bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXIV-23 In Vitro Evaluation of Protein Kinetics of Soy-Based Ingredients
Authors: Bible Megan R , Rasmussen Pernille , Rasmussen Simone H , Blanch Alfred , van Leeuwen Jessika , Lærke Helle N , Hedemann Mette S
Published: November 2023

Protein kinetics is the evaluation of how quickly a protein can be digested, absorbed, and entered into the portal system. It is more indicative of growth, feed efficiency, and protein deposition than the extent of digestibility per se. Feed ingredients may have the same digestibility (SID), but will differ in the speed of protein digestion. It was therefore decided to evaluate differences in speed of in vitro protein hydrolysis between 9 different soy-based protein ingredients: soybean meal (SBM), enzyme-treated soy protein (ESP), 3 types of soy protein concentrate (SPC), 2 types of extruded soy (ExS), and 2 types of fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Protein hydrolyzation rate was determined in vitro for the soy-based samples (SBM, ESP, SPC1, SPC2, SPC3, ExS1, ExS2, FSBM1, and FSBM2) using a pH-stat method that quantifies progress of protein hydrolysis by indirect measurement of released acid during hydrolysis. For each sample a 10 mL aqueous suspension containing 1 mg N/mL was prepared and adjusted to pH 8.0 at 39 oC using 0.1 M NaOH. One mL of a proteolytic enzyme-solution (trypsin, chymotrypsin and intestinal peptidase) was added to each sample to start protein hydrolysis followed by auto-titration (Mettler Toledo Titrator T9) with 0.1 M NaOH for 120 minutes. The volume of 0.1 M NaOH added to maintain pH at 8 throughout the incubation was recorded and used to calculate degree of hydrolysis (DH). The curve representing DH followed a second-order reaction kinetics and regression was used to estimate the rate constant (k) for each sample. The control sample (SBM) and ESP were analyzed in quadruplicates, the rest of the samples were in duplicates. A pairwise t-test was conducted in the statistical software R (version 4.0.0) to separate means. Significant difference was declared at P < 0.05. Degree of protein hydrolysis increased exponentially for all tested protein ingredients. The speed of protein hydrolysis (k-value) varied with soy-based protein ingredient (Table 1). The greater the k-value is representative of faster protein hydrolysis. There was a numerical 40% increase (P > 0.05) of ESP k-value when compared with the control, which was SBM. The SPC and FSBM samples were significantly less (P < 0.05) when compared with ESP, SBM and ExS2, with ExS1 sample being intermediate. In conclusion, soy processing technique (enzymatic, fermented, extrusion, or alcohol extraction) affects speed of in vitro protein hydrolysis. Therefore, more research is needed to see if these results coincide with protein utilization in vivo.
PSXIV-2 Inclusion of a Slow-Release Nitrogen Ingredient Associated Or Not with Monensin on Performance, Metabolism, and Carcass Parameters of Finishing Beef Cattle Fed High Starch Diets
Authors: Damasio Gabriel , Nascimento Karolina B , Costa Thais Correia , Santos Luana , Pinto Lusiane , Miranda Andrey , Ramirez-Zamudio German , Duarte Marcio S , Gionbelli Mateus P
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to assess the effects of a slow-released nitrogen (N) ingredient in association or not with monensin on the performance, metabolism, and carcass parameters of finishing young bulls. To investigate these outcomes, 112 Nellore young bulls (380 kg ± 16.2) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The young bulls were allocated to 28 feedlot pens (four animals per pen) and fed a finishing high starch (51% starch) corn grain and corn silage-based diet. The following treatments were randomly assigned to the experimental units: 1) Control (CON, n = 7), finishing diet without additives; 2) Monensin-enriched diet (MON, n = 7), monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) provided at a level of 30 mg per kg of dry matter (DM); 3) Gradual-N-release enriched diet (SRN, n = 7), slow-N-release supplement (Timafeed Boost, Roullier Group, Saint-Malo, France) provided at a dose of 250 g per animal per day; or 4) Monensin + SRN diet (MON + SRN, n = 7), monensin (30 mg per kg of DM) associated with the SRN (250 g per animal per day). The experimental period comprised 102 days, with the first 15 days designated for diet adaptation. The average daily gain (ADG) over the experimental period was reduced for young bulls fed SRN + MON (P = 0.02) compared with those fed only SRN. Young bulls fed MON had greater DMI during the finishing phase than MON × SRN (P = 0.03). Overall, young bulls fed CON diet had greater day-by-day dry matter intake (DMI) variation than other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). The SRN inclusion in the diet improved feed efficiency by 5.7% (P = 0.04). Young bulls fed diets without SRN inclusion tended to have higher blood urea concentration (P = 0.06). Blood D-lactate and glucose levels were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.21). The SRN use tended to increase (P = 0.09) DM digestibility (5.6% increase). The microbial crude protein was reduced by MON + SRN association (P = 0.02) compared with other treatments. The hot carcass weight was greater for the SRN group compared with MON × SRN (P = 0.02). The use of SRN in the diet increased (P ≤ 0.04) total and daily carcass gain, carcass yield, and biological efficiency. In summary, although additional studies are suggested, these data indicate that the association between SRN and monensin might require careful consideration when used in finishing diets. The SRN inclusion in finishing diets without monensin shows important potential for increasing animal performance and efficiency.
PSXIII-2 Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus Rhamnosus on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Frequency, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Kim Kimoon , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Ha Sewon , Nam Jinwook , Kang Yonggu , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho
Published: November 2023

Probiotics are microorganisms which have positive effects on human and animal gut health, and generally recognized as safe ingredients. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) on growth performance, diarrhea frequency, and blood biochemical parameters of weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc; 7.99 ± 0.85 kg of initial body weight (BW); 28 days old] were used in a 28-day trial. All pigs were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (block: initial BW) and there were 10 replication pens in each treatment with 5 pigs/pen. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) a commercial weaner diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON), and 2) CON + 0.02% probiotic LR IDCC 3201 (PRO). All pigs were housed in an environmental controlled room and had free access to feed and water throughout the experimental period. Probiotic LR was obtained from commercial company (ILDONG Bioscience Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). Pigs BW was individually measured on day 1, 7, 14, and 28, and feed consumption was recorded on a pen basis on the same day to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Diarrhea frequency was recorded by visual observation for 2 weeks after weaning and calculated as a percentage. Blood samples for biochemical parameters were collected from randomly selected one pig per pen on day 28 and analyzed by specific kit and clinical auto analyzer. Analysis items were total protein, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin, and creatinine. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS. Experimental unit was a pen. Statistical model for every measurement included dietary treatment as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. The Chi-square test was used for diarrhea frequency. During day 1 to 7, 8 to 14, 1 to 14 and overall experiment date, ADG of pigs that fed PRO was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed CON. Pigs fed PRO had increased (P < 0.05) G:F during day 1 to 7 and 1 to 14 compared with those fed CON. Pigs fed PRO tended to have less (P < 0.10) diarrhea frequency during the first week of experiment than those fed CON. On blood biochemical parameters, pigs that fed PRO had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of Ca (mg/dL) on day 28 than those fed CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotic LR in weaner diet improved growth performance, reduced diarrhea frequency, and modulated blood biochemical parameters.
PSII-11 Effects of Cannabidiol on Viability and Inflammatory Response in Bovine Primary Ruminal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kent-Dennis Coral , Klotz James L
Published: November 2023

Phytochemicals derived from hemp (Cannabis sativa) have been noted for their possible beneficial effects, including immunomodulation. Cannabidiol (CBD) may be a promising target as a therapy for gastrointestinal inflammation; however, the effects have not been explored in ruminants. The objective of this study was to investigate immunomodulatory properties of CBD in primary ruminal epithelial cells (REC). REC were isolated from ruminal papillae of yearling Holstein steers (n = 7). A preliminary experiment was performed to determine cytotoxicity of CBD using alamarBlue. Cells were exposed to either 10 or 50 µM CBD for 6 or 24 h. CBD at 10 µM did not affect viability. Growth was inhibited by over 60% at 50 µM for 24 h (P < 0.05), and therefore, 10 µM was selected for use. Two experiments, each 24h in duration, were conducted to explore various responses to CBD when inflammation was induced in REC with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In Experiment 1, LPS was added prior to CBD exposure, simulating a therapy for established inflammation. In Experiment 2, LPS was added after CBD exposure, simulating a preventative strategy. Treatment groups for both experiments are described in Table 1. Total RNA was extracted from REC and relative gene expression of cytokines TNF, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 and CXCL10 was evaluated using real time qPCR. Expression was normalized to the geometric mean of two stable housekeeping genes, GAPDH and STX5. All statistical analyses were performed using the lme4 and emmeans packages of R with exposure treatment as the fixed effect. In Experiment 1, expression of TNF, IL1B and CXCL8 was greater for LPS8 compared with CON by 5-, 29- and 14-fold, respectively, but less than LPS24 (P < 0.05). The LPS24+CBD16 group resulted in an upregulation of IL1B compared with CON, but not to the same magnitude as LPS24 (27- vs 93-fold; P = 0.002). A 3-fold down-regulation of IL6 was observed with the addition of CBD alone compared with CON (P < 0.001). Experiment 1 results suggest that CBD may reduce cytokine transcription during LPS-induced inflammation. For Experiment 2, compared with LPS8, there was less expression of IL6 and CXCL10 in CBD24+LPS8 (P < 0.05). There was a 9-fold upregulation of IL6 for CBD16-LPS8 (P < 0.001), but no difference between CON and CBD16-LPS8 for CXCL10 expression. Compared with CON, CBD24 resulted in a 2- and 6-fold down-regulation of IL6 (P = 0.003) and CXCL10 (P = 0.002). Experiment 2 results suggest that IL6 expression was influenced by CBD, but only while present in the media, while CXCL10 expression was suppressed by CBD, even after its removal. Overall, this study provides evidence of immunomodulation by CBD during a pro-inflammatory response in primary REC in culture.
PSIV-19 The Identification of Possible Microrna Biomarkers of Successful Pregnancy in Timed Embryo Transfer Recipients
Authors: Long Nathan , Pratt Scott , McCarty Keelee J , Pringle Dean
Published: November 2023

The objective of the current study was to look for potential microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers indicative of a successful pregnancy in timed embryo transfer (ET) recipients. Commercial beef cows were synchronized using a 7-day CIDR co-synch protocol and GnRH injection given 66 hours following CIDR removal. At 6.5 days post GnRH administration, cows (n = 78) had a frozen thawed embryo delivered into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum detected by rectal palpation. A blood sample was collected by coccygeal venipuncture and serum isolated and frozen at -80°C 24 days post embryo transfer. At 38 days post embryo transfer pregnancy was determined by rectal ultrasound by a trained individual and confirmed by Biopryn assay. A total of 42 recipients were determined to be pregnant and 36 were determined to be non-pregnant. Of the 42 pregnant recipients, 10 did not calve and 32 delivered a calf at full term. Day 24 post ET serum samples from pregnant cows that calved normally (n = 4), pregnant cows that did not calve (n = 4), and pregnant cows that had an abnormal pregnancy at time of ultrasound and did not calve (n = 4) were selected for further analysis. These samples had RNA extracted with the microRNA fraction enriched and were then subjected to RNA sequencing (LC Sciences). Differential miRNA abundance was determined using ANOVA adjusted for false discovery rate using the Benjamini-Hochberg method with significance set at P < 0.05. A total of 747 miRNAs were detected and annotated to the bovine genome. A total of 36 miRNA showed differential abundance (P < 0.05) between groups of recipients. Of them, bta-mir-185-p3_1ss21CT, bta-miR-224_R-1, bta-mir-125b-1-p3, bta-miR-363_L+1, and bta-miR-494_R+1 had increased (P < 0.01) abundance in animals that calved to ET compared with cattle that did not calve to ET. MicroRNA PC-5p-120366_31 and PC-5p-89234_47 had increased abundance (P < 0.01) in recipients that had an abnormal appearing pregnancy compared with the other two recipient groups. MicroRNA bta-mir-1306-p3 had increased abundance (P < 0.01) in the two groups of recipients that had normal appearing pregnancies compared with the groups whose pregnancies were abnormal at time of ultrasound. These microRNAs could be used as biomarkers for an insufficient pregnancy that will not go to full term and therefore could be used to increase the efficiency of large scale ET.
PSXI-2 Preliminary Investigations into Developmental Origins of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Beef Cattle
Authors: Speidel Scott E , Enns R Mark , Cadaret Caitlin N
Published: November 2023

High pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) is a predisposing factor in the development of high mountain disease in cattle. Since PAP testing is often used to prevent disease, a better understanding of the genotype X environmental interactions that drive PAP may lead to the development of additional management and selection strategies. Hypoxia during gestation promotes adaptive fetal programming, a hallmark of which is altered cardiovascular development and disease. However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the link between maternal gestational environment and offspring cardiovascular performance as indicated by PAP score. Thus, the objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the impact of temperature during gestation on yearling PAP in offspring from cattle residing at high altitudes. Yearling PAP data from Colorado State University’s Beef Improvement Center located near Saratoga, Wyoming (7,200 m elevation) was used in the analysis. Data were collected on individual Angus animals born from 1993 to 2021. There were 8,080 individuals with PAP phenotypes averaging 42.23 ± 9.59 mmHg. PAP testing was performed in individuals at an average age of 338.1 ± 46.4 d. Local historical temperature data from September to March, representing the time frame of middle to late gestation, were collected from the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database] and averaged. This historical average was compared with the yearly mid- to late gestational average temperatures to classify whether an individual animal went through gestation in an above or below-average temperature year. To determine the influence of temperature during gestation on PAP, a single trait linear regression model was used to regress PAP on age at PAP, sex, and temperature classification. The effects of age (P < 0.005), sex (P < 0.0005), and temperature classification (P < 0.05) all accounted for a significant amount of variation in PAP. The least-square means for temperature classification were 42.8 ± 0.51 and 42.3 ± 0.17 for above and below-average temperatures, respectively, which suggests that cows experiencing colder temperatures during gestation produce calves with lower yearling PAPs versus those from cows experiencing warmer temperatures. The internalization of maternal blood during cold temperatures may protect fetal oxygen and nutrient delivery, promoting normal heart development in a high-altitude environment.
PSXII-16 Evaluation of a Grade Ruler Approach for Yield Grading of Veal Carcasses
Authors: Lopez-Campos Oscar , Prieto Nuria , Marcoux Marcel , Thibault Catherine , Zawadski Sophie , Scott Haley
Published: November 2023

Introduction: yield estimations in carcass grading systems are important for the meat industry to assign value and sort carcasses for different market specifications. Previous studies in different species have reported yield estimations performed using anatomical linear measurements that segregate carcasses into grades or classes. However, veal carcasses are not currently segregated in terms of carcass yield performance and the Canadian veal industry is now discussing the option of implementing yield assessments for veal carcass grading purposes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of a grade ruler approach to predict yield performance of veal carcasses for grading purposes. A total of ~300 (males and females) veal carcass sides representative of the current Canadian veal population (body weight: 127.5 to 189.2 kg; backfat: 0.5 to 20.7 mm) were use in the present study. Carcass sides were scanned using a Lunar iDXA unit to evaluate the content of total fat, lean and bone. Results and discussion: total carcass lean was mainly correlated with the hot carcass weight (r = 0.65), ¼ backfat thickness (r = -0.33) and rib eye area (REA: r = 0.58) at the 11th – 12th rib-eye location (P < 0.05). Because the time to grade veal carcasses at the grading stand is limited and the efficiency of the grading tools (e.g., ruler) has to be maximized, the ¼ backfat thickness and the width and length of the ribeye were the main factors considered to develop a prediction equation. These continues variables (backfat thickness and REA) were then categorized assigning fat classes (1-10) in 2 mm increments and 4 muscle scores (small-large). The new equation developed for the estimation of lean yield incorporating the anatomical traits of muscle score and fat class showed a R2 of 0.62 and a root mean square error of 2.14 %. Based on this equation, a matrix of estimated lean meat yield percentage using the fat class and muscle score descriptors (Table 1) was developed for the implementation in a yield ruler. The results of the present study suggest that lean yield percentage from veal carcasses might be objectively and accurately predicted applying a yield ruler approach. This tool will facilitate the veal yield grading by just determining the fat class (at ¼ backfat thickness) and muscle score at the 11th – 12th rib location.
PSII-27 Inflammation- and Immunity-Associated Gene Expression in the Liver and Whole Blood of Crossbred Beef Cattle with Divergent Residual Feed Intake Phenotype
Authors: Taiwo Godstime A , Idowu Modoluwamu , Sidney Taylor S , Morenikeji Lanre , Ogunade Ibukun M
Published: November 2023

We investigated the inflammation- and immunity-associated gene expression in the liver and whole blood of crossbred beef cattle with divergent residual feed intake phenotype to identify relevant immune-related biological processes underpinning feed efficiency in beef cattle. Low-RFI beef steers (n = 8; RFI = - 1.93 kg/d) and high-RFI beef steers (n = 8; RFI = + 2.01kg/d) were selected from a group of 56 growing crossbred beef steers (average BW = 261 ± 18.5 kg) fed a high-forage total mixed ration after a 49-d performance testing period. At the end of the 49-d testing period, liver biopsies and blood samples were collected for total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The mRNA expression of 84 genes each related to innate and adaptive immunity was analyzed using pathway-focused PCR-based arrays. The mRNA expressions of genes with fold change ≥ (-) 2.0 and FDR ≤ 0.05 in the blood and liver were determined to be differentially expressed. Out of the 84 immune genes analyzed, the expression of 8 genes in the blood and 20 genes in the liver were upregulated in low-RFI, compared with high-RFI steers. Gene ontology analysis of all the differentially expressed genes in the blood and liver revealed that pathways related to pattern recognition receptor activity, detection of lipopolysaccharide, detection of external biotic stimulus, positive regulation of phagocytosis, positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process, vascular endothelial growth factor production, positive regulation of epithelial tube formation and T-helper cell differentiation were enriched (FDR < 0.05) in Low-RFI beef steers. These results suggest that low-RFI steers have a robust immune repertoire that is capable of prompt response to inflammatory stimuli. This prompt response to inflammation in the Low-RFI group may be characterized by greater protein turnover and increased epithelial cell differentiation, whereby an enhanced quantity of invariant natural killer T-cells and viability of natural killer cells could induce a quicker and more effective response to inflammatory stimuli and consequently contribute to more efficient partitioning of nutrients for growth in these animals.
PSIII-26 Effects of Diets Applied with Bokbunja (Rubus Coreanus Miquel) on Methane Emission and Growth Performances of Korean Native Steers (Hanwoo)
Authors: Lee Seongshin , Seong Pilnam , Lee Yookyung , Wi Jisoo , Kim Jungeun
Published: November 2023

The present study was conducted to demonstrate the effects of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) on enteric methane emission and growth performances of Korean native steers (Hanwoo). The experiment was conducted in a crossover design (2 periods × 2 treatments) with adaptation of diet and chambers for 2 wk and measurement of variables for 1wk. Four Hanwoo steers (average body weight = 460.8 ± 15.8 kg) were allocated to each open-circuit respiration chamber in the National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, South Korea. The treatments were the following 1) diets (concentrate: mixed forage = 4:1) with no additives (CON), and 2) diets applied with 5% of Bokbunja (BOK; Table 1). Steers were fed based on 2% of body weight at 1000 and 1500 h. Blood and rumen fluid were collected after 4 h of the morning feeding on the last day of experimental period to analyze blood metabolites and rumen fermentation characteristics (Table 2). The methane emission yield of BOK decreased significantly compared with CON (21.2 vs. 23.7 g/kg of DMI; P = 0.027). Dry matter intake (DMI) between treatment groups had no significant differences (P > 0.05), but the average daily gain (ADG) of BOK tended to decrease than CON (0.61 vs. 1.25 kg/day; P = 0.070). Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) tended (Table 3) to decrease in BOK compared with CON (119.7 vs. 130.2 mM/L; P = 0.080). The contents of blood metabolites had no significant differences between treatment groups (P > 0.05; Table 4). In conclusion, diets applied with 5% of Bokbunja clearly decreased methane emission yield without negative effects on DMI and blood metabolites, however, there was still a possibility to decrease ADG and TVFA in steers.
PSVII-26 Effects of an Electrolyte Drinking Solution on Performance and Physiological Responses of Preconditioning Beef Calves
Authors: Ferreira Matheus F D L , Hernandez Gracia M P , Santos Aline R , Bohnert David W , Ranches Juliana
Published: November 2023

Weaning and transport are the major stressor events for beef cattle production. Strategies to mitigate weaning stress responses and promote quick recovery of homeostasis are always warranted to improve welfare and productivity of beef cattle. This study evaluated the effects of an electrolyte drinking solution on the performance and physiological responses of pre-conditioning beef calves. Forty Angus × Hereford steers [230.4 ± 4.8 kg body weight (BW), 195 ± 30 days of age] were sorted into 20 pens (2 calves/pen) immediately after weaning for a 45-d preconditioning period. Pens were randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) control: water; and 2) electrolyte solution: water and electrolyte drinking solution on one additional trough per pen. A total of 10% of the estimated daily water intake of calves was fortified with the electrolyte solution on the ratio of 31.6 g/L of water. The electrolyte composition contained calcium, phosphorus, salt, magnesium, potassium, and a mix of carbohydrates. Treatments were provided from d 1 to 14, and thereafter electrolyte supplementation was ceased. Assigning weaning as day 0, calf BW was recorded and blood samples were collected via jugular vein puncture into commercial heparinized vacuum tubes on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 44 of the experiment. Plasma samples were analyzed for haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and cortisol. Variables were analyzed considering pen as the experimental unit and pen(treatment) as a random effect. Blood parameters were evaluated as repeated measurements and effects of treatment, day, and treatment and day interaction were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Calves consumed 700 mL of electrolyte solution daily which consisted of 20% of the offered. No effects (P = 0.61) were observed on ADG (0.82 kg, SEM: 0.050) or final BW (P = 0.81; 267 kg SEM: 5.36). No differences in cortisol (P = 0.64; 2.30 ng/mL SEM: 0.147), ceruloplasmin (P = 0.29; 26.9 mg/mL SEM: 0.659) and haptoglobin (P = 0.57; 0.64 µg/mL SEM: 0.029) concentrations were observed. Electrolyte solution supplementation during preconditioning did not improve performance or influenced acute response markers of beef calves.
PSXIII-24 Effect of Inclusion of Hay and Concentrate Containing Monensin and Methionine on in Vitro Methane Production
Authors: Filho Edson Martins Ribeiro , Ferreira Reginaldo Nassar , Figueiredo Cibelle Borges , Nunes Gabriela Vitória Pinto , Ubeda Emanuely Zequim , Miranda Matheus Alves , Peron Hugo Jayme Matias Coelho
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of hay and Suplemento Total concentrate as a substitute for corn on gas production and methane concentration in vitro. The experiment was conducted under anaerobic conditions using bottles that simulate the ruminal environment (ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor) containing artificial saliva, rumen liquid, and two g of substrates from each treatment: (MI) Control, 1.62 g of corn containing 9% of crude protein and 0.38 g of mineral mix and; (FMM) 1.02 g of Tifton 85 hay and 0.98 g of Suplemento Total concentrate (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 13.5% of crude protein, 0.32% of monensin and 0.63% of methionine. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of the pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. Was observed 23.86% of increase in gas production (64.79 vs 80.25 mL, P = 0.0072), 45.53% reduction in total methane production (46.50 vs 25.33 mL, P < 0.001), and 56.07% reduction in methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced (71.96 vs 31.61 mL, P < 0.001) in the FMM treatment compared with the MM, respectively (Table 1). Improvement in the quality of the diet, as well as the use of monensin and methionine, increases the fermentation rate, which explains the increase in gas production. Linked to this, there is also a reduction in methane production by reducing the population of gram-positive bacteria, which are precursors of methanogenesis. Therefore, the inclusion of hay and Suplemento Total concentrate containing 0.32 percent of monensin and 0.63 percent of methionine in place of corn with mineral mixture increased gas production and reduced methane production in vitro.
PSXIII-19 Feeding One-Year Storage Sorghum Silage Base Diets: Effects of Grain Processing on Performance of Backgrounding Beef Cattle
Authors: Abdelhadi Leandro O , Mattioli Guillermo , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: November 2023

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding a one-year stored sorghum silage (SS), grain processed or not at harvest, on ADG, DMI and feed efficiency (FE) of beef heifers. A total of 96 Angus heifers were used in a completely randomized design with 6 pens/treatment of 8 heifers per treatment. Mixed model of SAS was used, and the model included the fixed effect of treatment: SS processed (PRO) or not (NPR), with initial BW used as covariate. Significance was declared at P < 0.05. A dual-purpose sorghum (ADV2450IG, Advanta seeds, Irving, TX) was harvested (Claas Jaguar 930, Harsewinkel, Germany) at the late-dough stage of grain maturity and PRO or NPR were obtained with a specific SS cracker (196 mm rolls of 125 teeth each, 40% speed differential, 1.1 mm roll gap). Each treatment was chopped at 15 mm theoretical length of cut and ensiled in polyethylene ag-bags (60 m long and 2.74 m diameter), for 388 d until starting the feeding trial. Two backgrounding diets containing (DM basis) 90.5% SS either PRO or NPR (31.4±1.4% grain content on average), 6.5% soybean meal (expeller) and 3% supplement (ROC90, Provimi, Argentina) were offered for a 12 d of adaptation and 60 d of experimental period. Diets were adjusted daily to a score of 0.5, using the SDSU 4-point bunk scoring system, and samples were taken for analyses. Initial, middle and final BW was measured, while DMI was calculated from differences between DM offered and refused within each pen (Table). In conclusion, feeding sorghum silage stored for 388 to 460 d, and either grain processed or not, resulted in similar ADG and FE when used as the base of the diet of backgrounding beef heifers.
PSII-6 Changes in Galectin Gene Expression and Secretion in Response to Gum Arabica Drench in Goats
Authors: Ahmed Yaser M , Uzzaman Md. Rasel , Worku Mulumebet
Published: November 2023

Acacia senegal is part of the natural diet of goats. Gum Arabica (GA) is a water-soluble complex polysaccharide antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory prebiotic, derived from Acacia Senegal. Its mechanism of action has not been defined. Galectins are secreted sugar-binding animal proteins involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. They function in microbe recognition and as regulators of inflammation. This study evaluated the effect of GA on Galectin transcription. Clinically healthy Boer X Spanish goats (n = 20) were randomly assigned to two groups of 10. Goats in the treatment group received 10 mL of GA in water daily for six weeks, controls received sterile water. Blood was collected weekly from the jugular vein using acid citrate dextrose as an anticoagulant. Subsequently, the blood was centrifuged to isolate the cells and plasma. Total RNA isolation was isolated from the cell pellet using Trizol (Sigma-Aldrich). The RNA concentration (ng/μL) and purity was assessed using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Inc). Galectin-1, -3 and -9 transcription was conducted using goat specific primers and housekeeping genes for real-time PCR. Fold changes were calculated using the Livak method. The Log2FC values for Galectin 1, 3, and 9 expressions were 12.47, 0.29, and 2.22 respectively. Thus, GA had varying effects on structurally distinct galectins. Galectin 1 gene (Lgals1) is an important modulator of the immune response and was highly induced. Changes in Galectin transcription can impact microbial recognition and immune activation for goat health. Further analyses are needed to evaluate the functional effects of GA for application as a prebiotic and immune modulator lain goat health.
PSII-7 Is Scrotal Ultrasound a Useful Tool in Ram Breeding Soundness examination?
Authors: Murphy Tom W , Freking Bradley A , Wildeus Stephan , Miles Jeremy R , Cushman Robert , Snider Alexandria P , Rempel Lea A
Published: November 2023

Varicocele, a condition of abnormally dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus, is associated with reduced male fertility in several species but its frequency and impact in rams is not well documented. Semen was collected and pampiniform plexus ultrasound performed in early December during breeding soundness examinations (BSE) of mature Composite-IV rams over a three-year study. A portion of rams were evaluated in multiple years and data from a total of 129 collections on 90 rams were available for analyses. Semen parameters were estimated by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Imaging software was used to quantify the cross-sectional area of five vessels per testis and average areas of the left testis (AAL), right testis (AAR), and both testes (AAT) were calculated. The correlation between AAL and AAR measured on the same ram within a year was moderate and positive (0.51; P < 0.001). However, correlations between AAL, AAR, and AAT measured on the same ram in consecutive years were not different from zero. Average vessel area was analyzed with fixed effects of testis side (AAL or AAR), year (2020, 2021, or 2022), ram age (2, 3, or ≥ 4 yr-old) and a random effect of ram. Across years, AAL was 23 to 25% greater than AAR and 16 to 18% greater in ≥ 4-yr-old than younger rams (P < 0.01). Unilateral varicocele (UV) was diagnosed when AAL/AAR or AAR/AAL ratio exceeded 1.5 in a ram and, for rams sampled in multiple years, those diagnosed in one year were considered affected for all subsequent years. Within year, prevalence of UV ranged from 16 to 36%. Scrotal circumference (SC) and CASA parameters were analyzed with fixed effects of year, ram age, and UV status and a random effect of ram. Within 2- and 3-yr-olds, sperm from UV rams had lower motility than unaffected rams (42.1 ± 6.7% vs 62.2 ± 4.1% and 47.8 ± 7.4% vs 70.1 ± 4.7%, respectively; P ≤ 0.02) but no differences were observed within 4-yr-old rams. Across ages, sperm from UV rams had a lower percentage of normal than unaffected rams (91.5 ± 1.1% vs 94.3 ± 0.74%; P = 0.03). Sperm concentration, progressive motility, and SC were unaffected by UV status. Future studies will evaluate the effect UV status on siring capacity. Ultrasound methodologies previously refined to diagnose varicocele in boars helped identify sub-fertile rams that would not have been classified by routine BSE procedures. However, these methodologies would benefit from concurrent machine learning and software development to ensure imaging consistency across technicians and streamline procedures for real-time decision making. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSV-22 Productivity at Weaning of F1 Dorper X Pelibuey Ewes Carrying the Fecge Allele of the Ovine GDF9 Gene
Authors: Miranda-Carrazco Claudia I , Martínez-Quintana José A , Corral-Luna Agustín , Rodríguez-Almeida Felipe A
Published: November 2023

The FecGE allele of the ovine GDF9 gene has been reported segregating in the Pelibuey hair type breed in México. Homozygous E/E ewes reproduce normally, in contrast to the sterility of homozygous ewes reported for other GDF9 variants. Thus, potential exists to cross homozygous and carrier Pelibuey ewes with meat type rams of low-prolificacy but well-adapted breeds to obtain F1 commercial flock ewes. The aim was to evaluate ewe productivity, as total lamb weight weaned (TWW), of FecGE carrier vs non-carrier F1 Dorper x Pelibuey ewes. Sixty one first lambing ewes (34 carrier and 27 non-carrier) equally served with two Texel rams were used. Management was under feedlot conditions. Genotyping was done by real time PCR (StepOnePlus) using the FAMACTTCAAACAGTTTCTTTTTMGBNFQ and VICTCAAACAGTGTCTTTTTMGBNFQ probes (Applied Biosystems). Type of birth (TB; twins vs single) and weaning (TW) were analyzed with PROC CATMOD of SAS. Fixed effects of ewe genotype (carrier vs non-carrier), contemporary group and ram of service were included in a logistic generalized linear model. Lamb weaning weights were adjusted to a common age of 75 d and by sex. Equivalent to male average birth lamb weight (ABW), average weaning lamb weight (AWW) and TWW per ewe were analyzed with PROC GLM of SAS. Carrier ewes had more twins (P < 0.01) for TB (75 vs 19.4 %) and TW (58.8 vs 21.7 %) than non-carrier ewes. Equivalent to male ABW on carrier ewes was less (P < 0.05; 3.17 ± 0.21 vs 3.97 ± 0.20 kg) than for non-carrier ewes but not difference (P > 0.05) was observed for AWW (21.96 ± 0.85 vs 22.93 ± 0.90 kg). Ewe productivity, as indicated by TWW, was greater (P < 0.05; 33.16 ± 1.78 vs 27.23 ± 1.88 kg) for FecGE carrier ewes than for the non-carrier ones. More research on this topic deserves further attention, especially under range conditions, with multiple parity ewes, different years and reproductive activity seasons, using a larger simple.
PSV-23 Characterization of Katahdin Lamb Carcasses in a Traditional Lamb Marketing Context
Authors: Phillips McKensie , Gifford Cody , Murphy Tom W , Freking Bradley A , Newman Courtney , Ritchie Clara , Stewart Whit C
Published: November 2023

The Katahdin breed has grown in popularity in the US, but it is relatively unknown if their carcasses conform to expectations of the traditional commodity lamb industry. Purebred Katahdin wethers (n = 223) were sourced from the genetic reference flock at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center over two consecutive years. The flock is enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) and estimated breeding values (EBV) were available on standard production traits. Lambs were assigned to one of three groups per year based on body weight (BW) and fed a common finishing diet through harvest at similar end BW (51.3 ± 5.6 kg) but varying age (223.8 ± 32.2 d). Lambs were harvested at a commercial processor, hot carcass weight (HCW) was recorded, dressing percentage (DP) was calculated, and carcasses were chilled for 24 h. Carcasses were then ribbed and 12th rib backfat thickness (BFT), and loin muscle area (LMA) were measured. Traits were analyzed in mixed models with fixed class effects of finishing group (6 levels) and rearing type (single or multiple), a linear covariate of harvest age, and a random effect of sire (n = 16). There were no differences in BW, HCW, BFT, and LMA between rearing types but lambs reared as multiples had greater DP than those reared as singles (P = 0.02; Table). End BW increased while DP decreased with lamb harvest age (P ≤ 0.03). Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated between traits including post-weaning weight (PWWT) NSIP EBV. There was a strong, positive correlation between HCW and BFT (0.52) and HCW and BWT (0.54; P < 0.001). In contrast, HCW was only moderately correlated to LMA (0.35; P < 0.001). The PWWT EBV is the best genetic predictor of post-weaning lamb growth and was moderately correlated with end BW (0.38), HCW (0.35), and LMA (0.35; P < 0.001). Traditional markets prefer carcasses to be 29.5 – 36.3 kg HCW and < 6.4 mm BFT; 91% and 51% of Katahdin carcasses were below the HCW and BFT thresholds, respectively. Katahdins are capable of producing lean carcasses that conform to packer ideals for BF when fed to harvest BW of the present study, which may reduce excess fat trimming during fabrication. However, HCW observed in the present study may suggest greater suitability for non-traditional (i.e., ethnic) markets. Lower correlations between carcass traits in Katahdin compared with past research in Western white-faced lambs may highlight important biological differences in growth and fat deposition among divergent breed types. Crossbreeding Katahdin ewes with terminal sire breeds and within breed selection will improve growth and carcass traits without exceeding HCW thresholds commonly reached in wool sheep but should be considered in tandem with other breeding objectives.
PSXI-13 Growth and Onset of Puberty in Replacement Gilts Fed on Ad Libitum Or Restricted Bases Using an Electronic Sow Feeder
Authors: Niblett Richard T , Williams Kimberly A , Cross Marguerite B , Clapp Alexis L , Estienne Mark J
Published: November 2023

Replacement gilts are typically fed on an ad libitum basis until approximately 135 kg BW at approximately 200 d of age and are bred between 135 and 160 kg BW during their second estrus. The shift to group-housing of the breeding herd makes it difficult to manage animals individually. Thus, utilization of an electronic sow feeder (ESF) enables caretakers to manage animals individually in group-housing situations, by allotting predetermined amounts of feed. The objective was to determine the effect of feeding level on growth and sexual development in gilts. Crossbred gilts, assumed prepubertal, were moved at 150 d of age to an open pen measuring 44.3 m2 located in a curtain-sided building with partially slatted concrete floors and an ESF (ACCUTEAM, Osborne Industries, Osborne, KS). Gilts were acclimated to the ESF during a 10-d period, during which they received feed on an ad libitum basis. At 160 d of age, gilts were randomly assigned to receive feed on either an ad libitum (AD, n = 18) or restricted (2.73 kg/d; RS, n = 19) basis. Estrus detection was performed for 42 d. Feeding level had no effect on age at puberty (P = 0.23). The pubertal estrus length was similar between treatments (P = 0.23); however, AD gilts exhibited a longer second estrus period (P = 0.05) compared with RS gilts (37.6 vs 30.8 h, SE = 3.6). Estrous cycle length was not affected (P = 0.72) by feeding level. There were no effects of feeding level (P = 0.36) or feeding level x day (P = 0.53) on BW; however, there was an effect of day (P < 0.01), indicative of growing gilts. Feed disappearance was affected by feeding level (P < 0.01, 4.25 vs. 2.68 kg/d, SE = 0.05 for AD and RS, respectively), day (P < 0.01) and feeding level x day (P < 0.01). Total station visits were affected by feeding level x day (P = 0.05). Non-feeding visits were affected by feeding level (P < 0.01, 1.0 vs. 3.7, SE = 0.22) and day (P < 0.01) but not feeding level x day (P = 0.20). Feeding visits were affected by feeding level x day (P < 0.01). Data were then normalized to the 20-d period before second estrus. Feed disappearance was affected by feeding level x day (P < 0.01), with feed disappearance decreasing in AD, but not RS, gilts as they approached estrus. During this 20-d period, BW was affected by feeding level x day (P < 0.01), with AD gilts having improved growth compared with RS gilts. In this study, feeding level did not affect age at puberty; however, utilizing an ESF may augment current estrus detection methods by monitoring feeding behavior.
PSXI-9 Investigation to Characterize the Swine Gut Microbiota at Different Growth Stages Using 16s Rrna Gene High-Throughput Sequencing Data
Authors: Cha Jihye , Choi Soyoung , Lim Jin A , Jung Seul a
Published: November 2023

The swine gut microbiota is populated by large and diverse bacterial community that play an essential role in pig intestinal development. Therefore, it is important to characterize the composition of swine gut microbiota and determine which factor shape the composition of the gut microbiota. Our objective was to characterize the swine gut microbiota at the different growth stages using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing data from gastrointestinal (GI) samples. First, the samples were collected from different GI tract sections (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, fecal) from a total of 36 piglets at early growth [day (d) 0, 21, 42] stages and then stored in liquid nitrogen for further microbiome analysis. DNA was extracted and subjected to sequencing with an Illumina Miseq sequencer targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were processed using the QIIME2 software package. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) was used to identify growth stage-associated bacterial genera that were enriched within the total GI tract samples. An LDA score (log10) of 4.0 was used as the cutoff for identifying differentially abundant genera. LEfSe analysis revealed total 18 bacterial features that are stage-specific. Among the more notable genera, Lactobacillus and Prevotella was more abundant at the d 0, Romboutsia, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcus at the d 21, Escherichia_shigella, Staphlylococcus, and Turicibacter at the d 42 stage. Our study may provide a foundation for future studies aimed to manipulate the swine gut microbiota for potential health benefits.
p62 bodies: cytosolic zoning by phase separation
Authors: Kurusu Reo , Morishita Hideaki , Komatsu Masaaki
Published: November 2023

Cellular zoning or partitioning is critical in preventing macromolecules from random diffusion and orchestrating the spatiotemporal dynamics of biochemical reactions. Along with membranous organelles, membraneless organelles contribute to the precise regulation of biochemical reactions inside cells. In response to environmental cues, membraneless organelles rapidly form through liquid–liquid phase separation, sequester certain proteins and RNAs, mediate specific reactions and dissociate. Among membraneless organelles, ubiquitin-positive condensates, namely, p62 bodies, maintain cellular homeostasis through selective autophagy of themselves to contribute to intracellular quality control. p62 bodies also activate the anti-oxidative stress response regulated by the KEAP1-NRF2 system. In this review, we present an overview of recent advancements in cellular and molecular biology related to p62 bodies, highlighting their dynamic nature and functions.
Pharmacologic Management of Pediatric Burns
Authors: Warren Jontae D , Hughes Kaitlin M
Published: November 2023

Many pediatric patients with burn injuries may be initially treated in a hospital where pediatric specialized care, including resources and trained personnel may be limited. This includes resuscitation in adult emergency departments and inpatient care in mixed adult-pediatric burn units. The intent of this review is to provide a compilation of topics for the adult trained pharmacist or another healthcare practitioner on the management of pediatric patients with burn injuries. This article focuses on several key areas of pharmacologic burn management in the pediatric patient that may differ from the adult patient, including pain and sedation, fluid resuscitation, nutrition support, antimicrobial selection, anticoagulation, and inhalation injury. It is important that all clinicians have resources to help optimize the management of burn injuries in the pediatric population as, in addition to burn injury itself, pediatric patients have different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics affecting which medications are used and how they are dosed. This article highlights several key differences between pediatric and adult patients, providing an additional resource to assist adult-trained pharmacists or other healthcare practitioners with making clinical decisions in the pediatric burn population.