bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and the Emergence of No‐Analog Forest Assemblages in North America
Authors: Gougherty Andrew V. , Prasad Anantha M. , Peters Matthew P. , Matthews Stephen N. , Adams Bryce T.
Published: December 2024

Future climate change is expected to result in tree species shifting their geographic distributions in ways that could reorganize species into assemblages with no contemporary analog. These projected no‐analog forests raise concern as their ecological function could similarly shift, which may challenge established conservation and management efforts. Here, we implement a community‐level modelling approach to identify the key climatic and topographic drivers of forest composition in North America, and then use these models to predict the distribution of “disappearing” and “novel” forest assemblages in future climate. We applied this modelling technique to both the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of forest trees, to identify where species turnover may be greatest, and whether species are likely to be replaced with close relatives. Our work shows that approximately 11.9% of contemporary North American forests have low predicted similarity to future forests, and 26.2% of future forests could be compositionally novel compared with contemporary forests, but there was substantial geographic variability in the magnitude of these metrics across the continent. High‐elevation regions in the west tend to be nearest to their closest compositional analog, suggesting these regions may be most likely to realize the future predicted composition. This work provides a new approach to understanding how forest composition may shift in future climates in a way that avoids the need for individual species predictions and extends climate‐matching approaches with meaningful biological data.
Practical Considerations When Using Mendelian Sampling Variances for Selection Decisions in Genomic Selection Programs
Authors: Niehoff Tobias A. M. , ten Napel Jan , Calus Mario P. L.
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this work was to test the application of selection criteria that consider the genetic variances of future generations. This has not been done previously in numerically large livestock breeding programs based on estimated rather than assumed known marker effects. A generic pure‐line pig breeding program was simulated in which 40 males and 400 females were selected every generation. Daily gain was used as an example trait. Three variance‐considering criteria as well as different reference population sizes were compared to investigate the effect of differences in genomic prediction accuracy on selection decisions. All variance‐considering criteria retained more genetic variance than if selection was based on estimated breeding values (max. 20%). This effect was more pronounced for higher prediction accuracies and criteria assessing the variance more generations ahead. After 20 generations, the criterion with the longest planning horizon combined with the largest reference population resulted in a 2% higher genetic level of boars selected to produce finisher pigs. While the advantage of accounting for future generations diminished with lower accuracy or shorter planning horizons, the variance‐considering criteria never performed worse than selection based on genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) with respect to commercial genetic gain. We are reporting various accuracy metrics to help judge the effectiveness of using one of our tested criteria in real breeding programs. While we did not find large benefits for genetic gain when considering future variances in selection decisions, we also did not find negative side effects, while considerably more genetic variance was maintained. This means that using variance‐considering criteria results in either equally good or better performance than truncation selection based on estimated breeding values. Our criteria can be applied to any genomic breeding program as long as phased genotypes, estimated marker effects and a genetic map are available.
Thromboembolic Complications From Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter in Pediatrics and Young Adults: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Whitehill Robert , Hill Allison C. , Baskar Shankar , Jackson Lanier , Scheiber Jonah , Yoon Ja‐Kyoung , Dresner Lily , Williams Matthew , Meziab Omar , Mah Douglas , Jimenez Erick , Dionne Audrey
Published: December 2024

Background

Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter are relatively rare in young people and the incidence of thromboembolic complications is unknown. These issues contribute to the limited utility of present guidelines regarding anticoagulation in this population.

Objective

To report the number of thromboembolic complications in a cohort of pediatric and young adult patients presenting with atrial fibrillation (AFib) or atrial flutter (AFl) while also assessing anticoagulation practice in a multicenter cohort of young patients with these arrhythmias.

Methods

Multicenter, retrospective cohort of patients aged < 25 years old who presented with atrial flutter (AFl) or atrial fibrillation (AFib) between 2000 and 2019 to several large, quaternary pediatric centers, excluding episodes occurring within 30 days of an invasive cardiac procedure.

Results

There were 311 episodes of AFib/AFl among 210 patients with a median age of 17 (IQR 14, 20) years. Structural heart disease (SHD) was present in 120 patients (57%) and 20 patients (10%) had a primary cardiomyopathy. Twelve AFib/AFl episodes (8 with AFL, 4 with AFib) were associated with a thrombus, of which 8 (67%) patients had SHD, 2 (17%) had cardiomyopathy and 5 (42%) ventricular dysfunction. The CHADSVASc score was 0–3 for all patients with a thrombus. Of patients with no thrombus at presentation who were cardioverted, 102 (34%) patients were discharged on aspirin and 80 (27%) on anticoagulation. Two patients had symptoms concerning for a thromboembolic event on follow‐up, but none had a newly documented thrombus.

Conclusions

Thromboembolic complications occur in children and young adults presenting with AFib/AFl. The majority are associated with SHD, cardiomyopathy, and/or ventricular dysfunction. CHADSVASc was calculated for each patient and was of limited utility. Thromboembolic complications at follow up after cardioversion are rare, and anticoagulation strategies at discharge varied.
Oral language intervention in the late primary school years is effective: evidence from a randomised control trial
Authors: Esposito Rosanne , Lervag Arne , Hulme Charles
Published: December 2024

Background

Oral language skills provide the foundation for formal education, and children may require language support over an extended period of time to maximise their education potential. Most work on language intervention, however, has focussed on the preschool or early school years. Here, we describe the development and evaluation of the Oral Language for Literacy Intervention (OLLI) programme which is designed to support children with weak language skills in the later primary school years.

Methods

We conducted a randomised control trial in 33 schools (50 classrooms). The language skills of all 8–9 year‐old children in each participating classroom (n = 1,423) were assessed using an automated app (LanguageScreen). The six children with the weakest LanguageScreen scores within each classroom (n = 296) were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 148) or control group (n = 148). The children in the intervention group received the OLLI programme delivered in individual and small group sessions over 20 weeks. Children in the control group received their typical teaching.

Results

Children receiving the OLLI programme made significantly larger gains than children in the control group on a preregistered latent variable reflecting standardised measures of oral language ability (d = 0.38) and on a measure of their written expression (d = 0.42).

Conclusions

These findings have important implications for improving educational attainment in children in the late primary school years. The OLLI programme is designed to be deliverable at scale and is of relatively low cost.
Line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography of basal cell carcinoma: A retrospective study on diagnostic performance
Authors: Mtimet Lyna , Boussingault Lucas , Aktas Dina , Fontaine Margot , Orte Cano Carmen , Diet Gwendoline , Lenoir Clement , Miyamoto Makiko , Cinotti Elisa , Tognetti Linda , Cartocci Alessandra , Rubegni Pietro , Puig Susana , Malvehy Josep , Perez‐Anker Javiera , Perrot Jean‐Luc , del Marmol Véronique , Suppa Mariano
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT) represents one of the newest non‐invasive in vivo skin imaging techniques. Previous studies described morphologic criteria of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) under LC‐OCT examination. Preliminary data on LC‐OCT diagnostic performance for BCC have recently been published but showed only a modest improvement compared to dermoscopy, possibly due to study limitations.

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to find diagnostic performance parameters of LC‐OCT for differentiating BCC from its clinical/dermoscopic mimickers and for discriminating among BCC subtypes. An additional objective was to suggest a simple, user‐friendly diagnostic algorithm based on the most powerful LC‐OCT features in the field of BCC and its imitators.

Materials and Methods

Equivocal BCC lesions imaged with an LC‐OCT device prior to biopsy/excision were included. Three observers blinded for histopathological diagnosis retrospectively formulated clinical, dermoscopic and LC‐OCT diagnoses and evaluated LC‐OCT features for each study lesion.

Results

A total of 303 lesions (173 BCCs and 130 non‐BCCs) from 225 patients were included. For the differentiation of BCC from BCC imitators, the use of LC‐OCT increased the diagnostic accuracy compared to clinical examination by 24% and compared to dermoscopy by 12%. For the discrimination of sBCC from other BCC subtypes, LC‐OCT increased the diagnostic accuracy compared to clinical examination by 18% and compared to dermoscopy by 12%. The presence of lobule with millefeuille pattern was a significant feature for BCC diagnosis. Lobule shape and location allowed BCC subtype discrimination.

Conclusions

The accuracy of BCC diagnosis can be increased by at least 12% with the use of LC‐OCT compared to clinical and dermoscopic examinations alone, both in terms of BCC differentiation from clinical/dermoscopic imitators and in terms of BCC‐subtype discrimination. A diagnostic algorithm based on significant features for BCC diagnosis is proposed, for which further validation is required.
A portrait of older adults in naturally occurring retirement communities in Ontario, Canada: A population‐based study
Authors: Savage Rachel D. , Huynh Tai , Hahn‐Goldberg Shoshana , Matai Lavina , Boblitz Alexa , Altaf Azmina , Bronskill Susan E. , Brown Kevin A. , Feng Patrick , Lewis‐Fung Samantha E. , Sheth Maya S. , Yu Christina , Recknagel Jen , Rochon Paula A.
Published: December 2024

Background

Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) are geographical areas that have naturally become home to a large concentration of older adults. This density means that NORCs have the potential to become a pillar for aging in place strategies, but at present, there is limited data on residents and their health needs. Our objective was to describe and compare the health and healthcare use of older adults living in high‐rise NORC buildings to those in all other housing types in the community.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based descriptive study of community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years by linking a provincial NORC registry in Ontario, Canada with health administrative records. Individuals were classified as NORC residents if their residential postal code on January 1, 2020 matched the NORC registry. Sociodemographic, clinical, and healthcare use characteristics were compared by NORC status using standardized differences (STD) and stratified by rurality, and further by age and sex in urban settings.

Results

Overall, 219,995 (7.7%) of 2,869,706 older adults were NORC residents. Compared to community‐dwelling older adults, NORC residents were older (mean 77.4 vs 74.6 years; STD 0.34), and more were female (61.8% vs 52.2%; STD 0.19) and had low income (16.0% vs 9.3%; STD 0.11). NORC residents also had more active chronic conditions (mean 1.9 vs 1.5; STD 0.27), medications (mean 3.4 vs 2.8; STD 0.21), home care use (15.3% vs 9.8%; STD 0.17), and primary care visits (mean 9.7 vs 7.6 visits in prior 2 years; STD 0.22). Findings were robust across rurality, age, and sex.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that NORC residents have greater health needs than other older adults living in the community and underscore NORCs as important targets for equity‐focused strategies to support aging in place.
Vacuolar phosphate efflux transporter ZmVPEs mediate phosphate homeostasis and remobilization in maize leaves
Authors: Guo Zhenhui , Zhang Chaonan , Zhao Hongyu , Liu Yu , Chen Xiyao , Zhao Hanshu , Chen Limei , Ruan Wenyuan , Chen Yifang , Yuan Lixing , Yi Keke , Xu Lei , Zhang Jingbo
Published: December 2024

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Vacuoles play a crucial role in inorganic phosphate (Pi) storage and remobilization in plants. However, the physiological function of vacuolar phosphate efflux transporters in plant Pi remobilization remains obscure. Here, we identified three ZmVPE genes (ZmVPE1, ZmVPE2a, ZmVPE2b) by combining them with transcriptome and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, showing a relatively higher expression in older leaves than in younger leaves in maize. Moreover, the expression of the ZmVPEs was triggered by Pi deficiency and abscisic acid. ZmVPEs were localized to the vacuolar membrane and responsible for vacuolar Pi efflux. Compared with the wild‐type, Pi remobilization from older to younger leaves was enhanced in ZmVPE‐overexpression lines. zmvpe2a mutants displayed an increase in the total P and Pi concentrations in older leaves, but a decrease in younger leaves. In rice, Pi remobilization was impaired in the osvpe1osvpe2 double mutant and enhanced in OsVPE‐overexpression plants, suggesting conserved functions of VPEs in modulating Pi homeostasis and remobilization in crop plants. Taken together, our findings revealed a novel mechanism underlying Pi remobilization from older to younger leaves mediated by plant vacuolar Pi efflux transporters, facilitating the development of Pi‐efficient crop plants.
Efficacy of a Postbiotic Formulation Combined With Microneedling for Mild‐to‐Moderate Acne: A Self‐Control Study
Authors: Li Zhanhong , Li Peihui , Xu Yu , Yan Changqing , Ma Xiufen , Wang Huiying , Cheng Hong , Zeng Jing , Li Ting , Li Xinxian , Zhou Jia , Zhang Jie , Zhou Jianfeng , Yang Rongya , Wu Yan , Li Li , Lai Wei , Zhao Jiangyun , Liu Zhe , Meng Qiong
Published: December 2024

Background

Acne vulgaris significantly affects young individuals globally, with its onset associated with an increased prevalence of C acnes, a naturally occurring skin bacterium. In light of the rising concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and the potential for adverse effects, pharmacological interventions may not consistently represent the most suitable option. Nonpharmacological approaches, such as microneedling, offer promising alternative treatment modalities. Furthermore, the integration of postbiotics in skincare formulations for acne management has gained traction recently. Nonetheless, there remains a lack of sufficient evidence to establish the efficacy and safety of postbiotics when combined with microneedling.

Objective

To assess the clinical effectiveness of a postbiotic formulation combined with microneedling in mild‐to‐moderate facial acne vulgaris.

Methods

Twenty Chinese patients were enrolled, all received one treatment and were monitored 4 weeks posttreatment. The evaluation assessed symptom improvement, treatment safety, and patient satisfaction.

Results

The global acne grading system (GAGS) score decreased more than half based on the baseline. Clinical photographs following treatment revealed improved the skin lesions and brightened skin tone. Statistics from VISIA showed excellent improvement in speckle, pore, red region, and porphyrin. No significant adverse reactions have been reported during the treatment period. Additionally, more than 85% were very satisfied or satisfied with the outcome.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the postbiotic formulation combined with microneedling may benefit the restoration of the skin barrier and the equilibrium of skin microbiota. This approach may help mitigate inflammation and address skin lesions, presenting a promising therapeutic avenue for the prevention and management of acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles (Exosomes) Derived From Platelet‐Rich Plasma: A Literature Review
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Wang Tong , Rapaport Jeffrey A. , Talukder Mesbah
Published: December 2024

Background

There are exciting advances in the field of exosomes research as a potential regenerative therapy. Platelet‐rich plasma represents an abundant source of exosomes.

Aim

To present evidence on the use of platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes in dermatology and discuss current technical limitations.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using Embase (Ovid), Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov in June 2024.

Results

Platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes contain a myriad of growth factors, genetic materials, and lipids that mediate paracrine signaling. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated their potential in wound healing. This includes faster wound contraction in diabetic animal models, as well as enhanced angiogenesis, increased cell proliferation and migration, and protection against hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. A case study reported a topical platelet‐derived exosome product tried successfully in a patient with persistent scalp wounds. In contrast, there is scarce information on the use of platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes in hair growth and skin rejuvenation. Isolation techniques, activation methods, and methods of delivery have not been optimized, which warrants further research. Novel delivery methods, such as hydrogel‐based preparations, may enable the topical application of exosomes.

Conclusion

Exosomes derived from platelet‐rich plasma have demonstrated therapeutic potential. More research is needed to standardize its use.
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia Management Guideline appraisal using the AGREE II instrument and report of variations in unit guidelines in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Mc Hugh David Thomas , Pszczola Rosalynn , Said Joanne M
Published: December 2024

Aim

To assess the quality and rigour of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia guidelines used in the major Australian and New Zealand neonatal care centres. To compare and highlight any major differences in management guidelines between centres.

Methods

All level III NICUs in Australia and New Zealand were invited to participate. The AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines, Research & Evaluation) was used to critically appraise the guideline for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Recommendations regarding definition, treatment, method of testing and admission criteria were compared from the guidelines provided.

Results

Neonatal Hypoglycaemia guidelines were received from 19 of the 29 invited hospitals; two guidelines were excluded as the hospitals providing these guidelines did not provide care for inborn neonates. None of the 17 guidelines received a standardised score of 50% or higher on all six domains of the AGREE II tool. The mean scores of each of the AGREE II domains were as follows: Scope and Purpose 76%; Stakeholder Involvement 41%; Rigour of Development 20%; Clarity of Presentation 66%; Applicability 30% and Editorial Independence 0.1%. The glycaemic threshold defining hypoglycaemia varied between 2.0 and 2.6 mmol/L in the guidelines. True blood glucose using either a glucose oxidase method or blood gas analyser was recommended as the first line test in 35% of the guidelines. Fifteen of the 17 guidelines recommended buccal gel as first‐line treatment of hypoglycaemia.

Conclusions

Neonatal Hypoglycaemia guidelines are of varying methodological quality. There are inconsistences in the management of hypoglycaemia across neonatal units in Australia and New Zealand.
Utilization of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (BAP) and Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) as Biomarkers of Eggshell Quality and Bone Metabolism in Broiler Breeders and Progeny
Authors: Magnuson A. D. , Boonsinchai N. , Caldas J. , England J. , Coon C.
Published: December 2024

Eggshell breakage and broiler bone disorders are major problems for the breeder and broiler industries which are linked to mineral metabolism and animal genetics. The purpose of this work was to discover the link between individual animal phenotypic differences in mineral metabolism against concentrations of novel plasma biomarkers including tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP). A subset of hens were selected from a flock of Cobb 500 breeders with the best or worst eggshell quality based upon dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and specific gravity (SG). Breeders were defined as having good eggshell quality (SG ≥ 1.080), or poor eggshell quality (SG < 1.080). Progeny hatched from breeders with good or poor eggshell quality were reared to 2 week of age and blood and bone samples were obtained after euthanasia. In both breeders and progeny, plasma concentrations of BAP and TRAP were measured, and bone mineral density was evaluated by DEXA. Results showed that breeders selected for eggshell quality had significantly different plasma concentrations of BAP (Good = 326.5 pg/mL, Poor = 253.2 pg/mL), and TRAP activity (Good = 2203 U, Poor = 4985 U). Breeders selected for eggshell quality produced progeny with different bone breaking strength (Good = 1.61 kg/mm, Poor = 1.47 kg/mm), tibia ash (Good = 45.9%, Poor = 42.2%), plasma BAP (Good = 372.3 pg/mL, Poor = 312.4 pg/mL), and lower plasma TRAP activity (Good = 18010 U, Poor = 23590 U). These data suggest that there is a strong correlation between the eggshell quality of breeders, performance and bone strength of progeny, and plasma of concentrations of BAP and TRAP in both breeder hens and progeny.
Reporting and interpreting statistical results in veterinary medicine: Calling for change
Authors: Weng Hsin‐Yi , Messam Locksley L. McV.
Published: December 2024

Understanding and correctly interpreting statistical results presented in scientific articles is a required skill for practicing evidence‐based veterinary medicine. A prerequisite for doing so is the adequate reporting of the results in scientific journals. However, most authors of veterinary publications determine the importance of their findings based on statistical significance (ie, P < .05), indicating that neither the limitations of using P values for inference nor the existence of more appropriate alternatives are widely appreciated in veterinary medicine. This deficiency in knowledge indicates a need to increase awareness in veterinary medicine regarding reporting statistical measures that quantify the magnitude of an effect along with its level of uncertainty, and then interpreting these results for clinical decision making. We utilize a hypothetical randomized controlled trial of dietary management in cats with chronic kidney disease to discuss some common misconceptions about P values and provide practical suggestions for alternatives. Reporting appropriate effect estimates along with their confidence intervals will allow veterinarians to easily and correctly determine whether the magnitude of the effect of interest meets clinical needs while acknowledging uncertainty in the results. We also describe confidence interval functions and show their utility as visual tools in aiding interpretation of confidence intervals. By providing practical guidance, we show that a change in reporting and interpreting statistical results is feasible and necessary. We hope this crucial step will promote clinical decision making based on effect estimates and confidence intervals.
Recommendations to strengthen hybrid mental health policy in primary care services in Chile
Authors: Muñoz Fabiola Cortez‐Monroy , Flores Claudia Cerfogli , Durán Mauricio Soto , Castillo Pilar Monsalve , Alfaro Patricia Basualto , Saavedra Rodrigo Quiroz , Cortés Irina Betti , Garzón Mónica Molina , Álvarez Marcela Aracena
Published: December 2024

This article presents the main results of a qualitative study proposing guidelines for a hybrid public policy on mental health at the primary care level that faces the challenge of improving access under conditions of quality. The empirical evidence was constructed from semistructured interviews with users, decision makers, and professionals from Chile's central, regional, and local healthcare levels and a review of specialized literature. The study shows that strengthening a hybrid telehealth policy at the primary care level is an outstanding strategy to contribute to reduce accessibility, acceptability, and availability barriers. Yet, to be effective, it is necessary to take on some guidelines in terms of remote care management in Primary Healthcare centers, training of professionals, and skill building of civil servants in the use of technology, regulatory framework, infrastructure and technology; financing; inclusion of the user's perspective; and clinical guidelines and technical standards for hybrid care. The leadership of the Ministry of Health is fundamental to promote relevant regulation and the coordination and active participation of different stakeholders.
SsPtc3 Modulating SsSmk1‐MAPK and Autophagy to Facilitate Growth and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Jiao Wenli , Ma Dongmeng , Zuo Qi , Li Yalan , Hu Jun , Jia Dongmei , Zhang Yanhua , Liu Jinliang , Zhang Xianghui , Pan Hongyu
Published: December 2024

The compound appressoria of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can produce cell wall‐degrading enzymes, effectors and toxins, which promote penetration and the death of host cells. Subsequently, invasive hyphae (IH) branch rapidly as necrotrophic growth and disease symptoms are observed. S. sclerotiorum can respond to complex stresses and regulate its metabolism to adapt to the external environment. Here we demonstrated that type 2C Ser/Thr phosphatase (PP2C) SsPtc3 responds to nutritional, osmotic, cell wall and oxidative stresses. Loss of function ΔSsptc3 mutants displayed defects in mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and reduced virulence. Phosphoproteomic analyses revealed that SsPtc3 is involved in autophagy and MAPK signalling pathways. We obtained evidence that SsPtc3 negatively modulates the phosphorylation of SsSmk1. SsSmk1 is essential for mycelial growth, compound appressorium formation and pathogenicity, SsPtc3 modulated phosphorylation homeostasis of SsSmk1 to maintain hyphal growth. SsPtc3 interacted with SsAtg1 to influence autophagic flux under starvation. Taken together, these results reveal that SsPtc3 responds to various stresses that modulate autophagy and phosphorylation of SsSmk1‐MAPK, which facilitates the growth and virulence of S. sclerotiorum.
Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Perioperative Pain Management After Routine Pediatric Tonsillectomy
Authors: Pershad Alisha R. , Moscoso‐Morales Rashel , Di Bono Giuliana , Kavuri Aryana , Shahine Alexa , Rana Md Sohel , Behzadpour Hengameh K. , Preciado Diego A. , Vazquez‐Colon Caroll N.
Published: December 2024

Background

Hispanic/Latino (H/L) patients are often excluded from studies addressing pain management. Limited data suggests disparities in administration of perioperative opioid analgesia. We hypothesize that H/L patients are less likely to have their pain assessed and managed appropriately with opioids following routine pediatric tonsillectomy.

Aims

Our primary outcome was to compare the proportion of H/L patients who receive perioperative opioids to their non‐H/L counterparts. Secondarily, we studied the proportion of H/L patients who had their pain score assessed.

Methods

A retrospective medical record review of patients receiving routine tonsillectomy from October 2017 to March 2022 was performed. Descriptive statistics, univariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted with levels of significance at 0.05 and calculation of adjusted odds ratios (aORs).

Results

Of 6553 patients included, 582 (9%) of those self‐identified as H/L. The median age of the cohort was 5.6 years (IQR 3.4–9.1) and 53.3% identified as male. H/L patients were more likely to have a higher BMI (p < 0.001), have an income level of < $100 000/year (p < 0.001), and utilize public insurance (p < 0.001) than non‐H/L patients. On multivariate analysis, non‐H/L patients were less likely to receive opioids (aOR 0.78 [0.66, 0.93], p = 0.006). They were also more likely to have their pain assessed (aOR 2.38 [1.75, 3.21], p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Disparities in perioperative pain management following routine pediatric tonsillectomy exist. In contrast with current literature and our prior hypothesis, children of non‐H/L ethnicity were less likely to receive opioids and more likely to have their pain assessed. Given H/L patients received fewer pain assessments, they are at risk for inferior pain management. Further understanding of factors driving differences in pain management may improve perioperative patient experience, quality of care, and aid in the creation of more standardized protocols.
Assessing Single‐Trait and Multitrait Genomic Prediction Model Abilities Including Significant GWAS Markers for Fusarium Head Blight Disease Resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Nannuru Vinay Kumar Reddy , Dieseth Jon Arne , McCartney Curt A. , Henriquez Maria Antonia , Buerstmayr Hermann , Michel Sebastian , Morales Laura , Meuwissen Theodorus H. E. , Crossa Jose , Lillemo Morten
Published: December 2024

Disease resistance traits are complex and quantitative in nature. Breeders regularly evaluate multiple important traits across diverse environments to employ them in genomics‐assisted breeding. In this study, we evaluated the prospects of genomic prediction models by incorporating genome‐wide association study (GWAS) results into single‐trait and multitrait genomic prediction scenarios, using two distinct panels: the NMBU panel and the GRAMINOR panel. A standard genomic prediction model (Base) and the Base model with the addition of significant GWAS markers as fixed covariates (Base + GWAS) were tested on both panels. The predictive ability of models was measured in terms of prediction ability by using Pearson's correlation method. An improvement of 0.05% to as high as a two‐fold improvement was observed in both the panels for single‐trait and multitrait scenarios. In general, multitrait models outperformed single‐trait models regardless of whether the GWAS markers were included. This study further concludes that multitrait‐based genomic predictions are superior to single trait–based ones when the associated traits are used and are well correlated.
Genome Resources for Identifying SNPs Associated With Eight Horticultural Traits in Commercial Korean Elite Radish (Raphanus sativus) Lines
Authors: Park Han Yong , Jung Myunghee , Lim Yu‐Jin , Subramaniyam Sathiyamoorthy , Cho Sunghyun , Park Byeong Jun , Shin Younhee
Published: December 2024

Radish (Raphanus sativus), which belongs to the family Brassicaceae, has relatively limited genomic resources, especially for elite lines used in commercial breeding and other agricultural applications. Thus, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive catalogue of genome sequences for 100 elite radish lines used in the Korean industry for commercial breeding purposes. These lines were sequenced and mapped to the elite Bakdal genome. A total of 33,919 high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and were found to be associated with eight distinct phenotypic traits. Five diverse machine learning (ML) models revealed that a subset of 198 SNPs had high predictive potential for the eight horticultural traits. Furthermore, the 100 elite lines were grouped into four clusters based on the eight traits, and their predictive potential was evaluated using the ML models trained using both individual and pooled SNPs. The accuracy ranged from 0.83 to 0.96 for the individually trained models and from 0.84 to 0.95 for the pooled models. This study provides a substantial basis for the advancement of digital/precision radish breeding.
Effect of histone modifications on fruit ripening
Authors: An Caiting , Liu Zesheng , Pan Xuejuan , Li Ailing , Wei Wenying , Yang Tingyue , Liao Weibiao , Wang Chunlei
Published: December 2024

Histone modifications are canonical epigenetic modifications mediating plant growth and development. Specially, histone modifications play important regulatory roles in plant fruit ripening, directly affecting fruit color changes, soluble sugar accumulation, and fruit softening. In this review, we focus on the effects of histone acetylation and methylation during fruit ripening. In particular, histone acetylation at H3 and H4 accelerates fruit ripening, whereas removal of histone acetylation via histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibits or delays ripening by regulating the expression of carotenoid and anthocyanin production, glycometabolism, cell wall degradation, ethylene synthesis and signalling, and cell expansin‐related genes. In addition, histone methylation is also involved in fruit ripening, in which the emergence of H3K27me3 modifications represses fruit ripening and H3K4me3 modifications promote fruit ripening by affecting multiple ripening‐related pathways. However, the relationship between other histone modifications and fruit ripening is currently unclear. Here, we point out that accurate and comprehensive studies concerning the regulatory mechanism of histone modifications in fruit ripening are needed to facilitate the design of high‐quality and high‐yield fruit.
Ageism combating strategies in oral healthcare: A systematic review
Authors: Mendes Mariana Sarmet Smiderle , Ferreira Camila Lopes , Neves Jardini Maria Aparecida , Childs Christopher Andrew , Marchini Leonardo
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of strategies aimed at combating ageism against older adults among dental students.

Methods

A systematic review was performed following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify articles from seven electronic databases: MEDLINE via the PubMed interface, Embase, Age‐Line, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane.

Results

Among twenty‐four references reporting on ageism among oral health care providers and/or students, only two reported on the outcomes of strategies for combating ageism at dental schools, with a 12‐year gap between them. Both studies showed that non‐geriatric‐specific clinical activities during dental school might reduce ageism among students. Notably, each article used a different tool to assess ageism.

Conclusion

Although the dental literature calls for action to reduce ageism in many published articles, there is a need for more studies evaluating the outcomes of strategies to combat ageism in oral healthcare.
Mpox as an emerging health threat for survivors of sex trafficking
Authors: Ekerin Olabode , Shomuyiwa Deborah Oluwaseun , Ogunkola Isaac Olushola , Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo , Manirambona Emery
Published: December 2024

The resurgence of mpox, declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization in 2024, highlights gaps in global preparedness, particularly for marginalised populations. While much of the focus has been on men who have sex with men, survivors of sex trafficking remain overlooked, despite being highly vulnerable to mpox transmission. These individuals face significant health disparities, including limited access to healthcare, exposure to violence and forced sexual encounters in unsafe conditions, which amplify their risk of infection. The clandestine nature of trafficking further complicates public health interventions like contact tracing and vaccination efforts, leaving survivors at heightened risk of infection and limited access to critical health resources. Addressing these inequities requires targeted interventions, such as confidential testing, outreach, culturally sensitive healthcare and integrating mpox awareness into existing survivor support programmes. Additionally, public health systems must ensure equitable vaccine distribution, enhance surveillance and collaborate with anti‐trafficking organisations to improve prevention and care. A holistic approach that includes mental health support is crucial to address the unique challenges faced by trafficking survivors, ensuring they receive the protection and care needed during this global outbreak.
A clinical and hematologic approach to basophilia in dogs, cats, and horses
Authors: Mau Alex , Keller S. M. , Kol Amir
Published: December 2024

Background

Basophils are the rarest blood leukocyte in most healthy domestic mammals and the clinical significance of basophilia is poorly understood.

Objectives

To empirically determine magnitude thresholds for basophilia, identify its hematologic correlates, and identify associations between breeds, specific diseases, disease categories, organ systems, and basophilia in dogs, cats, and horses.

Methods

CBCs and clinical information from dogs, cats, and horses were collected from the University of California‐Davis School of Veterinary Medicine between 2000 and 2020. Relationships between basophil concentration and other CBC parameters were evaluated by computing Pearson's correlation (r). Magnitude thresholds for basophilia (ie, mild, moderate, severe) were determined by evaluating the distribution of basophil counts for each species. For severe cases of basophilia, the clinical diagnoses were categorized by the organ system affected and the underlying pathomechanism. Basophilia groups were compared to a time‐matched, randomly selected control group, and chi‐square analyses were performed to evaluate associations with disease.

Results

A total of 143 841 (dog), 32 576 (cat), and 44 887 (horse) CBCs were collected. For all three species, basophilia was over‐represented in some breeds. Basophilia was associated with respiratory disease in both dogs and cats. In dogs, lymphoma and mast cell neoplasia were associated with basophilia. In horses, an increased incidence of basophilia was not associated with any disease category or organ system.

Conclusions

This is the largest study evaluating the hematologic correlations and disease associations with basophilia in dogs, cats, and horses. While basophilia was reported alongside many diseases, certain associations may aid clinicians in narrowing down underlying causes.
WallGIS: A Database and GIS for Hadrian's Wall (Data paper)
Authors:   Newcastle University, Murphy Kathryn , Collins Rob ,   Newcastle University
Published: December 2024

The WallGIS archive primarily consists of a geodatabase which holds descriptive information, spatial data, and many attribute options capturing the characteristics of Hadrian's Wall and its features. Each individual feature (turret, milecastle, fort, and linear mile of curtain, ditch, and Vallum) that makes up the monumental complex has a record in the WallGIS.
Experimental Study of Pre-Chamber Combustion on 4-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Singh Saurabh , V. Avaneesh Athreya , Chaturvedi Shivansh , Boggavarapu Prasad , M. Himabindu , Ravikrishna R. V.
Published: December 2024

The Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) have been the most important power source for both the on-road and off-road applications of the transport sector. The ICE technology is very robust and mature compared to other power sources. However, the stringent control over the emissions from the ICE has created a need to modify the existing engine design and operation strategy to meet the emission regulations. The emissions such as CO and NOx can be reduced significantly by operating the engine at lean or ultra-lean conditions. Ultra-lean operation also helps in increasing thermal efficiency and reducing green-house gas emissions. However, the ignition of fuel-lean charge has been a bottleneck. In this study, experimental investigation of the effects of the Pre-chamber ignition has been conducted at a fundamental level on a CVCC and CNG-fueled 200-cc, 4-valve, single-cylinder 4-stroke SI engine. The experiments on the CVCC have shown a higher pressure rise rate and heat release rate with the Pre-chamber ignition than with the conventional ignition system. A similar trend has been observed with the performance of the engine in terms of the acquired in-cylinder pressure, brake torque, brake thermal efficiency, and emission data. The lean limit has been extended, and the engine operation at fuel-lean conditions is more stable with Pre-chamber ignition compared to conventional ignition. The peak heat release rate has been observed to increase, because of which, the peak cylinder pressure has a higher magnitude and is shifted towards the TDC helping to improve the thermal efficiency.
A Minimum Area Piston for Compression Ignition Engines
Authors: Leach Felix , Davy Martin , Ayyapureddi Sridhar , Pierson Steven , San Primitivo Rodriguez Juan , Sammut Gilbert
Published: December 2024

Conventional compression ignition (diesel) engine combustion system, employ pistons with omega shaped bowls (or a very similar shape) combined with a swirl-based bulk air motion to ensure good fuel-air mixing. However, such bowls have a relatively large surface area:volume ratio, leading to significant heat loss, and are complex to design and manufacture. Recent advances in fuel injection technology, allowing higher injection pressures and multiple injection events and digital rate shaping, along with variable intake valve technology mean that achieving sufficient fuel-air mixing may now not require an omega shaped bowl. This work, then, introduces a new piston design for compression ignition engines that minimises the surface area:volume ratio, enabling less heat loss through the piston, higher durability, and a lighter and easier to produce piston.

This novel piston design is evaluated against a conventional (omega) bowl piston (maintaining compression ratio and other parameters) at a variety of part and full load conditions in a single cylinder research engine. Emissions, fuel consumption, and combustion parameters are measured and presented alongside an energy balance. The results show that, depending on the load conditions, a 1.5–4% decrease in fuel consumption is noted alongside, at some load conditions, an increase in exhaust temperature (providing extra enthalpy for a turbocharger). The energy balance showed less energy lost to the oil with more energy in the exhaust.
Knock Prediction for Ammonia/Hydrogen SI Engine
Authors: Benzinger Steffen , Grill Michael , Casal Kulzer Andre , Kurien Caneon , Hurault Florian , Foucher Fabrice , Bréquigny Pierre , Mounaïm-Rousselle Christine
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen addition in ammonia is one attractive solution to manage all operating conditions of future ammonia engine. But even if ammonia is strongly resistive to auto-ignition, the presence of hydrogen can as a function of the thermodynamic conditions related to the compression ration induce the knock occurrence. So far, only one recent study is focused on this phenomenon based only on simulations without any experimental data. Even if the kinetics of ammonia oxidation is more and more understood, for example about 40 kinetic mechanisms are now available, there is still a lack of experimental data at pressure and temperature conditions representative to engine operating conditions. The objective of this study is to provide first knocking measurement for ammonia/hydrogen blend (90%/10% in vol.) and to improve a OD model of knock, developed previously for conventional gasoline. This has been made after selecting one of the kinetic schemes that best predicts ignition delay at relevant conditions for engines and obtained in a Rapid Compression machine. For the validation of the auto-ignition model, the onset of knocking in single working cycles is determined and compared with the modelled auto-ignition onset. To validate the knock criterion, the crank angle where 50% of the fuel is burnt is compared between predicted and measured values in the case of engine speed of 1000 rpm and as a function of different intake temperatures and pressures conditions. This validated prediction of the knock boundary of an operating point is extremely important for the development of future ICE concepts with ammonia/hydrogen blends.
An Experimental Investigation on Combustion and Emissions of a Hydrogen Enriched Ammonia-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at a Medium Load Condition
Authors: Guo Hongsheng , Liko Brian , Stevenson David , Austin Kevin
Published: December 2024

As a carbon-free hydrogen carrier, ammonia is easy to store, handle and distribute compared to hydrogen itself. Switching from diesel to green ammonia in heavy-duty compression ignition engines dominating the power generation of freight transportation industry has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, due to the low flame speed and presence of fuel-bound nitrogen, ammonia combustion may result in certain unburned ammonia slip and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which offsets its zero-carbon advantage in applications. In this paper, an investigation on the influence of hydrogen blending on ammonia slip and emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO), N2O and GHG in a heavy-duty ammonia-diesel dual fuel engine is experimentally conducted at a medium engine load, various hydrogen blending ratios, and different gaseous fuel energy fractions. The results reveal that hydrogen blending does help significantly reduce ammonia slip. However, hydrogen blending does not help reduce N2O emissions at relatively lower gaseous fuel energy fractions that result in lower equivalence ratio for hydrogen/ammonia mixture, but does help reduce N2O emissions at relatively larger gaseous fuel energy fractions. As a result, hydrogen blending does not help reduce GHG emissions at relatively lower gaseous fuel energy fractions, but does help at higher gaseous fuel energy fractions. Blending of a small amount of hydrogen significantly improves engine efficiency, but the effect of further increasing hydrogen blending ratio on engine efficiency is insignificant. A side effect of hydrogen blending is that it increases NO emissions, since it not only increases combustion temperature but also promotes the NO formation via fuel route during ammonia combustion.