bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical methods for the estimation of Southern Ocean CO2: support vector and random forest regression
Authors: Gregor Luke , Kok Schalk , Monteiro Pedro M. S.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The Southern Ocean accounts for 40 % of oceanic CO2 uptake, but the estimates are bound by large uncertainties due to a paucity in observations. Gap-filling empirical methods have been used to good effect to approximate pCO2 from satellite observable variables in other parts of the ocean, but many of these methods are not in agreement in the Southern Ocean. In this study we propose two additional methods that perform well in the Southern Ocean: support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR). The methods are used to estimate ΔpCO2 in the Southern Ocean based on SOCAT v3, achieving similar trends to the SOM-FFN method by Landschützer et al. (2014). Results show that the SOM-FFN and RFR approaches have RMSEs of similar magnitude (14.84 and 16.45 µatm, where 1 atm  =  101 325 Pa) where the SVR method has a larger RMSE (24.40 µatm). However, the larger errors for SVR and RFR are, in part, due to an increase in coastal observations from SOCAT v2 to v3, where the SOM-FFN method used v2 data. The success of both SOM-FFN and RFR depends on the ability to adapt to different modes of variability. The SOM-FFN achieves this by having independent regression models for each cluster, while this flexibility is intrinsic to the RFR method. Analyses of the estimates shows that the SVR and RFR's respective sensitivity and robustness to outliers define the outcome significantly. Further analyses on the methods were performed by using a synthetic dataset to assess the following: which method (RFR or SVR) has the best performance? What is the effect of using time, latitude and longitude as proxy variables on ΔpCO2? What is the impact of the sampling bias in the SOCAT v3 dataset on the estimates? We find that while RFR is indeed better than SVR, the ensemble of the two methods outperforms either one, due to complementary strengths and weaknesses of the methods. Results also show that for the RFR and SVR implementations, it is better to include coordinates as proxy variables as RMSE scores are lowered and the phasing of the seasonal cycle is more accurate. Lastly, we show that there is only a weak bias due to undersampling. The synthetic data provide a useful framework to test methods in regions of sparse data coverage and show potential as a useful tool to evaluate methods in future studies.
Moment-based metrics for global sensitivity analysis of hydrological systems
Authors: Dell'Oca Aronne , Riva Monica , Guadagnini Alberto
Published: December 2017

Abstract. We propose new metrics to assist global sensitivity analysis, GSA, of hydrological and Earth systems. Our approach allows assessing the impact of uncertain parameters on main features of the probability density function, pdf, of a target model output, y. These include the expected value of y, the spread around the mean and the degree of symmetry and tailedness of the pdf of y. Since reliable assessment of higher-order statistical moments can be computationally demanding, we couple our GSA approach with a surrogate model, approximating the full model response at a reduced computational cost. Here, we consider the generalized polynomial chaos expansion (gPCE), other model reduction techniques being fully compatible with our theoretical framework. We demonstrate our approach through three test cases, including an analytical benchmark, a simplified scenario mimicking pumping in a coastal aquifer and a laboratory-scale conservative transport experiment. Our results allow ascertaining which parameters can impact some moments of the model output pdf while being uninfluential to others. We also investigate the error associated with the evaluation of our sensitivity metrics by replacing the original system model through a gPCE. Our results indicate that the construction of a surrogate model with increasing level of accuracy might be required depending on the statistical moment considered in the GSA. The approach is fully compatible with (and can assist the development of) analysis techniques employed in the context of reduction of model complexity, model calibration, design of experiment, uncertainty quantification and risk assessment.
Climate change impacts on flood risk and asset damages within mapped 100-year floodplains of the contiguous United States
Authors: Wobus Cameron , Gutmann Ethan , Jones Russell , Rissing Matthew , Mizukami Naoki , Lorie Mark , Mahoney Hardee , Wood Andrew W. , Mills David , Martinich Jeremy
Published: December 2017

Abstract. A growing body of work suggests that the extreme weather events that drive inland flooding are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude in a warming climate, thus potentially increasing flood damages in the future. We use hydrologic projections based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to estimate changes in the frequency of modeled 1 % annual exceedance probability (1 % AEP, or 100-year) flood events at 57 116 stream reaches across the contiguous United States (CONUS). We link these flood projections to a database of assets within mapped flood hazard zones to model changes in inland flooding damages throughout the CONUS over the remainder of the 21st century. Our model generates early 21st century flood damages that reasonably approximate the range of historical observations and trajectories of future damages that vary substantially depending on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions pathway. The difference in modeled flood damages between higher and lower emissions pathways approaches USD 4 billion per year by 2100 (in undiscounted 2014 dollars), suggesting that aggressive GHG emissions reductions could generate significant monetary benefits over the long term in terms of reduced flood damages. Although the downscaled hydrologic data we used have been applied to flood impacts studies elsewhere, this research expands on earlier work to quantify changes in flood risk by linking future flood exposure to assets and damages on a national scale. Our approach relies on a series of simplifications that could ultimately affect damage estimates (e.g., use of statistical downscaling, reliance on a nationwide hydrologic model, and linking damage estimates only to 1 % AEP floods). Although future work is needed to test the sensitivity of our results to these methodological choices, our results indicate that monetary damages from inland flooding could be significantly reduced through substantial GHG mitigation.
Intersecting Interests: Qualitative Research Synthesis on Art in the Social Work Classroom
Authors: Wehbi Samantha , Cowell Amanda , Perreault-Laird Jordyn , El-Lahib Yahya , Straka Silvia
Published: December 2017

This paper reports on a qualitative research synthesis that explored the intersections between art and social work. The scholarship notes a rise in interest in integrating creative arts practices in social work classrooms from assignment design to classroom activities. Also highlighted are the potential contributions of these arts-informed practices to teaching about topics related to oppression. The synthesis presented in this paper explored this potential through an interpretivist analysis of articles on the intersection of art and social work. Findings highlight the contribution of this approach to enhancing student engagement and critical reflexivity; creating a sense of collectivity and solidarity in the classroom; as well as transforming the role of the educator. Findings suggest the need for further research to explore the potential contributions of arts-informed approaches in social work education beyond a single classroom.
Cet article présente la synthèse d’une recherche qualitative qui a exploré les intersections entre l’art et le travail social. Les recherches effectuées indiquent qu’il existe une augmentation de l’intérêt à intégrer les pratiques des arts créatifs dans les salles de classe de travail social, allant de la conception des devoirs aux activités en salle de classe. Les contributions potentielles de ces pratiques qui intègrent l’art à l’enseignement de sujets liés à l’oppression sont également mises en relief. Les synthèses présentées dans cet article explorent ce potentiel par le biais d’une analyse interprétative d’articles qui se situent à l’intersection de l’art et du travail social. Les résultats mettent en relief la contribution de cette approche à l’amélioration de l’engagement des étudiants et de la réflexion critique; à la création d’un sens de collectivité et de solidarité dans la salle de classe; ainsi qu’à la transformation du rôle de l’éducateur. Les résultats suggèrent qu’il faudrait mener d’autres recherches afin d’explorer les contributions potentielles des approches qui intègrent l’art dans l’enseignement du travail social au-delà de la simple salle de classe.
Pre-service Teachers with Disabilities: Challenges and Opportunities for Directors of Student Teaching in Western Canada
Authors: Sokal Laura , Woloshyn Debra , Wilson Alina
Published: December 2017

In response to the lack of Canadian research about the practicum experiences of pre-service teachers with disabilities, a survey of ten Directors of Student Teaching in Western Canadian universities was conducted and revealed both strengths and challenges in current practices. Recommendations for teacher education are explored, and several future research directions are highlighted.
En réponse à l’absence de recherche sur les expériences de stage des enseignants en formation souffrant d’invalidité, un sondage a été effectué auprès de dix directeurs de stagiaires dans des universités de l’Ouest du Canada. Le sondage a révélé à la fois les points forts et les défis présentés par les pratiques actuelles. Des recommandations pour la formation des enseignants sont explorées et plusieurs futurs axes de recherche sont présentés.
Challenges to the Users of Financial Reports Constructed Using Multiple Measurement Bases: A Review of the IASB’s Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
Authors: Azam Mohammed Riaz
Published: December 2017

The IASB’s conceptual framework for financial reporting identifies multiple measurement bases and concludes that an entity may employ more than one measurement base in constructing the financial reports. The framework further clarify situations as to how the preparers will proceed in constructing the entity’s financial report where the preparers are satisfied that a piece of information is relevant to the users of financial reports, but is subject to a high degree of measurement uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the choice of multiple measurement bases in the conceptual framework and highlight the challenges posed to a user of financial reports who seeks to obtain insights into an entity’s financial performance and position through reading reports constructed using an eclectic approach to measurement.
Does Tourism Really Affect the Happiness of Residents? The Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Çoban Ömer
Published: December 2017

Tourism and happiness are highly related concepts. Research streams in happiness and tourism fall into two main categories: (1) tourists’ happiness and (2) residents’ happiness. In this paper, we followed the second research stream by focusing on the relationship between residents’ happiness and tourism. The purpose of this paper is to discover whether tourism development in a destination contributes to the happiness of residents by analyzing secondary data sources, which differs from other studies that have examined this research question using primary data sources. The data used in this research comes from the records of public bodies. Our findings indicate that residents in marine-based mass tourism regions are less happy than residents in cultural heritage tourism destinations.
Preliminary results of a 3D-printed acetabular component in the management of extensive defects
Authors: Citak Mustafa , Kochsiek Lilly , Gehrke Thorsten , Haasper Carl , Suero Eduardo M , Mau Hans
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

The treatment of extensive bone loss and massive acetabular defects can be compounded by several challenges and pitfalls. The survivorship following acetabular revision with extensive bone loss is still unsatisfactory. The goal of the present study was to analyse the outcomes of 3D-printed patient-specific acetabular components in the management of extensive acetabular defects and combined pelvic discontinuity (PD).

Methods:

9 patients underwent revision THA using 3D-printed custom acetabular components to reconstruct extensive acetabular defects. The Paprosky classifications were determined in all patients. The primary outcome measure was the implant-associated failure rate.

Results:

1 out of 9 patients suffered an implant-associated complication (11%). The overall implant-associated survival rate was 89%. The overall complication rate was 56%.

Conclusions:

The patient-specific acetabular component technique shows promise for the treatment of patients with severe acetabular defects in revision THA. Further research aimed at reducing costs and improving the complication rate are warranted.
Early death following revision total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Jones Mark D. , Parry Michael , Whitehouse Michael R. , Blom Ashley W.
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

The frequency of primary total hip arthroplasty procedures is increasing, with a subsequent rise in revision procedures. This study aims to describe timing and surgical mortality associated with revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) compared to those on the waiting list.

Methods:

All patients from a single institution who underwent revision total hip arthroplasty or were added to the waiting list for the same procedure between 2003 and 2013 were recorded. Mortality rates were calculated at 30 and 90 days following surgery or addition to the waiting list.

Results:

561 patients were available for the survivorship analysis in the surgical group. Following exclusion, 901 and 484 patients were available for the 30 and the 90-day analysis in the revision THA waiting list group. 30- and 90-day mortality rates were significantly greater for the revision THA group compared to the waiting list group (excess surgical mortality at 30 days = 0.357%, p = 0.037; odds ratio of 5.22, excess surgical mortality at 90 days = 0.863%, p = 0.045).

Conclusions:

Revision total hip arthroplasty is associated with a significant excess surgical mortality rate until 90 days post-operation when compared to the waiting list population. We would encourage other authors with access to larger samples to use our method to quantify excess mortality after both primary and revision arthroplasty procedures.
Reliability and validity assessment of administrative databases in measuring the quality of rectal cancer management
Authors: Corbellini Carlo , Andreoni Bruno , Ansaloni Luca , Sgroi Giovanni , Martinotti Mario , Scandroglio Ildo , Carzaniga Pierluigi , Longoni Mauro , Foschi Diego , Dionigi Paolo , Morandi Eugenio , Agnello Mauro ,   Lombardy Oncologic Network Work Group
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

Measurement and monitoring of the quality of care using a core set of quality measures are increasing in health service research. Although administrative databases include limited clinical data, they offer an attractive source for quality measurement. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the completeness of different administrative data sources compared to a clinical survey in evaluating rectal cancer cases.

Methods:

Between May 2012 and November 2014, a clinical survey was done on 498 Lombardy patients who had rectal cancer and underwent surgical resection. These collected data were compared with the information extracted from administrative sources including Hospital Discharge Dataset, drug database, daycare activity data, fee-exemption database, and regional screening program database. The agreement evaluation was performed using a set of 12 quality indicators.

Results:

Patient complexity was a difficult indicator to measure for lack of clinical data. Preoperative staging was another suboptimal indicator due to the frequent missing administrative registration of tests performed. The agreement between the 2 data sources regarding chemoradiotherapy treatments was high. Screening detection, minimally invasive techniques, length of stay, and unpreventable readmissions were detected as reliable quality indicators. Postoperative morbidity could be a useful indicator but its agreement was lower, as expected.

Conclusions:

Healthcare administrative databases are large and real-time collected repositories of data useful in measuring quality in a healthcare system. Our investigation reveals that the reliability of indicators varies between them. Ideally, a combination of data from both sources could be used in order to improve usefulness of less reliable indicators.
Selectivity of insecticide use in soybean crop to the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Stecca Cristiane Dos Santos , Silva Débora Mello da , Bueno Adeney De Freitas , Pasini Amarildo , Denez Marlon Dias , Andrade Karine
Published: December 2017

The selectivity of different insecticides to nymphs and adults of Podisus nigrispinus was evaluated in this study. Tests were carried out in the laboratory according to IOBC standard protocol. We evaluated different active ingredients that were applied using a Potter tower. Insect survival was assessed at 24-hour intervals for up to five days after exposure to treatments. Adult survivors of each treatment were assigned to breeding-pairs to evaluate possible effects on fertility. The pyrethroids bifenthrin, zeta-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin alone or in mixtures with neonicotinoids and diamides, such as beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxan and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, as well as the organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, were the most harmful (class 4 classification) insecticides for the preservation of P. nigrispinus for both nymph and adult predators. Conversely, the insecticide growth regulators (IGRs) lufenuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide and novaluron were classified as harmful (class 4) only for P. nigrispinus nymphs. These products were classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2) for adult predators. Among the evaluated products, the most selective for P. nigrispinus were those belonging to the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and the diamides group (flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole), which were classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2) for both P. nigrispinus nymphs and adults. Next, the most selective product was methoxyfenozide, which ranged between slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3) to nymphs and harmless (class 1) to adults of the natural enemy.
Morphophysiological quality of yerba mate plantlets produced by mini-cuttings
Authors: Pimentel Nathalia , Lencina Kelen Haygert , Pedroso Marina Favarin , Somavilla Tamires Manfio , Bisognin Dilson Antônio
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological quality of yerba mate plantlets (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) produced by mini-cutting at four different times of year and cultivated in different containers. For the rooting of mini-cuttings, shoots of four yerba mate clones were collected four times during the year (April, July and October 2014 and January, 2015), cut into single-budded mini-cuttings and planted in equal proportions of pine bark-based commercial substrate, vermiculite and coarse sand. After 60 days of cultivation in a wet chamber, the rooted mini-cuttings were transferred to different containers: a 100 cm³ rigid polyethylene tube container and 500, 1500 and 3000 cm3 polyethylene bags containing pine bark-based commercial substrate and underground soil (2:1 v/v). A completely randomized design was used in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with five replications ranging from 5 to 20 mini-cuttings per experimental unit. The plantlets were evaluated for survival percentage, shoot height, stem diameter, shoot height/stem diameter ratio and number of leaves at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of cultivation. At 120 days of cultivation, 10 plantlets from each treatment were randomly picked to evaluate shoot and root dry mass, Dickson quality index, shoot height, surface area, total volume and number of root tips. The best combinations of shoot height, length, surface area, total volume and number of root tips and Dickson quality index were found in plantlets produced in July, 2014, followed by plantlets produced in October,2014 and January, 2015. The polyethylene bags allowed the production of yerba mate plantlets with satisfactory quality of shoot and roots, regardless of the volume. Yerba mate plantlets can be produced by mini-cutting from July to January in polyethylene bags.
Parasite prevalence among equidae in the backland of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Morais Clairton Bruno Rodrigues de , Santiago Juliano Martins , Lima Marilene Maria de , Lucena Jorge Eduardo Cavalcante
Published: December 2017

The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal and lung parasites in equidae reared in the backland of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil and also evaluate the influence of equidae species, rearing system, age group, and anthelmintic administration schedule the infection level. 185 fecal samples were randomly collected in cities in the backland of Pernambuco. After collection, the material was submitted to a qualitative coproparasitological analyses and number of eggs and larvae of parasites. The horses were found to have lower EPG count than the donkeys. Regarding the rearing system, equidae reared in pasture had higher EPG counts than those confined in pens. Moreover, foals under one year old have lower EPG count than those between one and two years old. No difference was found in EPG count among de equidae that received anthelmintic at different frequencies, while the horses and donkeys had a higher amount of Cyathostominae than of other nematodes researched. It is concluded that, in the backland of Pernambuco, most equidae had light to moderate parasite loads, with a predominance of the Cyathostominae e Strongylinae subfamilies, with no horses, donkeys, or mules infected by Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. In addition, the donkeys had higher parasite loads than the horses and the extensive grazing system presents a greater risk of infections by nematodes.
Nutrient balance in the soil and nutritive characteristics of maize silage cut at different heights
Authors: Hülse Julio , Neumann Mikael , Ueno Robson Kyoshi , Heker Junior Julio Cezar , Figueira Danúbia Nogueira , Sandini Itacir Eloi , Müller Marcelo Marques Lopes , Horst Egon Henrique , Vigne Gabriela Letícia Delai
Published: December 2017

Maize harvesting for silage promotes intense use of soil nutrients. The increase in forage harvesting time can ease nutrient use and benefit the nutritional quality of the silage. However, this practice may be economically unviable due to the reduction in the volume of harvested forage. The objective of our experiment was to evaluate several agronomic parameters, such as production, plant composition, nutritional value of silage and nutrient balance in the soil by harvesting the maize plant at different silage heights: 0.20; 0.40; 0.60; 0.80 and 1.00 m above the ground. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments with five repetitions. Representative plants in each plot were cut and fragmented in a forage machine. This material was homogenized and ensiled in experimental polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. Each 0.10 m increase at harvest provided an increase of 0.65% in the dry matter content of the forage and reduced harvest to 339 kg ha-1 of dry matter. The presence of grains in the forage increased linearly 1.24% for every 0.10 m at the time of harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and silage lignin had a linear decrease of 4.5, 2.8 and 9.6%, respectively, per each 0.10 m lift crop height. Regarding the total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and the relative forage, these values had a linear increase of 0.5, 7.2 and 8.2%, respectively. For each 0.10 m increase in cutting height, there was a decrease in soil nutrients, namely 3.6 kg ha-1 N, 1.3 kg ha-1 P2O5, 9.5 kg ha-1 K2O, 0.9 kg ha-1 CaO and 1.2 kg ha-1 MgO. Even with the harvest at 1.00 m above the ground, nutrient recycling nutrients by necromass is not sufficient to balance the potassium balance in the soil, causing a decline of 37.69 kg ha-1 K2O. The maize harvest to 0.47 m height represented the best relationship between silage quantity and quality, being the height that presents the greatest potential for economic return, and can fund management practices and soil fertilization to prevent degradation in foraging systems, mainly to overcome the negative balance of potassium in the system.
Chromium and selenium-enriched yeast for castrated finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Caramori Júnior João Garcia , Kiefer Charles , Ferreira Eduardo Viana , Vieira Bruno Serpa , Oliveira Henrique Carvalho , Silva Camila Mendonça , Abreu Rodrigo Caetano , Luna Uanderson Veríssimo de
Published: December 2017

To evaluate the effect of organic chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, 300 castrated males were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications of 20 pigs each. Treatments consisted of different diets, formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional requirements, as follows: 1) control - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 2) CrSe70 - basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 3) CrSe100 - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 100 kg of body weight followed by basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 100 to 130 kg of body weight. Performance was evaluated by measuring body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experimental period, pigs were sacrificed and lean meat percentage, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, back fat thickness, and carcass bonus index were determined using prediction equations generated by the software Hennessy System GP4 after carcass scanning with an electronic probe. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and in case of significant differences (P ? 0.05), means were compared by SNK multiple-range test. Daily feed intake (P = 0.008) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.004) decreased for pigs supplemented with Cr- and Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 100 kg of body weight. Otherwise, pigs supplemented between 100 and 130 kg of body weight increased (P = 0.032) daily feed intake in comparison to the control group. Regarding carcass characteristics, Cr- and Se-enriched yeast supplementation increased (P = 0.019) longissimus dorsi muscle depth in both CrSe70 and CrSe100 treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cr- and Se-enriched yeast for castrated male pigs between 70 and 130 kg of body weight increases longissimus dorsi muscle depth in carcass without affecting final body weight or daily weight gain of the animals.
Evaluation of oregano essential oil as a growth promoter and resistance stimulator against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in silver catfish juveniles, Rhamdia sp. (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae)
Authors: Cararo Leonardo Miguel , Sado Ricardo Yugi , Muelbert Betina , Borba Maude Regina de
Published: December 2017

Agroecology-based aquaculture emerges as a particularly interesting production alternative for rural family farmers. In such systems, it is desirable to use means for enhancing the zootechnical performance and improving fish immune responses from natural products. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic diet supplementation with oregano essential oil, Origanum vulgare, on zootechnical performance, hematological parameters, and resistance to the ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) in silver catfish juveniles, Rhamdia sp. A completely randomized design with five treatments (concentrations 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g oregano essential oil kg-1 diet) and four replicates was adopted. Groups of 20 silver catfish juveniles (initial weight 12.5 ± 0.5g) were stocked in 20 polyethylene tanks (54 L usable volume) connected to a water recirculation system with individual aeration. The diets were prepared with certified organic ingredients and offered for 89 days in two meals a day. At the end of the experimental period, survival, zootechnical performance, hematological parameters, and fish body composition were evaluated. After the final biometry, an experimental challenge with ich infection was performed. Dietary concentrations of oregano essential oil had no effects on growth, hematology, and body composition of silver catfish juveniles (p > 0.05). Neither was there any influence on the level of infection and accumulated mortality of the fish under challenge with ich. Supplementation with oregano essential oil did not prove to be an effective dietary additive in improving the performance or increasing resistance against ich in silver catfish juveniles. However, in view of the importance of the topic, further studies should be carried out to increase knowledge about the effect of this and other natural additives in silver catfish, including at other stages of development.
What Is Called Caring?
Authors: Stiegler Bernard , Ross Daniel ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2017

This article addresses the question under what conditions it is still possible to think in today’s era of the Anthropocene, in which the human has become the key factor in the evolution of the biosphere, considering the fact, structurally neglected by philosophy, that thinking is thoroughly conditioned by a technical milieu of retentional dispositives. The Anthropocene results from modern technology’s domination of the earth through industrialization that is currently unfolding as a process of generalized, digital automation, which tends to eliminate reflection and to block any genuine questioning of its own development, producing a state of generalized entropy at all levels—ecological, psychic, social, economic, and, in particular, the noetic or thinking. The radical undermining of the very possibility of thinking and questioning, thought by Martin Heidegger in terms of Enframing, should be understood as a pharmacological situation that calls for a therapeutic reversal of the toxicity of current digital technologies into a remedial instrument for realizing a negentropic turn beyond the Anthropocene and toward the Neganthropocene. This requires that thinking starts to understand itself as caring, i.e., as a taking care of itself by taking care of the technical pharmaka that thoroughly constitute and condition it and that can render human life as noetic life both deeply unlivable and profoundly worthwhile.
Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Authors: Aharon Shlomi , Huber Bernhard A. , Gavish-Regev Efrat
Published: December 2017

This is the first revision of Artema Walckenaer, 1837, a genus consisting of large and phylogenetically interesting species. Even though Artema is not species-rich (now eight nominal species), it has suffered from poor descriptions and synonymies. Our main goal was to gather all available material and to clarify species limits. Four species are easily distinguished from other congeners: Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837, the type species; A. kochi Kulczyński, 1901 (revalidated); A. bunkpurugu Huber & Kwapong, 2013; and A. nephilit sp. nov. All other species are problematic for varying reasons: species limits are unclear between A. doriae Thorell, 1881 and A. transcaspica Spassky, 1934; A. magna Roewer, 1960 and A. ziaretana (Roewer, 1960) are problematic because they are based on female and juvenile types respectively and little new material is available. The material available to us suggests the existence of a few further species; however, they are not formally described, either because of small sample sizes (Artema sp. a and A. sp. b are represented by only one specimen each) or because of unclear species limits (between Artema sp. c, A. transcaspica and A. doriae).This study is the first serious step towards understanding the genus. Intensive collecting effort is needed in order to fully clarify species limits.
Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of the golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) pathogen, Vibrio harveyi strain QT520
Authors: Tu Zhigang , Li Hongyue , Zhang Xiang , Sun Yun , Zhou Yongcan
Published: December 2017

Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium that is an opportunistic pathogen of commercially farmed marine vertebrate species. To understand the pathogenicity of this species, the genome of V. harveyi QT520 was analyzed and compared to that of other strains. The results showed the genome of QT520 has two unique circular chromosomes and three endogenous plasmids, totaling 6,070,846 bp with a 45% GC content, 5,701 predicted ORFs, 134 tRNAs and 37 rRNAs. Common virulence factors, including ACF, IlpA, OmpU, Flagellin, Cya, Hemolysin and MARTX, were detected in the genome, which are likely responsible for the virulence of QT520. The results of genomes comparisons with strains ATCC 33843 (392 (MAV)) and ATCC 43516 showed that greater numbers genes associated with types I, II, III, IV and VI secretion systems were detected in QT520 than in other strains, suggesting that QT520 is a highly virulent strain. In addition, three plasmids were only observed in the complete genome sequence of strain QT520. In plasmid p1 of QT520, specific virulence factors (cyaB, hlyB and rtxA) were identified, suggesting that the pathogenicity of this strain is plasmid-associated. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 complete Vibrio sp. genomes using ANI values, core genes and MLST revealed that QT520 was most closely related to ATCC 33843 (392 (MAV)) and ATCC 43516, suggesting that QT520 belongs to the species V. harveyi. This report is the first to describe the complete genome sequence of a V. harveyi strain isolated from an outbreak in a fish species in China. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to compare the V. harveyi genomes of several strains. The results of this study will expand our understanding of the genome, genetic characteristics, and virulence factors of V. harveyi, setting the stage for studies of pathogenesis, diagnostics, and disease prevention.
Formation Timescales of Amorphous Rims on Lunar Grains Derived From ARTEMIS Observations
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Farrell W. M. , Halekas J. S.
Published: December 2017

The weathering of airless bodies exposed to space is a fundamental process in the formation and evolution of planetary surfaces. At the Moon, space weathering induces a variety of physical, chemical, and optical changes including the formation of nanometer‐sized amorphous rims on individual lunar grains. These rims are formed by vapor redeposition from micrometeoroid impacts and ion irradiation‐induced amorphization of the crystalline matrix. For ion irradiation‐induced rims, however, laboratory experiments of the depth and formation timescales of these rims stand in stark disagreement with observations of lunar soil grains. We use observations by the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft in orbit around the Moon to compute the mean ion flux to the lunar surface between 10 eV and 5 MeV and convolve this flux with ion irradiation‐induced vacancy production rates as a function of depth calculated using the Stopping Range of Ions in Matter model. By combining these results with laboratory measurements of the critical fluence for charged‐particle amorphization in olivine, we can predict the formation timescale of amorphous rims as a function of depth in olivinic grains. This analysis resolves two outstanding issues: (1) the provenance of >100 nm amorphous rims on lunar grains and (2) the nature of the depth‐age relationship for amorphous rims on lunar grains.
Crater Mound Formation by Wind Erosion on Mars
Authors: Steele L. J. , Kite E. S. , Michaels T. I.
Published: December 2017

Most of Mars' ancient sedimentary rocks by volume are in wind‐eroded sedimentary mounds within impact craters and canyons, but the connections between mound form and wind erosion are unclear. We perform mesoscale simulations of different crater and mound morphologies to understand the formation of sedimentary mounds. As crater depth increases, slope winds produce increased erosion near the base of the crater wall, forming mounds. Peak erosion rates occur when the crater depth is ∼2 km. Mound evolution depends on the size of the host crater. In smaller craters mounds preferentially erode at the top, becoming more squat, while in larger craters mounds become steeper sided. This agrees with observations where smaller craters tend to have proportionally shorter mounds and larger craters have mounds encircled by moats. If a large‐scale sedimentary layer blankets a crater, then as the layer recedes across the crater it will erode more toward the edges of the crater, resulting in a crescent‐shaped moat. When a 160 km diameter mound‐hosting crater is subject to a prevailing wind, the surface wind stress is stronger on the leeward side than on the windward side. This results in the center of the mound appearing to “march upwind” over time and forming a “bat‐wing” shape, as is observed for Mount Sharp in Gale crater.
Next‐Generation Leadership
Authors: Webber Bryan , Forster Jenna
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the development of emerging leaders in the digital age and the intersection of adult transformative learning concepts with that phenomenon.
Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Multilayered Cu with Modulated Grain Size Distribution
Authors: Zheng Bo , Shen Xixun , Jiao Huisheng , Xu Qunjie , Cheng Danhong
Published: December 2017

A bulk multilayered copper with nano‐sized grains (NG) as hard layer and ultrafine grains (UFG) as soft layer with the thickness ratio of about 10:1 is synthesized by electrodeposition. Microstructural studies by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) reveal the alternating growth of well‐defined layers with either nano‐grains or ultrafine‐grains. Tensile tests reveal that the layered nanostructured Cu exhibits an enhanced ductility of near 17.5% and high ultimate tensile strength of about 700 MPa. The multilayered Cu exhibits a higher ductility without obvious loss of strength compared to the monolithic nano‐grained Cu. The enhanced ductility is primarily attributed to two effects including the increased strain hardening ability and the effective adjustment to the local stress concentration brought by the periodic existence of the UFG layer in the NG matrix.
The affirmation of vaults in concrete and reinforced concrete for bridges and floors in the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. The Gewölbe‐Ausschuss's tests 1890–1892
Authors: Chemolli Giulia
Published: December 2017

In the second half of the 19th Century, in the Austro‐Hungarian Empire, concrete, reinforced or not, had difficulties affirming itself against traditional techniques. The scarcity of information and the lack of a complete theory were an obstacle, especially in the case of vaults. In response to this situation, in 1890, inside the Österreichischer Ingenieur‐ und Architekten‐Verein, a Committee, the Gewölbe‐Ausschuss, was formed to organize systematic series of loading tests on arches of various dimensions and different materials for bridges and on little vaults for floors: among them, the Monier system and concrete gave excellent results.
Objektspezifische Verkehrslastansätze für Straßenbrücken
Authors: Nowak Marcel , Fischer Oliver
Published: December 2017

Die Definition und Kalibrierung von Verkehrslastmodellen erfolgt in der Regel auf Beanspruchungsniveau, entsprechend wird der Verkehrslastansatz bestimmt durch die Charakteristik des Verkehrs sowie vom untersuchten Brückenbauwerk selbst. Ausgehend von universellen Lastansätzen, wie sie von Normen und anderen Regelwerken für den allgemeinen Gebrauch in der Ingenieurspraxis angegeben werden und für die Anwendung beim Neubau von Brücken auch sinnvoll sind, lassen sich für die Brückennachrechnung durch einen konkreten Objektbezug bezüglich Tragwerk und Verkehr zusätzliche Potenziale auf der Lasteinwirkungsseite durch eine realitätsnahe Abbildung der Verkehrseinwirkungen aktivieren. Durch eine geschlossene Vorgehensweise können somit objektspezifische Verkehrslastansätze entwickelt werden. Dabei sind umfangreiche numerische Verkehrssimulationen zur Untersuchung verschiedenster möglicher Verkehrsszenarien durchzuführen (Robustheit der Lastansätze) und es erfolgt idealerweise auch eine Kalibrierung an realen Messdaten am betrachteten Bauwerk. Für die Anwendung in der Praxis wird ein differenziertes Vorgehen in mehreren Stufen vorgeschlagen, um in Abhängigkeit von gewünschtem Aufwand und erhofftem Nutzen Verkehrslastansätze mit variablem Grad an Objektbezug entwickeln zu können. Erste Untersuchungen an einem Beispielbauwerk lassen bereits die möglichen Potenziale erahnen, die sich aus Anwendung dieser Methode ergeben können.
Praktisches Wissen, Wissenschaft und Katastrophen. Zur Geschichte der sozialwissenschaftlichen Katastrophenforschung, 1949–1989
Authors: Stehrenberger Cécile Stephanie
Published: December 2017

Practical Knowledge, Science and Disasters. The History of Social Science Disaster Research, 1949–1979. During the second half of the twentieth century several US‐American social science “disaster research groups” conducted field studies after earthquakes, factory explosions and “racial riots”. Their aim was to provide practical knowledge that could be applied in the planning and managing of future disasters of both peace‐ and wartime nature. In this paper, I will elaborate on how this research goal conflicted with some scientists’ aspirations to develop more theoretical knowledge and their own ideals of “scientificity”. I will also show how the generated research results came to be ‘impractical knowledge’, which was difficult or impossible to apply. Furthermore this paper analyzes the scientific practices that were involved at different stages of the knowledge production process and contributed to disaster research's ‘precarious’ character.
Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen – Politisierung der Wissenschaft? Zum Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Politik in der Geschichtsschreibung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Sala Roberto
Published: December 2017

Scientization of the Social – Politization of Knowledge? On a Narrative of the History of the Twentieth Century. The spread of scientific methods and expert cultures in the social, political and economic fields represents a key aspect of twentieth century history. In German‐speaking historiography, the “scientization of the social” (Lutz Raphael) has advanced to an influential concept for research into the role of social and human sciences within this development. Exploring this analytical framework against the background of methodological debates, this paper raises the question of how the relationship between the academic and the political spheres in modern societies can be theoretically conceived.
Die Neutronentherapie: Ein Experimentalsystem der Radioonkologie
Authors: Kohl Thorsten
Published: December 2017

Neutron Therapy: An Experimental System in Radiooncology. The history of the use of neutrons in radiotherapy will be revisited by focusing on the ideas, theories and experiments that led to first clinical studies. For addressing epistemological questions regarding biological effects of fast neutrons, the notion of an “experimental system” is employed and its evolution over time discussed. Taking up the analytical framework of Hans‐Jörg Rheinberger, biological effects and the physical instrument “cyclotron” are conceptualized in terms of epistemic and technical objects. It is shown that the epistemic object “biological effects of neutrons” could never reach the status of a technical object and – more strikingly – that the cyclotron itself returned to being an epistemic object in the context of medicine. So there is a misunderstanding of the different roles epistemic and technical objects have to play in the framework of an experimental system. This misunderstanding led to today's highly controversial discussions about the application of neutrons in radiotherapy.
Changing the Economy One Family at a Time: Dual Aims of Workforce Development
Authors: Garza Mitchell Regina L. , Sawyer, James O.
Published: December 2017

In this chapter, we discuss how the workforce development mission has evolved over the past 10 years, how the mission plays out at community colleges today, what it may look like in the future, and questions that need to be considered.
Gravitationswellen – ein leichtes Zittern der Raumzeit
Authors: Lück Harald
Published: December 2017

Albert Einstein sagte vor über hundert Jahren ihre die Existenz voraus, 2015 gelang der erste direkte Nachweis, 2017 wurden der Nobelpreis für Physik und der Otto‐Hahn‐Preis für sie vergeben: Gravitationswellen halten derzeit die Physiker in Atem. Doch was sind Gravitationswellen eigentlich, wie entstehen sie und wie kann man sie messen?
Public health surveillance of cancer survival in the United States and worldwide: The contribution of the CONCORD programme
Authors: Allemani Claudia , Coleman Michel P.
Published: December 2017

CONCORD is a programme for the global surveillance of cancer survival. In 2015, the second cycle of the program (CONCORD‐2) established long‐term surveillance of cancer survival worldwide, for the first time, in the largest cancer survival study published to date. CONCORD‐2 provided cancer survival trends for 25,676,887 patients diagnosed during the 15‐year period between 1995 and 2009 with 1 of 10 common cancers that collectively represented 63% of the global cancer burden in 2009. Herein, the authors summarize the past, describe the present, and outline the future of the CONCORD programme. They discuss the difference between population‐based studies and clinical trials, and review the importance of international comparisons of population‐based cancer survival. This study will focus on the United States. The authors explain why population‐based survival estimates are crucial for driving effective cancer control strategies to reduce the wide and persistent disparities in cancer survival between white and black patients, which are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimal treatment. Cancer 2017;123:4977‐81. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.