bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inclusão e equidade nas oportunidades de ensino: o estudante surdo no contexto da educação inclusiva
Authors: Araújo Jurandir de Almeida
Published: April 2020

Inclusão e equidade são temas atuais e bastante discutidos nos diferentes setores da sociedade brasileira, e na escola não é diferente. A inclusão de pessoas com deficiência na sala de aula da escola regular, por exemplo, tem gerado discussões calorosas no meio escolar e acadêmico e, por conseguinte, um significativo número de estudos tratando do assunto. Assim, objetiva-se com este artigo tecer uma análise crítico/reflexiva acerca da inclusão de alunos surdos na escola da rede regular ensino a partir do ponto de vista de uma estudante surda. De abordagem social qualitativa, o estudo de caso foi escolhido para traçar e compor o itinerário da pesquisa. Em linhas gerais, o estudo revelou que há ainda um longo caminho a ser percorrido, tanto pelas escolas da rede pública quanto da rede privada, para se tornarem de fato inclusivas, uma vez que não oferecem, em sua maioria, a todas as pessoas equidade nas oportunidades de ensino. Em relação ao estudante surdo, evidenciou que o uso da Libras no contexto escolar e de sala de aula configura-se como um elemento potencializador no processo de ensino aprendizagem.
A matemática no PIBID Interdisciplinar: educação inclusiva
Authors: Peixoto Jurema Lindote Botelho , Fernandes Cristiane Andrade , Almeida Wolney Gomes
Published: April 2020

A inclusão de estudantes com deficiência na escola básica é uma realidade que desafia a escola e seus professores. Os cursos de Licenciatura necessitam abordar as especificidades desses estudantes no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Este artigo apresenta a experiência do subprojeto PIBID-Interdisciplinar na área de matemática no contexto da educação inclusiva no período de 2016 a 2018. A coordenação das três áreas envolvidas, Matemática, Letras e Pedagogia, apoiaram-se na abordagem de investigação-ação para o desenvolvimento das seguintes ações: grupo de estudo, planejamento pedagógico, intervenção na escola básica e sistematização das experiências. O planejamento das atividades de intervenção foi baseado no Desenho Universal para a aprendizagem e em Atividades Orientadoras de Ensino. As ações proporcionaram a reflexão/problematização sobre os aportes da educação especial na perspectiva inclusiva, ressaltando a importância de (re)conhecer as potencialidades dos diversos estudantes na escola básica.  Destacamos a importância da interação da Matemática com outras áreas de conhecimento para o planejamento e enfrentamento da realidade no contexto inclusivo.
O ensino de teatro para idosas na periferia de santa maria/rs
Authors: Marques Laís Jacques
Published: April 2020

Este estudo tem por objetivo relatar a prática de Teatro com idosas em uma comunidade da periferia de Santa Maria - RS. Com estas mulheres buscou-se promover um distanciamento crítico da realidade (vivenciada por elas), facilitada pela realização de uma oficina teatral, baseada na prática do Teatro e da pedagogia do oprimido freireano. O processo de escrita e reflexão sobre a trajetória da oficina, utilizou-se de cartografias (transduzindo a realidade e a prática teatral, em uma via dupla), conversas, leituras e discussões de textos com o grupo. Estes percursos nos levaram a operações significativas sobre o cotidiano das mulheres envolvidas, como mudanças nos hábitos corporais, na qualidade das relações humanas e, principalmente, na percepção da realidade que permeia a rotina de trabalho e lazer das idosas.
Rethinking populism and democracy in politically turbulent times
Authors: Devenney Mark , Woodford Clare , Feenstra Ramón
Published: April 2020

The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of populist politics across the globe. The early 21st century saw the pink tide of left wing populism in Latin America, the Southern European populisms that rejected the politics of austerity after 2013, and the right wing populisms that now dominate not only European but global polities. Although each instance of populist politics is distinct, all share an appeal to the people, to the true people, who both oppose and are dominated by the political elite. The nature of this elite also varies  – in some cases it is predatory capital; in other cases it is the multicultural left; in yet others the anonymous bureaucrats in Brussels undermining national sovereignty. This special issue of RECERCA poses one question: how does populism relate to democracy? Is it democracy’s other face?
Validation of histological and visual scoring systems for foot-pad dermatitis in broiler chickens
Authors: Piller A , Bergmann S , Schwarzer A , Erhard M , Stracke J , Spindler B , Kemper N , Schmidt P , Bachmeier J , Schade B , Boehm B , Kappe E , Louton H
Published: April 2020

In this study, an appropriate visual scoring system for foot-pad dermatitis was validated, considering the histologically measured depth of the inflammation zone and the histopathological grade (no lesion, mild lesion, ulcer). The aim being to evaluate whether the visual, macroscopic scoring of foot-pad dermatitis can represent the histological, microscopic findings. Two hundred Ross 308 broiler chicken feet (birds aged 39-42 fattening days) were collected at a slaughterhouse and scored macroscopically according to a modified version of the Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Poultry. Afterwards, 200 histological slides (one per foot) were prepared, the extent of the inflammation measured and all slides scored by veterinarian pathologists using Michel et al's modified scheme. The statistical relationship between microscopic and macroscopic score and depth of inflammation were estimated via regression models. Increasing macroscopic score was found to be linked with an increase in microscopic score and the depth of inflammation. In particular, feet without lesions and feet with ulcers were identifiable using the macroscopic score. Macroscopic scoring of foot-pad dermatitis can mirror histological findings once certain limitations are taken into account (superficial lesions were not clearly identifiable). Foot-pad dermatitis is considered a useful indicator of animal welfare and our findings suggest that visual, macroscopic scoring could be a practicable assessment tool.
De privilegerede
Authors: Rasmussen Leah Porse
Published: April 2020

Genstande kan være ledetråde til for længst glemte historier. Med udgangspunkt i en brudekiste, der er gået i arv i generationer af privilegerede fribønder, kromænd og deres hustruer, undersøger historiker Leah Porse Rasmussen denne gruppes standsbevidsthed og identitet. Selvom de var privilegerede med kongegivne friheder, befandt de sig juridisk set i bondestanden, men de brugte tegn associeret med adelig værdighed. Således udgjorde denne gruppe i Bov sogn et socialt mellemlag i det slesvigske samfund i 1600- og 1700-tallet.
Built on Sand
Authors: Guyon Etienne , Delenne Jean-Yves , Radjai Farhang
Published: April 2020

Explaining the science contained in a simple assembly of grains—the most abundant form of matter present on Earth.

Granular media—composed of vast amounts of grains, consolidated or not—constitute the most abundant form of solid matter on Earth. Granular materials assemble in disordered configurations scientists often liken to a bag of marbles. Made of macroscopic particles rather than molecules, they defy the standard scheme of classification in terms of solid, liquid, and gas. Granular materials provide a model relevant to various domains of research, including engineering, physics, and biology. William Blake famously wished “To See a World in a Grain of Sand”; in this book, pioneering researchers in granular matter explain the science hidden behind simple grains, shedding light on collective behavior in disordered settings in general.

The authors begin by describing the single grain with its different origins, shapes, and sizes, then examine grains in piled or stacked form. They explain the packing fraction of granular media, a crucial issue that bears on the properties displayed in practical applications; explore small-scale deformations in piles of disordered grains, with particular attention to friction; and present theories of various modes of disorder. Along the way, they discuss such concepts as force chains, arching effects, wet grains, sticky contacts, and inertial effects. Drawing on recent numerical simulations as well as classical concepts developed in physics and mechanics, the book offers an accessible introduction to a rapidly developing field.
Mutations associated with human neural tube defects display disrupted planar cell polarity in Drosophila
Authors: Humphries Ashley C , Narang Sonali , Mlodzik Marek
Published: April 2020

Planar cell polarity (PCP) and neural tube defects (NTDs) are linked, with a subset of NTD patients found to harbor mutations in PCP genes, but there is limited data on whether these mutations disrupt PCP signaling in vivo. The core PCP geneVan Gogh(Vang),Vangl1/2 in mammals, is the most specific for PCP. We thus addressed potential causality of NTD-associatedVangl1/2 mutations, from either mouse or human patients, inDrosophilaallowing intricate analysis of the PCP pathway. Introducing the respective mammalian mutations intoDrosophila Vangrevealed defective phenotypic and functional behaviors, with changes to Vang localization, post-translational modification, and mechanistic function, such as its ability to interact with PCP effectors. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how different mammalian mutations contribute to developmental disorders and strengthen the link between PCP and NTD. Importantly, analyses of the human mutations revealed that each is a causative factor for the associated NTD.
Calcium-stimulated disassembly of focal adhesions mediated by an ORP3/IQSec1 complex
Authors: D'Souza Ryan S , Lim Jun Y , Turgut Alper , Servage Kelly , Zhang Junmei , Orth Kim , Sosale Nisha G , Lazzara Matthew J , Allegood Jeremy , Casanova James E
Published: April 2020

Coordinated assembly and disassembly of integrin-mediated focal adhesions (FAs) is essential for cell migration. Many studies have shown that FA disassembly requires Ca2+ influx, however our understanding of this process remains incomplete. Here, we show that Ca2+ influx via STIM1/Orai1 calcium channels, which cluster near FAs, leads to activation of the GTPase Arf5 via the Ca2+-activated GEF IQSec1, and that both IQSec1 and Arf5 activation are essential for adhesion disassembly. We further show that IQSec1 forms a complex with the lipid transfer protein ORP3, and that Ca2+ influx triggers PKC-dependent translocation of this complex to ER/plasma membrane (PM) contact sites adjacent to FAs. In addition to allosterically activating IQSec1, ORP3 also extracts PI4P from the PM, in exchange for phosphatidylcholine. ORP3-mediated lipid exchange is also important for FA turnover. Together, these findings identify a new pathway that links calcium influx to FA turnover during cell migration.
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at high altitude: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xiong Huaiyu , Huang Qiangru , He Chengying , Shuai Tiankui , Yan Peijing , Zhu Lei , Yang Kehu , Liu Jian
Published: April 2020

Background and objective

Recently, several studies have investigated the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at high altitude (>1,500 m). However, much remains to be understood about the correlation between altitude and COPD. We aimed to summarize the prevalence of COPD at high-altitudes and find out if altitude could be a risk factor for COPD.

Methods

We searched PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, OVID, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) and Embase databases from inception to April 30th, 2019, with no language restriction. We used STATA 14.0 to analyze the extracted data. A random-effect model was used to calculate the combined OR and 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 statistic versus P-value. We performed a subgroup analysis to analyze possible sources of heterogeneity. The Egger’s test and the Begg’s test were used to assess any publication bias.

Results

We retrieved 4,574 studies from seven databases and finally included 10 studies (54,578 participants). Males ranged from 18.8% to 49.3% and the population who smoked ranged from 3.3% to 53.3%. The overall prevalence of COPD at high-altitude was 10.0% (95% CI [0.08–0.12], P < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis, based on different regions, the results showed that the prevalence in Asia was higher than that in Europe and America. Seven studies compared the relationship between the prevalence of COPD at high-altitudes and the lowlands. The results showed that altitude was not an independent risk factor for the prevalence of COPD (ORadj = 1.18, 95% CI [0.85–1.62], P = 0.321). There was no publication bias among the studies.

Conclusions

Our study found a higher prevalence of COPD at high-altitudes than those from average data. However, altitude was not found to be an independent risk factor for developing COPD (PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42019135012).
Look out: an exploratory study assessing how gaze (eye angle and head angle) and gait speed are influenced by surface complexity
Authors: Thomas Nicholas D.A. , Gardiner James D. , Crompton Robin H. , Lawson Rebecca
Published: April 2020

Background

Most research investigating the connection between walking and visual behaviour has assessed only eye movements (not head orientation) in respect to locomotion over smooth surfaces in a laboratory. This is unlikely to reflect gaze changes found over the complex surfaces experienced in the real world, especially given that eye and head movements have rarely been assessed simultaneously.

Research question

How does gaze (eye and head) angle and gait speed change when walking over surfaces of different complexity?

Methods

In this exploratory study, we used a mobile eye tracker to monitor eye movements and inertia measurement unit sensors (IMUs) to measure head angle whilst subjects (n = 11) walked over surfaces with different complexities both indoors and outdoors. Gait speed was recorded from ankle IMUs.

Results

Overall, mean gaze angle was lowest over the most complex surface and this surface also elicited the slowest mean gait speed. The head contributed increasingly to the lowering of gaze with increased surface complexity. Less complex surfaces showed no significant difference between gaze and gait behaviour.

Significance

This study supports previous research showing that increased surface complexity is an important factor in determining gaze and gait behaviour. Moreover, it provides the novel finding that head movements provide important contributions to gaze location. Our future research aims are to further assess the role of the head in determining gaze location during locomotion across a greater range of complex surfaces to determine the key surface characteristics that influence gaze during gait.
O Processo de Planejamento de Vendas e Operações (S&OP) em uma Empresa de serviços de Telecomunicações: um estudo de caso exploratório
Authors: Fernandes Mariana de Oliveira Pereira , Domingos Jean Carlos , Maia Leonardo Caixeta de Castro
Published: April 2020

A integração entre vendas e operações auxilia a empresa a operar em sua capacidade máxima, otimizar a utilização de seus ativos e obter maior nível de serviço. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo de caso relatando o processo de S&OP de uma empresa de serviços de telecomunicações e compará-lo com a literatura, descrevendo as motivações para utilização, as barreiras encontradas no processo e os principais benefícios. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida de um estudo de caso, o qual envolveu entrevistas com os principais participantes do processo, observações não participantes em reuniões do processo e análise de documentos relativos ao S&OP. Dentre as principais motivações que levaram a empresa a adotar este processo foram melhorar o dimensionamento da capacidade e da demanda e reduzir custos em toda a cadeia de produto. Os maiores desafios no uso foram conseguir a mudança cultural exigida pela inserção do S&OP na empresa, a quebra de paradigmas em função da implantação de novos controles e a disciplina nos prazos que o processo demanda. Como resultado, ocorreu o aumento da disponibilidade de informações essenciais para a tomada de decisão, a maior visibilidade dos gargalos da organização, a aproximação entre os diversos departamentos, a redução dos custos operacionais e a redução do tempo de entrega do serviço ao cliente final. Foi observado que o processo aplicado à empresa segue, em quase sua totalidade, os conceitos verificados na literatura.
Antimicrobial Activity of Honey on Some Bacterial Isolates from Selected Brands of Sachet Water Sold within Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Agi V. N. , Aleru C. P. , Azike C. A. , Ollor O. A. , Alonyenu D. U.
Published: April 2020

Background: The present study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial effect of honey on bacterial isolates from sachet water sold within Eligbolo Community in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Methodology: Five brands of sachet water commonly consumed by the people living in Eligbolo Community of Port Harcourt, Nigeria were purchased from different Vendors in the community. Nutrient and MacConkey agar plates were used for culturing of water samples using spread plate method. Ten-fold serial dilution and Most Probable Number (MPN) were among the methods used and the samples analyzed were according to standard procedures. Natural honey purchased from Ogbokolo in Benue State, Nigeria was used for susceptibility testing. Quality control, ant inhibition and water test methods were performed using the honey to confirm its originality before use. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done using the agar well diffusion method.

Results: Results obtained showed the bacterial isolated from the 5 sachet brands of water. These include Bacillus species 5 (62.5%), Enterococcus faecalis 1 (12.5%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 (12.5%), and Escherichia coli 1 (12.5%). All of the 5 sachet water samples analyzed failed to meet the WHO drinking water standard of zero coliform per 100 ml making them unsuitable for human consumption. Faecal coliform was isolated from sample C indicating faecal contamination of the drinking water. The sensitivity of the isolates to the honey sample showed higher zone of inhibition compared to the standard antibiotic used as control. Staphylococcus epidermidis showed the highest zone of inhibition (39 mm), followed by Escherichia coli (37 mm), Bacillus species (35 mm) and Enterococcus faecalis (32 mm) respectively.

Conclusion: The results revealed that honey has a broad antimicrobial spectrum against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and could provide alternative agent to overcome the problem of increasingly bacteria resistance to synthetic antimicrobial agents. It is therefore, recommended that further work should be encouraged for the extraction of the crude components of honey and their use for antibiotic production.
Astrocytes in Atp1a2‐deficient heterozygous mice exhibit hyperactivity after induction of cortical spreading depression
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroki , Sato Masaaki , Nakai Junichi , Kawakami Kiyoshi
Published: April 2020

The ATP1A2 coding α2 subunit of Na,K‐ATPase, which is predominantly located in astrocytes, is a causative gene of familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2). FHM2 model mice (Atp1a2tmCKwk/+) are susceptible to cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is profoundly related to migraine aura and headache. However, astrocytic properties during CSD have not been examined in FHM2 model mice. Using Atp1a2tmCKwk/+ crossed with transgenic mice expressing G‐CaMP7 in cortical neurons and astrocytes (Atp1a2+/−), we analyzed the changes in Ca2+ concentrations during CSD. The propagation speed of Ca2+ waves and the percentages of astrocytes with elevated Ca2+ concentrations in Atp1a2+/− were higher than those in wild‐type mice. Increased percentages of astrocytes with elevated Ca2+ concentrations in Atp1a2+/− may contribute to FHM2 pathophysiology.
rBC2LCN lectin as a potential probe of early‐stage HER2‐positive breast carcinoma
Authors: Mawaribuchi Shuuji , Haramoto Yoshikazu , Tateno Hiroaki , Onuma Yasuko , Aiki Yasuhiko , Ito Yuzuru
Published: April 2020

The recombinant N‐terminal domain of BC2L‐C lectin (rBC2LCN) is useful for detecting not only human pluripotent stem cells but also some cancers. However, the cancer types and stages that can be detected by rBC2LCN remain unclear. In this study, we identified the human breast carcinoma subtypes and stages that can be detected by rBC2LCN. Compared with rBC2LCN‐negative breast carcinoma cell lines, the rBC2LCN‐positive cells expressed higher levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epithelial marker genes. Importantly, rBC2LCN histochemical staining of human breast carcinoma tissues demonstrated the utility of rBC2LCN in detecting breast carcinoma types that express HER2 and have not spread much in the early phase of growth. We conclude that rBC2LCN may have potential as a detection probe and a drug delivery vehicle to identify and treat early‐stage HER2‐positive breast carcinoma.
Interferon‐γ‐induced HLA Class II expression on endothelial cells is decreased by inhibition of mTOR and HMG‐CoA reductase
Authors: Maenaka Akihiro , Kenta Iwasaki , Ota Akinobu , Miwa Yuko , Ohashi Wataru , Horimi Kosei , Matsuoka Yutaka , Ohnishi Masafumi , Uchida Kazuharu , Kobayashi Takaaki
Published: April 2020

In organ transplantation, donor‐specific HLA antibody (DSA) is considered a major cause of graft rejection. Because DSA targets primarily donor‐specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expressed on graft endothelial cells, the prevention of its expression is a possible strategy for avoiding or salvaging DSA‐mediated graft rejection. We examined the effect of various clinically used drugs on HLA class II expression on endothelial cells. Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐induced HLA class II DR (HLA‐DR) was downregulated by everolimus (EVR, 49.1% ± 0.8%; P < 0.01) and fluvastatin (FLU, 33.8% ± 0.6%; P < 0.01). Moreover, the combination of EVR and FLU showed a greater suppressive effect on HLA‐DR expression. In contrast, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisolone did not exhibit any significant suppressive effect. FLU, but not EVR, suppressed mRNA of HLA‐DR. Imaging analysis revealed that HLA‐DR expressed in cytosol or on the cell surface was repressed by EVR (cytosol: 58.6% ± 4.9%, P < 0.01; cell surface: 80.9% ± 4.0%, P < 0.01) and FLU (cytosol: 19.0% ± 3.4%, P < 0.01; cell surface: 48.3% ± 4.8%, P < 0.01). These data indicated that FLU and EVR suppressed IFN‐γ‐induced HLA‐DR expression at the transcriptional and post‐translational level, respectively, suggesting a potential approach for alleviating DSA‐related issues in organ transplantation.
The Role of Batteries for the Successful Transition to Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Bresser Dominic , Moretti Arianna , Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano
Published: April 2020

The successful transition to renewable energy sources is at least one of the most important challenges of our society in order to (i) ensure a sustainable and durable energy supply – not only for today and tomorrow, but also for future generations – and (ii) to prevent climate change and its severe consequences caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Along with this transition, electrochemical energy storage in batteries is considered a key enabler, as it allows for matching the intermittent energy supply by renewables with the frequently diverging power demand of industry and private households, while simultaneously affording a high degree of mobility. Depending on the final application, however, batteries have to fulfill rather different requirements in terms of, e.g. energy density, safety, and cost. At this point, the richness of battery chemistry and design demonstrates its great strength, allowing for highly tailorable energy storage solutions for a wide range of applications, including (but not limited to) stationary devices, vehicles, and portable electronics.
The impact of corrected field output factors based on IAEA/AAPM code of practice on small‐field dosimetry to the calculated monitor unit in eclipse™ treatment planning system
Authors: Mamesa Sammuel , Oonsiri Sornjarod , Sanghangthum Taweap , Yabsantia Sumalee , Suriyapee Sivalee
Published: April 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of field output factors (FOFs) according to the current protocol for small‐field dosimetry in conjunction to treatment planning system (TPS) commissioning. The calculated monitor unit (MU) for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans in Eclipse™ TPS were observed. Micro ion chamber (0.01 CC) (CC01), photon field diode (shielded diode) (PFD), and electron field diode (unshielded diode) (EFD) were used to measure percentage depth doses, beam profiles, and FOFs from 1 × 1 cm2 to 10 × 10 cm2 field sizes of 6 MV photon beams. CC01 illustrated the highest percentage depth doses at 10 cm depth while EFD exhibited the lowest with the difference of 1.6% at 1 × 1 cm2. CC01 also produced slightly broader penumbra, the difference with other detectors was within 1 mm. For uncorrected FOF of three detectors, the maximum percent standard deviation (%SD) was 5.4% at 1 × 1 cm2 field size. When the correction factors were applied, this value dropped to 2.7%. For the calculated MU in symmetric field sizes, beam commissioning group from uncorrected FOF demonstrated maximum %SD of 6.0% at 1 × 1 cm2 field size. This value decreased to 2.2% when the corrected FOF was integrated. For the calculated MU in IMRT‐SRS plans, the impact of corrected FOF reduced the maximum %SD from 6.0% to 2.5% in planning target volume (PTV) less than 0.5 cm3. Beam commissioning using corrected FOF also decreased %SD for VMAT‐SRS plans, although it was less pronounced in comparison to other treatment planning techniques, since the %SD remained less than 2%. The use of FOFs based on IAEA/AAPM TRS 483 has been proven in this research to reduce the discrepancy of calculated MU among three beam commissioning datasets in Eclipse™ TPS. The dose measurement of both symmetric field and clinical cases comparing to the calculation illustrated the dependence of the types of detector commissioning and the algorithm of the treatment planning for small field size.
The potential of an optical surface tracking system in non‐coplanar single isocenter treatments of multiple brain metastases
Authors: Swinnen Ans C. C. , Öllers Michel C. , Loon Ong Chin , Verhaegen Frank
Published: April 2020

To evaluate the accuracy of a commercial optical surface tracking (OST) system and to demonstrate how it can be implemented to monitor patient positioning during non‐coplanar single isocenter stereotactic treatments of brain metastases. A 3‐camera OST system was used (Catalyst HD™, C‐RAD) on a TruebeamSTx with a 6DoF couch. The setup accuracy and agreement between the OST system, and CBCT and kV‐MV imaging at couch angles 0° and 270°, respectively, were examined. Film measurements at 3 depths in the Rando‐Alderson phantom were performed using a single isocenter non‐coplanar VMAT plan containing 4 brain lesions. Setup of the phantom was performed with CBCT at couch 0° and subsequently monitored by OST at other couch angles. Setup data for 7 volunteers were collected to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the OST system at couch angles 0°, 45°, 90°, 315°, and 270°. These results were also correlated to the couch rotation offsets obtained by a Winston‐Lutz (WL) test. The Rando‐Alderson phantom, as well as volunteers, were fixated using open face masks (Orfit). For repeated tests with the Rando‐Alderson phantom, deviations between rotational and translational isocenter corrections for CBCT and OST systems are always within 0.2° (pitch, roll, yaw), and 0.1mm and 0.5mm (longitudinal, lateral, vertical) for couch positions 0° and 270°, respectively. Dose deviations between the film and TPS doses in the center of the 4 lesions were −1.2%, −0.1%, −0.0%, and −1.9%. Local gamma evaluation criteria of 2%/2 mm and 3%/1 mm yielded pass rates of 99.2%, 99.2%, 98.6%, 89.9% and 98.8%, 97.5%, 81.7%, 78.1% for the 4 lesions. Regarding the volunteers, the mean translational and rotational isocenter shift values were (0.24 ± 0.09) mm and (0.15 ± 0.07) degrees. Largest isocenter shifts were found for couch angles 45˚ and 90˚, confirmed by WL couch rotation offsets. Patient monitoring during non‐coplanar VMAT treatments of brain metastases is feasible with submillimeter accuracy.
Substitution Effects of Gd with Nd on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Mg–10Gd–0.4Zr Alloys
Authors: Luo Shifeng , Yang Guangyu , Qin He , Xiao Lei , Jie Wanqi
Published: April 2020

The microstructures and mechanical properties, especially the contribution of individual strengthening mechanisms, of Mg–10Gd–0.4Zr alloy with the partial substitution of Gd with Nd are studied. The results show that Mg12Nd phases appear in the as‐cast alloys when substituting Gd with Nd, and the volume fraction of the secondary phase increases with increasing Nd content. After solution heat treatment, secondary phases fully dissolve into α(Mg) matrix except for Mg–5Gd–5Nd–0.4Zr alloy, which is attributed to a high Nd content in that alloy, beyond the maximum solubility of Nd in Mg. Age‐hardening curves indicate that substituting Gd with Nd shortens the incubation time and improves the peak hardness. The peak‐aged Mg–7Gd–3Nd–0.4Zr alloy shows improved mechanical properties with the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of 195 MPa, 294 MPa, and 3.9%, respectively, which is attributed to the dense β″ and β′ precipitates formed during aging. Furthermore, the contributions of individual strengthening mechanisms in Mg–Gd–Nd–Zr alloys after different heat treatments are calculated, and the results show that the substitution of Gd with Nd significantly enhances the contribution of precipitation strengthening, especially in peak‐aged Mg–7Gd–3Nd–0.4Zr alloy.
Phototuning Energy Transfer in Self‐Organized Luminescent Helical Superstructures for Photonic Applications
Authors: Lin Siyang , Sun Hao , Qiao Jinghui , Ding Xiaokang , Guo Jinbao
Published: April 2020

Stimuli‐triggered changes in the emission color of functional materials are in demand for a variety of potential applications. Herein, a strategy to reversibly phototune fluorescence color in cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) with self‐organized luminescent helical superstructure via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is developed. This dynamic FRET system is constructed by doping with 1,2‐dithienyldicyanoethene‐based chiral fluorescent photoswitch (switch 7) as an acceptor and a conventional coumarin dye C6 as a donor into a nematic liquid crystal (LC) host. The efficient energy transfer from C6 to switch 7 in the LC media, which is evidenced by both of emission color shift and enhanced circularly polarized luminescence, can be modulated on the basis of reversible trans–cis photoisomerization of switch 7 upon visible/UV light irradiations, leading to the emission color change from orange to green. Noteworthily, the FRET efficiency can be significantly improved when CLCs are confined in the polymer microtubes. Preliminary demonstrations of the LC film and LC microtubes array for information display and encryption with ease of electrical operation between planar, homeotropic, and focal conic states or light manipulation are described.
Residual herbicide concentrations in on‐farm water storage–tailwater recovery systems: Preliminary assessment
Authors: Grantz Erin M. , Leslie Deborah , Reba Michele , Willett Cammy
Published: April 2020

On‐farm water storage–tailwater recovery systems reduce groundwater usage and intercept agrochemical loads, but pesticide residue dynamics in these systems are not well understood. This study monitored concentrations of seven herbicides in seven northeast Arkansas tailwater recovery systems (April 2017–March 2018). Clomazone, glyphosate, metolachlor, and quinclorac were frequently detected, with minimal detections of 2,4‐D, dicamba, and propanil. Concentrations peaked during the growing season (1 Apr.–15 Sept.), reflecting an interaction of application and precipitation. Clomazone, glyphosate, and quinclorac concentrations were greater in ditches (<0.80–67, <0.50–6.2, and <0.40–62 μg L−1, respectively) than in the associated reservoir (<0.80–6.0, <0.50–4.1, and <0.40–6.0 μg L−1, respectively), but metolachlor concentrations were not different between structure types (maximum 22–32 μg L−1). Off‐season concentrations were mostly below detection, except for quinclorac. Cycling recovered tailwater through the system and irrigating from reservoirs may minimize risk of cross‐crop contaminations with residual herbicides. Managed groundwater recharge should use reservoir water during winter to protect groundwater quality.
Perioperative antithrombotic management of patients who receive direct oral anticoagulants during gastroenterological surgery
Authors: Fujikawa Takahisa , Takahashi Ryo , Naito Shigetoshi
Published: April 2020

Aim

We investigated the effect of perioperative management of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) on bleeding and thromboembolic complications during gastroenterological (GE) surgery.

Methods

A total of 334 patients receiving anticoagulants and undergoing elective GE surgery between 2012 and 2018 were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups: patients receiving warfarin (WF, n = 231), patients receiving DOACs with heparin bridging (DOAC‐HB, n = 34), and patients receiving DOAC without heparin bridging (DOAC‐NHB, n = 69). Outcome variables were compared between the groups and the risk factors of postoperative bleeding were assessed using logistic multivariate analysis.

Results

No significant differences were observed in background characteristics between the groups. There were similarities between the groups in surgical blood loss (P = .772) and rate of intraoperative transfusion (P = .952). Thromboembolic complications only occurred in two patients in the WF group (0.9%), and no thromboembolism occurred in the DOAC groups. The incidence of major postoperative bleeding was significantly higher in DOAC‐HB group than in the other groups (14.7% vs 4.8% vs 1.4%, P = .011). Multivariate analysis showed DOAC with heparin bridging to be the most significant risk factor of major postoperative bleeding (odds ratio = 11.60, P = .028).

Conclusions

Elective GE surgery can be safely performed in patients receiving DOACs without heparin bridging. Perioperative heparin bridging during DOAC interruption is not recommended even for patients undergoing major GE surgery due to increased postoperative bleeding.
Solubility of CO2 in three cellulose‐dissolving ionic liquids
Authors: Pérez Eduardo , de Pablo Laura , Segovia José J. , Moreau Alejandro , Sánchez Francisco A. , Pereda Selva , Bermejo María D.
Published: April 2020

The solubility of CO2 in three cellulose‐dissolving ionic liquids (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, [Emim][DEP], 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, [Amim][Cl], and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, [Bmim][Cl]) at temperatures within 298 and 356 K and pressures up to 6.5 MPa was determined using a Van Ness‐type apparatus (static isochoric). It was demonstrated that this device can work in isothermal and isoplethal modes, being the latter faster and more precise. Moreover, it was possible to determine CO2 solubilities in metastable liquid [Bmim][Cl]. Experimental data were modeled using the Extended Henry's law correlation and the group contribution equation of state. New parameters for the binary interaction of CO2 with ionic liquid groups were calculated.
Do dental nonmetric traits actually work as proxies for neutral genomic data? Some answers from continental‐ and global‐level analyses
Authors: Irish Joel D. , Morez Adeline , Girdland Flink Linus , Phillips Emma L.W. , Scott G. Richard
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Crown and root traits, like those in the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS), are seemingly useful as genetic proxies. However, recent studies report mixed results concerning their heritability, and ability to assess variation to the level of genomic data. The aim is to test further if such traits can approximate genetic relatedness, among continental and global samples.

Materials and Methods

First, for 12 African populations, Mantel correlations were calculated between mean measure of divergence (MMD) distances from up to 36 ASUDAS traits, and FST distances from >350,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among matched dental and genetic samples. Second, among 32 global samples, MMD and FST distances were again compared. Correlations were also calculated between them and inter‐sample geographic distances to further evaluate correspondence.

Results

A close ASUDAS/SNP association, based on MMD and F
ST correlations, is evident, with r
m‐values between .72 globally and .84 in Africa. The same is true concerning their association with geographic distances, from .68 for a 36‐trait African MMD to .77 for F
ST globally; one exception is F
ST and African geographic distances, r
m = 0.49. Partial MMD/F
ST correlations controlling for geographic distances are strong for Africa (.78) and moderate globally (.4).

Discussion

Relative to prior studies, MMD/F
ST correlations imply greater dental and genetic correspondence; for studies allowing direct comparison, the present correlations are markedly stronger. The implication is that ASUDAS traits are reliable proxies for genetic data—a positive conclusion, meaning they can be used with or instead of genomic markers when the latter are unavailable.
NaGaS2: An Elusive Layered Compound with Dynamic Water Absorption and Wide‐Ranging Ion‐Exchange Properties
Authors: Klepov Vladislav V. , Berseneva Anna A. , Pace Kristen A. , Kocevski Vancho , Sun Mengqi , Qiu Peng , Wang Hui , Chen Fanglin , Besmann Theodore M. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: April 2020

Most ternary sulfides belonging to the MGaS2 structure‐type have been known for many years and are well‐characterized. Surprisingly, there have been no reports of the NaGaS2 composition, which contains Na, a monovalent cation slightly larger in size than Li, found in LiGaS2, a compound known for its non‐linear optical properties. Now it is demonstrated for the first time that the unique reversible water absorption in NaGaS2 has resulted in its absence from previous reports owing to difficulties encountered when characterizing this compound by SC XRD. The layered structure of this compound coupled with uniquely easy migration of water molecules between the layers allows for ion exchange with 3d and 5f metal cations. Some cations, for example, Ni2+, facilitate exfoliation of the layers, providing a facile synthetic route to a new class of 2D chalcogenide materials and furthermore demonstrating that NaGaS2 can readily uptake uranyl species from aqueous solutions.
Nanocatalosomes as Plasmonic Bilayer Shells with Interlayer Catalytic Nanospaces for Solar‐Light‐Induced Reactions
Authors: Kumar Amit , Kumari Nitee , Dubbu Sateesh , Kumar Sumit , Kwon Taewan , Koo Jung Hun , Lim Jongwon , Kim Inki , Cho Yoon‐Kyoung , Rho Junsuk , Lee In Su
Published: April 2020

Interest and challenges remain in designing and synthesizing catalysts with nature‐like complexity at few‐nm scale to harness unprecedented functionalities by using sustainable solar light. We introduce “nanocatalosomes”—a bio‐inspired bilayer‐vesicular design of nanoreactor with metallic bilayer shell‐in‐shell structure, having numerous controllable confined cavities within few‐nm interlayer space, customizable with different noble metals. The intershell‐confined plasmonically coupled hot‐nanospaces within the few‐nm cavities play a pivotal role in harnessing catalytic effects for various organic transformations, as demonstrated by “acceptorless dehydrogenation”, “Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling” and “alkynyl annulation” affording clean conversions and turnover frequencies (TOFs) at least one order of magnitude higher than state‐of‐the‐art Au‐nanorod‐based plasmonic catalysts. This work paves the way towards next‐generation nanoreactors for chemical transformations with solar energy.
FeOOH@Metal–Organic Framework Core–Satellite Nanocomposites for the Serum Metabolic Fingerprinting of Gynecological Cancers
Authors: Pei Congcong , Liu Chao , Wang You , Cheng Dan , Li Rongxin , Shu Weikang , Zhang Chaoqi , Hu Wenli , Jin Aihua , Yang Yannan , Wan Jingjing
Published: April 2020

High‐throughput metabolic analysis is of significance in diagnostics, while tedious sample pretreatment has largely hindered its clinic application. Herein, we designed FeOOH@ZIF‐8 composites with enhanced ionization efficiency and size‐exclusion effect for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS)‐based metabolic diagnosis of gynecological cancers. The FeOOH@ZIF‐8‐assisted LDI‐MS achieved rapid, sensitive, and selective metabolic fingerprints of the native serum without any enrichment or purification. Further analysis of extracted serum metabolic fingerprints successfully discriminated patients with gynecological cancers (GCs) from healthy controls and also differentiated three major subtypes of GCs. Given the low cost, high‐throughput, and easy operation, our approach brings a new dimension to disease analysis and classification.
Refinement of Copper(II) Azide with 1‐Alkyl‐5H‐tetrazoles: Adaptable Energetic Complexes
Authors: Wurzenberger Maximilian H. H. , Lommel Marcus , Gruhne Michael S. , Szimhardt Norbert , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: April 2020

A concept for stabilizing highly sensitive and explosive copper(II) azide with 1‐N‐substituted tetrazoles is described. It was possible to stabilize the system by the use of highly endothermic, nitrogen‐rich ligands. The sensitivities of the resulting energetic copper coordination compounds can be tuned further by variation of the alkyl chain of the ligands and by phlegmatization of the complexes with classical additives during the synthesis. It is demonstrated, using the compound based on 1‐methyl‐5H‐tetrazole ([Cu(N3)2(MTZ)], 1) that this class of complexes can be applied as a potential replacement for both lead azide (LA) and lead styphnate (LS). The complex was extensively investigated according to its chemical (elemental analysis, single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy) and physico‐chemical properties (differential thermal analysis, sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge) compared to pure copper(II) azide.
Rhes Tunnels: A Radical New Way of Communication in the Brain's Striatum?
Authors: Subramaniam Srinivasa
Published: April 2020

Ras homolog enriched in the striatum (Rhes) is a striatal enriched protein that promotes the formation of thin membranous tubes resembling tunneling nanotubes (TNT)—“Rhes tunnels”—that connect neighboring cell and transport cargoes: vesicles and proteins between the neuronal cells. Here the literature on TNT‐like structures is reviewed, and the implications of Rhes‐mediated TNT, the mechanisms of its formation, and its potential in novel cell‐to‐cell communication in regulating striatal biology and disease are emphasized. Thought‐provoking ideas regarding how Rhes‐mediated TNT, if it exists, in vivo, would radically change the way neurons communicate in the brain are discussed.
Evaluation of simulation systems suitable for teaching compiler construction courses
Authors: Stamenković Srećko , Jovanović Nenad , Chakraborty Pinaki
Published: April 2020

Instructors find it challenging to teach the compiler construction course, because the course introduces students to several abstract concepts and complex algorithms. Simulation tools enable students to visualize the theoretical concepts, give them a platform for experimentation, and provide them accurate results of their experiments instantaneously. This paper offers a review of 16 simulation systems suitable for teaching the compiler construction course. Evaluation criteria have been defined, and they have been used in the process of evaluation of the selected simulators. The results of the evaluation will be useful to instructors when choosing a simulator suitable for teaching their courses.
Alkane Shape‐ and Size‐Recognized Selective Vapor Sorption in “Channel‐Like” Crystals Based on Thiacalixarene Assemblies
Authors: Yamada Manabu , Uemura Fumiya , Kunda Uma Maheswara Rao , Tanno Takenori , Katagiri Hiroshi , Hamada Fumio
Published: April 2020

Alkanes composed of C−C and C−H show a low electric polarization, and therefore, there is only very weak interaction between alkanes and adsorbents. Thus, it is difficult to separate a specific alkane from a mixture of alkanes by adsorption. Here, two activated “channel‐like” crystals generated from brominated thiacalix[4]arene propyl ethers, which adopt 1,3‐alternate and partial cone conformations, recognize specific alkane vapors depending on alkane‐shape and ‐size, sorting in three‐type alkane guests such as linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes. Two activated crystals, which are prepared by removal of solvent upon heating under reduced pressure, incorporate branched and/or cyclic alkane vapors by a unique “gate‐opening” mechanism via a crystal transformation in the process. Linear alkane vapors do not trigger gate opening and are not taken up by the activated crystals. The shape and size molecular‐recognition properties of the activated crystals promises considerable usefulness for the separation of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes.
Steering Site‐Selectivity in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalization: the Challenge of Benzanilides
Authors: Gramage‐Doria Rafael
Published: April 2020

Selective C−H bond functionalization catalyzed by metal complexes have completely revolutionized the way in which chemical synthesis is conceived nowadays. Typically, the reactivity of a transition metal catalyst is the key to control the site‐, regio‐ and/or stereo‐selectivity of a C−H bond functionalization. Of particular interests are molecules that contain multiple C−H bonds prone to undergo C−H bond activations with very similar bond dissociation energies at different positions. This is the case of benzanilides, relevant chemical motifs that are found in many useful fine chemicals, in which two C−H sites are present in chemically different aromatic fragments. In the last years, it has been found that depending on the metal catalyst and the reaction conditions, the amide motif might behave as a directing group towards the metal‐catalyzed C−H bond activation in the benzamide site or in the anilide site. The impact and the consequences of such subtle control of site‐selectivity are herein reviewed with important applications in carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bond forming processes. The mechanisms unraveling these unique transformations are discussed in order to provide a better understanding for future developments in the field of site‐selective C−H bond functionalization with transition metal catalysts.
Gold‐Catalyzed [3+2] Carbocycloaddition Reaction of Pinacol Alkenylboronates: Stereospecific Synthesis of Boryl‐Functionalized Cyclopentene Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Kota , López Enol , Barrio Pablo , Borge Javier , López Luis A.
Published: April 2020

Gold‐catalysis has enabled new synthetic opportunities in the chemistry of vinyldiazo compounds. Herein, we report the gold‐catalyzed reaction of stabilized vinyldiazo compounds with pinacol alkenylboronates to provide boryl‐functionalized cyclopentene derivatives through a formal [3+2] carbocycloaddition reaction, a very unusual pathway in alkenylboronate chemistry. This reaction proceeds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The synthetic usefulness of the resulting borylated cyclopentene derivatives toward the synthesis of densely functionalized cyclopentanoids is also demonstrated.