bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic deprivation, mortality and health of within-city migrants: a population cohort study
Authors: Maheswaran Ravi , Strong Mark , Clifford Phil , Brewins Louise
Published: February 2018

Background

Evidence linking selective migration (the situation where people in good health move from deprived to affluent areas, whilst people in poor health move in the opposite direction) within local areas to mortality is inconclusive.

Methods

Mortality in within-city migrants was examined using a Sheffield population cohort, adjusted for moves to care homes. The cohort comprised 310 894 people aged 25+ years in 2001 followed up for 9.18 years, with 42 252 (13.6%) deaths. Information on pre-existing medical conditions, socioeconomic indicators and smoking was available from a sample survey.

Results

Relative risks (95% CI) of mortality in migrants from deprived to affluent areas were lower compared with people remaining in deprived areas; 0.53 (0.42 to 0.65), 0.70 (0.61 to 0.80), 0.76 (0.68 to 0.86), 0.93 (0.88 to 1.00) and 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03) in the 25–44, 45–64, 65–74, 75–84 and 85+ year age bands, respectively. They also had lower prevalence ORs (95% CI) for bronchitis (0.59 (0.39 to 0.89)), asthma (0.70 (0.53 to 0.93)), depression (0.59 (0.38 to 0.94)), and were less likely to receive benefits (0.60 (0.47 to 0.76)) and less likely to smoke (0.66 (0.51 to 0.85)).

Conversely, mortality relative risks in migrants from affluent to deprived areas were higher compared with people remaining in affluent areas; 1.71 (1.37 to 2.12), 1.59 (1.40 to 1.82), 1.44 (1.26 to 1.63), 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27) and 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09) in the corresponding age groups. They also had higher prevalence odds ratios for long-term illness (2.37 (1.71 to 3.29)), asthma (1.71 (1.25 to 2.35)), diabetes (3.03 (1.70 to 5.41)), depression (2.71 (1.74 to 4.21)), were more likely to receive benefits (2.25 (1.65 to 3.07)) and more likely to smoke (1.51 (1.12 to 2.05)).

Conclusions

People moving from deprived to affluent areas had lower mortality and better health, and vice versa, especially in the younger age groups. This study provides strong evidence linking selective migration within local areas to mortality.
Solvent effects on molecular aggregation of highly water-soluble phthalocyanines
Authors: Isago Hiroaki , Fujita Harumi
Published: February 2018

Molecular aggregation phenomena of a highly water-soluble, metal-free phthalocyanine, H[Formula: see text]Pc, and its copper complex, Cu(Pc); where Pc denotes tetrakis{(2[Formula: see text],6[Formula: see text]-dimethyl-4[Formula: see text]-sulfonic acid)phenoxy}phthalocyaninate) in water, ethanol, and their mixed solvent systems have been investigated by spectroscopic approach In both aqueous and ethanolic solutions, H[Formula: see text]Pc molecules aggregate in a slipped-cofacial manner, although very weakly in ethanol. On the other hand, Cu(Pc) molecules aggregate in a cofacial manner in water while aligning in a slipped-cofacial manner in ethanol. Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy was undertaken to investigate aggregation behaviors of Cu(Pc) in water and ethanol. Presence of 4-phenylpyridine in ethanol effectively inhibited aggregation of Cu(Pc) molecules, although little affected the spectra of the monomers. In a mixed solvent system, where water/ethanol [Formula: see text] 10/90 (v/v), Cu(Pc) is free from aggregation up to almost 10[Formula: see text] M. Driving forces of this molecular aggregation are discussed on the basis of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] interaction and coordination chemistry involving copper ions.
The Jan Mayen microplate complex and the Wilson cycle
Authors: Schiffer Christian , Peace Alexander , Phethean Jordan , Gernigon Laurent , McCaffrey Ken , Petersen Kenni D. , Foulger Gillian
Published: February 2018

The opening of the North Atlantic region was one of the most important geodynamic events that shaped the present day passive margins of Europe, Greenland and North America. Although well-studied, much remains to be understood about the evolution of the North Atlantic, including the role of the Jan Mayen microplate complex. Geophysical data provide an image of the crustal structure of this microplate and enable a detailed reconstruction of the rifting and spreading history. However, the mechanisms that cause the separation of microplates between conjugate margins are still poorly understood. We assemble recent models of rifting and passive margin formation in the North Atlantic and discuss possible scenarios that may have led to the formation of the Jan Mayen microplate complex. This event was probably triggered by regional plate tectonic reorganizations rejuvenating inherited structures. The axis of rifting and continental break-up and the width of the Jan Mayen microplate complex were controlled by old Caledonian fossil subduction/suture zones. Its length is related to east–west-oriented deformation and fracture zones, possibly linked to rheological heterogeneities inherited from the pre-existing Precambrian terrane boundaries.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is required for moderate high-fat diet- but not high-carbohydrate diet-induced weight gain
Authors: Maekawa Ryuya , Ogata Hidetada , Murase Masatoshi , Harada Norio , Suzuki Kazuyo , Joo Erina , Sankoda Akiko , Iida Atsushi , Izumoto Takako , Tsunekawa Shin , Hamada Yoji , Oiso Yutaka , Inagaki Nobuya , Arima Hiroshi , Hayashi Yoshitaka , Seino Yusuke
Published: February 2018

Both high-fat (HFD) and high-carbohydrate (ST) diets are known to induce weight gain. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted mainly from intestinal K cells upon stimuli by nutrients such as fat and glucose, and it potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion. GIP is well known to contribute to HFD-induced obesity. In this study, we analyzed the effect of ST feeding on GIP secretion and metabolic parameters to explore the role of GIP in ST-induced weight gain. Both wild-type (WT) and GIP receptor deficient ( GiprKO) mice were fed normal chow (NC), ST, or moderate (m)HFD for 22 wk. Body weight was measured, and then glucose tolerance tests were performed. Insulin secretion from isolated islets also was analyzed. WT mice fed ST or mHFD displayed weight gain concomitant with increased plasma GIP levels compared with WT mice fed NC. WT mice fed mHFD showed improved glucose tolerance due to enhanced insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance tests compared with WT mice fed NC or ST. GiprKO mice fed mHFD did not display weight gain. On the other hand, GiprKO mice fed ST showed weight gain and did not display obvious glucose intolerance. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was enhanced during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and from isolated islets in both WT and GiprKO mice fed ST compared with those fed NC. In conclusion, enhanced GIP secretion induced by mHFD-feeding contributes to increased insulin secretion and body weight gain, whereas GIP is marginally involved in weight gain induced by ST-feeding.
Acute activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase increases glucose oxidation in muscle without changing glucose uptake
Authors: Small Lewin , Brandon Amanda E. , Quek Lake-Ee , Krycer James R. , James David E. , Turner Nigel , Cooney Gregory J.
Published: February 2018

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity is a key component of the glucose/fatty acid cycle hypothesis for the regulation of glucose uptake and metabolism. We have investigated whether acute activation of PDH in muscle can alleviate the insulin resistance caused by feeding animals a high-fat diet (HFD). The importance of PDH activity in muscle glucose disposal under insulin-stimulated conditions was determined by infusing the PDH kinase inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) into HFD-fed Wistar rats during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Acute DCA infusion did not alter glucose infusion rate, glucose disappearance, or hepatic glucose production but did decrease plasma lactate levels. DCA substantially increased muscle PDH activity; however, this did not improve insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant muscle of HFD rats. DCA infusion increased the flux of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and reduced glucose incorporation into glycogen and alanine in muscle. Similarly, in isolated muscle, DCA treatment increased glucose oxidation and decreased glycogen synthesis without changing glucose uptake. These results suggest that, although PDH activity controls the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA for oxidation, this has little effect on glucose uptake into muscle under insulin-stimulated conditions.
A Review of Ginseng Clinical Trials Registered in the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform
Authors: He Yingchun , Yang Juan , Lv Yinghua , Chen Junchao , Yin Fang , Huang Jihan , Zheng Qingshan
Published: February 2018

Although ginseng has long been broadly used in clinical settings around the world, few clinical trials on ginseng have been conducted. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of ginseng clinical trials registered in the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) as of December 2017 regarding their frequency, design, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, condition, funding sources, and publication status. A total of 134 ginseng clinical studies were registered from 2002 to 2017, of which 60.4% were completed and 23.1% are actively recruiting participants. A large number of trials were associated with aspects of high-quality trial design. Overall, 94% of the trials employed randomized allocation to study arms, 78.4% were double-blind studies using placebo as one of the control groups, and 71% were published as completed trials. Trials whose sample size was restricted to fewer than 100 participants accounted for 74.7% of the total. Of the primary funding sources for ginseng studies, 67.2% were nonindustry organizations. The ginseng clinical trials were heterogeneous with respect to ginseng species and variety, indications, dose, duration, and participant characteristics. Clearly, stricter and methodologically suitable studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ginseng.
Cardiac Lipoma: An Uncharacteristically Large Intra-Atrial Mass Causing Symptoms
Authors: Naseerullah Fahad Syed , Javaiya Hemangkumar , Murthy Avinash
Published: February 2018

Primary tumours of the heart are often encountered in clinical practice. Different autopsy series estimate the incidence to be anywhere from 0.001% to 0.19%. Cardiac lipoma is a rare type of tumour of the heart and pericardium. It comprises approximately 10–19% of all cardiac tumours. We present a case of a large cardiac lipoma in a fifty-year-old female. She presented with sharp chest pains, palpitations, and dizziness. Acute coronary syndrome was ruled out. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed an abnormal, large, fixed right atrial mass. The mass was noted to be occupying most of the right atrium. It was excised due to its large size and persistent symptoms. On pathophysiology, the mass was definitively diagnosed to be an 80 mm × 70 mm cardiac lipoma. Postoperatively, the patient did well with resolution of her symptoms. This case provides evidence that even large, invasive, symptomatic cardiac lipomas can be successfully resected with good outcomes.
Self-Assembled Monolayers for Dental Implants
Authors: Freitas Sidónio C. , Correa-Uribe Alejandra , Martins M. Cristina L. , Pelaez-Vargas Alejandro
Published: February 2018

Implant-based therapy is a mature approach to recover the health conditions of patients affected by edentulism. Thousands of dental implants are placed each year since their introduction in the 80s. However, implantology faces challenges that require more research strategies such as new support therapies for a world population with a continuous increase of life expectancy, to control periodontal status and new bioactive surfaces for implants. The present review is focused on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for dental implant materials as a nanoscale-processing approach to modify titanium surfaces. SAMs represent an easy, accurate, and precise approach to modify surface properties. These are stable, well-defined, and well-organized organic structures that allow to control the chemical properties of the interface at the molecular scale. The ability to control the composition and properties of SAMs precisely through synthesis (i.e., the synthetic chemistry of organic compounds with a wide range of functional groups is well established and in general very simple, being commercially available), combined with the simple methods to pattern their functional groups on complex geometry appliances, makes them a good system for fundamental studies regarding the interaction between surfaces, proteins, and cells, as well as to engineering surfaces in order to develop new biomaterials.
Acute Effect of Hypervolemic Hemodilution on Retrobulbar Hemodynamics in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Bienert Marion , Plange Niklas , Remky Andreas , Arend Kay Oliver , Kuerten David
Published: February 2018

Purpose.Ischemic ocular disorders may be treated by hypervolemic hemodilution. The presumed therapeutic benefit is based on a volume effect and improved rheological factors. The aim was to investigate the acute effect of intravenous hydroxyethyl starch on retrobulbar hemodynamics in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).Methods.24 patients with acute NAION were included. Retrobulbar hemodynamics were measured using color Doppler imaging before and 15 min after intravenous infusion of 250 cc 10% hydroxyethyl starch (HES). Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and Pourcelot’s resistive index (RI) were measured in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), and short posterior ciliary arteries (PCAs).Results.After infusion of HES blood flow velocities significantly increased in the CRA (PSV from7.53±2.33to8.32±2.51  (p<0.001); EDV from2.16±0.56to2.34±0.55  (p<0.05)) and in the PCAs (PSV from7.18±1.62to7.56±1.55  (p<0.01); EDV from2.48±0.55to2.66±0.6 cm/sec (p<0.01)). The RI of all retrobulbar vessels remained unaffected. Blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged.Conclusions.Hypervolemic hemodilution has an acute effect on blood flow velocities in the CRA and PCAs in NAION patients. Increased blood flow in the arteries supplying the optic nerve head may lead to a better perfusion in NAION patients. This trial is registered withDRKS00012603.
Information Propagation Prediction Based on Key Users Authentication in Microblogging
Authors: Yu Miao , Zhang Yongzheng , Zang Tianning , Wang Yipeng , Wang Yijing
Published: February 2018

In microblogging, key users are a significant factor for information propagation. Key users can affect information propagation size while retweeting the information. In this paper, to predict information propagation, we propose a novel linear model based on key users authentication. This model mines key users to dynamically improve the linear model while predicting information propagation. So our model can not only predict information propagation but also mine key users. Experimental results show that our model can achieve remarkable efficiency on predicting information propagation problem in real microblogging networks. At the same time, our model can find the key users who affect information propagation.
Outcomes of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Cardiac Myxoma: A Retrospective Multicentric Study
Authors: Nehaj Frantisek , Sokol Juraj , Mokan Michal , Jankovicova Veronika , Kovar Frantisek , Kubaskova Marianna , Mizera Stanislav , Mokan Marian
Published: February 2018

The patient database at the First Department of Internal Medicine in Martin, the Central Slovak Institute for Cardiac and Vascular Diseases in Banska Bystrica, and the National Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases in Bratislava was searched to identify patients with benign tumors of the heart seen during the 5-year period between 2011 and 2016. Forty-one patients with primary cardiac myxomas were identified and their medical records were reviewed for details pertaining to presenting symptoms, staging modalities, treatment approaches, and outcomes. Most of the studied patients were diagnosed with echocardiography (n=35, 85%). The occurrence of the tumor was higher in the female population (n=25, 61%). The most common presenting symptoms were dyspnoea (n=17, 42%), chest pain (n=3, 7%), or pain and paraesthesia of the limbs (n=2, 5%). Acute embolic event due to embolization of tumor fragments resulted in cerebral stroke (n=5, 12%). All patients were treated by resection. Only one comorbid patient died due to multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome two weeks after the resection. The most common postoperative complication was bleeding (n=2, 5%) and infection (n=2, 5%). The early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are often curative, with very low risk of recurrence. Postoperative survival is high.
The State of Intracellular Molecular Regulators during the Reconvalescence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia under the Influence of Microwaves at 1 GHz
Authors: Voevodin Andrey A. , Khadartsev Alexander A. , Bondar Stanislav S. , Terekhov Igor V. , Nikiforov Victor S.
Published: February 2018

We evaluated the levels of protein p53, retinoblastoma protein (RB), β-catenin, SMAD2, protein kinases AKT and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and transcription factor CREB using ELISA in mononuclear leukocytes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia on days 15–17 of the disease. The research results showed that the subclinical immune-inflammatory process was characterized by a higher content of β-catenin by 19.8%, CREB by 23.3%, RB protein by 14.7%, increased phosphorylation level of protein kinase FAK by 19.8%, АKТ1 at serine-473 by 65.6%, and RB by 13.7%. In the cells, there was a decrease in p53 of 15.7%, SMAD2 of 16.9%, and protein kinase АKТ1 of 31.2%. Three hours after 1-GHz microwave irradiation, MNCs displayed a statistically significant increase in their content of the p53 protein of 20.0‰, RB of 9.35‰, β-catenin of 10.9‰, protein kinase FAK of 10.0‰, and CREB of 8.55‰. A day after a single irradiation of the cultures of whole blood cells, in irradiated cells compared to nonirradiated control, we observed a statistically significant increase in the content of p53 of 24.2‰, β-catenin of 15.1‰, SMAD2 of 20.4‰, RB of 9.8‰, as well as a reduction of the initially elevated levels of protein kinase AKT1 of 25.1‰, its phosphorylated form at serine-473 of 16.5‰, and a decrease in the phosphorylated form of the transcription factor CREB at serine-133 of 4.1‰. The research results indicate that a low-intensity microwave frequency of 1 GHz can be considered as a factor in molecular immune rehabilitation in conditions of community-acquired pneumonia.
Constructive Organizational Values Climate and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Configurational View
Authors: Marinova Sophia V. , Cao Xiaoyun , Park Haesang
Published: February 2018

The discretionary efforts of employees to go above and beyond illustrated by organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) provide an important path to organizational success. Organizational work environment characteristics, notably, organizational climates, serve as fundamental mechanisms for eliciting OCBs. However, existing research on organizational climate and OCBs frequently adopts a variable-centered approach that breaks down climate into individual dimensions. In contrast to past research, our goal is to respond to calls to more fully contextualize organizational climate by offering a configuration of climate attributes. Drawing on a typology of research problematizing, we replace the metaphor of individual dimensions with a metaphor of a climate configuration. To theorize and test the relationship between organizational climate and OCBs, we examine organizational values embodied in the competing values framework through a mesolevel organizational climate perspective. Building on the literature on managing paradox, we propose a constructive organizational values climate configuration, which captures how the different dimensions of the competing values framework coexist and work together. In turn, we propose that constructive organizational values climate predicts three types of OCBs: helping, taking charge, and creative behavior. Furthermore, drawing on regulatory focus theory and on the change-oriented and affiliative roots of OCBs, we offer two distinct mediators that shed light on the underlying processes. We test the proposed theory with data from 737 respondents residing in 166 work units in a wide variety of organizations.
Assistive Technology Instruction in Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Schaaf David N.
Published: February 2018

Federal laws require teachers to understand the special needs of their students and provide the best possible education for them. However, many teachers have completed their preservice education without the requisite skills to implement assistive technology to support exceptional students. These teachers have become dependent upon professional development (PD) to gain these skills. This article will describe the comprehensive prescription developed to evaluate a school district’s PD program. The results of this evaluation identify strengths of the program and areas of improvement to counter the limitations.
Opinion dailies versus Facebook fan pages: the case of Poland’s surprising 2015 presidential elections
Authors: Chmielewska-Szlajfer Helena
Published: February 2018

The following study explores the effect of social media visibility on public discussion and, possibly, on the results of the 2015 presidential elections in Poland, unexpectedly won by Andrzej Duda. Instead of newspaper analyses and polls, Facebook interactions proved more accurate in predicting the final results. In the study, focus is laid on two key sources of visibility of opinion that emerged during the campaign: major daily newspapers, which provide space for opinion only to selected writers; and presidential candidates’ Facebook fan pages, which offer broad visibility to Facebook users’ opinions. The proposed interpretation of this discrepancy is that of a major shift in making public opinion more self-expressive and personal: public discussion is formed ‘in between’ rationality and emotion, publicness and privacy. The 2015 presidential elections in Poland reveal that this ‘in-between’ emerged in people’s Facebook activity, and it uncovered a public affect which translated into election results.
Expanded Transcanal Transpromontorial Approach: A Novel Surgical Technique for Cerebellopontine Angle Vestibular Schwannoma Removal
Authors: Marchioni Daniele , Carner Marco , Soloperto Davide , Bianconi Luca , Sacchetto Andrea , Sacchetto Luca , Masotto Barbara , Presutti Livio
Published: February 2018

Objective

Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor of the lateral skull base. Different microscopic surgical techniques are described in literature: the retrosigmoid and translabyrinthine approaches are used to treat big tumors located in the cerebellopontine angle, and the middle cranial fossa approach is utilized for small tumors with good hearing preservation. The expanded transcanal transpromontorial (ExpTT) approach is a combined microscopic‐endoscopic technique previously indicated for Koos stage I and II VS and now proposed for larger VS, up to 3 cm in diameter, with linear progression into the cerebellopontine angle and touching the brainstem.

Study Design

The study was a retrospective case series of patients who underwent ExpTT surgery for VS in our ear, nose, and throat department.

Setting

We reviewed the surgical videos and electrophysiologic data recorded during the surgical operations.

Subjects and Methods

From January 2015 to January 2017, 20 patients affected by Koos stage II and III VS underwent surgery in our department with the ExpTT approach. This novel technique is described step by step, with a focus on the surgical procedure and anatomic landmarks; outcomes are detailed in terms of early and late complications. The mean follow‐up was 15 months.

Results

The ExpTT approach permitted, in all patients, gross total resection of the tumor without any complication and with preservation of facial nerve function. All patients had a good postoperative recovery.

Conclusion

The ExpTT technique is a new approach that combines the advantages of a microscopic technique with the ones offered by the endoscope in removal of VS.
Validation of Digital Microscopy Compared With Light Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Canine Cutaneous Tumors
Authors: Bertram Christof A. , Gurtner Corinne , Dettwiler Martina , Kershaw Olivia , Dietert Kristina , Pieper Laura , Pischon Hannah , Gruber Achim D. , Klopfleisch Robert
Published: February 2018

Integration of new technologies, such as digital microscopy, into a highly standardized laboratory routine requires the validation of its performance in terms of reliability, specificity, and sensitivity. However, a validation study of digital microscopy is currently lacking in veterinary pathology. The aim of the current study was to validate the usability of digital microscopy in terms of diagnostic accuracy, speed, and confidence for diagnosing and differentiating common canine cutaneous tumor types and to compare it to classical light microscopy. Therefore, 80 histologic sections including 17 different skin tumor types were examined twice as glass slides and twice as digital whole-slide images by 6 pathologists with different levels of experience at 4 time points. Comparison of both methods found digital microscopy to be noninferior for differentiating individual tumor types within the category epithelial and mesenchymal tumors, but diagnostic concordance was slightly lower for differentiating individual round cell tumor types by digital microscopy. In addition, digital microscopy was associated with significantly shorter diagnostic time, but diagnostic confidence was lower and technical quality was considered inferior for whole-slide images compared with glass slides. Of note, diagnostic performance for whole-slide images scanned at 200× magnification was noninferior in diagnostic performance for slides scanned at 400×. In conclusion, digital microscopy differs only minimally from light microscopy in few aspects of diagnostic performance and overall appears adequate for the diagnosis of individual canine cutaneous tumors with minor limitations for differentiating individual round cell tumor types and grading of mast cell tumors.
A touch of divinity: The example of Reverend William Arthur Johnson (1816–1880)
Authors: Toodayan Nadeem
Published: February 2018

Except if it be in the shadow of his worshipful student William Osler (1849–1919), the life of Reverend William Arthur Johnson (1816–1880), a 19th century English-Canadian clerical naturalist, teacher, and early mentor to ‘the Father of Modern Medicine’, has escaped special scrutiny over the years. Written in commemoration of his 200th birthday, this recollection will aim to more purposefully categorise what is currently known of Johnson’s life and work, not only in his important relations to the revered Osler, but also in the context of his own personal achievements, life story, and legacy.
Philipp Bozzini (1773–1809): The earliest description of endoscopy
Authors: Ramai Daryl , Zakhia Karl , Etienne Denzil , Reddy Madhavi
Published: February 2018

The widespread use of endoscopy in today’s clinical arena underscores its utility and growing significance within the field of medicine. Primitive forms of endoscopy have existed for hundreds of years, but it was not until the early 19th century that Dr Philipp Bozzini invented an endoscope that would form the basis of modern endoscopy. Born into an influential Italian family, Bozzini practiced medicine in a time and place of conflict and political unrest. His passion, ingenuity, and important social connections allowed him to create and introduce to the medical profession the Lichtleiter (light-conductor), which overcame two key issues plaguing endoscopy: inadequate lighting and poor penetration. A combination of professional rivalry and his premature passing stifled enthusiasm and further work on the Lichtleiter, but its value would not be lost forever. The advancements in the field of endoscopy that have come since the time of the Lichtleiter all build upon the principles of Bozzini, who became widely acknowledged as the father of modern endoscopy.
Are Lifestyle Differences Beneficial? The Effects of Marital Diversity on Group Outcomes
Authors: Jehn Karen A. (Etty) , Conlon Donald E.
Published: February 2018

As the number of unmarried adults in the workforce is on the rise, employees increasingly have to navigate lifestyle differences between single, married, and divorced members of their work groups. To understand the impact of this new form of diversity in groups at work, we introduce the concept of marital diversity as an important predictor of group performance outcomes. We argue that marital diversity may benefit group outcomes by providing members with complementary life experiences and skills, without instigating the stereotyping or conflict often associated with other less mutable forms of diversity. In Study 1, an archival study of rock bands reveals that marital diversity positively affects group outcomes when band tenure is high. In Study 2, this pattern is replicated in a study of project groups. Overall, the studies show that marital diversity can positively affect groups, especially groups with longer tenure.
The First Year of Global Cleft Surgery Education Through Digital Simulation
Authors: Plana Natalie M. , Diaz-Siso J. Rodrigo , Culnan Derek M. , Cutting Court B. , Flores Roberto L.
Published: February 2018

Introduction:

Parallel to worldwide disparities in patient access to health care, the operative opportunities of surgical trainees are increasingly restricted across the globe. Efforts have been directed toward enhancing surgical education outside the operating room and reducing the wide variability in global trainee operative experience. However, high costs and other logistical concerns may limit the reproducibility and sustainability of nonoperative surgical education resources.

Methods:

A partnership between the academic, nonprofit, and industry sectors resulted in the development of an online virtual surgical simulator for cleft repair. First year global access patterns were observed.

Results:

The simulator is freely accessible online and includes 5 normal and pathologic anatomy modules, 5 modules demonstrating surgical markings, and 7 step-by-step procedural modules. Procedural modules include high-definition intraoperative footage to supplement the virtual animation in addition to include multiple-choice test questions. In its first year, the simulator was accessed by 849 novel users from 78 countries; 70% of users accessed the simulator from a developing nation.

Conclusion:

The Internet shows promise as a platform for surgical education and may help address restrictions and reduce disparities in surgical training. The virtual surgical simulator presented may serve as the foundation for the development of a global curriculum in cleft repair.
Age-Neutrality of a Brief Assessment of the Section III Alternative Model for Personality Disorders in Older Adults
Authors: Debast Inge , Rossi Gina , van Alphen S. P. J.
Published: February 2018

The alternative model for personality disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5) is considered an important step toward a possibly better conceptualization of personality pathology in older adulthood, by the introduction of levels of personality functioning (Criterion A) and trait dimensions (Criterion B). Our main aim was to examine age-neutrality of the Short Form of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-SF; Criterion A) and Personality Inventory for DSM-5–Brief Form (PID-5-BF; Criterion B). Differential item functioning (DIF) analyses and more specifically the impact on scale level through differential test functioning (DTF) analyses made clear that the SIPP-SF was more age-neutral (6% DIF, only one of four domains showed DTF) than the PID-5-BF (25% DIF, all four tested domains had DTF) in a community sample of older and younger adults. Age differences in convergent validity also point in the direction of differences in underlying constructs. Concurrent and criterion validity in geriatric psychiatry inpatients suggest that both the SIPP-SF scales measuring levels of personality functioning (especially self-functioning) and the PID-5-BF might be useful screening measures in older adults despite age-neutrality not being confirmed.
Troubling Traditional and Conventional Families? Formalised Same-Sex Couples and ‘The Ordinary’
Authors: Heaphy Brian
Published: February 2018

This article explores the value of the concept of ‘the ordinary’ in analysing formalised couple and family relationships. This is a concept that is coming to the fore in discussions of same-sex relationships. It is often associated with heterosexual tradition, convention, and normativity with respect to the social institutions of marriage and family and has also been defended as representing the everyday politics of contemporary post-traditional, non-conventional, and non-normative couples and families. The article explores the value of focusing on ‘the ordinary’ for connecting what might appear to be contradictory developments in formalised couple and family life by drawing on data from a UK study that was based on both joint and individual interviews with 50 same-sex couples, where partners were aged under 35 when they entered into civil partnership, prior to the availability of same-sex marriage. First, it considers some of the ‘ordinary’ troubles that formalised same-sex couples and families encounter and the ways in which they can be simultaneously viewed as traditionally conventional and post-traditional or non-conventional. Second, it examines how civil partners’ accounts of their ordinary experiences of love and care were underpinned by and troubled traditional meanings and conventional practices associated with married couples’ commitments. Third, it analyses how partners’ comparisons of previous generations’ marriages to their civil partnerships (which they tended to view as ‘ordinary marriages’) appear to trouble traditional conventions as regulative while simultaneously espousing emergent conventions as freeing. Taken together, participants’ personal accounts point to how by focusing on ‘the ordinary’ we can address a characteristic of contemporary family that some commentators have trouble grasping: its double nature. By this, I mean the ways in which family forms and practices can be simultaneously traditional and post-traditional, non-conventional and conventional, as well as troubling of and incorporated into the social institutions of marriage and family. The analysis highlights how the concept of the ordinary provides a way into the double thinking required of sociology to understand marriage and family as contemporary social institutions.
Inside the personal party: Leader-owners, light organizations and limited lifespans
Authors: Kefford Glenn , McDonnell Duncan
Published: February 2018

Scholars in recent decades have discussed the emergence of a new leader-dominated party type, variously described as ‘personal’, ‘personalistic’ and ‘personalist’. However, there has been no original comparative research examining whether (and how) such parties resemble one another organizationally and whether they constitute a distinct organizational type. This article does so by comparing the parties of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy and Clive Palmer in Australia. Based on interviews with those in the parties and party documents, we find our cases share two distinctive organizational features: (1) the founder-leader’s dominance of the party and perceived centrality to its survival and (2) the relationship between the party and members saw active members discouraged and organization at the local level was extremely limited/non-existent. Building on this analysis, we then propose three criteria for identifying other personal parties and point to the existence of a possible subtype. We conclude that the emergence of personal parties requires us to reconsider our understanding of contemporary party organizations in advanced democracies.
Liquid biopsy and its role in an advanced clinical trial for lung cancer
Authors: Johann Donald J , Steliga Mathew , Shin Ik Jae , Yoon Donghoon , Arnaoutakis Konstantinos , Hutchins Laura , Liu Meeiyueh , Liem Jason , Walker Karl , Pereira Andy , Yang Mary , Jeffus Susanne K , Peterson Erich , Xu Joshua
Published: February 2018

Liquid biopsy methodologies, for the purpose of plasma genotyping of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of solid tumors, are a new class of novel molecular assays. Such assays are rapidly entering the clinical sphere of research-based monitoring in translational oncology, especially for thoracic malignancies. Potential applications for these blood-based cfDNA assays include: (i) initial diagnosis, (ii) response to therapy and follow-up, (iii) tumor evolution, and (iv) minimal residual disease evaluation. Precision medicine will benefit from cutting-edge molecular diagnostics, especially regarding treatment decisions in the adjuvant setting, where avoiding over-treatment and unnecessary toxicity are paramount. The use of innovative genetic analysis techniques on individual patient tumor samples is being pursued in several advanced clinical trials. Rather than using a categorical treatment plan, the next critical step of therapeutic decision making is providing the “right” cancer therapy for an individual patient, including correct dose and timeframe based on the molecular analysis of the tumor in question. Per the 21st Century Cures Act, innovative clinical trials are integral for biomarker and drug development. This will include advanced clinical trials utilizing: (i) innovative assays, (ii) molecular profiling with cutting-edge bioinformatics, and (iii) clinically relevant animal or tissue models. In this paper, a mini-review addresses state-of-the-art liquid biopsy approaches. Additionally, an on-going advanced clinical trial for lung cancer with novelty through synergizing liquid biopsies, co-clinical trials, and advanced bioinformatics is also presented.

Impact statement

Liquid biopsy technology is providing a new source for cancer biomarkers, and adds new dimensions in advanced clinical trials. Utilizing a non-invasive routine blood draw, the liquid biopsy provides abilities to address perplexing issues of tumor tissue heterogeneity by identifying mutations in both primary and metastatic lesions. Regarding the assessment of response to cancer therapy, the liquid biopsy is not ready to replace medical imaging, but adds critical new information; for instance, through a temporal assessment of quantitative circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay results, and importantly, the ability to monitor for signs of resistance, via emerging clones. Adjuvant therapy may soon be considered based on a quantitative cfDNA assay. As sensitivity and specificity of the technology continue to progress, cancer screening and prevention will improve and save countless lives by finding the cancer early, so that a routine surgery may be all that is required for a definitive cure.
Arthroscopic Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction Using a Synthetic Polycaprolactone-Based Polyurethane Urea Tendon Graft: A Report of 5 Cases
Authors: Ranne Juha O. , Kainonen Terho U. , Lempainen Lasse L. , Kosola Jussi A. , Kajander Sami A. , Niemi Pekka T.
Published: February 2018

Background. Several techniques have been introduced to treat acromioclavicular (AC) separation using the semitendinosus tendon as a graft for coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction. However, the tendon may have been used previously or the patient may not want it harvested. Hence, synthetic tendon transfers have become increasingly popular. Methods. Five patients with chronic AC separations were treated. A synthetic polyurethane urea tendon graft (Artelon Tissue Reinforcement [ATR]) was chosen for its ability to partially transform into connective tissue. The patient follow-up period lasted 45 to 60 months. Results. The mean preoperative Constant Score increased from 64.8 to 100 postoperatively. The mean preoperative Simple Shoulder Test increased from 7.2 to 12 postoperatively. The mean postoperative increase of the CC distance was 1.5 mm. The mean expansion of the clavicular drill hole from the original was 2.1 mm. According to the postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, the grafts had healed well and the cross-sections of the grafts were up to 10.5 mm between the coracoid and the clavicle. Discussion. The synthetic ATR tendon strip was a practical method for reconstructing a torn CC ligament complex. The ATR graft appears promising for future CC ligament reconstructions.
Restriction of Passive Glenohumeral Abduction Combined With Normal Passive External Rotation Is a Diagnostic Feature of Calcific Tendinitis
Authors: Jungwirth-Weinberger Anna , Gerber Christian , Boyce Glenn , Jentzsch Thorsten , Roner Simon , Meyer Dominik C.
Published: February 2018

Background:

Passive glenohumeral range of motion may be characteristically limited to specific shoulder pathologies. While pain associated with loss of range of passive external glenohumeral rotation is recognized as a salient feature in adhesive capsulitis, restriction of glenohumeral range of motion in calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon has never been studied.

Hypothesis:

On the basis of clinical observation, we hypothesized that calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon is associated with loss of passive glenohumeral abduction without loss of external rotation.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Ranges of passive glenohumeral rotation and abduction, which are measured with a standardized protocol in our institution, were retrospectively reviewed and compared for patients diagnosed with either adhesive capsulitis or calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon. A total of 57 patients met the inclusion criteria for the calcific tendinitis, and 77 met the inclusion criteria for the adhesive capsulitis group.

Results:

When compared with the contralateral, unaffected shoulder, glenohumeral abduction in the calcific tendinitis group was restricted by a median of 10° (interquartile range [IQR], –20° to –5°) as opposed to glenohumeral external rotation, which was not restricted at all (median, 0°; IQR, 0° to 0°). The adhesive capsulitis group showed a median restriction of glenohumeral abduction of 40° (IQR, –50° to –30°) and a median restriction of passive glenohumeral external rotation of 40° (IQR, –60° to –30°).

Conclusion:

Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus does not typically cause loss of external rotation but is frequently associated with mild isolated restriction of abduction. This finding can be used to clinically differentiate adhesive capsulitis from calcific tendinitis.
Studies on the Tissue Localization of HKDC1, a Putative Novel Fifth Hexokinase, in Humans
Authors: Khan Md. Wasim , Ding Xianzhong , Cotler Scott J. , Clarke Michael , Layden Brian T.
Published: February 2018

Hexokinase domain component 1 (HKDC1) is a recently discovered novel protein, which is being promoted as a putative fifth hexokinase. Although the exact role HKDC1 plays in physiology is still unclear, it has been shown to be important during pregnancy in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In this study, we have comprehensively studied the expression pattern of HKDC1 in the human body. Using human tissue sample, immunohistochemistry imaging was performed. Our studies indicate that the tissues with highest HKDC1 expression were the brush border epithelium of the intestines, parts of the pancreas, and lung alveolar macrophages. Future directions will be to understand the role of this fifth hexokinase in these tissues, with a focus on its relative function as compared with other endogenously expressed hexokinases.
Mathematical description of tooth flank surface of globoidal worm gear with straight axial tooth profile
Authors: Połowniak Piotr , Sobolak Mariusz
Published: February 2018

In this article, a mathematical description of tooth flank surface of the globoidal worm and worm wheel generated by the hourglass worm hob with straight tooth axial profile is presented. The kinematic system of globoidal worm gear is shown. The equation of globoid helix and tooth axial profile of worm is derived to determine worm tooth surface. Based on the equation of meshing the contact lines are obtained. The mathematical description of globoidal worm wheel tooth flank is performed on the basis of contact lines and generating the tooth side by the extreme cutting edge of worm hob. The presented mathematical model of tooth flank of TA worm and worm wheel can be used e.g. to analyse the contact pattern of the gear.
Structural changes at the myrtenol backbone reverse its positive allosteric potential into inhibitory GABAA receptor modulation
Authors: Milanos Sinem , Kuenzel Katharina , Gilbert Daniel F. , Janzen Dieter , Sasi Manju , Buettner Andrea , Frimurer Thomas M. , Villmann Carmen
Published: February 2018

GABAA receptors are ligand-gated anion channels that form pentameric arrangements of various subunits. Positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors have been reported as being isolated either from plants or synthesized analogs of known GABAA receptor targeting drugs. Recently, we identified monoterpenes, e.g. myrtenol as a positive allosteric modulator at α1β2 GABAA receptors. Here, along with pharmacophore-based virtual screening studies, we demonstrate that scaffold modifications of myrtenol resulted in the loss of modulatory activity. Two independent approaches, fluorescence-based compound analysis and electrophysiological recordings in whole-cell configurations were used for analysis of transfected cells. C-atoms 1 and 2 of the myrtenol backbone were identified as crucial to preserve positive allosteric potential. A modification at C-atom 2 and lack of the hydroxyl group at C-atom 1 exhibited significantly reduced GABAergic currents at α1β2, α1β2γ, α2β3, α2β3γ and α4β3δ receptors. This effect was independent of the γ2 subunit. A sub-screen with side chain length and volume differences at the C-atom 1 identified two compounds that inhibited GABAergic responses but without receptor subtype specificity. Our combined approach of pharmacophore-based virtual screening and functional readouts reveals that side chain modifications of the bridged six-membered ring structure of myrtenol are crucial for its modulatory potential at GABAA receptors.
The discursive construction and realization of the Hong Kong brand: a corpus-informed study
Authors: Lam Phoenix W. Y.
Published: February 2018

Branding is essentially discursive in nature and yet discourse studies of branding are surprisingly few in number. The present study is a rare attempt to examine how branding, in particular place branding, can be conceptualized and operationalized linguistically through the investigation of a corpus of marketing texts on the official branding of Hong Kong. A quantitative analysis using corpus tools and techniques was first conducted to identify the main textual patterns based on frequency information. A qualitative analysis then followed to investigate the dominant textual patterns in context in order to uncover the branding strategies used and their associated linguistic realizations. Findings from the present study reveal that the branding discourse of Hong Kong is strongly business-oriented, largely constructed through taken-for-granted qualities, and heavily reliant on the technical branding jargon. Such findings can be directly compared with those from traditional marketing research to pinpoint any inconsistencies between official branding policies and consumers’ perceptions. This will in turn provide more concrete suggestions to help bridge the divide, if any, between brand creators, consumers and other stakeholders involved, and ultimately promote more inclusive branding for all.