bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shadowing managerial action instead of recording managerial text
Authors: Noordegraaf Mirko
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the value of shadowing managers, in relation to other methods for studying managerial work, such as interviews and surveys.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper reflects upon (empirical) studies of managers and managerial work, research and bodies of knowledge, and puts available insights into perspective.

Findings

– Shadowing managers enables researchers to cope with the paradoxical situation that arises when managerial work is studied. Managerial work must be understood in as unbiased a way as possible; managers themselves are unable to understand their own work and the texts they use to capture their work and behavior are either superficial or “manipulative.” At the same time, managerial work cannot be understood without (theoretical) bias; researchers need a priori assumptions when they study real-life work, especially about the institutional settings in which work streams are embedded. The paper concludes that “theoretical shadowing” is relevant.

Originality/value

– The paper brings together different bodies of knowledge that have evolved over time and shows that observing managers can never be done openly, despite remarks made by earlier students of managerial work.
Shadowing in/as work: ten recommendations for shadowing fieldwork practice
Authors: Gill Rebecca , Barbour Joshua , Dean Marleah
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for shadowing as a method of organizational study with a focus on the situated processes and practices of shadowing fieldwork.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper reflects on the shadowing experiences of three researchers – in a hospital emergency department, nuclear power plants, and entrepreneur workspaces – to generate recommendations by identifying and synthesizing solutions that emerged during the encounters with the challenges and opportunities in shadowing.

Findings

– Considering shadowing as an ongoing and emergent research process can be helpful to prepare for particular aspects of shadowing fieldwork. Shadowing presents research challenges that may emerge in the practice of fieldwork, including how to negotiate awkward conversations with participants, what to bring and wear, and how to take notes.

Practical implications

– Though the recommendations for shadowing are based on particular experiences and may not generalize to all shadowing engagements, they offer concrete, practical recommendations useful across experience levels. The recommendations should sensitize researchers to the intimate and situational character of shadowing, and offer strategies for coping with the distinctive requirements of shadowing.

Originality/value

– By looking across diverse experiences of shadowing, the paper generated guidelines that help to make sense of shadowing processes, manage uncertainty in the field, and build on the emerging work on shadowing. The ten recommendations provide insight into shadowing that are of particular value to graduate students, junior researchers, and those new to shadowing. Moreover, the experienced shadower may find value in the camaraderie of shared experience, the concrete ideas about another's experience of shadowing, and insight in recommendations that capture aspects of fieldwork that they are also exploring.
Assessing inter-organizational innovation performance through relational governance and dynamic capabilities in supply chains
Authors: Cheng Jao-Hong , Chen Mu-Chung , Huang Chung-Ming
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine the factors influencing innovation performance and implementation in inter-organizational relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

– A novel research model comprises five research hypotheses with four constructs, including information technology infrastructure flexibility, institutional orientation, dynamic capabilities and innovation performance. The hypotheses are tested on data collected from 260 of the top 1,000 Taiwanese manufacturing firms in 2011 listed byBusiness Weeklyin Taiwan, using structural equation modeling.

Findings

– The study provides insight into how supply chain members should reinforce their dynamic capabilities and relational and institutional view of relational governance so as to improve their value-based relationships and in turn enhance innovation performance.

Research limitations/implications

– The empirical study is conducted on supply chains, with data collected from Taiwan's manufacturing firms. With the research model developed, cross-industrial studies can be conducted to investigate whether differences exist in relation to the inter-relationship effects that affect inter-organizational innovation performance.

Practical implications

– The study provides useful insights into how supply chain members should reinforce their value-based relationships by focusing on activities that would enhance information technology infrastructure flexibility and institutional orientation, and improve activities that would reinforce the activities of dynamic capabilities, in order to achieve the competitive advantage of inter-organizational innovation performance.

Originality/value

– The novel research model developed may serve as a starting point for future theoretical and empirical research and measures for describing and modeling the role of value-based relationships from the relational and institutional view of relational governance and dynamic capabilities, which is not dealt with in previous studies.
Joint operational decision-making in collaborative transportation networks: the role of IT
Authors: Buijs Paul , (“Hans”) Wortmann J.C.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– This paper addresses horizontal supply chain collaboration among autonomous freight carriers in the less-than-truckload industry. The main purpose of the paper is to identify and explain the challenges with joint operational decision-making in this context and investigate the precise role of information technology (IT) therein.

Design/methodology/approach

– Empirical evidence is gathered by means of exploratory and explanatory case research, with multiple cases at the planning departments of European freight carriers operating in collaborative transportation networks.

Findings

– Collaborating carriers face fundamental challenges in joint operational planning and control of collaborative transportation, despite the broad availability of state-of-the-art IT. These operational supply chain challenges can be explained by technological differences of the available IT applications, which hinder integration.

Research limitations/implications

– Any expectations with regard to state-of-the-art XML or EDI-based IT integration for improved joint operational decision-making in collaborative transportation networks should be considered with care. In particular, the authors' research findings may encourage practitioners to consider new planning and control procedures and develop dedicated IT applications for collaborating freight carriers.

Originality/value

– The paper highlights the importance of horizontal supply chain collaboration for small and medium-sized freight carriers in the less-than-truckload industry and conceptualises how collaborative transportation networks are organised. Furthermore, an IT typology is introduced to explain the challenges with joint operational decision-making.
Statistical analysis of stencil technology for wafer-level bumping
Authors: W. Kay Robert , Cummins Gerard , Krebs Thomas , Lathrop Richard , Abraham Eitan , Desmulliez Marc
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– Wafer-level stencil printing of a type-6 Pb-free SAC solder paste was statistically evaluated at 200 and 150 μm pitch using three different stencil manufacturing technologies: laser cutting, DC electroforming and micro-engineered electroforming. This investigation looks at stencil differences in printability, pitch resolution, maximum achievable bump height, print co-planarity, paste release efficiency, and cleaning frequency. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper, the authors present a statistical evaluation of the impact of stencil technology on type-6 tin-silver-copper paste printing. The authors concentrate on performances at 200 and 150 μm pitch of full array patterns. Key evaluated criteria include achievable reflowed bump heights, deposit co-planarity, paste release efficiency, and frequency of stencil cleaning. Box plots were used to graphically view print performance over a range of aperture sizes for the three stencil types.

Findings

– Fabrication technologies significantly affect print performance where the micro-engineered electroformed stencil produced the highest bump deposits and the lowest bump height deviation. Second in performance was the conventional electroformed, followed by the laser-cut stencil. Comparisons between the first and fifth consecutive print demonstrated no need for stencil cleaning in the case for the micro-engineered stencil for all but the smallest spacings between apertures. High paste transfer efficiencies, i.e. above 85 per cent, were achieved with the micro-engineered stencil using low aperture area ratios of 0.5.

Originality/value

– Stencil technology influences the maximum reflowed solder bump heights achievable, and bump co-planarity. To date, no statistical analysis comparing the impact of stencil technology for wafer-level bumping has been carried out for pitches of 200 μm and below. This paper gives new insight into how stencil technology impacts the print performance for fine pitch stencil printing. The volume of data collected for this investigation enabled detailed insight into the limitations of the printing process and as a result for suitable design guidelines to be developed. The finding also shows that the accepted industry guidelines on stencil design developed by the surface mount industry can be broken if the correct stencil technology is selected, thereby increasing the potential application areas of stencil printing.
Zn diffusion and reflow behaviour of Sn-9Zn and Sn-8.5Zn-0.5Ag-0.01Al-0.1Ga solders on a Ni/Cu substrate under IR reflow
Authors: Mittal J. , Lin K.L.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to compare the reflow and Zn diffusion behaviors in Sn-Zn and Sn-8.5Zn-0.5Ag-0.01Al-0.1Ga (5E) solders during soldering on a Ni/Cu substrate under infrared (IR) reflow. The study proposes a model on the effect of various elements particularly Zn diffusion behavior in the solders on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs).

Design/methodology/approach

– The melting activities of two solders near their melting points on copper substrates are visualized in an IR reflow furnace. Reflowed solder joints were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

Findings

– Reflow behaviors of the solders are similar. During melting, solder balls are first merged into each other and then reflow on the substrate from top to bottom. Both solders show a reduced amount of Zn in the solder. Theoretical calculations demonstrate a higher Zn diffusion in the 5E solder; however, the amount of Zn actually observed at the solder/substrate interface is lower than Sn-9Zn solder due to the formation of ZnAg3 in the solder. A thinner IMC layer is formed at the interface in the 5E solder than the Sn-Zn solder.

Research limitations/implications

– The present work compares the 5E solder only with Sn-Zn solder. Additional research work may be required to compare 5E solder with other solders like Sn-Ag, SnAgCu, etc. to further establish its practical applications.

Practical implications

– The study ascertains the advantages of 5E solder over Sn-Zn solder for all practical applications.

Originality/value

– The significance of this paper is the understanding of the relation between reflow behavior of solders and reactivity of different elements in the solder alloys and substrate to form various IMCs and their influence on the formation of IMC layer at solder/substrate interface. Emphasis is provided for the diffusion behavior of Zn during reflow and respective reaction mechanisms.
A trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a fig–fig wasp mutualism
Authors: Wang Bo , Geng Xiang‐Zong , Ma Li‐Bin , Cook James M. , Wang Rui‐Wu
Published: March 2014

A trophic cascade occurs when predators directly decrease the densities, or change the behaviour, of herbivores and thus indirectly increase plant productivity. The predator–herbivore–plant context is well known, but some predators attack species beneficial to plants (e.g. pollinators) and/or enemies of herbivores (e.g. parasites), and their role in the dynamics of mutualisms remains largely unexplored.

We surveyed the predatory ant species and studied predation by the dominant ant species, the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina, associated with the fig tree Ficus racemosa in southwest China. We then tested the effects of weaver ants on the oviposition behaviour of pollinating and non‐pollinating fig wasps in an ant‐exclusion experiment. The effects of weaver ants on fig wasp community structure and fig seed production were then compared between trees with and without O. smaragdina.

Oecophylla smaragdina captured more non‐pollinating wasps (Platyneura mayri) than pollinators as the insects arrived to lay eggs. When ants were excluded, more non‐pollinators laid eggs into figs and fewer pollinators entered figs. Furthermore, trees with O. smaragdina produced more pollinator offspring and fewer non‐pollinator offspring, shifting the community structure significantly. In addition, F. racemosa produced significantly more seeds on trees inhabited by weaver ants.

Oecophylla smaragdina predation reverses the dominance of the two commonest wasp species at the egg‐laying stage and favours the pollinators. This behavioural pattern is mirrored by wasp offspring production, with pollinators' offspring dominating figs produced by trees inhabited by weaver ants, and offspring of the non‐pollinator P. mayri most abundant in figs on trees inhabited by other ants.

Overall, our results suggest that predation by weaver ants limits the success of the non‐pollinating P. mayri and therefore indirectly benefits the mutualism by increasing the reproductive success of both the pollinators and the plant. Predation is thus a key functional factor that can shape the community structure of a pollinator‐plant mutualistic system.
Urban Governance and the ‘European City’: Ideals and Realities in Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Lawton Philip , Punch Michael
Published: March 2014

Throughout recent decades, a significant amount of attention has been given to the notion of the ‘European city’ within policy formation and academic enquiry. From one perspective, the ideal of the ‘European city’ is presented as a densely developed urban area with a focus on quality public transport and a more balanced social structure. More recently, however, the particular elements of the ‘European city’ associated with pedestrianized public space, urban design and image‐making strategies have become central features of entrepreneurial urban policies throughout Europe. This article undertakes an examination of the notion of the ‘European city’ in urban change in Dublin since the 1990s. Specifically, the article illustrates the degree to which a wholly positive spin on the urban design and image‐making elements of the ‘European city’ in Dublin has served as a thin veil for the desired transformation of Dublin according to neoliberal principles.
Modern Scientific Evidence Pertaining to Criminal Investigations in the Chosun Dynasty Era (1392–1897 A.C.E.) in Korea
Authors: Nam Yun Sik , Won Sung‐Ok , Lee Kang‐Bong
Published: March 2014

A guidebook detailing the process of forensic investigation was written in 1440 A.C.E. It outlines the fundamentals and details of each element of criminal investigation during the era of the Chosun dynasty in Korea. Because this old guidebook was written in terms of personal experience rather than on scientific basis, it includes many fallacies from the perspective of modern forensic science. However, the book describes methods to form a scientific basis for the experiments performed. We demonstrate the modern scientific basis for ancient methods to monitor trace amounts of blood and detect lethal arsenic poisoning from a postmortem examination as described in this old forensic guidebook. Traces of blood and arsenic poisoning were detected according to the respective color changes of brownish red, due to the reaction of ferric ions in blood with acetic ions of vinegar, and dark blue, due to the reaction of silver with arsenic sulfide.
Analysis of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds in Split and Nonsplit Swiss Cheese Samples Using Selected‐Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS)
Authors: Castada Hardy Z. , Wick Cheryl , Taylor Kaitlyn , Harper W. James
Published: March 2014

Splits/cracks are recurring product defects that negatively affect the Swiss cheese industry. Investigations to understand the biophysicochemical aspects of these defects, and thus determine preventive measures against their occurrence, are underway. In this study, selected‐ion, flow tube mass spectrometry was employed to determine the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles present in the headspace of split compared with nonsplit cheeses. Two sampling methodologies were employed: split compared with nonsplit cheese vat pair blocks; and comparison of blind, eye, and split segments within cheese blocks. The variability in VOC profiles was examined to evaluate the potential biochemical pathway chemistry differences within and between cheese samples. VOC profile inhomogeneity was most evident in cheeses between factories. Evaluation of biochemical pathways leading to the formation of key VOCs differentiating the split from the blind and eye segments within factories indicated release of additional carbon dioxide by‐product. These results suggest a factory‐dependent cause of split formation that could develop from varied fermentation pathways in the blind, eye, and split areas within a cheese block. The variability of VOC profiles within and between factories exhibit varied biochemical fermentation pathways that could conceivably be traced back in the making process to identify parameters responsible for split defect.
Sitagliptin reduces the urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetes through decreasing both blood pressure and estimated glomerular filtration rate 西格列汀通过降低2型糖尿病患者的血压以及估算的肾小球滤过率来减少尿白蛋白/肌酐的比值
Authors: Kawasaki Isao , Hiura Yoshikazu , Tamai Anna , Yoshida Yoko , Yakusiji Yosuke , Ikuno Yoshiko , Okada Megumi , Ueno Hiroki , Tanaka Nagaaki , Yamagami Keiko , Fukumoto Mariko , Hosoi Masayuki
Published: March 2014

Background

We investigated the change in the urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) to examine the effect of sitagliptin on diabetic nephropathy.

Methods

Sitagliptin at a dose of 50 mg was administered to 247 outpatients with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected on the patients' laboratory results (including the ACR), blood pressure, and body weight. Clinical data were compared before and after 3 months' administration of sitagliptin.

Results

The ACR changed from 150.0 ± 538.6 mg/gCre to 148.3 ± 764.6 mg/gCre over 3 months. In the patients with micro‐ and macro‐albuminuria, the ACR after 3 months significantly decreased compared with the baseline (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). The subjects whose ACR decreased experienced significantly larger decreases over the 3‐month period in blood pressure and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) than the other subjects. There was no significant correlation between change in ACR (ΔACR) and change in hemoglobin A1c (ΔHbA1c) during 3 months (r = 0.04, P = 0.59), but there was a significant correlation between change in ΔACR and change in systolic blood pressure (r = 0.16, P = 0.03). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors for ΔACR were change in systolic blood pressure (β = 0.21, P = 0.016) and change in eGFR (β = 0.20, P = 0.024) over 3 months (r = 0.35, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Sitagliptin reduces the ACR through decreasing both blood pressure and eGFR, with no correlation with a decrease in HbA1c over a 3‐month period. These results may reflect the direct action of sitagliptin on the kidneys.
Sustaining motivational interviewing: a meta‐analysis of training studies
Authors: Schwalbe Craig S. , Oh Hans Y. , Zweben Allen
Published: March 2014

Background and Aims

Previous research indicates that motivational interviewing (MI) skills decline over time among participants in training workshops when post‐workshop feedback and coaching are not provided. This study explored moderators of skill retention among trainees learning MI mainly for substance use disorder treatment in real‐world treatment settings, including workshop enhancements and type and dose of post‐workshop feedback and coaching.

Methods

A meta‐analysis of training studies was conducted with studies that reported MI skills using observational measures and that included trainees from real‐world agency settings. Standardized change scores were calculated to indicate the magnitude of pre–post training change in MI skills; standardized change scores from post‐training to 3 and 6+ months follow‐up were calculated to indicate the sustainability of training gains over time. Effect sizes were aggregated using random effects models.

Results

Twenty‐one papers that reported the effects of MI training on agency staff were included in this review. Across studies, training yielded gains in MI skills (d = 0.76). Studies that did not include feedback and/or coaching reported eroding skills over a 6‐month follow‐up (d = −0.30), whereas post‐workshop feedback/coaching sustained skills (d = 0.03). Effects of post‐workshop feedback/coaching were moderated by frequency, duration and length of training. Moreover, studies reporting low levels of attrition from training protocols showed small increases in skills over the 6‐month follow‐up period (d = 0.12), whereas studies with high attrition showed skill erosion (d = −0.29).

Conclusions

On average, three to four feedback/coaching sessions over a 6‐month period sustain skills among trainees for motivational interviewing, mainly for substance use disorder treatment. However, high rates of attrition from feedback/coaching contributes to post‐workshop skill erosion.
A New Method to Increase the Adsorption of Protein‐Bound Toxins in Artificial Liver Support Systems
Authors: Ding Weiping , Zou Lili , Sun Sijie , Li Weili , Gao Dayong
Published: March 2014

In this work, a new method, called the preconcentration method (PCM), is proposed to increase the adsorption of protein‐bound toxins onto adsorbents in artificial liver support systems. In the PCM, a concentrator is installed before the inlet of the adsorbent cartridge. This method is validated in an experiment using activated carbon to remove albumin‐bound bilirubin, and the mechanism of the increase in adsorption is theoretically explained with breakthrough curve and equilibrium adsorption analyses. Our results show that when this PCM is used, the mass transfer rate of bilirubin from solution to activated carbon is enhanced, the adsorbed bilirubin amount per unit mass of activated carbon is greatly increased, and more albumin‐bound bilirubin molecules are quickly removed from the albumin solution. When the concentration ratio (the ratio of the inlet flow rate to the outflow rate of the concentrator) is 2.59, the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon at 120 min is increased by approximately 36%. Only approximately 60 min is required for the bilirubin concentration to decrease from 19.3 to 13.0 mg/dL; however, without the PCM, nearly 180 min is needed. In addition, by adjusting the concentration ratio, the adsorption of albumin‐bound bilirubin onto activated carbon can be further increased.
Review of deprescribing processes and development of an evidence‐based, patient‐centred deprescribing process
Authors: Reeve Emily , Shakib Sepehr , Hendrix Ivanka , Roberts Michael S. , Wiese Michael D.
Published: March 2014

Inappropriate use of medication is widespread, especially in older people, and is associated with risks, including adverse drug reactions, hospitalization and increased mortality. Optimization of appropriate medication use to minimize these harms is an ongoing challenge in healthcare. The term ‘deprescribing’ has been used to describe the complex process that is required for safe and effective cessation of medication. Patients play an important role in their own health and, while they may complain about the number of medications they have to take, they may also be reluctant to cease a medication when given the opportunity to do so. A review of previously proposed deprescribing processes and relevant literature was used to develop the patient‐centred deprescribing process, which is a five‐step cycle that encompasses gaining a comprehensive medication history, identifying potentially inappropriate medications, determining whether the potentially inappropriate medication can be ceased, planning the withdrawal regimen (e.g. tapering where necessary) and provision of monitoring, support and documentation. This is the first deprescribing process developed using knowledge of the patients' views of medication cessation; it focuses on engaging patients throughout the process, with the aim of improving long‐term health outcomes. Despite a comprehensive review of the literature, there is still a lack in the evidence base on which to conduct deprescribing. The next step in broadening the evidence to support deprescribing will be to test the developed process to determine feasibility in the clinical setting.
Peripheral blood 8 colour flow cytometry monitoring of hairy cell leukaemia allows detection of high‐risk patients
Authors: Garnache Ottou Francine , Chandesris Marie‐Olivia , Lhermitte Ludovic , Callens Céline , Beldjord Kheira , Garrido Marlene , Bedin Anne‐Sophie , Brouzes Chantal , Villemant Sarah , Rubio Marie‐Thérèse , Belanger Coralie , Suarez Felipe , Deau Bénédicte , Lefrère François , Hermine Olivier , Asnafi Vahid , Varet Bruno , Macintyre Elizabeth
Published: March 2014

Although purine analogues have significantly improved the outcome of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) patients, 30–40% relapse, illustrating the need for minimal residual disease (MRD) markers that can aid personalized therapeutic management. Diagnostic samples from 34 HCL patients were used to design an 8‐colour flow cytometry (8‐FC) tube for blood MRD (B/RD) analysis (188 samples) which was compared to quantitative IGH polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) on 83 samples and to qualitative consensus IGH PCR clonality analysis on 165 samples. Despite heterogeneous HCL phenotypes at diagnosis, discrimination from normal B lymphocytes was possible in all cases using a single 8‐FC tube, with a robust sensitivity of detection of 10−4, comparable to Q‐PCR at this level, but preferable in terms of informativeness, simplicity and cost. B/RD assessment of 15 patients achieving haematological complete remission after purine analogues was predictive of a clinically significant relapse risk: with a median follow‐up of 95 months; only one of the nine patients with reproducible 8‐FC B/RD levels below 10−4 (B/RDneg) relapsed, compared to 5/6 in the B/RDpos group (P = 0·003). These data demonstrate the clinical interest of a robust 8‐FC HCL B/RD strategy that could become a surrogate biomarker for therapeutic stratification and new drug assessment, which should be evaluated prospectively.
Addition of lenalidomide to rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide (RICER) in first‐relapse/primary refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Feldman Tatyana , Mato Anthony R. , Chow Kar F. , Protomastro Ewelina A. , Yannotti Kara M. L. , Bhattacharyya Pritish , Yang Xiao , Donato Michele L. , Rowley Scott D. , Carini Carolanne , Valentinetti Marisa , Smith Judith , Gadaleta Gabriella , Bejot Coleen , Stives Susan , Timberg Mary , Kdiry Sabrina , Pecora Andrew L. , Beaven Anne W. , Goy Andre
Published: March 2014

Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with a poor prognosis. Outcomes are particularly poor following immunochemotherapy failure or relapse within 12 months of induction. We conducted a Phase I/II trial of lenalidomide plus RICE (rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) (RICER) as a salvage regimen for first‐relapse or primary refractory DLBCL. Dose‐escalated lenalidomide was combined with RICE every 14 d. After three cycles of RICER, patients with chemosensitive disease underwent stem cell collection and consolidation with BEAM [BCNU (carmustine), etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan] followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT). Patients who recovered from autoSCT toxicities within 90 d initiated maintenance treatment with lenalidomide 25 mg daily for 21 d every 28 d for 12 months. No dose‐limiting or unexpected toxicities occurred with lenalidomide 25 mg plus RICE. Grade 3/4 haematological toxicities resolved appropriately, and planned dose density and dose intensity of RICER were preserved. No lenalidomide or RICE dose reductions were required in any of the three cycles. After two cycles of RICER, nine of 15 patients (60%) achieved a complete response, and two achieved a partial response (13%). Combining lenalidomide with RICE is feasible, and results in promising response rates (particularly complete response rates) in high‐risk DLBCL patients.
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with t(6;9)(p23;q34) is associated with poor outcome in childhood AML regardless of FLT3‐ITD status: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Tarlock Katherine , Alonzo Todd A. , Moraleda Pilar P. , Gerbing Robert B. , Raimondi Susana C. , Hirsch Betsy A. , Ravindranath Yaddanapudi , Lange Beverly , Woods William G. , Gamis Alan S. , Meshinchi Soheil
Published: March 2014

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with t(6;9)(p23;q34) is a rare subtype associated with FLT3‐internal tandem duplication (ITD) and poor outcomes. The clinical outcomes of paediatric patients with t(6;9) with and without FLT3‐ITD treated on six consecutive cooperative trails were evaluated. In contrast to patients without t(6;9), those with t(6;9) had a significantly lower complete remission rate, higher relapse rate (RR), and poor overall survival (OS). Within t(6;9) patients, those with and without FLT3‐ITD had an OS of 40% and 27% respectively (P > 0·9), demonstrating that t(6;9) is a high‐risk cytogenetic feature in paediatric AML and its clinical impact is independent of the presence of FLT3‐ITD.
Compensation in intergroup relations: An investigation of its structural and strategic foundations
Authors: Cambon Laurent , Yzerbyt Vincent , Yakimova Sonya
Published: March 2014

Recent work in intergroup relations stresses the role of two fundamental dimensions, competence and warmth, which organize the perception of social groups. A pattern often encountered in people's ratings is one of compensation in that a group that is evaluated higher than another group on one of the two fundamental dimensions is also judged lower on the other fundamental dimension. Based on Social Identity Theory, the present work extends previous research on compensation by examining boundary conditions as well as underlying psychological processes. Two studies involving experimental and correlational evidence, minimal and real groups, and different kinds of conflict, reveal that compensation is more likely when the groups are in asymmetrical relation and share a cooperative view of the intergroup setting. Our data also suggest that, among members of low status groups, compensation is associated with social creativity. In contrast, and in line with the ‘noblesse oblige’ effect, members of the high status group would seem to rely on compensation as a means to appear non‐discriminatory.
The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25–17 ka BP
Authors: Vandenberghe Jef , French Hugh M. , Gorbunov Aldar , Marchenko Sergei , Velichko Andrey A. , Jin Huijun , Cui Zhijiu , Zhang Tingjun , Wan Xudong
Published: March 2014

This paper accompanies a map that shows the extent of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere between 25 and 17 thousand years ago. The map is based upon existing archival data, common throughout the Northern Hemisphere, that include ice‐wedge pseudomorphs, sand wedges and large cryoturbations. Where possible, a distinction is made between areas with continuous permafrost and areas where permafrost is either spatially discontinuous or sporadic. The associated mean annual palaeo‐temperatures that are inferred on the basis of present‐day analogues increase understanding of the possible changes in permafrost extent that might accompany current global warming trends. Areas with relict permafrost and areas that were formerly exposed due to lower sea level (submarine permafrost) are also mapped. Mapping is mostly limited to lowland regions (areas approximately <1000 m a.s.l.). Striking features that appear from the map are (i) the narrow permafrost zone in North America, which contrasts with the broader LPM permafrost zone in Eurasia (that may be related to different snow thickness or vegetation cover), (ii) the zonal extent of former LPM permafrost (that may reflect sea‐ice distribution), which contrasts with the present‐day pattern of permafrost extent (especially in Eurasia) and (iii) the relatively narrow zones of LPM discontinuous permafrost (that may indicate strong temperature gradients).
Late Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphy of the Kura Basin, a subbasin of the South Caspian Basin: implications for the diachroneity of stage boundaries
Authors: Forte Adam M. , Sumner Dawn Y. , Cowgill Eric , Stoica Marius , Murtuzayev Ibrahim , Kangarli Talat , Elashvili Mikheil , Godoladze Tea , Javakhishvili Zurab
Published: March 2014

Relative ages of late Cenozoic stratigraphy throughout the Caspian region are referenced to regional stages that are defined by changes in microfauna and associated extreme (>1000 m) variations in Caspian base level. However, the absolute ages of these stage boundaries may be significantly diachronous because many are based on the first occurrence of either transgressive or regressive facies, the temporal occurrence of which should depend on position within a basin. Here, we estimate the degree of diachroneity along the Akchagyl regional stage boundary within the Caspian basin system by presenting two late Miocene‐Pliocene aged measured sections, Sarica and Vashlovani, separated by 50 km and exposed within the Kura fold‐thrust belt in the interior of the Kura Basin. The Kura Basin is a western subbasin of the South Caspian Basin and the sections presented here are located >250 km from the modern Caspian coast. New U‐Pb detrital zircon ages from the Sarica section constrain the maximum depositional age for Productive Series strata, a lithostratigraphic package considered correlative with the 2–3 Myr‐long regional Eoakchagylian or Kimmerian stage that corresponds to a period of extremely low (>500 m below the modern level) Caspian base level. This new maximum depositional age from the Productive Series at Sarica of 2.5 ± 0.2 Ma indicates that the regionally extensive Akchagyl transgression, which ended the deposition of the Productive Series near the Caspian coast at 3.2 Ma, may have appeared a minimum of 0.5 Myr later in the northern interior of the Kura Basin than at the modern Caspian Sea coast. The results of this work have important implications for the tectonic and stratigraphic history of the region, suggesting that the initiation of the Plio‐Pleistocene Kura fold‐thrust belt may have not been as diachronous along strike as previously hypothesized. More generally, these results also provide a measure of the magnitude of diachroneity possible along sequence boundaries, particularly in isolated basins. Comparison of accumulation rates between units in the interior of the Kura subbasin and the South Caspian main basin suggest that extremely large variations in these rates within low‐stand deposits may be important in identifying the presence of subbasins in older stratigraphic packages.
Climate vs. tectonics: the competing roles of Late Oligocene warming and Alpine orogenesis in constructing alluvial megafan sequences in the North Alpine foreland basin
Authors: Schlunegger F. , Norton K. P.
Published: March 2014

Megafan conglomerates of foreland basins chronicle the combined effect of palaeoclimate conditions, tectonic processes and the flux and granulometric composition of the supplied sediment. However, the architecture of these deposits is seldom uniquely compatible with a single driving force. This problem is illustrated here with a field‐based analysis of the ca. 30–20 Ma‐old Napf deposits in the north Alpine foreland basin which are coeval with a substantial global warming of ca. 6°C during the Late Oligocene. The observed larger grain sizes and a change in fluvial style from wandering to braided could be explained climatically by a shift to drier conditions with sparse vegetation, but would have resulted in less than 400 m of additional accommodation space during the 1 Ma duration of change. Accordingly, a climate scenario alone is also not compatible with rapid sediment accumulation rates of >1000 m Ma−1 recorded at Napf, or with a lack of any remarkable shifts in the Froude number, which would be expected if water discharge patterns changed substantially. Alternatively, flexural downwarping in response to a tectonic pulse could account for the increase in grain size and the change in fluvial style from wandering (more distal facies) to braided (proximal equivalent). However, a third driving force is required to explain the contemporaneous backstepping of the distal gravel front and progradation of the proximal braided facies. We suggest that the erosional hinterland steepened in response to an inferred tectonic pulse, resulting in a more widespread exposure of lithologies with higher erosional resistance, as inferred from an increasing contribution of crystalline constituents in the clast suites. Such a change would result in a larger D50 and a higher clast size variability in the supplied sediment, which in turn would contribute to the observed change from wandering to braided and the related shift in depositional systems. This study highlights the importance of tectonic processes and the role of changing surface lithologies in the source area for explaining variations in megafan construction even in the light of substantial palaeoclimate shift.
Rapid grain size coarsening at sandstone/conglomerate transition: similar expression in Himalayan modern rivers and Pliocene molasse deposits
Authors: Dubille Matthieu , Lavé Jérôme
Published: March 2014

Radical grain size changes between two main units of a sedimentary megacycle in a foreland basin are commonly interpreted to result from changes in tectonic activity or climate in the adjacent mountain range. In central Nepal, the Cenozoic Siwalik molasse deposits exposed in the frontal Himalayan folds are characterized by such a radical grain size transition. Locally gravel deposits completely replace sands in vertical succession over approximately a hundred metres, the median grain size (D50) displaying a sharp increase by a factor of ca. 100. Such a rapid gravel‐sand transition (GST) is also observed in present‐day river channels about 8–20 km downstream from the outlet of the Siwalik Range. The passage from gravel‐bed channel reaches (proximal alluvial fans) to sand‐bed channel reaches (distal alluvial fans) occurs within a few kilometres on the Gangetic Plain in central Nepal, and the D50 ratio between the two types of channels equals ca. 100. We propose that the dramatic and remarkably similar increase in grain size observed in the Neogene Siwalik series and along modern rivers in the Gangetic foreland basin, results from a similar hydraulic process, i.e. a grain sorting process during the selective deposition of the sediment load. The sudden appearance of gravels in the upper Siwalik series would be related to the crossing of this sorting transition during progressive southward migration of the gravel front, in response to continuous Himalayan orogen construction. And as a consequence, the GST would be diachronous by nature. This study demonstrates that an abrupt change in grain size does not necessarily relate to a change in tectonic or climatic forcing, but can simply arise from internal adjustment of the piedmont rivers to the deposition and run out of coarse bedload. It illustrates, in addition, the genesis of quartz‐rich conglomerates in the Himalayan foreland through gravel selective deposition associated with differential weathering, abrasion processes and sediment recycling during thrust wedge advance and shortening of the foreland basin.
Age-associated Epstein–Barr virus-specific T cell responses in seropositive healthy adults
Authors: Cárdenas Sierra D , Vélez Colmenares G , Orfao de Matos A , Fiorentino Gómez S , Quijano Gómez S M
Published: March 2014

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is present in 95% of the world's adult population. The immune response participates in immune vigilance and persistent infection control, and this condition is maintained by both a good quality (functionality) and quantity of specific T cells throughout life. In the present study, we evaluated EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocyte responses in seropositive healthy individuals younger and older than 50 years of age. The assessment comprised the frequency, phenotype, functionality and clonotypic distribution of T lymphocytes. We found that in both age groups a similar EBV-specific T cell response was found, with overlapping numbers of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α+ T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) within the memory and effector cell compartments, in addition to monofunctional and multi-functional T cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 and/or interferon (IFN)-γ. However, individuals aged more than 50 years showed significantly higher frequencies of IL-2-producing CD4+T lymphocytes in association with greater production of soluble IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 than subjects younger than 50 years. A polyclonal T cell receptor (TCR)-variable beta region (Vβ) repertoire exists in both age groups under basal conditions and in response to EBV; the major TCR families found in TNF-α+/CD4+T lymphocytes were Vβ1, Vβ2, Vβ17 and Vβ22 in both age groups, and the major TCR family in TNF-α+/CD8+T cells was Vβ13·1 for individuals younger than 50 years and Vβ9 for individuals aged more than 50 years. Our findings suggest that the EBV-specific T cell response (using a polyclonal stimulation model) is distributed throughout several T cell differentiation compartments in an age-independent manner and includes both monofunctional and multi-functional T lymphocytes.
Towards a conceptual model of youth leadership development
Authors: Redmond Susan , Dolan Pat
Published: March 2014

Youth leadership development is a growing area of research and practice in recent years. This paper will present a conceptual model highlighting the key components necessary in cultivating young leaders including skills development, environmental factors and commitment to action. In each of these categories, a number of aspects, supported by international literature known to be important in developing leaders, are presented. In the skills section, important factors include social and emotional intelligence, the ability to collaborate with others (including problem solving and conflict resolution), the ability to articulate a vision and finally the ability to gain insight or knowledge into the particular subject area. Environmental conditions include having authentic opportunities that enable young people to practise and hone their skills. In terms of action, both the ability to inspire and motivate followers through high expectations and role modelling pave the way to having a good team on which to build youth leadership. This, together with mastery as developed through the ability to persist and endeavour, is critical to any successful youth leader.
Predicting Extinction Risk of Brazilian Atlantic Forest Angiosperms
Authors: LEÃO TARCISO C. C. , FONSECA CARLOS R. , PERES CARLOS A. , TABARELLI MARCELO
Published: March 2014

Understanding how plant life history affects species vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances and environmental change is a major ecological challenge. We examined how vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size relate to extinction risk throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain. We used a database containing species‐level information of 6,929 angiosperms within 112 families and a molecular‐based working phylogeny. We used decision trees, standard regression, and phylogenetic regression to explore the relationships between species attributes and extinction risk. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in extinction risk. Vegetation type, growth form, and geographic range size were related to species extinction risk, but the effect of growth form was not evident after phylogeny was controlled for. Species restricted to either rocky outcrops or scrub vegetation on sandy coastal plains exhibited the highest extinction risk among vegetation types, a finding that supports the hypothesis that species adapted to resource‐limited environments are more vulnerable to extinction. Among growth forms, epiphytes were associated with the highest extinction risk in non‐phylogenetic regression models, followed by trees, whereas shrubs and climbers were associated with lower extinction risk. However, the higher extinction risk of epiphytes was not significant after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness. Our findings provide new indicators of extinction risk and insights into the mechanisms governing plant vulnerability to extinction in a highly diverse flora where human disturbances are both frequent and widespread.

Predicción del Riesgo de Extinción de Angiospermas del Bosque Atlántico Brasileño
A review of the solitary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Ally Mina S. , Robson Alistair
Published: March 2014

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL) account for almost 65‐92% of all cutaneous lymphomas, many of which usually present with multiple lesions. However, a number of well‐recognized and rare types of CTCL, including mycosis fungoides, can present in isolated fashion. These solitary lesions often run a relatively indolent clinical course but often pose diagnostic difficulties. We review histopathologically challenging solitary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas, including criteria for diagnosis, clinical course and prognosis, particularly for primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium pleomorphic lymphoma and indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of acral sites. In addition, we suggest an algorithm and nomenclature to aid in the diagnosis of such problematic lesions.