bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OH populations and temperatures from simultaneous spectroscopic observations of 25 bands
Authors: Noll S. , Kausch W. , Kimeswenger S. , Unterguggenberger S. , Jones A. M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. OH rotational temperatures are widely used to derive mesopause temperatures and their variations. Since most data sets are only based on a fixed set of lines of a single band, it is important to know possible systematic uncertainties related to the choice of lines. Therefore, a comprehensive study of as many as possible OH bands is desirable. For this purpose, astronomical echelle spectrographs at large telescopes are the most suitable instruments. They offer a wide wavelength coverage, relatively high spectral resolution, and high sensitivity. Moreover, since each ground-based astronomical observation has an imprint of the Earth's atmosphere, the data archives of large astronomical facilities are a treasure for atmospheric studies. For our project, we used archival data of the medium-resolution X-shooter echelle spectrograph operated by the European Southern Observatory at Cerro Paranal in Chile. The instrument can simultaneously observe all OH bands that are accessible from ground. We reduced and analysed a set of 343 high-quality spectra taken between 2009 and 2013 to measure OH line intensities and to derive rotational and vibrational temperatures of 25 bands from OH(8-2) to OH(9-7). We studied the influence of the selected line set, OH band, upper vibrational level v′, and the molecular data on the derived level populations and temperatures. The rotational temperature results indicate differences by several degrees depending on the selection. There is a discrepancy for bands of even and odd v′, which increases with v′. A study of the temporal variations revealed that the v′ from to 2 to 9 show a clear trend in the change of the variability pattern. In particular, the spread of temperatures tends to increase during the night, and the time of the minimum temperature depends on v′. The vibrational temperatures depend on the range of v′ used for their determination, since the higher vibrational levels from 7 to 9 seem to be overpopulated compared to the lower levels. The vibrational temperature tends to increase during the night, while the intensity decreases. Our results support the assumption that the OH emission altitude depends on v′. Moreover, the emission layer appears to rise in the course of the night, which makes the OH thermalisation less efficient. The derived rotational temperatures and their change with v′ seem to be significantly affected by non-equilibrium populations.
Isotopic effects of nitrate photochemistry in snow: a field study at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Berhanu T. A. , Savarino J. , Erbland J. , Vicars W. C. , Preunkert S. , Martins J. F. , Johnson M. S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Stable isotope ratios of nitrate preserved in deep ice cores are expected to provide unique and valuable information regarding paleo-atmospheric processes. However, due to the post-depositional loss of nitrate in snow, this information may be erased or significantly modified by physical or photochemical processes before preservation in ice. We have investigated the role of solar UV photolysis in the post-depositional modification of nitrate mass and stable isotope ratios at Dome C, Antarctica during the austral summer of 2011/12. Two 30 cm snow pits were filled with homogenized drifted snow from the vicinity of the base. One of these pits was covered with a plexiglass plate that transmits solar UV radiation, while the other was covered with a different plexiglass plate having a low UV transmittance. Samples were then collected from each pit at a 2–5 cm depth resolution and a 10 day frequency. At the end of the season, a comparable nitrate mass loss was observed in both pits for the top-level samples (0–7 cm). At deeper levels (7–30 cm), a significant nitrate mass loss (ca. 30%) was observed in the UV-exposed pit relative to the control field. From the nitrate stable isotope ratios and concentration losses measured in the snow nitrate exposed to solar UV, we have derived average apparent isotopic fractionations (15ϵ,18ϵ and 17E) of −67.8 ± 12‰, 12.5 ± 6.7‰ and 2.2 ± 1.4‰ for δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O, respectively. These values are fairly stable throughout the season and are in close agreement with the apparent fractionations measured in natural snow at Dome C. Meanwhile, for the control samples in which solar UV was blocked, an apparent average 15ϵ value of −12.0 ± 1.7‰ was derived. The difference in the apparent 15ϵ values obtained for the two experimental fields strongly suggests that solar UV photolysis plays a dominant role in driving observed nitrate mass loss and resulting isotopic fractionation. We have also observed an insensitivity of 15ϵ with depth in the snowpack under the given experimental setup. This is due to the uniform attenuation of incoming solar UV by snow, as 15ϵ is strongly dependent on the shape of the incoming light flux. Together with earlier work, the results presented here represent a strong body of evidence that solar UV photolysis is the most relevant post-depositional process modifying the mass and stable isotope ratios of snow nitrate at low accumulation sites where most deep ice cores are drilled. Nevertheless, modeling the loss of nitrate in snow is still required before a robust interpretation of ice core records can be provided.
Black carbon reduction will weaken the aerosol net cooling effect
Authors: Wang Z. L. , Zhang H. , Zhang X. Y.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Black carbon (BC), a distinct type of carbonaceous material formed from the incomplete combustion of fossil and biomass based fuels under certain conditions, can interact with solar radiation and clouds through its strong light-absorption ability, thereby warming the Earth's climate system. Some studies have even suggested that global warming could be slowed down in a short term by eliminating BC emission due to its short lifetime. In this study, we estimate the influence of removing some sources of BC and other co-emitted species on the aerosol radiative effect by using an aerosol-climate coupled model BCC_AGCM2.0.1_CUACE/Aero, in combination with the aerosol emissions from the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. We find that the global annual mean aerosol net cooling effect at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) will be enhanced by 0.12 W m−2 compared with present-day conditions if the BC emission is reduced exclusively to the level projected for 2100 based on the RCP2.6 scenario. This will be beneficial for the mitigation of global warming. However, the global annual mean aerosol net cooling effect at the TOA will be weakened by 1.7–2.0 W m−2 relative to present-day conditions if emissions of BC and co-emitted sulfur dioxide and organic carbon are simultaneously reduced as the most close conditions to the actual situation to the level projected for 2100 in different ways based on the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. Because there are no effective ways to remove the BC exclusively without influencing the other co-emitted components, our results therefore indicate that a reduction in BC emission can lead to an unexpected warming on the Earth's climate system in the future.
Robust, spatially scanning, open-path TDLAS hygrometer using retro-reflective foils for fast tomographic 2-D water vapour concentration field measurements
Authors: Seidel A. , Wagner S. , Dreizler A. , Ebert V.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We have developed a fast, spatially direct scanning tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (dTDLAS) that combines four polygon-mirror based scanning units with low-cost retro-reflective foils. With this instrument, tomographic measurements of absolute 2-D water vapour concentration profiles are possible without any calibration using a reference gas. A spatial area of 0.8 m × 0.8 m was covered, which allows for application in soil physics, where greenhouse gas emission from certain soil structures shall be monitored. The whole concentration field was measured with up to 2.5 Hz. In this paper, we present the setup and spectroscopic performance of the instrument regarding the influence of the polygon rotation speed and mode on the absorption signal. Homogeneous H2O distributions were measured and compared to a single channel, bi-static reference TDLAS spectrometer for validation of the instrument. Good accuracy and precision with errors of less than 6% of the absolute concentration and length and bandwidth normalized detection limits of up to 1.1 ppmv · m · √Hz−1 were achieved. The spectrometer is a robust and easy to set up instrument for tomographic reconstructions of 2-D-concentration fields that can be considered a good basis for future field measurements in environmental research.
Limpets counteract ocean acidification induced shell corrosion by thickening of aragonitic shell layers
Authors: Langer G. , Nehrke G. , Baggini C. , Rodolfo-Metalpa R. , Hall-Spencer J. M. , Bijma J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Specimens of the patellogastropod limpet Patella caerulea were collected within (pHlow-shells) and outside (pHn-shells) a CO2 vent site at Ischia, Italy. Four pHlow-shells and four pHn-shells were sectioned transversally and scanned for polymorph distribution by means of confocal Raman microscopy. The pHlow-shells displayed a twofold increase in aragonite area fraction and size-normalised aragonite area. Size-normalised calcite area was halved in pHlow-shells. Taken together with the increased apical and the decreased flank size-normalised thickness of the pHlow-shells, these data led us to conclude that low-pH-exposed P. caerulea specimens counteract shell dissolution by enhanced shell production. This is different from normal elongation growth and proceeds through addition of aragonitic parts only, while the production of calcitic parts is confined to elongation growth. Therefore, aragonite cannot be regarded as a disadvantageous polymorph per se under ocean acidification conditions.
Effects of CO2 and iron availability on rbcL gene expression in Bering Sea diatoms
Authors: Endo H. , Sugie K. , Yoshimura T. , Suzuki K.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Iron (Fe) can limit phytoplankton productivity in approximately 40% of the global ocean, including high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters. However, there is little information available on the impact of CO2-induced seawater acidification on natural phytoplankton assemblages in HNLC regions. We therefore conducted an on-deck experiment manipulating CO2 and Fe using Fe-deficient Bering Sea waters during the summer of 2009. The concentrations of CO2 in the incubation bottles were set at 380 and 600 ppm in the non-Fe-added (control) bottles and 180, 380, 600, and 1000 ppm in the Fe-added bottles. The phytoplankton assemblages were primarily composed of diatoms followed by haptophytes in all incubation bottles as estimated by pigment signatures throughout the 7 day incubation period. At the end of incubation, the relative contributions of diatoms to chlorophyll a biomass decreased significantly with increased CO2 levels in the controls, whereas minimal changes were found in the Fe-added treatments. These results indicate that, under Fe-deficient conditions, the growth of diatoms was negatively affected by the increase in CO2 availability. To confirm this, we estimated the expression and phylogeny of rbcL (which encodes the large subunit of RubisCO) mRNA in diatoms by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and clone library techniques, respectively. Interestingly, regardless of Fe availability, the expression and diversity of rbcL cDNA decreased in the high CO2 treatments (600 and 1000 ppm). The present study suggests that the projected future increase in seawater pCO2 could reduce the RubisCO activity of diatoms, resulting in a decrease in primary productivity and a shift in the food web structure of the Bering Sea.
Multiscale monsoon variability during the last two climatic cycles inferred from Chinese loess and speleothem records
Authors: Li Y. , Su N. , Liang L. , Ma L. , Yan Y. , Sun Y.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The East Asian Monsoon exhibits a significant variability on timescales ranging from tectonic to centennial as inferred from Chinese loess, stalagmite and marine records. However, the relative contributions and plausible driving forces of the signals at different timescales remain poorly investigated. Here, we spectrally decompose time series data on loess grain size and speleothem δ18O records over the last two climatic cycles and correlate the decomposed components with possible driving parameters including the ice volume, insolation and North Atlantic cooling. Based on the spectral analysis of these two proxies, we tentatively identified six components of the signals corresponding to various forcing of ice volume (> 50 kyr), obliquity (50–30 kyr), precession (30–9 kyr), North Atlantic cooling (9–3 kyr and 3–1 kyr), and a centennial residual. The relative contributions of each component differ significantly between loess grain size and speleothem δ18O records. Glacial and orbital components are dominant in the loess grain size, which implies that both ice volume and insolation have distinctive impacts on the winter monsoon variability in contrast to the predominant precession impact on the summer monsoon patterns. Moreover, the millennial components are evident with variances of 11 and 16% in the loess grain size and speleothem δ18O records, respectively. A comparison of the millennial-scale signals in these two proxies reveals that abrupt changes in the winter and summer monsoons over the last 260 kyr share common features and similar driving forces linked to high-latitude Northern Hemisphere climate.
Accelerating the spin-up of the coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle model in CLM4
Authors: Fang Y. , Liu C. , Leung L. R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The commonly adopted biogeochemistry spin-up process in earth system model is to run the model for hundreds to thousands of years subject to periodic atmospheric forcing to reach dynamic steady state of the carbon-nitrogen (CN) models. A variety of approaches have been proposed to reduce the computation time of the spin-up process. Significant improvement in computational efficiency has been made recently. However, a long simulation time is still required to reach the common convergence criteria of the coupled carbon/nitrogen model. A gradient projection method was proposed and used to further reduce the computation time after examining the trend of the dominant carbon pools. The Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with carbon and nitrogen component was used in this study. From point scale simulations we found that the method can reduce the computation time by 20–69% compared to the fastest approach in the literature. We also found that the cyclic stability of total carbon for some cases differs from that of the periodic atmospheric forcing, and some cases even showed instability. Close examination showed that one case has a carbon periodicity much longer than that of the atmospheric forcing due to the annual fire disturbance that is longer than half a year. The rest was caused by the instability of water table calculation in the hydrology model of CLM4. The instability issue is resolved after we replaced the hydrology scheme in CLM4 with a low model for variably saturated porous media.
A comparison of interpolation methods on the basis of data obtained from a bathymetric survey of Lake Vrana, Croatia
Authors: Šiljeg A. , Lozić S. , Šiljeg S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The bathymetric survey of Lake Vrana included a wide range of activities that were performed in several different stages, in accordance with the standards set by the International Hydrographic Organization. The survey was conducted using an integrated measuring system which consisted of three main parts: a single-beam sonar Hydrostar 4300, GPS devices Ashtech Promark 500 – base, and a Thales Z-Max – rover. A total of 12 851 points were gathered. In order to find continuous surfaces necessary for analysing the morphology of the bed of Lake Vrana, it was necessary to approximate values in certain areas that were not directly measured, by using an appropriate interpolation method. The main aims of this research were as follows: to compare the efficiency of 16 different interpolation methods, to discover the most appropriate interpolators for the development of a raster model, to calculate the surface area and volume of Lake Vrana, and to compare the differences in calculations between separate raster models. The best deterministic method of interpolation was ROF multi-quadratic, and the best geostatistical, ordinary cokriging. The mean quadratic error in both methods measured less than 0.3 m. The quality of the interpolation methods was analysed in 2 phases. The first phase used only points gathered by bathymetric measurement, while the second phase also included points gathered by photogrammetric restitution. The first bathymetric map of Lake Vrana in Croatia was produced, as well as scenarios of minimum and maximum water levels. The calculation also included the percentage of flooded areas and cadastre plots in the case of a 2 m increase in the water level. The research presented new scientific and methodological data related to the bathymetric features, surface area and volume of Lake Vrana.
The use of FLO2D numerical code in lahar hazard evaluation at Popocatépetl volcano: a 2001 lahar scenario
Authors: Caballero L. , Capra L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Lahar modeling represents an excellent tool for designing hazard maps. It allows the definition of potential inundation zones for different lahar magnitude scenarios and sediment concentrations. Here, we present the results obtained for the 2001 syneruptive lahar at Popocatépetl volcano, based on simulations performed with FLO2D software. An accurate delineation of this event is needed, since it is one of the possible scenarios considered if magmatic activity increases its magnitude. One of the main issues for lahar simulation using FLO2D is the calibration of the input hydrograph and rheological flow properties. Here, we verified that geophone data can be properly calibrated by means of peak discharge calculations obtained by the superelevation method. Digital elevation model resolution also resulted as an important factor in defining the reliability of the simulated flows. Simulation results clearly show the influence of sediment concentrations and rheological properties on lahar depth and distribution. Modifying rheological properties during lahar simulation strongly affects lahar distribution. More viscous lahars have a more restricted aerial distribution and thicker depths, and resulting velocities are noticeably smaller. FLO2D proved to be a very successful tool for delimitating lahar inundation zones as well as generating different lahar scenarios not only related to lahar volume or magnitude, but also taking into account different sediment concentrations and rheologies widely documented as influencing lahar-prone areas.
Characterisation of the magmatic signature in gas emissions from Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica
Authors: Moussallam Y. , Peters N. , Ramírez C. , Oppenheimer C. , Aiuppa A. , Giudice G.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The equilibrium composition of volcanic gases with their magma is often overprinted by interaction with a shallow hydrothermal system. Identifying the magmatic signature of volcanic gases is critical to relate their composition to properties of the magma (temperature, fO2, gas-melt segregation depth). We report measurements of the chemical composition and flux of the major gas species emitted from Turrialba Volcano during March 2013. Measurements were made of two vents in the summit region, one of which opened in 2010 and the other in 2012. We determined an average SO2 flux of 5.2 ± 1.9 kg s-1 using scanning ultraviolet spectroscopy, and molar proportions of H2O, CO2, SO2, HCl, CO and H2 gases of 94.16, 4.03, 1.56, 0.23, 0.003 and 0.009% respectively by open-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and a multi-species gas-sensing system. Together, these data imply fluxes of 88, 8, 0.44, 5 × 10-3 and 1 × 10-3 kg s-1 for H2O, CO2, HCl, CO and H2 respectively. Although H2S was detected, its concentration could not be resolved. HF was not detected. The chemical signature of the gas from both vents was found to be broadly similar. Following the opening of the 2010 and 2012 vents we found limited to negligible interaction of the magmatic gas with the hydrothermal system has occurred and the gas composition of the volcanic plume is broadly representative of equilibrium with the magma. The time evolution of the gas composition, the continuous emission of large quantities of SO2, and the physical evolution of the summit area with new vent openings and more frequent eruptions all point towards a continuous drying of the hydrothermal system at Turrialba's summit at an apparently increasing rate.
Elevation dependency of mountain snow depth
Authors: Grünewald T. , Bühler Y. , Lehning M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Elevation strongly affects quantity and distribution patterns of precipitation and snow. Positive elevation gradients were identified by many studies, usually based on data from sparse precipitation stations or snow depth measurements. We present a systematic evaluation of the elevation–snow depth relationship. We analyse areal snow depth data obtained by remote sensing for seven mountain sites near to the time of the maximum seasonal snow accumulation. Snow depths were averaged to 100 m elevation bands and then related to their respective elevation level. The assessment was performed at three scales: (i) the complete data sets (10 km scale), (ii) sub-catchments (km scale) and (iii) slope transects (100 m scale). We show that most elevation–snow depth curves at all scales are characterised through a single shape. Mean snow depths increase with elevation up to a certain level where they have a distinct peak followed by a decrease at the highest elevations. We explain this typical shape with a generally positive elevation gradient of snow fall that is modified by the interaction of snow cover and topography. These processes are preferential deposition of precipitation and redistribution of snow by wind, sloughing and avalanching. Furthermore, we show that the elevation level of the peak of mean snow depth correlates with the dominant elevation level of rocks (if present).
Brief Communication: 2014 velocity and flux for five major Greenland outlet glaciers using ImGRAFT and Landsat-8
Authors: Messerli A. , Karlsson N. B. , Grinsted A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This study presents average velocity fields, mass flux estimates and central flowline profiles for five major Greenland outlet glaciers; Jakobshavn Isbræ, Nioghalvfjerdsbræ, Kangerdlugssuaq, Helheim and Petermann glaciers, spanning the period (August) 2013–(September) 2014. The results are produced by the feature tracking toolbox, ImGRAFT using Landsat-8, panchromatic data. The resulting velocity fields agree with the findings of existing studies. Furthermore, our results show an unprecedented speed of over 50 m day−1 at Jakobshavn Isbræ as it continues to retreat. All the processed data will be freely available for download at http://imgraft.glaciology.net.
Development and Practice of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Kenya
Authors: Kariuki Francis , Muthoni Linet
Published: December 2014

Development and Practice of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Kenya

ADR in Kenya is traceable to the pre-colonial era. Before colonial rule, African communities applied traditional justice systems in the resolution of disputes. Some of these traditional justice systems are what are formally called ADR. It is through the imposition of formal justice systems by the British that certain ADR mechanisms were recognised in Kenya. In recent times, ADR is one of the commonly used avenues in accessing justice in Kenya. ADR in Kenya is growing at an unprecedented rate courtesy of its recognition in law, inaccessibility of courts and tribunals, backlog of cases and increased commercial activities requiring the use of ADR processes. Consequently, there are efforts by government and the private sector aimed at promoting ADR in Kenya. These efforts suggest that the future of ADR in Kenya is promising. In this article, the authors discuss the growth, development and practice of ADR in Kenya highlighting some of the likely challenges and opportunities in its use.
Een onderzoek naar reflexiviteit bij conflictmanagement
Authors: Demeyere Luc
Published: December 2014

Research on Reflexivity in Conflict Management

Managing commercial conflicts requires reflexivity: the description of the conflict influences the manner in which the conflict is handled, and changing this description may influence this approach and the desirable outcome. The Belgian law firm contrast was curious to find out more of different parameters influencing the manner in which a conflict is handled. It developed an in-dept questionnaire and submitted it to 40 participants. The findings of this research are commented.
Residual characteristics of HCHs and DDTs in soil and dust of some parks in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Khureldavaa O , He Jiang , Hou Dekun , Zhang Ruiqing , Zhang Fujing , Oyuntsetseg D , Ganbaatar J
Published: December 2014

The residual characteristics of HCHs and DDTs in park soils and dusts in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were determined by GC-ECD to evaluate their potential pollution risk. The residual concentrations of total HCHs and DDTs in the park soil samples were ranged in 11.36-53.14 ng·g-1 and 11.96-24.70 ng·g-1 while it was ranged in 32.28-92.68 ng·g-1 and 13.45-24.41 ng·g-1 in the park dust samples, respectively. We have studied the ratio of α-HCH/γ-HCH in order to determine pollution sources which may come from either technical HCHs or lindane. The study revealed that concentration of DDTs in soil has direct correlation on usage rate of the dicofol and technical DDT in the sampling area. The soil pollution assessments based on the single pollution index of HCHs and DDTs indicated that Ulaanbaatar city’s park soil and dust were not polluted with these compounds.The single pollution index of HCHs reached to 1.85 in A park dust samples，indicating the park dust environment was potentially polluted. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.315 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p15-20
Dissolution behavior of copper concentrate in acidic media using nitrate ions
Authors: Narangarav T , Nyamdelger Sh , Ariunaa G , Azzaya T , Burmaa G
Published: December 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the dissolution process of copper concentrate using sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium under various controlling parameters, including dissolution temperature, time, particle size, solid/liquid (S/L) ratio and concentration of NaNO3 and H2SO4. The thermodynamic probability of mineral dissolution (CuFeS2, Cu2S, CuS, FeS2) reaction in the concentrate was estimated by standard Gibbs energy. The activation energy (Ea) for the dissolution of copper concentrate was calculated as 15.96kJ/mol. Batch experimental results show that about 89.9% of copper in the intact concentrate have been leached and it increased to 96.5% at the fraction with <25.4mm particle size. Copper leaching rate has direct correlation with increase in time, temperature, solid/liquid (S/L) ratio and H2SO4 concentration. The XRD and XRF analyses of the solid residue after leaching revealed the presence of elemental sulfur.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.328 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p79-84
Preparatory behaviours and condom use during receptive and insertive anal sex among male‐to‐female transgenders (Waria) in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Prabawanti Ciptasari , Dijkstra Arie , Riono Pandu , Hartana Tb Gagan
Published: December 2014

Introduction

The male‐to‐female transgender (waria) is part of a key population at higher risk for HIV. This study aims to test whether psychosocial determinants as defined by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can explain behaviours related to condom use among waria. Three preparatory behaviours (getting, carrying, and offering a condom) and two condom use behaviours (during receptive and insertive anal sex) were assessed.

Methods

The study involved 209 waria, recruited from five districts in Jakarta and interviewed by using structured questionnaires. Specific measures were developed to study attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) in order to predict intentions and behaviours.

Results

The explained variance between intentions with regard to three preparatory behaviours and two condom uses ranged between 30 and 57%, and the variance between the actual preparatory behaviours of three preparatory and two condom uses ranged between 21 and 42%. In our study, as with several previous studies of the TPB on HIV protection behaviours, the TPB variables differed in their predictive power. With regard to intention, attitude and PBC were consistently significant predictors; attitude was the strongest predictor of intention for all three preparatory behaviours, and PBC was the strongest predictor of intention for condom use, both during receptive and insertive anal sex. TPB variables were also significantly related to the second parameter of future behaviour: actual (past) behaviour. TPB variables were differentially related to the five behaviours. Attitude was predictive in three behaviours, PBC in three behaviours and subjective norms in two behaviours.

Conclusions

Our results have implications for the development of interventions to target preparatory behaviours and condom use behaviours. Five behaviours and three psychological factors as defined in the TPB are to be targeted.
A new technique for remote sensing of O2 density from 140 to 180 km
Authors: Hecht James H. , Christensen Andrew B. , Yee Jeng‐Hwa , Crowley Geoff , Bishop Rebeeca L. , Budzien Scott A. , Stephan Andrew W. , Evans J. Scott
Published: December 2014

Observations of molecular oxygen are difficult to make in the Earth's atmosphere between 140 and 200 km altitude. Perhaps the most accurate measurements to date have been obtained from satellite instruments that measure solar occultations of the limb. These do provide height‐resolved O2 density measurements, but the nature of this technique is such that the temporal/spatial distribution of the measurements is uneven. Here a new space‐based technique is described that utilizes two bright dayglow emissions, the (0,0) transition of the O2 atmospheric band and the O I (630 nm), to derive the height‐resolved O2 density from 140 to 180 km. Data from the Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System, which was placed on the International Space Station in late 2009, are used to illustrate this technique. The O2 density results for periods in May 2010 that were geomagnetically quiet and disturbed are compared to model predictions.
Lagrangian measurements of incipient motion in oscillatory flows
Authors: Frank Donya , Foster Diane , Sou In Mei , Calantoni Joseph , Chou Pai
Published: December 2014

Incipient motion of coarse gravel‐sized sediment was investigated under a range of oscillatory flows. This article examines the relative significance of shear stresses and pressure gradients in triggering motion, which was directly measured with electronic Smart Sediment Grains (SSGs). The data suggest that incipient motion was induced by the pressure gradients in flows with large accelerations, by the shear stresses in flows with low accelerations and greater shear, and by the combined effects in intermediate flows. A modified incipient motion criterion was evaluated accounting for the combined effects of the shear stresses and pressure gradients, which may be more widely applicable in the marine environment.
Materials and Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Electronics Capable of Chemical Dissolution on Demand
Authors: Lee Chi Hwan , Jeong Jae‐Woong , Liu Yuhao , Zhang Yihui , Shi Yan , Kang Seung‐Kyun , Kim Jeonghyun , Kim Jae Soon , Lee Na Yeon , Kim Bong Hoon , Jang Kyung‐In , Yin Lan , Kim Min Ku , Banks Anthony , Paik Ungyu , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A.
Published: December 2014

Electronics that are capable of destroying themselves, on demand and in a harmless way, might provide the ultimate form of data security. This paper presents materials and device architectures for triggered destruction of conventional microelectronic systems by means of microfluidic chemical etching of the constituent materials, including silicon, silicon dioxide, and metals (e.g., aluminum). Demonstrations in an array of home‐built metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors that exploit ultrathin sheets of monocrystalline silicon and in radio‐frequency identification devices illustrate the utility of the approaches.
Einblicke in die Pamamycin‐Biosynthese
Authors: Rebets Yuriy , Brötz Elke , Manderscheid Niko , Tokovenko Bogdan , Myronovskyi Maksym , Metz Peter , Petzke Lutz , Luzhetskyy Andriy
Published: December 2014

Pamamycine sind Makrodiolide polyketider Herkunft, die antibakteriell wirken. Es wurde postuliert, dass ihre Biosynthese Succinat als Baustein verwendet. Jedoch war der Mechanismus des Succinat‐Einbaus in ein Polyketid unklar. Hier berichten wir über die Identifizierung eines Pamamycin‐Biosynthese‐Genclusters durch Vergleich der Genome zweier Pamamycin‐produzierender Stämme. Dieses einzigartige Cluster enthält Polyketid‐Biosynthese(PKS)‐Gene, die für sieben verschiedene Ketosynthase(KS)‐Enzyme codieren und ein Gen, das ein Acyl‐Transporter‐Protein (ACP) codiert. Ein Cosmid, welches das vollständige Set an Genen zur Pamamycin‐Biosynthese trägt, wurde erfolgreich in einem heterologen Wirt exprimiert. Genetische und biochemische Studien führten zur vollständigen Aufklärung der Pamamycin‐Biosynthese. Diese führt über 3‐Oxoadipyl‐CoA, ein Schlüsselintermediat des Abbaus von aromatischen Verbindungen des Primärstoffwechsels, das in der Polyketid‐Synthese den Einbau von Succinat ermöglichen könnte.
Krebs Cycle Metabolon: Structural Evidence of Substrate Channeling Revealed by Cross‐Linking and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wu Fei , Minteer Shelley
Published: December 2014

It has been hypothesized that the high metabolic flux in the mitochondria is due to the self‐assembly of enzyme supercomplexes (called metabolons) that channel substrates from one enzyme to another, but there has been no experimental confirmation of this structure or the channeling. A structural investigation of enzyme organization within the Krebs cycle metabolon was accomplished by in vivo cross‐linking and mass spectrometry. Eight Krebs cycle enzyme components were isolated upon chemical fixation, and interfacial residues between mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and aconitase were identified. Using constraint protein docking, a low‐resolution structure for the three‐enzyme complex was achieved, as well as the two‐fold symmetric octamer. Surface analysis showed formation of electrostatic channeling upon protein–protein association, which is the first structural evidence of substrate channeling in the Krebs cycle metabolon.
Synthesis of Air‐Stable, Volatile Uranium(IV) and (VI) Compounds and Their Gas‐Phase Conversion To Uranium Oxide Films
Authors: Appel Linus , Leduc Jennifer , Webster Christopher L. , Ziller Joseph W. , Evans William J. , Mathur Sanjay
Published: December 2014

Four air‐stable, volatile uranium heteroarylalkenolates have been synthesized and characterized by three synthetic approaches and their gas phase deposition to uranium oxide films has been examined.
A Highly Selective Copper–Indium Bimetallic Electrocatalyst for the Electrochemical Reduction of Aqueous CO2 to CO
Authors: Rasul Shahid , Anjum Dalaver H. , Jedidi Abdesslem , Minenkov Yury , Cavallo Luigi , Takanabe Kazuhiro
Published: December 2014

The challenge in the electrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide is in designing a highly selective, energy‐efficient, and non‐precious‐metal electrocatalyst that minimizes the competitive reduction of proton to form hydrogen during aqueous CO2 conversion. A non‐noble metal electrocatalyst based on a copper‐indium (Cu‐In) alloy that selectively converts CO2 to CO with a low overpotential is reported. The electrochemical deposition of In on rough Cu surfaces led to Cu‐In alloy surfaces. DFT calculations showed that the In preferentially located on the edge sites rather than on the corner or flat sites and that the d‐electron nature of Cu remained almost intact, but adsorption properties of neighboring Cu was perturbed by the presence of In. This preparation of non‐noble metal alloy electrodes for the reduction of CO2 provides guidelines for further improving electrocatalysis.
Live‐Cell Imaging of Endogenous mRNAs with a Small Molecule
Authors: Sato Shin‐ichi , Watanabe Mizuki , Katsuda Yousuke , Murata Asako , Wang Dan Ohtan , Uesugi Motonari
Published: December 2014

Determination of subcellular localization and dynamics of mRNA is increasingly important to understanding gene expression. A new convenient and versatile method is reported that permits spatiotemporal imaging of specific non‐engineered RNAs in living cells. The method uses transfection of a plasmid encoding a gene‐specific RNA aptamer, combined with a cell‐permeable synthetic small molecule, the fluorescence of which is restored only when the RNA aptamer hybridizes with its cognitive mRNA. The method was validated by live‐cell imaging of the endogenous mRNA of β‐actin. Application of the technology to mRNAs of a total of 84 human cytoskeletal genes allowed us to observe cellular dynamics of several endogenous mRNAs including arfaptin‐2, cortactin, and cytoplasmic FMR1‐interacting protein 2. The RNA‐imaging technology and its further optimization might permit live‐cell imaging of any RNA molecules.
Synthesis and Platinum Complexes of an Alane‐Appended 1,1′‐Bis(phosphino)ferrocene Ligand
Authors: Cowie Bradley E. , Tsao Fu An , Emslie David J. H.
Published: December 2014

An aryldimethylalane‐appended analogue of 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, FcPPAl, was prepared, and reaction with [Pt(nb)3] (nb=norbornene) afforded [Pt(η2‐nb)(FcPPAl)] (1). Heating a solution of 1 to 80 °C resulted in crystallization of [{Pt(FcPPAl)}2] (2), whereas treatment of 1 with C2H4, C2Ph2, H2, or CO provided [PtL(FcPPAl)] [L=C2H4 (3), C2Ph2 (4)], [PtH2(FcPPAl)] (5), and [Pt(CO)(FcPPAl)] (6). In all complexes, the FcPPAl ligand is coordinated through both phosphines and the alane. Whereas 2 adopts a T‐shaped geometry at platinum, 3–5 are square‐pyramidal, and 6 is distorted square‐planar. The hydride and carbonyl complexes feature unusual multicenter bonding involving platinum, aluminum, and a hydride or carbonyl ligand.
On the use of partial area under the ROC curve for comparison of two diagnostic tests
Authors: Ma Hua , Bandos Andriy I. , Gur David
Published: December 2014

Evaluation of diagnostic performance is typically based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) as its summary index. The partial area under the curve (pAUC) is an alternative index focusing on the range of practical/clinical relevance. One of the problems preventing more frequent use of the pAUC is the perceived loss of efficiency in cases of noncrossing ROC curves. In this paper, we investigated statistical properties of comparisons of two correlated pAUCs. We demonstrated that outside of the classic model there are practically reasonable ROC types for which comparisons of noncrossing concave curves would be more powerful when based on a part of the curve rather than the entire curve. We argue that this phenomenon stems in part from the exclusion of noninformative parts of the ROC curves that resemble straight‐lines. We conducted extensive simulation studies in families of binormal, straight‐line, and bigamma ROC curves. We demonstrated that comparison of pAUCs is statistically more powerful than comparison of full AUCs when ROC curves are close to a “straight line”. For less flat binormal ROC curves an increase in the integration range often leads to a disproportional increase in pAUCs’ difference, thereby contributing to an increase in statistical power. Thus, efficiency of differences in pAUCs of noncrossing ROC curves depends on the shape of the curves, and for families of ROC curves that are nearly straight‐line shaped, such as bigamma ROC curves, there are multiple practical scenarios in which comparisons of pAUCs are preferable.
Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bower Julienne E. , Crosswell Alexandra D. , Stanton Annette L. , Crespi Catherine M. , Winston Diana , Arevalo Jesusa , Ma Jeffrey , Cole Steve W. , Ganz Patricia A.
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Premenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer are at risk for psychological and behavioral disturbances after cancer treatment. Targeted interventions are needed to address the needs of this vulnerable group.

METHODS

This randomized trial provided the first evaluation of a brief, mindfulness‐based intervention for younger breast cancer survivors designed to reduce stress, depression, and inflammatory activity. Women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer at or before age 50 who had completed cancer treatment were randomly assigned to a 6‐week Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPS) intervention group (n = 39) or to a wait‐list control group (n = 32). Participants completed questionnaires before and after the intervention to assess stress and depressive symptoms (primary outcomes) as well as physical symptoms, cancer‐related distress, and positive outcomes. Blood samples were collected to examine genomic and circulating markers of inflammation. Participants also completed questionnaires at a 3‐month follow‐up assessment.

RESULTS

In linear mixed models, the MAPS intervention led to significant reductions in perceived stress (P = .004) and marginal reductions in depressive symptoms (P = .094), as well as significant reductions in proinflammatory gene expression (P = .009) and inflammatory signaling (P = .001) at postintervention. Improvements in secondary outcomes included reduced fatigue, sleep disturbance, and vasomotor symptoms and increased peace and meaning and positive affect (P < .05 for all). Intervention effects on psychological and behavioral measures were not maintained at the 3‐month follow‐up assessment, although reductions in cancer‐related distress were observed at that assessment.

CONCLUSIONS

A brief, mindfulness‐based intervention demonstrated preliminary short‐term efficacy in reducing stress, behavioral symptoms, and proinflammatory signaling in younger breast cancer survivors. Cancer 2015;121:1231–1240. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A phenomenological particle‐based platelet model for simulating filopodia formation during early activation
Authors: Pothapragada Seetha , Zhang Peng , Sheriff Jawaad , Livelli Mark , Slepian Marvin J. , Deng Yuefan , Bluestein Danny
Published: December 2014

We developed a phenomenological three‐dimensional platelet model to characterize the filopodia formation observed during early stage platelet activation. Departing from continuum mechanics based approaches, this coarse‐grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) particle‐based model can deform to emulate the complex shape change and filopodia formation that platelets undergo during activation. The platelet peripheral zone is modeled with a two‐layer homogeneous elastic structure represented by spring‐connected particles. The structural zone is represented by a cytoskeletal assembly comprising of a filamentous core and filament bundles supporting the platelet's discoid shape, also modeled by spring‐connected particles. The interior organelle zone is modeled by homogeneous cytoplasm particles that facilitate the platelet deformation. Nonbonded interactions among the discrete particles of the membrane, the cytoskeletal assembly, and the cytoplasm are described using the Lennard–Jones potential with empirical constants. By exploring the parameter space of this CGMD model, we have successfully simulated the dynamics of varied filopodia formations. Comparative analyses of length and thickness of filopodia show that our numerical simulations are in agreement with experimental measurements of flow‐induced activated platelets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal experience as adult learner, business acumen lead to program improvement
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: December 2014

Each time Christina Trombley returned to college to further her education, new career opportunities opened up.
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Authors: Mizuta Ken , Sakabe Masahide , Hashimoto Aya , Ioka Tomoko , Sakai Chihiro , Okumura Kazuki , Hattammaru Miwa , Fujita Masahide , Araki Mutsumi , Somekawa Satoshi , Saito Yoshihiko , Nakagawa Osamu
Published: December 2014

Background: Endothelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) is essential for endocardial cushion formation during cardiac morphogenesis. We recently identified Tmem100 as an endothelial gene indispensable for vascular development. In this study, we further investigated its roles for EndMT during atrioventricular canal (AVC) cushion formation. Results: Tmem100 was expressed in AVC endocardial cells, and Tmem100 null embryos showed severe EndMT defect in the AVC cushions. While calcineurin‐dependent suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the AVC myocardium is important for EndMT, significant up‐regulation of Vegfa expression was observed in Tmem100 null heart. EndMT impaired in Tmem100 null AVC explants was partially but significantly restored by the expression of constitutively‐active calcineurin A, suggesting dysregulation of myocardial calcineurin‐VEGF signaling in Tmem100 null heart. Moreover, Tmem100 null endocardial cells in explant culture did not show EndMT in response to the treatment with myocardium‐derived growth factors, transforming growth factor β2 and bone morphogenetic protein 2, indicating involvement of an additional endocardial‐specific abnormality in the mechanism of EndMT defect. The lack of NFATc1 nuclear translocation in endocardial cells of Tmem100 null embryos suggests impairment of endocardial calcium signaling. Conclusions: The Tmem100 deficiency causes EndMT defect during AVC cushion formation possibly via disturbance of multiple calcium‐related signaling events. Developmental Dynamics 244:31–42, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anisotropic α‐Fe2O3@TiO2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles and Their Smart Electrorheological Response
Authors: Tian Xiaoli , Yin Yichao , Wang Baoxiang , Song Xianfen , Sun Shuangshuang , Yu Shoushan , Hao Chuncheng , Chen Kezheng
Published: December 2014

α‐Fe2O3@TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles were prepared through a combination of reflux and hydrolysis methods. Firstly, a spindle‐like and monodispersed α‐Fe2O3 nanorod core was fabricated by using a reflux method. In the second step, an amorphous TiO2 shell was coated onto the surface of the nonspherical α‐Fe2O3 core with a uniform thickness by means of a controlled hydrolysis method. The morphology, structure, and electrorheological (ER) activity of α‐Fe2O3@TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles were determined by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), magnetic testing, and by using a rotational rheometer. The resulting nonspherical core–shell nanoparticles possess the advantages of uniform sizes, weak magnetism, and smart electrorheological behavior. An enhanced ER effect is found with the α‐Fe2O3@TiO2 and hollow TiO2 ER suspension compared with that of a pure α‐Fe2O3 ER suspension.