bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of a Hydrophilic PVDF Membranes by Electron Beam Induced Grafting Polymerization of Acrylic Acid
Authors: Yang Liang , Wei Jun Fu , Zhao Kong Yin , Luo Zi An
Published: December 2012

In order to improve the water flux of PVDF hollow-fiber membrane, acrylic acid (AA) was grafted onto PVDF membrane matrix through electron beam irradiation in isopropanol/water aqueous solution. The grafting conditions were optimized and the effects of grafting parameters were investigated. Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) was used to characterize the chemical changes of the PVDF matrix. The morphological behaviors have been estimated using field emitting scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The present study suggested that the grafting degree played a dominant role in the water flux of AA grafted PVDF membrane (PVDF-g-AA). The pure water flux of grafted membrane increased to 467.8 L/m2h, nearly two times than the original membrane.
Suitable Hydrogen Pressure Induced Anisotropy in HDDR-Treated Pr-Fe-B Powders
Authors: Han Guang Bing , Fu Shuang , Liu Min , Gao Ru Wei
Published: December 2012

Anisotropic Pr12.5Fe72.5Co6Cr2B7 magnetic powders are obtained by varying the desorption H2-pressure of the hydrogenation disproportionation desorption recombination (HDDR) process. The magnetic powders with a desorption H2-pressure of 30 kPa have the magnetic properties of Br =0.96 T, iHc=8.2 kOe and Br/Bs =0.78, whereas the magnetic powders obtained with a higher and a lower desorption H2-pressure are isotropic. A distinct lamella crystal is observed in the 30 kPa desorption H2-pressure products and may be related to the anisotropy in the HDDR-treated powders. It is believed that the desorption H2-pressure has great effect on the formation of crystal texture in the HDDR Pr-Fe-B powders.
Dynamic Characteristics Simulation of the Digital Hydraulic Cylinder Based on AMESim
Authors: Guo Xu Sheng , Li Quan Cai , Xiao Ju Liang
Published: December 2012

Hydraulic transmission has a wide range of applications and attains rapid development. As the traditional methods of mathematic modeling in the design of the electro-hydraulic control system are very complex, making the design and debugging cycle of the hydraulic system longer. Thus in this paper, using the AMESim which is a senior modeling software facing engineering task design, does the modeling and simulation calculations for one kind of digital hydraulic cylinder. We get its simulation in the application of the actual working condition. At the same time, we optimize the simulation parameters and analyze the simulation results. The simulation results and analysis can provide certain reference value for the design, debugging and subsequent improvement of the digital hydraulic cylinder. According to the simulation results, it can meet different operational requirements by making appropriate compensation and adjustment in practical applications.
On the Crushing Behavior of Foam-Filled Composite Tubes under Compressive Loading
Authors: Othman Akbar , Abdullah Shahrum , Ariffin Ahmad Kamal , Mohamed Nik Abdullah Nik , Rashid Helmi
Published: December 2012

The present papers determine the effect of composite pultrusion square tubes E-glass polyester empty and polymeric foam-filled subjected to axial compressive loading. The specimens of square composite pultrusion were compressed experimentally under axial loadings to examine the effect of empty and polymeric foam-filled with different wall-thickness. The wall-thickness was used in this study were 2.1 and 2.4 mm. During the experimental observation, three characteristic crushing stages were identified as initial peak load, progressive crushing and compaction zone stages. The composite pultrusion square tube profile were analyzed and investigated in terms of crashworthiness parameters to meet the improvement of structural material widely used in automobile, aerospace and marine applications. Result obtained from experimental analysis such that initial peak load, mean load, energy absorption and specific energy absorption versus displacement curves were compared for each specimen. Results showed that the tubes energy absorption was affected significantly by different tube profile. It is also found that the polymeric foam-filled exhibit superb crashworthy structure on specific absorbed energy and the amount of initial peak load, mean load and absorbed energy recorded higher than the empty tube profiles.
Mechanical Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composite with Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Supplementary Binder
Authors: Altwair Nurdeen M. , Johari M.A. Megat , Hashim Syed Fuad Saiyid , Zeyad A.M.
Published: December 2012

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was used to produce engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in this research where ECC mixtures containing different volume of POFA (up to 55% by weight) of cement, were prepared. Mechanical properties of the resulting ECC mixtures were assessed using the compression, flexural and uniaxial tensile tests. The findings of the study show that the use of POFA improves the mechanical properties of the ECCs. The ECC mix with 1.2 POFA/cement ratio achieved a compressive strength of 30 MPa at 28 days, which is within the normal range of concrete strength for many applications. Moreover, the results portray that the use of POFA should be helpful for achieving strain-hardening behaviour. The increase in the POFA content concomitantly increased the flexural deflection and tensile strain capacities of the POFA-ECC. Furthermore, crack width of the ECC was significantly decreased with an increase of POFA content. In addition, the resulting POFA-ECC is expected to enhance the material greenness and durability.
Effect of RF Power on the Structural Properties of Magnetron Sputtered ZnO Thin Films Deposited at Room Temperature
Authors: Ahmad Samsiah , Md Sin Nor Diyana , Berhan M.N. , Rusop Mohamad
Published: December 2012

Zinc oxide thin films were prepared at room temperature in pure argon ambient on glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. The effect of sputtering power (50~250 Watt) on the structural properties of the film were investigated. The thickness of ZnO thin films was measured using surface profiler (Dektak 150+). Atomic force microscopy machine (AFM-Park system XE-100) was used to characterize the morphology while the crystalinity have been characterized using XRD (Rigaku Ultima IV). It was found that the thickness, growth rate and RMS roughness increases with increasing RF power. All films exhibit the (002) plane which correspond to hexagonal wurtzite structure with the highest peak at 150 Watt.
The Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Morphology and Corrosion Resistance of Zinc Phosphate Coating on Mild Steel
Authors: Abdalla Khalid , Azmi Rahmat , Azizan Aziz
Published: December 2012

The influence of phosphating temperature on the surface morphology and corrosion resistance of zinc phosphate coatings on mild steel was investigated. The phosphate layers were deposited on steel from phosphating bath at different temperatures (45 ~ 75 C). The surface morphology and composition of phosphate coatings were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by polarization curves (anodic and cathodic) in an aerated 3.5% NaCl solution. The results showed that the increase in temperature of the phosphating bath up to 55 C caused an increase in surface coverage and in turn resulted in better corrosion resistance. At high temperature (65 °C and 75 °C) the deposition coverage decreased indicating that the best coverage for the phosphate layer on the metal surface was achieved at 55 °C
Method of Search and Rescue in Dipterocarp Forest Using GPS Technology
Authors: Zailan Nor Wahidah Binte , Alsagoff S.N. , Awang Nor Fatimah , Mohd Shukran Mohd Afizi
Published: December 2012

Search and rescue has many definition and meanings. According to Ahmed (2006), search and rescue is an operation conducted by personnel of the emergency organizations who is trained and have the skills in search and rescue to find the person (s) in distress or difficult area such as in mountains, deserts, forest or at sea [1]. However, there are a different methods search and rescue that are being used by the different national search and rescue organizations worldwide such as use specialized dog teams, sophisticated listening device, sensing systems and most recently, robots. In this paper, search and rescue that will be conducted are totally different with the methods that already exist. The methodology to generate optimal grid pattern model for search and rescue in dipterocarp forest is proposed with the use of GPS Technology. The SAR team members will be searching of a test area for a test item. They will not know the actual location of the test item. The location of each SAR team will be tracked using GPS Technology. The size and pattern of the search grid and the distance between the SAR team members will be monitored to determine the optimal search grid pattern. If the test item can be found 100% at all times, then the optimal search grid pattern if found. The results must be at 100% because human lives are at stake.
Effect of Modified Natural Rubber on Properties of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Based on Co-Polyamide Blends
Authors: Sripornsawat Boripat , Nakason Charoen , Kaesaman Azizon
Published: December 2012

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) based on natural rubber (NR)/co-polyamine (COPA) blends with different types of NR (i.e., unmodified NR, MNR, ENR-30 and ENR-50) were prepared using simple blend technique. Mechanical, elastic, oil resistant and morphological properties were investigated. The main objective was to prepare TPEs based on NR with good set property and oil resistance. It was found that the blends with modified NRs exhibited higher moduli, tensile strength, oil resistance and elastic properties than the blend with NR. This is due to higher interaction between functional groups of modified NRs (i.e., ENR and MNR) and COPA. Furthermore, the blends using modified NRs showed finer grain morphology than the blend with NR. This may be caused by higher interfacial adhesion between rubber phase and COPA matrix.
Fusion Bonding of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Hou Meng
Published: December 2012

Technique of including an amorphous thermoplastic film as the outermost layer of thermoset composites have been developed to join the thermoset composites using fusion bonding methods. Based on a WLF temperature dependence and a time dependence of t1/4, isothermal and non-isothermal models were developed to relate the recovery of bonding strength to welding temperature and time. The isothermal model failed to take into account the time taken for the bonding interface to reach the glass transition temperature and final desired bonding temperature and lacked predictive power for experiments with short bonding times and low shear strength recovery. The non-isothermal model provided an excellent fit to the experimental date, showing a significant improvement over the isothermal model.
Effect of Steel and Alkaline-Resistance Glass Fibre on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Hafiz , Awang Hanizam
Published: December 2012

This paper investigates the effect of steel fibre and alkaline-resistance glass fibre lightweight foamed concrete with fly ash inclusion towards mechanical and durability properties. The lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with a density of 1000 kg/m3with constant water sand ratio of 1: 1:5 and water cement ratio of 0.45 was cast and tested. Steel and alkaline-resistance glass fibres were used as additives and 30% of cement was replaced by fly ash. Detail experiments were setup to study the behaviour and reaction of additives which is expected to give different results on mechanical and durability properties of LFC. Compared to AR-glass fibre, steel fibre has greater contribution in terms of mechanical properties. SFLFC resulted as the most effective approach for compressive, flexural, tensile split and water absorption with strength 6.13 N/mm2, 1.96 N/mm2, 1.52 N/mm2and lowest water absorption at 6.5% respectively. On the other hand, AR-glass fibre is better in controlling drying shrinkage which leads to controlling the cracking at early age. Fly ash does not change the mechanical properties and durability due to unprocessed stage to its finer forms.
Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanopowder Synthesized by Sol Gel Grinding Method
Authors: Hafizah N.N. , Musa Mohamed Zahidi , Mamat Mohamad Hafiz , Rusop M.
Published: December 2012

In this study, TiO2nanopowder was synthesized via a sol-gel grinding method. The effects of TiO2precursor concentration of TiO2nanopowder were investigated. The TiO2nanopowder obtained were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for their structural properties. From the calculation of the crystallite size in XRD, the size of the nanoparticles obtained is 49.55 nm at the highest TiO2precursor concentration. In contrast, at the lower concentration of 0.4 molar give the cryatallite size of 12.84 nm. Further, XRD and Raman spectrum results confirmed the TiO2nanopowder obtain composed of only anatase phase. The FESEM micrographs of TiO2nanopowder also were discussed in this paper.
Investigation on Fabricating High Aspect Ratio Microholes on Silicon by FIB/SEM Milling
Authors: Jamaludin Fatin Syazana , Mohd Sabri Mohd Faizul
Published: December 2012

The aspect ratio of microholes milled on silicon by FIB/SEM milling was investigated with various beam currents and initial depths of mill. Lower beam current gives finer surface and more accurate structure. The results showed that the highest depth of microhole fabricated using FIB/SEM milling was 17.45µm, and maximum aspect ratio 1:8, without using gas injection system (GIS). The value of depth obtained was less than the initial depth of mill due to re-deposition, influenced by low sputter yield of silicon. Milling time and dwell time play important roles in milling process to get high aspect ratio of microholes.
A Study of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry for Environment Mapping: Preliminary Observation
Authors: Mokhtar Munirah Radin Mohd , Matori Abdul Nasir , Hj Wan Yusof Hj Khamaruzaman , Chandio Imtiaz Ahmed , Viet Duong Tuan , Lawal Dano Umar
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the preliminary work is a part of a research focusing on close range photogrammetry for landslide monitoring.The main objective of this paper is to present the Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) technique, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) will provide a platform to monitor the surface area This method was applied using the capabilities and power of Gatewing, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for data capturing with respect to UAV tracking conducted in UTP, Tronoh, Perak, on 15th March 2012 at 150m height. The Gatewing is designed for rapid terrain mapping with fully automated image processing. The result proves that data processing were conducted by Srecthout Software. Flight planning was carried out on site, where the areas to be observed are situated inside the UTP campus. The paper focus on final production of an orthomosaic. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that Gatewing, UAV is the best, fast and powerful mapping vehicle for close range photogrammetry application in future works. It shows highly excellent performance compared to other UAVs already established in the market today. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP); Gatewing; orthomosaic; terrain.
The Factors Affecting the Swelling of W–Bronze Composite System at Different Sintering Conditions
Authors: Kahtan M.S. , Azmi Rahmat
Published: December 2012

During sintering of Wbronze metal matrix composites, the difference in the interdiffusuion path, sintering atmosphere and alloying element might be the source of the swelling phenomenon. In this study, the factors lead to swelling of Wbronze sintered compacts were investigated. To achieve this goal, two swelled groupes of Wbronze sintered compacts were examined. The first group was compacts of ball milled powder with activator additions and the second group was compacts of ball milled powder infiltrated by bronze melt. The latter type showed the severest level of swelling. Sintered density measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were incorporated to clarify and predict the reasons standing behind the swelling of the Wbronze sintered compacts. Key words: swelling, diffusion path, grain size, sintering activator
Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Producing Bacterial Strain from Orange Pulp
Authors: Tyagi Neha , Suresh Sumathi
Published: December 2012

Cellulose producing bacterial strain was isolated from orange pulp. The isolated strain was identified to be Gluconoacetobacter intermedius NT based on several morphological characteristics, biochemical tests and 16S r-DNA analysis. Bacterial cellulose production by the isolated bacterial strain was maximum in Hestrin and Schramm (HS) and modified HS media (8.5 and 10 g /L, respectively) following cultivation under static conditions for 10 days. Modified HS medium containing 40 ml/L of heat pre-treated molasses as the sole source of carbon facilitated significant production of cellulose (3.5 g/L) by the bacterial isolate. Utilization of molasses as the carbon source for the production of bacterial cellulose would have an advantage over pure sugars from the commercial point of view.
Misfit Dislocation Reduction of InxGa1-xN/GaN Heteroepitaxy Using Graded Layer
Authors: Islam Anisul , Dev Durjoy , Hossain Md. Arafat , Islam Md. Rafiqul , Yamamoto A.
Published: December 2012

The performances of heterostructural devices are often limited by misfit dislocation. In this paper, a theoretical approach for misfit dislocation reduction of wurtzite InxGa1-xN/GaN is presented. The linear and exponential grading techniques have been modeled for the reduction of dislocation. An energy balance model has been taken into consideration and modified for wurtzite structure to evaluate the misfit dislocation density. The value of misfit dislocation has been reduced from 7.112×1010cm-2to 6.19×106cm-2and 7.039×1010cm-2to 6.121×106cm-2at the plane 1/3<> {} and 1/3<>{} respectively for linear grading. In case of exponential grading the dislocation density has been reduced to 2.762×105cm-2for both slip systems. Because of tapered grading coefficient a tapered dislocation profile has been reported in case of exponential grading technique. Finally, a comparative study has been shown among without graded, linear and exponential grading.
Aqueous Dispersion of Rice Husk Powder as a Compatible Filler for Natural Rubber Latex Foam
Authors: Ramasamy Shamala , Ismail Hanafi , Munusamy Yamuna
Published: December 2012

Rice husk powder (RHP) which is a fibrous agricultural waste is widely used as potential filler, novel adsorbent or coating for dry polymers. However, the compatibility of RHP with natural rubber latex (NRL) is yet to be studied. The main goal of this reported work was to create a method to incorporate RHP with NRL and achieve a compatible dispersion. However the amorphous silica content (acidic nature) in RHP makes it difficult to directly incorporate RHP to NRL compound. In this research, RHP was modified by adding ammonia, distilled water and dispersing agents to make an aqueous compatible alkaline dispersion for NRL. Also the particle size of RHP is reduced up to - 300micron to make it more compatible with the NRL. The compatibility of modified RHP is analyzed by sedimentation with time, particle size analyzer, pH and morphology study. The test results supports that modified RHP is more compatible with the NRL compound to obtain a stable foam in NRLF preparation.
Development of Lubricants Evaluation for Different Friction Laws by Using Rigid-Plastic Finite Element Method
Authors: Kam Heng Keong , Cheong Wen Chiet , Wang Chan Chin , Lim Ying Pio
Published: December 2012

A simulator based on rigid-plastic finite element method is developed with two common friction law: Coulomb friction law and constant shear friction law are imposed. This project is to develop a simple method to identify tribological properties of various lubricants by metal forming method. In this project, the influence of different lubricants was studied by using ring compression test. The deformation of the ring compression test was measured to obtain an experimental friction calibration curves under different lubricants. To model the friction effect, theoretical friction calibration curves for Coulomb friction law and shear friction law are generated under various parameter of μ, coefficient of friction (Coulomb friction law) and m, shear factor (constant shear friction law). The experimental and theoretical friction calibration curves were compared and the result shows corresponding. The friction of the lubricants was further verified by using a common method: pulling a block on flat surface with load sensor yields the friction force, F in the basic equation F=μN where N is the normal force. The results match the calibration curves too.
Study on Performance and Characteristic of Microorganisms in a Waste-to-Energy System
Authors: Malakahmad Amirhossein , Basri Noor Ezlin Ahmad , Md Zain Sharom
Published: December 2012

Performance and characterization of microorganisms in a laboratory-scale anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was studied. The ABR was fed continuously at organic loading rate (OLR) of 15.2 g COD/l.d with a substrate containing pre-tested combination of kitchen waste and activated sludge. The HRT (hydraulic retention time), C/N (carbon/nitrogen) and F/M (food/microorganisms) ratios were maintained at 3 d, 31.4 and 0.35 gCOD/gVSS.d, respectively. The amounts of fat, protein, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin which are significant polymers for anaerobic digestion start-up were found to be in appropriate ranges. Results show reduction of pH in front compartments and its boost in successive compartments. This indicates proper placement of acidogens and methanogens in the ABR. Also, significant growth in height of ABR granule bed was observed in the system based on formation and retention of granules. Microorganism characterization reveals large population ofMethanosarcinain front part of the reactor although toward the end the amount forMethanosaetaincreased. WhileMethanobacterium,Methanosprilium,MethanococcusandMethanobrevibacterwere observed in the ABR, higher percentage ofMethanosarcinaandMethanotrixindicates production of methane from acetate conversion.
Improving Surface Durability of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete with Application of Alkali Solution
Authors: Antoni  , Wattimena Oswyn K. , Hardjito Djwantoro
Published: December 2012

This study aims to determine whether the surface durability of high volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete can be improved by applying alkali solution on its hardened surface. Concentrations of alkali solution and methods of application were studied on several w/cm ratios and replacement percentage of fly ash in concrete mixture proportion to investigate the durability performance. Durability tests conducted were accelerated sulfuric acid attack and ion chloride penetration to investigate the improved durability of HVFA concrete. From the results, it was shown that applying alkali solution on the surface of HVFA concrete can increase its durability performance. The different w/cm ratio and the percentage of fly ash used affect the increase in durability performance. The optimum alkali solution concentration and method of application need further research to determine their effectivity.
Effect of EDA/PEGDGE Mole Ratios on PEG-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds Properties
Authors: Hamid Zuratul Ain Abdul , Blencowe Anton , Qiao Greg , Stevens Geoff
Published: December 2012

The synthesis of biocompatible hydrogel based on poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and ethylene diamine (EDA) using epoxy-amine chemistry was conducted. PEG was chosen as the base material (or monomer) to synthesise hydrogels in this study due to its high hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and low toxicity properties. The effects of mole ratios of EDA to PEGDGE on the hydrogel scaffolds properties (i.e., gelling time, swelling) were investigated. It was found out for hydrogel scaffolds prepared at 1.2 and 1.4 M [PEGDG and an EDA/PEGDGE mol ratio of 0.5 in DMSO gave the optimum hydrogel properties. Swelling studies has confirmed that hydrogel prepared at 0.5 mole ratios consist of highly cross-linked network as expected.
Mechanical Properties and Morphologies of PP/Co-PP/Talc Composites for Microwave Application
Authors: Piwsawang J. , Jinkarn T. , Pechyen Chiravoot
Published: December 2012

Unmodified talc fillers were compounded with polypropylene (PP) and copolymer polyethylene (Co-PP) separately in a Brabender plasticorder internal mixer at 180 °C and 50 rpm in order to obtain composites, which contain 040 phr (per 100 part of resin) of filler at 40 phr intervals. The morphology development and the mechanical properties of the composites with reference to filler loading were investigated. In terms of mechanical properties, Youngs modulus and maximum compression load increased, whereas yield strength and elongation at break decreased with the increase in filler loading of PP/Co-PP/Talc composites. The PP/Co-PP exhibited lower yield strength and youngs modulus, and higher elongation at break than talc composites (data not show here). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the structure of the fracture surface to justify the variation of the measured mechanical properties.
The Structural Studies of Oxirane Ring Opening Reaction in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-50) by SnCl2.2H2O and the Formation of ENR/TiN Complex Hybrid
Authors: Rosniza Hamzah , Mohamad Abu Bakar
Published: December 2012

Oxirane ring opening reaction of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50) is a promising method to produce hybrids or introduce reactive fillers into the polymers through the covalent bond. This paper reports the reaction between ENR-50 and SnCl2.2H2O under CO2environment. The complex formation is characterized via FTIR,1H,13C and119Sn NMR.1H NMR which displays deduction of methine proton integrals at δ 2.71 ppm implies the occurrence ring opening reaction. While13C NMR reveals new peaks which corresponds to Sn-C bond. The119Sn NMR proves four-coordinates tin in ENR/Sn complex hybrid.
Efflorescence Phenomenon on Concrete Structures
Authors: Sutan Norsuzailina Mohamed , Sinin Hamdan
Published: December 2012

Since the introduction of modern pigmented concrete products in the early 1950s, coloured concrete products have opened new possibilities in the field of building and landscape design and ironically to a new visible phenomenon called efflorescence. Unfortunately, despite careful selection of raw materials and conscientious compliance with the production parameters, colour changes of the finished products are always the enemy. In many cases, these colour irregularities often described as fading is attributed to calcium carbonate efflorescence. One might question how efflorescence can still occurs after presumably, manufacturers have done everything right such as utilized quality materials, had a good mix design, exceeded strength requirements and met production schedule. By studying in depth the mechanism of efflorescence one might answer this mind-boggling question. Although, a great deal of work has been done in investigating the phenomenon of efflorescence and agreement has been reached to a large extent by researchers worldwide on the mechanism behind the formation of efflorescence, there is still no effective methods that can be used by concrete manufacturers to prevent the formation of efflorescence on finished concrete products. This paper has the purpose of providing some direction for future work to mitigate this phenomenon.
Effect of Diluents on Crystallite Size and Electronic Band Gap of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Mechanochemical Processing
Authors: Talari Mahesh , Deni Mohd Salleh Mohd , Zor Nursyahadah Mohd , Thota Venugopal , Azlan Zakaria
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the characterization results of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles prepared by mechanochemical processing using different moles of diluents. ZnO nanoparticles of different crystallite size were synthesized by milling the precursor powders for 5 hours in a high energy ball mill with Zirconia media. NaCl was added as process control agent (PCA) to control the reaction kinetics, as final particle size of nanoZnO is influenced by the reaction rate. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data was used to compute and analyze the crystallite size of nanoparticles and also to analyze the progress of reaction during milling process. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope was employed to analyze the particle morphology and size distribution of ZnO nanoparticles. Ultraviolet Visible (Uv-Vis) spectroscope was employed to analyze the optical absorption of ZnO nanoparticles. Tauc plots were used to determine the energy gap of the ZnO nanoparticles. Crystallite size values of ZnO nanoparticles are seen to be influenced by the amount of PCA and heat treatment. ZnO nanoparticles with a range of Eg (3.1 to 3.14 eV) were obtained depending on process parameters and an inverse relationship was observed between the crystallite size and the energy gap of the ZnO nanoparticles.
Fundamental Studies on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-30) and Montmorillonite Clay
Authors: Yokkhun Piriyapol , Thongnuanchan Bencha , Nakason Charoen
Published: December 2012

The present study focused on investigating the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of nanocomposites based on epoxidized natural rubber with 30 mol% epoxide (ENR-30)/nanoclay. ENR-30 based nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding in an internal mixer and cured using a conventional sulphuric system. Two types of nanoclays were used in this study, sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay and Na-MMT that had been modified with octadecylamine, also referred to as OC-MMT. Overall results show that OC-MMT was more efficient in enhancing the mechanical properties of the ENR-30 nanocomposite than Na-MMT. This was probably attributed to the higher interlayer distance of OC-MMT, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction results. The incorporation of OC-MMT into ENR-30 led to an increase in both the maximum torque (MH) and torque difference (MH-ML), which suggested an increase in the stiffness and crosslink density of the nanocomposite, respectively. A pronounced improvement in the tensile strength of the ENR-30/OC-MMT nanocomposite as compared to the unfilled ENR-30 was observed at 5 phr of OC-MMT, which appeared to be an optimum loading level. However, a gradual reduction in the elongation at break was observed with increasing OC-MMT loading.
Synthesis of Porous Silica via Styrene Natural Rubber Sacrificial Template
Authors: Nurfatihah Y.S. , Alwi A.B.B. , Azura A. Rashid , Ahmad Zulkifli
Published: December 2012

Synthesis of porous silica via styrene natural rubber sacrificial template is investigated. This research is divided into three steps which are synthesis of Styrene Natural Rubber (SNR), SNR/silica film formation and formation of porous silica. The synthesis of SNR is obtained via emulsion polymerization which involves styrene as monomer and Deproteinized Natural Rubber (DPNR) latex as based materials. SNR is used as sacrificial template to produce porous silica. The amount of silica loading and mixing method were varied during formation of SNR/silica film. Calcination is use to completely remove styrene and latex, leaving behind a new material with porous structure. It was found that the increasing of silica loading will enhanced the porosity of the structure and the best mixing method can be obtained using shaker instead of mechanical stirrer and magnetic stirrer. The porous structure can be observed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Iodine Doping of Amorphous Carbon Thin Films Deposited by Thermal CVD
Authors: Dayana K. , Fadzilah A.N. , Rusop Mohamad
Published: December 2012

A simple thermal chemical vapor deposition method is employed for the deposition of amorphous carbon thin films by natural precursor camphor oil onto the glass substrates and the iodine doping process. In this work, we have studied the effect of iodine doping on the evolution of electrical properties and the optical and structural properties of amorphous carbon thin films. The amorphous carbon thin films were characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, current-voltage (I-V) measurement, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FESEM. The I-V study reveals that the electrical conductivity was increased with the iodine doping. The iodine doped thin films induced graphitization by decreasing the optical band gap. Raman and FTIR result indicates that amorphous carbon thin films consist of a mixture of sp2 and sp3 bonded carbon atoms. The FESEM shows the amorphous nature of the thin films.
The Influence of Micro Algae on Corrosion of Steel in Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Olivia Monita , Moheimani Navid , Javaherdashti Reza , Nikraz Hamid R. , Borowitzka Michael A.
Published: December 2012

Chloride is not the only main cause of corrosion of reinforced concrete structures in seawater environment. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and microalgae, in the seawater can induce microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) that leads to degradation of the concrete structures by formation of biofilm on the metallic surface. In this preliminary study, the impact of microalgae on the corrosion of steel reinforced bars in fly ash geopolymer concrete was studied. Corrosion potential, algae cells number, and pH measurement were carried out for fly ash geopolymer concrete and a control mix (Ordinary Portland Cement) samples. The results indicate that the corrosion potential of fly ash geopolymer concrete was influenced by the cathodic reaction during photosynthesis activities. The geopolymer concrete in algae-inoculated medium was found to be more tolerant to algal growth than the control mix (OPC concrete). There was a positive correlation between algae cell densities and the potential reading of the geopolymer.
Three Dimensional Simulation of Thermal Pad Using Nanomaterial, Nanosilver in Semiconductor and Electronic Component Application
Authors: Mazlan Mohamed , Atan Rahim , Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Ahmad Muhammad Iqbal , Yusoff Mohd Huzaifah , Saad Fathinul Najib Ahmad
Published: December 2012

Thermal pad is new technology in this world that been used in PLCC in order to reduce junction temperature to the minimum level in electronic components. In electronic industry, the electronic components that exceed 70°C will malfunction and damage due to the overheated. The design is used nanosilver as main material in thermo pad because it has high value of thermal conductivity and enables to dissipate heat very efficiently. The simulation of thermal pad in semiconductor is using FLUENTTM software. The results from simulation is been compared to the results from experiment. The differences between those results are less than 10%. The advantages of thermal pad are enables to reduce junction temperature of PLCC 20-30%. It also had constant thickness in order to get constant and accurate results.
Improvement of Nanometer TiO2 Anti-Ultraviolet Finishing Performance for Cotton Fabric by Using Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Liu Yue Xian , Zhang Nan Zhe
Published: December 2012

Cotton fabric is processed for anti-ultraviolet finishing by using nanometer TiO2 of different crystalline structures, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and so on. The results show: under the same conditions, the adhesion amount of rutile nanometer TiO2 is more than anatase nanometer TiO2; with different TiO2/PEG concentrations and different molecular weight of PEG, the adhesion amount of TiO2 is different, furthermore both the laundry-resistant property and the photoaging property have different change.
Research on the Application of Ethnic Look for the Textile Visual Design
Authors: Wang Yan Hui , Du Shu Xian
Published: December 2012

China is a multi-ethnic country and has rich resources in material and non-material cultural heritages. As a kind of aesthetic inspiration, these cultural heritages have unique ethnic look. In view of the signification of visual design in textile, this article focuses on the combination of the ethnic look and the textile visual design, and aims to enhance the artistic expression of the textile fabric by using the ethnic look to propose new ideas for the value-added fabrics, to achieve the best combination of ecological aesthetics and modern consumer needs, and provides reasonable proposals to the application of ethnic look in textile visual design.
Bias Reduction in Kernel Estimation of the Density Function of Cotton Fiber Length
Authors: Su Yu Heng , Yan Guang Song
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The non-parameter kernel estimation has become a dramatic method on fitting the distribution density function of cotton fiber length in theoretical research on fiber length. It can get a differentiable and integrable density function of cotton length distribution, and make the probability approach more effective on analysis and prediction of yarn performance. But, due to the requirements of the fitting smoothness, there is a bias between calculational index and measured value, especially to the short fiber content. This research uses the power function to fit the distribution of short fibers, then according to the principle of mixed distribution, revises the density function gotten by kernel estimation method, and gives a precise estimation of density function. The revised algorithm is more exact to fit the density function of fiber length. This approach is a new way to study the fiber length distribution and its effect on yarn properties both theoretically and practically.
Needling Spunlaced Composite Technical Discussion and Prospects
Authors: Xu Wen Ling , Huang Li Xin , Yu Xiao Fei , Chen Si Si , Lou Ya Yun , Chen Ying
Published: December 2012

This paper introduces needling spunlaced composite technology, through the spunlaced process and the performance of the needling process, It combined of PPS with needling spunlaced composite analysis, State the high temperature filtration material process and characteristics, and point out its valuable.
An Analysis of Uyghur Folk Carpet Craftsmanship of Xinjiang
Authors: Saitaer Xiakeer , Yang Xiao Ming
Published: December 2012

The Xinjiang Hotan/(HeTian) carpet, as a kind of ethnic handicraft, plays a very significant role in the Uyghur living, embracing a long history, which is a product combining comprehensive arts such as drawing, spinning, carving, knitting and dying etc. by innovative Uyghur people with many years of industrious work. In fact, carpet craftsmanship is handed down by Uyghur’s ancestors, experiencing a great long development process, which has great fundamental meaning for Uyghur people. The paper tells about its history, patterns and craft of Uyghur carpet.
A Study on the Structure and Properties of Pineapple Leaf Viscose Fiber
Authors: He Jun Yan , Zhuang Zhi Kai , Huang Tao , Li Qin Fen , Li Min Fu , Deng Gan Ran , Lian Wen Wei , Ou Zhong Qing , Qin Shuang Mei , Zhang Jin
Published: December 2012

To develop a new kind of functional textile material, viscose fiber was prepared from natural and antibacterial pineapple leaf fiber and its structures and properties were explored with analyzing methods of sensory evaluation, SEM, FT-IR, TG, DTG and DSC. The results showed that the prepared pineapple leaf viscose fiber was white, shiny, fine, smooth, soft, and somewhat curly with even fineness. Its arrangement was verticall y parallel with some obvious grooves. Irregular zigzaging and the skin-core structure were observed in cross section. The fiber had characteristic groups of cellulose and absorption peaks at 1737.74, 1506.23 and 1431.82 cm-1 almost disappeared, and it showed high purity. The pyrogenation mechanism of pineapple leaf viscose fiber was similar to that of pineapple leaf fiber, but thermal stability of pineapple leaf viscose fiber was slightly lower than that of pineapple leaf fiber. Pineapple leaf viscose fiber belonged to cotton-type viscose staple fiber. The basic properties met the requirements of the first grade of viscose fiber. The mechanical properties reached top standard. It was a good kind of antibacterial textile material with strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal action against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.
Deformation Kinetics of PET/ I-PP Sea-Island Conjugate Fibers in Laser-Heated Flow Drawing
Authors: Han Qi , Li Jia Wen , Huang Wen Hao
Published: December 2012

Drawing sea-island fibers heated by CO2 laser could be used as an effective method to produce nano-fibers. The study of deformation model would help us select suitable drawing parameters to manufacture finer fibers. The key parameters of stress/strain equation of PET/i-PP sea-island fibers were obtained by dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) in different temperature. According to the dynamic conditions, the mathematical model of drawing the PET/i-PP sea-island fibers between two rollers was created. The true strain distribution along the fibers by the model was analyzed with the different feed speed and initial stress of the fibers. It is concluded that the appropriate feed speed was 0.15 to 0.66m/min and the initial stress was 8 to 10 Mpa. Moreover, there were two neck points along the fibers which approached and eventually coincided together with the increase of feed speed or with the reduction of the initial stress. The strain distribution was affected by the diameter of laser spot, so was the max strain.
Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of Jutecell, Cotton and Bamboo Fiber Knitted Fabrics 20
Authors: Chen Li Na , Kong Fan Rong , Xu Rui Chao
Published: December 2012

In order to have a better understanding and using of the new type of regenerated flax fiber –Jutecell, Mechanical properties of three kinds of fabrics which knitted by Jutecell, cotton and bamboo fiber were tested, focusing on the stretching, bursting, abrasion-resistant and anti-pilling properties, through the comparison and analysis of the three kinds of fabrics, the results shown that: The strength of Jutecell fabric is the best, followed by regenerated bamboo fiber, natural cotton fibre is the worst. The stretching, bursting and abrasion-resistant of the fabrics knitted by Jutecell yarn are all better than that of the cotton and bamboo fiber knitted fabrics; but its anti-pilling performance is poor, a appropriate measure must be taken in the production process to reduce the pilling phenomenon of clothes made by Jutecell yarns.
Study of Irradiation Hydrophilic Modification of Polypropylene Meltblown Nonwovens
Authors: Xia Lei , Xi Peng , Cheng Bo Wen
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we took the co-irradiation technology, use the high-energy beam irradiate the polypropylene meltblown nonwovens which soaked with acrylic acid, so that the graft copolymerization reaction was occurred between the acrylic and the polypropylene, the influence of acrylic acid concentration and the irradiation dose to the hydrophilic properties and breaking strength were studied. The results shows that when the monomer concentration was between 2% and 8% and the irradiation dose was between 10kGy and 50 kGy, the hydrophilic properties increased with the increasing of the monomer concentration and irradiation dose. But the breaking strength wasn’t affected.
Unit Yarn-Addition Technique and Microstructures of Tapered 3D Braided Preform
Authors: Liu Zhao Lin
Published: December 2012

The unit yarn-addition technique which can realize net-shape preparation of tapered 3D braided preforms was introduced. Special preform microstructures near the yarn-addition cross-section were studied by observation and modeling, respectively. Results show that a surface or an interior yarn-addition unit is the smallest yarn assembly to be added and the braiding rules should be maintained after unit yarn-addition. Two special yarn groups are formed due to the addition of a surface unit, with longer yarn lengths and larger braiding angles. When an interior unit is added, the yarn length and braiding angle of one yarn group both increase. However, the other yarn group reverses the orientation direction only.
Application Boundary Element Approach to Compute the Potential of the Oblique Nine-Needle Electrodes
Authors: Wang An Ling , Liu Fu Ping
Published: December 2012

According to the electric potential of oblique nine-needle electrodes (ONNE) in biological tissue, the discrete equations based on the indetermination linear current density were established by the boundary element integral equations (BEIE). The non-uniform distribution of the current flowing from nine-needle electrodes to conductive biological tissues was imaged by solving a set of linear equations. Then, the potential generated by ONNE in biological tissues at any point can be determined through the boundary element method (BEM). It means that this method has an important referenced significance for computing the potential generated by ONNE in bio-tissue.
Dynamic Characteristics and Double Closed Loop Control Method of Warping Machine
Authors: Yang Tao , Liu Lin Yin , Dai Wei Rong
Published: December 2012

The warp tension is caused by the speed difference between rewinding shaft and unwinding shaft. The mathematical dynamic models of the system are established based on rewinding shaft and unwinding shaft．Double closed loop are included in the control system. One is winding speed closed loop which could control warping speed according to the requirements; the other is tension closed loop which ensure the yarn tension to be kept constant. The experimental results show the curve of tension enters a stable state after two or three times’ oscillation. The accuracy of the yarn tension has reached ±3%.
Low Temperature Plasma Power Supply Used for the Surface Processing of Textile
Authors: Wei Shou Qi , Yang Jian Xiang , Liu Zhi Jie
Published: December 2012

A new kind of low temperature plasma power supply used for the surface processing of fabric is introduced in this paper. According to the textile surface treatment process, a kind of stable, uniform, soft and low temperature plasma is produced. High voltage power supply use Buck DC/DC transforming circuit in the preceding stage, H bridge inverter in the backward stage. After the step-up transformer, a plasma beam is produced whose peak amplitude 20kV, rated current 100mA. But use the common power supply, some problems such as filament discharge will occurred in the process of fabric surface treatment, and this will leads fabric perforation and injury problems. So this power supply using advanced computer control technology to realize the automatic adjustment, and this improves the reliability of the power supply. The application of the technology of plasma high frequency high voltage power supply in textile materials in the practical application results shows that: the power can effectively inhibits filament discharge, even if the filament discharge occurrences, the discharge energy is insufficient to cause the perforation and damage of the treatment fabric. and the performance of the textile material surface treatment is improved.