bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Proöxygenic Effect and the Resulting Deterioration of Rubber
Authors: Chovin P.
Published: February 2011

Three particularly important conclusions can be drawn as a result of the investigation described in the present paper. (1) The proöxygenic effects of the various organic salts of copper, iron, manganese and cobalt which were tested are not confined to the surface alone. All these salts are soluble in organic solvents, and it is to be presumed that they are likewise at least slightly soluble in rubber hydrocarbon. Actually it was observed that immediately after impregnation of rubber with the solution, the proöxygenic substance had penetrated into the interior of the sample, although this penetration was not uniform. This concentration gradient resulted in a preferential attack at the surface by gaseous oxygen. This attack was manifest in the formation of a sticky surface coating which acted, to a certain extent, as an obstacle to further penetration of oxygen into the core of the small pieces of rubber. It was also observed that, after autoöxidation, deterioration of the samples was chiefly on the surface. This deterioration was very pronounced, e.g., even after only 15–30 minutes in the manometer at 80° C ; the pieces of rubber adhered strongly to one another. (2) When present as binary mixtures, salts of manganese, iron and cobalt showed true mutual exaltation effects in their catalytic activities. A mutual inhibitory effect was likewise observed in some cases. (3) In the form of ternary mixtures, and within a limited range of compositions, these same salts induced more rapid autoöxidation than was to be expected of them by application of the law of mixtures. This effect was particularly great with a eucoactive mixture of cobalt, manganese and iron salts in the proportion of 1:1:3 (based on the metals), in which case an exaltation effect 300 per cent of the calculated effect was found.
Principles of a Method of Vulcanization Based on Condensation Reactions. Prosthesis and Synesis
Authors: Dufraisse Charles , Compagnon Patrice
Published: February 2011

The term vulcanization was restricted originally to the treatment of rubber by sulfur at elevated temperatures, the purpose of which was to overcome the faults of the raw material and in general to make it of more practical value. For more than a half century, sulfur and a few sulfur compounds were the only agents known to have this remarkable property, but later selenium, tellurium, and finally various oxidizing agents and sulfurizing agents as well were found to be capable of vulcanizing rubber. In all these transformations, the vulcanizing effect is the result of the direct or indirect action of one of the elements of the second group of metalloids. On the assumption that vulcanization involves the formation of bridges between linear molecules, it was decided to attempt to bring about this bridge formation by classic condensation reactions under such conditions that it would be certain that elements of the second group of metalloids would play no part in the reaction. The difficulty in uniting rubber hydrocarbon chains lies in their lack of reactivity, for their structure is of such a character that it is not easy to bring about a double linking reaction by condensation through an intermediate agent. It was attempted to overcome this difficulty by first adding active nuclei to the hydrocarbon chains. With this accomplished, it remained as a second step only to join together two active centers by a suitable chemical reagent; a process which should, if the scheme turned out to be correct, result in vulcanization.
The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rubber
Authors: Cotton-Feytis Eugenie
Published: February 2011

In experiments on the magnetic properties of some crystals, one of these cystals was suspended between the poles of a small electromagnet. These poles were flat and of the same diameter as the cores (5 cm.), while the air gap varied from 1.5 to 4 cm. and the field at the center from 8800 to 5500 gauss units. The crystal was suspended by a silk thread with very slight twist and a small rubber ring cut from a piece of gas tubing. It was observed that, as soon as the electric field was set up, the assembly oriented itself strongly, and the couple exceeded the magnitude which was expected. It was observed also that this couple continued when the crystal was removed and only the rubber ring remained as a possible cause of the phenomenon. The same phenomenon is observed with a ring of paramagnet rubber and with a ring of diamagnetic rubber, whether the rubber is supple or whether it has become brittle, and whether the ring is perfect or whether it has a cut in it. Instead of flat rings, longer sections of tubing, e.g., 2 to 3c m. long, can be suspended in the magnetic field. It is then particularly surprising to observe that the pieces of tubing always orient themselves axially in the magnetic field, whereas under the same conditions elongated isotropic substances orient themselves in this way only if they are paramagnetic.
The Structure of Polyisoprenes. I. The Crystal Structure of Geranylamine Hydrochloride
Authors: Jeffrey G. A.
Published: February 2011

An x-ray analysis employing three-dimensional Fourier syntheses has established the crystal structure and molecular dimensions of the diisoprene derivative, geranylamine hydrochloride. The molecules, which have a transconfiguration and are therefore analogous to gutta-percha, lie parallel and end-to-end in pairs within an ionic framework, where each nitrogen atom is equidistant from four chlorine neighbors. The two isoprene units are planar and have normal interatomic distances, but are linked by a C—C bond markedly shorter than a normal single bond. This unusual bond feature is accompanied by a coplanar arrangement with the adjacent carbon bonds.
A Study of Rubber-Sulfur Mixtures by Radiomicrography
Authors: Trillat Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2011

It is a recognized fact that the size of sulfur particles and their state of dispersion in a mass of rubber play an important role in the vulcanization process. In the work described in the present paper, an attempt was made to develop a simple method by which the incorporation of sulfur into rubber could be followed and controlled. As a means to this end, the method of transmission radiomicrography already described by the author was employed. Samples of rubber, previously mixed with various percentages of sulfur, were placed between two thin sheets of cellophane 0.06 mm. thick, and pressed out at a temperature of 50°–60° C until the total thickness of the samples (rubber + cellophane) was 0.18 mm. The films prepared in this way were placed in a photographic plate holder, with care to obtain perfect adhesion to the special Lippmann film used in this technique. The system was then exposed to radiation from a sealed tube with very sharp focus and with a copper anticathode, specially constructed to obtain this effect, and functioning under 8 kilovolts. Under these conditions the K rays of copper are not excited, and only radiation of the order of 2 A.U. acts on the system. The distance of the samples from the source of light was several centimeters ; the time of exposure was 2 to 3 minutes. The photographic negatives obtained were subsequently enlarged several tenfold and in some cases several hundredfold. The samples which were examined included rubber-sulfur mixtures containing 1, 5, 10 and 32 per cent, respectively, of sulfur. The first tests were carried out on the mixtures before they had been vulcanized. In the unvulcanized state the particles of sulfur were very clearly defined because of considerable absorption of the x-rays. By examination of the photographic negatives after enlargement, it was possible to determine the dispersion of the sulfur throughout the rubber, the uniformity of this dispersion, and the dimensions of the sulfur particles. It was possible also to construct a distribution curve, and to follow the influence of the time of mixing, both on the shape of the particles and their distribution. The same samples were examined after they had been vulcanized for various times at 143° C. In this way it was possible to determine both the effects of the sulfur content and of the time of vulcanization.
The Hardening of Crude Rubber
Authors: Jarrijon André
Published: February 2011

Everyone who has handled crude rubber or has seen this material in process is familiar with the fact that bales of rubber, whether crepe or smoked sheet, become hard when they remain exposed to temperatures below about 10° C. The rubber is said to be frozen. When in this state bales of rubber are very difficult to cut, and it is usually necessary to store them in a hot room for a long time in order to thaw them. Even when presses sufficiently powerful to cut such hard bales are available, it is still necessary to heat the cut pieces before they can be put on a mill. This extra handling and expense are only an inconvenience in rubber manufacture. This freezing phenomenon would seem to be relatively simple, and as is shown clearly by x-ray diagrams, would seem to be the result of “crystallization” of the rubber. Actually, however, the phenomenon is unquestionably more complex, since these changes do not take place at any fixed temperature. Moreover, certain observations which the present author has made show that the phenomenon is influenced to a considerable degree by the operating conditions.
X-Ray Investigation of the Calender Effect in Rubber Sheets
Authors: Goppel J. M. , Van Rossem A.
Published: February 2011

Rubber sheets were calendered with a slight and with a strong calender effect. The x-ray diagrams did not show any crystalline structure 2 days after calendering. Gradually x-ray reflections developed, the sheet with calender effect showing the reflections much quicker and stronger than the one with a slight calender effect.
Behavior of Natural Rubber and GR-S under Repeated Stress Cycles
Authors: Parkinson D. , Bloxham J. L.
Published: February 2011

Vulcanized Hevea rubber resists fatigue better than the butadiene-styrene copolymer GR-S, but not to the extent that might be expected from its superior tensile and tear strengths and its higher resilience. The incorporation of all types of colloidal carbon normally used for reinforcing both natural rubber and GR-S increases the resistance to fatigue of the vulcanizate to a greater or less degree, despite the fact that such compounds develop higher temperatures under constant energy input conditions than do the unloaded (gum) stocks. The high modulus and semireinforcing blacks impart better resistance to fatigue than do the channel blacks, which run at higher temperatures. The evidence as a whole points to the conclusion that fatigue resistance is influenced positively by the reinforcing action of the carbon and negatively by its adverse effect on resilience. Thus the high hysteresis losses in the channel black compounds more than offset the reinforcing effect, and better results are obtained by the use of carbons with larger particles. Further work is needed to determine the type of carbon which gives the best compromise between these opposing tendencies. The indications are that carbon black particles with diameters in the range 45 to 80 mµ are likely to give the greatest resistance to fatigue under constant work conditions. The effect on fatigue of carbon structure superimposed on that of particle size influences the results to a degree not yet determined.
Methods of Calculating and Representing Rheological Properties, Using Data from the Parallel-Plate Plastometer
Authors: Scott J. R.
Published: February 2011

A tentative method is described for obtaining, from readings of the parallel-plate Williams plastometer, the fundamental flow relation of the material under test, and for representing this relation graphically in a manner that facilitates comparisons between different materials.
Capacity of Rubber Mixtures to Be Moulded
Authors: Hublin Roger A.
Published: February 2011

The simplicity of the method, its adaptability to the most varied needs, and the ease of construction of the apparatus, are good reasons why it is certain to lead to interesting developments. By utilizing it properly, it is possible to simplify greatly the various problems involved in the development of new rubber mixtures and to avoid the necessity of factory experiments, which are always burdensome.
The Concentration of Latex by Means of Electric Currents of High Frequency
Authors: Leduc Henri , Dufour René
Published: February 2011

The rubber industry has at its disposal various types of latex which may conveniently be divided into two general groups: (1) latices with a normal content of dry solids, including ordinary latex stabilized with ammonia; and (2) concentrated latices. The first group comprises latices which contain 38 to 40 per cent of dry solids; the second group comprises latices which frequently contain 60 to 70 per cent, and sometimes even more, of dry solids. Concentrated latices can in turn be divided into three important categories, according to their method of preparation: (1) latex concentrated by centrifugation; (2) latex concentrated by creaming, and (3) latex concentrated by evaporation. Revertex belongs to this last category. Concentration was first carried out in a bowl rotating around an inclined axis and heated externally by a current of hot water circulating in a double jacket. Subsequently the latex was concentrated by spraying it while hot into an evaporating chamber. In this operation, a certain amount of water is eliminated, and the more concentrated mass which collects at the bottom of the evaporating chamber is again heated and returned to the chamber. The cycle is continued until the desired concentration is reached. The preheater is constructed of a set of tubes immersed in a current of hot oil.
The Coagulation of Latex
Authors: Seifriz William
Published: February 2011

The mechanism of the coagulation of latex is a very brief chapter in most treatises on rubber. The theories are numerous and conflicting. The most widely accepted interpretation is one in which the destruction of the stabilization membrane is postulated. Recently, in Haiti, I made an electrophoretic study of latex involving the determination of mobility rates and isoelectric points. The timing of the migration of individual latex particles obviously necessitated the use of a microscope. This permitted constant observation of the globules, so that not only were their rate and direction of movement observed, but their aggregation as well. When latex is put into a buffer mixture of a pH value at or near the isoelectric point of the latex, agglutination of the particles takes place. While observing this incipient coagulation of the latex, I was led to the conclusion that, though pH values of isoelectric points indicate a protein covering on latex particles, electrophoretic behavior points to a surface which is, in part, non-protein. The very feeble charge on Cryptostegia latex globules in comparison with the greater charge on Castilloa and the still greater charge on Hevea suggests that there is least protein on the Cryptostegia particles, and most on the Hevea particles. This deduction receives even better support from the complete dissimilarity in the mobility curves of Cryptostegia latex particles and the isolated serum proteins. That there is a nonprotein component of the particle surface is hardly to be doubted. I thought it very probable that this nonionizable component is hydrocarbon, the same which constitutes the core of the latex globule.
Isolation and Applications of Prostate Side Population Cells Based on Dye Cycle Violet Efflux
Authors: Gangavarapu Kalyan J. , Huss Wendy J.
Published: February 2011

This unit describes methods for digestion of human prostate clinical specimens and dye cycle violet (DCV) staining for identification, isolation, and quantitation of radiolabeled dihydrotestosterone (DHT) retention of side population cells. The principle of the side population assay is based on differential efflux of DCV, a cell‐membrane‐permeable fluorescent dye, by cells with high ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity. Cells with high ABC transporter activity that efflux DCV and fall in the lower left quadrant of a flow cytograph are designated as “side population” cells. This unit emphasizes tissue digestion, DCV staining, flow settings for sorting side population cells, and quantitation of radiolabeled DHT retention.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 47:22.2.1‐22.2.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical simulation of reactive pulsing flow for the catalytic wet oxidation in TBR using a VOF technique
Authors: Lopes Rodrigo J. G. , de Sousa Vera S. L. , Quinta‐Ferreira Rosa M.
Published: February 2011

Guided by the intrinsic advantages of the dynamic nature of mass/heat transfer fluctuations in pulsing flow, here we performed volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) numerical simulations to evaluate how liquid flow modulations can improve the detoxification of liquid effluents by catalytic wet oxidation. First, prominent numerical parameters were optimized in terms of mesh aperture and time step. Second, the effect of oxidation temperature and the influence of gas and liquid flow rates have been investigated comparatively under different flow regimes. The VOF computations have correctly handled the experimental observations both in terms of the axial conversion and temperature. The increase of oxidation temperature was found to move the trickling and pulsing intersection point on the conversion toward the top of the trickle bed. Finally, in comparison with trickling flow regimes, these computed and experimental findings revealed a considerable improvement on the detoxification of organic matter highlighting the benefits of process intensification covered by the periodic liquid flow modulations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Calculations of complex phase equilibrium by equal‐area method
Authors: Tang Yiping , Stephenson Grant , Zhao Ensheng , Agrawal Mayur , Saha Sanjoy
Published: February 2011

The equal‐area (EA) method is studied with respect to its applicability to a wide range of phase equilibrium scenarios for pure fluids and binary mixtures. The study covers vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE), liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE), solid‐liquid equilibrium (SLE) and their crossover transitions. The thermodynamic models studied include equation of state, activity coefficient and solid solubility models and their combinations. The performance of the EA method for chain molecules, at very low temperature and nearby the critical point is also investigated. We conclude that the EA method is very reliable and efficient and has a number of advantages over the conventional method. Finally, we apply the EA method to the regression of the model parameters to demonstrate its attractive application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Newborn screening for lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Nakamura Kimitoshi , Hattori Kiyoko , Endo Fumio
Published: February 2011

Lysosomes are intracellular organelles containing acid hydrolases that degrade biological macromolecules. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are caused by absent activity of one or more of these enzymes due to mutations of genes encoding lysosomal hydrolases or enzymes that process, target, and transport these enzymes. The specific signs and symptoms of each LSD derive from the type of material accumulated within the lysosome, the site (organ) of accumulation and the response of the body (sometimes in the form of an inflammatory or immune response) to the accumulated material. Interest for inclusion of these disorders in newborn screening programs derives from the availability of effective therapy in the form of enzyme replacement or substrate reduction therapy and bone marrow transplant that may improve long‐term outcome especially if started prior to irreversible organ damage. Based on the availability of therapy and suitable screening methods, Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, Pompe disease, mucopolysaccharidosis I and II, Niemann–Pick disease, and Krabbe disease are candidates for newborn screening. Pilot newborn screening projects have been performed for some of these conditions that indicate the feasibility of this approach. This review will provide insight into these screening strategies and discuss their advantages and limitations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odontometric sex discrimination in the herculaneum sample (79 AD, Naples, Italy), with application to juveniles
Authors: Viciano Joan , Alemán Inmaculada , D'Anastasio Ruggero , Capasso Luigi , Botella Miguel C.
Published: February 2011

Sex determination of subadult skeletal remains with satisfactory accuracy represents one of the most important limitations of archaeological research and forensic practice. Teeth are one of the most durable physical elements of an individual that remain after death, and constitute a potential source of information about the biological sex of that individual. This study was based on the skeletal remains of 117 individuals from the ancient city of Herculaneum (Naples, Italy), victims of the eruption of the nearby volcano Vesuvius on 24/25 August, 79 AD. It has been possible to develop discriminant function formulae based on dental dimensions of adult individuals whose sex had previously been determined based on descriptive osteologic criteria. These formulae were subsequently applied to the permanent dentitions of immature individuals of the same population in order to estimate their sex. The results show that the canine is the tooth with the greatest sex dimorphism in adults, providing percentages of correct assignment of sex between 76.5% and 100% depending on the dimension used. Of the 30 subadult individuals in the target sample, estimation of sex was possible for 22 individuals. Sex assignments matched those determined from descriptive characteristics of the ilia and mandible in 73.33% of the cases. The results provide some optimism that this method may be applicable to juvenile archaeological samples. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: A genetic survey of their paternal heritage
Authors: Ottoni Claudio , Larmuseau Maarten H.D. , Vanderheyden Nancy , Martínez‐Labarga Cristina , Primativo Giuseppina , Biondi Gianfranco , Decorte Ronny , Rickards Olga
Published: February 2011

Recent genetic studies of the Tuareg have begun to uncover the origin of this semi‐nomadic northwest African people and their relationship with African populations. For centuries they were caravan traders plying the trade routes between the Mediterranean coast and south‐Saharan Africa. Their origin most likely coincides with the fall of the Garamantes who inhabited the Fezzan (Libya) between the 1st millennium BC and the 5th century AD. In this study we report novel data on the Y‐chromosome variation in the Libyan Tuareg from Al Awaynat and Tahala, two villages in Fezzan, whose maternal genetic pool was previously characterized. High‐resolution investigation of 37 Y‐chromosome STR loci and analysis of 35 bi‐allelic markers in 47 individuals revealed a predominant northwest African component (E‐M81, haplogroup E1b1b1b) which likely originated in the second half of the Holocene in the same ancestral population that contributed to the maternal pool of the Libyan Tuareg. A significant paternal contribution from south‐Saharan Africa (E‐U175, haplogroup E1b1a8) was also detected, which may likely be due to recent secondary introduction, possibly through slavery practices or fusion between different tribal groups. The difference in haplogroup composition between the villages of Al Awaynat and Tahala suggests that founder effects and drift played a significant role in shaping the genetic pool of the Libyan Tuareg. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrapopulation variation in stature and body proportions: Social status and sex differences in an Italian medieval population (Trino Vercellese, VC)
Authors: Vercellotti Giuseppe , Stout Sam D. , Boano Rosa , Sciulli Paul W.
Published: February 2011

The phenotypic expression of adult body size and shape results from synergistic interactions between hereditary factors and environmental conditions experienced during growth. Variation in body size and shape occurs even in genetically relatively homogeneous groups, due to different occurrence, duration, and timing of growth insults. Understanding the causes and patterns of intrapopulation variation can foster meaningful information on early life conditions in living and past populations. This study assesses the pattern of biological variation in body size and shape attributable to sex and social status in a medieval Italian population. The sample includes 52 (20 female, 32 male) adult individuals from the medieval population of Trino Vercellese, Italy. Differences in element size and overall body size (skeletal height and body mass) were assessed through Monte Carlo methods, while univariate non‐parametric tests and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were employed to examine segmental and overall body proportions. Discriminant Analysis was employed to determine the predictive value of individual skeletal elements for social status in the population. Our results highlight a distinct pattern in body size and shape variation in relation to status and sex. Male subsamples exhibit significant postcranial variation in body size, while female subsamples express smaller, nonsignificant differences. The analysis of segmental proportions highlighted differences in trunk/lower limb proportions between different status samples, and PCA indicated that in terms of purely morphological variation high status males were distinct from all other groups. The pattern observed likely resulted from a combination of biological factors and cultural practices. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data‐driven fault detection and isolation for multimode processes
Authors: Liu Jialin
Published: February 2011

Contribution plots of the monitored statistics, Q and T2, are investigated to locate faulty variables when the statistics are out of their control limits. It is a popular method for fault isolation; however, it is well known that the smearing out of contributions leads to misdiagnose the faulty variables. Alternatively, the reconstruction‐based contribution approach is claimed to guarantee correct diagnosis. It has been examined in this paper that the approach fails to locate faulty variables when encountering multiple sensor faults. A fault isolation chart on principal component subspace is provided to locate faulty variables for a process with multiple operating regions. The results of an industrial application show that the proposed approach locates faulty variables precisely, whereas the root causes of the abnormalities have been successfully identified. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of solid mixing mechanisms in a bubbling fluidized bed using a DEM—CFD approach
Authors: Liu Daoyin , Xiao Shuangquan , Chen Xiaoping , Bu Changsheng
Published: February 2011

Solid mixing has a great influence on heat transfer and reaction processes in fluidized bed reactors; however, a review shows that the quantitative results are scattered. In this work, the mechanisms of solid mixing in a bubbling fluidized bed are investigated by numerical simulation. A three‐dimensional discrete element model (DEM)–computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation tool is developed and employed to investigate solid mixing behaviors due to the passage of isolated bubbles, continuous bubbles, and interacting bubbles. The vital role of bubbles on solid mixing has been clearly demonstrated. The results show that: (a) solid mixing in the vertical direction is dominant; (b) when a bubble forms near the air distributor, the continuous jet directly penetrates into the bubble, leading the bubble growing up; (c) lateral solid transport is promoted by bubble interaction, especially when the bubble sizes are different. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kühldeckensystem mit Aktivierung der Speichermasse der Betondecke
Authors: Nüßle Fritz , Pfafferott Jens
Published: February 2011

Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäude werden seit vielen Jahren zur allgemeinen Nutzerzufriedenheit mit Flächensystemen beheizt und gekühlt. Am Anfang dieser Entwicklung stand die abgehängte Kühldecke, die sich wegen ihrer hohen Kundenakzeptanz in ganz Europa verbreitet hat. Eine weitere, inzwischen ebenfalls weitverbreitete Anwendungsform von Strahlungssystemen ist die thermische Aktivierung von Betondecken, auch als Betonkerntemperierung bezeichnet. Dass diese nach dem Strahlungsprinzip funktionierenden Systeme auch zur Beheizung von Gebäuden geeignet sind, stellen viele erfolgreich ausgeführte Bauprojekte eindrucksvoll unter Beweis, [9] und [10]. Obwohl beide Systemvarianten nach demselben Strahlungsprinzip arbeiten, bestehen signifikante Unterschiede. Vor der Entscheidung für die eine oder andere Systemvariante müssen die typischen Merkmale sorgfältig geprüft und gegeneinander abgewogen werden. Dieser Fachbericht beschreibt eine Mischform, die aus beiden Systemvarianten heraus entwickelt wurde und immer häufiger Anwendung findet. Messungen in einem thermisch schweren Versuchsraum belegen die Leistungsfähigkeit von beidseitig aktivierten Kühlsegeln in Kombination mit der Betondecke.

Suspended radiant cooling system with thermally activated concrete ceiling. Office buildings are heated and cooled by thermoactive building systems for many years. These energy efficient heating and cooling concepts provide excellent thermal comfort. The first systems were installed as suspended cooling ceilings which are applied all‐over Europe and go along with a high user satisfaction. Another widely adopted construction principle is the concrete conditioning. Monitoring campaigns in energy efficient office buildings show clearly that radiant systems can be successfully operated for both cooling and heating. Although both the radiant ceiling and the concrete core conditioning use the same long‐wave radiative heat transfer the operation is different due to the thermal storage effect. Architects and HVAC planners have to decide for one of these solutions based on the pros and cons for each system. This article presents a hybrid form which can be used for new buildings and refurbishment projects. Laboratory measurements in a thermally heavy test chamber prove the thermal performance of a double‐sided suspended radiant panel in interaction with the concrete ceiling.
Bewertung und Optimierung von dynamischen Dämmsystemen unter Berücksichtigung des Wiener Klimas
Authors: Burdajewicz Filip , Korjenic Azra , Bednar Thomas
Published: February 2011

In den letzten Jahren fanden immer wieder Anstrengungen statt um den CO2‐Haushalt der Erdatmosphäre zu senken. Begriffe wie “sparsamer”, “effizienter” oder “effektiver” werden häufig in diesem Zusammenhang verwendet. Auch das Fachgebiet Bauphysik kann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Energieeffizienz leisten. Das ist eine berechtigte Forderung, da Gebäudeheizung und Gebäudekühlung einen bedeutenden Anteil am Ausstoß schädlicher Treibhausgase besitzen. Grenzwerte für die U‐Werte werden immer niedriger angesetzt, was dickere und teurere Dämmsysteme zur Folge hat. Neben diesen trivialen Lösungen werden auch komplexere Systeme entwickelt und erprobt. In dieser Untersuchung werden zwei davon genauer betrachtet und bezugnehmend auf den Heiz wärmebedarf sowie den Kühlbedarf gegenüberstellt. Dabei handelt es sich um sogenannte schaltbare Dämmungen, und um ein neues System mit der Bezeichnung “Thermocollect”. Ein Vergleich beider Systeme ist mit Software‐Standardlösungen nicht möglich, da diese mit nichtvariablen Wärmeleitwerten arbeiten, weshalb ein eigenes Simulationsmodell entwickelt werden musste. Zunächst werden im Rahmen einer Einführung beide Systeme vorgestellt. Ein Abschnitt beinhaltet eine Ausführung zum Simulationsmodell und Erläuterungen zu seinen Eigenheiten. Abschließend folgen Ergebnisse von Parameterstudien, eine Interpretation der Ergebnisse sowie Schlussfolgerungen und die Optimierung der neuartigen Dämmsysteme.

Evaluation and optimization of switchable insulation using the climatic conditions of Vienna. There have been numerous efforts to reduce CO2 emissions in recent years. Terms such as ”more economical”, ”more efficient”, and ”more effective” are often used in discussion of this theme. The field of building physics can make a significant contribution to energy efficiency since building heating and cooling produces a significant portion of overall hazardous greenhouse gases. In response, heat transfer coefficient limits are being set lower and lower resulting in thicker and more expensive insulation systems. Very creative systems are being developed and tested parallel to conventional solutions. This study examines and contrasts two of the systems focusing upon the heating and cooling requirements: the so called ”switchable insulation” and a new system called ”Thermocollect”. The systems cannot be compared using standard software programs as the calculations are based on steady‐state thermal conductivities. Therefore, an in‐house simulation model was developed. Both systems are described in the introduction. A presentation of the basic thermodynamic concepts applied in the simulation fol lows. One section contains an explanation of the simulation model and its distinctive properties. The study is concluded by the results of the parametric studies, an interpretation of the results and implications, and engineering optimizations for the new insulation systems.
Measures of prediction error for survival data with longitudinal covariates
Authors: Schoop Rotraut , Schumacher Martin , Graf Erika
Published: February 2011

Prediction of future events using longitudinally collected patient measurements is increasingly popular as technical and methodological advances allow the construction of more and more complex prognostic models. We aim to give an overview of existing approaches to measure the prediction error of such dynamic predictions and link these to a measure proposed in a preceding paper (Schoop et al.), the conditional prediction error. We present theoretical results of the conditional prediction error, especially regarding the comparison of different prediction rules and its behavior in the presence of misspecification of the link between longitudinal covariates and survival time. A simulation study investigating the performance of its estimator in finite sample sizes rounds off this paper.
Risk of recurrence following delayed large flap reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer
Authors: Isern A E , Manjer J , Malina J , Loman N , Mårtensson T , Bofin A , Hagen A I , Tengrup I , Landberg G , Ringberg A
Published: February 2011

Background

The aim of this retrospective matched cohort study was to evaluate the rate of recurrence among women with delayed large flap breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer. The recurrence rate among women treated at a single hospital was compared with that in an individually matched control group of women with breast cancer who did not have reconstruction after mastectomy.

Methods

Between 1982 and 2001, 125 women with previous invasive breast carcinoma underwent delayed large flap breast reconstruction with pedicled musculocutaneous or microvascular flaps (a median of 32 months after mastectomy). They were matched individually with 182 women with breast cancer who had a mastectomy but did not undergo breast reconstruction. Matching criteria were year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis and treating hospital. Medical records were evaluated until October 2007. Histopathological specimens for all included women were re-evaluated. The endpoint was locoregional or distant breast cancer recurrence. The risk of recurrent disease was calculated using a Cox proportional hazards analysis, adjusted for established prognostic factors.

Results

Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 146 months. The reconstruction group had a 2·08 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·07 to 4·06) times higher risk of recurrent disease than the mastectomy only group.

Conclusion

Women with breast cancer who had delayed reconstruction with a large flap in this study had a higher risk of recurrent disease than those with mastectomy alone.
Social dominance and the disassociation between explicit and implicit representations of equality
Authors: Harding Jessica F. , Sibley Chris G.
Published: February 2011

This study tested whether social dominance orientation (SDO) predicted a conceptual disassociation between explicit (declarative or propositional) attitudes about equality and implicit (automatic or associative) views of how representative New Zealand Europeans and Maori are of the New Zealand nation (N = 48 Europeans). Explicitly stated attitudes framing equality in terms of procedural justice or meritocratic treatment were positively correlated with individual differences in the implicit tendency to view New Zealand Europeans as exclusively representative of New Zealand. This tendency to explicitly frame equality as based on individual merit and to implicitly favour the dominant (European) ethnic group as representative of the nation was observed only among people high in SDO. Our analysis provides novel support for the position that meritocratic ideology is malleable and may be employed by those high in SDO to frame concepts of equality and justice in ways that suit their desire for group‐based dominance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of BaTl4. Size Effects on Encapsulation of Cations in Electron‐Poor Metal Networks.
Authors: Dai Jing‐Cao , Gupta Shalabh , Corbett John D.
Published: February 2011

BaTl4 is synthesized by solid state reaction of the elements at 1050 °C (4 h) and subsequent annealing at 600 °C (4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Polyoxoniobates in Acidic Solution: Controllable Assembly and Disassembly Based on Niobium‐Substituted Germanotungstates.
Authors: Li Shu‐Jun , Liu Shu‐Xia , Li Cong‐Cong , Ma Feng‐Ji , Liang Da‐Dong , Zhang Wei , Tan Rui‐Kang , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Xu Lin
Published: February 2011

The new compounds (IV)—(VII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, IR and UV/VIS spectroscopy, and 183W NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: New Cluster—Polyoxometalate Hybrids Derived from the Incorporation of {Mo3S4} and {Mo3CuS4} Units into {EW15} Cores (E: AsIII, SbIII, TeIV).
Authors: Sokolov Maxim N. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Kalinina Irina V. , Virovets Alexander V. , Korenev Vladimir S. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: February 2011

New polyoxometalates are synthesized in which the polyoxometalate standard building block {W3O4}10+ is replaced by topologically similar chalcogenide cluster fragments {Mo3S4}4+, {Mo3S2O2}4+, and {Mo3CuS4}5+.
ChemInform Abstract: Extended Polyoxometalate Framework Solids: Two Mn(II)‐Linked {P8W48} Network Arrays.
Authors: Mitchell Scott G. , Boyd Thomas , Miras Haralampos N. , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: February 2011

Compounds (III) and (IV) are characterized by single crystal XRD, cyclic voltammetry, IR, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Organothio Exchange Reaction of α‐Organothioketones with Disulfides.
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Toriyama Fumihiko , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: February 2011

The influence of various substituents and combinations thereof on the exchange reaction are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Buta‐1,3‐dienes Substituted with a Terminal Pentafluoro‐λ6‐sulfanyl Group
Authors: Ponomarenko Maxim V. , Serguchev Yurii A. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: February 2011

based on a bromination/dehydrobromination sequence
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Tosylates with Hydrazine.
Authors: Lundgren Rylan J. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: February 2011

Optimized reaction conditions are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of (R)‐Aryloxypropionic Acid Esters under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Ochal Zbigniew , Durka Krzysztof , Banach Lukasz
Published: February 2011

A series of compounds (III) (16 examples) is synthesized without the use of any toxic solvent via a simple procedure which also includes an easy work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Synthesis of 4′‐Hydroxydiclofenac.
Authors: Kim Sang‐Hyun , Kwon Jung‐Hwan , Yoon Sung‐Hwa
Published: February 2011

An improved synthesis is given for 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac (VIII) which is needed for the investigation of the environmental and ecotoxicological effects of diclofenac.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Effective Multihalogenations of 2,2′,5′,2′′‐Terthiophene with 2‐Halo‐4,5‐dichloropyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones under Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Kim Eun Jung , Jung Kwang‐Ju , Lee In‐Hye , Kim Bo Ram , Kim Jeum‐Jong , Park Jong Keun , Lee Sang‐Gyong , Yoon Yong‐Jin
Published: February 2011

The chlorination of terthiophene (I) with various equivalents of HPO (2‐chloro‐4,5‐dichloropyridazin‐3(2H)‐one) leads to multi‐chlorination products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 1H‐Indol‐3‐yl Acetates.
Authors: Liu Kexin , Wen Ping , Liu Jin , Huang Guosheng
Published: February 2011

The reaction of indoles with the hypervalent iodine reagent (II) takes place in the presence of a base without any catalyst affording the indolyl acetates in moderate to good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Pro‐apoptosis of Novel Benzoisoindolin Hydrazones as Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Zhao Yu , Hui Jie , Wang Dan , Zhu Li , Fang Jing‐Huai , Zhao Xiao‐Dong
Published: February 2011

A series of benzoisoindoline hydrazones (I) (11 examples), analogues of natural lignan diphyllin, are synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of 3‐(β‐2‐Aminostyryl)quinoxalin‐2(1H)ones — A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Benzimidazol‐2‐ylquinolines.
Authors: Mamedov Vakhid A. , Saifina Dina F. , Gubaidullin Aidar T. , Ganieva Venera R. , Kadyrova Saniya F. , Rakov Dimitry V. , Rizvanov Il'dar Kh. , Sinyashin Oleg G.
Published: February 2011

A convenient one‐pot approach to the important pharmacore includes the initial reduction of the nitro group and subsequent acid‐induced rearrangement via a novel ring contraction.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious Synthesis of Isoxazoline Using Cetyltrimethylammonium Cerium Nitrate: A Phase Transferring Oxidative 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Kumar Parvin , Kumar Ashwani
Published: February 2011

Cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with activated alkenes produces the pharmaceutically important substructures (III) as single regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Access to 3‐Substituted 2‐Pyrones.
Authors: Frebault Frederic , Oliveira Maria Teresa , Woestefeld Eckhard , Maulide Nuno
Published: February 2011

Under conditions A), a wide range of title compounds can be prepared in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Furyl Analogues of α‐Pyrono[2,3‐f]isoflavones with an Azole Substituent in the α‐Pyrone Nucleus
Authors: Shokol T. V. , Lozinskii O. A. , Tkachuk T. M. , Volovnenko T. A. , Khilya V. P.
Published: February 2011

synthesis and characterization of title compounds (VI)
ChemInform Abstract: An Elegant One‐Pot Synthesis of Isoxazolo[2,3‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Rajanarendar E. , Raju S. , Reddy M. Nagi , Murthy K. Rama
Published: February 2011

The synthesis of pharmacologically interesting pyrimidine ring derivatives, e.g. (III) and (V) (19 examples), is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Catalytic Method for the Synthesis of Boroxanes.
Authors: Walkowiak Jedrzej , Marciniec Bogdan
Published: February 2011

A new catalytic O‐borylation of boronic acids (I) and (IV) is achieved with vinylboronates in the presence of a Ru‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Zero‐Valent Metals Accelerate the Neopentylglycolborylation of Aryl Halides Catalyzed by NiCl2‐Based Mixed‐Ligand Systems.
Authors: Leowanawat Pawaret , Resmerita Ana‐Maria , Moldoveanu Costel , Liu Chi , Zhang Na , Wilson Daniela A. , Hoang Lisa M. , Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil
Published: February 2011

In the presence of Zn powder and NiCl2(dppp)/dppf, a wide range of aryl halides including o‐substituted ones undergoes rapid and efficient neopentylglycolborylation.
ChemInform Abstract: New Reaction of 1H‐Pyrazoles with Selenium Dioxide: One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis(1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)selenides.
Authors: Seredyuk Maksym , Fritsky Igor O. , Kraemer Roland , Kozlowski Henryk , Haukka Matti , Guetlich Philipp
Published: February 2011

The reaction in refluxing pyridine offers a direct access to the target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Bis‐Fused π‐Electron Donor Composed of Tetrathiafulvalene and Tetraselenafulvalene.
Authors: Ashizawa Minoru , Ishidzu Ken‐ichi , Watanabe Masaki , Tanahashi Tetsuhiko , Shirahata Takashi , Kawamoto Tasashi , Mori Takehiko , Misaki Yohji
Published: February 2011

Title compound (VI)(space group P21a; Z=4) shows unexpectedly large on‐site Coloumb repulsion compared to other bis‐fused tetrathiafulvalene systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Hydrostannation of Highly Hindered Arylalkynes under ortho‐Directing Effects.
Authors: Hamze Abdallah , Le Menez Patrick , Provot Olivier , Morvan Estelle , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouad
Published: February 2011

The Pd‐catalyzed hydrostannation of arylalkynes bearing 2 ortho‐substituents on the same nucleus gives α‐vinylstannanes exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Trifluoromethyl α‐Amino Acids from Chiral Imines of Trifluoropyruvate.
Authors: Min Qiao‐Qiao , He Chun‐Yang , Zhou Haibing , Zhang Xingang
Published: February 2011

An efficient highly diastereoselective synthesis of quaternary α‐trifluoromethyl amino acids (III) and (V) is developed via allylation of enantiopure imines of trifluoropyruvate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Temporary Restraints to Overcome Steric Obstacles: An Efficient Strategy for the Synthesis of Mycalamide B.
Authors: Jewett John C. , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: February 2011

The approach which is used for the preparation of title compound (I) may also be suitable for the synthesis of analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures of Novel Norstilbene Dimer, Longusone A, and Three New Stilbene Dimers, Longusols A, B, and C, with Antiallergic and Radical Scavenging Activities from Egyptian Natural Medicine Cyperus longus.
Authors: Morikawa Toshio , Xu Fengming , Matsuda Hisashi , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: February 2011

Bioassay‐guided separation leads to the isolation of a novel norstilbene dimer, longusone A (I), and three new stilbene dimers, longusols A (II), B (III) and C (IV) along with known stilbenes and stilbene dimers.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Materials Based on Clays for Environmental and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo , Aranda Pilar , Darder Margarita , Rytwo Giora
Published: February 2011

Review: 199 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Ordered Arrays of Nanowires to Controlled Solid State Reactions
Authors: Zacharias Margit , Fan Hong Jin
Published: February 2011

Review: 14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrodeposition for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
Authors: Shaigan Nima
Published: February 2011

Review: 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphate Ore Processing for Phosphoric Acid Production. Classical and Novel Technology
Authors: Schorr M. , Valdez B. , Zlatev R. , Stoytcheva M.
Published: February 2011

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Bonding of Metal‐Rich Coordination Compounds Containing Low Valent Ga(I) and Zn(I) Ligands
Authors: Gonzalez‐Gallardo Sandra , Prabusankar Ganesan , Cadenbach Thomas , Gemel Christian , von Hopffgarten Moritz , Frenking Gernot , Fischer Roland A.
Published: February 2011

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Pyridine 2,6‐Bis(5′,5′‐diphenyloxazoline)‐metal Complexes
Authors: Singh Pradeep K. , Singh Vinod K.
Published: February 2011

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxetanes as Versatile Elements in Drug Discovery and Synthesis
Authors: Burkhard Johannes A. , Wuitschik Georg , Rogers‐Evans Mark , Mueller Klaus , Carreira Erick M.
Published: February 2011

Review: about 100 refs.