bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction Between Dislocations and Grain Boundaries Role in Plastic Deformation
Authors: Priester Louisette , Couzinié Jean‐Philippe , Décamps Brigitte
Published: June 2010

Several proceedings have been applied to improve metals and metallic alloys mechanical properties: change of composition, microstructure, and texture changes following various thermo‐mechanical treatments. One new hope, based on the different behaviors of grain boundaries under mechanical solicitation, is emerging. The researches in this field are still in their infancy, but the present paper attempts to demonstrate that macroscopic behavior changes are likely to occur due to the modification of the grain boundary distribution in a polycrystal. This requires first to investigate the answer of individual grain boundaries to strains coming mainly from their interactions with the lattice dislocations.
The β‐to‐γ Transition in BiFeO3: A Powder Neutron Diffraction Study
Authors: Arnold Donna C. , Knight Kevin S. , Catalan Gustau , Redfern Simon A. T. , Scott James F. , Lightfoot Philip , Morrison Finlay D.
Published: June 2010

High‐temperature powder neutron diffraction experiments are conducted around the reported β–γ phase transition (∼930 °C) in BiFeO3. The results demonstrate that while a small volume contraction is observed at the transition temperature, consistent with an insulator–metal transition, both the β‐ and γ‐phase of BiFeO3 exhibit orthorhombic symmetry; i.e., no further increase of symmetry occurs during this transition. The γ‐orthorhombic phase is observed to persist up to a temperature of approximately 950 °C before complete decomposition into Bi2Fe4O9 (and liquid Bi2O3), which subsequently begins to decompose at approximately 960 °C.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials Prepared by Ammoxidation as Solid Base Catalysts for Knoevenagel Condensation and Transesterification Reactions
Authors: Kan‐nari Naokatsu , Okamura Shuhei , Fujita Shin‐ichiro , Ozaki Jun‐ichi , Arai Masahiko
Published: June 2010

Nitrogen‐doped carbon materials were prepared by ammoxidation of commercial carbon sources (carbon black and activated carbon) and applied as base catalysts for Knoevenagel and transesterification reactions. It was shown that these carbon materials were active and the activities were different depending on the ammoxidation conditions (temperature and ammonia concentration in air) and carbon sources used. The bulk, textural, and surface properties of the nitrogen‐doped carbon materials were examined by several methods to clarify possible factors determining their final catalytic activities. The activated carbon‐derived catalysts were more active than the carbon black‐derived ones. The surface area and porosity were not responsible for this difference between the two carbon sources but the difference in the reactivity with oxygen was important. The reactivity of carbon sources with oxygen should influence the doping of nitrogen onto their surfaces by ammoxidation with ammonia and air and the resulting activities as base catalysts. The catalytic activity increases with the amount of nitrogen doped and, therefore, the nitrogen doped should be responsible for the catalytic activities. In addition, the activities are maximal at a ratio of nitrogen to oxygen of around 1, suggesting the importance of cooperative functions of nitrogen and oxygen on the surface of carbons.
Examination of the Aromatic Amination Catalyzed by Palladium on Charcoal
Authors: Komáromi Anna , Novák Zoltán
Published: June 2010

The Buchwald–Hartwig amination of aryl halides with secondary amines and functionalized aromatic amines catalyzed by solid‐supported palladium is reported. The choices of ligand, base and solvent are crucial for the successful coupling. The amination of aromatic iodides, bromides and chlorides can be easily achieved with palladium on charcoal in the presence of a biphenylphosphane‐type ligand at 80–110 °C. In addition, the palladium on charcoal catalyst is easily separable after the reaction, and reusable several times with only small activity loss.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) of Alkynes and Benzylic CH Bonds
Authors: Correia Camille A. , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: June 2010

The activation of benzylic CH bonds and subsequent coupling with terminal alkynes in the presence of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone (DDQ) and a catalytic amount of copper(I) triflate is presented. Good to moderate yields of disubstituted alkynes are obtained for this cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction between a variety of aromatic alkynes and diphenylmethane derivatives.
A General Approach to the Synthesis of β2‐Amino Acid Derivatives via Highly Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Aminomethylacrylates
Authors: Guo Yujuan , Shao Guang , Li Lanning , Wu Wenhao , Li Ruihong , Li Jingjing , Song Jian , Qiu Liqin , Prashad Mahavir , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: June 2010

A new strategy was developed for the synthesis of a valuable class of α‐aminomethylacrylates via the Baylis–Hillman reaction of different aldehydes with methyl acrylate followed by acetylation of the resulting allylic alcohols and SN2′‐type amination of the allylic acetates. Asymmetric hydrogenation of these diverse olefinic precursors using rhodium(Et‐Duphos) catalysts provided the corresponding β2‐amino acid derivatives with excellent enantioselectivities and exceedingly high reactivities (up to >99.5% ee and S/C=10,000). The first hydrogenation of (Z)‐configurated substrates was studied for the synthesis of β2‐amino acid derivatives. The high influence of the substrate geometry and steric hindrance on the reactivity and enantioselectivity was also disclosed for this reaction. This protocol provides a highly practical, facile and scalable method for the preparation of optically pure β2‐amino acids and their derivatives under mild reaction conditions.
Michael Reaction of Nitroalkanes with β‐Nitroacrylates under a Solid Promoter: Advanced Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Nitro‐Functionalized α,β‐Unsaturated Esters and 1,3‐Butadiene‐2‐carboxylates
Authors: Palmieri Alessandro , Gabrielli Serena , Ballini Roberto
Published: June 2010

A new class of nitro‐functionalized α,β‐unsaturated esters has been prepared by a regio‐ and diastereoselective Michael addition of nitroalkanes to β‐nitroacrylates, performed at room temperature, under carbonate on polymer as promoter, and in the presence of ethyl acetate as eco‐friendly solvent. Moreover, by the modular choice of the reaction conditions the method allows the synthesis of 1,3‐butadiene‐2‐carboxylates.
Metalloporphyrin/Iodine(III)‐Cocatalyzed Oxygenation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Yoshimura Akira , Neu Heather M. , Nemykin Victor N. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: June 2010

Hypervalent iodine species have a pronounced catalytic effect on the metalloporphyrin‐mediated oxygenations of aromatic hydrocarbons. In particular, the oxidation of anthracene to anthraquinone with Oxone readily occurs at room temperature in aqueous acetonitrile in the presence of 5–20 mol% of iodobenzene and 5 mol% of a water‐soluble iron(III)‐porphyrin complex. 2‐tert‐Butylanthracene and phenanthrene also can be oxygenated under similar conditions in the presence of 50 mol% of iodobenzene. The oxidation of styrene in the presence of 20 mol% of iodobenzene leads to a mixture of products of epoxidation and cleavage of the double bond. Partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 9,10‐dihydroanthracene, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene, and 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indene) afford under these conditions products of oxidation at the benzylic position in moderate yields. The proposed mechanism for these catalytic oxidations includes two catalytic redox cycles: 1) initial oxidation of iodobenzene with Oxone producing the hydroxy(phenyl)iodonium ion and hydrated iodosylbenzene, and 2) the oxidation of iron(III)‐porphyrin to the oxoiron(IV)‐porphyrin cation‐radical complex by the intermediate iodine(III) species. The oxoiron(IV)‐porphyrin cation‐radical complex acts as the actual oxygenating agent toward aromatic hydrocarbons.
Start‐up transients in a pneumatic foam
Authors: Shaw Ryan , Evans Geoffrey M. , Stevenson Paul
Published: June 2010

In the current work, transient features of initiation in a gas‐liquid pneumatic foam are investigated by measuring the evolution of volumetric liquid fraction as a function of height within the column. The addition of wash water to a flotation froth is only effective when the foam liquid fraction has reached a steady state. This makes start‐up transients in pneumatic foam worthy of study. For the conditions adopted in the experiments, an approximately steady state was achieved after typically 500s, but there was significant fluctuation in liquid fraction after this time. In general, three possible regimes in the start‐up transient (induction, growth and evolution) have been identified and a tentative mathematical model has been described for the last two. However, because it has been demonstrated that the method of obtaining bubble size distributions by analysing images taken through the column wall is deficient, no comparison of these models with the data has been attempted. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy and safety of abatacept in patients with non–life‐threatening manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a twelve‐month, multicenter, exploratory, phase IIb, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Merrill J. T. , Burgos‐Vargas R. , Westhovens R. , Chalmers A. , D'Cruz D. , Wallace D. J. , Bae S. C. , Sigal L. , Becker J.‐C. , Kelly S. , Raghupathi K. , Li T. , Peng Y. , Kinaszczuk M. , Nash P.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To evaluate abatacept therapy in patients with non–life‐threatening systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and polyarthritis, discoid lesions, or pleuritis and/or pericarditis.

Methods

In a 12‐month, multicenter, exploratory, phase IIb randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, SLE patients with polyarthritis, discoid lesions, or pleuritis and/or pericarditis were randomized at a ratio of 2:1 to receive abatacept (∼10 mg/kg of body weight) or placebo. Prednisone (30 mg/day or equivalent) was given for 1 month, and then the dosage was tapered. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with new flare (adjudicated) according to a score of A/B on the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index after the start of the steroid taper.

Results

A total of 118 patients were randomized to receive abatacept and 57 to receive placebo. The baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. The proportion of new BILAG A/B flares over 12 months was 79.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 72.4, 86.9) in the abatacept group and 82.5% (95% CI 72.6, 92.3) in the placebo group (treatment difference −3.5 [95% CI −15.3, 8.3]). Other prespecified flare end points were not met. In post hoc analyses, the proportions of abatacept‐treated and placebo‐treated patients with a BILAG A flare were 40.7% (95% CI 31.8, 49.5) versus 54.4% (95% CI 41.5, 67.3), and the proportions with physician‐assessed flare were 63.6% (95% CI 54.9, 72.2) and 82.5% (95% CI 72.6, 92.3), respectively; treatment differences were greatest in the polyarthritis group. Prespecified exploratory patient‐reported outcomes (Short Form 36 health survey, sleep problems, fatigue) demonstrated a treatment effect with abatacept. The frequency of adverse events (AEs) was comparable in the abatacept and placebo groups (90.9% versus 91.5%), but serious AEs (SAEs) were higher in the abatacept group (19.8 versus 6.8%). Most SAEs were single, disease‐related events occurring during the first 6 months of the study (including the steroid taper period).

Conclusion

Although the primary/secondary end points were not met in this study, improvements in certain exploratory measures suggest some abatacept efficacy in patients with non–life‐threatening manifestations of SLE. The increased rate of SAEs requires further assessment.
Extracellular calreticulin is present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inhibits FasL (CD95L)–mediated apoptosis of T cells
Authors: Tarr Joanna M. , Winyard Paul G. , Ryan Brent , Harries Lorna W. , Haigh Richard , Viner Nick , Eggleton Paul
Published: June 2010

Objective

The binding of FasL (CD95L) to its receptor, Fas (CD95), induces apoptosis. Studies have shown that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T lymphocytes are resistant to FasL‐induced apoptosis in vivo but are susceptible to FasL‐induced apoptosis in vitro. Dysfunction in this mechanism may be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of RA. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine which factors might inhibit FasL–Fas binding in vivo and those that would inhibit apoptosis of T lymphocytes in an in vitro model system.

Methods

Human Jurkat T cells rendered apoptotic by FasL exposure were analyzed by flow cytometry. Necrosis was determined according to measurement of lactate dehydrogenase release. Quantification of calreticulin in plasma and synovial fluid and of calreticulin–FasL binding was performed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Measurement of nitrite/nitrate in the plasma and synovial fluid was carried out by chemiluminescence assay.

Results

Extracellular calreticulin was present at a significantly higher concentration in the plasma (median 10.3 ng/ml, interquartile range [IQR] 14.8 ng/ml) and synovial fluid (median 10.3 ng/ml, IQR 12.0 ng/ml) of RA patients (each P < 0.05) compared with the plasma (median 3.1 ng/ml, IQR 1.3 ng/ml) and synovial fluid (median 2.9 ng/ml, IQR 0.9 ng/ml) of patients with psoriatic arthritis and the plasma of healthy control subjects (median 2.9 ng/ml, IQR 0.9 ng/ml). Calreticulin concentrations in the synovial fluid correlated with the tender and swollen joint counts and the activity scores on the 28‐joint Disease Activity Score assessment. Calreticulin also bound directly to FasL. In vitro, calreticulin (2–16 ng/ml) inhibited FasL‐induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells.

Conclusion

Calreticulin was present at higher concentrations in the plasma and synovial fluid of RA patients. Calreticulin had the capacity to bind directly to FasL and to inhibit FasL‐mediated apoptosis of Jurkat T cells, and thus might play a role in inhibiting apoptosis of inflammatory T cells in RA.
Comparison of visual sensitivity to human and object motion in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kaiser Martha D. , Delmolino Lara , Tanaka James W. , Shiffrar Maggie
Published: June 2010

Successful social behavior requires the accurate detection of other people's movements. Consistent with this, typical observers demonstrate enhanced visual sensitivity to human movement relative to equally complex, nonhuman movement [e.g., Pinto & Shiffrar, 2009]. A psychophysical study investigated visual sensitivity to human motion relative to object motion in observers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants viewed point‐light depictions of a moving person and, for comparison, a moving tractor and discriminated between coherent and scrambled versions of these stimuli in unmasked and masked displays. There were three groups of participants: young adults with ASD, typically developing young adults, and typically developing children. Across masking conditions, typical observers showed enhanced visual sensitivity to human movement while observers in the ASD group did not. Because the human body is an inherently social stimulus, this result is consistent with social brain theories [e.g., Pelphrey & Carter, 2008; Schultz, 2005] and suggests that the visual systems of individuals with ASD may not be tuned for the detection of socially relevant information such as the presence of another person. Reduced visual sensitivity to human movements could compromise important social behaviors including, for example, gesture comprehension.
Vertikale Schwingungen von Blockfundamenten bei linearer Dichtezunahme des Baugrunds
Authors: Scheiter Siegfried
Published: June 2010

Auf einem Sandvorkommen werden sechs Blockfundamente zu stationären Schwingungen angeregt. Die Scherwellengeschwindigkeit im Baugrund nimmt linear mit der Tiefe zu. Das Schwingungssystem wird durch ein Modell aus einer Feder, Masse und Dämpfung nachgebildet, dessen Elemente frequenzunabhängig sind. Für die wirksame Baugrundtiefe ist die doppelte Kantenlänge des Fundaments repräsentativ. Im Resonanzfall ist die Länge der abgestrahlten Wellen unabhängig von der Scherwellengeschwindigkeit. Sie vergrößert sich linear mit der Kantenlänge und der Quadratwurzel aus dem Quotient der am Schwingungsvorgang beteiligten Gesamtmasse und der Feder.

Vertical vibrations of block foundations with linear increase in density of the soil. On a sand stratum six block foundations are activated to stationary oscillations. The shear wave velocity in the soil increases linearly with depth. The oscillating system is replicated by a model of a spring, mass and damping, whose elements are frequency independent. The effective soil depth is represented by the double edge length of the foundation. In the case of resonance, the length of the radiated waves is independent of the shear wave velocity. It increases linearly with the edge length and the square root of the ratio of the total mass, involved in the oscillation process, and of the spring.
Empfehlung Nr. 5 “Punktlastversuche an Gesteinsproben“ des Arbeitskreises 3.3 “Versuchstechnik Fels“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik
Authors: Thuro Kurosch
Published: June 2010

Der Arbeitskreis AK 3.3 “Versuchstechnik Fels“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. erarbeitet Empfehlungen für felsmechanische Labor‐ und Feldversuche sowie Messungen im Gebirge und an Bauwerken. Die vorliegende Neufassung der Empfehlung Nr. 5 behandelt den Punktlastversuch an Gesteinsprobekörpern und berücksichtigt die Weiterentwicklung der Versuchstechnik und ‐auswertung seit der gleichnamigen Empfehlung Nr. 5 von 1982. Es werden die Anforderungen an die Prüfeinrichtung und die Probekörper sowie die Vorgehensweisen für die Durchführung und Auswertung von Punktlastversuchen festgelegt. Die wesentliche Neuerung besteht darin, dass nicht mehr der Lastpunktabstand allein, sondern die Probekörperfläche zur Berechnung des Punktlastindex verwendet wird.

Beim Punktlastversuch wird ein Indexwert für die Festigkeit eines Gesteins bestimmt, indem ein zylinderförmiger, quaderförmiger oder unregelmäßig geformter Probekörper zwischen zwei Lasteinleitungsspitzen bis zum Bruch belastet wird. In dieser Empfehlung werden der Zweck, die Begriffe, die Prüfeinrichtung, die Anforderungen an den Probekörper und die Versuchsdurchführung erläutert. Drei mögliche Optionen der Versuchsauswertung werden aufgezeigt, die Darstellung der Ergebnisse beschrieben und mit Hilfe von Beispielen illustriert. Abschließend wird erläutert, wie die einaxiale Druckfestigkeit aus der Punktlastfestigkeit abgeleitet werden kann.

Recommendation No. 5 (revised) of the Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V. — “point load tests on rock samples”. The Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V. (German Geotechnical Society) is compiling instructions for rock tests conducted in the laboratory and in‐situ, and for performing monitoring of rock masses and civil engineering structures. The revised version of recommendation No. 5 deals with the point load test on rock samples and incorporates recent developments in testing machines and testing procedures since the first version from 1982. The requirements for the testing machines and the specimens are given, as well as the procedures to perform the tests and evaluate the data. The essential modification is the use of the sample area instead of the platen tip distance alone.

The point load test is used to derive an index value for rock strength. Therefore rock specimens in the form of core, cut blocks or irregular lumps are loaded until failure between a pair of load tips. In this recommendation, scope, terms, apparatus, specimen requirements and procedure of the test are explained. Three possible options of test evaluation are given, the reporting of results described and illustrated by examples. Finally it is shown, how the uniaxial compressive strength can be derived by the point load strength.
Sustainability certification of bioethanol: how is it perceived by Brazilian stakeholders?
Authors: Huertas David A. , Berndes Göran , Holmén Magnus , Sparovek Gerd
Published: June 2010

This paper investigates whether initiatives for sustainability certification of Brazilian ethanol can be expected to stimulate a change among producers toward more sustainable production – and, if so, what those changes would likely be. Connected to this, several questions are raised including whether producers might prefer to target other markets with less stringent demands, and if certification might lead to structural changes in the sector because producers who lack the capacity to meet the new requirements cannot remain competitive. The analysis of interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders under the guidance of the Technological Innovation Systems framework allowed us identify different actions taken by the Brazilian sugarcane ethanol sector in response to requirements of sustainability. The interviewees agreed that sustainability certification is an important element for the expansion of biofuel production in Brazil. Brazilian stakeholders have created a platform for more competitive sustainable production and have initiated relevant processes in response to the development connected to sustainability certification. Yet, the certification activities have had a limited impact in terms of the number of involved stakeholders. But interview responses indicate that the sector may adapt to new certification requirements rather than leave markets where such requirements become established. Structural changes can be expected if certification requirements as they exist in many initiatives are introduced in unflexible ways. The social importance of the ethanol industry is large in Brazil and some adjustments for certification may be required. The paper concludes by suggesting some actions for the industry. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A semiparametric Bayesian approach for structural equation models
Authors: Song Xin‐Yuan , Pan Jun‐Hao , Kwok Timothy , Vandenput Liesbeth , Ohlsson Claes , Leung Ping‐Chung
Published: June 2010

In the development of structural equation models (SEMs), observed variables are usually assumed to be normally distributed. However, this assumption is likely to be violated in many practical researches. As the non‐normality of observed variables in an SEM can be obtained from either non‐normal latent variables or non‐normal residuals or both, semiparametric modeling with unknown distribution of latent variables or unknown distribution of residuals is needed. In this article, we find that an SEM becomes nonidentifiable when both the latent variable distribution and the residual distribution are unknown. Hence, it is impossible to estimate reliably both the latent variable distribution and the residual distribution without parametric assumptions on one or the other. We also find that the residuals in the measurement equation are more sensitive to the normality assumption than the latent variables, and the negative impact on the estimation of parameters and distributions due to the non‐normality of residuals is more serious. Therefore, when there is no prior knowledge about parametric distributions for either the latent variables or the residuals, we recommend making parametric assumption on latent variables, and modeling residuals nonparametrically. We propose a semiparametric Bayesian approach using the truncated Dirichlet process with a stick breaking prior to tackle the non‐normality of residuals in the measurement equation. Simulation studies and a real data analysis demonstrate our findings, and reveal the empirical performance of the proposed methodology. A free WinBUGS code to perform the analysis is available in Supporting Information.
A Bayesian method to estimate the optimal threshold of a longitudinal biomarker
Authors: Subtil Fabien , Rabilloud Muriel
Published: June 2010

The objective of this study was to develop methods to estimate the optimal threshold of a longitudinal biomarker and its credible interval when the diagnostic test is based on a criterion that reflects a dynamic progression of that biomarker. Two methods are proposed: one parametric and one non‐parametric. In both the cases, the Bayesian inference was used to derive the posterior distribution of the optimal threshold from which an estimate and a credible interval could be obtained. A numerical study shows that the bias of the parametric method is low and the coverage probability of the credible interval close to the nominal value, with a small coverage asymmetry in some cases. This is also true for the non‐parametric method in case of large sample sizes. Both the methods were applied to estimate the optimal prostate‐specific antigen nadir value to diagnose prostate cancer recurrence after a high‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment. The parametric method can also be applied to non‐longitudinal biomarkers.
Validation and clinical application of an LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of tolmetin and MED5, the metabolites of amtolmetin guacil in human plasma
Authors: Hotha Kishore Kumar , Bharathi D. Vijaya , Kumar S. Sirish , Reddy Y. Narsimha , Chatki Pankaj , Ravindranath L. K. , Veera K. N. Jaya , Mullangi Ramesh
Published: June 2010

A highly sensitive, rapid assay method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of tolmetin (TMT) and MED5 in human plasma with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the positive‐ion mode. A simple solid‐phase extraction process was used to extract TMT and MED5 along with mycophenolic acid (internal standard, IS) from human plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved with 0.2% formic acid–acetonitrile (25:75, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on an X‐Terra RP18 column with a total run time of 2.5 min. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were 258.1 → 119.0 for TMT, 315.1 → 119.0 for MED5 and 321.2 → 207.0 for IS. Method validation and clinical sample analysis were performed as per FDA guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The lower limit of quantitation achieved was 20 ng/mL and the linearity was observed from 20 to 2000 ng/mL, for both the anlaytes. The intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were in the range 3.27–4.50 and 5.32–8.18%, respectively for TMT and 4.27–5.68 and 5.32–8.85%, respectively for MED5. This novel method has been applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomic study of the prechiasmatic sulcus and its surgical implications
Authors: Guthikonda Bharat , Tobler William D. , Froelich Sebastien C. , Leach James L. , Zimmer Lee A. , Theodosopoulos Philip V. , Tew John M. , Keller Jeffrey T.
Published: June 2010

To address a lack of anatomical descriptions in the literature regarding the prechiasmatic sulcus, we conducted an anatomical study of this sulcal region and discuss its clinical relevance to cranial base surgery. Our systematic morphometric analysis includes the variable types of chiasmatic sulcus and a classification schema that has surgical implications. We examined the sulcal region in 100 dry skulls; bony relationships measured included the interoptic distance, sulcal length/width, planum sphenoidale length, and sulcal angle. The varied anatomy of the prechiasmatic sulcii was classified as four types in combinations of wide to narrow, steep to flat. Its anterior border is the limbus sphenoidale at the posterior aspect of the planum sphenoidale. The sulcus extends posteriorly to the tuberculum sellae and laterally to the posteromedial aspect of each optic strut. Averages included an interoptic distance (19.3 ± 2.4 mm), sulcal length (7.45 ± 1.27 mm), planum sphenoidale length (19 ± 2.35 mm), and sulcal angle (31 ± 14.2 degrees). Eighteen percent of skulls had a chiasmatic ridge, a bony projection over the chiasmatic sulcus. The four types of prechiasmatic sulcus in our classification hold potential surgical relevance. Near the chiasmatic ridge, meningiomas may be hidden from the surgeon's view during a subfrontal or pterional approach. Preoperative evaluation by thin‐cut CT scans of this region can help detect this ridge. Clin. Anat. 23:622–628, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital absence of the portal vein—Case report and a review of literature
Authors: Mistinova Jana , Valacsai Frantisek , Varga Ivan
Published: June 2010

Congenital absence of the portal vein (CAPV) is a rare anomaly in which the intestinal and the splenic venous drainage bypass the liver and drain into systemic veins through various venous shunts. To our knowledge, we have reviewed all 83 cases of CAPV, since first described in 1793. This equates to a rate of almost 2.5 cases per year over the last 30 years. Morgan and Superina (1994, J. Pediatr. Surg. 29:1239–1241) proposed the following classification of portosystemic anomalies; either the liver is not perfused with portal blood because of a complete shunt (Type I) or the liver is perfused with portal blood due to the presence of a partial shunt (Type II). In our case, abdominal venous blood drained into the suprarenal inferior vena cava via the left renal vein and dilated left gastric veins. After analyzing all reported cases, we recognize that more than 65% of patients are females and more than 30% of all published cases had been diagnosed by the age of 5 years. Additional anomalies are common in CAPV. In the reported cases, more then 22% of patients had congenital heart disease. Other commonly found anomalies include abnormalities of the spleen, urinary and male genital tract, brain as well as skeletal anomalies. Hepatic changes such as focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatoblastoma are diagnosed in more then 40% of patients. This article also illustrates the radiological findings of CAPV. Radiological evaluation by ultrasound, CT, and MRI is helpful to detect coexisting abnormalities. Clin. Anat. 23:750–758, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of rudimentary sacral zygapophyseal facets and accessory and ligamentous articulations: Implications for load transmission at the L5‐S1 junction
Authors: Mahato Niladri Kumar
Published: June 2010

Weight transmitted from the fifth lumbar vertebrae to the sacrum is distributed as three separate components between (a) the vertebral bodies anteriorly, (b) the transverse elements intermediately, and (c) the lumbosacral facet joints, posteriorly. The posterior components of the fifth lumbar vertebra share greater proportion of load in comparison with the posterior elements of the upper lumbar vertebral levels. This study focuses on rudimentary lumbosacral facet articulations and their possible effects on load sharing at this region. Twenty sacra bearing rudimentary articulations were collected for analysis. Sixteen of these sacra presented unilateral rudimentary facets, and the remaining four had facets that were bilaterally rudimentary. Thirteen of the sacra with unilateral rudimentary facets showed an accessory articulating area on the upper surface of the ala on the same side as the rudimentary zygapophyseal facet. The remaining three sacra (out of the 16) showed evidence of strong ligamentous attachments between the L5 and S1 transverse elements on the sides of the rudimentary facets. All the sacra with bilateral rudimentary facets demonstrated bilateral accessory L5–S1 articulations. These observations indicated that load transmission at lumbosacral junctions bearing a rudimentary facet joint is not normal and that their associations with strong L5–S1 lumbosacral ligamentous attachments or accessory articulations at the transverse elements serve a compensatory mechanism for load sharing. Clin. Anat. 23:707–711, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Going Forward Laterally: Transmembrane Passage of Hydrophobic Molecules through Protein Channel Walls
Authors: van den Berg Bert
Published: June 2010

Regular phospholipid bilayers do not pose efficient barriers for the transport of hydrophobic molecules. The outer membrane (OM) surrounding Gram‐negative bacteria is a nontypical, asymmetric bilayer with an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The sugar molecules of the LPS layer prevent spontaneous diffusion of hydrophobic molecules across the OM. As regular OM channels such as porins do not allow passage of hydrophobic molecules, specialized OM transport proteins are required for their uptake. Such proteins, exemplified by channels of the FadL family, transport their substrates according to a lateral diffusion mechanism. Here, substrates diffuse from the lumen of the β‐barrel laterally into the OM, through a stable opening in the wall of the barrel. In this way, the lipopolysaccharide barrier is bypassed and, by depositing the substrates into the OM, a driving force for uptake is provided. Lateral diffusion through protein channel walls also occurs in α‐helical inner membrane proteins, and could represent a widespread mechanism for proteins that transport and interact with hydrophobic substrates.
Dr Harold Frederick Shipman: An enigma
Authors: Gunn John
Published: June 2010

Dr. Shipman was the worst known serial killer in British history, at least in terms of numbers of victims, and possibly the worst in world history, if politicians are excluded. He killed at least 215 patients and may have begun his murderous career at the age of 25, within a year of finishing his medical training. His case has had a profound impact on the practice of medicine in the United Kingdom. Was he a special case? What were the origins of this behaviour? Could the behaviour have been prevented? It is necessary to learn what we can from a few personal facts and largely circumstantial evidence. He withheld himself from any useful clinical investigation or treatment once he had been taken into custody. Could he have been treated at any stage? Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Synthetic Approaches to 6,15‐Iminoisoquino[3,2‐b]3‐benzazocine Compounds
Authors: Avendaño Carmen , de la Cuesta Elena
Published: June 2010

Saframycins, safracins, renieramycins, cribrostatins, and esteinascidins are 6,15‐iminoisoquino[3,2‐b]3‐benzazocine compounds that constitute the largest subgroup among the antitumor antibiotics belonging to the tetrahydroisoquinoline family. Their structural complexity has led to widespread synthetic attention to obtain them in both racemic and enantiopure forms. Publication in 1996 of the first total synthesis of ecteinascidin 743 by Corey’s group was an important milestone, but the development of preparative protocols for these structures has continued, offering new possibilities to exploit the biological activity of the above‐mentioned natural products and their analogues. This minireview is intended to update this progress following a methodological rather than a chronological organization. Besides of a brief description of the different strategies evolved from retrosynthetic analyses, which have been organized according to the order of bonding events that will link the precursors, semisynthetic approaches and a brief account of the total syntheses of ecteinascidin 743, have been analyzed.
The Equilibrium Between the Octahedral and Square Pyramidal Form and the Influence of an Axial Ligand on the Molecular Properties of VIVO Complexes: A Spectroscopic and DFT Study
Authors: Gorelsky Serge , Micera Giovanni , Garribba Eugenio
Published: June 2010

The previously unreported equilibrium in aqueous solution between the VIVO square pyramidal and trans octahedral form with an axial water molecule for a number of bidentate ligands with (N,O) and (O,O) donor sets (6‐methylpicolinic (6‐mepicH) and 6‐methyl‐2,3‐pyridinedicarboxylic (6‐me‐2,3‐pdcH2) acids, dipyridin‐2‐ylmethanol (Hdpmo) and 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridinone (Hdhp)) has been demonstrated by the combined application of EPR spectroscopy and DFT methods. The EPR spectra suggest that, with increasing ionic strength, the equilibrium is shifted towards the formation of the pentacoordinated species and values of K≈4.0 and 7.0 for the systems containing 6‐methyl‐2,3‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid and dipyridin‐2‐ylmethanol were measured. DFT calculations performed with Gaussian 03 and ORCA software predict the 51V anisotropic hyperfine coupling constant along the z axis (Az), which can be used to demonstrate the presence of an axially bound ligand trans to the VO bond. The results suggest that an axial donor (charged or not) can lower |Az|, in contrast to what was previously believed on the basis of the “additivity rule”, and this explains the anomalous behaviour of the VIVO complexes formed by N‐{2‐[(2‐pyridylmethylene)amino]phenyl}pyridine‐2‐carboxamide (Hcapca) and several amidrazone derivatives. The decrease in |Az| for the axial binding of a solvent molecule is mainly a result of the reduction of |Aiso| and this was also observed when the solid [VO(6‐methylpicolinato)2] was dissolved in DMSO or DMF. The variations in the structural (VO, VO and VN distances, OVO and NVN angles, and the trigonality index τ) and spectroscopic (|Az|, |Aiso| and ν(VO)) properties as a function of the axial VOH2 distance (R) are also presented. Finally, the electronic structures of the penta‐ and hexacoordinated complexes are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Sandwich‐Type Silicotungstates: Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Dimeric Polyoxoanions [{SiM2W9O34(H2O)}2] 12‐ (M: Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+).
Authors: Kortz Ulrich , Isber Samih , Dickmann Michael H. , Ravot Didier
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversing the Polarity of Enol Ethers: An Anodic Route to Tetrahydrofuran and Tetrahydropyran Rings.
Authors: Sutterer Angela , Moeller Kevin D.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Polymer‐Supported Rhodium Catalyst that Functions in Polar Protic Solvents.
Authors: Taylor Rebecca A. , Santora Brian P. , Gagne Michel R.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rigid Dipeptide Mimetics. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of All Eight Stereoisomers of 2‐Oxo‐3‐(N‐Cbz‐amino)‐1‐azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐9‐carboxylic Acid Ester.
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Schuelzchen Frank , Bats Jan‐W.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Chiral Oxazoline Derived from Camphor and Its Conversion to (R)‐2‐Methylalkanoic Acids.
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sosale , Kausar Amina
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Aldol Condensation of 1,3‐Bis‐(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1‐methoxy‐buta‐1,3‐diene Promoted by Chiral Ti(IV)/BINOL Complex.
Authors: Soriente Annunziata , De Rosa Margherita , Villano Rosaria , Scettri Arrigo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to N‐Diphenylphosphinylimines Using Dendritic Chiral Ligands with Hydrocarbon Backbones.
Authors: Sato Itaru , Kodaka Ryo , Shibata Takanori , Hirokawa Yutaka , Shirai Nobuaki , Ohtake Koji , Soai Kenso
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Perfluoro‐2‐methylpent‐2‐ene and Perfluoro‐5‐azanon‐4‐ene with Aniline and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Chi Ki‐Whan , Furin Georgii G. , Bagryanskay Irina Yu. , Gatilov Yurii V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Induced Bismuth Trichloride Catalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement of Oximes.
Authors: Thakur Ashim J. , Boruah Anima , Prajapati Dipak , Sandhu Jagir S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New Bis[2‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolinyl)phenyl] Chalcogenides: Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis[2‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolinyl)phenyl] Telluride.
Authors: Apte Sandeep D. , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dipole‐Stabilized Carbanions in Series of Cyclic Aldonitrones. Part 2. Reactions of the Metalated Aldonitrones — Derivatives of 3‐Imidazoline 3‐Oxide and 2H‐Imidazole 1‐Oxide with Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Voinov Maxim A. , Grigor'ev Igor A. , Volodarsky Leonid B.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Ketene Diethyl Acetal Toward the Synthesis of Cyclobutene Monomers.
Authors: Kniep Carina S. , Padias Anne B. , Hall Jr. H. K.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Trifluoride Etherate Induced Rearrangement of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octenediones: An Efficient Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.2.1]octenediones.
Authors: Nair Vijay , Maliakal Davis , Treesa P. M. , Anilkumar Gopinathan , Vairamani M. , Prabhakar S. , Rath Nigam P.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild One‐Pot Deamination of Aromatic Amines Bearing Electron‐Withdrawing Groups. Calcium Hypophosphite as a Dediazonation Reagent in Nonaqueous Media.
Authors: Mitsuhashi Hirokazu , Kawakami Takehiko , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Opening of Trisubstituted Epoxy Alcohols: Application in the Studies Directed Toward the Synthesis of Octenoic Acid Moiety of Cryptophycins.
Authors: Chakraborty Tushar K. , Das Sanjib
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal and Molecular Structure of Ethyl (1,4‐Dibenzyloxy‐2,3‐naphthalene)diacetate.
Authors: Joshi Balawant S. , Rho Taikun , Lee Doowon , Coetzee Anita , Ratner Gary A. , Newton M. Gary , Pelletier S. William
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient Protocol for Epoxidation of Olefins Using Dimethyldioxirane.
Authors: Ferraz Helena M. C. , Muzzi Rozanna M. , de O. Vieira Tiago , Viertler Hans
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Three New Unsymmetrical Porphyrins.
Authors: Lu Xiaoquan , Geng Zaixin , Kang Jingwan , Wang Zhihua , Gao Jinzhang
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Indole Synthesis via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Alkynes and Imines.
Authors: Takeda Akira , Kamijo Shin , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrroline Nitroxide Annulated Carbocycles and Heterocycles.
Authors: Kalai Tamas , Jeko Jozsef , Hideg Kalman
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.