bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autopistas de California
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

El extraordinario crecimiento de la circulación rodada en los últimos años y su acusado ritmo ascendente, fácilmente previsible para el futuro, obliga a pensar muy seriamente en el problema que entraña el movimiento de grandes cantidades de vehículos que, por añadidura, y a causa del dinamismo de la vida actual, necesitan marchar de prisa.
Estación de radar sobre el mar
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

Para el programa defensivo de los EE.UU. se ha previsto una serie de cinco estaciones de radar, que, situadas sobre torres, emergerán en el mar a una distancia considerable de la costa. De las cinco estaciones ya están en servicio dos en la costa de Tejas. La tercera, que constituye el objeto de este trabajo, está en construcción en el Atlántico, a unas 60 millas al sureste de Sandy Hook y a unas 100 millas de la ciudad de Nueva York.
Ensayo, sobre modelo reducido, de una cubierta laminar
Authors: Hossdorf Heinz
Published: September 2016

Ligera descripción de los ensayos, sobre modelo reducido, de una cubierta laminar, de forma particular, verificados en el laboratorio de ensayos del autor de este trabajo.
Caseta para la playa
Authors: Garrick R. M.
Published: September 2016

Esta encantadora muestra de caseta de baño fue diseñada por la Compañía Americana de Aluminio, bajo la dirección de la célebre asociación de arquitectos Harrison y Abramovitz. Tiene la propiedad de poder "seguir" al sol en su marcha —como los girasoles—, y está montada, al efecto, sobre una plataforma giratoria que le permite situarse en la forma más conveniente y adecuada para sus moradores. La planta es estrellada de ocho puntas. La cubierta plegada, de colores, y los triángulos acristalados de los tímpanos le dan el aspecto de diafanidad apetecido y la hacen perfectamente accesible desde todos los puntos.
Casa de plástico, en Italia
Authors: Pea Cesare
Published: September 2016

En otro artículo hemos expuesto el sistema constructivo de un modelo de casa en plástico, americana. Esta que mostramos ahora fue presentada en la Feria de Milán de 1957: elemento unitario, planos, maquetas y memoria explicando íntegramente la realización. De igual forma que aquella otra, aunque más modesta, dadas las diferencias de medios económicos y estandard de vida, ésta resulta también sumamente interesante en el doble aspecto: técnico y estético. El hecho mismo de afrontar y resolver el problema de la casa en plástico, significa un paso gigantesco en el campo de la construcción.
Evolución de una casa
Authors: Mac L. Johansen John
Published: September 2016

La forma, aspecto, estructura, concepción y realización de una casa están en estrecha relación con el ambiente cultural, social y técnico que la rodean y con ellos evolucionan.
Casa Valsugana, en Italia
Authors: Galvagni Mario
Published: September 2016

La naturaleza, el paisaje o el ambiente en el que ha de construirse un edificio son factores dominantes que influirán poderosamente en la redacción del proyecto. El destino de la casa y el carácter o forma de ser de sus ocupantes, acaban de componer los «materiales» previos. Así, esta villa que hoy presentamos, con su apariencia atormentada y compleja, nos recuerda la textura geométrica de una macla cristalográfica.
Casa Shodan, en Ahmedabad
Authors: Le Corbusier -
Published: September 2016

Palabras trazadas sin dudas con absoluta decisión, deciden los colores en cada estancia y nos hablan de la constante atención que a sus obras presta un maestro.
Pier Luigi Nervi. Palacio de deportes, en Roma
Authors: U. J. J.
Published: September 2016

El nuevo palacio de los deportes que se ha construido en Roma, Vía Tiziano, tiene una estructura resistente de hormigón armado; sus principales elementos han sido prefabricados y se ha cubierto con un casquete de forma esférica. Esta obra, de rico sabor arquitectónico, en la que se ha acentuado una vez más la necesaria identificación estructural y arquitectónica, tiene por objeto hacer frente a las necesidades que crea la proximidad de, la XVII Olimpiada, que ha de efectuarse en Roma.
Teleféricos en el Mont Blanc
Authors: Zignoli Vittorio
Published: September 2016

La unión directa entre las dos naciones vecinas, Francia e Italia, en su frontera común alpina, fue una idea de largo alcance, a la que se entregó plenamente el Conde Lora Totino, ingeniero italiano.
Soleamiento. Gráficos para para determinar las coordenadas locales del sol en cualquier lugar de la Tierra
Authors: Ruiz Aizpiri José María
Published: September 2016

El problema de determinar fácilmente fas coordenadas locales del sol (altura y azimut), ocupa numerosos trabajos aparecidos estos últimos años en revistas profesionales de distintos países. Todos ellos se caracterizan, bien por dar mediante tablas o gráficos las posiciones del sol para un lugar de determinada latitud, o bien por indicar la forma de construir un gráfico correspondiente a la latitud que se desea. En el primer caso, cuando la latitud del lugar en que se ha de estudiar el soleamiento coincide con la que corresponde a gráficos existentes, tenemos el problema resuelto; pero si no es así, el tener que construir los gráficos adecuados supone un entorpecimiento para el técnico, y a solucionarle esta dificultad tiende el presente trabajo.
Capilla de la Santa Cruz, en Sedona
Authors: Anshen y Allen Arquitectos , Dewell Robert D.
Published: September 2016

Un hombre en plena selva aprende a saber lo que puede comer y lo que no, muchas veces observando lo que comen los animales. Pudiera decirse, que siguen instintivamente el orden natural. A través de éste aprende el hombre muchas cosas: de todo tipo, especie y categoría. Ordena después, analiza y sintetiza los conocimientos adquiridos y llega a conclusiones.
Base aérea de Torrejón de Ardoz
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

La base aérea de Torrejón de Ardoz, situada al noreste de la capital, muy próxima al aeropuerto civil de Barajas y de la carretera de Madrid a Barcelona, constituye, por sus instalaciones, una obra moderna y de gran importancia militar.
La nieve sobre las pistas de vuelo
Authors: Bolton Francis A.
Published: September 2016

El grado de perfección actual alcanzado por la navegación aérea va dejando atrás las condiciones climáticas, ya que, mientras el avión navega con relativo confort, los efectos de la borrasca afectan a las cosas que ha dejado en tierra. Sin embargo, el aparato se halla rigurosamente ligado a dos puntos terrestres inevitables: el lugar de salida y el de llegada.
Edificio administrativo, en Berna
Authors: Zeerleder - , Wildbold - , Thormann G.
Published: September 2016

En la calle Sulgeneck, y frente al edificio del Liceo Femenino de Berna, está situada la nueva central de los servicios administrativos, de la Compañía Berner Allgemeine. Se construyó en un amplio solar, en el que existen tres zonas claramente definidas: una cercana a la calle y prácticamente a su mismo nivel; otra de fuerte pendiente descendente, y la tercera, de nivel inferior a la calle en varios metros.
Escuela nacional de hostelería
Authors: Cabrero Francisco , Ruiz Jaime
Published: September 2016

El turismo ha adquirido en estos últimos años una gran importancia. Es menester propio de todos, y en particular de quienes están encargados de su dirección, cuidar de él para que los viajeros que visiten nuestra Patria, además de admirar las bellezas naturales de nuestro país, encuentren servicios a la altura de los de cualquier otro.
El edificio de la bolsa de Turín
Authors: Raineri Giuseppe
Published: September 2016

Como el edificio de la Bolsa de Valores de la ciudad de Turín, propiedad de la Cámara de Comercio, Industria y Agricultura de aquella ciudad, fué destruido durante la última guerra, se decidió su reconstrucción.
Cálculo de escaleras helicoidales de hormigón armado
Authors: Cassinello Fernando
Published: September 2016

Método de cálculo de escaleras helicoidales de hormigón armado, ilustrado con un ejemplo proyectado y calculado por el autor del artículo.
Sistema Punt - Centro rural de asistencia médica
Authors: Aslin C. H.
Published: September 2016

Inglaterra ha prestado en estos últimos años especial atención a la creación de nuevos centros médicos, los cuales, distribuidos por todo el país, realizan una labor de indudable mérito humanitario.
Hospital Fairmile. Nuevo pabellón
Authors: Powell y Moya Arquitectos
Published: September 2016

El Fairmile es un antiguo hospital psiquiátrico, de 950 camas, construido a mitad del siglo XIX. Se ha ampliado con un nuevo pabellón para enfermos sometidos a tratamientos que no requieran largo internado o bien sólo asistencia médica periódica. Desde él, cuando sea necesario, se trasladarán al Fairmile los enfermos cuyos síntomas se hagan peligrosos o permanezcan estacionarios.
St. James Hospital. Lutcher, Louisiana
Authors: Curtis & Davis Arquitectos
Published: September 2016

Un hospital debe estar proyectado, especialmente, para la comodidad y el cuidado de los enfermos. Atendiendo a este postulado, en el hospital St. James se ha buscado que los dormitorios se orienten al sur, y que desde ellos puedan apreciarse a través de amplias superficies acristaladas, la belleza del paisaje circundante. El gran ventanal corrido que compone la fachada meridional está protegido con parteluces giratorios verticales, que cada paciente puede abrir o cerrar a voluntad desde la misma cama.
Lafourche Parish Hospital - Golden Meadow, Louisiana
Authors: Curtis & Davis Arquitectos
Published: September 2016

El nuevo hospital Lafourche Parish, con capacidad para veinticinco camas, posee unas instalaciones completas para atender a sus pacientes. En sus dependencias se distribuyen, además del Departamento administrativo, las salas de diagnósticos y tratamiento correspondientes a puericultura, cirugía, obstetricia, emergencia, consulta para externos y dependencias propias para médicos y enfermeras.
Cubierta de madera para una nave industrial
Authors: Hossdorf Heinz
Published: September 2016

Para la ampliación de los talleres de Hans Schmidlin, de Basilea, Suiza, dedicados a la prefabricación de elementos de construcción de madera y metales ligeros para fachadas, se ha construido una nueva nave, rectangular, de 49x55,4 m en planta.
Estación depuradora del agua de abastecimiento a Córdoba
Authors: Barrón Egusquiza Pablo
Published: September 2016

Por Orden ministerial del 1 de septiembre de 1951 comenzó a redactarse el proyecto definitivo del abastecimiento de agua a la ciudad de Córdoba. En el abastecimiento existente por aquella época, las múltiples procedencias del agua, aportaciones, casi todas, de pequeño caudal, sin garantía alguna respecto a su posible contaminación, tenían como consecuencia la aparición periódica de epidemias que se propagaban rápidamente.
Pretiles elásticos para carreteras
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

Para proteger los vehículos que circulan en las carreteras de una posible salida lateral en la misma por un despiste o accidente, la American Steel & Wire fabrica un tipo de pretil elástico, utilizando cables, que está dando resultados satisfactorios, y del que damos una ligera descripción en este trabajo.
Hall de exposición y venta de automóviles. Brasil
Authors: Antunes Ribeiro Paulo
Published: September 2016

Dada la excepcional situación del solar, en un punto de convergencia visual desde ambos lados de la Avenida del Brasil, todo el edificio debía ser el principal motivo de exposición. Había, pues, que proyectar una composición de fuerte carácter, atractiva y publicitaria. En su interior debían de distribuirse las oficinas, los locales de exposición de automóviles y los departamentos de venta.
C.B.S. Televisión. Los Angeles
Authors: Pereira Willian L , Luckman Charles
Published: September 2016

Con objeto de establecer una cadena de televisión de costa a costa en los Estados Unidos, el Presidente de la Columbia Broadcasting System Network decidió la construcción de un gran Centro dedicado a la TV, ya que no disponía de local propio ninguno, y ello, dada la dispersión de servicios, exigía gastos de importancia y desplazamientos molestos.
Casa de la cultura. Busto Arsizio
Authors: Castiglioni Enrico
Published: September 2016

El nuevo edificio, destinado para sede de un Instituto Cultural, surge en un lugar céntrico, en una calle estrecha de un barrio de viejas casas, sin carácter ambiental que reclame particulares cuidados de materiales, volúmenes o encuadramiento.
Presa pretensada. Allt – Na – Lairige
Authors: Banks James Arthur
Published: September 2016

Para el aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico de la cuenca superior del río Allt-Na-Lairige (Escocia) se ha construido una presa de 22,55 m de altura y 414 m de longitud, que presenta la innovación, en Inglaterra, de utilizar los procedimientos del pretensado en las obras hidráulicas.
Presa de Valuengo
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

El Instituto Nacional de Colonización, y después de detenido estudio de un anteproyecto de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana, decidió se construyese una presa que debía embalsar las aguas del río Ardila, con objeto de construir un embalse cuya utilización inmediata sería la transformación en regadío de unas 700 hectáreas, y, a su vez, dejar abiertas las posibilidades a una futura instalación para el aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico del salto hidrostátíco que crea el dique de cierre.
Espirales tubulares para turbinas
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

Para el suministro y fabricación de las espirales tubulares que debían alimentar las turbinas del aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico de Brownlee, que constituye el primero de los cuatro saltos del grupo Hells Canyon, del río Snake, la conocida factoría S. Morgan Smith, especializada en la construcción de turbinas y material a ellas accesorio, se encargó del estudio, fabricación y montaje de cuatro de estas espirales tubulares de 5,50 m de diámetro máximo.
El Marquesado del Valle de Tojo: patrimonio y mayorazgo. Del siglo XVII al XX en Bolivia y Argentina
Authors: Teruel Ana A.
Published: September 2016

El objetivo del artículo es reconstruir, en la larga duración, los cambios y continuidades en el patrimonio territorial del Marquesado del Valle de Tojo en una extensa región a ambos bordes de la actual frontera entre Argentina y Bolivia. El análisis parte de los antecedentes y constitución del mayorazgo, a principios del siglo XVIII, hasta su desestructuración en el último tercio del siglo XIX, y finaliza con una evaluación de las permanencias de esta gran unidad territorial en las estructuras agrarias del Sur de Bolivia y Norte de Argentina en los albores del siglo XX. El estudio se basa en documentación del Archivo del Marquesado del Valle de Tojo, en los catastros republicanos de propiedad territorial de Bolivia y de Argentina; en otras fuentes cualitativas y en estudios previos que permiten una aproximación a la estructura territorial del Marquesado y de la región.
La despoblación en el Alto Amazonas en tiempos coloniales
Authors: Livi-Bacci Massimo
Published: September 2016

En el Alto Amazonas, después de la desastrosa penetración inicial de los colonos españoles, los jesuitas empezaron la tarea de evangelización en 1638. Una red de misiones cubrió todo el territorio y se recogieron estadísticas. El sistema demográfico indígena se caracterizó por su alta movilidad y la gran fragmentación de algunas comunidades, además de por la rápida rotación de la población de las misiones. La intrusión ibérica aumentó esta fragmentación y muchas naciones migraron fuera de las zonas ribereñas (várzea) hacia la selva, donde las condiciones de vida eran menos favorables. Puede que este proceso empujara a muchas comunidades por debajo del umbral mínimo de la viabilidad y acelerase el colapso demográfico.
Retail Design Brand Experiences through Merging Art, Design, and Science
Authors: Megchun Beatriz Itzel Cruz
Published: September 2016

This work explores retail design from a user experience approach to discuss how consultancies integrate art, design and science in commercial design to create memorable brand experiences. This demand to build a theoretical framework that explores research based user experience and branding in order to facilitate the introduction of key theoretical terms. Subsequently, it examines the relation between art and science within the realm of design in practice. Then, it is possible to choose case studies in which their brands exhibited different approaches to create a coherent identity throughout different touch points when designing their commercial spaces. The aim is to enable professionals to have a holistic view and balanced approach on the design of retail stores considering physical and virtual visual and spatial branding touch points.
The Anthropocene Style
Authors: Rahm Philippe
Published: September 2016

Our study for a new Anthropocene style is to re-evaluate the domestic space today, to rethink their decorative style to meet the new thermal regulations and to invent the architectural language of the interior in the era of the Anthropocene. The ambition is to offer a new style in the History of Decorative Arts after the Regency Style, Louis XV style, the Empire style or Louis Philippe Style among others, to invent the Anthropocene style of today. Using elegant, innovative, discounting art of interior design and decoration to meet the contemporary challenges in sustainable development, reduction of energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Redrawing the lines, patterns and geometry of walls, ceiling, floors, woodwork, moldings according to the optical behavior of the solar rays to multiply natural sunlight, to reduce conduction of excessive heat accumulated on the ceiling, to increase the coefficient of thermal insulation of walls and impede cold bridges. Rethinking the intelligence of materials to choose the material basing on specific physical behavior such as optical, thermal, acoustic absorption or reflection, porosity or proofing to water vapor, air, their factor of conductivity or diffusivity. Rethinking materials in terms of its colors, textures with physical value, choosing innovative and non-toxic materials as interior materials, to reflect infrared, absorb the other wavelengths, let them go elsewhere, while at the same time they reflect the shorter wavelengths of white light or absorb to enjoy even their heat.
The SPACE Between
Authors: Trentin Luigi
Published: September 2016

The topic of this paper is the correspondence between drawing and design, and the mental, operative and temporal space that elapses between the project idea and its final organization. We focus our attention on the design process. This activity must be aimed at the path rather than the final result, in terms of form, at the method for achieving form rather than the form in itself. Accepting this approach as valid, the importance is clear of the entire group of intermediate drawings. The evaluation of the corpus of intermediate drawings constitutes a very interesting and crucial point of view for the interpretation of the development. The paper investigates the space that is between the initial idea of the project and its formalization in the final drawings; the changes brought about by the digital revolution in the field of architectural representation are one of the key points to think about this space.
The Environmentalism and Politics of Climate Change
Authors: Duruji Moses Metumara , Urenma Duruji-Moses Favour
Published: September 2016

This study examined the environmentalism and politics of climate change by undertaking a study of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) focusing on the Kyoto Protocol document and the UNFCCC conferences held after Kyoto that has centered on how to garner consensus on the way forward for the global community. The study also probed why the agreement at Kyoto, Japan started having problems when a change of government occurred in the United States with a Republican President that leaned towards the interests of big business most of whom would bear the most costs if the policies as articulated in the Kyoto protocols were to be executed and why the Democratic presidency of Barrack Obama has been slow in pushing forward the agreement at Kyoto. The study concluded that national political interests of the major powers seem to have stalled the implementation of the Kyoto protocol but a change in the dynamics of global leadership spectrum can have a significant impetus in producing an agreement on climate change.
A Fresh Look at Livestock Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation
Authors: Goodland Robert
Published: September 2016

The gravest environmental impact of food production is the impact of its greenhouse gas emissions; that's because of the uniquely diverse, unprecedented, and irreversible risks that it involves. According to the International Energy Agency, atmospheric carbon must be reduced significantly by 2020 or else the world may not be able to avert uncontrollable climate change. This chapter compares the most recent assessment of livestock and climate change by livestock specialists employed by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation with assessment of livestock and climate change by two World Bank Group environmental specialists, Robert Goodland and Jeff Anhang. It is explained how the only pragmatic way to reverse climate change before it is too late is to replace a substantial amount of today's livestock products with better alternatives.
Protected Agriculture
Authors: Lawrence Janet , Simpson Leslie , Piggott Adanna
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the changing environment and the increased pest pressure that are projected to occur due to climate change and variability. Protected agriculture is introduced as an adaptation strategy to address these conditions and assist with food and nutrition security targets. The scope of the technology and the benefits of producing crops using protected systems as well as the use of protected systems in SIDS, with some emphasis on the Caribbean region, are outlined. The chapter outlines: (1) the specific features of the technology that assist with reducing the impacts of climate change and (2) some possible considerations for the successful development of a sustainable protected agriculture industry under climate change and variability.
Building Resilience to Climate Change at Local Levels
Authors: Ketlhoilwe Mphemelang Joseph
Published: September 2016

Climate change impact is calling for international attention and collaborative efforts through multilateral and bilateral agreements to reduce it. It is a complex environmental problem that is not only naturally induced but made more stressful by anthropocentric capabilities in the quest for better lifestyles. Although climate change causes and impact are known, its mitigation strategies are compounded by human wants at the expensive of their own sustainable survival. This chapter explore different ways of promoting climate change awareness through environmental education. It is important to accompany all climate change awareness efforts by recognition of local ecological knowledge that promote resilience as well as engage in research to enhance sustainable development in local communities.
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Goyal Manish Kumar , Royal Irom
Published: September 2016

The gaseous composition of our earth's atmosphere has changed drastically in recent years. This has resulted in unprecedented global warming, hydrological variation, and various climate change impacts in different places of the world. Mitigation and adaptive strategies of climate change through soil carbon sequestration technique is emerged as an alternative option. Among the different types of soil, forest soil has the highest potential to sequester atmospheric carbon because of its rich ecology. However, human-induced deforestation activities and traditional methods of cultivation perturb the soil of organic carbon. Therefore, it is essential to understand the various influencing factors and subsequently the improvement of existing ecosystem for the mitigation of global climate change to some extent. Studies and innovative research on agroforestry, including soil carbon sequestration at regional level, will be a better choice for improvement of environment, food security, and climate change.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Hrnčević Lidia
Published: September 2016

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions occur, more or less, in all aspects of the petroleum industry's activities. Besides the direct emissions of some GHG, the petroleum industry is also characterised with high energy intensity usually followed by emissions of adverse gases, especially at old facilities, and also the products with high emission potential. Being the global industry and one of the major players on global market, the petroleum industry is also subjected to global regulatory provisions regarding GHG emissions. In this chapter, the impact of global climate change on the petroleum industry is discussed. The emissions from the petroleum industry are analysed with a special focus on greenhouse gases that occur in petroleum industry activities and types and sources of emissions from the petroleum industry activities. In addition, recommendations for estimation, monitoring, and reductions of GHG emissions from the petroleum industry are given.
Adaptation to Climate Change for Sustainable Development
Authors: Dinda Soumyananda
Published: September 2016

Climate change is an important global issue. For sustainable development human society must adopt the climate change and reduce vulnerability. This chapter provides an overview on the climate change and its effects, in response how human societies adopt it across the globe. Chapter reviews major papers on adaptation to climate change. Based on major important articles this chapter provides clarity of the concept of adaptation, types of adaptation, measurement of adaptation and determinants of adaptive capacity. It also highlights on sustainable development and shows possible future directions of adaptation and limitations.
Zanzibari Seaweed
Authors: Hashim Nadra
Published: September 2016

Well before island nations began to consider rising ocean levels, a feature of global climate change (GCC), they have been concerned with the allocation of water resources. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the efforts of universities, in the Tanzanian cities of Zanzibar and Dar-Es-Salaam, to promote environmentally responsible entrepreneurial projects, which sustain women's economic empowerment, while advancing the general development of the broader community, in which they live. The object of this discussion is to examine the history of sea-weed production, and to examine how Zanzibar's seaweed farmers, who are largely women, have responded to adversity, and what, if anything, they can do to address current difficulties.
Multi-Scale 3D Geovisualization of Urban Heat Island Data for Planning Dialogue in Toronto
Authors: Danahy John , Mitchell Jacob , Wright Robert , Hoinkes Rodney , Feick Rob
Published: September 2016

This e-planning visualization case study in the Toronto region investigated the use of 3D urban models as a visualization reference against which analytical models were visualized to identify micro-scale mitigation scenarios of urban heat island effects. The case studies were directed to processes of planning decision making. The Toronto region faces problems of urban heat island impacts due to the increasing frequency of extreme heat events (Bass, Krayenhoff, & Martilli, 2002). The City of Toronto and the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) have each implemented policies and programmes aimed at mitigating urban heat island and climate change effects (City of Toronto, 2006). This research explored ways of visualizing remote sensing heat island data to assist with the targeted application of planning policies and programs.
Adaptations to Climate Change and Climate Variability in the Agriculture Sector in Mauritius
Authors: Deenapanray Prakash N. K. , Ramma Indoomatee
Published: September 2016

Like many Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Mauritius is highly vulnerable to the impacts of Climate Change (CC) and Climate Variability (CV). Particularly vulnerable are small-scale farmers who carry out rain-fed agriculture. While adaptation to CC and CV has taken place among small planters, the first methodological assessment of the technology needs for adaptation in the agriculture sector took place in Phase II of the global GEF-UNEP Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) project. In addition to providing a systematic approach for identifying and prioritizing adaptation technologies, the TNA project also sought to increase the preparedness of Mauritius for leveraging international climate financing and support for technology transfer. Since Mauritius was the only SIDS participating in Phase II of the TNA project, this chapter shares with other SIDS the methodology and lessons learned. The climate change-agriculture-food security nexus is also discussed.
A Comparative Study on World-Wide Carbon Emission Convergence
Authors: Mandal Chhanda , Gupta Anita Chattopadhyay
Published: September 2016

Environmental issue is one of the primary concerns in present global scenario for developed as well as developing countries and reducing the emission level of greenhouse gases is the common objective for all. Study of per capita carbon emission convergence is quite significant in the ongoing debate of climate change policy formulation and implementation as future emission level can only decide the incentive to shift to the clean technology. With a balanced panel of 79 countries and 50 years, over 1960-2009, we have tested for both sigma and beta convergence. The data exhibits a possible convergence in carbon emission. The countries are disaggregated twice, first into OECD and Non-OECD countries and then into five categories on the basis of income. OECD countries show absolute and conditional beta convergence, also with sigma convergence. Countries from lower income group have a lower degree of variability in dispersion in the time period being considered. The set of explanatory variables in this analysis are real GDP per capita, population growth rate and trade openness.
Quantifying Land Cover Change Due to Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Haynesville Shale Region Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Unger Daniel , Hung I-Kuai , Farrish Kenneth , Dans Darinda
Published: September 2016

The Haynesville Shale lies under areas of Louisiana and Texas and is one of the largest gas plays in the U.S. Encompassing approximately 2.9 million ha, this area has been subject to intensive exploration for oil and gas, while over 90% of it has traditionally been used for forestry and agriculture. In order to detect the landscape change in the past few decades, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery for six years (1984, 1989, 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2011) was acquired. Unsupervised classifications were performed to classify each image into four cover types: agriculture, forest, well pad, and other. Change detection was then conducted between two classified maps of different years for a time series analysis. Finally, landscape metrics were calculated to assess landscape fragmentation. The overall classification accuracy ranged from 84.7% to 88.3%. The total amount of land cover change from 1984 to 2011 was 24%, with 0.9% of agricultural land and 0.4% of forest land changed to well pads. The results of Patch-Per-Unit area (PPU) index indicated that the well pad class was highly fragmented, while agriculture (4.4-8.6 per sq km) consistently showed a higher magnitude of fragmentation than forest (0.8-1.4 per sq km).
Livestock and Climate Change
Authors: Mayes Xavier
Published: September 2016

A global shift away from diets dominated by meat, dairy and eggs to mainly plant-based diets is as necessary in mitigating anthropogenic climate change as the shift away from fossil fuels. Yet a large awareness gap exists about animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. Recent studies in Australia and the United States show this issue is represented in less than 1 percent of all newspaper articles about climate change. This chapter examines the opportunities and barriers in addressing the livestock sector's impact on climate change. Policy recommendations in the literature are compared with the responses of governments, industry and the NGO sector. Australia's unique socioeconomic and cultural ties to livestock production and the consumption of animal products represent a significant barrier to demand-side mitigation. An analysis of newspaper articles mentioning animal agriculture's link to climate change in The Sydney Morning Herald between 2006 and 2014 provides insights into the facilitation and shaping of public awareness on the issue to date. The findings can inform strategies to increase future media coverage and encourage a more engaged discourse on demand-side mitigation.
MicroRNA-133b Regulation of Th-POK Expression and Dendritic Cell Signals Affect NKT17 Cell Differentiation in the Thymus
Authors: Di Pietro Caterina , De Giorgi Lorena , Cosorich Ilaria , Sorini Chiara , Fedeli Maya , Falcone Marika
Published: September 2016

NKT17 cells represent a functional subset of Vα14 invariant NKT (iNKT) cells with important effector functions in infections and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms that drive NKT17 cell differentiation in the thymus are still largely unknown. The percentage of NKT17 cells has a high variability between murine strains due to differential thymic differentiation. For example, the NOD strain carries a high percentage and absolute numbers of NKT17 cells compared with other strains. In this study, we used the NOD mouse model to analyze what regulates NKT17 cell frequency in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. In accordance with previous studies showing that the zinc finger transcription factor Th-POK is a key negative regulator of thymic NKT17 cell differentiation in the thymus, our data indicate that excessive NKT17 cell frequency in NOD mice correlates with defective Th-POK expression by thymic Vα14iNKT cells. Moreover, we found that Th-POK expression is under epigenetic regulation mediated by microRNA-133b whose expression is reduced in Vα14iNKT cells of NOD mice. We also demonstrated in a conditional knockout model of dendritic cell (DC) depletion (CD11cCreXDTA.B6 and CD11cCreRosa26DTA.NOD mice) that DCs play a crucial role in regulating Vα14iNKT cell maturation and their acquisition of an NKT17 cytokine secretion phenotype in the thymus. Overall, our data show that mechanisms regulating NKT17 cell differentiation are unique and completely different from those of Vα14iNKT cells. Specifically, we found that epigenetic regulation through microRNA-133b–regulated Th-POK expression and signals provided by DCs are fundamental for thymic NKT17 cell differentiation.
Peroxiredoxin 1 Contributes to Host Defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Matsumura Kazunori , Iwai Hiroki , Kato-Miyazawa Masako , Kirikae Fumiko , Zhao Jizi , Yanagawa Toru , Ishii Tetsuro , Miyoshi-Akiyama Tohru , Funatogawa Keiji , Kirikae Teruo
Published: September 2016

Peroxiredoxin (PRDX)1 is an antioxidant that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide and peroxinitrite. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, Prdx1-deficient (Prdx1−/−) mice showed increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and lower levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ–producing CD4+ T cells in the lungs after M. tuberculosis infection. IL-12 production, c-Rel induction, and p38 MAPK activation levels were lower in Prdx1−/− than in WT bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs). IFN-γ–activated Prdx1−/− BMDMs did not kill M. tubercuosis effectively. NO production levels were lower, and arginase activity and arginase 1 (Arg1) expression levels were higher, in IFN-γ–activated Prdx1−/− than in WT BMDMs after M. tuberculosis infection. An arginase inhibitor, Nω-hydroxy-nor-arginine, restored antimicrobial activity and NO production in IFN-γ–activated Prdx1−/− BMDMs after M. tuberculosis infection. These results suggest that PRDX1 contributes to host defenses against M. tuberculosis. PRDX1 positively regulates IL-12 production by inducing c-Rel and activating p38 MAPK, and it positively regulates NO production by suppressing Arg1 expression in macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis.
Anaesthetic management of a case of giant cerebral aneurysm with persistent hypoglossal artery
Authors: Bharamagoudar Prakash , Monteiro Joseph , Chelani Ratan , Goraksha Shwetal
Published: September 2016

The persistent hypoglossal artery is a rare carotid basilar anastomosis associated with hypoplastic or absent vertebral arteries. We report a case of clipping of a 2.5 cm size giant aneurysm just distal to the persistent hypoglossal branch, using intra-arterial balloon occlusion and adenosine induced near flow arrest method. It was an anaesthetic challenge to maintain haemodynamic and homeostatic equilibrium throughout the procedure.
On Mœglin's Parametrization of Arthur Packets for p-adic Quasisplit Sp(N) and SO(N)
Authors: Xu Bin
Published: September 2016

We give a survey on Moeglin's construction of representations in the Arthur packets for p-adic quasisplit symplectic and orthogonal groups.The emphasis is on comparing Moeglin's parametrization of elements in the Arthur packets with that of Arthur.
Secular stagnation or stagnation policy? A post-Steindlian view*
Authors: Hein Eckhard
Published: September 2016

The current debate on secular stagnation is suffering from some vagueness and several other shortcomings. The same is true for the economic policy implications. Therefore, I provide an alternative view on stagnation tendencies based on Josef Steindl's contributions. In particular Steindl's (1952) book can be viewed as a pioneering work in the area of stagnation in modern capitalism. I hold that this work is not prone to the problems detected in the current debate on secular stagnation: it does not rely on the dubious notion of an equilibrium real interest rate as the equilibrating force of saving and investment at full employment levels, in principle, with the adjustment process currently blocked by the unfeasibility of a very low or even negative equilibrium rate. On the contrary, Steindl's contribution is based on the notion that modern capitalist economies are facing aggregate demand constraints, and that saving adjusts to investment through changes in capacity utilisation and income growth in the long run. It allows for potential growth to become endogenous to actual demand-driven growth. And it seriously considers the role of institutions, power relationships and economic policies for long-run growth – and for stagnation.
The US economy since the crisis: slow recovery and secular stagnation*
Authors: Blecker Robert A.
Published: September 2016

The US economy has experienced a slowdown in its long-term growth and job creation that predates the Great Recession. The stagnation of output growth stems mainly from the depressing effects of rising inequality on aggregate demand, while both increased inequality and the delinkage of employment from output have their roots in profound structural changes to the US industrial structure and international position. Stagnation tendencies were temporarily offset by debt-financed household spending before the financial crisis, after which households became more financially constrained. Meanwhile, fiscal policy has shifted toward austerity while business investment has failed to keep up with the boom in corporate profits in spite of low interest rates. Slower US growth in turn exacerbates the global slowdown as it implies smaller injections of demand into global export markets.
Policies to overcome stagnation: the crisis, and the possible futures, of all things euro
Authors: Blyth Mark
Published: September 2016

This article argues that the Europe's continuing economic underperformance, particularly in the eurozone, is neither a function of insufficient information (policymakers do not know the right policies) nor ideology (policymakers are unable to recognize the right policies due to ideological priors). Rather, this article places the continuation of policies that cause stagnation in a longer historical context. Building upon the insights of Kalecki (1943) regarding the political limits of full employment policies, it is argued that the shift from a regime that generated inflation, low profitability, and a high degree of equality to one that generates deflation, high profitability, and inequality has hamstrung the ability of policymakers to respond positively to the situation at hand. This has generated structural pressures for political realignment across cases that compound the economic problems of stagnation while exacerbating tensions between different European ‘Varieties of Capitalism.’ The result is a set of ‘second-best’ strategies that lead to second-best outcomes in both politics and economics that further stress the already stressed economies and polities of Europe.
Efectos del sitio y la condición de agostadero en la densidad de hormigueros de escamoles (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr)
Authors: Lara-Juárez Prisilla , Castillo-Lara Pedro , Tristán-Patiño Flor de M. , Rendón-Huerta Juan A. , Aguirre-Rivera Juan R.
Published: September 2016

El efecto de la condición de agostadero en la densidad de hormigueros de la hormiga de escamoles (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) se evaluó en tres sitios diferentes (favorable, regular y desfavorable), en un espacio dividido en dos patrones contrastantes de aprovechamiento y régimen de tenencia comunal (ejido) y privada (rancho) en Charcas, San Luis Potosí, México. La vegetación se midió utilizando el método de cuadrantes centrados en un punto, espaciados sobre transectos; en cada cuadrante se midió el individuo más próximo al punto correspondiente a cada estrato de la vegetación y se registró la distancia al hormiguero más cercano (si existía). Las especies se agruparon de acuerdo con su valor forrajero (deseables, menos deseables e indeseables) y, mediante estimaciones de densidad y biomasa volumétrica, los grupos se contrastaron con un análisis tabular y estadístico descriptivo. La superficie del suelo se evaluó con el método de líneas de intercepción en la proporción de cobertura basal viva y muerta (mantillo), suelo desnudo, rocas, caminos de hormigas y heces. La densidad más alta de los hormigueros (14·ha-1) se registró en el sitio favorable del rancho (mejor condición de agostadero). Con base en la información registrada se encontraron diferencias en la densidad de hormigueros entre sitios de agostaderos contiguos, lo cual a su vez es alterado severamente por la condición de los mismos.
Patrones de diversidad y distribución de helechos y licopodios en un bosque mesófilo de montaña de México
Authors: Sánchez-González Arturo , Álvarez-Zúñiga Erika , López-Mata Lauro
Published: September 2016

La relación de la riqueza, diversidad y distribución de especies de helechos y licopodios con algunas variables climáticas y edáficas se analizó en el bosque mesófilo de montaña del municipio de Tlanchinol, Hidalgo. Se establecieron 24 parcelas de muestreo de 400 m2 cada una, en tres pisos altitudinales situados entre 1,107 y 1,903 m. La diversidad alfa y beta, y el valor de importancia relativa (VIR) de las especies se estimaron en cada parcela. La relación entre la riqueza, diversidad, VIR y las variables ambientales se estableció mediante análisis de redundancia, regresión lineal y árboles de regresión. Pocas especies presentaron VIR altos por parcela; los valores de riqueza y diversidad no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P < 0.05) con respecto a la altitud, pero sí con la temperatura mínima del mes más frío, precipitación del trimestre más cálido, orientación y pendiente. La diversidad beta incrementó con la altitud; esta diversidad fue baja entre pisos cercanos y alta en los extremos del gradiente. La distribución de las especies se relacionó positivamente con la materia orgánica, isotermalidad y contenido de sodio; y negativamente con la precipitación del mes más seco, evapotranspiración real anual y evapotranspiración real en la temporada de lluvias.
Características y propiedades de pellets de biomasa torrefaccionada de Gmelina arborea y Dipterix panamensis a diferentes tiempos
Authors: Gaitán-Álvarez Johanna , Moya Roger
Published: September 2016

La torrefacción y peletización se han estudiado en la generación de calor a partir de residuos lignocelulósicos, para incrementar las propiedades energéticas del material. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue torrefaccionar aserrín de Gmelina arborea y Dipteryx panamensis a 200 °C en tres tiempos: 0, 15 y 20 minutos. Con las biomasas obtenidas se fabricaron pellets de 6 mm de diámetro y se evaluaron sus propiedades físicas, el poder calórico, la densidad y la propiedad mecánica de resistencia a la compresión. Ambas especies presentaron características físicas similares con respecto al diámetro (0.50 mm), longitud (21.50 mm) y porcentaje de absorción de agua (6.00 %). El poder calórico aumentó de 9,749 kJ·kg-1 en la biomasa sin torrefaccionar a 18,126 kJ·kg-1 en la biomasa torrefaccionada. Los pellets de D. panamesis presentaron mayor densidad y resistencia a la compresión que los de G. arborea. Con base en los resultados, la resistencia a la compresión del pellet disminuye cuando el tiempo de torrefacción aumenta. Existe correlación positiva entre la densidad de los pellets y la resistencia a la compresión. La especie D. panamensis presenta mejor comportamiento a la torrefacción y peletización que la madera de G. arborea.
Spring blooms in the Baltic Sea have weakened but lengthened from 2000 to 2014
Authors: Groetsch Philipp M. M. , Simis Stefan G. H. , Eleveld Marieke A. , Peters Steef W. M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Phytoplankton spring bloom phenology was derived from a 15-year time series (2000–2014) of ship-of-opportunity chlorophyll a fluorescence observations collected in the Baltic Sea through the Alg@line network. Decadal trends were analysed against inter-annual variability in bloom timing and intensity, and environmental drivers (nutrient concentration, temperature, radiation level, wind speed).Spring blooms developed from the south to the north, with the first blooms peaking mid-March in the Bay of Mecklenburg and the latest bloom peaks occurring mid-April in the Gulf of Finland. Bloom duration was similar between sea areas (43 ± 2 day), except for shorter bloom duration in the Bay of Mecklenburg (36 ± 11 day). Variability in bloom timing increased towards the south. Bloom peak chlorophyll a concentrations were highest (and most variable) in the Gulf of Finland (20.2 ± 5.7 mg m−3) and the Bay of Mecklenburg (12.3 ± 5.2 mg m−3).Bloom peak chlorophyll a concentration showed a negative trend of −0.31 ± 0.10 mg m−3 yr−1. Trend-agnostic distribution-based (Weibull-type) bloom metrics showed a positive trend in bloom duration of 1.04 ± 0.20 day yr−1, which was not found with any of the threshold-based metrics. The Weibull bloom metric results were considered representative in the presence of bloom intensity trends.Bloom intensity was mainly determined by winter nutrient concentration, while bloom timing and duration co-varied with meteorological conditions. Longer blooms corresponded to higher water temperature, more intense solar radiation, and lower wind speed. It is concluded that nutrient reduction efforts led to decreasing bloom intensity, while changes in Baltic Sea environmental conditions associated with global change corresponded to a lengthening spring bloom period.