Induction of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges by polycyclic and N‐heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cultured human lymphocytes
Authors: Warshawssky D. , Livingston G. K. , Fonouni‐Fard M. , Ladow K. 
Published: February 2007

Many natural environments are contaminated with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and N‐heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NHAs) as complex mixtures of coal tar, petroleum, and shale oil. These potentially hazardous substances are prevalent at many former tar production and coal gasification sites. Three polycyclic [benzo‐(a)pyrene (BaP), benz(a)anthracene (BAA), and 7, 12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)] and two N‐heterocyclic [7H‐dibenzo(c, g)carbazole (DBC), and dibenz(a, j)acridine (DBA)] aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human lymphocytes. All of these polyaromatic compounds are normally present in the environment, except for DMBA. Lymphocytes from healthy donors were isolated from whole blood. The 5‐ring polycyclic aromatic BaP consistently induced micronuclei in a linear dose‐dependent manner with doses from 0.1–10.0 ug/ml, whereas the 4‐ring compounds (BAA and DMBA) had no effect on the induction of micronuclei above controls except at 5 and 10 ug/ml. Of the two N‐heterocyclic compounds, DBC produced a significant increase in micronuclei in lymphocytes, but the dose response tended to plateau above 0.1 ug/ml. DBA showed an effect on the frequency of micronuclei above controls only at high doses of 5 and 10 ug/ml. The average background frequency of micronuclei for 7 lymphocyte donors averaged 3.1 per 1, 000 stimulated cells, whereas the average frequency of micronuclei at 10 ug/ml BaP was 36.8 per 1,000 stimulated cells. The lowest effective dose in 2 donors for BaP occurred at 0.1 ug/ml. At a challenge dose of 1 ug/ml (4 uM) of BaP, considerable variation in micronuclei induction between 7 individuals was observed, ranging from 2–6‐fold increases above spontaneous frequency. Over a dose range of 1–10.0 ug/ml (4–40 uM), BaP also induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in lymphocytes, whereas BAA had no effect above controls. Parallel studies of both cytogenetic endpoints showed that the micronucleus assay is a more sensitive indicator of BaP exposure at equivalent doses. Mitotic and replication indices of BaP‐exposed lymphocytes showed that cell proliferation is only moderately inhibited even at the highest dose; this shows that bulky DNA‐adducts are generally compatible with cell survival. The cytogenetic data are consistent, firstoff, with reports that individuals in the population vary widely with respect to the inducibility of the CYP1A1 gene, which is known to be involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, in particular, in BaP. Secondly, the data support the fact that polyaromatic compounds differ with regard to micronucleus induction within the same sample(s) of human lymphocytes, indicating selective metabolism of polyaromatic compounds that may reflect carcinogen sensitivity of the individual. Thirdly, it would appear that the micronucleus induction in human lymphocytes by PAHs is an overall‐sensitive endpoint for measuring PAH exposure. Lastly, this is the first report of the use of the micronucleus assay to assess a series of PAHs and NHAs for their ability to induce genetic damage in human lymphocytes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.