bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro-CT Density Analysis of the Medial Wall of the Human Medial Cuneiform
Authors: Pelt Christopher E. , Turner Chad M. , Bachus Kent N. , Foreman K. Bo , Beals Timothy C.
Published: May 2011

The human medial cuneiform is incompletely characterized with regard to anatomical morphology, including mineral density and bone quality. Clinically, we have observed failures of fixation by pull-through of devices through relatively soft medial bone. Defining patterns of relative density may provide valuable information regarding implant placement as higher cortical density bone may offer better resistance to such failures. We sought to identify an area of greatest density along the medial wall of the medial cuneiform.

Ten fresh-frozen human cadaveric medial cuneiforms underwent micro-computed tomography imaging. Images were analyzed to obtain densities in 4 quadrants along the medial wall of the medial cuneiform. Seven of 10 specimens revealed a maximum density in the plantar distal quadrant of the medial wall of the medial cuneiform. Chi-square goodness-of-fit testing indicated that the density of this quadrant was significantly different from 3 other quadrants (
P
<.009). Using the Principle of Standard Residuals, the density of the plantar distal quadrant was significantly different than the other 3.

We conclude that the plantar distal quadrant of the medial cuneiform contains bone of maximal density when compared to 3 other quadrants. Surgeons who place implants in this region should be aware that this area might offer better resistance to fixation failure.
Variations in the Quality of Care Delivered to Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement at 3 Affiliated Hospitals
Authors: SooHoo Nelson F. , Tang Edward Y. , Krenek Lucie , Eagan Michael , McGlynn Elizabeth
Published: May 2011

While excellent clinical results have been seen with total knee replacement (TKR), extensive documentation exists in variations in outcomes due to factors such as hospital and surgeon volume. The hypothesis of this study was that statistically significant variation exists in the processes of care delivered to patients undergoing TKR at 3 affiliated hospitals.

Retrospective chart review was used to compare the quality of care delivered to a sample of patients from an academic medical center, public county hospital, and private community hospital. Two hundred twenty-four patients undergoing primary TKR were included. Quality of care was measured by determining adherence to a set of 31 evidence-based quality indicators created using the RAND/UCLA modified Delphi expert panel methodology. The overall rate of adherence to the quality indicators was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%–55%) for the 224 patients. There was a statistically significant difference between sites, with patients treated at the high-volume academic center demonstrating a 58% rate of adherence (95% CI, 56%–61%) compared with 50% (95% CI, 48–51%;
P
=.008) at the lower-volume public hospital and 52% (95% CI, 51%–54%;
P
=.03) at the lower-volume private hospital.

Further study is warranted to determine the extent of variation in the delivery of care and its relationship to variation in outcomes of care for patients undergoing TKR.
Analysis of Medial Flexion Gap After Medial Release for Varus Deformity by Navigation-Guided TKA
Authors: Moon Young Wan , Kim Jae Gyoon , Woo Kyung Jae , Lim Seung Jae , Seo Jai Gon
Published: May 2011

The goal of this study was to analyze medial flexion gaps after medial release for varus deformity by navigation-guided total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In each patient, a preoperative standing anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the lower extremity and an AP valgus stress radiograph of the knee were used to measure preoperative mechanical axis angle and valgus stress angle, respectively. The correlation between preoperative varus deformities and medial flexion gap increases as measured by navigation was examined. Patients were assigned to 2 groups: group A (25 knees), in which the difference between the lateral flexion gap (LFG) and the medial flexion gap (MFG) (LFG-MFG) was ≤1 mm; and group B (73 knees), with an LFG-MFG of >1 mm.

Mean preoperative mechanical axis angles in groups A and B were 13.21°±5.01° varus (range, 3.7°–23.6°) and 10.05°±3.70° varus (range, 1.9°–23.7°), respectively. Mean preoperative valgus stress angles in groups A and B were 1.72°±0.89° valgus (range, 0.1°–4.0°) and 4.84°±2.61° valgus (range, 0.1°–11.7°), respectively. A significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of mechanical axis angle (
P
=.002) and valgus stress angle (
P
<.001). Furthermore, valgus stress angle was found to be more strongly correlated with medial flexion gap increase than mechanical axis angle. The cutoff values of mechanical axis angle and valgus stress angle in group A were 13.4° and 2.45°, respectively.

This study shows that preoperative valgus stress angle measurements can be used to predict the extent of medial release for varus deformity.
Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head After Osteosynthesis of Femoral Neck Fracture
Authors: Min Byung-Woo , Kim Sung-Jin
Published: May 2011

The reported incidence of avascular necrosis after femoral neck fracture fixation varies widely, and there is no consensus regarding its risk factors. We evaluated the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head with the use of contemporary techniques for femoral neck fracture fixation. We then sought to determine what potential risk factors influenced the development of avascular necrosis.

Between 1990 and 2005, one hundred sixty-three intracapsular femoral neck fractures in 163 patients were treated with internal fixation at our level-I trauma center. All patients were monitored until conversion to total hip arthroplasty or for a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Ten patients (10 hips) died and 7 patients (7 hips) were lost to follow-up. The remaining 146 patients (146 hips) had a mean 5.2 years of follow-up (range, 3 months to 17 years). The incidence of avascular necrosis was 25.3% (37 hips). The average time to diagnosis of avascular necrosis was 18.8 months (range, 3–47 months). Patient sex, age, interval from injury to surgery, and mechanism of injury were statistically not associated with the development of avascular necrosis. The quality of fracture reduction, adequacy of fixation, degree of displacement, and comminution of the posterior cortex were significantly associated. After we controlled for patient and radiographic characteristics, multivariate analyses indicated that the important predictors for avascular necrosis are poor reduction (odds ratio=13.889) and initial displacement of the fracture (odds ratio=4.693).
The New Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation-Asia: Early Results
Authors: Lv Chaoliang , Fang Yue , Liu Lei , Wang Guanglin , Yang Tianfu , Zhang Hui , Song Yueming
Published: May 2011

The proximal femoral nail antirotation system was introduced by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesfragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) in 2003 and is suitable for treating unstable trochanteric fractures. However, proximal femoral nail antirotation was designed according to the geometric proportions of the White population, and it is known that important differences exist between Asians and Americans with regard to femoral geometry. Reports of serious postoperative complications also exist when used for the elderly Asian population. Therefore, geometrical mismatch between proximal femoral nail antirotation and the femora of Asians has led the AO/ASIF to design a new proximal femoral nail antirotation for Asia with adapted sizes and geometry. This article reports early clinical results of using proximal femoral nail antirotation for Asians in 84 consecutive patients to stabilize unstable trochanteric fractures (AO classification, 31.A2 and A3). Patients were followed up for an average 8 months (range, 4–11 months). Intraoperative and postoperative complications, surgical details, and outcome measurements were evaluated. Fractures were treated by closed reduction and intramedullary fixation. The proximal femoral nail antirotation Asia position was ideal in 80 cases (95%). No patients showed complication related to the mismatch between the nail and femora. The mean time to bone healing was 14 weeks. Functionally, 90% of the patients regained pretrauma mobility. According to the Harris hip scoring system, 63 patients (78%) had an excellent or good outcome. The new proximal femoral nail antirotation Asia yields better results in the treatment of unstable trochanteric fractures in elderly patients by closely matching Asian femoral anatomy and thereby reducing complications related to the implants.
Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Skeletally Immature Knee Using Anterior Tibialis Allograft
Authors: Cho Yool , Jang Soo-Jin , Son Jung-Hwan
Published: May 2011

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the skeletally immature individual is being recognized with increasing frequency. Nonoperative treatment of ACL injuries in skeletally immature patients have not been favorable. Surgical treatment options for complete ACL tears include primary ligament repair, extraarticular tenodesis, transphyseal reconstruction, partial transphyseal reconstruction, and physeal-sparing reconstruction. The advantage of transphyseal reconstruction is placement of the graft tissue in an isometric position, which provides better results, according to the literature. The potential disadvantage is angular or limb-length discrepancy caused by physeal violation. Controversy exists in allograft selection about whether bone or soft tissue passes into physes. The use of standard tunnels provides reliable results, but carries the risk of iatrogenic growth disturbance from physeal injury.

This article presents 4 cases of transphyseal ACL reconstruction using anterior tibialis allograft in skeletally immature patients that had satisfactory functional outcomes with no growth disturbances. This is the first report of transphyseal ACL reconstruction using anterior tibialis allograft in skeletally immature patients in the English-speaking literature. All patients underwent transphyseal ACL reconstruction using anterior tibialis tendon allograft. None of the patients had angular deformities. No early physeal arrest was measured between the preoperative and postoperative radiographs. At last follow-up, the results of the Lachman test were normal for 3 patients and nearly normal for 1 patient. All patients demonstrated full range of knee motion (comparing the reconstructed knee to the contralateral knee). The results of the pivot-shift test were normal for 3 patients and nearly normal for 1 patient. No patients reported giving way.
Fracture Dislocation of Carpometacarpal Joints: A Missed Injury
Authors: Gaheer Rajinder Singh , Ferdinand Rupert D.
Published: May 2011

Fracture dislocation of the carpometacarpal joints on the ulnar side of the hand is an uncommon injury. These are high-energy injuries seen in motorcyclists and boxers. The mechanism of injury involves violent, forceful dorsiflexion of the wrist combined with longitudinal impact on the closed hand. This article reports a case of fracture of the base of the middle finger with dislocation of the ring and little finger carpometacarpal joints. On first examination, a diagnosis of isolated, minimally-displaced, middle-metacarpal base fracture was made and deemed suitable for nonoperative management. The hand was splinted in a plaster-of-Paris slab. Later, a true lateral radiograph showed the exact nature of the injury. The fracture was successfully treated with closed reduction under general anesthesia and transfixation using Kirschner wires. Functional results were excellent with return to work at 10 weeks and excellent grip strength at 14 weeks. This injury may be missed in an acute setting in a busy accident and emergency unit. Swelling around the wrist with shortening of the knuckle should alert the clinician towards the possibility of such an injury. On routine anteroposterior view, overlap of joint surfaces, loss of parallelism, and asymmetry at the carpometacarpal joints should raise suspicion of the possibility of a subtle carpometacarpal injury. This article highlights the importance of a high index of suspicion, a true lateral radiograph, and careful evaluation of radiographs in diagnosing these injuries. Intensive postoperative physiotherapy is vital to achieving a satisfactory outcome.
Evaluation of the Calori et al Nonunion Scoring System in a Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Abumunaser Lutf A. , Al-Sayyad Mohammed J.
Published: May 2011

Nonunion is one of the most challenging orthopedic complications. Although current definitions are accepted, they fail to provide a satisfactory definition of nonunion. Different classifications for nonunion have been described, but these systems did not take all required factors and requirements of nonunion treatment into account for fracture healing. Calori et al recently developed a new comprehensive nonunion scoring system, which takes into account the whole fracture personality that influences non-union. The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity of the Calori et al system in the treatment of nonunions. We retrospectively reviewed our database for lower extremity nonunion from 2002 to 2009. The demographic and clinical data, laboratory, and radiological investigations were collected from medical records and phone interviews. Forty cases were identified: 32 men and 8 women. Mean patient age was 39.75 years (range, 6–102 years). Seventeen were femoral and 23 were tibial. Our patients were divided into 3 groups according to the database treatment: group 1 standard treatment (3 patients), group 2 specialized care and treatment (33 patients), group 3 amputations (4 patients). If we apply the recommended management by Calori et al to our patients, they will be divided into groups similar to the database treatments. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between our actual treatment and those recommended by the Calori system where the
P
value was <.01. We concluded that the Calori et al scoring system could be valid as a guideline for lower extremity nonunion treatment.
Caring for Our Own: The Role of Institutionalized Support Structures in Native American Nursing Student Success
Authors: Cech Erin A. , Metz Anneke M. , Babcock Tracy , Smith Jessi L.
Published: May 2011

In this project, the authors asked 19 Native American baccalaureate nursing students to discuss their experiences with a formal institutionalized student support program called “Caring for Our Own: A Reservation/University Partnership Program.” The authors investigated the importance of different types of support structures within this program, as viewed by Native American nursing students. They distinguished between four institutionalized support structures: tangible, informational, emotional, and belonging. The authors found that students consider tangible support (such as stipends) to be comparatively less important than other types of support, particularly emotional and belonging support. Responses also revealed the importance of a fifth type of institutionalized support—motivational. The authors further discuss how these institutionalized support structures might lead to successful outcomes for Native American nursing students.
Teaching Theoretical Thinking for a Sense of Salience
Authors: Hanna Debra R.
Published: May 2011

Using a thought-provoking photograph, blank paper, and a series of questions, graduate students were asked to engage in an interactive classroom exercise that helps them understand the process and usefulness of theoretical thinking. This one-time exercise helps students envision ways they will be able to use theoretical thinking when they enter their advanced practice roles. The exercise is followed by a short, debriefing lecture on the four levels of theory as originally described by Dickoff, James, and Weidenbach. Students engage in a four-stage, systematic process of theoretical thinking that can be used as a model for clinical reasoning and problem solving, especially for ambiguous situations.
The Role of Analogy-Guided Learning Experiences in Enhancing Students’ Clinical Decision-Making Skills
Authors: Edelen Bonnie Gilbert , Bell Alexandra Alice
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this study was to address the need for effective educational interventions to promote students’ clinical decision making (CDM) within clinical practice environments. Researchers used a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent groups, posttest-only design to assess differences in CDM ability between intervention group students who participated in analogy-guided learning activities and control group students who participated in traditional activities. For the intervention, analogy-guided learning activities were incorporated into weekly group discussions, reflective journal writing, and questioning with clinical faculty. The researcher-designed Assessment of Clinical Decision Making Rubric was used to assess indicators of CDM ability in all students’ reflective journal entries. Results indicated that the intervention group demonstrated significantly higher levels of CDM ability in their journals compared with the control group (

ES
sm

= 0.52). Recommendations provide nurse educators with strategies to maximize students’ development of CDM ability, better preparing students for the demands they face when they enter the profession.
Multiple Attempts on a Nursing Admissions Examination: Effects on the Total Score
Authors: Wolkowitz Amanda A.
Published: May 2011

Colleges and universities throughout the United States use a wide variety of admissions criteria, including admissions examinations, when deciding who to admit into their program. This research used a nationally administered nursing school entrance examination, the TEAS
®
, to investigate the effects of multiple attempts, test version, and the number of days between repeated attempts on an examinee’s total score. Overall, the results indicated that scores earned on repeated attempts at the TEAS were significantly greater than those on the previous attempts regardless of whether the same or parallel version of the examination was completed. In addition, the study found that the number of days between attempts did not greatly influence the score earned on the repeated attempt.
Drug Therapies for Tardive Dyskinesia: Part 1
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: May 2011

Blocking dopamine (DA) receptors in the basal ganglia can cause parkinsonian symptoms, acute dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia (TD), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. TD is characterized by abnormal, involuntary, irregular motor movements involving muscles of the head, limbs, or trunk. Many drug therapies have been tried for TD, but none are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The second-generation antipsychotic drugs should be considered as a treatment of first choice for clinically significant TD, because they will also be potentially effective as a primary treatment for the underlying disorder. Dopamine-depleting drugs are effective for TD, but their practical use is severely limited because of tolerability and safety concerns. Various DA-modulating drugs have been tried; clinical evidence of efficacy suggests that amantadine (Symmetrel
®
) and naloxone (Narcan
®
) are worthwhile to try. Although efficacy evidence for buspirone (Buspar
®
) in TD is limited, this drug is safe and well tolerated and would be reasonable to try. Bromocriptine (Parlodel
®
), selegiline (Deprenyl
®
), and cholinergic-modulating drugs are not considered effective for TD.
Contamination of Contact Lens Storage Cases of Asymptomatic Refractive Surgery Candidates
Authors: Kratz Assaf , Levy Jaime , Argov Shmuel , Levinger Samuel , Knyazer Boris , Lifshitz Tova
Published: May 2011

Purpose:

To examine the rates of contamination of contact lens storage cases of refractive surgery candidates and compare the growth yields of the traditional method of culturing and a broth-based method.

Methods:

Thirty contact lens storage cases of 16 asymptomatic refractive surgery candidates were studied. Samples from the lens storage case fluid were inoculated into Bactec Peds Plus F broth (Becton Dickinson) and also directly onto blood agar, chocolate agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar (“traditional method”). Another sample was processed for amoebal contamination. The rate of contamination of cases and the types of pathogens were evaluated for the broth-based and traditional culturing methods. Correlation between right and left storage cases of the same patient was defined as contamination of the two compartments with the same pathogen or pathogens. To avoid statistical bias, only one compartment was included in the study for these patients.

Results:

Four storage cases were omitted due to growth correlation between right and left storage cases. Of the remaining 26 storage cases, 16 (61.5%) were found to be contaminated using the broth-based method and 10 (38.5%) using the traditional method (
P
=.011). High contamination rates were observed regardless of the type of disinfecting solution or type of contact lens used.

Conclusions:

The broth-based method had significantly greater culture yield than the traditional method. The high rates of contamination of contact lens storage cases of refractive surgery patients may put this cohort at greater risk than non-contact lens wearing candidates for developing postoperative infections.
Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes Obtained With a New Diffractive Multifocal Toric Intraocular Lens Implanted Through Two Types of Corneal Incision
Authors: Mojzis Peter , Piñero David P. , Studeny Pavel , Tomás Javier , Korda Vladimir , Plaza Ana B. , Alió Jorge L.
Published: May 2011

PURPOSE:

To analyze and compare the clinical outcomes obtained after cataract surgery with the implantation of a new multifocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) using two different types of corneal incision.

METHODS:

Retrospective study including 64 eyes of 35 patients who underwent surgery with implantation of the AT LISA 909M multifocal toric IOL (Carl Zeiss Meditec) in 2 different ophthalmologic centers using different criteria for corneal incision size: sub-1.8 mm (micro-incision surgery [MICS] group) and 2.2 mm (mini-incision group). Visual, refractive, and corneal topographic outcomes were evaluated during 6-month follow-up. Additionally, refractive astigmatic changes were analyzed using the Alpins vectorial method.

RESULTS:

Significant reductions of refractive sphere and cylinder were observed postoperatively (
P
<.03), with associated visual improvements for near and distance (
P
<.01) in both groups. Mean postoperative magnitudes of difference vector, torque, and magnitude of error in the overall sample were 0.52±0.36 diopters (D), 0.36±0.36 D, and 0.08±0.38 D, respectively. A mean overcorrection of 4% in refractive astigmatism was found. Mean angle of error was 0.37±5.50° and −4.51±13.16° for the MICS and mini-incision groups, respectively (
P
=.09). Significant positive correlations were found between the magnitudes of torque and difference vector (r=0.78,
P
<.01) as well as between the magnitude of torque and absolute angle of error (r=0.76,
P
<.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Implantation of the AT LISA toric IOL using corneal incisions <2.2 mm provides excellent predictability for astigmatic correction.
Performance of the Sulcoflex Piggyback Intraocular Lens in Pseudophakic Patients
Authors: Khan Mohammad I. , Muhtaseb Mohammed
Published: May 2011

PURPOSE:

To present our experience with a pseudophakic piggyback intraocular lens (IOL) (Sulcoflex; Rayner Intraocular Lenses Ltd) in five eyes of four patients. One patient desired increased spectacle independence after bilateral LASIK and refractive lens exchange with an accommodating IOL. The remaining three patients with residual refractive error desired increased spectacle independence following cataract surgery with a monofocal IOL.

METHODS:

Four eyes received a multifocal Sulcoflex IOL and one eye received a toric Sulcoflex IOL.

RESULTS:

All patients achieved uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 0.1 logMAR (Snellen 20/25) or better and those who received the multifocal Sulcoflex achieved uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) of N6 (Jaeger 4) or better.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Sulcoflex IOL may be a safe and effective method for enhancing the refractive outcome in pseudophakic eyes, providing good UDVA and UNVA when using the multifocal platform.
Occupational Gaps in Everyday Life after Stroke and the Relation to Functioning and Perceived Life Satisfaction
Authors: Fallahpour Mandana , Tham Kerstin , Joghataei Mohammad Taghi , Eriksson Gunilla , Jonsson Hans
Published: May 2011

The objective of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Persian version of the Occupational Gaps Questionnaire (OGQ-P) and LiSat-11 checklist, and to describe occupational gaps after stroke and their relation to aspects of functioning and perceived life satisfaction. A total of 102 individuals who had experienced a stroke were assessed for their occupational gaps, aspects of functioning, and life satisfaction. Psychometric analyses of the Persian versions of the OGQ and LiSat-11 were completed and the measures were applied for using univariate and multivariate analyses. The results provided evidence of internal scale validity, person response validity, and sensitivity for the instruments. The participants perceived the most common occupational gaps in “helping and supporting others.” Furthermore, perceived physical function including activities of daily living ability, motor function, and perceived life satisfaction were the most influential variables for the prediction of occupational gaps. It is essential to address the occupations such as “helping and supporting others” that are important from an individual perspective but overlooked in rehabilitation. A combination of physical function, motor function, and life satisfaction can predict occupational gaps after stroke.
Failure to Identify Behavioral Symptoms of People with Dementia and the Need for Follow-Up Physical Assessment
Authors: Kovach Christine R. , Logan Brent R. , Joosse Laura L. , Noonan Patricia E.
Published: May 2011

This descriptively designed study examined the sensitivity and specificity of staff nurses’ identification of behavior change in nursing home residents with dementia. Behavior changes and whether further physical assessment was indicated were described and compared with judgments made by one expert advanced practice nurse. The convenience sample included 155 residents and 38 staff nurses from 11 nursing homes. Verbal symptoms and body part cues were the most prevalent behaviors, regardless of the assessor. Sensitivity, or probability of identifying a real behavior change, was generally low for the staff nurses, ranging from 35% to 65% for the different types of behaviors, while specificity was high at more than 95%. Additional assessment was believed to be needed for 51% of residents by the staff nurse and for 73% of residents by the expert. This study found that staff nurses are under-identifying behavior changes and the need for additional physical assessment.
Novel Therapies of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Kaur Harneet , Prabhakar Sharma
Published: May 2011

Diabetic nephropathy is currently the most common cause of end stage renal disease not only in the Western hemisphere but also in the developing nations. While the available therapeutic options remain not very effective, there is a strong ongoing effort to understand the pathogenesis better and develop more useful biomarkers. As the pathogenic mediators and signaling pathways get better defined, the scope of novel pharmaceutical agents to address such mediating factors as therapeutic targets is advancing. This review provides, in addition to a brief synopsis of currently used strategies, a comprehensive review of potential therapies that have been evolving in the past decade with a specific focus on the promising agents.
On Segre Forms of Positive Vector Bundles
Authors: Guler Dincer
Published: May 2011

The goal of this note is to prove that the signed Segre forms of Griffiths’ positive vector bundles are positive.
The effect of trimethylamine on atmospheric nucleation involving H2SO4
Authors: Erupe M. E. , Viggiano A. A. , Lee S.-H.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Field observations and quantum chemical calculations have shown that organic amine compounds may be important for new particle formation involving H2SO4. Here, we report laboratory observations that investigate the effect of trimethylamine (TMA) on H2SO4-H2O nucleation made under aerosol precursor concentrations typically found in the lower troposphere ([H2SO4] of 106−107 cm−3; [TMA] of 180–1350 pptv). The threshold [H2SO4] needed to produce the unity J was from 106−107 cm−3 and the slopes of Log J vs. Log [H2SO4] and Log J vs. Log [TMA] were 4–6 and 1, respectively, strikingly similar to the case of ammonia (NH3 ternary nucleation (Benson et al., 2011). At lower RH, however, enhancement in J due to TMA was up to an order of magnitude greater than that due to NH3. These findings imply that both amines and NH3 are important nucleation species, but under dry atmospheric conditions, amines may have stronger effects on H2SO4 nucleation than NH3. Aerosol models should therefore take into account inorganic and organic base compounds together to fully understand the widespread new particle formation events in the lower troposphere.
Atmospheric correction of thermal-infrared imagery of the 3-D urban environment acquired in oblique viewing geometry
Authors: Meier F. , Scherer D. , Richters J. , Christen A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This research quantifies and discusses atmospheric effects, which alter the radiance observed by a ground-based thermal-infrared (TIR) camera. The TIR camera is mounted on a boom at a height of 125 m above ground on top of a high-rise building in the city of Berlin, Germany (52.4556° N, 13.3200° E) and observes the Earth's surface. The study shows that atmospheric correction of TIR imagery of the three-dimensional (3-D) urban environment acquired in oblique viewing geometry has to account for spatial variability of line-of-sight (LOS) geometry. We present an atmospheric correction procedure that uses these spatially distributed LOS geometry parameters, the radiative transfer model MODTRANTM5.2 and atmospheric profile data derived from meteorological measurements in the field of view (FOV) of the TIR camera. The magnitude of atmospheric effects varies during the analysed 24-hourly period (6 August 2009) and is particularly noticeable for surfaces showing a strong surface-to-air temperature difference. The differences between uncorrected and corrected TIR imagery reach up to 6.7 K at 12:00. The use of non-spatially distributed LOS parameters leads to errors of up to 3.7 K at 12:00 and up to 0.5 K at 24:00.
Technical Note: Demonstrating a 24/7 solution for monitoring water quality loads in rivers
Authors: Jordan P. , Cassidy R.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Quantifying nutrient and sediment loads in catchments is difficult owing to diffuse controls related to storm hydrology. Coarse sampling and interpolation methods are prone to very high uncertainties due to under-representation of high discharge, short duration events. Additionally, important low-flow processes such as diurnal signals linked to point source impacts are missed. Here we demonstrate a solution based on a time-integrated approach to sampling with a standard 24 bottle autosampler configured to take a sample every 7 h over a week. This is evaluated with a number of other sampling strategies using a two-year dataset of sub-hourly discharge and phosphorus concentration data. The 24/7 solution is shown to be the least uncertain in estimating load (inter-quartile range is 96 % to 110 % of actual load in year 1 and 97 % to 104 % in year 2) due to the increased frequency raising the probability of sampling storm events and point source signals. The 24/7 solution would appear to be most parsimonious in terms of technology requirements, the ability to be widely deployed and to represent important nutrient transfer processes in complex catchments.
Changes in Objective Vault and Effect on Vision Outcomes after Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation: 1-Year Follow-up
Authors: Du Gai-Ping , Huang Yi-Fei , Wang Li-Qiang , Wang Da-Jiang , Guo Hui-Ling , Yu Ji-Feng , Gong Yu-Bo , Song Jing , Huang Hou-Bing
Published: May 2011

Purpose

To investigate the changes in vault and the effect on visual outcomes 1 year after implantable Collamer lens (ICL) implantation.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 127 eyes of 66 patients undergoing ICL implantation were examined both before and up to 1 year after the surgery. The examination contents included white-to-white (WTW) diameter, central vault of the ICL (distance between posterior surface of ICL and anterior surface of crystalline lens), refractive error, and wavefront high-order aberration (HOA). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 software.

Results

A significant decrease in vault was noted up to 1 month, after which the value stabilized (p=0.001). The moderate vault decreased significantly after the first 3 months postsurgery (paired-samples t test, p<0.05). Low vault showed a tendency to increase and high vault showed a tendency to decrease, but not significantly, over time. There was no statistically significant correlation between the amount of vault and the refractive error (Pearson correlation coefficient R=0.111, p=0.473) and there was a statistically significant correlation between the vault and HOAs (R=0.304, p=0.024).

Conclusions

Implantable Collamer lens vault over the crystalline lens had the tendency toward a slight decrease with time and did not significantly affect the vision outcome 1 year after surgery.
Brief index of lupus damage: A patient‐reported measure of damage in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Yazdany Jinoos , Trupin Laura , Gansky Stuart A. , Dall'Era Maria , Yelin Edward H. , Criswell Lindsey A. , Katz Patricia P.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To develop and test the Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD), an interviewer‐administered measure of damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), for use in epidemiologic studies in which administration of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) by trained physicians is not possible or feasible. In addition, we compared the BILD to another recently developed patient‐reported measure, the Lupus Damage Index Questionnaire (LDIQ), which was designed as a written survey.

Methods

A sample of 81 patients from 2 university‐affiliated SLE clinics was used to test the criterion validity of the BILD and the LDIQ. A second sample, the Lupus Outcomes Study (n = 728), was used to ascertain the construct validity of the BILD.

Results

We found good agreement between most BILD items and corresponding SDI items, and moderately high overall Spearman's rank correlations for SDI with BILD (0.64) and with LDIQ (0.54). BILD scores were higher among older individuals, those with longer disease duration, and those with higher mean disease activity in the preceding 4 years. In addition, higher BILD scores were associated with poorer self‐rated health and functional status, greater unemployment and work disability, and increased health care utilization.

Conclusion

We developed and performed a preliminary validation study demonstrating content, criterion, and construct validity of a new practical patient‐reported instrument of SLE disease damage. Although further studies are needed to examine reliability and to document psychometric properties in other populations, the BILD appears to represent a promising tool for studies of SLE outside the clinical setting.
Induced pluripotent stem cell models from X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients
Authors: Jang Jiho , Kang Hoon‐Chul , Kim Han‐Soo , Kim Ji Young , Huh Yong Jun , Kim Dae‐Sung , Yoo Jeong‐Eun , Lee Jeong‐Ah , Lim Boyoung , Lee Jiwon , Yoon Tae‐Min , Park In‐Hyun , Hwang Dong‐Youn , Daley George Q. , Kim Dong‐Wook
Published: May 2011

Objective:

Because of a lack of an appropriate animal model system and the inaccessibility of human oligodendrocytes in vivo, X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD)‐induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) would provide a unique cellular model for studying etiopathophysiology and development of therapeutics for X‐ALD.

Methods:

We generated and characterized iPSCs of the 2 major types of X‐ALD, childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD) and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and differentiated them into oligodendrocytes and neurons. We evaluated disease‐relevant phenotypes by pharmacological and genetic approaches.

Results:

We established iPSCs from the patients with CCALD and AMN. Both CCALD and AMN iPSCs normally differentiated into oligodendrocytes, the cell type primarily affected in the X‐ALD brain, indicating no developmental defect due to the ABCD1 mutations. Although low in X‐ALD iPSCs, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) level was significantly increased after oligodendrocyte differentiation. VLCFA accumulation was much higher in CCALD oligodendrocytes than AMN oligodendrocytes but was not significantly different between CCALD and AMN neurons, indicating that the severe clinical manifestations in CCALD might be associated with abnormal VLCFA accumulation in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the abnormal accumulation of VLCFA in the X‐ALD oligodendrocytes can be reduced by the upregulated ABCD2 gene expression after treatment with lovastatin or 4‐phenylbutyrate.

Interpretation:

X‐ALD iPSC model recapitulates the key events of disease development (ie, VLCFA accumulation in oligodendrocytes), provides new clues for better understanding of the disease, and allows for early and accurate diagnosis of the disease subtypes. X‐ALD oligodendrocytes can be a useful cell model system to develop new therapeutics for treating X‐ALD. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Stem cell technology for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Lunn J. Simon , Sakowski Stacey A. , Hur Junguk , Feldman Eva L.
Published: May 2011

Over the past 20 years, stem cell technologies have become an increasingly attractive option to investigate and treat neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we discuss the process of extending basic stem cell research into translational therapies for patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. We begin with a discussion of the burden of these diseases on society, emphasizing the need for increased attention toward advancing stem cell therapies. We then explain the various types of stem cells utilized in neurodegenerative disease research, and outline important issues to consider in the transition of stem cell therapy from bench to bedside. Finally, we detail the current progress regarding the applications of stem cell therapies to specific neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinal muscular atrophy. With a greater understanding of the capacity of stem cell technologies, there is growing public hope that stem cell therapies will continue to progress into realistic and efficacious treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol 2011;70: 353–361.
Nanocellulosen: eine neue Familie naturbasierter Materialien
Authors: Klemm Dieter , Kramer Friederike , Moritz Sebastian , Lindström Tom , Ankerfors Mikael , Gray Derek , Dorris Annie
Published: May 2011

Cellulosefibrillen und ‐kristalle mit einem Durchmesser im Nanometerbereich sind naturbasierte Materialien mit einzigartigen und potenziell wertvollen Eigenschaften. Vor allem eröffnen diese neuartigen Nanocellulosen dem natürlichen Polymer Cellulose die stark expandierenden Einsatzgebiete nachhaltige Materialien, Nanokomposite sowie Produkte für die Medizin und die Lebenswissenschaften. Die Nanodimensionen der Strukturelemente führen zu großen Oberflächen und damit zu starken Wechselwirkungen dieser Cellulosen mit umgebenden Stoffen wie Wasser, anorganischen, organischen und polymeren Verbindungen, Nanopartikeln und lebenden Zellen. Diese Übersicht bietet das aktuelle Wissen über die Isolierung mikrofibrillierter Cellulose aus Holz und ihre Anwendung in Nanokompositen, die Herstellung nanokristalliner Cellulose und ihren Einsatz als Verstärkungsmaterial sowie die biotechnologische Erzeugung bakterieller Nanocellulose einschließlich ihrer Eignung als Biomaterial für medizinische Implantate.
pH‐induced morphological changes of carboxymethyl chitosan self assembled monolayer films
Authors: Liu Wentao , Meng Xiaohui , Zhang Shouwei , He Suqin , Mao Luyuan , Zhu Chengshen
Published: May 2011

Self assembled monolayer (SAM) films of carboxymethyl chitosan (CM‐CHI) were prepared by immersing mica in CM‐CHI aqueous solution at pH = 1.7. The obtained films were further rinsed in baths of water at different pH. The pH induced morphological change of carboximethyl chitosan SAM films was investigated by atomic force microscope using tapping mode. The results showed that the morphology of the films was remarkably affected by the pH of rinse bath. Three obvious morphological changes were discussed and explained by the competition between electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bond. We draw attention to the “Crater” structures in the films and find that the formation and evolution of “Crater” structures have a close relationship with the pH of rinse bath. The formation mechanism of the other two special structures was also discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Degradation kinetics of vulcanized ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer residues
Authors: Pistor Vinícius , Fiorio Rudinei , Ornaghi Felipe G. , Luiz Ornaghi Heitor , Zattera Ademir José
Published: May 2011

In this study, ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer residues (EPDM‐r) from the automotive industry were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for determination of the activation energy (Ea) of decomposition by the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO) method. The degradation mechanism was determined by the method of Criado et al. Analysis of the nonvulcanized EPDM gum (EPDM‐g) and paraffinic oil used in the composition of the compound was also carried out. The Ea values for the decomposition of the EPDM‐g and paraffinic oil remained constant with the conversion, but for the EPDM‐r decomposition, they changed due to the initial oil elimination followed by decomposition of the EPDM fraction. It was observed that removal of the paraffinic oil occurred less easily in the tridimensional vulcanized network, and there were differences in the elimination mechanism. The EPDM degradation mechanism was also affected by vulcanization and the fillers present in the compound. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermal properties, adhesive strength, and optical transparency of cyclolinear poly(aryloxycyclotriphosphazenes)
Authors: Al‐Shukri Salah Mahdi , Mahmood Ayad Tariq , Al‐Hanbali Othman A.
Published: May 2011

Four cyclolinear poly(aryloxycyclotriphosphazenes) derived from poly[4,4′‐(isopropoylidene)diphenoxytetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene] and poly[4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenoxytetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene] were synthesized from the reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP) with 4,4′‐(isopropylidene)diphenol (bisphenol A) or 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (bisphenol AF) in molar ratio 1 : 1 via a one‐step condensation polymerization. Subsequent reaction of the resulted chlorine‐bound polymers with adequate amount of the sodium salts of 4‐methoxycarbonylphenoxide or 4‐propoxycarbonylphenoxide yielded the corresponding chlorine‐free polymers, [poly(tetra‐4‐methoxycarbonylphenoxy)‐4,4′‐(isopropoylidene)diphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene] (MBACP), [poly(tetra‐4‐propoxycarbonylphenoxy)‐4,4′‐(isopropoylidene)diphenoxycyclotriphosphazene] (PBACP), [poly(tetra‐4‐methoxycarbonylphenoxy)‐4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenoxycyclotriphosphazene] (MBAFCP), [poly(tetra‐4‐propoxycarbonylphenoxy)‐4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenoxycyclotriphosphazene] (PBAFCP), respectively. The chemical structures were characterized by Fourier transformer infrared, 1H, and 13C‐NMR. Thermal properties of polymers were investigated using DSC and TGA analysis. The obtained polymers were thermoplastic, having moderate Tg values in the range of 26–78°C and good thermal stability up to 350°C in N2 and O2 gases. The thermal decomposition of the isopropylidene‐containing polymers is a one‐step process, while that of hexafluoroisopropylidene‐containing polymers is a two‐step process. However, presence of the latter group in the polymers backbone showed negligible effects on the thermo‐oxidative stability. The adhesive strength was measured by lap‐shear strength test on glass–glass bonded joint and found to be in the range of 1.78–2.62 MPa, this property may be attributed to the physical interactions between glass–glass interfaces and the polar‐pendant units present at the polymers backbone. The products showed high optical transparency when they applied between two glass surfaces, the adhesive layers were colorless, with the UV cut‐off wavelength of 300–302 nm, and the maximum transparency of about 90% was observed within the wavelengths range of 400–700 nm. Because of their properties, the cyclolinear poly(aryloxycyclotriphosphazenes) synthesized in this study are recommended as potential candidates for high thermally stable, transparent adhesives required in industrial applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Preparation and properties of poly(propylene carbonate) and nanosized ZnO composite films for packaging applications
Authors: Seo Jongchul , Jeon Gwonyoung , Jang EUi Sung , Bahadar Khan Sher , Han Haksoo
Published: May 2011

A series of polypropylene carbonate (PPC)/ZnO nanocomposite films with different ZnO contents were prepared via a solution blending method. The morphological structures, thermal properties, oxygen permeability, water sorption, and antibacterial properties of the films were investigated as a function of ZnO concentration. While all of the composite films with less than 5 wt % ZnO exhibited good dispersion of ZnO in the PPC matrix, FTIR and SEM results revealed that solution blending did not lead to a strong interaction between PPC and unmodified ZnO. As such, poor dispersion was induced in the composite films with a high ZnO content. By incorporating inorganic ZnO filler nanoparticles, the diffusion coefficient, water uptake in equilibrium, and oxygen permeability decreased as the content of ZnO increased. The PPC/ZnO nanocomposite films also displayed a good inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria in the antimicrobial analysis. The enhancement in the physical properties achieved by incorporating ZnO is advantageous in packaging applications, where antimicrobial and environmental‐friendly properties, as well as good water and oxygen barrier characteristics are required. Furthermore, UV light below ∼ 350 nm can be efficiently absorbed by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles into a PPC matrix. ZnO nanoparticles can also improve the weatherability of a PPC film. In future research, the compatibility and dispersion of the PPC matrix polymer and the inorganic ZnO filler nanoparticles should be increased. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.