bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’usage de la très longue durée dans le « raisonnement ethnographique ». Analyses comparées d’enquêtes en immersion chez les danseurs et les pompiers
Authors: Sorignet Pierre-Emmanuel , Pudal Romain
Published: January 2018

L’enquête ethnographique implique une connaissance intime, incarnée, voire charnelle, du milieu enquêté et des acteurs sociaux. Elle exige aussi du chercheur un travail sur soi permettant d’approcher au plus près les réalités sociales, psychologiques, économiques de l’autre-enquêté, devenu au fil du temps quelqu’un de proche, parfois un ami. Mais on s’est peu focalisé sur les apports spécifiques du temps long en ethnographie : si l’aspect immersif de l’enquête a fait l’objet de nombreux débats (identification objectivation, réflexivité…), l’effet du temps long voire très long a été moins analysé. À partir de deux enquêtes de très longue durée sur le monde de la danse et des pompiers, nous proposons de montrer en quoi cette temporalité atypique du travail en sciences sociales permet d’abord de désingulariser l’individu enquêté resitué petit à petit dans un groupe, une histoire, une tradition, une famille…, contribue ensuite à établir une confiance telle que certains sujets finissent par être abordés alors qu’ils ont été soigneusement euphémisés ou mis de côté pendant des mois voire des années et enfin de dépasser la sorte de cliché instantané auquel nos enquêtes plus rapides, plus distantes, nous habituent parfois.
Inferring joint sequence-structural determinants of protein functional specificity
Authors: Neuwald Andrew F , Aravind L , Altschul Stephen F
Published: January 2018

Residues responsible for allostery, cooperativity, and other subtle but functionally important interactions remain difficult to detect. To aid such detection, we employ statistical inference based on the assumption that residues distinguishing a protein subgroup from evolutionarily divergent subgroups often constitute an interacting functional network. We identify such networks with the aid of two measures of statistical significance. One measure aids identification of divergent subgroups based on distinguishing residue patterns. For each subgroup, a second measure identifies structural interactions involving pattern residues. Such interactions are derived either from atomic coordinates or from Direct Coupling Analysis scores, used as surrogates for structural distances. Applying this approach to N-acetyltransferases, P-loop GTPases, RNA helicases, synaptojanin-superfamily phosphatases and nucleases, and thymine/uracil DNA glycosylases yielded results congruent with biochemical understanding of these proteins, and also revealed striking sequence-structural features overlooked by other methods. These and similar analyses can aid the design of drugs targeting allosteric sites.
Revised roles of ISL1 in a hES cell-based model of human heart chamber specification
Authors: Quaranta Roberto , Fell Jakob , Rühle Frank , Rao Jyoti , Piccini Ilaria , Araúzo-Bravo Marcos J , Verkerk Arie O , Stoll Monika , Greber Boris
Published: January 2018

The transcription factor ISL1 is thought to be key for conveying the multipotent and proliferative properties of cardiac precursor cells. Here, we investigate its function upon cardiac induction of human embryonic stem cells. We find that ISL1 does not stabilize the transient cardiac precursor cell state but rather serves to accelerate cardiomyocyte differentiation. Conversely, ISL1 depletion delays cardiac differentiation and respecifies nascent cardiomyocytes from a ventricular to an atrial identity. Mechanistic analyses integrate this unrecognized anti-atrial function of ISL1 with known and newly identified atrial inducers. In this revised view, ISL1 is antagonized by retinoic acid signaling via a novel player, MEIS2. Conversely, ISL1 competes with the retinoic acid pathway for prospective cardiomyocyte fate, which converges on the atrial specifier NR2F1. This study reveals a core regulatory network putatively controlling human heart chamber formation and also bears implications for the subtype-specific production of human cardiomyocytes with enhanced functional properties.
Why do women with melanoma do better than men?
Authors: Smalley Keiran SM
Published: January 2018

Harnessing female sex hormones may improve how all patients with melanoma respond to treatment.
Attentional biases toward body images in males at high risk of muscle dysmorphia
Authors: Jin Xinhong , Jin Yahong , Zhou Shi , Yang Shun-nan , Chang Shuzhi , Li Hui
Published: January 2018

Objective

Although research on muscle dysmorphia (MD), a body dysmorphic disorder subtype, has recently increased, the causes and mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. Results from studies examining disorders associated with body image suggest the involvement of self-schema in biasing attention toward specific body information. The present study examined whether individuals at higher risk of MD also display attentional biases toward specific types of body images.

Methods

The validated Chinese version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale was used to distinguish men at higher and lower risk of MD. Sixty-five adult Chinese men at higher (HRMD, n = 33) and lower risk of MD (LRMD, n = 32) performed a visual probe task. Initially, an image of a bodybuilder with either larger or smaller musculature was presented on one side of a central point, with a neutral image of a car exterior presented on the other side along the horizontal plane for 2,000 ms. The paired images were removed, and a visual target (a dot) was displayed in the location of one of the previously shown images. Participants were asked to indicate the location of the target, and their eye movements were recorded during the entire visual presentation. Participant reaction time and three eye movement measurements (gaze direction, first saccade latency, and first fixation duration) were recorded for use in determining attentional bias.

Results

The HRMD group revealed biases in orienting and maintaining their attention on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures. Participants in this group consequently had a shorter reaction time in identifying the target that appeared at the location in which an image of a bodybuilder with a larger musculature had been previously displayed. They also directed their initial gaze more frequently, had shorter saccade latency, and had longer first fixation duration on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001). In comparison, the LRMD group had longer reaction times, slower attention orientation toward body images, and shorter fixation duration for images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001), indicating weaker or mixed responses.

Discussion

Adult Chinese men at higher risk of MD displayed biases in orienting and maintaining their visual attention toward images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures, and these biases facilitated their information processing. These results suggest that development of MD may be due in part to attentional biases associated with established negative self-schema of specific body information. These findings provide insight into understanding and identifying the cognitive characteristics of MD in an Asian population.
Local genic base composition impacts protein production and cellular fitness
Authors: Quandt Erik M. , Traverse Charles C. , Ochman Howard
Published: January 2018

The maintenance of a G + C content that is higher than the mutational input to a genome provides support for the view that selection serves to increase G + C contents in bacteria. Recent experimental evidence fromEscherichia colidemonstrated that selection for increasing G + C content operates at the level of translation, but the precise mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. To determine the substrate of selection, we asked whether selection on G + C content acts across all sites within a gene or is confined to particular genic regions or nucleotide positions. We systematically altered the G + C contents of the GFP gene and assayed its effects on the fitness of strains harboring each variant. Fitness differences were attributable to the base compositional variation in the terminal portion of the gene, suggesting a connection to the folding of a specific protein feature. Variants containing sequence features that are thought to result in rapid translation, such as low G + C content and high levels of codon adaptation, displayed highly reduced growth rates. Taken together, our results show that purifying selection acting against A and T mutations most likely results from their tendency to increase the rate of translation, which can perturb the dynamics of protein folding.
Atmospheric Inputs of Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus across an Urban Area: Unaccounted Fluxes and Canopy Influences
Authors: Decina Stephen M. , Templer Pamela H. , Hutyra Lucy R.
Published: January 2018

Rates of atmospheric deposition are declining across the United States, yet urban areas remain hotspots of atmospheric deposition. While past studies show elevated rates of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in cities, less is known about atmospheric inputs of organic N, organic carbon (C), and organic and inorganic phosphorus (P), all of which can affect ecosystem processes, water quality, and air quality. Further, the effect of the tree canopy on amounts and forms of nutrients reaching urban ground surfaces is not well‐characterized. We measured growing season rates of total N, organic C, and total P in bulk atmospheric inputs, throughfall, and soil solution around the greater Boston area. We found that organic N constitutes a third of total N inputs, organic C inputs are comparable to rural inputs, and inorganic P inputs are 1.2 times higher than those in sewage effluent. Atmospheric inputs are enhanced two‐to‐eight times in late spring and are elevated beneath tree canopies, suggesting that trees augment atmospheric inputs to ground surfaces. Additionally, throughfall inputs may directly enter runoff when trees extend above impervious surfaces, as is the case with 26.1% of Boston's tree canopy. Our results indicate that the urban atmosphere is a significant source of elemental inputs that may impact urban ecosystems and efforts to improve water quality, particularly in terms of P. Further, as cities create policies encouraging tree planting to provide ecosystem services, locating trees above permeable surfaces to reduce runoff nutrient loads may be essential to managing urban biogeochemical cycling and water quality.
The Role of Localized Compressional Ultra‐low Frequency Waves in Energetic Electron Precipitation
Authors: Rae I. Jonathan , Murphy Kyle R. , Watt Clare E. J. , Halford Alexa J. , Mann Ian R. , Ozeke Louis G. , Sibeck David G. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Degeling Alex W. , Forsyth Colin , Singer Howard J.
Published: January 2018

Typically, ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves have historically been invoked for radial diffusive transport leading to acceleration and loss of outer radiation belt electrons. At higher frequencies, very low frequency waves are generally thought to provide a mechanism for localized acceleration and loss through precipitation into the ionosphere of radiation belt electrons. In this study we present a new mechanism for electron loss through precipitation into the ionosphere due to a direct modulation of the loss cone via localized compressional ULF waves. We present a case study of compressional wave activity in tandem with riometer and balloon‐borne electron precipitation across keV‐MeV energies to demonstrate that the experimental measurements can be explained by our new enhanced loss cone mechanism. Observational evidence is presented demonstrating that modulation of the equatorial loss cone can occur via localized compressional wave activity, which greatly exceeds the change in pitch angle through conservation of the first and second adiabatic invariants. The precipitation response can be a complex interplay between electron energy, the localization of the waves, the shape of the phase space density profile at low pitch angles, ionospheric decay time scales, and the time dependence of the electron source; we show that two pivotal components not usually considered are localized ULF wave fields and ionospheric decay time scales. We conclude that enhanced precipitation driven by compressional ULF wave modulation of the loss cone is a viable candidate for direct precipitation of radiation belt electrons without any additional requirement for gyroresonant wave‐particle interaction. Additional mechanisms would be complementary and additive in providing means to precipitate electrons from the radiation belts during storm times.
Van Allen Probes Observations of Second Harmonic Poloidal Standing Alfvén Waves
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Oimatsu Satoshi , Nosé Masahito , Min Kyungguk , Claudepierre Seth G. , Chan Anthony , Wygant John , Kim Hyomin
Published: January 2018

Long‐lasting second‐harmonic poloidal standing Alfvén waves (P2 waves) were observed by the twin Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes, or RBSP) spacecraft in the noon sector of the plasmasphere, when the spacecraft were close to the magnetic equator and had a small azimuthal separation. Oscillations of proton fluxes at the wave frequency (∼10 mHz) were also observed in the energy (W) range 50–300 keV. Using the unique RBSP orbital configuration, we determined the phase delay of magnetic field perturbations between the spacecraft with a 2nπ ambiguity. We then used finite gyroradius effects seen in the proton flux oscillations to remove the ambiguity and found that the waves were propagating westward with an azimuthal wave number (m) of ∼−200. The phase of the proton flux oscillations relative to the radial component of the wave magnetic field progresses with W, crossing 0 (northward moving protons) or 180° (southward moving protons) at W ∼ 120 keV. This feature is explained by drift‐bounce resonance (mωd ∼ ωb) of ∼120 keV protons with the waves, where ωd and ωb are the proton drift and bounce frequencies. At lower energies, the proton phase space density (
) exhibits a bump‐on‐tail structure with
occurring in the 1–10 keV energy range. This
is unstable and can excite P2 waves through bounce resonance (ω ∼ ωb), where ω is the wave frequency.
The Broadband Excitation of 3‐D Alfvén Resonances in a MHD Waveguide
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N.
Published: January 2018

This paper considers the resonant coupling of fast and Alfvén magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves. We perform numerical simulations of the time‐dependent excitation of Alfvén resonances in a dipole magnetic field, with nonuniform density providing a 3‐D equilibrium. Wright and Elsden (2016) showed that in such a system where the poloidal and toroidal Alfvén eigenfrequencies are different, the resonance can have an intermediate polarization, between poloidal and toroidal. We extend this work by driving the system with a broadband rather than monochromatic source. Further, we investigate the effect of azimuthal inhomogeneity on the resonance path. It is found that when exposed to a broadband driver, the dominant frequencies are the fast waveguide eigenfrequencies, which act as the drivers of Alfvén resonances. We demonstrate how resonances can still form efficiently with significant amplitudes, even when forced by the medium to have a far from toroidal polarization. Indeed, larger‐amplitude resonances can be generated with an intermediate polarization, rather than purely toroidal, as a result of larger gradients in the magnetic pressure formed by the azimuthal inhomogeneity. Importantly, the resonance structure is shown to be independent of the different forms of driving, meaning their locations and orientations may be used to infer properties of the equilibrium. However, the amplitude of the FLRs are sensitive to the spatial structure and frequency spectrum of the magnetopause driving. These results have implications for the structure of field line resonances (FLRs) in Earth's magnetosphere, although the focus of this paper is on the underlying physics involved.
Incorporating GOES Satellite Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Retrievals to Improve Biogenic Emission Estimates in Texas
Authors: Zhang Rui , White Andrew T. , Pour Biazar Arastoo , McNider Richard T. , Cohan Daniel S.
Published: January 2018

This study examines the influence of insolation and cloud retrieval products from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system on biogenic emission estimates and ozone simulations in Texas. Compared to surface pyranometer observations, satellite‐retrieved insolation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values tend to systematically correct the overestimation of downwelling shortwave radiation in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The correlation coefficient increases from 0.93 to 0.97, and the normalized mean error decreases from 36% to 21%. The isoprene and monoterpene emissions estimated by the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature are on average 20% and 5% less, respectively, when PAR from the direct satellite retrieval is used rather than the control WRF run. The reduction in biogenic emission rates using satellite PAR reduced the predicted maximum daily 8 h ozone concentration by up to 5.3 ppbV over the Dallas‐Fort Worth (DFW) region on some days. However, episode average ozone response is less sensitive, with a 0.6 ppbV decrease near DFW and 0.3 ppbV increase over East Texas. The systematic overestimation of isoprene concentrations in a WRF control case is partially corrected by using satellite PAR, which observes more clouds than are simulated by WRF. Further, assimilation of GOES‐derived cloud fields in WRF improved CAMx model performance for ground‐level ozone over Texas. Additionally, it was found that using satellite PAR improved the model's ability to replicate the spatial pattern of satellite‐derived formaldehyde columns and aircraft‐observed vertical profiles of isoprene.
Normal development of mice lacking PAXX, the paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF
Authors: Gago‐Fuentes Raquel , Xing Mengtan , Sæterstad Siri , Sarno Antonio , Dewan Alisa , Beck Carole , Bradamante Stefano , Bjørås Magnar , Oksenych Valentyn
Published: January 2018

DNA repair consists of several cellular pathways which recognize and repair damaged DNA. The classical nonhomologous DNA end‐joining (NHEJ) pathway repairs double‐strand breaks in DNA. It is required for maturation of both B and T lymphocytes by supporting V(D)J recombination as well as B‐cell differentiation during class switch recombination (CSR). Inactivation of NHEJ factors Ku70, Ku80, XRCC4, DNA ligase 4, DNA‐PKcs, and Artemis impairs V(D)J recombination and blocks lymphocyte development. Paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX) is an accessory NHEJ factor that has a significant impact on the repair of DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiation in human, murine, and chicken cells. However, the role of PAXX during development is poorly understood. To determine the physiological role of PAXX, we deleted part of the Paxx promoter and the first two exons in mice. Further, we compared Paxx‐knockout mice with wild‐type (WT) and NHEJ‐deficient controls including Ku80‐ and Dna‐pkcs‐null and severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Surprisingly, Paxx‐deficient mice were not distinguishable from the WT littermates; they were the same weight and size, fertility status, had normal spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Paxx‐deficient mice had the same number of chromosomal and chromatid breaks as WT mice. Moreover, Paxx‐deficient primary B lymphocytes had the same level of CSR as lymphocytes isolated from WT mice. We concluded that PAXX is dispensable for normal mouse development.
Development of future weather data using global warming projection: Research on future weather data for designing building and equipment which are adaptable to climate change
Authors: Soga Kazuhiro
Published: January 2018

It would be useful for building designers to consider future climate change by using building thermal simulations to construct a building adaptable to global warming. Future weather data including future changes to climate are needed as input data to conduct building thermal simulations. In this report, a method to produce hourly future weather data is presented. The method combines real current hourly weather data with results from climate models. Hourly future weather data at 833 stations for 2040s and 2090s have been developed and applied to heat load calculations of office buildings.
Medical Devices
Authors: Campbell Gregory , Li Heng , Pennello Gene , Yue Lilly Q.
Published: January 2018

A medical device is any item that treats or diagnoses a health condition whose action is not primarily chemical or biological. The main focus of this article is the design and evaluation of clinical studies to establish the safety and effectiveness of different kinds of medical devices. Among nondiagnostic devices, therapeutic and aesthetic devices, including implants, are considered. Among diagnostic devices,in vitrodiagnostic tests and diagnostic imaging systems are considered. Given their increasing importance for precision medicine, molecular diagnostic tests are given special attention. Clinical studies of medical devices pose unique statistical challenges in design and analysis. Statistical issues for therapeutic devices include the placebo effect, sham controls, inability to perform blinded studies, noninferiority, survival analysis, repeated measures, and historical controls. Diagnostic devices pose a very diverse set of statistical challenges, with markedly different design and analysis considerations than therapeutic devices. Given their prevalence and applicability, adaptive designs and Bayesian approaches to medical device studies are also discussed.
Test Score Equating
Authors: Kolen Michael J. , Tong Ye
Published: January 2018

Test equating procedures are statistical score adjustment procedures that are used when alternate forms of educational and psychological tests are constructed with a common set of content and statistical specifications. Alternate forms enhance the security of tests and allow for examinees to be tested more than one time with a different set of test questions. Even though efforts are made by test developers for the alternate forms to be equivalent, such forms differ somewhat in difficulty. A data collection design is necessary for conducting equating. Equating also involves application of statistical methodologies. In this article, equating designs and equating methods are described. Error in equating is considered. Selected practical issues are also discussed.
Stochastic Models for Rust Formation
Authors: Calin Ovidiu
Published: January 2018

Deterministic methods involving ODEs and PDEs have been used to model chemical reactions for a long time. However, these methods do not provide accurate results when the number of molecules involved is small. In this case, stochastic methods are a better fit. This article presents a few stochastic methods for the study of rust formation, with the emphasis on closed‐form formulas.

Mathematics Subject Classification (2000):92B99, 92B05
Empirical Likelihood Approaches under Complex Sampling Designs
Authors: Berger Yves G.
Published: January 2018

There are two different empirical likelihood approaches for complex sampling designs: “pseudoempirical likelihood” and “unequal probability empirical likelihood”. Both approaches are described and reviewed critically. The key difference is the fact that the self‐normalization property of the pseudoempirical likelihood approach is limited to unidimensional parameters. This property holds for multidimensional parameters, with the unequal probability empirical likelihood approach. This manuscript is a brief description of the key empirical likelihood approaches for complex sampling. This is not an exhaustive account of all the applications of empirical likelihood in survey sampling.
Ultrafast Laser‐Shock‐Induced Confined Metaphase Transformation for Direct Writing of Black Phosphorus Thin Films
Authors: Qiu Gang , Nian Qiong , Motlag Maithilee , Jin Shengyu , Deng Biwei , Deng Yexin , Charnas Adam R. , Ye Peide D. , Cheng Gary J.
Published: January 2018

Few‐layer black phosphorus (BP) has emerged as one of the most promising candidates for post‐silicon electronic materials due to its outstanding electrical and optical properties. However, lack of large‐scale BP thin films is still a major roadblock to further applications. The most widely used methods for obtaining BP thin films are mechanical exfoliation and liquid exfoliation. Herein, a method of directly synthesizing continuous BP thin films with the capability of patterning arbitrary shapes by employing ultrafast laser writing with confinement is reported. The physical mechanism of confined laser metaphase transformation is understood by molecular dynamics simulation. Ultrafast laser ablation of BP layer under confinement can induce transient nonequilibrium high‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions for a few picoseconds. Under optimized laser intensity, this process induces a metaphase transformation to form a crystalline BP thin film on the substrate. Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques are utilized to characterize the morphology of the resulting BP thin films. Field‐effect transistors are fabricated on the BP films to study their electrical properties. This unique approach offers a general methodology to mass produce large‐scale patterned BP films with a one‐step manufacturing process that has the potential to be applied to other 2D materials.
Addition Theorem for Digital Coding Metamaterials
Authors: Wu Rui Yuan , Shi Chuan Bo , Liu Shuo , Wu Wei , Cui Tie Jun
Published: January 2018

Coding representation of metamaterials builds up a bridge between the physical world and the digital world, making it possible to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves by digital coding sequences and reach field‐programmable metamaterials. Here, the coding space is extended to complex domain and proposed complex digital codes to provide closer essence of EM‐wave propagation. Based on the analytic geometry and complex variable functions, an addition theorem on complex coding is established, which reveals inherent connections among digital codes with different bits and enables all higher‐bit digital codes to be represented by the 1‐bit complex codes. According to the complex coding and addition theorem, multifunctional metamaterials can be directly designed and realized without considering mutual coupling. When two different coding patterns with different functions are added together via the addition theorem in complex form, the combined coding pattern will directly generate the two functions simultaneously without any perturbations. A series of realistic coding metasurfaces is presented to demonstrate the powerful and flexible performance of the complex coding and addition theorem for independent controls of EM waves to reach multiple functions. Good agreements between numerical simulations and experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed concept and theorem in practical applications.
Prussian Blue‐Derived Iron Phosphide Nanoparticles in a Porous Graphene Aerogel as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Venugopal Narendra Kumar Alam , Yin Shuli , Li Yinghao , Xue Hairong , Xu You , Li Xiaonian , Wang Hongjing , Wang Liang
Published: January 2018

Tailoring of new hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst with earth abundant elements is important for large scale water splitting and hydrogen production. In this work, we present a simple synthetic method for incorporating iron phosphide (FeP) particles into three‐dimensional (3D) porous graphene aerogel (GA) structure. The FeP formed in porous 3D GA (FeP/GA) is derived from electroactive Fe hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF). The advantage of incorporating FeP, in the porous 3D graphene network enables high accessibility for HER. As synthesized FeP/GA catalyst shows good electrocatalytic activity for HER in both acidic and alkaline solutions. The developed method can be useful for synthesizing metal hexacyanoferrate derived mono/bimetal phosphide catalyst in porous 3D graphene aerogels.
A Systematic Review of the Use of Organization and Management Theories in Climate Change Studies
Authors: Daddi Tiberio , Todaro Niccolò Maria , De Giacomo Maria Rosa , Frey Marco
Published: January 2018

Climate change studies have been gaining increasing importance in the academic debate, and also in the field of organizations and management. Scholars have contributed to this field by borrowing approaches from sustainable business research. However, some authors have raised unanswered questions about the contribution of these studies to the management theories. According to them, climate change studies have failed to provide theoretical insights and too often they have adopted a descriptive and practical approach. Our review describes the theoretical contribution of the climate change papers, identifying the most often used management theories. The analysis results for 28 different management theories indicate that, while some theories such as the institutional and stakeholder theories have been widely debated, the relation between business climate change strategies and other organization theories still appears to be unexplored. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Determinants of Conflict Minerals Disclosure Under the Dodd–Frank Act
Authors: Dalla Via Nicola , Perego Paolo
Published: January 2018

This paper examines conflict minerals disclosure (CMD) as mandated by the Dodd–Frank Act. We rely on a thorough content analysis conducted by the Responsible Sourcing Network on a sample of 122 firms that filed CMDs with the US Securities and Exchange Commission in 2015. We document that firms with long‐term oriented incentives, a greater number of board meetings, strong corporate governance systems and inclusion in a sustainability index are associated with higher levels of CMD. Our results suggest that in the presence of enforcement leniency, both internal and external firm‐specific factors affect strategic (non‐)compliance with a mandatory social disclosure regime. We provide implications for supply chain managers, corporate reporters and policy‐makers involved in the adoption of responsible sourcing strategies. © 2018 The Authors. Business Strategy and The Environment published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Tragic events call for re‐evaluating approach to event safety, security
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: January 2018

The horrific and tragic shooting at the concert in Las Vegas and the use of trucks as deadly weapons in large crowds in France and New York have once again thrust the issues of event‐related safety, security, and liability into the spotlight.
Follow 10 steps to implement body‐worn cameras
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2018

Most campus security teams will implement body‐worn cameras sooner or later. “Body‐worn cameras are inevitable,” said Ed Book, chief of police at Santa Fe College in Florida.
Review guidance to help prevent disability‐discrimination claims by your employees, applicants
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: January 2018

Higher ed officials should keep in mind that they have responsibilities to comply with several federal laws that prohibit disability discrimination of their applicants and employees.
Forging the path for PRecISion Medicine in Autism: The PRISMA Neurogenetic Psychiatry Consultation Service
Authors: De Luca Daniel Moreno
Published: January 2018

Psychiatry is at a pivotal stage; advances in neuroscience and genetics are allowing us to understand more clearly how specific changes in neurodevelopment and genetic architecture are contributing to increased risk for several mental health disorders. Nowhere has progress been clearer than in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), one of the psychiatric conditions with the highest genetic burden, as evidenced by their high heritability. Rare variants, which by definition occur in less than 1% of the population, have a large impact on the etiology of autism, as together they can explain up to 30% of cases of autism. These include highly penetrant copy number variants (CNVs), defined as losses or gains of genetic material, and single nucleotide variants (SNVs), characterized by changes in single base pairs. Because of the increased risk these rare variants confer, many professional societies, including the American Society of Human Genetics and the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics jointly, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and others have recommended genetic testing as the standard of care or a key step in the workup of cases of ASDs. However, the adoption of these recommendations in psychiatry clinics has been quite low. In fact, only close to 5% of patients receive these tests in our population (submitted), which means that the overwhelming majority of people with ASDs are not benefiting from genetically informed health care.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2018

the association between prescription drug abuse and dating violence among high schoolers

limitations of desvenlafaxine efficacy in treating MDD in children and adolescents

and more limitations of efficacy of desvenlafaxine regardless of dose in treating pediatric MDD
Different systems, different languages: Helping children transition from hospital back to school
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: January 2018

There is substantial mystery around best practices for reintegration of children into their families, communities, and schools. We know that emotions are high at these times for all involved and fear abounds — fear that the child may not be ready to be discharged, fear that even if they are better in the hospital, they will not be while confronting the stressors of daily life.
Improvement of Current Efficiency in Anodic Chlorination of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) by using a Boron Trifluoride‐Diethyl Ether Complex
Authors: Kurioka Tomoyuki , Nishiyama Hiroki , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Inagi Shinsuke
Published: January 2018

We report that the use of a boron trifluoride‐diethyl ether complex (BFEE) as an electrolyte greatly improves the current efficiency in the anodic chlorination of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) compared to the conventional electrochemical post‐functionalization method using an acetonitrile (MeCN) solution. The oxidation potential of P3HT is successfully decreased, whereas that of a chloride ion (Cl−) can be significantly increased in BFEE, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetry. Given these findings, we investigated the anodic chlorination of P3HT films in the presence of Cl− as a nucleophile in BFEE and a mixed solution of BFEE/MeCN, thereby suppressing undesirable oxidation of Cl−. Characterization and optoelectronic property studies of the obtained chlorinated P3HT were carried out.
Establishing the Critical Role of Oriented Aggregation in Molecular Solid State Fluorescence Enhancement
Authors: Srujana P. , Radhakrishnan T. P.
Published: January 2018

The general occurrence of fluorescence emission quenching in molecular aggregates is circumvented in select classes of molecules. This has largely been attributed to the rigidification of the molecule and its environment, which hinders non‐radiative excited state energy loss through structural relaxation; since such an effect should in principle apply to most aggregates and crystals, there must clearly be other critical factors that make the select molecules exceptional. Discovery of three crystalline structures of a new push–pull molecule in its enantiomorphic and racemic forms, exhibiting not only very high, but distinctly different solid state fluorescence enhancements, has now allowed a systematic investigation of the role of intramolecular and intermolecular excited state energy loss pathways. Crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational investigations provide a detailed appraisal of the assembly patterns in the crystals, and rigorous establishment of an inverse correlation between intermolecular energy transfer and solid state fluorescence. The study provides a clear visualization of the critical role of oriented molecular aggregation in solid state fluorescence efficiency enhancement.
Hierarchical N‐Rich Carbon Sponge with Excellent Cycling Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Battery at High Rates
Authors: Zhen Mengmeng , Wang Juan , Wang Xin , Wang Cheng
Published: January 2018

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are receiving extensive attention because of their high theoretical energy density. However, practical applications of LSBs are still hindered by their rapid capacity decay and short cycle life, especially at high rates. Herein, a highly N‐doped (≈13.42 at %) hierarchical carbon sponge (HNCS) with strong chemical adsorption for lithium polysulfide is fabricated through a simple sol‐gel route followed by carbonization. Upon using the HNCS as the sulfur host material in the cathode and an HNCS‐coated separator, the battery delivers an excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities of 424 and 326 mA h g−1 and low capacity fading rates of 0.033 % and 0.030 % per cycle after 1000 cycles under high rates of 5 and 10 C, respectively, which are superior to those of other reported carbonaceous materials. These impressive cycling performances indicate that such a battery could promote the practical application prospects of LSBs.
Reactions of an Aluminium/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: FLPs as Efficient Two‐Electron Reductants with the Formation of Enolates, a cis‐Enediolate, and an Allene
Authors: Lange Merten , Tendyck Jonas C. , Wegener Philipp , Hepp Alexander , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich , Uhl Werner
Published: January 2018

The Al/P‐based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2P−C(AltBu)2=C(H)Ph (1; Mes=mesityl) reacted as an efficient two‐electron reductant with benzil to afford a cis‐enediolate that was coordinated to the FLP through P−O and Al−O bonds and the formation of a seven‐membered heterocycle (2). The phosphorus atom is oxidised from +III to +V. Similar heterocycles (3 a to 3 f) were formed if 1 was treated with various enones (acrolein, acrylate, acrylamide). The resulting enolates are bound to the FLP through P−C and Al−O bonds. Cyclopropenone gave an adduct (4) with the C=O bond coordinated by P and Al. Ynones gave a fascinating variety of different structures. 1,3‐Diphenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐one afforded a remarkable allene‐type moiety with two cumulated C=C bonds (5); 3‐hexyn‐2‐one yielded a ligand with two conjugated C=C bonds by C−H bond activation at the carbonyl methyl group (7); and 4‐(trimethylsilyl)‐3‐butyn‐2‐one reacted by C−H bond cleavage, formation of an enolate group with a terminal C=C bond, and shift of the proton to the P atom (8). The C≡C bond was not affected. Allene compound 5 rearranged at elevated temperature and in daylight through the formation of a tricyclic compound by C−H bond activation and C−C bond formation. DFT calculations on this unusual rearrangement suggest insertion of the central allene C atom into the C−H bond of a methyl group and the intermediate formation of a C3 ring.
Androgen‐deprivation therapy, dementia, and cognitive dysfunction in men with prostate cancer: How much smoke and how much fire?
Authors: McHugh Deaglan J. , Root James C. , Nelson Christian J. , Morris Michael J.
Published: January 2018

Androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the cornerstone of management for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Although the toxicities of ADT are well established, there is increasing controversy surrounding the association between cognitive dysfunction and the receipt of ADT, with some evidence suggesting an increased risk of dementia. The authors conducted a literature search to identify pertinent clinical studies in this field. This general review outlines the key findings and discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses when drawing conclusions about the risk of cognitive dysfunction or dementia with ADT use. Cancer 2018;124:1326‐34. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Outcomes of patients diagnosed with carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary source and treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Kamal Mona , Mohamed Abdallah S. R. , Fuller Clifton David , Sturgis Erich M. , Johnson Faye M. , Morrison William H. , Gunn G. Brandon , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Phan Jack , Volpe Stefania , Ng Sweet Ping , Ferrarotto Renata , Frank Steven J. , Skinner Heath D. , Rosenthal David I. , Garden Adam S.
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

There are few published studies to guide the treatment of carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary (CUP). In this regard, the objective of the current study was to share the authors' current experience treating patients with CUP using intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), which principally targeted both sides of the neck, the nasopharynx, and the oropharynx.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study in which an institutional database search was conducted to identify patients with CUP who received IMRT. Data analysis included frequency tabulation, survival analysis, and multivariable analysis.

RESULTS

Two‐hundred sixty patients met inclusion criteria. The most common lymph node category was N2b (54%). IMRT volumes included the entire pharyngolaryngeal mucosa in 78 patients, the nasopharynx and oropharynx in 167 patients, and treatment limited to the involved neck in 11 patients. Eighty‐four patients underwent neck dissections. The 5‐year overall survival, regional control, and distant metastases‐free survival rates were 84%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. Over 40% of patients had gastrostomy tubes during therapy, and 7% patients were diagnosed with chronic radiation‐associated dysphagia. Higher lymph node burden was associated with worse disease‐related outcomes, and in subgroup analysis, patients with human papillomavirus‐associated disease had better outcomes. No therapeutic modality was statistically associated with either disease‐related outcomes or toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

Comprehensive IMRT with treatment to both sides of the neck and to the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal mucosa results in high rates of disease control and survival. The investigators were unable to demonstrate that treatment intensification with chemotherapy or surgery added benefit or excessive toxicity. Cancer 2018;124:1415‐27. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Fundamental Understanding of Nanostructured Si Electrodes: Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Ryu Jaegeon , Bok Taesoo , Kim Sungho , Park Soojin
Published: January 2018

The capabilities of lithium‐ion batteries have considerably advanced through the utilization of Si anodes because silicon is abundant, features low operating voltage, and has high theoretical capacity. However, unavoidable structural failures caused by large volume changes and sluggish lithium‐ion transport pose significant challenges to the technology and hinder its widespread utilization in practical applications. Therefore, various nanostructures for Si anodes with corresponding synthetic methods have been proposed. Considering the unique features of nanostructured Si anodes, analytical techniques for in‐situ monitoring during electrochemical reactions have been studied, and many interesting results have been published. Herein, we review a scheme for preparing nanostructured Si and advanced characterization techniques. By elaborating practical approaches, we seek to aid the future design of nanostructured Si anodes by a detailed understanding of previous in‐situ measurements.
Validation of a fully automated solid‐phase extraction and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of 30 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in post‐mortem blood and brain samples
Authors: Nielsen Marie Katrine Klose , Nedahl Michael , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian
Published: January 2018

In this study, we present the validation of an analytical method capable of quantifying 30 commonly encountered pharmaceuticals and metabolites in whole blood and brain tissue from forensic cases. Solid‐phase extraction was performed by a fully automated robotic system, thereby minimising manual labour and human error while increasing sample throughput, robustness, and traceability. The method was validated in blood in terms of selectivity, linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, carry‐over, stability, precision, and accuracy. Deuterated analogues of each analyte were used as internal standards, which corrected adequately for any inter‐individual variability in matrix effects on analyte accuracy and precision. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) spanned from 0.0008 to 0.010 mg/kg, depending on the analyte, while the upper LOQ ranged between 0.40 and 2.0 mg/kg. Thus, the linear range covered both therapeutic and toxic levels. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision, with accuracies ranging from 80 to 118% and precision below 19% for the majority of the analytes. Linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, precision, and accuracy were also tested in brain homogenate and the results agreed with those from blood. An additional finding was that the analyte concentrations in brain samples could be quantified by calibration curves obtained from spiked blood samples with acceptable precision and accuracy when using deuterated analogues of each analyte as internal standards. This method has been successfully implemented as a routine analysis procedure for quantification of pharmaceuticals in both blood and brain tissue since 2015.
Climatic forcing and larval dispersal capabilities shape the replenishment of fishes and their habitat‐forming biota on a tropical coral reef
Authors: Wilson Shaun K. , Depcyznski Martial , Fisher Rebecca , Holmes Thomas H. , Noble Mae M. , Radford Ben T. , Rule Michael , Shedrawi George , Tinkler Paul , Fulton Christopher J.
Published: January 2018

Fluctuations in marine populations often relate to the supply of recruits by oceanic currents. Variation in these currents is typically driven by large‐scale changes in climate, in particular ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation). The dependence on large‐scale climatic changes may, however, be modified by early life history traits of marine taxa. Based on eight years of annual surveys, along 150 km of coastline, we examined how ENSO influenced abundance of juvenile fish, coral spat, and canopy‐forming macroalgae. We then investigated what traits make populations of some fish families more reliant on the ENSO relationship than others. Abundance of juvenile fish and coral recruits was generally positively correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), higher densities recorded during La Niña years, when the ENSO‐influenced Leeuwin Current is stronger and sea surface temperature higher. The relationship is typically positive and stronger among fish families with shorter pelagic larval durations and stronger swimming abilities. The relationship is also stronger at sites on the coral back reef, although the strongest of all relationships were among the lethrinids (r = .9), siganids (r = .9), and mullids (r = .8), which recruit to macroalgal meadows in the lagoon. ENSO effects on habitat seem to moderate SOI–juvenile abundance relationship. Macroalgal canopies are higher during La Niña years, providing more favorable habitat for juvenile fish and strengthening the SOI effect on juvenile abundance. Conversely, loss of coral following a La Niña‐related heat wave may have compromised postsettlement survival of coral dependent species, weakening the influence of SOI on their abundance. This assessment of ENSO effects on tropical fish and habitat‐forming biota and how it is mediated by functional ecology improves our ability to predict and manage changes in the replenishment of marine populations.