bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les dynamiques agro-alimentaires en Bretagne (1950-1987) (Dynamics in food industry in Britanny. 1950-1987)
Authors: Canévet Corentin
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The features of the development in the food industry sector in Britany are since 1950 : 1. the emergence of a local capital stemming from the local handicrafts, dynamical but fragile ; 2. a setting up of foreign firms, striking in the years 1960-65, but in sharp decline since then ; 3. a boom of cooperative capital due to the necessary coping with the withdrawal of private capital, as well as to the own dynamism agricultural organizations ; 4. a recent enlargement toward national capital, private or cooperative ; 5. territorial dynamics of firms contrasted, ranging from asserted growth to gradual disappearance.
A la recherche d'une approche géographique du commerce international. Le marché de la banane (About a geographical approach of international trade. The banana market)
Authors: Maillard J.-Cl.
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'étude des échanges internationaux de produits a assez peu retenu l'attention des géographes. A partir de ses recherches, l'auteur montre que la meilleure démarche en la matière est celle qui restitue aux intermédiaires leur place au centre même du système commercial qui met en relation producteurs et consommateurs. L 'exemple du marché bananier permet de proposer quelques formules graphiques pour rendre compte d'évolutions complexes.
La forêt dans le «Tableau» de Vidal de la Blache. (The forests in the Vidal de la Blache's «Tableau»)
Authors: Dubois Jean-Jacques
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - Though forest has been a subject of minor importance for the French geographical school during the first half of XXth century, the « Tableau » of Vidal, behing usual topics as frontier-forest or as infertile forested soil, conceals some original descriptions far away from determinism.
Bergoglio et François : quand un jésuite devient pape
Authors: Schlegel Jean-Louis
Published: June 2015

Qu’est-ce qu’un pape jésuite ? Qu’y a-t-il de proprement « jésuite » dans le parcours de François, dans sa façon de concevoir la conduite de l’Église, dans ses références intellectuelles, et même sa manière de prêcher ? Il ne s’agit pas en effet d’une simple formation intellectuelle mais d’épreuves de vie, d’un enracinement spirituel qui l’a mené de l’Argentine au Vatican.
Les jésuites et la sensibilité religieuse en France
Authors: Giard Luce , Goujon Patrick , Julia Dominique , Langlois Claude , Padis Marc-Olivier
Published: June 2015

Que se passe-t-il au moment du rétablissement de l’ordre jésuite en 1814 ? L’influence rapide que retrouvent les jésuites passe notamment par l’enseignement, mais elle s’étend ensuite à mesure que les jésuites s’engagent dans des professions intellectuelles qui les mettront en contact avec les nouvelles questions scientifiques ou politiques de leur temps.
Le corps contemporain, une recherche d’identité
Authors: Vigarello Georges
Published: June 2015

Le biologique et le psychologique sont étroitement imbriqués dans les perceptions contemporaines du corps, que l’on « écoute » pour déceler des signaux, des messages qui révèlent une maladie ou un mal-être, et pour les faire disparaître par la danse, le yoga, la gymnastique… Le corps, comme naguère l’âme, semble être devenu le lieu central de l’identité.
Henri Maldiney, entre crise et création
Authors: Cabestan Philippe
Published: June 2015

Le philosophe Henri Maldiney (1912-2013) a exploré dans ses œuvres la question de l’art et celle de la folie, mettant en œuvre une véritable phénoménologie du sentir. Car la psychose comme la création sont des possibilités de l’homme, et nécessitent donc pour être comprises que l’on s’intéresse plus généralement à ce qui fait la condition humaine.
Une éducation universelle à la parentalité : un besoin impérieux
Authors: Parens Henri
Published: June 2015

Pendant sept années, dix mères et dix bébés ont participé à notre étude. 19 ans après, l’étude suivante démontra que nos sujets en tirèrent des bénéfices sur 3 mesures : adaptation générale et profil d’agression chez les enfants, ainsi que fonctions de parentage des mères. Ces bénéfices restèrent évidents 32 et 37 ans plus tard. Nous en documentons 2 hypothèses : 1. des mesures éducatives peuvent faciliter un parentage « favorable au développement chez l’enfant » ; 2. « le déplaisir psychique génère l’agression hostile » ; ainsi, l’agression hostile est modérée ou amplifiée par l’expérience.
Le temps, la mémoire et la transformation du trauma :
Authors: Blum Harold P. , Papiasvili Eva D. , Mayers Linda A. , Juran Anne
Published: June 2015

Le trauma de l’enfance dissimulé sous des souvenirs poignants est un aspect central de La Recherche du temps perdu . L’œuvre maîtresse de Marcel Proust peut être comprise de façon psychanalytique comme l’extraordinaire transformation littéraire d’un trauma sévère et de conflits inconscients associés. L’asthme infantile de Proust, qui faillit lui être fatal, et les maltraitances médicales qui en ont découlé ont créé un intense et ambivalent lien et asservissement à sa mère, répliqués dans les relations ambivalentes dépeintes dans son œuvre. Le passé retrouvé et recréé est revécu sur le terrain de jeu fantasmé du temps et de l’espace. La compréhension intuitive de Proust des aspects signifiants du temps, de la mémoire, et du transfert était contemporaine de la pensée psychanalytique. Dans cette œuvre, la mortification narcissique et les pertes du protagoniste sont pleurées, surmontées et partiellement rachetées. J’interprète la célèbre scène de la madeleine trempée dans du thé comme un déguisement artistique, un déplacement temporel, et un renversement affectif du trauma qui menace la vie. Cet article explore le rôle de l’asthme réfractaire de Proust dans son voyage essouflé vers la maîtrise de l’ego et de la créativité intemporelle.
Mythes magico-sexuels et souvenirs d’enfance
Authors: de Mijolla-Mellor Sophie
Published: June 2015

L’auteur propose une relecture du passage sur la madeleine dans La Recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust en rapprochant la démarche de remémoration du romancier de celle de la quête par l’analysant de ces mots ou phonèmes oubliés qui ont tenu place pour l’enfant qu’il a été d’explications sur le monde, la vie, la mort.
« Un enfant est malade » : le sacré et sa transgression
Authors: Kessaci Lyasmine , Abelhauser Alain
Published: June 2015

La figure de l’enfant semble l’une des dernières à conserver encore, dans notre culture contemporaine, une dimension sacrée. Ce qui lui attire d’autant certains types de sévices – le sacré appelant volontiers la transgression. Le « syndrome de Münchhausen par procuration » constitue un exemple emblématique de cette mise à mal de l’enfant, qui montre bien comment le fantasme laisse place à la mise en acte, d’autant plus redoutable qu’elle s’appuie là sur une « face obscure » de la maternité.
Théories infantiles sur le suicide et tentative d’auto-engendrement
Authors: Guittonneau Mireille
Published: June 2015

On découvre, chez certains enfants ou adolescents, la présence de théories infantiles sur le suicide, ayant été mises en acte dans un jeu paradoxal avec la mort. En effet, ces théories permettent simultanément la réalisation des théories sexuelles infantiles. L’acte suicidaire, transformé par ce processus de liaison, fait apparaître de nouveaux enjeux inconscients. Il s’agit alors de s’auto-engendrer et de se déprendre de la figure d’un mort à laquelle ils ont été précocement identifiés.
L’enfant et la violence familiale. La création à l’œuvre par le symptôme
Authors: Chevalérias Marie-Paule
Published: June 2015

La vitalité de l’inconscient ne peut laisser la vie psychique au repos. Ce qui n’a trouvé existence dans le monde conscient fait retour, comme nous l’a appris Freud, notamment dans le symptôme. Création propre du sujet, la répétition invite à prêter attention à ce que du passé vient se vivre dans le présent. L’histoire d’Alexis, un garçon de huit ans ayant vécu au cœur de violences familiales dans son enfance, nous montre comment, dans l’espace thérapeutique, il a mis en mouvement tout un travail psychique pour que le passé puisse prendre vie et place dans le présent de son parcours.
Why Do People Support the Underdog?
Authors: Keefer Quinn Andrew Wesley
Published: June 2015

The choice to be a sports fan may seem irrational in many circumstances, especially when considering fans of teams that are less successful than average. The large amount of evidence showing people are loss averse may make the decision to be a sports fan seem even more irrational. However, this paper presents a model of reference-dependent preferences that predicts being a sports fan, even of an underdog, is an optimal decision. The model predicts it can be optimal to be a fan of a less successful team, even if the individual is loss averse, only cares about game outcomes and believes the team to be less successful than average.
Engagement and Teamwork in Chinese as a Foreign Language and Culture Curriculum Development for Teacher Education
Authors: Wang Tingting
Published: June 2015

This study explores how task engagement principles could be integrated into the design of online foreign language and culture instruction. It employs a design-based research (DBR) approach, which combines research and instructional design during curricular development. With the intent of solving problems of practice in an existing teaching context, a design team worked in this study to refine an online Chinese as a foreign language and culture module. Through the design process, the team explored how task engagement principles could be integrated into seven online language-learning units and how collaboration and interaction among the researchers and designers could support the implementation of the design. This study underscores the importance not only of designing engaging online language tasks but also of working with expert others to accomplish this goal.
EFL Learners' Implicit Theory of Intelligence and the Application of MMORPG in EFL Learning
Authors: Hsu Liwei
Published: June 2015

The present study aims to describe the application of Second Life (SL) to bring together EFL learners around the world and create a third place of learning. A group of 152 undergraduate students (n = 152) of colleges and universities in southern Taiwan were recruited for this experimental project for a period of two years. Within this two-year course they were investigated on their implicit theory of intelligence toward EFL learning. Among these 152 participants, 53 were randomly selected to be sponsored to take TOEIC four times to measure their English proficiency to establish multilevel growth model. Results of this study reported that SL did create positive effects to EFL learners' developing incremental intelligence which was also significantly correlated to their performance on TOEIC. Multilevel growth model proposed by the present study also examined the extent to which the time individual spent on socializing in English through SL can significantly improve EFL learners' performance on TOEIC.
Supporting the Construction of a GUI Component for Specifying the Behavior of Non-Player Characters in Unity
Authors: Sagredo-Olivenza Ismael , Flórez-Puga Gonzalo , Gómez-Martín Marco Antonio , González-Calero Pedro A.
Published: June 2015

Unity 3D is a widely used middleware for game development, primarily by small studies. In addition to the core technology, a number of extensions or add-ons have been created by third-party developers to provide additional functionality. Nevertheless, the support Unity 3D provides for building GUI for such add-ons is at a very low level, and for that reason the authors have designed and built UHotDraw, an extensible framework in C# that simplifies the development of GUI and draw applications and editor extensions in Unity 3D.
Towards Semantic Mashups
Authors: Kalou Aikaterini K. , Koutsomitropoulos Dimitrios A.
Published: June 2015

Semantic Mashups constitute a relatively new genre of applications that illustrate the combination of the current trends of the Web, i.e. the Semantic Web and Web 2.0. The great benefit of Semantic mashups lies in the ability to aggregate different and heterogeneous data with rich semantic annotations and due to this, an additional ease of integration. In this paper, the authors attempt to outline the transition from conventional to semantic mashups, analyzing the former's limitations and identifying improvements and contributions which can come in with the advent of the later. Furthermore, the authors survey the background technologies on which semantic mashups are based, like Semantic Web Services and the process of data triplification. The authors also investigate the current trends and efforts put into developing tools and frameworks, which are designed to support users with little programming knowledge in semantic mashup application development, such as Semantic Pipes or Jigs4OWL. After presenting and illustrating the theoretical and technological background of this genre of mashups, the authors look into some use cases and systems. Among others, the authors present their mashup, called Books@HPClab, in which they introduce a personalized semantic service for mashing up information from different on-line bookstores.
Innovative Product Design using Metaontology with Semantic TRIZ
Authors: Koswatte Koswatte R. C. , Paik Incheon , Park Wonhee , Kumara Banage T. G. S.
Published: June 2015

In the manufacturing industry, supply chain management is playing an important role in providing profit to the enterprise. Information that is useful in improving existing products and development of new products can be obtained from databases and ontology. The theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) supports designers of innovative product design by searching a knowledge base. The existing TRIZ ontology supports innovative design of specific products (Flashlight) for a TRIZ ontology. The research reported in this paper aims at developing a metaontology for innovative product design that can be applied to multiple products in different domain areas. The authors applied the semantic TRIZ to a product (Smart Fan) as an interim stage toward a metaontology that can manage general products and other concepts. Modeling real-world (Smart Pen and Smart Machine) ontologies is undertaken as an evaluation of the metaontology. This may open up new possibilities to innovative product designs.
CD58/CD2 Is the Primary Costimulatory Pathway in Human CD28−CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Leitner Judith , Herndler-Brandstetter Dietmar , Zlabinger Gerhard J. , Grubeck-Loebenstein Beatrix , Steinberger Peter
Published: June 2015

A substantial proportion of CD8+ T cells in adults lack the expression of the CD28 molecule, and the aging of the immune system is associated with a steady expansion of this T cell subset. CD28−CD8+ T cells are characterized by potent effector functions but impaired responses to antigenic challenge. CD28 acts as the primary T cell costimulatory receptor, but there are numerous additional receptors that can costimulate the activation of T cells. In this study, we have examined such alternative costimulatory pathways regarding their functional role in CD28−CD8+ T cells. Our study showed that most costimulatory molecules have a low capacity to activate CD28-deficient T cells, whereas the engagement of the CD2 molecule by its ligand CD58 clearly costimulated proliferation, cytokine production, and effector function in this T cell subset. CD58 is broadly expressed on APCs including dendritic cells. Blocking CD58 mAb greatly reduced the response of human CD28−CD8+ T cells to allogeneic dendritic cells, as well as to viral Ags. Our results clearly identify the CD58/CD2 axis as the primary costimulatory pathway for CD8 T cells that lack CD28. Moreover, we show that engagement of CD2 amplifies TCR signals in CD28−CD8+ T cells, demonstrating that the CD2–CD58 interaction has a genuine costimulatory effect on this T cell subset. CD2 signals might promote the control of viral infection by CD28−CD8+ T cells, but they might also contribute to the continuous expansion of CD28−CD8+ T cells during chronic stimulation by persistent Ag.
Essential Function for the Nuclear Protein Akirin2 in B Cell Activation and Humoral Immune Responses
Authors: Tartey Sarang , Matsushita Kazufumi , Imamura Tomoko , Wakabayashi Atsuko , Ori Daisuke , Mino Takashi , Takeuchi Osamu
Published: June 2015

Akirin2, an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein, is an important factor regulating inflammatory gene transcription in mammalian innate immune cells by bridging the NF-κB and SWI/SNF complexes. Although Akirin is critical for Drosophila immune responses, which totally rely on innate immunity, the mammalian NF-κB system is critical not only for the innate but also for the acquired immune system. Therefore, we investigated the role of mouse Akirin2 in acquired immune cells by ablating Akirin2 function in B lymphocytes. B cell–specific Akirin2-deficient (Cd19Cre/+Akirin2fl/fl) mice showed profound decrease in the splenic follicular (FO) and peritoneal B-1, but not splenic marginal zone (MZ), B cell numbers. However, both Akirin2-deficient FO and MZ B cells showed severe proliferation defect and are prone to undergo apoptosis in response to TLR ligands, CD40, and BCR stimulation. Furthermore, B cell cycling was defective in the absence of Akirin2 owing to impaired expression of genes encoding cyclin D and c-Myc. Additionally, Brg1 recruitment to the Myc and Ccnd2 promoter was severely impaired in Akirin2-deficient B cells. Cd19Cre/+Akirin2fl/fl mice showed impaired in vivo immune responses to T-dependent and -independent Ags. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Akirin2 is critical for the mitogen-induced B cell cycle progression and humoral immune responses by controlling the SWI/SNF complex, further emphasizing the significant function of Akirin2 not only in the innate, but also in adaptive immune cells.
Revisiting Mary Daly: Towards a quadripartite theological and philosophical paradigm
Authors: Wood Hannelie
Published: June 2015

I was a tenderfoot in feminist discourse when I started my research on patriarchy, feminism, and Mary Daly. In my thesis, one aspect I engaged was Daly’s battle with gender issues in Christian theology. From the beginning I was troubled by Mary Daly’s views on God, men, and women in her discourse on Christianity. Daly undoubtedly contributed to the discussion on gender issues in the Christian faith, but her focus on androcentrism and her interpretations of Scripture led her to abandon the Christian faith. Mary Daly has written extensively on patriarchy as it is found in religion – particularly in the Christian faith – and how it filters through society. In her critique of patriarchy she set her course to dismantle the facade of a patriarchal and misogynistic God as the root of patriarchy. Daly did not see any positive qualities of the Christian faith and completely rejected other interpretations of a God whose person embraces both male and female qualities. Against this background I will evaluate Daly’s post-Christian feminist theological and philosophical paradigm. I propose that Daly has a quadripartite theological and philosophical paradigm wherein there are four main players. The ‘Who is who’ in Daly’s quadripartite patriarchal theological and philosophical paradigm are the patriarchal male, the patriarchal female, the patriarchal God and the biophilic woman.
Answer to musculoskeletal imaging quiz case
Authors: Misser Shalendra , Zietkiewicz John
Published: June 2015

No abstract available.
Anemia and the Need for Intravenous Iron Infusion after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Kotkiewicz Adam , Donaldson Keri , Dye Charles , Rogers Ann M. , Mauger David , Kong Lan , Eyster M. Elaine
Published: June 2015

The frequency of anemia, iron deficiency, and the long-term need for IV iron following Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has not been well characterized. Three-hundred and nineteen out of 904 consecutive subjects who underwent RYGB at Penn State Hershey Medical Center from 1999 to 2006 met the inclusion criteria for a preoperative complete blood count (CBC) and at least one CBC >6 months following surgery. Cumulative incidence of anemia 7 years post procedure was 58%. Menstruation status and presence of preoperative anemia were predictive of anemia by univariate analysis and multivariable Cox regression ( P= 0.0014 and 0.044, respectively). Twenty-seven subjects, primarily premenopausal women, representing 8.5% of the cohort and 22% of the 122 anemic subjects, needed intravenous (IV) iron a mean of 51 months postoperatively for anemia unresponsive or refractory to oral iron. The risk for development of anemia necessitating IV iron therapy following RYGB is highest in menstruating women and continues to increase for many years, even in post-menopausal women. Well-designed prospective studies are needed to identify the incidence of iron deficiency anemia and the patient populations at increased risk for requiring IV iron replacement after RYGB surgery.
Unified Gas Kinetic Scheme and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Computations of High-Speed Lid-Driven Microcavity Flows
Authors: Venugopal Vishnu , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: June 2015

Accurate simulations of high-speed rarefied flows present many physical and computational challenges. Toward this end, the present work extends the Unified Gas Kinetic Scheme (UGKS) to a wider range of Mach and Knudsen numbers by implementing WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) interpolation. Then the UGKS is employed to simulate the canonical problem of lid-driven cavity flow at high speeds. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) computations are also performed when appropriate for comparison. The effect of aspect ratio, Knudsen number and Mach number on cavity flow physics is examined leading to important insight.
Refractive index sensing of gases based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity
Authors: Mohebbi M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Silicon photonic crystal sensors have become very attractive for various optical sensing applications. Using silicon as a material platform provides the ability to fabricate sensors with other photonic devices on a single chip. In this paper, a new optical sensor based on optical resonance in a one-dimensional silicon photonic crystal with an air defect is theoretically studied for refractive index sensing in the infrared wavelength region. The air defect introduces a cavity into the photonic crystal, making it suitable for probing the properties of a gas found within the cavity. This photonic crystal nanocavity is designed to oscillate at a single mode with a high quality factor, allowing for refractive index sensing of gases with a high sensitivity. A method is presented to maximize the sensitivity of the sensor and to obtain a very narrow bandwidth cavity mode for good sensor resolution. We change the thickness of the air layers linearly in the photonic crystals on both sides of the nanocavity and show that a sensitivity of 1200 nm RIU−1 can be achieved. We present a detailed analysis of the sensor and variations of the layer thicknesses, the cavity length, and the number of periodic layers in the photonic crystal are investigated. This optical sensor has a much simpler design and higher sensitivity compared to other photonic crystal sensors reported previously.
Eating Apes, Eating Cows
Authors: McKenna Erin
Published: June 2015

this paper focuses on animal issues—specifically relating to the animal beings we eat—using the perspective of American pragmatism. This essay grows out of my earlier work that used American pragmatism, specifically the work of John Dewey, to argue that we can develop a productive process model of utopia. In this model, it becomes important for us to critically examine the goals we choose to pursue because what we choose to pursue in the present sets the limits and possibilities of what we will be able to pursue in the future. Utopian visions are future-focused. We need goals, or ends-in-view, to help direct our present actions. If we give up on the idea of perfection often connected with utopian visions, such thinking can be an important way to realistically examine present action in light of future hopes and desires. Rather than seek perfection, the process model of utopia seeks to create and sustain people willing to take on responsibility and participate in directing their present toward a better, more desirable future. This is an ongoing task.
Identification of Neurexophilin 3 as a Novel Supportive Factor for Survival of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Progenitors
Authors: Nishimura Kaneyasu , Murayama Shigeo , Takahashi Jun
Published: June 2015

Successful cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease (PD) depends on both an optimal host brain environment and ideal donor cells. We report that a secreted peptide, neurexophilin 3 (NXPH3), supports the survival of mouse induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) dopaminergic (DA) neurons in vitro and in vivo. We compared the gene expression profiles in the mouse striatum from two different environments: a supportive environment, which we defined as 1 week after acute administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and a nonsupportive environment, defined as 8 weeks after chronic administration of MPTP. NXPH3 expression was higher in the former condition and lower in the latter compared with untreated controls. When we injected mouse iPSC-derived neural cells along with NXPH3 into the mouse striatum, the ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive DA neurons per graft volume was higher at 8 weeks compared with cell injections that excluded NXPH3. In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of the postmortem putamen revealed that the expression level of NXPH3 was lower in PD patients compared with normal controls. These findings will contribute to optimizing the host brain environment and patient recruitment in cell therapy for PD.

Significance

This study identified neurexophilin 3 (NXPH3), a secreted peptide, through comparison of gene expression profiles in the mouse striatum from various environments generated by different doses of dopaminergic (DA) neuron toxin. When mouse induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells along with NXPH3 were injected into the mouse striatum, the ratio of DA neurons per graft volume was higher at 8 weeks compared with cell injections without NXPH3. In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of the postmortem putamen revealed that the expression level of NXPH3 was lower in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with controls without PD. These findings contribute to optimization of the host brain environment and patient recruitment in cell therapy.
Low Molecular Weight Fraction of Commercial Human Serum Albumin Induces Morphologic and Transcriptional Changes of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Bar-Or David , Thomas Gregory W. , Rael Leonard T. , Gersch Elizabeth D. , Rubinstein Pablo , Brody Edward
Published: June 2015

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of the joint; however, the therapeutic options for severe OA are limited. The low molecular weight fraction of commercial 5% human serum albumin (LMWF5A) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties that are mediated, in part, by a diketopiperazine that is present in the albumin preparation and that was demonstrated to be safe and effective in reducing pain and improving function when administered intra-articularly in a phase III clinical trial. In the present study, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) exposed to LMWF5A exhibited an elongated phenotype with diffuse intracellular F-actin, pronounced migratory leading edges, and filopodia-like projections. In addition, LMWF5A promoted chondrogenic condensation in “micromass” culture, concurrent with the upregulation of collagen 2α1 mRNA. Furthermore, the transcription of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis was significantly regulated in a manner conducive to migration and homing. Several transcription factors involved in stem cell differentiation were also found to bind oligonucleotide response element probes following exposure to LMWF5A. Finally, a rapid increase in PRAS40 phosphorylation was observed following treatment, potentially resulting in the activation mTORC1. Proteomic analysis of synovial fluid taken from a preliminary set of patients indicated that at 12 weeks following administration of LMWF5A, a microenvironment exists in the knee conducive to stem cell infiltration, self-renewal, and differentiation, in addition to indications of remodeling with a reduction in inflammation. Taken together, these findings imply that LMWF5A treatment may prime stem cells for both mobilization and chondrogenic differentiation, potentially explaining some of the beneficial effects achieved in clinical trials.

Significance

This study describes the effect of a biologic currently under development for the treatment of osteoarthritis to induce both cytoskeletal and transcriptional changes in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. These changes may have implications for the regenerative potential of low molecular weight fraction of commercial 5% human serum albumin and could help explain some of the clinical findings in the clinical trials conducted using this drug.
Le contrat d’engagement de durée : un dispositif pertinent dans une stratégie relationnelle
Authors: Julienne Éric
Published: June 2015

Les contrats d’engagement de durée ont pour objectif de contrôler la fidélité comportementale des clients, mais ils ne sont pas exempts de risques. D’une part, les clients peuvent être réticents à s’engager dans la durée. D’autre part, le sentiment d’être enfermé par contrat risque d’amplifier la dégradation de la relation en cas d’incident. L’expérimentation menée dans cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre ces phénomènes. Elle indique qu’il existe une résistance des clients à s’engager dans une relation contractuelle longue. Ceci devrait inciter les marques à segmenter les clients selon leur propension à résister à l’engagement de durée. De plus, cette étude montre que, contrairement à nos attentes, les contrats d’engagement de durée ne sont pas en soi préjudiciables à la qualité de la relation.
L’argument écologique comme justification de la numérisation des contenus. Proposition d’une typologie des consommateurs selon leurs croyances
Authors: Abaidi Ibtissame , Elgaaied-Gambier Leila
Published: June 2015

Partant du constat qu’un nombre croissant de professionnels évoque l’argument écologique pour promouvoir la numérisation de contenus pour des produits annexes (factures, etc.), cette recherche s’est interrogée sur l’opportunité de ce type de communication pour des produits qui constituent le cœur de l’offre. Prenant pour terrain d’application la presse d’information, une étude qualitative a d’abord permis de faire émerger les freins et motivations liés aux journaux numériques. Une analyse typologique quantitative ( n =208) a ensuite permis de distinguer quatre profils: les non concernés, les pragmatiques, les sceptiques et les convaincus. Les implications managériales sont ensuite discutées.
Synthesis of DNA Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Site‐Specific 1,3‐Butadiene‐ Deoxyadenosine Lesions
Authors: Wickramaratne Susith , Seiler Christopher L. , Tretyakova Natalia Y.
Published: June 2015

Post‐oligomerization synthesis is a useful technique for preparing site‐specifically modified DNA oligomers. This approach involves site‐specific incorporation of inherently reactive halogenated nucleobases into DNA strands using standard solid‐phase synthesis, followed by post‐oligomerization nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions with carcinogen‐derived synthons. In these reactions, the inherent reactivities of DNA and carcinogen‐derived species are reversed: the modified DNA nucleobase acts as an electrophile, while the carcinogen‐derived species acts as a nucleophile. In the present protocol, we describe the use of the post‐oligomerization approach to prepare DNA strands containing site‐ and stereospecific N6
‐adenine and N1,N6
‐adenine adducts induced by epoxide metabolites of the known human and animal carcinogen 1,3‐butadiene (BD). The resulting oligomers containing site‐specific, structurally defined DNA adducts can be used in structural and biological studies to reveal the roles of specific BD adducts in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling geomagnetic cutoffs for space weather applications
Authors: Kress B. T. , Hudson M. K. , Selesnick R. S. , Mertens C. J. , Engel M.
Published: June 2015

Access of solar and galactic cosmic rays to the Earth's magnetosphere is quantified in terms of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity. Numerically computed grids of cutoff rigidities are used to model cosmic ray flux in Earth's atmosphere and in low Earth orbit. In recent years, the development of more accurate dynamic geomagnetic field models and an increase in computer power have made a real‐time data‐driven geomagnetic cutoff computation extending over the inner magnetosphere possible. For computational efficiency, numerically computed cutoffs may be scaled to different altitudes and directions of arrival using the known analytic variation of cutoff in a pure dipole magnetic field. This paper is a presentation of numerical techniques developed to compute effective cutoff rigidities for space weather applications. Numerical tests to determine the error associated with scaling vertical cutoff rigidities with altitude in a realistic geomagnetic field model are included. The tests were performed to guide the development of spatial grids for modeling cosmic ray access to the inner magnetosphere and to gain a better understanding of the accuracy of numerically modeled cutoffs.
Simultaneous influences of thermodynamics and aerosols on deep convection and lightning in the tropics
Authors: Stolz Douglas C. , Rutledge Steven A. , Pierce Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2015

Convective features (CFs) observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite between 2004 and 2011 are analyzed to determine the relative roles of thermodynamics and aerosols as they modulate radar reflectivity and lightning. We studied the simultaneous impacts of normalized convective available potential energy (NCAPE) and warm cloud depth (WCD) as well as cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (D ≥ 40 nm; N40) on total lightning density (TLD), average height of 30 dBZ echoes (AVGHT30), and vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRR) within individual CFs. The results show that TLD increases by up to 600% and AVGHT30 increases by up to 2–3 km with increasing NCAPE and N40 for fixed WCD. The partial sensitivities of TLD/AVGHT30 to NCAPE and N40 separately were comparable in magnitude but account for a fraction of the total range of variability (i.e., when the influences of NCAPE and N40 are considered simultaneously). Both TLD and AVGHT30 vary inversely with WCD such that maxima of TLD and AVGHT30 are found for the combination of high NCAPE, high N40, and shallower WCD. The relationship between lightning and radar reflectivity was shown to vary as a function of N40 for a fixed thermodynamic environment. Analysis of VPRRs shows that reflectivity in the mixed phase region is up to 5.0–5.6 dB greater for CFs in polluted environments compared to CFs in pristine environments (holding thermodynamics fixed). This analysis favors a merged hypothesis for the simultaneous roles of thermodynamics and aerosols as they influence deep convective clouds in the Tropics.
Differences in hydrophyte life forms induce spatial heterogeneity of CH4 production and its carbon isotopic signature in a temperate bog peatland
Authors: Itoh Masayuki , Shimamura Tetsuya , Ohte Nobuhito , Takemon Yasuhiro
Published: June 2015

To clarify the effect of differences in hydrophyte life forms on methane (CH4) production and its carbon stable isotopic signature (δ13C‐CH4), we analyzed CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, their stable carbon isotope values, and chemical constituents dissolved in pore water in a small floating peat bog in Japan. Because eutrophication has modified the surrounding water quality, the bog vegetation on the mat has been, in part, replaced by fen‐type vegetation. We hypothesized that differences in hydrophyte habitats affect redox conditions, including dissolved oxygen (DO) in water and therefore the amounts and carbon isotopic values of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in pore water. Between the habitats of two Sphagnum species, DO was considerably higher, and CH4 concentrations were significantly lower in Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. habitats in hollow (DO: 0.62 ± 0.20 mg/L (standard error (SE)) and CH4: 0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/L) than in Sphagnum palustre L. habitats in hummock (DO: 0.29 ± 0.08 and CH4: 0.82 ± 0.06) in pore water (10 cm depth). Both DO and CH4 concentrations in three vascular plant habitats (Rhynchospora fauriei Franch., Phragmites australis [reed], and Menyanthes trifoliata L.) in pore water (10 cm depth) were intermediate relative to the two Sphagnum species. However, CH4 flux in M. trifoliata site was significantly higher than that at both Sphagnum sites, suggesting that the type of gas transport (diffusive or convective via root and stem) affected the depth profile of CH4 concentrations and its flux. δ13C‐CH4 values in pore water also varied among the vegetation types, even within Sphagnum species (e.g., at 10 cm depth, δ13C‐CH4: R. fauriei, −55.3 ± 1.8‰ (SE); P. australis, −57.5 ± 1.6‰; M. trifoliata, −56.7 ± 1.5‰; S. cuspidatum, −71.2 ± 1.4‰; and S. palustre, −60.4 ± 0.6‰). Our results suggest that significant differences arise in CH4 concentration and δ13C‐CH4 values among the hydrophyte habitats even within a small peat bog and that change in vegetation relative to trophic conditions can affect CH4 emissions and associated δ13C‐CH4 values.
Fluctuations of refractivity as a systematic error source in radio occultations
Authors: Gorbunov Michael E. , Vorob'ev Valery V. , Lauritsen Kent B.
Published: June 2015

The fact that fluctuations of refractivity may result in a systematic negative shift of the phase of waves propagating in a random medium is known for a long time. Tatarskii was the first to reveal it, and von Eshleman put this into the context of the radio occultation sounding of planetary atmospheres. In this paper, we show that this effect may also be one of the causes of the negative bias of refractivity retrieved for radio occultation observations of the Earth's atmosphere. We perform theoretical estimates of this effect based on the Rytov approximation. These estimates, however, do not consider the regular refraction, which may significantly change the magnitude of this effect. We perform numerical simulations of radio occultations, based on the Kolmogorov‐von Kármán isotropic spectrum of refractivity fluctuations, with the internal and external scales and magnitude tuned so as to reproduce the realistic level of the variance of retrieved refractivity and the amplitude fluctuations of the modeled signals. The model of the regular atmosphere is based on analyses of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. We show that it is possible to set up a vertical profile of the structural constant of the fluctuation spectrum such that it will result in a systematic shift and variances of the retrieved refractivity consistent with those observed for COSMIC measurements.
Pore water geochemistry at two seismogenic areas in the Sea of Marmara
Authors: Ruffine Livio , Germain Yoan , Polonia Alina , de Prunelé Alexis , Croguennec Claire , Donval Jean‐Pierre , Pitel‐Roudaut Mathilde , Ponzevera Emmanuel , Caprais Jean‐Claude , Brandily Christophe , Grall Céline , Bollinger Claire , Géli Louis , Gasperini Luca
Published: June 2015

Within the Sea of Marmara, the highly active North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is responsible for major earthquakes (Mw ≥ 7), and acts as a pathway for fluid migration from deep sources to the seafloor. This work reports on pore water geochemistry from three sediment cores collected in the Gulfs of Izmit and Gemlik, along the Northern and the Middle strands of the NAF, respectively. The resulting data set shows that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the major process responsible for sulfate depletion in the shallow sediment. In the Gulf of Gemlik, depth concentration profiles of both sulfate and alkalinity exhibit a kink‐type profile. The Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is located at moderate depth in the area. In the Gulf of Izmit, the low concentrations observed near the seawater‐sediment interface for sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium result from rapid geochemical processes, AOM, and carbonate precipitation, occurring in the uppermost part of the sedimentary column and sustained by free methane accumulation. Barite dissolution and carbonate recrystallization have also been identified at deeper depth at the easternmost basin of the Gulf of Izmit. This is supported by the profile of the strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) as a function of depth which exhibits negative anomalies compared to the modern seawater value. The strontium isotopic signature also shows that these carbonates had precipitated during the reconnection of the Sea of Marmara with the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, a first attempt to interpret the sulfate profiles observed in the light of the seismic activity at both sites is presented. We propose the hypothesis that seismic activity in the areas is responsible for the transient sulfate profile, and that the very shallow SMTZ depths observed in the Gulf of Izmit is likely due to episodic release of significant amount of methane.
Imaging evidence for Hubbard Glacier advances and retreats since the last glacial maximum in Yakutat and Disenchantment Bays, Alaska
Authors: Zurbuchen Julie M. , Gulick Sean P. S. , Walton Maureen A. L. , Goff John A.
Published: June 2015

High‐resolution 2‐D multichannel seismic data, collected during the 2012 UTIG‐USGS National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program survey of Disenchantment and Yakutat Bays in southeast Alaska, provide insight into their glacial history. These data show evidence of two unconformities, appearing in the form of channels, and are interpreted to be advance pathways for Hubbard Glacier. The youngest observable channel, thought to have culminated near the main phase of the Little Ice Age (LIA), is imaged in Disenchantment Bay and ends at a terminal moraine near Blizhni Point. An older channel, thought to be from an advance that culminated in the early phase of the LIA, extends from Disenchantment Bay into the northeastern edge of Yakutat Bay, turning southward at Knight Island and terminating on the southeastern edge of Yakutat Bay. Our interpretation is that Hubbard Glacier has repeatedly advanced around the east side of Yakutat Bay in Knight Island Channel, possibly due to the presence of Malaspina Glacier cutting off access to central Yakutat Bay during times of mutual advance. We observe two distinct erosional surfaces and retreat sequences of Hubbard Glacier in Yakutat Bay, supporting the hypothesis that minor glacial advances in fjords do not erode all prior sediment accumulations. Interpretation of chaotic seismic facies between these two unconformities suggests that Hubbard Glacier exhibits rapid retreats and that Disenchantment Bay is subject to numerous episodes of outburst flooding and morainal bank collapse. These findings also suggest that tidewater glaciers preferentially reoccupy the same channels in bay and marine settings during advances.
Time scales and ratios of climate forcing due to thermal versus carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels
Authors: Zhang Xiaochun , Caldeira Ken
Published: June 2015

The Earth warms both when fossil fuel carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide and when greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide inhibits longwave radiation from escaping to space. Various important time scales and ratios comparing these two climate forcings have not previously been quantified. For example, the global and time‐integrated radiative forcing from burning a fossil fuel exceeds the heat released upon combustion within 2 months. Over the long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere, the cumulative CO2‐radiative forcing exceeds the amount of energy released upon combustion by a factor >100,000. For a new power plant, the radiative forcing from the accumulation of released CO2 exceeds the direct thermal emissions in less than half a year. Furthermore, we show that the energy released from the combustion of fossil fuels is now about 1.71% of the radiative forcing from CO2 that has accumulated in the atmosphere as a consequence of historical fossil fuel combustion.
Faulting and hydration of the upper crust of the SW Okinawa Trough during continental rifting: Evidence from seafloor compliance inversion
Authors: Kuo Ban‐Yuan , Crawford Wayne C. , Webb Spahr C. , Lin Ching‐Ren , Yu Tai‐Chieh , Chen Liwen
Published: June 2015

The elastic response of seafloor to ocean gravity wave loading, or seafloor compliance, provides a constraint on the elastic properties of the crust. We measured seafloor compliance at three ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) sites around Taiwan—two in the southwestern (SW) Okinawa Trough and one on the Ryukyu arc—and performed inversion for crustal structures beneath them. Models best fitting the data demonstrate a decrease in upper crustal shear velocity and an increase in the compressional/shear velocity ratio from the arc site to the trough sites with increasing amount of back‐arc extension. This variation suggests that the upper continental crust is highly faulted and hydrated during rifting of the Eurasian lithosphere.
Earthquake magnitude calculation without saturation from the scaling of peak ground displacement
Authors: Melgar Diego , Crowell Brendan W. , Geng Jianghui , Allen Richard M. , Bock Yehuda , Riquelme Sebastian , Hill Emma M. , Protti Marino , Ganas Athanassios
Published: June 2015

GPS instruments are noninertial and directly measure displacements with respect to a global reference frame, while inertial sensors are affected by systematic offsets—primarily tilting—that adversely impact integration to displacement. We study the magnitude scaling properties of peak ground displacement (PGD) from high‐rate GPS networks at near‐source to regional distances (~10–1000 km), from earthquakes between Mw6 and 9. We conclude that real‐time GPS seismic waveforms can be used to rapidly determine magnitude, typically within the first minute of rupture initiation and in many cases before the rupture is complete. While slower than earthquake early warning methods that rely on the first few seconds of P wave arrival, our approach does not suffer from the saturation effects experienced with seismic sensors at large magnitudes. Rapid magnitude estimation is useful for generating rapid earthquake source models, tsunami prediction, and ground motion studies that require accurate information on long‐period displacements.
Barrier‐induced supershear ruptures on a slip‐weakening fault
Authors: Weng Huihui , Huang Jinshui , Yang Hongfeng
Published: June 2015

Here we investigate the effects of a patch with elevated effective normal stress (barrier) on two‐dimensional in‐plane supershear rupture propagation on a planar fault from numerical experiments. Our results confirm that the barrier may slow down or stop coseismic ruptures but may also induce supershear ruptures. We demonstrate that the supershear rupture may emerge in a region that is delineated by two approximate linear boundaries. If the barrier size is below the lower boundary, ruptures can overcome the barrier and propagate at subshear speeds. If the barrier size is larger than the upper boundary, ruptures are always stopped by the barrier. Furthermore, we find that the barrier‐induced supershear ruptures may eventually slow down into subshear speed, depending on the size and the location of the barrier. The duration of supershear ruptures increases as the barrier sizes grow from the lower to the upper boundary, which are proportional to the reduction in rupture speeds caused by the barrier. These results indicate that a barrier on the fault may not stop coseismic ruptures. Rather, the barrier may induce ruptures propagating at supershear speeds that play important roles in near‐field ground shaking and damage.