bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aids Dementia Complex
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may involve the brain directly and lead to a subcortical dementia, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC). It is perhaps the most important neurologic complication of HIV disease because it is so disabling but potentially treatable. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has lessened the incidence of the disorder, it still occurs relatively commonly, taking its toll on loved ones, care givers, and ultimately the community in general. Moreover, understanding of its pathogenesis has progressed significantly, and as a result a better understanding of disease mechanisms in other conditions has been achieved. The discussion of ADC in this chapter will follow a similar structure to other chapters with the exception that the epidemiological aspects are mentioned after the clinical features so that the reader can appreciate the clinical variables important in the evaluation of incidence and prevalence figures.
General Pathobiological Features of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia
Authors: Fenoglio-Preiser Cecilia
Published: November 2023

In the past, a discussion of the general pathobiology of gastrointestinal neoplasia would have focused on the major pathological and behavioral characteristic of gastrointestinal tumors. Today, however, there is a burgeoning body of literature in which the molecular pathogenesis of gastrointestinal neoplasms is examined. Because of this information explosion, the discussion is increasingly shifting to an exploration of the molecular changes associated with gastrointestinal neoplasia and ways in which this emerging knowledge can be used to better diagnose and treat these tumors.
Management Options: Metastatic Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Kulke Matthew H , Mayer Robert J
Published: November 2023

Approximately 50% of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma have metastatic disease at the time of their initial presentation. Metastatic disease also develops in most patients who undergo potentially curative resection. Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the most effective treatment modality for patients with metastatic gastric cancer. Studies in the past 30 years have demonstrated that several chemotherapeutic agents are active in this disease, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, cisplatin, and mitomycin C. More recent studies have shown that oral analogues of 5-FU, as well as the taxanes and irinotecan, also have activity.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma: Potentially Resectable Gallbladder Carcinoma or Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Curley Steven A
Published: November 2023

Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelium of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangiocarcinomas are rarer than hepatocellular carcinomas, comprising less than 10% of primary malignancies of the liver. In the United States, approximately 3000 patients are diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma annually. Cholangiocarcinomas are diagnosed most frequently in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and there is a slight male preponderance of cases.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Hepatocellular Cancer: Management Options: Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Patt Yehuda Z , Hassan Manal M
Published: November 2023

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common worldwide with varying geographic incidence and is frequently encountered in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.1,2 The disease was once rare in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia, but its incidence has been rising in the United States. The incidence of hepatobiliary cancers increased 48% between 19933 (15,000 new cases) and 20004 (20,200 new cases). In 1999, El-Serag and Mason5 reported an increase in the incidence of HCC in the United States, mostly in the African American population.
Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology, and Molecular Biology of Small Bowel and Appendiceal Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Neugut Alfred I , Arber Nadir
Published: November 2023

Most articles and studies on a specific cancer site begin by describing how important the particular cancer is in terms of its incidence and mortality rates. For example, two gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, gastric cancer and large bowel cancer, are indeed major contributors to the cancer burden of the world overall, and to the cancer burden of the United States in particular. Thus, what is most interesting about the small bowel, located as it is between two high cancer incidence organs and containing 90% of the mucosal surface area of the alimentary tract and 75% of its length, is that it is one of the rarest types of cancer. 1– 6
Clinical Aspects and Management of Colon Adenocarcinoma: Diagnostic and Staging Procedures
Authors: Cima Robert R , Bleday Ronald
Published: November 2023

Approximately 1.2 million new cases of invasive cancers, excluding skin cancer, were diagnosed in the United States in 2001. Colon cancer accounted for nearly 48,000 deaths in the United States in 1999.1 When combined with rectal cancer, colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer deaths in men, behind lung cancer and prostate cancer and in women, behind lung cancer and breast cancer. Early detection of colon cancer often translates into a lower stage of disease and improved chances for survival.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Colon Adenocarcinoma: Management of Local and Locoregional Colon Cancer
Authors: Guillem Jose G , Saltz Leonard B
Published: November 2023

Surgical management is the primary treatment of potentially curable colon cancer. In most cases, this involves resection of the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes. However, treatment options may include endoscopic polypectomy for malignant polyps, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) excision or laparoscopically assisted colectomy in carefully selected patients, and multimodality management for locally advanced cancers. The prevailing objective throughout is to maximize both oncologic and functional results.
Epidemiology, Pathology, Molecular Biology, and Natural History of Gastrointestinal Sarcomas
Authors: Bilimoria Malcolm M , Berman Russell S , Pollock Raphael E
Published: November 2023

There are approximately 7000 new cases of sarcoma each year, the vast majority of which involve the extremities.1 Sarcomas can involve any of the visceral organs within the abdominal cavity but most commonly involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Three percent of all sarcomas, or about 150 cases each year, are GI sarcomas.2 This chapter will discuss GI sarcomas, highlighting the biologic and pathologic aspects as well as the natural history of these unusual tumors.
Aphasia and the Neural Basis of Language
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Damasio Hanna
Published: November 2023

The investigation of the neural basis of language occupies a unique place in the history of both neurology and neuroscience. It is fair to say that neurology began in earnest about a century and a half ago, around the study of language, and that what we now call neuroscience can be traced to that same effort. In this chapter, we take this dual status of language into account. We discuss language from the perspective of both neurology and neuroscience, mindful of the significance of language for both clinical practice and neuroscientific progress.
Charity Care and Social Responsibility
Authors: Hall Robert T
Published: November 2023

Uncompensated care is a serious issue for most hospitals in the United States. According to the AHA, 6% of hospital expenses were for bad debt and charity care in 1997; this amounted to $18.5 billion, compared with $6 billion in 1980 (AHA, 1998). And this hardly meets the need; there is still a gap between hospital expenditures and the 15% of the population that have no health insurance. This situation is reflected, in part, in the waiting lines outside many free clinics.

The question of charity care involves consideration of the basic structure of our healthcare system. It raises issues of corporate social responsibility at the most general level of economic philosophy and public policy. This chapter be­ gins with a discussion of corporate social responsibility, moves on to the question of for-profit and not-for-profit corporate structures, and then takes up the issue of charity care. It closes with a few remarks on the effects of hospital conversions, mergers, and joint ventures on corporate social responsibility.
An Overview of Genetic Predisposition and the Search for Predisposing Genes for Breast Cancer
Authors: Ponder Bruce
Published: November 2023

Breast cancer, like most common cancers, tends to cluster in families. There is evidence, discussed below, that most of the family clustering results from inheritance rather than shared environment. If we knew the genes that underlie the family clustering, the knowledge might be applied in several ways: Understanding of cancer development; application to treatment and prevention. The genes can be thought of either as part of the sequence of events that must be accumulated to turn a normal cell into a cancer cell or as outside the pathway but influencing it; in either case, they may suggest targets for treament or prevention. Epidemiology. Analytic epidemiology relies on identifying associations between exposures’ and disease. If the population of individuals with cancer is heterogeneous, correlations may be weakened. Genetic classification may resolve some of this heterogeneity. Knowledge of the mechanism of action of a genetic variant may also suggest an environmental cause with which the gene could interact.
Breast Cancer: Intervention in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Families
Authors: Elmslie Frances V , Eeles Rosalind A
Published: November 2023

There are a number of strategies for intervention in families known to harbor a mutation in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. The type of intervention considered will depend on the individual’s status (whether affected or unaffected) and wishes. The options fall broadly into three groups: those aimed at primary prevention of cancer, those aimed at early detection, and those aimed at prevention of recurrence or the development of a second malignancy in individuals who have been previously affected. Research into the management of men and women who have a known genetic susceptibility to cancer is ongoing. Al-though most studies are retrospective, data are beginning to accrue that demonstrate benefit for some preventative strategies. More work is needed in this specific group of patients to determine the strategies for management. This is most optimal in the context of multicenter trials.
Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tilley Wayne D , Buchanan Grant , Coetzee Gerhard A
Published: November 2023

The androgen-signaling axis is the principal regulator of the development, function, and growth of the prostate gland and plays a vital role in prostate cancer predisposition and progression. The major components of this axis include the biosynthesis and transport of testosterone to target tissues, where it is converted to the more active metabolite 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT); maturation of the androgen receptor (AR) to a ligand-binding-competent form; nuclear import; and the subsequent transcriptional regulation of AR target genes. The AR, which is the pivotal component of androgen signaling, is a member of the superfamily of nuclear transcription factors that regulate a diverse range of cellular functions by providing a direct link between signaling molecules and gene transcription.1–3 The AR is unique among nuclear receptors (NRs) in that a strong constitutive transactivation function involving at least three overlapping regions of the N-terminal domain (NTD) is responsible for most, if not all, of its transactivation activity. The AR NTD also contains two polymorphic regions (polyQ and polyG stretches) that are associated with prostate cancer predisposition. In particular, there is an inverse correlation between polyQ size and both receptor activity and risk of developing prostate cancer. The status of the androgen-signaling axis is especially important in patients who either are diagnosed with or subsequently develop metastatic prostate cancer. Currently, the success of the only treatment option for metastatic disease, androgen ablation [i.e., orchidectomy, treatment with luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists/antagonists and/or AR antagonists4,5], is dependent on a functional androgen-signaling axis. Despite an initial response to androgen ablation in 80%–90% of patients, these hormonal therapies are essentially palliative and disease progression eventually ensues.5,6 Resistance to androgen ablation is not necessarily due to loss of androgen sensitivity but may develop as a consequence of a deregulated androgen-signaling axis resulting from increased levels of, or gain of function mutations in, the AR gene, altered interaction between the receptor and coregulatory molecules, or ligand-independent activation of the AR by growth factors and cytokines.7–12 In this chapter, we review the contribution of molecular aberrations in the AR gene to genetic predisposition, tumor progression, and the development of resistance to androgen-ablation therapies.
Inner Hygiene
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

Inner Hygiene explores the serious health threat of constipation, and discusses the extraordinary variety of preventive and curative measures that have been developed to save people from the toxic effects of intestinal irregularity. The book examines the evolution over the last two centuries of the belief that constipation is a disease brought on by an unnatural lifestyle of urban, industrial society. Particular attention is given to the many constipation therapies that people have used, including laxatives, enemas, mineral waters, bran cereals, yogurts, electrotherapy, calisthenics, rectal dilation devices, and many other remedies. The story is carried up to the present and demonstrates that many of constipation therapies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are continuing into the twenty-first.
The Cultured Abdomen: Dietary Prevention
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

One day in May, 1937, a young American woman answered her door to find a florist’s delivery man there to present her with a dozen roses, and an envelope. “I am sorry,” the note from her boyfriend began, “hut I am sure you will understand.” She didn’t, of course: “She lay on the sofa and sobbed her heart away. Why was it,” she cried to herself, “that she always just missed romance and marriage?” It surely wasn’t her “looks and figure,” which were the envy of friends. Yet she had been in “low spirits” oflate, had felt “listless,” “indifferent,” “too tired to play up to her personality.” Her eyes, in fact, had “lost their sparkle,” and wrinkles were beginning to form on her face. No wonder, when she thought about it, the romance had been broken off.
From Roughage to Softage: The Rise of Dietary Fiber
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

In 1900, J. Ellis Barker was 30 years old and already a wreck, an object lesson in the wages of misspent youth. From early childhood, he had eaten freely of sweets and “did not pay attention to securing regular evacuations” (“I prided myself upon being able to suppress my need as long as I liked”). Consequently, he “became plagued with constipation,” and resorted to the habitual taking of purgatives to keep himself open. “In course of time,” inevitably, “I began to suffer from autointoxication.” His digestion worsened, he developed jaundice and rheumatism, gout set in, and he lost 30 pounds in weight. All the while, he grew steadily weaker, until a mere 5-minute walk left him exhausted, and on occasion he even fainted. Neither spa treatments, massage therapy, vegetarian diet, nor Fletcherism were of any avail. Understandably, he began to have crying fits on occasion, grew ever more melancholy, and at last found himself thinking of suicide: “I was spending my days lying on the bed and on the sofa in utmost misery… My presence became unpleasant to others. I became disgusting to myself.”
East Slavic
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

In this final descriptive chapter we discuss the status of clitics in East Slavic (ESl). These include Russian (Rus), to which most of the chapter is devoted, and Belarusian (Br) and Ukrainian (Ukr), which we treat in less detail. These languages are presented for the sake of completeness and play a minimal role in subsequent parts of the book. The reason is that the ESl literary languages lack the kinds of prononimal and auxiliary clitics which are the focus of this study. With the exception of southwestern Ukr dialects, one of which, Hucul, we examine in some detail, “special” clitics were lost in ESL This is in keeping with Jakobson’s (1935/1971) generalization that all inflecting clitics were lost in Rus, with the ramification that pronominal and auxiliary clitics disappeared and the related consequence that the reflexive (or “voice”) morpheme -sja became frozen as such (see also Toman 1999). However, most noninflected (or “simple”) clitics remained intact. As we shall see in our description of Rus, this includes various sentence particles, the conditional marker by, the proclitic negation marker ne, and most famously the Rus interrogative element li.
Rethinking Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

This is a reprint of a book first published by Little, Brown in 1978. George Fletcher is working on a new edition, which will be published by Oxford in three volumes, the first of which is scheduled to appear in January of 2001. Rethinking Criminal Law is still perhaps the most influential and often cited theoretical work on American criminal law. This reprint will keep this classic work available until the new edition can be published.
Syndrome Diagnosis and Investigation in the Hearing-impaired Patient
Authors: Reardon William
Published: November 2023

Among pediatricians, audiological physicians, otolaryngologists, and other non-dysmorphologists, the recognition of a specific syndrome is often assumed to be a reflex reaction on seeing the patient. In my bitter experience, few assumptions could be so factually ill-founded! Those occasional moments of euphoric dizziness when a gestalt (instant recognition) diagnosis is made in the waiting room are quickly submerged by the endless tide of patients whose abundance of distinctive clinical features should, one remorsefully feels, facilitate the identification of an underlying syndrome diagnosis that remains elusively unachievable. Gorlin has acknowledged the special qualities possessed by great diagnosticians and written of an ability “to intuit the answer to a clinical dilemma” (7). These individuals are the exceptions, possessed of a sixth sense. Most clinical geneticists and dysmorphologists approach the diagnosis of dysmorphic syndromes in a semistructured way that combines history taking, clinical examination, specialized investigation, training, intuition, inspiration, and exasperation in different measures according to the nature of the clinical problem represented by the patient in question and the experience and expertise of the clinician. Too often the unsatisfactory outcome of a consultation is the rueful acknowledgement that one does not recognize a syndrome in this case but would know this memorable malformation pattern if encountered in another patient in the future.
Pronoun Envy
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

Controversy over gendered pronouns, for example using the generic “he,” has been a staple of feminist arguments about patriarchal language over the last 30 years, and is certainly the most contested political issue in Western feminist linguistics. Most accounts do not extend beyond policy issues like the official institution of non-sexist language. In this volume, Anna Livia reveals continuities both before and after the sexist language refore movement and shows how the creative practices of pronoun use on the part of feminist writers had both aesthetic and political ends. Livia uses the term “pronoun envy” ironically to show that rather being a case of misguided envy, battles over gendered language are central to feminist concerns. Livia examines a broad corpus of written texts in English and French, concentrating on those texts which problematize the traditional functioning of the linguistic gender system. They range from novels and prose poems to film scripts and personal testimonies, and in time from the 19th century to the present. Some withhold any indication of gender; others have non-gendered characters. Livia’s goal is two-fold; to help bridge the divide between linguistic and literary analysis, and to show how careful study of the manipulation of linguistic gender in these texts informs larger concerns. This fresh and highly interdisciplinary work lies at the intersection of several vital areas, including language and gender, sociolinguistics, and feminist literary analysis.
“Avant j’étais un transsexuel, maintenant j’étais une femme”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

So far in our discussion of the linguistic gender system in French and English, we have mainly considered literary texts in which the gender identity of the characters is itself unproblematic. Many of the novels studied are by or about lesbians or bisexual women, adding sexual orientation as an axis of inquiry, but the characters themselves are not usually described as sexually ambiguous. Exceptions to this are Natalie Clifford Barney’s The One Who Is Legion, Brophy’s In Transit, and Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Left Hand of Darkness. The first two are narrated by figures whose gender identity is unorthodox: the narrator of the former is a hermaphrodite, while that of the latter is either-male-or-female. However, the conventions of the genre in which each novel was written—the first symbolist, the second parodic prevent the reader from taking this gender ambiguity at face value.
A Resource-Based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge versus Opportunism
Authors: Conner Kathleen R , Prahalad C K
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a resource-based theory of the firm. Its thesis is that the organizational mode through which individuals cooperate affects the knowledge they apply to business activity. For example, Y and Z might face a choice between working together as employees in a firm or completing the same task as independent contractors. There will be a difference in the knowledge that is brought to bear, and hence in their joint productivity, under the two options. This conclusion depends on the straightforward assumption that Y and Z each possess experience, insights, or skills that are to some extent different from those of the other. Tacit knowledge, which can be learned only through personal experience (Polanyi 1962, Nelson and Winter 1982, Nonaka 1994), is an example of know-how that is difficult to transfer ex ante. The difference in the knowledge that is brought to bear, once anticipated, affects the choice of organizational mode itself. Thus, as compared to opportunismbased, transaction-cost theory, we advance a separate (yet complementary) answer to the question, Why do firms exist? As the literature makes increasingly clear, a knowledge-based view is the essence of the resource-based perspective. The central theme emerging in the strategic management resourcebased literature is that privately held knowledge is a basic source of advantage in competition.
Mobilizing Knowledge in lnterorganizational Alliances
Authors: Fischer Harald M , Brown Joyce , Porac Joseph F , Wade James B , DeVaughn, Michael , Kanfer Alaina
Published: November 2023

The study of strategic alliances has blossomed over the past several years partly because the diversity of alliance forms and motivations is an interesting problem of classification and explanation. This research has revolved around definitions of alliances that concern the transfer of resources, sharing of governance structures, and the joint accomplishment of individual goals (Parkhe 1991). Inkpen (1998), for example, lists joint ventures, licensing agreements, distribution and supply agreements, research and development partnerships, and technical exchanges as among the multitude of alliance forms which can further be subclassified by governance type (e.g., equity or nonequity arrangements). Similar to alliance forms, researchers have also identified a long list of motives for alliance formation. Varadarajan and Cunningham (1995) argue, for instance, that motives underlying strategic alliance formation include market entry, changes in market structure, resource efficiency, resource acquisition, risk reduction, and skill enhancement. While many of these known motivations for entering alliances are implicitly based on the assumption that learning and information sharing occurs among partner firms, only recently have researchers begun to focus on learning and knowledge transfer processes within strategic alliances (e.g., Inkpen and Dinur 1998, Mowery et al. 1996, Simonin 1999a).
How Does Knowledge Flow? lnterfirm Patterns in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Appleyard Melissa M
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines interfirm information flows in a knowledge-intensive industry. The study looks beyond assumptions that knowledge simply “spills” across company boundaries to identify and examine the mechanisms by which technical knowledge is disseminated. Survey data on interfirm knowledge transfers in the semiconductor industry are used to explore why patterns of knowledge exchange are different both across industries and across countries. The findings offer a rare account of the primary knowledge sharing vehicles in the semiconductor industry, both in the United States and Japan, and provide a grounding for optimal strategies of knowledge management. The fifth section presents evidence on knowledge sharing drawn from surveys of employees in the semiconductor industry. In contrast to findings from empirical studies of the steel industry, public channels of communication play a central role in the transfer of knowledge in the semiconductor industry. The survey also finds international differences. Semiconductor employees in the United States are approached more frequently for technical information and are more likely to fulfill at least one request per year. However, Japanese workers are more likely to fulfill the majority of requests that they receive. The fieldwork provides a rare account of the primary knowledge sharing mechanisms in the semiconductor industry.
Classification and Description of Nonsyndromic Clefts
Authors: Saal Howard M
Published: November 2023

Cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CUP) and isolated cleft palate (CP), collectively termed oral clefts (OCs), are among the most common birth defects, with a prevalence that ranges between 1 case in every 500 to 1000 newborns. The prevalence of CUP varies according to ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors (Croen et al., 1998; Bender, 2000). Native Americans have the highest reported prevalence at birth, with 3.6 CLIP cases per 1000 births. Asians have the second highest prevalence at birth for CUP, with 2.1 cases per 1000 Japanese and 1.7 cases per 1000 Chinese live births (Croen et al., 1998). Gender seems to play a role in the etiology of CUP since males predominate by a 2:1 ratio (Tolarova, 1987). Also, population studies have shown that individuals born in more rural, lower socioeconomic conditions have a higher risk for CLIP compared to ethnically similar groups with a higher socioeconomic status (Chung et al., 1987; Cembrano et al., 1995). The incidence of CP is much less dependent on racial and ethnic factors, being approximately 1 in 2000 live births (Vanderas, 1987; Gorlin et al., 1990). In contrast to CLP, however, there is a female predominance of CP, the ratio being approximately 3:2 females to males (Cohen, 2000).
Morphometric Characteristics of Subjects with Oral Facial Clefts and Their Relatives
Authors: Ward Richard E , Moore Elizabeth S , Hartsfield James K
Published: November 2023

The relationship between cleft lip and palate (CLP) and facial form is widely recognized, frequently studied, and poorly understood. Thus, after nearly a century of research, it remains uncertain which aspects of facial form are related to the primary underlying cause of the cleft and which aspects are secondary to the effects of the cleft or of its repair. Clearly, complete CLP will distort normal facial growth but so may its later surgical repair. It is also suspected that certain facial shapes are more predisposed to developing CLP than others. To address these issues, facial form has been evaluated in three distinct groups of subjects: untreated individuals with oral facial clefts, affected individuals with repaired clefts, and unaffected relatives of individuals with clefts. An astonishing number of studies over the last 50 years have examined one or more of these populations and have generated considerable, frequently conflicting information. Variations in methodology, sample composition, and the degree to which the studies have controlled for differences in cleft type and etiology have made it difficult to generalize from this information. We make no pretense of comprehensively reviewing every one of the several hundred articles written on these topics. Instead, in this chapter, we summarize a select group of key publications and extract from them common themes that represent what is known at the start of a new century of research.
Psychological Care of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate in the Family
Authors: Kapp-Simon Kathleen A
Published: November 2023

The birth of a child with a cleft lip with or without palate (CUP) sets in motion a variety of reactions that have significant consequences for the long-term emotional development of the child within his or her family. Although every family is unique, there is a commonality to the experience of responding to the birth of a child with special medical needs that has been frequently described in terms of shock, sadness, fear, grief, guilt, anger, and other types of psychological distress (Clifford and Crocker, 1971; Spriesterbach, 1973; Orotar et al., 1975; Richman and Harper, 1978; Brantley and Clifford, 1979; Stricker et al., 1979; Barden, 1980; Benson and Gross, 1989; Pillemer and Cook, 1989; Epperson and Meyers, 1990; Speltz et al., 1990; Carreto, 1991; Endriga et al., 1994). Despite the extensive evidence documenting the distress of the initial period following the child’s birth, most families cope very well and provide an emotionally healthy environment for their child. However, children live not only in their families but also in society, and there is considerable evidence that individuals with facial differences must negotiate a plethora of personal challenges to self-esteem and social acceptance once they leave the protective environment of the family (Macgregor, 1974, 1979, 1990; Bull and Rumsey, 1988). Nevertheless, most individuals with CUP are ultimately successful in coping with these difficulties and mature into productive members of society (Strauss, 2001). How families negotiate the risks associated with their child’s CUP while fostering hope and adaptation is the focus of this chapter.
Insurance and Coverage of Care
Authors: Billmire David A
Published: November 2023

The birth of a child with a cleft or a craniofacial defect can be a traumatic event for a family. Feelings of shock, guilt, and inadequacy are common. Once these fears and concerns are addressed and the parents are assured that the problem is not their fault, the next question they invariably ask is how they will pay for the child’s care. This is a legitimate concern, especially in view of the current situation regarding healthcare financing and coverage. With about 13% of children having no healthcare coverage at all, 26% covered mainly by Medicaid (Edmunds and Coye, 1998), and the remaining covered by some form of managed care, the treatment of any complex disorder brings anxiety to the family and treatment team. The concern for the family is whether they can afford the care, and the concern for the team is whether they will be allowed to do what can and should be done. Craniofacial disorders are somewhat unique from a medical perspective. They are rarely fatal, their functional aspects (i.e., speech, hearing, and dental) are easily dismissed by managed care, and they have a strong quality-of-life issue with significant aesthetic overlay. Furthermore, they must be treated over the developmental life of the child, which makes them susceptible to claims of pre-existing conditions, and, most importantly, they occur exclusively in children. Children and their parents lack the financial and political wherewithal to effect significant changes in healthcare (Strauss, 1994). Despite all of this, however, it is rare that a child in the United States with a craniofacial disorder does not receive at least basic care.
Marketing Policies
Authors: Slade John
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is tobacco product marketing. Public health efforts seek to reduce illness and death through prevention and treatment (USDHHS 2000). The intermediate goals for accomplishing this include reducing new use of tobacco products, reducing use among current users, and, perhaps, helping those who use tobacco to continue in less dangerous ways (Warner, Slade, and Sweanor 1997; Bolliger et al. 2000). Controlling the industry’s marketing of tobacco products and sponsoring public health messages (countermarketing) have become two important tools in this effort.
Storm Over Texes
Authors: Silbey Joel H
Published: November 2023

In the Spring of 1844, a fiery political conflict erupted over the admission of Texas into the Union, a hard-fought and bitter controversy that profoundly changed the course of American history. Indeed, as Joel Silbey argues in A Fierce Political Storm, the battle over Texas marked the crucial moment when partisan differences were transformed into a North-vs-South antagonism, and the momentum towards Civil War leaped into high gear. One of America’s renowned political historians, Silbey offers a swiftly paced and compelling narrative of the Texas imbroglio, with an exceptional cast of characters, including John C. Calhoun, John Quincy Adams, James K. Polk, and Martin Van Buren. He shows in particular how the Van Buren bloc of the Democratic Party--the “Barnburners”--stood at the heart the annexation controversy. We see how a series of unexpected moves, some planned, some inadvertent, sparked a crisis that intensified and crystallized the North-South divide, which then became, for the first time, a driving force in national affairs. Sectionalism, Silbey shows, had often been intense, but rarely widespread and generally well contained by other forces on the political landscape. But after Texas statehood, the political landscape was transformed into one sculpted by implacable sectional differences. The bitter discord over annexation--with slavery the core issue--was the seed from which America's great crisis of union grew, leading ultimately to Southern secession and Civil War. The Texas controversy released demons that were never again pushed back into the bottle. With subtlety, great care, and much imagination, Joel Silbey shows that this brief political struggle became, in the words of an Alabama congressman, “the greatest question of the age”--indeed, a pivotal moment in American history.
“Prolific Of Evil And Pregnant With Bloody Fruit”
Authors: Silbey Joel H
Published: November 2023

On July 4, 1845, A Texas Constitutional Convention Convened by the republic’s president, Ansel Jones, met to consider an ordinance accepting the United States’ annexation proposal. There had continued to be disagreements among Texans about the American offer and political manuevering to defeat it. These difficulties were now overcome, and the ordinance passed overwhelmingly. In October the last steps were taken. The people of Texas voted to ratify the convention’s action. The news of their official acceptance, in the form originally proposed by Milton Brown, reached Washington just in time for President Polk to announce it to the members of the new, Democratically controlled Twenty-ninth Congress when they convened in its first session in early December.
An introduction to the Minnesota innovation Research Program
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Angle Harold L
Published: November 2023

The challenge of international competition has brought with it a growing awareness that the United States is losing its innovativeness. Witness the common call for stimulating innovation that is found in bestselling books by Ouchi (1981), Magaziner and Reich (1982), Peters and Waterman (1982), Kanter (1983), and Lawrence and Dyer (1983). Underlying this concern is the belief that a significant gap has arisen between the ability of the United States to create and to implement new ideas. As a free society with diverse people and large research institutions, the United States is generally regarded as the most inventive nation in the We greatly appreciate useful comments from Scott Poole on an earlier draft of this chapter, as well as MIRP study directors for preparing the summaries of their innovation studies presented in the appendix of this chapter world. However, other nations are surpassing the United States in developing and implementing its ideas. innovation requires more than the creative capacities to invent new ideas; it requires managerial skills and talents to transform good ideas into practice. But these capabilities to manage the process of innovation remain underdeveloped.
Psychology and Organizational innovation
Authors: Angle Harold L
Published: November 2023

As an innovation idea moves from its inception through development and implementation, it is people who push, modify, or drop the innovation (Van de Ven 1986). This chapter is concerned with the ways in which personal attributes interact with activities, experiences, and social contexts to influence the development of innovative ideas over time. The chapter’s primary purpose is to outline an agenda for investigation of the psychology of organizational innovation. Because people, their environments, and their behaviors have bidirectional impacts on one another (Bandura 1977), the discussion encompasses the reciprocal influence between people and innovations, which unfolds over time-that 1s, The author greatly appreciates comments on an earlier draft of this chapter from Kenneth Craik (University of California, Berkeley), andy Van de Ven (University of Minnesota), and numerous colleagues in the Minnesota innovation Research Program, as well as the students in the spring 1987 doctoral seminar on the management of innovation at the University of Minnesota. the ways in which people affect and are affected by the innovation process.
The Central Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

The vestibular nuclei receive a multiplicity of signals originating in the vestibular endorgans. Thousands of axons of primary vestibular neurons enter each side of the brain stem to innervate second-order neurons in four anatomically distinctive groups, located on the floor of the fourth ventricle. This vestibular complex is bounded laterally by the restiform body, rostrally by the brachium conjunctivum, ventrally by the nucleus and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, and medially in its caudal portion by the wall of the fourth ventricle. The vestibular nuclei form a column of nerve cells of different lengths depending on the species, being the longest in humans (13.5 mm) and smaller in animals with evolutionarily smaller brains—frogs (2.2 mm), chinchillas (4.0 mm), and squirrel monkeys (5.0 mm). However, not all of the neurons in these nuclei receive primary afferent vestibular nerve fibers and most receive input from other sensory systems and other nuclei (Figs. 3–1 and 3–2).1–8
Laboratory Examination of the Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

The term electronystagmography (ENG) was initially used to describe a method for recording nystagmus with electrooculography (EOG). With time, however, ENG has become a more general term for a battery of tests that measure eye movements to assess vestibular and visual–vestibular function.1 With ENG, one can quantify the slow-component velocity, frequency, and amplitude of spontaneous or induced nystagmus, and the changes in these measurements brought about by loss of fixation (with eyes open in darkness). In addition, visually controlled eye movements (saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus) can be recorded and quantitatively assessed. Often abnormalities are identified that were not observed during the bedside examination.2
Vascular Disorders
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Chapter 2, the vascular supply to the labyrinth, eighth nerve, and brain stem arises from a common source: the vertebrobasilar circulation. The vestibular system is subject to two general categories of vascular ischemia: (1) hypoperfusion in the vertebrobasilar system, in which case multiple areas (both peripheral and central) become simultaneously ischemic, or (2) hypoperfusion in the distribution of a single smaller feeding vessel, in which case there is a circumscribed area of ischemia. In the former case the site of origin of hypoperfusion can be anywhere from the heart and major vessels in the chest and neck to the basilar artery, whereas in the latter case an occlusion is usually situated near the origin or, less frequently, in the smaller feeding vessel itself. These two categories of ischemia are not mutually exclusive, however; a patient with small-vessel disease may be as asymptomatic because of collateral circulation, but an added hypoperfusion in the vertebrobasilar system can lead to focal ischemia and or infarction.
Antiemetic and Antivertigo Drugs
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

Vertigo is an unpleasant sensation that is frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting. These symptoms can result from a variety of diseases affecting the vestibular system (see chapters 8–17). The best therapy is to eliminate vertigo with specific treatment of the underlying disease. However, in cases in which the disease is not readily treatable, when treatment must be continued for a long period before improvement occurs or when vertigo is prolonged and severe, there is a need for symptomatic therapy.
Vestibular Rehabilitation
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

When the vestibular system has been permanently damaged, the initial state of imbalance at the level of the brain stem nuclei results in acute vertigo.1 Gradually, the patient adapts to this imbalance through a process of compensation that requires intact vision and depth perception, normal proprioception in the neck and limbs, and intact sensation in the lower extremities. Central pathways are also integral to compensation, and damage to these areas results in less effective recovery.
Religious Madness in the Vormarz Culture, Politics, and the Professionalization of Psychiatry
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

In 1849 Germany’s leading psychiatric journal reported a curious “illness” that, “like a plague,” had swept through a number of rural Swedish com munities1: young girls subject to an “involuntary drive to preach.” The “preaching illness” began with symptoms of a “strongly-felt awakening to wards repentance and improvement,” headaches, and burning in the chest. It then progressed to “automatic convulsions” and visions, which the girls “imagine are the effects of God’s spirit.” In this state, they preached a message ad monishing against sin-against dancing, drinking, card-playing, and other depraved behavior-and prophesied the coming destruction of the world. Whole communities had been infected, believing in the girls’ message and in their connection to God.
The Midrashic Enterprise of Contemporary Jewish Women
Authors: Myers Jody
Published: November 2023

For the first time in almost two thousand years of Bible interpretation, Jewish women are composing and publishing their own midrash. They began in the 1970s in North America, their works appearing in alternative religious ceremonies and in marginal publications. While not yet a familiar form of Jewish religious writing, women’s midrash can now be found in commercially successful books; printed and analyzed in journals; and featured in public lectures, adult education classes, and midrashwriting workshops.
Why So Many Americans Are in Prison
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

American imprisonment rates, more than 700 per 100,000 residents behind bars at the end of December 2002, have reached unprecedented levels compared with other times in U.S. history or with current times in other Western countries. In other Western countries between 50 and 150 residents per 100,000 are in prison or jail on an average day. In Sweden, one in every 2,000 people is locked up; that is the lowest rate. In Portugal, the highest, it is one in 650. By contrast, in the United States, one of every 120 people is in prison or jail; that is five to twelve times the rates in other Western countries (A. Kuhn 1998; Bureau of Justice Statistics 2003). When those under 16 and over 70 are disregarded, one in eighty Americans each day awakens inside a prison or jail. Nearly one of every seven black American men in their late twenties is among them.
Formerly Unthinkable Policies
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Contemporary penal sensibilities have led public officials to propose and support policies that would have been unthinkable in other recent times and in other countries today, even though they are commonplace in the United States, and have been enthusiastically supported by public officials, policy intellectuals, and the general public. One way to show how much modern American policies differ from those in earlier times and other places is to note how often they call for imposition of disproportionate punishments. Most normative theories of punishment, and the punishment jurisprudences of most Western countries, attach importance to the ideas that more serious crimes warrant harsher punishments than do less serious crimes and that comparably serious crimes warrant comparably severe sanctions. This is often in shorthand referred to as the proportionality principle: punish like cases alike and unlike cases differently.
Unthought Thoughts
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Just as there are bad ideas and regrettable policies in contemporary America that are best understood as underconsidered outgrowths of contemporary penal sensibilities, there are ideas and policies, formerly so mainstream as not in their own times seriously to be questioned, that have all but disappeared. There are also ideas that are so much a part of contemporary sensibilities as seldom to be questioned, yet they seem nearly absent in other times. Lots of examples could be offered of issues and ways of thinking that are common in particular times and conspicuously absent in others. Two issues, preventive detention and prosecutorial sentence appeals, which due process liberals and crime control conservatives fought over in the 1970s, provide examples. The preventive detention question was whether people charged with crimes could be held in jail until trial because they were believed to be dangerous and likely to commit an offense while free on bail. Until the 1970s, the conventional view was that, with one legitimate and one illegitimate exception, the only reason to deny bail was because the defendant was believed likely otherwise to run away.