bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5
S
RNA Synthesized by
Escherichia coli
in Presence of Chloramphenicol: Different 5′-Terminal Sequences
Authors: Forget Bernard G. , Jordan Bertrand
Published: October 2006

Escherichia coli
cells, grown in the presence of chloramphenicol, synthesize a low molecular weight RNA (CM-5
S
RNA) not bound to ribosomes which is similar to ribosomal 5
S
RNA. Oligonucleotide patterns derived from ribonuclease digests of 5
S
RNA and of CM-5
S
RNA are indistinguishable except that the 5′-terminal oligonucleotides differ. Whereas the nucleotide sequence of the 5′-terminus of normal 5
S
RNA is pUpG-, there are three alternate sequences of the 5′-terminus of CM-5
S
RNA: pUpUpG-, pUpUpUpG-, and pApUpUpUpG-.
Floral Inducing Extract from
Xanthium
Authors: Hodson H. Kent , Hamner K. C.
Published: October 2006

Flower formation was initiated in
Lemna
by acetone extracts of flowering cocklebur (
Xanthium
). These extracts also initiated flower formation in
Xanthium
when they were supplemented with gibberellic acid. No flower formation was initiated in duckweed (
Lemna
) or
Xanthium
by extracts from vegetative
Xanthium
. Extracts from vegetative plants supplemented with gibberellic acid did not initiate flowers in
Xanthium
or
Lemna
.
Behavioral Measurement of Neural Poststimulation Excitability Cycle: Pain Cells in the Brain of the Rat
Authors: Kestenbaum Richard S. , Deutsch J. A. , Coons Edgar E.
Published: October 2006

A new technique in which elicited behavior of the freely moving rat is used to measure the poststimulation excitability cycle of the central neurons mediating that behavior has been adapted from accepted methods of neurophysiology. A continuous train of pairs of brief pulses was delivered to pain systems in the midbrain. Rate of lever pressing to achieve 3-second rests from this stimulation was measured as a function of the interval separating the pulses within pairs. Evidence for latent addition, absolute refractory period, temporal summation, and adaptation was demonstrated. Obtained relationships suggested that three sets of fibers may carry the aversive signal and that synaptic integration of pain in the brain may be related to Stevens' power law functions.
Opaque Minerals in Lunar Samples
Authors: Cameron Eugene N.
Published: October 2006

Microscope study and electron microprobe analysis of lunar rocks and soil show that ilmenite, troilite, and native iron are accompanied by trace amounts of ulvöspinel, titanochromite (new mineral name), an unidentified Ti-Fe oxide, and a complex Zr-Y silicate. The assemblage requires a strongly reducing environment. Textures and modal proportions show that the rocks present are not a differentiation series. The restricted nature of the opaque mineral assemblage suggests a narrow range of composition for the materials from which the parent liquids of the rocks were generated. Textural variety must reflect differences in cooling rates, probably related to depths of formation.
Micromorphology and Surface Characteristics of Lunar Dust and Breccia
Authors: Cloud Preston , Margolis Stanley V. , Moorman Mary , Barker J. M. , Licari G. R. , Krinsley David , Barnes V. E.
Published: October 2006

Although nothing of direct biologic interest was observed in the sample studied, small shaped glass particles and glazed pits resemble objects which elsewhere have been described as fossils. These features, although nonbiological, do bear on processes of lunar weathering and outgassing. The glazed pits are impact features. Fusion of their surfaces released gases. Electron microscopy of the glasses, pits, and angular microfractured mineral grains indicates a prevalence of destructive weathering processes—thermal expansion and contraction, abrasion by by-passing particles, and, of course, impact.
Polywater: Methods for Identifying Polywater Columns and Evidence for Ordered Growth
Authors: Castellion G. A. , Grabar D. G. , Hession J. , Burkhard H.
Published: October 2006

The refractive indices of polywater columns in glass capillaries have been rapidly and accurately measured with an interference microscope. Polywater has been detected by this method in both quartz and Vycor glass capillaries. A comparison of refractive index measurements with measurements of optical anisotropy indicates that polywater initially condenses with an ordered structure.
Simulation of the Mating Advantage of Rare
Drosophila
Males
Authors: Ehrman Lee
Published: October 2006

In several species of
Drosophila
, certain males mate more frequently when they are less abundant than they do when they are in the majority. The mating advantage may be artificially induced by the use of a "double chamber" technique, even when there is no difference in the actual frequencies of the competing males.
Cerebral Hemorrhage in Relation to Birth Asphyxia
Authors: Windle William F.
Published: October 2006

The brains of monkeys and guinea pigs asphyxiated at birth, completely resuscitated, and killed at various times thereafter revealed no petechial hemorrhages. However, when postnatal distress and other factors leading to a moribund state occurred, the brains revealed petechial hemorrhages.
δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase: Induction in Embryonic Chick Liver by Glucagon
Authors: Simons J. A.
Published: October 2006

Glucagon elicits a twofold increase in δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in the livers of 18-day-old chick embryos. This rise occurs when RNA synthesis is inhibited, but is prevented when protein synthesis is blocked. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate appears not to be involved.
Wax Esters in Marine Copepods
Authors: Lee Richard F. , Nevenzel Judd C. , Paffenhöfer G. -A.
Published: October 2006

Two pelagic copepods,
Calanus helgolandicus
and
Gaussia princeps
, contained wax esters with 28 to 44 carbon atoms as major lipid constituents. In laboratory cultures of the former species, changes in nutrition (amount or species of diatoms fed) affected both the amount of total lipid and the composition of the wax esters. Thus, the wax esters serve as a reserve energy store in this organism.
Z Disc Ultrastructure in Scutal Depressor Fibers of the Barnacle
Authors: Leyton Robert A. , Ullrick William C.
Published: October 2006

The ultrastructure of Z discs in nonglycerinated, striated muscle fibers of the barnacle
Balanus nubilus
Darwin was examined in contracted, resting, and stretched preparations. At all sarcomere lengths, the Z discs are perforated sheets comprised of "Z rims" and "Z perforations," extending continuously across the myofibril; the dimensions of the rims and perforations change with changes in sarcomere length. Accordingly, with shortening of the sarcomere, there was an accompanying decrease in the transverse width of the Z rims and an increase in the diameter of the Z perforations.
Vibriolytic Antibody-Forming Cells: A New Application of the Pfeiffer Phenomenon
Authors: McAlack Robert F. , Cerny Jan , Allen Jerry L. , Friedman Herman
Published: October 2006

Complement-mediated immune lysis was first described by Pfeiffer after observing an immune reaction against
Vibrio cholerae
. Application of this reaction in agar gel, with viable vibro organisms, gave results which were unique compared to the red blood cell or enterobacterial systems. Among these was the lack of a detectable "background," a lengthened latent period and differentiable results among the three major cell wall antigens characteristic of this bacterial groups.
Immunotherapy of Cancer: An Experimental Model in Syngeneic Guinea Pigs
Authors: Kronman Barry S. , Wepsic Harold T. , Churchill Winthrop H. , Zbar Berton , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: October 2006

Successful treatment of a solid tumor was accomplished by repeated intradermal injection of living tumor cells.
Encapsidation of Free Host DNA by Simian Virus 40: A Simian Virus 40 Pseudovirus
Authors: Trilling David M. , Axelrod David
Published: October 2006

Under specified growth conditions, simian virus 40 encapsidated host DNA in a noncircular form free of viral DNA. Two bands of virus particles were present in cesium chloride equilibrium density centrifugation. The host DNA species contained in the upper band was of a lower molecular weight than the DNA present in the mature virus in the lower band.
Hurricane Debbie Modification Experiments, August 1969
Authors: Gentry R. Cecil
Published: October 2006

Maximum winds in Hurricane Debbie, August 1969, decreased after modification experiments by Project Stormfury. Clouds surrounding the center of Debbie were seeded with silver iodide particles five times at approximately 2-hour intervals on both 18 and 20 August. Before the first seeding on 18 August, the maximum speed of winds at 3600 meters was 182 kilometers per hour, but, 5 hours after the fifth seeding, these winds decreased to 126 kilometers per hour. On 20 August, the corresponding change was from 183 to 156 kilometers per hour. Analyses of the data suggest that the storm was modified.
Radiation Effects and Oxygen Vacancies in Silicates
Authors: Chatelain A. , Kolopus J. L. , Weeks R. A.
Published: October 2006

Proton and electron irradiation of silicates, minerals, and rocks produces a paramagnetic defect whose resonance spectrum is identical to that of the singly charged oxygen vacancy in silica glass and α-quartz. It is suggested that this defect is characteristic of all structures containing SiO
4
tetrahedra. Cracks, fracturing, and electric discharges have been observed after irradiation in planes determined by the particle ranges. These processes may contribute to the erosion and transport of lunar surface materials.
Solar Activity Index: Validity Supported by Oxygen Isotope Dating
Authors: Bray J. R.
Published: October 2006

A significant correlation between oxygen-18 concentration in a Greenland ice core and an index of solar activity supports the validity of the solar index. The correlation may result from an apparent control of temperature by solar activity.
Immune Responses of Inbred Mice to Repeated Low Doses of Antigen: Relationship to Histocompatibility (H-2) Type
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Levine Bernard B.
Published: October 2006

Immunization of inbred strains of mice with repeated minute doses (0.1 to 1.0 microgram) of hapten-protein conjugates demonstrated wide differences in the magnitude of their antibody responses, which were related to the histocompatibility (H-2) type of the strains. Immunization with a single high dose (100 micrograms) of antigen failed to demonstrate these differences.
Equilibrium Density-Gradient Procedure for Selection of Synchronous Cells from Asynchronous Cultures
Authors: Sitz Thomas O. , Kent Alan B. , Hopkins Harold A. , Schmidt Robert R.
Published: October 2006

A reproducible isopycnic technique, in which linear density gradients of Ficoll are used, was developed for selecting synchronous daughter cells from asynchronous cultures of
Chlorella
for biochemical studies of the cell cycle.
Macroglobulin Structure: Variable Sequence of Light and Heavy Chains
Authors: Köhler Heinz , Shimizu Akira , Paul Claudine , Putnam Frank W.
Published: October 2006

The variable regions of the light and heavy chains on the same macroglobulin (immunoglobulin M) molecule are no more related in amino acid sequence than are the variable regions of the light and heavy chains of different immunoglobulin molecules. Subgroups of μ chains are similar in their variable sequence to subgroups of γ chains.
Acetylsalicylic Acid: No Chromosome Damage in Human Leukocytes
Authors: Mauer Irving , Weinstein David , Solomon Harvey M.
Published: October 2006

Acetylsalicylic acid was added to cultures of human leukocytes at several time periods over a wide range of concentrations (0.1 to 300.0 micrograms per milliliter). Leukocytes were also cultured from human volunteers during the ingestion of two 300-milligram tablets four times daily (2400 milligrams per day) over a 1-month period. No significant increase in chromosome aberrations was detected in vitro or in vivo.
Alcohol Oxidation in Rats Inhibited by Pyrazole, Oximes, and Amides
Authors: Lester David , Benson Gordon D.
Published: October 2006

Pyrazole, previously reported to inhibit ethanol oxidation in the rat, also effectively blocks the in vivo metabolism of methanol, propanol, isopropanol,
n-
butanol, and isobutanol. A variety of oximes and amides are also effective inhibitors of ethanol metabolism. These various inhibitors may prove important in the elucidation of several facets of alcohol metabolism and also may have application in the treatment of methanol poisoning and in the reduction of the sequelae of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction syndrome in man.
In vitro Lymphocyte Reactivity during Depression of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity by 6-Mercaptopurine
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Phillips S. Michael
Published: October 2006

Administration of 6-mercaptopurine suppressed appearance of tuberculin skin test reactivity for up to 6 weeks after mycobacterial injection. Lymphocytes obtained during the period of suppressed tuberculin reactivity exhibited normal in vitro proliferative responses to tuberculin, suggesting that the drug may not be qualitatively affecting function of immunologically competent cells.
Amino Acid Transport in Hepatoma Cell Cultures during Tyrosine Aminotransferase Induction
Authors: Krawitt Edward L. , Baril Earl F. , Becker Joyce E. , Potter Van R.
Published: October 2006

Alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport in hepatoma cells in culture was increased by insulin but not by hydrocortisone. Both of these agents induce tyrosine aminotransferase activity in this system. The apparent increase in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport and tyrosine aminotransferase activity produced by glucagon is probably caused by insulin contamination. Insulin did not increase transport in this system until after tyrosine aminotransferase activity had reached maximum levels. The mechanisms underlying increased alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport appear to differ from those for tyrosine aminotransferase induction with hydrocortisone despite their close association in previous whole animal experiments.
Rapid Screening Test for Detecting Hepatitis-Associated Antigen
Authors: Saravis C. A. , Trey C. , Grady G. F.
Published: October 2006

Hepatitis-associated antigen can be detected within 2 hours by using an electrophoretic technique and cellulose acetate membranes saturated with antibody. The speed of the technique now allows testing of blood intended for transfusion on the day of collection, and the sensitivity of the method compares favorably with standard immunodiffusion.
Fetal Kidney in Organ Culture: Abnormalities of Development Induced by Decreased Amounts of Potassium
Authors: Crocker John F. S. , Vernier R. L.
Published: October 2006

Kidneys from fetal mice (10 to 18 days' gestation) were grown in organ culture. Concentrations of potassium less than 9 milliequivalents per liter (10- to 14-day kidneys), and less than 6 milliequivalents per liter (14- to 18-day kidneys), produced abnormal branching, failure of nephron induction, and occasional cystic dilatations of the ureteral bud. These studies emphasize the importance of an environment with a high concentration of potassium for development of the fetal kidney.
Antigen Receptor Molecules: Inhibition by Antiserum against Kappa Light Chains
Authors: Lesley Jayne , Dutton Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Rabbit antiserum against mouse kappa chains, the predominant class of light chains found in mouse immunoglobulins, inhibits the immune response in vitro of mouse spleen cells to erythrocyte antigens. The inhibition becomes irreversible if the mouse spleen cells are treated briefly with both antiserum to kappa chains and complement.
Temporal Summation and Refractoriness in Hypothalamic Reward Neurons as Measured by Self-Stimulation Behavior
Authors: Smith Nicole Schupf , Coons Edgar E.
Published: October 2006

A neurophysiological technique of double-pulse stimulation has been applied to freely moving rats with chronic indwelling electrodes in the hypothalamic reward area. Self-stimulation thresholds, measured as a function of the interpulse interval, generated curves with time constants characteristic of refractory periods and temporal synaptic summation. The results indicate a way of studying central neuronal processes for which the overt behavior of the animal is the dependent variable.
p
-Chlorophenylalanine Methyl Ester: An Aphrodisiac?
Authors: Whalen Richard E. , Luttge William G.
Published: October 2006

p
-Chlorophenylalanine methyl ester and the ester plus pargyline have been reported to facilitate sexual mounting behavior in animals, but these studies have shown only a facilitation of homosexual mounting. The present study indicates that these agents do not enhance the probability or frequency of heterosexual interactions in rats.
Mantle-Derived Peridotites in Southwestern Oregon: Relation to Plate Tectonics
Authors: Medaris L. G. , Dott R. H.
Published: October 2006

A group of peridotites in southwestern Oregon contains high-pressure mineral assemblages reflecting recrystallization at high temperatures (1100° to 1200°C) over a range of pressure decreasing from 19 to 5 kilobars. It is proposed that the peridotites represent upper-mantle material brought from depth along the ancestral Gorda-Juan de Fuca ridge system, transported eastward by the spreading Gorda lithosphere plate, and then emplaced by thrust-faulting in the western margin of the Cordillera during late Mesozoic time.
Scleractinian Coral Exoskeletons: Surface Microarchitecture and Attachment Scar Patterns
Authors: Wise Sherwood W.
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron microscopic studies have revealed the configurations of the growth surfaces of scleractinian coral exoskeletons. Skeletal surfaces exhibit profuse growths of minute elongate aragonite crystals which, on basal and mural surfaces, are punctuated by scars. It is suggested that these scars are sites of attachment for the specialized processes that connect the living tissues of polyps to the nonliving skeleton. Patterns formed by the attachment scars are taxonomically significant.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Thymine Phototrimer
Authors: Flippen J. L. , Karle I. L. , Wang S. Y.
Published: October 2006

Thymine trimer was isolated from a frozen aqueous solution of thymine which was irradiated with ultraviolet light and was presumably formed through the rearrangement of an initial oxetane photoproduct. X-ray diffraction analysis of a single crystal has confirmed the trimeric diol structure and has established the stereoconfiguration of the molecule. The possible importance of the diol structure in photobiology is pointed out.
Repression of Colony Formation Reversed by Antiserum to Mouse Thymocytes
Authors: Till J. E. , Wilson S. , McCulloch E. A.
Published: October 2006

Marrow cells derived from C57BL/6 mice form many fewer splenic colonies in irradiated C57BL/6 × C3H F1 hybrid recipients than in irradiated C57BL/6 recipients (repression of colony formation). This effect is reversed by treatment of the hybrid recipients with active antiserum to mouse thymocytes. The repression phenomenon cannot readily be explained in immunological terms; hence the effect of the antilymphocyte serum on this phenomenon may not result from immunosuppression in the usual sense.
Reinnervated Eye Muscles Do Not Respond to Impulses in Foreign Nerves
Authors: Mark R. F. , Marotte Lauren R. , Johnstone J. R.
Published: October 2006

Normal movements return to carp eyes after section and regeneration of the IIIrd and IVth nerve trunks. Two months after reinnervation, records of impulses in the inferior oblique nerve during tilting of the body show activity of the normal motoneurons to that muscle, together with discharge patterns characteristic of the antagonistic superior oblique and some of the rectus muscles. These axons must have found their way into the inferior oblique trunk during sprouting at the lesion and must be maintained after reinnervation. Impulses from foreign axons are without detectable effect on eye movement and therefore must be blocked at their termination in the muscle. Previous study of cross-innervated and doubly innervated fish eye muscles revealed only structurally normal neuromuscular junctions. Transmission from foreign junctions in multiply innervated muscle is blocked by competitive molecular recognition and control mechanisms that do not cause degeneration.
Distal Lobe of the Pilifer: An Ultrasonic Receptor in Choerocampine Hawkmoths
Authors: Roeder Kenneth D. , Treat Asher E. , Vande Berg Jerry S.
Published: October 2006

Evidence is presented for a novel mechanism mediating the auditory sense in the Choerocampinae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Vibrations in the scale-free medial wall of the enlarged labial palp segment are transmitted by contact to the distal lobe of the pilifer, a derivative of the labrum, and are there transduced into afferent impulses in the labral nerve.
Cubic FeS, a Metastable Iron Sulfide
Authors: de Médicis Rinaldo
Published: October 2006

Studies of the corrosion products of metallic iron formed in the absence of air oxidation in solutions of hydrogen sulfide have revealed the existence of a new phase, cubic FeS, associated with tetragonal iron sulfide, Fe
1 + x
S. This new phase is metastable and has a sphalerite-like structure.
Histochemical and Functional Correlations in Anterior Horn Neurons of the Cat Spinal Cord
Authors: Campa Justiniano F. , Engel W. King
Published: October 2006

The histochemical reaction for phosphorylase is completely lost from anterior horn neurons rich in phosphorylase within 72 hours after proximal or distal axonal section. Using this new type of axonal reaction as a marking technique in the anterior horn of the seventh lumbar spinal cord segment of the cat, we demonstrated that (i) alpha motor neurons of slow twitch motor units, like those of fast twitch motor units, are rich in phosphorylase and poor in succinate dehydrogenase, and (ii) interneurons and Renshaw neurons are rich in succinate dehydrogenase and poor in phosphorylase. Gamma motor neurons, because of their small size, are considered to be rich in succinate dehydrogenase and poor in phosphorylase. Thus, anterior horn neurons capable of higher firing frequencies (Renshaw neurons, interneurons, and gamma motor neurons) are richer in mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity as marked by succinate dehydrogenase. Those firing at lower frequencies (both types of alpha motor neurons) are richer in phosphorylase activity and glycogen content and, thus, apparently better equipped for anaerobic glycolysis.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase in the Growth Medium of
Physarum polycephalum
Authors: Murray Andrew W. , Spiszman Marqie , Atkinson Daniel E.
Published: October 2006

The acellular slime mold
Physarum polycephalum
releases a soluble adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase into the growth medium. Although this enzyme resembles the particulate diesterase of the same organism in kinetic properties and in inhibition by methyl purines, its greater stability, its insensitivity to stimulation by imidazole and to inhibition by adenosine triphosphate, and its selective release into the medium indicate a specific function, perhaps protection against exogenous cyclic nucleotide, for the soluble enzyme.
Subunit Structure of Aldolase
Authors: Heidner Elizabeth G. , Weber Bruce H. , Eisenberg David
Published: October 2006

A new crystal form of rabbit muscle aldolase shows that the molecule has 222 symmetry to at least 4-angstrom resolution, and hence that the gross conformation of the four subunits is the same. Comparison of the new form with a previously reported form establishes the number of molecules per unit cell,
n
, in the older form. For an independent check, the "crystal-volume and protein-content method" was developed to determine
n
without directly measuring the water content of the crystals.
Development of Polysensory Responses in Association Cortex of Kitten
Authors: Mayers Kathleen S. , Robertson Richard T. , Rubel Edwin W. , Thompson Richard F.
Published: October 2006

Sensory responsiveness of single neurons in posterior association cortex of kittens that were 7 to 50 days old was investigated. The percentage of trimodal cells (that is, cells that respond to visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimulation) increased gradually until day 50, when percentages of trimodally responsive cells approached the adult level. In the youngest kittens, cells were predominantly responsive to only visual stimulation. With maturation, responsiveness to auditory and then to somesthetic stimulation was observed in increasing percentages of cells.
Solar Particle Tracks in Glass from the Surveyor 3 Spacecraft
Authors: Crozaz G. , Walker R. M.
Published: October 2006

A glass filter from Surveyor 3 has a surface density of ∼1 × 10
6
tracks per square centimeter from heavy solar flare particles. The variation with depth is best fitted with a solar particle spectrum
dN/dE
= 2.42 × 10
6
E
-2
[in particles per square centimeter per year per steradian per (million electron volts per nucleon)], where
E
is the energy and
N
is the number of particles, from 2 million electron volts per nucleon to ∼7 million electron volts per nucleon and
dN/dE
= 1.17 × 10
7
E
-3
at higher energies. Not much difference is observed between 0.5 and 5 micrometers, an indication that there is a lack of track-registering particles below 0.5 million electron volts per nucleon. The Surveyor data are compatible with track results in lunar rocks, provided an erosion rate of ∼10
-7
centimeter per year is assumed for the latter. The results also suggest a small-scale erosion process in lunar rocks.
Serotonin: Two Different Inhibitory Actions on Snail Neurons
Authors: Gerschenfeld H. M.
Published: October 2006

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) inhibits snail neurons through two different mechanisms. Whereas on some cells it increases selectively the membrane permeability to chloride ions thus giving rise to a net influx of this ion, on other neurons it increases the permeability to potassium ions causing a net potassium efflux. The serotonin receptors involved in these two inhibitions are different; they also differ from the receptors involved in the excitatory action of serotonin previously described in snail neurons.
The Combination of Symbolic and Numerical Computation or Three-Dimensional Modeling of RNA
Authors: Major François , Turcotte Marcel , Gautheret Daniel , Lapalme Guy , Fillion Eric , Cedergren Robert
Published: October 2006

Three-dimensional (3-D) structural models of RNA are essential for understanding of the cellular roles played by RNA. Such models have been obtained by a technique based on a constraint satisfaction algorithm that allows for the facile incorporation of secondary and other structural information. The program generates 3-D structures of RNA with atomic-level resolution that can be refined by numerical techniques such as energy minimization. The precision of this technique was evaluated by comparing predicted transfer RNA loop and RNA pseudoknot structures with known or consensus structures. The root-mean-square deviation (2.0 to 3.0 angstroms before minimization) between predicted and control structures reveal this system to be an effective method in modeling RNA.
Alcohol Breath Tests: Gross Errors in Current Methods of Measuring Alveolar Gas Concentrations
Authors: Spector N. Herbert
Published: October 2006

Transitory contact of ethanol with the mucous membranes of the mouth or nasal passages, or both, is sufficient to drastically alter measurements of concentrations of ethanol in so-called "alveolar" gas for more than 20 minutes after such contact. Various concentrations of ethanol were taken into the mouth by human subjects and were expectorated. Readings of so-called "blood alcohol" were then taken at short intervals by means of the Breathalyzer® and were continued up to 1 hour after exposure. These readings were compared with blood-alcohol concentrations measured by quantitative chemical analysis of venous blood. When true concentrations of blood alcohol were at or close to zero (plus possible error of 0.0001 gram per 100 milliliters), readings of greater than 0.40 gram per 100 milliliters were B11041obtained on the Breathalyzer. Repeated mouth washing and gargling with water, changes in the nature of the solvent, and stomach loading each had only a slight effect in diminishing these errors.
Permanent Lunar Surface Magnetism and Its Deflection of the Solar Wind
Authors: Barnes Aaron , Cassen Patrick , Mihalov J. D. , Eviatar Aharon
Published: October 2006

Magnetic compressions intermittently observed outside the lunar wake in the solar wind may be limb shocks caused by the presence of local regions of permanent magnetism on the lunar limb. Observable compression would be due to regions of length scale (radius) at least as great as several tens of kilometers and field strength ≳ 10 gammas. Thousands of such regions might exist on the lunar surface. The steady magnetic field measured at the Apollo 12 site probably has length scale ≲ 10 kilometers and probably does not produce an observable limb shock.
Tumor Immunity: Tumor Suppression in vivo Initiated by Soluble Products of Specifically Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Bernstein Irwin D. , Thor Daniel E. , Zbar Berton , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: October 2006

Supernatant fluids of specifically stimulated lymphocyte cultures were purified. Fractions containing migration inhibition factor when injected intradermally into strain-2 guinea pigs produced a reaction similar in appearance to delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. There was an accumulation of mononuclear cells at the injection sites and the growth of syngeneic tumor grafts at the sites was suppressed.
Amnesia Produced by Spreading Depression and ECS: Evidence for Time-Dependent Memory Trace Localization
Authors: Paolino Ronald M. , Levy H. M.
Published: October 2006

Rats were given electroconvulsive shock and bilateral cortical spreading depression, either alone or in combination, at various times after a single passive avoidance training trial. Assessment of retention deficits, 24 hours after training, revealed a U-shaped amnesic function for cortical spreading depression as compared with the short linear function consistently obtained with electroconvulsive shock in this situation. Induction of cortical spreading depression immediately after training resulted in an extension of the amnesic gradient produced by electroconvulsive shock, presumably by disruption of the subcortically confined memory trace. In addition to indicating a subcortical locus of action for the amnesic effects of electroconvulsive shock, these results are interpreted as favoring a hypothesis of time-dependent memory trace localization in short-term memory processing, which involves an initial subcortical localization of the trace followed by a phase involving either direct or indirect cortical participation in a multistage memory fixation process.
Cross-Linked Transfer RNA Functions in All Steps of the Translation Process
Authors: Chaffin LaJean , Omilianowski Daniel R. , Bock Robert M.
Published: October 2006

A specific photochemical reaction between 4-thiouridine and cytosine cross-links two arms of transfer RNA. This cross-link, introduced into phenylalanine transfer RNA and arginine transfer RNA, limits the conformational freedom of the molecule. Both modified transfer RNA's are capable of functioning in all steps of protein synthesis with this restraint on allowable conformations.
Temperature Tolerances of Some Closely Related Tropical Atlantic and Pacific Fish Species
Authors: Graham Jeffrey B.
Published: October 2006

Species of Pacific shallow-water fish are more tolerant of low temperatures than Atlantic species are. At high temperatures Atlantic species are more tolerant than Pacific species. For species pairs of
Bathygobius
differences in the tolerance of low temperatures are small and can be removed by acclimation to 23°C. Differences in the tolerance to low temperature in transisthmian species of
Apogon
, however, are large and persist after acclimation to 23°C. Some Pacific species adapt to the cooler temperatures of their habitat through increasing their rates of oxygen consumption at ambient temperatures or decreasing the dependence of oxygen uptake rate on temperature, or both.
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters of
Rhizopus arrhizus
Authors: Laseter John L. , Weete John D.
Published: October 2006

Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses on selected lipid fractions revealed for the first time the presence of ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids as biological products. Ethyl esters of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were detected in relative concentrations of 21.2, 2.4, and 1.5 percent, respectively, of the total methyl and ethyl ester fraction. Both saturated and unsaturated ethyl esters contain pronounced mass spectral fragments at a mass-to-charge ratio of 88.
Obsidian Hydration Dating Applied to Dating of Basaltic Volcanic Activity
Authors: Friedman Irving , Peterson Norman
Published: October 2006

Basalt flows and bombs that contain remelted rhyolite glass can be dated by obsidian hydration dating.
Comets: Production Mechanisms of Hydroxyl and Hydrogen Halos
Authors: Delsemme A. H.
Published: October 2006

The brightness dependence on the heliocentric distance that has been observed for the hydrogen and the hydroxyl halos of comet 1969g can be quantitatively explained by a three-step process: the vaporization of the water snows, the photodissociation of the water molecule into the ground states of hydrogen and hydroxyl, and the photoexcitation of hydrogen and hydroxyl by a fluorescence mechanism.
Specificity of Allogeneic Cell Recognition by Human Lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Zoschke David C. , Bach Fritz H.
Published: October 2006

Human lymphocytes proliferate in vitro in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens that are present on allogeneic lymphocytes. Within a population of immunocompetent lymphocytes there are specific subpopulations that respond to allogeneic cells from different individuals. A means of selectively eliminating such subpopulations is suggested.
Heterogeneity of Murine Leukemia Virus in vitro DNA; Detection of Viral DNA in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Gelb Lawrence D. , Aaronson Stuart A. , Martin Malcolm A.
Published: October 2006

Kinetic analysis of the reassociation of DNA synthesized in vitro by a murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase revealed two classes of double-stranded product representative of 25 and 100 percent of viral genetic information. The DNA product representing the smaller portion of the viral genome comprised 85 percent of the double-stranded DNA generated in vitro and was extensively duplicated in the genomes of both normal cells and cells containing RNA tumor virus.
Rubidium and Lithium: Opposite Effects on Amine-Mediated Excitement
Authors: Carroll Bernard J. , Sharp Peter T.
Published: October 2006

In mice the activation caused by morphine was antagonized by previous treatment with lithium and was potentiated by previous treatment with rubidium. Other antimanic drugs antagonized the morphine activation as well. The effect of rubidium was similar to that of the antidepressant drugs imipramine and pargyline. Rubidium may merit clinical evaluation as an antidepressant agent in man.
Blowflies: Alteration of Adult Taste Responses by Chemicals Present during Development
Authors: Dethier V. G. , Goldrich Nancy
Published: October 2006

The addition of certain sugars to the food consumed during larval development increases the taste sensitivity of adult blowflies to some sugars, decreases it to others, and is without effect on the sensitivity to still others. No correlation with metabolic phenomena is apparent. The hypothesis that repression of inductible enzyme synthesis by glucose is a relevant model is not supported.
Of Time and the Moon
Authors: Wetherill George W.
Published: October 2006

Considerable information concerning lunar chronology has been obtained by the study of rocks and soil returned by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. It has been shown that at the time the moon, earth, and solar system were formed, ∼4.6 × 10
9
years ago, a severe chemical fractionation took place, resulting in depletion of relatively volatile elements such as Rb and Pb from the sources of the lunar rocks studied. It is very likely that much of this material was lost to interplanetary space, although some of the loss may be associated with internal chemical differentiation of the moon.

It has also been shown that igneous processes have enriched some regions of the moon in lithophile elements such as Rb, U, and Ba, very early in lunar history, within 100 million years of its formation. Subsequent igneous and metamorphic activity occurred over a long period of time; mare volcanism of the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 sites occurred at distinctly different times, 3.6 ×10
9
and 3.3 × 10
9
years ago, respectively. Consequently, lunar magmatism and remanent magnetism cannot be explained in terms of a unique event, such as a close approach to the earth at a time of lunar capture. It is likely that these phenomena will require explanation in terms of internal lunar processes, operative to a considerable depth in the moon, over a long period of time. These data, together with the low present internal temperatures of the moon, inferred from measurements of lunar electrical conductivity, impose severe constraints on acceptable thermal histories of the moon.

Progress is being made toward understanding lunar surface properties by use of the effects of particle bombardment of the lunar surface (solar wind, solar flare particles, galactic cosmic rays). It has been shown that the rate of micrometeorite erosion is very low (angstroms per year) and that lunar rocks and soil have been within approximately a meter of the lunar surface for hundreds of millions of years.

Future work will require sampling distinctly different regions of the moon in order to provide data concerning other important lunar events, such as the time of formation of the highland regions and of the mare basins, and of the extent to which lunar volcanism has persisted subsequent to the first third of lunar history. This work will require a sufficient number of Apollo landings, and any further cancellation of Apollo missions will jeopardize this unique opportunity to study the development of a planetary body from its beginning. Such a study is fundamental to our understanding of the earth and other planets.
Free Radical Inhibitory Effect of Some Anticancer Compounds
Authors: Georgieff K. K.
Published: October 2006

Conventional tests for polymerization initiated by free radicals indicate that alkylating agents vary in free radical inhibitory activity from negligible to moderately strong; antimetabolites from negligible to weak; hormones, steroids, and phenolics from very weak to very strong; and antibiotics from moderate to very strong. Vitamins A and C and copper, which potentiate the biological activity of some anticancer compounds, are relatively strong free radical inhibitors.
Human Lymphocyte Antigen Reactivity Modified by Neuraminidase
Authors: Grothaus Emily A. , Flye M. Wayne , Yunis Emund , Amos D. B.
Published: October 2006

Human lymphocytes treated with neuraminidase (from Vibrio cholera) are more susceptible to lysis with antiserums directed against HL-A antigens in the cytotoxicity test than are the corresponding cells incubated in buffer. Enzymetreated cells are also lysed by antibodies other than those directed against HL-A, but control cells are not. The extra sensitivity to antibody disappears after 2 to 6 days in tissue culture.
Estrogen Receptor in the Rabbit Corpus Luteum
Authors: Lee Chung , Keyes P. Landis , Jacobson Herbert I.
Published: October 2006

The rabbit corpus luteum contains a cytoplasmic estrogen receptor substance in concentrations comparable to those found in the uterus. Receptor in corpora lutea of nonpregnant rabbits was highest at midluteal phase and decreased before physical regression of corpora was evident. These results support the view that the corpus luteum in this species is an estrogen-responsive tissue.
Ages of Crystalline Rocks from Fra Mauro
Authors: Husain Liaquat , Sutter John F. , Schaeffer Oliver A.
Published: October 2006

Crystallization ages for six rocks from Fra Mauro have been measured by the argon-40-argon-39 method. All six rocks give an age of 3.77 ± 0.15 × 10
9
years, which is the same as for fragmental rocks from this site. It is concluded that the Imbrium event and the crystallization of a significant portion of the pre-Imbrian basalts were essentially contemporaneous.
Evaporation Retardation by Monolayers: Another Mechanism
Authors: Wu Jin
Published: October 2006

The effects on evaporation rates of the suppression of small waves by monolayers, which heretofore have been neglected, are considered to be a major mechanism for retarding evaporation under wind.
Acridine Orange Potentiation of Actinomycin D Uptake and Activity
Authors: Roth Eugene F. , Kochen Joseph
Published: October 2006

Acridine orange enhances the uptake of [
3
H]actinomycin D in disrupted and intact human lymphocytes, as measured by liquid scintillation and autoradiography. Proflavine, quinacrine, chloroquine, and ethidium bromide are not effective. In mice, acridine orange increases the capacity of actinomycin to reduce spleen weight. Type II acridine binding to DNA may be a prerequisite for actinomycin enhancement.
Mars: Has Nitrogen Escaped?
Authors: Brinkmann R. T.
Published: October 2006

If eddy mixing is about as effective on Mars as it is on Earth, then there seems to be less nitrogen present on Mars than we would expect if terrestrial-type outgassing were the source. However, in this event a nonthermal escape mechanism involving the predissociation of exospheric nitrogen can be invoked to explain the low nitrogen concentration.
6β-Hydroxy-Δ
1
-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Ben-Zvi Zvi , Mechoulam Raphael , Edery Habib , Porath Gila
Published: October 2006

6β-Hydroxy-Δ
1
-tetrahydrocannabinol, a metabolite of Δ
1
-tetrahydrocannabinol has been synthesized from Δ
6
-tetrahydrocannabinol. It shows high tetrahydrocannabinol-type activity in rhesus monkeys. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Methylvinylmaleimide from Bilirubin Photooxidation
Authors: Lightner David A. , Quistad Gary B.
Published: October 2006

Irradiation of an oxygenated methanolic solution of bilirubin IX α in the absence of known singlet oxygen sensitizers gave methylvinylmaleimide among other products.
Sexual Stage of
Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Kwon-Chung K. J.
Published: October 2006

Twelve primary subcultures of
Histoplasma capsulatum
, paired in all possible combinations on agar containing yeast extract and Alphacel, produced fertile cleistothecia, resembling those of
Ajellomyces dermatitidis
(
Blastomyces dermatitidis
).
Ethyl Mercury
p
-Toluene Sulfonanilide: Lethal and Reproductive Effects on Pheasants
Authors: Spann J. W. , Heath R. G. , Kreitzer J. F. , Locke L. N.
Published: October 2006

Ethyl mercury
p
-toluene sulfonanilide (active ingredient of Ceresan M) at a dietary concentration of 30 parts per million (12.5 parts of mercury per million) was lethal to adult ring-necked pheasants. Egg production and survival of third-week embryos were sharply reduced when breeders were maintained on feed containing 10 parts of this compound per million (4.2 parts of mercury per million).
Frequencies of Occultations of Stars by Planets, Satellites, and Asteroids
Authors: O'Leary Brian
Published: October 2006

Calculations show that several occultations of stars by the large satellites of the outer planets, Pluto, and the large asteroids could be observed each decade with existing equipment at Earth-based telescopes. A systematic program of occultation predictions and observations is urged in order to improve our knowledge about the atmospheres, sizes, shapes, topography, and positions of these poorly understood bodies, in support of forthcoming spacecraft missions to the outer solar system.
Red Sea Hot Brine Area: Revisited
Authors: Ross David A.
Published: October 2006

A return expedition to the hot brine area of the Red Sea in 1971 found that the temperature of the brine had increased, indicating that the process that formed the underlying deposits rich in heavy metals is still occurring. About 0.346 cubic kilometers of water having a minimum temperature of 104°C has been added over the last 52 months. Calculations suggest that this water may have come from a relatively shallow depth; this result coupled with the fact that fracture zones are found north and south of the brine area indicates a relatively local source for the brine, rather than the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, as previously suggested.
Genetic Variation in Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Coates P. M. , Simpson Nancy E.
Published: October 2006

A method for solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes was developed and used to survey 70 unselected human blood samples for isozymic variation of stromal acetylcholinesterase. Three variants were observed. Pedigrees of families studied by this method indicated that this variation represented the phenotypic expression of two codominant alleles at a single locus.
Morphologic Alterations of Synapses in Electrically Stimulated Superior Cervical Ganglia of the Cat
Authors: Pysh J. J. , Wiley R. G.
Published: October 2006

Prolonged preganglionic stimulation produces marked ultrastructural changes in presynaptic endings, which develop larger zones of contact with postsynaptic dendrites. Profiles of such endings, compared to controls, have fewer synaptic vesicles, similar areas, and greater circumferences. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that synaptic vesicles become incorporated into the plasma membrane during stimulation.
Solute Concentration Gradients in Frog Muscles at 0°C: Active Transport or Adsorption?
Authors: Neville Margaret C.
Published: October 2006

In isolated frog muscle that has been incubated for 7 days at 0°C in vitro K
+
and Na
+
remain at normal concentrations. Amino acids are accumulated against a concentration gradient at this temperature; for example, glycine accumulates in muscle to a concentration ten times that in the external solution. The amount of cycloleucine accumulated is greater at 0°C than at 25°C. These findings, which are difficult to explain on the basis of metabolically linked active transport, are consistent with the view that solute accumulation by cells is the result of adsorption on specific sites.
Insulin Receptor of Fat Cells in Insulin-Resistant Metabolic States
Authors: Bennett G. Vann , Cuatrecasas Pedro
Published: October 2006

A diminished response to insulin is exhibited by isolated fat cells obtained from rats that have been either starved, or treated with prednisone, or made diabetic by administration of streptozotocin. This decrease in response is not accompanied by changes in the quantity of insulin receptor of these cells or in the affinity of these receptors for insulin. Similarly, the decreased responsiveness to insulin of fat cells obtained from certain species (hamster, rabbit, mouse, guinea pig) is not explainable in terms of alterations of the insulin receptor.
An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image
Authors: Shlaer Robert
Published: October 2006

The optical quality of a living eagle's eye was determined by an ophthalmoscopic method. The performance of the eye was substantially better than that reported for humans, but did not confirm some of the wilder claims made for such birds.
Spectral Analysis of Variations in Force during a Bar-Pressing Time Discrimination
Authors: Fowler Stephen C. , Morgenstern Carl , Notterman Joseph M.
Published: October 2006

The ability of rats to perform correctly a bar-pressing response that meets a specific duration criterion is related through spectral analysis to systematic variations in response force. It is suggested that these oscillations are representative of sensory feedback which aids in making the required temporal discrimination.