bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quantitative Effect of Metoclopramide on Abomasal and Duodenal Myoelectric Activity of Goats
Authors: Huhn J. C. , Nelson D. R.
Published: May 2010

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the abomasal corpus, pyloric antrum and proximal duodenum were made from six goats for 2 h periods before and after administration of 0.5 mg/kg meto‐clopramide intravenously or intramuscularly. Analog EMG signal was transformed via a computer program to digital data. The percentage change in electrical activity was determined by comparing the electrical activity following administration of IV or IM metoclopramide with the electrical activity of the control periods for the abomasal corpus, pyloric antrum and proximal duodenum. Metoclopramide caused a significant, time‐dependent increase in duodenal electrical activity following either route of administration. This increase in duodenal electrical activity coincided with peak plasma levels of metoclopramide until its decline below 100 ng/ml in plasma. There was a significant biphasic increase in electrical activity of the abomasal corpus and pyloric antrum following IM administration of metoclopramide. The first phase lasted approximately 5 min and was followed by a longer period (∼20 min) of diminished electrical activity. A second phase of increased electrical activity occurred approximately 40–60 min after initial IM injection of metoclopramide. It is uncertain whether this increase was drug‐mediated or endogenously‐triggered. Similar increases in corpus and antral electrical activity were present following IV metoclopramide administration, though early increases were not statistically significant. Overall, the percentage changes in electrical activity correlated well with predicted peak plasma levels of metoclopramide only in the duodenum. This correlation was limited to approximately 5 min after IV and 15 min after IM metoclopramide administration.
Selenite and Selenium Yeast as Feed Supplements for Dairy Cows
Authors: Ortman K. , Pehrson B.
Published: May 2010

The availability of inorganic and organic forms of selenium to dairy cows was studied by giving 25 cows supplementary selenium for 9 months either as sodium selenite or as a selenium‐containing yeast product. Group I (eight cows) received 3.0 mg selenium as sodium selenite daily, group II (nine cows) received 3.0 mg selenium as the selenium yeast product, and group III (eight cows) received 0.75 mg selenium as the selenium yeast product. The total selenium contents of the ration were 0.26–0.32 mg/kg feed dry matter for groups I and II, and 0.16–0.18 mg/kg for group III. The supplement of 0.75 mg selenium daily from the yeast product maintained the selenium concentrations of whole blood and milk at the same levels as 3.0 mg selenium as sodium selenite, and 3.0 mg selenium from the yeast product increased the selenium concentration of whole blood by ≈40% and that of milk by ≈100%. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes of the group given selenite was not significantly different from that in either of the groups given the yeast product. The concentrations of selenium in the tissues of two cows from each group were marginal to adequate, and there was a trend for the concentrations to be higher in the tissues of the cows supplemented with the yeast product.
Clinical Findings in Cows after Experimental Infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila
Authors: Pusterla N. , Braun U.
Published: May 2010

The goal of this study was to determine the clinical signs and course of disease in five lactating cows and in five dry cows after experimental infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila.

Ten clinically healthy Swiss Braunvieh cows, seronegative for E. phagocytophila, were injected with 50 ml of whole blood containing E. phagocytophila. The cows were examined daily for 21 days, and blood samples were collected for microscopic examination of leukocytes for the infective agent.

All cows became ill with symptoms of tick‐borne fever after an incubation period of S to 9 days. The most important clinical signs were pyrexia (40.2–41.7 °C), decreased milk production and mildly to moderately disturbed general condition. In addition, there were respiratory symptoms such as polypnea, nasal discharge, cough and abnormal lung sounds. Clinical signs returned to normal in all cows without treatment after an average of 8 days. E. phagocytophila bodies were seen in leukocytes 5–8 days after infection and were present for 6–14 days. The course of disease was more severe in dry cows than in lactating cows.

It can be concluded that experimental infection of cows with E. phagocytophila generally has a mild course. However, the associated decrease in milk production may be of economic importance.
Immunohistochemical Study of a Non‐invasive Canine Thymoma: A Case Report
Authors: González M. , Rodríguez A. , Pizarro M. , Llorens P.
Published: May 2010

We describe a case of canine thymoma in an 11‐year‐old pure‐bred female Spanish Mastiff. On postmortem examination a big mass was found in the thoracic cavity. Histologically the neoplastic parenchyma showed great structural variability; the principal findings included the presence of tumour cells forming cords or sheets, cystic formations, Hassall‐corpuscle like squamous formations, and small or intermediate calibre vessels encircled by areas with eosinophilic material and lymphocytes. In order to determine the histogenesis of the thymic neoplasia we used immunohistochemical techniques specific for different markers: cytokeratins, vimentin, desmin and neuron specific enolase. A strong positive immunoreaction of rumour cells to wide spectrum cytokeratins confirmed the epithelial origin of the neoplasia.
Comparisons of Prolonged Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, and Halothane Anaesthesia Combined with Nitrous Oxide in Spontaneously Breathing Cats
Authors: Hikasa Y. , Yoshikai T. , Takase K. , Ogasawara S.
Published: May 2010

The clinical, cardiopulmonary, haematologic, and serum biochemical effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane and halothane anaesthesia with 66% nitrous oxide, were compared in healthy, premedicated cats breathing spontaneously during 6 h of anaesthesia. Recovery time from anaesthesia with sevoflurane‐nitrous oxide was more rapid than that with halothane‐nitrous oxide, but it does not differ from that with isoflurane‐nitrous oxide. The degree of respiratory acidosis with sevoflurane‐nitrous oxide anaesthesia was similar to that with isoflurane‐nitrous oxide and was less than that with halothane‐nitrous oxide. There were no significant differences among the groups in the heart rate, arterial pressures, haematological and serum biochemical values. The three anaesthetic regimens induced a similar degree of hyperglycemia during anaesthesia. Serum biochemical examination did not reveal apparent hepatic or renal injuries after each anaesthesia. Time‐related increases in respiration rate and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure were observed during prolonged halothane‐nitrous oxide anaesthesia. No significant time‐related changes in cardiopulmonary variables were observed during either sevoflurane‐ or isoflurane‐nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Therefore, sevoflurane‐nitrous oxide may be used as an effective and safe anaesthetic combination similar to isoflurane‐nitrous oxide for long‐term anaesthesia in healthy cats.
PGE2 Inhibits Glucose Uptake in Isolated Villous Epithelial Cells of the Ovine Small Intestine
Authors: Hyun H. S. , Arai S. , Onaga T. , Kato S.
Published: May 2010

This study was designed to clarify whether PGE2 directly inhibits glucose absorption in villous cells. For this purpose, isolated villous epithelial cells of the ovine small intestine were used, and the uptake of 14C‐labelled glucose in the absorptive epithelial cells was measured in the presence and absence of 0.2 mM phlorizin or 10 μM PGE2. In isolated villous epithelial cells of the small intestine in sheep, net glucose absorption was reduced by 68.2% in the presence of phlorizin. This result indicates that most of the glucose in ruminants is absorbed by the specific transporter SGLT1, which is sensitive to phlorizin. PGE2 decreased glucose absorption by 26.5% in isolated villous epithelial cells in sheep, although this glucose absorption did not change in the presence of phlorizin. This result clearly indicates the PGE2 inhibits the phlorizin‐sensitive glucose absorptive process through direct action on the villous cells of ruminants.
Age‐dependent Changes in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Exercise in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Strasser A. , Simunek M. , Seiser M. , Hofecker G.
Published: May 2010

There is little data available on age‐dependent changes in cardiovascular and metabolic functional capacity in older dogs and their geriatric importance, although the frequency of cardiovascular diseases increases with age in the dog, too. Thus we investigated major cardiovascular and metabolic parameters during and after physical exercise by treadmill‐running in 5–10‐ year‐old Beagles. We analysed electrocardiograms, body temperature, haematology, blood chemistry and blood gases. There were hardly any significant differences in the baseline values at rest in the younger dogs as compared with the older ones. However, in many of these parameters, significant differences became manifest after exercise. In the younger animals we measured significantly higher values of haematocrit, red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration after exercise by treadmill running. Furthermore, we also found a significantly lower venous oxygen tension and lower oxygen saturation in venous blood as well as a significant lower plasma glucose level in the older animals during the recovery period. Heart rate during and immediately after exercise, as well as body temperature after exercise, was significantly lower in the older animals. Almost all of our examined parameters that change significantly with age during and after exercise (e.g. heart rate, plasma glucose, body temperature and red blood cells) are modulated at least partly by catecholamines and the sympathetic system. We were able to demonstrate in our investigation that the ageing of the cardiovascular system also results in a progressive loss of organ reserve and adaptability, presumably due at least in part to functional changes in the catecholaminergic system. This age‐related decline in the functional capability of the cardiovascular system probably creates a basis for cardiovascular diseases in older age.
Ectomesenchymoma of the Medulla Oblongata in a Calf
Authors: Kuniyoshi S. , Ishikawa Y. , Kadota K.
Published: May 2010

An ectomesenchymoma was found in a 62‐day‐old female calf, and examined immunohistochemically. The neoplastic cells were characterized by positive immunostaining for neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, alpha smooth muscle actin, myoglobin, and keratin. This tumour, which displayed neurocytic, astrocytic, and myoblastic differentiation, may have arisen from pluripotential ectomesenchyme. Brain tumours showing multidirectional phenotypic expression presumably occur mainly in fetuses or calves.
Training as an Influential Factor on the Locomotor Pattern in Andalusian Horses
Authors: Muñoz A. , Santisteban R. , Rubio M. D. , Vivo R. , Agüera E. I. , Escribano B. M. , Castejón F. M.
Published: May 2010

The physiological and metabolic adaptations to exercise of the Andalusian horse seem to differ slightly from those found in other breeds. The authors studied the locomotor adaptation of 18 Andalusian horses to a training programme in relation to anaerobic energy metabolism, efficacy of the training programme, and changes associated with the onset of fatigue. They also tried to find out if these changes had become diminished by training. Several locomotor variables during trotting and galloping were determined and plasma lactate concentrations were measured before training and after two training periods of different lengths. While trotting after training, an increase in the duration of the restraint phase, a reduction in the propulsion phase and a decrease in the duration and length of step were observed. During galloping, training caused a reduction in stride length but an increase in stride frequency. Significant correlations were obtained between stride duration, frequency and length of step and lactate concentrations. The training might have caused a shift in metabolism from anaerobic to aerobic predominance. This reduction was coupled with a decrease in stride duration, in response to a shorter stance phase duration and an increase in stride frequency. A reduction in the fatigue level was not observed. The study concludes that this training programme was not sufficient for improving the physical capacity of Andalusian horses.
Pharmacokinetics and Penetration of Marbofloxacin from Blood into the Milk of Cows and Ewes
Authors: Shem‐Tov M. , Ziv G. , Glickman A. , Saran A.
Published: May 2010

The single‐dose disposition kinetics of marbofloxacin were determined in lactating cows and ewes after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 2, 2.5 and 4 mg/kg. Drug concentrations in blood and milk were determined by microbiological assay and the data were subjected to compartmental and non‐compartmental kinetic analyses. In cows, me i.v. serum elimination half‐life (t1/2β) was approximately 2 h and the i.m. serum elimination half‐life (t1/2el) was approximately 3h. The mean steady‐state volume of distribution (Vss) was 1.5 l/kg for the cows and 0.6 l/kg for the ewes. The im. availability was nearly 100% for both cows and ewes. Drug penetration into the milk was rapid and extensive with milk marbofloxacin concentrations exceeding those in serum 2 h after administration. Milk drug concentrations equal to or greater than the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the majority of gram‐negative udder pathogens were maintained for approximately 12 h after i.v. and i.m. treatment of 2–4 mg/kg. The drug was not detected in milk 24 h after treatment (sensitivity limit of assay = 0.05 μg/ml).
Hydrocephalus with Periventricular Encephalitis in the Dog
Authors: Cantile C. , Arispici M. , Modenato M. , Fatzer R.
Published: May 2010

A 3‐month‐old female Dalmatian dog and a 2.5‐month‐old Poodle dog were referred with a sudden onset of neurological syndrome consistent with hydrocephalus. Clinical signs included depression, severe ataxia, eye abnormalities and skull enlargment in one case. Postmorten examination revealed severe internal hydrocephalus with cavitation of the cerebral white matter associated with necrotizing and inflammatory lesions of the periventricular nervous tissue. Although no bacteria were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and no infectious agents were detected in the brains, an infectious etiology was postulated.
Separation and Quantification of Corticosteroid‐induced, Bone and Liver Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Canine Serum
Authors: Syakalima M. , Takiguchi M. , Yasuda J. , Hashimoto A.
Published: May 2010

Quantifying alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes in canine serum would provide a useful index in a clinical laboratory. To achieve this goal, we tested a semi‐automatic assay combining wheat germ lectin (WGL) precipitation and chemical inhibition of isoenzymes of the TNS gene with levamisole to quantify bone ALP (BALP) and corticosteroid‐induced ALP (CALP), respectively. The liver ALP (LALP) isoenzyme was then calculated from the equation:

TALP = BALP+LALP+CALP

BALP, LALP and CALP standards from serum of puppies, bile‐duct ligated dogs and dogs on 4.4 mg/kg/day prednisolone for 30 days, respectively, were used. The suitability of standard sera was tested by affinity electrophoresis.

Levamisole (4.2 mM) inhibits 98% of BALP and LALP but only 42% CALP. Multiplying measured CALP by 1.8 gives the total CALP value in serum. WGL precipitated 92.3% BALP, 23.3% LALP and 26.8% heated CALP standards. These values were used to adjust precipitated ALP to obtain the exact levels of BALP. WGL was then tested on pooled serum standards in which the relative proportions of all the ALPs were known and controlled. BALP was adequately quantified except when LALP and CALP levels were extremely high. The assay was also applicable under conditions resulting in high ALP.

Therefore, combining WGL and levamisole inhibition provides an adequate separation and quantification of canine ALP isoenzymes. The method has great potential for diagnostic use and should be tested further for routine implementation.
Haematological Changes in West African Dwarf Goats Following Haemorrhage
Authors: Oyewale J. O. , Okewumi T. O. , Olayemi F. O.
Published: May 2010

Changes in haematological parameters were determined in West African Dwarf goats subjected to a 30% haemorrhage. Analyses were made before and at the end of bleeding and at 1, 4 and 24 h after haemorrhage. Significant decreases in the red blood cell count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration, which are reportedly due to haemodilution by interstitial fluid were found after haemorrhage. Although the mean corpuscular volume remained normal, the mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte osmotic fragility decreased significandy 24 h posthaemorrhage. The total white blood cell count increased significantly 4 or 24 h after haemorrhage due to increases in the neutrophil and eosinophil counts. However, the monocyte, basophil and lymphocyte counts were unaltered.
A Method for Measuring Capillary Bleeding Time in Non‐Anaesthetized Dogs: Prolongation of the Bleeding Time by Acetylsalicylic Acid
Authors: Nolte I. , Niemann C. , Bowry S. K. , Failing K. , Müller‐Berghaus G.
Published: May 2010

A reproducible standardized method for measuring capillary bleeding time (CBT) in dogs is presented. The skin was punctured at the toe from a forelimb of non‐anaesthetized dogs parallel to the edge of the horny skin of the pad. Before the procedure, a cuff of a sphygmometer was placed above the antibrachium and a hyperaemie agent was applied to the shaved area. The normal CBT in non‐anaesthetized dogs was 2.25 ± 0.76 min (x ± SD). After injection of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (20 mg/kg body weight), CBT was prolonged up to 25 min. Platelet aggregation in response to 10 μg collagen/ml was decreased in parallel after treatment with ASA.
Cutaneous, Multilocular T‐cell Lymphosarcoma in a Horse— Clinical, Ultrasonographic and Pathological Findings
Authors: Kofler J. , Kübber‐Heiss A. , Schilcher F.
Published: May 2010

Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings of a cutaneous, multilocular T‐cell lymphosarcoma (malignant lymphoma) in a 13‐year‐old, brown Austrian warmblood mare are reported. The horse was under clinical observation, and the tumours were sonographically monitored over an 8 month period, revealing worsening of body condition, weight loss, lameness of the left hindlimb and a slight increase in the tumours size. Most of the tumours were covered by normal skin, one showed ulceration. Ultrasonography of the tumours allowed accurate anatomical localization in relation to the adjoining tissue, assessment of their internal structure, of involvement of adjacent muscles and of a regional lymph node, and it facilitated the percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration. Necropsy confirmed muscular infiltration in three locations. Light microscopy and immunohistology led to the diagnosis of a T‐cell lymphosarcoma.
Field Isolates of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Exhibit Distinct Cytopathic Effects in Ovine Tracheal Organ Cultures
Authors: Niang M. , Rosenbusch R. F. , DeBey M. C. , Niyo Y. , Andrews J. J. , Kaeberle M. L.
Published: May 2010

Ovine tracheal ring explants were infected with four different Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and one M. arginini field isolate and their ability to induce cytopathic effects was tested by measuring ciliary activity and intracellular calmodulin release. Infected tracheal rings showed significantly decreased ciliary activity as compared to the non‐infected control rings. There were, however, marked differences between isolates in the onset and severity of the effects which correlated with their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide. Infected tracheal rings released more calmodulin than the non‐infected controls. The amount of calmodulin released also varied between isolates, and somewhat reflected the degree of loss of ciliary activity in the corresponding rings induced by the different isolates. Light and electron microscopic examinations of infected tracheal rings revealed disorganisation and sloughing of the epithelium, and association of mycoplasmas only with the cilia. Following repeated in vitro passages, the organisms had reduced ability to inhibit ciliary activity which correlated with decreased hydrogen peroxide production. Addition of catalase to the organ cultures delayed loss of ciliary activity. These results suggest that M. ovipneumoniae induced ciliostasis in ovine tracheal ring explants which correlated with hydrogen peroxide production. Furthermore, these M. ovipneumoniae‐induced injuries to respiratory epithelial cells could contribute to the role that this organism may play in sheep respiratory disease.
Effect of Cisapride on Myoelectrical Activity of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Conscious Miniature Pig
Authors: Wechsung E. , Houvenaghel A.
Published: May 2010

In conscious miniature pigs with electrodes implanted in the wall of the antrum pylori, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum, the influence of intravenous injection of cisapride, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity, was examined. Cisapride, 1 mg/kg, induced a delayed and sustained increase in antral myoelectrical activity. The studied intestinal segments were rather insensitive to the stimulating effect of the benzamide, since only the jejunum and the caecum revealed an increase in myoelectrical activity with the higher dose studied.
Changes of Histamine Concentration in Chicken Oviduct During the Egg‐Laying Cycle
Authors: Paczoska‐Eliasiewicz H. , RZąsa J. , Mika M.
Published: May 2010

This study was undertaken to determine histamine concentration in chicken oviductal parts (infundibulum, magnum, isthmus and shell gland) in relation to the egg location within the oviduct and ovulation. The experiment was performed on Hisex Brown laying hens with regular sequences of at least four eggs. Ovulation occurred within 5–15 min of oviposition of the previous egg in the series. Histamine was determined spectrofluorometrically in the following stages of the egg‐laying cycle: during c2oviposition; 0.5 h, 6.5 h, 12.5 h and 18.5 h after c2oviposition; and during c3oviposition. Irrespective of the egg formation stage histamine concentration in the examined oviductal parts was arranged in the following order: infundibulum > magnum > isthmus > shell gland. During the egg‐laying cycle histamine concentration significantly changed. During oviposition, i.e. just before ovulation of the next egg in the series, histamine concentration significantly increased in the infundibulum while 6.5 h after oviposition, i.e. about 1.5 h of the egg stay in the shell gland, there was a significant increase in histamine concentration both in the infundibulum and the shell gland. In the magnum histamine concentration was elevated when the ovum entered the segment, i.e. 0.5 h after oviposition. There were no changes in histamine concentration in the isthmus. It is suggested that histamine participates in the local events taking place in the hen oviduct during the egg formation cycle.
Diagnosis of Aujeszky's Disease Virus Infection in Dogs by Use of Immunohistochemistry andIn‐SituHybridization
Authors: Quiroga M. I. , Nieto J. M. , Sur J. , Osorio F.
Published: May 2010

Aujeszky's disease (AD) was diagnosed in seven dogs by histological examination, immunohistochemistry and DNAin‐situhybridization. All dogs which lived on two swine farms died spontaneously showing an acute neurological syndrome (hypersalivation, vomiting, pruritus, depression and coma). The most significant histopathological lesion was a non‐suppurative encephalitis located in the brain stem, mainly near the floor of the IVth ventricle. Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) antigen and ADV nucleic acid distribution coincided with the histopathological lesions. However, little ADV antigen and ADV nucleic acid was found in severely damaged areas. A few neurons stained intensely by immunohistochemistry andin‐situhybridization in non‐inflamatory areas. Both immunohistochemistry andin‐situhybridization techniques are valid techniques to confirm ADV infection in paraffin‐embedded tissues and will be useful for characterizing the pathogenesis of ADV in the central nervous system (CNS) in carnivores.
High Incidence of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Olkowski A. A. , Classen H. L.
Published: May 2010

A study was completed to characterize cardiac arrhythmias in broiler chickens. The data were collected from 505 (265 males and 240 females) commercial broilers. Electrocardiograph (ECG) readings were obtained from all birds between 7 and 9, 21 and 23, and 42 and 44 days of age. For comparison, ECG recordings were also collected from 180 broiler breeders at 3 and 8 weeks of age, and from 100 6‐week‐old Brown Leghorn and 100 6‐week‐old Barred Plymouth Rock chicks. The measurements included evaluation of heart rhythm, and incidence of ascites and of sudden death syndrome (SDS). Heart arrhythmias in broiler breeders or in the two other breeds examined were sporadic. Cardiac arrhythmias in broiler chickens were seen as early as 7 days of age. The incidence of arrhythmias increased with age. At 42–44 days of age 17% of the broiler population showed disrhythmia. The incidence was higher in male broilers (P < 0.012) in comparison to females. The most frequently observed disturbances of the rhythm were ventricular arrhythmias (VA), the most common being premature ventricular contractions (PVC). In most cases PVC occurred as one or two episodes, but in several birds, runs of three or more consecutive PVCs occurred. Unifocal PVCs were considerably more frequent than multifocal PVCs. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) was least frequent. Heart‐related mortalities were observed only in broiler chickens. There were 23 SDS cases (4.55% of the population) and 13 birds developed ascites (2.25% of the population). Male broilers had a higher incidence of SDS (P < 0.027) and ascites (P = 0.064) compared to females. Males represented 74% of all SDS cases and 77% of all ascites cases. Whereas three birds that died of SDS and one bird that developed ascites had a history of VA, five birds that developed ascites had a history of conduction block. It has been concluded that, compared to other chickens, the hearts of broiler chickens are considerably more susceptible to arrhythmias. Cardiac arrhythmias are involved in the pathogenesis of SDS and are likely in some cases of ascites.
Evaluation of the Analytical Performance of an Enzyme Immunometric Assay (EIA) Designed to Measure Endogenous Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in Canine Serum Samples
Authors: Iversen L. , Høier R. , Jensen A. L. , Skydsgaard M. , Koch J.
Published: May 2010

The analytical performance of a commercially available enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) designed to measure endogenous thyroid‐stimulating hormone (cTSH) concentration in canine serum samples was evaluated. The precision of the assay was acceptable with intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation (CV) of 5 and 11%, respectively. The assay maintained linearity under dilution and recovered added cTSH in a linear and proportional manner. The limit of detection (0.03 μg/L) was well below the values measured in serum from dogs with primary hypothyroidism (median value 1.52 μg/L). Further, the assay clearly distinguished dogs with primary hypothyroidism from clinically healthy dogs (P = 0.0004). Based on these findings, it was concluded that the analytical performance of the assay was acceptable.
Clinical, Haematological, Metabolic and Endocrine Traits During the First Three Months of Life of Suckling Simmentaler Calves Held in a Cow‐Calf Operation1
Authors: Egli C. P. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Newborn suckling Simmentaler calves (10 males and 9 females) in a cow‐calf operation were examined from birth up to the age of 3 months. The average daily gain from 47 to 120 kg was 0.86 kg. Except for higher average daily weight gains and insulin‐like growth factor‐I concentrations and lower thyroid hormone levels in male than female calves, there were no significant sex differences. Plasma glucose, total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations increased on day 1 of life, thrombocyte number and plasma triglyceride concentrations rose during the first 7 days, whereas lymphocyte and monocyte percentage and plasma inorganic phosphorus, phospholipid, cholesterol and albumin concentrations increased during the first 14 or 21 days and then remained elevated. Eosinophil percentage increased after 3 weeks and insulin‐like growth factor‐I concentrations increased over the whole growth period. There were transient elevations of plasma glucagon concentrations up to day 14, of the activity of alkaline phosphatase transiently up to day 7 and of γ‐glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities on day 1 of life. Plasma iron concentration transiently decreased up to day 28 and creatine kinase activity up to day 7. Total white blood cell number, neutrophil percentage, packed cell volume and concentrations of haemoglobin, calcium, magnesium (after a transient rise on day 1), non‐esterified fatty acids, bilirubin, creatinine, triiodothyronine and thyroxine decreased from birth up to days 42, 56, 28, 28, 21, 84, 14, 14, 7, 14 and 7, respectively. Basophil percentage and concentrations of β‐hydroxybutyrate, urea and insulin did not exhibit significant age‐dependent changes. The behaviour of most traits in the first weeks was the same in suckling calves under study as in non‐suckling pre‐ruminant calves. However, packed cell volume, red blood cell number, haemoglobin and plasma iron concentrations were higher, whereas glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than normally found in veal calves. On the other hand, concentrations of glucose, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I in suckling calves in the third month of age were higher than can normally be measured in breeding calves.
Lateral Condensation in Treatment of Pulpitis and Pulp Gangrene: Studies on Dog Canine Teeth
Authors: Ratajczak K. , Gawor J.
Published: May 2010

The clinical investigation, carried out in dogs, comprises selected cases of chronic pulpitis and pulpal gangrene of canine teeth resulting from injuries. A group of 20 teeth (group 1) underwent extirpation of pulp, as well as elaboration of a root canal and its filling with Endomethasone paste, under general anaesthesia during a one‐stage procedure. The second group of 20 teeth differed from the first in an additional concentration of the paste, due to an introduction of gutta‐percha points (lateral condensation). This sealing modification proved to diminish the risk of leaving empty spaces after pulp removal in the pulpitis state. However, in teeth where gangrenous pulp extirpation was performed, lateral condensation was endangered by pushing the paste through beyond the apex. Both anomalies were likely to predispose to the development of apical periodontitis.
Physical, Biochemical and Cytologic Properties of Blood and Synovial Fluid in Clinically Normal Adult Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Nazifi S. , Rezakhani A. , Gheisari H. R.
Published: May 2010

Forty‐three adult one‐humped Iranian camels (Camelus dromedarius) were studied to determine their physical, cellular and biochemical parameters of synovial fluid and blood. All the animals were clinically normal with no clinical signs of locomotion problem. Synovial fluid samples were taken from both elbow joints, and blood samples were also obtained from the jugular vein immediately prior to arthrocentesis. The synovial fluid appeared pale, creamy, and clear with no debris. No clot formation was observed at room temperature. Mucin clot test in all samples was normal. The percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils in the synovial fluid was lower than that in blood (P < 0.05). In contrast, the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes in the synovial fluid was higher than that in blood (P < 0.05). The concentration of protein, glucose, uric acid, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and the activities of AST, ALT, ALP, CK and LDH was higher in the serum than in the synovial fluid (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, the concentration of chloride in the synovial fluid was higher than in the serum (P < 0.05). The concentration of urea nitrogen in the synovial fluid was similar to that of the serum. Comparing the values of the synovial fluid constituents of the left and the right elbow joint showed that there was no significant difference in any of the physical, cellular and biochemical parameters. No significant difference was found in any of the cellular and biochemical parameters of male and female camels' blood except in red blood cell counts, which was lower in females than males. Comparing the values of the synovial fluid of male and female camels showed that there was no significant difference in any of the physical, cellular and biochemical parameters.
Comparison of Skeletal Muscle Characteristics in Chicken Bred for Meat or Egg Production. I. Histopathological and Electron Microscopic Examination
Authors: Soike D. , Bergmann V.
Published: May 2010

A comparative histopathological and electron microscopic study based on selected skeletal muscle in layer‐type and meat‐type chickens was carried out to detect possible effects of selection for rapid growth and increased muscularity on muscle health. Disseminated fibre degeneration and other myopathological changes occurred more frequently in muscles of meat‐type chickens than in layer‐type chickens of the same age. The breast region of meat‐type chickens — highly developed as a breeding aim — was particularly affected. Experimental exertion demonstrated the limited adaptability of skeletal muscle to psychomotor stress in meat‐type chickens. Meat‐type chickens showed a higher increase of histopathological muscular lesions after repeated wing exercise than layer‐type chickens. Ultrastructural lesions caused by experimental exertion were classified as adaptive‐reversible in layer‐type chickens. As opposed to this, irreversible destruction of myofibrillar architecture in meat‐type chickens are an indication for muscle ischaemia after exertion. Significant changes of structural, metabolic and functional parameters of skeletal muscle related to breeding aims in meat type chickens contribute to finding an explanation for their increased susceptibility to pathological reactions.
Chloramphenicol Pharmacokinetics after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration in Sheep
Authors: Mestorino O. N. , Errecalde J. O.
Published: May 2010

The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol were studied after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 50 mg/kg body weight in Merino sheep. After intravenous administration, the drug was rapidly distributed extravascularly with a half‐life of 10.5 ± 8.83 min. Extensive distribution was confirmed by an apparent volume of distribution at steady state (1.5 ± 0.43 1/kg). The elimination half‐life was 3.24 ± 0.60 h. After intramuscular injection, the absorption half‐life was 44.33 ± 19.21 min with a bioavailability of 65%. A maximum serum concentration of 15.57 ± 3.95 μg/ml was determined 2 h after administration. Serum concentrations above 5μg/ml were maintained for approximately 12 h with an elimination half‐life of 5.75 ± 1.25 h, longer than the half‐life obtained after intravenous administration. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of chloramphenical at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg permitted the maintenance of inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotic for the majority of Salmonella and Pasteurella isolates for at least 12 h.
Effects of Topical Application of Honey on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rabbits
Authors: Oryan A. , Zaker S. R.
Published: May 2010

Although it has been known for many centuries that honey can accelerate wound healing, there have only been isolated reports of its use in the healing of burns, ulcers, infected wounds and open wounds. None of these reports developed a model to assess the changes in morphological and biochemical properties due to topical application of honey on cutaneous wounds. In the present investigation, efficacy of honey in the healing of cutaneous wounds of rabbits was studied on the basis of histopathological and biochemical changes. For this reason 40 healthy White New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Using aseptic surgical technique, a 3 cm incision was made on the skin of the left thigh of each rabbit and the wounds of five rabbits in each group were twice daily treated with topical application of 5 ml pure unheated honey. The other half remained as untreated controls. Rabbits in groups A, B, C and D were biopsied on days 2, 7, 14 and 21 postoperatively respectively, and biopsies from the lesions of all groups were collected for histopathological studies and from groups C and D for biomechanical evaluations as well. Treated lesions showed less oedema, fewer polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cell infiltration, less necrosis, better wound contraction, improved epithelialization and lower glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan concentration on days 2 and 7 postoperatively and better tissue organization and consequently an improved tissue ultimate strength and yield strength on days 14 and 21 postoperation. These findings suggest that honey applied topically on cutaneous wounds accelerates the healing processes and appears to have an important property that makes it ideal as a dressing for cutaneous wounds.
Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim in the Donkey (Equus asinus)
Authors: Oukessou M. , Alsouss L.
Published: May 2010

The body disposition of sulfadimidine (SDM), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMPZ) and a trimethoprim—sulfadimethoxine combination (TMP‐SDMX) was investigated in the donkey. The four sulfonamides and TMP were injected intravenously at doses of 20 mg/kg (SDM, SDZ, SMPZ), 12.5 mg/kg (SDMX) and 2.5 mg/kg (TMP). The body clearance (ClB) of SDZ (1.70 ± 0.14 ml/min/kg) was significantly higher than those of SDM (1.13 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg), SMPZ (1.10 ± 0.09 ml/min/kg) and SDMX (0.75 ± 0.04 ml/min/kg). In contrast, the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was similar for the four sulfonamides (0.68 ± 0.08 L/kg, 0.63 ± 0.07 L/kg, 0.47 ± 0.06 L/kg, and 0.46 ± 0.05 L/kg for SDM, SDZ, SMPZ and SDMX, respectively). Both ClBand Vsswere significantly higher for TMP (4.36 ± 0.60 ml/min/kg and 2.71 ± 0.86 L/kg) than for sulfonamides. Antipyrine ClB(3.49 ± 0.35 ml/min/kg) and Vss(0.66 ± 0.16 L/kg), determined in order to assess hepatic oxidative function and total body water volume, respectively, were either different from (ClB), or similar to (Vss), values calculated for sulfonamides. The results obtained were compared to those reported in horses.
Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in a Bull by means of Butyrate Infusion
Authors: Deinhofer M. , Weissenböck H.
Published: May 2010

A 9‐month‐old bull was presented with a history of runting and glucosuria. The bull showed major signs of diabetes mellitus, such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, emaciation, glucosuria, and ketonuria, but persistent hyperglycemia was missing. Because in an intravenous glucose tolerance test glucose disappearance was only insignificantly more rapid in a non‐diabetic age‐matched control than in the diabetic bull a butyrate‐stimulated insulin response test was performed. Insulin response to butyrate infusion was markedly impaired in the diabetic bull compared with the non‐diabetic bull. At necropsy hepatic cirrhosis was noticed and suggestive signs for diabetes mellitus were seen in liver and kidneys.
Comparative Analysis of Blood Chemical Values in Primary Ketosis and Abomasal Displacement in Cows
Authors: Itoh N. , Koiwa M. , Hatsugaya A. , Yokota H. , Taniyama H. , Okada H. , Kudo K.
Published: May 2010

Blood chemical values, including ketone bodies, were measured in 25 cows with abomasal displacement (displacement group), 16 cows with primary ketosis (ketosis group), and nine normal controls to investigate the pathophysiology of abomasal displacement. Increases in aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and ketone bodies (3‐hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid) were observed in the displacement and ketosis groups. Total cholesterol increased significantly in the ketosis group but decreased in the displacement group. Glucose was significantly low and reversely correlated to ketone bodies in the ketosis group but was not low and was not correlated with ketone bodies in the displacement group. While NEFA was correlated to ketone bodies in the ketosis group, it was not in the displacement group. A correlation between the values of acetoacetic acid and 3‐hydroxybutyric acid was seen in both the ketosis and displacement groups. The fact that blood chemical values in ketosis cows were clearly different from those in displacement cows suggests that the biochemical mechanism of ketogenesis is different between these two groups.
An Outbreak of Equine Leukoencephalomalacia at Oaxaca, Mexico, Associated with Fumonisin B1
Authors: Rosiles M. R. , Bautista J. , Fuentes V. O. , Ross F.
Published: May 2010

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), swine pulmonary oedema and human oesophageal cancer have been associated with fumonisine B1 (FB1) ingestion. For the first time in this study it is reported that FB1 was identified as being associated with an outbreak of ELEM at Oaxaca, Mexico. Symptoms of ELEM and Equine Venezuelan Encephalitis (EVE) are similar and a different diagnosis is obligatory. In the geographical area (Oaxaca, Mexico) where donkeys died showing a neurological syndrome, 14 corn samples were collected. With the use of TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) all collected samples resulted positive to FB1. In the area of study, this syndrome was reported to be the cause of death of 100 donkeys, after 3 postmortem examinations in which macroscopic and microscopic cerebral white matter liquefactive necrosis were observed, when FB1 concentration was determined in the samples collected, using HPLC and TLC. It was concluded that HPLC is a highly sensitive method for the detection of FB1 through the formation of an OPA derivative. However, the reverse phase TLC plate nad the visualisation of the coloured reaction with the vanillin acidic solution is more objective. FB1 concentration in the studied samples ranged from 0.67 to 13.3 ppm. It was concluded that FB1 was the causae of leukoencephalomalacia reported in donkeys in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Clinical, Haematological and Radiological Evaluation of Fragmented Autogenous Cortical Bone Grafting of Radius in Dogs
Authors: Grover R. K. , Sobti V. K.
Published: May 2010

In eight clinically healthy dogs, a midshaft diaphyseal defect of 2 cm was created in the right radius ulna. This gap was maintained by fixing a four hole sherman bone plate on the radius. In four dogs, the gap was filled with autogenous cancellous bone grafts (2–5 mm in diameter) harvested from the proximal end of the tibia (group 1). In the remaining 4 dogs, the fracture gap was filled with autogenous cortical bone fragments (ACBF) of 2–5 mm diameter made from the same 2 cm piece of bone removed from the radius. While comparing various clinical observations, it appeared that healing of the wounds and bearing of the weight on the grafted limb in dogs subjected to ACBF graft were similar to those given autogenous cancellous bone graft. In radiographs, taken on the 30th day in group 1, a fairly good amount of callus was found emerging from fracture ends but the whole of the bone graft area was not covered by bony density even on the 60th day. In group 2 (ACBF), 45th day radiograph revealed that the callus from the fracture end was mixing up with the cortical bone fragments, and at the 60th day, the callus was clearly found invading the cortical bone fragments grafted in the fracture gap.
Radiographic Assessment of Equine Interphalangeal Joints Asymmetry: Articular Impact of Phalangeal Rotations (Part I)
Authors: Caudron I. , Grulke S. , Farnir F. , Aupaix R. , Serteyn D.
Published: May 2010

This study is part of a work to develop a radiographic method that defines objectively the individual conformation of an equine digit and its appropriate trimming. The authors used isolated distal limbs on a rotation support to study the influence of induced foot rotations on several angles measured from specific radiographs. The results of this work enabled the authors to quantify the rotation of the proximal phalanx compared to the distal, and to determine exactly the possible rotation in the distal interphalangeal joint. It was also observed that, faced with a forced rotation of the foot, the digit responded by a hoof plastic deformity, a distal interphalangeal intra‐articular rotation and asymmetrical interphalangeal compressions.
Radiographic Assessment of Equine Interphalangeal Joints Asymmetry: Articular Impact of Asymmetric Bearings (Part II)
Authors: Caudron I. , Grulke S. , Farnir F. , Aupaix R. , Serteyn D.
Published: May 2010

This study is part of a work to develop a radiographic method that defines objectively the individual conformation of an equine digit and its appropriate trimming. The authors used isolated distal limbs fastened on a rotation support with variable inclinations to study the influence of induced asymmetric bearings on various angles measured from specific radiographs. The digit responded to asymmetric bearings by 1. deformation of the hoof; 2. rotation of the phalanges; and 3. joint asymmetry or local articular space narrowing. The two last situations occurred mainly in the distal interphalangeal joint. Some of the angles mentioned above allow quantification of interphalangeal articular asymmetry, angular deformity and rotational deviation of a distal limb.
Effect of Heavy Metal Salts on the Activity of Rat Liver and Kidney Catalase and Lysosomal Hydrolases
Authors: Popova M. P. , Popov CH. S.
Published: May 2010

The effects of Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn as well as of a Pb + Zn combination on the total, available and nonsedimentable (NS) activities of lysosomal and peroxisomal enzymes were examined. An activating influence on the total activities of liver acid phosphatase (AP) and cathepsin D was shown for Cu. In the kidney the heavy metals induced changes in the total activity only of catalase. The effect of Cu was inhibiting, while that of Pb and of the Pb + Zn combination was activating. Copper produced an increase of NS protease and AP activities in liver homogenates accompanied by a rapid release of latent AP from liver large‐granule fractions. According to these data and to generally accepted criteria for assessment of the integrity of lysosomes, Cu can be regarded as a powerful labilizer of lysosomal membranes. This heavy metal induced such an effect on liver peroxisomes as well, a statement which is based on the enhancement of NS catalase activity. In the kidney, Pb and the Pb + Zn combination were shown to produce a significant lowering of NS catalase activity, indicating a stabilization of peroxisomes.