bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal‐face InAlN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with regrown ohmic contacts by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Guo Jia , Cao Yu , Lian Chuanxin , Zimmermann Tom , Li Guowang , Verma Jai , Gao Xiang , Guo Shiping , Saunier Paul , Wistey Mark , Jena Debdeep , Xing Huili (Grace)
Published: June 2011

Ohmic regrowth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been investigated for metal‐face InAlN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) for the first time. Using SiO2 mask n+‐GaN was regrown in the source/drain region while deposition on the mask was lifted off in buffered HF after regrowth. The lowest contact resistance measured was 0.40 ± 0.23 Ω mm by the transmission line method (TLM) in this initial study. The peak output current density of 1.25 A/mm at Vgs = 3 V and extrinsic transconductance of 264 mS/mm at Vds = 5 V were observed in 500‐nm gate length InAlN/Al/GaN HEMTs passivated by SiN with regrowth contacts.
Microstructure and frequency sensitive electrical conductivity in Fe3BO6:B2O3 of a hybrid vitroceramic nanocomposite
Authors: Kumari K. , Bhargav K. K. , Kumar N. , Ram S. , Kotnala R. K.
Published: June 2011

Iron oxyborate Fe3BO6, a mixed compound of iron oxide Fe2O3 and iron borate FeBO3, offers multifunctional properties for electrodes, gas sensors, drugs delivery, or biological probes. To accolade useful properties, in this paper we report frequency (f) dependence of ac electrical conductivity (σac) of Fe3BO6, which is crystallized in shapes of thin plates (40–50 nm thickness) and rectangular bars (50–100 nm thickness) from an iron borate glass 40Fe2O3–60B2O3. Residual B2O3 (10–15 wt%), which remains in a vitreous phase, forms a hybrid vitroceramic nanocomposite. This B2O3 is useful to surface modify Fe3BO6 so that it turns into a strongly correlated antiferromagnet with uncompensated surface Fe3+(3d5) spins, showing only very small magnetization of the order of a few 10−4 emu/g at room temperature. The σac‐values measured at selective frequencies 0.1–103 kHz over a temperature range 300–575 K follow an activation energy varied from 0.345 to 0.244 eV, if the plot is analyzed in nearly linear parts, in raising frequency from 10 to 103 kHz. Primarily oxygen vacancies preside over a thermal assisted condition process wherein the initial σac‐value increases effectively slowly against temperature. Otherwise, Fe3BO6 with an optical bandgap 3.1 eV is a typical insulator. At f ≥ 50 kHz, a characteristically weak peak arises in a spin‐reorientation transition near 433 K. The spin‐flops, which commence on a frequency assisted σac‐value, illustrate the effect of a coupled system of the spins and charge carriers.
Nearest‐neighbour antiferromagnetic interaction as a limiting factor for critical temperature in a model DMS system
Authors: Szałowski Karol
Published: June 2011

In numerous diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) systems, the competition takes place between the short‐range antiferromagnetic (AF) superexchange interactions and the long‐range Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) coupling mediated by the charge carriers. Such a situation strongly influences the critical temperature, the maximization of which constitutes a challenging task in DMS physics and technology. The aim of the paper is to discuss theoretically the limiting effect of AF interactions between nearest‐neighbour (NN) magnetic ions on the stability of inhomogeneous ferromagnetic state in a model diluted magnetic system reflecting some crucial features of DMS. The modified molecular field‐based model is constructed to account for the magnetic inhomogeneity. The behaviour of the system is studied as a function of the ratio of superexchange integral to effective ferromagnetic coupling integral, including the possibility of clustering/anticlustering tendency for the magnetic ions. The ground state of the system is analyzed. The critical temperature is found to change non‐monotonically with the concentration of magnetic ions and decrease severely for larger concentrations. The behaviour of the system significantly differs from the predictions of the usual homogeneous mean‐field model. Brief comparison with selected experimental results for (Zn,Mn)Te is provided.
LDA + slave‐boson approach to the correlated electronic structure of the metamagnetic bilayer ruthenate Sr3Ru2O7
Authors: Piefke Christoph , Lechermann Frank
Published: June 2011

The combination of the local‐density approximation (LDA) with the rotationally invariant slave‐boson theory (RISB) is used to investigate the realistic correlated electronic structure of Sr3Ru2O7. From Wannier‐downfolding the low‐energy band structure to a three‐band model for the Ru(t2g) states, the interacting problem is solved including intra‐ and inter‐orbital Hubbard terms as well as spin‐flip and pair‐hopping interactions. Therewith it is possible to obtain valuable insight into the orbital occupations, relevant local spin multiplets, and the fermiology with increasing correlation strength. Besides generic correlation‐induced band‐narrowing and ‐shifting, an intriguing quasiparticle structure close to the Fermi level is found in the neighborhood of the notorious γ2 pocket in the Brillouin zone. Along the Γ–X direction in k‐space, that structure appears very sensitive to electronic self‐energy effects. The subtle sensitivity, connected also to its manifest multi‐orbital character, may put this very low‐energy structure in context with the puzzling metamagnetic properties of the compound.
Structural defects and cathodoluminescence of InxGa1‐xN layers
Authors: Liliental‐Weber Z. , Ogletree D. F. , Yu K. M. , Hawkridge M. , Domagala J. Z. , Bak‐Misiuk J. , Berman A. E. , Emara A. , Bedair S.
Published: June 2011

Correlation between structural defects and appearance of multiple cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence peaks of InxGa1‐xN grown nominally with x = 0.1 and increasing layer thickness (100 nm to 1000 nm) is discussed. Cathodoluminescence studies were performed on the cross‐section samples earlier characterized by electron microscopy including Z‐contrast microscopy. Strained and relaxed layers with different In concentrations were observed for InGaN layers above the critical layer thickness. Stacking faults appear at high density in the relaxed layer which also roughens, created a saw‐tooth surface profile due to V‐shaped pits. Large domains of closely separated stacking faults (polytype‐like) were observed. In Z‐contrast microscopy stacking faults in upper/lower part of the layer appear with higher/lower brightness, suggesting different amount of In incorporation in agreement with x‐ray and RBS results. Only thin, strained InGaN layers showed single band‐edge CL peaks. Multiple CL peaks appear in the relaxed, defective portion of the InGaN layers. By comparison with GaN samples where structural defects are associated with CL peak shifts, we postulate that defects, their type and distribution are main contributors to the multiple peaks observed for InGaN samples (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stress analysis of a‐plane GaN grown on r‐plane sapphire substrates
Authors: Ma Bei , Hideto Miyake , Hiramatsu Kazumasa , Harima Hiroshi
Published: June 2011

Non‐polarized and polarized Raman spectra were measured in a‐plane GaN films grown on r‐plane sapphire. Active phonon models were verified under different geometry configurations. Our results showes that all a‐plane GaN films are under compressive strains both along and perpendicular the c‐axis. With increasing film thickness, compressive strains are gradually relaxed. Strain relaxation process relieves the tilt and twist of crystal grains to improve crystal quality. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TEM investigation of anisotropic defect structure in cubic GaN/AlGaAs/GaAs(001) grown by MOVPE
Authors: Parinyataramas Jamreonta , Sanorpim Sakuntam , Thanachayanont Chanchana , Onabe Kentaro
Published: June 2011

The effects of AlxGa1‐xAs buffer layer insertion on the defect structures and their distribution in cubic (c‐) GaN films on GaAs (001) substrates grown by low‐pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy have been investigated by means of bright‐ and dark‐field cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that a 300‐nm‐thick Al0.2Ga0.8As buffer layer can protect the GaAs (001) surface from thermal decomposition during the growth at 960 °C, remaining a growth of c‐GaN on GaAs substrate without any voids at the interface. Two different types of defect structures having an anisotropic distribution between the [110] and [1‐10] zone axes were observed. For the [110] zone‐axis, the pyramid‐shaped grains, which are proposed to construct from planar defects, such as SFs and twins, were observed. On the other hand, for the [1‐10] zone‐axis, a dense cubic phase structure with less contribution of planar defects was observed. However, threading dislocations, which were produced by a coalescence of pyramid‐shaped grains in the [110] direction, were observed at the top regions of c‐GaN layer. Both types of defect structures have an anisotropic distribution within a cubic symmetry that may be due to different atomic structures on the AlGaAs surface along the [110] and [1‐10] crystallographic directions. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection of vitellogenin, an endocrine disrupter biomarker, using AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Chu Byung Hwan , Chang C. Y. , Kroll Kevin , Denslow Nancy , Wang Yu‐Lin , Pearton S. J. , Lin Jenshan , Dabiran A. M. , Wowchak A. M. , Cui B. , Chow P. P. , Johnson J. W. , Rajagopal P. , Roberts J. C. , Piner E. L. , Linthicum K. J. , Ren Fan
Published: June 2011

Real time detection of vitellogenin in largemouth bass serum was demonstrated using AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. Anti‐vitellogenin antibodies were chemically anchored to the gold‐coated gate area of the HEMT by thioglycolic acid. The potential difference that occurred from the vitellogenin antigen/antibody interaction induced a drain current change. The sensor was able to detect as low as 4 µg/mL Vtg. Successful detection in serum samples shows that HEMTs have the potential to be used as biological sensors in real‐world applications (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of silica antireflective films formed in sol‐gel processes
Authors: Jaglarz Janusz , Karasinski Pawel , Skoczek Edyta
Published: June 2011

The work presents optical properties of sol‐gel derived porous silica films of low refractive index, from 1.2 to 1.3. Due to low refractive index, the porous silica films can be applied to reduce the light reflection coefficient. This allows porous silica films as good candidates for the antireflective coatings (ARC) production. The spectroscopic ellipsometric measurements have been performed for the refractive indices and thickness of silica films determination. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microscopic simulation of semiconductor laser devices
Authors: Bückers Christina , Hader Jörg , Moloney Jerome V. , Koch Stephan W.
Published: June 2011

This paper reviews the application of a systematic microscopic theory for the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors. The theory is applied to quantitatively model and analyze different semiconductor systems. Detailed theory‐experiment comparisons are shown for a variety of quantum well gain materials. It is demonstrated how the analysis can be used to aid in the design of modern semiconductor laser devices. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature sensitive near‐infrared luminescence of Er3+ ions in LiYF4
Authors: Tsuboi Taiju , Shimamura Kiyoshi
Published: June 2011

The photoluminescence spectra at 800‐1650 nm of Er3+ ions doped in LiYF4 crystal are investigated at temperatures between 296 and 12 K. Intense emissions were observed at 1460‐1540, 1205‐1235, 960‐1020, and 830‐860 nm. As temperature is increased from 12 K to room temperature, broadening and intensity increase were observed for the emissions at 1460‐1540 and 960‐1020 nm, but not observed for emissions at 1205‐1235 and 830‐860 nm. The broadening is explained by the transitions from upper Stark levels which are thermally excited at higher temperatures. Level assignment has been made for all the emissions including several weak emissions (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of Eu2+‐doped A‐site and oxygen‐deficient perovskite related host for photoluminescent materials
Authors: Ishigaki Tadashi , Hatsumori Tomoki , Sakamoto Tatsuya , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Toda Kenji , Sato Mineo
Published: June 2011

Perovskite‐related compounds have been investigated in many fields, because they have various unique properties due to their compositions and structures which are characterized by various combinations of the A and B cations. In addition, defect perovskite‐type compounds have also been investigated in many areas, especially as ion conductors. In this study, we used the A‐site and oxygen‐deficient perovskite, Sr3Al2O6, as a photoluminescent host material. This means that the defect sites were able to substitute several ions. We investigated the A3Al2O6:Eu2+ phosphor material (A = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) produced by a solid state reaction in several kinds of atmospheres. Based on our results, the phosphor showed wide excitation and emission bands of 300–400 nm and 450–600 nm, respectively. The emission color control depended on the A‐site substitution ratio. It is a very useful phosphor for white LEDs. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Technology of mixed amorphous As2(Sx Se1‐x)3 from chemical solutions and their optical properties
Authors: Verlan V. , Buzurniuc S. , Malahov L.
Published: June 2011

Thin layers of amorphous chalcogenides semiconductors of mixed composition As2(SxSe1‐x)3 for x in the interval 0–1 were obtained from chemical solutions of amorphous compounds arsenic selenide (As2Se3) and arsenic sulfide (As2S2). Their optical properties (optical transmittance and recording of holographic information) were studied. The photodarkening of layers and shift of absorption edge in infrared (IR) area of spectra were found at ultra‐violet (UV) and actinic irradiations. Maximum efficiency of holographic writing of diffraction gratings (with Ar laser recording, λ = 488 nm) on thin layers is 2.5% and after additional processing in the negative etching is 36% (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced bond breaking in a‐Se: Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Lukacs R. , Veres M. , Shimakawa K. , Kugler S.
Published: June 2011

In flatly deposited a‐Se films photoexpansion has been found due to covalent bond breaking during the electron excitation process, and simultaneously photocontraction due to inter‐chain bond formation in the case of hole creation. Determination and explanation of the microscopic photoinduced changes in amorphous selenium structure was the purpose of this investigation. For this purpose Raman spectra measurements have been carried out on flatly amorphous selenium (a‐Se). Reversible covalent bond breaking process was found as a consequence of band gap light illumination in the experiments. Our bond breaking model obtained using Molecular Dynamics simulations has been confirmed experimentally by Raman spectroscopy (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature dependence of the threshold current density of a GaN based quantum dot laser
Authors: Asgari Asghar , Khorami A. A.
Published: June 2011

With considering a simple and almost exact models, a III‐nitride based spherical quantum dot cascade laser has been analyzed, where the generation of the terahertz waves are obtained. With self‐consistent solution of the Schrödinger, Poisson, and the laser rate equations, including all effects such as piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization in nitride‐based QDs and the effects of the temperature, the exact value of the lasing frequency and also the other parameters such as the energy levels, the wavefunctions, and the lifetimes of subbands are calculated. Also the laser parameters such as the optical gain, the output power and the threshold current density have been calculated at difference temperatures (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronics with and on paper
Authors: Martins R. , Ferreira I. , Fortunato E.
Published: June 2011

Today there is a strong interest in the scientific and industrial community concerning the use of biopolymers for electronic applications, driven mainly by low‐cost and disposable applications. Adding to this interest, we must recognise the importance of the dream of wireless auto‐sustained and low‐energy‐consumption electronics. This dream can be fulfilled by cellulose paper, the lightest and the cheapest known substrate material, as well as the Earth's major biopolymer and of tremendous global economic importance. Most of the paper used up to now is optimised in terms of the required mechanical and physical properties to be used as the support of inks of different origins. In the future, specific electronic heterogeneous paper sheets should be fabricated aiming to get paper fibers with required bulk and surface functionalities, proper water/vapour barrier, size and diameter/thickness of the fibrils and full paper thickness. This will be the function of components/devices to be incorporated/integrated such as thin‐film transistors, complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices, passive electronic components (resistances, inductors and capacitors), memory transistors, electrochromics and thin‐film paper batteries. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust stability and performance analysis for uncertain linear systems—The distance measure approach
Authors: Lanzon Alexander , Engelken Sönke , Patra Sourav , Papageorgiou George
Published: June 2011

This paper presents readily applicable distance measures, robust stability margins and associated robust stability and robust performance theorems for three commonly used uncertainty structures (additive, input/output multiplicative, output/input inverse multiplicative). Besides providing robust stability results for a larger uncertainty class than previously reported (ℛℒ︁∞ instead of ℛℋ︁∞), this paper also states robust performance theorems for the above uncertainty structures. In contrast to previous methods for robust performance analysis, they only require the computation of two infinity norms for every uncertain plant considered. The theorems in this paper enable practising engineers to choose the most suitable uncertainty structure for a family of uncertain plants, as illustrated through a physically motivated numerical example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the grain boundary on phase structure and surface morphology of TiO2 films prepared by MAO technology
Authors: Yin X. , Wang Y. , Liu B. , Luo X. B.
Published: June 2011

Some porous titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were prepared on flexible substrates by the method of micro‐arc oxidation (MAO) combined with magnetron sputtering (MS). The original material of MAO was Ti films prepared by MS, which was composed of columnar crystals with a diameter of less than 150 nm. The results indicated that the phase of the oxide films was mainly anatase structure, and the pore diameter of the films was about 100–300 nm. However, the phases of the oxide films prepared on Ti plates, which composed of equiaxed crystals with a diameter of 2–5 µm, were anatase and rutile structure. The pore diameter of those films was about 4–10 µm. It was suggested that the changes of the grain boundary structure of the original material could have a significant impact on the phase structure and surface morphology of the resultant TiOx films. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cisplatin‐Loaded Porous Si Microparticles Capped by Electroless Deposition of Platinum
Authors: Park Jennifer S. , Kinsella Joseph M. , Jandial Danielle D. , Howell Stephen B. , Sailor Michael J.
Published: June 2011

The loading and release of the anti‐cancer drug platinum cis‐dichlorodiamine (cisplatin) from mesoporous silicon (pSi) microparticles is studied. The pSi microparticles are modified with 1‐dodecene or with 1,12‐undecylenic acid by hydrosilylation, and each modified pSi material acts as a reducing agent, forming a deposit of Pt on its surface that nucleates further deposition, capping the mesoporous structure and trapping free (unreduced) cisplatin within. Slow oxidation and hydrolytic dissolution of the Si/SiO2 matrix in buffer solution or in culture medium leads to the release of drugs from the microparticles. The drug‐loaded particles show significantly greater toxicity toward human ovarian cancer cells (in vitro), relative to an equivalent quantity of free cisplatin. This result is consistent with the mechanism of drug release, which generates locally high concentrations of the drug in the vicinity of the degrading particles. Control assays with pSi particles loaded in a similar manner with the therapeutically inactive trans isomer of the platinum drug, and with pSi particles containing no drug, result in low cellular toxicity. A hydrophobic pro‐drug, cis,trans,cis‐[Pt(NH3)2(O2C(CH2)8CH3)2Cl2], is loaded into the pSi films from chloroform without concomitant reduction of the pSi carrier.
Structure and dynamics of microbial community in full-scale activated sludge reactors
Authors: Yi Taewoo , Lee Eun-Hee , Kang Shinyoung , Shin Jikyung , Cho Kyung-Suk
Published: June 2011

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in four full-scale activated sludge reactors (ASR1 ~ 4) treating municipal wastewater, South Korea, were monitored to evaluate the influence of influent water quality on microbial community structure (MCS) and the effect of the MCS on effluent water quality. In ASR1 ~ 3, PLFA profiles were very similar, regardless of the influent water quality and seasonal differences, and 16:17c/15:0iso2OH and 16:0 were dominant. PLFA profiles in ASR4 during summer and autumn were very similar to those in ASR1 ~ 3, but increases in specific fatty acids, 16:1ω5c, 11methyl18:1ω7c and 15:0iso3OH, were found in ASR4 during winter and spring, with relatively high total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations in the effluent. 16:1ω5c and 15:0iso3OH, possibly related with Flexibacter sp., caused a bulking problem in the activated sludge. The community diversity indices such as Shannon diversity and equability decreased in summer but increased in autumn in all the ASRs. Canonical correspondence analysis results suggested that the influent BOD concentration played the most important role in changing MCS, followed by influent TSS concentration. In addition, the TSS and total phosphorus concentrations in the effluent were significantly affected by the change of the MCS.
Effect of the Addition of Membrane Processed Olive Mill Waste Water (OMWW) to Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Authors: Zunin P. , Fusella G. C. , Leardi R. , Boggia R. , Bottino A. , Capannelli G.
Published: June 2011

Modern membrane technologies are useful for enhancing the concentration of phenolic antioxidants in olive mill waste water (OMWW) to produce concentrates with valuable applications in functional foods. Three types of OMWW concentrates, each with different levels of solute concentration and purity, were obtained from a single OMWW batch and dissolved in two extra virgin olive oils to achieve saturated solutions. Three addition levels were considered. Accelerated aging testing of the oils was performed at 60 °C and the samples were analyzed after two, four, and 6 weeks of aging. D‐optimal design was used to select the 26 experiments that allowed the evaluation of the influence of the different variables on oil stability. The addition of OMWW concentrates resulted in a significant increase in the Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA) of the olive oils. Under these mild experimental conditions, the moderate formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides was probably masked by interfering compounds.
Search for Provenance of Oligocene Barail Sandstones in and around Jotsoma, Kohima, Nagaland
Authors: Srivastava S. K. , Pandey N.
Published: June 2011

Provenance of the Oligocene Barail sandstones has been ascertained by means of petrographic and heavy mineral studies. Petrography reveals an abundance of angular to sub-rounded monocrystalline, non-undulatory quartz followed by lithic fragments. The overall composition of sandstones matches with those of sublith-arenites. The heavy mineral suite of Barail sandstones displays rounded to sub-rounded as well as euhedral / angular grains of iron oxide, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, kyanite, sillimanite and staurolite in decreasing order of abundance. Petrography coupled with heavy mineral suite suggests for a mixed provenance dominated by a sedimentary source of recycled orogenic provenance in a foreland basin setup.
Mid-Holocene Vegetation and Climatic Variability in Tropical Deciduous Sal (Shorea robusta) Forest of Lower Brahmaputra Valley, Assam
Authors: Dixit Swati , Bera S. K.
Published: June 2011

One 2.5 m lacustrine sedimentary profile dated back to 6340 years BP from Deosila swamp under Rangjuli Reserve forest of Assam, Northeast India has been pollen analyzed for tracing past vegetation vis à vis climate variability since mid-Holocene. The pollen diagram has deciphered that during 6340 to 2970 years BP, tropical tree savannah type of vegetation grew in the region chiefly constituted of grasses interspersed with scattered trees of Salmalia, Dillenia, Emblica, Meliaceae along with sporadic presence of Artocarpus chaplasha, Symplocos, Ilex, Schima and Shorea robusta under relatively less cool and dry climatic condition with a little ameliorating trend at the upper column. The vegetation scenario implies poor growth of arboreals due to harsh abiotic dynamics causing changes in drainage system. Subsequently during 2970 to 1510 years BP, tropical mixed deciduous forest succeeded tree savannah with invasion of Shorea robusta, Lagerstroemia, Lannea, Semecarpus and Acacia under warm and humid climate. The gradual enrichment of organic soil might have been conducive for better growth of both deciduous and semi evergreen arboreals as found today. However, during 1510 to 540 years BP, the forest groves became more strengthened resulting establishment of tropical deciduous Sal forest. Steady increment of Shorea robusta along with Lannea, Lagerstroemia, Terminalia, Sapotaceae, Albizia and Adina was observed probably due to influence of active SW monsoon under increased warm and humid climatic regime. This is well substantiated by the consistent occurrence of marshy and aquatic taxa along with ferns and fungal remains. Finally during 540 years BP onward the reduced forest floristics have obviously been envisaged the change in climate which turned to warm and relatively dry probably attributable to the weak monsoon rainfall. The acceleration in human settlement during this phase is evidenced by Cerealia and by the increase of Melastoma, Ziziphus and Areca catechu implying forest clearance.
The Cambridge Companion to Socrates
Authors: Morrison Donald R.
Published: June 2011

The Cambridge Companion to Socrates is a collection of essays providing a comprehensive guide to Socrates, the most famous Greek philosopher. Because Socrates himself wrote nothing, our evidence comes from the writings of his friends (above all Plato), his enemies, and later writers. Socrates is thus a literary figure as well as a historical person. Both aspects of Socrates' legacy are covered in this volume. Socrates' character is full of paradox, and so are his philosophical views. These paradoxes have led to deep differences in scholars' interpretations of Socrates and his thought. Mirroring this wide range of thought about Socrates, this volume's contributors are unusually diverse in their background and perspective. The essays in this volume were authored by classical philologists, philosophers and historians from Germany, Francophone Canada, Britain and the United States, and they represent a range of interpretive and philosophical traditions.
Association between calcium in cord blood and newborn size in Bangladesh
Authors: Doi Mariko , Sultana Rekha Rokeya , Ahmed Sultan , Okada Masafumi , Kumar Roy Anjan , El Arifeen Shams , Ekström Eva-Charlotte , Raqib Rubhana , Wagatsuma Yukiko
Published: June 2011

Ca status in the uterus during pregnancy has been suggested to affect fetal growth and size at birth. In Bangladesh, low Ca levels in pregnant women and low birth weight in infants are common. The present study explored the association between Ca levels in cord blood and newborn size at birth (birth weight and birth length) in Bangladesh. Samples and data included 223 women with live-born singleton deliveries in rural Bangladesh. Newborn weight and length were measured at birth. From cord blood obtained at delivery, Ca, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and intact parathyroid hormone levels were determined. An association between size at birth and Ca levels in cord blood was found (birth weight, P = 0·022; birth length, P = 0·001). Associations between Ca and newborn size were further analysed using multivariate regression analyses. After adjusting for several covariates of characteristics in mothers and newborns (gestational weeks at birth, sex of newborn, socio-economic status, maternal height, BMI, age and season at birth), birth length still exhibited a significant relationship with Ca levels in cord blood (birth length, P = 0·030). The present study indicates that Ca status in cord blood might be associated with the birth length of newborns. Ca levels during gestation may affect fetal growth.
Supplementing chicken broth with monosodium glutamate reduces hunger and desire to snack but does not affect energy intake in women
Authors: Carter Brett E. , Monsivais Pablo , Perrigue Martine M. , Drewnowski Adam
Published: June 2011

The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) supplementation in soup or broth on satiety is not well understood. In the present study, the relative effects of four chicken broths with or without added MSG on motivational ratings and energy intakes at the next meal were compared using a double-blinded, within-subject design. A total of thirty-five normal-weight women, aged 20–40 years, took part in four study sessions. The four broths were base chicken broth (63 kJ), broth with added MSG (1·19 g) and nucleotides (0·03 g), broth with added MSG (1·22 g), and broth with added fat (BAF; 681 kJ). The preloads were presented twice at 09.00 and 11.15 hours for a maximum cumulative dose of 2·44 g MSG. Motivational ratings were collected before and at 15 min intervals post-ingestion for a total of 210 min. A test lunch meal was served at 12.00 hours, and plate waste was measured. The addition of MSG to chicken broth did not increase energy intakes at lunch or affect motivational ratings over the entire testing session. Both hunger and desire to snack between the second preload exposure and the test meal were significantly reduced in the MSG condition relative to the base broth condition (both, P =  0·03). However, only the BAF significantly suppressed energy intakes at lunch compared with the base broth control condition. Supplementing chicken broth with MSG can increase subjective ratings for satiety but does not alter energy intake at the next meal relative to an equal energy broth without added MSG.
Elevated vascular resistance and afterload reduce the cardiac output response to dobutamine in early growth-restricted rats in adulthood
Authors: Zohdi Vladislava , Jane Black M. , Pearson James T.
Published: June 2011

Epidemiological studies have linked intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) with an increased risk of CVD later in life. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of maternal protein restriction on cardiac function in adulthood during dobutamine (DOB) stimulation. IUGR was induced in Wistar Kyoto dams through administration of a low-protein diet (LPD; 8·7 % casein) during pregnancy and lactation; the control group received a normal-protein diet (NPD; 20 % casein). At 14 weeks of age, cardiac function was assessed in male and female NPD (eight females and eight males) and LPD offspring (ten females and ten males) by pressure volumetry using an anaesthetised closed-chest approach. We determined mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and left ventricular pressure–volume indices under baseline conditions and DOB stimulation (2 and 4 μg/kg per min). During β-adrenergic activation in LPD offspring, increases in cardiac output (CO,P < 0·018) and stroke volume (SV,P < 0·005) were attenuated in comparison with NPD offspring, while increases in ejection fraction and the maximal rate of ventricular pressure development were not affected. LPD females maintained a smaller end-diastolic volume (P < 0·017). MAP did not differ between the groups and did not change significantly during DOB infusion. Arterial elastance and total peripheral resistance decreased in all rats but remained significantly elevated in LPD offspring (P < 0·015 and < 0·01). Early growth restriction did not affect ventricular contractility but led to an increased afterload and impaired the ability to increase SV and CO during β-adrenergic stimulation.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with erythrocyte levels of n-3 PUFA but not risk of CVD
Authors: Park Yongsoon , Kim Minkyung
Published: June 2011

Increasing evidence suggests that the status of vitamin D and n-3 PUFA is associated with the risk of CVD. Major dietary sources of vitamin D include fish and fish products, which are also rich in n-3 PUFA; however, the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and tissue contents of n-3 PUFA remains unknown. The present study investigates the hypothesis that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and erythrocyte n-3 PUFA levels are positively correlated in patients with CVD. We recruited sixty CVD cases and matched them with sixty healthy controls based on age, sex and season during which blood was drawn for the study. As serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels increased, erythrocyte levels of docosapentaenoic acid, DHA, omega-3 index and total n-3 PUFA increased significantly, while erythrocyte levels of stearic acid and total SFA decreased significantly, after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and smoking. Partial correlation analysis also showed that erythrocyte n-3 PUFA levels were positively correlated (r 0·215; P = 0·021) and total SFA content was negatively correlated (r − 0·263; P = 0·004) with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. However, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not significantly associated with the risk of CVD, after adjusting or not adjusting for age, sex, BMI and smoking. In conclusion, the results of our case–control study suggest that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are positively related to erythrocyte n-3 PUFA levels, but are not associated with the risk of CVD in this population.
A high-amylopectin diet caused hepatic steatosis associated with more lipogenic enzymes and increased serum insulin concentration
Authors: He Jun , Chen Daiwen , Zhang Keying , Yu Bing
Published: June 2011

Starch is the major energy source for monogastric mammals and humans. The present study was conducted to evaluate the liver metabolic responses of weaned pigs fed with different dietary starches. A total of sixteen weaned pigs were fed with two experimental diets containing either cassava starch (CS, 80 % amylopectin and 20 % amylose) or maize starch (70 % amylopectin and 30 % amylose). The present results showed that the growth performance was not affected by different dietary starches (P>0·05). However, ingestion of CS not only increased the lipid content in liver tissues, but also elevated the concentrations of serum cholesterol and insulin (P < 0·05). The metabolic responses induced by CS were associated with more lipogenic enzymes such as fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase in liver (P < 0·05). Real-time PCR quantification for lipid metabolic genes indicated that ingestion of CS not only up-regulated the expression of these lipogenic genes, but also decreased the expression of lipolytic genes. These results suggested that the metabolic responses of weaned pigs fed with different dietary starches may vary widely depending on their composition, and ingestion of starches that are high in amylopectin may produce a stronger insulinaemic response and lead to an up-regulation of lipogenesis in the liver.
Pricing Two Heterogeneous Trees
Authors: Branger Nicole , Schlag Christian , Wu Lue
Published: June 2011

We consider a Lucas-type exchange economy with two heterogeneous stocks (trees) and a representative investor with constant relative risk aversion. The dividend process for one stock follows a geometric Brownian motion with constant and known parameters. The expected dividend growth rate for the other tree is stochastic and in general unobservable, although there may be a signal from which the investor can learn about its current value. We find that the equilibrium quantities in our model significantly depend on the information structure and on the level of risk aversion. While an observable stochastic drift mainly makes the economy more risky, a latent expected growth rate process with learning significantly changes the equilibrium price-dividend ratios, price reactions to dividend and drift innovations, expected returns, volatilities, correlations, and differences between the stocks. These effects are the more pronounced the more risk averse the representative investor.
The Two Sides of Derivatives Usage: Hedging and Speculating with Interest Rate Swaps
Authors: Chernenko Sergey , Faulkender Michael
Published: June 2011

Existing cross-sectional findings on nonfinancial firms’ use of derivatives that are usually interpreted as the result of hedging may alternatively be due to speculation. Panel data examinations can distinguish between derivatives practices that endure over time and are therefore more likely to result from hedging, and those that are more transient, thus more consistent with speculation. Our decomposition results indicate that hedging of interest rate risk is concentrated among high-investment firms, consistent with costly external finance. Simultaneously, firms appear to use interest rate swaps to manage earnings and to speculate when their executive compensation contracts are more performance sensitive.
Seroprevalence of Taenia solium infections in Croatian patients presenting with epilepsy
Authors: Meštrović T. , Sviben M. , Vilibić-Čavlek T. , Ljubin-Sternak S. , Tabain I. , Mlinarić-Galinović G.
Published: June 2011

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, while neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium infection of the central nervous system currently represents the leading cause of secondary epilepsy in Central and South America, East and South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. As a result of increased migration from these endemic regions, neurocysticercosis and subsequent epilepsy are becoming a growing public health problem in developed countries as well. In order to determine the prevalence of T. solium infection in patients with epilepsy in Croatia, a retrospective serological study was conducted. A total of 770 serum samples were tested for the presence of T. solium IgG antibodies using a commercial qualitative enzyme immunoassay. The Western blot technique was used as a confirmatory test for the diagnosis. The overall seroprevalence rate of T. solium infection in patients with clinically proven epilepsy was 1.5%. Although the results have shown that infection with this tapeworm is rare in Croatia, this study hopes to increase awareness about the importance of preventive measures and benefits of accurate and timely diagnosis. Intervention measures for infection control are crucial, namely sanitation improvement, control of domestic pig-breeding, detailed meat inspection, detection and treatment of tapeworm carriers, hand washing and health education.
Platynosomum fastosum-induced chronic intrahepatic cholangitis and Spirometra spp. infections in feral cats from Grand Cayman
Authors: Headley S.A. , Gillen M.A. , Sanches A.W.D. , Satti M.Z.
Published: June 2011

The occurrence of platynosomiasis and intestinal sparganosis is described in feral cats from Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Spirometra spp. was observed within the intestine of 18.18% (10/55) of cats; 1.18% (1/55) of cats demonstrated gross and histological manifestation of parasitism by Platynosomum fastosum, but 14.5% (8/55) of cats had the characteristic pathological manifestations of P. fastosum-induced intrahepatic cholangitis without the concomitant presence of the intraductal trematode. Combined parasitism (Spirometra spp. and P. fastosum) was observed in 9.09% (5/55) of feral cats. Significant pathological findings were only associated with the hepatic fluke, P. fastosum, and were grossly characterized by moderate hepatomegaly with enlarged and dilated bile ducts. Examples of cestodes with morphological features characteristic of Spirometra spp. were observed within the small intestine without any associated pathological lesion. The histopathological evaluation of liver fragments revealed chronic intrahepatic cholangitis with and without the associated intraductal trematode, and was characterized by marked periductal fibrosis, adenomatous proliferation of bile duct epithelium, dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts and portal accumulations of inflammatory cells. The occurrence of the cestode in feral cats coupled with factors that are unique to Grand Cayman makes this island the ideal location for sporadic cases of human sparganosis.
Diversity and distribution of nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Ross J.L. , Ivanova E.S. , Sirgel W.F. , Malan A.P. , Wilson M.J.
Published: June 2011

A survey of nematodes associated with native and introduced species of terrestrial slugs was conducted in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, in order to gather new data regarding diversity and distribution. A total of 521 terrestrial slugs were collected from 35 localities throughout the Western Cape. All slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of internal nematodes. Extracted nematodes were identified using a combination of molecular (18S rRNA gene sequencing) and morphological techniques. Nematodes were found parasitizing slugs at 14 of the 35 sites examined, amounting to 40% of sample sites. Of all slugs, 6% were infected with nematodes. A total of seven species of nematode were identified in the province, includingAgfa flexilis,Angiostomasp.,Phasmarhabditissp. SA1,Phasmarhabditissp. SA2,Caenorhabditis elegans,Panagrolaimussp. andRhabditissp. Of these species, four were thought to be parasitic to slugs (A. flexilis, Angiostomasp.,Phasmarhabditissp. SA1 andPhasmarhabditissp. SA2), as opposed to forming necromenic or phoretic associations. Three new species of slug-parasitic nematode were identified during this study (Angiostomasp.,Phasmarhabditissp. SA1 andPhasmarhabditissp. SA2).
Editorial
Authors: Crago Martha
Published: June 2011

Welcome to another issue of Applied Psycholinguistics. This special issue not only brings new and topical articles, but it also marks the departure of our much appreciated Associate Editor, Albert Costa, and the arrival of his replacement, Giuli Dussias. Similarly, Amy Buckland has ended her excellent work as journal coordinator and will be replaced by Susy Bienstock. In the near future two additional Associate Editors will join this new team.
Age of word acquisition effects in treatment of children with phonological delays
Authors: GIERUT JUDITH A. , MORRISETTE MICHELE L.
Published: June 2011

The effects of the age of acquisition (AoA) of words were examined in the clinical treatment of 10 preschool children with phonological delays. Using a single-subject multiple-baseline experimental design, children were enrolled in one of four conditions that varied the AoA of the treated words (early vs. late acquired) relative to their corresponding word frequency (high vs. low frequency). Phonological generalization to treated and untreated sounds in error served as the dependent variable. Results showed that late acquired words induced greater generalization, with an effect size four times greater than early acquired words, whereas the effects of word frequency were minimized. Results are discussed relative to hypotheses about the role of AoA in language acquisition and the relevance of this variable for phonological learning.
Auditory training for experienced and inexperienced second-language learners: Native French speakers learning English vowels
Authors: IVERSON PAUL , PINET MELANIE , EVANS BRONWEN G.
Published: June 2011

This study examined whether high-variability auditory training on natural speech can benefit experienced second-language English speakers who already are exposed to natural variability in their daily use of English. The subjects were native French speakers who had learned English in school; experienced listeners were tested in England and the less experienced listeners were tested in France. Both groups were given eight sessions of high-variability phonetic training for English vowels, and were given a battery of perception and production tests to evaluate their improvement. The results demonstrated that both groups learned to similar degrees, suggesting that training provides a type of learning that is distinct from that obtained in more naturalistic situations.
Role of the rumen in copper and thiomolybdate absorption
Authors: Gould L. , Kendall N. R.
Published: June 2011

The rumen is the site of significant interactions between Cu, S and Mo. It also shows reactions between Cu, S and Fe. The interaction between Mo and S results in the formation of thiomolybdates, which in the absence of adequate quantities of rumen Cu are absorbed into the animal and bind to Cu in biological compounds. This is the cause of thiomolybdate toxicity, often misleadingly called Cu deficiency. The effects of thiomolybdates being absorbed into the animal are considered, especially how thiomolybdates bind to Cu-containing compounds such as enzymes, decreasing their activity without removing the active Cu component. The sources of Cu, Mo, Fe and S are examined, including the impacts of water and soil on the animal's intake. Within the present review we have been able to provide evidence that: all classes of thiomolybdates are formed in the rumen; in the absence of available Cu all thiomolybdates can be absorbed into the animal rapidly though the rumen wall or via the small intestine; thiomolybdates bind to Cu in biological compounds and are able to cause problems; effects of thiomolybdate are reversible in vivo and in vitro on cessation of thiomolybdate challenge; the tetra-thiomolybdate form is the most potent Cu binder with decreased potency with decreasing S in the compound. Fe will exacerbate a thiomolybdate problem but will not directly cause it.
Les emplois référentiels du SN démonstratif en français et en néerlandais: pas du pareil au même
Authors: VANDERBAUWHEDE GUDRUN
Published: June 2011

Cet article étudie les différences distributionnelles entre les emplois référentiels du SNdém en français et en néerlandais. En soumettant les données issues de deux corpus comparables (Dutch Parallel CorpusetCorpus de Namur) à notre modèle triangulaire systématique des emplois du SNdém, nous constatons que deux explications majeures permettent de comprendre la plus grande partie des divergences attestées au niveau des emplois référentiels du SNdém en français et en néerlandais, à savoir des normes stylistiques différentes en relation avec des différences linguistiques et des divergences au niveau du degré de déicticité des SNdém en français et en néerlandais.