bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The genus Hydroptila Dalman (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in Japan
Authors: ITO TOMIKO , OHKAWA AYUKO , HATTORI TOSHIO
Published: January 2019

The Japanese species of Hydroptila Dalman (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) are reviewed, confirming 10 described species, and introducing 2 new species. For clear comparisons and to include new details, males and females of all species, including the 2 new species, H. ogasawaraensis Ito and H. nanseiensis Ito, are redescribed or described anew. Hydroptila itoi Kobayashi is synonymized with H. dampfi Ulmer and H. thuna Oláh and H. botosaneanui Kumanski are recorded for the Japanese fauna for the first time. Hydroptila usuguronis Matsumura is reassigned to the genus Psychomyia Latreille (Psychomyiidae).
The genus Plotina Lewis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), with descriptions of four new species from China
Authors: WANG XINGMIN , REN SHUNXIANG , CHEN XIAOSHENG
Published: January 2019

The genus Plotina Lewis from China is reviewed and four new species are described: P. octomaculata Wang et Ren, sp. nov., P. menghaiensis Wang, Ren et Chen, sp. nov., P. daweishanensis Wang et Ren, sp. nov., P. signatella Wang et Ren, sp. nov. Plotinia quadrioculata Kovář, 1995 is reported from China for the first time. All species are described and illustrated, and a key to the known species is given.
New species, redescriptions and phylogenetic revision of tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from India based on morphological characters
Authors: DAVID K. J. , RAMANI S.
Published: January 2019

The tribe Dacini comprising four genera, namely Bactrocera Macquart, Dacus Fabricius, Monacrostichus Bezzi and Zeugodacus Hendel, is a derived lineage in Tephritidae. It is one of the most economically important tribes in Tephritidae harbouring several species of quarantine concern across the world. We describe two new species of Bactrocera Macquart, B. (Parazeugodacus) conica David & Ramani, sp. n. & B. (B.) prabhui David, sp. n. from India. Postabdominal structures of males and/or females of 23 species of Bactrocera, 16 species of Zeugodacus and 8 species of Dacus from India are illustrated and described for the first time, which revealed similarities between Dacus and Zeugodacus with respect to epandrial shape and praeputium patterning. Bactrocera is unique in possessing oval shaped epandrium and an unpatterned praeputium. An analysis of phylogenetic relationships between three genera of the tribe Dacini from India based on morphological characters has been attempted for the first time. Cladistic analysis employing 51 characters of 62 species in Dacini, with seven species as outgroups revealed the monophyly of Dacini, Bactrocera and Dacus with supporting nonhomplasious synapomorphies. Ichneumonopsis Hardy, often included in the Gastrozonini, does not possess any synapomorphies of Dacini, eventhough it appeared at the base of the Dacini clade. Zeugodacus was retrieved as a monophyletic sister-group to Dacus based solely on a single homoplasious host plant character, with weak statistcal support.
Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal
Authors: MARTYNOV ALEXANDER V. , SELVAKUMAR C. , SUBRAMANIAN K.A. , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN K.G. , CHANDRA KAILASH , PALATOV DMITRY M. , SINHA BIKRAMJIT , JACOBUS LUKE M.
Published: January 2019

The Cincticostella insolta complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) is reviewed based on new and historic material, as well as new field observations. Three new species are described viz., C. richardi Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. and C. ranga Selvakumar & Subramanian, sp. nov. from India, and C. sivaramakrishnani Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. from Nepal. A correction of the original description and some additional distinguishing features are given for C. braaschi Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008. Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971), C. braaschi and C. bifurcata Xie, Jia, Chen, Jacobus & Zhou, 2009 are recorded from the Indian subregion for the first time. Summaries of known distribution data and habitat preferences, as well as larval diagnoses, are presented for all seven species of the complex.
The First Forecasters’ Handbook for West Africa
Authors: Cornforth Rosalind , Parker Douglas J. , Diop-Kane Mariane , Fink Andreas H. , Lafore Jean-Philippe , Laing Arlene , Afiesimama Ernest , Caughey Jim , Diongue-Niang Aida , Kassimou Abdou , Lamb Peter , Lamptey Benjamin , Mumba Zilore , Nnodu Ifeanyi , Omotosho Jerome , Palmer Steve , Parrish Patrick , Razafindrakoto Leon-Guy , Thiaw Wassila , Thorncroft Chris , Tompkins Adrian
Published: January 2019

Bridging the gap between rapidly moving scientific research and specific forecasting tools, Meteorology of Tropical West Africa: The Forecasters’ Handbook gives unprecedented access to the latest science for the region’s forecasters, researchers, and students and combines this with pragmatic approaches to forecasting. It is set to change the way tropical meteorology is learned and will serve to drive demand for new forecasting tools. The Forecasters’ Handbook builds upon the legacy of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project, making the latest science applicable to forecasting in the region. By bringing together, at the outset, researchers and forecasters from across the region, and linking to applications, user communities, and decision-makers, The Forecasters’ Handbook provides a template for finding much needed solutions to critical issues such as building resilience to weather hazards and climate change in West Africa.
The Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Aerosol–Cloud Interactions (WRF-ACI): Development, Evaluation, and Initial Application
Authors: Glotfelty Timothy , Alapaty Kiran , He Jian , Hawbecker Patrick , Song Xiaoliang , Zhang Guang
Published: January 2019

The Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Aerosol–Cloud Interactions (WRF-ACI) is developed for studying aerosol effects on gridscale and subgrid-scale clouds using common aerosol activation and ice nucleation formulations and double-moment cloud microphysics in a scale-aware subgrid-scale parameterization scheme. Comparisons of both the standard WRF and WRF-ACI models’ results for a summer season against satellite and reanalysis estimates show that the WRF-ACI system improves the simulation of cloud liquid and ice water paths. Correlation coefficients for nearly all evaluated parameters are improved, while other variables show slight degradation. Results indicate a strong cloud lifetime effect from current climatological aerosols increasing domain average cloud liquid water path and reducing domain average precipitation as compared to a simulation with aerosols reduced by 90%. Increased cloud-top heights indicate a thermodynamic invigoration effect, but the impact of thermodynamic invigoration on precipitation is overwhelmed by the cloud lifetime effect. A combination of cloud lifetime and cloud albedo effects increases domain average shortwave cloud forcing by ~3.0 W m−2. Subgrid-scale clouds experience a stronger response to aerosol levels, while gridscale clouds are subject to thermodynamic feedbacks because of the design of the WRF modeling framework. The magnitude of aerosol indirect effects is shown to be sensitive to the choice of autoconversion parameterization used in both the gridscale and subgrid-scale cloud microphysics, but spatial patterns remain qualitatively similar. These results indicate that the WRF-ACI model provides the community with a computationally efficient tool for exploring aerosol–cloud interactions.
Welfare Attitudes and Expressions of (Trans)national Solidarity
Authors: Kurowska Anna , Eisele Olga , Kiess Johannes M.
Published: January 2019

The article explores the extent to which Europeans’ welfare attitudes explain (trans)national solidarity behavior. We set our analyses against the backdrop of the broader debate of welfare state consequences: Does a strong welfare state that is considered to take care of those in need diminish or strengthen citizens’ motivations to become engaged in helping others? We distinguish individuals’ solidarity behavior toward others within the welfare state, that is, citizens within one’s country, and outside the welfare state community of the respondents’ particular country. We further distinguish different others outside the welfare state, that is, between refugees, taking the refugee crisis in the European Union (EU) as a prime example, and citizens living in other countries—in EU countries and non-EU countries. As far as the main explanatory variables are concerned, we derive from the concept of “multidimensional welfare attitudes” and focus on five crucial dimensions of these attitudes, that is, welfare goals, range, degree, redistribution, and outcome. We draw on data collected within the EU project TransSOL and calculate a set of multilevel logistic regression models controlling for a wide range of individual (sociodemographic, economic, and political) variables. Overall, we observe that a “crowding in” effect, that is, higher support of the welfare state, goes in line with solidarity activity toward others including both “outsiders” and “insiders” of the national community.
Social Exchange and the Effects of Employee Stock Options
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Conyon Martin , Almeda David
Published: January 2019

The authors assert that broad-based stock options create a social exchange relationship between the employer and employees, leading to higher individual job performance in the next period. They compare this social exchange hypothesis to the more typical incentive-based explanation for stock options, which is that holding options generates financial incentives for better individual job performance in the current period. Findings show that significant and meaningful relationships are associated with social exchange effects and that these are both independent of incentive effects and arguably greater than those for the incentive effects. The authors use non-parametric and parametric fixed effects models, other controls for sample heterogeneity, and alternative specifications to address possible concerns about identification and endogeneity. These results extend empirical studies of social exchange relationships to common workplace practices. They also raise the possibility that some of the performance effects attributed to incentives in other studies may actually be attributable to social exchange effects.
Wavelet transform approach for image processing – A research motivation for engineering graduates
Authors: Vimala C , Aruna Priya P , Subramani C
Published: January 2019

The study of wavelet transform and its application to image processing are being incorporated in undergraduate and postgraduate syllabuses. This article discuss the basic concepts of image processing and its importance in real time application. The content of this work elaborates the importance of the image denoising and what is the necessity of image denoising in transmitted images in image enhancement topic among the final year project students as well as an emerging research topic among the research scholars worldwide. Hence this article is prepared in order to trigger those students’ knowledge in basic steps involved in image processing techniques in detail. This study highly focuses on how wavelet transform is involved in denoising and impact of denoising in an image. In general, the basic transforms like Fourier transform and discrete cosine transforms are used to transform the image from one domain to another domain. Further it does not require a priori knowledge of noisy image over a transmission time. Hence the proposed method can provide a satisfactory improvement in image enhancement, assured reduction in root mean square error and improvement in the peak signal-to-noise ratio. The peak signal-to-noise ratio value of noisy image to denoised images is improved more in different wavelet transform methods. Thus, this paper can help the students who are working with visual perception of images and machine learning algorithm under image processing environment.
A Novel Measure to Assess Variation in Hepatitis C Prevalence Among Homeless and Unstably Housed Veterans, 2011-2016
Authors: Byrne Thomas , Troszak Lara , Midboe Amanda M. , Fincke B. Graeme , Shwartz Michael , Gifford Allen L. , McInnes D. Keith
Published: January 2019

We constructed a novel measure of homelessness to examine differences in hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence across 3 categories of unstably housed and homeless veterans and across US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center facilities. We used Veterans Affairs administrative data to classify a cohort of 434 240 veterans as at risk of homelessness, currently homeless, or formerly homeless, and we examined variation in HCV prevalence by using descriptive measures and mixed-effect logistic regression models. HCV prevalence was highest among veterans who were formerly homeless (16.7%; 32 490 of 195 000), followed by currently homeless (12.4%; 22 050 of 178 056) and at risk of homelessness (8.2%; 5015 of 61 184). Veterans Affairs Medical Center–level prevalence ranged from 5.4% to 21.5%. Differences in HCV prevalence were significant by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. Targeting specific populations of homeless veterans for tailored HCV interventions and allocating additional resources to certain Veterans Affairs Medical Centers may be warranted.
Application of an Implementation Science Framework to Policies on Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception
Authors: DeSisto Carla L. , Kroelinger Charlan D. , Estrich Cameron , Velonis Alisa , Uesugi Keriann , Goodman David A. , Pliska Ellen , Akbarali Sanaa , Rankin Kristin M.
Published: January 2019

Objectives:

Implementation science provides useful tools for guiding and evaluating the integration of evidence-based interventions with standard practice. The objective of our study was to demonstrate the usefulness of applying an implementation science framework—the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)—to increase understanding of implementation of complex statewide public health initiatives, using the example of Medicaid immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) policies.

Methods:

We conducted semistructured telephone interviews with the 13 state teams participating in the Immediate Postpartum LARC Learning Community. We asked teams to describe the implementation facilitators, barriers, and strategies in 8 focus areas of the Learning Community. We audio-recorded and transcribed interviews and then coded each interview according to the domains and constructs (ie, theoretical concepts) of the CFIR.

Results:

Cosmopolitanism (ie, networking with external organizations) was the most frequently coded construct of the framework. A related construct was networks and communications (ie, the nature and quality of social networks and formal and informal communications in an organization). Within the construct of cost, state teams identified barriers that were often unable to be overcome. Trialability (ie, ability to test the intervention on a small scale) and engaging champions (ie, attracting and involving persons who dedicate themselves to supporting the intervention in an organization) were among the most salient constructs of the framework and were the sources of many implementation strategies.

Conclusions:

State leaders and program staff members may benefit from considering the CFIR domains and constructs in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of complex statewide public health initiatives.
Reconfiguring urban governance in an age of rising city networks: A research agenda
Authors: Davidson Kathryn , Coenen Lars , Acuto Michele , Gleeson Brendan
Published: January 2019

Networked urban governance is emerging as a major feature of metropolitan strategy and activity. The field of urban studies is yet to deeply engage in the debates on the new forms of cross national networking that are potentially framing and reframing urban governance and strategy. Yet this dimension of urban governance can no longer go unnoticed. In this article we draw together insights from the extant literature into a research agenda on reconfiguring urban governance. We propose a research agenda centred on three themes: the political economy of ‘new-gen’ networks, especially in relation to the role of economic power in determining participation and influence; the knowledge dynamics in city networks in understanding the socio-spatial configurations that are underpinning the decision-making processes and outcomes; and the implications of city networks for traditional institutions that have in the past shaped cities’ strategies, development and government. Our commentary considers and links these emergent themes, noting how these bear serious and urgent consideration for mainstream urban studies.
Melbourne’s vertical expansion and the political economies of high-rise residential development
Authors: Nethercote Megan
Published: January 2019

This article advances understandings of Melbourne’s dramatic vertical expansion over the last decade by attending to the political economies of its high-rise housing development. Melbourne’s major high-rise development in the wake of the financial crisis represents a radical yet poorly understood departure from the city’s traditional patterns of suburban development. This article applies an existing conceptual framework for residential vertical urbanisation informed by heterodox political economy and critical geography. Drawing on secondary sources supplemented by supply-side stakeholder perspectives, the analysis shows how Melbourne’s high-rise development assisted in syphoning significant investor capital into the city. This not only expanded the local housing stock but, in the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis and later, amid ongoing economic uncertainty, Melbourne’s high-rise construction served both economic and geopolitical/symbolic functions in the city’s ongoing inter-urban competition for hyper mobile flows of capital and highly-skilled workers. Large apartment projects fuelled the Victorian economy and filled state coffers through property-related revenue. Meanwhile, the city’s dramatic vertical expansion helped project a powerful image of Melbourne around the world. Its crane-filled skyline heralded a thriving economy, and its new thicket of towers rendered a striking impression of urbane high-density living. Together these representations helped promote Melbourne as a vibrant, desirable place to live, work, and invest. Looking beyond the planning failures and planning politics identified in planners’ critiques of Melbourne’s vertical expansion, this article showcases the state’s considerable stakes in this development, and its role in smoothing the way for this expansion to occur.
The Perioperative Utilization of Sleep Monitoring Applications on Smart Phones in Habitual Snorers With Isolated Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy
Authors: Kazikdas Kadir Cagdas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the novel use of sleep monitoring applications in simple snorers undergoing concha radiofrequency surgery and to compare and correlate the pre- and postoperative symptoms of these patients using the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. In this retrospective analysis, we have selected 18 consecutive patients with no comorbid sleep or medical disorders suffering from chronic nasal blockage and habitual snoring due to isolated submucous inferior turbinate hyperplasia. After a median follow-up of 8.3 months, the NOSE scale and snoring sound intensity levels monitored by the smart phone application showed statistically significant improvements after the surgical procedure ( P < .05), and we also detected a positive correlation between the levels of snoring percentage and the total NOSE scores ( P < .05). We hypothesize that sleep monitoring applications could be easily used as portable monitors for basic home sleep studies in conjunction with a comprehensive sleep evaluation. Alternatively, such applications may simply be used for objective monitoring of the postoperative success of surgical interventions in the upper respiratory tract region such as concha reduction surgeries as presented herein.
Institutional Preservation Work at a Family Business in Crisis: Micro-processes, Emotions, and Nonfamily Members
Authors: Lingo Elizabeth Long , Elmes Michael B.
Published: January 2019

While research tends to focus on how family members respond to and manage crises arising in family businesses, nonfamily members play important roles as well. In this qualitative study, we demonstrate how nonfamily actors—employees, customers, and vendors—engage in institutional preservation work to save a family business. We develop a theoretical model of how a diffuse constellation of low-power individuals can come to identify and act as agents of institutional preservation and identify the three subprocesses comprising preservation work: intensifying and harnessing emotions, building collective identity, and articulating shared interests. This model offers insight into how nonfamily members can come to exert control over family businesses and contributes to emerging literature on the role of emotional escalation and social media in institutional and family business research.
Maximizing the potential of gifted learners through a developmental framework of affective curriculum
Authors: Cavilla Derek
Published: January 2019

There is a growing demand for equal support of social–emotional learning across the globe. In the United States, the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning has shed significant light on the power of affective development for school-aged children, indicating that, without it, students are limited in their ability to reach their full potential. Cavilla’s Taxonomy of Affective Curriculum for Gifted Learners was developed to provide a framework that reduces the disparity in focus between cognitive and social–emotional development for a population that requires affective support in response to the effects of asynchronous development as well as an inherent proclivity for heightened capacity for emotional intelligence and moral development. The taxonomy leads gifted learners, whose identification and supporting services result from their display of academic aptitude within the top 10% of their peers or performing two standard deviations above the mean, or higher, on a personal intelligence test as defined by the National Association for Gifted Children toward their full potential through the eventual development of specific social–emotional abilities, such as harmonious passion, acceptance of ambiguity, willingness to view failure as opportunity for growth, and an increased ability to set and attain meaningful goals.
Overcoming reading comprehension difficulties through a prosodic reading intervention: A single-case study
Authors: Calet Nuria , Pérez-Morenilla M. Carmen , De los Santos-Roig Macarena
Published: January 2019

Apart from speed and accuracy, prosody has recently been included as another component of skilled reading, as its role in reading comprehension is being increasingly recognized. Prosodic reading refers to the use of prosodic features of language during reading, including suitable pauses, stress and intonation and appropriate phrasing. The aim of this research was to examine the impact of a prosodic reading intervention on the reading comprehension of a fourth-grade primary child with specific reading comprehension difficulties. An AB single-case design was used with baseline (A) and treatment (B) phases. The intervention, in 17 sessions, was based on repeated reading with a focus on expressiveness. Results pointed to improved reading fluency and reading comprehension scores over baseline scores. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to show conclusive evidence for improved comprehension as a result of prosody intervention. The implications of prosodic reading interventions for literacy development are discussed.
Effect of cannabis on weight and metabolism in first-episode non-affective psychosis: Results from a three-year longitudinal study
Authors: Vázquez-Bourgon Javier , Setién-Suero Esther , Pilar-Cuéllar Fuencisla , Romero-Jiménez Rodrigo , Ortiz-García de la Foz Víctor , Castro Elena , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto
Published: January 2019

Background:

Cannabis smoking is highly prevalent among patients with psychotic disorders. Its use has been found to be related to clinical characteristics and the prognosis of the disorder. Recent evidence indicates a protective effect of cannabis on weight gain and related metabolic alterations. However, there are no previous studies on the long-term longitudinal effects of cannabis on first-episode drug-naïve patients, which would thereby avoid the confounding effects of chronicity and previous treatment exposure. We aimed to explore the effect of cannabis smoking on weight and lipid/glycaemic metabolic measures in a sample of first-episode non-affective psychosis patients.

Method:

Anthropometric measurements and glycaemic and lipid parameters were obtained at baseline and three years after initiation of treatment. Patients self-reported their cannabis use at both time points. To explore the longitudinal effect of cannabis, patients were divided into three groups: continuers, discontinuers and non-users.

Results:

Cannabis users at baseline presented a lower weight ( F=14.85, p<0.001), body mass index ( F=13.14, p<0.001), total cholesterol ( F=4.85, p=0.028) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( F=6.26, p=0.013) compared to non-users. These differences were also observed after three years: weight ( F=8.07, p=0.005), body mass index ( F=4.66, p=0.032) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( F=3.91, p=0.049). Moreover, those patients discontinuing cannabis use presented a higher increase in weight ( F=2.98, p=0.052), body mass index ( F=2.73, p=0.067) and triglyceride-high-density lipoprotein ratio ( F=2.72, p=0.067) than the ‘non-users’ and ‘continuers’.

Conclusions:

The study suggests that cannabis use may produce a protective effect against weight gain and related metabolic alterations in psychosis. However, these results need to be replicated in a larger sample size.
Establishing learning objectives for a leadership skills development curriculum in family medicine
Authors: Grady Colleen , Schultz Karen , Wolfrom Brent , Knarr Nadia
Published: January 2019

If leadership skills can be developed during post-medical school training, physicians will be better prepared to influence positive change for their patients and communities. Based on both LEADS and CanMEDS Leader competencies, a mixed methods approach was used to identify the most valued leadership constructs and which of these should be prioritized for development in an enhanced family medicine curriculum. The interpersonal skills were identified most often and included: self-awareness/leads self, effective communications, leading change and building teams. While some opportunities to achieve competence in leadership skills already exist in family medicine residency programs, increased attention to providing development opportunities as well as assessment methods and faculty development is necessary in order to support new doctors as leaders. This study identifies over-arching goals to guide curriculum change in order to achieve this.
Adherence to Disease-Modifying Therapies at a Multiple Sclerosis Clinic: The Role of the Specialty Pharmacist
Authors: Banks Aimee M. , Peter Megan E. , Holder Genna M. , Jolly Jacob A. , Markley Brandon M. , Zuckerman Scott L. , Choi Leena , Nwosu Sam , Zuckerman Autumn D.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) delays disease progression and improves quality of life for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but adherence to DMT is often suboptimal. Vanderbilt Specialty Pharmacy (VSP) embeds pharmacists within an outpatient MS clinic to provide medication management and address barriers to adherence.

Objective:

We evaluated rates and predictors of adherence to DMT among patients with MS at an integrated specialty pharmacy.

Methods:

We included patients with MS who filled ≥3 DMT prescriptions from VSP during the study period. Adherence was defined as medication possession ratio (MPR) or proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥0.8. Reasons for nonadherence were collected from pharmacy claims and electronic medical records.

Results:

The study included 653 patients. Average MPR and PDC were 0.93 and 0.94, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of patients achieved MPR ≥0.8; 89% achieved PDC ≥0.8. Using financial assistance and having $0 out-of-pocket cost were associated with higher odds of achieving MPR and PDC ≥0.8 ( P < .05). Of the 12% of patients who were nonadherent, most were unreachable for refills.

Conclusions:

Ensuring financial assistance and low out-of-pocket costs are associated with high adherence to DMT within an integrated specialty clinic, but more work is needed to address adherence in unreachable patients.
Laminar buffet and flow control
Authors: Brion V , Dandois J , Mayer R , Reijasse P , Lutz T , Jacquin L
Published: January 2019

An experimental investigation of the transonic flow past the laminar OALT25 airfoil has been conducted to analyze the impact of laminar flow upon the shock wave dynamics and the existence of a laminar buffet like phenomenon. Tests have been carried out at freestream Mach numbers varying in the range of 0.7–0.8, angle of attack from 0.5° to 4°, and with two tripping configurations at the upper surface of the wing. The (airfoil) chord based Reynolds number is about three million. Results obtained from pressure taps and sensors measurements, as well as Schlieren visualizations of the flow reveal the presence of a laminar buffet phenomenon in sharp contrast with the turbulent phenomenon, as it features a freestream- and chord-based normalized frequency of about unity while turbulent buffet occurs for a frequency close to 0.07 (Jacquin et al., AIAA J 2009; 47). A low-frequency mode, at a frequency of about 0.05 is also present in the laminar situation, notably lower than the high-frequency component. The latter exhibits strong oscillations of the shock foot and vertical wavelike deformations of the shock wave and the former moves the shock back and forth over a small portion of chord, quite similar to the turbulent phenomenon. The mean flow past the laminar wing is characterized by a laminar separation bubble under the shock foot, which likely contributes much to the novel dynamics revealed by the present experiments. Two control strategies of the unsteady shock wave are implemented, one consisting of three-dimensional bumps and one consisting of steady jets blowing transversely to the freestream. It is found that bumps provide a significant reduction of the buffet intensity in the laminar situation. The jets are able to completely remove the flow unsteadiness in both laminar and turbulent conditions.
Confusion about confusion: Édouard Toulouse’s dementia test, 1905–20
Authors: Nelson Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Psychiatrist Édouard Toulouse (1865–1947) is known today for his 1896 psychometric study of the novelist Émile Zola, and his contributions to mental hygiene, sexology, eugenics, and labour efficiency in inter-war France. This paper examines research undertaken in Toulouse’s Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Villejuif asylum near Paris. In 1905, Toulouse created a test that could differentiate between dementia and mental confusion, a test that could aid in the classification of patients at the overcrowded Villejuif facility. By 1920, however, the test’s early promise was undercut by unforeseen, ‘machinic’ resistance that emerged in the experimental process. This case study demonstrates the non-linear nature of scientific practice and limits of even the most innovative asylum reforms in this period.
Can progressive macroeconomic policy address growth and employment while reducing inequality in South Africa?
Authors: Padayachee Vishnu
Published: January 2019

This article aims to set out some progressive, mainly post-Keynesian, macroeconomic policy ideas for debate and further research in the context of macroeconomic challenges faced by South Africa today. Despite some successes, including at reducing poverty, the South African economy has been characterised by low growth, rising unemployment and increasing inequality, which together with rampant corruption and governance failures combine to threaten the very core of the country’s stability and democracy. The neo-liberal economic policies that the African National Congress–led government surprisingly adopted in 1996 in order to assuage global markets sceptical of its historical support for dirigiste economic policy, have simply not worked. Appropriate progressive macroeconomic interventions are urgently needed to head off the looming prospect of a failed state in the country which Nelson Mandela led to democracy after his release from prison in February 1990. What happens in Africa’s southern tip should still matter for progressives all around the world. The article draws on both history and theory to demonstrate the roots of such progressive heterodox economic thinking and support for a more carefully coordinated activist state-led macroeconomic policy, both in general terms and in the South African context. It shows that such approaches to growth and development – far from being populist – also have a rich history and respectable theoretical pedigree behind them and are worthy of inclusion in the South African policy debate.

JEL Code: E12
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Radel Joshua A. , Pender Danielle N. , Shah Sachin A.
Published: January 2019

Background: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a popular second-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several studies have reported on the association between DPP-4 inhibitors and the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with conflicting results. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to elucidate the risk for IBD with DPP-4 inhibitor therapy. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the European Clinical Trials Database was performed (December 2018). All controlled clinical trials and observational studies of DPP-4 inhibitors that reported events of IBD, Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or colitis and had a duration ≥52 weeks were included. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was utilized to assess the relative risk (RR) for IBD post DPP-4 inhibitor exposure. Results: A total of 16 individual studies evaluating a total of 198 404 patients were included for analysis. Studies ranged from 52 weeks through 5 years. In the primary random-effects analysis, DPP-4 inhibitor exposure resulted in a nonsignificant increase in the risk of IBD (RR = 1.52; 95% CI = 0.72 to 3.24; I2 = 54.2%). Sensitivity analysis using a fixed-effects model demonstrated significantly increased risk (RR = 3.01; 95% CI = 2.30-3.93). DPP-4 inhibitor use significantly increased the risk of CD (RR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.36 to 4.48). All findings were driven by the inclusion of 1 large study. Conclusion and Relevance: Based on a conservative random-effects analysis, DPP-4 inhibitors do not appear to increase the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. However, long-term postmarketing surveillance is warranted.
Confucian Evaluation: Reframing Contribution Analysis Using a Confucian Lens
Authors: Dinh Kathryn , Worth Heather , Haire Bridget , Hong Khuat Thu
Published: January 2019

Culturally responsive evaluation contests that Western-derived evaluation methods represent a universal truth and promotes approaches that reflect the local context. Taking this approach, we examine how the method of contribution analysis may be modified to reflect a different worldview. We reframe contribution analysis using a Confucian lens as Confucianism represents a value system that is still integral to the way societies operate in several East and Southeast Asian countries today. First, we unpack the theory behind contribution analysis and how it is applied by Western evaluators then compare this with aspects of Confucianism. We then examine how the application of contribution analysis might be modified to take into account a Confucian worldview. Finally, we discuss how, in a world of globalized, complex societies, this approach could be used by evaluators to adapt evaluation methods to be congruent with the worldviews in the local context where an evaluation is occurring.
EU’s support to civil society in Kazakhstan: A pilot evaluation of the social capital generated
Authors: Pierobon Chiara
Published: January 2019

In the last decade, several studies have been devoted to the analysis of the EU’s support to civil society abroad, but only recently has scholarly attention turned to Central Asia. Most of the research in this field has adopted a macro-level perspective, concerned with the supply side of external democratization, and has examined external assistance to civil society in terms of democratization ideal types and typologies. The main contribution of this study consists of a meso-level analysis of the outcomes of the EU’s support to civil society in terms of production of social capital, conceived as the raw material of civil society itself. More precisely, the article evaluates the first wave of grants awarded to civil society organizations in Kazakhstan as part of two EU funding schemes—the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights and the Non-State Actors and Local Authorities in Development. The article sheds new light on the use of social capital and its two dimensions-structural and cognitive-as heuristic tools for evaluating civil society support programs.
Cognitive Restructuring and Graded Behavioral Exposure for Persecutory Paranoia and Agoraphobic Anxiety in Complex Psychosis
Authors: Mankiewicz Pawel D.
Published: January 2019

Cognitive behavioral models of psychosis assert the notion of cognitive mediation, in which threat-oriented subjective misinterpretations of anomalous experiences lead to increased levels of emotional distress. Thus, paranoid appraisals of auditory hallucinations often result in hypervigilance and associated anxiety. The prevalence of diagnostic comorbidity between psychosis and anxiety disorders has been shown to be considerable. Among the evidence-based psychological treatments for complex mental ill-health, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) has been supported with particularly promising research outcomes. Yet, despite such encouraging empirical data, the treatment provision often remains insufficient, predominantly among individuals with more acute presentations. Likewise, literature demonstrating the actual utilization of CBTp with complex psychoses appears above all relevant to the daily clinical practice in the specialism of severe mental ill-health. This methodologically rigorous case study describes a successful implementation of CBTp undertaken with a socially withdrawn individual diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and comorbid agoraphobic anxiety disorder. The intervention focused on cognitive restructuring of paranoid appraisals of voices and graded behavioral exposure to anxiety-inducing stimuli. Standardized measurement, behavior frequency sampling, and subjective data were utilized to evaluate the outcomes, indicating a considerable reduction in both paranoia and associated anxiety, and an overall improvement in the client’s behavioral and interpersonal functioning. The article highlights the importance of direct intellectual engagement with the content of paranoia, alongside methodically facilitated graded behavioral exposure and response prevention in the treatment of severe, socially debilitating psychoses with comorbid mood disorders.
Normal contact stiffness of rough surfaces considering oblique asperity contact
Authors: Zhang Kai , Li Guoxi , Gong Jing Zhong , Zhang Meng
Published: January 2019

The contact stiffness of the machined surface has an important effect on the performance of the complex mechanical product. A modified fractal model based on oblique asperity contact is proposed in this research. First, the contact radius and the critical contact area are analyzed based on oblique contact condition. The normal contact stiffness and elastic–plastic force are calculated. The ratio of the actual contact area and a new parameter related to the current contact angle are introduced. Second, numerical simulations indicate the difference. The results show that the stiffness of the oblique contact is smaller, and with the increment of the fractal dimension, the extent of the stiffness reduction is larger. In contrast, the uniform distribution has the lower proportion of the elastic force in the total normal contact force. Finally, experiments including specimen surface observation and load-deformation measurement are utilized to obtain contact stiffness of the machined surface. To some extent, the modified fractal stiffness model is more reasonable and accurate from the result.
Screening and evaluation tools of dysphagia in adults with neuromuscular diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Audag Nicolas , Goubau Christophe , Toussaint Michel , Reychler Gregory
Published: January 2019

Background:

The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the different dysphagia screening and evaluation tools, and to identify their measurement properties in adults with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs).

Methods:

A systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search strategy was conducted across three databases ( PubMed, CINAHL and ScienceDirect). Measurement properties of each tools and the Quality Index, developed by Downs and Black, were considered for the different investigated studies.

Results:

The search strategy produced 2221 articles. After removal of duplicates and full-text analysis, 19 studies were included. Most of the publications focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; n = 10) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD; n = 4). A total of 12 tools, listed as instrumental and noninstrumental examinations, were retrieved. A total of five of them used videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). Measurement properties of the tools are not completely described in detail in many studies. The neuromuscular disease swallowing status scale, a noninstrumental tool, is the only one that assessed all measurement properties in ALS patients. The median score reported for the Quality Index was 16.

Conclusions:

This systematic review identified 12 different tools for the screening and evaluation of dysphagia in adults with NMD. Majority of the studies presented VFSS as a valid and reliable examination to assess dysphagia in ALS and DMD. Other tools were mainly evaluated in ALS patients, but further studies are needed to complete their measurement properties. In other NMDs, no firm conclusion can be made because of insufficient data and heterogeneity of NMDs.
Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes mellitus: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Khan Safi U , Ul Abideen Asad Zain , Khan Muhammad U , Talluri Swapna , Ali Farman , Shahzeb Khan Muhammad , Lone Ahmad N , Mookadam Farouk , Krasuski Richard A , Kaluski Edo
Published: January 2019

Background

The safety and efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus remains controversial.

Design

A meta-analysis to investigate the effects of aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Ten randomized controlled trials were selected using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases until 27 September 2018. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and risk differences (RDs) reported as incident events per 1000 person-years were calculated.

Results

In 33,679 patients, aspirin did not significantly reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular outcomes (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87–1.00, P = 0.06; RD −0.68 incident cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI −1.54, 0.17)), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83–1.09, P = 0.49; RD 0.11 incident cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI −0.80, 1.02)), myocardial infarction (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.75–1.11, P = 0.36; RD −0.66 incident cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI −2.07, 0.75)), or stroke (RR 0.91, 95% C, 0.76–1.10, P = 0.33; RD −0.55 incident cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI −1.57, 0.47)). There was a significantly higher risk of total bleeding associated with aspirin (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07–1.55, P = 0.01; RD 1.49 incident cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI 0.36, 2.61)).

Conclusion

The use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus increases the risk of total bleeding without reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Nephrotic syndrome co-existing with type 1 diabetes in a 12-year-old boy: Case report and literature review
Authors: Bawahab Noor S , Safdar Osama Y , Nagadi Sarah A , Saeedi Asalh T , Mohammed Hussain Raghad W
Published: January 2019

Occurrence of early nephrotic syndrome in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients is extremely rare. Herein, we report the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented to our pediatric nephrology clinic with generalized edema. He had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at age 9 and had been treated with regular insulin. Examinations revealed normal kidney function, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria (4+), hyperlipidemia, and low protein-to-creatinine ratio. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and was empirically administered prednisolone for 12 weeks. Subsequently, prednisolone was tapered over 10–12 weeks. The patient showed good response to treatment. In conclusion, co-existence of nephrotic syndrome and type 1 diabetes mellitus may suggest an immunological basis; therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between these two conditions.
Reduced early life mucosal integrity decreases thymic cell counts and increases local, but not thymic regulatory, T cell recruitment: Gut mucosal integrity breach and thymic T cells
Authors: Zakariassen Hannah Louise , Bendtsen Katja Maria , Tougaard Peter , Hansen Axel Kornerup
Published: January 2019

Early life immune gut microbiota contact is critical for regulatory T cell–mediated oral tolerance induction. We induced a mucosal integrity breach with low dextran sulfate sodium dose right after weaning in BALB/c mice along with a standard high dose to study the impact of increased gut microbiota lymphatic tissue contact on the thymus. Both doses increased gut permeability, which caused a short-term generalized thymic involution and regulatory T cell induction in the mesenteric lymph nodes, even in the absence of clinically apparent inflammation in the low-dose group. The thymic regulatory T cells resisted thymic involution. In the low-dose group, we found acutely altered gut mobilization patterns characterized by changed gut-homing marker CD103 expression on mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells as well as on mature CD8+ T cells and developing CD4−/CD8− thymocytes. Furthermore, CD218a (IL-18-receptor-a) expression was acutely decreased on both mature CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells, while increased on the mesenteric lymph node CD8+ T cells, indicating a direct link between the thymus and the mesenteric lymph nodes with CD218a in a functional role in thymic involution. Acute and non-persisting regulatory responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes were induced in the form of a relative regulatory T cell increase. We saw no changes in total thymic regulatory T cells and thus the thymus does not seem to play a major role of in the regulatory immunity induced by increased gut microbiota lymphatic tissue contact around weaning, which in our study primarily was located to the gut.