bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New resinous ricinoleic polyol for urethane reactions
Authors: Cooperman M. C. , Naughton F. C.
Published: July 2007

A new resinous polyol has been described based on a fusion reaction of Epon Resin 829 with Bisphenol A and further esterification with ricinoleic acid. This was based on a modified short oil alkyd cook reaction with unsaturated fatty acids following previously employed techniques. The method was modified by reaction with ricinoleic acid, a 12‐hydroxy oleic acid, the main fatty acid component of castor oil. The resinous polyol derived from this technology is designated Ester 597. Ester 597 was further reacted with a series of urethane prepolymers based on castor oil. A two‐component formula based on this study was used to prepare a two‐can epoxy‐urethane coating system that may have coatings potential as a marine coating and as a maintenance coating for industrial use.
Some characteristics of polyoxyethylene sorbitol tetra‐oleate: Oligomer type emulsifier
Authors: Tsutsumi H. , Nakayama H. , Shinoda K.
Published: July 2007

Polyoxyethylene (P) sorbitol tetra‐oleates with molecular weights of 2000 to 4000 were synthesized. They may be regarded as tetramers of those ordinary surfactants that consist of one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic group. Some emulsifying properties of the tetrameric surfactants were investigated including the phase inversion temperature (PIT, HLB‐temperature). These surfactants are effective at relatively low concentration, they are stable for coalescence, and they are less irritating than conventional surfactants. Specifically, they proved to be good emulsifiers for unsaturated triglycerides such as olive oil. The mean droplet diameter of the emulsion was small, 1.5 microns. The emulsifying activity of these oligomer type surfactants for olive oil was improved markedly by the addition of 0.2–0.9 wt % of sodium oleate. Such effective performances of these surfactants have not been recognized in ordinary surfactants. It is expected that these oligomer type surfactants may find applications in various industrial fields.
The determination of lactic acid in shortening containing lactylated glycerides, by liquid‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Buswell R. J.
Published: July 2007

Shortenings containing ca. 1% lactic acid added as lactylated glycerides are analyzed for total or water insoluble combined lactic acid (WICLA) by a liquid‐liquid partition Chromatographie pro‐cedure. The sample is saponified, acidified with H2SO4, dispersed on silicic acid, slurried with chloroform and transferred to the top of a chro‐matographic column composed of a 0.5 N sulfuric acid stationary phase supported on silicic acid. After elution of the fatty acids by chloroform, 15% m‐butanol removes the excess H2SO4 fol‐lowed by a well resolved lactic acid fraction. Titration of the latter fraction with standard methanolic sodium hydroxide has shown the lactic acid recovery to be 94%. The WICLA determina‐tion requires 7 hr and has a standard deviation of ŷ0.020%.
Search for new industrial oils. XI. Oils of boraginaceae
Authors: Kleiman Robert , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin
Published: July 2007

Analysis of seed oils from 29 species of the family Boraginaceae revealed widespread occur‐rence of 6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic and C18 noncon‐jugated tetraenoic acids in addition to linolenic and other common C16 and C18 acids. The 6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic acid ranged in amount from 0‐27%, tetraene from 0‐17%, and linolenic acid from 0.3‐50%. Iodine values of the oils ranged from 88‐225.
Catalysts for selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. III. Hydrogenation catalysts prepared on molecular sieves and other supports
Authors: Riesz C. H. , Weber H. S.
Published: July 2007

A survey of nickel, platinum and palladium catalysts prepared on silicas, aluminas and mo‐lecular sieves indicated that the nature of such supports contributed importantly to selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. Nickel‐molecular sieve catalysts provided both high hydrogenation selectivity and lowtrans‐ isomer formation. Some kind of spatial hindrance may be postulated in explanation of the results.
The true molecular weight of sulfonate soaps
Authors: Metzger Gershon
Published: July 2007

The true mol wt of a sulfonate soap can be determined by osmometry if the soap is initially converted to its methyl ester. Conversion is ef‐fected by reactingvthe soap with (CH3)2SO4 under proper conditions. This method not only affords a simple and reliable means of measuring sulfonate mol wt, but also allows one to character‐ize a particular sample in terms of its disulf onate and sulfone content.
Chromosome number, oil and fatty acid content of species in the genus Glycine subgenus Glycine
Authors: Chaven C. , Hymowitz T. , Newell C. A.
Published: July 2007

Accessions of wild perennial species in Glycine subgenus Glycine were analyzed for chromosome number, oil and fatty acid content. The mean oil content appears to be quite similar in seed of those species with 2n=40. The onlys pecies with appreciable variation in oil content was Glycine clandestina. The polyploid accessions (2n=80) of G. tabacina and G. tomentella had about the same amount of oil as their diploid counterparts. The fatty acids detected in all seed of the 7 species in the subgenus Glycine include palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic and behenic. Among the species, the fatty acid content of G. clandestina was the most variable. Within the G. tabacina accessions, there was very little difference in fatty acid content between the diploid (2n=40) and the tetraploid (2n=80) accessions. Within the G. tomentella accessions, there were minor differences in fatty acid content between the aneuploid accessions (2n=38 or 78) and their complete genome counterparts (2n=40 or 80).
Search for new industrial oils: XVI. Umbelliflorae—seed oils rich in petroselinic acid
Authors: Kleiman R. , Spencer G. F.
Published: July 2007

Seed oils of the order Umbelliflorae, including those from the families Umbelliferae, Garryaceae, Araliaceae, Cornaceae, Davidiaceae, Nyssaceae and Alangiaceae, were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl esters. The characteristic fatty acid of the order, petroselinic acid, occurred in the Umbelliferae in amounts up to 85%. In the Araliaceae, the content was as high as 83% and in the Garryaceae as high as 81%. The other major acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, with small amounts of hexadecenoic, stearic, linolenic, and, in some cases, C20 acids. petroselinic acid was determined by microscale ozonolysis of the C18 monoenoic esters and subsequent GLC of the ozonolysis products. The occurrence of high oil contents (up to 46%) combined with exceptionally high (up to 83%) single component purity is notable and emphasizes the potential of the Umbelliflorae as a raw material source for the chemical industry.
Evaluation and prediction of n‐fatty acid critical properties
Authors: Fisher Charles H.
Published: July 2007

To develop new and useful methods for evaluating and predicting the critical properties of n‐fatty acid, leastsquares equations were developed that correlate, with good agreement, the n‐fatty acid critical properties (a) with chain length; (b) with other n‐fatty acid properties, e.g., melting points, boiling points, densities, and refractivities; and (c) with the corresponding n‐alkane critical properties. Critical properties defined by the equations are presumed to be correct, whereas those in substantial disagreement are considered wrong.
Nutritional evaluation and acceptance of a novel spun protein food
Authors: Favre B.
Published: July 2007

Spun vegetable proteins have been widely discussed in recent years, mainly for two reasons. First, they are often associated with the idea of an analog, which in our view is outdated. It is indeed illusory to want to imitate a product such as meat, which is a highly complex material and one for which the consumer has a considerable emotional attachment. Second, the actual technique of spinning is often disparaged on the supposition that its cost is prohibitive, which our experience leads us to dispute, and for the reason that its effects are antinutritional, which we will examine further in detail. “Food should nourish while pleasing the taste,” said Tremolieres (1). This definition of food as needing to nourish and to please will serve as a basis for this paper. A new food must, in fact, first and foremost contain no toxic or antinutritional substances. Moreover, a food can only be considered as such in the context, and as a function of its capacity to satisfy a given nutritional need. Last, and above all, it can only be considered as a food if it is judged to be good, and acceptably priced. So we see that it would be unreasonable to separate the concept of nutrition from that of acceptability. The two notions are inextricably linked when it is a matter of creating a new food, which is what we are proposing to do.
International policy developments for vegetable protein foods—The consumer perspective
Authors: Grose D. H.
Published: July 2007

The first concern of any responsible consumer must be for the nonconsumers of the world. In the development of new food products, the food industry seeks to maximize profits. This is inevitable, but it means that many of the research resources, and efforts may be directed toward the fabrication of analogs and highly sophisticated processing. What the world really needs is an increased availability of cheap basic foods. Consumers have their own ideas of what is “real food:” their personal experiences since childhood tell them what is safe and acceptable to eat. These instinctive rather than informed criteria are not irrational since for thousands of years these were the only ways of judging wholesomeness. If consumers are to judge in other ways, they must be given information. They must be certain that someone is ensuring that their diet is not being changed to their detriment. They must be sure that everything possible has been done to check that there is nothing in a new food product that will harm in the years to come. They must be sure they are not being conned, deceived and defrauded. This is vital wherever food is sold. Countries and societies may produce differing answers as to the degree of control needed. Internationally, there should be some agreement on the basic safeguards, but labeling requirements must take into account the connotation of particular descriptions in different countries.
Textural contribution of vegetable protein products
Authors: Wilcke H. L. , Waggle D. H. , Kolar C. K.
Published: July 2007

Many textural characteristics of food products may be affected by soy protein products. Texture may produce, may limit, may restrict certain of the functional properties of soybean products which have been discussed at this meeting. This paper describes some of the types of textures which soybean products contribute to food products, some of the methodology employed in producing the more common textures, and the rationale for the production of varying textures.
Vegetable proteins in meat products, problems and possibilities
Authors: Jul Mogens
Published: July 2007

The author considers the use of vegetable protein products in the meat industry promising. Development will probably be slower than anticipated, but the use is likely eventually to become quite substantial. One may even anticipate products which replace certain traditional meat products altogether. Nutritionally such development would be completely acceptable. It should also be acceptable from a consumer's point of view, provided adequate information is given in each case. In this respect one may note that information given to the consumers about the composition of traditional or contemporary mixed meat products is quite inadequate in many instances. The specific restrictions often placed on the use of vegetable protein products appear as adherence to tradition more than a real concern for consumer's protection or health.
Fermented vegetable (soybean) protein and related foods of Japan and China
Authors: Fukushima D.
Published: July 2007

Main fermented vegetable protein foods in Japan and China are soy sauce (shoyu in Japan, chiang‐yu in China), fermented soy paste (miso in Japan, chiang in China), sufu, and natto, which are all traditional foods. Chiang, which originated in China some 2,500 years ago, was introduced into Japan during the seventh century and transformed into the present Japanese shoyu and miso, which are now quite different from their Chinese counterparts. Their fermentations consist of koji fermentation byAspergillus species and the subsequent brine fermentation which contains lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations. The characteristic appetizing aroma observed in Japanese style of soy sauce (shoyu) is derived through a special brine fermentation from the component of the wheat which constitutes about one‐half of the materials. During the recent two decades, the fermentation technology and engineering on shoyu and miso have made great progress in Japan. Sufu (Chinese soybean cheese) is a cheese‐like product originating in China in the fifth century. It is made through the fermentation by Mucor or a related mold from soybean protein curd called “tofu,” which is made by coagulating soy milk. This product is widely manufactured in China on a small scale, but it is not made and consumed in Japan. On the other hand, natto is the fermented soybean protein food characteristic in Japan. It is a whole soybean product fermented byBacillus species, and was originated in Northeastern Japan about 1,000 years ago. Natto is served as it is with shoyu and mustard. Besides these traditional fermented foods, a new fermented soybean product appeared on the market recently in Japan. It is a soy milk drink fermented by lactic acid bacteria. Recently, fermented soy sauce is penetrating into Western populations widely, particularly in the United States. The possibility for the universalization of traditional food flavors is discussed.
Kinetics of hydrogenation of rapeseed oil: I. Influence of transport steps in kinetic study
Authors: Bern L. , Hell M. , Schöön N. H.
Published: July 2007

The influence of mass transfer steps in the kinetic study of rapeseed oil hydrogenation in a laboratory reactor was estimated. Hydrogenations were carried out at 140–200 C and at 0.3–10 atm hydrogen pressure in the presence of 0.087% of commercial nickel‐on‐kieselguhr catalyst, corresponding to 0.05% of nickel. Despite intense mixing conditions on the macroscale of the bulk oil, corresponding to a reaction rate independent of further increase of the stirrer rate, the concentration differences across the liquid film surrounding the bubbles and the catalyst particles could not be neglected. The pore transport of triglycerides and hydrogen molecules was found not to be a slow step in most hydrogenations.
Chromatographie analysis of seed oils. Fatty acid composition of castor oil
Authors: Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H. , Kohler G. O. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition of a number of domestic and foreign castor oils was determined by consecutive column and gas‐liquid Chromatographic analysis. After saponification of the oils and removal of the unsaponifiables, the nonhydroxy, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy acids were fractionated by partition chromatography on silicic acid. The amount of acid in each fraction was determined by titration or weighing. Gravimetric data were in good agreement with the titrimetric data. The acids obtained by saponification were converted to methyl esters with diazomethane and similarly subjected to partition chromatography. The methyl esters from various fractions were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Components were tentatively identified by their comparative retention times and confirmed
The detergents and water quality standards
Authors: Weinberger L. W. , Powers T. J.
Published: July 2007

The residual surfactants in watercourses as a result of detergent use have made the public more aware of water pollution. This awareness has accelerated the Federal water pollution control program especially in the research area.

Research at two new Public Health Service laboratories will define the effects of specific materials on specific water uses. All of the detergents in common use will be studied. These research findings coupled with the comprehensive drainage basin studies will permit management decisions on the limiting concn of materials in water. p]Another phase of research which concerns the PHS is the development of new methods to remove more materials from waste waters. The active participation and cooperation of industry is needed in this endeavor in order to arrive at water quality standards which are readily attainable. The detergents could well be an indicator of efficiency in removing organic materials from waste waters.
Environmental effects of terpenoid chemicals: a review
Authors: Rogers I. H.
Published: July 2007

Entry of terpenes into the atmosphere occurs by volatilization of hydrocarbons from foliage, especially over forest lands. These compounds react photochemically with ozone, causing a blue haze. The total volume of reactive hydrocarbons released naturally appears several times greater than that from man's activities. Diterpenes also enter the environment through surface water runoff. Recently dehydroabietic acid and other terpenoidal compounds were found in ocean sediments, deposited by rivers. Few cases of air pollution can be related to industrial operations or processing of terpenes. Veneer dryer stack gas emissions cause an aesthetic problem, controllable by better modes of operation. Workers in soldering operations require protection from fumes caused by use of rosin cores. Rosin and rosin derivatives are virtually nontoxic to mammals and find use in food packaging applications. Sulfate turpentine is the source of pinenes for manufacture of synthetic flavors and perfumes. Resin acids and related diterpenes are, however, acutely toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause severe problems to fisheries if released in pulp mill wastes. Both monoterpenes and diterpenes are biodegradable. The future widespread use of toxaphene as an insecticide is uncertain because of its toxicity to aquatic fauna and relatively long persistence in soils and sediments. Recent results have demonstrated microbiological uptake of toxaphene components leading to problems of bioaccumulation through the food chain.
Relation of days after flowering to chemical composition and physiological maturity of sunflower seed
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Chapman G. W. , Wilson R. L.
Published: July 2007

Hybrid sunflower seed (achene) were collected from plants at 7‐day intervals after the initiation of flowering which occurred 58 days after planting. The seed were analyzed for moisture, total oil, free fatty acids, lipid classes, and fatty acid composition. Seed dry weight, oil and triglyceride contents were maximum 35 days after the initiation of flowering (DAF) when the seed moisture content was about 36%. This point was defined as “physiological maturity” for sunflowers. The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seed was determined at each stage of maturity. Total saturated fatty acids were 27% at 7 DAF and then decreased to a constant 9% by 35 DAF. At 7 DAF, linolenic acid content was 10.7% then decreased to less than 0.1% by 28 DAF. Oleic acid was about 12% at 7 DAF, increased to 59.6% at 14 DAF, and then gradually decreased to 31.4% by 56 DAF. On the other hand, linoleic acid was about 48% at 7 DAF, decreased to 23% by 14 DAF, but then gradually increased to 59.2% by 56 DAF. An analysis of variance of linoleic and oleic acid contents from 21 DAF to 70 DAF showed a highly significant change in composition with maturation time. The changes in the composition of these fatty acids from 21 DAF to 70 DAF appeared to be related to the environmental temperature which gradually decreased until 56 DAF. Increase in free fatty acids after physiological maturity indicated that deterioration of seed oil was beginning to occur.
The effect of homolog distribution on sodium alcohol sulfate solution viscosity
Authors: McGuire S. E. , Chambless W. H. , Owens R. M.
Published: July 2007

Several compositional factors influence the viscosity of fatty alcohol sulfate solutions. The effects of free oil and inorganic salts on viscosity are known by most sulfators. Each builds viscosity as its level is increased. The relation between viscosity and alkyl sulfate homolog distribution is more subtle and often overlooked. Some synthetic alcohol manufacturers have the flexibility within the coconut alcohol range to vary the lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol composition. Mixtures containing high lauryl and cetyl alcohol content yielded alkyl sulfates having low viscosities. Mixtures of lauryl and myristyl alcohol gave high viscosity alkyl sulfates. When restricted to compositions containing all three alcohols, the viscosity of the sodium alkyl sulfate derivative was shown to be dependent on the myristyl sulfate content. Solutions having high myristyl sulfate levels had high viscosities. A. limited solubility study of different sodium lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol sulfate solutions was made.
A study of dilatation and acoustic propagation in solidifying fats and oils: I. Theoretical
Authors: Povey M. J. W.
Published: July 2007

A theoretical relationship is presented relating acoustic velocity to dilatation in two‐phase systems. The theory is based on studies of seismic propagation by Kuster and Toksöz, who include acoustic propagation in a fluid matrix containing spherical or spheroidal solid inclusions as a special case of their theory. The relationship presented in this paper applies in the long wavelength limit and predicts a linear relationship between acoustic dilatation and volume dilatation in crystallizing liquids, when the acoustic dilatation is much less than unity. I anticipate that this theory may lead to the application of acoustics in the assessment of a wide range of crystallizing systems such as oils.
A fluorometric rapid screen method for aflatoxin in peanuts
Authors: Davis N. D. , Guy M. L. , Diener U. L.
Published: July 2007

Peanuts were screened for aflatoxin using a rapid, inexpensive fluorometric method. Peanuts were ground and extracted with methanol, and the extract was treated with acidified zinc‐acetate‐sodium chloride solution, filtered, and diluted with water. Fluorescence of the extracts was compared with that from aflatoxin‐free control peanuts. Test samples (160) of several varieties and grades of sources and were screened for the presence of aflatoxin. One hundred thirty‐five samples (84%) were identified by this method as aflatoxin positive (15 ppb+) or aflatoxin negative (<15 ppb). Although 22 samples (13.6%) were incorrectly labeled as aflatoxin positive, most of these showed evidence of the presence of mold metabolites other than aflatoxin. Three samples (1.8%) were incorrectly labeled as aflatoxin negative when they actually contained 20, 33, and 34 ppb aflatoxin.
A modified method for the determination of anionic surface active compounds
Authors: Weatherburn A. S.
Published: July 2007

In the determination of anionic surface active agents of the sodium alkyl sulphate type, the method of Epton (2) has been modified by the calculation of a blank to be added to the observed titration. Data obtained by this modified method indicate a mean error of 0.85%, based on the theoretical molecular weights of four purified sodium alkyl sulphates, as compared to mean errors of 3.8 and 4.3% for two other commonly used methods. Data obtained by the unmodified Epton method are shown to be dependent on the weight of sample taken for analysis whereas the modified method gave consistent results over a wide range of sample weights.
LPO predicted seismic anisotropy beneath a simple model of a mid‐ocean ridge
Authors: Nippress S. E. J. , Kusznir N. J. , Kendall J.‐M.
Published: July 2007

Modelling of seismic anisotropy in complex geodynamic environments is common. However the sensitivity of predicted seismic anisotropy and shear‐wave splitting to mineral parameters is sometimes overlooked. We use a simple ocean ridge corner flow solution to investigate the effect of varying mineral parameters on the generation of seismic anisotropy and whether these differences can be detected by the predicted shear‐wave splitting. We find that seismic anisotropy and shear wave splitting predicted using LPO theory is sensitive to mineral input parameters, such as grain boundary mobility, grain boundary sliding and mineral composition, however experimental constraints greatly reduce the range of predicted values. Predicted shear‐wave splitting for a range of mineral parameters are consistent with observations at mid‐ocean ridges. Although differences are seen in the predicted shear‐splitting for different mineral parameters they are probably too small to detect in observations and hence will not give us new insights in to variation in mantle mineral properties.
Magnetic signatures of plasma‐depleted flux tubes in the Saturnian inner magnetosphere
Authors: André N. , Persoon A. M. , Goldstein J. , Burch J. L. , Louarn P. , Lewis G. R. , Rymer A. M. , Coates A. J. , Kurth W. S. , Sittler E. C. , Thomsen M. F. , Crary F. J. , Dougherty M. K. , Gurnett D. A. , Young D. T.
Published: July 2007

Initial Cassini observations have revealed evidence for interchanging magnetic flux tubes in the inner Saturnian magnetosphere. Some of the reported flux tubes differ remarkably by their magnetic signatures, having a depressed or enhanced magnetic pressure relative to their surroundings. The ones with stronger fields have been interpreted previously as either outward moving mass‐loaded or inward moving plasma‐depleted flux tubes based on magnetometer observations only. We use detailed multi‐instrumental observations of small and large density depletions in the inner Saturnian magnetosphere from Cassini Rev. A orbit that enable us to discriminate amongst the two previous and opposite interpretations. Our analysis undoubtedly confirms the similar nature of both types of reported interchanging magnetic flux tubes, which are plasma‐depleted, whatever their magnetic signatures are. Their different magnetic signature is clearly an effect associated with latitude. These Saturnian plasma‐depleted flux tubes ultimately may play a similar role as the Jovian ones.
Fe‐Ni‐S melt permeability in olivine: Implications for planetary core formation
Authors: Roberts J. J. , Kinney J. H. , Siebert J. , Ryerson F. J.
Published: July 2007

A controversial issue in models of planetary core formation concerns whether iron‐sulfide melts in contact with silicate minerals at high temperature and pressure form permeable, percolating networks. We address this issue by determining interconnectivity and calculating the permeability of quenched olivine‐iron‐sulfide partial‐melt samples synthesized at high temperature and pressure for a range of melt fractions and two melt compositions using 3D synchrotron radiation computed tomography and lattice‐Boltzmann simulations. Permeability ranged from ∼10−19m2at the lowest concentration of melt (∼1% by volume), to ∼10−13m2at higher concentrations (∼13% by volume). Permeability as a function of melt fraction is described by a relation of the formk=αd2ϕnwith a scaling exponent n of 3.6. Our findings, considered a lower bound when compared to larger grained planetesimals, show percolation is a viable mechanism for the migration of FeS melt that may be applicable to models of planetary core formation.
Mice vaccinated against Nematospiroides dubius with antigens isolated by affinity chromatography from adult worms
Authors: Monroy Fernando G , Dobson Colin
Published: July 2007

A crude soluble extract (AWH) obtained from homogenized adult Nematospiraides dubius worms was fractionated into normal (NMIgAg) and immune (IMIgAg) antigens by sequential passage through Sepharose 4B, and CNBr‐activaled Sepharose 4B to which immunoglobulins from normal (NMIg) and N. dubius‐infected mouse serum (IMIg) had been coupled. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGF) under reducing conditions showed that MNIgAg and IMIgAg contained several proteins with molecular weights (MW) between 20,000 and 200,000. IMIgAg contained 2 polypeptides, MW 24,000 and 55,000, which reacted strongly in western blot analysis against IMIg; the larger molecule related lo a cuticular component of the worm. Protective high MW AWH G‐200 filtrates shared 5 polypeptides with IMIgAg (MW 85,000–200,000) together with several smaller molecules (MW 30,000‐<10,000). The MW 55,000 and 24,000 components concentrated in IMIgAg were restricted to non‐protective low MW AWH gel filtrates. BCFI mice vaccinated with IMIgAg were protected against N. dubius. Worm numbers, size and fecundity were reduced to an extent commensurate with that obtained in mice vaccinated with AWH. Mice vaccinated with NMIgAg showed partial resistance. The role of surface and dominant parasite immunogens in immunity is discussed.
The immunogenicity of tumour cells
Authors: Ashman Leonie K
Published: July 2007

Immunological mechanisms are demonstrably of central importance in preventing the development of certain virus‐associated cancers in animals and man; however, they do not appear to fulfil this role in the majority of ‘spontaneous’ tumours. This does not, however, necessarily indicate that spontaneous tumours lack potential target antigens for immunologically mediated destruction. Work in the field of transplantation immunology has clearly shown that certain cell types fail to elicit rejection reactions despite their possession of alloantigens. Similarly, some tumour cell types are poorly immunogenic to the point that they can grow in and kill animals despite a major histocompatability barrier. These tumours are, however, susceptible to destruction in vivo in appropriately allo‐sensitized animals. Thus, some tumours may be able to grow in autologous or syngeneic hosts because of their poor immunogenicity, despite the fact that they express potential (tumour‐associated) rejection antigens. It may be possible to manipulate this situation for therapeutic purposes.
The effect of protein deficiency on systemic release of rat mucosal mast cell protease II during Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection and following systemic anaphylaxis
Authors: Cummins Adrian G , Kenny Anna L , Duncombe Victor M , Bolin Terry D , Davis Alan E
Published: July 2007

Serum rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII) was measured in protein‐deficient rats to assess mucosal mast cell (MMC) activation during primary infection with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and during systemic anaphylaxis produced by Nippostrongylus antigen in immune animals. In the first study, serum RMCPII increased 4‐fold by day 15 after infection. By day 20, serum RMCPII continued to rise in protein‐deficient animals, but decreased in nutritionally normal animals. This was associated with impaired worm rejection in protein‐deficient rats. During systemic anaphylaxis, serum RMCPII was elevated in three groups of protein‐deficient rats on 6%, 8% and 10% low protein diets and in nutritionally normal rats. All protein‐deficient rats exhibited 3 to 7‐fold less mucosal permeability of the small intestine to Evan's blue dye injected intravenously compared to nutritionally normal animals following anaphylactic stimulation. These results demonstrated that MMC are activated during infection in protein deficiency, and suggest that reduced MMC function does not explain delay in worm expulsion. Impaired mucosal anaphylaxis in protein deficiency could not be attributed to a failure of MMC response.
Automated leucocyte adherence inhibition testing in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: McLeod DK , Isbister William H
Published: July 2007

This Paper details our initial experiences with a semi‐automated leucocyte adherence inhibition (SALAI) assay in patients with colorectal disease. Two assay systems were used. Leucocytes from blood donors and patients with different colorectal diagnoses were tested for sensitization to colorectal tumour extracts, and leucocytes from healthy blood donors were assayed with serum from blood donors or patients to determine whether the serum itself contained factors which would react with the non‐sensitized leucocytes in the test system.

The sensitivity of the SALAI assay using patients; leucocytes was 64% and the specificity was 68% Discriminant analysis did not affect the sensitivity of the assay for colorectal cancer (64%), although the specificity was increased for all patients except those with malignant disease other than colorectal cancer. The sensitivity of the SALAI assay using patients serum was 50% but specificity was 74% Discriminant analysis increased the sensitivity of this assay to 80% but specificity was reduced to 61%. Thus, the SALAI assay with patients serum, although potentially more advantageous than the assay using patients; leucocytes in the clinical setting, was less specific. Further more, samples from patients with early colorectal cancers were less reactive making the serum assay unsuitable for screening asymptomatic patients. The SALAI assay using patients' leucocytes, however, has a higher sensitivity than most reported variations of the assay but a slighty lower specificity. It is suggested that the SALAI assay is preferable to other methods for leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) testing.
Festschrift Inhibition of cell‐mediated immunity by tumour cell products: Depression of interleukin‐2 production and responses to interleukin‐2 by mouse spleen cells
Authors: Nelson M , Nelson DS
Published: July 2007

Supernatants from cultures of mouse and human tumour cells inhibited the production of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) by stimulated mouse spleen cells. The tumour cells tested, all of which were active, included a mouse and a human melanoma, three methylcholanthrene‐induced fibrosarcomas of mice, and human HeLa cells. Supernatants from normal mouse and human fibroblasts were inactive. Inhibition was dose‐dependent. Spleen cells from aged mice were more susceptible to inhibition than spleen cells from young mice. When tumour cell culture supernatants were fractionated on Sephacryl S‐300, two peaks of activity were found, with apparent molecular weights of approximately 50 and 18 kD. Supernatants from tumour cell and fibroblast cultures caused variable, but generally weak, inhibition of responses of lymphoblasts to IL‐2. It is suggested that inhibition of IL‐2 production may be an important mode of action of tumour cell products that inhibit cell‐mediated immunity.
Immunoradiometric assay for the rapid detection of HLA‐B27
Authors: Trapani Joseph A , Vaughan Hilary A , Tait Brian D , McKenzie Ian FC
Published: July 2007

A new method for the rapid detection of the HLA‐B27 antigen is discussed which consists of a direct immunoradiometric assay (IRA) utilizing a 125I‐labelled, HLA‐B27 specific monoclonal antibody to detect HLA‐B27 in whole citrated blood. Thus far, the assay has been used to assign HLA‐B27 status in a population study involving 142 individuals; 36 subjects were HLA‐B27+ by conventional microcytotoxicity and all 36 were detected by the new IRA and all 106 B27‐ individuals were also accurately assigned by IRA. The problem of detection of the cross‐reactive HLA antigen HLA‐B7 was overcome by blocking the reactive sites on HLA‐B7 molecules with the HLA‐B7 specific antibody, BB71. This new assay enables accurate detection of HLA‐B27 within 30 min of venepuncture and should facilitate the assessment of HLA‐B27 status in tissue typing laboratories.
The surface phenotype of activated T lymphocytes
Authors: Kelly Katherine , Shortman Ken , Scollay Roland
Published: July 2007

The surface phenotype of T cells reflects both their relative maturity and their activation slate. To determine the pattern of surface markers characteristic of activated T cells, purified mature T cells were stimulated in vitro for periods of 0·5–5 days with Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A) or phorbol myristic acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, fluorescein‐labelled with monoclonal antibodies, then analysed by flow cytometry. The level of expression of the function‐associated antigens CD4 (L3T4) and CD8 (Ly‐2) decreased transiently early after activation with PMA/ionomycin, but not after stimulation with Con‐A. Both stimuli caused a small drop in the level of CD3 and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). At no time was CD3, CD4 or CD8 completely lost from the surface. Following activation Pgp‐1, the interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) receptor (as detected by the monoclonal antibody 7D4) and the peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptor were gained by a proportion of cells, MEL‐14 was lost by a proportion of cells, and no change was observed in the expression of heat stable antigen. Thy‐1 or Ly‐1. From the present data no evidence has been found for the generation of the ‘immature’, CD4− CD8− phenotype found in the thymus by activation of mature T cells. During T cell development, however, changes in expression of Pgp‐1, MEL‐14, the IL‐2 receptor and the PNA receptor may be associated with activation, rather than differentiation per se.
Cellular changes in the spleens of mice infected with Sarcocystis muris
Authors: Gill HS , Charleston WAG , Moriarty KM
Published: July 2007

Cellular changes in the spleens of mice infected with Sarcocystis muris have been studied. Immunofluorescent staining for B and T cells and α‐naphthyl acetate csterase (ANAE) staining for macrophages combined with histological studies revealed marked changes in the populations and distributions of all three cell types. Infection was accompanied by a marked splenomegaly, attributable mainly to widespread hyperplasia of the white pulp. Following infection there was an increase in the relative proportions of B cells (i.e. surface immunoglobulin +) and ANAE+ cells and a decrease in the proportion of T cells (i.e. Thy 1·2+). There was also a progressive accumulation of immunoglobulin containing cells in the periarteriolar lymphocytic sheaths. Splenomegaly was most pronounced 20 days after infection. At this time there were 9·3 times as many B cells, 3·7 times as many T cells and 16·6 times as many ANAE+ cells as in uninfected mice.
Effect of Santoquin on humoral immune function in mice: lack of interference with selenium utilization
Authors: Travis JC , Thornton S , Daignault L
Published: July 2007

Santoquin (0·25% by weight) in the diets of mice receiving adequate dietary selenium (1·0 parts/106) reduced the humoral immune response, as monitored by the plaque‐forming cell assay, to levels exhibited by mice maintained on selenium‐deficient diets (0·005 parts/106). Mice exhibiting this suppression of immunity had levels of blood glutathione peroxidase, serum selenium, and liver DNA, RNA and protein similar to mice receiving selenium only. Therefore, it was concluded that Santoquin is not immunosuppressive by interfering with selenium metabolism or general tissue function, but by other unknown mechanisms.
Lymphocyte subpopulations in sheep during the early stage of experimental infection with bovine leukaemia virus
Authors: Dimmock Corinne K , Ward Wendy H , Trueman K Fraser
Published: July 2007

Sheep were experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) by the inoculation of PBL from leukaemic sheep. Antibodies to viral structural proteins were detected at from 2 to 6 weeks after inoculation. At seroconversion, all sheep had a marked increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes, due essentially to an increase in the number of B cells. The number of circulating B cells then decreased but remained higher than pre‐infection levels. A second increase in this population preceded the development of a B cell lymphoblastic leukaemia. Generalized lymphosarcoma was diagnosed at necropsy of all sheep. Variation between individual sheep in the time from infection to the development of tumours allowed two clearly delineated groups of nine sheep to be compared. A study of changes in the B cell and T cell populations during the first 16 weeks of infection suggested that the initial response to infection influences the subsequent rate of leukaemogenesis. At seroconversion the number of circulating B cells was significantly higher in group 1 (10.16 ± 1.51 ± 109/1) than in group 2 (6.47 ± 2.76 ± 109/1). Group 1 sheep became leukaemic at 20–50 weeks after infection, whereas group 2 sheep did not do so until 70–95 weeks after infection.
Adjuvant activity of respirable iron ore dust
Authors: Keast D , Sheppard N , Nguyen DT
Published: July 2007

The influence of the respirable fraction of an iron ore dust on immunity has been studied. The iron ore dust enhanced the specific immune responses to both sheep erythrocytes and a bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The IgG class of antibody was enhanced significantly and its pattern of enhancement suggested that the iron ore dust was functioning as an adjuvant. In studies to test this possibility further, the pattern of antibody development over both the primary and the secondary immune response to sheep erythrocytes closely matched that of Freund's incomplete adjuvant and low levels of silica. The splenocytes, from animals that had received iron ore dust for various lengths of time, exhibited enhanced polyclonal mitogenic activity for phytohaemagglutinin, in vitro. These properties were seen when the dust had been inhaled or injected into the pleural cavity and persisted for over 1 year following the injection or inhalation of the dust. Attempts to show the induction of interleukin‐1 by the macrophages from mice implanted intraperitoneally with the iron ore dust were unsuccessful.
Triggering of neutrophil cytotoxicity against an antibody‐coated tumour target by TPA
Authors: Spisani S , Gavioli R , Giuliani AL , Traniello S
Published: July 2007

The human erythroid myeloid leukaemia cell line K562 was used as target for human neutrophil cytotoxicity. Neutrophils demonstrated cytotoxicity against KS62only in the presence of a second stimulus, tetradecanoil phorbol acetate (TPA), a result consistent with previous observations. We now demonstrate that antibody‐coated K562 (using OKT9 and 345 monoclonal antibodies) are similarly only sensitive to neutrophils when TPA is added. The presence of both antibody and TPA in the cytotoxic assay resulted in significantly higher levels of cytotoxicity than in the absence of antibody; the result being consistent with a synergistic action between protein kinase C activation and Fc receptor perturbation in the neutrophil. The cytotoxicity against non‐coated and antibody‐coated targets was markedly inhibited, particularly against the former, by the protein kinase C inhibitor, 1‐(5‐isoquinoline‐sulfonyl)‐2‐methyl piperazine (H‐7). There were marked differences in the extracellular calcium dependency of the two types of cytotoxicity reactions. TPA‐activated respiratory burst was unaffected by the presence of non‐coated and OKT9‐coated targets, whereas TPA‐induced lysosomal enzyme release was significantly increased by non‐coated targets and a further increase occurred in the presence of OKT9‐coated K562.
Functional studies of stable L cell transfectants expressing intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM‐1]
Authors: Wawryk Stefan O , Salvaris Evelyn , Sandrin Mauro S , Boyd Andrew W
Published: July 2007

High molecular weight DNA isolated from human tonsil was transfected into mouse L cells to produce transfectants expressing the human intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM‐1]. The transfected ICAM‐1 molecule was highly expressed on the cell membrane and our studies show that the transfected ICAM‐1 molecule was a fully functional adhesion protein. All leucocyte subtypes showed specific binding to the ICAM‐1 transfectants, their adhesion being inhibited by Fab 1 fragments of W‐CAM‐1 antibody and LFA‐1 MoAb (leucocyte function antigen). B cell lines(RAJI, Nalm1) showed the highest degree of ICAM‐1 mediated adhesion. Normal lymphoblasts showed comparable levels of binding whilst normal neutrophils (both resting and activated by (N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine) fMLP) showed the least ICAM‐1‐mediated adhesion. Despite a significant level of adhesion to ICAM‐1 transfectants shown by T lymphoblasts generated in a two way MLR there was no evidence of cytolysis of ICAM‐1 transfectants. These studies demonstrate the potential of ICAM‐1 transfectants as tools for analysis of the role of ICAM‐1 in lymphoid adhesion.
Differences in the phenotypes of cells mediating anti‐tumour immunity at various stages of tumour progression in mice
Authors: Dent LA , Spencer LK , Attridge S , Finlay‐Jones JJ
Published: July 2007

In Winn assays, T cells from donors immunized by tumour excision, or from mice with small tumours, mediate rejection of the metastasizing murine fibrosarcoma MC‐2. As the mean size of primary tumours in spleen donors increases, the strength of anti‐tumour activity declines, until it is frequently undetectable in spleen cells from mice with very large tumour burdens. Loss of splenic anti‐tumour activity is coincident with the appearance of cells capable of suppressing an otherwise protective anti‐tumour response in Winn assays. This paper defines the phenotypes of T cells mediating immunity against MC‐2. Eleven or more days after tumour inoculation the proportions of tumour‐bearer splenic leucocytes expressing Ly 1.2 (CD5), Ly 2.2 (CD8a) or L3T4 (CD4) surface antigens were significantly less than similar preparations from normal animals. Depletion of Ly 1.2+ or L3T4+ cells from spleen cells of donors with small tumours, or from donors immunized by tumour excision, diminished protection in the Winn assay. Depletion of Ly 2.2+ cells from these donors had no effect on immunity. In contrast, spleen cells taken from donors with large tumours lost all anti‐tumour activity if pretreated with any one of anti‐Ly 1.2 or anti‐Ly 2.2 or anti‐L3T4 antibodies in the presence of complement. These results suggest that cells bearing the Ly 2.2 marker may be important to weak immunity remaining in the spleens of mice with large tumours, but are not critical to strong immunity generated early in tumour growth, nor to that following tumour excision. That is, in addition to an Ly 1.2+, Ly 2.2−, L3T4+ spleen cell subset also seen early in the growth of the MC‐2 tumour, a cell population which expresses the Ly 2.2 marker and which is important to anti‐tumour immunity emerges late in tumour growth.
T cell receptor gene rearrangement and expression in ataxia‐telangiectasia B lymphoblastoid cells
Authors: Baxter GD , Kumar S , Lavin MF
Published: July 2007

Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene probes have been used to investigate cell lineage and monoclonality in lymphoid malignancies. In the present study we have used T cell receptor β‐and γ‐chain gene probes to screen for abnormal rearrangements of these genes in B lymphoblastoid cells from patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia (A‐T). No rearrangement of either gene was observed but deletion of a β‐chain gene allele is described for one A‐T cell line. Expression of mRNA hybridizing to the β‐chain gene probe was demonstrated for two A‐T homozygotes (brother and sister) as well as for their mother (heterozygote). This transcript was found to be truncated in all three cases.