bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portion‐size preference as a function of individuals' body mass index
Authors: Reily N. M. , Herman C. P. , Vartanian L. R.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Large portions of food are often blamed for rising rates of obesity. We tested the possibility that people who are heavier may tend to select or prefer larger portions than do people who are lighter.

Methods

Participants (total N = 798) were asked to choose between a small and larger portion of pasta for a hypothetical meal (Studies 1, 2 and 4), to indicate their ideal portion from a range of portion‐size options (Study 2), or to select their preferred portion size from each of 28 portion pairs (Study 3).

Results

Across all studies, there were no significant differences between heavier and lighter participants in their portion‐size selection (effect sizes ranged from d = −0.06 to 0.33). The pattern was the same regardless of whether we grouped participants as having a body mass index (BMI) <25 vs. ≥25, as having a BMI of <30 vs. ≥30, or treated BMI as a continuous predictor.

Conclusions

Given the lack of association between BMI and portion‐size preference, we suggest that factors other than portion size, such as differences in meal frequency, food type, plate clearing or compensation at subsequent meals, may need to be considered in order to explain the increasing prevalence of obesity.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Tests on Explosively‐Induced Water Jet Phenomena
Authors: Enache Constantin , Trană Eugen , Rotariu Traian , Rotariu Adrian , Ţigănescu Viorel Tudor , Zecheru Teodora
Published: July 2016

This study addresses some aspects regarding water jet propulsion during high explosives detonation. A number of theoretical and experimental studies have shown that using Gurney equation and the relationships derived, one can provide fair results regarding initial velocity of metallic fragments for explosively‐driven metal casings. However, an investigation on Gurney equations utilization for the prediction of water velocity has not been performed yet. By carrying out simple experimental tests and numerical simulations, water has been investigated in terms of total mass average velocity and tip velocity. Based on the available data, the findings indicate that Gurney equations overestimate the water mass average velocity. For water tip velocity evaluation, further studies should be made.
Mn+Sb2O3 Thermite/Intermetallic Delay Compositions
Authors: Montgomery Yolandi C. , Focke Walter W. , Atanasova Maria , Del Fabbro Olinto , Kelly Cheryl
Published: July 2016

The binary Mn+Sb2O3 pyrotechnic composition was investigated for mining detonator time delay applications. EKVI thermodynamic modelling predicted two maxima in the adiabatic reaction temperature. The local maximum, at a manganese fuel content of ca. 36 wt‐%, corresponds to a pure thermite‐type redox reaction: 3 Mn+Sb2O3→3 MnO+2Sb. The overall maximum in the adiabatic reaction temperature (ca. 1640 K), at the fuel‐rich composition of 49 wt‐% Mn, is consistent with the reaction 5 Mn+Sb2O3→3 MnO+2 MnSb, i.e. a combination of the standard thermite with an additional exothermic intermetallic reaction. XRD analysis of combustion residues confirmed the formation of MnSb and Mn2Sb for fuel‐rich compositions. Burn rates were measured using delay elements assembled into commercial detonators. The d50 particle sizes were 23.4 and 0.92 μm for the Mn fuel and Sb2O3 oxidant powders, respectively. The delay elements comprised rolled lead tubes with a length of 44 mm and an outer diameter of 6.4 mm. The rolling action compacted the pyrotechnic compositions to 74 ± 2 % theoretical maximum density. The burning rate increased linearly from 4.2 to 9.4 mm s−1 over the composition range 25–50 wt‐% Mn.
On the Origin and Use of the Emissivity Approximations for Alumina Particles
Authors: Kalman Joseph , Hedman Trevor
Published: July 2016

The commonly used spectral dependences for the emissivity of aluminum oxide particles are investigated. Theoretical considerations from Mie theory and the optical properties of alumina give rise to inverse wavelength and λ−2 dependences when particles fall within the Rayleigh scattering regime. Analysis of particles of an arbitrary size (i.e. outside the Rayleigh regime) demonstrates that no general relationship exists between the wavelength and the spectral emissivity of these particles contrary to what has been routinely applied in the literature. This result was attributed to the dependence of both the spectral dependence and magnitude of the complex refractive index on the spectral emissivity. The significance of these results to applications (e.g. aluminized propellants) is discussed.
Crystallographic characterization of the α,γ C12 helix in hybrid peptide sequences
Authors: Reddy Madhusudana M. B. , Basuroy Krishnayan , Aravinda Subrayashastry , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: July 2016

The solid‐state conformations of two αγ hybrid peptides Boc‐[Aib‐γ4(R)Ile]4‐OMe 1 and Boc‐[Aib‐γ4(R)Ile]5‐OMe 2 are described. Peptides 1 and 2 adopt C12‐helical conformations in crystals. The structure of octapeptide 1 is stabilized by six intramolecular 4 → 1 hydrogen bonds, forming 12 atom C12 motifs. The structure of peptide 2 reveals the formation of eight successive C12 hydrogen‐bonded turns. Average backbone dihedral angles for αγ C12 helices are peptide 1, Aib; φ (°) = −57.2 ± 0.8, ψ (°) = −44.5 ± 4.7; γ4(R)Ile; φ (°) = −127.3 ± 7.3, θ1 (°) = 58.5 ± 12.1, θ2 (°) = 67.6 ± 10.1, ψ (°) = −126.2 ± 16.1; peptide 2, Aib; φ (°) = −58.8 ± 5.1, ψ (°) = −40.3 ± 5.5; ψ4(R)Ile; φ (°) = −123.9 ± 2.7, θ1 (°) = 53.3 θ 4.9, θ 2 (°) = 61.2 ± 1.6, ψ (°) = −121.8 ± 5.1. The tendency of γ4‐substituted residues to adopt gauche–gauche conformations about the Cα–Cβ and Cβ–Cγ bonds facilitates helical folding. The αγ C12 helix is a backbone expanded analog of α peptide 310 helix. The hydrogen bond parameters for α peptide 310 and α‐helices are compared with those for αγ hybrid C12 helix. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons.
The impact of β‐azido(or 1‐piperidinyl)methylamino acids in position 2 or 3 on biological activity and conformation of dermorphin analogues
Authors: Maciejczyk Maciej , Lasota Anika , Frączak Oliwia , Kosson Piotr , Misicka Aleksandra , Nowakowski Michał , Ejchart Andrzej , Olma Aleksandra
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of new dermorphin analogues is described. The (R)‐alanine or phenylalanine residues of natural dermorphin were substituted by the corresponding α‐methyl‐β‐azidoalanine or α‐benzyl‐β‐azido(1‐piperidinyl)alanine residues. The potency and selectivity of the new analogues were evaluated by a competitive receptor binding assay in rat brain using [3H]DAMGO (a μ ligand) and [3H]DELT (a δ ligand). The most active analogue in this series, Tyr‐(R)‐Ala‐(R)‐α‐benzyl‐β‐azidoAla‐Gly‐Tyr‐Pro‐Ser‐NH2 and its epimer were analysed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics simulations. The dominant conformation of the investigated peptides depended on the absolute configuration around Cα in the α‐benzyl‐β‐azidoAla residue in position 3. The (R) configuration led to the formation of a type I β‐turn, whilst switching to the (S) configuration gave rise to an inverse β‐turn of type I′, followed by the formation of a very short β‐sheet. The selectivity of Tyr‐(R)‐Ala‐(R) and (S)‐α‐benzyl‐β‐azidoAla‐Gly‐Tyr‐Pro‐Ser‐NH2 was shown to be very similar; nevertheless, the two analogues exhibited different conformational preferences. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin‐glass state induced low field magnetization‐step effect in a Hg1−xMnxTe single crystal
Authors: Zhu Liangqing , Shao Jun , Zhu Liang , Chen Xiren , Lin Tie , Zhang Yuanyuan , Li Yanqiu , Qi Zhen , Bai Wei , Tang Xiaodong , Chu Junhao
Published: July 2016

The low field magnetization‐step effect was observed in the spin‐glass (SG) regime of p‐type single crystal when the temperature was less than about 3 K. The main features of this effect were (i) the magnetic susceptibility suddenly reduced to almost zero as the magnetic field decreased below a critical value; (ii) the critical magnetic field correlated reversely to temperature. In addition, X‐ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and temperature‐dependent Hall measurements manifested this effect was the intrinsic nature of the single crystal. Qualitative theoretical analysis suggests that the possible mechanism of low field magnetization‐step effect is the combined effect of SG transition and (long‐range) antiferromagnetic interactions among ions in randomly frustrated spins system.
Imperfect Preventive Maintenance Policy for Complex Systems Based on Bayesian Networks
Authors: Ait Mokhtar El Hassene , Laggoune Radouane , Chateauneuf Alaa
Published: July 2016

The main challenge in maintenance planning lies in the realistic modeling of the maintenance policy. This paper is focused on the maintenance optimization of complex repairable systems using Bayesian networks. A new policy is developed for periodic imperfect preventive maintenance policy with minimal repair at failure; this policy allows us to take into consideration several types of preventive maintenance with different efficiency levels. The Bayesian networks are used for complex system modeling, allowing the evaluation of the model parameters. The Weibull parameters and the maintenance efficiency are evaluated thanks to the proposed methodology using Bayesian inference. The approach developed in this paper is applied on a real system, to determine the optimal maintenance plan for a turbo‐pump in oil industry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One Size Care Does Not Fit All Patients Undergoing a Spinal Fusion
Authors: McMullan Taralyn
Published: July 2016

Purpose:

Spinal fusion (SF) surgery is a complex procedure that affects children with and without underlying disabilities. The purpose of this article was to describe the necessary steps when preparing a child, specifically with cerebral palsy (CP), and family for an SF, while also emphasizing the postoperative care during discharge planning.

Design:

Literature review on pediatric patients undergoing SF and those who have CP.

Methods:

Literature was searched using the CINAHL database, from 2009 to 2016. Key terms included spinal fusion, cerebral palsy, pediatrics, orthopedic surgery, team approach, management and developmental disability, or disability. Literature was reviewed to provide recommendations on caring for children undergoing an SF who also have CP as little literature supports exact care measures on this cohort of patients.

Findings:

Variations exist in the surgery type, specification, and approach, as well as history, growth, and developmental capabilities of the child and caregiver’s expectations. Nurses must be aware of all of these factors to promote safe, effective, timely, and patient-centered care. In particular, patients with an underlying condition of CP may be more likely to experience complications that make understanding these processes essential to the surgery itself.

Conclusions:

Although an SF may be a necessary surgery to correct a curve or spine deformity, there are many complications that a child with CP might encounter. The health care team must work closely with the child and the family to ensure that all treatment recommendations are met to minimize any unnecessary complications. Each surgery must focus specifically on meeting the child’s and family’s needs to ensure success while incorporating the health care team’s approach.

Clinical Relevance:

Providing patient and family-centered care for children having an SF is essential to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for patients and caregivers.
Is it Worth the Money? The Functionality of Engineered Shallow Stream Banks as Habitat for Juvenile Fishes in Heavily Modified Water Bodies
Authors: Pander J. , Mueller M. , Knott J. , Egg L. , Geist J.
Published: July 2016

Heavily modified water bodies (HMWB) are characterized by monotonous and straightened channel morphologies with high degrees of bank enforcement. They often lack shallow bank habitats, which are considered important for critical life stages of fishes. In this study, three principle options to engineer shallow stream zones were assessed concerning the value of the created habitats for larval, juvenile and adult stages of fishes in 30 sites from three HMWB. The construction scheme of the juvenile habitats comprised different degrees of embankment ranging from rip‐rap structures with steep bank angles to almost nature‐like construction schemes with very flat river‐banks and sparing usage of structural enrichment such as boulders and dead wood. In general, the differences between the three habitat types were more pronounced in density of different life stages than in the presence or absence of species or certain life stages. A steep bank angle and a high degree of engineering such as placement of rip‐rap embankment, boulders or dead wood structure in the habitats were hardly accepted by early larval and juvenile stages of rheophilic fishes. In contrast, the construction scheme of a nature‐like habitat with a flat bank angle (<10%), low water depth (mean = 24 cm) and a sparing usage of coarse woody debris (CWD) and boulders had the highest success. Other investigated habitat types did not provide additional benefit, neither in terms of supporting additional species and life stages, nor in high individual numbers and should thus only be implemented when land for restoration is scarce and nature‐like habitats cannot be realized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal desorption characteristics of ammonium nitrate and potassium perchlorate inorganic salts using particle mapping time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Muramoto Shin
Published: July 2016

To help optimize ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for the detection of inorganic explosives, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) was used to study the thermal desorption behavior of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and potassium perchlorate (KClO4) particles on surface. This was carried out by ToF‐SIMS chemical imaging analysis to identify the change in the number of particles and their size before and after exposure to desorption temperatures of 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 °C for durations of 3, 6, 9 and 12 s. It was found that particles less than 7.2 µm in diameter contributed to more than 50% of both the number and mass of the particles desorbed from the surface. Combining ToF‐SIMS particle mapping with the vapor collection experiment revealed that the technique could be used also to determine the optimum desorption temperatures of explosive particles; this was found to be approximately 200 and 300 °C for NH4NO3 and KClO4 particles, respectively. Although work remains to validate this number for KClO4, experiments using variable desorption temperature IMS suggest the optimum temperature of NH4NO3 desorption to be approximately 200 °C. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Structure of amorphous carbon films deposited on Ni nanoparticles under ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature
Authors: Asaka Koji , Saito Yahachi
Published: July 2016

We present transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of amorphous carbon (a‐C) films deposited on clean surfaces of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles at room temperature. In the Raman spectrum measured from the a‐C film on the Ni nanoparticles, the broad peaks of the D and G modes appeared at 1388 and 1582 cm−1, respectively. The high‐resolution images and the corresponding filtered inverse fast Fourier transformed images of the a‐C film on the individual Ni nanoparticles showed that the a‐C film only around the Ni nanoparticles formed disordered graphitic layers, similar in structure to carbon black, without heat treatment. The present observation suggests that spontaneous graphitization of a‐C on the clean surfaces of the Ni nanoparticles occurs at room temperature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation‐based cell search method for a mobile relay deployed on a moving network
Authors: Go Kwang‐Chun , Lee Hyun‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Hyun
Published: July 2016

Mobile relay (MR) can be deployed in many scenarios for a promising solution to extend a capacity in moving networks. The cell search is important for the mobility management. The cell search of the MR may cause two problems. First, all the mobile stations (MSs) connected via the MR experience service interruption during the cell search of the MR. Second, the wireless resources allocated to the MR is wasted during the cell search of the MR. To solve these problems, we propose an estimation‐based cell search method (ECSM) for the MR. The ECSM exploits the signal quality information measured by the MSs to detect the neighbor base stations (BSs) and to estimate the signal quality between the detected neighbor BSs and the MR. We verified the performance of ECSM in terms of estimation error, cell detection probability, and network overhead. Unlike the conventional estimation method, the estimation error of ECSM rapidly converges and attains to less than 1 dB when the number of measurements is 4. The ECSM can improve the cell detection probability at the expense of a relatively small amount of the signaling overhead. Therefore, the proposed method can be applied to a next‐generation relay‐enhanced cellular network. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DiscoverFriends: secure social network communication in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Joy Joshua , Chung Eric , Yuan Zengwen , Li Jiayao , Zou Leqi , Gerla Mario
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a secure communication application called DiscoverFriends. Its purpose is to securely communicate to a group of online friends while bypassing their respective social networking servers under a mobile ad hoc network environment. DiscoverFriends leverages Bloom filters and a hybrid encryption technique with a self‐organized public‐key management scheme to securely identify friends and provide authentication. Additionally, DiscoverFriends enables anonymous location check‐ins by utilizing a new cryptographic primitive called function secret sharing. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, DiscoverFriends implements and evaluates the first Android multi‐hop WiFi direct protocol using IPv6. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection Rate, Recall Rate, and Positive Predictive Value of Digital Compared to Screen-Film Mammography in the Quebec Population-Based Breast Cancer Screening Program
Authors: Théberge Isabelle , Vandal Nathalie , Langlois André , Pelletier Éric , Brisson Jacques
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The study sought to compare performance indicators of computed radiography (CR) using different plate readers, digital direct radiography (DR), and screen-film mammography (SFM) in a population-based screening program.

Methods

This analysis involved women 50-69 years of age who participated in the breast screening program of Quebec (Canada) and who had screening mammogram between January 1, 2007, and September 30, 2012. The detection rate, recall rate, and positive predictive value of CR (n = 672,125 mammograms) and DR (n = 60,023) were compared to SFM (n = 782,894) using mixed-effect logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. No institutional review board approval was required.

Results

CR was not associated with change in cancer detection rate (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88-1.03), but with a small increase in recall rate (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06) compared to SFM. The association of CR with recall rate varies with the CR plate reader manufacturer ( P < .0001). DR was not associated with change in detection rate (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.89-1.25), but with an increase in the recall rate (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.19-1.30) compared to SFM.

Conclusions

In our screening program, digital mammograms gave detection rates equivalent to those of SFM, but with an increase of recall rate, particularly for DR. If this situation persists, the adoption of DR may increase the adverse effects of screening with little or no benefit for women.
The Art of the Radiology Report: Practical and Stylistic Guidelines for Perfecting the Conveyance of Imaging Findings
Authors: Lukaszewicz Andrew , Uricchio Joseph , Gerasymchuk Grygori
Published: July 2016

The radiology report is the culmination of image acquisition, meticulous interpretation, and the generation of deliberate and thoughtful recommendations. It is essentially a translation of images into words, and as such must convey as much pertinent detail needed by the clinician in as concise a format as possible. Several important factors affect the overall quality of the finished report. Active voice helps to convey information more confidently, and in a manner that is easier to read and understand. The use of several words and phrases is frowned upon, as it makes the radiologist sound uncertain. The manner in which the impression is stated can significantly influence the ordering physician's decision as to whether to follow the radiologist's recommendations. Critical findings must be promptly communicated to the appropriate health care provider, and documented in the final report. By following the guidelines illustrated in this article, radiologists will learn how to create a perfected report, which will be concise, convey important findings while answering the clinical question posed, and will be favorably viewed by the requesting physician.
Why Firms Perform Differently in Corporate Social Responsibility? Firm Ownership and the Persistence of Organizational Imprints
Authors: Han Yi , Zheng Enying
Published: July 2016

This article analyzes the effects of firms’ founding ownership in shaping their corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in China. Drawing on a nationwide survey of 1,037 representative manufacturing firms in 12 cities, we specify the imprinting effects of firms’ founding ownership on labor and environmental protections, two important CSR practices. Our results show that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) founded during the state socialist period, regardless of their restructuring experience in the market reform era, continued to implement pro-labor practices. Moreover, even the SOEs founded in the market reform era provided better labor protection than non-SOEs founded during the same time. In contrast, the founding imprints of environmentalism in the reform era for non-SOEs, especially thede novoprivate firms, explain why they spent more than SOEs in environmental protection. We extend the organizational imprinting theory by highlighting the importance of firms’ founding ownership imprints and in shaping their current CSR performance.
Closeness centralization measure for two-mode data of prescribed sizes
Authors: KRNC MATJAŽ , SERENI JEAN-SÉBASTIEN , ŠKREKOVSKI RISTE , YILMA ZELEALEM B.
Published: July 2016

We confirm a conjecture by Everett et al. (2004) regarding the problem of maximizing closeness centralization in two-mode data, where the number of data of each type is fixed. Intuitively, our result states that among all networks obtainable via two-mode data, the largest closeness is achieved by simply locally maximizing the closeness of a node. Mathematically, our study concerns bipartite graphs with fixed size bipartitions, and we show that the extremal configuration is a rooted tree of depth 2, where neighbors of the root have an equal or almost equal number of children.
Tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis, chooses suitable host plants by detecting the emission level of (3Z)-hexenyl acetate
Authors: Xin Z.-J. , Li X.-W. , Bian L. , Sun X.-L.
Published: July 2016

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) have been reported to play an important role in the host-locating behavior of several folivores that feed on angiosperms. However, next to nothing is known about how the green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis, chooses suitable host plants and whether it detects differing emission levels of GLV components among genetically different tea varieties. Here we found that the constitutive transcript level of the tea hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) gene CsiHPL1, and the amounts of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and of total GLV components are significantly higher in tea varieties that are susceptible to E. vitis (Enbiao (EB) and Banzhuyuan (BZY)) than in varieties that are resistant to E. vitis (Changxingzisun (CX) and Juyan (JY)). Moreover, the results of a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay and an oviposition preference assay suggest that (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexenol offer host and oviposition cues for E. vitis female adults. Taken together, the two GLV components, (Z)-3-hexenol and especially (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, provide a plausible mechanism by which tea green leafhoppers distinguish among resistant and susceptible varieties. Future research should be carried out to obtain the threshold of the above indices and then assess their reasonableness. The development of practical detection indices would greatly improve our ability to screen and develop tea varieties that are resistant to E. vitis.
Imazamox dissipation in two rice management systems
Authors: MILAN M. , FERRERO A. , FOGLIATTO S. , DE PALO F. , VIDOTTO F.
Published: July 2016

The current study focuses on the dissipation pattern of imazamox (2-[(RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid) in a soil–water environment under the two most adopted rice management systems in Europe, conventional water seeding and dry-seeding. Changes in imazamox concentrations were studied over time in topsoil, field water, irrigation water, outlet water and ground water. The study was performed from 2010 to 2011 in one of the most important rice growing areas of Europe (Vercelli, Northwest Italy). Imazamox dissipated rapidly in both the water and soil environments. In soil, imazamox half-life ranged from 2·2 to 3·3 days in 2010 and from 2·2 to 3·1 days in 2011. In paddy water, imazamox dissipated rapidly and no important differences among the management systems were found. In addition, the study showed that despite the short half-life of imazamox, the herbicide might be transported from treated fields in outlet waters by means of floodgates. The highest concentrations in outlet waters were found in the conventional water-seeded system, at the sampling site close to herbicide spraying. Imazamox residues were even found in inlet waters, suggesting discharge of the herbicide from paddies located upstream or drift during spraying. Imazamox residues in ground waters were always below the quantification limit. Overall, the low imazamox persistence observed during the 2-year study did not allow important differences between the two systems to be revealed. To reduce imazamox discharge from treated fields in the first days after spraying, a useful practice might be to keep water inside the fields for at least a week after spraying.
English and the transnational Ismaili Muslim community: Identity, the Aga Khan, and infrastructure
Authors: Bolander Brook
Published: July 2016

The adoption of English as the official language of the transnational Ismaili Muslim community has its roots in the British Raj, which provides the backdrop for recent Ismaili history. Yet it is the Aga Khan IV, spiritual leader of the community since 1957, who has most avidly pushed English as part of a ‘language policy’. Drawing on Ismaili discourse published online, historical sources, secondary literature, and data collected during ethnographic fieldwork in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan, this article addresses how English emerged as the community's official language, how and why it was made integral to the community's transnational infrastructure, and what English means to Ismailis living in a village in Hunza, Northern Pakistan and the city of Khorog, Eastern Tajikistan. It thereby underscores that identity and infrastructure emerge as entangled, and it reflects upon the implications of this relationship for research on English and Islam, and language and transnationalism. (Transnationalism, English, Ismaili, Pakistan, Tajikistan, identity, infrastructure, Islam)*
Tail modulation suppression in the process of high-energy stimulated Brillouin scattering pulse compression
Authors: Liu Z.H. , Wang Y.L. , Wang H.L. , Yuan H. , Liu R. , Li S.S. , Bai Z. , Fan R.Q. , He W.M. , Lu Z.W.
Published: July 2016

We report that the tail modulation of Stokes pulses in the high-energy stimulated Brillouin scattering pulse compression can be suppressed by controlling effective pulse width of the pump. It is shown through numerical simulations and validated experimentally that the effective pulse width is an appropriate parameter, which determines the generation of tail modulation. The effective pulse width broaden as the increase of energy. This mechanism leads to the amplification of Stokes tail edge and it is the cause of tail modulation.
Optimized stability of a modulated driver in a plasma wakefield accelerator
Authors: Martorelli R. , Pukhov A.
Published: July 2016

We analyze the transverse stability for a configuration of multiple Gaussian bunches subject to the self-generated plasma wakefield. Through a semi-analytical approach we first study the equilibrium configuration for the modulated beam and then we investigate the evolution of the equilibrium configuration due to the emittance-driven expansion of the beam front that results in a rigid backward shift. The rear-directed shift brings the modulated beam out of the equilibrium, with the possibility for some of the bunch particles to be lost with a consequent deterioration of the driver. We look therefore for the proper position of the single bunches that maximize the stability without severely affecting the accelerating field behind the driver. We then compare the results with three-dimensional particle in cell simulations.
NOMINATE and American Political Development: A Primer
Authors: Everson Phil , Valelly Rick , Vishwanath Arjun , Wiseman Jim
Published: July 2016

Steady political polarization since the late 1970s ranks among the most consequential transformations of American politics—one with far-reaching consequences for governance, congressional performance, the legitimacy of the Supreme Court, and citizen perceptions of the stakes of party conflict and elections. Our understanding of this polarization critically depends on measuring it. Its measurement in turn began with the invention of the NOMINATE algorithm and the widespread adoption of its estimates of the ideal points of members of Congress. Although the NOMINATE project has not been immune from technical and conceptual critique, its impact on how we think about contemporary politics and its discontents has been extraordinary and has helped to stimulate the creation of several similar scores. In order to deepen appreciation of this broadly important intellectual phenomenon, we offer an intuitively accessible treatment of the mathematics and conceptual assumptions of NOMINATE. We also stress that NOMINATE scores are a major resource for understanding other eras in American political development (APD) besides the current great polarization. To illustrate this point, we introduce readers to Voteview, which provides two-dimensional snapshots of congressional roll calls, among other data that it generates. We conclude by sketching how APD scholarship might contribute to the contemporary polarization discussion. Placing polarization and depolarization in historical perspective may powerfully illuminate whether, how, and why our current polarization might recede.
II. On the Philosophy of the Hindus. Part I
Authors: Colebrooke Henry Thomas
Published: July 2016

The Hindus, as is well known, possess various ancient systems of philosophy, which, they consider to be orthodox, as consistent with the theology and metaphysics of the Védas; and have likewise preserved divers systems deemed heretical, as incompatible with the doctrines of their holy books.
VIII. Account of the Banyan-Tree, or Ficus Indica, as found in the ancient Greek and Roman Authors
Authors: Noehden George Henry
Published: July 2016

Among the objects of Natural History, which attracted the attention, and excited the wonder of the followers of Alexander the Great, when that illustrious conqueror Carried his victorious arras across the Indus, was the Banyan, or Indian Fig-Tree. It is well known that that extraordinary man, whose talents, as well as achievements, have certainly no parallel in history, was generally imbued with a love of science, and, as Pliny expresses it, inflamed with a passion for Natural History.* To his great preceptor, Aristotle, he had delegated the care of digesting, and elucidating, the vast materials that were collected, in the king's progress through a quarter of the globe, which, to the inhabitants of Europe, was absolutely a new world.
IX. Translation of a Sanscrit Inscription, relative to the last Hindu King of Delhi, with Comments thereon
Authors: Tod James
Published: July 2016

The Inscription, of which I have the honour to present a copy and translation to the Society, is a memorial of an important period in the History of India, especially that part familiarly, though restrictively, denominated Hindust'hán. To define the limits of this somewhat vague application, is of no great moment; but I believe it is generally to be understood as denoting the space between the mountains of Himálaya and the Nermadá river, north and south: a line in the meridian of the source of this river at Ameracantac, passing through Prayág, and meeting the great northern chain, forms the eastern limit; and westward, towards the Indus, it comprehends all the tracts within the limits of cultivation. This is generally understood to be Hindust'hán proper.
XIII. Three Grants of Land, inscribed on Copper, found at Ujjayani
Authors: Tod James
Published: July 2016

The translations, which accompanied the Sanscrǐt inscriptions on copper presented to the Society by Major Tod, having been made through the medium of an interpreter, I have thought it right to re-examine the originals, at the same time that I undertook the decyphering of a third inscription, likewise presented by Major Tod, but unaccompanied by a translation.
XX. An Account of Greek, Parthian, and Hindu Medals, found in India
Authors: Tod James
Published: July 2016

I Have the honour to present to the Society fac-simile engravings of two medals, which fill up a chasm in the Numismatic series of the Greek Kings of Bactria, viz. Apollodotus and Menander.
XXI. On the Valley of the Setlej River, in the Himalaya Mountains, from the Journal of Captain A. Gerard
Authors: Colebrooke Henry Thomas
Published: July 2016

Capt. A. Gerard, from whose letters on a survey of the middle valley of the Setlej, in the year 1818, a brief sketch of the geology of that part of the Himálaya was prepared, which has been inserted in the Geological Transactions (1st vol., New Series), has since continued to explore the same interesting portion of the great Indian chain of mountains. A short narrative of a visit to the same quarter, in 1820, was communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and is published in the 10th volume of the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, (page 295.) In the subsequent, year (1821) Capt. A. Gerard, with his brother, Mr. J. G. Gerard, more fully explored the same valley, to complete a geographical survey of it. Their diary, and the geological specimens collected by them, have, at their request, been freely communicated to me by the East-India Company, with the liberal permission of retaining a duplicate set of the specimens. This I accordingly have had the satisfaction of presenting to the Geological Society. But, as the diary contains particulars unconnected with geology, yet not devoid of interest in a more general view, I now offer to the notice of the Royal Asiatic Society a summary of it, interspersed with remarks, and including extracts of the more important passages.
XXIV. On the Philosophy of the Hindus. Part III
Authors: Colebrooke Henry Thomas
Published: July 2016

Of the six systems of philosophy received among learned Hindus, four have been noticed in the preceding parts of this essay, viz. the theistical and atheistical Sánc'hyas, the dialectic Nyáya, and the atomical Vaiśéshica. The prior or practical Mímánsá will be now considered; reserving the later or theological Mímánsá, usually named Védánta, for a future disquisition, should it appear requisite to pursue the subject, much concerning it being already before the public.
XXVI. Report of a Journey into the Batak Country, in the interior of Sumatra, in the year 1824
Authors: Burton  , Ward
Published: July 2016

In accordance with a desire of the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Stamford Raffles, and in pursuance of the objects of the mission to the Bataks, we left the village of Sibolga on Friday the 30th of April 1824, for the purpose of visiting the populous districts inland of the bay of Tappanooly. The general opinion of the ferocity of the Batak character, together with the representations of various individuals residing in the bay, had led us to view the enterprize as somewhat hazardous and difficult. The previously limited intercourse of Europeans with the interior, had reduced them to the necessity of depending upon the natives of the coast and the adjacent mountains for their information relative to those parts: these, from a habit of hereditary depredation on their more inland neighbours, having imbibed towards them sentiments and feelings to their prejudice, had generally presented the most unfavourable view of their character and disposition.
XXI. On the Poetry of the Chinese
Authors: Davis John Francis
Published: July 2016

In the arrangement of our subject, it may perhaps be useful to preserve so much regard to method, as to treat of it separately, under the two following heads:

Part I. Versification, or the particular rules which prevail in the mere construction of lines, couplets, and stanzas; and the sources whence these derive their melody and rythm.

Part II. A general view of the style and spirit of Chinese poetry, the character of its imagery and sentiment, and the extent to which it seems to admit of a precise classification, relatively to the divisions and nomenclature adopted in European literature.

To such as should find the first portion of our treatise dry and technical in its details, the second may possibly prove more attractive: but the order of discussion could hardly be inverted with propriety.
III.—On Buddha and the Phrabát
Authors: Low James
Published: July 2016

The particulars to be brought forward in this paper relative to the travels of the Siamese Budd‚ha, and the Phrabát, or divine Foot, have chiefly been derived from Bali and Siamese books. It must be premised, that this Budd‚ha is the Bali Thakaro Srí Sacya Muní Khodama, or Khodom, who is venerated by all the Indo-Chinese nations, and whose doctrines and ordinances materially cóntribute to form their national character. It is impossible, however, to treat these subjects without being led back to times long antecedent to those of the Siamese Budd‚ha; for his worshippers have frequently mixed up with his history traditions respecting the elder Budd‚ha. The learned Mr. Wilson, as quoted by Mr. Crawfurd in the interesting account of his mission to Siam, describes the original Budd‚ha to have been a Tartar or Scythian, who flourished 1000 years B.C. But the age of the Siamese Budd‚ha was 542 B.C.; and the Bali writings rate it at ten antara calpas of years subsequent to the appearance of the third of that name, or Phokaro Kassapho P‚hutdo. The same number of calpas is supposed to have intervened betwixt each Budd‚ha and his successor. The Siamese one, according to the Bali Ratana Kalapa (head Maha Samatí Wangsa), was Sídd‚hatta Kumara, son of king Sudod‚hana and his queen Maha Maya. Sídd‚hatta married Bimba, alias Subhadda Kachaiyena, and they had a son named Rahula.
VIII.—An Account of the Marriage Ceremonies of the Hindus and Mahommedans, as practised in the Southern Peninsula of India
Authors: Mackenzie Colin
Published: July 2016

Every man should use his utmost endeavours to have his daughter married before she is nine years of age; and when he shall have accomplished that object he will obtain his reward in the like manner as if he had performed a religious sacrifice. If from poverty, or any other unavoidable cause, he should be prevented from marrying his daughter sooner, he should not on any account postpone it after she arrives at the age of ten years, or else shame and disgrace will fall upon him. When a man is desirous of marrying his daughter, he first ascertains an auspicious day, on which he relates his intentions to his Brahmin and his barber, and giving them money and betel-leaves he deputes them in search of a youth, who must be three or four years older than his daughter, of a respectable family, and of the same caste with his own. He advises them to consult some learned astrologer as to the favourable marks, signs, and nativity of the youth, and to point out if possible a suitable husband for his daughter. When they shall have ascertained a proper person, and communicated to him the result of their search, he sends them with a letter to the youth's father, containing proposals for a marriage between their children; he instructs them to ask for a genealogical table of his and his wife's family, that he may ascertain whether they are of a proper rank and condition in life, or in anywise related to him, at the same time he sends a similar table of his own family. If the parties agree, these tables are laid before their respective relations, and if approved by them they express their satisfaction. They then make up balls composed of turmerick and orange juice, which they dry and scrape, and rub the dust over the tables; they return them in this state, as a mark of their approbation that the proposals are accepted, and that no relationship subsists to prevent the marriage.
XI.—A Description of the Temple of Jaggannát'haand of the Rat'h-Játrá, or Car Festival
Authors: Mansbach F.
Published: July 2016

Although you personally have visited Jaggannát'ha and its famous Hindu temple, yet I am sure that some account from a person who for several years has resided there will not prove entirely uninteresting, and I therefore thought it best to employ my evening leisure hours to put to paper the information I have been able to collect from time to time, trusting to your kindness and indulgence with regard to the imperfections in style, language, and, in fact, every thing else.
XIV.—Some Account of Charms, Talismans, and Felicitous Appendages worn about the person, or hung up in houses, &c. used by the Chinese
Authors: Morrison John Robert
Published: July 2016

I. Talismans.—Under this head are arranged some charms which are not properly speaking talismans, but for which no other generic name could be found.

1. Tsëen-këen, “Money-swords.” These consist of a number of old copper coins called cash, strung together in the form of a sword, and kept straight by a piece of iron running up the middle. They are hung at the heads of beds, that the supposed presence of the monarchs under whose reigns the cash were coined may have the effect of keeping away ghosts and evil spirits. They are used chiefly in houses or rooms where persons have committed suicide or suffered a violent death. Sick persons use them, also, in order to hasten their recovery.
XXIX. Account of the Pearl Fisheries of the North-West Coast of the Island of Ceylon
Authors: Steuart James
Published: July 2016

It would give me great pleasure, were it in my power to explain the little I have remarked on the nature of the pearl-oyster, in the style the subject requires. Having had opportunities of obtaining a general knowledge of most fisheries, I cannot but regret that my attention was so wholly absorbed by professional pursuits, that very little was bestowed on the natural history or habits of the animal in question.
XXX. Some Remarks upon the ancient City of Anarájapura or Anarádhepura, and the Hill Temple of Mehentélé, in the Island of Ceylon
Authors: Chapman I. J.
Published: July 2016

In December 1828, when quartered in Colombo (Ceylon), I joined a party on a shooting excursion, in the course of which we visited Anarájapura, and some other places of interest. Having made a few rough sketches and some memoranda, which I have been led to believe are not devoid of interest, and having found that the information which I procured on the spot is borne out and confirmed in a remarkable manner by the Mahávansi, the Rájavali, and the Rájaratnácari, three native histories, for translations of which, now in progress of publication* by Mr. Upham, we are indebted to Sir Alexander Johnston, I have been induced to lay a few of the outlines and memoranda before the Society.
XXXIV. Remarks on the Zend Language, and the Zendavesta; in a Letter from the late Professor Emanuel Rask, F.M.R.A.S., &c. &c., to the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone, M.R.A.S., then President of the Literary Society at Bombay
Authors: Rask E.
Published: July 2016

The foundation for the following remarks, or the text, as it were, on which I shall comment, will be Mr. Erskine's very learned and curious essay “on the sacred books and religion of the Pársís.” My opinion, it is true, differs almost entirely from that of Mr. Erskine; but I feel convinced that neither this truly liberal and amiable scholar, nor the Literary Society, will be displeased at seeing the same object represented in two different points of view. Either of the opposite opinions, or perhaps both of them, may be false, and yet the discussion of the subject may effect a step towards that truth and clearness which are the noble ends of every reasonable inquiry. But should you think my remarks fall too far short of this object, or are otherwise too crude and imperfect, I beg you will pardon the attempt, and purify the pages in the favourite element of the Pársís.
XXXVII. Memoir on the Eastern Branch of the River Indus, giving an Account of the Alterations produced on it by an Earthquake, also a Theory of the formation of the Runn, and some Conjectures on the Route of Alexander the Great; drawn up in the years 1827–1828
Authors: Burnes Alex
Published: July 2016

In the north-western extremity of our Indian possessions, and under the tropic, is situated the small and sterile territory of Cutch, of importance to the government from its advanced position, but of more attraction to the student of history from its western shore being washed by the waters of the classic Indus and from its proximity to the scene of Alexander's glories. Divested, however, of these alluring enticements to enter on its history, Cutch is a country peculiarly situated. To the west it has the inconstant and ever varying Indus. To the north and east the tract called Runn, which is alternately a dry sandy desert and a muddy inland lake. To the south it has the Gulf of Cutch and the Indian Ocean, with waters receding yearly from its shores.