bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social marketing, individual responsibility and the “culture of intoxication”
Authors: Szmigin Isabelle , Bengry‐Howell Andrew , Griffin Christine , Hackley Chris , Mistral Willm
Published: May 2011

Purpose

Social marketing initiatives designed to address the UK's culture of unhealthy levels of drinking among young adults have achieved inconclusive results to date. The paper aims to investigate the gap between young people's perceptions of alcohol consumption and those of government agencies who seek to influence their behaviour set within a contextualist framework.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors present empirical evidence from a major study that suggests that the emphasis of recent campaigns on individual responsibility may be unlikely to resonate with young drinkers. The research included a meaning‐based and visual rhetoric analysis of 261 ads shown on TV, in magazines, on billboards and on the internet between 2005 and 2006. This was followed by 16 informal group discussions with 89 young adults in three locations.

Findings

The research identified the importance of the social context of young people's drinking. The research reveals how a moral position has been culturally constructed around positioning heavy drinking as an individual issue with less regard to other stakeholders and how the marketing agents function in this environment. Calls to individual responsibility in drinking are unlikely to succeed in the current marketing environment.

Research limitations/implications

The qualitative research was limited to three geographical locations with young adults between the ages of 18 and 25.

Practical implications

The authors explore implications for social marketing theory and for UK alcohol policy. In particular, the authors suggest that the social norms surrounding young people's drinking need to be acknowledged and built into “sensible” social marketing campaigns. The authors suggest that shame, fear and guilt appeals should be replaced with more constructive methods of ensuring young people's safety when they drink.

Originality/value

From the theoretical perspective of contextualism, the paper brings together empirical research with young adults and a critical analysis of recent social marketing campaigns within the commercial context of a “culture of intoxication”. It provides both a critique of social marketing in a neo‐liberal context and recognition of issues involved in excessive alcohol consumption.
Exploring employee engagement from the employee perspective: implications for HRD
Authors: Brad Shuck M. , Rocco Tonette S. , Albornoz Carlos A.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine an employee's unique experience of being engaged in their work.

Design/methodology/approach

Following Yin's case study design method, researchers collected documents, conducted semi‐structured interviews and recorded observations at a large multinational service corporation ranked as one of the best places to work. Post data collection, content analysis is used to interpret engagement efforts and experiences. Work by Kahn and Maslow are integrated as conceptual frameworks.

Findings

Post analysis, three themes emerged: relationship development and attachment to co‐workers, workplace climate and opportunities for learning. Findings highlighted the development of relationships in the workplace, the importance of an employee's direct manager and their role in shaping organizational culture and the critical role of learning in an engaged employee's interpretation of their work. Scaffolding and discussion of an emergent model is provided.

Research limitations/implications

Three propositions for human resource development (HRD) research and practice are presented: first, environment and person interact to create engagement or disengagement; second, an employee's manager plays a critical role in developing engagement; and third, personality can effect engagement, however, everyone can engage. An integrated model is proposed as a synthesis of findings providing HRD researchers and practitioner's opportunity to re‐examine current engagement efforts. Specific action steps are outlined to spur further theory building and organizational practice.

Originality/value

The objective of the emergent model is to provide researchers and practitioners a new framework to consider, grounded in both early and contemporary theories of engagement. The emergent model could serve as the basis for new strategies and structures related to engagement development and could shed new light on how employees interpret the experience of engagement in work. This research is the first known qualitative study of employee engagement in the HRD literature, second only to the original qualitative research by Kahn.
The importance of being an insider
Authors: Bishop Dan
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which the small firm's external relationships influence its approach to formal training and training providers.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative approach was adopted, involving semi‐structured interviews with senior managers, in 25 small firms in South Wales. These interviews were informed by prior workplace observation and analysis of organisational documentation. Further interviews were conducted with employees in nine of the firms.

Findings

The findings indicate that the small firm's informal relationships with trusted, familiar and credible contacts – referred to as insiders, following Gibb – are central to the way in which it perceives both training and training providers. Government agencies, training providers and other traditional stakeholders generally sit outside these informal insider networks, and tend to be viewed as culturally remote by the small firm.

Research limitations/implications

The findings emphasise the need for training providers and government agencies to obtain the support and co‐operation of insider networks if they wish to promote training within the small business sector. The main limitations include the relatively narrow geographical focus and the absence of retail firms from the sample.

Originality/value

While the importance of informal networks within the small business community is now well established, the constitution of such networks and their effects on attitudes towards training providers are less well understood. The paper helps to address these gaps by starting the process of mapping insider networks and illuminating their impact on small firms' perceptions of training providers.
Learning to make sense: what works in entrepreneurial education?
Authors: Higgins David , Elliott Chris
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The paper aims to explore the changing influences and relevance of passive and experiential methods of learning within what can be described as a new era of entrepreneurial education. What still largely remains unaddressed in the literature is how are entrepreneur's best educated and developed in a manner which can have a direct impact on their personal and business development.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper suggests that learning is action oriented, and that entrepreneurs are not merely “doers”; they are “practitioners”. An integral part of being a “practitioner” is the use of practice to help move the firm beyond the “adaptive” learning which takes place in naturally occurring non‐contrived learning occasions. The paper is theoretical in its intent and adopts a social constructionist view of knowledge and learning. The research approach is informed by practitioner‐based practice and research, education and participation as a process of social learning.

Findings

The development of experiential knowledge in entrepreneurs is an incremental process that evolves throughout the course of their working lives. This means that attempts to stimulate “real life” experience through formal modes of passive education and training are unlikely to have a strong influence or impact on the development of the entrepreneur as a practitioner.

Practical implications

The paper sets out to develop an argument against the traditional “passive” means of business education, by suggesting that entrepreneurs who are exposed to passive learning are spectators rather than active participators.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to our current understanding of entrepreneurial learning by recognising that entrepreneurial learning in the context of higher education takes place beyond the domain of the classroom learning experiences, through experiential and discovery‐based learning which questions traditional orthodox pedagogies. The paper illustrates how knowledge is constructed through a situated practice of knowing, and demonstrates how a practice‐based perspective might be useful for the study of entrepreneurial education.
What is a symbol?
Authors: Scott Bernard , Shurville Simon
Published: May 2011

Purpose

In order to develop transdisciplinary working across the disciplines, clear epistemological foundations are required. The purpose of this paper is to show that sociocybernetics to provides the required unifying metadisciplinary epistemological foundations and transdisciplinary frameworks.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors note that second‐order cybernetics provides a metadisciplinary framework for discerning the causes and cures for the schisms within the natural and cognitive sciences. The particular contributions of sociocybernetics are to extend the second‐order understandings to unify the social sciences and, by incorporating extant sociological theory back into the transdisciplinary pursuits of cybernetics and systems theory, to enlighten and enrich those pursuits.

Findings

In order to highlight the power and fruitfulness of these contributions from sociocybernetics, the authors problematise, deconstruct and reconstruct key concepts concerned with human communication. To do this, they take as central the question, “What is a symbol?” and present a sociocybernetic, transdisciplinary solution. In doing so they make clear the epistemological poverty of approaches in cognitive science that are based on the thesis that brains and computers are both “physical‐symbol systems”.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the metadisciplinary and transdisciplinary aims of cybernetics and, in particular, uses a sociocybernetic analysis to enlighten foundational issues in cognitive science.
From the systemic view to systems science
Authors: Korn Janos
Published: May 2011

Purpose

After the postwar years, the realisation that parts of the world, real, imaginary or abstract, can be seen as “related properties or objects”, the systemic view, has resulted in an immense production of, by and large, speculative intellectual output. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how following the methodology of conventional science, the systemic view can be turned into systems science.

Design/methodology/approach

Basic notions which transcend discipline boundaries are put forward. Natural language is used as the primary model for description of human activity and other scenarios leading to its processing into homogeneous language of one‐ and two‐place declarative sentences, the minimal elements which still reflect the systemic view. These sentences are called “ordered pairs” in static state and “dynamic sentences” in dynamic state. Complex models are developed: as sets of ordered pairs from which meaningful objects and “products” can be deduced (static linguistic modelling) leading to hierarchical structures; and as sequences of predicate logic statements which propagate changes of states towards final states (dynamic linguistic modelling).

Findings

Static and dynamic linguistic modelling is used together when products are expressed as sets and in design of products and systems. Linguistic networks, semantic diagrams and an information theory which is an integral part of the dynamics of change, are introduced.

Research limitations/implications

The limitations of application of a formal method to scenarios with human components with “will” need to be debated.

Practical implications

Once software is developed, a comprehensive method for analysis and design of scenarios is available.

Originality/value

Homogeneous language exhibiting the structure and semantics of products and systems based on recognition of empirical and linguistic invariants and carrying uncertainty and mathematics, is put forward.
Memory model of information transmitted in absolute judgment
Authors: Nizami Lance
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the popular “information transmitted” interpretation of absolute judgments, and to provide an alternative interpretation if one is needed.

Design/methodology/approach

The psychologists Garner and Hake and their successors used Shannon's Information Theory to quantify information transmitted in absolute judgments of sensory stimuli. Here, information theory is briefly reviewed, followed by a description of the absolute judgment experiment, and its information theory analysis. Empirical channel capacities are scrutinized. A remarkable coincidence, the similarity of maximum information transmitted to human memory capacity, is described. Over 60 representative psychology papers on “information transmitted” are inspected for evidence of memory involvement in absolute judgment. Finally, memory is conceptually integrated into absolute judgment through a novel qualitative model that correctly predicts how judgments change with increase in the number of judged stimuli.

Findings

Garner and Hake gave conflicting accounts of how absolute judgments represent information transmission. Further, “channel capacity” is an illusion caused by sampling bias and wishful thinking; information transmitted actually peaks and then declines, the peak coinciding with memory capacity. Absolute judgments themselves have numerous idiosyncracies that are incompatible with a Shannon general communication system but which clearly imply memory dependence.

Research limitations/implications

Memory capacity limits the correctness of absolute judgments. Memory capacity is already well measured by other means, making redundant the informational analysis of absolute judgments.

Originality/value

This paper presents a long‐overdue comprehensive critical review of the established interpretation of absolute judgments in terms of “information transmitted”. An inevitable conclusion is reached: that published measurements of information transmitted actually measure memory capacity. A new, qualitative model is offered for the role of memory in absolute judgments. The model is well supported by recently revealed empirical properties of absolute judgments.
Aspects of a cybernetic theory of tacit knowledge and innovation
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild , Olsen Bjørn
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to facilitate understanding of the interaction between tacit knowledge and innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper addresses the puzzle related to the impact tacit knowledge has on innovation. It appears that tacit knowledge has both negative and positive effects on innovation. The authors argue that solving this puzzle might find its solution in moving away from a one‐dimensional view of both tacit knowledge and innovation. Hence, they develop a typology of tacit knowledge to facilitate our understanding of the interaction between different types of tacit knowledge and different types of innovation. In conducting an aspect of a cybernetic theory of tacit knowledge and innovation, the authors develop a number of propositions for the influence different types of tacit knowledge have on different types of innovation.

Findings

The authors' argument is that different types of tacit knowledge hold different potential abilities for different types of innovation. The negative effect (a decrease in number of innovations) found in the tacit knowledge's conservative element might be explained in that the lower level of experience are more tied up in rule, procedures and analysis, than is the case for higher levels of experience.

Originality/value

In developing a typology of tacit knowledge and relating it to different types of innovation, the paper contributes to a new understanding of the complexity between tacit knowledge and innovation.
The indirect effects of intranet functionalities on middle managers' performance
Authors: Daud Norzaidi Mohd , Choy Chong Siong , Intan Salwani Mohamed , Lin Binshan
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether intranet functionalities predict perceived usefulness, which in turn influences intranet usage and whether such usage affects job performance of managers.

Design/methodology/approach

About 150 of 357 managers engaged by numerous organizations in the port industry in Malaysia, namely port authority, terminal operator, marine department, immigration department, and royal customs and excise department which utilized intranet were sampled using a set of self‐reporting questionnaires.

Findings

The results of structural equation modeling indicate that intranet functionalities influence perceived usefulness, usage, and indirectly predict port managers' performance.

Research limitations/implications

The paper focuses only on the perspective of intranet usage among middle managers working in the port industry in Malaysia.

Practical implications

Suggestions are provided on how the maritime industry in particular and other industries in general can improve their intranet adoption to achieve organizational goals.

Originality/value

This paper draws attention to the imperative of having proper intranet functionalities in place in light of its indirect impact on job performance improvements.
A mixture model to estimate customer value for e‐services
Authors: Chang Wei‐Lun , Hong Yu‐Ting
Published: May 2011

Purpose

Companies have changed their focus from product oriented within marketing (1960s) to demand oriented within quality improvement (1980s) and, today, to an emphasis on customer service, customer loyalty, and customer profitability. Although the significance of customer‐centric services is well established, much of the research that has investigated the effect of customer lifetime value (CLV) has focused on the lifetime value of existing customers only. The purpose of this paper is to devise a novel customer value model (the CV model) to predict internet‐based customers' value by utilizing historical financial data to predict future value.

Design/methodology/approach

This research utilizes the concept of operation research, which deploys scientific methods to solve problems and assists in generating strategies in terms of model construction. The authors construct a prediction model for short‐term CV that is also a type of deterministic model and define e‐services as the coverage of free or charged services over the internet environment.

Findings

The simulated results reveal that, over the long‐term, CV decreases as the predictive time moves away from the present because of deviations in perception and expectation. The new CV model complements the existing CLV model by addressing CV from a different perspective and provides clues to CV for e‐service industries.

Practical implications

The proposed CV model and the CLV model both come from the customer perspective, but CLV measures CLV without prediction while the CV model provides an avenue by which to consider customer and enterprise perspective simultaneously. Thus, the CV model not only complements the CLV but also assists enterprises in identifying CV and generating superior benefits.

Originality/value

The proposed model makes three contributions: it constructs an equation to measure CV for internet‐based services; it considers the customer and enterprise perspectives simultaneously; and it observes changes in the CV of any specific internet user.
1. Conservation law of information and its application in evaluation and estimation of complex systems
Authors: Duan Xiaojun , Lin Yi
Published: May 2011

Purpose

Model description, observations, and prior knowledge are the three main sources of information that are used for the evaluation and estimation of complex systems. Here, model description is given based on the physical mechanism and dynamics of the system. Observational data represent a very important method of verification and can be applied to validate the model. Prior knowledge can help to provide additional information when observation data are not sufficient. On the basis of clearly carding the relationship between a system's observational quantities and the ultimate indices of the observation, the purpose of this paper is to establish the systemic yoyo model for systems evaluation.

Design/methodology/approach

Recent advances in systems science in general and the systemic yoyo model in particular are employed in this research as the fundamental logic of reasoning and thread of thinking.

Findings

After analyzing the characteristics and connections between the three main sources of information – model description, prior knowledge, and observational data – used in system evaluation and estimation, the authors derive the conservation law of information for system evaluation and estimation and analyze the transitional direction of the process of system evaluation and estimation.

Practical implications

This work lays down the theoretical basis for why certain procedures widely applied in system evaluations and estimations are correct and sound, on which reliable scientific conclusions can be drawn.

Originality/value

This work is the first of its kind that investigates the systemic foundation underlying the commonly applied procedures of system evaluations and estimations.
Algorithms of optimal control methods for solving game theory problems
Authors: Jadlovská Anna , Hrubina Kamil
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to present the theory and algorithms based on the methods of systems optimal control for a numerical solution of a defined mathematical model of a system as well as that of a mathematical model of game theory.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper brings a formulation of the mathematical model of a problem of systems optimal control with distributed parameters in Hilbert space. The mathematical model of the optimal control problem includes equations that also occur in the defined mathematical model of the theory of a two player zero‐sum game. Optimization problems of game theory have been defined for the purpose of finding a saddle point of a functional satisfying task constraints ε>0.

Findings

In order to find a saddle point of a functional and that one of a functional with a limitation, a designed algorithm of an iterative gradient method is presented. Furthermore, the paper contains a concept of algorithms designing that can be applied to a numerical solution of the defined problem of game theory. These algorithms can be realized on the basis of the methods of systems optimal control. After an adjoint state of the system is defined, a saddle point of a functional will be characterized by equations and inequalities.

Originality/value

The contribution of the paper lies in the formulation of the theorems which express the necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for saddle points of a functional. Furthermore, it has been proved that algorithms of methods of systems optimal control with distributed parameters can be used for the solution of a mathematical model of game theory. The paper contains original results achieved by the authors within scientific projects.
Visibility and impact of Iranian research institutions on the web
Authors: Erfanmanesh Mohammadamin , Didegah Fereshteh
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the web site performances of 18 Iranian Research Institutions based on the following factors: web impact factor (WIF), connectivity, visibility and traffic rank.

Design/methodology/approach

In this research, AltaVista search engine was used to calculate the number of total links and WIF; and data for traffic rank, number of pages viewed and percentage of foreign and Iranian visitors were extracted from the Alexa data bank. Also correspondence analysis is employed to analyze the data using John's Macintosh Project software.

Findings

The results revealed that SANJESH Organization and Iranian Scientific Information and Documentation Center web sites have performed fairly well in most factors. These two web sites have the best ranking in traffic and attracted a large number of total links compared with the other web sites. The results of the correspondence analysis of these 18 web sites can be divided into three groups consisting of one, five and 12 web sites, respectively.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors' knowledge, the evaluation and ranking of Iranian research institutions' web sites were not discussed in any other studies. With web technologies playing such an important role in the areas of science and research today, the functions and performances of research and academic institutions' web sites on the world wide web should be assessed to identify their weaknesses.
The use of online newspapers among librarians in India
Authors: Sivankutty V.S. , Sudhakaran Jinu
Published: May 2011

Purpose

Librarians need to educate users about online newspapers available in the library. The purpose of this paper is to survey the attitude of librarians towards online newspapers.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire on the various aspects of online newspaper usage was prepared and was circulated to librarians working in various parts of the country through e‐mail.

Findings

It was found that librarians are making use of many features in the newspaper sites while offering library services.

Research limitations/implications

Since the questionnaire was circulated online an interaction with the librarians was not possible. Partial responses were eliminated from the study.

Social implications

Newspapers are a preferred source of information. Online newspapers from different parts of the world open a new window of knowledge to all. Librarians and administrators should engage in promoting online newspapers so that they will reach a wider array of users.

Originality/value

The attitude of librarians in India towards online newspapers has not received much attention up to now; such a study would help various firms, library science educators and organizations to rethink their usage of online newspapers.
The Wellcome Digital Library: building a sustainable infrastructure
Authors: Henshaw Christy
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Wellcome Digital Library infrastructure project.

Design/methodology/approach

The Wellcome Library is using existing systems together with the procurement of new systems to build a sustainable infrastructure that will enable the management and delivery of tens of millions of images.

Findings

The project is in its beginning stages, and this paper outlines how the Library will proceed, and the founding principles on which the development will take place.

Research limitations/implications

The project is in the early stages, so this paper sets out the current plans, which will be realised during 2010‐2012 and beyond.

Practical implications

The goal of the project described in this paper is to make the Library's holdings more accessible not only to the core research audience for history of medicine, but for learning and discovery across a broader range of users.

Originality/value

This project represents a new direction for the Wellcome Library, and although tailored to the Wellcome Library's environment, goals and working practices, it aims to demonstrate good practice in the development of a digital library infrastructure.
How to create new services between library resources, museum exhibitions and virtual collections
Authors: Vandi Claudio , Djebbari Elhadi
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the main opportunities and challenges related to the introduction of mobile technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors present an ongoing project in which they are connecting these materials in new services and open ways. The authors outline two paradigms for using mobile technologies as information tools and discuss the main opportunities and challenges related to the introduction of mobile technologies in the library, as well as the likely usage scenarios.

Findings

The authors found that the mobile as storage paradigm is the one presenting more opportunities to explore. This paradigm can be used to turn any passive document into an interactive object and provide the user with enriched documents and collections.

Originality/value

The paper is the result of a collaboration between library experts and a cognitive science research laboratory. The opportunities and limits of using mobile technologies to create new services in libraries is discussed both from the point of view of library services and from the point of view of users, cognitive abilities.
Strategies for survival and success: Dominican teachers 1931‐1961
Authors: Collins Jenny
Published: May 2011

Young women who entered the Dominican Sisters in the years before the Second Vatican Council3 lived in semi‐enclosure and took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. As women religious they engaged in a life of teaching and prayer that was underpinned by notions of sacrifice and self‐effacement. In order to understand the teaching experiences of these women it is necessary to first understand something about the history of Catholic education in New Zealand and the context in which the New Zealand Dominican Sisters lived and worked.
Rationalism and its opposition to a degree in divinity at the University of Melbourne, 1905‐1910
Authors: Biddington Ralph
Published: May 2011

There have been a number of studies of church‐state relations and the place of religion in education in nineteenth and early twentieth century Victoria. However, these studies, including J. S. Gregory’s authoritative Church and State, offer no significant discussion of Rationalism. This is somewhat surprising, since Gregory’s influential earlier discussion of church, state and education up to 1872 had included a few paragraphs on Rationalism. It is even more surprising that it was overlooked in Gregory’s later and larger study, which extends to the early twentieth century, since Rationalism was by then a much more powerful force. A consequence of this omission, together with the general shift of scholarly interest away from the church‐state issue, is that little is known about Rationalism and its approach to church‐state relations in the period when, arguably, it was a force to be reckoned with. This article helps correct this omission, first, by examining the development of Rationalism in Victoria up to the early 1900s, and second, by exploring its successful campaign against the Protestant attempt to install a divinity degree at the University of Melbourne.
Fashioning the country teacher in the interwar years
Authors: Whitehead Kay
Published: May 2011

In February 1922 the editor of the SA Teachers’ Journal introduced a ‘Country Corner’ column that was to be contributed by a member of the Women Teachers Progressive League (WTPL) under the pen name ‘Tish’. Tish was Phebe Watson, the WTPL secretary (a position she had held since its inauguration in 1915), Women’s Warden at the Teachers College and Mistress of Method in charge of the short course of training for country teachers. This article focuses on representations of the country teacher in the Country Corner column in the interwar years. I argue that Phebe invoked contemporary discourses of youth and femininity to construct the rural teacher as a youthful, responsible, attractive and marriageable woman. Following on from recent research into ways in which city functioned both as a place and representation in education, I also begin to identify discourses of the country and the city in constructions of the teacher and teachers’ work.
‘Perhaps the most important, and certainly the most exciting event in the whole history of education in Australia’: The 1937 New Education Fellowship Conference and New South Wales examination reform.
Authors: Godfrey John
Published: May 2011

Public external examinations were woven into the fabric of the education system of New South Wales (NSW) during the first three decades of the 20th century. By the late 1920s examination results had become the fetish and goal of most teachers and pupils in the state. In the early 1930s a reaction to this state of affairs developed; examination reform became a lively issue of debate. Central to the debate was the issue of the examination which marked the close of general adolescent education: the Intermediate Certificate (IC) examination. The agitation for IC modification began in the 1930s and did not cease until the 1960s. It began in the dissatisfaction of the 1930s, developed through the 1940s when opinion crystallized, survived the stagnation in educational reform of the late 1940s and early 1950s, quickly revived during the professional and public discussion surrounding the hearing and deliberations of the Committee Appointed to Survey Secondary Education in New South Wales (Wyndham Committee) and finally ceased with its abolition in the mid 1960s.
Educational ‘traditions’ and school “topics”: Outdoor education in New Zealand schools 1935‐1965
Authors: Lynch Pip
Published: May 2011

Outdoor education was first included in the formal (written) curriculum for New Zealand schools in 1999. This article explores New Zealand outdoor education as a product of a particular coincidence of social and economic conditions and the contested domais of pedagogy and curriculum during the period 1935‐1965. Popkewitz, among others, views school curricula and associated practices as emerging from ‘systems of ideas that inscribe styles of reasoning, standards and conceptual distinctions’ which ‘shape and fashion interpretation and action’. It is these ‘systems of ideas’, or ‘traditions’ in Goodson and Marsh’s terms, that provide a framework for understanding outdoor education in New Zealand schools. Since the 1930s, outdoor education in New Zealand appears to have consolidated from, and been shaped by, competing educational ideologies and changing social and economic influences. The way in which outdoor education accommodated competing traditions is the focus of this, necessarily broad, analysis
A child of change: The establishment of the Open Foundation Programme in 1974
Authors: May Jo
Published: May 2011

In 1974 the University of Newcastle, Australia, established a mature age access programme called the Open Foundation. Since that time, thousands of adults have entered university through the Open Foundation portal. This article explores the layers of context for the establishment of the Open Foundation in the early 1970s. It seeks to understand the reasons why the University of Newcastle, which already provided the means for direct entry for some adults, sought to widen participation for adults at that time by creating a year long pre‐tertiary programme. Pascoe’s explanation that matureage entry schemes in Australian universities were prompted by ‘pragmatic considerations’ such as the disruption to intakes due to the lengthening of secondary schooling in New South Wales in 1969 and the falling demand for university places in the late 1970s and 1980s, does not satisfactorily account for the establishment of the Open Foundation Programme. Rather this article argues that the Open Foundation was set up in response to a variety of international, national and local influences, and as a reflection of educational ideas that were flowing from overseas at the time, especially around the establishment of the Open University in the United Kingdom, and in which not only pragmatism, but also idealism figured.
‘A dose of castor oil’: Teachers and teaching in the writings of Ethel Turner and Mary Grant Bruce
Authors: Trimingham‐Jack Christine
Published: May 2011

It has been at least twenty years since I was first alerted to the notion that my interest in a research topic arises from my unconscious. More recently, feminist theorists have developed the insight by arguing that integration of experience is helpful in defining research questions, as a source of data, to test findings and, in the words of Jean Bethke Elshtain, in assisting them to be less removed from the ‘wellsprings’ of their own ‘thought and action’. My aim in this article is to reconnect my experience with constructions of teachers in Australian children’s literature and to explore ways in which they are imagined in the literature. In my initial foray into this topic, I used Maurice Saxby’s historical review of Australian children’s literature as a guide for data gathering. This linear, chronological approach, while probably a helpful place to start, is not one I can sustain with any passion. In this article, I am returning to my experience to find a starting point, acknowledging that history is a ‘process of intellectual production as well as discovery’
‘I always had to be a teacher’: Gladys Ward and State elementary school teaching as a career for women in twentieth century South Australia
Authors: Trethewey Lynne
Published: May 2011

Case study builds upon Kay Whitehead’s detailed empirical work with respect to South Australia. Equally pertinent is Whitehead’s and Thorpe’s analysis of historical discourses of ‘vocation, career and character’ as constituting a ?matrix of subjectivity’ against which individuals construct their teacher‐selves. My methodological and conceptual approach is also informed by those historically‐situated ‘narrative inquiries’ collected in Weiler and Middleton’s book, Telling Women’s Lives, and Cunningham and Gardner’s ‘life histories’ of UK teachers in the years 1907‐1950.The authors use personal accounts (oral and written) as a major source for examining the ways in which twentieth‐century teachers constructed their own subjectivities within the context of dominant practices, institutions and discourses. Such studies give voice to women in education whose lives historians in the past have deemed insignificant ‐ none more so than the vast majority of ‘ordinary’ female classroom teachers with whom this article is centrally concerned. Thus I similarly use the privately‐printed teaching memoirs of Gladys E. Ward (Present, Miss: the story of a teacher’s life in the outback and in the city), reading the representations of herself as a ‘career teacher’ in the Primary Branch of the South Australian Education Department against the contemporary local discourses of women in teaching which framed her narrative.
Indigenous education in colonial Papua New Guinea: Australian government policy (1945‐1975)
Authors: Megarrity Lyndon
Published: May 2011

The main focus of the study is education policy issued from “above”: that is, it is largely an examination of the contribution of Canberra officials and politicians towards education for future PNG autonomy and/or independence. It will be argued that Commonwealth policy towards PNG education in the colonial period was limited conceptually by the relatively low priority accorded to PNG affairs by the Australian government, as well as the Commonwealth’s overwhelming emphasis on narrow vocational outcomes for Indigenous people. This meant that educational outcomes vital to successful independence ‐ such as civic awareness and a solid pool of professional workers ‐ were neglected, much to the future cost of PNG as a nation.
‘Making difficult things plain’: Learning at the Industrial and Technological Museum, Melbourne, 1870‐1880
Authors: Fennessy Kathleen M.
Published: May 2011

In 1870, after a decade of vigorous public debate over the economic importance of technical and scientific learning for the colony’s development, the Industrial and Technological Museum was established in the city of Melbourne ‘as a means of public instruction’ for the people of Victoria. Founded in February 1870 and officially opened on 8 September 1870, the new public museum occupied the building erected at the rear of the Public Library for the 1866 International Exhibition. The Industrial and Technological Museum, later the Science Museum and now part of Museum Victoria, was directed by J. Cosmo Newbery and managed by a sectional committee of the Public Library, Museums, and National Gallery of Victoria Trust, which Parliament had incorporated and enlarged in December 1869.
The Presence of the Past: Melbourne High School in its Centenary Year
Authors: Selleck Richard
Published: May 2011

Melbourne High School embodies the belief that the state has the right to offer secondary education, a view challenged by private interests when the school that became Melbourne High School was first proposed. It also affirms the conviction that state secondary schools play a crucial part in the opening of educational opportunities to all students. 2005 was the year of Melbourne High School’s centenary and this paper uses that occasion to reflect on the social optimism and determination of those who fought to establish the school and on the narrowness and arrogance of the market view of education that motivated many of those who opposed the state’s entry into secondary education. It also reflects on the appeals to the free market that many politicians, educational administrators and school principals today use to protect social and economic privilege
Problem or Solution? A Secondary Teacher Training Initiative for a New Era
Authors: Stephenson Maxine
Published: May 2011

Division D was one of a number of post‐primary teacher preparation initiatives introduced to address a severe staffing shortage in New Zealand which, by 1960, had reached crisis point. This paper explores the origins of the problem of teacher supply and locates the establishment of Division D within the ideological and practical context within which the problem was posed and confronted. It suggests that, because the students entered the profession without the university qualifications which had traditionally defined eligibility to teach in New Zealand secondary schools, the course presented contradictions as both a solution to the Department’s problem of supply, and a problem for status within the profession.
The Aboriginal School at Purfleet, 1903‐1965: A case study of the segregation of Aboriginal children in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Ramsland John
Published: May 2011

By 1901 in New South Wales the blueprint for the relationship between Aborigines and Europeans had been established: Aborigines were ‘in a far better condition when living in small communities comparatively isolated and removed from intimate contact with Europeans’. This article provides a study of the Purfleet School on the Aboriginal Reserve near Taree township in the Manning Valley until the implementation of the assimilation policy by the Aboriginal Welfare Board. The key questions asked are: what schooling for children was provided? How were they equipped for adulthood? How did they suffer from being isolated from the mainstream of public education? The Biripi Aboriginal people remain a strong community in the region today.
Letting in the Light: The emergence of an information‐based civil society in post‐dictatorship Argentina, 1984‐2004
Authors: Worboys Katherine
Published: May 2011

In 1983, democratic elections ended a seven‐year military dictatorship in Argentina, bringing the end of a violent military dictatorship and its campaign to eliminate what it labelled ‘subversive elements’ within Argentine society. Alongside the regime’s human victims, information and archives also suffered severely. Document raids of social organisations were common, and the military junta worked to actively destroy any records it deemed threatening or simply inappropriate. When civilians returned to power, they moved to initiate wide‐spread educational reforms, many of which focused on the development of libraries and archives. This article examines information repositories ‐ archives, libraries, and museums ‐ as small organisations and institutions empowered by the new civilian administration to emerge as prominent players in Argentina’s democratic transition.
Heil Mary: Magdalen asylums and moral regulation in Ireland
Authors: Titley Brian
Published: May 2011

Between the 1830s and 1990s, thousands of Irish women were incarcerated without due process in magdalen asylums for sexual behaviour that violated the Catholic Church’s moral code. The asylums were operated by congregations of nuns that sought to protect society from the contagion of “wayward” women while simultaneously attempting to reform them through a harsh regimen of laundry work and devotional rituals. Some penitents, as the inmates were often called, embraced the institutional life of labour and prayer with such sincerity that they advanced to the nun‐like status of the Sisters Magdalen. Most simply endured lives of drudgery indistinguishable from slavery until either death or release upon the intervention of relatives. The asylum system had no basis in law and its shadowy existence, its ability to avoid scrutiny or regulation, and its survival until very recent times, illustrate in a striking manner the hegemonic power of the Church in Ireland.
Picturing the history of teacher education: photographs and methodology
Authors: Vick Malcolm , Gasparini Fay
Published: May 2011

Pictures are routinely identified as possible sources for researching history yet they are widely either neglected or underused. This article explores the use of pictorial materials, in particular photographs, in historical analysis. It describes some common, or standard, uses of photographs in historical writing, and critically discusses them. It identifies and examines methodological and ethical issues in using photographs as evidence. And it draws on a current project which is using a rich body of photographs as an integral part of its analysis of the history of one educational institution to explore these issues
The progressive credentials of Patrick Henry Pearse: a response to David Limond
Authors: Walsh Brendan
Published: May 2011

This article suggests that Patrick Pearse’s thought and work was rooted in the child‐centred movement of the late nineteenth‐century, was informed by the tenets of progressivism and predated the work of later influential educational thinkers. It is further argued that Pearse developed a unique conceptualisation of schooling as a radical form of political and cultural dissent in pre‐1916 Ireland. Aspects of Pearse’s thought that are evidently problematic are highlighted and the article suggests that discussions of his work might benefit from moving to these more substantial and germane areas.
Rewriting the responsible parent
Authors: McGowan Wayen S.
Published: May 2011

This paper is derived from a larger study that explored how the rationality of freedom became inscribed in educational practices that shaped and reshaped limits that constitute the responsible parent. Here, I draw on part of the study to diagnose how romantic discourse on childhood, which rewrote religious and secular discourse in the eighteenth century, was refashioned in the nineteenth century to rewrite the responsible parent. In this historical inquiry, I follow Foucault’s lead and analyse thoughts of freedom not as a value that we cannot live without or an illusion that hides the truth of our oppression but as a political tool for producing the ‘other’ as a means of inciting the autonomous parent to recognise the self as an ethical subject responsible for educating the child. What this exposes is how the writing and rewriting of the responsible parent in terms of educating the child within liberal government is reliant on fabricating ‘otherness’ as a threat to freedom.