bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transplacental Passage of Vancomycin in the ex vivo HumanPerfusion Model
Authors: Hnat Michael D. , Gainer Julie , Bawdon Roger E. , Wendel George D.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To determine maternal–fetal transplacental passage of vancomycin in the ex vivo human placental perfusion model.

Methods: Six term placentas were collected immediately after delivery and perfused with physiologic medium using the single cotyledon perfusion system. Vancomycin was added to the maternal medium and perfused through the maternal circulation of the cotyledon. Over a 1‐h period in an open system, samples of the
perfusate were collected at defined intervals from the fetal venous catheter and from the maternal effluence to assess vancomycin transfer. Thereafter, the system was closed for 1–5 h to establish accumulation. Transport fraction and clearance indexes were calculated by perfusing antipyrine  14C
(positive control). Vancomycin was estimated by high pressure liquid chromatography and antipyrine  14C
concentration was determined by liquid scintillation.

Results: Mean vancomycin maternal peak and trough concentrations ranged from 30.0 to 51.5 µg/ml and 7.7 to 16.4 µg/ml, respectively. Clearance indexes were minimal with a mean peak range of 0.000–0.080 and a mean trough range of 0.00–0.17. For each placenta, transport fraction for antipyrine  14C
was > 1.85 with a single pass of > 40%. No accumulation of vancomycin was noted when the system was closed for 1–5 h. The mean peak clearance index was zero after perfusing the placenta for up to 5 h with 35.8 µg/ml of vancomycin.

Conclusion: Transplacental passage of vancomycin was minimal in the ex vivo human placental perfusion model, with no detectable accumulation.
HPV Prevalence and Concordance in the Cervix and Oral Cavity of Pregnant Women
Authors: Smith E. M. , Ritchie J. M. , Yankowitz J. , Wang D. , Turek L. P. , Haugen T. H.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: This investigation examined human papillomavirus (HPV) in pregnant women in order to characterize viral prevalence, types and concordance between infection in the cervix and in the oral cavity.

Methods: A total of 577 pregnant women seeking routine obstetric care were evaluated for HPV infection in their cervix during gestation and immediately before delivery, and in the oral cavity during gestation. Male partners present during the gestational clinic visit also provided a specimen from their oral cavity. HPV assessment was performed by PCR, dot blot hybridization and DNA sequencing. A sexual and health questionnaire was completed by the pregnant women.

Results: HPV prevalence in women was 29% in the cervix and 2.4% in the oral cavity. Among those with both gestational and delivery specimens, 35% were infected at least once and 20% had infection at both intervals. At delivery, 68% of infected women had an oncogenic HPV type in the cervix. There was no type‐specific HPV concordance between the two cervical specimens, nor cervical and oral results in women, nor with cervical and oral findings between partners.

Conclusion: The lack of association in HPV positivity and types between the cervix and oral cavity in these women suggests that self‐inoculation is uncommon. This source of infection does not appear to be from oral contact with a current male partner, since there also was no concordance between partners. These results suggest either other modes of HPV transmission or differences in susceptibility to HPV infection or its clearance in the oral cavity and genital mucosa.
Bicarbonate Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases
Authors: Cann Martin
Published: November 2004

Bicarbonate ion is fundamental to the biology of all living organisms. HCO3‐ is vital to such diverse physiological processes as carbon fixation, cellular homeostasis, sperm maturation, and nucleotide synthesis. A defined subset of adenylyl cyclases identified in eukaryotes and prokaryotes are directly activated by HCO3‐. As such, cAMP represents the first identified biological effector for fluctuations in intracellular inorganic carbon levels. The identification of a signal transduction pathway activated by HCO3‐ has far reaching implications for understanding how the cell responds to fluctuations in this essential anion. IUBMB Life, 56: 529‐534, 2004
Cell Cycle Regulators in Bladder Cancer: Relationship to Schistosomiasis
Authors: Eissa Sanaa , Ahmed Maha Imam , Said Heba , Zaghlool Ashraf , El‐Ahmady Omar
Published: November 2004

Dysregulation of cell cycle control may lead to genomic instability, neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. In terms of the particular roles in regulation of the cell‐cycle, p21(WAF1) causes growth arrest through inhibition of cyclin‐dependant kinases required for G1/S transition. P16 (INK4A) and p15 (INK4B) are thought to act as tumor suppressors, since their inactivation and/or deletion are observable in various types of malignancies. Cyclin D1 is hypothesized to control cell cycle progression through the G1‐S check point. The present study evaluated p21 expression, p16 and p15 gene deletion and cylin D1 expression in bladder carcinoma among Egyptian patients, in relation to different clinicopathological features of the tumors and presence or absence of bilharziasis. Tissue specimens were obtained from 132 patients with bladder carcinoma and 50 normal tissue samples from the same patients served as control. P21 was determined by Western blot (WB) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), p16 and p15 gene deletions were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Cyclin D1 was detected by WB. Levels of p21 were lower in malignant tumors than in normal tissues. Lower expression of p21 was evident in lymph node positive, well differentiated tumors and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in lymph node negative, poorly differentiated tumors and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In all normal samples, p15 and p16 genes were detected while cyclin D1 was not detected. P16 and p15 genes were deleted in 38.7% (41/106) and 30.2% (32/106) of bladder tumors respectively. The deletion of both genes was associated with poor differentiation grade and presence of bilharziasis. P16 deletion was also correlated to advancing tumor stage. Cyclin D1 was expressed in 57.5% of bladder tumors (69/120), where its expression was correlated to early stage, well differentiation grade, schistomiasis, and low levels of p21. Cell cycle is dysregulated in bladder carcinoma. This was evident from the increased expression of cyclin D1, the decreased levels of p21 and the deletion of p15 and p16 genes. Moreover, p16 and p15 gene deletion was related to tumor progression and might have a role in bilharzial bladder carcinogenesis. Cyclin D1 over‐expression appears to be an early event in bladder cancer and might explain bilharzial associated bladder carcinogenesis. IUBMB Life, 56: 557‐564, 2004
Adenylyl and Guanylyl Cyclases from the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Baker David
Published: November 2004

Completion of several malaria parasite genome sequences and advances in Plasmodium gene manipulation technology, will lead to significant advances in our knowledge of the biology of these organisms. Biochemical analysis of the cyclic nucleotide signalling pathways of P. falciparum has provided important information on malaria parasite development. The Plasmodium purine nucleotide cyclase enzymes have extremely unusual structures and the regulatory mechanisms controlling parasite enzyme activity are distinct from those operating on the analogous host molecules. Study of these enzymes could therefore lead to novel strategies for anti‐malarial intervention in addition to providing unique insights into the intriguing biology of the parasite. IUBMB Life, 56: 535‐540, 2004
The neuronal scaffold protein Shank3 mediates signaling and biological function of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret in epithelial cells
Authors: Schuetz Gunnar , Rosário Marta , Grimm Jan , Boeckers Tobias M. , Gundelfinger Eckart D. , Birchmeier Walter
Published: November 2004

Shank proteins, initially also described as ProSAP proteins, are scaffolding adaptors that have been previously shown to integrate neurotransmitter receptors into the cortical cytoskeleton at postsynaptic densities. We show here that Shank proteins are also crucial in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. The PDZ domain–containing Shank3 protein was found to represent a novel interaction partner of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret, which binds specifically to a PDZ-binding motif present in the Ret9 but not in the Ret51 isoform. Furthermore, we show that Ret9 but not Ret51 induces epithelial cells to form branched tubular structures in three-dimensional cultures in a Shank3-dependent manner. Ret9 but not Ret51 has been previously shown to be required for kidney development. Shank3 protein mediates sustained Erk–MAPK and PI3K signaling, which is crucial for tubule formation, through recruitment of the adaptor protein Grb2. These results demonstrate that the Shank3 adaptor protein can mediate cellular signaling, and provide a molecular mechanism for the biological divergence between the Ret9 and Ret51 isoform.
Phosphate deprivation induces transfer of DGDG galactolipid from chloroplast to mitochondria
Authors: Jouhet Juliette , Maréchal Eric , Baldan Barbara , Bligny Richard , Joyard Jacques , Block Maryse A.
Published: November 2004

In many soils plants have to grow in a shortage of phosphate, leading to development of phosphate-saving mechanisms. At the cellular level, these mechanisms include conversion of phospholipids into glycolipids, mainly digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). The lipid changes are not restricted to plastid membranes where DGDG is synthesized and resides under normal conditions. In plant cells deprived of phosphate, mitochondria contain a high concentration of DGDG, whereas mitochondria have no glycolipids in control cells. Mitochondria do not synthesize this pool of DGDG, which structure is shown to be characteristic of a DGD type enzyme present in plastid envelope. The transfer of DGDG between plastid and mitochondria is investigated and detected between mitochondria-closely associated envelope vesicles and mitochondria. This transfer does not apparently involve the endomembrane system and would rather be dependent upon contacts between plastids and mitochondria. Contacts sites are favored at early stages of phosphate deprivation when DGDG cell content is just starting to respond to phosphate deprivation.
HIV-1 Nef disrupts MHC-I trafficking by recruiting AP-1 to the MHC-I cytoplasmic tail
Authors: Roeth Jeremiah F. , Williams Maya , Kasper Matthew R. , Filzen Tracey M. , Collins Kathleen L.
Published: November 2004

To avoid immune recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Nef disrupts the transport of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHC-I) to the cell surface in HIV-infected T cells. However, the mechanism by which Nef does this is unknown. We report that Nef disrupts MHC-I trafficking by rerouting newly synthesized MHC-I from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to lysosomal compartments for degradation. The ability of Nef to target MHC-I from the TGN to lysosomes is dependent on expression of the μ1 subunit of adaptor protein (AP) AP-1A, a cellular protein complex implicated in TGN to endolysosomal pathways. We demonstrate that in HIV-infected primary T cells, Nef promotes a physical interaction between endogenous AP-1 and MHC-I. Moreover, we present data that this interaction uses a novel AP-1 binding site that requires amino acids in the MHC-I cytoplasmic tail. In sum, our evidence suggests that binding of AP-1 to the Nef–MHC-I complex is an important step required for inhibition of antigen presentation by HIV.
Nontranscriptional modulation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling by ligand stimulated thyroid hormone receptor
Authors: Saelim Nuttawut , John Linu M. , Wu Jun , Park Jeong Soon , Bai Yidong , Camacho Patricia , Lechleiter James D.
Published: November 2004

Thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine (T3) binds and activates thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Here, we present evidence for a nontranscriptional regulation of Ca2+ signaling by T3-bound TRs. Treatment of Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor beta subtype A1 (xTRβA1) expressing oocytes with T3 for 10 min increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca2+ wave periodicity. Coexpression of TRβA1 with retinoid X receptor did not enhance regulation. Deletion of the DNA binding domain and the nuclear localization signal of the TRβA1 eliminated transcriptional activity but did not affect the ability to regulate Ca2+ signaling. T3-bound TRβA1 regulation of Ca2+ signaling could be inhibited by ruthenium red treatment, suggesting that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake was required for the mechanism of action. Both xTRβA1 and the homologous shortened form of rat TRα1 (rTRαΔF1) localized to the mitochondria and increased O2 consumption, whereas the full-length rat TRα1 did neither. Furthermore, only T3-bound xTRβA1 and rTRαΔF1 affected Ca2+ wave activity. We conclude that T3-bound mitochondrial targeted TRs acutely modulate IP3-mediated Ca2+ signaling by increasing mitochondrial metabolism independently of transcriptional activity.
Y3+ Block Demonstrates an Intracellular Activation Gate for the α1G T-type Ca2+ Channel
Authors: Obejero-Paz Carlos A. , Gray I. Patrick , Jones Stephen W.
Published: November 2004

Classical electrophysiology and contemporary crystallography suggest that the activation gate of voltage-dependent channels is on the intracellular side, but a more extracellular “pore gate” has also been proposed. We have used the voltage dependence of block by extracellular Y3+ as a tool to locate the activation gate of the α1G (CaV3.1) T-type calcium channel. Y3+ block exhibited no clear voltage dependence from −40 to +40 mV (50% block at 25 nM), but block was relieved rapidly by stronger depolarization. Reblock of the open channel, reflected in accelerated tail currents, was fast and concentration dependent. Closed channels were also blocked by Y3+ at a concentration-dependent rate, only eightfold slower than open-channel block. When extracellular Ca2+ was replaced with Ba2+, the rate of open block by Y3+ was unaffected, but closed block was threefold faster than in Ca2+, suggesting the slower closed-block rate reflects ion–ion interactions in the pore rather than an extracellularly located gate. Since an extracellular blocker can rapidly enter the closed pore, the primary activation gate must be on the intracellular side of the selectivity filter.
A Serial Passage of Diatonic Ancestry in Stravinsky's The Flood
Authors: Rogers Lynne
Published: November 2004

When Stravinsky composed The Flood in 1961–2, he was already an experienced practitioner of serialism. It is undeniably noteworthy, then, that compositional documents for the work include two diatonic sketches, presumably the earliest versions of a passage from the Prelude. Later serial versions of the passage, which differ significantly from the diatonic sketches, nonetheless retain numerous important features introduced at that initial stage. The existence of the diatonic sketches suggests that even late in his career, Stravinsky harboured diatonic and tonal impulses. Taking into account the audible results of these impulses will contribute substantially to an understanding of his last works.
Voices of the Other: Wolfgang Rihm's Music Drama Die Eroberung von Mexico
Authors: Williams Alastair
Published: November 2004

This article explores the theme of self and other in Wolfgang Rihm's music drama Die Eroberung von Mexico. After examining how the vocal distinctions between Montezuma and Cortez serve to dramatize the mutual cultural incomprehension of these two characters, it considers how each of them becomes mentally deranged. Finally, it traces how each figure subsequently searches for a means of communication in the last act. By analysing Rihm's understanding of music as a medium, and by deploying the critical resources offered by Tzvetan Todorov, Jacques Lacan and Jacques Derrida, this article argues that Die Eroberung makes a significant contribution to understanding the mechanisms by which identities are enacted.
Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird
Authors: Göth Ann , Booth David T
Published: November 2004

To our knowledge, there is, so far, no evidence that incubation temperature can affect sex ratios in birds, although this is common in reptiles. Here, we show that incubation temperature does affect sex ratios in megapodes, which are exceptional among birds because they use environmental heat sources for incubation. In the Australian brush-turkey
Alectura lathami
, a mound-building megapode, more males hatch at low incubation temperatures and more females hatch at high temperatures, whereas the proportion is 1 : 1 at the average temperature found in natural mounds. Chicks from lower temperatures weigh less, which probably affects offspring survival, but are not smaller. Megapodes possess heteromorphic sex chromosomes like other birds, which eliminates temperature-dependent sex determination, as described for reptiles, as the mechanism behind the skewed sex ratios at high and low temperatures. Instead, our data suggest a sex-biased temperature-sensitive embryo mortality because mortality was greater at the lower and higher temperatures, and minimal at the middle temperature where the sex ratio was 1 : 1.
How neuroscience might advance the law
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , O'Hara Erin Ann
Published: November 2004

This essay discusses the strengths and limitations of the new, growing field of law and biology and suggests that advancements in neuroscience can help to bolster that field. It also briefly discusses some ways that neuroscience can help to improve the workings of law more generally.
Law and the sources of morality
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , Hinde Robert A.
Published: November 2004

This paper argues that morality is a product of basic human psychological characteristics shaped over prehistorical and historical time by diachronic dialectical transactions between what individuals do and what they are supposed to do in the culture in which they live. Some principles are pancultural: individuals are motivated to look after their own interests, to be cooperative and kind to other group members and to look after their children. The moral precepts of every society are based on these principles, but may differ according to the vicissitudes that the society has experienced. Thus the basic principles can be seen as absolute; the precepts based on them may be specific to particular societies. Moral precepts, and the laws derived from them, are mostly such as to maintain the cohesion of the society, but some have been formulated to further the interests of those in power. The evidence suggests that laws have been developed, by common consent or by rulers, from generally accepted moral intuitions. In general, legal systems have been formulated to deal with the more extreme infringements of moral codes. Morality prescribes how people should behave; the law is concerned with how they should not. New laws, if not imposed by force, must generally be in tune with public conceptions of morality.
Neuroeconomics
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , Zak Paul J.
Published: November 2004

This paper introduces an emerging transdisciplinary field known as neuroeconomics. Neuroeconomics uses neuroscientific measurement techniques to investigate how decisions are made. First, I present a basic overview of neuroanatomy and explain how brain activity is measured. I then survey findings from the neuroeconomics literature on acquiring rewards and avoiding losses, learning, choice under risk and ambiguity, delay of gratification, the role of emotions in decision-making, strategic decisions and social decisions. I conclude by identifying new directions that neuroeconomics is taking, including applications to public policy and law.
The brain and the law
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , Chorvat Terrence , McCabe Kevin
Published: November 2004

Much has been written about how law as an institution has developed to solve many problems that human societies face. Inherent in all of these explanations are models of how humans make decisions. This article discusses what current neuroscience research tells us about the mechanisms of human decision making of particular relevance to law. This research indicates that humans are both more capable of solving many problems than standard economic models predict, but also limited in ways those models ignore. This article discusses how law is both shaped by our cognitive processes and also shapes them. The article considers some of the implications of this research for improving our understanding of how our current legal regimes operate and how the law can be structured to take advantage of our neural mechanisms to improve social welfare.
For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , Greene Joshua , Cohen Jonathan
Published: November 2004

The rapidly growing field of cognitive neuroscience holds the promise of explaining the operations of the mind in terms of the physical operations of the brain. Some suggest that our emerging understanding of the physical causes of human (mis)behaviour will have a transformative effect on the law. Others argue that new neuroscience will provide only new details and that existing legal doctrine can accommodate whatever new information neuroscience will provide. We argue that neuroscience will probably have a transformative effect on the law, despite the fact that existing legal doctrine can, in principle, accommodate whatever neuroscience will tell us. New neuroscience will change the law, not by undermining its current assumptions, but by transforming people's moral intuitions about free will and responsibility. This change in moral outlook will result not from the discovery of crucial new facts or clever new arguments, but from a new appreciation of old arguments, bolstered by vivid new illustrations provided by cognitive neuroscience. We foresee, and recommend, a shift away from punishment aimed at retribution in favour of a more progressive, consequentialist approach to the criminal law.
The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , Sapolsky Robert M.
Published: November 2004

In recent decades, the general trend in the criminal justice system in the USA has been to narrow the range of insanity defences available, with an increasing dependence solely on theM'Naghtenrule. This states that innocence by reason of insanity requires that the perpetrator could not understand the nature of their criminal act, or did not know that the act was wrong, by reason of a mental illness. In this essay, I question the appropriateness of this, in light of contemporary neuroscience. Specifically, I focus on the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in cognition, emotional regulation, control of impulsive behaviour and moral reasoning. I review the consequences of PFC damage on these endpoints, the capacity for factors such as alcohol and stress to transiently impair PFC function, and the remarkably late development of the PFC (in which full myelination may not occur until early adulthood). I also consider how individual variation in PFC function and anatomy, within the normative range, covaries with some of these endpoints. This literature is reviewed because of its relevance to issues of criminal insanity; specifically, damage can produce an individual capable of differentiating right from wrong but who, nonetheless, is organically incapable of appropriately regulating their behaviour.
A cognitive neuroscience framework for understanding causal reasoning and the law
Authors: Zeki S. , Goodenough O. R. , Fugelsang Jonathan A. , Dunbar Kevin N.
Published: November 2004

Over the past couple of decades, there have been great developments in the fields of psychology and cognitive neuroscience that have allowed the advancement of our understanding of how people make judgements about causality in several domains. We provide a review of some of the contemporary psychological models of causal thinking that are directly relevant to legal reasoning. In addition, we cover some exciting new research using advanced neuroimaging techniques that have helped to uncover the underlying neural signatures of complex causal reasoning. Through the use of functional imaging, we provide a first–hand look at how the brain responds to evidence that is eitherconsistentorinconsistentwith one's beliefs and expectations. Based on the data covered in this review, we propose some ideas for how the effectiveness of causal reasoning, especially as it pertains to legal decision-making, may be facilitated.
Family hotel businesses: strategic planning and the need for education and training
Authors: Peters Mike , Buhalis Dimitrios
Published: November 2004

Small businesses dominate the tourism and hospitality industry worldwide and are of critical importance for the competitiveness of destinations. Small/family hotel businesses are characterised by a number of specific business processes which generate particular training and educational needs. It is increasingly clear that small businesses are not miniature versions of larger ones, but they have different structures, priorities and strategic objectives. This paper investigates a number of management areas, such as: planning, strategy development and behaviour in these enterprises, to determine skill and competency gaps. A survey of small family hotel businesses in Austria was carried out in 2003. Performance, growth and internal management procedures were assessed to analyse problem areas and to identify the lacking skills in the tourism industry. The results demonstrate areas of tourism training and education for family hotel businesses.
Management consulting and international business support for SMEs: need and obstacles
Authors: Mughan Terry , Lloyd‐Reason Lester , Zimmerman Carsten
Published: November 2004

This paper explores the challenges involved in the development of coordinated management consulting services for small and medium‐sized international companies in the East of England. This paper synthesises the findings of recently published quantitative and qualitative research to identify the characteristics of small to medium‐sized enterprises seeking to trade internationally. The provision of coordinated and funded consulting services for these companies will require skills and marketing tools development for advisers and consultants. The region's success in achieving its economic targets will be assessed in terms of its inherent features and emerging strategies to move from service based on the information paradigm to those based on the consultancy paradigm.
Enacting entrepreneurial intent: the gaps between student needs and higher education capability
Authors: Collins Lorna , Hannon Paul D. , Smith Alison
Published: November 2004

Provides a review of the gap between student's entrepreneurial needs and aspirations and the entrepreneurship education offerings within higher education institutions (HEIs) in Leicestershire, UK. Utilises data from three surveys of university fresher students, held in 2001. Uses the findings as the basis to assess the gap between fresher students' entrepreneurial needs and aspirations and the capability of HEIs to meet them. Draws on multiple surveys from universities in Leicestershire and so will be of relevance to other HEIs with similar student demographics. Fulfils a need to take a strategic review of how HEIs can develop the capability to meet the entrepreneurial needs of new students in supporting their future aspirations.
Entrepreneurial learning: a practical model from the creative industries
Authors: Rae David
Published: November 2004

Explores how entrepreneurial capability and identity are learned in the creative and media industries. This sector is of growing social and economic importance, and the majority of its employment and commercial activity takes place within small businesses. However, entrepreneurship in the creative industries and the related development of entrepreneurial skills are not well understood, and “mainstream” approaches cannot be assumed to be effective, therefore the development of a learning model is potentially valuable. Proposes a conceptual framework of entrepreneurial learning in the creative and media sector, based on a social learning perspective. This highlights the processes of entrepreneurial learning and identity formation, and features a triadic model with three major themes. Proposes a group of related sub‐themes and provides a set of reflective questions to assist in practical application of the model by educationalists, students and emerging entrepreneurs. Outlines the potential applications of the model in education and entrepreneurship development within and beyond the creative industries.
Learning new practices in small business: engagement and localised support
Authors: Ehrich Lisa C. , Billett Stephen
Published: November 2004

Discusses the findings of a study that investigated how the learning of innovative practices might best proceed in small businesses. The recent implementation of the Goods and Service Tax (GST) in Australia presented an opportunity for understanding how small business operatives learned to implement a new practice. The procedures comprised semi‐structured interviews with 30 small businesses about how they had learned about and implemented the GST. A case study was written about each small business' experience that were verified for their accuracy by each small business. These case studies became the data source. It was found that the small business operatives that appeared to have learned most about the GST were those who were highly engaged in the task of learning about the GST – active learners and also accessed high levels of support from localised sources. A typology comprising dimensions of support needed and engagement by small business operatives was synthesised from the findings and is discussed.
Training and human resource issues in small e‐businesses: towards a research agenda
Authors: Matlay Harry
Published: November 2004

A great deal has been written in recent years about the internet and the emergence of e‐businesses operating in the global e‐economy. Although a small proportion of the expanding literature on this topic is based on empirically rigorous research, the bulk of publications tend to be of limited value to small business owner/managers. Furthermore, these publications present a superficial or idealised view of economic transactions that take place over the internet. In terms of general approaches to e‐business, there exist a limited number of “core” theoretical and practical publications to guide a wide range of stakeholders and interested parties, including small business owner/managers. Conspicuously missing from the burgeoning specialist literature is the topic of training and human resources in relation to the adoption and management of small e‐businesses. To redress the imbalance, this article proposes a tentative framework for a research agenda in training and related human resource issues, to support and inform a rapidly growing sector of small e‐businesses, both in Britain and in other industrially developed or developing countries.
Techniques for environmental control and structural integrity of buildings in ancient China
Authors: Sui Pheng Low
Published: November 2004

China is among one of the oldest civilizations in the world. The massive land mass of China also means that the Chinese people are subject to weather extremes as well as topographical variety in a country which cuts across alpine heights, treacherous deserts, lush valleys, dusty plains and lengthy rivers. With these weather extremes as the backdrop, it is crucial for the Chinese people to develop appropriate environmental control techniques for their dwellings as well as to ensure the structural integrity of their buildings. This paper discusses the protection, heating, anti‐seismic and dampness techniques developed and implemented in ancient China. It also documents the measures taken by the ancient Chinese to ensure the structural integrity of their buildings. The examples highlighted in this paper suggest that the building science principles adopted in ancient China remain relevant in the construction industry today.
Managerial postalgia: projecting a golden future
Authors: Ybema Sierk
Published: November 2004

This article seeks to further understand the significance of “organizational nostalgia” for processes of organizational change and to develop the mirror concept “managerial postalgia”. If nostalgia is a longing for a paradisical past, postalgia refers to a longing for a heavenly future, a desire that is central to change‐talk and change‐initiatives in organizations. The meaning and role of postalgia will be clarified in this paper by comparing and contrasting it with organizational nostalgia and by analyzing ethnographic studies that provide empirical support to substantiate the analogy. It is argued that the glorification of the past, just as the idealization of the future, are part of internal struggles in which organizational actors try to instigate or resist change by praising or dispraising the collective past, present and future. The argumentation demonstrates the significance of temporal constructions of change and continuity through organizational discourse.
Education for twenty‐first century librarians
Authors: Seadle Michael
Published: November 2004

Humboldt University invited experts to Berlin recently to offer advice about its library science program. While the education of librarians for the twenty‐first century needs to include practical training, those who plan to work in a research environment, or who want a research degree like a PhD, need to acquire a methodology that grounds their work in an established scholarly context.
Library space management: a GIS proposal
Authors: Xia Jingfeng
Published: November 2004

This paper identifies the importance of space management in support of the functions of academic libraries. It reviews current solutions on library space management by pinpointing their advantages and disadvantages, and it introduces GIS (geographic information systems) as a tool for library space management, because of its capacity for analyzing spatial data and interactive information. A proposal is outlined that attempts to highlight the process of developing, implementing, maintaining, and utilizing a GIS system for academic libraries.
The use of cybercafe at Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Authors: Adomi Esharenana E. , Sarah Omodeko Faith , Uzezi Otolo Patience
Published: November 2004

This study explores the use of the cybercafe at Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. By means of questionnaires, data were collected from 83 users. Findings revealed that a majority of the respondents have not been using the cafe for a long period of time; most of them visit the internet cafe for sending or receiving e‐mail, followed by browsing for academic information; most acquired internet knowledge and skills through practical self‐teaching but a good number of respondents do not spend a long time accessing the net per visit. Yahoo! is the search engine used by most respondents followed by Google. The high cost of internet access is a constraint to a majority of users.
Full stream ahead: database instruction through online videos
Authors: Yi Xiao Daniel , Pietraszewski Barbara A. , Goodwin Susan P.
Published: November 2004

As the use of electronic library resources increases, the demand for online support also multiplies. Information literacy and 24/7 customer support are some of the urgent issues related to research in an electronic environment that many libraries are trying to address today. This article describes an approach in meeting these challenges, the Let‐It‐V (Learning E‐Resources Through Instructional Technology Videos) project at the Texas A&M University Libraries. This study combines the use of screen‐captured videos and a streaming media encoder to produce topic‐specific videos for task‐oriented demands. It is visual, interactive, and seeks to provide just‐in‐time solutions at a point of need. On‐demand streaming is a viable, cost‐effective alternative for low bandwidth delivery of video‐enabled library instruction. The technologies involved, key development issues, lessons learned and their implications for distance learning are discussed.
Sexual harassment and police discipline
Authors: Carter Collins Sue
Published: November 2004

The occurrence of sexual harassment in policing is a national problem. Indicative of the significance of this problem are the increasing numbers of sexual harassment complaints filed by female officers against their male counterparts. Less apparent is whether the harassing officers are disciplined for these acts. This article sheds light on the subject by providing an analysis of the disciplinary measures taken by the Florida Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission against law enforcement officers found guilty of sexual harassment. This article describes the role and responsibilities of the Commission, the regulatory body charged with disciplining law enforcement officers in Florida. The article concludes that, despite evidence of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in Florida law enforcement agencies, the numbers of sexual harassment cases in which the Commission accepts jurisdiction are minimal and the discipline imposed is often insubstantial.
An integrated approach to crowd psychology and public order policing
Authors: Reicher Stephen , Stott Clifford , Cronin Patrick , Adang Otto
Published: November 2004

This paper uses recent developments in crowd psychology as the basis for developing new guidelines for public order policing. Argues that the classical view of all crowd members as being inherently irrational and suggestible, and therefore potentially violent, is both wrong and potentially dangerous. It can lead to policing strategies that respond to the violence of some in the crowd by clamping down on all members, and therefore lead all members to perceive the police as hostile and illegitimate. In such conditions, even those who were initially opposed to violence may come to side with more conflictual crowd members and hence contribute to an escalation in the level and scope of collective conflict. This paper argues that police officers need to concentrate on understanding the collective identities, priorities and intentions of different groups in the crowd and give the same priority to facilitating the lawful intentions of some groups as to controlling the unlawful intentions of others.
Prospects beyond 3G
Authors: Rodríguez Casal Carlos , Claude Burgelman Jean , Bohlin Erik
Published: November 2004

3G in Europe faces not only the challenge of recouping the huge cost of licenses, but also the possibility of being overtaken by the emerging new broadband and wireless technologies. These may coexist or even compete with 3G. IPTS carried out two studies that looked at the milestones for future mobile communications systems, taking into account both the short‐ and the long‐term prospects. The first study addressed success factors for 3G networks, gathering insights from successful experience in other regions of the world, notably Japan. The second covered the influence that alternative technologies might have for the diffusion and uptake of 3G. This paper concludes that, despite competition, universal mobile telecommunications system will lead the future of mobile communications in Europe. It presents the final recommendation to stimulate 3G commercialisation by consolidating 3G as a solid platform for 4G development, integrating co‐existing applications and continuously incorporating emerging standards.
Developments for 4G and European policy
Authors: Weber Arnd , Bohlin Erik , Lindmark Sven , Wingert Bernd
Published: November 2004

This paper addresses the potential need for European public policy actions in the area of mobile communications, in particular of developments towards 4th generation networks (4G). The paper is based on work conducted for the EC/JRC/IPTS/ESTO project “The Future of Mobile Technologies in EU: Assessing 4G Developments”. The paper first reviews developments of 3G and 4G technologies in Japan, Korea, China and the USA. It briefly addresses potential costs and benefits of competition in infrastructures. The paper states that initiatives in Europe for technologies beyond 3G tend to address research issues, while players in Asia and the USA are aiming at sales of 4G‐equipment supposed to start as soon as possible. In conclusion, nine options for policy makers are presented, such as to stimulate 2.5G and 3G data markets, to analyse actual spectrum use, to continue analysing approaches competing with UMTS, to estimate costs and benefits of new approaches to spectrum regulation, and to evaluate steps towards frequency allocation.
Systems thinking for the integration of management systems
Authors: Jonker Jan , Karapetrovic Stanislav
Published: November 2004

This paper discusses how a systems approach to management can be used to facilitate the development and implementation of an integrated management system (IMS) in an organization. It is argued that any solution to address the rapidly growing need for the integration of function‐specific management systems requires two elements: a conceptual model and a supporting methodology. While the research on IMS modelling is fairly advanced, evidenced by a number of existing models that would probably qualify to provide the basis for integration, development of methodologies to achieve fully‐integrated systems is still lacking. This paper therefore provides a set of criteria for selection of the most appropriate IMS model, followed by a discussion of one such model based on the systems approach. The presented model can be used to integrate the requirements of existing and upcoming function‐specific management system standards, and provide a foundation for the top‐down integration of internal systems that these standards describe. Subsequently, a short discussion on the issue of the IMS methodology is given, and the paper concludes with a list of questions that will help researchers design a comprehensive IMS methodology.
Modelling the building cladding attainment processes
Authors: Kalian Abdulla , Watson Alastair , Agbasi Emeka , Anumba Chimay , Gibb Alistair
Published: November 2004

The cladding of a modern building is a critical, and expensive, specialist sub‐system of the total building. This paper is concerned with modelling the supply chain processes within the building cladding sector of the UK construction industry. The modelling was conducted within the context of CIMclad, a research project involving a consortia of universities and industry that is seeking to move the cladding sector towards computer integrated design and manufacture. The goal was to better understand the existing supply chain processes. These processes are complex and span a diverse range of players, each of whom may play one or more roles. The methodology employed was a combination of informal mapping of the procurement chain and the application of formal process modelling techniques.
IT enablement of supply chains: modeling the enablers
Authors: Jharkharia Sanjay , Shankar Ravi
Published: November 2004

Some enablers support the information technology (IT) enablement of supply chains. The aim of this paper is to understand mutual influences of these enablers and also to identify those enablers which support other enablers (“driving enablers”) and those which are most influenced by others (“dependent enablers”). A questionnaire‐based survey has been conducted to rank these enablers. The results of the survey and the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) methodology have been used to evolve mutual relationships among these enablers. It is observed that two enablers, namely “awareness about use of IT in supply chains” and “trust among supply chain partners”, have high driving power and therefore deserve serious attention. The study concludes with a discussion and managerial implications.
Postnatal Confirmation of Prenatally Diagnosed Trisomy 20 Mosaicism in a Patient with Linear and Whorled Nevoid Hypermelanosis
Authors: Hartmann Anke , Hofmann Uta B. , Hoehn Holger , Broecker Eva B. , Hamm Henning
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (LWNH) is characterized by hyperpigmented reticulate macules in a Blaschko linear arrangement without atrophy or preceding inflammation. Underlying chromosomal mosaicism was often assumed, but has been verified in only a few published cases. We report a 7‐year‐old boy with LWNH associated with congenital ventricular septal defect and psychomotor retardation. Prenatal chromosomal analysis of amniocytes revealed trisomy 20 mosaicism, which was not confirmed in peripheral blood lymphocytes after birth. Histologic sections of skin biopsy specimens taken at age 6 years showed hyperpigmentation of the basal epidermal layer with prominent melanocytes and isolated melanophages in the upper dermis. Cytogenetic analysis of cultured skin fibroblasts revealed an extra chromosome 20 in 5 of the 30 metaphases studied (17%). Mosaic trisomy 20 is one of the most common autosomal mosaicisms identified in amniocytes and is, as a rule, compatible with normal pregnancy outcome. In postnatal analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes, an extra chromosome 20 could never be detected. However, when confirmed in skin fibroblasts, trisomy 20 mosaicism may be associated with systemic anomalies. The present case shows for the first time an association of LWNH with trisomy 20 mosaicism and emphasizes the importance of analyzing skin fibroblasts in cases of prenatally diagnosed trisomy 20.
Precalcaneal Congenital Fibrolipomatous Hamartomas: Report of Occurrence in Half Brothers
Authors: Fangman William L. , Prose Neil S.
Published: November 2004

Abstract:   Precalcaneal congenital fibrolipomatous hamartomas are uncommon, congenital, nontender papules located on the medial plantar aspects of the heel. We report the occurrence of this rare disorder in two half brothers, suggesting that it may occur in a familial pattern.
Carotenemia Associated with Green Bean Ingestion
Authors: Sale Tanya A. , Stratman Erik
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Carotenemia is a condition characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and elevated blood carotene levels. Excessive and prolonged ingestion of carotene‐rich, yellow‐ or orange‐colored foods such as carrots and winter squash is the most common cause, but more rarely it may be associated with consumption of other foods as well as with hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, anorexia nervosa, liver disease, or kidney disease. Though not uncommon in children, there are few reports in the pediatric literature since its early descriptions in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Awareness of carotenemia can help the provider resolve confusion with jaundice and avoid unnecessary worry and costly tests. Herein we describe carotenemia in an 8‐month‐old Caucasian girl secondary to increased consumption of commercial infant food green beans.