bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life-course influences on social inequality in adult mortality risk: A review
Authors: Næss Øyvind , Claussen Bjørgulf
Published: June 2016

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Vi trenger sterkere samarbeid. Om behovet for koordinering av genetisk epidemiologisk forskning i Norge
Authors: Stoltenberg Camilla
Published: June 2016

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Challenges of genetic diversity and the use of high throughput genotyping in genetic epidemiology
Authors: Kristensen Vessela N.
Published: June 2016

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En oversikt over design i klassisk genetisk epidemiologi
Authors: Magnus Per , Lie Rolv T.
Published: June 2016

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Introduksjon til analyse av gen-gen og gen-miljø interaksjoner i case-kontroll studier
Authors: Stene Lars Christian
Published: June 2016

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Tintin as Spectacle: The Backstory of a Popular Franchise and Late Capital
Authors: Mountfort Paul
Published: June 2016

This article frames the Tintin franchise in terms of its evolving transmedia modes of cultural production and consumption as a story of commodification that is metonymic for key developments of the twentieth century, particularly in relation to capital and its inextricability from mass media. Drawing on elaborations of Marx’s notion of commodity fetishism, it argues developments in the early to middle decades of the twentieth century can be viewed revealingly through John Crary’s speculative explanation as to why Guy Debord chose 1927 as the precise birthdate of his Society of the Spectacle. Fredric Jameson’s analysis of late capitalism’s developmental phases through the Fifties to the Eighties supplies supplementary frames for the mid- to late twentieth century. I argue that Tintin’s progressive conscription into late capitalist spectacle reflects and reinforces these broader processes of commodification within intermeshing global culture flows, and in doing so reinscribes the cultural dominants of the twentieth century itself.
Identificación de metabolitos bioactivos de Neem (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.)
Authors: Vega-Jarquín Carolina
Published: June 2016

Los productos del metabolismo secundario de plantas suelen ser de interés biotecnológico como plaguicidas naturales útiles para mejorar estrategias agroecológicas o en el manejo de ecosistemas más amigables con el ambiente. Con el propósito de iniciar estudios en esta temática se procedió a: a) establecimiento, en medios sólidos y en suspensión, de cultivos celulares de Azadirachta indica; b) extracción secuencial fraccionada, aislamiento y detección de Azadiractina mediante cromatografía de capa fina; c) identificación, cuantificación del compuesto por cromatografía de líquidos, y comprobación de su actividad biológica. Todas las actividades se realizaron en el laboratorio de biotecnología de células vegetales del centro de investigaciones y estudios avanzados (CINVESTAV), México, a finales del año 2009. Los resultados indican la presencia de terpenoides en los extractos obtenidos, la Azadiractina fue aislada y detectada mediante cromatografía de capa fina (Rf 0,2). Este compuesto fue identificado también por la coincidencia de su tiempo de retención (20 min) con el del estándar en la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución de la muestra semipurificada. Fue cuantificado interpolando su absorbancia en la curva de calibración obtenida con diferentes concentraciones del estándar. Se encontraron 1.67 mg g-1 peso seco de este compuesto en las semillas estudiadas, y mediante bioensayos fue comprobado el efecto fungicida del extracto. Adicionalmente, fueron establecidos cultivos in vitro.La Calera Vol.14 No.23, 2014, pp.60-66
Los pequeños y medianos agricultores necesitan y pueden volverse muchísimo más eficientes
Authors: Lacki Polan
Published: June 2016

La Calera Vol.14 No.23, 2014, pp.111-115
The feasibility of implementing a pay-for-performance program in the treatment of alcohol/drug addiction: Implementation and initial results
Authors: Klein Audrey A. , Lloyd Karen D. , Asper Lisa M.
Published: June 2016

Background: This paper discusses the design and implementation of a pay-for-performance (P4P) initiative within the context of alcohol and drug addiction treatment. Though the use of P4P programs to enhance the quality of health care services has been increasing for certain chronic health conditions, these programs have been underutilized by providers of addiction treatment.Methods: Recently, as part of a new contractual agreement for patient care, a nationally-based alcohol/drug treatment provider collaborated with a major insurance payer to identify a set of metrics related to the quality of care. Selection of the metrics was guided by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)’s Triple Aim, with measures representing the patient experience, patient engagement with services, and readmission to treatment services. Prior to the beginning of each contract year, targets for each metric were set based on historic baseline data, and the treatment provider was financially incentivized by the insurance payer to achieve the targets.Results: A higher number of metrics targets were achieved in the second year of the contract compared to the first.Conclusions: The experience of both organizations thus far demonstrates that implementation of P4P initiatives within addiction treatment is feasible, provided that both parties are committed to the success of the endeavor. Future studies should examine the efficacy of these programs with a research-based methodology.
Percutaneous Trigger Finger Release: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Gancarczyk Stephanie M. , Jang Eugene S. , Swart Eric P. , Makhni Eric C. , Kadiyala Rajendra Kumar
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Percutaneous trigger finger releases (TFRs) performed in the office setting are becoming more prevalent. This study compares the costs of in-hospital open TFRs, open TFRs performed in ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), and in-office percutaneous releases.

Methods: An expected-value decision-analysis model was constructed from the payer perspective to estimate total costs of the three competing treatment strategies for TFR. Model parameters were estimated based on the best available literature and were tested using multiway sensitivity analysis.

Results: Percutaneous TFR performed in the office and then, if needed, revised open TFR performed in the ASC, was the most cost-effective strategy, with an attributed cost of $603. The cost associated with an initial open TFR performed in the ASC was approximately 7% higher. Initial open TFR performed in the hospital was the least cost-effective, with an attributed cost nearly twice that of primary percutaneous TFR.

Discussion: An initial attempt at percutaneous TFR is more cost-effective than an open TFR. Currently, only about 5% of TFRs are performed in the office; therefore, a substantial opportunity exists for cost savings in the future.

Level of Evidence: Decision model level II
Written Teacher Feedback: Student Perceptions, Teacher Perceptions, and Actual Teacher Performance
Authors: Zhan Li
Published: June 2016

This study sets out to investigate a teacher’s and her students’ perceptions of written teacher feedback in a college English as a foreign language (EFL) writing class in China. Essays, questionnaires, and interviews were employed to identify the types of feedback given by the teacher, the perceptions and preferences of students and the perceptions of the teacher. The teacher and her six students were interviewed, and sixty two students completed the questionnaires. The results are that the written teacher feedback covered content, organization, vocabulary, grammar and mechanics, and students reported that they benefited most from feedback on organization, which was focused on by the teacher but not specific enough and in a small amount. Moreover, the preferences of students were not expected by the teacher. Foreign language writing teachers were suggested to communicate more with their students about their feedback practices, and be aware of students’ perceptions and preferences, so that their writing instructions could be more effective.
A Conceptual Model for Understanding the Outcomes of Buyer-supplier Relationships in Supply Chains
Authors: Sapukotanage S. , Warnakulasuriya B. N. F. , Yapa S. T. W. S.
Published: June 2016

Inter firm relationships are receiving considerable attention in marketing literature.Many firms are focusing only on the activities that have been performed traditionally while making use of the relationships that have been developed with other firms to make an offer valued by the customer. In this context buyer-supplier relationships are also becoming increasingly important. The supply chain is a mechanism through which these relationships are materialized.

This paper aims to introduce a conceptual model that facilitates empirical testing of the outcomes of buyer-supplier relationships in supply chains. This exercise is based on a literature review.
Aplicação de Algoritmos de Árvore de Decisão Sobre Uma Base de Dados de Câncer de Mama
Authors: Bonini Jéssica Augusti
Published: June 2016

Este artigo descreve um experimento de mineração de dados utilizando árvores de decisão para a extração de informações de um dataset com amostras de tumores de mama e suas características, tendo como finalidade a classificação do tumor em benigno ou maligno. Detalhou­se a base de dados e as estratégias utilizadas para realização dos experimentos e aplicação dos algoritmos de decisão. Os algoritmos de árvore de decisão escolhidos para a classificação das amostras em questão foram o J48 e o REPtree. Após analise das árvores geradas, conclui­se que o atributo quantidade de citoplasma no núcleo sempre foi analisado para a determinação tanto de tumores malignos quanto de tumores benignos. Além disso, houve confirmações de padrões para tumores de mama.
Mecânica Quântica: da Física para a Computação
Authors: Feitosa Samuel S. , Nogueira Camila L. , Vizzotto Juliana K.
Published: June 2016

O interesse desta pesquisa é apresentar uma visão de alto nível a respeito da computação quântica para que os leitores possam ter contato com esta recente área. Além disso pode servir de apoio a pesquisadores iniciantes que objetivam buscar referências, no âmbito de iniciar seus estudos nesta área. Deste modo são apresentadas brevemente as origens, principais conceitos e características referentes a computação quântica, sempre que possível fazendo analogia a computação clássica, bem como a atual realidade do hardware quântico.
Sensory experience modifies feature map relationships in visual cortex
Authors: Cloherty Shaun L , Hughes Nicholas J , Hietanen Markus A , Bhagavatula Partha S , Goodhill Geoffrey J , Ibbotson Michael R
Published: June 2016

The extent to which brain structure is influenced by sensory input during development is a critical but controversial question. A paradigmatic system for studying this is the mammalian visual cortex. Maps of orientation preference (OP) and ocular dominance (OD) in the primary visual cortex of ferrets, cats and monkeys can be individually changed by altered visual input. However, the spatial relationship between OP and OD maps has appeared immutable. Using a computational model we predicted that biasing the visual input to orthogonal orientation in the two eyes should cause a shift of OP pinwheels towards the border of OD columns. We then confirmed this prediction by rearing cats wearing orthogonally oriented cylindrical lenses over each eye. Thus, the spatial relationship between OP and OD maps can be modified by visual experience, revealing a previously unknown degree of brain plasticity in response to sensory input.
Priority of discovery in the life sciences
Authors: Vale Ronald D , Hyman Anthony A
Published: June 2016

The job of a scientist is to make a discovery and then communicate this new knowledge to others. For a scientist to be successful, he or she needs to be able to claim credit or priority for discoveries throughout their career. However, despite being fundamental to the reward system of science, the principles for establishing the "priority of discovery" are rarely discussed. Here we break down priority into two steps: disclosure, in which the discovery is released to the world-wide community; and validation, in which other scientists assess the accuracy, quality and importance of the work. Currently, in biology, disclosure and an initial validation are combined in a journal publication. Here, we discuss the advantages of separating these steps into disclosure via a preprint, and validation via a combination of peer review at a journal and additional evaluation by the wider scientific community.
Room-temperature poling of PbTiO3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 sol–gel composite films by pulse discharge
Authors: Kouyama Hikaru , Kibe Taiga , Fujimoto Shota , Namihira Takao , Kobayashi Makiko
Published: June 2016

The PbTiO3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PT/PZT) sol–gel composite is a promising piezoelectric material because of its high piezoelectricity and temperature stability up to 360 °C. However, the poling of PT/PZT required high temperature owing to the high coercive field of PT, which made the poling of PT/PZT troublesome. In this research, conventional DC corona poling and pulse discharge at room temperature were attempted for PT/PZT samples. As a result, PT/PZT poled by pulse discharge generation at room temperature showed comparable ultrasonic responses to that poled by DC corona discharge generation at a high temperature. Therefore, room-temperature poling of PT/PZT was successfully carried out by pulse discharge, and poling time was markedly reduced from ∼15 min to 15 s.
Three-dimensional visualization of shear wave propagation generated by dual acoustic radiation pressure
Authors: Mochizuki Yuta , Taki Hirofumi , Kanai Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

An elastic property of biological soft tissue is an important indicator of the tissue status. Therefore, quantitative and noninvasive methods for elasticity evaluation have been proposed. Our group previously proposed a method using acoustic radiation pressure irradiated from two directions for elastic property evaluation, in which by measuring the propagation velocity of the shear wave generated by the acoustic radiation pressure inside the object, the elastic properties of the object were successfully evaluated. In the present study, we visualized the propagation of the shear wave in a three-dimensional space by the synchronization of signals received at various probe positions. The proposed method succeeded in visualizing the shear wave propagation clearly in the three-dimensional space of 35 × 41 × 4 mm3. These results show the high potential of the proposed method to estimate the elastic properties of the object in the three-dimensional space.
Continuous solar wind forcing knowledge: Providing continuous conditions at Mars with the WSA‐ENLIL + Cone model
Authors: Dewey R. M. , Baker D. N. , Mays M. L. , Brain D. A. , Jakosky B. M. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Odstrcil D. , Luhmann J. G. , Lee C. O.
Published: June 2016

Knowledge of solar wind conditions at Mars is often necessary to study the planet's magnetospheric and ionospheric dynamics. With no continuous upstream solar wind monitor at Mars, studies have used a variety of methods to measure or predict Martian solar wind conditions. In situ measurements, when available, are preferred, but can often be limited in continuity or scope, and so studies have also utilized solar wind proxies, spacecraft flybys, and Earth‐Mars alignment to provide solar wind context. Despite the importance of solar wind knowledge and the range of methods used to provide it, the use of solar wind models remains relatively unutilized. This study uses the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA)‐ENLIL + Cone solar wind model to calculate solar wind parameters at Mars' orbital location to provide a new approach to determining solar wind conditions at Mars. Comparisons of the model results with observations by the MAVEN spacecraft indicate that the WSA‐ENLIL + Cone model can forecast solar wind conditions at Mars as accurately as it has predicted them historically at the Earth, although at Mars the model systematically mispredicts solar wind speed and density, likely a result of magnetogram calibration. Particular focus is placed on modeling the early March 2015 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) that interacted with Mars. Despite the complexity of the ICMEs, the model accurately predicted the speed and arrival time of the ICME‐driven interplanetary shock, although it underpredicted other solar wind parameters. These results suggest that solar wind models can be used to provide the necessary general context of the heliospheric conditions to planetary studies.
The origin of infrasonic ionosphere oscillations over tropospheric thunderstorms
Authors: Shao Xuan‐Min , Lay Erin H.
Published: June 2016

Thunderstorms have been observed to introduce infrasonic oscillations in the ionosphere, but it is not clear what processes or which parts of the thunderstorm generate the oscillations. In this paper, we present a new technique that uses an array of ground‐based GPS total electron content (TEC) measurements to locate the source of the infrasonic oscillations and compare the source locations with thunderstorm features to understand the possible source mechanisms. The location technique utilizes instantaneous phase differences between pairs of GPS‐TEC measurements and an algorithm to best fit the measured and the expected phase differences for assumed source positions and other related parameters. In this preliminary study, the infrasound waves are assumed to propagate along simple geometric raypaths from the source to the measurement locations to avoid extensive computations. The located sources are compared in time and space with thunderstorm development and lightning activity. Sources are often found near the main storm cells, but they are more likely related to the downdraft process than to the updraft process. The sources are also commonly found in the convectively quiet stratiform regions behind active cells and are in good coincidence with extensive lightning discharges and inferred high‐altitude sprites discharges.
Statistical properties of the surface velocity field in the northern Gulf of Mexico sampled by GLAD drifters
Authors: Mariano A. J. , Ryan E. H. , Huntley H. S. , Laurindo L.C. , Coelho E. , Griffa A. , Özgökmen T. M. , Berta M. , Bogucki D. , Chen S. S. , Curcic M. , Drouin K.L. , Gough M. , Haus B. K. , Haza A. C. , Hogan P. , Iskandarani M. , Jacobs G. , Kirwan A. D. , Laxague N. , Lipphardt B. , Magaldi M. G. , Novelli G. , Reniers A. , Restrepo J. M. , Smith C. , Valle‐Levinson A. , Wei M.
Published: June 2016

The Grand LAgrangian Deployment (GLAD) used multiscale sampling and GPS technology to observe time series of drifter positions with initial drifter separation of O(100 m) to O(10 km), and nominal 5 min sampling, during the summer and fall of 2012 in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Histograms of the velocity field and its statistical parameters are non‐Gaussian; most are multimodal. The dominant periods for the surface velocity field are 1–2 days due to inertial oscillations, tides, and the sea breeze; 5–6 days due to wind forcing and submesoscale eddies; 9–10 days and two weeks or longer periods due to wind forcing and mesoscale variability, including the period of eddy rotation. The temporal e‐folding scales of a fitted drifter velocity autocorrelation function are bimodal with time scales, 0.25–0.50 days and 0.9–1.4 days, and are the same order as the temporal e‐folding scales of observed winds from nearby moored National Data Buoy Center stations. The Lagrangian integral time scales increase from coastal values of 8 h to offshore values of approximately 2 days with peak values of 3–4 days. The velocity variance is large,
, the surface velocity statistics are more anisotropic, and increased dispersion is observed at flow bifurcations. Horizontal diffusivity estimates are
in coastal regions with weaker flow to
in flow bifurcations, a strong jet, and during the passage of Hurricane Isaac. The Gulf of Mexico surface velocity statistics sampled by the GLAD drifters are a strong function of the feature sampled, topography, and wind forcing.
Slab mantle dehydrates beneath Kamchatka—Yet recycles water into the deep mantle
Authors: Konrad‐Schmolke Matthias , Halama Ralf , Manea Vlad C.
Published: June 2016

The subduction of hydrated slab mantle is the most important and yet weakly constrained factor in the quantification of the Earth's deep geologic water cycle. The most critical unknowns are the initial hydration state and the dehydration behavior of the subducted oceanic mantle. Here we present a combined thermomechanical, thermodynamic, and geochemical model of the Kamchatka subduction zone that indicates significant dehydration of subducted slab mantle beneath Kamchatka. Evidence for the subduction of hydrated oceanic mantle comes from across‐arc trends of boron concentrations and isotopic compositions in arc volcanic rocks. Our thermodynamic‐geochemical models successfully predict the complex geochemical patterns and the spatial distribution of arc volcanoes in Kamchatka assuming the subduction of hydrated oceanic mantle. Our results show that water content and dehydration behavior of the slab mantle beneath Kamchatka can be directly linked to compositional features in arc volcanic rocks. Depending on hydration depth of the slab mantle, our models yield water recycling rates between 1.1 × 103 and 7.4 × 103 Tg/Ma/km corresponding to values between 0.75 × 106 and 5.2 × 106 Tg/Ma for the entire Kamchatkan subduction zone. These values are up to one order of magnitude lower than previous estimates for Kamchatka, but clearly show that subducted hydrated slab mantle significantly contributes to the water budget in the Kamchatkan subduction zone.
Quantifying melt production and degassing rate at mid‐ocean ridges from global mantle convection models with plate motion history
Authors: Li Mingming , Black Benjamin , Zhong Shijie , Manga Michael , Rudolph Maxwell L. , Olson Peter
Published: June 2016

The Earth's surface volcanism exerts first‐order controls on the composition of the atmosphere and the climate. On Earth, the majority of surface volcanism occurs at mid‐ocean ridges. In this study, based on the dependence of melt fraction on temperature, pressure, and composition, we compute melt production and degassing rate at mid‐ocean ridges from three‐dimensional global mantle convection models with plate motion history as the surface velocity boundary condition. By incorporating melting in global mantle convection models, we connect deep mantle convection to surface volcanism, with deep and shallow mantle processes internally consistent. We compare two methods to compute melt production: a tracer method and an Eulerian method. Our results show that melt production at mid‐ocean ridges is mainly controlled by surface plate motion history, and that changes in plate tectonic motion, including plate reorganizations, may lead to significant deviation of melt production from the expected scaling with seafloor production rate. We also find a good correlation between melt production and degassing rate beneath mid‐ocean ridges. The calculated global melt production and CO2 degassing rate at mid‐ocean ridges varies by as much as a factor of 3 over the past 200 Myr. We show that mid‐ocean ridge melt production and degassing rate would be much larger in the Cretaceous, and reached maximum values at ∼150–120 Ma. Our results raise the possibility that warmer climate in the Cretaceous could be due in part to high magmatic productivity and correspondingly high outgassing rates at mid‐ocean ridges during that time.
Multipoint MMS observations of fine‐scale SAPS structure in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Erickson P. J. , Matsui H. , Foster J. C. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Argall M. R. , Farrugia C. J. , Paulson K. W. , Strangeway R. J. , Magnes W.
Published: June 2016

We present detailed observations of dynamic, fine‐scale inner magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling at ∼3.9 RE in the Region 2 Birkeland field‐aligned current (FAC). We find that observed electrodynamic spatial/temporal scales are primarily characteristic of magnetically mapped ionospheric structure. On 15 September 2015, conjugate Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft and Millstone Hill radar observations show plasmasphere boundary region subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) electric fields at L = 4.0–4.2 near 21 MLT. MMS observations reveal high‐altitude ∼1 mV/m fine‐scale radial and azimuthal electric field perturbations over ≤0.15 L with high spatial coherence over ≥2–3 min and show outward motion within a broader FAC of ∼0.12 μA/m2. Our analysis shows that MMS electric field fluctuations are most likely reflective of SAPS ionospheric structure at scales of ∼22 km and with ionospheric closure of small‐scale filamentary FAC perturbations. The results highlight the ionosphere's importance in regulating fine‐scale magnetosphere‐ionosphere structure.
Controls on circulation, cross‐shelf exchange, and dense water formation in an Antarctic polynya
Authors: Snow K. , Sloyan B. M. , Rintoul S. R. , Hogg A. McC. , Downes S. M.
Published: June 2016

Circulation on the Antarctic continental shelf influences cross‐shelf exchange, Antarctic Bottom Water formation, and ocean heat flux to floating ice shelves. The physical processes driving the shelf circulation and its seasonal and interannual variability remain poorly understood. We use a unique time series of repeat hydrographic observations from the Adélie Land continental shelf and a box inverse model to explore the relationship between surface forcing, shelf circulation, cross‐shelf exchange, and dense water formation. A wind‐driven northwestward coastal current, set up by onshore Ekman transport, dominates the summer circulation. During winter, strong buoyancy loss creates dense shelf water. This dense water flows off the shelf, with a compensating on‐shelf flow that is an order of magnitude larger in winter than in summer. The results demonstrate the importance of winter buoyancy loss in driving the shelf circulation and cross‐shelf exchange, as well as dense water mass formation.
Cross‐field current instability for auroral bead formation in breakup arcs
Authors: Lui A. T. Y.
Published: June 2016

The physical process responsible for the onset of substorm expansion is still unresolved in spite of decades of research on the topic. Detailed properties of the spatially periodic auroral beads on prebreakup auroral arcs that initiate substorm expansion onset are now available. These auroral bead properties impose severe observational constraints on the onset process. In this work, theoretical predictions of the cross‐field current instability are evaluated in terms of these constraints. The growth rates and wavelengths associated with auroral beads in several previously published events are reproduced by the cross‐field current instability, implying that the instability can indeed account for the characteristics of auroral beads that eventually lead to substorm onset. The present results differ from the conclusion reached by a previous analysis that the shear flow ballooning instability can account for the growth and spatial scales of auroral beads better than the cross‐field current instability.
Observations of the impenetrable barrier, the plasmapause, and the VLF bubble during the 17 March 2015 storm
Authors: Foster J. C. , Erickson P. J. , Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. N. , Mishin E. V. , Fennel J. F. , Li X. , Henderson M. G. , Kanekal S. G.
Published: June 2016

Van Allen Probes observations during the 17 March 2015 major geomagnetic storm strongly suggest that VLF transmitter‐induced waves play an important role in sculpting the earthward extent of outer zone MeV electrons. A magnetically confined bubble of very low frequency (VLF) wave emissions of terrestrial, human‐produced origin surrounds the Earth. The outer limit of the VLF bubble closely matches the position of an apparent barrier to the inward extent of multi‐MeV radiation belt electrons near 2.8 Earth radii. When the VLF transmitter signals extend beyond the eroded plasmapause, electron loss processes set up near the outer extent of the VLF bubble create an earthward limit to the region of local acceleration near L = 2.8 as MeV electrons are scattered into the atmospheric loss cone.
Estuarine circulation versus tidal pumping: Sediment transport in a well‐mixed tidal inlet
Authors: Becherer Johannes , Flöser Götz , Umlauf Lars , Burchard Hans
Published: June 2016

High‐resolution water column observations have been carried out in the Wadden Sea to understand suspended particulate matter (SPM) transport in well‐mixed tidal channels. These observations include more than 4000 consecutive CTD, microstructure shear and turbidity profiles from a free‐falling microstructure probe, as well as velocity data from an ADCP and SPM samples for calibration. A horizontal density gradient was established by a landward temperature gradient built up during an extraordinarily warm and calm spring season. Tidal averaging along σ‐layers (relative depth) provides the first direct observations of along‐channel estuarine circulation in the Wadden Sea, with net inflow near the bottom and outflow near the surface. Increased westerly (up‐estuary) winds during the second part of the campaign weakened and eventually even reversed estuarine circulation and yielded a net barotropic eastward transport. SPM concentrations showed a strong quarter‐diurnal signal with maxima near full flood and full ebb and were generally lower during the calm period and increased during the windy period, mainly due to wave‐related resuspension over nearby intertidal flats. The sediment flux analysis was based on a decomposition of the vertically integrated SPM flux into a barotropic advective component, an estuarine circulation component and a tidal pumping component. As a result, tidal pumping (due to ebb‐dominance weakly seaward) dominated the SPM flux during calm conditions, whereas barotropic advection dominated the strong landward SPM flux during the windy period. Along‐channel estuarine circulation is found to be of minor importance for the net SPM transport in such well‐mixed systems.
Sunlight induced chlorophyll fluorescence in the near‐infrared spectral region in natural waters: Interpretation of the narrow reflectance peak around 761 nm
Authors: Lu Yingcheng , Li Linhai , Hu Chuanmin , Li Lin , Zhang Minwei , Sun Shaojie , Lv Chunguang
Published: June 2016

Sunlight induced chlorophyll a fluorescence (SICF) can be used as a probe to estimate chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl) and infer phytoplankton physiology. SICF at ∼685 nm has been widely applied to studies of natural waters. SICF around 740 nm has been demonstrated to cause a narrow reflectance peak at ∼761 nm in the reflectance spectra of terrestrial vegetation. This narrow peak has also been observed in the reflectance spectra of natural waters, but its mechanism and applications have not yet been investigated and it has often been treated as measurement artifacts. In this study, we aimed to interpret this reflectance peak at ∼761 nm and discuss its potential applications for remote monitoring of natural waters. A derivative analysis of the spectral reflectance suggests that the 761 nm peak is due to SICF. It was also found that the fluorescence line height (FLH) at 761 nm significantly and linearly correlates with Chl. FLH(761 nm) showed a tighter relationship with Chl than the relationship between FLH(∼685 nm) and Chl mainly due to weaker perturbations by nonalgal materials around 761 nm. While it is not conclusive, a combination of FLH(761 nm) and FLH(∼685 nm) might have some potentials to discriminate cyanobacteria from other phytoplankton due to their different fluorescence responses at the two wavelengths. It was further found that reflectance spectra with a 5 nm spectral resolution are adequate to capture the spectral SICF feature at ∼761 nm. These preliminary results suggest that FLH(761 nm) need to be explored more for future applications in optically complex coastal and inland waters.
The spectral albedo of sea ice and salt crusts on the tropical ocean of Snowball Earth: 1. Laboratory measurements
Authors: Light Bonnie , Carns Regina C. , Warren Stephen G.
Published: June 2016

The ice‐albedo feedback mechanism likely contributed to global glaciation during the Snowball Earth events of the Neoproterozoic era (1 Ga to 544 Ma). This feedback results from the albedo contrast between sea ice and open ocean. Little is known about the optical properties of some of the possible surface types that may have been present, including sea ice that is both snow‐free and cold enough for salts to precipitate within brine inclusions. A proxy surface for such ice was grown in a freezer laboratory using the single salt NaCl and kept below the eutectic temperature (−21.2°C) of the NaCl‐H2O binary system. The resulting ice cover was composed of ice and precipitated hydrohalite crystals (NaCl · 2H2O). As the cold ice sublimated, a thin lag‐deposit of salt formed on the surface. To hasten its growth in the laboratory, the deposit was augmented by addition of a salt‐enriched surface crust. Measurements of the spectral albedo of this surface were carried out over 90 days as the hydrohalite crust thickened due to sublimation of ice, and subsequently over several hours as the crust warmed and dissolved, finally resulting in a surface with puddled liquid brine. The all‐wave solar albedo of the subeutectic crust is 0.93 (in contrast to 0.83 for fresh snow and 0.67 for melting bare sea ice). Incorporation of these processes into a climate model of Snowball Earth will result in a positive salt‐albedo feedback operating between −21°C and −36°C.
Estimating the recharge properties of the deep ocean using noble gases and helium isotopes
Authors: Loose Brice , Jenkins William J. , Moriarty Roisin , Brown Peter , Jullion Loic , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Torres Valdes Sinhue , Hoppema Mario , Ballentine Chris , Meredith Michael P.
Published: June 2016

The distribution of noble gases and helium isotopes in the dense shelf waters of Antarctica reflects the boundary conditions near the ocean surface: air‐sea exchange, sea ice formation, and subsurface ice melt. We use a nonlinear least squares solution to determine the value of the recharge temperature and salinity, as well as the excess air injection and glacial meltwater content throughout the water column and in the precursor to Antarctic Bottom Water. The noble gas‐derived recharge temperature and salinity in the Weddell Gyre are −1.95°C and 34.95 psu near 5500 m; these cold, salty recharge values are a result of surface cooling as well as brine rejection during sea ice formation in Antarctic polynyas. In comparison, the global value for deep water recharge temperature is −0.44°C at 5500 m, which is 1.5°C warmer than the southern hemisphere deep water recharge temperature, reflecting a distinct contribution from the north Atlantic. The contrast between northern and southern hemisphere recharge properties highlights the impact of sea ice formation on setting the gas properties in southern sourced deep water. Below 1000 m, glacial meltwater averages 3.5‰ by volume and represents greater than 50% of the excess neon and argon found in the water column. These results indicate glacial melt has a nonnegligible impact on the atmospheric gas content of Antarctic Bottom Water.
Carbon export fluxes and export efficiency in the central Arctic during the record sea‐ice minimum in 2012: a joint 234Th/238U and 210Po/210Pb study
Authors: Roca‐Martí Montserrat , Puigcorbé Viena , Rutgers van der Loeff Michiel M. , Katlein Christian , Fernández‐Méndez Mar , Peeken Ilka , Masqué Pere
Published: June 2016

The Arctic sea‐ice extent reached a record minimum in September 2012. Sea‐ice decline increases the absorption of solar energy in the Arctic Ocean, affecting primary production and the plankton community. How this will modulate the sinking of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the ocean surface remains a key question. We use the 234Th/238U and 210Po/210Pb radionuclide pairs to estimate the magnitude of the POC export fluxes in the upper ocean of the central Arctic in summer 2012, covering time scales from weeks to months. The 234Th/238U proxy reveals that POC fluxes at the base of the euphotic zone were very low (2 ± 2 mmol C m−2 d−1) in late summer. Relationships obtained between the 234Th export fluxes and the phytoplankton community suggest that prasinophytes contributed significantly to the downward fluxes, likely via incorporation into sea‐ice algal aggregates and zooplankton‐derived material. The magnitude of the depletion of 210Po in the upper water column over the entire study area indicates that particle export fluxes were higher before July/August than later in the season. 210Po fluxes and 210Po‐derived POC fluxes correlated positively with sea‐ice concentration, showing that particle sinking was greater under heavy sea‐ice conditions than under partially ice‐covered regions. Although the POC fluxes were low, a large fraction of primary production (>30%) was exported at the base of the euphotic zone in most of the study area during summer 2012, indicating a high export efficiency of the biological pump in the central Arctic.
Effect of body mass distribution on the ontogeny of positional behaviors in non‐human primates: Longitudinal follow‐up of infant captive olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Druelle François , Aerts Peter , Berillon Gilles
Published: June 2016

The diversity of primates’ positional capabilities is unique among mammals. Indeed, they exhibit a daily repertoire composed of various locomotor and postural modes that may be linked to their particular morphological pattern. Because ontogeny undergoes parallel behavioral and morphological modifications, it may be useful to investigate the biomechanical consequences of the changing body shape. We, therefore, collected accurate quantitative and longitudinal data on positional behaviors, body mass distribution patterns, activities, and environment on a sample of six infant olive baboons, Papio anubis. These baboons are kept at the Primatology Station of the CNRS, France, where they live within the same social group. Individual behaviors were quantified using the focal sampling method. The body mass distribution was estimated according to a geometric model based on direct external measurements. Multivariate analysis enabled us to analyze the interactions between the data. Our results show that body mass distribution changes together with the ontogenetic changes in positional behaviors. At an early age, individuals have distally heavy segment masses in the limbs and an important fraction of the behavioral repertoire involves efficient grasping abilities. At the end of infancy, the same individuals have relatively more mass in proximal segments of the limbs and the proportion of quadrupedal walking is significantly higher while other climbing and suspensory behaviors decreased substantially. The present study experimentally confirms the association between body mass distribution and the positional repertoire of primates. These relationships, when interpreted in the context of basic biomechanical concepts, may improve our understanding of primate locomotion. We discuss further the implications of these functional relationships when modeling the evolutionary pathway of primates. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1201–1221, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of T2R38 taste phenotype and in vitro biofilm formation from nonpolypoid chronic rhinosinusitis patients
Authors: Adappa Nithin D. , Truesdale Carl M. , Workman Alan D. , Doghramji Laurel , Mansfield Corrine , Kennedy David W. , Palmer James N. , Cowart Beverly J. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: June 2016

Background

Sinonasal biofilms have been demonstrated in specimens collected from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients. Mounting evidence suggests that biofilms contribute to therapeutically recalcitrant CRS. Recently, the bitter taste receptor T2R38 has been implicated in the regulation of the sinonasal mucosal innate immune response. TAS2R38 gene polymorphisms affect receptor functionality and contribute to variations seen in sinonasal innate defense as well as taste perception reflected in gustatory sensitivity to the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). In a population of CRS patients with active infection or inflammation, we sought to determine if a correlation between T2R38 phenotype and in vitro biofilm formation existed.

Methods

Endoscopically guided sinonasal swabs were obtained prospectively from CRS (±polyp) patients with evidence of persistent inflammation or mucopurulence. In vitro biofilm formation was assessed with a modified Calgary Biofilm Detection Assay. Patients’ phenotypic (functional) expression of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 was evaluated with a taste test including the compound PTC. Linear regression was used to determine the level of significance between mean in vitro biofilm formation levels and mean PTC taste test intensity ratings across CRS patients.

Results

Sinonasal swabs were obtained from 59 patients, with 42 of the 59 samples demonstrating in vitro biofilm formation. Analysis revealed an inverse linear association between in vitro biofilm formation and PTC taste intensity ratings (p = 0.019) for all patients. This association was exclusively driven by nonpolypoid CRS patients (p = 0.0026).

Conclusion

In vitro biofilm formation from sinonasal clinical isolates is inversely correlated with PTC taste sensitivity in nonpolypoid CRS patients.
Health utility values for patients with recurrent acute rhinosinusitis undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery: a nested case control study
Authors: Steele Toby O. , Mace Jess C. , Dedhia Raj , Rudmik Luke , Smith Timothy L. , Alt Jeremiah A.
Published: June 2016

Background

Health utility scores quantify an individual's valuation of particular health states and are vital components of health economic studies and cost‐effectiveness research. We sought to characterize health utility values for patients with recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS) both before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), as well as compare health utility to chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP).

Methods

Patients with RARS (n = 20) and CRSsNP (n = 20) undergoing ESS were enrolled as part of a longitudinal, observational, prospective cohort. Case patients diagnosed with RARS were age‐ and gender‐matched to controls with CRSsNP using a nested case‐control design at a 1:1 ratio. Health utility was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐6D (SF‐6D) survey.

Results

Patients with RARS were followed for an average of 14.0 ± 6.1 (mean ± standard deviation) months compared to an average of 14.4 ± 5.3 months for CRSsNP controls (p = 0.779). Mean preoperative SF‐6D health utility scores were statistically comparable between RARS (0.71 ± 0.14) and CRSsNP (0.66 ± 0.12; p = 0.341). Both patients with RARS and CRSsNP reported significant postoperative improvement in SF‐6D scores from 0.71 ± 0.14 to 0.79 ± 0.13 (p = 0.031) and from 0.66 ± 0.12 to 0.77 ± 0.13 (p = 0.004), respectively. No difference in last postoperative SF‐6D scores were found between RARS and CRSsNP (p = 0.583) or in the average magnitude of postoperative improvement (0.08 ± 0.16 vs 0.11 ± 0.13; p = 0.620).

Conclusion

Patients with RARS and CRSsNP report significant impairment in health utility as measured by the SF‐6D. ESS significantly improves health utility in patients with RARS and CRSsNP to near normative values. These data will help inform future economic analysis and cost‐effectiveness research.
IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO SERINE PROTEASES AND THEIR POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN PROPHENOLOXIDASE ACTIVATION IN Plutella xylostella
Authors: Gao Gang , Xu Xiao‐Xia , Yu Jing , Li Lin‐Miao , Ju Wen‐Yan , Jin Feng‐Liang , Freed Shoaib
Published: June 2016

The proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) is a humoral defense mechanism in insects and crustaceans. Phenoloxidase (PO) is produced as an inactive precursor namely, proPO and is activated via specific proteolytic cleavage by proPO‐activating proteinase. The current research reports two novel serine proteinase genes (PxSP1—768 bp and PxSP2—816 bp) from Plutella xylostella, encoding 255 and 271 amino acid residues, respectively. Tissue distribution analyses by semiquantitative reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) revealed the resultant genes to be primarily expressed in the hemocytes, while quantitative‐RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) assay showed that transcription level of PxSP1 and PxSP2 increased significantly after injection of the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. Purified recombinant fusion proteins of PxSP2 and PxSP1 were injected to New Zealand white rabbits and polyclonal antibodies were generated with the titers of 1:12,800. After silencing the expression of PxSP2 by RNAi, the PO activity decreased significantly. The results show that PxSP2 is involved in prophenoloxidase activation in P. xylostella.
Huge Differences in the Kinetics of Swelling Enhancement and De‐enhancement of Permanently Charged Polyelectrolyte Brushes
Authors: Chu Xiao , Yang Jingfa , Zhao Jiang
Published: June 2016

As demonstrated previously (X. Chu et al., Soft Matter 2014, 10, 5568), permanently charged polyelectrolyte brushes can experience an enhancement of swelling by exposure to an external monovalent salt solution in moderate concentrations. Beyond the previous static measurements, the kinetics of the swelling enhancement and de‐enhancement were investigated in the current study by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D). By developing an effective approach to quantify the response in QCM‐D, a vast difference in swelling enhancement and de‐enhancement of a model permanently charged polyelectrolyte brush (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, NaPSS) was discovered. The results indicate new physics of the charged brushes: the difference in the attachment and detachment of counterions to the polyelectrolyte chains.
Benzodipyrrole‐based Donor–Acceptor‐type Boron Complexes as Tunable Near‐infrared‐Absorbing Materials
Authors: Nakamura Tomoya , Furukawa Shunsuke , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: June 2016

Benzodipyrrole‐based donor–acceptor boron complexes were designed and synthesized as near‐infrared‐absorbing materials. The electron‐rich organic framework combined with the Lewis acidic boron co‐ordination enabled us to tune the LUMO energy level and the HOMO–LUMO gap (i.e.,the absorption wavelength) by changing the organic acceptor units, the number of boron atoms, and the substituents on the boron atoms.
Trends in extreme precipitation indices across China detected using quantile regression
Authors: Fan Lijun , Chen Deliang
Published: June 2016

For China, long‐term changes are detected not only in the means of eight extreme precipitation indices, but also in their distribution shapes by quantile regression. This resulted in different trends for the means and other aspects of the index distributions. The differences between changes in the means and upper/lower extremes vary with region and index. A noteworthy feature is that changes in upper tails of the index distributions across a broad area, especially in the south, are at a much higher rate than mean trends estimated by the traditional linear regression model. This has practical implications for disaster risk management.
Hurricane simulation using different representations of atmosphere–ocean interaction: the case of Irene (2011)
Authors: Mooney P. A. , Gill D. O. , Mulligan F. J. , Bruyère C. L.
Published: June 2016

Three approaches to represent sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in atmospheric models have been investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model: (1) prescribing SSTs every 6 h from reanalysis, (2) a one‐dimensional ocean mixed‐layer model and (3) a fully coupled regional ocean model. Hurricane Irene (2011) was chosen as the test case. All three options produced results comparable to observations immediately after storm passage but only options (1) and (3) captured recovery to pre‐storm conditions which suggests both are feasible approaches for long‐term simulations of tropical cyclones. Option (2) merits further investigation because of its greater computational efficiency and reduced complexity.