bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Χοροί γυναικών στη λατρεία του Πανός και των νυμφών
Authors: Γιούτσος Νεκτάριος-Πέτρος
Published: January 2014

Το θέμα της παρούσας έρευνας είναι οι χοροί γυναικών στη λατρεία του Πανός και των Νυμφών, όπως απεικονίζονται σε συμπλέγματα χορών, ανάγλυφα, πήλινους πίνακες και δίσκους από ιερά και σπήλαια Νυμφών και Πανός, έργα αρχαϊκών ως ελληνιστικών χρόνων, και σε μερικά ρωμαϊκά παραδείγματα που διασώζουν την εικονογραφία. Η επιστημονική κοινότητα χαρακτηρίζεται από διστακτικότητα να προχωρήσει σε περαιτέρω ερμηνείες των παραστάσεων χορού των Νυμφών και το ενδιαφέρον των μελετητών επικεντρώνεται αποκλειστικά στην τυπολογία, την εικονογραφική ανάλυση και την αναζήτηση εργαστηρίων παραγωγής. Η παρούσα έρευνα ξεκινά την έρευνα από το χώρο της αρχαιολογικής επιστήμης και στοχεύει να μελετήσει τις πιθανές κοινωνικές και ανθρωπολογικές, ή όποιες άλλες προεκτάσεις του θέματος, με σκοπό την κατανόηση της εξέλιξης του αρχαίου χορού στη λατρεία των Νυμφών και του Πανός και του σκοπού που εξυπηρετούσε. Για επιτευχθεί αυτό έγινε προσέγγιση της αισθητικής αντίληψης και της οπτικής των ανθρώπων της κάθε εποχής, ένταξη του υλικού στο εκάστοτε κοινωνικό και πολιτιστικό πλαίσιο. Ταυτόχρονα ο χορός αναγνωρίζεται ως κοινωνικό δρώμενο, ως μη λεκτικό μέσο επικοινωνίας, ως παραστατική τέχνη και ως κοινωνικό φαινόμενο που εκφράζει κάποιο σκοπό, θρησκευτικό ή μη/ και αποτελούσε το κίνητρο συμμετεχόντων.Κατά την επεξεργασία του υλικού αναγνωρίστηκαν δύο εικονογραφικές παραδόσεις στην απεικόνιση του θέματος που συνδέονται με τον τρόπο εξέλιξης και διάδοσης της λατρείας των Νυμφών και του Πανός στον αρχαίο ελληνικό χώρο. Βασικά χαρακτηριστικά του χορού είναι η κυκλικότητα, το κέντρο του χορού (είτε ο μουσικός είτε ένας βωμός), η δομή του, οι συμμετέχοντες (ο οδηγός, ο πρώτος, ο τελευταίος του χορού,), οι χειρονομίες, ο βηματισμός, η αμφίεση και η σκεύη, ο μουσικός του χορού, η σχέση του με τα υπόλοιπα μέλη και τα μουσικά όργανα, οι υπόλοιπες απεικονιζόμενες θεότητες, ο ορχηστικός τόπος και το κοινό των πιστών της λατρείας του Πανός και των Νυμφών. Στην προσπάθεια αναζήτησης της εσώτερης δομής του χορού γίνεται σύγκριση με την Ίυγγα της Βοστόνης, η οποία αναδεικνύεται κλειδί στην ερμηνεία του απεικονιζόμενου χορού, ο οποίος αναγνωρίζεται ως χορός με σκοπό την σαγήνη των θεοτήτων, της φύσης και του κοινού και εντάσσεται πιθανότητα σε έναν κύκλο δρώμενων πριν από το γάμο που μπορούσε η γυναίκα στην αρχαιότητα να συμμετάσχει προκειμένου να επιδείξει τα χαρίσματά της, την καταλληλότητά της για γάμο έχοντας αρωγούς θεότητες που εκπροσωπούσαν τις ζωογόνες δυνάμεις φύσης.
Αστική εξάπλωση
Authors: Λαγαριάς Απόστολος
Published: January 2014

Αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής, αποτελεί η εξέταση της αστικής εξάπλωσης μέσα από το πρίσμα της γεωμετρίας των fractals και των μοντέλων προσομοίωσης που βασίζονται στα κυψελοειδή αυτόματα. Η αστική εξάπλωση θεωρείται ως μία μορφή διεσπαρμένης, ασυνεχούς και με χαμηλές πυκνότητες, περιαστικής ανάπτυξης, αντίθετη με τα πρότυπα της συμπαγούς πόλης. Μέσα από την παρουσιαζόμενη μεθοδολογία διαμορφώνεται: α) ένα πλαίσιο ποσοτικοποίησης του βαθμού αστικής εξάπλωσης με αξιοποίηση των fractal διαστάσεων και συνδυασμό τους με άλλους ευρέως διαδεδομένους ποσοτικούς δείκτες β) ένα μοντέλο προσομοίωσης της εξάπλωσης των αστικών χρήσεων στην περιαστική ενδοχώρα, όπου συνδυάζεται η εξέταση της γενικότερης αστικής διάρθρωσης, με την ανάλυση παραγόντων που επιδρούν σε τοπικό επίπεδο. Με βάση τη λογική αυτή, συνδυάζεται ένα στατιστικό μοντέλο που αναφέρεται στην μακροκλίμακα της πόλης, με ένα μικροδυναμικό μοντέλο κυψελοειδών αυτόματων που εξετάζει την κατανομή της αστικής εξάπλωσης σε τοπικό επίπεδο και αντιμετωπίζει το χώρο της πόλης ως ένα αναλυτικό πεδίο πολυάριθμων μικρών χωρικών μονάδων. Στο μοντέλο ενσωματώνονται μία σειρά από χωρικά, πληθυσμιακά, κοινωνικοοικονομικά, πολεοδομικά και άλλα δεδομένα. Το μοντέλο αναφέρεται με την κωδική ονομασία ΔΥΝΑΜΑ και διαμορφώνεται σε μία πλατφόρμα προγραμματισμού για κυψελοειδή αυτόματα. Πεδίο εφαρμογής αποτελεί η περιοχή της Θεσσαλονίκης. Με χρήση Σύστηματων Γεωγραφικών Πληροφοριών (GIS), αξιοποίηση δορυφορικών εικόνων και στατιστικών στοιχείων και εφαρμογή της μεθοδολογίας που προτείνεται στα πλάισια της διατριβής, ποσοτικοποιείται ο βαθμός αστικής εξάπλωσης της περιοχής, στο διάστημα από τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του ’90 έως την περίοδο του 2010. Με βάση τα στοιχεία, η αστική εξάπλωση της Θεσσαλονίκης παρουσιάζει στοιχεία επιτάχυνσης κατά το τελευταίο διάστημα, χωρίς ωστόσο να μεταβάλλεται σημαντικά η συμπαγής και μονοκεντρική δομή της. Για την ίδια περίοδο βαθμονομείται το μοντέλο προσομοίωσης, μέσα από ένα στατιστικό μοντέλο πολλαπλής παλινδρόμησης και μία αυτοματοποιημένη διαδικασία βαθμονόμησης. Από τα αποτελέσματα και τους ελέγχους προκύπτει ότι το μοντέλο μπορεί να προσεγγίσει σε ικανοποιητικό βαθμό τα παρατηρούμενα χαρακτηριστικά των κατανομών των αστικών χρήσεων γης. Στο επόμενο και τελικό στάδιο εφαρμογής του μοντέλου, εξετάζονται και συγκρίνονται μελλοντικά σενάρια αστικής ανάπτυξης και συγκεκριμένα: α) ένα σενάριο υφιστάμενων τάσεων αστικής εξάπλωσης β) ένα σενάριο παρεμβάσεων περιορισμού της εκτός σχεδίου δόμησης γ) ένα βιώσιμο σενάριο συμπαγούς περιαστικής ανάπτυξης. Τα αποτελέσματα αξιολογούνται και εξάγονται συμπεράσματα ως προς τις μεθόδους ανάλυσης, τα χαρακτηριστικά και τις ιδιαιτερότητες της περιοχής μελέτης, αλλά και ως προς τις πολιτικές χωρικού σχεδιασμού για ανάσχεση της αστικής εξάπλωσης.
Διερεύνηση σε μοριακό επίπεδο της ενεργότητας της τελομεράσης σε β-λεμφοκύτταρα ασθενών με νεφρική ανεπάρκεια και συσχετισμός της με άλλες ανοσολογικές και βιοχημικές παραμέτρους
Authors: Κορδίνας Βασίλειος
Published: January 2014

Τα τελομερή αποτελούν ιδιαίτερες νουκλεοπρωτεϊνικές δομές στα άκρα των ευθύγραμμων χρωμοσωμάτων τα οποία μειώνονται σε μήκος μετά από κάθε κυτταρική διαίρεση. Μετά από ορισμένο αριθμό διαιρέσεων, τα τελομερή βρίσκονται πλέον σε κρίσιμα μικρό μήκος και ως αποτέλεσμα προκαλείται γενετική αστάθεια η οποία έχει ως επακόλουθο την παύση του κυτταρικού κύκλου. Στο σημείο αυτό, αν τα τελομερή δεν επιμηκυνθούν, το κύτταρο θα πεθάνει. Τα τελομερή επιμηκύνονται μόνο από την τελομεράση, ένα ένζυμο που μετά την ανάπτυξη βρίσκεται ενεργοποιημένο σε ελάχιστους τύπους κυττάρων ενός ώριμου οργανισμού, όπως για παράδειγμα είναι τα λεμφοκύτταρα.Σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας ήταν να διερευνηθεί η ενεργότητα της τελομεράσης σε λεμφοκύτταρα ασθενών με χρόνια νεφρική ανεπάρκεια, αιμοκαθαρόμενους ή μη καθώς και να βρεθεί, αν υπάρχει, κάποια συσχέτιση μεταξύ αυτής της ενζυμικής δράσης και της συγκέντρωσης στο αίμα συγκεκριμένων παραγόντων φλεγμονής δηλαδή του TNF-a, της CRP, της IL-10 και της IL-6. Ταυτόχρονα στις δύο ομάδες ασθενών (αιμοκαθαρόμενοι και νεφροπαθείς μη αιμοκαθαρόμενοι) αλλά και στους φυσιολογικούς μάρτυρες, μελετήθηκε η έκφραση του γονιδίου της καταλυτικής υπομονάδας της τελομεράσης hTERT, καθώς και των ογκοκατασταλτικών γονιδίων p53 και RB. Η ενζυμική ενεργότητα και η γονιδιακή έκφραση μετρήθηκαν τόσο αμέσως μετά την απομόνωση των λεμφοκυττάρων όσο και μετά από 4 συγκεκριμένες κυτταροκαλλιέργειες (με προσθήκη LPS ή CRP ή LPS-LXA4, και χωρίς την προσθήκη κάποιου παράγοντα) ενώ οι παράγοντες φλεγμονής υπολογίστηκαν στον ορό αίματος ασθενών και μαρτύρων.Η χρόνια νεφρική ανεπάρκεια χαρακτηρίζεται από προοδευτική μείωση του ρυθμού σπειραματικής διήθησης και προκαλεί συμπτώματα από όλα σχεδόν τα συστήματα ενός οργανισμού. Σχετικά πρόσφατα αποκαλύφθηκε πως η χρόνια φλεγμονή αποτελεί έναν σημαντικό παράγοντα νοσηρότητας και θνητότητας στους ασθενείς αυτούς. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν πως στη χρόνια νεφρική ανεπάρκεια προκαλείται μείωση της δραστηριότητας της τελομεράσης, γεγονός που συνδυάζεται με υψηλούς τίτλους παραγόντων φλεγμονής. Ταυτόχρονα παρά τις διάφορες αλλαγές στις συνθήκες καλλιέργειας τα κύτταρα των ασθενών ενεργοποιούνται in vitro δυσκολότερα ώστε να διαιρεθούν συγκριτικά με τους φυσιολογικούς μάρτυρες. Αν η φλεγμονή είναι αυτή που προκαλεί τη μειωμένη ενζυμική δραστικότητα είναι ακόμη προς διερεύνηση.
Comparative analysis of HLA II allele and genotype frequency distribution in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Repina Ekaterina Alexandrovna , Atamanova Tatiana Mikhailovna , Zvereva Yana Stanislavovna , Tishina Yulia Vladimirovna , Prokof'ev Sergey Alexandrovich
Published: January 2014

Aim.  To compare HLA II allele and genotype frequency distribution in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) with that in isolated T1DM. Materials and Methods. A total of 92 T1DM patients were subdivided into two groups. The first group comprised 54 patients with established AIT comorbidity or elevation of anti-thyroid autoantibodies (ATA). Patients with isolated T1DM (ATA-negative) formed the second group. HLA-genotyping was performed by multiprimer PCR set for the three following genes: DRB1, DQA1 and DQВ1. Results.  Prevalence of alleles DRB1*01, *03(017), *04, *07, *11 and genotypes 01/03, 01/04, 03/04 tends to be higher among patients with AIT comorbidity. The comorbidity group was also characterized by the trend towards higher prevalence of ?marker/marker? and ?marker/non-marker? combinations favouring the former variant. Conversely, ATA-negative patients exhibited trend for higher prevalence of ?non-marker/non-marker? combination. Conclusion. Statistically insignificant difference between HLA II alleles and genotypes in the two studied groups suggests that primary genetic factors are common in these two diseases. Plausibly, genes other than DRB1, DQA1 and DQВ1 determine the localization of the autoimmune process.
Analysis of the calcium-phosphorus metabolism and function of the parathyroid glands in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Khantakova Ekaterina Alexandrovna , Khamnueva Larisa Yur'evna , Orlova Galina Mikhailovna
Published: January 2014

Objective. To analyze the calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 depending on the functional state of the kidneys. Materials and Methods. The study involved 235 patients with type 1 diabetic (males). One hundred and thirty-four patients entered the group without diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 101 patients entered the group with DN. To study the phosphorous-calcium metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes there were studied the following parameters in blood plasma: the level of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium (Ca), ionized calcium (Ca2+), serum phosphorus (P), as well as calculated CaxP product. Results.  In patients with type 1 diabetes in the progression of DN the increase of P was observed from stage 4 CKD and reduction of Ca ? from CKD stage 5. The increase of the level of PTH was observed from the stage of CKD 3, although isolated cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism were registered in patients with stage CKD 2. At the same time in a large group of the patients with type 1 diabetes there was observed level of PTH below the target values of the stages CKD 3, 4, 5. The deterioration of glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with decreased level of PTH. In patients with type 1 diabetes without DN and with DN there was observed inverse relationship between the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA. 1c). Conclusion. In patients with type 1 diabetes the progression of DN leads to various disorders of phosphorus-calcium metabolism: reduction of Ca, higher level of P, alter the function of the parathyroid glands (secondary hyperparathyroidism and reduction of PTH below the target value). Deterioration of glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with a reduction of PTH.
Immunohystochemical study of the largest islets of human pancreas in aging and diabetes mellitus: perspectives for the transplantation
Authors: Proshchina Alexandra Evgen'evna , Krivova Yulia Sergeevna , Barabanov Valeriy Mikhaylovich , Savelyev Sergey Vyacheslavovich
Published: January 2014

Aim.  To study the distribution and cellular architecture of the largest human pancreatic islets (with a diameter of more than 200 micron) in aging and diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. Materials and methods.  Antibodies to insulin, glucagon, somastatin and nturon-specific enolase were applied. The autopsy samples of the pancreatic tissue of patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMT1) and type 2 (DMT2) and 2 age groups (up to 50 years old (control) and after 50 (aging control)), not suffering from diseases of the pancreas and carbohydrate metabolism malfunction were investigated. Results.  The number of islets with diameter more than 200 mkm compared to control group increased both in aging and diabetes groups. Their number reaches in some cases 15% (and higher in DM) of the total number of islets. These islets compared to the other are rich-vascularized. It was shown that glucagon and somatostatin-containing cells are found both on the periphery of the large islets, and inside them only in the immediate proximity of the capillaries. Insulin-containing cells form clusters, surrounded by the capillaries and the ?- and ?-cells, while the inner part of such clusters has no direct contact with the capillaries. In the large islets the number of glucagon-containing cells is often increased, and insulin-containing cells show signs of degradation. Conclusion.  The largest of the pancreatic islets may be useless for the transplantation, because of the high content of glucagon-containing cells, the rich vascularization and, in some cases, the limited functionality of ?-cells.
Novel approach to pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mukhamedzhanov Emil' Kopeevich , Esyrev Oleg Viktorovich
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we present a model of interplay between protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways with regard to the carbon chain transporting systems, as well as generation and consumption of energy. This model elucidates the role of protein metabolism in the impairment of glucose tolerance during the absorption period. We also discuss the effects on energy homeostasis exercised by cytokines via mTOR pathway (the key factor of insulin signalling) considering the phenomenon of insulin resistance.
Arrhythmogenic effects of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Laptev Dmitriy Nikitich , Ryabykina Galina Vladimirovna
Published: January 2014

Aim. To determine the effects of hypoglycemia on the duration of QT interval, heart rate variability (HRV) and frequency of arrhythmic events, as well as to closer investigate the factors associated with the development of various heart rhythm disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and methods.  The study included 150 children and adolescents with T1DM at the age of 6?18 years. All participants underwent Holter monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for 24 hours. QTc and HRV parameters (SDNN, RMSSD, SVVR) were calculated automatically. Data was averaged for 5?-interval and juxtaposed with CGM. Patients identified with hypoglycemic events (blood glucose
Correlation between arterial wall stiffness, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, functional and structural myocardial abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiac autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Serhiyenko Viktoriya Alexandrovna , Serhiyenko Alexander Alexandrovich , Mankovsky Boris Nikitich
Published: January 2014

Aim. To assess arterial wall stiffness, plasma levels of of N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as well as functional state and structure of the myocardium in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Materials and Methods. The study involved a total of 65 patients with T2DM. 12 had no evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or CAN, 14 were diagnosed with subclinical stage of CAN, 18 ? with functional stage, and 21 ? with organic stage. We measured aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), aortic augmentation index (AIx), brachial artery AIx, ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and plasma levels of NT-proBNP. Clinical examination included ECG, Holter monitoring, ambulatory BP measurement and echocardiography. Results.  Patients with isolated T2DM showed a trend for increased vascular wall stiffness. PWV was increased in patients with subclinical stage of CAN. Aortic and brachial AIx, PWV and AASI were elevated in patients with functional stage of CAN, PWV being significantly higher vs. subclinical CAN subgroup. Organic stage was characterized by pathologically increased values of all primary parameters; PWV and AASI were significantly higher compared with other groups. Development and progression of CAN was accompanied by an increase in NT-proBNP plasma levels. Concentration of NT-proBNP was in direct correlation with left ventricular mass (LVM) and PWV. PWV and LVM values also directly correlated between themselves. Conclusion. Development and progression of CAN in patients with T2DM is accompanied by an increase in vascular wall stiffness. The elevation of plasma NT-proBNP in patients with T2DM correlates with the development of CAN and is significantly and independently associated with an increase in LVM and PWV. Our data suggests the pathophysiological interconnection between metabolic, functional and structural myocardial abnormalities in patients with T2DM and CAN.
Clinical outcomes of lower limb peripheral vascular disease after endovascular intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus, critical limb ischemia and chronic kidney disease
Authors: Ayubova Natalya Leonidovna , Bondarenko Olga Nikolaevna , Galstyan Gagik Radikovich , Manchenko Oksana Vladimirovna , Dedov Ivan Ivanovich
Published: January 2014

Aim. To assess the extent of the lower limb arterial calcification and to evaluate the long-term outcomes of percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTBA) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), critical limb ischemia (CLI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods. 94 patients with CLI formed two groups (CKD-positive and CDK-negative). Quantitative assessment of tibial arterial calcification was performed with non-contrast CT. Outcomes of angioplasty were monitored during the 18?6 months of the follow-up period by means of duplex ultrasonography. Results.  Long-term outcomes of PTBA were significantly worse in patients with CKD. Nevertheless, limb preservation and survival rates were relatively satisfactory in both groups (74% and 72%, respectively). Conclusion. PTBA in patients with DM, CLI and CKD presents a technical challenge. Despite that, in many cases the endovascular intervention allows avoiding high-level amputations and improves survival rates.
Efficacy and safety of glimepiride as initial treatment in Russian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ametov Alexander Sergeevich , Abaeva Fatima Totrazovna
Published: January 2014

Aim.  To investigate the efficacy and safety of glimepiride as initial mono-therapy in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM). Materials and Methods. This is a multi-center, open-label prospective observational study. 245 treatment-naive T2DM patients, who had not achieved glycemic goals on lifestyle therapy during first 12 weeks after the diagnosis, were enrolled in this study. Anti-diabetes treatment was initiated with glimepiride and continued during the 6-month follow-up period. Prescription of the initial dose (1 mg per day) and further dose adjustments were carried out by the attending physician in accordance with the glimepiride data sheet. Dynamics of HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2hPPG), weight and waist circumference, as well as the incidence of hypoglycemia were the evaluated parameters. Results. The baseline HbA1c (mean: 7.9?0.5%; female: 7.8?0.4% ; male: 8.0?0.6%) was significantly reduced at week 12 (mean 7.2?0.6%, p
Impact of insulins glulisine and aspart on postprandial glycemia after a high-glycemic index meal in children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Dżygało Katarzyna , Szypowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2014

Objective

According to current knowledge, glulisine insulin (GLU) has a slightly faster onset of action than aspart (ASP) insulin. Therefore, GLU might lead to a better postprandial profile than ASP following the consumption of high-glycemic index (H-GI) meals. The aim of this study was to assess differences in the action of GLU and ASP after the consumption of a H-GI meal in type 1 diabetic children treated with insulin pumps.

Design

Fifty-six type 1 diabetic children of mean age 14.7±2.0 years were included in a randomized, double-blind, two-way crossover study. The subjects were allocated to one of two treatment orders: GLU–ASP and ASP–GLU. They were given a H-GI breakfast for two subsequent days.

Methods

The primary outcome was postprandial glycemia (PPG) based on continuous glucose monitoring system and self monitoring of blood glucose levels during 3 h of follow-up. The secondary outcomes were the frequency of hypoglycemia, glucose area under the curve, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, and glycemic rise.

Results

There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to PPG in the determined time intervals as well as with respect to the secondary outcomes. Between 60 and 120 min after food consumption in both study groups, blood glucose levels were close to or above 10.0 mmol/l. Glucose peaks were higher in the GLU–ASP group than in the ASP–GLU group (90 min:P=0.065; 120 min:P=0.052). Most of the episodes of hypoglycemia were observed after the second hour of follow-up.

Conclusions

No statistically significant difference was found between GLU and ASP with regard to PPG after the consumption of a H-GI breakfast. Neither GLU nor ASP stabilized the glycemic profile after the consumption of a H-GI meal.
Specificity and sensitivity of commercially available assays for glucagon and oxyntomodulin measurement in humans
Authors: Bak Monika J , Albrechtsen Nicolai Wewer , Pedersen Jens , Hartmann Bolette , Christensen Mikkel , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K , Deacon Carolyn F , Dragsted Lars O , Holst Jens J
Published: January 2014

Aim

To determine the specificity and sensitivity of assays carried out using commercially available kits for glucagon and/or oxyntomodulin measurements.

Methods

Ten different assay kits used for the measurement of either glucagon or oxyntomodulin concentrations were obtained. Solutions of synthetic glucagon (proglucagon (PG) residues 33–61), oxyntomodulin (PG residues 33–69) and glicentin (PG residues 1–69) were prepared and peptide concentrations were verified by quantitative amino acid analysis and a processing-independent in-house RIA. Peptides were added to the matrix (assay buffer) supplied with the kits (concentration range: 1.25–300 pmol/l) and to human plasma and recoveries were determined. Assays yielding meaningful results were analysed for precision and sensitivity by repeated analysis and ability to discriminate low concentrations.

Results and conclusion

Three assays were specific for glucagon (carried out using the Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA), Bio-Rad (Sundbyberg, Sweden), and ALPCO (Salem, NH, USA) and Yanaihara Institute (Shizuoka, Japan) kits), but none was specific for oxyntomodulin. The assay carried out using the Phoenix (Burlingame, CA, USA) glucagon kit measured the concentrations of all three peptides (total glucagon) equally. Sensitivity and precision were generally poor; the assay carried out using the Millipore RIA kit performed best with a sensitivity around 10 pmol/l. Assays carried out using the BlueGene (Shanghai, China), USCN LIFE (Wuhan, China) (oxyntomodulin and glucagon), MyBioSource (San Diego, CA, USA) and Phoenix oxyntomodulin kits yielded inconsistent results.
Glucose transporter expression in eutopic endometrial tissue and ectopic endometriotic lesions
Authors: McKinnon Brett , Bertschi Dominic , Wotzkow Carlos , Bersinger Nick A , Evers Jakob , Mueller Michael D
Published: January 2014

Endometriosis is an extremely prevalent disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue at ectopic locations. Glycolysis is an energy-producing mechanism that occurs in almost all cells and requires an adequate uptake of glucose mediated by glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins. At present, however, very little is known about their expression in either the endometrium or the endometriotic lesions. The objective of this study was to examine the expression ofSLC2Agenes in the endometrium of women with and without endometriosis and in the matching ectopic tissue, and to confirm the presence of the GLUT proteins in ectopic lesions. There was a significantly higher expression ofSLC2A3and a significantly lower expression ofSLC2A4in women with endometriosis compared with those without. In women with endometriosis, the ectopic expression ofSLC2A3,SLC2A4andSLC2A5was significantly higher than that observed in the matching eutopic tissue. GLUT1 protein expression was present in both epithelial and stromal cells and GLUT3 was confined to CD45-positive leukocytes. GLUT4 expression was strong in both ectopic epithelial and stromal cells and localized to the cellular membrane in epithelial cells. These results show that GLUT expression is altered between eutopic and ectopic tissue and between women with and without endometriosis, and that GLUT4 may represent a significant entry route for glucose into the endometriotic epithelial cells. The inducible nature of GLUT4 and its limited cellular expression may make GLUT4 an attractive target for non-hormone-based treatments of endometriosis.
TNFα-mediated Hsd11b1 binding of NF-κB p65 is associated with suppression of 11β-HSD1 in muscle
Authors: Doig Craig L , Bashir Jamila , Zielinska Agnieszka E , Cooper Mark S , Stewart Paul M , Lavery Gareth G
Published: January 2014

The activity of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC)) (in mice) into the active glucocorticoid (GC) cortisol (corticosterone in mice), can amplify tissue GC exposure. Elevated TNFα is a common feature in a range of inflammatory disorders and is detrimental to muscle function in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We have previously demonstrated that 11β-HSD1 activity is increased in the mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by TNFα treatment and suggested that this is an autoregulatory anti-inflammatory mechanism. This upregulation was mediated by the P2 promoter of the Hsd11b1 gene and was dependent on the NF-κB signalling pathway. In this study, we show that in contrast to MSCs, in differentiated C2C12 and primary murine myotubes, TNFα suppresses Hsd11b1 mRNA expression and activity through the utilization of the alternative P1 promoter. As with MSCs, in response to TNFα treatment, NF-κB p65 was translocated to the nucleus. However, ChIP analysis demonstrated that the direct binding was seen at position −218 to −245 bp of the Hsd11b1 gene's P1 promoter but not at the P2 promoter. These studies demonstrate the existence of differential regulation of 11β-HSD1 expression in muscle cells through TNFα/p65 signalling and the P1 promoter, further enhancing our understanding of the role of 11β-HSD1 in the context of inflammatory disease.
Opposing Forces of A/T-Biased Mutations and G/C-Biased Gene Conversions Shape the Genome of the Nematode Pristionchus pacificus
Authors: Weller Andreas M , Rödelsperger Christian , Eberhardt Gabi , Molnar Ruxandra I , Sommer Ralf J
Published: January 2014

Base substitution mutations are a major source of genetic novelty and mutation accumulation line (MAL) studies revealed a nearly universal AT bias in de novo mutation spectra. While a comparison of de novo mutation spectra with the actual nucleotide composition in the genome suggests the existence of general counterbalancing mechanisms, little is known about the evolutionary and historical details of these opposing forces. Here, we correlate MAL-derived mutation spectra with patterns observed from population resequencing. Variation observed in natural populations has already been subject to evolutionary forces. Distinction between rare and common alleles, the latter of which are close to fixation and of presumably older age, can provide insight into mutational processes and their influence on genome evolution. We provide a genome-wide analysis of de novo mutations in 22 MALs of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus and compare the spectra with natural variants observed in resequencing of 104 natural isolates. MALs show an AT bias of 5.3, one of the highest values observed to date. In contrast, the AT bias in natural variants is much lower. Specifically, rare derived alleles show an AT bias of 2.4, whereas common derived alleles close to fixation show no AT bias at all. These results indicate the existence of a strong opposing force and they suggest that the GC content of the P. pacificus genome is in equilibrium. We discuss GC-biased gene conversion as a potential mechanism acting against AT-biased mutations. This study provides insight into genome evolution by combining MAL studies with natural variation.
What motivates smoking and alcohol drinking of young people? A behavioural epidemiologic study
Authors: Pikó Bettina , Varga Szabolcs
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Adolescence is a life period of trying harmful habits. It is helpful for prevention to map youth’s motivations. Aim: The main goal of the present study was to investigate high school students’ motivations related to alcohol and cigarette use. Method: A questionnaire survey was performed in Debrecen including students from four high schools (n = 501; age range, between 14 and 22 years; mean age, 16.4 years; 34% boys and 66% girls). Beyond descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis was used to detect odds ratios explaining relationships between substance use and motivations. Results: Besides a slight difference in gender, there were significant differences by substance user status in the structure of motivations. In case of alcohol use, social motivation proved to be a predictor. In case of cigarette smoking, besides social motivation, boredom relief and affect regulation (coping) were also significant. Conclusions: These data suggest that young people start to smoke cigarette and drink alcohol in social situations due to peer pressure. Therefore, prevention strategies should be built on social skills training. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(3), 100–105.
A Companhia de Pernambuco e Paraíba e o funcionamento do tráfico de escravos em Angola (1759-1775/80)
Authors: Menz Maximiliano M.
Published: January 2014

Através da análise dos livros contábeis da Companhia de Pernambuco e da Paraíba, o artigo apresenta estimativas sobre o negócio de importações e a lucratividade do tráfico em Angola operado pela Companhia. Por este estudo de caso procura-se desenvolver a hipótese formulada originalmente por Joseph Miller de que era a metrópole que financiava a maior parte do tráfico em Angola. Deste modo, pretende-se discutir o funcionamento do tráfico de escravos nesta região, particularmente no que diz respeito às operações de financiamento e de transporte.
"Mulheres de fonte e rio": solicitação no confessionário, misoginia e racismo na Bahia setecentista
Authors: Ferreira Elisangela Oliveira
Published: January 2014

O artigo analisa os desdobramentos de um tipo de delito perseguido pela Inquisição portuguesa: o crime de solicitação, quando os padres confessores incorriam no assédio às suas filhas espirituais no confessionário ou em torno do sacramento da Confissão. A partir de denúncias feitas ao Santo Ofício, discute a teia de misoginia e racismo que, por vezes, transparecia nas palavras dos homens chamados para testemunhar sobre o crédito, o comportamento e a reputação das mulheres solicitadas. Busca analisar ainda como, no contexto do colonialismo escravista, se difundiu uma visão estigmatizada sobre a conduta sexual das mulheres negras e suas descendentes.
"Maria Crioula", "José Pretinho" e o "Mulato claro de olho de gato": Representações de mestiços, pretos e negros no sertão baiano (1870 1930)
Authors: Nascimento Washington Santos
Published: January 2014

Esse artigo tem por propósito discutir acerca das representações construídas sobre a população afro-descendente (mestiços, pretos, negros) por diferentes atores da realidade do sertão baiano, entre os anos de 1870 a 1930, particularmente na região de Vitória da Conquista, sudoeste do Estado da Bahia. As fontes que utilizo são, sobretudo, jornais e processos crimes, por se tratar de documentos que possibilitam adentrar no universo cotidiano da população mais pobre.
A comida dos baianos no sabor amargo de Vilhena
Authors: Bacelar Jeferson
Published: January 2014

A Recopilação de notícias soteropolitanas e brasílicas, popularmente conhecida como as Cartas de Vilhena, são uma referência constante dos pesquisadores sobre a Bahia nos finais do século XVIII. Neste artigo, elas são utilizadas como uma forma de compreensão da alimentação dos baianos em uma abordagem introdutória, na medida em que suas informações são concentradas na produção e distribuição de alimentos. Porém, muitos desses alimentos já estão preparados, como a célebre relação de "especialidades baianas", o que termina por nos fazer pensar sobre a mesa dos baianos nos últimos momentos do século XVIII.
Fatores preditivos de complicações graves em cirurgia neonatal
Authors: Catré Dora , Lopes Maria Francelina , Madrigal Angel , Oliveiros Bárbara , Cabrita António Silvério , Viana Joaquim Silva , Neves José Farela
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: investigar a incidência e gravidade das complicações pós-operatórias precoces e identificar fatores de risco para o seu desenvolvimento em recém-nascidos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico, sob anestesia geral. MÉTODOS: análise retrospectiva dos dados de 437 neonatos com doença crítica submetidos à cirurgia neonatal num centro cirúrgico pediátrico terciário, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2010. A gravidade das complicações ocorridas nos primeiros 30 dias de pós-operatório foi classificada utilizando o sistema de Clavien-Dindo para complicações cirúrgicas, sendo considerados graves os graus III a V. Por análise estatística uni e multivariada avaliaram-se variáveis pré e intraoperatórias com potencial preditivo de complicações pós-operatórias graves. RESULTADOS: a incidência de, pelo menos, uma complicação grave foi 23%, com uma mediana de uma complicação por paciente 1:3. Ao todo, ocorreram 121 complicações graves. Destas, 86 necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica, endoscópica ou radiológica (grau III), 25 puseram em risco a vida, com disfunção uni ou multi-órgão (grau IV) e dez resultaram na morte do paciente (grau V). As principais complicações foram técnicas (25%), gastrointestinais (22%) e respiratórias (21%). Foram identificados quatro fatores de risco independentes para complicações pós-operatórias graves: reoperação, operação por hérnia diafragmática congênita, prematuridade menor que 32 semanas de idade gestacional e cirurgia abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias graves após cirurgias neonatais, sob anestesia geral, permaneceu elevada. As condições consideradas fatores de risco independentes para complicações graves após a cirurgia neonatal podem ajudar a definir o prognóstico pós-operatório em neonatos com doença cirúrgica e orientar as intervenções para melhoria de resultados.
Resultados da herniorrafia inguinal bilateral simultânea pela técnica de Lichtenstein
Authors: Maciel Gustavo Sasso Benso , Simões Romeo Lages , Carmo Felipe Poubel Timm do , Garcia Julio William Rangel , Paulo Danilo Nagib Salomão
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: analisar os resultados da herniorrafia inguinal bilateral pela técnica de Lichtenstein. MÉTODOS: estudo dos prontuários de 59 pacientes submetidos à herniorrafia inguinal bilateral simultânea, eletiva, no período entre 2003 e 2007. Foram analisados: sexo, idade, peso, tempo operatório, tempo total de internação, classificação de Nyhus, intercorrências no pós-operatório imediato e tardio, e recidiva. Esses dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: dos 59 pacientes, 95% eram homens; e 5%, mulheres. A idade variou de 40 a 60 anos, o peso de 50 a 103 kg, o tempo operatório de 60 a 180 minutos, o tempo de internação de um a seis dias. Trinta pacientes apresentavam hérnias do tipo IIIB; nove, do tipo II; dez, do tipo IIIA; sete, do tipo IV; um, do tipo II à esquerda e tipo IIIB à direita; um, tipo IIIA à direita e IIIB à esquerda; e um, do tipo IIIA à direita e do tipo II à esquerda. No pós-operatório imediato, a dor foi a manifestação mais importante em 30,5% dos casos. Em 94,92% dos casos, não houve complicações tardias. Ocorreram dois casos de inguinodinia e um de dor em queimação local. Observou-se uma recidiva, no 29º mês de pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: a herniorrafia inguinal bilateral simultânea pela técnica de Lichtenstein foi segura e eficaz, pois houve baixo índice de complicações, curta permanência hospitalar e, em um período médio de 48 meses de acompanhamento, houve apenas um caso de recidiva.
Inguinal hernias in patients of 50 years and above. Pattern and outcome
Authors: Shyam Devajit Chowlek , Rapsang Amy Grace
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate a one year experience with inguinal hernia repair, in patients of > 50years, with respect to the type of inguinal hernia, type of surgery, postoperative complications and recurrence. METHODS: a prospective descriptive study of patients (n=57) > 50 years operated for inguinal hernia during a one year period. Tension-free meshplasty and herniorrhaphy, using 3"x6" polypropylene mesh and 2-0 polypropylene suture, were performed in elective and emergency surgery respectively. Follow-up visits were scheduled at six weeks, three and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: the most representative age group was 61-70 years, and all patients were male. 52 (91.22%) patients had unilateral inguinal hernias, while five (8.77%) had bilateral hernias. In 50 (87.71%) patients, the hernia was uncomplicated, while seven (12.28%) patients presented with some complication such as obstruction or strangulation. Elective surgery was performed in 50 (87.71%) patients while seven (12.28%) patients were operated in emergency. Postoperatively, 50 (87.7%) patients had uneventful recovery, while seven (12.28%) patients developed some complications which were treated conservatively. Mean hospital stay was six days. One recurrence was observed and there was no peri/postoperative death. CONCLUSION: tension-free meshplasty and herniorrhaphy are safe, simple and applicable even in elderly patients after adequate pre-operative assessment and optimization. Although associated with longer hospital stay, the mortality rate is nil and complication as well as recurrence rate is low. Hence, timely repair is necessary in elderly patients even in those with comorbid conditions.
Tumor sólido pseudopapilar do pâncreas: avaliação do perfil clínico, radiológico e cirúrgico
Authors: Guimarães Leonardo Simão Coelho , Melo Ana Maria Sampaio de , Ruiz Manoel Rios , Viana Jucilana dos Santos , Silva Junior Rubem Alves da
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: descrever perfil clínico-cirúrgico do tumor sólido pseudopapilar do pâncreas. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional retrospectivo multi-institucional avaliando as características clínicas, radiológicas e cirúrgicas dos pacientes com diagnóstico de tumor sólido pseudopapilar do pâncreas submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: foram identificados oito pacientes em três hospitais no estado do Amazonas, sendo sete do sexo feminino, seis com menos de 30 anos. A neoplasia predominou na cabeça do pâncreas. Cinco pacientes foram submetidos à duodenopancreatectomia, um à enucleação, um à pancreatectomia corpocaudal e o último foi considerado irressecável. CONCLUSÃO: o tumor sólido pseudopapilar do pâncreas predominou em pacientes jovens do sexo feminino, com localização predominante na cabeça do pâncreas.
Complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio após a ressecção endoscópica completa pela técnica de fatiamento para grandes adenomas colorretais
Authors: Albuquerque Walton , Arantes Vitor Nunes , Coelho Luiz Gonzaga Vaz , Dias Carlos Alberto Freitas , Savassi-Rocha Paulo Roberto
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia da complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio para reduzir a taxa de neoplasia residual ou recorrente após ressecção endoscópica completa fragmentada de grandes adenomas sésseis colorretais. MÉTODOS: critérios de inclusão: pacientes com grandes adenomas colorretais sésseis, > 20mm, sem sinais morfológicos de infiltração profunda, submetidos à ressecção endoscópica completa fragmentada estudada com cromoendoscopia e magnificação de imagens. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo 1 - nenhum procedimento adicional e, grupo 2 - complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio. O seguimento por colonoscopia foi realizado em três, seis e 12 meses de pós-operatório. Foi avaliada a taxa de neoplasia residual ou recidiva local. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos no estudo um total de 21 lesões. Onze lesões no grupo 1 e dez no grupo 2. Ocorreram duas neoplasias residuais ou recorrências locais em cada grupo, detectadas em três meses de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: a complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio após uma aparente ressecção endoscópica completa em fragmentos de grandes adenomas sésseis colorretais não parece reduzir a ocorrência de lesão adenomatosa residual ou recidiva local.
Conhecimentos e atitudes de cirurgiões frente aos conceitos de terapia nutricional
Authors: Paulo Danilo Andriatti , Oliveira Bruno Mauricio Rodrigues de , Wang Davi Wei Ming , Guimarães Maysa Penteado , Cukier Celso , Lopes Filho Gaspar de Jesus
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: comparar o conhecimento e percepção em terapia nutricional (TN) de residentes de cirurgia e cirurgiões. MÉTODOS: foram aplicados dois questionários padronizados sobre conhecimentos, atitudes e condutas em TN de 50 médicos (35 residentes e 15 cirurgiões) de 12 áreas cirúrgicas distintas. Utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher, com significância de 5% com p<0,05, foi comparada a proporção de acertos, de acordo com a percepção a respeito do assunto de cada grupo. RESULTADOS: mais de 80% não se sentiram seguros frente à TN e 46% negaram conhecimento de equipe multiprofissional de TN (EMTN). Houve maior percentual de acertos, dentre os residentes, nos itens: trauma operatório e sua influência nutricional no paciente (p=0,047); IMC normal (p=0,036); e TN no pré-operatório (p=0,007) e indicação da TN pré-cirúrgico no grupo que diz que interagem com EMTN (p=0,02). Dentre os cirurgiões: complicações da TN e TN em pacientes previamente desnutridos (p=0,044); e Métodos de avaliação nutricional no pré-operatório no grupo que diz que interagem com EMTN (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: há falhas na educação médica. Apenas 13,3% estavam seguros quanto à TN, sendo que os seus conhecimentos não justificaram tal confiança. Não houve diferenças entre os acertos dos confiantes e não confiantes em TN na maioria dos assuntos. Destacaram-se melhores resultados no grupo que afirmou ser assistido por alguma EMTN. Baseando-se nos resultados, a indicação de melhores programas médicos educacionais deve ser objetivo para esta universidade.
Anastomose mecânica esofagogástrica cervical látero-lateral após esofagectomias
Authors: Batista Neto João , Morais Paula Gabriela Melo , Nepomuceno Marcos da Costa , Cavalcante Jr José Cardoso , Muritiba Tadeu , Fontan Alberto Jorge
Published: January 2014

Dentre os desafios das esofagectomias, a fístula da anastomose cervical persiste desafiadora por suas consequências, sendo a principal, a estenose da anastomose. Os autores apresentam uma técnica de anastomose esofagogástrica cervical látero-lateral mecânica à Orringer, que reduz o índice de fístulas e de estenose.
Uso de corticoide na profilaxia para síndrome de embolia gordurosa em pacientes com fratura de osso longo
Authors: Silva Douglas Fini , Carmona César Vanderlei , Calderan Thiago Rodrigues Araújo , Fraga Gustavo Pereira , Nascimento Bartolomeu , Rizoli Sandro
Published: January 2014

A reunião de revista "Telemedicina Baseada em Evidência - Cirurgia do Trauma e Emergência" (TBE-CiTE) realizou uma revisão crítica da literatura e selecionou três artigos recentes sobre o uso de corticoide para a profilaxia da síndrome de embolia gordurosa. O foco desta revisão foi a indicação ou não do uso de corticoide nos pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) com risco de desenvolverem embolia gordurosa pós traumática. O primeiro artigo foi um estudo prospectivo com o objetivo de estabelecer fatores preditivos confiáveis, precoces e úteis associados ao aparecimento da síndrome da embolia gordurosa (SEG) em pacientes traumatizados. O segundo artigo foi uma revisão de literatura sobre o papel do corticoide como medida profilática à síndrome de embolia gordurosa. O último artigo foi uma meta-análise sobre a capacidade do corticoide em reduzir o risco de síndrome da embolia gordurosa nos pacientes com fraturas de ossos longos. As principais conclusões e recomendações foram que pacientes traumatizados devem ser monitorizados na UTI com oximetria de pulso e medida do lactato já que estes fatores podem predizer o aparecimento de SEG e que não existe evidência suficiente para recomendar o uso de corticoide para a profilaxia desta síndrome.
Poderia a narrativa do Gyges de Platão ser uma ficção baseada em Heródoto?
Authors: Menezes Luiz Maurício Bentim da Rocha
Published: January 2014

Ao contrário daqueles que afirmam que Platão teria se baseado numa antiga fonte para desenvolver sua narrativa sobre Gyges (República, 359d-360b), este trabalho se propõe examinar a hipótese de que esta é, de fato, uma ficção baseada na narrativa de Heródoto (Histórias, I.8-14). Assim, pretende-se investigar o método utilizado por Platão para dar base ao seu argumento filosófico, analisando os pontos da narrativa platônica que divergem da de Heródoto e se esses pontos justificam tomarmos tal narrativa como uma ficção platônica, mais propriamente, um mito criado por Platão com uma função filosófica.
O lugar da experiência na fenomenologia de E. Husserl: de prolegômenos a ideias I
Authors: Tourinho Carlos Diógenes C.
Published: January 2014

O artigo aborda o lugar da experiência nas origens da fenomenologia, em Prolegômenos à Lógica Pura (1900). Mostra-nos que Husserl assume uma posição específica quanto ao papel da experiência no debate sobre a relação entre a lógica e a psicologia. O artigo trata ainda dos reflexos da posição husserliana em Ideias I (1913), a propósito da temática da constituição dos objetos intencionais. Husserl indica o papel decisivo assumido pelos dados sensíveis, na medida em que servem de "suporte" para a intencionalidade. Destaca-se a concepção segundo a qual a doação de sentido que se dá através dos atos intencionais da consciência não deriva dos dados sensíveis, porém, não começa sem eles.
O trabalho do negativo: linguagem e ontologia em Saussure e Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Perius Cristiano
Published: January 2014

Este ensaio aplica o conceito de grandeza negativa, de Kant e Fichte, à filosofia da linguagem de Merleau-Ponty, reabrindo o diálogo com Saussure a partir da descoberta, em 1996, dos Écrits de Linguistique Generale, em uma Orangerie de Genebra. Valendo-se do último curso de Merleau-Ponty em vida, sobre A Origem da Geometria, de Husserl, trata-se de realçar o trabalho do negativo na linguagem, iluminado a partir de um refinado cruzamento: Merleau-Ponty (filosofia) e Saussure (linguística).