bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dividends, Net Income After Taxes and Earnings Per Share and Their Impact on the Market Capitalization of Listed Companies Amman Stock Exchange During the Period 1978-2016
Authors: Alawneh Ateyah
Published: September 2018

The study aims to measure the impact of dividends, net income after taxes and earring per share on the market capitalization of companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange during the period 1978-2016. The study using E-views program to analyze the data, as the analysis showed that there is statistically significant positive relationship between the dividends and the market capitalization. As well as, a positive relationship between the net income after taxes and the market capitalization of listed companies in Amman Stock Exchange. The study found that there is no statistically significant between earnings per share and market capitalization, and this means that investors are interested in dividends and net income after taxes in the demand on shares, but they do not care about earnings per share when they demand shares.
Treating Public Speaking Anxiety: A Comparison of Exposure and Video Self-Modeling
Authors: Bartholomay Emily M. , Houlihan Daniel
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of video self-modeling (VSM) and exposure therapy in treating public speaking anxiety (PSA) in a college student. The study employed a single-subject A-B design with parametric variations. Two phases were utilized in this study: baseline (exposure therapy) and intervention (video self-modeling) with a one-month follow-up. Generalization probes were also employed to assess whether or not decreases in PSA would generalize to other settings. Results of this study indicate a significant decrease in self-report public speaking anxiety from both pre- to post-treatment as well as from baseline to exposure sessions. However, these results may be specific to public speaking anxiety, as other forms of anxiety (i.e., social anxiety) did not result in similar decreases. Results from a post-treatment survey indicated that the participant felt that the treatment was beneficial in reducing public speaking anxiety and increasing confidence, providing additional support for the treatment package.
FLOW VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE OPEN CHANNELS
Authors: Drevetskiy Volodymyr , Muran Roman
Published: September 2018

This study aimed at determining dependencies between incident wave height and flow velocity in open flow channels by utilizing computer vision algorithms. Authors use computer modeling and experimental studies to check possibilities of flow velocity measurement by measuring incident wave height in front of semi-submerged artificial obstacle placed in the open flow channel.
ANALYSIS OF THE FLAME PULSATION SIGNALS USING A SHORT-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
Authors: Grądz Żaklin
Published: September 2018

The main aim of the diagnostics of combustion process is ensuring its stability and efficiency. The most important aspect related to the monitoring of the combustion process is a non-invasive acquisition of information from flame and subsequently subjecting it for further processing. Such method of research allows to evaluate the course of the process and determine the characteristic conditions under which the combustion process is stable or not. The article presents the application of short-time Fourier transform for the analysis of flame pulsation signals. The aim of the research was to find an area especially sensitive to the change of combustion process conditions.
DWA RÓWNOLEGŁE POMIARY WIETRZNOŚCI JAKO DOKŁADNA OCENA LOKALNYCH ZASOBÓW ENERGII WIATRU
Authors: Gnyp Piotr
Published: September 2018

Pomiary wietrzności przeprowadzono przy użyciu dwóch masztów pomiarowych oddalonych od siebie o 17,6 km. Wyznaczono dwa numeryczne modele terenu – numeryczny model wysokościowy terenu oraz numeryczny model szorstkości terenu. Podczas analizy danych pomiarowych zauważono znaczące różnice w zmierzonej prędkości wiatru pomiędzy masztami pomiarowymi. Dodatkowy pomiar wietrzności może okazać się niezbędny dla uzyskania pełnej informacji o charakterze wietrzności dla danej lokalizacji.
A revision of dragon millipedes II: the new genus Nagaxytes gen. nov., with the description of three new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)
Authors: Srisonchai Ruttapon , Enghoff Henrik , Likhitrakarn Natdanai , Panha Somsak
Published: September 2018

The ‘acantherpestes’ group of dragon millipedes, formerly placed in the genus Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923, is revised and assigned to the new genus Nagaxytes Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha gen. nov. Desmoxytes acantherpestes Golovatch & Enghoff, 1994 is the type species of the new genus and is redescribed as N. acantherpestes (Golovatch & Enghoff, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. Three new species are described from Thailand: N. erecta Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha gen. et sp. nov. and N. gracilis Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha gen. et sp. nov. from Kanchanaburi Province, and N. spatula Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha gen. et sp. nov. from Tak Province. All new species are endemic to western Thailand and all are restricted to limestone habitats. Complete illustrations of external morphological characters, an identification key, and a distribution map are provided.
STEAM Success: Utilizing Picturebook Biographies
Authors: Morgan Kristin , Anderson Collett Jamie
Published: September 2018

It can be challenging for children’s librarians to see good books sit on the shelves. In many libraries, the biography section gets little use—except when a teacher assigns a book report or maybe during Black History Month.
Together We’re Stronger: Helping Missoula’s Families All Under One Roof
Authors: Carlton Pam
Published: September 2018

Together we’re stronger. As a community hub, libraries are the place to go for information and entertainment. So joining forces with other community partners allows libraries to reach a larger and more diverse population.
Coded to Succeed: A Beginner’s Primer to Robots, Kids, and Libraries
Authors: Hoenig Leah
Published: September 2018

Perhaps you’ve heard the stories, read the news reports, or seen it for yourself. Perhaps you let yourself lapse into daydreams—what if my library had robots?—but then quickly returned to reality. Perhaps the time has come to change that. This article’s goal is to get youth and teen librarians excited about robots and their interactions with young patrons, provide them with resources for further investigation, ideas from other libraries, and tell what’s going on in the world of kids and bots.
A View from the Front Lines: Remaining Fearless in the Digital Age
Authors: Schutz Maggie
Published: September 2018

As someone who considers herself far from being a frontrunner in the digital world, I surprised myself last year when I applied for AmeriCorps and became a technology educator with the St. Paul (MN) Public Library.I didn’t even own a smartphone at the time, and yet I was going to instruct patrons on how to use their smart devices. The technology knowledge I did possess was primarily made up of self-taught material and advice I had received from my friends.
Facing the Black Child: The Bold Direction of Twenty-First-Century Picturebooks
Authors: Martin Michelle H.
Published: September 2018

Years ago, as a Clemson University assistant professor of English, I assigned a service learning project to my students, all of whom were upper-class education majors who would become classroom teachers within a few years of taking my Children’s Literature course. Each student visited our local Head Start for three quarters of the sixteen-week semester to read one-on-one with a child.
Talking Strategy: A Look at ALSC’s Strategic Plan 2017–2020
Authors: Rivers Alena
Published: September 2018

In February 2017, the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) adopted a three-year strategic plan for 2017–2020, which is the framework to direct how ALSC will invest its valuable and limited resources in meeting the future needs of its members and influencing the evolution of the profession.
Research Roundup: Learning about Library Research
Authors: Diamant-Cohen Betsy , Goldsmith Annette
Published: September 2018

Since this column seeks to highlight all aspects of research, in this issue we are going on a field trip to a place where researchers gather to share their findings, collaborate, learn, and celebrate—the most recent ALISE (Association for Library and Information Science Education) conference. According to its website, ALISE “is the global voice of library and information science education. ALISE leads innovative and high-quality research, teaching, and service for educators and scholars in library and information science and cognate disciplines internationally through engagement, advocacy, and knowledge creation and dissemination.” ALISE’s membership consists mostly of library school professors and doctoral students and has a few practicing librarians with their doctorates. This column will share current research by LIS faculty and doctoral students relevant to children’s librarians and showcased at the ALISE conference in Denver.
Celebrating African American Children’s Literature: An “Eye of the Beholder” Workshop
Authors: Lucey Kate
Published: September 2018

As an academic librarian at a liberal arts university, I was asked by our school’s art museum staff to collaborate on programming for an exhibition by African American illustrators of children’s books. The exhibition, called Telling a People’s Story: African-American Children’s Illustrated Literature, ran on campus through June 2018 as the first of its kind. To represent 33 different artists, the nearly 130 works on display included paintings, pastels, drawings, and mixed-media works. Artists included veterans like Jerry Pinkney, who has been illustrating award-winning books since the 1960s, and younger artists like Javaka Steptoe, whose Radiant Child: The Story of Young Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat won the 2017 Randolph Caldecott Medal.
Estudo anatômico da madeira de Coccoloba cordata Cham. (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso , Muñiz Graciela I. Bolzón
Published: September 2018

The wood anatomy of Coccoloba cordata Cham. is described in its general, macroscopic and microscopic aspects. Quantitative and stereological data, as well as photomicrographs of the wood are also presented. The anatomical structure shows a great similarity with literature references to genus Coccoloba and Family Polygonaceae. Among the anatomical features, it must be pointed out the presence of rhomboedric crystals in septate fibres and a diffuse axial parenchyma formed by a series of large crystaliferous cells.
Estudos potenciométricos de soluções aquosas de Ferro (II) e Ferro (III) em presença de bórax e silicato de sódio
Authors: Nascimento Paulo Cícero do , Nascimento Denise Bohrer do , Müller Iduvirges Lourdes
Published: September 2018

Potentiometric studies in borax I Fe+2-Fe+3-Pt and sodium silicate I Fe+2-Fe+3-Pt solutions were done. It is observed,by means of potencial variations a high affinity of borax and sodium silicate with Fe+2 and a poor affinity with Fe+3.
Change of hydraulic conductivity of cohesive soils due to consolidation treatments with expanding resins
Authors: Apuani Tiziana , D'Attoli Marco , Masetti Marco , Fischanger Federico
Published: September 2018

Settlements of ground subjected to foundation load are often due to both natural and/or anthropogenic causes, such as differential consolidation, seepage, periods of drought alternating with heavy rainfalls, growth of tree roots, sewer leaks, vibrations induced by vehicle traffic, excavations, or construction defects. Techniques of soil consolidation and stabilization by means of injection of polyurethane expanding resins have been efficiently used to mitigate or even solve this issue. The efficiency of the resin injection treatment has been well documented also thanks to the develop of a procedure of planning and monitoring which combines traditional geotechnical tests with the application of electrical resistivity tomography, which is strongly sensitive to the presence of water or voids. The combination of these survey methodologies allows to recognize the effect of injection in terms of soil compaction and water migration, a key factor for understanding the phenomenon and planning of resolutive interventions. The present study follows a previous work aimed at evaluating the increase in the geotechnical performance of cohesive soils treated by injection of expanding resins (same soil, resin, at the same site) and integrates it by focusing on the quantification of the effects of consolidation treatments, by means of expanding resins injection, on hydrologic properties of cohesive soils, focusing on saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements. Laboratory permeability test, performed in triaxial cell at different stress conditions and hydraulic gradients, were performed on undisturbed samples collected on “natural (non-treated)” and “treated soils”, before and after the injection of resin (MAXIMA ® by GEOSEC ® ) in a full-scale test site characterized by the presence of continuous and homogeneous cohesive soils, (clay and silts). The investigated soil is classified as CH or CL soil, very firm and apparently overconsolidated. The study shows how the treatment is able to modify the characteristics of hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The injected resins partly follow pre-existing weaknesses and partly impregnate homogeneous and continuous masses of soil in a capillary way, giving it, in addition to the already documented greater mechanical strength, a lower hydraulic conductivity. The electrical resistivity investigations allow to appreciate the volumes affected by the treatment to which the variations of the measured properties can be attributed.
Hydrogeochemical investigation of the origin of Molybdenum (Mo) in groundwater resources in Wadi Al Arab area, Northern Jordan
Authors: El-Naqa Ali R. , Ibrahim Khalil M. , Abu Alrous Malik
Published: September 2018

High Mo concentrations have been detected in drinking water pumped from domestic water supply wells located in the Wadi Al Arab area, at the Irbid city, northern Jordan. The main objective of this study is to investigate hydrogeochemical processes responsible for the release of Mo in the groundwater resources. Usually Mo is a metallic element that is naturally present in the earth’s crust. However, the presence of Mo in groundwater is an important potential pollution issue. To achieve the objectives of the study, 34 water samples were collected from the whole catchment area of Wadi Al Arab and were analyzed using ICP-MS for total Mo and the other major cations, anions and heavy metals. The results obtained from the hydrogeochemical investigation show that the groundwater in Wadi Al Arab catchment area is susceptible to Mo contamination due to the chemical reactions of water with clay-rich underlying bedrock that consists mainly of shale and marl rocks. The concentration values measured at the tested wells vary from 46.6 μg/L to 1438.7 μg/L, with an average value of 397.6 μg/L. Therefore, about 70% of the analyzed water samples show Mo levels that exceed the permissible limit of 70 μg/L for drinking water according to World Health Organization. The results of geochemical modeling using VISUAL MINTEQ software show that the most abundant species of Mo mineral is molybdate ion (MoO42-), with a concentration of 30 μg/L, which accounts for more than 50% of the Mo species dissolved in groundwater. The possible source of the Mo in the groundwater in Wadi Al Arab catchment area is due to presence of oil shale and phosphate layers within the geological succession of the aquifer. Through the geochemical model, the saturation indices of the common Mo minerals were calculated. The calculated saturation indices showed that groundwater is under-saturated with respect to Mo mineral speciation, which emphasizes that natural equilibrium will never be reached.
Short review of some methods for groundwater flow assessment in fractured rock masses
Authors: Gattinoni Paola , Scesi Laura
Published: September 2018

Water flow in fractured rock masses is a key issue in many typical environmental and engineering problems. Still, aquifers in fractured rocks are devoted much less attention than those in porous media, as they are considered less important from the point of view of water research, but also because rock masses are a very complex medium (heterogeneous, anisotropic and discontinuous), and therefore its modelling is a quite hard task. This paper proposes a review on recent researches concerning groundwater flow in fractured rock masses. In particular, the main issues involved in the reconstruction of the hydrogeological conceptual model are addressed, mainly for fissured and partly for karsts rocks, and the following choice of the most suitable modeling approach is critically discussed, through applicative examples.
Laboratory thermal conductivity measurements on gravel sample
Authors: Galgaro Antonio , Cultrera Matteo , Dalla Santa Giorgia , Peron Fabio
Published: September 2018

Modern Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) systems must be designed by taking into account the ground thermal properties, in order to properly plan the capability of the heat pumps to transfer calories through the Ground Source Heat Exchangers (GSHE) to the subsoil (and vice versa). [...]
From Korea to Catania: a busy September for IAH Italy
Authors: Ducci Daniela , Masetti Marco , Rusi Sergio
Published: September 2018

Not available
The Ca2+ transient as a feedback sensor controlling cardiomyocyte ionic conductances in mouse populations
Authors: Rees Colin M , Yang Jun-Hai , Santolini Marc , Lusis Aldons J , Weiss James N , Karma Alain
Published: September 2018

Conductances of ion channels and transporters controlling cardiac excitation may vary in a population of subjects with different cardiac gene expression patterns. However, the amount of variability and its origin are not quantitatively known. We propose a new conceptual approach to predict this variability that consists of finding combinations of conductances generating a normal intracellular Ca2+ transient without any constraint on the action potential. Furthermore, we validate experimentally its predictions using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, a model system of genetically diverse mouse strains that allows us to quantify inter-subject versus intra-subject variability. The method predicts that conductances of inward Ca2+ and outward K+ currents compensate each other to generate a normal Ca2+ transient in good quantitative agreement with current measurements in ventricular myocytes from hearts of different isogenic strains. Our results suggest that a feedback mechanism sensing the aggregate Ca2+ transient of the heart suffices to regulate ionic conductances.
Induction of human somatostatin and parvalbumin neurons by expressing a single transcription factor LIM homeobox 6
Authors: Yuan Fang , Chen Xin , Fang Kai-Heng , Wang Yuanyuan , Lin Mingyan , Xu Shi-Bo , Huo Hai-Qin , Xu Min , Ma Lixiang , Chen Yuejun , He Shuijin , Liu Yan
Published: September 2018

Human GABAergic interneurons (GIN) are implicated in normal brain function and in numerous mental disorders. However, the generation of functional human GIN subtypes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has not been established. By expressing LHX6, a transcriptional factor that is critical for GIN development, we induced hPSCs to form GINs, including somatostatin (SST, 29%) and parvalbumin (PV, 21%) neurons. Our RNAseq results also confirmed the alteration of GIN identity with the overexpression of LHX6. Five months after transplantation into the mouse brain, the human GABA precursors generated increased population of SST and PV neurons by overexpressing LHX6. Importantly, the grafted human GINs exhibited functional electrophysiological properties and even fast-spiking-like action potentials. Thus, expression of the single transcription factor LHX6 under our GIN differentiation condition is sufficient to robustly induce human PV and SST subtypes.
The cargo receptor SURF4 promotes the efficient cellular secretion of PCSK9
Authors: Emmer Brian T , Hesketh Geoffrey G , Kotnik Emilee , Tang Vi T , Lascuna Paul J , Xiang Jie , Gingras Anne-Claude , Chen Xiao-Wei , Ginsburg David
Published: September 2018

PCSK9 is a secreted protein that regulates plasma cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease risk. Prior studies suggested the presence of an ER cargo receptor that recruits PCSK9 into the secretory pathway, but its identity has remained elusive. Here, we apply a novel approach that combines proximity-dependent biotinylation and proteomics together with genome-scale CRISPR screening to identify SURF4, a homologue of the yeast cargo receptor Erv29p, as a primary mediator of PCSK9 secretion in HEK293T cells. The functional contribution of SURF4 to PCSK9 secretion was confirmed with multiple independent SURF4-targeting sgRNAs, clonal SURF4-deficient cell lines, and functional rescue with SURF4 cDNA. SURF4 was found to localize to the early secretory pathway where it physically interacts with PCSK9. Deletion of SURF4 resulted in ER accumulation and decreased extracellular secretion of PCSK9. These findings support a model in which SURF4 functions as an ER cargo receptor mediating the efficient cellular secretion of PCSK9.
Structure of the human epithelial sodium channel by cryo-electron microscopy
Authors: Noreng Sigrid , Bharadwaj Arpita , Posert Richard , Yoshioka Craig , Baconguis Isabelle
Published: September 2018

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), a member of the ENaC/DEG superfamily, regulates Na+ and water homeostasis. ENaCs assemble as heterotrimeric channels that harbor protease-sensitive domains critical for gating the channel. Here, we present the structure of human ENaC in the uncleaved state determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The ion channel is composed of a large extracellular domain and a narrow transmembrane domain. The structure reveals that ENaC assembles with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry of α:β:γ subunits arranged in a counter-clockwise manner. The shape of each subunit is reminiscent of a hand with key gating domains of a ‘finger’ and a ‘thumb.’ Wedged between these domains is the elusive protease-sensitive inhibitory domain poised to regulate conformational changes of the ‘finger’ and ‘thumb’; thus, the structure provides the first view of the architecture of inhibition of ENaC.
Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Analytical Inductance Formulae for Square Planar Spiral Inductors
Authors: Aebischer H. A.
Published: September 2018

In the design of radio frequency (RF) microelectronic integrated circuits (IC’s) and of antennas for short-wave radio frequency identification (RFID) and telemetry systems, planar spiral coils are important components. Many approximate analytical formulae for calculating the inductance of such coils can be found in the literature. They can simplify the problem of designing inductors to a predefined inductance considerably. But the error statistics given by different authors cannot be compared because they are based on different or unknown domains of definition. Hence, it is not possible to decide which formula is best in a given case by merely studying the literature. This paper compares the maximum relative errors of six of some of the most cited formulae in the literature. To all formulae, the same domains of definition are applied. Each of them spans all four dimensions of the parameter space. Precise inductances are obtained numerically with the help of the free scientific and industrial standard software FastHenry2 and used as reference values to calculate the errors of the formulae. It has been found that the alleged maximum errors reported by some authors are far too optimistic. Only two formulae feature small enough errors to be useful in circuit design. The method and the domains of definition applied in the present study may also prove useful for the assessment of future formulae.
An adaptive scale Gaussian filter to explain White’s illusion from the viewpoint of lightness assimilation for a large range of variation in spatial frequency of the grating and aspect ratio of the targets
Authors: Mitra Soma , Mazumdar Debasis , Ghosh Kuntal , Bhaumik Kamales
Published: September 2018

The variation between the actual and perceived lightness of a stimulus has strong dependency on its background, a phenomena commonly known as lightness induction in the literature of visual neuroscience and psychology. For instance, a gray patch may perceptually appear to be darker in a background while it looks brighter when the background is reversed. In the literature it is further reported that such variation can take place in two possible ways. In case of stimulus like the Simultaneous Brightness Contrast (SBC), the apparent lightness changes in the direction opposite to that of the background lightness, a phenomenon often referred to as lightness contrast, while in the others like neon colour spreading or checkerboard illusion it occurs opposite to that, and known as lightness assimilation. The White’s illusion is a typical one which according to many, does not completely conform to any of these two processes. This paper presents the result of quantification of the perceptual strength of the White’s illusion as a function of the width of the background square grating as well as the length of the gray patch. A linear filter model is further proposed to simulate the possible neurophysiological phenomena responsible for this particular visual experience. The model assumes that for the White’s illusion, where the edges are strong and quite a few, i.e., the spectrum is rich in high frequency components, the inhibitory surround in the classical Difference-of-Gaussians (DoG) filter gets suppressed, and the filter essentially reduces to an adaptive scale Gaussian kernel that brings about lightness assimilation. The linear filter model with a Gaussian kernel is used to simulate the White’s illusion phenomena with wide variation of spatial frequency of the background grating as well as the length of the gray patch. The appropriateness of the model is presented through simulation results, which are highly tuned to the present as well as earlier psychometric results.
The Analysis of E-service Quality, Customer Trust, Perceived Value, and Behavioral Intention on Online Transportation in Surabaya
Authors: Putrianti Anindya Selviana , Semuel Hatane
Published: September 2018

The current number of motor vehicles in Indonesia increased very rapidly and impacted the traffic jam. Therefore, it was expected that with the increasing use of public transportation can reduce congestionproblems. Competition in the transportation industry is gotten competitive, so there is an innovation withmobile applications. But to make consumers want to use online transportation applications, companies mustunderstand about consumer behavior. Measurement of behavioral intention is the best way to predictconsumer buying behavior in the future. In this study, we wanted to know the factors that affect thebehavioral intention of online transportation consumers in Surabaya. This research used causal quantitativeresearch method. Based on the results of research conducted on 240 respondents found that e-service quality,trust and perceived value correlated significantly and positively to behavior intention. E-service quality is themost influential factor in building behavior intention compared to the other two factors.
Multifaceted relational forms in franchise organizations: The role of the franchisor brand
Authors: Jaolis Ferry
Published: September 2018

The current study introduces the brand into the traditional franchisor-franchisee dyadic framework and substantiates its impact on franchisee attitudes and behaviors. A qualitative exploration revealed that franchisees use the brand to construct their identity and enjoy hedonic pleasures from the products and service units. A strong franchisee-brand bond further alleviated the tension in the relationship with the franchisors. Franchisees also enjoy rewarding relationships with various stakeholder groups with the brand at the center of the relationships. We introduce a novel relationship framework that paves many avenues for future research.
Agenda Setting and Building
Authors: Zhang Tianduo , Kiousis Spiro
Published: September 2018

This entry introduces agenda‐setting and agenda‐building theory, its historic roots, developments, methods, and applications. The agenda‐setting and agenda‐building perspective describes the transmission of object, attribute, and network salience among different social actors' agendas. It started as a theory describing the mass media's effect on society as a whole and grew into a theory that explains how social influences are leveraged through communication. Agenda‐setting and agenda‐building theory is a river with two headwaters, one originating in media effects and the other in public policy and social influence. The merging of the two creates a wider scope that also gives the theory the flexibility to adapt to a more pluralistic view of the media and communication environment as it is today.
Branding/Brand Management
Authors: Johansen Trine Susanne
Published: September 2018

This entry explores the complex concept of brand as a point of departure for addressing branding and brand management. Branding has many meanings rooted in different conceptualizations of what constitutes a brand. The result is a multitude of approaches to brand management that can be divided into three clusters: sender‐oriented, receiver‐oriented, and context‐oriented. Each approach has different features to recommend it as far as strategic brand communication is concerned. The sender‐oriented approaches see brand meaning as transmitted from brand manager to consumer. Here, the emphasis is on consistency and unity in messages and contents. The receiver‐oriented approaches view the consumer as an active interpreter of brand meaning, acknowledging that communication is subject to interpretation. And the context‐oriented approaches locate brand meaning in community and culture, privileging the consumer as a communicator. Moreover, the approaches are supplemented by current trends and developments brought on by Web 2.0 and the notion of cocreation among internal and external stakeholders.
Business Strategy
Authors: Fleisher Craig S.
Published: September 2018

Business strategy means different things to different people. This entry offers a substantive discussion of what is meant by “strategy” and “business strategy”; the different elements of a business strategy; and why top management efforts to craft strategy are aimed at building a competitive advantage that can be sustained as long as possible. A business strategy is partly planned and partly reactive, and evolves over time. The effective crafting or development of strategy, combined with effective strategy execution, is considered to be effective management. For communication practitioners, it is often a formal part of their job descriptions to support the achievement of desired, strategic business outcomes. Many have learned through formal or professional education that they need to be part of the team that crafts and shapes the business strategy, though many C‐level/top executives struggle to understand how communication practitioners can best support the business strategy.
Communication Excellence
Authors: Lyu Joanne Chen , Huang Yi‐Hui Christine
Published: September 2018

Strategic communication is normatively goal‐oriented. Effectiveness is a main concern for strategic communication in any form, through any channel, and with any goal. A typical goal‐oriented communication is corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication. CSR is a socially responsible behavior on its face. A simple inference is that corporations will benefit from communicating CSR. However, cases indicate that CSR communication can be a double‐edged sword. While it may generate the public's perception of positive corporate virtues, corporate CSR messages have proven to attract critical attention. A series of real cases have highlighted the need for a corporation to communicate CSR more effectively and sophisticatedly to its stakeholders. Learning to enhance the excellence of CSR communication has become an urgent topic for strategic corporate communication. Thus, can corporations save the world and themselves, too? The answer requires that the excellence of motive must align with CSR communication.
Critical Theory
Authors: McKie David , Doan Mai Anh
Published: September 2018

The term “critical theory” is contested and/or has different meanings in different disciplines, geographical locations, and times. Given that fluidity, this entry focuses more on critical theory's characteristics evolving over time than on static definitions. In acknowledging the Frankfurt School as the accepted mainspring of contemporary critical theory, the entry also examines the School's lineage through two major precursors (the Enlightenment Project and Karl Marx) and one major successor movement. The major successor is a massive third wave of often contradictory, definitely diverse, but avowedly critical descendants. The entry further identifies critical theory through three sets of characteristics: as a living and still widely influential intellectual tradition seeking to respond to prevailing conditions; as a consistently reflexive and interdisciplinary field; and as a process of critique with an emancipatory intent. The entry ends with an account of critical management studies to focus and clarify recent critical theory concerns and meanings.
Cultural Analysis
Authors: Vujnovic Marina , Kruckeberg Dean
Published: September 2018

Cultural analysis begs greater acceptance, use, refinement, and methodological rigor by strategic communication scholars and practitioners who do not sufficiently appreciate and adopt this analytical tool, which has tremendous heuristic potential. Cultural analysis can help to address a requisite of contemporary strategic communication practice, which is to understand the world and its peoples. This anthropological approach acknowledges people as publics who have changing natures, rituals, cultures, and a rituality of communication practices. The knowledge, skills, and abilities of anthropologists and ethnographers should be taught in public relations professional education and should be embraced by scholars and practitioners to uniquely address a range of significant public relations research questions.
Digital Strategy
Authors: Morehouse Jordan , Saffer Adam J.
Published: September 2018

Digital strategy is the use of Internet‐based platforms and data to inform and implement online communication objectives that meet organizational goals. An organization's digital strategy should parallel its overall communication strategy, which includes traditional strategies. Digital strategy is an approach where organizations use online platforms and digital data to fulfill marketing, advertising, and/or public relations goals and objectives. Often a digital strategy uses big data to direct content and messaging to highly targeted and niche audiences in online spaces. The online spaces are typically user‐driven platforms and for organizations and users to interact. Several different tactical elements can be used to implement a digital strategy, including social networking sites, websites, e‐mail newsletters, search engines, search engine optimization, paid influencer programs, mobile applications, analytics and metrics, and more. All types of organizations, including nonprofit, for‐profit, government, and activist organizations, use digital strategies in their strategic communication programs.
Strategic Communication, Ethics of
Authors: Bowen Shannon A.
Published: September 2018

Ethics is an essential component of how organizations define issues, conduct research on problems, and interact with stakeholders to maintain their obligations within society. Strategy is examined in a context that does not preclude the possibility of ethical communication. However, the argument is made for additional development beyond establishing basic professional standards or using only cultural norms. Three schools of moral philosophy—virtue ethics (character, experience), consequentialist ethics (utilitarianism), and non‐consequentialist ethics (deontology)—are applied to strategic communication. Using multiple philosophical frameworks for ethical analyses is recommended for strategic communicators to maintain a state of reflexive management, consistently meet the expectations of stakeholders and publics, build trust, and further develop the relationships upon which an organization depends.
Globalization
Authors: Vujnovic Marina , Kruckeberg Dean
Published: September 2018

Globalization is said to have originated since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990, and the formalization of the European Union in 1993. Those events appeared to confirm the proponents of globalization's prophecies of the inevitable victory of Western liberalism predicated on democratic principles and a like victory for a global marketplace based on neoliberal economic principles. The era after 1989 ushered in many policies of free markets and trade, deregulation, and privatization. Nevertheless, assumptions about ostensible trends in globalization beg caution, if not judicious reexamination, to the point of pondering globalization's efficacy. One major associated issue is global capitalism, which pronounced benefits that are not shared by all and resisted by many. Today, considerable forces for de‐globalization have been unleashed, as evidenced by trends unrecognized and/or underestimated in the recent past.
Identity and Identity Management
Authors: Heath Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Identity is a primal condition of animals: Birds of a feather flock together. Genetic evolution taught species that identity and association are survival strategies; the invention of language complicated that lesson. Words empower humans' identities and their management. From basics of perception to complexities of organizational association, language enables differentiation of humans and organizations. Identity, through the attitudinizing ability of language, facilitates perceptional and associational identity classifications such as gender, age, race, class, consumership, and employment. Organizational identity (such as organization, worker, consumer, nonprofit donor) is the means by which social order and disorder occur as associational, relational webs of division and merger. Organizations create identity, express identity, and have a received/attributed identity that may differ by stakeholder. What begins as identity becomes enriched through identity management via identification. Narratives express associations and dissociations that serve as the strategic themes and plots by which community and society are enacted.
Internal Communication
Authors: Welch Mary
Published: September 2018

While it is widely acknowledged that internal communication is a vital component of organizational effectiveness, it is too often viewed in a simplistic, ill‐defined manner. Clarity around the concept provides a foundation for effective communication strategies that meet the needs of employees as well as strategic managers. This entry outlines dimensions of internal communication; highlights the role of internal corporate communication in facilitating communication between senior managers and employees; and examines strategic internal communication planning. Issues relating to internal communication content and methods are discussed, underpinned with overviews of theories that provide insight into communication needs and processes. Workplace communication challenges are considered, including: enabling employee voice; contributing to employee engagement; providing effective change communication; blurred boundaries between internal and external communication; and evaluation, research methodology, and theory. Practical issues include the roles of practitioners, the organizational position of the service, and the education needs of strategic internal communication professionals.
Internal Social Media
Authors: Madsen Vibeke Thøis
Published: September 2018

Internal social media (ISM) is a web‐based communication arena that provides all members of organizations with a communication opportunity. ISM has emerged in organizations since 2004, and is increasingly seen as a way of giving employees a voice that can benefit their organization in terms of knowledge sharing, collaboration, and employee participation and engagement. The first wave of studies of ISM was primarily from an information‐systems perspective and focused more on ISM's adoption, its affordances, and the outcome of its introduction. The second wave of studies was more concerned with studying the dynamics of communication on ISM, in order to understand coworkers as strategic communicators and how communication on ISM can constitute the organization. With the successful introduction of ISM, coworkers can become co‐authors of organizations, so the media offers new challenges and opportunities for internal strategic communication.
Investor Relations Communication
Authors: Hoffmann Christian Pieter
Published: September 2018

Investor relations communication is the corporate communication function dedicated to maintaining and fostering relationships between a for‐profit corporation and its financial stakeholders, including critical intermediaries. Aside from fulfilling regulatory disclosure and reporting requirements, investor relations communication is expected to actively shape the understanding of a company's financial reputation by key audiences. Investor relations officers are engaged in disseminating an effective “equity story” and sustaining a strong capital market reputation. As a strategic communication function, investor relations increases a company's visibility within the financial community. Applying a relational perspective, investor relations communication selectively establishes and nurses beneficial relationships with key financial stakeholders. With investors and analysts increasingly adopting an activist stance toward corporations, the strategic role of the investor relations function is becoming ever more pronounced.
Marketing Communication
Authors: Ju Ilwoo
Published: September 2018

Marketing communication has become a social phenomenon in the contemporary marketplace. It is important to understand how marketing communication operates and how consumer–brand relationships can be enhanced through strategic marketing communication. Essential aspects of contemporary marketing communication include understanding the marketing promotion mix and integrated marketing communication in the contexts of brand building and consumer engagement. Marketing communication needs to be understood, planned, and executed in the overarching business and marketing strategy contexts. Importantly, just as the modern marketing thinking shifted its focus from the transaction orientation to relationship marketing, marketing communication needs a corresponding reformation. Furthermore, with the advance of digital media technologies, marketing communication media strategies are facing unprecedented challenges.
Media Relations
Authors: Fredriksson Magnus , Pallas Josef
Published: September 2018

Organizations dedicate extensive attention to media, and accordingly, media relations tend to be given priority in organizations' communication repertoires. This is expressed through extensive resource allocation, far‐reaching responsibilities for communication departments, and a significant position for media‐related issues on the agendas for management teams and boards. To understand the scope and significance of media in organizational contexts, it is helpful to distinguish between media asinput—how media are used by organizations to understand their environmental settings and function as an early warning system;throughput—how organizations' artifacts, routines, relations, and symbols are accommodated and adapted to media; andoutput—how organizations act to create settings for their media interactions and use them to maximize their media impact, and how these settings make it possible for organizations to negotiate their media presence in times of scrutiny.
Metaphors in Leadership and Leadership as Metaphor
Authors: Zanin Alaina C.
Published: September 2018

This entry describes the relationship between leadership and metaphor in terms of strategic leadership practice as well as leadership theory building. Metaphor is defined as a linguistic construct and described with respect to current strategic communication literature. Metaphor as leadership is discussed as well as metaphors of leadership.
New Capitalism
Authors: Kure Nikolaj
Published: September 2018

This entry is about new capitalism. While the adjective “new” suggests that an “old” type of capitalism has been superseded by a new one, this is only partly the case. Many of the challenges brought about by the processes of industrialization and urbanization in the late nineteenth century remain central societal issues (such as the experience of alienation and a lack of meaning in work), while many of the structural features characteristic of industrial capitalism are still in place (such as the division of labor and hierarchical organizations). Since the end of the 1980s, a number of structural and ideological ruptures have taken place that make it feasible to talk about a new type of capitalism in which the conditions for participating in the labor market have changed radically. This entry describes these ruptures in limited detail and expands on the problems they seem to bring with them, albeit with the caveat that the account may oversimplify very complex issues. The entry draws some crude lines that certainly do not cover all organizations or all employees. It should be read more as a caricature with its roots in reality than as a pure reflection of reality.
New Public Management
Authors: Fredriksson Magnus , Pallas Josef
Published: September 2018

New public management (NPM) refers to a set of reforms that have come to radically redefine the nature of public sector organizations. Being inspired by a broad management ideology the reforms have brought forward ideas about “real” organizations, that is, having a clear and unique identity, being able to plan and carry out rational decisions, and having well‐defined boundaries and hierarchical structures. These ideas go hand in hand with rationales of strategic communication, and communication activities of public sector organizations can be seen both as transformative in the process of introduction of NPM and as an outcome of this process.
Organizational Networks and Strategic Communication
Authors: Matni Ziad , Stohl Cynthia
Published: September 2018

The practices of strategic communication in organizations are best understood as embedded in a communication environment that has multiple types of relationships and diverse communication links among stakeholders and institutional actors. These connections represent anorganizational networkthat produces a capacity to act for individual and mutual benefit, otherwise known as social capital. From a network perspective, it is not only important to know the intraorganizational configuration of the network within the organization, but also the interorganizational linkages that lie beyond its borders. Some of the most important relational characteristics of network links include multiplexity, homophily, and link strength. The critical structural characteristics of organizational networks include network density, node centrality, network diversity, and structural holes.