Multidomain interventions: state-of-the-art and future directions for protocols to implement precision dementia risk reduction. A user manual for Brain Health Services—part 4 of 6
Authors: Solomon Alina , Stephen Ruth , Altomare Daniele , Carrera Emmanuel , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Kulmala Jenni , Molinuevo José Luis , Nilsson Peter , Ngandu Tiia , Ribaldi Federica , Vellas Bruno , Scheltens Philip , Kivipelto Miia ,   on behalf of the European Task Force for Brain Health Services, Abramowicz Marc , Altomare Daniele , Barkhof Frederik , Berthier Marcelo , Bieler Melanie , Blennow Kaj , Brayne Carol , Brioschi Andrea , Carrera Emmanuel , Chételat Gael , Csajka Chantal , Demonet Jean-François , Dodich Alessandra , Dubois Bruno , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Garibotto Valentina , Georges Jean , Hurst Samia , Jessen Frank , Kivipelto Miia , Llewellyn David , Mcwhirter Laura , Milne Richard , Minguillón Carolina , Miniussi Carlo , Molinuevo José Luis , Nilsson Peter M. , Ranson Janice , Ribaldi Federica , Ritchie Craig , Scheltens Philip , Solomon Alina , van Duijn Cornelia , van der Flier Wiesje , Vellas Bruno , Visser Leonie 
Published: October 2021

Although prevention of dementia and late-life cognitive decline is a major public health priority, there are currently no generally established prevention strategies or operational models for implementing such strategies into practice. This article is a narrative review of available evidence from multidomain dementia prevention trials targeting several risk factors and disease mechanisms simultaneously, in individuals without dementia at baseline. Based on the findings, we formulate recommendations for implementing precision risk reduction strategies into new services called Brain Health Services. A literature search was conducted using medical databases (MEDLINE via PubMed and SCOPUS) to select relevant studies: non-pharmacological multidomain interventions (i.e., combining two or more intervention domains), target population including individuals without dementia, and primary outcomes including cognitive/functional performance changes and/or incident cognitive impairment or dementia. Further literature searches covered the following topics: sub-group analyses assessing potential modifiers for the intervention effect on cognition in the multidomain prevention trials, dementia risk scores used as surrogate outcomes in multidomain prevention trials, dementia risk scores in relation to brain pathology markers, and cardiovascular risk scores in relation to dementia. Multidomain intervention studies conducted so far appear to have mixed results and substantial variability in target populations, format and intensity of interventions, choice of control conditions, and outcome measures. Most trials were conducted in high-income countries. The differences in design between the larger, longer-term trials that met vs. did not meet their primary outcomes suggest that multidomain intervention effectiveness may be dependent on a precision prevention approach, i.e., successfully identifying the at-risk groups who are most likely to benefit. One such successful trial has already developed an operational model for implementing the intervention into practice. Evidence on the efficacy of risk reduction interventions is promising, but not yet conclusive. More long-term multidomain randomized controlled trials are needed to fill the current evidence gaps, especially concerning low- and middle-income countries and integration of dementia prevention with existing cerebrovascular prevention programs. A precision risk reduction approach may be most effective for dementia prevention. Such an approach could be implemented in Brain Health Services.