (BL) and post-concussion (PC).

Methods

Participants were selected from a larger database of high school athletes administered ImPACT in English at BL and PC. Participants included 86 BI athletes (Mage = 14.53; 65.10% male) and 86 MO athletes matched on age, gender, sport type, and probable concussion as defined by number of PC follow-up assessments (PCF; 0 vs. ≥1). To examine group differences and changes over time in cognitive composites, a general linear modeling approach was used with language and PCF as between-subjects factors and time as a within-subjects factor.

Results

There was a significant Language x Time x PCF interaction for Visual Memory (VM), Visual Motor Speed (VMS), and Reaction Time (RT). On VM and RT, MO with multiple PCF performed the worst at PC, while MO with 0 PCF performed the best at PC. On VMS, BI with 0 PCF performed the worst at BL.

Conclusion

Visual memory and reaction time were less affected in bilingual compared to monolingual athletes with probable concussion. However, at baseline, bilingual athletes had slower visual motor speed compared to monolingual athletes. Future research should focus on how bilingualism may serve as both a protective and risk factor for cognitive functioning after probable concussion.