bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of water matrix on benzophenone degradation by UV-irradiation
Authors: Ivancev-Tumbas Ivana , Bogunovic Minja , Cesen Marjeta , Tubic Aleksandra , Heath Ester
Published: December 2018

This study presents the results from a bench-scale UV irradiation experiment of benzophenone (BP) in different water matrices. Despite the reported resistance of BP to UV-irradiation, it was successfully degraded in solution when intensively irradiated by UV light in a batch reactor for 4 h. In this way, it was possible to remove 56 and 45 % of 1.0 and 10 ?g?L-1 of BP in Milli-Q water, respectively. The addition of a mixture of anions suppressed the degradation of BP at the lower concentration level by 20 %. The addition of a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) surrogate mixture (DOC:BP mole ratio of 3000:1) increased the degradation of BP in Milli-Q water (removal 80 %). At 1.0 ?g?L-1 of BP and 1.0 mg?L-1 of DOC, removal was 70 %, while at 10 ?g?L-1 of BP and 10 mg?L-1 of DOC, there was no observable difference in removal compared with the removal in Milli-Q water. The results show that both DOC and anions influence the photodegradation of BP. Furthermore, it was shown that the removal efficiency depends on the concentration of BP. These findings show the importance of a detailed characterisation of the water matrix in studies relating to the removal of micropollutants during UV irradiation.
Application of the Fokker-Planck Kolmogorov equation to determining the mean value of nucleons generated by the direct ejection process
Authors: Soloviev Igor , Dolicanin-Djekic Diana
Published: December 2018

The statistical description of the process of direct nucleon ejection is the subject of this paper. This description is based on the generalized Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation. The basic proposal is this: deterministic equations and their solutions have the mean values of the stochastic model of the ablation problem. The problem of deformation of the phase transition front is considered. The study is carried out by using the introduced stability position for the dispersion of solutions for mean values. The result of the study is the conclusion that the influence of the Markov diffusion coefficient leads to distortion of the original shape of the boundary phase transition front. The effect of the initial aspiration to resist changing the shape of the phase transition front was found.
Platinum and ruthenium complexes as promising molecules in cancer therapy
Authors: Avramovic Natasa , Ignjatovic Nikola , Savic Aleksandar
Published: December 2018

Cancer is one of the most common fatal diseases in humans nowadays. About 20 million new cancer cases are expected in the next two decades worldwide. The development of new chemotherapeutic agents with improved properties is presently the main challenge in the medicinal chemistry. Cisplatin was introduced to oncology in 1978 as first chemotherapeutic agent regarding its specific interaction with DNA, leading to its damage and causing the cell death. Since the first application of cisplatin in cancer therapy, there has been a growing interest in new metal-based compounds, in particular platinum and ruthenium complexes, with better anticancer activity and less side-effects compared to cisplatin. Carboplatin and oxaliplatin have shown promising action against some types of cancer, which are resistant to cisplatin. With the aim to overcome cross-resistance to these Pt(II) drugs, bioavailable platinum complexes (satraplatin and picoplatin) firstly found application as orally administered drugs, as well as some combined therapies of Pt(II) drugs (cisplatin, picoplatin) with specific resistant modulators. In recent years, novel polymer and liposomal formulations of platinum drugs (prolindac, lipoplatin, lipoxal, aroplatin) have been designed with strategy to improve drug delivery to target cancer cells and reduce toxicity. Complexes based on ruthenium have great potential to become leading candidates for the medical use in anticancer therapy. Some of these compounds have shown good anticancer activity, both in vitro and in vivo and two of them (KP1019 and NAMI-A) have passed clinical trials and given promising results.
Simulation analysis of quality of business in IP networks
Authors: Radonjic-Djogatovic Vesna , Djogatovic Marko , Stanojevic Milorad
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we propose a simulation model for mapping Quality of Service (QoS) parameters to Quality of Business (QoBiz) in IP networks. We assume that Internet Service Provider (ISP) offers tariff packages based on the proposed QoS to QoBiz mapping and users? requirements. Available bit rate and security are chosen as the key QoS parameters, and price is selected as a main QoBiz parameter from users? perspective, while revenue singles out as the main QoBiz parameter from ISP?s perspective. We also assume that ISP applies hybrid pricing so that price reduction is performed depending on QoS violation, defined through network load. The simulation model is conducted using agent-based simulation methodology. Agents can be seen as autonomous units that mutually interact in the environment. In this research, users and ISP are observed as simulation agents and IP market is seen as the environment. Output parameters in the simulation analysis are ISP?s revenue and service price. The proposed model enables direct reflection of QoS violation on service prices and consequently on ISP?s revenue. Simulation results show prices decrease for most of the tariff packages.
Island: En småstat på leting etter sin nisje
Authors: Birna Stefánsdóttir Auður , Thorhallsson Baldur , Hansson Pia
Published: December 2018

Denne artikkelen inngår i en komparativ studie av de fem nordiske landenes utenrikspolitiske svar på internasjonale endringer, med det mål å systematisk kartlegge og sammenligne både policydiskusjoner og konkrete tilpasninger innen de fem landenes utenriksdepartementer. I dette bidraget vil fokuset være på Island og landets relasjoner med andre nordiske land. Hvordan har Islands utenrikspolitikk utviklet seg fra den kalde krigen til i dag? Hvem er Islands viktigste allierte, og hvordan har Island forsøkt å skape sin nisje i det internasjonale samfunnet? Analysen er basert på intervjuer med nøkkelinformanter i Utenriksdepartementet, offisielle dokumenter produsert av regjeringen, mediedekning, utenrikspolitiske debatter i Alltinget (det islandske parlamentet) samt utenriksministerens årlige redegjørelse til Alltinget.
Literature Review of Spiritual Care in Islamic Cultural Perspective
Authors: Kurniawati Henie , Retnowati Sofia , Riyono Bagus , Widyawati Widyawati
Published: December 2018

This article aims to literature review regarding spiritual care in Islamic culture perspective. Systematic review is done to support knowledge regarding spiritual care. Literature studies from 2007 to 2017 are identified narratively and reviewed critically in Islamic cultural perspectives. The method for literature analysis is using eight steps from Walker and Avant. The findings of this review stated that spiritual care is a dynamic activity to integrate physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. Spiritual care takes the form of spiritual service that is done dynamically and integratively based on divine and human values especially Islamic cultural values. The main services include caring for the sick, identifying spiritual needs, and increasing spiritual well-being. The implications of the findings are to help building policies in nursing and to help nurses in developing positive attitude in applying spiritual care. The conclusion of this literature review produces a comprehensive definition regarding spiritual care and supports spiritual care competency in health in Islamic cultural perspective.
ANALISA PEMANFAATAN SERABUT SAWIT SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF PADA BOILER
Authors: Dharma Untung Surya
Published: December 2018

Dengan semakin berkurangnya persediaan minyak dan energi dunia mengakibatkan terjadinya gejolak harga yang kurang stabil, kemudian fenomena tersebut turut berpengaruh di dalam Negeri hingga menimbulkan keresahan konsumen bahkan situasinya menjadi dilematis bagi kalangan industri. Menghadapi situasi dan kondisi ini akhirnya Pemerintah mengeluarkan himbauan untuk penghematan Energi dan Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM). Selain itu kalangan industri pengolahan minyak sawit (CPO) juga menghadapi permasalahan yang baru lagi, baik bersifat Teknis dan Non Teknis. Permasalahannya yang terjadi adalah bagaimana penghematan biaya produksi industry, seperti industri pengolahan minyak sawit. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di PT. Kalirejo Lestari yang beralamat di Kalirejo kabupaten Lampung Tengah Propinsi Lampung. Dari hasil yang telah dianalisa diketahui bahwa perbandingan udara dan bahan bakar adalah sebesar 8,58 kg udara/kg bahan bakar, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa setiap 1 kg bahan bakar terdapat 8,58 kg udara pada proses pembakarannya, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa campuran udara dan bahan bakarnya memenuhi kriteria efisiensi termalnya. Hal inidigambarkan pada neraca panas total, terdapat 61702890 𝑘𝑗/𝑗𝑎𝑚𝑘𝑔𝑜𝐶 energi panas yang tersisa. Dalam hal ini, untuk memperkecil sisa energi panas dengan cara memperkecil pemasokan bahan bakarnya. Karakteristik pada bahan bakar serabut sawit ini cukup untuk menghasilkan energi panas yang besar. Energi panas yang dihasilkan 21177,36 𝑀𝑗/𝑗𝑎𝑚𝑘𝑔𝑜𝐶.Kata Kunci: pemanfaatan, serabut sawit, bahan bakar alternatif.
ANALISA KINERJA MESIN DIESEL BERBAHAN BAKAR CAMPURAN SOLAR DAN MINYAK PLASTIK
Authors: Dharma Untung Surya , Nugroho Eko , Fatkurahman M
Published: December 2018

Dari penelitian terdahulu di tahun 2015 diketahui minyak plastik dapat digunakan sebagai campuran bahan bakar premium pada sepeda motor, namun tidak diizinkan apabila diaplikasikan dalam jumlah banyak karena semakin banyak minyak plastik sebagai campuran premium maka nilai torsi dan daya yang dihasilkan mesin sepeda motor akan semakin rendah, sedangkan konsumsi bahan bakar akan semakin besar (boros). Dari hasil penelitian tersebut maka penelitian lebih lanjut telah dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan minyak plastik sebagai campuran bahan bakar solar pada mesin diesel. Tujuan dari penelitian lanjutan ini adalah untuk menganalisa kinerja mesin diesel akibat pengaruh minyak plastik sebagai campuran bahan bakar solar. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengaplikasian minyak plastik sebagai campuran solar pada Mesin Diesel Merk/Type ROBIN-FUJIDY23D dengan perbandingan 100%:0% (solar tanpa campuran minyak plastik), 88%:12%, 85%:15% dan 82%:18%. Parameter pengujian yang digunakan dalam menentukan prestasi mesin pada putaran mesin 2900 sampai dengan 3500 rpm menghasilkan torsi motor, daya motor, konsumsi bahan bakar spesifik, dan efisiensi thermal. Hasil penelitian secara umum menunjukan bahwa kinerja mesin diesel berbahan bakar campuran antara solar dengan minyak plastik akan menurun seiring dengan semakin banyaknya minyak plastik yang digunakan apabila dibandingkan dengan penggunaan solar 100%. Sedangkan pada putaran tinggi dan pembebanan yang besar, perbedaan daya yang dihasilkan hampir tidak begitu signifikan dan mendekati daya maksimum yang dapat dihasilkan berdasarkan spesifikasi mesin yaitu 3,5 kW. Hal yang sama juga untuk hasil pengujian torsi dan efisiensi thermal. Sedangkan untuk konsumsi bahan bakar menunjukan bahwa semakin banyak minyak plastik maka konsumsi bahan bakar akan semakin boros.Kata Kunci: Kinerja Mesin Diesel, Campuran Minyak Plastik-Solar.
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM HIDROLIK PADA MERIAM ARTILERI PERTAHANAN UDARA (57 MM) RETROFIT
Authors: Pakki Gunawan , Kusnadi Kusnadi , Darmanto Ardyanto , Gunarko Gunarko , Aristha Aristha
Published: December 2018

Meriam 57 mm Retrofit merupakan salah satu alat utama sistem persenjataan (alutsista) yang dimiliki satuan Batalyon Arhanudse untuk menghalau serangan udara. Pada pergeseran meriam dari pangkalan menuju ke medan latihan/tempur atau sebaliknya, perlu dilakukan perubahan sikap angkut pada meriam terlebih dahulu. Perubahan sikap tempur ke sikap angkut pada meriam masih menggunakan pompa manual, yaitu mengayunkan tuas pompa manual untuk mengalirkan minyak hidrolik dari tangki ke silinder bogie. Piston di dalam silinder bogie akan naik sehingga terjadilah perubahan dari sikap tempur ke sikap angkut. Penggunaan pompa manual ini kurang efektif karena selain menguras tenaga, waktu pemompaan juga relatif lama ± 1 menit. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diatas, telah dirancang sistem hidrolik untuk perubahan sikap angkut pada meriam tersebut yang terdiri dari gear pump, hydraulic hose, katup-katup, inverter, motor listrik AC. Dengan memanfaatkan sumber listrik dari baterai meriam yang diubah dari arus DC menjadi arus AC oleh inverter sehingga menggerakkan motor listrik. Ketika motor listrik dihidupkan gear pump ikut berputar karena satu poros dengannya. Gear pump akan menghisap minyak dari tangki dan memompanya kedalam silinder bogie melalui hydraulic hose dan katup-katup yang terpasang. Sehingga terjadilah perubahaan sikap angkut yang lebih efesien tenaga dan waktu. Kata kunci : meriam, silinder bogie, gear pump, motor listrik.
Os desafios dos profissionais de enfermagem na saúde mental
Authors: Silva Andréia Costa , Miranda Ângela Maria de , Jesus Camila Aparecida de , Batista Eliana , Santos Elizangela Araújo , Oliveira Maria Do Rosário de Souza , Santos Simone Silva dos , Maia Luiz Faustino dos Santos
Published: December 2018

A saúde mental hoje em dia é um grande desafio existente para os profissionais de enfermagem, devido ao grande aumento de pacientes com transtornos a situação de tratamento e cuidados vem tendo exigência do Ministério da Saúde, entretanto os profissionais de enfermagem têm uma função de acolher e atender este tipo de paciente, sendo eficiente em suas funções e inserir este paciente novamente à sociedade.
O levantamento de peso olímpico para crianças de 8 a 12 anos
Authors: Ferreira Edson Amaral , Silva Rodrigo Ribeiro , Moreira Junior Antonio
Published: December 2018

O presente estudo tem como abordagem a modalidade Levantamento de Peso Olímpico (LPO), como ferramenta de trabalho no desenvolvimento da saúde e bem-estar da criança. Internacionalmente, o LPO vem sendo difundido há muito tempo, seja voltado para o esporte de alto rendimento como na inclusão na melhoria de saúde e bem-estar para qualquer faixa etária. Em países como, China, Rússia, EUA, Japão entre outros, observamos que o Levantamento de Peso Olímpico, já vem sendo aplicado à criança a partir de 6 anos de idade, ainda na sua fase escolar.
Saúde do trabalhador: fatores que interferem na saúde mental
Authors: Cruz Aline Quele Alves , Santos Claudiane Lima dos , Silva Cleide Marques da , Cruz Eiresnan Alves , Santos Enelita Soares , Maia Luiz Faustino dos Santos
Published: December 2018

Os problemas de saúde mental que acometem os profissionais, estão diretamente relacionados aos riscos ocupacionais à que estão submetidos. Com relação ao enfrentamento emocional no trabalho frente às estratégias cognitivas denominadas de personalização através de uma observação de como o profissional de enfermagem mistura a compaixão com o distanciamento emocional, evitando o envolvimento com a enfermidade do paciente/cliente, utilizando a desumanização em defesa própria, protegendo a si mesmo frente a situação estressora.
Micro porosity of coated paper affected by modified pigment particles
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Možina Klemen , Franken Gregor ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Published: December 2018

Expensive synthetic coating materials can be replaced with natural coatings and surface treatment with natural components and additives which are friendlier to the environment and have normally better special surface properties. However, special properties can be obtained with surface functionalization by chemical or surface geometry modification. Beside optical properties, the trends of lightweight materials, i.e. reducing grammage by using nano materials and products (i.e. NMP - N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone), lower specific energy requirement and costs, forces increasing of pigments usage. Results of survey showed that surface properties of papers coated with modified ground calcium carbonate (GCC), required for inkjet printing with water-based inks had improved significantly, whereas the increment of printed object has minimum differentiation from the ideal, computer-based character.
Investigation of the effects of silicone oil coating and hot air drying on the optical and physical properties of heat-set web offset printing papers
Authors:   Marmara University, School of Applied Science, Department of Printing Technologies, Istanbul, Turke, Tutak Dogan , Aydemir Cem ,   Marmara University, School of Applied Science, Department of Printing Technologies, Istanbul, Turke, Akgul Ahmet ,   Marmara University, School of Applied Science, Department of Printing Technologies, Istanbul, Turke
Published: December 2018

Heat-set web offset printing is a printing system that ink dries quickly with hot air. It is one of the preferred printing techniques with high speed printing process and print quality. Web offset printing machines produce approximately 60,000-70,000 iph (impressions per hour). Because of this speed, printing paper should be very durable during the printing process. In this study, three different (70 g/m2 high-grade, 70 g/m2 glossy coated and 90 g/m2 matte coated) roll papers were used. All these papers were printed with Goss M600 web offset printing machine. Three kinds of samples (non-oven - non-silicone, ovened – non-silicone and ovened - siliconed) were taken from every paper type and optical and physical tests were applied to these samples. It was determined that heat-set web offset printing papers showed different responses to temperature and silicone oil coating in the direction of the obtained results. All printed papers were compared only to their own kind, not the other type of papers
Contribution of ICT Sector to Vietnamese Economy: An Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Đặng Đức Thị Việt
Published: December 2018

This article uses Input-output (IO) analysis to evaluate the impact of ICT on the Vietnamese economy. Two IO tables are used, including tables of 2007 and 2012. The results show that ICT sectors were small in Vietnamese economy and the spending on ICT products and services of an average sector of the economy was generally low. Regarding the impact on output of other sectors, the research results reveal that the ICT sectors' backward linkages were stronger than the forward linkages, i.e. the ICT generated more impact on sectors which provided it input rather than on sectors that used its products and services. The total output multiplying effect of the ICT was rather high; ICT was among the most influential sectors in Vietnamese economy. Among ICT sectors, the ICT manufacturing was the most pervasive which is followed by the ICT services and ICT media and content. The study implies that if Vietnam seeks to enhance the economy, the government needs to implement specific policies that facilitate ICT industry and ICT usage.
THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC PROCESSES ON THE FORMATION OF THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
Authors: Шумилина Вера , Shumilina Vera , Панченко Анна , Panchenko Anna
Published: December 2018

The article analyzes the commercial risks of industrial enterprises, identifies their main sources and causes. Types of commercial risks are described and methods of their assessment are presented
PROBLEMS OF TRANSITION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
Authors: Кузнецова Елена , Kuznecova Elena , Тетунашвили Елена , Tetunashvili Elena
Published: December 2018

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of the transition of the Russian Federation to the information society. The article defines the information society, shows its direct connection with economic security, as well as the reasons why our country has not yet entered the stage of the information society
ECONOMETRIC MODELLING OF INVESTMENTS IN FIXED CAPITAL OF THE ROSTOV REGION
Authors: Цвиль Мария , Tsvil Mariya , Ильютченко Вера , Ilyutchenko Vera , Помаскова Дарья , Pomaskova Dariya
Published: December 2018

The article discusses the degree of influence of various factors on investment in fixed assets of the Rostov region during the period from 2010 to 2017 by means of the econometric models.Based on the received model, the forecast has been made.
Cervical Enamel Projections and Enamel Pearls in a Collection of Australian Extracted Molars
Authors: Lekkas Dimitra , Townsend Grant
Published: December 2018

Cervical enamel pearls (CEPs) and enamel pearls (EPs) are generally located on permanent molars. They are detected less frequently in Caucasian than in Mongoloid teeth. No data are available documenting these features in teeth collected in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and degree of expression of CEPs and EPs in a large sample of Caucasian deciduous and permanent extracted dried molars. The molars were scored for CEPs and EPs. Scoring of CEPs was based on the classification system of Zee et al. (1991). Genuine CEPs were observed in 19.1% of the 282 deciduous molars and 44.0% of 2827 permanent molars examined. In deciduous molars, CEPs were regularly seen on the lingual surface of mandibular second molars, with the Grade I type being most common. In permanent molars, CEPs were generally seen on the buccal surface of mandibular second molars, with the Grade III being the most frequent. External composite EPs were observed in 1.1% of deciduous molars and 3.3% of permanent molars being examined. EPs in permanent molars were frequently detected in maxillary third molars on the distal or mesial surfaces. The results obtained in this study are in broad agreement with previous investigations of Caucasian extracted molars. However, we noted a higher frequency of CEPs in permanent molars than did other studies and found that the Grade III type of CEP occurred most frequently. A modification is proposed to the Zee et al. (1991) scoring system: inclusion of Grade IIIc being a CEP consisting of droplets of enamel streaming toward the furcation. CEPs and EPs are of clinical importance, as they have been implicated as contributing factors in localized periodontal lesions.
An Unusual Maxillary Molar from Prehistoric New Mexico
Authors: Ogilvie Marsha D.
Published: December 2018

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An Unusual Talon Cusp
Authors: McNamara Triona
Published: December 2018

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Another Talon Cusp: What Does it Mean?
Authors: Turner II Christy G.
Published: December 2018

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Analysis of the Optical Properties of Medieval Enamel
Authors: Tihaček-Šojić Ljiljana , Đurić-Srejić Marija
Published: December 2018

The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences in the optical properties of samples of intact, abraded, and reduced enamel. The optical properties of medieval enamel were compared to the results obtained from studies of enamel of contemporary populations in order to investigate the structural changes of enamel due to the effect of diagenesis (destructive changes, which affect interred bone). Reduced enamel (artificially removed superficial layer of the enamel) was used as a comparative sample for the study of abraded enamel. The dental material was obtained from the medieval cemetery of Stara Torina located in northern Serbia. Micro-morphological analysis was conducted using a polarized light microscope. Based on the results, we can demonstrate that 1) the birefringence value of the mature medieval enamel sample ranges from 0.3 to 0.4, which means that medieval enamel has retained its optical properties, although some changes in the inorganic components were found; 2) the matrure intact enamel and abraded enamel have a negative optical sign, which is the same as that found in immature enamel; and 3) the mature reduced enamel changes its optical sign due to the phenomena of bending of the surface enamel prisms from 0.7 mm to 0.9 mm. This change of the optical sign results from a rise in temperature during the reduction process and from a diffusion of "non-oriented" molecules. The increased pressure on the enamel during the reduction process causes the bending of the surface part of the enamel prisms. The presence of the pigmentation and carious changes in the abraded enamel and ground enamel also indicated the process of diffusion of different molecules, which occurred while the enamel was buried in the soil, as well as during the lifetime of the individual.
Book Review: Die Evolutione der Zahne: Phylogenie, Ontogenie, Variation
Authors: Schultz Michael
Published: December 2018

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Absence of Association between Body Size and Deciduous Tooth Size in American Black Children
Authors: Lease Loren R. , Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

Weak positive associations between tooth size and body size have been documented for the permanent dentition. Presumably, if the deciduous dentition were under the same genetic controls as the permanent, there would also be a discernable association for the deciduous teeth in young children. The deciduous dentition of 133 modern American Black children was examined to determine the correlations between body size and tooth size. The results, based on Spearman's rank-order correlations, disclosed no statistically significant association with body weight or stature, expressed as age- and sex-specific centiles, and crown diameters at the alpha level of 0.05. It is speculated that maternal influences - which modulate perinatal growth of the offspring - dissociate the tooth size - body size association in children, whereas the individuals' own genotypes are relatively more strongly expressed with increasing age.
Book Review: Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton
Authors: Tucker Teri
Published: December 2018

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Tooth Mineralization: A Technical Note on the Moorrees-Fanning-Hunt Standards
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Buck Andrea L.
Published: December 2018

One of the largest, longitudinal studies of tooth mineralization is that described by Moorrees, Fanning and Hunt (J Dent Res, 1963) based on children growing up in Boston, Massachusetts, and Yellow Springs, Ohio. This short communication provides tables of the means and standard deviations, by sex, in order to make the data more accessible and usable than the graphic form of the information in the original article. Characteristics of the study and applications are discussed.
Fourth Molars in the Anthropoidea
Authors: Swindler Daris R.
Published: December 2018

Fourth molars are not common in the anthropoidea. Orangutans possess the highest frequencies (7-13%) while many genera in the suborder lack the fourth molars. A review of the incidence of M4’s in the Anthropoidea is presented and a description of the ontogeny of M4 in Macaca nemestrina is described and offered as an explanation of the development of M4’s in this taxon.
Sex Differences in Oral Pathologies at the Late Classic Maya Site of Xcambó, Yucatán
Authors: Cucina Andrea , Blos Vera Tiesler , Sosa Thelma Sierra
Published: December 2018

The present study compares the frequency of oral pathologies—namely caries, antemortem tooth loss and periapical defects—between sexes in the Maya site of Xcambó, Yucatán, during the Late Classic Period (AD 600-900). There are marked differences in the occurrence of oral pathological conditions between the sexes in two of three major areas of the sites, despite evidence of archaeological and funerary homogeneity within the site. In these two compounds, females are significantly more affected by oral pathologies than males. In contrast, the third area of the site shows slightly higher frequencies in males, but with no significant sex difference. The results*Correspondence to: Andrea Cucina, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexioco. E-mail: acucina@yahoo.comhave been interpreted according to the site’s location, size and economic role within a larger trade network in the Yucatán peninsula. The higher frequency of oral pathologies in females is interpreted as the result of sex differences in dietary and behavioral patterns. Females likely had more maize in their diet and, because of their role in food preparation, may have ingested food more frequently during the day. At the same time, the lack of difference between sexes in the third area of the site contradicts the archaeological evidence of intrasite homogeneity, and it raises questions on the cultural complexity of this population.
Where’s the Variation? Variance Components in Tooth Sizes of the Permanent Dentition
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

Studies have shown that there are only a few canonical axes of tooth size variation in the permanent dentition. Despite the numerous measurements that might be taken (e.g., crown length and breadth of 32 teeth = 64 variables), most of the canonical structure is explained by 3 or 4 overarching axes of variation. This study used maximum likelihood components of variance analysis to determine where the major sources of statistical variation are among the crown dimensions in the permanent dentition. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions were measured on all permanent teeth (excluding M3s and averaging sides) in 100 American whites and 100 American blacks, evenly divided by sex. The SAS program varcomp estimated the sources of variation across 7 aspects of the dentition, namely race, sex, arcade, tooth (incisor, canine, premolar, molar), position (mesial, distal), dimension (MD, BL), and a residual term. Most variation is shared; residual variance was just 21.8% of the total. Considering the six components of shared variance, the greatest (82.8%) was due to tooth type (I, C, P, M). In contrast, only 4.9% was attributable to the black-white race difference, which confirms results of other biological data that the preponderance of variation is within groups, not among them. More striking is the lack of variation between males and females (1.2%)—confirming the insensitivity of tooth crown dimensions for forensic purposes. Very little shared variance (0.6%) was due to tooth position, indicating that the mesial “pole” tooth that is metrically and morphologically more stable does not possess much more informational content statistically. Whether the tooth was maxillary or mandibular accounted for 6.9%. In a practical sense, the large variance due to tooth type implies that dental anthropologists commonly will want to include variables from all tooth types (I, C, P, M) rather than multiple measurements within a tooth type, since tooth type is the canonical axis of variation.
The Genetics of Odontogenesis: Implications in Dental Anthropology and Palæo-Odontology
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H.
Published: December 2018

Palaeoanthropology and forensic odontology rely significantly upon detailed dental morphology that is ultimately the phenotypic expression of the underlying genotype and developmental phenomena. Odontogenesis is the consequence of a complex series of molecular interactions controlled by epigenetic signals acting on embryonic epithelial-mesenchymal tissues of ectodermal, neural crest and mesodermal origin. Of the estimated 24,847 genes of the human genome (Pearson, 2003) some 200 or more genes have been directly or indirectly involved in tooth development (http://bite-it.helsinki.fi). The loci of these genes on the 22 pairs of autosomes and the pair of sex chromosomes are being identified by their mutations that give rise to phenotypic dental abnormalities. The sequential cascades of stages from initiation through the bud, cap, bell, mineralization, root formation and eruption of teeth are all under genetic control but subject to environmental influences. Identification of specific genes with clinical phenotypes provides invaluable clues to familial, racial and evolutionary affinities, all of jurisprudential, heredity and evolutionary significance to odontologists. Combining the genetics of odontogenesis with forensic evidence and palaeoanthropological fossil data provides an unparalled source of information on heredity, environmental and evolutionary events through teeth, the most durable of all biological structures after death. It is paradoxical that teeth are most susceptible to decay during life, but postmortem are the last structures to disintegrate. Teeth truly tell tales of the living and the dead.
A System for the Acquisition and Analysis of Three-Dimensional Data Describing Dental Morphology
Authors: Liu Pingzhou , Ranjitkar Sarbin , Kaidonis John A. , Townsend Grant C. , Richards Lindsay C.
Published: December 2018

Accurate, reproducible three-dimensional (3D) data provide an important contribution to our ability to describe, compare and understand dental morphology but the existing technology is often expensive or has technical limitations. Recently available, inexpensive 3D profilometers interfaced with standard personal computers offer the potential to overcome some of these problems. This technical note describes a system that uses a 3D profilometer and purpose written software to analyse changes in dental morphology resulting from tooth wear. The validity of the derived data was determined by comparing data derived from scans of objects of known dimensions with calculated volumes. These differences were less than 10% from objects that were difficult to scan because of their geometry and were commonly less than 5%. The reproductibility, expressed as intra- and inter-observer coefficients of variation, was less than 1%. The potential applications of systems of this type are outlined.
Variations of Tooth Root Morphology in a Romano- British Population
Authors: Brook Alan H. , Scheers Marlene
Published: December 2018

Tooth morphology can provide valuableevidence in studies of prehistoric, historic and modernpopulations. The aims of this study were to derive datafor root anomalies in a Romano-British population, toinvestigate associations between anomalies, and tocompare findings with other populations to provideevidence concerning etiology. An additional aim wasto develop further the methodology and reproducibilityin such studies. From the Christian cemetery of 3rd-5thcentury AD in Poundbury, UK, 385 skulls were suitablefor examination. Radiographic technique was standardizedwith custom-made skull supports and criteriaestablished for each anomaly. There was a high levelof reproducibility for the diagnosis of each anomaly.The prevalence of the anomalies in individuals was:three-rooted mandibular first molars 1.8%, fused roots14.0%, cuneiform roots 16.9%, taurodontism 26.9%, andinvaginated teeth 1.1%. There were highly significant(P < 0.001) associations between fused and cuneiformroots, and both were significantly associated with thirdmolar hypodontia (P < 0.002; P < 0.05). These reductionsin root morphology were commonly bilateral andmore frequent in females, as is hypodontia. The findingsof this study are compatible with a multifactorialetiology of these anomalies, showing continuous variationin root morphology. The gradients of anomaliesobserved are also compatible with the concept of morphogeneticfields.
Brief Communication: Rotation of the Maxillary Premolars: Evidence in Support of Premolar Morphogenetic Field
Authors: Stefan Vincent H.
Published: December 2018

The presence of an individual tooth, axiallyrotated within the maxillary and/or mandibular dentalarcade is not an uncommon occurrence in the humandentition. Far rarer is the axial rotation of two or moreadjacent teeth, rotated together as a “unit” within thedental arcade. Two rare cases are presented here, eachcase possessing a maxillary P3-P4 unit that has beenaxially rotated. This event is in and of itself interestingand important, yet it also potentially provides supportfor the concept of a “premolar” morphogenetic field.
Unilateral Fusion of Two Primary Mandibular Teeth: Report of a Portuguese Archeological Case
Authors: Silva Ana Maria , Silva Ana Leonor
Published: December 2018

This paper describes a unilateral fusionof two mandibular teeth in an infant skeleton recoveredfrom the late Roman cemetery of Miroiço (Sintra,Portugal). Morphological and radiographic data wereused for the analysis and interpretation of this dentalanomaly. A brief review of the literature of present dayprimary dental fusion is presented. This report showsthat primary dental fusion was present in Portuguesepast populations, representing a contribution to thehistory of dental anomalies.
Deciduous Dental Morphological Diversity in Contemporary Colombian Ethnic Groups
Authors: Delgado-Burbano Miguel Eduardo
Published: December 2018

Biocultural diversity of contemporarySouth American populations has not been studiedextensively, therefore delineating some of the patterns ofphenotypic variation may be useful for understandingtheir ongoing evolution. Thirty-seven deciduous dentalnonmetric traits were scored on 200 dental casts thatwere obtained from four contemporary Colombianethnic groups with different ancestry. Inter-group affinitieswere assessed by means of a principal componentanalysis based on trait frequencies. African-AmericanColombian groups share several dental morphologicalaffinities with other New World African derived populationsas well as with Sub-Saharan African dental samples.Colombian Amerindians have a relative affinity withprehistoric Native North American samples, but a clearassociation with living North American Indians andrecent Northeast Asian Sinodont populations was notevident. The biologically admixed group or “Mestizo”has a more complicated pattern of phenotypic relationships,with an African and an Amerindian but not anevident European component. From an evolutionarypoint of view, gene flow probably is the most importantfactor that changed the original gene pool through time.These groups have a complex landscape of bioculturalvariation reflected by their different microevolutionaryhistories.
Commentary: Supernumerary teeth
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

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Crown and Cusp Dimensions of the Maxillary First Molar: A Study of Sexual Dimorphism in Indian Jat Sikhs
Authors: Agnihotri Gaurav , Sikri Vimal
Published: December 2018

The human first maxillary molar provides clues about evolution and is functionally important. Crowns of maxillary molars have four main cusps, each having an independent growth pattern and different evolutionary background. The study aims to quantify the morphometric criterion for the maxillary first molar giving a special emphasis to sexual dimorphism. Measurements of the first maxillary molar were taken on 100 casts of Jat Sikh students (50 males, 50 females) studying in the local medical college in the age group of 17-21 years. The Jat Sikh community of Punjab is endogamous at the caste level. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare the samples for males and females. There is statistically significant sexual dimorphism (P < 0.01) for the maxillary first molar’s crown and cusp components in the Jat Sikhs. The sequence of dimorphism in cusp dimensions corresponds to the order of formation of the cusps. The percentage sexual dimorphism for the hypocone is high (right 7.2%, left 7.4%).
Mesiodistal Crown Dimensions of the Permanent Dentition in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Ajayi Emmanuel O. , Ajayi Yetunde O. , Oboro Helen O. , Chukwumah Nneka M.
Published: December 2018

Mesiodistal crown dimensions of the permanent dentition were assessed in a Nigerian population. The study sample consisted of 54 dental casts of Nigerian subjects (33 males; 21 females) with a mean age of 26.6 (sd = 2.1) years. The subjects had their permanent teeth present and fully erupted from first molar to first molar, no interproximal caries or restorations and no abnormal tooth sizes or shapes. Descriptive statistics are provided. Sex differences in the means and comparisons with the means from other population were evaluated using t-tests. Results revealed no statistically significant difference in mesiodistal crown dimensions between the sexes and no left to right side tooth size discrepancy in the sample. The study provides normative data on the mesiodistal crown dimensions of Nigerian subjects. Compared to African Americans, crown dimensions tended to be smaller in these Nigerians, especially in males.
Analysis of Cementum Layers in Archaeological Material
Authors: Huffman Michaela , Antoine Daniel
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to assess the utility of cementum layers for estimating age at death of remains from an archaeological site. Variability in cementum layer counts due to interobserver error and variation among dental regions were analyzed. Interobserver error was later incorporated into age ranges based on counts of cementum layers and compared with age estimates derived from the skeleton. The layers were counted, using 9 teeth from 3 individuals, and the eruption age of the tooth was summed with the average layer count to achieve an estimated age. The research indicates that the assessment of archaeological dental cementum layers has a relatively high interobserver error. The cementum layer aging method resulted in large age ranges and did not correspond with age ranges from skeletal techniques. Chemical diagenetic processes can affect the observation and count of cementum layers by obscuring bands and/or creating additional bands. The variables that affected observability of cementum layers were: high interobserver error, discrepancy of readability of root regions, and large age ranges using the cementum layer technique that exceeded age ranges derived from other, skeletal methods.
Wisdom Tooth Formation as a Method of Estimating Age in a New Zealand Population
Authors: McGettigan Annabelle , Timmins Kimberley , Herbison Peter , Liversidge Helen , Kieser Jules
Published: December 2018

Dental ageing relies on assumptions aboutthe progression of tooth development from the middletrimester to adulthood and relative stability of thisprocess in the face of adverse dietary, hormonal, diseaseor nutritional factors. Most studies of dental ageingemploy the method of Demirjian et al., (1973), which isbased upon an assessment of crown and root formationstages from dental radiographs. Unfortunately, thismethod has a ceiling effect at age 16, when the secondmolar attains full maturity. The aim of our study was toextend the window of ageing by using the developmentof the third molar teeth. Panoramic radiographs of 207(105 males) children aged between 7 years, 6 months and18 years formed the basis of this study. Upper and lowerleft wisdom teeth were scored according to Demirjian et al. (1973) by a single examiner. Intra-examiner reliabilitywas evaluated by repeat scoring of a randomly selected(10%) sample one week after the initial staging. Theseshowed a consistency of 76% for the mandibular data and95% for the maxillary data, giving an overall percentageof 85%. When the re-scored teeth were not consistentwith their original score, this differed only by one stage.In this population males were advanced in their thirdmolar development and this trend was more markedfor maxillary than mandibular wisdom teeth. Hence, theNew Zealand population examined, males were moreadvanced in their third molar development and thistrend was more marked for maxillary than mandibularteeth.
2012 Dahlberg Award Winner Dental morphological variation among six Pre-Hispanic South American populations with implications for the peopling of the New World
Authors: Ortiz Alejandra
Published: December 2018

The analysis of the human dentition pro-vides important information on the origins and dispersals of the first American inhabitants. However, most of this work has focused on North America, whereas less research has been devoted to variation within Central and South America. This study examines the permanent dentitions of 340 individuals from six pre-Hispanic South American populations and places them in the broader context of the peopling of the New World. Non-metric dental data were collected using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Intra- and inter-regional comparisons were assessed using the Mean Measure of Divergence statistical program. All samples are characterized by relatively high frequencies of UM1 enamel extension and LM1 deflecting wrinkle and low frequencies of UM1 cusp 5 and LM2 Y-groove pattern. Although preliminary, results indicate that populations from Chile, Venezuela and Peru-Northern Coast are dentally similar and follow the Sinodont dental pattern. The Peru-Southern Highlands sample is the most divergent of the South American groups examined, showing the closest affinities with Sundadonts. Finally, no clear pattern was found for Bolivia and Peru-Amazonian Andes, as most of their trait frequencies fall within the range of overlap between Sinodont and Sundadont populations.
Book Review: Legacy of a Longitudinal Growth Study in Central Australia
Authors: Liversidge Helen
Published: December 2018

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Histological Analysis of Dentition in Rockshelter Burials from Two Sites in Central Belize
Authors: Michael Amy R.
Published: December 2018

Objectives: Investigations of dental health in the Maya region have frequently focused on individualsburied at urban sites rather than in peripheral or intermediary zones. This study presents a dental analysisof a different type of mortuary sample, those persons buried in two non-elite peripheral rockshelters, in CentralBelize using a combined dental micro- and macrodefect approach to interpret health experience. Materials and Methods: A total of 22 teeth (permanent mandibular canines, and mandibular and maxillarythird molars) from the two sites were assessed for dental caries, enamel hypoplasias, and Wilson bands. Themaximum and minimum ages of microdefect formation for each tooth was calculated. Results: Carious lesions were infrequently represented in the sample, while linear enamel hypoplasias wereexpressed in less than half the sample. Wilson bands, conversely, were present in nearly every tooth indicatingthat the rockshelter populations experienced more acute stress. Individuals interred at Caves Branch Rockshelterwere affected earlier in life based on analysis of mandibular canines. Conclusion: Non-elites buried in rockshelters in Central Belize had similar dental health experiences whencompared with individuals buried at elite centers. At least in terms of oral health, peripheral communities in thisarea were not adversely affected by their distance from urban core sites
Some Dental Traits in Different Evolutionary Lines Leading to Modern Man
Authors: Zubov Alexander A.
Published: December 2018

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The Oldest Example of Dental Filing North of the Valley of Mexico
Authors: Powell Joseph F. , Powell Leah Carson
Published: December 2018

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Etruscan Gold Appliances: Origins and Functions as Indicated by an Example from Orvieto, Italy, in the Danish National Museum
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: December 2018

The ancient Etruscans invented the dental bridge over 2,500 years ago. The earliest known example, made from pure gold, was excavated from the ancient site of Satricum in central Italy. it has been dated to ca. 630 BC. At that time this village was within the Etruscan realm. All of the earliest examples of these dental prostheses derive from Etruscan contexts. Study of all of the known dental appliances from this part of the ancient world suggests that their use faded as central Italy came under Roman influence. Among the 19 known prostheses from Etruscan archaeological contexts (Becker, nda) is an outstanding example, believed to be from Orvieto, now in the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen (Figs. 1, 2) (Becker, 1992). A detailed description of the Copenhagen example allows it to be compared with other known pieces. We now have a clear understanding of the various ways in which prostheses were made and used. A significant discovery is that these Etruscan bridges were worn only by females, suggesting that cosmetics and vanity were important dental concerns. The unusal construction technique of the Copenhagen piece and its place within the typology of examples reflects the evolution of this technology over more than 400 years.
Connate Incisors in a Pre-Columbian Mandible from Nasca, Peru
Authors: Drusini Andrea G. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: December 2018

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