bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Trends in Trust Worldwide
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: September 2022

This chapter compares absolute levels of trust in public opinion across a wide range of societies worldwide to establish the cross-national patterns, especially contrasts in a range of open and closed societies, as well as establishing the dynamics of trends over successive decades. Section I considers debates about whether any long-term decline in trust has occurred. To update previous analysis of the evidence, Section II compares global patterns of trends in trust, using data from the pooled European Values Surveys/World Values Surveys/ (EVS/WVS), 1981–2021. Section III describes the individual-level social and demographic characteristics most closely associated with the dimensions of trust. The conclusion in Section IV summarizes the key findings from this chapter and considers their implications for theories seeking to explain trust and trustworthiness. This lays the foundation for subsequent chapters, seeking to understand some of the key drivers influencing judgments of relative trustworthiness.
Base Labor
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: September 2022

Over the course of the war, residents living near US defense sites sought to do on the ground what heads of state and their foreign ministers were themselves attempting in the high political realm: to engage US power and resources productively and make the most of wartime cooperation, while contending with the vast asymmetries of power that structured the whole affair. The defense of labor rights for workers building and operating US bases proved an early and enduring arena of such struggle. New provisions of labor law that were formulated with the rise of social welfare and the expansion of mass politics in Cuba and Brazil obstructed US goals of rapid and economical defense construction. As the US government cut corners to decrease costs and speed up construction, ongoing domestic political contests surrounding labor and “the social question” intersected unexpectedly with the demands of international politics.
Discrimination in the Canal Zone
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: September 2022

In Panama, US agencies recruited workers from the British West Indies and from surrounding Spanish American republics for defense construction projects on the isthmus. When they arrived in the Canal Zone, those workers were slotted into a long-standing system of segregation in which non-US citizens were placed on a separate payroll and given access to separate housing, cafeterias, hospitals, and clubhouses. The gulf between the rhetoric of Pan-American fraternity and the system of segregation was vast. Protests against discrimination in the Canal Zone were complicated by the racial politics of mestizo nationalism prevalent during this period. Actors on every side of the issue—those eager to preserve the racial hierarchy in the Canal Zone, those who wanted merely to ascend it, and those who fought to upend it entirely—all employed the language of the Good Neighbor policy and touted the stakes of hemispheric unity to advance their respective agendas.
Cooperation at the War’s End
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the fate of US bases when the war concluded and, more broadly, the efforts of diverse actors to shape what “cooperation with the Colossus” would look like in the postwar world. As people across the region asserted their own visions for postwar inter-American relations, everywhere from Bretton Woods to basing protests, the prospect of hemispheric cooperation continued to hold promise. The question was what kind, and at what cost. Even as an air of disillusionment settled over the inter-American system, as Washington directed its attention and resources toward Europe and Asia, the political economy of security cooperation lived on as the war’s greatest legacy in the region. From anti-communist authoritarians to leftist and centrist democrats, Latin Americans in or seeking power became proficient in the language of US security interests and skilled at translating their needs into the dialect.
Bright Prospects, Bold Opposition
Authors: Kalman Laura
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3 turns to Roosevelt’s introduction of his and his attorney general’s plan “to reorganize” the judiciary by expanding the court to up to fifteen to assist the elderly, overworked justices who had not retired by reaching the age of seventy and six months. It explores the publicity war that made the court bill synonymous with “court packing,” suggested it reflected dictatorial ambitions, undercut the rule of law, and undermined judicial independence. It addresses the unexpected opposition of Democratic progressives in the Senate like Burton Wheeler to the bill, as well as the development of the GOP’s “strategy of silence.” Republicans understood that if FDR was able to brand his opponents the creatures of a reactionary financial and media elite, they would lose, and that they should let Democrats fight it out between themselves. Yet despite clamor over presidential disingenuousness from this bipartisan coalition of congressional Democrats and Republicans operating covertly, pressure groups, and the media, it looked as if Roosevelt would get all he sought.
Fact Checking
Authors: Borel Brooke
Published: September 2022

This chapter, authored by veteran science journalist Brooke Borel, seeks to demystify the process of fact checking—a key editorial step for ensuring that stories are both fair and accurate. It also argues that the benefits of understanding how fact checking works goes well beyond any individual story: While some outlets have dedicated staff or freelance fact checkers, others require journalists to fact-check their own work, and Borel discusses why, in either case, staying organized with sourcing and documentation is essential. It can improve a journalist’s own reporting skills, and editors who know how fact checking works can flag potential problems earlier in the process. And fact checking itself can prove to be a lucrative side gig for many freelance journalists.
Audio Storytelling
Authors: Gordon Elana
Published: September 2022

From skillful interviews to carefully selected equipment, veteran journalist Elana Gordon, a producer and reporter at The World, a national radio program from PRX and WGBH, uses this chapter to walk readers through how to become an expert audio storyteller. They are taught that a powerful narrative radio story has elements of surprise, compelling characters, and a good news hook, she writes. Yet a story can work well even without a straightforward plot. Beautiful writing and production, a powerful question, and an unusual tempo and buildup can make all the difference. The field is extremely accessible if a person is willing to learn some basic recording techniques. Audio is also a highly collaborative medium. Like science itself, podcasts and radio projects often involve a team of producers, reporters, hosts, and editors, who together make a story even better. Within this rich ecosystem is an opportunity for someone to find a voice. So, Gordon recommends, start experimenting.
Multimedia Storytelling
Authors: DelViscio Jeffery
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Scientific American senior multimedia editor Jeffery DelViscio charts the rise of multimedia journalism and offers insider tips to reporters who may be looking to build or sharpen their multimedia skills. The chapter includes advice on how to tell multimedia stories on a tight budget, how to decide when multimedia makes sense for a story, how to tailor multimedia storytelling to specific target audiences, and where to look for hidden audio and video gems when working with scientists. The chapter makes a compelling case that mastering multimedia skills is one of the best ways for journalists to prepare themselves for the future of storytelling.
Social Sciences
Authors: Gupta Sujata
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Science News reporter Sujata Gupta discusses the promise and pitfalls of reporting on the social sciences. Gupta lets readers in on strategies for identifying newsworthy research papers and finding the hidden social science angles in major news stories. On a reporting beat where research studies commonly contradict one another—or prove to be irreproducible—Gupta explains why it is critical for journalists to interrogate their own biases, ask the right questions, and report their stories with nuance and caution. Readers will come away with a newfound appreciation for the beat, for as Gupta writes: To grapple with the social sciences is to grapple, rigorously, with the art of being human.
Technology
Authors: Molteni Megan
Published: September 2022

Technology can be a daunting beat—according to Megan Molteni, a science and health reporter at STAT news—one that can have a reporter desperately trying to distinguish fact from fiction, understand technically dense subjects, and see around corners and inside the machinations of opaque companies guarded by highly paid teams of public relations professionals. In this chapter, Molteni offers tips and advice on how to pry open the black box of Silicon Valley and uncover the people, trends, and technological feats that have come to define modern life—for good and ill. Understanding software is just the beginning. More important is a nose for nonsense and an understanding of how innovation culture is as likely to spawn a thousand useless gadgets for every Google or Facebook. Consumers need good journalists to be able to spot the difference.
Conservation and Wildlife
Authors: Nuwer Rachel
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, freelance science journalist Rachel Nuwer notes one of the toughest challenges for a reporter on the conservation and wildlife beat: getting people to pay attention and care. And yet, as with journalists who report primarily about human subjects, those who write about wildlife and nature must think of themselves as giving a voice to the voiceless, holding power to account, striving to right injustices, and bringing attention to the wondrous diversity that defines life on Earth. In this chapter, Nuwer explains why all of this matters and notes that a sense of history, a respect for diversity, and an interest in digging for details are keys to success.
Wisdom within Words
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2022

This book is the first complete bilingual edition and annotated translation of the poetry collection entitled Mystery within Words (Kuchūgen), which features 149 Chinese-style verses (kanshi) written by Dōgen Zenji (1200–1253), founder of the Sōtō Zen sect in early medieval Japan. These poems are very important for highlighting several key aspects of Dōgen’s manner of thinking and process of writing. Dōgen composed Sinitic poetry throughout all stages of his career at both Kōshōji temple in Kyoto and Eiheiji temple in the remote mountains for various purposes. These aims included reflections on meditation during periods of reclusion, commenting on cryptic kōan cases, eulogizing deceased patriarchs, celebrating festivals and seasonal occasions, welcoming new administrative appointees at the temple, remarking on the life of the Buddha and other aspects of attaining enlightenment, and offering capping phrases that help highlight prose teachings or instructions. Although Dōgen’s poetry has often been overlooked by the sectarian tradition, even though this collection was edited by the most eminent Edo period scholar-monk, Menzan, this style of writing should now be regarded in relation to the valuable roles that poetry played in the development of East Asian Buddhist contemplative life.
Textual and Interpretative History of Dōgen’s Sinitic Poetry
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2022

The first chapter examines the textual origins and diverse implications of Dōgen Sinitic poetry collection titled Wisdom within Words (Kuchūgen) as compiled in 1759 by the eminent Sōtō Zen scholar-monk Menzan along with his annotations and edited in recent years by Murakami Shindō. Some of the main topics discussed are how the poems were culled by Menzan from Dōgen’s ten-volume Extensive Record, a compendium of various prose and poetic writings that is extant in two versions, with Menzan using the edition first published in 1672 by Manzan, as well as the significance of the title of the poetry collection and the ways it is presented by Murakami’s book featuring many useful interpretative resources that help readers access the significance of the sometimes-obscure verses.
Wisdom within Words
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2022

The third and most important chapter of the book is a bilingual version of Wisdom within Words including translations with comments for each of the 149 kanshi poems selected by Menzan, plus the final verse written by Menzan as a postscript for a total of 150 poems. In the opening section, the origins of the poems in the ten volumes of the Extensive Record are cited in a table that should be read in connection with a more detailed list provided in the Appendix. Then, the rendering of every verse is accompanied by the author’s remarks concerning when and where it was composed by Dōgen and its importance for understanding Zen spirituality as seen in relation to East Asian Buddhist thought and intellectual history. Also discussed in these explanations is a comparison of the version of the verse from Dōgen’s Extensive Record that is cited by Menzan with the alternative edition of the source text that often differs in wording or tone.
The New World Steps Forth
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

As Allied troops advanced through Europe toward Germany in late 1944 and early 1945, they were followed by teams of scientists and engineers who raced to uncover German technological secrets before they could be unleashed. This chapter describes several of those missions, notably the Alsos Mission, which unearthed the German atomic program and captured its leader, Werner Heisenberg. The chapter then explains how the Allied atomic program evolved. British discoveries in atomic fission led Churchill to begin an atomic bomb program under the name Tube Alloys. OSRD passed the information to Roosevelt, who initiated what became the Manhattan Project. At its peak, the Manhattan Project employed dozens of British scientists in key positions, who proved crucial in the successful development of the atomic bombs that ended World War Two.
Promotion and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains why traditional promotion is a poor fit for the nonprofit arts. It uses examples of McCarthy’s promotion to show why the concept of promotion is an imperfect fit for nonprofit arts organizations. In addition to the standard methods of promotion being ill-suited to the arts, the purpose of promotion is to persuade consumers to purchase a product. The chapter argues that this approach is improper for the nonprofit arts since nonprofit organizations exist to serve communities rather than to persuade consumers. It includes a case about a dance company and their struggle with using traditional promotion to maintain and build audiences.
Product and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses not only how the notion of product was designed before the nonprofit arts in their current form existed but also how the application of product is a poor fit for the nonprofit arts. The chapter describes why the conceptions of product are a poor match for the concept of art in general. It compares and contrasts products and services, and evaluates why comparisons do not hold up to the notion of experience. It includes the case of an opera company that became so focused on what would happen onstage that they ignored the audience experience. Their focus on product led the organization to focus on physical happening, and describing it to their community.
Conclusion
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a conclusion to the text How to Market the Arts: A Practical Approach for the 21st Century. It succinctly describes why the marketing mix is insufficient for the nonprofit arts field and why a transition to a focus on engagement benefits both organizations and communities. The chapter describes how the four Es, education, experience, environment, and ease of access, work together in tandem to support the work of nonprofit arts organizations. It provides a visual to help readers see a model for how all these concepts can work together to enhance engagement between arts organizations and their communities.
Pop Culture Warriors
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how journalists working for conservative news outlets use pop culture coverage as a weapon in a broader “culture war” that attacks the perceived dominance of left-wing ideology throughout US society. Right-wing commentators see themselves as fighting back against Hollywood’s unfair treatment of conservative messaging and talent in a way that dovetails with broader narratives of right-wing cultural grievance, resentment, and loss of social status. The chapter details the specific frames that these journalists employ in their work, focusing on the embrace of freedom-of-expression rhetoric as a tactical response to the perceived moral wrongs of “cancel culture.” Yet the field is seemingly divided between a more self-consciously nuanced approach, which makes appeals to traditional journalistic standards and seeks to avoid extremism around matters of identity politics, and a more aggressive far-right approach, which draws upon heated “culture war” passions to martial forces of bigotry and hate.
Moral Status, Rights, and Parfit’s No-Difference View
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter distinguishes three “levels” of moral status, discussing how those levels imply different moral obligations. Entities with Level 1 “count” morally in their own right, while at Level 2, entities count morally in their own right and for their own sake. The chapter proceeds to discuss how we have so-called directed duties, correlative to rights, owed to beings at Level 3 moral status. The last part of the chapter is concerned with duties toward an embryo at Level 1 who will in fact develop into a person at Level 3. It is claimed that one ought to be attentive to various senses of person-affectingness in determining how the embryo can permissibly be treated, noting that the moral relevance of the ways in which one affects a person for the worse often affects the morality of actions. This bears on Parfit’s Non-Identity Problem, his No-Difference View, and obligations to future generations.
What “Must” Be Done to Answer Practical Questions?
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on what is required to answer questions in practical ethics as well as on the basis of certain rights, including the right to have control over one’s own body. The chapter critically examines Ronald Dworkin’s view, presented in his Balzan Lecture and in his book Justice for Hedgehogs, that one must first arrive at the correct abstract theory of value and then use it to answer ethical, political, and legal questions of a practical nature. It compares this with the use of case-based reasoning, considering the metaphysical presuppositions of these two methods and what they imply about possible conflicts between values. The chapter presents responses to Dworkin’s substantive and methodological claims, including Dworkin’s view that the right to have control over one’s body is grounded by the Principle of Dignity, part of which states that one has a responsibility to live well and make a success of one’s life.
Neuroscience, Psychology, and Moral Reasoning
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers work in neuroscience that, using data from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, purports to show that consequentialist moral reasoning is more likely to produce correct moral judgments than moral reasoning involving some deontological distinctions. An objection of Selim Berker’s as well as the criticism that deontological distinctions are responses to a morally irrelevant personal factor are considered. Next, the chapter takes up the question of whether the psychological and neuroscientific data on the Trolley Problem reveal consequentialist responses (or cognitive processing associated with them) or whether such data is consistent with a form of nonconsequentialist response that involves a prerogative to promote the greater good. And finally, the chapter raises new doubts about the possibility of deriving normative conclusions from neuroscientific data by considering what we would think if we were confronted with certain hypothetical experimental data.
Migration-Development Regimes
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 2 explains the book’s methodological approach and analytical framework of Migration-Development Regimes. To do so, it draws on the global literature on migration to identify four sets of forces and actors that shape sending-state emigration practices. The first highlights the power of northern-imposed development ideologies/norms, particularly neoliberal globalization. The second exposes how, at certain moments, sending states act as agents in and for themselves—striving to ensure domestic material accumulation, political legitimacy, and material redistribution at the global level. The third reminds us how poor and elite emigrants, as well as their transnational organizations, sometimes resist and reshape sending state emigration practices. The final emphasizes the role of history. Building on this global migration literature, this chapter explains the MDR framework. MDRs are defined as the full set of emigration practices and policies that enable sending countries to ensure domestic capital accumulation as well as their own political legitimacy at the global and domestic levels. MDRs enable us to capture the multiple forces shaping sending states’ class-based emigration, expose the contingent nature of emigration practices, and compare sending states’ emigration regimes across time.
The Nationalist MDR (1947–77)
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 details the rise and fall of India’s first postcolonial MDR. The Nationalist MDR (1947–77) retained much of the Coolie MDR’s class-based regulatory infrastructure but instituted a new development model defined by the nation’s new geographic boundaries. To maintain its domestic image as a protector of vulnerable Indians and its global image as a self-sufficient nation, the new Indian state extended a paternalist brand of protection over its poor workers by legally forbidding their emigration. In doing so, the state legitimized its control over poor Indians and ensured their availability to serve India’s domestic industrialization. At the same time, the state permitted elites to emigrate. To secure political legitimacy for this class-based distinction, the state distanced elite emigrants (at least in public) from its development agenda. This approach, however, had important and unintended consequences. First, it broke the cross-class solidarity among emigrants that had arisen to resist the Coolie MDR. Second, it bred new resentments. The state’s promises to protect the poor, while laudable, failed to deliver and thus mobilized poor workers to demand the liberalization of their emigration. The state’s dismissive stance toward elite emigrants mobilized them to join India’s anti-Emergency movement to fight for global democracy and the downfall of India’s ruling party and the Nationalist MDR. This chapter thus exposes how both elite and poor Indians were instrumental in fomenting India’s subsequent and contemporary MDR.
Vulnerabilities in the CEO MDR and a Future Trajectory
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 9 explores the future prospects of the CEO MDR by underscoring its contradictions and emerging weaknesses. First, the promise of entrepreneurship has (unsurprisingly) failed to uplift most poor emigrants. State welfare programs for emigrants have also failed to deliver. Second, given most private recruiters’ class position as small and medium-size entrepreneurs, their current discontent exposes a fallacy in the CEO MDR’s claims to promote this very line of labor. Third, elite emigrants’ call for privatization and their underlying distrust of the government’s ability to deliver on development is fomenting fault lines in their relationship with Indian NGOs and the Indian state. If history is any guide, the CEO MDR will eventually fall. This chapter thus explores the potential for the CEO MDR’s weaknesses to mobilize resistance.
Patristic Era
Authors: Keys Mary M. , Mitchell Colleen E.
Published: September 2022

Abstract: Augustine is often understood to be indifferent to forms of regime or constitutional order in this world, so long as the public power wielded by rulers and institutions does not compel the performance of unjust or impious deeds. This chapter argues that Augustine’s masterwork The City of God identifies and upholds certain attributes of what we would term a just constitutional polity, identifying nonnegotiable traits of a decent political-legal order as understood by this influential author of the patristic era. The analysis embarks from a close reading of the chapter of The City of God most often cited as evidence of Augustine’s political and constitutional indifference: chapter 17 of book 5. The features of Augustine’s constitutionalism that this reading indicates include wide access to citizenship; laws, institutions, and social mores conducing to the common good and endeavoring to provide all citizens with equitable shares of public goods; and a basis for these two provisos and others in the consent of the people and their governors rather than in external coercion.
Middle Ages
Authors: Helmholz R. H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the elements of the medieval canon law that the author describes as “half steps” toward constitutionalism. The latter term is understood in two ways. It means both the recognition of a superior law that limits the exercise of governmental power and a mandatory division of the legitimate power that does exist between different parts of the government. After taking note of the existence of the papal monarchy and describing the hold its hierarchical character has had on most modern accounts of the medieval church’s law, the chapter discusses the countervailing factors that existed under that law. It investigates three: first, the existence within the canonical texts of strong moral principles that limited the exercise of power; second, the normative attitudes of medieval canonists brought to the interpretation of these texts; and third, the practical circumstances that lay behind the division and exercise of power within the medieval church’s legal system. Examples of each of these “half steps” toward modern constitutionalism are given and discussed.
Modernity
Authors: Lockwood O’Donovan Joan
Published: September 2022

The neglected public theology of the English Reformation provides contemporary Christian theologians, ethicists, and political theorists with critical and constructive resources to understand and to overcome the interconnected forms of freedom and domination in late modern political societies that have been shaped, and continue to be shaped, by the liberal contractarian tradition of natural rights. These Reformation resources illuminate the symbiotic relationship between the contemporary quest of self-owning individuals to maximize and protect their freedom of self-disposal by means of scientific technology and the political/legal instrument of constitutional rights, and their subjection to an increasingly manipulative, legalistic, and juridical social and political culture. To extricate current political and legal theory and practice from the distortions arising out of the legacy of liberal natural rights, theologians and others may profitably draw on the theocentric, Christocentric, and ecclesiological treatment of ethics in English Reformation theology, underpinning an account of public justice and law more adequately protective of individual and communal freedom.
Democracy
Authors: Ekins Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter draws on the Christian tradition of political thought and practice to explore and elaborate the constitutional significance of self-government. It begins by noting the tradition’s grasp of what it is to rule and to be ruled, central to which is the idea of kingship. Reflecting on the conditions under which God raises up and casts down authorities, the chapter argues that the social fact of who the people are willing to support is relevant to the location of authority. Rulers have reasons to share authority and to create representative assemblies, the promise of which is only likely to be realized in circumstances where a people recognizes itself as sharing a common good. Like any other ruler, a free people is subject to God and reason. However, self-governing peoples are well placed to decide for themselves what should be done, a freedom that human rights law and supranational institutions may wrongly undercut. The chapter aims to explain how, why, and to what extent those who seek first the kingdom of heaven should value self-government.
Federalism
Authors: Aroney Nicholas
Published: September 2022

Federal forms of government have a lineage reaching deep into the Middle Ages and classical antiquity. Federalism also has an important historical relationship with Christianity, especially Reformed Christianity. The story of the development of federalism runs in three intermingling streams. The first of these streams is legal and is particularly concerned with the institution of the international treaty. The second stream is political and particularly concerns the institution of the confederation. The third stream is religious and particularly concerns the institution of the covenant. This chapter offers an archaeology of federalism based on an investigation of each of these three streams. As will be seen, the three streams intermingle so much that they often become virtually indistinguishable, for federalism is simultaneously a profoundly legal, political, and religious phenomenon.
Revelation
Authors: VanDrunen David
Published: September 2022

Abstract: The doctrine of divine revelation shapes a Christian approach to constitutionalism. Christianity holds that the living God reveals himself, in nature and especially through scripture. A central theme of scripture is covenant, which provides a matrix for biblical hermeneutics. Among the biblical covenants, the Noahic covenant is the most important for considering constitutionalism from a Christian perspective. Through this covenant, God has entered a relationship with all contemporary political communities and thus holds their civil authorities accountable for securing justice, as understood through the natural law. Government officials and institutions may be legitimate, but none of them is truly sovereign. The later biblical covenants confirm this great concern of constitutionalism, especially by pointing believers to an everlasting and ultimate political community. This Christian covenantal approach to constitutionalism offers qualified support to liberalism, understood not as a worldview but as a polity.
Sustainability, Agency, and the Ecologies of Music Heritage in Alentejo, Portugal
Authors: Castelo-Branco Salwa El-Shawan
Published: September 2022

This chapter contributes to the debate on music heritage and sustainability. Using an ecological perspective, it addresses the impact of state and international heritage regimes and the practices, powers, processes, agents, and interests at play. Focusing on the heritagization of cante (a genre of vocal polyphony practiced by amateur choirs in Alentejo, Portugal), and the revival of the local guitar (viola campaniça) and its articulation with the practice of cante, the chapter addresses central issues in the study of contemporary heritage practices and music revival, and their impact on sustainability. It examines the processes and legacies of the heritagization of cante institutionalized by Portugal’s authoritarian regime (1933–1974), their resignification in democracy, the impact of UNESCO’s ICH paradigm institutionalized by the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the agency of individuals and associations, and the impact of tourism.
Preserving Valuable Objects and Sites, in Times of War and at Other Times
Authors: Gillman Derek
Published: September 2022

Recognizing the link between basic values and cultural things provides reasons for preserving the latter. There are instrumental and intrinsic reasons for preserving valuable sites and works. Having introduced a long-standing tension between cosmopolitan and particularist approaches to cultural heritage, illustrated by a set of bronze zodiacal heads created for the Chinese court in the mid-eighteenth century and looted during the Second Opium War, the author argues that it is helpful to focus on basic values adumbrated by John Finnis in 1980. Three of these—knowledge, aesthetic experience, and religion—are especially relevant to material culture. Among the works used here to illustrate value and valuing is the British Museum’s monumental, sixth-century figure of Amitabha Buddha. One marker of value of particular things and practices is consciousness of their vulnerability, prior to any act of destruction. When iconoclastic acts are threatened, the only hope of avoiding destruction is for individuals in positions of power to care about basic values. Caring for basic values is important during warfare, because of the irrevocable consequences of carelessness, and commanders need to be informed about vulnerable works in the field.
Wartime Loot in American Museums
Authors: Reed Victoria
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the author examines case studies of works of art that were offered to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) during and immediately after World War II. Many of the MFA’s postwar acquisitions had been plundered and needed to be returned, or otherwise have their ownership legally resolved. To understand how these looted works of art made their way to the MFA the author considers, first, the general knowledge of art looting within the museum community during and after the war. The author examines the role of the US government in preventing the circulation of looted art. Finally, the author looks at the actions of individual MFA staff members in exercising due diligence when making acquisitions. Though there are obvious differences between the looting of Europe during World War II and the plundering of archaeological sites today, it is hoped that the lessons afforded by previous wartime experiences can be applied to the present, as museums strive to build their collections diligently during periods of unrest.
The Data Trafficking Dilemma
Authors: Kokas Aynne
Published: September 2022

Chapter 1 develops the concept of “data trafficking,” the movement of consumer data across borders without informed consent, to underscore how data exploitation by national governments erodes national sovereignty. The management of data, it argues, is the performance of national sovereignty in the twenty-first century, allowing a government to set national boundaries and advance its reach. Any government that can integrate corporate and government data both for its own citizens and for those abroad can establish infrastructure for widespread global control of the political and economic landscape. China is engaged in just such a project, which pairs the US precedent of privileging the rights of corporations over users with extensive PRC government oversight of the tech sector, illiberal surveillance, and pushes for extraterritorial control. Understanding how global data access underpins China’s new model of cyber sovereignty demonstrates the urgent necessity of thwarting data trafficking between the United States and China.
What Happens in Vegas Stays in China
Authors: Kokas Aynne
Published: September 2022

In the United States, the tech sector is at the center of a battle between national security interests and unbridled growth. As the US economy has become dependent on technology firms, which constitute over one-fifth of the S&P 500 stock index, Big Tech’s financial interests have prevailed over the national interests of US digital sovereignty. Chapter 2 argues that a lack of systemic oversight of the US tech sector’s data landscape leaves US consumer data vulnerable to gathering and exfiltration. This oversight vacuum, it shows, protects US firms in the short term but conditions consumers to ignore the question of where their data goes, enabling Chinese tech companies in the United States to harvest and extract this information. By failing to systematically protect consumer data, the US market—from baby monitor manufacturers to social media platforms—has become a treasure trove of data for Chinese firms.
Social Media
Authors: Kokas Aynne
Published: September 2022

Despite their playful uses, social media platforms facilitate data trafficking from the United States to China. Using TikTok, Grindr, and WeChat as examples, this chapter examines how the pervasiveness of social platforms transforms them into critical infrastructure. Chinese firms can then traffic data through unclear notice and consent frameworks as well as opaque community standards. Even when government agencies force Chinese-owned social media firms to divest or change their ownership structure to meet US government demands, as was the case with Grindr and may be the case with TikTok, the companies still hemorrhage data. Chinese social media firms, by contrast, are not required to share their data with other national governments. The chapter argues that pervasive communication platforms generate strategically important data. Without careful transnational oversight, weak data protections can enable AI modeling and misinformation campaigns—or compromise whole communication systems.
Health
Authors: Kokas Aynne
Published: September 2022

China’s data-gathering practices in the United States include private health data, or biodata. This chapter shows how the pairing of a dysfunctional US health system and Silicon Valley’s exploitative data-gathering practices allows firms in the United States to gather health data and localize it for Chinese-based firms. The movement of biodata across borders, it argues, presents opportunities in China for genetic research and modeling, health surveillance and monitoring, and massive experiments in personalized and precision medicine. Furthermore, biodata provides a foundation for the development of artificial intelligence technologies in health care, commercial genomics products, and even bioterrorism. Once trafficked, biodata can erode the agency that both nation-states and individuals have over the body politic, making it an important domain of sovereign control with the potential to impact individuals, communities, and international relations for generations.
Toward Data Stabilization
Authors: Kokas Aynne
Published: September 2022

Attempting to force China to change its strategic vision of cyber sovereignty is a fool’s errand. Because pressuring China’s tech regulation structures has proven to be a nonstarter, the United States’ only recourse is to regulate itself. Chapter 10 argues that the only way to stem data trafficking is to stabilize data flows through complementary, incremental data management practices. Drawing a blueprint for data stabilization, it provides comprehensive recommendations across a range of sectors for managing transnational data flows. The risks presented by data trafficking require China’s trade partners to implement comprehensive data security regulations that incorporate inputs from the government, the private sector, and multistakeholder organizations. More broadly, there is need for increased international cooperation, education, policymaking, corporate social responsibility, and reporting. Offering a pathway to navigate between national data lockdowns and continued corporate exploitation of regulatory vacuums, data stabilization is shown to be the only solution to data trafficking.
PMP and Comparative Political Communication
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott
Published: September 2022

A comparative perspective is needed to understand the wide level of variations when it comes to issues such as the interdependence between the political and the communication ecosystems and communication effects. Yet most comparative political communication studies tend to cover only a small part of the overall picture. What the field of comparative political communication is still lacking is an encompassing approach for putting all individual studies into a broader context. Our goal in this chapter is to demonstrate that the PMP approach can serve as a good conceptual map for doing just that. The conceptual map presented in this chapter allows researchers to identify the types of structural and cultural variations in either the political or communication ecosystems that create similarities and differences with regard to the role of various media in different countries, and it directs the attention of scholars to possible sources of change in political communication performance.
Conclusion
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott
Published: September 2022

The Conclusion is devoted to summarizing the major claims proposed in the book, discussing some of the weaknesses that should be addressed in future research, and talking more generally about how other scholars can apply the model to their own work. The chapter starts by restating the two major propositions that constitute the essence of the PMP conceptual map: the “politics first” proposition and the “media selection and transformation” proposition. It then moves on to remind readers about the three dimensions of analysis that help scholars analyze the role of the different forms of media in political processes: the structural dimension, the cultural dimension, and the situational dimension. The fact that these dimensions can be applied to a large set of variables in both the political and communication ecosystems provides a helpful conceptual map for all researchers working in the field of political communication.
Autonomous Vehicles in Drivers’ School
Authors: Hongladarom Soraj , Novotný Daniel D.
Published: September 2022

As vehicles become more autonomous, the task of designing guiding systems that make morally acceptable decisions is getting more urgent. It is sometimes assumed that one solution will be acceptable across various cultures. In this paper we argue for the importance of intercultural perspectives; in particular, we explore possible insights derived from Buddhist philosophy, taking avail of the virtue of compassion (karuṇā). We suggest that autonomous vehicles should first learn in supervised situations so that they reach a level of decision-making ability that human experts within a given culture deem morally good. How will they be evaluated? In some debates it is assumed that there is a one-fit-all answer to be found based on an agreed-upon moral theory. Apart from problems of ethical pluralism within a given culture, there are also problems due to different moral preferences and driving styles across cultures. One way the problem might be addressed is to introduce a machine-learning training curriculum that would provide autonomous vehicles with a process comparable to a novice human driver learning to drive and passing her own driving license test.
Discrimination in Algorithmic Trolley Problems
Authors: Leben Derek
Published: September 2022

Any useful trolley problem must be set up with a range of features that are relevant to the outcomes. This paper will adopt a “task-relevance” standard for which features are irrelevant to decision-making in trolley scenarios, and thus discriminatory. Attributes like age may be relevant to outcomes assessed by collision avoidance systems, while most other attributes like gender and body type are discriminatory. I will contrast this with the use of age as an attribute in risk-assessment algorithms for criminal justice, which may be discriminatory depending on whether one interprets the task of bail and parole hearings to be directed toward the outcomes of desert or public safety (in which age may be relevant). This shows that setting up a trolley-style problem in any domain, along with an algorithmic decision procedure for it, will always require a prior establishment of which features are relevant to the outcomes of that task.
Can Autonomous Cars Deliver Equity?
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: September 2022

Transportation access today is profoundly inequitable. Where one lives and the resources one has often dictate available modes and shape divergent access to opportunities. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) present an opportunity to rethink our transportation systems, with potentially far-flung equity implications stemming from altered land use patterns, housing costs, and/or new environmental justice issues. One of the most profound ways that AVs could reshape our cities is peoples’ ability to move across space and access opportunities. AVs offer both an enticing remedy for current inequities—a way to bridge the current mobility divide that separates travelers with reliable access to opportunities from those without—but also an ominous risk that this new mode could perpetuate or even exacerbate the existing status quo and further divide mobility haves from mobility have-nots.
Ethics, Autonomous Vehicles, and the Future City
Authors: Borenstein Jason , Bucher John , Herkert Joseph
Published: September 2022

Optimism regarding the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) continues to grow, particularly as a means for increasing mobility for people who were previously unable to operate a motor vehicle independently. Yet expanding the number of people who can ride in a vehicle on their own may be in tension with the commonly voiced hope that AVs will reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. And this is only one of the key ethical tensions that city planners, policymakers, transportation engineers, vehicle designers, software engineers, and others will need to address. This chapter explores the ethical responsibilities of city planners in relation to developing land use and transportation policy for the adoption of AVs. The chapter concludes with recommendations for incorporating the ethical implications of AVs into land use and transportation policy.
Autonomous Vehicles, the Driverless City, and the Pedestrian City
Authors: Hříbek Tomáš
Published: September 2022

Although there has been a growing body of literature on the impact of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the urban form, most authors have not critically examined the very idea of the city. This neglect is reflected in the fact that most contributions on the relations between AVs and urbanism are US-centric; that is, they assume the reality of the North American city on the highway. This chapter urges that a philosophical examination of the idea of the city is needed, if we are to achieve a desirable result by introducing AVs. The discussion starts with a review of the classical concept of the pedestrian city. This is followed by a brief history of the disastrous transformation of the modernist city by the automobile. Finally, it is argued that the introduction of multiple forms of AVs could lead to a partial restoration of the classical ideal of a pedestrian city.