bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allocating the Rights in Intellectual Property in Australian Universities: An Overview of Current Practices
Authors: Monotti Ann L
Published: January 2018

“Universities occupy a central position in a national innovation system” and the benefits of their research extend to having better educated students, developing a body of knowledge and effective transfer of that knowledge to users. This knowledge may generate intellectual property with, not only educational and research value for the university itself, but also commercial or applied potential.

Australian universities recognise the need to protect, allocate and exploit these intellectual property rights and have policies or statutes that govern the management of their intellectual property resources. They face at least three challenges in the process. The first is to formulate a policy that clarifies ownership and limits misunderstandings between the originators of intellectual property and the university Establishing the appropriate mix of rights is fundamental to the success of their intellectual property management programs and their reputation. If they claim too much, the originators may produce an inferior product or seek employment or studies elsewhere. If they are too generous and considerate of originators’ rights, they may fail to provide adequate protection for both university interests and those of the wider community.
Defence of the Indefensible? Reassessing the Constitutional Validity of Military Service Tribunals in Australia
Authors: Mitchell Andrew D , Voon Tania
Published: January 2018

Soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity but kept under control by means of iron discipline.

In the past fifty years the High Court of Australia has scrutinised the constitutional validity of military service tribunals on several occasions. Each time, the validity of service tribunals to conduct trials and impose punishment in relation to the particular offence has been upheld on the basis that it derives from a proper exercise by the legislature of its power under s 51(vi) of the Constitution. On no occasion has this been considered by the Court as a whole to involve a breach of the separation of powers doctrine. However, while it is generally accepted that service tribunals exercise what would ordinarily be seen as falling within the definition of “judicial power”, there has been no unifying and satisfactory explanation as to why this does not breach the separation of powers doctrine.
Quasi-Incorporation of International Law in Australia: Broadcasting Standards, Cultural Sovereignty and International Trade
Authors: Rothwell Donald R.
Published: January 2018

Public awareness of the consequences of international law for Australians was highlighted during the battle in the 1980s to save the Franklin River in south-west Tasmania. That battle, which eventually resulted in the Commonwealth Parliament relying upon the provisions of the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage to enact the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth), was finally resolved when the High Court of Australia in the Tasmanian Dain case upheld the validity of the legislation on the basis of the Constitution, s 51(xxix), the Commonwealth's external affairs power. This decision set off a sequence of events which resulted in subsequent High Court decisions that gave further scope to the external affairs power and which also gave the Hawke ALP government great confidence as to its ability to rely upon conventions and treaties, both bilateral and multilateral, as a source of legislative power.
Mirando al sur sin perder de vista el norte. México frente a la Unión de Repúblicas Centroamericanas, 1885
Authors: Carregha Lamadrid Luz
Published: January 2018

En el artículo se aborda el conflicto surgido en 1885, cuando el general Justo Rufino Barrios, presidente de Guatemala, proclamó de manera unilateral la Unión de Repúblicas Centroamericanas, y aseguró que la establecería aun por la vía armada. También se examina la postura del gobierno mexicano ante el conflicto que estalló y obligó a mirar a la frontera sur, a partir de las notas de los periódicos principales que circulaban entonces en la Ciudad de México, lo que permite también conocer la respuesta de la opinión pública de la época. El objetivo es explorar la política exterior del gobierno mexicano frente a un evento, que adquirió mayor relevancia cuando se extendió el temor de una posible intervención de Estados Unidos en el territorio nacional. Los hallazgos muestran que la reacción del general Porfirio Díaz ante el conflicto centroamericano contribuyó al fortalecimiento de su figura como “héroe de la paz”, que lo caracterizó.
Poziom koncentracji a stabilność finansowa sektorów bankowych krajów Europy Środkowo- -Wschodniej
Authors: Kil Krzysztof
Published: January 2018

W artykule przeprowadzono analizę poziomu koncentracji i stabilności sektorów bankowych krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w latach 2000–2013 w podziale na subregiony – Europę Środkową, Europę Południowo-Wschodnią i Wspólnotę Niepodległych Państw. Przedstawiono przegląd wybranych dotychczasowych badań oraz dokonano oceny zależności między tymi zmiennymi w ujęciu czasowym i przestrzennym. Uzyskano statystycznie istotne współczynniki korelacji w przypadku sektorów bankowych Słowacji, Słowenii, Estonii, Bułgarii, Bośni i Hercegowiny, Łotwy, Rumunii, Chorwacji i Serbii, przy czym występowało zróżnicowanie zarówno co do kierunku, jak i siły zależności między koncentracją a stabilnością na tych rynkach.
Procesy integracji i konsolidacji spółdzielczego sektora bankowego w Polsce
Authors: Kata Ryszard
Published: January 2018

W opracowaniu dokonano analizy procesów konsolidacyjnych i integracyjnych w sektorze bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce w latach 1993–2013. Określono także przesłanki determinujące konieczność dalszych przekształceń sektora oraz rolę, jaką w kształtowaniu nowego modelu organizacyjnego i biznesowego bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce mogą odegrać procesy konsolidacji i integracji.
Finansowe wsparcie polskiego pszczelarstwa środkami Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Majewski Janusz
Published: January 2018

Pszczelarstwo stanowi ważny element rolnictwa. Celem pracy było określenie wielkości i struktury wsparcia pszczelarstwa po akcesji Polski do UE. Zaprezentowano wielkość i warunki wsparcia pszczelarstwa w ramach mechanizmu WPR Wsparcie rynku produktów pszczelich. Liczba wniosków o pomoc oraz wartość pomocy w ramach tego mechanizmu w latach 2005–2012 wzrosła. Wielkość wsparcia pszczelarstwa była zróżnicowana regionalnie. Najwyższe wsparcie występowało w województwach lubelskim, wielkopolskim i pomorskim, najniższe zaś w podlaskim. Zasadne jest kontynuowanie działań wspierających ten sektor rolnictwa ze względu na jego wagę dla produkcji roślinnej i środowiska naturalnego.
Koncepcja modelu „rachunek kosztów działań w uczelni wyższej”
Authors: Piątek Edyta , Dziedzic-Jagocka Ilona
Published: January 2018

W związku z pojawieniem się kontroli zarządczej w sektorze finansów publicznych zastosowanie elementów rachunkowości zarządczej staje się rzeczą konieczną. Szczególnie wykorzystanie rachunku kosztów działań umożliwia realizację celów i zadań w sposób zgodny z prawem, efektywny, oszczędny i terminowy. Uczelnie wyższe jako jednostki sektora finansów publicznych zmuszone zostały do wprowadzenia założeń rachunku kosztów działań i w konsekwencji zidentyfikowania: zadań i działań statutowych i cząstkowych, nośników działań i nośników zasobów. Mimo przygotowania teoretycznego, wdrożenie rachunku rodzi problemy techniczne i organizacyjne w uczelniach, a dane uzyskane w poszczególnych uczelniach nie przystają do siebie (są nieporównywalne).
Rynek obligacji Catalyst jako źródło pozyskiwania kapitału przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego
Authors: Hałaburda Dorota
Published: January 2018

Artykuł prezentuje możliwość pozyskania środków na finansowanie rozwoju lokalnego poprzez emisję obligacji komunalnych na rynku Catalyst. Przedstawiono charakterystykę obligacji, rodzaje obligacji emitowanych przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego oraz podstawy prawne dotyczące emisji. Na rynku Catalyst dominują obligacje korporacyjne, ale w ostatnich latach wzrasta wartość emisji obligacji komunalnych. Dokonano również analizy rynku obligacji Catalyst, w tym wartości obrotu obligacjami, liczby emitentów czy liczby debiutów.
Zwiększanie zaangażowania kapitałowego w spółce zależnej a wartość godziwa
Authors: Kosiń Paweł
Published: January 2018

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi podmiotów gospodarczych, które realizują wizję rozwojową w oparciu o koncepcję grupy kapitałowej i powiązań sieciowych. Aktywa spółek zależnych ujawniają się w bilansach w postaci inwestycji długoterminowych. Ich wartość, zgodnie z obowiązującymi rozwiązaniami, może być wyrażona jako wartość godziwa. Zwiększanie zaangażowania kapitałowego w spółkach zależnych, optymalizowane według kryteriów zarządzania wartością kapitału dla akcjonariuszy musi uwzględniać wiele uwarunkowań wynikających z zasad wyceny. Kluczowym problemem jest analiza konsekwencji wzrostu kapitału spółki zależnej w zakresie wartości godziwej jej kapitału prezentowanego w sprawozdawczości holdera. Za zasadne należy uznać rozróżnienie dwóch odmiennych sytuacji: dokapitalizowania bez wzrostu wartości kapitału własnego ogółem (a więc poprzez przejęcie udziałów/akcji innych partnerów) lub dokapitalizowania poprzez emisję nowych akcji/udziałów. W pierwszym przypadku najistotniejsze są konsekwencje, które mogą pojawić się w zakresie konfiguracji sieci i jej zdolności do kreowania wartości dodanej. W drugim z wymienionych przypadków za kluczowe uznaje się wypośrodkowanie korzyści między poprawą oceny ryzyka związanego z dokapitalizowaną spółką a maksymalizacją efektów zastosowania dźwigni finansowej.
Koszty wymiaru i poboru podatku rolnego na przykładzie gmin wiejskich województwa opolskiego
Authors: Gruziel Kinga
Published: January 2018

W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących kosztów procesu fiskalnego podatku rolnego na przykładzie gmin wiejskich położonych w województwie opolskim. Do określenia kosztów procesu fiskalnego wykorzystano kategorie kosztów wymiaru i poboru podatku rolnego oraz ich relacje do wpływów z tytułu podatku rolnego. W gminie nr 1 stwierdzono około 3-krotnie wyższe dochody z tytułu podatku rolnego niż w gminie nr 2. Wynagrodzenia tytułem uczestniczenia w procesie fiskalnym w gminie nr 1 było niższe o od 4 do 35% niż w gminie nr 2. Pozyskanie 1 zł podatku rolnego w gminie nr 1 wymagało wydatków na poziomie 3–7 groszy, a w gminie nr 2 około 50–80 groszy. Czynnikami kształtującymi efektywność procesu fiskalnego można uznać wynagrodzenia i koszty około płacowe tytułem uczestniczenia w procesie wymiaru i poboru podatku rolnego, wielkość dochodów tytułem podatku rolnego oraz korzystanie z ulg i zwolnień.
Analiza ekonomiczna uprawy sorgo ziarnowego w zależności od technologii zbioru
Authors: Sowiński Józef , Kuta Łukasz
Published: January 2018

W latach 2010–2012 przeprowadzono badania mające na celu ekonomiczną analizę różnych sposobów zbioru sorga ziarnowego. Oszacowano całkowite nakłady pieniężne na uprawę sorga w powiązaniu z uzyskanym plonem i jego wartością. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników sporządzono kalkulację opłacalności jego uprawy w warunkach Polski. Opracowanie statystyczne uwzględniające analizę kosztów zastosowanych metod zbioru wraz z kosztami dosuszania wskazało na nawożenie jako jeden z głównych nakładów w strukturze kosztów. Szczegółowa analiza ekonomiczna wykazała, że sorgo jest konkurencyjną rośliną wobec kukurydzy. Prawidłowa interpretacja wyniku finansowego wpłynie na proces planowania i uprawy sorga w warunkach konkretnego gospodarstwa rolnego.
Does Fair Value Accounting Provide More Useful Financial Statements than Current GAAP for Banks?
Authors: McInnis John M. , Yu Yong , Yust Christopher G.
Published: January 2018

Standard setters contend that fair value accounting yields the most relevant measurement for financial instruments. We examine this claim by comparing the value relevance of banks' financial statements under fair value accounting with that under current GAAP, which is largely based on historical costs. We find that the combined value relevance of book value of equity and income under fair value is less than that under GAAP. We also find that fair value income is less value-relevant than GAAP income because of the inclusion of transitory unrealized gains and losses in fair value income. More surprisingly, we find that book value of equity under fair value is not more value-relevant than under GAAP, due both to divergence between exit value and value-in-use and to measurement error in fair value estimates. Overall, our results suggest that financial statements under fair value accounting provide less relevant information for bank valuation than financial statements under current GAAP.
Multinational Tax Incentives and Offshored U.S. Jobs
Authors: Williams Braden M.
Published: January 2018

This paper examines if, when, and to what extent multinational tax incentives incrementally explain where firms move offshored U.S. jobs. Using jobs data from a Department of Labor program called Trade Adjustment Assistance, I find a significant association between tax incentives and both the likelihood that a foreign country hosts offshored U.S. jobs and the number of U.S. jobs it hosts. This association is stronger when managers have discretion to coordinate cross-border transactions internally and when they do not face political costs imposed by labor unions. Following instances of offshoring, I find some evidence that offshoring firms have lower effective tax rates, but these reductions are concentrated within larger layoffs in which jobs are sent to low-tax countries. These findings are relevant to understanding the real effects and welfare consequences of incentives created by current U.S. tax policy.

JEL Classifications: F23; H26; J63; L14.
Long-Term Impact of Economic Conditions on Auditors' Judgment
Authors: He Xianjie , Kothari S. P. , Xiao Tusheng , Zuo Luo
Published: January 2018

We find that economic conditions at the time an auditor enters the labor market have a long-term impact on her judgment and decision making. Specifically, engagement partners who started their career during economic downturns issue audit adjustments more frequently. For the subsample of company-years with no audit adjustments, downturn auditors are more likely to issue a modified audit opinion. In addition, companies audited by downturn auditors are less likely to violate financial reporting and disclosure regulations. Together, our findings suggest that the early career stage is a critical formative period for auditors.

JEL Classifications: J24; M42.
Magnitude and Pattern of Placebo Response in Clinical Trials of Oral Antihyperglycemic Agents: Data From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1999–2015
Authors: Khan Arif , Fahl Mar Kaysee , Schilling Joshua , Brown Walter A.
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the magnitude of placebo response and treatment response patterns in clinical trials of investigational oral antihyperglycemics over time.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We examined the U.S. Food and Drug Administration medical and statistical reviews for 19 oral antihyperglycemic agents (23,438 patients, 50 trials, and 96 treatment arms) approved between 1999 and 2015. Placebo and medication treatment response (HbA1c reduction) and effect sizes were examined over time (year of approval). Exclusively placebo-controlled and augmented/adjunctive placebo-controlled trials were analyzed separately, and differences were compared. Potential effects of trial and patient characteristics were explored.

RESULTS

In more recent trials, augmented placebo-controlled arms reduced HbA1c by 0.2% on average and more frequently lowered HbA1c from baseline compared with exclusively placebo-controlled arms (63 vs. 18%; χ2 = 9.93; P = 0.002). In exclusively placebo-controlled trials, placebo response increased significantly over time (β = 0.035; R2 = 0.31; P = 0.0013), reaching ∼0% average change in HbA1c, whereas drug response also increased significantly (β = 0.017; R2 = 0.076; P = 0.0498). In augmented placebo-controlled trials, placebo response (β = 0.33; R2 = 0.407; P < 0.001) showed the same pattern, whereas the growth in drug response was not significant (R2 = 0.031; P = 0.207). Placebo response in both groups increased by 0.5% HbA1c reduction over time, whereas effect sizes remained stable with high success rates (100%; 96 out of 96). Drug response and effect size were not significantly predicted by patient or trial characteristics, but follow-up analysis suggested an inverse relationship of placebo baseline HbA1c with placebo response.

CONCLUSIONS

Remarkably, placebo-treated patients with diabetes commonly experienced reduction in HbA1c, more markedly in augmented compared with exclusively placebo-controlled treatment arms. Placebo response increased significantly over time without impacting efficacy outcomes. Nonpharmacologic effects measured in the placebo response appear stronger when used with active medication than when implemented in isolation and may be related to the level of HbA1c at baseline.
POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS PARA ATENDIMENTO À DIVERSIDADE NA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR NA AMÉRICA LATINA: o caso brasileiro
Authors: Melo Jose Wilson Rodrigues de
Published: January 2018

A América Latina é considerada a “Pátria da diversidade”. No contexto da mundialização as perspectivas para incentivar o local estão sendo delineadas em meio a paradoxos e contradições. O objetivo do artigo que foi o de destacar a atenção à diversidade no ensino superior público federal brasileiro com vista às políticas de acesso e permanência dos estudantes. O problema estudado verificou o alcance das políticas públicas educacionais para atender a diversidade no ensino superior. Para dar conta da problemática foi recortada uma análise da efetivação do direito à educação superior em contraste com as ações do poder público. A metodologia utilizada procurou levantar artigos em “motores de busca” da internet. Foram utilizadas a base de dados ERIC, o “google scholar”, o Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, o Scielo Brasil. Por último foi consultada a biblioteca do autor. Assim, foi obtido um resultado geral de 60 textos. Tendo o foco temático a partir dos descritores da pesquisa foi descartada uma gama considerável dos textos. Ao final, ficou observado um avanço nas políticas educacionais para atender à diversidade no ensino superior público federal brasileiro nos últimos anos. Entretanto, exclusões do diferente permanecem. Isto devido ao alcance limitado das políticas de acesso e permanência no ensino superior. Assim, a educação perde parte do seu papel na democratização da sociedade. A complexidade da relação da educação com as culturas, a sociedade e o Estado segue diante da resistência a processos globalizantes como mecanismos de exclusão e desrespeito à dignidade humana.
Estudo de Caso da comunidade afrodescendente do município de Piracanjuba / Goiás - Brasil: Capitalismo, globalização e tradições culturais.
Authors: Perdomo Villamil Iván Mauricio
Published: January 2018

Resumo O principal objetivo desta proposta é desenvolver um processo de pesquisa com famílias Afrodescendentes do município de Piracanjuba / Goiás - Brasil, focando a análise sobre os impactos das políticas neoliberais associadas com o avanço da globalização em relação às práticas culturais da comunidade no atual contexto de permanente, urbanização, industrialização e  tecnologização da sociedade. Entende-se que as configurações das realidades do mundo a partir da globalização, e os elementos e transformações geradas a partir deste fenômeno enfrenta as comunidades afrodescendentes a dificuldades e desafios das diversas ordens (política, econômica, social, cultural, ambiental, etc.). Esta proposta coloca-se na perspectiva de Investigação-Ação- Participativa (I.A.P.), porque além de sua flexibilidade e variedade técnica e metodológica, envolve a comunidade a participar ativamente no exercício de pesquisa, permitindo  assim contribuir para o reforço do tecido social e empoderamento político, enfatizando na importância de preservar, valorizar e reconhecer a cultura Afrodescendente na região, diante os interesses econômicos e políticos do grande capital.
Introduction
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter begins by providing the reader with a background to the historiography of Egyptian mathematics and the problems and possible approaches in the historiography of ancient mathematics (technical aspects vs. contextual, sociological, and cultural aspects), as well as indicates the specific difficulties inherent in Egyptian sources. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to sketch the development of Egyptian mathematics from the invention of number notation, which occurred at approximately the same time as the invention of writing, until the Greco-Roman Periods using a variety of available sources, thereby also describing the context and cultural setting of Egyptian mathematics throughout pharaonic history. In order to achieve this, archaeological sources, administrative texts, autobiographies, and various literary texts will be used.
Uses of Numbers and Their Contexts in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Times
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews evidence on the use of the ancient Egyptian number system. There have been only three types of signs used in writing a number: a vertical stroke, a horizontal stroke, and a rope. Of these, the vertical stroke and the rope have successors in the later evidence of Egyptian number notations in the writing of units and hundreds, respectively. Early evidence for the use of number notation originates mostly from funerary or temple contexts. The usage of numbers in a funerary context can be described as administrative and may serve as a mirror for the usage of numbers in daily life at this time. Apart from the administration of goods, in which numbers and quantities have an inherent place, numbers also obtain a secondary, ritual meaning, which is shown by objects like the Narmer macehead and Narmer palette, but also by the offering lists. The writing of numbers is used to indicate the presence of something and to specify its quantities.
Summary
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes key discussions in chapters 1 to 3. Writing was developed in Egypt at the end of the fourth millennium BCE. Therefore, it is not surprising to find representations of numbers among the earliest evidence of written material from Egypt. The evidence from the tomb U-j reflects the administrative function of script and numbers, which by then had been taken over into the funerary context (in form of the “administration,” i.e., the recording of grave goods). The number system was fully developed even before the First Dynasty. It used a set of seven distinct hieroglyphic signs to represent powers of 10 in a decimal, nonpositional number system. The evidence presented indicates the close connection between literacy and numeracy, which will resurface again at later times in the history of Egyptian mathematics.
Summary
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes key discussions in chapters 5 to 7. During the Old Kingdom, experts during served their king in his task of ensuring that life on Earth followed the rules of Maat—the cosmological order of the gods. The experts handled a variety of tasks, among which mathematics must have played an important part. Skillful handling of numbers and numerical data was required to administer the available resources and carry out the large-scale building projects, expeditions, and other tasks for the king. These activities have left indirect sources of information about mathematics during the Old Kingdom. Various documents attest the development of metrological systems, indispensable prerequisites to control resources. Their handling is also depicted in scenes in tombs of these experts and must have constituted an area of professional pride.
Mathematical Texts (I): The Mathematical Training of Scribes
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses mathematical texts that originated from the Middle Kingdom. While this may well be caused by the vagaries of preservation, it might be that it reflects the actual situation, that is, that mathematical texts of the kind that we have from the Middle Kingdom did not exist in earlier periods. With the reestablishment of central power by the king in the Middle Kingdom also came about a complete new organization of the administrative apparatus that was designed to be much less independent than it had been at the end of the Old Kingdom. And this may well have entailed the organization of teaching mathematics to the future scribes in a centrally organized style, with prescribed problems and their solutions. The chapter considers extant hieratic mathematical texts, mathematical procedure texts, and types of mathematical problems.
Mathematics in Literature
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

In addition to the accounts, evidence for the significance of mathematics for scribal culture also comes from some literary texts, most notably, the Late Egyptian Miscellanies. The Miscellanies are a group of various texts, including model letters, excerpts of literary compositions, praises of the scribal profession, eulogies, and hymns to a teacher and others. During the Ramesside Period, scribes copied them on a regular basis. Several of these texts refer explicitly to the profession of the scribe, its demands and rewards. The so-called Satire of the Trades, extant in several versions, compares the duties and privileges of a scribe with those of other professions (e.g. that of a farmer, a soldier, and others). This chapter illustrates direct or indirect references to mathematics within these sources. Topics covered include mathematical education, mathematics in the scribe's daily work, and mathematics in Papyrus Anastasi I.
Summary
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes key discussions in chapters 9 to 15. The New Kingdom offers a variety of sources that provide insights into the uses and roles of mathematics at that time. As in previous periods, mathematics and the scribes who practiced it expertly continue to play a vital role in the administration. In order to illustrate the type and style of available sources, extracts of Papyrus Harris I and the Wilbour Papyrus have been used, both of which are as interesting as they are complex in terms of their usage of mathematical techniques and concepts. However, apart from these two outstanding papyri, it is the large number of smaller accounts written on papyri and ostraca that clearly documents the ongoing significance of administrative mathematics during the New Kingdom.
Mathematical Texts (II): Tradition, Transmission, Development
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

The Greco-Roman Period is the second time in Egyptian history for which a significant corpus of mathematical texts happens to be extant. They are written in the Egyptian script and language of that time, that is, demotic, and are, therefore, commonly known as “demotic mathematical texts.” This chapter presents an overview of the extant sources and some questions that can be raised—as our knowledge of the Egyptian culture during that period is still growing rapidly at the moment. It also outlines some significant changes in Egyptian mathematics that happened in the nearly 1500 years are between the hieratic and demotic mathematical texts and considers selected examples of demotic mathematical problems.
Quantal Response Equilibrium
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This book presents a stochastic theory of games that unites probabilistic choice models developed in psychology and statistics with the Nash equilibrium approach of classical game theory. Nash equilibrium assumes precise and perfect decision making in games, but human behavior is inherently stochastic and people realize that the behavior of others is not perfectly predictable. In contrast, quantal response equilibrium models choice behavior as probabilistic and extends classical game theory into a more realistic and useful framework with broad applications for economics, political science, management, and other social sciences. This book spans the range from basic theoretical foundations to examples of how the principles yield useful predictions and insights in strategic settings, including voting, bargaining, auctions, public goods provision, and more. The approach provides a natural framework for estimating the effects of behavioral factors like altruism, reciprocity, risk aversion, judgment fallacies, and impatience. New theoretical results push the frontiers of models that include heterogeneity, learning, and well-specified behavioral modifications of rational choice and rational expectations. The empirical relevance of the theory is enhanced by discussion of data from controlled laboratory experiments, along with a detailed users' guide for estimation techniques. The book makes pioneering game-theoretic methods and interdisciplinary applications available to a wide audience.
Epilogue: Some Thoughts about Future Research
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins by underscoring the basic philosophy behind the quantal response equilibrium (QRE) framework. First, and perhaps foremost, is that QRE is an equilibrium theory. The second key aspect of the QRE framework is that it is stochastic, and does not rule out any action a priori. The third aspect of the QRE framework is the idea that choice probabilities are monotone in payoffs, but this is a restriction that is not imposed on the original general formulation of structural QRE. The chapter then speculates on the direction of QRE research in the next two decades. The discussion is organized in three sections: “Theory,” “Applications,” and “Methodology.”Each section briefly describes a few examples of areas that offer interesting opportunities for future research in the QRE framework, or bringing QRE analysis to bear on specific problems of interest to social scientists and game theorists.
A Restored Church
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

When Mormons today tell the story of their church’s origins, they usually begin where Joseph Smith began in his 1839 version of his history, which is excerpted and canonized in Mormon scripture, that is, with an account of what Mormons now refer to as his “first vision” (...
Materialization
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter moves back in time through a reading of extant retrospective (post hoc) sources to reconstruct how Smith and his family might have materialized ancient golden plates if we presuppose that (a) there were no actual ancient golden plates, and (b) the ancient plates were real for Smith in some nondelusional sense. Explanations of the gold plates down to the present tend to presuppose an either/or choice: ancient golden plates either existed or they did not. If they existed, then Smith was who he claimed to be. If they did not and Smith knew it, then he must have consciously deceived his followers in order to convince them that they existed. Alternatively, if Smith believed there were plates when in fact there were not, then he was deluded.
Beginnings
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter turns to a close reading and comparison of the origin narratives that Smith and others recounted in the 1830s in the wake of the publication of the Book of Mormon and the founding of the new church. By asking how and why Mormons got to the official story of their origins as expressed in Smith's 1839 history, it situates the question in relation to two fundamental transitions: (1) from producing new scripture to evangelizing based on it, and (2) from revelation-guided production of a sacred history that began in biblical times (the Book of Mormon) to human narration of the story of how and why the Lord was intervening in the nineteenth century to provide continuing access to revelation (church history).
Fellowship
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the growing distinction between Bill Wilson's personal spirituality and the generic spirituality of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) through a focus on the emergence of the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions. As a spiritual path, AA centers on the Twelve Steps as worked in the context of groups that maintain their unity through their embrace of the Twelve Traditions. Taken together the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions simultaneously position AA as a fellowship that is compatible—but not aligned—with either “organized religion” or “organized medicine” and grounds the recovery of the individual and the unity of the organization in the spiritual principle of anonymity.
A Course in Miracles
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

Helen Schucman, like Joseph Smith and Bill Wilson, had a strikingly unusual experience—her “subway experience,” as she called it—that she, like they, connected with the eventual emergence of an ability to connect with a realm beyond the everyday on a regular basis. In Schucman’s case, she linked her subway experience with the later emergence of an internal Voice that she attributed to Jesus and the “scribing” of ...
Emergence
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

Helen Schucman, like Joseph Smith and Bill Wilson, had an unusual experience—her “subway experience,” as she called it—that she connected with the eventual emergence of an ability to connect with a realm beyond the everyday on a regular basis. In Schucman's case, she linked her subway experience with the later emergence of an internal Voice that she attributed to Jesus and the “scribing” of A Course in Miracles. This chapter analyzes the emergence of the Voice. Schucman and her key collaborators—William Thetford, Kenneth Wapnick, and Judith Skutch—coalesced around the claim that the text she “scribed” at the behest of the “inner Voice” had revelatory import, illuminating a new spiritual path and leading in time to a radical revisioning of traditional Christianity.
Roles
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how roles shifted, as first Kenneth Wapnick and then Judith Skutch were integrated into the Course's inner circle. It argues that Bill, Ken, and Judy saw all the sides of Helen—her “ordinary self” and higher God-identified self—but connected to them in different ways. Bill and Helen's relationship was painfully complex and enmeshed. Ken's and Judy's relationships with Helen, while still complicated, were less complex and much less volatile. All four of them were deeply committed to the Course and to the Voice-led process of inner direction. When Helen and Bill were focused on the Course, their relationship was at its most harmonious, and differences in perspective between the foursome were relatively subtle.
Norm and Form
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the political uses of “democracy” in relation to two diametrically opposed notions that symbolize two equally opposed states of affairs. One is the settled structure of politics and governmental authority typically called a constitution, and the other is the unsettling political movement typically called revolution. Constitution signifies the suppression of revolution, while revolution signifies the destruction of constitution. The two notions, though opposed, are connected by democracy. The English revolution of 1688, the American one of 1776, and the French of 1789 are generally considered major milestones on the road to modern democracy. The first two have long been interpreted as culminating in constitutional settlements that, in effect, justified and fulfilled the prior revolutions. In contrast, the French continue to look back on their revolutionary past with far more ambivalence than either the British or Americans.
Hobbes and the Culture of Despotism
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that Hobbes's was the first modern philosopher in whom a despotic mentality was at work. He perpetuated Bacon's political reading of science, and he fully appreciated the political structure implicit in Bacon's conception of scientific knowledge. Bacon's credo “knowledge is power” was transcribed to read “knowledge is for the sake of power” (scientia propter potentiam). Hobbes's despotic mentality is revealed in the several departments of his theory, not just in his political writings: in his thinking about human nature, physical nature, knowledge, scientific inquiry, and thinking itself. He fashioned images of man and mind as subjects fit for despotic rule: the one for the rule or rules of a sovereign lawgiver, the other for the rules of method decreed by a sovereign science.
Hannah Arendt and the Ordinance of Time
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the theoretical ideas of Hannah Arendt. The corruptibility of politics was a constant theme in Arendt's thought and it served as the basis for a vision of politics that was radical and critical. Her radicalism had nothing to do with current ideologies. It was instead the classic radicalism that can be found in any of the great political theorists from Plato to Marx. The distinctive mark of the radicalism of the theoros is the claim that what most men most of the time take to be politics is not politics at all. The radical thrust of her claim lay in its denial that problems of distributive justice or socioeconomic equality are the main objects of political action, the essential stuff of politics, or the test of the quality of political institutions and political leaders.
The New Public Philosophy
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the Reagan presidency and the dilemma faced by powerful groups that controlled American politics. The dilemma is that the program for change rested upon a public philosophy different from, even antithetical to, the one on which Reagan campaigned. Within a few short months, the new administration initiated a far-reaching program of spending cuts, tax changes, deregulation, and reduced social services that completely turned on its head the campaign rhetoric quoted earlier. “Problems of flesh and blood” were sacrificed to “abstract economic theory,” causing “pain” and destroying “the moral fiber” of real people.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's central themes. This book brings together a selection of essays written by the author over the last decade. Some explore the ways in which prominent thinkers tackled the legitimacy of conquest and imperial rule, while others dissect themes that pervaded imperial discourse or address theoretical and historiographical puzzles about liberalism and empire. The bulk of the volume focuses on the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, the so-called “age of empire.” During that period the empire assumed a newfound significance in political argument, looming large over debates on a plethora of issues from social policy to geopolitical strategy and beyond. However, the book also explores earlier currents of political thinking, and traces some of the echoes of nineteenth-century ideologies across the twentieth century and into the present.
The Dream Machine
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter opens with a discussion of the mutable vocabulary of empire and liberalism, before analyzing some of the most important recent scholarship on the subject. It argues that two main weaknesses run through scholarly commentary on liberalism and empire: a tendency to overlook the significance of settler colonialism and an over-reliance on canonical interpretations of liberalism. Settler colonialism played a crucial role in nineteenth-century imperial thought, and liberalism in particular, yet it has largely been ignored in the burst of writing about the intellectual foundations of the Victorian empire. Utilizing canonical interpretations of liberalism, meanwhile, has generated some skewed claims about the historical connections between liberal political thought and empire.
Imagined Spaces
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how fin de siècle imperialist intellectuals challenged some of the existing spatial categories used to map world politics, and in particular how they sought to erode the distinction between the “domestic” and the “foreign.” It focuses on two related issues: the imagined globalization of domestic politics and the emergence of ideas about a nascent planetary public. In the minds of many imperialists, the boundaries between the domestic and the foreign were fluid and changeable, and they developed an account of the “domestic”—or Innenpolitik—as a space that stretched across the face of the earth, encompassing the vast settler colonies. This was often characterized in terms of a global British nation-state—a political-cultural whole, bound by a strong sense of identity and belonging—and it implied a novel conception of a “translocal” public sphere.
The Project for a New Anglo Century
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter sketches a synoptic intellectual history of the attempt to unify the constituent elements of the “Anglo-world” into a single globe-spanning community, and to harness its purported world-historical potential as an agent of order and justice. Since the late nineteenth century numerous commentators have preached the benefits of unity, though they have often disagreed on the institutional form it should assume. These are projects for the creation of a new Anglo century. The first two sections of the chapter explore overlapping elements of the fin de siècle Anglo-world discourse. The third section traces the echoes of debates over the future relationship between the empire and the United States through the twentieth century, discussing the interlacing articulation of imperial-commonwealth, Anglo-American, democratic unionist, and world federalist projects. The final section discusses contemporary accounts of Anglo-world supremacy.
Republican Imperialism
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter first utilizes John Stuart Mill's writings to sketch the basic features of the “liberal civilizational” position. It outlines, in broad terms, the republican alternative. The complex relationship between empire and liberty has been a prominent theme in European political thought for over two millennia. For many writers, the two were intimately linked: liberty at home was compatible with (or even required) empire abroad—although empire itself, if understood and enacted improperly, could pose a threat to that very liberty. Such concerns also permeated Victorian public debate. The remainder of the chapter interprets the political thought of the eminent Victorian historian and public moralist J. A. Froude (1818–94) in republican terms.
Alter Orbis
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the thought of historian E. A. Freeman. It starts by dissecting some of Freeman's arguments about time, space, and politics. It then analyzes his views on racial kinship and empire, focusing initially on his critique of the idea of imperial federation, one of the most prominent political debates of the 1880s and 1890s, before moving to his alternative conceptualization of global order. Freeman argued that dismantling the British settler empire was both a matter of justice and a precondition for establishing the proper sense of racial “brotherhood” necessary to realize the higher purpose of the English-speaking peoples. The manifest destiny of the race was thus premised on recognition of the deep unity of Britain and the United States.
Democracy and Empire
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes two renowned “new liberal” thinkers, J. A. Hobson and L. T. Hobhouse. It first highlights how they figured themselves within narratives charting the evolution of liberal thought and practice, allowing them simultaneously to pay homage to their predecessors while carving out a space for the new liberal project. It then discusses their writings about the settler colonies in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Their accounts of colonialism undermine neat distinctions between “domestic,” “international,” and “imperial” politics and political theory. For Hobson and Hobhouse, as well as for many of their contemporaries, the colonies exhibited characteristics of all three: constitutive elements of the empire, they were nevertheless semi-autonomous states purportedly composed of people of the same nationality and race as the inhabitants of the United Kingdom.
Skills and Capital Over Time and Across Countries
Authors: Caselli Francesco
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines whether the trends in skill bias observed in the United States are common to other economies and extends the time series analysis to include capital. It first estimates, for each country, the skill bias from data on the relative supply of skills and the relative wages of skilled workers before constructing labor supply in units of equivalent unskilled workers. Finally, it calculates the augmentation coefficients using data on overall labor and capital shares. The results show that skill-biased technical change is a remarkably global phenomenon and that every country registers a positive trend in the relative efficiency of skilled labor. When the elasticity of substitution between two inputs is less than 1, technology choice shifts toward the input that becomes more scarce.
Introduction
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter outlines the central themes and methodologies underpinning this book. It discusses the factors for slow black economic progress in the North following the Great Black Migration. Despite the promise of the North and despite optimistic predictions, black migration to industrial cities did not lead to economic parity with whites either for the migrants themselves or for their children during the mid-twentieth century. This chapter introduces a new element to the story by pointing out that that the persistent influx of black migrants to northern labor and housing markets had created competition for existing black residents in an economic setting already constrained by weakening labor demand and northern racism.
Black Migration from the South in Historical Context
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains that the mobility of black southerners began increasing in the birth cohorts born immediately after the Civil War. Many of these moves took place within the South. Despite plentiful industrial jobs in the “thousand furnaces” of northern cities at the turn of the twentieth century, the potential wage benefits of settling in the North was dampened by the absence of a migrant network that southern blacks could use to secure employment upon arrival. Large flows of northward migration awaited a period of abnormally high economic returns, which arose during World War I. Circa 1915, northern factories supplying the war effort experienced a surge in labor demand, coupled with a temporary freeze in European immigration, which encouraged northern employers to turn to other sources of labor.
Black Migration, White Flight
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents new causal evidence on the relationship between black arrivals to cities and white departures, a trend referred to as “white flight.” The simultaneity of black in-migration from the South and white relocation to the suburbs, both of which peaked from 1940 to 1970, suggests that the two population flows may be related. This chapter uses variation in the timing of black in-migration to the seventy largest cities in the North and West to distinguish white flight from other causes of suburbanization. It argues that while white suburbanization was primarily motivated by economic forces, including rising incomes, new highway construction, and the falling cost of credit in the decades after World War II, white departures from the city were also, in part, a reaction to black in-migration.