bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The post-war world
Authors: Merricks Linda
Published: November 2023

The end of the Second World War, as we have seen, left intact little of what Soddy had fought for in the inter-war period. The virtual disintegration of the New Europe Group and the manifest failure of monetary reform to influence the post-war Labour Government seems to mark the beginning of a period of defeat. However, two different areas of interest and concern changed this. Firstly, and vitally, he rediscovered a positive commitment to science, and to atomic science in particular. Secondly, he returned to his love of travel. The rediscovery of these areas was sparked by two remarkable women, both noted for their determination in following through their plans, but one far more successful than the other. Other than occupying aspects of Soddy’s life at the same time, there is no connection between these two, and so although they both need to be considered for the effect they each had on him, they will be dealt with separately. When Soddy met her in the late forties, Margaret Tatton had been running some part of the Le Play Society from the mid-twenties, and while she had shown her efficiency in organizing their tours, her methods of doing so had not always been popular. One member of the group wrote, ‘Beware the Tat whose gentle voice/ All will obey—they have no choice/ The velvet glove will quite conceal/ The clutching hand with grip of steel.’ Muriel Howorth was just as determined to achieve her ends, but less successful in fulfilling them. She had developed an interest in atomic science and attempted to create an organization within which non-scientists could learn about its potential, but this, for reasons discussed below, was never very successful, and was short-lived. She involved Soddy in this and also decided to write his biography.
Introduction
Authors: Ghiron Chiara , Thomas Russell J
Published: November 2023

The exercises in this book are intended to provide challenges for people with various levels of experience. A final year undergraduate student should obviously not be expected to tackle a problem without the aid of his or her favourite textbooks, and will still undoubtedly have difficulty with the more advanced problems. The advanced aspects of an exercise are intended for a more experienced chemist to analyse and discuss in detail. A student will hopefully find that in studying the exercises, while at first it will be difficult to complete even half of the questions unaided, with time both the size of his or her ‘vocabulary’ of reactions and the time necessary to study an exercise will change dramatically.
Total Synthesis of Islandic Acid I Methyl Ester
Authors: Shimizu T , Hiranuma S , Watanabe T , Kirihara, M
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points The sequence from 2 to 3 introduces a tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group. What is the mechanism of this step? Following step d a quantity of compound 9 was isolable. Suggest a mechanism for its formation.Give two alternative methods of removing a SEM group as in step.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Patulolide C
Authors: Takano S , Murakami T , Samizu K , Ogasawara, K
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points What is the mechanism of steps b and k? Give a method for the formation of the Z-olefin 14 from alkyne 9. Further Reading A similar approach to that described above was used by the authors in the synthesis of a milbemycin K fragment, see: S. Takano, Y. Sekiguchi and K. Ogasawara, Heterocycles,1994, 38,59. For an excellent review on the two-directional chain synthesis strategy see: C. S. Poss and S. L. Schreiber, Acc. Chem. Res.,1994, 27, 9. Another elegant application of this strategy to the synthesis of (-)-parviflorin has recently been published: T. R. Hoye and Z. Ye, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1996, 118,1801. For a review of macrocyclic ring formation methods see: Q. C. Meng and M. Hesse in Top. Curr. Chem.,1992, 161,107. A more recent chemoenzymatic synthesis of the related (R)-patulolide A has also been published: A. Sharma, S. Sankaranarayanan and S. Chattopadhyay, J. Org. Chem.,1996, 61,1814.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Milbemycin β3 Spiroketal Subunit
Authors: Holoboski M A , Koft, E
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points Suggest a method of detennining the enantiomeric excess of the product obtained in step f. What governs the regioselectivity of step f? Propose a structure for the product of step h and the driving force behind its conversion into compound 7. Based on mechanistic considerations and the fact that it displays only two 1H NMR signals between 6.0 ppm and 4.5 ppm, suggest a structure for the product of step m. What is the mechanism of step p? What governs the stereochemistry of the spiroketal centre? Further Reading For a review of approaches to the synthesis of avennectins and milbemycins see: T. A. Blizzard, Org. Prep. Proced. Int.,1994, 26,617. For a recent total synthesis of milbemycin G see: S. Bailey, A. Teerawutgulrag and E. J. Thomas, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.,1995, 2519 and2521. For the synthesis of the spiroacetal fragment of milbemycin 1 see: S. Naito, M. Kobayashi and A. Saito, Heterocycles,1995, 41,2027. For an excellent introduction to hydroboration see S. E. Thomas, Organic Synthesis- The Roles of Boron and Silicon,Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991, pp.1-8. A more detailed description can be found in: A. Pelter, K. Smith and H. C. Brown, Borane Reagents,Academic Press 1988, pp.165-230. For another application of a Birch reduction-ozonolysis sequence see: G. Zvilchovsky and V. Gury, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1,1995, 2509. For structural details of more recently isolated milbemycins see: G. H. Baker, S. E. Blanchflower, R. J. Dorgan, J. R. Everett, B. R. Manger, C. R. Reading, S. A. Readshaw and P. Shelley. J. Antibiot.,1996, 49, 272.
An Approach to Zoanthamine Alkaloids
Authors: Tanner D , Andersson P G , Tedenborg L , Somfai, P
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points What was the stereochemical outcome of the reduction step h? Propose a mechanism to explain the formation and stereochemistry of compound 7. What is the structure of the intermediate 6 formed prior to the rearrangement? Further Reading For a recent review of asymmetric and enantioselective epoxidations see: E. Hoeft, Topp. Curr. Chem.,1993, 63. For the application of the Johnson orthoester Claisen rearrangement to a similar system see: A. Srikrishna and R. Viswajanani, Tetrahedron Lett.,1996, 37,2863.
The Synthesis of (±)-12a-Deoxytetracycline
Authors: Stork G , Clair J J La , Spargo P , Nargund R P , Totah, N
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points What is the purpose of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition step a? Give an explanation for the selectivity in the addition of the Grignard reagent in step b. How is it dependent on the number of equivalents of methyl magnesium bromide employed? What is the mechanism of step e? What governs the stereoselectivity of the addition of the anion of isoxazole 9 to compound 8? Further Reading For a review on recent advances in the field of tetracycline antibiotics see: V. J. Lee, Expert Opin. Ther. Pat.,1995, 5, 787. For a review on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to tetracycline antibiotics see: D. E. Taylor and A. Chau, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,1996, 40,1.
Synthesis of the Tricarbonyl Subunit C8-Cl9 of RapamycinB
Authors: White J D , Jeffrey, S C
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points Explain the selectivity observed in the Wittig olefination step j and suggest a reason why it was necessary to protect the hydroxyl group in 8. What is the purpose of boron trifluoride etherate in step p? Explain the use of cerium trichloride in step s? Give a mechanism for the Chan rearrangement b’? What intermediate is presumably formed in the m-CPBA induced rearrangement of step c’? Further Reading For studies on 1,2-anionic rearrangements in the gas phase, see: P. C. H. Eichinger, R. N. Hayes and J. H. Bowie, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1991, 113,1949. For a review on the stereochemistry and mechanism of the Wittig reaction, see: E. Vedejs and M. J. Peterson, Topics in Stereochemistry,1994, 21,1. For studies on the Dess-Martin periodinane, see: D. B. Dess and J.C. Martin, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1991, 113,7277; S. D. Meyer and S. L. Schreiber, J. Org. Chem.,1994, 59,7549. For some references on the Rubottom oxidation, see: J. Jauch, Tetrahedron,1994, 50,1203; R. Gleiter, M. Staib and U. Ackermarm, Liebigs Arm.,1995, 9,1655. For studies on the presence of water in the CeCl3/RLi system, see: W. J. Evans, J. D. Feldman and J. W. Ziller, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1996, 118,4581.
Total Synthesis of (–)-Chlorothricolide
Authors: Roush W R , Sciotti, R J
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points Propose suitable methods for the synthesis of optically active alcohol 1 from its corresponding ketone. Suggest a mechanism for the iodination of compound 2. What is the purpose of the DIBAL-H in the sequence? Give the mechanism of step f. Explain the stereoselectivity of steps g and i. What is the structure of 7 introduced in step j? Rationalise both the mechanism and stereocontrol that led to the cyclic system 8, the major product of step j. What is the purpose of the 2-methyl-2-butene used in step r?
Synthesis of (+)-Ceratopicanol
Authors: Clive D L J , Magnuson S R , Manning H W , Mayhew, D L
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points What directs the selectivity of the reduction step a? What is the reagent usually employed for the reduction of less hindered cx,(3-unsaturated ketones? What is the mechanism of step e? In step g a Ph3P-CBq system is used after reducing the aldehyde 5. What is the mechanism by which this system works? Had it been necessary to form a six-membered ring in step k, is it likely that the method used in this synthesis would have been sucessful? Step k proceeds via the ring-opening of the epoxide 8. Suggest a reason for its regioselectivity, evident from the fact that the product formed is 11. The overall transformation of compound 13 into 15 employs a classical deoxygenation protocol. Suggest other ways of deoxygenating alcohols or ketones.
81. Total Synthesis of (–)-Grayanotoxin III
Authors: Kan T , Hosokawa S , Nara S , Oikawa M , Ito S , Matsuda F , Shirahama H
Published: November 2023

Discussion Points Propose a mechanism for the sequence carried out in steps c and d. The epoxidation of compound 19 is highly stereoselective. What is likely to be the major factor in controlling this process? Give an alternative method of generating a 1,2-diol from two carbonyl groups as carried out in step i’.
Primary producers on the shore: the autotrophs
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D
Published: November 2023

Carpeting rocky shores around the world are macroscopic seaweeds, tiny unicellular microalgae and cyanobacteria, and in some places seagrasses. Very oJen there are also lichens high on the shore, while a variety of angiosperms (Kowering plants) fringes the upper shore levels. All these organisms are photosynthetic autotrophs: essentially the plants of the sea that capture CO2 gas and convert it into sugar, using light energy from the sun. Autotrophs form the base of the food web in most communities, including wave-swept rocky shores and sheltered rocky platforms, and also provide a habitat for many other organisms.
The functioning of rocky-shore communities
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D
Published: November 2023

The functioning of rocky-shore communities is not determined solely by events that take place on the shore. As we have emphasized throughout this book, rocky shores are not isolated areas of land delimited by the rise and fall of the tides, but rather joined by the continuous movements of the ocean’s waters. Large-scale oceanic patterns will determine the energy and nutrient supplies to the intertidal area, as well as the supply of species propagules that may settle on the shore. The diversity of organisms and the energy and nutrients that drive the interactions on shores are, therefore, initially determined by geographic locality.

One way of understanding the functioning of rocky-shore ecosystems is to examine their trophic organization, since this identiIes the function of various species within the community. Starting with this approach, we then consider the various questions this raises.
A to Z of Thermodynamics
Authors: Perrot Pierre
Published: November 2023

The title is a perfect description. Arranged alphabetically this book explains the words and phrases that crop up in thermodynamics. The author does this without resorting to pages of mathematics and algebra: the author's main aim is to explain and clarify the jargon and concepts. Thermodynamics is often difficult and confusing for students. The author knows this after 20 years of teaching and does something about it with this dictionary.
Comparison of a Pharmacy-Based Observational Study With GCP-Conform Clinical Studies With Effervescent Acetylsalicylic Acid in Migraine
Authors: Petersen-Braun M , Weingartner U , Gessner U , Göbel H
Published: November 2023

Approximately half of the patients suffering from migraine headache treat themselves by using OTC drugs. Despite the common usage of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for self- treatment of acute migraine attacks, data about the usage, efficacy, and safety under real-life conditions in self-medication are lacking. Data about the drug use in self- medication under the terms of the patients’ management in everyday life can only be derived directly from the patients.
Diagnostic Criteria For Primary Headaches of ICHD 2nd Edition 2004*
Authors: Pedini M , Alberti A , Mazzotta G , Sarchielli P
Published: November 2023

The first version of the software, based on the diagnostic criteria of the IHS classification for primary headaches 1988, was developed in 2000 to evaluate the applicability of the diagnostic criteria by specialized headache centers. The analysis of over 500 clinical charts from nine Italian headache centers always gave unambiguous diagnoses. But for various reasons, a concordance between the clinical diagnosis and that derived from the software was found only in 69% of the cases, in which the u error for the total number of charts analyzed did not exceed 2.2%.
Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Medication of Migraine in Latin America: a Population-Based survey
Authors: Morillo E , Sanin L C , Alarcón F , Aranaga N , Aulet S , Chapman E , Conterno L , Estévez E , Garcia-Pedroza F , Garrido J , Leston J , Macias-Islas M , Monzillo P , Núñez L , Perez A , Plascencia N , Rodrguez C , Silva F , Simonovis N , Takeuchi Y , Hettiarachchi J
Published: November 2023

Migraine is a common disease worldwide, ranked among the 20 leading causes of disability by the World Health Organization. Although the prevalence of migraine varies among surveyed populations, the prevalence in Latin America has not been established by large-scale population studies. Also, the symptoms and disability associated with migraine, as well as the pattern of medication use by migraineurs, have not been well-documented in Latin American regions.
Discussion Summary, Allodynia: Principles and Tools
Authors: Richard B , Lipton M D
Published: November 2023

The discussion began with a focus on allodynia. Prof. Lars Stovner asked if the superior treatment response to triptans prior to the development of allodynia could be an artifact of attack selection; he suggested that attacks treated prior to the development of allodynia may be unusually mild or easy to treat. Dr Burstein replied that the presence or absence of allodynia, not the intensity of pain at the time of treatment, predicts treatment response; patients with severe pain and no allodynia respond well to triptans while patients with mild pain and allodynia do not.
The classification of Migraine
Authors: Lipton R B , Bigal M E
Published: November 2023

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by episodic attacks of headache and associated symptoms. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of pain and associated symptoms, typically lasting from 4 to 72 h. The disability of migraine can be severe and imposes a considerable burden on the sufferer and the society. Before 1988, the headache classification systems that were available did not have clear operational rules, and nomenclature varied widely.
Headache Attributed to Infection
Authors: Sakai F
Published: November 2023

Headache is a common accompaniment of systemic viral infection such as influenza. In intracranial infection, headache is usually the first and the most frequently encountered symptom. Unfortunately, there are no good prospective studies of the headache associated with intracranial infection and precise diagnostic criteria for those subtypes of headache cannot be developed in all cases.
Headache Attributed to Cranial or Cervical Vascular Disorder*
Authors: Bousser M G
Published: November 2023

Vascular disorders affecting the head are among the most frequent causes of secondary headaches because, firstly, vascular disorders that directly or indirectly involve the brain are extremely frequent, and secondly, headache is a frequent feature of many of them. Varieties of headache-attributed cranial or cervical disorders can be schematically grouped according to three main clinical situations: the first one is an acute headache overshadowed by other neurological signs such as in the case of stroke, focal deficits, or disorders of consciousness.
Headache in Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Alekseenko Y , Luchanok U
Published: November 2023

Headache is the most common symptom of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). The diagnosis of MTBI is usually complicated, because the routine neurological examination of patients does not usually reveal any specific or informative changes. At the same time, the majority of MTBI symptoms including headache are mainly of a subjective character. There are some additional factors which can influence the clinical manifestations of MTBI and their development. Concomitant alcohol intoxication (AI) in patients with MTBI complicates the interpretation of symptoms as well as the distinction between traumatic and toxic effects.
Headache Diagnosis in Systemic Mastocytosis
Authors: Ashina S , Ashina M
Published: November 2023

Mastocytosis is a clonal disorder of mast cells in both children and adults. It is characterized by over proliferation, accumulation, and activation of the mast cells in different tissues. Mast cell hyperplasia can be restricted to the skin (cutaneous mastocytosis), or may also involve extracutaneous organs (systemic mastocytosis) such as skeleton, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and the CNS. Prevalence or incidence of the disease is unknown and is probably difficult to determine because of the under diagnosis of the systemic disease without the cutaneous manifestation.2
Application of ICHD 2nd Edition Criteria for Primary Headaches With the Aid of a Computerized, Structured Medical Record: Some Considerations
Authors: Sarchielli P , Pedini M , Alberti A , Capocchi G
Published: November 2023

Diagnostic requirements for primary headaches in the new Classification System ICHD-II appear to be improved and certainly represent an evolution of the previous criteria included in the first edition of IHS Classification. Modifications to the previous criteria are based on the clinical and pathophysiologic acquisitions of the last 15 years. Among the changes to migraine diagnostic requirements in the ICHD second edition, the most important one is the introduction of the diagnostic subtype of 1.5.1 Chronic migraine among the complications of migraine for those rare patients who fulfill the diagnostic criteria for migraine on 15 or more days a month for at least three months without overusing medications.
Discussion Summary, Practical Implementation and Research
Authors: Ashina M
Published: November 2023

The presentations, posters, and discussions during this session were devoted to the development of national and international simple charts or algorithms to identify and treat headache disorders, and classification research. It was pointed out that a large number of patients in primary care do not consult about migraine headaches and a short questionnaire would be very useful in a busy general practice. However, attention was drawn to the fact that many patients with frequent migraine might have medication-overuse headache.
Pathogenesis of sepsis
Authors: van Leeuwen H J , Verhoef J
Published: November 2023

Infection and refractory malignancy are the most common causes of death in patients with cancer (Safdar and Armstrong 2001). Once an infection evolves into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) this is called sepsis. For patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) sepsis remains a major contributor to mortality. Despite remarkable progress in unravelling the mechanisms behind this enigmatic condition, mortality has hardly changed over the past decades (Friedman et  al. 1998; Martin et  al. 2003). The treatment of sepsis today remains supportive: antibiotics or surgical treatment of the focus of infection, replacing or supporting the function of failing organs, nutritional support, and prophylactic measures to reduce the occurrence of complications (Cross and Opal 2003). Recently, a number of large randomized clinical trials have shown a reduction in mortality in patients with sepsis and allied conditions. The administration of activated protein C (aPC) (Bernard et  al. 2001), early goal-directed cardiovascular therapy (Rivers et  al. 2001), tight glycaemic control (Van den Berghe et  al. 2001), steroid supplementation in adrenal failure (Annane et  al. 2002) and mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes (Brower et  al. 2000) have all been shown to reduce mortality in critically ill patients. These results revive hope in the quest for the optimal treatment of patients with sepsis, based on the insights gained from thorough basic research in sepsis and systemic inflammation.
Gastrointestinal infections
Authors: Coyle Vicky , McMullan Ronan , Johnston Patrick G
Published: November 2023

Gastrointestinal (GI) infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. As with other categories of infection, susceptibility is contributed to by immunodeficiency secondary to underlying disease, but most significantly is attributable to toxicity from anticancer therapy. The range of GI infection syndromes observed in this population is perhaps more variable than that seen in any other system. These range from gastroenteritis-like illnesses attributable to primary pathogens that commonly affect the competent host, to severe intra-abdominal and visceral infections attributable to opportunistic pathogens and commensal organisms. This chapter is structured by syndrome rather than pathogen as this best reflects the manner in which clinical problems present to physicians and oncologists caring for cancer patients. We also suggest some measures to prevent GI infections in this group.
Infections in children
Authors: Dommett Rachel , Sharland Mike , Chisholm Julia
Published: November 2023

Children and adults with cancer differ in a number of ways. In this section we outline the most important differences, particularly in relation to infectious complications, before discussing in detail areas of interest in the prevention and management of infection in children with cancer.
The alpine environment: energy and climate
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg
Published: November 2023

Radiation and thermal energy in alpine environments is as important for life conditions as in any other life zone, and in addition, mountain environments are characterized by a high kinetic potential, or relief energy. The complex alpine landscape results in a distribution pattern in direct incident solar irradiance that creates a broad range of thermal conditions within the alpine zone. Relief energy manifests in high-energy al-pine mass movement events. These either develop over a long time period (non-catastrophic events) and form permanent landscape features, such as scree, rock glacier, or block fields, or are caused by a sudden descent of material that radically alters landscapes and ecological conditions in the short-term (catastrophic events, such as rock slide, debris slide, mudflow). The historic or contemporaneous movements of high-energy material, including water and ice have traversed the altitude gradients of mountains and contributed to the creation of azonal habitats (see Chapter 6).

Topography related phenomena and climate determine largely the alpine life zone and its habitats. The discussion of habitats and their underlying ecological conditions (energy and climate, hydrology, soils, and vegetation) follows a model framework that builds up from mechanistic energy budgets to vegetation feedbacks and considers habitat-forming factors alone, and in combination for habitat characteristics. The logical framework follows that of layers and overlays of layers applied in geographical information systems.
Alpine terrestrial habitats and community types/assemblages
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg
Published: November 2023

The habitat diversity of high mountains is well developed along topo-sequences, where ecological conditions such as wind exposure, snow cover and duration, soil availability, soil depth, nutrients and moisture, and disturbance regimes vary. The variation in habitat factors is largely predictable along an idealized slope (e.g. Fig. 6.1) and is reflected in a sequence of habitats/vegetation types. Such habitats may be divided into two main types: zonal, or habitats that reflect the average growth conditions (climate, soil, and water availability) that are prevalent in a latitudinal zone at a given altitude; the existence of azonal habitats is linked to locally deviating growth conditions, largely to topographical extremes. In relation to a slope topo-sequence (e.g. Figs 5.5 and 5.6), zonal habitats are analogous to mid-slope areas and azonal ones to those near to either end. For example, at the top end, gravity-related processes and phenomena exacerbate the scarcity of soil in rocky habitats and disturbance from frost shattering and rock fall, or avalanches create habitats that are exploited by specialist organisms, adapted or resilient to recurrent disturbance. At the lower end of the slope, materials accumulate, such as talus or scree, a surplus of snow (snowbeds), water (mires), or nutrients (colluvia). While it may appear from the above that azonal habitats are characteristic of the extremities of a mountain slope, in reality, they form a patchwork within the expanse of zonal habitats, in topographically fragmented localities (see for example Figs 5.5 and 5.6).
Epidemiology – incidence, causes, severity and outcome
Authors: Appleton Richard
Published: November 2023

Head injury is the most common cause of death in childhood and is a major source of handicap and disability. In 1992, reported deaths from head injuries (including skull fractures) to the Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys totalled over 3500; 278 of these occurred in children under the age of 15 and 553 under the age of 20 years. In 2002, reported deaths in people aged from <1 to 19 years due to ‘land-transport ‘ related accidents were 456 (121 in children aged <1 to 14 years and 335 in young people aged 15–19 years). It is important to realize that this almost certainly represents an under-estimate. Furthermore, it is also obvious that this figure represents only a small fraction of all children experiencing head injury, as fortunately the majority of these children survive, although a significant number are left with residual physical and neurological problems.
feeding and swallowing difficulties
Authors: Gore Helen , Wood Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The child with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is at significant risk of feeding and swallowing difficulties. Such difficulties can include problems with the placement and manipulation of food in the oral cavity or the physiology of swallowing, or both, and are referred to as dysphagia. Swallowing is a highly complex motor process, requiring neurological control and coordination of breathing and swallowing. Cerebral damage may affect the neurological control of swallowing (Murdoch and Theodoros 2001) and consequently, the child is at increased risk of fluids and food material entering the airway, termed aspiration. According to Reilly et al. (2000) the signs suggestive of aspiration include coughing, choking or deterioration in respiratory status during a feed, noisy or wet breathing, or excessive pharyngeal secretions; sneezing during drinking may also indicate nasopharyngeal incoordination and reflux.
Speech and language difficulties
Authors: Gore Helen , Wood Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in a variety of speech and language disorders that may impact upon the child ‘s functional communication skills. TBI is reported to be the most common cause of acquired speech and language impairment in childhood (Lees 1993). Despite this, there is little published research regarding the nature and management of communication impairment following TBI in this population. It is therefore necessary for the therapist to apply theoretical knowledge derived from other communication-impaired patient groups, including adults with acquired communication difficulties or children with developmental communication disorders, to clinical practice.
Diagnosis, staging, treatment intent, and planning
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris
Published: November 2023

Cancer normally presents with signs or symptoms as a result of changes in normal physiological function. A cancer can cause signs or symptoms either locally at the original site, or once it has spread elsewhere in the body. The local signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer started. For example, a patient with lung cancer may present with cough, haemoptysis, or breathlessness. If that patient’s cancer has spread elsewhere, they may have distant signs and symptoms such as pain from bone metastases or weight and appetite loss related to liver metastases. These non-specific signs and symptoms are often only recognized as having been heralds of malignancy in retrospect.
Communication with cancer patients
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris
Published: November 2023

Optimal care of the patient with cancer requires input from a number of medical disciplines. Typically, a provisional diagnosis of cancer is made by a surgeon or physician and confirmed by a pathologist following biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. A surgeon or an oncologist may then undertake definitive treatment. Support of the patient through treatment may well involve input from a wide range of surgical and medical staff as well as professions allied to medicine and laboratory disciplines.
Introduction
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Until the mid-1970s most morbidity data collected in primary care research were classified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). This had the important advantage of international recognition, aiding comparability of data from different countries. However, there was the disadvantage that the many symptoms and non-disease conditions that present in primary care were difficult to code with this classification, originally designed for application to mortality statistics and with a disease-based structure.
Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in primary afferent neurons
Authors: Schaible Hans-Georg
Published: November 2023

Sensory endings of polymodal nociceptive nerve fibres in the peripheral nerve express molecules that allow them to sense noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli applied to the tissue. Molecular sensors of thermal stimuli are ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, e.g. the TRPV1 (vanilloid 1) receptor. The molecular sensor for noxious mechanical stimuli is unknown. In addition, many nerve fibres express receptors for inflammatory mediators that are coupled to different second messenger systems. Through the latter ion channels such as the TRPV1 channel can be influenced, i.e. the sensitivity for thermal stimuli can be changed such that thermal hyperalgesia is induced. Voltage-gated Na+-currents through tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ channels are also particularly present in nociceptive nerve fibres.
Discussion summary Molecular mechanisms in inflammatory pain
Authors: Schaible Hans-Georg
Published: November 2023

Are there differences between skin, joint, meninges with respect to peptide receptors and actions? Are nociceptors really the same in all tissues? Most researchers would assume that the basic structure of nociceptors is probably the same in different tissues. However, there may be differences in the proportion of neurons that have certain response properties and other qualities (e.g. expression of certain receptors). Differences may depend on neuronal factors (expression of receptors for certain mediators etc.) as well as on extra neuronal factors (embedding of receptors in the tissue). For example, silent (initially mechano-insensitive) nociceptors have been identified in joint and skin but the relative proportion of silent nociceptors seems to be greater in the joint. It is not known in which molecular respect silent nociceptors differ from other nociceptors. Differences have been noted in the chemo sensitivity for prostaglandins.
Translation of symptoms and signs into mechanisms in neuropathic pain
Authors: Jensen Troels Staehelin
Published: November 2023

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines neuropathic pain as ‘ Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral or the central nervous system’ . According to this definition, neuropathic pain disorders are characterized by disturbance of those systems that under normal conditions transmit noxious information to the central nervous system. From an aetiological point of view, neuropathic pains represent a heterogeneous group of conditions ranging from neoplasms compressing nerves via postsurgical nerve injury to inflammation of nerves, endocrinological disorders altering nerve function, and ischemic damage of brain tissue. Neuropathic pains not only differ in terms of underlying pathology, but also with respect to anatomical distribution with a location that can be anywhere from the peripheral nerve endings to the brain. Our ability to treat chronic pain, in particular neuropathic pain, is still insufficient.
Injury-induced neuroplastic changes in trigeminal brainstem subnucleus caudalis Trigeminal central sensitization
Authors: Sessle Barry J
Published: November 2023

Recent research in animals and humans has revealed a mechanism in the central nervous system (CNS) that may represent a common thread in the development and maintenance of many craniofacial pain conditions. This mechanism, termed ‘ central sensitization’, reflects neuroplastic changes that can occur after peripheral tissue injury or inflammation. It will be the focus of this chapter within the framework of the trigeminal (V) system, with special emphasis placed on the role of V brainstem subnucleus caudalis in V central sensitization.
Discussion summary The trigeminal system and pain
Authors: Goadsby Peter J
Published: November 2023

The discussion section referred to presentations made orally and by posters. Professor Nurmikko was asked to comment upon the objective evidence that microvascular decompression is an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. He observed that there were no controlled trials, but that the excellent outcome from the procedure in comparison to the natural history supported the efficacy of the operation. It was concluded that although difficult in practice some form of controlled trial would be desirable. It was asked whether Professor Nurmikko has experience of microvascular decompression in cluster headache, and he commented that he had seen it done but it was not effective even in the presence of an aberrant vessel.
Evidence for generalized muscular and cutaneous hyperalgesia in patients with chronic tension-type headache
Authors: Ashina Sait , Bendtsen Lars , Ashina Messoud , Magerl Walter , Jensen Rigmor
Published: November 2023

Central sensitization may play an important part in the pathophysiology of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Pain thresholds to mechanical, heat and electrical stimulation have been extensively studied in CTTH.2–6 Overall these studies have revealed lower pain thresholds in CTTH than in healthy controls, but the differences have been subtle and studies examining only a small number of subjects have not detected any difference. Stimulus–response functions of pressure pain in patients with CTTH exhibited a marked upward shift in rated pain intensity at suprathreshold stimulus intensities, while the pain threshold was shifted only marginally.
Mechanisms of pain facilitation systems: Implications for medication-overuse headache 185-193
Authors: Ossipov Michael H , Porreca Frank
Published: November 2023

The opioid analgesics, represented by such drugs as morphine and fentanyl, are the primary drugs of choice for the therapeutic management of moderate to severe acute pain. In the last 20 years, the use of opioids for the management of chronic, non-malignant pain states, such as painful neuropathic conditions, and for recurring headaches has been steadily increasing. Because of increased long-term opioid therapies, there is a greater awareness that the prolonged exposure to opioids may result in a paradoxic enhanced pain state. Consequently, the notion that employing long-term opioid protocols might unwittingly cause harm to the patient has become a clinical concern. The commonly reported observations that aggressive analgesic therapy paradoxically results in increased frequency and intensity of the headaches may represent a manifestation of the development of opioid induced abnormal pain.
Eletriptan in migraine Is pain-free response correlated with pain severity or time from headache onset to dosing?
Authors: Diener H -C , Dodick D , Goadsby P J , Almas M , Parsons B , Albert K S
Published: November 2023

Taking a triptan early after headache onset has been reported to yield higher pain-free response rates in migraine. Whether the benefit of early treatment of mild headache is primarily due to the early timing of the intervention in relation to initial onset of headache or to the mildness of headache pain intensity remains unresolved. The objective of the current study was to investigate which clinical variable, pain severity or time from headache onset, is more predictive of a pain-free outcome in patients taking eletriptan, a serotonin (5HT1B/1D) agonist indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.
Discussion summary Imaging of pain and allodynia
Authors: Olesen Jes
Published: November 2023

Petrovic gave clear evidence of an opioid mechanism of the placebo effect in imaging studies. It was asked whether also other analgesics could have such effects: this was considered to be a possibility but had not been systematically studied. Another participant pointed out that using intrathecal opioids or placebo in studies of patients, placebo effects could be very long-lasting. In this model there was absolutely no blocking of the placebo effect by naloxone. Thus, although opioid mechanisms are clearly involved in the placebo response in certain situations, in others they are not, predominantly when the placebo effect is more long lasting.
Electromagnetic Scattering from Random Media
Authors: Field Timothy R
Published: November 2023

The book develops the dynamical theory of scattering from random media from first principles. Its key findings are to characterize the time evolution of the scattered field in terms of stochastic differential equations, and to illustrate this framework in simulation and experimental data analysis. The physical models contain all correlation information and higher order statistics, which enables radar and laser scattering experiments to be interpreted. An emphasis is placed on the statistical character of the instantaneous fluctuations, as opposed to ensemble average properties. This leads to various means for detection, which have important consequences in radar signal processing and statistical optics. The book is also significant also because it illustrates how ideas in mathematical finance can be applied to physics problems in which non-Gaussian noise processes play an essential role. This pioneering book represents a significant advance in this field, and should prove valuable to leading edge researchers and practitioners at the postgraduate level and above.
Development, moulting, and life histories
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J
Published: November 2023

Millipede embryology has been studied extensively by a number of workers and is a field with its fair share of contradictions. In centipedes, Minelli and Bortoletto (1988) have begun to relate studies on numbers of legs and segments to the rapidly developing work on Drosophila and ‘segmentation genes’. However, in millipedes, we have to rely on more traditional histological methods at present.
Analysis Of Chloroplast Evolution And Phylogeny: A Molecular Approach
Authors: Cattolico Rose Ann , Goër Suzanne Loiseaux-De
Published: November 2023

Although molecular studies of terrestrial plant chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) are plentiful, similar studies on algal plastid DNA remain relatively sparse. The small data set that is available suggests that algal chloroplast genomes of the Chromophyta are complex, and may differ significantly from those observed in land plant systems. This presentation will analyse the potential of a molecular approach in analysing questions of chloroplast evolution. The following topics will be discussed:
Brown Algae And Chromophyte Phylogeny
Authors: Clayton M N
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the evidence for phylogenetic relationships between brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and other chromophytes. Brown algae include the largest and most complex multicellular algal thalli, and they are widely considered as a highly evolved group of protists. They are distinguished by the possession of alginates as a major component of cell walls, and phlorotannins which occur mainly in physodes located in the cytoplasm or vacuole. On the basis of cytological characteristics brown algae show closest affinities with chrysophytes. Flagella, found only on the reproductive cells of brown algae, are basically similar to those of other heterokonts, except that they lack a transitional helix. Ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of brown algal chloroplasts closely resemble those of chrysophytes and diatoms. Brown algal cells have, in addition, several other features of ultrastructure and organization in common with chrysophytes, and in particular the marine order Chrysomeridales. Brown algae are commonly regarded as having an ancient origin, but the fossil evidence is equivocal and a study of rRNA sequences suggests that they may be much younger than previously thought.
Oomycete Fungi: Their Phylogeny And Relationship To Chromophyte Algae
Authors: Beakes Gordon W
Published: November 2023

The phylogenetic relationships within the oomycete fungi are described with emphasis placed upon the organization of their zoospores and encysted spores. On the basis of zoospore and cyst structure it is proposed that the Oomycetes fall into four main groupings. These can be reduced to two major groupings: the ‘saprolegnian clan’ and the ‘peronosporalean clan’. The former is characterized by zoospores possessing ‘encystment vesicles’, which upon zoospore settlement are released to form the outer electrondense cyst wall in which distinctive preformed hairs are embedded. This group includes almost all members of the Saprolegniales and Leptomitales, as well as many Lagcnidialian genera such as Haliphthoros, Olpidiopsis, and Lagenisma.
The Chromophyte Algae _ Problems And Perspectives. A Summarizing View
Authors: Round F E
Published: November 2023

The general criteria used to distinguish the Chromista, containing not only many brown pigmented groups, but also important sections from the non-pigmented groups fungi and protozoa, is briefly discussed and a protistan viewpoint stressed for all taxa in these and the generally recognized algal series. The monophyletic nature of the Chromista based on the possession of tripartite tubular mastigonemes is stressed and the other key characters discussed. The composition of the ‘chromophytes’ is reviewed and a brief discussion and summary of the groups presented. The need to teach and write about the Chromista as a major segment of the organismal world of equal status with the ‘chiorophyte’ series _ which of course includes the higher plants _ is stressed. Finally, the naming of the group is unsatisfactory and a call for a better term is made.
Lichenological observations in low montane rainforests of eastern Tanzania
Authors: Krog H
Published: November 2023

Three genera, Cladia, Menegazzia, and Siphula, are additions to the East African macrolichen flora. The new species Parmotrema fragilescens Krog and P. laciniatulum Krog are described. Erioderma leylandii and Relicina planiuscula are reported for the first time from Africa, while Menegazzia terebrata, Phyllopsora mauritiana, and Stereocaulon fibrillosum are new to continental Africa. New to East Africa are Cladia aggregata, Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa, and Siphula decumbens. Few macrolichens occur in the lowland rainforest below c. 1000 m, although a variety of species are found in drier forest types, on roadside trees, and on riverine rocks. The dominant elements in some montane rainforests below 2500 m are discussed.
Notes on the lichen flora of the Guianas, a neotropical lowland area
Authors: Sipman H J M
Published: November 2023

Evaluation of recent collections of lichenized fungi from the Guianas resulted in a new survey of the genera. This showed Lecanorales to be the principal order, comprising 40 per cent of all species, principally in the families Cladoniaceae, Pyxinaceae, and Ramalinaceae, and the Graphidalcs and Pyrenulales to be the second and third important groups with 20 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively. Fifty-five species are recorded for the first time from the Guianas, mainly foliicolous taxa. A preliminary evaluation of distribution patterns is given, confirming the principal division into a coastal zone and an inland zone. The westernmost part is also distinct and shows a strong relationship with the Guiana Highlands area of Venezuela. Concerning biogcographical relations of the Guianas lichen flora, the following elements are proposed: pantropical; neotropical + african; neotropical; amazonian; Guiana Highlands. Observations on foliicolous lichens show that well-developed forest may harbour nearly 70 species. Open or humid forests are much poorer.
Proximate determinants of stickleback behaviour: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Rowland William J
Published: November 2023

Many factors initiate and control behaviour in threespine stickleback. Photoperiod, temperature, and other environmental variables typically have pervasive effects on responsiveness and may be exerted indirectly over a long time scale. Their effects on processes such as migration, osmoregulation, and reproductive cycling are mediated largely through the endocrine system. This aspect of stickleback biology has provided fertile grounds for study by physiologists (Guderley Chapter 4 this volume). Here I concentrate on the more immediate external factors that influence reproductive behaviour of threespine stickleback on the breeding grounds. These proximate factors tend to operate on a shorter time scale and to affect neural control of behaviour.