bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal histopathological alterations caused by Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in Schizothorax niger of Kashmir valley
Authors: Wali Asifa , Balkhi Masood-ul Hassan , Shah Feroz A. , Bhat Farooz Ahmad , Bhat Bilal Ahmad , Dar Shabir Ahmad , Qadiri Syed Shariq Nazir
Published: October 2021

Liver and intestines affected by an cestode parasite viz., Bothriocephalus acheilognathi along with their host (Schizothorax niger) were collected randomly. Bothriocephalus acheilognathi causes damage to the intestinal tissues and induce complex host response; the affected fish were anemic and emaciated. The viscera were dark red on opening the abdomen. The intestinal contents showed lot of mucous and contained dark contents. The mucosal wall was red in colour and revealed necrotic surface. The histopathological changes were varied in severity with the season and parasitic burden. Intestinal infection of Bothriocephalus with Adenoscolex was usually seen together. Severe enteritis with heavy infilitration of inflammmtory cells and fibroblasts seen in lamina propia. Liver cells showed severe degenerative changes.
Effect of canopy relative humidity on growth and yield of pigeonpea + kalmegh intercropping system
Authors: Bholane J. P. , Bhale V. M.
Published: October 2021

A field experiment was conducted at Nagarjun Medicinal Garden, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during 2009-10 to determine suitable row proportion for pigeonpea + kalmegh intercropping system. Effect of weather parameter such as canopy relative humidity on growth and yield of pigeonpea and kalmegh was studied. Further, canopy relative humidity showed decreasing pattern with the advancement in age of the crop. In pigeonpea maximum morning canopy relative humidity was observed with 2:1 row proportions, however evening canopy relative humidity was maximum with 2:2 row proportion. Dry matter and grain yield of pigeonpea showed positive and negative correlation with morning and evening canopy relative humidity, respectively. While herbage yield, seed yield and andrographoloide yield of kalmegh reported negative and positive correlation with morning and evening canopy relative humidity, respectively.
Studies on heterosis for fruit yield and quality attributing characters in in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
Authors: Rajani A. , Naidu L. Naram , Reddy R.V.S.K. , Babu D. Ratna , Umakrishna K.
Published: October 2021

The present investigation was conducted on heterosis for fruit yield quality attributing characters in okra. Fifteen F1 hybrids were generated by half diallel (excluding reciprocals) mating design. These F1 hybrids along with six parents were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications during late Rabi season of 2018 at three locations HRS, Lam; KVK, V.R.Gudem and KVK, Vonipenta, Andhra Pradesh. Observations were recorded for five randomly selected and tagged plants from each treatment for fruit yield and quality attributing characters viz., number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm), fruit weight (g), number of seeds per fruit, test weight (g/100), fruit yield per plant (g), fruit yield per hectare (t), fibre content (%), ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) and shelf life (days). The values of F1 hybrids averaged over three replications were used for estimating heterosis and pooled data was obtained. The top five heterotic cross combinations viz., 440-10-1 x HRB-9-2, VRO-6 x HRB-9-2, TCR-1674 x HRB-9-2, VRO-6 x JPM-20-16-39 and VRO-3 x HRB-9-2 were identified as stable with desirable heterosis for fruit yield and other important traits.
Effect of PEG and mannitol to induce drought stress on seed quality and stand establishment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes
Authors: Patil S. B. , Hilli Jitendra Kumar S.
Published: October 2021

An experiment was conducted to study the screening of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for drought tolerance under laboratory condition during2018 at Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapura. The experiment was carried out in a factorial Complete Randomized Block Design with seven treatments replicated three times. Twenty six wheat genotypes were screened for drought tolerance using 0, 15, 30, 60 per cent polyethylene ethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) and 1, 2, 5 per cent mannitol solutions. Data were recorded on various seedling parameters like germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index. The seedling traits showed a decreasing trend in response to increased concentrations of PEG6000 and mannitol. Wheat genotype DBW-110 (98.70 %) and C-306 (92.50 %) were found to be the best genotype for screened based on germination percentage at 15 per cent PEG6000 and 5 per cent mannitol. Wheat genotypes HI-1620 (6.7 cm) and NIAW-3212 (4.5 cm) produced maximum root length, respectively at higher concentrations of PEG6000 and mannitol. The genotype HI-1620 (6.4 cm, @ 15 %; 5.4 cm, @ 5 % mannitol) showed maximum shoot length. The genotype HD-2733, DBW-14, DBW-88 showed highest reduction of seedling parameters observed at increase in osmotic stress condition.
Trend analysis of area, production and productivity in pigeonpea
Authors: Vennila M. , Murthy C.
Published: October 2021

The present study has been analysed the trend in area, production and productivity of pigeon pea and the instability by Cuddy Della Valle index. The study has been carried out based on secondary data and the data was collected for the periods from 2007-08 to 2018-19. Compound annual growth rate, co-efficient of variation and instability index was computed. The growth rate of area and production of pigeonpea in India showed and significant positive at 1 per cent and 5 per cent level, respectively and productivity showed insignificant positive growth rate. The growth rate of area and production of pigeonpea of Karnataka showed significant positive trend at 5 per cent level and productivity showed insignificant positive growth rate. The increase in production occurs due to increase in area as well as interactions of area and productivity of pigeonpea in the study period. Thus, there is a need to take up productivity enhancing measures in pigeonpea like varietal improvement, improved cultural practices, disease control measures and irrigation facilities. The instability indices for area, production and productivity for pigeonpea is positive which indicates less risk in growing pigeonpea in future.
A study on various tomato based products preferred by horeca sector in South India
Authors: Charishma Ch. , Prabhavathi Y. , Kishore N. T. Krishna
Published: October 2021

Urbanization, rising income levels, technology penetration, changing life styles are some of the driving forces for the growth of food service industry especially the HoReCa segment in India. Westernization of food consumption patterns has demanded for wide variety of processed foods. Among several food products, the usage of tomato in fresh form is very known by Indian households while an increased application of tomato based products in various culinary applications has become prominent. The present study focus on various tomato based products, brands preferred by HoReCa sector in their culinary applications. Purposive cum snowball sampling design is employed in the present study. The sample size of the study is 60. Among the tomato based products, the sector is majorly using chopped tomatoes followed by tomato paste. The monthly consumption requirement of tomato sauce exhibited wide variations i.e. from 20 kgs to more than 80 kgs per month and. The sector prefers plastic containers for tomato sauce packaging and tetra pack for tomato juice majorly due of their shelf-life and consumption safety. Tomato sauce and ketchup are majorly sourced from company distributors. The major tomato based brands preferred are Morton and Delmonte. Rich tomato sauce procured majorly from outside while others are prepared based on cuisine and customer requirement. The usage of tomato sauce is majorly used in snacks items followed by breakfast items in south and north Indian culinary applications while in Chinese and Italian culinary applications, the usage is prominent in noodles, manchuria, soup, rice, chicken, mutton and starters.
Impact of post scarification storage period on seed germination and quality in soapnut (Sapinduas emarginatus)
Authors: Krishna A. , Hilli Jitendra Kumar S.
Published: October 2021

Soapnut (Sapinduas emarginatus) is one of the most primitive precious useful plants since ancient times. This plant was domesticated due to its multifarious usefulness. The study was conducted in College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2019-20 to know the influence of post scarification storage treatments on seed germination and quality in Sapinduas emarginatus. The seeds were collected from in and around Sirsi area. In soap nut, the basic problem is poor seed germination due to hard seed coat. The seeds were treated with concentrated H2So4 for 12min and stored under laboratory condition for six months. At monthly interval, seed samples were drawn and evaluated for post scarification germination. The germination behaviour remarkably influenced due to scarification and without scarification during experimentation. The untreated seeds recorded the maximum germination (68%) compared to scarified seeds (22.85%).Speed of germination was highest in seed without scarification treatment (2.7) compared to scarified seeds. Mean daily germination was highest in without scarified seeds (1.04) and lowest in the scarified seeds (0.32). Peak value was maximum in without scarified seeds (0.50) compared to scarified seeds (0.22). Seedling vigour index was significantly highest in without scarified seeds (1290) compared to scarified seeds (455). In general, scarified seeds with conc. H2SO4 for 12 min affected seed germination due high conc. H2SO4 because of chemical residues remaining in seed that affects the embryo. As the advancement in storage period the seed coat may lose the integrity so, germination was improved in without scarified seeds.
Response of horticultural crops under variable microclimatic conditions of different protected cultivation structures
Authors: Santosh D.T.
Published: October 2021

Protected cultivation structures provide favorable environment for crop growth thereby achieving greater yield and high quality produce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the microclimate parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and light intensity underdifferent protected cultivation structures in comparison with open field condition. Four types of protected cultivation structures (polyhouse, walking tunnel,shadenet house and modified greenhouse) were considered for the study. Meteorological data of seven years (2010-2016), recorded on daily basis were used for micro climate analysis of different protected cultivation structures. FAO-56 Penman Monteith approach was used to estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration under different kind of protected cultivation structures.Study shows that walking tunnel, polyhouse and modified greenhouse structures offers a solar energy saver and enhances temperature inside the structures. The total water requirement of drip irrigated crops in protected cultivation structure is reduced by about 25% to 35% under different protected cultivation structures in comparison to open field cultivation. This paper also presents the difference incrop yield grown under protected cultivation structures and open field condition.
Influence of desiccants on seed quality attributes of wheat crop under hermetic storage
Authors: Kumar Kishore , Hilli Jitendra Kumar S.
Published: October 2021

An investigation was undertaken with main objectives to know the effect of desiccants on seed quality parameters of crop seeds during storage and to assess the benefit cost ratio of storage method (economics) in wheat with initial seed moisture content of 12.3 %, was carried out at Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad. Quantity of desiccants stored per kilogram of seed in wheat seeds is 0.37 kg for zeolite beads, one kg for silica gel, calcium carbonate and control without desiccant in airtight container. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and five replications. Seed stored with zeolite beads recorded the highest germination (88.8 %) which was on par with silica gel (87.2 %) at the end of storage period. Lower seed moisture and hundred seed weight was observed in the seeds stored with silica gel at the end of storage period. Higher shoot length, root length, seedling vigour-I and seedling dry weight was observed in seeds stored with zeolite beads which was on par with Silica gel at the end of storage period. compared to control. Therefore, it can be concluded that the zeolite beads can safely be used for seed drying without impairment in seed quality.
Penetration of farm mechanization services through FPOs: rural dynamics-based business modelling
Authors: Prabhavathi Y. , Kishore N. T. Krishna , Charishma Ch.
Published: October 2021

Farm mechanisation although one among the essential input to raise the agriculture productivity, but individual owning of agricultural machinery by resource constrained small and marginal farmers who constitute around 85% of operated land holdings in India is uneconomical. Hence, innovative arrangements such as custom hiring centres’ (CHCs) are being encouraged through farm aggregation models like cooperative farming, Joint Liability Groups (JLG), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to get access to farm machinery services at affordable prices and promote mechanization of operations on small farms. With this background, the present study is taken upto assess the feasibility for the establishment of FPO owned and operated model custom hiring centre (CHC) in Nimmanapalle mandal of chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state and formulate suitable business strategies for ensuring viability of the unit. The sample size of the study was 120 farmers. The major crops grown in the study area are tomato, paddy and groundnut and the market potential for farm machinery is estimated at Rs. 269.73 lakhs. The SWOT analysis conducted indicated the opportunity for establishment of CHC due to inadequate farm machinery services, labour shortages and farmers habituated to hiring services. The financial assessment for the proposed unit over a five year period showed that the unit is worth investing as reflected by positive NPV of 6.56 lakhs at 12% discount rate, BCR of 1.05 and IRR of 17.27%. The debt service coverage ratios of greater than two from second year onwards and annual increase of positive cash accruals signifies the unit strength in meeting the debt obligations. The unit if established shall have long term social benefits that includes increase in input use efficiency of farm resources due to timeliness of operations, productivity, yields, income levels in addition to creation of employment in non-farm sector.
Knowledge level of castor growing respondents of Sirohi district of Rajasthan
Authors: Chandawat M.S. , Parashar Abha , Jetawat R.P.S. , Parashar Kamini
Published: October 2021

Castor is an important oilseed cash crop. Castor oil obtained from castor seed is non-edible, but is of great industrial importance. India is the largest castor growing country in the world. Gujarat state has highest area and production of castor. In Rajasthan, Sirohi district stands first in terms of area and production of castor. Therefore, a study was undertaken to assess the level of knowledge of respondents about castor production of Sirohi district. The study was conducted in 5 blocks. Further, 100 farmers were selected randomly from 10 villages. The findings of this study revealed that majority (52%) of the castor growers had medium to level of knowledge regarding recommended hybrid castor production technology. Predominantly the hybrid castor growers had good knowledge regarding castor cultivation practices viz., land preparation, harvesting, recommended rates of seed land preparation, manual weeding and FYM application.
AMMI confounded with BLUP of feed barley genotypes for superiority measures under NEPZ trials
Authors: Verma Ajay , Verma R.P.S. , Singh J. , Kumar L. , Singh G.P.
Published: October 2021

AMMI analysis of feed barley genotypes evaluated for North Eastern Plains Zone of the country observed highly significant effects of environments (E), GxE interaction and genotypes (G). GxE Interaction effects accounted for 45.9% and 29.2% and environment effects explained 27.5% and 37.1%, during cropping seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. ASTAB measure achieved the desirable lower values for HUB113, DWRB137. Ranks of MASV1 and MASV measures considered HUB113, K508 genotypes would be of choice this zone. Superiority index assigned 0.65 and 0.35 weights for average yield and stability found HUB113, DWRB137 as of stable performance with high yield. Biplot graphical analysis as per 84.7 % of variation of the measures exhibited largest cluster comprised of MASV1 with ASTAB, EV, SIPC, Za, W2, WAASB and MASV measures. For the second-year Desirable lower values of ASTAB measure achieved by HUB69, Lakhan, RD3020. Ranks of composite measure MASV1 and MASV found Lakhan, HUB69, KB1830 genotypes would be of choice for these locations. Superiority index with assigned weights for yield and stability found Lakhan, DWRB213, KB1830 as of stable performance with high yield. About 79.3 % of variation of the measures under biplot analysis observed AMMI based measures were grouped together and mean yield joined hands with superiority measures of genotypes. The reliability of multi-locations trials would be increased with superiority Indexes as major features of AMMI and BLUP had been confounded. Option of assigning variable weights to the yield and stable performance help the researches to set their crop improvement targets.
Determination of colour value of jaggery based biscuits stored under ambient temperature using hunter colour lab
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Goyal S. K. , Bunkar Durga Shankar
Published: October 2021

To overcome the problems of excessive consumption of white sugar, attempts are being made to find out alternate sweeteners preferably from sugarcane, which are less harmful. A study was conducted to develop jaggery based biscuits using scientific technology to evaluate the quality and acceptance of fresh as well as stored samples. Hunter colour lab was used to determine of colouring properties of fresh and stored samples. Jaggery based biscuits were prepared using different levels of jaggery. Ingredients used in manufacturing of biscuits were of 40, 50 and 60% Jaggery with control (372 g sugar). The other ingredients were in same proportions viz., wheat flour 1000 g, HVO 400 g, WMP 31.15 g, baking powder 10.90 g, salt 7.8 g, TBHQ 0.03125 g, GMS 17.57 g and 02 eggs. The finished biscuit samples of 300 g were packed in HDPE and combination of film (CF) of metalized polystyrene pouches for storage studies at ambient condition. Colour measurement of control and jaggery based biscuits was carried out by using Hunter Lab. Colour value was measured after 60 and 120 days for all four samples. L value was found decreased by increasing the levels of jaggery. The L values, which indicates the lightness decreased due to dark colour of jaggery (L value decreased from 53.32 to 42.43 as a result of jaggery incorporation). L value of colour of the control sample prepared by sugar incorporation was 53.32 because of incorporation of other ingredients and high temperature for baking which caused the browning and caramelization. However, the effect of ambient temperature storage significantly increases “L”, “a” and “b” value. All four samples (control, 40%, 50% and 60% jaggery biscuits) were found to have positive “a” values as 9.42, 9.98, 11.09 and 11.60, respectively. During ambient temperature storage, the value of “a” was found to have increased for all four samples packed in HDPE and CF. However, the effect of ambient temperature storage significantly increases “a” value. The colour change observed during 120 days storage was due to additional development of little brown/red colour. The “b” values were found 20.26, 19.74, 19.55 and 19.15, respectively for biscuit samples (control, 40, 50 and 60% jaggery biscuits). Very little difference was noticed in the values of “b” for all samples. Different packaging materials did not significantly affect the “L”, “a” and “b” value.
Screening of vegetables crop genotype against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) under polyhouse conditions
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Mann S. S. , Kumar Anil
Published: October 2021

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is an economically important plant-parasitic nematode of vegetable crops grown under open as well as protected cultivation. Use of resistant cultivar is an important measure for managing root-knot nematode as compared to the other management strategies. Despite the potential importance of this nematode, sources of resistance to M. incognita are not yet available for breeding purposes. Present studies were conducted to evaluate the resistant reaction of crop genotype (cucumber japanes long green, tomato shu, cherry tomato P. cherry tomato-1, bitter gourd pusa aushadhi and capsicum yalo wonder) against M. incognita under polyhouse conditions (2018-20). Sixty days after sowing, observations were recorded on number of galls/plant and final nematode population. All the crop genotypes of vegetables were showed varying degree of response against M. incognita. Out of five crop genotypes of vegetables, four (cucumber japanes long green, tomato shu, cherry tomato P. cherry tomato-1 and bitter gourd Pusa aushadhi) were susceptible/highly susceptible while capsicum yalo wonder showed moderately resistant reaction against M. incognita in both the years (2018-2020) and this genotype can be used as a source of resistance.
Impact of technological change in cashew production in south Konkan region of Maharashtra
Authors: Yadav J. M. , Naik V. G. , Anap V. N. , Wadkar S. S.
Published: October 2021

Cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale L.) a cash crop also called as Dollar earning crop. Maharashtra is leading state in production and productivity of cashew due to maximum adaptation of high yielding varieties and modern technologies developed by the Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, Ratnagiri. The study entitled, “Technological change in cashew production in south Konkan region (Maharashtra) – an economic analysis” was undertaken specific objectives, to estimate the technical efficiency in cashew production across level of adoption and to assess the impact of technology on productivity. 320 cashew growers were selected for the study. Technical efficiency for all farms were calculated by using frontier production function and then the farms were grouped into three categories. As the results show that, in Vengurla - 4 variety orchard more farms had medium technical efficiency i.e., between 50 to 75 per cent as compared to low (< 50%) and high (> 75%) technical efficiency group. Average per cent of technical efficiency at overall level was 67.19 per cent. Among the groups such as low, medium and high adopters it was 59.34 per cent, 56.37 per cent and 90.25 per cent, respectively. At overall level about 62 farms had high technical efficiency more than 75 per cent, 233 farms had medium technical efficiency (50 to 75%) and about 25 farms had low technical efficiency (less than 50%). The use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were sparse. This concluded that the farmers were not properly aware about the use of chemical fertilizers and followed the pest management schedule. It is also showed that, there is potential to increase the yield, through technology adoption. For increasing farm income of the farmer, they must be using the modern cashew production technologies.
Estimation of irrigation water requirement of strawberry crop under polyhouse and shadenet house conditions
Authors: Santosh D.T.
Published: October 2021

Strawberry is a commercial crop with high added value, which was extended to new cultivation zones of India.Therefore, it is important to know the suitability of climate condition for growing strawberry in Indian condition. Protected cultivation structures are used to cultivate crops under partial controlled climatic condition to get higher yield and better quality harvest. There are different kinds of protected cultivation structure normally adopted in India such as greenhouse, shadenet house and low tunnels. Exact of amount water and nutrients required to applied to get higher yield through minimizing loss of quality. The objective of the study is to assess the effect of protected cultivation structure on ambient temperature, relative humidity and crop water requirement of strawberry with drip irrigation system grown during winter season (November-February). Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation considering the locally recorded weather parameters. Monthly average of daily reference evapotranspiration values are ranging between 1.3 to 3.3 mm day-1, 1.4 to 3.7 mm day-1 and 2.0 to 4.9 mm day-1 for polyhouse, shadenet house and open field, respectively. The total water requirement of drip irrigated straw berry in protected cultivation structure is reduced by about 35.2 % under polyhouse and 25.5 % under shade net house in comparison to open field cultivation.
Domain studies with imperfect frame in large population
Authors: Singh Neelam Kumar
Published: October 2021

Existence of the frame is pre-requisite for any sample survey or census of a large population. Frames are quite often imperfect due to dynamic nature of sampling units. Frames become incomplete by the time actual survey and enumeration starts which affects the statistical results desired for the target population. In present study imperfection in the frame of large population arising due to qualitative change of units from one class to other have been considered. We have considered incomplete frame assuming the nature of units following dynamic change from class one to other follow a probability distribution function. Suitable estimator for proportion of units belonging to a particular domain and unbiased estimate of target population for a class have been proposed along with its estimate of variance. The estimates are evolved so as to eliminate error caused due to deviation of sampled population from target population. The paper deals with interesting problem arising in survey sampling and is useful in practice.
Techno economic feasibility of drip irrigation for vegetable cultivation
Authors: Senapti Sucharita , Santosh D.T. , Pholane L.P.
Published: October 2021

Vegetable cultivation is a highly practised agricultural activity in India.Commercial horticulture includes the cultivation of both indigenous and exotic vegetables. Vegetable cultivation under the drip irrigation system provides favourable environment for crops growth to achieve higher yield and good quality produce. Adaption of improved irrigation method and supply of precision amount of irrigation water and nutrients to crops are the important in achieving greater yield and avoiding loss of water and nutrients. Micro irrigation can be used to irrigate vegetable crops efficiently in the greenhouse and open field conditions. Both the pan evaporation and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith methods have been adopted to estimate the water requirement of crops under greenhouse structures and in an open field condition. The fertilizer application along with micro irrigation system optimizes the water and fertilizer use efficiency. Vegetables require precision amount of irrigation and fertilizers application and suitable climatic conditions. A very limited information is available on the supply and management of these important inputs.This report presents the role of micro irrigation forthe cultivation of vegetable crops. The design and installation of micro irrigation system, estimation of irrigation requirement of various vegetable crops using micro irrigation are also presented in this manuscript of the report.
Supply chain of tomato : Linking Indian Farmers to International Consumers
Authors: Joshi Tamanna , Singh Ashutosh
Published: October 2021

The consumption pattern of Indian consumers is fast diversifying due to rapid internationalization of dietary patterns, rising double income families and ever-increasing health consciousness. As a result, consumers have shifted significantly from consuming merely food grains to vegetables and fruits. This change has accelerated the demand for more and more horticultural produce, both raw and processed. Tomato is one of the major horticulture crops consumed world widely. The consumption of tomato products increased over the past few years. According to the report of WPTC the increase in the consumption of processed tomato indicates a slow shift of consumers away from fresh products towards processed products. The demand for tomato is high in Europe, North America, Italy, U.S.A, Russia and Germany. The demand of the processed tomato is more most of the tomato is consumed as sauce for pizza and pasta. Tomato is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops in Uttarakhand and Tarai region of North India. In Uttarakhand 119742 metric tons of tomato is cultivated in an area of 9360.75 hectares (NHB, 2019). The farmers of Uttarakhand prefer tomato cultivation as the agro-climate condition is favourable. Moreover, wide spread use of tomatoes for different food preparations such as soups, salads, pickles, chutney, paste, puree, ketchups, junk and ready to eat food has increased demand for tomatoes. In Uttarakhand, the generated produce is not efficiently supported by the existing market infrastructure. The entire supply chain of tomato is laden with inefficiencies: poor transportation facilities, lack of cold chain facilities, lack of processing units, poor connectivity from farm to market, huge post-harvest losses and large no. intermediaries. The grower’s still practice traditional cultivation methods remain unaware of consumer needs, preferences and prevailing market prices. This causes large fluctuation in consumer prices and low quality of non-standardized produce. This is a double whammy as farmers realize poor prices on the one hand whereas consumers pay exorbitant prices on the other hand. Horticulture crops being high value crops are important in enhancing income for the farmers besides creating on farm and off farm employment. It is important for India to leverage its diverse agro-climates and distinct seasons, which makes it possible for farmers to grow a wide variety of horticulture crops. The objective of this paper is to design an efficient supply chain model which can better price realization of farmers and also ensures timely, adequate, quality supplies to consumers at the right prices.
Medicinal and Aromatic plants: “Natural bio-chemicals and medicine factories”
Authors: Vandana  , Lather Rajesh , Tallapragada Sridevi , Singh Gurnam
Published: October 2021

Since thousands years back approximately around 900 BC, medicinal plants are considered as a source of many biomolecules with therapeutic potential. Herbal medicines are considered as safer, better, physiologically compatible and costeffective. The oldest evidence of medicinal and aromatic plants depicts that with the emergence of human civilization, plants have been considered as the main source to heal and cure various serious ailments. It has been proven that the secondary metabolites e.g. alkaloid, glycosides, flavonoides, steroids etc present in the medicinal plants possesses ability to prevent occurrence of some of the diseases, means medicinal plants acts as a “preventive medicine”. Medicinal plants have a paramount importance and a great interest due to its pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritional values. Some plants are also considered as an important source of nutrition and are known to have a variety of compounds with potential therapeutic properties. India is the principal repository of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants or we can say India is one of the rich mega-biodiversity countries of the world. Medicinal plants are “backbone” of traditional medicinal system (TMS). Crude drugs are usually dried parts of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) such as roots, stems, wood, bark, seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, rhizomes, whole plant etc. that form the essential raw material for the production of medicines in various systems of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Tibatian, Tribal and Homeopathy. According to the survey of the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of the world population are using herbs and other traditional medicines for their primary healthcare and have established three kinds of herbal medicines: raw plant material, processed plant material, and herbal products. Now days, variety of available herbs are used throughout the world and they continue to promote good health. As the benefits from medicinal and aromatic plants are recognized, these plants will have a special role for humans in the future. The present review on medicinal and aromatic plants revealed similar combination of studies.
Weed management in organic farming
Authors: Mohapatra Atisha , Mahapatra Milan , Naik Ujjwal , Routray Somanath , Barman Saurav , Boddana Praveen
Published: October 2021

The enhancing requirement for organic products seeks at resolving difficulties of organic production systems. Primary hindrance for this production system is weed management. The base of weed control in organic farming is cultivation. Organic farmers implement eco-friendly management practices against less efficiency products, uncertain weather conditions, cost, potential hazard to soil health. System level practices that include crop rotation and cover cropping mostly recognized as weed management weapons. Somehow weed control should be implemented with proper knowledge of weed biology and these operations may get less profit or even enlarged weed population. Organic farmers embrace new management systems to enhance the outcome of pre-existing practices. Invention of modern cultivation tools leads to improved efficiency, faster and better working rate shows good result in control of weeds. Eco-friendly management practiced with the support of these tools centralize on reducing weed, increasing crop-weed interference will produce reliable weed management systems for organic farming.
Nitrate distribution pattern under conventional and trickle irrigation system
Authors: Bajpai Arpna , Kaushal Arun
Published: October 2021

Nitrate is a highly mobile ions that moves with water. So that nitrate distribution around the driplines is strongly affected by irrigation and fertigation strategy. Nitrate movement under conventional flood irrigation system was observed 2 to 3.5 times faster as compared with trickle irrigation as well as NO3 "-N concentrations exceeded the threshold limit (i.e. 10 mg l-1) under traditional irrigation method, while stayed below the threshold limit under micro irrigation methods. Nitrate distribution was influenced by hydraulic properties, drip discharge rate, soil layering, timing of nutrient application and irrigation frequency. To maintain larger amounts of nutrient nearby emitter in highly permeable coarse-textured soils, nutrients must be applied at the starting of an irrigation cycle so that it is less susceptible to leaching losses. Study revealed that higher transpiration raised the NO3-N uptake by the plats. The study also revealed that urea moves promptly with irrigation water and urea–ammonium–nitrate fertilizer increased the nitrate concentration, near the drip line immediately after the drip fertigation due to the nitrification, while low concentrations was found near the periphery of the wetting zone.
Role of Cyanobacteria in crop production
Authors: Pattanaik Tarasankar , Pati Priyanka Priyadarsani , Praveen B. , Barman Saurav
Published: October 2021

Microorganisms make a deal in the field of agro-ecosystem and environment (7). Continuous in global human population may hamper in the field related to soil fertility, (39) energy crisis, food security for further generation (40). These conditions could be regulated by using synthetic fertilizers (8). Although synthetic fertilizers are effective but have deleterious effect on the field. This article focuses on the role of Cyanobacteria with context to the field of crop production (13). Cyanobacteria aka blue green algae belongs to aprimordialdescent of photo-oxygenic bacteria. They also form symbiotic association capable to fix atmospheric Nitrogen into utilise form and make it available to the plants. Its extra ordinary development rate shows its use in the field of biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, bio energy. The exo-polysaccharide of Cyanobacteria balances soil ecology and they have the ability to compete with flora and fauna. Several Cyanobacteria have high biomass yield, generation of useful by-products, bio fuel and enhancing sustainable development in the field of science. In this review article describes the latent use of the bacteria in the crop field, different area of science field and mass production of cyanobacteria bio fertilizer in agriculture to overcome the use of chemical fertilizers.
Diversity in Mushrooms
Authors: Ruhela Akshay Kumar , Singh Shivam , Bhatia Rohit , Saurabh Subham , Kumar Sunil , Sirichand Tummala
Published: October 2021

This review paper present literature about the types and diversity of mushrooms which belong to a class of basidiomycetes of fungi. Mushrooms are spongy, fleshy, umbrella like structures which grow above the ground in dark and damp environment. The global production of mushrooms is 34 million tons out of which larger share is of china while in India Utter Pradesh is leading in mushroom production. Mushrooms had a history of being used as medicine and due to this, it is in high pharmaceutical demand now a days. Apart from edible and medicinal mushrooms which have high nutrient value there are mushrooms which are toxic in nature and are not safe for consumption.
Monitoring and evaluation using digital tools
Authors: Kumar R. Nagarjuna , Rao C. A. Rama , Raju B.M.K. , Samuel Josily , Nirmala G. , Sailaja B.
Published: October 2021

Data collection and monitoring and evaluation (M and E) efforts will take a remarkable deal of time and methodical planning and implementation. In the past, these were finished with paper and pen, which made them susceptible to error, difficult to conduct on a big scale, and immoderate in transaction charges. Information and communication era (ICT) tools, which includes hardware like mobile phones and tablets, applications with the functionality to create digital surveys and software programme application that allows clients to upload the data to storage facilities have reduced the conventional annoying conditions associated with far off data collection and M and E. New knowledge base does not or takes too long time to reach to the farmers, and the needs of practical farming are not communicated sufficiently to the research community. Thus, new collaborative strategies and ICT may be crucial tools to remedy some of the gaps with the useful resource of the use of improving get right of entry to to consequences, know-how trade and communication further to upkeep and schooling. This paper summarizes how digital tools can play major role in extension for monitoring and evaluation and the key troubles, annoying conditions and experiences derived from literature and different case studies.
Effects of the US Trade Policy Uncertainty on the Turkish Financial Markets and Bank Loans
Authors: UĞURLU YILDIRIM Ecenur
Published: October 2021

For many decades, the transmission of uncertainty among countries has been one of the hottest topics in the literature. This study aims to contribute to this literature by studying the impact of the U.S.’s trade policy uncertainty (TPU) on the Turkish stock market, bank loans, and investor sentiment. We employ a non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. An existing cointegration between variables is demonstrated. Our findings also show that while the U.S.’s TPU significantly influences both share prices and bank loans, it does not seem to substantially impact Turkey’s investor sentiment in the long run or the short run. This paper demonstrates that the effects of U.S. policies on financial market players and investors in Turkey are not negligible.
Turkish Economic Growth: (Non) Labour Creating? (2000-2018)
Authors: BAŞTAV Leyla
Published: October 2021

The study aims to analyse the long-term relationship between GDP and employment during 2000Q1-2018Q4. The relation is important for Turkey who has problems with employment creation capacity of growth. However, the high growth performance of Turkey during the 2000s employment ratios have well remained below OECD averages. Employment elasticity of growth is 0.15 for the 2004Q1-2018Q4 period with the Engle-Granger test. The elasticity for the entire period is much weaker, like 0.04. Johansen tests confirm the long-run cointegration between two variables, and an error-correction model (ECM) is built for detecting causality. Granger tests also reveal causality from GDP to employment.
An Analysis of The Validity of Absolute Purchasing Power Parity: The Case of Turkish Lira and British Pound
Authors: ERDOĞMUŞ Mehmet
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine the validity of the absolute purchasing power parity between the Turkish lira and the British pound for March 2001-November 2020. Traditional unit root tests (and stationarity test) that do not take structural breaks into account and unit root tests that take structural breaks into account were used in the study. According to the results of all tests, it was found that the absolute purchasing power parity between the Turkish lira and the British pound was not valid.
Social Networks, Female Unemployment, and the Urban-Rural Divide in Turkey: Evidence from Tree-Based Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: CELBİŞ Mehmet Güney
Published: October 2021

This study takes a novel, algorithmic approach for understanding the underlying mechanisms related to the employment status of individuals. Using the data from the most recent survey of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) on Turkey, the present study examines how social connectivity and location play a role in the prediction of employment status through the use of two tree-based modern machine learning techniques, namely random forest, and extreme gradient boosting. We obtain a wide array of observations, with gender being the most prominent finding when periphery and rural locations are considered.
Investigation of the Effect of R&D, Education and Health Expenditures on Economic Growth by Panel Data Analysis Method
Authors: GÖKKAYA Durmuş , ŞENOL Osman , ÇIRAKLI Ümit
Published: October 2021

This study aims to reveal the effects of R&D, education, and health expenditures on economic development. For this purpose, the study examines the 2000-2019 data of 45 countries in the middle-upper-income and high-income country groups by panel data analysis method. Errors encountered in panel data basic assumption tests were corrected with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. As a result, it has been determined that a one-unit increase in education and health expenditures contributes more to economic growth than one unit. In contrast, R&D expenditures have a minor positive effect on economic growth in the short run but more in the long run.
Legacy of the Truman Doctrine on Turkish-American Relations: A Political Economy Perspective
Authors: KILIÇ Emrullah Can , İMER İtır
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to scrutinise the need for a new path in Turkish-American relations from a political economy perspective with a strong emphasis on the legacy of the Truman Doctrine. The paper is based on the assumption that Turkish-American relations need a renewed policy paradigm and argues that matters of controversy are likely to prevail unless such a paradigm is found on a political economy basis. Even though the task of reviving Turkish-American relations via tools of political economy is not an easy one, there are several steps to be taken, which can pave the way to this goal.
Validity of J-Curve for Turkey and Its Main External Trade Partners: An Application of a Panel Data Approach
Authors: GÖZEN Mehmet Çağrı , BOSTANCI Fikriye Ceren
Published: October 2021

External trade cannot create the expected result for some countries due to their economic structures or policies. Economies could encounter severe foreign trade deficits and the risk of an economic crisis. Thus, researchers and policymakers analyse the dynamics of countries’ external trade balances. Turkey’s persistent current account deficit is one of the most significant macroeconomic problems. Turkey depreciated the Turkish Lira against foreign currencies to reduce its foreign trade deficit in the past. Using panel data analysis, the current study tests the J-curve for Turkey and its six main foreign trade partner countries - Russia, USA, Germany, UK, Italy, and China. Results do not support the validity of the J-curve hypothesis in the long run. Test results analysing the short-run indicate that the whole panel is statistically insignificant.
COVID-19 Pandemisinin İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Üzerine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma
Authors: KILIÇ KIRILMAZ Selma
Published: October 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı; COVID-19 Pandemisinin insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamalarına olan etkilerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma verileri işletmelerin İnsan Kaynakları Yöneticilerinden (İKY) anket yolu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 240 adet anket toplanmış ve analizler bu anketler üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hipotezler Ki-Kare analizinden yararlanılarak test edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda COVID-19 Pandemisinin işletmelerin uzaktan veya esnek çalışma modeline geçmelerinde, çalışan tedarik ve seçiminde, eğitim, performans yönetimi, kariyer yönetimi ve motivasyon uygulamalarında değişikliklere neden olduğu bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarının hem literatüre hem de işletmelere önemli bir katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Piyasa Güven Endeksi ile Finansal Yatırım Araçları Arasındaki İlişki: BRICS ve MIST Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: SÖKMEN Ferhat Şirin , YAMAN Serdar , TUNÇEL Mert Baran
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışmada, piyasa güven endeksi ile finansal yatırım araçları arasındaki ilişkiler BRICS ve MIST ülkeleri için panel veri analizleri ile araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada BRICS ve MIST ülkelerine ait Ocak 2010-Mayıs 2021 dönemi verileri kullanılmıştır. Piyasa güven endeksi ile finansal yatırım araçları arasındaki uzun dönem eşbütünleşme ilişkisi Westerlund (2007) Panel ECM ve Westerlund ve Edgerton (2007) Panel LM testleriyle, nedensellik ilişkisi ise Hatemi (2011) asimetrik nedensellik testiyle analiz edilmiştir. Panel veri analizi sonuçlarına göre, yatırımcı güven ve beklentilerinin finansal yatırım araçlarına olan etkilerinin ülkelere göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.
Türkiye’de Para İkamesine Karşı Politika Faizi Etkin Olarak Kullanılıyor Mu? Fourier Alandan Kanıtlar
Authors: BAYAT Tayfur , TAŞ Şebnem
Published: October 2021

Para ikamesi olgusu Türkiye ekonomisinde, 1980’li yıllarda serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçiş ve kambiyo rejiminde yapılan değişiklik ile yer bulmaya başlamıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, Türkiye ekonomisinde Ocak 2011-Kasım 2020 dönemi baz alınarak para ikamesinin engellenmesi amacıyla ağırlıklı ortalama fonlama faizinin etkin olarak kullanılıp kullanılmadığı geleneksel ve Fourier nedensellik testleri ile incelenmektedir. Ampirik analizler sonucunda ekonomik aktörlerin nominal döviz kuru beklentilerinde bozulma nedeniyle para ikamesi histerisinin yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu durumun düzeltilmesi amacıyla politika faizinin etkin olarak kullanılamaması nedeniyle analiz periyodunda faiz oranı histerisi yaşanmamıştır. Çalışmanın temel sorusu olarak ağırlıklı ortalama fonlama maliyetinden para ikamesine doğru hem zaman hem de Fourier alanda nedensellik bulunamamıştır.