bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Temperature Sulfide Corrosion In Catalytic Reforming of Light Naphthas★,—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Task Group T-5B-2 on Sulfide Corrosion at High Temperatures and Pressures in the Petroleum Industry from Humble Oil and Refining Co., Baytown, Texas*
Authors: PHILLIPS CECIL
Published: July 2014

When a catalytic reformer at Humble Oil & Refining Company's Baytown, Texas plant showed alarming pressure drop across the reactors after about 50 days' operation principally as a result of plugging with iron sulfide scale, immediate steps were taken to investigate the source of scale and the importance of metal losses occurring in the system. Over 600 pounds of iron dust was removed from the reactor and the unit put back in operation. In a month's time it was necessary to screen the catalyst again.

Heavy scale was found in the first exchanger on the reactor effluent stream both from the tubes and deposited from piping upstream. Catalyst was channeled and plugged.

When it became apparent the scaling was the result of sulfide attack and possibly severe corrosion in the furnace tubes and other components a testing program was begun. Several materials were tested at various locations in the stream by the electrical resistance method. Hydrogen sulfide content of the naphtha charge and recycle gas was determined.

Corrosion rates during operation on heavy naphtha varied from 0.15 to 0.4-inch on carbon steel and chrome alloys but the rate on 18-8 was about one-tenth that of the other metals. Chromium alloys through 12 percent in many instances showed corrosion rates higher than those of carbon steels.

In a laboratory pilot unit, tests indicated that aluminized steel generally showed good resistance and that hydrogen sulfide concentrations under 0.008 mol percent did not cause appreciable damage at temperatures about 1000 F. Humble plans to install a hydrofining unit to reduce sulfur content of the naphtha to about 40 ppm before it is charged to the naphtha reforming process. 3.2.2
Artificial Insulating Joints for Stray Current Mitigative Measurements★
Authors: CANTWELL G. H.
Published: July 2014

In making electrical measurements pertinent to determining stray current mitigative measures, it is often desirable to determine the effect of a proposed insulating joint at a predetermined location. By applying a direct current source between the structure and the earth in the manner described in this paper, simulation of an insulating joint is achieved. Since the method is entirely electrical, the placing of temporary insulating joints for test purposes is eliminated. This method can be applied to any structure carrying stray DC earth currents.

In addition to simulating an insulating joint, the associated current and potential measurements are used to determine (1) the resistance to earth of the structure on each side of the point of application, (2) the potential to earth that would exist on each side of a permanent insulating joint, (3) the potential across the permanent insulating joint. They also provide data for determining the resistance and current carrying capacity for a bridging resistor. 4.5.3
Polarization in the Corrosion of Ice Breakers
Authors: GREENBLATT J. H.
Published: July 2014

Measurement of polarization characteristics of steel coupons subjected to the usual treatments given ship plating indicate that cathodic depolarization is the major factor influencing the corrosion observed. At low temperatures in oxygenated water considerable anodic polarization occurred which would tend to mitigate corrosion in low temperature oxygenated waters. Results are discussed in terms of observed corrosion patterns on the hulls of vessels operating in ice. 8.9.5
Coatings for Crude Oil Tank Bottoms★
Authors: CARTER R. M.
Published: July 2014

Corrosion in the bottoms of field-erected tanks handling crude oil continues to be a problem, especially in areas where the oil contains aromatics or other elements that rapidly deteriorate the hot coal tar coatings generally used. New epoxy resin combinations and other coating innovations have brought forth materials that promise to withstand the more troublesome environments and to compete with the older bottom coatings for general use. However, the array of new brand names, chemical terms, unrelated service claims, etc., can become confusing to the operating man faced with the problem of selecting a protective coating for his particular tank.

This paper describes a method successfully used to screen promising materials in the laboratory. It also discusses field conditions, application problems, and other factors that affect the selection and use of successful coatings. 7.5.5
Effect of Variables in Laboratory Testing Of Corrosion Inhibitors for Refined Petroleum Products★
Authors: BOIES DAVID B. , BREGMAN J. I.
Published: July 2014

In testing corrosion inhibitors for use in refined petroleum products, very careful consideration must be given to the effect of the environmental conditions on the performance of the inhibitors. Only by a careful study of the variables encountered in any specific corrosion problem can an intelligent selection of the appropriate inhibitor be made. Variables studied in this work include the degree of agitation, the concentration of dissolved solids in the water phase, the pH, the temperature, oxygen content, and the nature of the hydrocarbon phase. A brief discussion of testing procedures also is included.

Results for a commercial automotive gasoline, aviation gasoline, jet fuel and a No. 2 fuel oil are discussed. It is shown that some inhibitors which are effective with sea water under dynamic conditions may be completely in-effective with sea water under static conditions. Some inhibitors which are very effective at room temperature may be required at double the concentration at 100 F and may be ineffective at 140 F at five times the room temperature concentration. The concentration of inhibitor required to protect under any specified set of environmental conditions may vary considerably with different refined products. This also may be true for different supplies of products of the same type (e.g., different gasolines). 5.8.1
Coal Tar Coatings for Protection Of Underground Structures★
Authors: SHIDELER NORMAN T.
Published: July 2014

The history of the use of coal tar coatings for the protection of underground structures is discussed briefly. Specifications. are given for the following hot applied coatings: narrow range enamel, moderate range enamel, wide range enamel, AWWA enamel C 203-4 and hot pipeline enamel. Temperature ranges at which these coatings can best be used are shown graphically. Recommendations are made regarding the selection of a coating for a given underground condition.

Specifications are given for a cold applied coal tar coating which has been used successfully by the Bureau of Yards and Docks and by the Bureau of Reclamation. The coating has a variety of names in industry and is a thick, almost non-flowing, thixo-tropic material produced basically from a coal digestion pitch. 5.4.5
Shipboard Evaluation of Zinc Galvanic Anodes Showing the Effect Of Iron, Aluminum and Cadmium on Anode Performance
Authors: REICHARD E. C. , LENNOX T. J.
Published: July 2014

A commercial zinc anode with desirable long term galvanic performance characteristics has been developed. Aluminum plus cadmium added to zinc has produced this improved anode.

The tolerance for iron in zinc anodes has been increased by the aluminum plus cadmium addition. Less adherent corrosion products and uniform anode attrition also have been achieved without adverse effects on anode current efficiency. Improved zinc anode performance obtained with the aluminum plus cadmium addition is independent of anode current density or electrolyte temperature.

In the absence of other constituents, controlling the iron content at 0.0014 percent does not give a zinc anode with optimum galvanic properties. Best performance is obtained when the iron content is on the order of 0.0002 percent.

Barrier shields serve no useful purpose on the faying surface of zinc anodes installed on steel ship hulls.

Long term performance tests on five active ships and quiescent marine exposures, using commercial size zinc anodes, provide the basis for these conclusions. 5.2.2
Failure of Steel-Admiralty Duplex Condenser Tubes By Hydrogen Penetration★
Authors: HONKALA H. E. , WRIGHT E. A.
Published: July 2014

The cause of rapid failure of steel-admiralty duplex condenser tubes in propane condensers was found to be due to the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the steel tubes. These tubes were exposed to a considerable quantity of hydrogen sulfide gas and sufficient pressure was built up between the outer tube and the liner to cause the liners to collapse. These failures occurred within four weeks after the units were put into service. Tests were conducted to duplicate these failures in the laboratory. Tests also were made to study the pressure build-up rate of a “volumeless” cell in various corrosive atmospheres. 3.5.6
A Kinetic Study of Acid Corrosion of Cadmium
Authors: WEAVER HENRY , LYNCH CECIL C.
Published: July 2014

The kinetics of the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with cadmium metal, molded, electroplated on brass, and dipped on brass, have been investigated by means of calibrated conductance measurements. The effect of annealing molded cadmium samples was to reduce the corrosion rate. Changing the speed of spinning the cylindrical sample increased the rate with increase in rotational velocity, up to a constant value at high velocities. The reaction rate at three acid concentrations and at three temperatures were determined. The activation energy is small, between one and two kilocalories per mole of cadmium reacting. In all cases the reaction was zero order over 90 percent of the reaction process. The rate controlling step has been estimated as that of diffusion through the layer surrounding the cadmium surface. 3.8.4
Compilation and Correlation Of High Temperature Catalytic Reformer Data—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Technical Group Committee T-8*,, ★
Authors: SORELL G.
Published: July 2014

In this survey report on high temperature catalytic reformer corrosion, published and privately transmitted corrosion data are compiled and summarized. The data, contributed by 15 petroleum refining companies, comprise results obtained from laboratory, pilot plant, and commercial plant corrosion studies, as well as inspection measurements on operating equipment. Correlations directly applicable to equipment design are presented.

The corrosion is attributed to small quantities of hydrogen sulfide present in the hot hydrogen rich gas mixtures. The principal variables affecting the rate of attack are temperature and hydrogen sulfide concentration. Other factors such as pressure, hydrogen content, time of exposure, cycling conditions and scale properties also are discussed in relation to their effect on corrosion.

The data show conclusively that carbon and chrome-moly steels are equally susceptible to sulfide attack. The intermediate straight chrome steels (11 percent to 16 percent Cr) show a moderate but generally unreliable degree of improvement. The austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels have good resistance. Aluminum coatings applied by dipping, spraying or diffusion methods exhibit outstanding corrosion resisting properties, provided the coating is continuous and remains firmly bonded to the steel.

The paper concludes with a general review of catalytic reformer corrosion problems, including a brief discussion of corrosion mitigation by hydrogen sulfide removal (amine treating) or catalytic desulfurization of the feed. 8.4.3
Structural Features of Corrosion Of Aluminum Alloys in Water at 300 C
Authors: CARLSEN KURT M.
Published: July 2014

A number of aluminum alloy specimens were immersed in distilled water heated to 300 C and a study made of the structural features of corrosion. Samples were of the following general types: Al-Ni alloys, Al-Fe alloys, Al-Ni-Fe alloys, Al-Cu alloys and Al-Ni-Si alloys. After exposure samples were examined by means of a metallographic microscope. In a number of cases the specimens were ground on a metallographic polishing wheel to reveal structural details of the corrosion process. Photomicrographs of both polished and unpolished specimens are included with the paper. 6.4.2
Reinforced Plastics For Corrosion Control★
Authors: SEVERANCE W. A.
Published: July 2014

Test results are shown which illustrate the versatility of reinforced plastics in solving corrosion problems. Special study has been made of resistance to solvents, organic acids, and concentrated inorganic acids, which may be termed “fringe” applications for plastics. The objective is to illustrate the differences between various polyesters and epoxies in specific chemicals.

A series of tests in wet chlorine at 210 F shows wide variations in the resistance of different brands of polyesters. Indications are that the compounds showing best resistance should be worthy of extensive field testing.

Physical test values are given for laminates used in chemical service. Laminates should be designed for maximum chemical resistance ; this does not always parallel maximum strength. Factors used in engineering reinforced plastic structures also are given. Numerous photos show the variety of equipment that can be fabricated of reinforced plastics. 6.6.8
Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption, Desorption And Permeation of Metals
Authors: OWE BERG T. G.
Published: July 2014

The reaction mechanisms for the absorption of hydrogen by metals from moist hydrogen gas and dilute acid solutions, for the desorption from metals of dissolved hydrogen in the presence of water and for hydrogen solubility and permeation under those conditions are discussed. Their kinetics are also given. Formulae are derived for rates and equilibria. These are compared with experimental data. The migration of H atoms in the metal is concluded to be associated with zero or nearly zero activation energy. Diffusion is rapid enough to maintain almost uniform distribution of H atoms in the metal during absorption and desorption under ordinary conditions. 3.8.4
A Polarographie Study of the Corrosion Of Iron and Some Ferrous Alloys by Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: BOWEN F. J. , GROPP A. H.
Published: July 2014

A study was made of the manner in which sulfur dioxide attacks iron and ferrous alloys. A polarographic method was used to follow the changes in the sulfur dioxide concentration. Tests were made on one pure iron and seven low alloy steels exposed to sulfur dioxide over 12-hour periods. Extensive data are reported on the rate of consumption of sulfur dioxide by the various test samples.

A corrosion mechanism involving the reduction of sulfurous acid by iron to give the sulfide is discussed. 4.3.2
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel—Effect of Temperature and pH★
Authors: SCHARFSTEIN L. R. , BRINDLEY W. F.
Published: July 2014

Overstressed U-bends of Types 304 and 347 stainless steels were exposed to water containing chloride ions to determine the susceptibility of these steels to stress corrosion cracking between the temperatures of 165 F and 200 F. The pH was controlled at 6.5 to 7.5 and 10.6 to 11.2 for the tests. At the high pH, cracks appeared at the edges with little evidence of pitting. At the neutral pH, cracks were found at the edges and associated with pits. Sensitized Type 304 had longer and deeper cracks than annealed Types 304 and 347 in the same exposure time. Conclusion is made that chloride stress corrosion cracking of these steels in the temperature range of 165 F to 200 F is less severe than that experienced at 500 F and that specific conditions are required for corrosion cracking to occur at all. 3.2.2
Corrosion of Metals in Tropical Environments (Part 1—Five Non-Ferrous Metals and a Structural Steel)★
Authors: FORGESON B. W. , SOUTHWELL C. R. , ALEXANDER A. L. , MUNDT H. W. , THOMPSON L. J.
Published: July 2014

An extensive investigation has been in progress since 1940 in the Panama Canal Zone to study the corrosion rates and characteristics of fifty different metals and alloys exposed to five natural tropical environments for periods of one, two, four, eight, and sixteen years. Up to the present, specimens through the eight year period have been removed and examined. The report describes the corrosion rate of aluminum, lead, nickel, zinc, and copper along with structural steel. Corrosion data for these metals as observed in the five environments have been obtained from weight loss and pitting measurements, visual inspection and physical property studies. Corrosion rates for these metals in the tropics are related to corrosion rates previously reported for these metals in temperate latitudes. 2.2.2
Effect of Inhibitors in Fuming Nitric Acid On Corrosion and Oxidation
Authors: YEE TIN BOO
Published: July 2014

A procedure has been developed by which an inhibitor for fuming nitric acid can be selected in order to give good inhibition to corrosion and, at the same time, increase the oxidizing power of the fuming nitric acid. The inhibitors used in this study are KI, KIO3, I2, I2O5, CaF2, HF, NH4F, NaF, and Na3AlF6.The following inhibitors (0.5 percent) were found to increase the oxidizing power of the acid: I2, I2O5, KI, CaF2, NE4F, and HF, whereas the following inhibitors decreased the oxidizing power of the acid: 1 percent KI, 0.5 percent KIO3, 5 percent HF, 1 percent HF, 0.5 percent NaF and 0.5 percent Na3AlF6. However, KI, KIO3, I2 and I2O5 were found to be among the best corrosion inhibitors in this study. 4.3.2
Cathodic Protection of Lead Cable Sheath In the Presence of Alkali from Deicing Salts★
Authors: BRUCKNER WALTER H. , LICHTENBERGER W. W.
Published: July 2014

It had been shown previously that complete protection of sheath could be effected in a constant current system even in the presence of high salt content and pH. The relationship of protective potentials to pH and salt concentration has now been established for commercial lead sheath alloy composition and is shown to be substantially the same as given in the Pourbaix diagram for pure lead.

The use of a potential gradient for lead cathodes was developed to provide simulated duct tests. The data from the gradient tests provided information on the effects of salt concentration, pH and potential on the corrosion behaviorism of lead when fully immersed and partially immersed. The criteria for effective cathodic protection are shown to be different for the portions of the lead cathode below, at and above the water line. The most severe corrosion conditions at the air-solution interface require a more negative voltage for protection than below the interface. The distribution of potential along the gradient as a function of salt content, type of salt and current input to the cell shows some important aspects to be considered in the field as possible regions of corrosion hazard. 7.7
Coal Tar Creosote Studies (Part 1–A Method for the Accelerated Evaluation Of Marine Wood Preservatives)
Authors: SWEENEY T. R. , PRICE T. R. , SAUNDERS R. A. , MILLER SIGMUND M. , WALTON SMITH F. G.
Published: July 2014

A method is presented for comparing the marine borer resistance of creosoted wood with that of wood treated with fractions of creosote obtained by distillation, solvent extraction, etc. The test method is accelerated by the use of test panels having a high surface-volume ratio and by leaching replicates of panels prior to exposure to borer attack

The mechanism of leaching in sea water and in accelerated leaching medium was studied by subjecting creosoted panels to four different treatments. The rate of leaching of material from the panels and the change in composition of the residual or leached creosote brought about by the differential diffusion of constituents from the wood were studied. Changes in composition were studied by means of distillation, average molecular weight and oxygen determinations, and infrared spectrophotometry.

The standard accelerated leaching of creosoted panels brings about a differential loss of creosote constituents comparable to the loss of constituents occurring during leaching in sea water, but at a more rapid rate. The material remaining in creosoted panels after nine months of leaching at ordinary temperature had almost the same distillation pattern as the material remaining after one day of leaching at 80 C, both leachings being conducted in flowing water. Upon extrapolation, this correspondence equates 16 days of accelerated leaching with 12 years of leaching at ordinary temperature. 2.3.2
Cathodic Protection of Radiant Heating Pipes★
Authors: WASSON L. C.
Published: July 2014

In trying to apply cathodic protection to radiant heating pipes, it was not possible to provide protection from an external ground bed so distributed anodes were installed through a concrete floor. Because some 500 anode clusters were installed in a space 300 × 1200 feet some unusual techniques of application had to be developed to make the installation feasible. These techniques, along with the reasoning that led to their use are described. Also mentioned are some of the problems encountered in trying to determine if and when complete protection of the system was obtained.

Cost data pertaining both to the installation and the operation of this cathodic protection system are reported. 5.2.3
Service Performance of Cast Magnesium Alloy Anodes
Authors: CHRISTIE G. L.
Published: July 2014

During the course of development of cathodic protection systems suitable for the protection of active ships, a number of different designs of anodes have been tried and considerable differences in their behavior have been noted in ship trials. The designs tested have included sand cast cylindrical anodes with cast-in steel conductor rods, which corroded in a very uniform pattern, and chill cast rectangular anodes with cast-in retaining straps, which corroded preferentially at the cast-instraps. The magnesium alloy used in all cases was AZ-63. Chemical analysis of the metal indicates that the only major difference in the two anodes is inverse segregation of the major alloying constituents in the chill cast anodes. The inverse segregation found produces an anode with the most actively anodic metal on the inside of the casting. Any puncture of the anode surface (in the vicinity of a cast-in strap, for example) will lead to preferential attack at the point of puncture. Laboratory tests of the anode metal from chill cast ships' anodes and unsegregated anodes, indicates that there is sufficient difference between the outside metal and inside metal to account for the corrosion pattern observed in ship trials of chill cast anodes. 5.2.2
Topic of the Month—Corrosion of Valve Seat Ring Results in Flexible Metal
Authors: PRIOR J. E.
Published: July 2014

Failure occurred in a Type 316 stainless steel valve seat ring after nine months' service in a water treating system. Visual examination showed the ring had suffered intergranular corrosion after exposure to dilute sulfuric acid. The ring also had a high degree of flexibility.

It is believed that the casting was not given the normal homogenizing heat treatment required to properly diffuse the alloying elements throughout the casting. 7.2
High Temperature Corrosion Product Films on Aluminum
Authors: TROUTNER V. H.
Published: July 2014

The corrosion product films formed on aluminum in aqueous environments at high temperatures have been examined with the electron microscope. A technique is described for the preparation of electron microscope replicas of the surface of the corrosion product films adjacent to the metal. Electron micrographs are shown of corrosion product films formed during various stages of corrosion in high purity water, and in corrosion inhibited systems. Corrosion inhibition was found to be assocated with different crystalline structures of the corrosion product films. 2.3.6
Deterioration of Wood By Marine Boring Organisms
Authors: HOCHMAN H.
Published: July 2014

Most untreated woods are readily attacked by marine boring organisms. Some woods are naturally resistant to attack by some borer species and serve well in some harbors. Present standard wood preservative treatment, creosote or creosote-coal tar impregnation, is satisfactory in arctic and temperate waters but does not give long-term protection in tropical and sub-tropical waters. Although creosote prevents attack by the Teredine or shipworm type of marine borer and by two of the three species of Limnoria present in U. S. harbors, one species, Limnoria tripunctata, which thrives in warm waters, successfully attacks creosoted wood. Because many Navy waterfront structures are located in areas where early failure of creosoted wood occurs, the Bureau of Yards and Docks is investigating the marine borer problem. 3.3.3
Mechanism by Which Non-Ferrous Metals Corrode in the Atmosphere★
Authors: AZIZ P. M. , GODARD H. P.
Published: July 2014

Literature dealing with the mechanism by which non-ferrous metals corrode in the atmosphere is reviewed, particular emphasis being given to the important series of papers published by W. H. J. Vernon and his co-workers in the period extending from 1923 to the present. The influence of the common atmospheric constituents is discussed and related to the chemical composition and properties of the corrosion produced film formed. The influence of these on the atmospheric corrosion rate is also discussed in relation to the nature of the corrosive atmosphere. The atmospheric corrosion of nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum and magnesium is discussed. 4.2.1
Corrosion Experience Associated With Hydrometallurgical Refining of Nickel At Sherritt Gordon Mines★
Authors: McINTOSH R. B.
Published: July 2014

Some of the conclusions drawn regarding materials of construction for the Sherritt Gordon Ammonia Leach process during pilot plant study from 1949 to 1954, are compared with experience gained after four years of refinery operations. In addition, a few corrosion experiences are described in more detail and some mention is made of general corrosion problems. 7.6.9
Electrical Bonding of Cathodically Protected to Unprotected Ships
Authors: BENNETT Cdr. G. A. , DEMPSTER N. S. , WALLACE A. J.
Published: July 2014

This study has established the need for low resistance electrical bonding between a cathodically protected and an unprotected ship when berthed together. On the basis of three series of electrical measurements, a maximum bonding resistance of 0.0005-ohm is recommended. Calculations based on these measurements show that an instance of severe underwater hull corrosion was attributable to inadequate bonding of an unprotected ship to a cathodically protected ship berthed alongside. 5.2.5
The Residual Oil Ash Corrosion Problem—A Review
Authors: SLUNDER C. J.
Published: July 2014

Progress being made in combatting accelerated high-temperature corrosion caused by combustion products of residual fuel oils is reviewed. Results of laboratory investigations cannot be compared strictly because of wide differences in testing procedures used. No effective and economical method for removing all offending ash components has been found, although lowering «~>f sodium content by washing with magnesium sulfate solution has been applied successfully to gas turbine operation. Available high-temperature alloys do not have adequate resistance to oil-ash attack at temperatures above 1200 F. Improved corrosion resistance has been attained with certain experimental alloys but some of these are difficult to fabricate into the required form and have inferior mechanical properties. Surface treatments such as aluminizing, chromizing and sili­conizing appear to have some inherent protective value, but further development of procedures for applying impervious and adherent coatings is needed.

Investigation of oil additives has received the most attention in recent years. A great many inorganic, or metal-organic compounds are effective oil-ash corrosion inhibitors but only a few have been found to be economically feasible. Additives raise melting point of ash components so they will be solid at operating temperatures in boilers and gas turbines. Under certain conditions some additives reduce corrosion but increase deposit formation.

Progress is being made in basic studies to identify reactions taking place during combustion of oil and in appplication of this knowledge to establish mechanism of the corrosion reaction. 4.3.3
Corrosion of Metals at Mandapam Camp, India
Authors: RAJAGOPALAN K. S. , SUNDARAM M. , ANNAMALAI P. L
Published: July 2014

Monthly rates of corrosion of mild steel, zinc and copper at two sites located 150 feet and 1350 feet from the sea are reported. Coupons were exposed in under both open and sheltered conditions on racks oriented at 45 degrees facing south.

Climatic conditions at the Mandapam Campsite are discussed in detail and means of keeping the records reported. Rates of corrosion of the test samples are discussed in relation to the observed climatic conditions. Differences between the open and sheltered tests are compared.

Among the conclusions: There is no direct relation between the corrosion rate, distance from the sea and atmospheric salinity, although salinity is an important factor in the rate. Highest rates were observed in months with high mean temperature and accompanying high average humidity and salinity. 2.2.2
Case Histories and Ratings vs Corrosives of Polyester Fiber Glass Equipment★
Authors: BARNETT ROBERT E. , ANDERSON THOMAS F.
Published: July 2014

Polyesters used in situations where their chemical resistance is important are grouped into five types for convenience in considering their value under attack by industrial corrosives at varying temperatures. Data were compiled from information supplied by four of the major producers on polyester ducts, hoods and tanks as were 17 illustrations of equipment. Pictured equipment is described, environment indicated and durability reported. Corrodents involved include sulfonated fish oil, acidified oils, HCl containing benzene, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and fumes, plating solutions, sulfuric acid and others at varying temperatures. Some of the characteristics of and reasons for using lined equipment are given.

The appendix consists of four tables in which polyesters are rated for service as open hoods and connecting ductwork and for tanks against a wide variety of industrial corrosives, plating solutions pickling and dipping solutions and stripping solutions. Over 5000 ratings are given as excellent, good, fair, poor and not recommended at temperatures of 80 F or less, 212 F or boiling point of solution, if lower: 160 F. 180 F. 6.6.8
Behavior of AZ 63 Alloy and Magnesium—1 Percent Manganese Alloy Anodes in Sodium Chloride Electrolyte
Authors: GREENBLATT J. H. , ZINCK E.
Published: July 2014

The anodic behavor of AZ63 and magnesium-1 percent manganese alloy anodes was investigated in a manner similar to that in a previous study with pure magnesium. It was found that the solution mechanism for the dissolution of magnesium alloys is substantially the same as for pure magnesium. 3.8.3
Factors Influencing the Rate-of-Pickling Test on Tin-Plate Steel★
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , STRAGAND G. L.
Published: July 2014

“Lag time” is a measure of the time of pickling necessary to produce a constant rate of weight loss from steel immersed in acid. This measurement has been used as a guide for improving the corrosion resistance of commercial electrolytic tin plate. It is determined by measuring either the rate of change of weight loss, hydrogen evolution, or corroding potential of a specimen in 6N hydrochloric acid at 90 C (194 F.)

The lag time depends on surface effects inasmuch as removing the surface layers of steel by abrasion or by pickling destroys the lag. The influence of box-annealing atmospheres, cleanliness of steel, and time-temperature cycles on lag time have been investigated, and the complexity of these effects has been demonstrated. Explanations in terms of oxidation or decarburization of the steel surface during annealing are not feasible for the development of lag time under all the experimental conditions studied.

Preliminary data demonstrating the high concentrations of certain elements on the steel surface before annealing, and the enrichment of the surface layer by some of these elements during annealing, are suggested as particularly promising areas for future work. In this way lag time phenomena in tin-plate steels may be better understood and further improvement in tin-plate corrosion resistance can be made. 2.3.4
Topic of the Month—Automotive Corrosion Resistance—Past and Present
Authors: ROWE LEONARD C.
Published: July 2014

The corrosion resistance of automobiles has increased in the past 30 years despite their exposure to generally more corrosive environments. Factors responsible for this longer life include the development of more durable materials, improved machining and surface finishing, and changes in over-all design. 8.9.2
Corrosion Problems Associated With Uranium Refining★
Authors: MEYER F. H. , PODLIPEC F. J. , KATO T. R.
Published: July 2014

A summary is made of some of the special corrosion problems associated with the production of uranium metal from ore concentrates. After a description is given of processing conditions and existing materials of construction, corrosion rates and effects are related to: (a) variable ore composition, (b) alternate materials of construction, (c) variable operating conditions, and (d) maintenance of product purity. Changes made in the processing system and materials of construction necessitated by the severity of corrosion are discussed. The basic refining process is described and the performance of presently used and alternate materials of construction are compared. 8.10.2
Corrosion of Refinery Equipment By Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide—A Contribution to the Work of Group Committee T-8 On Refining Industry Corrosion(1),★
Authors: Comeaux Roy V.
Published: July 2014

H2S corrosion problems at temperatures below 400 F in the presence of water are presented for a wide range of refinery equipment. The most commonly accepted solutions to the problems of corrosion and fouling are the use of resistant alloys and/or neutralization plus film-forming corrosion inhibitors. Experience at several units employing steel condenser tubes exposed to waters contaminated with H2S and other acids will be discussed. A theoretical study of the corrosion of steel in H2S solutions reveals that prevention of high velocity, low pH exposures should be an effective control measure. Analysis of several failures of steel-tubed exchangers are discussed in the light of additional improvements that may be possible in design and selection of materials. Preliminary tests indicate that zinc or aluminum coated steel tubes may be useful in this environment. 3.4.8
The Effect of Sigma Phase vs Chromium Carbides On the Intergranular Corrosion Of Type 316 and 316L Stainless Steel (Part 2—Laboratory Investigation)★
Authors: WARREN DONALD
Published: July 2014

A laboratory study was made of the intergranular corrosion behavior of Types 316 and 316L stainless steel in 14 different acid environments. Included were nitric, nitric-hydrofluoric, acetic, citric, sulfuric, lactic, oxalic, formic and phosphoric acids. Results of this study showed that sensitized or welded Type 316L had excellent resistance to intergranular attack in all of the acid media except nitric. This was true despite the presence of a continuous network of sigma phase in the grain boundaries of the sensitized steel. In contrast, Type 316 having a continuous grain boundary network of chromium carbides underwent severe intergranular corrosion in 12 of the 14 environments studied. 3.2.2
Classification of Topics Relating to Corrosion★
Authors: BRASHER MISS D. M.
Published: July 2014

A classification system intended as a basis for the compilation of a complete corrosion bibliography and for the recording and indexing of technical enquiries is described. It is based on the Abstract Filing Index, published by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Rearranged and expanded, it is capable of accommodating all the subject headings appearing in the corrosion bibliography, initiated by W. H. J. Vernon and subsequently maintained in card index form in the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington.

Classification and index are briefly described, and examples are given of their use and application. 1.4
Acetylenic Alcohol-Inhibited Pickling Bath As a Pretreatment Prior to Lining Steel Pipe★
Authors: EDWARDS K. N. , NOWACKI L. J. , MUELLER E. R.
Published: July 2014

Test results on steel panels confirm that acetylenic alcohols when used as inhibitors in pickling baths provide a substrate which will increase the corrosion inhibition of epoxy-phenolic systems under extreme immersion conditions. It was found that this substrate under test conditions provided protection equal to or superior to that provided by lightweight zinc phosphate pretreatment. Certain postulated reactions are offered to explain this phenomenon. It is possible that the mechanism is tied in with acid and hydrogen embrittlement inhibitive properties.

Data reported include the effect of differing metal surface treatments on the corrosion-resisting properties of epoxyphenolic coating systems, the effect of lead ion on the corrosion resistance of pickled coated panels, and results of hydrogen embrittlement bend test for acetylenic alcohol concentration. This study was conducted primarily to improve the corrosion resistance of coated steel pipe carrying hot potable water. 5.9.2
An Analytical Procedure for Testing the Effectiveness Of Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: SHANNON DONALD W. , BOGGS JAMES E.
Published: July 2014

A new method is proposed as a standard screening test for possible hydrogen sulfide corrosion inhibitors. This is a dynamic, weight-loss method which attempts to control conditions sufficiently well that substances which offer promise of being effective inhibitors under field conditions can be selected for further study. The test is cheap and simple, so that it can be run economically by a relatively untrained technician on large numbers of materials.

The method is described and the reasons for choosing the particular conditions are explained. Then illustrations of the application of the procedure to a number of types of inhibiting substances are presented. 2.3.4
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Zirconium In Chemical Plant Exposures★
Authors: GEGNER P. J. , WILSO W. L.
Published: July 2014

Corrosion tests were conducted with titanium, zirconium and a number of other metals in a wide variety of chemical plant exposures. Some of the tests were carried out under similar conditions in as many as five different plants. Titanium was found to possess low or, in many cases, nil corrosion rates in such varied exposures as wet chlorine gas, hypochlorous acid, sodium and calcium hypochlorites, sodium and potassium chlorides, sea water and a number of solutions containing wet chlorine. It was also found to be very resistant to many concentrations of calcium chloride, sodium and potassium hydroxides, nitric acid and chlorine-saturated sulfuric acid.

Zirconium exhibited low corrosion rates in nitric acid, sodium and potassium hydroxides, hydrochloric acid, dry chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, sodium and potassium chlorides, sea water and some concentrations of calcium chloride and chlorine-saturated sulfuric acid.

Results of 116 exposures involving over 800 corrosion rates on 40 different materials are described. 6.3.15
Uses and Abuses of Aluminum in Wooden-Hulled, Aluminum-Frame Minesweepers ★
Authors: ROGERS T. H. , CHINN W. K.
Published: July 2014

Results are given of laboratory experiments and periodic examinations on board ship to determine the service behavior of aluminum alloys in wooden hull minesweepers constructed with aluminum alloy frames.

Service failures are illustrated. Most of them were caused by use of incorrect materials, substitution of materials not given in specifications, poor industrial manufacturing or insufficient technical control.

Service behavior of stainless steel used in conjunction with aluminum was good if the surface area ratio of the two materials was about 1 to 5. Zinc chromate as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloys gave satisfactory service.

Other topics included are lagging with asbestos, aluminum corrosion products and use of greases and lubricants containing graphite. 6.4.2
Internal Cathodic Protection Of Large Steel Pipes Carrying Sea Water
Authors: MORGAN JOHN H.
Published: July 2014

The internal cathodic protection of large steel pipe carrying sea water is discussed both from the practical and the theoretical viewpoint. Systems considered involved use of such devices as concentric cylindrical anodes, off-center cylindrical anodes, wall mounted anodes, and central point lead alloy anodes fed with impressed current from a dc source. The cathodic protection was applied to both bare and coated pipe. Testing was done both in the laboratory and on a full scale level.

The designing of a potential measuring device and the determination of protection criteria are considered briefly. Other topics discussed include coating the pipe interior, computing the costs of cathodic protection, and determining the relationship between anode separation and anode diameter in pipes with the same coating and electrolyte.

It was found that coatings will effect the largest economies on the smaller diameter pipe where the cost of the cable is lowest and where smaller anode supports can be used with small anodes. At the moment the most economical method of protection seems to involve the use of a cheap readily applied coating of reasonable resistance and cathodic protection from point anodes mounted at or close to the center line of the pipe. 5.2.3
Screening Tests of Inhibitors to Prevent Chloride Stress Corrosion★
Authors: PHILLIPS J. H. , SINGLEY W. J.
Published: July 2014

Series of screening tests were run in tilting autoclaves to evaluate performance of selected, potential inhibitors in preventing chloride stress corrosion attack of Type 347 austenitic stainless steel in alkaline-phosphate boiler water containing 50 or 500 ppm chloride. From the test results, several inhibitors were tested further to evaluate concentration effects. Nitrate appeared to be a satisfactory inhibitor for oiler applications. Sodium sulfite also effectively prevented chloride corrosion cracking oy scavenging oxygen. 5.8.4
Design and Materials for Reduced Pump Corrosion★
Authors: PICCARDO JACK E.
Published: July 2014

Of the pumps used in the chemical and allied industries, about 90 percent are of the centrifugal and diaphragm types. These pumps are required to handle corrosive liquids under conditions of high pressure and high temperature, expensive or hazardous liquids where leakage to atmosphere cannot be tolerated, liquids with solids in suspension, often of an abrasive nature, creating both a corrosion and abrasion problems and extremely corrosive liquids which may be radioactive. Diaphragm type pumps have certain advantages over centrifugal pumps for severe chemical applications because there is no shaft sealing problem, solids in suspension can be handled at relatively low velocities and a high degree of corrosion resistance can be obtained by the use of high alloy steels for the pump body and synthetic materials for diaphragms. Packingless pumps include the so-called canned-motor centrifugal pump in which the pump impeller is mounted on the same shaft as the rotor. Both the rotor and the stator are sealed from the fluid by corrosion resistant cans or shields and the rotor moves in the liquid being pumped. The rotor-impeller shaft is supported on sleeve type bearings submerged in the liquid pumped. Canned-motor pumps usually cannot be applied where the liquid contains solids because of close clearances and possibility of damage to bearings by abrasion.

Designs giving longer service life in the conventional centrifugal pump usually include the following: Improved sealing devices where the pump shaft passes through the casing, new alloys or metals for the wetted end to provide a better corrosion resistance, improved elastomers, plastics and ceramics which permit lining entire pumps for a high degree of corrosion resistance. Improved shaft seals are discussed along with a study of new materials available for pump parts, and linings for pumps commonly used in chemical pumping service. 7.3
Limitations of fibre optic distributed temperature sensing for quantifying surface water groundwater interactions
Authors: Roshan H. , Young M. , Andersen M. S. , Acworth R. I.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Studies of surface water–groundwater interactions using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) has increased in recent years. However, only a few studies to date have explored the limitations of FO-DTS in detecting groundwater discharge to streams. A FO_DTS system was therefore tested in a flume under controlled laboratory conditions for its ability to accurately measure the discharge of hot or cold groundwater into a simulated surface water flow. In the experiment the surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) velocities, expressed as ratios (vgw/vsw), were varied from 0.21% to 61.7%; temperature difference between SW-GW were varied from 2 to 10 °C; the direction of temperature gradient were varied with both cold and-hot water injection; and two different bed materials were used to investigate their effects on FO_DTS's detection limit of groundwater discharge. The ability of the FO_DTS system to detect the discharge of groundwater of a different temperature in the laboratory environment was found to be mainly dependent upon the surface and groundwater flow velocities and their temperature difference. A correlation was proposed to estimate the groundwater discharge from temperature. The correlation is valid when the ratio of the apparent temperature response to the source temperature difference is above 0.02.
A FEW FOR-PROFIT BUSINESSES’ BATTLE OVER THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT’S PREVENTATIVE SERVICES MANDATE
Authors: Coogan Leigh Argentieri
Published: July 2014

Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), employers are required to provide employees with health plans, which must include FDA, approved contraceptives with no cost sharing. While Health and Humans Services (HHS) revised the regulation to allow for a compromise among religious organizations and non-profits run by religious organizations, private for profit businesses must comply with the ACA even if the business asserts to be founded on religious principles. Several for profit business have sued in district court for an injunction against the requirements. However, a circuit split exists among courts granting preliminary injunctions against the ACA pending a granting of appeal. This note will focus on whether the federal government can compel secular, for profit organizations to provide employee health plans that include contraceptives, the morning after pill and sterilization under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Unless the statute or regulation changes, the Supreme Court will likely need to grant certiorari to resolve the issue.
PRICE REDUCTION UNDER THE CISG: A 21ST CENTURY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Jansen Sanne
Published: July 2014

Price reduction under the CISG: a 21st century perspective
ON THE MULTIAXIAL AMPLITUDE- AND FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER: EXPERIMENTS AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING
Authors: Delattre Alexis , Lejeunes Stéphane , Méo Stéphane , Lacroix Florian , Richard Caroline
Published: July 2014

A phenomenological hyperviscoelastic model is proposed. This model describes the multiaxial amplitude- and frequency-dependent behavior of the material. Moreover, thanks to the definition of new internal variables, the model is able to take into account the Payne effect. The experimental results of a characterization campaign performed on a butadiene rubber filled with carbon black particles are then presented. These tests were conducted under tension/compression and simple shear at several frequencies and amplitudes. Using these experimental data, a fast and robust method is presented to identify the material parameters. There are two steps in this method: the first step regards the hyperelastic behavior and the second step the viscous behavior. The identified model provides good correlations with the tests for describing the dynamical effects under both shear and tension loads.