bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived Sexist Events and Psychological Distress of Sexual Minority Women of Color
Authors: DeBlaere Cirleen , Bertsch Kristin N.
Published: January 2013

Scholars have argued that much of the sexism literature has not acknowledged diversity among women, and they have called for more attention to the intersectionality of the multiple marginalized identities of sexual minority women of color (WOC) in particular. With a sample of 182 sexual minority WOC, we examined (a) the links between perceived lifetime and recent sexist events and psychological distress and (b) the potential moderating role in these relations of womanism (a perspective of feminism that recognizes the roles of both gender and race/ethnicity in the lives of WOC). Findings from our Internet survey indicated that lifetime and recent sexism were related significantly and positively to psychological distress. Womanism was also associated positively with both forms of sexism and psychological distress. In partial support of study hypotheses, womanism moderated the relationship between perceived lifetime sexist events, but not recent sexist events, and psychological distress. More specifically, the link between lifetime sexist events and psychological distress was significant and positive for sexual minority WOC with lower levels of womanism and not significant for those with higher levels of womanism. With regard to practice implications, assessing and exploring sexist events, placing these experiences in a larger sociocultural context of oppression, connecting with the legacy of social activism of marginalized groups, and encouraging supportive networks may diminish distress.
The Process of a Member’s Planned Termination from an Analytic Group
Authors: Begovac Ivan , Majić Gordan , Grgić Vesna , Begovac Branka
Published: January 2013

We discuss the dynamics of a therapy group when a female member announces her planned and then mutually agreed termination. To our knowledge, this subject is a relatively neglected area in professional literature. The group held sessions for a total period of one and a half hours a week for approximately six years. The group was slow-open and consisted of seven members and the conductor. The conductor conducted the group in accordance with the theoretical background of Foulkes. We describe the announcement of the member’s termination, the group dynamics and the group’s transference-countertransference feelings. Interestingly, after the member announced her departure from the group another member’s grandfather died, which intensified the issues of death, loss, separation and mourning within the group.
In situ synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets conductive composite by ball milling
Authors: Chen Danqing , Chen Guohua
Published: January 2013

Thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets conductive composite was in situ synthesised by ball milling at room temperature, using polytetramethylene glycol as soft segment, 4-methyl-m-phenylene diisocyanate as hard segment, 1,4-butanediol as chain-extending agents, graphene nanoplatelets as conductive filler. Carbon black was used as contrast conductive filler, stir was used as contrast method. The mechanisms and influence of different ball milling time to exfoliate layered graphene nanoplatelets and compound with thermoplastic polyurethane resin were studied. The morphology, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets composite were investigated too. It showed that ball milling was an effective method to prepare thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets conductive composite of low loading level by avoiding aggregation of graphene nanoplatelets. The percolation threshold effect of thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets composite by ball milling 6 h occurred at the content around 2 wt% of the graphene nanoplatelets, which was much lower than 6 wt% of that prepared by stir. Besides, thermoplastic polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets composite showed much better conductive and mechanical properties than thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon black composite.
Novel optimization method to estimate the geometrical properties of a multiaxial 3D woven preform
Authors: Labanieh Ahmad Rashed , Legrand Xavier , Koncar Vladan , Soulat Damien
Published: January 2013

This article describes a contribution to the development of a numerical model for the geometrical description of multiaxial 3D woven preforms, at the scale of a unit cell. A novel approach enabling computation of preforms cross-section dimensions depending on the manufacturing and weaving parameters has been developed. The aims of this model are first to establish the relationships between geometrical parameters to construct a representative volume element of the structure, which can be used for finite element modeling, and second to optimize the description of the structure taking into account the specificities of these woven architectures. With this geometrical tool, the influence of the waviness of the binder tows, of the choice of the tows cross section on the fiber volume fraction is illustrated and discussed. Several numerical configurations of multiaxial 3D woven preforms are computed and compared. Finally to show the advantages of this woven architecture, the numerical model is used to compare the geometrical properties of multiaxial 3D woven preforms with those of other equivalent 3D preform configurations like 3D woven interlock preform or laminate preform.
Prediction method of longitudinal tensile strength for unidirectional composites with interphase
Authors: Yufen Wu , Weifang Zhang , Shuang Wang , Boming Zhang
Published: January 2013

Based on the traditional shear-lag model, using hierarchical multi-scale approach to research the tensile strength of fiber-reinforced composite. In this method, the tensile strength of carbon fibers is described by Weibull function, and a Monte-Carlo progressive failure model is established to analyze the longitudinal tensile strength of unidirectional composite materials, and we use this model to analyze the influence of micro parameter on the macro properties of fiber-reinforced composites, such as thermal residual stress and strength of interphase. The model can be used to predict macro-performance of fiber-reinforced composites and can give a reference for composite design and optimization.
Rapid disinfection by N-halamine polyelectrolytes
Authors: Cerkez Idris
Published: January 2013

Two new N-halamine polyelectrolytes were synthesized, characterized, and deposited onto cotton fabric from a water solution using a layer-by-layer assembly technique. The fabrics were rendered biocidal by a dilute household bleach solution and challenged with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The chlorinated swatches (five bilayer coated) inactivated ~106 Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 within only 2 min of contact time. Although the coatings were susceptible to hydrolysis when exposed to repeated washing, the stability of the system was improved by a posttreatment with a cross-linking agent, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Influence of scaffold pore size on collagen I development: A new in vitro evaluation perspective
Authors: Stoppato Matteo , Carletti Eleonora , Sidarovich Viktoryia , Quattrone Alessandro , Unger Ronald E , Kirkpatrick Charles J , Migliaresi Claudio , Motta Antonella
Published: January 2013

Bone tissue engineering takes part in the complex process of bone healing by combining cells, chemical/physical signals, and scaffolds with the scaffolds providing an artificial extracellular matrix network. The role of the support template for cell activity is crucial to guide the healing process. This in vitro study compared three different poly(D,L-lactic acid) scaffolds obtained by varying the pore size generated by applying different salt leaching processes. The influence of pore dimensions on the extracellular matrix produced by human osteosarcoma-derived osteoblasts (MG63 cell line) seeded on these different materials was analyzed. This study is targeted on the intermediate stage of the bone healing process, where a collagen network is beginning to develop by the growing osteoblasts representing the template for the ultimate stage of bone formation. Imaging analyses assessed by confocal laser microscopy were combined with gene expression measurements of the most common genes involved in the bone healing process. Furthermore, in vitro evaluations were carried out to investigate cell morphology, proliferation, and viability. It was found that the different pore size matrixes can affect extracellular matrix development and that cell organization, collagen I assembly, and mineralization are strictly correlated.
Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-N,N-dimethyl acryl amide)-block-poly(d,l-lactide) amphiphilic block copolymer micelles for prednisone drug release
Authors: Xu Feng , Yan Ting-Ting , Luo Yan-Ling
Published: January 2013

Novel amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of hydrophobic poly(D,L-lactide) segments and hydrophilic poly( N-isopropylacrylamide- co- N, N-dimethylacrylamide) blocks were designed and synthesized through a simple free radical copolymerization route based on a bifunctional initiator, followed by the ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide. The copolymers self-assembled into thermosensitive spherical-nanosized core–shell micelles in aqueous solution in the presence or the absence of the model drug prednisone. The chemical and physical characterizations of drug-loaded and unloaded micelles revealed a lower critical solution temperature of 40°C–47°C, and a critical micelle concentration less than 7.20 mg L−1, a transmission electron microscope mean particle size from 50 to 75 nm, and a narrow dynamic light scattering diameter below 180 nm. The prepared blank and drug-loaded micellar nanoparticles were thermodynamically stabile and employed in targeted drug delivery by responding to the higher temperature of the local microenvironment. Based on prednisone release kinetic studies, structural changes of the self-assembled micelles as well as temperature- or environment-induced diffusion controlled drug release and improved bioavailability. The copolymer micelles exhibited good biocompatibility as established by the MTT cytotoxicity assay. Therefore, an effective target therapy against lesion tissues is feasible using these polymeric micelles.
Modelling of hydraulic regenerative braking systems for heavy vehicles
Authors: Midgley WJB , Cathcart H , Cebon D
Published: January 2013

A hydraulic regenerative braking system for an articulated heavy vehicle is modelled for an idealised urban driving cycle, consisting of one stop and start from 30 mile/h, in a distance of 700 m. This model is used to guide specification of a hardware system but not to investigate brake blending methods or the torque distribution during braking. The specified system consists of a high-pressure accumulator and a low-pressure accumulator, connected by two fixed-displacement in-wheel pump–motors. One of these systems is fitted to each of the three trailer axles. This system can produce a fuel consumption saving of 21.7% over an idealised stop–start cycle. The same system was simulated over the Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck transient mode, New York City and Urban Driving Dynamometer Schedule legislative driving cycles, reducing fuel consumption by 11.2%, 17% and 11.7% respectively. Fuel consumption can be further reduced for all these cycles if engine stop–start technology is used. The potential to use the system when traversing hilly terrain was investigated, and the system was found to reduce fuel consumption by 12.6% over a V-shaped valley and by up to 5.3% over a realistic elevation profile.
Actuator control for a new hybrid electromagnetic valvetrain in spark ignition engines
Authors: Shiao Yaojung , Dat Ly Vinh
Published: January 2013

Valve timings of a spark ignition engine have been limited to a narrow range of alternatives within the constraints of the fuel economy, the emissions and the dynamic performance. Variable valve timing shows promise as a new key technology for improving the fuel consumption and emissions of spark ignition engines. Several techniques have been developed to perform variable valve timing, and the method with the most potential, called a hybrid electromagnetic valvetrain actuator, is an electromagnetic valvetrain with a permanent magnet and electromagnetic coils installed together. In this study, a novel hybrid electromagnetic valvetrain with a permanent magnet and electromagnetic coils, which significantly differs from existing electromagnetic valvetrains, was designed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional electromagnetic valvetrains that have been introduced previously. This new hybrid electromagnetic valvetrain is characterized by a simple structure, simple actuation and an ultra-low actuating power. Magnetic simulation was applied to analyse the magnetic flux density of the electromagnetic valvetrain and to optimize the design parameters. Dynamic simulation results show that the proposed hybrid electromagnetic valvetrain with soft-landing control can fully satisfy the valve dynamics in spark ignition engines. Additionally, the utilization of a permanent magnet and an optimal actuating current to catch and release valves has many advantages in energy consumption for valve catching and releasing when compared with other electromagnetic valvetrains.
A probabilistic mesoscale damage detection in polycrystals using a random matrix approach
Authors: Noshadravan Arash , Ghanem Roger
Published: January 2013

This article is concerned with a probabilistic mesoscale damage detection in polycrystals. For this purpose, we make use of a stochastic model describing the linear elasticity matrix of material at the mesoscale. The model is constructed using a maximum entropy principle and random matrix theory and allows one to directly construct a probabilistic model for the system random matrices characterizing the constitutive behavior of the system. First, the theoretical framework and upscale scheme in the construction of the model are briefly reviewed. For each case of healthy and damaged materials, where the damage is introduced in the form of intergranular microcavities, the random matrix model is calibrated by performing simulations on an ensemble of statistical volume elements of microstructure. The calibrated models are then used in a simple coarse-scale simulation in order to explore the sensitivity of the model in detecting the location of mesoscale damages. The result shows that in most cases, one can identify the location of cracks by comparing the probabilistic description of a suitable response quantity of interest predicted for both healthy and damaged systems. Such a probabilistic description is suitable for detecting signature of fine-scale defects where the consequences are reflected at the coarse scale in the form of random fluctuations around the mean behavior. The model can be used as a predictive tool in the context of structural health monitoring and damage prognosis of metallic systems.
Timely and Needed Perspectives on Differential Response in Child Protective Services
Authors: Ellett Alberta J.
Published: January 2013

This article is an invited commentary and analysis of the authors’ completed systematic evaluation of Child Protective Services (CPS) differential response (DR) models. I write this commentary based on 25 years of public child welfare experience followed by 13 years as a social work professor and researcher. In their review of DR, the authors’ identify critical and unresolved issues in DR implementation and program evaluation as well as recommendation to improve DR within CPS. In the course of the authors’ evaluation, they completed interviews with key informants in states that have implemented DR; an important contribution to CPS literature. Concepts, issues, and controversies in the DR literature are discussed in view of CPS practice models and history of policy making.
Connectivity in Service Systems
Authors: Breidbach Christoph F. , Kolb Darl G. , Srinivasan Ananth
Published: January 2013

Does technology-enablement impact the ability of a service system to co-create value? In this study, we assess and compare the relative importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and human relationships in service systems, by drawing on findings from a multiple case study in the consulting industry and subsequent analysis through a sociotechnical connectivity lens. We present a theoretical model and propositions which indicate that successful technology-enabled value co-creation is contingent upon the quantity and quality of interpersonal relationships, or social connectivity, between humans that interact and exchange resources by means of ICT. Our findings indicate that technology-enablement in service systems does not, in and of itself, influence human behavior, goals, or motivation regarding the value co-creation process, and argue that the ability of these service systems to co-create value is contingent on the levels of social connectivity between its human entities, more so than ICTs that enable the process. The ability to manage social connectivity therefore represents a prerequisite for the successful co-creation of value in technology-enabled environments, and we provide guidelines that help managing social connectivity on requisite levels.
Numerical and experimental blast response characterization of sandwich composite structural panels
Authors: Tadepalli Tezeswi P , Mantena Prabhakar Raju
Published: January 2013

Experimental blast response and quasi-static material property data were obtained for E-glass and carbon face skin sandwich composite panels with balsa, polyvinyl chloride foam, and TYCOR® cores. The pressure versus impulse ( P–I) curve methodology enabled the generation of a database of performance envelopes for these sandwich composite panel configurations under different blast loading scenarios. The strength versus deformation properties of various undamaged sandwich composite panels are established numerically and idealized for single-degree-of-freedom modeling. Results show good correspondence between model predictions and experimental results for performance evaluation of the various sandwich composite structural panel configurations that were investigated.
Dynamic stability of smart sandwich beams with electro-rheological core resting on elastic foundation
Authors: Tabassian Rassoul , Rezaeepazhand Jalil
Published: January 2013

This article focuses on dynamic stability of smart sandwich beams resting on Winkler elastic foundation subjected to harmonic axial loads. To increase the dynamic buckling load and the stability region of the beam, an electro-rheological layer is adhered as a core. The finite element method is employed to derive a three layer smart sandwich beam element. By inspecting dynamic response of the beam in different load amplitudes, critical dynamic loads are calculated. Parametric study is done to investigate effects of various parameters such as beam geometry, foundation stiffness, static load, applied voltage and properties of core layer on critical dynamic loads and stability regions of the beam. This study indicates that by applying electric field to the electro-rheological core, dynamic critical load and consequently, dynamic stability of the beam increase efficiently. Furthermore, the elastic foundation reduces the unstable region and increases the critical dynamic load of the smart beam. Proper use of these parameters makes the beam less sensitive to axial harmonic loading by relocating the instability region.
CXCL13 is a biomarker of inflammation in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and other neurological conditions
Authors: Alvarez Enrique , Piccio Laura , Mikesell Robert J , Klawiter Eric C , Parks Becky J , Naismith Robert T , Cross Anne H
Published: January 2013

CXCL13, a B-cell chemokine, has been proposed as a biomarker in a variety of conditions, some of which can mimic multiple sclerosis and can have very high levels. In this case-control study, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CXCL13 was elevated in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica and other inflammatory neurological controls compared with noninflammatory controls. Levels did not differentiate disease groups. For all subjects taken together, CSF CXCL13 correlated with CSF WBC, oligoclonal band numbers, CSF protein, EDSS, and neurofilament levels. In subgroup analyses, CSF CXCL13 correlated with CSF WBC in neuromyelitis optica and IgG index in multiple sclerosis. Additionally, serum CXCL13 was elevated in neuromyelitis optica.
Using programme theory to strengthen research protocol and intervention design within an RCT of a walking intervention
Authors: Blamey Avril A. M. , MacMillan Freya , Fitzsimons Claire F. , Shaw Rebecca , Mutrie Nanette
Published: January 2013

This article provides a practical example of how to apply a theory-driven approach to research intervention and protocol design. It illustrates how reflection on both intervention theory and programme theory can inform and refine the: implementation of the intervention; research design; specification of research questions and tools; and, identify the contribution each research stage makes in the accumulation of policy-relevant learning. The article presents the logic models, associated theory and learning from the development of a pilot randomized control trial/feasibility study of a walking intervention targeting older adults.
A triangulation approach to impact evaluation
Authors: Bjurulf Staffan , Vedung Evert , Larsson C. G.
Published: January 2013

This article presents a viable method to overcome the challenge of producing reliable cause–effect findings in impact evaluation. The Measuring Cluster Effects through Triangulation method (MCET) involves methodological triangulation. Three designs − shadow controls, generic controls, and process tracing − are combined to shed light on causality. When these three approaches are triangulated, cause–effect findings will be more reliable. The MCET combination is a feasible alternative when randomized controlled trials and matched controls are impossible or impracticable. It is also an alternative to using a single non-experimental design, particularly in situations where expenditure is great and the causality issue is pressing. In this article, the MCET approach is illustrated by information drawn from a set of evaluations performed on the activities of the Compare Foundation, a cluster organization in Sweden in the Information and Communication Technology sector. Regionally based in Karlstad, County Värmland, and founded in 2000, the Compare cluster organization has adapted the MCET to its own activities.
The Recruitment and Retention of Hispanic Undergraduate Students in Public Universities in the United States, 2000-2006
Authors: Montalvo Edris J.
Published: January 2013

In many public U.S. universities, Hispanic undergraduates are underrepresented in terms of enrollment and graduation. This mixed-method geographical study investigated whether some public universities outperform others in recruiting and retaining Hispanic undergraduates. The quantitative findings showed that the effect of financial aid and cost-of-attendance variables on the recruitment and retention of Hispanic undergraduates vary by census regions and divisions. The qualitative findings revealed seven key themes to the successful recruitment and retention of Hispanic undergraduates.
Application of Open Triple-Branched Aortic Arch Stent Graft for Acute Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Hua Fei , Shen Zhenya , Yu Yunsheng , Ye Wenxue , Huang Haoyue
Published: January 2013

Objective:

Complete documentation is provided outlining a process for surgical treatment of the ascending aorta using open triple-branched aortic arch stent grafts to treat acute Stanford type A aortic dissection based on clinical observations.

Methods:

A total of 34 patients underwent replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic root in combination with open placement of a triple-branched stent graft.

Results:

Mean cardiopulmonary bypass, mean myocardial ischemic, and selective cerebral perfusion times were 186 ± 38, 101 ± 27, and 39 ± 11 minutes, respectively. Two deaths occurred during hospitalization. Of the remaining patients, postoperative computed tomography angiography confirmed that all implanted stent grafts were fully opened; however, the dissected aorta and false lumen size showed evidence of reduced thickness.

Conclusions:

This applies mainly to those who need extensive surgical reconstruction of the thoracic aorta with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection, and it can reduce cardiopulmonary bypass complexities of the traditional surgeries and potential complication.
Prediction of event times in the REMATCH Trial
Authors: Ying Gui-Shuang , Heitjan Daniel F
Published: January 2013

Background

In clinical trials with time-to-event outcomes, it is common to design the interim analysis plan around the occurrence of designated target numbers of events. As the trial progresses, one may wish to use the accumulating data to predict the calendar times of these events as an aid to logistical planning.

Purpose

To demonstrate three models for the prediction of event times using the accumulating data of the Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (REMATCH) Trial.

Methods

We apply three prediction models – an exponential model, a Weibull model, and a nonparametric model – to the evolving REMATCH data. Using Bayesian simulation methods, we predict the times of the designated landmark events and the end-of-study treatment effect, and calculate the predictive power.

Results

The models were practical to apply from an early stage of the trial, and gave largely similar predictions. Intervals from the nonparametric model were generally wider and more responsive to surges and droughts in events. Predictions made early in the trial were sensitive to the assumed prior on the accrual rate.

Limitations

The use of badly calibrated priors can lead to poor predictions.

Conclusions

Predictions of landmark event times in REMATCH were accurate and responded deftly to a strong shift in the treatment effect that occurred midway through the trial. The method can provide reliable guidance for clinical trial planning.
Evaluating the impact of imputations for missing participant outcome data in a network meta-analysis
Authors: Spineli Loukia M , Higgins Julian PT , Cipriani Andrea , Leucht Stefan , Salanti Georgia
Published: January 2013

Background

In a meta-analysis of trials with missing outcome data, a parameter known as informative missing odds ratio (IMOR) can be used to quantify the relationship between informative missingness and a binary outcome. IMORs also account for the increased uncertainty due to missingness in the meta-analysis results.

Purpose

To extend the idea of IMOR into a network meta-analysis (NMA) setting in order to explore the impact of missing outcome data on the inferences about the relative effectiveness of several competing treatments in psychiatric trials.

Methods

IMORs were estimated in two datasets comparing anti-manic treatments and antidepressants. The outcome was response to treatments. In the original meta-analyses, missing participants were assumed to have failed regardless the treatment they were allocated to. To evaluate the robustness of this assumption in each dataset, several imputations of the missing outcomes were studied by an IMOR parameter in the NMA model. By comparing the odds ratios for efficacy under the initial analysis and under several assumptions about the missingness, we assessed the consistency of the conclusions. The missing data mechanism was studied by comparing the prior with the posterior IMOR distribution. Models were fitted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in WinBUGS.

Results

In both datasets, the relative effectiveness of the treatments seems to be affected only by the two extreme imputation scenarios of worst- and best-case analyses. Moreover, heterogeneity increases in both datasets under these two extreme scenarios. Overall, there is a non-significant change on the ranking of the anti-manic and antidepressant treatments. The posterior and prior IMOR distributions are very similar showing that the data do not provide any information about the true outcome in missing participants. There is a very weak indication that missing participants tend to fail in placebo and paroxetine, while the opposite occurs for sertraline, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine.

Limitations

Investigation of informative missingness was limited two classes of treatments and for dichotomous outcome measures. The proportion of missing outcomes was very low overall, and hence, the power of detecting any differences in effectiveness estimated under the various imputation methods is small.

Conclusions

Sensitivity analysis to account for missing outcome data and their uncertainty in the NMA can be undertaken by extending the idea of IMOR. In two case examples, we found no differences between the various models due to low missing data rate. In line with previous observations, data carry little information about the reason of missingness.
Dynamic Functional Organization of Language
Authors: Blumstein Sheila E. , Amso Dima
Published: January 2013

One of the oldest questions in cognitive science is whether cognitive operations are modular or distributed across domains. We propose that fMRI has made a unique contribution to this question by elucidating the nature of structure–function relations. We focus our discussion on language, which is the classic domain for arguments in favor of domain specificity and a fixed neural architecture. We argue that fMRI has provided evidence for the idea that there is a dynamic functional architecture, rather than a fixed neural architecture, that emerges across the lifespan, pursuant to injury and in response to language experience. We use empirical examples to highlight how fMRI has helped restructure theory by shedding light on how functionally distinct modular components of the grammar can recruit some of the same neural regions, how areas considered to be domain-specific may be recruited in a domain-general fashion, and how language network specialization and left lateralization dynamically emerge in response to experience. fMRI provides a window into neural plasticity and dynamic functional organization not easily afforded by behavior alone.
On the Relationship Between fMRI and Theories of Cognition
Authors: Wixted John T. , Mickes Laura
Published: January 2013

In this article, we ask about the contribution of fMRI data to our understanding of theories of cognition and about the contribution of theories of cognition to our understanding of fMRI data. Experiments using fMRI can contribute to our understanding of cognition when they are designed to test the predictions of a particular cognitive theory. Although not all cognitive theories make clear predictions about patterns of activity in the brain fMRI experiments are often well suited to testing the predictions of those that do. However, many fMRI studies that are concerned with cognitive functional neuroanatomy are not designed to test predictions of cognitive theories but are instead designed to investigate the role played by different regions of the brain in cognitive activity. These fMRI studies do not shed light on cognitive theories but instead depend on cognitive theories to interpret the data—an interpretation that is only as valid as the cognitive theory on which it is based. These considerations suggest that the relationship between fMRI and theories of cognition is a two-way street.
Aging and Cognitive Neuroimaging
Authors: Reuter-Lorenz Patricia A.
Published: January 2013

What mechanisms underlie declines in memory and other cognitive abilities as we age? Before functional neuroimaging, answers to this question relied primarily on behavioral measures despite aging’s obvious roots in biology. Functional imaging now permits a glimpse of the biological underpinnings of cognition, and recent discoveries offer new insights into how brain function differs in older age. Focusing primarily on studies of working memory, I discuss how neuroimaging provides converging evidence to support and clarify mechanistic accounts of cognitive aging, and how imaging can guide the development of cognitive interventions. These methods promise to adjudicate between hypothesized mechanisms of age differences, and they are generating new, testable hypotheses to elucidate cognitive decline, cognitive stability, and plasticity in older age.
Using fMRI to Constrain Theories of Cognition
Authors: White Corey N. , Poldrack Russell A.
Published: January 2013

Research on cognition often leads to debates that are centered on how many processes exist and how they interact to guide behavior. These debates occur across a range of domains and are often difficult to resolve with behavioral data because similar behavioral predictions can be made by models with different core assumptions. Such model mimicry limits researchers’ ability to find differential support for one type of model over the other using behavioral data alone. We argue that functional neuroimaging can help overcome this problem by providing additional dependent measures to constrain model testing. Recent advances in analysis, like multivariate approaches, expand the amount and type of data available for model testing. We illustrate the benefits of this approach by highlighting imaging results that directly speak to the debate over the nature of recollection processes in memory. These results show how functional neuroimaging can advance studies of cognition by providing richer data sets for contrasting cognitive models.
Moving Forward With fMRI Data
Authors: Rugg Michael D. , Thompson-Schill Sharon L.
Published: January 2013

The use of fMRI to inform cognitive theory depends upon the assumption that there is an isomorphic relationship between functional states and brain states. Even if this assumption is accepted, employing fMRI to make cognitive inferences is not straightforward. We discuss these inferential difficulties and describe an example in which fMRI data has had a significant impact on a cognitive theory despite them. The embodied cognition framework states that accessing a conceptual feature engages the same processes that are active when the feature is directly experienced. fMRI studies have consistently found that accessing a feature activates cortical regions slightly anterior to the regions activated when the feature is experienced. We suggest that this neural dissociation between accessing and perceiving a feature is inconsistent with the strong form of embodied cognition theory and that this inconsistency would likely not have been identified without fMRI. We describe how the observation of this forward shift has led to new ways of thinking about perceptual and conceptual representations and the relation between them. Finally, we argue that despite the strong assumptions that are needed to make functional inferences from fMRI, this does not detract from its value as a source of convergent evidence.
Memory Systems, Processing Modes, and Components
Authors: Cabeza Roberto , Moscovitch Morris
Published: January 2013

In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a major theoretical debate in the memory domain regarding the multiple memory systems and processing modes frameworks. The components of processing framework argued for a middle ground: Instead of neatly divided memory systems or processing modes, this framework proposed the existence of numerous processing components that are recruited in different combinations by memory tasks and yield complex patterns of associations and dissociations. Because behavioral evidence was not sufficient to decide among these three frameworks, the debate was largely abandoned. However, functional neuroimaging evidence accumulated during the last two decades resolves the stalemate, because this evidence is more consistent with the components framework than with the other two frameworks. For example, functional neuroimaging evidence shows that brain regions attributed to one memory system can contribute to tasks associated with other memory systems and that brain regions attributed to the same processing mode (perceptual or conceptual) can be dissociated from each other. Functional neuroimaging evidence suggests that memory processes are supported by transient interactions between a few regions called process-specific alliances. These conceptual developments are an example of how functional neuroimaging can contribute to theoretical debates in cognitive psychology.
Foundational issues in relation to national risk assessment methodologies
Authors: Veland Henning , Amundrud Øystein , Aven Terje
Published: January 2013

This article presents a study of key foundational issues in relation to two methodologies developed and used for assessing national risk events in Norway and the Netherlands. Both these methodologies are, to a large extent, probability based, but there are considerable differences in the approaches adopted. The main aim of the article is to point to these differences and relate the methodologies to existing theories for risk conceptualisation and description. Neither of the two methodologies are able to create a strong conceptual platform for the risk assessment, largely because they fail to clearly define and relate the core concepts of risk, probability and uncertainty. The treatment of uncertainty is another problematic issue, and we argue that both methodologies, but especially the Norwegian one, suffer from a severe weakness: key aspects of uncertainty are not adequately reflected. Finally, we question the way the Dutch methodology has integrated value aspects into the risk assessment.
Shockwave treatment of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Gruenwald Ilan , Appel Boaz , Kitrey Noam D. , Vardi Yoram
Published: January 2013

Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (LI-ESWT) is a novel modality that has recently been developed for treating erectile dysfunction (ED). Unlike other current treatment options for ED, all of which are palliative in nature, LI-ESWT is unique in that it aims to restore the erectile mechanism in order to enable natural or spontaneous erections. Results from basic science experiments have provided evidence that LI-ESWT induces cellular microtrauma, which in turn stimulates the release of angiogenic factors and the subsequent neovascularization of the treated tissue. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been clinically investigated and applied in several medical fields with various degrees of success. High-intensity shock wave therapy is used for lithotripsy because of its focused mechanical destructive nature, and medium-intensity shock waves have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and are used for treating a wide array of orthopedic conditions, such as non-union fractures, tendonitis, and bursitis. In contrast, LI-ESWT has angiogenetic properties and is therefore used in the management of chronic wounds, peripheral neuropathy, and in cardiac neovascularization. As a result of these characteristics we initiated a series of experiments evaluating the effect of LI-ESWT on the cavernosal tissue of patients with vasculogenic ED. The results of our studies, which also included a double-blind randomized control trial, confirm that LI-ESWT generates a significant clinical improvement of erectile function and a significant improvement in penile hemodynamics without any adverse effects. Although further extensive research is needed, LI-ESWT may create a new standard of care for men with vasculogenic ED.
Surveillance of surgical site infection post vasectomy
Authors: Nevill Michael , Tanner Judith , Robertson David , Myers Amanda , Lohr Patricia A.
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after vasectomy and to identify associated patient and perioperative risk factors, including the operating room environment (non-ventilated treatment room or ventilated operating theatre). This study used an active 30-day surveillance follow-up programme with telephone interviews and home visits. Patients were recruited over an 18 month period. Demographics, patient details and perioperative procedures were documented on the day of surgery. Patients were telephoned 10 and 30 days post procedure. Of 1,155 patients enrolled, 994 (86%) completed the full 30-day follow-up. Of these, 25 (2.5%) developed an SSI. The mean number of days until presentation with an SSI was 13. No statistically significant difference was found in rates of SSI when vasectomies were undertaken in either ventilated operating theatres or non-ventilated treatment rooms.
High pressure rolling of low carbon steel weld seams: Part 1 – Effects on mechanical properties and microstructure
Authors: Coules H E , Colegrove P , Cozzolino L D , Wen S W
Published: January 2013

One technique for reducing residual stress in welds is high pressure rolling of the weld seam. In this study, a variety of experimental techniques, including microhardness measurements and cross-weld tensile tests with digital image correlation, have been used to characterise the effects of rolling on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the weld material in welded structural steel specimens. It is shown that rolling applied at high temperature, as welding is carried out, promotes the formation of acicular ferrite in the weld metal. This produces a weld material with a greater yield strength and hardness, but slightly reduced impact toughness compared to unrolled welds. Rolling of the weld metal once it has cooled instead causes work-hardening. These effects are discussed as they relate to the use of rolling for weld residual stress reduction.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded titanium/304 stainless steel joint with pure Ag interlayer
Authors: Deng Y Q , Sheng G M , Huang Z H , Fan L Z
Published: January 2013

In the present study, diffusion bonding of commercially pure titanium to 304 stainless steel (SS) using a pure Ag interlayer was carried out. It is found that the pure Ag interlayer can effectively block the interdiffusion and interaction between Ti and SS. The resultant joints were composed of Ti substrate, Ti–Ag solid solution, TiAg intermetallic phase, the remnant Ag interlayer and SS. Upon tensile loading, fracture took place through the remnant Ag interlayer, indicating that the TiAg intermetallic phase exhibits no detrimental effect on the strength of the joints. A maximum tensile strength of 421 MPa was achieved, which is notably improved compared with previous results. Furthermore, extensive dimples were observed on the fracture surfaces, clearly indicating that the joints were ductile in nature.
Estimation of current path area during small scale resistance spot welding of bulk metallic glass to stainless steel
Authors: Fukumoto S , Soeda A , Yokoyama Y , Minami M , Matsushima M , Fujimoto K
Published: January 2013

The current path area is a significant factor in estimating the temperature distribution via numerical modelling for resistance spot welding. This paper presents a method for the estimation of the current path area at the faying surface during small scale resistance spot welding between bulk metallic glass and stainless steel. Observation of cross-sections and fracture surfaces reveals the welding process at the faying surface for both dissimilar and similar welding. The equipotential surface that depends on the difference between the contact area of the electrode-to-sheet and sheet-to-sheet interfaces is estimated by numerical modelling. The current path area at the faying surface is estimated by measuring the electric potential between the sheets, taking into account the current distribution.
Interfacial microstructure between thick aluminium wires and aluminium alloy pads formed by ultrasonic bonding
Authors: Maeda M , Kitamori S , Takahashi Y
Published: January 2013

Interfacial microstructures between thick Al wires and pads formed by ultrasonic bonding were analysed to investigate the behaviour of bond preventing phases. The wire and the substrate form direct bond interface in the central region of the bond area, whereas the surfaces of them in the peripheral region are covered by amorphous Al2O3 bond preventing layer. The amorphous Al2O3 layer is chipped off the surfaces by application of ultrasonic vibration and forms a number of spherical particles intervening between the wire and the substrate. The particles consist of amorphous Al2O3 matrix and lamellae of Al. The particles grow by accumulating the amorphous Al2O3 on the surfaces of the wire and the substrate in contact, moving outward the bond area. The bond area expands through the area where the bond preventing layer has been removed.
Neural network based toughness prediction in HAZ of low alloy steel produced by temper bead welding repair technology
Authors: Yu L , SaSa M , Ohnishi K , Kameyama M , Hirano S , Chigusa N , Sera T , Saida K , Mochizuki M , Nishimoto K
Published: January 2013

The pressure vessels of aged nuclear power plants are needed to repair or maintain, and temper bead welding (TBW) is one effective repair welding method instead of post weld heat treatment. For TBW, toughness is the key criteria to evaluate the tempering effect. A neural network based method for toughness prediction in heat affected zone (HAZ) of low alloy steel has been investigated to evaluate the tempering effect in TBW. On the basis of experimentally obtained database, the new toughness prediction system was constructed by using radial basis function neural network. With it, the toughness distribution in HAZ of TBW was calculated based on the thermal cycles numerically obtained by finite element method (FEM). The predicted toughness was in good accordance with the experimental results. It follows that our new prediction system is effective for estimating the tempering effect during TBW and hence enables us to assess the effectiveness of TBW before the actual repair welding.
Effect of thermal cycle on microstructure and mechanical properties of CLAM steel weld CGHAZ
Authors: Chen X Z , Huang Y M , Shen Z , Chen J , Lei Y C , Zhou J Z
Published: January 2013

Based on the previous work of SHCCT diagram developing of China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel, the effect of thermal cycle on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CLAM steel weld is investigated using physical thermal simulation (Gleeble 3500) to control heat input accurately. Three conditions including single layer, double layer welding and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) are involved. The results show that higher cooling rate leads to better grain refinement but higher hardness in the coarse grained heat affected zone. Precipitation of delta ferrite is relatively severe when the cooling rate is low. Thermal cycle during double layer welding has an obvious weakening effect on mechanical properties, which mainly results from the larger quantity of delta ferrite precipitates. The microstructure and mechanical properties of CLAM steel joints can be improved by PWHT. Hardness of heat-affected zone tends to keep uniform with the increase of tempering temperature.
Novel design of tool for joining hollow extrusion by friction stir welding
Authors: Huang Y X , Wan L , Lv S X , Feng J C
Published: January 2013

In the present work, we design a novel tool called self-support FSW (SSFSW) with adjustable dip angle to join the aluminium hollow extrusion. This tool consists of a big concave upper shoulder and a small convex lower shoulder. Compared with conventional FSW, it eliminates root flaws and does not need backing bars during operation. In particular, the SSFSW can adapt to variation of thickness and does not need predrilled pilot holes, resulting in simplifying the welding process compared with the bobbin tool FSW tool. Significant changes are observed at the cross-section of the SSFSW joint, which looks like a ‘waist’. The average tensile strength and elongation of 6005A aluminium alloy joint with a thickness of 5 mm is 190 MPa and 6·86% respectively. Furthermore, the failure of specimen presents a ductile fracture in the typical joint.