bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLYMORPHISM IN LIPPIA ALBA CLONES FROM THE METROPOLITAN REGION OF RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Amaral Uira do , Ballesteiro Pereira Mauricio , Damasceno Junior Pedro Correa , Alves de Souza Marco Andre , Bajay Miklos Maximiliano
Published: August 2018

In Brazil, the natural occurrence of the species Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown is broad and diffuse, which justifies a high phenotypic variation and the occurrence of several chemotypes. Furthermore, the molecular methods help to determine the genetic variability with greater precision, in relation to the morphological methods. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of different genotypes of L. alba from the Metropolitan region of the State of Rio de Janeiro using ISSR markers. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Agronomy of the UFRRJ, from twenty genotypes of L. alba. Thirteen ISSR primers were used, obtaining 97 amplified bands and 74 polymorphic bands, equivalent to 77.89% of the amplified bands. The dendrogram (Neighbor Joining) formed five groups and just the genotypes UFRRJ LA01 and UFRRJ LA02 were grouped by the same geographic region and chemotype. The lowest similarity was observed in the grouping that joined the accessions UFRRJ LA14 and UFRRJ LA06. These results confirm the genetic variation between the genotypes, even when originating from the same region. L. alba genotypes from the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro show genetic and phytochemical variability.
ACCUMULATION AND PARTITION OF Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn AND Na IN MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENT-DEFICIENT COWPEA PLANTS
Authors: Miranda Rafael de Souza , Suderio Fabricio Bonfim , Marques Elton Camelo , Gomes-Filho Eneas
Published: August 2018

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important crop for people living in the semi-arid tropics where it is used as food, animal feed and forage. Researches related to nutritional status of plants are important, principally in crops commonly grown in nutrient-poor soils. This study aimed to analyze the growth and accumulation/distribution of some micronutrients in cowpea plants submitted to macro and micronutrient deficiency. Cowpea seeds were germinated in grit and after five days, ten uniform seedlings were transferred to complete nutrient solution for an acclimatization period. After three days, the plants were  grown in nutrient solution containing all macro and micronutrients or in nutrient solution  without N, Ca, K, Mg, P, S, Fe, B or aeration. In all case, omission of mineral nutrients and  the aeration caused reductions in the dry mass of cowpea plants, except for B; however, the absence of Ca was the most limiting for plant growth. Interestingly, the root Fe content significantly increased in Mg-, P- and S-deficient plants. Yet, Fe-deficient plants displayed a significant increase in Cu and Mn content, regardless of plant organ. Our data clearly demonstrate that the Ca is the most important nutrient for V. unguiculata growth, followed by N and Fe. The accumulation and partition of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in cowpea vary differentially  in root, stem and leaf as affected by nutritional deficiency.
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN NEPAL: EXPERIENCES AND ISSUES
Authors: Dhital Pankaj Raj
Published: August 2018

A detail study on the experience of agricultural extension in Nepal was done by discussion with experts, academicians and involved agricultural officers of Nepal along with review of different documents, books and articles on the subject matter. Since from the first effort of extension service, Training and visit, Integrated Rural Development Approach, Tuki Approach, Farming System Research and Extension Approach, Block Production Program were the approaches used in the past. Conventional Educational Approach, Pocket Package Approach, Projectization Approach, Farmers Group Approach, Farmers Field School Approach, Partnership Approach are the approaches being followed presently in agricultural extension in Nepal. The extension efforts in the country are guided by the National Agricultural Extension Strategy.  Department of agriculture under ministry of agricultural development is responsible for providing public extension service via District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), Agriculture Service Centre, Contact Centre, Model Agriculture Service Centre and Community Agriculture Service Centre at the farmers level. Farmers Group and cooperatives, International and National Nongovernmental organizations, Community Based Organizations and few private entities are providing the private extension services. major issues found in public extension systems are lack of motivation among the rural youths, farmers; natural resource degradation and climate change and sustainability issues; inadequate number of the extension workers and their qualification and skills; inadequate  infrastructure and capacity for use of ICTs among the ground level extension workers; lack of monitoring and assessment of impact of extension activities in rural farmers; low level of need based extension coverage particularly for small farmers; ineffective and weak linkages between stakeholders at different levels; low level of education of farmers; insufficient budget and investment for extension activities; domination of supply driven approaches rather than demand driven; inadequate extension services in parts of value addition and market exposure.
ROLE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN PATHOGENICITY OF SOME DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: Mohammadabadi Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2018

Clostridium perfringens, is an anaerobic, gram-positive, pathogenic and spore-forming bacillus and broadly gave out in our territory. This bacterium has spore formation capability and creating gangrene and gastrointestinal disease, for example food poisoning and necrotic enteritis in human, whilst in other animals, gastrointestinal and enterotoxemic diseases more happening. Prevalence of necrotic enteritis, created by C. perfringens, has been often stated in sheep, chickens and ostrich throughout the world. The most critical problem for epidemiological investigations and vaccines improvement is accurate recognition of C. perfringens variants. Moreover, Small ruminants, especially native breed types, play an important role to the livelihoods of a considerable part of human population in the tropics from socio-economic aspects. Therefore, integrated attempt in terms of management and genetic improvement to enhance production is of crucial importance. Poultry provide humans with companionship, food and fiber in the form of eggs, meat and feathers. Many people love to raise and show chickens and other poultry species at fairs and other poultry shows. Others just love to raise them for backyard pets and for fresh eggs every day. In the last few years, ostrich farming has progressed dramatically and the world ostrich industry has achieved some economic stability. There is considerable scope for improvement in the areas of artificial incubation, chick nutrition, environmental requirements and selective breeding. Hence, the aim of this paper was to study role of Clostridium perfringens in pathogenicity of sheep, broilers and Ostrich. In conclusion, recognition of toxins producing by C. perfringens is very momentous because their toxin types are related to particular gastric and intestinal animal sickness and PCR has become an essential research and diagnostic tool, being a powerful technique with a vast and increasing range of applications. Hence, it is better that animal breeders identify different types of C. perfringens using PCR technique to prevent the damage caused by this bacterium.
FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT AND MYCOTOXIN CONCENTRATIONS IN A MODERATELY RESISTANT WINTER WHEAT CULTIVAR UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRIENT REGIMES
Authors: Sobieraj Malgorzata Glosek , Cwalina-Ambroziak Bozena , Waskiewicz Agnieszka , Perczak Adam , Stepien Arkadiusz
Published: August 2018

Winter wheat cv. Boomer was grown in a field-plot experiment in Tomaszkowo near Olsztyn. During the growing season, the severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB was evaluated on a 5-point scale. The quantitative and qualitative composition of Fusarium fungi colonizing wheat grain was evaluated in a laboratory. The content of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON, nivalenol, NIV, zearalenone, ZEA, fumonisins FB1 and FB2) and ergosterol (ERG) in grain was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The relationships between the severity of FHB and mycotoxin concentrations in grain were determined by calculating Pearsonâ€™s correlation coefficient r in the CORR SAS procedure. The effect of microelement fertilizers on the severity of FHB, the species composition of Fusarium fungi colonizing winter wheat grains and mycotoxin concentrations in grain were determined.Analyses of winter wheat spikes revealed that FHB was less severe in 2012 (healthy ears in the NPK+Mn treatment and the lowest value of the infection index 1% was noted in the absolute control treatment) than in 2013 (the most evident symptoms of FHB in the NPK+Nano-Gro treatment â€“ infection index of approx. 12%). Mineral fertilization, i.e. NPK, NPK with microelements (Cu, Zn, Mn) and NPK with the Nano-GroÂ® organic growth stimulator, reduced the production of trichothecenes, ZEA and fumonisins B1 and B2 in both years of the study. The highest levels of DON and NIV were noted in winter wheat grain in 2012 in control, control/NPK, NPK+Cu and NPK+Mn treatments. Toxin-producing fungi: Fusarium culmorum, F. poae, Gibberella avenacea, G. zeae were isolated most frequently from winter wheat grain in the above treatments. The severity of FHB was not significantly correlated with the concentrations of ERG, FB1, FB2 and ZEA in grain. A negative correlation was observed between the severity of FHB vs. DON and NIV levels in grain.
RESILIENCE IN DAIRY FARM BUSINESSES; TO BOUNCE WITHOUT BREAKING
Authors: Shadbolt Nicola , Olubode-Awosola Femi , Rutsito Bvundzai
Published: August 2018

New Zealand dairy farmers face an increasingly turbulent business environment. To cope with a turbulent environment, they need to have resilient farming systems that have the capacity to better deal with volatility. The main purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of what resilience means for dairy farming and to determine how it might be measured. Resilience can be described as buffer capacity, adaptability and transformability with increasing degrees of change required with each. The research for this paper focused on buffer capacity, the ability of a farming system to bounce without breaking, and carried out rigorous statistical analysis of the DairyBase database to identify resilience surrogate measures. Of the three attributes of buffer capacity the PCA method identified that the dominant attribute was resistance (both technical and financial efficiency), the less dominant were precariousness (solvency) and latitude (liquidity) attributes. In conclusion, the farms that were able to demonstrate both short-term optimization and long-term adaptability were those that were neither low input nor high input pasture based farms. They had farming systems that were able to both respond to favourable and unfavourable conditions to improve or protect results respectively; they displayed the flexibility to bounce and not break.
Ethological control of Conotrachelus dubiae in camu-camu fruits [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) H.B.K.]
Authors: Panduro Mario Pinedo , Bardales-lozano Ricardo , Vasquez-bardales Joel , Paredes-davila Elvis , Abanto-rodriguez Carlos , Durand-valencia Jaime
Published: August 2018

The objective was to evaluate methods for the control of the weevil (Conotrachelus dubiae) of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) in a floodplain plot of a farmer near Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. Twenty-eight 6-year-old plants with similar architecture and branching were selected for the study. The treatments were: adhesive tape (T1), bottle with attractive food (T2), pegant yellow sheet (T3) and control (T4) with randomized complete block design (DBCA), 7 replicates and 1 plant per experimental unit. The total number of fruits (NTF), fruits attacked by weevil (FAG), fallen fruits (FC), fruits weight (PF) and fruit yield (RF) were evaluated. Significant differences were found between treatments for NTF, FAG and FC, and no differences were found for PF. The NTF for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were: 353, 280, 143 and 125 respectively. The highest RF values corresponded to T1 (3.03 kg / pl) and T2 (2.78 kg / pl). T1 caused the lowest values of  FC(16%) and  FAG (22.73%). Negative correlations were found between RF versus FAG (r = -0.57) and FC (-0.73). We conclude that the most effective control against  C. dubiae is the application of the trap with adhesive tapes.
EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES AGAINST WHITEFLY (Bemisia tabaci) ON BRINJAL CROPS AND THEIR EFFECT ON NATURAL ENEMIES
Authors: Zaini Mohd Rasdi
Published: August 2018

A field study was carried out for two cropping periods in the first season in year 2014 and the second season in 2015. This study was carried out at share farm, Agrotechnology Plantation UiTM Melaka, Campus Jasin to examine the efficacy of selected insecticides against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on brinjal crops and the effect on natural enemies (Spider) under field conditions. Five treatments with four replications were applied. The treatments were T0= Control (water), T1= Imidacloprid (Confidor), T2= Acetamiprid (Mospilan), T3= Dinotefuran (Oshin) and T4= Cyantraniliprole (Benevia). Pre-treatment and post-treatment observation were recorded which is one day before application and 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after application of insecticides. A total of two applications of treatments were done. The results revealed that Imidacloprid was recorded as the most effective and the highest reduction of whiteflies during the first season with 96.73%, followed by Acetamiprid (92.44%), Cyantraniliprole (82.65%) and Dinotefuran (80.74%) while during the second season, Imidacloprid also was recorded as the highest reduction with 79.99%, followed by Acetamiprid (76.34%), Cyantraniliprole (54.09%) and Dinotefuran (36.87%). Overall, chemical control of Imidacloprid was the most effective against whiteflies populations in brinjal particularly in the first season as compared to second season. The effect of these selected insecticides on natural enemies (Spider) revealed that chemical control of Imidacloprid gave the highest reduction of spider with 65.69%), followed by Cyantraniliprole (64.47%), Acetamiprid (41.44%) and Dinotefuran (15.45%). Imidacloprid and Cyantraniliprole were classified as moderately harmful to spider while Acetamiprid and Dinotefuran were classified as harmless or slightly harmful.
GENOTYPE AND TIME OF INOCULATION EFFECTS ON DON PER GRAIN AND GRAIN WEIGHT OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER TWO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Okereke Victor Chijioke
Published: August 2018

Experiment was conducted using near isogenic lines of Mercia background in a controlled environment to evaluate the mean effect of timing of inoculation and subsequent increase in temperature on deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration, amount of DON per grain and grain weight. The experiment was completely randomised consisting of three genotypes differing in semi-dwarfing alleles; Mercia 0 {Rht-B1a + Rht-D1a (wild type)}, Mercia 1 (Rht-B1b) and Mercia 2 (Rht-D1b) and four inoculation timings. The experiment was a complete factorial combination with four randomised replicates. Data showed that genotype differed in DON concentration (P<0.001), DON per grain (P=0.006) and mean grain weight (P=0.001) while time of inoculation influenced mean grain weight (P<0.001) and DON Concentration (P<0.001) but not Don per grain (P=0.23). Temperature influenced mean grain weight (P=0.002) with high temperature adversely affecting the size of the wheat grains.
EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES USED IN SOYBEAN SEED TREATMENT ON OIL, PROTEIN AND FIBRE CONTENT OF HARVESTED SEEDS
Authors: Prochzka Pavel , TRANC Premysl , PAZDER Katerina , Å TRANC Jaroslav , VOSTÅ˜EL Jan
Published: August 2018

In 4-year trials, soybean seeds were treated with biologically active substances: Lignohumate B (a mixture of humic acids and fulvic acids), Lexin (a mixture of humic acids and fulvic acids enriched with auxins), brassinosteroid (a synthetic analog of natural epibrassinolide 24) and so-called â€œComplex seed treatmentâ€ (a mixture of a saturated solution of sucrose, Lexin, the fungicide Maxim XL 035 FS and adjuvant on the base of pinolene). After harvesting soybean seeds from the individual variants, they were analyzed for oil, protein and fibre contents. The results show that the most effective method was Complex seed treatmentâ€ which, compared to the untreated variant, significantly increased not only the yield but also the oil content of the seeds.
SOCIO- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF RURAL - URBAN BALANCE IN IRAN
Authors: Sheykhi Dr. Mohammad Taghi
Published: August 2018

The article assesses how socio-agricultural development will sustain as a result of a balanced scale of rural-urban equality. However, increasing migration from rural to urban areas highly affects productivity and the infrastructure of the productivity in urban sectors. The process of modernization is highly responsible for the change, and a motivator for rural-urban migration not only in Iran, but in China, India and many other developing countries. The emerging scenario is contributing to increasing issues. The article concludes that rural and urban, or so to say, agriculture and industry benefit each other. The paper reaches the point that rural-urban balance optimistically leads to socio-economic development and sustainable growth. On the other hand, increasing and unbridled urbanization leads to declining raw materials needed for industrial development and urban productivity. The article reflects the merits, demerits and the challenges of the current transformation.
Boron induces seed germination and seedling growth of Hordeum vulgare L. under Nacl stress
Authors: Alamri Saud A. , Siddiqui Manzer H , Al-Khaishani Mutahhar Y. , Ali Hayssam M.
Published: August 2018

Boron (B), an essential micronutrient, helps the plants to complete their life cycle successfully. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to study (1) the role of B in seed germination and seedling growth, (2) the toxicity effect of B in seed germination and seedling growth and (3) the role of B in tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. ‘Bakore’) to NaCl stress. Under NaCl stress and non-stress conditions, application of high levels of B (100 µM) decreased parameters of germination (G%, VI, GI and MGT), growth (RL, SL, RFW, SFW, RDW and SDW), except the accumulation of Pro and MDA in barley seedlings. Also, a fluorescence study reveals that production of ROS (H2O2 and O2 •—) and non-viable cells increased in roots of barley seedlings treated with NaCl and high dose of B. An alteration in anatomical structure of barley seedlings was observed with the application of NaCl and high dose of B. However, a low concentration of B (50 µM) proved best and increased all germination and growth traits of barley seedlings by increasing further accumulation of Pro. Also, 50 µM of B significantly increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b and total Chl) and deceased formation of ROS and viable cells in roots. Therefore, concluded that sufficient dose of B could be beneficial for barley plant in improving the tolerance to NaCl stress.
Technical Efficiency of Plantain Production in Ekiti Southwest Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Owoeye Rufus Sunday , Osundare F. O.
Published: August 2018

This study examined the technical efficiency of plantain production in Ekiti Southwest Local Government Area (LGA) of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study used multistage sampling techniques for data collection. Data were collected from 90 plantain farmers through well-structured questionnaires from the LGA with three towns purposively selected. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and stochastic frontier production model. Results from descriptive analysis showed that 48.88 percent of the plantain farmers had secondary education and above. Majority of the respondents (66.67 percent) had between 5 and 8 members that made up the household in the study area. Findings further showed that majority of the respondents produced on small scale with average plantain farm size of 0.96 hectares. The farmers were fairly experienced with 44.44 percent of them had more than 15 years of farming experience. With mean profit of â‚¦251,500 per hectare and percentage profit of 63.11 percent, the venture was considered to be highly profitable. Farmers who invested â‚¦1 realized revenue of â‚¦0.63. The RTS parameter (0.931) was obtained from the summation of the coefficients of the estimated inputs (elasticities) which indicated that plantain production in the study area was in Stage II of the production surface meaning that these variables were efficiently utilized. Depreciation, hired labour, family labour, farm size and quantity of suckers planted were the significant variables that influence efficiency of the plantain farmers. Age, land acquisition and access to credit contributed significantly to technical inefficiency. Among the most prevalent constraints were; price fluctuation (72.22%), heavy wind (70.00%), high cost of farm input (68.89%), pests and diseases and pilferage (63.33%) each, insufficient credit facility, storage facility and poor agricultural extension services (62.22%) respectively.
Marketing Margins for Imported and Local Rice in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Sow Toluwase , Sedowo Mo
Published: August 2018

The study was carried out in Akure, Ondo State. Multi stage and sampling technique procedure was used which involved purposive and random sampling methods in selecting the respondents with the aid of well-structured questionnaire with interview schedule. Descriptive statistical analysis, budgetary techniques, marketing margin analysis as well as Gini-coefficient and Herfindahl Hirshman Index was used for the analysis of variables. The result reviewed that more of the imported brands of rice in all the four market sampled than the local rice, with local rice margin as percentage of total marketing margin (16.95%) lower than that of local rice (17.78%) the average marketing efficiency of 349.91% and 467.89% were obtained from imported and local rice respectively while the Gini- coefficient (GC) Herfindahl Hirshman Index (HHI) values of 0.68 and 0.28 were obtained reviewing that rice marketing were highly concentrated with non-competitive practices showing disparity in earnings. The prevailing duration stocks were held in shops by trader was three to four weeks and the major sources of obtaining market information was mobile phone. The study recommends provision of storage facilities for the traders and also improvement in the quality of local rice with policy implementation that discourage importation of commodity as a way out of boosting and encouraging local rice production and its consumption.
Evaluation of Endogenous Sugars, Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeine Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)
Authors: Isutsa D. K. , Mayoli R. N. , Nyende A. B. , Mweu C. M.
Published: August 2018

Coffee is one of the most important cash crops cultivated in the world with great economic importance. During the induction of somatic embryogenesis, there are different endogenous compounds involved in the success or failure of the somatic embryogenesis response and these compounds determine the specificity of cellular responses. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous sugars, chlorogenic acid and caffeine present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments were set up at Coffee Research Institute, Ruiru-Kenya between 2014 and 2016. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-monthold greenhouse-grown mother plants and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for endogenous sugars, caffeine and chlorogenic acid using HPLC. Generally, green embryogenic cultures contained more and higher quantities of the compounds. Glucose and fructose were highest (38.95 mg/g and 45.43 mg/g respectively) in leaf discs of brown non-embryogenic cultures. Sucrose was highest (62.15 mg/g) in embryos of green embryogenic cultures. Embryos of green embryogenic cultures had the highest chlorogenic acid (5.3 mg/g), whereas caffeine was highest (0.55 mg/g) in embryos of brown embryogenic cultures. Endogenous fructose and glucose inhibited embryogenesis, while sucrose, chlorogenic acids and caffeine promoted embryogenesis and are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other biochemical compounds such as organic acids should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined.
Evaluation of Endogenous Phytocomponents and Amino Acids Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)
Authors: Isutsa D. K. , Mayoli R. N. , Nyende A. B. , Mweu C. M.
Published: August 2018

Coffee is one of the most important crops cultivated in the world for use in beverages and confectionaries. Embryogenesis is a complex process that begins with a single cell and ends with the formation of mature embryos. Somatic embryo development involves accumulation of complex metabolites and storage reserves. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous phytocomponents and amino acids present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments for this study were set up in the Coffee Research Institute, Kenya at Ruiru. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-month-old greenhouse-grown mother plants sterilized and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for phytocomponents using GCMS and HPLC. The results showed that palmitoleic and stearic acids were highest (23.3 µg/g and 69.9 µg/g respectively) in brown embryogenic cultures. Cis 7,8 epoxy-2-methyl octadecane was highest (253 µg/g) in green embryogenic cultures. (Z)-3-Tetradecene was highest (25 µg/g) in brown non-embryogenic cultures. Z, Z-3,13- Octadecedien-1-ol and (Z)-7-Hexadecenal were highest (32.1 µg/g and 70.2 µg/g respectively) in green embryogenic cultures. Alanine content was highest (4.4 µg/g) in embryos of brown cultures. Amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other phytocomponents should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined. Further studies regarding the status of the phytocomponents identified in the present study, especially in particular stages of embryo development are needed to propose treatments to improve coffee somatic embryo development.
Relationships of Selected Endogenous Factors Associated with Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.)
Authors: Isutsa D. K. , Mayoli R. N. , Nyende A. B. , Mweu C. M.
Published: August 2018

Coffee is one of the most important cash crops produced in the world with great economic returns to growers and national gross domestic product. Somatic embryogenesis is a morphogenetic processes leading to plantlet regeneration and these processes are coupled with changes in the levels of primary metabolites. The present experiment established relationships of endogenous substances with direct somatic embryogenesis of coffee ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments were set up at Coffee Research Institute, Ruiru-Kenya between 2014 and 2017. The set up was in a completely randomised design, replicated three times and repeated once. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-month-old greenhouse-grown mother plants and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for endogenous substances using HPLC and GCMS. Sucrose, phenolics, alkaloids, amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives correlated positively, whereas fructose and glucose correlated negatively with the other biochemical components. Endogenous sucrose, chlorogenic acid, caffeine amino acid, fatty acids and their derivatives are potential biomarkers for coffee somatic embryogenesis, whereas endogenous fructose and glucose are inhibitors of the same. Further studies regarding the status of the biochemical components, especially in particular stages of embryo development should be conducted to establish treatments that can improve coffee direct somatic embryo development.
The Ethanol Dip and Vapor Delays Chilling Injury of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L. cv. Ceylan), During Storage.
Authors: Kasim Rezzan , Kasim Mehmet Ufuk , Yasar Kubra , Sahin Tugce
Published: August 2018

In this study, the effects of ethanol which is applied in different forms as liquid and vapor after harvest on chilling injury, color and overall quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ceylan) during storage were examined. For the liquid ethanol treatments, cucumber fruits were immersed in water comprising different concentration of ethanol for 5 minutes. In order to apply ethanol in the form of steam, a pad was firstly impregnated with ethanol at different doses. This pad was placed in a polystyrene foam dishes, and after the cucumber fruit is placed on it, the dishes wrapped with stretch film. The doses for used the both ethanol treatment as: Controldip(CD), Controlvapor (CV), 200 µL/L, 400 µL/L , 800 µL/L and 1600 µL/L. It was concluded that the liquid ethanol treatment at the dose of 1600 µL/L was effectively delayed of chilling injury, softening and decay rate.
Optimization of Purslane Plant Using Cooking and Pickling Processes for Reducing Oxalate Conten
Authors: Badawy Waleed Z , Arafa Salwa G , Czako Mihaly
Published: August 2018

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is an edible plant rich in benefcial nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition, minerals, fatty acid analysis, phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of purslane plant. In addition, the effect of cooking of purslane at different temperatures (60, 80 and 100 °C), for various durations (5, 10, 15 and 20 minute), and pickling for various durations (3, 6 and 9 days) on oxalate content. Sensory evaluation of quality characteristics and fatty acids analysis of biscuits fortified by purslane powder after reducing oxalate content were carried out. Protein, fat, ash and fiber contents of purslane were 5.64, 5.30, 23.42 and 16.03 %, respectively on dry matter basis. The highest concentration mineral was K (4694.0 mg/100g), while the lowest concentration mineral was Zn (0.93 mg/100g). Total phenolic and radical scavenging activity of purslane were 193.22 mg/100g gallic acid equivalent and 87.29 %, respectively. Purslane contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (40.4 % of total fatty acids). On the other hand, the soluble fraction of total oxalate content of purslane cooked for 20 minutes at 60, 80 and 100 °C were 34.65, 19.84 and 15.84 %, respectively. While, the soluble fraction of total oxalate content of purslane pickled for 0, 3, 6 and 9 days were 47.80, 36.23, 25.60 and 14.39 %, respectively. Fortification of biscuits using purslane powder after treatments led to improvement of the quality characteristics of product. Portulaca oleracea could be used as a good source of minerals, antioxidants and omega-3 especially for functional food and nutraceutical applications.
PRODUCING SPECIALLY DESIGNED DENTURES IN PATIENTS WITH CONDITIONS OF OCCLUSAL PARAFUNCTIONS
Authors: Shahpaska Budima Pejkovska , Kapusevska Biljana
Published: August 2018

The occlusal parafunctions do not belong to the group of physiological functions such as speech, breathing, chewing and swallowing. The parafunction associated with clenching of the teeth is known as bruxism. In this state as therapeutic measurments success can be achieved using specially designed dentures.
Beneficial Effect of Zinc on diabetes induced kidney damage and liver stress oxidative in rats
Authors: Derouiche Samir , Manel Djermoune , Kawther Abbas
Published: August 2018

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Zn supplementation on kikney function and liver oxidative stress in Alloxan diabetic rats. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): Control,  Non Diabetic + zinc, Diabetic and Diabetic + Zinc. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (150 mg/kg). Zinc (231 mg/kg feed) as ZnSO4 7H2O was added to the feed of the animals in the zinc groups for 21 days. Alloxan Diabetes caused a significant decrease in body weight gain, serum and tissue zinc, serum protein concentrations, liver GSH, GPx and GST activities .In contrast, it led to an augmentation in urea, creatinine, uric acid and MDA in rats. Zinc supplementation in the diet for diabetic rats ensured a partial correction of the previous parameters. In conclusion, this study indicated that zinc act as powerful antioxidants which may exercise adverse effect against severity and complication of diabetes.
Morphological variations of the shell of the bivalve Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791)
Authors: MODESTIN Emma
Published: August 2018

In Martinique, the species Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) is called "mud clam, white clam or mangrove clam" by bivalve fishermen depending on the harvesting environment. Indeed, the individuals collected have differences as regards the shape and colour of the shell. The hypothesis is that the shape of the shell of L. pectinata (P. pectinatus) shows significant variations from one population to another. This paper intends to verify this hypothesis by means of a simple morphometric study. The comparison of the shape of the shell of individuals from different populations was done based on samples taken at four different sites. The standard measurements (length (L), width or thickness (E - Ã©paisseur) and height (H)) were taken and the morphometric indices (L/H; L/E; E/H) were established. These indices of shape differ significantly among the various populations. This intraspecific polymorphism of the shape of the shell of P. pectinatus could be related to the nature of the sediment (granulometry, density, hardness) and/or the predation. The shells are significantly more elongated in a loose muddy sediment than in a hard muddy sediment or one rich in clay. They are significantly more convex in brackish environments and this is probably due to the presence of more specialised predators or of more muddy sediments.
Contribution to the knowledge of the ecological profile of some Melastomataceae of the Lesser Antilles: the case of Martinique
Authors: ELYMARIUS Severine , JOSEPH Philippe , SOPHIE StÃ©phane , JEAN-FRANCOIS Yannis , ABATI Yelji , CLAUDE Jean-Philippe , BAILLARD KÃ©vine
Published: August 2018

Melastomataceae are particularly diverse in the Neotropical realm. The study of the sylvatic formations of the Lesser Antilles made it possible to identify the dominant floristic corteges associated with the different bioclimates. Although there are many indications that Melastomataceae are not among the species structuring the climax formations of the forests of Martinique, their ecological chorology and profile within these formations can be specified. The analysis of the biodemographic data of eco-units of different bioclimates, obtained during floristic inventories, confirms the indications of the floras of the region. It also makes it possible to provide some specifications concerning the ecological profiles of certain Melastomataceae. Conostegia calyptrata and Conostegia icosandra display a temperament of a heliophilous species of the sylvatic gaps. Clidemia umbrosa is a species affinis of smaller gaps or of trails. Miconia trichotoma is a more forestal species.
The Impact Of Some Organic And Inorganic Pollutants On Fresh Water (Rashid, River Nile), Egypt
Authors: Radwan Eman Hashem , Saber Mennat Alllah Khaled , Saber Mohie Eldin Khaled , Fahmy Gehan H
Published: August 2018

Pollution of fresh water with organic pollutants and heavy metals has an impact on the environment of the River Nile in Egypt. The environment has become increasingly contaminated by inorganic and organic pollutants which accumulate in the food chain and affect the human health. The pollution of the fresh water environment by heavy metals and organic pollutants is due to the increasing action of flowing out discharge from various industries.

Three heavy metals; Cu, Pb, and Zn and organic pollutants as DDT, Chlordane, dieldrin and butylene were investigated in the present study in freshwater and sediment during the year (Autumn2016-summer2017) .The investigated samples were collected from Rashid, Egypt. The present study reported that the mean concentration level of both heavy metals and organic pollutants were correlated in the sediment and in the fresh water of Rashid at p< 0.001.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND LECTIN HISTOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF WHITE NONLINEAR RATS MYOCARDIUM DURING EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: Yashchenko A. , Smolkova O.
Published: August 2018

General morphology and glycoconjugates of myocardium structural components has been studied in control and experimental animals. Experiments were performed on mature rats - males with weight 150-180g, who were divided into two groups (10 control and 10 experimental). Exogenous   ypothyroidism was induced by daily administration of food thyreostatic drug mercazolilum at a dose of 7 mg / kg body weight within 30 days. After 30 days the animal euthanasia was performed by an overdose of ether anesthesia. Histological material (pieces of myocardium from ventricular areas and thyroid gland) were fixed in 4% neutral formalin, dehydrated, compacted and embedded in paraffin. Sections 5-7 Î¼m thick were stained by hematoxylin and eosin for general morphology. Glycoconjugate carbohydrate determinants of myocardium structural components were studied by lectin-peroxidase technique using LABA (LFuc), HPA (NAcDGal), WGA (DGlcNAc>NeuNAc) lectins. Function control of thyroid gland was performed by investigation of thyroid glands morphology after staining slides by hematoxylin and eosin, and by determining T3 and T4 hormones in blood serum using radiological method by means of standard sets. It is shown that in hypothyroidism hypechromia of cardiomyocytesâ€™ nuclei, expansion of myocardial vascular lumen, perivascular edema and insignificant interstitial infiltration by leukocytes, local area accumulations of adipocytes are observed. Based on lectin histochemical studies it is shown modification of lectin receptors in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes and in endothelial cells of the microcirculatory bed, thus indicating the change of intensity of metabolic processes in cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells of the microcirculatory bed on the background of experimental hypothyroidism. DGlcNAc> NeuNAc-specific WGA lectin may be a marker of endothelial cells.
Seasonal variation in the population of Black kite (Milvus migrans), inhabiting the Arid Zone of Rajasthan
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Soni K. C
Published: August 2018

The population of Black kite (Milvus migrans) inhabiting rural and urban area of Churu city, Rajasthan was seasonally determined by the direct count method. The counting of the Black kite was made at roosting sites of Churu city (28o 15â€™ N and 74o 55â€™ E, 286 msl) and itâ€™s out skirts area of 400 km2. Total 46 roosting sites were identified in the study area of which 34 were located in the urban area and 12 in the rural areas. It was found that number was relatively higher from June to September 2012, 2013 and 2014. However, the maximum numbers of Black kite were during August 2012 and July 2014 and minimum were during November 2012 and February 2012. The maximum number of adult was noticed in the rainy months of every year. A sharp decline in the juvenile population was observed from September 2014 to December 2014. Maximum 28 and 22 juvenile birds were observed in the month of August 2012 and July 2013 while the minimum 4 juvenile were observed in February 2012, March 2013 and November 2014. An average 25.41 Â±SD12.4 and 42.33 Â±SD 18.82in 2102, 27.33 Â±SD 9.19 and  54.25 Â±SD  14.9 in 2013, 20.90 Â±SD 5.05and 43.08 Â±SD 12.75in 2014 Black kites were observed in rural and urban areas, respectively. The maximum number of Black kites i.e. 134 individuals, occurred in the month of August 2012. But in general, the population remained more or less constant with seasonal variations involving dispersion during the monsoons and aggregation during the winters. The winter season adversely affects the population of Black kite in the study area because of the non-availability of preferential food.
Sciences Activities in Preschool Age: The case of elementary magnetic properties
Authors: Nertivich Dimitri
Published: August 2018

This article present the results of a research relating to the construction of elementary magnetic properties in pre-school children. Five to six year old children, in small groups, had at their disposal different types of magnets as well as diverse objects which could be attracted by them. The proposed hypothesis is that by performing various activities (playing) with them, the children on the one hand would discover the attractive force exerted on certain metallic materials and on the other would distinguish the objects which were not thus attracted. We also formed the hypothesis that the children would discover the mutual forces of interaction by using the magnets. The teachers observed the activities, encouraged and questioned each child and intervened in order to help the children to co-ordinate their activities which were becoming more and more complex. The analysis of the protocols gave us results which seem to confirm the hypotheses.
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Rh Type
Authors: Iranfar Sepideh
Published: August 2018

This study has been aimed to find out the correlation emotional intelligence and Rhtype. The simple sizes were 35 undergraduate and graduate of Abadan Oil College with the cluster sampling.The correlation between emotional intelligence and P/N blood groups was 0.085 and it does not accept by standard statistics. We enter the other variable as emotional intelligence groups. The correlation between Rh type and emotional intelligence groups was 0.136 and this correlation in 0/2 significance level had been reported significant.The result was tested by t test, and analysis shown significance difference.it was found that scattering of Rh type was not equal on EI.As well as positive groups can receive upper scores of EI than negative ones and negatives groups have less scores of EI the other. In fact most positives have scores between "114-148", means that they can perch in the medium and high groups of EI.
Kashmir valley, Militant, Kashmir History, violence, Curfewed, Kalashankov
Authors: Sheikh Farooq Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Curfewed Night, apparently the firsthand account of a youth growing up in Kashmir during the peak of the insurgency, has attracted attention of people irrespective of profession and field of engagement. The book is in the form of a memoir of a journalist from Kashmir who leaves the valley first to pursue university education and later for a career. He himself, Kashmir, Militants and paramilitary forces are entities which bind the narrative, which otherwise is a collection of very commonly and ordinarily known events of Kashmiri life. He describes his life and events in and outside Kashmir, some famous incidents of Kashmir under siege in the form of interviews, famous episodes of Kashmir history, and famous heritages sites of Kashmir.
Children's ideas of changes in the state of matter: solid and liquid salt
Authors: Rodriguez James , Castro David
Published: August 2018

This research examines children's (ages 12-13) ideas of changes in the state of matter of salt. Children construct ideas of physical phenomena and these ideas are serious to education. The change of state of matter is a transformation of substance due to the transfer of energy as heat. In several studies focused on children's ideas we find that these representations are often incompatible with the scientific model. In this research, where we studied the ideas of the melting and coagulation of the salt attended 104 children aged 12 to 13 years. The results of an interview show that these children use different types of ideas, the majority dominated by the nature of the substance under study.
Differences between Feminist and Mainstream Approaches to Social Science, Most Notably in Sociology, Political Science, Anthropology and History
Authors: Majetic Senka Ena
Published: August 2018

Abstract - It is widely accepted among feminists that feminism implies a distinctive approach to inquiry. And for some this is not just a matter of the grounds on which topics are selected for investigation, or even of the theoretical ideas that are treated as relevant. Rather, feminism is taken to carry distinctive methodological and epistemological implications (Hammersley, 1995: 45). In this paper I want to assess the arguments for a distinctively feminist methodology. My first task, though, is to provide some detail about what this is taken to entail. There are, of course, important differences among feminists who have written on this topic, and in the course of the discussion I will highlight some of these. I certainly do not want to suggest that what I am assessing is a single position, nor am I claiming to represent the basis on which most feminists actually do research. My main concern here is solely with feminist writing about methodology.
CULTURAL CAPITAL: A KEYWORD OR A CATCHWORD?
Authors: Tittenbrun Dr.Jacek
Published: August 2018

The concept of cultural capital is highly popular in the social sciences and humanities. Yet, its usefulness as a research tool is often taken for granted. Meanwhile, the present paper attempts to show that if anything should be evident about the cultural capital, it is its negative, harmful rather than valuable character. The concept is under-specified- it overlaps related concepts denoting other forms of capital, such as social and human capital. The capital analogy is totally misplaced, since the concept, as it is commonly defined, does not meet any conditions of real, that is, economic capital.

Cultural capital theory, as developed notably by Pierre Bourdieu, comprises also class theory, which, however, is of poor quality, mixing up some class, e.e. economic ownership, criteria with those pertinent to stratification, and adding insult to injury-not differentiating between those and social estates, i.e. units of social differentiation in the non-economic domain. As a result, the key thesis of theory regarding social reproduction is not supported by evidence. Finally, the term "cultural capital" upon scrutiny proves to be entangled in the fallacy of contradicto in terminis. Thus, though its unclear relationship to capital stricto sensu might suggest that the concept is something of a metaphor, in fact it is rather an oxymoron. Needless to say, just this feature-and there are a host of other flaws- causes that the concept should be discarded out of hand.
Development of recommendations to block the influence of the natural draft in extreme negative temperatures of «Ushkatyn -3» mine
Authors: Vladimirovna Komleva Yevgeniya , Georgiyevich Levickiy Zhorzh , Olzhatayevna Baytuganova Mira , Maratovich Koshmagambetov Olzhas , Zhambulovna Kakenova Meruyert , Bazylovna Bazylova Anel , Almagambetovich Medeubaev Nurmukhambet , Zholdybayevna Akhmetova Alma
Published: August 2018

Given the different combinations of main fan installation in the mine working system andand evaluated the efficacy ofevaluated the efficacy of the selectedthe selected ventilation system.ventilation system. For blocking or reducing For blocking or reducing the negative impactthe negative impact of naturalof natural draftdraft in extremein extreme winter conditionswinter conditions is proposed to useis proposed to use local ventilationlocal ventilation fansfans (LVF) installedin a tunnel(LVF) installed in a tunnel without jumperwithout jumper andand working working according to the counter-interactionaccording to the counter-interaction ventilation flowventilation principle