bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maquila Age Maya: Changing Households and Communities of the Central Highlands of Guatemala
Authors: Goldín Liliana R.
Published: September 2010

As rural peoples of Central America and beyond struggle to create and access new forms of market participation and means of survival under the conditions generated by structural adjustment policies, significant social and cultural shifts are taking place at the local level.

This paper analyzes on three levels the impact of maquiladora industries: the region and communities, sending households, and individuals. In particular, I address the implications of migration and urbanization for the new communities, the complex nature of diversified households, and attitudes toward industrial and agricultural work. I conclude with a discussion about the implications of these findings for transitions to proletarianization.
A Window into the Recent Past in Chiapas: Federal Education and Indigenismo in the Highlands, 1921‐1940
Authors: Lewis Stephen E.
Published: September 2010

In the 1920s and 1930s Mexico's Ministry of Public Education (SEP) launched ambitious projects aimed at modernizing and "civilizing' the highlands of Chiapas "incorporating' its indigenous populations into the national mestizo mainstream, and imposing federal laws and instiaitions in the state. SEP teachers met fierce resistance from ladino alcohol mercliants, debt‐labor contractors, planters and politicians and from the Tzotzil and Tzeltal Maya themselves. By the time President Lázaro Cárdenas managed to impose his reform agenda on the state in late 1936, die SEP's battle had largely been lost, kind and labor reforms merely provided local ladinos with new ways to control the highland Maya. By 1940, indigenous communities were tied politically to state and national party machines. Only now might tills system of domination lie breaking down, as the PRI reels from its recent losses at the national and state levels.
Nicaraguan Narratives of Development, Nationhood, and the Body
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: September 2010

Anthropological studies of development in Latin America generally have taken political economic approaches, though a few have raised important cultural questions as well. This work con tributes to the latter project by approaching two subjects rarely discussed together: discourses of development and body politics. In Nicaragua during the last decade, contentious political economic differences have often played out in discursive practices, as the nation makes a transition from die revolutionary Sandinista period to the neoliberal era. Here I examine discussions of microenteiprises and the informal sector as development issues in die remaking of the nation. Then I present the more personal, visceral narratives of working class and poor urban residents. These nondominant discourses that invoke gender and the body as sites on which current conditions are inscribed may point the way toward alternative approaches and critiques.
With All the Means that Prudence Would Suggest: "Procedural Culture and the Writing of Cultural Histories of Power about 19th‐century Mesoamerica
Authors: Watanabe John M.
Published: September 2010

Current conceptions that treat hegemony as the virtual condition of political struggle rather than the actual exercise of power confuse the term with culture, favor disembodied discourses over meanings actually convey ed, and risk over‐generalizing domination and resistance into inescapable imperatives of state power and individual agency. These problems become particularly acute when historians and anthropologists seek to write cultural histories from below drawn from historical sources written largely from above An approach centered on "procedural cultures" that views hegemony as culturalized ideology and culture as contingent understandings embedded in ongoing dialogues both within and across boundaries of difference might serve better than hegemony in discerning meaning, power. and agency in otherwise culturally opaque historical sources. Administrative records from late 19th‐century western Guatemala exemplify such a procedural culture and how it may help us read historical documents for the everyday cultural others we seek in the past.
Beyond the Indian‐Ladino Dichotomy: Contested Identities in an Eastern Guatemalan Town
Authors: Little‐Siebold Christa
Published: September 2010

Guatemala's Eastern Highlands constitute an important but understudied region long ignored or misrepresented. This study focuses on the township of Quezaltepeque, on the margins of the Ch'orti' area and examines die content and usage of identity labels diere. The article describes local social categories (i.e."ladinos, 'indio, sambo, "maya." "gringo") as deploy ed and articulated by both its town dwellers and rural population. These categories are of particular interest because of their "invisibility " and/or misrepresentation in both ethnographic and official discourses. The intricate and multiple meanings contained in these labels as documented here are a direct challenge to die validity of the prevalent Lidino‐Indian dichotomy pervasive in social analysis of Guatemala. In particular, the study indicates the need to lease out other identities subsumed in what appear to be only ethnic labels.
Pantelhó: History‐Making and Identity in Highland Chiapas
Authors: Brown Pete
Published: September 2010

This article examines history‐making, the creation and re‐creation of history, in Pantelhó, Chiapas, Mexico, and the context and consequences of multiple histories for Indigenous and Ladino relations. For the past 200 years Indigenous and Ladino in Pantelho have struggled for land and political power. Throughout these struggles history‐making has played an important role in the crafting of identin, mobilizing and unifying support, and legitimizing courses of action. It represents, in Antonio Gramsci's terms (1971), a war of position, a struggle for hegemony which participants have made into two fundamental conflicting positions—Ladino and Indigenous—based on a long history of exploitation and conflict. This article describes the dynamic of their history‐making and opposition as played out in the local context and within the larger apparatus of government power in Mexico.
The Politics of Amazonian Conservation: The Struggles of Rubber Tappers
Authors: Almeida Mauro Barbosa de
Published: September 2010

The social movement of the Amazonian rubber tappers started as a marginal group which initially claimed land rights, and ultimately succeeded in establishing extractive reserves, territories designed for the sustainable use of traditional populations under rhe Brazilian system of nature conservation. In short, they became exemplary of grassroots participation in sustainable development. I try to show in this article how this transition was possible by narrating a series of political actions taking place at the local and national levels, as well as at the regional setting which links both. With these narratives I will try account for the way local action and beliefs interact with wider powers and worldviews, in a "combined and uneven development."
El legado del desarme: Voces y reflexiones de las excombatientes del M‐19
Authors: Sánchez‐Blake Elvira
Published: September 2010

Twelve years after signing the peace agreement, former members of Colombia's revolutionary M‐19 share a sense of frustration and uncertainty. Although this sentiment applies to all, women had more difficulty reincorporating themselves into society. After dedicating their lives to an unresolved cause, civil re‐insertion has been difficult, and most are left with feelings of hopelessness. This article explores testimonies from four former women members of the M‐19. This project is the result of their own expressed concerns about their current social position and the impact they had in the social transformation of Colombia. Despite contradictions that arise from the process of reflection, these women hold a prism of shared facets. While the guerrilla signified a common denominator for most, disarmament carried distinct tonalities—from trauma to personal fulfillment.
From Local Legends into Globalized Identities: The Devil, the Priest and the Musician in Tumaco
Authors: Agier Michel
Published: September 2010

Hoy cuando culturas se estín construyendo para expresar identidad, el recurso a sfmbolos privilegia emblemas diacríticos, haciéndolo m´s f´cil leer "identidad cultural" en redes globales. Una creencia sostenida en la eficacia de estos emblemas no parece ser factor en escogerlos; sin embargo, un caso de estudio sobre un drama de carnaval en el pueblo de Tumaco (costa Pacífica sur colombiana) muestra cómo una presentación local de identidad conduce a una serie compleja de influencias. Programas de desarrollo regional, leyes multiculturales del estado y híbitat urbano son algunos de los nuevos contextos que los antropólogos pueden tomar en cuenta para situar y entender la dinámica cultural.
Brazilian Mulatice: Performing Race, Gender, and the Nation
Authors: Pravaz Natasha
Published: September 2010

Este artigo analisa a figura da mulata no imaginario brasileiro situando‐a no contexto do mito da mesticagem e procura estudar a relaçāo complexa que as mulheres cariocas tên com este ideal social. As experiências de mulheres no mundo do samba demonstram que a performance da mulatice demanda trabalho corporal e discursive De fato, a identidade da mulata não se opõe ´ de categorias como "branca" ou "negra", pois o conceito de raca no Brasil é tanto bipolar como contínuo. Por exemplo, mulheres que se auto‐definem como negras ao mesmo tempo utilizam o mito da mestiçagem para ganhar acesso ´ remuneração econômica e reconhecimento social. Isto é possível através da mulatice e de usos estratégicos da cultura afro‐brasileira, dancando o samba em boates e desfiles de carnaval. O uso da "hibridaçño estratégica" permite que jovens mulheres sejam alguem" num país que oferece escassas oportunidades aos afro‐descendentes.
Changing Constructions of Sexuality and Risk: Migrant Mexican Women Farmworkers in California
Authors: Castañeda Xóchitl , Zavella Patricia
Published: September 2010

Este artículo examina las contradicciones existentes entre poder, cuerpo femenino y la sexualidad marcada racialmente y definida por cuestiones de género, en comunidades rurales de California predominantemente mexicanas. Después de migrar, las trabajadoras agríolas mexicanas enfrentan una serie de "riesgos políticos y económicos" queestán vinculados con inequidades sociales dentro del proceso migratorio. Basadas en métodos de observación participativa, grupos focales y entrevistas en profundidad, analizamos como los discursos hegemónicos se inscriben o "dibujan" en los cuerpos de estas mujeres y cómo ellas desarrollan mecanismos de sobrevivencia para enfrentarlos. En este escenario, las mujeres reajustan sus cuerpos transgrediendo normas sociales establecidas, enfrentando discursos hegemónicos y explorando su propia poética del deseo.
Suspension of Deportation Hearings and Measures of "Americanness"
Authors: Coutin Susan Bibler
Published: September 2010

Una forma de identificar las características que, según las autoridades y la ley, el ciudadano ideal debe de tener es estudiar casos de inmigración en corte. Por medio de observar la preparatión de tales casos, entrevistar a abogados y solicitantes, y asistir a audiencias en la corte federal de inmigración en Los Angeles, se analiza estas características. La investigatión se enfoca en los casos conocidos como "suspensión de deportatión". Para ganar, el solicitante tiene que haber vivido en los Estados Unidos por siete años, mostrar buen caracter moral y probar que deportation causarfa un dafio extremo al aplicante o a un pariente del aplicante. El anãlisis indica que, aunque no se menciona la raza ni la etnicidad del solicitante, las características preferidas se basan en la cultura anglosajóna, lo cual promueve un modelo anglosajón del cuidadano ideal. Por eso, aún cuando se ganan los casos, la ley impone requisitos que perjudican a ciertos sectores de la población.
From Peasant Favors to Indigenous Rights The Articulation of an Indigenous Identity and Land Struggle in Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Schwittay Anke Fleur
Published: September 2010

A travel de la comparacion de dos movilizaciones por la tierra realizadas por un grupo de indigenas Kollas del Noroeste Argentino (la primera en 1946 y la segunda en 1993), este articulo explora las formas cambiantes que estas luchas han asumido en los ultimos 50 anos. La investigacion del papel que las memorias de la marcha de 1946 jugaron durante la mobilizacion de 1993 es seguida por una comparacion del lenguaje de las demandas de ambas marchas y los discursos en que estas han estado insertas. Estas demandas deben situarse en el contexto de eventos politicos y legales dentro y fuera de la Argentina. La articulacion de estos eventos con las micropoliticas locales de la lucha territorial de los Kollas es analizada etnogrdficamente a traves del cambiante significado social del término "Kolla" y de las experiencias vividas por aquellos que portan este nombre en el Noroeste Argentino. La identidad Kolla no es esencial o estrategica, sino un posicionamiento que es inherentemente inestable y que resulta de la articulacion de cambiantes fuerzas locales, nacionales e internacionales. Este articulo presta particular atencidn al papel que han jugado en estos procesos el gobierno argentino y sus instituciones indigenistas.
Re‐membering the Dis‐membered A Drama about Mapuche and Anthropological Cultural Production in Three Scenes (4th edition)
Authors: Briones Claudia
Published: September 2010

Este artículo procura hacer sentido de un lapso de veinte afios de trabajo de campo intermitente, buscando explorar en paralelo y de manera vinculada procesos de producción cultural y antropológica. Las descripciones etnográficas y las discusiones teóricas se organizan en torno a umbrales que—yendo de la ausencia al surgimiento y luego la consolidación del activismo cultural Mapuche‐permiten dar cuenta de procesos de organización política sin precedentes, procesos que afectaron tanto la vida de mis interlocutores como mis "intereses académicos". Así, al trazar"la recuperación" de una práctica ritual—el Wiñoy Xipantu o Año Nuevo Mapuche—intento no simplemente analizar diferentes entextualizaciones de "lo Mapuche" (la mía induida), sino fundamentalmente explorarlas en su devenir.
Aboriginal Recognition, Freedom, and Phantoms The Vanishing of the Ranquel and the Return of the Rankülche in La Pampa
Authors: Lazzari Axel
Published: September 2010

El resurgimiento del pueblo Rankülche en la provincia de La Pampa plantea problemas referidos a la continuidad de la identidad indígena de los miembros de este colectivo. En la actualidad los Rankülche parecen atrapados entre un pasado "denso" y un presente demasiado "tenue," como si la demanda de una identidad indígena en proceso de recuperación no fuese lo suficientemente potente para socavar la idea dominante de que dicha identidad corresponde a un pasado tribal hoy extinguido. En este artículo sostengo que el reconocimiento oficial de los Rankülche reproduce, en el nuevo marco de una identidad provincial pluralista y a travél de lenguajes de "retorno," patrones de invisibilización análogos a los que en el pasado determinaron el desvanecimiento de la identidad indígena de este grupo. Planteo que esta paradoja tambtén alcanza a las propias estrategias de auto‐representación de líderes Rankülche basadas en el lenguaje del "retorno" indígena. Discuto que dichas estrategias de auto‐representación, sin embargo, señalan prácticas intersticiales de libertad que intentan reapropiar con fines diferentes los modos oficiales de invisibilización pluralista. Estos problemas son investigados a partir del análisis del dispositivo de desvanecimiento del Ranquel, que se inicia a fines del siglo XIX, y del dispositivo de retorno de los Rankülche que aparece en los años noventa. Aunque uno viene después del otro creando una ilusión de progreso, mostrare" que las estrategias de invisibilización no están ausentes del dispositivo más reciente. En efecto, el objetivo de este análisis es detectar los residuos o "fantasmas" que minan la inscripción del Ranquel como identidad aborigen en proceso de desaparición y la reopresentación del Rankulche como entidad en vias de regreso. Analizo el funcionamiento de la estrategia de representación de la identidad Ranquel a travél de ejemplos extraídos de una teoría etnológica del pasado aborigen, un censo nacional y la ideología de criollización que fundamentó la organización de "colonias indígenas." De un modo paralelo, explico la operación del segundo dispositivo a travél de la lectura de un manifiesto político Rankülche y de un "Monumento a los Ranqueles" levantado recientemente por el gobierno provincial.

Palabras clave: reconocimiento aborigen, política de la identidad, prácticas de libertad, fantasmas, reemergencia Rankülche.
Maya Ethnogenesis
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: September 2010

Eran los mayas de Yucatán verdaderamente mayas? Con respeto a las identitades a las cuales pretendían y las que otros les daban, los mayas no eran mayas. Este artículo examina fuentes coloniales que demuestran que los habitantes indígenas de la península no se llamaban a si mismos “maya” ni utilizaban ningún otro término étnico para identificarse como parte de un grupo étnico común. Este artículo explora el género de identitad maya durante los siglos coloniales, utilizando principalmente fuentes en lengua maya yucateca. El artículo analiza tres circunstancias que afectaron ésta “etnogénesis maya”—los conceptos de raza impuestos por los españoles durante la colonia, la Guerra de Castas en el siglo XIX, y la etnopolítica del siglo XX, enfatizando el efecto gradual, sutil o indirecto de cada uno de éstos contextos.
Of Friends and Foes: The Caste War and Ethnicity in Yucatan
Authors: Gabbert Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

Todas las situaciones coloniales y postcoloniales crean sistemas de dominación basadas en el antagonismo entre colonizadores y colonizados. En consecuencia se ha generalmente interpretado a las rebeliones rurales en las sociedades latinoamericanas durant la época colonial y en el siglo XIX como guerras étnicas o raciales en contra de la dominación de los conquistadores españoles y de sus descendientes. Esto ha sido también el caso con la Guerra de Castas de Yucatán (1847–1901) que fue las más importante de numerosas rebeliones que estremecieron las áreas rurales de México durante el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, un análisis cuidadoso de la videncia pone en duda tal interpretación. Mientras las élites hispano‐hablantes presentaron a este levantamiento como un conflicto racial los rebeldes lo consideraron como un asunto de las clases bajas visto que indígenas lucharon en ambos bandos. Ni los colonizadores ni los colonizados representaron comunidades homogéneas o solidarias. Por esto para entender mejor los conflictos sociales en sociedades coloniales y postcoloniales es de suma importancia no confundir categorias étnicas (o raciales) y comunidades étnicas. Además, partiendo del análisis del sistema de desigualdad social en el Yucatán del siglo XIX el artículo muestra que diferentes concepciones de diferenciación social pueden co xistir en una sociedad.
Agricultural Hybridity and the “Pathology” of Traditional Ways: The Translation of Desire and Need in Postcolonial Development
Authors: Shepherd Chris J.
Published: September 2010

Este trabajo conecta el análisis de traducción en la Téoria de Red de Actores de la Sociología de la Ciencia con la Antropología del Desarrollo, a in de considerar el pro ceso por el cual los proyectos de desarrollo efectúan cambios en el conocimiento y la práctica de la agricultura andina. El enfoque de la traducción es en los deseos y necesidades de los campesinos andinos cuando estos se comprometen con organiza ciones de desarrollo agrícola no gubernamentales que tratan de difundir las tecnologías de la agricultura cientíica. Recurriendo a datos etnográicos obtenidos en los Andes del sur del Perú, este trabajo sigue las construcciones del deseo y la necesidad que hacen el desarrollo tan plausible cuanto problemático, dadas las diferencias entre el saber del personal de proyectos de desarrollo y el saber local. Se concluye que en los casos en que estas diferencias convergen en nuevos amalgamas de conocimiento del desarrollo y prácticas locales, los híbridos emergentes deben ser tanto historicizados como politiza dos, en vez de ser simplemente interpretados como mezclas sincrónicas de prácticas culturales.
A Cultural Politics of Entrepreneurship in Nation‐Making: Phoenicians, Turks, and the Arab Commercial Essence in Brazil
Authors: Karam John Tofik
Published: September 2010

Mapeando os fluxos de ideologias e imigrantes que partiram do oriente médio para o Brasil, este artigo pretende explorar como a ideia de fenícia nos nacionalismos sírio e libanês foi reformulada pelos sírio‐libaneses no Brasil. Argumenta‐se que eles alegaram possuir origens fenícias para poder bancar a posição de empreendedores na nação brasileira. Meu objetivo é traçar como se deu essa estratégia em duas épocas do Brasil no século XX: primeiro, o paradigma de agricultura que durou até os anos vinte, e, segundo, o ideal de “o gigante industrial despertando.” Argumenta‐se que as auto‐ declarações empreendedoras feitas pelos árabes à nação brasileira foram marginalizadas no começo do século XX mas ganharam um respeito equivocado na segundo guerra mundial. Demonstra‐se que essa posição posterior limitou‐se à suposta aptidão nata comercial dos árabes, conirmada por sua auto‐gloriicação como herdeiros do mercan tilismo fenício. Situando tal dinamica no debate sobre o empreendedorismo étnico, este artigo visa exprimir a política cultural de empreendedorismo na formação da nação.
Santeria in Cuban National Consciousness: A Religious Case of the Doble Moral
Authors: Wirtz Kristina
Published: September 2010

Este ensayo describe como en la Cuba contemporánea, la religión llamada Santería, ha sido constituida como resultado de la interacción de multiples conceptos, como una práctica sacra, una forma del folklore, o una superstición. Estas interpretaciones opues tas surgen de distintas posiciones metaculturales o evaluaciones que se basan en concep tos distintos de la cubanidad y que corresponden a diferentes opiniones sobre el papel de las expresiones de la cultura afrocubana, en la historia de Cuba. Por ejemplo, el folk lore apoyado por el Estado, ha introducido la Santería en la conciencia histórica nacional, como parte de una herencia afrocubana y ha abierto oportunidades interna cionales al santurismo. No obstante, muchos cubanos guardan actitudes de desconianza hacia la religión afrocubana que tiene una larga historia de criminalización, y ha sido considerada por algunos como contraria al progreso social moderno. Examino aquí, como los practicantes de la Santería, llamados santeros, se han encontrado en varias encrucijadas producidas por un lado por las presiones de las interpretaciones seculares de la religión, y por otra parte, por las propias movilizaciones de las distintas posiciones metaculturales hacia su religión.
The Rabinal Achi: A Mayan Drama of War and Sacrifice
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: September 2010

The Rabinal Achi:A Mayan Drama of War and Sacrifice. Dennis Tedlock, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 361 pp.
Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America
Authors: O'Connor Erin
Published: September 2010

Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America. Kimberly Gauderman, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003. 177 pp.
All Religions Are Good in Tzintzuntzan: Evangelicals in Catholic Mexico
Authors: Navarro Carlos Garma
Published: September 2010

All Religions Are Good in Tzintzuntzan: Evangelicals in Catholic Mexico. Peter Cahn, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003. 197 pp.
El Alto, La Vorágine de Una Ciudad Única
Authors: Albó Xavier
Published: September 2010

An historical overview of the quickly developing city of El Alto is followed by an analysis of the many contradictions within this principally Aymara city that forms part of the greater metropolitan area of La Paz, Bolivia. A particular focus on neighbourhood organizations, youth culture, and political organizing demonstrates the unique characteristics and unusual potential of what has become the fastest growing city in Latin America. Its significance is further underlined by its role in the October 2003 demonstrations that led to the fall of the Sanchez de Lozada government. The article concludes with a general discussion of these massive uprisings and their significance for both El Alto and Bolivia.
Spectacles of Autonomy and Crisis: Or, What Bulls and Beauty Queens have to do with Regionalism in Eastern Bolivia
Authors: Gustafson Bret
Published: September 2010

La caída del neoliberalismo en Bolivia abre espacios tanto para los movimientos sociales progresivos e indígenas como para los nuevos proyectos elitistas. Este artículo examina una expresión del "nuevo urbanismo" en la ciudad y región oriental de Santa Cruz donde un movimiento elitista y "cívico" propone la "autonomía" como respuesta al creciente poder indígena‐popular y nacionalista. Este nuevo urbanismo se expresa mediante una gama de espectáculos culturales—desde carnaval hasta formas de violencia privada—y responde a una crisis del poder social, político y económico de la elite tradicional. El espectáculo es una táctica para la visualización del poder en el contexto de incertidumbre territorial e institucional y la perdida, frente a la democracia popular, de espacios de control sobre el aparato estatal por parte de la elite regional. Utilizando la imagen del migrante andino o "kolla" como símbolo de la amenaza del estado central, esta táctica de visualización del poder en el caso de Santa Cruz se vuelca hacia la racialización del espacio público y de los derechos a su ocupación, y a la defensa de jerarquías, símbolos e instituciones sociales en decadencia. Como el espectáculo no resuelve las fracturas provocadas por la crisis de poder, ni silencia a los desafíos a la hegemonía cruceña, el regionalismo de elite depende también del uso selectivo de la violencia privada y pública. El artículo intenta trascender enfoques etnográficos locales para visualizar nueva articulaciones trans‐locales mediante las cuales el presente y futuro del estado boliviano es actualmente re‐imaginado y disputado.
Creative Violence: How Marginal People Make News in Bolivia
Authors: Goldstein Daniel M. , Castro Fatimah Williams
Published: September 2010

Este artículo considera las maneras en que los bolivianos marginalizados e indígenas utilizan la violencia del linchamiento como táctica de auto‐representación en el dominio público de los medios de comunicación. En un contexto de exclusión social, además caracterizado por un miedo profundo frente el crimen, algunos grupos de vecinos urbanos manifiestan esta violencia para ganar publicidad por sus condiciones de vivencia; para escaramentar a los ladrones, cosa que no regresen a sus comunidades; y para comunicarse con las autoridades para obtener ayuda en su lucha contra la delincuencia. Actores claves en este escenario son los medios de comunicación escrito y oral, que típicamente ignoran a los problemas de los "barrios marginales," pero que en los años recientes han hecho muchos y muy agresivos reportajes al fenómeno de los linchamientos. Los linchadores explotan creativamente esta cobertura para adelantar su propia agenda, utilizando la violencia para publicar sus problemas locales y para dramatizar su vulnerabilidad dentro de la imaginación pública.
Child sexual abuse: the perception of mothers concerning their daughters' sexual abuse
Authors: Carvalho Quitéria Clarice Magalhães , Galvão Marli Teresinha Gimeniz , Cardoso Maria Vera Lúcia Moreira Leitão
Published: September 2010

Domestic violence affects all members in a family and children are considered the main victims. This qualitative study aimed to grasp the perception of mothers whose daughters were sexually abused. Data were collected between February and March 2007 in a governmental facility in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil through semi-structured interviews with ten mothers of sexually abused children. Data were submitted to the Collective Subject Discourse Technique from which three themes emerged: Guilt is rooted in the motherhood myth, unhealable pain and despair as a consequence of a feeling of powerlessness. Results evidenced that mothers experience a range of feelings in which pain, revulsion and powerlessness are highlighted. Society should be engaged in the subject and interested in understanding violence, its magnitude and the whole affected chain, otherwise, only good intentions will remain, lost in the void from the lack of action.
Accuracy of simple urine tests for diagnosis of urinary tract infections in low-risk pregnant women
Authors: Feitosa Danielle Cristina Alves , Silva Márcia Guimarães da , Parada Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima
Published: September 2010

Anatomic and physiological alterations during pregnancy predispose pregnant women to urinary tract infections (UTI). This study aimed to identify the accuracy of the simple urine test for UTI diagnosis in low-risk pregnant women. Diagnostic test performance was conducted in Botucatu, SP, involving 230 pregnant women, between 2006 and 2008. Results showed 10% UTI prevalence. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the simple urine test were 95.6%, 63.3% and 66.5%, respectively, in relation to UTI diagnoses. The analysis of positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values showed that, when a regular simple urine test was performed, the chance of UTI occurrence was small (NPV 99.2%). In view of an altered result for such a test, the possibility of UTI existence was small (PPV 22.4%). It was concluded that the accuracy of the simple urine test as a diagnostic means for UTI was low, and that performing a urine culture is essential for appropriate diagnosis.
Work objective in emergency wards: professionals' conceptions
Authors: Garlet Estela Regina , Lima Maria Alice Dias da Silva , Santos José Luís Guedes dos , Marques Giselda Quintana
Published: September 2010

This qualitative case study aimed to analyze how health team professionals perceive the work objective in one emergency unit. The place of study was a hospital emergency ward in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data collection was conducted through observation and semi-structured interview. The results disclose the divergence between the health needs that make users seek health care in the emergency ward; and the work objective at that ward as highlighted by the professionals. The work team shows dissatisfaction due to the excessive search for care that cannot be classified as emergency, highlighting the number of attendances as a justification for resistance to perform the work and lack of commitment in care production.
Cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument "Family Needs Questionnaire"
Authors: Hora Edilene Curvelo , Sousa Regina Márcia Cardoso de
Published: September 2010

This is a quantitative methodological development study on the cross-cultural adaptation of the "Family Needs Questionnaire" (FNQ), which is a structured instrument developed in the United States to measure the perceived needs of family members after the Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) of a relative. This instrument aims to identify important needs presented by family members, whether met or not. The FNQ translation and adaptation followed a particular method, which permitted to achieve semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence of the instrument version labeled in Portuguese as "Questionário de Necessidades da Família". The results of the questionnaire application to 161 family members showed that the instrument content is valid to measure the needs of families of patients with TBI in the Brazilian context.
Characterizing Weed Populations in Different Turfgrass Sites throughout the Klang Valley of Western Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Uddin Md. Kamal , Juraimi Abdul Shukor , Ismail Mohd Razi , Brosnan James T.
Published: September 2010

A field survey was conducted in 2007 to characterize weed populations in different turfgrass sites throughout the Klang Valley of western Peninsular Malaysia. Sites included golf course putting greens, athletic fields, sod farms, and residential lawns. Weeds present in each site were identified and the data were used to calculate frequency, distribution uniformity, density, relative abundance, and community coefficient values for each species. Seventy-nine weed species, belonging to 16 families, were found. The most species were found on residential lawns, and the fewest were found on golf course putting greens; athletic fields and sod farms ranked intermediately. A total of 19 different weed species were classified as major (relative abundance ≥ 15), and abundance rankings varied by turfgrass area. Greater kyllinga had the highest relative abundance values on athletic fields (45.5) and golf course putting greens (71.5), and the second highest value (21.7) on residential lawns. Forked fringerush and annual sedge had the greatest relative abundance values on residential lawns and sod farms, respectively. Cogongrass was reported on 15% of the residential lawns evaluated. The heterogeneity of weed species composition suggests that control strategies will vary by turfgrass use area. Quantifying weed population dynamics will help researchers delineate integrated weed management strategies to turfgrass managers in Malaysia.
Evaluation of Bioherbicidal Control of Tropical Signalgrass, Crabgrass, Smutgrass, and Torpedograss
Authors: Shabana Yasser M. , Stiles Carol M. , Charudattan R. , Abou Tabl Ayman H.
Published: September 2010

Tropical signalgrass (TSG) causes serious problems for sod production and turf maintenance in Florida. Other grasses such as large crabgrass (CG), smutgrass (SG), thin paspalum (TP), and torpedograss (TG) can be problematic as well. Several emulsion formulations composed of mycelium or mycelium-free culture filtrate (or both) of the fungal pathogen Drechslera gigantea (DG) and Sunspray 6E oil were tested with or without ammonium sulfate or pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid; a natural product registered as a biorational herbicide) in greenhouse and field trials. A 30% Sunspray 6E oil formulation containing DG mycelium (10 g), DG culture filtrate (70 ml), and 4.5 g of ammonium sulfate caused 88 to 100% injury on TSG, CG, SG, and TG in greenhouse trials. The injury resulted from disease as well as phytotoxicity of the culture filtrate, oil, and ammonium sulfate. An emulsion formulation composed of 30% Sunspray 6E oil and 70% DG culture filtrate amended with 2% (v/v) pelargonic acid killed SG 2 wk after application. DG formulations containing ammonium sulfate or pelargonic acid produced lower levels of injury when treated grasses were exposed to a 24-h dew period compared with those treated and not exposed to dew. Formulations containing DG mycelium, DG culture filtrate, and ammonium sulfate or pelargonic acid are effective and promising for control of weedy grasses. Further evaluations of these formulations under field conditions are justified.
Effect of Postemergence Mesotrione Application Timing on Grain Sorghum
Authors: Abit M. Joy M. , Al-Khatib Kassim , Currie Randall S. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Geier Patrick W. , Gordon Barney W. , Olson Brian L. S. , Claassen Mark M. , Regehr David L.
Published: September 2010

Field experiments were conducted at Belleville, Colby, Hays, Hesston, Garden City, and Manhattan, KS, to determine grain sorghum response to POST application of mesotrione at three application timings. Mesotrione was applied at 52, 105, 157, and 210 g ai/ha in combination with 280 g ai/ha atrazine to grain sorghum at heights of 5 to 8, 15 to 20, and 30 cm, which correspond to early POST (EPOST), mid-POST (MPOST), and late POST (LPOST), respectively. All mesotrione rates caused injury at all application timings. Overall, grain sorghum injury from mesotrione was greatest at 1 wk after treatment (WAT); plants partially recovered from injury by 4 WAT. Mesotrione applied EPOST injured grain sorghum more than when applied at MPOST and LPOST timings. The EPOST application injured grain sorghum 19 to 88%, whereas injury from MPOST and LPOST application was 1 to 66% and 0 to 69%, respectively, depending on rate. Mesotrione injury was least at Belleville and most at the Hesston and Garden City (irrigated) sites regardless of growth stage. Correlation coefficient analyses indicated that observed mesotrione injury symptoms were not well correlated with grain sorghum yield; thus, mesotrione injury to grain sorghum did not influence grain yield. However, initial grain sorghum injury was severe, and this will likely be a major concern to producers.
A Historical Perspective of Pathogen Biological Control of Aquatic Plants
Authors: Shearer Judy F.
Published: September 2010

Pathogens were not seriously considered as biological control agents for aquatic plants in the United States until the Chesapeake Bay Eurasian watermilfoil decline occurred in the 1960s. The decline and suggestion that it was induced by pathogens spawned interest in the use of pathogens as biological control agents for nuisance aquatic species. In the years that followed, emphasis was placed on finding pathogen agents for some of the most problematic aquatic weeds, including waterhyacinth, Eurasian watermilfoil, and hydrilla. The scientist that has contributed the most to our knowledge of pathogen biological control in aquatic plants has been Dr. Raghavan Charudattan (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL). For the past 40 yr, he has authored or coauthored more than 50 manuscripts devoted to the subject in peer-reviewed journals, books, and proceedings.
A Complex Coacervate Formulation for Delivery of Colletotrichum truncatum 00-003B1
Authors: Hynes Russell K. , Chumala Paulos B. , Hupka Daniel , Peng Gary
Published: September 2010

A complex coacervate formulation was developed for Colletotrichum truncatum 00-003B1 (Ct), a bioherbicidal fungus against scentless chamomile, and tested in the greenhouse. A two-step process was developed to formulate Ct conidia: (1) invert emulsion preparation—emulsify an aqueous suspension of Ct conidia in nonrefined vegetable oil with the aid of a surfactant, and (2) encapsulate the Ct conidia invert emulsion by complex coacervation. Formulation ingredients, including nonrefined vegetable oils, surfactants, proteins, and carbohydrates, and formulation-processing parameters, including mixing speed and the amount of oil added to invert emulsions, were examined for maximum retention of Ct conidia in the formulation. Most formulation ingredients considered and tested in this study were compatible with Ct, with no significant reduction in conidial germination and mycelial growth. The surfactant soya lecithin promoted the greatest retention of Ct conidia (88%) in the invert emulsion, followed by sorbitan monooleate (82%), glycerol monooleate (70%), and sorbitan trioleate (55%). Optimal retention of Ct conidia in the invert emulsion was observed with a water : oil ratio of 1 : 1.8 to 1 : 3.7, and an overhead paddle stirring speed of 300 rpm when preparing the emulsion. Complex coacervate wall ingredients of 1% gelatin and 2% gum arabic were most effective for Ct conidia retention. In greenhouse studies, scentless chamomile disease rating, following a 24-h dew period, was higher on plants sprayed with the Ct conidia complex coacervate formulation than on plants with Ct conidia suspended in 0.1% Tween 80.
Herbicide Combinations for Control of Volunteer Potato
Authors: Koepke-Hill Rebecca M. , Armel Gregory R. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E. , Vargas Javier J.
Published: September 2010

Field studies were conducted to determine if POST applications of the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors mesotrione (105 g ai/ha), topramezone (18 g ai/ha), and tembotrione (92 g ai/ha) applied alone and in mixtures with the photosystem-II (PSII) inhibitors atrazine (560 g ai/ha), bentazon (560 g ai/ha), or bromoxynil (280 g ai/ha) would control volunteer potato. Mesotrione alone controlled potato 62%, but topramezone and tembotrione only provided 10 to 22% control by 6 wk after treatment (WAT). All PSII inhibitors applied alone provided less than 36% control of potato. Overall, mixtures of PSII inhibitors plus mesotrione improved initial potato control by 2 WAT; however, by 6 WAT, few differences were observed between mesotrione applied alone or in mixtures with PSII inhibitors. PSII inhibitors did not always improve activity of topramezone or tembotrione on potato, and in some instances appeared to antagonize control. HPPD inhibitors applied alone or in combinations with PSII inhibitors reduced potato yields in comparison to the untreated check.
Interactive Effects of Soil pH, Halosulfuron Rate, and Application Method on Carryover to Turnip Green and Cabbage
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Grey Timothy L. , Kissel David
Published: September 2010

Field studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the tolerance of autumn-planted cabbage and turnip green to halosulfuron applied the previous spring to cantaloupe. Main plots were three levels of soil pH: maintained at a natural pH level, pH raised with Ca(OH)2, and pH lowered with Al2(SO4)3. Subplots were a factorial arrangement of two halosulfuron application methods and three halosulfuron rates. Halosulfuron application methods were PPI or POST after transplanting to the edges of mulch-covered seedbeds. Halosulfuron rates were 35 and 70 g ai/ha, along with a nontreated control. Cantaloupe were transplanted, maintained weed-free, and evaluated for yield response. After cantaloupe harvest, direct-seeded turnip green and transplanted cabbage were established in September of each year and evaluated for crop tolerance and yield. Data indicated nonsignificant main effects of soil pH and halosulfuron application method on cantaloupe yield. However, in 2007 cantaloupe yields were significantly reduced, by 16 and 20% for halosulfuron applied at 35 and 70 g/ha, respectively. For all turnip green and cabbage response parameters, interactions were nonsignificant between application method and rate, soil pH and rate, and soil pH and application method, along with the three-way interaction. After 6 mo, there was no evidence of stunting from halosulfuron carryover in 2006 to direct-seeded turnip green and in both years to transplanted cabbage. Visual estimates of stunting to direct-seeded turnip green ranged from 9 to 16% for halosulfuron at 35 and 70 g/ha, respectively, in 2007, but all stunting was transient and turnip green yield was not affected.
Applying species–energy theory to conservation: a case study for North American birds
Authors: Phillips Linda Bowers , Hansen Andrew J. , Flather Curtis H. , Robison-Cox Jim
Published: September 2010

Ecosystem energy is now recognized as a primary correlate and potential driver of global patterns of species richness. The increasingly well‐tested species–energy relationship is now ripe for application to conservation, and recent advances in satellite technology make this more feasible. While the correlates for the species–energy relationship have been addressed many times previously, this study is among the first to apply species–energy theory to conservation. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the strongest model of bird richness across North America; (2) determine whether the slope of the best species–energy model varied with varying energy levels; and (3) identify the spatial patterns with similar or dissimilar slopes to draw inference for conservation. Model selection techniques were used to evaluate relationships between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measures of ecosystem energy and species richness of native land birds using the USGS Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Linear, polynomial, and break point regression techniques were used to evaluate the shape of the relationships with correction for spatial autocorrelation. Spatial analyses were used to determine regions where slopes of the relationship differed. We found that annual gross primary production (GPP) was the strongest correlate of richness (adjusted R2 = 0.55), with a quadratic model being the strongest model. The negative slope of the model was confirmed significantly negative at the highest energy levels. This finding demonstrates that there are three different slopes to the species–energy relationship across the energy gradient of North America: positive, flat, and negative. If energy has a causal relationship with richness, then species–energy theory implies that energy causes richness to increase in low‐energy areas, energy has little effect in intermediate‐energy areas, and energy depresses richness in the highest‐energy areas. This information provides a basis for potential applications for more effective conservation. For example, in low‐energy areas, increased nutrients could improve vegetation productivity and increase species richness. In high‐energy areas where competitive dominance of vegetation might reduce species richness, vegetation manipulation could increase species richness. These strategies will likely be most effective if tailored to the local energy gradient.
Responses of stream macroinvertebrates to Bt maize leaf detritus
Authors: Chambers Catherine P. , Whiles Matt R. , Rosi-Marshall Emma J. , Tank Jennifer L. , Royer Todd V. , Griffiths Natalie A. , Evans-White Michelle A. , Stojak Amber R.
Published: September 2010

In the midwestern United States, maize detritus enters streams draining agricultural land. Genetically modified Bt maize is commonly planted along streams and can possibly affect benthic macroinvertebrates, specifically members of the order Trichoptera, which are closely related to target species of some Bt toxins and are important detritivores in streams. The significance of inputs of Bt maize to aquatic systems has only recently been recognized, and assessments of potential nontarget impacts on aquatic organisms are lacking. We conducted laboratory feeding trials and found that the leaf‐shredding trichopteran, Lepidostoma liba, grew significantly slower when fed Bt maize compared to non‐Bt maize, while other invertebrate taxa that we examined showed no negative effects. We also used field studies to assess the influence of Bt maize detritus on benthic macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, biomass, and functional structure in situ in 12 streams adjacent to Bt maize or non‐Bt maize fields. We found no significant differences in total abundance or biomass between Bt and non‐Bt streams, and trichopterans comprised only a small percentage of invertebrate biomass at all sites (0–15%). Shannon diversity did not differ among Bt and non‐Bt streams and was always low (H′ range = 0.9–1.9). Highly tolerant taxa, such as oligochaetes and chironomids, were dominant in both Bt and non‐Bt streams, and macroinvertebrate community composition was relatively constant across seasons. We used litterbags to examine macroinvertebrate colonization of Bt and non‐Bt maize detritus and found no significant differences among litter or stream types. Our in situ findings did not support our laboratory results; this is likely because the streams we studied in this region are highly degraded and subject to multiple, persistent anthropogenic stressors (e.g., channelization, altered flow, nutrient and pesticide inputs). Invertebrate communities in these streams are a product of these degraded conditions, and thus the impact of a single stressor, such as Bt toxins, may not be readily discernable. Our results add to growing evidence that Bt toxins can have sublethal effects on nontarget aquatic taxa, but this evidence should be considered in the context of other anthropogenic impacts and alternative methods of pest control influencing streams draining agricultural regions.