bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Osario of Chichen Itza
Authors: Headrick Annabeth
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes the Osario, also called the High Priest’s Grave, by combining early-twentieth-century explorations with recent INAH excavations. A radial temple that parallels the Castillo in some aspects, the Osario is coeval in date with the Temple of the Warriors. The author proposes that the Osario was a representation of Flower Mountain, a place of abundance, home of the gods and ancestors, and an afterlife abode where warriors were rewarded for their heroic lives and contributions to trade and economic prosperity. The chapter further suggests that the cave under the temple served as the final repository for the remains of warriors, who underwent cremation similar to traditions of central Mexico.
The Least Earth
Authors: Kristan-Graham Cynthia
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns landscapes at Chichen Itza, including actual terrain and two- and three-dimensional representations of landscape. The focus is the Mercado, a gallery-patio building, the largest structure in the Group of the Thousand Columns, an elite walled compound in the site center. The Mercado is a performative space for elite lineage rituals, and its carved and painted dais functioned as a throne. The throne’s embellishment—which includes a sky-earth profile, skybands, and processions of bound figures—suggests a primordial place of origin, fertility, and political authority. The chapter also discusses more broadly the power of landscape in establishing identity, the trope of walking at Chichen Itza, and associated Yucatec Maya moral codes.
To Face or to Flee from the Foe
Authors: Wren Linnea , Spencer Kaylee , Nygard Travis
Published: September 2018

The murals of the Upper Temple of the Jaguars present highly detailed and semi-mythologized representations of warfare through the vantage point of victorious forces. While previous interpretations have focused on the male combatants and the potential locations of the battles, this chapter focuses on the women who are targets of warfare. The authors propose that one goal of Itza conquest was the attainment of female labor and that, in pursuit of that aim, women were potential subjects of disturbing acts of violence.
Heritage as a Social Practice
Authors: Dicks Bella
Published: September 2018

A useful way of understanding heritage is through examining how specific practices generate different types of value. There are multiple practices that constitute the “nexus” of heritage-making, but this chapter focuses on two principal ones: how practices of production relate to those of “consumption,” and how these in turn link to people’s feelings of inheriting, or identifying with, a particular past
Displaying Independent India Abroad
Authors: Wintle Claire
Published: September 2018

This chapter seeks to do two things: first, it probes both the function of cultural diplomacy in nationalism, decolonization, nonalignment, and Cold War politics, exploring how cultural heritage and exhibitions in particular act to support but also contradict other statements of national identity and international political and economic affiliation; second, it argues for attention to the various registers of association and identity present in the construction of exhibitions that cross international borders, arguing that the intentions and actions of designers, especially, require equal interrogation to that of the governments that instruct them.
Religious Cultural Heritage
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores some of the convergences and divergences between religion and cultural heritage and international law’s place in attempting to mediate these tensions. I argue that, in the event of conflict, heritage values tend to prevail over religious ones, at least inasmuch as heritage is a proxy for secularism and cosmopolitanism, whereas religion can still be seen as a slippery slope toward fundamentalism and division. Thus, privileging religion is incompatible with a worldview of peace and dialogue among nations, which international law tends to privilege.
The Place of History
Authors: Hooper Glenn
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the development of heritage and tourism attractions in Derry/Londonderry, but it considers them in the context of community participation and regeneration and, just as important, as part of a renewed strategy of narrative reengagement in a postconflict society. Drawing on heritage-from-below critiques as appropriate, this chapter discusses a number of sites, some recently refurbished, some closed, some awaiting the move to new premises, but all of which have contributed to a steadily emergent heritage and tourism narrative of considerable import for the city and its citizens.
Afterword
Authors: Tunbridge John
Published: September 2018

This collection has made a wide range of contributions to the growing ferment of ideas on one of the most influential, if sometimes ethereal, concepts of recent decades. It augments further the understanding of heritage issues that are steadily compounding from the growing literature in the field, and does so from the perspective of heritage at the interface: specifically, the contact interface between diverse cultures, value systems, and identities, which holds the potential for confrontation but also presents opportunities for cross-cultural communication and mutual inclusion, as reflected in various chapters above. In this context a recurrent theme in the collection is the interface between indigenous populations and immigrating or visiting strangers; the cases discussed are a useful reminder that indigenes are not only the frequently documented recipients of external colonization in the global “South” but also the established residents of countries of the “North” who are contending with tourists motivated by discordant values. The diverse multidisciplinary scope of the chapters above also engages with a great many other critical issues and debates relating to heritage; and heritage is well recognized as a dynamic process of selective remembering and forgetting, commonly involving appropriation by some and concomitant disinheritance of others, creating the challenges of its omnipresent dissonance potential....
Introduction
Authors: Osumare Halifu
Published: September 2018

The Introduction explores the author’s major personality characteristic of rebelliousness that serves as the platform for the rest of the book. It defines “black dance” and the debate about whether there is even such a thing. The chapter also investigates the problem with American racism as it has been reflected in the world of dance.
Dancing in Europe
Authors: Osumare Halifu
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the unique positionality of being a black woman in Europe in the late 60s. This social position is further complicated with being a contemporary dancer trying to survive in Spain, France, and the Netherlands and finally Copenhagen, Denmark, and Stockholm, Sweden. The author forms a Danish modern dance company with another American dancer in Copenhagen and, together, they help create a dance “revolution” for the times. She ends up teaching jazz dance in a major ballet academy in Stockholm, where she is also able to continue her own training with former members of the Katherine Dunham and Martha Graham dance companies. The author also investigates the influence of Dunham’s Technique on the Nordic region of Europe.
Dancing in New York
Authors: Osumare Halifu
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the author’s return to the US after almost 3 years in Europe and continues to explore her blackness in the post-Civil Rights era of the early 70s (first in Boston and then in New York). Joining the Rod Rodgers Dance Company (RRDC) in NYC allows the author to become a part of developing concert dance among the major black dance companies who were second tier to the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. The author explores the vitality of professional NY dance and the experiences that dancing with RRDC provided, such as the Dancemobile in the 5 boroughs, the cultural integration of the Lincoln Center, and the opening of the dance season on Broadway. Additionally, she explores NY’s African dance companies and the growing need to make black dance relevant to black people in these shifting political times.
Dancing Back into the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Area, 1973–1976
Authors: Osumare Halifu
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 chronicles the author’s return to her home area after five years, now as a professional dancer-choreographer. She establishes her professional reputation in the Bay Area, one that will serve as the foundation of her future work as a regional dance catalyst and cultural activist. As an artist, she develops the artistic theme central to her developing career in The Evolution of Black Dance. She creates and produces several evening-length productions during this three-year period, begins to learn arts administration, and forms Halifu Productions, a company that helped catalyse the mid-70s black dance scene in the Bay Area. She also meets the poet Ntozake Shange and artistically collaborates with her and her poems on a project that will become the famous production of For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enough. Ntozake Shange gives her an African name, and the author becomes Halifu Osumare.
Forts, Communities, and Their Entanglements
Authors: Beier Zachary J. M. , DeCorse Christopher R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the diverse communities associated with English and British forts during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, and the varied economic, political, social and cultural entanglements that they entailed. It outlines common features characterizing these sites in the British colonial world and beyond as well as the history of practice in archaeology. We argue that these far-flung outposts of empire and their associated communities were characterized by shifting networks of people, commodities, and ideas that connected these sites to multiple scales of historical experience. Fort communities are envisioned as principal areas of entanglement in the early modern world where their creation integrated diverse sets of people and cultural knowledge with complex relationships between humans and things that shaped and were shaped by social life. Applying this perspective to forts requires critical approaches to archives, artifacts, and settlement patterns, moving beyond a strict focus on their military features.
The Fort and the Village
Authors: Wilson Douglas C.
Published: September 2018

Fort Vancouver, located in southwestern Washington (USA), was the administrative headquarters and supply depot for the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) in the Pacific Northwest, essentially its colonial capital between ca. 1825 and 1845. The documentary record for Fort Vancouver suggests a spatial segregation between the fort and the village along class lines which separated the elite managers of the company from its employees (engagés). Archaeological and ethnohistoric data, however, tend to blur these sharp lines between the fort and the village as artifacts, pollen, and other data reveal a more complex colonial milieu tied to the unique multicultural nature of the settlement and ties to indigenous and other non-Western communities. The historical archaeology of colonialism at Fort Vancouver helps the modern descendants of these people, as well as others tied to the fort, reconnect to their history and heritage and develop a dialogue regarding past and current identities.
Landlords and Strangers
Authors: DeCorse Christopher R.
Published: September 2018

Drawing on historical sources and archaeological work, this chapter considers the varied communities associated with the British forts and outposts of West Africa and places them in their wider economic and cultural contexts. Beginning with founding of the first English fort in Ghana in the 1630s through the construction of the smaller proto-colonial defensive works of the nineteenth century, British trading companies established dozens of outposts of varying size and duration on the Guinea coast. Although all primarily established for trade within an expanding sphere of British commercial enterprise, the outposts and the communities with which they were associated differed in terms of their histories, the cultural interactions represented, and their component populations. Predominantly African, the diverse communities associated with these forts underscore both the ways in which the expanding Atlantic economy structured these intersections and how African social, cultural, and political traditions shaped the entanglements that unfolded.
People at the Gates
Authors: Bugarin Flordeliz T.
Published: September 2018

During the early nineteenth century in South Africa, the British built Fort Willshire on the banks of the Keiskamma River. At its gates, they established the first official trade fairs and mandated that trade throughout the Eastern Cape be confined here. This area became a vortex in which a variety of people convened, traded goods, and influenced cultural and economic interaction. This chapter introduces the various Africans who gravitated to the region, claimed the surrounding lands throughout the river valley, and vied for economic resources and political power. By looking at the archival records, oral traditions, and archaeological evidence, research demonstrates that the region consisted of a variety of people with different backgrounds and affiliations. Furthermore, this area provides a model for understanding the impact of the British on the Xhosa, yet it is just as much a window to the interactions between various Xhosa factions and chiefdoms.
Nautical Archaeology of a Shipwreck
Authors: Spirek James D. , Cozzi Joseph
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the well-preserved lower hull of the Emanuel Point Shipwreck during two campaigns of methodical excavation. We investigate and study the ship’s central mainmast and pump well; the tail end of the structure, including the sternpost and displaced rudder; and the collapsed bow section, with anchor and gunport covers. Perhaps 40 percent of the shipwreck site is explored, allowing critical dimensions of the ship’s structure to be measured for an estimation of its cargo capacity (tonnage).
Intersectional Violence in Rosewood and Beyond
Authors: González-Tennant Edward
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 returns to intersectionality and the ways it relates to the multidimensionality of violence in Rosewood and beyond. The 1923 Rosewood race riot is just one event among hundreds of race riots and thousands of lynchings that occurred in the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While the history of American lynchings and race riots remains hidden from most people, that is changing as communities find numerous ways to memorialize these uncomfortable histories. In this chapter González-Tennant examines the complex ways visible forms of violence interact with structural and symbolic forms through time. Charting these interactions between the late nineteenth century and today identifies the time immediately following World War I as a pivotal moment in intersectional violence and U.S. race relations. Postwar instability triggered unprecedented levels of racially charged collective violence and explains how specific locations like Rosewood provide important insights allowing us to better understand how changing forms of violence affect communities through time.
Racial Violence in American History
Authors: González-Tennant Edward
Published: September 2018

In the final chapter González-Tennant discusses the future potential of an archaeology of race riots. Ongoing research into Rosewood holds great promise for public dialogue and racial reconciliation. González-Tennant discusses possibilities of transplanting the methodological and theoretical approaches he has used to other contexts. While not offered as panaceas, these approaches can assist other historical researchers investigating similar events in a variety of settings. One tragic reality of American history is that case studies like that of Rosewood exist all around us. The methodological approaches González-Tennant explores here offer ways of recovering these hidden histories and making them accessible to a broader public than is typically the case with such research.
Cross-Frontier Interactions in Roman Europe, AD 100–350
Authors: Wells Peter S.
Published: September 2018

Following the Roman conquests in Europe west of the Rhine River in the 50s BC and south of the Danube in 15 BC, a frontier zone was established that was to endure for 500 years. Written sources yield limited information about interaction through merchant ventures and diplomatic missions. But archaeological evidence provides a vast amount of data about the geography, character, scale, and chronology of interactions between individuals and communities on the two sides of the border. Using the Cross-Cultural Interaction Model, this paper explores the evidence for interaction in four identifiable zones ranging from Roman bases on the edge of the empire through a frontier region and an outer rim to new centers established far beyond the imperial boundaries.
Cross-Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Egyptian and Nubian Borderland
Authors: Smith Stuart Tyson , Buzon Michele R.
Published: September 2018

Ancient Egypt and Nubia have a long history of interaction that led to both cultural and biological entanglements. Cultural and political boundaries shifted over time, with Egypt absorbing parts of its southern neighbor into an eventually far-reaching empire but also with independent Nubian kingdoms dominating Egypt at different periods, at one point with its kings ruling as Pharaohs. This chapter examines the influences that flowed back and forth between Egyptian colonizers and indigenous Nubians, mapping the flows and intensity of cultural and biological exchanges diachronically through the Cross-Cultural Interaction Model, with the addition of side-by-side comparisons that link to the circular diagrams. This model can allow us to take into account the complex nature of interactions between Egyptians and Nubians and the multifaceted role that individual agency played in creating complex outcomes that simultaneously reflect multiple groups with varied interests.
Conclusion
Authors: Green Ulrike Matthies , Costion Kirk E.
Published: September 2018

The primary goal of this volume was to test the effectiveness Cross-Cultural Interaction Model (CCIM) in various cultural contexts and time periods. Each of the volume’s case studies successfully adapted the model to their data demonstrating the flexible nature of the CCIM. Some scholars applied the model to their data as it was originally designed, while others made substantial changes in order to adapt the model to the idiosyncrasies of their cultural context. This chapter succinctly reviews the results of each individual case study and the contributions they made to strengthen CCIM for future application. One of the most important conclusions to come from the testing of the CCIM is that this process demonstrated the analytical power of a graphic model of cultural interaction which can trigger new perspectives or the identification of overlooked aspects of a thoroughly studied cultural interaction.
Introduction
Authors: Watkins Jerry T.
Published: September 2018

This chapter lays the foundations for the book’s argument about the intersections of capitalism, tourism, sexuality, and queer identity. It begins by explaining “The Sunshine State” and proceeds through an explanation of key terms and concepts such as “queer” and “redneck.” The chapter situates the work in broader LGBTQ scholarship and establishes it as a corrective to scholarship on the Redneck Riviera. It includes explanations of the source material and its uses, as well as the work’s treatment of proper names. It ends by establishing the temporal and identity parameters for the remaining chapters in order to orient the reader.
Queer Circulation and the Economics of a Moral Panic
Authors: Watkins Jerry T.
Published: September 2018

Bay County’s economy in the 1950s was retooled to accommodate and focus on tourism. The rapidly changing economy and population created opportunities for queer connection even as it created the backlash against homosexual visibility. The communication networks and advancements in transportation, which made Florida so attractive to visitors, also made it attractive to queer men. Information networks, from national magazines to local graffiti, pointed the way to queer hot spots while better roads and vehicles made them easier to reach. Queer men circulated, congregated, made contact, had sex, and were at times punished for it. The men arrested in a downtown public toilet in October of 1961 were subjected to a campaign of public shame. Selling “The Sunshine State” and the policies that went along with it made this time in Florida a perfect storm that swept up the residents of Bay County in a moral panic.
Chaos Theory and the Contact Period in the Southeast
Authors: Moore Christopher R. , Mehta Jayur Madhusudan , Haley Bryan S. , Watt David J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an examination of the Contact era in the Southeast through the lens of Chaos Theory. Everyday life in the protohistoric Native American Southeast was guided by tradition, but it was also affected in seemingly unpredictable ways by colonial exploration, trade, missionization, and settlement. The authors focus on the Yazoo Basin in northwestern Mississippi, the Apalachee province of northern Florida, the Cherokee town areas of southern Appalachia, and the areas of Natchez and Taensa settlements in southwestern Mississippi and northeastern Louisiana. The authors found that everyday life for particular people at particular places was shaped not only by local history and local forces but also by the increasingly global forces of change that affected both native peoples and European colonists.
An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation of the Salt Life, A.D. 1200
Authors: Dumas Ashley A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter narratively reconstructs the salt-making process in the Mississippian period using archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic data and information. The author proposes that salt was an everyday substance for many prehistoric southeastern peoples. Her claim is grounded in biological, archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic evidence from cultures around the world who maintain that salt was important to many ancient peoples for their physical, spiritual, and social well-being. The author argues that her narrative approach, as with any useful interpretive tool, is based on data from excavations and analysis of artifacts, and that it unites cultural ideals about family, religion, housing, subsistence, reproduction, and other elements of daily life that are embedded within not only salt production and consumption but also many other practices.
Maintaining Relations with Deer
Authors: Moore Christopher R. , Jefferies Richard W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the way deer were entangled in the everyday lives of Middle Archaic peoples. The authors first delve into hunter-gatherer ethnography, principally from northern hunting societies, and argue that hunting cultures are rarely extractive at their core. Rather, human-animal relations in hunting societies are better conceived as a meshwork of entanglements and mutual obligations. They also draw on the Middle Archaic archaeological record, focusing on the Black Earth site in southern Illinois and several Green River Archaic sites in west central Kentucky, to argue that white-tailed deer were extremely important to Middle Archaic hunters, not only as sources of food but also as social and spiritual creatures.
Stone Tool Life Meets Everyday Life
Authors: Carr Philip J. , Bradbury Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

Often, the lives of people in the past were constrained by their basic everyday needs and what they needed to accomplish. This chapter considers both how people conducted certain minimal activities everyday to meet those needs and how those activities left traces in the archaeological record. An Organization of Technology model articulates the archaeological record (artifact form and distribution) not only through activities and technological strategy but also through other considerations. The authors explore the possibilities of how examining the everyday life of an individual in the past just from discarded Lithics is possible: from the stone’s first procurement for the manufacture of chipped stone tools, to the stone’s use in various activities before it’s either (eventually) discarded or reused, to the stone’s finally recovery by archaeologists.
Gathering in the Late Woodland
Authors: Barrier Casey R. , Kassabaum Megan C.
Published: September 2018

The practice of enclosing open spaces with earthen mounds begins in the Lower Mississippi Valley around 3500 B.C. As the earliest recognized monumentalized landscapes in Eastern North America, these locations are thought to have provided periodic bases for the exploitation of rich natural resources and the maintenance of social relationships. Archaeological work at these early plaza sites has focused on establishing the age and stratigraphy of the associated mounds, leaving little known about the everyday activities that occurred around or between them. In this chapter, two case studies from separate areas of the Late Woodland Southeast are discussed: Feltus and Range sites. Participants in the large-scale rituals occurring in the Feltus plaza spent much of their time spatially separated, but the periodic moments of aggregation quite literally created the personal relationships, social structure, and ritual system in which they lived their daily lives. On the other hand, participants in the daily activities that occurred in the Range courtyards co-resided, but the particular relationships they shared with other individuals were negotiated in outside spaces, and the very presence and structure of the courtyard itself tied them – every day – into a much larger local community around formal, central plazas.
Introduction
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

Cuba has attracted disproportionate attention from historians and other scholars. This is particularly true for the nineteenth century, when, as a slave society, Cuba was the world’s largest exporter of sugar, and for the post-1959 period, when it became the hemisphere’s first socialist nation, unpredictably remaining so past the collapse of the communist world in 1989–1991. I myself have dedicated most of my scholarly career to the study of those two periods....
Geography and the Shaping of Early Colonial Cuba
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a synthetic view of Cuba’s geography, including aspects such as location, insularity, topography, hydrography, climate, soils, sea and wind currents, natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes, and natural resources. It also offers an overview of the Cuban archipelago’s geological evolution over millions of years. While this chapter does not subscribe to geographic determinism, it explores the ways in which Cuba’s geographic features have shaped its historical trajectory and the culture of its people. Geographical factors such as sea currents made Cuba a strategic location for a trade and military post, and its climatological, topographic, hydrographic, and soil conditions made the island an ideal location for sugar production.
First Encounters, Inventing America, and the Columbian Exchange
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

This chapter covers the subject of the discovery of America, including the voyages of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. It looks at the theological, scientific, and philosophical debates surrounding the early encounters between Europeans and the indigenous inhabitants, as well as the evolving cartography of the New World. The chapter also examines two useful perspectives: Edmundo O’Gorman’s “Invention of America,” and Alfred W. Crosby’s “Columbian Exchange.”
The Manufacturing of Cuba
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines various topics of the early conquest and colonization of Cuba. It discusses the Reconquista--the prolonged war between Catholic and Muslim Iberia-- as the cultural and institutional background of the conquest. That war generated social and political institutions (such as the encomienda) as well as cultural practices that conquistadors like Diego Velázquez transplanted to the New World. It discusses the monarchical model that developed during the Reconquista, the rise of the Hapsburgs, and a host of colonial and Catholic Church institutions established in Hispaniola, Cuba, and other colonies. It also discusses Spanish attitudes toward Muslims and Jews. A major theme is the population collapse of the region’s indigenous inhabitants, the atrocities of the conquest (such as the martyrdom of Hatuey), and the protestations of Bartolomé de las Casas.
The Emergence of Creole Society
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the complex emerging colonial society that combined a remnant of indigenous inhabitants, white settlers, African slaves, and free men and women of different races. It also discusses asymmetrical human interactions among the races—whites, blacks and mulattos, and Amerindians and mestizos—and pays much attention to conflicting and overlapping hierarchies and social structures that developed on the island, as well as to the ways in which particular groups and individuals challenged those structures and hierarchies. Lastly, in this chapter I expand on the thesis of the “Two Cubas”: one, an urban, official, and mercantilist Havana, the region’s navigation hub; the other, the Cuba of the east, peasant, remote, relaxed, and rebellious, where smuggling and tobacco-farming predominated.
The Cockpit of Europe
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the interconnectivity of war and peace in Europe with a variety of forms of European incursion in the Caribbean during the 1500s and 1600s. It traces the emergence and evolution of piracy and privateering as well as European colonial expansion by settlers and buccaneers. It provides a systematic analysis of how belligerence in the Old World (such as the prolonged Wars of Religion) impacted Cuba and the rest of the region. It also explores Spain’s efforts to protect its colonies through fortifications, fleet systems of navigation, and increased military presence.
Conclusion
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: September 2018

As stated in the introduction, this book’s chapters stand both as individual essays and as coordinated parts. While each of the chapters offers its own topic-specific interpretations and conclusions, when the chapters are read together, they provide answers to several overarching questions. They emphasize the relationship between geographical space and human actions, they put Cuba in its broader Caribbean and Atlantic contexts, they examine complex interactions among diverse racial and ethnic groups, they trace the development of distinctive economic systems and social structures, and they discuss the genesis of a variegated Cuban identity and culture(s) that are the result of transculturation among three primary cultural roots, themselves the product of centuries of transculturation in the Amerindian Caribbean, Iberia, and western Africa. The book thus is built on the premise that understanding Cuba’s complex early history requires consideration of many interrelated aspects—a “total history” approach, to use the terminology of the Annales school—that connects the geographical, the economic, the political, the social, and the cultural....
Wading 10,000 Li
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an historical overview of the movement of people from the Pearl River Delta as they sought their fortunes around the Pacific for generations over the 19th and 20th centuries. Who were these people who choose to wade “10,000 li”? How many did so and where did they go? As a start in answering these questions the movement as a whole and the position of the Pearl River Delta counties and the three Pacific Ports within it are described. In particular the significance of the establishment of Hong Kong is discussed. A listing of the major characteristics of the movement and a chronology of the qiaoxiang links also helps to provide a background to developments in the qiaoxiang and the reaction of the societies of the Pacific Ports to the movement as a whole. Final return to the qiaoxiang was their intention on setting out, if not always the achievement. This, it is argued, is the broad context within which the qiaoxiang links are best understood.
Returning Home with Glory
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

Remittances, letters, qiaokan, visits, and the sending of bones have been discussed in the Chapter 5, as were the organizations and practices that facilitated these. In this chapter is examined the less tangible, often psychological aspects, such as the motivations that lay behind the tangible elements. Underpinning the remittances and stores, the families in the qiaoxiang, and the years of effort in the destinations was the necessity to earn an income. The nature of these incomes, what these incomes meant to those in the qiaoxiang, and the jobs that secured these incomes are discussed. Considerations of income are incomplete, however, without also considering what was done with the money and why. The second part of this chapter will therefore discuss the role of prestige and social status in the establishment and maintenance of the qiaoxiang links.
You Have Been Loyal Wah Kiu
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2018

The huaqiao are often seen as loyal to the Chinese motherland, but for many in the qiaoxiang loyalty had a narrower focus. Despite this, not everyone who moved between the Pearl River Delta and the Pacific Ports in the generations after 1849 had been “loyal wah kiu” (huaqiao), and it has not been the purpose of this study to argue they were. It has been argued, however, that a concept such as “loyal wah kiu” and the history of the movement of people from the Pearl River Delta over the period are best understood within the context of the qiaoxiang connections. It has also been argued that a nation-state perspective and the conceptions and assumptions that have been characterized as “border-guard views” have failed to understand the significance of the “loyal wah kiu” and the role played by the qiaoxiang links. By interpreting the history of the overseas Chinese, the huaqiao, through the perspective of their places of origin, the qiaoxiang, it is hoped that a successful attempt has been made by this study to improve this understanding.
Documentarization and Amplified Realism in Jia Zhangke’s Films
Authors: Stuckey G. Andrew
Published: September 2018

Documentary film in the PRC has become an important mode in the palate of Sixth Generation (or urban or independent) filmmaking. The recent prominence of documentary turns on the notion of indexicality and the capacity for film to present reality. Jia Zhangke, probably the most critically acclaimed of Sixth Generation filmmakers, in his film practice, though largely conforming to this long-take, observational documentary style, also brazenly deploys technologies such as nondiegetic music and CGI effects. On the face of it, these tactics may seem to undermine the indexical reality portrayed in Jia’s films, but on further consideration actually augment his historical project of capturing China’s contemporary moment.
The Japanese Patent Medicine Trade in East Asia
Authors: Burns Susan L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores modern Japan’s pharmaceutical interest in and competition over women’s bodies in the 1920s and 1930s, analysing how patent drugs as “medical commodities” promoted multiple and competing representations of health and femininity not only to citizens but also to its colonial consumers. These commercial tonics contested the racialized and politicized Japanese bioscience and its hierarchies, presenting cosmopolitan ideals of health and beauty. Yet, when political shifts required it, the medical capitalists easily transitioned to marketing their products for child-bearing imperial female subjects.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Dyke Paul A.
Published: September 2018

When we look at each of the individual chapters in this volume, it is often difficult to envision the importance of these private traders to the commerce as a whole. For the most part, their operations were miniscule compared to the large volumes of goods that each of the European East India companies purchased in China annually. The importance of the companies to the trade is much easier to qualify and quantify owing to the massive volumes of records that they left behind for us to examine. It is thus understandable that those enterprises have commanded most of the attention of scholars in the past; their work now constitutes many dozens of publications. It was, in fact, necessary for those studies to be done first, before we could begin to understand the roles that private investors played in the trade....
Modern Jingju in Years of Uncertainty
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

Time: summer of 1956 to late 1963. As China went through numerous political movements, the nation’s economy and culture fluctuated as the government readjusted policies from one position to another and quickly back again. During these seven years, xiqu policy developed along two intertwined trajectories: vacillating attitudes toward the traditional repertory and a firm commitment to producing modern plays. Modern plays became the key element of a proposed new, national, socialist xiqu, and all xiqu forms were enlisted to present modern lives. In the jingju circle, professional practitioners began comprehensive experimentation on each and every aspect of the performance art, searching for solutions to the challenge of presenting modern stories in a convincing jingju style. Chapter 3 includes a survey of constantly changing xiqu policies, an examination of practical challenges to jingju practitioners in presenting modern lives, and a close analysis of the artistic experiments in the China Jingju Company’s 1958 The White-Haired Girl.
Foundation of Productions: Scripts and Playwriting
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 examines the textual foundation for model jingju productions from five perspectives. It begins with the ten plays’ synopses, followed by a discussion of the roles and functions of three categories of dramatic characters. The author then analyzes a singular overarching theme and three major supporting messages in model jingju. To provide insight into the delivery of these important motifs, the author offers further analysis on a general plotting pattern and three scene types that contribute significantly to model jingju theatricality. The last section focuses on an especially noteworthy aspect—literary construction—examining the narrative structure and use of language in model jingju in the context of their connections to traditional practices. This chapter features Wang Zengqi’s first-person narrative of the creative process resulting in Shajiabang and a close analysis of rhymed vernacular speech with primary examples from Azalea Mountain.
Fresh yet Familiar: Music
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 examines music in model jingju, the dimension that has been generally acknowledged as the most successful among these productions’ artistic aspects. The author approaches music in model jingju from four perspectives: (1) orchestra organization which features a Chinese-Western combined orchestra, realized through artistic experimentation in the use of instruments, orchestral composition, orchestral conducting, and playing techniques; (2) percussive music, the innovative adaptation of traditional percussive passages, and the creation of new percussive passages to accompany arias, movement, and combat; (3) instrumental music and its functions in building up theatricality; and (4) vocal-melodic music, its association with traditional modes and modal composition, traditional metrical types and metrical-type composition, and traditional melodic-phrases and melodic-passage composition. This chapter features a detailed analysis of the use of musical motifs and personal interviews with chief composers and instrumentalists.
Visual Communication through Design
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 examines the design of model jingju. The author focuses on three areas: scenic design, lighting design, and costume and makeup design. Each area is contextualized by its departure from that of traditional repertory and by its gradual creative evolution during the twentieth century. The author pays special attention to three issues: new concepts and practices introduced by the design teams of model jingju, the overall style and characteristics of design, and specific issues that challenged designers and their resulting strategies. This chapter includes a discussion of the aesthetic conflicts between representational scenery and jingju’s indicative style, and features personal interviews with key set, lighting, costume, and makeup designers.
Coda
Authors: Fan Xing
Published: September 2018

The coda offers an analysis of how the five major artistic aspects work together in model jingju in communicating a particular type of aesthetics. Focusing on the nature and expression of beauty, the author examines three interrelated questions: Did the notion of beauty matter during the creative process? What is considered beautiful and therefore aesthetically favored? And how is this sense of beauty communicated? The author highlights two dominant aesthetic qualities in model jingju: the beauty of the sublime and the beauty of masculinity. The author analyzes imbalance as a primary aesthetic feature in two spheres: gender representation and aesthetic expectations. Finally, the author proposes that the deep roots of the imbalance in model jingju lie in the varied levels of association among the three traditional aesthetic principles—conventionalization, stylization, and synthesis—and each of the five major artistic aspects—playwriting, acting, music, design, and directing, and that, ultimately, the overarching creative directive, the Combination of Revolutionary Realism and Revolutionary Romanticism, was a flawed premise for model jingju.
Introduction: Myths of Japanese Baseball and the Game’s Cultural Representations
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

In the summer of 2015, 41 years old and several years removed from a professional career as a baseball player in which he had achieved success on the most celebrated teams in both the United States and Japan, Matsui Hideki found himself again on the baseball diamond in a tightly contested championship game. Matsui was leading his own team in the Nippon Club’s fortieth annual President Cup Baseball Tournament, a tournament comprised of teams made up of bankers, engineers, and accountants of various ages and skill levels from Japanese businesses in the New York metropolitan area such as Kajima, Syscom, SMBC, and Mizuho. Matsui was feeling that same old itch to deliver in the clutch....
Portrait of the Artist as Yakyū Seinen: Masaoka Shiki and the Poetry of Baseball
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 explores the contributions of Masaoka Shiki to the spread of Japanese baseball and examines his fiction and poetry as the first examples of baseball-themed cultural achievements while also describing his contributions to the creation of a lexicon of Japanese baseball terms. Masaoka Shiki is rightly remembered as the figure that largely defined the modern haiku form and as an important poet in his own right, but prior to his brief but astonishingly productive literary career, Shiki was a rather typical yakyū seinen (baseball youth). Shiki helped to introduce baseball to a wide audience in articles and treatises about the game and in an unfinished, posthumously discovered baseball novel. He also produced baseball-themed poetry in both the tanka and haiku forms, thereby establishing a tradition of baseball poetry that is also outlined in the chapter.
The One Constant: The Literature of Nostalgia and Catharsis in Postwar Japanese Baseball Fiction
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 describes the venerable tradition of baseball fiction in the latter half of the Shōwa period and in the early Heisei period (1989-), an era in which baseball emerged as a true sport of the masses and in which Japan’s economic success paralleled the emergence of professional baseball as Japan’s national pastime. This chapter explores the emergence of several important trends in baseball literature including the appearance of the first examples of baseball mystery literature and the continuation of juvenile fiction about baseball. This latter literary category developed from the body of writing aimed at young readers that had been initiated by Akai tori (Red Bird) and other magazines that made an appearance in the Taishō period (1912-1926), and as baseball was resuscitated and gained popularity in the postwar period, it again emerged as a natural topic for juvenile fiction. While the juvenile baseball fiction of the Occupation Era was cathartic and was intended to help young readers grapple with the harsh realities of the postwar era, the baseball fiction of the 1980s and 1990s, often set in the immediate postwar era, tended to be more nostalgic, portraying baseball as a refuge and source of hope in a time of uncertainty.
The Structure of Moral Revolutions
Authors: Pleasants Nigel ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: September 2018

In the recent and not-too-distant past many of our parents, grandparents and forbears believed that a person’s skin colour and physiognomy, gender, or sexuality licensed them being regarded and treated in ways that are now widely recognised as blatantly unjust, disrespectful, cruel and brutal. But the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries have hosted a series of radical changes in attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and institutionalised practices with regard to the fundamental moral equality of what were once seen as different “kinds of people.” This paper explores the social structure of such “moral revolutions,” via the Wittgensteinian- and Kuhnian- inspired concepts moral perception, moral certainty, normal morality, and moral paradigm.
Contribution des sols à la production
de services écosystémiques en milieu urbain – une revue
Authors: Blanchart Anne , Sere Geoffroy , Cherel Johan , Warot Gilles , Stas Marie , Consales Jean Noël , Schwartz Christophe
Published: September 2018

Les sols fournissent des services à la population humaine,
appelés services écosystémiques. En vue de répondre aux problématiques
environnementales qui se concentrent en milieu urbain, il est attendu que ces
services soient facilement appréhendables par les acteurs de l’aménagement. Cet
article propose des définitions claires de termes centraux comme « sol urbain »,
« sol anthropisé » et « couverture de sol » ; il présente également les
caractéristiques bio-physico-chimiques des sols urbains. Des analyses
bibliométrique et bibliographique de la littérature scientifique sur les
services écosystémiques des sols urbains permettent de positionner la place de
ce sujet sur les 20 dernières années et de proposer une liste de ces services.
Enfin, une analyse critique des perspectives de développement d’outils d’aide à
la décision à l’attention des aménageurs pour la prise en compte des sols
urbains à chaque étape de l’aménagement est proposée.