bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification and Characterization of the Major Oak Pollen Allergen Que a 1 for Component-Resolved Diagnostics Using ImmunoCAP®
Authors: Movérare Robert , Everberg Henrik , Carlsson Raimo , Holtz Anette , Thunberg Roland , Olsson Peter , Brostedt Peter , Högbom Erik
Published: February 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to purify the major oak pollen allergen, Que a 1, to perform biochemical and immunological characterization of the allergen and to develop an experimental native (n) Que a 1 ImmunoCAP®. Methods: Que a 1 was purified from oak pollen extract using affinity chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional (2D) PAGE, mass spectrometry (MS), N-terminal sequencing and specific IgE inhibition on ImmunoCAP. Samples from 16 subjects sensitized to oak pollen were analyzed by ImmunoCAP for IgE reactivity to nQue a 1, and recombinant (r)Bet v 1 and 2 (profilin). They were also studied in IgE immunoblotting. Results: The purity of nQue a 1 was >95%, since a single band was observed on silver-stained SDS-PAGE. The identity was verified by MS analysis, and 2D-PAGE revealed several isoforms. The obtained N-terminal sequence of 50-amino-acid residues from nQue a 1 showed a 58–74% sequence identity with other pathogenesis-related class 10 allergens. Specific IgE inhibition verified a preserved immunoreactivity (70–92% inhibition). All subjects were sensitized to Que a 1 and Bet v 1, and two to profilin. The IgE antibody levels to nQue a 1 were generally lower than to rBet v 1. The obtained results correlated well with IgE immunoblotting. Conclusions: We present a highly purified and extensively characterized preparation of nQue a 1. Que a 1 seems to be an allergen of equal importance in oak pollen as Bet v 1 in birch pollen. An nQue a 1 ImmunoCAP will be useful in component-resolved diagnostics.
A Single Oral Sensitization to Peanut without Adjuvant Leads to Anaphylaxis in Mice
Authors: Proust Barbara , Astier Catherine , Jacquenet Sandrine , Ogier Virginie , Magueur Erwan , Roitel Olivier , Belcourt Christelle , Morisset Martine , Moneret-Vautrin Denise A. , Bihain Bernard E. , Kanny Gisèle
Published: February 2008

Background: A model of peanut food allergy has been developed in mice using a simple sensitization protocol leading to a quantitatively measurable allergic response. Methods: C3H/HeJ mice received a single intragastric administration of whole peanut (80 mg) without adjuvant. Two weeks later, intraperitoneal challenge with peanut extract led to a severe anaphylaxis. Results: Anaphylactic reaction was evidenced by vascular leakage, severe clinical symptoms, a drop in body temperature, a decrease in breathing rate and also by increased concentrations of serum mouse mast cell protease-1. Sensitization to peanut was demonstrated by positive skin tests (ear swelling test and intradermal skin testing) and increased peanut-specific IgE levels. Conclusions: Thus, we obtained a model of severe peanut hypersensitivity within 2 weeks following single oral exposure without adjuvant. This model may be useful for further basic and applied studies on peanut allergy.
Morphology and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Digestive System of Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: Zhang Ying-Ying , Sun Xin , Liu Zhi-Gang
Published: February 2008

Background: The digestive system of Dermatophagoides farinae remains poorly documented. Methods: In this study, a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the alimentary canal of D. farinae was built for the first time based on hematoxylin-eosin staining, 76 cross-sections of the adult mite and 3-D reconstruction technology. Results: Spatially, the system included the prebuccal cavity, foregut, midgut, hindgut, anus and salivary gland. The prebuccal cavity was surrounded by gnathosoma; the foregut was composed of a muscular pharynx and an esophagus passing through the brain; the midgut was divided into an anterior midgut with a pair of ceca and a posterior midgut; the hindgut consisted of a relatively broad colon and a narrow rectum, and the salivary gland was irregular in shape and located in front of the brain. The 3-D images of the individual external surfaces of the reconstructed alimentary canal were displayed and the human-computer interaction was realized by performing arbitrary rotation and random sectioning. Conclusions: The 3-D model of the alimentary canal of D. farinae presented in this paper provides a stereoscopic view to study the adjacent relationship and arrangement of respective gut sections in the intact mite. This study has implicit impact on morphology studies, immunohistochemistry, as well as in situ PCR and localization of the allergen in dust mites.
Human Eosinophils Show Chemotaxis to Lymphoid Chemokines and Exhibit Antigen-Presenting-Cell-Like Properties upon Stimulation with IFN-γ, IL-3 and GM-CSF
Authors: Jung Yun-Jae , Woo So-Youn , Jang Myoung Ho , Miyasaka Masayuki , Ryu Kyung-Ha , Park Hae-Kyung , Seoh Ju-Young
Published: February 2008

Background: Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes. Under physiological conditions, they circulate in the blood and through the tissues to serve their functions. In certain inflammatory states, they enter the T-cell areas of lymph nodes (LNs) that drain the inflamed tissue and communicate with T cells in LNs, but the underlying mechanism that regulates their trafficking to LNs is not yet fully explored. Here, we report that a human eosinophilic leukemia cell line, EoL-1, and human peripheral blood (PB) eosinophils become reactive to the lymphoid chemokines CCL21 and CCL25 upon stimulation. Methods: EoL-1 cells were differentiated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dEoL-1) and subsequently pulsed with IFN-γ, IL-3 and GM-CSF. The eosinophil fraction was purified from normal human adult PB and incubated for 1 day with the same cytokine combination. Results: Upon cytokine stimulation, dEoL-1 cells expressed chemokine receptors CCR7, CCR9 and CCR3 and developed chemotactic responsiveness to CCL21, CCL25 and CCL11, which bind to the respective receptors. Human PB eosinophils also showed chemotactic responsiveness to CCL21 and CCL25 upon stimulation with IFN-γ, IL-3 and GM-CSF. In addition, the cytokine-stimulated dEoL-1 cells expressed costimulatory molecules, including CD40, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR, and also expressed a tolerogenic and Th2-polarizing enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Conclusions: These in vitro observations raise the possibility that eosinophils may utilize lymphoid chemokines to enter LNs and serve antigen-presenting functions in the LN under certain inflammatory conditions.
Induction of Benign Symmetric Lipomatosis (Launois-Bensaude Syndrome) in a Female Patient after Liver Transplantation
Authors: Goetze S. , Hommann M. , Elsner P. , Kaatz M.
Published: February 2008

Benign symmetric lipomatosis, also known as Madelung’s disease or Launois-Bensaude syndrome, is a rare disease, the etiology of which is still unknown. The presence of multiple, symmetric, nonencapsulated lipomatous masses in the face, neck, upper arms and upper trunk is typical. Until now many causes have been discussed among which liver dysfunctions are described frequently. In up to 90% of patients, alcoholism is observed. In our case the Launois-Bensaude syndrome developed after liver transplantation in a 49-year-old female patient suffering from decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh C score: 12 points). Shortly after the transplantation a slow progress in tissue-building appeared on both upper arms, cervical areas as well as in the face. During postsurgical prednisolone therapy, a massive increase in fluid in the tissue developed, which led to a discontinuation of this therapy regimen. In the further course there was an increase in weight of 20 kg. As far as we know, this case is the first description of the induction of a Launois-Bensaude syndrome following liver transplantation.
‘New Embryos’ – New Challenges for the Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Authors: Holm Søren
Published: February 2008

Among the many ethical issues raised by human embryonic stem cell research (in the following all references to ‘stem cells’ should be read as references to human embryonic stem cells), two have gained specific prominence: (1) whether stem cell research is ethically problematic because it entails the destruction of human embryos and (2) what kind of control embryo donors should have over the stem cell lines derived from their embryos. In the present paper, I will analyse how these two issues are engaged by various attempts to derive stem cells from anomalous embryos (e.g. embryos in cleavage arrest, embryos not implanted following pre-implantation genetic diagnosis or embryos created by altered nuclear transfer) or in ways that are claimed to be non-destructive for the embryo (e.g. blastocyst or blastomere biopsy).
The 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: A Missed Opportunity for Détente?
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: February 2008

The fragile détente that dawned after the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 was a necessary but not sufficient condition to ensure the conclusion of the Limited Test Ban Treaty eight months later. Nikita Khrushchev's political weakness after his Cuban fiasco was the main obstacle. New evidence from the Soviet side shows that by April 1963—three months before John F. Kennedy's conciliatory speech at American University that is usually regarded as the turning point—the Soviet leader became committed to the treaty in principle. Discord within the Communist world inhibited him from pursuing it actively until efforts to mend the rift with China collapsed, underscoring the value of a successful agreement with the West. Once the treaty was signed, however, the two sides failed to build on their common accomplishment and got bogged down by political issues that divided them. The opportunity for a deeper détente and a comprehensive test ban were lost.
Playing the China Card? Revisiting France's Recognition of Communist China, 1963–1964
Authors: Martin Garret
Published: February 2008

On 27 January 1964, France and the People's Republic of China (PRC) officially established diplomatic relations. This was the first time since 1950 that a major power had recognized the PRC. The French initiative caused an international uproar and generated extensive debate about the motivations of French President General Charles de Gaulle. This article uses new archival materials to look closely at de Gaulle's decision and to show how the new links with Communist China fit into France's larger strategy in the Cold War. Although domestic political considerations helped to spur de Gaulle's action, the new documentary evidence makes clear that de Gaulle also was determined to establish France as a major actor on the world scene that could forge a middle path between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Diameter-Selective Solubilization of Carbon Nanotubes by Lipid Micelles
Authors: Tasis Dimitrios , Papagelis Konstantinos , Douroumis Dionysios , Smith James R. , Bouropoulos Nikolaos , Fatouros Dimitrios G.
Published: February 2008

The one-step dispersion of HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous media with the use of a synthetic lyso-phosphatidylcholine was studied. Solubilization occurs through wrapping of lipid molecules around the circumference of the tubes, yielding lipid monolayers on the graphitic
sidewalls as evidenced by atomic force microscopy imaging and dynamic light scattering measurements. Raman spectroscopy showed that the dispersion and centrifugation process leads to an effective enrichment of the stable aqueous suspension in carbon nanostructures with smaller diameters.
Novel Telomeric Repeat Elongation Assay Performed on Zinc Oxide Nanorod Array Supports
Authors: Dorfman Adam , Parajuli Omkar , Kumar Nitin , Hahm Jong-in
Published: February 2008

We developed a highly sensitive and effective telomeric repeat elongation (TRE) assay by exploiting the fluorescence signal enhancing ability of ZnO nanorod (NR) platforms. We report that this novel ZnO NR-based TRE assay can be successfully used for detecting active telomerase. Our
TRE assays enable complex biological reactions between many different biological components to take place effectively on various ZnO NR platforms. Therefore, ZnO NRs can effectively determine telomerase activity even at ultratrace concentration level, by functioning as excellent fluorescence
enhancing biosupports. We also show the potential of ZnO NR-based TRE assays in a high-throughput and multiplexed screening of active telomerase in a large number of samples. As telomerase is a useful biomarker in cancer diagnosis and screening, our ZnO NR-based TRE assays may prove to be
not only useful in basic biological research but also in clinical testing.
Residual-Strain-Induced Nanocoils of Metallic Nanowires
Authors: Muraoka Mikio , Settsu Nobuhiro , Saka Masumi
Published: February 2008

Metallic nanocoils are attractive nanowire (NW) structures, which are expected to have an application as small inductors, but have not been reported before. This study proposes a coating technique for permanently bending a straight, metallic NW into a helix. A physical vapor deposition
is applied to oblique NWs standing on a substrate. The deposition produces a biased thickness of the coating on NWs, resulting in a mismatch in internal strains, namely thermal strain and intrinsic strain, between a NW and the coating. These residual strains are driving forces for the bending
process of NWs. In particular, the intrinsic strain of the overlayer contributes the bending deformation. In addition, elastic anisotropy of NWs couples bending with a twist, contributing to the formation of helixes. We have demonstrated nanocoils, comprised of Cr-coated Cu NWs, with a coil
diameter of about 300 to 500 nm.
In-Situ Electrical Addressing of One-Dimensional Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies
Authors: Blech Kerstin , Noyong Michael , Juillerat Frederic , Nakayama Tomonobu , Hofmann Heinrich , Simon Ulrich
Published: February 2008

Substrates with 1-dimensional nanosize grooves were prepared using extreme-ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL), wherein gold nanoparticles were self-assembled to form 1-dimensional structures. To measure the electrical properties of gold nanoparticle chains we introduce a
novel in-situ measuring method based on nanomanipulator system in a scanning electron microscope. This method comprises enormous versatility for the precisely electrical addressing of low-dimensional nanoscale structures and may even be applied to routinely addressing of structures
in the sub-10 nm range.
Synthesis and Raman Scattering from Zn1−x MnxS Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Wu Jian , Gutierrez H. R. , Eklund P. C.
Published: February 2008

The growth of Diluted Magnetic Semiconducting (DMS) Zn1−x MnxS (0 ≤ x < 0 6) nanowires (NWs) using a three-zone furnace and two solid sources is reported. The approach is generally applicable to many binary and ternary NW systems
that grow by the Vapor-Liquid-Solid growth mechanism. Mn concentration was controlled by the temperature of the Mn source. The Zn/Mn ratio was found to determine the crystalline structure, i.e., wurtzite or zinc blende. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements revealed
highly crystalline single phase NWs. The vibrational properties of the DMS NWs with different Zn/Mn ratios were studied by correlating their Raman scattering spectra with the composition measured by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). We find that the transverse optical (TO) phonon
band disappears at the lowest Mn concentrations, while the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon band position was found insensitive to x. Three additional Raman bands were observed between the ZnS q = 0 TO and LO phonons when Mn atoms were present in the NWs. These bands are similar
to those reported previously for bulk Zn1−x MnxS and their origin is still controversial.
GaN, ZnO and InN Nanowires and Devices
Authors: Pearton S. J. , Kang B. S. , Gila B. P. , Norton D. P. , Kryliouk O. , Ren F. , Heo Young-Woo , Chang Chih-Yang , Chi Gou-Chung , Wang Wei-Ming , Chen Li-Chyong
Published: February 2008

A brief review is given of recent developments in wide bandgap semiconductor nanowire synthesis and devices fabricated on these nanostructures. There is strong interest in these devices for applications in UV detection, gas sensors and transparent electronics.
Controlled Growth and Characterization Methods of Semiconductor Nanomaterials
Authors: Zhang Li-De , Fang Xiao-Sheng
Published: February 2008

One-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanomaterials attract much attention because they are ideal systems for investigation and studying the relationship between properties and structures and having extensive application future in the high technical field. They are expected to play an
important role in fabrication of the next generation nanocircuits, nanotools, nanowires lasers, photon tunneling devices, near-field photo-waveguide devices, etc. This article described controlled growth, characterization of structures and morphologies and properties of 1D semiconductor nanomaterials
based on our previous works. This article is organized into two parts: The first part is complicated nanostructures of semiconductors, which includes coaxial nanocables, heterostructure nanowires and nanowires with metal–semiconductor junction behavior, hierarchical structures, doping
of the nanowires and nanobelts, porous materials and periodically twined nanowires and asymmetrical polytypic nanobelts. The second part contains semiconductor nanoarrays based on anodic alumina membrane (AAM) templates. Finally, we propose that further investigation of the influence of nanomaterial
morphologies on properties and how to design the morphology of nanostructures to meet the property requirements of nanodevices are our future research directions in this field.
Preparation of Cu2S Dendritic, Double-Comb-Like Nanostructures by Gas-Solid Reaction Method
Authors: Xiao Yu , Chen Jun , Deng S. Z. , Xu N. S. , Yang Shihe
Published: February 2008

Synthesis of Cu2S dendritic nanostructures by a gas-solid reaction method has been achieved. The Cu2S dendritic nanostructure consists of a backbone and small branches aligning symmetrically and densely on the backbone like a double comb. Transmission electron
microscopy has revealed that the backbone is along the c axis of monoclinic Cu2S and branches are along the b axis. Pre-oxidation of copper substrate is found to be important for high yield synthesis of the dendritic nano-structures. An oxide-assisted growth model
is proposed to explain the formation of the dendritic nanostructures. Good field emission characteristics are also obtained from films of the dendritic Cu2S nanostructures.
Oxide Nanobelts and Nanowires—Growth, Properties and Applications
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin
Published: February 2008

Nanowires (NWs) and nanobelts (NBs) are diverse classes of one-dimensional nanoscale materials with controllable size, composition, structure and corresponding physical and chemical properties. This article reviews the novel growth phenomena, unique properties and exciting applications
of oxide NWs and NBs. First, the article gives a general introduction about the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth method. Second, the growth of oxide NBs using a vapor-solid (VS) process has been demonstrated. Third, using ZnO as an example, polar-surface dominated growth phenomena, such as
the formation of single-crystal nanoring, nanospring and nanohelix, are comprehensively described. Then, novel techniques developed for characterizing the mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties of NWs and NBs are illustrated. Finally, some exciting applications in areas such
as sensors, photon detectors and nanogenerators are presented. In concluding, the challenges and prospects for the future are discussed.
One-Dimensional Organic and Organometallic Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Cho Chun-Pei , Perng Tsong-Pyng
Published: February 2008

One-dimensional (1D) organic and organometallic nanomaterials are of considerable interests for both fundamental research and potential applications. They are likely to play critical roles in improving the efficiency of various electronic, photonic, biosensing devices, etc. In this
context, the authors present a comprehensive review of current research on 1D organic and organometallic nanostructures. The synthetic strategies for achieving the 1D growth are elucidated by four categories: (1) template-based synthesis, (2) vapor-solid method, (3) solution-based self-assembly,
and (4) dictation by the anisotropic nature. The unique thermal, optical, electronic, field emission properties and biocidal activity of 1D organic and organometallic nanostructures are consequently highlighted. Some promising applications in (integrated) molecular electronic, optoelectronic
and photonic devices are also discussed.
ZnO Nanosquids: Branching Nanowires from Nanotubes and Nanorods
Authors: Mensah Samuel L. , Prasad Abhishek , Wang Jiesheng , Yap Yoke Khin
Published: February 2008

One-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanostructures are promising building blocks for future nano-electronic and nanophotonic devices. ZnO has proven to be a multifunctional and multistructural nanomaterial with promising properties. Here we report the growth of ZnO nanosquids which can
be directly grown on planar oxidized Si substrates without using catalysts and templates. The formation of these nanosquids can be explained by the theory of nucleation, and the vapor-solid crystal growth mechanism. The branching nanowires of these ZnO nanosquids could have potential application
in multiplexing future nanoelectronic devices. The sharp band-edge emission at ∼380 nm indicates that these ZnO nanosquids are also applicable for interesting optoelectronic devices.
Ge Island Assembly on Metal-Patterned Si: Truncated Pyramids, Nanorods, and Beyond
Authors: Robinson J. T. , Dubon O. D.
Published: February 2008

The organization of semiconductor nanostructures into functional macroassemblies remains a fundamental challenge in nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the context of semiconductor epitaxial growth, efforts have focused on the application of advanced substrate patterning strategies for
the directed assembly quantum-dot islands. We present a comprehensive investigation on the use of simple metal patterns to control the nucleation and growth of heteroepitaxial islands. In the Ge on Si model system, a square array of metal dots induces the assembly of Ge islands into an extensive
two-dimensional lattice. The islands grow at sites between the metal dots and are characterized by unique shapes including truncated pyramids and nanorods, which are programmed prior to growth by the choices of metal species and substrate orientation. Our results indicate that ordering arises
from the metal-induced oxidation of the Si surface; the oxide around each metal dot forms an array of periodic diffusion barriers that induce island ordering. The metals decorate the island surfaces and enhanced the growth of particular facets that are able to grow as a result of significant
intermixing between deposited Ge and Si substrate atoms.
Wave–Turbulence Interactions in a Breaking Mountain Wave
Authors: Epifanio Craig C. , Qian Tingting
Published: February 2008

The mean and turbulent structures in a breaking mountain wave are considered through an ensemble of high-resolution (essentially large-eddy simulation) wave-breaking calculations. Of particular interest are the turbulent heat and momentum fluxes in the breaking wave and their roles in shaping the wave-scale and larger-scale flows.

The evolution of the breaking wave in the ensemble mean is found to be broadly consistent with prior low-resolution calculations. A turbulent kinetic energy budget for the wave shows that the turbulence production is almost entirely due to the mean shear. Most of the production is at the top of the leeside shooting flow, where the mean-flow Richardson number is persistently less than 0.25.

The turbulent dissipation of mean-flow wave energy is shown to result mainly from the turbulent momentum fluxes—specifically, from the tendency of these fluxes to act counter to the mean-flow disturbance wind. Of particular importance is the eddy deceleration of the leeside shooting flow. The resulting momentum dissipation leads to a mean-flow Bernoulli loss, a cross-stream mean-flow PV flux, and a permanent upward mean-flow vorticity transfer.

The dependence of the turbulent fluxes on grid spacing is considered by computing a series of ensembles with grid spacings ranging from L/56 to L/3.7 (where L is the mountain half-width). At the highest resolution, the eddy fluxes are mostly resolved, but with increasing grid spacing, the resolved-scale fluxes decline and the parameterized fluxes become larger. It is shown that for the chosen parameter values, the parameterized fluxes overestimate the mean-flow PV flux: at L/3.7 the PV flux is nearly twice that computed at L/56.
Model Diagnosis of Nighttime Minimum Temperature Warming during Summer due to Irrigation in the California Central Valley
Authors: Kanamaru Hideki , Kanamitsu Masao
Published: February 2008

This study examines the mechanisms of nighttime minimum temperature warming in the California Central Valley during summer due to irrigation. The Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) was used to simulate climate under two land surface characteristics: potential natural vegetation and modern land use that includes irrigation and urbanization. In irrigated cropland, soil moisture was prescribed in three different ways: 1) field capacity, 2) half of field capacity, and 3) no addition of water. In the most realistic case of half-field capacity, the July daily minimum temperature in the California Central Valley increased by 3.5°C, in agreement with station observation trends over the past century in the same area. It was found that ground heat flux efficiently keeps the surface warm during nighttime due to increased thermal conductivity of wet soil.
Causes for Large-Scale Hydrographic Changes at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series Station
Authors: Stammer D. , Park S. , Köhl A. , Lukas R. , Santiago-Mandujano F.
Published: February 2008

Results from Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO)–Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) global ocean state estimate, available over the 11-yr period 1992 through 2002, are compared with independent observations available at the Hawaii Ocean time series station ALOHA. The comparison shows that at this position, the estimated temporal variability has some skill in simulating observed ocean variability and that the quality of future syntheses could benefit from additional information available from the Argo network and from the time series observations themselves. On a decadal time scale, the influence radius of the station ALOHA T–S time series covers large parts of the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean and reaches even into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Throughflow.

Estimated changes in sea surface height (SSH) result largely from thermosteric changes; however, nonsteric (barotropic) variations on the order of 1–2 cm also contribute to SSH changes at station ALOHA. Moreover, changes of similar magnitude can be caused by changes in the salinity field because of a quasi-biennial oscillation in the horizontal flow structure and heaving of the mean salinity structure on seasonal and interannual time scales.

The adjoint modeling framework confirms westward-propagating Rossby waves (due to wind forcing) and subduction of water-mass anomalies (due to surface buoyancy forcing) as the primary mechanisms leading to observed changes of T–S structures at station ALOHA. Specifically, the analysis identifies surface freshwater fluxes along the wintertime outcrop of intermediate waters as a primary cause for salinity changes at station ALOHA and wind stress forcing east of the station position as another forcing mechanism of salinity variations around the Hawaiian Archipelago.
On the Temporally Varying Northward Penetration of Mediterranean Overflow Water and Eastward Penetration of Labrador Sea Water
Authors: Lozier M. Susan , Stewart Nicole M.
Published: February 2008

Historical hydrographic data in the eastern North Atlantic are used to suggest a connection between the northward penetration of Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) and the location of the subpolar front, the latter of which is shown to vary with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). During persistent high-NAO periods, when the subpolar front moves eastward, waters in the subpolar gyre essentially block the northward-flowing MOW, preventing its entry into the subpolar gyre. Conversely, during low NAO periods, the subpolar front moves westward, allowing MOW to penetrate past Porcupine Bank into the subpolar gyre. The impacts of an intermittent penetration of MOW into the subpolar gyre, including the possible effect on water mass transformations, remain to be investigated.
Supermax Prisons
Authors: Pizarro Jesenia M. , Narag Raymund E.
Published: February 2008

Supermax prisons have substantially increased in popularity during the last 20 years. This article presents an examination of the current state of knowledge on supermax prisons, in terms of both case law and criminal justice research, to assess the potential future of these facilities. Three research questions are posed: (a) What does the academic community know or not know about supermax prisons? (b) How have U.S. courts ruled in supermax prison litigation? and (c) Do current supermax case law and research indicate that their administration, existence, and operation will change in the near future?
The Sociopolitical Context of Prison Violence and Its Control
Authors: Sundt Jody L. , Castellano Thomas C. , Briggs Chad S.
Published: February 2008

This research explores the sociopolitical context of prison violence and its control in the state of Illinois, and discusses the series of events that led to the opening of a supermax prison. Interrupted time series analyses were used to test whether the use of the supermax was associated with declines in prison violence, controlling for the potentially confounding influence of a systemwide effort to restructure the Illinois Department of Corrections following a prison scandal in 1996. There was no association between the opening of a supermax and inmate-on-inmate assaults; however, the supermax appears to have resulted in an abrupt, permanent reduction in assaults against staff. The opening of the supermax was also associated with an abrupt, permanent reduction in the use of lockdown days.
Fleeing, Sneaking, Flooding
Authors: Gabrielatos Costas , Baker Paul
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the discursive construction of refugees and asylum seekers (and to a lesser extent immigrants and migrants) in a 140-million-word corpus of UK press articles published between 1996 and 2005. Taking a corpus-based approach, the data were analyzed not only as a whole, but also with regard to synchronic variation, by carrying out concordance analyses of keywords which occurred within tabloid and broad-sheet newspapers, and diachronic change, albeit mainly approached from an unusual angle, by investigating consistent collocates and frequencies of specific terms over time. The analyses point to a number of (mainly negative) categories of representation, the existence and development of nonsensical terms (e.g., illegal refugee), and media confusion and conflation of definitions of the four terms under examination. The paper concludes by critically discussing the extent to which a corpus-based methodological stance can inform critical discourse analysis.1
Machine Building and City Building
Authors: Vitiello Domenic
Published: February 2008

The deindustrialization of North American cities is generally told as a post-World War II narrative, featuring factory closings, highways to the suburbs, and urban renewal programs responding to the loss of jobs and population. Yet, as recent scholarship on industrial suburbanization has shown, the decentralization of manufacturing manifested itself throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some scholars of twentieth-century planning have observed that urban renewal programs hurt cities as much as they helped. This essay argues that some late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century redevelopment programs played a greater causal role in deindustrialization and the shift in Americans' conceptions of cities from places of production to places of consumption. Surveying the complex relationships between urban and industrial restructuring in Philadelphia during the pre-Depression decades, it examines the prehistory of federal urban renewal at the state and local level.
The International School Psychology Survey
Authors: Jimerson Shane R. , Graydon Kelly , Skokut Mary , Mohammad Adnan Alghorani  , Kanjaradze Anna , Forster Jürg ,   the ISPA Research Committee
Published: February 2008

Using the International School Psychology Survey (ISPS), this study aims to advance our knowledge of the characteristics, training, roles and responsibilities, challenges and research interests of school psychologists around the world by comparing recent international data. The current study contributes valuable information regarding the profession of school psychology by building upon previous surveys of school psychologists using ISPS data gathered in Albania, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Northern England, Australia, china, Germany, Italy and Russia. The discussion provides unique insights regarding similarities, differences and diversity among school psychologists in Georgia, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.
Outcomes of the Social Competence Program Second Step in Norwegian Elementary Schools
Authors: Holsen Ingrid , Smith Brian H. , Frey Karin S.
Published: February 2008

The aim of the present article was to investigate the outcomes of the universal social competence promotion program Second Step in a typical `real world' implementation in Norway. We addressed the effects of the program on social competence and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour among 1,153 fifth and sixth grade students (11 schools, 55 classrooms) after one year of intervention. Although the program is originally American, Second Step has been translated and adapted for the Norwegian setting and renamed Steg for Steg. Applying Linear Mixed Modelling, the results from the age cohort design with comparison groups show that the program had significant positive effects on social competence for boys and girls in grade 5 and for girls in grade 6. Boys in grade 6 reported lower levels of externalizing problem behaviour compared to control students. There were no effects in regard to internalizing problem behaviour. The analysis also revealed that the results varied between classrooms. These results may be considered to add weight to the evidence in support of a wider implementation of the Second Step program.
Fears and Related Anxieties in Chinese High School Students
Authors: Huijun Li  , Prevatt Frances
Published: February 2008

Chinese students from different high school settings face unique academic and emotional challenges. They are in a very vulnerable position due to high parent and teacher expectations and pressure to succeed in college entrance examinations and honour the family and the school. They are also vulnerable due to possible inappropriate parenting practices. This study examined whether there were significant differences in the number and type of reported fears and related anxieties in students from different high schools by grade level and gender, controlling for perceptions of family atmosphere. This study also investigated whether, in general, the fears and anxieties self-reported by the chinese sample differed from the normative sample. Finally it examined whether the standardized measure of fears was able to capture the unique fears of chinese students. The findings indicate that the level of fears and related anxieties did not differ based on school and grade. Gender differences were evident. Positive family atmosphere was related to decreased level of anxiety. chinese high school students were found to report higher levels of fears and related anxieties than their Western counterparts.
The Hidden Dropout Phenomenon among Immigrant High-School Students
Authors: Rosenblum Sara , Goldblatt Hadass , Moin Victor
Published: February 2008

The high school dropout rate among immigrant students has become a serious problem in many places around the world. Hidden dropout or irregular school attendance may be the first stage of school dropout. This article examines the hidden dropout phenomenon among Ethiopian immigrant adolescents aged 14—18 in Israel, as a prototype of immigration from a traditional, rural society to a western one. Sixty irregular school attendees were compared with 28 regular attendees, regarding the following characteristics: family and socio-economic background, psychological distress symptoms (BSI), self-efficacy (SEF), perceived social support (MSPSS) and cognitive skills (ROcF). Results indicated that both groups came from similar low socio-economic backgrounds and showed similarly poor cognitive performance levels. However, among the hidden dropout group, the perceived social support was significantly higher and feelings of stress were significantly lower. Several explanations are provided for these unexpected results, and research and practice implications are discussed.
The Art and Science of Diabetes Education A Culture Out of Balance
Authors: Anderson Robert M. , Funnell Martha M.
Published: February 2008

In the past 20 years, behavioral science has helped create a growing body of theoretically derived, evidenced-based approaches to diabetes patient education. Health care professionals in all disciplines are being required to demonstrate that their practice is evidence based. For diabetes educators, behavioral science is the source of much of that evidence. However, effective diabetes education involves a combination of art and science. Establishing a therapeutic alliance with patients is an art. Diabetes educators must have the interpersonal skills, values, and personal traits needed to cultivate relationships with patients that are characterized by trust, respect, and acceptance. They must feel and be able to express compassion, empathy, and warmth. However, if someone outside the field were reviewing diabetes education evaluation research, they would probably conclude that diabetes educators are interchangeable cogs in a wheel. The positive impact of the therapeutic alliance is well documented in the counseling, psychotherapy, education, and nursing literature. However, evidence to support the important role of the diabetes educator's values, interpersonal skills, and ability to establish a therapeutic alliance with patients is absent from that literature. Valid and reliable measures used to document the impact of interpersonal skills counselors and teachers could be used in diabetes education with little or no adaptation. The evidence and tools exist; we now need to determine if the will exists.
Approaches to Help People With Diabetes Overcome Barriers for Improved Health Outcomes
Authors: Siminerio Linda M.
Published: February 2008

Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions, and studies have shown that many patients do not reach optimal glycemic control. Evidence suggests that often there is a long lapse between treatment failure and therapy advancement. A better understanding of the pharmacotherapeutic treatment options, realistic goal-setting, and continued follow-up to support treatment adherence are crucial to improving diabetes care and outcomes. Many possible barriers prevent patients from achieving the desired level of glycemic control, eg, side effects of medications, psychosocial issues, and access to support services. Strategies to overcome these barriers will be presented. Pramlintide, an adjunct to insulin therapy, is the first antihyperglycemic agent to be approved for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes since insulin was developed. Educating patients about the dosing, administration, and side effects of pramlintide before adding it to insulin therapy may improve patient adherence and ultimately optimize treatment outcomes and success.
Optimizing Diabetes Treatment Using an Amylin Analogue
Authors: Edelman Steven V.
Published: February 2008

Diabetes treatment has traditionally focused on correcting insulin deficiency using exogenous insulin and oral agents to enhance insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. The more recent view of diabetes as a disease that affects multiple hormones, including insulin, has led to the development of therapies more broadly aimed at restoring glucose homeostasis by correcting abnormalities in other glucoregulatory hormones, including amylin. Patients with diabetes are deficient in both insulin and amylin, which contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia. Amylin, a neuroendocrine hormone secreted in response to nutrient intake, suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, regulates gastric emptying, and regulates appetite. Pramlintide, a synthetic analog of the β cell hormone amylin, regulates the rate of appearance of glucose in the bloodstream after meals through several mechanisms of action: slowing gastric emptying, preventing inappropriate postprandial secretion of glucagon, and increasing satiety. Long-term studies have demonstrated that pramlintide improves postprandial glucose fluctuations and glycosylated hemoglobin levels while reducing the amount of insulin needed and body weight. This combination of benefits associated with pramlintide makes it an attractive treatment option for patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Imagination and judgment in Kant's practical philosophy
Authors: Ferrarin Alfredo
Published: February 2008

My aim in this article is to understand the role of imagination and practical judgment in Kant's moral philosophy. After a comparison of Kant with Rousseau, I explore Kant's moral philosophy itself — unlike Hannah Arendt, who finds in the enlarged mentality of the third Critique the ground for the activity of imagination in a shared world. Instead, I place the concept of moral legislation in its background, the reflection on particulars relevant to deliberation, and discuss the mutual relation of reflection and determination. Not only reflection and determination work together; imagination and judgment imply one another essentially, as interpretation of what is relevant, and as a principle of orientation in the choice of the maxim against the backdrop of a uniform and ordered world. The concepts of analogy and symbolic exhibition turn out to be crucial for how reason represents to itself the reality of ideas in the world.
Rereading `Truth and Politics'
Authors: Beiner Ronald
Published: February 2008

Hannah Arendt develops an immensely attractive account of `judgment', both as a supremely important human mental capacity and with respect to its place in political life, and this account rightly draws attention from a broad array of political theorists. Her essay `Truth and Politics' is one of the texts in which she first articulates this account of judgment. However, the account of truth offered in that essay is full of both puzzles and problems — notably, the puzzle of why Arendt, committed as she is to elevating the dignity of political life, thinks she needs to drive a wedge between politics and truth to the extent that she does in her account of the relation between them. The question pursued in this article is: why does Arendt think that, in order to give judgment and opinion the dignity that are appropriate to them, she needs, as it were, to slander truth as `coercive', `tyrannical', and so on?
Conscience, morality and judgment
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: February 2008

This paper is an exploration of the role of conscience in the justification of human rights. I argue that in both the western tradition of natural rights and the non-western traditions, human rights are justified, in part, because of their appeal to conscience, and not simply because they issue from a divine source or are based on reason. In contrast, contemporary justifications of human rights primarily look for an objective foundation or simply assert the pragmatic importance of human rights as their justification. While there are distinct advantages to this way of arguing, there are also problems, which I will discuss. As an alternative, I outline Arendt's understanding of conscience as the ability to be with and think with one's self as a secular alternative to both a non-secular version of conscience, and the denial of conscience implicit in contemporary theories. Her view of political judgment helps us to understand how conscience can be understood as subjective but not arbitrary. This paper brings Arendt's insights on conscience and judgment to bear on contemporary discourses of human rights.
Applying a Response-to-Intervention Model for Early Literacy Development in Low-Income Children
Authors: Gettinger Maribeth , Stoiber Karen
Published: February 2008

This article describes the design and implementation of a program that incorporates a response-to-intervention (RTI) framework for promoting the development of early literacy and language skills among low-income minority children. The early literacy program, called the Exemplary Model of Early Reading Growth and Excellence, or EMERGE, combines classroom practices that are grounded in empirical research, a multitiered intervention hierarchy, high-quality professional development, and continuous progress monitoring to help children in Head Start classrooms acquire early literacy competencies to prepare them for later success in school. Preliminary program evaluation data are presented, and challenges associated with applying an RTI model in early childhood education are addressed.
A Three-Tier Model of Parent Education in Early Childhood
Authors: McIntyre Laura Lee , Phaneuf Leah K.
Published: February 2008

Young children with developmental disabilities may be at heightened risk for experiencing problem behavior. Evidence suggests that inappropriate behavior in young children may be related to negative parent–child interactions. Parent education and support programs have a long history of utility and effectiveness in reducing negative parent–child interactions and behavior problems. Although these programs may be effective in preventing and resolving childhood behavioral problems, not every family benefits uniformly. This article discusses how a three-tier model of intervention can be applied to parent education for young children with developmental disabilities in the context of early childhood education programs. Furthermore, the authors discuss how a problem-solving model can be used to make decisions regarding intervention provision.
Measuring Response to Early Literacy Intervention With Preschoolers at Risk
Authors: VanDerHeyden Amanda M. , Snyder Patricia A. , Broussard Carmen , Ramsdell Kerrie
Published: February 2008

Response to intervention (RTI) is characterized as a logical science of decision making that has applicability for early childhood, particularly in the context of multitiered intervention models. This study examined the utility of using curriculum-based early literacy measures as screening tools and for evaluating whether growth in early literacy skills was altered following brief interventions. Thirty-five preschool-age children at risk for learning difficulties participated in a 5-week intervention focused on key phonemic awareness skills delivered in classwide and individual formats. Curriculum-based measurement probes were administered each week to all children. Results showed the curriculum-based measures led to enhanced decision accuracy about children at risk for learning difficulties, particularly when combined with brief classwide interventions designed to systematically address opportunities to learn. For children who were initially low performers, weekly progress monitoring combined with classwide early literacy interventions appeared to be related to accelerated growth toward early literacy targets. Implications for the expansion of RTI decision-making frameworks in early childhood are discussed.