bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Advanced Fusion Gyrotrons: 2018 Update on Activities within EUROfusion
Authors: Jelonnek John , Aiello Gaetano , Alberti Stefano , Avramidis Konstantinos , Bruschi Alex , Chelis Ioannis , Franke Thomas , Gantenbein Gerd , Garavaglia Saul , Granucci Gustavo , Grossetti Giovanni , Illy Stefan , Ioannidis Zisis , Jin Jianbo , Kalaria Parth , Latsas George , Pagonakis Ioannis , Peponis Dimitrios , Rzesnicki Tomasz , Ruess Sebastian , Ruess Tobias , Scherer Theo , Schmid Martin , Strauss Dirk , Wu Chuanren , Thumm Manfred , Tigelis Ioannis , Tran Minh Quang , Wilde Fabian , Zein Andy
Published: March 2019

During the ongoing pre-concept phase (2014 – 2020) for a possible future European DEMOnstration Fusion Power Plant (DEMO) the activities within EUROfusion WP HCD EC Gyrotron R&D and Advanced Developments are focusing on options for near-term solutions, and, at the same time, on long-term even more advanced options. The near-term target for DEMO is to realize pulsed operation. According to the current baseline it will probably use an EC system operating at 170 GHz and 204 GHz is being assessed, whereas the long-term target aims for steady-state operation and frequencies for current drive up to 240 GHz. Common targets for both are an RF output power per unit of significantly above 1 MW (target: 2 MW) and a total gyrotron efficiency of significantly higher than 60 %. Frequency step-tunability and multi-purpose/multi-frequency operation have to be considered. Those targets shall be achieved by considering the coaxial-cavity gyrotron technology and advanced technologies for key components (e.g. CVD diamond-disk Brewster angle window). Advanced simulation and test tools are complementing the research and developments. Gyrotron development is additionally supported by a significant investment into a new multi-megawatt long-pulse gyrotron test stand which is under final installation at KIT currently.
Plans for the electron cyclotron heating system on J-TEXT
Authors: Xia D. H. , Liu C. H. , Jin Y. K. , Ma H. Y. , Tian Y. Z. , Wang Z. J.
Published: March 2019

A new 105 GHz/500 kW/1 s electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system has been designed and being constructed on J-TEXT Tokamak. This system mainly consists of a microwave source, a transmission line, a launcher and other auxiliary units. Based on corrugated waveguides, the wave from the gyrotron can be efficiently transmitted with HE11 mode to the steerable quasi-optical launcher for injection. The transmission efficiency is about 85%, and the injection angle of the wave can be adjusted by the flat mirror of the launcher. Commissioning of this electron cyclotron heating system is scheduled to be done at 2019.
Leontopodium alpinum Cass. – das Edelweiß
Authors: Latté Klaus Peter
Published: March 2019

Es steht unter Naturschutz und kann dank Kultivierung dennoch genutzt werden: das Edelweiß. Der Innsbrucker Arbeitsgruppe um Hermann Stuppner verdanken wir eine intensive Analytik der Inhaltsstoffe und ihrer pharmakologischen Aktivitäten.

In der Alpenregion wurde das Kraut von Leontopodium alpinum Cass. bzw. daraus hergestellte Zubereitungen arzneilich eingesetzt bei Bauchschmerzen, Angina, Bronchitis, Diarrhoe und Dysenterie; heute werden Edelweiß bzw. daraus gewonnene Extrakte nur noch in homöopathischen Mitteln, in kosmetischen Zubereitungen und vereinzelt in Lebensmitteln angewendet. Die phytochemische Untersuchung der gesamten Pflanze ergab ein breites Spektrum an Naturstoffen, wobei die Leontopodiumsäuren, Caffeoylchinasäuren, Flavonoide, Lignane, Cumarine sowie ein ätherisches Öl mit zahlreichen Terpenkomponenten charakteristisch sind. Moderne pharmakologische Untersuchungen bestätigen für Extrakte aus Edelweiß und daraus isolierte Einzelstoffe antiinflammatorische, analgetische und antimikrobielle Wirkungen sowie eine Hemmung der Peristaltik des Gastrointestinaltrakts und damit letztendlich die volksmedizinischen Anwendungsgebiete der Krautdroge von L. alpinum.
Teemischungen
Authors: Meyer Egbert
Published: March 2019

Tee als Medizin hat Tradition und trifft gleichzeitig unseren Zeitgeist. Er erfüllt den Wunsch vieler Menschen nach natürlichen Heilmethoden und kann, sachkundig ausgewählt und angewendet, eine therapeutische Wirksamkeit erzielen. Auch ökonomisch sind Teemischungen meist vorteilhaft. Davon zeugt im Einzel- und Onlinehandel ein unüberschaubares Angebot an Detox-, Wellness-, Gesundheits-, Stoffwechsel-, etc. Tees aus allen Kulturkreisen. Somit sehe ich den Einsatz von Teemischungen für Apotheken, Ärzte und Heilpraktiker als eine interessante Option zur Kundenbindung und Profilierung.
Vermittler im Versorgungsdschungel
Authors: Illichmann Ulrike
Published: March 2019

Damit Patienten im komplexen Versorgungsdschungel nicht den Überblick verlieren,
unterstützen Case Manager sie dabei, ein individuell zugeschnittenes
Versorgungsangebot zu finden. Dabei fungiert der Case Manager als Vermittler und
hat auch immer die Anforderungen der unterschiedlichen Leistungserbringer im
Blick. Wir veranschaulichen anhand eines Fallbeispiels die einzelnen Prozesse
des Case Managements und zeigen, wie dabei die optimale Bewältigungsstrategie
für den Patienten gefunden wird.
Achtsame Trancen in der psychiatrischen
Pflege
Authors: Saenger Ulrich
Published: March 2019

Trancen können dabei behilflich sein, Kontakt zum unbewussten Wissen zu
entwickeln und in einen ressourcenreichen Zustand zu gelangen. Pflegende können
sie für sich selbst anwenden oder auch gemeinsam im Kontakt mit dem Patienten.
In unserem Interventionskoffer stellen wir das Handwerkszeug vor, mit dem Sie
achtsame Trancen in der Pflegepraxis umsetzen können.
Nicht erfolgreich, sondern lebenswert
altern
Authors: Gürtler Klaus
Published: March 2019

Das manchen Alterstheorien anhaftende Motto des „erfolgreichen Alterns“
impliziert auch die Möglichkeit des Scheiterns: bezüglich den eigenen Ansprüchen
an sich selbst, insbesondere im Vergleich mit anderen oder den falschen
Erwartungen an die Lebensphase Alter ganz allgemein 1. Wenn der „Erfolg“ – was immer das auch sein mag – ausbleibt, ist
das dann der Punkt, an dem ein Leben im Alter auf einmal nicht mehr lebenswert
erscheint? Darf diese resignierte, weil erfolglose Person selbst einen
Schlusspunkt setzen? Können selbst Angehörige, Freunde, Bekannte, Professionelle
ratlos werden? Oder gibt es doch noch Trost jenseits irdischer
Gedankengänge?
Wer schreibt in der PPmP, was wird rezipiert in der PPmP und wo wird die PPmP rezipiert?
Authors: Brähler Elmar , Ernst Mareike
Published: March 2019

Die PPmP benennt 3 Fachgebiete im Titel – Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Medizinische Psychologie, die sich im Umfeld von Medizin und Psychologie bewegen. Wir wollen kurz darstellen, aus welchen Institutionen die Beiträge der PPmP kommen und welche Institutionen hier weniger vertreten sind. Hier wollen wir nicht trennen zwischen den Gebieten Medizin und Psychologie oder anderen Institutionen an Universitäten. Die Tab. 1 zeigt die Herkunft der Beiträge der PPmP aus den Jahren 2014–2018 und zum Vergleich 1994–1998. Insgesamt wurden 387 bzw. 345 Arbeiten in diesen Zeiträumen in der PPmP publiziert 1.
Antiplasmodial Lycorane Alkaloid Principles of the Plant Family Amaryllidaceae
Authors: Nair Jerald J. , van Staden Johannes
Published: March 2019

The spread of malaria is thought to have followed human expansion out of Africa some 60 – 80 thousand years ago. With its prevalence in pantropical countries of the world and epicenter localized in Africa, malaria is now considered an unnecessary burden to overworked and under-resourced healthcare structures. Plants have long afforded a fertile hunting ground for the search and identification of structurally diverse antimalarial agents, such as quinine and artemisinin. This survey examines the antiparasitic properties of the family Amaryllidaceae via the antiplasmodial activities demonstrated for its lycorane alkaloid principles. Of these, 24 were natural compounds identified in 20 species from 11 genera of the Amaryllidaceae family, whilst the remaining 28 were synthetically derived entities based on the lycorane skeleton. These were screened against ten different strains of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, wherein the parent compound lycorine was shown to be the most potent with an IC50 of 0.029 µg/mL in the FCR-3 strain seen to be the best. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that good activities were detectable across both the natural compounds as well as the synthetically accessed derivatives. Such studies also highlighted that there are several inherent structural features that define the lycorane alkaloid antiplasmodial pharmacophore, such as the nature of its ring systems and properties of its substituents. Mechanistically, a limited number of studies confirmed that lycorane alkaloids manifest their action by targeting enzymes associated with the plasmodial FAS-II biosynthetic pathways. Overall, these alkaloids have provided useful, convenient, and accessible scaffolds for antimalarial-based drug discovery.
Advanced Approaches to Post-Assembly Modification of Peptides by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Meshram Milind , Panguluri Nageswara
Published: March 2019

We have summarized diverse synthetic approaches for the modification of peptides by employing transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. These methods can deliver unusual peptides suitable for peptidomimetics. To this end, several popular reactions such as Diels–Alder, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization, metathesis, Suzuki­–Miyaura cross-coupling, and Negishi coupling have been used to assemble modified peptides by post-assembly chemical modification strategies.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of a Cyclic α-Amino Acid Derivative via a Ring-Closing Metathesis Protocol

3 Peptide Modification Using a Ring-Closing Metathesis Strategy

4 Peptide Modification via a [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization Reaction

5 Peptide Modification by Using [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization and Suzuki Coupling

6 Peptide Modification via a Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling

7 Peptide Modification via Cross-Enyne Metathesis and a Diels–Alder­ Reaction as Key Steps

8 Peptide Modification via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions

9 Modified Peptides via Negishi Coupling

10 A Modified Dipeptide via Ethyl Isocyanoacetate

11 Conclusions
Use of Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Gabriel Edmo , Mazza Camila , Mello Marina
Published: March 2019

Morbidity and mortality due to postoperative complications, related to inflammation and systemic oxidative stress, of coronary artery bypass grafting is high and inadmissible. It is suggested that numerous adverse outcomes may be caused by the systemic effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). One of the most damaging consequences of these events is the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and radicals, which originate from a variety of cellular and enzymatic sources, such as myocardial cells, activated neutrophils, or endothelial xanthine oxidase. Many studies have described the nature of these ROS and the time of their formation during CPB. With the goal of reducing these damages, studies have investigated the use of antioxidant supplements during CPB. The present study focused on the time course of the innate antioxidant activity (antioxidant enzymes and overall antioxidant capacity in plasma) in patients undergoing CABG. The methodology used was the literature review.
Mudanças no estilo de vida após primeira consulta em ambulatório de obesidade infantojuvenil
Authors: Beghetto Mariur , Specht Andréia , D'avila Helen , Mello Elza
Published: March 2019

Objetivo Identificar as principais recomendações de mudanças no estilo de vida pactuadas e a adesão das crianças entre a primeira e segunda consulta ambulatorial.

Método Coorte retrospectiva. Foram analisados os dados dos atendimentos ambulatoriais realizados entre 1 de janeiro de 2008 e 30 de novembro de 2011 de crianças e adolescentes obesos, livres de doença genética ou de uso de medicamentos controlados. Na primeira consulta, foram propostas metas relacionadas aos hábitos de vida, aos hábitos alimentares e à atividade física. Foi considerada “adesão” quando o paciente relatou na segunda consulta que atingiu parcial/totalmente a pactuação. A análise foi realizada com o PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa.

Resultados Um total de 305 pacientes com idade média de 10 ± 3,8 anos foram analisados, dentre os quais 51,1% eram meninas; do total, 261 (85,6%) compareceram à primeira e à segunda consulta. Foram pactuados 401 desafios de mudança de hábitos alimentares (adesão de 86,8%), 264 de atividade física (adesão de 70,2%) e 218 hábitos de vida (adesão de 72,4%).

Conclusões Mudanças de hábitos alimentares foram mais recomendadas e tiveram maior adesão.
Current Knowledge of Occult Hepatitis B Infection and Clinical Implications
Authors: Yip Terry , Wong Grace
Published: March 2019

Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is a status of undetectable serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) yet detectable serum and/or intrahepatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. Mutations in the preS1, preS2, and S regions of the HBsAg gene may result in undetectable HBsAg. OBI may either result from a self-limiting acute hepatitis, or in patients with chronic hepatitis B who achieved HBsAg seroclearance, which refers to the loss of detectability of serum HBsAg with or without antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. HBsAg seroclearance contributes to a significant proportion of population in seropositive OBI. Both spontaneous and antiviral treatment-induced HBsAg seroclearance rarely happens; yet both types of HBsAg seroclearance are durable. CHB patients who achieve HBsAg seroclearance generally have a favorable clinical course. There is still a low yet definite risk of HCC occurrence, particularly in male CHB patients who achieve HBsAg seroclearance after being 50 years old. Clinical implications of OBI include occurrence of cirrhosis and HCC, liver transplantation, blood products transfusion, hemodialysis, and so on. A potentially life-threatening condition would be OBI reactivation in patients during immunosuppression therapy, especially in the setting of intensified immunosuppression including in onco-hematological patients (those receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and treated with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody [e.g., rituximab]). With more new insights into these two conditions, CHB patients who achieved HBsAg seroclearance generally have benign clinical course and good prognosis. Sensitive assay for serum HBV DNA should be considered to establish the presence of OBI in the clinical settings mentioned earlier, which will affect the management plan.
Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Statins: Clinical Evidence and Plausible Mechanisms
Authors: Kim Gyuri , Kang Eun Seok
Published: March 2019

Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis, and modulate the downstream signaling of the mevalonate pathway. In addition to the primary effect, the antitumor effect of statins can be associated with mevalonate pathway-mediated and nonmevalonate pathway-mediated mechanisms, which improve endothelial function and lead to proapoptotic, antiproliferative, antiinflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. Statins are implicated in the improvement of metabolic status. Statins are orally available and safely and widely used for long-term treatment; they represent a novel approach for the prevention and treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although several observational studies and experimental studies have revealed the preventive and therapeutic potential of statins for HCC treatment, further prospective interventional studies and randomized control trials are warranted to confirm these observations.
New light trap design for stray light reduction for a polarized scanning nephelometer
Authors: Hu Qiang , Qiu Zhenwei , Hong Jin , Chen Dihu
Published: March 2019

Light scattering is an important tool for gathering information about the structure and origin of atmospheric aerosols. We build a polarized scanning nephelometer to measure the properties of aerosol particles. However, the accuracy of the backward-scattered light measurements is limited by stray forward-scattered light reflected back into the collection optics. We briefly analyze this stray light. A new form of light trap with multiple hollow cones is introduced to suppress backward-scattered stray light. To evaluate the effect of the light trap on suppressing stray light for our nephelometer, a simulation model with and without the light trap was analyzed. Our results show that without the light trap, the percentage of backward-scattered stray light can be more than 50% for some kinds of particles. With the light trap with multiple hollow cones, the percentage of stray light with a backward-scattered angle can be less than 0.7%, which remains stable over different angles. Our results indicate that this structure could be particularly suitable for a light trap with a very large aperture but limited space.
High intrinsic loss power of multicore magnetic nanoparticles with blood-pooling property for hyperthermia
Authors: Nishimoto Kizuku , Ota Satoshi , Shi Guannan , Takeda Ryoji , Trisnanto Suko Bagus , Yamada Tsutomu , Takemura Yasushi
Published: March 2019

Magnetic hyperthermia is a promising application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in cancer therapy. It is important to consider and optimize the parameters that affect heat dissipation, such as particle diameters, structures, and surface coatings. In this study, we measured the magnetic properties of two superparamagnetic nanoparticles under DC and AC magnetic fields. Resovist is approved to be used as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. CMEADM-033-02, with the blood-pooling property and biocompatibility, exhibits high magnetization. The blood-pooling property makes it easier for MNPs to accumulate in tumors and tissue. While preparing samples, we aligned the easy axis of the samples using a DC magnetic field to enhance heat dissipation. We discussed the magnetic property in terms of magnetic relaxation associated with anisotropy energy. We observed that the peak frequency of Néel relaxation was considerably shifted owing to effectively changed anisotropy by the alignment of the easy axis. However, the change in the peak frequency of Néel relaxation could not be directly confirmed. Furthermore, we calculated the intrinsic loss power (ILP) and specific loss power (SLP) for heat dissipation from the areas of AC magnetization curves and estimated the SLP at 1 MHz to compare with the high heating characteristic of ILP that has been reported in a conventional study. We achieved equivalent ILP for heat dissipation as that reported in the study by aligning the easy axis of the MNPs with the blood-pooling property under a therapeutic condition.
Molecular dynamic simulation of bubble nucleation in a nanochannel with a groove
Authors: Zhang Longyan , Xu Jinliang , Lei Junpeng
Published: March 2019

Molecular dynamics methods are used to investigate the effect of wall wettability and initial fluid density on the nucleation and growth of nanobubbles in a nanochannel with a groove. Surface wettability is controlled by adjusting the parameters of the solid-liquid potential energy and the results show that groove wettability greatly influences the bubble nucleation process. In the case of a groove with a weak solid-liquid interaction, fluid atoms in the groove are strongly affected by repulsive forces attributed to solid atoms, the density of the fluid atoms is low, and atomic collision frequency increases. The local activation energy is concentrated in the groove, resulting in bubble nucleation. In the case of a groove with a stronger solid-liquid interaction, the bubble is formed in the center of the nanochannel. In general, the bubble radius of curvature and contact angle remain unchanged during the growth process in the case of a uniform wettability nanochannel with a groove, while significant changes are observed for a nonuniform wettability nanochannel. The radius of curvature for the generated bubble increases with increasing fluid initial density, while the steady contact angle decreases.

At the request of the authors this paper is being retracted. This action is taken because in the simulation cases of β=0.3 and β=0.4, the temperature control method is incorrect, resulting in flawed simulation results in Figs. 8 and 9. In addition, the number of atoms (and hence the density) in the simulation box is also not correct due to errors in the initialization phase of the simulation. Thus, the calculated phase diagram in Fig. 2 is incorrect. The authors sincerely apologize for these errors and omissions and regret any inconvenience they may have caused.
Enhanced spin–orbit torque
via
interface engineering in Pt/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures
Authors: Lee Hae-Yeon , Kim Sanghoon , Park June-Young , Oh Young-Wan , Park Seung-Young , Ham Wooseung , Kotani Yoshinori , Nakamura Tetsuya , Suzuki Motohiro , Ono Teruo , Lee Kyung-Jin , Park Byong-Guk
Published: March 2019

Spin–orbit torque facilitates efficient magnetisation switching via an in-plane current in perpendicularly magnetised heavy-metal/ferromagnet heterostructures. The efficiency of spin–orbit-torque-induced switching is determined by the charge-to-spin conversion arising from either bulk or interfacial spin–orbit interactions or both. Here, we demonstrate that the spin–orbit torque and the resultant switching efficiency in Pt/CoFeB systems are significantly enhanced by an interfacial modification involving Ti insertion between the Pt and CoFeB layers. Spin pumping and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments reveal that this enhancement is due to an additional interface-generated spin current of the non-magnetic interface and/or improved spin transparency achieved by suppressing the proximity-induced moment in the Pt layer. Our results demonstrate that interface engineering affords an effective approach to improve spin–orbit torque and thereby magnetisation switching efficiency.
Creating of luminescent defects in crystalline media by a scanning laser beam
Authors: Martynovich E. F. , Dresvyansky V. P. , Rakevich A. L. , Lazareva N. L. , Arsentieva M. A. , Tyutrin A. A. , Bukhtsoozh O. , Enkhbat S. , Kostryukov P. V. , Perminov B. E. , Konyashchenko A. V.
Published: March 2019

Line-by-line two-dimensional step small-scale scanning irradiation of a transparent cubic LiF crystal was carried out by intense linearly polarized femtosecond laser radiation in the multiple filamentation mode. As a result, isolated longitudinal extended tracks consisting of induced color centers were formed in the medium. It was found that no transverse periodicity associated with the scanning step is observed in the arrangement of tracks formed by laser filaments. This is because inhomogeneities that stimulate filamentation are not contained in the laser beam itself but are formed randomly when the medium interacts with the first laser pulses and are supported and amplified by subsequent pulses. The efficiency of color center formation in crystals at normal laser beam incidence on the cube face depends periodically on the azimuth angle θ between the electric vector and the cube edge on the face, with the period of π/2. It was found that azimuthal dependences for defect formation (maximum at θ = π/4) and for carrier photogeneration (maximum at θ = 0) are in the antiphase. Calculations showed that the processes of self-focusing and filamentation controlled by the components of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor are most effective at the orientation where θ = π/4. The experiment showed that at such an orientation, the critical power and the length of self-focusing decrease, and therefore, the density of the number of filaments in the beam section increases and, as a result, the average concentration of the color centers created by laser filaments increases.
Australian Fish Farmer
Authors: Mosig John , Fallu Ric
Published: March 2019

This is a practical guide for people in the aquaculture industry and for those about to enter it. Australian Fish Farmer covers current as well as potential aquaculture industries and provides practical skills that will allow people to solve everyday problems in the day-to-day management of aquatic stock.
This new edition reflects the considerable advances in technology, farming methods and commercial development. These aspects and more have been included in the revised edition, which also deals with financial and administrative management to provide the reader with sufficient information to operate a successful venture. The authors have drawn on their experience of designing and conducting aquaculture training programs and incorporated feedback, to ensure this publication is relevant and practical to Australian fish farmers.
Psychiatric morbidity, burnout and distress in Australian physician trainees
Authors: Axisa Carmen , Nash Louise , Kelly Patrick , Willcock Simon
Published: March 2019

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, alcohol use, burnout and compassion satisfaction among physician trainees in New South Wales, Australia, and examine links between personal, demographic and lifestyle factors.

Methods
A total of 67 physician trainees were recruited to the study. Fifty-nine completed the online survey (88% response rate). Outcome measures included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Professional Quality of Life Scale and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.

Results
Approximately half the respondents met screening criteria for depression (53%), stress (51%) and anxiety (46%). Secondary traumatic stress was exceptionally high across the cohort, with higher scores in females (P=0.001). The main reasons for not seeking help for depression or anxiety were lack of time (81%), fear of lack of confidentiality or privacy (41%), embarrassment (39%) and effect on registration (27%). Eighty-eight per cent of respondents agreed that doctors feel they need to portray a healthy image, but only 54% engaged in regular exercise and 24% slept ≤6h each day.

Conclusion
The results demonstrate high levels of non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity among physician trainees and a need to improve their well-being. Workplace systems need to promote healthy work environments and support physician trainees through good mentorship and supervision.

What is known about the topic?
Doctors’ health and patient care can be affected when doctors experience burnout and psychiatric morbidity.

What does this paper add?
This paper adds to the evidence of psychiatric morbidity, burnout, secondary trauma and increased demographic data on a cohort of junior doctors undertaking speciality training. In addition, it provides reasons for not seeking help and positive and negative coping methods used by these junior doctors.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The level of distress is high and requires system changes to support both individual health measures and structural change to work and study programs.
Otolith δ13C values as a metabolic proxy: approaches and mechanical underpinnings
Authors: Chung Ming-Tsung , Trueman Clive N. , Godiksen Jane Aanestad , Grønkjær Peter
Published: March 2019

Knowledge of metabolic costs associated with maintenance, foraging, activity and growth under natural conditions is important for understanding fish behaviours and the bioenergetic consequences of a changing environment. Fish performance in the wild and within a complex environment can be investigated by analysing individual-level field metabolic rate and, at present, the natural stable carbon isotope tracer in otoliths offers the possibility to reconstruct field metabolic rate. The isotopic composition of carbon in fish otoliths is linked to oxygen consumption through metabolic oxidation of dietary carbon. The proportion of metabolically derived carbon can be estimated with knowledge of δ13C values of diet and dissolved inorganic carbon in the water. Over the past 10 years, new techniques to study fish ecology have been developed, and these can be used to strengthen the application of otolith δ13C values as a metabolic proxy. Here, we illustrate the great potential of the otolith δ13C metabolic proxy in combination with other valuable and well-established approaches. The novel approach of the otolith δ13C metabolic proxy allows us to track the effects of ontogenetic and environmental drivers on individual fish physiology, and removes a major obstacle to understanding and predicting the performance of free-ranging wild fish.
Structure of HIV-1 RT/dsRNA initiation complex prior to nucleotide incorporation
Authors: Das Kalyan , Martinez Sergio E. , DeStefano Jeffrey J. , Arnold Eddy
Published: March 2019

The initiation phase of HIV reverse transcription has features that are distinct from its elongation phase. The first structure of a reverse transcription initiation complex (RTIC) that trapped the complex after incorporation of one ddCMP nucleotide was published recently [Larsen KP, et al. (2018)
Nature
557:118–122]. Here we report a crystal structure of a catalytically active HIV-1 RT/dsRNA complex that mimics the state of the RTIC before the first nucleotide incorporation. The structure reveals that the dsRNA-bound conformation of RT is closer to that of RT bound to a nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) and dsDNA; a hyperextended thumb conformation helps to accommodate the relatively wide dsRNA duplex. The RNA primer 3′ end is positioned 5 Å away from the polymerase site; however, unlike in an NNRTI-bound state in which structural elements of RT restrict the movement of the primer, the primer terminus of dsRNA is not blocked from reaching the active site of RT. The observed structural changes and energetic cost of bringing the primer 3′ end to the priming site are hypothesized to explain the slower nucleotide incorporation rate of the RTIC. An unusual crystal lattice interaction of dsRNA with its symmetry mate is reminiscent of the RNA architecture within the extended vRNA–tRNA
Lys3
in the RTIC. This RT/dsRNA complex captures the key structural characteristics and components of the RTIC, including the RT conformational changes and interactions with the dsRNA primer-binding site region, and these features have implications for better understanding of RT initiation.
Rapid initialization of retrogressive thaw slumps in the Canadian high Arctic and their response to climate and terrain factors
Authors: Ward Jones Melissa K , Pollard Wayne H , Jones Benjamin M
Published: March 2019

An increase in retrogressive thaw slump (RTS) activity has been observed in the Arctic in recent decades. However, a gap exists between observations in high Arctic polar desert regions where mean annual ground temperatures are as cold as −16.5 °C and vegetation coverage is sparse. In this study, we present a ∼30 year record of annual RTS observations (frequency and distribution) from 1989 to 2018 within the Eureka Sound Lowlands, Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg Islands. Record summer warmth in 2011 and 2012 promoted rapid RTS initialization, increasing active slumps from 100 in a given year or less to over 200 regionally and promoting RTS initiation in previously unaffected terrain. Differential GPS and remote sensing observations of 12 RTSs initiated during this period (2011–2018) provided a mean headwall retreat rate for all RTSs of 6.2 m yr−1 and for specific RTSs up to 26.7 m yr−1. To better understand the dynamics of climate and terrain factors controlling RTS headwall retreat rates we explored RTS interactions by correlating headwall retreat with climate factors (thawing degree days, annual rainfall and annual snowfall) and terrain factors (aspect and slope). Our findings indicate a sensitivity of cold permafrost in the high Arctic to climate-driven thermokarst initiation, but the decoupling of RTS dynamics from climate appears to occur over time for individual RTS as terrain factors take on a greater role controlling headwall retreat. Detailed observations of thermokarst development in a high Arctic polar desert permafrost setting are important as it demonstrates the sensitivity of this system to changes in summer temperatures and highlight differences to changes occurring in other Arctic permafrost regions.
A new-curvature cellular automata model of austenite grain growth
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Wang Junsheng , Huang Houbing
Published: March 2019

A new-curvature three dimensional cellular automata model for grain coarsening is proposed. The model takes account of the effects of grain size on the local-curvature. The simulation results are analyzed from four aspects: grain growth kinetics, grain size distribution, dynamics of single grain, and topological properties. The grain growth kinetics of the present model is proved to agree well with the theoretical model of normal grain growth. The absolute values of average grain size are compared to the experimental results of a low alloy steel. The simulated grain size distribution can be satisfactorily described by the Werbull’s formula. The simulation results of single grain growth kinetics matches well with the Hillert’s theoretical model, and the topological properties are similar to Ding’s simulation results.
Limits of engagement? The sunshine policy, nuclear tests, and South Korean views of North Korea 1995–2013
Authors: Bae Joonbum
Published: March 2019

Can positive domestic messages generated by a foreign policy of engagement toward another country change public views regarding that state? How resistant are such changes to events that contradict the positive messages? I argue that while positive government messages about an adversary can significantly improve public opinion, highly consequential foreign policy events that contradict the messages influence public opinion at the cost of elites’ ability to shape it through their messages. Such differing effects can lead to a polarization of opinion when the content of the messages and the nature of events diverge from each other. Leveraging the unpredictability of North Korea’s foreign policy behavior, the South Korean government’s sustained policy of engagement toward it during the years 1998–2007, and North Korea’s first two nuclear tests to examine the relative impact of consequential foreign policy events and elite messages on public opinion, I find strong evidence consistent with this argument.
Three-Dimensional Versus Rectangular Sticky Yellow Traps for Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Yee Wee L
Published: March 2019

The most effective traps tested against western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, have been the Yellow Sticky Strip (YSS) rectangle made of styrene and the three-dimensional yellow Rebell cross made of polypropylene. However, three-dimensional YSS styrene traps have never been tested against this or any other fruit fly. The main objectives of this study were to determine the efficacies of 1) YSS cross, Rebell cross, YSS cylinder, and YSS rectangle traps, 2) Rebell cross versus Rebell rectangle traps, and 3) YSS tent versus YSS rectangle traps for R. indifferens. For 1), the YSS cross caught more flies than the Rebell cross of equivalent surface area and more than a smaller YSS cylinder, but not any more than a YSS rectangle of similar surface area as the YSS cross. For 2), a Rebell cross caught more flies than a rectangle of equivalent surface area made of Rebell panels. For 3), YSS tent and YSS rectangle traps of equivalent surface area did not differ in fly captures. Results suggest that the YSS cross was more effective than the Rebell cross due to its color and that when trap color is highly attractive, three-dimensional shape may be unimportant, whereas it could be when trap color is less attractive. A new trap modeled after the YSS cross, compact but with high trap surface area to increase fly captures, could be an effective option or addition to rectangles for monitoring R. indifferens.
1 Introduction
Authors: Brice Dickson
Published: March 2019

This chapter sets out the aims of the book, which are to evaluate the performance of the Irish Supreme Court through its 94 years of history to date and to assess what contribution it has made to Irish legal culture. It considers the difficulties in undertaking that task and surveys some of the evaluative literature which already exists on supreme courts in other common law countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia and the UK. It posits that the most important assessment criteria are clarity, fairness, efficiency and respect. The chapter then refers to existing literature on the Irish Supreme Court and explains what will be covered in subsequent chapters of the book.
3 The Supreme Court and the Irish Free State
Authors: Brice Dickson
Published: March 2019

This chapter considers the performance of the Irish Supreme Court during the life of the Irish Free State (1922–37). It charts the way in which the right to appeal from the Supreme Court to the Privy Council was abolished (comparing the position in other Dominions) and shows that, despite the rhetoric of Irish politicians at the time, the judges were keen to uphold the British approach to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. The chapter then describes some of the emergency legislation enacted in the Free State to combat republican violence and examines how it was viewed by the Supreme Court, most notably in the very deferential (albeit split) decision in The State (Ryan) v Lennon. The chapter sums up the Court’s performance during the existence of the Irish Free State as disappointing and uninspiring.
5 The Judges of the Supreme Court
Authors: Brice Dickson
Published: March 2019

This chapter begins by considering the eligibility requirements for appointment to the Irish Supreme Court before tracing the history of the system for selecting the judges. Particular attention is given to whether the judges selected have been politically independent. The work of the Judicial Appointments Advisory Board is analysed, as are the current proposals to create a Judicial Appointments Commission and a Judicial Council. A section charts the rise in judicial salaries and examines the controversy over the constitutionality of asking judges to take a pay cut after Ireland’s financial crisis in 2008. After a brief section on retirement ages there is a narrative of who has succeeded whom in the Supreme Court from 1924 until today (57 judges in all). The chapter concludes with an analysis of the extent to which Supreme Court judges have been representative of Irish society.
6 The Supreme Court and the Constitution
Authors: Brice Dickson
Published: March 2019

This chapter focuses first on the power of the President of Ireland to refer draft Bills to the Supreme Court for review under Article 26 of the Constitution. It analyses the most recent instances of this practice and queries whether the ‘one judgment’ rule and the ‘immutability’ rule (whereby a decision that a Bill is constitutional can never again be challenged in court) are necessary or desirable. The chapter then looks at how the Supreme Court has—or has not—extended the reach of constitutionalism into the realm of socio-economic rights, in particular in situations where the expenditure of public money is a key issue. This moves into a section on unenumerated rights and the natural law theory of rights. The chapter acknowledges that significant steps have been taken by the Supreme Court to develop the 1937 Constitution but suggests that significant opportunities to do more have been missed.
9 Criminal Justice
Authors: Brice Dickson
Published: March 2019

This chapter selects five issues within the sphere of criminal justice to exemplify how the Irish Supreme Court has made its mark in the field. It looks first at the Court’s approach to the principle that prosecutions should be ended if they are unfair to the defendant and then moves to related issues surrounding use of the Special Criminal Court. It considers whether the Supreme Court has done enough to police the Special Criminal Court and whether reforms are necessary in that domain. In examining the Supreme Court’s views on the right to bail and on the admissibility of evidence which has been obtained unconstitutionally or otherwise illegally (with particular reference to the Damache and JC cases), comparisons are made with other common law jurisdictions. A final section looks at the Supreme Court’s position regarding the retrospectivity of declarations of incompatibility in criminal cases.
10 Family and Personal Life
Authors: Brice Dickson
Published: March 2019

This chapter analyses the way in which the Supreme Court has handled a range of controversial issues affecting personal and family life. It explains the centrality of the family unit within the Irish Constitution and shows how the Court was for many years extremely conservative in its handling of cases involving adoption and illegitimacy. Its more flexible approach to ‘the family’ in the immigration context is then considered. The leading case on contraception (McGee) is closely examined before detailed treatment is given to the Court’s handling of legal questions relating to abortion (especially the X case in 1992). Its position on matrimonial property law and on the vexed issue of the right to assisted suicide are also suveyed. Throughout the chapter attention is focused on how the Supreme Court has been constrained by its perception of the views of the majority of Irish people.
A New Attribution to Dunstaple
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: March 2019

Since the publication of Bukofzer’s edition of John Dunstaple’s complete works in 1953, not one anonymous piece has been firmly attributed to the composer conjecturally. Scholars have understandably been reluctant to speculate on questions of authorship on the basis of style alone. At the same time it would be surprising if works by the most productive English composer of the period had not survived among the numerous anonymi that constitute such a high proportion of the fifteenth-century insular repertory. This article makes a case for Dunstaple’s authorship of an anonymous Credo bearing the designation ‘Anglicanum’ in one of its sources. It argues this case on the basis of the work’s close ties to some of the composer’s early mass music, and to one of his Credo settings in particular, demonstrating striking links—structural, stylistic, textual, and transmissional—both with this Credo and another by Dunstaple.
Transformation Chains, Associative Areas, and a Principle of Form for Anton Webern’s Twelve-tone Music
Authors: Moseley Brian
Published: March 2019

Much of Webern’s twelve-tone music relies on conventional formal types to structure extended composition and long-range compositional strategy. This article describes how these forms were absorbed into his personal twelve-tone style through an exploration of three entwined techniques. His techniques of serial row chaining and associative organization create a deep musical hierarchy that is frequently navigated by a formal principle of large-scale complementation. The analyses appearing here are drawn from across Webern’s twelve-tone period and are elucidated through spatial representations that describe compositional potential and musical realization. In addition to providing a means for analytical interpretation, the analyses reveal how Webern’s fusion of form and twelve-tone technique resemble characteristics of the tonal system while amplifying basic axioms of serial composition.
Diagnostic Performance of T2Candida Among ICU Patients With Risk Factors for Invasive Candidiasis
Authors: Arendrup Maiken Cavling , Andersen Jakob S , Holten Mads Kristian , Krarup Kenneth B , Reiter Nanna , Schierbeck Jens , Helleberg Marie
Published: March 2019

Background

Invasive candidiasis (IC) comprises candidemia and deep-seated candidiasis. Blood culture (BC) is the gold standard test, but sensitivity is low. T2Candida is a new diagnostic test. We investigated the performance of T2Candida, BC, and Candida mannan antigen (MAg) for detection of IC in a high-risk intensive care unit (ICU) population.

Methods

One-hundred twenty-six ICU patients at high risk of IC with sepsis despite 3 days of broad-spectrum antibiotics were included. Paired BC, T2Candida, and MAg were obtained twice weekly (334 sets). Patients were classified into proven, likely, possible, or unlikely IC based on patient record review.

Results

At enrollment, 92 (77%) patients were receiving antifungal therapy (mainly fluconazole 66%). Fifteen (11.9%) patients were positive by BC (n = 4), T2Candida (n = 11), or MAg (n = 10). The T2Candida species distribution at inclusion (Candida albicans/Candida tropicalis: 8/11 [72.3%] and Candida glabrata/Candida krusei: 3/11 [27.3%]) was supported by the identification of BC or colonizing isolates in 10/11 cases. Patients were classified with proven (11), likely (6), possible (11), and unlikely (98) IC. Defining IC as proven/proven&likely/proven&likely&possible, respectively, the sensitivity was as follows: T2Candida (55%/59%/39%), BC (45%/29%/ 8%), and MAg (36%/41%/32%). The negative predictive value was similar across the tests for proven vs others and proven/likely vs others (94%–96% and 90%–95%, respectively). For test combinations including T2Candida, the sensitivity increased to 64%–65%, without hampering the positive predictive value.

Conclusions

In conclusion, although the diagnostic performance was modest for all the tests, the combination of T2Candida and BC seemed to have the best diagnostic performance, and thus implementation of T2Candida may improve the diagnosis of IC.
‘A voice from over the Sea’: Shelley’s Mask of Anarchy, Peterloo, and the English Radical Press
Authors: Connell Philip
Published: March 2019

Shelley’s poetic response to the Peterloo massacre, The Mask of Anarchy, was crucially informed by printed news sources relating to the momentous events in Manchester of 16 August 1819. Hitherto our knowledge of those sources has been confined to Leigh Hunt’s Examiner newspaper. This article re-examines the available evidence and argues that Shelley may well also have drawn on the accounts of Peterloo written by the radical journalist and freethinker, Richard Carlile. It traces the connections between Carlile and the Shelley circle in London during 1819 (including Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, William Godwin, and Thomas Jefferson Hogg), and identifies a number of suggestive verbal parallels between Shelley’s Mask and Carlile’s prose. But there were also important political differences between the two men; an appreciation of those differences throws new light on the Mask’s ambivalent attitude to the prospect of revolution, and Shelley’s strident advocacy of non-violent resistance to state-sponsored oppression.