bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided Measurement System Using Image Processing for Measuring Cobb Angle in Scoliosis
Authors: Moftian Nazila , Samad Soltani Taha , Salahzadeh Zahra , Hossein Pourfeizi Hojjat , Gheibi Yousef , Fazlollahi Amir , Rezaei-Hachesu Peyman
Published: December 2021

Background: One of the spine deformities is scoliosis, and Cobb angle is generally used to assess it. Objectives: In this study, a computer-aided measurement system (CAMS) was presented as a new repeatable and reproducible approach to assess the Cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis patients. Methods: Python libraries, including OpenCV and Numpy were used for image processing and design of the software. To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the CAMS, a series of 98 anterior-posterior radiographs from patients with idiopathic scoliosis were used. Assessments were done by five independent observers. Each radiograph was assessed by each observer three times with a minimum break of two weeks among assessment. The single measure intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the mean absolute difference (MAD), and the standard error measurement (SEM) values were used for intra- and inter-observer reliability. Results: The inter-observer analysis indicated that the ICCs ranged from 0.94 - 0.99, and the MAD between manual and CAMS were less than 3°. For intra-observer measurements, the combined SEM between all observers for the manual and CAMS was 1.79° and 1.27°, respectively. An ICC value of 0.97 with 95% confidence interval (CI) was excellent in CAMS for inter-observer reliability. The MAD of CAMS was 2.18 ± 2.01 degrees. Conclusions: The CAMS is an effective and reliable approach for assessing scoliotic curvature in the standing radiographs of thoraco-lumbar. Moreover, CAMS can accelerate clinical visits, and its calculation results are reliable.
Causes and Risk Factors of Hemodialysis Catheter Infection in Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Nasiri Ebrahim , Rafiei Mohammad Hossein , Mortazavi Yusef , Tayebi Pouya , Ghasemzadeh Bariki Mehdi
Published: December 2021

Objectives: Infectious central venous catheter (CVC) complications, including mortality and care and hospitalization costs, are still a major clinical concern. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hemodialysis catheter infection and its risk factors among hemodialysis patients. Methods: The present research was a descriptive, prospective cross-sectional study on hemodialysis patients in Babol hospitals during 2020 - 21. The participants' demographic information and some relevant data on clinical variables (namely underlying diseases, cause of dialysis, and cause of catheter removal) and catheter-related variables (namely catheter location, frequency of catheter placement, and apparent signs of catheter site) were collected and recorded directly and systematically during surgery post-surgery. Results: One hundred and twenty-two patients with temporary double-lumen acute hemodialysis catheters for dialysis, including 56 women (45.9%), were included in this study, the mean age of whom was 58.9 ± 16.4 years. Twenty-two patients (18%) developed a catheter-induced systemic infection. There was no significant relationship between the catheter site and its removal inducing infection (P > 0.05). The frequencies of microorganisms causing catheter infection included gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermis (59%) and Staphylococcus aureus (31.8%). Moreover, there was no significant correlation between demographic variables and clinical history with systemic infection induced by catheterization. Conclusions: The rate of catheter-induced infection is relatively high among patients since sterile instructions were observed during catheterization; therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to the care and dressing of the catheter site.
Legitimacy between Acceptance and Acceptability
Authors: Cozzaglio Ilaria ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: December 2021

Political realists argue that the concept of political legitimacy should be linked to subjects’ beliefs, while still offering normative guidance. In this article, I suggest doing so by referring to the concepts of acceptance and acceptability. I argue that a regime is legitimate if its power is accepted by subjects, provided that such acceptance meets the requirements of acceptability: subjects’ beliefs about the regime’s legitimacy need to successfully satisfy three requirements—coherence, fact-sensitivity, and politics-sensitivity—via entering public debate. I rely on pragmatism to investigate the link between subjects’ beliefs and their experience of facing political authority.
Analysis of the transport component in the educational services market
Authors: Egorova Tatiana
Published: December 2021

This article provides the results of comprehensive study of the financial and economic activity of federal and state universities located in various districts of the Russian Federation, including northern regions. The importance of the management policy of higher education determines the role of state institutions in management of resource flows. Testing of approaches towards the effective use the mechanisms for financing educational systems is interrelated with the peculiarities and trends of the Russian state educational policy in the sphere of higher education. The author establishes differentiation of the transport component in price forming policy of the educational services market, which is reflected in a significant gap in this segment among universities located in remote regions and regions with severe living conditions, functionality of the economy and infrastructure. The mechanism is offered for implementation corrective coefficients to the standards of financing of universities located far from the federal center. Such mechanism is intended to balance the regional differentiation of financing of institutions in accordance with the relevant factors of cost increase, creating equal competitive advantages in the educational services market for the universities located in northern regions with the universities located in central part of the country. The research is aimed at improvement of the methodology of normative budgeting of universities, formulation of recommendations for optimizing the methodology of financing the universities located in remote and northern regions of the Russian Federation, considering the regional differentiation and rise in the cost of services.
Emotives in the speech of linguistic personality of the politician in the US and Russian media discourse: comparative analysis
Authors: Gavrish Alesya Dmitrievna , Zheltukhina Marina Rostislavovna
Published: December 2021

The relevance of this research is substantiated by the growing importance of the emotional aspect of modern media communication discourse, as well as the by the fact that linguistic personality of the politician in the realities of current electoral systems of the United States and the Russian Federation can be an instrument of emotional impact upon the audience, first and foremost with the use of emotive lexicon. The goal of this article lies in description of the results of comparative study of emotives in the US and Russian media discourse, determined in the speech of linguistic personality of the politician. The research material leans on media speeches of the candidates for the presidency of the United States and the Russian Federation, covering the period from May 2016 to April 2018. Methodological framework is comprised of the linguoecological and emotionological approaches, namely the linguistic theory of emotions of V. I. Shakhovsky, who outlines the three semantic statuses of emotivity of the lexicon. It is established that linguistic personality of the politician in the US and Russian media discourse is actively and diversely represented via emotive lexicon. However, the degree of intensity of emotional manifestations of linguistic personality of the Russian politician is greater than the verbal manifestations of the US politician. The determined emotives and their frequency in the speech of linguistic personality of the politician in the US and Russian media discourse are a new achievement for the discursive linguistics, pragmalinguistics, and emotionology. This research contributes to the development of psycholinguistics, political linguistics, and media linguistics, as well as further study of emotives in the political media discourse of different linguistic cultures from the comparative perspective.
The Effects of an Eight Week Plyometric-based Program on Motor Performance Skills and Muscular Power in 7–8-Year-Old Primary School Students
Authors: Sortwell Andrew , Newton Michael , Marinho Daniel A. , Ferraz Ricardo , Perlman Dana
Published: December 2021

Background of Study: Competence in motor performance skills is important in enabling children to be physically literate. Plyometric-based training has been suggested as an effective means to enhance motor performance skills in young athletes. However, no studies have reported the effects of a whole body plyometric-based program integrated into physical education on motor performance skills with young children. Objective: This study aims to examine the effect of a plyometric-based program on primary school students’ motor performance skills, upper and lower body muscular power, and reactive strength index. Method: The sample was composed of 61 primary school students, 29 girls and 32 boys, aged 7–8 years old, from two second-grade Physical Education (PE) classes. Both groups participated in their regular eight-week PE lessons (50-minute classes twice a week). During the study, the plyometric group performed a plyometric-based program in the 15-minute warmup of each class, while the comparison group performed regular warmup activities. Student’s motor performance skill proficiency, reactive strength index, lower and upper body muscular power were assessed before and after the eight weeks of PE lessons. The data were analysed using a two-way analysis of variance, followed by pairwise comparisons with the Bonferroni adjustment. Results: The data analysis indicated significant increases in motor performance skill proficiency, upper and lower body muscular power in the plyometric group vs comparison group (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that including a plyometric-based program in the PE warmup phase of the lessons may improve motor performance skills and muscular power in primary school students.
Isometric, Eccentric, and Concentric Strength in Trained and Untrained Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rosete Fernando , Brilla Lorrie , Suprak David N. , Hummer Erik T. , San Juan Jun G.
Published: December 2021

Background: Despite an overall decrease in muscular strength, older adults maintain eccentric (ECC) strength in greater proportions compared to isometric (ISO) and concentric (CON) strength. While resistance training is promoted for older adults, the impact of resistance training on ISO, ECC, and CON strength is relatively unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare peak ISO, ECC and CON knee extensor moments between trained and untrained older individuals. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a two-group comparison, ex post facto, was conducted. Twenty older adults (8 females, 69.6 ± 6.1 years, 80.5 ± 16.4 kg, 1.7 ± 0.1 m) were allocated to two groups, one undergoing resistance training (n =10) and one not (n = 10). An isokinetic dynamometer measured ISO, ECC, and CON knee extensor moments. Peak knee extensor moments (Nm) and ECC: ISO ratio were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). Spearman Rank-Order Correlations were run on paired combinations of peak ISO, ECC, and CON moments for both groups. Results: The trained group had significantly greater peak ISO moment (183.8 vs 137.1 Nm, p = 0.013, d = 1.3) but significantly lower ECC: ISO ratio (p = 0.028, d = 1.1). The trained group exhibited stronger correlations for ECC-ISO (rs = 0.79 vs. 0.65), ECC-CON (rs = 0.93 vs. 0.59), and CON-ISO (rs = 0.93 vs. 0.78) compared to the untrained group. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate older adults maintain eccentric and concentric strength, regardless of training status. However, trained participants had a more balanced ECC: ISO ratio, due to their increased peak ISO strength possibly due to their resistance training.
Association Between Body Composition and Vertical Jump Performance in Female Collegiate Volleyball Athletes
Authors: Legg Lindsey , Rush Megan , Rush Jordan , McCoy Stephanie , Garner John C , Donahue Paul T
Published: December 2021

Background of Study: Associations between measures of body composition and vertical jump height have previously been established using a range of instrumentation and prediction equations. Limited data has presented using gold standard measurements for both variables Objective: This investigation sought to examination the relationship between total body and lower extremity measures of body composition and vertical jump performance using gold standard measurements within an athletic population. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, correlational research design fourteen collegiate female volleyball athletes completed body composition, three countermovement jumps (CMJ) and three squat jumps (SJ) analysis using DXA and force platforms. Results: High to very high positive relationships were seen between total body lean (p < 0.001) and fat mass (p < 0.05), lower extremity lean and fat mass (p < 0.01), and CMJ force and power. High negative relationships were present between total body fat percentage(p < 0.05), total fat mass (p < 0.01) and CMJ jump height. Relationships between all body composition variables and SJ performance tended to be weaker, with the exception of total body lean mass (p < 0.05), lower extremity lean mass, and power output (p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings support much of the previous literature in that increases of mass have subsequent increases in force and power production; however caution should be taken will increases in mass coming from fat or lean tissue.
Assessing the Extent of Application of Competency Based Education and Training Approach in Classroom Instruction in Technical and Vocational Education Training Institutions in Kenya
Authors: Kipngetich Kogo Wilson , Kapkiai Moses , Sammy Chumba
Published: December 2021

Aims: The major purpose of this study was to assess the extent of application of CBET approach in classroom instruction

Study Design: The study utilized the descriptive survey research design.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was undertaken in TVET institutions in the North Rift Region, Kenyabetween March 2021 to June 2021.

Methodology: Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling was used to sample 280 respondents.The study included 280 respondents of which 152 were males and 128 females with an age range of 35 – 56 years.

Results: This study targeted Principals, 6 Industrial Liaisons Officers (ILO), 285 trainers’ and 18 Industrial Supervisors who were associated with either TVET institution or industry. Fromitheitotalisampleisize of 285, 98.2% representing 280 questionnaires for trainers were positively responded to the case request. Findings showed that application of classroom instruction has a moderate positive and significant influence on integration of CBET approach in TVET institutions (r = .476, P< 0.001).

Conclusion: The present study rejected the null hypothesis and concludes that the relationship is statistically significant. The sample data support the notion that the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable exists in the population of TVET institutions in the North Rift. Thus the hypothesis (Ho1) was rejected. This implies that application of classroom instruction influences integration of CBET approach in TVET institutions.
Optically Anisotropic Topical Hemostatic Coacervate for Naked‐Eye Identification of Blood Coagulation
Authors: Jin Subin , Kim Sumin , Kim Dae Seok , Son Donghee , Shin Mikyung
Published: December 2021

Bleeding control is critical for improving survival rates in clinical and military environments. Despite considerable efforts to develop hemostatic agents useful in open surgery, there has been little focus on effective topical hemostatic formulations capable of clearly identifying internal hemostasis and/or rehemorrhage processes without any optical labeling, particularly in minimally invasive endoscopic interventions. Herein, an optically anisotropic topical hemostatic agent for naked‐eye clarification of bleeding is reported. Hemostatic agents are formed via nonionic self‐coacervation between tannic acid, which is an adhesive polyphenol widely found in plants, and cholesteryl liquid crystals. Applying the hemostatic coacervates onto the injury site enables the visualization of the hemostasis process through immediate formation of a “polyphenol‐blood barrier,” followed by green‐colored light emission of the liquid crystal delaminated from the coacervates. Thus, such optically active hemostatic materials may help manage and prevent complications associated with internal hemorrhage in limited clinical settings.
Zincophilic Cu Sites Induce Dendrite‐Free Zn Anodes for Robust Alkaline/Neutral Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Zhou Lijun , Yang Fan , Zeng Siqi , Gao Xingyuan , Liu Xiaoqing , Cao Xianshuo , Yu Peng , Lu Xihong
Published: December 2021

Metallic zinc (Zn) for next‐generation aqueous batteries often suffers from severe dendrite growth, unfavorable hydrogen evolution, and self‐corrosion, especially in alkaline electrolyte. Herein, the authors demonstrate a facile and efficient strategy to tackle above issues by electrochemically depositing Zn onto the Cu–Zn alloy surface (CZ‐Zn). The zincophilic Cu sites throughout the Cu–Zn alloy can remarkably enhance the Zn2+ adsorption and promote homogeneous Zn nucleation on its surface, endowing it with highly reversible Zn plating/stripping chemistry. Furthermore, the intrinsically inert nature of Cu toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and high dezincification potential of the Cu‐Zn alloy can effectively alleviate the hydrogen evolution and Zn corrosion in aqueous electrolyte. Consequently, the symmetric cells with the CZ‐Zn electrodes exhibit outstanding cycling life in both alkaline and neutral electrolytes, which can operate steadily over 800 h and 1600 h at 2.5 mAh cm–2, respectively, far surpassing the pristine Zn electrodes. In addition, a high‐performance alkaline full battery with ultra‐long cyclic stability (no capacity degradation after 5000 cycles) and excellent Coulombic efficiency (CE) (100%) is achieved by pairing this CZ‐Zn anode with a Ni3S2@polyaniline cathode. This study sheds light on the design of robust and ultra‐stable Zn anodes for the state‐of‐art aqueous energy storage devices.
Vertically Aligned Polyamidoxime/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Sheets’ Membrane for Ultrafast and Selective Extraction of Uranium from Seawater
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Ruoqian , Chen Mengwei , Liu Yinjiang , Xie Zuji , Tang Shuai , Yuan Yihui , Wang Ning
Published: December 2021

With the continuous research and development of amidoxime (AO)‐based adsorbents, industrialization production of uranium from seawater gradually becomes a reality. However, the currently available AO‐based adsorbents still suffer from low adsorption rate and poor selectivity. Herein, vertically aligned polyamioxime–graphene oxide (VA‐PG) sheet membrane is fabricated by directional freeze casting. The run‐through microchannels contribute to the free diffusion of uranyl ions (UO22+), leading to the fast adsorption kinetics. Furthermore, partially reduced graphene oxide allows high photothermal conversion efficiency and rapid in‐plane heat transfer, resulting in the fast temperature rise under simulated sunlight irradiation. Because of the endothermic behavior of UO22+, light‐irradiated VA‐PG can simultaneously satisfy the requirements of high adsorption capacity (13.63 mg‐U g‐Ads−1), high adsorption rate (0.43 mg g−1 day−1), and excellent selectivity toward U(VI) over V(V) (U/V = 1.24) in natural seawater, indicating the right direction for a breakthrough in the field of uranium extraction from seawater.
Modulating Emission Properties in a Host–Guest Colloidal Quantum Well Superlattice
Authors: Yu Junhong , Sharma Manoj , Wang Yimeng , Delikanli Savas , Baruj Hamed Dehghanpour , Sharma Ashma , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Dang Cuong
Published: December 2021

Self‐assembly of colloidal nanocrystals into ordered superlattices is a powerful approach to enable novel collective properties which are not available in individual colloids. However, to date, it remains a major challenge to develop a practical route to modulate such collective properties for potential photonic applications. Herein, it is shown that the collective emission properties in colloidal quantum well (CQW) superlattices, including emission color and anisotropy, can be effectively modulated in a binary host–guest architecture. The experimental and theoretical results reveal that excitons of the host (i.e., the undoped CQWs) generated by photoexcitation can be controllably harvested by the guest (i.e., the Cu‐doped CQWs) for light emission, owing to an exciton hopping assisted exciton trapping process. Such a nano‐building block with tunable collective optical properties may enlighten novel colloidal material‐based photonic applications, including optical anti‐counterfeiting, next‐generation liquid crystal displays, and multifunctional biological markers.
Electrochromic Materials Based on Ions Insertion and Extraction
Authors: Huang Ya , Wang Baoshun , Chen Fengxiang , Han Ying , Zhang Wenshuo , Wu Xueke , Li Run , Jiang Qinyuan , Jia Xilai , Zhang Rufan
Published: December 2021

Reducing energy consumption is one of the major concerns in modern building design and construction because buildings account for ≈40% of the total energy consumption in modern society. Among various technologies for saving energy, electrochromic smart windows are considered as a highly promising one. Except for the application in saving energy, electrochromism has also attracted extensive attention in many other fields, such as, anti‐glare rearview mirrors, displays, military camouflage, flexible wearable fabric, etc. However, there are still many challenges needed to be solved, such as, the response rate and durability of electrochromic materials (ECMs). The transmission rate of ions in ECMs determines the response rate of the whole electrochromic device. Besides, the embedding depth and total amount of ions directly affect the contrast, durability, and coloration efficiency of ECMs. It is crucial to select suitable electrolyte ions to obtain high‐efficiency ECMs. Here, the challenges in ECMs based on ions insertion/extraction are presented, which are focused on advanced nanostructured ECMs’ design and electrochromic devices’ practical application. Recent advances in ECMs are presented to discuss the important questions, which are especially focused on the connection between suitable ions and advanced nanostructural ECMs. Finally, a perspective for next‐generation electrochromic devices is presented.
Plasmonic Nanoarchitectures for Single‐Molecule Explorations: An Overview
Authors: Koya Alemayehu Nana
Published: December 2021

Plasmonic nanostructures have immense potentials for extreme concentration of light into deep‐subwavelength spaces with giant local field intensity, which can be exploited for novel applications including nanoscale optical trapping, biosensing, and enhanced spectroscopy. Herein, a succinct overview of the potentials of engineered plasmonic nanoarchitectures of various geometries including nanoparticles, nanodimers, nanoapertures, nanoporous surfaces, and picometer‐scale gap systems for single‐molecule analysis is provided. In particular, the potentials of single plasmonic nanoparticles for single‐molecule sensing, coupled plasmonic nanodimers for few‐molecule strong coupling, metallic nanocavities for optical manipulation of single molecules, nanoporous metasurfaces for enhanced single‐molecule spectroscopy, and plasmonic picocavities for single‐molecule optomechanics are extensively discussed. Finally, as an outlook, exploiting such novel nanoarchitectures for developing innovative biosensing platforms that will be able to trap and detect objects at the single‐molecule level is forwarded.
Hemgn Protects Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Against Transplantation Stress Through Negatively Regulating IFN‐γ Signaling
Authors: Zhao Ke , Liu Jin‐Fang , Zhu Ya‐Xin , Dong Xiao‐Ming , Yin Rong‐Hua , Liu Xian , Gao Hui‐Ying , Xiao Feng‐Jun , Gao Rui , Wang Qi , Zhan Yi‐Qun , Yu Miao , Chen Hui , Ning Hong‐Mei , Zhang Cai‐Bo , Yang Xiao‐Ming , Li Chang‐Yan
Published: December 2021

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) possess the remarkable ability to regenerate the whole blood system in response to ablated stress demands. Delineating the mechanisms that maintain HSPCs during regenerative stresses is increasingly important. Here, it is shown that Hemgn is significantly induced by hematopoietic stresses including irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Hemgn deficiency does not disturb steady‐state hematopoiesis in young mice. Hemgn−/‐ HSPCs display defective engraftment activity during BMT with reduced homing and survival and increased apoptosis. Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals that upregulated genes in transplanted Hemgn−/− HSPCs are enriched for gene sets related to interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) signaling. Hemgn−/− HSPCs show enhanced responses to IFN‐γ treatment and increased aging over time. Blocking IFN‐γ signaling in irradiated recipients either pharmacologically or genetically rescues Hemgn−/‐ HSPCs engraftment defect. Mechanistical studies reveal that Hemgn deficiency sustain nuclear Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation via suppressing T‐cell protein tyrosine phosphatase TC45 activity. Spermidine, a selective activator of TC45, rescues exacerbated phenotype of HSPCs in IFN‐γ‐treated Hemgn−/− mice. Collectively, these results identify that Hemgn is a critical regulator for successful engraftment and reconstitution of HSPCs in mice through negatively regulating IFN‐γ signaling. Targeted Hemgn may be used to improve conditioning regimens and engraftment during HSPCs transplantation.
Ultrabroadband Tellurium Photoelectric Detector from Visible to Millimeter Wave
Authors: Ma Wanli , Gao Yanqing , Shang Liyan , Zhou Wei , Yao Niangjuan , Jiang Lin , Qiu Qinxi , Li Jingbo , Shi Yi , Hu Zhigao , Huang Zhiming
Published: December 2021

Ultrabroadband photodetection is of great significance in numerous cutting‐edge technologies including imaging, communications, and medicine. However, since photon detectors are selective in wavelength and thermal detectors are slow in response, developing high performance and ultrabroadband photodetectors is extremely difficult. Herein, one demonstrates an ultrabroadband photoelectric detector covering visible, infrared, terahertz, and millimeter wave simultaneously based on single metal–Te–metal structure. Through the two kinds of photoelectric effect synergy of photoexcited electron–hole pairs and electromagnetic induced well effect, the detector achieves the responsivities of 0.793 A W−1 at 635 nm, 9.38 A W−1 at 1550 nm, 9.83 A W−1 at 0.305 THz, 24.8 A W−1 at 0.250 THz, 87.8 A W−1 at 0.172 THz, and 986 A W−1 at 0.022 THz, respectively. It also exhibits excellent polarization detection with a dichroic ratio of 468. The excellent performance of the detector is further verified by high‐resolution imaging experiments. Finally, the high stability of the detector is tested by long‐term deposition in air and high‐temperature aging. The strategy provides a recipe to achieve ultrabroadband photodetection with high sensitivity and fast response utilizing full photoelectric effect.
High‐Performance Orange–Red Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiencies Reaching 33.5% based on Carbonyl‐Containing Delayed Fluorescence Molecules
Authors: Jiang Ruming , Wu Xing , Liu Hao , Guo Jingjing , Zou Dijia , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2021

Developing orange to red purely organic luminescent materials having external quantum efficiencies (ηexts) exceeding 30% is challenging because it generally requires strong intramolecular charge transfer, efficient reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), high photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL), and large optical outcoupling efficiency (Φout) simultaneously. Herein, by introducing benzoyl to dibenzo[a,c]phenazine acceptor, a stronger electron acceptor, dibenzo[a,c]phenazin‐11‐yl(phenyl)methanone, is created and employed for constructing orange–red delayed fluorescence molecules with various acridine‐based electron donors. The incorporation of benzoyl leads to red‐shifted photoluminescence with accelerated RISC, reduced delayed lifetimes, and increased ΦPLs, and the adoption of spiro‐structured acridine donors promotes horizontal dipole orientation and thus renders high Φouts. Consequently, the state‐of‐the‐art orange–red organic light‐emitting diodes are achieved, providing record‐high electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies of 33.5%, 95.3 cd A−1, and 93.5 lm W‒1. By referring the control molecule without benzoyl, it is demonstrated that the presence of benzoyl can exert significant positive effect over improving delayed fluorescence and enhancing EL efficiencies, which can be a feasible design for robust organic luminescent materials.
White Emissions Containing Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Different Excited States of a D–π–A Molecule Depending on the Aggregate States
Authors: Du Mingxu , Shi Yuhao , Zhou Qi , Yin Zheng , Chen Liangliang , Shu Yilin , Sun Guang‐Yan , Zhang Guanxin , Peng Qian , Zhang Deqing
Published: December 2021

Development of pure organic molecular materials with room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and their applications for white emitters have received significant attentions recently. Herein, a D–π–A molecule (DMACPPY) which can realize white emitting under ambient conditions both in the crystal state and the doped‐film state by combining RTP with two fluorescent emissions is reported. The white emission from the crystalline sample of DMACPPY consists fluorescence from S2 (the second excited singlet state) and S1 (the first excited singlet state) along with RTP from T1 (the first excited triplet state), namely, SST‐type white light. While, the white emission from the poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) film doped with DMACPPY contains fluorescences from S2 and S1, and RTP from T2 (the second excited triplet state) rather than T1 (STS type). DMACPPY cannot exhibit white spectrum within alternative crystalline state since inferior RTP intensity despite similar ternary emissions. The results demonstrate that the emissive properties for excited states of DMACPPY can be tuned by changing the aggregate state from crystalline to dispersion state in PMMA film. This new RTP emitter fulfills the talent for white emitting and achieves dual‐mode white emissions, invisibly, expands the application range for pure organic and heavy atom‐free RTP materials.
Understanding Battery Interfaces by Combined Characterization and Simulation Approaches: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Atkins Duncan , Ayerbe Elixabete , Benayad Anass , Capone Federico G. , Capria Ennio , Castelli Ivano E. , Cekic‐Laskovic Isidora , Ciria Raul , Dudy Lenart , Edström Kristina , Johnson Mark R. , Li Hongjiao , Lastra Juan Maria Garcia , De Souza Matheus Leal , Meunier Valentin , Morcrette Mathieu , Reichert Harald , Simon Patrice , Rueff Jean‐Pascal , Sottmann Jonas , Wenzel Wolfgang , Grimaud Alexis
Published: December 2021

Driven by the continuous search for improving performances, understanding the phenomena at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces has become an overriding factor for the success of sustainable and efficient battery technologies for mobile and stationary applications. Toward this goal, rapid advances have been made regarding simulations/modeling techniques and characterization approaches, including high‐throughput electrochemical measurements coupled with spectroscopies. Focusing on Li‐ion batteries, current developments are analyzed in the field as well as future challenges in order to gain a full description of interfacial processes across multiple length/timescales; from charge transfer to migration/diffusion properties and interphases formation, up to and including their stability over the entire battery lifetime. For such complex and interrelated phenomena, developing a unified workflow intimately combining the ensemble of these techniques will be critical to unlocking their full investigative potential. For this paradigm shift in battery design to become reality, it necessitates the implementation of research standards and protocols, underlining the importance of a concerted approach across the community. With this in mind, major collaborative initiatives gathering complementary strengths and skills will be fundamental if societal and environmental imperatives in this domain are to be met.
Determining the Effectiveness of Radiative Cooler‐Integrated Solar Cells
Authors: Heo Se‐Yeon , Kim Do Hyeon , Song Young Min , Lee Gil Ju
Published: December 2021

The power‐conversion efficiency of solar cells (SCs) is reduced at high temperatures. A radiative cooling process can be implemented to overcome this issue. The radiative cooler (RC) presents considerable potential in the design of an ideal broadband emitter, which emits heat through the entire atmospheric transmittance window for devices with operating temperatures that significantly exceed the ambient temperature. However, the performance of these devices varies based on the type of SCs. This study aims to determine the dependency of the radiative cooling power for various types of SCs and proposes the multi‐junction SC (MJSC), which is the SC that benefits the most from RCs. The integrated cooler is designed with a micro‐grating which can enhance the emissivity within entire atmospheric transmittance window and can also lead to the light‐trapping aspect in the solar spectrum. Outdoor field tests demonstrate both the enhanced cooling performance and the power conversion efficiency of the proposed MJSC when compared to a conventional glass‐mounted MJSC under direct sunlight of ≈900 Wm−2 including a temperature drop of ≈6 °C and minimization of the variation of the open‐circuit voltage to ≈6%. Future research is expected to develop a theoretical bridge between the field of SCs and radiative cooling.
Insights into Tuning of Mo‐Based Structures toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Nitrogen‐to‐Ammonia Conversion
Authors: Liu Guanyu , Wang Jiong
Published: December 2021

Ammonia is commonly produced via the Haber−Bosch process, which is energy intensive with emission of substantial greenhouse gases. As one alternative method, electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) can be driven by the renewable energy and realized at ambient conditions for sustainable NH3 synthesis. However, the reaction suffers from high overpotentials and low selectivity due to the potential overlap with competing proton reduction. As inspired by the natural nitrogenase enzymes, Mo sites are particularly investigated to exhibit the potential for catalyzing NRR. Herein, the recent progresses in modifying Mo‐based catalysts toward enhanced NRR performance are discussed. The modification strategies vary from tuning of metal cores, coordination spheres, and assembled structures. The modification strategies can both efficiently tune the chemisorption energy and geometry of N2, as well as hydrogenated N derivatives on the Mo sites.
Use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model observed nasal nitric oxide levels in human subjects
Authors: Shusterman Dennis J. , Spector Barak M. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Weaver Edward M. , Otto Bradley A. , Zhao Kai
Published: December 2021

Background

Upper airway nitric oxide (NO) is physiologically important in airway regulation and defense, and nasal NO (nNO) levels typically exceed those in exhaled breath (fractional exhaled NO [FeNO]). Elevated concentrations of NO sampled from the nose, in turn, reflect even higher concentrations in the paranasal sinuses, suggesting a “reservoir” role for the latter. However, the dynamics of NO flux within the sinonasal compartment are poorly understood.

Methods

Data from 10 human subjects who had previously undergone both real‐time nNO sampling and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the sinuses were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Modeled and observed nNO values during the initial 2‐s transient (“spike”) during nasal exhalation were then compared.

Results

Examining the initial 2‐s transient spike for each subject (as well as the pooled group), there was a statistically significant correlation between modeled and observed nNO levels, with r values ranging from 0.43 to 0.89 (p values ranging from <0.05 to <0.0001). Model performance varied between subjects, with weaker correlations evident in those with high background (FeNO) levels. In addition, the CFD simulation suggests that ethmoid sinuses (>60%) and diffusion process (>54%) contributed most to total nasal NO emissions.

Conclusion

Analysis of this dataset confirms that CFD is a valuable modeling tool for nNO dynamics, and highlights the importance of the ethmoid sinuses, as well as the role of diffusion as an initiating step in sinonasal NO flux. Future model iterations may apply more generally if baseline FeNO is taken into account.
Hospital transfer for patients with postpartum hemorrhage in Yokohama, Japan: a single‐center descriptive study
Authors: Shimada Kosuke , Taniguchi Hayato , Enomoto Kimiko , Umeda Sayo , Abe Takeru , Takeuchi Ichiro
Published: December 2021

Aim

To describe the transport time and timing of transfer of patients with postpartum hemorrhage to a tertiary care institution in an urban area.

Methods

We included patients with postpartum hemorrhage transferred to our hospital from a perinatal care facility. We defined transfer time as the time between the referring physician's request for transfer and the patient's arrival at our hospital. We examined transfer time and its breakdown, the shock index before and after transfer, and the prognosis.

Results

Overall, 79 patients with postpartum hemorrhage were transported to our hospital within a median (interquartile range) of 53 min (47–63 min). In 70 cases (89%), the request for transport was made before the shock index reached 1.5, and two cases had cardiac arrest during transport.

Conclusions

Most patients who were transferred to our hospital were transferred according to the criteria recommended by the guideline. However, the occurrence of cardiac arrest during transport indicates the need to shorten the time from transfer requests to emergency calls by strengthening cooperation with regional perinatal care facilities.
Thermal and dielectric properties enhancement of photocurable acrylate polymers for digital light processing 3D printed electronics
Authors: Huang Ho‐Shu , Liao Ying‐Chih
Published: December 2021

Digital light processing 3D printing has been rapidly evolving conventional manufacturing industry with the most meticulous resolution and strongest layer‐to‐layer adhesion among all additive manufacturing techniques. In this study, to improve poor polymer thermal stability and dielectric properties from prevailing methyl methacrylate‐based resin, tri‐functional trimethylolpropane tri‐acrylate (TMPTA) is introduced to form a stable polymer network. Meanwhile, monomers carrying non‐polar, bulky adamantane are added to eradicate poly‐TMPTA's notorious high cracking and warping tendency. Test results showed both high 1‐adamantyl methacrylate and 1, 3‐adamantyl di‐acrylate (ADDA) additions can print crack‐free samples. However, only ADDA addition keeps low CTE (82.86 ppm/oC, 200 ~ 260°C) and cuts down Df (0.02, 10 GHz). TMPTA polymer network modifications of both additions are explored. By contrast, poly‐MMA exhibits much higher CTE (323.44 ppm/oC) and Df (0.035). A 3D‐printed curvilinear circuit board from above resin formulation with electroplated copper circuits successfully passes lead‐free level reflow without deformation.
Mourning in quarantine
Authors: Masur Corinne , Wertheimer Samantha R.
Published: December 2021

This paper explores the effects of mourning in isolation. The authors posit that the pandemic‐induced quarantine has impacted mourning processes in a negative manner, particularly insofar as the relational aspects of mourning are concerned. Through a phenomenological study based on a survey of 56 mental health care professionals, the authors examine individual experiences of living through the pandemic while enduring loss and subsequent bereavement in socially isolative conditions. The data, accompanied by several case examples, suggests that during the pandemic loss and mourning were complicated by isolation, the lack of communal grieving rituals and the presence of an increase in mental health disorders. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that during the Covid‐19 pandemic, the absence of positive relational support will result in a greater number of cases of delayed, stalled, and prolonged mourning, as well as Persistent Complex Bereavement.
Untangling the Indonesian tangle net fishery: Describing a data‐poor fishery targeting large, threatened rays (Superorder Batoidea)
Authors: D'Alberto Brooke M. , White William T. , Chin Andrew , Dharmadi  , Simpfendorfer Colin A.
Published: December 2021

Shark‐like rays (Order Rhinopristiformes) are among the most threatened families of marine fish, yet little is known about their populations. These rays are normally taken as opportunistic catch in fisheries targeting other species and are thus poorly reported. One exception is the Indonesian tangle net fishery, which targets shark‐like rays.

Market surveys of Muara Angke landing site in Jakarta, north‐western Java were conducted between 2001 and 2005, and the landed catch from the tangle net fishery was recorded (the Muara Angke landing site includes landings from more than one fishery).

In total, 1,559 elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) were recorded, comprising 24 species of rays and nine species of sharks. The most abundant species landed were the pink whipray Pateobatis fai and the bottlenose wedgefish Rhynchobatus australiae, the latter being the main target species.

Catch composition varied based on differences in species catchability and may also be indicative of localized declines. The fishery was highly selective for larger sized individuals, while smaller size classes of many ray species, including the target species, were also caught in other Indonesian fisheries, resulting in fishing pressure across all age classes.

The decline of tangle net vessels in the fishery and the potential shift in catch composition in the Indonesian tangle net fishery increase concerns about the status of shark‐like rays and stingrays in Indonesia.
L2‐gain robust trajectory tracking control for quadrotor UAV with unknown disturbance
Authors: Bai Ao , Luo Yanhong , Zhang Huaguang , Li Zhe
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the trajectory tracking problem of the position and yaw angle of an underactuated quadrotor UAV is studied. Considering that the quadrotor UAV often encounters unknown disturbance resulted by model parameter perturbations and environmental changes, a new L2‐gain robust control method is presented based on dissipation theory. First, the dynamic model of the quadrotor UAV with disturbances is transformed by introducing three virtual control variables. In this way, the trajectory tracking control can be implemented by the dual loop control, that is, the position control loop and the attitude control loop. Then, based on dissipation inequality, the robust position controller and attitude controller are developed to guarantee the L2‐gain of the system to the unknown disturbance. It is proved that all the tracking errors are uniformly ultimate boundedness. In addition, the controller is further reconstructed by introducing a new class K functions to improve the transient and steady‐state performances of the quadrotor UAV system. In the end, two simulation examples are provided to check the validity of the control method proposed and the convergence of the quadrotor UAV trajectory tracking error.
Association between autism spectrum disorder and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Jong Yeob , Choi Min Je , Ha Sungji , Hwang Jimin , Koyanagi Ai , Dragioti Elena , Radua Joaquim , Smith Lee , Jacob Louis , Salazar de Pablo Gonzalo , Lee Seung Won , Yon Dong Keon , Thompson Trevor , Cortese Samuele , Lollo Gianluca , Liang Chih‐Sung , Chu Che‐Sheng , Fusar‐Poli Paolo , Cheon Keun‐Ah , Shin Jae Il , Solmi Marco
Published: December 2021

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are frequently diagnosed with co‐occurring medical conditions including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To investigate the association, we conducted a systematic review registered in PROSPERO (ID:CRD42021236263) with a random‐effects meta‐analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo (last search on January 25, 2021), and manually searched relevant publications. We included observational studies measuring the association between ASD and IBD. The primary outcome was the association (odds ratio, OR) between ASD and later development of IBD. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by quality, confounding adjustment, and study design. We performed meta‐regression analyses and assessed heterogeneity, publication bias, and quality of studies with the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Overall, we included six studies consisting of eight datasets, including over 11 million participants. We found that ASD was significantly associated with subsequent incident IBD (any IBD, OR = 1.66, 95% confidence interval[CI] = 1.25–2.21, p < 0.001; ulcerative colitis, OR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.41–2.6, p < 0.001; Crohn's disease, OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.15–1.88, p = 0.002). ASD and IBD were also associated regardless of temporal sequence of diagnosis (any IBD, OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.28–1.93, p < 0.001; ulcerative colitis, OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.36–2.12, p < 0.001; Crohn's disease, OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.12–1.69, p = 0.003). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the findings of the main analysis. Meta‐regression did not identify any significant moderators. Publication bias was not detected. Quality was high in four datasets and medium in four. In conclusion, our findings highlight the need to screen for IBD in individuals with ASD, and future research should identify who, among those with ASD, has the highest risk of IBD, and elucidate the shared biological mechanisms between ASD and IBD.

Lay Summary

This systematic review and meta‐analysis of eight observational datasets found that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more likely to develop any inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, or Crohn's disease. Our findings highlight the need to screen for inflammatory bowel disease in patients with ASD and elucidate the shared biological mechanisms between the two disorders.
Decreasing face touching for children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Halbur Mary , Kodak Tiffany , McKee Marisa , Reidy Jessi , Preas Elizabeth , Carroll Regina
Published: December 2021

Face touching is a prevalent behavior for individuals of all ages. However, frequent face touching has potential negative side effects such as the transmission of viruses, bacterial infections, and skin infections. The present investigation extended previous research by evaluating a reinforcement‐based intervention package on the reduction of face touching for children with autism spectrum disorder who tolerated face coverings (i.e., masks, face shields). The treatment package included an unsignaled, momentary differential reinforcement of other behavior procedure with prompts. Results indicated that rates of face touching decreased from baseline levels for all three children during 5‐min treatment sessions. Furthermore, low levels of face touching were observed during follow‐up sessions that were longer in duration (i.e., 15 min) across participants. Results support the utility of behavioral interventions on the reduction of potentially unsafe behaviors related to medical routines.