bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenomic approaches to detecting and characterizing introgression
Authors: Hibbins Mark S , Hahn Matthew W
Published: November 2021

Phylogenomics has revealed the remarkable frequency with which introgression occurs across the tree of life. These discoveries have been enabled by the rapid growth of methods designed to detect and characterize introgression from whole-genome sequencing data. A large class of phylogenomic methods makes use of data across species to infer and characterize introgression based on expectations from the multispecies coalescent. These methods range from simple tests, such as the D-statistic, to model-based approaches for inferring phylogenetic networks. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the various signals that different modes of introgression are expected leave in the genome, and how current methods are designed to detect them. We discuss the strengths and pitfalls of these approaches and identify areas for future development, highlighting the different signals of introgression, and the power of each method to detect them. We conclude with a discussion of current challenges in inferring introgression and how they could potentially be addressed.
Insulin signaling and osmotic stress response regulate arousal and developmental progression of C. elegans at hatching
Authors: Bayer Emily A , Liberatore Katarina M , Schneider Jordan R , Schlesinger Evan , He Zhengying , Birnbaum Susanna , Wightman Bruce
Published: November 2021

The progression of animal development from embryonic to juvenile life depends on the coordination of organism-wide responses with environmental conditions. We found that two transcription factors that function in interneuron differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans, fax-1, and unc-42, are required for arousal and progression from embryogenesis to larval life by potentiating insulin signaling. The combination of mutations in either transcription factor and a mutation in daf-2 insulin receptor results in a novel perihatching arrest phenotype; embryos are fully developed but inactive, often remaining trapped within the eggshell, and fail to initiate pharyngeal pumping. This pathway is opposed by an osmotic sensory response pathway that promotes developmental arrest and a sleep state at the end of embryogenesis in response to elevated salt concentration. The quiescent state induced by loss of insulin signaling or by osmotic stress can be reversed by mutations in genes that are required for sleep. Therefore, countervailing signals regulate late embryonic arousal and developmental progression to larval life, mechanistically linking the two responses. Our findings demonstrate a role for insulin signaling in an arousal circuit, consistent with evidence that insulin-related regulation may function in control of sleep states in many animals. The opposing quiescent arrest state may serve as an adaptive response to the osmotic threat from high salinity environments.
Holocaust Survivors and the Restitution of Jewish Private Property in Two Polish Cities, 1945–1948
Authors: Krzyzanowski Lukasz
Published: November 2021

Despite a growing historiography on Holocaust survivors, few scholars have focused on the fates of those who returned to their places of origin in Poland in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Even less is known about those who attempted to recover their property in medium-sized Polish cities in the late 1940s. The following article analyzes court cases in two such cities: Kalisz (in the former German territorial administration of the Warthegau) and Radom (the former General Government). By addressing the problems related to the appropriation and recovery of Jewish private property, the author sheds light on the agency of Holocaust survivors and the social processes that shaped postwar Central and Eastern Europe.
GE-evolution operator method for controllability of time-varying stochastic descriptor systems in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Ge Zhao-qiang
Published: November 2021

Exact (approximate) controllability and exact (approximate) observability of time-varying stochastic descriptor systems are discussed by GE-evolution operator, i.e., generalized evolution operator, which is a generalization of evolution operator, in the sense of mild solution in Hilbert spaces. Firstly, necessary and sufficient conditions for the exact (approximate) controllability to time-varying stochastic descriptor systems are given by GE-evolution operator in Hilbert spaces. Secondly, necessary and sufficient conditions for exact (approximate) observability to time-varying stochastic descriptor systems are given by GE-evolution operator in Hilbert spaces and the dual principle is proved to be true. Thirdly, two illustrative examples are given.
Population Development, Fecundity, and Flight of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reared on Three Green Manure Crops: Implications For an Ecologically Based Pest Management Approach in China
Authors: Wu Feifei , Zhang Lei , Liu Yueqiu , Cheng Yunxia , Su Jianya , Sappington Thomas W , Jiang Xingfu
Published: November 2021

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is an invasive pest of cereal crops that now inhabits southern China year-round. Cultivation of crops unsuitable as host plants has been an effective pest management strategy for some insect pests, but the effects of green manure crops on S. frugiperda have not been investigated. An age-stage two-sex life table and tethered flight performance of S. frugiperda reared on different green manure species were obtained, and a population dynamics model established. Developmental durations of stages, survival rates, and fecundities of S. frugiperda differed significantly depending on host plant. Larvae fed Astragalus sinicus L. did not complete development. Although some larvae fed Vicia villosa Roth and Vicia sativa L. completed development, generation time was significantly prolonged, egg production was halved, and net reproductive rate decreased to 31% and 3% of those reared on corn, respectively. Survival rates of early-instars fed V. villosa and V. sativa were significantly lower than those fed corn. Population dynamics projections over 90 d showed the number of generations of S. frugiperda fed on V. villosa and V. sativa was reduced compared to those reared on corn. Flight performance of S. frugiperda reared on V. villosa decreased significantly compared to corn. Our results show that the three green manure species are unsuitable host plants for S. frugiperda. Therefore, reduction of corn production in southern China through rotation with these green manure crops may be a feasible method of ecological management of this major corn pest in China.
Value of Packaged Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections for Persons who Inject Drugs Hospitalized With Serious Injection-Related Infections
Authors: Marks Laura R , Reno Hilary , Liang Stephen Y , Schwarz Evan S , Liss David B , Jiang Linda , Nolan Nathanial S , Durkin Michael J
Published: November 2021

Background

Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are frequently admitted for serious injection-related infections (SIRIs). PWID are also at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Methods

We conducted a multicenter quality improvement project at 3 hospitals in Missouri. PWID with SIRI who received an infectious diseases consultation were prospectively identified and placed into an electronic database as part of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–funded quality improvement project. Baseline data were collected from 8/1/2019 to 1/30/2020. During the intervention period (2/1/2020–2/28/2021), infectious diseases physicians caring for patients received 2 interventions: (1) email reminders of best practice screening for HIV, viral hepatitis, and STIs; (2) access to a customized EPIC SmartPhrase that included checkboxes of orders to include in assessment and plan of consultation notes. STI screening rates were compared before and after the intervention. We then calculated odds ratios to evaluate for risk factors for STIs in the cohort.

Results

Three hundred ninety-four unique patients were included in the cohort. Initial screening rates were highest for hepatitis C (88%), followed by HIV (86%). The bundled intervention improved screening rates for all conditions and substantially improved screening rates for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis (30% vs 51%, 30% vs 51%, and 39 vs 60%, respectively; P < .001). Of patients who underwent screening, 16.9% were positive for at least 1 STI. In general, demographics were not strongly associated with STIs.

Conclusions

PWID admitted for SIRI frequently have unrecognized STIs. Our bundled intervention improved STI screening rates, but additional interventions are needed to optimize screening.
Walnuts for Brains
Authors: Hutchings David
Published: November 2021

This chapter debunks the common idea that the Church opposed or banned dissection, autopsies, anesthetic, and inoculation. In reality, it championed all of these. The key roles of John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White in popularizing and disseminating the false narrative are highlighted by analyzing their respective texts (History of the Conflict and A History of the Warfare), and some modern examples of the myths are also analyzed. This chapter includes a helicopter view of the history of medicine, and of attitudes within Christendom toward the subject. It concludes that the overall contribution of Christianity to medicine has been a positive one, not a negative one.
Bridges Badly Built
Authors: Hutchings David
Published: November 2021

This chapter unpicks the strange fact that John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White both claimed to be writing to reconcile science and religion, and yet managed to do the precise opposite—they significantly boosted the conflict thesis. What exactly were the motivations of the two men; how did they get it so wrong? By looking at their respective influences and analyzing their progressive and liberal theology, this chapter unravels the apparent contradiction. It concludes that the looseness of their pseudo-Christianity actually led to agnostics and atheists appropriating their manuscripts in a way that neither of them could have previously imagined. By attacking what they saw as backward and naïve theology, both Draper and White undermined the historical faith altogether, and made it possible for their own conflict thesis narrative to be turned against them. Their liberal Protestantism turned out to be far closer to full-blown atheism than they had ever realized.
Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Ang Soon
Published: November 2021

The concept of cultural intelligence marks a paradigm shift from a focus on cross-cultural comparison to intercultural capabilities. Cultural intelligence influences research in as many as twenty-three academic disciplines and shapes policies and practices in the private, public, education, and nonprofit sectors. The phrase “two bowls singing” symbolizes in this chapter the resonance of cultural intelligence with two audiences: scientists and practitioners. Scientists primarily address the “what” and “why” questions, while practitioners focus more on the “how.” Striking each bowl therefore requires distinct approaches. Importantly, the “resonance” of each bowl amplifies that of the other bowl, signifying evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence. For the two bowls to sing, they need to rest on a solid wooden base. The base symbolizes institution and community building to broaden the impact on science and practice. The chapter concludes with the author’s future aspirations for cultural intelligence.
From One Empirical Study to 150
Authors: Greve Henrich R.
Published: November 2021

Performance feedback research examines how performance relative to the aspiration level on one or more organizational goals influences organizational search and change. It views the organization as solving problems presented by performance shortfalls, consistent with bounded rationality. This chapter examines the start of my research on performance feedback, the growth of this research stream, and how I and other participants in this research stream have sought to stimulate its growth and direct it toward interesting new research questions. In a series of notes on the steps this research stream has taken to advance our knowledge, I outline more general ideas on how research streams can become influential through recruitment of participants and setting of research agendas.
Fostering Enterprise
Authors: Agarwal Rajshree
Published: November 2021

This chapter uses an evolutionary lens to depict a journey that is also a destination for a lifelong learner passionate about upward mobility in intellectual, psychological, and economic realms. A mainstay of the research endeavors has been the study of innovation and enterprise. Starting as an economist studying the evolution of technologies and industries, the scholarly journey progressed to strategic management to examine firm and industry evolution and then to strategic entrepreneurship to examine individual, firm, and industry evolution. Currently, the research focuses on the interplay of enterprise and markets through an integration of economics, psychology, and sociology perspectives to understand the causes and consequences of enterprising individuals, organizations, and economies.
Selection and Empowerment
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the selection and empowerment event in balanced leadership; that is, when a team member or a subteam is selected and subsequently authorized to temporarily lead the project. The chapter introduces selection and empowerment concepts, first from a general management and then from a project management literature perspective. Then the chapter drills down to the selection and empowerment practices found in projects. The assessment of these practices leads to five dimensions that make up the empowerment event, which manifests itself in four different empowerment types. Each type is described in terms of the profile of its empowerment dimensions. Together, the empowerment types form a career development framework for future leaders.
Empowered Leadership and Its Governance
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses empowered leadership and its governance. The chapter starts by looking at empowered leadership and its impact on organizational performance and then discusses the factors that positively and negatively influence the role identity of empowered leaders. Subsequently, the authors turn the perspective toward governance and governmentality, and how these concepts differ from leadership and management. After a short introduction to governance types, the authors discuss how governance and governmentality apply to the governance of projects and empowered leaders. The chapter finishes with an empirically derived model for the governance of empowered leaders which outlines how the project manager’s perception about the empowered leader’s professionality, situational “fit,” and benevolence influence the decision to either govern predominantly through trust or through control.
Coordination through the Socio-Cognitive Space
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the coordination between the project manager and project team members during balanced leadership. This coordination takes place through a socio-cognitive space (SCS), consisting of the joint understanding between the project manager and project team about (a) the shared mental model for project execution (i.e., skill needs, ways to collaborate, and the understanding of the context of the project); (b) the currently empowered leader; and (c) the level of efficacy of the empowered leader. Then the content of the three SCS dimensions in projects with different project management methodologies is reviewed. These differences uncover the ontological differences underlying balanced leadership in different types of projects. The chapter finishes with a quantitative assessment of horizontal leadership’s relative impact on project success and its mediation by the SCS, showing the relative importance of the three concepts for project performance.
Understanding What a School Really Wants
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the behind-the-scenes process of persuading school leaders to approve a music technology offering. The key administrators involved in making these decisions include the guidance department and curriculum leaders, and the text covers how to communicate most effectively with them. While educational philosophy is important to individual teachers, school leaders are more concerned with practical matters, so the chapter discusses how a new electronic music course will affect day-to-day operations in a school. The chapter includes strategies and experiences for pitching a new course and for seeking funding, and it offers advice to teachers who are about to embark on class creation. The chapter also presents suggestions for communicating with other stakeholders and advocacy arguments, such as the broader demographic reach of music technology classes. Finally, the text suggests effective responses to the critical opposition often faced by nontraditional music classes.
Future-proofing the Electronic Music School
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

A central difficulty of building a curriculum around current popular music styles is the rapid evolution of those styles. In this chapter, we give strategies for maintaining a music technology program’s cultural relevance over longer time spans, without rewriting every lesson plan every year. Rather than trying to respond to every new development in popular culture, we propose that teachers follow the hip-hop ethos of maintaining freshness. And rather than chasing novelty, we suggest that teachers look for common threads across popular styles and trends, and teach to those commonalities. We also propose identifying out-of-date styles that have become appealingly retro, since these can become a long-lasting feature of the curriculum without losing freshness. We also give strategies for maintaining cultural continuity as student cohorts graduate, and how the same set of technical skills can underlie a wide variety of genre-based projects. Finally, we address broader problems like adapting to new teaching formats and the ramifications of committing to a software platform.
Measuring Broadband and Its Impacts
Authors: Horrigan John B.
Published: November 2021

One of the core methods used in many evaluation studies is survey research. This chapter discusses the challenges of measuring behavioral change and the impacts of broadband use through surveys and addresses how evaluators can get the most from repeated surveys (pre- and post-studies and panel studies). This chapter draws on lessons from a national panel study of participants that included nearly two thousand Internet Essentials users and was uniquely positioned to examine the experience of individuals and families who moved from being non-adopters to broadband adopters, assessing their adoption and engagement pathways. Such research provides policy-relevant evidence and recommendations for practice. The chapter also discusses how evaluators can work with diverse stakeholders (policymakers, local officials, funders, and others) to encourage evaluation and to assist them in using research findings. What is it that such stakeholders expect or want to know about technology and its impacts on individuals and society?
Broadband for Telemedicine and Health Services
Authors: Strover Sharon
Published: November 2021

Given the prominence of rural communities in early 21st-century broadband initiatives, especially in telemedicine, this chapter considers issues for program evaluation in both the geographic and health policy contexts. Rural broadband and health needs are important challenges for public policy, as less populated regions lag in both infrastructure and health services. Some Federal Communications Commission projects have linked broadband capabilities and health services infrastructure. Electronic health records also are relevant to a discussion of the role of broadband networks. This chapter briefly reviews the language and intent of broadband-related health services regulations and federal agency programs and then presents detail on rural broadband availability and adoption. Finally, measurement and evaluation issues in this field are addressed, including the need to understand constraints in the rural context, meaningful use for target populations, issues for privacy and security, and the need for randomized trials rather than the anecdotal evidence that currently dominates in this area.
Digital Media’s Impact on Civic Engagement
Authors: Xenos Michael A.
Published: November 2021

Like those before them, contemporary youth are in the process of forming habits and orientations toward civic life that can establish patterns of political engagement that follow them through their lifetimes. Unlike earlier generations, however, early 21st-century “born digital” youth face a dramatically different communications environment than that experienced by their parents and grandparents. This chapter charts a path toward effective evaluation research for broadband within the specific domain of political and civic engagement among young people. After introducing core dimensions and constructs relevant to such a research program, it reviews key theoretical models as well as particularly fruitful strands of scholarship that can make important contributions to a program of broadband evaluation research focused on youth engagement. The chapter concludes with a discussion of challenges and opportunities for future research, both in terms of key substantive questions and particularly useful methodological approaches.
The Savvy Academic
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This book covers the process of writing for publication from start to finish—from selecting a topic and reviewing literature to working with coauthors, writing theoretical and review articles, and responding to editor and reviewer comments when revising manuscripts. Dr. Schwartz uses examples from his own scholarly publishing career and provides concrete advice for both early-career and more experienced writers. The book also covers important topics such as planning studies, managing and supervising data collection, retaining participants in longitudinal studies, data analytic ethics and conflicts of interest, and dealing with writer’s block. Dr. Schwartz provides guidance for writing journal articles, books, and book chapters, as well as for dealing with manuscripts that have been repeatedly rejected. He offers guidance for writing first drafts, editing drafts, incorporating coauthor feedback, and working with difficult or resistant coauthors. This book is a “how-to” in terms of writing for publication.
Before Kṛṣṇa
Authors: Kishore Saxena Kanika
Published: November 2021

Mathura is famous for its association with Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa, an important deity of the Hindu pantheon. However, apart from the sanctity attached to this place by Hindus, it has also provided conditions for the nurturing of Buddhist, Jaina, nāga and yakṣa traditions. This book engages in a wide range of epigraphic, archaeological and art historical data from the various sites in the Mathura area and weaves this to present a coherent picture of the variegated religious history of the area from c.600 CE to c.1000 CE, which witnessed various religions/cults/sects competing for attention and patronage. The chapters in this book have been divided according to religious traditions, namely, Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism, along with the Kṛṣṇa, yakṣa, nāga, and mātṛkā cults. It raises many important issues related to Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism as well as older cults of the yakṣas and nāgas. The objects of donation ranged from images, stūpas, temples to tanks and gardens. Donations by monks and nuns; together with laity from different locations within and beyond Mathura, amply reflect on the social mosaic of the time. The role of monastics and laity, the nature of patronage, and the social and political underpinnings of the religious history are also examined, all within a long, diachronic frame. This book reveals the complexity of the religious history of Mathura to provide the reader a taste of its diversity and plurality.
Introducing Mathura
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents an overview of the ancient city of Mathura along with an exhaustive survey of the monographs on the same. This book entails an epigraphic analysis of the religious landscape of Mathura, therefore the nature of our primary sources namely inscriptions and its methodology is discussed in detail. Further, the primary issues raised in this book are also elaborated upon. The primary focus is to discuss the gifts mentioned as being donated in the inscriptions belonging to different religious traditions. All these donations are understood in relation to their underlying philosophies. In this book, the profiles of the donors, including their gender and occupation, have been analysed to present the reader with the social mosaic of the time. Finally, this chapter introduces the reader to explore the journey of diversity in this landscape before it became synonymous with the worship of Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa.
Buddhism
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

This chapter entails a detailed discussion on donations of various types of gifts, namely, images of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas and stūpas. It also highlights the significance of studying the Mathura lion-capital inscription but questions why the history of Mathura of this period is confined to this inscription alone. The evidence of Bodhisattva images slightly earlier than the images of Buddha is analysed in context of the debate about origin of the Buddha image. Further, a discussion of donation of pillar bases at Mathura, which requires a fresh enquiry, is undertaken. The monks and nuns made a large number of donations and this point towards the need for an analysis of the Buddhist saṅgha. Last, this chapter deals with a pertinent question which has remained pending in historical scholarship so far: Despite yielding innumerable Buddhist antiquities, why has Mathura not earned an adequate place among Buddhist sites in the Indian sub-continent?
Growth of the Cult of Vāsudeva–Kṛṣṇa
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

This chapter highlights that Mathura, despite nurturing Jainism and Buddhism, is venerated as the birthplace of Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa. A special emphasis on the slab depicting Vasudeva carrying baby Kṛṣṇa suggests the locality’s familiarity with the story fairly early. However, the issue about the lack of early Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa sculptures and its limited patronage in the Mathura area is analysed. Further, there is the question of whether the god in question was worshipped in Mathura under the name of Vāsudeva or Kṛṣṇa. While acknowledging these issues, it reconstructs the worship of Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa by primarily focusing on inscriptions but also taking into account relevant sculptures and acknowledging his presence as reflected in texts. Finally, it attempts to answer the question of whether we can really establish that Vāsudeva and Kṛṣṇa were collapsible identities and could, therefore, have been amalgamated into a single deity, Vāsudeva‒Kṛṣṇa.
Meat
Authors: Samanta Samiparna
Published: November 2021

While there had always remained a close relationship between animals and human disease, until the mid-20th century however, medical knowledge on the boundary between animal and human health remained blurred. Against this backdrop, this chapter investigates the relationship between cattle plague and slaughterhouse inspection. Diseased animals increasingly flooded markets because Bengali farmers often rejected the “English method” of slaughter and culling as it was economically damaging. It was often cheaper for farmers to sell diseased animals than seek veterinary attention. This chapter thus focuses on how rinderpest subsequently revived the interest in Bengali diet – the debate over safety of meat from diseased animals became fiercer over time and quickly kindled bhadralok paranoia on animal disease, public health, and sanitation, as they now abruptly turned to vegetarianism. Additionally, it examines the interplay between veterinarians and the Calcutta Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (CSPCA) to study the impact it had on the spatial reconfiguration of Calcutta with slaughterhouses being increasingly ousted from the heart of the “sanitary city.”
The National Defence College
Authors: Dutta Vipul
Published: November 2021

The final chapter looks at the National Defence College (NDC) in Delhi that was inaugurated by India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1960. It is the last of the military institutional creations designed to meet the training needs of senior ranking Indian officers. This chapter will contextualise the emergence of the NDC in the changing perceptions, roles and responsibilities of the Indian Armed forces. It will dwell at length on the post-independence cohort of senior Indian military officers that represented the ‘constituency’ of the NDC, and re-look at their subsequent assignments which symbolised a paradigm shift in the mandate of the armed forces, thereby offering a fresh perspective on the post-independence phase of the military institutional ‘Indianisation’.
Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

Economic sanctions are court-imposed financial obligations aimed at punishing offenders (fines), funding the government (costs/fees, forfeitures), and compensating victims (restitution). This book examines economic sanctions in the United States, with a focus on the multilevel, multimethod research my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania. The 15 studies described in the book are multiplistic in terms of academic discipline (social psychology, criminology, law), levels of analysis (individual, county, state), actors within the system (victims, offenders, probation officers, district attorneys, judges), type of process involved (imposition, payment, rearrest), and research methods (analyses of state-level computerized archives, coding of county-level paper court and probation records, surveys of individuals, a field-experiment, and follow-up involving probationers). Most of the studies examined the imposition, payment, and effect of paying restitution. Research across methods indicated that offenders are often unable to pay their court-ordered sanctions, that restitution is generally not paid in full, and that both offenders and victims are responsive to procedural justice. Experimental results indicated that randomly assigned probationers delinquent in making payments who received letters informing them of the restitution amounts they owed were more likely to pay restitution and less likely to commit a new crime as compared to randomly assigned delinquent probationers who did not receive letters or who received letters giving them a rationale for payment. Three policy recommendations are made concerning what is fair and effective for victims, offenders, and society: (1) mandating restitution, (2) making fines contingent on ability to pay, and (3) ending the imposition of costs and fees.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

In the past 30 years, economic sanctions following criminal convictions have been more frequently imposed. This trend toward increasing the use of economic sanctions is likely to continue because of increased costs, increased retribution, a desire for intermediate punishment, and concern for the losses incurred by victims and their families. The first chapter provides a brief historical introduction to the concept of economic sanctions and an overview of the current status of economic sanctions in the United States. An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of economic sanctions, from both economists and lawyers, follows. There is then a brief discussion of the purposes of sentencing and reference to the economic sanctions section of the Model Penal Code: Sentencing The chapter ends with an overview of the book.
Fines, Fees/Costs, Forfeitures, and Restitution
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 discusses the primary types of economic sanctions by focusing on the three purposes of economic sanctions: (1) punishing the offender (fines), (2) funding the government (fees and forfeitures), and (3) compensating the victim (restitution). Although these three purposes are ostensibly independent, in practice compensating the government or the victim can also mean punishing the offender. Because state and local governments have in recent years focused on using economic sanctions to fund the criminal justice system, there is some detailed discussion about fees and forfeitures. The chapter also examines the constitutional status of economic sanctions as outlined in court decisions, particularly the US Supreme Court. There is a brief overview of the laws in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government regarding the three major types of economic sanctions: fines, fees, and restitution. In general, poorer states (particularly in the South) have more fees for compensating the government.
Epilogue
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

The epilogue ties the arguments about vocal expressivity and agency advanced in the previous chapters to questions about accountability, gender, and power raised by recent reports of sexual violence in the music industry. In 2012, Operation Yewtree revealed that high profile celebrities had used their power in the entertainment industry to abuse young people beginning in the 1960s. I ask how the notions of vocal expressivity and sexual liberation that emerged in the 1960s may have enabled these kinds of abuses. This epilogue reflects on how feminist music scholars and critics might honor expressions of agency while condemning abuse. It offers concluding thoughts on how music scholars can listen for agency and demand accountability.
“Thirty Lashes, Well Laid On”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins with the first importation of African slaves into colonial Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. As their numbers grew, and interracial sex produced mixed-race (called “mulatto”) children, White colonists responded with a law designating all mulatto children as slaves, overturning a grant of freedom to Elizabeth Key, a mulatto indentured servant who married a young English settler and had a child with him. The chapter discusses the Slave Codes that stripped Blacks of any rights. Slave states also banned the teaching of slaves to read and write, lest they read “incendiary” publications and revolt, as some did. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the personal conflicts over slavery felt by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and the role of Madison at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in crafting the Great Compromise that legalized slavery as the price of creating a federal government.
The Metalinguistic Description of Speech and Fictional Language
Authors: Grund Peter J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter deals with the combination of speech reporting verbs and “speech descriptors” in Late Modern English fictional texts, as in “ ‘Poor Aldous!’ said Lady Winterbourne, thoughtfully (CLMET3.0, Marcella, Period 3: 1894).” I demonstrate that, overall, the use of speech descriptors increases over time with most verbs and that most verbs combine with a broad range of descriptor types (especially in the form of adverb phrases). At the same time, complex interactions are evident among individual texts and verbs, where the verb SAY stands out, as does one text, Marcella. I suggest that some of the variability among the texts and verbs is due to the interaction between speech reporting and stylistic strategies of characterisation and theme development.
Free Indirect Speech, Slipping, or a System in Flux? Exploring the Continuum between Direct and Indirect Speech in Early Modern English
Authors: Walker Terry , Grund Peter J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores speech representation structures in Early Modern English that exhibit a mixture of direct speech and indirect speech. Drawing data from an Electronic Text Edition of Depositions 1560–1760 (ETED), we chart the frequency and characteristics of different types of speech representation that overlap between direct and indirect speech (such as the mixture of third-person and first-person reference, and the use of reporting expression + that + direct speech representation). We show that accounting for such uses as “slipping,” free indirect speech, and/or signs of a system under development is less convincing. Instead, we argue that the mixture should be seen as exploitation of speech representation resources for various sociopragmatic and communicative purposes, such as disambiguating voices and shifting responsibilities for the speech report. The chapter thus contributes to the broader goal of enhancing our understanding of the sociopragmatics of speech representation in the history of English.
“Saying thes woordes or the lyke”
Authors: Evans Mel
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the forms and functions of speech representation in Early Modern English correspondence using corpus-based methods. It considers how the sociopragmatic properties of speech representation are shaped by the communicative context of letter-writing, and identifies key similarities and differences with speech representation in other early modern genres. Using a sixteenth-century subset of the Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, the analysis focusses on speech representation framed by the two most frequent quotatives: SAY and ANSWER. The results suggest that speech representation in letters anticipates the practices of later written genres, such as news reporting, as well as displaying characteristics associated with speech representation in spoken genres, such as conversation. Speech representation in correspondence has a predominantly interpersonal function, linked to values associated with report faithfulness, dramaticality, and the source authority. Reporting practices are informed both by the conventions of the genre and the immediate situation of the letter-writer.
Discourse Representation in Early Modern English Historiography
Authors: Claridge Claudia
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the use of discourse representation in Early Modern English history writing. The eleven texts investigated exhibit different proportions of speech and writing representation as well as a summarising style, which cuts across the speech and writing distinction. Speech representation of dialogues, (long) orations, and small chunks is amply attested and most dominant in “traditional” and “humanist” works. Writing representation is overall fairly common, particularly so in “antiquarian” and “partisan” histories; this is also revealed in the greater range of introductory verbs for writing. The summarising style is even more frequent in antiquarian and chronicle writing, which is often not introduced text-internally but via marginalia. Such paratextual as well as punctuation and layout features yield a highly diverse picture of representation practices across the texts. Together with the summarising style and the increasing importance of writing representation, the use of small inserted quotes in narrative or other discourse representation, the addition of precise references for evidential purposes, and the non-integral style of some referencing (i.e., separated from the running text) give seven of the texts a rather “modern” generic look.
“This is like an RPG where you pick up friends along the way”
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines how Millennial friends in their late twenties appropriate texts from video games they have played to serve particular social interactive functions in their everyday face-to-face conversations. Speakers use references to the video games Papers, Please, The Oregon Trail, Minecraft, and Role Playing Games (RPGS) to shift the epistemic territories of conversations when they encounter interactional dilemmas. These epistemic shifts simultaneously rekey formerly problematic talk (on topics like rent, money, and injuries) to lighter, humorous talk, reframing these issues as being part of a lived video game experience. Overlapping game frames are laminated upon real-life frames and are strengthened by embedded frames containing constructed dialogue. This chapter contributes to understanding how epistemic shifts relying on intertextual ties can shift frames during interactional dilemmas in everyday conversation, which is ultimately conducive to group identity construction.
Conclusion
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

The final chapter summarizes the findings of this study on intertextual media references in conversations among Millennial friends in their late twenties and discusses how they contribute to our understanding of knowledge and identity in everyday conversation, as well as our understanding of Millennial identity construction in particular. The findings as related to further developing an interactional sociolinguistic (IS) approach to knowledge in discourse, including contextualization cues, intertextuality, and framing, are reviewed. The findings as related to the merging of intertextuality and epistemics and the findings as related to how epistemic and frame management relying on intertextual references contribute to group identity construction in discourse are reviewed and discussed. This chapter also considers individual identity as displayed through the use of media references in this study of Millennial identity construction.
Introduction
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Privacy matters because, in an information society, information is power. The introduction opens with “the privacy conversation,” a conversation the author frequently has had with people he’s just met, in which the other person suggests that “privacy is dead.” Privacy is not dead, it turns out; it is just our society’s way of dealing with the social consequences of the power that human information provides to governments, companies, and other people who collect and use human information. The introduction lays out a plan of the book. Part 1, “How to Think About Privacy,” explains what privacy is and what privacy isn’t and dispels several pernicious myths about privacy. Part 2, “Three Privacy Values,” explores three of the instrumental values that good privacy rules can secure: identity formation, political freedom, and consumer protection.
Identity
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Human beings have messy, complex, evolving, multiple identities, and privacy rules can nurture the social processes by which we figure out who we are and what we believe. These processes include both the intellectual freedom that intellectual privacy protects as well as the kinds of identity play that other privacy rules enable. Three additional examples illustrate the ways in which privacy promotes identity formation. Privacy protects us from identity “forcing”: when technologies force us into single identities, such as through Facebook’s oppressive “real name” policy. Privacy protects us from “filtering”: the use of human information to “personalize” our news feeds and media consumption in ways that screen out ideas and information that the algorithm predicts we won’t like or don’t need. And privacy protects us from “exposure”: the risk of disclosure of information about us that chills us into social, intellectual, and political conformity.
Freedom
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Privacy can nurture our ability to develop political beliefs, identities, and expression, and is thus an essential source of political power for citizens against the state. Privacy enables political freedom, letting us act as self-governing citizens, and it is hard to envision a functioning democracy without privacy. Many discussions of privacy and political freedom rely on Orwell’s metaphor of Big Brother, but that image is incomplete because it fails to include private-party surveillance. Surveillance of any kind, whether government or private, raises two particular dangers. First, surveillance threatens the intellectual privacy we need to make up our minds about political and social issues; being watched when we think, read, and communicate can cause us not to experiment with new, controversial, or deviant ideas. Second, surveillance changes the power dynamic between the watcher and the watched; the power surveillance gives to watchers creates risks of blackmail, discrimination, and coercive persuasion.
Introduction
Authors: Varwig Bettina
Published: November 2021

As they step into the same rivers, other and still other waters flow upon them.

—Heraclitus

Watery metaphors prove irresistible as I reflect on the central subject matter of this volume—Bach. The streams of prose about Johann Sebastian Bach that have emanated from the pens of myriad writers since the eighteenth century have to date coalesced in a sea of Bach scholarship that appears to be ever rising (over 73,000 titles are available in the online “Bach-Bibliographie” maintained by the Bach-Archiv Leipzig), but whose shorelines as yet remain quite firmly delineated. Or, to turn the metaphor around, Bach scholarship on the whole can still seem like a well-fortified island in an ocean of musicological and wider humanities/social sciences discourse that laps up against its shores without any serious risk of getting its inhabitants’ feet too wet. For this island territory, thankfully, existential threats in the form of floods or tsunamis remain a fairly distant prospect. A number of prestigious publication series with those iconic four letters in the title, from the ...
Bach and the Soprano Voice
Authors: Heller Wendy
Published: November 2021

The chapter begins with a simple question: given the fact that Bach’s music for sopranos was composed almost exclusively for boys, why have early music practitioners—including those endorsed in 2018 by the Bach Leipzig Archive—become so accustomed to using female sopranos? Taking account both of the rhetorical strategies that Bach uses in a representative group of soprano arias (choice of affect, use of topoi, scoring, and vocal writing) and the use of female sopranos in this repertory in concert, radio, and recordings since the nineteenth-century revival, this chapter proposes that Bach imbued his soprano arias with an intrinsic sense of femininity—passion, optimism, desire, compliance, modesty, and submission—that was central to his expression of Lutheran theology and that emerges as no less vital for listeners, even long after the original theological context had lost its relevance. The chapter also shows how Bach’s unacknowledged capacity for representing female subjectivity has influenced even the most historically informed performance practices.
Rethinking Affect
Authors: van Elferen Isabella
Published: November 2021

This chapter rethinks affect, one of the key constituents of musical aesthetics in Bach’s time. Interrogating the musicological concept of Affektenlehre, it addresses musical affect as a new perspective on what musicology has tended to isolate historically under the umbrella of German Baroque rhetoric. The first paragraphs sketch a historiography of hermeneutic views of the Affektenlehre and address the criticisms that this approach has encountered. Based on a rereading of historical sources, the chapter investigates the ways in which twentieth-century musicologists developed views on affect in German Baroque music, the relation of these views to the historical situation, and their role in Bach studies. Taking into account early modern affect theories as well as the modern philosophies of affect based upon them, the final paragraphs aim to achieve an understanding of affect that is more in line with contemporary musical practice and theory.