bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modifying Pottery and Kivas at Chaco: Pentimento, Restoration, or Renewal?
Authors: Crown Patricia L. , Wills W. H.
Published: February 2007

Patterns of use of ceramic objects and masonry architecture at Chaco Canyon in the southwestern United States indicate refurbishing of some vessels and architectural forms. Ceramic cylinder jars show evidence for obliteration of earlier designs and subsequent repainting and refiring of new designs. Communal structures, or kivas, were dismantled and rebuilt. Three possible explanations for these patterns are explored: revision of errors, restoration of worn surfaces, or ritual renewal. Renewal appears the most likely explanation for most of the patterning seen, providing a fuller picture of Chacoan ritual life and beliefs. Implications for research in the Chaco area and greater Southwest are discussed.
Patterns of Elite Faunal Utilization at Moundville, Alabama
Authors: Jackson H. Edwin , Scott Susan L.
Published: February 2007

In recent years, zooarchaeological research has begun to examine the roles of animals as part of the suite of symbols employed in the ongoing social, ceremonial, and political dynamics of prehistoric cultural systems. In the southeastern United States, studies of late prehistoric Mississippian chiefdoms have documented differences in species composition and meat cuts associated with particular social contexts of consumption—for instance, ceremonial feasting vs. private meals—and also with gross distinctions in social rank—elite vs. commoner. Differences in the latter reflect elite control of procurement as well as cultural rules that assign meanings to certain species, which in so doing regulates access to their consumption. Faunal samples collected by recent mound excavations at the Moundville site in west-central Alabama provide the basis for an examination of more subtle differences in the consumption patterns of elite residents. Zooarchaeological samples produced by two elite households, although generally similar and fitting expectations for elite consumption well, are distinguished by differences in the distribution of rare species, the role of fish, and possibly by evidence of differences in food waste, distinctions that can be associated with interpretations of these households' relative status in Moundville society drawn from other classes of archaeological data.
Water,Huacas, and Ancestor Worship: Traces of a Sacred Wari Landscape
Authors: Glowacki Mary , Malpass Michael
Published: February 2007

During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 540–900) the Wari of the central highlands Ayacucho region expanded their control into many parts of the Andes. While different motives have been cited for Wari state expansion, we suggest that a severe and prolonged drought during the sixth century may have played a significant role. We posit that the Wari responded to this environmental crisis not only by seeking practical solutions, such as securing productive land outside the heartland, but also by implementing religious practices intended to cosmologically restore fertility to drought-stricken areas and validate acquisition of arable land in foreign territories. Using a model of Inka ideology developed by Peter Gose, we propose that a strong religious complex involving ancestor worship, huacas, and the cosmological control of water led the Wari to seek out and control locations where water could be drawn from supernatural sources. The presence of large bodies of water near major Wari administrative sites as well as other natural phenomena, particularly certain mountains, rock formations, and large stones, and site offerings of Spondylus, copper, and stone figurines support this model. A sacred Wari landscape is thus seen as complementary to the established political landscape and providing a supernatural justification.
Interpreting Ancient Maya Civic Plans: Reply to Smith
Authors: Ashmore Wendy , Sabloff Jeremy A.
Published: February 2007

In response to Smith’s critique, we situate our work within the scientific method. We review how our hypotheses arose, how and by whom they have been tested, and with what results. Like Smith, we focus on whether Maya civic centers include emphatic expression of a north-south axis, and on the inference of a partially cosmological basis of Maya axial orders. We indicate sources of our inferences and review explicitly the criteria that Smith faults us for having omitted. We reaffirm that these ideas merit further testing, and welcome renewed and expanded collaboration as to the best methods for doing so. In the spirit of collaboration, we offer specific programmatic suggestions for how this inquiry might proceed.
Evaluation of short-term limb function following unilateral carbon dioxide laser or scalpel onychectomy in cats
Authors: Robinson Duane A. , Romans Cory W. , Gordon-Evans Wanda J. , Evans Richard B. , Conzemius Michael G.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate short-term postoperative forelimb function after scalpel and laser onychectomy in cats.

Design—Randomized, prospective study.

Animals—20 healthy adult cats.

Procedures—Cats were randomly assigned to the laser (n = 10) or scalpel (10) onychectomy group. Unilateral left forelimb onychectomy was performed. In the scalpel group, a tourniquet was used during surgery and a bandage was applied after surgery. Pressure platform gait analysis was performed prior to and 1, 2, 3, and 12 days after onychectomy. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse, and the ratio of the PVF of the left forelimb to the sum of the remaining limbs (PVF ratio) were used as outcome measures.

Results—The laser onychectomy group had significantly higher ground reaction forces on days 1 and 2 and significantly higher PVF ratio on day 12, compared with the scalpel group. Similarly, significant differences were found in change in ground reaction forces on days 1 and 2 and the PVF ratio on day 12, compared with day −1. No cats required rescue analgesia during the course of the study. One cat in the laser group had signs of depression and was reluctant to walk on day 2 after surgery, had physical examination findings consistent with cardiac insufficiency, and was euthanized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats had improved limb function immediately after unilateral laser onychectomy, compared with onychectomy with a scalpel, tourniquet, and bandage. This improved limb function may result from decreased pain during the 48 hours following unilateral laser onychectomy.
Evaluation of the reproducibility and accuracy of pH-determining devices used to measure urine pH in dogs
Authors: Johnson Kristen Y. , Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of 4 portable pH meters, a reagent strip, and pH paper for measuring urine pH in dogs.

Design—Prospective masked randomized study.

Sample Population—201 free-catch urine samples from 114 hospitalized dogs.

Procedures—Urine samples were divided into 2-mL aliquots. Measurements of urine pH were obtained by use of a laboratory benchtop pH meter, 4 portable pH meters, a urine reagent strip, and pH paper. The pH of each aliquot was measured within 4 hours of collection by an evaluator unaware of the aliquot's origin.To assess reproducibility, the coefficient of variation for each pH measurement device was calculated. To determine which device was most accurate, the degree of agreement among the different devices was assessed in comparison with the benchtop pH meter, which was considered the reference method.

Results—3 of the 4 portable pH meters had nearly perfect agreement with the reference method. The reagent strip and pH paper had moderate to poor agreement with the reference method.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Urine pH measurements should be made by use of a portable or benchtop pH meter when accurate measurements are crucial for diagnosis or treatment. Reagent strips and pH papers are useful in obtaining pH approximations but are not recommended when accurate measurements of urine pH are required.
On Hom-spaces of tame algebras
Authors: Bautista Raymundo , Drozd Yuriy , Zeng Xiangyong , Zhang Yingbo
Published: February 2007

Let Λ be a finite dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field k and Λ has tame representation type. In this paper, the structure of Hom-spaces of all pairs of indecomposable Λ-modules having dimension smaller than or equal to a fixed natural number is described, and their dimensions are calculated in terms of a finite number of finitely generated Λ-modules and generic Λ-modules. In particular, such spaces are essentially controlled by those of the corresponding generic modules.
Metabolic Effects of Prolonged Melatonin Administration and Short-Term Fasting in Laboratory Rats
Authors: Bojková B. , Marková M. , Ahlersová E. , Ahlers I. , Adámeková E. , Kubatka P. , Kassayová M.
Published: February 2007

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of prolonged administration of the pineal hormone melatonin and short-term fasting on metabolic variables in male and female Wistar:Han rats. Melatonin (MEL, 4 μg/ml of tap water) was administered daily since the 5th week of age. The control group drank tap water. Rats were fed a standard type of diet ad libitum and were kept in the light regimen L:D - 12:12 h. The experiment was terminated after 11 (variant B) or 12 (variant A) weeks of MEL administration. The animals were sacrificed by quick decapitation following overnight fasting (variant A) or 48-h fasting (variant B). Selected organs and tissues were removed and weighed and selected metabolic variables in the serum and tissues were determined. MEL decreased body mass independent of food and water intake in both sexes. In males (variant A) MEL increased the weight of the heart muscle, spleen and adrenals; it decreased the absolute weight of epididymal fat and increased serum corticosterone and phospholipids concentration in comparison with controls. In females, serum glucose decrease and liver triacylglycerols increase were found. After 48-h fasting (variant B) liver, spleen and adrenal weight increase in MELdrinking females was found. In males MEL increased the thymus weight and decreased the epididymal fat weight. In both sexes MEL increased serum corticosterone and liver glycogen concentration; MEL increased serum glucose in males and serum cholesterol concentration in females. Changes in the evaluated variables were also related to fasting duration prior to decapitation. A 48-h fasting at the end of the prolonged MEL intake (variant B vs. A) decreased the absolute liver weight in both sexes and the epididymal/periovarial fat weight, and increased thymus weight in males. In females it decreased the absolute heart muscle weight and increased the spleen weight. In males, 48-h fasting increased serum corticosterone and phospholipids concentration; it decreased the liver triacylglycerols content in females and the liver cholesterol content in males and females. In both sexes 48-h fasting increased glucose concentration in the serum and glycogen concentration in the liver and heart muscle as well as triacylglycerols and cholesterol concentration in the serum, phospholipids concentration in the liver and bone marrow and decreased malondialdehyde concentration in the liver. Forty-eight hour fasting after prolonged MEL administration resulted in a wider range of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism alterations of young rats of both sexes.
Sublethal Toxic Effects and Induction of gGutathione S-transferase by Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and C-12 alkane (dodecane) in Xenopus laevis Frog Embryos
Authors: Burýšková B. , Bláha L. , Vršková D. , Šimková K. , Maršálek B.
Published: February 2007

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are important industrial chemicals with high persistence in the environment but poorly characterized ecotoxicological effects. We studied embryotoxic effects of commercial mixture of SCCP (carbon length C-12, 56% of chlorine; CP56-12) and non-chlorinated n-alkane (dodecane, C-12) in the 96h Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus (FETAX). Only weak lethal effects were observed for both substances (the highest tested concentration 500 mg/L of both chemicals caused up to 11% mortality). On the other hand, we observed developmental malformations and reduced embryo growth at 5 mg/l and higher concentrations. However, the effects were not related to chlorination pattern as both SCCPs and dodecane induced qualitatively similar effects. SCCPs also significantly induced phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Xenopus laevis embryos even at 0.5 mg/L, and this biomarker might be used as another early warning of chronic toxic effects. Our results newly indicate significant developmental toxicity of both SCCPs and n-dodecane to aquatic organisms along with inductions of specific biochemical toxicity mechanisms.
Lateral Column Calcaneal Lengthening, Flexor Digitorum Longus Transfer, and Opening Wedge Medial Cuneiform Osteotomy for Flexible Flatfoot: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Benthien Ross A. , Parks Brent G. , Guyton Gregory P. , Schon Lew C.
Published: February 2007

Background: Lengthening of the lateral column is commonly used for reconstruction of the adult and pediatric flatfoot, but can result in supination of the foot and symptomatic lateral column overload. The addition of a medial cuneiform osteotomy has been used to redistribute forces to the medial column. The combined use of a lateral column lengthening and medial cuneiform osteotomy in a reproducible cadaver flatfoot model was evaluated. Methods: Twelve cadaver specimens were physiologically loaded and each was evaluated radiographically and pedobarographically in the following conditions: 1) intact, 2) severe flatfoot, 3) lateral column lengthening with simulated flexor digitorum longus transfer, and 4) lateral column lengthening and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) transfer with added medial cuneiform osteotomy. The lateral column lengthening was performed with a 10-mm foam bone wedge through the anterior process of the calcaneus, and the medial cuneiform osteotomy was performed with a dorsally placed 6-mm wedge. Results: Lateral column lengthening with simulated FDL transfer on a severe flatfoot model resulted in a significant change as compared with the flatfoot deformity in three measurements: in lateral talus-first metatarsal angle (−17 to − 7 degrees; p < 0.001), talonavicular angle (46 to 24 degrees; p < 0.001), and medial cuneiform height (16 to 20 mm; p < 0.001). Lateral forefoot pressure increased from 24.6 to 33.9 kPa ( p < 0.001) after these corrections as compared with the flatfoot. Adding a medial cuneiform osteotomy decreased the lateral talar-first metatarsal angle from −7 to −4 degrees, decreased the talonavicular coverage angle from 24 to 20 degrees, and increased the medial cuneiform height from 20 to 25 mm. After added medial cuneiform osteotomy, lateral pressure was significantly different from that of the flatfoot ( p = 0.01) and was not significantly different from that of the intact foot ( p = 0.14). Medial forefoot pressure was overcorrected as compared with the intact foot with added medial cuneiform osteotomy. Conclusions: Lateral column lengthening increased lateral forefoot pressures in a severe flatfoot model. An added medial cuneiform osteotomy provided increased deformity correction and decreased pressure under the lateral forefoot.
Effect of Metatarsal Pad Placement on Plantar Pressure in People with Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Hastings Mary K. , Mueller Michael J. , Pilgram Thomas K. , Lott Donovan J. , Commean Paul K. , Johnson Jeffrey E.
Published: February 2007

Background: Standard prevention and treatment strategies to decrease peak plantar pressure include a total contact insert with a metatarsal pad, but no clear guidelines exist to determine optimal placement of the pad with respect to the metatarsal head. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of metatarsal pad location on peak plantar pressure in subjects with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Twenty subjects with diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, and a history of forefoot plantar ulcers were studied (12 men and eight women, mean age = 57 ± 9 years). CT determined the position of the metatarsal pad relative to metatarsal head and peak plantar pressures were measured on subjects in three footwear conditions: extra-depth shoes and a 1) total contact insert, 2) total contact insert and a proximal metatarsal pad, and 3) total contact insert and a distal metatarsal pad. The change in peak plantar pressure between shoe conditions was plotted and compared to metatarsal pad position relative to the second metatarsal head. Results: Compared to the total contact insert, all metatarsal pad placements between 6.1 mm to 10.6 mm proximal to the metatarsal head line resulted in a pressure reduction (average reduction = 32 ± 16%). Metatarsal pad placements between 1.8 mm distal and 6.1 mm proximal and between 10.6 mm proximal and 16.8 mm proximal to the metatarsal head line resulted in variable peak plantar pressure reduction (average reduction = 16 ± 21%). Peak plantar pressure increased when the metatarsal pad was located more than 1.8 mm distal to the metatarsal head line. Conclusions: Consistent peak plantar pressure reduction occurred when the metatarsal pad in this study was located between 6 to 11 mm proximal to the metatarsal head line. Pressure reduction lessened as the metatarsal pad moved outside of this range and actually increased if the pad was located too distal of this range. Computational models are needed to help predict optimal location of metatarsal pad with a variety of sizes, shapes, and material properties.
Hindfoot Instability in Cavovarus Deformity: Static and Dynamic Balancing
Authors: Vienne Patrick , Schöniger Ralph , Helmy Naeder , Espinosa Norman
Published: February 2007

Background: Chronic lateral ankle instability has been associated with varus deformity of the hindfoot, hyperactivity of the peroneus longus muscle, and insufficiency of the lateral ligaments. Many operative procedures have been described to correct this problem, but instability can recur if all contributing components are not treated. The purpose of this study was to offer an approach in the diagnosis and treatment of recurrent lateral ankle instability. Methods: Eight consecutive patients (nine feet) were treated for recurrent chronic lateral ankle instability. The average age at surgery was 25 (range 8 to 37) years. All patients had prior operative procedures that failed and had persistent pain and functional instability of the ankle joint. After clinical and radiographic examination, lateralizing calcaneal osteotomy to correct the structured varus deformity and peroneus longus to peroneus brevis tendon transfer to add dynamic correction were done in all patients. A Broström ligament reconstruction was added in four feet. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at an average followup of 37 months. Preoperatively and postoperatively patients were evaluated by means of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Score. Results: All patients were satisfied with the operation. The overall AOFAS-Score improved from 57 points preoperatively to 87 points postoperatively. Hindfoot alignment was restored to a valgus position at final evaluation. Conclusions: Recurrent chronic lateral ankle instability often is associated with chronic hindfoot malalignment and leads to functional impairment and patient discomfort. Clinical examination should determine the causes of instability. Varus malalignment of the hindfoot, hyperactivity of the peroneus longus muscle, and insufficiency of the lateral ligaments should be assessed and treated in a combined operative procedure to correct structured, static and dynamic components of the instability. The preliminary results of this particular approach are encouraging.
Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence of Functionalized Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and Selective Concentration Enrichment of Its Coreactants
Authors: Xu Y. , Gao Y. , Li T. , Du Y. , Li J. , Wang E.
Published: February 2007

An enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency is obtained from the ruthenium complex tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) by introduction of an ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF4). Upon addition of 1 % (v/v) BMImBF4 to 0.1 mM Ru(bpy)32+ solution, a maximum increase in ECL intensity is obtained both at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode (15‐fold) and at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode (5‐ to 6‐fold). Furthermore, upon addition of 1 % (v/v) BMImBF4 to 5 μM Ru(bpy)32+/100 mM co‐reactant systems at a GC electrode, IL adsorption occurs at the electrode surface, which results in a change of the polarity of the electrode surface. Such functionalization greatly improves the functions of both Ru(bpy)32+ and ionic liquids, as is demonstrated in the sensitive and selective concentration enrichment of the Ru(bpy)32+ co‐reactants.
Self‐Assembling Colloidal‐Scale Devices: Selecting and Using Short‐Range Surface Forces Between Conductive Solids
Authors: Cho Y. K. , Wartena R. , Tobias S. M. , Chiang Y.‐M.
Published: February 2007

A new general approach to the direct formation of bipolar devices from heterogeneous colloids is suggested. By using surface‐force theory and direct measurements, combinations of conductive device materials between which short‐range repulsive forces exist in the presence of an intervening liquid, and use these interactions to self‐form electrochemical junctions are identified. The inclusion of Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW) and acid–base (AB) interactions appears to be generally sufficient for the prediction of short‐range interactions. Device concepts using repulsive and attractive short‐range interactions to produce self‐organizing colloidal‐scale devices are proposed and demonstrated. A prototype self‐organizing lithium rechargeable battery is demonstrated using lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and graphite as the active electrode materials.
Ionic Liquid, 1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, Resulted in the First Catalyst‐Free Aminohalogenation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Wang Yi‐Ning , Ni Bukuo , Headley Allan D. , Li Guigen
Published: February 2007

The 2‐Ns‐based aminohalogenation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones has been achieved in an ionic liquid, 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide {[bmim][N(SO2CF3)2]}. [Bmim][N(SO2CF3)2] was found to be superior not only to classical organic solvents but also to its counterpart, [bmim][BF4], which was proven to be successful in the TsNCl2‐based aminohalogenation but failed to give any product for this reaction. The present process takes the advantage of 2‐NsNCl2 as the stable nitrogen/halogen source in a one‐pot operation without the use of any metal catalysts, it is convenient to perform without special protection of inert gases. Eight examples were examined with good to excellent stereoselectivity (1:5 to one isomer) and modest to good chemical yields (53–72 %).
4‐Aryl‐2‐quinolones through a Pseudo‐Domino Heck/Buchwald–Hartwig Reaction in a Molten Tetrabutylammonium Acetate/ Tetrabutylammonium Bromide Mixture
Authors: Battistuzzi Gianfranco , Bernini Roberta , Cacchi Sandro , De Salve Ilse , Fabrizi Giancarlo
Published: February 2007

4‐Aryl‐2‐quinolones can be prepared from readily available o‐bromocinnamamide and aryl iodides using phosphine‐free palladium(II) acetate as the precatalyst and a molten tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium acetate/tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium bromide mixture as the reaction medium. The reaction proceeds through a pseudo‐domino process involving two mechanistically independent, sequential catalytic cycles: a Heck reaction followed by an intramolecular Buchwald–Hartwig CN bond forming reaction.
Enantioselective Organocatalysis of Strecker and Mannich Reactions Based on Carbohydrates
Authors: Becker Christian , Hoben Christine , Kunz Horst
Published: February 2007

Efficient organocatalysts for enantioselective Strecker and Mannich reactions were constructed from glucosamine as a readily accessible chiral scaffold. A variety of aromatic aldimines were subjected to hydrocyanation with good to excellent yield (72–98 %) and, in part, high enantioselectivity (69–95 % ee). Influence of the catalyst architecture on the enantioselectivity obviously arises from restrictions imposed on the conformational flexibility of the monosaccharidic backbone. In the asymmetric Mannich reaction moderate yields (up to 76 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 58 % ee) have been achieved with the described catalyst.
Electrochemical Recycling of Benzoquinone in the Pd/Benzoquinone‐Catalyzed Heck‐Type Reactions from Arenes
Authors: Amatore Christian , Cammoun Chama , Jutand Anny
Published: February 2007

Palladium(II) acetate‐catalyzed Heck‐type reactions have been performed from the arene 1 and alkenes (n‐butyl acrylate, styrene) in acetic acid at room temperature, in the presence of a catalytic amount of benzoquinone or hydroquinone. The reactions have been made catalytic in benzoquinone [which is used to continuously oxidize the Pd(0) into to the active Pd(II) species able to activate the ArH bond] by the electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone, formed in the reaction, back to benzoquinone.
Construction of Adjacent Quaternary and Tertiary Stereocenters via an Organocatalytic Allylic Alkylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates
Authors: van Steenis Dirk Jan V. C. , Marcelli Tommaso , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Hiemstra Henk
Published: February 2007

Racemic Baylis–Hillman carbonates can be converted in densely functionalized products by reaction with cyano esters in the presence of a catalytic amount of a modified Cinchona alkaloid in high enantioselectivities and fair diastereoselectivities. A rational for the observed stereoselectivity is presented.
Cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Berz David , McCormack Elise M. , Winer Eric S. , Colvin Gerald A. , Quesenberry Peter J.
Published: February 2007

Stem cell transplantation represents a critical approach for the treatment of many malignant and non‐malignant diseases. The foundation for these approaches is the ability to cryopreserve marrow cells for future use. This technique is routinely employed in all autologous settings and is critical for cord blood transplantation. A variety of cryopreservatives have been used with multiple freezing and thawing techniques as outlined in the later chapters. Freezing efficiency has been proven repeatedly and the ability of long‐term stored marrow to repopulate has been established. Standard approaches outlined here are used in many labs as the field continues to evolve. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis and blood–testis barrier during the first spermatogenic wave in the pubertal rat
Authors: Morales Alfonsina , Mohamed Fabian , Cavicchia Juan Carlos
Published: February 2007

This research explores the initial assembly of the blood–testis barrier (BTB) during puberty, when a massive physiological apoptosis in the first spermatogenic wave takes place. Fragments of testis from 14‐ to 20‐day‐old rats were studied by conventional transmission electron microscopic techniques. Lanthanum hydroxide was used as an intercellular tracer. Light microscopy was used to confirm apoptotic death when paraffin‐embedded sections were studied by TUNEL analysis. When the seminiferous cords reached the zygotene–pachytene spermatocyte level, they exhibited abundant apoptotic figures, whereas the remaining segments showed sporadic apoptosis. We found a BTB not yet assembled in the cords with zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes and abundant apoptosis. The observed apoptosis frequency diminished drastically when BTB was organized, as confirmed by the use of the tracer. Our conclusion is that the massive apoptosis found in the zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes between days 14 and 20 coincides with an open BTB. The absence of BTB could be one of the factors causing massive apoptosis of zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes, at least within the time span analyzed. The zygotene–pachytene spermatocytes are left exposed in an open environment instead of being isolated in the adluminal compartment to which they are destined. Anat Rec 290:206–214, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggrecan degradation in human articular cartilage explants is mediated by both ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5
Authors: Song Ruo‐Hua , D. Tortorella Micky , Malfait Anne‐Marie , Alston James T. , Yang Zhiyong , Arner Elizabeth C. , Griggs David W.
Published: February 2007

Objective

Recent published studies have shown that cartilage from ADAMTS‐5–knockout mice, but not ADAMTS‐4– or ADAMTS‐1–knockout mice, is significantly protected from degradation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the respective roles of these enzymes in human cartilage breakdown, using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach to assess the effects of inhibition of each enzyme in normal and osteoarthritic (OA) explants.

Methods

The activities of siRNA specifically targeting ADAMTS‐1, ‐4, and ‐5 were assessed by transfection into primary human chondrocytes and cultured human cartilage explants. At 24 hours, a cytokine stimulus was applied to normal, but not OA, samples to initiate a catabolic response. At designated times, total RNA was isolated and gene expression was measured by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Aggrecan release and aggrecanase‐generated neoepitope formation were determined by dye binding analysis and Western blotting, respectively.

Results

Human chondrocytes and explants were efficiently transfected with siRNA that specifically decreased the expression of each targeted gene. Suppression of ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5, individually or in combination, attenuated the degradation of aggrecan in cytokine‐stimulated normal cartilage. A reduction in aggrecan degradation was also observed following siRNA‐mediated knockdown of either gene in unstimulated OA cartilage. In contrast, knockdown of ADAMTS‐1 failed to inhibit aggrecan loss.

Conclusion

Despite the apparent dominant role of ADAMTS‐5 in genetically modified mice, our data suggest that both ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5 contribute to the structural damage that characterizes human OA.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor as a novel therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis: In vivo analyses in rodent models of arthritis and ex vivo analyses in human inflammatory synovitis
Authors: Price A. , Lockhart J. C. , Ferrell W. R. , Gsell W. , McLean S. , Sturrock R. D.
Published: February 2007

Objective

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to have proinflammatory actions, and Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors are up‐regulated in the rheumatoid synovium, suggesting that this receptor could be a therapeutic target. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiinflammatory potential of the selective AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, which is currently used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Dose‐ranging studies of losartan (1–50 mg/kg) were initially conducted in a rat model of acute (carrageenan/kaolin) arthritis, with subsequent evaluation in a rat model of adjuvant‐induced arthritis (Freund's complete adjuvant). Losartan (10–10 to 10–6M) was further tested ex vivo in human inflammatory synovitis, using collagenase‐digested synovium.

Results

Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses both revealed a substantial increase in AT1 receptor protein content in synovium from acutely and chronically inflamed rat knee joints. Similarly, synovial Ang I/II protein content was elevated during inflammation. Losartan inhibited acute joint inflammation in a dose‐dependent manner, with 15 mg/kg being the optimal dose (and used in subsequent studies). Both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of 15 mg/kg of losartan substantially reduced knee joint swelling in rats with adjuvant monarthritis (≥50%; P < 0.0001). Losartan also suppressed tumor necrosis factor α generation from inflamed human synovium in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Targeting the angiotensin pathway, particularly AT1 receptors, could have significant therapeutic potential. Randomized placebo‐controlled trials are now warranted to establish the extent to which angiotensin receptor blockers may provide antiinflammatory benefits.
Safety and efficacy of meningococcal c vaccination in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Zonneveld‐Huijssoon Evelien , Ronaghy Arash , Van Rossum Marion A. J. , Rijkers Ger T. , Van Der Klis Fiona R. M. , Sanders Elisabeth A. M. , Vermeer‐De Bondt Patricia E. , Hoes Arno W. , Van Der Net Jan Jaap , Engels Carla , Kuis Wietse , Prakken Berent J. , Van Tol Maarten J. D. , Wulffraat Nico M.
Published: February 2007

Objective

To determine whether vaccinations aggravate the course of autoimmune diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and whether the immune response to vaccinations may be hampered by immunosuppressive therapy for the underlying disease.

Methods

In this multicenter cohort study, 234 patients with JIA (ages 1–19 years) were vaccinated with meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate to protect against serogroup C disease (caused by Neisseria meningitidis). Patients were followed up for disease activity for 1 year, from 6 months before until 6 months after vaccination. IgG antibody titers against MenC polysaccharide and the tetanus carrier protein were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and toxin binding inhibition assay, respectively. A serum bactericidal assay was performed to determine the function of the anti‐MenC antibodies.

Results

No change in values for any of the 6 components of the core set criteria for juvenile arthritis disease activity was seen after MenC vaccination. Moreover, no increase in the frequency of disease relapse was detected. Mean anti‐MenC IgG concentrations in JIA patients rose significantly within 6–12 weeks after vaccination. Of 157 patients tested, 153 were able to mount anti‐MenC IgG serum levels >2 μg/ml, including patients receiving highly immunosuppressive medication. The 4 patients with a lower anti‐MenC antibody response displayed sufficient bactericidal activity despite receiving highly immunosuppressive medication.

Conclusion

The MenC conjugate vaccine does not aggravate JIA disease activity or increase relapse frequency and results in adequate antibody levels, even in patients receiving highly immunosuppressive medication. Therefore, patients with JIA can be vaccinated safely and effectively with the MenC conjugate.
Barriers in the management of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis
Authors: Guzman‐Clark Jenice Ria S. , Fang Meika A. , Sehl Mary E. , Traylor Laural , Hahn Theodore J.
Published: February 2007

Objective

To determine present practice for the management of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in veterans; to characterize provider knowledge, beliefs, and practice behaviors regarding management of GIOP; and to identify potential barriers and interventions in the management of GIOP.

Methods

To characterize current management of GIOP in an academic veterans administration medical center, we conducted a retrospective chart review of 100 patients who were prescribed a 90‐day supply of prednisone. To assess clinicians' knowledge of GIOP clinical guidelines and perceptions of GIOP management, primary care clinicians and subspecialists completed a questionnaire and participated in focus groups.

Results

Chart review revealed that only 32 of 100 patients receiving long‐term glucocorticoid treatment underwent bone mineral density testing, and only 32 patients were prescribed the recommended calcium supplements. Of the 23 providers who completed the questionnaire and participated in the focus groups, 4 correctly identified both the dose and duration of glucocorticoid use at which GIOP prevention measures should be instituted. Common GIOP management barriers cited by participants were lack of knowledge, having limited time during the clinic visit to address all problems, patient nonadherence, and system problems. The most commonly mentioned potential interventions were the use of computerized clinical reminders and patient education.

Conclusion

Clinicians frequently do not follow recommended guidelines for the management of GIOP. Improving the management of GIOP will likely require a fundamental redesigning of care processes for this disorder in order to overcome provider, patient‐related, and system barriers.
Economic impact of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Bernatsky Sasha , Duffy Ciaran , Malleson Peter , Feldman Debbie Ehrmann , St. Pierre Yvan , Clarke Ann E.
Published: February 2007

Objective

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a potentially devastating chronic pediatric disease. Although high costs have been well described in adult arthritis, little is known about the economic impact of JIA. Our objective was to describe direct medical costs for children with JIA compared with controls.

Methods

Consecutive clinic attendees (n = 155) with JIA were enrolled from 2 tertiary referral pediatric centers. Outpatient clinic controls without JIA (n = 181) were recruited at the respective centers. Data on direct medical costs were obtained at 3‐month intervals. Average annualized direct medical costs were calculated, expressed in 2005 Canadian dollars.

Results

The total difference in annualized average direct medical costs for children with JIA versus controls was $1,686 (95% confidence interval $875, $2,500). JIA subjects had substantially higher costs concerning medication use, visits to specialists and allied health care professionals, and diagnostic tests. Multiple linear regression models for the JIA sample revealed that higher active joint count was independently associated with greater total direct medical costs. Also, JIA type was a predictor of greater direct costs, with higher costs for patients with polyarthritis (rheumatoid factor positive or negative) or systemic JIA.

Conclusion

The economic impact of JIA is substantial, and higher active joint count is independently associated with greater costs. This may be of particular significance given the emergence of new, costly medications for use in JIA. Insights into the relationship between disease activity and cost in JIA should assist policy makers regarding resource allocation in the setting of competing demands. Ultimately, decisions regarding access to therapies should be considered in terms of overall cost‐benefit ratios.
The systemic lupus erythematosus Tri‐Nation study: Cumulative indirect costs
Authors: Panopalis Pantelis , Petri Michelle , Manzi Susan , Isenberg David A. , Gordon Caroline , Senécal Jean‐luc , Penrod John R. , Joseph Lawrence , St. Pierre Yvan , Pineau Christian , Fortin Paul R. , Sutcliffe Nurhan , Goulet Jean‐Richard , Choquette Denis , Grodzicky Tamara , Esdaile John M. , Clarke Ann E.
Published: February 2007

Objective

We previously reported that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the US incurred ∼19% and 12% higher direct medical costs than patients in Canada and the UK, respectively, without experiencing superior outcomes expressed as disease damage or quality of life. In the present study, we compared cumulative indirect costs over 4 years in these patients.

Methods

A total of 715 patients with SLE (269 US, 231 Canada, 215 UK) were surveyed semiannually for 4 years on employment status and time lost from labor and nonlabor market activities. Cross‐country comparisons of indirect costs were performed.

Results

In the US, Canada, and the UK, mean 4‐year cumulative indirect costs (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) due to diminished labor market activity were $56,745 ($49,919, $63,571), $38,642 ($32,785, $44,500), and $42,213 ($35,859, $48,567), respectively, and cumulative indirect costs due to diminished nonlabor market activity were $5,249 ($2,766, $7,732), $5,455 ($3,290, $7,620), and $8,572 ($5,626, $11,518), respectively. Regression results showed that cumulative indirect costs (95% CI) due to diminished labor market activity in the US were $6,750 ($580, $12,910) greater than in Canada and $10,430 ($4,050, $16,800) greater than in the UK. Indirect costs due to diminished nonlabor market activity in the US were $280 (−$2,950, $3,520) less than in Canada and $2,010 (−$1,490, $5,510) less than in the UK, both results insignificant due to wide CIs.

Conclusion

Despite American patients incurring greater direct medical costs than Canadian and British patients, they do not experience superior health outcomes in terms of less productivity loss in either labor market or nonlabor market activities.
Validity of gout diagnoses in administrative data
Authors: Harrold Leslie R. , Saag Kenneth G. , Yood Robert A. , Mikuls Ted R. , Andrade Susan E. , Fouayzi Hassan , Davis Judith , Chan K. Arnold , Raebel Marsha A. , Von Worley Ann , Platt Richard
Published: February 2007

Objective

To determine the utility of using administrative data for epidemiologic studies of gout by examining the validity of gout diagnoses in claims data.

Methods

From a population of ∼800,000 members from 4 managed care plans, we identified patients who had at least 2 ambulatory claims for a diagnosis of gout between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2003. From this group, a random sample of 200 patients was chosen for medical record review. Trained medical record reviewers abstracted gout‐related clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data from the medical records. Two rheumatologists independently evaluated the abstracted information and assessed whether the gout diagnosis was probable/definite or unlikely/insufficient information. Discordant physician ratings were adjudicated by consensus. Based on record reviews, patients were also classified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), Rome, and New York gout criteria and these results were compared with the physician global assessments.

Results

There were 121 patients rated as having probable/definite gout by physician consensus, leading to a positive predictive value of ≥2 coded diagnoses of gout of 61% (95% confidence interval 53–67). There was low concordance between physician assessments and established gout criteria including ACR, Rome, and New York criteria (κ = 0.17, 0.16, and 0.20, respectively).

Conclusion

Use of administrative data alone in epidemiologic and health services research on gout may lead to misclassification. Medical record reviews for validation of claims data may provide an inadequate gold standard to confirm gout diagnoses.
Prognostic factors of progression of osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Belo J. N. , Berger M. Y. , Reijman M. , Koes B. W. , Bierma‐Zeinstra S. M. A.
Published: February 2007

Objective

To provide an overview of prognostic factors of knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression.

Methods

We searched Medline and Embase up to December 2003 according to a specified search strategy (keywords for disease, location, and study design). Studies that fulfilled predefined criteria were assessed for methodologic quality. Study characteristics and associations were extracted and the results were summarized according to a best evidence synthesis.

Results

Of the 1,004 studies found, 37 met the inclusion criteria. Methodologic quality was assessed and only high‐quality studies were included (n = 36). The best evidence synthesis yielded strong evidence that hyaluronic acid serum levels and generalized OA are predictive for progression of knee OA. Sex, knee pain, radiologic severity, knee injury, quadriceps strength, and regular sport activities were not predictive. Conflicting evidence for associations was found for several factors including body mass index and age. Limited evidence for an association with progression of knee OA was found for several factors, including the alignment (varus/valgus) of the joint. Limited evidence for no association with progression of OA was also found for several factors, including meniscectomy, several markers of bone or cartilage turnover, and the clinical diagnosis of localized OA.

Conclusion

Generalized OA and level of hyaluronic acid seem to be associated with the radiologic progression of knee OA. Knee pain, radiologic severity at baseline, sex, quadriceps strength, knee injury, and regular sport activities seem not to be related. For other factors, the evidence was limited or conflicting.
Factors determining participation in prevention trials among systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a qualitative study
Authors: Costenbader Karen H. , Brome Deborah , Blanch Danielle , Gall Victoria , Karlson Elizabeth , Liang Matthew H.
Published: February 2007

Objective

A feasibility study for a trial of strategies for the prevention of atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was stopped because of inadequate recruitment. There is little understanding of the factors influencing patients' decisions about participation in prevention trials. Our goal was to determine factors that patients with SLE consider in deciding about participating in prevention trials, to uncover concerns about SLE trials, and to investigate how study design and purpose affect participation decisions.

Methods

We conducted focus groups with trial participants (n = 13), trial nonparticipants (n = 8), and a group of patients with diabetes (n = 9). We conducted telephone interviews with SLE patients who refused participation in the trial and the focus groups (n = 10). A trained facilitator elicited factors influencing participation decisions. Transcripts were coded and grouped into themes using grounded theory.

Results

Demographic characteristics of the groups were similar. Seven factors emerged as important in decision making: current health status, study design, physician involvement, personal benefit, altruism, time, and incentives. These factors were considered by individuals who elected to participate and those who did not, but weighed differently. Among the trial participants, good health status, encouragement from one's physician, and desires to learn and to contribute stimulated participation. Reasons for nonparticipation included current health status, medication and randomization concerns, and personal factors.

Conclusion

We observed that similar factors were weighed differently by participants and nonparticipants. Our results suggest that strategies such as health education, enlistment of personal physicians, and limitation of time requirements may enhance recruitment of patients with SLE into clinical prevention trials.
Work dynamics among persons with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Yelin Edward , Trupin Laura , Katz Patricia , Criswell Lindsey , Yazdany Jinoos , Gillis Joann , Panopalis Peter
Published: February 2007

Objective

To track changes in the proportion of persons ages 18–64 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were employed from diagnosis through 2004, to estimate changes in annual work hours during this time, and to describe risk factors for work loss among those employed at diagnosis.

Methods

A structured telephone survey was administered to a cohort of 982 persons with SLE, which was assembled between 2002 and 2004. Of the 900 enrolled in 2002–2003, 832 (92%) were re‐interviewed in 2004. We tabulated the proportion employed at diagnosis, at baseline interview, and at followup in 2004. Among individuals employed at each time frame, we estimated the hours of work per year. We then used the Kaplan‐Meier method to estimate time until work loss among individuals employed at diagnosis and Cox proportional hazards regression to describe the risk factors for such work loss.

Results

Between diagnosis and followup interview, the proportion employed declined from 74% to 54%. Over the same period, hours of work per year declined by 32.2% among all individuals with a work history, but by only 1% among those continuously employed. Among individuals working at diagnosis, the proportion employed declined by 15% and 63% after 5 and 20 years, respectively. Demographics (age, sex, and education) and work characteristics (physical and psychological demands of jobs and level of control) were the principal determinants of work loss.

Conclusion

Total cessation of employment, rather than reduced hours among employed persons, accounts for most of the decline in annual work hours among persons with SLE.