bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Cyclopropanation of Alkenes via (2‐Furyl)carbene Complexes from 1‐Benzoyl‐cis‐1‐buten‐3‐yne with Transition Metal Compounds.
Authors: Miki Koji , Yokoi Tomomi , Nishino Fumiaki , Kato Yumiko , Washitake Yosuke , Ohe Kouichi , Uemura Sakae
Published: June 2004

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Amphoteric Quinone—Azine—Cyclopentadithiophene System.
Authors: Kozaki Masatoshi , Igarashi Hiroaki , Okada Keiji
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Properties of N‐(2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl)‐2‐thiophenesulfonamides.
Authors: Aizina Yu. A. , Rozentsveig I. B. , Levkovskaya G. G. , Mirskova A. N.
Published: June 2004

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Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Formation of Functionalized 2,5‐Dihydropyrroles Using Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Balan Daniela , Adolfsson Hans
Published: June 2004

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One‐Pot Synthesis of the Indole Derivative 4‐Chloro‐3‐sulfamoyl‐N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐1‐yl)benzamide (Indapamide).
Authors: Ziobro Barbara , Sienkiewicz Barbara , Kowalski Piotr
Published: June 2004

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3H‐Indolium Salts Efficiently Prepared from N‐Substituted Anilines and α‐Branched Ketones by a One‐Pot Synthesis.
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas , Brede Ortwin
Published: June 2004

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Ion Exchange Resin Catalyzed Condensation of Indole and Carbonyl Compounds — Synthesis of Bis‐indolylmethanes.
Authors: Feng Xin‐Liang , Guan Chuan‐Jin , Zhao Cheng‐Xue
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Substituted Imidazoles via Organocatalysis.
Authors: Frantz Doug E. , Morency Louis , Soheili Arash , Murry Jerry A. , Grabowski Edward J. J. , Tillyer Richard D.
Published: June 2004

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Highly Diastereoselective Aldol Additions to Five‐Ring N,O‐Acetals.
Authors: Brunner Martin , Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties of New 3‐Aryl‐5‐cyano‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles.
Authors: Bezborodov V. S. , Kovganko N. N. , Lapanik V. I.
Published: June 2004

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Sequential Bromination—Rearrangement of Push—Pull Thiazolidines Induced by Pyridinium Hydrobromide Perbromide under Homogeneous Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Markovic Rade , Baranac Marija , Dzambaski Zdravko
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of 2‐(Benzylidene‐amino)‐benzo[d]isothiazol‐3‐ones.
Authors: Zani Franca , Vicini Paola , Incerti Matteo
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Polynuclear Nonfused Azoles.
Authors: Verkhozina O. N. , Kizhnyaev V. N. , Vereshchagin L. I. , Rokhin A. V. , Smirnov A. I.
Published: June 2004

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Stereoselective Cyclization Using Palladium(II) Catalyst via Hemiacetal Intermediates.
Authors: Miyazawa Masahiro , Hirose Yukari , Narantsetseg Magsarjav , Yokoyama Hajime , Yamaguchi Seiji , Hirai Yoshiro
Published: June 2004

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(.+‐.)‐cis‐(6‐Ethyl‐tetrahydropyran‐2‐yl)‐formic Acid: A Novel Substance with Antinociceptive Properties.
Authors: Miranda L. S. M. , Marinho Bruno G. , Leitao Suzana G. , Matheus Maria Eline , Fernandes Patricia D. , Vasconcellos M. L. A. A.
Published: June 2004

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Reactions of 1‐Aryl‐2,2‐dibromobutan‐1‐ones with Zinc and Alkyl 6‐Bromo‐2‐oxo‐2‐H‐chromen‐3‐carboxylate.
Authors: Zhchepin V. V. , Kalyuzhnyi M. M. , Zhchepin R. V. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: June 2004

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Cyclooligomerization of Acetylene with Acetonitrile to 2‐Amino‐3‐(1‐iminoethyl)‐6‐methylpyridine in the System KOH—CH3CN.
Authors: Trofimov B. A. , Mal'kina A. G. , Afonin A. V. , Ushakov I. A. , Nosyreva V. V. , Bel'skii V. K.
Published: June 2004

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A Procedure for Preparation of 2‐Methylquinoline‐4‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Zemtsova M. N. , Trakhtenberg P. L. , Galkina M. V.
Published: June 2004

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New α‐(N)‐Heterocyclichydrazones: Evaluation of Anticancer, anti‐HIV, and Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Savini Luisa , Chiasserini Luisa , Travagli Valter , Pellerano Cesare , Novellino Ettore , Cosentino Sofia , Pisano M. Barbara
Published: June 2004

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A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Substituted‐3‐aminoquinolines: Preparation of Benzo[b]naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Wang Yanong D. , Boschelli Diane H. , Johnson Steven , Honores Erick
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of 5H‐Pyridazino[4,5‐b]indoles and Their Benzofurane Analogues Utilizing an Intramolecular Heck‐Type Reaction.
Authors: Matyus Peter , et al. et al.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Pyrimidines via Base‐Induced Condensation of α‐Chloro Oxime Derivatives.
Authors: Tsuritani Takayuki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: June 2004

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A Fast and Parallel Route to Cyclic Isothioureas and Guanidines with Use of Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry.
Authors: Sandin Helena , Swanstein Marie‐Louise , Wellner Eric
Published: June 2004

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Efficient Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones by Aluminum Hydrogensulfate.
Authors: Khodaei M. M. , Salehi P. , Zolfigol M. A. , Sirouszadeh S.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Properties of Novel Sulfonamides Containing 1,3‐Dimethyl‐1H‐quinazoline‐2,4‐dione Fragment.
Authors: Khakhina M. Yu. , Korsakov M. K. , Balakin K. V. , Skorenko A. V. , Kravchenko D. V. , Solov'ev M. Yu. , Proskurina I. K. , Dorogov M. V.
Published: June 2004

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A Rapid and Convenient Synthesis of Novel 1‐Imino‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazino[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐5‐ones.
Authors: Pereira Maria de Fatima , Alexandre Francois Rene , Thiery Valerie , Besson Thierry
Published: June 2004

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Hypocrellin Derivative with Improvements of Red Absorption and Active Oxygen Species Generation.
Authors: Xu Shangjie , Chen Shen , Zhang Manhua , Shen Tao
Published: June 2004

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Heterocyclizations of Functionalized Heterocumulenes with C,N‐ and C,O‐Dinucleophiles. Part 3. Cyclization of N‐(1‐Aryl‐1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)‐N′‐arylcarbodiimides with 3‐Substituted 1‐Phenylpyrazol‐5‐ones.
Authors: Bol'but A. V. , Dorokhov V. I. , Sukach V. A. , Tolmachev A. A. , Vovk M. V.
Published: June 2004

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Heteroadamantanes and Their Derivatives. Part 25. Synthesis of 3,6‐Diazahomoadamantane‐9‐spirothiiranes.
Authors: Kuznetsov A. I. , Serova T. M. , Azzheurova I. A.
Published: June 2004

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Interconversion Between syn and anti Conformations of 1,3‐Bis(O‐cyanomethyl)‐p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene.
Authors: Bhalla Vandana , Kumar Manoj , Kabuto Chizuko , Hattori Tetsutaro , Miyano Sotaro
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Enantiodifferentiating Properties of Chiral Aza Crown Ethers.
Authors: Lobach A. V. , Leus O. N. , Titova N. Yu. , Luk'yanenko N. G.
Published: June 2004

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Unexpected Hydrolithiation of M=M′ Double Bond (M, M′: Si, Ge) with tBuLi.
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: June 2004

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A Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of a Bifunctional β‐Silylketone, Precursor for a Solid Supported β‐Silylethanol Anchoring Group.
Authors: Date Sonali M. , Iyer Prema , Ghosh Sunil K.
Published: June 2004

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Hydrophosphorylation of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium.
Authors: Gulykina N. S. , Dolgina T. M. , Bondarenko G. N. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: June 2004

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First Three Examples of Taxane‐Derived Di‐propellanes in Taxus canadensis Needles.
Authors: Shi Qing Wen , Sauriol Francoise , Lesimple Alain , Zamir Lolita O.
Published: June 2004

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Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions of 2,3‐Epoxy Derivatives of Citral with Alcohols.
Authors: Yarovaya O. I. , Korchagina D. V. , Salomatina O. V. , Polovinka M. P. , Barkhash V. A.
Published: June 2004

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Phytoconstituents from Saussurea lappa Roots.
Authors: Singh Vijender , Ali Mohd
Published: June 2004

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New 2,10‐Functionalized Camphor Derivatives.
Authors: Vostrikov N. S. , Abutkov A. V. , Vasikov V. Z. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of 1,6‐Dihydro‐ and 4‐(4‐Nitrophenyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine, 1H‐ and 1‐Phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole, and Isoxazole Derivatives on the Basis of Cyclopentanonopimaric Acid.
Authors: Tret'yakova E. V. , Flekhter O. B. , Galin F. Z. , Spirikhin L. V. , Baikova I. P. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: June 2004

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Chemospecific Preparation of Both Enantiomers of α‐Terpinyl Trifluoroacetate.
Authors: de Mattos Marcio C. S. , Coelho Ricardo B. , Sanseverino Antonio M.
Published: June 2004

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Stereoselective Synthesis of 22,24‐Dihydroxy Steroids.
Authors: Litvinovskaya R. P. , Koval' N. V. , Khripach V. A. , de Grut A.
Published: June 2004

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Stereoselective Addition of Pyridyl Lithium to 22‐Aldehyde Steroid. Synthesis of 22‐Piperidin‐yl‐pregnan‐3β, 22(S)‐Diol.
Authors: Visbal Gonzalo , Alvarez‐Aular Alvaro
Published: June 2004

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Novel Betaines from a Micronesian Sponge Dysidea herbacea.
Authors: Sakai Ryuichi , Suzuki Katsuji , Shimamoto Keiko , Kamiya Hisao
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of N‐(3‐Trimethylsilyl‐2‐propynoyl) Amino Acids.
Authors: Andreev M. V. , Medvedeva A. S. , Safronova L. P. , Afonin A. V. , Sarapulova G. I.
Published: June 2004

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Highly Diastereoselective Radical Addition to Glyoxylate Imines of Chiral Amines without Additional Heteroatoms.
Authors: Singh Nishan , Anand R. D. , Trehan Sanjay
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of a Ring Fragment of 9α,11α‐Thiathromboxane A2. Procedure for Bond C1—C2 Cleavage in Monosaccharides by an Example of D‐Glucose 2‐Deoxy‐3‐mesyl Derivative.
Authors: Bikbulatov R. V. , Akhmetvallev R. R. , Akbutina F. A. , Spirikhin L. V. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: June 2004

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Cyclopentane Ring Fusion to α‐Iodo and α‐Bromo Levoglucosenone Derivatives with 2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dinitropropane.
Authors: Tsypysheva I. P. , Valeev F. A. , Kalimullina L. Kh. , Spirikhin L. V. , Safarov M. G.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Trisaccharide of Incanoside from Caryopteris incana.
Authors: Li Jubiao , Wang Yanguang
Published: June 2004

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Grignard Additions to 2‐Uloses: Synthesis of Stereochemically Pure Tertiary Alcohols.
Authors: Cleator Ed , McCusker Catherine F. , Steltzer Frank , Ley Steven V.
Published: June 2004

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Enantioselective Total Syntheses of (+)‐Arborescidine A, (‐)‐Arborescidine B, and (‐)‐Arborescidine C.
Authors: Santos Leonardo S. , Pilli Ronaldo A. , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: June 2004

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Syntheses of (‐)‐Funebrine (I) and (‐)‐Funebral (II), Using Sequential Transesterification and Intramolecular Cycloaddition of a Chiral Nitrone.
Authors: Tamura Osamu , Iyama Nobutaka , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of 5‐Methoxymethyl, 5‐(2‐Methoxyethyl), and 5‐Allyl Thebaine, Codeinone, and Morphinone Derivatives.
Authors: Lotfy H. R. , Schultz A. G. , Metwally M. A.
Published: June 2004

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A Novel Synthesis Towards Ellipticine and Its Derivatives. Synthesis of a New Precursor Compound.
Authors: Erguen Y. , Patir S. , Okay G.
Published: June 2004

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A Regioselective Acylation of N‐Substituted‐4‐aminoindole. Its Application to the Synthesis of Indolactam V.
Authors: Suarez Alirica I. , Garcia Maria C. , Compagnone Reinaldo S.
Published: June 2004

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Stereoselective Construction of the Pyrrolizidine Bridgehead Stereochemistry by the Adjacent Hydroxyl Group in the Synthesis of (+)‐Heliotridine and (‐)‐Retronecine.
Authors: Huang Jie‐Ming , Hong Sea‐Chuan , Wu Kun‐Liang , Tsai Yeun‐Min
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Some 3′‐Fluoro Bicyclic Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: McGuigan Christopher , Carangio Antonella , Snoeck Robert , Andrei Graciela , De Clercq Erik , Balzarini Jan
Published: June 2004

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A New Approach for the Synthesis of Novel 5‐Substituted Isodeoxyuridine Analogues.
Authors: Guenther Sven , Nair Vasu
Published: June 2004

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Prostanoids. Part 85. Synthesis 9‐Oxo Derivatives of 9‐LO Thromboxans.
Authors: Akhmetvaleev R. R. , Bikbulatov R. V. , Belogaeva T. A. , Akbutina F. A. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of the Polyene‐Polyol Macrolide RK‐397, Featuring Cross‐Couplings of Alkynylepoxide Modules.
Authors: Burova Svetlana A. , McDonald Frank E.
Published: June 2004

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Efficient Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Juglomycin A.
Authors: Min Jong‐Pil , Kim Ju‐Cheun , Park Oee‐Sook
Published: June 2004

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Short and Efficient Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐A‐Factor.
Authors: Chavan Subhash P. , Pasupathy K. , Shivasankar K.
Published: June 2004

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A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 2,2‐Bis(3′/2′‐indolyl)ethylamines and Three Bisindolic Natural Products.
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Ghosh Nandita , Basak Ramkrishna , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: June 2004

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The Stepwise Formation of Si—O Networks
Authors: Binnewies Michael , Soeger Nicola , Jerzembeck M. , Kornick A. , Quellhorst H. , Sack C. , Wilkening A.
Published: June 2004

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The Gas‐Phase Oxidation of Silyl Radicals by Molecular Oxygen: Kinetics and Mechanisms
Authors: Koecher T. , Kerst C. , Friedrichs G. , Temps F.
Published: June 2004

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Asymmetric Electrophilic α‐Amination of Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Greck Christine , Drouillat Bruno , Thomassigny Christine
Published: June 2004

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Some Got Away, but Others Didn′t...
Authors: Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Azoles Containing Benzothiazole Substituents
Authors: Kelarev V. I. , Kobrakov K. I. , Rybina I. I.
Published: June 2004

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Molecular Peapods as Supramolecular Carbon Allotropes
Authors: Vostrowsky Otto , Hirsch Andreas
Published: June 2004

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Selective Hydroxyl Protection and Deprotection
Authors: Robertson Jeremy , Stafford Petra M.
Published: June 2004

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Carbohydrates in Chiral Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inorganic Derivatives
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aldosuloses and Other Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unsaturated Derivatives
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thio‐, Seleno‐, and Tellurosugars
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aminosugars
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Esters
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oligosaccharides
Authors: Anon. Anon.
Published: June 2004

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Glycosides and Disaccharides
Authors: Anon. Anon.
Published: June 2004

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Free Sugars
Authors: Anon. Anon.
Published: June 2004

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Chemistry of Natural Retinoids and Carotenoids: Challenges for the Future
Authors: Valla Alain R. , Cartier Dominique L. , Labia Roger
Published: June 2004

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Highly Efficient and Environmentally Benign Catalytic Enamine Reaction of Unmodified Aldehydes and Its Application to Terpenoid Syntheses
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro
Published: June 2004

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Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Chiral Phosphetanes
Authors: Marinetti Angela , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of rac‐ and meso‐1,2‐Bis(tert‐butylchlorophosphino)‐1,2‐ Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) and Transition‐Metal Complexes Thereof
Authors: Sterzik A. , Maulana I. , Blaurock S. , Loennecke P. , Rys E. , Kalinin V. N. , Hey‐Hawkins E.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Functional Derivatives of Anionic Boron Hydrides for BNCT
Authors: Sivaev I. , Bregadze V. , Sjoberg S.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Functional Derivatives of Cobalt Bis(1,2‐dicarbollide) Anion for BNCT
Authors: Bregadze V. , Sivaev I. , Sjoberg S.
Published: June 2004

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Novel Natural and Synthetic closo‐ Monocarbon Carborane‐Substituted Porphyrins
Authors: Ol'shevskaya V. A. , Zaitsev A. V. , Gyul'malieva M. A. , Kalinin V. N. , Evstigneeva R. P. , Luzgina V. N. , Morris J. H.
Published: June 2004

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Organic Molecules—Electronic Structures, Properties, and Reactions
Authors: Atkins Peter , Waser Rainer
Published: June 2004

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Aspects of Rhodium‐Based Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions — The Use of Catalyst Systems: Isolated vs in situ Catalysts
Authors: Nass Andreas Rivas , Briel Oliver
Published: June 2004

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Tunneling Insertion Reaction of Carbenes
Authors: Tomioka Hideo
Published: June 2004

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Directly Linked Porphyrin Arrays
Authors: Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2004

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Salen—Metal Complexes
Authors: Rokita S. E. , Burrows C. J.
Published: June 2004

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Solution and Polymer‐Supported Synthesis of Carbohydrates
Authors: Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Heterocycles from Tetracyanoethylene
Authors: Flamini Alberto
Published: June 2004

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Recent Development in the Chemistry of 4,5‐Dihalo‐3(2H)‐pyridazinones
Authors: Tapolcsanyi Pal , Matyus Peter
Published: June 2004

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Recent Trends in Synthesis of Heterocycles Using Ketene Dithioacetals with Electron‐Attracting Groups
Authors: Elgemeie Galal H. , Abd‐Elaziz Ghada W.
Published: June 2004

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Stereoselective Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles of Enantiopure 3‐Hydroxy Esters Through Electrophilic Amination
Authors: Greck Christine , Poupardin Olivia
Published: June 2004

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Telluropyranones and Benzotelluropyranones
Authors: Murphy P. J.
Published: June 2004

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Enantioselective Ring Expansion via Aziridinium Intermediates: Synthesis of Substituted Piperidines from Substituted Pyrrolidines — Synthetic Applications
Authors: Cossy Janine , Pardo Domingo Gomez
Published: June 2004

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β‐Lactams in the New Millennium. Part 2. Cephems, Oxacephems, Penams and Sulbactam
Authors: Singh G. S.
Published: June 2004

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β‐Lactams in the New Millennium. Part 1. Monobactams and Carbapenems
Authors: Singh G. S.
Published: June 2004

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Polymer‐Supported Synthesis of Non‐Oligomeric Natural Products
Authors: Sommer Stefan , Breinbauer Rolf , Waldmann Herbert
Published: June 2004

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Numerical Solution of the Isothermal, Isobaric Phase Equilibrium Problem
Authors: Wakeham William A. , Stateva Roumiana P.
Published: June 2004

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Polyamides as Artificial Transcription Factors: Novel Tools for Molecular Medicine?
Authors: Schmitz Katja , Schepers Ute
Published: June 2004

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Nanocoating of Particulate Surface in Colloidal Processing for Piezoelectric Sensors Applications
Authors: Shih Wei‐Heng , Shih Wan Y. , Yang Chia‐Yi , Gu Huiming , Yi Jeong W.
Published: June 2004

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Upgrading of Biomass and Solid Wastes as Fossil Competitive Alternative Fuels
Authors: Bhatia Subhash
Published: June 2004

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Correlated Effective Field Theory in Transition Metal Compounds
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Subhasis , Chatterjee Ibha
Published: June 2004

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Mechanism of Ring and Cage Formation in Siloxanes
Authors: Jug Karl
Published: June 2004

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Studies of the Behavior of an Excess Proton in Clusters by ab initio Calculations and Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang J. C. , Chang H.‐C. , Lee Y. T. , Lin S. H.
Published: June 2004

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Arene Chemistry: From Historical Notes to the State of the Art
Authors: Astruc Didier
Published: June 2004

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Oligounsaturated Five‐Membered Carbocycles: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds in the Same Family
Authors: Haag Rainer , de Meijere Armin
Published: June 2004

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The Polar Hydrophobicity of Fluorinated Compounds
Authors: Biffinger Justin C. , Kim Hong Woo , DiMagno Stephen G.
Published: June 2004

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Electrochemistry/Mass Spectrometry (EC/MS) — A New Tool to Study Drug Metabolism and Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Karst Uwe
Published: June 2004

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Observational Tests for Grain Chemistry: Posterior Isotopic Labelling
Authors: Charnley S. B. , Ehrenfreund P. , Millar T. J. , Boogert A. C. A. , Markwick A. J. , Butner H. M. , Ruiterkamp R. , Rodgers S. D.
Published: June 2004

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Solid‐Phase Extraction on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Andersson Lars I. , Schweitz Leif
Published: June 2004

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Ultrafast Time‐Resolved Transient Structures of Solids and Liquids by Means of Extended X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Tomov Ivan V. , Rentzepis Peter M.
Published: June 2004

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Characterization of Metal Ions in Coordinating Solvent Mixtures by Means of Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Ishiguro Shin‐ichi , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Kanzaki Ryo
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, enantiomeric resolution, and selective C‐11 methylation of a highly selective radioligand for imaging the norepinephrine transporter with positron emission tomography
Authors: Lin Kuo‐Shyan , Ding Yu‐Shin
Published: June 2004

Reboxetine, 2‐[α‐(2‐ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine, is a highly selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) blocker that has been used for the treatment of depression. Its methyl analogue, 2‐[α‐(2‐methoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine (MRB), has been radiolabeled with C‐11 for studies of the NET system with positron emission tomography (PET). The normethyl precursor, 2‐[α‐(2‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine (desethylreboxetine), was synthesized in 6% overall yield via a multi‐step regio‐ and stereo‐specific synthesis, starting from a mono‐O‐protected catechol. The resulting racemic mixture of desethylreboxetine was resolved by chiral HPLC to provide the (2S,3S) and (2R,3R) enantiomers in >98% enantiomeric excess. These enantiomers were then used as precursors for radiosynthesis to prepare enantiomerically pure individual 11C‐labeled MRB enantiomers for comparative PET studies in baboons. Selective C‐11 methylation at the phenolic oxygen with [11C]CH3I was achieved in the presence of excess base. After HPLC purification, racemic ((2S,3S)/(2R,3R)) or enantiomerically pure ((2S,3S) or (2R,3R)) [11C]MRB was obtained in 61–74% decay‐corrected radiochemical yields from [11C]CH3I in a synthesis time of 40 min with a radiochemical purity of >96% and a specific activity of 1.7–2.3 Ci/μmol (63–85 GBq/μmol) corrected from the end of bombardment (EOB). Chirality 16:475–481, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VCD configuration of enantiopure/‐enriched tetrasubstituted α‐fluoro cyclohexanones and their use for epoxidation of trans‐olefins
Authors: Freedman T.B. , Cao X. , Nafie L.A. , Solladié‐Cavallo A. , Jierry L. , Bouerat L.
Published: June 2004

The configurations of three enantiopure tetrasubstituted α‐fluoro cyclohexanones (–)‐5Ia, (–)‐5IIa and (–)‐6a were determined by VCD and proved to be (–)‐(2S,5R)‐5Ia, (–)‐(2R,5R)‐5IIa, and (–)‐(2R,5R)‐6a. The VCD study also identified the conformers populated in CDCl3 solution, including higher‐energy gas‐phase conformers with equatorial fluorine for 5Ia and 5IIa that are stabilized in CDCl3 solution. Used as catalysts for epoxidation of trans olefins (β‐methylstyrene, stilbene, methyl p‐methoxy cinnamate) by oxone, it was found that (–)‐5Ia is the most efficient for all trans olefins (providing, respectively, 62%, 90% and 66% ee) but that all three ketones provide high ee% with stilbene (78–90% ee). Moreover, the configurations predicted from the stereo outcome of the epoxidation reaction are identical to those determined by VCD. Chirality 16:467–474, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early eyelid opening enhances spontaneous alternation and accelerates the development of perforant path synaptic strength in the hippocampus of juvenile rats
Authors: Dumas Theodore C.
Published: June 2004

Development of the hippocampus is not entirely preprogrammed; its structure and function are sensitive to postnatal experience. For instance, neonatal handling/exposure to novelty and peripubertal environmental enrichment enhance hippocampal function and related memory abilities. However, these complex environmental manipulations make it difficult to deduce the primary stimuli that drive more rapid hippocampal maturation, and few experiments have studied the neural mechanisms that support the behavioral modifications. To address these issues, I performed early eyelid opening in rat pups and examined developmental alterations in exploration of a Y‐maze and in synaptic transmission measured in hippocampal slices. Early eyelid opening accelerated development of spontaneous alternation. Additionally, early eyelid opening promoted more rapid remodeling of afferent input to the dentate gyrus and area CA1 as well as earlier maturation of perforant path synaptic physiology. These findings implicate visual input as an extrinsic factor that drives hippocampal development and the emergence of hippocampal‐dependent behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 1–9, 2004.
Emergence of the exploratory motive in rats
Authors: Goodwin Gregory A. , Yacko Holly
Published: June 2004

As infant rats approach weaning, they must overcome their infantile attraction to the home nest and prepare to leave its safety to forage for food. Although nutritive needs may help to motivate pups to make this bold move, a newly emerging exploratory motive also may play a role. Three experiments are reported here which examine age‐related changes in the exploratory motive. In the first experiment, preferences for a novel side over a familiar side of a two‐sided testing chamber were examined in postnatal Days 15 (P15), 17 (P17), 19 (P19), and 21 (P21) rat pups. Subjects did not prefer to explore the novel side until P19. In the same test, no preference for a novel object was observed at any of the ages tested, suggesting that this preference, which is expressed in adulthood, does not emerge until a later age; however, additional studies are needed to verify this. In the second experiment, P15 subjects demonstrated their ability to discriminate the two sides of the testing chamber in a novelty‐induced locomotion test. In the third experiment, the presence of a home‐nest‐associated object was shown to inhibit exploration of novel context in P15, but not P21, subjects. These data suggest that home nest egression may be more the consequence of the declining attractiveness of the home nest than of a growing exploratory motive. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 34–48, 2004.
‘Irrational’ stated preferences: a quantitative and qualitative investigation
Authors: Miguel Fernando San , Ryan Mandy , Amaya‐Amaya Mabelle
Published: June 2004

Individuals' rationality has been a key issue long debated in Economics. While normative theories establish the way ‘rational’ consumers should behave, many empirical studies have documented numerous systematic violations of normative principles. This has led some to question the validity of classic economic models as an adequate approximation of individuals' real decision‐making. This paper aims to shed more light on this debate. A stated preference choice experiment was set up to test rational choice properties. Attention was given to the extent to which satisfaction of such tests is related to both the complexity of the design, and subject characteristics. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied. The majority of respondents passed the rationality tests. Satisfaction of the tests was sensitive to normatively irrelevant factors such as the complexity of the task and demographic characteristics. A significant proportion of those individuals who ‘failed’ seem to have reformulated the experiment in some way in their mental process. Implications for the design and analyses of future DCEs are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the differences in income‐related health inequalities across European countries
Authors: Doorslaer Eddy van , Koolman Xander
Published: June 2004

This paper provides new evidence on the sources of differences in the degree of income‐related inequalities in self‐assessed health in 13 European Union member states. It goes beyond earlier work by measuring health using an interval regression approach to compute concentration indices and by decomposing inequality into its determining factors. New and more comparable data were used, taken from the 1996 wave of the European Community Household Panel. Significant inequalities in health (utility) favouring the higher income groups emerge in all countries, but are particularly high in Portugal and — to a lesser extent — in the UK and in Denmark. By contrast, relatively low health inequality is observed in the Netherlands and Germany, and also in Italy, Belgium, Spain Austria and Ireland. There is a positive correlation with income inequality per se but the relationship is weaker than in previous research. Health inequality is not merely a reflection of income inequality. A decomposition analysis shows that the (partial) income elasticities of the explanatory variables are generally more important than their unequal distribution by income in explaining the cross‐country differences in income‐related health inequality. Especially the relative health and income position of non‐working Europeans like the retired and disabled explains a great deal of ‘excess inequality’. We also find a substantial contribution of regional health disparities to socio‐economic inequalities, primarily in the Southern European countries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new bone‐inducing biodegradable porous β‐tricalcium phosphate
Authors: Matsushita Naofumi , Terai Hidetomi , Okada Takao , Nozaki Kazutoshi , Inoue Hikaru , Miyamoto Shimpei , Takaoka Kunio
Published: June 2004

A new type of degradable biomaterial with bone‐inducing capacity was made by combining porous β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) with a delivery system for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2). The BMP delivery system consisted of a block copolymer composed of poly‐D,L‐lactic acid with random insertion of p‐dioxanone and polyethylene glycol (PLA‐DX‐PEG), a known biocompatible and biodegradable material. The efficacy of this biomaterial in terms of its bone‐inducing capacity was examined by ectopic bone formation in the dorsal muscles of the mouse. In the β‐TCP implants coated with the PLA‐DX‐PEG polymer containing more than 0.0025% (w/w) of rhBMP‐2, new ectopic bone tissues with marrow were consistently found on the surface of implants. The radiographic density of β‐TCP was diminished in a time‐dependent manner. On histological examination, numerous multinucleated osteoclasts with positive tartrate‐resistant acid‐phosphatase (TRAP) staining were noted on the surface of the β‐TCP. These experimental results indicate that β‐TCP implants coated with synthetic rhBMP‐2 delivery system might provide effective artificial bone‐graft substitutes with osteoinductive capacity and biodegradable properties. In addition, this type of biomaterial may require less rhBMP‐2 to induce significant new bone mass. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 450–458, 2004
Effect of the difference of bone turnover on peri‐titanium implant osteogenesis in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Okamura Akira , Ayukawa Yasunori , Iyama Shinji , Koyano Kiyoshi
Published: June 2004

High and low bone turnover situations, both of which are typically observed as postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis, were created by ovariectomy (OVX), and then an investigation of whether or not the difference of bone turnover affected peri‐titanium (Ti) implant osteogenesis in rats was conducted. Female rats were divided into four groups. The experimental and control groups underwent OVX or sham operations at 15 or 27 weeks of age, as high or low bone turnover groups, respectively. Ti implants were inserted into the tibiae at 30 weeks, then fluorochromes were injected 10 or 20 days after the implantation for histometry. The implants were retained for 30 days and then ground sections were prepared. Afterward, the cortical bone growth rate, bone contact ratio (BCR) of the implant in both the cortical bone area and medullary canal area, and the average trabecular bone thickness around the implant were evaluated. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were also measured. Biochemical measurements indicated both increasing osteocalcin production in OVX rats and decreasing tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity in the low‐turnover group. Histometrical measurements showed decreasing cortical growth and low BCR in the medullary canal of the low‐turnover group. The high‐turnover group demonstrated BCR as high as that of the control group. There was no significant difference in the average trabecular bone thickness around the implant among the groups. As a result, two types of osteoporotic situations were confirmed and it was shown that the difference of bone turnover was clearly due to the diverse osteogenesis around the Ti implant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 497–505, 2004
The crab‐eating frog, Rana cancrivora, up‐regulates hepatic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I activity and tissue osmolyte levels in response to increased salinity
Authors: Wright Patricia , Anderson Paul , Weng Lei , Frick Natasha , Wong Wei Peng , IP Yuen Kwong
Published: June 2004

The crab‐eating frog Rana cancrivora is one of only a handful of amphibians worldwide that tolerate saline waters. They typically inhabit brackish water of mangrove forests of Southeast Asia, but live happily in freshwater and can be acclimated to 75% seawater (25 ppt) or higher. We report here that after transfer of juvenile R. cancrivora from freshwater (1 ppt) to brackish water (10 →20 or 20 →25 ppt; 4–8 d) there was a significant increase in the specific activity of the key hepatic ornithine urea cycle enzyme (OUC), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSase I). At 20 ppt, plasma, liver and muscle urea levels increased by 22‐, 21‐, and 11‐fold, respectively. As well, muscle total amino acid levels were significantly elevated by 6‐fold, with the largest changes occurring in glycine and β‐alanine levels. In liver, taurine levels were 5‐fold higher in frogs acclimated to 20 ppt. There were no significant changes in urea or ammonia excretion rates to the environment. As well, the rate of urea influx (Jinurea) and efflux (Jouturea) across the ventral pelvic skin did not differ between frogs acclimated to 1 versus 20 ppt. Taken together, these findings suggest that acclimation to saline water involves the up‐regulation of hepatic urea synthesis, which in turn contributes to the dramatic rise in tissue urea levels. The lack of change in urea excretion rates, despite the large increase in tissue‐to‐water gradients further indicates that mechanisms must be in place to prevent excessive loss of urea in saline waters, but these mechanisms do not include cutaneous urea uptake. Also, amino acid accumulation may contribute to an overall rise in the osmolarity of the muscle tissue, but relative to urea, the contribution is small. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:559–568, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two fast‐type fibers in claw closer and abdominal deep muscles of the Australian freshwater crustacean, Cherax destructor, differ in Ca2+ sensitivity and troponin‐I isoforms
Authors: Koenders Annette , Lamey Tina M. , Medler Scott , West Jan M. , Mykles Donald L.
Published: June 2004

One type of fast fiber and two types of slow (slow‐twitch, S1 and slow‐tonic, S2) fibers are found in decapod crustacean skeletal muscles that differ in contractile properties and myofibrillar protein isoform compositions. In this study the structural characteristics, protein isoform compositions, and Ca2+‐activation properties of fast fibers in the claw closer (F1) and abdominal deep flexor (F2) muscles of Cherax destructor were analyzed. For comparison, myofibrillar protein isoform compositions of slow (long‐sarcomere) fibers from claw and abdomen were also determined; our results indicate that the slow fibers in the claw closer were the slow‐twitch (S1) type and those in the abdominal superficial flexor were primarily slow‐tonic (S2) type. F1 fibers had shorter resting sarcomere lengths (2.93 µm in unstretched fibers and 3.06 µm in stretched fibers) and smaller fiber diameter (256 µm) than F2 fibers (sarcomere lengths 3.48 µm in unstretched and 3.46 µm in stretched; 747 µm diameter). Moreover, F1 fibers showed a narrower range in sarcomere lengths than F2 fibers (2.81 to 3.28 µm vs. 2.47 to 4.05 µm in unstretched fibers). Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that the fast fibers from claw and abdomen differed in troponin‐I composition; F1 fibers expressed two isoforms of troponin‐I (TnI1 and TnI2) in approximately equal amounts, whereas F2 fibers expressed primarily TnI3 and lower levels of TnI1. F1 fibers were more sensitive to Ca2+, as shown by higher pCa values at threshold activation (pCa10=6.50±0.07) and at 50% maximum force (pCa50=6.43±0.07) than F2 fibers (pCa10=6.12±0.04 and pCa50=5.88±0.03, respectively). F1 fibers also had a greater degree of co‐operativity in Ca2+ activation, as shown by a higher maximum slope of the force‐pCa curve (nCa=12.98±2.27 vs. 4.34±0.64). These data indicate that there is a greater fast fiber‐type diversity in crustacean muscles than was previously supposed. Moreover, the differences in activation properties suggest that the TnI isoform composition influences the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile mechanism. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:588–598, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the two‐wall‐stitch mistake upon patency of rat femoral vein anastomosis: Preliminary observations
Authors: Pignatti Marco , Benati Donatella , Cavadas Pedro C.
Published: June 2004

Anastomotic patency is believed to be the most important factor in microvascular surgery. The two‐wall stitch is a technical error commonly considered to cause thrombosis of the anastomosis, especially on the venous side. In order to demonstrate the real effect on vein patency of the two‐wall stitch, the authors performed a standardized mistake after correct microanastomosis on the femoral vein of 15 rats, with one stitch passing through the whole thickness of the two walls of the vein. Traditional correct anastomoses on the contralateral side were used as controls. Patency was assessed at 5, 20, and 60 min and at 24 h by the milking test, and by direct section of the vessel at 24 h. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the two techniques. Histological examination confirmed the clinical judgment about the vessel's patency, and ultrastructural microscopy evidenced only mild signs of endothelial activation. In conclusion, this study indicates that the occasional two‐wall stitch does not necessarily increase the risk of venous occlusion in anastomoses of the rat femoral vein. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reciprocal regulation of the mouse protamine genes by the orphan nuclear receptor germ cell nuclear factor and CREMτ
Authors: Hummelke Geoffrey C. , Cooney Austin J.
Published: June 2004

Germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which is expressed in the adult predominantly in the male and female germ cells. In the male, GCNF is expressed in spermatogenic cells. GCNF binds as a homodimer to direct repeat response elements of the consensus half‐site sequence, AGGTCA, with 0 bp spacing (DR0). Using this information, a search of genomic databases was performed to identify candidate GCNF responsive, spermatogenic‐specific, genes that contain DR0 sequences. The mouse protamine genes are the strongest candidates identified to date, as they are post‐meiotically expressed in round spermatids and contain DR0 elements in their proximal promoters. Previous work has shown that both recombinant and endogenous GCNF bind to DR0 elements in the mouse protamine 1 and 2 (Prm 1 and Prm 2) promoters with high affinity and specificity. The present work shows that in transient transfection assays in GC‐1 and JEG‐3 cells, co‐transfection of a GCNF‐VP16 expression plasmid with reporter plasmids containing either the wild type Prm 1 or Prm 2 promoter established that GCNF‐VP16 is able to regulate transcription from both promoters in a DR0‐dependent manner. Wild type GCNF, in contrast, acts as a repressor of basal transcription on both the Prm 1 and Prm 2 promoters in a DR0‐dependent manner. Furthermore, CREMτ activation of these promoters is also repressed by wild‐type GCNF, indicating that GCNF also acts as a repressor of activated transcription. GCNF therefore defines a novel nuclear receptor‐signaling pathway that may regulate a subset of genes involved in the terminal differentiation process of spermatogenesis, exemplified by the protamines. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 394–407, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased formation of corpora lutea in neurokinin 1‐receptor deficient mice
Authors: Löffler Sabine , Schulz Anett , Hunt Stephen P. , Spanel‐Borowski Katharina
Published: June 2004

There is evidence to suggest that the tachykinin‐receptor system may be involved in female reproduction. Recently, we have shown that the mRNA transcripts of the preprotachykinin‐A which encodes substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family, and of NK1‐R (preferred receptor of SP) are expressed in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) of early developmental stage. The question arises whether the system is expressed at the protein level and influences the ovulatory process and CL formation. For this reason, ovaries from a mouse mutant in which the NK1‐R gene had been disrupted were studied. By using RT‐PCR, mRNA expression of NK1‐R was confirmed in both the ovary and the uterus of wild‐type mice. Weaning frequency and litter size, as recorded over 6 months, were similar in both groups. However, counting of CL in serial paraffin sections revealed a significant higher number of CL in the NK1‐R deficient mice in comparison to the wild‐type group (P < 0.01). The increased formation of CL in NK1‐R deficient mice corresponded to a considerable number of CL with retained oocyte not found in ovaries of the wild‐type group. We conclude: The CL with a retained oocyte may indicate that the muscular apparatus of the preovulatory follicle plays a role in oocyte expulsion and that contractility of the follicle wall is deficient in the mutant group. Our observation may have implications for the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome in humans. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 408–414, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The trafficking of prosaposin (SGP‐1) and GM2AP to the lysosomes of TM4 sertoli cells is mediated by sortilin and monomeric adaptor proteins
Authors: Hassan A. Jacob , Zeng Jibin , Ni Xiaoyan , Morales Carlos R.
Published: June 2004

Prosaposin (SGP‐1) and GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) are soluble sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) that are targeted to the lysosomal compartment of Sertoli cells to aid hydrolases in the breakdown of glycosphingolipids. To reach the lysosome, most soluble proteins must interact with the mannose 6‐phosphate receptor (MPR). To be sorted from the Golgi, the MPR must bind to the Golgi associated, γ‐adaptin homologous, ARF binding proteins (GGAs), a group of monomeric adaptor proteins responsible for the recruitment of clathrin. It is well established, however, that the lysosomes of I‐cell disease (ICD) patients have near normal levels of several lysosomal proteins, including prosaposin and GM2AP. ICD results from a mutation in the phosphotransferase that adds mannose 6‐phosphate to hydrolases. Thus, prosaposin and GM2AP can traffic to lysosomes in a MPR independent manner. Previous work has demonstrated that an interaction with sphingomyelin in the Golgi membrane is necessary for the targeting of prosaposin by an unknown receptor. Using a TM4 Sertoli cell line, we tested the hypothesis that prosaposin and GM2AP are targeted to the lysosomal compartment via the sortilin receptor, which has been recently shown to have a GGA binding motif. Interestingly, dominant‐negative GGAs, unable to bind clathrin to shuttle from the Golgi, prevented the trafficking of prosaposin and GM2AP to lysosomes. A dominant negative construct of sortilin lacking the GGA binding domain retained prosaposin and GM2AP in the Golgi. In conclusion, our results showed that the trafficking of prosaposin and GM2AP to the lysosome is dependent on sortilin. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 476–483, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.