bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Disease in Cattle
Authors: Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

There are many bovine congenital defects of unknown etiology, suspected etiology and known etiology. Congenital defects of known environmental etiology such as bovine virus diarrhea-induced cerebellar atrophy, or plant-induced deformity such as crooked-calf diseases caused by lupine, require changes in management procedures. Defects caused by genetic factors are of considerable concern to the AI stations, cattle breeders, and cattle breed associations. Initial diagnosis of congenital defects is frequently required of practicing veterinarians. Some of the genetic diseases of current concern to the cattle industry of the United States include congenital defects of the skin such as epitheliogenesis imperfecta, hypotrichosis, fragile skin, and protoporphyria. Of the internal organs, the reproductive system is of particular concern. Defects of bone are numerous and may affect single structures such as adactyly, tibial hemimelia, and syndactyly. Generalized skeletal defects of importance include dwarfism and osteopetrosis. Muscular defects of significance are doublemuscling and arthrogryposis. Furthermore, genetically-caused defects of the central nervous system need further attention, particularly internal hydrocephalus and mannosidosis. Many defects encountered of suspected etiology need close attention. In this category, as well as those of unknown etiology, practicing veterinarians remain the main source of information to guide further study.
Long-Term Calcium-Phosphorus Studies in Confined Dairy Cows
Authors: Ward George , Call E. P.
Published: March 2023

Calcium balance can be kept near even or positive in early lactation if calcium and phosphorus intakes and vitamin D consumption are adequate. Adequate calcium consumption promotes more rapid uterine involution and earlier ovulation. Phosphorus consumption must be adequate from day to day. There is no phosphorus-sensitive mechanism to elicit phosphorus resorption from bone. That mechanism is only calcium-sensitive. Inadequate phosphorus intake depresses appetite as well as preventing bone accretion. Phosphorus balance, with adequate phosphorus intake, largely depends on calcium adequacy since the calcium-tophosphorus ratio in bone is constant.

Our study comparing monosodium phosphate with calcium phosphate as supplements for an alfalfa hay and sorghum grain ration may have shown a chlorine deficiency. Salt was omitted from the grain but was available ad libitum. Very little salt consumption was the unique characteristic associated with the sodium phosphate treatment. Elevated chine, slab-sidedness, and tucking up in the flank were noted in the cows which ate little salt. Salt appetite appears to be sodium-sensitive.
Dairy Herd Health Program
Authors: Gibson Charles D.
Published: March 2023

The future of the veterinarian in the dairy industry will depend on the profession's ability to adapt to the changing needs of the industry and the computer will play a central role in the record-keeping system essential to this industry. We as veterinarians must be prepared to meet this challenge or we will be replaced by others outside the profession who will attempt to supply the demands of the industry. The success or failure of a dairy health program depends on several factors which include good records as well as other ingredients stated in this paper. A veterinarian must have the client's confidence, an educated client, an economic need and adequate veterinary manpower and skills in order to have a viable health program. When all of these ingredients are present, the result is a satisfied dairy client and a good economic return for the time investment by the veterinarian.
Ventilation for Calves and Youngstock
Authors: Hickert William G.
Published: March 2023

High humidities are especially detrimental to animal health. And it is the animals themselves that produce the moisture that may cause high humidities if adequate ventilation is not provided. Thus, in the winter, ventilation is required to remove the moisture generated by the animals. This may be mechanical ventilation (fans) or natural ventilation. In the summer, ventilation is required to remove both heat and moisture produced by the animals. Again, either mechanical or natural ventilation may be used. But the design and construction of the housing facility very much depends on whether ventilation is to be accomplished by mechanical or natural means.
Immunization Programs for Cattle
Authors: Kahrs Robert F.
Published: March 2023

Infectious disease control through vaccination is an important component of bovine herd health but it is only a part of the total program. Vaccination reduces the probability of catastrophic losses but should not be expected to prevent all losses. The benefits of vaccination are difficult to evaluate and unlike insurance, vaccination provides no compensation when losses occur. Thus, many livestock owners resent the continuous commitment of resources needed for herd immunity because they see few visible returns on investment.

Healthy, well-nourished calves vaccinated prior to breeding for IBR, BVD, and PI3 will have reduced probability of aborting or suffering severe disease due to these viruses. Vaccination in the presence of exposure, disease,or during adjustment to new feed or a new environment is risky and should be approached conservatively.The veterinarian should accept the responsibility to invoke available vaccinations in a manner most suited to each management situation so as to provide the maximum protection to the most animals while taking the least risk.
Planning and Implementing a Health Program for the Research Center Cow Herd
Authors: Kvasnicka William G.
Published: March 2023

This paper presents the planning, implementation and daily ongoing administration of the herd health and disease management program developed for the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center at Clay Center, Nebraska. The major points contributing to the apparent success are: define the preventive medicine practice concept; establish goals; consider the seven phases of disease prevention; develop specific approaches for each client for cow-calf preventive medicine; assign the responsibilities; implement the program; develop records; keep informed; communicate on a routine basis with the client; and evaluate and change the program on the basis of results.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Roby Dr. , Bentley Dr.
Published: March 2023

Panel discussion on vaccination, acute anaplasmosis, bovine leukemia, and F-1 longhorn cross heifer.
Pulmonary Emphysema in Newly Weaned Calves
Authors: Hibbs Clair M.
Published: March 2023

Bovine pulmonary emphysema has been recognized in many countries for a number of years. There is confusion as to the cause and the nomenclature of the various diseases of cattle which have pulmonary emphysema as a major lesion. The term "pulmonary emphysema" is used as the name of a disease and as lesion identification, which adds to the confusion. The lung can respond to an irritant in only a fewways, which allows for lesions to appear similar even though there are different causes. The cause of pulmonary emphysema in newly weaned calves can only be postulated at this time. Circumstantial evidence suggests a relationship to consumption of silage or moldy hay by the calves. Corn silage is more often a major part of the diet in our area. Calves on silage do not have the clinical signs until approximately 4 weeks after weaning and change of diet, so there may be some change in bacterial flora which could change the biochemical constituents of the rumen liquor. On the other hand, there may be some infectious cause such as syncytial virus. Thirdly, the cause may be a combination of biochemical toxin and infectious agent. Only controlled research will resolve the question of etiology.This paper is not to answer the question of etiology but to emphasize the clinical signs, lesions, relationship to diet and weaning, as well as the economic importance.
Parasitism in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Davis, Jr. George V.
Published: March 2023

Anthelmintics were administered during processing at the Garden City Experiment Station. Four trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of: levamisole (boluses, cattle wormer pellets and injectable solution); and thiabendazole boluses. Levamisole hydrochloride injectable solution (18.2%) was administered at 2 cc/cwt. Levamisole wormer pellets were mixed with other ration ingredients at 0.1 lb./cwt. of animal body weight at the a.m. feeding and all of the mix was consumed within 4 hours. Some very meaningful conclusions can be made from these data. In general, rate of gain, feed efficiency and cost of gain were similar for both thiabendazole and levamisole. Therefore, an overall summary showing the percent improvement in performance obtained with anthelmintics (results composited for thiabendazole and levamisole) in four trials involving 936 stressed calves is shown in Table 7. In all perimeters shown here, the use of anthelmintics improved performance of stressed calves resulting in a substantial savings (9 .8 percent) in cost of gain. However, cost of gain data did not include death losses. In these trials, death losses were higher for calves that received levamisole (bolus or injectable) than for untreated animals. As noted earlier, death losses involved only a small percentage of the animals, so more data need to be obtained on death losses before conclusions can be drawn relating to death losses (if any) associated with anthelmintics.
Blood Chemistry Weaning Stress Study
Authors: Hudson Don , Crookshank H. R.
Published: March 2023

Shipping fever complex in the weaning calf is a paramount problem to the beef cattle industry. The highest incidence of disease and death loss is associated with weaning, transportation, handling, and ration adaptation. Most research has concentrated on the bacterial and viral aspects; however, some research has been done on the changes in physiological status of the animal as a result of stress. These changes are related to clinical signs, blood composition alterations, and adrenal gland changes (1). Perhaps the most constant indicator of stress has been the changes in the activity of the adrenal gland. The cortisol activities on the immune system in the weaned and trucked calf may play a major role in the susceptibility and subsequent disease in this calf. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of weaning stress on 10 blood serum components, hematology, and weight changes. As in the previous study, the most noticeable changes were in the cortisol level and weight change (1). Our general observation on this study and a similar study conducted two years ago is as follows: Animals weaned 4 weeks prior to trucking undergo a stress period lasting 3 to 7 days. Weaning alone stresses these animals for about the same period. Concurrent weaning and trucking increases the stress period to 15-21 days. These conclusions are based upon changes observed in the cortisol, LDM, SGOT, WBC and weight change. The majority of the shipping fever pneumonia occurs in the first 45 days following weaning, caused by the interaction of stresses, viruses, and bacteria (2,3). In this study, we were able to show that the weaning and trucking produced the most stress and failure to gain weight. The higher cortisol the first 7 days and not returning to normal for 15-21 days may suppress the immune system of the calf. An interesting follow-up of this study would be to evaluate the responses to a known antigen in each of these groups.
Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) Vaccination
Authors: Caley Homer D.
Published: March 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was first reported in 1946, or approximately 30 years ago, yet there is still confusion and lack of understanding of this disease. It is difficult to find general agreement on any part of this disease entity from vaccination to titer. Despite the confusion, most people have definite opinions about the disease, including the use of vaccine. The majority of feedlot cattle in southwestern Kansas receive an intramuscular inoculation of BVD vaccine when they enter feedlots . Recently, some oral BVD vaccine has been used. This trial was to compare oral and intramuscular BVD vaccine in stressed calves. Rate of gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency were not influenced by BVD vaccine administration (Table 1). This was an anticipated response, as initial BVD titers indicated calves had not been previously exposed to BVD. BVD vaccine administered orally did not increase titers at 42 days after inoculation. But when it was administered intramuscularly, five steers had BVD titers exceeding 1 :4. Sickness was held to a minimum and no calves died.
Statement of the Texas & Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association To The Honorable Bergland, Secretary of Agriculture
Authors: Witts David A.
Published: March 2023

The answer is the Miracle of American Agriculture. A system so productive that it released 90% of our work force from the farms to build the world's greatest industrial power. A system so efficient that it provides more food for more people more cheaply than any in the world's history; plus selling a $32 'Billion food basket to buy OPEC oil, thereby preserving what sanity is left in the dollar.Agriculture is local, land is local and people are local. To ignore this in a burst of energetic bureaucracy will subject America to a calamitous miscalculation.
Response of The Food Administration To The Antibiotic Problem in Animals and Drug Resistance
Authors: Crawford Lester M.
Published: March 2023

There has been a shifting ecology of bacterial infections seen in hospital practice in the United States. Infections caused by certain gram-negative bacteria resistant to antibiotics have been rising. The case fatality rates among all bacteremic patients showed a dramatic decline after the introduction of sulfonomides and antibiotics. More recently, the mortality (35%) has risen to near the levels existent in 1941before penicillins first became available.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Horton Dr. , Bechtol Dr.
Published: March 2023

Discussion about antibiotics, diethylstilbestrol (DES), consumer education.
Central Area
Authors: Keith Robert
Published: March 2023

Discussion about mastitis, respiratory disease; implementation of herd health.
Management Of Retained Placentas In Practice
Authors: Britt Jenks S.
Published: March 2023

Retained placentas are seen 3 ways in our practice. One is on the regular herd reproductive visit, second is on a single farm call, and third is as a hauled-in animal that is treated at our haul-in clinic. We initially try to determine on a single animal if there is a cause for the retainment. Retained placentas that can be explained are usually caused by dystocia, twinning, milk fever, abortion, or large calf. Unexplained causes vary and are related to disease, nutrition or other factors.
Understanding The Metabolism Of Nitrogen Means Profit For Your Clients
Authors: Scott Robert G.
Published: March 2023

What is over Nitrification? How does it affect animals? Where is it most likely to occur? What can be done to prevent problems connected with nitrates? The nitrate problem has been with us a long time. Almost everyone of us have seen this highly fertilized growth of grass which results from the natural process of too much fertilizer. The grass is taller, greener and more luxurious than the surrounding grass. Italso has a higher NPN or non protein nitrogen and an imbalanced cation ratio and under normal grazing conditions the cows won't eat it.The cow performs best in this synthesis if the diet contains the proper ratio of energy to protein and if the minerals are in the proper relationship. If the NPN or NO3 is in excess in the diet we see the following 4 major problems.

Lowered Production2. Anoxia3. Vitamin Interference4. Antibody impairment
Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Trichomoniasis
Authors: Cardwell W. H.
Published: March 2023

Bovine venereal trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoon parasite, Trichomonas foetus. It has been well documented that the disease is venereal in nature, and that itAn alternative method is the collection of a prepucial sample using an uterine infusion tube. This interferes with the reproductive ability of the bovine female. Because the parasite is much easier to demonstrate from the bull, diagnosis of the disease in a given herd is usually done on the bull. Field diagnosis is fairly easily accomplished by collecting repucial samples by one of two methods. The douche technique is one where 100 cc to 150 cc of warm saline is instilled into the prepucial cavity and then retrieved for examination. An alternative method is the collection of a prepucial sample using an uterine infusion tube.
Cow/Calf Programs Using TI59 Calculator
Authors: Hutcheson David P.
Published: March 2023

The use of programable calculators has increased from very little usage to enthusiasm. However, software or programs have not been developed as fast as hardware. The following programs were developed to aid in fulfilling the gap of software for the TI-59. The programs are for cow-calf operations, in which information is generated for supplementation of cows on grass to feeder calf budget projections.
Computers
Authors: Garrison Max
Published: March 2023

Probably the reason I am here is because I am one veterinarian that is very interested in herd health practice, not necessarily just in feedlot but in cow calf production as well, and I am possibly one in the state that they could get a hold of that has had some experience with computers and so part of the reason I am on the program. I do not have anything in the way of lot of detailed programs or anything like that to offer you this afternoon for cow calf operations. What I would like to try to do in just a brief few mmutes is possibly outline for you or at least give you some thought on to how you could possibly utilize a computer, be it by terminal as Gary talked about or possibly having one of your own or working with a rancher that has his own.
Review of the Etiological Factors Associated With the Bovine Respiratory System
Authors: Frey Merwin
Published: March 2023

Like all researchers I have certain biases. I'm biased towards the organisms I work with and becaue I wasn't here to join in the BYD festivities yesterday, I will try to rebutt a little bit and point out that maybe there is something besides BYD causing respiratory disease or predisposition to bacterial pneumonias. Let us go down the list of infectious agents of bovine respiratory disease. Many people feel thatbacteria are probably the things that make all the other ones important because maybe without bacteria we would not end up with pneumonias that kill animals or make them do poorly for life. But, maybe without the viruses we would not have the predisposition or a lot of the predisposition that allow the bacteria to get where they can do that kind of damge. Mycoplasmas and on down the list, a big question mark in many ways and yet we'll talk about those at greater length later on. I've left the protozoa off this list. I don't know that there is any solid evidence that the one protozoan frequently isolated from lung is of any economic importance and I do not include parasites here because I don't know much about them.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Frey Dr. , Brown Dr.
Published: March 2023

Panel discussion about atypical interstitial pneumonia, vaccination, pasteurela, M. bovis, RS virus, Clostridium perfringens type D.
Larger Team
Authors: Hannam Peter
Published: March 2023

Teamwork extends beyond health care. You are a key element in a much larger team-the team that makes so much food available to so many millions of people day after day.
Canadian Dairy Industry
Authors: Osborne Earl
Published: March 2023

We are organized from the farm to the country club, to the branch, to the district, to the province, to the National Organization. We have all of those steps. We get right down to the basics and try to see that every member in Canada is within a telephone call of a director of our organization.
Factors Related to Sickness and Death in Feedlot Calves
Authors: Martin S. W. , Meek A. H. , Feltmate T. E. , Curtis R. A. , Johnson J. A. , Davis D. G.
Published: March 2023

The Bruce County Beef Project is a three-year study designed to elucidate factors influencing morbidity, mortality and productivity in calves entering feedlots in Bruce County each fall. The factors investigated include management techniques, ration, prophylactic and therapeutic regimes, demographic factors (age, weight, breed, etc.), housing and transportation.
Laparotomy
Authors: Hamilton G. F.
Published: March 2023

Laparotomy of the left side is the approach of choice for surgery of the rumen, reticulum and some reproductive and urinary tract conditions, explorations of the viscera and inguinal hernia repair in the adult.
Health Management of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Church T. L. , Church T. L.
Published: March 2023

An organized and systematic approach is necessary for the effective control and management of disease in feedlot cattle. Typically feedlots receive cattle of various types, under many different conditions from a variety of sources. The design and operation of typical feedlots is frequently conducive to the mixing of cattle from several sources, exposure of new arrivals to resident populations, and the influence of many stressors often combine to result in major outbreaks of disease. Many diseases, such as respiratory diseases, are highly complex and difficult to control by vaccination or therapeutics alone. Veterinarians should develop methods to monitor disease occurrence and evaluate management procedures in feedlots as part of their normal routine.
Clinical Management of Respiratory Disease in Cow-Calf Operations
Authors: Janzen E. D.
Published: March 2023

Undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (UBRD) in cow-calf operations, with the exception of pulmonary emphysema in newly weaned calves, is not considered to be as much of a problem as in feedlots. Usually it occurs in calves after weaning but may occasionally develop prior to weaning. When this happens it is usually associated with late weaning or the "artificial confinement" of range feeding and is often an inducement to weaning because of the difficulties of treating on the range. Clinical management of bovine respiratory disease on the ranch implies a minimum amount of arrivals or "add ons" to the original calves raised on the ranch, therefore minimizing the introduction of new initiators or complicators of respiratory disease. Inherent also is the principle that calves will be weaned and sold, back-grounded and sold, or wintered and grazed throughout the following summer to be sold as yearlings. All the variants of this system function in an "all in-all out" fashion, thereby minimizing the pathogens to those carried by the brood cow.
Ureaplasma (T Strain Mycoplasma) Infection of the Bovine Reproductive Tract
Authors: Doig P.A. , MacKay A. L. , Ruhnke H. L.
Published: March 2023

The mycoplasmas or more correctly the •"Mycoplasmatales", have been recognized as disease causing agents for over eighty years. The organisms were first isolated from cases of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and for this reason, subsequent isolates were initially termed pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO). In more recent years numerous additional mycoplasma species have been isolated from animals, birds, man, plants and insects. The group has now been divided into three major families based on morphological and biochemical criteria.
Practical Uses of GnRH and Prostaglandins in Bovine Reproduction
Authors: Bosu W. T. K.
Published: March 2023

The aims of the present report are to review the results obtained following field application of GnRHs and  Prostaglandins; list the common complaints or problems associated with their usage and to discuss the possible reasons for these complaints or failures and how they can be avoided under field conditions.
Embryo Transfer for the Practitioner
Authors: Mapletoft Reuben J.
Published: March 2023

The advent of "on-farm" embryo transfer has provided the opportunity for practicing veterinarians to become involved. Embryo transfer, under the direct supervision of a practicing veterinarian, has become an important part of many breeders' programs.
Herd Health Management in a Central Alberta Practice
Authors: Atkins Gordon
Published: March 2023

At the end of each year or as it works out, most often prior to a seminar that we have to give, we try to correlate all the information on reproductive performance in these particular herds and the dairymen like to know where they stock up in these particular categories in relation to the rest of the dairymen in the area. So what we do is compile all the information on first service conception, calving interval, percent of cows in heat 60 days post-calving and percent of the herd called for reproductive reasons.
Inventory Control
Authors: Shane Leslie L.
Published: March 2023

I'd like to talk about purchasing orders, we use a visa record, and a couple of comments about the storeroom.
Practical Approach to Prostaglandins in Large Animal Reproduction
Authors: Wenkoff Martin
Published: March 2023

I'm going to tell you about some experiences I've had synchronizing beef herds with luteolytic agents over about the past five years. And hopefully as a result of this, you will go away with some guidelines on how to approach controlled breeding programs from a management point of view.
Clinical Examination of Cattle. Pt. 2
Authors: Blood D. C.
Published: March 2023

To examine all of the cattle in a herd is often not possible because of the cost involved and the principal decision before beginning the examination of a herd is to establish what the costs and benefits are likely to be and then to decide on a procedural pattern which will not sacrifice accuracy for speed and, on the other hand, will not spend unnecesary time accumulating unnecessary information. This paper is presented in order to provide some ground rules, some guidelines, for the field veterinarian faced with the task of examining a group of animals.
Laboratory Tests Frequently Used In Bovine Practice at Carnation Research Farm
Authors: Studer Erich
Published: March 2023

Diagnosis is what makes the practice of veterinary medicine a challenging and rewarding experience. It has to include history as well as a clinical workup utilizing laboratory procedures, radiology, biopsy, exploratory surgery and necropsy. At Carnation Research Farm we use whatever tests and laboratory facilities needed to help us arrive at a definitive diagnosis. Outside reputable commercial and state labs as well as University facilities are employed. There are a number of procedures however routinely carried out in our own facilities. They are quick manual tests which can be performed in a few minutes to help us in diagnosis during a clinical workup or treatment.
Introduction to the Use of Computers In Bovine Practice
Authors: Davidson Jeffrey N.
Published: March 2023

Electronic data processors, computers, have been around since World War II. The first computers were used for decoding of German War codes. From the early l 950's to the l 970's there was a slow evolution of development which had little direct effect on bovine practitioners. The closest the profession came to computers was through Dairy Herd Improvement Centers which utilized large computers to help manage the production records. To this date, DHI Centers have concentrated on utilizing a large mainframe computer and maintaining a central data base. During the I 970's came a wave of new technology that led to the introduction of the microcomputer. This new technology has created an entirely new industry involving the microcomputer and the peripherals and services associated with it.
Mastitis
Authors: Bushnell Robert B.
Published: March 2023

Most opportunities for a veterinarian to initiate a mastitis control program on a dairy occur because a dairyman is having mastitis related problems. If a veterinarian develops a planned approach aimed at solving the initial problem along with a long term goal of an extended control program, he usually will find the owner receptive. Progressive dairymen today are seeking ideas for stabilizing management procedures directed toward maintaining healthy herds and high production.
Clinical Aspects of Pulmonary Adenomatosis
Authors: Bohlender Robert E.
Published: March 2023

The condition was diagnosed as Pulmonary Adenomatosis also referred to as Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema, Atypical Intersitial Pneumonia, Acute Alveolar Emphysema and Edema, among others
Advantages of the Kimberly-Rupp Instrument in Spaying Heifers
Authors: Rice P. R.
Published: March 2023

I started using the Kimberly-Rupp technique this year. I found it very advantageous in my practice which is small. Several reasons preparation time on these heifers where in many cases I don't have a squeeze chute, or we have to drag one in from somewhere, is none. We cut them off feed and water for twenty-four hours and preferably 36 hours. There's no clipping to do, and no scrubbing. We just run them in when we are ready to work, and that's that. Just a head catch cenainly works very adequately for doing this technique.
Fetotomy of the Emphysematous Fetus
Authors: Simmons John
Published: March 2023

In 1975 Dr. C.J. Bierschwal of the University of Missouri and Prof. Dr. C.H.W. DeBois of The University of Utrecht published a manual entitled The Technique of Fetotomy in Large Animal. This Manual has proven to be highly beneficial to all who have studied and used it.
What's In Store in Immunology
Authors: Muscoplat Charles C.
Published: March 2023

Two major developments in biotechnology, namely recombinant DNA and hybridoma technology, have been employed to address problems in animal health and production. In this article we review three means by which these technologies have been employed to improve animal production: 1) prevent losses from infectious disease by facilitating the development of efficacious vaccines and antitoxins; 2) increase growth and milk production by providing unlimited quantities of genetically-engineered animal growth promotants; and 3) increase the nutritional quality of animal feed. This paper will first review the basic features of these new biotechnological developments and then discuss the kinds of reagents that have been developed by these technologies and how they will benefit animal health and production in the future.
Review of Bovine Leukosis
Authors: Miller Janice M.
Published: March 2023

Bovine leukosis was first recognized in Europe in the latter part of the 19th century. During the early l 900's, clinical reports of the disease continued to appear in the veterinary literature, not only in Europe but also in the United States. Veterinarians in Germany observed that many epidemiologic features of leukosis suggested it might be infectious, i.e., cases were clustered in certain herds and in limited geographic regions, and the disease was spreading from these herds or areas into previously leukosis-free cattle populations. Theremainder of this paper will deal solely with the bovine leukemia virus (BL V), its characteristics, transmission, diagnosis, oncogenicity, and significance to the cattle industry of the United States.
Internal Medicine Diagnostics
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the diagnostic methods used in physical examination of the thoracic cavity. The focus will be on auscultation since this is the most useful diagnostic procedure every veterinarian can perform. A number of diagnostic tools are available for use in evaluation of diseases of the thoracic cavity. The most important of these tools is the art of auscultation. Knowledge of the origin and mechanism of production of cardiac and lung sounds will allow the practitioner to accurately diagnose the majority of the diseases he sees in the field. A number of other diagnostic procedures such as radiography, aspiration, and percussion are then used to further define or confirm the tentative diagnosis made by auscultation.
Preventive Medicine Concepts
Authors: Henry S. C.
Published: March 2023

Veterinary medicine has seen many changes in the demands for service and in the capability of our profession to respond to these requests in this century. Today we speak often of "Herd Health" or "Preventive Medicine" practice philosophy in attempts to sell our services. "Holistic" medicine, m human medical practice, isperhaps the concept we wish to embrace in attempts to define preventive medicine for veterinary patients.Knowledge of nutrition, environment, genetics and disease is taken into consideration and evaluated.
Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy in Beef Cattle
Authors: Hjerpe C. A.
Published: March 2023

Factors which should be considered when selecting an antimicrobial agent for systemic treatment of a bacterial infection in beef cattle include:1. Cost of an effective course of treatment.2. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative bacterium.3. The concentrations of the various candidate antimicrobial drugs which can be achieved in the precise location of the infection.4. Rates of antimicrobial excretion and/ or metabolism.5. The shortest achievable treatment interval.6. The location of the infectious process.7. The pH in the area of infection.8. The preferred route of drug administration.9. Potential toxicologic proble.ms which may result from adminstration of certain antimicrobial drugs.10. The withdrawal period required prior to slaughter.
Effect of Interferon on Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Cummins Joseph M. , Hutcheson David P.
Published: March 2023

There was no significant difference in mortality between vaccinated and control calves. However, vaccination delayed death; the earliest deaths occurred among control calves. Ninety-six calves seronegative for I BR virus antibody were vaccinated and 82 of 86 (95.3%) of the survivors seroconverted within 14 days. Only 2 of 84 surviving control calves developed antibody to IBR virus by 14 days. Most vaccinated calves tested developed intranasal IFN after vaccination. Interferon was detected in many unvaccinated calves without evidence of IBR virus infection. Twenty-seven calves had IFN present in the NS at the time of vaccination. Twenty of these calves survived and seroconverted to IBR virus by 14 days after vaccination. This intranasal vaccine was effective on seronegative cattle with known intranasal IFN titers during a shipping fever outbreak.
Practical Bovine Immunology
Authors: Spire Mark F. , Edwards Alvin J.
Published: March 2023

Historically, vaccination programs have been designed as a preventative procedure. The bovine practitioner with his accumulated knowledge of pathogenesis and epidemiology of disease conditions is placed into a position of developing vaccination routines. These vaccination routines evolve into a portion of his total herd health program. It has become apparent that decisions regarding a vaccination routine must be made with a knowledge that the routine must be supported by good management and nutritional practices, and that the vaccination routine alone will not prevent all disease conditions from occurring. A series of feedlot observations were initiated to determine if revaccination with ML V IBR V / BVDV vaccine would be deleterious to the health of incoming feedlot cattle. Observations were additionally made to determine if revaccination would elicit an influence on morbidity and mortality.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Panel discussion about interferon, vaccinacion, revaccinacion etc.
Parturition: A Mechanism Review
Authors: Putnam Marshall R.
Published: March 2023

The role of the practitioner in food animal practice involves the health care of individual animals as well as the management and care of herds or flocks. Health care of individual animals often affords the opportunity to assume a management role if the practitioner is alert and prepared. Practitioners should seek ways to increase their role in the management of food animal production as the cost of individual care is becoming prohibitive in all but a select few animals. An adequate understanding of the parturition process allows practitioners to properly train clients in parturition management to maximize production and minimize losses. There is enough good work concerning the effect of parturition on productivity to make substantiated recommendations aimed at increasing the producers' profitability.
Oxytetracycline Levels in Healthy and Diseased Calves
Authors: Ames Trevor R. , Larson Vaughn L. , Stowe Clarence M.
Published: March 2023

This project was designed to investigate the effects of disease on the tissue concentrations, serum concentrations, and pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) in pneumonic calves.  In reviewing the results of this study it is apparent that there was a poor correlation between serum concentrations and tissue concentrations at 24 hours at this dose (Table I). If the tissue:serum concentration ratios are examined, it is obvious that the serum concentrations were poor predictors of tissue concentrations at this time. The tissue levels varied from 2 to IO times greater than the concurrent serum concentration. If the ratios for the diseased lung are compared to those of the healthy lung it can be seen that the serum concentrations as predictors of tissue concentrations was even more variable in diseased animals. The 24 hour tissue concentrations were considerably higher (2. 96 times) than the 24 hour serum concentrations. This raises a question regarding redosing of OTC at 12 or 24 hours based on declining serum concentrations.
Probantheline Bromide and Cimetidine in the Control of Abomasal Acid Secretion
Authors: Whitlock R. H. , Becht J. L.
Published: March 2023

Each of three cows fitted with a rumen cannula were maintained on a constant diet for two weeks prior to the experiment. Each cow was given 4, 8 and 16 mg/ kg cimetidine and probantheline bromide to determine the effects of these drugs on acid secretion. Samples were aspirated every 30 minutes from the abomasum and rumen for one hour prior to receiving the drug and for 5 ½ hours after the treatment. The pH measurements were completed in duplicate on a Model 5 Corning pH Meter. The samples were also analyzed for chloride concentration. Neither probanthelirie nor cimetidine had any significant effect on abomasal pH, suggesting neither drug would be of value in treating abomasal ulcers.
Effect of GnRH and PGF₂ alpha on Reproduction in Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Richardson G. F. , Archbald L. F. , Godke R. A. , Galton D. M. , Ingraham R.H.
Published: March 2023

Thirty dairy cows were injected intramuscularly with 100 mcg gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GnRH) at 10-16 days postpartum followed by 25 mg. prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) 14 days later. Twenty-nine other dairy cows (controls) were treated in a similar manner but saline was injected rather than GnRH or PGF2 alpha. Blood samples were taken for progresterone analysis before each injection and approximately 30 hours after the PGF2 alpha or second saline injection. The reproductive tract was evaluated by rectal palpation at the time of each injection. Only cows without obvious uterine infection were used and any pathological conditions that developed subsequently were treated after the experimental period. The cows were inseminated at the first estrus after 135-40 days postpartum.
Observations on Tracheal Collapse in Cattle
Authors: Vestweber ]. G. , Leipold H. W-
Published: March 2023

Tracheal collapse is a condition that has been infrequently reported in cattle but has been well recognized in horses and in coy breeds of dogs. Animals affected with this condition have a tracheal lumen which is reduced in diameter because of a change in the normal architecture in the tracheal rings. Three cases of tracheal collapse were observed at Kansas State University ranging in age from two weeks to four months with the following breeds being involved: Simmental, Limousine, and Maine-Anjou Shorthorn Cross. All calves hadexhibited clinical signs of respirarory difficulty shortly following birth, and the condition was unresponsive co antibiotic therapy, other respirarory supportive drugs, and a tracheoromy.
Ligation of the external pudenal artery and vein for the treatment of Gangrenous Mastitis
Authors: Kerfoot Michael
Published: March 2023

In certain acute cases of gangrenous mastitis ( blue bag) , I have found it worthwhile to include a ligation technique of the external pudenal artery and vein to decrease the amount of toxic substances in the general circulation.
Compatibility of Fenbendazole When Used Concomitantly with Other Products to Process Feeder Cattle
Authors: Myers G. H. , Bechtol D. T. , Hutcheson D. P.
Published: March 2023

Three studies were designed to evaluate the safety of Fenbendazole when administered concomitantly with a modified live vaccine, an organophosphate insecticide and a growth implant. No incompatibilities were observed indicating fenbendazole is safe when administered concomitantly with products used to process feeder cattle.
Use of Lutalyse® Sterile Solution in Lactating Dairy Cows with Silent Estrus
Authors: Lauderdale J. W. , McAllister J. F.
Published: March 2023

Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) has been reported to be luteolytic in the bovine. As a result of the luteolytic activity, PG F2a has been reported in both scientific and clinical journals to be effective in cattle for treatment of unobserved estrus, abortion, parturition, pyometra, termination of pathological gestation and cystic ovaries. The data support a conclusion that Lutalyse sterile solution was effective for the treatment of unobserved (silent) estrus as measured by pregnancy rates within five (5) days after treatment.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Convention (1982). 1983 Convention
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

On January 28-29, 1983 the Program Committee met in Oklahoma City to plan the program, and other events, under the chairmanship of Dr. Jenks Britt, for the 1983 Convention in Oklahoma City, November 28-December 1.
Veterinary Practitioner, Our Essential Ally
Authors: McMillan C. W.
Published: March 2023

Concerns and issues that affect veterinary medicine and the field of animal health are addressed.
Ionophores, Buffers and Protein for Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Owens Fredrick N.
Published: March 2023

In the past decade, a number of new and different feed additives which will improve performance or efficiency of feedlot cattle have been discovered and are widely fed. New information on ionophores, buffers and protein supplementation have modified diets of feedlot cattle. This manuscript will review recent developments in dietary management to avoid metabolic problems and improve performance of feedlot cattle covering the use of ionophores and buffers in diets and bypass protein. Drug clearances and levels are listed in the Feed Additive Compendium (2) and will not be restated in this paper.
Fluid Therapy for the Bovine Patient
Authors: Mueller Marc
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this presentation is to illustrate our use of fluid therapy on bovine patients. There will not be a detailed discussion on serum electrolyte and / or pH changes. I do not wish to ignore the importance of those changes, as they were reviewed very closely in establishing our protocol for fluid therapy. However, my goal today is to keep detailed physiological information to a minimum in order to stress the very basics of how to initiate intravenous fluid therapy. Although I recognize the importance of oral fluid therapy, this paper will not address it.
Livestock Producers Fair
Authors: James Harry
Published: March 2023

Our Livestock Producers Fair is an educational day. It serves as a client appreciation day. It is a day to promote veterinary medicine. It is a trade or marketing show. This event provides our practice an opportunity for recognition and advertising. This day is an excellent opportunity to make this a very good income producing day. We can add up the dollars of income that are produced that single day but there is no way to measure the dollars that are produced in the weeks and months that follow.
Developing Workable Calf Management Programs
Authors: Waltner-Toews David
Published: March 2023

The rearing of dairy calves, like the rearing of children, or like global politics or religion, is a subject which has been debated for many years, usually on the basis of strong opinions and not much evidence. Dairy farmers have been subjected to alternate waves of euphoria, as some new product or program is thrown out at them, and then despair, as yet another panacea fails. Some of the confusion with regard to the value of different calf rearing systems arises because not everyone is using the same standard for evaluation. Calf morbidity, mortality and welfare, economic efficiency and farmer satisfaction are all valid, and different, endpoints to consider. The idea, of course, is to optimize all of these. At the least, we need to be aware of all of these in our evaluations.
Effects of the Environment on Neonatal Dairy Calf Health
Authors: Hancock Dale
Published: March 2023

The data seem to support a conclusion that infection with a variety of diarrheal and respiratory agents is an inevitable part of being a calf and that infection need not be totally prevented in order to minimize disease losses. It appears, from a functional standpoint, that in the triad of disease causality (agent, host, environment) host and environmental factors predominate. This article will examine the effects of several environmental factors on dairy calf mortality and morbidity. Diagnosis of excess dairy calf morbidity /mortality requiresa detailed analysis of management practices including those related to the environment. Simply looking for infectious agents will accomplish little since the same agents can be found on low as well as high morbidity /mortality rate farms.
Implants and Feed Additives for Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Gill Donald R.
Published: March 2023

The introduction of diethylstilbesterol to the cattle feeding industry in the early l 950's set a milestone in terms of adding an implant or additive to the feed and improving feedlot performace. The stilbesterol (not presently approved for use) caused feedlot cattle to gain about 9 percent more rapidly and reduced feed required for gain about 7-9 percent. The industry took many years to except and understand the stilbesterol concept. In the late l 970's the first ionophore was cleared for use in feedlot cattle and in less than 60 days following final clearance by FDA for this compound, it was reported that nearly 90 percent of the cattle on feed in this country were receiving Monensin.
Physical Defects Which Limit Breeding Soundness of Bulls
Authors: Hudson Robert S. , Wolfe Dwight F.
Published: March 2023

The breeding soundness examination should include (a) a thorough physical examination with emphasis on thelocomotor and genital systems, (b) the collection and evaluation of semen and ( c) a test of the bull's ability tocopulate effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this presentation is (a) to describe pathological conditions which should be discovered on routine breeding soundness examination and (b) to discuss those defects which may be detected best by a test of mating ability.
Cow/Calf Herd Health
Authors: Miksch Duane
Published: March 2023

A large proportion of U.S. beef originates in small (farm) cow herds. Two-thirds of beef breeding herds in the United States have fewer than fifty cows. Forty-one states have an average herd size of fewer than fifty cows. Nine North Atlantic states have an average herd size of only four cows. Only two percent of all U.S. beef herds have more than 500 cows. However, a minimum of 200 cows is generally considered necessary for an "Economic unit" or a "primary enterprise." These figures contrast with over forty percent of U.S. cattle "finished" being fed in fewer than 200 feedlots.Despite the difficulties of delivering adquate veterinary service at an affordable cost, preventive health programs are very important to the productivity of small beef herds.