bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel peptide interferes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence and survival
Authors: Samuchiwal Sachin Kumar , Tousif Sultan , Singh Dhiraj Kumar , Kumar Arun , Ghosh Anamika , Bhalla Kuhulika , Prakash Prem , Kumar Sushil , Trivedi Ashish Chandra , Bhattacharyya Maitree , Das Gobardhan , Ranganathan Anand
Published: August 2014

Tuberculosis (TB) is a huge global burden, with new and resistant strains emerging at an alarming rate, necessitating an urgent need for a new class of drug candidates. Here, we report that SL3, a novel 33‐amino acid peptide, causes debilitating effects on mycobacterial morphology. Treatment with SL3 drastically inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro as well as in a pre‐clinical mouse model for M.tb infection. Microarray analysis of SL3‐expressing strain demonstrates wide‐scale transcriptional disruption in M.tb. We therefore believe that SL3 and similar peptides may herald a new approach towards discovering new molecules for TB therapy.
Waiting for Placement: Discharge from Hospital to Long-Term Care in Ontario
Authors: Meadus Jane E.
Published: August 2014

Great pressures are placed on hospitals to promptly discharge patients. This is especially true of patients deemed “alternate level of care,” often referred to pejoratively as “bed blockers.” To alleviate these pressures, hospitals enact policies, both formal and informal, to discharge alternate level of care patients who are awaiting placement into long-term care homes. In addition to being dangerous for some of the patients discharged, these discharge policies also leave the hospital, its employees, physicians, and Community Care Access Centres open to legal liability. In 2013, the Advocacy Centre for the Elderly received more than 300 individual requests for legal service in 2013 on behalf of patients, relating to conflict with hospital policies and the placement process. This article analyzes the legal requirements relating to discharge from hospital and admission to long-term care.
Developing an Alternative Chinese Version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Normal Population and Patients with Schizophrenia in Taiwan
Authors: Chiang Shih-Kuang , Hua Mau-Sun , Tam Wai-Cheong Carl , Chao Jian-Kang , Shiah Yung-Jong
Published: August 2014

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is a multidimensional individual-difference measure of empathy. The original IRI has been used in many studies to assess both normal and clinical samples. Because of its wide availability and convenience of use, the IRI has been translated into several languages. In Taiwan, the IRI was translated into traditional Chinese as a Chinese Version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (C-IRI) in 1987. Because the C-IRI was developed over 26 years ago and recent studies have shown some unsatisfactory psychometric properties on the C-IRI, there was a need to develop an alternative to the C-IRI and verify its psychometric properties again. In this study, we assessed the psychometric properties of an alternative C-IRI by administering it to 516 college students, 35 community residents and 70 schizophrenic patients, all of whom are adults. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure: Fantasy, Perspective Taking, Empathy and Personal Distress. Acceptable convergent and divergent validity supported the construct validity of the alternative C-IRI. Evidence was also found for its discriminant validity between patients with schizophrenia and normal controls on the Empathy subscale and Affective Empathy, while the full scale and its factors demonstrated good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. In the future, the alternative C-IRI should be validated with adolescent or elderly samples, and different clinical samples.
Applying a Darwinian model to the dynamic capabilities view: Insights and issues
Authors: Galvin Peter , Rice John , Liao Tung-Shan
Published: August 2014

The Darwinian logic of evolution occurring via the mechanisms of variation, selection and retention provides a possible theoretical framework from which to further develop the dynamic capabilities view. Presently, criticized for lacking a theoretical foundation and featuring a degree of confusion concerning how it aligns with the resource-based view, the dynamic capabilities view would benefit from greater clarity concerning its assumptions, theoretical base and the development of a series of testable predictions. We test elements of a potential Darwinian style framework through variation-focused hypotheses using panel data for 190 Australian service firms. Our results highlight the importance of market development as a basis for variation, however, the impact of dynamic capabilities upon a likely antecedent of selection was not clear and highlighted a nuanced relationship between capability development, market development and sales growth in an small-and-medium-sized enterprise environment. We conclude that applying a Darwinian lens to the dynamic capabilities view is challenging without longer time series data and additional measures, but such an approach remains theoretically attractive and further investigation may help clarify how we conceptualize the relationship between the dynamic capabilities view and resource-based view.
Subgroup centrality measures
Authors: BELL JOCELYN R.
Published: August 2014

In this paper we examine natural generalizations of four widely used centrality measures to subgroups of nodes in a network. This allows for a division into local and global influence. As an example, we analyze a classic network and discuss previously hidden features made visible by these new techniques. Network-wide measures and centralization formulae are derived.
MEASURING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: THE CASE OF NEW WHEAT VARIETIES IN TURKEY
Authors: MAZID AHMED , KESER MESUT , AMEGBETO KOFFI N. , MORGOUNOV ALEXEY , BAGCI AHMET , PEKER KENAN , AKIN MUSTAFA , KUCUKCONGAR MURAT , KAN MUSTAFA , SEMERCI ARIF , KARABAK SEVINC , ALTIKAT AHMET , YAKTUBAY SADIYE
Published: August 2014

This paper summarizes a study initiated by the Turkish General Directorate of Agricultural Research and ICARDA/CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program on the adoption of five new winter and spring wheat varieties developed and released by the Turkish national breeding program and through international collaboration in the past 10 years. The study results are based on a survey of 781 households selected randomly in the Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Edirne, and Konya provinces of Turkey. The five new wheat varieties are compared to old improved varieties released prior to 1995 that are also still grown by farmers. Technical and biological indicators of impacts including crop productivity are measured to determine the impact of these varieties. Yield stability is assessed by comparing average yields in normal, good and dry years and by comparing the coefficients of variation of yields by variety. Profitability is measured by the gross margin generated per unit of land. Household income from wheat and for all economic activities are estimated and compared between adopters and non-adopters. Adopters of the new varieties have higher per-capita income than non-adopters as compared to the same group using old varieties. However, the overall impact of the improved varieties is generally low, mainly due to their low adoption levels. Farmers’ knowledge and perception of certain variety characteristics and unavailability of adequate and timely seed are the main reasons. Increasing adoption has the potential to improve household income and this requires revising wheat impact pathway to achieve the expected impact.
The importance of the gestation period for welfare of lambs: maternal stressors and lamb vigour and wellbeing
Authors: ROOKE J. A. , ARNOTT G. , DWYER C. M. , RUTHERFORD K. M. D.
Published: August 2014

The prenatal period is of critical importance in defining how individuals respond to their environment throughout life. Stress experienced by pregnant females has been shown to have detrimental effects on offspring behaviour, health and productivity. The sheep has been used extensively as a model species to inform human studies. However, in the farmed environment, the consequences for the lamb of the imposition of prenatal stresses upon the ewe have received much less attention. The stressors that pregnant ewes are most frequently exposed to include sub-optimal nutrition and those related to housing, husbandry and environment which may be either acute or chronic. A systematic review of the literature was adopted to identify material which had production-relevant maternal stressors and lamb outcomes. The current review focussed upon the lamb up to weaning around the age of 100 days and the results clearly demonstrate that stressors imposed upon the ewe have implications for offspring welfare and performance. Maternal under-nutrition (UN) in the last third of pregnancy consistently impaired lamb birth-weight and subsequent vigour and performance, while earlier UN had a variable effect on performance. Feeding the ewe above requirements did not have positive effects on lamb performance and welfare. Social and husbandry stressors such as transport, shearing, mixing and physiological treatments designed to mimic acute stress which would be considered disadvantageous for the ewe had positive or neutral effects for the lamb, highlighting a potential conflict between the welfare of the ewe and her lamb. This review also identified considerable gaps in knowledge, particularly in respect of the impact of disease upon the ewe during pregnancy and interactions between different stressors and the responses of ewe and lamb.
Tempest in a glass tube: A helical vortex formation in a complex plasma
Authors: Saitou Yoshifumi , Ishihara Osamu
Published: August 2014

A collective behavior of dust particles in a complex plasma with a magnetic field (up to 4 kG) is investigated. Dust particles form a dust disk which is rotating in a horizontal plane pushed by ions rotating with the E × B drift as a trigger force. The thickness of the disk is determined by controlling the experimental conditions. The disk rotates in a horizontal plane and forms a two-dimensional thin structure when the pressure pAr is relatively high. The dust particles are ejected from near the disk center and form a rotation in the vertical plane and, hence, forms a helical vortex when the disk is thick for relatively low pAr. The reason the dust disk has the different thickness is due to the neutral pressure. Under a higher (lower) neutral gas pressure, the disk becomes two (three) dimensional due to the influence of the neutral drag force.
Two new or misunderstood species related to Verrucaria praetermissa (Verrucariaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)
Authors: ORANGE Alan
Published: August 2014

The taxonomy of species related to Verrucaria praetermissa is investigated using morphological and molecular data. Verrucaria devensis is closely related to V. praetermissa but distinguished by the darker colour, the thinner and more uneven thallus, and the ITS sequence. This species is based on Leucocarpopsis devensis G. Salisb., which was originally described as the type species of a monotypic genus differing from Verrucaria by the absence of dark pigment. Verrucaria lapidicola is a new species from stones in non-aquatic situations; it is related to V. praetermissa and V. elaeina but differs in the very thin thallus and ITS sequence.
Melaspilea tucumana, a new gall-forming lichenicolous fungus from the tropical Andes in Bolivia
Authors: FLAKUS Adam , ETAYO Javier , KUKWA Martin
Published: August 2014

The new obligately lichenicolous fungus, Melaspilea tucumana Flakus, Etayo & Kukwa, inhabiting thalli of saxicolous Pertusaria s. lat. is described from Tucumano-Boliviano vegetation in Bolivia. The species is characterized by the gall formation and superficial, lirelliform to branched, aggregated apothecioid ascomata with widely exposed discs. The ascomata of M. tucumana are initially perithecioid and immersed in the host thallus, but become superficial and apothecioid when mature, and thus resemble the genus Buelliella. This may suggest the placement of the new species in Dothideomycetes.
Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of thePannariaceae(Peltigerales, Ascomycota)
Authors: EKMAN Stefan , WEDIN Mats , LINDBLOM Louise , JØRGENSEN Per M.
Published: August 2014

We estimated phylogeny in the lichen-forming ascomycete familyPannariaceae. We specifically modelled spatial (across-site) heterogeneity in nucleotide frequencies, as models not incorporating this heterogeneity were found to be inadequate for our data. Model adequacy was measured here as the ability of the model to reconstruct nucleotide diversity per site in the original sequence data. A potential non-orthologue in the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) ofDegelia plumbeawas observed. We propose a revised generic classification for thePannariaceae, accepting 30 genera, based on our phylogeny, previously published phylogenies, as well as available morphological and chemical data. Four genera are established as new:Austroparmeliella(for the ‘Parmeliella’laceratagroup), Nebularia(for the ‘Parmeliella’incrassatagroup),Nevesia(for ‘Fuscopannaria’sampaiana), andPectenia(for the ‘Degelia’plumbeagroup). Two genera are reduced to synonymy,Moelleropsis(included inFuscopannaria) andSantessoniella(non-monophyletic; type included inPsoroma).Lepidocollema, described as monotypic, is expanded to include 23 species, most of which have been treated in the ‘Parmeliella’marianagroup.HomotheciumandLeightoniella, previously treated in theCollemataceae, are here referred to thePannariaceae. We propose 41 new species-level combinations in the newly described and re-circumscribed genera mentioned above, as well as inLeciophysmaandPsoroma.
Three newArthoniaceaefrom Chapada do Araripe, Ceará, NE Brazil
Authors: ALVES Marilia Muryel Estevam , APTROOT André , LACERDA Sírleis Rodrigues , CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva
Published: August 2014

Three new corticolousArthoniaceaeare described from the Chapada do Araripe, an isolated table mountain in the state of Ceará, in NE Brazil.Arthonia stipitata, lichenicolous on unidentified sorediate crusts, with red, tiny, stipitate apothecia, 3-septate ascospores, 10–12×3·0–3·5 µm.Stirtonia lucidawith rather small ascigerous areas, lichexanthone and zeorin in the thallus, globose asci, ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, 17–19×8–10 µm, with occasionally some longitudinal septa.Stirtonia ochraceawith rather small ochraceous ascigerous areas, thallus without secondary metabolites, ascospores 8 per ascus, (7–)9(–11)-septate, 47–55×14–20 µm. These species were found during a study aiming at an inventory of the lichen biodiversity of the Cerrado forests in the area, and were not found during earlier ecological studies in the Caatinga forests in the same area.Stirtonia lucidais the first species assigned to this genus which occasionally has some longitudinal septa in the ascospores. Such specimens might be confused withCryptotheciaspecies.
Determination of some population parameters of the veined rapa
whelk (Rapana venosa) in the Central Black
Sea
Authors: Sağlam Naciye Erdoğan , Sağlam Cemil , Sağlam Yeşim Demir
Published: August 2014

The veined rapa whelk is one of the most important invasive species in the
Black Sea ecosystem since the 1940s. Following its introduction to the Black
Sea, it destroyed most of the bivalve populations, mainly the Mediterranean
mussel and oysters. However, the veined rapa whelk has commercial importance
for the Black Sea fisheries as an alternative product. In this study, we
aimed to determine some population parameters of the veined rapa whelk based
on indirect ageing through length–frequency data by using the Bhattacharya
method. We collected 1704 specimens by dredging along the coasts of Samsun
Province in the Central Black Sea in 2011 from June to November. The age of
the population varied from 0 to 6. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were
estimated as L∞ = 112.35 mm, k = 0.310, t0 = −0.486 and W∞ = 243.94 g. Mean length and weight, length–weight relationship,
mortality and exploitation rates were derived as
L = 56.80 ± 0.36 mm, W = 45.67 ± 0.89 g,
W = 0.0006 L2.719, Z = 0.96,
M = 0.57, F = 0.39 and
E = 0.40, respectively.
DEVELOPMENT OF COVERAGE WITH EVIDENCE DEVELOPMENT FOR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN SWITZERLAND FROM 1996 TO 2012
Authors: Brügger Urs , Ruckstuhl Andreas , Horisberger Bruno , Gratwohl Alois
Published: August 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess incidence, time frame, and outcome of “Coverage with Evidence Development” (CED) decisions in the Swiss Basic Health Insurance scheme.

Methods: Analysis of all controversial medical technologies submitted to review by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) from 1996 to 2012 with focus on decisions with constraints. Description of types of technology, type of initial decision, duration of evaluation period, final decision, and search for potential factors associated with changes over time.

Results: Forty-five (37.5 percent) of 120 controversial health technologies were classified as “yes, in evaluation, reimbursed” for a certain period of time and thirty-five (29.2 percent) as “no, in evaluation, not reimbursed” by the Federal Department of Home Affairs from 1996 to 2012. The rate of CED decisions ranged between zero and nine per year and was influenced by type of technology and calendar year. Forty-four of forty-five decisions were subject to further restrictions, to a “center or a specialist” (76 percent), “indications” (49 percent), “registry” (31 percent), or “other” (49 percent). The time to a final decision ranged from 1.5 to 11 years (median, 6 years). No factors associated with initial decision and final outcome could be identified.

Conclusions: CED as a reality in Switzerland might have enabled patients to obtain access to promising technologies early in their life cycle. CED might have acted as a trigger to a successful implementation of a comprehensive national registry. The lack of qualitative data stresses the urgent need for evaluation of the HTA decisions and their impact on patient outcome and costs.
TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSING OSTEOPOROSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES
Authors: Minniti Davide , Davini Ottavio , Gualano Maria Rosaria , Gianino Maria Michela
Published: August 2014

Objectives:The study question was whether dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) alone is more cost-effective for identifying postmenopausal women with osteoporosis than a two-step procedure with quantitative ultrasound sonography (QUS) plus DXA. To answer this question, a systematic review was performed.

Methods:Electronic databases (PubMed, INAHTA, Health Evidence Network, NIHR, the Health Technology Assessment program, the NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Research Papers in Economics, Web of Science, Scopus, and EconLit) were searched for cost-effectiveness publications. Two independent reviewers selected eligible publications based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Quality assessment of economic evaluations was undertaken using the Drummond checklist.

Results:Seven journal articles and four reports were reviewed. The cost per true positive case diagnosed by DXA was found to be higher than that for diagnosis by QUS+DXA in two articles. In one article it was found to be lower. In three studies, the results were not conclusive. These articles were characterized by the differences in the types of devices, parameters and thresholds on the QUS and DXA tests and the unit costs of the DXA and QUS tests as well as by variability in the sensitivity and specificity of the techniques and the prevalence of osteoporosis.

Conclusions:The publications reviewed did not provide clear-cut evidence for drawing conclusions about which screening test may be more cost-effective for identifying postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Frugivorous weevils are too rare to cause Janzen–Connell effects in New Guinea lowland rain forest
Authors: Ctvrtecka Richard , Sam Katerina , Brus Erik , Weiblen George D. , Novotny Vojtech
Published: August 2014

A community of frugivorous weevils was studied by quantitative rearing of 57 weevil species represented by 10485 individuals from 326 woody plant species in lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. Only fruits from 35% of plant species were attacked by weevils. On average, weevils were reared from only 1 in 33 fruits and 1 kg of fruit was attacked by 2.51 individuals. Weevil host specificity was relatively high: 42% of weevil species fed on a single plant genus, 19% on a single plant family and only 16% were reared from more than one family. However, monophagous specialists represented only 23% of all reared individuals. The average 1 kg of fruits was infested by 1.84 individuals of generalist weevils (feeding on allogeneric or allofamilial host species), 0.52 individual of specialists (feeding on a single or several congeneric species), and 0.15 individual of unknown host specificity. Large-seeded fruits with thin mesocarp tended to host specialist species whereas those with thick, fleshy mesocarp were often infested with both specialists and generalists. Weevils tended to avoid small-seeded, fleshy fruits. The low incidence of seed damage (3% of seeds) suggests that weevils are unlikely to play a major role in regulating plant populations via density-dependent mortality processes outlined by the Janzen–Connell hypothesis.
Association entre l’anxiété et le déclin cognitif chez les personnes âgées vivant dans la communauté
Authors: Hudon Carol , Bujold Andrée Anne , Potvin Olivier , Préville Michel , Voyer Philippe , Landreville Philippe , Grenier Sébastien
Published: August 2014

The present study was conducted to determine whether anxiety among community-dwelling elders is associated with cognitive decline over a period of one year as well as to verify whether there are sex differences in the association between anxiety and cognitive decline. Participants (n=1942) were community-dwelling adults aged 65–96 years assessed at study entry (T0) and one year later (T1). Anxiety was identified with a semi-structured interview and cognitive functioning was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results revealed that the presence of a clinically significant anxiety disorder did not predict cognitive decline in men and women. Subclinical anxiety symptoms predicted cognitive decline in women only. Moreover, for men, the presence of symptoms from at least two anxiety disorders predicted cognitive decline. For women, cognitive decline was predicted by the presence of symptoms from one anxiety disorder only. Overall, the results illustrate the role of anxiety in cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults.
Perspectives of Primary-Care Providers on Heart Failure in Long-Term Care Homes
Authors: Heckman George A. , Boscart Veronique M. , McKelvie Robert S. , D’Elia Teresa , Osman Osman , Kaasalainen Sharon , Kelley Mary Lou , McAiney Carrie , Stolee Paul , Strachan Patricia
Published: August 2014

L'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est fréquente chez les résidents en soins de longue durée (SLD), et peut représenter 40 pour cent des transferts aux soins aigus. Des lignes directrices de l’IC de la Société canadienne de cardiologie approuvent les traitements standards, mais les résidents de SLD sont moins susceptibles de recevoir un traitement.* Cette étude qualitative a utilisé des groupes de discussion pour explorer les perceptions, de 18 médécins et infirmières praticiennes dans trois foyers de l’Ontario, des pratiques de soins de l’IC et les défis de SLD. Par exemple, les participants ont rapporté les défis concernant aptitudes diagnostiques et les connaissances procédurales de l’IC. Ils ont également identifié la nécessité de la collaboration interprofessionnelle et la clarification des rôles pour améliorer les soins et les résultats de l’IC. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, les interventions multi-modales et l'enseignement de chevet sont requis. Le leadership a été considéré comme essentielle pour améliorer les soins de l’IC. Plusieurs préoccupations ont surgi concernant les lacunes dans les connaissances et les déficits cliniques chez les fournisseurs de soins primaires qui traitent l'insuffisance cardiaque chez les résidents de SLD. Pour améliorer les soins de l'IC à long terme, des solutions éducatives et interprofessionnelles multi-modales et cliniquement ciblées sont nécessaires.
THE EVOLUTION OF ANCIENT MAYA EXCHANGE SYSTEMS: AN ETYMOLOGICAL STUDY OF ECONOMIC VOCABULARY IN THE MAYAN LANGUAGE FAMILY
Authors: Speal C. Scott
Published: August 2014

This article presents a cultural reconstruction of ancient Maya economic development derived through etymological study of exchange-related terms in Mayan languages. It applies the results of historical linguistic analysis to archaeological and epigraphic data in order to gain insight into Maya economic prehistory. Cognitive spheres examined include generalized exchange, reciprocation, appropriation and vertical transfers of goods and labor, open commerce, and material valuables. Among the most poignant implications of the results are the antiquity of commerce and its rather extended evolutionary trajectory. Indicators of intense commercialization, however, are few and rather late. Widespread recognition of several elements of the diverse complex of Contact period Mesoamerican valuables can be traced only to the latter part of the Late Formative period or afterward. Evidence of formalized market systems—specifically linking commerce to towns and architectural plazas—appears only late in the Classic period. Terms associated with the hierarchical appropriation of goods and labor appear earlier and are more persistent and stable over time. In particular, there is a single widespread root for tribute obligation apparently subsuming tax, plunder, and work debt all under a single term, as well as evidence for the great antiquity of formalized servitude. Finally, various forms of general reciprocity and gifting are, as might be expected, shown to be of great diversity, complexity, and antiquity. In the course of analysis, several recent models of Mayan language interaction and diversification are examined and evaluated, and a slightly revised linguistic chronology is suggested that better reconciles linguistic data with archaeological facts as they are currently known. The results also have interesting implications for proto-Mayan geographical origins.
ECONOMY, EXCHANGE, AND POWER: NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE LATE CLASSIC MAYA PORT CITY OF CANCUEN
Authors: Demarest Arthur A. , Andrieu Chloé , Torres Paola , Forné Mélanie , Barrientos Tomás , Wolf Marc
Published: August 2014

The site of Cancuen held a strategic position as “head of navigation” of the Pasión River and the physical nexus of land and river routes between the southern highlands, the Maya lowlands, and the transversal route to Tabasco and Veracruz. For that reason, the well-defined ports of Cancuen were critical to both Classic Maya highland/lowland commerce and interactions with the far west. All aspects of Cancuen were related to its role as a port city. By the late eighth century, evidence suggests that in the site epicenter peninsula ports and other aspects of the economy were elite controlled and supervised, based on associated architectural complexes, artifacts, imports, and placement. Recent evidence indicates that, in addition to previously discussed long-distance exchange in exotics such as jade and pyrite, Cancuen also was involved in very large-scale obsidian transport and production, as well as probable exchange of other piedmont commodities such as cacao, cotton, salt, achiote (Bixa orellana), and vanilla.

Distribution of architectural, epigraphic, and iconographic evidence and an administrative/ritual palace all indicate growing roles for nobles in these economic activities, particularly the ports. It would appear that, as elsewhere, nobles were taking a more direct mercantile role and that many aspects of themultepalsystem of power, characteristic of Postclassic period societies, were already in place at Cancuen by the late eighth century. The failure of Cancuen's early transition to a Terminal Classic political economy may be related to its dependence on highland resources and overextended trade networks.
Conformal mapping, Padé approximants, and an example of flow with a significant deformation of the free boundary
Authors: KARABUT E. A. , KUZHUGET A. A.
Published: August 2014

A problem of plane inertial motion of an ideal incompressible fluid with a free boundary, which initially has a quadratic velocity field, is studied by semi-analytical methods. A conformal mapping of the domain occupied by the fluid onto a unit circle is sought in the form of a power series with respect to time. Summation of series is performed by using Padé approximants.
Parent and child perspectives on family out-of-home eating: a qualitative analysis
Authors: McGuffin Lynn E , Price Ruth K , McCaffrey Tracy A , Hall Glenn , Lobo Alan , Wallace Julie MW , Livingstone M Barbara E
Published: August 2014

Objective

To (i) explore the factors influencing family out-of-home (OH) eating events and (ii) identify possible opportunities for food businesses to support families in making healthier OH choices.

Design

Focus group discussions were conducted with parents (six to eight participants per group) and friendship pair discussions (informal interviews with two children who are friends) were conducted with children (5–12 years) throughout the island of Ireland. Both discussions were audio-recorded and analysed using a thematic content analysis.

Setting

Eight focus groups and sixteen friendship pairs were conducted in Northern Ireland and sixteen focus groups and thirty-two friendship pairs were conducted in the Republic of Ireland.

Subjects

Purposive sampling was used to recruit a sample of non-related parents and children that represented equal numbers of gender, age, socio-economic status and demographic backgrounds.

Results:

The main, overarching theme was that families perceived OH eating to be a treat, while health was not currently a key priority for many parents and children. Children were reported to have most responsibility for their own food choice decisions in this environment, with taste and food neophobia having the greatest influences. Parents believed that if food businesses could meet parent and child priorities in addition to health influences, e.g. change cooking methods, and increase flexibility, then families would be more likely to patronise these establishments.

Conclusions

The entire family OH eating experience needs to be considered when developing public health interventions and this research has highlighted key opportunities that caterers could employ to support healthier family OH food choices.
Atom-Probe Tomographic Study of Precipitation in an Ultrafine-Grained Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy (Al 7075)
Authors: Wen H. , Ma K. , Isheim D. , Seidman D.N. , Schoenung J.M. , Lavernia E.J.
Published: August 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Multi-Day Passions and J. S. Bach'sChristmas Oratorio, BWV248
Authors: MELAMED DANIEL R.
Published: August 2014

Commentators have long sought models for the decision by Bach and his anonymous librettist to spread theChristmas Oratorio's narration over twelve days. None of the most commonly proposed models can be shown with certainty to have been performed over more than two days; it appears that the supposed tradition of multi-day Christmas oratorios is invented. In fact there were models for this feature of theChristmas Oratorio: Passion settings designed for or adapted to presentation over Holy Week or all of Lent. The practice is documented in five places concentrated in Saxony and Thuringia and involved both newly composed and older works in both liturgical and devotional contexts. A new source reveals a previously unrecognized performance of this kind, of Reinhard Keiser's Brockes setting in Erfurt. Bach is likely to have known of this performance and others of the type, and they were probably a significant influence on the organization and conception of his Christmas piece performed ‘die Heilige Weyhnacht über’ in 1734/1735.
THE TRIUMPH OF TIME IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: HANDEL'SIL TRIONFO DEL TEMPOAND HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF MUSICAL TEMPORALITY
Authors: TAYLOR BENEDICT
Published: August 2014

Music is routinely held to be in a privileged position to reflect a particular historical consciousness of time and human temporality. This notion appears itself to be historical, in that it arises from the ‘temporalization’ of time widely attested to have occurred in Western Europe during the eighteenth century. Accordingly, numerous commentators have argued that music becomes increasingly temporalized across the century. Yet if music may convey human temporality without mediation, it remains unclear to what extent ‘pre-temporalized’ works from the early eighteenth century may be taken as temporally significant, given that the notion of time is not supposed to be such an issue during this period. This essay examines the methodological issues attendant to the claim for music's intrinsic historical temporality through an examination of a piece that appears explicitly to thematize the idea of time: Handel's oratorio-cantataIl trionfo del Tempo, which exists in three different versions spanning the fifty years between 1707 and 1757. Although my reading raises questions about the epistemological security of any claim for music's (or indeed language's) expression of historical temporality ‘as it really was’, I argue that a hermeneutic engagement with this problem is both valuable and indeed necessary for understanding music of the period.
The role of magnetic fields in pre-main sequence stars
Authors: Hussain Gaitee A. J. , Alecian Evelyne
Published: August 2014

Strong, kilo-Gauss, magnetic fields are required to explain a range of observational properties in young, accreting pre-main sequence (PMS) systems. We review the techniques used to detect magnetic fields in PMS stars. Key results from a long running campaign aimed at characterising the large scale magnetic fields in accreting T Tauri stars are presented. Maps of surface magnetic flux in these systems can be used to build 3-D models exploring the role of magnetic fields and the efficiency with which magnetic fields can channel accretion from circumstellar disks on to young stars. Long-term variability in T Tauri star magnetic fields strongly point to a dynamo origin of the magnetic fields. Studies are underway to quantify how changes in magnetic fields affect their accretion properties. We also present the first results from a new programme that investigates the evolution of magnetic fields in intermediate mass (1.5–3M⊙) pre-main sequence stars as they evolve from being convective T Tauri stars to fully radiative Herbig AeBe stars.
V4046 Sgr: X-rays from accretion shock
Authors: Argiroffi C. , Maggio A. , Montmerle T. , Huenemoerder D. , Alecian E. , Audard M. , Bouvier J. , Damiani F. , Donati J.-F. , Gregory S. , Güdel M. , Hussain G. , Kastner J. , Sacco G. G.
Published: August 2014

We present results of the X-ray monitoring of V4046 Sgr, a close classical T Tauri star binary, with both components accreting material. The 360 ks long XMM observation allowed us to measure the plasma densities at different temperatures, and to check whether and how the density varies with time. We find that plasma at temperatures of 1–4 MK has high densities, and we observe correlated and simultaneous density variations of plasma, probed by O VII and Ne IX triplets. These results strongly indicate that all the inspected He-like triplets are produced by high-density plasma heated in accretion shocks, and located at the base of accretion flows.
X-rays from accretion shocks in classical T Tauri stars: 2D MHD modeling and the role of local absorption
Authors: Argiroffi C. , Bonito R. , Orlando S. , Miceli M. , Reale F. , Peres G. , Matsakos T. , Sthelé C. , Ibgui L.
Published: August 2014

In classical T Tauri stars (CTTS) strong shocks are formed where the accretion funnel impacts with the denser stellar chromosphere. Although current models of accretion provide a plausible global picture of this process, some fundamental aspects are still unclear: the observed X-ray luminosity in accretion shocks is order of magnitudes lower than predicted; the observed density and temperature structures of the hot post-shock region are puzzling and still unexplained by models.

To address these issues we performed 2D MHD simulations describing an accretion stream impacting onto the chromosphere of a CTTS, exploring different configurations and strengths of the magnetic field. From the model results we then synthesized the X-ray emission emerging from the hot post-shock, taking into account the local absorption due to the pre-shock stream and surrounding atmosphere.

We find that the different configurations and strengths of the magnetic field profoundly affect the hot post-shock properties. Moreover the emerging X-ray emission strongly depends also on the viewing angle under which accretion is observed. Some of the explored configuration are able to reproduce the observed features of X-ray spectra of CTTS.
What do weak magnetic fields mean for magnetospheric accretion in Herbig AeBe star+disk systems?
Authors: Aarnio A. N. , Monnier J. D. , Harries T. J. , Acreman D. M.
Published: August 2014

In the presently favored picture of star formation, mass is transferred from disk to star via magnetospheric accretion and out of the system via magnetically driven outflows. This magnetically mediated mass flux is a fundamental process upon which the evolution of the star, disk, and forming planetary system depends. Our current understanding of these processes is heavily rooted in young solar analogs, T Tauri Stars (TTS). We have come to understand recently, however, that the higher mass pre-main sequence (PMS) Herbig AeBe (HAeBe) stars have dramatically weaker dipolar fields than their lower mass counterparts. We present our current observational and theoretical efforts to characterize magnetospherically mediated mass transfer within HAeBe star+disk systems. We have gathered a rich spectroscopic and interferometric data set for several dozen HAeBe stars in order to measure accretion and mass loss rates, assess wind and magnetospheric accretion properties, and determine how spectral lines and interferometric visibilities are diagnostic of these processes. For some targets, we have observed spectral line variability and will discuss ongoing time-series spectroscopic efforts.
Chemical peculiarities in magnetic and non-magnetic pre-main sequence A and B stars
Authors: Folsom C. P. , Bagnulo S. , Wade G. A. , Landstreet J. D. , Alecian E.
Published: August 2014

In A- and late B-type stars, strong magnetic fields are always associated with Ap and Bp chemical peculiarities. However, it is not clear at what point in a star's evolution those peculiarities develop. Strong magnetic fields have been observed in pre-main sequence A and B stars (Herbig Ae and Be stars), and these objects have been proposed to be the progenitors of Ap and Bp stars. However, the photospheric chemical abundances of these magnetic Herbig stars have not been studied carefully, and furthermore the chemical abundances of 'normal' non-magnetic Herbig stars remain poorly characterized. To investigate this issue, we have studied the photospheric compositions of 23 Herbig stars, four of which have confirmed magnetic fields. Surprisingly, we found that half the non-magnetic stars in our sample show λ Bootis chemical peculiarities to varying degrees. For the stars with detected magnetic fields, we find one chemically normal star, one star with λ Boo peculiarities, one star displaying weak Ap/Bp peculiarities, and one somewhat more evolved star with somewhat stronger Ap/Bp peculiarities. These results suggests that Ap/Bp peculiarities are preceded by magnetic fields, and that these peculiarities develop over the pre-main sequence lives of A and B stars. The incidence of λ Boo stars we find is much higher than that seen on the main sequence. We argue that a selective accretion model for the formation of λ Boo peculiarities is a natural explanation for this remarkably large incidence.
Theoretical evolution of Rossby number for solar analog stars
Authors: Castro Matthieu , Duarte Tharcísyo , do Nascimento José Dias
Published: August 2014

Magnetic fields of late-type stars are presumably generated by a dynamo mechanism at the interface layer between the radiative interior and the outer convective zone. The Rossby number, which is related to the dynamo process, shows an observational correlation with activity. It represents the ratio between the rotation period of the star and the local convective turnover time. The former is well determined from observations but the latter is estimated by an empirical iterated function depending on the color index (B-V) and the mixing-length parameter. We computed the theoretical Rossby number of stellar models with the TGEC code, and analyze its evolution with time during the main sequence. We estimated a function for the local convective turnover time corresponding to a mixing-length parameter inferred from a solar model, and compare our results to the estimated Rossby number of 33 solar analogs and twins, observed with the spectropolarimeters ESPaDOnS@CFHT and Narval@LBT.
Bridging planets and stars using scaling laws in anelastic spherical shell dynamos
Authors: Yadav R. K. , Gastine T. , Christensen U. R. , Duarte L.
Published: August 2014

Dynamos operating in the interiors of rapidly rotating planets and low-mass stars might belong to a similar category where rotation plays a vital role. We quantify this similarity using scaling laws. We analyse direct numerical simulations of Boussinesq and anelastic spherical shell dynamos. These dynamos represent simplified models which span from Earth-like planets to rapidly rotating low-mass stars. We find that magnetic field and velocity in these dynamos are related to the available buoyancy power via a simple power law which holds over wide variety of control parameters.
Starspots Magnetic field by transit mapping
Authors: Válio Adriana , Spagiari Eduardo
Published: August 2014

Sunspots are important signatures of the global solar magnetic field cycle. It is believed that other stars also present these same phenomena. However, today it is not possible to observe directly star spots due to their very small sizes. The method applied here studies star spots by detecting small variations in the stellar light curve during a planetary transit. When the planet passes in front of its host star, there is a chance of it occulting, at least partially, a spot. This allows the determination of the spots physical characteristics, such as size, temperature, and location on the stellar surface. In the case of the Sun, there exists a relation between the magnetic field and the spot temperature. We estimate the magnetic field component along the line-of-sight and the intensity of sunspots using data from the MDI instrument on board of the SOHO satellite. Assuming that the same relation applies to other stars, we estimate spots magnetic fields of CoRoT-2 and Kepler-17 stars.
The nature and origin of magnetic fields in early-type stars
Authors: Braithwaite Jonathan
Published: August 2014

I review our current knowledge of magnetic fields in stars more massive than around 1.5 M⊙, in particular their nature and origin. This includes the strong magnetic fields found in a subset of the population and the fossil field theory invoked to explain them; the subgauss fields detected in Vega and Sirius and their possible origin; and what we can infer about magnetic activity in massive stars and how it might be linked to subsurface convection.
Combining magnetic and seismic studies to constrain processes in massive stars
Authors: Neiner Coralie , Degroote Pieter , Coste Blanche , Briquet Maryline , Mathis Stéphane
Published: August 2014

The presence of pulsations influences the local parameters at the surface of massive stars and thus it modifies the Zeeman magnetic signatures. Therefore it makes the characterisation of a magnetic field in pulsating stars more difficult and the characterisation of pulsations is thus required for the study of magnetic massive stars. Conversely, the presence of a magnetic field can inhibit differential rotation and mixing in massive stars and thus provides important constraints for seismic modelling based on pulsation studies. As a consequence, it is necessary to combine spectropolarimetric and seismic studies for all massive classical pulsators. Below we show examples of such combined studies and the interplay between physical processes.
Binary and multiple magnetic Ap/Bp stars
Authors: Rastegaev Denis , Balega Yuri , Dyachenko Vladimir , Maksimov Alexander , Malogolovets Evgenij
Published: August 2014

We present the results of speckle interferometric observations of 273 magnetic stars most of which are Ap/Bp type. All observations were made at the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We resolved 58 binary and 5 triple stars into individual components. Almost half of these stars were astrometrically resolved for the first time. The fraction of speckle interferometric binaries/multiples in the sample of stars with confirmed magnetic fields is 23%. We expect that the total fraction of binaries/multiples in the sample with account for spectroscopic short-period systems and wide common proper motion pairs can be twice higher. The detected speckle components have a prominent peak in the ρ distribution that corresponds to the closest resolved pairs. Full version of present paper is available in electronic form at http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.3168.
Wind channeling, magnetospheres, and spindown of magnetic massive stars
Authors: Owocki S. P. , ud-Doula A. , Townsend R. H. D. , Petit V. , Sundqvist J. O. , Cohen D. H.
Published: August 2014

A subpopulation (~10%) of hot, luminous, massive stars have been revealed through spectropolarimetry to harbor strong (hundreds to tens of thousand Gauss), steady, large-scale (often significantly dipolar) magnetic fields. This review focuses on the role of such fields in channeling and trapping the radiatively driven wind of massive stars, including both in the strongly perturbed outflow from open field regions, and the wind-fed “magnetospheres” that develop from closed magnetic loops. For B-type stars with weak winds and moderately fast rotation, one finds “centrifugal magnetospheres”, in which rotational support allows magnetically trapped wind to accumulate to a large density, with quite distinctive observational signatures, e.g. in Balmer line emission. In contrast, more luminous O-type stars have generally been spun down by magnetic braking from angular momentum loss in their much stronger winds. The lack of centrifugal support means their closed loops form a “dynamical magnetosphere”, with trapped material falling back to the star on a dynamical timescale; nonetheless, the much stronger wind feeding leads to a circumstellar density that is still high enough to give substantial Balmer emission. Overall, this review describes MHD simulations and semi-analytic dynamical methods for modeling the magnetospheres, the magnetically channeled wind outflows, and the associated spin-down of these magnetic massive stars.
The Hertzsprung-gap giant 31 Comae in 2013: Magnetic field and activity indicators
Authors: Borisova Ana P. , Konstantinova-Antova Renada , Aurière Michel , Petit Pascal , Charbonnel Corinne
Published: August 2014

We have observed the giant star 31 Comae in April and May 2013 with the spectropolarimeter Narval at Pic du Midi Observatory, France. 31 Comae is a single, rapidly rotating giant with rotational period ~6.8 d and vsini ~ 67 km/s. We present measurements and discuss variability of the longitudinal magnetic field (Bl), spectral activity indicators Hα, CaII H&K, Ca II IR triplet and evolutionary status. Our future aim is to perform a Zeeman-Doppler imaging study for the star.