bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of lightning return stroke channel temperature according to different band spectra
Authors: Liu Guo-Rong , Zhu Wei-Jun , Chu Run-Tong , Wang Wei , Yuan Ping , An Ting-Ting , Wan Rui-Bin , Sun Dui-Xiong , Ma Yun-Yun , Guo Zhi-Yan ,   Department of Physics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China,   Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Materials of Gansu Province, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China,   School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Published: February 2022

The spectral data of a lightning discharge process are captured by a high-speed slit-less grating spectrograph. Based on the plasma spectrum theory, the lightning return stroke channel temperature is estimated according to the spectral information of the different bands. The results show that the average temperatures of the lightning return stroke channel estimated by the Boltzmann plot method are 43270, 17660 and 17730 K, respectively, when the spectral line group of the single ionized nitrogen atom (NII), neutral oxygen atom (OI) and neutral nitrogen atom (NI) are selected respectively. The average temperature of the lightning return stroke channel is 24770 K, which is estimated based on the Saha-Boltzmann plot method by using NII and NI spectral line groups. Based on the lightning channel corona sheath model and the spectral radiation theory, it can be inferred that the temperature obtained by using only NII spectral line group should be the temperature of the lightning return stroke channel core, and the temperature obtained by using only NI or OI spectral line group should be the temperature of the corona sheath around the lightning return stroke channel core. Using both NII and NI spectral line groups, the obtained temperature should be the average temperature of the entire channel section (including the channel core and corona sheath) in the exposure time.
Research on near infrared photoelectric response and surface-enhanced Raman scatteringof urchin-like Au-Ag-Pt-Pd nanoalloy
Authors: Ma Hui , Tian Yue , Jiao An-Xin , Zhang Meng-Ya , Wang Chang , Chen Ming ,   School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
Published: February 2022

Compared with the single metal, multi-metallic nanoparticle has excellent localized surface plasmon resonance with a wide spectral range response, which is beneficial to improving both the photoinduced electron transfer efficiency and the effective electron-hole separation. In this work, the urchin-like Au-Ag-Pt-Pd nanoalloy (Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NU) with multiple tentacles is successfully synthesized by the seed growth method and chemical reduction method. And we explore the optical properties of Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NU at different annealing temperatures. The results show that the transient photocurrent intensity of Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NU annealed at 200 ℃ is 1.6 times that of the primitive Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NUs at 808 nm excitation. In addition, the SERS signal intensity of crystal violet (CV) adsorbed on the Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NUs annealed at 200 ℃ is 1.8 times that of the primitive Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NUs at 785 nm excitation. For the Au-Ag-Pt-Pd NUs in this work, the concentration of CV can be detected to be as low as 10–12 M. Furthermore, the interesting NIR-SERS sensor enables the detection limit of H2O2 at low concentration to reach 0.09–1.02 μmol/L. The results show that the obtained nanoalloy has excellent photoelectric response characteristics and high SERS sensitivity due to the synergistic effect of multi-metal. Thus, it possesses great potential for biological NIR detection in the future.
Group theory based formation mechanism and evolution of multiple Fano resonances in dielectric nanohole arrays with lattice-perturbed
Authors: Chen Ying , Li Mei-Jie , Zhao Meng , Wang Jian-Kun ,   Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Test/Measurement Technology and Instrument, School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Published: February 2022

Based on the electromagnetic properties of all-dielectric optical metamaterial, an all-dielectric metasurface of lattice-perturbed nanohole array is proposed to excite a multiple Fano resonance in the near-infrared region. Combined with the group theory, the formation mechanism and evolution law of multiple Fano resonances in this structure when its unit cell is a square lattice configuration and the square lattice symmetry is broken are explored in depth. The results show that double degenerate mode directly excited by the normal incident plane wave is coupled to vertical free-space radiation continuum to form double Fano resonance when unit cell is symmetrical, while the uncoupled non-degenerate modes excited by the normal incident plane wave is coupled to vertical free-space radiation continuum to form triple Fano resonance with higher Q factor when the symmetry is broken. Numerical simulation is used to explore the influences of x-polarized and y-polarized plane wave on the above Fano resonances, and the results show that the Fano resonance of double degenerate resonance is polarization independent, while the non-degenerate resonance is polarization dependent. The findings in this work can provide an effective theoretical reference for designing other square lattice metasurface to realize the excitation and evolution of multiple Fano resonances.
Atomic-scale manufacture of metre-sized two-dimensional single crystals by interfacial modulation
Authors: Liu Tian-Yao , Liu Can , Liu Kai-Hui ,   School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China,   Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 510670, China
Published: February 2022

With the shrinkage of the chip feature size, the short-channel effect becomes more and more predominate. The development of new quantum materials for high-performance devices has become imperative for the current technological development. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, are thought to be the promising candidate of quantum materials for achieving the high-end electronic and optoelectronic devices. Like the development of silicon-based chips, the wafer-scale device applications of 2D materials must be based on the fabrication of high-quality, large-size 2D single crystals. However, the existing manufacturing techniques of the well-studied bulk single crystals cannot be fully applied to the fabrication of 2D single crystals due to the interfacial characteristics of 2D materials. So far, single crystals of metre-sized graphene, decimetre-sized hBN and wafer-sized TMDCs have been successfully prepared by chemical vapor deposition, but the sizes of other 2D single crystals are still very limited and not in the same league as conventional semiconductor materials. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an effective preparation strategy for the manufacture of various 2D single crystals. In this review, we mainly overview the fabrication techniques for the meter-scale growth of 2D single crystals, and propose three key modulation aspects in the atomic-scale manufacture, i.e. the growth modulation of 2D single nucleus, the preparation of single-crystal substrates, and the alignment control of 2D single-crystal domains, in order to provide a universal method of fabricating the large-size 2D single crystals. Finally, the prospect of chip devices based on these high-quality large-size novel 2D single crystals is discussed, thereby paving the way for the future industrial applications of electronics and optoelectronics.
Novel two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures constructed in ultra-high vacuum
Authors: Li Geng , Guo Hui , Gao Hong-Jun ,   Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, PR China
Published: February 2022

Compared with the three-dimensional bulk materials, two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit superior electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties due to the reduced dimensionality. The quantum confinement effect of 2D materials gives rise to exotic physical properties, and receives extensive attention of the scientists. Lots of routes to fabricate the 2D materials have been proposed by the material scientists, including the traditional mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy under ultra-high vacuum (UHV), and so on. Among them, fabricating materials under ultra-high vacuum has the advantages of constructing large-scale and high-quality samples, and is therefore widely adopted in the 2D material growth. In this paper, we review three different strategies of growing 2D materials under UHV conditions, including molecular beam epitaxy, graphene intercalation and manual manipulation by nano probes. We compare the advantages and drawbacks among those methods in creating 2D materials, and try to provide some guidance to the community, especially those who are new to the field.
Theoretical studies on molecular conformers and infrared spectra of triethylamine
Authors: Qiu Zi-Heng , Ahmed Yousif Ghazal , Long Jin-You , Zhang Song ,   State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China,   School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Engineering Technical College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41002, Iraq
Published: February 2022

Based on the method of density functional theory B3LYP with a 6-311++G(d, p) basis set, the potential energy surface of conformational isomerization along the two-dimensional coordinates formed by the dihedral angles ϕ1(C9N1C2C5) and ϕ2(C16N1C9C12) in a range of –180°–180° is investigated. And 12 ground state conformers of triethylamine are identified. Furthermore,with the second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory

MP2 on the same basis set level, the structures of six lower-energy conformers are optimized and their energy values are estimated. The results show that G1 and G1' with C3 symmetry are the most stable conformers and G4 and G4' with new methyl orientations are identified. In addition, some vibrational modes in the infrared spectra of G1–G4 are assigned and discussed. The infrared spectra of G1–G4 show that the intensity is weak in a range of 0–1600 cm–1, while the intensity is strong in a range of 2800–3300 cm–1. The characteristic vibration modes such as umbrella vibration and CH stretching vibration are assigned. The average shift of the corresponding infrared peaks on different conformations is estimated at less than 20 cm–1.
Three Dimensional Morphological Grading of the Ankylosed TMJ for Surgical Planning: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Chacko Rabin , Kumar Saurabh , Paul Arun
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) ankylosis remains an enigma in craniofacial surgery due to the challenges encountered while restoring mouth opening, facial form and airway to normalcy. Though TMJ ankylosis is a relatively simple diagnosis to make, the specific surgical plan depends on the nature and extent of the fusion of the mandible with the cranial base. Aim: To classify the pattern of bone deformity found in TMJ ankylosis using three Dimensional (3D) Computed Tomography (CT) imaging and its role in determining the type of procedures required for effective gap arthroplasty. Materials and Methods: The 3D CT reconstructed images of 66 consecutive patients having 82 ankylosed joints treated from January 2007 to December 2019 with a standardised protocol was evaluated retrospectively. A grading system was used with the following criteria: coronoid hyperplasia, sigmoid notch to skullbase fusion and loss of residual joint space. The gap arthroplasty required for each grade of ankylosis was also analysed. The complete data in the present study was tabulated in Microsoft excel sheet and frequency (n) analysis was done for all variables. Results: Out of 66 patients (82 ankylotic joints) 37 males and 29 females), age range 2.5 years to 51 years, average age 18.2 years) 27% of the total joints surveyed belonged to grade 1 type of ankylosis. None of these joints had complete bony fusion (absence of the radiolucent zone between the cranium and condyle). A 10% of the joints had moderate ankylosis (grade 2). None of them revealed complete bony fusion (absence of the radiolucent zone) or fusion of the sigmoid with the cranial base. Grade 3 ankylosis was the most widely seen pattern of ankylosis (63% of the present study subjects) and 92% had a history of childhood onset. A 90% of the joints in this group had ipsilateral coronoid hyperplasia. A 48% of the joints with severe ankylosis (grade 3) showed bony fusion with the cranial base, with loss or absence of the radiolucent zone {Fusion Line (FL)} between the cranial base and the condyle. Conclusion: The extent and severity of TMJ ankylosis needs to be ascertained prior to planning TM Joint ankylosis surgery. A 3D CT assessment and subsequent radiologic grading provides a reliable guide for ankylosis release.
Supervised Structured Exercise Program on Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Two Case Reports
Authors: Bansal Anu , Sethi Jasobanta , Parasher Raju K , Tomar Manisha
Published: February 2022

Healthy lifestyle intervention has been incorporated as first line of management when treating adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) but benefits of structured therapeutic programs with defined dosimetry on psychological parameters is poorly understood. Here, authors present two adolescent girls who presented with irregular menstrual cycle and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasonography. Both the girls were anxious and concerned about irregular menses. Both the girls had weight gain, anxiety and mild stress. Oral contraceptives were prescribed to one adolescent girl to regulate her menses. Supervised exercise program with combination of exercises and dietary counselling proved effective in managing adolescents with PCOS and improving their physiological and psychological health. Thus, clinicians must consider incorporating supervised exercise regime in managing adolescents with PCOS.
Comparative Study of Mineral Composition of Selected Staple Green Leafy Vegetables in Nigeria
Authors: Adeniyi S. A. , Muhammad W. E. , Solola S. O. A.
Published: February 2022

Six varieties of green leafy vegetables, namely, Amaranthus hybridus, Corchorus olitorius, O. gratissimum, Talinum triangulare, Telfaria occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina were estimated in their raw, steamed and boiled forms for their mineral compositions. The effect of two different cooking methods (steaming i.e. water blanching and boiling) on fresh leafy vegetables were also evaluated. The mineral contents of fresh leaves of the vegetables were determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence techniques (EDXRF). The results from EDXRF analysis of mineral contents of the six leafy vegetables revealed that fresh, steamed and boiled C. olitorius had the highest quantity of K (133.5, 131.5 and 91.2 mg/100 g) and Zn (28.9, 28.4 and 21.4 mg/100 g) respectively. The fresh, steamed and boiled T. occidentalis had the highest quantity of Ca (124.2, 122.2 and 80.3 mg/100 g), Na (102.2, 100.6 and 71.1 mg/100 g) and Mg (324.5, 319.2 and 225.5 mg/100 g) respectively, while the fresh, steamed and boiled A. hybridus had the highest quantity of Fe (48.6, 47.7 and 29.1 mg/100 g) respectively. The results of percentage loss of mineral composition revealed that almost 40 % of minerals in boiled vegetables was lost, while the amount lost in steamed vegetables was < 2 %. The results obtained from evaluation of sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio showed that all fresh and steamed leafy vegetables have the same values but the boiled leafy vegetables gave different values. The results have shown that vegetables could serve a better source of some important minerals that can contribute qualitatively to the nutritional need of humans. Based on the results from the processing of vegetables, we suggest that the daily nutritional needs can better be acquired by consuming the steamed processed vegetables rather than consuming the boiled processed vegetables, which would also probably reduce high blood pressure diseases.
Improving Basic Education in Rural Schools in Tanzania: Lessons from China
Authors: Lyanga Amani Abisai
Published: February 2022

Basic education in Tanzania especially in rural schools is faced with diverse challenges that hinder effective teaching and learning. This situation requires immediate interventions from the government to improve basic education in rural schools. The purpose of this study was based on improving basic education in rural schools in Tanzania: lessons from China. This study employed secondary sources to collect data. The government of China used different efforts to improve rural education compared to the previous years. Due to strong investment, most rural schools in China have an improved school environment, well-equipped classrooms, accommodation facilities, and well-constructed teachers' houses. The findings revealed that education in rural schools in Tanzania could be improved by following those efforts employed by China. To succeed in those efforts, the central government of Tanzania should increase financial investment in the education sector through total budgetary allocation to satisfy academic development and simplify the educational plans and policy implementation. As a result, through financial investment, teaching and learning facilities, boarding schools, well-equipped classrooms, accommodation facilities, teachers' houses, and other materials will be accessible in rural schools. On top of that, Tanzania should work with partnerships such as nonprofit organizations (NPOs) to improve basic education in rural and remote areas. Furthermore, the Tanzanian government should initiate special financial management to deal with operational expenditures for the future development of education in rural schools.
Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanol Extract of Banana (Musa sapientum L.) Peels against Organisms Associated with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Eedee Konne Felix , Martha Erasmus , Giami Linda , Patience Nkiru Duruike , Konne Oroma Ethel , Roseanne Adah Okafor , Godwin Nwokah Easter , Kinikanwo Wachukwu Confidence
Published: February 2022

Banana peels refers to the outer coverage of the banana fruit. Apart from serving as a food for man and animals, the banana plant also has medicinal values. Urinary Tract Infection is an infection that affects any parts of the urinary system (upper or lower). Its treatment and diagnosis are carried out with urine sample and antibiotics. Increased bacterial resistance to the conventional antibiotics has led to the development of alternative treatment for bacterial disease infections. This study is aimed at assessing the antimicrobial properties of fresh unripe and dried unripe banana peels against selected isolates from Urinary Tract Infection sample. The isolates from culture were further identified using biochemical tests. Fresh unripe and dry unripe were used to determine the antimicrobial activities. A measure of 150 grams of both fresh unripe and dry unripe was extracted with 100ml of 80% Ethanol solvent for about 2 days. The solvent extracts were concentrated separately under reduced pressure, 10g of each concentrated solvent extracts were dissolved in 5ml of sterile distilled water and used for antimicrobial assay using agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical analysis of fresh unripe and dry unripe showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, cardiac glycosids, phenols tannins and volatile oil were present. Musa sapientum L peels showed some effect on UTIs at 80% concentrations for ethanol. The peels of Musa sapientum exhibited some inhibitory activity on these selected UTIs isolates.
Probabilities and Probable Solutions of a Modified KdV Type Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation
Authors: Bogning J. R. , Njikue R. , Ngantcha J. P. , Omanda H. M. , Tchaho C.T. Djeumen
Published: February 2022

The goal of this work is not only the search for the solutions of a nonlinear partial differential equation, but how to locate and choose a form of solution verifying the nonlinear partial differential equation. In this work, we use the probabilities of appearance of the pairs (n, m) linked to iB-functions for which certain terms of the range of coefficients equations are grouped together to locate and then determine the solutions of the partial differential equation of the KdV type. The pairs (n, m) when identified, indicate with precision the iB-function which will choose from the start as the solution function which we want to build. The probabilities here are essential data to select the analytical sequences of the solutions to be investigated.
A Survey of SVC Device: Its Principle of Operation, Advantages, and Limitations
Authors: I. Moses Owolabi
Published: February 2022

This work focuses on the survey of the Static Var Compensator (SVC) device principle of operation, advantages and limitations. There has been persistent problems of blackout and brownout of the power supply in Nigeria and some other developing nation as a result of the high level of instability existing in the power lines. Due to the increase in the population, expansion of the power line network and also load increase, there has been tremendous level of disturbances being introduced into the power lines. These disturbances can cause low-frequency oscillation which may last long and result to instability in the lines if not adequately damped or compensated. SVC is an electrical device and a type of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) device introduced for providing fast-acting reactive power compensation on high voltage electricity transmission networks for voltage regulation and stabilization. However, the SVC device has no revolutionary parts, for the implementation of surge impedance compensation, and it was identified that the device is not suitable to be employed for the regulation of voltage up and downs because it has limited overload capability. The device was designed for power supply line with less load and simple network. Therefore, SVC device cannot provide adequate compensation to the present power supply line because of the huge, complex load and disturbance in the system. This work recommends that the SVC device must be improved or replaced with newer compensation devices in order to achieve better power supply improvement.
Physical and Engineering Properties of Fertilzers and their Combination for the Design of Hopper
Authors: Krishna K. Vamshi , Shivaji K. P.
Published: February 2022

The physical and engineering properties of the urea (46-0-0), ammonium phosphate (16-20-0), potash (0-0-60), and their fertilizer combination were studied to design the hopper for the fertilizer application unit. The six important properties discussed were angle of repose, moisture content, particle size distribution, flowability, crushing strength and coefficient of kinetic friction. The largest angle of repose values was 33°, 35°, 41° and 47° for urea, ammonium phosphate, potash and their combination respectively. The bulk density value for fertilizer combination was considered for the design of hopper, as the mixture of three fertilizers were applied in the field and its value was 0.92 g cm-3. The urea has lowest coefficient of friction compared to others, which is 0.3. The flowability of the fertilizer was free and the crushing strength of ammonium phosphate and urea was having medium hardness compared to potash, which is very soft. The observed engineering properties viz., flowability, coefficient of friction, moisture content, angle of repose were satisfactory for designing the mechanical fertilizer applicator and bulk density for the volume required for the storage of fertilizer.
Effect of Vermicompost and Foliar Application of Zinc on Soil Properties and Nutrients Uptake by Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L)
Authors: Dadhich Sunil Kumar , Yadav Govind Kumar
Published: February 2022

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of vermicompost and foliar application of zinc on soil properties and nutrients uptake by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during 2018-19 and 2019-20. The ten treatments in the experiment viz., T1 (N:P:K, 15:60:30), T2 (N:P:K +Vermicompost), T3 (N:P:K +Vermicompost + Soil Zn 100%), T4 (N:P:K + Vermicompost + Soil Zn 75%), T5 (N:P:K + foliar application of 0.25% ZnSO4), T6 (N:P:K + foliar application of 0.50% ZnSO4), T7 (N:P:K + foliar application of 0.75% ZnSO4), T8 (N:P:K + Vermicompost + foliar application of 0.25% ZnSO4), T9 (N:P:K + Vermicompost + foliar application of 0.50% ZnSO4) and T10 (N:P:K + Vermicompost + foliar application of 0.75% ZnSO4) were replicated thrice under randomized block design (RBD). The results of the experiment revealed that the treatment receiving N:P:K (15:60:30) + Vermicompost (5 t ha-1) + Soil Zn 100% (T3) had significantly higher values of organic carbon (0.56 percent), available nitrogen (156.59 kg ha-1), available P2O5 (50.39 kg ha-1), available K2O (183.14 kg ha-1), Zn (0.65 mg kg-1), lower values of pH (7.34), EC (0.22 dSm-1) and higher values of nutrients uptake over control (T1), while at par with the application of N:P:K + Vermicompost + Soil Zn 75% (T4), N:P:K + Vermicompost + foliar application of 0.25% ZnSO4 (T8), N:P:K + Vermicompost + foliar application of 0.50% ZnSO4 (T9) and N:P:K + Vermicompost + foliar application of 0.75% ZnSO4 (T10).
Genetic Variability and Diversity in Rice Cultivars of North Bank Plain Zone of Assam for Traits Associated with Grain Yield and Adaption under Moisture Stress
Authors: Nizamuddin Ahmed Abu Saleh , Sarma M. K. , Saharia Daizi Durba , Protim Nath Manash , Sonia Devi Nigombam , Talukdar Jugal Chandra , Deka Sobha Dutta
Published: February 2022

Fifty four rice cultivars from North Bank Plain Zone (NBPZ) of Assam were assessed for their genetic variability and diversity with respect to yield and traits associated with adaptation under moisture stress with a view to formulate hybridization strategies for further genetic improvement. Genotypes were evaluated following a completely randomized design with two replications under PVC pipes at the experimental field of BN College of Agriculture, Biswanath Chariali, Assam.  A higher magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for root volume, root dry weight, root length density, filled grains per panicle, shoot dry weight, root length, root-shoot ratio and grain yield per plant. High heritability coupled with higher genetic advance was registered for root dry weight, root length density, root volume, root-shoot ratio, root length and grain yield per plant. D2 analysis revealed that the genotypes could be distributed into a group of eight clusters with maximum distance between cluster III and cluster V (845.71). Root volume was found to contribute highest towards divergence (12.83%). Out of all the clusters, cluster IV with an intra cluster distance of 370.76 consisted of maximum number of accessions (17). Genotypes based on the inter se genetic distance and per se performances of specific traits were identified for undertaking hybridization programme. The implication of the diversity pattern elucidated for breeding varieties for moisture stress adaptation were discussed. Hybridization programme may be undertaken between the identified genotypes having inter se genetic diversity belonging to diverse clusters. Thus it could be expected to obtain desirable segregants out of the hybridization programme for further genetic improvement of rice in the region.
Triceps Reflection versus Olecranon Osteotomy Approach in Supracondylar Intercondylar Distal Humeral Fractures Managed by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation in Adults
Authors: Fathi Mohamed Walid Samy , Saaid Mohamed Shafik , Mohamed Ashraf Atif , Emran Ali Mahmoud
Published: February 2022

Background: Intercondylar fracture humerus needs early treatment consequently, the surgical approach becomes very crucial. Many approaches have been described for this fracture type. Approaches such as triceps-reflecting and olecranon osteotomy are frequently used.

Aim of Work: Is to assess the functional and radiological outcomes of olecranon osteotomy and triceps reflection in adults with supracondylar intercondylar distal humerus fractures treated with double plating.

Patients and Methods: To achieve the study's goal, a non-randomized controlled clinical trial was used. Patients with supracondylar intercondylar humerus fractures were admitted to Tanta University's orthopedic department and Cairo's El-Helal hospital. Total number of cases (21 patients) included in the study as a thorough sample during the research period (6 months). The medical records and radiographs of 13 male and 8 female patients, all above the age of 18, were prospectively evaluated after a 6-month follow-up period. Triceps reflection was performed on 52.4 percent of patients, while olecranon osteotomy was performed on 47.6 percent. The results of treatment were evaluated using a modified version of Mayo-Elbow performance score (MEPS).

Results: All the patients were assessed both before and after surgery. In the triceps-reflection group, 9 patients regarded good, 1 got excellent, and 1 got fair MEPS, whereas in the olecranon-osteotomy group, 7 patients got good, 1 got fair, and 2 got excellent MEPS. The olecranon-osteotomy technique gives greater control over the elbow joint and better visualization, especially if with C3 type. The functional results of distal humerus fractures disclosed by the triceps-reflection and olecranon-osteotomy approaches were comparable.

Conclusion: In C3 type, the olecranon-osteotomy technique offers more control over the elbow joint and better visualization, whereas in other types, the triceps-reflection and olecranon-osteotomy approaches, in treatment of supracondylar intercondylar distal humerus fractures with triceps-reflection and olecranon-osteotomy both methods are safe.
The Development Minerals Value Chain Policy Model: The Case of Rwanda in the East African Region
Authors: Hatibu Haji Semboja Haji
Published: February 2022

The objective of this policy paper is to examine, assess and propose a solid theoretical model that will assist in [1] assessing the current status of development mineral value chains; [2] identifying social economic activities for mining systems, and [3] proposing consistent recommendations on policy options and other incentives necessary to enhance the contribution of the mining sector and their value chains to sustainable social economic development in Rwanda.

This is a theoretical paper based on literature reviews on policy models using classical Michael Porter's (1979) Value Chain Model, (VCM) articulating full range of social economic activities – including design, input sources, production, marketing and distribution – businesses conduct to bring a product or service from conception to delivery. Value chain analysis has been a strategic policy tool used to analyze internal firms, sectorial and national operational objectives and strategies given external environments.

The policy findings and solution emphasizes the importance of strengthening all optimal mineral-based linkages while resources are extant so as to maximize the developmental and inter-generational impact of those resources. The nation's mining policy objective is to ensure efficient and effective utilization of mineral deposits, explorations, extractions, processing, beneficiations, trades and marketing, and final consumptions systems by national social economic entities such as households, firms and communities.

The paper recommends that Rwanda government to develop and achieve the “transparent, equitable and optimal exploitation of mineral resources to underpin broad-based sustainable growth and socio-economic development. The Rwandese must ensure that all social economic entities have to share a common goal of achieving proﬁtability, productivity and optimal cash ﬂow for the entire development mineral value chain. It follows that national development mineral operations management, implemented through value chain management, requires a new, operational and different perspective of relationship management.
The Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Malaria Immunity during Adulthood, Childhood and Pregnancy: A Review
Authors: Hamad Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed , Alotaibi Bader Saud , Abdulgader Rania Saad , M. Noor Sufian Khalid , Chanysheva Rimma , Kashif Awadalla H.
Published: February 2022

Malaria is most prevalent parasitic disease, it caused by coccidian parasite of the genus plasmodium, four species are usually infect human beings, P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malriae and P. ovale, Most of malaria cases resulted from P. falciparum and P. vivax. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environmental sensor exists in many parts of human body such as lung, spleen, gut and breast. In this review we discussed the functions of it as regulator for proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the possible role of diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding in boosting immunity against malaria during pregnancy and childhood by triggering AHR. Also we hypothesize that probable role of it in synchronizing erythrocytic schizogongy. Experimental studies recommended to know more about the biological protective functions of AHR.
Biological Principles of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Review Article
Authors: Sonkar Manya , Kamble R. H. , Dhannawat Purva , Deshpandey Mihika , Daigavane Pallavi , Niranjane Priyanka , Gilani Rizwan
Published: February 2022

Orthodontic tooth mobility is discussed in this article, and the numerous concepts or theories of movement of tooth and the phases through which a tooth undergoes after application of forces. The effect of orthodontic pressure exerted on the dental architecture promotes movement of tooth through remodeling, which is the growth and resorption of alveolar bone. These forces can either be light forces or heavy forces depending upon their magnitudes. Biological aspects of tooth movement changes in accordance with the magnitude, force, time span and direction of force exerted. Variations in force application can be decided based on the kind of movement of tooth desired. These forces result in complex physiological events, cellular events in the surrounding tissues and, release of various chemical mediators to re-establish the equilibrium which gets interrupted by applying forces. 

Recently, many researches are going on how to enhance the speed of movement of the tooth with light forces so as to reduce the damage caused by the heavy forces, reduce the treatment time overall and treatment planning which results in minimal adverse effects.
Critical Overview on Oral Appliances for the Management of OSA
Authors: Shyamsukha Bhawna , Nimonkar Sharayu , Belkhode Vikram , Pisulkar Sweta kale , Godbole Surekha
Published: February 2022

Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by obstruction of the upper airway during the sleep This illness is characterised by a wide range of symptoms and associated comorbidities. OSA is a complex illness that necessitates a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment. The craniofacial structure, as well as the soft tissues and muscles that surround it, all contribute to OSA.Obstructive sleep apnea affects 936 million individuals around the world. After China, India comes second with 81 million OSA patients. Continuous positive airflow (CPAP) as an interventional option and Oral Appliances as a non-interventional alternative have both been mentioned in the literature as therapy options for OSA. The clinical findings associated with OSA should be noted by the dentist during the initial session so that an early diagnosis, proper treatment planning, and the avoidance of long-term consequences can be accomplished. Dentists are crucial in diagnosis, treatment, and screening of OSA patients.

Oral appliances for mandibular advancement and tongue stabilisation have been shown to be successful in treating OSA. The clinical studies, and current clinical practice suggest utilising oral appliances to treat OSA when patients cannot tolerate CPAP. Dental appliance therapy is a non-invasive treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome that involves the use of a variety of dental appliances. This review provides an update on the most recent trends in Oral Appliances as a therapeutic option for managing OSA.
Evaluation of Sexual Dimorphism of Inter Condylo-Coronoid Process Distance by Panoramic Radiography in South Indian Population
Authors: Rifaath Mohamed , Prathap Lavanya
Published: February 2022

Background: Sexual dimorphism is a condition where the sexes of an equivalent species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. Sexual identification is most significant in huge fatality accidents where the body is beyond recognition. Coronoid process of mandible is a triangular eminence, thin and flattened in size and shape. The Condylar process is the process of the mandible and it is thicker than the coronoid process. Identification of Gender characteristics is of forensic importance.

Aim: To evaluate the sexual dimorphism of inter condylo-coronoid process distance by Panoramic radiographic study in the south Indian population.

Materials and Methods: A total of 49 digital orthopantomogram collected from a private dental college in Chennai. The distance between the condylar and the coronoid process is measured on both sides of a digital orthopantomogram using adobe photoshop. The data was analyzed and observed using SPSS v23.0 and the standard deviation was calculated.

Results: The mean of left and right distance of inter condylo-coronoid distance is 2.45cm and 2.52cm respectively. The standard deviation of left and right distance of inter condylo-coronoid distance is 0.32cm and 0.31cm respectively.

Conclusion: From the results obtained, within the limitations of the study it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the measure of distance between inter condyle-coronoid processes in terms of age and gender. Future studies should be conducted with large samples to get conclusive results using advance CBCT.
Role of Probiotics in Periodontics
Authors: Chandel Rohini , Kale Bhairavi , Pal Riya , Durge Khushboo
Published: February 2022

While changing microbial ecology may result to oral disease microbiological ecological change as a concept, a strategy to avoid inflamed gums. To eradicate pathogenic members of the microbiota, new treatments probiotic supplements, for instance approaches (i.e. bacterial replacement therapy in its entirety) may could be researched. Bacteriotherapy or the use of harmless bacteria to displace dangerous microbes is an alternate and promising technique to tackle illnesses. Probiotics are one of the newest agents with a wide range of therapeutic applications. Periodontitis is a complicated illness that causes both external and internal tissues, as well as microbial colonization (invasion or non-invasion), inflammatory reactions, and resistant immune reactions. In recent years, periodontal disease treatment has switched to a penicillin disease management paradigm. Despite the lack of scientific proof, probiotics could be a promising therapy option for periodontitis. As a result, more research is required to learn more about probiotic species' interactions with periodontal diseases and their impact on the periodontium.
In-vitro Characterization and Purification of Bacteriocins Isolated from Probiotic Curd Culture
Authors: Sharma Sujata , Vashist Shweta , Saahil Arora , Sucheta .
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Bacteriocins, the polypeptides secreted from probiotics proves to be a better choice of antimicrobials than that of synthetic antibiotics due to their negligible side effects and low cost. The present research focusses on the isolation of bacteriocin producing probiotic strains from homemade curd having good antagonistic properties against acne causing bacteria, Propniobacterium acnes. Bacteriocins are isolated, purified and dried. Morphological and general phenotypic tests are performed for identification of microorganisms. Effect of temperature, pH and bile salts on efficacy of bacteriocins is studied. Antimicrobial activity of bacteriocins is tested against the indicator strain by disc diffusion method. Normal sterile saline is used as a negative control and clindamycin is taken as a positive control. MRS media is used for culturing of microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity is recorded in terms of zone of inhibition in mm.

Results: The isolates obtained from curd belongs to the lactobacillus family is proved by the usual phenotypic tests. Among the seven isolates obtained from curd, bacteriocins produced from isolate 6 shows maximum antimicrobial activity. Bacteriocins are most stable at pH range of 5-6 and temperature of 25-40°C. Activity decreases with increase in concentration of bile salts and completely diminishes at 11% bile salt concentration.
Soft Palate Variation in Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Authors: Chitlange Pooja , Panchbhai Aarati
Published: February 2022

One among the most prevalent precancerous disorders affecting oral cavity in those who consume arecanut and gutka is oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). The anatomy of the soft palate alters as this illness proceeds and can act as a marker for disease. OSMF prevalence varies by area and ethnicity, and is closely linked to behaviours, culture, and cuisine. People in South and Southeast Asia have the greatest frequency of OSMF.OSMF has afflicted 2.5 million individuals globally, with a total of five million in the Indian individuals.  The percentage of OSMF patients with dysplasia might range from 12 to 15 percent. Malignant changes occurs at a rate of 4–13 percent around world, but 7.6 percent in the Indian subcontinent. The anatomy of the soft palate in OSMF patients has been studied in a number of ways. Cephalometric analysis is highly used methods for measuring the soft palate in both healthy and OSMF patient. On lateral cephalometry, the soft palate shows a variety of radiographic appearances. Early cephalometry diagnosis of OSMF plays a vital role in treatment of disease. Soft palate becomes thick and heavy as OSMF advances, and considerable changes in soft palate dimensions occur, which may be better assessed by CBCT. This review work compared studies from several researchers, and observed that Type 1soft palate is the most prevalent, while type 6 soft palate is the least common.
Case Report on: Appendicitis
Authors: Khandar Jaya , Sawarkar Achita , Shambharkar Madhuri , Sakharwade Prerna , Meshram Khushbu , Sakharkar Sheetal , Gujar Samruddhi , Kasturkar Pooja
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common surgical infection, with a 7–8% lifetime risk. The mortality rate following appendectomy is quite low, ranging from 0.07 to 0.7 percent in patients without perforation to 0.5 to 2.4 percent in patients with perforation, which is an acute inflammation of the appendix. It affects people of all ages, with the majority of cases occurring between the ages of 10 and 30, and both boys and females are afflicted equally. Appendicitis is substantially less common in developing nations, particularly regions of Africa, and among lower socioeconomic levels. After being diagnosed with appendicitis, a 24-year-old male was taken to AVBRH with complaints of pain in the right iliac fossa, nausea, and vomiting. The findings of the examination were consistent with acute appendicitis. His systemic health remained unaffected, and testing such as blood tests, urine samples, and abdominal ultrasounds were inconclusive. Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common surgical condition, and in the vast majority of cases, appendectomy is the treatment of choice. An accurate diagnosis is essential for lowering the rate of negative appendectomy. In the case of a complex appendicitis, management can be tough. The diagnostic process must be improved in order to reduce the negative appendectomy rate and the danger of misdiagnosis. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was primarily relied on symptoms, signs, and laboratory evidence prior to the widespread use of CT scans.
Preparation of Mouthwash using Ficus benghalensis Assisted Silver Nanoparticles and a Comparative Analysis of Its Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Rangeela M. , Jeevitha M. , Rajeshkumar S. , Jayaraman Selvaraj
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to prepare a mouthwash using Ficus benghalensis mediated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and analysing its antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens

Introduction: Nanotechnology deals with the particles which are less than 100 nm and have important roles in medicines, industries, drug gene delivery. Different parts of the F. benghalensis show medicinal properties. Leaves are used for ulcers, aerial roots are used in gonorrhoea, seeds and fruits are used for dysentery, diarrhoea and diabetes. F. benghalensis have been reported to have immunomodulatory, antibacterial activity and are used to treat toothache.

Materials and methods: In the present study, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized from Ficus benghalensis plant extract. The preparation of plant extract was done using commercially available F. benghalensis leaves powder for the synthesis process. The mouthwash was prepared using 1 mM of silver nitrate. The prepared nanoparticles were confirmed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Different concentrates of the synthesised Ficus benghalensis mediated silver nanoparticles were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method and MIC will be determined.

Results: It has been observed that the antimicrobial effect of the prepared Ag NPs was almost similar against all the organisms used in the study with a maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. It has also been observed that the antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs increased with increasing concentration.

Conclusion: As the synthesised F. benghalensis assisted silver nanoparticle mouthwash showed potent antimicrobial activity in vitro against the oral microbes: S. aureus, S. mutans, E. faecalis, C. albicans, in vivo studies are needed further to evaluate the antimicrobial effect.
Activity of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Tecoma stans against Breast Cancer Cells Line - MCF - 7
Authors: Reddy Chevuru Sai Shreya , Prathap Lavanya , Jayaraman Selvaraj , Preetha S.
Published: February 2022

Background: Cancer is abnormal growth of cells, which invade or spread to other parts of the body. There are over 200 types of cancers. Breast cancer is a cancer which develops in tissues of the breast, most commonly originating from the inner lining of milk ducts or lobules that supply ducts with milk. Tecoma stans commonly known as trumpet flower is a yellow trumpet shaped flower belonging to Bignoniaceae, and is native to Americas. It has anti cancer and anti proliferative properties.

Aim: Aim of the is to analyse the anti cancer activity of Tecoma stans against breast cancer cells MCF-7.

Materials and Methods: Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was purchased from National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. Cell viability test was done by MTT assay. BcL2 and BclxL gene expression analysis was done by Real Time-PCR. The obtained data were analysed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test with Graph Pad Prism version 5 to analyse the significance. The significance was considered at p<0.05 level in Duncan’s test.

Results: The results suggest Bcl2 mRNA gene expression is reduced on induction of 400, 500 ug/ml of Tecoma stans with significant difference in comparison with control. Bcl-xL mRNA gene expression is slightly reduced on induction of 400, 500 μg/mL of Tecoma stans with no significant difference in comparison with control.

Conclusion:  From the obtained results, it can be concluded that hydroethanolic leaf extract of Tecoma stans possess anticancer activity against breast cancer cells with respect to Bcl2 mRNA gene expression as compared to Bcl xL mRNA gene expression. If complete research is done, we can use this drug to treat various cancers.