bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxygen isotope analysis of bacterial and fungal manganese oxidation
Authors: Sutherland K. M. , Wankel S. D. , Hansel C. M.
Published: April 2018

The ability of micro‐organisms to oxidize manganese (Mn) from Mn(II) to Mn(III/IV) oxides transcends boundaries of biological clade or domain. Many bacteria and fungi oxidize Mn(II) to Mn(III/IV) oxides directly through enzymatic activity or indirectly through the production of reactive oxygen species. Here, we determine the oxygen isotope fractionation factors associated with Mn(II) oxidation via various biotic (bacteria and fungi) and abiotic Mn(II) reaction pathways. As oxygen in Mn(III/IV) oxides may be derived from precursor water and molecular oxygen, we use a twofold approach to determine the isotope fractionation with respect to each oxygen source. Using both 18O‐labeled water and closed‐system Rayleigh distillation approaches, we constrain the kinetic isotope fractionation factors associated with O atom incorporation during Mn(II) oxidation to −17.3‰ to −25.9‰ for O2 and −1.9‰ to +1.8‰ for water. Results demonstrate that stable oxygen isotopes of Mn(III/IV) oxides have potential to distinguish between two main classes of biotic Mn(II) oxidation: direct enzymatic oxidation in which O2 is the oxidant and indirect enzymatic oxidation in which superoxide is the oxidant. The fraction of Mn(III/IV) oxide‐associated oxygen derived from water varies significantly (38%–62%) among these bio‐oxides with only weak relationship to Mn oxidation state, suggesting Mn(III) disproportionation may account for differences in the fraction of mineral‐bound oxygen from water and O2. Additionally, direct incorporation of molecular O2 suggests that Mn(III/IV) oxides contain a yet untapped proxy of of environmental O2, a parameter reflecting the integrated influence of global respiration, photorespiration, and several other biogeochemical reactions of global significance.
A Phase‐by‐Phase Review of Migraine Pathophysiology
Authors: Dodick David W.
Published: April 2018

Migraine is a common, disabling neurological disorder characterized by multiple phases: premonitory, aura, headache, postdrome, and interictal. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of each phase of migraine has evolved over recent years. The premonitory phase begins as early as 3 days before the headache phase, and involves a complex interplay between various cortical and subcortical brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem nuclei that modulate nociceptive signaling. The headache phase involves activation of the trigeminovascular system, a pathway that is well characterized. In one‐third of patients, an aura phase may occur during some attacks and likely correlates with a cortical spreading depression‐like event; a slowly propagating wave of neuronal and glial cell depolarization and hyperpolarization. Improved characterization of the pathophysiological processes involved at each stage of the migraine attack will aid the identification of new therapeutic targets for migraine prevention. This review provides an update on prevailing concepts of migraine pathophysiology.
A Review of Monoclonal Antibody Therapies and Other Preventative Treatments in Migraine
Authors: Reuter Uwe
Published: April 2018

Monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene‐related peptide pathway represent a new class of mechanism‐specific, migraine‐targeted therapies available for migraine prevention. To date, four monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated efficacy in phase II and III trials, significantly reducing migraine days per month versus placebo with rapid onset of action. While their efficacy may be considered similar to existing preventive options, their true value may lie in an improved tolerability profile, with high specificity and selectivity for the calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor or ligand reducing the potential for off‐target binding and toxicity. The infrequent parenteral administration of these therapeutic proteins, and lack of requirement for dose titration, has potential to simplify treatment selection and use for clinicians and patients. However, the treatments have not yet been tested in real‐world settings in patients with the range of comorbid conditions encountered in routine clinical practice, and longer‐term data on safety, efficacy, and treatment persistence are required. If data from real‐world settings can confirm the initial clinical trial findings, it is hoped that antibodies antagonizing the calcitonin gene‐related peptide pathway will be able to improve quality of life for patients with episodic and chronic migraine, and help relieve the huge patient and societal burden of migraine. Novel treatments designed to target the specific pathophysiology of migraine could have an important place in future migraine management.
The Role of Ideas in Understanding Industrial Relations Policy Change in Liberal Market Economies
Authors: McLaughlin Colm , Wright Chris F.
Published: April 2018

This paper analyzes the uneven processes underpinning industrial relations policy liberalization in New Zealand, Australia, theUK, and Ireland. Drawing upon 140 elite interviews and building upon ideational comparative political theories, the paper highlights the role of ideas in the policy change process. It identifies how particular ideas can be used to construct policy problems, how these ideas can gain legitimacy through battles with competing ideas, and how policy legacies can influence whether ideas take root. The findings from the comparative case analysis expose a critical difference between “positive legacies” and “negative legacies” to account for different liberalization trajectories.
Treatment of single maxillary gingival recession associated with non‐carious cervical lesion: Randomized clinical trial comparing connective tissue graft alone to graft plus partial restoration
Authors: Santamaria Mauro Pedrine , Silveira Camila Augusto , Mathias Ingrid Fernandes , Neves Felipe Lucas da Silva , dos Santos Lúcio Murilo , Jardini Maria Aparecida Neves , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Sallum Enilson Antônio , Bresciani Eduardo
Published: April 2018

Background

Gingival recession (GR) is frequently associated with non‐carious cervical lesion (NCCL) forming a combined defect (CD). The aim of this study was to evaluate a new multidisciplinary protocol for CDs.

Methods

Forty patients presenting 40 Miller's Class I or II GR defects associated with B+ tooth cervical defect were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: test group (n = 20), partial restoration (PR) of the NCCL, in which the apical border of the restoration was placed 1 mm beyond the cement–enamel junction estimation, and connective tissue graft (CTG + PR) and Control Group (n = 20), odontoplasty of the NCCL and connective tissue graft (CTG). Clinical, aesthetic and patient‐centred outcomes were evaluated.

Results

After 12 months, CD coverage rates were 75.3% (2.5 ± 1.0 mm) for CTG + PR and 74.6% (2.4 ± 1.1 mm) for CTG (p > 0.05). The estimated complete root coverage was 60% (n = 12) for CTG + PR and 70% (n = 14) for CTG. CTG + PR resulted in significantly better dentin hypersensitivity (DH) reduction (p = 0.034). Both groups resulted in aesthetic improvements; however, the CTG + PR group showed better gingival contour results.

Conclusions

CTG and CTG + PR were effective to treat CD. Use of PR resulted in better gingival margin contour and DH reduction, without effect on CD coverage by CTG. (NCT02817763).
Daily adjunctive therapy with vitamin D3 and phenylbutyrate supports clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia
Authors: Bekele A. , Gebreselassie N. , Ashenafi S. , Kassa E. , Aseffa G. , Amogne W. , Getachew M. , Aseffa A. , Worku A. , Raqib R. , Agerberth B. , Hammar U. , Bergman P. , Aderaye G. , Andersson J. , Brighenti S.
Published: April 2018

Objective

Immunotherapy using vitamin D (vitD3) and phenylbutyrate (PBA) may support standard drug regimens used to treat infectious diseases. We investigated if vitD3 + PBA enhanced clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients with smear‐positive or smear‐negative TB received daily oral supplementation with 5000 IU vitD3 and 2 × 500 mg PBA or placebo for 16 weeks, together with 6‐month chemotherapy. Primary end‐point: reduction of a clinical composite TB score at week 8 compared with baseline using modified intention‐to‐treat (mITT, n = 348) and per‐protocol (n = 296) analyses. Secondary end‐points: primary and modified TB scores (week 0, 4, 8, 16, 24), sputum conversion, radiological findings and plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations.

Results

Most subjects had low baseline plasma 25(OH)D3 levels that increased gradually in the vitD3 + PBA group compared with placebo (P < 0.0001) from week 0 to 16 (mean 34.7 vs. 127.4 nmol L−1). In the adjusted mITT analysis, the primary TB score was significantly reduced in the intervention group at week 8 (−0.52, 95% CI −0.93, −0.10; P = 0.015) while the modified TB score was reduced at week 8 (−0.58, 95% CI −1.02, −0.14; P = 0.01) and 16 (−0.34, 95% CI −0.64, −0.03; P = 0.03). VitD3 + PBA had no effect on longitudinal sputum‐smear conversion (P = 0.98). Clinical adverse events were more common in the placebo group (24.3%) compared with the vitD3 + PBA group (12.6%).

Conclusion

Daily supplementation with vitD3 + PBA may ameliorate clinical TB symptoms and disease‐specific complications, while the intervention had no effect on bacterial clearance in sputum.
Respite care services for children with special healthcare needs: Parental perceptions
Authors: Whitmore Kim E. , Snethen Julia
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Parents of children with special healthcare needs may become overwhelmed with the ongoing caregiving needs of their children. Caring for a child with special healthcare needs is often challenging, requiring specialized training in many cases. As a result, parents can struggle to find qualified caregivers capable of providing them a break from the 24/7 care of their child. Respite care programs are designed to provide caregivers with a much‐needed temporary break. The purpose of this study was to examine parental perceptions of utilizing a respite care program.

Design and Methods

Twenty‐two parents who had a child with special healthcare needs who attended a Midwestern respite care program completed a Participant Characteristic Form addressing their experiences caring for their child with special healthcare needs and using respite care services. Parents participated in a focus group (N = 4) to explore their perceptions and experiences of respite care participation. Multistage thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results

Themes emerging from the data included: Constant care demands; It is just so stressful; Respite is a gift, we get a break; Respite program “fit”; and Respite is their special time too. Parents emphasized the benefits of respite care for their marital relationship, as well as the benefits to the children with special healthcare needs and their siblings. Parents also described the importance of tailoring respite care to the unique needs of their family.

Practice Implications

Nurses and other healthcare professionals play a critical role in addressing the unmet respite care needs of parents of children with special healthcare needs by identifying unmet needs and making appropriate referrals to services that will meet the unique needs of the family. Healthcare professionals can also volunteer with existing programs to help expand access to respite care services and increase the availability of adequately trained respite care providers whom parents can trust to provide for the complex healthcare needs of their children.
On the existence of an equitable allocation
Authors: Cato Susumu
Published: April 2018

This paper is concerned with a problem of an equitable allocation. We consider the concept of ψ‐equity, which is a general concept of equity. We provide a series of examples of equity concepts that are captured by ψ‐equity. We show the existence of an efficient and ψ‐equitable allocation by employing Kakutani's fixed‐point theorem.
Remembrance as remaking: memories of the nation revisited
Authors: Rigney Ann
Published: April 2018

This article revisits Anthony Smith's landmark collectionMyths and Memories of the Nation(1999) from the perspective of recent developments in cultural memory studies. It argues for a more clearly demarcated distinction between myths and memories which acknowledges cultural memory as a site of new experiential perspectives that often work against the authority of myths, seen as the unquestioned truths about the collective past. Drawing on studies of modern memory cultures, it presents a dynamic and generative model that construes memory in terms of cultural practices of remembrance. It shows that memory is not an unchanging legacy but rather a malleable resource for making shared stories about the past. Where Halbwachs (1925) presumed that social frameworks precede and shape memory, remembrance is presented here as a cultural force that helps to redefine social frameworks and to create links between hitherto unconnected imagined communities.
How do western democracies cope with the challenge of societal diversity?
Authors: Smooha Sammy
Published: April 2018

In the modern era, the grand forces of modernism, liberalism and nationalism have opposed and minimized societal diversity in Western states. The Civil Rights Movement in the USA and the flow of millions of unassimilable immigrants, mostly Muslims, to Europe opened Western societies to cultural diversity. But liberal multiculturalism in the West consists mainly of endorsement of subcultures, non‐discrimination and inclusion. It falls short of instituting consociational components like cultural autonomy and power‐sharing. Fear and unease in the West increasingly give priority to majority over minority rights. While all Western democracies object to societal diversity, they differ in the way they handle it: liberal democracies deny it, consociational democracies institutionalize it and ethnic democracies partially allow and partially subordinate it. These three different strategies are evident in the way representative cases of Western democracies, namely the USA, Switzerland and Estonia, respectively, cope with societal diversity.
Characterization of tuber blight‐suppressive soils from four provinces of the Ecuadorean Andes
Authors: Orquera‐Tornakian G. , Díaz C. I. , Mogrovejo D. C. , Villamarín D. J. , Jarrín F. , Ponce L. K. , Oliva R. , Gia J. , Forbes G. A. , Andrade‐Piedra J. , Flores F. J. , Garzon C. D. , Molineros J. , Koch A. , Benítez M. S.
Published: April 2018

Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is a threat to potato‐cropping systems worldwide. In the Ecuadorian Andes, despite a high late blight incidence in foliage, tuber blight is rare. In this work, the hypothesis that Ecuadorian Andean soils are naturally suppressive to P. infestans tuber infection was evaluated. Soils from four potato‐growing regions were assessed for disease suppressiveness by determining the effects of soil heat treatment on P. infestans sporangia and their ability to infect potato slices after 1, 8, 15 and 30 days of exposure to soils. Tuber infection after inoculation with P. infestans‐infested soils was consistently lower during the evaluation period compared with heat‐treated soils. Fresh, untreated soils affected germination and viability of P. infestans sporangia in a site‐dependent manner. In addition, the effect of heat treatment on soil bacterial communities was assessed through terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rDNA gene region. Heat treatment disrupted bacterial community composition, and a subset of terminal restriction fragments (TRF) was either positively or negatively correlated with tuber infection. Bacterial TRF negatively correlated with tuber infection corresponded in fragment size to taxa with known ability to inhibit pathogens and promote plant growth. Finally, bacterial isolates obtained from untreated soils, which inhibited P. infestans growth in vitro, represented 22–47% of isolates recovered, and matched classes predicted by the TRFs. This work represents a first step in understanding the mechanisms behind the low incidence of tuber blight in Andean potato‐cropping systems.
Densification of cyanobacteria from a lake leading to production of β‐cyclocitral and related volatile organic compounds and species change
Authors: Arii Suzue , Tsuji Kiyomi , Tomita Koji , Hasegawa Masateru , Yamashita Ryuji , Bober Beata , Harada Ken‐Ichi
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that the lysis with the blue color formation was caused by densification of the cyanobacteria, and related events of the species change in the cyanobacteria were induced by the resulting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly β‐cyclocitral. In order to obtain a high cell density of cyanobacteria in the laboratory, a concentration technique (graduated cylinder method) using the buoyancy of the gas vesicles was successfully used. The collected scum contained mainly Dolichospermum spp. and Microcystis, and the dispersed cyanobacteria were concentrated in the surface layer after several hours and the concentration ratio became approximately 10. The concentrated cyanobacteria were gradually lysed, while some of the cyanobacteria sank to the bottom, which finally died and disappeared. This method has the additional advantage that it is possible to visualize the entire lysis process. During the concentration process, β‐cyclocitral and its oxidation products together with β‐ionone were significantly detected. Because β‐cyclocitral was easily oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the pH of the water in the graduated cylinder decreased to approximately 6. Under favorable conditions, lysis with the blue color from phycocyanin could be observed due to the acid stress. Overall, the results of the present study were consistent with the hypothesis that VOCs were produced when the cyanobacteria are highly dense, and that the lysis with the blue color formation occurs due to the higher density.
Credible commitment without independent regulatory agent: Evidence from the Security Council's United Nations Compensation Commission
Authors: Becker Manuel , Dörfler Thomas , Gehring Thomas
Published: April 2018

Credible commitment problems arise whenever decisions made according to short‐term incentives undermine long‐term policy goals. While political actors can credibly commit themselves to their long‐term policy goals by delegating decisions to independent regulatory agencies, the member states of international institutions rarely sacrifice control over regulatory decisions. Against the backdrop of the United Nations Compensation Commission established by the Security Council to settle claims on damage from the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, we present an institutional arrangement that promises to credibly commit member states to their previously defined interests without excluding them from the decision process. It separates the stages of rulemaking and rule application, and is reinforced by conditional agenda‐setting of an advisory body. We probe the theoretical claim with evidence from a unique data set that shows that the Commission settled compensation claims in a remarkably consistent way. The arrangement provides a blueprint for comparable regulatory tasks in many areas of international, European, or domestic politics, in which independent regulation is not feasible.
Remembering the Future: Natural Disaster, Place, and Symbolic Survival
Authors: Shtob Daniel A.
Published: April 2018

The Pacific Northwest coast of the United States is currently facing the threat of an earthquake and tsunami some experts predict will be the worst natural disaster in North American history. This region also must contend with predicted effects of climate change. Applying the sociological traditions of memory, silence, and place to the natural hazard context, I qualitatively explore how local residents collectively envision future disasters and their associated risks. Responsive narratives are developed from an array of local meanings and identities drawn from place. They tend to partially displace narratives that visualize disasters as disruptive agents of danger, mnemonically replacing them with symbols of survival, continuity, and community agency. Overall, I find that this collective displacement manifests in event‐ and place‐specific ways and partially silences disturbing aspects of potential disaster. These findings demonstrate the promise of analyzing the idiosyncratic ways that future environmental disaster is perceived and experienced. Because risk perception has been identified as a contributor to community resilience and capacity, these findings emphasize the need for local, place‐based approaches to disaster planning, particularly in small communities with resource‐extractive histories.
Parenting programs during adolescence: Outcomes from universal and targeted interventions offered in real‐world settings
Authors: Alfredsson Elin K. , Thorvaldsson Valgeir , Axberg Ulf , Broberg Anders G.
Published: April 2018

The aim of this naturalistic study was to explore short and long‐term outcomes of five different group‐based parenting programs offered to parents of 10 to 17‐year‐olds. Three hundred and fifteen parents (277 mothers and 38 fathers) who had enrolled in a parenting program (universal: Active Parenting, COPE; Connect; targeted: COMET; Leadership training for parents of teenagers [LFT]) answered questionnaires at three measurement waves (baseline, post‐measurement, and one‐year follow‐up). The questions concerned parenting style, parental mental health, family climate and adolescent mental health. Results revealed small to moderate changes in almost all outcome variables and in all parenting programs. Overall, parents in COMET reported the largest short and long‐term changes. No substantial differences in change were seen between the other programs. The results support the general effectiveness of parenting programs for parents of adolescents.
Does organized sport participation during youth predict healthy habits in adulthood? A 28‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Palomäki S. , Hirvensalo M. , Smith K. , Raitakari O. , Männistö S. , Hutri‐Kähönen N. , Tammelin T.
Published: April 2018

Health behaviors in youth can predict the same behaviors later in life, but the role of sport participation in predicting healthy lifestyle habits is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between participation in organized youth sport and adult healthy lifestyle habits. Data from the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) with a 28‐year follow‐up were used. The participation in sport‐club training sessions was self‐reported by 9‐18‐year‐olds in 1983 and 1986 (n = 1285). During 2011, participants (aged 37‐43‐year old) reported their smoking status, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity. Odd ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression, to examine how participation in organized youth sport was associated with having three or four versus fewer (0‐2) healthy habits in adulthood. Participants who were active in youth sport in both 1983 and 1986 had almost two times greater odds of having three or four healthy habits in adulthood than those who were not active at both time points (OR: 1.75, 95%CI: 1.11‐2.76). When the analyses were stratified by sex, the findings were statistically significant among women (OR: 2.13, 95%Cl: 1.13‐3.99) but not men (OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 0.63‐2.58). The results suggest that participation in organized youth sport could promote healthy lifestyle choices.
Children's sleep and daytime functioning: Increasing heritability and environmental associations with sibling conflict
Authors: Breitenstein Reagan S. , Doane Leah D. , Clifford Sierra , Lemery‐Chalfant Kathryn
Published: April 2018

Children's sleep has both environmental and genetic influences, with stressful family environmental factors like household chaos and marital conflict associated with sleep duration and quality (El‐Sheikh, Buckhalt, Mize, & Acebo, 2006; Fiese, Winter, Sliwinski, & Anbar, 2007). However, it is less clear whether sibling conflict is related to sleep duration and children's sleep problems (e.g., nighttime wakings, parasomnias). In addition, few studies have tested whether associations between sleep and stressful family environmental factors are accounted for by an underlying set of genes or shared and unique environmental factors. Participants were 582 twins with sleep assessed longitudinally at 12, 30 months, and 5 years of age. Sibling conflict was assessed at 5 years. Greater sibling conflict was associated with shorter sleep duration and greater number of total sleep problems, over and above the influence of general household stress and other covariates. The heritability of sleep duration increased with age. Shared environmental factors accounted for the covariance between sibling conflict and sleep duration and total sleep problems. Findings hold promise for interventions, including educating parents about fostering positive sibling relationships and healthy sleep habits.
Conversations about children's transgressions against siblings and friends: Maternal moral socialization strategies are sensitive to relationship context
Authors: Scirocco Alyssa , Recchia Holly E. , Wainryb Cecilia , Pasupathi Monisha
Published: April 2018

This study investigated the moral socialization strategies that mothers use in conversations about their children's experiences of harming their siblings as compared with their friends. The sample included 101 mothers and their 7‐, 11‐, or 16‐year‐old children; each dyad discussed events when the child (a) harmed a younger sibling and (b) harmed a friend (order counterbalanced). Analyses indicated that when children harmed their siblings, mothers were more likely to emphasize their children's wrongdoings, the effects of harm, insights about the self and de‐escalatory strategies. In contrast, when children harmed their friends, mothers mitigated their responsibility for harm, focused on consequences for the relationship, and discussed reparative strategies. These patterns were not typically moderated by age; that is, distinctions in socialization strategies across relationships were largely maintained across middle childhood and adolescence. Findings provide empirical support for recent theorizing that parents respond flexibly to children's varied experiences of harm, and suggest that moral socialization practices take into account the unique features of children's relationships with different types of age‐mates (e.g., the relatively uninhibited quality of sibling harm and the voluntary nature of children's friendships).
How to retrench the welfare state: Attitudes in the general population
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W. , Cappelen Cornelius , Kuhnle Stein , Tungodden Bertil
Published: April 2018

In recent years, many countries have faced pressure to cut the costs of the welfare state, and different strategies have been utilized to achieve this, including stricter eligibility requirements, reduced level of benefits, and reduced maximum duration of benefits. This contribution reports the results from a Norwegian survey designed to measure which of these strategies the general population would prefer in a situation where the government has to tighten various social security schemes. For a given reduction in total costs, there is a trade‐off between the desire to avoid large individual benefit reductions and the desire to protect some groups of benefit recipients from any cuts. Different preferences for how to retrench the welfare state will reflect how individuals trade off these concerns. We find a striking association between political affiliation and preferred retrenchment strategy. Right‐wingers typically prefer to tighten the eligibility criteria, while left‐wingers typically prefer to reduce the benefit level. Furthermore, our results indicate that labor market outsiders are less in favor of tightening the eligibility criteria, but more in favor of reducing the maximum duration of benefits, than labor market insiders. This article contributes to the literature on welfare state retrenchment by examining which retrenchment strategy that the public prefers, which in turn sheds light on which measures that are likely to receive popular support from different demographics in the population.
Migrants' support for welfare state spending in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands
Authors: Lubbers Marcel , Diehl Claudia , Kuhn Theresa , Larsen Christian Albrekt
Published: April 2018

This contribution describes differences between 10 migrant groups and natives in their attitudes towards government spending in three residence countries: Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. Previous research provided evidence that “migrants” as a catch‐all category of people from different origins are in favor of more government spending on social welfare. We study to what extent support for government spending can be explained by self‐interest explanations of welfare state attitudes as well as by differences in ideological position. The contribution employs data from the Migrants' Welfare State Attitudes project, including migrant groups from similar origins in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The study moves beyond the larger migrant groups of Turks and Poles that received attention in previous research as well, and includes a greater variety of groups that differ in terms of their skill levels. The overall finding is that migrants' welfare state spending preferences are, as in the case of natives, significantly related to socio‐demographic differences and standard ideology measures of attitudes to regulation of the economy and family values. However, even with these standard variables included, spending preferences differ strongly between migrant groups, residence countries, and welfare spending domain. A comparison between country of origin and residence country provisions seems to be a promising path for further understanding migrant group differences in welfare state spending attitudes. The study challenges the idea that all migrants are supportive of extended welfare state arrangements.
The contribution of deliberative forums to studying welfare state attitudes: A United Kingdom study
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter , Chung Heejung , Leruth Benjamin
Published: April 2018

This article introduces democratic forums as a method of studying attitudes towards the welfare state, and sets out briefly its strengths and weaknesses in comparison with existing methods. This is done by reporting the findings of a 2015 two‐day forum based in the United Kingdom, in which the future of the welfare state was discussed by a largely representative sample of participants. The results show that participants linked both moral and economic arguments to come to two major framings that could encompass the debates surrounding the future of welfare states. One focuses on the inefficiencies of the welfare state, which found that welfare resources were largely misdirected and unsustainable. The other focuses on the possibilities for improving it via social investment, for example providing individuals with better training and education opportunities. The democratic forum method is helpful in allowing researchers to investigate the conceptual framings people use when thinking about the welfare state, and to see how people link different concepts and justifications together to argue their position. We argue that such framing can be distinct from that used and understood by policymakers and academics, and those applied in the more commonly used large scale surveys.
The Physcomitrella patens gene atlas project: large‐scale RNA‐seq based expression data
Authors: Perroud Pierre‐François , Haas Fabian B. , Hiss Manuel , Ullrich Kristian K. , Alboresi Alessandro , Amirebrahimi Mojgan , Barry Kerrie , Bassi Roberto , Bonhomme Sandrine , Chen Haodong , Coates Juliet C. , Fujita Tomomichi , Guyon‐Debast Anouchka , Lang Daniel , Lin Junyan , Lipzen Anna , Nogué Fabien , Oliver Melvin J. , Ponce de León Inés , Quatrano Ralph S. , Rameau Catherine , Reiss Bernd , Reski Ralf , Ricca Mariana , Saidi Younousse , Sun Ning , Szövényi Péter , Sreedasyam Avinash , Grimwood Jane , Stacey Gary , Schmutz Jeremy , Rensing Stefan A.
Published: April 2018

High‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) has recently become the method of choice to define and analyze transcriptomes. For the model moss Physcomitrella patens, although this method has been used to help analyze specific perturbations, no overall reference dataset has yet been established. In the framework of the Gene Atlas project, the Joint Genome Institute selected P. patens as a flagship genome, opening the way to generate the first comprehensive transcriptome dataset for this moss. The first round of sequencing described here is composed of 99 independent libraries spanning 34 different developmental stages and conditions. Upon dataset quality control and processing through read mapping, 28 509 of the 34 361 v3.3 gene models (83%) were detected to be expressed across the samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated across the dataset to permit perturbation comparisons between conditions. The analysis of the three most distinct and abundant P. patens growth stages – protonema, gametophore and sporophyte – allowed us to define both general transcriptional patterns and stage‐specific transcripts. As an example of variation of physico‐chemical growth conditions, we detail here the impact of ammonium supplementation under standard growth conditions on the protonemal transcriptome. Finally, the cooperative nature of this project allowed us to analyze inter‐laboratory variation, as 13 different laboratories around the world provided samples. We compare differences in the replication of experiments in a single laboratory and between different laboratories.
Spatial organization of protein export in malaria parasite blood stages
Authors: Charnaud Sarah C. , Jonsdottir Thorey K. , Sanders Paul R. , Bullen Hayley E. , Dickerman Benjamin K. , Kouskousis Betty , Palmer Catherine S. , Pietrzak Halina M. , Laumaea Annamarie E. , Erazo Anna‐Belen , McHugh Emma , Tilley Leann , Crabb Brendan S. , Gilson Paul R.
Published: April 2018

Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria, extensively remodels its human host cells, particularly erythrocytes. Remodelling is essential for parasite survival by helping to avoid host immunity and assisting in the uptake of plasma nutrients to fuel rapid growth. Host cell renovation is carried out by hundreds of parasite effector proteins that are exported into the erythrocyte across an enveloping parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). The Plasmodium translocon for exported (PTEX) proteins is thought to span the PVM and provide a channel that unfolds and extrudes proteins across the PVM into the erythrocyte. We show that exported reporter proteins containing mouse dihydrofolate reductase domains that inducibly resist unfolding become trapped at the parasite surface partly colocalizing with PTEX. When cargo is trapped, loop‐like extensions appear at the PVM containing both trapped cargo and PTEX protein EXP2, but not additional components HSP101 and PTEX150. Following removal of the block‐inducing compound, export of reporter proteins only partly recovers possibly because much of the trapped cargo is spatially segregated in the loop regions away from PTEX. This suggests that parasites have the means to isolate unfoldable cargo proteins from PTEX‐containing export zones to avert disruption of protein export that would reduce parasite growth.
Feasibility of single‐port retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs
Authors: Ko Jonghyeok , Jeong Junemoe , Lee Sungin , Son Hyunglak , Kweon Oh‐Kyeong , Kim Wan Hee
Published: April 2018

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of single‐port retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (SPRA) in dogs.

Study Design

A pilot experimental study.

Animals

Eight healthy beagle dogs.

Methods

SPRA was performed on the left and right sides (4 dogs each). Resection of the adrenal gland was performed through a SILS port using a retroperitoneal approach. Operative time was defined from skin incision to the completion of skin suture. Postoperative pain was evaluated by using 3 pain scores. Integrity of the adrenal gland capsule was evaluated by histologic assessment.

Results

Mean time taken to complete the SPRA was 44.1 minutes (range, 37‐51) and was significantly longer on the right side than on the left side (P < .05). There were no complications intraoperatively or during 14 days of postoperative monitoring. The adrenal gland capsule was found to be injured in 3 of the 8 dogs by histologic assessment.

Conclusion

This is the first report of SPRA in the veterinary literature. With this technique it is possible to perform adrenalectomy with some risk of capsule penetration and with excellent visibility.

Clinical significance

This study suggests that SPRA is feasible and can be used to resect small adrenal tumors with minimal complications.
Gradual attenuation of a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt with a self‐retaining polyacrylic acid‐silicone device in 6 dogs
Authors: Wallace Mandy L. , Ellison Gary W. , Giglio Robson F. , Batich Christopher D. , Berry Clifford R. , Case J. Brad , Kim Stanley E.
Published: April 2018

Objective

To determine the ability of a polyacrylic acid‐silicone radiolucent self‐retaining gradual occlusion device (PAS‐OD) to attenuate congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) in dogs.

Study design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

Six client‐owned dogs with single, congenital EHPSS.

Methods

Serum bile acids (SBA), abdominal ultrasonography, and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) were performed preoperatively and at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Each dog was treated for EHPSS by placement of a PAS‐OD.

Results

PAS‐OD were placed without complication an average of 4.3 seconds (range, 3‐7) after isolation of the shunt. Median surgical time was 38.5 minutes (range, 28‐84) including concurrent procedures. All dogs recovered from surgery without complications. SBA were normal in 5 of 6 dogs at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. The shunt was completely attenuated in 2 of 6 dogs at 4 weeks and in 4 of 6 dogs at 8 weeks, without evidence of acquired shunt formation in any dog. The size and velocity of the portal vasculature were improved in 5 of 6 dogs according to 8‐week postoperative CTA and ultrasonography results, respectively. The remaining dog had a persistently decreased portal vasculature size but a normal velocity according to 8‐week postoperative CTA and ultrasound results, respectively.

Conclusion

The PAS‐OD led to complete attenuation in 4 of 6 dogs and partial attenuation with mild residual flow of 2 EHPSS over an 8‐week period in dogs.

Clinical significance

The PAS‐OD is a new option for gradual occlusion of congenital EHPSS over 8 weeks.
How Distorted Thinking Influence Marketing?
Authors: Gith Emad
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relation between the Cognitive Distortion marketing among Arabs in Israel. The results indicated that cognitive distortion positively related to marketing. there is a positive correlation between Binocular Vision Cognitive distortion marketing and between using polarized thinking Cognitive distortion marketing and between Should or must thinking Cognitive distortion marketing, similarly, between Catastrophizing Cognitive distortion marketing. This finding is in line with Nasir, et al. (2011) results that cognitive distortion is associated with marketing and misleading the buyers to buy things. Therefore, the researchers recommend that appropriate cognitive thinking should be used in marketing, this will increase earning and encourage marketing.
Crystalline Ti-nanostructures prepared by oblique angle deposition at room temperature
Authors: Liedtke Susann , Grüner Christoph , Gerlach Jürgen W. , Lotnyk Andriy , Rauschenbach Bernd
Published: April 2018

Nanostructured Ti thin films are fabricated by oblique angle deposition (OAD) in combination with electron beam evaporation in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber at room temperature on thermally and natively oxidized Si(100) substrates. The incidence angle θOAD of the incoming particle flux with respect to the substrate normal is varied between 70° ≤ θOAD ≤ 84°. This highly oblique deposition geometry leads to the formation of highly porous, thin, crystalline films consisting of separated Ti columns that are oriented toward the incoming particle flux. The influence of the incidence angle on the texture, morphology, and columnar tilt angles of these Ti thin films is investigated. It is found that the texture depends on the angle θOAD of the incoming particle flux. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that highly oblique deposited Ti columns tend to grow with single crystalline morphology. The orientation of the lattice planes in the Ti columns with respect to the substrate normal changes remarkably as the incidence angle is varied. Moreover, the orientation of the lattice planes differs from the growth direction of the columns. The samples are analyzed using x-ray diffraction measurements such as in-plane pole figure measurements and θ-2θ x-ray diffraction patterns, as well as by using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Buffer insensitive optoelectronic quality of InP-on-Si with templated liquid phase growth
Authors: Sarkar Debarghya , Wang Wei , Lin Qingfeng , Tao Jun , Mecklenburg Matthew , Ravichandran Jayakanth , Kapadia Rehan
Published: April 2018

As Moore's law comes to an end, the search for additional integrated circuit functionality has shifted from scaling down lateral dimensions to combining multiple materials onto a single substrate. However, the quality of crystalline semiconductors is highly sensitive to the substrate upon which it is grown, preventing multiple materials from being directly grown on single substrates. To circumvent this challenge, many complex growth strategies have been developed, such as strain relaxation buffer-layers, nanostructure growth, and template selective epitaxy. However, even with these advanced growth techniques, the growth of manufacturable crystalline materials is still limited to crystalline surfaces. Here, the authors show that using templated liquid phase (TLP) growth, single crystalline indium phosphide on Si can be grown using a variety of buffers, both crystalline and amorphous. Moreover, by performing detailed optoelectronic characterization, the authors find that the quality of the grown material not only closely matches commercial single crystalline InP wafers but is also highly insensitive to the buffer layer used. This unique feature of TLP growth could enable the next generation of crystalline material integration.
Nanostructure, osteopontin, and mechanical properties of calcitic avian eggshell
Authors: Athanasiadou Dimitra , Jiang Wenge , Goldbaum Dina , Saleem Aroba , Basu Kaustuv , Pacella Michael S. , Böhm Corinna F. , Chromik Richard R. , Hincke Maxwell T. , Rodríguez-Navarro Alejandro B. , Vali Hojatollah , Wolf Stephan E. , Gray Jeffrey J. , Bui Khanh Huy , McKee Marc D.
Published: April 2018

The biomineral phase of avian eggshell is characterized at the nanostructure scale and correlated with functional properties.
Entanglement between two spatially separated atomic modes
Authors: Lange Karsten , Peise Jan , Lücke Bernd , Kruse Ilka , Vitagliano Giuseppe , Apellaniz Iagoba , Kleinmann Matthias , Tóth Géza , Klempt Carsten
Published: April 2018

Splitting the entanglement

When particles in a quantum mechanical system are entangled, a measurement performed on one part of the system can affect the results of the same type of measurement performed on another part—even if these subsystems are physically separated. Kunkel
et al.
, Fadel
et al.
, and Lange
et al.
achieved this so-called distributed entanglement in a particularly challenging setting: an ensemble of many cold atoms (see the Perspective by Cavalcanti). In all three studies, the entanglement was first created within an atomic cloud, which was then allowed to expand. Local measurements on the different, spatially separated parts of the cloud confirmed that the entanglement survived the expansion.

Science
, this issue p.
413
, p.
409
, p.
416
; see also p.
376
Asymmetric distribution and spatial switching of dynein activity generates ciliary motility
Authors: Lin Jianfeng , Nicastro Daniela
Published: April 2018

Switching how to make flagella beat

Motile cilia and flagella are hairlike cellular appendages that power the movement of individual cells or liquid across tissues, as exemplified by the cilia found in airways. The question of how they move in rhythmic oscillations has puzzled scientists for centuries. Lin and Nicastro used cryo–electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize the activity states of individual dynein motors with respect to their locations within beating flagella. They observed an asymmetric distribution of dynein activity and the switching of conformations of dyneins and their regulators between opposite sides of active flagella. The results confirm the switching aspect of the prevailing “switch-point” hypothesis but change the view with respect to how dynein activities are coordinated to drive flagellar motility.

Science
, this issue p.
eaar1968
Single-cell mapping of gene expression landscapes and lineage in the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Wagner Daniel E. , Weinreb Caleb , Collins Zach M. , Briggs James A. , Megason Sean G. , Klein Allon M.
Published: April 2018

Mapping the vertebrate developmental landscape

As embryos develop, numerous cell types with distinct functions and morphologies arise from pluripotent cells. Three research groups have used single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze the transcriptional changes accompanying development of vertebrate embryos (see the Perspective by Harland). Wagner
et al.
sequenced the transcriptomes of more than 90,000 cells throughout zebrafish development to reveal how cells differentiate during axis patterning, germ layer formation, and early organogenesis. Farrell
et al.
profiled the transcriptomes of tens of thousands of embryonic cells and applied a computational approach to construct a branching tree describing the transcriptional trajectories that lead to 25 distinct zebrafish cell types. The branching tree revealed how cells change their gene expression as they become more and more specialized. Briggs
et al.
examined whole frog embryos, spanning zygotic genome activation through early organogenesis, to map cell states and differentiation across all cell lineages over time. These data and approaches pave the way for the comprehensive reconstruction of transcriptional trajectories during development.

Science
, this issue p.
981
, p.
eaar3131
, p.
eaar5780
; see also p.
967
The automated battlefield
Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War
Paul Scharre
Norton, 2018. 456 pp.
Authors: Lucas George
Published: April 2018

A sober treatise on the future of warfare warns of the perils of autonomous robotic combatants
Interregional synaptic maps among engram cells underlie memory formation
Authors: Choi Jun-Hyeok , Sim Su-Eon , Kim Ji-il , Choi Dong Il , Oh Jihae , Ye Sanghyun , Lee Jaehyun , Kim TaeHyun , Ko Hyoung-Gon , Lim Chae-Seok , Kaang Bong-Kiun
Published: April 2018

Memories are stored in synapses

Memory formation is thought to change the strength of synaptic connections between neurons. However, direct measurements between neurons that participate in a learning process are difficult to obtain. Choi
et al.
developed the “dual-eGRASP” technique to identify synaptic connections between hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells. This method could label two different sets of synapses so that their convergence on the same dendrites would be quantified. After contextual fear conditioning in mice, the number and size of spines were increased on CA1 engram cells receiving input from CA3 engram cells.

Science
, this issue p.
430
Next-generation diagnostics with CRISPR
Authors: Chertow Daniel S.
Published: April 2018

CRISPR-Cas biology promises rapid, accurate, and portable diagnostic tools