bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caring labour, intersectionality and worker satisfaction: an analysis of the National Nursing Assistant Study (NNAS)
Authors: Rakovski Carter C. , Price‐Glynn Kim
Published: November 2009

Caring labour in long‐term care settings is increasingly important as the US population ages. Ethnographic research on nursing assistants (NAs) portrays nursing home care as routine and fast paced in facilities that emphasise life maintenance more than care. Recent interview‐based and small quantitative studies describe a mix of positive and negative aspects of NA work, including the rewards of caring, despite shortcomings in working conditions and pay. The current study continues this research but, for the first time, using national data. The 2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Nursing Assistant Study (NNAS) provides survey data from 3,017 NAs working in long‐term care facilities across the US. The NNAS results confirm the importance and centrality of caring to NAs’ work. NAs motivated by caring for others were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than those motivated by other reasons, such as convenience or salary. Overall, NAs report surprisingly high job satisfaction, particularly with learning new skills, doing challenging work, and organisational support for caring labour. Areas of dissatisfaction were salary, time for reproductive labour, and turnover. Intersectional analysis revealed race and citizenship played a stronger role than gender in worker satisfaction.
Martha Stewart behaving Badly: Parody and the symbolic meaning of style1
Authors: Sclafani Jennifer
Published: November 2009

This study addresses the issue of how to correlate social meaning with linguistic style through an investigation of the parodic speech genre. The analysis examines two parodies of lifestyle entrepreneur Martha Stewart and compares linguistic strategies used in parodies of Stewart to her own linguistic performance on her talk show. Features considered include phonological characteristics, lexical items, politeness strategies, and voice quality. A comparative quantitative analysis of aspirated and released /t/ as employed by Stewart and her parodist reveals that a variable feature of Stewart's style is rendered categorical in the parody. It is demonstrated that both parodies exploit elements associated with Stewart's ‘Good Woman’ image in order to expose Stewart as a ‘Bad Woman’, a reputation she earned for her 2003 insider trading conviction. This study suggests that parodic performance may serve to strengthen and even iconize indexical connections between stylistic variants and their social meaning in particular contexts.
Incomes and Inequality in the Long Run: The Case of German Elderly
Authors: Bönke Timm , Schröder Carsten , Schulte Katharina
Published: November 2009

We use German Sample Survey income data to examine the income distribution for elderly individuals during the period from 1978 to 2003. The elderly population, defined as people of age 55 and older, is decomposed by people resident in the Old and New Federal States. Further, we distinguish between persons receiving old-age pensions and persons who do not. Inequality estimates are decomposed by income components, and the bootstrap method is used to test for statistical significance of results.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphism (A118G) in exon 1 ofOPRM1gene causes alteration in downstream signaling by mu‐opioid receptor and may contribute to the genetic risk for addiction
Authors: Deb Ishani , Chakraborty Japashish , Gangopadhyay Prasanta Kumar , Choudhury Susanta Roy , Das Sumantra
Published: November 2009

The opioid receptor mu1 (OPRM1) mediates the action of morphine. Although genetic background plays an important role in the susceptibility toward abuse of drugs as evident from familial, adoption and twin studies, association of specific single‐nucleotide polymorphisms ofOPRM1gene with narcotic addiction is to be established. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of A118G polymorphism of exon1 of humanOPRM1gene (hOPRM1), with heroin and alcohol addiction, in a population in eastern India. Statistical analysis exhibited a significant association of G allele with both heroin and alcohol addiction with a risk factor ofPtrend < 0.05. The functional significance of G allele in A118G single‐nucleotide polymorphisms was evaluated by studying the regulation of protein kinase A (PKA), pCREB, and pERK1/2 by morphine in Neuro 2A cells, stably transfected with either wild type or A118G mutanthOPRM1. Unlike acute morphine treatment, both chronic morphine exposure and withdrawal precipitated by naloxone were differentially regulated by A118 and G118 receptor isoforms when both PKA and pERK1/2 activities were compared. Results suggest that the association of A118G polymorphism to heroin and alcohol addiction may be because of the altered regulation of PKA and pERK1/2 during opioid and alcohol exposures.
Evaluation of a Structural Model of Objectification Theory and Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among European American and African American Undergraduate Women
Authors: Mitchell Karen S. , Mazzeo Suzanne E.
Published: November 2009

This study evaluated a structural equation model of objectification theory among European American (EA; n = 408) and African American women (AA; n = 233). Modeling results indicated a particularly strong association between thin-ideal internalization/body monitoring and eating disorder symptoms, with weaker relationships among body dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, and eating disorder symptoms. The measurement model was not equivalent for EAs and AAs; however, the structural model was invariant, suggesting that the relationships among these variables may be similar for both groups. Thus, objectification theory does appear to be applicable to AA women, although specification of relevant constructs and refinement of assessment instruments is warranted.
The Evolving Manager Stereotype: The Effects of Industry Gender Typing on Performance Expectations for Leaders and Their Teams
Authors: Cabrera Susan F. , Sauer Stephen J. , Thomas-Hunt Melissa C.
Published: November 2009

This study examined how external evaluators' assessments of a management team and its leader are impacted by congruence between the leader's gender and the gender typing of the industry in which the team works. We experimentally tested our theory using industries that are either male typed or gender neutral, with teams led by male and female leaders. Results indicate that performance expectations for the team were more favorable when the leader's gender was congruent with the industry's gender typing, but expectations for the leader were not affected by gender congruence. These findings paradoxically suggest that evaluators form performance expectations for teams based upon individual characteristics of their leaders, even when these characteristics have no effect on the conscious assessments of the leaders themselves.
Referees' Decision Making about Transgressions: The Influence of Player Gender at the Highest National Level
Authors: Souchon Nicolas , Geneviéve Cabagno , Rascle Olivier , Traclet Alan , Dosseville Fabrice , Maio Gregory R.
Published: November 2009

Prior research has found that referees are harsher toward sporting offenses in regional-level matches between women than in regional-level matches between men. We tested whether this bias also occurs at a higher, national level of competition, despite the greater pressures for objectivity and fairness at this level. Referees' decisions were examined in 15 national-level handball matches between women and 15 national-level handball matches between men after transgressions that varied in severity. The results suggest that referees made harsher decisions in female than in male matches. Although more research is needed, this study supported the hypothesis that referees may use the gender of players as a powerful judgmental heuristic for deciding how to respond to aggression.
Who Is to Blame? Rape of Hindu-Muslim Women in Interethnic Violence in India
Authors: Murthi Meera
Published: November 2009

This research examined attitudes that predict rape blame in contexts of interethnic violence between minority Muslims and dominant Hindu communities in Mumbai, India. I hypothesized that, in contexts of interethnic violence, prejudicial attitudes toward communities and attitudes that view rape as a conflict tool (i.e., an effective strategy to control an ethnic community) would predict victim blame. This study is among the first to provide empirical support that ethnic prejudice and specific misogynistic attitudes are important predictors of rape victim blame in ethnic violence contexts. Findings indicate that attitudes that exploit women's positions across categories of gender and religious community predict higher victim blame attributions. Findings are relevant to current intercommunity relationships and provide insights for community-based responses and primary interventions.
More Than Numbers: Individual and Contextual Factors in How Gender Diversity Affects Women's Well-Being
Authors: Miner-Rubino Kathi , Settles Isis H. , Stewart Abigail J.
Published: November 2009

This study examined factors related to workplace gender diversity in a sample of 87 college-educated White women. Specifically, we investigated the moderating effects of one individual difference variable (sensitivity to sexism) and one contextual variable (perceptions of the workplace climate) in the relationship between the gender composition at the hierarchical level above the woman and her well-being (job satisfaction and general health). Results indicated that more negative well-being was associated with having more women working at the level above when women worked in a perceived negative climate whereas more positive well-being was associated with having more women working at the level above when women worked in a perceived positive climate. For general health, these findings were stronger for women who were also sensitive to sexism. Implications for research on gender diversity in work organizations are discussed.
The generalized assortment and best cutting stock length problems
Authors: Raffensperger John F.
Published: November 2009

This paper introduces two new one‐dimensional cutting stock models: the generalized assortment problem (GAP) and the best cutting stock length (BSL) problem. These new models provide the potential to reduce waste to values lower than the optimum of current models, under the right management circumstances. In the GAP, management has a standard length and can select one or more of any additional custom stock lengths, and management wishes to minimize cutting stock waste. This model is different from existing models that assume that the selection is from a small fixed set of stock lengths. In the BSL problem, management chooses any number of custom stock lengths, but wishes to find the fewest custom stock lengths in order to have zero waste. Results show waste reductions of 80% with just one custom stock length compared with solutions from standard cutting stock formulations, when item lengths are long relative to the stock length. The models are most effective when the item lengths are nearly as long as the stock length. Solutions from the model have been implemented for a manufacturer. The model is easily generalized to allow multiple existing stock lengths and different costs.
PROVENANCE OF THE SANDSTONE USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KHMER MONUMENTS IN THAILAND
Authors: UCHIDA E. , ITO K. , SHIMIZU N.
Published: November 2009

We investigated the sandstone used in the construction of the Khmer monuments situated upon and around the Khorat Plateau in north‐east Thailand in order to clarify the provenance. The sandstones of the 22 investigated Khmer monuments can be classified into three groups. The sandstone of Group 1 is lithic and is derived mainly from the Khok Kruat Formation. This group includes the sandstone used at Phimai, Phnom Wan, Muang Khaek etc. The sandstone of Group 2 is siliceous and can be subdivided into three further groups. The sandstone of Group 2 is considered to have been derived from the Phu Phan, Phra Wihan or Sao Khua Formations. The sandstone used at Muang Tam, Phnom Rung, Sdok Kok Thom, Preah Vihear (Khao Phra Wihan), Narai Jaeng Waeng etc. belongs to Group 2. The sandstone of Group 3 is feldspathic and is correlated with the grey to yellowish‐brown sandstone that is commonly used in the Angkor monuments in Cambodia. This sandstone is used at Wat Phu and Hong Nang Sida in Laos. The above results reveal that the choice of sandstone used for the Khmer monuments, including the Angkor monuments, was dictated by the surrounding geology.
Detection of Helicobacter hepaticus in Human Bile Samples of Patients with Biliary Disease
Authors: Hamada Toshihide , Yokota Kenji , Ayada Kiyoshi , Hirai Kazuyuki , Kamada Tomoari , Haruma Ken , Chayama Kazuaki , Oguma Keiji
Published: November 2009

Background:  Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, various enterohepatic Helicobacter spices have been detected in the guts of humans and animals. Some enterohepatic Helicobacters have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease or liver disease in mice. However the association of these bacteria with human diseases remains unknown.

Materials and Methods:  We collected 126 bile samples from patients with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, gallbladder polyp, and other nonbiliary diseases. Samples were screened for the presence of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. using cultures, nested PCR, or in situ hybridization. We tested for antibodies to H. pylori and H. hepaticus by Western blot analysis.

Results:  Attempts at cultivation were unsuccessful. However, H. hepaticus was detected in bile samples with nested PCR whereas H. bilis was not. Helicobacter hepaticus in the bile was confirmed by in situ hybridization, but H. hepaticus from bile samples was coccoid in appearance. We detected immunoglobulin G antibodies to H. hepaticus in bile samples by Western blotting. Helicobacter hepaticus was detected in 40 (32%) of total 126 samples as H. hepaticus positive if at least one of the three methods with nested PCR, in situ, or Western blotting. Patients with cholelithiasis (41%) and cholecystitis with gastric cancer (36%) had significantly higher (p = .029) prevalence of H. hepaticus infection than samples from patients with other diseases.

Conclusion:  Helicobacter hepaticus may closely associate with diseases of the liver and biliary tract in humans.
Metaphors of Protest: A Classification of Motivations for Collective Action
Authors: Van Zomeren Martijn , Spears Russell
Published: November 2009

This article proposes a classification of motivations for collective action based in three of Tetlock's (2002) metaphors of social functionalism (i.e., people as intuitive economists, politicians, and theologians). We use these metaphors to map individual‐ and group‐based motivations for collective action from the literature onto the distinction between individuals who are strongly or weakly identified with their social group. We conclude that low identifiers can be best understood as intuitive economists (supported by both early and recent work on collective action), whereas high identifiers can be best thought of as intuitive politicians or theologians (as recent work on social identity has started to explore). Interestingly, our classification reveals a remarkable lack of attention for the intuitive theologian's motivation for collective action. We therefore develop new hypotheses for future research, and derive recommendations for policy and practice from our analysis.
Expression of Ras homologous B protein in the human scalp skin and hair follicles: hair follicle cycle stages‐associated changes
Authors: Adly Mohamed A. , Assaf Hanan A. , Hussein Mahmoud Rezk A.
Published: November 2009

Background: RhoB belongs to the Ras homologous (Rho) subfamily which consists of low molecular weight mass GTP‐binding proteins. Rho proteins are regulatory molecules that mediate changes in cell shape, contractility, motility and gene expression.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that ‘RhoB protein is expressed in the human skin and its expression undergoes hair follicle cycle dependent changes'. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression of RhoB in the normal human skin and hair follicles (HFs) using immunohistochemical methods.

Methods: A total of 50 normal human scalp skin specimens were obtained from 50 females (age: 53–57 years) undergoing elective cosmetic plastic surgery. The specimens were obtained from both frontal and temporal regions of the scalp. A total of 50 HF, (35 anagen, 10 catagen and 5 telogen) were examined in each case using immunohistologic staining methods. Semiquantitative analysis was done.

Results: RhoB protein was strongly expressed in the various elements of the human scalp skin and hair follicles. In the epidermis, a moderate RhoB immunoreactivity was found in all layers except stratum corneum where RhoB protein was completely absent. In sebaceous glands, a strong RhoB immunoreactivity was detected in all sebaceocytes. In the hair follicles, the expression of RhoB protein showed hair follicle cycle stages‐associated changes, i.e. strong expression during anagen, but weak and completely absent expressions during catagen and telogen phases, respectively. Semiquantitative analysis revealed statistically significant high expression values (staining intensity, percentage of positive cells and immunoreactivity scores) in the anagen VI hair follicles compared to either cantagen or telogen ones (p < 0.05). Similarly, RhoB protein expression was significantly high in the stratum basale, stratum spinosum and sebaceous glands compared to stratum granulosum (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Here we report, for the first time, the distribution of RhoB protein in the human scalp skin and hair follicles. We also provide the first indication that there are variations in the expression of this protein in the different stages of the hair cycle.

Adly M.A, Assaf H.A, Hussein M.R.A. Expression of Ras homologous B protein in the human scalp skin and hair follicles: hair follicle cycle stages‐associated changes
Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with low‐dose 5‐fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid – pilot study
Authors: Schlaak Max , Simon Jan C.
Published: November 2009

Background: Actinic keratoses (AK) are carcinomas in situ and can progress to invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Treatment of actinic keratoses can be achieved by physical ablation, chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulators or photodynamic therapy.

Patients and Methods: We conducted a proof of concept study with 15 patients. Overall 66 actinic keratoses were treated with 5‐FU (0.5 %) and salicylic acid (10 %) for 4 weeks (3 times per week).

Results: After 12 weeks complete response of 47 AK (77 %), partial response of 13 AK (21 %) and non‐response of 1 AK (2 %) were achieved.

Conclusions: Treatment was well tolerated and efficient.
Independence in the toilet activity in children and adolescents with myelomeningocele – managing clean intermittent catheterization in a hospital setting
Authors: Donlau M , Falkmer T
Published: November 2009

Aim:  The aim of this study was to identify and describe gross motor, fine motor, executive and time‐processing obstacles for independence in children with myelomeningocele who are treated with Clean Intermittent Catheterization and to relate their opinions about their performance in the toilet activity, and their medical records, to the observed outcome.

Methods:  In a hospital setting, 22 children with myelomeningocele were observed using a structured information form while performing their toilet activity, and tested for time processing ability with the Ka‐Tid instrument.

Results:  Only five children were independent, despite the fact that 12 of 22 children were completely satisfied with their toilet activity. Neither the degree of motor impairment, nor sex or age had any significant impact on performing the toilet activity. The ability to remain focused on the toilet activity proved to have no relation to age or learning disabilities. The medical records for the children were only able to classify approximately three quarters correctly with respect to independence. The only measurement that could suggest anything in relation to a maintained focus was time processing ability.

Conclusion:  The children were unaware of their abilities and limitations. Time processing ability and observations are important factors to assess independence.
Perceptions of vaccine safety in a global context
Authors: Callréus T
Published: November 2009

Given the serious consequences of low vaccine coverage, concerns and misconceptions need to be taken seriously and responded to appropriately to sustain accomplishments of immunization programmes. For parental decisions related to childhood vaccinations, it seems reasonable to assume that the cultural context of the immunization programme is of importance. This article is a short review of some recent studies of parental decision‐making on vaccination in developed countries Kazaktstan, Uzbekistan and Northern Nigeria. Furthermore, an attempt is made to relate the findings in these studies to theoretical models of parental decision‐making.

Conclusion:  For the implementation of immunization programmes, it is important to develop an in‐depth understanding of mechanisms underlying decisions to accept or reject the vaccination of a child. Theoretical models may aid in the understanding of these mechanisms.
Computed Tomography and Computed Tomography Angiography Findings Predict Functional Impairment in Patients with Minor Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack
Authors: Coutts S. B. , O'Reilly C. , Hill M. D. , Steffenhagen N. , Poppe A. Y. , Boyko M. J. , Puetz V. , Demchuk A. M.
Published: November 2009

Introduction

Abnormalities on acute magnetic resonance imaging predict outcome in minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients. We hypothesised that noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomography angiography findings in minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients would also predict functional outcome.

Methods

We analysed consecutive patients with a transient ischaemic attack or a minor stroke with an National Institute of Health Stroke Scale ≤3 who were assessed with a noncontrast computed tomography and CT angiography of the circle of Willis and neck within 24 h of symptom onset. We assessed the association between clinical or imaging features and functional impairment on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS≥2) at 90 days.

Results

Among 457 patients, the median baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 1. Median time from symptom onset to noncontrast computed tomography was 278 min (interquartile range 151–505) and median delay from noncontrast computed tomography to CT angiography was 3 min (interquartile range 0–13). At 90 days, 57 patients (12·5%) had a mRS ≥2. Clinical factors that were associated with functional impairment were age ≥60 years (RR 2·05 CI95 1·16–3·64) and baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score >0 (RR 3·23 1·72–6·06). All the assessed computed tomography parameters (acute stroke on noncontrast computed tomography and intracranial or extracranial stenosis or occlusion) were individually predictive of functional impairment. A composite computed tomography imaging ‘at risk’ metric, defined by acute stroke on noncontrast computed tomography, Circle of Willis intracranial vessel occlusion or ≥50% stenosis, extracranial occlusion or ≥50% stenosis, was associated with poorer outcome (RR 2·92 CI95 1·81–4·71).

Conclusions

The presence of an acute stroke on noncontrast computed tomography or an intracranial or extracranial occlusion or stenosis was associated with an increased risk of functional impairment. Multi-modal computed tomography could be used to identify high-risk transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke patients.
The use of porcine small‐intestinal submucosa for abdominal wall reconstruction – a clinical case
Authors: De Castro Marques A. I. , Hipwell F. , Yool D. A.
Published: November 2009

A seven‐year‐old miniature dachshund was presented with a large contaminated bite wound centred on the left costal arch. Survey radiographs revealed a pneumomediastinum, a mid‐body fracture of the left 11th rib and luxation of the xiphisternum. The compromised skin, ribs, xiphisternum, diaphragm and abdominal wall were surgically debrided. This resulted in a large combined thoracic and abdominal wall defect. The thoracic cavity was closed by diaphragmatic advancement. The abdominal wall defect was partially closed by advancing local abdominal musculature. A cranial abdominal mid‐line defect remained and was repaired using two sheets of lyophilised porcine small‐intestinal submucosa. Dehiscence of the skin exposing the SIS graft was seen but the abdominal repair remained intact. Eighteen months after the initial injury, the dog remained clinically well and no associated complications were reported.
Prehypertension is associated with atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: TAN Jiao‐Rong , CHEN Yu‐Hong , BI Yu‐Fang , XU Min , HUANG Yun , DAI Meng , NING Guang , LI Xiao‐Ying
Published: November 2009

Background:  Prehypertension is a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. However, the association between prehypertension and atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been evaluated. In the present study, we investigated the impact of prehypertension on atherosclerosis in T2DM.

Methods:  Patients (n = 930) with T2DM were recruited for the present study from the outpatient clinic of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. The intima–media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) was determined using ultrasound and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was determined by volume plethysmography to assess atherosclerosis.

Results:  Of the 930 patients with T2DM (mean age of 59 years), 167 were categorized as normotensive, 213 were prehypertensive, and 550 were hypertensive. Diabetic subjects with prehypertension had significantly higher CCA‐IMT and baPWV than those with normal blood pressure after adjustment for age and gender. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared with normotension, prehypertension was a significant independent determinant of atherosclerosis (for maximum IMT ≥1.1 mm, odds ratio (OR) 2.10 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–3.44; for baPWV ≥1400 cm/s, OR 3.09 and 95% CI 1.78–5.36).

Conclusion:  Prehypertension is associated with atherosclerosis independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM patients. We speculate that maintenance of systolic blood pressure <120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure <80 mmHg may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in T2DM.
Ascorbic Acid Potentiation of Arsenic Trioxide Anticancer Activity Against Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Yedjou Clement , Thuisseu Laurette , Tchounwou Christine , Gomes Maria , Howard Carolyn , Tchounwou Paul
Published: November 2009

Introduction.  Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a malignant disorder of the white blood cells. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used as a therapeutic agent to treat APL and other tumors. Studies suggest that ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation may improve the clinical outcome of As2O3 for APL patients. Our aim was to use human leukemia (HL‐60) APL‐cells as an in vitro test model to evaluate the effect of physiologic doses of AA on As2O3‐induced toxicity and apoptosis of HL‐60 cells.

Methods.  HL‐60 cells were treated either with a pharmacologic dose of As2O3 alone and with several physiologic doses of AA. Cell survival was determined by trypan blue exclusion test. The extent of oxidative cell/tissue damage was determined by measuring lipid hydroperoxide concentration by spectrophotometry. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin‐V and propidium iodide (PI) staining.

Results.  AA treatment potentiates the cytotoxicity of As2O3 in HL‐60 cells. Viability decreased from (58 ± 3)% in cells with As2O3 alone to (47 ± 2)% in cells treated with 100 µM AA and 6 µg/mL As2O3 with P < 0.05. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in HL‐60 cells co‐treated with AA compared to As2O3 alone. Flow cytometry assessment (Annexin V FITC/PI) suggested that AA co‐treatment induces more apoptosis of HL‐60 cells than did As2O3 alone, but this was not statistically significant. Taken together, our experiment indicates that As2O3 induced in vitro cell death and apoptosis of HL‐60 cells. Administration of physiologic doses of AA enhanced As2O3‐induced cytotoxicity, oxidative cell/tissue damage, and apoptosis of HL‐60 cells through externalization of phosphatidylserine.

Conclusions.  These suggest that AA may enhance the cytotoxicity of As2O3, suggesting a possible future role of AA/As2O3 combination therapy in patients with APL.
Potential Mechanisms Involved in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases by Lithium
Authors: Camins Antoni , Verdaguer Ester , Junyent Felix , Yeste‐Velasco Marc , Pelegrí Carme , Vilaplana Jordi , Pallás Mercé
Published: November 2009

Lithium is a monovalent cation that was introduced in 1949 by John Cade for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Clinical reports and subsequent studies confirmed this application and the beneficial effects of this compound. However, over the last 15 years, various authors have also demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of lithium against several neurotoxic paradigms. Thus, experimental studies in neuronal cell cultures and animal models of Alzheimer disease and others pathologies have provided strong evidence for the potential benefits of lithium. The main mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effects is thought to be inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3), although other biochemical pathways in the brain could also be affected. In this review, the main mechanisms of lithium action are summarized, including the modulation of glutamate receptors, effects on arachidonic acid metabolism, its role with respect to AKT, and other potential mechanisms. In addition, its effects on neuroprotective proteins such as Bcl‐2 and p53 are also discussed. Although the cellular and molecular biological effects of lithium may constitute an effective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer disease, further clinical and experimental studies with this drug and specific GSK‐3 inhibitors are necessary to confirm the use of lithium in therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases.
Undifferentiated carcinoma of the ascending colon with prominent rhabdoid features: A case report
Authors: Kim Jeana , Lee Kyungji , Seo Kyung‐Jin , Lee Heejeong , Kim Tae‐Eun , Lee Kyo‐Young , Jung Eun Sun
Published: November 2009

Colorectal adenocarcinoma with rhabdoid features is extremely rare and only three cases have been previously reported. We report a 62‐year‐old man who presented with general weakness and poor oral intake for 6 months, and showed multiple masses at the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and the ascending colon. The patient underwent right hemicolectomy with small bowel segmental resection. Microscopically, the tumor masses were characterized by incohesive sheet of neoplastic cells with vesicular nuclei, large nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong reactivity of the tumor cells for pan‐cytokeratin, anti‐endomysial antibodies (EMA) and vimentin. This was a case of undifferentiated carcinoma with prominent rhabdoid feautures arising in the ascending colon with multiple gastrointestinal metastases.
Buoyant Convection in Superposed Metal Foam and Water Layers
Authors: Kathare V. , Kulacki F. A. , Davidson Jane H.
Published: November 2009

Heat transfer measurements for natural convection in superposed metal foam and water layers are reported. Two systems heated at the lower boundary are considered: a water-filled cavity with a foam layer on the heated surface and a water-filled cavity with foam layers on the upper and lower surfaces. The present experiments use open cell copper foams with a nominal porosity of 92%, and the relative thicknesses of the water and foam layers are varied. Steady state Nusselt numbers show that the presence of foam on the boundaries enhances overall heat transfer coefficients over that for the water-only layer. Enhancement of overall Nusselt numbers varies from 12% to 60% depending on Rayleigh number. Sublayer configurations with foam on both heat transfer surfaces are more effective for enhancement than a configuration with foam only on the heated surface.
Heat Transfer and Friction Factor of Coil-Springs Inserted in the Horizontal Concentric Tubes
Authors: Eren Haydar , Celik Nevin , Yildiz Seyba , Durmus Aydın
Published: November 2009

The goal of this investigation is to obtain definitive information about the heat transfer characteristics of circular coil-spring turbulators. This is achieved by measuring the wall temperatures on the inner tube of the exchanger. Also the inlet and outlet temperatures and pressure loss of the fluid are measured. These results are parametrized by Reynolds numbers (2500<Re<12,000), outer diameters of the springs (Ds=7.2 mm, 9.5 mm, 12 mm, and 13 mm), numbers of the springs (n=4, 5, and 6), and the incline angles of the springs (θ=0 deg, 7 deg, and 10 deg). Additionally, another goal of this work is to quantify the friction factor f of the turbulated heat exchanger system with respect to aforementioned parametric values. As a result, it is found that increasing spring number, spring diameter, and incline angle result in significant augmentation on heat transfer, comparatively 1.5–2.5 times of the results of a smooth empty tube. By the way, friction factor increases 40–80 times of the results found for a smooth tube. Furthermore, as a design parameter, the incline angle has the dominant effect on heat transfer and friction loss while spring number has the weakest effect.
Molecular-Scale Mechanism of Thermal Resistance at the Solid-Liquid Interfaces: Influence of Interaction Parameters Between Solid and Liquid Molecules
Authors: Torii Daichi , Ohara Taku , Ishida Kenji
Published: November 2009

The solid-liquid interfacial thermal resistance is getting more and more important as various solid-liquid systems are utilized in nanoscale, such as micro electro-mechanical systems/nano electro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) with liquids and nanoparticle suspension in liquids. The present paper deals with the transport of thermal energy through the solid-liquid interfaces, and the goal is to find a molecular-scale mechanism that determines the macroscopic characteristics of the transport phenomena. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been performed for systems of a liquid film confined between atomistic solid walls. The two solid walls have different temperatures to generate a steady thermal energy flux in the system, which is the element of macroscopic heat conduction flux. Three kinds of liquid molecules and three kinds of solid walls are examined, and the thermal energy flux is measured at the control surfaces in the liquid film and at the solid-liquid interfaces. The concept of boundary thermal resistance is extended, and it is defined for each degree of freedom of translational motion of the molecules. It is found that the interaction strength between solid and liquid molecules uniformly affects all boundary thermal resistances defined for each degree of freedom; the weaker interaction increases all the resistances at the same rate and vice versa. The boundary thermal resistances also increase when the solid and liquid molecules are incommensurate, but the incommensurability has a greater influence on the boundary thermal resistances corresponding to the molecular motion parallel to the interface than that for the normal component. From these findings it is confirmed that the thermal resistance for the components parallel to the interface is associated with the molecular-scale corrugation of the surface of the solid wall, and that the thermal resistance for the component normal to the interface is governed by the number density of the solid molecules that are in contact with the liquid.
Initial Buoyancy Reduction in Exhausting Smoke With Solar Chimney Design
Authors: Chow C. L. , Chow W. K.
Published: November 2009

A possible problem in using solar chimney as a natural smoke exhaust system will be identified in this paper. Smoke generated in a fire might not be removed effectively if the glazing walls are heated up due to exposure to solar radiation. It is because the buoyancy of the smoke is reduced initially in the solar chimney. This phenomenon of reducing buoyancy will be discussed. A simple equation of motion on smoke movement was set up. Some of the results of full-scale burning experiments carried out earlier for assessing the fire response of a glass façade system were applied to support the argument. Experiments indicated that smoke would take a longer time to move up when the glazing wall temperature is higher. A better smoke exhaust design accounting the reduction in buoyancy at this early stage of a fire should be worked out.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Swirling Laminar Impinging Jet
Authors: Ichimiya Koichi , Tsukamoto Koji
Published: November 2009

This paper describes the characteristics of the heat transfer and flow of a swirling laminar impinging jet in a comparatively narrow space with a confined wall. Air is impinged on a flat surface with constant wall temperature. The heat transfer and flow field were analyzed numerically by solving three-dimensional governing equations. Heat transfer experiment and flow visualization were also performed. Numerical heat transfer was compared with experimental results. Temperature distribution and velocity vectors in the space were obtained for various swirl numbers at Reynolds number Re=2000. The numerical and experimental results show that the swirling jet enhances or depresses the local heat transfer, and the average Nusselt number ratio with and without swirl takes a peak at a certain swirl number.
Permafrost Beneath the Beaufort Sea: Near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Sellmann P. V. , Chamberlain E. J.
Published: November 2009

The occurrence and properties of subsea permafrost near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were investigated by drilling and probing. Nine holes were drilled and 27 sites were probed with a cone penetrometer. The deepest drill hole was 65.1 m below the seabed, while a depth of 14.1 m was reached with the cone penetrometer. Engineering and chemical properties were determined from core samples and point penetration resistance data were obtained with the penetrometer. Thermal profiles were acquired at both the drill and probe sites. Temperatures below 0° C were observed in all the drill and penetrometer holes logged, although frozen sediments were encountered only occasionally. Seasonally frozen sediments were observed near the seabed at each site. The degree of ice bonding, or strength, could be related to seabed temperature and was greatest in shallow water (<2 m). The penetrometer resistance and thermal data indicated that deeper ice-bonded sediments occur, for example approximately 12.7 m below the seabed in 2 m of water off the Sagavanirktok delta. Of eight holes drilled offshore, it appeared that four encountered bonded permafrost. In general, the position of the ice-bonded permafrost interface was extremely irregular. The depth below the seabed to this interface at various distances from shore along the line studied was 28.8 m at 1 km, 65.1 m at 3.5 km, 44.1 m at 6.8 km, and 29.5 m at 17.2 km. Shallow, over-consolidated marine sediments were found in the upper fine-grained section at all of the drill sites investigated; the degree of over-consolidation varied considerably among the sites. This fine-grained section was up to 10 m thick and covered sands and coarse gravels.
A Review of Attachment of StratapaxR Using Gas Pressure Diffusion Bonding
Authors: Jellison J. L. , Huff C. F.
Published: November 2009

The development of the gas pressure diffusion bonding technique for attachment of StratapaxR diamond cutters to studs or bit blanks is reviewed in this paper. This paper updates the results presented previously on a continuing project conducted for the Division of Oil, Gas, Shale and In Situ Technology, Department of Energy. The process has been developed to a point where bonded parts can be obtained from commercial suppliers. A complete description is given of the latest bonding process including surface conditioning, metallization, canning, and gas pressure bonding. Results from experiments designed to facilitate reliable fabrication are included. Bond strengths of samples obtained from commercial suppliers have shear strengths (500 MPa) comparable to those developed at Sandia Laboratories. Results from laboratory drilling experiments are included. These tests were run to demonstrate the reliability of the bond in a cyclic load environment. With a suitable attachment technique and adequate cooling, the Stratapax has demonstrated superior cutting capabilities in rock with rates of penetration to 7.6 mm/s in Sierra White Granite.
Fracture Azimuth—A Shallow Experiment
Authors: Smith M. B. , Logan J. M. , Wood M. D.
Published: November 2009

A small-scale, shallow experiment was conducted by Amoco Production Research, Sandia Laboratories, and the U. S. Geological Survey, in order to study the potential of several geophysical monitoring techniques for determining in-situ fracture geometry. The program included core analysis, surface strain gage over-coring, borehole measurements, tiltmeter surveys, surface electric potential measurements, and post-coring. Each of the techniques correctly measured an East-West fracture which was longer to the East. This azimuth was apparently controlled by in-situ stresses, and it was noted that these were not affected by a horizontal stress relief located due East of the site.
On the Lateral Instability of Precurved Pipelines
Authors: Angrilli F. , Bergamaschi S.
Published: November 2009

Pipelines curved on the stinger may buckle laterally in the sagbend region. The critical values of the residual curvature which causes instability are evaluated by direct integration of the equilibrium-departure equations. It is shown that the layout of two pipes, laterally coupled, decreases the instability field of the system.
An Experimental Study on the Dynamic Response of a Vertical Cantilever Pipe Conveying Fluid
Authors: Shilling R. , Lou Y. K.
Published: November 2009

Transverse vibrations of elastic pipes conveying a fluid have been observed in pipelines and heat exchangers. These fluid-induced vibrations can be a serious problem and in some incidents have caused structural failure resulting in environmental damage and economic loss. For offshore applications such as marine risers, the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant and deep ocean mining vacuums, the problem is compounded by the existence of vortex shedding, wave excitations, currents, and platform motions. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of internal flow rate and the depth of immersion on the dynamic response of a vertical cantilever pipe discharging a fluid. It was found that the internal flow rate and the surrounding fluid have a significant effect on the natural frequencies of the system. Specifically it was found, that depending on the relative value of the forcing frequency, in comparison to the system natural frequencies, an increase in flow rate may not necessarily result in a larger system response. Conversely, an increase in the length of pipe immersion does not necessarily decrease the response of the system. It is also observed that with increasing flow rate, an auspicious increase in the response of the higher harmonics is noted, indicating an increase fluid coupling of the system. System natural frequencies were observed to decrease with increasing flow rate.
Vibrations of Marine Riser Systems
Authors: Spanos P.-T. D. , Chen T. W.
Published: November 2009

A discrete multi-degree-of-freedom model is used to study the dynamic response of marine riser systems to loads generated by sea waves and currents. A linearization scheme is used to determine an approximate solution for the system response. A variety of studies regarding the effects of system and environmental parameters on the maximum bending stress and the maximum bottom angle are presented.
Mechanical Behavior of Marine Risers Mode of Influence of Principal Parameters
Authors: Sparks C. P.
Published: November 2009

This paper attempts to identify the principal parameters that influence the behavior of drilling and production risers and to explain how and why they do so. Clear understanding of these influences enable particular risers to be optimized rapidly without recourse to an inordinate number of computer analyses. The points of greatest concern, to the riser designer, are: stress levels in the main length of riser; angular movement at sea bed (or moment, if the connection is rigid); relative movement at riser/platform connection. The approach used in the paper has been to derive analytical expressions, for simplified riser cases. Conclusions drawn from these expressions have then been checked for validity, by using a dynamic analysis computer program to simulate a wide range of cases.
The Dynamics of Tension Leg Platforms in Waves
Authors: Yoneya T. , Yoshida K.
Published: November 2009

The dynamic response characteristics of the taut-moored platform or the so-called Tension Leg Platform in regular waves are studied both by several series of tank tests and by some simplified methods of linear and nonlinear analyses. By comparison of the results it is shown that the analytical methods are valid and practical. In this paper the nonlinear responses observed in the model tests, as well as the characteristics of the linear frequency responses, are discussed in detail and clarified. In addition, statistical analysis is carried out on a full-scale TLP model in a real sea state.
An Assessment of Linear Spectral Analysis Method for Offshore Structures via Random Sea Simulation
Authors: Kao S.
Published: November 2009

With random sea simulation, application of linear spectral analysis method to offshore structures with moderate drag force has been assessed. Findings indicate overprediction of response for short natural periods and underprediction for very long periods. Tentative corrective measures are recommended. Significant force and response reductions have been calculated for flexible structures which are not adequately predicted by the linear spectral method.
Hydrodynamic Forces on a Marine Riser: A Velocity-Potential Method
Authors: Chung J. S.
Published: November 2009

A linear equation is mathematically derived for hydrodynamic forces on a marine riser under effects of free surface and floating-vessel motion using a velocity-potential method. It accounts for inertia and wave damping forces, including the force caused by riser motion, and empirically includes the drag force caused by viscosity. The equation, when reduced to a simpler form, is basically identical to the semi-empirical Morison equation for the inertia and drag forces. Theoretical validity of the simpler equation and the Morison equation is discussed. Previously, practical, semi-empirical force equations on the riser have been suggested, ignoring the effects of the free surface and the wave damping. The equations in current practice are compared with the present simpler equation.
Diffusion of Radon Gas from Uranium Mill Tailings
Authors: Phillips W. F. , Bell D. A.
Published: November 2009

A finite element model is presented which predicts radon diffusion in an n layer composite. The basis functions are obtained from an exact solution to the differential equation for a homogeneous layer. Thus the model gives the exact solution for n homogeneous layers and, by using many small layers, will give good results for any nonhomogeneous composite. The model can account for diffusion into the soil below the tailings, a finite radon concentration in the ambient and a radon source in each layer and the underlying base soil. In addition to the general matrix equation, closed form solutions are presented for some important special cases.