bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CYTOTOXIC MECHANISMS DETECTED IN VITRO FOLLOWING SHEEP RENAL ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Grant CK , Adams EP , Miller HRP , Morris B
Published: November 2007

Cytotoxic effects of lymph and blood components, removed from sheep following renal allografting, were determined by in vitro assay using 51Cr labelled donor sheep lymphocytes as target cells. Lytic antibodies were detected in lymph efferent from the node draining the graft site and at lower concentrations in blood serum and in lymph leaving the graft, The cytotoxic antibodies had both complement‐dependent and leucocyte‐dependent functions; thy complement‐dependent antibodies were fractionated and shown to be of IgM and IgG1 subclasses. Cytotoxic cells were found in lymph leaving the graft but not in blood or in lymph efferent from the draining node; those detected in the renal lymph were non‐specific in action and their appearance correlated with increased numbers of macrophages.
LUNG LIQUID PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION IN THE “IN UTERO” FOETAL LAMB
Authors: Adamson TM , Brodecky V , Lambert TF , Maloney JE , Ritchie BC , Walker AM
Published: November 2007

Experiments were carried out on foetal lambs in utero from 103 to 133 days' gestation, to measure the daily flow and solute composition of liquid from the foetal lung. The mean daily flow from foetuses with a tracheal fistula was 231 ml/day (9·6 ml/h), while the mean hourly flow in foetuses with a tracheal loop was 5·1 ml/h. The pattern of flow of lung liquid was intermittent and irregular, with short periods of rapid flow interspersed with longer periods of slow and no How. The Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and urea concentrations showed no significant change with increasing gestational age, but the K+ concentration showed a significant rise. It is concluded that the lung of the foetal lamb behaves as an exocrine gland, secreting a substantial volume of liquid of a relatively constant composition.
THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
Authors: Frewin DB , Frantz AG , Downey JA
Published: November 2007

The effect of a standardised exercise procedure on plasma growth hormone (HGH) and prolactin has been assessed in 10 normal human subjects. Each subject was tested in an ambient temperature of 40° and on a subsequent day at a temperature of 10°. At 40° exercise produced an increase in HGH in all 10 subjects, while in the cold only 1 showed a rise in the hormone during exercise. An increase in prolactin with exercise at 40° occurred in some of the subjects, but these changes were small in comparison with those of HGH. Prolactin levels did not increase during exercise in the cold.
LYMPHOKINE‐LIKE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH HAEMOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES
Authors: Marks RM , Penny R
Published: November 2007

Serum from, patients with haemopoietic malignancies was tested for the presence of migration inhibition factor (MIF) and leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) activity by standard assays. There was no correlation between the specific disease state and positivity of the sera for MIF or LIF activity. MIF activity in the serum of one patient with myeloma was present in the isolated IgG cryoglobulin fraction.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIGENIC STRENGTH AND IMMUNISATION ON THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE ALLOGRAFT RESPONSE
Authors: Dorsch Susan , Roser Bruce
Published: November 2007

The kinetics of the popliteal lymph node response to an allograft of lymphoid cells injected into the foot pad were examined after challenge with strong (Ag‐B) and weak (non Ag‐B) transplantation antigens. The response to weak antigens was characterised by a lag period of 2 days. The response to strong antigens was more rapid in onset. Active immunisation against weak antigens accelerated the response so that it came to resemble the immediate response to strong antigens. Active immunisation against strong antigens depressed the response. This depression was reproduced by giving passive antiserum to normal recipients. Passive antiserum produced by immunisation against weak antigens was also suppressive. Adoptive transfer of immune lymphoid cells reproduced the effects seen with passive transfer of antiserum. These findings indicate that clonal expansion of antigen‐sensitive cells is characteristic of immunity to weak and not to strong antigens and that antibody is produced in both situations and has a similar suppressive effect on the cell‐mediated response in addition to its direct effect on the graft.
PLASMA MEMBRANE OF A MURINE T CELL LYMPHOMA: SURFACE LABELLING, MEMBRANE ISOLATION, SEPARATION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE LABEL AMONGST THESE PROTEINS
Authors: Crumpton Michael J , Marchalonis John J , Haustein Dieter , Atwell John L , Harris Alan W
Published: November 2007

Two established techniques for analysis of plasma membranes, namely. Iactoperoxidase catalyzed surface radioiodination of intact cells and bulk membrane isolation following disruption of cells by shear forces, were applied in studies of membrane proteins of continuously cultured cells of the monoclonal T lymphoma line WEHI‐22. It was found that macromolecular 125I‐iodide incorporated into plasma membrane proteins of intact cells was at least as good a marker for the plasma as was the commonly used enzyme 5′‐nucleotidase. T lymphoma plasma membrane proteins were complex when analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate‐cotaining buffers and more than thirty distinct components were resolved. More than fifteen of the components observed on a mass basis were also labelled with 125I‐iodide. Certain bands, however, exhibited a degree of label disproportionate to their staining properties with Coomassie Blue. This was interpreted in terms of their accessibility to the solvent in the intact cells.
BASOPHIL LEUCOCYTES IN CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS IN NEMATODE‐INFECTED GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Rothwell TLW , Huxtable CR
Published: November 2007

Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were elicited in guinea‐pigs infected with the parasitic nematode Trichastrongylus colubriformis by injecting them with a nude extract of T. colubriformis fourth‐stage larvae. The reaction was characterized by early oedema and pronounced cellular infiltration, initially with neutrophils hut later with mononuclear cells, basophils and variable numbers of eosinophils. Because basophils have been implicated as effector cells in the protective immune response of guinea‐pigs to this nematode, the capacity to elicit a basophil‐rich cellular infiltrate in infected animals might be a useful assay for T. colubriformis protective antigen(s).
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS RECOGNIZE VERY EARLY, MINOR CHANGES IN ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED TARGET CELLS
Authors: Jackson DC , Ada GL , Hla R Tha
Published: November 2007

Target cells (P‐815 mastocytoma cells) infected with ectromelia virus became susceptible to lysis by H‐2 compatible specific effector T cells within one hour of exposure of the cells to virus. This is long before viral progeny are produced and shed from the cell.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) profiles of the plasma membranes from infected and uninfected P‐815 cells pulsed with 35S‐methionine for one or a few hours after infection with virus were very complex and showed no consistent differences. P‐815 cells, infected with ectromelia virus in the presence of an inhibitor of protein synthesis, pactamycin. slowly became susceptible to cell mediated lysis when the pactamycin was removed. The number of polypeptide species synthesized under these conditions was reduced to only three, of molecular weights between 10,000–50,000 daltons.

Specific, newly synthesized membrane components recognized by mouse convalescent sera were isolated by immune complexion and examined by PAGE. Six polypeptide bands were seen, the major one correlating with one observed in the pactamycin experiment. The results suggested that the convalescent serum recognized both viral and host cell coded antigens. The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE RESPONSES OF THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP TO ROSS RIVER AND KUNJIN VIRUSES
Authors: Pearson LD , Doherty PC , Hapel A , Marshall ID
Published: November 2007

The responses of popliteal lymph nodes of sheep to Ross River virus (RRV) or Kunjin virus (KV) have been studied by monitoring the cell populations, virus titre. antibody titre and plaque‐forming cell (PFC) content of the efferent lymph. In a typical primary response to subcutaneous inoculation in the lower hint! limb of either RRV or KV, the flow rate of lymph increased slightly. Increased cell concentrations in the lymph following inoculation caused the hourly cell outputs to rise 5·3‐ to 10·1‐fold above pre‐challenge levels. High cell outputs were sustained at greater than 3‐fold above pre‐challenge figures for up to 10 days. The increased number of large, blastic lymphocytes ranged from 4·0‐ to 14·9‐fold; the increase in these cells usually followed the rise in total number of lymphocytes by 24 to 48 h and remained at greater than 3‐fold higher levels for up to 12 days.

Ross River virus was recovered in the efferent lymph for at least 36 h after inoculation. Sudden disappearance of the virus from the lymph was correlated with the onset of significant haemagglutination‐inhibition antibody titres by 3 to 4 days after infection. In the efferent lymph, PFC were detected 5 to 7 days after primary or secondary inoculation of KV or RRV when lymphocytes were incubated with specific haemaggluttnin‐coated goose erythrocytes and guinea‐pig complement. Antibody levels in the lymph were persistent while the occurrence of PFC was transient.
EPERYTHROZOON OVIS: THE DIFFERENCE IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BETWEEN INFECTED AND UNINFECTED SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Sutton RH
Published: November 2007

The glucose utilization, lactic and pyruvic acid production and oxygen uptake of normal and Eperythrozoon ovis infected sheep erythrocytes were measured under aerobic conditions. Infected cells showed marked increases in both glucose utilization and acid production as compared with controls. Uninfected erythrocyte samples which included a percentage of reticulocytes comparable to that found in E. ovis infection showed no apparent difference in glucose utilization and lactic acid production from the normal control erythrocytes, although considerable increases in the oxygen uptake were recorded.
PROSTAGLANDIN IN THE SALIVA OF THE CATTLE TICK BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: Dickinson RG , O'Hagan JE , Schotz Martina , Binnington KC , Hecarty MP
Published: November 2007

Previous studies of saliva from engorged female cattle ticks revealed a component which induced contraction of some isolated smooth muscles. Fractionation and further characterisation have shown that this substance is of the “slow‐reacting” type, but that it is neither a bradykinin nor slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis. The substance is deactivated by incubation with 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and its pharmacological properties also support its classification as a prostaglandin. A second pharmacologically‐active component has now been found in the saliva but has not yet been characterised.
THE ROLE OF ADHERENT CELLS IN THE SECONDARY CELL‐MEDIATED RESPONSE IN VITRO TO A NATURAL POXVIRUS PATHOGEN
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV
Published: November 2007

The role of adherent cells in an in vitro secondary response to ectromelia virus infection was investigated. Spleen cells from ectromelia‐primed mice (“responder” cells) depleted of adherent cells by either carbonyl iron treatment, adherence to plastic or passage through cotton wool columns had a markedly decreased capacity to produce a secondary response, as indicated by decreased T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against virus‐infected target cells, when cultured with virus‐infected “stimulator” cells. The secondary response was restored by the addition of peritoneal cells from cither normal or ectromelia‐immune mice. Small numbers of peritoneal cells completely reconstituted the response within a certain dose range but larger numbers produced a marked inhibition of the response. Spleen cells were less effective in restoring the response. The peritoneal cells were not merely acting as additional, infected “stimulator” or antigen‐presenting cells, since they could be added as late as 3 days after culture. Reconstituting activity was not affected by pretreatment with anti‐θ serum and complement and cell separation studies showed that the activity was associated mainly with Ig‐negative cells and that the active cell probably bears Ia antigens on its surface. These results indicate that the adherent cells involved are probably macrophages and that they act non‐specifically to produce optimum conditions for the specific response of T cells.
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PRENATAL ASSESSMENT OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYME DEFICIENCY IN EIGHT CASES AT RISK
Authors: Carey WF , Nelson PV , Pollard AC
Published: November 2007

Some of the factors which are to be considered in the antenatal diagnostic evaluation of lysosomal enzyme levels in cultured amniotic fluid cells are discussed in the light of eight consecutive cases in which the foetuses had a 1 in 4 chance of being homozygous for a lysosomal storage disease. There were 2 possible cases of GM1 gangliosidosis, 2 of neuropathic Gaucher's disease, 1 of Krabbe's disease and 2 of Pompe's disease. Each infant was predicted to be unaffected; the assessments were confirmed to be correct post‐natally–7 by enzyme studies. Using a micro technique, 5 of the assessments were available in 28 days or less following amniocentesis. It is concluded that in certain circumstances skin fibroblasts may be used as valid controls and that the variability of assay results strongly militates against the confident assignment of heterozygous status and may cause difficulties in the identification of the homozygote in cases where ‘residual’ enzyme activity is high; concomitant family studies assist in the resolution of such problems.
A PNEUMATICALLY DRIVEN PUMP FOR CONSTANT PERFUSION MANOMETRY
Authors: Dent J , Culross J , Morris JM
Published: November 2007

Syringe pumps are almost universally used for constant perfusion oesophageal manometry, despite important technical limitations. A pneumatically driven perfusion pump has been designed specifically for oesophageal manometry. This pump requires less than one third the flow setting of a syringe pump to achieve a given rate of pressure rise. It is simple to operate and needs infrequent refilling. Nearly two years' practical experience with this pump has confirmed its superiority over the syringe pump for constant perfusion manometry.
THE SIMULATION OF THE UREA CYCLE: CORRELATION OF EFFECTS DUE TO INBORN ERRORS IN THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYMES WITH CLINICAL‐BIOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Kuchel PW , Roberts DV , Nichol LW
Published: November 2007

Steady‐state rate equations are written on the basis of information obtained from the literature describing the kinetics of the four enzyme‐catalysed reactions comprising the urea cycle. These equations are formulated into a set which also accounts for fluxes of input and output compounds external to the cycle. Numerical integration of this set of equations is performed employing parameters selected to approximate those pertaining to the operation of the urea cycle in normal liver. The result is a pattern of intermediate metabolite concentrations, which forms a basis for the comparison of patterns reflecting the effects of inborn errors of metabolism. The latter are calculated by varying specified kinetic parameters in the numerical integration. Each of the observed clinical syndromes, Hyperarginemia Types I and II, Hyperarginemia, Citrullinemia and Argininosuccinicaciduria, is discussed.
ERYTHROCYTE AUTOANTIBODIES INDUCED IN MICE IMMUNIZED WITH RAT ANTIGENS
Authors: Keast D , Calagero C
Published: November 2007

Antibody reacting against syngeneic mouse erythrocytes could not be elicited (by rat erythrocytes) in athymie nude mice. Rat antigen preparations from heart, muscle, testes, brain erythrocyte ghosts and foetal material failed to elicit detectable autoantibody reactivity against mouse erythrocytes, even though all these preparations (other than brain and foetal) induced a reduction in half life of syngeneic murine erythrocytes in vivo. We suggest that an unstable rat erythrocyte antigen is responsible for the induction of the autoimmune reactions, which in turn depend on T‐cells for their generation.
THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY IN GUINEA PIGS ON THE LYMPHOCYTE CONTENT OF CENTRAL LYMPH
Authors: Adams DB
Published: November 2007

The number of lymphocytes discharged from the mesenteric lymphatic duct was measured over several days of continuous lymph drainage in adult guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth or as young adults. The reduced output of lymphocytes during the first few days of lymph drainage from neonatally thymectomised guinea pigs indicated that removal of the thymus at birth produced a deficiency in the mobilizable lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy led to a decrease in the moblizable lymphocyte pool which did not become apparent until 35 days after removal of the thymus. This indicated that the production of lymphocytes by the thymus is important in the guinea pig for maintaining adequate numbers of recirculating lymphocytes during adult life.

The concentration of lymphocytes was reduced in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth. In female guinea pigs this lymphopenia was accompanied by an increase in the number of lymphocytes hearing Kurloff bodies. The concentration of lymphocytes in bone marrow was not significantly altered following neonatal thymectomy.
REQUIREMENTS FOR STIMULATION OF T CELL RESPONSES AGAINST VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS: NATURE OF ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS CAPABLE OF STIMULATING CYTOTOXIC T CELLS IN A SECONDARY RESPONSE IN VITRO
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV
Published: November 2007

The nature of infected stimulator cells in the in vitro secondary cytotoxic T cell response to ectromelia infection was investigated. It was found that macrophages were better stimulator cells than spleen cells. B cells (Ig‐positive cells) were superior to T cells (Ig‐negative cells) both on a relative proportion and on a cell‐to‐cell basis. Concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated lymphocytes were also effective stimulator cells but appeared to be slightly inferior to spleen cells. Spleen cells depleted of la‐positive cells were markedly inferior to normal spleen cells as stimulators. It was also found that primary and secondary cytotoxic T cells were largely Ia‐negative.

These findings are discussed in relation to the likely events during T cell responses to infection in vivo.
THE EFFECT IN VIVO OF PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS OF IMMUNE AND NORMAL MICE ON THE INFECTIVITY OF THE THIRD STAGE LARVAE OF NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Chaicumpa V , Jenkin CR , Fischer H
Published: November 2007

Data presented show that in vivo peritoneal exudate cells of mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius are capable of damaging the infective third stage larvae of this parasite. Experiments utilising chambers closed with membranes of different pore size and implanted in the peritoneal cavity indicated that damage requires intimate contact between the cells and larvae. Examination of the cells in contact with the larvae revealed that these cells were predominantly macrophages. The fact that peritoneal exudate cells of normal mice are unable to damage the third stage larvae even in the presence of serum from immune animals, although binding to the larvae, suggest that cells of immune mice have been “activated”.
SOME REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RESPONSE OF SEPARATED T‐CELL SUB‐POPULATIONS TO THE MITOGENS PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND CONCANAVALIN A
Authors: Shortman Ken , Ryden Aina , Dunkley Margaret , von Boehmer Harald
Published: November 2007

The proliferative response of various separated populations of mouse spleen and thymus lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was not a direct function of the level of responsive T cells, but was governed by other regulatory effects. These included a stimulation by adherent macrophages, an inhibition by a separate population of adherent cells and an adherent cell independent restriction of proliferation at high cell concentration. In contrast, the proliferate response Concanavalin A (Con A) was more closely related to the level of responsive T cells. All density and electrophoretically isolated sub‐sets of splenic T cells appeared capable of a proliferative response to PHA and Con A, although under some conditions the PHA responsiveness of certain fractions was suppressed. In the thymus, the minor low θ sub‐population appeared capable of response to both mitogens, and accounted for all the activity of the unfractioned thymus cells. No response to either mitogen could be obtained from the major, high θ thymocyte population.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF PORCINE PITUITARY LARGE GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Livesey JH , Rubinstein D , Beck JC
Published: November 2007

Extracts of porcine pituitaries can be separated into two fractious, each containing immunoreactive growth hormone, (GH) by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. The void volume peak contained 0·2–0·5% (large GH) and the remainder fluted at Kd = 0·6 (small GH). 50–60% of the immunoreactive large CH was absorbed on to a large excess of anti‐GH coupled to Sepharose 2B during an 18 hour incubation at 4°. Over 80% of the absorbed immunoreactivity eluted with neutral 6 M NaSCN at 4°. The pituitary extracts also contained RNA which was absorbed and eluted along with the large GH. Upon rechro‐matography on Sephadex G‐200 the eluate contained small GH, suggesting that large GH was dissociated to small GH. The RNA ran in the void volume. RNA was also non‐specifically absorbed when Sepharose coupled with bovine serum gamma globulin was substituted for anti‐GH Sepharose. However, interference by RNA could be avoided if large GH was converted to small GH using 6 M NaSCN and rechromatographed before immunoabsorption. Contamination by prolactin was found.

Following a 2 hour incubation of porcine pituitary slices with (3H) leucine, the specific activity of large GH was 10–100 times that of small GH. It is concluded, firstly, that pituitary large GH is not small GH covalently bound to RNA, and, secondly, that pituitary large GH represents a different metabolic pool from pituitary small GH. This may be newly synthesized small GH, not yet incorporated into granules, making it susceptible to non‐specific binding to RNA or other proteins.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LARVAL CESTODES IN MICE:
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Handman Emanuela
Published: November 2007

After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP‐Ficoll), mice infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestodes corti, contain at least 20x fewer antibody‐secreting cells (PFC) in their spleens (or spleens plus lymph nodes) than uninfected mice. By contrast, intravenous injection of antigen leads to normal PFC responses. Results of studios on the fate of labelled syngeneic erythrocytes and foreign proteins surest that i.p. injected materials are retained in the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Sequestration of antigen, and its subsequent local destruction, presumably accounts for the markedly suppressed systemic immune responses induced by i.p. injected antigens in M. corti‐infected mice.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF SULFADIMETHOXINE IN CATS
Authors: Baggot J Desmond
Published: November 2007

Pharmacokinetic parameters which describe, distribution and elimination of sulfadimethoxine were determined in cats. Following intravenous administration of a single dose (55 inn/kg), disposition of the drug was described in terms of the hiexponential expression: Cp = Ae−αt + Be−βt. Based on total (free and bound) sulfonamide levels in the plasma, pseudo‐distribution equilibrium was slowly attained and the half‐time of elimination (half‐life) was 10·16 h ± 2·50 (S.D. n = 6). Body clearance, which is the sum of all clearance processes, was 18·8 ± 4·6 ml kg−1 h−1. Plasma protein binding, measured by equilibrium dialysis at sulfonamide concentration of 50 μg/ml, was extensive (87.5% ± 6·3. n = 10). Computer‐generated curves for an animal representative of the group, based on individual rate constants associated with the two‐compartment open model, showed that 12% and 5% of the dose were present in the central and peripheral compartments, respectively, 24 h after administering the drug. A satisfactory dosage regimen might consist of a priming dose (55 mg/kg) and maintenance dosage (27·5 mg/kg at 24 h dosage intervals). Predicted plasma sulfadimethoxine concentrations would oscillate between 125 and 25 μg/ml during the steady state. Influence of bacterial disease and febrile states on predicted levels remains to be verified experimentally.
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID INHIBITION OF SODIUM PLUS POTASSIUM‐ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM RAT HEART
Authors: Miller Hugh M , Woodhouse Stanley P
Published: November 2007

Long chain fatty acids were found to inhibit (Na + +K+)– ATPase prepared from rat heart. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were more inhibitory than saturated fatty acids with myristic acid being the most inhibitory saturated fatty acid tested and linoleic the most inhibitory unsaturated fatty acid.

As an example of fatty acid modification of the enzyme, inhibition of (Na++K+)–ATPase by oleate was examined. When compared to ouabain, inhibition of (Na + +K+)– ATPase by oleate was found to be similar in that both were dependent on K+ concentration, but, in contrast to the almost instantaneous inhibition by ouabain, oleate inhibition was a slow process requiring over 20 min incubation at 37° to produce maximum inhibition. Inhibition of rat heart (Na ++ K +) –ATPase by oleate was found to be readily reversible by washout. In the presence of albumin an oleate/albumin molar ratio greater than 7·5 was required for inhibition to occur.

The activity of rat heart (Na ++K+)‐ATPase had a temperature optimum above 40° and a discontinuous Arrhenius' plot with a transition temperature of 25°. In the presence of oleate, however, the enzyme's optimum temperature decreased to below 40°, the activation energy of the reaction at temperatures below 25° was lowered from 24.7 kcal/mol to 12.6 kcal/mol and tire enzyme had a linear Arrhenius' plot.

The possibility of in vivo inhibition of cardiac (Na ++K+)– ATPase under conditions of elevated fatty acids is discussed.
BLOOD HYPERVISCOSITY IN CRYOGLOBULINEMIA: TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY AND CORRELATION WITH REDUCED SKIN BLOOD FLOW
Authors: McGrath Michael A , Penny Ronald
Published: November 2007

Cryoglobulins cause an increase in plasma viscosity and this has been attributed to increased protein‐protein interaction. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the interaction between red cells and these proteins by measuring the viscosity of whole blood from 21 patients with cryoglobulin‐aemia not only at high (73 sec‐1) and low (0·18 sec‐1) shear rates, but also at different temperatures. At 35° blood hyperviscosity was found in 62% of the patients at the high shear rate, and in 76% of patients at the low shear rate. Cooling of the blood to 25° caused an increase in the blood viscosity which was particularly marked at the low shear rate. The plasma viscosity was significantly increased at both temperatures. The hand blood flow was measured at 32°, 27° and 20° in 12 patients to assess the degree of impairment of the peripheral circulation. The flows were significantly reduced at each temperature and there was an increase in the sensitivity of the How through this region to local cooling. These findings indicate that in the presence of a cryoglobulin there is an increased viscous resistance, particularly at low flow rates. The temperature and shear rate characteristics of the blood viscosity suggest that cryoglobulins markedly potentiate red cell aggregation. This explains, at least in part, the high incidence of skin and vascular complications in patients with cryoglobulinaemia and the characteristic localization of these features to exposed peripheral tissues.
RODENT ZOONOSES IN NORTH QUEENSLAND
Authors: Glazebrook JS , Campbell RSF , Hutchinson GW , Stallman ND
Published: November 2007

A study of potentially zoonotic infections was carried out on 351 rodents trapped in north‐eastern Queensland. Their ecosystems included towns, agricultural and livestock areas, woodland and rainforest. Nine serotypes of salmonellae were obtained from asymptomatic carriers in predominantly settled locations. Two strains of Ps. pseudomallei occurred in rainforest near Innisfail and one on a cattle property adjacent to Townsville. Ps. aeruginosa caused bronchopneumonia in one animal from Townsville harbour. Infection by leptospirae of six serogroups and seven serovars were identified by serological or cultural examinations. Enzootic foci occurred on the Mount Spec rainforest where celledoni and australis were being excreted by rats adjacent to the Paluma dam system. In addition to the scrub typhus locations at Rocky Creek, Atherton Tableland and Bullocky Creek, near Ingham, which were confirmed, a new focus of infection by R. tsutsugamushi was identified at El Arish near Tully. Water rats (H. chrysogaster) at Townsville harbour constituted a reservoir of toxoplasmosis. In addition to the known human pathogenic helminths H. nana and H. diminuta. localized foci of hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) were found. Histological evidence of cytomegalic disease of the salivary‐ glands or kidneys was a common finding.
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF MONOSACCHARIDE AFTER BILIARY DIVERSION IN THE RAT
Authors: Burke Valerie , Malajczuk Anne , Gracey M , Speed TP , Thornett ML
Published: November 2007

Sugar absorption is increased in rats with a bile fistula but approaches normal values with the addition of bile salt. It has therefore been suggested that bile salts have a physiological role in decreasing intestinal absorption of monosaccharides.

In experiments using rats, jejunal and ileal uptake of arbutin, a glucose analogue was increased 5 days after creating a bile fistula but normal by the 10th day after operation. Bile fistula rats ate only about one third of the intake of normal rats in the first 5 days after operation. Control animals led the same amount as the bile fistula group showed a similar increase in jejunal and ileal arbutin uptake. In both groups, on the 5th post‐operative day, addition of taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake towards normal. In normal rats, taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake in the ileum but not the jejunum. These results suggest that increased monosaccharide uptake in bile fistula rats is related to semi‐starvation and is not a specific effect of bile salts.
CHROMOSOME DAMAGE AND DNA REPAIR INDUCED IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS BY UV AND CHOLESTEROL OXIDE
Authors: Parsons PG , Goss Patricia
Published: November 2007

In human fibroblasts, cholesterol oxide inclined a similar degree of chromosome damage (8.6% of metaphases) and DNA repair synthesis (8‐10% of cells with tightly‐labelled nuclei) as low doses of ultraviolet light (UV), but did not produce single‐strand DNA breaks or DNA damage detectable by Inhibition of thymidine incorporation. Chromosome aberrations were detected up to 8 weeks after treatment with cholesterol oxide and UV. Combined treatments bad almost additive elicits on the frequency of chromosome aberrations lint not on repair synthesis. Multiple daily doses of IV did not cause more aberrations than a single dose. Attempts to transform two fibroblast strains from normal donors and three derived From melanoma patients using single and combined treatments of UV, cholesterol oxide and hyperthermia (40°) were unsuccessful.
SENSITIZATION OF GUT‐ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE DURING ORAL IMMUNISATION
Authors: Clancy Robert , Pucci Alessandra
Published: November 2007

The time course of appearance of sensitised lymphocytes was studied in rabbits fed 0·1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antigen reactive cells (ARC) were detected in Peyer's patches at 1 week, prior to both the appearance of primed cells in the spleen and the detection of circulating anti‐BSA antibody. Systemic immunisation with 2 mg BSA induced sensitised cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches. No evidence of an early appearance of sensitised cells in the mucosal cell population was found. These data support the postulates that the initial lymphocyte sensitisation to ingested soluble antigen occurs in Peyer's patches, that this lymphoid tissue provides a significant contribution to systemic immunity following oral and parenteral immunisation, and that the mucosal lymphocyte population is not involved in the early phase of sensitisation to ingested antigen.
FUSION AND HYBRIDIZATION OF MARSUPIAL AND EUTHERIAN CELLS. ACTIVITY OF HETEROKARYONS.
Authors: Marshall Graves JA , Hope RM
Published: November 2007

Marsupial and eutherian nuclei in heterokaryons wore shown to synthesize DNA and RNA, apparently at control levels, and heterokaryons were found to contain marsupial hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The two types of nucleus in heterokaryons were also able to undergo synchronous chromosome condensation. Our results provide no evidence for suppression of nucleic acid synthesis, gene expression or mitosis in marsupial x eutherian heterokaryons.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ORBIVIRUSES TO LOW pH AND TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Authors: Gorman BM
Published: November 2007

Six orbiviruses, Corriparta, Wallal, Eubenangee, D'Aguilar, Warrego and Mitchell River, were inactivated within 30 min in solutions of pH less than 6. All but Wallal virus resisted treatment with ether at 1° for 22 h but only Corriparta virus resisted treatment with chloroform at 1° for 22 h. The genomes of the orbiviruses, including Corriparta virus, after electrophoresis in acrylamide gels separated into basically similar patterns which ware distinct from the pattern of reovirus RNA.
GLUCOSE‐BINDING MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Authors: Billington T , Nayudu PRV
Published: November 2007

To identify glucose‐binding proteins amongst the polypeptides of the mouse duodenal brush border membrane, throe types of experiments are reported. The first involved the introduction of labelled glucose and its analogue phlorizin into the lumen of separate groups of ligatured duodenal segments. Several proteins were shown to have bound both labelled species in situ by liquid scintillation counting of slices from polyacrylamide gels on which solubilised membrane protein had been electrophoretically separated. The second type of experiment was designed to determine the competitive nature of the binding of both labelled and cold phlorizin to proteins which had already bound glucose. Only three bands could competitively bind phlorizin. Finally, gels on which solubilised protein from in situ glucose‐binding experiments had been run were placed in solutions containing labelled phlorizin. The binding of phlorizin to proteins in the same three bands as above suggested a confirmation of the conclusion that there were three membrane protein types which appeared to be involved in phlorizin‐sensitive glucose‐binding.
IN VITRO GROWTH OF OVINE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Jun MH , Johnson RH , Maguire DJ , Pratt MS
Published: November 2007

Cultured by fragment explantation following a selective trypsinisation procedure, 22/31 (71%) specimens of ovine squamous cell carcinoma yielded pure strains of epithelial cells which do date have passaged vigorously to the 29th level of passage. In contrast to the diploid nature of epithelial cell strains derived from foetal sheep skin, the cell strains derived from skin tumors were highly aneuploid.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBRE ON THE APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF MAJOR FOOD COMPONENTS AND ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN MEN
Authors: Farrell DJ , Girle Lorraine , Arthur Joan
Published: November 2007

Measurements were made on 14 mule subjects to determine effects of dietary fibre on the apparent digestibility of dietary components and on blood lipids. For 23 days all subjects were on a low fibre regimen, followed by 24 days when 12 subjects were on a high fibre regimen. Additional fibre was largely in the form of wheat bran (12 g/day).

Faecal dry matter determined over 4 days increased from 116 g to 200 g when subjects were on the high fibre diet. There was a significant decrease in apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, protein and minerals, but not of fat. when subjects changed to the high fibre regimen. Plasma cholesterol had increased significantly by the end of the low fibre regimen but had declined significantly by the end of the high fibre regimen. There was a significant fall in plasma triglycerides at the end of the low fibre regimen, and this level was maintained until the end of the experiment.

During the course of digestion 80% and 55% of the neutral detergent fibre in the diet disappeared from the low and high fibre diet, respectively. Hemicellulose was completely digested on the low fibre regimen; this was attributed largely to increased transit time of digesta.

Calcium and iron digestibilities were not significantly different on either regimen, although there was much variation among individuals, particularly in iron digestibility. The two control subjects that remained on the low fibre regimen throughout showed no change in digestibility of the majority of dietary components, but variation in blood lipid and faecal iron concentrations were such that no conclusion could be drawn from these data.
THE EFFECTS OF METHYSERGIDE ON THE CONSTRICTOR RESPONSE TO SEROTONIN ON THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RABBIT EAR ARTERY
Authors: Carroll Peter R , Nasveld Peter E
Published: November 2007

On the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery methysergide 10‐9 mol.l‐1 only potentiated the constrictor response to serotonin while at a concentration of 2·5 × 10‐8 mol.l‐1 it only blocked the response. At an intermediate concentration (2·5 × 10‐9)‐1 mol.l‐1) it produced initial potentiation followed by subsequent blockade. In contrast, at all three concentrations it only potentiated the constrictor response to noradrenaline. The results thus show that methysergide can exert a dual effect on the constrictor response to serotonin with the actual effect produced being dependent not only on the concentration of methysergide used but also on the period of time the artery is exposed to methysergide.
MODIFICATIONS OF THE LOCAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE ATTRIBUTED TO THE INTESTINAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

Oral immunisation studies in germfree, specific pathogen‐free (SPF) and conventionalised mice illustrated that the autochthonous gut flora can have a suppressive effect on the induction of a local intestinal immune response to Vibrio cholerae. Temporary colonisation of the small bowel by viable vibrios occurred only in the germfree animal. The lack of colonisation in SPF and conventionalised mice was presumably a cause of their lower coproantibody responses. Prevention of colonisation was probably due to bacterial antagonism rather than to cross‐reacting antibodies. This conclusion was reinforced by studies involving oral immunisation of SPF mice maintained on streptomycin, and of conventionalised ex germfree mice. In addition to the increased protective coproantibody response of animals with reduced gut flora, there were increased levels of non‐complement‐fixing protective antibodies in their serum, which were probably derived from the gut lamina propria.
TUMOUR IMMUNITY TO MURINE PLASMA CELL TUMOURS
Authors: Burton Robert C , Warner Noel L
Published: November 2007

A tumour‐associated antigen has been identified which is expressed on both BALB/c plasmacytomas and T lymphomas, hut which does not induce a detectable cell‐mediated immune response in the strain of origin of the tumours. The (BALB/c × C57BL) F1 hybrid, however, makes a readily detectable response both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments with various BALB/c H‐2 F1 congenic mice indicated that the genetic control of the response was not H‐2 linked, and was associated with other C57BL genes.
FACTORS INFLUENCING LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY IN CHOLINE DEFICIENCY
Authors: Waller AR , Kratzing CC
Published: November 2007

Subcutaneous injections of the lipotropic agent, ethyl trichloracetate, to rats with established choline deficiency raised their plasma triglycerides by 60% and completely removed the hyperglyceridaemic response of Triton WR 1339. The plasma triglyceride levels of choline‐supplemented rats were depressed slightly by ethyl trichloracetate administration, which was effective in abolishing response to Triton WR 1339.

Lipoprotein lipase activity of epididymal fat pad was stimulated 60% while plasma lipoprotein lipase was not stimulated by ethyl trichloracetate. The increased peripheral removal of low‐density lipoprotein‐triglyceride complex, allowing greater use to be made of existing apo‐proteins, may explain the lipotropic character of the ester.
HEREDITARY C2 DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE
Authors: McPherson AJ , McKenzie I , Castaldi PA , Stewart GJ
Published: November 2007

A patient presenting with a syndrome probably due to immune complex deposition wits investigated and found to possess an inherited C2 complement deficiency. Family studies indicated that the deficiency was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. HLA typing for the HLA‐A and HLA‐B specificities and HLA‐D specificities indicated a close linkage between the HLA and C2 genes, as has been described elsewhere. The HLA‐A and B locus specificities HLA‐AW25 and HLA‐B18 were coded for by each of the two chromosomes carrying the C2°gene. However, the two chromosomes differed at the HLA‐D locus, as one coded for HLA‐DW2 whilst the other did not. This case, therefore, provides a unique haplotype and may be of importance in mapping the C2° locus, as it suggests that the gene order on chromosome 6 is HLA‐D, C2°, HLA‐B, HLA‐A. Extensive complement component assays indicated that utilization of complement in the patient was occurring via the alternate complement pathway. It is suggested that, as a result of the C2 deficiency, infections with viruses and other agents could lead to an immune complex disease due to an impaired capacity to effectively eliminate circulating complexes.
OXALATE EXCRETION IN RATS INJECTED WITH XYLITOL OR GLYCOLLATE: STIMULATION BY PHENOBARBITONE PRE‐TREATMENT
Authors: Rofe AM , Conyers RAJ , Bais R , Edwards JB
Published: November 2007

The hypothesis that the prior intake of barbiturates may predispose patients to form increased amounts of oxalate following the intravenous infusion of xylitol was investigated in the rat. Phenobarbitone pre‐treatment resulted in a 2–3 fold increase in urinary |14C| oxalate concentration following the intra‐peritoneal injection of |U‐14C| xylitol or |1‐14C| glycollate. The absence of any marked changes in urine volumes and creatinine excretion implied that this increase in urinary oxalate excretion was due to the enhanced synthesis of oxalate. The activities of key enzymes in hepatic oxalate synthesis, glycollate oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, catalase and alanine aminotransferase were not altered by phenobarbitone pre‐treatment. It is suggested that the increased activity of the microsomal mixed function oxidases, following phenobarbitone treatment, may facilitate the oxidation of glycollate and possibly xylitol. This communication lends experimental support to the concept that the prior intake of drugs, such as barbiturates, may predispose patients to form increased amounts of oxalate.
ALTERATION IN CELL DIVISION, MORPHOLOGY AND MOTILITY INDUCED BY THE TOXIC PRINCIPLE OF LUPINOSIS
Authors: Petterson DS , Howlett RM , Robertson TA , Papadimitriou JM
Published: November 2007

A number of experiments are described in which the effect of the toxins causing lupinosis on cell morphology and motility is examined. The toxins arrested cells in metaphase leading to abnormal profiles, and inhibited leucocyte migration. Similar results were obtained with colchicine on cell division and, from the evidence obtained, it is suggested that the mechanism of action of the two agents is similar and that the same binding sites are probably involved.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF BRUSH‐TAILED POSSUMS, COMMON WOMBATS AND WATER RATS WITH LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVARS BALCANICA AND HARDJO
Authors: Durfee Philip T , Presidente Paul JA
Published: November 2007

Of 12 brush‐tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica 11 developed migroagglutination (MA) antibody to hardjo antigen by 14 days postinoculation (PI). Leptospiruria was observed in 2 possums 117 to 145 days PI. Of 6 possums inoculated with serovar hardjo 4 developed low short‐lived titres by day 18 PI. Two of 3 wombats (Vombatus ursinus) inoculated with balcanica had high MA titres (≥ 1:128) by day 16 PI and leptospiruria occurred by day 16. One wombat inoculated with hardjo developed a low MA titre. Low transitory MA titres to hardjo were found in 1 of 3 water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) after inoculation with balcanica and 1 of 2 given hardjo. Histopathological examination of kidneys revealed mild to moderately severe focal interstitial nephritis in 4 of 8 possums, in 2 wombats and in 2 water rats following experimental infection with balcanica. Similar lesions were observed in 2 of 4 possums, 1 wombat and 2 water rats following experimental infection with hardjo.
HYBRIDOMA ANTIBODY IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF PARASITIC INFECTION: DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL SYSTEM USING A LARVAL CESTODE INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Cruise Kathy M , Chapman Colin B , Anders Robin F , Howard Maureen C
Published: November 2007

A prototype immunodiagnostic assay has been developed using chronic infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, as a model system in mice. The assay is highly sensitive, it appears to be absolutely specific for M. corti infection, and is based on the inhibition of binding (by sera from infected mice) of a radiolabelled anti‐M. corti hybridoma antibody to a crude M. corti antigen extract. The hybridoma antibody binds to living M. corti larvae and is an IgG1 protein. In large scale experiments no false positives were detected and the only M. corti‐infected mice not detected by the assay where hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice. Only limited success has been achieved in attempts to convert the assay to one not requiring parasite antigen and based on the inhibition of binding of radiolabelled anti‐parasite hybridoma antibody and a large pool of anti‐idiotype antiserum. Monoclonal antibodies derived from anti‐parasite antibody‐secreting hybridoma cell lines will be of particular use in the development of new, highly specific, immnunodiagnostic reagents for the detection of parasite infection, exposure and disease.
LOCAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Bloom LD , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

Cholera immunization schedules were investigated in mice, with emphasis placed on obtaining an immune response in the intestine. The most effective schedule for producing a good local response was found to be several orally‐given priming doses of the organism followed after 14 days by an intravenous boosting dose. Major differences between the immune responses in the spleen and the intestine were noted.