bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4
Authors: Thijssen H. H. W. , Drittij-Reijnders M. J.
Published: June 2005

The present study was undertaken to determine whether there is selective tissue distribution of vitamin K in the rat and whether this distribution mirrors the distribution of tissue vitamin K metabolism. The effects of feeding a vitamin K-free diet followed by resupplementation with phylloquinone (K1) were studied. K1was recovered in all tissues. In K1-supplemented rats, most tissues accumulated K1relative to plasma K1with the highest levels in liver, heart, bone, and cartilaginous tissue (sternum). Low K1levels were found in the brain. In the K1-free rats, relatively high K1levels were still found in heart, pancreas, bone and sternum. Surprisingly, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) was detected in all tissues, with low levels in plasma and liver, and much higher levels in pancreas, salivary gland and sternum. MK-4 levels exceeded K1levels in brain, pancreas, salivary gland and sternum. Supplementation with K1, orally and by intravenous infusion, caused MK-4 levels to rise. Some accumulation of K1and MK-4 in the mitochondrial fraction was found for kidney, pancreas and salivary gland. In the liver the higher menaquinones (MK-6–9) accumulated in the mitochondria. The results indicate that: (1) there is selective tissue distribution of K1and MK-4, (2) dietary K1is a source of MK-4. The results also suggest there may be an as yet unrecognized physiological function for vitamin K (MK-4).
The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk
Authors: Kyriazakis I. , Emmans G. C.
Published: June 2005

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the capacities of pigs for bulky feeds. In Expt 1 fifteen pigs were offered, from 12 to 25 kg live weight, ad lib. access to one of five feeds which were made by progressively diluting a high-quality feed with wheat bran. Intake initially increased, and then declined, as the proportion of wheat bran was increased. The pigs became better able to accommodate to the more bulky feeds over time. In Expt 2 thirty-six pigs, initially of 12 kg live weight, were used. The feeds were the same high-quality basal feed as in Expt 1 and three others made almost entirely of either wheat bran, dried grass or dried citrus pulp, respectively. The equal-parts mixtures of each of these three bulky feeds with the basal feed were also made to give three series of feeds each comprising the basal, the mixture and the bulky feed. The three feeds in each series were given ad lib. to twelve pigs in a design of two replicated Latin squares with three time-periods. Within each series, and across periods, the intakes of the feeds that were limiting intake were directly proportional to live weight and so a scaled intake, expressed as g/kg live weight per d, was calculated. Across the six limiting feeds, scaled intakes in the final 5 d of each period, when the pigs were in equilibrium with their feeds, were directly proportional to the reciprocal of the water-holding capacities (WHC) of the feeds, as measured by a centrifugation method. There were large effects of feed changes on intake, in the short term, with previous experience of a bulky feed leading to higher intakes of another bulky feed. The intake of the basal feed was not affected by the feed given previously. It was concluded that: (a) the time of adaptation to bulky feeds needs to be considered when attempting to measure, or predict, the rates of intake on different bulky feeds and, (b) the WHC of the feeds could be an appropriate measurement of‘bulk’responsible for limiting their intake, and could be used to predict the maximum feed intake capacity of pigs on different bulky feeds.
Trace lipid from whey-mineral complex enhances calcium availability in young ovariectomized rats
Authors: Tsuchita H. , Kuwata T.
Published: June 2005

The effects of the trace lipids (Ll and L2) extracted from two kinds of whey-mineral complex on bone metabolism were studied in young ovariectomized (OW) rats. The concentrations of oestradiol in the L1 and L2 oils were 305 and 1313 pg/ml respectively, wbile the concentrations of progesterone were 34.3 and 36.9 ng/ml respectively. Trace amounts of lα, 25dibydroxycbolecalciferol (lα29(0H)2D) were detected: 56 pg/ml in the L1 oil and 132 pg/ml in the L2 oil. The OVX rats were orally given 0.4 ml each test oil twice weekly. Other animals were given with only a vehicle (control) or an oil mixture with similar levels of oestradiol and progesterone to those in L2 oil (PE oil) for comparison. The Ca absorption rate, bone density of the humerus and femoral Ca content in the rats given L2 were significantly higher than those in the control rats (P < 0.05). Serum calcitonin and lα,25-(OH)2D from rats given L2 were both sigdicantly higher than those from the control rats, while serum progesterone in the L2 group was slightly lower. It is suggested that the bone metabolism of rats given L2 reflected the compound effect of 1,2yOH), D and oestradiol in the L2 oil. In contrast, the relatively low level of these hormones might have been associated with the mediacre bone cbarocteriStcs of the L1 group. It is suggested from these results that the trace level of hormones could be one of the reasons why wbey-mineral complex showed good Ca availability.
Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model
Authors: Westerterp Klaas R. , Donkers Jeroen H. H. L. M. , Fredrix Elisabeth W. H. M. , oekhoudt Piet
Published: June 2005

In adults, body mass (BM) and its components fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are normally regulated at a constant level. Changes in FM and FFM are dependent on energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The body defends itself against an imbalance between EI and EE by adjusting, within limits, the one to the other. When, at a given EI or EE, energy balance cannot be reached, FM and FFM will change, eventually resulting in an energy balance at a new value. A model is described which simulates changes in FM and FFM using EI and physical activity (PA) as input variables. EI can be set at a chosen value or calculated from dietary intake with a database on the net energy of foods. PA can be set at a chosen multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or calculated from the activity budget with a database on the energy cost of activities in multiples of BMR. BMR is calculated from FFM and FM and, if necessary, FFM is calculated from BM, height, sex and age, using empirical equations. The model uses existing knowledge on the adaptation of energy expenditure (EE) to an imbalance between EI and EE, and to resulting changes in FM and FFM. Mobilization and storage of energy as FM and FFM are functions of the relative size of the deficit (EI/EE) and of the body composition. The model was validated with three recent studies measuring EE at a fixed EI during an interval with energy restriction, overfeeding and exercise training respectively. Discrepancies between observed and simulated changes in energy stores were within the measurement precision of EI, EE and body composition. Thus the consequences of a change in dietary intake or a change in physical activity on body weight and body composition can be simulated.
Gestation length and birth weight in relation to intake of marinen-3 fatty acids
Authors: F.Olsen* Sjúrđur , Hansen Harald S. , Secher Niels J. , Jensen Benny , Sandström Brittmarie
Published: June 2005

It has been hypothesized that marinen-3 fatty acids ingested during pregnancy prolong duration of pregnancy and increase fetal growth rate in humans. By a combined self-administered questionnaire and interview applied in the 30th week of gestation we assessed dietary intake of marinen-3 fatty acids and energy in a population-based sample of 965 pregnant Danish women; in a random 14% subsample we also measured marinen-3 fatty acids relative to arachidonic acid (FA-ratio) in erythrocytes. Mean intake of marinen-3 fatty acids was 0·25 (95% range 0–0·75) g/d. We could detect no association betweenn-3 fatty acid intake and FA-ratio on the one hand, and gestation length, birth weight and birth length on the other. The analyses were adjusted for maternal height, prepregnant weight, parity and smoking. The conclusion from the study was that within the intake range of this population, marinen-3 fatty acids ingested in the weeks prior to the 30th week of pregnancy seem not to be a predictor of gestation length or fetal growth rate.
Replacement of digestible by resistant starch lowers diet-induced thermogenesis in healthy men
Authors: Heijnen Marie-Louise A. , Deurenberg Paul , Amelsvoort Johan M. M. Van , Beynen Anton C.
Published: June 2005

The present study describes the effect of replacement of digestible starch by resistant starch (RS) on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and colonic fermentation. Ten healthy males consumed three test meals, consisting of diluted, artificially-sweetened fruit syrup and either 50 g raw potato starch (550 g RS/kg), or 50 g pregelatinized potato starch (0 g RS/kg) or 30 g pregelatinized potato starch plus 20 g lactulose (670 g indigestible disaccharide/kg). The meals were served in the morning after an overnight fast. Each volunteer consumed each meal twice on six separate days in random order. Metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in the fasting state for 15 min and postprandially for 5 h. Shortly before and hourly up to 7 h after consumption of the test meal, end-expiratory breath samples were obtained for H2 and CH4 analysis. Shortly before the meal and 30, 60, 180, and 300 min postprandiaily, blood samples were taken for glucose and insulin analyses. Postprandial increases in glucose and insulin levels were proportional to the amount of digestible carbohydrate in the meal. Breath H2 and CH4 concentrations indicated that the pregelatinized starch was not fermented and that lactulose was fermented rapidly. Fermentation of the raw starch started only 6 to 7 h after consumption, resulting in a rise in breath H2 but not in CH4. The replacement of 27 g digestible starch by RS in a single meal lowered DIT by on average 90 kJ/5 h, as could also be calculated by assuming that RS does not contribute to DIT. The ingestion of lactulose resulted in a substantial rise in DIT which was most probably caused by its fermentation.
Octacosanol affects lipid metabolism in rats fed on a high-fat diet
Authors: Kato S. , Karino K.-I. , Hasegawa S. , Nagasawa J. , Nagasaki A. , Eguchi M. , Ichinose T. , Tago K. , Okumori H. , Hamatani K. , Takahashi M. , Ogasawara J. , Masushige S. , Masushige S.
Published: June 2005

The effect of dietary octacosanol, a long-chain alcohol, on lipid metabolism was investigated in rats fed on a high-fat diet for 20 d. The addition of octacosanol (10 g/kg diet) to the high-fat diet led to a significant reduction (P < 0·05) in the perirenal adipose tissue weight without decrease of the cell number, suggesting that octacosanol may suppress lipid accumulation in this tissue, whereas no effect was seen in the epididymal adipose tissue weight and in the lipid content in liver. Octacosanol supplementation decreased the serum triacylglycerol concentration, and enhanced the concentration of serum fatty acids, probably through inhibition of hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (EC3·1·3·4). Though the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase (EC3·1·1·3) was not influenced by octacosanol, higher activities of lipoprotein lipase (EC3·1·1·34) in the perirenal adipose tissue and the total oxidation rate of fatty acid in muscle were observed. Lipid absorption was not affected by the inclusion of octacosanol. Thus, the present results suggest that the dietary incorporation of octacosanol into a high-fat diet affects some aspects of lipid metabolism.
Effects of specific dietary sugars on the incorporation of13C label from dietary glucose into neutral sugars of rat intestine and serum glycoproteins
Authors: Rambal Corinne , Pachiaudi Christiane , Normand Sylvie , Riou Jean-Paul , Louisot Pierre , Martin Ambroise
Published: June 2005

Although theoretically all glycoprotein sugars can be derived from glucose, it may be hypothesized that specific dietary sugars could be preferential substrates for glycoprotein synthesis. To test this hypothesis, groups of rats received either continuously (continuous-labelling experiment) or for a single nutritional period (pulse-labelling experiment) a13C-rich diet containing either maize starch or artificially labelled [13C]glucose. Some groups of rats were also provided during a single nutritional period with low amounts (20–200 mg/animal) of low-13C dietary sugars (mannose, galactose, fucose or fructose). If specific dietary sugars were preferentially incorporated into glycoproteins instead nf glucose-derived labelled sugars, a decrease would be expected in the intestinal or serum glycoprotein-sugar13C enrichment monitored by gas chromatography-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). Contrary to this hypothesis the results showed no significant decrease with any of the specific dietary sugars. Furthermore, with dietary low-13C mannose or galactose, a significant increase in13C enrichment of glycoprotein-sugars was observed compared with some other nutritional groups. Moreover, in the pulse-labelling experiment, dietary mannose and galactose induced similar patterns of13C enrichment in intestinal and serum glycoprotein-sugars. Therefore, although specific dietary sugars do not appear to be preferential substrates for glycosylation under conditions and doses relevant to current concepts of nutrition, regulatory roles of some specific dietary sugars in relation to glycoprotein-sugar metabolism might be hypothesized. These findings could lead to similar studies using stable-isotope methodology in man which could have practical consequences, especially in parenteral nutrition where glucose is the only sugar provided to the metabolism.
Early transition of the digestive system to exogenous nutrition in domestic post-hatch birds
Authors: Pinchasov Y.
Published: June 2005

The effect of early transition of the digestive system to exogenous nutrition was examined in three experiments with growing birds. A nutrient mixture (0·5 ml) of glucose, starch and oil (1:1:0·5, by vol) was orally administered immediately after hatch to turkey poults (Meleagris gallopavo) having immediate or delayed access to feed (Expt 1). Increasing amounts (0, 0·25 and 0·5 ml) of this mixture were administered immediately after hatch to turkey poults (Expt 2), or to broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus; Expt 3). The relative weights of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its ingesta content, and the amylolytic capability of the pancreas were examined during the immediate post-hatch period (to 30 h). Oral administration of nutrients immediately after hatching only slightly influenced the growth of the pancreas and its amylolytic activity, but significantly increased GIT weight in both species, in a dose-dependent manne. It is suggested that early post-hatching of the digestive system by the forced administration of nutrient mixture induces anatomical and metabolic changes in the digestive system slightly earlier than in birds with late access to feed. This increases GIT content and plasma glucose levels, resulting in enhanced feed consumption and growth promotion.
Lactose intolerance and bone mass in postmenopausal Italian women
Authors: Corazza Gino R. , Benati Giuseppe , Sario Antonio Di , Tarozzi Carlo , Strocchi Alessandra , Passeri Mario , Gasbarrini Giovanni
Published: June 2005

Previous studies on the role of lactose malabsorption in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis have yielded conflicting results and further information is needed. To date, all studies have been carried out on populations with a low prevalence of lactose malabsorption and the lactose intestinal absorptive capacity was tested using a non-physiological dose of lactose. In fifty-eight Italian postmenopausal women (mean age 57 (SD 7) years), bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine, H2breath response after ingestion of 20 g lactose, intensity of symptoms of intolerance after a lactose load and daily Ca intake were evaluated. No differences were found between women with or without a positive H2, breath test with regard to BMD (−1·2 (SD 0·9) ν −0·9 (SD 0·8)) and Ca intake (509 (SD 266) ν 511 (SD 313) mg/d). On the contrary, both BMD and Ca intake were significantly lower in women with lactose malabsorption and symptoms of intolerance (−1·5 (SD 0·7) and 378 (SD 220) mg/d) than in those with malabsorption without symptoms (−0·9 (SD 0·9) and 624 (SD 254) mg/d). Moreover, in lactose malabsorbers Ca intake was correlated inversely with symptom score (rs−0·31,P<0·05) and positively with BMD (rs0·42,P<0·005). Our results show that in Italian postmenopausal women Ca intake and BMD are not influenced directly by lactose malabsorption; the appearance of symptoms of intolerance seems to influence BMD unfavourably through a reduced Ca intake.
Influence of exercise-induced maternal stress on fetal outcome in Wistar rats: Inter-generational effects
Authors: Pinto Martina L. , Shetty P. S.
Published: June 2005

The effects of physical activity during pregnancy and lactation on the fetal outcome and the growth of pups was studied in Wistar rats (n144). Rats were trained to swim for 2 h every day, 6 dsweek through pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation. Maternal exercise during pregnancy, despite the dams havingad lib. access to food, resulted in low-birth-weight pups (5·6 (SD 0·7) g;n178 in exercised damsv. 6·2(SD 0·8)g;n238 in sedentary dams). Maternal exercise continued through lactation exaggerated further the growth retardation of these pups (30·0 (SD 4·7) g;n78 in exercised damsv. 36·0 (SD 6·9) g;n126 in sedentary dams). The effects of maternal exercise during pregnancy and lactation studied over two successive generations revealed a reduction in the growth rates of the second generation progeny of both exercised (5·3 (SD 0·9) g;n125 at birth and 25·1 (SD 6·8) g;n54 at weaning) and sedentary rats (6·0 (SD 0·2) g;n110 at birth and 31·3 (SD 4·3) g at weaning) born to first-generation exercised rats. While slower growth in the former indicates a cumulative effect of exercise stress over two generations, that of the latter indicates that the generational effects are manifest even though the dams of the F1generation were not exposed to exercise stress during pregnancy and lactation. These findings suggest that the adverse effect of maternal exercise during pregnancy and lactation on fetal outcome in one generation is transferred to the subsequent generation.
Dietary intakes of starch and non-starch polysaccharides in a West African village
Authors: Hudson Geoffrey J. , Englyst Hans N.
Published: June 2005

Dietary intakes of starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) have been estimated for a rural West African community. These people eat directly from shared bowls of cooked food, and so measurement of any individual's food intake is not possible. Recently developed methodology for estimating food intake under these circumstances and the analysis of samples for dietary polysaccharides are combined to yield estimates of intakes of about 375 g starch and 25 g NSP/d for adult males, with lower intakes for women and children, related to their smaller body weights. These intakes are not direct measurements but are extremely plausible when compared with values obtained for other societies where the complication of the shared food bowl does not impinge upon the measurements.
Hepatic detoxification of ammonia in the ovine liver: possible consequences for amino acid catabolism
Authors: Lobley G. E. , Connell A. , Lomax M. A. , Brown D. S. , Milne E. , Calder A. G. , Farningham D. A. H.
Published: June 2005

The effects of either low (25 μmol/min) or high (235 μmol/min) infusion of NH4Cl into the mesenteric vein for 5 d were determined on O2consumption plus urea and amino acid transfers across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of young sheep. Kinetic transfers were followed by use of15NH4Cl for 10 h on the fifth day with simultaneous infusion of [1-13C]lleucine to monitor amino acid oxidation. Neither PDV nor liver blood flow were affected by the additional NH3loading, although at the higher rate there was a trend for increased liver O2consumption. NH3-N extraction by the liver accounted for 64–70% of urea-N synthesis and at the lower infusion rate the additional N required could be more than accounted for by hepatic removal of free amino acids. At the higher rate of NH3administration additional sources of N were apparently required to account fully for urea synthesis. Protein synthesis rates in the PDV and liver were unaffected by NH3infusion but both whole-body (P< 0·05) and splanchnic tissue leucine oxidation were elevated at the higher rate of administration. Substantial synthesis of [15N]glutamine occurred across the liver, particularly with the greater NH3supply, and enrichments exceeded considerably those of glutamate. The [15N]urea synthesized was predominantly as the single labelled, i.e. [14N15N], species. These various kinetic data are compatible with the action of ovine hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase (EC1.4.1.2) in periportal hepatocytes in the direction favouring glutamate deamination. Glutamate synthesis and uptake is probably confined to the perivenous cells which do not synthesize urea. The implications of NH3detoxification to the energy and N metabolism of the ruminant are discussed.
The influence of dietary fibre on body composition, visceral organ weight, digestibility and energy balance in rats housed in different thermal environments
Authors: Zhao Xinquan , Jørgensen Henry , Eggum Bjørn O.
Published: June 2005

The present study was undertaken to provide detailed information on the effect of dietary fibre (DF) level on body composition, visceral organ weight, nutrient digestibility and on energy and protein metabolism of rats housed in cold (16°), warm (24°) or hot (32°) thermal environments. High- or low-fibre diets (257 v. 56 g DF/kg dry matter (DM)) were studied in a 6-week balance experiment (initial body weight about 100 g). Heat production was measured using open-air circuit respiration chambers. Pea fibre and pectin were used to adjust the DF level in the high-fibre diet. The ranking order of daily gain of rats kept in different environments was: 24°>16°>32°, while the ranking order for carcass protein was: 16°>24°>32°. Rats on the high-DF diet had a lower daily gain than those on the low DF diet, and more protein in DM of empty body weight (EBW) and less fat. The relative weights (g/kg EBW) of liver, heart and kidney decreased when increasing the environmental temperature. The relative weight of the heart was highest in rats on the high DF level, while liver and kidney weights were unaffected by DF. Per kg EBW, the stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon and the length of colon were significantly greater in rats consuming the high-fibre diet compared with those on the low-fibre diet. Rats kept at low temperature had a significantly heavier gastrointestinal (GI) tract than those kept at the highest temperature. Digestibility of protein, DM and energy was lowest for rats fed on the high-fibre diet. Heat production (HP) of fed rats as well as fasting HP decreased significantly as environmental temperature increased. HP as a proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) was significantly lower for rats at 24° compared with the other environmental temperatures. The proportion of energy retained as protein was slightly higher in rats fed on the high-fibre than on the low-fibre diet. Based on the results of the present study the authors measured a net energy value of 5·4 kJ/g DF fermented; approximately 50% of the DF came from peas. Possible implications of the present findings are discussed.
The effect of a probiotic on faecal and liver lipid classes in rats
Authors: Fukushima Michihiro , Nakano Masuo
Published: June 2005

The effect of a probiotic composed ofBacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, SaccharomycesandCandidaspecies (each at 107–8colony-forming units (cfu)/g rice bran), given at a level of 150 g/kg diet for 6 weeks, on lipid metabolism was examined in the faeces, serum and liver of male rats. Liver weight decreased 35% in the rats fed on a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet containing the probiotic. Total cholesterol concentration in the serum was significantly lower in the probiotic group than in the control group throughout the experimental period in rats fed on the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, and HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly higher (P< 0·05) in the probiotic group than in the control group which was fed for the 6 week experimental period on a basal diet. The serum VLDL + IDL + LDL cholesterol concentrations in the probiotic groups were reduced compared with those of the corresponding control groups. The probiotic groups fed on the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet and the basal diet had lower hepatic cholesterol concentrations than did the corresponding control groups (P< 0·05). Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (NADPH) (EC. 1.1.1.34) activity in the liver was lower in rats fed on the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet with the probiotic. The neutral and acidic steroid concentrations in faeces were higher in the probiotic group than in the control group fed on the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet.Escherichia colidecreased andBifidobacteriumandEubacteriumincreased in the faecal microflora of rats fed on the dietary probiotic.Lactobacillusin the probiotic groups was higher than that in the control groups. The present study shows that the probiotic promotesBifidobacteriumandEubacteriumin the faecal microflora, and reduces cholesterol levels in the serum and liver of rats.
Chronic and postprandial responses of plasma insulin, glucose and lipids in volunteers given dietary fibre supplements
Authors: Frape D. L. , Jones A. M.
Published: June 2005

We questioned whether a dietary fibre supplement known to lower fasting plasma cholesterol concentrations can also lower the postprandial plasma cholesterol, glucose and insulin concentrations when it is administered just before a meal. Two studies were conducted in healthy middle-aged volunteers of both sexes in whom the fasting plasma total cholesterol concentrations were above normal. In the first study the dietary fibre treatments (2.2 g) were psyllium and a psyllium-citrus pectin mixture to which the subjects (four males, eight females) had no prior exposure. Controls received no supplement. The meals were high-fat breakfasts and lunches. In the second study the dietary fibre (6 g) was from sugar-beet root and the reference control was α-cellulose (2 g); the meal was of glucose. The volunteers (eight males, eight females) had prior exposure to the fibre supplements three times daily for 3 weeks. After adjustments for fasting values and changes in haemodilution, the psyllium and psyllium-citrus pectin mixture in the first experiment had no significant effects on the postprandial measurements of plasma glucose, insulin: glucose ratio, total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol. By contrast, the sugar-beet fibre in the second study significantly decreased the area under the glucose response curve by 6·9%, the area under the insulin response curve was lower by 9·6%, although not significantly, and the post-glucose meal HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (12%) higher. Additionally, the 3-week treatment with sugar-beet fibre significantly lowered the fasting total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, by 8·5% and 9·6% respectively. We conclude that low doses of psyllium and citrus pectin at breakfast and lunch have no effects on the postprandial plasma measurements, but that sugar-beet fibre taken daily for 3 weeks affects both fasting and postprandial plasma metabolites favourably in these individuals with mildly increased risk of ischaemic heart disease. Further, we observed that small changes in haemodilution occur after meals, as indicated by plasma albumin concentration and packed cell volume. Underemphasis of the dietary fibre effects may occur when postprandial haemodilution is not taken into account.
The responses of blood galactose to oral doses of lactose, galactose plus glucose and milk to piglets
Authors: Bird P. H. , Atwood C. S. , Hartmann P. E.
Published: June 2005

The capacity of intestinal lactase (EC3.2.1.23) of piglets to hydrolyse lactosein vivowas investigated by measuring the response of blood galactose to doses of lactose, galactose plus glucose and both whole and skimmed milk. Following the administration of oral doses of lactose dissolved in water to piglets from 2 to 18 d of age the adjusted galactose area under the curve (AUC) was between 1·12 and 1·36 arbitrary units, while following a dose of galactose plus glucose dissolved in water it was between 1·56 and 1·98 arbitrary units. Whereas these results suggest that the rate of digestion of lactose appeared to limit the amount of galactose reaching the peripheral blood after a dose of lactose dissolved in water, there was no significant correlation between the capacity of piglets to hydrolyse physiological amounts of lactose and the age of the piglets (2- to 18-d-old piglets; r 0·11). Following oral doses of sow's milk containing either lactose, or galactose plus glucose, the adjusted galactose AUC values were 0·94 and 1·00 arbitrary units respectively, in 10-d-old piglets. Thus, the limitation to the digestion of lactose observed when it was present in water was not evident for lactose in sow's milk. Since there was no significant difference between the adjusted galactose AUC following a dose of whole milk (0·95 arbitrary units) and that following a dose of skimmed milk (1·03 arbitrary units), the presence of fat in sow's milk did not appear to affect the utilization of lactose by the sucking piglets.
Nutrition Discussion Forum
Authors: Millward D. J. , Bingham S. A.
Published: June 2005

In work aimed at developing methodologies for validation of estimates of the dietary intake of free-living individuals, Bingham and colleagues have examined the use of urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion as an index of protein intake (Bingham & Cummings, 1985; Bingham, 1994; Bingham et al. 1995). The basis of this approach is that in subjects in N equilibrium, N intake is assumed equal to N excretion. Thus, if N excretion is measured it should indicate N and dietary protein intakes. In practice, since most N excretion occurs via the urine, which is relatively simple to collect, Bingham and colleagues examined the relationship between 24 h UN and N intake (DN). They argued that in subjects on typical UK diets UN should bear a fixed relationship to DN, and measured it carefully in a group of subjects. They showed that in a group of eight individuals in which intake and N excretion were measured meticulously, UN was 81% DN (SD 2, range 78–83%). They argued that measurement of this ratio could be used to assess the validity of food intake measurement and concluded ‘In healthy individuals eating normal western diets, 24 h urine N from an 8 day collection verified for its completeness by the PABA check method, should establish urine N to within 81(SD 5)% of the habitual dietary intake, range 70–90%. If the dietary assessment from 18 days of records or 24 h recalls or the diet history falls within these limits, it can be stated that there is no evidence of interference with normal dietary habits, or of reporting errors….’ (Bingham & Cummings, 1985).
Postprandial lipaemia is associated with increased levels of apolipoprotein A-IV in the triacylglycerol-rich fraction and decreased levels in the denser plasma fractions
Authors: Dallongeville Jean , Lebel Pascal , Parra Henri-Joseph , Luc Gérald , Fruchart Jean-Charles
Published: June 2005

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is primarily associated with HDL or with the lipoprotein-free fraction of plasma, and in small amounts with chylomicrons and VLDL. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a fatty meal on the postprandial variation in plasma apo A-IV and on its distribution among lipoprotein fractions following absorption of fat. Twenty healthy male subjects participated in the study. After an overnight fast, subjects were given a fatty breakfast containing 1 g fat/kg body weight (% energy: fat 65, carbohydrate 20, protein 15). Blood samples were taken every hour during the next 10 h. Apo A-IV was measured by ELISA. Postprandial lipaemia was associated with a moderate, although significant, increase in the plasma levels of apo A-IV. Apo A- IV increased from the median baseline value of 0·15 g/1 to 0·165 g/l (median + 17 %; P < 0·01) 5 h after fat ingestion. The postprandial peak of apo A-IV occurred 1 h after the triacylglycerol peak. There were no statistically significant correlations between baseline lipids, baseline apo A-IV and postprandial changes in apo A-IV levels, or between postprandial changes in lipids and apo A-IV at any time. To assess apo A-IV distribution among lipoproteins, plasma was fractionated by fast performance liquid chromatography at baseline and 3, 6 and 10 h postprandially. There was a substantial heterogeneity in the apo A-IV distribution among lipoproteins following the fatty meal. At 3 h after fat ingestion, apo A-IV levels increased in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction and decreased in the denser plasma fraction. At 6 h after the fatty meal, apo A-IV was still present in the TRL but was decreased in the HDL fractions. The findings of the present study support the concept that apo A-IV particles transfer from the denser plasma fraction to TRL during postprandial lipaemia
Food intake and diet selection in sheep: the effect of manipulating the rates of digestion of carbohydrates and protein of the foods offered as a choice
Authors: Kyriazakis I. , Oldham J. D.
Published: June 2005

An experiment was designed to investigate whether the degree of synchrony between the rates of digestion of carbohydrates and N of foods offered as a choice would have an effect, through their consequences, on the short- and long-term diet selection of sheep. Four foods (RL, RH, SL and SH) with the same high metabolizable energy, and similar high metabolizable protein contents were made into pellets. Foods RL and RH were based on a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate source and foods SL and SH on a slowly fermentable carbohydrate source; within each source one food (RL or SL) had a low, and the other (RH or SH) a high, men-degradable protein (RDP) content. The foods within a carbohydrate source were offered either singly or as a choice (RI/RH or SI/SH) to eleven rumen-fistulated mature sheep. The design was two 3 x 3 Latin squares (replicated once) with 5- week periods; squares consisted of two single foods and their respective choice. Weeks 1, 3 and 5 were considered to be controls, and weeks 2 and 4 used for remen infusions of either urea or fructose infused over 4h (10·00-14·00 hours). Food intake (FI) and diet selections (DS) were recorded daily and every 2 h (08·00-16·00 hours) on days 2-5 of each week; m e n pH and NH3 concentrations were also measured during these time intervals of day 5. As expected, feeding treatment affected significantly the rumen measurements: m e n NH3 concentrations were higher on foods RH and SH, and men pH lowest on RL. Daily FI was lowest on treatments SL and choice SI/ The mean daily proportion of the low-RDP food in the selected diet was lower when the carbohydrate source was rapidly (choice RI/RH) rather than slowly fermentable (choice SI/SH); this was consistent with the experimental hypothesis. Short-term infusions affected further rumen variables (in the expected directions), irrespective of feeding treatment. However, DS over the 4 h infusion period were unaffected; these short-term DS were consistent with the ones selected over the longer term (daily). The results suggest that the long-term (daily) diet selection of sheep may be affected by the degree of synchrony of energy and protein to the men. The fact that diet selections were not altered further by short-term manipulations of these supplies might reflect inadequacies of the methodology (infusions) adopted here.
Secretion and reabsorption of endogenous protein along the small intestine of sheep: estimates derived from15N dilution of plasma non-protein-N
Authors: Bruchem J. Van , Voight J , Lammers-Wienhoven Toos S. C. W , Schönhusen Ulrike , Ketelaars J. J. M. H , Tamminga S
Published: June 2005

Sheep fitted with a PVC cannula in the dorsal rumen, a silastic infusion tube in the abomasum, and single ‘T’-shape PVC cannulas in the proximal duodenum (D1), distal duodenum (D2), mid-jejunum (J), and terminal ileum (I), were fed on diets varying in crude protein (Nx6·25) and fibre contents.15N was administered to the sheep as a15N-labelled grass meal-beer yeast suspension which was continuously infused into the abomasum over a period of 1 week. Subsequently, over a period of 4 d,15N excess in the D1, D2, J and I digesta and faeces was measured and related to15N excess in blood plasma TCA-soluble N. Average daily intakes of DM and N were 1·12 kg and 26·3 g respectively. Average daily endogenous N (g) amounted to 3·1 at D1, 10·2 at D2, 6·1 at J, 5·0 at I, and 5·1 in the faeces (F). Corresponding percentage values for total N were: D112·4, D232·9, J 46-4, I 48.4 and F 50.7. The secretion, particularly of pancreatic juice and/or bile, varied. The apparent re-absorption of endogenous protein varied among experimental diets, on average by 50·4% between D2and I. Along the small intestine the percentage of15N in the TCA-precipitable fraction gradually changed, on average by 66·0, 63·0, 46·3 and 55·7 at D1, D2, J and I respectively. Because of differential rates of enrichment and turnover among protein pools which contribute towards endogenous secretion, care should be taken in interpreting these data as absolute values.
Dietary linoleic acid at high and reduced dietary fat level decreases the faecal excretion of vitamin E in young rats
Authors: Tuburg Lilian B. M. , Haddeman Edward , Kivits Gerard A. A. , Weststrate Jan A. , Brink Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2005

Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in human subjects and is crucial in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) against lipid peroxidation. Dietary PUFA have been suggested to inhibit the absorption of vitamin E. The present study in young male rats was designed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of dietary linoleic acid on the faecal excretion of vitamin E. The rats were fed on semi-synthetic diets containing two concentrations of fat (59 g/kg diet, 15 energy % (en%) or 131 g/kg, 30 en%) for 3 weeks. Triacylglycerol rich in linoleic acid was added at the expense of triacylglycerol rich in saturated fatty acids to obtain dietary concentrations of 13,39 or 66 g linoleic acid/kg diet for the high-fat diet (131 g fat/kg) and 12, 24 or 36 g linoleic acid/kg diet for the reduced-fat diet (59 g fat/kg). The results from the present study demonstrate that the faecal excretion of vitamin E was significantly lower in rats fed on diets with high levels of linoleic acid compared with rats fed on lower levels of linoleic acid irrespective of the dietary fat content. The concentration of vitamin E in liver and plasma was significantly lower in animals fed on the highest concentration of linoleic acid compared with those fed on the lowest level. Results from the present study also demonstrate that at the same concentration of linoleic acid, the faecal excretion of vitamin E in rats fed on reduced-fat diets was significantly lower than in rats fed on high-fat diets. Our findings indicate that the apparent absorption of vitamin E is not inhibited by dietary PUFA. Results from the present study also demonstrate that a reduction of dietary fat content from 30 en% to 15 en% does not lower the apparent absorption of vitamin E
Dietary intake in relation to clinical status in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Solvoll Kari , Søyland Elisabeth , Sandstad Berit , Drevon Christian A.
Published: June 2005

The aim of the present study was to examine whether the composition of the diet among patients with psoriasis differed from a regular Norwegian diet and to relate nutrient intake to the clinical status of the patients' disease. Patients were recruited from all five university Departments of Dermatology in Norway. The participants filled in a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire before attending a clinical trial. Dietary data were available from ninety-three men and forty-three women, aged 17-73 years, witb stable plaque psoriasis involving more than 8% of the body surface. The dietary intake of the patients was compared with the diet of a reference group randomly selected from the Norwegian population, and related to a dermatological score of the psoriatics. The patients' intakes of energy and nutrients were fairly similar to those found in the reference group, except for a lower content of carbohydrates and sugar in the diet of female patients. None of the nutrients gave statistically significant contributions to explain the clinical score values when analysed by correlations.
Non-starch polysaccharide intakes in Mexican villagers and residents of Mexico City
Authors: Sanchez-Castillo Claudia P. , Grubb David , Solano Maria De Lourdes , Franklin Michael F. , James W. Philip T.
Published: June 2005

A study was performed in a rural Mexican community and in Mexico City to investigate possible differences in non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) intakes. One hundred and fourteen women (fifty-five rural and fitty-nine urban) and forty-three men (twenty-four rural and nineteen urban) completed 24 h recall questionnaires for three consecutive days with NSP intakes being estimated from a specially prepared set of new food composition tables. Potential underestimation of intakes was assessed by estimating individual BMR and dividing the estimated energy intakes by BMR to give a ratio. Excluding severe underrecording (ratio < 1·01) suggested NSP intakes of 21·8 and 17·3 g/d in rural men and women and 17·7 and 15·6 g/d in urban men and women respectively. NSP sources differed, with a marked fall in intake from pulses in the urban areas but a compensatory increase of tortilla intakes and a rise in NSP-rich fruit consumption. Both soluble- and insoluble-NSP intakes were higher in rural areas. NSP intakes scaled by probable energy intakes of moderately active adults in developing countries suggest that NSP intakes in Mexico are similar to adjusted values in Africa, i.e. 26·9 g/d in Mexicov. 28·5 g/d in Africa in rural men and 22·9v. 21·0 g/d respectively in rural women. The NSP: energy density ratio (g/MJ) of the rural diet conformed with the World Health Organization (1990) goal. Data available on urban and rural communities for three countries showed that in each case the intake of NSP was lowest in the urban community.
Energy expenditure during heavy work and its interaction with body weight
Authors: Haggarty P. , Valencia M. E. , McNeill G. , Gonzales N. L. , Moya S. Y. , Pinelli A. , Quihui L. , Saucedo M. S. , Esparza J. , Ashton J. , Milne E. , James W. P. T.
Published: June 2005

The present study was designed to investigate the interaction between body weight and energy expenditure in well-nourished individuals. Energy expenditure was determined during a 10 d highly controlled work programme in apparently well-nourished adult male construction workers with a wide range of body weights (mean weight: 63·9 (SD 11·0, range 46·7-80·1) kg, mean BMI: 22·5 (SD 3·8, range 16·7-28·9) kg/m2). Total energy expenditure (mean: 12·68 (SE 0·73) MJ/d or 1·78 (SE 0·07) x BMR) was determined using doubly-labelled water and the energy costs of work activities by Oxylog. The energy expenditure during work (mean: 5·75 (SE 0·29) MJ/day or 3·48 (SE 0·09) x BMR) was estimated from the energy costs of individual tasks and the time spent in those tasks. The energy expenditure during discretionary time (mean: 4·37 (SE 0·58) MJ/d or 1·49 (SE 0·17) x BMR) was calculated by subtracting occupation and sleep expenditure (taken as1 x BMR) from total expenditure. Food intake and discretionary time allocation were recorded by the subjects. The energy expenditure in the programmed work activities (expressed as a multiple of BMR) showed a significant increase (P=0·035) with increasing body weight, suggesting that the assumed constancy of BMR multiples across a wide range of body weights may not be valid. This assertion was supported by theoretical calculations based on empirically derived equations. In order to avoid errors which could be interpreted as metabolic ‘adaptation’ it may be necessary to take account of body weight when using the BMR-multiple approach to estimate energy requirements at low body weights.
Effects of high- and low-fat meals on the diurnal response of plasma lipid metabolite concentrations in healthy middle-aged volunteers
Authors: Frape D. L. , Williams N. R. , Scriven A. J. , Palmer C. R. , O'sullivan Kathryn , Fletcher R. J.
Published: June 2005

Three experiments were conducted in healthy middle-aged volunteers (six males and six females in Expt 1, six males and two females in Expt 2 and twelve males in Expt 3) with a mean BMI of 27 kg/m2to determine whether there is a difference between morning and afternoon dietary fat clearance and utilization, and to determine in what way the fat and starch contents of the meal influence postprandial blood lipid metabolites over 4·5 h. Over 4 days in Expt 1 each subject received isoenergetic, high-carbohydrate (L, 5·5 g mixed fat/meal) and moderately high-fat (M, 33 g mixed fat/meal) breakfasts and lunches, in three combinations (LL, MM, LM), or they fasted at breakfast time and received a high fat lunch (NM) in a randomized and balanced arrangement. Each evening a standard meal was given. The following effects were significant (P<0·05): plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) responses were greater following M meals; plasma TAG concentrations were greater in the afternoon than in the morning, following two meals of the same composition, although the postprandial incremental response was less following lunch than following breakfast and peak responses were reached much earlier than after breakfast; a low-fat breakfast, or fasting at breakfast time, delayed the peak TAG response to a M lunch. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and of free glycerol were higher in the afternoon following M meals at breakfast and lunch, especially in males. This response was reduced, by the L breakfast preceding the M lunch. Two M meals in succession lowered plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration. In Expt 2 each subject received a very low-fat (VL) breakfast, followed by a lunch of the same composition. Each of these meals was followed, 110 min from the start of eating, by an infusion of Intralipid 10% emulsion at the rate of 1 ml/kg body weight over 60 s. Clearance rates of Intralipid were faster in the afternoon than in the morning (P= 0·024). In Expt 3 twelve subjects were randomly allocated to either treatment MM or LM meal patterns, as given in Expt 1. These were given daily for a period of 17 d, during which the change in fasting plasma TAG concentration was similar in both treatments. On days 1, 16 and 17 responses were measured to the M lunch and to a glucose tolerance test (GTT), conducted 2 h 17 min after lunch. The post-lunch responses confirmed those found in Expt 1; but immediately following the glucose dose there was an abrupt increase in plasma TAG that was greater in treatment LM than in treatment MM (P= 0·025), whereas plasma NEFA concentration decreased rapidly in both treatments at that time (P = 0·00066)