bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorialising Practices, Competitive Marketability and James Thomson's The Seasons
Authors: Van de Walle Kwinten
Published: July 2014

The lapse of Andrew Millar's copyright for James Thomson's The Seasons in 1765 resulted in an increasing number of new editions of the poem being published in the late eighteenth century. This article compares the print‐cultural make‐ups of three editions of The Seasons that were issued in the 1790s. An examination of the print‐cultural differences between these publishing ventures reveals distinct editorial practices and marketing strategies. In an attempt to increase the attractiveness of their editions with visual and textual paraphernalia, the producers developed their own ‘versions’ of The Seasons and, in the process, fashioned new interpretations of Thomson's poem.
Anglo‐Chinese Caresses: Civility, Friendship and Trade in English Representations of China, 1760‐1800
Authors: Williams Laurence
Published: July 2014

From the late 1750s British writers, merchants and diplomats responded to trade tensions with China by imagining how cross‐cultural forms of civility might bridge the political divides between the two empires, allowing the trade demands of the East India Company to be granted as tokens of Chinese friendship. This article explores the development of this cosmopolitan and idealising perspective on Anglo‐Chinese relations in two related literary genres: philosophical contes imagining Chinese travellers in England (by Oliver Goldsmith, Charles Johnstone and Horace Walpole) and travel narratives of Canton and Beijing (by Charles‐Frederick Noble and George Macartney).
Augmented endothelial‐specific L‐arginine transport prevents obesity‐induced hypertension
Authors: Rajapakse N. W. , Karim F. , Straznicky N. E. , Fernandez S. , Evans R. G. , Head G. A. , Kaye D. M.
Published: July 2014

Aim

Hypertension is a major clinical complication of obesity. Our previous studies show that abnormal uptake of the nitric oxide precursor L‐arginine, via the cationic amino acid transporter‐1 (CAT1), contributes to endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that abnormal L‐arginine transport may be a key mediator of obesity‐induced hypertension.

Methods

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored by telemetry in conscious wild‐type (WT; n = 13) mice, and transgenic mice with endothelial‐specific overexpression of CAT1 (CAT+; n = 14) fed a normal or a high fat diet for 20 weeks. Renal angiotensin II (Ang II), CAT1 mRNA and plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were then quantified. In conjunction, plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were assessed in obese normotensive (n = 15) and obese hypertensive subjects (n = 15).

Results

Both genotypes of mice developed obesity when fed a high fat diet (P ≤ 0.002). Fat fed WT mice had 13% greater MAP and 78% greater renal Ang II content, 42% lesser renal CAT1 mRNA levels and 42% lesser plasma nitrate/nitrite levels, than WT mice fed a normal fat diet (P ≤ 0.02). In contrast, none of these variables were significantly altered by high fat feeding in CAT+ mice (P ≥ 0.36). Plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were 17% less in obese hypertensives compared with obese normotensives (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Collectively, these data indicate that obesity‐induced down‐regulation of CAT1 expression and subsequent reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide may contribute to the development of obesity‐induced hypertension.
Selective renal vasoconstriction, exaggerated natriuresis and excretion rates of exosomic proteins in essential hypertension
Authors: Damkjær M. , Jensen P. H. , Schwämmle V. , Sprenger R. R. , Jacobsen I. A. , Jensen O. N. , Bie P.
Published: July 2014

Aim

In essential hypertension (EH), the regulation of renal sodium excretion is aberrant. We hypothesized that in mild EH, (i) abnormal dynamics of plasma renin concentration (PRC) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are responsible for the exaggerated natriuresis, and (ii) exosomic protein patterns reflect the renal tubular abnormality involved in the dysregulation of sodium excretion.

Methods

After 2‐week drug washout and 4‐day diet, systemic and renal hemodynamics, cardio‐renal hormones, glomerular filtration and renal excretion were studied in male patients during saline loading (SL). Excretion rates of exosome‐related urinary proteins including apical membrane transporters were determined by proteomics‐based methods.

Results

In patients, baseline renal vascular conductance was reduced (−44%, P < 0.001), but non‐renal vascular conductances were normal while PRC was reduced and ANP elevated (both P < 0.01). SL induced exaggerated natriuresis and reduced PRC (P < 0.01), at normal suppression rate. SL increased arterial pressure in patients (+11 mmHg, P < 0.001), but not in controls; however, during time control, patients showed identical increases (+10 mmHg, P < 0.005) apparently dissociating arterial pressure from natriuresis.

At baseline, excretion rates of 438 proteins ranged from 0.07 to 49.8 pmol (mmol creatinine)−1; 12 proteins were found in all subjects, and 21 proteins were found in two or more patients, but not in controls. In patients, the excretion rate of retinoic acid‐induced gene 2 protein was reduced, and excretion rates of other proteins showed increased variances compatible with pathophysiological and clinical applicability.

Conclusion

Essential hypertension patients exhibit selective renal vasoconstriction and individually varying excretion rates of several exosome‐related proteins. Hormonal changes, rather than arterial pressure, seem to cause exaggeration of natriuresis.
Clinical outcome of deep brain stimulation for dystonia: constant‐current or constant‐voltage stimulation? A non‐randomized study
Authors: Lettieri C. , Rinaldo S. , Devigili G. , Pisa F. , Mucchiut M. , Belgrado E. , Mondani M. , D'Auria S. , Ius T. , Skrap M. , Eleopra R.
Published: July 2014

Background and purpose

Bilateral globus pallidus deep brain stimulation (GPi‐DBS) represents an effective and relatively safe therapy for different forms of refractory dystonia. The aim of this study was to assess, retrospectively, the effect of two different stimulation settings during GPi‐DBS in 22 patients affected by primary generalized or multi‐segmental dystonia.

Methods

Thirteen patients were stimulated using a voltage‐controlled setting whilst in the other nine patients a current‐controlled setting was used. Clinical features were evaluated for each patient at baseline, 6 months and 12 months after surgery by means of the Burke−Fahn−Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale.

Results

Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation was effective in all patients. However, comparing constant‐current and constant‐voltage stimulation, a better outcome was found in the current‐controlled group during the last 6 months of follow‐up.

Conclusions

Current‐controlled stimulation is effective during GPi‐DBS for primary dystonia and it could be a better choice than voltage‐controlled stimulation over long‐term follow‐up.
Suppression of the TGF‐β1‐induced protein expression of SNAI1 and N‐cadherin by miR‐199a
Authors: Suzuki Toshihiro , Mizutani Kiyohito , Minami Akihiro , Nobutani Kentaro , Kurita Souichi , Nagino Masato , Shimono Yohei , Takai Yoshimi
Published: July 2014

MicroRNA miR‐199a is clustered with miR‐214 on chromosome 1 and its expression is up‐regulated by various factors that are associated with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), such as a transcriptional repressor Twist1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β. miR‐199a is either up‐regulated or down‐regulated in a variety of cancers, although EMT is associated with the progression of cancer. We found here that miR‐199a suppressed the translation of SNAI1, a transcriptional repressor that plays a role in EMT, by targeting the sequence within the 3′UTR of the SNAI1 mRNA, and reduced the protein level of SNAI1. miR‐199a increased the protein level of claudin‐1 in both the TGF‐β1‐treated and ‐untreated cells at least partly by decreasing the protein level of SNAI1, a transcriptional repressor for claudin‐1. In addition, miR‐199a targeted the sequence within the 3′UTR of the N‐cadherin mRNA and suppressed the TGF‐β1‐induced increase in the protein level of N‐cadherin in a manner independent of SNAI1. These results indicate that miR‐199a suppresses the TGF‐β1‐induced protein expression of SNAI1 and N‐cadherin.
Iliopsoas abscess as a complication of tunneled jugular vein catheterization in a hemodialysis patient
Authors: Hsiao Po‐Jen , Tsai Ming‐Hsien , Leu Jyh‐Gang , Fang Yu‐Wei
Published: July 2014

Iliopsoas abscess is a rare complication in hemodialysis patients that is mainly due to adjacent catheterization, local acupuncture, discitis, and bacteremia. Herein, we report a 47‐year‐old woman undergoing regular hemodialysis via a catheter in the internal jugular vein who presented with low back pain and dyspnea. A heart murmur suggested the presence of catheter‐related endocarditis, and this was confirmed by an echocardiogram and a blood culture of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A computed tomography indicated a pulmonary embolism and an incidental finding of iliopsoas abscess. Following surgical intervention and intravenous daptomycin, the patient experienced full recovery and a return to usual activities. This case indicates that an iliopsoas abscess can be related to a jugular vein catheter, which is apparently facilitated by infective endocarditis. The possibility of iliopsoas abscess should be considered when a hemodialysis patient presents with severe low back pain, even when there is no history of adjacent mechanical intervention.
Influence of Alteration Solutions on the Chemical Durability of the Zerodur® Glass‐Ceramic: Structural Investigation
Authors: Doret Alexandre , Pellerin Nadia , Allix Mathieu , Pellerin Stéphane , Léna Vincent , Perrigaud Katy , Massiot Dominique
Published: July 2014

The Zerodur® glass‐ceramic chemical durability has been studied by leaching. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis has allowed highlighting the network changes. A macroscopic evaluation of the surface alteration has been performed by contact angle measurements, this analysis being sensible to the roughness and the hydrophilic character. In basic solutions, depolymerization phenomena concern all former cations, as result of hydrolysis phenomena. A preferential attack of the interface matrix‐nanocrystals, implicating phosphorus involves some nanocrystals removing. The Zerodur® glass‐ceramic keeps an excellent chemical durability during exposition to acidic aqueous solutions. But in basic medium, the biphasic nature involves a strong alteration.
Tacit Knowledge and the Structure of License Contracts: Evidence from the Biomedical Industry
Authors: Hegde Deepak
Published: July 2014

How do contracts deal with the exchange of tacit knowledge, which is difficult to observe, enforce, and verify? This study compares the sample characteristics of 505 license agreements between inventors and developers of biomedical inventions with theoretical prescriptions about contractual terms when the parties’ tacit knowledge is required to commercialize the inventions. The analysis reveals that (a) three‐ and four‐part payments are common in licenses of biomedical inventions; (b) the importance of inventors’ tacit knowledge in development activities is directly related to the magnitude of royalty rates in the licenses; and (c) the importance of developers’ tacit knowledge in development is associated with minimum annual payments when the license includes measurable benchmarks to address the shelving of inventions, and to upfront payments in the absence of such benchmarks. Firms use a complex mix of upfront and state‐contingent payments, broadly consistent with theoretical prescriptions, to cope with the incentive issues inherent in the exchange of tacit knowledge.
Competing Platforms
Authors: Lee Robin S.
Published: July 2014

Why do competing platforms or networks exist? This paper focuses on instances where the value of a platform depends on the adoption decisions of a small number of firms, and analyzes the strategic competition among platforms to get this oligopolistic side on‐board. I study a bilateral contracting game among platforms and firms that allows for general externalities across both contracting and noncontracting partners, and examine when a market will sustain a single or multiple platforms. When firms can join only one platform, I provide conditions under which market‐tipping and/or market‐splitting equilibria may exist. In particular, even without coordination failure, congestion effects, or firm multihoming, multiple platforms can co‐exist in equilibrium despite being inefficient from the perspective of the contracting parties. Expanding the contracting space to include contingent contracts may exacerbate this inefficiency.
Characteristics of femorotibial joint geometry in the trochlear dysplastic femur
Authors: Frosch Stephan , Brodkorb Tobias , Schüttrumpf Jan Philipp , Wachowski Martin Michael , Walde Tim Alexander , Stürmer Klaus Michael , Balcarek Peter
Published: July 2014

The medial and lateral tibia plateau geometry has been linked with the severity of trochlear dysplasia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tibial slope and the femoral posterior condylar offset in a cohort of consecutive subjects with a trochlear dysplastic femur to investigate whether the condylar offset correlates with, and thus potentially compensates for, tibial slope asymmetry. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the severity of trochlear dysplasia as well as the tibial slope and posterior offset of the femoral condyles separately for the medial and lateral compartment of the knee joint in 98 subjects with a trochlear dysplastic femur and 88 control subjects. A significant positive correlation was found for the medial tibial slope and the medial posterior condylar offset in the study group (r2 = 0.1566; P < 0.001). This relationship was significant for all subtypes of trochlear dysplasia and was most pronounced in the severe trochlear dysplastic femur (Dejour type D) (r2 = 0.3734; P = 0.04). No correlation was found for the lateral condylar offset and the lateral tibial slope in the study group or for the condylar offset and the tibial slope on both sides in the control group. The positive correlation between the medial femoral condylar offset and the medial tibial slope, that is, a greater degree of the medial tibial slope indicated a larger offset of the medial femoral condyle, appears to represent a general anthropomorphic characteristic of distal femur geometry in patients with a trochlear dysplastic femur.
Neuroanatomical distribution of mechanoreceptors in the human cadaveric shoulder capsule and labrum
Authors: Witherspoon Jessica W. , Smirnova Irina V. , McIff Terence E.
Published: July 2014

The distribution, location, and spatial arrangement of mechanoreceptors are important for neural signal conciseness and accuracy in proprioceptive information required to maintain functional joint stability. The glenohumeral joint capsule and labrum are mechanoreceptor‐containing tissues for which the distribution of mechanoreceptors has not been determined despite the importance of these tissues in stabilizing the shoulder. More recently, it has been shown that damage to articular mechanoreceptors can result in proprioceptive deficits that may lead to recurrent instability. Awareness of mechanoreceptor distribution in the glenohumeral joint capsule and labrum may allow preservation of the mechanoreceptors during surgical treatment for shoulder instability, and in turn retain the joint's proprioceptive integrity. For this reason, we sought to develop a neuroanatomical map of the mechanoreceptors within the capsule and labrum. We postulated that the mechanoreceptors in these tissues are distributed in a unique pattern, with mechanoreceptor‐scarce regions that may be more appropriate for surgical dissection. We determined the neuroanatomical distribution of mechanoreceptors and their associated fascicles in the capsule and labrum from eight human cadaver shoulder pairs using our improved gold chloride staining technique and light microscopy. A distribution pattern was consistently observed in the capsule and labrum from which we derived a neuroanatomical map. Both tissues demonstrated mechanoreceptor‐dense and ‐scarce regions that may be considered during surgical treatment for instability. Capsular fascicles were located in the subsynovial layer, whereas labral fascicles were concentrated in the peri‐core zone. The capsular fascicles presented as a lattice network and with a plexiform appearance. Fascicles within the labrum resembled a cable structure with the fascicles running in parallel. Our findings contribute to the neuroanatomical knowledge of the two glenohumeral joint stabilizers, namely, capsule and labrum, primarily involved in the onset of shoulder instability and recurrent instability. Neuroanatomical knowledge of articular mechanoreceptors is important for (i) developing a topographical map that reflects correspondence between the joint and surrounding musculature, (ii) understanding proprioceptive deficits that are only partially restored post surgical and post rehabilitative treatment, and (iii) gaining further knowledge about articular mechanoreceptors.
Co‐Worker Exclusion and Employee Outcomes: An Investigation of the Moderating Roles of Perceived Organizational and Social Support
Authors: Scott Kristin L. , Zagenczyk Thomas J. , Schippers Michaéla , Purvis Russell L. , Cruz Kevin S.
Published: July 2014

When does social support alleviate or exacerbate the effects of being excluded by colleagues in the workplace? This study integrates belongingness and social support theories to predict and demonstrate the differential effects of work‐related support (i.e., perceived organizational support; POS) and non‐work‐related support (i.e., family and social support; FSS) on employee reactions to co‐worker exclusion. Consistent with our predictions, we found that employees reporting high levels of co‐worker exclusion and high levels of perceived organizational support demonstrate higher levels of performance and increased levels of self‐worth than those reporting low levels of POS. Alternatively, support from family or friends intensified the negative relationship between co‐worker exclusion and self‐esteem and the positive relationship between co‐worker exclusion and job‐induced tension. Unexpectedly, FSS did not influence the supervisor‐rated task performance of excluded workers, nor did POS mitigate the relationship between co‐worker exclusion and job‐induced tension. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Crimmigration in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Woude Maartje A. H. , van der Leun Joanne P. , Nijland Jo‐Anne A.
Published: July 2014

For a long time the Netherlands has been internationally known for its tolerant and humane environment for first‐ and second‐generation migrants. However, as in many European countries, over the past few decades the political debate on immigration has gradually grown more negative. Links between crime, security, migration, and integration have become more established, resulting in a series of policy and legislative reforms targeting migrants in the country. These developments seem to fit into the broader trend for which scholars have coined the term crimmigration, the intersection of crime control and immigration control. In this article, using crimmigration as a sensitizing concept, we seek to gain insight into the governance of migration and crime in Netherlands.
Dehydrin expression in seeds and maturation drying: a paradigm change
Authors: Radwan A. , Hara M. , Kleinwächter M. , Selmar D.
Published: July 2014

Dehydrins are well known for being expressed in leaves during the course of developmental processes as well as under drought stress, being part of the protective machinery. Moreover, in seed physiology, dehydrins are classified as late embryogenesis‐related proteins (LEA protein), where they are thought to be responsible for persistence and longevity of seeds. Although both topics are a focus of modern plant biology, a direct linkage between these both areas is generally lacking. Based on an alignment of the chain of events, this paper will help to generate understanding that the occurrence of dehydrins in maturing seeds and leaves suffering drought stress is part of the same basic principle: basic principle: dehydrins are expressed in response to water shortage. Unfortunately, the related developmental process in seeds, i.e. maturation drying, has not been adequately considered as a part of this process. As a corresponding implication, the chain of events must be adjusted: the differences in dehydrin expression in orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds could be directly attributed to the occurrence or absence of maturation drying. The differences in dehydrin expression in orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds, and thus the differences in longevity, could be attributed to the occurrence or absence of a maturation drying.
A phase 1b study of placenta‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Chambers Daniel C. , Enever Debra , Ilic Nina , Sparks Lisa , Whitelaw Kylie , Ayres John , Yerkovich Stephanie T. , Khalil Dalia , Atkinson Kerry M. , Hopkins Peter M.A.
Published: July 2014

Background and objective

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a degenerative disease characterized by fibrosis following failed epithelial repair. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), a key component of the stem cell niche in bone marrow and possibly other organs including lung, have been shown to enhance epithelial repair and are effective in preclinical models of inflammation‐induced pulmonary fibrosis, but may be profibrotic in some circumstances.

Methods

In this single centre, non‐randomized, dose escalation phase 1b trial, patients with moderately severe IPF (diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) ≥ 25% and forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ 50%) received either 1 × 106 (n = 4) or 2 × 106 (n = 4) unrelated‐donor, placenta‐derived MSC/kg via a peripheral vein and were followed for 6 months with lung function (FVC and DLCO), 6‐min walk distance (6MWD) and computed tomography (CT) chest.

Results

Eight patients (4 female, aged 63.5 (57–75) years) with median (interquartile range) FVC 60 (52.5–74.5)% and DLCO 34.5 (29.5–40)% predicted were treated. Both dose schedules were well tolerated with only minor and transient acute adverse effects. MSC infusion was associated with a transient (1% (0–2%)) fall in SaO2 after 15 min, but no changes in haemodynamics. At 6 months FVC, DLCO, 6MWD and CT fibrosis score were unchanged compared with baseline. There was no evidence of worsening fibrosis.

Conclusions

Intravenous MSC administration is feasible and has a good short‐term safety profile in patients with moderately severe IPF.
Do We Have a Workable Clinical Protocol for Differentiating Lympho‐Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Culture?
Authors: Chen U.
Published: July 2014

In recent years, many researchers are focusing on deriving lympho‐hematopoietic stem cells (L‐HSC) from human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and/or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in culture as alternative sources for transplantation. Two protocols are available for research purposes: mouse stroma cell line coculture system and embryoid bodies (EBs) suspension culture system. However, due to the lack of human stroma cell line, which could support the derivation of L‐HSC in culture, the generation of therapeutic lympho‐hematopoietic cells for clinical purpose can only be achieved using EBs suspension culture system. In this short communication/review, the results of EBs suspension culture system using mouse and human ESC/iPSC are summarized and the potential clinical application is discussed.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Circumnavigation Using Noisy Range-Based Measurements Without Global Positioning System Information
Authors: Hashemi Araz , Cao Yongcan , Casbeer David W. , Yin George
Published: July 2014

This work develops and analyzes a control algorithm for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to circumnavigate an unknown target at a fixed radius when the UAV is unable to determine its location and heading. Using a relationship between range-rate and bearing angle (from the target), we formulate a control algorithm that uses the range-rate as a proxy for the bearing angle and adjusts the heading of the UAV accordingly. We consider the addition of measurement errors and model the system with a stochastic differential equation to carry out the analysis. A recurrence result is proven, establishing that the UAV will reach a neighborhood of the desired orbit in finite time, and a mollified control is presented to eliminate a portion of the recurrent set about the origin. Simulation studies are presented to support the analysis and compare the performance against other algorithms for the circumnavigation task.
Applied Tests of Design Skills—Part III: Abstract Reasoning
Authors: Khorshidi Maryam , Shah Jami J. , Woodward Jay
Published: July 2014

Past studies have identified the following cognitive skills relevant to conceptual design: divergent thinking, spatial reasoning, visual thinking, abstract reasoning, and problem formulation (PF). Standardized tests are being developed to assess these skills. The tests on divergent thinking and visual thinking are fully developed and validated; this paper focuses on the development of a test of abstract reasoning in the context of engineering design. Similar to the two previous papers, this paper reports on the theoretical and empirical basis for skill identification and test development. Cognitive studies of human problem solving and design thinking revealed four indicators of abstract reasoning: qualitative deductive reasoning (DR), qualitative inductive reasoning (IR), analogical reasoning (AnR), and abductive reasoning (AbR). Each of these is characterized in terms of measurable indicators. The paper presents test construction procedures, trial runs, data collection, norming studies, and test refinement. Initial versions of the test were given to approximately 250 subjects to determine the clarity of the test problems, time allocation and to gauge the difficulty level. A protocol study was also conducted to assess test content validity. The beta version was given to approximately 100 students and the data collected was used for norming studies and test validation. Analysis of test results suggested high internal consistency; factor analysis revealed four eigenvalues above 1.0, indicating assessment of four different subskills by the test (as initially proposed by four indicators). The composite Cronbach’s alpha for all of the factors together was found to be 0.579. Future research will be conducted on criterion validity.
Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanocapsule Particles as Lubricant Additive
Authors: Jeng Yeau-Ren , Huang Yao-Huei , Tsai Ping-Chi , Hwang Gan-Lin
Published: July 2014

An experimental investigation is performed into the tribological properties of mineral oil lubricants containing carbon nanocapsules (CNCs) additives with various concentrations (wt.%). Friction characteristics and wear behaviors at contact interfaces are examined by the block-on-ring tests, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and mapping (MAP) analysis. The results suggest that the addition of CNCs to the mineral oil yields an effective reduction in the friction coefficient at the contact interface. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations clarify the lubrication mechanism of CNCs at the sliding system, indicating the tribological properties are essentially sensitive to the structural evolutions of CNCs.
Unified Criterion for Brittle–Ductile Transition in Mechanical Microcutting of Brittle Materials
Authors: Cheng X. , Wei X. T. , Yang X. H. , Guo Y. B.
Published: July 2014

Various brittle–ductile transition (BDT) criteria have been developed in the literature to estimate the critical conditions for ductile microcutting of brittle materials. This study provides a unified criterion to efficiently and accurately estimate the critical condition based on the indentation model on brittle materials. The unified criterion correlates with the cutting edge radius, material properties, and a dimensionless coefficient fitted by the experimental data. It shows that the cutting edge geometry is the dominant factor and the maximum undeformed chip thickness (MUCT) can be used as the unified criterion in BDTs. Based on the proposed model, microturning and micromilling have been analyzed to determine the threshold value of the MUCT for ductile microcutting. The model has been validated by the experimental data. Based on the models and three-dimensional geometrical model of microcutting, a further analysis shows that the process conditions greatly affect the microcutting efficiency even though all the conditions may achieve the ductile-regime cutting.
Head and Arm Positions that Elicit Maximal Voluntary Trunk Range-of-Motion Measures
Authors: Schinkel-Ivy Alison , Pardisnia Sara , Drake Janessa D.M.
Published: July 2014

Relationships have been shown between spinal motion and head and arm postures, yet there has been little standardization of the head and arm positions that elicit maximal voluntary spine angles during maximal trunk flexion, lateral bend, and axial twist. This study aimed to determine the head and arm positions that facilitated maximum voluntary range of motion in various spinal regions during these movements. Twenty-four individuals performed maximal movements in each plane with different combinations of head and arm positions (flexion and lateral bend: four combinations; axial twist: six combinations). Generally, greater angles were elicited for the upper spine regions when the head was moved in the direction of trunk motion, while the angles of the lower regions were either unaffected or greater when the head was kept in a neutral position. Arm positions also affected maximum spinal angles, in that angles were greatest when the arms were hanging to the floor (flexion), abducted to 90° (axial twist), and either hanging to the floor or crossed over the chest (lateral bend). These findings provide insight into the interplay between the spine and adjacent segments and constitute an initial attempt to develop standardized positions during maximum range-of-motion trials.
Short Communication: Pennation Angle Variability in Human Muscle
Authors: Infantolino Benjamin W. , Challis John H.
Published: July 2014

The pennated arrangement of muscle fibers has important implications for muscle function in vivo, but complex arrangement of muscle fascicles in whole muscle raises the question whether the arrangement of fascicles produce variations in pennation angle throughout muscle. The purpose of this study was to describe the variability in pennation angle observed throughout the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two cadaveric muscles were scanned in a 14.1 tesla MRI unit. Muscles were divided into slices and pennation angle was measured in the same representative location throughout the muscle in each slice for the medial-lateral and anterior posterior-image planes. Data showed large nonuniform variation in pennation angles throughout the muscles. For example, for cadaver 2, pennation angle in 287 planes along the medial-lateral axis ranged from 3.2° to 22.6°, while for the anterior-posterior axis, in 237 planes it ranged from 3.1° to 24.5°. The nonnormal distribution of pennation angles along each axis suggests a more complex distribution of fascicles than is assumed when a single pennation angle is used to represent an entire muscle. This distribution indicates that a single pennation angle may not accurately describe the arrangement of muscle fascicles in whole muscle.
Response to Comment on “Quantifying long-term scientific impact”
Authors: Wang Dashun , Song Chaoming , Shen Hua-Wei , Barabási Albert-László
Published: July 2014

Wang, Mei, and Hicks claim that they observed large mean prediction errors when using our model. We find that their claims are a simple consequence of overfitting, which can be avoided by standard regularization methods. Here, we show that our model provides an effective means to identify papers that may be subject to overfitting, and the model, with or without prior treatment, outperforms the proposed naïve approach.
Selection bias at the heterosexual HIV-1 transmission bottleneck
Authors: Carlson Jonathan M. , Schaefer Malinda , Monaco Daniela C. , Batorsky Rebecca , Claiborne Daniel T. , Prince Jessica , Deymier Martin J. , Ende Zachary S. , Klatt Nichole R. , DeZiel Charles E. , Lin Tien-Ho , Peng Jian , Seese Aaron M. , Shapiro Roger , Frater John , Ndung’u Thumbi , Tang Jianming , Goepfert Paul , Gilmour Jill , Price Matt A. , Kilembe William , Heckerman David , Goulder Philip J. R. , Allen Todd M. , Allen Susan , Hunter Eric
Published: July 2014

HIV needs to be fit to transmit

Although you might not think it, it's hard to catch HIV. Less than 1% of unprotected sexual exposures result in infection. What then leads to transmission? Carlson
et al.
determined the amino acid sequence of viruses infecting 137 Zambian heterosexual couples in which one partner infected the other (see the Perspective by Joseph and Swanstrom). The authors then used statistical modeling and found that transmitted viruses are typically the most evolutionarily fit. That is, compared to other viral variants in the infected person, the transmitted virus most closely matches the most common viral sequence found in the Zambian population.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1254031
; see also p.
136
Low-energy electron diffraction at ultrafast speeds
Authors: Nibbering Erik T. J.
Published: July 2014

Thermally induced structural changes in a thin polymer film could be resolved with picosecond time resolution.

[Also see Report by

Gulde
et al.

]
A critical question for HIV vaccine development: Which antibodies to induce?
Authors: Zolla-Pazner Susan
Published: July 2014

A vaccine against HIV-1 must prevent infection against genetically diverse virus strains. Two approaches are currently being pursued to elicit antibody-mediated protection: vaccines that induce potent and broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) or vaccines that induce “conventional antibodies,” which are less potent and broadly neutralizing in comparison. Although bnAbs may provide the greatest level of protection, their structural and genetic characteristics make their elicitation through vaccination a major challenge. In contrast, conventional HIV-1 antibodies have been induced by vaccination and correlated with reduced HIV-1 infection in a phase III vaccine trial. Here, I present evidence that both approaches should be pursued with equal vigor.
Uncontacted tribe in Brazil emerges from isolation
Authors: Pringle Heather
Published: July 2014

Anthropologists worry about the threat from novel infections and conflicts with other tribes.
Medical isotopes confound nuclear test monitoring
Authors: Wald Chelsea
Published: July 2014

Gases from medical isotope plants can mimic the signature of a bomb, but makers say they will cut emissions.
RIP for a key
Homo
species?
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: July 2014

Researchers consider killing off a claimed common ancestor of Neandertals and modern humans.
The promise of the microbiome: Function and dysfunction in humans and beyond
Authors: Relman David A. , Gilbert Jack A. , Knight Rob
Published: July 2014

Microbiomes–the distinct microbial populations that colonize an array of bodily and environmental niches–are rapidly gaining prominence in numerous fields of research. Increasing understanding of the composition and characteristics of these microbial communities is providing substantial insight into the function, and dysfunction, of a broad range of processes in the host organisms. Recent discoveries indicate a role of the microbiome in specific physical conditions and disease states; these discoveries suggest considerable potential for the development of microbiome-based diagnostic and therapeutic tools. While the microbiota of the human gut has drawn much attention to date, microbiome research is by no means limited to the study of the intestinal populations, or even to the study of humans. Efforts in environmental and agricultural research, for example, reflect a growing interest in the relevance of nonhuman microbiomes.
Three Isothermal Amplification Techniques for Rapid Identification of Cladophialophora carrionii, an Agent of Human Chromoblastomycosis
Authors: Deng Shuwen , de Hoog G. Sybren , Pan Weihua , Chen Min , van den Ende A. H. G. Gerrits , Yang Liyue , Sun Jiufeng , Najafzadeh Mohammad Javad , Liao Wanqing , Li Ruoyu
Published: July 2014

In this study, we developed rapid and sensitive assays for the detection of
Cladophialophora carrionii
, a common agent of human chromoblastomycosis. The isothermal techniques evaluated were rolling-circle amplification (RCA), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The probes for RCA and MLPA were designed with target sequences in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer gene (
ITS
) region, and LAMP primers were designed using the elongation factor 1α gene (
EF1
); these probes and primers specifically amplified DNA of isolates of the species. The three techniques were sufficiently specific and sensitive for discriminating target DNA of
C. carrionii
from that of related
Cladophialophora
species and other agents of chromoblastomycosis. RCA, MLPA, and LAMP are advantageous in their reliability and ease of operation compared to standard PCR and conventional methods.
Sequence of Events in Measles Virus Replication: Role of Phosphoprotein-Nucleocapsid Interactions
Authors: Brunel Joanna , Chopy Damien , Dosnon Marion , Bloyet Louis-Marie , Devaux Patricia , Urzua Erica , Cattaneo Roberto , Longhi Sonia , Gerlier Denis
Published: July 2014

The genome of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses is tightly embedded within a nucleocapsid made of a nucleoprotein (N) homopolymer. To ensure processive RNA synthesis, the viral polymerase L in complex with its cofactor phosphoprotein (P) binds the nucleocapsid that constitutes the functional template. Measles virus P and N interact through two binding sites. While binding of the P amino terminus with the core of N (N
CORE
) prevents illegitimate encapsidation of cellular RNA, the interaction between their C-terminal domains, P
XD
and N
TAIL
is required for viral RNA synthesis. To investigate the binding dynamics between the two latter domains, the P
XD
F497 residue that makes multiple hydrophobic intramolecular interactions was mutated. Using a quantitative mammalian protein complementation assay and recombinant viruses, we found that an increase in P
XD
-to-N
TAIL
binding strength is associated with a slower transcript accumulation rate and that abolishing the interaction renders the polymerase nonfunctional. The use of a newly developed system allowing conditional expression of wild-type or mutated P genes, revealed that the loss of the P
XD
-N
TAIL
interaction results in reduced transcription by preformed transcriptases, suggesting reduced engagement on the genomic template. These intracellular data indicate that the viral polymerase entry into and progression along its genomic template relies on a protein-protein interaction that serves as a tightly controlled dynamic anchor.

IMPORTANCE
Mononegavirales
have a unique machinery to replicate RNA. Processivity of their polymerase is only achieved when the genome template is entirely embedded into a helical homopolymer of nucleoproteins that constitutes the nucleocapsid. The polymerase binds to the nucleocapsid template through the phosphoprotein. How the polymerase complex enters and travels along the nucleocapsid template to ensure uninterrupted synthesis of up to ∼6,700-nucleotide messenger RNAs from six to ten consecutive genes is unknown. Using a quantitative protein complementation assay and a biGene-biSilencing system allowing conditional expression of two P genes copies, the role of the P-to-N interaction in polymerase function was further characterized. We report here a dynamic protein anchoring mechanism that differs from all other known polymerases that rely only onto a sustained and direct binding to their nucleic acid template.
Structure Analysis of the Major Capsid Proteins of Human Polyomaviruses 6 and 7 Reveals an Obstructed Sialic Acid Binding Site
Authors: Ströh Luisa J. , Neu Ursula , Blaum Bärbel S. , Buch Michael H. C. , Garcea Robert L. , Stehle Thilo
Published: July 2014

Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and HPyV7 are commonly found on human skin. We have determined the X-ray structures of their major capsid protein, VP1, at resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 Å, respectively. In polyomaviruses, VP1 commonly determines antigenicity as well as cell-surface receptor specificity, and the protein is therefore linked to attachment, tropism, and ultimately, viral pathogenicity. The structures of HPyV6 and HPyV7 VP1 reveal uniquely elongated loops that cover the bulk of the outer virion surfaces, obstructing a groove that binds sialylated glycan receptors in many other polyomaviruses. In support of this structural observation, interactions of VP1 with α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids could not be detected in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Single-cell binding studies indicate that sialylated glycans are likely not required for initial attachment to cultured human cells. Our findings establish distinct antigenic properties of HPyV6 and HPyV7 capsids and indicate that these two viruses engage nonsialylated receptors.

IMPORTANCE
Eleven new human polyomaviruses, including the skin viruses HPyV6 and HPyV7, have been identified during the last decade. In contrast to better-studied polyomaviruses, the routes of infection, cell tropism, and entry pathways of many of these new viruses remain largely mysterious. Our high-resolution X-ray structures of major capsid proteins VP1 from HPyV6 and from HPyV7 reveal critical differences in surface morphology from those of all other known polyomavirus structures. A groove that engages specific sialic acid-containing glycan receptors in related polyomaviruses is obstructed, and VP1 of HPyV6 and HPyV7 does not interact with sialylated compounds in solution or on cultured human cells. A comprehensive comparison with other structurally characterized polyomavirus VP1 proteins enhances our understanding of molecular determinants that underlie receptor specificity, antigenicity, and, ultimately, pathogenicity within the polyomavirus family and highlight the need for structure-based analysis to better define phylogenetic relationships within the growing polyomavirus family and perhaps also for other viruses.
Dual Modulation of Type I Interferon Response by Bluetongue Virus
Authors: Doceul Virginie , Chauveau Emilie , Lara Estelle , Bréard Emmanuel , Sailleau Corinne , Zientara Stéphan , Vitour Damien
Published: July 2014

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that causes an economically important disease in ruminants. BTV infection is a strong inducer of type I interferon (IFN-I) in multiple cell types. It has been shown recently that BTV and, more specifically, the nonstructural protein NS3 of BTV are able to modulate the IFN-I synthesis pathway. However, nothing is known about the ability of BTV to counteract IFN-I signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of BTV on the IFN-I response pathway and, more particularly, the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT) signaling pathway. We found that BTV infection triggered the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in A549 cells. However, when BTV-infected cells were stimulated with external IFN-I, we showed that activation of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter and expression of ISGs were inhibited. We found that this inhibition involved two different mechanisms that were dependent on the time of infection. After overnight infection, BTV blocked specifically the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1. This inhibition correlated with the redistribution of STAT1 in regions adjacent to the nucleus. At a later time point of infection, BTV was found to interfere with the activation of other key components of the JAK/STAT pathway and to induce the downregulation of JAK1 and TYK2 protein expression. Overall, our study indicates for the first time that BTV is able to interfere with the JAK/STAT pathway to modulate the IFN-I response.

IMPORTANCEBluetongue virus (BTV) causes a severe disease in ruminants and has an important impact on the livestock economy in areas of endemicity such as Africa. The emergence of strains, such as serotype 8 in Europe in 2006, can lead to important economic losses due to commercial restrictions and prophylactic measures. It has been known for many years that BTV is a strong inducer of type I interferon (IFN-I)in vitroandin vivoin multiple cell types. However, the ability of BTV to interact with the IFN-I system remains unclear. Here, we report that BTV is able to modulate the IFN-I response by interfering with the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT) signaling pathway. These findings contribute to knowledge of how BTV infection interferes with the host's innate immune response and becomes pathogenic. This will also be important for the design of efficacious vaccine candidates.
Human Cytomegalovirus Upregulates Expression of the Lectin Galectin 9 via Induction of Beta Interferon
Authors: McSharry Brian P. , Forbes Simone K. , Cao John Z. , Avdic Selmir , Machala Emily A. , Gottlieb David J. , Abendroth Allison , Slobedman Barry
Published: July 2014

Regulation of the lectin galectin 9 (Gal-9) was investigated for the first time during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Gal-9 transcription was significantly upregulated in transplant recipients with reactivated HCMVin vivo. In vitro, Gal-9 was potently upregulated by HCMV independently of viral gene expression, with interferon beta (IFN-β) identified as the mediator of this effect. This study defines an immunoregulatory protein potently increased by HCMV infection and a novel mechanism to control Gal-9 through IFN-β induction.
Ichthyosis with confetti: a rare diagnosis and treatment plan
Authors: Long Myra C
Published: July 2014

Congenital ichthyosis includes a group of rare skin disorders known for tiles of hyperkeratotic skin resembling fish scales. With age, the hyperkeratosis generally becomes more concentrated around joints which increases impairment. Ichthyosis with confetti, also known as ichthyosis variegata or congenital reticular ichthyosiform erythroderma, is an extremely rare form of ichthyosis. It usually begins as non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with the expected scaling. However, with time patients develop widespread ‘confetti-like’ patches of healthy skin. The healthy skin reflects clonal expansion of ‘normal’ or reverted cells. Cell reversion has potential for future therapies using revertant stem cells. Controlling symptoms with emollients is the goal of treatment for ichthyosis since it has no cure.