bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Experimental Design of Damper System and Cutting Parameters of CNC Router
Authors: Tran Van Thuy , Loc Nguyen Huu , Nguyen Hoang Hiep
Published: September 2019

. An understanding of the dynamic characteristics of a CNC machine is a vital element in the control of the machine which has a direct effect on the machining precision. The ways in which energy is dissipated, such as friction and damping, have a significant effect on the dynamic behavior and spindle vibration of a CNC machine. The paper presents kinetic analysis of the CNC machine damper system, effect of the damper and the cutting parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, and cutting depth on the dynamic behavior and spindle vibration of a CNC machine. Experimental results have established a second-order regression equation that demonstrates the effect of three parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, and cutting depth on the vibration amplitude of the spindle. In addition, the comparison results show that the spindle head vibration amplitude of the machine using the damper is smaller than the spindle head vibration amplitude of the machine not using the damper.
A Best Practice Guideline for Inspecting Precision Machined Parts by Using Several Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs)
Authors: Phimpisan Phaireepinas , Chungchoo Chatchapol
Published: September 2019

Currently in Thailand, original equipment manufacturers (OEM) who produce precision-machined parts face a serious problem about product rejection from customers. This is because measuring results from the OEM supplier differ from the measuring results from the OEM buyer. Normally, for precision-machined parts, OEM suppliers and OEM buyers use CMM machines as an inspection tool. One major cause of the difference in measurements is that suppliers and buyers use different CMM machine, operators and measuring methods. In order to mitigate the difference in measurements, the standard guideline for measuring precision-machined parts by CMM machines needs to be improved. In this research, the guideline was developed by studying the best practices of five successful companies, who could minimize rejection due to the differences in the CMM machine operators and measuring methods. Validation results indicated that when manufacturers who had precision problems used this guideline, the product rejection could decreased significantly.
IL-4 and IL-17A Cooperatively Promote Hydrogen Peroxide Production, Oxidative DNA Damage, and Upregulation of Dual Oxidase 2 in Human Colon and Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Yongzhong , Konaté Mariam M. , Lu Jiamo , Makhlouf Hala , Chuaqui Rodrigo , Antony Smitha , Meitzler Jennifer L. , Difilippantonio Michael J. , Liu Han , Juhasz Agnes , Jiang Guojian , Dahan Iris , Roy Krishnendu , Doroshow James H.
Published: September 2019

Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) generates H2O2 that plays a critical role in both host defense and chronic inflammation. Previously, we demonstrated that the proinflammatory mediators IFN-γ and LPS enhance expression of DUOX2 and its maturation factor DUOXA2 through STAT1- and NF-κB‒mediated signaling in human pancreatic cancer cells. Using a panel of colon and pancreatic cancer cell lines, we now report the induction of DUOX2/DUOXA2 mRNA and protein expression by the TH2 cytokine IL-4. IL-4 activated STAT6 signaling that, when silenced, significantly decreased induction of DUOX2. Furthermore, the TH17 cytokine IL-17A combined synergistically with IL-4 to increase DUOX2 expression in both colon and pancreatic cancer cells mediated, at least in part, by signaling through NF-κB. The upregulation of DUOX2 was associated with a significant increase in the production of extracellular H2O2 and DNA damage—as indicated by the accumulation of 8-oxo-dG and γH2AX—which was suppressed by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium and a DUOX2-specific small interfering RNA. The clinical relevance of these experiments is suggested by immunohistochemical, microarray, and quantitative RT-PCR studies of human colon and pancreatic tumors demonstrating significantly higher DUOX2, IL-4R, and IL-17RA expression in tumors than in adjacent normal tissues; in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, increased DUOX2 expression is adversely associated with overall patient survival. These data suggest a functional association between DUOX2-mediated H2O2 production and induced DNA damage in gastrointestinal malignancies.
Rhinovirus-Induced SIRT-1 via TLR2 Regulates Subsequent Type I and Type III IFN Responses in Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Xander Nathaniel , Reddy Vari Hymavathi , Eskandar Rewees , Li Wuyan , Bolla Sudhir , Marchetti Nathaniel , Sajjan Umadevi S.
Published: September 2019

IFN responses to viral infection are necessary to establish intrinsic antiviral state, but if unchecked can lead to heightened inflammation. Recently, we showed that TLR2 activation contributes to limitation of rhinovirus (RV)–induced IFN response in the airway epithelial cells. We also demonstrated that compared with normal airway epithelial cells, those from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show higher IFN responses to RV, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Initially, RV-induced IFN responses depend on dsRNA receptor activation and then are amplified via IFN-stimulated activation of JAK/STAT signaling. In this study, we show that in normal cells, TLR2 limits RV-induced IFN responses by attenuating STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and this was associated with TLR2-dependent SIRT-1 expression. Further, inhibition of SIRT-1 enhanced RV-induced IFN responses, and this was accompanied by increased STAT1/STAT2 phosphorylation, indicating that TLR2 may limit RV-induced IFN responses via SIRT-1. COPD airway epithelial cells showed attenuated IL-8 responses to TLR2 agonist despite expressing TLR2 similar to normal, indicating dysregulation in TLR2 signaling pathway. Unlike normal, COPD cells failed to show RV-induced TLR2-dependent SIRT-1 expression. Pretreatment with quercetin, which increases SIRT-1 expression, normalized RV-induced IFN levels in COPD airway epithelial cells. Inhibition of SIRT-1 in quercetin-pretreated COPD cells abolished the normalizing effects of quercetin on RV-induced IFN expression in these cells, confirming that quercetin exerts its effect via SIRT-1. In summary, we show that TLR2 is required for limiting RV-induced IFNs, and this pathway is dysregulated in COPD airway epithelial cells, leading to exaggerated IFN production.
Detection of Cell Surface Ligands for Human Synovial γδ T Cells
Authors: Collins Cheryl , Lui Yuan , Santos Ana Mafalda , Ballif Bryan A. , Gogerly-Moragoda Anisha Mahalya , Brouwer Heather , Ross Robin , Balagurunathan Kuberan , Sharma Sumana , Wright Gavin J. , Davis Simon , Budd Ralph C.
Published: September 2019

Lack of understanding of the nature and physiological regulation of γδ T cell ligands has considerably hampered full understanding of the function of these cells. We developed an unbiased approach to identify human γδ T cells ligands by the production of a soluble TCR-γδ (sTCR-γδ) tetramer from a synovial Vδ1 γδ T cell clone from a Lyme arthritis patient. The sTCR-γδ was used in flow cytometry to initially define the spectrum of ligand expression by both human tumor cell lines and certain human primary cells. Analysis of diverse tumor cell lines revealed high ligand expression on several of epithelial or fibroblast origin, whereas those of hematopoietic origin were largely devoid of ligand. This allowed a bioinformatics-based identification of candidate ligands using RNAseq data from each tumor line. We further observed that whereas fresh monocytes and T cells expressed low to negligible levels of TCR-γδ ligands, activation of these cells resulted in upregulation of surface ligand expression. Ligand upregulation on monocytes was partly dependent upon IL-1β. The sTCR-γδ tetramer was then used to bind candidate ligands from lysates of activated monocytes and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Surface TCR-γδ ligand was eliminated by treatment with trypsin or removal of glycosaminoglycans, and also suppressed by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi transport. Of particular interest was that inhibition of glycolysis also blocked TCR-γδ ligand expression. These findings demonstrate the spectrum of ligand(s) expression for human synovial Vδ1 γδ T cells as well as the physiology that regulates their expression.
Clinical and Functional Outcome of Modified Quad Surgery in Adult Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury Patients: Case Reports
Authors: Nath Rahul K. , Goel Divya , Somasundaram Chandra
Published: September 2019

Untreated adult obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) patients, in general, use compensatory strategies to achieve their lost upper extremity functions; they cause some adverse effects. Our present study is a case series of 3 female adult OBPI patients, aged 46, 23 and 21 years old. They all had a modified Quad surgical procedure. All patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively by evaluating video recordings of standardized upper extremity movements using the modified Mallet scale. The average postoperative follow-up was 4.3 months (1 to 9 months). Total Mallet score significantly improved from 15 and 18 to 21 in two patients. Supination angle measured from active movement of these 3 patients improved from 40°, 0° and -60° to 80°, 40° and -40°, respectively. The modified Quad surgical procedure significantly improves active abduction and other shoulder functions not only in young pediatric and adolescent patients, as we have previously reported, but also in adult patients with muscle imbalance secondary to brachial plexus injury sustained at birth.
Molecular characterization of nephron progenitors and their early epithelial derivative structures in the nephrogenic zone of the canine fetal kidney
Authors: Faraj Rawah , Irizarry-Alfonzo Angela , Puri Pawan
Published: September 2019

Nephron progenitors (NPs) and nephrogenesis have been extensively studied in mice and humans and have provided insights into the mechanisms of renal development, disease and possibility of NP-based therapies. However, molecular features of NPs and their derivatives in the canine fetal kidney (CFK) remain unknown. This study was focused to characterize the expression of potential markers of canine NPs and their derivatives by immuno-fluorescence and western blot analysis. Transcription factors (TFs) SIX1 and SIX2, well-characterized human NP markers, were expressed in NPs surrounding the ureteric bud in the CFK. Canine NPs also expressed ITGA8 and NCAM1, surface markers previously used to isolate NPs from the mouse and human fetal kidneys. TF, PAX2 was detected in the ureteric bud, NPs and their derivative structures such as renal vesicle and S-shaped body. This study highlights the similarities in dog, mouse and human renal development and characterizes markers to identify canine NPs and their derivatives. These results will facilitate the isolation of canine NPs and their functional characterization to develop NP-based therapies for canine renal diseases.
Effect of some selected soil properties, moisture content, yield and consumptive water use on two Cassava (TMS 0581 and TME 419) varieties
Authors: Akinbile Christopher O. , Eze Remigius C. , Yusuf Habeeb , Ewulo Babatunde S. , Olayanju Adeniyi
Published: September 2019

The increasing demand of Cassava for our dietary needs and shortage experienced going by the burgeoning global population is a cause for concern that require urgent attention. The study therefore considered the effect of some selected soil properties, nutrients, moisture content, yield and consumptive water use (CWU) on two selected Cassava varieties TMS 0581 and TME 419 respectively. The design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of four treatments and three replicates. Treatment A had fertigation, B used poultry manure, C employed NPK, 15-15-15 while D with no treatment was used as control. Soil properties such as Bulk Density (BD), Particle Density (PD), soil classification and nutrients such as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Organic Matter (OM), Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and others were determined using standard procedures. Penman-Monteith (PM) model was used in estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETr) while its product with crop coefficient (Kc) produced crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Moisture content was measured at depths 10, 20 and 30 cm respectively while water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water applied and tuber yield were also determined. The findings of this study showed that all the soil properties were within permissible levels to encourage optimum agronomic development of Cassava plant and the class was entirely a loamy soil which permits well-developed roottuber configuration. Tuber yields varied from 21.96 Kg to 25.13 Kg for TMS 0581 variety while TME 419 had 17.04 Kg to 31.63 Kg in all the treatments. Deficiencies were observed in some of the nutrients which were replenished with the introduction of the fertilizers among the plots. Moisture content at 30 cm depth is suggestive of adequate water availability sufficient enough to encourage proper tuber development for optimum yield while fertigation technique was adjudged the best as it improved Cassava Tuberization and WUE in all the treatments considered.
The Italian Society for Rheumatology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis
Authors: Ariani A. , Manara M. , Fioravanti A. , Iannone F. , Salaffi F. , Ughi N. , Prevete I. , Bortoluzzi A. , Parisi S. , Scirè C.A.
Published: September 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease leading to functional decline and loss in quality of life. Knees, hands and hips are frequently affected joints with a relevant clinical and socio-economic burden. An evidence-based approach to OA management is essential in order to improve patients’ health and to decrease social burdens. Since new international clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) focused on diagnosis or pharmacological/non-pharmacological treatment have become available in the last ten years, the Italian Society for Rheumatology (SIR) was prompted to revise and customize them for a multidisciplinary audience of specialists involved in the management of OA. The framework of the Guidelines International Network Adaptation Working Group was adopted to identify, appraise (AGREE II), synthesize, and customize the existing CPGs on OA to the needs of the Italian healthcare context. The task force, consisting of rheumatologists from the SIR epidemiology research unit and a committee with experience of OA, identified key health questions to guide a systematic review of published guidelines. The target audience included physicians and health professionals who manage OA. An external panel of stakeholders rated the guidelines. From a systematic search in databases (Pubmed/Medline, Embase) and grey literature, 11 CPGs were selected and appraised by two independent raters. Combining evidence and statements from these CPGs and clinical expertise, 16 guidelines were developed and graded according to the level of evidence. Agreement and potential impact on clinical practice were assessed. These revised guidelines are intended to provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment of OA and to disseminate best evidence-based strategies management of the disease.
Accuracy of smartphone based photography in screening for potentially malignant lesions among a rural population in Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Karthikayan Ravi , Sukumaran Aparna , Diwakar Madankumar Parangimalai , Raj Bijivin V.
Published: September 2019

Background and Objective:

Oral cancer is a major public health problem which carries significant morbidity and mortality. A shift from treatment to prevention by screening is the key to reduce oral cancer lesion among population. Searching for an affordable and viable alternative to face-to-face screening that can expedite diagnosis of oral diseases among rural population with good accuracy is mandatory. One of the most realistic solutions to acknowledge this hurdle and the unavailability of dental professionals, is mobile teledentistry.

Materials and Methods:

Secondary data analysis was conducted, in which the data were derived from the project of “Oral Cancer Screening Program in Rural population” conducted by Thirumalai Mission Hospital, Ranipet. Ninety-six biopsies were taken for the patients who had visible oral lesions which had been provisionally diagnosed on clinical examination. Oral screening was carried out by unaided face-to-face screening method by a trained and calibrated dentist. In a separate subsequent visit, a trained teledental assistant took photographs of each participant’s mouth by using a smartphone camera; the charting of the photographs was conducted independently by two dentists.

Results:

Intra-examiner reliability of Examiner 1 and Examiner 2 was 0.943 and 0.921, respectively. Inter examiner reliability score of 0.879 was obtained between both the examiners by the photographic method of diagnosis. Intraclass correlation coefficient between two methods of examination was 0.812. Agreement between the photographic examination (Examiner 1, Examiner 2) with the gold standard biopsy report was 0.791 and 0.855, respectively.

Conclusion:

Smartphone camera use offers a valid and reliable means of remote screening for oral lesions. Photographs of the oral lesions taken from the smart-phone camera with an acceptable diagnostic validity and reliability.
Case Report: Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Masquerading as Idiopathic Midline Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Tejura Nilesh , Kim Eunjung , Dever Lisa L. , Chew Debra
Published: September 2019

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) is a rare infection caused by several species within the genus Leishmania. We present a patient with multifocal MCL masquerading as idiopathic midline granulomatous disease, featuring the unusual complication of ocular leishmaniasis, as a result of prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. We review clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this syndrome.
Case Report: Chest Wall Tuberculosis without Pulmonary Involvement in Three Pediatric Immunocompetent Patients
Authors: González Saldaña Napoleon , Macías Parra Mercedes , Arias de la Garza Eduardo , Solorzano Morales Sara , Galvis Trujillo Diego , Juarez Olguin Hugo , Carmona Vargas Ana Jocelyn , Palavicini Rueda Martin Eduardo , Castillo Bejarano Jose Ivan
Published: September 2019

Primary rib cage tuberculosis (TB) is an infrequent form of presentation and represents 1% of all cases of osteoarticular TB. We report three cases of children who were previously healthy and who began with swelling of the anterior surface of the rib as initial manifestation of TB. The most important clinical presentations in this series were swelling and pain, with lytic lesions and a soft tissue mass in image studies simulating oncologic pathologies. Because none of the cases had positive epidemiological contact, TB was initially not considered, so the delay in diagnosis from the onset of symptoms was 4, 1, and 2 months, respectively. The diagnosis was made through histomorphological analyses. Treatment was administered during 12, 10, and 9 months. Posttreatment studies did not show any evidence of extrapulmonary TB and until date, the patients remained without relapse or active disease. The findings in our cases illustrate that the diagnosis of chest wall TB should be suspected in all patients from endemic areas who present rib injury.
Progress to Eliminate Trachoma as a Public Health Problem in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: Results of 152 Population-Based Surveys
Authors: Stewart Aisha E. P. , Zerihun Mulat , Gessese Demelash , Melak Berhanu , Sata Eshetu , Nute Andrew W. , Astale Tigist , Endeshaw Tekola , Teferi Tesfaye , Tadesse Zerihun , Callahan Elizabeth Kelly , Chanyalew Melsew , Gaudie Birhan , Emerson Paul M. , King Jonathan D. , Nash Scott D.
Published: September 2019

At baseline in 2006, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia, was the most trachoma-endemic region in the country. Trachoma impact surveys (TIS) were conducted in all districts between 2010 and 2015, following 3–5 years of intervention with the WHO-recommended SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement) strategy. A multistage cluster random sampling design was used to estimate the district-level prevalence of trachoma. In total, 1,887 clusters in 152 districts were surveyed, from which 208,265 individuals from 66,089 households were examined for clinical signs of trachoma. The regional prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous inflammation-intense among children aged 1–9 years was 25.9% (95% CI: 24.9–26.9) and 5.5% (95% CI: 5.2–6.0), respectively. The prevalence of trachomatous scarring and trachomatous trichiasis among adults aged ≥ 15 years was 12.9% (95% CI: 12.2–13.6) and 3.9% (95% CI: 3.7–4.1), respectively. Among children aged 1–9 years, 76.5% (95% CI: 75.3–77.7) presented with a clean face; 66.2% (95% CI: 64.1–68.2) of households had access to water within 30 minutes round-trip, 48.1% (95% CI: 45.5–50.6) used an improved water source, and 46.2% (95% CI: 44.8–47.5) had evidence of a used latrine. Nine districts had a prevalence of TF below the elimination threshold of 5%. In hyperendemic areas, 3–5 years of implementation of SAFE is insufficient to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem; additional years of SAFE and several rounds of TIS will be required before trachoma is eliminated.
Control inteligente para mejorar el rendimiento de una plataforma semisumergible híbrida con aerogenerador y convertidores de oleaje: sistema de control borroso para la turbina
Authors: Mayorga Rubio Pedro , Fernández Quijano Javier , Zambrana López Pablo , Fernández Lozano J Jesús , García Cerezo Alfonso , Ortega Casanova Joaquín
Published: September 2019

El aprovechamiento de la energía eólica marina está limitado por la saturación de los emplazamientos viables en tierra o aguas poco profundas. Esto hace que el empleo de plataformas semisumergibles mar adentro sea una opción atractiva, que además permite incorporar otros elementos como convertidores de oleaje. Sin embargo, las interacciones entre convertidores de olas y aerogeneradores aumentan la complejidad del sistema, y las técnicas de control convencional no permiten considerar fácilmente estas interacciones, limitando el aprovechamiento de la energía primaria. El uso de técnicas de control inteligente, en particular control borroso, permite considerar estas interacciones y mejorar este aprovechamiento, si bien es necesario contar con modelos y sistemas de simulación que incluyan estos efectos. Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de control basado en lógica borrosa, escalable para considerar los efectos del control de convertidores de oleaje; para el control de un aerogenerador instalado en una plataforma semisumergible OC4.
Control descentralizado basado en eventos para el consenso de múltiples robots tipo péndulo invertido en el esquema líder-seguidor
Authors: Ramírez-Cárdenas O.D. , Guerrero-Castellanos J.F. , Linares-Flores J. , Durand S. , Guerrero-Sánchez W.F.
Published: September 2019

El trabajo presenta el diseno de una estrategia de control distribuido con comunicación activada por eventos, que resuelve el problema de consenso líder-seguidor, de un conjunto de robots móviles tipo péndulo invertido (RMPI). La linealización de las ecuaciones de movimiento de los RMPI, alrededor del punto de equilibrio, permiten explotar las propiedades de planitud diferencial, dando lugar a una reparametrizacion del sistema mediante la salida plana. Asumiendo que los vehículos se comunican mediante una red, cuya topología es representada por un grafo no dirigido y fuertemente conectado, se disena una ley de control distribuido y una funcion de evento que indica el instante en el que el i-ésimo vehículo debe transmitir informacion (su estado) a sus vecinos. El resultado es un intercambio asíncrono de informacion entre vehículos y donde el tiempo entre eventos no es equidistante. El analisis de estabilidad se lleva a cabo en el sentido de Lyapunov y en el sentido entrada-estado ISS (Input-to-State Stability). Los resultados en simulacion numérica muestran el buen desempeño del consenso de la red de vehículos en dos escenarios representativos: regulacion y seguimiento de trayectoria.
“Economia criativa” como categoria nativa: a atuação dos economistas e as condições de legitimação de um novo recurso de poder
Authors: Alves Elder Patrick Maia , Couto Bruno Gontyjo do
Published: September 2019

Nas últimas duas décadas os temas economia criativa, indústrias criativas e cidades criativas ser- viram como lastro técnico e operacional para a formulação e execução de uma série de políticas de desenvolvimento econômico. Os principais artífices dessa profusão, legitimação e acúmulo de poder foram os economistas, os administradores e os teóricos das escolas de negócios em estreito interesse com os governos nacionais e as agências transnacionais do sistema ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas). Esse processo somente se tornou possível em razão dos atravessamentos entre as sociedades pós-industriais de serviços, a expansão da economia do conhecimento e a contundente digitalização dos mercados culturais. A conjugação desses aspectos produziu uma aproximação estrutural entre o domínio estético-simbólico e o econômico-tecnológico, resultando no aparecimento de categorias nativas como economia criativa. Essas categorias não dispõem de potencial descritivo e analítico que lhes permitam explicar as novas relações entre os dois domí- nios, mas são elas mesmas resultado destas.
O passado no banco dos réus: uma análise das decisões das Cortes Supremas argentina e brasileira sobre a validade das “leis de impunidade”
Authors: Gallo Carlos Artur
Published: September 2019

Este trabalho faz uma análise comparada de demandas que questionavam a validade de leis que garantem e/ou garantiram a impunidade dos setores envolvidos com a repressão política praticada durante as ditaduras de Segurança Nacional. Foram selecionados dois casos para comparação: o “Caso Simón”, julgado em junho de 2005 pela Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (CSJN) argentina, e a Arguição por Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) no 153, julgada em abril de 2010 pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro. São comparadas as decisões e busca-se identificar o que as explica, verificando sua conexão com as políticas de memória implementadas em cada contexto.
Deposition of brown carbon onto snow: changes of snow optical and radiative properties
Authors: Beres Nicholas D. , Sengupta Deep , Samburova Vera , Khlystov Andrey Y. , Moosmüller Hans
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Light-absorbing organic carbon aerosol – colloquially known as brown carbon (BrC) – is emitted from combustion processes and has a brownish or yellowish visual appearance, caused by enhanced light absorption at shorter visible and ultraviolet wavelengths (0.3 μm ≲ λ ≲ 0.5 μm). Recently, optical properties of atmospheric BrC aerosols have become the topic of intense research, but little is known about how BrC deposition onto snow surfaces affects the spectral snow albedo, which can alter the resulting radiative forcing and in-snow photochemistry. Wildland fires in close proximity to the cryosphere, such as peatland fires that emit large quantities of BrC, are becoming more common at high latitudes, potentially affecting nearby snow and ice surfaces. In this study, we describe the artificial deposition of BrC aerosol with known optical, chemical, and physical properties onto the snow surface and we monitor its spectral radiative impact and compare it directly to modeled values. First, using small-scale combustion of Alaskan peat, BrC aerosols were artificially deposited onto the snow surface. UV-vis absorbance and total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of snow samples were measured for samples with and without artificial BrC deposition. These measurements were used to estimate the imaginary part of the refractive index of deposited BrC aerosol with a volume mixing rule. Single particle optical properties were calculated using Mie theory, and these values were used to show that the measured spectral snow albedo of snow with deposited BrC was in general agreement with modeled spectral snow albedo using calculated BrC optical properties. The instantaneous radiative forcing by impurities present in the snow before the deposition experiments was found to increase the instantaneous radiative forcing at the surface of the natural snow at our site by 1.23 (+0.14/−0.11) W m−2 per ppm of BrC deposited. However, we estimate that deposition onto a clean snowpack without light-absorbing impurities would have resulted in a more than twice as large instantaneous radiative forcing of 2.68 (+0.27/−0.22) W m−2 per ppm of BrC deposited.
Toward autonomous surface-based infrared remote sensing of polar clouds: retrievals of cloud optical and microphysical properties
Authors: Rowe Penny M. , Cox Christopher J. , Neshyba Steven , Walden Von P.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Improvements to climate model results in polar regions require improved
knowledge of cloud properties. Surface-based infrared (IR) radiance
spectrometers have been used to retrieve cloud properties in polar regions,
but measurements are sparse. Reductions in cost and power requirements to
allow more widespread measurements could be aided by reducing instrument
resolution. Here we explore the effects of errors and instrument resolution
on cloud property retrievals from downwelling IR radiances for resolutions
of 0.1 to 20 cm−1. Retrievals are tested on 336 radiance simulations
characteristic of the Arctic, including mixed-phase, vertically
inhomogeneous, and liquid-topped clouds and a variety of ice habits.
Retrieval accuracy is found to be unaffected by resolution from 0.1 to 4 cm−1, after which it decreases slightly. When cloud heights are
retrieved, errors in retrieved cloud optical depth (COD) and ice fraction
are considerably smaller for clouds with bases below 2 km than for higher
clouds. For example, at a resolution of 4 cm−1, with errors imposed
(noise and radiation bias of 0.2 mW/(m2 sr cm−1) and biases in
temperature of 0.2 K and in water vapor of −3 %), using retrieved cloud
heights, root-mean-square errors decrease from 1.1 to 0.15 for COD, 0.3 to
0.18 for ice fraction (fice), and 10 to 7 µm for ice
effective radius (errors remain at 2 µm for liquid effective radius).
These results indicate that a moderately low-resolution, surface-based IR
spectrometer could provide cloud property retrievals with accuracy
comparable to existing higher-resolution instruments and that such an
instrument would be particularly useful for low-level clouds.
The impact of neglecting ice phase on cloud optical depth retrievals from AERONET cloud mode observations
Authors: Shonk Jonathan K. P. , Chiu Jui-Yuan Christine , Marshak Alexander , Giles David M. , Huang Chiung-Huei , Mace Gerald G. , Benson Sally , Slutsker Ilya , Holben Brent N.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Clouds present many challenges to climate modelling. To
develop and verify the parameterisations needed to allow climate models to
represent cloud structure and processes, there is a need for high-quality
observations of cloud optical depth from locations around the world.
Retrievals of cloud optical depth are obtainable from radiances measured by
Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) radiometers in “cloud mode” using a
two-wavelength retrieval method. However, the method is unable to detect
cloud phase, and hence assumes that all of the cloud in a profile is liquid.
This assumption has the potential to introduce errors into long-term
statistics of retrieved optical depth for clouds that also contain ice.
Using a set of idealised cloud profiles we find that, for optical depths
above 20, the fractional error in retrieved optical depth is a linear
function of the fraction of the optical depth that is due to the presence of
ice cloud (“ice fraction”). Clouds that are entirely ice have positive
errors with magnitudes of the order of 55 % to 70 %. We derive a simple linear
equation that can be used as a correction at AERONET sites where ice
fraction can be independently estimated. Using this linear equation, we estimate the magnitude of the error for a set
of cloud profiles from five sites of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement
programme. The dataset contains separate retrievals of ice and liquid
retrievals; hence ice fraction can be estimated. The magnitude of the error
at each location was related to the relative frequencies of occurrence in
thick frontal cloud at the mid-latitude sites and of deep convection at the
tropical sites – that is, of deep cloud containing both ice and liquid
particles. The long-term mean optical depth error at the five locations
spans the range 2–4, which we show to be small enough to allow calculation
of top-of-atmosphere flux to within 10 % and surface flux to about
15 %.
Retrieval of aerosol optical properties over Beijing: a comparison between SKYNET and AERONET
Authors: Yang Xianyi , Che Huizheng , Irie Hitoshi , Chen Quanliang , Gui Ke , Cai Ying , Zheng Yu , An Linchang , Zhao Hujia , Li Lei , Liang Yuanxin , Wang Yaqiang , Wang Hong , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This study assesses the performance of SKYNET in comparison to AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) for retrieving aerosol optical properties (AOPs) in Beijing, China. The results obtained from simultaneous measurements show high correlation coefficients (> 0.994) for aerosol optical depth (AOD) at each wavelength. The highest correlation coefficient for Ångström exponent is 0.825, at 500–870 nm. The single scattering albedo (SSA) of SKYNET is systematically larger than that of AERONET at each wavelength, and adjusting the SVA (solid view angle) and SA (surface albedo) input values can easily affect the value of SKYNET SSA. The volume size distribution patterns derived from the two networks’ instruments are both bimodal, which is typical, while the coarse-mode volume of SKYNET is larger than that of AERONET on average. According to the frequency distribution of aerosol particles, coarser aerosol particles often present in autumn and finer particles usually exist in winter, and there are more absorbent aerosol particles in winter. SKYNET data, combined with meteorological data, CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) data, backward trajectories, and WPSCF (weighted potential source contribution function) and WCWT (weighted concentrated weighted trajectory) analyses are used to analyze a serious pollution event in winter over Beijing. The results suggest that it was not only affected by local emissions but also by regional transport. The AOPs under three weather conditions (clean, dusty, haze) in Beijing are discussed. The values of AOD on haze days are about 10.3, 10.0, 8.7, 6.3 and 6.2 times larger than those on clean days at 400, 500, 670, 870 and 1020 nm, respectively; and under haze conditions, the PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) is about 7.6 times larger than that under clean conditions. The values of AOD on dusty days are about 7.1, 7.4, 7.0, 5.3 and 5.2 times larger than those on clean days at 400, 500, 670, 870 and 1020 nm, respectively; and under haze conditions, the PM2.5 is about 5.2 times larger than that under clean conditions.
Arctic amplification under global warming of 1.5 and 2 °C in NorESM1-Happi
Authors: Graff Lise S. , Iversen Trond , Bethke Ingo , Debernard Jens B. , Seland Øyvind , Bentsen Mats , Kirkevåg Alf , Li Camille , Olivié Dirk J. L.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Differences between a 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C warmer climate than 1850 pre-industrial conditions are investigated using a suite of uncoupled (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project; AMIP), fully coupled, and slab-ocean experiments performed with Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1)-Happi, an upgraded version of NorESM1-M. The data from the AMIP-type runs with prescribed sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice were provided to a model intercomparison project (HAPPI – Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts; http://www.happimip.org/, last access date: 14 September 2019). This paper compares the AMIP results to those from the fully coupled version and the slab-ocean version of the model (NorESM1-HappiSO) in which SST and sea ice are allowed to respond to the warming, focusing on Arctic amplification of the global change signal. The fully coupled and the slab-ocean runs generally show stronger responses
than the AMIP runs in the warmer worlds. The Arctic polar amplification
factor is stronger in the fully coupled and slab-ocean runs than in the AMIP runs, both in the 1.5 ∘C warming run and with the additional 0.5 ∘C warming. The low-level Equator-to-pole temperature gradient consistently weakens more between the present-day climate and the 1.5 ∘C warmer climate in the experiments with an active ocean component. The magnitude of the upper-level Equator-to-pole temperature gradient increases in a warmer climate but is not systematically larger in the experiments with an active ocean component. Implications for storm tracks and blocking are investigated. We find considerable reductions in the Arctic sea-ice cover in the slab-ocean model runs; while ice-free summers are rare under 1.5 ∘C warming, they occur 18 % of the time in the 2.0 ∘C warming simulation. The fully coupled model does not, however, reach ice-free conditions as it is too cold and has too much ice in the present-day climate. Differences between the experiments with active ocean and sea-ice models and those with prescribed SSTs and sea ice can be partially due to ocean and
sea-ice feedbacks that are neglected in the latter case but can also in
part be due to differences in the experimental setup.
Integrated dataset of deformation measurements in fractured volcanic tuff and meteorological data (Coroglio coastal cliff, Naples, Italy)
Authors: Matano Fabio , Caccavale Mauro , Esposito Giuseppe , Fortelli Alberto , Scepi Germana , Spano Maria , Sacchi Marco
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Along the coastline of the Campi Flegrei volcanic district, near Naples (Italy), severe retreat processes affect a large part of the coastal cliffs, mainly made of fractured volcanic tuff and pyroclastic deposits. Progressive fracturing and deformation of rocks can lead to hazardous sudden slope failures on coastal cliffs. Among the triggering mechanisms, the most relevant are related to meteorological factors, such as precipitation, freezing conditions, and thermal expansion due to solar heating of rock surfaces. In this paper, we present a database of measurement time series taken over a period of ∼ 4 years (Dec 2014–Oct 2018), referred to the deformations of selected tuff blocks in the Coroglio coastal cliff. The monitoring system is implemented on five unstable tuff blocks and is formed by nine crackmeters and two tiltmeters equipped with internal thermometers. The system is coupled with a total weather station, measuring rain, temperature, wind and atmospheric pressure operating since January 2014 up to Dec 2018. A measurement frequency of 10 and 30 minutes has been respectively set for meteorological and deformation sensors. The aim of the measurements is to assess the magnitude and temporal pattern of rock block deformations (fracture opening and block movements) before block failure and their correlation with selected meteorological parameters. The results of a multivariate statistical analysis of the measured time series suggest a close correlation between temperature and deformation trends. The recognized cyclic, sinusoidal changes in the width (opening/closing) of fractures and tuff blocks rotations are ostensibly linked to multiscale (i.e. daily, seasonal and annual) temperature variations. Some trends of cumulative multi-temporal changes have been also recognized. The full databases are freely available online at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.896000 (Matano et al., 2018) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.899562 (Fortelli et al., 2019).
Evaluation of lossless and lossy algorithms for the compression of scientific datasets in netCDF-4 or HDF5 files
Authors: Delaunay Xavier , Courtois Aurélie , Gouillon Flavien
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The increasing volume of scientific datasets requires the
use of compression to reduce data storage and transmission costs, especially
for the oceanographic or meteorological datasets generated by Earth
observation mission ground segments. These data are mostly produced in
netCDF files. Indeed, the netCDF-4/HDF5 file formats are widely used
throughout the global scientific community because of the useful features
they offer. HDF5 in particular offers a dynamically loaded filter plugin so
that users can write compression/decompression filters, for example, and
process the data before reading or writing them to disk. This study
evaluates lossy and lossless compression/decompression methods through
netCDF-4 and HDF5 tools on analytical and real scientific floating-point
datasets. We also introduce the Digit Rounding algorithm, a new relative
error-bounded data reduction method inspired by the Bit Grooming algorithm.
The Digit Rounding algorithm offers a high compression ratio while keeping a
given number of significant digits in the dataset. It achieves a higher
compression ratio than the Bit Grooming algorithm with slightly lower
compression speed.
The importance of city trees for reducing net rainfall: comparing measurements and simulations
Authors: Smets Vincent , Wirion Charlotte , Bauwens Willy , Hermy Martin , Somers Ben , Verbeiren Boud
Published: September 2019

Abstract. An in situ tree interception experiment was conducted to determine
the hydrological impact of a solitary standing Norway maple and a small-leaved
lime in an urban environment. During the 2-year experiment, rainfall data
were collected and divided into interception, throughfall and stemflow. With
approximately 38 % of the gross precipitation intercepted by both trees,
the interception storage was higher than for similar studies carried out in
Mediterranean regions. The specialized forest interception models from Gash (first published in 1978)
and Rutter (first published in 1971), as well as an adapted solitary tree version of the Water and
Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere model (WetSpa), were
tested for their accuracy in modeling the measured interception storage.
The models generally overestimated interception storage for small
interception events (< interception storage) and underestimated
interception storage for bigger interception events (> interception storage). Gash's method slightly outperformed WetSpa and
Rutter for all events throughout seasons and trees. However, WetSpa showed
better performance for rainfall events > 10 mm. The similar
performance of WetSpa and the Gash and Rutter models is
noteworthy because the WetSpa interception model is part of a larger
modeling framework that models the whole hydrological balance, whereas the Gash
and Rutter methods are specialized stand-alone interception models. Thus, WetSpa is recommended to gain a more
complete understanding of the impact of city trees on the full hydrological
balance. This study emphasizes the potential effect of
city trees on the whole hydrological balance via a combination of field
data and simulation experiments using both specialized interception models
(Gash and Rutter) and the relatively simple interception module of a
holistic water balance model (WetSpa).
A BIG DATA APPROACH FOR COMPREHENSIVE URBAN SHADOW ANALYSIS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Vo A. V. , Laefer D. F.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Because of the importance of access to sunlight, shadow analysis is a common consideration in urban design, especially for dense urban developments. As shadow computation is computationally expensive, most urban shadow analysis tools have to date circumvented the high computational costs by representing urban complexity only through simplified geometric models. The simplification process removes details and adversely affects the level of realism of the ultimate results. In this paper, an alternative approach is presented by utilizing the highest level of detail and resolution captured in the geometric input data source, which is an extremely high-resolution airborne laser scanning point cloud (300 points/m2). To cope with the high computational demand caused by the use of this dense and detailed input data set, the Comprehensive Urban Shadow algorithm is introduced to distribute the computation for parallel processing on a Hadoop cluster. The proposed comprehensive urban shadow analysis solution is scalable, reasonably fast, and capable of preserving the original resolution and geometric detail of the original point cloud data.
AN IMPROVED LOD FRAMEWORK FOR THE TERRAINS IN 3D CITY MODELS
Authors: Kumar K. , Labetski A. , Ledoux H. , Stoter J.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings, bridges, tunnels, and to some extent for roads, there is no clear definition of LODs for terrain/relief, vegetation, land use, water bodies, and generic city objects in CityGML. In addition, extensive research has been done to refine the LOD concept of CityGML for buildings but little is known on requirements and possibilities to model city object types as terrain at different LODs. To address this gap, we focus in this paper on the terrain of a 3D city model and propose a framework for modelling terrains at different LODs in CityGML. As a proof of concept of our framework, we implemented a software prototype to generate terrain models with other city features integrated (e.g. buildings) at different LODs in CityGML.
GRAPH TRANSFORMATION RULES FOR IFC-TO-CITYGML ATTRIBUTE CONVERSION
Authors: Lim J. , Tauscher H. , Biljecki F.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In model transformation, the population of attributes on the target side constitutes the last step of the conversion process that carries over that part of the input which is often perceived as the most valuable actual information. We are employing a graph-based model transformation approach to convert building information models into geospatial city models. In this paper, we are reporting on different types of transformation rules to populate the attributes on CityGML side using information extracted from the IFC data. We document the various ways how attribute values can be stored in IFC and CityGML respectively and identify patterns that bridge these endpoints in the conversion process. These patterns lead to a set of prototypical graph transformation rules which have been applied to a range of building projects. The novel graph-based approach to IFC-to-CityGML conversion implicates an intuitive visual representation of these rules. This work can also serve as a starting point to convert IFC data to other formats or to populate CityGML from other data sources.