bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Modifiers of Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
Authors: Blackman Scott M. , Commander Clayton W. , Watson Christopher , Arcara Kristin M. , Strug Lisa J. , Stonebraker Jaclyn R. , Wright Fred A. , Rommens Johanna M. , Sun Lei , Pace Rhonda G. , Norris Sarah A. , Durie Peter R. , Drumm Mitchell L. , Knowles Michael R. , Cutting Garry R.
Published: May 2013

Diabetes is a common age-dependent complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) that is strongly influenced by modifier genes. We conducted a genome-wide association study in 3,059 individuals with CF (644 with CF-related diabetes [CFRD]) and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within and 5′ to the SLC26A9 gene that associated with CFRD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.38; P = 3.6 × 10−8). Replication was demonstrated in 694 individuals (124 with CFRD) (HR, 1.47; P = 0.007), with combined analysis significant at P = 9.8 × 10−10. SLC26A9 is an epithelial chloride/bicarbonate channel that can interact with the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR), the protein mutated in CF. We also hypothesized that common SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes also might affect risk for CFRD. A previous association of CFRD with SNPs in TCF7L2 was replicated in this study (P = 0.004; combined analysis P = 3.8 × 10−6), and type 2 diabetes SNPs at or near CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, and IGF2BP2 were associated with CFRD (P < 0.004). These five loci accounted for 8.3% of the phenotypic variance in CFRD onset and had a combined population-attributable risk of 68%. Diabetes is a highly prevalent complication of CF, for which susceptibility is determined in part by variants at SLC26A9 (which mediates processes proximate to the CF disease-causing gene) and at four susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes in the general population.
The Sanitary Condition of Food Establishments and Health Status and Personal Hygiene among Food Handlers in a Rural Area of Western Maharashtra, India
Authors: Deshpande Jayant D , Phalke Deepak B
Published: May 2013

Background: Foodborne disease occurs in mass catering establishment that is not complying with sanitary and hygienic food handling and preparation. Objective: Objective of the present study was to explore the status of sanitary condition of food establishments and to assess hygienic practices among food handlers. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study design was used to assess the sanitary condition of food establishments and personal hygiene of food handlers. Data was collected with the help of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. The questionnaire also allowed the interviewers to record their observations. All the data obtained was entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the software StatistiXL version 1.8. Result: Separate kitchen and Onsite solid waste storage containers/receptacles were available in 4(16%) establishments. Provision for heating devices for cooked food was available in 5(20%) establishments. Wash basin present with soap were available in 10 (40%) of the food establishments. Sweeping and washing floor with water and disinfectant was done in 8(32%) food establishments. Male and female food handlers’ have equal percentage of morbidity and this difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.0329, p=0.84), but anaemia was significantly higher among female food handlers (χ2=6.30, p=0.01). Poor hygienic practices were significantly associated with presence of infectious diseases like ARI, diarrhoea, dysentery and skin infections. (χ2=5.71, p=0.017). Conclusion: Food establishments in the study area were found to have poor sanitation and were not maintained well. The health status and the level of personal hygiene of the food handlers in the eating establishments were found to be unsatisfactory. There is need of enforcement of sanitary provisions and educating the food handlers about personal hygiene.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i2.7895 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 23-29
The Impact of Social Networks on Labour Market Outcomes: New Evidence from Cape Breton
Authors: Khan Adnan Q. , Lehrer Steven F.
Published: May 2013

On débat depuis longtemps, en économique et en sociologie, de l’effet des réseaux sociaux sur l’emploi, mais établir des liens de causalité reste toutefois un défi. Dans cet article, grâce à des données portant sur un projet d’intervention auquel les participants ont été choisis au hasard, nous analysons l’impact, sur l’emploi, de variations dans diverses mesures de la taille et de la composition des réseaux sociaux, au niveau des individus et d’une communauté. Nos résultats indiquent que le fait d’avoir participé au projet accroît de beaucoup la taille des réseaux sociaux, en particulier en ce qui a trait aux liens faibles. Toutefois, ce changement ne se traduit pas par une meilleure situation de l’emploi 18 mois après la fin de l’étude. Nous n’observons aucune hétérogénéité dans l’effet de l’intervention sur les participants sur la base de la taille initiale du réseau social d’un individu ; ceux qui ont vu leurs liens forts augmenter à un taux plus élevé durant le projet étaient plutôt plus susceptibles de ne pas avoir d’emploi à la fin de l’intervention. En résumé, nos résultats suggèrent que, si certains programmes peuvent influencer avec succès la taille du réseau social des individus, ces changements ont un effet limité sur la situation de ces derniers sur le marché de l’emploi à long terme ; toutefois, quand on considère les individus qui ont un emploi, la composition du groupe, elle, subit un changement.
Reproductive efficiency methods and their relationship with siliqua production in Mustard
Authors: Islam A , Fakir MSA
Published: May 2013

Five reproductive efficiency methods (REM) were evaluated under field condition to measure yield in 12 varieties of Brassica campestris L. in 2005 and 2006 at Mymensingh (24075? N latitude and 90050? E longitude) based on flower and siliqua production and total reproductive unit (TRU- number of buds, flowers, siliqua and number of empty pedicels). Five REMs were estimated and they were REM-I [ (Mature siliqua ÷ TRU) × 100]; REM-II [(Mature siliqua ÷ Flower number) × 100]; REM-III [{(Mature siliqua + Immature siliqua) ÷ TRU} × 100]; REM-IV[{(Mature siliqua + Immature siliqua) ÷ Flower number} ×100]; and REM-V [(Flower number ÷ TRU) × 100]. Siliqua number plant-1 showed positive and significant relationship with TRU (r=0.869** and 0.713** in 2005 and 2006, respectively) and flower number (r=0.984** and 0.834** in 2005 and 2006, respectively). Path analysis revealed that there exited high positive direct effect of siliqua number with sink (flower) number (0.655 and 0.714 in 2005 and 2006, respectively) and TRU (0.201 and 0.252 in 2005 and 2006, respectively). Among the REMs, REM-III had high positive direct effect with only siliqua production (1.331 and 0.899 in 2005 and 2006, respectively). For the first time we report REMs in mustard that number of sink production is an important index of siliqua yield and REM-III appears more reliable method of estimating RE in Brassica campestris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14715 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 223-228, 2012
Assessment of aquaculture as a means of sustainable livelihood development in Fulpur upazila under Mymensingh district
Authors: Mondal MAH , Ali MM , Sarma PK , Alam MK
Published: May 2013

A study was conducted to identify how aquaculture assists in developing sustainable livelihood to the fish farming community in rural Bangladesh during the period from January to December, 2009. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA), a conceptual framework that aims to ameliorate poverty was applied to understanding the role of aquaculture in the Mymensingh area of the North-central Bangladesh. The study used the SLA as a foundation or main basis of analytical tool to identify the means and ways to enhance the livelihood of fish farmers. The analysis reveals how fish farmers can achieve positive sustainable livelihood through access to a wide range of livelihood assets. Higher economic return (BDT 1,19,360/ha/year) and social benefits were found to be gained by the fish farming community through human capital development. Lack of operating capital, vulnerability and insufficient institutional support were identified as major constraints to long term sustainability.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14933 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 391-402, 2012
Basic Concepts in the Taxonomy of Health-Related Behaviors, Habits and Lifestyle
Authors: Salvador-Carulla Luis , Alonso Federico , Gomez Rafael , Walsh Carolyn , Almenara José , Ruiz Mencía , Abellán María , Group eVITAL
Published: May 2013

Background: Health-related Habits (HrH) are a major priority in healthcare. However there is little agreement on whether exercise, diet, smoking or dental hygiene are better described as lifestyles, habits or behaviors, and on what is their hierarchical relationship. This research is aimed at representing the basic concepts which are assumed to constitute the conceptual framework enabling us to interpret and organize the field of HrH. Methods: A group of 29 experts with different backgrounds agreed on the definition and hierarchy of HrH following an iterative process which involved framing analysis and nominal group techniques. Results: Formal definitions of health-related behavior, habit, life-style and life-style profile were produced. In addition a series of basic descriptors were identified: health reserve, capital, risk and load. Six main categories of HrH were chosen based on relevance to longevity: diet/exercise, vitality/stress, sleep, cognition, substance use and other risk. Attributes of HrH are clinical meaningfulness, quantifiability, temporal stability, associated morbidity, and unitarity (non-redundancy). Two qualifiers (polarity and stages of change) have also been described. Conclusions: The concepts represented here lay the groundwork for the development of clinical and policy tools related to HrH and lifestyle. An adaptation of this system to define targets of health interventions and to develop the classification of person factors in ICF may be needed in the future.
TrkB Receptor Signalling: Implications in Neurodegenerative, Psychiatric and Proliferative Disorders
Authors: Gupta Vivek , You Yuyi , Gupta Veer , Klistorner Alexander , Graham Stuart
Published: May 2013

The Trk family of receptors play a wide variety of roles in physiological and disease processes in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Amongst these the TrkB receptor in particular has attracted major attention due to its critical role in signalling for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and neurotrophin-4 (NT4). TrkB signalling is indispensable for the survival, development and synaptic plasticity of several subtypes of neurons in the nervous system. Substantial evidence has emerged over the last decade about the involvement of aberrant TrkB signalling and its compromise in various neuropsychiatric and degenerative conditions. Unusual changes in TrkB signalling pathway have also been observed and implicated in a range of cancers. Variations in TrkB pathway have been observed in obesity and hyperphagia related disorders as well. Both BDNF and TrkB have been shown to play critical roles in the survival of retinal ganglion cells in the retina. The ability to specifically modulate TrkB signalling can be critical in various pathological scenarios associated with this pathway. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying TrkB signalling, disease implications and explore plausible ameliorative or preventive approaches.
Three New Multiflorane-Type Triterpenes from Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Seeds
Authors: Kikuchi Takashi , Takebayashi Mika , Shinto Mayumi , Yamada Takeshi , Tanaka Reiko
Published: May 2013

Three new multiflorane-type triterpenes; 7a-methoxymultiflor-8-ene-3a,29-diol 3-acetate-29-benzoate (1), 7-oxomultiflor-8-ene-3a,29-diol 3-acetate-29-benzoate (2), and multiflora-7,9(11)-diene-3a,29-diol 3-p-hydroxybenzoate-29-benzoate (3), were isolated from seeds of Cucurbita maxima, along with three known compounds. Compound 3 and multiflora-7,9(11)-diene-3a-29-diol 3-benzoate (5) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on melanogenesis, with low cytotoxicities, and 2 exhibited single-digit micromolar cytotoxicity against HL-60 and P388 cells.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes on 3-Amino-Propyl-Triethoxysilane (APTES) Surface Functionalized Silicon Substrates
Authors: Sarkar Anirban , Daniels-Race Theda
Published: May 2013

Fabrication of uniform thin coatings of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on semiconductor (silicon) substrates with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) surface functionalization has been studied extensively in this report. The gradual deposition and eventual film formation of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is greatly assisted by the Coulombic force of attraction existing between the positively charged –NH2 surface groups of APTES and the acid treated, negatively charged nanotubes migrating towards the deposition surfaces. The remarkable deposition characteristics of the CNT coatings by EPD in comparison to the dip coating method and the influence of isopropyl (IPA)-based CNT suspension in the fabricated film quality has also been revealed in this study. The effect of varying APTES concentration (5%–100%) on the Raman spectroscopy and thickness of the deposited CNT film has been discussed in details, as well. The deposition approach has eliminated the need of metal deposition in the electrophoretic deposition approach and, therefore, establishes a cost-effective, fast and entirely room temperature-based fabrication strategy of CNT thin films for a wide range of next generation electronic applications.
Chocolate in History: Food, Medicine, Medi-Food
Authors: Lippi Donatella
Published: May 2013

Throughout history, chocolate has been used to treat a wide variety of ailments, and in recent years, multiple studies have found that chocolate can have positive health effects, providing evidence to a centuries-long established use; this acknowledgement, however, did not have a straight course, having been involved in religious, medical and cultural controversies. Christian Europe, in fact, feared the exhilarating effects of new drinks, such as chocolate, coffee and tea. Therefore, these beverages would have been banished, had not doctors and scientists explained that they were good for the body. The scientific debate, which reached its peak in Florence in the 18th century, regarded the therapeutic effectiveness of the various chocolate components: it was necessary to know their properties first, in order to prepare the best cacao concoction for every patient. When Dietetics separated from Medicine, however, chocolate acquired the role of vehicle for easing the administration of bitter medicines, being associated to different health problems. The recent rediscovery of the beneficial use of cacao and chocolate focuses upon its value as supplemental nutrition. Building a bridge to the past may be helpful to detect the areas where the potential health benefits of chocolate are likely to be further explored.
Remote Sensing and Geodetic Measurements for Volcanic Slope Monitoring: Surface Variations Measured at Northern Flank of La Fossa Cone (Vulcano Island, Italy)
Authors: Pesci Arianna , Teza Giordano , Casula Giuseppe , Fabris Massimo , Bonforte Alessandro
Published: May 2013

Results of recent monitoring activities on potentially unstable areas of the NW volcano flank of La Fossa cone (Vulcano Island, Italy) are shown here. They are obtained by integration of data by aerial photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and GPS taken in the 1996–2011 time span. A comparison between multi-temporal models built from remote sensing data (photogrammetry and TLS) highlights areas characterized by ~7–10 cm/y positive differences (i.e., elevation increase) in the upper crown of the slope. The GPS measurements confirm these results. Areas characterized by negative differences, related to both mass collapses or small surface lowering, also exist. The higher differences, positive and negative, are always observed in zones affected by higher fumarolic activity. In the 2010–2012 time span, ground motions in the northern part of the crater rim, immediately above the upper part of observed area, are also observed. The results show different trends for both vertical and horizontal displacements of points distributed along the rim, with a magnitude of some centimeters, thus revealing a complex kinematics. A slope stability analysis shows that the safety factors estimated from these data do not indicate evidence of possible imminent failures. Nevertheless, new time series are needed to detect possible changes with the time of the stability conditions, and the monitoring has to go on.
Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing of Turfgrass Quality, Water Stress, and Water Use under Different Soil and Irrigation Treatments
Authors: Taghvaeian Saleh , Chávez José , Hattendorf Mary , Crookston Mark
Published: May 2013

Optical and thermal remote sensing data were acquired at ground level over several turfgrass species under different soil and irrigation treatments in northern Colorado, USA. Three vegetation indices (VIs), estimated based on surface spectral reflectance, were sensitive to the effect of reduced water application on turfgrass quality. The temperature-based Grass Water Stress Index (GWSI) was also estimated by developing non-transpiring and non-water-stressed baselines. The VIs and the GWSI were all consistent in (i) having a non-linear relationship with the water application depth; and, (ii) revealing that the sensitivity of studied species to water availability increased in order from warm season mix to Poa pratensis L. and then Festuca spp.. Implemented soil preparation treatments had no significant effect on turfgrass quality and water stress. The differences between GWSI-based estimates of water use and the results of a complex surface energy balance model (METRIC) were not statistically significant, suggesting that the empirical GWSI method could provide similar results if the baselines are accurately developed under the local conditions of the study area.
A Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Rapid Determination of Phenols in Water
Authors: Chen Kun , Zhang Zai-Li , Liang Yong-Mei , Liu Wei
Published: May 2013

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) coated with a graphene/polymer film was fabricated for rapid determination of phenols in aqueous solutions. The electrochemical behavior of different phenols at the graphene/polymer-coated GCE was also investigated. In PBS buffer solution with a pH of 6.5, hydroquinone exhibits a well-defined reduction peak at the modified GCE. Based on this, an electrochemical method for the direct determination of phenols is proposed. Investigating different parameters revealed the optimized detection conditions for the electrode are a scan rate of 50 mV/s, dosage of graphene-polyaniline of 8 μL, dosage of tyrosinase of 3 μL, and pH of 6.5. Under the optimal conditions, the reduction peak current varies linearly with the concentration of phenols, with a linear regression equation of I (10−6A) = −4.887 × 10−4C (mol/L)−5.331 × 10−6 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 2.00 × 10−4 mol/L. The electrochemical sensor is also used to detect phenols in actual samples, where it shows great promise for rapid, simple and quantitative detection of phenols.
FTT-MA: A Flexible Time-Triggered Middleware Architecture for Time Sensitive, Resource-Aware AmI Systems
Authors: Noguero Adrián , Calvo Isidro , Pérez Federico , Almeida Luis
Published: May 2013

There is an increasing number of Ambient Intelligence (AmI) systems that are time-sensitive and resource-aware. From healthcare to building and even home/office automation, it is now common to find systems combining interactive and sensing multimedia traffic with relatively simple sensors and actuators (door locks, presence detectors, RFIDs, HVAC, information panels, etc.). Many of these are today known as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Quite frequently, these systems must be capable of (1) prioritizing different traffic flows (process data, alarms, non-critical data, etc.), (2) synchronizing actions in several distributed devices and, to certain degree, (3) easing resource management (e.g., detecting faulty nodes, managing battery levels, handling overloads, etc.). This work presents FTT-MA, a high-level middleware architecture aimed at easing the design, deployment and operation of such AmI systems. FTT-MA ensures that both functional and non-functional aspects of the applications are met even during reconfiguration stages. The paper also proposes a methodology, together with a design tool, to create this kind of systems. Finally, a sample case study is presented that illustrates the use of the middleware and the methodology proposed in the paper.
WEAMR — A Weighted Energy Aware Multipath Reliable Routing Mechanism for Hotline-Based WSNs
Authors: Tufail Ali , Qamar Arslan , Khan Adil , Baig Waleed , Kim Ki-Hyung
Published: May 2013

Reliable source to sink communication is the most important factor for an efficient routing protocol especially in domains of military, healthcare and disaster recovery applications. We present weighted energy aware multipath reliable routing (WEAMR), a novel energy aware multipath routing protocol which utilizes hotline-assisted routing to meet such requirements for mission critical applications. The protocol reduces the number of average hops from source to destination and provides unmatched reliability as compared to well known reactive ad hoc protocols i.e., AODV and AOMDV. Our protocol makes efficient use of network paths based on weighted cost calculation and intelligently selects the best possible paths for data transmissions. The path cost calculation considers end to end number of hops, latency and minimum energy node value in the path. In case of path failure path recalculation is done efficiently with minimum latency and control packets overhead. Our evaluation shows that our proposal provides better end-to-end delivery with less routing overhead and higher packet delivery success ratio compared to AODV and AOMDV. The use of multipath also increases overall life time of WSN network using optimum energy available paths between sender and receiver in WDNs.
Micro-Drilling of Polymer Tubular Ultramicroelectrode Arrays for Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Kafka Jan , Skaarup Steen , Geschke Oliver , Larsen Niels
Published: May 2013

We present a reproducible fast prototyping procedure based on micro-drilling to produce homogeneous tubular ultramicroelectrode arrays made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a conductive polymer. Arrays of Ø 100 µm tubular electrodes each having a height of 0.37 ± 0.06 µm were reproducibly fabricated. The electrode dimensions were analyzed by SEM after deposition of silver dendrites to visualize the electroactive electrode area. The electrochemical applicability of the electrodes was demonstrated by voltammetric and amperometric detection of ferri-/ferrocyanide. Recorded signals were in agreement with results from finite element modelling of the system. The tubular PEDOT ultramicroelectrode arrays were modified by prussian blue to enable the detection of hydrogen peroxide. A linear sensor response was demonstrated for hydrogen peroxide concentrations from 0.1 mM to 1 mM.
Hardware Accelerated Compression of LIDAR Data Using FPGA Devices
Authors: Biasizzo Anton , Novak Franc
Published: May 2013

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) has become a mainstream technology for terrain data acquisition and mapping. High sampling density of LIDAR enables the acquisition of high details of the terrain, but on the other hand, it results in a vast amount of gathered data, which requires huge storage space as well as substantial processing effort. The data are usually stored in the LAS format which has become the de facto standard for LIDAR data storage and exchange. In the paper, a hardware accelerated compression of LIDAR data is presented. The compression and decompression of LIDAR data is performed by a dedicated FPGA-based circuit and interfaced to the computer via a PCI-E general bus. The hardware compressor consists of three modules: LIDAR data predictor, variable length coder, and arithmetic coder. Hardware compression is considerably faster than software compression, while it also alleviates the processor load.
Plasmodium falciparum infection among neonates in the North Central Region of Nigeria
Authors: Okoli Caroline Amuche , Okolo Seline Nneaku , Collins John Chibunkem
Published: May 2013

Introduction: This cross-sectional study investigated the rate of congenital and neonatal malaria infections in patients attending our hospital. Methodology: Thick and thin blood films of 288 neonates admitted in the Special Care Baby Unit of Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, were examined microscopically for malaria parasites. Babies’ and mothers’ demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Results: Of 288 blood samples examined, 160 (55.6%) were from males, 115 (39.9%) were from babies 0 to 7 days old, and 173 (60.1%) were from babies 8 to 28 days old. In total, 91 (31.6%) babies had malaria parasitaemia, of whom 49 (53.8%) were males. Malaria was significantly higher in babies 8 to 28 days old (p<0.001) and was independent of gender (p=0.692). Prevalence rates for congenital and neonatal malaria were 6.9% and 24.7% respectively. Clinical presentations on admission included fever, cough, pallor, jaundice, and inability to suck. A total of 145 (50.3%) babies had symptoms of malaria, of whom 56 (61.5%) had malaria parasitaemia. Symptoms of malaria were present in 35 (12.2%) babies of 59 (20.5%) mothers who had symptoms of malaria during pregnancy. Ten (11.0%) of these neonates had malaria parasitaemia, of whom 4 (0.4%) were 0 to -7days old. Plasmodium falciparum was the only specie identified. No mortality was recorded against malaria-infected babies. Conclusion: High prevalence of malaria in these neonates calls for high index of suspicion. Inclusion of malaria parasite test in the routine battery of tests for babies presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of neonatal infections is recommended.
Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG Antibodies to Toxoplasma infection in healthy and HIV-positive adults from Northern Nigeria
Authors: Ogoina Dimie , Onyemelukwe Geoffrey C , Musa Bolanle O , Obiako Reginald O
Published: May 2013

Introduction: We examined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in HIV-negative and -positive adults from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, and assessed its relationship with demographic, clinical, and immunological findings. Methodology: In a six-month cross-sectional study undertaken in 2008, sera of 219 adults, including 111 consecutive HIV-infected adults and 108 healthy HIV-negative adult volunteers from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, were examined for IgG and IgM antibodies to toxoplasma by ELISA.  Clinical characteristics of the HIV-infected patients were documented. Differences in toxoplasma seropositivity between HIV-positive and negative adults were sought. The relationship between toxoplasma seropositivity and variables such as age, sex and antiretroviral (ART) status, as well as HIV clinical staging and CD4 cell counts were also determined. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection (IgG positive and or IgM positive) was 32.4% in HIV-negative healthy adults and 38.7% in HIV-infected adults (P>0.05).  The rate of IgM seropositivity was 4.6% in healthy adults and 1.8% in HIV-infected patients, while the rate of IgG seropositivity (without IgM seropositivity) was 28.7% in healthy adults and 37.8% in HIV-infected patients (p>0.05).  Toxoplasma seropositivity was not associated with age, sex, ART status, CD4 cell count or HIV clinical staging. Seventy-four percent of the toxoplasma seropositive HIV-infected patients were asymptomatic and no cases of toxoplasma encephalitis were identified. Conclusion: Toxoplasmosis is equally prevalent in HIV-infected patients and healthy adults from similar environments in Northern Nigeria. It is imperative to develop public health policies to prevent toxoplasmosis in Nigeria, especially in HIV-infected patients.
A knowledge survey of obstetrics and gynecology staff on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Hu Yali , Dai Xinwei , Zhou Yi-Hua , Yang Huixia
Published: May 2013

Introduction: This survey was designed to investigate the knowledge awareness of obstetrics and gynaecology staff (Obs/Gyn staff) on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methodology: Obs/Gyn staff from 21 of the 31 Chinese mainland provinces, who attended medical meetings or training classes from July to October 2011, were invited to complete a questionnaire regarding PMTCT of HBV. The questionnaire included the clinical implications of HBV serologic markers and PMTCT preventive measures for both pregnant women and infants. Results: A total of 828 questionnaires were distributed, 617 (74.5%) Obs/Gyn staff participated in the survey, and 559 (90.6%) questionnaires met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 90% of participants correctly determined the positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as infectious, but up to 27.5% mistakenly considered the presence of anti-HBe and/or anti-HBc with negative HBsAg as infectious. In total, 96.3% respondents knew that pregnant women should be screened for HBV infection, and 95.3% realized that infants of HBsAg-positive mothers should be injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and vaccine. On the other hand, with the available immunoprophylaxis, 13.8% participants mistakenly believed caesarean section may prevent HBV mother-to-child transmission, and only 13% correctly answered that newborns of HBsAg positive mothers may be breastfed. Conclusion: Obs/Gyn staff in China have mastered the strategies of HBV PMTCT, but there is obvious insufficiency in details of the application. Intensified efforts to train the Obs/Gyn staff are required to improve the current suboptimal medical service in HBV-exposed infants and to control mother-to-infant transmission of HBV.
CTX-M-32 beta-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated in Latin America
Authors: Araque María , Millán Beatriz , Mendoza Evelin , Salas Marianella
Published: May 2013

This item has no abstract. Follow the links below to access the full text.
Vieux et femmes immigrées en marge : le cas des « badanti » en Italie
Authors: Marcucci de Vincenti Antonella
Published: May 2013

En Italie, depuis quelques années, un nouveau métier est né en tant que réponse adaptative au vieillissement de la population : celui des « badanti ». Ce terme populaire désigne les femmes immigrées travaillant au domicile des personnes âgées.Ce phénomène de société concerne quatre millions de personnes, en comptant les assistés et les travailleuses. Ces personnes se trouvent en marge de la société et sont déconsidérées. La disqualification est implicite, inscrite dans la dénomination même. « Badanti » vient du verbe badare , qui signifie « surveiller de près », « garder » : l’empathie inscrite dans les termes « care » ou « aide » n’est pas présente.Ce « welfare » fait maison, qui s’est révélé une ressource face à la carence des services publics, a fait exploser les nombreuses contradictions qui feront l’objet de notre analyse. La chronique des faits divers a fait émerger des délits, des abandons, des litiges lors des successions et aussi des contradictions dans les corps intermédiaires. Par exemple, le syndicat est amené à gérer des guerres entre pauvres : les « badanti » et les vieux retraités. Toutefois, la contradiction la plus saillante se trouve au cœur de l’activité. Le métier présente plusieurs facettes et à côté de l’identification de la « badante » avec l’assisté, nous trouvons l’humiliation et le ressentiment qui résultent des conditions d’exercice de l’activité : la « domesticité » et la « servitude ».
Comparison of Limb-length Discrepancy After THA: With and Without Computer Navigation
Authors: Licini David J. , Burnikel David J. , Meneghini R. Michael , Ochsner John L.
Published: May 2013

Limb-length discrepancy following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is often cited as a reason for patient dissatisfaction and for hip instability. Various intraoperative techniques have been described to help restore normal limb length after THA. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a computer-navigated surgical technique would help restore limb-length equality following THA.

A retrospective study of 150 consecutive patients compared a free-hand (non-navigated) THA technique vs a computer-navigated THA technique. Each group contained 75 patients. The primary outcome measurement was limb-length discrepancy, which was evaluated using a digital anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. Secondary outcome measurements included a Harris Hip Score questionnaire and a single question evaluating the subjective feeling of the operative limb (longer, shorter, or equal). At a minimum 1-year follow-up, results showed that computer-navigated THA helped restore limb-length equality. An average leg-length difference of 0.3 mm (SD=0.3 mm) was found with computer-navigated THA compared with a leg-length difference of 1.8 mm (SD=0.7 mm) when a non-navigated THA was used. This was statistically significant. Both groups had similar Harris Hip Scores (computer-navigated group, 84.8; non-navigated group, 84.2;
P
=.835), and no difference was found between the 2 groups regarding the patient’s perception of the operative limb length.

This study demonstrated that computer-navigated THA resulted in improved restoration of normal limb length and limited significant outliers but did not show improvement in Harris Hip Scores or patient’s perception of limb-length equality.
One-year Postoperative Knee Pain in Patients With Semi-extended Tibial Nailing Versus Control Group
Authors: Rothberg David L. , Daubs Gregory M. , Horwitz Daniel S. , Kubiak Erik N.
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with a tibia fracture who were treated with an intramedullary nail using a semi-extended, extra-articular, parapatellar approach had anterior knee pain at a higher than acceptable incidence compared with control patients.

Eighteen patients with OTA type 42 A–C tibia fractures nailed using this approach were compared with an uninjured control group (n = 22). Lysholm Knee Score questionnaires were given to all participants and compared between groups. Fracture patients completed the LKS at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Additional data collected included age, sex, mechanism of injury, OTA classification, Gustilo/Anderson and Tscherne classification, nail-apex distance, complications, weight-bearing status, additional fixation needed, and postoperative procedures.

Mean age and demographics were similar between the fracture and control group: 42.9 vs 47.9 years, respectively, (
P
=.36) and 11 vs 9 men, respectively (
P
=.11). Lysholm Knee Scores among the subgroups (age, sex, medial vs lateral parapatellar approach, soft-tissue status, and nail-apex distance) showed no statistically significant differences (
P
>05 for all comparisons). Mean nail-apex distance was −16.3 mm. Mean LKS score 1-year postoperatively was 87.3 (range, 59–100) in the fracture group and 89.7 (range, 23–100) in the control group (
P
=.69). At 1-year postoperatively, patients in the fracture group did not have increased anterior knee pain compared with the control group.
Application of the Cervical Subaxial Anterior Approach at C2 in Select Patients
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhang Jing , Wang Xinwei , Chen Deyu , Yuan Wen
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and radiographic indications of using the subaxial anterior approach for decompression and fusion at C2. Anterior exposure at C2 was difficult and associated with increased morbidity. The subaxial anterior approach is easy and familiar to spine surgeons but did not provide satisfying exposure in all patients. This article describes a series of patients undergoing anterior surgery involving C2 through the subaxial anterior approach.

Patients were selected based on lateral extension radiographs showing a mandibular angle higher than the C3 upper endplate. Forty-two patients (29 men and 13 women) with average age of 45 years and an average follow-up of 9.7 months were reviewed. Etiologies included Hangman’s fracture (n=35), traumatic disk herniation at C2–C3 (n=1), C3 fracture (n=2), ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (n=2), and tumor (n=2). Single-level diskectomy (n=36) and corpectomy (n=6) were performed. Exposure was satisfactory, and operations went smoothly in all patients except in 1 man with a muscular neck. One (2.4%) postoperative complication of choking and trouble swallowing liquids was observed and diminished in 3 months with no treatment. Pre- and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores were 13.86±2.25 and 16.50±0.76, respectively, with an improvement rate of 85%±24% in 14 patients who had preoperative neurological dysfunction. A fusion rate of 100% was achieved. The subaxial anterior approach may be simple and safe for exposure at C2 in select patients. Complicated exposure, such as the transoral or retropharyngeal approach, should be avoided in these patients.
Optimal Graft Length for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study in Beagles
Authors: Yuan Feng , Zhou Wei , Cai Junfeng , Zhao Jinzhong , Huangfu Xiaoqiao , Yin Feng
Published: May 2013

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a major ligament that helps maintain the stability of the knee joint. Injury to the ACL can be treated by replacing the torn ligament. This study determined the optimal flexor tendon length in the bone tunnel in ACL reconstruction.

Autologous ACL reconstruction was performed using a flexor tendon in 54 male beagles, with the graft length in the bone tunnel at 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25 mm (9 dogs per graft length). The maximum tensile strength and stiffness of the reconstructed joint (tibia-ACL-femur triad) were recorded at 45, 90, and 180 days after ACL reconstruction (6 joints per time point). The experiment also included an intact control group (3 dogs) and a control group tested immediately after the reconstruction (3 dogs). For the intact control group, the normal ACL (unreconstructed) and flexor tendon mechanical testing was performed. For the other control group, the normal ACL (unreconstructed) mechanical testing was performed first and then mechanical testing of the specimens was performed immediately after reconstruction.

The maximum tensile strength and stiffness of the reconstructed tibia-ACL-femur triad increased with time after reconstruction, regardless of the graft length in the bone tunnel. Maximum tensile strength and stiffness of the grafts increased with graft length but reached a plateau at 17 mm. Optimal strength and stiffness of the reconstructed ACL are achieved with 17-mm grafts.
Development of Site-specific Locking Plates for Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Xu Meng , Zhang Li-Hai , Zhang Ying-Ze , He Chun-Qing , Zhang Li-Cheng , Wang Yan , Tang Pei-Fu
Published: May 2013

Site-specific locking plates have gained popularity for the treatment of fractures. However, the clinical use of a site-specific locking plate for acetabular fractures remains untested due to production limits. To design a universal site-specific locking plate for acetabular fractures, the 3-dimensional (3D) photographic records of 171 pelvises were retrospectively studied to generate a universal posterior innominate bone surface. Using 3D photographical processing software, the 3D coordinate system was reset according to bony landmarks and was scaled based on the acetabular diameter to allow a direct comparison between surfaces. The measured surface was separated into measurement units. At each measurement unit, the authors calculated the average z-axis values in all samples and obtained the 3D coordinate values of the point cloud that could be reconstructed into the universal surface. A plate was subsequently designed in 3D photographical processing software, and the orientation and distribution of locking screws was included. To manufacture a plate, the data were entered into Unigraphics NX version 6.0 software (Siemens PLM Software, Co, Ltd, Plano, Texas) and a CNC digital milling machine (FANUC Co, Ltd, Yamanashi, Japan). The resulting locking plate fit excellently with the reduced bone surface intraoperatively. Plate contouring was avoided intraoperatively. Universal 3.5-mm locking screws locked successfully into the plate, and their orientations were consistent with the design. No screw yielded to acetabular penetration. This method of designing a site-specific acetabular locking plate is practical, and the plates are suitable for clinical use. These site-specific locking plates may be an option for the treatment of acetabular fractures, particularly in elderly patients.
Recommendations for Driving After Right Knee Arthroscopy
Authors: Argintar Evan , Williams Amy , Kaplan Jonathan , Hall Michael P. , Sanders Thomas , Yalamanchili Raj , Hatch George F.
Published: May 2013

No established guidelines currently exist to assist orthopedic surgeons in determining when a patient may safely control a motor vehicle after undergoing simple right knee arthroscopy. Despite this lack of concrete evidence, premature postoperative driving could expose orthopedic surgeons to legal liability and, more importantly, patients to danger and further injury. Through questionnaires directed at physicians, patients, and insurance companies, the authors attempted to identify common postoperative management trends among orthopedic surgeons in an effort to better identify patterns that could help direct practice for the optimized treatment of patients after right knee arthroscopy.

Although 29.7% of physicians always incorporated postoperative driving instructions during routine preoperative consultation, 57% of physicians brought up these conversations half of the time or less. In addition, when the preoperative discussions were conducted, approximately 23.6% of physicians never initiated the conversation. The majority of physicians recommended driving after narcotics were discontinued (70%), when the patient felt they could subjectively control their vehicle (57.1%), and when postoperative symptoms would allow safe driving (38.8%); these achievements were most commonly reached at 1 week postoperatively.

After simple right knee arthroscopy, the common consensus indicates that patients may safely return to driving 1 week postoperatively when they are narcotic-free and feel safe to control their vehicle.
Reversal of Acute Ischemic Stroke After THA Using Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Ezzet Kace A.
Published: May 2013

Acute ischemic stroke is a potentially catastrophic medical emergency. Recently, successful reversal of the neurologic deficits associated with major ischemic strokes has been accomplished in selected patients through the use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an agent that can accomplish thrombolysis of arterial clots if given within the first few hours after the onset of stroke. Because tPA works by thrombolysis of fresh clots, a potential exists for catastrophic hemorrhage if given to acute postoperative patients. Therefore, the use of tPA has never been studied in postoperative patients, and the safety of the drug in postoperative patients is unknown.

The author describes a patient who had an acute ischemic stroke 2 days after total hip arthroplasty who was successfully treated with tPA without major complications. The patient was 51 years old and developed progressive facial droop, right arm paralysis, and dysarthria 2 days after elective hip arthroplasty. Imaging confirmed occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. Neurologic recovery was believed to be unlikely without tPA. After tPA administration, the patient had full neurologic recovery within minutes but did develop a large (nondraining) hematoma and severe ecchymosis at the surgical site; a drop in hematocrit required 3 units of packed red blood cell transfusion. The wound did not develop skin necrosis, infection, or compartment syndrome, and the hematoma resolved within several weeks without the need for surgical intervention.

The author describes the patient’s specific circumstances, the decision-making process behind the use of tPA, and the need for contingency plans in the event that severe uncontrolled hemorrhage occurs. This information may be useful if other surgeons are faced with the dilemma of a major stroke in acute postoperative patients.
Arthroscopic Internal Fixation of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Femoral Head
Authors: Matsuda Dean K. , Safran Marc R.
Published: May 2013

Osteochondritis dessicans of the femoral head is an uncommon problem. Limited literature reports the incidence of osteochondritis dessicans and its treatment. The surgical technique used and outcomes for a 40-year-old man with symptomatic femoral head osteochonditis dissecans who was treated 11 years previously with retrograde drilling and hip arthroscopy are discussed.

Despite temporary symptomatic improvement without subchondral collapse after his index procedure, increasing pain a decade later was thought to be caused by a large apical osteochondritic fragment and chondrolabral dysfunction from femoroacetabular impingement. Acetabuloplasty of acetabular overcoverage permitted arthroscopic internal fixation of the bone fragment by improving screw trajectory. Labral refixation and femoroplasty were subsequently performed. At 18-month follow-up, his nonarthritic hip score improved from 53 to 76 and his osteochondritic lesion had healed radiographically.

Although clinical improvement with radiographic union has been reported following open screw fixation of femoral head osteochondritis dissecans, to the authors’ knowledge this is the first published case with a similar outcome using arthroscopic techniques. Clinical improvement and union of even long-standing osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head may occur with arthroscopic fragment fixation. Hip arthroscopy may play significant therapeutic and diagnostic roles in the treatment of this condition while offering a less invasive alternative to open osteosynthesis.
Use of Seclusion: Finding the Voice of the Patient to Influence Practice
Authors: Faschingbauer Kristine M. , Peden-McAlpine Cynthia , Tempel Wendy
Published: May 2013

Seclusion for escalating behavior in psychiatric patients has been a controversial intervention over the past 3 decades. The current study investigated the experience of seclusion from the perspective of inpatient psychiatric patients in the mid-western United States. Twelve patients were interviewed about their experiences; the interviews were transcribed into a written text. A phenomenological method was used to analyze the text, and themes were generated. Three themes emerged: (a)
Patient Hope for Respect and Open Communication
described patients’ desires for discussion about their individual problems before their behavior escalated; (b)
Patient Emotional Response to the Seclusion Process
described accelerating emotions such as anxiety and anger. Patients perceived disrespect from staff prior to and during seclusion; and (c)
Patient Insight into Behavior and the Importance of Positive Coping Skills
described the importance of debriefing with staff and learning positive coping skills. Further improved education for nurses is needed to help manage psychiatric patients, for it is the goal of the mental health profession to understand the reasons these seclusion episodes occur and to directly take the steps to eliminate the need for the seclusion process entirely. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 51
(7), 32–38.]