bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality types and coping style in hemodialysis patients
Authors: KIDACHI RURIKO , KIKUCHI ATSUHIRO , NISHIZAWA YOSHIKO , HIRUMA TOMIHARU , KANEKO SUNAO
Published: June 2007

Abstract  The aim of this study was to obtain information that would enable caregivers to provide the necessary psychological care for hemodialysis patients. A total of 608 hemodialysis patients completed the questionnaire of the Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness–Five Factor Inventory and were subsequently classified by personality types using cluster analysis. In comparison to the norms for the general Japanese adult population, the four‐dimensional average of extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness among hemodialysis patients was significantly lower (P < 0.001), especially for openness. The openness score correlated with each of the following: age (P < 0.001), employment (P < 0.01), and diabetes (P < 0.001). Four personality types were defined based on these dimensions. High scores for agreeableness, extroversion and conscientiousness characterized the agreeable type (22.6%). The patients in this type will likely accept their own experiences in a positive manner. Submissive types (22.0%) received the lowest scores for conscientiousness, though extroversion, openness, and agreeableness were also low. It is necessary to enhance a sense of independence and responsibility in patients with submissive type personalities. Sensitive types (21.5%) were characterized by the highest neuroticism scores and low scores for the other four dimensions. The patients in this type were likely to be persistent with changes in conditions. The last type was the balanced type (33.9%), which was defined by scores within mean range. In clinical practice, it is particularly important that the submissive and sensitive types should receive appropriate mental health care.
Factors affecting variation in seed production in the heterostylous herbPrimula modesta
Authors: SHIMONO AYAKO , WASHITANI IZUMI
Published: June 2007

Spatial and temporal variation in the seed production of a species and the various factors affecting seed production provide essential information for understanding biotic and abiotic controls on reproduction and for assessing population trends. We conducted a 4‐year study combining field observations and pollination experiments to evaluate the major factors causing variation in seed production ofPrimula modestaat two sites (fen and grassy sites) on Mt Asama in central Japan.Primula modestaswitched from a vegetative to reproductive life phase at a stage that depended on its accumulation of biomass, and the number of flowers produced by each plant was also highly correlated with plant size. Plants at the grassy site, where snow melts 2–3 weeks earlier than at the fen site, can accumulate more biomass and, thus, bear more flowers and ovules than those at the fen site. AlthoughP. modestais distylous with both self and intramorph incompatibility, pollen availability did not limit seed production at either site. Annual seed production was relatively constant at both sites over the four seasons except 2002, but it was influenced by many environmental factors, including stochastic events, and by antagonistic interactions with herbivores and pathogens. In 2002, many flowers failed to bloom at the fen site. This was likely caused by frost damage to flower buds because of an unusually early snowmelt in that year. Unusual climatic events may be a crucial factor causing spatial and temporal variation in seed production at our study sites. Longer‐term observations are needed to evaluate the effect of unusual climatic events on reproduction.
Evaluation of the use of PTQTMimplants for the treatment of incontinent patients due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction
Authors: De La Portilla F. , Fernández A. , León E. , Rada R. , Cisneros N. , Maldonado V. H. , Vega J. , Espinosa E.
Published: June 2007

Objective  This study reports the results of injectable silicone PTQTM implants for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter (IAS) dysfunction.

Method  Twenty patients (12 women) with partial faecal incontinence aged from 55 to 65 years were treated by a PTQTM implant. All patients completed the Cleveland Clinic Continence and Quality of Life questionnaire. Endoluminal ultrasound and anorectal physiological testing were performed in each patient. All implants were inserted into the submucosal plane without ultrasound guidance.

Results  Faecal continence was significantly improved up to 1 year. The Wexner continence score fell from a median of 13.05 (range, 5–20) before treatment to 4.5 (range 2–7.7) at 1 month after (P < 0.005). This rose gradually to 6.2 (range, 0–16) at one year (P = 0.02) and 9.4 (range, 1–20) at 2 years (P = 0.127). There were no differences in resting or squeeze pressure before and at 3 months after treatment (P = 0.86 and P = 0.93). Fourteen (70%) patients experienced pruritus ani during the first few weeks after the procedure and one developed infection at the implant site.

Conclusion  Silicone implantation is minimally invasive and technically simple. It is effective over 1 year in the treatment of faecal incontinence due to IAS dysfunction.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: local recurrence rate following resection of rectal cancer
Authors: Whitehouse P. A. , Armitage J. N. , Tilney H. S. , Simson J. N. L.
Published: June 2007

Objective  Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a safe and effective treatment for the excision of benign rectal adenomas. In recent years it has been used for the excision of malignant lesions, although its use in this context remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the local recurrence of rectal cancers following local excision by TEM.

Method  Forty‐two patients with rectal cancer were treated by TEM between 1998 and 2005. However, six patients went on to have immediate radical surgery and are excluded from the study. Of the remaining 36 the treatment intention was for cure in 16 (38.1%), compromise in 17 patients unfit for radical surgery (40.5%), and palliation in three (7.1%).

Results  The mean age of patients was 75 years (range 41–90). The mean lesion area was 15 cm2 (range 0.8–42) and mean distance from the dentate line was 6.6 cm (range 0–11). The mean follow up was 34 months (range 4–94). During the follow‐up period there have been eight local recurrences (22%). The recurrence rates were 26% (6/23) for pT1, 22% (2/9) for pT2 and 0% (0/4) for pT3 lesions. The mean time to recurrence was 18.3 months (range 5–42).

Conclusion  Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a safe procedure with obvious advantages over radical procedures. However, in this study the local recurrence rate is high. The recurrence rate may be an acceptable compromise in elderly or medically unfit patients but is hard to justify for curative intent.
Awareness of investigations and treatment of faecal incontinence among the general practitioners: a postal questionnaire survey
Authors: Thekkinkattil D. K. , Lim M. , Finan P. J. , Sagar P. M. , Burke D.
Published: June 2007

Objective  Faecal incontinence is a distressing condition that can result in significant embarrassment and limitation of routine activities. General practitioners (GP) are the primary carers of such patients. There are recent developments in the surgical treatment options for this under‐reported condition. Awareness of these changes is required to make the best use of them. To the best knowledge of the authors, no studies have examined the awareness of investigations and treatment options for faecal incontinence amongst GPs. This is the focus of our study.

Method  A confidential questionnaire was posted to GPs in the Yorkshire region. The questionnaire was designed to assess: first, the basic knowledge of GPs with regard to prevalence, investigations and treatment modalities of faecal incontinence and secondly, the patterns of consultations and referrals of patients with faecal incontinence.

Results  One thousand and one hundred questionnaires were posted. Five hundred and four were returned giving a response rate of 48.5% (n = 504). The prevalence assessed by the GPs is similar to that by population based surveys. Only 32% (n = 162) of GPs were aware of at least one investigation. Similarly only 32% of the GP's were aware of at least one form of surgical treatment. The knowledge of UK centres where these facilities are available was limited (60% not aware). Only one quarter of the GPs referred the patients to the surgical specialties. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the level of knowledge of investigation and treatments between the GPs who see patients with faecal incontinence more frequently compared with those who see such patients infrequently (P‐values 0.298 and 0.432 respectively).

Conclusion  The level of awareness of investigation modalities and treatment options for faecal incontinence is limited among GPs. Knowledge of the existence of diagnostic tests and surgical treatment options for faecal incontinence and the centres with these facilities is needed for the best utilization of the technical resources and expertise. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of this lack of knowledge on the quality of patient care. Better communication between referral centres and GPs, combined with continuing medical education programmes, may be useful tools to improve appropriate patient management.
Results of a national survey among Dutch surgeons treating patients with colorectal carcinoma. Current opinion about follow‐up, treatment of metastasis, and reasons to revise follow‐up practice
Authors: Grossmann I. , De Bock G. H. , Van De Velde C. J. H. , Kievit J. , Wiggers T.
Published: June 2007

Objective  Follow‐up after curative resection of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has been subjected to debate concerning its effectiveness to reduce cancer mortality. Current national and international guidelines advise CEA measurements every 3 months during 3 years after surgery. The common clinical practice and opinion about follow‐up for colorectal carcinoma, was evaluated by means of a survey among Dutch general surgeons.

Method  A web‐based survey of follow‐up after treatment of CRC was sent to all registered Dutch general surgeons. A reply from 246 surgeons treating patients for colorectal carcinoma in 105 out of 118 hospitals was received (response rate 91%). Questions related to actual follow‐up protocol, opinion about serum CEA monitoring, liver and/or lung metastasectomy, and motivation to participate in a new trial concerning follow‐up.

Results  For the majority of surgeons the length of follow‐up was influenced by age of the patient (62%) and physical condition (76%) prohibiting hepatic metastasectomy. The generally accepted follow‐up protocol consisted of CEA measurements every 3 months in the first year and six‐monthly thereafter, and ultrasound examination of the liver every 6 months. Nearly all surgeons (92%) were willing to participate in a new study of follow‐up protocol.

Conclusion  The adherence to national guidelines for the follow‐up of colorectal carcinoma is low. The indistinctness about follow‐up after curative treatment of colorectal carcinoma also affects clinical practice. Recent advancements in imaging techniques, liver and lung surgery have changed circumstances, which are not yet anticipated upon in current guidelines. Renewal of follow‐up based upon scientific evidence is required.
What Caused the Korean Currency Crisis in 1997?*: Weak Fundamentals or Self‐fulfilling Expectations*
Authors: Ha In‐Bong , Lee Bong‐Soo , Cheong Chongcheul
Published: June 2007

The present paper investigates which factor is primarily responsible for the sharp depreciation of the Korean won against the US dollar in 1997, using a bivariate vector autoregressive model of real and nominal exchange rates. In the present study, we directly identify the relative importance of fundamental and non‐fundamental factors from the raw data series on exchange rates. This approach is different from most previous studies on the Korean currency crisis, which use proxy variables to represent the two factors. The empirical results show that the collapse of the Korean currency in 1997 appears to be mostly a result of the weakened macroeconomic fundamentals of the economy with, to a limited extent, some non‐fundamental factors.
Testing for Neglected Nonlinearity in Cointegrating Relationships*
Authors: Blake Andrew P. , Kapetanios George
Published: June 2007

Abstract. This article proposes pure significance tests for the absence of nonlinearity in cointegrating relationships. No assumption of the functional form of the nonlinearity is made. It is envisaged that the application of such tests could form the first step towards specifying a nonlinear cointegrating relationship for empirical modelling. The asymptotic and small sample properties of our tests are investigated, where special attention is paid to the role of nuisance parameters and a potential resolution using the bootstrap.
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE DISAPPOINTING DOHA ROUND OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
Authors: Baldwin Robert E.
Published: June 2007

Abstract.  This paper stresses the importance of political as well as economic factors for understanding negotiating outcomes in multilateral trade negotiations such as the Doha Round. In particular, it is argued that economic factors of the type traditionally emphasized by economists in their classrooms are by themselves inadequate for analysing the negotiating process. A variety of political economy factors are discussed as explanations for the disappointing results of the Doha Round.
CONCEPTS OF FAIRNESS IN THE GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM
Authors: Brown Andrew G. , Stern Robert M.
Published: June 2007

Abstract.  We first discuss why fairness is a condition of the agreements among governments that form the global trading system. We then suggest that fairness can best be considered within the framework of two concepts: equality of opportunity and distributive equity. We thereafter discuss what these mean as applied to market access and its supporting rules as well as to dispute settlement and trade remedy measures. Finally, we make some comments about fairness in the Doha Development Round.
DOHA DEVELOPMENT ROUND: REACHING BEYOND TRADE LIBERALIZATION
Authors: Arndt Sven W.
Published: June 2007

Abstract.  While the WTO process of multilateral trade liberalization encounters increasing resistance, in part because the most difficult issues have finally risen to the top of the agenda, market‐based forces are contributing to international economic integration. One of the most potent is cross‐border production networks. This paper explores the implications of such networks for trade policies and development strategies. It argues that participation in production networks requires trade policy adjustments and domestic reforms that can and should be undertaken unilaterally and that such changes will improve the climate for WTO negotiations.
Metternich, Bismarck, and the Myth of the “Long Peace,” 1815–1914
Authors: Anderson Sheldon
Published: June 2007

Many Western scholars and foreign‐policy makers have lauded the Congress of Vienna, Metternich's “Concert of Europe,” and Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck's alliance system for keeping a “long peace” from 1815 to 1914. The superiority of nineteenth‐century statecraft is a myth. Europe was busy at war between 1815 and 1914, if not in conflicts on the scale of the Napoleonic Wars and World War I. Furthermore, the chancelleries of nineteenth‐century Europe not only quelled national uprisings, but suppressed peoples’ political rights and waged imperial wars throughout Africa and Asia. From the perspective of a Pole, a disenfranchised European, or an Indian, the century was not a “long peace” but a “long war.”
Grassroots Peace‐building and Third‐party Intervention: The European Union's Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Racioppi Linda , O'Sullivan See Katherine
Published: June 2007

This article explores the challenges of grassroots peace‐building and third‐party interventions into protracted conflicts, through an examination of the European Union's (EU) Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Contributing over a1 billion through a unique, decentralized funding mechanism, the EU has complemented the efforts of the British, Irish, and American governments to end the ethno‐national conflict by targeting its intervention at civil society. In doing so, the EU initiative reflects the approach of conflict resolution theorists such as Lederach and Saunders, who argue that in the long run, peace can be sustained only if the efforts of elite‐level politicians and (para)military leaders are reinforced by the participation and integration of ordinary citizens in the reconciliation process. We describe how the decentralized structure of the EU Programme involves civil society in addressing the structural and social–psychological sources of the conflict, but it also raises questions about whether the Programme can help disrupt long‐standing patterns of ethnic animosity at the grassroots, particularly in the absence of elite‐level cooperation and ethnic power‐sharing.
Mediators of Well‐being in Ageing Family Carers of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Minnes Patricia , Woodford Lynn , Passey Jennifer
Published: June 2007

Background  Increasing numbers of adults with an intellectual disability are being cared for at home by ageing parents. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carer resources (i.e. social support and formal service use) and carer appraisals of ageing and stress/burden mediate the relationships between (1) maladaptive behaviour and carer depression; (2) carer health and carer depression; (3) maladaptive behaviour and carer quality of life; and (4) carer health and carer quality of life.

Methods  Eighty parents over the age of 50 were interviewed using a number of measures concerning their overall health, perceptions of ageing and stress, depression, and their child's maladaptive behaviour.

Results  Carer perceptions of ageing and stress emerged as significant mediators of the relationship between carer health and depression. In addition, perceived carer stress emerged as a significant mediator of the relationship between maladaptive behaviour and carer depression. Resources and appraisals did not emerge as significant mediators in analyses using quality of life as a positive outcome.

Conclusions  Results highlight the important contributions of appraisals to well‐being and raise questions for future research regarding the role of resources such as informal and formal support in the coping process.
Tensions Around Inclusion: Reframing the Moral Horizon
Authors: Clegg Jennifer , Murphy Elizabeth , Almack Kathryn , Harvey Anna
Published: June 2007

Background  Inclusion is one of four policies for people with disabilities in the UK. Criticisms of its three key attributes – mainstreaming, independent living and employment – are reviewed.

Methods  This study of 28 young people, most with severe intellectual disabilities, investigated engagement with inclusion at their transition to adult services. Data were collected from the young people where possible; from their carers, mostly parents; and from professionals responsible for brokering transition. Narrative analysis of this material investigated ways in which respondents did or did not engage with the goals of inclusion as defined in various policy documents.

Results  Both mainstreaming and independent living were experienced as moral imperatives which generated tension for many respondents. Employment was associated with less tension, probably because only a minority of respondents considered it salient. Possible alternative goals invoked by parents/carers and professionals were meaningful activity and same‐age social relationships.

Conclusions  There is a need to acknowledge the moral pressures and judgements arising from inclusion policy that complicate decision‐making at transition and to shift the moral horizon away from individual attainments and towards the activities and relationships that take people beyond themselves.
Muscle moment arms of pelvic limb muscles of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Smith N. C. , Payne R. C. , Jespers K. J. , Wilson A. M.
Published: June 2007

Muscle moment arms were measured for major muscles of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) in order to assess specific functional behaviour and to apply this to locomotor performance. Pelvic limbs of six juvenile ostriches were used for this study. The tendon travel technique was used to measure moment arms of 21 muscles at the hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints throughout the ranges of motion observed during level running. Six of the 21 muscles measured were found to have moment arms that did not change with joint angle, whilst the remainder all demonstrated angle‐dependent changes for at least one of the joints crossed. Moment arm lengths tended to be longest for the large proximal muscles, whilst the largest relative changes were found for the moment arms of the distal muscles. For muscles where moment arm varied with joint angle: all hip muscles were found to have increasing moment arms with extension of the joint, knee flexors were found to have moment arms that increased with extension, knee extensor moment arms were found to increase with flexion and ankle extensor moment arms increased with extension. The greatest relative changes were observed in the flexors of the metatarsophalangeal joint, for which a three‐fold increase in moment arm was observed from flexion to full extension. Changes in muscle moment arm through the range of motion studied appear to optimize muscle function during stance phase, increasing the effective mechanical advantage of these muscles.
Alzheimer’s presenilin 1 modulates sorting of APP and its carboxyl‐terminal fragments in cerebral neurons in vivo
Authors: Gandy Sam , Zhang Yun‐wu , Ikin Annat , Schmidt Stephen D. , Levy Efrat , Sheffield Roxanne , Nixon Ralph A. , Liao Francesca‐Fang , Mathews Paul M. , Xu Huaxi , Ehrlich Michelle E.
Published: June 2007

Studies in continuously cultured cells have established that familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) mutant presenilin 1 (PS1) delays exit of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN). Here we report the first description of PS1‐regulated APP trafficking in cerebral neurons in culture and in vivo. Using neurons from transgenic mice or a cell‐free APP transport vesicle biogenesis system derived from the TGN of those neurons, we demonstrated that knocking‐in an FAD‐associated mutant PS1 transgene was associated with delayed kinetics of APP arrival at the cell surface. Apparently, this delay was at least partially attributable to impaired exit of APP from the TGN, which was documented in the cell‐free APP transport vesicle biogenesis assay. To extend the study to APP and carboxyl terminal fragment (CTF) trafficking to cerebral neurons in vivo, we performed subcellular fractionation of brains from APP transgenic mice, some of which carried a second transgene encoding an FAD‐associated mutant form of PS1. The presence of the FAD mutant PS1 was associated with a slight shift in the subcellular localization of both holoAPP and APP CTFs toward iodixanol density gradient fractions that were enriched in a marker for the TGN. In a parallel set of experiments, we used an APP : furin chimeric protein strategy to test the effect of artificially forcing TGN concentration of an APP : furin chimera that could be a substrate for β‐ and γ‐cleavage. This chimeric substrate generated excess Aβ42 when compared with wildtype APP. These data indicate that the presence of an FAD‐associated mutant human PS1 transgene is associated with redistribution of the APP and APP CTFs in brain neurons toward TGN‐enriched fractions. The chimera experiment suggests that TGN‐enrichment of a β‐/γ‐secretase substrate may play an integral role in the action of mutant PS1 to elevate brain levels of Aβ42.
Protective effects of 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 against glutamate‐induced cell death in primary cortical neuron cultures: induction of adaptive response and enhancement of cell tolerance primarily through up‐regulation of cellular glutathione
Authors: Saito Yoshiro , Nishio Keiko , Numakawa Yumiko , Ogawa Yoko , Yoshida Yasukazu , Noguchi Noriko , Niki Etsuo
Published: June 2007

There is increasing evidence to suggest that reactive oxygen species, including a variety of lipid oxidation products and other physiologically existing oxidative stimuli, can induce an adaptive response and enhance cell tolerance. In the present study, by using cultured cortical neurons, we investigated the effect of electrophilic lipids, such as 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 (15d‐PGJ2) and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE) against the cell death induced by H2O2 and glutamate. Pre‐treatment with both 15d‐PGJ2 and 4‐HNE at sublethal concentrations resulted in a significant protective effect against oxidative stress, and 15d‐PGJ2, in particular, exhibited a complete protective effect against glutamate‐induced neuronal cell death. Pre‐treatment with 15d‐PGJ2 increased the intracellular glutathione (GSH) as well as the gene expression of glutamate‐cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate‐limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis. 15d‐PGJ2 protected cells from glutamate‐induced GSH depletion, while the inhibition of cellular GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine abolished the adaptive response induced by 15d‐PGJ2. These findings indicate that at low levels, 15d‐PGJ2 acts as a potent survival mediator against glutamate‐induced insults via the induction of an adaptive response primarily through the up‐regulation of the intracellular GSH synthesis.
A structural mechanism for maintaining the ‘on‐state’ of the CaMKII memory switch in the post‐synaptic density
Authors: Mullasseril Praseeda , Dosemeci Ayse , Lisman John E. , Griffith Leslie C.
Published: June 2007

Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is activated by Ca2+ entry into neurons. Autophosphorylation of T286 is of special importance because it makes the enzyme active in the absence of Ca2+, providing a biochemical memory that is critical for plasticity. To understand the factors controlling the duration of this state of CaMKII, we studied dephosphorylation of CaMKII in the post‐synaptic density (PSD), a structure that defines a neuronal subcompartment critical for plasticity. We found that PSD‐resident PP1 can dephosphorylate many sites on CaMKII, but not the T286 site that produces Ca2+‐independent activity. This, together with previous work showing that soluble PP2A cannot dephosphorylate PSD CaMKII, provides a novel explanation for the in vivo persistence of T286 phosphorylation: after activated CaMKII translocates from the cytoplasm to the PSD, structural constraints prevent phosphatases from dephosphorylating T286. These results also suggest that the PSD is more than a simple scaffold for synaptic proteins; it may act to regulate the activity of proteins by positioning them in orientations that either prevent or favor specific biochemical reactions.
Twelve polymorphic expressed sequence tags‐derived markers for Plasmopara halstedii, the causal agent of sunflower downy mildew
Authors: GIRESSE X. , TOURVIEILLE DE LABROUHE D. , RICHARD‐CERVERA S. , DELMOTTE F.
Published: June 2007

Twelve expressed sequence tags‐derived markers were isolated from Plasmopara halstedii (Oomycetes), the causal agent of sunflower downy mildew. A total of 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms and five indels were detected by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis and developed for high‐throughput genotyping of 32 isolates. There was a high level of genetic diversity (HE = 0.484). Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.143 indicating that P. halstedii is probably a selfing species. These markers were also useful in detecting significant genetic variations among French populations (FST = 0.193) and between French and Russian populations (FST = 0.23). Cross‐amplification tests on three closely related species indicated that no loci amplified in other Oomycete species.
The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti‐aging
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana
Published: June 2007

Background  Cosmeceuticals provide a new therapeutic frontier for anti‐aging in dermatology. The most dramatic signs of cutaneous aging include the lack of skin surface regularity, the formation of rhagades, and the increased presence of dyspigmentation.

Background  The objective of this review is to illustrate how these three needs of maturing skin can be met by novel ingredients incorporated into carefully constructed formulations designed to deliver scientifically measurable and visibly noticeable improvement.

Conclusion  Skin surface irregularity can be improved through increased skin turnover facilitated by topical niacinamide, while the appearance of fine lines can be diminished through the application of moisturizers containing engineered peptides and over‐the‐counter retinoids, such as retinyl propionate. Finally, skin pigmentation can become more regular with the topical application of N‐acetyl glucosamine and ultraviolet A photoprotective ingredients. Furthermore, combining cosmeceutical ingredients in a moisturizing vehicle can magnify benefits and profoundly improve skin appearance.
Maintenance of healthy skin: cleansing, moisturization, and ultraviolet protection
Authors: Nash J Frank , Matts Paul J , Ertel Keith D
Published: June 2007

Background  The human skin is exposed to an extraordinary hostile environment over the course of a lifetime. Whereas there are multiple product types that consumers may select to help preserve and protect the skin, at a minimum cleansing, moisturization, and protection against solar ultraviolet radiation are elements of any strategy designed for skin health. To achieve the greatest benefit from these treatment modalities, products must be carefully formulated, chosen, and used, since poorly designed or misused products may exacerbate symptoms associated with unhealthy skin.

Aims  The objective of this review is to present the principle elements of cleansing, moisturization, and sun protection modalities that are, in some measure, responsible for maintaining healthy skin.

Conclusion  Healthy skin is a universal desire of humans. The regular and proper use of cleansing, moisturization, and solar protection regimens plays a key role in maintaining skin health. These are lifetime practices wherein product technologies evolve even as the essential function remains.
Safety of cosmetic products
Authors: Engasser Patricia , Long Timothy , McNamee Pauline , Schlatter Harald , Gray John
Published: June 2007

Background  While technological advances have spurred innovations in product development and testing, often dermatologists and consumers are not aware of the extensive processes that manufacturers use to ensure that products are safe. In all of the major markets around the world, laws require that every cosmetic or personal care product on store shelves be safe for their intended use. The assessment of cosmetic product safety is a multistep process that spans the various stages of the product development/marketing cycle. Extensive testing to ensure safety is an integral and ongoing part of this product development cycle.

Aims  In this paper we attempt to distill the most relevant information on the science of cosmetic safety assessment in order to enhance our understanding of cosmetics and how to use this knowledge to increase consumer and patient safety. We will review a wide range of topics, including the current best practices of reputable manufacturers for ensuring product safety, the regulatory environment for cosmetics, as well as research in contact dermatitis related to cosmetics. We will also review the most recent data related to two topics that receive a significant amount of attention these days: preservatives and fragrances.

Conclusion  Today, regulatory bodies around the world have set rigorous standards for product safety, while improved technology has made testing more efficient. Ongoing research continues to generate improvements in the way products are developed and evaluated – from start to finish. By using the latest scientific advances and good manufacturing practices, cosmetic manufacturers are putting products through cutting‐edge paces designed to maximize safety.
An overview of hair dye safety
Authors: Schlatter Harald , Long Timothy , Gray John
Published: June 2007

Background  Due to their basic reactive chemistry, the safety evaluation of hair dyes has always been a major consideration. Hair dyes are therefore one of the most studied and regulated consumer products on the market with an overwhelming amount of safety data. Yet, hair dyes continue to come under scrutiny, primarily regarding two safety concerns: First, a potential link to increased cancer risk, and second, skin allergy.

Aims  This paper will review epidemiologic studies regarding hair dye safety, discuss hair dye allergies incidence and consumer practices, and provide practical recommendations for dermatologists and patients.

Conclusion  Numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted, evaluating a potential correlation between hair dye use and an increased risk for any possible cancer type. Taking all currently available epidemiology studies and state‐of‐the‐art safety data into account, it is concluded that hair dyes do not pose an increased cancer risk, either for consumers and clients, or for professional hairdressers. Like other products such as certain foods or drugs, hair dyes can cause allergic reactions in a few sensitive individuals. The vast majority of hair dye allergies are delayed hypersensitivity or type IV reactions. Allergic reactions to hair dyes are rare when compared to their widespread use and occur at a rate of approximately 1 per 1 million products sold. To further minimize the risk of hair dye allergies, the cosmetic industry has voluntarily implemented risk management measures. For example, all oxidative hair dye products bear allergy warning labels on pack, making consumers and hairdressers aware of a potential allergy risk. In addition, hair coloring products are equipped with clear use instructions and the majority of brands recommend conducting a skin sensitivity test 48 h before the hair coloration. Finally, professional hairdressers are advised to apply appropriate occupational safety measures (like wearing gloves). In collaboration with dermatologists, we will continue the education efforts towards consumers, clients, and hairdressers to improving the compliance with the risk management measures with the overall aim to further minimize any potential allergy risk.
Assessing the Performance of Business Unit Managers
Authors: BOUWENS JAN , VAN LENT LAURENCE
Published: June 2007

Using a sample of 140 managers, we investigate the use of various performance metrics in determining the periodic assessment, bonus decisions, and career paths of business unit managers. We show that the weight on accounting return measures is associated with the authority of these managers, and we document that both disaggregated measures (expenses and revenues), and nonfinancial measures play a greater role as interdependencies between business units increase. The results suggest separate and distinct roles for different types of performance measures. Accounting return measures are used to create the proper incentives for managers with greater authority, while disaggregated and nonfinancial measures are employed in response to interdependencies.
A new iconographical addition to Francis I's adoption of the persona of King David and its contemporary literary context
Authors: Smith Pauline M. , Bentley‐Cranch Dana
Published: June 2007

The presence in the Cathedral at Auch of a large carved representation of Francis I as the Biblical King David on the high back panel of one of the choir stalls, turning to face, in the next stall, a carving of Bathsheba of equal proportions, raises intriguing questions, especially as archive documentation on the subject is sparse and requires contemporary literary texts to support it. This article considers how the carving fits into Francis's known iconography, who may have been responsible for commissioning it (Hippolyte d’Este was Cardinal‐Archbishop of Auch at the relevant time, 1552–1554) and how Francis in the persona of David was seen by his court poet, Clément Marot, by his sister Marguerite de Navarre and by Francis himself. In addition the David‐Bathsheba episode invites comparison with Francis's relationship with the Duchesse d’Etampes. Finally the penitential role of the Psalms is seen to be equally important to both kings.
Oxygenation–Ozonation of Blood During Extracorporeal Circulation: In Vitro Efficiency of a New Gas Exchange Device
Authors: Bocci Velio , Zanardi Iacopo , Travagli Valter , Di Paolo Nicola
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  We have investigated the performance of a new gas exchange device (GED), named L001, specifically devised for the ozonation of human blood during extracorporeal circulation. This procedure, defined with the acronym “EBOO,” means “extracorporeal blood oxygenation–ozonation.” The innovative GED is made of microporous, ozone‐resistant, polipropylene hollow fibers with an external diameter of 200 µm, a thickness of 50 µm, and a membrane surface area of 0.22 m2. The material is coated with phosphorylcholine on the external side in contact with the circulating blood, while a gas mixture, necessarily composed of medical oxygen and ozone (about 99 and 1%, respectively), flows inside the fibers in opposite direction. The new GED has been tested by using a buffered saline solution containing KI and by varying several parameters, and it has shown to be very versatile and efficient. Its main characteristics are minimal foreign surface contact, high gas transfer, and negligible priming volume. This device appears to be a practical, nontoxic, and rather inexpensive tool for performing ozonation of blood for already defined human diseases.
Pandemic Influenza Planning in Nursing Homes: Are We Prepared?
Authors: Mody Lona , Cinti Sandro
Published: June 2007

Avian influenza or Influenza A (H5N1) is caused by a viral strain that occurs naturally in wild birds, but to which humans are immunologically naïve. If an influenza pandemic occurs, it is expected to have dire consequences, including millions of deaths, social disruption, and enormous economic consequences. The Department of Health and Human Resources plan, released in November 2005, clearly affirms the threat of a pandemic. Anticipating a disruption in many factions of society, every segment of the healthcare industry, including nursing homes, will be affected and will need to be self‐sufficient. Disruption of vaccine distribution during the seasonal influenza vaccine shortage during the 2004/05 influenza season is but one example of erratic emergency planning. Nursing homes will have to make vital decisions and provide care to older adults who will not be on the initial priority list for vaccine. At the same time, nursing homes will face an anticipated shortage of antiviral medications and be expected to provide surge capacity for overwhelmed hospitals. This article provides an overview of current recommendations for pandemic preparedness and the potential effect of a pandemic on the nursing home industry. It highlights the need for collaborative planning and dialogue between nursing homes and various stakeholders already heavily invested in pandemic preparedness.
Power Calculation for Case–Cohort Studies with Nonrare Events
Authors: Cai Jianwen , Zeng Donglin
Published: June 2007

Summary Case–cohort design has been advocated in many epidemiologic studies when studying rare diseases or events. In this design, with a rare event, all the events are selected for risk‐factor assessment. When the event is not rare, it is desirable to consider a generalized case–cohort design, where only a fraction of events are sampled. We provide a valid test statistic to compare hazards functions between two samples for this generalized design and give a method for calculating power. Our result generalizes the result in Cai and Zeng (2004, Biometrics60, 1015–1024), and it shows numerically that efficiency loss due to sampling only part of the events is very low under nonrare‐events situation.
Implementation of a Bayesian Design in a Dose‐Escalation Study of an Experimental Agent in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Zhou Yinghui , Whitehead John , Korhonen Pasi , Mustonen Mika
Published: June 2007

Summary Bayesian decision procedures have recently been developed for dose escalation in phase I clinical trials concerning pharmacokinetic responses observed in healthy volunteers. This article describes how that general methodology was extended and evaluated for implementation in a specific phase I trial of a novel compound. At the time of writing, the study is ongoing, and it will be some time before the sponsor will wish to put the results into the public domain. This article is an account of how the study was designed in a way that should prove to be safe, accurate, and efficient whatever the true nature of the compound. The study involves the observation of two pharmacokinetic endpoints relating to the plasma concentration of the compound itself and of a metabolite as well as a safety endpoint relating to the occurrence of adverse events. Construction of the design and its evaluation via simulation are presented.
A prospective clinical study of non‐submerged immediate implants: clinical outcomes and esthetic results
Authors: Chen Stephen T. , Darby Ivan B. , Reynolds Eric C.
Published: June 2007

Objectives: To evaluate healing of marginal defects in immediate transmucosal implants grafted with anorganic bovine bone, and to assess mucosal and radiographic outcomes 3–4 years following restoration.

Material and methods: Thirty immediate transmucosal implants in maxillary anterior extraction sites of 30 patients randomly received BioOss™ (N=10; BG), BioOss™ and resorbable collagen membrane (N=10; BG+M) or no graft (N=10; control).

Results: Vertical defect height (VDH) reductions of 81.2±5%, 70.5±17.4% and 68.2±16.6%, and horizontal defect depth (HDD) reductions of 71.7±34.3%, 81.7±33.7% and 55±28.4% were observed for BG, BG+M and control groups, respectively, with no significant inter‐group differences. Horizontal resorption was significantly greater in control group (48.3±9.5%) when compared with BG (15.8±16.9%) and BG+M (20±21.9%) groups (P=0.000). Ten sites (33.3%) exhibited recession of the mucosa after 6 months; eight (26.7%) had an unsatisfactory esthetic result post‐restoration due to recession. Mucosal recession was significantly associated (P=0.032) with buccally positioned implants (HDD 1.1±0.3 mm) when compared with lingually positioned implants (HDD 2.3±0.6 mm). In 19 patients followed for a mean of 4.0±0.7 years, marginal mucosa and bone levels remained stable following restoration.

Conclusion: BioOss™ significantly reduced horizontal resorption of buccal bone. There is a risk of mucosal recession and adverse soft tissue esthetics with immediate implant placement. However, this risk may be reduced by avoiding a buccal position of the implant in the extraction socket.
The relationship of hepatitis B virus infection and non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma and its impact on clinical characteristics and prognosis
Authors: Lim Soon‐Thye , Fei Gao , Quek Richard , Lim Lay‐Cheng , Lee Lai‐Heng , Yap Swee‐Peng , Loong Susan , Tao Miriam
Published: June 2007

Aim of the study:  This study aims to evaluate the association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and lymphoma and to characterize HBV‐related lymphomas. The efficacy of prophylactic lamivudine on HBV reactivation was also evaluated.

Methods:  We compared the prevalence rate of HBV infection in 556 patients with lymphoma seen over a 4‐yr period with that in a group of 4698 Singapore residents aged 18–69 who participated in the National Health Survey. Next, we compared the clinic‐pathologic characteristics of HBV‐positive and HBV‐negative lymphoma cases.

Results:  The prevalence rate of HBV infection in our study was 10.3% (57/556), higher than the prevalence rate of 4.1% (192/4698) in the general population (P ≤ 0.001). The higher prevalence was observed in both sexes and across different age groups. An association was observed for non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) but not Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The characteristics of HBV‐infected patients with lymphoma were similar to those who were HBV‐uninfected in terms of age, ECOG, extra‐nodal involvement, LDH level, stage, complete remission rate and overall survival. Use of prophylactic lamivudine significantly decreased the incidence of HBV reactivation (13% vs. 38%, P = 0.02) and disruption to chemotherapy (43% vs. 4%, P = 0.02), with a trend towards improved overall survival.

Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that an association exists between HBV infection and NHL. However, HBV infection does not appear to have a significant impact on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of NHL. Prophylactic lamivudine should be considered in all HBV‐infected patients receiving antracycline and/or steroid containing chemotherapy.
Biphenotypic bigenotypic lymphoma with simultaneous expression of PAX5/BSAP and B‐ and T‐cell markers
Authors: Hansson Markus , Jerkeman Mats , Dictor Michael
Published: June 2007

Lymphomas are currently categorized according to their origin from a B or T lymphocyte. Immature and less commonly mature (peripheral) lymphomas may harbor rearrangements of both the B‐ and T‐cell antigen receptor genes (dual genotype or bigenotype). Rarely, cells in lymphoma with a single genotype simultaneously express both B‐ and T‐cell markers (biphenotypic lymphomas). We discuss the diagnostic and clinical implications in the case of a 42‐yr‐old female with a peripheral CD30+ lymphoma that displayed both characteristic B‐ and T‐cell surface antigens and clonal rearrangement of B‐ and T‐cell antigen receptor gene loci. Simultaneous nuclear expression of the transcription factor gene PAX5 suggested that this major driver of B‐cell differentiation did not preclude expression of CD3ε, generally assumed to be a T‐cell associated antigen.
High levels of serum prostate‐specific antigen due to PSA producing follicular non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Oosterheert Jan Jelrik , Budel Leo M. , Vos Pieter , Wittebol Shulamiet
Published: June 2007

Objective:  Both carcinoma of the prostate and non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma are common in elderly patients. Measurement of serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is a frequently used tool to diagnose and monitor prostate carcinoma and is generally specific for diseases of the prostate.

Case:  We describe a 68‐yr‐old patient with voiding difficulties and high PSA levels, but without inflammatory or malignant changes upon multiple transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies. Digital rectal examination was normal. Laboratory showed a strongly elevated PSA level (62 μg/L, Immulight 2000®; DPC, USA). A CT‐scan showed a retroperitoneal process with mass in the right pelvis and infiltration of the bladder wall, suggestive for metastatic prostate carcinoma. Surgical excision of an axillary lymph node set the diagnosis at a stage IV follicular lymphoma, Berard grade I to II in which the majority of neoplastic cells expressed PSA. After lymphoma‐specific treatment, there was a positron emission tomography (PET) confirmed complete remission with normal PSA levels (6 μg/L), which still persists.

Conclusion:  Although rare, high PSA levels can be due to the presence of non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Such a diagnosis should be considered when patients present with lymphadenopathy other than regional prostatic lymphadenopathy.