bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the electrical characteristics of Al/p-Si diodes with and without (PVP: Sn-TeO2) interlayer using current–voltage (I–V) measurements
Authors: Sabahi Namini Abbas , Shahedi Asl Mehdi , Pirgholi-Givi Gholamreza , Delbari Seyed Ali , Farazin Javid , Altındal Şemsettin , Azizian-Kalandaragh Yashar
Published: November 2020

The present study aims to investigate the effect of (PVP: Sn-TeO2) interfacial layer on the electrical parameters of the Al/p-Si diode. For this aim, (Sn-TeO2) nanostructures were developed by the ultrasound-assisted method, and both their electrical and optical characteristics were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, and UV–Vis methods. The bandgap of Sn-TeO2was found as 4.65 eV from the (αhυ)2vs (hυ) plot. The main electrical parameters of the Al/p-Si diodes with/ without (PVP: Sn-TeO2) interlayer, such as ideality factor (n), zero-bias barrier height (Φ0), and series resistance (Rs), were calculated by applying and comparing two methods of thermionic emission theory and Cheung’s functions. These results show that the presence of the (PVP: Sn-TeO2interlayer, along with the increase of Φ0, and the decrease ofnandRs, led to a significant increment in the rectification of MPS when compared to MS diode. The current-transport mechanisms (CTMs) of them were examined through the forward LnIF− LnVFand reverse LnIR−VR0.5bias currents, and then, the Poole–Frenkel and Schottky field-lowering coefficients (β) were calculated and obtained its value from the theoretical and experimental methods showed that the mechanism of the reverse current of MS and MPS diodes is governing by the Schottky emission and Pool-Frenkel mechanism, respectively.
Images of the unseen: extrapolating visual representations for abstract and concrete words in a data-driven computational model
Authors: Günther Fritz , Petilli Marco Alessandro , Vergallito Alessandra , Marelli Marco
Published: November 2020

Theories of grounded cognition assume that conceptual representations are grounded in sensorimotor experience. However, abstract concepts such as jealousy or childhood have no directly associated referents with which such sensorimotor experience can be made; therefore, the grounding of abstract concepts has long been a topic of debate. Here, we propose (a) that systematic relations exist between semantic representations learned from language on the one hand and perceptual experience on the other hand, (b) that these relations can be learned in a bottom-up fashion, and (c) that it is possible to extrapolate from this learning experience to predict expected perceptual representations for words even where direct experience is missing. To test this, we implement a data-driven computational model that is trained to map language-based representations (obtained from text corpora, representing language experience) onto vision-based representations (obtained from an image database, representing perceptual experience), and apply its mapping function onto language-based representations for abstract and concrete words outside the training set. In three experiments, we present participants with these words, accompanied by two images: the image predicted by the model and a random control image. Results show that participants’ judgements were in line with model predictions even for the most abstract words. This preference was stronger for more concrete items and decreased for the more abstract ones. Taken together, our findings have substantial implications in support of the grounding of abstract words, suggesting that we can tap into our previous experience to create possible visual representation we don’t have.
Numerical simulation of the seismic response and soil–structure interaction for a monitored masonry school building damaged by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake
Authors: Brunelli A. , de Silva F. , Piro A. , Parisi F. , Sica S. , Silvestri F. , Cattari S.
Published: November 2020

Despite significant research advances on the seismic response analysis, there is still an urgent need for validation of numerical simulation methods for prediction of earthquake response and damage. In this respect, seismic monitoring networks and proper modelling can further support validation studies, allowing more realistic simulations of what earthquakes can produce. This paper discusses the seismic response of the “Pietro Capuzi” school in Visso, a village located in the Marche region (Italy) that was severely damaged by the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence. The school was a two-story masonry structure founded on simple enlargements of its load-bearing walls, partially embedded in the alluvial loose soils of the Nera river. The structure was monitored as a strategic building by the Italian Seismic Observatory of Structures (OSS), which provided acceleration records under both ambient noise and the three mainshocks of the seismic sequence. The evolution of the damage pattern following each one of the three mainshocks was provided by on-site survey integrated by OSS data. Data on the dynamic soil properties was available from the seismic microzonation study of the Visso village and proved useful in the development of a reliable geotechnical model of the subsoil. The equivalent frame (EF) approach was adopted to simulate the nonlinear response of the school building through both fixed-base and compliant-base models, to assess the likely influence of soil–structure interaction on the building performance. The ambient noise records allowed for an accurate calibration of the soil–structure model. The seismic response of the masonry building to the whole sequence of the three mainshocks was then simulated by nonlinear time history analyses by using the horizontal accelerations recorded at the underground floor as input motions. Numerical results are validated against the evidence on structural response in terms of both incremental damage and global shear force–displacement relationships. The comparisons are satisfactory, corroborating the reliability of the compliant-base approach as applied to the EF model and its computational efficiency to simulate the soil–foundation–structure interaction in the case of masonry buildings.
Advances in Targeted Therapies for Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Mueller Timothy , Stucklin Ana Sofia Guerreiro , Postlmayr Andreas , Metzger Sarah , Gerber Nicolas , Kline Cassie , Grotzer Michael , Nazarian Javad , Mueller Sabine
Published: November 2020

Purpose of Review

Over the last years, our understanding of the molecular biology of pediatric brain tumors has vastly improved. This has led to more narrowly defined subgroups of these tumors and has created new potential targets for molecularly driven therapies. This review presents an overview of the latest advances and challenges of implementing targeted therapies into the clinical management of pediatric brain tumors, with a focus on gliomas, craniopharyngiomas, and medulloblastomas.

Recent Findings

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG) show generally a low mutational burden with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling presenting a key driver for these tumors. Direct inhibition of this pathway through BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors has proven to be a clinically relevant strategy. More recently, MEK and IL-6 receptor inhibitors have started to be evaluated in the treatment for craniopharyngiomas. Aside these low-grade tumors, pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) and medulloblastomas exhibit substantially greater molecular heterogeneity with various and sometimes unknown tumor driver alterations. The clinical benefit of different targeted therapy approaches to interfere with altered signaling pathways and restore epigenetic dysregulation is undergoing active clinical testing. For these multiple pathway-driven tumors, combination strategies will most likely be required to achieve clinical benefit.

The field of pediatric neuro-oncology made tremendous progress with regard to improved diagnosis setting the stage for precision medicine approaches over the last decades. The potential of targeted therapies has been clearly demonstrated for a subset of pediatric brain tumors. However, despite clear response rates, questions of sufficient blood-brain barrier penetration, optimal dosing, treatment duration as well as mechanisms of resistance and how these can be overcome with potential combination strategies need to be addressed in future investigations. Along this line, it is critical for future trials to define appropriate endpoints to assess therapy responses as well as short and long-term toxicities in the growing and developing child.
Trace Metals in Pork Meat Products Marketed in Italy: Occurrence and Health Risk Characterization
Authors: Barone Grazia , Storelli Arianna , Quaglia Nicoletta C. , Garofalo Rita , Meleleo Daniela , Busco Antonio , Storelli Maria Maddalena
Published: November 2020

This study provides valuable information on the levels of various trace metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, Cr) in meat products (baked ham, raw ham, mortadella, cured sausage, würstel, salami) from South Italy and calculates potential health risk toxicity associated with their consumption for the total population and for children. In the samples studied metal concentrations are within the permissible legal limits (Cd: 0.01–0.03 μg g−1 w.w., Hg: 0.01–0.02 μg g−1 w.w., Zn: 5.71–7.32 μg g−1 w.w., Cu: 1.08–1.21 μg g−1 w.w., Cr: 0.15–0.23 μg g−1 w.w.), except for Pb (Pb: 0.22–0.38 μg g−1 w.w.). The estimated intake values are within the provisional tolerable daily intake limits for toxic metals and recommended daily intake values for essential metals in both tested groups. The noncarcinogenic risk values of the individual metals indicate that there is no health risk, but their combined effects might constitute a potential risk for children. Furthermore, the cumulative cancer risk of all samples studied exceeds the recommended threshold risk limit (> 10−4) in both total population and children, indicating a risk of potential health problems for consumers especially for children, who are more vulnerable to toxic metal exposure.
Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasm using support vector machine algorithms based on platelet RNA-seq
Authors: Shen Yuling , Lai Yi , Xu Dong , Xu Le , Song Lin , Zhou Jiaqing , Song Chengwen , Wang Jiadong
Published: November 2020

Objective

To assess the capacity of support vector machine (SVM) algorithms that are developed based on platelet RNA-seq data in identifying thyroid neoplasm patients and differentiating patients with thyroid adenomas, papillary thyroid cancer and metastasized papillary thyroid cancer.

Methods

Platelets were collected and isolated from 109 patients and 63 healthy controls. RNA-seq was performed to find transcripts with differential levels. Genes corresponding to these altered transcripts were identified using R packages. All samples were subsampled into a training set and a validation set. Two SVM algorithms were developed and trained with the training set, using the genes with differential transcript levels (GDTLs) as classifiers, and validated with the validation set. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the R package clusterProfiler.

Results

We detected 765 GDTLs (442 up-regulated and 323 down-regulated) in platelets of patients and healthy controls. The algorithm identifying thyroid neoplasm patients achieved an accuracy of 97%, with an AUC (area under curve) of 0.998. The other algorithm differentiating patients with multiclass thyroid neoplasms had an average accuracy of 80.5%. GO analysis showed that GDTLs were strongly involved in biological processes such as neutrophil degranulation, neutrophil activation, autophagy and regulation of multi-organism process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that GDTLs were mainly enriched in NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and pathways in endocytosis, osteoclast differentiation, human cytomegalovirus infection and tuberculosis.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that the combination of SVM algorithms and platelet RNA-seq data allowed for thyroid neoplasm diagnostics and multiclass thyroid neoplasm classification.
Improvement of Physical-Chemical and Rheological Properties of Ghardaïa Loess (Southern Algeria) Using Bentonite Clay and Lime
Authors: Rahmani Asmaa , Hazzab Abdelkrim , Aimer Hadj , Ghenaim Abdellah , Terfous Abdelali
Published: November 2020

Loess is a collapsible soil; when it collapses, it can cause significant damage to structures built on it. Improvement in the stability and strength performance of loess is necessary to meet engineering needs. In the present study, the effects on the physical-chemical and rheological characteristics of Ghardaïa loess of adding bentonite and lime (southern Algeria) were examined. Rheological characterization of suspensions was implemented to assess the mechanical sensitivity of the bonds and the structural inter-particle resistance to both the chemical effect and mechanical impact. By analyzing the viscosity results and the evolution of the rheological parameters, the improvements needed in terms of the resistance characteristics of the loess-bentonite and loess-lime mixtures were evaluated and confirmed. The loess physical sensitivity was examined through grain-size distribution and plasticity properties. The pH and electrical conductivity of the mixtures were also used to explore structural modifications. Physical test results showed that introduction of the additives changed the loess texture and improved the plasticity of mixtures. Chemical examination (via change in pH and electrical conductivity) revealed the structural changes in the mixtures studied. Rheological test results showed that increasing concentrations of bentonite and lime improves the mechanical strength and increased the yield stress, consistency, and viscosity of the suspensions. The creation of cement interactions between mixture particles explained the increase in those parameters. Hydration, agglomeration, and inter-particle flocculation induced by the additives promoted these interactions. The experimental results led to the conclusion that bentonite and lime may represent an effective means to improve the performance in terms of preventing loess collapse and to increase its resistance to mechanical impact. The results presented in the present study may provide a geotechnical and rheological working database for the control and treatment of loess collapse and landslides in the region under study. Technical data related to loess may, therefore, be beneficial in terms of civil engineering, public works, hydraulics, and the manufacture of construction materials.
New or vanishing frontiers
Authors: Al-Mayouf Sulaiman M. , Yateem Mada , Al-Dusery Haya , Monies Dorota , Wakil Salma , AlShiakh Manal , AlEnazi Abdullatif , Aladaileh Boshra , Alzyoud Raed , Meyer Brian
Published: November 2020

Background:

The classification and pathogenic basis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are a subject of some controversy. Essentially, JIA is an exclusion diagnosis that represents a phenotypically heterogeneous group of arthritis of unknown origin. Familial aggregation of JIA supports the concept of genetic influence in the pathogenesis of JIA.

Objective:

To present the spectrum of laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1)-associated juvenile arthritis with clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic data of a cohort of 43 patients, including 11 previously unpublished cases.

Methods:

We studied 11 patients with different categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis from 5 consanguineous families, all from Saudi Arabia, except 2 patients who were of Jordanian ethnicity. Whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the disease-causing variant of LACC1. We also reviewed the clinical spectrum and molecular genetic data of previously published cases of LACC1-associated juvenile arthritis.

Results:

This study describes 43 (29 females, 14 males) patients from consanguineous multiplex families. Most of the included patients were of Arab origin with 86% having early onset disease. The most frequent categories were systemic (19 patients) and rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular (19 patients). Thirty-seven (86%) had progressive erosive arthritis and 10 (23.3%) had persistent limb lymphedema. None of the patients had features of macrophage activation syndrome. Genetic analysis confirmed LACC1 variant in all patients; 22 patients had common founder mutation (LACC1: c.850T > C,p.C284R), while the others showed different LACC1 variants. All patients were treated aggressively with methotrexate and sequential biologic agents. Most of them showed a poor response to treatment.

Conclusion:

This report expands the pathogenic variants of LACC1 and the clinical spectrum associated with this genetic subset of juvenile arthritis. The predominance of autosomal-recessive inheritance and strong genetic evidence allowed us to propose LACC1-associated juvenile arthritis as a distinct disorder.
Athlete’s Heart in Elite Sport Climbers: Cardiac Adaptations Determined Using ECG and Echocardiography Data
Authors: Schöffl Isabelle , Wüstenfeld Jan , Jones Gareth , Dittrich Sven , Lutter Chris , Schöffl Volker
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Sudden cardiac death in a young athlete is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport. Specific knowledge about cardiac adaptations are necessary for a better understanding of the underlying causes of such events.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the electrocardiogram and echocardiographic data obtained during the yearly medical examination of the entire German junior national climbing team was undertaken. First, data from 1 examination were used. In a second step, data from 2 examinations spaced 2 y apart were analyzed for a selected subgroup to gain more knowledge about adaptations to climbing. The data from the subgroup were compared to an age- and sex-matched control group of Nordic skiers from the German junior national Nordic skiing team.

Results

Forty-seven young climbers (20 girls, 27 boys) were examined once. There were no pathological findings in the electrocardiogram or echocardiography. The left ventricular (LV) measurements fell between those for athletes and nonathletes. Eight boys and 6 girls from this group were tested twice over a timeframe of 27.5 mo. All LV measurements increased over time. After 2 y, the measurements from the climbers were comparable to those of the Nordic skiers.

Conclusions

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hypertrophy of the LV) is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes. An increase in LV dimensions was observed in the young climbers in this study. LV dimensions being comparable to high-level Nordic skiers after 2 y in the national team imply structural changes over time in this cohort.
Risk factors for Caesarean sections in Ghana: evidence from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey
Authors: Banchani Emmanuel , Tenkorang Eric Y.
Published: November 2020

A Caesarean section can be a life-saving intervention in case of pregnancy complications or difficult labour. The prevalence of Caesarean section continues to increase, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the reasons for this remain largely unexplored. This study investigated risk factors contributing to the decision to perform Caesarean sections in Ghana using data from 8645 women aged 15–49 years from the 2017 Ghana Maternal Health Survey. The data were analysed by applying complementary log-log and logit models. The majority of Ghanaian women (about 87%) reported preferring vaginal delivery to Caesarean section. Of those who had undergone a Caesarean section for their most recent birth, about 55% had an elective rather than an emergency section. Women with labour complications (prolonged/obstructed labour) were significantly more likely to have a Caesarean section (OR=4.09, 95% CI=3.10–5.41). Furthermore, women with maternal complications, particularly prolonged/obstructed labour, were less likely to have an elective Caesarean section than those who had no such complications (OR=0.25, 95% CI=0.14–0.46). Compared with poorer women, wealthy women were significantly more likely to have an elective Caesarean section (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.08–3.14). The findings suggest that beyond maternal complications, women’s socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are important risk factors for undergoing a Caesarean section in Ghana.
Reporting of Demographic Variables in Neuropsychological Research: An Update of O’Bryant et al.’s Trends in the Current Literature
Authors: Medina Luis D. , Torres Stephanie , Gioia Anthony , Ochoa Lopez Andrea , Wang James , Cirino Paul T.
Published: November 2020

Objective:

Demographic trends and the globalization of neuropsychology have led to a push toward inclusivity and diversity in neuropsychological research in order to maintain relevance in the healthcare marketplace. However, in a review of neuropsychological journals, O’Bryant et al. found systematic under-reporting of sample characteristics vital for understanding the generalizability of research findings. We sought to update and expand the findings reported by O’Bryant et al.

Method:

We evaluated 1648 journal articles published between 2016 and 2019 from 7 neuropsychological journals. Of these, 1277 were original research or secondary analyses and were examined further. Articles were coded for reporting of age, sex/gender, years of education, ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status (SES), language, and acculturation. Additionally, we recorded information related to sample size, country, and whether the article focused on a pediatric or adult sample.

Results:

Key variables such as age and sex/gender (both over 95%) as well as education (71%) were frequently reported. Language (20%) and race/ethnicity (36%) were modestly reported, and SES (13%), and acculturation (<1%) were more rarely reported. SES was more commonly reported in pediatric than adult samples, and the opposite was true for education. There were differences between the present results and those of O’Bryant et al., though the same general trends remained.

Conclusions:

Reporting of demographic data in neuropsychological research appears to be slowly changing toward greater comprehensiveness, though clearly more work is needed. Greater systematic reporting of such data is likely to be beneficial for the generalizability and contextualization of neurocognitive function.
Thinking carefully about inclusiveness: evidence from European guilds
Authors: Ogilvie Sheilagh
Published: November 2020

Policy lessons are often drawn from the emergence in Europe of ‘inclusive’ institutions, which are held to have displaced ‘extractive’ institutions and fostered economic growth. This article analyzes the concept of inclusiveness using evidence on a historical institution that has been widely viewed as inclusive – the guild. It finds that we must differentiate between three types of inclusiveness: community, corporative, and societal. Community inclusiveness refers to the share of individuals involved in an institution's operations, corporative inclusiveness the share of political representation enjoyed by the institution itself, and societal inclusiveness the extent to which the institution enables full economic and political participation by everyone in society. We must also distinguish between general inclusiveness, which takes into account general-equilibrium effects, and partial inclusiveness, which assumes away such effects. Inclusiveness and extractiveness are not opposites in theory, and guilds show why certain types of inclusive institution are likely to behave in extractive ways. Finally, guilds alert us to trade-offs between inclusive economic institutions, inclusive political institutions, and inclusive growth. History does not imply abandoning the concept of inclusiveness, but rather thinking about it carefully.
Multiple Imputation in Multilevel Models. A Revision of the Current Software and Usage Examples for Researchers
Authors: García-Patos Pablo , Olmos Ricardo
Published: November 2020

Although modern lines for dealing with missing data are well established from the 1970s, today there is a challenge when researchers encounter this problem in multilevel models. First, there is a variety of existing software to handle missing data based on multiple imputation (MI), currently pointed out by experts as the most promising strategy. Second, the two principal paradigms of MI are joint modelling (JM) and fully conditional specification (FCS), one more complication because they are not equally useful depending on the combination of multilevel model and the estimated parameters affected by missing data. Technical literature do not contribute to ease the number of decisions that researcher has to do. Given these inconveniences, the present paper has three objectives. (1) To present a thorough revision of the most recently developed software and functions about multiple imputation in multilevel models. (2) We derive a set of suggestions, recommendations, and guides for helping researchers to handle missing data. We list a number of key questions to consider when analyzing multilevel models. (3) Finally, based on the previous relevant questions, we present two detailed examples using the recommended R packages to be easy for the researcher applying multiple imputation in multilevel models.
Implementation of the Rorschach in an Evidence-Based Setting
Authors: Van Laer Inge M. L. , Vanhoyland Maarten , De Saeger Hilde
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Over the years, projective tests lost their power and became the target of criticism. The methods were old, not supported by any powerful evidence, and were ridiculed in cartoons, movies, and popular media. It is difficult for clinicians to deal with these criticisms. A difficulty often heard among clinicians who are proficient in personality assessment is how to cope with skepticism and preconceptions in the use of projective methods. Working in a forensic setting and a residential setting for people with severe personality disorders challenged us on how to implement the Rorschach in our daily work as assessors, teachers, and supervisors. In this article we describe our journey in trying to work collaboratively with our clients, management staff, colleagues, and students in the use of projective methods. Although research overall shows that multimethod assessment is the gold standard, daily practice shows differently. The use of semi-structured self-report methods seems to be more popular, and these are perceived as more evidence-based. We compare the implementation of the Rorschach in an evidence-based setting with the implementation of a new therapeutic model from a heuristic point of view ( Hutsebaut et al., 2012 ).
Horseshoe Crabs and Stingrays
Authors: Fondren Alana Harrison , Jenkins Sharon Rae
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Collaborative/Therapeutic Assessment (CTA; Finn, 2007 ) offers a person-centered approach to understanding clients’ problems through mutual engagement with the client’s experience of the data-gathering process. Key tenets of CTA include empowering the client to shape their own assessment questions and goals and connecting with the client in an empathic and meaningful manner. These tenets map onto the core domains of interpersonal theory – that is, agency and communion ( Wiggins, 1996 ). Interpersonal theory can be utilized to conceptualize several different concerns that may arise through the client’s questions during CTA, such as their interpersonal traits, problems, sensitivities, and so on. The present article provides a case conceptualization that utilizes contemporary integrative interpersonal theory (CIIT; Pincus, 2005 ) to conceptualize an assessment client who presented with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and gastrointestinal problems. Through a multimethod assessment approach grounded in the CTA and CIIT frameworks, the assessor gained a deeper understanding of how the client’s presenting problems are tied to her interpersonal patterns. Finally, the present article explores how interpersonal processes that unfolded during the assessment sessions informed case conceptualization and treatment planning. The synthesis of CTA and CIIT offers promising avenues for new methods of understanding clients’ questions through the lens of interpersonal relationships.
From Swallowing to Savoring Emotions
Authors: Cradock O’Leary Julie , Kelley Donna , Parrish Cassandra
Published: November 2020

Abstract. This article presents a Therapeutic Assessment case study of a 48-year-old Catholic nun who was evaluated for concerns related to recurrent depression, difficulty relating to others, trouble following through on tasks, and lack of self-care. Maria was given the Rorschach, MMPI-2-RF, Wartegg Drawing Completion Test, and Thurston Cradock Test of Shame (TCTS). Testing results suggested depression, problems regulating emotion, incongruence between external presentation and internal state, and impaired functional intelligence when negative emotions are triggered. Maria’s TCTS protocol indicated a tendency to deflate in the presence of shame or criticism. She used tentative language around emotion, did not access support, and struggled to resolve emotionally charged situations. The TCTS results appeared to access and explain Maria’s core difficulties. TCTS Cards 6 and 8 were selected for an assessment intervention session (AIS) designed to help Maria understand what she does with negative feelings. Maria was asked to tell a story focusing on the main character. Through half-steps and affective scaffolding, Maria identified how she “swallows” her negative feelings and “isolates” when emotions are strong. The authors discuss how the AIS helped Maria access her split-off affect, and understand its relation to her symptoms, poor self-care, impaired follow-through, and relational difficulties.
Announcing the 2020 AGU Union Medal, Award, and Prize Recipients
Authors: Bell Robin , Myles LaToya
Published: November 2020

AGU will formally recognize this year’s recipients in December at an online celebration during Fall Meeting 2020.
A Survey of Venus Shock Crossings Dominated by Kinematic Relaxation
Authors: Pope S. A.
Published: November 2020

Collisionless shocks are one of the most effective particle accelerators in the known universe. Even low Mach number shocks could have a significant role in particle heating and acceleration. Theory suggests that kinematic collisionless relaxation, the process whereby a downstream nongyroptopic ion population becomes thermalized through collisionless gyrophase mixing, is the dominant energy redistribution mechanism in quasi‐perpendicular, low Mach number, and low β shocks. However, there have only been a limited number of observations of these shocks using in situ measurements at Venus, Earth and in interplanetary space. This paper presents the results of the first detailed study using in situ measurements, of the effect of fundamental parameters on the formation of these shocks. All low Mach number shocks occurring during the magnetic cloud phase of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection are identified in Venus Express magnetic field data over the duration of the mission. From the 92 shock crossings identified, 38 show clear evidence of kinematic relaxation. It is shown that kinematic relaxation is dominant at Venus when the angle between the local shock normal and upstream magnetic field is greater 50° and the Alfvén Mach number is less than 1.4. These shocks are also observed across a range of solar‐zenith‐angles indicating that it is likely that any location on the Venus bow shock could form such a structure. Venus Express plasma measurements are used to verify the parameters estimated from the magnetic field and indicate the importance of heavy ions, including potential pickup O+.
Simultaneous Polar and Cluster Observations in the Northern and Southern Middle‐Altitude Polar Cusps Around Equinox
Authors: Pitout F. , Marchaudon A. , Trattner K. J. , Berchem J. , Laakso H. , Escoubet C. P.
Published: November 2020

We present an event of simultaneous observations of the northern and southern middle‐altitude polar cusps by the Polar spacecraft and Cluster fleet that occurred on 23 September 2004. We examine the possible asymmetries in the fields and plasma parameters, although the proximity of the equinox should limit these asymmetries. Ion sensors reveal two dispersions in both cusps, and data analysis leads to the conclusion that those dispersions are due to pulsed reconnection at a single X‐line, which runs along the subsolar magnetopause. While the electromagnetic and particle energy fluxes injected in both cusp are globally very similar, we report significant differences in ion dispersions, width of the low‐latitude boundary layer, and peak convection velocities. We ascribe these differences to the dipole tilt that introduces an asymmetry in the magnetosheath flow at the exterior cusps.
Diagnosing the Time‐Dependent Nature of Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling via ULF Waves at Substorm Onset
Authors: Smith A. W. , Rae I. J. , Forsyth C. , Watt C. E. J. , Murphy K. R. , Mann I. R.
Published: November 2020

Azimuthal structuring is usually observed within the brightening auroral substorm onset arc; such structure has been linked to the exponential growth of electromagnetic ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves. We present a case study investigating the timing and frequency dependence of such ULF waves on the ground and in the near‐Earth magnetotail. In the magnetotail, we observe an increase in broadband wave power across the 10‐ to 100‐s period range. On the ground, the arrival times spread from an epicenter. The onset of longer period waves occurs first and propagates fastest in latitude and longitude, while shorter periods appear to be more confined to the onset arc. The travel time from the spacecraft to the ground is inferred to be approximately 1–2 min for ULF wave periods between 15 and 60 s, with transit times of 60 s or less for longer period waves. This difference might be attributed to preferential damping of the shorter period waves, as their amplitude would take longer to rise above background levels. These results have important consequences for constraining the physics of substorm onset processes in the near‐Earth magnetotail and their communication to the ground.
Shotgun sequencing of the vaginal microbiome reveals both a species and functional potential signature of preterm birth
Authors: Feehily Conor , Crosby David , Walsh Calum J. , Lawton Elaine M. , Higgins Shane , McAuliffe Fionnuala M. , Cotter Paul D.
Published: November 2020

An association between the vaginal microbiota and preterm birth (PTB) has been reported in several research studies. Population shifts from high proportions of lactobacilli to mixed species communities, as seen with bacterial vaginosis, have been linked to a twofold increased risk of PTB. Despite the increasing number of studies using next-generation sequencing technologies, primarily involving 16S rRNA-based approaches, to investigate the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy, no distinct microbial signature has been associated with PTB. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing offers a powerful tool to reveal community structures and their gene functions at a far greater resolution than amplicon sequencing. In this study, we employ shotgun metagenomic sequencing to compare the vaginal microbiota of women at high risk of preterm birth (n = 35) vs. a low-risk control group (n = 14). Although microbial diversity and richness did not differ between groups, there were significant differences in terms of individual species. In particular, Lactobacillus crispatus was associated with samples from a full-term pregnancy, whereas one community state-type was associated with samples from preterm pregnancies. Furthermore, by predicting gene functions, the functional potential of the preterm microbiota was different from that of full-term equivalent. Taken together, we observed a discrete structural and functional difference in the microbial composition of the vagina in women who deliver preterm. Importance: with an estimated 15 million cases annually, spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of death in infants under the age of five years. The ability to accurately identify pregnancies at risk of spontaneous PTB is therefore of utmost importance. However, no single cause is attributable. Microbial infection is a known risk factor, yet the role of vaginal microbes is poorly understood. Using high-resolution DNA-sequencing techniques, we investigate the microbial communities present in the vaginal tracts of women deemed high risk for PTB. We confirm that Lactobacillus crispatus is strongly linked to full-term pregnancies, whereas other microbial communities associate with PTB. Importantly, we show that the specific functions of the microbes present in PTB samples differs from FTB samples, highlighting the power of our sequencing approach. This information enables us to begin understanding the specific microbial traits that may be influencing PTB, beyond the presence or absence of microbial taxa.
Multiscale dynamic human mobility flow dataset in the U.S. during the COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Kang Yuhao , Gao Song , Liang Yunlei , Li Mingxiao , Rao Jinmeng , Kruse Jake
Published: November 2020

Understanding dynamic human mobility changes and spatial interaction patterns at different geographic scales is crucial for assessing the impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions (such as stay-at-home orders) during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this data descriptor, we introduce a regularly-updated multiscale dynamic human mobility flow dataset across the United States, with data starting from March 1st, 2020. By analysing millions of anonymous mobile phone users’ visits to various places provided by SafeGraph, the daily and weekly dynamic origin-to-destination (O-D) population flows are computed, aggregated, and inferred at three geographic scales: census tract, county, and state. There is high correlation between our mobility flow dataset and openly available data sources, which shows the reliability of the produced data. Such a high spatiotemporal resolution human mobility flow dataset at different geographic scales over time may help monitor epidemic spreading dynamics, inform public health policy, and deepen our understanding of human behaviour changes under the unprecedented public health crisis. This up-to-date O-D flow open data can support many other social sensing and transportation applications.
Left and right ventricular functions may be impaired in children diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism
Authors: Akın Alper , Unal Edip , Yildirim Ruken , Ture Mehmet , Balik Hasan , Haspolat Yusuf Kenan
Published: November 2020

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) may influence both ventricular functions. The aim of this study was to evaluation the findings of Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and other echocardiography modalities in children with SH. We compared left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and TDI parameters of patients with SH and children with euthyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed when thyroid stimulating hormone level was higher than the reference value of the laboratory (> 4.2 mIU/L) and free thyroxine level was in normal range. The study included a group of 35 patients with SH and a control group of 38 children with euthyroidism (mean age was 7.6 ± 3.5 years and 9.0 ± 2.4 years, respectively). LVMI was significantly higher in the patient group (p = 0.005). TDI parameters including mitral septal ejection time was lower (p = 0.003) and mitral septal myocardial performance index was higher (p = 0.009) in the patient group. Right ventricular TDI revealed that tricuspid lateral E/Ea and tricuspid septal E/Ea were higher (p = 0.015 and p = 0.024, respectively) and tricuspid septal Ea/Aa and ejection time were lower (p = 0.018 and p = 0.017, respectively) in the patient group. SH may lead to increase LVMI. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic TDI parameters (lower mitral septal ejection time, higher mitral septal myocardial performance index) as well as right ventricular systolic (lower tricuspid septal ejection time) and diastolic (higher tricuspid septal and lateral E/Ea, lower tricuspid septal Ea/Ea) functions may be also impaired in children with subclinical hypothyroidism. TDI is a useful method used for the assessment of the effect of SH on cardiac functions.
Low Omega-3 intake is associated with high rates of depression and preterm birth on the country level
Authors: Ciesielski Timothy H. , Williams Scott M.
Published: November 2020

Low circulating levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC omega-3 PUFA) have been linked to major depressive disorder (MDD) and preterm birth (PTB), and prenatal depression associates with PTB. We therefore hypothesized that low Omega-3 intake would associate with higher MDD and PTB rates on the country-level. To test this hypothesis, we obtained country-level estimates for omega-3 intake, MDD prevalence, PTB rate, and per capita income for 184 countries in 2010. We then estimated the LC omega-3 PUFA levels that these intakes produce by accounting for direct consumption and the endogenous conversion of ingested plant-based precursors. Penalized splines indicated that MDD and PTB rates decreased linearly with increasing LC omega-3 PUFA, up to ~ 1000 mg/day for MDD and up to ~ 550 mg/day for PTB. Adjusted linear regression models below these thresholds revealed that a one standard deviation increase in LC omega-3 PUFA (380 mg/day) was associated with an MDD decrease of 5 cases/1000 people and a PTB decrease of 15 cases/1000 livebirths. In light of the extensive prior evidence on the individual-level, these findings indicate that low intake of LC omega-3 PUFA and its precursors may be elevating MDD and PTB rates in 85% of the countries studied.
Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model
Authors: Muhammad Yar , Tahir Muhammad , Hayat Maqsood , Chong Kil To
Published: November 2020

Heart disease is a fatal human disease, rapidly increases globally in both developed and undeveloped countries and consequently, causes death. Normally, in this disease, the heart fails to supply a sufficient amount of blood to other parts of the body in order to accomplish their normal functionalities. Early and on-time diagnosing of this problem is very essential for preventing patients from more damage and saving their lives. Among the conventional invasive-based techniques, angiography is considered to be the most well-known technique for diagnosing heart problems but it has some limitations. On the other hand, the non-invasive based methods, like intelligent learning-based computational techniques are found more upright and effectual for the heart disease diagnosis. Here, an intelligent computational predictive system is introduced for the identification and diagnosis of cardiac disease. In this study, various machine learning classification algorithms are investigated. In order to remove irrelevant and noisy data from extracted feature space, four distinct feature selection algorithms are applied and the results of each feature selection algorithm along with classifiers are analyzed. Several performance metrics namely: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, AUC, F1-score, MCC, and ROC curve are used to observe the effectiveness and strength of the developed model. The classification rates of the developed system are examined on both full and optimal feature spaces, consequently, the performance of the developed model is boosted in case of high variated optimal feature space. In addition, P-value and Chi-square are also computed for the ET classifier along with each feature selection technique. It is anticipated that the proposed system will be useful and helpful for the physician to diagnose heart disease accurately and effectively.
Diversity begets diversity in mammal species and human cultures
Authors: Hamilton Marcus J. , Walker Robert S. , Kempes Christopher P.
Published: November 2020

Across the planet the biogeographic distribution of human cultural diversity tends to correlate positively with biodiversity. In this paper we focus on the biogeographic distribution of mammal species and human cultural diversity. We show that not only are these forms of diversity similarly distributed in space, but they both scale superlinearly with environmental production. We develop theory that explains that as environmental productivity increases the ecological kinetics of diversity increases faster than expected because more complex environments are also more interactive. Using biogeographic databases of the global distributions of mammal species and human cultures we test a series of hypotheses derived from this theory and find support for each. For both mammals and cultures, we show that (1) both forms of diversity increase exponentially with ecological kinetics; (2) the kinetics of diversity is faster than the kinetics of productivity; (3) diversity scales superlinearly with environmental productivity; and (4) the kinetics of diversity is faster in increasingly productive environments. This biogeographic convergence is particularly striking because while the dynamics of biological and cultural evolution may be similar in principle the underlying mechanisms and time scales are very different. However, a common currency underlying all forms of diversity is ecological kinetics; the temperature-dependent fluxes of energy and biotic interactions that sustain all forms of life at all levels of organization. Diversity begets diversity in mammal species and human cultures because ecological kinetics drives superlinear scaling with environmental productivity.
Angiotensin dependent and angiotensin independent protective effects of renin-b in H9c2 cells after anoxia
Authors: Wanka Heike , Lutze Philipp , Staar Doreen , Bracke Katharina , Golchert Janine , Peters Jörg
Published: November 2020

The renin-angiotensin system is known to regulate blood pressure as well as water- and electrolyte balance. An activated RAS is involved in the development of hypertension and hypertension-related organ damage. Thus, inhibitors of the RAS are protective and markedly increasing the life span of patients. In contrast, renin transcripts have been discovered encoding a cytoplasmatic renin isoform, termed renin-b, which is not harmful but may be even protective. Here we demonstrate that depletion of renin-b encoding transcripts by small interference RNA decreased ATP levels and increased basal necrosis as well as apoptosis rates. Furthermore, renin-b depletion potentiated the anoxia-induced increase of necrosis rates. Vice versa, overexpression of renin-b prevented the anoxia-induced increase of caspase-mediated apoptosis rates. Besides, cells overexpressing renin-b exhibited even reduced mitochondrial mediated apoptosis rates under anoxia, when compared with normoxic conditions, as indicated by Annexin V labeling. However, whereas the protective effect of renin-b on caspase-mediated apoptosis was completely blocked by the renin inhibitor CH732, the effect on mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis was not affected by CH732 at all. From these data we conclude that renin-b overexpression mediates cardioprotective effects under anoxia with respect to mitochondrial induced apoptosis angiotensin-independently, but with respect to caspase induced apoptosis likely in an angiotensin-dependent manner.