bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CONSIDERATION OF THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF URANIUM NITRATE FOR ANIMALS OF DIFFERENT AGES. I
Authors: MacNider William deB.
Published: June 2004

1. The toxic effect of uranium when given in a constant quantity per kilo of body weight is variable. This variation has been constantly associated with differences in the age of the animals. Uranium is more toxic for an old animal than for a young animal. The establishment of this fact, namely, that the age of an animal may modify the toxicity of a substance, should be taken into account in establishing by animal experiment the degree of activity of substances which are to be used for therapeutic purposes.

2. The toxic effect of uranium nitrate is constantly associated with its ability to induce a tissue acidosis. A severer grade of acidosis is induced in an old animal from uranium than is induced in a young animal.

It would appear that in the response of dogs of different ages to uranium the animals represent a reaction system to this substance which shows an increasing susceptibility as the animal advances from youth to senility.

Insufficient experimental data are as yet available to allow a discussion of the mechanism by which such an acid intoxication is produced.

3. The toxic effect of uranium is manifested locally by certain degenerative changes in the kidney. These changes are more marked in the kidney of an old animal than they are in the kidney of a young animal.

Associated with the severer kidney changes which are especially characterized by a beginning swelling of the renal epithelium and by an accumulation of stainable fat in these cells is the development of a severe grade of tissue acidosis.

4. The functional capacity of the kidney shows a parallel with the degree of acid intoxication and with the severity of the histological changes which have developed in the renal epithelium.
A VALVE TO REGULATE THE DELIVERY OF AIR AND ETHER VAPOR IN ANY PROPORTION
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

A valve is described for the control of ether vapor for anesthesia which regulates the mixture of ether vapor from a Woulfe bottle with air in any proportion, without changing the volume or the pressure at which the mixture is delivered. The regulation of the air stream both to and from the ether bottle controls the mixture accurately and is an essential feature of the valve. Except for experimental purposes, it is not considered profitable to determine on an arbitrary scale the tension of the ether vapor obtained, because the depth of the anesthesia should always be judged by the condition of the subject.

The valve was devised for the Meltzer-Auer method of intratracheal insufflation, but it is adapted for use wherever a constant mixture of air and ether vapor is desired. Several respiration machines for supplying and interrupting the air stream, using this constant volume valve for the regulation of the ether supply, have been in use in Dr. Meltzer's laboratory for periods up to 2 years, and the simplicity and efficiency of the valve have been thoroughly tested. A description of the complete machine will be published later.
THE RELATION OF MOSQUITOES AND FLIES TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Kudo Rokusaburo
Published: June 2004

1. Culex pipiens raised from the larval stage in water experimentally contaminated with an abundance of poliomyelitic virus were found to be incapable of causing the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys.

2. Culex pipiens which were fed on infected poloimyelitic monkeys during different stages of the disease were found to be incapable of transmitting the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys. A previous disturbance of the meninges by an injection of horse serum into the intrathecal space did not alter the result, which was negative.

3. The offspring of the mosquitoes which were either reared in the infected tanks or fed on infected monkeys were found to be entirely harmless when allowed to feed in large numbers on a normal monkey. There was no hereditary transmission of the virus from one generation to another.

4. No trace of the virus of poliomyelitis was demonstrable in the filtrate of an emulsion of adult flies and pupae of the common housefly and bluebottle fly which were reared in the laboratory on slices, emulsion, or filtrate of monkey brain containing the poliomyelitic virus. The intracerebral injection of the filtrate produced no poliomyelitic infection in the normal monkey.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Vincent A.
Published: June 2004

Of twenty infected cases treated with Dakin's solution or chloramine paste, seven were bacteriologically sterile. This proves that, in general, 35 per cent of the cases thus treated become bacteriologically aseptic. This degree of asepsis is not necessary in order to suture the wound, the absence of bacteria in films being sufficient. Complete sterilization of wounds, can, therefore, now be accomplished.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES UPON LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

The work of previous investigators gives the impression that it is easy to produce sera which both in vitro and upon injection are leukotoxic. At the same time the specificity of these leukotoxic sera for the particular type of cell used as antigen, and even for leukocytes in general, has been doubtful. The methods used have made certain possible factors of error unavoidable. Even careful washing of an organ or suspension cannot render it wholly blood-free, so that it is not surprising that the sera should be moderately hemolytic and hemagglutinative. Pearce has shown that the injection of very small amounts of blood is sufficient to evoke the production of immune hemolysins. When such sera are injected the lesions, as Pearce states, may be due in part to the production of hemagglutinative thrombi, although this hardly seems to apply to the changes in lymphoid tissue described by Flexner. On the other hand, the lymphotoxic effect of hemolytic sera may be due to the lymphocytes injected with the red cells.

Our own experiments indicate that the lymphotoxic and agglutinative factors are to a considerable degree distinct from the hemolytic and hemagglutinative ones, since they can be separated from one another by absorption.

Further evidence is presented that the small thymus cells are biologically related to, if not identical with the lymphocytes derived from lymph glands.
CIRCULATING IMMUNITY PRINCIPLES IN RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: Ido Yutaka , Ito Hiroshi , Wani Hidetsune , Okuda Kikuzo
Published: June 2004

Summarizing the results that have been cited, we have proved that the blood serum of convalescents from rat-bite fever contains antibodies which are specific against the causative agent of that disease. The serum of rat-bite fever was capable of destroying the spirochetes not only in the hanging drop preparations, but also in the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs. The guinea pigs employed for Pfeiffer's test always remained well. In the experimentally infected mice receiving intravenously or intraperitoneally serum equalling in quantity the amount of infected blood, the numbers of spirochetes were greatly decreased or they disappeared for a definite period. It is not yet clear how long after recovery from rat-bite fever the antibodies are effective in the blood of human beings, and further investigations are needed to elucidate this point. In our experiments we found that serum taken from Case I showed definite spirochetolytic and spirocheticidal properties 11 months after the onset of the disease. In Case 2, the period was 6 months, and in Case 3, 3 months following the onset of rat-bite fever.
INCREASED VIRULENCE OF THE HOG-CHOLERA BACILLUS PRODUCED BY PASSAGE THROUGH RABBITS
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

By passage through a series of eleven rabbits a culture of the hogcholera bacillus has increased its virulence a thousand times. A subcutaneous injection of twenty organisms, or 0.00000001 cc. of a 24 hour bouillon culture, or a drop of a bouillon culture rubbed lightly into the shaven skin, produces, in the rabbit, a characteristic disease resulting in death on or about the 6th day.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGGLUTININS IN THE IMMUNITY OF THE RABBIT TO THE HOG-CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

Rabbits may show a high agglutination titer to the hog-cholera bacillus and have no immunity and on the other hand immune animals may have a comparatively low agglutination titer. In other words, with this organism the height of the agglutination titer does not indicate the degree of immunity. As this bacillus so closely resembles the typhoid bacillus biologically and pathologically, it seems safe to conclude, until evidence is brought forth to the contrary, that in man the height of the agglutination titer does not indicate the actual degree of immunity to the latter organism. The same would apply to other members of the typhoid-colon group. It would not be wise to draw a more general conclusion until other organisms have been tested. This does not mean that agglutinins are not related to immunity but it brings up the question of the wisdom of using them as a guide in immunization with the colon-typhoid group.

When injected into the normal, vaccinated, or immune rabbit, the virulent hog-cholera bacillus is rapidly clumped and disappears from the circulation. 40 minutes after injection these organisms can be found in phagocytes in the liver. The fact that the normal rabbit gives this intra vitam agglutination is an exception to the findings of Bull that virulent organisms remain in the circulation for some time after injection.
THE NEUTRALIZATION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNE BODIES BY INFECTED EXUDATES AND SERA
Authors: Cole Rufus
Published: June 2004

1. In empyema fluids resulting from infection with pneumococci there are present large amounts of soluble substances which have the property of neutralizing pneumococcus antibodies.

2. Similar substances are found in the blood of infected rabbits.

3. When immune serum is injected into infected rabbits the immune substances disappear very quickly, and therefore are prevented from activity in overcoming the infection.

4. When immune serum is administered to patients severely infected with pneumococci, the immune bodies may also disappear very rapidly, and this disappearance is probably associated with the presence of such soluble substances in the blood.

5. The serum only becomes effective when these substances are neutralized.

6. The study of agglutination curves is of value in showing why in certain instances favorable results have not followed the use of immune serum.

7. It is important that in severely injected patients the serum be administered early in the disease and that the initial dosage be large.
THE ELABORATION OF SPECIFIC SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE BY PNEUMOCOCCUS DURING GROWTH
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Avery O. T.
Published: June 2004

1. A specifically reacting substance of bacterial origin is present in the cell-free fluids of young cultures of pneumococcus. This substance is present when the organisms are growing at their maximum rate and undergoing little or no cell death, and consequently its. presence is not dependent upon cell disintegration but represents the extrusion of bacterial substance by the living organism.

2. The blood and urine of rabbits experimentally infected with pneumococcus contain a similar specific soluble substance during the early hours of the infectious process.

3. Human beings suffering from lobar pneumonia have in their blood and more frequently in their urine a specific soluble substance of pneumococcus origin. The amount of this substance present in the urine varies in different individuals and the presence of a large amount is of unfavorable prognostic import. This specific precipitin reaction in the urine is of diagnostic value.

4. Rabbits injected with soluble pneumococcus material continue to excrete this substance for a considerable period of time.

5. The specifically soluble substance obtained from bacterial cultures and from the urine during infection is not destroyed by boiling, by precipitation with alcohol, acetone, or ether, or by trypsin digestion.

6. Studies are in progress at this time on the degree of toxicity and on the antigenic properties of the substance.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci of Type I and Type II are responsible for the majority of the cases of lobar pneumonia.

2. Among the pneumococci found in the mouths of healthy individuals Type IV predominates, Type III is frequent, and atypical organisms of Type II are occasionally found.

3. Healthy persons intimately associated with cases of lobar pneumonia may harbor in their mouth secretions the highly parasitic pneumococcus of Types I and II.

4. Occasionally a carrier of Type I or Type II pneumococcus is encountered in whom it is impossible to trace any contact with an infected patient.

5. From the dust of homes where cases of pneumonia due to Types I and II have occurred, pneumococci of the same type may be recovered.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM
Authors: Cole Rufus , Moore Henry F.
Published: June 2004

In the production of immune serum for therapeutic purposes strict attention must be paid to the immunological specificity of the bacteria used for immunization. At present the only serum of which the therapeutic value has been proven is that effective against Type I pneumococcus infection. This serum should have agglutinating power for Type I pneumococcus and should have the power of protecting mice against large amounts of virulent culture. Experiments have shown that for producing the primary immunity most rapidly several series of small doses of dead cultures should be given, the injections being made daily for 6 to 7 days, followed by a week in which no injections are made. To produce the highest type of immunity probably living organisms are required. These should be given in moderate doses daily for 3 days, with an interval of a week between each series of injections. By following accurately the methods described, horses may be made to produce rapidly a high grade of specific serum. The observations so far made indicate the importance of employing small doses of culture frequently repeated in this form of immunization.
STUDIES ON ANTIBLASTIC IMMUNITY
Authors: Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

Antipneumococcus serum under certain conditions apparently inhibits or retards the metabolic activities of the homologous pneumococcus.

Antipneumococcus serum exhausted of its agglutinin content possesses no inhibitory properties.

The degree of inhibitory action of antipneumococcus serum parallels its agglutinating power.

No evidence has been found to indicate that the inhibition of the metabolic activities of the pneumococcus by antipneumococcus serum is due to a specific antienzymotic property of the serum.

The evidence which has been obtained indicates that the apparent inhibition of metabolic activity that occurs under certain conditions is due to agglutination of the pneumococci by the antipneumococcus serum and their consequent inability to grow in intimate contact with the whole medium.

Antistaphylococcus serum inhibits the liquefaction of gelatin and the formation of pigment by Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Further experimentation is necessary to determine the mechanism of this inhibitory action.

Antistaphylococcus serum does not inhibit those metabolic activities of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus essential to the growth and multiplication of the organisms.
THE PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ANTITOXIN FOR BACILLUS WELCHII
Authors: Bull Carroll G.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been possible to confer on guinea pigs a passive immunity of about 2 weeks' duration to Bacillus welchii toxin through a protective administration of the antitoxin.

2. Guinea pigs which bad received a prophylactic dose of Bacillus welchii antitoxin exhibited pronounced resistance to infection with the virulent bacilli for a period of 12 days.

3. Established infections in guinea pigs with Bacillus welchii have been arrested and controlled by treatment with the antitoxin.

4. The opinion has been expressed that it will be possible to prevent Bacillus welchii infection in man through the prophylactic use of the antitoxin and developed cases of the infection may be controlled by therapeutic injections of the same agent.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LYMPH AND SERUM FERMENTS DURING PROTEIN SHOCK REACTIONS
Authors: Davis Benjamin F. , Petersen William F.
Published: June 2004

The relation of two phenomena involved in the mechanism of recovery following protein shock therapy is shown in these experiments to be due to changes that concern the lymph rather than the serum. The first of these, the increase in the rate of flow of the lymph, has been suggested by Teague and McWilliams as a possible factor in recovery from infection when due to bacteria proliferating in the lymph spaces and inaccessible to the antibodies of the serum (typhoid). By means of the protein shock, antibody-rich fluids (serum) are forced into the lymph channels. That the antibodies of the serum are augmented following the shock has been demonstrated by Culver (4). With this possibility in mind it is to be expected that bacterial infection not confined to the lymph spaces will not be influenced by shock therapy to the same extent. How far this holds true we are unable to state, although von Decastello (5) has called attention to the fact that while he was able to cause rapid lysis or a crisis in typhoid patients following the shock reaction, the injection of a similar amount of vaccine in typhus fever was without effect. The second factor, the great increase in the antiferment, is clearly due to the amount of the antiferment entering the general circulation through the lymph stream. This accounts for the marked fluctuations observed in the titer of the serum antiferment in patients following protein shock. If, for instance, the original titer of the lymph is less than that of the blood, the first flushing of the lymphatic current into the blood channel will tend to lower the titer of the serum, but with the increased amount in the lymph after the shock the titer of the serum will also increase.

Bacteria proliferate best where the antiferment is absent, as Wright (6) has noted in his studies on war wounds, a fact that is also commonly applied in bacteriological technique when we employ ascitic fluids, containing relatively little antiferment, preferably to serum, in culture media.

The increased lymph flow that follows the shock reaction would have value then, not only in forcing specific antibodies into the lymph channels, but 'in increasing the antiferment there as well, which would aid in checking the growth of bacteria.
THE BIOLOGICAL IDENTITY OF THE FRIEDLÄNDER BACILLUS
Authors: Coulter Calvin B.
Published: June 2004

We conclude therefore that this series of eleven lactose-negative organisms of the Friedländer type, grouped together by Perkins on the basis of fermentation reactions represents a single biological group. It can be distinguished from Bacillus aerogenes and other similar bacilli by cultural, fermentative, and serological reactions. There appears to be a close analogy between this group and Pneumococcus mucosus in the possession of a fixed cultural type, and the behavior toward immune serum. Both represent apparently a single biological group. Unfortunately no immune sera have been developed against the two strains that grew in moist and dry phases; it is possible that with immune sera for these light could be thrown on the relation suggested by Fitzgerald that the capsulated bacilli represent a parasitic development of the Bacillus coli group.
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES
Authors: Arlitt Ada Hart , Wells H. Gideon
Published: June 2004

Administration of alcohol in the food of male white rats for 2 or more months, in daily quantities of 0.25 to 2.25 cc., results almost constantly in the appearance of marked degenerative alterations in the testicles. These changes affect the steps of spermatogenesis in inverse order to their occurrence, so that for some time before sterility and complete aspermia result, the animal is producing spermatozoa with all possible degrees of abnormality and deficiency. The possible relation of this abnormal spermatogenesis to the production of defective offspring is obvious. Individual rats show marked differences in the degree of change produced by equal amounts of alcohol. The fibrous, interstitial, and vascular elements of the testicle are not affected, except for intertubular edema compensating for tubular atrophy. These experimental observations harmonize with the necropsy findings in human alcoholics. No other tissue was found to be noticeably affected by the alcohol; especially to be remarked is the absence of cirrhosis or fatty infiltration in the liver.
STAGGERS IN SHEEP IN PATAGONIA
Authors: Jones F. S. , Arnold J. F.
Published: June 2004

After observations and experimental work both in the field and laboratory, the following conclusions seem justified.

1. Staggers is a non-infectious disorder affecting horses, cattle, and sheep.

2. The disease is characterized by weakness, muscular twitching, irregular movements of the head, stiffness of the limbs, and transient motor paralysis, accompanied with spastic spasms on excitement. There is also a derangement of vision and conjunctivitis.

3. The postmortem lesions are not characteristic.

4. We readily produced the disease by feeding susceptible sheep on a coarse tuft grass commonly known as coiron or pampa grass (Poa argentina).

5. The time required to produce definite symptoms by feeding the grass varied. Two animals developed typical staggers after two feedings; in another instance a period of 21 days of feeding was required. The average time for the production of unmistakable symptoms in our experiments was 10 days.

6. Many sheep recover from staggers spontaneously. A complete change of diet will usually effect a cure within 2 weeks.

7. Older .animals that have pastured for long periods on lands where the grass grows become tolerant and are rarely affected with staggers.

8. The grass is toxic to sheep at all seasons of the year. We fed late winter and early spring grass and grass in flower, and produced staggers in every instance. The young green grass is as toxic as any edible portion of the plant.
THE ABIOTIC ACTION OF ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT
Authors: Newcomer H. S.
Published: June 2004

Typhoid bacilli are about one two-hundredth as sensitive to ultraviolet light of wave-lengths 2100 to 2800 Ångström units as is the photographic plate. This sensitivity then falls off, decreasing rapidly to almost zero sensitivity at about 2970, the beginning of the sun's spectrum.
CHANGES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD CONSEQUENT UPON THE DIVERSION OF THE SPLENIC BLOOD INTO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Burket Walter C.
Published: June 2004

1. The principal change in the peripheral blood consisted in the prolonged increase in number of the transitional white blood cells, an active brief stimulation of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which were later relatively decreased in number in four cases, in three dogs a late rise in number of the mononuclear and eosinophilic cells, and in one dog of mononuclear cells alone.

2. The normally high differential percentage count of polymorphonuclear eosinophils in dogs would be expected on account of the numerous parasitic infections which they usually have.

3. The splenorenal venous anastomosis offered a simple and satisfactory method of diverting the splenic blood into the general circulation because it was easy and produced no gross abnormal intraabdominal changes, and the vessels normally lay parallel to each other and were readily approximated without tension.

4. The operation was successful in every case.

5. The animals did very well after operation and were healthy and active.

6. No noteworthy histological changes were observed in any of the organs or tissues.

7. There was no essential change in bile production that could be detected by jaundice.

8. The urine and stools showed no changes.
THE EFFECT OF INJECTIONS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ON SUSCEPTIBLE AND INSUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS
Authors: Hopkins J. Gardner , Parker Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. Streptococci injected into the circulation of cats are quickly withdrawn and are found most numerously in the lung, less numerously in the liver and spleen, and in small numbers in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, muscle, and kidney.

2. The streptococci taken up by the lung are killed within 5 to 8 hours, although they remain visible in films for a number of days. In the liver they are killed less rapidly, and in the spleen a few may remain viable for a considerable period.

3. This bactericidal action may be demonstrated in pieces of excised lung but not in lung extracts, and is apparently dependent on the action of the living cell.

4. Streptococci injected into a susceptible animal, the rabbit, are also promptly removed from the circulation, but are distributed in different proportions, the liver and spleen absorbing almost as many as the lung, and the muscles also taking up an appreciable number.

5. As in the cat, the organisms taken up by the lung and liver of the living rabbit are promptly killed. Those which lodge in the muscles, however, multiply rapidly.

6. About the time that the streptococci have begun to develop in the muscles (4 to 8 hours after injection) the number in the blood stream begins to increase.

7. The increase in the blood stream is not due to exhaustion of the mechanism of their removal nor have these organisms acquired a resistance sufficient to maintain them in the blood stream of a normal animal. The septicemia, then, is probably the resuit of washing out of organisms from the infected tissues.

8. Attempts to immunize rabbits have been unsuccessful, but in certain treated animals the distribution of the organisms among the various organs approached that found in insusceptible animals; i.e., cats.
THE LOCALIZATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS
Authors: Detweiler H. K. , Maitland H. B.
Published: June 2004

The results of our experiments do not substantiate in full the theory of the power of selective action of Streptococcus viridans.

A few strains showed a remarkable constancy in location and type of lesion, but these strains were greatly in the minority.

The location of the lesions in animals seemed to bear no relation to the origin of the organism or to the lesions produced by it in the patient from which the strain was obtained.

Streptococcus viridans, regardless of site of origin in the patient, produced most lesions in the heart and joints.
STUDIES OF LUNG VOLUME
Authors: Garvin A. , Lundsgaard Christen , Van Slyke Donald D.
Published: June 2004

1. The total capacity, middle capacity, and residual air have been determined in 31 adult male patients suffering from tuberculosis of the lungs.

2. The chest volumes have been determined in each case and the normal lung volumes calculated by means of the ratios worked out in a previous paper.

3. In nine patients with incipient tuberculosis, the total lung volume was found within normal limits, whereas the vital capacity was diminished as a result of an increased residual air.

The increase in the residual air was due to less complete expiration, caused partly by diminished movement of the diaphragm, partly by diminished compression of the chest wall. The diminished movement of the diaphragm was, as a rule, most marked on the most affected side. Whether these decreased movements are due to a reflex or to stiffness of the lung tissue we could not determine.

The middle capacity was found practically normal.

4. In twenty-two cases of moderately advanced, and advanced tuberculosis, the total lung volume was in most cases markedly decreased.

The vital capacity was substantially decreased, principally as a result of the diminished total capacity. The residual air was, as a rule, normal, although in a few cases an increase in residual air also contributed to the decrease in the vital capacity.

The middle capacity, on which we do not want to put too much stress, was normal in some patients and considerably diminished in others.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

1. Thirty-one determinations of the total oxygen-combining power and the oxygen in the venous blood from vena mediana cubiti of sixteen resting patients are reported.

2. The difference between the total oxygen capacity of the hemoglobin and the oxygen in the venous blood, the oxygen unsaturation, is calculated.

3. In twelve patients with compensated heart lesions the unsaturation was found within normal limits, between 2.5 and 8 volume per cent.

4. In four patients with incompensated heart disease the values for the unsaturation were all above the normal limit, from 9.7 to 15.2 volume per cent.

5. A general discussion of the problem of interpreting the results is given.

6. A comparison is drawn between the oxygen consumption calculated from direct determination of the blood flow on a normal subject (the writer) and the oxygen unsaturation determined 4 years later on the same subject. A close agreement between the two series of values exists.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

1. Forty-six determinations of the oxygen unsaturation, i.e., the difference between the venous oxygen and the total oxygen capacity of the hemoglobin, have been done in five patients with compensated circulatory disturbances.

2. Values within normal limits and near or below the normal average were found in four patients with regular pulse.

3. In one patient with mitral insufficiency and arrhythmia perpetua extremely varying values were encountered. Six determinations were made; in one instance the value was within normal limits, in five above, and in one of those even higher than in most cases of incompensated heart lesions.

4. A comparison is drawn between the directly determined oxygen unsaturation in these patients and the oxygen consumption calculated from previous experiments by the writer, where the blood flow was determined directly by the nitrous oxide method. A close parallelism is found.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

1. A report is made of 103 determinations of the oxygen unsaturation of the venous blood of five patients with incompensated heart diseases.

2. Values for the oxygen unsaturation within normal limits were found only under two circumstances: (a) in a stage of full compensation, and (b) in a stage of incompensation where the symptoms were rapidly lessening.

3. Values above the upper normal extreme were met with under three circumstances: (a) during incompensation, (b) during compensation just before the clinical symptoms of incompensation had developed, and (c) at times in patients with auricular fibrillations in a condition of complete and stable compensation.

4. A comparison has been drawn between the directly found value for the oxygen unsatilration and the values for the oxygen consumption calculated from previous experiments by the writer on the blood flow (minute volume of the heart), in patients with similar clinical conditions. A close agreement existed.

5. It seems probable from our experience with patients under digitalis therapy that the oxygen unsaturation affords, an objective criterion of the positive effect of the therapy.
THE FACTORS CONCERNED IN THE APPEARANCE OF NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Drinker Katherine R. , Kreutzmann Henry A.
Published: June 2004

1. Increase in circulatory rate caused by hard exercise has no power to dislocate nucleated red cells from the bone marrow either in normal, in anemic, in hyperplastic, or in anemic and hyperplastic animals.

2. In anemic and hyperplastic animals pseudocrises of nucleated red cells can be produced at certain periods by hard exercise, but careful analysis leads inevitably to the conclusion that the increase in these cells is merely a more accurate expression of circulatory content at the time of the procedure.

3. Section of the vasomotor nerves to the four limbs with consequent dilatation of the marrow vessels and increased blood flow through the tissue does not result in the freeing of nucleated red cells from the bone marrow.
DISTRIBUTION OF SPIROCHÆTA ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ IN THE ORGANS AFTER INTRAVENOUS SERUM TREATMENT
Authors: Kaneko Renjiro , Okuda Kikuzo
Published: June 2004

On the basis of these findings we believe that we are Justified in saying that the immune serum of Weil's disease is capable of destroying the spirochetes found within the organs in man, with the exception of the kidneys, and that the action of the serum upon the spirochetes is spirochetolytic and spirocheticidal. The scattered spirochetes in the kidney, on the other hand, are resistant to the action of the immune serum.

The spirochetes disappear almost completely from the organs during the convalescent stage of Well's disease, even when no serum has been administered. The only organ to be excepted is again the kidney, but no comparison between .serum-treated and non-serum-treated cases should be made in this respect, for spirochetes are found numerously in the kidneys even with serum treatment.

The disappearance of the spirochetes from the organs and tissues in Well's disease seems to be not so marked with the subcutaneous serum treatment as with the intravenous method, but the manner of their disappearance is about the same.
THE FACTORS CONCERNED IN THE APPEARANCE OF NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Drinker Katherine R. , Kreutzmann Henry A.
Published: June 2004

1. Hemorrhage with immediate saline infusion causes the appearance in the peripheral blood of a slightly increased number of normoblasts provided normoblasts are already present in the blood stream. Marrow hyperplasia does not intensify this reaction and the cells found probably do not leave the marrow pulp but are in the blood stream at the time of the experiment.

2. The slight increase in cells occurring immediately after hemorrhage and infusion is designated a pseudocrisis. True crises are much more extensive; they tend to occur just before rapid increase in the erythrocyte count and usually towards the end of the 1st week following hemorrhage.

3. Red cells and white cells tend to move from the marrow together, but this association is not invariable.

4. After repeated hemorrhages regeneration occurs independently of the appearance of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood.

5. Repeated hemorrhages associated with extension of erythrocyteproducing marrow lead to polycythemia but not to a conspicuous increase in speed of regeneration.
THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TISSUES OF THE RABBIT AS A RESULT OF REDUCED OXIDATION
Authors: Martin H. G. , Loevenhart A. S. , Bunting C. H.
Published: June 2004

Exposure of rabbits to an atmosphere of low oxygen content results in a stimulation of the cardiorespiratory systems, in an extension (hyperplasia) of red bone marrow and probably of a thyroid hyperplasia, with the further production of hydropic and hyaline degeneration in the cells of the parenchymatous organs. An atmosphere of high carbon dioxide and normal oxygen content produces, however, a stimulation of the cardiorespiratory systems, but no marrow extension and, in the concentrations used, but slight hydropic degeneration in the parenchyma of the glandular organs.
A STUDY OF THE NITROGEN METABOLISM AND OF ACIDOSIS AFTER THE TRANSPLANTATION OF A URETER INTO THE DUODENUM IN DOGS
Authors: Goto Kingo
Published: June 2004

1. The present work was undertaken to study the metabolism in the dog after a ureter-intestinal transplantation. Four dogs, Nos. I, 2, 5, and 7, were originally operated upon. Two, Nos. 2 and 7, showed kidney infection; the other two were not infected, and in these the metabolism was studied; one of the latter (No. 1) showed marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter.

2. Both after the transplantation of the right ureter into the intestine and the ligation of the right ureter, there is generally a moderately increased output of nitrogen in the urine and, in the former instance especially, a retention of nitrogen in the blood, but no change in carbon dioxide content in the blood. The significance of this is probably an increased tissue catabolism, the cause of which is doubtful without further work.

3. After removal of the left kidney subsequent to transplantation of the right ureter into the duodenum, renal insufficiency and resulting retention developed. The non-protein and urea nitrogen in the blood steadily increased and the carbon dioxide content of the blood diminished to the level characteristic of a moderate acidosis. No ketones were found in the blood The dogs died 5 to 10 days after the nephrectomy under conditions characteristic of suspended renal activity—deep respiration, unconsciousness, and sopor.
THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD PRESSURE IN FIBRILLATION OF THE AURICLES
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments on dogs show that whereas the pulse pressure in the larger arteries (femoral) varies extensively, it varies within narrow limits only in the small ones (dorsal artery of the foot).

These results supply an experimental explanation for the fact that in man uniform pressure readings were obtained by Gaertner's method at the digital artery.

2. The experiments show likewise that in certain instances the level of pressure is maintained when fibrillation of the auricles sets in.

It is therefore clear that when the mechanism of the heart beat in man changes to fibrillation of the auricles, a change, that is a fall, in pressure need not necessarily develop.
THE SURVIVAL OF LEPTOSPIRA (SPIROCHÆTA) ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ IN NATURE; OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MICROCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND INTERMEDIARY HOSTS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

1. Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ is unable to grow in the urine, either with or without the addition of suitable culture ingredients, the acidity of the urine being detrimental to the growth. It survives less than 24 hours, unless the urine is neutralized or slightly alkalized, when the period of survival is somewhat longer. If suitable nutrient ingredients are added to the neutralized or slightly alkalized urine, the organism is able to grow for about 10 days, after which multiplication ceases.

2. Feces from normal or jaundiced persons destroy Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ within 24 hours when a rich culture is added and the mixture allowed to stand at 26°C. The addition of blood serum and corpuscles does not prevent the destruction of the organism. Autoclaved specimens and filtrates of unheated feces do not constitute a suitable medium in which to keep the organism alive for any length of time, but the addition of blood corpuscles and serum in adequate quantities renders them fairly satisfactory as media. Under natural conditions Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ cast off in the feces cannot survive more than 24 hours.

3. Polluted water, sewage, and soil will not serve to keep Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ alive for more than 3 days at the most. When deprived by filtration or autoclaving of their bacteria they become indifferent diluents and may be used to make up a culture medium when mixed with serum and citrate plasma of a suitable animal. Sterilized soil with a neutral reaction, when added to a culture, has an unfavorable effect upon the growth of the organism.

4. Most of the aerobic bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and tap water inhibit the growth of Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ when inoculated into the same medium. Bacillus fæcalis alkaligenes and many strains of non-hemolytic streptococci caused the least interference, although growth was never so vigorous or lasting in the media in which they were present as in the control media. Certain pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus typhosus, Bacillus paratyphosus, Bacillus dysenteriæ, pneumococcus) are antagonistic to the growth of the spirochete.

5. Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ is highly sensitive to the destructive action of bile, bile salts, and sodium oleate, but resists the action of saponin. In this last respect it differs from many so called spirochetes. The destructive action of these agents is counteracted by blood serum.

6. The larvae and adults of the Culex mosquito, the larvæ of the house-fly and bluebottle fly, wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni), and leeches failed to become carriers of the spirochetes when fed on infected guinea pigs or their organs; that is, they cannot play the part of an intermediary host of Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ.
BEHAVIOR OF HYPOCHLORITE AND OF CHLORAMINE-T SOLUTIONS IN CONTACT WITH NECROTIC AND NORMAL TISSUES IN VIVO
Authors: Austin J. Harold , Taylor Herbert D.
Published: June 2004

1. The fall in chlorine concentration of Dakin's hypochlorite solution is more rapid in contact with necrotic than in contact with normal tissue.

2. The fall in chlorine concentration of chloramine-T solution is very slight when applied to necrotic tissue and is negligible when applied to normal tissue.

3. The action of the hypochlorite solution on tissue results in the separation of particles of necrotic tissue, hair, epithelial scales, coagulated serum, etc., and a gradual digestion of these substances, taking place over a period of at least 17 hours.

4. The fall in the chlorine concentration of the hypochlorite solution is not complete until the particles are completely dissolved.

5. Chloramine-T solution, 2 per cent, has no erosive effect comparable with that exhibited by the hypochlorite solution.

6. Repeated exposures to the three solutions show the hypochlorite solution to be superior in its cleansing ability on necrotic tissue.

7. The hypochlorite solution is much more irritating to normal rabbit skin than chloramine-T solution or the alkaline control solution.

8. Therefore, the irritating effects must be due to the readily available chlorine.
THE SPIROCHETAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL MALE GENITALIA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The varieties of spirochetes enumerated and photomicrographed from the male smegma flora represent practically every form hitherto described by Nankivell and Sundell and by Patterson in the specimens of urine from trench fever cases (Figs. 32 and 33). The urethral flora, as studied by Stoddard, seem to contain more varieties, but, except those of his more detailed morphological descriptions, every form observed by him is among those found in the smegma. Stoddard saw certain forms with hooked ends suggestive of the Leptospira icterohæmorrhagiæ of infectious jaundice, but the resemblance ends with this one feature, and differentiation should always be possible under the dark-field microscope, by means of which the leptospira reveals its highly characteristic minute elementary spirals, presenting the appearance of a chain of dots (Fig. 18). Fig. 19 shows that a very favorable fixation with the osmic acid vapor followed by Giemsa's staining may also bring out the elementary spirals. Of all the spirochetes, none has so closely set spirals as the jaundice leptospira, the distance between two spirals being only 0.5 µ. Various methods, including Fontana's, Benians', the mordant gentian violet stain, or Burri's India ink method, are inadequate to differentiate the leptospira from other spirochetes (Figs. 12, 14, 15, 16, 17).

Why a positive spirochete finding with the films from the urethra and in the specimens of urine was not obtained, is difficult to explain, except on the grounds of the paucity of specimens examined. At all events, the recent negative results reported by Fiessinger with French soldiers and invalids after cleansing of the urethra and glans seem to be in harmony with my results.

In conclusion it may be stated that Spironema refringens, Treponema calligyrum, and Treponema minutum represent practically all the spirochetal forms observed in the male smegma flora. A leptospira has never been conclusively shown to be present in the specimens of normal urine or smegma. For the satisfactory microscopic demonstration of a leptospira a dark-field illuminator is indispensable.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATION OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS AND EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. , Eberson Frederick
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded in this paper serve, in the first place, to confirm the experiments of Dixon and Halliburton on the stimulating effect of intravenous injections of extracts of choroid plexus in the secretion of the cerebrospinal fluid, and extend their observations to monkeys.

They bring out also the variable effects of the virus of poliomyelitis, variations affected by the quality of the virus and also by the individual powers of resistance to infection possessed by individual monkeys. These factors of variation must be taken into account in performing and interpreting experiments on infection and particularly those on immunity and specific therapy in relation to poliomyelitis.

In general it may be said that experimental infection by way of the blood is not easy to produce in monkeys unless some contributing factor, such as the existence of a coincident aseptic meningitis, operates at the same time. And yet Experiments 1 and 2 show that when the strength of the virus is great the injection of relatively considerable quantities suffices to induce infection and paralysis, but not in all instances.

The chief outcome of the experiments has been to determine the fact that when the intravenous inoculation of the virus does not in itself suffice to induce infection and paralysis, the intravenous injection of extracts of the choroid plexus, which in themselves excite the secretory functions which preside over the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid, is powerless to modify this result. This fact would seem to be of interest and importance, since it has already been shown that very slight structural changes in the meningeal-choroidal complex suffice to make possible or certain infection under these circumstances. Apparently mere augmentation, from time to time, of the secretory functions of the choroid plexus, through intravenous injection of an extract of the choroid plexus and while the virus is still circulating, is insufficient to insure passage of the virus from the blood into the nervous tissues, upon which infection depends. Neither does the augmentation exercise a restraining influence on the development of infection otherwise capable of taking place.
THE AUTODIGESTION OF NORMAL SERUM THROUGH THE ACTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL AGENTS. II
Authors: Yamakawa Shotaro
Published: June 2004

1. The neutral fats, fatty acids, and lipoid bodies of serum seem to play no part in autodigestion. Neither the addition of fats or lipoids in excess to the serum, nor their removal by extraction with ether influences the phenomenon of autodigestion.

2. There is present in native serum an antienzymic substance which is closely related to the autolytic ferment of serum.

3. The antiseroprotease of normal serum has almost the same thermal resistance as the seroprotease; that is, it survives heating at 55°C. for 30 minutes but is completely inactivated at 60°C. for the same length of time.

4. The ferment can be removed from the serum by means of inorganic adsorbents, but the antienzymic substance remains in the treated serum.

5. The autolytic power of the sera of man and other animals is much weaker than that of guinea pig serum, but they contain as much as does the latter of the antisubstance which inhibits the digestion of the activated guinea pig serum.

6. The autodigestion of the activated serum is due to the splitting of the serum protein by the proteolytic ferment of the same serum and is brought about by the destruction of the antienzymic substance by the chemical reagents. On the other hand, the digestion products in a mixture of a foreign substrate and guinea pig serum are derived from the direct digestion of the substrate by the serum ferment. This digestion takes place in spite of the presence of the antiseroprotease. The serum separated from the substrate can no longer produce a split product, but is as actively antienzymic as the original serum and undergoes autodigestion only when treated with acetone or other chemical activators.