bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la recherche-action à la conférence spectacle participative : la tradition chantée et dansée en Nouvelle-Acadie
Authors: Joly Diane
Published: November 2020

Dans la région de Lanaudière, Philippe Jetté et Mélanie Boucher se sont donné la mission de transmettre aux Lanaudois et Lanaudoises le patrimoine immatériel propre au territoire. Interpellé par une approche intimiste et dynamique de la transmission, le duo propose des conférences spectacles participatives, dont leur projet Chansons et réflexions intimes, dans un salon ouvert ! lancé à l’automne 2018. Ainsi, le couple s’invite chez six familles afin d’explorer avec eux la vie familiale de la chanson de tradition orale. Unique en son genre, leur création est un essai vivant croisant le théâtre, le spectacle, la veillée traditionnelle et la médiation culturelle. L’article propose d’étudier le parcours de ces médiateurs, eux-mêmes porteurs de tradition, et cette activité novatrice qui leur a valu le prix Desjardins 2019 d’innovation culturelle dans Lanaudière.
C’était hier à Palmarolle
Authors: Dubé Richard
Published: November 2020

Né à Palmarolle, en Abitibi, au milieu du siècle dernier, l’auteur évoque dans un texte intimiste, son village natal, sa géographie physique et humaine. Il rappelle la migration pionnière et la vie intense de la grande famille Dubé dans ce pays de colonisation, d’abord en terre agricole, à Palmarolle, et par la suite, en milieu minier, à Malartic. Il retrace la mémoire de son grand-père, Edgar Dubé, habile menuisier-charpentier, homme secret et discret, un maître-artisan, et esquisse à grands traits l’aventure du clan familial qui a oeuvré dans les domaines de la construction et du bois d’oeuvre. Il s’attarde enfin à son enfance auprès de parents inspirants, ouverts et généreux, de frères et soeurs sensibles et accueillants.
Les substances chimiques utilisées à des fins de contrôle : un statut juridique controversé
Authors: Bernheim Emmanuelle
Published: November 2020

Au Québec, les mesures de contrôle – isolement, contentions et substances chimiques – font l’objet d’un encadrement législatif depuis 1998. Or, depuis cette date, les substances chimiques sont au coeur d’un débat sur leur statut juridique, entre thérapie et contrôle. En 2015, le ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux publie un Cadre de référence révisé sensé établir des normes directrices en matière de substances chimiques utilisées à des fins de contrôle. Un examen de ce cadre laisse pourtant transparaître plusieurs incohérences, entretenant l’indétermination sur leur statut. D’une part, l’exception prévue en matière de consentement ne correspond pas au cadre juridique québécois en matière de soins, laissant penser qu’il s’agit bien d’une mesure de contrôle. D’autre part, les actes réservés sont les mêmes, que les substances chimiques soient utilisées à des fins de contrôle ou à des fins thérapeutiques, laissant penser qu’il s’agit plutôt d’une mesure thérapeutique.
Le consentement dans les services de suivi intensif dans la communauté : de la contrainte à la personnification des soins
Authors: Lavoie Marie-Christine
Published: November 2020

Le contexte historique des soins en santé mentale au Québec ayant fait place, dans les dernières années, à une plus grande participation du client dans le processus décisionnel qui le concerne, a renversé la conception médicale de la psychiatrie d’autrefois. D’une vision d’internement, les soins sont maintenant adaptés aux besoins individuels de la clientèle desservie allant jusqu’à une offre de soin à même le domicile. Toutefois, le travail auprès de personnes fragilisées par la maladie mentale est souvent parsemé de questionnements et d’enjeux éthiques parfois contradictoires. Les équipes de suivi intensif dans le milieu en sont un exemple. Travaillant auprès d’une clientèle des plus vulnérables, les intervenants doivent savoir faire preuve d’ouverture et de flexibilité afin d’établir une relation thérapeutique auprès d’une clientèle souvent non volontaire et réfractaire à toute forme de traitement. Pour y parvenir, ils doivent souvent passer outre les refus de suivi en usant de diverses stratégies issues du paternalisme libertaire dans le but de maintenir des contacts qui deviendront significatifs et permettront à ces individus de reprendre le pouvoir sur leur vie. Cette approche parfois intrusive soulève bien évidemment son lot d’enjeux éthiques, notamment au sujet du consentement aux soins, et peut être perçue comme une atteinte aux droits fondamentaux en imputant les droits à l’autodétermination et l’autonomie décisionnelle. Il est cependant possible de renverser cette position à travers une approche bienveillante soutenue par l’éthique du care qui favorise le respect de la singularité de chaque individu en le mettant au coeur de la relation thérapeutique. C’est à travers le dialogue, la place accordée à l’autre, le respect de ses choix, de sa singularité et de son autodétermination qu’il sera alors possible d’aller chercher un consentement implicite et une participation active de l’usager dans son processus de rétablissement, et ce, même si parfois, il y a présence de mesures légales contraignantes.
Psychiatrie transculturelle : pour une éthique de tous les mondes
Authors: Mc Mahon Audrey , Radjack Rahmeth , Moro Marie Rose
Published: November 2020

La psychiatrie transculturelle s’intéresse à l’impact de la culture sur la santé mentale et la maladie et remet le patient au centre de la relation en respectant ses manières de faire et de penser, individuellement mais aussi collectivement. La culture définit les représentations ontologiques, les théories étiologiques et les logiques thérapeutiques qui influencent l’expression symptomatologique de la souffrance et les modes de résilience des individus, tout aussi variés que les cultures desquelles elles émergent. Or la psychiatrie occidentale est de la même manière indissociable de la culture dans laquelle elle est née, ce qui pose la question de la souffrance psychique et des soins en situation transculturelle. La psychiatrie transculturelle amène le clinicien à se remettre en question et à élargir la clinique aux questions sociales, géopolitiques et historiques qui teintent les liens du tissu social, les relations de pouvoir et l’accès aux soins pour les individus des communautés culturelles. Comment faire que notre rencontre avec les patients venus d’autres mondes et ne partageant pas la même langue que nous soit éthique? Comment soigner face à l’altérité culturelle? Et quels impacts pour la santé mentale des jeunes d’aujourd’hui qui grandissent dans ces sociétés mondialisées aux défis identitaires complexes qui peuvent mener à des radicalités? Nous proposons dans cet article quelques réponses à ces défis éthiques et cliniques, en passant par le métissage des représentations, gage d’un meilleur vivre ensemble et d’une créativité renouvelée, pour un « ethos de la solidarité » dans les soins en santé mentale.
Un lieu d’accueil pour l’élaboration de la souffrance du soignant : réflexion sur le cursus de formation en éthique au programme de psychiatrie de l’Université de Sherbrooke
Authors: Lamothe Dany , Bergeron Benoit , Hassoun Joëlle , Roy-Desruisseaux Jessika
Published: November 2020

La spécificité des soins en psychiatrie liée au contexte actuel rend les enjeux éthiques particulièrement saillants. Les résidents en formation dans cette discipline médicale sont confrontés à de tels enjeux dans bien des situations difficiles, lesquels peuvent fréquemment occasionner un inconfort marqué et une souffrance morale. Les futurs médecins sont outillés de connaissances et de compétences qui devraient leur permettre d’aborder les enjeux éthiques inhérents à la pratique, car l’enseignement de cette discipline est maintenant une condition d’accréditation des programmes de résidence au Canada. Or, bien des questions subsistent quant à la conception d’un enseignement en éthique clinique qui soit valide et efficient pour ces jeunes praticiens. Dans cet essai, nous tenterons d’esquisser des pistes de réponses à ce champ large de questionnements, à partir de notre expérience vécue en tant que résidents. Après avoir examiné certaines spécificités du dispositif pédagogique dont nous avons bénéficié au sein du programme de résidence en psychiatrie à l’Université de Sherbrooke, nous analyserons en quoi la structure du cursus proposé peut être un exemple positif pour une formation en éthique adéquate pour les jeunes professionnels de santé que sont les résidents. Plus spécifiquement, nous mettrons en évidence comment le fait de créer un espace pour accueillir la souffrance du soignant en formation peut avoir un impact sur sa propre sensibilité à la souffrance du sujet qu’il soigne.
Le dévoilement de soi dans la recherche d’aide et le suivi dans les services de santé mentale et psychiatrie
Authors: Jacques Marie-Claude
Published: November 2020

Le dévoilement de soi des patients est essentiel au travail des professionnels de la santé, et ceci est encore plus critique en santé mentale où la parole du patient est le reflet du contenu de la psyché. Le dévoilement de soi concerne alors des symptômes invisibles qui sont associés à des problèmes de santé où la discrimination et la stigmatisation sont encore très présentes. Cet article explore les enjeux éthiques de ce phénomène encore très peu étudié. Le dévoilement en tant que processus décisionnel, interpersonnel, dynamique et complexe sera défini et approfondi à l’aide d’exemples tirés de la recherche. Par la suite, la vulnérabilité de la personne qui se dévoile sera abordée, suivie des enjeux liés aux normes de pratique professionnelle associées au dévoilement des patients et à leur responsabilité avers celui-ci. Ces éléments mettent en lumière de nombreuses questions éthiques et nous amènent, en dernier lieu, à une amorce de proposition pour positionner les professionnels impliqués.
THE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF 2-DIMENSIONAL GRANULAR FILMS
Authors: WANG WEI  , YU ZHENG  , SUN YUAN-SHAN  , YAO XI-XIAN  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

We measured R-T characterization of various Sn granular film samples at low temperatures. The samples were prepared by using thermovaporization method in a vacuum chamber containing oxygen.Because of the grains and the grain sizes and the distance between the grains are randomly distributed, the Josephson coupling and the thermal excited electrons of hopping process between the grains are not identical for different samples. So the experimental results may be recognized as the following three kinds of processes: (1) transition to zero resistance; (2) minimum resistance; (3) metal-insulator transition.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF F3+ COLOR CENTERS IN LiF CRYSTAL
Authors: Zheng Li-xing  , Ruan Yong-feng  , Guo Shao-zhang  , Wan Liang-feng  , Li Hao  ,   (1)天津大学物理系; (2)天津大学物理系,天津市技术物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we describe systematically some experimental results of the optical characters of the creaion of F3+ centers in LiF crystal by electron bombardment under different conditions. The relative density between F3+ and F2 centers are analysed from fluorescence spectra. The experimental results show that irradiation temperature plays an important role in the creation of F3+ and F2 centers and affects the relative density of F3+ and F2 centers. The main results are as follows: (1) Irradiation at liquid nitrogen temperature and then warming up to room temperature in the dark can create F3+ canters with high density, which can be seen from the fluoreseence spectra, as fluorescence of F3+ centers centered at 530 nm is much stronger than that of F2 center (670 nm) and fewer N centers and R centers are presented in absortion spectra. (2) From dynamic fluorescence spectra, it can be shown that in the samples irradiated at liquid nitrogen temperature, the density of F3+ centers increase rapidly when F2+ centers decays. But in the samples irradiated at room temperature the growth of F3+ and F2 centers are approximatly with the came rate. (3) We observd the band width and double pike structure of the fluorescence excitation spectra of F3+ and F2 centers.
CRITICAL PHENOMENA OF AMORPHOUS Fe13Ni67.2P4.5B15.3 ALLOYS
Authors: SHEN BAO-GEN  , ZHAO JIAN-GAO  , ZHAN WEN-SHAN  , CHEN JIN-CHANG  ,   (1)北京师范学院物理系; (2)中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Results of the magnetization measurements performed on the amorphous Fe13Ni67.2P4.5B15.3 alloy in the temperature range 1.5 to 300 K in fields up to 40 kOe are reported. The behaviour near the Curie temperature is found to obey second-order phase transition laws with critical indices: β=0.39±0.02;γ=1.56±0.06; δ=5.20±0.1, and the ferromagnetic Curie temperature Tc = (180.4 ± 0.2)K. Within experimental error the critical indices satisfy the scaling law relationship γ=β(δ-l). The data satisfy the magnetic equation of state characteristic of a second-order phase transition in the temperature range 168 to 192 K. Above 270 K, the paramagnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss law. From the Curie constant c, we obtain the effective magnetic moment peff=3.19 μB.
THE DIFFRACTION PATTERNS PRODUCED BY A LASER BEAM PASSING THROUGH POTASSIUM IODATE CRYSTALS AND THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE PHASE TRANSITIONS
Authors: WANG XIU  , XIAO DING-QUAN  , ZHENG WEN-CHEN  , LUO GUI-YUN  , LU MENG-KAI  ,   (1)山东大学晶体材料研究所; (2)四川大学物理系
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the diffraction bands and spots experimentally observed when a laser beam passed through a KIO3 single crystal are reported. The bands and spots are formed by the diffracted beam, the plane of polarization of which rotates 90°with respect to that of the incident beam. The temperature dependence of the diffracted light was investigated in the region from room temperature to 240℃. It was found that when T=72℃ the intensity increased abrupty, when T=212℃ it decreased ;altnost to zero, and when T>212℃ no diffracted light was observed. The two temperatures, 72℃ and 212℃, determined from the anomaly of the intensity dependence, are in agreement very well with the phase transition temperatures of KIO3 crystals reported in the literature.
THE RENORMALIZED STRONG TURBULENCE THEORY FOR THE LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE ION ACOUSTIC WAVE EXCITED BY HIGH-FREQUENCY WAVE
Authors: HE XIAN-TU  ,   应用物理与计算数学研究所,北京
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the renormalized turbulence theory for the lowfrequency magnetic field and the ion acoustic wave in the high temperature plasma is developed in order to improve the usual weak nonlinear-approach. From Vlasov-Maxwell equations, the coupled renormalized equations of the high and low frequency propagator, with the "most divergence" and "secondary divergence" effects included, are derived in the Fourier representation. Thus, we obtain the coupled relation of the renormalized par-tical distribution function and field for high and low-frequency oscillation.Under "most divergence" renormalization approximation, the propagator equations for high and low-frequency are solved. Expanding to the order of v4—the ratio of the energy density of the high-frequency turbulence field to the thermal energy density of the plasma particle, the approximate solutions for the propagator and the expressions for the renormalized dielectric function are obtained. Then, by performing Fourier inverse transformation, the renormalized strong turbulence equations are derived in the spacetime representation.Finally, as an example which shows the renormalized effects, under onedimensional and stationary approximation, the analytical form for the soliton is solved.
THE MEASUREMENTS OF HARD X-RAY FLUCTUATIONS IN THE HT-6B TOKAMAK
Authors: WANG ZHENG-MIN  , LI LIN-ZHONG  ,   中国科学院等离子体物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Nal(Tl) scintillation detector and Si(Au) surface barrier semiconductor detector are used to measure X-ray fluctuations in the HT-6B Tokamak device. The hard X-ray emission and sawtooth oscillations have been observed. The experiment shows hard X-ray fluctuations are due to MHD disturbances in the frequency range of 2-25 kHz.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF A NEW SERIES OF SUPERCONDUCTING PHASES
Authors: LIANG JING-KUI  , ZHANG YU-LING  , HUANG JIU-QI  , XIE SI-SHEN  , CHE GUAN-CHAN  , CHEN XiANG-RONG  , NI YONG-MIN  , ZHENG DONG-NING  , JIA SHUN-LIAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

We synthesized new superconducting phases in TlBa2Can-1CunO2n+2.5 by solid state reaction. The crystal structures of TlBa2CaCu2O6.5 and TlBa2Ca2Cu3O8.5 were determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction method. The two compounds belong to primary lattice with space group D4h1-P4/mmm. The lattice constants of TlBa2CaCu2O6.5 are α= 3.847 ?, c = 12.73 ?. The lattice constants of TlBa2Ca2Cu3O8.5 are α = 3.847?, c= 15.89?. Each cell contains one chemical formula unit. The cations are distributed alternately at positions of (0,0,z) and (1/2, 1/2, z) along Z axis. TlBa2CaCu2O6.5 shows zero resistance at 101.4K. TlBa2Ca2Cu3O8.5) shows zero resistance at 112K. The oxygen deficient pseudo-perovskite unit Ba2Can-1CunO2n+1 is separated by single Tl-O layer in the crystal structure of TlBa2Can-1CunO2n+2.5, while the oxygen deficient pseudo-perovskite unit Ba2Can-1CunO2n is separated by bilayer of Tl-O in the crystal structure of Tl2Ba2Can-1CunO2n+2. At the same n value, Tc of Tl2Ba2Can-1CunO2n+4 is about 10K higher than Tc of TlBa2Can-1CunO2n+2.5. This indicates that Tc depends on the number of Tl-O layer as well as the number of [CuO5] and [CuO4] in oxygen deficient pseudo-perovskite unit Ba2Can-1CunO2n.
CHEMISORPTION OF H2O ON Si(111)7×7 SURFACE AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: ZHU FU-RONG  , LUO YAN-SHENG  , DAI DAO-XUAN  ,   复旦大学表面物理实验室
Published: November 2020

The chemisorption of water vapor on Si(111)7×7 surface at low temperatures and the effect of annealing were studied, with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy loss spectroscopy. It was found that the water molecules taken up on the Si(111)7×7 surface were dissociative at 150 K.
WEAK LOCALIZATION EFFECT IN METALLIC GLASS Zr78Co22
Authors: ZHOU XIAN-YI  , ZHANG QI-RUI  , HE ZHENG-HUI  , SUN SHI-FANG  ,   中国科学技术大学物理系
Published: November 2020

Measurements of magnetoresistance of upper critical magnetic field have been made on superconducting metallic glass Zr78Co22. The results correspond qualitatively with the weak localization theory including spin-orbit scattering for three demensional system. Quantitatively, there exists an obvious deviation, which originates mainly from superconducting fluctuations. In the measuring temperature range, the value of upper critical field Mc2 varies linearly with temperature, and we obtain the inelastic scattering rate τi-1=1.3×1O10T2, which can be atributed to the electron-phonon processes in disordered metals This value is slightly lower than that predicted by Bergmann theory.
REDUCTION OF QUANTUM NOISE BY PHOTON CORRELATION
Authors: LI YONG-QING  , WANG YU-ZHU  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the quantum theory of the measurement of the intensity difference between two light beams is analysed. The quantum noise can be reduced by increasing the photon correlation between two beams. For anti-Cauchy-Schwarz light, another type of nonclassical radiation fields, this quantum noise can be reduced to a level below the classical limit. The sub-shot noise may occur in DFWM between the conjugate wave and the transmit wave.
A STUDY ON IMAGE QUALITY DEPENDING ON DEFOCUSING HREM WITH IMAGE QUALIFICATION THEORY OF LINFOOT
Authors: SHEN XIAO-QING  ,   上海机械学院
Published: November 2020

Using image qualification theory of Linfoot, we studied the deforcusing character of imaging of weak phase object in HREM. The power spectrum of electron micrographs of an amorphous carbon thin foil specimen of 10 μm thick is measured from which the distribution of the relative structral content is determined. It is further verified by numerical analysis. The correlation factor, the image fidelity, the choice of the defocus amount in the electron microscope for the unkown crystal objects and automatic focusing is discussed.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ERROR IN EXAFS STUDIES OF METALLIC GLASS
Authors: LIU WEN  , HUANG SHENG-TAO  ,   (1)武汉大学物理系; (2)中国科学技术大学基础物理中心
Published: November 2020

The deviation of radial distance to shorter value in EXAFS studies of metallic glass has been analysed in this paper. Simulation calculations showed that the current error theory can not explain the deviating-to-shorter phenomenon satisfactorily. By comparing the phase-shift function of amorphous state with that of crystalline state, we conclude that in the similar system the slope of amorphous phase-shift function may be different from that of crystalline phase-shift function. Normal EXAFS data processing without evaluating this kind of difference is also a cause of the radial distance deviating-to-shorter error in the EXAFS results. A simple method of correcting the slope of the phase-shift function of the reference sample (crystalline state) has been put forward and applied to the EXAFS data processing of Cu55Zr45 metallic glass. Results are well consistent with the results obtained from X-ray abnormal scattering measurement.
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SPUTTERED AMORPHOUS GeNx AND GeNx:H FILMS
Authors: CHEN GUANG-HUA  , ZHANG FANG-QING  , GUI JING-ZHONG  ,   兰州大学物理系
Published: November 2020

Technological conditions and basic photoele tronic properties of a-GeNx and a-GeNx:H films prepared by an rf-reactive sputtering method are reported. The IR and Raman specrta are presented. The effects of N content on ΔE and IR and Raman spectra of a-GeNx:H film are also discussed.
THE S=l/2 FERROMAGNETIC THEORY HEISENBERG MODEL TREATED BY STOCHASTIC QUANTIZATION
Authors: CHEN REN  , WANG YANG-PU  ,   (1)上海师范大学; (2)苏州大学
Published: November 2020

For the Heisenberg model in the S=1/2 ferromagnetic theory, We constructed the proper Lagrangian function and chose the Boson quantum condition. The temperature Green's functions are computed by the stochastic quantization method, they are in agreement with those obtained by using the other methods.
A STUDY ON THE EIGENSTATES OF QUANTUM NONLINEAR SCHR?DINGER MODEL WITH GENERAL SUPERMATRICES
Authors: ZHOU YU-KUI  , YUN GUO-HONG  ,   (1)内蒙古大学物理系; (2)西北大学现代物理研究所
Published: November 2020

A quantum nonlinear Schr?dinger model with the most general supermatrices, having structure (n-k,k)(m-l,l), is studied by using the quantum inverse scattering method. The eigenstates of the Hamiltonian and the infinite number of the conserved quantities of the system are discussed, In particular, the N-particle bound states with the mixture of bosons and fermions are found. The energy of the N-particle eigenstate are ∑j=1Nλj2 and Np2-(c2/12)N(N2-1) for the scattering stateand the bound state respectively.
UPS STUDIES OF Nb-Ni GLASSES DURING CRYSTALLIZATION
Authors: WU BAI-MEI  , CHEN ZHAO-JIA  , BAO SHI-NING  , BAO DE-SONG  , JI ZHEN-GUO  , LIU GU  ,   (1)浙江大学分析测试中心; (2)中国科学技术大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The valence-band spectra of Nb-Ni glasses during crystallization have been studied systematically by means of UPS technique and X-ray diffraction. The double peaks in valence-band spectra of NbNi2 are discussed.
STUDY ON THE BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF A THIN SixOyNz FILM
Authors: CHEN DOU-NAN  , LIU BAI-YONG  , ZHENG XUE-REN  ,   华南理工大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The breakdown characteristics of very thin nitrided silicon oxide film have teen exammed. The breakdown mechanism of this film and the factors affecting the breakdown characteristics have been explored. It has been found that the improvement of breakdown properties of this nitrided oxide depended greatly on the changes of the microstructure of the film and interface, as well as the composition of the film. The narrowing of the band gap width of the film after nitridation makes the electric field for intrinsic breakdown decrease, but the occurrence of breadown may be greatly postponed by the dense material, the smoothed interface and the effect of traps. Experimental evidences confirmed that the im-pact-ionization exists in the intrinsic type of breakdown, but the permanent breakdown is caused by the heat transfer for all cases.
MECHANISM OF ION BEAM MIXING OF Mo LAYER ON Si
Authors: GAO WEN-YU  , LI HONG-CHENG  , WANG RUI-LAN  , LIU JIA-RUI  ,   (1)中国科学院物理研究所; (2)中国科学院新疆物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Backscattering spectrometry is used to systematically investigate the temperature, dose and dose-rate dependences of Mo/Si atomic mixing and reaction induced by 170 keV Ar+ ions and 300 keV Xe2+ ions. These results show that the ion beam mixing mechanism of Mo/Si system is not vacancy diffusion and intra-cascade interstitial diffusion, and the thermal spike model also does not apply. We suggest that thhe mechanism of Mo/Si atomic mixing induced by ion implantation should be interstitial diffusion and give a reaction model. Based on this concept, the experimental results can be explained.
ARUPS OF THE ADSORPTION OF NITRIC OXIDE ON Cu(llO) SURFACE AT 150K
Authors: ZHANG XUN-SHENG  , DONG FENG  , BAO DE-SONG  , DU ZHI-QIANG  ,   浙江大学物理系,杭州310027
Published: November 2020

The investigation of ARUPS of nitric oxide adsorbed on Cu(110) is reported here. The results show that it is a complex dissociative process that occurs at 150 K. Varied with the exposure of NO, the different molecules which are dissociated from NO, are adsorbed on Cu (110). With 5L NO the dominant adsorbates are atomic oxygen and N2O molecules. The adsorption LEED pattern is still (1×1). The present problem has been studied by ARUPS, LEED and AES.
HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTAIL REALIZATIONS AND BOSON-FERMION REALIZATIONS OF THE SPL(2,1) SUPERALGEBRA
Authors: CHEN YONG-QING  ,   湖南师范大学物理系,长沙410006
Published: November 2020

Differentail realizations of the SPL(2,1) superalgebra on the spaces of homogeneous and inhomogeneous polynomials and the corresponding boson-fermion realizations are studied.
THE PROPERTIES OF RADIATION NEAR THE BLACK HOLE'S HORIZON AND THE SEDOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Authors: LI LI-XIN  , LIU LIAO  ,   北京师范大学物理系,北京100875
Published: November 2020

By considering a gedankenexperiment of adiabatically lowering a box containing matter with rest energy E and entropy S to a black hole, Bekenstein claimed that the necessary condition for the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics is S/E ≤ 2πR, where R is the effective radius of the box, Unruh and Wald claimed that this condition is not necessary but the acceleration radiation can guarantee the generalized second law. In this paper, we point out that Unruh and Wald's conclusion does not hold because the Hawking radiation near the horizon is not thermal. Bekenstein's conclusion also does not hold because the thin box approximation is not correct near the horizon. Neither Hawking radiation nor S/E ≤ 2πR. can guarantee the second law. We have sufficient reasons to conjecture that the gravitation can influence the state equation of matter. For radiation, the usual state equation ρ = αT4 and s =4/3αT3 do not hold in the strong gravitation field, e.g., near theblackhole's horizon. We have derived the state equation for radiation near ths horizon and find that it is very different from that in flat spacetime. The second law may be valid if some restrictions on one parameter of the state equation are imbo-sed. As a corollary, an upper bound on S/E which resembles the Bekenatein's result is found.
Effect of charge coupling on breakdown voltage of high voltage trench-gate-type super barrier rectifier
Authors: Xu Da-Lin , Wang Yu-Qi , Li Xin-Hua , Shi Tong-Fei ,   Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China,   University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, China
Published: November 2020

With the rapidly increasing demands pertaining to high voltage applications in modern power electronic systems, power devices have become widely used in today’s power applications. As a major carrier device without unreliable metal-semiconductor Schottky contact, super barrier rectifier (SBR) has been one of promising substitutions for traditional diodes since it was first introduced, owing to its excellent performance and reliability. The main principle behind SBR approach is to create an adjustable potential barrier in the MOS channel. The height of this barrier can be easily adjusted by the doping concentration in the channel and by the oxide thickness. Trench-gate-type SBR (TSBR) with a trench gate is so designed that the junction-type field-effect transistor effect of planar gate structure enables TSBR to be eliminated to have ultralow forward voltages and a good tradeoff between the forward voltages and reverse leakage currents. However, the charge coupling effect under reverse bias, which is usually neglected and not intensively studied, plays an important role in determining the breakdown voltage of TSBR for high voltage applications (above 200 V). In this paper, the two-dimensional electric field distribution influenced by the charge coupling effect is explained and verified by the analytical model and device simulations with TCAD software Sentaurus. Adjusting the key parameters including the trench depth, oxide thickness and mesa width can improve the tradeoff between the forward voltage drops and breakdown voltages. The optimization of key parameters can provide the significant guidance for designing the device structure. Furthermore, some considerations for designing the TSBRs are discussed in this paper. In addition, a novel TSBR with the stepped oxide structure (SO-TSBR) is proposed and demonstrated. Similar to, yet different from, the stepped oxide structure for dual trench MOSFET, the stepped oxide design equipped with this new rectifier possesses the ability to enhance the forward conduction. As indicated by the simulation results, the SO-TSBR reduces the forward voltage drop by 51.49% at a forward current density of 2.5 A/cm2 compared with the normal structure of TSBR, with almost the same breakdown voltage of 270 V. The optimized TSBRs and SO-TSBRs are very promising rectifiers that can be used in high power electronic systems, because their breakdown voltages are both greater than 250 V.
Memory as Prediction
Authors: Vecchi Tomaso , Gatti Daniele
Published: November 2020

Theoretical reflections on memory and prediction, linking these concepts to the role of the cerebellum in higher cognition.

What is memory? What is memory for? Where is memory in the brain? Although memory is probably the most studied function in cognition, these fundamental questions remain challenging. We can try to answer the question of memory's purpose by defining the function of memory as remembering the past. And yet this definition is not consistent with the many errors that characterize our memory, or with the phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin of memory. In this book, Tomaso Vecchi and Daniele Gatti argue that the purpose of memory is not to remember the past but to predict the future.

Vecchi and Gatti link memory and prediction to the role of the cerebellum in higher cognition, relying on recent empirical data to support theoretical reflections. They propose a new model of memory functions that comprises a system devoted to prediction, based in the cerebellum and mediated by the hippocampus, and a parallel system with a major role for cortical structures and mediated by the amygdala. Although memory is often conceived as a kind of storehouse, this storehouse is constantly changing, integrating new information in a continual process of modification. In order to explain these characteristics, Vecchi and Gatti argue, we must change our interpretation of the nature and functions of the memory system.
Precisely timed dopamine signals establish distinct kinematic representations of skilled movements
Authors: Bova Alexandra , Gaidica Matt , Hurst Amy , Iwai Yoshiko , Hunter Julia , Leventhal Daniel K
Published: November 2020

Brain dopamine is critical for normal motor control, as evidenced by its importance in Parkinson Disease and related disorders. Current hypotheses are that dopamine influences motor control by ‘invigorating’ movements and regulating motor learning. Most evidence for these aspects of dopamine function comes from simple tasks (e.g. lever pressing). Therefore, the influence of dopamine on motor skills requiring multi-joint coordination is unknown. To determine the effects of precisely timed dopamine manipulations on the performance of a complex, finely coordinated dexterous skill, we optogenetically stimulated or inhibited midbrain dopamine neurons as rats performed a skilled reaching task. We found that reach kinematics and coordination between gross and fine movements progressively changed with repeated manipulations. However, once established, rats transitioned abruptly between aberrant and baseline reach kinematics in a dopamine-dependent manner. These results suggest that precisely timed dopamine signals have immediate and long-term influences on motor skill performance, distinct from simply ‘invigorating’ movement.
Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of the freshwater prawnMacrobrachium pilimanusspecies group, with descriptions of three new species from Thailand
Authors: Siriwut Warut , Jeratthitikul Ekgachai , Panha Somsak , Chanabun Ratmanee , Sutcharit Chirasak
Published: November 2020

Specific status and species boundaries of several freshwater prawns in theMacrobrachium pilimanusspecies group remain ambiguous, despite the taxonomic re-description of type materials and additional specimens collected to expand the boundaries of some species. In this study, the “pilimanus” species group ofMacrobrachiumsensu Johnson (1958) was studied using specimens collected from montane streams of Thailand. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of three molecular markers (COI, 16S and 18S rRNA) were performed. The phylogenetic results agreed with morphological identifications, and indicated the presence of at least nine putative taxa. Of these, six morphospecies were recognised asM. malayanum,M. forcipatum,M. dienbienphuense,M. hirsutimanus,M. eriocheirum, andM. sirindhorn. Furthermore, three morphologically and genetically distinct linages were detected, and are described herein asM. naiyanetri Siriwut sp. nov.,M. palmopilosumSiriwut sp. nov.andM. puberimanusSiriwut sp. nov.The taxonomic comparison indicated wide morphological variation in several species and suggested additional diagnostic characters that are suitable for use in species diagnoses, such as the shape and orientation of fingers, the rostrum form, and the presence or absence of velvet pubescence hairs and tuberculated spinulation on each telopodite of the second pereiopods. The “pilimanus” species group was portrayed as non-monophyletic in both ML and BI analyses. The genetic structure of different geographical populations in Thailand was detected in some widespread species. The species delimitation based on the four delimitation methods (BIN, ABGD, PTP and GMYC) suggested high genetic diversity of the “pilimanus” species group and placed the candidate members much higher than in previous designations based on traditional morphology. This finding suggests that further investigation of morphological and genetic diversity of Southeast Asian freshwater prawns in the genusMacrobrachiumis still required to provide a comprehensive species list to guide efforts in conservation and resource management.
Adaptive evolution at mRNA editing sites in soft-bodied cephalopods
Authors: Moldovan Mikhail , Chervontseva Zoe , Bazykin Georgii , Gelfand Mikhail S.
Published: November 2020

Background

The bulk of variability in mRNA sequence arises due to mutation—change in DNA sequence which is heritable if it occurs in the germline. However, variation in mRNA can also be achieved by post-transcriptional modification including mRNA editing, changes in mRNA nucleotide sequence that mimic the effect of mutations. Such modifications are not inherited directly; however, as the processes affecting them are encoded in the genome, they have a heritable component, and therefore can be shaped by selection. In soft-bodied cephalopods, adenine-to-inosine RNA editing is very frequent, and much of it occurs at nonsynonymous sites, affecting the sequence of the encoded protein.

Methods

We study selection regimes at coleoid A-to-I editing sites, estimate the prevalence of positive selection, and analyze interdependencies between the editing level and contextual characteristics of editing site.

Results

Here, we show that mRNA editing of individual nonsynonymous sites in cephalopods originates in evolution through substitutions at regions adjacent to these sites. As such substitutions mimic the effect of the substitution at the edited site itself, we hypothesize that they are favored by selection if the inosine is selectively advantageous to adenine at the edited position. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that edited adenines are more frequently substituted with guanine, an informational analog of inosine, in the course of evolution than their unedited counterparts, and for heavily edited adenines, these transitions are favored by positive selection. Our study shows that coleoid editing sites may enhance adaptation, which, together with recent observations onDrosophilaand human editing sites, points at a general role of RNA editing in the molecular evolution of metazoans.
Cumulative oxygen deficit is a novel predictor for the timing of invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients with respiratory distress
Authors: Ge Huiqing , Zhou Jian-cang , Lv FangFang , Zhang Junli , Yi Jun , Yang Changming , Zhang Lingwei , Zhou Yuhan , Ren Binbin , Pan Qing , Zhang Zhongheng
Published: November 2020

Background and objectives

The timing of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is controversial in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory hypoxemia. The study aimed to develop a novel predictor called cumulative oxygen deficit (COD) for the risk stratification.

Methods

The study was conducted in four designated hospitals for treating COVID-19 patients in Jingmen, Wuhan, from January to March 2020. COD was defined to account for both the magnitude and duration of hypoxemia. A higher value of COD indicated more oxygen deficit. The predictive performance of COD was calculated in multivariable Cox regression models.

Results

A number of 111 patients including 80 in the non-IMV group and 31 in the IMV group were included. Patients with IMV had substantially lower PaO2 (62 (49, 89) vs. 90.5 (68, 125.25) mmHg; p < 0.001), and higher COD (−6.87 (−29.36, 52.38) vs. −231.68 (−1040.78, 119.83) mmHg·day) than patients without IMV. As compared to patients with COD < 0, patients with COD > 30 mmHg·day had higher risk of fatality (HR: 3.79, 95% CI [2.57–16.93]; p = 0.037), and those with COD > 50 mmHg·day were 10 times more likely to die (HR: 10.45, 95% CI [1.28–85.37]; p = 0.029).

Conclusions

The study developed a novel predictor COD which considered both magnitude and duration of hypoxemia, to assist risk stratification of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress.
Coherent Chiral‐Selective Absorption and Wavefront Manipulation in Single‐Layer Metasurfaces
Authors: Zhang Ziying , Zhang Xueqian , Xu Yuehong , Chen Xieyu , Feng Xi , Liu Meng , Xu Quan , Kang Ming , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili
Published: November 2020

Recently, chiral metasurfaces have drawn enormous attentions due to their flexibility in realizing nearly arbitrary chiral effect with designable strength. One intriguing direction in this field is chiral‐selective absorption. However, previous studies mostly require multilayer design and meanwhile often work in a passive way. Here, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, a chiral‐selective metasurface absorber is experimentally demonstrated with a single‐layer free‐standing metasurface using coherent control method, where the strength of the chiral‐selective behavior can be actively tuned with a 100% modulation depth by simply changing the phase difference between the two coherent inputs. Specifically, under coherent symmetric illumination, near unity absorption is achieved for one circularly polarized incidence, while high‐efficiency cross‐polarization conversion is obtained for the other circularly polarized incidence. Such chiral‐selective absorption property is quite suitable for achieving coherent chiral‐selective wavefront control for the unabsorbed circularly polarized incidence. Three coherent chiral metagratings are designed and experimentally characterized by further employing Pancharatnam–Berry phase method and multiplexed method, where very good performances are achieved. The proposed approach on coherent control can enrich the functionalities and also improve the performances of the conventional single‐layer metasurfaces, which can find extending applications in various practical cases.
Up‐And‐Coming Advances in Optical and Microwave Nonreciprocity: From Classical to Quantum Realm
Authors: Kutsaev Sergey V. , Krasnok Alex , Romanenko Sergey N. , Smirnov Alexander Yu. , Taletski Kirill , Yakovlev Vyacheslav P.
Published: November 2020

Reciprocity is a fundamental physical principle that roots in the time‐reversal symmetry of physical laws. It allows making predictions on any arbitrary complex system's response and operation and hence simplifies the analysis. However, there are many practical situations in which it is advantageous to break reciprocity, e.g., isolators preventing wave scattering back to lasers and generators, full‐duplex systems for multiplexing transmission and receiving in the same channel, nonreciprocal cavity excitation, and protection of fragile states of superconductor quantum computers from thermal noise. The most widespread approach to time‐reversal symmetry breaking and nonreciprocity based on magnetic field biasing suffers from bulkiness, cost ineffectiveness, and loss, motivating researchers and engineers to search for more practical approaches. Herein, the up‐and‐coming advances in optical nonreciprocity, including new materials (Weyl semimetals, topological insulators, metasurfaces), active structures, time‐modulation, parity‐time (PT)‐symmetry breaking, nonlinearity combined with a structural asymmetry, quantum nonlinearity, unidirectional gain and loss, chiral quantum states and valley polarization are overviewed. A general description of nonreciprocal systems is provided and the pros and cons of the mentioned approaches to nonreciprocity are discussed.
Shedding Light on Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Bioengineering
Authors: Teng Fei , Fussenegger Martin
Published: November 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biocompatible, nano‐sized secreted vesicles containing many types of biomolecules, including proteins, RNAs, DNAs, lipids, and metabolites. Their low immunogenicity and ability to functionally modify recipient cells by transferring diverse bioactive constituents make them an excellent candidate for a next‐generation drug delivery system. Here, the recent advances in EV biology and emerging strategies of EV bioengineering are summarized, and the prospects for clinical translation of bioengineered EVs and the challenges to be overcome are discussed.
Product tri‐section based crude distillation unit model for refinery production planning and refinery optimization
Authors: Li Fupei , Qian Feng , Yang Minglei , Du Wenli , Mahalec Vladimir
Published: November 2020

Accuracy of a crude distillation unit (CDU) model has a significant impact on refinery production planning. High accuracy is typically accomplished via nonlinear models which causes convergence difficulties when the entire refinery model is optimized. CDU model presented in this work is a mixed‐integer linear model with a modest number of binary variables; its accuracy is on par with rigorous tray to tray CDU models. The model relies on the observation12 that a line through the middle of the product true boiling point (TBP) curve depends on the crude feed properties and the yields of the adjacent products. Novelty of the product tri‐section CDU model is that it does not require models of individual distillation towers comprising the CDU, thereby leading to a much simpler model structure. Significant reduction in the computational effort required for the optimization of nonlinear refinery models is illustrated by comparison with previous work.
Recent Progress of Optoelectronic and All‐Optical Neuromorphic Devices: A Comprehensive Review of Device Structures, Materials, and Applications
Authors: Song Seungho , Kim Jeehoon , Kwon Sung Min , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Park Sung Kyu , Kim Yong‐Hoon
Published: November 2020

Conventional von Neumann–based computing systems have inherent limitations such as high hardware complexity, relatively inferior energy efficiency, and low bandwidth. As an alternative, neuromorphic computation is emerging as a platform for next‐generation artificial intelligence computing systems due to their potential advantages such as highly energy‐efficient computing, robust learning, fault tolerance, and parallel processing. Moreover, to further enhance the energy efficiency and processing speed, photonic‐based neuromorphic systems have gathered significant interest in the past few years. Herein, the recent progress and development of optoelectronic and all‐optical neuromorphic devices is summarized, focusing on their structures, materials, and potential applications. Particularly, for optoelectronic neuromorphic devices, devices with planar and vertical structures are described along with their key strategies in materials and device structures. Next, all‐optical memory and neuromorphic devices for neuromorphic computing are reviewed. Finally, the applications of optoelectronic neuromorphic devices are discussed for their potential utilization in neuromorphic computing systems.
Selenium‐NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Synthesis: From Structural Characterization Toward New Investigations
Authors: Silva Márcio S. , Alves Diego , Hartwig Daniela , Jacob Raquel G. , Perin Gelson , Lenardão Eder J.
Published: November 2020

This review article deals with organic synthesis from the perspective of selenium‐77 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Different types of organic reactions are briefly discussed, incorporating mechanism aspects through 77Se NMR observable intermediates and by‐products. The 77Se NMR experiments are demonstrated in terms of structural characterization and new insights for organic reactions. The ability to visualize different molecules in a reaction mixture provides a facile and versatile route for the development of synthetic organoselenium compounds. Thus, the review describes the strategies accomplished mainly in the past five years in the syntheses and applications of the organoselenium compounds, focusing on 77Se NMR spectroscopy.