bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREFERENSI DAN KECEPATAN MAKAN DARI KEONG MAS TERHADAP TANAMAN PADI
Authors: Suripto Suripto
Published: January 2018

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari preferensi dan kecepatan makan dari berbagai usia keong mas terhadap berbagai kultivar dan umur tanaman padi. Keong mas dikoleksi dari daerah Tanjung Lombok Utara, dikembangbiakkan dan diaklimatisasi di Laboratorium Biologi FMIPA Universitas Mataram. Variasi usia keong mas yang digunakan untuk uji hayati adalah 1 bulan, 3 bulan dan 6 bulan. Tanaman padi yang digunakan adalah kultivar Cibogo, Cigeulis, dan Ciherang, masing-masing dengan umur 20, 30, dan 60 hari setelah tanam. Uji hayati preferensi dan aktivitas makan dari keong mas terhadap tanaman padi dilakukan secara ex situ menurut rancangan blok acak lengkap di Kebun Biologi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Mataram. Data diolah untuk menentukan tingkat keganasan dari keong mas menurut variasi usia dan kerentanan tanaman padi menurut variasi kultivar dan umurnya setelah tanam. Hasil menunjukkan, bahwa keong mas berusia enam bulan mempunyai kecepatan makan dua kali lipat dari keong mas umur tiga bulan dan empat kali lipat dari keong mas berumur satu bulan terhadap tanaman padi. Preferensi keong mas terhadap tanaman padi tidak dipengaruhi oleh variasi kultivar tanaman padi, akan tetapi lebih dipengaruhi oleh umur tanaman padi tersebut. Tanaman padi berumur 10 dan 20 hari setelah tanam masing-masing adalah delapan dan tujuh kali lipat lebih disukai dari tanaman padi berumur 60 hari setelah tanam.Kata-kata kunci: Keong mas, tanaman padi, kecepatan makan, preferensi.ÃÂ Abstract: The research was intended to evaluate preference and rate of eat away the rice plants (various cultivars and ages) of the golden snail (various live spans). The golden snails were collected in rice lands of Tanjung Area, North Lombok. Its were reared and acclimated in Biology Laboratory. The bioassay was carried out by block randomized design in accordance with ex situ in The Biology Garden, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram. Investigations of preference and rate of eat away rice plants with various cultivars: Cibogo, Cigeulis, and Ciherang and ages: 20, 30, and ÃÂ 60 days by the golden snails with various live spans: 1, 3, and 6 months carried out by block randomized design in accordance with ex situ. Data pointed to describe life spans of voracious golden snails andÃÂ  ÃÂ cultivars and ages of susceptible rice plants. The result saw that, preferences were not dependent on variation of paddy cultivars. The six months old - golden snailsÃÂ  had rate of eat away rice plants two fold than ÃÂ ÃÂ the three months old - golden snail, and four fold than the a month old - golden snail. The rice plants 10 and 20 days old were given preference by golden snail eight and seven fold the rice plants 60 days old.Key words: Golden snails, preference, rate of eat away, and rice plants.
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR BIOLOGI SISWA KELAS X SMAN 2 MATARAM YANG BELAJAR MELALUI PENDEKATAN NHT DAN TPS TAHUN AJARAN 2008/2009
Authors: Adawiyah Siti Raudatul , Mahrus Mahrus , Japa Lalu
Published: January 2018

Abstrak : Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar biologi pada pembelajaran menggunakan pendekatan NHT dan pendekatan TPS di kelas X SMAN 2 Mataram tahun ajaran 2008/2009. Populasipenelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X SMAN 2 Mataram. Sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas X4 diajar dengan pendekatan NHT dan kelas X8 diajar dengan pendekatan TPS. Sampel ditetapkan dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Instrumen penelitian berupa tes hasil belajar, lembar observasi aktivitas guru dan siswa, lembar penilaian afektif dan psikomotor, dan angket respon siswa. Siswa yang diajar dengan pendekatan NHT dan TPS diberikan posttest setelah sama-sama diberikan perlakuan pembelajaran. Data hasil penelitian berupa hasil posttest dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji-t pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa nilai rata-rata posttest kelas yang diajar dengan pendekatan NHT dan pendekatan TPS masing-masing sebesar 65,44 dan 76,19. Hasil uji-t menggunakanrumus polled varians diperoleh nilai t-hitung lebih besar dari t-tabel (4,384 > 1,994). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil belajar biologi siswa SMAN 2 Mataram yang diajar dengan pendekatanNHT dan TPS. Pendekatan TPS lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pendekatan NHT.Kata kunci : Hasil belajar, Pendekatan NHT, Pendekatan TPSAbstract : This research held to know the difference of student achievement in biological subject of class X of SMAN 2 Mataram thought using NHT and TPS approaches in the academic year of 2008/2009. The research population were all students of class X of SMAN 2 Mataram, and the samples of this research were class X4 and X8. Cluster random sampling was applied for determining the classes sample. Teaching approach for class X4 was NHT and TPS for class X8. Instruments of this research were test for cognitive achievement, observation sheets for students and teacher activities, assessment sheet for affective and psychomotor of students, and questioner for students response on both the teaching approaches. Data were analyzed statistically by using t-test at significant level of 5%. The results show that the average students achievement in class thought with NHT and TPS approaches were 65.44 and 76.19, respectively. Further analysis obtained the value of t-count was greater than t-table (3.384: 1.994). This means that the studentachievement was much greater in class thought by TPS compared to that of class thought by NHT approach. In other words, there was a significant different of student achievement thought by TPS and NHT.Key words : Students achievement, NHT and TPS approaches.
ENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF DENGAN PENDEKATAN SAVI (SOMATIC, AUDITORY, VISUAL, INTELLECTUAL) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 15 MATARAM TAHUN AJARAN 2008/2009
Authors: Baitari Gita , Raksun Ahmad , Santoso Didik
Published: January 2018

Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif dengan pendekatan SAVI (Somatis, Auditori, Visual, Intelektual) dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar biologi siswakelas VIII SMP Negeri 15 Mataram tahun ajaran 2008/2009. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua siswa kelas VIII SMPN 15 Mataram dan sampel penelitian ÃÂ¡dalah siswa kelas VIIIA dan VIIB .Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasieksperimen dengan desain penelitian pre-test dan post-test group design. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan teknik cluster random sampling. Data hasil penelitian berupa hasil dari pre-test dan post-test dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji-t pada taraf signifikansi 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata pre-test dan post-test kelas eksperimen masing-masing sebesar 43,1 dan 85,6, nilai rata-rata pre-test dan post-test kelas kontrol masing-masing sebesar 46,625 dan 72,3. Hasil uji-t diperoleh t hitung 6,77 lebih besar dari t tabel 1,67 yang berarti terdapat perbedaan prestasi belajar biologi yang signifikan antara kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian ini bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif dengan pendekatan SAVI dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar biologi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 15 Mataram tahun ajaran 2008/2009.Kata kunci : model pembelajaran kooperatif pendekatan SAVI, prestasi belajar.Abstract : This research is held to know the influence of cooperative learning by using the SAVI (Somatic, Auditory, Visual, Intellectual) approach in increasing the studentÃ¢â¬â¢s achievment at SMP Negeri 15 grade VIII with theacademic year 2008/2009. The population of this research are the students of SMPN 15 Nataram grade VIII, while the sample are the students of VIII-A and VIII-B. The kind of this research is quasi experiment by using pre-test and posttest group design. Cluster random sampling is used in this research. The data is analyzed statisticly by using t-test in significant level 5 %. . The result of this reseacrh shows that, the average values of pre-test and post test for experiment group are 43,1 and 85,6 mean while average values of pre-test and post- test control group are 46,625 and 72,3. the result of t-test obtaned value of t-hitung 6,77 is more than t-tabel 1,67, it is mean that the differentÃÂ  achievment of students in biology between the experiment group and control group significantly. The conclusion of this researc is the application cooperative learning model by using SAVI approach is able to increase the student achievment at SMP Negeri 15 grade VIII with the academic year 2008/200.Key words : cooperative learning, SAVI approach, achievment
ANALISIS TITIK EKUILIBRIUM ENDEMIK MODEL EPIDEMI SEIV DENGAN LAJU PENULARAN NONLINEAR
Authors: Hikmah Nurul
Published: January 2018

Abstrak. Pada paper ini diberikan model epidemi SEIV dengan laju penularan nonlinear. Model ini menjelaskan tentang efek psikologi dari perubahan perilaku individu yang rentan ketika jumlah individu yang terinfeksi

mengalami peningkatan. Dalam paper ini akan dilakukan analisis global dari model epidemi SEIV dan menyelidiki kestabilan global titik ekuilibrium endemik , selanjutnya diperoleh bahwa titik ekuilibrium endemik model epidemi SEIV stabil global.

Kata Kunci : SEIV, titik ekuilibrium, kestabilan

Abstract. In this paper, we consider a SEIV epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate. This model describes the psychological effect of the behavioral change of susceptible individuals when the number of infectious

individuals increases. By carrying out a global analysis of the model and studying the globally stability of the endemic equilibrium in this paper, we show that the endemic equilibrium of a SEIV epidemic model is globally stable.

Key words: SEIV, equilibrium point, stability
NUTRISI DI AWAL PERKEMBANGAN
Authors: Kusmiyati Kusmiyati
Published: January 2018

Abstrak. Pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi dari segi jumlah dan jenisnya sangat penting dalam membantu proses tumbuh kembang pada bayi, dengan terpenuhinya kebutuhan nutrisi, bayi akan tumbuh sesuai usia tumbuh kembang dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup. Gangguan gizi pada awal kehidupan akan mempengaruhi kualitas kehidupan berikutnya. ASI merupakan makanan utama bayi setelah dilahirkan. Seiring pertambahan usia dan perkembangan tubuhnya, pemberian ASI saja tidak cukup, setelah 6 bulan bayi harus mendapatkan makanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI) sesuai umur, yang dilakukan bertahap, disesuaikan dengan sistem pencernaannya, sehingga kandungan gizi pada makanan yang diberikan dapat diserap secara optimal.Kata-kata kunci: Nutrisi, perkembanganÃÂ Abstract. Numbers and kinds of nutrition was needed for baby development and growth process. If need of the nutrition enough, the baby will growing accord with the age development and grow and increasing the quality of live. Nutrient deficiency in the early development will effect for quality of live next year.ÃÂ  ASI is a main nutrition for baby post natal. After 6 month ASI was not enough for baby that is they must intake of add nutrition of ASI accord with the age and accordingly to digestive system with the result that the nutrient of nutrition can be absorption.ÃÂ  ÃÂ Key words: nutrition, developmment
KALKULUS DIFERENSIAL DAN INTEGRAL OLEH FERMAT
Authors: Hayati Laila , Romdhini Mamika Ujianita
Published: January 2018

Abstrak. Dalam kuliah kalkulus modern, materi tentang pendifferensialan (turunan fungsi) dan konstruksi garis singgung terhadap suatu kurva diberikan terlebih dahulu daripada materi integral dan penentuan luas daerah di bawah suatu kurva. Hal ini berlawanan dengan urutan sejarah perkembangannnya. Penentuan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh beberapa kurva telah ditemukan pada zaman kuno. Dalam tulisan ini membahas awal konstruksi garis singgung dan penentuan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh suatu kurva yang pertama kali dibahas oleh Fermat. Kerja Fermat telah memberikan dasar bagi konsep kalkulus modern, khususnya pendifferensialan dan integral. Selain itu, Fermat dikenal sebagai orang yang memiliki kemampuan luar biasa dalam teori bilangan, antara lain dengan FermatÃ¢â¬â¢s Little Theorem dan FermatÃ¢â¬â¢s Last Theorem.Kata kunci: konstruksi garis singgung, luas daerah, differensial, dan integral, teori fermat.ÃÂ Abstrak. In modern calculus course, the material on derivative of the function and the construction of the tangent to the curve given first than the material on the integral and determining the area under a curve. This is contrary to the historical development. Determination of the area has been limited by several curves have been found in ancient times. In this paper discusses the start of construction of the tangent line and determining the area bounded by a curve that was first discussed by Fermat. Work Fermat has provided the basis for the concept of modern calculus, especially derivative and integral. In addition, Fermat is known as a person who has a remarkable ability in number theory, among others, by Fermat's Little Theorem and Fermat's Last Theorem.Keywords: construction of a tangent, wide areas, derivative and integral, Fermat Theory.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PROSES DAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA DASAR I DENGAN PENERAPAN METODE INKUIRI TERBIMBING DENGAN KEGIATAN LABORATORIUM MAHASISWA PROGDI. PEND. KIMIA, PMIPA FKIP UNRAM, TH 2011/12
Authors: Siahaan Jeckson , Muti'ah MutiÃ¢â¬â¢ah , Sukib Sukib
Published: January 2018

Abstak: Penelitian tentang pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan kegiatan laboratorium untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran kimia dasar I mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Mataram. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meningkatan aktivitas pembelajaran mahasiswa, hasil belajar, dan motivasi belajar siswa setelah diberi tindakan pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan kegiatan laboratorium. Metode yang digunakan mengacu pada prosedur penelitian tindakan kelas selama 2 siklus yang merupakan siklus dari perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, refleksi, analisis dan evaluasi. Sikus I (prinsip Le Chatelier), siklus II (tetapan kesetimbangan, Kc). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan kegiatan laboratorium pada pengajaran kimia dapat: (1)ÃÂ  meningkatkan aktivitas pembelajaran yang secara kuantitatif mencapai 60,33% (siklus 1(1), 68,66% (siklus 1(2) dan 85,33% (siklus 2), (2) meningkatkan prestasi belajar dari 57,19 (siklus 1) hingga 71,20 pada siklus 2, (3) meningkatkan motivasi belajar yang ditunjukkan sebesar 26,2%ÃÂ  mahasiswa menyatakan sangat setuju, 63,8% setuju, 7,7 % kurang setuju dan 2,2% tidak setuju. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini bahwa pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan kegiatan laboratorium pada pengajaran kimia dapat meningkatkan aktivitas, motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa.ÃÂ Kata kunci: Pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing, laboratorium, prinsip Le Chatelier, tetapan kesetimbangan ÃÂ Abstract: Research on guided inquiry learning with laboratory activities to improve the quality of learning basic chemistry I students of Chemistry Education Department the Faculty of Teacher Training Education , University of Mataram . The purpose of this research is to improve student learning activities , learning outcomes , and the motivation to study after being given a guided inquiry learning with laboratory activities. The method used is based on action research procedures in two cycles that the cycle of planning , action , observation , reflection, analysis and evaluation. Sikus I (Le Chatelier's principle ), second cycle (the equilibrium constant, Kc). The results of the study indicate that the guided inquiry learning with laboratory activities can: (1) improve the learning activity quantitatively reached 60.33 % (cycle 1 (1) , 68.66 % (cycle 1 (2) and 85.33 % (cycle 2), (2) improve the learning achievement of 57.19 (cycle 1) to 71.20 in cycle 2 , (3) increase learning motivation demonstrated by 26.2 % of students stated strongly agreed, 63.8 % agree, 7.7 % litle disagree and 2.2 % disagree. Conclusions obtained from this research that guided inquiry learning with laboratory activities can enhance the activity, motivation and student learning outcomes.ÃÂ Keywords: guided inquiry learning, laboratory, Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium constant
PENGEMBANGAN WEB INTRANET FISIKA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN KONSEP DAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH SISWA SMKN 2 PRAYA TENGAH
Authors: Sukmantara I Komang Yogi , Doyan Aris , Gunawan Gunawan
Published: January 2018

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran web intranet fisika dan mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap penguasaan konsep dan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian dan pengembangan model Borg dan Gall yang dimodifikasi menjadi 3 tahap, yaitu tahap studi pendahuluan, tahap pengembangan media/produk, dan tahap uji coba media/produk. Media pembelajaran web intranet fisika dikembangkan pada materi usaha, energi, dan daya. Kedua kelas dianalisis menggunakan uji perbedaan rata-rata (Uji t atau Uji Mann-Whitney) dan skor gain ternormalisasi (N-gain). Uji Mann-Whitney penguasaan konsep menghasilkan nilai sebesar 0,047 pada taraf kepercayaan 95% yang berarti terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara peningkatan penguasaan konsep kelas eksperimen dibandingkan dengan kelas kontrol. Rata-rata N-gain penguasaan konsep kelas eksperimen adalah 53,73% (sedang) sedangkan rata-rata N-gain kelas kontrol adalahÃÂ  47,16% (sedang). Uji Mann-Whitney kemampuan pemecahan masalah menghasilkan nilai sebesar 0,34 pada taraf kepercayaan 95% yang berarti tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kemampuan pemecahan masalah kelas eksperimen dengan kelas kontrol. Rata-rata N-gain kelas eksperimen adalah 48,56% (sedang) sedangkan rata-rata N-gain kelas kontrol adalah 48,16% (sedang).Kata kunci: Web Intranet Fisika, Penguasaan Konsep, dan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah.ÃÂ Abstract: The research was aimed at developing a learning media of physics intranet web and knowing its impacts to the concept comprehension and problem solving skills. The research used a research design and development model of Borg and Gall which was modified into three stages; those were stage of preliminary study, stage of media/product development, and stage of media/product testing. The learning material of work, energy and power in the experimental group used the physics intranet web, while the control group did not use it. The data from both groups were analyzed using difference of means test (t-test or Mann-Whitney test) and normalized gain score (N-gain). Mann-Whitney test on concept comprehension generated a value of 0,047 at confidence level of 95%, meaning there was a significant difference between the improvement of concept comprehension in the experimental group and that in the control group. The means of N-gain on concept comprehension of the experimental group was 53,73% (medium), while the means of N-gain of the control group was 47,16% (medium). Mann-Whitney test on problem solving skills generated a value of 0,34 at the confidence level of 95%, meaning there was not a significant difference between the problem solving skill in the experimental group and that in the control group. ÃÂ The means of N-gain of the experimental group was 48,56% (medium), while the means of N-gain of the control group was 48,16% (medium).Key words: Physics Intranet Web, Concept Comprehension and Problem Solving Skills.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR KIMIA SISWA KELAS XI IPA SMAN 1 NARMADA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2013/2014
Authors: Utami Nurbaiti Rindang , Andayani Yayuk , Muntari Muntari
Published: January 2018

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran berbasis proyek terhadap prestasi belajar kimia siswa kelas XI IPA SMAN 1 Narmada Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian eksperimen semu dengan rancangan post test only control group design. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik cluster random sampling karena anggota populasi sudah homogen berdasarkan data nilai ujian semester ganjil siswa kelas XI IPA. Kelas XI IPA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen menggunakan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek dan kelas XI IPA 3 sebagai kelas kontrol menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional. Post test digunakan sebagai instrumen utama penelitian, selain itu portofolio juga digunakan sebagai instrumen kedua penelitian ini. Hasil uji beda (uji-t) post test dengan taraf signifikan 5% menunjukkan thitung (4,105) > ttabel (2,000) sehingga H0 ditolak. Uji-t dilakukan juga pada hasil portofolio yang menunjukkan thitung (2,89) > ttabel (2,000). Berdasarkan kedua hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran berbasis proyek memberikan pengaruh yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan model konvensional terhadap prestasi belajar kimia siswa kelas XI IPA SMAN 1 Narmada Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014.Kata Kunci: Model pembelajaran berbasis proyek, prestasi belajar kimiaÃÂ Abstract: The objective of the research was to know the effect of Project-Based Learning towards the studentÃ¢â¬â¢s chemistry learning achievement class XI IPA of SMAN 1 Narmada in 2013/2014 academic year. This research used a quasi-experimental research design with the design of post-test only control group design. Sampling was done by cluster random sampling technique because members of populations have homogeneous based on data value semester exams of class XI science students. Class XI IPA 1 as experimental group was threated by project-based learning model and class XI IPA 3 as control group was threated by conventional learning models. Post test is used as an basic instrument. In addition, the portofolio is as a second instrument of this research.. The results of post-test hypothesis test using a different test (t-test) with a significance level of 5% showed tacc (4.105)> ttable (2.000) so that H0 is rejected. Hypothesis testing is also performed on the results of portfolio show tacc (2.89)> ttable (2.000). Based on these results, we can conclude that project-based learning model provides give a better effect than the conventional models of the studentÃ¢â¬â¢s chemistrylearning achievement class XI IPA of SMAN 1 Narmada in 2013/2014 academic year.Keywords: ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ  project-based learning model, the studentsÃ¢â¬â¢s chemistry achievement learning
KAJIAN KEINJEKTIFAN MODUL (MODUL INJEKTIF, MODUL INJEKTIF LEMAH, MODUL MININJEKTIF)
Authors: Baidowi1 Baidowi , Anwar Yunita Septriana
Published: January 2018

Abstrak. Diberikan ÃÂ adalah -modul. Modul ÃÂ dikatakan injektif jika untuk setiap monomorfismaÃÂ  ÃÂ dan setiap homomorfisma ÃÂ terdapat homomorfismaÃÂ  ÃÂ sedemikian hingga . Modul ÃÂ dikatakan injektif-lemah jika ÃÂ adalahÃÂ  -injektif lemah untuk setiap modulÃÂ  ÃÂ  yang dibangun berhingga. Sedangkan ÃÂ dikatakan mininjektif jika untuk setiap homomorfisma dari ÃÂ dengan ÃÂ ideal sederhana dari , terdapat homomorfisma ÃÂ sedemikian hingga . Kajian keinjektifan dalam tulisan ini meliputi modul injektif, modul injektif-lemah, dan modul mininjektif yang mengkaji karakterisasi dari masing-masing modul. Khusunya ketiganya memiliki karakterisasi yang khusus pada jumlahan tak berhingganya.Kata Kunci : Modul injektif, modul injektif-lemah, modul mininjektifAbstract. Let ÃÂ be an -module. An -module ÃÂ is called injective if for any monomrphism ÃÂ and for any homomorphism ÃÂ there exists a homomorphism ÃÂ such that . We say that an -module ÃÂ is weakly-injective if ÃÂ is weakly -injective for every finitely generated module . An -module ÃÂ is called mininjective if every homomorphism , there exists a homomorphism ÃÂ such that , with ÃÂ is simple ideal of . In this paper, we give some characterizations and properties of injective modules, weakly-injective modules, and mininjective modules. In particular, they have different characterizations for their infinite direct sum.Keywords : Injective modules, weakly-injective modules, mininjective modules
LOOKING FOR THE BEST SLOGAN: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SLOGANS OF THE 2016 ROMANIAN PARLIAMENTARY CAMPAIGN
Authors: Amălăncei Brînduşa-Mariana , Cîrtiţă-Buzoianu Cristina , Daba-Buzoianu Corina
Published: January 2018

The paper investigates the slogans released by political parties during the elections for the Romanian Parliament in 2016, by addressing the way they have been perceived by both political analysts and students enrolled in communication programs. We aim to see how two different target audience evaluate the slogans and how they refer to them. Also, we are interested to see what the students remember about the slogans after six months after the end of the campaign, in order to explore if their memories about the slogans had any connection with the political analysts comments made during the elections.
MEASURING GROCERY STORES SERVICE QUALITY IN INDONESIA: A RETAIL SERVICE QUALITY SCALE APPROACH
Authors: Leonnard Leonnard
Published: January 2018

The growing number of modern grocery stores in Indonesia is a challenge for each grocery store to maintain and increase their number of consumers. The success of maintaining and improving service quality will affect long-term profitability and business sustainability. Therefore, in this study, we examined consumer perceptions of service quality in one of modern grocery stores in Indonesia. Data were collected from 387 consumers of grocery stores in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Cibubur, and Subang. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through Maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation was employed to analyze the data. The finding indicated that the five indicators of the retail service quality scale consisting of physical aspects, reliability, personal interactions, problem solving and policies provided  valid multi-item instruments in measuring consumer perceptions of service quality in grocery stores.
Knowledge and Attitude Towards Corporal Punishment Among Primary School Teachers of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, Morang, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Menuka , Badhu Angur , Shah Tara , Baral Dharanidhar
Published: January 2018

Introduction: School experience has remarkable effect on emotional and personal development of children. Intended developments can be achieved through qualified education. It is quite a challenging fact that corporal punishment is still being used in the schools of Nepal as reported in the news papers and other literature. However, there is littlie information about the knowledge and atitude of teachers towards corporal punishment.Objecive: To assess knowledge and atitude and to identify the association between the selected variables and knowledge and attitude towards corporal punishment among primary school teachers of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City.Methodology Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Biratnagar Sub-metropolitan City, Nepal. A total of 160 primary school teachers were included using total enumeration sampling technique. Data were collected by using self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire and Likert Scale. Written consent was taken from each participant and ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Board of B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS.Results All respondents had heard about corporal punishment but most of them were not clear about the rules against corporal punishment in schools. The mean percentage score of knowledge was 58.81 ± 19.34 and for attitude 56.30 ± 6.98. There was a positive correlation (r=0.455, p <0.001) between knowledge and attitude towards corporal punishment. Majority of respondents scored less than the mean score. Females and government school teachers' knowledge and attitude were found to be more positive.Conclusion The study revealed that the teaching experience, training regarding corporal punishment and childhood experience of corporal punishment were significantly associated with teachers' knowledge and attitude. The government should begin public awareness campaigns to disseminate information on corporal punishment as violence through different media.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 248-254
Neonatal Outcome of Antenatal Mothers with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in Antenatal Ward of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital
Authors: Shrestha Pradhan Santoshi , Paudel Sabitra , Parajuli Puspa , Rana Khagi Bina
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders seem to complicated in approximately 5-15% of pregnancies. Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) increases the risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.Objective: To assess the neonatal outcome and to identify the association between the demographic variables and outcome of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in antenatal ward of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital.Methodology: Prospective study design was conducted for the study in Obstetrics ward of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. The population was the 100 antenatal mothers with pregnancy induced hypertension admitted in antenatal ward and purposive convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. The structured questionnaire was designed and the data was collected through interview technique from 1st February 2014 to 10 March 2016. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS programme.Results: Regarding neonatal outcome the findings of the study showed that most of the babies 83% had normal weight. The most of the babies 82% had adequate for gestational age. Regarding Apgar score half of the babies 50% scored mild asphyxia at the first minute whereas most of the babies 93% scored no asphyxia at five minutes after delivery. Regarding perinatal outcome 13% babies were delivered premature, 7% had birth asphyxia, 5% were born with low birth weight and stillbirth whereas only 1% had early neonatal death. The present study revealed that there was significant association between gestational age of delivery and Apgar score at 5 minutes and there was significant association between age and perinatal management outcome, gestational age of delivery and perinatal morbidity management, grading of proteinuria and perinatal morbidity management, grading of oedema and perinatal management outcome regarding neonatal outcome of pregnancy induced hypertension.Conclusion: Pregnancy induced hypertension during pregnancy were associated with a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with pregnancy induced hypertension during pregnancy had a higher risk of emergency caesarean section, pre-term birth, neonatal death, low birth weight children and neonates with low Apgar score. Maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early recognition and institutional management.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 255-259
A Study of Malposition of Central Venous Catheter – A Comparative Study between Ultrasound Guided and Anatomical Landmark Technique
Authors: Rajbanshi Lalit Kumar , Karki Sambhu Bahadur , Arjyal Batsalya
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Central venous catheterization is a routine procedure for long-term infusion therapy and central venous pressure measurement. Sometimes, the catheter tip may be unintentionally placed at the position other than the junction of superior vena cava and right atrium. This is called malposition and can lead to erroneous pressure measurement, increase risk of thrombosis, venous obstruction or other life threatening complications like pneumothorax, cardiac temponade.Objectives: This study aimed to observe the incidence of the malposition and compare the same between ultrasound guided catheterization and blind anatomical landmark technique.Methodology: This study was a prospective comparative study conducted at the intensive care unit of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital for two-year duration. All the catheterizations were done either with the use of real time ultrasound or blind anatomical landmark technique. The total numbers of central venous catheterization, the total incidences of malposition were observed. Finally the incidences were compared between real time ultrasound guided technique and blind anatomical landmark technique.Results: In two-year duration of the study, a total of 422 central venous cannulations were successfully done. The real time ultrasound was used for 280 cannulations while blind anatomical landmark technique was used for 162 patients. The study observed various malposition in 36 cases (8.5%). The most common malposition was observed for subclavian vein to ipsilateral internal jugular vein (33.3%) followed by subclavian to subclavian vein (27.8%) and internal jugular to ipsilateral subclavian vein (16.7%). In four patients the catheter had a reverse course in the internal jugular vein while the tip was placed in pleural cavity in three cannulations. There was coiling of the catheter inside left subclavian vein in one patient. The malposition was significantly reduced with the use of the real time ultrasound (P< 0.001). However there is no significant difference in the incidence of the various malposition between ultrasound guidance technique and blind anatomical landmark technique when compared individually.Conclusion: The malposition of the central venous catheter tip was common complication with the overall incidence of 8.5%. The most common malposition was subclavian vein to internal jugular vein. The use of real time ultrasound during the catheterization procedure can significantly reduced the risk of malposition.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 277-281
Perceived Stigma towards Mental Illness among College Students of Western Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Bandana , Pokharel Anupama
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Stigma of people towards mental illness is still prevailing in our country due to lack of awareness. General public's view about mental illness remains largely unfavourable. The topic of mental illness itself evokes a feeling of fear, embarrassment or even disgust fostering negative attitudes towards mental illness and mentally ill people. There is paucity of articles on this topic from our country.Objective: To investigate college students' stigma towards mental illness and factors associated with the stigma.Methodology: This prospective study was done in College students studying Bachelors of Science. A randomly selected sample of students were explained and asked to fill two forms: First containing socio-demographic data and Second Discrimination Devaluation scale (D-D scale). Data collected were analyzed with SPSS software. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests were done. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: There were 78 students included in the study among which 43.6% (n = 34) had high level of stigma towards mental health. This stigma was not significantly associated with age, gender, year of study among the graduating students, rural or urban background, history of mental illness, or knowing someone with mental illness.Conclusion: Stigma towards mental illness is common even in the educated group of people in the country. With the same level of education, stigma to mental health is not significantly associated with other demographic variables.  Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 292 - 295
When a Warning Sign is Not a Warning Sign: Chilaiditi's Sign in a Patient with Heart Failure and Epigastric Hernia
Authors: Bhatta Surendra Prasad , Timilsina Saroj , Atreya Alo
Published: January 2018

Malposition of hepatic flexure of colon in sub diaphragmatic space, Chilaiditi syndrome, is usually an asymptomatic anatomical aberrancy of position. It is usually noted as a coincidental finding in chest X-ray. We present a case of 63 years old male who presented as an outpatient in the department of general medicine in rural hospital. The patient had features of heart failure and also had Chilaiditi syndrome as an incidental finding. This case is presented to remind ourselves of a harmless condition in the myriad of grave conditions that account for gas under the diaphragm in a chest X-ray. Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 300-302
Public Health Perspectives due to Climate Change in Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir Russell , Arafat S M Yasir
Published: January 2018

Not Available.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep-Dec 2017, Pages: 316-317
Characterizing the type and location of intracranial abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Isokuortti Harri , Iverson Grant L. , Silverberg Noah D. , Kataja Anneli , Brander Antti , Öhman Juha , Luoto Teemu M.
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE

The incidence of intracranial abnormalities after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) varies widely across studies. This study describes the characteristics of intracranial abnormalities (acute/preexisting) in a large representative sample of head-injured patients who underwent CT imaging in an emergency department.

METHODS

CT scans were systematically analyzed/coded in the TBI Common Data Elements framework. Logistic regression modeling was used to quantify risk factors for traumatic intracranial abnormalities in patients with mild TBIs. This cohort included all patients who were treated at the emergency department of the Tampere University Hospital (between 2010 and 2012) and who had undergone head CT imaging after suffering a suspected TBI (n = 3023), including 2766 with mild TBI and a reference group with moderate to severe TBI.

RESULTS

The most common traumatic lesions seen on CT scans obtained in patients with mild TBIs and those with moderate to severe TBIs were subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages, and contusions. Every sixth patient (16.1%) with mild TBI had an intracranial lesion compared with 5 of 6 patients (85.6%) in the group with moderate to severe TBI. The distribution of different types of acute traumatic lesions was similar among mild and moderate/severe TBI groups. Preexisting brain lesions were a more common CT finding among patients with mild TBIs than those with moderate to severe TBIs. Having a past traumatic lesion was associated with increased risk for an acute traumatic lesion but neurodegenerative and ischemic lesions were not. A lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, male sex, older age, falls, and chronic alcohol abuse were associated with higher risk of acute intracranial lesion in patients with mild TBI.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings underscore the heterogeneity of neuropathology associated with the mild TBI classification. Preexisting brain lesions are common in patients with mild TBI, and the incidence of preexisting lesions increases with age. Acute traumatic lesions are fairly common in patients with mild TBI; every sixth patient had a positive CT scan. Older adults (especially men) who fall represent a susceptible group for acute CT-positive TBI.
A novel use of the NeuroBlate SideFire probe for minimally invasive disconnection of a hypothalamic hamartoma in a child with gelastic seizures
Authors: Wright James M. , Staudt Michael D. , Alonso Andrea , Miller Jonathan P. , Sloan Andrew E.
Published: January 2018

The authors describe the case of a 22-month-old boy who presented with gelastic seizures and developmental delay. Magnetic resonance imaging and video-electroencephalography monitoring revealed a primarily intraventricular hypothalamic hamartoma and gelastic seizures occurring 20–30 times daily. The patient was treated with various regimens of antiepileptic medications for 16 months, but the seizures remained medically intractable. At 3 years of age, he underwent stereotactic laser ablation with an aim of disconnection of the lesion. The procedure was performed with the NeuroBlate SideFire probe. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported use of this technology for this procedure and serves as proof of concept. There were no perioperative complications, and 2 years postprocedure, the patient remains seizure free with marked behavioral and cognitive improvements.
François Louis Ganshof : Medieval Historian and Friend
Authors: Lyon Bryce , Milis Ludo
Published: January 2018

Bryce Lyon recalls his souvenirs of the famous Ghent mediaevalist François Louis Ganshof. They both shared the intellectual legacy of Henri Pirenne. Lyon translated some of Ganshofs articles and invited within him in the sixties to teach at Berkeley. Lyon's contribution is not meant to be a systematic biography but a series of more impressionistic glimpses of their contact whichh covered several decades.
Vorstelijke genade in de praktijk. Remissiebrief voor Matthieu Cricke en diens mede-acteurs voor vermeende vrouwenroof in oktober 1476, slechts geïnterineerd na kritische verificatie door de raadsheren van het Parlement van Mechelen
Authors: Prevenier Walter
Published: January 2018

In October 1475, Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, pardoned the actor Mathieu Cricke and his co-actors, who had been imprisoned following the complaint of Jan van Musene, a burgher from Malines, for the abduction of his mistress, the actress and former prostitute Maria van der Hoeven. Cricke and his companions submitted their letter of remission to the court of the Parliament of Malines, with the intention of obtaining its ratification. However, Van Musene and his co-plaintiffs submitted an official protest. In order to check the veracity of the presumed offence and the legitimacy of the protest, the counsellors of the Parliament began an investigation, on apar with the procedure. No less than eighteen eyewitnesses of the events were traced and cross-examined in Diest, Gempe and Louvain. The court's final verdict ordered ratification and a pardon. Cricke and the co-accused were acquitted of the charge of abduction, but were convicted for the minor complaints of physical and verbal abuse against Van Musene and his co-plaintiffs. Settlement of the fine that was part of the verdict dragged on for years, since no bailiff had the courage to collect the arrears from the members of Cricke's group, considered to be socially dangerous. The presence, in this case, of four different types of texts (a letter of remission, a request for ratification, investigation and payment of the fine) has the methodological advantage of demonstrating in concrete terms that a pardon is always carried out in phases, and should be put into perspective. Granting pardon was indeed the exclusive privilege of the prince, acting freely and without limitation. However, the juridical and political suitability of its execution depended on the verification of the facts by one of the ducal high courts. The many contradictions regarding these facts between the statements of the concerned parties and the numerous witnesses questioned, and the contradictory viewpoints of the judges and the ducal officers, present a unique opportunity for a deeper insight into the ideological opinions, social patterns of behaviour, and the impact of networks in the 15th century.
Getuigenverhoren als aanloop tot een proces. Elementen uit het Mechelse strafdossier tegen Jan Schuermans, pastoor van Ename, in het midden van de zeventiende eeuw
Authors: Milis Ludo
Published: January 2018

Dans cet article, l'auteur édite les témoignages de quelques femmes impliquées dans un scandale sexuel en 1648. Lors des fêtes organisées à l'occasion du Traité de Munster, Jan Schuermans, le curé d'Ename (près d'Audenarde), séduit une jeune fille. Enceinte, elle donne la vie à un bambin. Une enquête révèle qu'il avait importuné d'autres femmes. Le scandale aboutit à un procès devant l'officialité de l'archevêché de Malines. La condamnation encourue devait poursuivre Schuermans pendant tout le reste de sa vie.
Le tarif du tonlieu et du winage de Comines établi en 1354 et son renouvellement en 1542
Authors: Duvosquel Jean-Marie
Published: January 2018

De stad Komen, in het graafschap Vlaanderen, nam in de 14de eeuw op commercieel vlak een strategische plaats in : daar eindigde immers de weg van leper die de lakenstad, die een haven ontbeerde, via de Leie verbond met het Scheldebekken. Daar ook passeerde al het verkeer in deze regio -komende van Rij sel via de Deûle en in de richting van Gent reizend of omgekeerd -het 'gat van Komen', voorouder van onze sluizen. Het goederenverkeer was zo belangrijk dat de heer van Komen de invordering van de rechten van winage (verkeer) en standgeld (verkoop) in leen gaf. Naar aanleiding van een conflict werd in 1354 een nieuw tarief vastgesteld in onderling akkoord tussen de heer en de leenhouder (die belast was met het onderhoud van de havens) enerzijds en de stad (verantwoordelijk voor de wegen) anderzijds, nadat onderzoek was verricht naar de praktijken in Rijsel, Menen en Waasten. Alles wat betrekking had op de lakennijverheid bekleedde natuurlijk een belangrijke plaats in dit tarief.
Het "politiek testament" van de hertog van Alva : aanbevelingen voor don Luis de Requeséns over het te voeren beleid in de Nederlanden (Brussel, 2 december 1573)
Authors: Janssens Gustaaf
Published: January 2018

Op 2 december 1573, enkele dagen voor zijn vertrek uit de Nederlanden, stelde de hertog van Alva ten behoeve van zijn opvolger Luis de Requeséns een memorandum op. Dit stuk, dat in bijlage bij deze bijdrage wordt gepubliceerd, verwoordt de visie van de hertog over het te voeren beleid in de Nederlanden en laat toe zijn optreden als landvoogd beter te begrijpen.
La France et les Pays-Bas autrichiens à l'aube du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Demoulin Bruno
Published: January 2018

De instructies (1728) bestemd voor de heer Chaillon de Jonville, eerste Franse officiële vertegenwoordiger te Brussel in de 18de eeuw, werpen een nieuw licht op het beleid van Versailles ten aanzien van de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden. De opmerkelijke voortzetting van de Franse diplomatie vanaf de 18de eeuw tot op heden ten aanzien van zijn noordelijke buur moet onderstreept worden, afgezien natuurlijk van de periode tussen 1795 en 1815.
La pratique du théâtre à Lessines et dans les campagnes du Hainaut septentrional. L'interdiction des autorités en 1786-1788
Authors: Bruneel Claude
Published: January 2018

In the Hainaut after 1760, theatrical performances organised by rural youth seemed to have won public favour. Often, they would also gain approval from local authorities. On the other hand, once they were questioned, guardians, fiscal lawyers, the provincial council and central government were just as much resolute partisans of forbidding this entertainment, with concern for security and public order regularly invoked. Superfluous spending, the risk of costly court cases, the danger to public order as servants would blackmail their masters to participate in the show are arguments considered to be pertinent. The range of objections relies on a well-anchored conviction of the uselessness of the practice. However, what has been judged harmful for people from the countryside seemed to be a necessity for city dwellers, the private council believed, to the point of suggesting that the performances continue during lent. The paradox is apparent : again, it is the notion of opportunity that inspires the decision. In a city such as Brussels, theatre imposes itself like an adequate derivative to protect turbulent youth from more dangerous temptations. It also offers the means to attract strangers, especially the English, and install them in the capital for the greater good of local commerce, while waiting for the opening of the Spa bath season.
La notice d’inféodation du comté de Hainaut à l’Église de Liège (1071)
Authors: Kupper Jean-Louis
Published: January 2018

L’inféodation du comté de Hainaut à l’Église de Liège en 1071 nous est connue par divers documents et, notamment, par une notice dont l’intérêt et la richesse du contenu ne semblent pas avoir été appréciés à leur juste valeur. Le but de la présente étude est de réhabiliter cette notice et d’en proposer une nouvelle édition critique.
Les croyances slaves concernant l'esprit-amant
Authors: Vinogradova L. N.
Published: January 2018

Ce thème littéraire cher aux romantiques du XIXème siècle est issu de croyances mythologiques selon lesquelles, d'une manière générale, êtres humains et êtres mythiques (vampire, diable, démon, serpent volant) entretenaient des relations amoureuses . Plus particulièrement, une femme pouvait avoir des rapports avec un esprit qui lui rendait visite sous l'apparence de son époux ou de son fiancé défunt. Le chagrin provoqué par cette disparition suffisait à attirer ces "forces impures". En outre, selon des croyances archaïques, les morts continuaient à éprouver des besoins sexuels.