bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN RENAL FNCTION IN CATS FOLLOWING TREAMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM USING131I
Authors: Adamss Wwilliam H. , Daniel Gregory B. , Legendre Alfred M. , Gompf Rebecca E. , Ggove Cynthia A.
Published: May 2005

Changes in renal fnction of twenty‐two cats treated for hyperthyrodism using radioiodine were evaluated. Serum thyroxine (T4), serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine specificgravity were measured before treatment and 6 and 30 days after treatment. Twenty‐two cats had pretreatment and 21 cats had 6 day posttreatment measurement of glomercular filtration rate (GFR) using nuclear medicine imaging techniques. there were significant declines in serum T4at 6 days following treatment, but the changes in GFR, serum creatinine and BUN were not significant. At 30 days following treatment, there were significant increases in BUN and serum creatinine and further significant declines in serum T4. Nine cats were in renal failure prior to treatment and 13 cats were in renal failure 30 days following treatment. Renal failure was defined as BUN greater than 30 mg/dl and/or serum creatinine greater than 1.8 mg/dl with concurrent urine specific gravity less than 1.035. these 13 cats included eight of 9 cats in renal failure prior to treatment on 9 of these 13 cats indicated that all remained in renal failure. Based on receiver operating curve analysis of pretreatment glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in predicting posttreatment renal failure, a value of 2.25 ml/kg/min as a point of maximum sensitivity (100%) and spefificity (78%) was derived, Fifteen of 22 cats had pretratmentGFR measurements of less than 2.25 ml/kg/min. these 15 cats included all 9 cats in renal failure and 65 cats with normal renal clinicopathologic values prior to treatment. at 30 days following treatment, 13 of these 15 cats were in renal failure. The 2 cats not in renal failure had persistently increased serum T4values. seven of 22 cats had pretreatment GFR measurements greater than 225 ml/kg/min. None of these 7 cats was in renal failure at 30 days following treatment, all cats having normal BUN, serum creatinine, and urine specific gravity values. It was concluded that significant declines in renal function occur after treatment of hyperthyroidism and this decline is clinically important in cats with renal disease. Pretreatment measurement of GFR is valuable in detecting subclinical renal disease and in predicting which cats may have clinically important declines in renal function following treatment.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL FELINE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES
Authors: Losonsky John M. , Abbott Louise C. , Kuriashkin Igor V.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) images of the feline nasal cavity and paranasal were acquiredfrom noraml adult cats. Good resolutin and amatomic detail were obtained from the CT images using soft tissue formatting. A desciption of normal feline nasal cavity and paranasal sinus anatomy using CT is presented.
CORRELATION OF RADIOGRAPHIC, NECROPSY AND HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN 8 DOGS WITH ELBOW DYSPLASIA
Authors: Keller George G. , Kreeger John M. , Mann Fred A. , Lattimer Jimmy C.
Published: May 2005

Elbow dysplasia is osteoarthrosis/degenerative joint disease due to abnormal development of the elbow joint. The abnormaldevelopment is the result of specific inherited etiologies alone or in combination. This paper attempts to clarify the diagnosis of elbow dysplasia based on the presence of degenerative joint disease by correlating rediographic necropsy, necropsy, and histopathologic results using elbows from 8 German Shepherd dogs. All elbows had radiographic changes consistent with osteoarthrosis/degenerativejoint disease which were identified best on the flexedmedial‐lateral projection. Radiographically, a specific diagnosis was made inseven elbows; ununited anconeal process(6) and osteochondrosis (1). At necropsy these lesions were confirmed plus 14 elbows were identified that had fragmented medial coronoid process (6), abnormally shaped medial coronoid processes of fissures in the articualr cartilage of the medial coronoid process (8). additionally, histopathologically there was proliferative synovitis at the radial notch of the ulna and degenerative changes on the proximal, nonarticualr surface of the anconeal process at the site of insertion of the olecranon ligament and joint capsule.Therefore, for screening the elbow joint to identify elbow dysplasia, the recognition of osteoarthrosis/degenerative joint disease on an extreme flexed mediolateral rediograph appears to be sufficient.
DIAGNOSIS OF CEREBRAL VENTRICULOMEGALY IN NORMAL ADULT BEAGLES USING QUANTITATIVE MRI
Authors: Vullo Thomas , Korenman Eric , Manzo Rene P. , Gomez Daniel G. , Deck Michael D.F. , Cahill Patrick T.
Published: May 2005

The brain of 17 asymptomatic normal adult beagles was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Lateral ventricular size was quantified using computer algorithms. In beagles with large ventricles, contrast medium was introduced into the cerebellomedullary cistern to determine whether obstructive hydrocephalus was present. Total lateral ventricular volume ranged from 73mm3. to 11, 726 mm3. Based on Gd‐DTPA diffusion, the csf flow pattern was considered normal neural morphology was seen using electron microscopy. Results Suggest a high incidence of clinically asymptomatic vetriculomegaly in normal adult beagles.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF INTESTINAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN FIVECATS
Authors: Rivers Bill J. , Walter Patricia A. , Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Gary R.
Published: May 2005

Adenocarcinoma, follwed by lymphossarcoma, are the most common feline intedtinal neoplasms. Clinicopathological, survey radiographic, and ultrasonographic finding of five cats with intestinal adenocarcinoma are reported. An abdominal mass was palpable in all five cats, but the mass could be localized to bowel in only two cats. Radiographically an abdominal mass was detected in only one cat. Ultrasonographically there was a segmental intestinal mural mass in all five cats. The mass was characterized by circumferential bowel wall thickening with transmural loss of normal sonographic wall layers. In one cat, the circumferential symmetric hypoechoic bowel wall thickening was similar to that reported for segmental lymphoma. In the other four cats, the sonographic features of the thickened bowel wall varied, mixed echogenicity and asymmetric in 3 cats and mixed echogenicity and symmetric in one. The results og the present report suggest that sonographic observation of mixed echogenicity segmental intestinalall thickening in the cat represents adenocarcinoma rather than lymphosarcoma, although other infilytrative disease should be considered

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COLOR FLOW DOPPLER IMAGING AND DOPPLER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE BRAIN OF NEONATAL DOGS
Authors: Hudson Judith A. , Buxton Donald F. , Cox Nancy R. , Finn‐Bodner Susan T. , Simpson Stephen T. , Wright James C. , Wallace Shellie S. , Mitro Alexander
Published: May 2005

Doppler ultrasonography was performed on the cerebral arteries o f 19 neontal dogs.Vascular structures were identified using anatomic preparations of brains pre‐injected with a radiopaque silicone rubber product and cleared using a modified tissue clearing technique. Brain sections were subsequently radiographed of examined under a steromicroscope. Color flow Doppler imagin was used to facilitate positioning of the Doppler calipers for measurement of peak systolic velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, and resistance index. Blood flow velocities in the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries were lower when measured intransvere images than in sagittal images. The rostral cerebral arteries could be measured using either plane but values obtained from different locations or using different methods of measurement were statistically different. Blood flow velocities generally increased during the first month after birth. Arterial signals were diphasic with flow throughout diastole. Resistance indices most often were between 0.6 and 0.7 and did not exceed 0.86.
QUANTITATIVE99mTc‐PERTECHNETATE THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY IN NORMAL BEAGLES
Authors: Adams William H. , Daniel Gregory B. , Petersen Mark G. , Young Karen
Published: May 2005

This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (TS) rations of approximately i in normal dogs and to detemine thyroid uptak of99mTc‐pertechnetate (pertechnetate) measured as percent uptake of injected dose. These parameters were evaluated in 13 Beagle dogs over a 4 hour period. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) and median T/S ratios of 1.2 ± 0.3 and 1.1 were essentially the same at twenty minutes and 1 hour. T/S Values ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 at 20minutes and from 0.8 to 2.4 at 1 hour. T/S ratio values progressively declined over the subsequent time intervals with mean ± SD and median values of 0.6 ± 0.2 and 0.6, respectively, measured at 4 hour. The mean with a rang of 0.28% to 0.90%. The mean ± SD time interval from injection of pertechanetate to maximum uptake within the thyroid gland was 160 ± 55 minutes with a range 31–240 minutes. The data derived from this study of normal dogs may be useful in the evaluation of dogs with thyroidal diseases including hypthyroidism
CORRELATION BETWEEN THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND REMISSION/SURVIVAL DURATION IN 270 DOGS WITH LYMPHOSARCOMA
Authors: Starrak Gregory S. , Berry Clifford R. , Page Rodney L. , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study was undertaken wherein the medical records and thoracic radiographs of 270 dogs with lymphosarcoma were reviewed to determine the type and frequency of thoracic radiographic changes. Statistical evaluation of the relationship between radiographic, clinical and immunologic factors and the primary remission duration and survival times was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis. One hundred ninety‐two dogs (71 %) had some type of thoracic radiographicabnormality, including 80 dogs (29.6%) with pulmonary infiltrates and 164 dogs (64.4%) with thoracic lymphadenomegaly. Only T‐cell phenotype (p = 0.0056 for survival, p = 0.0045 for remission) and the presence of cranial mediastinal lymphadenomegaly (p = 0.0005 for survival, p = 0.0129 for remission) were identified as having a significant negative correlation to both primary remission and survival duration by multivariate analysis.
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF OTITIS MEDIA AND INTERNA IN PIGS
Authors: Harlizius Jürgen , Kluczniok Christoph , Bollwahn Wilhelm
Published: May 2005

Middle and inner ear infections have been reported as a clinical entity in swine, other animal species and humans. In pigs, the anatomical‐pathological and microbiological findings have been described. In this report, we describe radiographic findings in affected pigs. A total of 25 pigs with a head tilt and circling, as clinical signs of otitis media and interna, were examined. The majority were weaner‐pigs with dyspnea or rhinitis. In radiographs, there was an increased opacity of the bulla tympanica, often accompanied by marginal destruction or thickening of the bulla wall. The radiographic findings confirmed the clinical diagnosis in each affected pig, but there were 5 false positive interpretations.
SLOW RELEASE CISPLATIN COMBINED WITH RADIATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE NASAL TUMORS
Authors: Lana Susan E. , Dernell William S. , Larue Susan M. , Lafferty Mary J. , Douple Evan B. , Brekke John H. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

Thirteen dogs with malignant tumors of the nasal cavity were treated with a combination of slow release cisplatin and megavoltage radiation. Radiation was delivered on a Monday through Friday schedule using a 6 MV linear accelerator. The median total dose was 49.5 Gy (range 49.5‐56 Gy). Cisplatin was given using an open‐cell polylactic acid polymer, impregnated with the drug and implanted intramus‐cularly at a distant site, as a slow release delivery system (OPLAn‐Pt [THM Biomedical, Inc]). The median dose used was 60 mg/m2 (range 60–100 mg/m2). When combined with radiation, this delivery system caused no systemic drug toxicity, and a local tissue reaction was seen in only two dogs. Acute side effects to normal tissue from radiation were not enhanced, as measured by subjective assessment. When compared to a group of historical controls that received radiation without OPLA‐Pt, the dogs that received combined radiation and cisplatin had longer overall survival times, with a median of 580 days. The control group had a median survival of 325 days. Previously reported median survival times for comparable megavoltage radiation treatment range from 6 to 13 months. Some dogs in both groups also received adjubant chemotherapy but this did not influence survival time. By multivariate analysis, only the use of OPLA‐Pt was found to significantly influence survival, with a p value of p = 0.023. Mega‐voltage radiation and slow release cisplatin appears to be a well tolerated combination that may favorably affect survival of dogs with nasal tumors.
A REVIEW OF SONOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF ABDOMINAL BLOOD VESSELS AND JUXTAVASCULAR ORGANS
Authors: Spaulding Kathy A.
Published: May 2005

Abdominal vasculature can be evaluated non‐invasively using 2‐D ultrasound imaging and Doppler ultrasonography.5,6,12 The identification of abdominal vessels using ultrasound is based on knowledge of their normal location, appearance and relationship to specific organs. Because anatomic location of major abdominal vessels is fairly consistent, finding and following vessels is a useful aid when attempting to locate and evaluate juxta‐vascular organs. Sonographic vascular evaluation may be beneficial in providing information regarding central cardiovascular abnormalities, detection of abnormalities involving the vessel interrogated, or detection of abnormalities of the parenchymal bed that the vessel supplies,5–12 Knowledge of the location and appearance of the vessels is necessary for this information to be of diagnostic value.

In this paper, abdominal vessels in the dog are reviewed and a sonographic map of major abdominal vessels is described. This includes the sonographic appearance of the aorta, caudal vena cava, and portal vein, their major branches and their anatomic relationship with adjacent organs.

Identification of the medial iliac lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes, abdominal esophagus, duodenum, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal glands and liver lobes are assisted by recognizing specific vascular landmarks. The locations and appearances of pertinent organs as pertains to abdominal vasculature (caudal vena cava and aorta) are described.
EVALUATION OF THE VARIABLY OSSIFIED COLLATERAL CARTILAGES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX AND ADJACENT ANATOMIC STRUCTURES IN THE FINNHORSE WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: Ruohoniemi Mirja , Karkkainen Marjatta , Tervahartiala Pekka
Published: May 2005

Six Finnhorse cadaver forefeet were selected to represent radiographically different types and grades of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx. These cartilages and adjacent tissues were evaluated with computed tomography (CT) and high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In CT the internal structure of the cartilages was consistent, but in MRI some differences were noted. The shape of the collateral cartilages and their ligamentous attachments varied. The border between ossified and non‐ossified cartilage appeared distinct, with considerable variation in the extent of the ossified area in regard to the cross‐sectional area of the cartilage. Ossification originating from the palmar processes and extending in the proximaVpalmaroproximal direction, without separate centers of ossification, generally appeared smooth and inactive. Palmar ossification followed the irregular shape of the cartilage. Separate centers of ossification had a medullary cavity or were sclerotic. Presence ofamedullary cavity or sclerosis were also found at the base of the cartilages. The incomplete fusion lines between separate centres of ossification and the ossified base of the cartilage varied from congruent and inactive to reactive with marked sclerosis, flared margins and parachondral changes. Incomplete fusion may be clinically significant. Local conformational adaptations of the hoof were also documented with extensive ossification of the collateral cartilage.
THE EFFECT OF PATIENT POSITIONING ON MURAL FILLING DEFECTS DURING DOUBLE CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Léveillé Renéee , Collins Roxane L.
Published: May 2005

Different radiographic findings may be observed during double contrast cystography due to patient positioning affecting the distribution of positive and negative contrast media. A mass lesion was created in the urinary bladder of a canine cadaver to allow evaluation of the effect of patient positioning on the appearance of a mass during double contrast cystography. The mass appeared as a filling defect only on those views where positive contrast medium surrounded the mass. Otherwise, the mass appeared as a summation. Additionally, a patient is described illustrating the effect of patient positioning on detecting mural filling defects during double contrast cystography.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CAVERNOUS SINUS ENLARGEMENT IN A DOG WITH UNILATERAL EXOPHTHALMOS
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Ross Linda A. , Kleine Lawrence J.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) were performed on a dog with a two year history of unilateral exophthalmos occurring two years following head trauma. On CT images, an expansile enhancing mass was present along the right intracranial cavernous sinus and extended through the orbital fissure into the retrobulbar space. With MRI, the structure appeared as a signal void due to the presence of rapidly flowing blood. Gadolinium enhancement of the adjacent brain was not present. A vascular origin of the lesion was confirmed with MRA. Based on the CT and MRI findings, the enlarged cavernous sinus and associated ophthalmic plexus were believed to represent an arterialized aneurysm, most likely the result of traumatic arteriovenous fistulization. Treatment consisted of surgical enucleation. At the time of this report, 29 mouths later, the dog remains free of clinical signs.
RADIATION THERAPY AND SURGERY FOR FIBROSARCOMA IN 33 CATS
Authors: Cronin Kim , Page Rodney L. , Spodnick Gary , Dodge Richard , HARDIE Elizabeth N. , PRICE G. SYLVESTER , RUSLANDER David , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Thirty‐three cats with histologically confirmed fibrosarcomas were treated with radiation therapy followed by surgery. The median (95% confidence interval) disease free interval and overall survival were 398 (261,924) and 600 (lower limit 515) days, respectively. There were 19 treatment failures; 11 cats had only local recurrence, 4 cats developed metastatic disease, 3 cats had local recurrence followed by metastasis, and 1 cat developed simultaneous local and distant disease. Twelve cats are alive and discase free. Two cats died without evidence of treatment failure. The presence of tumor cells at the margin of resected tissue after radiation was the only variable which influenced treatment success. The median (95% confidence interval) disease free interval in 5 cats with tumor cells at the margin of the resected specimen was 112 (94,150) days versus 700 (lower limit 328) days for 26 cats with negative tumor margins, p<0.0001. We did not identify a relationship between tumor volume, number of prior tumor excisions, concomitant use of chemotherapy or various descriptors of the radiation therapy technique and disease free interval.
RADIATION THERAPY FOR INCOMPLETELY RESECTED CANINE MAST CELL TUMORS
Authors: Ladue Tracy , Price G. Sylvester , Dodge Richard , Page Rodney L. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The records of 56 dogs treated with megavoltage radiation for mast cell neoplasia were reviewed to determine the efficacy of this treatment modality. Total radiation dose ranged from 45 to 57 Gray (Gy), dose per fraction ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 Gy, and radiation treatment time ranged from 14–28 days. Median disease free interval (95% CI) was 32.7 (19–70) months. Median disease free interval for dogs older than 7.5 years was 15 (lower limit 7) months as compared to 62 (lower limit 20) for dogs younger than 7.5 years of age (p = 0.006). Median disease free interval for dogs with measurable disease was 12 (lower limit 5) months as compared to 54 (32–70) months for dogs with microscopic disease (p = 0.006). Radiation treatment time was also significantly related to disease free interval. Median disease free interval for dogs treated longer than 22 days was 12 (7–19) months as compared to greater than 50 (lower limit 20) months for dogs treated in 22 or fewer days (p < 0.001). This appeared to be due to more recurrences in dogs treated with 3‐per‐week fractionation and suggests that tumor proliferation in the interfraction interval may be important. Sex, tumor location, histologic grade, WHO clinical stage, number of radiation fractions, total radiation dose, and dose‐per‐fraction, as well as the following “yes/no” variables: steroids given, surgery prior to radiation, lymph nodes irradiated, and development of another mast cell tumor did not appear to influence median disease free interval or survival. Data presented herein support megavoltage radiation as an effective treatment for canine mast cell neoplasia, and suggest that disease free interval in dogs treated with daily fractions may be longer than that achieved with alternating day fractions.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE PROSTATE IN HEALTHY INTACT DOGS
Authors: Ruel Yannick , Barthez Paul Y. , Mailles Alexandra , Begon Dominique
Published: May 2005

Sagittal and transverse ultrasonographic images of the prostate gland were obtained in 100 healthy adult intact male dogs. Prostatic length, width, and height on transverse and sagittal images as well as the presence of prostatic cysts were determined. Linear regression and correlation analysis were performed between prostatic parameters (length, width, height on sagittal and transverse images, and estimated volume) and parameters related to body size (body weight, body height, left kidney length and aortic diameter) and age of the dogs. Significant positive correlations were found between all prostatic parameters and parameters related to body size and age. Maximum predicted values for prostatic parameters for a given body weight and age were determined based on the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the mean predicted values. Such values should represent a useful tool for ultrasonographic evaluation of the prostate in the dog. Prostatic cysts were found in 14% of the dogs.
DETECTION OF PORTAL BLOOD FLOW USING PER‐RECTAL99mTc‐PERTECHNETATE SCINTIGRAPHY IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: McEvoy Fintan J. , Hijfte Myra A. Forster‐van , White Robert N.
Published: May 2005

This study reports data obtained from per‐rectal99mTc‐pertechnetate portal scintigraphy in normal cats. It examines the effects of chemical restraint and the methods employed in defining regions of interest (ROIs) on the shunt index derived from this data. Six normal cats were used for the study; all six were chemically restrained for imaging using propofol and later four of them were manually restrained for comparison. Portal blood flow was studied and the mean shunt index was found to be 5.9%± 3.9 when ROIs were operator defined and 9.2%± 4.4 when ROIs were defined using an isocontour program. In cats that were restrained using propofol and operator defined ROIs, the mean value for the time between detection of radioactivity in the liver and in the heart was 14 ± 1 seconds.
BILATERAL PERINEPHRIC PSEUDOCYSTS AND POLYCYSTIC KIDNEYS IN A FERRET
Authors: Puerto David A. , Walker Lynn M. , Saunders H. Mark
Published: May 2005

A 3‐year‐old castrated male domestic ferret was evaluated for abdominal distention. Survey lateral and dorsoventral abdominal radiographs were made. There were two soft tissue radiopacities consistent with grossly enlarged kidneys displacing small bowel and colon cranially, ventrally and caudally. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed bilateral perinephric pseudocysts and polycystic kidneys. The perinephric pseudocysts were found to be dilated renal capsules on exploratory surgery and were drained. On follow up examinations, the pseudocysts were drained by ultrasound‐guided paracentesis. The perinephric cyst fluid was distinguished from urine by measuring creatinine concentration and plans were made to resect the renal capsules due to rapid re‐accumulation of pseudocyst fluid. The ferret's condition deteriorated and euthanasia was performed. Post‐mortem examination was declined by the owner. Perinephric pseudocysts are rare and this is the first published report in a ferret. Ultrasound examination is the most rapid, accurate and non‐invasive method for diagnosis of perinephric pseudocysts.
USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF A CEREBRAL ABSCESS IN A GOAT
Authors: Gerros Terry C. , Mattoon John S. , Snyder Stanley P.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐month‐old La Mancha doe was presented with a right head tilt and ventral strabismus while circling to the left. History and physical examination led to a tentative diagnosis of a cerebral abscess. Computed tomography revealed a large, complex mass with ring enhancement in the left cerebral hemisphere, supporting the diagnosis. Postmortem examination confirmed the cerebral abscess. Bacterial cultures yielded heavy growth ofActinomyces pyogenes.
URINARY BLADDER MURAL HEMORRHAGE ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC BLEEDING DISORDERS IN THREE DOGS
Authors: O'Brien Robert T. , Wood Emilia F
Published: May 2005

The sonographic appearance of three dogs with diffuse bladder wall thickening due to mural hemorrhage is described. Two dogs were diagnosed with immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia and the third dog with vitamin K antagonist toxicity. Urinary bladder wall thickening ranged from 5 to 12 mm on initial sonographic examination. In the two surviving dogs, the bladder wall returned to normal thickness. One dog, euthanatized for refractory hematuria, had submucosal hemorrhage in the urinary bladder at necropsy. Urinary wall thickening sonographically resolved at a rate of approximately 1 mm per day. Mural hemorrhage should be considered in patients with concurrent bleeding disorder and urinary bladder wall thickening.
IN VITROEVALUATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM CONCENTRATION AND DEPTH EFFECTS ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF SPECIFIC CANINE UROLITH MINERAL TYPES
Authors: Weichselbaum Ralgph C. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen CarlR. , Osborne CarlA. , Dunphy ElizabethD. , Bartges JosephW.
Published: May 2005

Nine pure mineral types of canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) identified in a chronologic sample from the Minnesota Urolith Center were compared to sequential dilutions of iodinated radiographic contrast mediumin vitro. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. The radiopacity of the uroliths was classified as radiolucent, isopaque, or radiopaque, as compared to the radiopacity of the contrast medium solutions in which they were placed, using 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm depths in petri dishes radiographed using a table‐top technique. A statistically significant relationship was found between the effective atomic number of the uroliths and the effective atomic number of the contrast medium solutions to which they were compared for the endpoints of isopacity, first luceney (in increasing iodine concentration sequence), and optimal visualization of internal architecture. In general, uroliths isopaque or radiolucent in contrast medium solutions weaker than 23.5 mgI2/ml are most likely ammonium acid urate or sodium acid urate. Uroliths isopaque or radiolucent in contrast medium solutions between 23.5 mgI2/ml and 44.4 mgI2/ml are probably magnesium ammonium phosphate, cystine, or silica. Uroliths that remained radiopaque in solutions stronger than 44.4 mgI2/ml, and particularly those radiopaque in contrast medium solutions stronger than 80 mgI2/ml, almost always contained calcium. This relative opacity assessment is proposed for use in double contrast cystography as an aid in differentiating urolith mineral types clinically to facilitate appropriate use of medical protocols to dissolve uroliths or to prevent their growth or recurrence.
URETERAL DIVERTICULA IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Jakovljevic Samuel , Alstine William G. Van , Adams Larry G.
Published: May 2005

We describe ureteral diverticula in two dogs and briefly review the related literature. The diagnosis of this condition is radiographic and based on the excretory urographic observation of multiple ureteral outpouchings. Pathologically, ureteral transitional cell hyperplasia and mucinous metaplasia result in submucosal proliferation of the urothelium and the formation of crypts and small cysts. Ureteral diverticulosis in humans is associated with an increased risk of urothelial malignancies, such as transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clinically, both dogs were older, small breed neutered females. Both had a history of chronic urinary obstruction. One dog died during surgery to remove an adrenal mass, and the other was euthanized at the owner's request because of an inoperable bladder neoplasm. Histopathologic diagnosis of ureteral lesions confirmed the radiographic diagnosis of ureteral diverticula in both dogs.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC TUNICA VASCULOSA LENTIS/PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Boroffka Susanne A.E.B. , Verbruggen Anne‐Marie J. , Boevé Michael H. , Stades Frans C.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography was performed on a Basset hound and a Doberman clinically suspected of persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis/persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. In both dogs, hyperechoic lenses with a triangular‐shaped echodense structure retrolentally were visible, and a very thin hyperechoic strand was seen penetrating the anechoic vitreous from this retrolental tissue to the area of the optic nerve. Using color Doppler imaging, blood flow was evident in parts of the retina in both dogs. With power Doppler imaging there was blood flow in the lens and hyperechoic strand of the Basset hound on the first examination; whereas, on re‐examination 5 months later, this was not found. Other abnormalities, such as retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, microphthalmia, and posterior neoplasia could be excluded.
EVALUATION OF RENAL HEMODYNAMICS IN AWAKE AND ISOFLURANE‐ANESTHETIZED CATS WITH PULSED‐WAVE DOPPLER AND QUANTITATIVE RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: Mitchell Sally K. , Toal Robert L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Rohrbach Barton W.
Published: May 2005

The feasibility and reproducibility of obtaining the pulsed‐wave Doppler measurements of resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were investigated in intrarenal arteries of normal, nonsedated cats, and cats anesthetized with isoflurane. In addition, relative renal function and relative renal blood flow were evaluated using quantitative renal scintigraphy. The percentage of injected dose uptake, time to peak activity, and two indices of renal blood flow (K/A ratio and flow index) obtained during the first pass of99mTc‐MAG3, were determined for both awake and anesthetized cats. Results indicate that measuring RI and PI in nonsedated cats is readily accomplished and that the results are reproducible within an animal. Mean RI and PI values in the awake cats were 0.55 and 0.8, respectively. Significant differences between the awake and anesthetized cats were found for all pulsed‐wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphic measurements evaluated.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SCINTIGRAPHIC UPTAKE AND PLASMA CLEARANCE OF99mTc‐DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTACETIC ACID (DTPA) FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN DOGS
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Hornof William J. , Cowgill Larry D. , Neal Larry A. , Mickel Paul
Published: May 2005

The scintigraphically measured percentage dose uptake of99mTc‐DTPA by the kidneys and the plasma clearance of99mTc‐DTPA have been reported to correlate well with inulin clearance. These two parameters were evaluated in seven dogs with known or suspected naturally occurring renal disease and compared to simultaneously measured renal inulin clearance. Correlation between inulin clearance and the99mTc‐DTPA plasma clearance was better (p=.0016) than the correlation between the percentage DTPA uptake by the kidney. It was concluded that measurement of99mTc‐DTPA plasma clearance is a more accurate method to estimate global glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than the percentage kidney uptake.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF CHOLESTERINIC GRANLOMAS IN THE CHOROID PLEXUS OF HORSES
Authors: Vink‐Nooteboom Mariette , Junker Karin , VAN DEN Ingh Ted S.G.A.M. , Dik Kees J.
Published: May 2005

Cholesterinic granulomas are tumor‐like masses in the choroid plexuses of horses. This report describes the computed tomographic findings in four horses with cholesterinic granulomas, including the clinical and the pathologic features. All four horses had bilateral cholesterinic granulomas in the lateral ventricles. Computed tomographic images clearly delineated the masses, the opacity of the granulomas, and the enhancement pattern after intravenous bolus injection of contrast medium; these factors varied considerably. Additional CT findings were symmetric or asymmetric widening of the lateral ventricles.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE PATIENT‐BASED MULTIMEDIA COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN VETERINARY ORTHOPEDIC RADIOLOGY
Authors: Kraft Susan L. , Hoskinson James J. , Mussman John M. , Michaels Wayne E. , McLaughlin Ronald , Gaughan Earl M. , Roush James K.
Published: May 2005

Three computerized multimedia programs on large and small animal veterinary orthopedic radiology were developed and implemented for the radiology curriculum as an alternative to traditional film‐based laboratory learning. Programs utilized “hot words” (colored text words that displayed an overlaid image label that highlighted lesions) and interactive quizzes which responded appropriately to selected answers. “Hot words” helped students develop confidence in accurate lesion detection and the interactive quizzes transformed learning from a passive to an active process. Multiple examples were provided for reinforcement and concepts were incorporated from other clinical disciplines for curriculum integration. Programs were written using a presentation software program, Toolbook® for DOS based platform, and contained radiographic images made by laser‐scanning digitization. Multiple students could simultaneously access the programs through a network server. These pilot programs were implemented successfully and computerized multimedia presentation proved to be well suited to teaching radiology. Development of the programs required attention to a number of hardware, software, time and cost factors.
QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR INDIRECT CT LYMPHOGRAPHY
Authors: Wisner Eerik R. , Seibert J. Anthony , Katzberg Richard W.
Published: May 2005

In this investigation, we applied quantitative CT methods to characterize contrast enhanced lymph nodes opacified using iodinated contrast media for indirect CT lymphography. lodinated nanoparticles were injected into the buccal submucosa and SQ into the metatarsus and metacarpus of four normal swine (1.0–4.0 ml/site, 76 mg I/ml). Attenuation (HU), volume (cm3), iodine concentration (mg I/cm3), total iodine uptake (mg I), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), and percent injected dose (%ID) were estimated in opacified inguinal, cervical and parotid/mandibular lymph nodes using manual image segmentation techniques on 24 hour post‐contrast CT images. Lymph node volumes estimated by multiple slice ROI analysis were compared with estimates obtained by post‐excisional weight measurements. HU and iodine concentration increased 5–20 fold in opacified nodes (p < 0.01) and CNR increased more than four‐fold (p < 0.001). %ID ranged between 3.5 and 11.9% and did not appear dose related. ROI estimated lymph node volumes approximated volumes calculated from weight measurements. (R2= 0.94, p < 0.0001). We conclude that interstitially injected iodinated nanoparticles increase attenuation and conspicuity of targeted nodes on CT images. Quantitative methods could play an important clinical role in more accurate metastasis detection.
USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO EVALUATE THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF ADULT LLAMAS
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Roberts Gregory , Snyder Jack R. , Yarbrough Tom , Harmon Faye
Published: May 2005

In the llama, signs of colic are obscure and may be exhibited as persistent sternal recumbency and anorexia even in the presence of a surgical lesion. Diagnostic methods for evaluation of abdominal disorders are limited. As a result, surgical intervention may be prolonged and increase the risk of mortality and postoperative complications. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of computed tomography to evaluate the llama intestinal tract. Eighteen hours prior to the computed tomography scan, six llamas were given barium sulfate (15%) via an orogastric tube. Following induction of general anesthesia, the llamas were positioned in sternal recumbency, and 10 mm contiguous slices were obtained from the diaphragm to the tuber ischiadicum. Structures that were consistently identified included the first, second, and third compartments (C1, 2, and 3), small intestine, spiral colon, and ascending colon. C1 was easily identified in the cranial aspect of the abdomen due to its large size relative to the other compartments and characteristic saccules. C2 was located cranial, ventral, and to the right of Cl, while C3 was visualized as a tubular structure to the right and ventral to C1 and C2, C3 was traced caudally until it turned dorsally and continued cranially to a dilated ampulla in the right cranial abdomen delineating the entrance to the small intestine. The spiral colon was identified consistently in the left ventral caudal abdomen. Structures that could not be conclusively identified included the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Computed tomography allowed a consistent evaluation of the major intestinal structures associated with colic in the llama. Thus, computed tomography is a potentially valuable noninvasive diagnostic tool to effectively evaluate the abdominal cavity and differentiate medical from surgical lesions in the llama.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE AND DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH OSSIFICATION OF THE COLLATERAL CARTILAGES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN FINNHORSE CADAVER FOREFEET
Authors: Ruohoniemi Mirja , Ryhänen Virpi , Tulamo Riitta‐Mari
Published: May 2005

Radiographic findings in the navicular bone and distal interphalangeal joint as well as the ossification status of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx were evaluated in 100 Finnhorse cadaver forefeet. The most common shapes of the proximal articular margin of the navicular bone were convex and straight. Remodeling of the navicular bone was common, especially on the lateral extremity. No bony fragments were identified at the distal flexor margin even though this area appeared irregular in several feet. Several large, rounded or lollipop‐shaped synovial invaginations were identified in only six feet. The thickness of the flexor cortex varied considerably, and the corticomedullary junction was uni‐ or bilaterally indistinct in nine feet. The shape of the sagittal ridge of the flexor cortex was commonly flat but varied. It appeared locally irregular or indistinct in 17 feet, but changes elsewhere along the flexor cortex were rare. Osteophytosis on the dorsal and palmar margins of the distal interphalangeal joint and entheseophytosis on the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx and on the extensor process of the distal phalanx were common. “Possibly significant” ossification of the collateral cartilages (high side‐bones or separate centers of ossification) was present in 36 feet; all grades of ossification in the proximal/ palmaroproximal direction as well as palmar ossification were seen. A statistically significant relationship was found between entheseophytosis on the proximal flexor margin of the navicular bone and “possibly significant” ossification. Osteophytosis on the palmarodistal margin of the middle phalanx was more common in feet with a relatively long distal phalanx, suggestive of palmar ossification. Radiographic changes in the navicular bone or in the distal interphalangeal joint did not otherwise appear to be associated with ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Finnhorses.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF DINOSAUR EGG SHELL INTEGRITY
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Greenberg William , Ayers M. Susie
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine whether computed tomography (CT) could be used to identify hatching holes in partially embedded dinosaur eggs. One Faveololithus and two Dendroolithus eggs were examined using a fourth generation CT scanner. The eggs were partially embedded in a fossilized sediment matrix, with the exposed portion of the shell appearing intact. In CT images of all three eggs, the shells appeared hyperdense relative to the matrix. Hatching holes were visible as large gaps in the embedded portion of the shell, with inwardly displaced shell fragments. It was concluded that CT is an effective technique for nondestructively assessing dinosaur egg shell integrity.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PROJECTIONS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF TARSAL DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE IN ICELANDIC HORSES
Authors: Eksell Per , Uhlhorn Henrik , Carlsten Johan
Published: May 2005

Radiographs from 196 tarsi in 98 Icelandic horses were evaluated to compare the accuracy of four different projections in detecting radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsus. The extent and localization of tarsal degenerative joint disease found in one projection when reading all four projections of the same tarsus together was compared with the combined findings from all four projections. The results of reading individual radiographic projections without knowledge of the other three projections was also evaluated. Degenerative joint disease was detected most frequently in the plantarolateral‐dorsomedial oblique (P1L‐DMO) projection. The location with the highest relative frequency of radiographic findings was the dorsolateral aspect of the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints respectively. Radiographic signs of active bone remodelling was detected in 30 (33%) and periarticular osteophytes in 51 (56%) of 91 tarsi with degenerative joint disease.
SONOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE STIFLE
Authors: Kramer Martin , Stengel Heike , Gerwing Martin , Schimke Ernst , Sheppard Claudia
Published: May 2005

When diagnosing disease of the stifle in dogs ultrasonography is a good addition to clinical and radiological examination. Radiology can evaluate the bony aspects of the joint and their relationship to each other. In contrast, sonography allows visualization of the soft tissue. For most evaluations the 7.5 MHz linear scanner is suited best. Normal stifles of 58 dogs of different breeds were evaluated using a standardized examination procedure. This procedure had been derived from that used in humans. The stifle is divided into several regions which are examined and evaluated. These are the suprapatellar, infrapatellar, lateral, caudal and medial region. One hundred twenty seven patients which had problems associated with the stifle joint were examined sonographically after a clinical and radiographic exam. Osteochondrosis dissecans, ruptured cranial cruciate ligament, meniscal damage, arthritis, tumor, post surgical conditions, injuries of the patella, patellar ligament or tibia1 tuberosity and luxating patella were examined sonographically and the findings recorded.
CANINE INTRACRANIAL EPIDERMOID CYST
Authors: Platt Simon R. , Graham John , Chrisman Cheryl L. , Adjiri‐Awere Alfred , Clemmons Roger M.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐year‐old intact male pitbull presented with a 2‐month history of progressive dysequilibrium. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was indicative of a central inflammatory or neoplastic disorder. A cerebellar cystic structure was identified on magnetic resonance imaging which was found to be an epidermoid cyst on histopathology.
HIP DYSPLASIA: A FELINE POPULATION STUDY
Authors: Keller G.G. , Reed A.L. , Lattimer J.C. , Corley E.A.
Published: May 2005

The study population consisted of cats presented to the University of Missouri‐Columbia Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 1, 1991 through December 31, 1995. Ventrodorsal radiographs including the pelvic region were evaluated for radiographic evidence of hip dysplasia. Each radiograph was evaluated independently by three board‐certified veterinary radiologists and a consensus normal of dysplastic evaluation was determined. There were 684 cats from 12 breeds. The data derived from this study indicate the frequency of feline hip dysplasia in this population to be about 6.6% (45/684) and that the incidence appears to be breed dependent. Also, the radiographic appearance of hip dysplasia in cats ins different than in dogs. A shallow acetabulum with remodeling and proliferation involving the cranio‐dorsal acetabular margin were the most common radiographic signs. Minimal remodeling of the femoral neck was seen.
PERCUTANEOUS ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED TRANS‐SPLENIC CATHETERIZATION OF THE PORTAL VEIN IN THE DOG
Authors: HERRGESELL Eric J. , Hornof William J. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a safe and reliable technique for percutaneous catheterization of the portal vein via a major splenic vein using ultrasound guidance. Three separate catheter systems were evaluated on five anesthetized dogs. At least five attempts at catheterization of the splenic vein and subsequently the portal vein were attempted on each animal. Following the procedure the dogs were necropsied to assess for intrasplenic and intraabdominal hemorrhage, A technique using an introducer system and a large catheter was not successful on seven attempts. A technique using an over the needle catheter was successful in gaining access to the splenic vein on two out of five attempts; however the catheter could not be advanced into the portal vein. A technique utilizing 19 or 17 gauge needles with 22 or 19 catheter through‐the‐needle‐catheters was successful in catheterization of the splenic vein and advancement to the portal vein on twelve of fifteen attempts. The smaller gauge needle and catheter system provided for easier access to the splenic vein and subsequent catheter manipulation facilitating access to the portal circulation.
RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST GASTROINTESTINAL STUDY OF THE NEONATAL LLAMA
Authors: Timm Karen I. , Watrous Barbara J. , Smith Bradford B.
Published: May 2005

This is a description of the radiographic appearance of the normal gastrointestinal tract of neonatal crias with survey and contrast radiography, including transit times for the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Radiographs of the abdomen of six healthy neonatal llama crias positioned in right lateral and dorsal recombency were obtained initially then at various intervals post barium administration. Portions of the gastrointestinal tract that could be identified included the stomach with first, second and third compartments, the duodenal ampulla, small intestine, proximal loop of the ascending colon, spiral colon and descending colon. Barium given by orogastric intubation rapidly entered all three compartments of the stomach and the proximal small intestine. Overall the transit time through the intestinal tract of the crias was longer than expected with no emptying of the ascending colon and beyond though studies were carried to 48–72 hours. Recommendations are made for frequency of radiographs.