bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enzyme immobilization utilizing a porous ceramics support for chiral synthesis
Authors: Kamori Masanobu , Yamashita Yoshitaka , Naoshima Yoshinobu
Published: October 2002

A novel porous ceramics support, named “Toyonite,” for the immobilization of enzymes was prepared from the minerals of kaolinite under acidic conditions. Modification of the porous surface of Toyonite with two different organic coating agents gave Toyonite 200‐M (TN‐M), and Toyonite 200‐A (TN‐A), possessing methacryloyloxy and amino groups on the respective surfaces. Compared with other solid supports, TN‐M and TN‐A supports exhibited high selectivity for lipase PS (Pseudomonas cepacia, Amano) and glucoamylase (Gluczyme AF 6, Amano) proteins, respectively. The activities of both the transesterification of rac‐1 with TN‐M PS lipase and the hydrolysis of starch with TN‐A glucoamylase were greater than those of similar reactions with these two enzymes immobilized on other solid supports. Further, TN‐M PS lipase showed higher reactivity toward synthetic substrates, including aromatic and aliphatic secondary alcohols, than the free enzyme powder. Chirality 14:558–561, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective chromatography of alkyl derivatives of 5‐ethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid studied by semiempirical AM1 method
Authors: Zborowski Krzysztof , Żuchowski Grzegorz
Published: October 2002

Complexation of alkyl derivatives of 5‐ethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid (2‐thiophenobarbital) enantiomers by β‐cyclodextrin was investigated by the AM1 method. The inclusion complexes of β‐cyclodextrin with neutral and anionic forms of these enantiomers have been modeled and energetically optimized. The chiral discrimination of enantiomers was analyzed in terms of differences in the interaction energies. The calculated interaction energies between each enantiomer of the investigated 2‐thiobarbiturates and β‐cyclodextrin confirm the ability of β‐cyclodextrin to act as a mobile phase additive in reversed‐phase HPLC to separate enantiomers by liquid chromatography and rationalize their order of elution. Chirality 14:632–637, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redox‐based control of the γ heavy chain ATPase from Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein
Authors: Harrison Alistair , Sakato Miho , Tedford Hugo W. , Benashski Sharon E. , Patel‐King Ramila S. , King Stephen M.
Published: October 2002

The outer dynein arm from Chlamydomonas flagella contains two redox‐active thioredoxin‐related light chains associated with the α and β heavy chains; these proteins belong to a distinct subgroup within the thioredoxin family. This observation suggested that some aspect of dynein activity might be modulated through redox poise. To test this, we have examined the effect of sulfhydryl oxidation on the ATPase activity of isolated dynein and axonemes from wildtype and mutant strains lacking various heavy chain combinations. The outer, but not inner, dynein arm ATPase was stimulated significantly following treatment with low concentrations of dithionitrobenzoic acid; this effect was readily reversible by dithiol, and to a lesser extent, monothiol reductants. Mutational and biochemical dissection of the outer arm revealed that ATPase activation in response to DTNB was an exclusive property of the γ heavy chain, and that enzymatic enhancement was modulated by the presence of other dynein components. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the LC5 thioredoxin‐like light chain binds to the N‐terminal stem domain of the α heavy chain and that the β heavy chain‐associated LC3 protein also interacts with the γ heavy chain. These data suggest the possibility of a dynein‐associated redox cascade and further support the idea that the γ heavy chain plays a key regulatory role within the outer arm. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:131–143, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International prognostic index‐based outcomes for diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Wilder Richard B. , Rodriguez Maria A. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Tucker Susan L. , Ha Chul S. , Romaguera Jorge E. , Pro Barbara , Hess Mark A. , Cabanillas Fernando , Cox James D.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

We present the results of doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy with or without involved‐field radiotherapy for patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) according to the international prognostic index (IPI).

METHODS

From September 1988 through December 1996, 294 patients with Stage I–IV Working Formulation large B‐cell or T‐cell lymphomas were treated prospectively on two protocols at our center. Diagnoses were reclassified subsequently according to the new World Health Organization classification. Two‐hundred and twenty‐four patients had DLBCL, including 24 patients with primary mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma. Treatment consisted of a median of six cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy with or without involved‐field radiotherapy (median dose, 39.6 Gy).

RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS.

The median length of follow‐up among surviving patients was 5.0 years. Patient subgroups differed from each other in terms of progression‐free (P = 0.003), cause‐specific (P = 0.003), and overall (P = 0.001) survival rates when analyzed by IPI. Five‐year progression‐free, cause‐specific, and overall survival rates for 212 patients with an IPI of 0–2 were 73%, 84%, and 82%, respectively, versus only 37%, 33%, and 32% for 12 patients with an IPI of 3–4. To improve our results, we are conducting clinical trials with young DLBCL patients and with patients who are older than 60 years. The young DLBCL patients, who have more than two adverse prognostic features, are receiving high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue. The patients who are older than 60 years, regardless of IPI, are receiving rituximab immunotherapy and liposomal CHOP chemotherapy with or without involved‐field radiotherapy. Cancer 2002;94:3083–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10583
Evaluation of the efficiency of chemotherapy in in vivo orthotopic models of human glioma cells with and without 1p19q deletions and in C6 rat orthotopic allografts serving for the evaluation of surgery combined with chemotherapy
Authors: Branle Fabrice , Lefranc Florence , Camby Isabelle , Jeuken Judith , Geurts‐Moespot Anneke , Sprenger Sandra , Sweep Fred , Kiss Robert , Salmon Isabelle
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Malignant gliomas of the central nervous system remain associated with dismal prognoses because of their diffuse invasion of the brain parenchyma. Very few experimental models that mimic clinical reality are available today to test potentially new therapies. The authors set up experimental in vivo glioma models of anaplastic astrocytomas of human and rat origins and anaplastic oligodendroglioma of human origin. Standard hospital chemotherapies were employed to test the validity of these models.

METHODS

Three glioma cells lines obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (i.e., human Hs683 and U373 cells and rat C6 cells) were implanted into nude mouse brains (Hs683 and U373 cells) and rat brains (C6 cells). The astrocytic nature, as opposed to the oligodendrocytic nature, of the Hs683 and U373 models was investigated by using quantitative (computer‐assisted microscopy) immunohistochemical characterizations of nestin, vimentin, glutathione‐S‐transferase α (GSTα), GSTμ, GSTπ, and p53 expression. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was employed to investigate 1p19q losses. Chronic administrations of carmustine (BCNU), fotemustin, or temozolomide were assayed in the xenografted U373 and Hs683 models. Both BCNU‐related chemotherapy and surgery were assayed in the C6 model.

RESULTS

The quantitative phenotypic analyses pointed to the oligodendroglial nature of the Hs683 cell line and the astrocytic nature of the U373 cell line. The Hs683 cells exhibited 1p19q losses, whereas the U373 cells did not. BCNU, fotemustin, and temozolomide dramatically increased the time of survival of the Hs683 oligodendroglioma‐bearing mice, whereas temozolomide only induced a weak but nevertheless statistically significant increase in the U373 glioma‐bearing mice. In the C6 rat glioma model, surgery and BCNU chemotherapy were more efficient than either treatment alone.

CONCLUSIONS

The in vivo models of gliomas of the central nervous system developed in the current work best mimicked clinical reality. They can be used either to identify new therapies against human gliomas or to optimize existing therapies. Cancer 2002;95:641–55. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10710
Prognostic significance of grading and staging systems using MIB‐1 score in adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk
Authors: Hasegawa Tadashi , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Yokoyama Ryohei , Umeda Toru , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Hirohashi Setsuo
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The predictive value of histologic grading and staging systems for overall survival in different types of adult soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk is unclear.

METHODS

Histologic slides from 193 patients with primary tumors were reviewed for diagnosis, and Ki‐67 (MIB‐1) immunostaining was performed for grading in all patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to analyze the results from patients with soft tissue sarcomas as a group and among the six main histologic categories: malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n = 49 patients), liposarcoma (n = 48 patients), synovial sarcoma (n = 30 patients), spindle cell sarcoma (n = 24 patients), small round cell sarcoma (n = 15 patients), and others (n = 27 patients). The median follow‐up was 50 months.

RESULTS

Univariate analysis of soft tissue sarcomas showed that tumor size and depth, histologic type, MIB‐1 score, grades based on three criteria (tumor differentiation/histologic type, necrosis, and either mitosis or MIB‐1 score) and disease stage, as assessed by tumor size, depth, and grade, were associated with overall survival. Among these variables, grading and staging systems using the MIB‐1 score had better predictive value compared with the MIB‐1 score and standard grading and staging models in the main histologic categories. Because survival curves for the different tumor grades and stages showed similar trends between the different histologic types, multivariate analysis was conducted adjusting for age, gender, disease site, surgical margin, tumor size and depth, grade, stage, and histologic type. Consequently, Grade 3 emerged as the most significant adverse prognostic factor. Additional adverse prognostic factors were Stage III, Grade 2, a histologic type of spindle cell sarcoma, and patient age > 50 years at the time of presentation. The histologic type liposarcoma was identified as a favorable prognostic factor.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results indicate that grading and staging systems using the MIB‐1 score are very strong prognostic factors in patients with the main histologic types of soft tissue sarcoma. Specific assessment of histologic type should be carried out before deciding on treatment strategies. Cancer 2002;95:843–51. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10728
Embryonic ventral mesencephalic grafts to the substantia nigra of MPTP‐treated monkeys: Feasibility relevant to multiple‐target grafting as a therapy for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Collier Timothy J. , Sortwell Caryl E. , Elsworth John D. , Taylor Jane R. , Roth Robert H. , Sladek John R. , Redmond D. Eugene
Published: October 2002

Transplantation of embryonic dopamine (DA) neurons is being studied as an experimental replacement therapy for the DA‐deficiency characteristic of Parkinson's disease. Some studies suggest that one of the limitations of this approach is that intrastriatal placement of implants fails to consistently restore completely normal movement. One potential cause of this suboptimal therapeutic outcome is that changes in the neural activity of several structures in the basal ganglia circuitry resulting from striatal DA depletion is not adequately normalized by graft‐derived DA replacement in striatum alone. In the present study, we assessed the feasibility of grafting embryonic DA neurons into the substantia nigra (SN) of adult parkinsonian monkeys as an approach to restoration of the DA modulation of striatal‐nigral afferents that is lost after degeneration of SN neurons. Sixteen St. Kitts African green monkeys treated with 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) received implants of embryonic monkey ventral mesencephalon (VM), or sham implants, aimed at the rostral SN. At 6 months after grafting, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) indicated that grafted DA neurons survived at this site, albeit often in reduced numbers compared with VM grafts to striatum. Grafted neurons extended neurites into the parenchyma of the SN, but there was no evidence of lengthy extension of graft‐derived neurites rostrally along the trajectory of the mesostriatal fiber system. A region‐specific, modest increase in DA levels and TH‐positive fiber density in the ventral‐medial putamen was detected, accompanied by modest but significant decreases in parkinsonian behaviors at 5–6 months after grafting. Our findings support the view that grafting embryonic tissue to the SN is a feasible procedure in nonhuman primates that provides a modest but detectable benefit of its own. These results encourage the further development of multiple‐target grafting strategies as a means of restoring modulation of anatomically widespread basal ganglia structures relevant to treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:320–330, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HRP injection in lobule VI‐VII of the cerebellar cortex reveals a bilateral inferior olive projection in granuloprival rats
Authors: Fournier Betty , Rovira Catherine , Mailly Philippe , Fuhrman Yves , Mariani Jean
Published: October 2002

In immature rats, Purkinje cells receive synapses from multiple climbing fibers. During development, this multi‐innervation regresses and only one climbing fiber innervates each Purkinje cell in the adult. The multi‐innervation of immature rats is maintained in the adult if the precursors of the cerebellar granule cells are destroyed by early postnatal X‐irradiation. The present study was undertaken to determine the origin of climbing fibers projecting to lobule VI‐VII of the cerebellum in X‐irradiated granuloprival rats. Olivary neurons were labelled by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, which was injected by iontophoresis in the right vermis of lobule VI‐VII. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of the inferior olive were made for granuloprival and control rats. No significant variation in the shape and dimension of the olive was observed between the two groups. Labeled cells were found in the middle part of the median accessory olive (MAO). In control rats, stained cells were found only in the contralateral MAO, whereas in the granuloprival rats they were located in both the contralateral and the ipsilateral MAO. Homologous zones were marked in control and granuloprival rats in the middle part of MAO. In granuloprival rats, there was a symmetry in the distribution of the stained cells in the ipsi‐ and contralateral MAO along the three axes. Therefore, polyinnervation involves homologous regions of both inferior olivary nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:65–75, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities and differences in the innervation of mystacial vibrissal follicle–sinus complexes in the rat and cat: A confocal microscopic study
Authors: Ebara Satomi , Kumamoto Kenzo , Matsuura Tadao , Mazurkiewicz Joseph E. , Rice Frank L.
Published: October 2002

Our confocal three‐dimensional analyses revealed substantial differences in the innervation to vibrissal follicle‐sinus complexes (FSCs) in the rat and cat. This is the first study using anti‐protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) immunolabeling and confocal microscopy on thick sections to examine systematically the terminal arborizations of the various FSC endings and to compare them between two species, the rat and the cat, that have similar‐appearing FSCs but different exploratory behaviors, such as existence or absence of whisking. At least eight distinct endings were clearly discriminated three dimensionally in this study: 1) Merkel endings at the rete ridge collar, 2) circumferentially oriented lanceolate endings, 3) Merkel endings at the level of the ring sinus, 4) longitudinally oriented lanceolate endings, 5) club‐like ringwulst endings, 6) reticular endings, 7) spiny endings, and 8) encapsulated endings. Of particular contrast, each nerve fiber that innervates Merkel cells at the level of the ring sinus in the rat usually terminates as a single, relatively small cluster of endings, whereas in the cat they terminate en passant as several large clusters of endings. Also, individual arbors of reticular endings in the rat ramify parallel to the vibrissae and distribute over wide, overlapping territories, whereas those in the cat ramify perpendicular and terminate in tightly circumscribed territories. Otherwise, the inner conical body of rat FSCs contains en passant, circumferentially oriented lanceolate endings that are lacking in the cat, whereas the cavernous sinus of the cat has en passant corpuscular endings that are lacking in the rat. Surprisingly, the one type of innervation that is the most similar in both species is a major set of simple, club‐like endings, located at the attachment of the ringwulst, that had not previously been recognized as a morphologically unique type of innervation. Although the basic structure of the FSCs is similar in the rat and cat, the numerous differences in innervation suggest that these species would have different tactile capabilities and perceptions possibly related to their different vibrissa‐related exploratory behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:103–119, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐specific expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms in retinal neurons
Authors: Krizaj David , Demarco Steven J. , Johnson Juliette , Strehler Emanuel E. , Copenhagen David R.
Published: October 2002

Ca2+ extrusion by high‐affinity plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) is a principal mechanism for the clearance of Ca2+ from the cytosol. The PMCA family consists of four isoforms (PMCA1–4). Little is known about the selective expression of these isoforms in brain tissues or about the physiological function conferred upon neurons by any given isoform. We investigated the cellular and subcellular distribution of PMCA isoforms in a mammalian retina. Mouse photoreceptors, cone bipolar cells and horizontal cells, which respond to light with a graded polarization, express isoform 1 (PMCA1) of the PMCA family. PMCA2 is localized to rod bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells, and PMCA3 is predominantly expressed in spiking neurons, including both amacrine and ganglion cells but is also found in horizontal cells. PMCA4 was found to be selectively expressed in both synaptic layers. Optical measurements of Ca2+ clearance showed that PMCAs mediate Ca2+ extrusion in both rod and cone bipolar cells. In addition, we found that rod bipolar cells, but not cone bipolar cells possess a prominent Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism. We conclude that PMCA isoforms are selectively expressed in retinal neurons and that processes of Ca2+ clearance are different in rod and cone bipolar cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:1–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal characteristics of the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus
Authors: Barbour Helen R. , Archer Michael A. , Hart Nathan S. , Thomas Nicole , Dunlop Sarah A. , Beazley Lyn D. , Shand Julia
Published: October 2002

The retina of a diurnal insectivorous lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus (Agamidae) was investigated using microspectrophotometry and light and electron microscopy. A prominent broad yellow band was observed that extended across the mid‐retina. The yellow coloration was found to originate from both oil droplets and diffuse pigmentation within cone inner segments. Microspectrophotometric analysis revealed yellow oil droplets with variable absorption of wavelengths below 520 nm and transparent oil droplets with no detectable absorptance between 350 and 750 nm. Cones with transparent oil droplets lacked the diffuse yellow pigmentation. The mean wavelengths of maximum absorbance of visual pigments in the isolated cone outer segments were at 440, 493, and 571 nm. The retina was found to possess a deep convexiclivate fovea located within the yellow band, slightly dorsotemporal of the retinal midpoint. The topography of the retinal ganglion cells revealed that the fovea was contained within an area centralis. Photoreceptors were either single (80%) or unequal double (20%) cones. Within the region of the fovea, the cones were approximately 20% the diameter of those in the peripheral retina. Colored oil droplets and yellow pigment may increase visual acuity by absorbing short wavelength light scattered either by the atmosphere or the optical structures of the eye. The presence of a fovea containing slender cone photoreceptors and three visual pigments suggests that the lizard has high acuity and the potential for color vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:334–344, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in MAP2 and tyrosinated α‐tubulin expression in cochlear inner hair cells after amikacin treatment in the rat
Authors: Ladrech Sabine , Lenoir Marc
Published: October 2002

The expression of MAP2 (microtubule‐associated protein 2) and of tyrosinated α‐tubulin was investigated immunocytochemically in the cochleas of normal and amikacin‐treated rats. For MAP2, two different antibodies were used: anti‐MAP2ab, against the high molecular weight forms, and anti‐MAP2abc, additionally against the embryonic form c. In the cochlea of the normal rat, the outer (OHCs) and inner (IHCs) hair cells were labeled for MAP2abc. The labeling was weaker in IHCs than in OHCs. The hair cells were rarely labeled for MAPab. Both OHCs and IHCs were labeled for tyrosinated α‐tubulin. In the cochlea of the amikacin‐treated rat, aggregates of anti‐MAP2abc and anti‐tyrosinated α‐tubulin antibodies were seen in the apical region of the IHCs as early as the end of the antibiotic treatment. In rats investigated during the following week, the cell body of most of the surviving IHCs were not labeled for MAP2abc and tyrosinated α‐tubulin. Then, labeling for these two antibodies reappeared in the surviving IHCs, including their giant stereocilia. Fewer surviving IHCs were labeled for tyrosinated α‐tubulin than for MAP2abc. The amikacin‐poisoned IHCs were rarely labeled for MAP2ab. These results suggest that cochlear hair cells essentially express form c of MAP2. In the amikacin‐damaged cochlea, the apical aggregation of MAP2c and tyrosinated α‐tubulin within the poisoned IHCs could be implicated in a cell degenerative process. By contrast, the extinction and recovery of MAP2c and tyrosinated α‐tubulin labeling in the remaining IHCs suggest the occurrence of a limited repair process. A possible role of MAP2 and tubulin in hair cell survival is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:70–78, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examples of interference and the color pigment mixtures green with red and red with green
Authors: Cramer Werner Rudolf
Published: October 2002

In industrial paint formulations, interference pigments are usually mixed with color pigments. Transparent interference pigments mix together according to the laws of additive mixing and color pigments to the laws of subtractive mixing. The behavior of both types differs depending on whether similar colors such as pearl green and green or contrasting colors such as pearl green and red are mixed. In this article examples of these differences for color measurement are discussed, along with showing the resulting charts. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 276–281, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10063
Thermal convection analysis in a rotating shell by a parallel finite‐element method—development of a thermal‐hydraulic subsystem of GeoFEM
Authors: Matsui Hiroaki , Okuda Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this paper is to propose a method for the numerical simulation of thermally driven convection in a rotating spherical shell modeled on the Earth's outer core using the GeoFEM thermal‐hydraulic subsystem, which provides a parallel finite‐element method (FEM) platform. This simulation is designed to assist in the understanding of the origin of the geomagnetic field and the dynamics of the fluid in the Earth's outer core. A three‐dimensional and time‐dependent process of a Boussinesq fluid in a rotating spherical shell is solved under the effects of self‐gravity and the Coriolis force. A tri‐linear hexahedral element is used for the spatial distribution. A total of $1.26 \times 10^5$ nodes were used on the spherical shell, and the finite‐element mesh was divided into 32 domains for parallel computation. The second‐order Adams–Bashforth scheme was used for the time integration of temperature and velocity. To satisfy mass conservation, a parallel iterative solver given by GeoFEM was used to solve for the pressure and correction of the velocity fields, and the simulation was performed over $10^5$ steps using four nodes of a Hitachi SR8000. To verify the proposed simulation code, results of the simulation are compared with analysis by the spectral method. The results show that the outline of convection is approximately equal; that is, three pairs of convection columns are formed, and these columns propagate westward in a quasi‐steady state. However, the magnitude of kinetic energy averaged over the shell is approximately 93% of that by the spectral method, and the drift frequency of the columns in the GeoFEM simulation is larger than that by the spectral method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of GeoFEM for high performance sequential computer architectures
Authors: Minami Kazuo , Okuda Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

In this research, we focus on improving the performance of GeoFEM on a single processor using a common data structure and coding approach in order to optimize GeoFEM for implementation on various computer architectures including parallel systems. A new data structure and direct access coding are developed for fluid analysis and they are implemented on scalar, vector, and pseudovector architectures. A 17% increase in peak performance is obtained on pseudovector and scalar architectures, and a 20% peak performance improvement is achieved on vector architecture. By applying a new direct access coding approach, the peak performance of the structure solver is increased by 23% on pseudovector architecture and 28% on vector architecture. Architecture‐independent matrix assembly coding is developed and evaluated on vector and scalar machines. A performance of 736.8 flops is obtained for the matrix assembly process and 900.7 Mflops for the entire code on an NEC SX‐4 supercomputer. An average of 2.06 Gflops performance is obtained on a Fujitsu VPP5000 (peak: 9.6 Gflops), and 124 Mflops is obtained for the matrix assembling process on a 533‐MHz 21164 Alpha system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilizing psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the treatment of substance abusers
Authors: Marlo Helen , Kalinian Haygoush
Published: October 2002

The traditional treatment of substance abuse based on the medical disease model has neglected psychological approaches to substance abuse, partly influenced by misconceptions regarding therapy. Other forms of treatment such as Cognitive‐Behavioural, Motivation Enhancement, and Transtheoretical Models have also been recently utilized. While these approaches have been effective for many individuals, they are not typically guided by a psychodynamic understanding of the individual nor do they address the interpersonal factors that influence psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic therapies do address these issues, although they have been an underutilized form of psychological treatment. The scope of this paper addresses how psychoanalytic models, that are not necessarily incompatible with other approaches may be utilized. Wurmser's Conflict Model and Khantzian's Self and Ego Deficit Model are discussed, and clinical case examples are provided to elucidate the application of psychoanalytic psychotherapy in practice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internalized shame and early interactions characterized by indifference, abandonment and rejection: replicated findings
Authors: Claesson Katja , Sohlberg Staffan
Published: October 2002

Emotions and interpersonal interaction and their interdependence are important issues in current clinical psychology. We studied memories of early interpersonal experience and their association to shame in two samples (N = 62, N = 122). Participants filled in the Internalized Shame Scale and the SASB (Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour) Intrex ‘Mother Acted Toward Me’. An association between memories of an ignoring, abandoning mother and shame was replicated in both samples. The non‐clinical nature of our samples demands caution, but therapists could profit from knowing that internalized shame tends to correlate with experiences of being met by indifference, abandonment and rejection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double‐fluorescence image microscopy for quantitation of prostate‐specific antigen in histologic sections of the prostate
Authors: Wang Naining , Tribukait Bernhard
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Although the assessment of serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) has become a powerful instrument in the diagnosis and for prognosis of prostate carcinoma, there are few quantitative studies of PSA in tissue sections. Methods: We developed a technique using double‐fluorescence image microscopy for quantifying immunohistochemical reactions in tissue sections. PSA was stained by Texas Red and the cellular DNA was counterstained with 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI). The fluorescence of Texas Red and DAPI was quantified separately after subtraction of background and shading correction. The amount of PSA related to the amount of DNA in identical tissue parts was studied in archival specimens from patients with hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma. Results: The amount of tissue PSA decreased with the increase in tumor grade, Gleason score, and the change from diploid to aneuploid. Conclusion: Double‐fluorescence image microscopy is a valuable technique for obtaining quantitative information of cellular constituents. For standardization of immunochemical reactions in tissue sections, cellular DNA seems to be most appropriate. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:144–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptotic rate: A new indicator for the quantification of the incidence of apoptosis in cell cultures
Authors: Prieto Alfredo , Díaz David , Barcenilla Hugo , García‐Suárez Julio , Reyes Eduardo , Monserrat Jorge , San Antonio Esther , Melero David , de la Hera Antonio , Orfao Alberto , Alvarez‐Mon Melchor
Published: October 2002

Background

Late apoptotic cells divide into apoptotic bodies and are missed by current detection methods. This results in an artificially low apoptotic index (AI).

Methods

This study proposes a flow cytometry‐based ratiometric method that uses an internal reference standard of microbeads combined with fluorescein‐annexin V binding and 7‐aminoactinomycin D to enumerate viable, necrotic, and early and late apoptotic cells within specific subsets of a heterogeneous culture.

Results

In the absence of cell growth, the number of apoptotic cells that undergo fragmentation into apoptotic bodies in culture can also be determined accurately by this method. This information can then be used to obtain the apoptotic rate (AR), a new indicator of apoptosis that calculates the proportion of cells that have undergone apoptosis with respect to the total number of seeded cells. The main limitation of the method is that the AR is only suitable for the study of apoptosis in noncycling cells.

Conclusions

This study reveals the superiority of the proposed method over the widely used Nicoletti method and current annexin‐V binding methods. The AI did not reflect the true incidence of lymphocyte apoptosis, neither in response to lectins or phorbol esters, nor to serum deprivation. AR was more sensitive than AI, detecting apoptosis at lower concentrations of cell death inducers in all the subsets studied. Cytometry 48:185–193, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggregate bandwidth estimation in stored video distribution systems
Authors: Boggia G. , Camarda P. , Striccoli D.
Published: October 2002

Multimedia applications like video on demand, distance learning, internet video broadcast, etc. will play a fundamental role in future broadband networks. A common aspect of such applications is the transmission of video streams that require a sustained relatively high bandwidth with stringent requirements of quality of service. In this paper various original algorithms for evaluating, in a video distribution system, a statistical estimation of aggregate bandwidth needed by a given number of smoothed video streams are proposed and discussed. The variable bit rate traffic generated by each video stream is characterized by its marginal distribution and by conditional probabilities between rates of temporary closed streams. The developed iterative algorithms evaluate an upper and lower bound of needed bandwidth for guaranteeing a given loss probability. The obtained results are compared with simulations and with other results, based on similar assumptions, already presented in the literature. Some considerations on the developed algorithms are made, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anaplastic T large cell lymphoma diagnosed by exfoliative cytology in a post renal transplant patient
Authors: Treaba Diana , Assad Lina , Goldberg Cathryn , Loew Jerome , Reddy Vijaya B. , Kluskens Larry , Gattuso Paolo
Published: October 2002

In the last two decades posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) have been recognized as a complication of organ transplantation with immunosuppression. The reported incidence of PTLDs in renal transplant patients ranges between 0.3–3% (Birkeland et al., Transplantation 1999;67:876–881). In contrast to the reported incidence of PTLDs in post bone marrow transplant, it is 1% in HLA‐matched recipients and up to 20% in HLA mismatched T‐cell depleted bone marrow recipients (Curtis et al., Blood 1996;94:2208–2216).2 In cardiac transplant recipients the reported incidence of PTLDs is between 1.8–9.8 (Mihalov et al., Clin Transplant 1996;10:248–255). PTLDs are predominately extranodal. They have varied morphologic patterns and clonality, but almost all are associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). The vast majority are of B cell lineage; only about 10% are of T‐cell origin. We report a T‐cell anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) presenting with bilateral pleural effusion and liver involvement in a renal transplant recipient. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:35–37. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic role of fine‐needle aspiration of bone lesions in patients with a previous history of malignancy
Authors: Treaba Diana , Assad Lina , Govil Hema , Sariya Dinesh , Reddy Vijaya B. , Kluskens Larry , Green Linda , Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Gattuso Paolo
Published: October 2002

At the present time fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is considered a routine diagnostic procedure in evaluating neoplastic vs. nonneoplastic lesions in many organs, with high sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of FNA in areas of diagnostic difficulty and its limitations in evaluating bone lesions in patients with a previous history of malignancy. From 1989 to 2000, 249 CT‐guided FNAs of bone lesion were performed at our institutions; 187/249 (75.1%) patients had a previous history of malignancy. Aspirated material was air‐dried for Diff‐Quik stain or fixed in ethanol for Papanicolaou staining. Subsequent surgical tissue was available in 69/187 (36.9%) of the cases. There were 114 males and 73 females, ages 14–86 yr (mean, 64 yr). The primary tumor site was lung 49, genitourinary 46, breast 31, gastrointestinal 28, hematopoietic 26, soft tissue/skin 5, and thyroid 2. There were 125 FNAs of the vertebral spine, 19 from the pelvis, 11 from the ribs, 9 from the sternum, 5 from the femur, and 18 from miscellaneous bone sites. Out of 187, 166 (88.7%) were malignant aspirates confirming the patients' primary malignancies. The most common malignancy encountered was adenocarcinoma, 126/187 (67.4%). Surgical tissue was available for review in 69 patients and the results were in agreement with the FNAs diagnosis in all cases. Nine out of 187 (4.8%) cases were diagnosed as marrow elements on cytological material. These patients have been followed for 1–9 yr and have failed to reveal signs or symptoms of clinical recurrence. Three out of 187 (1.6%) cases showed osteomyelitis. Nine out of 187 (4.8%) were unsatisfactory specimens, with biopsy follow‐up available in four cases, showing three metastatic tumors and one case of osteomyelitis. FNA of metastatic bone lesions is a major step in pretreatment diagnosis. On satisfactory specimens, the cytological diagnosis viewed in the clinical‐radiological context proves to be similar to surgical diagnosis. FNA is an excellent technique with a high accuracy rate in assessing metastatic bone lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:380–383. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic features of alveolar soft part sarcoma: Report of three cases
Authors: López‐Ferrer Pilar , Jiménez‐Heffernan José A. , Vicandi Blanca , González‐Peramato Pilar , Viguer José M.
Published: October 2002

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, high‐grade, epithelial‐like sarcoma that shows characteristic histopathologic findings. Although a chromosomal anomaly that seems specific has been recently described, its diagnosis is based on histologic and ultrastructural features. The tumor shows no specific immunohistologic findings. Cytologic features of three cases of ASPS are presented. Preoperative fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the primary soft tissue tumor was performed in two cases. In another two, mediastinal and pulmonary and subcutaneous metastatic lesions were aspirated. In all cases the cytologic image was identical with numerous, dissociated, large neoplastic cells with round‐to‐plasmocytoid morphology. Cytoplasmic fragility and granularity with abundant, atypical, naked nuclei were present. In one case, FNA material was available for ultrastructural studies. It disclosed the characteristic cytoplasmic crystalline structures. A specific cytologic diagnosis of ASPS was given in all cases. In conclusion, ASPS is a rare neoplastic entity that shows a characteristic cytologic image. When accompanied by an adequate clinical context it permits specific preoperative recognition. While immunocytologic studies are helpful to exclude other neoplasms, ultrastructure may result in an exact diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:115–119. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical profile of anseculin (KA‐672) at different brain receptors
Authors: Knauber J. , Müller W.E.
Published: October 2002

Anseculin (KA‐672) is a multifunctional antidementia agent under development that may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of progressive neuronal and cognitive decline, which are common in Alzheimer disease. In vitro and ex vivo experiments have characterized anseculin as a potent functional antagonist of central α1‐adrenoceptors. In comparison to prazosin, the in vitro potency of anseculin for α1‐adrenoceptors is about 8 times less. Like prazosin, anseculin shows an inhibition of phenylephrine‐ (norepinephrine‐) induced accumulation of inositol phosphates. Oral treatment with 1 mg/kg anseculin or 1 mg/kg prazosin show similar effects on α1‐adrenergic receptor binding ex vivo, indicating a greater ex vivo potency of anseculin on central α1‐adrenergic receptors. Anseculin has only weak affinity for central muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Anseculin inhibited adenylate cyclase and reduced intracelluar cAMP levels of about 30%, similar to the 5‐HT1A agonist, 8‐OH‐DPAT. Together with its high affinity for 5‐HT1A receptors (IC50 for 3H‐8‐OH‐DPAT binding is about 8 nM), these data suggest that anseculin also exhibits 5‐HT1A agonistic properties. Drug Dev. Res. 55:187–196, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trust and customer willingness to provide information in database-driven relationship marketing
Authors: Schoenbachler Denise D. , Gordon Geoffrey L.
Published: October 2002

As organizations continue to embrace the concept of building customer relationships as a way of creating a competitive advantage, they seek to understand what makes a customer relationship successful. This article reports the results of a survey of consumers that explores one construct—trust in the organization—and its role in customers’ perception of their relationship with an organization. In addition, trust in the organization and its influence on customers’ willingness to provide the information necessary to help build a strong relationship is examined. The findings provide some support for the role of trust in building relationships, as well as identifying which factors are important in building that trust.
Price of privacy: Selling consumer databases in bankruptcy
Authors: Carroll Brian
Published: October 2002

This article analyzes whether bankrupt Internet companies can sell consumer database information in their attempts to pay off creditors as mandated by Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection law and provides guidance to solvent e-commerce companies in regard to their privacy policies. Database sales in bankruptcy are in conflict with most companies’ own posted privacy policies and, therefore, have been contested. The question pits the commercial interests of creditors, which have as their advocates bankruptcy court judges, against the privacy interests of consumers, who have found allies in state attorneys general, privacy groups and foundations, and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). With no clear law preventing them, bankruptcy trustees have attempted to sell the databases. Ultimately they agreed not to sell by settling claims filed by the FTC and attorneys general. There is no law specifically prohibiting such sales, and until specific legislation is passed, bankruptcy court judges will continue to be left to rule on a case-by-case, even a motion-by-motion basis, interpreting the United States Code to the best of their ability. Their options are outlined and discussed.
Diagnosing coronary artery disease in diabetic patients
Authors: Ashley Euan A. , Raxwal Vinod , Finlay Malcolm , Froelicher Victor
Published: October 2002

Although several diagnostic modalities are available to the clinician interested in diagnosing coronary artery disease, very few have been validated in diabetic populations. This review discusses the non‐invasive diagnosis of coronary disease in diabetic patients. Evidence regarding the prevalence and prognostic significance of silent ischemia is reviewed and the potential impact of silent ischemia on the diagnostic characteristics of the exercise treadmill test discussed. Other diagnostic tools are considered, and recommendations are made with respect to screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of ErbB3, ErbB4, and neuregulin‐1 mRNA during tooth development
Authors: Fried K. , Risling M. , Tidcombe H. , Gassmann M. , Lillesaar C.
Published: October 2002

The receptor tyrosine kinases ErbB3 and ErbB4, which bind to various variants of neuregulin (NRG), play fundamental roles in neural development and in organs, which form through epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions. Here, we demonstrate that NRG‐1 and the receptors ErbB3 and ErbB4 are expressed locally during rodent tooth development. However, the mRNA expression patterns of ErbB3 and ErbB4 were distinctly different during odontogenesis. Examinations of teeth in genetically heart‐rescued ErbB4‐/‐ mice did not reveal any obvious deviation from the normal phenotype. The results suggest that ErbB3 and ErbB4 may participate in tooth morphogenesis. The specific interactions between NRG isoforms and ErbB receptors during this process remain to be determined. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clonal analysis of patterns of growth, stem cell activity, and cell movement during the development and maintenance of the murine corneal epithelium
Authors: Collinson J. Martin , Morris Lucy , Reid Alasdair I. , Ramaesh Thaya , Keighren Margaret A. , Flockhart Jean H. , Hill Robert E. , Tan Seong‐Seng , Ramaesh Kanna , Dhillon Baljean , West John D.
Published: October 2002

Patterns of growth and cell movement in the developing and adult corneal epithelium were investigated by analysing clonal patches of LacZ‐expressing cells in chimeric and X‐inactivation mosaic mice. It was found that cell proliferation throughout the basal corneal epithelium during embryogenesis and early postnatal life creates a disordered mosaic pattern of LacZ+ clones that contrasts with patterns of proliferation and striping produced during the later embryonic stages of retinal pigmented epithelium development. The early mosaic pattern in the corneal epithelium is replaced in the first 12 postnatal weeks by an ordered pattern of radial stripes or sectors that reflects migration without mixing of the progeny of clones of limbal stem cells. In contrast to previous assumptions, it was found that maturation of the activity of limbal stem cells and the pattern of migration of their progeny are delayed for several weeks postnatally. No evidence was found for immigration of the progeny of stem cells until the 5th postnatal week. There are approximately 100 clones of limbal stem cells initially, and clones are lost during postnatal life. Our studies provide a new assay for limbal and corneal defects in mutant mice. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol and drug‐related negative consequences in college students with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder
Authors: Dunn Erin C. , Larimer Mary E. , Neighbors Clayton
Published: October 2002

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between disordered eating and substance use in a nonclinical sample of college students.

Method

Participants completed the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS), which includes full diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and anorexia nervosa (AN) as outlined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, as well as assessments of both alcohol and drug use and use‐related consequences.

Results

Individuals meeting criteria for BN reported more alcohol‐related negative consequences despite the fact that they did not drink significantly more alcohol and did not drink more frequently than non–eating‐disordered individuals. Similarly, individuals with BN reported more negative consequences related to illicit drug use than non–eating‐disordered individuals, although no differences in lifetime and recent use of drugs were found.

Discussion

Results highlight the importance of distinguishing between use and consequences in evaluating eating disorders and comorbid substance use problems. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 171–178, 2002.