bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of condensed tannins extracted from four forages on the viability of the larvae of deer lungworms and gastrointestinal nematodes
Authors: Molan A. L. , McNabb W. C. , Hoskin S. O. , Barry T. N.
Published: October 2010

The inhibitory activity of condensed tannins extracted from four forage legume plants were evaluated by using a larval migration inhibition assay. The first (LI) and third (L3) stages of deer lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus), and the third stage (L3) of deer gastrointestinal nematodes were incubated with tannins extracted from Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus corniculatus, sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and sainfoin (Onobrychus viciifolia) . The tannins extracted from all the forages had inhibitory activity as measured by their ability to paralyse the larvae and inhibit them from passing through sieves. At the highest concentration used (1200 μg/ml) the tannins extracted from sainfoin had the highest activity against ensheathed L1 lungworm larvae (58 per cent), followed by L pedunculatus (45 per cent), sulla (42 per cent) and L corniculatus (35 per cent) when the larvae were incubated at 37°C. The same trend, but with lower activities, was observed when the larvae were incubated at 22°C. Anthelmintic activity against L3 lungworm larvae was evaluated by measuring the death rate of ensheathed L3 larvae after incubation with condensed tannins for two, 24 and 48 hours at room temperature (22°C). The death rate was significantly higher (P<0.001) after 48 hours incubation than after two hours or 24 hours, and significantly higher (P<0.001) after 24 hours than after two hours incubation. Condensed tannins from sainfoin had the highest inhibitory activity followed by L pedunculatus, sulla and L corniculatus. The tannins from sainfoin also had the highest activity against L3 larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes, followed by L pedunculatus, sulla and L corniculatus. Exsheathed larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes were significantly more susceptible to the action of the tannins than ensheathed larvae.
Changes in the blood biochemical and haematological profile of neonatal calves with age
Authors: Knowles T. G. , Edwards J. E. , Bazeley K. J. , Brown S. N. , Butterworth A. , Warriss P. D.
Published: October 2010

Fourteen calves were used to investigate the changes from birth to 83 days of age in the concentrations of serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, beta‐hydroxybutyrate, plasma cortisol, serum creatine kinase, creatinine, iron, plasma fibrinogen, serum gamma‐glutamyl transferase, plasma glucose, haptoglobin, serum non‐esterified fatty acids, total protein, transferrin, triglycerides, urea and gamma globulin; the haematological variables measured were: basophils, eosinophils, haematocrit, haemoglobin, lymphocytes, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume, monocytes, band neutrophils, neutrophils, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. The changes are presented as a series of graphs and the values are discussed in relation to the published reference ranges for adult cattle. Two populations of calves were identified which gave rise to a bimodal distribution for some of the variables. Differences in haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell counts were apparent at birth, with raised values for these measurements being associated with an increased white blood cell and neutrophil count between three and 27 days of age.
Phenylephrine eyedrops as a diagnostic test in equine grass sickness
Authors: Hahn C. N. , Mayhew I. G.
Published: October 2010

The effect of an ocular administration of the α‐1 adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was studied in 23 cases of grass sickness and 12 control horses. In the horses with grass sickness there was a significantly greater mean increase in the size of the palpebral fissure, as measured by the change in the angle of the eyelashes to the head observed from a frontal view.
Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous portocentesis in 21 cows
Authors: Braun U. , Koller‐Wild K , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R.
Published: October 2010

An ultrasound‐guided portocentesis was performed in 21 clinically healthy cows, and blood was collected for haematological, biochemical and blood‐gas analyses. At the same time blood samples were collected from the left jugular vein of each cow for the same analyses. Immediately after the centesis, portal blood pressure was measured. The cows were examined daily thereafter for eight days and then slaughtered for postmortem examination of the internal organs. The mean (sd) portal blood pressure was 37.1 (5.47) mmHg, and ranged from 24 to 49 mmHg. There were small but significant differences between many of the haematological and biochemical parameters in jugular and portal blood, and the concentration of bile acids was on average 2.7 times higher, and the concentration of ammonia was 19.3 times higher in portal blood. The demeanour and behaviour of the cows, and their appetite and rectal temperature remained normal during the eight.day observation period. The haematocrit, total and differential leucocyte counts, and the concentrations of total solids and fibrinogen were not affected by portocentesis. On postmortem examination, no lesions were apparent in the peritoneum, liver and portal vein.
Doppler‐ultrasonographic detection of retrograde pulsatile flow in the caudal vena cava of a puppy with triatriatum dexter
Authors: Szatmári V. , Vörös K. , Sótonyi P. , Fenyves B.
Published: October 2010

A three‐month‐old puppy had ascites, but its heart was normal by auscultation. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed an enlarged liver, distended hepatic veins and a distended caudal vena cava. Doppler ultrasonography detected retrograde flow in the caudal vena cava and abnormally pulsatile flow in the hepatic veins and caudal vena cava. A non‐selective venogram was used to detect the path of the blood from the caudal vena cava. A postmortem examination showed that the puppy had cor triatriatum dexter and a defect in the atrial septum.
Use of the bisphosphonate drug alendronate for palliative management of osteosarcoma in two dogs
Authors: Tomlin J. L. , Sturgeon C. , Pead M. J. , Muir P.
Published: October 2010

The bisphosphonate drug alendronate was used to suppress bone remodelling and tumour osteolysis as a palliative treatment for two dogs with osteosarcoma, one of the tibia and one of the maxilla. A spiral fracture associated with the tibial tumour healed after it was stabilised with an external skeletal fixator. Both dogs remained comfortable and survived for 12 and 10 months respectively after diagnosis, despite the fact that neither primary tumour was resected.
Prediction of the genetic risk for fragmented coronoid process in labrador retrievers
Authors: Ubbink G. J. , Hazewinkel H. A. W. , Rothuizen J. , van de Broek J. , Wolvekamp W. T. C.
Published: October 2010

In a cohort of 252 Dutch labrador retrievers born between 1988 and 1992, seven founders for fragmented coronoid process were identified. The 185 labrador retrievers born to this cohort between January 1,1993 and January 1, 1997, were examined clinically, and radiographs of both elbows taken in four directions at 12 to 18 months of age, or earlier when they had signs of lameness, were evaluated. The diagnosis of fragmented coronoid process was confirmed by arthrotomy. The incidence of the condition in the 185 dogs was 17.3 per cent, and for each dog a genetic risk factor was calculated on the basis of its relatedness to the seven founders. The risk factors ranged from 0.07 to 0.41. The dogs were divided into classes of increasing predicted risk, and the mean risk for each class was then compared with the clinical outcome. There were no significant differences between the predicted risk and the outcome in any of the classes.
Treatment of traumatically induced synovial sepsis in horses with gentamicin‐impregnated collagen sponges
Authors: Summerhays G. E. S.
Published: October 2010

Eight horses with synovial sepsis induced by trauma were treated by arthroscopic/tenoscopic debridement and lavage followed by the implantation of a gentamicin‐impregnated collagen sponge. Seven of them responded favourably and were sound six months after treatment. The other underwent a further surgical procedure and recovered. Gentamicin‐impregnated collagen sponges appear to be a safe and useful adjunct in the treatment of septic joints and tendon sheaths, and have the advantage of being bioabsorbable.
Early immunity induced by a glycoprotein E‐negative vaccine for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Authors: Makoschey B. , Keil G. M.
Published: October 2010

Four groups of calves were vaccinated with a glycoprotein E‐negative vaccine for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Two groups of calves were vaccinated intramuscularly and challenged with a wild‐type virus 14 and seven days after being vaccinated. The other two groups were vaccinated intranasally and similarly challenged after four and three days; an unvaccinated control group was also challenged. All four vaccination schedules reduced the incidence of clinical signs and the excretion of wild‐type virus, and these reductions occurred as early as three days after the intranasal vaccination even in the absence of neutralising antibodies. Because of its marker characteristics, vaccination with this vaccine would not interfere with the detection of infected cattle during an outbreak, and it should therefore provide a useful tool for emergency vaccination campaigns.
Segregation analysis of epilepsy in the Belgian tervueren dog
Authors: Famula T. R. , Oberbauer A. M.
Published: October 2010

In 1986, a survey of the incidence of epileptic seizures among dogs in the American Belgian Tervuren Club was undertaken. By 1989, 557 of the 607 members had returned completed surveys, providing seizure information about 938 dogs. The survey classified the dogs into one of four categories: 1) no seizures observed (738 dogs); 2) one seizure observed (26 dogs); 3) two to five seizures observed (82 dogs); and 4) more than five seizures observed (92 dogs). To evaluate the plausibility of a major gene model, a regressive logistic model was applied to these data. The results suggest that a single locus with a large effect on the incidence of seizures may be segregating in this population.
Cross‐sectional study of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with management and disease
Authors: Green L. E. , Lewis K. , Kimpton A. , Nicol C. J.
Published: October 2010

A cross‐sectional study of risk factors for feather pecking in layings hens in alternative systems was carried out in July 1998. A total of 637 questionnaires were sent out to farmers and producer groups and, after two reminders, the final response rate was 51.5 per cent. The outcome variable was feather pecking after point of lay. Over 55 per cent of the farmers reported that feather pecking had occurred in the last depopulated flock. This outcome was compared with the management procedures reported by flock managers by using univariate statistics. Factors associated with feather pecking with a significance ≤0.05 were then tested in two logistic regression models. In the first model the following factors were associated with an increased risk of feather pecking: less than 50 per cent of the flock using the outdoor area on a fine and sunny day, the occurrence of egg peritonitis and the occurrence of infectious bronchitis. The direction of the association between feather pecking and these infectious diseases was unclear, so in the second model only factors which were consistent throughout the laying period were tested. The following factors were associated with an increased risk of feather pecking: less than 50 per cent of the flock using the outdoor area on a fine and sunny day; three or more changes of diet during lay; the inspection of the flock by one person; an absence of loose litter at the end of lay; a temperature in the hen house of less than 20°C; turning the lights up when the flock was inspected; and the use of bell‐drinkers. It is concluded that some of these factors could inhibit foraging and dust‐bathing behaviour and others may increase competition or frustration, both of these changes having been shown experimentally to initiate feather pecking behaviour.
Reduced dosage of ketoprofen for the short‐term and long‐term treatment of joint pain in dogs
Authors: Hazewinkel H. A. W. , van den Brom W. E. , Theijse L F. H. , Pollmeier M. , Hanson P. D.
Published: October 2010

Two studies were conducted under laboratory conditions with 16 dogs to investigate the analgesic effectiveness of a low dose of ketoprofen in a short‐term sodium urate crystal‐induced synovitis model of arthritis. The effect of the treatment, defined as the improvement in peak vertical force weight bearing, was evaluated in the first study at three dose levels. A single oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg ketoprofen was significantly better (P<0.01) than the control (0 mg), but doses of 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg did not improve the dogs' weight bearing further. The second study investigated the efficacy and safety of the 0.25 mg/kg dose administered daily for 30 days. The beneficial effects of ketoprofen at this dose were constant, with the treated dogs bearing 89.1 per cent of the baseline vertical force four hours after the induction of arthritis on day 1 and 92.2 per cent on day 29, compared with 42 per cent and 34 per cent of the baseline in the untreated dogs. No gastrointestinal or other side effects were observed during the treatment.
Patterns of exposure toLawsonia intracellularisinfection on European pig farms
Authors: Chouet S. , Prieto C. , Mieli L. , Veenhuizen M. F. , McOrist S.
Published: October 2010

A serological investigation was made of the pattems of exposure of pigs toLawsonia intracellularis, the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy (ileitis), on farms in France and Spain. Blood samples from groups of adult female pigs in breeding programmes and from postweaning pigs were monitored, the latter every month for five months, by aL intracellularis‐specific immunofluorescence seroassay. Four of 33 farms monitored in France (12 per cent) and three of 29 farms monitored in Spain (10.3 per cent) remained free of clinical signs and seronegative throughout the study. The postweaning pigs on all of the remaining French farms and on 20 of the 26 remaining Spanish farms had a pattern of infection characterised by seroconversion in the grower period, generally between eight and 16 weeks of age. The seroprevalence in these groups ranged from 8 to 20 per cent. On all of these farms at least 15 per cent of the breeding females tested were seropositive, and the farms were under similar management systems, with a continuous flow of pigs or between buildings on one site, so‐called ‘one site, farrow‐to‐finish’ On the six remaining Spanish farms, under two management groups, a multiple‐site system was used, with the piglets being separated from the adults at weaning and moved to a separate location. On three of these farms, the pattern of infection was characterised by seroconversion later in the finisher period, at between 16 and 20 weeks of age, and none of the breeding females was seropositive. On the three other multiple‐site farms the pattern of infection resembled that on the one‐site farms. On all of the farms, the seroconversion of groups of pigs was frequently associated with clinical or subclinical signs of ileitis.
Isoflurane to prolong medetomidine/ketamine anaesthesia in six adult female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Adams W. A. , Robinson K. J. , Jones R. S. , Sanderson S.
Published: October 2010

Six adult female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were anaesthetised for the placement of intrauterine contraceptive devices, microchips for identification, routine blood sampling, and physical measurements. Anaesthesia was induced with medetomidine in combination with ketamine administered by intramuscular injection with a projectile syringe. Induction was smooth and rapid, but five of the animals were insufficiently relaxed for orotracheal intubation. The plane of anaesthesia was deepened by administering isoflurane delivered in oxygen and nitrous oxide, and general anaesthesia was maintained for up to 74 minutes. The action of medetomidine was reversed at the end of each procedure with atipamezole, and the animals recovered smoothly and uneventfully.
Comparative analyses ofPasteurella multocidastrains associated with the ovine respiratory and vaginal tracts
Authors: Davies R. L. , Caffrey B. , Watson P. J.
Published: October 2010

Thirty‐five isolates ofPasteurella multocidafrom the vagina and respiratory tract of sheep were compared by analysing their capsular polysaccharide types and outer membrane protein profiles. The phylogenetic relationships of selected isolates with respect to reference strains ofP multocidawere also determined by comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Three capsular types, A, D and F, and three major outer membrane protein types were identified, and there were four different combinations of these characteristics which probably marked four individual clones ofP multocida. Strains representing three of these clones were recovered from cases of ovine pneumonia, whereas isolates of the fourth clone were associated exclusively with the vagina of healthy ewes and the liver of a dead septicaemic lamb on the same farm. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences showed that there was 100 per cent identity between representative pneumonic isolates and reference strains ofP multocidasubspeciesgallisepticaandP multocidasubspeciesmultocida. The 16S rRNA genes of representative vaginal and liver isolates from the same farm were identical but differed from the other strains at one nucleotide position, providing strong evidence that the vaginal and liver isolates represent a distinct subpopulation ofP multocida.
Measurement of tidal breathing flow‐volume loop indices in horses used for different sporting purposes with and without recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Herholz C. , Straub R. , Braendlin C. , Imhof A. , Lüthi S. , Busato A.
Published: October 2010

Tidal breathing flow‐volume loop (TBFVL) indices in healthy horses and in horses suffering from mild and moderate to severe recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) were measured. In addition, the ability of these indices to differentiate healthy controls from horses with mild RAO by separating the horses according to their usage was investigated. The horses were assigned to three sporting categories: 1 Leisure horses; 2 Horses competing at events with a duration of more than five minutes (eventing, coaching and endurance); and 3 Horses competing at events with a duration of less than five minutes (dressage and show jumping). Flow‐volume curves were recorded with an ultrasonic spirometer and TBFVL indices were calculated with specially dedicated software. The sporting usage of the horses had a significant effect on the differentiating ability of TBFVL indices in diagnosing different degrees of RAO. The index TIF50 differentiated control horses from horses with minor RAO in all sporting categories.
Clinical evaluation of a nutraceutical, carprofen and meloxicam for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Moreau M. , Dupuis J. , Bonneau N. H. , Desnoyers M.
Published: October 2010

The efficacy, tolerance and ease of administration of a nutraceutical, carprofen or meloxicam were evaluated in a prospective, double‐blind study on 71 dogs with osteoarthritis. The client‐owned dogs were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments or to a placebo control group. The influence of osteoarthritis on the dogs' gait was described by comparing the ground reaction forces of the arthritic dogs and 10 normal dogs. Before the treatments began, and 30 and 60 days later, measurements were made of haematological and biochemical variables and of the ground reaction forces of the arthritic limb, and subjective assessments were made by the owners and by the orthopaedic surgeons. Changes in the ground reaction forces were specific to the arthritic joint, and were significantly improved by carprofen and meloxicam but not by the nutraceutical; the values returned to normal only with meloxicam. The orthopaedic surgeons assessed that there had been an improvement with carprofen and meloxicam, but the owners considered that there had been an improvement only with meloxicam. The blood and faecal analyses did not reveal any changes. The treatments were well tolerated, except for a case of hepatopathy in a dog treated with carprofen.
Clinical efficacy of flunixin, carprofen and ketoprofen as adjuncts to the antibacterial treatment of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Lockwood P. W. , Johnson J. C. , Katz T.L.
Published: October 2010

Three non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), flunixin, ketoprofen and carprofen, were used in conjunction with ceftiofur, in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease. Sixty‐six mixed‐breed beef cattle weighing on average 197 kg met the inclusion criteria of pyrexia of at least 40°C, an illness score indicating at least moderate illness and at least moderate dyspnoea. They were allocated randomly to four treatment groups. All the groups received ceftiofur for three days at a dose rate of 1.1 mg/kg by intramuscular injection, and three groups received, in addition, a single dose of either flunixin (2.2 mg/kg by intravenous injection) or ketoprofen (3 mg/kg by intravenous injection) or carprofen (1.4 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection). During the first 24 hours of the study, the pyrexia of the three groups treated with a NSAID was reduced significantly more than the pyrexia of the group treated with ceftiofur alone, and two and four hours after treatment the reduction in pyrexia was significantly greater in the groups treated with flunixin and ketoprofen than in the group treated with carprofen. There were no statistically significant differences between the four groups with respect to depression, illness scores, dyspnoea or coughing. There was less lung consolidation in the three groups treated with a NSAID than in the animals treated with ceftiofur alone, but the difference was significant only in the group treated with flunixin.
Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs
Authors: Wolfe A. , Wright I. P.
Published: October 2010

Toxocariasis in man is traditionally thought to be contracted through the ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil. The disease may manifest itself in different syndromes such as ocular larval migrans, visceral larval migrans and covert toxocariasis. This paper assesses the evidence for the soil contamination hypothesis and proposes that direct contact with dogs may provide a better explanation of the epidemiology of the disease. Hair was collected from 60 dogs from various places in Ireland and the UK and examined for the presence ofToxocara canis eggs.T canis eggswere found in the hair of 25 per cent of the dogs; in total, 71 eggs were recovered, of which 4.2 per cent were embryonated and 23.9 per cent were embryonating. The maximum densities of the embryonating and embryonated eggs were 180 and 20 eggs per gram of hair, respectively, much higher than the densities reported for soil samples. It is suggested that dogs infected with Tcanis may infect people by direct contact.
Use of simulated clients in training veterinary undergraduates in communication skills
Authors: Radford A. D. , Stockley P. , Taylor I. R. , Turner R. , Gaskell C. J. , Kaney S. , Humphris G. , Magrath C.
Published: October 2010

A course in communication skills has been developed specifically for veterinary students, based on those delivered at many medical schools, and making extensive use of professional actors as simulated clients. Its aim is to raise awareness of the importance of communication among veterinary undergraduates at all stages of the curriculum, and it allows them to role‐play in acted‐out scenarios. Facilitated small groups provide an environment in which students can receive feedback on their own performance and also give feedback to their colleagues. An independent evaluation suggests that the opportunity to role‐play increased the students' confidence in communicating with others. They were able to identify their personal strengths as communicators and gain insights into the aspects of communication they could improve. Feedback and subsequent discussions were highly valued, with the actors playing a crucial role in providing feedback from the client's perspective. Students were able to use the knowledge they acquired when consulting with real clients. Most of the students suggested that the course should continue in its current format, but with more time provided for it in the curriculum.
Encephalitozoon cuniculiin pet rabbits
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown F. M. , Holloway H. K. R.
Published: October 2010

The results of a serological test forEncephalitozoon cuniculiin 125 pet rabbits are reviewed, together with follow‐up studies of clinical cases. Blood samples were taken from 38 asymptomatic rabbits and 87 rabbits showing neurological, renal or ocular signs suggestive of encephalitozoonosis. In the asymptomatic group, six of 26 (23 per cent) apparently healthy rabbits, sampled as part of a health screen, were seropositive; of the remaining 12 asymptomatic rabbits, sampled because they lived with seropositive companions, eight (66 per cent) were seropositive. Fifty‐eight of the rabbits with clinical disease showed neurological signs, including head tilt, seizures, ataxia and swaying; three of them also showed renal signs and two showed ocular signs, and these five rabbits were all seropositive. Head tilt was the most common neurological sign in 21 of 23 (91 per cent) of the seropositive cases. All nine rabbits with ocular lesions were seropositive. In follow‐up studies of clinical cases, the rabbits showed variable responses to treatment with albendazole, fenbendazole, antibiotics or corticosteroids, and some cases recovered without treatment.
Randomised, double‐blind, placebocontrolled parallel group study of P54FP for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Innes J. F. , Fuller C. J. , Grover E. R. , Kelly A. L. , Burn J. F.
Published: October 2010

P54FP is an extract of Indian and Javanese turmeric,Curcuma domesticaandCurcuma xanthorrhizarespectively, which contains a mixture of active ingredients including curcuminoids and essential oils. A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel group clinical trial of P54FP as a treatment for osteoarthritis of the canine elbow or hip was conducted to assess its efficacy and safety. Sixty‐one client‐owned dogs with osteoarthritis were recruited through first‐opinion practices and examined at a single centre. After a two‐week wash‐out period, they were randomly allocated to receive P54FP or a placebo orally twice daily for eight weeks, and were re‐examined after four, six and eight weeks of treatment. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed in terms of the peak vertical force (PVz) and vertical impulse of the affected limbs, as measured with a force platform, by clinical assessments of lameness and joint pain by the investigators, and overall assessments of the response to treatment by the investigators and the owners. The results from 25 P54FP‐treated dogs and 29 placebo‐treated dogs showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the Pvz of the affected limb. The investigators' overall assessment showed a statistically significant treatment effect in favour of P54FP (P=0.012), but the owners' assessment just failed to reach statistical significance (P=0.063). No serious adverse effects were recorded, but two P54FP‐treated dogs and four placebo‐treated dogs were withdrawn from the study because their condition deteriorated.
Airborne transmission of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus from Burnside Farm, Heddonon‐ the‐Wall, Northumberland, during the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gloster J. , Champion H. J. , Sørensen J. H. , Mikkelsen T. , Ryall D. B. , Astrup P. , Alexandersen S. , Donaldson A. I.
Published: October 2010

The results of a detailed assessment of the atmospheric conditions when foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) virus was released from Burnside Farm, Heddon‐on‐the‐Wall, Northumberland at the start of the 2001 epidemic in the UK are consistent with the hypothesis that the disease was spread to seven of the 12 farms in the immediate vicinity of the source by airborne virus, and airborne infection could not be ruled out for three other premises; the remaining two premises were unlikely to have been infected by airborne virus. The distances involved ranged from less than 1 km up to 9 km. One of the farms which was most probably infected by airborne virus from Burnside Farm was Prestwick Hall Farm, which is believed to have been key to the rapid spread of the disease throughout the country. In contrast, the results of detailed atmospheric modelling, based on a combination of clinical evidence from the field and laboratory experiments have shown that by assuming a relationship between the 24‐hour average virus concentrations and subsequent infection, threshold infection levels were seldom reached at the farms close to Burnside Farm. However, significant short‐term fluctuations in the concentration of virus can occur, and short‐lived high concentrations may have increased the probability of infection and explain this discrepancy.
Preliminary study of joint disease in poultry by the analysis of synovial fluid
Authors: Corr S. A. , Maxwell M. , Gentle M. J. , Bennett D.
Published: October 2010

Samples of synovial fluid and synovial membrane were obtained from the hock joints of several groups of broilers, including lame birds and two strains of broilers raised on different feeding regimens and given different drug treatments (carprofen or placebo). There were more significant differences between the groups on the basis of the analysis of the synovial fluid samples than the synovial membrane samples. Experimental birds fed ad libitum had the highest median red blood cell counts and median ghost cell counts of all of the groups, but there were no differences between the groups in the thickness of the synovial lining cell layer or the degree of cellular infiltrate in the synovial membrane. The synovial fluid from the broilers and lame birds fed ad libitum was more turbid, suggestive of intra‐articular pathology, and the large numbers of heterophils in samples from the lame birds indicated an inflammatory arthropathy. The birds fed ad libitum which were treated with carprofen had more cells in the synovial fluid than the birds given the placebo. A large number of the samples of synovial fluid from the ad libitum‐fed broilers contained blood.
Evaluation of a dot ELISA kit for measuring immunoglobulin M antibodies to canine parvovirus and distemper virus
Authors: Waner T. , Mazar S. , Nachmias E. , Keren‐Kornblatt E. , Harrus S.
Published: October 2010

A dot ELISA for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (cpv) was assessed. The titres of IgM antibodies to CDV and cPv in 100 dogs were measured by the Immunocomb ELISA kit and compared with the results derived from the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). There was a strong correlation between the results of the dot ELISA technique and the IFA (P<0.001). The dot ELISA kit was also used to assess the changes in the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to cpv and CDv in 10 puppies vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine. High levels of IgM antibodies to cpv were first detected seven days after they were vaccinated, and after nine days all the pups had high titres of IgG antibodies to cpv. High levels of IgM antibodies to CDV were detected after nine days and the highest average titres were recorded after 12 days. IgG antibodies to CDV were present from nine days after vaccination.
Effects of anaesthesia and manual restraint on the plasma concentrations of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones in ferrets
Authors: Schoemaker N. J. , Mol J. A. , Lumeij J. T. , Thijssen J. H. H. , Rijnberk A.
Published: October 2010

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of sampling techniques on the plasma concentrations of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). In the first experiment blood was collected on two occasions from 29 ferrets which were either manually restrained or anaesthetised with isoflurane. In the second experiment eight intact ferrets were fitted with jugular catheters and blood was collected on four occasions, just before and as soon as possible after they had been manually restrained or anaesthetised with medetomidine or isoflurane; blood was also collected 10 and 30 minutes after the induction of anaesthesia. Medetomidine anaesthesia had no effect on the plasma concentrations of pituitary and adrenocortical hormones. Isoflurane anaesthesia resulted in a significant increase in the plasma concentration of alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) directly after the induction of anaesthesia. Manual restraint resulted in a significant increase in the plasma concentrations of cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (Acm) and a decrease in the plasma concentration of α‐MSH.
Field study of the efficacy of three types of nose net for the treatment of headshaking in horses
Authors: Mills D. S. , Taylor K.
Published: October 2010

Thirty‐six owners of seasonally headshaking horses took part in a trial to compare the effectiveness of three types of nose net, a traditional cylindrical net (full net) and two forms of larger mesh nets which cover only the nostrils and dorsorostral muzzle (half nets). Baseline data relating to the overall severity of the problem and 18 specific behaviours describing the nature of the problem were recorded on a check sheet by the owners. A within‐subjects repeated measures design experiment, with each net used for a week before reassessment, was then used to assess the effect of the nets on the headshaking problem. Approximately 75 per cent of owners reported some overall improvement with each net; around 60 per cent recorded a 50 per cent or greater improvement and 30 per cent a 70 per cent or greater improvement. The nets significantly reduced the overall headshaking score and the following specific behaviours: up‐and‐down headshaking, nose flipping, acting as if a bee had flown up the nose, shaking at exercise, shaking when excited, shaking in bright sunlight or in windy conditions (P<0.0001), striking at the face, shaking at night, rubbing the nose when moving, rubbing the nose on objects, sneezing, shaking in the rain and shaking indoors (P<0.05). There was no evidence of a significant effect on side‐to‐side headshaking, shaking at rest or rubbing the nose when stationary, but the effect on snorting was uncertain. There were few significant differences between the nets, but the half nets were reported to be significantly better at controlling ‘bee up the nose’ behaviour. Horses more than 10 years old were reportedly less likely to show a 50 per cent or greater improvement in ‘nose flipping’ and ‘headshaking at exercise’.
Diagnosis of canine parvovirus by rapid immunomigration on a membrane
Authors: Lacheretz A. , Laperrousaz C. , Kodjo A. , Brajon N. , Crevat D. , Guillossou S.
Published: October 2010

Rapid immunomigration on a membrane was applied to the diagnosis of canine parvovirus (CPV) in 128 samples of faeces containing four strains of parvovirus (two CPV‐2a strains, itncluding one vaccine strain, and two CPV‐2b strains). The results were compared with the results of haemagglutination and ELISA sandwich techniques. The new test was quick and easy to use, and made it possible to identify both the CPV‐2a and CPV‐2b strains. Its detection thresholds per gram of faeces corresponded to specific haemagglutination titres of between 320 and 640 and a virus titre of between 104and 105CCID50(dose required to infect 50 per cent of cell cultures).
Aid to the antemortem diagnosis of Fell pony foal syndrome by the analysis of B lymphocytes
Authors: Thomas G. W. , Bell S. C. , Phythian C. , Taylor P. , Knottenbelt D. C. , Carter S. D.
Published: October 2010

Fell pony foals are affected by a congenital fatal immunodeficiency that commonly leads to anaemia and lymphopenia. Previous work has shown that the foals' circulating subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes are unaffected. In this study it was shown that the mean population of B lymphocytes in 10 affected foals was less than 10 per cent of that in normal foals.
Immunohistochemical study of the expression of E‐cadherin in canine mammary tumours
Authors: Reis A. L. , Carvalheira J. , Schmitt F. C. , Gärtner F.
Published: October 2010

To investigate the possible role of E‐cadherin in canine mammary tumours 20 benign and 40 malignant tumours were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in formalin‐fixed paraffin wax‐embedded samples. In all the benign tumours, E‐cadherin was strongly expressed at the intercellular borders of epithelial cells, but it was less strongly expressed in 17 (43 per cent) of the malignant tumours. Furthermore, poorly differentiated carcinomas were less immunoreactive for E‐cadherin than moderately and well differentiated carcinomas.
Use of participatory epidemiology in studies of the persistence of lineage 2 rinderpest virus in East Africa
Authors: Mariner J. C. , Roeder P. L.
Published: October 2010

In 1994, rinderpest virus of African lineage 2 was detected in East Africa after an apparent absence of more than 30 years. In 1996, a disease search, based on participatory epidemiological techniques supplemented by serological and virological analyses, was undertaken in southern Somalia and northeastern Kenya to collate past and current epidemiological information about rinderpest‐compatible disease events, and to test the hypothesis that African lineage 2 rinderpest virus persists in populations of transhumant cattle in the Somali ethnic areas. The findings in Afmadu in Lower Juba led the search for rinderpest to the communities in the Bardera area and then on to the Kenya/Somalia border areas between Mandera and El Wak. The herders had a specific knowledge of the clinical signs of rinderpest and provided detailed and accurate descriptions of cases. They differentiated between classical acute rinderpest and a milder syndrome characterised by an ocular discharge and diarrhoea, few oral lesions, corneal opacity and occasional mortality. The studies provided evidence for the endemic occurrence of rinderpest back to at least 1981, with a periodicity of five years in the incidence of the disease. After a period of high mortality in 1992 to 1993, around Afmadu, herders reported a mild disease, with occasional increases in mortality, from other areas of Lower Juba and the Gedo Region. Reports by herders of a rinderpest‐compatible disease in the El Wak area were pursued until active cases were located and rinderpest was confirmed.
Multifocal eosinophilic enteritis associated with a small intestinal obstruction in a standardbred horse
Authors: Swain J. M. , Licka T. , Rhind S. M. , Hudson N. P. H.
Published: October 2010

A seven‐year‐old standardbred gelding developed marked signs of colic associated with an acute small intestinal obstruction. Surgical exploration revealed three intramural, circumferential constricting lesions in the small intestine, the two most severe of which were in the jejunum and were resected. The horse was euthanased owing to postoperative complications. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic multifocal eosinophilic enteritis.
Control of cutaneous mycosis in five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with lufenuron
Authors: Dubuis E. , Lucas D.
Published: October 2010

Five chimpanzees at the Limbe Wildlife Centre in Cameroon, of both sexes and between six and eight years of age, were treated with lufenuron at a dose rate of 60 mg/kg bodyweight to control various types of mycotic skin infections. The 409.8 mg tablets were administered by mixing them with milk and avocado. Each animal received two or three treatments three weeks apart. Most of them improved significantly during the two to three weeks after the first treatment, and they had completely recovered two to four months later. All the chimpanzees accepted the medication readily, and no adverse drug reactions were observed either immediately after the treatment or during the subsequent eight to 10 months.
Systemic uptake of buprenorphine by cats after oral mucosal administration
Authors: Robertson S. A. , Taylor P. M. , Sear J. W.
Published: October 2010

The plasma concentration of buprenorphine was measured by radioimmunoassay in six female cats after the administration of 0.01 mg/kg (0.033 ml/kg) buprenorphine hydrochloride solution into the side of the cat's mouth. Blood samples were taken through a preplaced jugular catheter before and one, two, four, six, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes, and two, four, six, 12 and 24 hours after the dose was administered. The buprenorphine was accepted well by all the cats and did not cause salivation or vomiting. Its median peak plasma concentration was 7.5 ng/ml and was reached after 15 minutes. The pharmacokinetic data were similar to the pharmacokinetic data obtained after the intramuscular and intravenous administration of buprenorphine to cats from the same colony, suggesting that the mucosal route of administration should be as effective as intravenous and intramuscular injections. In addition, the pH of the oral cavity of 26 cats was measured with pH paper, and 100 cat owners were asked their preferred method of administering drugs to cats. The pH of the cats' mouths was between 8 and 9, and the technique preferred by the cat owners was the use of drops placed in the mouth.
Review of the properties and mechanisms of action of cyclosporine with an emphasis on dermatological therapy in dogs, cats and people
Authors: Robson D.
Published: October 2010

Cyclosporine is being increasingly used in veterinary medicine. It is a potent suppressor of T cell induction and proliferation, and has a wide variety of anti‐inflammatory and antiproliferative effects, downregulating efects on antigen presentation, and variable effects on parasites. This paper reviews its properties and mechanisms of action with particular reference to its use in the treatment of dermatological conditions in dogs, cats and people.
Value of measurements of the serum activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase for predicting whether recumbent dairy cows will recover
Authors: Shpigel N. Y. , Avidar Y. , Bogin E.
Published: October 2010

Over a period of seven years, 262 recumbent dairy cows were investigated, and serum samples were analysed for creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AsT) activities. The results from cows for which all three measurements were available, were analysed statistically by the non‐parametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method, to evaluate the value of the serum enzyme activities for predicting a failure to recover. The sensitivity and specificity of the activity levels were calculated over all cut‐off points, and ROC curves were created by plotting sensitivity as a function of 1 ‐ specificity at each cut‐off point for samples grouped by the interval after the cows became recumbent. The predictive values of the tests were compared by calculating the areas under the curves, and the positive and negative predictive values of the tests were calculated and plotted against the prevalence of a failure to recover. The results from each of the enzymes were significantly better than from a random test with no discriminatory ability. The optimal cut‐off points maximising the sensitivity and specificity of the tests were 2330, 2225 and 171 U/litre for CPK, LDH and AST, respectively. The predictive value of AST was significantly better than that of CPK or LDH, and measures made on the second and third day of recumbency were significantly better with optimal cut‐off points of 128 and 189 U/litre, respectively.
Salivary and serum immunoglobulin levels in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis
Authors: Harley R. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. , Day M. J.
Published: October 2010

The salivary and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, M and A (IgG, IgM and IgA), and the salivary concentrations of albumin were measured by ELISA in 30 cats with chronic gingivostomatitis and 32 healthy cats. The cats with chronic gingivostomatitis had significantly higher salivary concentrations of IgG, IgM and albumin, and higher serum concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA, but significantly lower salivary concentrations of IgA than the healthy cats. The cats with chronic gingivostomatitis were treated with either methylprednisolone, sodium aurothiomalate, metronidazole and spiramycin, or oral hygiene products. After three months of treatment, the cats receiving methylprednisolone had a significant reduction in serum IgG levels compared to the cats treated with sodium aurothiomalate or metronidazole and spiramycin, but after six months of treatment there were no significant differences between the groups. Before the treatments, the levels of oral inflammation were not correlated significantly with any of the serum or salivary immunoglobulin levels. However, the changes in oral inflammation were correlated significantly with the changes in the salivary IgM concentration after three and six months of treatment, and with the change in the salivary IgA concentration after six months of treatment.
Morphological, histological and histochemical studies of the gonads of ovine freemartins
Authors: Smith K. C. , Parkinson T. J. , Pearson G. R. , Sylvester L. , Long S. E.
Published: October 2010

Freemartins are XX/XY chimaeras that develop as a result of the fusion of the placental circulation of at least one male and one female fetus. Of 19 freemartin ewes, 13 had testis‐like structures, seven of them in an abdominal position and six in an inguinal position. Histologically, their gonads had structures resembling seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells, and grossly, most had structures derived from the mesonephric ducts (vasa deferentia, epididymides and vesicular glands). The other six freemartin ewes had small, undifferentiated gonads that lacked either follicles or seminiferous tubule‐like structures. They also lacked any structures derived from the mesonephric ducts. No derivatives of the paramesonephric ducts were detectable in any of the freemartin ewes. The gonads of the male‐type freemartins stained immunocytochemically for 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and histochemically for alkaline phosphatase (AP) in a similar way to, but more extensively and intensely than, the gonads of normal rams, and the staining was confined to interstitial cell‐like structures. The staining in the undifferentiated‐type freemartins was weak, but both 3β‐HSD and AP were present in unidentified cell types.
Percutaneous puncture technique for treating persistent retropharyngeal lymph node infections in seven horses
Authors: De Clercq D. , van Loon G. , Nollet H. , Delesalle C. , Lefère L. , Deprez P.
Published: October 2010

Between 1999 and 2001, seven horses with fever, dysphagia and a history of chronic upper respiratory tract infection lasting between three weeks and three months were examined. They had been treated unsuccessfully with a variety of antibiotics for three to four weeks. A deep abscess in a retropharyngeal lymph node was diagnosed in each case by clinical examination, endoscopy and echographic examination of the retropharyngeal region. The infected retropharyngeal lymph node of each horse was punctured with a spinal needle under ultrasound guidance. Pus was aspirated from four of the horses, and their abscesses were then rinsed with 0‐9 per cent saline solution, and antibiotics (sodium ceftiofur or penicillin) were injected. In the other three horses the pus was too viscous to be aspirated, and the enlarged lymph node was opened along the tract of the needle and rinsed with chlorhexidine. All the horses were treated with penicillin for two weeks and in six of them the clinical signs gradually disappeared. The other horse continued to show fever and the penicillin treatment was continued for another 10 days, after which the signs gradually disappeared over a period of two months.