bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of nitriding kinetics of austenitic stainless steel assisted with hollow cathode discharge in different potentials
Authors: Shenlie  , Suijianghua  , Sunpeng  , Baolin
Published: November 2020

In the present research 304 austenitic stainless steels were nitrided using hollow cathode discharge-assisted plasma and the effect of potential conditions on the nitriding kinetics was evaluated. The results indicate that nitriding kinetics is significantly promoted in cathode potential. CrN in the anode specimen is more difficult to form than those in the floating and cathode specimens and the temperature affects the modified layers seriously.
Design and Finite Element Analysis of Axial Low-frequency Vibration Tool-holder
Authors: Liu Zhanfeng , Liu Hui , Zhao Dezhong , Wang Chi , Wang Tianqi
Published: November 2020

Vibration-assisted drilling can significantly reduce the drilling force and cutting heat during deep hole machining, improve tools life and hole machining quality. As a branch of vibration drilling technology, axial low-frequency vibration-assisted drilling has a broad application prospect in the field of drilling because of its simple structure and easy implementation. A mechanical axial low-frequency vibrating tool-holder (ALVT) is designed, and the overall structure layout and working principle of the vibrating tool-holder are analyzed. The rotary motion of the machine tool spindle is used as the power input to drive the sinusoidal surface to rotate to achieve the amplitude output. The vibrating tool-holder model is simplified, and the ABAQUS finite element software is used to simulate the titanium alloy material for ordinary drilling and axial low-frequency vibration drilling (ALVD), and the axial force and cutting temperature changes are compared and analyzed. The results show that ALVD of titanium alloy can reduce the average axial force by about 47% and the cutting temperature by about 11%, which can significantly improve the drilling conditions and the quality of hole machining.
Effect of prior austenite grain size on bainitic transformation above and below Ms in medium Mn steel
Authors: Chen Shan , Zhao Xianming , Xu Wei
Published: November 2020

The effect of prior austenite grain (PAG) size on bainitic transformation kinetics below Ms in 0.2C-3.92Mn-1.6Si steel has been investigated using a dilatometer. The samples were austenitized at two different temperature to achieve the average PAG size of ∼10.9 μm and ∼17.3 μm. The results show that above Ms the austenite grain size plays a significant role in bainitic transformation kinetics. However, the influence of austenite grain size on bainitic transformation kinetics below Ms becomes weaker which is ascribed to the acceleration of prior martensite on bainitic transformation below Ms.
Wear Performance of Ti/Al Composite Coating Based on Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: tu Qi , Zhao Yizhou , A-akhali Adham , Cai Jiabin , He Fuqiang , Tang Zhengqiang
Published: November 2020

In order to study the wear performance of Ti/Al coating under different loads, split-target magnetron sputtering device was used to prepare a Ti/Al composite coating on the surface of 304 stainless steel, the friction and wear test of the coating with 3.5%NaCl treatment was carried out. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), scratching instrument, EDS, three-dimensional surface topography instrument and other equipment were used to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the coating. During magnetron sputtering coating, Ti and Al atoms are stacked to form a Ti-Al binary phase, and TiAl3 intermetallic compounds are enriched in the coating. The wear experiment shows that the wear rate of the Ti/Al coating is significantly lower than that of the substrate, moreover, the wear rate increases uniformly with the load. The friction coefficient of the Ti/Al coating is lower than the friction coefficient of substrate in the table wear stage under different loads. The friction coefficient of the coating decreases as the load increases. At low loads, the coating main form of wear is the surface abrasive wear with furrows. With increasing the load, the coating wear form is mainly represented that the reduction of abrasive wear and the generation of micro-cracks on the surface, which in turn produces scaly flaking.
Construction of Intelligent Maintenance Ontology Model for Shield Machine
Authors: Yang HouMan , Zhang Yu , Qin Hao , Ling Xiang , Wang XiaoXu
Published: November 2020

In order to transform the shield machine maintenance engineers’ experience and related non-structural data into digital, structured and standardized maintenance knowledge, it is necessary to construct a shield machine intelligent maintenance ontology model. This paper has proposed a systematic method for the construction of this ontology model, which mainly includes seven steps. A professional ontology modeling tool protégé is used to complete the construction of the ontology model, and its own reasoning mechanism is applied to maintain the consistency of the ontology logical relationship. Moreover, a graph database by Neo4j is created to store the constructed shield machine intelligent maintenance ontology and related data for the shield machine its intelligent maintenance, ontology model construction technology can also migrate to the field of material synthesis.
Research on Automatic Control Mode of Profile Cutting Machine Based on PLC
Authors: Weiting Huang , Zaosheng Zhong
Published: November 2020

Aiming at the constant need of cutting various metal profiles in industry, the control mode of automatic profile cutting machine is studied, which is based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) controller. MCGS (Monitor and Control Generated System) is used for monitoring and management, and the modular design of control layer is completed. The core of the control layer is that we have a cutting material database, which makes up for the fact that the current cutting machine control system only aims at a single cutting model or material, and the cutting speed and torque of the cutting machine need to be adjusted or designed manually. Based on this market demand, the automatic control mode of profile cutting machine based on PLC is established. Practice shows that this mode is based on the analysis and comparison of common cutting materials in the market, and the material database is consequently established. Users can choose the required cutting mode through the intuitive MCGS graphical interface, which improves the cutting efficiency of users and reduces the development cost of enterprises.
Research on Lightweight Method of MBD Model for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang XiaoXu , Qin Hao , Liu Zhi , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2020

In order to solve the problems of difficult storage and slow transmission of large data in remote transmission of 3D model for additive manufacturing, a lightweight method on MBD model is proposed. A lossless compression algorithm is applied and improved in this paper to simplified the product data model and minimize data exchange file. At the same time, a detailed geometric information model is retained to realize the rapid transmission of lightweight model, which provides a convenient method for remote transmission and acquisition of 3D model in additive manufacturing process. A case study on the MBD model of a packaging machine has verified is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of the method.
Fracture Retro Estimation of Friction Plate Made of 30CrMnSiA in Laboratory Condition
Authors: Hu Zheng , Gao Xingyu , Zhang Wanhao , Zhang Weifang , Liu Xuerong
Published: November 2020

Fatigue life and fatigue stress range of the friction plate which is made of 30CrMnSiA were studied under laboratory environment. By using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe the fracture striation, the width of the fatigue striation can be obtained. Fatigue life and fatigue stress range can be studied with the combination of Paris law and fatigue striation width. The method is simple and mature, and the relative error of estimation is within expected values.
Lightweight design of truck frame
Authors: Luo Wei , Zheng Zhongcai , Liu Fengliang , Han Dongyue , Zhang Yifan
Published: November 2020

Trucks are an important branch of the automotive field, and their market demand has been and will maintain a stable level for a long time. In this paper, a truck with a load capacity of 6t is selected as the research object. The frame of the truck is a side beam frame, which is riveted by two longitudinal beams and eight cross beams. The solid model of the truck frame is established by three-dimensional modeling software, and then the finite element software is used for static analysis of the frame, and the maximum deformation, the position of the maximum deformation, and the maximum Stress, maximum stress point. The analysis results show that the structural strength of the frame is far greater than the load-bearing strength, which meets the requirements of use, and there is a large space for lightening the structural materials. The structural optimization design of the frame is carried out, and the weight of the optimized frame is reduced by 8.4% under the premise of ensuring the strength requirements. The maximum stress under the full-load bending condition is reduced from 207.3MPa to 177.86MPa, achieving the lightweight goal.
Analysis and Improvement of Warpage Cause of High Strength Steel in Commercial Vehicle
Authors: Shuwei Cao , Quan Chen , Liqing Yang
Published: November 2020

Aiming at the warping problem in high strength steel of commercial vehicle, it is concluded that the flatting machine is the main factor leading to the warpage of the strip through the plate shape tracking experiment, the reason for the deterioration of the warpage with the increase of yield strength is expounded. Analysis points out that the difference of the friction coefficient between the upper and lower rollers and the difference of the roller diameter will result in the deterioration of the plasticity after leveling. According to the high strength characteristic of the automobile steel, the measures for improving the original plate shape, reducing flat rolling pressure and the diameter difference of the work roller are developed, good application results have been obtained.
Characteristics and its formation reason analysis of adiabatic shear band produced by gear fracture
Authors: Zhiwei Zhang , Fan Wang , Sufen Liu , Yang Zhang
Published: November 2020

The formation and characteristics of adiabatic shear band during the fracture of gear assembly were studied. It shows that in the fracture process, the strain required by the adiabatic shear band can be achieved near the failure position of the gear, and thus the adiabatic shear band is generated. The distribution of the adiabatic shear band is discontinuous, and the angle with the gear is about 20 ° to 45 °. With the appearance of adiabatic shear band, a high strain rate is produced, and a lot of heat is produced in some areas. And because of the extremely fast speed, these heat can not be transferred in time, resulting in deformation, which leads to the fracture of gear assembly. At the same time, the critical strain and critical temperature are calculated.
Yang–Baxter maps, Darboux transformations, and linear approximations of refactorisation problems
Authors: Buchstaber V M , Igonin S , Konstantinou-Rizos S , Preobrazhenskaia M M
Published: November 2020

Yang–Baxter maps (YB maps) are set-theoretical solutions to the quantum Yang–Baxter equation. For a set X = Ω × V, where V is a vector space and Ω is regarded as a space of parameters, a linear parametric YB map is a YB map Y: X × X → X × X such that Y is linear with respect to V and one has πY = π for the projection π: X × X → Ω × Ω. These conditions are equivalent to certain parametric nonlinear algebraic relations for the components of Y. Such a map Y may be nonlinear with respect to parameters from Ω. We present general results on such maps, including the clarification of the structure of the algebraic relations that define them and several transformations which allow one to obtain new such maps from known ones. Also, methods for constructing such maps are described. In particular, developing an idea from (Konstantinou-Rizos and Mikhailov 2013 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
46 425201), we demonstrate how to obtain linear parametric YB maps from nonlinear Darboux transformations of some Lax operators using linear approximations of matrix refactorisation problems corresponding to Darboux matrices. New linear parametric YB maps with nonlinear dependence on parameters are presented.
Weed Pixel Level Classification Based on Evolving Feature Selection on Local Binary Pattern With Shallow Network Classifier
Authors: Andy Lease Basil , Wong WK , Gopal L , Chiong W. R.
Published: November 2020

This paper proposes an evolving feature selection on a rotation-invariant Local Binary Pattern (LBP) with genetic algorithm (GA) and a non-linear classifier to perform pixel-wise classification on biomass pixels. Early true leaf growth of carrots and weeds consists of 60 images provided by a public benchmark Crop/Weed Field Image Dataset (CWFID) [1] was used. The GA encodes LBP feature parameters generated from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image slices as genome consisting of number of neighbours, radius, size of image slice, number of LBP combinations. LBP is a lightweight rotation invariant texture feature descriptor which encodes discriminative local texture information between crops and weeds. The study evaluated multiple ensemble models evolved by GA, where GA evolves the LBP feature parameter selection, and the number of LBP features as input variables used. The classifier can handle crop and weed overlaps, which are often present in commercial fields. Weeds often grow in close proximity and overlap crops and are similar in size, which adds complexity in discriminating them. Our experiments have shown that combinations with a back-propagation neural network with a symmetrical two hidden-layer network achieved the best classification accuracy when compared to other non-linear classifiers. By utilizing a single type of feature (LBP texture feature), our resulting Artificial Neural Network (ANN) ensemble classifier is able to achieve a classification accuracy of 83.5 %.
Influence of Azodicarbonamide on Physical and Mechanical Behaviours of Thermoplastic Blend
Authors: Chen Ruey Shan , Ahmad Sahrim
Published: November 2020

Foaming technology is promising in producing foamed materials which can offer benefits such as lowering the cost and weight of materials as well as their utility in many applications. In this study, the thermoplastic blend of recycled high density polyethylene and recycled polyethylene terephthalate was foamed with azodicarbonamide chemical foaming agent (CFA) at 0.5-2.0 phr. The blending of thermoplastic was carried out via extrusion and the foaming process occurred during hot/cold pressing. The cell morphology, density and mechanical properties were examined. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph showed that the thermoplastic blend foamed with 1.5 phr CFA had the cellular morphology structure with non-collapsed cells and better cell distribution. As the CFA content increased, the density of blend foams decreased accordingly. The minimum density was achieved at 1.00 g/cm3 for 2.0 phr ADC. Tensile and bending properties generally decreased with the content of CFA added. The impact strength of blend foams increased when the CFA added up to 1.0 phr and then reduced with further CFA content. It can be concluded that the fabricated foamed blend can give value added to the recycled polymers.
Analysis of Wind Energy Possibilities of Different Sites in India.
Authors: Sarmah P , Hussain M Z , Khan S
Published: November 2020

Wind energy is one of the most cost effective renewable energy resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate wind energy potential at different sites in India from year 2008-2017 for six month basis (March to August). The average wind speed data for different sites indicates that the average wind speed for site Tiruchirappalli is highest. The normal probability plot shows that wind speed data are normally distributed except for the site Kolkata. Weibull cumulative probability plot shows that the higher probability of occurrence of wind energy was at higher average wind speed for each site. Weibull probability density function shows that the probability density function is minimum at higher average wind speed. It is also found that the scale parameter is an important parameter compare to shape parameter that affect wind speed. The analysis of power density shows that the average power density for site Tiruchirappalli is highest and lowest for site Agartala. The analysis also shows that higher wind energy possibility is in Tiruchirappalli followed by Coimbatore.
Investigation on the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for green synthesis of glycerol carbonate from crude glycerol
Authors: Lo P K , Leong S Y , Tan C Y
Published: November 2020

The present work demonstrates the utilization of ultrasonic-irradiation for synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) with direct use of crude glycerol (C.Gly) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). This transesterification reaction was catalysed by calcium oxide (CaO) and the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification reaction was studied. In order to verify the contents of C.Gly, the C.Gly obtained from biodiesel production plant was characterized and the results showed that C.Gly consists of 71.21%w/w glycerol, 16.01%w/w of moisture, 7.10%w/w of methanol, 2.76%w/w of ash, 3.60 %w/w of soap and 10.02%w/w of matter organic non-glycerol (MONG). Subsequently, effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratios of reactants and catalyst loading on C.Gly conversion and GC yield have been investigated. The highest yield of GC (95.41%) was attained with 9 mol% of CaO catalyst loading, 3:1 molar ratio of (DMC:C.Gly) at 70 °C for 90 min. The yield of GC was observed to rise with all the reaction parameters till the optimum conditions obtained. Moreover, the yield of GC obtained from ultrasonic-assisted was compared with the conventional-heating method done in the previous study. It was noticeable that the yield of GC obtained via ultrasonic-assisted was found to be 51.44% better than conventional-heating transesterification. In conclusion, the production of GC via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification shows better feasibility than that of the conventional-heating method.
A laboratory investigation of the compaction properties of road sub-base stabilised with cement and latex copolymer.
Authors: Tan E H , Zahran E M M
Published: November 2020

The quality of road pavements is an important factor to ensure an acceptable level of service and safety to the road users. When flexible road pavements are to be constructed on weak sub-grade soils, it is often necessary to provide a stabilised sub-base to improve their relevant engineering properties. This paper presents the results and observations from a laboratory investigation evaluating the compaction properties of road sub-base stabilised with Type I cement (ordinary Portland cement) and styrene-butadiene latex copolymer. The proposed polymer contents were 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 2% and the proposed cement contents were 2%, 3% and 5%. The 2.5kg rammer compaction test was conducted on the gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL samples. It was found that the maximum dry densities (MDD) for the untreated soil samples were higher than the cement-polymer-treated soil samples, indicating that the MDD values decrease when cement and polymer are added. The MDD values for gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL treated with cement-polymer lied between 2Mg/m3+0.03Mg/m3 and 2.09Mg/m3+0.04Mg/m3 respectively. The optimum moisture contents for gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL treated with cement-polymer were maintained at 9%+0.5%. The air void lines for gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL lied between 7%+1% and 3%+1% respectively.
A study on the challenges of implementing green building concept in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Yong Lee Yee , Syaznie Ikqmal Azmi Muhd , Huei Lee Yeong
Published: November 2020

Malaysia is looking forward in achieving developed country status which drives several strategic plans in construction, as it plays a vital role in country’s economic growth and development. Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP) has been introduced to boost its performance with sustainable construction. However, most of the construction industry players are not involved in sustainable construction especially on green building concept and thus decelerating the development. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify the drivers and challenges faced by the construction industry players through questionnaire survey where the market demand from stakeholders is placed primarily in implementing green building. The findings showed that awareness and understanding of the stakeholders about green building concept are lacked due to unforeseen circumstances. Detail explanations or descriptions on the benefits and contributions from green building application are needed to be delivered to stakeholders. A framework is proposed for future implementation by improving the education and delivered information, as well as providing the mechanism of promoting the green building concept among the stakeholders.
External time-influencing risk factors in infrastructure soft soils projects
Authors: Low W W , Wong K S , Lee J L
Published: November 2020

Malaysian government has putting a lot of budget and resources in developing and upgrading infrastructure of the country. The covered area of an infrastructure project especially in a transportation project is quite significant compared to residential and commercial projects. As such, construction on soft soils is unavoidable and it increases uncertainties and risks in an infrastructure project. The current literature review showed that existing knowledge on risk assessment of infrastructure projects on soft soils is scarce. Hence, this research was focused on determining the critical time-influencing external risk factors during the construction phase. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the most critical external risks in infrastructure projects on soft soils. Research method was questionnaire survey. It is found that the five most critical risk factors were thick soft soil layer, high water content, high organic content, price changes (material & energy) and karstic cavity formation. While the five least critical risk factors were archaeological/habitant issue, lack of political support, protectionism, corruption and change in government/legislative/regulatory. In conclusion, soil condition and economic are critical determining the time performance in infrastructure projects on soft soils, while political risk contributes little impact on this aspect.
Biogenic synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Aloe barbadensis leaf latex extract
Authors: Jeevanandam Jaison , San Chan Yen , Jing Wong Yee , Siang Hii Yiik
Published: November 2020

Biological methods are employed to yield less or non-toxic MgO nanoparticles to utilize them in biological applications. Among various biosynthesis approaches, plant extracts with phytochemicals, especially from leaves, are widely used to fabricate MgO nanoparticles, due to their high availability, rapid synthesis and ability to yield smaller stable nanoparticles. Aloe barbadensis is a succulent xerophytic plant with unique characteristics to withhold water in its leaf named parenchymal gel, which is protected by a chloroplast containing thick latex, to avoid transpiration in high temperature condition of the desert. These latex contains phytochemicals such as flavanol, quercetin, Kaempeferol, myricetin and fisetin, along with other common phytochemicals such as phenols and terpenoids, that are essential for nanoparticle formation. Further, these compounds also possess enhanced biological properties. Thus, the aim of the present study is to obtain crude phytochemical extracts from Aloe barbadensis latex and utilize them as reducing and stabilizing agent for the smaller MgO nanoparticle formation. In addition, the parameters which affect the formation of nanoparticles are identified and optimized to yield smaller MgO nanoparticles with phytochemicals as surface functional groups, to be beneficial in biomedical applications.
Aerodynamic Analysis of Active Trailing-Edge Flaps and Passive Surface Roughness on NACA 4412 Airfoil
Authors: Manickam Thanesh A/L , Roy Sukanta
Published: November 2020

The focus of this study is to understand the effect of the flow control mechanism on NACA 4412 airfoil. Two configuration of flow control method is used in this investigation. The first configuration is, airfoil with only the trailing-edge flap. This is the active flow control method. The trailing-edge flap can be deflected to various angle accordingly. The second configuration is a combination of, active trailing-edge flap with a passive surface roughness at the leading-edge of the airfoil. The surface roughness is expected to reduce the flow separation at the leading-edge of the airfoil. This is expected to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. Both configuration 1 and configuration 2 was simulated and the results compared with the base airfoil without any flow control mechanism. Based on the results, airfoil with configuration 1 performed better compared to the base airfoil. Airfoil with configuration 2, performed well but not better than the airfoil with configuration 1. Upon further analysis, key patterns emphasise airfoil with configuration 2 could perform better if the roughness element parameters further optimised. This airfoil to be used for wind turbine applications.
The Dynamic Simulation Model of Local Soybean Competitiveness Policy to Support the Soybean Price Stabilization
Authors: Nugraha I , Sutopo W , Hisjam M , Oktyajati N
Published: November 2020

Fluctuations in soybean commodity prices become a crucial issue in Indonesia every year. In this study, it is proposed to conduct a research on the development of a dynamic simulation model for fulfilling the logistics of soybeans, which aims to look at the competitiveness of local soybeans and to support soybean price stability (case study: in Central Java Province). Researchers focus on examining the relationship between variables in the system for fulfilling soybean logistics in Central Java, namely food needs (demand), total soybean availability (supply) and soybean prices using a dynamic system framework. This study also aims to identify factors in increasing local soybean competitiveness towards meeting the needs of consumers with dynamic system simulations to increase local soybean competitiveness in the national market and stabilize soybean prices that can benefit both parties, namely producers and consumers. Based on simulation results, to look at the competitiveness of local soybeans and to support soybean price stability for the next 20 years using software powersim studio 10, the government needs to take action as follows: (1) Dummy monopoly bulog intervention in soybean import price and soybean producer prices; (2) Increasing soybean import tariffs 20%; (3) Increasing soybean local prices with predicting soybean price conditions.
The Selection of Lithium Battery raw Materials by Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainable
Authors: Sholichah AI , Hisjam M , Sutopo W
Published: November 2020

The development of technology is done to advance knowledge and simplify life, and to develop the issues that are around. The development of electric vehicles must be encouraged by the development of batteries used to run these vehicles. The batteries used are usually made from lithium, because it has a strong electrical shelf life, not easily damaged, fast charging power, and so forth. This study evaluates and selects the best raw materials for lithium batteries from three selected raw materials, namely Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Iron Phospate (LFP), and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), because these materials are often used to make good lithium batteries and have some things in common. The approach used to choose the right standard material by knowing the life cycle of each material. This life cycle consists of three elements namely environmental, social, and economic. An environmental approach to find out whether the material used will have an impact on the surrounding environment such as air, water pollution and so forth. An economic approach to find out which materials are more economical so as not to burden the company and consumers who use them. The social approach is carried out to find out information about the material has been known by the consumer related to applicable standards.
Performance Measurement in Supply Chain Using SCOR Model in The Lithium Battery Factory
Authors: Yuniaristanto  , Ikasari N , Sutopo W , Zakaria R
Published: November 2020

The research aim is to measure the performance of supply chain in the UNS Lithium Battery Factory using the SCOR model in order to determine an improvement plan for the company. The battery supply chain performance is measured using the SCOR model with following steps: (i) identifying supply chain performance metrics, (ii) validating metric level 1 as KPI, (iii) performance measurements using metrics level 1 and level 2 and (iv) normalization using Snorm de Boer formula. Based on the monitoring system of the performance indicators, the performance of reliability and cost is categorized in good while the performance of responsiveness, agility, and asset management efficiency is categorized average.
Framework to assess technology readiness of lithium-ion battery to fulfill the safety standard: IEC 62660-3:2016 (case study: smart lithium battery of UNS product)
Authors: Fachriansyah K , Fakhma F , Pujiyanto E
Published: November 2020

Electric vehicles are one of the ways to solve the problem of air. Electric vehicles have a very vital component which is the battery as a source of power for other components. The type of battery that has bes performance for electric vehicles is lithium-ion battery. Reliability and safety present significant challenges in lithium-ion batteries. Thus, lithium product standards are important to guarantee the quality of lithium battery products. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published a lithium battery standard product regulation in document IEC 62660-3:2016, that provide a basic level of safety test methodology and criteria with general versatility, serves a function in common primary testing of lithium-ion cells to be used in variety of battery systems. This paper aims to identify the technological readiness of Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) lithium-ion enterprise to fulfill the lithium battery product standards by modifying the Quality Functional Deployment (QFD). Several production processes in technoware and humanware are not compatible with lithium battery standard, but all production processes in infoware and orgaware are compatible with lithium battery standard.
Sound Energy Approach in The Use of LRAD as A Bird Deterrent Device in Sam Ratulangi Manado International Airport, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Basuki B , Palupi M R
Published: November 2020

To fulfil the airport safety requirements as stated in International Civil Aviation Organization document, ICAO 9137-3 AN part 3 – Airport Services Manual, Wildlife control and reduction, especially the bird stike control programme, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport is decided to apply the auditory method to control the birds in aerodrome area. Study on this need have been carried out using the sound energy approach, more specifically on inverse square law theory in free field. The theory said that by doubling the distance between the speaker and the sound level meter will decrease in sound pressure level of around 6 dB. From the field measurement results, the measured sound pressure level were 85 dB and 79 dB at the distance of 50 m and 100 m from the speaker. Both levels and distance were used in trials of repelling birds at 1600 Hz to 3150 Hz in frequencies. The use of long range acoustic device, LRAD speakers, that genereate 156 dB at a distance of 1 m in front of the speaker can effectively reach longer distances.
A Closed-loop Supply Chain Inventory Model Considering Limited Number of Remanufacturing Generation and Environmental Investigation
Authors: Jauhari W A , Septian R D , Laksono P W , Dwicahyani A R
Published: November 2020

This study presents a mathematical inventory model in the Closed-loop Supply Chain (CLSC) system. We investigate a CLSC system that consists of a retailer, a manufacturer and a 3rd party collection dealer. The model aims to minimize the annual joint total inventory cost for the three parties and determine several decision variables, including number of shipments, manufacturer shipment lot size and number of remanufacturing generations. The number of remanufacturing generations is one of our concerns since we consider a type of product that could not be remanufactured in an unlimited number of time. Thus, how many times the product should be remanufactured becomes important. In this study, we also investigate the environmental impacts in term of carbon emissions, energy usage, as well as annual disposed items. The model can guide companies in the related industry to plan a system of CLSC inventory management with environmental considerations.
Lot-Sizing Decisions in Manufacturer-Retailer Inventory System under Carbon Emissions Reduction
Authors: Jauhari W A
Published: November 2020

This paper develops a mathematical model for supply chain inventory system of a manufacturer and a retailer under stochastic demand and carbon reduction policy. The objective of the model is to obtain the decisions regarding inventory management in supply chain system by minimizing the joint total cost. The model contributes to the current stochastic joint lot-sizing literature by allowing the investigation of the impact of carbon cap policy to inventory decisions. The carbon mainly emitted from several activities in the supply chain system, including the production, transportation and storage activities. The regulator, for example the government, uses a carbon cap policy to restrict the amount of emissions generated from the system. As we use strict carbon cap, the carbon emissions generated from the system must not exceed the carbon emission level set by regulator. A list of procedure is proposed to obtain the optimal solutions, which are ordering lot, safety factor, number of shipments and production rate. A numerical instance is provided to show the applicability of the model and to explore the impact of different levels of carbon cap on inventory decisions.
A BIM-Based Automated Assessment Tool for Green Building Index
Authors: Khoshdelnezamiha G , Liew S C , Bong V N S , Ong D E L
Published: November 2020

In Malaysia, Green Building Index (GBI) is one of the sustainability rating tools for the construction industry, focusing on six main categories including Energy Efficiency (EE), Materials and Resources (MR), Water Efficiency (WE), Indoor Environment Quality (EQ), Sustainable Site Planning & Management (SM) and Innovation (IN). Currently, the process for GBI assessment and certification is carried out manually, which requires additional time and effort for preparation of supporting documents. Since Building Information Modelling (BIM) is perceived as a holistic solution for digital integration of various construction project attributes, it is anticipated that sustainability aspects can be addressed through BIM if an appropriate approach is implemented. Therefore, GBI assessment process can potentially benefit from BIM application to transition from conventional manual approach to an automated approach. This research is aimed at developing an Automated Green Building Assessment tool (AGBIA) using visual programming (Dynamo) to run as a supplementary application to the existing BIM authoring software (Revit). The AGBIA system consists of 6 modules that automatically analyses digital BIM models in accordance to GBI requirements, and ultimately produces the necessary documentation as a final output. AGBIA is an efficient supporting BIM tool as compared to assessment and documentation of green building data manually.
Transformation from 2D structural drawing to building information model: Perspectives from a small-scaled company
Authors: Lee Y H , Thien L S , Lee Y Y , Wong S Y , Tan C S , Chai C S
Published: November 2020

Building information modelling (BIM) is one of the revolutions in construction industry. BIM is one of the long-waiting solutions for construction industry in order to solve the arisen quality and effectiveness problems. Many researchers have proved the benefits gained from BIM. In this paper, the structural package available in BIM platform is summarized and its maturity is discussed. The BIM projects in Malaysia are listed and it showed a low local BIM implementation. In the perspectives of engineers, migrating from 2D drawing to building information model is discussed with the faced problems and challenges. The technical supports such as internet supports, cloud system and etc. was lacked for small-scaled companies; and self-transformation plan is not available which is believed to minimize the lost during transformation. From structural engineers’ perspective, a better visualization with building information models is critical to address these major problems occurred throughout the migration. However, more time are expected to be consumed in producing the models as it was found that there is a low level of model sharing between engineers and architects. Although the BIM implementation in Malaysia is still in a low level, it is advised that industry players and government should work together to migrating from traditional method to BIM environment.
Barriers of implementing sustainable housing in Malaysian residential property sector
Authors: Wong S Y , Loh J H , Lee Y H
Published: November 2020

Designing and constructing sustainable housing by changing its design, construction and operation could help in reducing resource consumption and mitigate climate change. However, it is found that there are barriers impeding the implementation of sustainable housing. This research aims to determine such barriers in Malaysian residential property sector. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the key stakeholders (i.e. engineers, real estate agents, contractors and home buyers) in Malaysia. This questionnaire asked the respondents to rate the relative importance of 21 barriers which were categorized into four key categories (i.e. design and technical barrier, economic barrier, institutional barrier and socio-culture barrier). The results showed that economic barrier is the most critical category among the four categories of barriers. Out of the 21 barriers, the top critical barrier is high capital/investment cost. This research identified the importance of different barriers based on the perceptions of and experiences of the respondents. While most studies focused on the professional stakeholders or home buyers, there are only few studies dedicated to the combination of the perceptions for both professional stakeholders and homebuyers in Malaysia. This research could contribute to both the knowledge and practices of sustainable housing implementation in Malaysia.
Is risk assessment matter in infrastructure projects on soft soils?
Authors: Low W W , Wong K S , Lim J W
Published: November 2020

Infrastructure projects are not merely complicated but they require high investment costs and a considerable amount of resources and stakeholders are necessary to assure their performance. Infrastructure projects especially transportation projects like highway, bridge, etc. cover a significantly large area and involve a lot of different stakeholders as such they are high in risks and uncertainties compared to other types of projects. The large covered area has led to construction on different types of soils including soft soils. This will complicate the construction process. The results of the literature review showed that existing knowledge on risk assessment of infrastructure on soft soils is not merely insufficient. Some researchers have highlighted the importance of risk assessment in construction projects on soft soils. Hence, the aim of this research was to explore the perception of industry personnel about the significance of risk assessment in infrastructure projects. A questionnaire survey was designed and distributed to consultants and contractors in Malaysia. Data were analyzed based on the descriptive method. Results showed that industry people perceived that the level of risks and uncertainties of infrastructure projects on soft soils is higher than other types of soil. As such, the impact of infrastructure projects on soft soils on project cost performance will be more significant than other types of soil. Hence, construction industry professionals perceived that risk management is critical in mitigating risks especially in infrastructure projects on soft soils.
Estimation of Individual Leaf Area by Leaf Dimension using a Linear Regression for Various Tropical Plant Species
Authors: Tay A C , Ling J Z L
Published: November 2020

Leaf area estimation is significant to assess leaf development and plant growth. A simple and efficient model (Regression model) was developed to estimate leaf area of various tropical plant species using leaf dimension (length x width). The objective of this study was to determine a relation between leaf area and leaf dimension to get the best fit line of a linear regression. A total of twenty plant species were selected at Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. The leaf shape and plant growing environment were investigated as a background data. The leaf shapes were elliptic, acuminate, aristate, obtuse, lobed, linear, peltate and lanceolate. The recorded plant growing environment were location, soil pH and sunlight exposure. The plants grew at a slope or flat, shaded or high exposure of sunlight with the soil pH between 4.8 and 7.3. A regression equation for each leaf was established with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9. It strongly proved that the leaf areas of all the plant species are well correlated with leaf dimension (length x width). The linear regression is not influenced by different leaf shape and growing environment. Generally, the plant grew at high exposure of sunlight indicated higher leaf area. There is no obvious trend of leaf area at different soil pH. From the R2 values, it concluded that the leaf area of individual plant can be estimated by the linear regression established in this study by determining the leaf length and width.
Analysis of internal delamination in multilayered rod in torsion
Authors: Rizov V
Published: November 2020

A multilayered inhomogeneous rod with an internal delamination crack loaded in torsion is analyzed. The crack has a circular cross-section. The delamiantion is located symmetrically with respect to the middle of the rod. The layers exhibit continuous material inhomogeneity in radial and length directions. The material properties are distributed symmetrically with respect to the middle of the rod. In order to obtain the torsion moments in the crack arms, the rod is treated as a structure with one degree of internal static indeterminacy. The delamination is studied in terms of the strain energy release rate by using the compliance method. Effects of material inhomogeneity, length and location of the crack on the delamination behaviour are investigated.
Inhomogeneous beam with two internal vertical lengthwise cracks: a fracture study
Authors: Rizov V
Published: November 2020

Fracture of an inhomogeneous cantilever beam whit two internal parallel lengthwise cracks is analyzed. Cracks have different lengths and are located arbitrary along the beam width. The beam exhibits continuous material inhomogeneity in both width and length directions. The fracture is studied in terms of the strain energy release rate. For this purpose, the beam is treated as a structure with two degrees of internal static indeterminacy. The solutions to the strain energy release rate, derived in the present paper, are verified by the using the J-integral approach. A parametric investigation of the lengthwise fracture behaviour of the beam is performed.
Review of open source software for modelling and analysis of structures
Authors: Tsvetkova T , Kerenchev N
Published: November 2020

The open-source software attracts the engineering society with the accessibility, the chasing of processes, the flexibility and the possibility of making changes to the interface or in the program code processes. This paper presents the results of a comparative review of several groups of open-source software (OSS) for modelling and analysis of constructions. The advantages and challenges of working with OSS in comparison to the use of widespread products with commercial licenses are analyzed. Software products of two categories are considered: (a) geometrically/graphically modelling/drawing of the structures - 2D, 3D CAD; (b) calculation and analysis of building structures under different load conditions and geometry including geotechnical problems. The software products selected for the purpose of the report are compared based on the performance of a simple engineering task from practice. The sufficiency of the results, the options for presenting the data and other additional characteristics of the products are commented.
Constitutive models for FE analysis of pile founded buried arch bridge
Authors: Kazakov K , Mihova L , Partov D
Published: November 2020

The paper presents plane strain FE modeling of a pile founded bridge, made from reinforced concrete, by using plate elements for the structure and the soil body. The soil-structure contact is modeled by interface finite elements. The numerical analysis is performed by the Plaxis 2D software. The mechanical behavior of the bridge is approximated by the constitutive models of Hooke and Mohr-Coulomb. Two sets of values of the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) for the concrete are obtained - on the basis of the theoretical uniaxial compressive and tensile strengths and on the basis of relationships in the Eurocode 2. The advanced constitutive HSM model is used for the soil. The construction and service periods of the bridge are simulated by a sequence of representative states. The mechanical response of the bridge undergoing backfill and road loads is analysed.
Application of natural fiber composite materials in the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Ivanova I , Assih J , Dontchev D
Published: November 2020

This paper presents an experimental investigation of strengthened reinforced concrete structure by bonded natural fiber composite materials. Nonetheless, the composite plates are externally constituted of a matrix based on epoxy adhesive in which the aligned continuous natural fibers are embedded. In recent years, the natural fibers are of great interest as a result of policies to reduce the negative impact on the environment. They are a renewable source, helping to capture carbon dioxide during their cultivation. Numerous technical, economic, and environmental advantages such as low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, low density, and non-corrosive properties make them very attractive to use. The objective of this research is to assess the strengthened capacity of natural fibers. This research mainly used hemp and flax natural fibers. So, these natural fibers are an alternative to synthetic reinforcing fibers like carbon fiber or glass fiber, which are widely used in civil engineering. This article briefly presents the results of the tests carried out on concrete prismatic specimens strengthened by external bonding different composite plates based on natural fibers. The tests were presented by examining the influence of reinforcement on the ultimate capacity and the element of rigidity. The results show a significant increase in the ultimate load of the strengthened concrete prismatic specimens compared to the reference specimen. The cracking and failure modes are presented. The results show that the natural fibers are a good alternative to glass and carbon fibers.