bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In, Out or at the Gate? The Predicament on Eritrea's Membership and Participation Status in IGAD
Authors: Andemariam Senai W
Published: June 2015

On 27 April 2007 Eritrea notified the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) of its decision to “temporarily suspend its membership” and “freeze its activities” in IGAD followed on 25 July 2011 by its decision to “reactivate its membership.” On 24 August 2011 Eritrea's representative to the IGAD Council of Ministers meeting in Addis Ababa was informed that he could not sit in the meeting and was escorted out. Eritrea's representatives have not attended IGAD meetings since. The incident raises the important question of what should be done in the absence of an IGAD rule regulating unilateral temporary suspension and reactivation of membership. The answer should be based on a clear understanding of the laws and practices of withdrawal, suspension, expulsion, membership reactivation and rejoining international / regional organizations. This article discusses how the stalemate regarding Eritrea's status in IGAD should be handled by reference to such laws and practices, and the rules in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties governing the interpretation of treaties.
Young Adult Social Networks and Labour Market Attachment: Interpersonal Dynamics that Shape Perspectives on Job Attainment
Authors: GRAHAM JOHN R. , SHIER MICHEAL L. , EISENSTAT MARILYN
Published: June 2015

Following a qualitative study design with young adults (aged seventeen to twenty-nine) of a racialised minority status (n= 36) in a low-income community in Toronto, Canada, we found that social relationships and dynamics greatly influenced perspectives towards labour market success. Respondents identified that interpersonal relationships with employers, family members and neighbourhood/community members influenced their perseverance and motivation for upward social mobility through securing and maintaining employment. The findings highlight the fundamental relationship between perceptions of upward social mobility and individual social capital. In particular, the wide array of social networks that can influence the perspectives of racial minority young adults – both positively and negatively. The findings extend contemporary discussions about the relationship between social capital and career aspirations among racial minority young adults, to include a spectrum of interrelated social networks that collectively aid in improving personal development. While contemporary discussions focus on the utility of informal knowledge sharing about career development and post-secondary attainment, the findings here demonstrate the importance of policy and programme solutions that support the mobilisation of a wider array of embedded social resources, within the social networks of racial minority young adults, that help support positive perceptions towards upward social mobility.
Stimulated Raman scattering of ultra intense hollow Gaussian beam in relativistic plasma
Authors: Sharma Prerana
Published: June 2015

Effect of relativistic nonlinearity on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of laser beam propagating carrying null intensity in center [hollow Gaussian beam (HGB)] is studied in collisionless plasma. The construction of the equations is done employing the fluid theory which is developed with partial differential equation and Maxwell's equations. The phenomenon of SRS is shown along with the excitation of seed plasma wave considering relativistic nonlinearity. The power of plasma wave is observed for higher order of HGB. The Raman back reflectivity is studied numerically for various orders of hollow Gaussian laser beam (HGLB) and the numerical analysis shows that these parameters play vital role on reflectivity characteristics. It is observed that the Raman back reflectivity is less for the higher order of HGLB.
Artefactual atrial flutter due to interference from a portable media device
Authors: Gupta Dipankar , Saidi Arwa , Bryant Randall M.
Published: June 2015

Portable media devices are widely used by today’s youth. When used in hospitals, these devices can produce artefactual arrhythmias on telemetry.
Management of a child with pulmonary arterial hypertension presenting with systemic hypertension
Authors: Flores Saul , Daily Joshua , Pratap Jayant “Nick” , Cash Michelle C. , Hirsch Russel
Published: June 2015

We describe the course and management of a 12-year-old girl with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension who initially presented with severe systemic hypertension. Successful therapy included pulmonary vasodilators and an atrial septostomy, while ensuring adequate maintenance of her systemic vascular resistance to maintain cardiac output. Clear understanding of the physiology and judicious medical management in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension using extreme compensatory mechanisms is vitally important.
The Genesis of the Victorian Organ Sonata
Authors: Quinn Iain
Published: June 2015

In the English mid-nineteenth century, organist-composers sought an idealistic course that created an alliance between the unimpeachable musical language of the Classical era and the much celebrated ‘Victorian’ organ. As a result, we witness the birth of a new musical genre with the ‘English organ sonata’ that was to provide a model for organ composition into the twentieth century. However, the works in question were not merely pastiche compositions, despite some bold illusions, but rather pieces based on revered models, restyled for an age that was familiar with transcriptions of orchestral repertoire on the organ. Further, the English organist-composers adhered to both an old model in a continuance of the ‘lesson-sonata’ tradition as well as developing a new one, here styled the ‘portfolio sonata’ whereby the purpose of the sonata would serve multiple ends. In an age of prestige and betterment, the sonatas that emerged were a testament to a profession that was determined to be seen anew.
Nervensache – praxisorientierte Neurophysiologie der weiblichen Sexualität
Authors: Bischof Karoline
Published: June 2015

Sexualprobleme werden oft schwer modifizierbaren seelischen oder körperlichen Defiziten oder einem schlechten Liebhaber attribuiert. Im Gegensatz dazu lässt sich die neurophysiologische Interaktion zwischen Körper und Hirn als grundlegend für das genitale und emotionale Erleben der Sexualität verstehen. Neuropsychologische Erkenntnisse und klinische Beobachtungen zeigen, dass eine hohe Muskelspannung, flache Atmung und eingeschränkte Beweglichkeit, wie sie viele Menschen während der sexuellen Erregung gewohnheitsmässig einsetzen, die Wahrnehmung der sexuellen Erregung und das sexuelle Lusterleben begrenzen. Dagegen können in einem bewegten Körper mit tiefer Atmung Erregung und Orgasmus lustvoller erlebt werden. Der Einsatz von Selbstwahrnehmungsübungen und körperlichen Lernschritten ermöglicht der Patientin, ihre Sexualität so weit zu integrieren, dass sie gegen psychische, medizinische und partnerschaftliche Störfaktoren resistenter wird.
A transgenic resource for conditional competitive inhibition of conserved Drosophila microRNAs
Authors: Fulga Tudor A. , McNeill Elizabeth M. , Binari Richard , Yelick Julia , Blanche Alexandra , Booker Matthew , Steinkraus Bruno R. , Schnall-Levin Michael , Zhao Yong , DeLuca Todd , Bejarano Fernando , Han Zhe , Lai Eric C. , Wall Dennis P. , Perrimon Norbert , Van Vactor David
Published: June 2015

Although the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) in development and disease is well established, understanding the function of individual miRNAs remains challenging. Development of competitive inhibitor molecules such as miRNA sponges has allowed the community to address individual miRNA function in vivo. However, the application of these loss-of-function strategies has been limited. Here we offer a comprehensive library of 141 conditional miRNA sponges targeting well-conserved miRNAs in Drosophila. Ubiquitous miRNA sponge delivery and consequent systemic miRNA inhibition uncovers a relatively small number of miRNA families underlying viability and gross morphogenesis, with false discovery rates in the 4–8% range. In contrast, tissue-specific silencing of muscle-enriched miRNAs reveals a surprisingly large number of novel miRNA contributions to the maintenance of adult indirect flight muscle structure and function. A strong correlation between miRNA abundance and physiological relevance is not observed, underscoring the importance of unbiased screens when assessing the contributions of miRNAs to complex biological processes.
HIV-infected sex workers with beneficial HLA-variants are potential hubs for selection of HIV-1 recombinants that may affect disease progression
Authors: Chang Chih-Hao , Kist Nicolaas C. , Chester Tammy L. Stuart , Sreenu Vattipally B. , Herman Melissa , Luo Ma , Lunn Daniel , Bell John , Plummer Francis A. , Ball T. Blake , Katzourakis Aris , Iversen Astrid K. N.
Published: June 2015

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the HIV Gag protein are associated with lowering viremia; however, immune control is undermined by viral escape mutations. The rapid viral mutation rate is a key factor, but recombination may also contribute. We hypothesized that CTL responses drive the outgrowth of unique intra-patient HIV-recombinants (URFs) and examined gag sequences from a Kenyan sex worker cohort. We determined whether patients with HLA variants associated with effective CTL responses (beneficial HLA variants) were more likely to carry URFs and, if so, examined whether they progressed more rapidly than patients with beneficial HLA-variants who did not carry URFs. Women with beneficial HLA-variants (12/52) were more likely to carry URFs than those without beneficial HLA variants (3/61) (p < 0.0055; odds ratio = 5.7). Beneficial HLA variants were primarily found in slow/standard progressors in the URF group, whereas they predominated in long-term non-progressors/survivors in the remaining cohort (p = 0.0377). The URFs may sometimes spread and become circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of HIV and local CRF fragments were over-represented in the URF sequences (p < 0.0001). Collectively, our results suggest that CTL-responses associated with beneficial HLA variants likely drive the outgrowth of URFs that might reduce the positive effect of these CTL responses on disease progression.
Microwave-enhanced photocatalysis on CdS quantum dots - Evidence of acceleration of photoinduced electron transfer
Authors: Kishimoto Fuminao , Imai Takashi , Fujii Satoshi , Mochizuki Dai , Maitani Masato M. , Suzuki Eiichi , Wada Yuji
Published: June 2015

The rate of electron transfer is critical in determining the efficiency of photoenergy conversion systems and is controlled by changing the relative energy gap of components, their geometries, or surroundings. However, the rate of electron transfer has not been controlled by the remote input of an external field without changing the geometries or materials of the systems. We demonstrate here that an applied microwave field can enhance the photocatalytic reduction of bipyridinium ion using CdS quantum dots (QDs) by accelerating electron transfer. Analysis of the time-resolved emission decay profiles of CdS quantum dots immersed in aqueous solutions of bipyridinium exhibited the shortening of their emission lifetimes, because of the accelerated electron transfer from QDs to bipyridinium under microwave irradiation. This discovery leads us to a new methodology using microwaves as an external field to enhance photocatalytic reactions.
Continental drift and climate change drive instability in insect assemblages
Authors: Li Fengqing , Tierno de Figueroa José Manuel , Lek Sovan , Park Young-Seuk
Published: June 2015

Global change has already had observable effects on ecosystems worldwide and the accelerated rate of global change is predicted in the future. However, the impacts of global change on the stability of biodiversity have not been systematically studied in terms of both large spatial (continental drift) and temporal (from the last inter-glacial period to the next century) scales. Therefore, we analyzed the current geographical distribution pattern of Plecoptera, a thermally sensitive insect group and evaluated its stability when coping with global change across both space and time throughout the Mediterranean region—one of the first 25 global biodiversity hotspots. Regional biodiversity of Plecoptera reflected the geography in both the historical movements of continents and the current environmental conditions in the western Mediterranean region. The similarity of Plecoptera assemblages between areas in this region indicated that the uplift of new land and continental drift were the primary determinants of the stability of regional biodiversity. Our results revealed that climate change caused the biodiversity of Plecoptera to slowly diminish in the past and will cause remarkably accelerated biodiversity loss in the future. These findings support the theory that climate change has had its greatest impact on biodiversity over a long temporal scale.
Profiling molecular and behavioral circadian rhythms in the non-symbiotic sea anemone Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Oren Matan , Tarrant Ann M. , Alon Shahar , Simon-Blecher Noa , Elbaz Idan , Appelbaum Lior , Levy Oren
Published: June 2015

Endogenous circadian clocks are poorly understood within early-diverging animal lineages. We have characterized circadian behavioral patterns and identified potential components of the circadian clock in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis: a model cnidarian which lacks algal symbionts. Using automatic video tracking we showed that Nematostella exhibits rhythmic circadian locomotor activity, which is persistent in constant dark, shifted or disrupted by external dark/light cues and maintained the same rate at two different temperatures. This activity was inhibited by a casein kinase 1δ/ε inhibitor, suggesting a role for CK1 homologue(s) in Nematostella clock. Using high-throughput sequencing we profiled Nematostella transcriptomes over 48 hours under a light-dark cycle. We identified 180 Nematostella diurnally-oscillated transcripts and compared them with previously established databases of adult and larvae of the symbiotic coral Acropora millepora, revealing both shared homologues and unique rhythmic genes. Taken together, this study further establishes Nematostella as a non-symbiotic model organism to study circadian rhythms and increases our understanding about the fundamental elements of circadian regulation and their evolution within the Metazoa
Visualizing the activity of Escherichia coli divergent promoters and probing their dependence on superhelical density using dual-colour fluorescent reporter vector
Authors: Masulis Irina S. , Babaeva Zaira Sh. , Chernyshov Sergey V. , Ozoline Olga N.
Published: June 2015

Mosaic pattern of transcription in alternating directions is a common feature of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes which rationality and origin remain enigmatic. In Escherichia coli approximately 25% of genes comprise pairs of topologically linked divergently transcribed units. Given that transcriptional complex formation at each promoter in the pair induces topological changes and is itself sensitive to DNA structural perturbations, study of the functional anatomy in such areas requires special approaches. Here we suggested the dual-colour promoter probe vector which may become an ideal tool for divergent transcription profiling. The vector was used to characterize the specific genomic region nearby appY with multiple bidirectional promoters predicted in silico. Only three promoters of this region were shown to be engaged in the transcription initiation resulting in the expression of reporter genes. RNA product transcribed in antisense direction is suggested as a novel RNA. Nalidixin-induced topological modulation differentially affected transcription in sense and antisense directions thus exemplifying anticooperative mode in the response to topological alterations.
Cancer risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based prospective study in China
Authors: Wang Meng , Hu Ru-Ying , Wu Hai-Bin , Pan Jin , Gong Wei-Wei , Guo Li-Hua , Zhong Jie-Ming , Fei Fang-Rong , Yu Min
Published: June 2015

Evidence indicates an increased cancer risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, yet studies in mainland China are scarce. Based on Diabetes Surveillance System linking to Cancer Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province in China, we explored the cancer risk among T2DM patients. Totally, 327,268 T2DM patients were identified and followed from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2013. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Overall cancer risk was found significantly increased with an SIR of 1.15 (95% CI 1.12–1.19) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.21–1.30) in males and females, respectively. Regarding specific cancer sites, risks of liver, colon, rectum, pancreas and kidney were significantly increased with SIRs of 1.26 (95% CI 1.16–1.36), 1.47 (95% CI 1.29–1.67), 1.25 (95% CI 1.09–1.43), 2.81 (95% CI 2.50–3.16) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.28–2.03) in males, 1.53 (95% CI 1.35–1.73), 1.33 (95% CI 1.15–1.54), 1.29 (95% CI 1.10–1.51), 3.62 (95% CI 3.20–4.09) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.28–2.29) in females, respectively. A significant increased SIR was noted for prostate (1.80, 95% CI 1.58–2.06). Significant increased SIRs for lung (1.32, 95% CI 1.20–1.44) and stomach (1.16, 95% CI 1.03–1.30) were observed in females. We suggested an increased cancer risk among T2DM patients.
Fragment-Based Approaches to Epigenetic Targets
Authors: Chung Chun-wa , Bamborough Paul
Published: June 2015

Drugs that target aberrant epigenetic states of disease offer the prospect for long-lasting and effective treatments through the control of multiple genes. Although the proteins and mechanisms responsible for epigenetic regulation are becoming better understood, these processes are highly complex, and there is a great need for high-quality small-molecule probes to unravel their biology. This chapter focuses on the so-called histone code, the modules that read it, and the enzymes that control it. It describes recent case studies, discusses the challenges remaining and outlines the prospects for the future of fragment-based drug discovery in this rapidly evolving area of biology.
Nanoporous silicon carbide as nickel support for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane
Authors: Hoffmann C. , Plate P. , Steinbrück A. , Kaskel S.
Published: June 2015

High surface area SiCs are used as supports for nickel in the carbon dioxide reforming of methane. Proper pre-treatment of the SiC suppressed nickel silicide formation and allowed high levels of activity.
Stress–structure relation in dense colloidal melts under forward and instantaneous reversal of the shear
Authors: Bhattacharjee Amit Kumar
Published: June 2015

A dense supercooled colloidal melt in forward shear from a quiescent state shows an overshoot in shear stress at 10% strain with an unchanged fluid structure at equal stress before and after overshoot.
3D-printed dimethyloxallyl glycine delivery scaffolds to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis
Authors: Min Zhu , Shichang Zhao , Chen Xin , Yufang Zhu , Changqing Zhang
Published: June 2015

Angiogenesis–osteogenesis coupling processes are vital in bone tissue engineering.
Seeded growth of ferrite nanoparticles from Mn oxides: observation of anomalies in magnetic transitions
Authors: Song Hyon-Min , Zink Jeffrey I. , Khashab Niveen M.
Published: June 2015

Rich magnetism was observed in a series of magnetic nanoparticles prepared by seeded growth from Mn oxide nanoparticles.
Observation of direct magneto-dielectric behaviour in Lu3Fe5O12−δ above room-temperature
Authors: Manimuthu P. , Vidya R. , Ravindran P. , Fjellvåg H. , Venkateswaran C.
Published: June 2015

Oxygen vacancy created an intrinsic magneto-dielectric effect in Lu3Fe5O12.
Bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials and applications
Authors: Huang Jiale , Lin Liqin , Sun Daohua , Chen Huimei , Yang Dapeng , Li Qingbiao
Published: June 2015

Recent progress and trends as well as challenges and opportunities in the bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials and their applications in various fields are discussed in this critical review.
Five water-soluble zwitterionic copper(ii)-carboxylate polymers: role of dipyridyl coligands in enhancing the DNA-binding, cleaving and anticancer activities
Authors: Chen Ming , Tang Xiao-Yan , Yang Shui-Ping , Li Huan-Huan , Zhao Hai-Qing , Jiang Zhi-Hong , Chen Jin-Xiang , Chen Wen-Hua
Published: June 2015

Five water-soluble zwitterionic copper-carboxylate polymers were prepared and their DNA-binding, cleaving and anticancer activities were studied.
Visible diffraction from quasi-crystalline arrays of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Butler Timothy P. , Butt Haider , Wilkinson Timothy D. , Amaratunga Gehan A. J.
Published: June 2015

Large area arrays of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) are patterned in a quasi-crystalline Penrose tile arrangement through electron beam lithography definition of Ni catalyst dots and subsequent nanotube growth by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition.
(E)- and (Z)-stereodefined enol phosphonates derived from β-ketoesters: stereocomplementary synthesis of fully-substituted α,β-unsaturated esters
Authors: Nakatsuji Hidefumi , Ashida Yuichiro , Hori Hiroshi , Sato Yuka , Honda Atsushi , Taira Mayu , Tanabe Yoo
Published: June 2015

A versatile, robust, and stereocomplementary synthesis of fully-substituted (E)- and (Z)-stereodefined α,β-unsaturated esters 3 from accessible α-substituted β-ketoesters 1via (E)- and (Z)-enol phosphonates was achieved.
Self-assembly of catecholic ferrocene and electrochemical behavior of its monolayer
Authors: Ye Qian , Wang Hui , Yu Bo , Zhou Feng
Published: June 2015

The self-assembly of novel catecholic ferrocene and electrochemical behavior of its monolayer are reported.
A green solid-phase method for preparation of carbon nitride quantum dots and their applications in chemiluminescent dopamine sensing
Authors: Fan Xiaoqing , Feng Yang , Su Yingying , Zhang Lichun , Lv Yi
Published: June 2015

Schematic illustration for the preparation of g-CNQDs though a thermal condensation process and CL of the g-CNQDs–K3[Fe(CN)6] system.
A novel type of AIE material as a highly selective fluorescent sensor for the detection of cysteine and glutathione
Authors: Tan Xiaochen , Du Yanan , Yang Bingchuan , Ma Chen
Published: June 2015

Novel kind of AIE materials were easily obtained in moderate yields via tandem reactions. New highly selective cysteine detection system was also developed based on this AIE compound.
Anomalous semiconducting behavior on VO2 under high pressure
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhang Junkai , Ke Feng , Li Guanghui , Ma Yanmei , Liu Xizhe , Liu Cailong , Han Yonghao , Ma Yanzhang , Gao Chunxiao
Published: June 2015

The phase transition around 10.4 GPa is evidenced as a semiconductor-to-semiconductor transformation, and the abrupt increase of activation energy at 10.4 GPa indicates the increasingly insulating behavior of VO2 during the phase transition.
Preparation of alumina-coated graphite for thermally conductive and electrically insulating epoxy composites
Authors: Tang Dahang , Su Juqiao , Yang Qi , Kong Miqiu , Zhao Zhongguo , Huang Yajiang , Liao Xia , Liu Ying
Published: June 2015

Volume resistivity of epoxy composites containing various fillers and amounts of filler particles.
Graphene oxide wrapped gold nanorods for enhanced photo-thermal stability
Authors: Wei Qingli , Ni Hong , Jin Xue , Yuan Jing
Published: June 2015

NanoGO wrapped Gold nanorods show enhanced photothermal stability under continuous NIR laser irradiation.
Branched peptide with three histidines for the promotion of CuII binding in a wide pH range – complementary potentiometric, spectroscopic and electrochemical studies
Authors: Szyrwiel Łukasz , Pap József S. , Szczukowski Łukasz , Kerner Zsolt , Brasuń Justyna , Setner Bartosz , Szewczuk Zbigniew , Malinka Wiesław
Published: June 2015

Triple-arm, His-rich branched peptide stabilizes 1 : 1 CuII complex forms by switching between N- and C-terminal His coordination upon changes in pH.
Metal-free direct cyanoisopropylation/arylation of N-arylacrylamides or N-alkyl-N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides with AIBN: a simple and mild approach to cyano-containing oxindoles
Authors: Zhang Mingzhong , Sheng Wenbing , Ji Pengyi , Liu Yufeng , Guo Cancheng
Published: June 2015

A general, highly efficient approach to cyano-containing oxindoles is presented that is achieved by a metal-free direct cyanoisopropylation/arylation ofN-arylacrylamides orN-alkyl-N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides with AIBN.
Additional Article Notification: Rational design and applications of conducting polymer hydrogels as electrochemical biosensors
Authors: Li Lanlan , Shi Ye , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi , Yu Guihua
Published: June 2015

Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) are conducting polymer-based materials that contain high water content and have physical properties, resembling the extracellular environment.
Preparation of a native β-cyclodextrin modified plasmonic hydrogel substrate and its use as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering scaffold for antibiotics identification
Authors: Ouyang Lei , Zhu Lihua , Ruan Yufeng , Tang Heqing
Published: June 2015

Native β-cyclodextrin modified Ag-hydrogel was synthesized as a SERS sensor for the determination of antibiotics with a poor affinity to the bare substrate.
A More Accurate Measurement of the 28Si Lattice Parameter
Authors: Massa E. , Sasso C. P. , Mana G. , Palmisano C.
Published: June 2015

In 2011, a discrepancy between the values of the Planck constant measured by counting Si atoms and by comparing mechanical and electrical powers prompted a review, among others, of the measurement of the spacing of 28Si {220} lattice planes, either to confirm the measured value and its uncertainty or to identify errors. This exercise confirmed the result of the previous measurement and yields the additional value d220 = 192 014 711.98(34) am having a reduced uncertainty.
The Measurement of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon at Fermilab
Authors: Logashenko I. , Grange J. , Winter P. , Carey R. M. , Hazen E. , Kinnaird N. , Miller J. P. , Mott J. , Roberts B. L. , Crnkovic J. , Morse W. M. , Sayed H. Kamal , Tishchenko V. , Druzhinin V. P. , Shatunov Y. M. , Bjorkquist R. , Chapelain A. , Eggert N. , Frankenthal A. , Gibbons L. , Kim S. , Mikhailichenko A. , Orlov Y. , Rider N. , Rubin D. , Sweigart D. , Allspach D. , Barzi E. , Casey B. , Convery M. E. , Drendel B. , Freidsam H. , Johnstone C. , Johnstone J. , Kiburg B. , Kourbanis I. , Lyon A. L. , Merritt K. W. , Morgan J. P. , Nguyen H. , Ostiguy J.-F. , Para A. , Polly C. C. , Popovic M. , Ramberg E. , Rominsky M. , Soha A. K. , Still D. , Walton T. , Yoshikawa C. , Jungmann K. , Onderwater C. J. G. , Debevec P. , Leo S. , Pitts K. , Schlesier C. , Anastasi A. , Babusci D. , Corradi G. , Hampai D. , Palladino A. , Venanzoni G. , Dabagov S. , Ferrari C. , Fioretti A. , Gabbanini C. , Di Stefano R. , Marignetti S. , Iacovacci M. , Mastroianni S. , Di Sciascio G. , Moricciani D. , Cantatore G. , Karuza M. , Giovanetti K. , Baranov V. , Duginov V. , Khomutov N. , Krylov V. , Kuchinskiy N. , Volnykh V. , Gaisser M. , Haciomeroglu S. , Kim Y. , Lee S. , Lee M. , Semertzidis Y. K. , Won E. , Fatemi R. , Gohn W. , Gorringe T. , Bowcock T. , Carroll J. , King B. , Maxfield S. , Smith A. , Teubner T. , Whitley M. , Wormald M. , Wolski A. , Al-Kilani S. , Chislett R. , Lancaster M. , Motuk E. , Stuttard T. , Warren M. , Flay D. , Kawall D. , Meadows Z. , Syphers M. , Tarazona D. , Chupp T. , Tewlsey-Booth A. , Quinn B. , Eads M. , Epps A. , Luo G. , McEvoy M. , Pohlman N. , Shenk M. , de Gouvea A. , Welty-Rieger L. , Schellman H. , Abi B. , Azfar F. , Henry S. , Gray F. , Fu C. , Ji X. , Li L. , Yang H. , Stockinger D. , Cauz D. , Pauletta G. , Santi L. , Baessler S. , Frlez E. , Pocanic D. , Alonzi L. P. , Fertl M. , Fienberg A. , Froemming N. , Garcia A. , Hertzog D. W. , Kammel P. , Kaspar J. , Osofsky R. , Smith M. , Swanson E. , Lynch K.
Published: June 2015

The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon is one of the most precisely measured quantities in experimental particle physics. Its latest measurement at Brookhaven National Laboratory deviates from the Standard Model expectation by approximately 3.5 standard deviations. The goal of the new experiment, E989, now under construction at Fermilab, is a fourfold improvement in precision. Here, we discuss the details of the future measurement and its current status.
Form Factors and Radii of Light Nuclei
Authors: Sick Ingo
Published: June 2015

We discuss the determination of electromagnetic form factors from the world data on electron–nucleus scattering for nuclei Z ≤ 3, with particular emphasis on the derivation of the moments required for comparison with measurements from electronic/muonic atoms and isotope shifts.
Channel length dependence of negative-bias-illumination-stress in amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors
Authors: Um Jae Gwang , Mativenga Mallory , Migliorato Piero , Jang Jin
Published: June 2015

We have investigated the dependence of Negative-Bias-illumination-Stress (NBIS) upon channel length, in amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). The negative shift of the transfer characteristic associated with NBIS decreases for increasing channel length and is practically suppressed in devices with L = 100-μm. The effect is consistent with creation of donor defects, mainly in the channel regions adjacent to source and drain contacts. Excellent agreement with experiment has been obtained by an analytical treatment, approximating the distribution of donors in the active layer by a double exponential with characteristic length LD ∼ Ln ∼ 10-μm, the latter being the electron diffusion length. The model also shows that a device with a non-uniform doping distribution along the active layer is in all equivalent, at low drain voltages, to a device with the same doping averaged over the active layer length. These results highlight a new aspect of the NBIS mechanism, that is, the dependence of the effect upon the relative magnitude of photogenerated holes and electrons, which is controlled by the device potential/band profile. They may also provide the basis for device design solutions to minimize NBIS.
Highly sensitive detection of NO2 gas using BGaN/GaN superlattice-based double Schottky junction sensors
Authors: Bishop C. , Salvestrini J. P. , Halfaya Y. , Sundaram S. , El Gmili Y. , Pradere L. , Marteau J. Y. , Assouar M. B. , Voss P. L. , Ougazzaden A.
Published: June 2015

We report a double Schottky junction gas sensor based on a BGaN/GaN superlattice and Pt contacts. NO2 is detected at concentrations from 4.5 to 450 ppm with current responsivity of 6.7 mA/(cm2 × ppm) at 250 °C with a response time of 5 s. The sensor is also selective against NH3 at least for concentrations less than 15 ppm. The BGaN layer at the surface increases surface trap density and trap depth, which improves responsivity and high temperature stability while the GaN layer improves the magnitude of the diode current. The BGaN layer's columnar growth structure also causes a Pt morphology that improves O2− diffusion.
The influence of guiding magnetic field on beam current and plasma expansion in foil-less diode
Authors: Wu Ping , Sun Jun , Ye Hu
Published: June 2015

The impedance collapse phenomenon in planar diodes has been widely investigated and is believed to be induced by the axial plasma expansion. However, there are few studies about the impedance collapse phenomenon in foil-less diodes, which may occur under a low guiding magnetic field and cannot be explained by the axial plasma expansion. This paper tries to explain this phenomenon by constructing a physical model with consideration of the radial expansion of cathode plasmas. Our physical model can quantitatively describe the formation process of beam current in experiments with reasonable parameters, and it demonstrates that a lower guiding magnetic field will lead to a faster radial plasma expansion speed.
Letter from the Editors (9)
Authors: Vaughan-Eden Viola
Published: June 2015

Letter from the Editor
GL-equivariant modules over polynomial rings in infinitely many variables
Authors: Sam Steven , Snowden Andrew
Published: June 2015

Consider the polynomial ring in countably infinitely many variables over a field of characteristic zero, together with its natural action of the infinite general linear groupGG. We study the algebraic and homological properties of finitely generated modules over this ring that are equipped with a compatibleGG-action. We define and prove finiteness properties for analogues of Hilbert series, systems of parameters, depth, local cohomology, Koszul duality, and regularity. We also show that this category is built out of a simpler, more combinatorial, quiver category which we describe explicitly.

Our work is motivated by recent papers in the literature which study finiteness properties of infinite polynomial rings equipped with group actions. (For example, the paper by Church, Ellenberg and Farb on the category of FI-modules, which is equivalent to our category.) Along the way, we see several connections with the character polynomials from the representation theory of the symmetric groups. Several examples are given to illustrate that the invariants we introduce are explicit and computable.
Sets of Salem type and sharpness of the 𝐿²-Fourier restriction theorem
Authors: Chen Xianghong
Published: June 2015

We construct Salem sets on the real line with endpoint Fourier decay and near-endpoint regularity properties. This complements a result of Łaba and Pramanik, who obtained near-endpoint Fourier decay and endpoint regularity properties. We then modify the construction to extend a theorem of Hambrook and Łaba to show sharpness of the

L
2

L^2

-Fourier restriction estimate by Mockenhaupt and Bak-Seeger, including the case where the Hausdorff and Fourier dimension do not coincide.
Measuring Price Elasticities of Demand and Supply of Water Entitlements Based on Stated and Revealed Preference Data
Authors: Zuo Alec , Ann Wheeler Sarah , Adamowicz W.L. (Vic) , Boxall Peter C. , Hatton-MacDonald Darla
Published: June 2015

Estimates of price elasticities of water entitlements (known as permanent water or water rights in the United States) are complicated by data limitations and problems of endogeneity. To overcome these issues, we develop an approach to generate stated preference data and combine them with revealed preference data to estimate price elasticities from various types of water entitlement sales in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin, Australia. Our results suggest that price elasticities of demand and supply of high security water entitlements are inelastic in the relevant market price range between AUD $1,700 to $2,100 per mega‐liter, and that supply is relatively more inelastic than demand. For lower reliability water entitlements, the price elasticity of demand is estimated to be even more inelastic than high security water entitlements. The price elasticity of supply for general security water entitlements is similar to high security water entitlements, while the supply of low reliability water entitlements is extremely inelastic for our data set. The comparison between the stated and revealed preference data provides strong evidence of support for a data fusion approach; nevertheless, some differences in water sale preferences were found for irrigators choosing not to sell all of their water. The consistency of our results signals support for the use of this methodology in other water basins around the world.
Disseminated Primary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in a 22-Year-Old male
Authors: Erdmann Nathan , Hewitt Benjamin A. , Atkinson Thomas Prescott , Van Wagoner Nicholas
Published: June 2015

We present a case of primary disseminated herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) cutaneous disease in a 22-year-old male. We discuss the immune response to HSV-2 infection as well as the extragenital manifestations of HSV-2 observed in immune-competent and immune-suppressed persons.
The Effect of General Anesthesia on the Microelectrode Recordings From Pallidal Neurons in Patients With Dystonia
Authors: Venkatraghavan Lashmi , Rakhman Evgeny , Krishna Vibhor , Sammartino Francesco , Manninen Pirjo , Hutchison William
Published: June 2015

Background:

The most common anesthetic technique for patients undergoing insertion of deep brain stimulators (DBS) is local anesthesia with or without conscious sedation as this facilitates intraoperative microelectrode recordings (MERs) for target localization. However, general anesthesia (GA) may be needed in some of the patients especially those with dystonia. The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of GA on MERs from pallidal neurons in patients with dystonia undergoing DBS implantation surgery.

Methods:

After IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who had insertion of DBS from January 2009 to December 2013. Data collected and analyzed included demographics, indications for DBS, targets of insertion, MER, and anesthetic management. From the records we identified patients with dystonia who received GA for DBS insertion. We then compared the MER data under GA with the data from patients who had surgery under local anesthesia only during the same time period. Because of the small sample size, the effects of various anesthetic regiments on MER and localization of target nuclei were compared qualitatively.

Results:

Of the 435 patients who underwent DBS insertion during the study period, 20 (4.3%) patients had GA for the procedure. Dystonia was the most common indication for GA (16/20 patients, 80%). Good-quality MER data obtained from 10 patients with dystonia under GA was compared with 8 patients who had no sedation for the procedure. Administration of GA made target localization difficult due to suppression of both spontaneous and evoked neuronal discharges from internal globus pallidus. Although not studied systematically, propofol (>100 mcg/kg/min) seemed to suppress pallidal discharges more than GA with a lower dose of propofol (<75 mcg/kg/min), remifentanil, and 0.2% to 0.4% end-tidal sevoflurane or desflurane.

Conclusions:

Our retrospective review suggests that there was a difference in spontaneous and evoked neuronal discharges with MER performed under GA compared with no sedation. MER recordings during GA appeared most robust during a combination of anesthetics including low-dose propofol infusion, remifentanil, and a low concentration of either sevoflurane or desflurane. Our findings can inform a power analysis to determine the sample size that would be required to prospectively test the hypothesis that there is a difference in spontaneous and evoked neuronal discharges with MER performed under GA compared with no sedation.
c-Met Overexpression in Cervical Cancer, a Prognostic Factor and a Potential Molecular Therapeutic Target
Authors: Refaat Tamer , Donnelly Eric D. , Sachdev Sean , Parimi Vamsi , El Achy Samar , Dalal Prarthana , Farouk Mohamed , Berg Natasha , Helenowski Irene , Gross Jeffrey P. , Lurain John , Strauss Jonathan B. , Woloschak Gayle , Wei Jian-Jun , Small William
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

This study aimed to assess the association between pretreatment c-Met overexpression in local-regional advanced cervical cancer patients treated definitively with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and treatment outcomes including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastases (DM) control, and local-regional control (LC).

Patients and Methods:

This Institutional Review Board–approved study included cervical cancer patients treated definitively and consecutively with CRT. Evaluation of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for c-Met was performed and scored semiquantitatively by 3 pathologists, blinded to the treatment outcomes, and incorporated both the intensity and percentage of immunoreactivity in invasive carcinoma (H score). Treatment outcomes were reviewed and reported. Outcomes were stratified by c-Met overexpression and tumor characteristics. OS, PFS, LC, and DC rates were obtained via the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between groups were evaluated by the log-rank test. Hazard ratios were obtained via Cox regression for both univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results:

The 5-year OS, PFS, LC, and DC were 57.18%, 48.07%, 72.11%, and 62.85%, respectively. Ten (35.7%) and 18 patients (64.3%) had c-Met H index >30 and<30, respectively. c-Met overexpression was significantly associated with worse 3- and 5-year OS (P=0.003), PFS (P=0.002), LC (P=0.01), and DC (P=0.0003). Patients with c-Met overexpression had a hazard ratio of 6.297, 5.782, 6.28, and 18.173 for the risks of death, disease progression, local recurrence, and DM, respectively.

Conclusion:

c-Met overexpression could be a potential predictive marker and therapeutic target for local-regional advanced cervical cancer patients treated definitively with CRT.
Tracheal compression in pupae of the beetleZophobas morio
Authors: Pendar Hodjat , Kenny Melissa C. , Socha John J.
Published: June 2015

Insects that are small or exhibit low metabolic rates are considered to not require active ventilation to augment diffusive gas exchange. Some pupae with low metabolic rates exhibit abdominal pumping, a behaviour that is known to drive tracheal ventilation in the adults of many species. However, previous work on pupae suggests that abdominal pumping may serve a non-respiratory role. To study the role of abdominal pumping in pupa of the beetleZophobas morio, we visualized tracheal dynamics with X-rays while simultaneously measuring haemolymph pressure, abdominal movement, and CO2emission. Pupae exhibited frequent tracheal compressions that were coincident with both abdominal pumping and pulsation of pressure in the haemolymph. However, more than 63% of abdominal pumping events occurred without any tracheal collapse and hence ventilation, suggesting that the major function of the abdominal pump is not respiratory. In addition, this study shows that the kinematics of abdominal pumping can be used to infer the status of the spiracles and internal behaviour of the tracheal system.
Alan Roy Katritzky. 18 August 1928 — 10 February 2014
Authors: Boulton A. John
Published: June 2015

After a bright start, first in Oxford and then in Cambridge, Alan Katritzky’s scientific career was spent at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, where he became the founding Professor of Chemistry (1962) and at the University of Florida in Gainesville, USA, in the Kenan Chair of Chemistry from 1980 until his death in 2014. For more than 60 years he was a pioneer in the development of the field of heterocyclic chemistry. His work contributed much to the science that underpins the synthetic work of the modern pharmaceutical and agrichemical industries as well as that of dyestuffs and polymers. His research also touched other areas such as physical organic and polymer chemistry, organic reaction mechanisms, spectroscopy, chemical sensors, peptide synthesis, and reactions in water at high temperatures and pressures. Alan Katritzky worked with large cohorts of graduate students and research fellows drawn from across the globe. Their work was reported in nearly 2200 papers published in the primary scientific literature. He was also very active in the publishing field, writing and editing monographs and reviews, maintaining this prodigious level of output until a few days before he died.
Smarter–lighter–greener: research innovations for the automotive sector
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K.
Published: June 2015

This paper reviews the changing nature of research underpinning the revolution in the automotive sector. Legislation controlling vehicle emissions has brought urgency to research, so we are now noticing a more rapid development of new technologies than at any time in the past century. The light-weighting of structures, the refinement of advanced propulsion systems, the advent of new smart materials, and greater in-vehicle intelligence and connectivity with transport infrastructure all require a fundamental rethink of established technologies used for many decades—defining a range of new multi-disciplinary research challenges. While meeting escalating emission penalties, cars must also fulfil the human desire for speed, reliability, beauty, refinement and elegance, qualities that mark out the truly great automobile.
Correlation betweenHoxcode and vertebral morphology in archosaurs
Authors: Böhmer Christine , Rauhut Oliver W. M. , Wörheide Gert
Published: June 2015

The relationship between developmental genes and phenotypic variation is of central interest in evolutionary biology. An excellent example is the role ofHoxgenes in the anteroposterior regionalization of the vertebral column in vertebrates. Archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs including birds) are highly variable both in vertebral morphology and number. Nevertheless, functionally equivalentHoxgenes are active in the axial skeleton during embryonic development, indicating that the morphological variation across taxa is likely owing to modifications in the pattern ofHoxgene expression. By using geometric morphometrics, we demonstrate a correlation between vertebralHoxcode and quantifiable vertebral morphology in modern archosaurs, in which the boundaries between morphological subgroups of vertebrae can be linked to anteriorHoxgene expression boundaries. Our findings reveal homologous units of cervical vertebrae in modern archosaurs, each with their specificHoxgene pattern, enabling us to trace these homologies in the extinct sauropodomorph dinosaurs, a group with highly variable vertebral counts. Based on the quantifiable vertebral morphology, this allows us to infer the underlying genetic mechanisms in vertebral evolution in fossils, which represents not only an important case study, but will lead to a better understanding of the origin of morphological disparity in recent archosaur vertebral columns.
Relaxation of risk-sensitive behaviour of prey following disease-induced decline of an apex predator, the Tasmanian devil
Authors: Hollings Tracey , McCallum Hamish , Kreger Kaely , Mooney Nick , Jones Menna
Published: June 2015

Apex predators structure ecosystems through lethal and non-lethal interactions with prey, and their global decline is causing loss of ecological function. Behavioural changes of prey are some of the most rapid responses to predator decline and may act as an early indicator of cascading effects. The Tasmanian devil (
Sarcophilus harrisii
), an apex predator, is undergoing progressive and extensive population decline, of more than 90% in long-diseased areas, caused by a novel disease. Time since local disease outbreak correlates with devil population declines and thus predation risk. We used hair traps and giving-up densities (GUDs) in food patches to test whether a major prey species of devils, the arboreal common brushtail possum (
Trichosurus vulpecula
), is responsive to the changing risk of predation when they forage on the ground. Possums spend more time on the ground, discover food patches faster and forage more to a lower GUD with increasing years since disease outbreak and greater devil population decline. Loss of top–down effects of devils with respect to predation risk was evident at 90% devil population decline, with possum behaviour indistinguishable from a devil-free island. Alternative predators may help to maintain risk-sensitive anti-predator behaviours in possums while devil populations remain low.