bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing Evolutionary Models with Red Supergiant and Wolf–Rayet Populations
Authors: Massey Philip , Neugent Kathryn F. , Dorn-Wallenstein Trevor Z. , Eldridge J. J. , Stanway E. R. , Levesque Emily M.
Published: November 2021

Despite the many successes that modern massive star evolutionary theory has enjoyed, reproducing the apparent trend in the relative number of red supergiants (RSGs) and Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars has remained elusive. Previous estimates show the RSG/WR ratio decreasing strongly with increasing metallicity. However, the evolutionary models have always predicted a relatively flat distribution for the RSG/WR ratio. In this paper we reexamine this issue, drawing on recent surveys for RSGs and WRs in the Magellanic Clouds, M31, and M33. The RSG surveys have used Gaia astrometry to eliminate foreground contamination and have separated RSGs from asymptotic giant branch stars using near-infrared colors. The surveys for WRs have utilized interference-filter imaging, photometry, and image subtraction techniques to identify candidates, which have then been confirmed spectroscopically. After carefully matching the observational criteria to the models, we now find good agreement in both the single-star Geneva and binary BPASS models with the new observations. The agreement is better when we shift the RSG effective temperatures derived from J − Ks photometry downwards by 200 K in order to agree with the Levesque TiO effective temperature scale. In an appendix we also present a source list of RSGs for the SMC which includes effective temperatures and luminosities derived from near-infrared 2MASS photometry, in the same manner as used for the other galaxies.
Daily Variations of Plasma Density in the Solar Streamer Belt
Authors: Morgan Huw
Published: November 2021

Improved space weather diagnostics depend critically on improving our understanding of the evolution of the slow solar wind in the streamer belts near the Sun. Recent innovations in tomography techniques are opening a new window on this complex environment. In this work, a new time-dependent technique is applied to COR2A/Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory observations from a period near solar minimum (2018 November 11) for heliocentric distances of 4–8 R
⊙. For the first time, we find density variations of large amplitude throughout the quiescent streamer belt, ranging between 50% and 150% of the mean density, on timescales of tens of hours to days. Good agreement is found with Parker Solar Probe measurements at perihelion; thus, the variations revealed by tomography must form a major component of the slow solar wind variability, distinct from coronal mass ejections or smaller transients. A comparison of time series at different heights reveals a consistent time lag, so that changes at 4 R
⊙ occur later at increasing height, corresponding to an outward propagation speed of around 100 km s−1. This speed may correspond to either the plasma sound speed or the bulk outflow speed depending on an important question: are the density variations caused by the spatial movement of a narrow streamer belt (moving magnetic field, constant plasma density), or changes in plasma density within a nonmoving streamer belt (rigid magnetic field, variable density), or a combination of both?
Coherent Emission in Pulsars, Magnetars, and Fast Radio Bursts: Reconnection-driven Free Electron Laser
Authors: Lyutikov Maxim
Published: November 2021

We develop a model of the generation of coherent radio emission in the Crab pulsar, magnetars, and fast radio bursts (FRBs). Emission is produced by a reconnection-generated beam of particles via a variant of the free electron laser mechanism, operating in a weakly turbulent, guide field-dominated plasma. We first consider nonlinear Thomson scattering in a guide field-dominated regime, and apply it to explain emission bands observed in Crab pulsar and in FRBs. We consider particle motion in a combined field of the electromagnetic wave and the electromagnetic (Alfvénic) wiggler. Charge bunches, created via a ponderomotive force, Compton/Raman scatter the wiggler field coherently. The model is both robust to the underlying plasma parameters and succeeds in reproducing a number of subtle observed features: (i) emission frequencies depend mostly on the scale λ

t
of turbulent fluctuations and the Lorentz factor of the reconnection-generated beam,

ω
∼

γ

b

2

(
c

/

λ

t

)

—it is independent of the absolute value of the underlying magnetic field. (ii) The model explains both broadband emission and the presence of emission stripes, including multiple stripes observed in the high frequency interpulse of the Crab pulsar. (iii) The model reproduces correlated polarization properties: the presence of narrow emission bands in the spectrum favors linear polarization, while broadband emission can have an arbitrary polarization. (iv) The mechanism is robust to the momentum spread of the particle in the beam. We also discuss a model of wigglers as nonlinear force-free Alfvén solitons (light darts).
Partial, Zombie, and Full Tidal Disruption of Stars by Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Nixon C. J. , Coughlin Eric R. , Miles Patrick R.
Published: November 2021

We present long-duration numerical simulations of the tidal disruption of stars modeled with accurate stellar structures and spanning a range of pericenter distances, corresponding to cases where the stars are partially and completely disrupted. We substantiate the prediction that the late-time power-law index of the fallback rate n
∞ ≃ −5/3 for full disruptions, while for partial disruptions—in which the central part of the star survives the tidal encounter intact—we show that n
∞ ≃ −9/4. For the subset of simulations where the pericenter distance is close to that which delineates full from partial disruption, we find that a stellar core can reform after the star has been completely destroyed; for these events the energy of the zombie core is slightly positive, which results in late-time evolution from n ≃ −9/4 to n ≃ −5/3. We find that self-gravity can generate an n(t) that deviates from n
∞ by a small but significant amount for several years post-disruption. In one specific case with the stellar pericenter near the critical value, we find that self-gravity also drives the recollapse of the central regions of the debris stream into a collection of several cores while the rest of the stream remains relatively smooth. We also show that it is possible for the surviving stellar core in a partial disruption to acquire a circumstellar disk that is shed from the rapidly rotating core. Finally, we provide a novel analytical fitting function for the fallback rates that may also be useful in a range of contexts beyond tidal disruption events.
Modeling the Unresolved NIR–MIR SEDs of Local (z < 0.1) QSOs
Authors: Martínez-Paredes M. , González-Martín O. , HyeongHan K. , Geier S. , García-Bernete I. , Ramos Almeida C. , Alonso-Herrero A. , Aretxaga I. , Kim M. , Sohn B. W. , Masegosa J.
Published: November 2021

To study the nuclear (≲1 kpc) dust of nearby (z < 0.1) quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), we obtained new near-infrared (NIR) high angular resolution (∼0.″3) photometry in the H and Ks bands for 13 QSOs with available mid-infrared (MIR) high angular resolution spectroscopy (∼7.5–13.5 μm). We find that in most QSOs, the NIR emission is unresolved. We subtract the contribution from the accretion disk, which decreases from NIR (∼35%) to MIR (∼2.4%). We also estimate these percentages assuming a bluer accretion disk and find that the contribution in the MIR is nearly seven times larger. We find that the majority of objects (64%, 9/13) are better fitted by the disk+wind H17 model, while others can be fitted by the smooth F06 (14%, 2/13), clumpy N08 (7%, 1/13), clumpy H10 (7%, 1/13), and two-phase media S16 (7%, 1/13) models. However, if we assume the bluer accretion disk, the models fit only 2/13 objects. We measured two NIR-to-MIR spectral indexes, α
NIR−MIR(1.6–8.7 μm) and α
NIR−MIR(2.2–8.7 μm), and two MIR spectral indexes, α
MIR(7.8–9.8 μm) and α
MIR(9.8–11.7 μm), from models and observations. From observations, we find that the NIR-to-MIR spectral indexes are ∼−1.1, and the MIR spectral indexes are ∼−0.3. Comparing the synthetic and observed values, we find that none of the models simultaneously match the measured NIR-to-MIR and 7.8–9.8 μm slopes. However, we note that measuring α
MIR(7.8–9.8 μm) on the starburst-subtracted Spitzer/IRS spectrum gives values of the slopes (∼−2) that are similar to the synthetic values obtained from the models.
Physical Drivers of Emission-line Diversity of SDSS Seyfert 2s and LINERs after Removal of Contributions from Star Formation
Authors: Agostino Christopher J. , Salim Samir , Faber S. M. , Juneau Stéphanie , Koo David C. , Tang Yimeng , Luo Yifei , Quiros Sofia , Zhao Pin-Song
Published: November 2021

Ionization sources other than H ii regions give rise to the right-hand branch in the standard ([N ii]) BPT diagram, populated by Seyfert 2s and LINERs. However, because the majority of Seyfert/LINER hosts are star-forming (SF), H ii regions contaminate the observed lines to some extent, making it unclear if the position along the branch is merely due to various degrees of mixing between pure Seyferts/LINERs and SF, or whether it reflects the intrinsic diversity of Seyfert/LINER ionizing sources. In this study, we empirically remove SF contributions in ∼100,000 Seyferts/LINERs from SDSS using the doppelganger method. We find that mixing is not the principal cause of the extended morphology of the observed branch. Rather, Seyferts/LINERs intrinsically have a wide range of line ratios. Variations in ionization parameter and metallicity can account for much of the diversity of Seyfert/LINER line ratios, but the hardness of the ionization field also varies significantly. Furthermore, our k-means classification on seven decontaminated emission lines reveals that LINERs are made up of two populations, which we call soft and hard LINERs. The Seyfert 2s differ from both types of LINERs primarily by higher ionization parameter, whereas the two LINER types mainly differ from each other (and from star-forming regions) in the hardness of the radiation field. We confirm that the [N ii] BPT diagram more efficiently identifies LINERs than [S ii] and [O i] diagnostics, because in the latter many LINERs, especially soft ones, occupy the same location as pure starformers, even after the SF has been removed from LINER emission.
Formation of Phosphorus Monoxide (PO) in the Interstellar Medium: Insights from Quantum-chemical and Kinetic Calculations
Authors: García de la Concepción Juan , Puzzarini Cristina , Barone Vincenzo , Jiménez-Serra Izaskun , Roncero Octavio
Published: November 2021

In recent years, phosphorus monoxide (PO), an important molecule for prebiotic chemistry, has been detected in star-forming regions and in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. These studies have revealed that, in the interstellar medium (ISM), PO is systematically the most abundant P-bearing species, with abundances that are about one to three times greater than those derived for phosphorus nitride (PN), the second-most abundant P-containing molecule. The reason why PO is more abundant than PN remains still unclear. Experimental studies with phosphorus in the gas phase are not available, probably because of the difficulties in dealing with its compounds. Therefore, the reactivity of atomic phosphorus needs to be investigated using reliable computational tools. To this end, state-of-the-art quantum-chemical computations have been employed to evaluate accurate reaction rates and branching ratios for the P + OH → PO + H and P + H2O → PO + H2 reactions in the framework of a master equation approach based on ab initio transition state theory. The hypothesis that OH and H2O can be potential oxidizing agents of atomic phosphorus is based on the ubiquitous presence of H2O in the ISM. Its destruction then produces OH, which is another very abundant species. While the reaction of atomic phosphorus in its ground state with water is not a relevant source of PO because of emerged energy barriers, the P + OH reaction represents an important formation route of PO in the ISM. Our kinetic results show that this reaction follows an Arrhenius–Kooij behavior, and thus its rate coefficients (α = 2.28 × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, β = 0.16 and γ = 0.37 K) increase by increasing the temperature.
First HETDEX Spectroscopic Determinations of Lyα and UV Luminosity Functions at z = 2–3: Bridging a Gap between Faint AGNs and Bright Galaxies
Authors: Zhang Yechi , Ouchi Masami , Gebhardt Karl , Mentuch Cooper Erin , Liu Chenxu , Davis Dustin , Jeong Donghui , Farrow Daniel J. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Gawiser Eric , Hill Gary J. , Harikane Yuichi , Kakuma Ryota , Acquaviva Viviana , Casey Caitlin M. , Fabricius Maximilian , Hopp Ulrich , Jarvis Matt J. , Landriau Martin , Mawatari Ken , Mukae Shiro , Ono Yoshiaki , Sakai Nao , Schneider Donald P.
Published: November 2021

We present Lyα and ultraviolet (UV)-continuum luminosity functions (LFs) of galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z = 2.0–3.5 determined by the untargeted optical spectroscopic survey of the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). We combine deep Subaru imaging with HETDEX spectra resulting in 11.4 deg2 of fiber spectra sky coverage, obtaining 18,320 galaxies spectroscopically identified with Lyα emission, 2126 of which host type 1 AGNs showing broad (FWHM > 1000 km s−1) Lyα emission lines. We derive the Lyα (UV) LF over 2 orders of magnitude covering bright galaxies and AGNs in

log

L

Ly
α

/

[
erg

s

−
1

]
=
43.3
–
45.5

(−27 < M
UV < −20) by the 1/V
max estimator. Our results reveal that the bright-end hump of the Lyα LF is composed of type 1 AGNs. In conjunction with previous spectroscopic results at the faint end, we measure a slope of the best-fit Schechter function to be

α

Sch

=
−

1.70

−
0.14

+
0.13

, which indicates that α
Sch steepens from z = 2–3 toward high redshift. Our UV LF agrees well with previous AGN UV LFs and extends to faint-AGN and bright-galaxy regimes. The number fraction of Lyα-emitting objects (X
LAE) increases from

M

UV

*

∼
−
21

to bright magnitude due to the contribution of type 1 AGNs, while previous studies claim that X
Lyα
decreases from faint magnitudes to

M

UV

*

, suggesting a valley in the X
Lyα
–magnitude relation at

M

UV

*

. Comparing our UV LF of type 1 AGNs at z = 2–3 with those at z = 0, we find that the number density of faint (M
UV > −21) type 1 AGNs increases from z ∼ 2 to 0, as opposed to the evolution of bright (M
UV < −21) type 1 AGNs, suggesting AGN downsizing in the rest-frame UV luminosity.
Compton-Thick AGN in the NuSTAR ERA VII. A joint NuSTAR, Chandra, and XMM-Newton Analysis of Two Nearby, Heavily Obscured Sources
Authors: Traina A. , Marchesi S. , Vignali C. , Torres-Albà N. , Ajello M. , Pizzetti A. , Silver R. , Zhao X. , Ananna T. , Baloković M. , Boorman P. , Gandhi P. , Gilli R. , Lanzuisi G.
Published: November 2021

We present the joint Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR analysis of two nearby Seyfert galaxies, NGC 3081 and ESO 565-G019. These are the only two having Chandra data in a larger sample of 10 low-redshift (z ≤ 0.05), candidates Compton-thick (CT) Active Galactic Nuclei selected in the 15–150 keV band with Swift-BAT that were still lacking NuSTAR data. Our spectral analysis, performed using physically motivated models, provides an estimate of both the line-of-sight (l.o.s.) and average (N
H,S
) column densities of the two torii. NGC 3081 has a Compton-thin l.o.s. column density N
H,z
= [0.58–0.62] × 1024 cm−2, but the N
H,S
, beyond the CT threshold (N
H,S
= [1.41–1.78] × 1024 cm−2), suggests a “patchy” scenario for the distribution of the circumnuclear matter. ESO 565-G019 has both CT l.o.s. and N
H,S
column densities (N
H,z
> 2.31 × 1024 cm−2 and N
H,S
> 2.57 × 1024 cm−2, respectively). The use of physically motivated models, coupled with the broad energy range covered by the data (0.6–70 keV and 0.6–40 keV, for NGC 3081 and ESO 565-G019, respectively) allows us to constrain the covering factor of the obscuring material, which is C
TOR = [0.63–0.82] for NGC 3081, and C
TOR = [0.39–0.65] for ESO 565-G019.
Particle Energization in Relativistic Plasma Turbulence: Solenoidal versus Compressive Driving
Authors: Zhdankin Vladimir
Published: November 2021

Many high-energy astrophysical systems contain magnetized collisionless plasmas with relativistic particles, in which turbulence can be driven by an arbitrary mixture of solenoidal and compressive motions. For example, turbulence in hot accretion flows may be driven solenoidally by the magnetorotational instability or compressively by spiral shock waves. It is important to understand the role of the driving mechanism on kinetic turbulence and the associated particle energization. In this work, we compare particle-in-cell simulations of solenoidally driven turbulence with similar simulations of compressively driven turbulence. We focus on plasma that has an initial beta of unity, relativistically hot electrons, and varying ion temperature. Apart from strong large-scale density fluctuations in the compressive case, the turbulence statistics are similar for both drives, and the bulk plasma is described reasonably well by an isothermal equation of state. We find that nonthermal particle acceleration is more efficient when turbulence is driven compressively. In the case of relativistically hot ions, both driving mechanisms ultimately lead to similar power-law particle energy distributions, but over a different duration. In the case of nonrelativistic ions, there is significant nonthermal particle acceleration only for compressive driving. Additionally, we find that the electron-to-ion heating ratio is less than unity for both drives, but takes a smaller value for compressive driving. We demonstrate that this additional ion energization is associated with the collisionless damping of large-scale compressive modes via perpendicular electric fields.
X-Ray Binaries in M51 I: Catalog and Statistics
Authors: Rice Jared R. , Rangelov Blagoy , Prestwich Andrea , Chandar Rupali , Bichon Luis , Boldt Clint
Published: November 2021

We used archival data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory (Chandra) and the Hubble Space Telescope, to identify 334 candidate X-ray binary systems and their potential optical counterparts in the interacting galaxy pair NGC 5194/5195 (M51). We present the catalog and data analysis of X-ray and optical properties for those sources, from the deep 892 ks Chandra observations, along with the magnitudes of candidate optical sources as measured in the 8.16 ks Hubble Space Telescope observations. The X-ray luminosity function of the X-ray sources above a few times 1036 erg s−1 follows a power law

N
(
>

L

X
,
b

)
∝

L

X
,
b

1
−
α

with α = 1.65 ± 0.03. Approximately 80% of sources are variable over a 30 day window. Nearly half of the X-ray sources (173/334) have an optical counterpart within 0.″5.
A Revised View of the Linear Polarization in the Subparsec Core of M87 at 7 mm
Authors: Park Jongho , Asada Keiichi , Nakamura Masanori , Kino Motoki , Pu Hung-Yi , Hada Kazuhiro , Kravchenko Evgeniya V. , Giroletti Marcello
Published: November 2021

The linear polarization images of the jet in the giant elliptical galaxy M87 have previously been observed with Very Long Baseline Array at 7 mm. They exhibit a complex polarization structure surrounding the optically thick and compact subparsec-scale core. However, given the low level of linear polarization in the core, it is required to verify that this complex structure does not originate from residual instrumental polarization signals in the data. We have performed a new analysis of the same data sets observed in four epochs by using the Generalized Polarization CALibration pipeline (GPCAL). This novel instrumental polarization calibration pipeline overcomes the limitations of LPCAL, a conventional calibration tool used in the previous M87 studies. The resulting images show a compact linear polarization structure with its peak nearly coincident with the total intensity peak, which is significantly different from the results of previous studies. The core linear polarization is characterized as fractional polarization of ∼0.2%–0.6% and polarization angles of ∼66°–92°, showing moderate variability. We demonstrate that, based on tests with synthetic data sets, LPCAL using calibrators having complex polarization structures cannot achieve sufficient calibration accuracy to obtain the true polarization image of M87 due to a breakdown of the “similarity approximation.” We find that GPCAL obtains more accurate D-terms than LPCAL by using observed closure traces of calibrators that are insensitive to both antenna gain and polarization leakage corruptions. This study suggests that polarization imaging of very weakly polarized sources has become possible with the advanced instrumental polarization calibration techniques.
The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-resolution Spectroscopy
Authors: Hsu Chih-Chun , Burgasser Adam J. , Theissen Christopher A. , Gelino Christopher R. , Birky Jessica L. , Diamant Sharon J. M. , Bardalez Gagliuffi Daniella C. , Aganze Christian , Blake Cullen H. , Faherty Jacqueline K.
Published: November 2021

We report multiepoch radial velocities, rotational velocities, and atmospheric parameters for 37 T-type brown dwarfs observed with Keck/NIRSPEC. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo forward-modeling method, we achieve median precisions of 0.5 and 0.9 km s−1 for radial and rotational velocities, respectively. All of the T dwarfs in our sample are thin-disk brown dwarfs. We confirm previously reported moving group associations for four T dwarfs. However, the lack of spectral indicators of youth in two of these sources suggests that these are chance alignments. We confirm two previously unresolved binary candidates, the T0+T4.5 2MASS J11061197+2754225 and the L7+T3.5 2MASS J21265916+7617440, with orbital periods of 4 and 12 yr, respectively. We find a kinematic age of 3.5 ± 0.3 Gyr for local T dwarfs, consistent with nearby late M dwarfs (4.1 ± 0.3 Gyr). Removal of thick-disk L dwarfs in the local ultracool dwarf sample gives a similar age for L dwarfs (4.2 ± 0.3 Gyr), largely resolving the local L dwarf age anomaly. The kinematic ages of local late M, L, and T dwarfs can be accurately reproduced with population simulations incorporating standard assumptions of the mass function, star formation rate, and brown dwarf evolutionary models. A kinematic dispersion break is found at the L4–L6 subtypes, likely reflecting the terminus of the stellar main sequence. We provide a compilation of precise radial velocities for 172 late M, L, and T dwarfs within ∼20 pc of the Sun.
Stellar Rotation in the Gaia Era: Revised Open Clusters’ Sequences
Authors: Godoy-Rivera Diego , Pinsonneault Marc H. , Rebull Luisa M.
Published: November 2021

The period versus mass diagrams (i.e., rotational sequences) of open clusters provide crucial constraints for angular momentum evolution studies. However, their memberships are often heavily contaminated by field stars, which could potentially bias the interpretations. In this paper, we use data from Gaia DR2 to reassess the memberships of seven open clusters with ground- and space-based rotational data, and present an updated view of stellar rotation as a function of mass and age. We use the Gaia astrometry to identify the cluster members in phase space, and the photometry to derive revised ages and place the stars on a consistent mass scale. Applying our membership analysis to the rotational sequences reveals that: (1) the contamination in clusters observed from the ground can reach up to ∼35%; (2) the overall fraction of rotational outliers decreases substantially when the field contaminants are removed, but some outliers persist; (3) there is a sharp upper edge in the rotation periods at young ages; (4) at young ages, stars in the 1.0–0.6M
⊙ range inhabit a global maximum of rotation periods, potentially providing an optimal window for habitable planets. Additionally, we see clear evidence for a strongly mass-dependent spin-down process. In the regime where rapid rotators are leaving the saturated domain, the rotational distributions broaden (in contradiction with popular models), which we interpret as evidence that the torque must be lower for rapid rotators than for intermediate ones. The cleaned rotational sequences from ground-based observations can be as constraining as those obtained from space.
Age and growth estimates from three hard parts of the spotted catfish, Arius maculatus (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Ariidae), in Songkhla Lake, Thailand’s largest natural lake
Authors: Phaeviset Penprapa , Phomikong Pisit , Avakul Piyathap , Koolkalaya Sontaya , Kwangkhang Wachira , Grudpan Chaiwut , Jutagate Tuantong
Published: November 2021

The spotted catfish, Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792), is a euryhaline fish that is economically important in the Indo-West Pacific. Population dynamics studies and stock assessments of this species have focused on marine stocks, but not those from fresh water. In this study, the age and growth of A. maculatus were, therefore, investigated for the inland stock in Songkhla Lake, Thailand. A total of 213 individuals ranging between 35 and 238 mm TL were used. The length–weight relation indicated positive allometry of this population. Three hard parts (otolith, dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines) were used for aging. The marginal increment ratio confirmed that an annulus was deposited once a year in all three hard parts. All of the samples were aged between 0+ and 6+ years. Verification of age estimates from three readers showed that the otolith was the most suitable part for age estimation. Three growth models (von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and logistic) were applied in the study. The von Bertalanffy model best described the growth of this fish in Songkhla Lake. The obtained asymptotic length was 290.87 mm TL and the relative growth rate parameter was 0.166 year–1. Our results will be applied as inputs for fish stock assessment models. The obtained growth parameters also can serve as a reference for A. maculatus stocks elsewhere.
Materials to the revision of the genus Cranichis (Orchidaceae) in Bolivia
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Baranow Przemysław , Nowak Sławomir , Fuentes Alfredo
Published: November 2021

The diversity of Cranichis in Bolivia is evaluated. An updated key for identifying species is provided. Morphological characteristics of 15 species of Bolivian Cranichis are presented together with illustrations of their floral segments. The occurrence of C. diphylla, C. lehmannii, and C. muscosa in this country was not confirmed. In our opinion the previously published Bolivian record for C. polyantha is doubtful. For the first time, C. badia and C. longipetiolata are reported in this country. Two new species of Cranichis are described.
An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of North Padre Island, Texas, USA, with comparisons to adjacent barrier island and mainland herpetofauna
Authors: Duran Mike
Published: November 2021

Padre Island is the world’s longest barrier island and includes the longest stretch of undeveloped barrier island in the world. Largely due to harsh environmental conditions and difficult access, only cursory and incomplete checklists and subjective estimates of abundance have been produced. The results of an inventory of amphibians and reptiles of North Padre Island conducted 2002–2020, including the results of extensive field surveys conducted 2002–2003, are reported herein. Natural history museum and iNaturalist records are summarized and compared among North and South Padre and Mustang islands and the mainland portion of the seven counties in which the islands occur. The conservation status of rare species and extirpation of others is noted. The morphology and taxonomic status of some unique occurrences are discussed. Eleven species of amphibians and 39 species of reptiles presently occur or have occurred naturally or as introduced or accidental species on North Padre Island. Twelve species of amphibians and 50 species of reptiles occur or have occurred on North Padre, South Padre, and Mustang islands. Thirty-one species of amphibians and 93 species of reptiles have been reported from the seven counties in which the islands occur.
A review of the Larainae of Australia with description of seven new species and the new genus Australara (Coleoptera, Byrrhoidea, Elmidae)
Authors: Barr Cheryl B. , Shepard William D.
Published: November 2021

The three genera and four species of Larainae (Elmidae) previously described from Australia are reviewed, and one new genus and seven new species are described: Australara glaisterigen. et sp. nov., Ovolara lawrenceisp. nov., Ovolara monteithisp. nov., Stetholus carinatussp. nov., Stetholus longipennissp. nov., Stetholus metatibialissp. nov., and Stetholus woronorasp. nov. A lectotype is designated for Hydora laticeps (Carter & Zeck), and the first new collection records of the species are reported since its description in 1932. The occurrence in Australia of Potamophilinus papuanus Satô, described from Papua New Guinea, is reported. A key to the species, photographic images of the external morphology and male genitalia, distribution maps, and habitat and behavioral information, when known, are provided for all twelve species of Australian Larainae.
Relation dynamique entre innovation verte et performance financière : rôle du management environnemental
Authors: Taleb Lotfi , Ben Lahouel Béchir , Ben Zaied Younes , Amzil Aimad
Published: November 2021

L’objectif de notre article est d’étudier la relation dynamique entre l’innovation verte en matière de processus et de produits sur la performance de l’entreprise. En s’inspirant de l’approche basée sur les ressources naturelles ( Natural resource-based view – NRBV ) de Hart (1995), nous postulons que les impacts dynamiques de l’innovation verte sur la valeur de marché de l’entreprise dépendent de l’engagement en matière de management environnemental d’une entreprise. A cet effet, nous suggérons l’utilisation d’un modèle de régression non-linéaire à seuil « panel smooth transition regression – PSTR » dans lequel le changement de la dynamique de la qualité du management environnemental est obtenue de manière endogène à partir des données. À partir de l’étude d’un échantillon d’entreprises européennes, les résultats empiriques révèlent une relation en U entre l’innovation verte et la valeur de marché. Notre étude fournit des preuves que l’innovation verte en matière de produits et de processus n’est financièrement rentable que lorsqu’un niveau seuil de performance environnementale est atteint.
Analyse bibliométrique de la littérature portant sur la co-thématique : responsabilité sociale des entreprises et développement durable
Authors: Ballouk Houssein , Ben Jabeur Sami , Ben Arfi Wissal
Published: November 2021

Les liens entre la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) et le développement durable (DD) ont fait l’objet de plusieurs travaux académiques et la recherche dans ce domaine ne cesse de proliférer. Cependant, la recherche co-thématique est encore assez nouvelle et n’a pas été entièrement étudiée. Une analyse bibliométrique approfondie utilisant le logiciel R est appliquée pour analyser et visualiser la carte des connaissances de la recherche RSE liée au DD. Les principaux résultats montrent que l’implication de la RSE dans le développement durable est à la fois un sujet de recherche récent, dynamique et prospère. Le réseau des co-auteurs est fragmenté, tandis que les coopérations transnationales se produisent en groupes. Cet article présente un nouvel aperçu de la production scientifique à travers l’analyse bibliométrique (Bibliometrix). Un total de 1469 articles publiés entre 2000 et 2021 ont été analysés. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche ont montré que la responsabilité sociale des entreprises est l’une des variables les plus décisives du développement durable et que des mots-clés tels que la performance, la gouvernance et le management sont étroitement liés. Les résultats fournissent des indices pour une enquête plus approfondie dans ce domaine.
Gender diversity in boardrooms and corporate financial performance: Evidence from the male-dominated society of Qatar
Authors: Ali Gull Ammar , Issa Ayman , Atif Muhammad , Ahsan Tanveer
Published: November 2021

Cette étude examine la relation entre la diversité du genre au sein des conseils d’administration et la performance financière des entreprises cotées à la bourse du Qatar. Nous utilisons la régression des moindres carrés ordinaires (MCO) comme technique de base ainsi que la méthode des moments généralisés (GMM) pour atténuer le problème éventuel d’endogénéité. Notre analyse révèle que la diversité du genre au sein du conseil d’administration a un effet négatif sur la performance financière. Nos résultats sont robustes à l’utilisation d’autres mesures de la diversité du genre au sein des conseils d’administration et sont exempts de tout problème d’endogénéité, comme le démontrent les résultats des estimations de la régression système-GMM. En outre, nous expliquons les raisons possibles de cette relation négative, notamment dans le contexte du Qatar. Une implication importante de nos résultats est qu’ils identifient les facteurs qui empêchent les femmes du Qatar de contribuer de manière significative aux travaux du conseil d’administration ainsi qu’à la performance financière des entreprises dans sa société dominée par les hommes.
An adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Multiple Time Windows constraints
Authors: Feng Bin , Wei Lixin , Hu Ziyu
Published: November 2021

The Vehicle Routing Problem with Multiple Time Windows (VRPMTW) is a generalization of problems in real life logistics distribution, which has a wide range of applications and research values. Several neighborhood search based methods have been used to solve this kind of problem, but it still has drawbacks of generating numbers of infeasible solutions and falling into local optimum easily. In order to solve the problem of arbitrary selection for neighborhoods, a series of neighborhoods are designed and an adaptive strategy is used to select the neighborhood, which constitute the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search(ALNS) algorithm framework. For escaping from the local optimum effectively in the search process, a local search based on destroy and repair operators is applied to shake the solution by adjusting the number of customers. The proposed method allows infeasible solutions to participate in the iterative process to expand the search space. At the same time, an archive is set to save the high-quality feasible solutions during the search process, and the infeasible solutions are periodically replaced. Computational experimental results on VRPMTW benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithm is effective and has obtained better solutions.
A new algorithm based on compressed Legendre polynomials for solving boundary value problems
Authors: Zhu Hui ,   Zhuhai Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China, Mei Liangcai , Lin Yingzhen
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we discuss a novel numerical algorithm for solving boundary value problems. We introduce an orthonormal basis generated from compressed Legendre polynomials. This basis can avoid Runge phenomenon caused by high-order polynomial approximation. Based on the new basis, a numerical algorithm of two-point boundary value problems is established. The convergence and stability of the method are proved. The whole analysis is also applicable to higher order equations or equations with more complex boundary conditions. Four numerical examples are tested to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm. The results show that our algorithm have higher accuracy for solving linear and nonlinear problems.
Some Ostrowski type inequalities for mappings whose second derivatives are preinvex function via fractional integral operator
Authors: Nasir Jamshed ,   Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan, Qaisar Shahid , Butt Saad Ihsan , Qayyum Ather ,   Comsats University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan,   Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan , Pakistan
Published: November 2021

The comprehension of inequalities in preinvexity is very important for studying fractional calculus and its effectiveness in many applied sciences. In this article, we develop and study of fractional integral inequalities whose second derivatives are preinvex functions. We investigate and prove new lemma for twice differentiable functions involving Riemann-Liouville(R-L) fractional integral operator. On the basis of this newly developed lemma, we make some new results regarding of this identity. These new results yield us some generalizations of the prior results. This study builds upon on a novel new auxiliary result which enables us to develop new variants of Ostrowski type inequalities for twice differentiable preinvex mappings. As an application, several estimates concerning Bessel functions of real numbers are also illustrated.
Building Community Resilience Through Environmental Education
Authors: Ketlhoilwe Mphemelang Joseph
Published: November 2021

The call for collaborative efforts to respond to climate change is heeded through bilateral and multilateral agreements. The UN Sustainable Development Goals bears testimony to the call. Environmental education is one of the vehicles to raise awareness, understanding, and assessment of sustainable development goals at a community level to build resilience for sustainability. Environmental education enhances the accomplishment of the key competencies for sustainability. Climate change is a complex environmental problem that is not only naturally induced, but made more stressful by anthropocentric capabilities in the quest for a better lifestyle. Although climate change causes and impacts are known, its mitigation strategies are compounded by human wants at the expense of their own sustainable survival. This chapter explores ways of building sustainable development in communities. Environmental education is a core development strategy in local communities against the adverse impact of climate change, especially in vulnerable areas.
Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Authors: Akhakpe Ighodalo Bassey
Published: November 2021

The chapter assesses the nature and effects of climate change on sustainable development in Nigeria. It observes that climate change has a multifarious effect not only on the environment but also on the socio-economic life of the people. Therefore, if sustainable development is to be realized in the country, climate change should be properly managed through extant public policies. However, if government track records on policies and program implementations is anything to go by, the future of sustainable development is gloomy. This makes an interrogation of the interface between climate change and sustainable development germane. The chapter observes that while government has shown willingness to manage climate change for the sustainability of the environment and its people, certain limitations stand on its path. These include poor policy or program implementation, inadequate funding of climate change management, poor sensitization program on environment management, among others. However, there are opportunities that can be harvested at the state and individual levels.
A General Approach for Financial Quantification of Climate Change Risk for Enterprises
Authors: Kanak Mahesh Gangaram , Purushottam Sunita
Published: November 2021

Climate change is a major risk for the global economy. Increased frequency of climatic events coupled with unsustainable economic development without considering environmental & social aspects has resulted in runaway climatic impacts. It became evident for all stakeholders to work in unison; which led to formation of Task force on climate-related financial disclosures (TCFD). Financial quantification of climate risk is a new area to be explored & could be an effective measure to tackle climate change. This chapter provides a general approach for financial quantification of climate change risk for businesses to understand & prioritize climate action. Though the approach is limited to the manufacturing sector, it can be used with some modifications for other sectors. It will help find impacts that climate change could pose to supply chain using various tools & evaluation of its usefulness. As 'Climate Action' is part of Sustainable Development Goals; it will be useful to understand how integrating TCFD could help enterprises tackle climate change by localizing SDG-13 into their businesses.
Improving Climate Change Resilience in Global South Cities Through South-South Climate Finance
Authors: Chirambo Dumisani
Published: November 2021

Climate change is likely to exacerbate inequality and poverty in Global South cities despite the presence of international agreements and conventions to enhance sustainable development such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, replicating Global North development models in the Global South might not be sufficient to address the climate change and development aspirations in the context of Asia; hence, Global North innovation capabilities might not be sufficient to address Global South climate change challenges. This paper provides an inductive analysis of the innovations and policies that could facilitate improved climate change mitigation and adaptation in the context of developing Asian cities. The paper concludes that innovative climate change policies should utilise emerging climate finance mechanisms such as South-South climate finance modalities to promote community science/citizen science and social innovation rather than building hard infrastructure as this could improve the governance and distribution of resources in cities.
Climate-Smart Agriculture Policy and (In)Justice for Smallholders in Developing Countries
Authors: Budiman Ibnu
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyzes whether the current policy for climate-smart agriculture meets the demands of climate justice and respects the rights of smallholders, and if not, how it should be amended. The study is based on a literature review and several interviews with climate-smart agriculture actors from diverse backgrounds: (1) consultant or practitioner, (2) farmer, (3) business or entrepreneur, (4) scientist. To examine the climate-smart agriculture concept and its implementation, the following ethical positions are mainly considered: (1) maximalist, (2) minimalist, (3) Pogge´s intermediate position, (4) Nussbaum's capability approach, (5) Kantian, (t) altruism. This study found that the current climate-smart agriculture approaches are not fairly implemented, due to the unjust sharing of benefits of income and burdens of emission reduction costs, among smallholders and big industries. According to the principles of climate justice, this sharing proportion should be equally distributed based on an individual's capacities and poverty should also be taken into consideration.
Downscaling of Open Coarse Precipitation Data Using a Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Elhassnaoui Ismail , Moumen Zineb , Ezzine Hicham , Bel-lahcen Marwane , Bouziane Ahmed , Ouazar Driss , Hasnaoui Moulay Driss
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, the authors propose a novel statistical model with a residual correction of downscaling coarse precipitation TRMM 3B43 product. The presented study was carried out over Morocco, and the objective is to improve statistical downscaling for TRMM 3B43 products using a machine learning algorithm. Indeed, the statistical model is based on the Transformed Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (TSAVI), elevation, and distance from the sea. TSAVI was retrieved using the quantile regression method. Stepwise regression was implemented with the minimization of the Akaike information criterion and Mallows' Cp indicator. The model validation is performed using ten in-situ measurements from rain gauge stations (the most available data). The result shows that the model presents the best fit of the TRMM 3B43 product and good accuracy on estimating precipitation at 1km according to 𝑅2, RMSE, bias, and MAE. In addition, TSAVI improved the model accuracy in the humid bioclimatic stage and in the Saharan region to some extent due to its capacity to reduce soil brightness.
Ecosystem Services, Climate Change, and Food Security
Authors: Siddiqui Samreen
Published: November 2021

Food security is a rising concern around the world, especially in developing countries within arid and semi-arid regions. Ecosystem provides different services to support living and human survival, which includes some major food sources around the world like agriculture, fisheries, and livestock. With advancing times, humans improved these services and produced enough food to support the rising population. However, with increasing greenhouse gases, a new problem came into existence, commonly known as climate change (CC), which accelerated issues like food security and safety. Under such issues, people don't have access to basic facilities and food supply to survive, and with future population growth estimates, it is becoming even more difficult. Some major food sources together with alternate sources are discussed in this chapter. Upcoming CC impacts are discussed in detail in relation to major food sources and supported by world maps to provide a better picture. Major actions, government initiatives, and some suggestions are also provided to overcome this global crisis.
The Use of Carbon Finance for Struggling With Climate Change
Authors: Konuk Filiz
Published: November 2021

The developments in science and technology have brought a lot of problems with them. The most important of these is climate change, which appears at the global level. The effect of climate change, which comes first as an environmental problem, cannot be ignored. Management, which has had serious income and economic losses because of weather conditions, has taken several precautions in order to reduce climate change risks. One of these is weather derivations. Weather derivations are a safety type that makes the determined payments if there are defined weather events. However, the most commonly used are weather option agreements, weather swap agreements, and weather future agreements. In the chapter, climate change and the weather derivations that are a means that managements use to avoid climate change risks will be explained.
Journalists and Open Access
Authors: Elia Emmanuel Frank
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the role of open access in promoting climate change adaptation and sustainable development. It reviews global trends of journalists' access to information and specifically discusses Tanzania journalists' access to and use of climate change information. The chapter further assesses the impact of journalists' access to open information resources in adapting to climate change and promote sustainable development. The chapter also discusses the challenges journalists encounter in accessing and using open access information resources. It further recommends solutions to the raised challenges and suggests areas for further research. The chapter concludes by giving insights on major issues of concern on open access.