bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NIEBEZPIECZNE ZACHOWANIA UCZESTNIKÓW
RUCHU DROGOWEGO
Authors: Łuka Piotr , Pogorzelski Andrzej
Published: January 2020

W publikacji autorzy odnoszą
się do stanu bezpieczeństwa na drogach
w Polsce postrzeganego przez pryzmat
niebezpiecznych zachowań uczestników
ruchu drogowego. W ocenie autorów
jednym z najistotniejszych czynników,
które kształtują poziom bezpieczeństwa
na drogach, są zachowania uczestników
ruchu drogowego. W treści zawarto
informacje dotyczące aktualnego stanu
bezpieczeństwa. Wskazano, że najważniejszym
podmiotem mającym wpływ na
bezpieczeństwo jest uczestnik ruchu drogowego.
W szczególności zwrócono uwagę
na dwie kategorie uczestników ruchu
drogowego: kierujących pojazdami oraz
pieszych. Wskazano także kategorię niechronionych
uczestników ruchu drogowego,
którzy w wyniku zdarzeń drogowych
najczęściej odnoszą poważne obrażenia.
Autorzy, analizując przyczyny wypadków
drogowych, wskazują, że jedną z nich
jest zbyt mała świadomość uczestników
ruchu drogowego dotycząca konsekwencji
zdarzeń drogowych w postaci obrażeń
ciała lub śmierci. Z przeprowadzonej analizy
wynika, że największe zagrożenie na
drogach powodowane jest przez kierujących
pojazdami. Jako istotne czynniki
wpływające na kreowanie bezpiecznych
zachowań na drodze wskazano działania
represyjne realizowane przez Policję oraz
szeroko rozumiane działania profi laktyczne.
Podsumowując, autorzy wskazują,
że aby skutecznie przeciwdziałać zagrożeniom
na drogach, należy właściwie i
precyzyjnie defi niować ich przyczyny oraz
starannie planować adekwatne działania
służące podniesieniu poziomu bezpieczeństwa.
Działania służące właściwej
diagnozie przyczyn zdarzeń drogowych
trzeba podejmować w sposób usystematyzowany,
opierając się na naukowych przesłankach.
Skuteczność podejmowanych
działań profi laktycznych i represyjnych
powinna być poddawana szczegółowej
analizie w celu bieżącej ewaluacji.
The Preparation and Research on the Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of T-ZnO@Ag/Silicone Rubber Composites
Authors: NIE Jingkai , WANG Guangke , HOU Dong , GUO Fu , HAN Yu
Published: January 2020

This study first conducted surface modification of Ag-plated Tetrapod-like zinc oxide (T-ZnO) whiskers with the use of dopamine and prepared Ag-plated T-ZnO whiskers (T-ZnO@Ag) by means of chemical plating, in which AgNO3 solutions with different concentrations were used during the preparation. Micro-structures of the prepared T-ZnO@Ag powders were examined to evaluate the effect of AgNO3 concentration on Ag plating performance. Subsequently, conductive Si rubber samples were prepared, the T-ZnO@Ag powders were used as fillers, and the effectiveness of the related electromagnetic shielding was investigated in detail. The results showed that using AgNO3 solution with a concentration of 20 g/L, a continuous Ag coating-layer was observed on the surface of T-ZnO whiskers. It was evident that, when used as fillers, T-ZnO@Ag has a conductive threshold and when the mass fraction of the fillers exceeded 50 %, the T-ZnO@Ag whiskers that were uniformly dispersed in the matrix formed interconnected conductive paths. In this condition, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the prepared T-ZnO@Ag/Si rubber composite reached up 90 dB.
Effect of Cr2O3 on the Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Enamel Coating with TC4 Titanium Alloy
Authors: XIAO Feng , LIN Hongbin , CHEN Hui , DU Juan , MIAO Jingguo
Published: January 2020

By adding 0 % to 50 % Cr2O3 ceramic particles, the enamel composite coating is produced on the surface of TC4 titanium alloys. The detection analysis indicates that with the increase of the amount of Cr2O3 particles added, the density of enamel coating increases as well, and the amount of the pore holes decreases at the same time, but the enamel coating becomes porous with more than 30 % of the amount of Cr2O3 particles added. The main crystalline phases of enamel coating are NaAlSi3O8 and Ca2SiO4, whereas the Cr2O3 ceramic particles added are mainly presented as an independent phase, and part of the particles are in the form of Ca5Cr3O12 phase after the reaction. The enamel coating with 30 % Cr2O3 ceramic particles added has the best high-temperature oxidation resistance, mainly because the main crystalline phase of NaAlSi3O8 is changed into Na2Si2O5 during the high-temperature oxidation, which is beneficial to the self-healing of the coating.
The Amorphization of Monolayer MoS2 Induced by Strong Oxygen Plasma Treatment
Authors: MENG Jian-Ling , ZHU Jian-Qi , JIA Shun-Tian , REN Xiao
Published: January 2020

By strong oxygen plasma treatment on monolayer MoS2, we observe the disappearance of the Raman modes of MoS2. We propose the hypothesis that the state of MoS2 translates from crystal to amorphous after strong oxygen plasma treatment. The evidences of no MoO3 formation shown by Raman spectra and the appearance of the Mo6+ peak and decreased O concentration shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy support our hypothesis. The amorphization of monolayer MoS2 is further confirmed by the quenching of photoluminescence (PL) and the disappearance of two absorption peaks related to A, B exciton which demonstrates the disordered bandgap. Finally, we found that the amorphous MoS2 can improve the absorption fraction at the visible light (500~ 750 nm) which is potential for future visible light photocatalysis.
The Formation Mechanism and Characterization of Al-Si Master Alloys from Sodium Fluosilicate
Authors: MAHRAN Gamal Mohamed Attia , OMRAN Abdel-Nasser Mohamed , ABU SEIF El-Sayed Sedek
Published: January 2020

A modified Al-Si alloy containing up to 15 wt.% Si has been obtained from the reaction of sodium fluosilicate (Na2SiF6) with molten aluminum. This work attempted to estimate the mechanism of the reaction of Na2SiF6 with molten aluminum to produce Al-Si alloys. The effect of temperature, Na2SiF6/Al Wt ratio and reaction time on the formation of Al-Si alloy were investigated. The thermodynamic data, kinetic and rate of the reaction were studied. The results showed the possibility of the reaction between Na2SiF6 and molten aluminum thermodynamically, and that this reaction might be controlled chemically. The current study aims to optimize the factors that affecting the preparation of a modified Al-Si alloy from a reduction of sodium fluosilicate using molten aluminium. Temperature 950 oC, reaction time 20 – 25 min and Na2SiF6/Al Wt ratio related to the applied Si percentage. The prepared alloys could be modified due to the presence of Na2SiF6 in the used material as a source of sodium in response to modifying the produced Al-Si alloys. The microstructure by using LOM, SEM, and EDX proved that the needle-like silicon converts to fine fibrous. The volume fraction of primary Si reduces and the eutectic point moves to a higher silicon concentration. The modification improves the wear characteristics and increases the tensile and hardness.
Bullying in preschool children
Authors: Douvlos Christos
Published: January 2020

The present article aims to shed light on exploring the issue of bullying in preschool children, with a special focus on early forms of anti-social and aggressive behaviour and suggestions about the role of the school, based on the presentation of prevention and intervention programmes in preschool education settings. The most typical forms of bullying in preschool education settings are physical aggressiveness, social exclusion and rumor spreading. Most studies indicate that physical aggressiveness is prevalent in boys, while relational and verbal aggressiveness is prevalent in girls. The role of preschool educators is crucial, as they need to learn to identify and manage early forms of aggressiveness. Therefore, their training is imperative, as they need to carefully evaluate each incident, while creating a positive learning environment and applying strategies for bullying prevention and intervention.
Examining handedness and sex-related effects on line-bisection in childhood
Authors: Asenova Ivanka V. , Andonova-Tsvetanova Yoanna R.
Published: January 2020

Eighty-eight Bulgarian children (range 5 – 7 years old), 40 left handers (18 boys) and 48 right handers (26 boys), completed line-bisection test one time with each hand. In accordance with previous studies the results show that the majority of children demonstrated deviation to the left of the true center with the left hand and to the right with the right hand, suggesting symmetrical neglect. Sex, handedness and their interaction had no main effect on mean percentage deviation scores at the group level, but only sex had a significant impact on the frequency of symmetrical neglect (p < .05), with higher one in girls than in boys.
Българска адаптация на въпросника на купърсмит за измерване на самооценката при възрастни (форма с)
Authors: Stoyanova Stanislava , Papazova Eva , Garvanova Magdalena
Published: January 2020

Извършена е адаптация за български условия на скалата за изследване на самооценката на Купърсмит за възрастни (форма С). Участниците в изследването са 900, като част от тях са студенти от различни специалности в Университета по библиотекознание и информационни технологии – УниБИТ, а друга част са рекрутирани чрез онлайн форма на въпросника. Айтемите имат добри психометрични характеристики и тестът е с висока надеждност. Проверена е конструкт валидността на скалата чрез корелации с методики, измерващи ценности и удовлетвореност от живота. Извлечени са три съдържателни фактора, заслужаващи интерпретация (Личностна самооценка; Самооценка, произтичаща от другите; Самооценка, произтичаща от родителите). Въпросникът е нормиран за възрастни хора в България.
¿Qué tan al norte hay que mirar? El discurso filo-mexicano de oposición en Colombia durante el gobierno de Marco Fidel Suárez (1918-1921)
Authors: Pulido García David Antonio
Published: January 2020

Objective/Context: This article delves into the ideological construction of the opposition discourse to the Conservative Hegemony. It aims not only to unveil the content of said discourse, but also its direct influences, many of which are found in continental historical processes referring to diplomatic relations between Latin American countries in the aftermath of the European Great War, more precisely, to diplomatic relations between Mexico and Colombia. Originality: The so-called Conservative Hegemony in Colombia, has been widely studied from its political paradigm, but little progress has been made in understanding its intellectual history. This article provides novel elements of analysis in this regard. Methodology: This particular approach, which methodologically could be called transnational, locates the national intellectual historical processes in their continental context, emphasizing the role of the members of the diplomatic corps in the circulation of ideas, and in their active reception by local intellectuals in their host countries. Conclusions: On this basis, we conclude that the ideas put into circulation through Colombian newspapers and magazines, due to the presence of the Mexican legation in Colombia during the Marco Fidel Suárez government, played a leading role in discursive construction and political action by sectors in opposition to the conservative government.
Más allá de Stonewall: el Movimiento de Liberación Homosexual de Colombia y las redes de activismo internacional, 1976-1989
Authors: Caro Romero Felipe César Camilo
Published: January 2020

Objective/Context: This article has two objectives. On the one hand, it seeks to show the history of the Gay Liberation Movement of Colombia (MLHC, for its acronym in Spanish), one of the first political experiences of the LGBT movement in Colombia. On the other hand, the article seeks to explain the various international activism networks that established a constant flow of information between gay liberation movements throughout the Western Hemisphere. Originality: The analysis comprises the period between 1976 and 1989, outlining the chronology from the beginnings of the sexual diversity movement in Colombia to its first cycle of protests. Methodology: The research is based on sources that are not usually contemplated by historiography, which include the organization’s internal documents and its various editorial projects. Conclusions: The paper concludes that, although strongly influenced by the new left, the MLHC represented a heterogeneous political experience with its own sectoral discussions. In addition, it unveils a complex relationship with gay liberation organizations both in the Americas and in Europe, and proposes an interconnected vision of the sexual diversity movement in the West.
CNApp, a tool for the quantification of copy number alterations and integrative analysis revealing clinical implications
Authors: Franch-Expósito Sebastià , Bassaganyas Laia , Vila-Casadesús Maria , Hernández-Illán Eva , Esteban-Fabró Roger , Díaz-Gay Marcos , Lozano Juan José , Castells Antoni , Llovet Josep Maria , Castellví-Bel Sergi , Camps Jordi
Published: January 2020

Somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) are a hallmark of cancer, but their role in tumorigenesis and clinical relevance remain largely unclear. Here, we developed CNApp, a web-based tool that allows a comprehensive exploration of CNAs by using purity-corrected segmented data from multiple genomic platforms. CNApp generates genome-wide profiles, computes CNA scores for broad, focal and global CNA burdens, and uses machine learning-based predictions to classify samples. We applied CNApp to the TCGA pan-cancer dataset of 10,635 genomes showing that CNAs classify cancer types according to their tissue-of-origin, and that each cancer type shows specific ranges of broad and focal CNA scores. Moreover, CNApp reproduces recurrent CNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma and predicts colon cancer molecular subtypes and microsatellite instability based on broad CNA scores and discrete genomic imbalances. In summary, CNApp facilitates CNA-driven research by providing a unique framework to identify relevant clinical implications. CNApp is hosted at https://tools.idibaps.org/CNApp/.
A sex difference in the response of the rodent postsynaptic density to synGAP haploinsufficiency
Authors: Mastro Tara L , Preza Anthony , Basu Shinjini , Chattarji Sumantra , Till Sally M , Kind Peter C , Kennedy Mary B
Published: January 2020

SynGAP is a postsynaptic density (PSD) protein that binds to PDZ domains of the scaffold protein PSD-95. We previously reported that heterozygous deletion of Syngap1 in mice is correlated with increased steady-state levels of other key PSD proteins that bind PSD-95, although the level of PSD-95 remains constant (Walkup et al., 2016). For example, the ratio to PSD-95 of Transmembrane AMPA-Receptor-associated Proteins (TARPs), which mediate binding of AMPA-type glutamate receptors to PSD-95, was increased in young Syngap1+/-mice. Here we show that only females and not males show a highly significant correlation between an increase in TARP and a decrease in synGAP in the PSDs of Syngap1+/-rodents. The data reveal a sex difference in the adaptation of the PSD scaffold to synGAP haploinsufficiency.
Structure and activation mechanism of the BBSome membrane protein trafficking complex
Authors: Singh Sandeep K , Gui Miao , Koh Fujiet , Yip Matthew CJ , Brown Alan
Published: January 2020

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a currently incurable ciliopathy caused by the failure to correctly establish or maintain cilia-dependent signaling pathways. Eight proteins associated with BBS assemble into the BBSome, a key regulator of the ciliary membrane proteome. We report the electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the native bovine BBSome in inactive and active states at 3.1 and 3.5 Å resolution, respectively. In the active state, the BBSome is bound to an Arf-family GTPase (ARL6/BBS3) that recruits the BBSome to ciliary membranes. ARL6 recognizes a composite binding site formed by BBS1 and BBS7 that is occluded in the inactive state. Activation requires an unexpected swiveling of the β-propeller domain of BBS1, the subunit most frequently implicated in substrate recognition, which widens a central cavity of the BBSome. Structural mapping of disease-causing mutations suggests that pathogenesis results from folding defects and the disruption of autoinhibition and activation.
Appropriate and relevant humour in the university classroom: insights from teachers and students
Authors: Abu Bakar Farhana
Published: January 2020

When used for the purpose of teaching and learning, humour must be relevant and appropriate to the context. However, what constitutes appropriate and relevant humour is unclear. Past studies have focussed mostly on classifying appropriate and relevant types of humour. Additionally, students’ and teachers’ perceptions of what constitutes appropriate and relevant humour are likely to differ, meaning that the effectiveness of teachers’ humour use may vary depending on the context. With this in mind, it is important to consider teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the appropriateness and relevance of humour. For this paper, five award-winning teachers and 10 students were interviewed regarding their perceptions and experiences of the use of humour in university teaching. Four themes were identified that relate to teachers’ and students’ perceptions regarding the appropriateness of humour: Appropriate humour is relevant humour; Appropriate humour happens at a suitable time and in a suitable manner; Appropriate humour enhances teachers’ credibility; and Inappropriate humour is disrespectful humour. Three themes were identified related to the relevance of humour: Relevant humour is related to the learning content; Relevant humour is related to daily experiences in life; and Irrelevant humour is humour that students do not understand. On the basis of this study, this paper offers pedagogical suggestions for teachers who wish to use humour effectively by taking into consideration what humour is considered appropriate/inappropriate and relevant/irrelevant. The study presented in this paper was funded by Postgraduate Publishing , University of Otago, New Zealand. I also would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank Dr Vivienne Anderson, Assoc Prof Dr Vijay Kumar Mallan, and Prof Tony Harland for their feedback on the author’s PhD thesis from which this paper is derived.
Influencing Factors of Rural Families’ Migration to Urban Area: The Case of Kabul, Afghanistan
Authors: Ahad Hakim Abdul , Boz Ismet
Published: January 2020

Aims: This study aimed to determine factors influencing rural families’ migration to urban areas in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected in different neighbourhoods of Kabul, Afghanistan during the July-September period of 2019. Data analyses and manuscript preparation were completed in the October-December period of 2019.

Methodology: First, the most populated neighbourhoods of Kabul, particularly those areas where the majority of families migrated from rural areas were determined. The data of the study were collected from 400 rural-urban migrants in Kabul city. The questionnaires were filled during face to face informal meetings with households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics of rural-urban migrants, pushing and pulling factors which affected rural migration, reasons for insecurity in rural areas, and satisfaction and reintegration of migrants in Kabul city.

Results: The results show that unemployment with 9.53 and fear of terror with 9.15 are the most effective pushing factors for rural families to migrate. However, the most important pulling factors which make Kabul city attractive for rural families are the issues regarding rights (women rights with 8.82, having right to vote with 8.73 and human rights with 8.71).

Conclusion: In the last five years Afghanistan had huge number immigration internally (1.1 million person) and internationally (1.7 million people) Results of this study suggest that to slower rural-urban migration in Afghanistan, rural development programs should be implemented, and the priority of these programs should be given to the creation of employment opportunities and eliminating gender inequalities in rural areas. Otherwise, either rural-urban migration or dissatisfaction of being in Kabul and preferring not reintegrating back to their villages will make rural-urban migrants seek international migration.
Growth of Wheat and Na+/ K+ Ratio under Neutral and Alkaline Salts Stress
Authors: . Badar-Uz-Zaman , Khan Huda , Suhaib Muhammad , Ishaq Muhammad , Arshadullah Muhammad , Mahmood Imdad Ali
Published: January 2020

Saline soils contain multiple types of soluble salts.  Role of alkaline salts (AS) may be different than neutral salts (NS) for crop growth. Usually these types of salinity frequently co-exist. Neutral salts generally induce osmotic stress and ion-induced injury to growing crop plants. Behavior of AS may be different due to high pH. This study was conducted to see the response of wheat growth and Na+/ K+ ratio under AS and NS application as nutrient solution study. Germinated disinfected seeds of wheat (Cv. Pak-13) and raised in sand. Ten days seedlings were transferred to pots containing standard nutrients solution, with the application of 30 and 60 mM of NS (NaCl, Na2SO4) and AS (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) separately in 1:1 ratio using complete randomize design in triplicates. The seedling growth period in salt solution comprised 33 days. Biomass and the selected inorganic ions were affected significantly (p< 0.01) under salt stress. The magnitude of loss of bio mass was 11 percent higher in AS than that of NS application. Phosphorus and sulphur concentration were lower 10 and 7 percent with AS than NS respectively besides high Na+/K+ ratio and pH.  Further such studies on salt tolerant crop varieties can be carried out to differentiate response under different types of salts.
Demonstration of Abnormal Cervical Change in Papanicolaou Smears by Liquid Base Cytology
Authors: Mahmoud Hagag Howaida , Althomali Anwar , Alnefei Rawan , Alotaibi Bashair , Abdullah Ola , Almutairi Ejtehad , Ramadan Reem A. , Khalifa Osama Mahmoud , Ismail Khadiga Ahmed
Published: January 2020

Background: Cervical cancer is considered one of the most important health problem affecting women health all over the world also it is preventable cancer as soon as it was discover early by cervical cytology using Papanicolaou (Pap) smears as it is an effective means of screening for cervical premalignant and malignant conditions such as Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN). So this study aims to detect abnormal premalignant epithelial changes by liquid base Pap stained cervical smear in Taif city of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: Cross sectional study is based on 100 females patients who attended the out-patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in King Faisal hospital were randomly chosen as cross sectional study. Cervical smears were obtained and Pap smears were prepared from patients presenting with different complaints such as vaginal discharge, abnormal menstrual and vaginal bleeding and pain. After fixation and staining, each smear was carefully examined.

Results: showed that epithelial cell abnormalities were found in 7% of smears, age rang of the patients was between 20-50 years old and the main complaint was abnormal vaginal discharge. Also our study established the high frequency of abnormal cervical cytology in females used contraception as well as early marriage as a risk factors.

Conclusion: In Taif City, a conservative community, premalignant and malignant cervical lesions are relatively high. Pap smear cervical cytology is an easy, safe and effective test for early detection of pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the cervix, thereby allowing clinicians to treat patients early and more effectively.
Relationship between Metacognitive Awareness and Reflective Learning of Medical Students at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University
Authors: Ahmed Mesbah Tahany , Abdel Raoof Abed Rabab , Salem Al-Sagheer Amira , Sayed Ghaly Mona
Published: January 2020

Aim: To examine the relationship between reflective thinking and metacognitive awareness to help medical students to be independent learners who can control their learning and improve their professional performance.

Study Design: It is a cross-sectional correlational study.

Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine-Suez Canal University in August 2018.

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional correlational study; the study population included the undergraduate medical students in all study years at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University. The sample was 264 randomly selected students by using a cluster sampling technique. The instruments that were used for data collection were the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) to measure students’ metacognitive awareness levels, Reflection-in-Learning Scale (RLS) to measure the students’ reflective learning levels.

Results: The descriptive statistics of both MAI and RLS total scores of students in the six study years revealed that students have mean total MAI total scores = 178 ± 26 and have mean total RLS total scores = 60 ± 13.

The Spearman's correlation between the metacognitive awareness and the reflective learning skills of medical students revealed that there was a statistically significant high positive correlation between the metacognitive awareness and the reflection in the learning of FOM-SCU students         (p= 0.699, p-value<0.0001).

Multiple regression analysis revealed that the weighted combination of the predictor variables explained approximately 50% of the variance of reflection in learning.

Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that the students at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University have fair to good metacognitive awareness and partial to ample reflective abilities. There is a significantly high positive relationship between metacognitive awareness and the reflective learning skills of medical students.
Cone-beam Computed Tomography Guidance in Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jahandideh Hesam , Yarahmadi Azam , Rajaieh Shahin , Ostvar Shirazi Amin , Milanifard Maryam , Yarahmadi Amir
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Using image-guided intra-operative navigation systems in surgeries like functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become widely accepted as an effective tool for improvement of surgical outcomes and reduction of complication. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is a variant of computed tomography imaging that has developed as a cross-sectional and potentially low-dose technique to visualize bony structures in the head and neck. In current study, it was tried to evaluate surgeons’ satisfaction with CBCT intra-operative navigation imaging as well as image quality prior to FESS and post-operative complications.

Methods: In this prospective study, the included patients who were candidates for FESS underwent CBCT from January to June 2019. The data regarding demographic information, CBCT findings and diagnosis were extracted. The surgeons’ satisfaction with intra-operative navigation imaging and image quality was quantified using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (ranging 0 – 10). Furthermore, patients were contacted 3 months later to ask for their satisfaction with the operation using VAS and post-operative complications evaluated.

Results: Totally, 39 patients were included. The mean age was 40.74±5.75 and 20 patients (51.28 percent) were male. Two surgeons performed this operation separately; one of the surgeons performed 20 (51.28 percent) FESS and the other performed 19 (48.71 percent). The mean satisfaction of the surgeons of CBCT guided FFESS was 8.69±0.92. After the 3-month  follow up, patients’ satisfaction score was 8.21±1.89. No postoperative complications were reported.

Conclusion: Based on the surgeons’ point of view, CBCT was shown to be reliable for image-guided FFESS. Furthermore, the outcome and complications of performed surgeries were similar to those performed with computed tomography intra-operative navigation imaging.
Automation—Supervised Machine Learning
Authors: Kubsch Marcus , Krist Christina , Wulff Peter
Published: February 2025

In this chapter we will apply ML with the purpose of building a reliable classifier for either classifying students into groups, or predicting test scores of students.
Applying Supervised ML
Authors: Wulff Peter , Kubsch Marcus , Krist Christina
Published: February 2025

This chapter introduces the basics of how supervised ML works. We present a pipeline which encapsulates the essential parts of an ML research project that utilizes supervised ML.
Sequencing Unsupervised and Supervised ML
Authors: Wulff Peter , Kubsch Marcus , Krist Christina
Published: February 2025

In this chapter we provide an example application where unsupervised and supervised ML are sequenced. Unsupervised ML is first used to identify clusters in a complex data set (of galaxies, stars, and quasars). Then, supervised ML picks up on these clusters in order to be used as an automated classifier for unseen data.
Natural Language Processing and Large Language Models
Authors: Wulff Peter , Kubsch Marcus , Krist Christina
Published: February 2025

In this chapter we introduce the basics of natural language processing techniques that are important to systematically analyze language data. In particular, we will utilize simple large language models and showcase examples of how to apply them in science education research contexts. We will also point to recently advanced large language models that are capable of solving problems without further training, which opens up novel potentials (and challenges) for science education research.
Lateral Entry and Career Jumping into the Teaching Profession in Germany
Authors: Gehrmann Axel
Published: February 2025

Phases of high and low need for the recruitment of new teachers supposedly follow each other in cyclical waves in Germany. This narrativ about teacher shortages suggests that supply and demand for teachers are supposedly predictable and could be managed by “special measures” and alternative pathways into the teaching profession. These measures are designed to address the crisis and aim to integrate persons without a teaching degree into the teaching profession in order to counter the teacher shortage. This article begins by discussing the narrativ about teacher shortage in Germany and the current crisis phenomenon. Than it will be define the many potential variations of lateral entry and career jumping (Lateral entry (Ger. Seiteneinstieg); career jumping (Ger. Quereinstieg)) into the teaching profession. The article continues by using empirical evidence to point out how new actors in the school system are perceived and how they portray themselves as a group. It finishes by discussing the opportunities arising from turning to career jumpers and lateral entrants into the teaching profession and what this might mean for more than just university-based teacher training.
Visionen und narrative Barrieren
Authors: Präger Fabian
Published: February 2025

In diesem Kapitel werden die Anfänge der Energiewende durch die Visionen und Konzepte der Vordenker*innen im 20. Jahrhundert beleuchtet, um wertvolles Transformationswissen für das 21. Jahrhundert zu gewinnen. Im Anschluss daran werden gegenwärtige Narrative und die damit verbundenen Verhinderungs- und Verharrungsstrategien im fossil-zentrischen Energiesystem analysiert und dekonstruiert. Diese Erkenntnisse helfen dabei, herauszufinden, welche „Lessons Learned“ die gegenwärtigen Transformationsprozesse bereichern können.
Fossiler LNG-Einstieg
Authors: Präger Fabian
Published: February 2025

Die zuvor entwickelte Notwendigkeit des fossilen Erdgasausstiegs wandelte sich infolge des russischen Angriffskriegs gegen die Ukraine zu einem fossilen LNG-Einstieg. Diese Entwicklungen werden durch die Sektoranalyse in diesem Kapitel untersucht. Es wird eine Fallstudie zur Bewertung eines spezifischen LNG-Projekts in Mukran/Rügen vorgestellt. Die neue Infrastruktur im Hafen Mukran widerspricht den Nachhaltigkeitszielen, bedroht die Ostsee-Umwelt, erhöht klimaschädliche Emissionen und behindert eine nachhaltige Wirtschaftsentwicklung. Das LNG-Projekt stabilisiert keine gefährdete Energieversorgung, da keine Gasmangellage drohte und bestehende Importkapazitäten ausreichen. Die behauptete spätere Nutzung für Wasserstoff oder dessen Derivate ist unsicher und nicht technologisch abgesichert. Ohne energiewirtschaftliche oder industriepolitische Notwendigkeit sollte der Ausbau fossiler Infrastruktur gestoppt und Finanzmittel in nachhaltige Projekte investiert werden.
Energieinfrastrukturentwicklung für ein 100%-Erneuerbare-Energiesystem
Authors: Präger Fabian
Published: February 2025

In diesem Kapitel wird der gegenwärtige Prozess der Energieinfrastrukturentwicklung analysiert und strategischer und organisatorischer Reformbedarf identifiziert, um dem Ziel der Entwicklung eines 100%-Erneuerbare-Energiesystem gerecht zu werden. Zum anderen werden konkrete Hinweise für die Ausgestaltung einer Energieinfrastrukturentwicklung für ein 100%-Erneuerbare-Energiesystem gegeben, die sich strikt an der Einhaltung der Pariser Klimaziele und einem abgeleiteten CO2-Budget orientiert. Die Energieinfrastrukturentwicklung für ein 100%-Erneuerbare-Energiesystem erfordert strategische und organisatorische Reformen. Eine zielorientierte Systementwicklungsstrategie (SES) kann zentrale Weichen stellen, muss jedoch kohärenter mit „Klimaneutralitätszielen“ abgestimmt und operativ reformiert werden. Strukturelle Defizite, insbesondere die getrennte Planung von Strom und Gas, führen zu Fehleinschätzungen des Infrastrukturbedarfs. Die SES sollte auf einer integrierten, offenen Szenarienplanung basieren, Bürger*innenbeteiligung stärken und eine dezentralisierte Energieversorgung fördern. Der Fokus liegt auf 100%-EES, Berücksichtigung von Suffizienz-Szenarien und der Vermeidung fossiler Lock-ins, um das 1,5°C-Ziel zu erreichen.
Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick
Authors: Präger Fabian
Published: February 2025

Auf der Grundlage der vorausgegangenen Analysen in Teil I (Kapitel 1–2) und den Fallstudien in Teil II (Kapitel 3–7) werden in Teil III (Kapitel 8) thesenhafte Überlegungen zu den Herausforderungen der Entwicklung und Umsetzung eines 100%-Erneuerbaren-Energiesystem, dem „eigentlichen Energieproblem im 21. Jahrhundert“, formuliert. Daraufhin werden die Grundpfeiler einer 100%-Erneuerbaren-Energien-Ökonomie (100%-EEÖ) entwickelt. Diese Grundpfeiler fassen alle Erkenntnisse der Arbeit zusammen, weisen auf einen möglichen Forschungshorizont hin und bilden somit die Schlussfolgerungen und die Synthese dieses Buches.
The utility of flexible and navigable suction access sheath (FANS) in patients undergoing same session flexible ureteroscopy for bilateral renal calculi: a global prospective multicenter analysis by EAU endourology
Authors: Gauhar Vineet , Somani Bhaskar , Castellani Daniele , Fong Khi Yung , Gadzhiev Nariman , Persaud Satyendra , Hamri Saeed Bin , Chai Chu Ann , Tursunkulov Azimdjon , Tanidir Yiloren , Soebhali Boyke , Shrestha Anil , Ragoori Deepak , Elshazly Mohamed , Gokce Mehmet Ilker , Malkhasyan Vigen , Farahat Yasser , Herrmann Thomas , Traxer Olivier , Yuen Steffi Kar Kei
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To assess the 30-day stone-free rate and peri-operative outcomes of flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) with flexible and navigable suction ureteral access sheaths (FANS) in adults undergoing same-sitting bilateral retrograde intrarenal surgery (SSB-RIRS).

Methods

Prospectively data of 115 adult patients with bilateral kidney stone disease undergoing SSB-RIRS across 14 global centers between July 2023 and March 2024 were analyzed. Patient demographics, stone characteristics and operative outcomes were recorded. A low-dose non contrast CT scan was performed at 30 days to assess the stone-free rate and clinical outcomes.

Results

Overall bilateral zero residual fragment(ZRF) was 42.6%; unilateral ZRF was 75.7%. Only two patients were noted to have residual fragments > 4 mm. 1.7% experienced Traxer-Thomas grade 1 ureteric injury which was managed with a ureteral stent for four weeks. No pelvicalyceal injury occured. Postoperative mean loin pain score was 1.7 ± 1.0. None had sepsis nor required blood transfusion. 4.3% required readmission within 30 days of surgery. Multivariate analysis indicated longer total operation time correlated with lower odds of achieving a 100% bilateral stone-free (ZRF) (OR 0.978, 95%CI = 0.959–0.994, p = 0.013).

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter study demonstrating the use of FANS in SSB-RIRS can achieve bilateral ZRF with low complication and re-intervention rates. However, prolonged surgical time may negatively impact outcomes. The indications of bilateral renal stones management with FURS can be expanded in appropriate chosen patients.
Transcriptomic insights into the low-salinity tolerance of the sea louse Caligus elongatus
Authors: Borchel Andreas , Nilsen Frank
Published: February 2025

Caligus elongatus is a marine copepod ectoparasite on a wide variety of fish species. It has also been observed on fish farms cultivating Atlantic salmon and reports shows that this parasite can be a problem for the industry and for the fish’s welfare. Freshwater is used as one of the non-medical treatment methods against the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). However, the efficacy of freshwater treatment against C. elongatus is still unknown. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the salinity tolerance limits of both adult and copepodid life stages of C. elongatus. Our findings reveal that detached adult C. elongatus exhibit low tolerance to reduced salinity, with mortality occurring within hours at salinities below 20 ppt. In contrast, copepodid stages demonstrated a slightly higher tolerance, surviving at salinities as low as 15 ppt for one day. Adult lice attached to a host quickly detached from the fish as soon as the salinity was lower than 20 ppt, suggesting that freshwater delousing might be effective in this species. To further understand the genetic basis of acclimation to reduced salinities, we performed RNA-sequencing to assemble the first transcriptome of this species and identify differentially expressed genes. Several genes regulated upon low-salinity transfer were identified. These include genes involved in proline metabolism, energy metabolism, and the transport of various ions and betaine, an osmolyte. The potential roles of these genes in salinity acclimation are discussed within an evolutionary context, providing valuable insights into the survival mechanisms of C. elongatus under low-salinity conditions.
Trajectories of lipid profile with cognitive function: 12-year follow-up of Guangzhou Biobank cohort study
Authors: Tian Yu Meng , Zhang Wei Sen , Jiang Chao Qiang , Zhu Feng , Jin Ya Li , Yeung Shiu Lun Au , Wang Jiao , Cheng Kar Keung , Lam Tai Hing , Xu Lin
Published: February 2025

Studies on the trajectories of lipid profile with cognitive decline are scarce and inconsistent. We examined this association and explored potential effect modification. Lipid profiles including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were measured at baseline, first and second follow-ups, and classified into trajectory groups. Immediate, delayed memory recall and cognitive function were assessed by the immediate (IWRT) and delayed 10-word recall test (DWRT), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), respectively, at baseline and follow-ups, and converted into standardized scores. Linear mixed-effect model was used. Results show that elevated HDL-C was associated with increasing annual change rates in DWRT and MMSE scores (β (95% confidence intervals) = 0.005 (-0.001 to 0.011) SD/year and 0.020 (0.014 to 0.027) SD/year, respectively), while LDL-C and TC were associated with a decrease in DWRT scores (-0.005 (-0.008 to -0.001) SD/year and − 0.009 (-0.011 to -0.006) SD/year, respectively). Moderate-increasing HDL-C, high-decreasing LDL-C or moderate-decreasing TC trajectories were associated with increases in DWRT, IWRT and MMSE scores. Stronger associations were identified for HDL-C with an increase in MMSE scores within the lower family income group and for LDL-C with a decrease in IWRT scores among individuals taking lipid-lowering drug. In conclusion, HDL-C was associated with improvements, while LDL-C and TC with decline in memory and cognitive function. Increasing HDL-C and decreasing LDL-C and TC trajectories predicted better memory and cognitive performance. The observed effect modifications highlight the importance of personalized approaches in lipid management to optimize cognitive outcomes.
Longitudinal changes in ocular biometry and their effect on intraocular lens power calculation accuracy in cataract patients
Authors: Yun Young In , Oh Richul , Oh Joo Youn , Choi Hyuk Jin , Kim Mee Kum , Yoon Chang Ho
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To investigate the changes in ocular biometry over time and their impact on intraocular lens (IOL) calculation in adult Korean patients with cataracts.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were patients who underwent two consecutive ocular biometric measurements spaced more than one year apart using the IOLMaster 700 between November 2019 and February 2024 at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Longitudinal changes in ocular biometry were evaluated. Predictive errors were compared among patients who underwent cataract surgery using the SRK/T, Kane, Barrett Universal II, Cook K6, EVO, Hill-RBF, Hoffer QST, and Pearl DGS formulas.

Results

A total of 448 eyes from 448 patients were included. Ocular biometry measured over an average interval of 23.4 months showed that with increasing age, axial length elongated (0.04 ± 0.10 mm, p < 0.001), and the magnitude of total corneal astigmatism increased (0.04 ± 0.39 D, p = 0.018). The mean absolute predictive errors of the final measurements were significantly smaller compared to the initial measurements in the Barrett Universal II, EVO, Kane, and Pearl DGS formulas (difference of -0.05 D, -0.05 D, -0.06 D, and − 0.05 D, respectively). In the subgroup of eyes with an axial length of 25 mm or longer, the final measurements showed even greater reduction in mean absolute predictive errors across multiple formulas, including Barrett Universal II, Cook K6, EVO, Hill-RBF, Hoffer QST, Kane, and Pearl DGS, with reductions of -0.11 D, -0.11 D, -0.10 D, -0.08 D, -0.10 D, -0.09 D and − 0.10 D, respectively.

Conclusions

Axial length increases and corneal curvature changes with aging. IOLMaster 700 ocular biometry results measured closer to the date of surgery were more accurate in IOL power calculation than those measured more than one year earlier, with the greatest improvement observed in myopic eyes. Therefore, it is recommended to repeat IOLMaster 700 biometry before surgery if the previous measurements were taken more than a year ago.
Multi-attention Mechanism for Enhanced Pseudo-3D Prostate Zonal Segmentation
Authors: Krishnan Chetana , Onuoha Ezinwanne , Hung Alex , Sung Kyung Hyun , Kim Harrison
Published: February 2025

This study presents a novel pseudo-3D Global–Local Channel Spatial Attention (GLCSA) mechanism designed to enhance prostate zonal segmentation in high-resolution T2-weighted MRI images. GLCSA captures complex, multi-dimensional features while maintaining computational efficiency by integrating global and local attention in channel and spatial domains, complemented by a slice interaction module simulating 3D processing. Applied across various U-Net architectures, GLCSA was evaluated on two datasets: a proprietary set of 44 patients and the public ProstateX dataset of 204 patients. Performance, measured using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Mean Surface Distance (MSD) metrics, demonstrated significant improvements in segmentation accuracy for both the transition zone (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ), with minimal parameter increase (1.27%). GLCSA achieved DSC increases of 0.74% and 11.75% for TZ and PZ, respectively, in the proprietary dataset. In the ProstateX dataset, improvements were even more pronounced, with DSC increases of 7.34% for TZ and 24.80% for PZ. Comparative analysis showed GLCSA-UNet performing competitively against other 2D, 2.5D, and 3D models, with DSC values of 0.85 (TZ) and 0.65 (PZ) on the proprietary dataset and 0.80 (TZ) and 0.76 (PZ) on the ProstateX dataset. Similarly, MSD values were 1.14 (TZ) and 1.21 (PZ) on the proprietary dataset and 1.48 (TZ) and 0.98 (PZ) on the ProstateX dataset. Ablation studies highlighted the effectiveness of combining channel and spatial attention and the advantages of global embedding over patch-based methods. In conclusion, GLCSA offers a robust balance between the detailed feature capture of 3D models and the efficiency of 2D models, presenting a promising tool for improving prostate MRI image segmentation.
PrEP Uptake and Utilisation Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review
Authors: Chen-Charles Jenny , Joseph Davey Dvora , Toska Elona , Seeley Janet , Bekker Linda-Gail
Published: February 2025

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are disproportionately affected by HIV. Despite the effectiveness of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV, uptake and effective utilisation among AGYW remain suboptimal. This scoping review maps research on PrEP delivery outside clinical trials to AGYW in SSA. Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted from 58 studies on the facilitators and barriers to PrEP uptake and utilisation (including initiation, persistence, and adherence), and recommendations for effective PrEP delivery from AGYW and PrEP providers. Only studies on oral PrEP met the inclusion criteria. Facilitators of effective PrEP utilisation included social support with strong familial and peer networks positively influencing PrEP adherence and persistence. Healthcare provider interactions were pivotal in promoting PrEP uptake through dissemination of accurate information and ongoing support. Studies reported consistent barriers to PrEP uptake and utilisation including anticipated or experienced stigma, pill burden, and side effects. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging facilitators can enhance future effectiveness for PrEP delivery. There is a lack of strategies to support AGYW in long-term persistence and engagement with PrEP services. Our findings emphasise the urgent need for people-centred and localised, context-specific strategies to improve PrEP delivery among AGYW in SSA. Effective PrEP delivery strategies should include differentiated service delivery models, innovative approaches such as digital health, and integration with existing services such as antenatal care for pregnant and breastfeeding AGYW. More data is needed for PrEP delivery among AGYW across the region, including other PrEP modalities as they roll out.
FIPLib: An Image Processing Library for FPGAs Using High-Level Synthesis
Authors: Palazzari Paolo , Faltelli Marco , Iannone Francesco
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the use of High-Level Synthesis (HLS) for designing parallel hardware architectures on FPGAs. HLS compilers, like the one used in Vitis HLS, extract the available parallelism so the HLS languages should be thought as inherently parallel and should be programmed with the target parallel architecture in mind. We discuss how HLS facilitated the development of FIPLib, an image processing library for FPGAs, leveraging the streaming model. This library comprises parallel kernels connected through streams to implement a streaming data-flow computation. Following an overview of the library’s functionalities and its parallel implementation, we present the benefits of adopting this FPGA library, particularly in terms of speed and power consumption. We conduct a comparative analysis by implementing two image processing algorithms using both our FPGA library and the equivalent OpenCV CPU and GPU implementation. The results demonstrate that FPGAs programmed through FIPLib can significantly accelerate computations and/or reduce power consumption.