bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Placement of Fractures in Horizontal Wells in Offshore Brazil Demonstrates Effectiveness of HydraJet Stimulation Process
Authors: Surjaatmadja J. B. , Willett R. , McDaniel B. W. , Rosolen M. A. , de A. Franco M. L. , dos Santos F. C. Rodrigues , Fernandes P. D. , Carneiro F. A. S. , Bezerra de Lima B. , Cortes M.
Published: June 2007

Cased cemented completions have not been the preferred horizon-tal-well completion method in offshore Brazil. Lower-cost solutions such as uncemented preperforated liners were often used in completing horizontal wells offshore and are usually very effective. Often, however, low production rates mean that stimulation treatments become necessary for many wells. The use of conventional stimulation technology has generally been ineffective for these completions, which posed a challenge for the operator to find an effective solution for continuing developments in some fields. These challenges included reevaluating the more expensive cased cemented completions to allow more effective options for future stimulation, as well as trying to find newer stimulation techniques that can be effective with lower-cost completions (noncemented liners).

In the attempt to find an economical yet effective stimulation solution, the operator chose to implement a unique and relatively new hydrajet stimulation technique that has a proven success rate in onshore applications. The technique can be applied in either sandstone or carbonate formations, which are commonplace in this field; therefore, stimulation plans in this area will include fracture acidizing as well as propped fracture stimulations that use a high concentration of proppants or curable resin-coated prop-pants (RCPs).

This paper discusses the early results of this investigation. Wells that were completed and evaluated using different completion schemes are reviewed.
Using Gradients To Refine Parameterization in Field-Case History-Matching Projects
Authors: Cominelli A. , Ferdinandi F. , de Montleau P. C. , Rossi R.
Published: June 2007

Reservoir management is based on the prediction of reservoir performance by means of numerical-simulation models. Reliable predictions require that the numerical model mimic the production history. Therefore, the numerical model is modified to match the production data. This process is termed history matching (HM).

Form a mathematical viewpoint, HM is an optimization problem, where the target is to minimize an objective function quantifying the misfit between observed and simulated production data. One of the main problems in HM is the choice of an effective parameterization—a set of reservoir properties that can be plausibly altered to get a history-matched model. This issue is known as a parameter-identification problem, and its solution usually represents a significant step in HM projects.

In this paper, we propose a practical implementation of a multiscale approach aimed at identifying effective parameterizations in real-life HM problems. The approach requires the availability of gradient simulators capable of providing the user with derivatives of the objective function with respect to the parameters at hand. Objective-function derivatives can then be used in a multiscale setting to define a sequence of richer and richer parameterizations. At each step of the sequence, the matching of the production data is improved by means of a gradient-based optimization. The methodology was validated on a synthetic case and was applied to history match the simulation model of a North Sea oil reservoir.

The proposed methodology can be considered a practical solution for parameter-identification problems in many real cases until sound methodologies (primarily adaptive multiscale estimation of parameters) become available in commercial software programs.
Deepwater Extended-Reach Sand-Control Completions and Interventions
Authors: Pourciau Robert D.
Published: June 2007

Extended-reach, naturally perforated, water-injection, frac-pack producing completions and frac-pack producing selective completion interventions were successfully implemented in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico Petronius field, setting both Gulf of Mexico and world records. Success was achieved through careful planning of procedures and specification of equipment. This paper describes the planning for these challenging extended-reach completion and intervention operations, along with the lessons learned while implementing these case-history jobs.
A New Extreme-HP/HT Viscometer for New Drilling-Fluid Challenges
Authors: Gusler William , Pless Marvin , Maxey Jason , Grover Patrick , Perez Jose , Moon Jeff , Boaz Todd
Published: June 2007

Growing demand for natural gas in North America is driving the exploration and production industry to look for new resources in previously unexplored areas, and the deep Gulf of Mexico (GOM) continental shelf is currently attracting substantial attention. Several current deep-shelf high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells have anticipated bottomhole temperatures that significantly exceed the operating limits of existing measuring-while-drilling and logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) tools; therefore, down-hole annular-pressure measurements will not be available for pressure management. This leaves temperature and hydraulic models as the best, if not the only, source of downhole-pressure information for these wells. These models depend on accurate surface inputs and laboratory-measured fluid properties under downhole conditions. Unfortunately, these anticipated temperatures and pressures also exceed the operating limits of conventional HP/HT viscometers. This lack of measured fluid properties under these extreme conditions will severely limit the ability of hydraulic models to predict downhole pressures.

A new extreme-HP/HT (XHP/HT) concentric-cylinder viscometer was designed and built to fill this important technology gap for GOM deep-shelf HP/HT wells. The instrument is capable of measuring typical drilling-fluid viscosities up to 600°F (316°C) and 40,000 psig (276.0 MPa) and is capable of accurate property measurements for drilling fluids containing ferromagnetic materials. Subsequent verification and validation proved that the new viscometer compares favorably to commercially available field viscometers and more-sophisticated laboratory rheometers and therefore lends itself to widespread industry use. This paper reviews the development of the instrument and associated automated control system and explores health, safety, and environment (HSE) issues related to testing drilling fluids at these extreme conditions. The paper also presents results of verification and validation testing on invert-emulsion drilling fluids.
Analysis of Chalk Petrophysical Properties by Means of Submicron-Scale Pore Imaging and Modeling
Authors: Tomutsa Liviu , Silin Dmitriy , Radmilovic Velimir
Published: June 2007

For many rocks of high economic interest such as chalk, diatomite, shale, tight gas sands, or coal, a submicron-scale resolution is needed to resolve the 3D pore structure, which controls the flow and trapping of fluids in the rocks. Such a resolution cannot be achieved with existing tomographic technologies. A new 3D imaging method based on serial sectioning, which uses the focused-ion-beam (FIB) technology, has been developed. FIB technology allows for the milling of layers as thin as 10 nm by using accelerated gallium (Ga+) ions to sputter atoms from the sample surface. After each milling step, as a new surface is exposed, a 2D image of this surface is generated, and the 2D images are stacked to reconstruct the 3D pore structure. Next, the maximum-inscribed-spheres (MIS) image-processing method computes the petrophysical properties by direct morphological analysis of the pore space. The computed capillary pressure curves agree well with laboratory data. Applied to the FIB data, this method generates the fluid distribution in the chalk pore space at various saturations.
Traffic-Entry Behavior and Crash Risk for Older Drivers with Impairment of Selective Attention
Authors: Pietras Thomas A. , Shi Qian , Rizzo Matthew , Lee John D.
Published: June 2007

Current research suggests that older drivers with declines in selective attention would make more unsafe traffic-entry judgments than would older drivers with normal attention. This hypothesis was tested using an instrumented vehicle and a LIDAR speed and range detector. Participants were 20 older drivers: 10 ( M = 72.0 yr.) had impairments of selective attention, measured with the Visual Attention Analyzer, Model 3000, and 10 were nonimpaired ( M = 71.2 yr.). Drivers pressed a button to indicate the last possible moment they could safely cross a road in front of an oncoming vehicle. The speed and distance of the oncoming vehicles were measured and time-to-contact was calculated. Each driver's time-to-cross the roadway was independently measured. Attention-impaired drivers showed shorter time-to-contact values (5.60 sec. versus 6.86 sec.), took longer to cross the roadway (5.41 sec. versus 4.84 sec.), and had shorter safety cushions (the difference between time-to-contact and time-to-cross the roadway). Monte Carlo simulation showed that these performance differences increased the crash risk of the impaired group by up to 17.9 times that of the nonimpaired group.
How Accurately Do Young Children and Adults Discriminate the Gender of Natural Faces?
Authors: Sugimura Tomoko
Published: June 2007

The effects of gender-relevant facial features and hairstyles on discrimination of sex of photographed men and women were examined. The stimuli were 36 photographs of natural faces: 9 masculine-males, 9 feminine-males, 9 masculine-females, and 9 feminine-females. Each of the nine faces had one of three hairstyles, hair concealed, short hair, or long hair. 33 children ( M age = 5:10) and 28 adults were asked to identify the sex of each stimulus. Children had difficulties with cross-gender faces and cross-gender hairstyles, such as a feminine-male face with long hair. Adults' discriminations were accurate except for masculine-female faces, while children's decisions depended both on hairstyle and internal facial features. Children's discriminations might be based both on their perceptual skill in detecting critical visual features and their knowledge of men and women.
Art Educators Report Grades at Which They Teach 11 Drawing Concepts
Authors: Basseches K. B.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to solicit information about the applicability of 11 basic perceptual concepts for instruction in drawing to students in Kindergarten through Grade 12. The study is based on responses to a national survey of 750 art educators, 250 in elementary, 250 in middle, and 250 in high school teaching assignments. Among these, 87% were female, 8% were 20 to 29 years old, 15% were 30 to 39 years, 48% were 40 to 49 years, 27% were 50 to 59 years, and 2% were 60 years or older. As few as 35.5% to as many as 48.7% (per concept) of the art educators reported that they teach each of the 11 concepts in elementary grades. Also, from 33.3% to 38.4% (per concept) of these teachers indicated that they stop teaching the 11 target concepts to students in high school. Empirical evidence from psychologists suggested that children gain comprehension of the concepts at differing points in their development. Were art educators employing the information identified by psychological research, their reports might have presented clear distinctions between grades at which each of the 11 concepts are taught. The results are interpreted in light of five possible explanations.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Version of the Aggression Questionnaire
Authors: Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos
Published: June 2007

The study assesses the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Aggression Questionnaire by Buss and Perry in a sample of 760 Greek high school students. This questionnaire has been widely used to study Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. A confirmatory factor analysis of responses showed adequate fit for the original 4-factor model (total variance explained: 68.2%). The analysis also showed satisfactory internal consistency and temporal stability over 6 to 8 weeks. Also, the construct validity, extreme groups' validity, and predictive validity indices were adequate. Greek female students adopted more indirect forms of aggression (Hostility) than males, who applied more direct forms such as Physical Aggression. Findings supported the use of the Greek version of the questionnaire for assessment in high school students.
Learning Disabilities and Performance on the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment
Authors: Fusaro Joseph A. , Shibley Ivan A. , Wiley David A.
Published: June 2007

The No Child Left Behind Act mandates all students in schools receiving Title I funds show proficiency in reading by 2014. This stricture applies to students with diagnosed learning disabilities as well as to students without learning disabilities. Multiple regression analyses on data for seniors attending a Grade 9–12 predominately white, comprehensive vocational-technical school indicated that, when absenteeism, socioeconomic status, and sex were held constant, the 26 students with diagnosed learning disabilities scored 246.7 points lower on the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment Reading subtest ( n = 107) and 214.4 points lower on the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment Mathematics subtest ( n = 106) than students not so diagnosed, and the 27 students diagnosed with learning disabilities scored 126.3 points lower on the Writing subtest ( n = 114) than students not so diagnosed.
Preliminary Testing of a Brief Inventory for Assessing Changes in Exercise-Induced Feeling States
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: June 2007

A brief semantic differential inventory intended to assess exercise-induced changes in feeling states was evaluated in applied settings. Concurrent validity was supported through significant correlations with scores on scales from the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory which ranged from .33 to .49. Internal consistency (.93) was acceptable. The need for replication to assess relationships between exercise durations and intensities with changes in exercise-induced feelings was discussed.
Depiction of an Object's Size in Drawings Subsequent to Interaction with the Object
Authors: Wesp Richard , Gracia Erica B. , Cichello Paula
Published: June 2007

Subsequent representation of the size of the object in a visuomotor activity was evaluated after an object was used differentially in two ways. 25 female and 17 male students volunteered from general psychology courses and were randomly assigned to a condition in which participants used a small teaspoon to remove sand from a ladle or simply moved the ladle. Those who removed sand drew a representation of a ladle that was taller than did participants who moved the ladle. It appears, given the time-consuming activity of removing sand, the ladle appeared to contain more sand and seemed larger. Findings suggest that the way an object was used may distort memory of its size and that subsequent representation of the size in a visuomotor task can be influenced by that memory.
Attention in Athletes of High and Low Experience Engaged in Different Open Skill Sports
Authors: Fontani Giuliano , Lodi Leda , Felici Andrea , Migliorini Silvia , Corradeschi Fausto
Published: June 2007

In this study were examined differences in attentional style of athletes engaged in two open skill sports requiring high reactivity (karate and volleyball) in groups with high or low experience. 42 healthy men, 24 volleyball players, 12 of High Experience (first division Italian League players whose M age was 28 yr. ( SD = 5) and 12 of Low Experience (prejunior Italian team athletes whose M age was 19 yr. ( SD = 2), and 18 karateka, 9 of High Experience (3rd and 4th dan black belt athletes whose M age was 31 yr., SD = 5) and 9 of Low Experience (1st and 2nd dan black belt karateka whose M age was 32 yr., SD = 5). Tests involved different types of attention: Alert, Go/No-Go, Divided Attention, and Working Memory. For each one, the reaction time (RT), variability, change in RT, and number of errors were analysed. Karateka of High Experience reacted faster than those of Low Experience on the simple RT test, Alert ( M RT: 204 vs 237 msec., p < .01), while on the Divided Attention test, the High Experience subjects performed more poorly and committed more errors ( M errors: 4.89 vs 1.44, p < .003). Young volleyball players of Low Experience reacted faster than colleagues of High Experience on the Alert ( M RT: 187 vs 210 msec., p < .01) and Divided Attention tests ( M RT: 590 vs 688 msec., p < .001) but committed more errors (Divided Attention test, M errors: 6.50 vs 3.08, p < .007). For the Divided Attention and Working Memory tests, correlations were positive among errors, RT, and RT variability but only for volleyball athletes of High Experience, suggesting they showed higher attention and stability in complex reactions than the group with Low Experience. No significant correlations were noted for either group of karateka on complex reactions. Results suggested that the attentional resources were engaged in different ways in the two groups of athletes and, in each group, there were differences between persons of High and Low Experience.
The Beauty of Match Play
Authors: Clark Russell D.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated whether higher seeded players have an advantage in the only match play event on the PGA Tour. Analysis showed that the higher seeded won 54% of the time ( p = .06); the correlation was .17 ( p < .01) between higher seeded players winning and the difference in World Rankings between players. Given professional golfers are at the highest end of the distribution of golf ability, these players are so nearly equal in ability, it is mainly a matter of chance who will win a match play event or who will have the best round on any given day.
Suicide Rate and Skin Color
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: June 2007

In two previously described samples of 53 and 43 nations, higher suicide rates of men, women, and the elderly population consistently corresponded to lighter skin color. This ecological (aggregate-level) association was independent of national differences in affluence, as measured by per capita Gross Domestic Product.
Depth Separation between Foreground and Background on Visually Induced Perception of Self-Motion
Authors: Nakamura Shinji
Published: June 2007

A uniformly moving visual pattern can induce observer's self-motion perception in the opposite direction (vection), and an additional static stimulus can modulate (facilitate or inhibit) the strength of it. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of stimulus depth order and the depth distances of the visual stimulus on the inhibition and facilitation of vection caused by the additional static stimulus, measuring duration and estimated magnitude of vection as indices of vection strength. Analysis of this psychophysical experiment with four participants indicated that the static foreground presented in front of the moving pattern can facilitate vection, whereas the static background inhibits it (Duration: F1,3 = 12.06, p < .05; Estimation: F1,3 = 13.87, p < .05). Furthermore, the depth distances from the observer or the depth separation between the foreground and the background did not affect the self-motion perception ( F2,6 < 1.0 for duration and estimation).
Dream Recall and Nightmare Frequency: A Family Study
Authors: Schredl Michael , Barthold Claudia , Zimmer Josepha
Published: June 2007

The present study investigated dream recall as well as nightmare frequency in families. Whereas a positive correlation for nightmare frequencies between children and mothers was found (but not for children and their fathers), the relationship for dream recall frequency was small and nonsignificant. Assuming that mothers are still the primary caregivers in the modern family, and, thus, might encourage or discourage children to talk about their dreams, the findings of the study support Cohen's 1973 hypothesis of a socialization effect on nightmare frequency and maybe a smaller effect on dream recall frequency.
Discrimination of Young Women Athletes and Nonathletes Based on Anthropometric, Jumping, and Muscular Strength Measures
Authors: Rousanoglou Elissavet , Nikolaidou Maria-Elisavet , Boudolos Konstantinos
Published: June 2007

The goal was to identify the anthropometric, jumping ability, and muscular strength measures which contributed most to discrimination among young women in track-and-field jumping ( n = 20, Jumping group), volleyball ( n = 20, Volleyball group), and girls in no activity ( n = 20, Control group). Using analysis of covariance and discriminant analysis the Jumping group, as compared to the Volleyball group, had smaller elbow breadth, knee breadth, upper arm circumference, proximal-, mid-, and distal-thigh circumferences, sum of skinfolds, and mesomorphy rating, and Jumping athletes showed larger jump height and muscular strength than the Volleyball group. Measures which contributed most to the discrimination between these groups were the distal-thigh circumference and jump height. Results could, to some extent, help training orientation of young women athletes by identifying whatever factors affect the measures indicated here as the most sensitive discriminators.
Event-Related Brain Potentials: Report Order and Task Switch on Multidimensional Stimuli Identification
Authors: Shieh Kong-King , Shen I-Hsuan
Published: June 2007

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of order of reporting stimulus dimension in multidimensional stimulus identification using a switch-task paradigm. Participants were required to identify each two-dimensional symbol by pushing the corresponding buttons on the keypad on which there were two columns representing the two dimensions, part and shape. The two orders of report were Order Part/Shape and Order Shape/Part. There was a task cue prior to each presentation of a symbol indicating the particular report order the participants should perform. The cue changed randomly. Both behavioral data and event-related potentials were recorded from 12 college students. Analysis of behavioral data showed switch cost indicated by increase in response time was greater for Order Shape/Part, a less appropriate order of reporting dimensional values, than Order Part/Shape (88 msec. vs 9 msec. for response time for the first stimulus dimension; 96 msec. vs –1 msec. for response time total). Neural activities under Order Shape/Part and Order Part/Shape were different, and it seems plausible that participants put more effort into selection and showed more related semantic activation in Order Shape/Part than in Order Part/Shape which fits the Chinese adjective-then-noun language habit.
Self-Rated Emotional Health in Adults with and without HIV
Authors: Vance David E.
Published: June 2007

Affect is an important indicator of quality of life; unfortunately, many people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease are vulnerable to depression and negative affect. In a secondary data analysis, 50 HIV-positive and 50 HIV-negative adults between 30 and 65 years old completed several affective measures and rated their emotional health. The HIV-positive adults reported more negative affect than the HIV-negative adults. Older age, loneliness, and HIV stigma were associated with such negative affect.
Do Relations between Judgment and Epistemological Beliefs Differentiate between Mere Acceptance and Critical Evaluation? Comment on Latifian & Bashash (2004)
Authors: Peeters Guido
Published: June 2007

In 2004 Latifian and Bashash presented Iranian students with questionnaires assessing (a) their epistemological beliefs regarding religion and science as sources of value and truth and (b) their acceptance of a scenario arguing for relative ethics. Acceptance was related to epistemological beliefs in a condition where the scenario was attributed to Freud but not in a condition where it was attributed to Tabatabaee, a highly authoritative theologian. This commentary questions the authors' explanation, particularly their assumption that the participants' reliance on epistemological beliefs would indicate a more critical attitude towards the scenario in the Freud condition than in the Tabatabaee condition.
Selected Organizational Outcome Correlates of Spirituality in the Workplace
Authors: Nur Yusuf Ahmed , Organ Dennis W.
Published: June 2007

This study addressed the feasibility, practicality, and effects of a management style defined as “Management-by-Virtues,” a management philosophy and practice based on virtues derived from religious beliefs. The study focused on Management-by-Virtues as practiced in Christian firms and assessed the effect that Management-by-Virtues could have on such organizational outcomes as employees' Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and propensity to go beyond the call of duty in carrying out organizational tasks, i.e., Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The study, based on survey responses from 328 employees of 26 business firms, compared overall scores on Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in 10 businesses, described by owner/managers as being managed according to Christian beliefs and practices, with the same outcomes in 16 “control” firms that did not explicitly espouse such an orientation. The Management-by-Virtues firms were characterized by more committed, more satisfied employees, and employees' reports of higher incidence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior than the comparison firms. However, a measure of this construct based on employees' perceptions did not sharply differentiate the two groups of firms.
Internet Chat Room Use, Satisfaction with Life, and Loneliness
Authors: Carden Randy , Rettew Sheri
Published: June 2007

In this study, 50 chat room users responded online to the Satisfaction With Life Scale, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, and demographic questions which included time spent per week in Internet chat rooms. Time spent in chat rooms was positively correlated with loneliness but only weakly and negatively related to satisfaction with life.
Reliability and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Crisis in Family Systems–Revised
Authors: Berry Carolyn A. , Quinn Kelly A. , Portillo Nelson , Shalowitz Madeleine U.
Published: June 2007

Increasing the representation of Spanish-speaking study participants requires development and dissemination of reliable and valid translated scales. In the current study the construct validity was assessed of the Spanish version of the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised, a measure of contemporary life stressors, with a convenience sample of 377 parents interviewed in a study of childhood asthma, although over half of the respondents did not have children with asthma. Most respondents were foreign-born women between 20 to 60 years old ( M = 35, SD = 7). 52% had not completed high school or its equivalent, and 55% reported a household income of $15,000 or less. For a subsample of 25 respondents test-retest reliability was .86 over 2 wk. Reporting more life stressors was associated with greater depressive symptomatology, poorer physical and mental health function, and lower household income. These relationships support the construct validity of the test in Spanish. This study provided strong evidence that this version is a valid and reliable measure of life stressors for a Spanish-speaking population living in the United States.
Fulfillment of Promise: 40-Year Follow-up of Creative Adolescent Girls
Authors: Schaefer Charles , Mezick Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

A 40-yr. follow-up study of 7 women from among 10 identified as exceptionally creative during adolescence indicated that all had achieved moderate success in one or more artistic domains. A self-report measure of creative achievement was used, and influences which facilitated and inhibited creativity were described by the women. A continuing creative self-concept and social support were the most commonly cited facilitative factors, while financial concerns were listed as one of the primary inhibitors of further achievement.
Attitude toward Christianity and Premarital Sex
Authors: Francis Leslie J.
Published: June 2007

A Pearson correlation of .55 was found for a sample of 243 female undergraduates in Wales ( M age = 20.9 yr., SD = 4.6) between high scores on the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity and rejection of premarital sex.
Validity and Reliability of Spanish Versions of the Ruminative Responses Scale-Short Form and the Distraction Responses Scale in a Sample of Spanish High School and College Students
Authors: Extremera Natalio , Fernández-Berrocal Pablo
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish Ruminative Responses Scale-Short From, and the Distraction Responses Scale of the Response Styles Questionnaire for a sample of 727 Spanish high school and college students who responded anonymously and voluntarily to a questionnaire (293 men, 434 women; ages 16 to 29 years, M = 18.8, SD = 3.0). In addition to the above scales, the questionnaire included the Spanish forms of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Trait Anxiety Scale from the State–Trait Anxiety Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. The internal consistency of the scales was satisfactory (Cronbach α = .86 for the Ruminative Responses Scale and .78 for the Distraction Responses Scale). As expected, scores on the Spanish Ruminative Responses Scale showed positive correlations with those on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Trait Anxiety Scale and negative associations with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Conversely, the Spanish Distraction Responses Scale was negatively correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory and positively associated with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Subjective Happiness Scale. These results provide evidence of appropriate reliability for research purposes. Furthermore, the correlational analysis supported prior findings that ruminative response and distraction response styles are differentially associated with reported depressed and positive moods.
Current Issues in South African Career Counselling and Availability of Teachers in Science and Technology
Authors: Maree Jacobus G.
Published: June 2007

Employability seems to be a major consideration for prospective students' career choices. To facilitate accountable career counseling understanding of students' needs and choices of careers through research is essential. Programs for increased specific training are needed as well as improvement in basic training to meet a growing national labor crisis in South Africa.
Test-Retest Reliability of Subliminal Facial Affective Priming
Authors: Dannlowski Udo , Suslow Thomas
Published: June 2007

Since the seminal 1993 demonstrations of Murphy and Zajonc, researchers have replicated and extended findings concerning subliminal affective priming. So far, however, no data on test-retest reliability of affective priming effects are available. A subliminal facial affective priming task was administered to 22 healthy individuals (15 women and 7 men) twice about 7 wk. apart. Happy and sad facial expressions were used as affective primes and neutral Chinese ideographs served as target masks, which had to be evaluated. Neutral facial primes and a no-face condition served as baselines. All participants reported not having seen any of the prime faces at either testing session. Priming scores for affective faces compared to the baselines were computed. Acceptable test-retest correlations ( rs) of up to .74 were found for the affective priming scores. Although measured almost 2 mo. apart, subliminal affective priming seems to be a temporally stable effect.
Coping Strategies and Cognitive Functioning in Elderly People from a Rural Community in Italy
Authors: Poderico Carla , Ruggiero Gennaro , Iachini Tina , Iavarone Alessandro
Published: June 2007

Stressful situations may contribute to pathological states in elderly people facing harmful events. This study investigated the relationships between adopting appropriate coping strategies, transforming circumstances to personal preferences or adjusting personal preferences to situational constraints, and the efficiency of cognitive functioning in an elderly sample of 121 residents drawn from a rural community in southern Italy. They were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Tenacious Goal Pursuit, Flexible Goal Adjustment, and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Intercorrelations of scores suggested that facing stressful situations is somewhat associated with efficient cognitive functioning and coping strategies that ensure a wide range of solutions.
Publication of Nonsignificant Results: A Survey of Psychologists' Opinions
Authors: Reysen Stephen
Published: June 2007

A total of 236 Ph.D. and 1 M.A. faculty completed an e-mail survey regarding their opinions about publication of nonsignificant results. Tenured faculty were significantly less likely than nontenured faculty to write manuscripts for studies with nonsignificant results. Reasons for not writing a manuscript included a perceived inability to publish the manuscript, time concerns, flawed methods or design, inability to interpret results, and the belief that the results are unimportant. The presence of the file drawer problem is supported, and possible solutions are discussed.
Acculturation Scale for Korean-American College Students
Authors: Lee Sang Bok
Published: June 2007

Two-sample t test on the mean scores of the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation Scale showed significant differences between 1.5-generation Korean-American college students ( n = 71, M = 2.4, SD = 0.4) and second generation Korean-American college students ( n = 85, M = 3.3, SD = 0.4). A two-sample t test on the mean scores by men and women was not significant (women: M = 3.0, SD =.6; men: M = 2.8, SD = 0.6).
Note on Social Behavior of Long-Term Captive Female Orangutans (Pongo Pygmaeus Abellii)
Authors: Tobach Ethel , Porto Nicole
Published: June 2007

Some observations of social behavior of two aging female orangutans with a younger male son of one were made in an outdoor and in an indoor enclosure during the day. These included social distance, grooming, and locomotion plus wrestling and genital stimulation. As noted 15 years earlier, the two old females were never in contact with each other. Each showed contact and noncontact with the younger male. No clear social relation between the females was evident. Careful study of aging zoo populations could be useful.
Patterns of Adaptation to Conflict and Schizoid Personality Scale Scores
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Mascis Maria Cristina , Siracusano Alberto
Published: June 2007

A previous investigation gave no evidence of a significant relationship of patterns of adaptation to conflict, as measured with the Serial Color-Word Test, with the Schizoid Personality Scale of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory. As a new scoring algorithm has subsequently been proposed for the latter scale, a replication was done with the modified schizoid scale. A group of 75 consecutive nonpsychotic women outpatients was given the Serial Color-Word Test and Coolidge's inventory. Both multiple and logistic regressions selected two significant predictors of schizoid personality, corresponding to high values of linear change in reading times during Trials 3 and 5 of the Serial Color-Word Test, i.e., to an increasingly rigid and inflexible style of the adaptive process. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded an effect size of .22 (partial η2).
Substituing Supplementary Subtests for Core Subtests on Reliability of WISC–IV Indexes and Full Scale IQ
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Glass Laura A.
Published: June 2007

The effects of replacing core subtests with supplementary subtests on composite score reliabilities were evaluated for the WISC–IV Indexes and Full Scale IQ. When Wechsler's guidelines are followed, i.e., only one substitution for each Index; no more than two substitutions from different Indexes when assessing the Full Scale IQ, summary score reliabilities remain high, and measurement error, as defined by confidence intervals around obtained scores, never increases by more than 1 index score point. In three instances, substitution of a supplementary subtest for a core subtest actually increased the reliabilities and decreased the amount of associated measurement error.
Asian Values Scale: Comparisons of Korean and Korean-American High School Students
Authors: Lee Sang Bok
Published: June 2007

This study was intended to examine mean differences on the Asian Values Scale between Korean and Korean-American high school students. For 199 Korean and 217 second generation Korean-American high school students, means on emotional self-control and collectivism were significantly different. A two-sample t test on the mean scores of Korean high school students ( M = 4.5, SD = 0.6) and second-generation Korean-American high school students ( M = 3.9, SD = 0.5) indicated significant differences ( p<.001). This present study contrasts directly with Kim, Atkinson, and Yang's past findings of no differences between first- and second-generation Asian college students.
Relationship of Personal Authoritarianism with Parenting Styles
Authors: Manuel Laura
Published: June 2007

This research investigated the relationship between the personality construct of right-wing authoritarianism and Baumrind's 1971 proposed parenting styles of authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting. 68 youth ages 12–18 along with one of their parents participated. The children rated both parents on Buri's 1991 Parental Authority Questionnaire. One of the parents responded to Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarian Scale. People with higher scores on Altemeyer's scale were more likely to prefer the authoritarian parenting style as their offspring reported ( r = .33). Permissive parenting correlated negatively with the measure of authoritarianism as a personality variable ( r = -.56).
Shyness and Informal Help-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Horsch Laura M.
Published: June 2007

The present study examined whether shy individuals are more reluctant to seek help than less shy individuals. A sample of 48 undergraduates (46% men, M age = 20.6 yr.) were selected from a pool of 72 students based on their relatively high or low scores on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. They were then exposed to a situation involving an impossible task, on which they had the option of seeking assistance. Analysis indicated that participants scoring high on Shyness took significantly more time to seek help than participants scoring low. This result suggests that even when help is readily available, shy individuals may refrain from seeking it. Presumably, shy people may be reluctant to seek help because that often requires them to initiate a social interaction.
Item Characteristics and Answer-Changing Behaviors
Authors: Ballance Collin T.
Published: June 2007

Difficulty and discrimination indices on 113 multiple-choice test items were compared with points gained or lost from students' changing answers. Difficulty of items was not significantly correlated with score gain from changing answers, a result consistent with previous research. Item discrimination had a low correlation with test score gain from changing answers, a result not consistent with previous research.
Reflections on the Meaning of a Semester at Sea Voyage after Twenty-Two Years
Authors: Dukes Richard L.
Published: June 2007

22 years after completion of a travel-study voyage around the world, a random sample of 29 participants was contacted by telephone and mail to reflect on the meaning of the experience. Respondents answered open-ended questions about their lives and outcomes of Semester at Sea, and they completed Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test based on Frankl's concepts. Participants maintained a global perspective and high test scores. Life events such as parenthood and major accomplishments were related to further discovery of meaning. Research earlier in the lives of participants suggested that Semester at Sea was a springboard for personal growth. Within a lifespan developmental model, as participants approach middle age, a more accurate metaphor for the meaning of the Semester at Sea experience may be an interwoven strand in a life composition.
Neurotransmitter-Related Personality Traits and Money Attitudes: A Study in Neuroeconomics
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David , Spinella Marcello
Published: June 2007

In a sample of 82 undergraduates, the personality dimension of novelty seeking, which has been hypothesized to be influenced by levels of dopamine in the central nervous system, was associated with attitudes regarding money.
Sanctity of Human Life in War: Ethics and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Beshai James A. , Tushup Richard J.
Published: June 2007

This reflective paper focuses on the moral and ethical difficulties medical care providers meet in applying DSM–IV criteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in therapy and in Compensation and Pension Examinations. Providers may be less interested in articulating a philosophy of life or their own ontology than about documenting care for the patient or providing effective management of symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The veteran comes for assessment or therapy after an embodiment of war conflicts. Examiners and therapists spend time in clinical judgments and ethical consideration. Ethical decisions involve the sanctity of human life and the distinction made between acceptable civil and war behavior. Insight into the conflicting values found in the veterans' struggle to cope with the stress of war is needed. The stress of sending young men into harm's way is an ethical issue for veterans and the society which sends them and thereby compromises the sanctity of human life. These ethical components require the doctor and the veteran to articulate their values within ontology or a personal philosophy of life. That exchange contributes to accurate assessment and adequate therapy. Not understanding the importance of personal ontologies in treatment may make the veteran's self-disclosure difficult. Self-disclosure of one's ontology is one side of coping with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The other side is for powerful decision-making groups to disclose to the young recruits the full and honest account of the human cost of war before sending them into harm's way.
Androgenetic Alopecia: Stress of Discovery
Authors: Passchier Jan , Erdman Jeroen , Hammiche Fatima , Erdman Ruud A. M.
Published: June 2007

The psychological problems of men in the initial stages of alopecia androgenetica (hereditary male hair loss) have seldom been studied. We evaluated two groups of 80 men with alopecia androgenetica in Stages II to IV, indicating the amount of hair loss (overall N = 160; for Group I: M = 48 yr., SD = 18.2; for Group II: M = 50 yr., SD = 18.0) who visited a dermatology clinic for benign dermatological complaints but not for hair loss, by questionnaires and interview, retrospectively. As predicted, hair problems were reported to be significantly greater overall at the moment of discovery of hair loss than later. About half of the men reported feeling annoyed to very annoyed about the discovery of hair loss. For those patients, provision of information by internet might facilitate a visit to the dermatologist.
Helping Behavior in a Rural and an Urban Setting: Professional and Casual Attire
Authors: Wilson Shauna B. , Kennedy Janice H.
Published: June 2007

This study assessed differences in helping behavior in a rural versus an urban location when directed toward either a professionally or a casually dressed woman. Convenience samples included 40 men and 40 women (10 people of each sex assigned to each condition: rural and professional, rural and casual, urban and professional, and urban and casual). A 21-yr.-old female confederate dropped an envelope near each target helper individually and recorded number of seconds for the target helper to retrieve or point out the dropped item. Analysis indicated significantly faster helping occurred in the rural than in the urban location and that men helped the confederate more often than women. No difference in frequencey of help was related to kind of attire.
Temperament, Anxiety, and Attentional Control
Authors: Healy Brian , Kulig John
Published: June 2007

To regulate attention has been a significant component of individual differences in temperament, and other research supported a relation between measures of attentional control and anxiety, i.e., high scores on trait anxiety were correlated with inability to regulate attention in response to the environment, so enhanced attentional control may interact with dimensions of temperament to modify the effects of generalized anxiety. To test this hypothesis, 69 undergraduates completed the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey, the Burns Anxiety Scale, and the Derryberry and Reed measure of Attentional Control. Analysis suggested attentional control may be a significant factor in modifying reported anxiety. Further research is warranted, given the present small sample tested with numerous measures.
Criterion Validity of Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire-20 Form B: A Study of 63 Alcoholic Subjects
Authors: Sauvage Laure , Loas Gwenolé
Published: June 2007

The aim of the study was to set alexithymia cutoff scores on the 20-item Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire-20 Form B. Alexithymia is a clinical construct describing individuals who have difficulty identifying and reporting their specific emotions. 63 subjects meeting the DSM–IV criteria for alcohol dependence completed the questionnaire and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Using cutoff scores for the latter, subjects were divided into alexithymic and nonalexithymic subgroups. Taking into account the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive positive value, several potential Bermond-Vorst questionnaire scores were tested. Using the Younden formula (Sensitivity + Specificity − 1), score of 52 was the most appropriate cutoff score for the Bermond-Vorst-20 to indicate the presence of alexithymia in these male alcoholics.
Conditional Standard Errors of Measurement for Composite Scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition
Authors: Price Larry R. , Lurie Anna , Raju Nambury , Wilkins Charles , Zhu Jianjun
Published: June 2007

A specific recommendation of the 1999 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing by the American Educational Research Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education is that test publishers report estimates of the conditional standard error of measurement ( SEM). Procedures for calculating the conditional (score-level) SEM based on raw scores are well documented; however, few procedures have been developed for estimating the conditional SEM of subtest or composite scale scores resulting from a nonlinear transformation. Item response theory provided the psychometric foundation to derive the conditional standard errors of measurement and confidence intervals for composite scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Third Edition.
Relationships of Experiential and Reflective Self-Knowledge with Trait Meta-Mood Scale, Constructive Thinking Inventory, and the Five Factors in Iranian Managers
Authors: Ghorbani Nima , Watson P. J.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and the incremental validity of recently developed Reflective and Experiential Self-knowledge Scales. Along with measures of the Five Factors and of psychological adjustment, 201 male Iranian managers responded to the Self-knowledge Scales along with tests relevant to emotional intelligence, including the Trait Meta-mood Scale and the Constructive Thinking Inventory. As hypothesized, Self-knowledge Scales predicted greater self-reported emotional intelligence. Multiple regression also confirmed the incremental validity of these scales, showed each explained a separate source of variance, and supported the presumed temporal dynamics that theoretically underlie these constructs.