bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineral Aggregates for Railroad Ballast
Authors: Goldbeck A. T.
Published: July 2009

The history of the use of railroad ballast is traced in skeleton form, primarily to indicate the reasons for the development of ballast as used today. The functions served by ballast in spreading the load, in decreasing impact stresses, and in draining water away from under the ties are described. Also, the destructive forces, both those of nature and those incident to the use of ballast, are discussed, for these must be resisted and they influence the minimum quality of aggregates which are suitable for use under the track. Efforts made to correlate ballast behavior with laboratory tests are cited and, finally, the essential features of the present American Railway Engineering Association specifications for ballast are given to show the trend in the thinking of engineers regarding the qualities necessary for suitable ballasts.
Tires and Their Place in Automotive Transportation
Authors: Smith K. D.
Published: July 2009

It seems to be difficult and at least very impractical to attempt to discuss tires as a material without connecting the functions of those materials, which make up tires and tubes, with the road and the automobile on which they are used. Hence, in the following comments it will be necessary to consider tires not independently but more as a component part of an automobile. However, they must be accepted as a very important accessory, because without pneumatic tires it is doubtful if the automobile could have reached its present stage of development. We are all, from first-hand knowledge, familiar with the changes that have been made—starting with the original solid buggy tires and then to pneumatic fabric tires of single tube construction. The first fabric clincher type tires in the 36 by 4-in. size were made in 1896 by the B. F. Goodrich Co. for the Winton Co. Then followed a noteworthy development with the introduction of the straight-side bead tires. These were made with non-extensible beads and were much easier to apply to the rims, and they also eliminated many of the disadvantages of the clincher tires. About 1914 we came to another development in the use of cord to replace square woven fabric for the body of the tire. This gave more resilience—cutting down the power loss—and brought about a considerable improvement in service by making the carcass more resistant to bruising.
Lime Investigations—An Introduction to the Symposium on Lime
Authors: Withrow James R.
Published: July 2009

At the very start, I wish to acknowledge with appreciation the work of the authors—all of them busy men—in the preparation of the various papers, representing as they do outstanding contributions to this Symposium on Lime. Thanks are also due to the headquarters staff for helpful assistance. Without the cooperation of these various individuals, this symposium would not have been possible. Appreciation is also recorded of the work of Mr. J. C. Pearson of the Society's Committee on Papers and Publications in the examination of manuscripts; and of the assistance of Dr. James O. Pence, Instructor of Chemical Engineering at Ohio State University, who maintained a voluminous correspondence concerning the symposium.
Prevention of After-Precipitation in Lime-Treated Industrial and Municipal Waters by Threshold Treatment
Authors: Rice Owen , Partridge Everett P. , Hall R. E.
Published: July 2009

This brief discussion presents an economical and convenient procedure for stabilizing supersaturation in dilute solutions of calcium salts. Its pertinence to this symposium resides in the means it offers for preventing after-precipitation of calcium carbonate, which so often is a deterrent to or a perennial source of trouble in the use of lime in water treatment. The procedure is termed threshold treatment, because it does not involve, even distantly, any stoichiometric, relationships. Simple of application, its uses are manifold. A few of these will be described.
Criteria for the Evaluation of Agricultural Ground Limestone
Authors: Salter R. M. , Schollenberger C. J.
Published: July 2009

The functions and importance of calcium and magnesium supplied to the soil by liming have been discussed in detail by Fippin (10). We shall merely summarize this phase of the subject by saying that liming increases the efficiency of utilization of the available water and fertility of the soil by correcting some factors unfavorable to plant growth, making possible more economical crop production and tending to conserve the soil. Only the basic calcium and magnesium compounds—the oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates (and possibly certain silicates, such as blast furnace slag)—are to be included under the term “liming materials.” Ground burned lime was formerly in favor, but is no longer of much importance in agriculture. Hydrated lime is still used to a considerable extent where a concentrated and very quickly active lime is desired. Its extreme fineness and bulk make it easy to spread at light rates, and the temporarily very high pH value resulting from heavy applications may have a sterilizing effect, not shown by ground limestone, against certain plant diseases. The total neutralizing power (T.N.P.) of hydrate and other liming materials, expressed as the equivalent percentage of calcium carbonate (C.C.E.), should always be specified rather than the contents of total oxides only, as is sometimes done, as the latter permits no comparison of value without calculation. Ground limestone, the cheapest and usually the most economical agricultural lime, is offered in several grades, both dolomitic and high-calcium, at prices naturally increasing with the expense of finer grinding and of drying necessary for this operation, and of marketing in bags. Meal and agricultural ground limestone can be produced from undried rock, shipped in open cars, and piled in the field—factors conducive to low cost per ton spread. But for quick effects, these grades must be applied at a heavier rate which may be less profitable than a lighter application of a higher grade liming material. High-magnesium limestone is known to be less rapidly active in the soil, but is usually of higher potential activity as indicated by the total neutralizing power, and some soils, chiefly in the eastern seaboard states, are in great need of the element, magnesium. It is generally accepted that for equal effects a dolomite should be more finely ground than a high-calcium limestone, but little has been published on which to base an opinion as to the optimum fineness under a particular set of circumstances.
Lime Characteristics and Their Effect on Construction
Authors: Voss Walter C.
Published: July 2009

Classifications of Lime: Limes may basically be classified on their variances in: (a) chemical composition, and (b) commercial state for use. The Society's specifications provide the following classifications for lime composition: High-calcium limes result from the burning of calcite (CaCO3), and dolomitic or magnesian limes result from the burning of magnesian limestone (x CaCO3 · y MgCO3). In the presence of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and the oxide of iron (Fe2O3), variations in temperature produce some variations in behavior. High-magnesian limes should not be subjected to temperatures above 1600 F., while high-calcium limes should be burned at temperatures below 2100 F. Excessive temperatures tend toward “dead-burning” which seriously affects the structural properties of the product. It may be said that variations in composition and temperature of burning do exist and that these may affect the properties of the product. Limes which meet the above A.S.T.M. specifications, however, will in general produce a uniform, desirable product. The commercial state of the lime may be as a quicklime or as a hydrate. Quicklimes are furnished as lump lime, pebble lime, and powder.
Purchasing of Petroleum Oils by the General Electric Co.
Authors: Dantsizen Christian
Published: July 2009

Oils purchased by the General Electric Co. are divided into the following three groups: Group 1.—Lubricating oils used on equipment in General Electric factories. These oils cover a range from general purpose machine oils to special oils such as those used in company-operated steam turbines. Group 2.—Special oils used with equipment sold by the General Electric Co. such as electric refrigerators, transformers, cables, etc. Group 3.—Oils specified by brand-name by manufacturers of machine tools used by the General Electric Co. The following are the steps in the procedure used by the General Electric Co. in purchasing oils in groups 1 and 2: (a)—Laboratory tests on samples submitted by vendors are carried out to determine whether such samples pass certain specifications. (b)—Trial orders are placed to determine which of the oils passing laboratory tests perform satisfactorily in service. Those passing are given laboratory approval in group 1; engineering approval in group 2. (c)—Confidential lists of oil products approved under (b) are set up by the Purchasing Department. (d)—The Purchasing Department requests quotations from vendors of approved oils. (e)—After taking into consideration quotations, service data, and results of laboratory tests, orders are placed. It is to be noted that a specification under (a) is really a screening specification in that it screens out some oils from passing on to (b). Screening specifications are established through years of experience in using lubricants and in keeping up to date with new developments in the field of lubricants.
Airline Oil Procurement Practices
Authors: Hendren J. T.
Published: July 2009

History of the growth of airline oil procurement practices is given with principal events leading up to present conditions. The oil procurement procedures of a large airline are outlined in detail. The only conclusive methods for aviation oil evaluation at present are cumbersome and expensive, and the need for more valid laboratory tests upon which specifications could be based is noted.
Oil Procurement Practice in an Automobile Plant
Authors: McCloud J. L.
Published: July 2009

We buy on specifications, and have for about 30 years. The oils and greases so specified are used in plant operations and for use in cars and trucks. This includes both those initially manufactured and those in company service. In some instances routine physical tests alone constitute acceptance and in others the specification may be the first screen with final selection by some practical proof of ability to operate successfully. It was about 30 years ago that the Chemical Laboratory was given the assignment of writing specifications for materials, including those for oils and greases. The business of supplying materials, including oils, to large industries is of such magnitude that vendors are eager to assist in developing the most economic supply. In general, the detailed uses which large buyers, such as the automotive industry, make of the oils are well known to the large oil companies. Their cooperation has been in very large measure responsible for the success of this specification buying, since they have made it their business to know our wants and uses and have helped us and themselves.
General Survey of Welding Processes
Authors: Llewellyn F. T.
Published: July 2009

It is the purpose of the author to give a brief outline of welding processes as practised at the time of writing (January, 1931). Special attention is paid to the characteristics and interrelation of the newer processes as applied to steel. Description of the processes is supplemented by notes on the physical properties and fields of use of the welded product. Inspection and methods of testing are covered by other authors. Questions of cost and matters of patent are not discussed. The attempt to classify the processes and their uses from the standpoint of function is believed to be original with the author. In other respects the information presented is drawn from various sources, notably the publications of the American Welding Society.
Welding Processes Applicable to Aluminum
Authors: Dunlap W. M.
Published: July 2009

Welding, which has been defined as a localized consolidation of metal parts by means of heat, has been divided into a number of processes; the basis for nomenclature depending upon the condition of the metal surface during the welding process, source of heat, medium of pressure, and so forth. The fluid fusion weld in which heat is supplied by means of a gas torch or an electric arc is used very extensively in the aluminum industry. The torch weld made with oxy-hydrogen or oxy-acetylene is the best known and most widely used method of welding aluminum at the present time. The gas torch in the hands of an experienced aluminum welder is a very efficient tool. For welding material 1/8 in. or less in thickness oxy-hydrogen is recommended. Hydrogen is preferable to acetylene for welding light material, as the temperature is easier to control, the metal flows better, and a clean, sound weld is obtained. Aluminum and any of its alloys in either the wrought or cast condition can be torch welded. An oxy-acetylene flame is usually used for welding heavy gage sheet and plate. Either a neutral or slightly reducing flame should be used. The flame should not deposit carbon on the metal, and it must not be oxidizing. Very satisfactory welds have been obtained in aluminum with oxygen and natural gas, also oxygen and city gas.
Modern Applications of Arc Welding
Authors: Candy A. M.
Published: July 2009

Electric are welding has received great impetus during the past three or four years being extended rapidly in a large variety of applications in this country and abroad. While the use of arc welding is not fundamentally new, its use as a major tool in the fabrication of large machinery, large buildings and bridges is of very recent origin in the United States, and is almost in its infancy in England, Germany, France, Poland, Russia and other foreign countries. It is not the purpose of this paper, however, to deal with applications outside of the United States. Although the applications of are welding have been extended very rapidly the developments have actually been carried out along very conservative lines. These developments have been executed step by step taking the most simple applications first and then working into larger and more complicated structures. To reap the maximum economic benefits from the use of welding it is absolutely necessary for the designer to clear his mind of prejudices to previous details of designs. He must consider a given problem from a fundamental standpoint to be certain that he will develop the most simple structure which will fulfill the requirements. His design must involve as few individual pieces as possible so as to reduce the amount of welding to a minimum. To be more exact he must strike an economic balance between the cost of structural shapes and plate at 2 to 3 cents a pound against weld metal in place at $1.50 to $3.00 a pound. In other words the designer must not simply attempt exactly to replace a casting with so many pieces of steel, welded together, and duplicating the sections and sizes of the casting. Likewise the designer must not simply take an existing riveted design for a riveted structure and merely figure on the basis of replacing the rivets with their equivalent in weld metal properly disposed to carry the stresses. Either of these practices is capable of producing a structure which is perfectly safe and strong but the resulting product will usually cost as much as, if not more than the equivalent casting or riveted structure.
Gamma-Ray Testing of Welds
Authors: Doan G. E.
Published: July 2009

I desire to describe a method which may be considered as supplemental to the X-ray method, and in some instances an extension of it. The development of this method was carried out at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, under the direction of Mr. Robert Mehl, who invited me to come and work with him in the summer of 1929. Figure 1 illustrates the principle of the X-ray testing method with which everyone is familiar. An X-ray tube is connected with a high-voltage current supplied through a transformer and control devices. X-rays are generated in the tube. The object to be tested is placed in the path of those rays. A defect, inhomogeneity or flaw in the object permits X-rays to pass through it more intensely than through the sound, dense metal adjacent to the flaw. If a photographic film is placed behind the object being tested, a shadow of the flaw is registered on the film. With this X-ray method it is possible to test steel to a thickness of about 31/2 in., and a correspondingly thicker section of a metal of less density, for instance, aluminum. With thin sections and where it is possible to bring the sections to the X-ray equipment, excellent results are obtained. It is sometimes desirable, however, to test thicker sections for soundness, especially in the development of steel castings. If it were possible to use waves of shorter wave length than X-rays, (“wave length” in X-rays means the same thing as “wave length” in radio broadcasting) thicker sections could be penetrated in a reasonable length of time, and the photographic registration would be likewise effective. The idea of using a natural rare metal, radium, was conceived by Mr. Mehl, and support for these tests was given by the Naval Research Laboratory. It was possible with this method, to carry on to thicker sections of metal the work done by the X-ray, with certain limiting features and certain advantageous features as compared to the X-ray process.
Magnetic Methods of Testing Butt Welds
Authors: Watts T. R.
Published: July 2009

The need for a satisfactory non-destructive test for welds has been keenly felt ever since the introduction of welding, and the lack of such a test has required that our growing faith in welded structures be founded upon faith in the skill and integrity of well-trained men using trustworthy welding materials and equipment, and upon careful supervision and inspection, with periodic destructive tests of samples. The aim of the author has been to develop a non-destructive test method which would be commercially feasible for use in the average shop, by shop men, and sufficiently versatile that the same equipment might be used for a variety of products. The success thus far attained is limited to butt welds in steel, and in general to the detection of faults in such welds; but under the most favorable conditions an approximate measure of the strength of the joint is possible. The author's attention has not been entirely confined to magnetic methods, but after experimenting also with some suggested thermal, electrical, and aural methods, it was concluded that for butt welds, at least, the magnetic methods were most sensitive and practicable. The foundation of magnetic testing of welds is the fact that faults in welds increase their reluctance, and at flux densities from about 13,000 to 15,000 gausses-the differences between good and poor welds, of similar type and size, are very easily detected. Therefore magnetic weld testing equipment consists, essentially, of some means for producing a magnetic flux through the steel practically perpendicular to the welded seam, and some means of detecting the regions of abnormally high reluctance. The means of detection may be broadly classified as “magnetographs” (the iron-powder method), and instruments measuring magnetic potential-drop or leakage flux.
Dollars for Your Thoughts
Authors: Simon Leslie E.
Published: July 2009

Statistical methods offer a means for determining in an economic way (1) what quality of product one wants, (2) what product one should strive to get, and (3) how one can operationally verify with a chosen probability that the accepted product will meet the requirements of the one he chooses to try to get. By taking the thought necessary to achieve steps (1), (2}, and (3) both purchaser and vendor can be saved great expense.
Fatigue Characteristics of Magnesium Castings
Authors: Found George H.
Published: July 2009

The fatigue characteristics of cast magnesium, as determined both from laboratory tests and service experience, are discussed. These pertain to the relative importance of mechanical surface condition, design, surface and subsurface metallurgy, and residual stresses. Such factors as surface condition and design are shown to have so great an influence as to render fatigue data from polished test bars of limited quantitative use. Subsurface metallurgy and residual stresses, on the other hand, are factors which are of but minor importance in magnesium castings.
Magnetic Particle Inspection of Forgings
Authors: Boyle C. J.
Published: July 2009

Because most of the knowledge and information pertaining to magnetic particle inspection methods seemed to have been confined to small parts, and because of so many conflicting claims for various methods used, an investigation was made in an effort to determine some basic information regarding the different methods of magnetization—field intensity and sensitivity of powders and pastes—in connection with the inspection of large forgings. The investigation was confined to surface defects only, such as forging folds and laps, thermal cracks extending to the surface, and inclusions. Inclusions occurring within a few mils of the surface, if they are of sufficient size, can be detected with the same magnetizing values as surface defects. Several forgings of different sizes and known to contain thermal cracks were used for test. These forgings were thoroughly demagnetized between each series of tests. The result of each test was recorded by Scotch tape pictures, some of which are shown in the following illustrations. Figure 1 shows one of the partially-machined rotor forgings that was used as a test specimen. This rotor has a maximum diameter of 44 1/4 in. and is slightly over 8 ft. long. Figure 2 shows the Scotch tape record of thermal cracks found in the test forgings at different diameters.
Definition of pH and Extension of the Acidity Scale to Nonaqueous Systems
Authors: McKinney D. S. , Fugassi Paul , Warner J. C.
Published: July 2009

This paper is not concerned with the practical difficulties in making pH measurements, such as corrections for liquid junction potentials or the errors inherent in certain electrode systems, since these matters are to be considered in other papers on this symposium. The principal purpose of this paper is the consideration of a number of theoretical difficulties in the definition of the term which place a practical limit on the precision of the pH measurements or on the precision of calculations made from the measurement. The latter part of the paper will consider the even greater difficulty of correlating acidity measurements in nonaqueous solvents with those in water. The majority of industrial processes in which pH measurements are important permit a rather wide tolerance in the pH for successful operation. In these cases, a precision of ±0.3 pH units is usually ample. Since the magnitude of the corrections applied to observations in order to obtain precise pH values seldom exceed 0.3 pH units, it is obvious that for control work the operator need not concern himself with the “fine points” of pH measurement. On the other hand, he should know enough about the process and measuring apparatus to avoid a positive misapplication of the latter and should have a fair knowledge of the inherent errors in order to avoid placing a false significance on the measurements obtained.
Standard Buffer Solutions
Authors: Manov George G.
Published: July 2009

For the purpose of calibrating pH meters such as the hydrogen-calomel and the glass-calomel type, it is necessary to have on hand a number of buffer solutions of certified pH value covering the ranges of temperature and pH over which it is desired to work. Of the large number of compounds both organic and inorganic known to the chemist, comparatively few, however, have the requisite properties, such as uniformity and reproducibility of composition, freedom from deliquescence or efflorescence, ease of preparation and purification, and good buffer capacity, which would make them acceptable as buffer materials. In the past thirty years the concept of the term pH underwent a change from that of the simple definition of pH=−logCH+ to the more modern definition of pH=−logaH+.............(1) when it was realized that the potential of the hydrogen electrode was a measure of the activity of the hydrogen ion rather than of its concentration. Paradoxically, however, the activity of single ions cannot be determined from experiment without the use of some simplifying assumptions; it is therefore impossible to establish a pH scale on a rigorous thermodynamic basis. This point will be discussed later. The problem of purification of salts is one primarily of analytical chemistry, and the materials can be tested to determine their relative purity and reproducibility by any self-consistent method.
Precautions to Be Observed in Making Colorimetric pH Determinations
Authors: McCrumb F. R.
Published: July 2009

The colorimetric method of determining pH in aqueous solutions has proved to be of such value in routine control work that it is well worth while to review the corrective factors necessary to eliminate errors inherent in the method. The refinements in technique referred to in this paper do not deal with such gross inaccuracies as incorrect measurements, use of unequal depths of solution, readings taken beyond the range of an indicator, etc., but with the more serious difficulties in the application of the indicator method. Such difficulties may be due to inappropriate indicators, slightly buffered solutions, temperature effects, variable salt concentrations, proteins, high color and turbidity, and certain specific effects. This paper does not attempt to define pH in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity. The hydrogen electrode determination based on 0.05M potassium acid phthalate, National Bureau of Standards sample 84a, as pH 4.005 at 25 C. is taken as the standard value (1). Potentiometric measurements given here for purpose of illustration were made with hydrogen electrodes and commercial glass electrode meters. The saturated calomel electrode was used throughout and the value 0.2434 v. at 25 C. was assigned to it (2). High precision is not claimed for the values given. They are used primarily for illustration.
Potentiometric Estimation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Lykken L.
Published: July 2009

The problems involved in the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in nonaqueous solutions are discussed, and a method is described whereby such measurements can be made potentiometrically. To circumvent the general difficulty of direct measurement in nonaqueous samples, the use of a dilution technique is presented in which the sample is diluted with benzene — isopropyl alcohol solvent, the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution is measured potentiometrically, and the hydrogen ion concentration of the original sample is estimated from an empirical correlation established experimentally for the type of material under consideration. A description of the technique of making potentiometric measurements in benzene — isopropyl alcohol medium is presented, and the limitations and advantages of the dilution method are discussed. In certain cases unreliable results may be obtained using the dilution method, and in these instances partial or complete titration of the sample is resorted to and the original hydrogen ion concentration is calculated. A notation for hydrogen ion concentration is defined for nonaqueous solutions to be used in place of pH notation used for aqueous solutions.
Standardization of Testing and Inspection in Government Synthetic Rubber Plants
Authors: Meuser Ludwig , Stiehler Robert D. , Hackett R. W.
Published: July 2009

Previous papers of this symposium have discussed the developments in test methods that have made possible the present uniformity of synthetic rubber produced in Government plants. The paper by W. R. Hucks described the various groups who cooperated with Rubber Reserve in achieving this task. In the present paper we will attempt to give a detailed description of how standardization was achieved both within a plant and among the plants. Perhaps the best way to do this will be to follow the development of the test methods and the standardization of control that led to the uniformity of production with respect to some single property; for example, the ratio of butadiene to styrene bound in the GR-S polymer. In Table I, the average bound styrene content of production from each of sixteen GR-S plants is given for the month of February each year since 1944, together with the corresponding standard deviations since 1945 (the first year the plants analyzed production for this property), which show the variability of production in each plant. It will be observed that the uniformity of production with respect to this property has improved from year to year. The variability of production within each plant has decreased in most instances and the variability from plant to plant has become decidedly smaller. Let us see how this was achieved. At the beginning of the program in 1942 and 1943, there was no test available that was suitable for the control or inspection of bound styrene in GR-S production. The composition of the product in this regard depended upon the ratio of the monomers charged to the reactors and the percentage conversion of these monomers to polymer. The methods for determining the charging ratio and for controlling the polymerization reaction were not sufficiently reliable to assure uniform operations. Consequently, the bound styrene in the product varied from less than 20 to almost 30 per cent, as analyzed at the Bell Telephone Laboratories by an interferometer method. This led to hit-and-miss methods of adjusting the charging ratio from plant to plant near the end of 1943 and beginning of 1944. Obviously a suitable control method and a standardization program in the plants were needed.
The Use of Statistical Methods in Rubber Evaluation
Authors: Sandomire Marion M.
Published: July 2009

The fact that rubber is variable in terms of its measurable characteristics is quite generally recognized. It is now a common occurrence to find in chemical and engineering journals, articles on statistical quality control and the use of statistics in development work (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Articles in British journals predate these (7). However, you will find an early contribution incorporating the use of analytical methods in an American rubber journal published in 1940, but you will note that the contribution was made by a statistician working in a biological laboratory in London (8). Instead of repeating some of the theoretical statistics, I should like to tell about some of the jobs connected with rubber work in which statistical methods have been of help, and indicate other general types of problems in which analytical methods could serve to advantage. It will not be possible to cover thoroughly the fields of inspection, specifications, and testing.
“Ucon” Synthetic Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: Russ J. M.
Published: July 2009

“Ucon” synthetic lubricants provide interesting and useful products for various applications where their special properties may be utilized to advantage. Both water-soluble and water-insoluble products are available in a wide range of viscosities. These lubricants are of particular interest because of their resistance to sludge and varnish formation, low solvent and swelling effect on various types of natural and synthetic rubber, low pour points, and desirable viscosity-temperature properties. Uses for the lubricants include: lubrication of rubber and rubber-metal combinations, asbestos packings, metals in various forming operations, textile fibers, internal-combustion engines, gears, compressors and vacuum pumps, small electric motors, and various types of mechanical equipment; heat transfer fluids; hydraulic fluids in applications such as machine tools, hoists, aircraft propellers, and door checks. Automotive hydraulic brake fluids, meeting ther equirements of the S.A.E. specification for moderate and heavy duty brake fluids, are formulated with selected lubricants, stable solvents, and inhibitors. A very high viscosity water-soluble lubricant is used in the formulation of new water-base fire-resistant hydraulic fluids of the hydrolube type for aircraft and industrial applications.
Synthetic Lubricants from Diesters
Authors: Glavis F. J. , Stringer H. R.
Published: July 2009

Synthetic lubricants are finding increased use in specialized applications where they show specific advantages over lubricants obtained by refining natural products. Esters, for a number of reasons, offer considerable promise in this new and expanding field. Among the most promising synthetics are the diesters made from branched chain alcohols and straight chain aliphatic dibasic acids. These materials, exemplified by di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate, combine a number of the properties desirable in an improved lubricating composition. Comparative data are given on a number of esters of various types, showing diesters of the type described to be at least as desirable as any of the other types of esters. Data are given, likewise, comparing di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate with petroleum oils of the same and higher viscosity levels. Properties considered include lubricating value, viscosity-temperature characteristics, low-temperature properties, volatility, resistance to oxidation, and protection against rust. A few of the applications to which diester lubricants have been put are mentioned. The preparation of higher viscosity synthetics from the diesters can be accomplished in three ways, an illustration being given using each technique.
Petroleum Lubricating Oils as Related to Automotive Equipment
Authors: Larson C. M.
Published: July 2009

The petroleum industry, having spent hundreds of thousands of dollars for fundamental research in the pure hydrocarbon field has found that the manufacture of automotive lubricating oils today is still more of an art than a science. Petroleum, Fig. 1, made up of many complex types of mixed organic hydrocarbons, is the raw material used to make lubricating oils. The carbon atoms can combine and recombine with each other in many different ways as well as with many elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and other inorganic substances. It has been estimated that in an S.A.E. 30 motor oil range the possible combinations of hydrocarbon compounds, due to the action and reaction of the various carbon atoms in that mixture, could run into millions. When you hear statements such as those of Frederick Rossini that it took 200 man years of research to isolate 72 hydrocarbons from Midcontinent crude, then you realize how complex the situation is in comparison to inorganic substances and their reactions and why the long standing physical and chemical specifications of lubricating oils are giving way to performance specifications. Performance specifications require a statement or guarantee of future performance in service based on “life test” approvals made under actual or similar operating conditions. There was a time when automotive lubricating oils were specified by physical limits measured by rather simple A.S.T.M. laboratory test methods such as flash, fire, viscosity, viscosity index, pour, and Conradson carbon, but at that time the inherent factors of safety in the proper selected lubricating oil were far beyond the requirements of the engines, gears, or bearings. A special Subcommittee on Oil Purchase Specifications of Committee D-2, reported that “There is not nearly enough reliable information now available as regards test methods to permit workable oil purchase specifications which would, within themselves and without performance tests, serve as a reliable guide in the selection of lubricants.” Laboratory tests are not safe guides to service performance. In most instances, the best refined lubricating oils or those known research samples of pure hydrocarbons need inorganic substitution compounds or metallo-organic additives and other organic inhibitors to enable them to meet the service requirements of greater energy, force, and motion imposed upon these automotive lubricating oils.
Tractor Statistics as Related to the Farmer
Authors: Everett H. E.
Published: July 2009

The subject which I have been assigned suggests two distinct but closely related markets—the tractor market and the petroleum market emanating from agricultural mechanization. The tractor market being fundamental to the other must receive first consideration. Unfortunately, this necessarily involves considerable statistical data, but I promise to be very sparing in the use of fractions, if that is any encouragement. During the past quarter-century, the number of tractors on American farms has increased ten-fold—from slightly less than a quarter of a million in 1920 to almost 2 1/2 million in 1945, the year of the latest agricultural census. The greatest gain for any comparable period was a 54 per cent increase from 1940 to 1945. Production and sales since 1945 have been at high levels, and the number of tractors today is estimated as at least 2 3/4 million. If the manufacturing bottlenecks of manpower and material shortages could be eliminated it is generally believed that the number could be increased speedily to 3 million or more, notwithstanding that at least 400,000 of the present number are in need of replacement. The present status of farm mechanization adds up about as follows: American agriculture has a total area of approximately 1.1 billion acres, according to the 1945 data of the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Of this area about 350 million acres, slightly less than one-third the total, is producing crops for harvest and provides the base for most tractor operations. The total farm area is divided into less than 6 million individual farm units, of which only slightly more than 2 million have tractors. Only about one of each 20 farms has more than a single tractor, and only one of each 12 mechanized farms has more than one. From these data, it would seem that the optimum mechanization is several years removed.
Intervenções não farmacológicas para manejo do ganho de peso em pacientes com esquizofrenia em uso de antipsicóticos
Authors: Attux Cecília , Martini Larissa C. , Reis André F. , Bressan Rodrigo A.
Published: July 2009

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com esquizofrenia têm maior prevalência de obesidade em comparação à população geral. Esse fato está relacionado a uma alimentação inadequada, ao sedentarismo e ao uso de antipsicóticos. O aumento da obesidade associa-se a diversos distúrbios metabólicos, como o diabetes melito. As intervenções para prevenção e controle do ganho de peso são necessárias nessa população, em especial as intervenções não farmacológicas. OBJETIVO: Revisar os estudos sobre intervenções não farmacológicas para prevenção e controle do ganho de peso em pacientes com esquizofrenia. MÉTODOS: Foram encontrados oito estudos controlados e quatro não controlados sobre intervenções não farmacológicas. Foi feita uma revisãosobre a metodologia e os fatores positivos e limitações dos estudos. CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções não farmacológicas parecem ter um efeito importante em termos de prevenção e controle do ganho de peso e, portanto, devem ser incentivadas e adaptadas à realidade dos pacientes e serviços de saúde.
Novos mecanismos pelos quais o exercício físico melhora a resistência à insulina no músculo esquelético
Authors: Pauli José Rodrigo , Cintra Dennys Esper , Souza Claudio Teodoro de , Ropelle Eduardo Rochette
Published: July 2009

O prejuízo no transporte de glicose estimulada por insulina no músculo constitui um defeito crucial para o estabelecimento da intolerância à glicose e do diabetes tipo 2. Por outro lado, é notório o conhecimento de que tanto o exercício aeróbio agudo quanto o crônico podem ter efeitos benéficos na ação da insulina em estados de resistência à insulina. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos moleculares pós-exercício sobre a sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético. Assim, esta revisãoapresenta novos entendimentos sobre os mecanismos por meio dos quais o exercício agudo restaura a sensibilidade à insulina, com destaque ao importante papel que proteínas inflamatórias e a S-nitrosação possuem sobre a regulação de proteínas da via de sinalização da insulina no músculo esquelético.
Relação da ginecomastia puberal com o índice de massa corporal em amostra de adolescentes atendidos em Unidade de Pacientes Externos de Hospital Universitário
Authors: Rivera Nádia F. , Eisenstein Evelyn , Cardoso Cláudia B. M. A.
Published: July 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a ginecomastia puberal e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) por idade. MÉTODOS: Uma amostra de 109 casos de indivíduos com idades de 11 a 19 anos foi selecionada na unidade ambulatorial de adolescentes do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, no período de 2003 a 2006. Os dados antropométricos coletados foram: peso, altura, diâmetro mamário e estágio de maturação sexual. A análise do IMC por idade foi baseada no NHANES I e nos pontos de corte de Cole para sobrepeso e obesidade. O nível de significância foi de p < 0,005. RESULTADOS: A porcentagem de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 50,4%. O diâmetro mamário aumentou de 1,5 ± 1,0 a 4,86 ± 2,20 cm, mostrando correlação significante com os percentis do IMC por idade (Pearson = 0,59). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo confirmou a correlação significante do diâmetro mamário com os percentis de IMC, demonstrando a associação entre a ginecomastia puberal e IMC mais altos.
Iodine nutrition in Brazil: where do we stand?
Authors: Medeiros-Neto Geraldo
Published: July 2009

Brazilian legislation, since 1955, failed to achieve its objectives because the issue was not properly addressed: iodized salt was only available in endemic areas, at a low amount of 10 mg Iodine/kg salt. Lack of surveillance and cooperation were common errors. From 1982 to 1992, the INAN distributed potassium iodate to the industry free of charge, but it was abolished in 1991. Only four years later (1995) was a new law enacted effective in determining that all salt for human use should be iodized at levels established by the Health Authorities. During the period comprising 1998 to 2004, excessive iodination of salt (40 to 100 mg/kg) could lead to an increased prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism. In 2003, the content of iodine/kg of salt was lowered to 20 to 60 mg I/kg salt. A national survey of schoolchildren is currently underway and will indicate the changes required for adequate iodine in salt for human use.
União Européia, reformas institucionais e déficit democrático: uma análise a partir do mecanismo de co-decisão
Authors: Medeiros Marcelo de Almeida , Campos Cinthia Regina
Published: July 2009

O artigo discute o processo decisório europeu a partir de um mapeamento do sistema de co-decisão adotado pelo triângulo institucional da União Européia (UE). Na primeira parte, há uma explicação acerca do funcionamento do sistema decisório europeu, privilegiando as instituições que definem as regras do jogo e a forma como a tomada de decisão é praticada; na segunda parte, são expostos os dados coletados sobre a aplicabilidade da co-decisão durante os anos de 1999 a 2006, cruzando os principais temas e a sua freqüência por fase de decisão.
Instituições, Direito e soberania: a efetividade jurídica nos processos de integração regional nos exemplos da União Européia e do Mercosul
Authors: Kegel Patrícia Luíza , Amal Mohamed
Published: July 2009

Baseado no estudo de caso da União Européia e Mercosul, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar certas questões decorrentes da articulação do quadro normativo oriundo dos órgãos conjuntos de integração regional, com as ordens jurídicas nacionais baseadas no princípio da soberania do estado.
Política externa planejada: os planos plurianuais e a ação internacional do Brasil, de Cardoso a Lula (1995-2008)
Authors: Lessa Antônio Carlos , Couto Leandro Freitas , Farias Rogério de Souza
Published: July 2009

Analisando as orientações estratégicas dos últimos quatro planos plurianuais - 1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007 e 2008-2011, no artigo, revela-se como a política externa tem sido incorporada no planejamento federal e qual o papel concedido ao setor externo nas estratégias de desenvolvimento empreendidas pelos governos Cardoso e Lula. Demonstra coerência entre a política externa planejada e a efetivamente empreendida, explicitando as diferenças entre as estratégias adotadas e as linhas de ação externa priorizadas.
A política estadunidense de desgermanização do sistema de transporte aéreo brasileiro: o caso da Condor
Authors: Quintaneiro Tánia
Published: July 2009

Análise e avaliação da política dos Estados Unidos de extinção das atividades da empresa de transporte aéreo Condor, por meio de sua inclusão na Lista Negra, do corte no fornecimento de combustível, da pressão pela exclusão de trabalhadores e acionistas alemães ou simpatizantes do Eixo. Consideraram-se outros meios, como a oferta de crédito para aquisição de equipamentos de aviação estadunidenses e de ações da Condor, e treinamento de brasileiros, assim como infiltração de técnicos e consultores na empresa.
Argentina, Brasil e Venezuela: as diferentes percepções sobre a construção do Mercosul
Authors: Saraiva Miriam Gomes , Briceño Ruiz José
Published: July 2009

No artigo, analisam-se as percepções de atores políticos domésticos no interior dos maiores países membros do Mercosul sobre o processo de integração, e apresentam-se as idéias existentes na esfera pública de apoio ou de rejeição ao bloco. Para atingir este objetivo, são analisadas as idéias defendidas por estes atores na Argentina e no Brasil, assim como é avaliada a medida na qual atores políticos domésticos da Venezuela são envolvidos no processo de incorporação do país ao Mercosul.
A utilização das informações de custos na gestão da saúde pública: um estudo preliminar em secretarias municipais de saúde do estado de Santa Catarina
Authors: Almeida André Graf de , Borba José Alonso , Flores Luiz Carlos da Silva
Published: July 2009

Este artigo analisa o uso das informações de custos pelos gestores de 20 grandes secretarias municipais da saúde do estado de Santa Catarina. Para isso, foi avaliado o perfil dos gestores entrevistados; foi verificada a existência ou não de sistemas de custos implantados nessas secretarias; foi feita uma avaliação da percepção desses gestores sobre a utilização das informações de custos no processo de tomada de decisão e foram identificadas quais informações de custos são utilizadas atualmente na gestão desses órgãos. Os entrevistados foram os ocupantes de cargos administrativos nas secretarias municipais da saúde pesquisadas. Conseguiu-se avaliar o uso das informações de custos na gestão de 18 secretarias municipais da saúde do estado de Santa Catarina. Os resultados indicam que apenas duas secretarias municipais da saúde possuem esse processo um pouco mais avançado; nas demais, o que se verifica é que existem algumas tentativas de se obter informações mais detalhadas sobre custos. Entretanto, na opinião dos entrevistados, as informações de custos são bastante importantes na gestão das secretarias.
O cargo público de livre provimento na organização da administração pública federal brasileira: uma introdução ao estudo da organização da direção pública na perspectiva de estudos organizacionais
Authors: Câmara Leonor Moreira
Published: July 2009

A organização da administração pública federal brasileira é raramente abordada na pesquisa no campo de estudos organizacionais (EOs). Privilegia-se a tomada de decisão, seguindo-se a tradição de pesquisa operacional de cunho funcionalista. Contudo, direção é mais complexa e inclui decisão. A direção na administração pública federal brasileira se dá exclusivamente por meio de cargos de livre provimento. Tal realidade permite entender a direção como ação eminentemente política, cristalizada na organização da administração pública. Este artigo possui caráter metodológico e demonstra que o cargo público de livre provimento possui centralidade na organização da administração pública federal brasileira. Identifica, ainda, práticas de operação e interações no exercício da direção pública.