bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evapotranspiration Retrieval Using S-SEBI Model with Landsat-8 Split-Window Land Surface Temperature Products over Two European Agricultural Crops
Authors: Garcia-Santos Vicente , Niclòs Raquel , Valor Enric
Published: June 2022

Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is a key variable within the global hydrological cycle to account for the irrigation scheduling, water budgeting, and planning of the water resources associated with irrigation in croplands. Remote sensing techniques provide geophysical information at a large spatial scale and over a relatively long time series, and even make possible the retrieval of ET at high spatiotemporal resolutions. The present short study analyzed the daily ET maps generated with the S-SEBI model, adapted to Landsat-8 retrieved land surface temperatures and broadband albedos, at two different crop sites for two consecutive years (2017–2018). Maps of land surface temperatures were determined using Landsat-8 Collection 2 data, after applying the split-window (SW) algorithm proposed for the operational SW product, which will be implemented in the future Collection 3. Preliminary results showed a good agreement with ground reference data for the main surface energy balance fluxes Rn and LE, and for daily ET values, with RMSEs around 50 W/m2 and 0.9 mm/d, respectively, and high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.72–0.91). The acceptable uncertainties observed when comparing with local ground data were reaffirmed after the regional (spatial resolution of 9 km) comparison with reanalysis data obtained from ERA5-Land model, showing a StDev of 0.9 mm/d, RMSE = 1.1 mm/d, MAE = 0.9 mm/d, and MBE = −0.3 mm/d. This short communication tries to show some preliminary findings in the framework of the ongoing Tool4Extreme research project, in which one of the main objectives is the understanding and characterization of the hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean region, since it is key to improve the management of water resources in the context of climate change effects.
Triple Collocation Analysis of Satellite Precipitation Estimates over Australia
Authors: Wild Ashley , Chua Zhi-Weng , Kuleshov Yuriy
Published: June 2022

The validation of precipitation estimates is necessary for the selection of the most appropriate dataset, as well as for having confidence in its selection. Traditional validation against gauges or radars is much less effective when the quality of these references (which are considered the ‘truth’) degrades, such as in areas of poor coverage. In scenarios like this where the ‘truth’ is unreliable or unknown, triple collocation analysis (TCA) facilitates a relative ranking of independent datasets based on their similarity to each other. TCA has been successfully employed for precipitation error estimation in earlier studies, but a thorough evaluation of its effectiveness over Australia has not been completed before. This study assesses the use of TCA for precipitation verification over Australia using satellite datasets in combination with reanalysis data (ERA5) and rain gauge data (AGCD) on a monthly timescale from 2001 to 2020. Both the additive and multiplicative models for TCA are evaluated. These results are compared against the traditional verification method using gauge data and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) as references. AGCD (KGE = 0.861), CMORPH-BLD (0.835), CHIRPS (0.743), and GSMaP (0.708) were respectively found to have the highest KGE when compared to MSWEP. The ranking of the datasets, as well as the relative difference in performance amongst the datasets as derived from TCA, can largely be reconciled with the traditional verification methods, illustrating that TCA is a valid verification method for precipitation over Australia. Additionally, the additive model was less prone to outliers and provided a spatial pattern that was more consistent with the traditional methods.
Two-Stage Hybrid Model for Efficiency Prediction of Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Liu Yi , Xia Zhaoshun , Deng Hongying , Zheng Shuihua
Published: June 2022

Accurately predict the efficiency of centrifugal pumps at different rotational speeds is important but still intractable in practice. To enhance the prediction performance, this work proposes a hybrid modeling method by combining both the process data and knowledge of centrifugal pumps. First, according to the process knowledge of centrifugal pumps, the efficiency curve is divided into two stages. Then, the affinity law of pumps and a Gaussian process regression (GPR) model are explored and utilized to predict the efficiency at their suitable flow stages, respectively. Furthermore, a probability index is established through the prediction variance of a GPR model and Bayesian inference to select a suitable training set to improve the prediction accuracy. Experimental results show the superiority of the hybrid modeling method, compared with only using mechanism or data-driven models.
Identifying A(s) and β(s) in Single-Loop Feedback Circuits Using the Intermediate Transfer Function Approach
Authors: Roberts Gordon Walter
Published: June 2022

It is common practice to model the input–output behavior of a single-loop feedback circuit using the two parameters, A and β. Such an approach was first proposed by Black to explain the advantages and disadvantages of negative feedback. Extensive theories of system behavior (e.g., stability, impedance control) have since been developed by mathematicians and/or control engineers centered around these two parameters. Circuit engineers rely on these insights to optimize the dynamic behavior of their circuits. Unfortunately, no method exists for uniquely identifying A or β in terms of the components of the circuit. Rather, indirect methods, such as the injection method of Middlebrook or the break-the-loop approach proposed by Rosenstark, compute the return ratio RR of the feedback loop and inferred the parameters A and β. While one often assumes that the zeros of (1 + RR) are equal to the zeros of (1 + A × β), i.e., the closed-loop poles are equivalent, this is not true in general. It is the objective of this paper to present an exact method to uniquely identify each feedback parameter, A or β, in terms of the circuit components. Further, this paper will identify the circuit conditions for which the product of A × β leads to the correct closed-loop poles.
Investigating Factors Affecting Stability of Volcanic Ash Soil Aggregates under Heat
Authors: Sekiguchi Rando , Saito Hirotaka , Tanaka Haruo , Kohgo Yuji
Published: June 2022

Volcanic ash soil aggregates can be disaggregated using heat under wet conditions. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the disaggregation of volcanic ash soil aggregates in a field with organic cattle manure (M plot) and a field with chemical fertilizer (F plot) that were exposed to heat. The two-step wet sieving method, in which aggregates were sieved twice at different water temperatures for different times, was used to investigate the disaggregation caused by heat. It was found that increasing the temperature during the second sieve was more effective in disaggregating aggregates than extending the second-step sieve time. When the water temperature was increased to 80 °C, macroaggregates became more vulnerable, especially those in the F plot. The total carbon (TC) remaining in the soil aggregates was also measured after sieving. Although the TC content in aggregates decreased after sieving, there was only a minor relationship between decreasing TC content and the degree of disaggregation. This suggests that aggregates were not disaggregated by eluting binding agents containing carbon contents, but by partial breakage of the binding agent and/or the peeling of particles with binding agents from the aggregates.
The Lure and Limits of Smart Cars: Visual Analysis of Gender and Diversity in Car Branding
Authors: Christensen Hilda Rømer , Nexø Louise Anker , Pedersen Stine , Breengaard Michala Hvidt
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Currently Europe regards itself as a leader in the global race towards smart automated transport. According to ERTRAC, European Road Transport Research Advisory Council, automated driving innovation is motivated by technological advancements as well as “social goals of equality”. This article analyzes to what extent such dimensions of gender and diversity have become visible in smart car advertisements and how they correspond with the notion of Gender-Smart Mobility, which signifies equal and accessible transport solutions. Methods: Guided by theoretical notions of gender scripts and discourse analysis, this article addresses how perspectives of smart technology, gender, and class are carved out and handled in YouTube videos applied as marketing tools. Using visual analysis as a method, videos from well-known car producers such as BMW and Volvo are scrutinized. The visual analysis includes a presentation of the car company, descriptions of the most relevant YouTube videos, and discussion of the findings. Results: The visual analysis of the Volvo and BMW YouTube videos points to the lack of inclusiveness. There continues to be a prevalent reproduction of gendered stereotypes in the videos, not least in the notion of ‘hyper masculinity’ storytelling by BMW and how leaders (be they women or men) look, i.e., middle-class people. Volvo, on the other hand, has maintained its focus on female professionals in parallel with the introduction of new and energy-saving cars. Yet, a rather one-sided presentation of a professional business-woman is depicted as a replication of the businessman. Conclusion: In the final section, it is assessed how the visual branding complies with the notion of Gender-Smart Mobility, a concept that was developed in the EU Horizon 2020 project TInnGO. The two brands meet the Gender-Smart Mobility indicator, but only to some degree. None of the companies are fully inclusive, and it is difficult to label them as gender-smart and sustainable despite their ambitions of feeding into the green transition.
Assessing the Effectiveness of the Actuaries Climate Index for Estimating the Impact of Extreme Weather on Crop Yield and Insurance Applications
Authors: Pan Qimeng , Porth Lysa , Li Hong
Published: June 2022

This paper investigates the effectiveness of the Actuaries Climate Index (ACI), a climate index jointly launched by multiple actuarial societies in North America in 2016, on predicting crop yields and (re)insurance ratemaking. The ACI is created using a variety of climate variables reflecting extreme weather conditions in 12 subregions in the US and Canada. Using data from eight Midwestern states in the US, we find that the ACI has significant predictive power for crop yields. Moreover, allowing the constituting variables of the ACI to have data-driven rather than pre-determined weights could further improve the predictive accuracy. Furthermore, we create the county-level ACI index using high-resolution climate data and investigate its predictive power on county-level corn yields, which are more relevant to insurance practices. We find that although the self-constructed ACI index leads to a slightly worse fit due to noisier county-specific yield data, the predictive results are still reasonable. Our findings suggest that the ACI index is promising for crop yield forecasting and (re)insurance ratemaking, and its effectiveness could be further improved by allowing for the data-driven weights of the constituting variables and could be created at higher resolution levels.
Finite Element Modeling Approaches, Experimentally Assessed, for the Simulation of Guided Wave Propagation in Composites
Authors: De Luca Alessandro , Perfetto Donato , Polverino Antonio , Aversano Antonio , Caputo Francesco
Published: June 2022

Today, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems based on guided wave (GW) propagation represent an effective methodology for understating the structural integrity of primary and secondary structures, also made of composite materials. However, the sensitivity to damage detection promoted by these systems can be altered by such factors as the geometry of the monitored parts, as well as the environmental and operational conditions (EOCs). Experimental investigations are fundamental but require a long time period and are costly, especially for tests in real-life scenarios. Experimentally validated simulations can help designers to improve SHM effectiveness due to the possibility of further broadening study on the different geometries, load cases, and material types with less effort. From this point of view, this paper presents two finite element (FE) modeling approaches for the simulation of GW propagation in composite panels. The case study consists of a flat and a curved composite panel. The two approaches herein investigated are based on implicit and explicit finite element analysis (FEA) formulations. The comparison of the predicted measures against the experimental dataset allowed the assessment of the levels of accuracy provided by both modeling approaches with respect to the dispersion curves. Furthermore, to assess the different curvature sensitivities of the proposed numerical and experimental approaches, the extracted dispersion curves for both flat and curved panels were compared.
Profiles of Mathematics Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Stress and Their Association with Dialogic Instruction
Authors: Hwang Sunghwan
Published: June 2022

High-quality mathematics instruction is a primary element for quality education and the sustainable development of society. Some studies have highlighted the critical role of teacher job satisfaction and stress on their instruction. However, limited research has focused on the combinational influence of job satisfaction and stress on mathematics teachers’ dialogic instruction. This study aims to examine their combinational influence on mathematic teachers’ dialogic instruction using latent profile analysis and draws three conclusions. First, this study found three profiles: high job satisfaction and very low stress, very low job satisfaction and high stress, and moderately high job satisfaction and slightly high stress. Second, latent profile membership was differentially related to self-efficacy and leadership support. Third, mathematics teachers with very low job satisfaction and high stress were less likely to implement dialogic instruction compared to teachers in other profiles. This study also provides implications based on these results.
Prisoners of Scale: Downscaling Community Resilience Measurements for Enhanced Use
Authors: Derakhshan Sahar , Blackwood Leah , Habets Margot , Effgen Julia F. , Cutter Susan L.
Published: June 2022

As improved data availability and disaster resilience knowledge help progress community resilience quantification schemes, spatial refinements of the associated empirical methods become increasingly crucial. Most existing empirically based indicators in the U.S. use county-level data, while qualitatively based schemes are more locally focused. The process of replicating resilience indices at a sub-county level includes a comprehensive study of existing databases, an evaluation of their conceptual relevance in the framework of resilience capitals, and finally, an analysis of the statistical significance and internal consistency of the developed metrics. Using the U.S. Gulf Coast region as a test case, this paper demonstrates the construction of a census tract-level resilience index based on BRIC (Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities), called TBRIC. The final TBRIC construct gathers 65 variables into six resilience capitals: social, economic, community, institutional, infrastructural, and environmental. The statistical results of tract- and county-level BRIC comparisons highlight levels of divergence and convergence between the two measurement schemes and find higher reliability for the fine-scale results.
Shore Power Deployment Problem—A Case Study of a Chinese Container Shipping Network
Authors: Qi Jingwen , Wang Hans , Zheng Jianfeng
Published: June 2022

Shipping emissions, especially those in port areas, have become one of the main concerns of the maritime industry. Shore power has been recognized as a promising way to alleviate the problem. However, shore power has not been extensively adopted in China. Therefore, from the government’s point of view, this paper conducts a case study of the shore power deployment problem based on the real container shipping network of China, including the Port of Hong Kong. In addition to the basic case, we, also, conduct numerical experiments with different budgets, to analyze its influence on the optimal subsidy plan and cost–benefit analysis. The results give two useful managerial insights: (i) it might be unnecessary to spend a large amount of the budget on subsidization, and (ii) the subsidy expenditure needs to be considered together with the final bunker reduction, while creating the budget.
Design and Parametric Optimization of the High-Speed Pico Waterwheel for Rural Electrification of Pakistan
Authors: Asim Muhammad , Muhammad Shoaib , Amjad Muhammad , Abdullah Muhammad , Mujtaba M. A. , Kalam M. A. , Mousa Mohamed , Soudagar Manzoore Elahi M.
Published: June 2022

This research study presents an approach for analysis of pico hydro waterwheels by both experimental and numerical methods. The purpose of this research is to harness the energy efficiently from flowing water of irrigation channels and other shallow water sources in rural areas because the electrification of rural areas through connection to grid electricity is very costly. The novelty of this research work lies in testing of the waterwheel as a high-speed device, which is not usually explored. The review of existing literature reveals that pico waterwheels have been extensively studied but without changing the blade profile immersed in the water stream ot the inclination angle of the water stream. In this study, a pico scale waterwheel was tested with three different types of blade profiles, namely a C-shape blade, V-shape blade and straight blade, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for different tip speed ratios (TSR), varying the immersed depth of the blade in the stream and changing the angle of the water conduit while keeping the number of blades and the diameter of the wheel constant. The numerical and experimental results were validated for the C-shape blade profile. A substantial improvement in performance is observed with a C-shape blade profile at a TSR of 0.88. The results show that by varying the angle of the water conduit, the maximum performance is achieved at inclination φ = 45°, with an overall improvement of 4.87% in the efficiency.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamic and Structural Characteristics of Land Use/Cover Change Based on a Complex Network: A Case Study of the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration
Authors: Wang Zhao , Li Tao , Yang Shan , Zhong Daili
Published: June 2022

Due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization, urban agglomeration has become the area with the most drastic and concentrated land use change. The research on the evolution law and structural characteristics of urban agglomeration land use system is of great significance for the sustainable development. Taking the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration (MRYRUA) of China as the study area, we analyzed the phasic changes from 1980 to 2018 in land use/cover in the MRYRUA as well as the spatial differences between the three core regions. Furthermore, the transfer matrix of land use/cover change (LUCC) was converted to network, with land use types as nodes and conversion relationships between different land types as network connecting lines. Complex network indexes such as centrality, diffusion, and dominant flow were applied to identify the major changes in land use types, key change paths, and transformation patterns. The results show that: (1) in the past 40 years, the building land area in the MRYRUA has increased significantly, while the area of crop land and forest has, and still is, decreasing at an accelerated rate; (2) in terms of the scale, structure, and spatial distribution of land use transfer, there are distinct differences among the three core regions. The Wuhan metropolitan area has the largest intensity of land use transfer and the most drastic structural adjustment; (3) in all four periods, the land use transition network, crop land, and water bodies are the key land use types. Over time, the influence of building land and forest in the land use transition network has increased; and (4) the first transfer direction of each land use type was stable during different periods, such as the transfer of crop land to water bodies and building land, the transfer of water bodies to crop land, and the mutual transformations among crop land and forest, indicating a stable transfer pattern in the MRYRUA.
Research on the Realization Path of Railway Intelligent Construction Based on System Engineering
Authors: Wang You , Wang Ziwei , Ma Tingting , Li Guowei , Tie Huixia
Published: June 2022

The implementation of railway intelligent construction is the need of national strategic development and the demand of society. Based on the idea of system engineering, this paper proposes a three-dimensional railway intelligent construction system architecture composed of a full life cycle, management level and technical support. Based on this architecture, a “three-step” implementation path is proposed. Then, it analyzes the technology support framework required in the architecture based on Building Information Modeling (BIM), incorporating Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS), algorithmic prediction and machine learning technology, Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence technology, big data and cloud computing technology, and the application of railway intelligent construction system architecture is analyzed by taking a railway tunnel project in Zhejiang Province of China as an example. Finally, it discusses the problems that may be encountered in the implementation of railway intelligent construction and puts forward relevant suggestions. The results show that railway intelligent construction is an essential way. At present, China’s railway intelligent construction is still in the primary stage. The design organization should do a good job in the top-level design and accumulate sufficient data for the later stage. All parties in the middle stage of construction should do a good job in the induction and integration of information and accumulate sufficient experience. In this way, we can integrate into the advanced stage and give full play to the advantages of software and hardware integrated applications such as BIM, IoT, big data, cloud computing and intelligent devices so as to truly realize the intellectualization and modernization of railway construction.
An Enhanced Calculation Method of the Heat Rejection System of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine (FPSE) Operating on the Moon
Authors: Smirnov Sergey , Sinkevich Mikhail , Antipov Yuri , Tsarkov Igor , Kupreev Sergei , Khalife Hassan
Published: June 2022

In this paper, an enhanced calculation method of a heat rejection system operating on the moon is presented. This was taken into consideration in the developed calculation method and in the propagation of heat fluxes with the radiation of the removed heat. The developed method made it possible to effectively evaluate the capabilities of various refrigerants and choose the radiator parameters and the refrigerant flow regime in a less time-consuming process and with minimal deviations (<5%) compared to the previously developed two-dimensional radiator model by the authors. A comparative analysis was carried out for two refrigerants: helium and liquid ammonia. It has been established that when using liquid ammonia, there are more possibilities for varying the geometric parameters of the radiator. The use of liquid ammonia as a refrigerant made it possible to reduce the power spent on pumping the refrigerant through the radiator. Using helium, the power for pumping the refrigerant was NR= 5.1 W during a turbulent flow Re = 4500. On the other hand, the power for pumping liquid ammonia was NR= 0.27 W. In addition, using liquid ammonia increased the heat flux radiated by the radiator pipe by 3.9 times, which made it to possible to increase the fin width and reduce the length of the radiator pipe.
Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Microwave Heating Effect on Coal Seam Permeability Enhancement
Authors: Jebelli Ali , Mahabadi Arezoo , Ahmad Rafiq
Published: June 2022

In coal mining operations, coalbed methane is one of the potential hazards that must be extracted to prevent an explosion of the accumulated gas and environmental pollution. One of the mechanisms is using microwave irradiation so that the thermal stress caused by microwave heating generates fractures. In this research, we investigated the most important parameters affecting the electric and thermal fields’ distribution in coal in order to identify the effective parameters that achieve the highest temperature increase rate and to reach the highest impact and efficiency of the system with the least amount of consumed energy. In this paper, using Maxwell equations, heat transfer, mass transfer and coupling them by COMSOL, we have simulated the radiation of electromagnetic field and heat in the cavity and coal, and we have also shown the temperature dispersion inside the coal. The parameters studied included the amount of coal moisture (type of coal), operating frequency, input power and heating time, location of the waveguide, the size of the waveguide and the location of the coal, and finally the parameters were re-examined in a secondary standard cavity to separate the parameters related to the size of the environment and the cavity from the independent parameters. The results of this study show that the most effective parameter on the electric and thermal fields’ distribution within coal is the size of the resonance chamber. Additionally, the results show that the moisture of 5%, the highest input power and cutoff frequency close to the operating frequency cause the highest average temperature inside the coal, but many parameters such as operating frequency, waveguide location and coal location should be selected depending on the chamber size.
Current and Future Trends in Environmental Electrochemistry for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Frontistis Zacharias
Published: June 2022

In recent years, the demand for high-quality water has constantly been increasing, while at the same time, the legislations regarding wastewater reuse are becoming stricter [...]
Load Frequency Control of Microgrid System by Battery and Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage
Authors: Coban Hasan Huseyin , Rehman Aysha , Mousa Mohamed
Published: June 2022

Energy security is one of the main factors in the development and diffusion of microgrid applications. In networks operating without storage, the operation of their systems is greatly affected by sudden load demand and intermittent generation fluctuations. The main purposes of using energy storage systems in microgrids are stabilizing the intermittent generation of renewable energy sources locally, to ensure that energy production matches energy demands, participating in the frequency regulation process, maintaining the energy balance between generation and demand in renewable energy microgrids, and increasing energy reliability. This study investigates the frequency and power balance of an isolated microgrid system, by including storage systems (battery and pump-hydro). Realistic data for wind and solar sources are used for the optimal tuning of the proportional-integral controller, using the integral of the absolute error criterion multiplied by time, with a Quasi-Newton method. Simulation studies have been carried out, to investigate the performance of the microgrid system, by including the hydroelectric power plant system with pump storage for 24 h, under various operating conditions. The results reveal that by including the storage units in the system, it exhibits a more consistent and smooth dynamic performance, using renewable energy efficiently.
Analysis of the Effect of Sludge Reduction and Energy Production from Introducing Anaerobic Digest Plant into a Sewage Treatment Plant
Authors: Kim Dowan , Phae Chaegun
Published: June 2022

As the amount of sewage sludge (SS) is increasing worldwide, anaerobic digesters (ADP) are being distributed to reduce it and treat it in an environmentally friendly way. In Korea, 20 years have passed since the introduction of ADP, but the number of sewage treatment plants (STP) installed with ADP is only about 10% of the total STP. Accordingly, problems and improvements were examined through material flow analysis targeting STP, and the effect of introducing anaerobic digestion (AD) was analyzed as a way to solve them. As a result of the analysis, the amount of SS generated by the STP (SS-ADP + Co-ADP) installed and operated by an AD was 0.54 kg/m3, and the facility without it was 0.77 kg/m3, showing a reduction effect of about 31%. The SS reduction effect of the facility that only used SS-AD was found to be reduced by 21–24% TOE (Ton Of Equivalent))/day, which has the effect of reducing 794,867 kg-CO2/day of greenhouse gas. In terms of energy efficiency, Co-AD was 86% higher than SS-AD, and biogas production yield was 90% higher than that of SS-AD. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce Co-AD into STP in terms of reducing SS, energy production, and greenhouse gas reduction.
An Advanced PMF Model Based on Degradation Process for Pollutant Apportionment in Coastal Areas
Authors: Li Pu , Chen Xiayu , Niu Haibo , Lu Zhenhua , Zhang Zekun , Lin Ge , Yuan Ke
Published: June 2022

With increasing stress posed to the marine ecosystem and coastal communities, prevention and control of coastal pollution becomes urgent and important, in which the identification of pollution sources is essential. Currently, the pollutant source apportionment in coastal areas is mainly based on receptor models, such as the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. Nevertheless, these models still lack consideration of the changes of pollutant behaviors (e.g., the degradation of pollutants) which cause the differences in pollutant compositions. Subsequently, the source apportionment via receptor models only based on the monitoring data may not be consistent with the one in pollution sources. To fill this gap, a pollutant degradation model was firstly developed in this study. Accordingly, the degradation model was inversed to estimate the pollutant concentrations at their emitting sources, based on the monitoring concentration in the coastal area. Finally, the estimated concentrations were fed to the PMF model for pollutant source apportionment, advancing the PMF model with degradation process. To demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed model, a case study of source appointment was carried out based on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Pearl River Estuary. The results indicated the same types of emission source identified by the original and advanced PMF models, which were oil spill, biomass and coal combustion, and traffic emission. Nevertheless, the contributions of sources were significantly varied between the two models. According to the analyses based on emission inventory, the offsets of the results from the original PMF model were −55.4%, 22.7%, and 42.2% for the emission sources of oil spill, biomass and coal combustion, and traffic emission, respectively. Comparatively, the offsets for the advanced PMF model narrowed down to −27.5%, 18.4%, and −4.4%. Therefore, the advanced PMF model is able to provide satisfactory source apportionment for organic pollutants in coastal areas, and thus further provide a scientific basis for marine pollution prevention and control.
National-Scale Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Two Native Freshwater Fish Using a Habitat Suitability Model
Authors: Shim Taeyong , Kim Zhonghyun , Seo Dongil , Jung Jinho
Published: June 2022

Climate change, which has the potential to alter water flow and temperature in aquatic environments, can influence the freshwater fish habitat. This study used an ecological habitat suitability model (EHSM), which integrates hydraulic (water depth and velocity) and physiologic (water temperature) suitability, to investigate the impact of climate change on two native freshwater fish species (Zacco platypus and Nipponocypris koreanus) in South Korea. The model predicted that in 2080 (2076–2085), the decrease in average ecological habitat suitability (EHS) will be higher for N. koreanus (19.2%) than for Z. platypus (9.87%) under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Under the same condition, EHS for Z. platypus and N. koreanus at 36.5% and 44.4% of 115 sites, respectively, were expected to degrade significantly (p < 0.05). However, the habitat degradation for Z. platypus and N. koreanus was much lower (7.8% and 10.4%, respectively) under the RCP 4.5 scenario, suggesting a preventive measure for carbon dioxide emission. Partial correlation analysis indicated that the number of hot days (i.e., days on which the temperature exceeds the heat stress threshold) is the variable most significantly (p < 0.05) related to EHS changes for both species. This study suggests that the EHSM incorporating the effect of water temperature on the growth and heat stress of fish can be a promising model for the assessment of climate change impacts on habitat suitability for freshwater fish.
An Improved Empirical Model for Estimating the Geometry of the Soil Wetting Front with Surface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Cristóbal-Muñoz Irouri , Prado-Hernández Jorge Víctor , Martínez-Ruiz Antonio , Pascual-Ramírez Fermín , Cristóbal-Acevedo David , Cristóbal-Muñoz David
Published: June 2022

Wetting pattern geometry is useful in determining the spacing between emitters and the irrigation time in drip irrigation systems. This research aimed to generate an empirical model to estimate the width and depth of the wetting front in surface drip irrigation based on experimental tests in a cube-shaped container with transparent walls in soils with a sandy clay loam texture, with hydraulic conductivities from 2.316 to 3.945 cm h−1, and organic matter contents from 1.7 to 2.8%, and different irrigation conditions: discharge rates of 1.44, 2.90, 3.00, 3.75, and 4.00 L h−1, initial moisture levels between permanent wilting point and field capacity, and irrigation times from 0.58 to 9.50 h. The experimental conditions and the strategy for measuring the wetting front and soil moisture are detailed so the experiment is verifiable. The proposed model performed better than five other empirical models, with average values of 3 cm for the root mean square error and 0.88 for the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. The generated model is efficient and simple and can be a very useful tool for the design and operation of surface drip irrigation systems in soils with conditions similar to those of this study.
An Exploring Human Resource Development in Small and Medium Enterprises in Response to Electric Vehicle Industry Development
Authors: Osatis Chadatan , Asavanirandorn Chonticha
Published: June 2022

Transitioning the automotive industry from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric vehicles (EV) has arisen as a critical challenge for global countries in achieving human resource development, owing to the need of new labor skills and replacement of automation systems. By applying a case study of Thailand’s automotive industry in response to this challenge, we aimed to plot out the trajectory of changes involved in the industry’s workforce during its transition with a central focus on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), in order to make sound suggestions to the government on how to build an effective policy for industry growth. An exploratory research design was adopted for the investigation. Both primary and secondary sources were collected. Interviews with key stakeholders, including official agencies, organizations in the business sector, and academic institutions, were conducted in a semi-structured format to collect as primary data. Meanwhile, secondary data were gathered from reports and other scholarly contributions that are relevant. All of the data that were collected were subjected to qualitative methods of analysis, including content and theme analysis. We found that the advances in technology and associated skills have posed challenges to the SMEs for the workforce relocations in terms of occupational shifts and skill development, with engineering demand potentially growing 10% while low labor skills declined by nearly 70%. We emphasized that without effective policies for establishing EV roadmap and coordination practices between public and private stakeholders, this transition would have a detrimental effect on the workforce development of SMEs, which would ultimately have a harmful impact on the automotive industry and the economy.
To be worthy to the enduring values. The historical building of SULUP — the heritage of creativity of Ivan Aleksandrovich Fomin, the outstanding architect of the 20th century (to the 150th anniversary)
Authors:   State University of Land Management, Moscow, Ilvitskaya S.V. , Kasper N.V. ,   State University of Land Management, Moscow, Petrova L.V. ,   State University of Land Management, Moscow, Koneva E.Y. ,   State University of Land Management, Moscow
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to the 150th anniversary of the famous Soviet architect A.I. Fomin. He is the author of the main building of the State University of Land Use Planning and the founder of the "proletarian classics" style in architecture. The article reveals the main periods and ideological and theoretical foundations of the master's creativity, stylistic features of architecture, and innovative methods applied in the most significant projects and buildings. The main building of the State University of Land Use Planning reflects innovative approaches of the great master to the interpretation of classical architecture, which even today inspires teachers and students to innovations based on the preservation of the cultural code of our country.
Catches structure of hydrobionts in the trap survey of crabs in the Okhotsk sea
Authors:   Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Russia, Moscow, Artemenkov Dmitry Vladimirovich , Orlov Alexei Markovich ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Moscow), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (Russia, Moscow), Dagestan State University (Russia, Makhachkala), Caspian Institute of Biological Resources (Russia, Makhachkala), Tomsk State University (Russia, Tomsk), Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Russia, Moscow, Moiseev Sergey Ivanovich ,   Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Russia, Moscow
Published: June 2022

In the world, annually the level of emissions from fisheries in the seas reaches 10.8% or 9.1 million tons per year, and according to Russian experts, only in the trawl and snurry fisheries of the Russian Far East, annual emissions are about 1.2 million tons. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the structure of catches of the main commercial species of crabs and by-catch of other invertebrates and fish. The collection of biological materials and fishing statistics was carried out in the course of research work from July 27 to October 5, 2021 on the research vessel (RV) Zodiak in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk (North Sea of Okhotsk subzone SOM, 55°01ʹ58 °05ʹ N and 142°00ʹ-154°02ʹ E; West Kamchatka subzone ZK, 58°00ʹ-59°40ʹ N and 154°45ʹ-159°30ʹ E). In the SOM, studies have shown that, depending on the depth, the near-bottom temperature varied widely from –1.48 to 2.84 °С, in the WK — from 0.20 to 6.72 °С, which is generally typical for this season of the year and water areas. The number and distribution of the main objects of the crab fishery, namely the opilio snow crab in the SOM and the blue crab in the ZK, are at the average long-term level. A rare extensive research area made it possible to describe the true distribution of crabs. The structure of hydrobiont catches also included 13 trumpeter species and 13 fish species in two subzones of the Sea of Okhotsk. Since crab fishing in different periods of the year is carried out in different water areas and is mainly concentrated in a small area, structure of catches is likely will be less diverse.
A full-system study of neuroendocrine regulation of fish reproduction
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State Agricultural University, Russia, Garlov Pavel Evgenyevich , Rybalova Natalia Borisovna ,   Federal Saint-Petersburg State Agricultural University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Nechaeva Tamara Alexeyevna ,   Federal Saint-Petersburg State Agricultural University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Kuzik Valeriy Vladimirovich ,   Group of Integrative Neuroendocrinology of the I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: June 2022

The participation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) in the initiation of energy-consuming migration and spawning behaviors and the completion of spawning by suppressing the hyperactivity of the target glands, which ensures the body transition to energy-saving plastic metabolism was established by ecological-histophysiological full-system studies. The analysis of the HHNS key role in these processes made it possible to develop a constructive working scheme for the neuroendocrine integration of fish reproduction on the principle of self-regulation. In order to increase the fish factory reproduction biotech efficiency new methods for controlling of its biotechnology have been developed on this basis. The technology of preparation and the results of industrial tests of the effectiveness pituitary preparations developed to enhance fish maturation: isolated anterior and posterior pituitary lobes (APL and PPL) of the pituitary gland are presented in this part of the research. The increase degree of the of fish farming producers use average of 15% was proved by production (industrial) tests of the effectiveness of the use of the drug APL at sturgeon fish breeding plants of the lower rivers Volga and Don. To increase the effectiveness of the drug APL usage, its dependence on the degree of preparedness of females for puberty and ovulation was established by the most objective assessment of their individual fish-breeding qualities by the degree of the oocyte nucleus polarization. The most important indicators of the producers physiological state and offspring are stored after the use of APL not only within the production norm, but also qualitatively exceed the “control” — the whole pituitary gland. In order to avoid significant production loss of pituitary dry matter (especially when removing PPL) and the high consumption (35–40%) of the pituitary glands to stimulate the maturation of fish males a “Method for stimulating puberty of male fish” by the isolated posterior pituitary lobe was developed, providing waste-free technology for the preparation and usage of both drugs. Possible prospects for improving methods of stimulating sexual maturity of fish breeders are discussed.
Production features of duckweed (Lemna L.) as an object of cultivation in integrated technologies
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Integrated Fish Farming, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Center of Animal Husbandry named after academician L.K. Ernst”, Figurkov Sergey A.
Published: June 2022

The issues of exploitation of duckweed communities, selection of the most promising species from the genus duckweed and determination of its productivity in the second zone of fish farming are considered. Duckweed is an aquatic, free-floating or submerged, mostly perennial higher plants, distributed throughout the Earth, with the exception of hot dry deserts and cold polar regions. Duckweed can withstand a large temperature range, from heat to frost, light-loving. It contains (in terms of dry matter): 20–38% protein, up to 5% fat, fiber, vitamins A, C and group B, anthocyanins, triterpene compounds, as well as iodine, iron, biogens, calcium, silicon, magnesium, heavy metals, trace elements. The experiments were carried out at the experimental production base of VNIIR in fiberglass baths of 6.0×0.7×0.6 m in the period from June 6 to the end of August, and observations of the state of the duckweed biotope in a reservoir with an area of 60 acres and an average depth of 1.6 m from the end of April to the third decade of September, The results obtained during the research allow us to conclude that the exploitation of duckweed biotopes (Lemna minor L.) in the second zone of fish farming has good prospects, which is expressed in obtaining about 50 tons/ha or more of biomass in raw form during the growing season. This makes it possible to create a raw material base for the production of duckweed feed and feed additives in the form of flour, powder, granulate, pastes, etc.
Assessing the extraterritorial consequences of the application of economic sanctions in international trade
Authors:   World Economy and International Economic relations Department, Deputy Head of the Department, State University of Management, Smirnov Evgenii Nikolayevich
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the consequences of the application of economic sanctions at the present stage of development of international trade. International practice shows that a significant burden of sanctions falls on the target countries, which leads to a significant reduction in their foreign trade with third countries. Paradoxically, at the same time, for sending countries, there may be an increase in their trade with third countries. The net effect of the imposition of sanctions on international trade is difficult to estimate, since it depends both on the size of the target country of the sending country, as well as on their foreign trade relations with third countries. In the course of our study, it was found that there was no unified theory of economic sanctions, but the practice of their application is possible only when there are economic interactions and interdependence in trade and investment between sending and target countries. At the same time, in recent years, the number of forms and mechanisms for applying economic sanctions has increased. Sanctions have an ambiguous effect on the development of international trade, since they can either increase or decrease the country’s importance in international exchange. As new important lines of research that can better understand the nature and consequences of modern economic sanctions, we note: assessing the impact of sanctions at the microeconomic level; comparison of complex and targeted sanctions, the study of mutual trade and foreign direct investment between sending countries, target countries of sanctions and third countries; analysis of extraterritorial (secondary) effects of economic sanctions. It has also been shown that more significant indirect negative effects of sanctions on the sending country are counter-sanctions of the target country, disruptions in some industries, as well as reorientation of trade to less preferred markets and the need to adapt to new trading partners.