bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Mechanical Energy Harvesting in Triboelectric Nanogenerator by the Reinforcement of Polypyrrole‐Decorated rGO Sheets in PDMS
Authors: Elavathingal Johny Jelmy , Jose Divya , Kochuveetil Vavachan Vijoy , Kachirayil Joseph Saji , John Honey
Published: April 2023

Energy harvesting triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to scavenge unused mechanical energy have received significant attention in this decade. Herein, the development of reduced graphene oxide (rGO):polypyrrole (PPy) hybrid‐modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as TENG for various device applications is reported. The bulk of PDMS is altered by different fillers such as rGO, PPy, and the binary hybrids of rGO and PPy with varying weight ratios. Among various PDMS composites, 1 wt% of 1:8 rGO:PPy–PDMS composite exhibits higher TENG responses than other PDMS composite. The superior TENG performances of 1 wt% 1:8 rGO:PPy–PDMS composite are attributed to the formation of intensified negative charges inside the PDMS matrix. This charge intensification in the composite is due to various mechanisms, including the charge trapping ability of rGO:PPy filler, microcapacitor formation by introducing hybrid filler in the system with proper conducting networks, and the electron‐donating nature of PPy conducting polymer. A 3D stacked device proposed using 1 wt% 1:8 rGO:PPy–PDMS composite delivered a short‐circuit current of 16 μA and an open‐circuit potential of 60 V by simple palm pressing. Also, the ability of the stacked device for charging/powering portable devices and light‐emitting diodes is demonstrated.
Characterizing Temporal Heterogeneity by Quantifying Nanoscale Fluctuations in Amorphous Fe‐Ge Magnetic Films
Authors: Singh Arnab , Hollingworth Emily , Morley Sophie A. , Chen Xiaoqian M. , Saleheen Ahmad Us , Tumbleson Ryan , McCarter Margaret R. , Fischer Peter , Hellman Frances , Kevan Steve D. , Roy Sujoy
Published: April 2023

Equilibrium phase transitions are influenced by fluctuations and often discussed within the framework of the Gibbs free energy, wherein the exchange of energy between system and thermal bath is stationary and all regions of the sample exhibit the same phase. Presence of spatial heterogeneity in the magnetic structures such as pinning centers, domain walls, topological defects, etc. may cause temporal heterogeneity that modifies the nature of the magnetic phase transition. This study reports that interplay of nanoscale thermodynamics with spatio‐temporal heterogeneity gives rise to complex phase transition pathways in amorphous FexGe1‐x thin films with temperature and Fe‐concentration (x). Coherent resonant soft X‐ray scattering experiments that have simultaneous spatial, temporal, and spectral sensitivity show that the origin of helical to paramagnetic phase transition in amorphous Fe‐Ge thin films lies in the appearance of enhanced‐fluctuation spots deep inside the ordered state. The fluctuations are heterogeneous, starting over a small fraction of the domains that increases and becomes isotropic over the entire film as the temperature increases or the Fe‐concentration decreases. The fluctuating‐fraction, when normalized to magnetization for different Fe‐concentrations, follows a single power law behavior, suggesting that the nature of the transition can be described in terms of the underlying spatio‐temporal fluctuations.
Organic‐Carbon Core–Shell Structure Promotes Cathode Performance for Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Fei , Tang Wu , Wang Shuchan , Guo Meichen , Deng Wenwen , Hu Jiahui , Jia Shan , Fan Cong
Published: April 2023

The organic‐carbon core‐shell structure is constructed for the cathode material of [N,N'‐bis(2‐anthraquinone)]‐perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxydiimide (PTCDI‐DAQ, 200 mAh g−1) through an interesting strategy called the surface self‐carbonization. As expected, the organic‐carbon core–shell structure (PTCDI‐DAQ@C) can endow PTCDI‐DAQ the outstanding cathode performance in Na‐ion batteries. In half cells using 1 m NaPF6/DME, PTCDI‐DAQ@C can maintain 173 mAh g−1 for nearly one year, while PTCDI‐DAQ quickly decreases from 203 to 121 mAh g−1 only after 100 cycles. Meanwhile, the constructed Na‐ion full cells with the Na‐intercalated hard carbon anode can deliver the peak discharge capacity of 195 mAh g−1cathode and the high median voltage of 1.7 V in 0.9–3.2 V, corresponding to the peak energy densities of 332 Wh kg−1cathode and 184 Wh kg−1total mass, respectively. Notably, the electrode materials only include the very cheap elements of C, H, O, N, and Na. Furthermore, the Na‐ion full cells can also show the very impressive high‐temperature (197 mAh g−1cathode at 50 °C) and subzero (185/90 mAh g−1cathode at −10/−40 °C) performances, respectively. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the comprehensive properties of the Na‐ion full cells are the best results based on organic cathodes.
An Artificial Motion and Tactile Receptor Constructed by Hyperelastic Double Physically Cross‐Linked Silk Fibroin Ionoelastomer
Authors: Cao Leitao , Ye Chao , Zhang Hao , Yang Shuo , Shan Yicheng , Lv Zhuochen , Ren Jing , Ling Shengjie
Published: April 2023

Ionotronic artificial motion and tactile receptor (i‐AMTR) is essential to realize an interactive human‐machine interface. However, an i‐AMTR that effectively mimics the composition, structure, mechanics, and multi‐functionality of human skin, called humanoid i‐AMTR, is yet to be developed. To bridge this technological gap, this study proposes a strategy that combines molecular structure design and function integration to construct a humanoid i‐AMTR. Herein, a silk fibroin ionoelastomer (SFIE) with double cross‐linked molecular structure is designed to mimic the composition and structure of human skin, thereby resolving the conflict of stretchability, softness, and resilience, suffered by many previously reported ionotronics. Functionally, electromechanical sensing and triboelectricity‐based tactile perception are integrated into SFIE, to enable simultaneous perception of both motion and tactile inputs. By further leveraging the machine learning and Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, the proposed SFIE‐based humanoid i‐AMTR precisely senses the movement of human body and accurately sortball objects made of different materials. Notably, the success rate for 610 sorting tests reaches as high as 92.3%. These promising results essentially demonstrate a massive potential of humanoid i‐AMTR in the fields of sorting robots, rehabilitation medicine, and augmented reality.
Carnauba Wax‐Assisted Preparation of Eco‐Friendly Aerogels by the Ambient Pressure Drying Method and their Applications for Photothermal Evaporation and Dye Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ren Lin , Dong Yaohua , Dong Lihua , Liu Tao , Tan Wei
Published: April 2023

In this study, a new, eco‐friendly, and efficient method to prepare aerogels using nonchemically cross‐linked agar gels is described. This new process could eventually facilitate the rapid, continuous, and large‐scale production of porous and lightweight materials, as it does not require freeze‐drying, supercritical drying, or environmentally harmful crosslinking chemicals. The reported preparation process relies entirely on targeted freezing, solvent exchange, and the ambient pressure drying of agar gels. The obtained results revealed that biomass aerogels with good shapes can be obtained by simple directional freezing and that the introduction of carnauba wax solutes can maintain a highly porous structure throughout the process. The directionally grown anisotropic gels with excellent void space, anisotropic thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical compression properties demonstrate immense potential for water treatment, controlled release of active compounds, thermal insulation, and catalysis. PDA‐loaded aerogels exhibit excellent performance for photothermal evaporation and dye wastewater treatment, with high evaporation rates and photothermal efficiencies of 2.83 kg m−2 h−1 and 92.27%, respectively, and a dye removal efficiency of 94.5%. Hence, these aerogels demonstrate immense potential for applications in water treatment.
A Degradable Sensor Based on Insect Protein for Postsurgical Diagnosis of Joint Health
Authors: Zhang Yandong , Chen Lei , Yang Shuai , Liu Yongbo , Chen Luhua , Chen Long , Song Jinhui , Yang Qing
Published: April 2023

Degradable electronics have received extensive attention due to their potential to construct ‘green’ electronics and implantable medical devices. However, in the development of degradable devices, the contradiction between the strict requirements for biodegradability and the pursuit of device performance has brought considerable challenges to the selection of materials. This paper reports a biodegradable flexible tactile sensor (BFTS) based on chitosan film doped with Ostrinia furnacalis cuticular protein (OfCPH‐1) as substrate and Zn as the interdigital electrode. The BFTS maintains a precise and stable response to microdistance, and it is completely degraded in 3 h through the solubility test in Stroke‐physiological saline solution. Furthermore, the BFTS has been tested in complications monitoring after meniscal removal surgery by the dynamic detection of articular cartilage wear and effusion of joint. These results indicate that the BFTS has potential application as implantable medical devices.
Graphene Based Printable Conductive Wax for Low‐Power Thermal Actuation in Microfluidic Paper‐Based Analytical Devices
Authors: Brito‐Pereira Ricardo , Ribeiro Clarisse , Costa Pedro , Correia Vitor , Cardoso Vanessa F. , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: April 2023

Wax printing is one of the most widely used techniques to print hydrophobic barriers on hydrophilic microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (µPADs) based on its simplicity, speed, and low cost, allowing large‐scale production. Nonetheless, its function is just passive, without any action on fluids. Thus, this work proposes multifunctional hydrophobic composites based on conductive graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) integrated into the wax matrix to allow a dual role of barrier and heater, the latter being required in a large variety of temperature‐sensitive reactions and microfluidic applications. The effect of GNP weight content on the physicochemical properties of the wax, printed wax, and generated heating are evaluated. Wax prints with mechanical stability and adequate impregnation through the paper are obtained after post‐thermal curing. With respect to the functional response, controlled temperatures ranging from room temperature to ≈107 °C can be achieved after just 10 s. Two proofs of concept are presented involving thermochromic inks, specific printed systems designs, and low‐power batteries. The benefits of µPADs allied to the increased functionality and performance of the developed waxes, hold great promise to meet the requirements for a next generation of versatile, effective, and accurate µPADs for an increasing number of applications.
Recipe for Fabricating Optimized Solid‐State Electrochromic Devices and Its Know‐How: Challenges and Future
Authors: Ghosh Tanushree , Kandpal Suchita , Rani Chanchal , Chaudhary Anjali , Kumar Rajesh
Published: April 2023

Electrochromism, a well‐defined phenomenon of bias‐induced reversible color switching, has led to real applications in several smart devices including smart windows and self‐powered batteries and solar panels. For these applications, the electrochromic (EC) materials need to be integrated as solid‐state devices. Deciphering ways to recreate a conventional device requires understanding of basic structure and its working. A thorough discussion is provided here regarding various materials that can act as chromophores when treated with some electric bias in addition to a few parameters that dictatehow fairly the device performs. The next important aspect is the device design, the skeleton of which usually includes conducting substrates, EC active materials, and an electrolyte. Step‐by‐step, various available device paradigms are discussed starting from a single EC electrode then joining a blank substrate to fabricate a monolayer electrochromic device (ECD) moving onto bi‐layer ECDs, and finally, all‐in‐one EC gel, which is devoid of any proper layered pattern. A thorough discussion regarding various application‐oriented structural modifications is provided. Challenges and the areas that need to be addressed in immediate future are discussed.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Sensors Based on Nanocellulose Derivatives for Improvement of Quality of Human Life: A Review
Authors: Leal‐Junior Arnaldo , Soares Maria Simone , de Almeida Pedro Marques , Marques Carlos
Published: April 2023

This paper presents a review of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) sensors based on water and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) mixtures for healthcare and human quality of life applications. First, an overview of the sensors system demands for healthcare and environmental sensing is presented in which there is also a discussion on the sensors technologies conventionally applied in these scenarios. Then, a discussion of the water‐HPC mixtures and the formation of the CLCs as well as their operation principle and fabrication methods is presented. Thereafter, the applications of such technologies for the assessment of different parameters related to biomechanics, medical conditions, and environment contamination are discussed in detail. Thus, the use of CLC sensors based on HPC membranes provides novel sustainable approaches for highly sensitive sensors systems with intuitive signal acquisition and analysis. For these reasons, one can envisage a widespread of such technologies due to the mentioned advantages in conjunction with low cost, flexibility in fabrication, simple signal processing, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.
Ultra‐Permeable Dual‐Mechanism‐Driven Graphene Oxide Framework Membranes for Precision Ion Separations
Authors: Guo Jing , Zhang Yanqiu , Yang Fan , Mamba Bhekie B. , Ma Jun , Shao Lu , Liu Shaomin
Published: April 2023

Two‐dimensional graphene oxide (GO) membranes are gaining popularity as a promising means to address global water scarcity. However, current GO membranes fail to sufficiently exclude angstrom‐sized ions from solution. Herein, a de novo “posterior” interfacial polymerization (p‐IP) strategy is reported to construct a tailor‐made polyamide (PA) network in situ in an ultrathin GO membrane to strengthen size exclusion while imparting a positively charged membrane surface to repel metal ions. The electrostatic repulsion toward metal ions, coupled with the reinforced size exclusion, synergistically drives the high‐efficiency metal ion separation through the synthesized positively charged GO framework (PC‐GOF) membrane. This dual‐mechanism‐driven PC‐GOF membrane exhibits superior metal ion rejection, anti‐fouling ability, good operational stability, and ultra‐high permeance (five times that of pristine GO membranes), enabling a sound step towards a sustainable water‐energy‐food nexus.
Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Recycling of FeX2/FeX3 for Efficient Halogenation of C−H Bonds Using NaX
Authors: Ye Jiani , Zhang Dongsheng , Salli Sofia , Li Yajiao , Han Feiyu , Mai Yuanqiang , Rosei Federico , Li Yongwang , Yang Yong , Besenbacher Flemming , Niemantsverdriet Hans , Richards Emma , Su Ren
Published: April 2023

Environmental‐friendly halogenation of C−H bonds using abundant, non‐toxic halogen salts is in high demand in various chemical industries, yet the efficiency and selectivity of laboratory available protocols are far behind the conventional photolytic halogenation process which uses hazardous halogen sources. Here we report an FeX2 (X=Br, Cl) coupled semiconductor system for efficient, selective, and continuous photocatalytic halogenation using NaX as halogen source under mild conditions. Herein, FeX2 catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen and the consumption of generated oxygen radicals, thus boosting the generation of halogen radicals and elemental halogen for direct halogenation and indirect halogenation via the formation of FeX3. Recycling of FeX2 and FeX3 during the photocatalytic process enables the halogenation of a wide range of hydrocarbons in a continuous flow, rendering it a promising method for applications.
A Route to Stabilize Uranium(II) and Uranium(I) Synthons in Multimetallic Complexes
Authors: Keerthi Shivaraam R. A. , Keener Megan , Modder Dieuwertje K. , Rajeshkumar Thayalan , Živković Ivica , Scopelliti Rosario , Maron Laurent , Mazzanti Marinella
Published: April 2023

Herein, we report the redox reactivity of a multimetallic uranium complex supported by triphenylsiloxide (−OSiPh3) ligands, where we show that low valent synthons can be stabilized via an unprecedented mechanism involving intramolecular ligand migration. The two‐ and three‐electron reduction of the oxo‐bridged diuranium(IV) complex [{(Ph3SiO)3(DME)U}2(μ‐O)], 4, yields the formal “UII/UIV”, 5, and “UI/UIV”, 6, complexes via ligand migration and formation of uranium‐arene δ‐bond interactions. Remarkably, complex 5 effects the two‐electron reductive coupling of pyridine affording complex 7, which demonstrates that the electron‐transfer is accompanied by ligand migration, restoring the original ligand arrangement found in 4. This work provides a new method for controlling the redox reactivity in molecular complexes of unstable, low‐valent metal centers, and can lead to the further development of f‐elements redox reactivity.
Resolidified Chalcogen Precursors for High‐Quality 2D Semiconductor Growth
Authors: Wu Qinke , Nong Huiyu , Zheng Rongxu , Zhang Rongjie , Wang Jingwei , Yang Liusi , Liu Bilu
Published: April 2023

Two‐dimensional (2D) semiconductors including transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have gained attention in optoelectronics for their extraordinary properties. However, the large amount and locally distributed lattice defects affect the optical properties of 2D TMDCs, and the defects originate from unstable factors in the synthesis process. In this work, we develop a method of pre‐melting and resolidification of chalcogen precursors (sulfur and selenium), namely resolidified chalcogen, as precursor for the chemical vapor deposition growth of TMDCs with ultrahigh quality and uniformity. Taking WS2 as an example, the monolayer WS2 shows uniform fluorescence intensity and a small full‐width at half‐maximum of photoluminescence peak at low temperatures with an average value of 13.6±1.9 meV. The defect densities at the interior and edge region are both low and comparable, i.e., (9±3)×1012 cm−2 and (10±4)×1012 cm−2, indicating its high structural quality and uniformity. This method is universal in growing high quality monolayer MoS2, WSe2, MoSe2, and will benefit their applications.
A potentially fatal cranial pathology in a specimen of Tarchia
Authors: Tumanova Tatiana , Penkalski Paul , Gallagher William B. , Engiles Julie B. , Dodson Peter
Published: April 2023

Skulls of the Mongolian ankylosaurids Shamosaurus, Tarchia, and Saichania were scanned for information about their internal anatomy. Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the Tarchia skull revealed substantial internal anatomical differences from known Campanian North American taxa, particularly in the morphology of the airway. In addition, unexpected anomalies were detected within the airway and sinuses. The anomalies include multiple bilaterally distributed, variably sized hyperdense (mineralized) concretions within the airway and sinuses, the largest of which, positioned in the right nasal cavity medial to the supraorbitals, has an asymmetric ovoid shape that tapers caudally and which is partially encased within a hemispherical trabeculated osseous proliferation (sinus exostosis). Immediately adjacent to the exostosis is a subcircular transosseous defect in the prefrontal region of the skull roof that is partially filled with trabeculated ossified material with similar architectural features as the larger exostosis. Irregularities along the internal and external surfaces of the cranial vault may be associated. The radiologic features of the hemicircumferential exostosis suggest a chronic reactive osteoproliferation, possibly in response to an ongoing inflammatory reaction to primary sinus infection or, in combination with the unilateral transosseous defect, traumatically introduced infection with potentially fatal consequences. This report underscores the value of CT scanning of fossil vertebrate specimens, which in this case revealed large internal lesions of the skull that, at the time the scan was performed, were otherwise indiscernible.
Imagining, designing, and interpreting experiments: Using quantitative assessment to improve instruction in scientific reasoning
Authors: Coleman Aaron B. , Lorenzo Kyla , McLamb Flannery , Sanku Abhiraj , Khan Sahil , Bozinovic Goran
Published: April 2023

Effectively teaching scientific reasoning requires an understanding of the challenges students face when learning these skills. We designed an assessment that measures undergraduate student abilities to form hypotheses, design experiments, and interpret data from experiments in cellular and molecular biology. The assessment uses intermediate‐constraint free‐response questions with a defined rubric to facilitate use with large classes, while identifying common reasoning errors that may prevent students from becoming proficient at designing and interpreting experiments. The assessment measured a statistically significant improvement in a senior‐level biochemistry laboratory course, and a larger improvement between the biochemistry lab students and a separate cohort in a first‐year introductory biology lab course. Two common errors were identified for forming hypotheses and using experimental controls. Students frequently constructed a hypothesis that was a restatement of the observation it was supposed to explain. They also often made comparisons to control conditions not included in an experiment. Both errors were most frequent among first‐year students, and decreased in frequency as students completed the senior‐level biochemistry lab. Further investigation of the absent controls error indicated that difficulties with reasoning about experimental controls may be widespread in undergraduate students. The assessment was a useful instrument for measuring improvement in scientific reasoning at different levels of instruction, and identified errors that can be targeted to improve instruction in the process of science.
Microwave‐assisted extraction of bioactive components from Angelica dahurica using the tailor‐made natural deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Liu Xizhe , Li Feigao
Published: April 2023

In the present study, a new, green, efficient, and sustainable microwave‐assisted extraction method combined with a deep eutectic solvent was successfully established for the extraction of five important coumarins from Angelica dahurica, namely bergapten, oxypeucedanin, imperatorin, cnidilin, and isoimperatorin. Compared with the conventional extraction method, the extraction efficiency of this method was improved by 10.74%. With increasingly serious global environmental pollution, this green method will be a solution for mainstream sustainable development and lead to a stable improvement in fine industries such as food, medicine, and cosmetics. The findings of this study may provide valuable clues and a scientific basis for further research of A. dahurica and other pharmaceutical components.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on perioperative chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Baba Kaede , Kawamoto Megumi , Mamishin Kanako , Uematsu Mao , Kiyohara Hikari , Hirota Akira , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Fukuda Misao , Kusuhara Shota , Nakajima Hiromichi , Funasaka Chikako , Nakao Takehiro , Kondoh Chihiro , Harano Kenichi , Matsubara Nobuaki , Naito Yoichi , Hosono Ako , Kawasaki Toshikatsu , Mukohara Toru
Published: April 2023

Background

Since it was first reported in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) spread rapidly across the globe resulting in a pandemic. As of August 2022, seven outbreak peaks have been confirmed in Tokyo, and the numbers of new cases in the fifth and later outbreak periods have been far greater than in the preceding periods. This retrospective study examined the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on perioperative chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Methods

Patients with breast cancer who received perioperative chemotherapy at the National Cancer Center Hospital East were divided into 2 groups: 120 and 384 patients who started chemotherapy before and during the pandemic, respectively. The incidence of critical events that had potential detrimental effects on the prognosis, such as start of adjuvant chemotherapy ≥91 days after surgery and relative dose intensity of chemotherapy <85% were compared between groups.

Results

No significant difference in the incidence of critical events was found. When stratified by outbreak period, the incidence of critical events was positively correlated with the increasing number of new cases of COVID‐19 (r = 0.83, p = 0.04). Moreover, 25/173 patients (14%) who started perioperative chemotherapy during the fifth and sixth outbreak periods developed COVID‐19 infection, 80% of whom (20/25) had a delay or interruption to their surgery or other perioperative treatments.

Conclusions

Although the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on perioperative chemotherapy on whole groups of patients was not evident when comparing periods before and after the pandemic, the impact is becoming prominent in parallel with increasing numbers of new COVID‐19 cases.
Can NbO Keep nbo Topology under Electrons? –Unveiling Novel Aspects of Niobium Monoxide at the Atomic Scale
Authors: Li Chengmin , Li Junyan , Zhou Yi , Zhang Qing , Mayoral Alvaro , Li Gang , Terasaki Osamu
Published: April 2023

A precise investigation of NbO has been carried out by advanced electron microscopy combined with powder and single crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The structure of pristine NbO has been determined as Pm‐3 m space group (SG) with a = 4.211 Å and the positions of Nb and O at the 3c and 3d Wyckoff positions, respectively, which is consistent with previous report based on powder XRD data. Electron beams induced a structural transition, which was investigated and explained by combining electron diffraction and atomic‐resolution imaging. The results revealed that the electron beam stimulated both Nb and O atom‐migrations within each fcc sublattice, and that the final structure was SG Fm‐3 m with a = 4.29 Å, Nb and O at the 4a and 4b with 75 % occupancy and same chemical composition. Antiphase planar defects were discovered in the pristine NbO and related to the structural transformation. Theoretical calculations performed by density functional theory (DFT) supported the experimental conclusions.
Stretching the Bisalkyne Raman Spectral Palette Reveals a New Electrophilic Covalent Motif
Authors: Ravindra Manasa Punaha , Lee Martin , Dimova Silviya , Steven Craig F. , Bluntzer Marie T. J. , Brunton Valerie G. , Hulme Alison N.
Published: April 2023

Small heteroaryl‐diyne (Het‐DY) tags with distinct vibrational frequencies, and physiologically relevant cLog P were designed for multiplexed bioorthogonal Raman imaging. Pd−Cu catalyzed coupling, combined with the use of Lei ligand, was shown to improve overall yields of the desired heterocoupled Het‐DY tags, minimizing the production of homocoupled side‐products. Spectral data were in agreement with the trends predicted by DFT calculations and systematic introduction of electron‐ rich/poor rings stretched the frequency limit of aryl‐capped diynes (2209–2243 cm−1). The improved Log P of these Het‐DY tags was evident from their diffuse distribution in cellular uptake studies and functionalizing tags with organelle markers allowed the acquisition of location‐specific biological images. LC–MS‐ and NMR‐based assays showed that some heteroaryl‐capped internal alkynes are potential nucleophile traps with structure‐dependent reactivity. These biocompatible Het‐DY tags, equipped with covalent reactivity, open up new avenues for Raman bioorthogonal imaging.
Data security techniques in cloud computing based on machine learning algorithms and cryptographic algorithms: Lightweight algorithms and genetics algorithms
Authors: Thabit Fursan , Can Ozgu , Wani Rizwan Uz Zaman , Qasem Mohammed Ali , Thorat S. B. , Alkhzaimi Hoda A.
Published: April 2023

Cloud computing (CC) refers to the on‐demand availability of network resources, particularly data storage and processing power, without requiring special or direct administration by users. CC, which just made its debut as a collection of public and private data centers, provides clients with a unified platform throughout the Internet. Cloud computing has revolutionized the world, opening up new horizons with bright potential due to its performance, accessibility, low cost, and many other benefits. Due to the exponential rise of cloud computing, systems based on cloud computing now require an effective data security mechanism. Comprehensive security policies, corporate security culture, and cloud security solutions are used to ensure the level of cloud data security. Many techniques exist to protect data communication in the cloud environment, including encryption. Encryption algorithms play an important role in information security systems and various cloud computing‐based systems. Current researchers have focused on lightweight cryptography, genetics‐based cryptography, and machine learning (ML) algorithms for security in CC. This review study analyses CC security threats, problems, and solutions that use one or more algorithms. The work discusses several lightweight cryptographies, genetics‐based cryptography and different ML algorithms that are used to overcome cloud security issues, including supervised, unsupervised, semi‐supervised, and reinforcement learning. Moreover, we enlist future research directions to secure CC models.
Design and evaluation of ultra‐fast 8‐bit approximate multipliers using novel multicolumn inexact compressors
Authors: Karimi Fereshteh , Faghih Mirzaee Reza , Fakeri‐Tabrizi Ali , Roohi Arman
Published: April 2023

A multiplier, as a key component in many different applications, is a time‐consuming, energy‐intensive computation block. Approximate computing is a practical design paradigm that attempts to improve hardware efficacy while keeping computation quality satisfactory. A novel multicolumn 3,3:2 inexact compressor is presented in this paper. It takes three partial products from two adjacent columns each for rapid partial product reduction. The proposed inexact compressor and its derivatives enable us to design a high‐speed approximate multiplier. Then, another ultra‐fast, high‐efficient approximate multiplier is achieved by utilizing a systematic truncation strategy. The proposed multipliers accumulate partial products in only two stages, one fewer stage than other approximate multipliers in the literature. Implementation results by the Synopsys Design Compiler and 45 nm technology node demonstrate nearly 11.11% higher speed for the second proposed design over the fastest existing approximate multiplier. Furthermore, the new approximate multipliers are applied to the image processing application of image sharpening, and their performance in this application is highly satisfactory. It is shown in this paper that the error pattern of an approximate multiplier, in addition to the mean error distance and error rate, has a direct effect on the outcomes of the image processing application.
Food insecurity and binge‐eating disorder in early adolescence
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Chu Jonathan , Cervantez Levi , Ganson Kyle T. , Testa Alexander , Jackson Dylan B. , Murray Stuart B. , Weiser Sheri D.
Published: April 2023

Objective

Food insecurity is defined as lack of consistent access to adequate food for healthy living. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between food insecurity and binge‐eating disorder in a national cohort of 9‐ to 14‐year‐old children.

Method

We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 10,035, 2016–2020). Logistic regression analyses estimated the associations between food insecurity at baseline, year 1, or year 2 (exposure) and binge eating, subclinical binge‐eating disorder (Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder‐Binge‐Eating Disorder [OSFED‐BED]), and binge‐eating disorder (BED) (outcome) based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS‐5) at 2‐year follow‐up.

Results

The prevalence of food insecurity in the study was 15.8%. At 2‐year follow‐up, 1.71% of the sample received a diagnosis of BED or OSFED‐BED, while 6.62% reported binge eating. Food insecurity was associated with 1.67 higher odds of BED or OSFED‐BED (95% CI 1.04–2.69) and 1.31 higher odds of binge‐eating symptoms (95% CI 1.01–1.71).

Discussion

Food insecurity in early adolescence is associated with higher odds of developing future binge‐eating and BED or OSFED‐BED. Clinicians may consider assessing for binge eating in adolescents with food insecurity and provide support in accessing appropriate food resources.

Public Significance

Prior research has shown that food insecurity is associated with disordered eating behaviors, including binge eating in adulthood. This study explored whether food insecurity in early adolescence increases risk for developing binge‐eating disorder (BED). Targeted screening for BED in adolescents experiencing FI, and vice versa, may be warranted.
Evaluation of genetic diversity in an endangered fish Gnathopogon caerulescens using environmental DNA and its potential use in fish conservation
Authors: Wakimura Kei , Uchii Kimiko , Kikko Takeshi
Published: April 2023

Gnathopogon caerulescens, an endemic fish of Lake Biwa, Japan, is one of the most important fishes for lake fisheries. It has been listed as an endangered species following its population decline in the 1990s and thus needs conservation. An increasing number of studies have recently stressed on the importance of incorporating genetic diversity for conservation purposes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mitochondrial DNA haplotype composition of G. caerulescens using environmental DNA (eDNA) to determine the genetic diversity of this species. We developed an eDNA‐based haplotyping approach using high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), which can accurately detect and eliminate erroneous HTS reads, even when the target sequences are differentiated by a single or a few mismatches. Field surveys using the developed method successfully revealed the genetic structure of local G. caerulescens populations. We found star‐shaped haplotype networks with two major haplotypes accompanied by several rare haplotypes for all local populations except one, which suggested that the G. caerulescens population had undergone a historical expansion, and its population size did not shrink to the extent that rare haplotypes were eliminated during the population decline in the 1990s. We also observed that the genetic diversity was lower in the northern populations in terms of haplotype number and haplotype diversity (h), suggesting that the decline in population was more severe in the north than in the south. We demonstrated the practical use of eDNA analysis in population genetics of endangered species. Continuous monitoring using this approach would facilitate the conservation and management of fish resources.
Amorphous BaTiO3 Electron Transport Layer for Thermal Equilibrium‐Governed γ‐CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell with High Power Conversion Efficiency of 19.96%
Authors: Lee Changhyun , Lee Chanyong , Chae Kyungjin , Kim Taemin , Park Seaeun , Ko Yohan , Jun Yongseok
Published: April 2023

Compared to organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, the cesium‐based all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite (CsPbI3) is a promising light absorber for perovskite solar cells owing to its higher resistance to thermal stress. Nonetheless, additional research is required to reduce the nonradiative recombination to realize the full potential of CsPbI3. Here, the diffusion of Cs ions participating in ion exchange is proposed to be an important factor responsible for the bulk defects in γ‐CsPbI3 perovskite. Calculations based on first‐principles density functional theory reveal that the [PbI6]4− octahedral tilt modifies the perovskite crystallographic properties in γ‐CsPbI3, leading to alterations in its bandgap and crystal strain. In addition, by substituting amorphous barium titanium oxide (a‐BaTiO3) for TiO2 as the electron transport layer, interfacial defects caused by imperfect energy levels between the electron transport layer and perovskite are reduced. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy demonstrate that a‐BaTiO3 forms entirely as a single phase, as opposed to Ba‐doped TiO2 hybrid nanoclusters or separate domains of TiO2 and BaTiO3 phases. Accordingly, inorganic perovskite solar cells based on the a‐BaTiO3 electron transport layer achieved a power conversion efficiency of 19.96%.
Accuracy verification of optical fingerprinting methods in sediment tracing study
Authors: Chen Dan , Dai Wei , Li Mengjie , Wang Bing , Zeng Yi , Ni Lingshan , Fang Nufang , Shi Zhihua
Published: April 2023

Sediment fingerprints have been widely used in source identification studies. Optical features have become a powerful substitute for traditional fingerprints in recent years due to their fast measurement and low analysis costs. However, the accuracy of optical fingerprinting methods has received little attention. Here, artificial mixing and indoor scouring experiments were carried out to compare and assess the accuracy of optical fingerprinting results using three spectroscopic ranges [visible (VIS), near‐infrared (NIR), and mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy] in multivariate models and using 19 colour parameters [such as red (R), green (G) and blue (B) in an RGB system; virtual component X (X), brightness (Y) and virtual component Z (Z) in a CIE XYZ system and so on] coupled with the conventional method. Furthermore, we examined how sediment sorting (particle sorting and organic matter enrichment) affects the accuracy of source apportionments. The results showed that VIS, NIR and MIR spectroscopic tracers presented high accuracy in scouring and artificial mixtures, with mean absolute error (MAE) values of 4.98% and 5.91%. In contrast, the colour parameters had weak performances in two experiments (MAE = 16.83% and 15.05%). Additionally, similar fingerprinting results of the scouring mixtures (MAE = 7.95%) and artificial mixtures (MAE = 8.20%) indicated that slight particle sorting and organic matter enrichment have little effect on the accuracy of optical fingerprinting results. Our study shows that sediment fingerprinting based on optical features, especially three spectroscopic ranges, has good applicability in sediment source identification.
Exploring profiles of hormone exposure: Associations with cognition in a population‐based cohort of early adolescents
Authors: Chaku Natasha , Barry Kelly
Published: April 2023

During adolescence, increases in pubertal hormones lead to reproductive maturity as well as changes in cognitive development. Yet, little is known about how to best characterize interindividual differences in hormone concentrations. The goal of the current study was to examine the antecedents and consequences of membership in empirically derived hormone profiles. Data were drawn from 10,816 youth (48.1% female, Mage = 9.91, SDage = 0.63) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Latent profile analysis (LPA) stratified by sex was used to derive hormone profiles using basal testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and estradiol (girls only). Eight profiles (four female profiles and four male profiles) were identified. They primarily represented differences in hormone levels (e.g., low hormonal milieus vs. high hormonal milieus), but also reflected discordance (e.g., high estradiol versus. high testosterone). There were limited sociodemographic differences, particularly after correcting for multiple comparisons, but youth with higher hormone milieus exhibited better inhibitory control, visuospatial processing and decision‐making skills even after adjusting for age, pubertal status and demographic data. Thus, youth‐centered approaches that focus on patterns of individual characteristics suggest that hormonal markers may provide unique information about associations between biological and cognitive development.

Highlights

Latent profile analysis was used to derive constellations of testosterone, DHEA and estradiol (girls only) in a population sample of early adolescents.

Hormonal milieus were indexed by four female and four male profiles, varying primarily in hormone levels (i.e., low, average or high hormonal milieus), but also exhibiting some discordance (i.e., high DHEA, high testosterone, or high estradiol).

Higher pubertal status was typically associated with higher hormone levels, but pubertal status did not always differentiate between profiles that exhibited discordance.

In general, youth in profiles with higher hormone levels had better inhibitory control, visuospatial processing and decision‐making skills 2 years later compared to those in profiles with lower hormone levels.
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Authors: da Silva Batista Beatriz , da Silva Luzeli Moreira , de Menezes Alan Silva , Barbosa Corrêa Luana , Cruz Rosas Elaine , Santos‐Oliveira Ralph , Mendes Fernando , Macêdo Ana Angélica M. , Rebelo Alencar Luciana M.
Published: April 2023

The cover image is based on the Research Article Physical, morphological and bioactive properties of Co–Cr–W–Ta alloys: Influence of insertion of tantalum and surface thermochemical treatment on bioactivity by Beatriz da Silva Batista et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.35229

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Strengthening HIV and HIV co‐morbidity care in low‐ and middle‐income countries: insights from behavioural economics to improve healthcare worker behaviour
Authors: Mishra Anant , Mabuto Tonderai , Shearer Kate , Trujillo Antonio , Golub Jonathan E. , Hoffmann Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Despite advances in HIV and HIV co‐morbidity service delivery, substantial challenges remain in translating evidence‐based interventions into routine practice to bring optimal care and prevention to all populations. While barriers to successful implementation are often multifactorial, healthcare worker behaviour is critical for on‐the‐ground and in‐clinic service delivery. Implementation science offers a systematic approach to understanding service delivery, including approaches to overcoming delivery gaps. Behavioural economics is a field that seeks to understand when and how behaviour deviates from traditional models of decision‐making, deviations which are described as biases. Clinical policies and implementation strategies that incorporate an understanding of behavioural economics can add to implementation science approaches and play an important role in bridging the gap between healthcare worker knowledge and service delivery.

Discussion

In HIV care in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), potential behavioural economic strategies that may be utilized alone or in conjunction with more traditional approaches include using choice architecture to exploit status quo bias and reduce the effects of cognitive load, overcoming the impact of anchoring and availability bias through tailored clinical training and clinical mentoring, reducing the effects of present bias by changing the cost–benefit calculus of interventions with few short‐term benefits and leveraging social norms through peer comparison. As with any implementation strategy, understanding the local context and catalysts of behaviour is crucial for success.

Conclusions

As the focus of HIV care shifts beyond the goal of initiating patients on antiretroviral therapy to a more general retention in high‐quality care to support longevity and quality of life, there is an increasing need for innovation to achieve improved care delivery and management. Clinical policies and implementation strategies that incorporate elements of behavioural economic theory, alongside local testing and adaptation, may increase the delivery of evidence‐based interventions and improve health outcomes for people living with HIV in LMIC settings.
JUSTICE IN CORPORATE CONTEXTS IS NEW
Authors: Winters Mary‐Frances
Published: April 2023

The author writes that “Justice is a new term in the diversity lexicon, especially in the corporate world.” She further explains that “while diversity is about increasing the representation of underrepresented groups in the workplace and inclusion is about ensuring that everyone has a voice, equity is about acknowledging different needs, and justice is about correcting past harm.” In defining justice in this context, she notes that many people would call on the term fairness. But the latter “is subjective and is almost always interpreted from an interpersonal lens…you in relation to others.” Justice is “distributive (determining who gets what), procedural (determining how fairly people are treated), retributive (determining how people are punished for wrongdoing), contributive (everyone has the right to contribute to how society operates) and restorative (repairing what is broken and compensating victims for past harm).” For implementing justice‐centered approaches in the workplace, Winters advises: “First, we must acknowledge the existence of a white supremacy culture that minimizes or weaponizes other ways of doing and being. Next, organizations should conduct a comprehensive audit that goes beyond tracking Human Resources/HR metrics like hiring, promotions, and terminations to understand all the underlying systems that uphold the status quo and continue to perpetuate harm.”
The role and prospect of lysine‐specific demethylases in cancer chemoresistance
Authors: Song Ying‐Qi , Yang Guan‐Jun , Ma Dik‐Lung , Wang Wanhe , Leung Chung‐Hang
Published: April 2023

Histone methylation plays a key function in modulating gene expression, and preserving genome integrity and epigenetic inheritance. However, aberrations of histone methylation are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. Lysine methylation mediated by histone methyltransferases can be reversed by lysine demethylases (KDMs), which remove methyl marks from histone lysine residues. Currently, drug resistance is a main impediment for cancer therapy. KDMs have been found to mediate drug tolerance of many cancers via altering the metabolic profile of cancer cells, upregulating the ratio of cancer stem cells and drug‐tolerant genes, and promoting the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and metastatic ability. Moreover, different cancers show distinct oncogenic addictions for KDMs. The abnormal activation or overexpression of KDMs can alter gene expression signatures to enhance cell survival and drug resistance in cancer cells. In this review, we describe the structural features and functions of KDMs, the KDMs preferences of different cancers, and the mechanisms of drug resistance resulting from KDMs. We then survey KDM inhibitors that have been used for combating drug resistance in cancer, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of KDMs as therapeutic targets for cancer drug resistance.