bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Network Structural Learning Using Adaptive Genetic Algorithm with Varying Population Size
Authors: Rodrigues Mendes Ribeiro Rafael , Dias Maciel Carlos
Published: December 2023

A Bayesian network (BN) is a probabilistic graphical model that can model complex and nonlinear relationships. Its structural learning from data is an NP-hard problem because of its search-space size. One method to perform structural learning is a search and score approach, which uses a search algorithm and structural score. A study comparing 15 algorithms showed that hill climbing (HC) and tabu search (TABU) performed the best overall on the tests. This work performs a deeper analysis of the application of the adaptive genetic algorithm with varying population size (AGAVaPS) on the BN structural learning problem, which a preliminary test showed that it had the potential to perform well on. AGAVaPS is a genetic algorithm that uses the concept of life, where each solution is in the population for a number of iterations. Each individual also has its own mutation rate, and there is a small probability of undergoing mutation twice. Parameter analysis of AGAVaPS in BN structural leaning was performed. Also, AGAVaPS was compared to HC and TABU for six literature datasets considering F1 score, structural Hamming distance (SHD), balanced scoring function (BSF), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and execution time. HC and TABU performed basically the same for all the tests made. AGAVaPS performed better than the other algorithms for F1 score, SHD, and BIC, showing that it can perform well and is a good choice for BN structural learning.
On the Study of Starlike Functions Associated with the Generalized Sine Hyperbolic Function
Authors: Gul Baseer , Arif Muhammad , Alhefthi Reem K. , Breaz Daniel , Cotîrlă Luminiţa-Ioana , Rapeanu Eleonora
Published: December 2023

Geometric function theory, a subfield of complex analysis that examines the geometrical characteristics of analytic functions, has seen a sharp increase in research in recent years. In particular, by employing subordination notions, the contributions of different subclasses of analytic functions associated with innovative image domains are of significant interest and are extensively investigated. Since ℜ(1+sinh(z))≯0, it implies that the class Ssinh* introduced in reference third by Kumar et al. is not a subclass of starlike functions. Now, we have introduced a parameter λ with the restriction 0≤λ≤ln(1+2), and by doing that, ℜ(1+sinh(λz))>0. The present research intends to provide a novel subclass of starlike functions in the open unit disk U, denoted as Ssinhλ*, and investigate its geometric nature. For this newly defined subclass, we obtain sharp upper bounds of the coefficients an for n=2,3,4,5. Then, we prove a lemma, in which the largest disk contained in the image domain of q0(z)=1+sinh(λz) and the smallest disk containing q0(U) are investigated. This lemma has a central role in proving our radius problems. We discuss radius problems of various known classes, including S*(β) and K(β) of starlike functions of order β and convex functions of order β. Investigating Ssinhλ* radii for several geometrically known classes and some classes of functions defined as ratios of functions are also part of the present research. The methodology used for finding Ssinhλ* radii of different subclasses is the calculation of that value of the radius r<1 for which the image domain of any function belonging to a specified class is contained in the largest disk of this lemma. A new representation of functions in this class, but for a more restricted range of λ, is also obtained.
Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab (Evusheld) Boosts Antibody Levels to SARS-CoV-2 in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: A Single-Center Study
Authors: Nassar Mohammed Kamal , Sabry Alaa , Elgamal Mohamed , Zeid Zeinab , Abdellateif Abdelghany Dalia , Tharwat Samar
Published: December 2023

Background and Objectives: In addition to a suboptimal and rapidly diminishing response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, hemodialysis (HD) patients are at risk for developing a severe COVID-19 infection. In 2022, the combination of cilgavimab and tixagevimab (Evusheld, AstraZeneca) was approved for COVID-19 preexposure prophylaxis in high-risk groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral response and short-term safety of this antibody combination in a group of HD patients. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three adult maintenance hemodialysis patients were recruited from a tertiary-care hospital for this double-blinded, non-randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients were placed into two groups: the intervention group (n = 43) received a single 300 mg dosage of cilgavimab and tixagevimab, while the control group (n = 30) received a saline placebo. The titer of COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies was measured at baseline and after 1 and 6 months. The patients were evaluated for any drug-related adverse effects and monitored for six months for the emergence of any COVID-19-related events. Results: Patients in the intervention group were substantially older and had been on HD for longer (p = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). The baseline antibody levels were higher in the Evusheld group. The antibody level in the intervention group increased significantly after 1 month and remained consistent for 6 months, whereas the antibody level in the control group fell significantly after 6 months during the study period (Wald χ2 = 30.620, p < 0.001). The drug-related adverse effects were modest and well-tolerated, and only seven patients experienced them. Six months after study enrollment, 10 patients in the intervention group and 6 patients in the control group had been infected with COVID-19, respectively. In the control group, ICU admission and mortality were observed, but in the intervention group, the infection was milder with no aggressive consequences. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the short-term safety and efficacy of tixagevimab–cilgavimab for COVID-19 preexposure prophylaxis in HD patients. These findings require more studies with more HD patients and longer follow-up periods.
Dilation Characteristics of 3D PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg Alloy
Authors: Dvorak Karel , Dvorakova Jana , Majtas Dusan , Sevcik Radek , Zarybnicka Lucie
Published: December 2023

Application deployment of 3D-printed products represents a progressive area of industrial use of specific metal alloys. In parallel with starting points based on mechanical characteristics in the static and cyclic areas, dilation behavior is an important parameter. A typical application is, for example, components in the aerospace sector, where the components are exposed for a short period to a significant temperature difference in both positive and negative values. Current industrial trends lead to the deployment of additive technologies for producing aircraft system components and instrument parts. Testing of AlSi10Mg alloy samples prepared by direct metal laser sintering, in the past DMLS, now according to the standard laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) method, is carried out by measuring dilation during a controlled temperature course. The AlSi10Mg alloy is used for mechanically less stressed components, from which a high accuracy of functional dimensions is usually required, which can be affected by dilation characteristics in a wide temperature range. Additively produced components have different dilation characteristics within an identical alloy, often dependent on the production method and orientation during 3D printing. The article presents the testing results and subsequent application characteristics of an additively produced aluminum alloy, considering dilation characteristics.
Evaluation of the Applicability of Voltammetric Modes in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for In Situ Corrosion Characterisation of Copper-Based Materials
Authors: Hernández-Concepción Brenda , Méndez-Guerra Adrián , Souto Ricardo M. , Izquierdo Javier
Published: December 2023

Chemical imaging of corrosion processes involving copper species using scanning electrochemical microscopy has been hampered by the lack of soluble oxidation states for copper that can be achieved by amperometric conversion at the tip. Indeed, the only possibility is to reduce the corrosion products at the tip, thus modifying the chemical response of the electrode material and requiring subsequent redissolution of the copper deposits. Consequently, the limitations arising from the system prevented a full-scale quantification, requiring the development of new methodologies or the optimisation of those currently available, as we pursued with the present work. Therefore, the voltammetric behaviours of gold macro- and microelectrodes were evaluated with respect to the collection and redissolution of Cu2+ ions, with the aim of using them as sensing probes in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to investigate the activity of copper surfaces in acidic chloride-containing environments. Cyclic and square-wave voltammetric techniques were explored for copper collection and subsequent stripping on Au microelectrode tips in SECM with the objective to capture in situ image electrochemical reactivity distributions across copper surfaces undergoing corrosion.
Modulation of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function Fed Different Postbiotics and a Probiotic from Lactobacilli
Authors: Rawling Mark , Schiavone Marion , Mugnier Amélie , Leclercq Eric , Merrifield Daniel , Foey Andrew , Apper Emmanuelle
Published: December 2023

It is generally accepted that microbes play a critical role in maintaining gut barrier function, making them ideal to target in order to mitigate the effects of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease with specialist supplementations such as probiotic or postbiotic preparations. In this study, specific strains of Lactobacillus helvictus both live and inactivated and Lactobacillus plantarum inactivated were fed to zebrafish at an inclusion level of 6 × 106 cells/g in order to assess the effects on gut barrier function and protection. Taken together, our results indicate that dietary administration of pro- or postbiotics strengthens the gut barrier function and innate immunity of healthy zebrafish in a strain-specific and process-dependent way. With some differences in the response intensity, the three treatments led to increased intestinal villi length and proportion of IELs, reinforcement of the GC population and up-regulated expression of biomarkers of AMP production and tight junction zona-occludin 2a (zo-2a). In addition, LPPost had an impact on the adaptive immune response, and we hypothesized that it conferred the potential to drive Th17/ILC3 immunity, as suggested by its effect on the gene expression of il22, of different AMPs, and the expression of zo2a. Moreover, LPPost showed the potential to drive Th1/ILC1-like immunity, with a higher percentage of CD8+ cells and higher ifnγ gene expression. In summary, the use of inactivated Lactobacilli species in this study represented a promising strategy for improving barrier function and regulating the immune fate of the intestinal mucosa in a strain-specific way.
Search for the Substantiation of Reasonable Native Elemental Background Values and Reference Variables in Topsoil on Glaciogenic and Postglacial Deposits in a Vilnius Peri-Urban Area
Authors: Stankevičius Žilvinas , Zinkutė Rimantė , Suzdalev Sergej , Gedminienė Laura , Baužienė Ieva , Taraškevičius Ričardas
Published: December 2023

Geochemical indices used to identify the emerging anomalies of potentially harmful elements in topsoil depend on background values (BVs). For urban sites, it is reasonable to estimate native BVs through the targeted selection of peri-urban sampling sites or by distinguishing a useful background subset (BS) within the peri-urban dataset. Here, the goals were to examine the influence of Quaternary deposits on various types of topsoil variables, identify the variables most helpful for cluster analysis intended for the choice of background subset (BS), and compare background values (BVs) based on different background subsets. Composite topsoil samples from a peri-urban area were used for the determination of the following variables: contents of 26 elements and components of the bulk mineralogical composition, as well as the sand, silt, and clay fractions and loss-on-ignition (LOI) at 550 °C and at 950 °C. Although Quaternary lithology influences topsoil elemental contents or granulometric fractions, percentages of illite, kaolinite, orthoclase, quartz, albite, dolomite, and LOI at 550 °C, the choice of BS, according to it, is not recommended, as BVs based on topsoil texture are superior. However, cluster analysis using topsoil fractions < 2, <63, and >63 μm or the contents of Al, Fe, K, Ti, Ga, Nb, Rb, and Si are preferable. It is recommended to use these reference variables for the selection of BS.
Application of Monte Carlo Analytic Hierarchy Process (MAHP) in Underground Mining Access Selection
Authors: Cardozo Fernando A. C. , Campos Higor J. S. , Petter Carlos O. , Ambrós Weslei M.
Published: December 2023

This paper presents the application of risk analysis associated with the multicriteria decision method, through the MAHP (Monte Carlo analytic hierarchy process) technique for mining. As an example of application, the problem of choosing an access and transportation route for an underground mine is addressed. A decision can be made based on a technical, economic, and social-environmental approach. As a topic of interest for the modeling of mining projects, this work presents how the technique can qualify the decision-making process, reducing its subjectivity. It is verified that in comparison with the traditional AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method, the risk analysis allows considering the variability of weights and preferences assigned to criteria and options. In the example case, the following options are evaluated: shaft, ramp by diesel or electric truck, and conveyor belt.
Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Perforated Steel Members under Blast Loading
Authors: Nawar Mahmoud T. , El-Zohairy Ayman , Arafa Ibrahim T.
Published: December 2023

Perforated steel members (PSMs) are now frequently used in building construction due to their beneficial features, including their proven blast-resistance abilities. To safeguard against structural failures from explosions and terrorist threats, perforated steel beams (PSBs) and perforated steel columns (PSCs) offer a viable alternative to traditional steel members. This is attributed to their impressive energy absorption potential, a result of their combined high strength and ductile behavior. In this study, numerical examinations of damage assessment under the combined effects of gravity and blast loads are carried out to mimic real-world scenarios of external explosions close to steel structures. The damage assessment for PSBs and PSCs considers not just the initial deformation from the blast, but also takes into account the residual capacities to formulate dependable damage metrics post-explosion. Comprehensive explicit finite element (FE) analyses are performed with the LSDYNA software. The FE model, when compared against test results, aligns well across all resistance phases, from bending and softening to tension membrane regions. This validated numerical model offers a viable alternative to laboratory experiments for predicting the dynamic resistance of PSBs and PSCs. Moreover, it is advisable to use fully integrated solid elements, featuring eight integration points on the element surface, in the FE models for accurate predictions of PSBs’ and PSCs’ behavior under blast loading. A parametric study is presented to investigate the effect of web-opening shapes, retrofitting, and different blast scenarios. The results obtained from the analytical FE approaches are used to obtain the ductile responses of PSMs, and are considered an important key in comparisons among the studied cases.
Temperature-Dependent Kinetic Study of the Reactions of Hydrogen Atoms with H2S and C2H4S
Authors: Bedjanian Yuri
Published: December 2023

A discharge-flow reactor combined with modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry technique was employed to determine the rate constants of H-atom reactions with hydrogen sulfide and thiirane. The rate constants for both reactions were determined at a total pressure of 2 Torr from 220 to 950 K under pseudo-first-order conditions by monitoring either consumption of H atoms in excess of H2S (C4H4S) or the molecular species in excess of atomic hydrogen. For H + H2S reaction, a suggested previously strong curvature of the Arrhenius plot was confirmed: kl = 8.7 × 10−13 × (T/298)2.87 × exp(−125/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 with a conservative uncertainty of 15% at all temperatures. Non-Arrhenius behavior was also observed for the reaction of H-atom with C2H4S, with the experimental rate constant data being best fitted to a sum of two exponential functions: k2 = 1.85 × 10−10 exp(−1410/T) + 4.17 × 10−12 exp(−242/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 with an independent of temperature uncertainty of 15%.
Confining He Atoms in Diverse Ice-Phases: Examining the Stability of He Hydrate Crystals through DFT Approaches
Authors: Yanes-Rodríguez Raquel , Prosmiti Rita
Published: December 2023

In the realm of solid water hydrostructures, helium atoms have a tendency to occupy the interstitial spaces formed within the crystal lattice of ice structures. The primary objective of this study is to examine the stability of various ice crystals when influenced by the presence of He atoms. Presenting a first attempt at a detailed computational description of the whole energy components (guest–water, water–water, guest–guest) in the complete crystal unit cells contributes to enhancing the knowledge available about these relatively unexplored helium–water systems, which could potentially benefit future experiments. For this purpose, two different ice structures were considered: the previously established He@ice II system, and the predicted (but currently nonexistent) He@ice XVII system. One of the main features of these He-filled structures is the stability conferred by the weak van der Waals dispersion forces that occur between the host lattice and the guest atoms, in addition to the hydrogen bonds established among the water molecules. Hence, it is crucial to accurately describe these interactions. Therefore, the first part of this research is devoted examining the performance and accuracy of various semi-local and non-local DFT/DFT-D functionals, in comparison with previous experimental and/or high-level computational data. Once the best-performing DFT functional has been identified, the stability of these empty and He-filled structures, including different number of He atoms within the lattices, is analysed in terms of their structural (lattice deformation), mechanical (pressure compression effects) and energetic properties (binding and saturation energies). In this manner, the potential formation of these structures under zero temperature and pressure conditions can be evaluated, while their maximum storage capacity is also determined. The obtained results reveal that, despite the weak underlying interactions, the He encapsulation has a rather notable effect on both lattice parameters and energetics, and therefore, the guest–host interactions are far from being negligible. Besides, both ice crystals are predicted to remain stable when filled with He atoms, with ice XVII exhibiting a higher capacity for accommodating a larger number of guest atoms within its interstitial spaces.
Multi-F-Structured MOF Materials Enhance Nanogenerator Output Performance for Corrosion Protection of Metallic Materials
Authors: Xiong Jia-Bin , Zhou Yong-Juan , Wang Shi-Hui , Xiong Zhang-Qi , Zhang Zi-Kun , Zhang Shan-Shan , Zhang Chen-Kunlun , Xu Chao-Fan , Liu Guo-Qun
Published: December 2023

MOF (metal organic framework) materials have been used as functional materials in a number of fields due to their diverse spatial tunability, which produces rich porous structures with stable and continuous pores and a high specific surface area. A triboelectric nanogenerator can convert trace mechanical energy into electrical energy, and the application of MOF materials to triboelectric nanogenerators has been intensively studied. In this work, we report on two MOFs with similar spatial structures, and the modulation of the end microstructures was achieved using the difference in F content. The output performance of friction power generation increases with the increase in F content, and the obtained polyacidic ligand materials can be used to construct self-powered corrosion protection systems, which can effectively protect metallic materials from corrosion.
Two Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Bacillus and Their Properties
Authors: Zhang Yujia , Meng Zinuo , Li Shilong , Liu Ting , Song Juan , Li Jia , Zhang Xiumin
Published: December 2023

Growth promotion and disease prevention are important strategies in the modern husbandry industry, and for this reason, antibiotics are widely used as animal feed additives. However, the overuse of antibiotics has led to the serious problem of increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms, posing a major threat to the environment and human health. “Limiting antibiotics” and “Banning antibiotics” have become the inevitable trends in the development of the livestock feed industry, so the search for alternative antimicrobial agents has become a top priority. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by Bacillus spp. have emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotics, due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against resistant pathogens. In this study, two strains of Bacillus velezensis 9-1 and B. inaquosorum 76-1 with good antibacterial activity were isolated from commercial feed additives, and the antimicrobial peptides produced by them were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, and RP-HPLC. Finally, two small molecule peptides, named peptide-I and peptide-II, were obtained from strain 9-1 and 76-1, respectively. The molecular weight and sequences of the peptides were analyzed and identified by LC–MS/MS, which were 988.5706 Da and VFLENVLR, and 1286.6255 Da and FSGSGSGTAFTLR, respectively. The results of an antibacterial activity and stability study showed that the two peptides had good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, B. cereus, and Salmonella enterica, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 64 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, and 8 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. All of them have good heat, acid, and alkali resistance and protease stability, and can be further developed as feed antibiotic substitutes.
Protocol Article: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Children’s Feet and Lower Extremities
Authors: Wong Christian , Bjerge Christina Ystrøm , Jurca Ales , Petersen Michael Mørk , Boedtker Soren , Balslev-Clausen Andreas , Harsted Steen
Published: December 2023

Background: The health of children’s lower extremities and feet is a focus area for caregivers and healthcare professionals such as doctors, school nurses, and podiatrists. Our study aims to investigate the general health status of Danish children’s lower extremities and feet to identify anthropometric parameters that might be preconditions for pain and evaluate for foot diseases and whether they are associated with pain intensity and location, three-dimensional foot dimensions and foot pressure mapping, shoe dimensions, types and intensity of sports activity, quality of life, and foot health. The aim is that we will be able to identify parameters pre-dispositioning for pain, thus providing recommendations for sports activities in relation to the anthropometric conditions of a child as a potential preventive measure for pain. This analysis will be stratified by socioeconomic status on a group level, and this perspective will be able to provide preventative recommendations to prevent pain. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional examination of a thousand children in the first, fifth, and ninth grades in randomized selected Danish primary schools. We will perform a clinical examination of the lower extremities and feet for misalignments, deformities, and diseases as well as rotational status and range of motion. Moreover, we will evaluate their pain levels, sports activities, three-dimensional foot dimensions, plantar pressure, footwear, and patient-related outcome measures (PROMs) for foot health and quality of life. Results: We aim to provide an anthropometrical overview of the lower extremities and feet in children. The obtained basic understanding of healthy normal material in children will be analyzed for its relationships with pain level, sports activities, and socioeconomic status on a group level. This could potentially provide us with an understanding of the factors that impact lower extremity and foot diseases in children. In conclusion, examining children’s lower extremities and feet in Danish primary schools is a step toward identifying areas of improvement in self-care and shoe fitting, mapping podiatry-related needs of care in children’s feet, and providing parental recommendations for preventive actions on shoe fitting and the choice and intensity of sports activity concerning pain. Conclusions: The tenet of this study is a long-term follow-up to evaluate the long-term socioeconomic course on a group level, foot status, and sports activity, using patient-related outcome measures evaluating quality of life and other lifestyle factors such as emotional functioning, social functioning and interaction, and school functioning. Potentially, this will improve children’s quality of life and prevent future diseases.
Quantitative Image Analysis of Axonal Morphology in In Vivo Model
Authors: Nemoz-Billet Laurie , Brocard Jacques , Ruggiero Florence , Bretaud Sandrine
Published: December 2023

Quantifying axonal branching is crucial for understanding neural circuit function, developmental and regeneration processes and disease mechanisms. Factors that regulate patterns of axonal arborization and tune neuronal circuits are investigated for their implication in various disorders in brain connectivity. The lack of a reliable and user-friendly method makes the quantitative analysis of axon morphology difficult. Specifically, methods to visualize and quantify the complex axon arborization are challenging to implement and apply practically. Our study was aimed at developing a robust but simple method of quantification that used ImageJ 2D analysis and compared it with Imaris visualization and analysis of 3D images. We used zebrafish fluorescent transgenic lines to perform in vivo imaging of developing motor neuron axons that adequately reflected the complexity of axonal networks. Our new method, developed on ImageJ, is easy and fast, giving access to new information such as collateral distribution along the axonal shaft. This study describes step-by-step procedures that can be easily applied to a variety of organisms and in vitro systems. Our study provides a basis for further exploration of neural circuits to gain new insights into neuronal disorders and potential therapeutic interventions.
NextGen Training for Medical First Responders: Advancing Mass-Casualty Incident Preparedness through Mixed Reality Technology
Authors: Zechner Olivia , García Guirao Daniel , Schrom-Feiertag Helmut , Regal Georg , Uhl Jakob Carl , Gyllencreutz Lina , Sjöberg David , Tscheligi Manfred
Published: December 2023

Mixed reality (MR) technology has the potential to enhance the disaster preparedness of medical first responders in mass-casualty incidents through new training methods. In this manuscript, we present an MR training solution based on requirements collected from experienced medical first responders and technical experts, regular end-user feedback received through the iterative design process used to develop a prototype and feedback from two initial field trials. We discuss key features essential for an effective MR training system, including flexible scenario design, added realism through patient simulator manikins and objective performance assessment. Current technological challenges such as the responsiveness of avatars and the complexity of smart scenario control are also addressed, along with the future potential for integrating artificial intelligence. Furthermore, an advanced analytics and statistics tool that incorporates complex data integration, machine learning for data analysis and visualization techniques for performance evaluation is presented.
Size Effects on Pumping Rates in High Microbial versus Low Microbial Abundance Marine Sponges
Authors: Lesser Michael P.
Published: December 2023

Sponges are increasingly recognized as ecologically important on coral reefs as scleractinian corals decline. Most sponge species can be divided into two symbiotic phenotypes which are characterized as high microbial abundance (HMA) or low microbial abundance (LMA) sponges. Sponge species of HMA or LMA symbiotic phenotypes differ not just in their microbiomes, but in other characteristics, including that LMA sponges actively pump at higher rates than HMA sponges based on a standard normalization to size. This dichotomy has recently been questioned because the size range of LMA sponges used to quantify pumping rates during studies on their trophic ecology were exceedingly small, often less than an order of magnitude. Here, both HMA and LMA sponges, across two to three orders of magnitude in sponge volume (mL) or mass (g) were assessed for allometric relationships between sponge size and pumping rates (Q = mL s−1). The scaling analysis of all data sets combined reveals that HMA sponges scale their pumping rates isometrically with size, while LMA sponges scale their pumping rate allometrically. When HMA species are examined separately, however, tropical HMA sponges scaled isometrically, while temperate HMA sponges scaled allometrically. From an ecological perspective, to quantify differences between HMA and LMA sponges for rate functions of interest (e.g., feeding) it is important to remove the effects of size as a covariate, and adjust the Q values of sponges to a standard volume or mass. For multiple species and geographic locations, this analysis shows that LMA sponges always maintain higher Q values. On tropical coral reefs, the differences between HMA and LMA sponges are intrinsic and constrained by strong evolutionary selection resulting in fixed differences in Q, regardless of sponge size.
Comparison between Bone-Level and Tissue-Level Implants in Immediate-Loading Full-Arch Rehabilitations: A Retrospective Multi-Center 1-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Pera Francesco , Carossa Massimo , Bagnasco Francesco , Crupi Armando , Ambrogio Giulia , Isola Gaetano , Menini Maria , Pesce Paolo
Published: December 2023

The objective of the present retrospective multi-center study was to analyze the outcomes of bone-level (BL) implants and tissue-level (TL) implants in immediate-loading full-arch rehabilitations. Patients who were previously rehabilitated with full-arch immediate-loading rehabilitations with either BL or TL implants were considered. Data regarding implant survival rate, marginal bone loss (MBL), peri-implant probing depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded, and the 1-year follow-up data were statistically analyzed between the two groups. In total, 38 patients were evaluated for a total implant number of 156 (n = 80 TL implants and n = 76 BL implants). An implant survival rate of 97.37% was recoded for the BL group while an implant survival rate of 100% was noted for the TL group. A total MBL of 1.324 ± 0.64 mm was recorded for BL implants, while a total MBL of 1.194 ± 0.30 mm was recorded for TL implants. A statistically significant difference was highlighted regarding MBL at the mesial aspect (p = 0.01552) of the implants, with BL implants presenting with higher MBL. Within the range of acceptable healthy values, a statistically significant difference was also highlighted regarding BOP (p < 0.00001), with TL implants presenting higher values. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded for any of the other variables analyzed. Within the limitations of the present retrospective study, both TL and BL implants seem to provide good clinical outcomes after a 12-month observational period when employed in immediate-loading full-arch rehabilitation.
Review on the Synthesis, Recyclability, Degradability, Self-Healability and Potential Applications of Reversible Imine Bond Containing Biobased Epoxy Thermosets
Authors: Emon Jabed Hossen , Rashid Muhammad Abdur , Islam Md. Ariful , Hasan Md. Nabiul , Patoary Mohammed Kayes
Published: December 2023

Epoxy thermosets need to be designed for simple recycling and biomass resource utilization in order to be fully sustainable building materials. The development of covalent adaptive networks (CANs) using adaptive covalent chemistry (ACC) may be helpful in this regard. Several reversible covalent bonds are incorporated into the epoxy polymer to overcome the challenge of reprocessability or recyclability, degradability and self-healability. The imine bond, also referred to as the Schiff base, is one of the reversible covalent bonds that can participate in both associative and dissociative reactions. This opens up possibilities for mechanical and chemical recycling as well as self-healing. This review summarises the progress related to the synthesis and mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy thermosets based on reversible imine bonds derived from different sustainable resources over the past few decades. The feedstocks, physical and thermal properties, recycling conditions, degradability and self-healability of the biomass epoxy thermosets are addressed along with the main obstacles, prospective improvements and potential applications.
Fast Detection of Moving Targets by Refocusing in GBSAR Imagery Based on Enlightend Search
Authors: Wang Yanping , Wang Shuo , Shen Wenjie , Xu Xueyong , Zhou Ye , Lin Yun , Li Yang
Published: December 2023

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GBSAR) is widely used in mountains, mines, and other areas because it can get the sub-millimeter deformation information of monitoring scenes. This technology plays a vital role in safeguarding production operations, providing accurate disaster projections, and facilitating timely early warning dissemination. However, the moving target’s defocus/displaced signal will mask the image of GBSAR, which affects the accuracy of deformation inversion. Hence, the detection of moving targets in GBSAR imagery is essential. An algorithm for moving target detection based on refocusing is proposed in this paper to address this problem. The algorithm establishes a two-dimensional parameter search space for squint angle and relative speed. Based on the parameter searching, the improved Range Doppler (RD) algorithm is used for refocusing. The optimal 2D parameters are searched via an algorithm combining the entropy minimization principle and the enlightend search. The presence of a moving target in the observation area is determined based on whether there is an optimal parameter to minimize the entropy value of the refocused image. This approach enables the detection of moving targets in GBSAR imagery. The proposed method is verified by the synthetic data.
Influences of Satellite Sensor and Scale on Derivation of Ecosystem Functional Types and Diversity
Authors: Liu Lingling , Smith Jeffrey R. , Armstrong Amanda H. , Alcaraz-Segura Domingo , Epstein Howard E. , Echeverri Alejandra , Langhans Kelley E. , Schmitt Rafael J. P. , Chaplin-Kramer Rebecca
Published: December 2023

Satellite-derived Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs) are increasingly used in ecology and conservation to characterize ecosystem heterogeneity. The diversity of EFTs, also known as Ecosystem Functional Diversity (EFD), has been suggested both as a potential metric of ecosystem-level biodiversity and as a predictor for ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services, and resilience. However, the impact of key methodological choices on patterns of EFTs and EFD have not been formally assessed. Using Costa Rica as a study system, we compared EFTs and EFD, derived from MODIS and Landsat data using different methodological assumptions, at both national and local extents. Our results showed that the regional spatial patterns of EFTs and EFD derived from 250 m MODIS and 30 m Landsat are notably different. The selection of sensors for deriving EFTs and EFD is dependent on the study area, data quality, and the research objective. Given its finer spatial resolution, Landsat has greater capacity to differentiate more EFTs than MODIS, though MODIS could be a better choice in frequently cloudy areas due to its shorter revisiting time. We also found that the selection of spatial extent used to derive EFD is critical, as smaller extents (e.g., at a local rather than a national scale) can show much higher diversity. However, diversity levels derived at smaller extents appear to be nested within the diversity levels derived at larger extents. As EFTs and EFD continue to develop as a tool for ecosystem ecology, we highlight the important methodological choices to ensure that these metrics best fit research objectives.
Multi-Frequency Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) System for Aerosol and Cloud Retrievals of CO2/H2O and CH4/H2O
Authors: Stroud Jasper R. , Wagner Gerd A. , Plusquellic David F.
Published: December 2023

We discuss a remote sensing system that is used to simultaneously detect range-resolved differential absorption LIDAR (light detection and ranging; DIAL) signals and integrated path differential absorption LIDAR signals (IPDA LIDAR) from aerosol targets for ranges up to 22 km. The DIAL/IPDA LIDAR frequency converter consists of an OPO pumped at 1064 nm to produce light at 1.6 μm and operates at 100 Hz pulse repetition frequency. The probe light is free space coupled to a movable platform that contains one transmitter and two receiver telescopes. Hybrid photon counting/current systems increase the dynamic range for detection by two orders of magnitude. Range resolved and column integrated dry-air CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios are obtained from line shape fits of CO2 and CH4 centered at 1602.2 nm and 1645.5 nm, respectively, and measured at 10 different frequencies over ≈1.3 cm−1 bandwidth. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the IPDA LIDAR returns from cloud aerosols approach 1000:1 and the uncertainties in the mixing ratios weighted according to the integrated counts over the cloud segments range from 0.1% to 1%. The range-averaged DIAL mixing ratios are in good agreement with the IPDA LIDAR mixing ratios at the 1% to 2% level for both CO2 and CH4. These results can serve as a validation method for future active and passive satellite observational systems.
Satellite Imagery-Based Cloud Classification Using Deep Learning
Authors: Yousaf Rukhsar , Rehman Hafiz Zia Ur , Khan Khurram , Khan Zeashan Hameed , Fazil Adnan , Mahmood Zahid , Qaisar Saeed Mian , Siddiqui Abdul Jabbar
Published: December 2023

A significant amount of satellite imaging data is now easily available due to the continued development of remote sensing (RS) technology. Enabling the successful application of RS in real-world settings requires efficient and scalable solutions to extend their use in multidisciplinary areas. The goal of quick analysis and precise classification in Remote Sensing Imaging (RSI) is often accomplished by utilizing approaches based on deep Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs). This research offers a unique snapshot-based residual network (SnapResNet) that consists of fully connected layers (FC-1024), batch normalization (BN), L2 regularization, dropout layers, dense layer, and data augmentation. Architectural changes overcome the inter-class similarity problem while data augmentation resolves the problem of imbalanced classes. Moreover, the snapshot ensemble technique is utilized to prevent over-fitting, thereby further improving the network’s performance. The proposed SnapResNet152 model employs the most challenging Large-Scale Cloud Images Dataset for Meteorology Research (LSCIDMR), having 10 classes with thousands of high-resolution images and classifying them into respective classes. The developed model outperforms the existing deep learning-based algorithms (e.g., AlexNet, VGG-19, ResNet101, and EfficientNet) and achieves an overall accuracy of 97.25%.
Suitability of Satellite Imagery for Surveillance of Maize Ear Damage by Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Larvae
Authors: Sári-Barnácz Fruzsina Enikő , Zalai Mihály , Toepfer Stefan , Milics Gábor , Iványi Dóra , Tóthné Kun Mariann , Mészáros János , Árvai Mátyás , Kiss József
Published: December 2023

The cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) poses significant risks to maize. Changes in the maize plant, such as its phenology, influence the short-distance movement and oviposition of cotton bollworm adults and, thus, the distribution of the subsequent larval damage. We aim to provide an overview of future approaches to the surveillance of maize ear damage by cotton bollworm larvae based on remote sensing. We focus on finding a near-optimal combination of Landsat 8 or Sentinel-2 spectral bands, vegetation indices, and maize phenology to achieve the best predictions. The study areas were 21 sweet and grain maze fields in Hungary in 2017, 2020, and 2021. Correlations among the percentage of damage and the time series of satellite images were explored. Based on our results, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery is suggested for damage surveillance, as 82% of all the extremes of the correlation coefficients were stronger, and this satellite provided 20–64% more cloud-free images. We identified that the maturity groups of maize are an essential factor in cotton bollworm surveillance. No correlations were found before canopy closure (BBCH 18). Visible bands were the most suitable for damage surveillance in mid–late grain maize (|rmedian| = 0.49–0.51), while the SWIR bands, NDWI, NDVI, and PSRI were suitable in mid–late grain maize fields (|rmedian| = 0.25–0.49) and sweet maize fields (|rmedian| = 0.24–0.41). Our findings aim to support prediction tools for cotton bollworm damage, providing information for the pest management decisions of advisors and farmers.
Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Qingkailing Capsules by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Liu Ting , Lin Shu
Published: December 2023

Qingkailing capsules are a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription with remarkable clinical effects for the treatment of fevers. However, the chemical components of Qingkailing capsules are still unclear. To obtain and characterize the chemical profile of Qingkailing capsules, the present study applied a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHPLC-FT-ICR-MS) to perform a comprehensive chemical characterization of Qingkailing capsules. Leveraging the high separation speed and good separation of UHPLC, the accurate mass data (within 5 ppm) and fragment ions, a total of 276 compounds, including 67 flavonoids and their glycosides, 52 organic acids, 75 terpenoids, 23 steroids, 22 phenylpropanoids, and 37 other compounds, were unambiguously or tentatively identified. This comprehensive analysis of the chemical components of Qingkailing capsules contributes to the quality evaluation and provides a scientific and reasonable basis for further study of prototype components and metabolites in vivo and pharmacological research, ultimately facilitating the advancement of Qingkailing capsules for further development and the therapeutic use of Qingkailing capsules in clinical applications.
Qualitative/Quantitative Analysis of Alcohol and Licit/Illicit Drugs on Post-Mortem Biological Samples from Road Traffic Deaths
Authors: Carfora Anna , Feola Alessandro , Petrella Raffaella , Ambrosio Giusy , Festinese Stefano , Fracassi Ilaria , Palermo Paolo , Zampone Martina , Campobasso Carlo Pietro
Published: December 2023

Alcohol and drug abuse is a major contributory factor of all road deaths in Europe. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and licit/illicit drug intake among victims of road accidents in Campania region (Italy). A retrospective analysis of road traffic deaths from 2013 to 2022 in Campania was performed. The toxicological results from fluid samples collected at autopsy were reviewed. In total, 228 road deaths occurred, mostly during nights and weekends. A total of 106 victims tested positive for alcohol and/or drugs, among which 39 (36.8%) tested positive for alcohol only, 27 (25.5%) for alcohol and drugs in association; and 40 (37.7%) for licit/illicit drugs only, either individually or in combination. Polydrug intake has been found in 21 victims, and nine in combination with alcohol. The most detected drugs were cocaine and Δ9THC, followed by benzodiazepines. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) > 1.5 g/L was found in most alcohol positives, both alone and in association with drugs. Despite the penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and drugs (DUID), no decrease in the number of alcohol and/or drugs related fatal road accidents has been observed. DUI and/or DUID cases were approximately one third of the entire sample study.
Study on Selective Adsorption Behavior and Mechanism of Quartz and Magnesite with a New Biodegradable Collector
Authors: Liu Wenbao , Zhao Qiang , Zhang Ruirui , Zhao Panxing , Liu Wengang , Han Cong , Shen Yanbai
Published: December 2023

Research on the efficient flotation desilication of low-grade magnesite is of great significance for the sustainable development of magnesium resources. Traditional collectors usually have some disadvantages, such as poor selectivity, severe environmental pollution, and weak water solubility. To strengthen the desilication flotation process of magnesite ore, the biodegradable surfactant, cocamidopropyl amine oxide (CPAO), was first utilized as the collector for the separation of the magnesite and quartz. The selective adsorption behavior and mechanism of the quartz and magnesite with the CPAO as the collector were studied through the micro-flotation experiments of the single mineral and the artificially mixed mineral, contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The flotation results indicated that the CPAO showed good selectivity and could effectively separate magnesite and quartz. When the concentration of the CPAO was 10.0 mg/L in the natural pulp pH (about 7.2), the concentrates with 97.67% MgO recovery and 45.62% MgO grade were obtained. The contact angle and AFM measurements indicated that the CPAO could selectively adsorb on the quartz surface rather than the magnesite surface to improve the interface difference between them, especially its surface hydrophobicity. The results of the FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that the CPAO is selectively adsorbed on the surface of the quartz, mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. In conclusion, the CPAO had good selectivity and great potential as an effective collector in the reverse flotation desilication progress of magnesite.