bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential proteomic response of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves exposed to high‐ and low‐temperature stress
Authors: Gammulla C. Gayani , Pascovici Dana , Atwell Brian J. , Haynes Paul A.
Published: June 2011

Global mean surface temperature has been predicted to increase by 1.8–4°C within this century, accompanied by an increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme temperature events. Developing rice cultivars better adapted to non‐optimal temperatures is essential to increase rice yield in the future and, hence, understanding the molecular response of rice to temperature stress is necessary. In this study, we investigated the proteomic responses of leaves of 24‐day‐old rice seedlings to sudden temperature changes. Rice seedlings grown at 28/20°C (day/night) were subjected to 3‐day exposure to 12/5°C or 20/12°C (day/night) for low‐temperature stress, and 36/28°C or 44/36°C (day/night) for high‐temperature stress, followed by quantitative label‐free shotgun proteomic analysis on biological triplicates of each treatment. Out of over 1100 proteins identified in one or more temperature treatments, more than 400 were found to be responsive to temperature stress. Of these, 43, 126 and 47 proteins were exclusively found at 12/5, 20/12 and 44/36°C (day/night), respectively. Our results showed that a greater change occurs in the rice leaf proteome at 20/12°C (day/night) in comparison to other non‐optimal temperature regimes. In addition, our study identified more than 20 novel stress–response proteins.
Chemical synthesis of the third WW domain of TCERG 1 by native chemical ligation
Authors: Fidan Zerrin , Younis Aylin , Schmieder Peter , Volkmer Rudolf
Published: June 2011

The human transcription elongation regulator 1 (TCERG1), with its modular architecture of 3 WW and 6 FF domains, inhibits RNA polymerase II elongation through these WW and FF domains, and interacts with pre‐mRNA splicing factors such as SF1, U2 snRNP and U2AF. WW domains are known as the smallest naturally occurring, monomeric, triple stranded, anti‐parallel β‐sheet structures, generally spanning only about 40 amino acids. The first and second WW domains of TCERG1 have been synthesized and successfully applied for screening cellular targets. In contrast, until now syntheses of the third WW domain yielded oligopeptides with an undefined fold, proving useless for screening cellular targets. This implied that sequence elongation to include the α‐helical structure is crucial for proper folding. We describe here the chemical synthesis of such a 53 residue long TCERG1 WW‐3 domain sequence that exhibits the typical WW domain fold, and could be useful for discovering cellular targets. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional association of the N‐terminal residues with the central region in glucagon‐related peptides
Authors: Patterson James T. , Day Jonathan W. , Gelfanov Vasily M. , DiMarchi Richard D.
Published: June 2011

GLP‐1 is an incretin peptide involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and the glucose‐dependent stimulation of insulin secretion. Ex‐4 is a paralog of GLP‐1 that has comparable GLP‐1R potency but extended physiological action. GLP‐1 and Ex‐4 are helical peptides that share ∼50% sequence homology but differ at several residues, notably the second amino acid which controls susceptibility to DPP‐IV cleavage. This single amino acid difference yields divergent receptor potency when studied in the context of the two hormone sequences. Ex‐4 uniquely tolerates Gly2 through select amino acid differences in the middle region of the peptide that are absent in GLP‐1. We report that substitution of Ex‐4 amino acids Glu16, Leu21, and Glu24 to the GLP‐1 sequence enabled Gly2 tolerance. The coordination of the N‐terminus with these central residues shows an interaction of substantial importance not only to DPP‐IV stability but also to receptor activation. Extension of this observation to glucagon‐based co‐agonist peptides showed different structural requirements for effective communication between the N‐terminus and the mid‐section of these peptides in achieving high potency agonism at the GLP‐1 and GCGRs. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas chromatographic mass spectrometric detection of dihydroxy fatty acids preserved in the ‘bound’ phase of organic residues of archaeological pottery vessels
Authors: Hansel Fabricio A. , Bull Ian D. , Evershed Richard P.
Published: June 2011

A methodology is presented for the determination of dihydroxy fatty acids preserved in the ‘bound’ phase of organic residues preserved in archaeological potsherds. The method comprises saponification, esterification, silica gel column chromatographic fractionation, and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The electron ionisation mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ether methyl ester derivatives are characterised by fragment ions arising from cleavage of the bond between the two vicinal trimethylsiloxy groups. Other significant fragment ions are [M–15]+., [M–31]+., m/z 147 and ions characteristic of vicinal disubstituted (trimethylsiloxy) TMSO‐ groups (Δ7,8, Δ9,10, Δ11,12 and Δ13,14: m/z 304, 332, 360 and 388, respectively). The dihydroxy fatty acids identified in archaeological extracts exhibited carbon numbers ranging from C16 to C22 and concentrations varying from 0.05 to 14.05 µg g−1. The wide range of dihydroxy fatty acids observed indicates that this approach may be applied confidently in screening archaeological potsherds for the degradation products of monounsaturated fatty acids derived from commodities processed in archaeological pottery vessels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and in‐house validation of a robust and sensitive solid‐phase extraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins in cereal‐based foods
Authors: Lattanzio Veronica M. T. , Gatta Stefania Della , Suman Michele , Visconti Angelo
Published: June 2011

A sensitive and robust liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins in cereal‐based foods. Samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (84:16, v/v) and cleaned up through a polymeric solid‐phase extraction column. Detection and quantification of the nine mycotoxins were performed by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS), using fully 13C‐isotope‐labelled mycotoxins as internal standards. The method was validated in‐house for five different cereal processed products, namely barley, oat and durum wheat flours, rye‐ and wheat‐based crisp bread. Recoveries and repeatability of the whole analytical procedure were evaluated at contamination levels encompassing the EU maximum permitted levels for each tested mycotoxin. Recoveries ranged from 89 to 108% for deoxynivalenol, from 73 to 114% for aflatoxins, from 85 to 114% for T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, from 64 to 97% for zearalenone, from 74 to 102% for ochratoxin A. Relative standard deviations were less than 16% for all tested mycotoxins and matrices. Limits of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio 3:1) ranged from 0.1 to 59.2 µg/kg. The trueness of the results obtained by the proposed method was demonstrated by analysis of reference materials for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone. The use of inexpensive clean‐up cartridges and the increasing availability of less expensive LC/MS/MS instrumentation strengthen the potential of the proposed method for its effective application for reliable routine analysis to assess compliance of tested cereal products with current regulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared multiple‐photon dissociation spectroscopy of group II metal complexes with salicylate
Authors: Dain Ryan P. , Gresham Gary , Groenewold Gary S. , Steill Jeffrey D. , Oomens Jos , van Stipdonk Michael J.
Published: June 2011

Ion trap tandem mass spectrometry with collision‐induced dissociation, and the combination of infrared multiple‐photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were used to characterize singly charged, 1:1 complexes of Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ with salicylate. For each metal‐salicylate complex, the CID pathways are: (a) elimination of CO2 and (b) formation of [MOH]+ where M = Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+. DFT calculations predict three minima for the cation‐salicylate complexes which differ in the mode of metal binding. In the first, the metal ion is coordinated by O atoms of the (neutral) phenol and carboxylate groups of salicylate. In the second, the cation is coordinated by phenoxide and (neutral) carboxylic acid groups. The third mode involves coordination by the carboxylate group alone. The infrared spectrum for the metal‐salicylate complexes contains a number of absorptions between 1000 and 1650 cm–1, and the best correlation between theoretical and experimental spectra is found for the structure that features coordination of the metal ion by phenoxide and the carbonyl O of the carboxylic acid group, consistent with the calculated energies for the respective species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary fingerprinting of Athabasca oil sands polar organics in environmental samples using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Headley J. V. , Barrow M. P. , Peru K. M. , Fahlman B. , Frank R. A. , Bickerton G. , McMaster M. E. , Parrott J. , Hewitt L. M.
Published: June 2011

There is a growing need to develop analytical methods that can distinguish compounds found within industrially derived oil sands process water (OSPW) from those derived from natural weathering of oil sands deposits. This is a difficult challenge as possible leakage beyond tailings pond containments will probably be in the form of mixtures of water‐soluble organics that may be similar to those leaching naturally into aquatic environments. We have evaluated the potential of negative ion electrospray ionization high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) for comparing oil sands polar organics from tailing ponds, interceptor wells, groundwater, river and lake surface waters. Principal component analysis was performed for all species observed. which included the O2 class (often assumed to be monocarbxoylic naphthenic acids) along with a wide range of other species including humic substances in the river and lake samples: On where n = 1–16; NOn and N2On where n = 1–13; and OnS and OnS2 where n = 1–10 and 1–8, respectively. A broad range of species was investigated because classical naphthenic acids can be a small fraction of the 'organics' detected in the polar fraction of OSPW, river water and groundwater. Aquatic toxicity and environmental chemistry are attributed to the total organics (not only the classical naphthenic acids). The distributions of the oil sands polar organics, particularly the sulfur‐containing species, OnS and OnS2, may have potential for distinguishing sources of OSPW. The ratios of species containing On along with nitrogen‐containing species: NOn, and N2On, were useful for differentiating organic components derived from OSPW from those found in river and lake waters. Further application of the FTICRMS technique for a diverse range of OSPW of varying ages and composition, as well as the surrounding groundwater wells, may be critical in assessing whether leakage from industrial sources to natural waters is occurring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface properties of polymers treated with F2 laser
Authors: Řezníčková A. , Chaloupka A. , Heitz J. , Kolská Z. , Švorčík V.
Published: June 2011

Selected polymers (polyethylene‐PE, polypropylene‐PP, polytetrafluoroethylene‐PTFE, polystyrene‐PS and polyethylenterephthalate‐PET) were irradiated with the linearly polarized light of a pulsed 157 nm F2 laser. The irradiation results in degradation of polymers and ablation of polymer surfaces. Contact angle, measured by goniometry, was studied as a function of the number of laser pulses. The volume of the ablated polymer layer was determined by gravimetry. Changes in surface morphology and roughness were observed using atomic force microscopy. Surface chemistry of the samples was investigated by electrokinetic analysis and by XPS. While PET and PE exhibit small ablation, the ablation of PS and PTFE is more significant, and the most pronounced ablation is observed on PP. Contact angle of all polymers, with the only exception of PP, is a decreasing function of the number of laser pulses up to 2000 pulses. Laser irradiation leads to a refinement of the polymer surface morphology and a decrease of their surface roughness. Electrokinetic analysis and PS show changes in the surface chemistry of polymers after the laser treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating Allee effects into reintroduction strategies
Authors: Armstrong Doug P. , Wittmer Heiko U.
Published: June 2011

Allee effects, the reduction of vital rates at low population densities, can occur through several mechanisms, all of which potentially apply to reintroduced populations. Reintroduced populations are initially at low densities, hence Allee effects can potentially lead to reintroduction failure despite habitat quality being sufficient to allow long‐term persistence if the population survived the establishment phase. The probability of such failures can potentially be reduced by releasing large numbers of organisms, by reducing post‐release dispersal or mortality through management, or by directly managing the Allee effects, e.g., by implementing predator control or food supplementation until population size increases. However, such measures incur costs, as large releases have a greater impact on source populations, and management actions require financial and other resources. It is therefore essential to compare the costs and benefits of attempting to reduce Allee effects in reintroduction programs. Here we advocate the use of structured decision‐making frameworks whereby alternative strategies are nominated, probability distributions of outcomes obtained under different strategies, and utilities assigned to different outcomes. We illustrate the potential application of such decision frameworks using projections from a stochastic population model including Allee effects. As there will seldom be estimates of Allee effects available from the species or system involved, it will be necessary to predict these effects based on the biology of the species and data from other systems. In doing so, it is important to identify mechanisms for proposed Allee effects, and to avoid misleading inferences from correlations subject to confounds. In particular, naive interpretations of correlations between numbers released and reintroduction success may exaggerate the benefits of releasing large numbers.
Degenerative Scoliosis: A Review
Authors: Kotwal Suhel , Pumberger Matthias , Hughes Alex , Girardi Federico
Published: June 2011

Degenerative lumbar scoliosis is a coronal deviation of the spine that is prevalent in the elderly population. Although the etiology is unclear, it is associated with progressive and asymmetric degeneration of the disc, facet joints, and other structural spinal elements typically leading to neural element compression. Clinical presentation varies and is frequently associated with axial back pain and neurogenic claudication. Indications for treatment include pain, neurogenic symptoms, and progressive cosmetic deformity. Non-operative treatment includes physical conditioning and exercise, pharmacological agents for pain control, and use of orthotics and invasive modalities like epidural and facet injections. Operative treatment should be contemplated after multi-factorial and multidisciplinary evaluation of the risks and the benefits. Options include decompression, instrumented stabilization with posterior or anterior fusion, correction of deformity, or a combination of these that are tailored to each patient. Incidence of perioperative complications is substantial and must be considered when deciding appropriate operative treatment. The primary goal of surgical treatment is to provide pain relief and to improve the quality of life with minimum risk of complications.
Graptolite biozone correlation charts
Authors: LOYDELL D. K.
Published: June 2011

Charts are presented showing the correlation of graptolite biozonations for the Lower Ordovician to Lower Devonian, i.e. for the entire stratigraphical range of the planktonic graptoloid graptolites. Regions chosen are those for which the most detailed biostratigraphical studies have been undertaken. For Baltica, average graptolite zone (chron) duration appears to vary fromc. 300000 years (Ludlow Epoch) to 2.4 Ma (Lochkovian Epoch).
Wilfred Cantwell Smith as Theologian of Religions
Authors: Almond Philip C.
Published: June 2011

Much has been written about Wilfred Cantwell Smith's account of the nature of religion, particularly by those who, broadly speaking, may be calledReligionswissenschaftler. Surprisingly little, though, has been written about his theology. In part at least, this can be attributed to the incipience of his theological thought within the broad parameters of his studies of religion. Theological ideas have been more imbedded in the wealth of materials aimed at the elucidation of the nature of belief, faith, religious truth, and cumulative tradition than presented in any overt and systematic way. But the recent appearance of the third volume of his trilogy,Towards a World Theology, enables us to concentrate more directly on his theological thought and, in light of this, to reflect upon the theological nuances of his earlier work.
A Note on the Disappearance of the Good Shepherd from Early Christian Art
Authors: Ramsey Boniface
Published: June 2011

The image of the Good Shepherd was by far the most popular representation of Christ in the Church's first four centuries. In his article on the subject in the Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, Henri Leclerq gives more than three hundred examples, dating to the beginning of the fifth century, and his list is by no means exhaustive. In the first half of the fifth century, however, the Good Shepherd suddenly vanishes from Christian art in both East and West, with perhaps a few relatively insignificant exceptions, to be replaced by the images of Christ as teacher and as king—images that had become increasingly important in the iconography of Christ over the course of the previous hundred years. The Good Shepherd did not reappear upon the scene until well into the Middle Ages. What was responsible for its disappearance?
Elements of a Decision Procedure for Christian Social Ethics
Authors: Reynolds Charles H.
Published: June 2011

Several philosophers have observed an affinity between a role that an understanding of God has in Christian ethics and a role of an ideal observer in their own ethical theory. R. M. Hare has even gone so far as to assert that, “Since for many Christians God occupies the role of ‘ideal observer,’ the moral judgments which they make may be expected to coincide with those arrived at by the method of reasoning which I am advocating.” Now, Hare is correct in observing that God and an ideal observer have certain characteristics in common. But God is not simply an ideal observer. And some of the differences between God and an ideal observer may be as important as the similarities for the way in which Christians make moral judgments. It is therefore somewhat hasty of Hare to assume that his method of reasoning is identical to the method of reasoning appropriate in Christian ethics.
Medical Ethics: Professional or Universal?
Authors: Veatch Robert M.
Published: June 2011

From the first, professional ethics has been a hybrid. The Hippocratic Oath exudes that ambiguity. The scientific enterprise, which basically has universalistic tendencies, created a group with special knowledge and interests; eventually it took on a separate identity as a profession. Concern for the ethical point of view, which has the universalizability of normative statements as its foundation, is particularized by focusing on a specialized body of knowledge of a restricted professional group.
Niebuhr's Critique of Rationalism: A Limited Validation
Authors: Green Ronald M.
Published: June 2011

The life and thought of Reinhold Niebuhr are characterized by a running debate with rationalism. As a Christian, Niebuhr saw it as his task to defend the Biblical view of man against corruption by an opposing view found in the rationalist tradition of Hellenic philosophy. As a modern Christian, Niebuhr felt even more compelled to resist the incursion of rationalism into Christianity represented in theology by liberal Protestantism and in ethics by the Social Gospel movement.
Biblical Theology and Biblical Archaeology: An appreciation of G. Ernest Wright
Authors: Dever William G.
Published: June 2011

In the year in which we commemorate the centennial of both the Archaeological Institute of America and the Society of Biblical Literature, it may be appropriate in the pages of the Harvard Theological Review to offer an appreciation of one of Harvard's own faculty, the only American scholar who was a leading theoretician in both the fields of biblical theology and biblical archaeology, the late G. E. Wright.
A Continuing Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism?
Authors: Epp Eldon Jay
Published: June 2011

The following reassessment of present-day NT textual criticism requires, by its very nature, a brief statement of the circumstances that occasioned it. Seven years ago, in the W. H. P. Hatch Memorial Lecture at the 1973 annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature, I attempted in fifty minutes an adventuresome—if not audacious— assessment of the entire scope of NT textual criticism during the past century. Though this was an instructive exercise for me and one that others report as instructive also for them, it was inevitable that so bold an undertaking would elicit sharp criticism. The first hint of this came from Münster in 1976, but more clearly within the past year or so in an invitation to subscribe to aFestschriftfor Matthew Black containing an article by Kurt Aland of Münster with an announced title—appearing as it did in English—that had a highly familiar ring: “The Twentieth-Century Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism,” obviously the title of the Hatch Lecture, which, following its presentation, had been published in the 1974 volume ofJBLWhen theFestschriftitself appeared, it seemed obvious from Professor Aland's article that some reassessment of the course and significance of twentieth-century NT textual criticism was in order. Late in September 1979, Aland's article was reprinted in the annual report of his Münster foundation for NT textual research, now under the title of “Die Rolle des 20. Jahrhunderts in der Geschichte der neutestamentlichen Textkritik.”
The Genre and Function of the Markan Passion Narrative
Authors: Nickelsburg George W. E.
Published: June 2011

An important component in the recent discussion of the Second Gospel has been a continuing fascination with the Markan passion narrative. John Donahue has summarized the research under three headings, which represent recurring questions that scholars have put to the text. (1) What roles did the Scriptures and their motifs play in the formation and growth of the Markan passion narrative? (2) Did Mark make use of an extant passion narrative, and if so, what did it look like? (3) To what extent and in what ways does the Markan passion narrative reflect Mark's own theological and literary interests?
A Note on Romans 8:26–27
Authors: MacRae George
Published: June 2011

Paul's remark about the intercessory prayer of the Spirit in Rom 8:26–27 is unparalleled in the NT and has traditionally caused difficulties for the translator or interpreter. There is, for example, the tendency in modern versions to soften the statement that “we do not know what to pray for as we ought” to “we do not know how to pray as we ought” (RSV). The problem here may be a failure to acknowledge Paul's eschatological perspective in the immediate context in Romans 8 in which the focus is on the invisibility of what the Christian is called upon to hope for (8:24–25). Neglect of the context has also led to a failure in many modern versions to preserve the continuity of the metaphor στενάζειν/στεναγμός in vv 22, 23, 26: the RSV, for example, renders the noun in v 26 “sighs” but translates the verb “groans” in the other verses. Such a shift of language makes the initial ὡσαύτως of v 26 a problem, for it is precisely the repetition of στενάζειν/στεναγμός which undergirds the comparison. It is not the intention of this note to discuss these issues in detail, but to concentrate on the meaning of v 27.
“Let us strive to enter that rest”: The Logic of Hebrews 4:1–11
Authors: Attridge Harold W.
Published: June 2011

One of the most controverted questions in the study of the Epistle to the Hebrews is the nature of the eschatological perspective which it represents, and a focal point of the debate about this issue is the passage on the “rest” which awaits the addressees (4:1–11). The two ends of the spectrum of recent interpretation are represented by Theissen on the one hand, who sees Hebrews here as developing a “Gnostic” tradition paralleled by materials in Philo, and by Buchanan and Hofius on the other, who see Hebrews as working wholly within the framework of Jewish apocalyptic expectations. Parallels adduced by these interpreters are, to one degree or another, illuminating, but the concentration on these parallels may obscure the dynamics of Hebrews' argument, which should serve as the fundamental criterion by which to assess the work's eschatology. This brief paper will attempt to illuminate those dynamics.
Conflicting Versions of Valentinian Eschatology: Irenaeus' Treatise vs. the Excerpts from Theodotus
Authors: Pagels Elaine H.
Published: June 2011

For more than a hundred years theExcerpts from Theodotus(especially 42–65) and Irenaeus'Treatisehave served as primary sources of Valentinian eschatology. Since Dibelius' article appeared in 1908, discussion of Valentinian eschatology has followed his premise that these two sources contain essentially the same teaching, and may be derived from a common source. Dibelius makes this claim on the basis of observable parallels of terminology and structure between the two passages.
The “Self” as Sufferer
Authors: Perkins Judith
Published: June 2011

The early Roman Empire provides little evidence for the personal religious feelings of its inhabitants; only a few texts reflect what we would call individual testimony of personal religious experience. The works of second-century authors which in fact display such religious feelings often offend modern sensibilities. Commentators have described Aelius Aristides'Orationes sacrae, the letters of Ignatius of Antioch, and theMeditationsof Marcus Aurelius as neurotic or pathological. In a recent book, for example, Charles A. Behr introduced a discussion of Aristides with the deprecatory comment: “peculiar and unpleasant though his personality may seem to us today.” The same offense, moreover, is ascribed to all three men, namely, an inordinate fixation on bodily pain and suffering. Interpreting these authors' textual emphasis on pain as merely a reflection of the pathology of aberrant individuals of the early empire is an unfair simplification of the texts. Such a reading prevents the recognition that their emphasis on pain and suffering reflects a widespread cultural concern of the period that used representations of bodily pain and suffering to construct a new subjectivity of the human person.
The Setting and Sectarian Provenance of the Fragment of the “Celestial Dialogue” Preserved by Origen from Celsus's Αληθής Λóγος
Authors: Jackson Howard M.
Published: June 2011

In a final section of hisAlēthēs LogosCelsus singles out his opponents' vaunted monotheism for special attack. The Christians' refusal to worship the traditional δαίμονες (“divinities”) and ἥρωες (“heroes”) is irrational. God alone is the source of direction in the universe, and if God has delegated his authority to subordinates who perfectly reflect his will, they are deserving of veneration. When the Christians respond with Jesus' dictum about the impossibility of serving more than one lord (Matt 6:24 // Luke 16:13), to Celsus's mind this is merely the projection of their own rebellious and antisocial spirit onto the person of God (OrigenCels. 7.68; 8.2). Celsus continues (8.11), taking up a charge that he has leveled against the Christians before (5.61; 6.42, 52): the assertion that only one being is named κύριος (“lord”) introduces faction into the divine economy; God as “master” forms one party, and another, whether Satan or an inferior god, revolts against him and opposes his will. Celsus concludes with the assertion (8.12, 14) that if the Christians really did worship no other god but one, they would perhaps have a tenable argument against the others. But in fact they lavish an excessive cult on Jesus; they do not consider it discordant with their monotheism or a violation of Jesus' dictum if they serve God's servant as well. If Christians were taught that Jesus is not God's special son and that God is the only one deserving of true worship, they would not listen because Jesus is the actual focus of their cult. When they call Jesus Son of God, they are not paying supreme reverence to God but conferring a supreme exaltation upon Jesus.
The Multivalence of the Term “Original Text” in New Testament Textual Criticism
Authors: Epp Eldon Jay
Published: June 2011

One hundred and ninety-one years ago, in 1808, Johann Leonhard Hug's Introduction to the New Testament carried statements that, in part, may strike textual critics as being far ahead of their time. Hug laments the loss of all the original manuscripts of the New Testament writings “so important to the church” and wonders: “How shall we explain this singular fact?” Next, he observes that Paul and others employed secretaries, but Hug views the closing salutation, written in the author's own hand, as “sufficient to give them the value of originals.” Then, referring to the further role that scribes and correctors must have played after such a Christian writing had been dictated by its author, he says:

Let us now suppose, as it is very natural to do, that the same librarius [copyist] who was employed to make this copy, made copies likewise for opulent individuals and other churches—and there was no original at all, or there were perhaps ten or more [originals] of which none could claim superiority.
Christian Freedom Reconsidered: The Case of Kierkegaard
Authors: Hartt Julian N.
Published: June 2011

In this discussion I have taken up only one of Kierkegaard's writings, Philosophical Fragments (1844). I have not gone very far into the problems of Kierkegaard's intentions in the pseudonymous literature. I have assumed that he meant pretty much what he said in the Fragments; but even if he did not, the issues there pursued are what they are, i.e., are worth someone's efforts.
El the Warrior
Authors: Miller Patrick D.
Published: June 2011

There has been no lack of attention focused on the deity El in the Ugaritic texts. In addition to various articles that have dealt with the characteristics and functions of this deity two excellent monographs have appeared by Marvin Pope and Otto Eissfeldt. The thrust of most of the literature pertaining to this deity has been the assumption that while El is father of the gods and the “executive” deity of the pantheon at Ugarit, he is essentially an otiose deity, whose power seems rather limited when compared to that of other deities, whose fear of other gods is obvious, and whose gradual decline in the face of Baal's rise to prominence seems clear.
Notes on the Text and Metre of Ezekiel the Tragedian's Exagôgê
Authors: Strugnell John
Published: June 2011

In the recent critical edition of Eusebius' Prœparatio Evangelica lines 180–186 of Ezekiel the Tragedian's Exagōgē, as Eusebius (Pr. Ev. IX 20, 13 [443d] Mras I, 53325–5346) quotes them from Alexander Polyhistor, run;
Nimrod Before and After the Bible
Authors: van der Toorn K. , van der Horst P. W.
Published: June 2011

The biblical information concerning the figure of Nimrod is scarce. Post-biblical tradition has added supplementary details that cannot be found in the biblical text, however much they may be presented as results of exegesis of this text. This article first examines the biblical data about Nimrod and sees whether he can be identified with an extra-biblical, a pre-biblical, prototype. Second, it investigates the ways in which the few biblical data have given rise to post-biblical haggadic developments. K. van der Toorn has written the first part of this essay, P. W. van der Horst the second.
“The Seeming Anomaly of Buddhist Negation”: American Encounters with Buddhist Distinctiveness, 1858–1877
Authors: Tweed Thomas A.
Published: June 2011

In a lecture in Horticultural Hall in Boston on Sunday 3 March 1872 Thomas Wentworth Higginson, the social reformer and religious radical, praised “The Character of the Buddha.” He ended his very sympathetic portrait by alluding to King Asoka's discovery of the tomb of the Buddha. Those who opened the tomb, so the story goes, found the lamps that had been lighted two hundred years earlier still burning and the flowers that had been offered in homage still fresh and fragrant. Higginson saw a parallel to his own age: “More than two thousand years have now passed, and we are opening this tomb again; the lights still burn, the flowers are still fresh, the perfume of that noble life, yet remains immortal.” In some ways, Higginson's comment seems appropriate: literate Americans of his generation were learning more and more about Buddhism and its founder; and, although most interpreters during the 1860s and 1870s struggled with its distinctiveness, some found Buddha's life and teachings praiseworthy. Yet Americans had begun to pry open “the tomb of the Buddha” decades earlier, and not everyone was as blinded by the sudden illumination or as overcome by the sweet fragrance as Higginson.
Armenian Canon Lists V—Anonymous Texts
Authors: Stone Michael E.
Published: June 2011

In manuscript no. 1142B (Jl 142) in the Library of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, on fol. 267r, there is a previously unpublished Canon List. The manuscript is a Miscellany, in the notrgir script, and although undated it cannot be very old. It contains various theological and homiletical works, and the list is followed, on fol. 268V, by a work given in the Catalogue as “Ezekiel." The text of the list was copied from the manuscript. The chief abbreviations have been resolved.
Maimonides on Freedom of the Will and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Sokol Moshe
Published: June 2011

Until fairly recently, the usual view of Maimonides' position on freedom of the will was that he was a strict libertarian. This is because he appears to assert unequivocally in several places in thisCommentary to the Mishna, most notably inShemonah Perakim8 and inMishneh Torah(Teshuva5), that human choice is undetermined. Alexander Altman and Shlomo Pines challenged this view in recent years by arguing, mostly on the basis ofGuide of the Perplexed2.48, that Maimonides maintained an esoteric view according to which human choice is determined by the natural order, which is itself determined by God.
The Rhetoric of Translation: Three Early Perspectives on Translating Torah
Authors: Janowitz Naomi
Published: June 2011

Three of the earliest extant Jewish exegetes, Aristobulus, Aristeas, and Philo, all state that King Ptolemy was responsible for a Greek translation of the Hebrew sacred writings. Scholarly discussion has focused on finding the historical kernel in these stories, or linking their creation to a particular event such as the official promulgation of an original or corrected Greek translation. The Letter of Aristeas is usually considered the most accurate version, in large part because it later was used as an introduction to the Septuagint. These discussions have overlooked the fact that in each case the basic plot is fine-tuned to suit each exegete's own ideas about how the Torah was written, how the text and its translation should be read and interpreted, and by whom. A comparison of the three versions reveals that each writer embellishes this bare-bones plot in a distinct manner. In particular, “historical” details are created by each writer that support the very exegetical endeavor he is undertaking. The story of the translation becomes a vehicle for creating all the components necessary to justify the exegete's role, from the creation of a unitary “Torah” out of the multiplicity of versions and stories to the motivation for the particular interpretative moves “demanded” by the very qualities of this Torah. Comparing the three stories gives us valuable insights into the self-perceptions of the exegetes and the emergence of what will become a standard model of text-author-exegete in Judaism.
Doing Theology Metaphysically: Austin Farrer
Authors: Glasse John
Published: June 2011

In the two decades since publication of Finite and Infinite made him visible from afar, Austin Farrer has exported from Oxford some thirty writings of uncommon range, acumen, and wit. By 1959 a reviewer in the TLS judged that “in Dr Farrer the academic world has one of the most interesting minds of the century….” His books, several of which issued from major lectureships, have been widely reviewed and cited in print; it has become an open secret that, in private, they have evoked fascination, puzzlement, and exasperation. Yet little sustained examination of his work has appeared. At a convergence of import and quandary such as this, I propose to examine the phase of Farrer's thought that has remained central for him, despite excursions into other genres — his philosophical theology. This article will center on his insistence upon doing that discipline metaphysically. For his insistence upon doing that, even out of season, provides a key to both his thought and its larger significance. After glancing at his response to opponents of this attempt, I shall inquire how certain metaphysical elements function in his account of our discourse about God and, in conclusion, essay some judgments about his achievement to date.
The Rhetorical Form of the Hellenistic Jewish and Early Christian Sermon: A Response to Lawrence Wills
Authors: Black C. Clifton
Published: June 2011

In a study recently published in this journal, Lawrence Wills has identified, in a wide range of Hellenistic-Jewish and early Christian literature, a recurring pattern that is sometimes characterized in those sources as a “word of exhortation” (λόγος παρακλήσεως: Acts 13:15; Heb 13:22; cf. Acts 2:40; 1 Macc 10:24; 2 Macc 7:24; 15:11; Apostolic Constitutions 8.5). Toward the end of his article, Wills suggests that the form of this word of exhortation may define a point on a larger rhetorical trajectory within Greco-Roman Hellenism, and that “we can perhaps go further and note the actual compositional techniques that have passed over from Greek rhetoric into Jewish and Christian oratory.” In this assessment Wills is, I believe, quite correct, and in this essay I wish to build upon, and at specific points to refine, his analysis of the form of Hellenistic-Jewish and early Christian sermons.
“Unity of Religious History” and “Universal Self-Consciousness”: Leading Concepts or Mere Horizons on the Way Towards a World Theology?
Authors: Welker Michael
Published: June 2011

It is a familiar fact that it is difficult for revolutionary “worldviews” to gain recognition and acceptance. The most successful way to overcome this problem was termed by Hegel Aufhebung. In the ideal case envisaged by Hegel, Aufhebung says that the new “worldview,” or the theory which articulates that worldview, reconstructs within itself elements of the old perspective on the world, together with a critique of that perspective. However, the preservation of old worldviews in new theories can also take a more straightforward form. Only rarely do new worldviews emerge thoroughly developed. As a rule they continue to employ numerous leading concepts which belong to the older tradition. Only after a relatively long period of time are the old leading concepts replaced or reformulated—or, on the other hand, is the new theory withdrawn. We are well acquainted with such a course of events. But that does not prevent us from living de facto with theoretical orientations towards the world which represent mixed forms of old and new theories. We simultaneously employ new perspectives and old observations, new forms of thought and old theses. We think that we can enjoy the new cake and still eat the old one. This situation usually leads us to form an unrealistic picture of the power of the newer worldview. We fail to recognize the fact that new worldviews, as a rule, substantially overextend their credit. The dangers of granting too much credit to these new conceptions are seldom seen clearly and are often underestimated.
Gnosticism as Platonism: With Special Reference to Marsanes (NHC 10,1)
Authors: Pearson Birger A.
Published: June 2011

From ancient times it has been averred that the Gnostics derived their basic ideas from the Greek philosophers, especially Pythagoras and Plato. For example, Irenaeus (Adv. haer. 2.14) argued that the Valentinian Gnostics borrowed their doctrines of thepleromaandkenomafrom Democritus and Plato. Hippolytus (Ref. 1.11), more systematically, tried to show that the founders of the Gnostic heresies borrowed most of their ideas from Greek philosophy and religion. The Valentinian brand ofgnosis, Hippolytus (Ref. 6.21–29) argues, is derived from the philosophy of Pythagoras and Plato. Tertullian (Praesc. 7) claimed that all of the heresies were based on Greek philosophy. Valentinus is stated specifically to be “of the school of Plato.” Plotinus (Enn. 2.9.6), the reputed founder of Neoplatonism, claimed in a famous tract that his doctrinal opponents, whom he did not identify but who were obviously Gnostics, based their doctrines on a misunderstanding of Plato. Porphyry'sLife of Plotinus16 provides us with more information on the Gnostic opponents of Plotinus, and refers to them as αἱρετικοὶ ἐκ τῆς παλαιᾶς ϕιλοσοϕίας (“sectarians from the ancient philosophy,” i.e., Platonism).
The Syro-Palestinian Context of Solomon's Dream
Authors: Seow C. L.
Published: June 2011

Thirty years ago Siegfried Herrmann published an article wherein he suggested that the account of Solomon's dream in 1 Kgs 3:4–15 (cf. 2 Chr 1:3–13) belonged to the same literary genre as the EgyptianKönigsnovelle—propagandistic stories of the king's inauguration, his building projects, and other accomplishments. In particular, Herrmann maintained that Solomon's dream ought to be compared with the dream of Tuth-mose IV, in which the Egyptian prince received divine promise of kingship.
The British Protestant Theologians in the First World War: Germanophobia Unleashed
Authors: Bailey Charles E.
Published: June 2011

In times of national crisis, do scholars react more nobly than the man on the street? And, in particular, what about religious academiciansmen revered for their spiritual as well as intellectual insight? In time of war, are they able to riseau-dessus de la meléeand maintain a dispassionate judgment, or do they descend into the marketplace and parrot the platitudes of the popular press.
Rabbinic Reflections on the Barren Wife
Authors: Baskin Judith R.
Published: June 2011

A study of rabbinic legal rulings concerning the barren wife reveals the subordinate place of women in rabbinic Judaism's systematic vision of an ideal reality. Yet at the same time, aggadic texts demonstrate that demands of necessity and compassion often prevailed over halachic prescription, illuminating the rift which not infrequently separated rabbinic theory and actual practice. Moreover, a review of aggadic reflections on barren women also yields suggestive insights into the dilemma of suffering, and the efficacy of prayer, as well as examples of the ways in which biblical models could become paradigms and symbols of empowerment in women's lives.
Celibacy or Consummation in the Garden? Reflections on Early Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the Garden of Eden
Authors: Anderson Gary
Published: June 2011

The interpretation of Adam and Eve's sexual life was a matter of some concern for early Jewish and Christian exegetes. As Louis Ginzberg observed, several Jewish pseudepigraphical works as well as the writings of many of the early Church Fathers “presuppose that not only the birth of the children of Adam and Eve took place after the explusion from paradise (Gen 4:1ff), but that the first ‘human pair’ lived in paradise without sexual intercourse.” The reasons for such an exegesis are not difficult to discern. The Garden of Eden was not simply a story about the primeval world; it could also function as a metaphor for the world-to-come. Hence the Garden was a paradigm for the ideal world of the eschaton, a world one should attempt to actualize or bring into existence now. Because Christians believed that the next world was devoid of marriage (Luke 20:27–40), it followed that the Garden was as well. In addition to this reason, Christians were also exhorted to abstain from marriage as a concession to the apocalyptic ferment of the present world (1 Corinthians 7).
Freedom? The Anthropological Concepts in Luther and Melanchthon Compared
Authors: Bayer Oswald
Published: June 2011

Sigmund Freud speaks of three offenses against the human love of self. The first blow is “cosmological” and is associated with the name Copernicus. The second blow is “biological” and conjures up the name Darwin. Freud himself performs the “psychological blow,” which is directed at human narcissism. This “psychological blow” follows from the fact that “mental processes are in themselves unconscious and only reach the ego and come under its control through incomplete and untrustworthy perceptions.” These discoveries “amount to a statement that the ego is not master in its own house.”
The Disorder of Books: Priscillian's Canonical Defense of Apocrypha
Authors: Jacobs Andrew S.
Published: June 2011

Historians of ancient Christianity derive a certain satisfaction from the fact that Athanasius of Alexandria, the fervent architect of Nicene Christianity, should also be the first known ecclesiastical authority to “list precisely the twenty-seven books that eventually formed the generally accepted canon of the New Testament.” This intersection of canon and creed abets the notion that Christianity matured and solidified in the latter half of the fourth century; henceforth heresy and extracanonical reading would together constitute evidence of theological backsliding, or, worse, deliberate and malicious distortion of an agreed-upon truth. If Eusebius at the beginning of the fourth century is frustratingly vague on what is and is not “canonical,” his reticence from within a period of dogmatic flux is understandable. In contrast, Athanasius toward the century's end is reassuringly firm, scripturally and doctrinally. From Easter of 367 onward, according to such a narrative, heresy and apocrypha would become coterminous, and a messy chapter of Christian history could be closed.