bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phomopsis vexans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis vexans
[Diaporthe vexans]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum melongena, S. wendlandii
. DISEASE: The only economic host is eggplant or brinjal (
Solanum melongena
) and the disease is variously known as tip over, stem blight or canker, leaf blight or spot and fruit rot; damping-off can also take place. Leaf spots (up to 3 cm diam.) are conspicuous, irregular in outline and may coalesce; lower leaves may be affected first. In stem lesions the cortex dries and cracks, plants become stunted and girdling cankers cause death. Fruit spots are pale, sunken, conspicuous and may affect the whole fruit; fruit may drop or remain attached, becoming mummified after a soft decay. Pycnidia are abundant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in N. America, the West Indies, and E. and central Asia, also in Africa (Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia) and Mauritius (CMI Map 329, ed. 2, 1968). The record from Australia (NSW) should be deleted. Additional records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Rumania. TRANSMISSION: Host debris and seed from infested fruit are primary sources of inoculum. Naturally infected seed germinates less well and more slowly (20: 621; 22: 511).
Cochliobolus nodulosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus nodulosus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eleusine coracana
[Eleusine indica]
and
E
.
indica
. Also on
Echinochloa frumentacea, Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum typhoideum Saccharum
spp.,
Sorghum
spp. and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, foot rot and leaf blight of finger millet (
Eleusine coracana
[Eleusine indica]
and
E. indica
). Elliptical to long rectangular spots form on the leaves, becoming coalescent, straw coloured with narrow red-brown margins. Spikes are infected and may collapse; grain does not form or is undeveloped. Systemic infection has been described for
E
.
indica
(37: 78). Many infected plants die in the seedling stage but others show the stunting caused by this type of infection. When older plants were inoculated systemic infection occurred in the new growth only; such plants may show some tillers to be infected and stunted whilst others are normal and healthy. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in E. and S. Africa, also Nigeria and Sierra Leone, in India, Formosa, Malaysia (Sarawak), Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka and USA (Ga, Md, Miss., S. Carol. and Va) (CMI Map 454, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne.
Cordana musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cordana musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa sapientum
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch or spot of banana (
Musa
). Small brown spots enlarge to an oval or sometimes a diamond shape, a darker red-brown margin and zonation becomes quite marked with age. A chlorotic halo is conspicuous, especially on the lower surface. Necrotic tissue may occur as strips from edge to midrib, and a marginal necrosis with an uneven, zigzag, chlorotic edge separating healthy from diseased tissue may develop. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics with host (CMI Map 168, ed. 3, 1971). Additional records not mapped are: Cape Verde Islands, Cuba, US Trust Territory. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed; a diurnal periodicity with a peak near 0700 hr was found in Jamaica (42: 37) and spore discharge has been described in detail (41: 666).
Ustulina deusta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustulina deusta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On stumps, butts and dead roots of many genera of trees and shrubs. Particularly common on
Fagus sylvatica
in Europe. Host genera of economic importance include
Camellia, Citrus, Cocos, Coffea, Elaeis, Hevea, Nicotiana
and
Theabroma
. Wilkins (1934) provides a host index. DISEASES: Cause of 'charcoal base rot' of
Elaeis
and
Hevea
; 'charcoal stump rot' and root disease of
Camellia
; 'collar rot' of
Hevea
; butt rott of
Fagus
; 'white rot' of
Tilia
; etc. In
Elaeis
the base is affected by a hard dry rot resulting in the progressive death of the fronds leading to death (Turner, 1971). Attacks the cell walls of tracheids so that infected wood is permeated with conspicuous black lines. Reported as responsible for the death of young
Tectona grandis
in Tanzania (42: 224). Usually now regarded as of little economic importance but often serious locally. The pathogenic tendencies are less pronounced in temperate than subtropical and tropical regions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (CMI Map 417, ed. 1, 1966). In every country
fide
Miller (1961). TRANSMISSION: In temperate regions wind-borne conidia are probably the most important cause of infection (Wilkins, 1938, 1939) and enter through wounds, including areas which have been scorched, and pruned branches (41: 479). Infection may also arise from ascospores and through the contact of lateral roots (Fetch, 1928), and nearby infected trees and shrubs of other genera (Fetch, 1923).
Ceratocystis ulmi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ceratocystis ulmi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ulmus
spp.,
Zelkova serrara; U. glabra
and
U. americana
are highly susceptible,
U. procera
is susceptible, while Asian elms,
U. parvifolia, U. pumila
and
U. pumila pennato-ramosa
, have marked resistance.
Zelkova serrata
is highly susceptible; the reactions of other species of
Zelkova
are not known. DISEASE: Dutch Elm Disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (throughout, to a northern limit in central Scotland, central Norway, central Sweden. Absent from north Russia). N. America (eastern Canada, central and eastern USA) (CMI Map 36, ed. 4, 1970). TRANSMISSION: By the bark beetles
Scolytus scolytus, S. multistriatus
and (in N. America) by
Hylurgopinus rufipes
. The fungus fruits in the larval galleries and spores are carried internally and externally to young shoots where beetles emerge and migrate. Infection of the vessels, which leads to the disease, takes place during the period before breeding, when the beetles feed, cutting grooves and boring in the thin bark of twigs. Transmission by root grafts is known (15, 266) and direct infection by airborne spores is theoretically possible but does not take place under natural conditions.
Scirrhia pini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Scirrhia pini
[Mycosphaerella pini]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines including
Pinus radiata
and its hybrids,
P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. carbaea, P. ponderosa, P. nigra
and others,
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(46, 2860),
Larix decidua
(49, 273). DISEASE:
Dothistroma
blight; red band. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA including Alaska), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand), Asia (Brunei, India, Japan), Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda), Europe (Austria, France, Rumania, UK, USSR (Republic of Georgia), Yugoslavia) (CMI Map 419, ed. 2, 1970; record in CMI Herbarium). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia released and dispersed by a splash take-off mechanism for short distances. Long distance dispersal may be by transport of infected material, such as nursery stock and, under special conditions, clouds may carry sporal inoculum (43, 2100). Survival time of inoculum in the form of cast, infected foliage on the forest floor is limited to 2-6 months under moist conditions (50, 2003).
Gremmeniella abietina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gremmeniella abietina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The host range is almost completely confined to species of spruce and pine. The following have been recorded:
Picea abies, P. mariana, P. rubens, Pinus cembra, P. monticola, P. mugo, P. nigra
var.
austriaca, P. nigra
var.
maritima, P. pinaster, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. contorta, P. radiata, P. resinosa, P. sabiniana, P. banksiana
,
Pseudotsuga menziesii
. DISEASE:
Brunchorstia
dieback of pines. The disease is typified by the death of the growing point and the apical needles of the lower branches of pine and spruce. Under severe conditions the disease can affect all the foliage of the host, which may die. The fungus forms pycnidia on infected terminal buds and at the base of needles. Trees 10-20 yr of age typically affected in Europe. It can also cause serious nursery losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Scandinavia, Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Austria, USSR, Finland); N. America (east Canada, north-east USA). (CMI Map 423, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: By conidia liberated from pycnidia on infected tissues under wet conditions, when they are dispersed by a splash mechanism. Ascospores appear to be relatively unimportant in the spread of the disease.
Xanthomonas ricini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas ricini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ricinus communis
. DISEASE: Normally a leaf spot disease in which the bacteria are confined to the parenchymatous tissues. The tiny, dark green, water-soaked spots expand and become brownish, angular and necrotic. They may coalesce to form larger necrotic areas and badly infected leaves become chlorotic and may drop. Occasionally petioles and succulent branches have minute oval or linear spots. Sabet (40, 334) obtained atypical symptoms from inoculation of buds. When the leaves opened, the main veins became infected and tissues dependent on infected veins became yellow and flaccid and finally withered. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Scattered, more or las world-wide (CMI Map 394, ed. 1, 1962). Extra references include Hong Kong (43, 345), Poland (48, 554b), Zambia and confirmation of Kenya. TRANSMISSION: Probably in wind and rain; it is rapid in wet weather. One report suggests that it is also seedborne (33, 181).
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
, especially the cereals
Avena, Hordeum
and
Triticum
, turf grasses, particularly
Agrostis
, and other grass genera. A comprehensive host list with relative susceptibilities is given by Nilsson (1969). DISEASES: Take-all or whiteheads of oats, wheat and other cereals;
Ophiobolus
patch of turf grasses. The take-all symptoms on oats and wheat are similar to those on wheat caused by
G. graminis
var.
tritici
(CMI Descript. 383). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in temperate regions: reported from Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe; North America. TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments and as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses. The role of ascospores in spreading var.
avenae
has not been studied. Seed transmission with grass seeds has been suspected in Scotland (39, 497; 47, 3058).
Pyrenophora avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oats (
Avena
spp.). DISEASE: Leaf stripe, blotch or spot and seedling blight of oats. Seed-borne infection produces a range of seedling symptoms from pre-emergence death to slight spotting or streaking of coleoptiles. Mycelial infection of emerging leaves causes distortion and spotting. Inoculum from primary leaves causes secondary spread to upper leaves, producing light reddish-brown irregular streaks or blotches. Spikelet drop (42, 543) and stem-break (36, 641) may also occur when the disease is severe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread; occurs throughout most oat-growing areas. CMI Map 105, ed. 2, 1966, and in addition in Queensland, Egypt, Angola and Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection appears to be entirely by seed-borne inoculum, either as conidia or more particularly as mycelium in the outer layers of the seed. Secondary infection is by air-borne conidia. Soil-borne inoculum appears to be unimportant.
Botryosphaeria ribis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Botryosphaeria ribis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ribis grossularia
. Also on
Aesculus, Aleurites, Amygdalus, Araucaria, Atriplex, Baccharis, Bridelia, Carica, Caryota, Citrus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eucalyptus, Fuchsia, Godetia, Gossypium, Grevillea, Juglans, Laguncularia, Ligustrum, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Malus, Mangifera, Manihot, Melia, Monstera, Olea, Pandanus, Persea, Pinus, Pistacia, Plumeria, Prunus, Psidium, Pyrus, Quercus, Rhodoleia, Rhododendron, Ricinus, Rosa, Salix, Sambucus, Sesamum, Solanum ?, Tilia, Ulmus, Vitis
and also isolated from human nails. DISEASE: Plurivorous, particularly on trees, and also causing rots in fruit (3, 725; 4, 636; 6, 106; 9, 344; 13, 249; 14, 196). Amongst the hosts on which it has been described causing dieback and cankers on branches and stems are: avocado (
Persea americana
; 31, 132; 35, 495); elm (
Ulmus
; 29, 587); apple (
Malus pumila
; 4, 178, 614; 36, 104; 49, 3370); currant (
Ribes
spp.); Japanese cedar (
Cryptomeria japonica
; 39, 508); lemon (
Citrus limon
; 12, 283); pine (
Pinus
spp. ; 47, 344);
Rhododendron
(43, 2296); sweet gum (
Liquidambar styraciflua
; 37, 317);
Tilia
spp. (30, 129); tuna (
Aleurites fordii and A. montana
; 29, 339; 32, 524); willow (
Salix
; 18, 486; 33, 455).
B. ribes
can also cause staining on timber (16, 578). On apple large, watery, blister-like cankers occur and these can destroy the main branches; young shoots and spurs are killed. The stromata form beneath the outer bark layers. On willow the girdling cankers are circular, crateriform, becoming dry and cracked. In tung there is a dieback of the terminal shoots from which spread takes place and cankers develop on the larger branches, with longitudinal bark splitting. In pines the killing of branch tips may lead to copious resin exudates. The imperfect state has been described more often in the field. On fruit a rot may occur after picking; this has been described for apple, avocado and lemon. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in temperate and tropical regions. TRANSMISSION: No experimental studies seem to have been described.
Venturia pirina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia pirina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on pear (
Pyrus communis
) and other
Pyrus
spp., also recorded from
Eriobotrya japonica
(loquat) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of pear, which results in loss of quantity and quality of fruit. The disease attacks shoots, buds, leaves and fruit, symptoms and aetiology being very similar to those of apple scab caused by
V. inaequalis
on
Malus
spp. (CMI Descript. 401). Dark, more or less circular scabs are produced on leaves and fruit, often with some growth distortion. Infection of young wood is more common than with apple scab and causes pale brown blister-like lesions which burst to release conidia in the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions wherever pears are grown (see CMI Map 367, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Epidemiology is similar to that of apple scab. The overwintering saprophytic perithecial stage on leaf litter releases airborne ascospores in spring which infect young growth, and secondary infection by conidia dispersed during wet summer weather also occurs. Overwintering lesions on young wood are more frequent than with apple scab and conidia produced by these in the spring can be an important source of primary infection (46, 2061; 47, 849).
Rhizoctonia carotae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizoctonia carotae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Daucus carota
. DISEASE: Crater rot of carrot in cold storage. White tufts of mycelium appear on root surfaces, pits develop under them and enlarge to form craters lined with mycelium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, Denmark, Norway, UK. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection from soil, but chief source of disease is infestation of storage crates. Mycelium spreads on and between crates and is capable of persistence from one season to the next in this form.
Cercospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum vulgare, S. sudanense, S. halepense
and
S. dochna
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of sorghum, Sudan grass, Johnson grass and broomcorn. Spots usually first form on the lower leaves and infection gradually spreads upwards; they are elongate, somewhat delimited by the veins and individually > 1 cm long and 3-5 mm in width. Coalescence can take place, to give larger stripes or patches and kill large areas of the leaf. The colour (shades of red to black, light brown or yellowish) of the lesions varies with that of leaf colour. The deep coloured spots tend to have lighter coloured outer rings than the paler ones where the margins are darker. Colours darken with age and a faint zonation may be found (10, 516). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 338, ed. 3, 1974). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; conidia presumably air-dispersed and spread from host debris.
Cylindrocladium clavatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium clavatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Araucaria angustifolia, Camellia sinensis, Eucalyptus saligna
and
Pinus
. DISEASE: Occasionally associated with
Cylindrocladium floridanum
[Calonectria kyotensis]
and
Cylindrocarpon tenue
on rotting roots of unthrifty tea bushes in Mauritius. Associated with a root disease of dying 10-15 year old trees of
Araucaria angustifolia
(Hodges & May, 1972). Roots of such trees are pitch-soaked and copiously exude resin, causing large quantities of soil to stick to the roots, thus resembling in symptomatology the brown root rot caused by
Phellinus noxius
. Also isolated from the roots of dying trees of several species of
Pinus
(Hodges & May, 1972). The pine needles on affected trees turn bright yellow, droop and finally turn brick red. Roots were pitch-soaked but resin exudation was slight. Also isolated from seedlings of
Eucalyptus saligna
(Hodges & May, 1972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Mauritius. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is soil-borne.
Drechslera iridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera iridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Iris
spp.,
Lachenalia plaucina, Tritonia
cv. DISEASE: Causes ink disease of iris. Initially, chlorotic streaks of varying lengths appear on the leaves which subsequently develop into black necrotic areas sometimes involving the whole of the leaf surface. Flowers may also be damaged. The disease is most important on bulbous irises where it may spread to the bulb causing black lesions with raised margins; severely infected bulbs dry out and die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America (Canada). TRANSMISSION: The fungus perennates on infected bulbs and by spores and diseased crop debris in infested soil. Airborne spores spread disease among foliage.
Mycosphaerella macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella macrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Iris, Glodiolus
; also recorded from
Narcissus, Freesia
and
Hemerocallis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or blotch of iris. Initially, symptoms appear as small water-soaked spots soon turning brown and enlarging to produce oval lesions with a greyish centre and dark brown margin. These become irregular and coalesce and may destroy much of the leaf tissue. The disease is most serious after flowering and on the distal portions of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia and Middle East. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed by wind and rain. Overwintering infected leaf debris is an important source of spring inoculum. The perfect state appears to be uncommon.
Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Rough and sweet lemon, lime, grapefruit, sweet orange, mandarin and satsuma orange, citron (
Citrus medica), C. japonica
and
C. jambhiri
. Sour orange somewhat resistant (McCleery, 1930) or immune (51, 2478). DISEASE: Tryon's scab or Australian citrus scab. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales), S.W. Pacific (New Guinea, New Caledonia (41, 85), Fiji, British Solomon Islands); probably New Zealand (Jenkins, 34, 516), S.E. Asia (Malaysia, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka), Africa (Malagasy Republic and Comores Islands (51, 2478), Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia); South America (Argentina (33, 292)). (From literature cited and specimens in Herb. IMI: CMI Map 161, ed. 2, 1966.) TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind and rain splash as in common citrus scab (CMI Descript. 438) infection arising at start of season from lesions on old fruits and twigs (McCleery, 1930).
Laetiporus sulphureus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Westhuizen G. C. A. van der
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Laetiporus sulphureus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks, stumps and logs of
Abies, Acer, Castanea, Celtis, Eucalyptus, Fraxinus, Cletitsia, Juglans, Larix
,
Liriodendron, Olea, Picea, Pinus, Prunus, Pseudotsuga, Quercus, Robinia, Schinus, Tamarix, Tsuga
and
Ulmus
. DISEASE: Severe red-brown, cubical heart rot with thin sheets of white mycelium present in the cracks. Hyphae are present in the cells some distance beyond the visible signs of attack. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide in cool and warm temperate regions. TRANSMISSION By air-borne spores.
Polyporus baudonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Westhuizen G. C. A. van der
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Polyporus baudonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Celtis rhomnifolia, Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Gmelina arborea, Pinus
spp. DISEASE: Death of host and decay of roots and crown. Pale brown rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malagasy, Mozambique, Republic of South Africa, Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zaire). TRANSMISSION: Through soil by root contact; by air-borue spores.
Ganoderma lucidum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ganoderma lucidum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms:
Quercus
sp.,
Quercus Ilex, Ligustrum vulgare, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Populus alba, Prunus insititia, Picea
sp.,
Taxus
sp.,
Larix
sp.,
Abies
sp. DISEASE: Butt rot and lethal root disease of many tree species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. From the Pacific shores of the USA and Canada, through temperate Europe to the Pacific shores of Asia and Japan. Also in the mountains of Central Africa above the 1500 m level.
Peronospora viciae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora viciae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vicia faba, V. sativa, Lathyrus sativus, Pisum sativum, P. arvense
and other related forms. DISEASE: Downy mildew of peas. Downy greyish-violet growth forms on the under surface of the leaves, in patches of varying size, sometimes covering most of the leaf surface. In severely infected plants downy growth also develops on the stem and inflorescence and the leaves wither. The withered leaves contain oospores (Butler, 1918). Oospores also develop in the inflorescence and stem (32, 233; 44, 1756a). Causes severe loss, particularly in cool, wet years at temps, between 15 and 20°C and with rise of air RH (41, 295, 495; 45, 2294). Infection appears in the early stages of growth (36, 530). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on peas (29, 336; 30, 20, 361, 417, 546; 33, 708; 34, 213, 271, 509; 36, 380, 519; 37, 5, 126; 39, 656; 41, 189, 216, 494; 43, 616; 44, 1031; 46, 1513i). TRANSMISSION: Initially through oospore infected soil coming from old infected plant debris (41, 272). During the growing season the spread is through wind blown sporangia (51, 4473) but they are short lived and need the proximity of the host plant for further development (Butler, 1918). Dormancy period of the oospores is also very short (41, 272).
Cochliobolus lunatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus lunatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from a very wide range of angiosperms. DISEASE:
Curvularia
leaf spot,
Curvularia
seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, especially in the tropics. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia and ascospores. The fungus can survive in the soil in sclerotial form (47, 431).
Alternaria solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Most commonly pathogenic to potato, tomato and other solanaceous crops but has been recorded from a wide range of other species, notably
Brassica
spp. (cabbage, cauliflower). DISEASE: Early blight ot potato and tomato, collar rot of tomato, tuber rot of potato etc. Early foliage symptoms on potato and tomato are small, dark, circular lesions becoming distinctly zonate as they develop; conidia are formed on necrotic regions. On tomato the early lesions are similar to those caused by
Septoria lycopersici
but may be distinguished by the light coloured centres to the latter. Under severe attack conditions the spots may enlarge rapidly, coalescing to give complete wilting and death of the leaves and a blight condition. Stem lesions, which are roughly circular, sunken, dark and zonate, may occur on tomato. Floral infections and black rot of fruit are caused on tomato and dark rot of tubers on potato (McWhorter, 1927; Folson & Bonde, 1925). In India, defoliation rising from 25% to 100% through early blight of potato causes yield loss increasing from 6% to 40% (49, 1464). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropics and temperate zone (CMI Map 89, ed. 4, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By wind or splash dispersed conidia. The fungus may persist in infected debris in the soil for up to 3 yr (53, 1065) under temperate conditions (Poland) and is known to be seed-borne in tomato and Ageratum spp. (47, 3058).
Diplocarpon earliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diplocarpon earliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Fragaria
. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.
Dilophospora alopecuri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Dilophospora alopecuri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On culms, flowering shoots and leaves of grasses and cereals (wheat, oats, rye, barley). DISEASE: Twist of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (India, Iraq, Pakistan), N. America (Canada, USA), Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed air-borne conidia during the growing season. Perennation by infected plant debris, soil and seed. Observations in the Netherlands (4, 140) and Russia (32, 415) led to the belief that nematodes (
Anguillulina
spp.) were important vectors of the fungus, but evidence elsewhere shows that this is unlikely (8, 300; 13, 20; 14, 296).
Acremonium zonatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acremonium zonatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from leaves of
Amaranthus gangeticus, Annona squamosa, Boehmeria nivea, Brillantaisia nitens
,
Calopogonium mucunoides, Coffea arabica, C. liberica-excelsa, C. robusta, Colocasia esculenta, Coridia dentata, Crotalaria anagyroides, Cucumis sativus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eranthemum nervosum, Erythrina senegalensis, Ficus carcia
(var.
celeste
),
Hypoestes verticillaris, Kosteletzkya grantii, Lindackeria bahobensis, Litchi chinensis, Momordica foetida, Morus acidosa, Musa sapientum, Pachira insignia
(syn.
Bombax sessile
),
Phaseolus atropurpureus, Plumeria alba, Solanum verbascifolium, Steriospermum bantharum and Vigna sinensis
. DISEASE: Causal agent of 'fig zonate spot' and 'zonal leaf spot' of coffee but forming similar zonate leaf spots on a wide range of phanerogams (see above). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical countries and known from Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), New Guinea, Taiwan, Western Samoa), West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (USA, southern Louisiana), and South America (Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably mainly by rain splash but insects crawling over infected leaves could play some part. Old diseased foliage on the ground is probably the primary source of infection (28, 180). Inoculations by spraying spore suspensions and placing cultures on lower leaf surfaces successful (Tims & Olive, 1948).
Rhizopus rhizopodiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizopus rhizopodiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil and bread, and pathogenic to man and warm blooded animals (causing mycoses). DISEASE: Has been isolated from a subcutaneous infection in a diabetic woman (RMVM 4, 1733); from phycomycosis in a pig (RMVM 8, 885, as
R. cohnii
); from horse (Costantin & Lucet, 1903, as
R. equinus
), this isolate being pathogenic to rabbits; and from domestic animals (RMVM 1, 215). It is reported as a cause of bovine mycotic abortion (Ballarini, 1955, as
R. equinus
) and has been isolated from bovine fetal lung membranes and digestive tract (Smith, 1920, as
Mucor rhizopodiformis
). Three isolates labelled
R. microsporus
in Herb. IMI proved to be
R. rhizopodiformis
, one from phycomycosis in man, S. Africa (RMVM 4, 882), one from lung of pullet, UK (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1955) and one from gastric infection in pig, UK (Gitter & Austwick, 1959). It is experimentally pathogenic to rats, causing phycomycotic pneumonitis (RMVM 9, 1572), to alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628, as
R. cohnii
and
R. chinensis
) and to rhesus monkeys when they are treated with prednisolone after infection (RMVM 9, 1573). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Germany, Ghana, India, Italy, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Rhizopus microsporus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizopus microsporus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In soil and plant debris and pathogenic for man and rabbit (alloxan-diabetic) (causing mycoses). DISEASE: Causes phycomycosis in man (RMVM 4, 882) and causes experimental phycomycosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). It has also been reported from phycomycosis (stomach lesions) in a pig (Gitter & Austwick, 1959) but an isolate from this source proved to be
R. rhizopodiformis
(CMI Descript. 522). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Malaysia (Sabah), Sierra Leone, South Africa, UK. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Nectria cinnabarina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria cinnabarina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Many species including
Ribes
and
Robinia
. This species occurs on conifers and on a wide range of broad-leaved trees and shrubs. DISEASE: Coral spot fungus. Evidence supports the view that this species is a facultative parasite of considerable importance on blackcurrants (48, 3063); it occurs as the cause of cankers of
Robinia
(54, 1020) and may attack many other woody plants (55, 655). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: It is very common and widespread in Northern Europe and has frequently been reported from temperate parts of the world, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and also from India and Hong Kong. TRANSMISSION: Because of the slimy nature of the conidia and the fact that they form a hard crust in dry weather, wind is not considered as important as water in their dispersal. Even the ascospores appear to be extruded or discharged only in moist weather (Jorgensen, 1952). Entry is usually through wounds or dead buds (47, 1181; 48, 3063).
Nectria coccinea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria coccinea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fagus sylvatica
(beech) DISEASE: Beech bark disease, in association with beech scale (
Cryptococcus fagi
[Cryptococcus fagisuga]
); this is the most serious disease of beech in Britain. It has also been reported as pathogenic to
Ganothus velutinus
(49, 1677). The perithecia are also frequently found on many other hard wood and coniferous trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In association with beech bark disease it is only known in Europe (Denmark, France, UK) and eastern North America. It is common in northern Europe on other hosts probably as a saprophyte and it has also been recorded in Australia, Hong Kong, India and New Gledonia. TRANSMISSION: Ascospore discharge is associated with wet conditions (54, 5092). The ascospores are disseminated in air and penetration of the host is through bark fissures or bark wounds caused by scale insects (54, 5560).
Nectria coccinea var. faginata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria coccinea var. faginata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fagus grandifolia
(beech) DISEASE: Beech bark disease in association with the scale insect
Cryptococcus fagi
[Cryptococcus fagisuga]
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canadian Maritime Provinces and eastern USA (Maine, Massachussetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania) where it is reported to be spreading south (Shigo; 50, 1388). TRANSMISSION: By wind in cool wet weather; spores are discharged only in moist conditions but they may subsequently dry and be disseminated by wind.
Gibellina cerealis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibellina cerealis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
, especially
Triticum
. DISEASE: White foot rot or basal stem rot of wheat often associated with
Rhizoctonia solani
(49, 2428; 51, 2349); the disease may be confused with sharp eyespot of wheat caused by
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
(48, 2903). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Rumania, UK); the North American (Oregon) record is probably incorrect (16, 801). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores from diseased crop residues (37, 156).
Mycocentrospora acerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycocentrospora acerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide host range (29, 364); parsley, celery, carrot and parsnip are among the most important economically. DISEASE: Pansy leaf spot; celery storage rot; root rot, canker and black crown rot of parsnip; liquorice rot of carrot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Ireland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, USSR, Denmark); N. America (USA, Canada); Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION By splash dispersed conidia; these are viable for short periods only (26, 133). Survival for longer periods is by infected debris and chlamydospores in the soil (23, 324; 45, 681; 52, 899). Water-borne spread is possible (49, 1526) and transmission on pansy seeds has been demonstrated (51, 422).
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia principally on hawthorn (
Crataegus
), also recorded on pear (
Pyrus communis
), quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
),
Amelanchier, Aronia, Cotoneaster
and
Sorbus
. Telia on
Juniperus communis
and other species of the '
oxycedrus
' group. DISEASE: European hawthorn rust. Aecia on leaves, stems and fruit. Telia on long fusiform swellings or cankers on branches; sometimes witches' brooms present. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout Europe, from Scandinavia, Britain and Spain to the Middle East in Asia. Also in India, Kamchatka, Korea and Japan. In North America, across southern Canada, northern and central USA from coast to coast. Also reported from N. Africa and found in New Zealand but eradicated.
Xanthomonas fragariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas fragariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Fragaria vesca
, its crosses and cultivars. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves. They enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken in colour, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. Infection may closely follow the veins of leaves, especially when petioles are inoculated, but was not found within the vascular tissue under the conditions prevailing in Minnesota (Kennedy & King, 1962a). Dye & Wilkie (1973) reported that under New Zealand conditions stems, petioles, flowers and fruits are not infected. Systemic invasion has occurred in California (47, 862), probably under damp nursery conditions. The crowns become infected and vascular decline or complete collapse results. Most bacteria occur intercellularly in vascular tissue, forming pockets in the xylem and cambium that often rupture the tissues of the crown. Occasionally bacteria are found within the vessels of the xylem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, Venezuela, Sicily, Australia, New Zealand (CMI Map 520, ed. 1, 1977). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Wounds are not necessary for entry (Dye & Wilkie, 1973). The bacteria can survive the winter in leaf litter in the soil (41, 730) and for many years in dried leaf material, but do not live free in the soil. When systemic infection is present the bacteria are easily transmitted in planting material, which probably accounts for the widespread, extremely sporadic distribution. Determination of the presence of systemic infection can be very difficult which makes this phase of the disease particularly dangerous; it may well be a limiting factor in the establishment of a new variety (47, 862).
Xanthomonas manihotis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas manihotis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Manihot esculenta
. DISEASE: Cassava bacterial blight. The symptoms are unusually diverse, and include spotting, blight and wilt of leaves, wilt and dieback of stems, necrosis of vascular tissue of stems and roots, and exudation of bacterial ooze. The disease may begin with water-soaked angular leaf spots that enlarge and coalesce, forming necrotic areas and eventually causing the leaf to dry and fall. In moist conditions ooze is formed on the lesions. Infection may travel back to the petioles and stems, young stems being particularly susceptible. A progressive die-back may follow. The roots usually remain healthy in appearance, but in some susceptible varieties dry, rotted spots may develop around necrosed vascular strands (Lozano, 1975). When infected material is planted the first symptoms are wilting and dieback of the young shoots soon after emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Cameroon, Zaire, Uganda, Malawi, Madagascar, Mauritius, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan. CMI Map 521, ed. 1, 1977. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread in the field mainly by rain-splash. Dissemination is, therefore, mainly downwind (53, 3724). Insects may also transmit the disease, as does
Pseudotheraptus devastans
in Zaire (Maraite & Meyer, 1975). The disease overwinters and travels from one area to another in infected planting material. Infested tools may also spread disease, especially as harvesting is accompanied by much cutting (Lozano, 1975).
Lophodermium seditiosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium seditiosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus sylvestris, P. resinosa, P. nigra, P. montezumae, P. halepensis, P. virginiana
. Probably on other pines also. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium seditiosum
is the serious
Lophodermium
pathogen; it infects young needles and kills them, causing discoloration and often 'drooping' symptoms. When attack is severe the seedling or young tree may die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, USA (notably Christmas tree growing areas including Michigan, Oregon and Washington). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Chrysomyxa abietis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Chrysomyxa abietis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Spruce species including
Picea abies, P. engelmannii, P. excelsa, P. glauca, P. glehnii, P. jezoensis, P. pungens, P
.
rubens, P. sitchensis
. This rust is autoecious with no obligate host alternation. DISEASE: Spruce needle cushion rust; spruce needle rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Norway, Sweden, Germany, USSR, Bulgaria, Belgium, France, Denmark, Poland, Switzerland); Asia (Japan). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne basidiospores liberated from teliospores on infected needles which infect young foliage.