bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Attitude towards Probiotics among Dental Students and Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Babina Ksenia , Salikhova Dilara , Polyakova Maria , Zaytsev Alexandr , Egiazaryan Anna , Novozhilova Nina
Published: May 2023

This cross-sectional survey assessed the knowledge of and the attitude towards probiotics of dental students and academics at Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. Our questionnaire consisted of 15 questions divided into 3 sections: respondents’ sociodemographic data, knowledge on probiotics, and attitude towards probiotics. The data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Out of the 658 questionnaires distributed, a total of 239 questionnaires were completed by the undergraduates, yielding a response rate of 39.6%, and 54 by the teaching staff (response rate = 100%). Most students (53.6%) and teachers (55.5%) had a fair knowledge of probiotics (p = 0.3135). A vast majority of dental students (97.9%) and all teachers had a positive attitude towards probiotics, with higher mean scores among academics (p < 0.001). A positive weak correlation was found between knowledge and attitude (Spearman r = 0.17, p = 0.0027). The results obtained reveal the need for more evidence-based educational trainings for university teachers and a course on probiotics to be included in the curriculum for dental students.
Supply Chain Risk Diffusion in Partially Mapping Double-Layer Hypernetworks
Authors: Yu Ping , Wang Zhiping , Sun Ya’nan , Wang Peiwen
Published: May 2023

The impact of COVID-19 is global, and uncertain information will affect product quality and worker efficiency in the complex supply chain network, thus bringing risks. Aiming at individual heterogeneity, a partial mapping double-layer hypernetwork model is constructed to study the supply chain risk diffusion under uncertain information. Here, we explore the risk diffusion dynamics, drawing on epidemiology, and establish an SPIR (Susceptible–Potential–Infected–Recovered) model to simulate the risk diffusion process. The node represents the enterprise, and hyperedge represents the cooperation among enterprises. The microscopic Markov chain approach (MMCA) is used to prove the theory. Network dynamic evolution includes two removal strategies: (i) removing aging nodes; (ii) removing key nodes. Using Matlab to simulate the model, we found that it is more conducive to market stability to eliminate outdated enterprises than to control key enterprises during risk diffusion. The risk diffusion scale is related to interlayer mapping. Increasing the upper layer mapping rate to strengthen the efforts of official media to issue authoritative information will reduce the infected enterprise number. Reducing the lower layer mapping rate will reduce the misled enterprise number, thereby weakening the efficiency of risk infection. The model is helpful for understanding the risk diffusion characteristics and the importance of online information, and it has guiding significance for supply chain management.
Laser Image Enhancement Algorithm Based on Improved EnlightenGAN
Authors: Fan Youchen , Wang Yitong , Feng Kai , Liu Yuntian , Jiang Yawen , Xie Jiaxuan , Niu Yufei , Wang Hongyan
Published: May 2023

In distance-selected imaging, the contrast of laser images is reduced due to long imaging distances, insufficient laser power, and atmospheric turbulence. An enhancement algorithm based on the EnlightenGAN network is proposed to improve the contrast of laser images. Firstly, the laser images are acquired using a distance selection pass system to establish the laser image dataset and expand the dataset, and the traditional algorithm is used to enhance the images and establish the mapping relationship between low-quality images and high-quality images. The global discriminator based on PatchGAN with the improved VGG model is used to regularize the self-feature retention loss and construct the depth link between the global discriminator and the local discriminator to improve the generalization ability of the model; adjust the attention map to the second layer before the CLB convolution module and also add the residual structure in the second layer CLB to improve the robustness of the model; adopt the idea of gray-scale layering with a low drop and high rise to improve the self regularization mechanism to achieve the enhancement of the key region; finally, use the improved EnlightenGAN to fit the relationship between a low-quality image and high-quality image. Finally, EnlightenGAN is used to fit the relationship between low-quality images and high-quality images, extract laser image features, and enhance low-quality images. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm improves PSNR by 12.3% and 0.7% on average, SSIM by 57% and 10.3% on average, and NIQE by 21% and 13% on average compared to other algorithms and the original EnlightenGAN algorithm, respectively. The algorithm improves the signal-to-noise ratio and contrast of laser images with richer image details. It provides a new idea for pre-processing laser images.
Stochastic Neighbor Embedding Feature-Based Hyperspectral Image Classification Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Hossain Md. Moazzem , Hossain Md. Ali , Musa Miah Abu Saleh , Okuyama Yuichi , Tomioka Yoichi , Shin Jungpil
Published: May 2023

The ample amount of information from hyperspectral image (HSI) bands allows the non-destructive detection and recognition of earth objects. However, dimensionality reduction (DR) of hyperspectral images (HSI) is required before classification as the classifier may suffer from the curse of dimensionality. Therefore, dimensionality reduction plays a significant role in HSI data analysis (e.g., effective processing and seamless interpretation). In this article, a sophisticated technique established as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) following the dimension reduction along with a blended CNN was implemented to improve the visualization and characterization of HSI. In the procedure, first, we employed principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the HSI dimensions and remove non-linear consistency features between the wavelengths to project them to a smaller scale. Then we proposed tSNE to preserve the local and global pixel relationships and check the HSI information visually and experimentally. Lastly, it yielded two-dimensional data, improving the visualization and classification accuracy compared to other standard dimensionality-reduction algorithms. Finally, we employed deep-learning-based CNN to classify the reduced and improved HSI intra- and inter-band relationship-feature vector. The evaluation performance of 95.21% accuracy and 6.2% test loss proved the superiority of the proposed model compared to other state-of-the-art DR reduction algorithms.
Numerical Simulation on the Influence of Inlet Flow Characteristics on the Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Li Xing , Huang Ning , Chen Guanyan , Zhang Yanli , Zhao Yang , Zhang Jie , Tong Ding
Published: May 2023

Although inlet bent pipes are usually adopted due to limited installation space, the influences of different bend pipes on the inlet flow characteristics and performance of centrifugal compressors are still unclear. The numerical simulation of a centrifugal compressor is established and validated by experimental results with the case of a straight inlet pipe. Then, the internal flow characteristics of the centrifugal compressor with a 90-degree bent pipe (p90) and Z-shaped bent pipe (pz) are simulated and discussed. The results show that the adoption of two inlet bent pipes reduces the performance of the centrifugal compressor to a certain extent, which reduces more greatly with pz, with a maximum reduction of 6.82% in pressure ratio and 14.83% in efficiency, respectively. The pressure ratio and efficiency reduction of the centrifugal compressor both increase with the increment of distortion degree, which maintains the increasing trend as the flow rate increases, and the maximum distortion degree of p90 and pz reaches 0.0351 and 0.0479, respectively. The reduction degree of the pressure ratio shows a power–law relationship with the distortion degree, while the reduction degree of efficiency shows an exponential relationship with it. The flow characteristics at the outlet section of the inlet pipe affect the flow field distribution at the inlet of the impeller, and the distortion area ranges of the total pressure and axial velocity at the inlet of the impeller are near 72°–144° in the circumferential direction for p90, while those of pz are close to 108°–180° and 288°–360°. When the flow with a high distortion degree enters the impeller, a large area with high turbulent kinetic energy is formed in the downstream flow channel, resulting in an increase in the flow loss.
Energy-Saving Control for Asynchronous Motor Motion System Based on Direct Torque Regulator
Authors: Valtchev Stanimir , Meshcheryakov Viktor , Gracheva Elena , Sinyukov Alexey , Sinyukova Tatyana
Published: May 2023

Energy saving issues occupy a leading position in all control systems. This article provides a detailed analysis of control systems and is conducted by considering the complexity of implementation and response to the control action. The implementation of energy-saving control systems is directly related to the selected control system and the proposed energy-efficient algorithm. A system with direct torque control is proposed, which provides energy savings in the mechanisms for moving goods. A detailed analysis of the implementation of systems with direct torque control is carried out. New methods to save energy in the control system by minimizing the stator current have been proposed.
CO2 Adsorption Performance of Activated Coke Prepared from Biomass and Coal
Authors: Gao He , Wang Shaohua , Hao Miaomiao , Shao Wei , Zhang Shuhui , Zhang Lei , Ren Xiaohan
Published: May 2023

CO2 adsorption is one of the promising CCS technologies, and activated coke is a solid adsorbent with excellent adsorption properties. In this study, activated coke was prepared by using bituminous coal and coconut shells activated with KOH or CaCl2 in a physically activated atmosphere and modified with ammonia. The effect of the active agent impregnation ratio on the physicochemical properties of activated coke was investigated by N2 adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The CO2 adsorption performance of activated coke was tested, and the effect of nitrogen-containing functional groups on CO2 adsorption was investigated by experiments and simulations. The results showed that the specific surface area of activated coke reached 629.81 m2/g at a KOH impregnation ratio of 0.5 and 610.66 m2/g at a CaCl2 impregnation ratio of 1. The maximum CO2 adsorption capacity of activated coke reached 71.70 mg/g and 90.99 mg/g for conventional power plant flue gas and oxy–fuel combustion flue gas, respectively. After ammonia modification, the CO2 adsorption capacity of activated coke was further increased. Simulations showed that pyrrole and pyrrole functional groups changed the polarity of graphene and established weak interactions with CO2.
Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Heat-Treated Woods Using Optimization-Algorithm-Based BPNN
Authors: Zhang Runze , Zhu Yujie
Published: May 2023

This paper aims to enhance the accuracy of predicting the mechanical behavior of wood subjected to thermal modification using an improved dung beetle optimization (IDBO) model. The IDBO algorithm improves the original DBO algorithm via three main steps: (1) using piece-wise linear chaotic mapping (PWLCM) to generate the initial dung beetle species and increase its heterogeneity; (2) adopting an adaptive nonlinear decreasing producer ratio model to control the number of producers and boost the algorithm’s convergence rate; and (3) applying a dimensional learning-enhanced foraging (DLF) search strategy that optimizes the algorithm’s ability to explore and exploit the search space. The IDBO algorithm is evaluated on 14 benchmark functions and outperforms other algorithms. The IDBO algorithm is then applied to optimize a back-propagation (BP) neural network for predicting five mechanical property parameters of heat-treated larch-sawn timber. The results indicate that the IDBO-BP model significantly reduces the error compared with the BP, tent-sparrow search algorithm (TSSA)-BP, grey wolf optimizer (GWO)-BP, nonlinear adaptive grouping grey wolf optimizer (IGWO)-BP and DBO-BP models, demonstrating its superiority in predicting the physical characteristics of lumber after heat treatment.
Physicochemical Attributes, Aroma Profile, and Sensory Quality of Organic Crimson Crisp Apples after Storage
Authors: Pontesegger Niklas , Rühmer Thomas , Siegmund Barbara
Published: May 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various storage conditions (i.e., storage under regular air with temperature control, controlled atmosphere storage and storage after the application of the ethylene blocker (1-MCP)) on the flavor characteristics of Crimson Crisp apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), a scab-resistant cultivar suitable for organic agriculture. Highly ripe organically-grown apples (starch degradation 9.7) were stored under different conditions and evaluated for physicochemical attributes such as fruit weight, firmness, juiciness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH value and aroma profile. The analysis of primary and secondary aroma compounds was conducted utilizing HS-SPME-GCMS and the results were integrated with sensory evaluation. Crimson Crisp apples stored under controlled atmosphere with (MCP) or without (CA) application of 1-MCP, had a higher overall quality than those stored in air (RA) after a storage period of six months. The results from sensory analysis indicated that storage with temperature control alone was not suitable for preserving the distinct properties such as crispness or juiciness of Crimson Crisp apples. However, a significant increase particularly in secondary aroma compounds in RA-stored apples was found accompanied by structural disorders of the apple tissue. While a significant decline in the volatile fraction of CA and MCP-stored apples was observed, PCA showed close correlation between the CA stored and the fresh apple samples. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that the applied measures which are taken to prolong the storage time of Crimson Crisp apples, significantly impact the biochemical reactions in the fruits which are responsible for formation of flavor. These findings underscore the significance of comprehensive aroma analysis for new agricultural products and emphasize the potential for improved the quality of organic apples through carefully considered harvest and storage regimes.
A New Inert Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as a Reaction Medium for Food-Grade Maillard-Type Model Reactions
Authors: Hartl Daniela Marianne , Frank Oliver , Dawid Corinna , Hofmann Thomas Frank
Published: May 2023

Sustainability, low toxicity, and high solute potential are the fundamental reasons for focusing green chemistry on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The application of NADES ranges from organic chemistry to the agricultural sector and the food industry. In the food industry, the desired food quality can be achieved by the extraction of small molecules, macromolecules, and even heavy metals. The compound yield in Maillard-type model reactions can also be increased using NADES. To extend the so-called “kitchen-type chemistry” field, an inert, food-grade NADES system based on sucrose/D-sorbitol was developed, characterized, and examined for its ability as a reaction medium by evaluating its temperature and pH stability. Reaction boundary conditions were determined at 100 °C for three hours with a pH range of 3.7–9.0. As proof of principle, two Maillard-type model reactions were implemented to generate the taste-modulating compounds N2-(1-carboxyethyl)guanosine 5′-monophosphate) (161.8 µmol/mmol) and N2-(furfuryl thiomethyl)guanosine 5′-monophosphate (95.7 µmol/g). Since the yields of both compounds are higher than their respective taste-modulating thresholds, the newly developed NADES is well-suited for these types of “kitchen-type chemistry” and, therefore, a potential solvent candidate for a wide range of applications in the food industry.
Quality Attributes and Metabolic Profiles of Uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis), a Native Brazilian Atlantic Forest Fruit
Authors: Spricigo Poliana Cristina , Almeida Luísa Souza , Ribeiro Gabriel Henrique , Correia Banny Silva Barbosa , Taver Isabela Barroso , Jacomino Angelo Pedro , Colnago Luiz Alberto
Published: May 2023

The uvaia is a native Brazilian Atlantic Forest Myrtaceae fruit with a soft pulp, ranging from yellow to orange, with a sweet acidic flavor and sweet fruity aroma. Uvaias present consumption potential, but their physicochemical characteristics are still understudied. In this context, we describe herein the metabolites of uvaia that have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We screened 41 accessions and selected 10 accessions based on their diversity of physicochemical attributes, i.e., their fresh mass, height, diameter, yield, seed mass, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Twenty-six metabolites were identified, including sugars, acids, and amino acids. The results of this study comprise the most complete report on sugars and acids in uvaias. The relevant metabolites in terms of abundance were the reducing sugars glucose and fructose, as well as malic and citric acids. Furthermore, this study represents the first description of the uvaia amino acid profile and an outline of its metabolic pathways. Uvaia quality attributes differ among accessions, demonstrating high variability, diversity, and several possibilities in different economic areas. Our findings may help in future breeding programs in the selection of plant material for industries such as food and pharmaceuticals.
Unravelling the Evolutionary Dynamics of High-Risk Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 Clones: Insights from Comparative Pangenome Analysis
Authors: Dey Suchanda , Gaur Mahendra , Sykes Ellen M. E. , Prusty Monica , Elangovan Selvakumar , Dixit Sangita , Pati Sanghamitra , Kumar Ayush , Subudhi Enketeswara
Published: May 2023

Background: The high prevalence and rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in high-risk Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) ST147 clones is a global health concern and warrants molecular surveillance. Methods: A pangenome analysis was performed using publicly available ST147 complete genomes. The characteristics and evolutionary relationships among ST147 members were investigated through a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Results: The large number of accessory genes in the pangenome indicates genome plasticity and openness. Seventy-two antibiotic resistance genes were found to be linked with antibiotic inactivation, efflux, and target alteration. The exclusive detection of the blaOXA-232 gene within the ColKp3 plasmid of KP_SDL79 suggests its acquisition through horizontal gene transfer. The association of seventy-six virulence genes with the acrAB efflux pump, T6SS system and type I secretion system describes its pathogenicity. The presence of Tn6170, a putative Tn7-like transposon in KP_SDL79 with an insertion at the flanking region of the tnsB gene, establishes its transmission ability. The Bayesian phylogenetic analysis estimates ST147’s initial divergence in 1951 and the most recent common ancestor for the entire KP population in 1621. Conclusions: Present study highlights the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of high-risk clones of K. pneumoniae. Further inter-clonal diversity studies will help us understand its outbreak more precisely and pave the way for therapeutic interventions.
The Moderating Roles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiosity on the Relationship between Social Networks and Flourishing: A Study on Community-Dwelling Widowed Older Adults in Malaysia
Authors: Foong Hui Foh , Hamid Tengku Aizan , Ibrahim Rahimah , Bagat Mohamad Fazdillah
Published: May 2023

Widowhood affects the social networks and well-being of older adults. Religion might moderate the relationship between a stressor and well-being. This study aimed to identify the moderating roles of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on the relationship between social networks and flourishing among widowed older people and whether this relationship varied across gender. This study involved 655 community-dwelling widowed older Malaysians from Wave 1 (2012–2013) of “Identifying Psychosocial Risks and Quantifying the Economic Costs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline among Older Malaysians” in Peninsula Malaysia. The moderated hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the moderating roles of religiosity. Results showed that the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between social networks and flourishing was only observed for extrinsic religiosity, not intrinsic religiosity. In terms of gender differences, extrinsic religiosity moderated the relationship between social networks, flourishing only among widows but not widowers. Widows with low levels of extrinsic religiosity should join activities or programs that could expand their social networks to promote higher well-being despite widowhood.
The Application of Systems Thinking to the Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmissible Infections among Adolescents and Adults: A Scoping Review
Authors: Vujcich Daniel , Roberts Meagan , Selway Tyler , Nattabi Barbara
Published: May 2023

Systems thinking is a mechanism for making sense of complex systems that challenge linear explanations of cause-and-effect. While the prevention and control of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) has been identified as an area that may benefit from systems-level analyses, no review on the subject currently exists. The aim of this study is to conduct a scoping review to identify literature in which systems thinking has been applied to the prevention and control of STIs among adolescent and adult populations. Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for the conduct of scoping reviews were followed. Five databases were searched for English-language studies published after 2011. A total of n = 6102 studies were screened against inclusion criteria and n = 70 were included in the review. The majority of studies (n = 34) were conducted in African nations. Few studies focused on priority sub-populations, and 93% were focused on HIV (n = 65). The most commonly applied systems thinking method was system dynamics modelling (n = 28). The review highlights areas for future research, including the need for more STI systems thinking studies focused on: (1) migrant and Indigenous populations; (2) conditions such as syphilis; and (3) innovations such as pre-exposure prophylaxis and at-home testing for HIV. The need for conceptual clarity around ‘systems thinking’ is also highlighted.
Unleashing Spinal Cord Repair: The Role of cAMP-Specific PDE Inhibition in Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Boosting Regeneration after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Mussen Femke , Broeckhoven Jana Van , Hellings Niels , Schepers Melissa , Vanmierlo Tim
Published: May 2023

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by severe neuroinflammation and hampered neuroregeneration, which often leads to permanent neurological deficits. Current therapies include decompression surgery, rehabilitation, and in some instances, the use of corticosteroids. However, the golden standard of corticosteroids still achieves minimal improvements in functional outcomes. Therefore, new strategies tackling the initial inflammatory reactions and stimulating endogenous repair in later stages are crucial to achieving functional repair in SCI patients. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulates these processes. A sustained drop in cAMP levels is observed during SCI, and elevating cAMP is associated with improved functional outcomes in experimental models. cAMP is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by its hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). Growing evidence suggests that inhibition of cAMP-specific PDEs (PDE4, PDE7, and PDE8) is an important strategy to orchestrate neuroinflammation and regeneration in the CNS. Therefore, this review focuses on the current evidence related to the immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative role of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition in the SCI pathophysiology.
MDR1 Inhibition Reverses Doxorubicin-Resistance in Six Doxorubicin-Resistant Canine Prostate and Bladder Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Packeiser Eva-Maria , Engels Leoni , Nolte Ingo , Goericke-Pesch Sandra , Murua Escobar Hugo
Published: May 2023

Acquired chemoresistance during chemotherapy, often accompanied by cross- and multi-resistance, limits therapeutic outcomes and leads to recurrence. In order to create in vitro model systems to understand acquired doxorubicin-resistance, we generated doxorubicin-resistant sublines of canine prostate adenocarcinoma and urothelial cell carcinoma cell lines. Chemoresistance to doxorubicin, cross-resistance to carboplatin, and the reversibility of the acquired resistance by the specific MDR1-inhibitor tariquidar were quantified in metabolic assays. Resistance mechanisms were characterized by expression of the efflux transporters MDR1 and RALBP1, as well as the molecular target of doxorubicin, TOP2A, with qPCR and Western blotting. Six out of nine cell lines established stable resistance to 2 µM doxorubicin. Drug efflux via massive MDR1 overexpression was identified as common, driving resistance mechanism in all sublines. MDR1 inhibition with tariquidar extensively reduced or reversed the acquired, and also partly the parental resistance. Three cell lines developed additional, non-MDR1-dependent resistance. RALBP1 was upregulated in one resistant subline at the protein level, while TOP2A expression was not altered. Combination therapies aiming to inhibit MDR1 activity can now be screened for synergistic effects using our resistant sublines. Nevertheless, detailed resistance mechanisms and maintained molecular target expression in the resistant sublines are still to be examined.
Polylevolysine and Fibronectin-Loaded Nano-Hydroxyapatite/PGLA/Dextran-Based Scaffolds for Improving Bone Regeneration: A Histomorphometric in Animal Study
Authors: Canciani Elena , Straticò Paola , Varasano Vincenzo , Dellavia Claudia , Sciarrini Chiara , Petrizzi Lucio , Rimondini Lia , Varoni Elena M.
Published: May 2023

The regeneration of large bone defects is still demanding, requiring biocompatible scaffolds, with osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. This study aimed to assess the pre-clinical efficacy of a nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA)/PGLA/dextran-based scaffold loaded with Polylevolysine (PLL) and fibronectin (FN), intended for bone regeneration of a critical-size tibial defect, using an ovine model. After physicochemical characterization, the scaffolds were implanted in vivo, producing two monocortical defects on both tibiae of ten adult sheep, randomly divided into two groups to be euthanized at three and six months after surgery. The proximal left and right defects were filled, respectively, with the test scaffold (nano-HA/PGLA/dextran-based scaffold loaded with PLL and FN) and the control scaffold (nano-HA/PGLA/dextran-based scaffold not loaded with PLL and FN); the distal defects were considered negative control sites, not receiving any scaffold. Histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed to quantify the bone ingrowth and residual material 3 and 6 months after surgery. In both scaffolds, the morphological analyses, at the SEM, revealed the presence of submicrometric crystals on the surfaces and within the scaffolds, while optical microscopy showed a macroscopic 3D porous architecture. XRD confirmed the presence of nano-HA with a high level of crystallinity degree. At the histological and histomorphometric evaluation, new bone formation and residual biomaterial were detectable inside the defects 3 months after intervention, without differences between the scaffolds. At 6 months, the regenerated bone was significantly higher in the defects filled with the test scaffold (loaded with PLL and FN) than in those filled with the control scaffold, while the residual material was higher in correspondence to the control scaffold. Nano-HA/PGLA/dextran-based scaffolds loaded with PLL and FN appear promising in promoting bone regeneration in critical-size defects, showing balanced regenerative and resorbable properties to support new bone deposition.
Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning
Authors: Sineshchekov Vitaly A.
Published: May 2023

Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red—far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions—the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant’s survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants′ successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types—major, light-labile and soluble phyA′ and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″—is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
Membrane Permeability Is Required for the Vasodilatory Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Porcine Retinal Arteries
Authors: Eysteinsson Thor , García-Llorca Andrea , Hardarson Arnar Oessur , Vullo Daniela , Carta Fabrizio , Supuran Claudiu T.
Published: May 2023

It has been demonstrated previously that a variety of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) can induce vasodilation in pre-contracted retinal arteriolar segments although with different efficacy and potency. Since the CAIs tested so far are able to permeate cell membranes and inhibit both intracellular and extracellular isoforms of the enzyme, it is not clear whether extra- or intracellular isoforms or mechanisms are mediating their vasodilatory effects. By means of small wire myography, we have tested the effects of four new CAIs on wall tension in pre-contracted retinal arteriolar segments that demonstrably do not enter cell membranes but have high affinity to both cytosolic and membrane-bound isoforms of CA. At concentrations between 10−6 M to 10−3 M, none of the four membrane impermeant CAIs had any significant effect on arteriolar wall tension, while the membrane permeant CAI benzolamide (10−3 M) fully dilated all arteriolar segments tested. This suggests that CAI act as vasodilators through cellular mechanisms located in the cytoplasm of vascular cells.
CRISPR Technologies in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Engineering
Authors: Glinšek Katja , Bozovičar Krištof , Bratkovič Tomaž
Published: May 2023

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is a well-established platform for the production of biopharmaceuticals due to its ability to express complex therapeutic proteins with human-like glycopatterns in high amounts. The advent of CRISPR technology has opened up new avenues for the engineering of CHO cell lines for improved protein production and enhanced product quality. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of CRISPR technology for CHO cell line engineering with a particular focus on glycosylation modulation, productivity enhancement, tackling adventitious agents, elimination of problematic host cell proteins, development of antibiotic-free selection systems, site-specific transgene integration, and CRISPR-mediated gene activation and repression. The review highlights the potential of CRISPR technology in CHO cell line genome editing and epigenetic engineering for the more efficient and cost-effective development of biopharmaceuticals while ensuring the safety and quality of the final product.
Role of Nitric Oxide in Megakaryocyte Function
Authors: Asgari Amir , Jurasz Paul
Published: May 2023

Megakaryocytes are the main members of the hematopoietic system responsible for regulating vascular homeostasis through their progeny platelets, which are generally known for maintaining hemostasis. Megakaryocytes are characterized as large polyploid cells that reside in the bone marrow but may also circulate in the vasculature. They are generated directly or through a multi-lineage commitment step from the most primitive progenitor or Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) in a process called “megakaryopoiesis”. Immature megakaryocytes enter a complicated development process defined as “thrombopoiesis” that ultimately results in the release of extended protrusions called proplatelets into bone marrow sinusoidal or lung microvessels. One of the main mediators that play an important modulatory role in hematopoiesis and hemostasis is nitric oxide (NO), a free radical gas produced by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase within the mammalian cells. In this review, we summarize the effect of NO and its signaling on megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Multi-Targeting Neuroprotective Effects of Syzygium aromaticum Bud Extracts and Their Key Phytocompounds against Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Sharma Himadri , Kim Dan Yeong , Shim Kyu Hwan , Sharma Niti , An Seong Soo A.
Published: May 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes a gradual loss of normal motor and cognitive function. The complex AD pathophysiology involves various factors such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, disturbed neurotransmission, and apoptosis. The available drugs suffer from a range of side effects and are not able to cover different aspects of the disease. Therefore, finding a safer therapeutic approach that can affect multiple targets at a time is highly desirable. In the present study, the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of an important culinary spice, Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) extract, and major bioactive compounds were studied in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines as a model. The extracts were subjected to GC-MS to identify important bioactive components. The extracts and key bio-actives reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and provided neuroprotection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress in cell-based assays due to the antioxidant action. They also reduced lipid peroxidation significantly and restored GSH content. Clove extracts have also displayed anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, anti-glycation potential, and Aβ aggregation/fibrilization inhibition. The multitarget neuroprotective approach displayed by Clove makes it a potential candidate for AD drug development.
Analysis of Circulating Food Antigen-Specific T-Cells in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Rodríguez-Sillke Yasmina , Schumann Michael , Lissner Donata , Branchi Federica , Proft Fabian , Steinhoff Ulrich , Siegmund Britta , Glauben Rainer
Published: May 2023

To demonstrate and analyze the specific T-cell response following barrier disruption and antigen translocation, circulating food antigen-specific effector T-cells isolated from peripheral blood were analyzed in patients suffering from celiac disease (CeD) as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We applied the antigen-reactive T-cell enrichment (ARTE) technique allowing for phenotypical and functional flow cytometric analyses of rare nutritional antigen-specific T-cells, including the celiac disease-causing gliadin (gluten). For CeD, patient groups, including treatment-refractory cases, differ significantly from healthy controls. Even symptom-free patients on a gluten-free diet were distinguishable from healthy controls, without being previously challenged with gluten. Moreover, frequency and phenotype of nutritional antigen-specific T-cells of IBD patients directly correlated to the presence of small intestinal inflammation. Specifically, the frequency of antigen specific T-cells as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased in patients with active CeD or Crohn’s disease, respectively. These results suggest active small intestinal inflammation as key for the development of a peripheral food antigen-specific T-cell response in Crohn’s disease and celiac disease.
Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Induced Senescence: A New Pathologic Player for Colorectal Cancer?
Authors: Fettucciari Katia , Fruganti Alessandro , Stracci Fabrizio , Spaterna Andrea , Marconi Pierfrancesco , Bassotti Gabrio
Published: May 2023

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is responsible for a high percentage of gastrointestinal infections and its pathological activity is due to toxins A and B. C. difficile infection (CDI) is increasing worldwide due to the unstoppable spread of C. difficile in the anthropized environment and the progressive human colonization. The ability of C. difficile toxin B to induce senescent cells and the direct correlation between CDI, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) could cause an accumulation of senescent cells with important functional consequences. Furthermore, these senescent cells characterized by long survival could push pre-neoplastic cells originating in the colon towards the complete neoplastic transformation in colorectal cancer (CRC) by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Pre-neoplastic cells could appear as a result of various pro-carcinogenic events, among which, are infections with bacteria that produce genotoxins that generate cells with high genetic instability. Therefore, subjects who develop IBS and/or IBD after CDI should be monitored, especially if they then have further CDI relapses, waiting for the availability of senolytic and anti-SASP therapies to resolve the pro-carcinogenic risk due to accumulation of senescent cells after CDI followed by IBS and/or IBD.
Trigger and Substrate Mapping and Ablation for Ventricular Fibrillation in the Structurally Normal Heart
Authors: Christie Simon , Idris Sami , Bennett Richard G. , Deyell Marc W. , Roston Thomas , Laksman Zachary
Published: May 2023

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents approximately 50% of all cardiovascular mortality in the United States. The majority of SCD occurs in individuals with structural heart disease; however, around 5% of individuals have no identifiable cause on autopsy. This proportion is even higher in those <40 years old, where SCD is particularly devastating. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is often the terminal rhythm leading to SCD. Catheter ablation for VF has emerged as an effective tool to alter the natural history of this disease among high-risk individuals. Important advances have been made in the identification of several mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of VF. Targeting the triggers of VF as well as the underlying substrate that perpetuates these lethal arrhythmias has the potential to eliminate further episodes. Although important gaps remain in our understanding of VF, catheter ablation has become an important option for individuals with refractory arrhythmias. This review outlines a contemporary approach to the mapping and ablation of VF in the structurally normal heart, specifically focusing on the following major conditions: idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, short-coupled ventricular fibrillation, and the J-wave syndromes—Brugada syndrome and early-repolarization syndrome.
Reversing Neuromuscular Blockade without Nerve Stimulator Guidance in a Postsurgical ICU—An Observational Study
Authors: Calef Andrea , Castelgrande Rashel , Crawley Kristin , Dorris Sara , Durham Joanna , Lee Kaitlin , Paras Jen , Piazza Kristen , Race Abigail , Rider Laura , Shelley Michael , Stewart Emily , Tamok Miranda , Tate Jennifer , Dodd-o Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2023

We aimed to determine if not using residual neuromuscular blockade (RNB) analysis to guide neuromuscular blockade reversal administration in the postsurgical ICU resulted in consequences related to residual weakness. This single-center, prospective study evaluated 104 patients arriving in a postcardiac surgical ICU. After demonstrating spontaneous movement and T > 35.5 °C, all patients underwent RNB evaluation, and neostigmine/glycopyrrolate was then administered. When patients later demonstrated an adequate Rapid Shallow Breathing Index, negative inspiratory force generation, and arterial blood gas values with minimal mechanical ventilatory support, RNB evaluation was repeated in 94 of the 104 patients, and all patients were extubated. Though RNB evaluation was performed, patients were extubated without considering these results. Eleven of one hundred four patients had not achieved a Train-of-Four (TOF) count of four prior to receiving neostigmine. Twenty of ninety-four patients demonstrated a TOF ratio ≤ 90% prior to extubation. Three patients received unplanned postextubation adjunct respiratory support—one for obvious respiratory weakness, one for pain-related splinting compounding baseline disordered breathing but without obvious benefit from BiPAP, and one for a new issue requiring surgery. Residual neuromuscular weakness may have been unrecognized before extubation in 1 of 104 patients administered neostigmine without RNB analysis. ICU-level care may mitigate consequences in such cases.
Objective Measurement of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Points to Keep in Mind during Evaluations
Authors: Minakata Yoshiaki , Azuma Yuichiro , Sasaki Seigo , Murakami Yusuke
Published: May 2023

Objective measurement methods using accelerometers have become the mainstream approach for evaluating physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). However, several problems face the objective evaluation of PA and SB in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). For example, indicators of PA differ depending on whether the accelerometer detects the kind of activity on the one hand, or its intensity on the other. Measured data are also strongly influenced by environmental factors (weather, season, employment status, etc.) and methodological factors (days with uncommon activities, non-wearing time, minimum required wearing time per day, minimum number of valid days required, etc.). Therefore, adjusting for these factors is required when evaluating PA or SB, especially when evaluating the effects of intervention. The exclusion of sleeping time, unification of total measurement time, and minimization of the required wearing time per day might be more important for the evaluation of ST than for evaluating PA. The lying-down-time-to-sitting-time ratio was shown to be larger in COPD patients than in healthy subjects. In this review, we clarified the problems encountered during objective evaluations of PA and SB in patients with COPD and encouraged investigators to recognize the presence of these problems and the importance of adjusting for them.
A Synchronous Robotic Resection of Colorectal Cancer and Liver Metastases—Our Initial Experience
Authors: Rudnicki Yaron , Pery Ron , Shawki Sherief , Warner Susanne , Cleary Sean Patrick , Behm Kevin T.
Published: May 2023

Introduction: Synchronous robotic colorectal and liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is gaining popularity. This case series describes our initial institutional experience. Methods: A retrospective study of synchronous robotic colorectal and liver resections for metastatic colorectal cancer (March 2020 to December 2021). Results: Eight patients underwent synchronous robotic resections. The median age was 59 (45–72), and the median body mass index was 29 (20–33). Seven received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and five rectal cancers received neoadjuvant radiotherapy. One patient had a low anterior resection with major hepatectomy, two had low anterior resection with minor hepatectomy, and one had abdominoperineal resection with major hepatectomy. One patient had a left colectomy with minor hepatectomy, and two had right colectomies with minor hepatectomy. We used five robotic 8/12 mm ports in all cases. Extraction incisions were Pfannenstiel in four patients, colostomy site in two patients, one perineal incision, and one supra-umbilical incision. The median estimated blood loss was 200 mL (25–500), and the median operative time was 448 min (374–576). There were no intra-operative complications or conversions. Five patients had the liver resection first, and two of six anastomoses were performed before the liver resection. The Median length of stay was 4 days (3–14). There were two post-operative complications, prolonged ileus and DVT, with a Clavien-Dindo complication grade of I and II, respectively. There were no readmissions or reoperations. All colorectal and liver resection margins were negative. Conclusions: Synchronous robotic colorectal and liver resection can be performed effectively utilizing one port configuration with acceptable short-term outcomes and quality of oncologic resection.
Narrative Review: Low-Dose Ketamine for Pain Management
Authors: Riccardi Alessandro , Guarino Mario , Serra Sossio , Spampinato Michele , Vanni Simone , Shiffer Dana , Voza Antonio , Fabbri Andrea , De Iaco Fabio
Published: May 2023

Pain is the leading cause of medical consultations and occurs in 50–70% of emergency department visits. To date, several drugs have been used to manage pain. The clinical use of ketamine began in the 1960s and it immediately emerged as a manageable and safe drug for sedation and anesthesia. The analgesic properties of this drug were first reported shortly after its use; however, its psychomimetic effects have limited its use in emergency departments. Owing to the misuse and abuse of opioids in some countries worldwide, ketamine has become a versatile tool for sedation and analgesia. In this narrative review, ketamine’s role as an analgesic is discussed, with both known and new applications in various contexts (acute, chronic, and neuropathic pain), along with its strengths and weaknesses, especially in terms of psychomimetic, cardiovascular, and hepatic effects. Moreover, new scientific evidence has been reviewed on the use of additional drugs with ketamine, such as magnesium infusion for improving analgesia and clonidine for treating psychomimetic symptoms. Finally, this narrative review was refined by the experience of the Pain Group of the Italian Society of Emergency Medicine (SIMEU) in treating acute and chronic pain with acute manifestations in Italian Emergency Departments.