bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Sugars, Alkaloids, and Heteroaromatics: Exploring Heterocyclic Chemistry with Alkoxyallenes
Authors: Brasholz Malte , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich , Zimmer Reinhold
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐Dihydro‐1,3,5‐oxadiazoles and Bis(heteroatom‐substituted)carbenes.
Authors: Warkentin John
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical and Thermal Reactions of Kynurenines
Authors: Tsentalovich Yu. P. , Snytnikova O. A. , Sagdeev R. Z.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan: Formation, Properties and Applications
Authors: Krayukhina M. A. , Samoilova N. A. , Yamskov I. A.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From Oblivion into the Limelight: Iron (Domino) Catalysis
Authors: Fuerstner Alois
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Enantioselective Trifluoromethylation Reactions
Authors: Shibata Norio , Mizuta Satoshi , Kawai Hiroyuki
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Chemical Placebo: NaCl as an Effective, Cheapest, Non‐acidic and Greener Catalyst for Biginelli‐Type 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones (‐thiones) Synthesis
Authors: Kolosov Maksim A. , Orlov Valeriy D. , Beloborodov Dmitriy A. , Dotsenko Victor V.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Prospects of Metal Complexes Peripherally Substituted with Sugars in Biomedicinal Applications.
Authors: Gottschaldt Michael , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The New Chemical Biology of Nitrite Reactions with Hemoglobin: R‐State Catalysis, Oxidative Denitrosylation, and Nitrite Reductase/Anhydrase
Authors: Gladwin Mark T. , Grubina Rozalina , Doyle Michael P.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Function of Peroxisomal Tetrameric Carbonyl Reductase
Authors: Imamura Yorishige
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aplyronine A, a Potent Antitumor Macrolide of Marine Origin, and the Congeners Aplyronines B—H: Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Yamada Kiyoyuki , Ojika Makoto , Kigoshi Hideo , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biology and Technology for Photochemical Fuel Production
Authors: Hambourger Michael , Moore Gary F. , Kramer David M. , Gust Devens , Moore Ana L. , Moore Thomas A.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA‐Templated Nanofabrication
Authors: Becerril Hector A. , Woodley Adam T.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Adsorbate/Reaction Induced Structural Change of Supported Metal Nanoparticles: Heterogeneous Catalysis and Beyond
Authors: Newton Mark A.
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: In vitro Screening of Psychoactive Drugs to Prevent the Abuses
Authors: Satoh Kanako , Nonaka Ryouichi
Published: April 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Practical Method for Targeted Library Design Balancing Lead‐like Properties with Diversity
Authors: Stocks Michael J. , Wilden Gareth R. H. , Pairaudeau Garry , Perry Matthew W. D. , Steele John , Stonehouse Jeffrey P.
Published: April 2009

Choosing the right compounds to synthesise from large virtual combinatorial libraries is a current challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Herein we describe a highly optimised method that aligns lead‐like properties with compound diversity. The methods are illustrated by considering a two‐dimensional library based on the interesting spirocyclic bis‐azetidine template.

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A practical and pragmatic method is demonstrated that aligns lead‐like properties with compound diversity for the picking of compounds to synthesise from large virtual libraries. Methods are highlighted for decreasing synthetic attrition through the prior filtration of reagents sets grouped by reaction type. Also disclosed are protocols that use a combination of predicted physicochemical parameters and potential toxicological liabilities to enable the synthesis of lead‐like compounds with a low potential risk of exhibiting toxicity or undesirable physicochemical properties. Lastly, a compound‐picking process for a 2D compound matrix is demonstrated that maximises the diversity coverage whilst minimising synthetic effort. Thus a very highly optimised process is shown that delivers premium sample quality where lead‐likeness and novelty are aligned to afford the best possible enhancement for the corporate compound collection.
Cover Picture: Inhibition of Peroxidase‐Catalyzed Iodination by Cephalosporins: Metallo‐β‐Lactamase‐Induced Antithyroid Activity of Antibiotics (ChemMedChem 4/2009)
Authors: Tamilselvi A. , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: April 2009

The cover picture shows some commonly used antibiotics with heterocyclic side chains inhibit peroxidase‐catalyzed iodination of L‐tyrosine upon hydrolysis by the bacterial enzyme metallo‐beta‐lactamase. This suggests that the production of metallo‐beta‐lactamase and subsequent hydrolysis of antibiotics would affect thyroid activity. For more details, see the Communication by A. Tamilselvi and G. Mugesh on p. 512 ff.

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Identification of novel neuropeptides in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and their targets in an annelid worm, Eisenia fetida
Authors: Herbert Zsófia , Pollák Edit , Zougman Alexandre , Boros Akos , Kapan Neval , Molnár László
Published: April 2009

Periviscerokinins (PVKs) and pyrokinins (PKs) are neuropeptides known in several arthropod species. Sequence homology of these peptides with the molluscan small cardioactive peptides reveals that the occurrence of PVKs and PKs is not restricted to arthropods. Our study focuses on the biochemical and immunocytochemical identification of neuropeptides with sequence homology to PVKs and PKs in the central and peripheral nervous system of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. By means of affinity chromatography, nanoflow liquid chromatography, and high accuracy mass spectrometry, six peptides, SPFPR(L/I)amide, APFPR( L/I)amide, SPLPR( L/I)amide, SFVR( L/I)amide, AFVR( L/I)amide, and SPAFVR( L/I)amide, were identified in the central nervous system with the common‐XR( L/I)amide C‐terminal sequence. The exact anatomical position of 13 labeled XR( I/L)amide expressing neuron groups and numerous peptide‐containing fibers were determined by means of immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy in whole‐mount preparations of ventral nerve cord ganglia. The majority of the stained neurons were interneurons with processes joining the distinct fine‐fibered polysegmental tracts in the central neuropil. Some stained fibers were seen running in each segmental nerve that innervated metanephridia and body wall. Distinct groups of neurosecretory cells characterized by small round soma and short processes were also identified. Based on immunoelectron microscopy six different types of labeled cells were described showing morphological heterogeneity of earthworm peptides containing elements. Our findings confirm that the sequence of the identified earthworm neuropeptides homologous to the insect PVKs and PKs suggesting that these peptides are phylogenetically conservative molecules and are expressed in sister‐groups of animals such as annelids, mollusks, and insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:415–432, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of smoothed point interpolation methods for elastic mechanics
Authors: Chen L. , Nguyen‐Xuan H. , Nguyen‐Thoi T. , Zeng K. Y. , Wu S. C.
Published: April 2009

A generalized gradient smoothing technique and a smoothed bilinear form of Galerkin weak form have been recently proposed by Liu et al. to create a wide class of efficient smoothed point interpolation methods (PIMs) using the background mesh of triangular cells. In these methods, displacement fields are constructed by polynomial or radial basis shape functions and strains are smoothed over the smoothed domain associated with the nodes or the edges of the triangular cells. This paper summarizes and assesses bound property, convergence rate and computational efficiency for these methods. It is found that: (1) the incorporation of the PIMs with the node‐based strain smoothing operation allows us to obtain an upper bound to the exact solution in the strain energy; (2) the incorporation of the PIMs with the edge‐based strain smoothing operation using triangular background mesh can produce a solution of ‘ultra‐accuracy’ and ‘super‐convergence’; (3) the edge‐based strain smoothing operation together with the linear interpolation can provide better computational efficiency compared with other smoothed PIMs and the finite element method when the same triangular mesh is used. These conclusions have been examined and confirmed by intensive examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite macro‐element‐based volume grid deformation for large moving boundary problems
Authors: Ko Jin Hwan , Park Soo Hyung , Park Hoon Cheol , Byun Doyoung
Published: April 2009

Finite macro‐element‐based grid deformation has been developed to improve efficiency and robustness of a finite element‐based grid deformation. However, conventional stiffness determination based on distance between macro‐element and moving boundary is not sufficient for a large moving boundary with a solid deformation included. The Jacobian option that uses element size is applied and a first macro‐element layer (FML) is introduced based on the idea of solid‐extension mesh moving for a finite macro‐element model. Heave, pitch, chord flexure, and span flexure are employed for the verification of grid quality by using some sophisticated measures. Through the verification, the Jacobian option with FML improves the grid quality as compared with the conventional way, and its parameters can be chosen considering the grid quality near the moving boundary and the robustness of overall grid quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evidence‐based iterative content trust algorithm for the credibility of online news
Authors: Zeng Guosun , Wang Wei
Published: April 2009

People encounter more information than they can possibly use every day. But all information is not necessarily of equal value. In many cases, certain information appears to be better, or more trustworthy, than other information. And the challenge that most people then face is to judge which information is more credible. In this paper we propose a new problem calledCorroboration Trust, which studies how to find credible news events by seeking more than one source to verify information on a given topic. We design an evidence‐based corroboration trust algorithm calledTrustNewsFinder, which utilizes the relationships between news articles and related evidence information (person, location, time and keywords about the news). A news article is trustworthy if it provides many pieces of trustworthy evidence, and a piece of evidence is likely to be true if it is provided by many trustworthy news articles. Our experiments show thatTrustNewsFindersuccessfully finds true events among conflicting information and identifies trustworthy news better than the popular search engines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐Molecule Electroluminescence of a Phosphorescent Organometallic Complex
Authors: Sekiguchi Yasuhiro , Habuchi Satoshi , Vacha Martin
Published: April 2009

Lighting one by one: The electroluminescence (EL) from single molecules of a red phosphorescent iridium complex dispersed in a hole‐transporting polymer matrix is studied. The single‐molecule EL dynamics is determined by local structural inhomogeneities in the matrix polymer (see picture).

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Structural and photoluminescence properties of GaN/ZnO core‐shell nanowires with their shells sputtered
Authors: Kim Hyoun Woo , Kim Hyo Sung , Kebede Mesfin Abayneh , Na Han Gil , Yang Ju Chan , Lee Chongmu
Published: April 2009

We have reported the preparation of ZnO‐coated GaN nanowires and investigated changes in the structural and photoluminescence (PL) properties by the application of a thermal annealing process. For fabricating the core‐shell nanowires, Zn target was used to sputter ZnO shell onto GaN core nanowires. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the annealed core‐shell nanowires clearly exhibited the ZnO as well as GaN phase. The transmissoin electron microscopy (TEM) investigation suggested that annealing has induced the crystallization of ZnO shell layer. We have carried out Gaussian deconvolution analysis for the measured PL spectra, revealing that the core GaN nanowires exhibited broad emission which consist of red, yellow, blue, and ultraviolet peaks. ZnO‐sputtering induced new peaks in the green region. Thermal annealing reduced the relative intensity of the green emission. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of physical properties of DyScO3 melt
Authors: Crnogorac N. , Wilke H.
Published: April 2009

Rare earth scandate crystals ReScO3 (Re=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy) can be grown from the melt at temperatures of about 2100 °C. The needs of thermal insulation of the whole system are very high in order to reach the melting point and to control the thermal gradients which are required by the Czochralski (Cz) method. The consequence is that in‐vivo system observations are practically almost impossible or very hard to perform. Therefore numerical investigations using a mathematical model of the real system can be very helpful. However, numerical models need some physical properties of the considered real system (e.g. density, viscosity, thermal expansion coefficients, thermal conductivity). Most material properties of high melting oxides are not referenced in the literature or they are incomplete and inaccurate. Because the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative results of numerical simulations depend on the used physical properties, we performed corresponding measurements in an adapted Cz configuration at a temperature around the melting point of DyScO3 (2060 °C). The results are presented and discussed in this work. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rapid growth of KDP crystals in the coniform bottom device and their characterization
Authors: Teng Bing , Li Xiaobing , Wang Dongjuan , Zhong Degao , Wang Qingguo , Zhao Yanshuai , Yu Zhenghe , Chen Shaou
Published: April 2009

The coniform bottom device was designed and used in the rapid growth process of KDP crystal. A seed support rack was also designed to be used in rapid growth of KDP crystal to avoid spontaneous nucleation on the interface of seed crystal and rack. The KDP crystals were fast grown at the growth rate of up to 25 mm/day. The optical scatter centers in KDP crystals were observed and their transmissions of different parts were measured. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of the germanate melilites Sr2MgGe2O7, Sr2ZnGe2O7 and Ba2ZnGe2O7
Authors: Becker P. , Held P. , Liebertz J. , Bohatý L.
Published: April 2009

Refractive indices and their dispersion in the wavelength range from 365 nm to 2325 nm and transmission ranges of the tetragonal melilite‐type germanates Sr2MgGe2O7, Sr2ZnGe2O7 and Ba2ZnGe2O7 were determined. The uniaxial positive crystals Sr2MgGe2O7 and Ba2ZnGe2O7 both offer the possibility for phase matched second harmonic generation, a detailed analysis of phase matching conditions is given. The refractive indices of Sr2ZnGe2O7 show an isoindex (isotropic) point at 467 nm. The investigation was performed on Czochralski grown large single crystals. The crystal structure of all three germanates were determined by means of X ‐ray diffraction. The results corroborate unmodulated melilite‐type structures at room temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cover Picture: Physicochemical Characterization of Subporphyrazines—Lower Subphthalocyanine Homologues (ChemSusChem 4/2009)
Authors: Rahman G. M. Aminur , Lüders Daniela , Rodríguez‐Morgade M. Salomé , Caballero Esmeralda , Torres Tomás , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: April 2009

The cover picture shows how light is reflected onto the Chicago Bean's surface, modulating its appearance as a function of the solar radiation and the surroundings. Likewise, the curve‐shaped subporphyrazines collect sunlight, giving rise to amazing light‐induced phenomena, and their peripheral substitution produces striking effects on their luminescence properties. In their Full Paper on page 330, D. M. Guldi, T. Torres and co‐workers describe the physicochemical characterization of subporphyrazines.

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Timing and duration of developmental nicotine exposure contribute to attenuation of the tadpole hypercapnic neuroventilatory response
Authors: Brundage Cord M. , Taylor Barbara E.
Published: April 2009

The ability for air‐breathing vertebrates to adjust ventilation in response to increased CO2(hypercapnia) is fundamental to maintaining pH homeostasis. Developmental nicotine exposure has been shown to impair tadpole neuroventilatory responses to hypercapnia following 8–12 weeks of exposure. It is not clear, however, to what extent the timing of exposure during development and/or the duration over which the exposure takes place contribute to this impairment. Here, tadpoles were exposed to 30 μg/L of nicotine for 3‐ or 10‐week durations, either early or late in tadpole development. Correlates of tadpole lung neuroventilation were monitored during normocapnic (1.5% CO2) and hypercapnic (5% CO2) conditions of isolated brainstems. Preparations derived from early metamorphic tadpoles failed to increase lung neuroventilation in response to hypercapnia whether they had been exposed to nicotine for 3 or 10 weeks. Preparations derived from late metamorphic tadpoles failed to respond to hypercapnia after being exposed to nicotine for 10 weeks. These results suggest that both the developmental timing and duration of exposure are important when considering nicotine's effect on the hypercapnic neuroventilatory response. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2009
Evaluation of composite electromagnetic wave absorber made of isolated Ni‐Zn ferrite or permalloy
Authors: Sakai Kenji , Hiraki Kiyohiro , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: April 2009

It has been found that if a composite material consists of a magnetic material isolated in a dielectric medium, the relative complex permeability of the composite material does not obey Lichtenecker's law, which is well known to explain the relative complex permeability and permittivity of composite materials. This characteristic leads to the absorption of electromagnetic wave power at frequencies above 1 GHz. We proposed an isolation model to simulate the frequency dependence of the relative complex permeability and developed a composite electromagnetic wave absorber made of ferrite–SiO2 or a permalloy–polystyrene system in which magnetic materials are isolated. The mechanical milling method was employed to isolate the magnetic material in the dielectric medium. Ni‐Zn ferrite particles could be isolated in the SiO2 medium and the measured values of the relative complex permeability were close to those calculated from the isolation model. Consequently, this absorber could absorb electromagnetic wave power in the frequency range from 1 to 3 GHz. Permalloy particles were also isolated in a polystyrene resin medium. The absorber made of permalloy and polystyrene resin exhibited good absorption characteristics in the frequency range between 3 and 8 GHz. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(5): 14–22, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10045
Finding the correspondence of audiovisual events by object manipulation
Authors: Nishibori Kento , Takeuchi Yoshinori , Matsumoto Tetsuya , Kudo Hiroaki , Ohnishi Noboru
Published: April 2009

A human being understands the objects in the environment by integrating information obtained by the senses of sight, hearing, and touch. In this integration, active manipulation of objects plays an important role. We propose a method for finding the correspondence of audiovisual events by manipulating an object. The method uses the general grouping rules in Gestalt psychology, that is, “simultaneity” and “similarity” among motion command, sound onsets, and motion of the object in images. In experiments, we used a microphone, a camera, and a robot which has a hand manipulator. The robot grasps an object like a bell and shakes it or grasps an object like a stick and beats a drum in a periodic, or nonperiodic motion. Then the object emits periodic/nonperiodic events. To create a more realistic scenario, we put another event source (a metronome) in the environment. As a result, we had a success rate of 73.8% in finding the correspondence between audiovisual events (afferent signal) which are related to robot motion (efferent signal). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(5): 1–13, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10087
Protection relaying scheme based on fault reactance operation type
Authors: Tsuji Kouichi
Published: April 2009

The theories of operation of existing relays are roughly divided into two types: the current differential type based on Kirchhoff's first law and the impedance type based on Kirchhoff's second law. We can use Kirchhoff's laws to rigorously formulate fault phenomena, so the circuit equations are represented as nonlinear simultaneous equations whose variables are the fault point k and the fault resistance Rf. This method has two defects: (1) a heavy computational burden in iterative calculation by the N‐R method and (2) the relay operator cannot easily understand the principle of numerical matrix operation. The new protection relay principles proposed in this paper focus on the fact that the reactance component at the fault point is close to zero. The reactances Xf(S) and Xf(R) at the ends of the branch are calculated by solution of linear equations. If the signs of Xf(S) and Xf(R) are not the same, it can be inferred that the fault point is located in the branch. This reactance Xf corresponds to the difference in branch reactance between the actual fault point and an imaginary fault point. Thus, the relay engineer can understand the fault location in terms of the concept of “distance.” Simulation results using this new method indicate that it can provide much more precise estimation of fault locations than those obtained by inspection of operating transmission lines. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(1): 29–40, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20720
A 6.6‐kV transformerless STATCOM based on a five‐level diode‐clamped converter. Experiments using a three‐phase laboratory model rated at 200 V and 10 kVA
Authors: Kondo Yosuke , Fujita Hideaki , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: April 2009

This paper discusses a 6.6‐kV transformerless STATCOM intended for installation on industrial and utility distribution systems in the near future. In addition, this paper provides experimental results obtained from a laboratory model rate at 200 V and 10 kVA. The authors propose such a control method as to superimpose a sixth harmonic zero‐sequence component on each of three‐phase voltage references. This helps to stabilize the voltage of the inner midpoint in the DC link. As a result, the laboratory model installs two bidirectional buck‐boost choppers on the DC link for the purpose of stabilizing the voltages of two outer midpoints. Experimental results obtained from the laboratory model verify the validity of the system design, giving promise of the viability of the 6.6‐kV transformerless STATCOM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 60–68, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20733
Elucidation of DC magnetic deviation in converter transformers used for a self‐commutated BTB system during single‐line‐to‐ground faults
Authors: Hagiwara Makoto , Viet Pham Phuong , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: April 2009

This paper deals with a 50‐MW self‐commutated BTB (Back‐To‐Back) system intended for power flow control between transmission networks. It focuses on the dynamic behavior of the BTB system during single‐line‐to‐ground (SLG) faults. During an SLG fault, a DC magnetic deviation appears in the converter transformers used for the BTB system just after the occurrence and restoration of the fault. It is indispensable to understand the magnitude of the deviation, because it may bring about magnetic saturation as well as subjecting the transformers to a large magnetizing current. This paper derives theoretical equations related to the deviation during the SLG fault. The theoretical analysis developed in this paper may make significant contributions to designing the transformers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 48–59, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20805
Improvement of heating characteristics of molybdenum silicide thin film electric heaters
Authors: Ito Yuki , Sato Masashi , Wakisaka Kenichi , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: April 2009

Molybdenum silicide (MoSi2) has an electrical conductivity as high as that of a metal, and greater chemical stability than that of, for example, SiC, in various atmospheres. Therefore, many kinds of MoSi2 bulk‐type heaters are used in practical operations up to 1800°C, which is higher than the temperature of SiC heaters. However, MoSi2 is fragile at room temperature and has low creep resistance at high temperature. The purpose of this study is to fabricate heaters using thin films of MoSi2 deposited on alumina substrates and crucibles by RF magnetron sputtering and to evaluate their characteristics. MoSi2 thin film was deposited on the outside of an alumina crucible without heating the substrate and then Pt wire was attached using a Pt paste with sintering in a vacuum. This MoSi2 thin film heater showed almost linear resistance–temperature (R–T) characteristics and a uniform heating state. It also showed good controllability of voltage and stability in the power–T characteristics for operations up to 1000°C. However, at a heating temperature of 1300°C, the heating area of MoSi2 thin film decreased because of the reaction between Pt and MoSi2 in the case of long‐term heating. Thus, Mo thin film was deposited as a buffer layer between Pt and MoSi2 thin film to prevent such a reaction. This thin film heater showed good linear R–T characteristics up to 1200°C. However, the temperature coefficient of resistance changed with repeated heating operation as a result of the diffusion of Mo atoms into MoSi2. Thus, a thin film heater was fabricated with Mo3Si, having a higher Mo content than MoSi2. This heater showed a low degree of diffusion of Mo or Pt atoms into the thin film and had excellent practical characteristics up to 1000°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 11–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20806
Principle and application of ball SAW devices
Authors: Yamanaka Kazushi , Nakaso Noritaka , Fukiura Takeshi , Youn Sim Dong
Published: April 2009

A thin beam of waves usually diverges due to diffraction, which is a limitation of any device using such waves. However, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) on a sphere with an appropriate aperture does not diverge but is collimated, realizing ultra‐multiple roundtrips along an equator of the sphere. This effect is caused by the balance between diffraction and focusing on a spherical surface, and it enables realization of high‐performance ball SAW sensors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(1): 41–51, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20817
Application of linear induction motor for tension supply and heating to thin sheet steel
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Fujisaki Keisuke
Published: April 2009

A linear induction motor to be able to achieve induction heating and tension in thin steel sheet treatment process is researched. The major problems in the application of the linear induction motor are meandering of thin steel sheet by the electromagnetic force in the normal direction, the heating characteristic, and the evaluation of the thrust force as a tension. As a result of the investigation of the frequency characteristic by means of electromagnetic FEM calculation, it is confirmed that the electromagnetic force in the normal direction which consists of repelling force caused by the magnetization and repulsive force caused by Lorentz force becomes almost zero at the crossover frequency. In this frequency, the temperature of the steel sheet at the front and back have almost the same distribution. Since the tension value converted from the thrust force is about 10% of experiment equipment, the linear induction motor is also useful for the auxiliary function of the tension roll. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 38–47, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20845
Evaluation of the degree of deterioration of circuit‐breaker insulators using chemical analysis and the Mahalanobis–Taguchi (MT) method
Authors: Miki Shinsuke , Okazawa Hiroshi , Inujima Hiroshi
Published: April 2009

We have developed a novel evaluation technique of the deterioration degree of insulators for breakers using a chemical analysis and the Mahalanobis–Taguchi (MT) method. It is possible to evaluate the deterioration degree with great accuracy and nondestructively on‐site by this technique without the effect of humidity and external noise such as electromagnetic waves. The mechanism of the insulator's surface resistivity reduction was clarified, and it was found that the deterioration degree of insulators could be evaluated by this technique because a linear relationship existed between the results judged by the MT method and the actual measurement results for the surface resistivity. In comparison to electrical methods, such as partial electric discharge and megohmmeters, the evaluation accuracy has been improved by three digits and the range of the deterioration degree that could be evaluated was expanded by seven digits. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(1): 11–20, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20849
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Non‐Hydrolyzable 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Linked Sialic Acid Derivatives as Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Authors: Weïwer Michel , Chen Chi‐Chang , Kemp Melissa M. , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: April 2009

α‐Sialic acid azide 1 has been used as a substrate for the efficient preparation of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives of sialic acid using the copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition (“click chemistry”). Our approach is to generate non‐natural N‐glycosides of sialic acid that are resistant to neuraminidase‐catalyzed hydrolysis as opposed to the natural O‐glycosides. These N‐glycosides would act as neuraminidase inhibitors to prevent the release of new virions. As a preliminary study, a small library of 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked sialic acid derivatives has been synthesized in 71–89 % yield. A disaccharide mimic of sialic acid has also been prepared using the α‐sialic acid azide 1 and a C‐8 propargyl sialic acid acceptor in 68 % yield. A model sialic acid coated dendrimer was also synthesized from a perpropargylated pentaerythritol acceptor. These novel sialic acid derivatives were then evaluated as potential neuraminidase inhibitors using a 96‐well plate fluorescence assay; micromolar IC50 values wereobserved, comparable to the known sialidase inhibitorNeu5Ac2en.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
New insight into suction and dilution effects in CE coupled to MS via an ESI interface. II – Dilution effect
Authors: Mokaddem Meriem , Gareil Pierre , Belgaied Jamel‐Eddine , Varenne Anne
Published: April 2009

The hyphenation of CE with MS is nowadays accepted as a powerful analytical approach. As far as ESI, the most common interface, is concerned, one challenge is to provide the most sensitive as well as quantitative information, which is quite a difficult task, as it is linked, among other factors, to suction and dilution effects. In the coaxial ESI configuration, it has been previously demonstrated that suction effect depends on many parameters inherent to the ESI interface geometry, the prevailing ones being the CE capillary protrusion from the interface needle, the sheath liquid (SL) and the overall BGE flow rates and velocity profile. In this paper, dilution effect is studied, as the CE electrolyte is mixed with SL at the interface. Considering peak intensity and efficiency, this effect was studied as a function of the various parameters of the interface (capillary protrusion from the SL tube, nebulizing gas, SL and CE electrolyte flow rates) or of the source (skimmer and ESI voltages, drying gas flow rate and temperature). It appears that the dilution effect seems slightly lower than what can be anticipated from the proportions of the liquid flow rates. This study also indicates that suction effect has to be considered first to better understand the dilution phenomenon, as suction effect leads to an increase in peak intensity, before a dilution effect appears.
Sphingomyelins as semi‐permanent capillary coatings for protein separations in CE and off‐line analysis with MALDI‐MS
Authors: Jurcic Kristina , Yeung Ken K.‐C.
Published: April 2009

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is one of the major phospholipids that make up the biological cell membrane. It was previously reported to form capillary inner wall coatings for CE. The zwitterionic head group of PC produced a neutral net‐charged bilayer, which was found effective in preventing wall adsorption of both cationic and anionic proteins [J. M. Cunliffe et al. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 776–783]. Another major membrane phospholipid that possesses a zwitterionic head group is sphingomyelin (SM). In this work, the novel characterization of SM on its effectiveness in capillary coating formation for CE separations of proteins and peptides was presented. Similar properties were observed between PC and SM, including their effects on the EOF, peak efficiencies, and migration time reproducibilities. SM appeared to be more readily soluble in aqueous solutions, and it was found equally effective as PC in facilitating protein separation. The main difference observed was their performances in delivering a peptide mixture for off‐line analysis with MALDI‐MS. Superior sample recovery was evident from the capillary coated with SM compared with that with PC. The number of peptides identified from a 1 ng/μL myglobin tryptic digest sample increased from 5 to 16 (42 and 69%, respectively in protein sequence coverage).
Analysis of melamine in milk powder by CZE using UV detection and hyphenation with ESI quadrupole/TOF MS detection
Authors: Klampfl Christian W. , Andersen Liisa , Haunschmidt Manuela , Himmelsbach Markus , Buchberger Wolfgang
Published: April 2009

An easy to employ method for the determination of melamine in milk powder samples using CZE with either UV or MS detection is presented. The separation capabilities of CZE allowed keeping sample preparation rather simple. Before analysis, milk powder samples were dissolved in water, de‐fatted with dichloromethane and diluted with ACN to precipitate the protein, filtrated and injected without further pretreatment. The developed CZE method allowed the determination of melamine in milk powder down to a level of 0.50 mg/kg using UV detection and 0.25 mg/kg when ESI quadrupole/TOF MS was employed for detection.
A comparative study of thermal aging of transformer insulation paper impregnated in natural ester and in mineral oil
Authors: Liao Ruijin , Liang Shuaiwei , Sun Caixin , Yang Lijun , Sun Huigang
Published: April 2009

Aging of two kinds of transformer insulation paper in natural ester is compared to that in conventional transformer oil (mineral oil). Sealed aging vessels containing copper, insulation paper (Kraft paper and thermally upgraded paper), and dielectric fluid (mineral oil and natural ester) were aged at 90, 110, and 130°C for 399, 371, and 329 days. Under the same aging condition, both the degree of polymerization (DP) and the leveling‐off degree of polymerization (LODP) for natural ester aged paper were higher than the ones for mineral oil aged paper, and the micro surface of natural ester aged paper was destroyed less seriously than that of the mineral oil aged paper. The aging time to reach LODP for natural ester aged paper was only 1/4 to 2/3 of that for mineral oil aged paper. When water content in natural ester for natural ester aged Kraft paper samples reached the maximum, acids concentration in natural ester increased abruptly. Water content in natural ester decreased in the whole aging process for natural ester aged thermally upgraded paper samples. Six physical and chemical mechanisms for the slower aging rate of natural ester aged paper are proposed. Evidence for transesterification between natural ester and paper was presented with infrared spectra instrument. Although the acids in natural ester were far more than in mineral oil, the natural ester can significantly slow the thermal aging of the paper. Three mechanisms of this abnormal phenomenon were presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical implementation of Aristov–Pukhnachev's formulation for axisymmetric viscous incompressible flows
Authors: Moshkin N. P. , Poochinapan K. , Christov C. I.
Published: April 2009

In the present work a finite‐difference technique is developed for the implementation of a new method proposed by Aristov and Pukhnachev
(Doklady Phys. 2004; 49(2):112–115) for modeling of the axisymmetric viscous incompressible fluid flows. A new function is introduced that is related to the pressure and a system similar to the vorticity/stream function formulation is derived for the cross‐flow. This system is coupled to an equation for the azimuthal velocity component. The scheme and the algorithm treat the equations for the cross‐flow as an inextricably coupled system, which allows one to satisfy two conditions for the stream function with no condition on the auxiliary function. The issue of singularity of the matrix is tackled by adding a small parameter in the boundary conditions. The scheme is thoroughly validated on grids with different resolutions.

The new numerical tool is applied to the Taylor flow between concentric rotating cylinders when the upper and lower lids are allowed to rotate independently from the inner cylinder, while the outer cylinder is held at rest. The phenomenology of this flow is adequately represented by the numerical model, including the hysteresis that takes place near certain specific values of the Reynolds number. Thus, the present results can be construed to demonstrate the viability of the new model. The success can be attributed to the adequate physical nature of the auxiliary function. The proposed technique can be used in the future for in‐depth investigations of the bifurcation phenomena in rotating flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic causal modeling for EEG and MEG
Authors: Kiebel Stefan J. , Garrido Marta I. , Moran Rosalyn , Chen Chun‐Chuan , Friston Karl J.
Published: April 2009

We present a review of dynamic causal modeling (DCM) for magneto‐ and electroencephalography (M/EEG) data. DCM is based on a spatiotemporal model, where the temporal component is formulated in terms of neurobiologically plausible dynamics. Following an intuitive description of the model, we discuss six recent studies, which use DCM to analyze M/EEG and local field potentials. These studies illustrate how DCM can be used to analyze evoked responses (average response in time), induced responses (average response in time‐frequency), and steady‐state responses (average response in frequency). Bayesian model comparison plays a critical role in these analyses, by allowing one to compare equally plausible models in terms of their model evidence. This approach might be very useful in M/EEG research; where correlations among spatial and neuronal model parameter estimates can cause uncertainty about which model best explains the data. Bayesian model comparison resolves these uncertainties in a principled and formal way. We suggest that DCM and Bayesian model comparison provides a useful way to test hypotheses about distributed processing in the brain, using electromagnetic data. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extranodal nasal‐type natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma masquerading as recalcitrant sinusitis
Authors: Paik Young S. , Liess Benjamin D. , Scheidt Troy D. , Ingram Ellis A. , Zitsch Robert P.
Published: April 2009

Background.

Extranodal nasal‐type natural killer (NK)/T‐cell lymphoma is a very uncommon disease process often mimicking refractory sinusitis. The diagnosis may be discovered after an extensive exclusion process. Careful immunohistochemical evaluation is crucial to differentiate NK/T‐cell lymphoma from other malignancies.

Methods and Results.

We describe a 46‐year‐old white man presenting with a 4‐month history of refractory sinusitis and new onset visual field loss in his right eye, right facial tingling, and pain. Examination revealed right periorbital edema and scleritis, and necrotic appearing turbinates with purulence and fibrinous debris. CT/MRI delineated extensive paranasal sinus involvement. Immunohistopathology demonstrated extranodal nasal‐type NK/T‐cell lymphoma. Additional radiography revealed widespread involvement.

Conclusion.

Severe recalcitrant sinusitis with orbital involvement may be the initial presentation of NK/T‐cell lymphoma. Ulcerative or necrotic lesions in the midline of the head and neck should raise concern for this disease. In addition to radiographic and laboratory testing, large biopsies should be taken for immunohistochemical analysis to achieve diagnosis and guide further management. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Approach and safety of comprehensive central compartment dissection in patients with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Clayman Gary L. , Shellenberger Thomas D. , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Edeiken Beth S. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Sellin Rena V. , Waguespack Steven G. , Roberts Dianna B. , Mishra Anupam , Sherman Steven I.
Published: April 2009

Background

Despite the generally favorable prognosis of patients with papillary thyroid cancers, 10‐year recurrence rates for patients with stage I to III disease is greater than 20%, with central compartment recurrences common among these recurrent sites.

Methods

This study is a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients treated by a single surgeon over an 18‐month period of time terminating in 2003.

Results

Sixty‐three patients underwent a comprehensive dissection of levels VI and VII for papillary thyroid carcinoma during this period. There was a female predominance of 2:1, with 48% of patients being greater than 45 years of age. The median number of lymph nodes identified was 16 (range, 3–52), with 7 (1–20) lymph nodes pathologically involved. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was present on presentation in 13% of patients and developed in an additional 5% following surgery. Although recurrent laryngeal paralysis was present on presentation among 8 (13%) of patients, no patients experienced paralysis of documented functioning recurrent laryngeal nerves or necessitated tracheotomy. Postoperative thyroglobulin levels were reduced to nondetectable in 71% of the informative cases. Over 60% of patients were discharged on their first postoperative day.

Conclusion

Bilateral paratracheal and superior mediastinal dissection is an oncologically safe procedure exhibiting minimal morbidity when performed among experienced individuals despite multiple prior surgical procedures or existing vocal cord paralysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009