bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyse von 6581 Fuß- und Sprunggelenkverletzungen einer Notaufnahme im Zeitraum von 2010–2017
Authors: Pflüger Patrick , Wurm Markus , Biberthaler Peter , Pförringer Dominik , Crönlein Moritz
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund

Sprunggelenk- und Fußverletzungen gehören zu den häufigsten Krankheitsbildern in der Traumatologie. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die demografischen Veränderungen von Patienten mit Fuß- und Sprunggelenkverletzungen, das zeitliche Auftreten und die Entwicklung über die Jahre in einer Notaufnahme zu untersuchen.

Material und Methoden

Retrospektive Datenauswertung von Patienten, welche aufgrund einer Fuß- und Sprunggelenkverletzung in der Notaufnahme im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2017 behandelt wurden. Die Patienten wurden mittels ICD-Codes identifiziert und die demografischen Veränderungen, das zeitliche Auftreten und die Entwicklung über die Jahre analysiert. Mittels Quantil-Quantil-Diagramm wurden kontinuierliche Variablen auf Normalverteilung getestet und, falls zutreffend, mittels t‑Test oder nichtparametrischem Mann-Whitney-U-Test auf Signifikanz überprüft.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt wurden 6581 Fuß- und Sprunggelenkverletzungen in die Analyse eingeschlossen. Das mittlere Alter von Patienten mit einer Fußfraktur war 39 ± 17,4 Jahre und mit einer Sprunggelenkfraktur 47 ± 19,2 Jahre (p < 0,001). Ligamentäre Verletzungen des Sprunggelenks traten insbesondere bei jüngeren Patienten in den Sommermonaten auf. Die Altersverteilung bei Sprunggelenkfrakturen zeigte für Männer einen Häufigkeitsgipfel zwischen dem 30. und 39. Lebensjahr und bei Frauen ein vermehrtes Auftreten ab dem 50. Lebensjahr. In der Altersgruppe zwischen 65 und 75 Jahren stellten Trimalleolarfrakturen die zweithäufigste Sprunggelenkfraktur dar. Frakturen des Fußes betrafen am häufigsten Patienten im Alter von 20 bis 29 Jahren, wobei bei Frauen ein 2. Häufigkeitsgipfel zwischen dem 50. und 59. Lebensjahr zu beobachten war.

Schlussfolgerung

Ligamentäre Verletzungen des Sprunggelenks sind häufige Krankheitsbilder in der Notaufnahme und betreffen v. a. jüngere Patienten. Sprunggelenkfrakturen zeigten für Frauen eine bimodale Altersverteilung, und insbesondere Bi- und Trimalleolarfrakturen waren vermehrt bei Frauen ab dem 65. Lebensjahr zu beobachten. Aufgrund der erhöhten Prävalenz von Fuß- und Sprunggelenkfrakturen bei älteren Frauen sollte in diesem Patientenkollektiv eine weitere Osteoporoseabklärung veranlasst werden.
Test of an innovative method to prepare coffee powder puck, improving espresso extraction reliability
Authors: Angeloni Giulia , Guerrini Lorenzo , Masella Piernicola , Dionisio Andrea , Gatti Riccardo , Parenti Alessandro
Published: September 2021

Coffee powder is obtained with a grinding machine. Espresso coffee is prepared when hot water is forced under pressure through the puck of coffee powder, and the optimal espresso flow rate is 1 g s−1. However, this flow rate can change for different extractions, forcing baristas to frequently change the setup of the grinder. Grinding grade is one of the most important sources of variation in the quality of espresso. This study tests an innovative method to prepare coffee powder puck, designed to reduce variability in flow rate between extractions. The method is based on stratified layers of ground coffee with different granulometry, and it was tested in three trials with different coffees and grinders. The flow rate associated with the new method (Patent WO/2020/148258- PCT/EP2020/050773) was more stable than the rate in a conventional system, reliability was optimized by placing larger coffee particles at the bottom, and finer particles at the top of the filter basket.
Kcnk3, Ggta1, and Gpr84 are involved in hyperbaric oxygenation preconditioning protection on cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Yang Chunhui , Ding Minjun , Shao Guiqiang , Jia Shengjie , Yin Xue , Cui Yuhui , Wang Zetian , Wu Chunrong
Published: September 2021

The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) preconditioning on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury (CIRI). GSE23160 dataset was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from striatum between the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion and sham rats. The gene clusters with continuous increase and decrease were identified by soft clustering analysis in Mfuzz, and functional enrichment analysis of these genes was performed using clusterProfiler package. The intersection set of the genes with significantly altered expression at post-reperfusion 2, 8, and 24 h were screened in comparison to 0 h (sham group), and the expression of these genes was detected in the MCAO/reperfusion model and HBO preconditioning groups by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. A total of 41 upregulated DEGs, and 7 downregulated DEGs were detected, among which the expression of Gpr84 and Ggta1 was significantly upregulated at each reperfusion phase as compared to the sham group, while the expression of Kcnk3 was significantly downregulated except in the postreperfusion 8 h in the striatum group. RT-PCR and western blotting analyses showed that the expression of Ggta1, Gpr84, and Kcnk3 genes between the MCAO/reperfusion and sham rats were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. In addition, the HBO preconditioning reduced the expression of Ggta1 and Gpr84 and increased the expression of Kcnk3 in MCAO/reperfusion rats. Kcnk3, Ggta1, and Gpr84 may play a major role in HBO-mediated protection of the brain against CIRI.
Meniscus position and size in knees with versus without structural knee osteoarthritis progression: data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Authors: Sharma Kalpana , Eckstein Felix , Wirth Wolfgang , Emmanuel Katja
Published: September 2021

Objective

To explore whether and which quantitative 3D measures of medial and/or lateral meniscus position and size are associated with subsequent medial femorotibial structural progression of knee osteoarthritis and to determine the correlation between central slice and total meniscus measures.

Materials and Methods

Knees with radiographic osteoarthritis from Osteoarthritis Initiative participants with longitudinal medial MRI-based cartilage thickness and radiographic joint space width (JSW) loss over 12 months were selected. These 37 structural progressor knees (64.7 ± 8.0y, 30.2 ± 4.6 kg/m2, 35% men) were matched 1:1 to 37 non-progressor knees (64.6 ± 9.8y, 30.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2, 35% men) without cartilage thickness or JSW loss. Quantitative measures of meniscus position and size were computed from manual segmentations of coronal baseline MRIs. Cohen’s D was used as measure of effect size.

Results

Maximum extrusion distance of the total medial meniscus and mean extrusion in the central 5 and in the central slice were greater for progressor than non-progressor knees (Cohen’s D 0.58–0.66). No significant differences were observed for medial tibial coverage or mean extrusion (entire meniscus). Among medial meniscus morphology measures, only mean height differed between progressor vs non-progressor knees (Cohen’s D 0.40). Among lateral meniscus measures, height and volume were greater in progressor vs. non-progressor knees (Cohen’s D 0.46–0.83). Mean extrusion measures were highly correlated between the entire meniscus and the central (r = 0.88) or the central 5 (r = 0.93) slices.

Conclusions

3D maximum and central medial meniscus extrusion may serve as predictors for subsequent structural progression. Central meniscus extrusion measures could substitute 3D extrusion measurement across the entire meniscus.
Long‐term Outcomes After Lung Cancer Resection in Smokers: Analysis of the National Lung Screening Trial
Authors: Sesti Joanna , Decker Jonathan , Bell Jaimie , Nguyen Andrew , Lackey Adam , Turner Amber L. , Hilden Patrick , Paul Subroto
Published: September 2021

Background

Smoking is a known risk factor for perioperative complications after lung resection; however, little data exists looking at the impact of smoking status (current versus former) on long‐term oncologic outcomes after lung cancer surgery. We sought to compare overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) in current and former smokers using data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). Additionally, we performed subset analysis in current smokers in order to evaluate the effect of modern surgical techniques on long‐term outcomes.

Methods

Patients with clinical stage IA or IB NSCLC who underwent upfront resection within 180 days of diagnosis were identified in the NLST database. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess differences in patient and treatment characteristics with respect to OS and PFS, with a cause‐specific hazard model used for CSM.

Results

A total of 593 patients were included in the study (269 former smokers, 324 current smokers). Lobar resection (LR) was performed more often than sublobar resection (SLR) (481 vs. 112), and thoracotomy was performed more often than thoracoscopy (482 vs. 86). Comparison of current versus former smokers showed no difference in OS or PFS after resection. Higher CSM was seen in current smokers (p = 0.049). Subset analysis of current smokers revealed no difference in OS or PFS between sub‐lobar and lobar resection or thoracotomy and thoracoscopy. Although higher CSM was associated with thoracoscopy versus thoracotomy in this group, this finding was limited by a relatively small thoracoscopy sample size of 44 patients (p = 0.026).

Conclusion

Our analysis of the NLST database shows no significant difference in OS and PFS when comparing current and former smokers undergoing resection for stage I NSCLC. Active smoking status was associated with higher CSM. Subset analysis of current smokers showed no difference in OS or PFS between sub‐lobar and lobar resection or thoracotomy and thoracoscopy. Higher CSM was seen in current smokers who underwent thoracoscopy compared to thoracotomy; however, this finding was limited by a small sample size.
Akut symptomatische epileptische Anfälle in Assoziation mit COVID-19
Authors: Mauritz Matthias , Trinka Eugen
Published: September 2021

Akut symptomatische epileptische Anfälle treten in einem engen zeitlichen Zusammenhang zu einer akuten strukturellen oder funktionellen Schädigung des Gehirns auf, die viele verschiedene Ursachen haben kann. Neurologische Symptome wie Enzephalopathie, Geruchsstörung und Kopfschmerzen finden sich häufig bei COVID-19. Epileptische Anfälle ereignen sich nur in 1–2 % aller mit COVID-19 hospitalisierten Patient*innen. Eine mögliche direkte Invasion des ZNS durch SARS-CoV‑2 sowie indirekte Effekte durch Hypoxie, Inflammation und metabolische Entgleisungen werden als Ursache für die neurologischen Manifestationen bei COVID-19 angenommen.
Where is Waldo? or find the platelet
Authors: Menter D. G.
Published: September 2021

Platelets evolved from nucleated thrombocytes that exhibit both coagulation and immune function. The essential role of platelets in coagulation is common knowledge. The larger and critical role of platelets in immune responses and cancer are frequently overlooked in our modern-day, large-data-set, sequencing-oriented efforts. Much like Waldo, their small size, biophysical characteristics, rapid biological responses, active cytoskeleton, migration capacity, and lack of a nucleus make them difficult to track as single platelets disappear while executing their function into the histologic “tissue scape”. The adaptive evolution of platelets is linked to placentalization and stopping massive blood loss. This resulted in exclusion of any platelet nucleus and therefore sustainable gene expression due to being extruded in the billions (1011) per day from megakaryocytes under bone marrow protection. The platelets’ small size and sheer number in circulation, combined with an active open canalicular exchange- and membrane-reserve system, plus an array of pathogen receptors enable them to deal with small pathogenic viral treats and to decorate larger ones for further immune identification and immune-cell recruitment. Once stimulated, platelets release most serum-based cytokines and growth factors that contribute to cell growth and wound repair, and potentially to immune suppression. From a self-taught practitioner of the illustrative arts with a ken for platelet biology, this offering is a humble attempt to provide a stimulating sketch of the critical importance of platelet biology and insights into potential new directions for finding the Waldo-esque platelet.
Do agri-food market incentives improve food security and nutrition indicators? a microsimulation evaluation for Kenya
Authors: Ramos María Priscila , Custodio Estefanía , Jiménez Sofía , Mainar-Causapé Alfredo J. , Boulanger Pierre , Ferrari Emanuele
Published: September 2021

The sustainable development goal #2 aims at ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Given the numbers of food insecure and malnourished people on the rise, the heterogeneity of nutritional statuses and needs, and the even worse context of COVID-19 pandemic, this has become an urgent challenge for food-related policies. This paper provides a comprehensive microsimulation approach to evaluate economic policies on food access, sufficiency (energy) and adequacy (protein, fat, carbohydrate) at household level. The improvement in market access conditions in Kenya is simulated as an application case of this method, using original insights from households’ surveys and biochemical and nutritional information by food item. Simulation’s results suggest that improving market access increases food purchasing power overall the country, with a pro-poor impact in rural areas. The daily energy consumption per capita and macronutrients intakes per capita increase at the national level, being the households with at least one stunted child under 5 years old, and poor households living areas outside Mombasa and Nairobi, those which benefit the most. The developed method and its Kenya's application contribute to the discussion on how to evaluate nutrition-sensitive policies, and how to cover most households suffering food insecurity and nutrition deficiencies in any given country.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Science of Logic
Authors: Hegel Georg Wilhelm Fredrich
Published: September 2021

This translation of The Science of Logic (also known as 'Greater Logic') includes the revised Book I (1832), Book II (1813) and Book III (1816). Recent research has given us a detailed picture of the process that led Hegel to his final conception of the System and of the place of the Logic within it. We now understand how and why Hegel distanced himself from Schelling, how radical this break with his early mentor was, and to what extent it entailed a return (but with a difference) to Fichte and Kant. In the introduction to the volume, George Di Giovanni presents in synoptic form the results of recent scholarship on the subject, and, while recognizing the fault lines in Hegel's System that allow opposite interpretations, argues that the Logic marks the end of classical metaphysics. The translation is accompanied by a full apparatus of historical and explanatory notes.
STANISŁAW KUCZERA (5 MAY 1928–28 JULY 2020)
Authors: Dmitriev Sergey
Published: September 2021

Stanisław Kuczera (May 5, 1928–July 28, 2020) was an eminent figure in Polish, Soviet, and Russian Chinese Studies, holding the position of one of leading experts in a vast number of fields (most prominently, archeology, epigraphy, and the translation of classics) over a period decades, until his last days. His life, filled with a thirst for knowledge and harsh vicissitudes, is a story that is worthy of being told and remembered.
Chaotic behavior of the p-adic Potts–Bethe mapping II
Authors: KHAKIMOV OTABEK , MUKHAMEDOV FARRUKH
Published: September 2021

The renormalization group method has been developed to investigate p-adic q-state Potts models on the Cayley tree of order k. This method is closely related to the examination of dynamical behavior of the p-adic Potts–Bethe mapping which depends on the parameters q, k. In Mukhamedov and Khakimov [Chaotic behavior of the p-adic Potts–Behte mapping. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.38 (2018), 231–245], we have considered the case when q is not divisible by p and, under some conditions, it was established that the mapping is conjugate to the full shift on
$\kappa _p$
symbols (here
$\kappa _p$
is the greatest common factor of k and
$p-1$
). The present paper is a continuation of the forementioned paper, but here we investigate the case when q is divisible by p and k is arbitrary. We are able to fully describe the dynamical behavior of the p-adic Potts–Bethe mapping by means of a Markov partition. Moreover, the existence of a Julia set is established, over which the mapping exhibits a chaotic behavior. We point out that a similar result is not known in the case of real numbers (with rigorous proofs).
TIME SERIES MODELLING OF EPIDEMICS: LEADING INDICATORS, CONTROL GROUPS AND POLICY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Harvey Andrew
Published: September 2021

This article shows how new time series models can be used to track the progress of an epidemic, forecast key variables and evaluate the effects of policies. The univariate framework of Harvey and Kattuman (2020, Harvard Data Science Review, Special Issue 1—COVID-19, https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ozgjx0yn) is extended to model the relationship between two or more series and the role of common trends is discussed. Data on daily deaths from COVID-19 in Italy and the UK provides an example of leading indicators when there is a balanced growth. When growth is not balanced, the model can be extended by including a non-stationary component in one of the series. The viability of this model is investigated by examining the relationship between new cases and deaths in the Florida second wave of summer 2020. The balanced growth framework is then used as the basis for policy evaluation by showing how some variables can serve as control groups for a target variable. This approach is used to investigate the consequences of Sweden’s soft lockdown coronavirus policy in the spring of 2020.
Massey products in the homology of the loop space of a p-completed classifying space: finite groups with cyclic Sylow p-subgroups
Authors: Benson Dave , Greenlees John
Published: September 2021

Let $G$ be a finite group with cyclic Sylow $p$-subgroups, and let $k$ be a field of characteristic $p$. Then $H^{*}(BG;k)$ and $H_*(\Omega BG{{}^{{}^{\wedge }}_p};k)$ are $A_\infty$ algebras whose structure we determine up to quasi-isomorphism.
IMAGINING CRETAN SCRIPTS: THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL MOTIFS ON THE CREATION OF SCRIPT-SIGNS IN BRONZE AGE CRETE
Authors: Salgarella Ester
Published: September 2021

What's in a sign? What is there to be ‘seen’ in a sign? This paper sets out to explore the sources and processes of sign creation in the scripts of the Bronze Age Aegean, namely Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A, in use on Crete fromc. 1900–1600bce(Middle Minoan IB/II–Middle Minoan III) andc. 1800–1450bce(Middle Minoan IIA–Late Minoan IB) respectively. Linear B, developed out of Linear A to write Greek (c. 1450–1190bce), will also be touched upon where relevant. By investigating contemporary iconographic production and putting forward a methodological framework for the analysis and interpretation of visual motifs, a theory will be tentatively proposed for understanding the process(es) of selection of sign shapes, their incorporation into a script as script-signs and their transmission from one script onto a graphically related one. The underlying research questions leading this enquiry are the following: how did ‘images’ find their way into script(s) to become ‘signs’ in the Aegean context? Are we able to reconstruct such a process to shed light on the origin of script-signs?
Music as a social bond in patients with amnesia
Authors: Del Mastro Maria Chiara , Strollo Maria Rosaria , El Haj Mohamad
Published: September 2021

The music and social bonding (MSB) hypothesis proposes that human musicality has evolved as mechanisms supporting social bonding. We consider the MSB hypothesis under the lens of amnesia by arguing how patients with amnesia, especially those with Alzheimer's disease, can benefit from music, not only to retrieve personal memories, but also to use them for social bonding.
If it quacks like a duck: The by-product account of music still stands
Authors: Lieberman Debra , Billingsley Joseph
Published: September 2021

Discerning adaptations from by-products is a defining feature of evolutionary science. Mehr, Krasnow, Bryant, and Hagen posit that music is an adaptation that evolved to function as a credible signal. We counter this claim, as we are not convinced they have dispelled the possibility that music is an elaboration of extant features of language.
Signaling games and music as a credible signal
Authors: Lumaca Massimo , Brattico Elvira , Baggio Giosuè
Published: September 2021

The argument by Mehr et al. that music emerged and evolved culturally as a credible signal is convincing, but it lacks one essential ingredient: a model of signaling behavior that supports the main hypothesis theoretically and empirically. We argue that signaling games can help us explain how musical structures emerge as population-level phenomena, through sender–receiver signaling interactions.
Music, attachment, and uncertainty: Music as communicative interaction
Authors: Cross Ian
Published: September 2021

Both papers – to different degrees – underplay the interactive dimensions of music, and both would have benefited from integrating the concept of attachment into their treatments of social bonding. I further suggest that their treatment of music as a discrete domain of human experience and behaviour weakens their arguments concerning its functions in human evolution.
Social bonding and music: Evidence from lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Belfi Amy M.
Published: September 2021

The music and social bonding (MSB) hypothesis suggests that damage to brain regions in the proposed neurobiological model, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), would disrupt the social and emotional effects of music. This commentary evaluates prior research in persons with vmPFC damage in light of the predictions put forth by the MSB hypothesis.
Making music: Let's not be too quick to abandon the byproduct hypothesis
Authors: Stewart-Williams Steve
Published: September 2021

It is premature to conclude that music is an adaptation. Given the danger of overextending the adaptationist mode of explanation, the default position should be the byproduct hypothesis, and it should take very strong evidence to drag us into the adaptationist camp. As yet, the evidence isn't strong enough – and the proposed adaptationist explanations have a number of unresolved difficulties.
Ecological and psychological factors in the cultural evolution of music
Authors: Scott-Phillips Thom , Tominaga Atsuko , Miton Helena
Published: September 2021

The two target articles agree that processes of cultural evolution generate richness and diversity in music, but neither address this question in a focused way. We sketch one way to proceed – and hence suggest how the target articles differ not only in empirical claims, but also in their tacit, prior assumptions about the relationship between cognition and culture.
Music as a trait in evolutionary theory: A musicological perspective
Authors: Wald-Fuhrmann Melanie , Pearson Lara , Roeske Tina , Grüny Christian , Polak Rainer
Published: September 2021

Although it can be straightforward to define the features of physical traits, complex cultural categories tend to elude widely accepted definitions that transcend cultural and historical context. Addressing papers by Mehr et al. and Savage et al., which both aim to explain music as an evolved trait, we discuss fundamental problems that arise from their conceptualizations of music.
Is neural entrainment to rhythms the basis of social bonding through music?
Authors: Grahn Jessica A. , Bauer Anna-Katharina R. , Zamm Anna
Published: September 2021

Music uses the evolutionarily unique temporal sensitivity of the auditory system and its tight coupling to the motor system to create a common neurophysiological clock between individuals that facilitates action coordination. We propose that this shared common clock arises from entrainment to musical rhythms, the process by which partners' brains and bodies become temporally aligned to the same rhythmic pulse.
A neurodevelopmental disorders perspective into music, social attention, and social bonding
Authors: Kasdan Anna , Gordon Reyna L. , Lense Miriam D.
Published: September 2021

Our commentary addresses how two neurodevelopmental disorders, Williams syndrome and autism spectrum disorder, provide novel insights into the credible signaling and music and social bonding hypotheses presented in the two target articles. We suggest that these neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by atypical social communication, allow us to test hypotheses about music, social bonding, and their underlying neurobiology.
Music as social bonding: A cross-cultural perspective
Authors: Zou Ivan Yifan , Wang William S.-Y.
Published: September 2021

We extend Savage et al.'s music and social bonding hypothesis by examining it in the context of Chinese music. First, top-down functions such as music as political instrument should receive more attention. Second, solo performance can serve as important cues for social identity. Third, a right match between the tones in lyrics and music contributes also to social bonding.
Musicality was not selected for, rather humans have a good reason to learn music
Authors: Atzil Shir , Abramson Lior
Published: September 2021

We propose that not social bonding, but rather a different mechanism underlies the development of musicality: being unable to survive alone. The evolutionary constraint of being dependent on other humans for survival provides the ultimate driving force for acquiring human faculties such as sociality and musicality, through mechanisms of learning and neural plasticity. This evolutionary mechanism maximizes adaptation to a dynamic environment.
Sex and drugs and rock and roll
Authors: Pinker Steven
Published: September 2021

This article is extraordinarily rigorous and rich, although there are reasons to be skeptical of its theory that music originated to signal group quality and infant solicitude. These include the lack of any signature of the centrality of these functions in the distribution or experience of music; of a role for the pleasure taken in music; and of its connections with language.
Music, bonding, and human evolution: A critique
Authors: Merker Bjorn
Published: September 2021

Savage et al. propose that music filled a hypothetical “bonding gap” in human sociality by Baldwinian gene-culture coevolution (or protracted cognitive niche construction). Both these stepping stones to an evolutionary account of the function and origin of music are problematic. They are scrutinized in this commentary, and an alternative is proposed.
Credible signalling and social bonds: Ultimately drawing on the same idea
Authors: Kennedy Patrick , Radford Andrew N.
Published: September 2021

The hypotheses in both target articles rely implicitly on much the same logic. For a “social-bonding” device to make sense, there must be an underlying reason why an otherwise-arbitrary behaviour sustains alliances – namely, credible signals of one's value to partners. To illustrate our points, we draw on the parallels with supposed bonding behaviours in nonhuman animals.
Functional and evolutionary parallels between birdsong and human musicality
Authors: Snyder Kate T. , Creanza Nicole
Published: September 2021

Here, we compare birdsong and human musicality using insights from songbird neuroethology and evolution. For example, neural recordings during songbird duetting and other coordinated vocal behaviors could inform mechanistic hypotheses regarding human brain function during music-making. Furthermore, considering songbird evolution as a model system suggests that selection favoring certain culturally transmitted behaviors can indirectly select for associated underlying neural functions.
Is the MSB hypothesis (music as a coevolved system for social bonding) testable in the Popperian sense?
Authors: Fritz Jonathan B.
Published: September 2021

“Music As a Coevolved System for Social Bonding” (MSB) is a brilliant synthesis and appealing hypothesis offering insights into the evolution and social bonding of musicality, but is so broad and sweeping it will be challenging to test, prove or falsify in the Popperian sense (Popper, 1959). After general comments, I focus my critique on underlying neurobiological mechanisms, and offer some suggestions for experimental tests of MSB.
Reducing behavioral dimensions to study brain–environment interactions
Authors: Thura David
Published: September 2021

Movement vigor provides a window on action valuation. But what is vigor, and how to measure it in the first place? Strikingly, many different co-varying vigor-related metrics can be found in the literature. I believe this is because vigor, just like the neural circuits that determine it, is an integrated, low-dimensional parameter. As such, it can only be roughly estimated.
Time and the decider
Authors: Spurrett David
Published: September 2021

Shadmehr and Ahmed's book is a welcome extension of optimal foraging theory and neuroeconomics, achieved by integrating both with parameters relating to effort and rate of movement. Their most persuasive and prolific data come from saccades, where times before and after decision are reasonably determinate. Skeletal movements are less likely to exhibit such tidy temporal organization.
A role of serotonin and the insula in vigor: Tracking environmental and physiological resources
Authors: Tops Mattie , Boksem Maarten A. S. , Montero-Marin Jesus , van der Linden Dimitri
Published: September 2021

We describe a neural monitor of environmental and physiological resources that informs effort expenditure. Depending on resources and environmental stability, serotonergic and dopaminergic neuromodulations favor different behavioral controls that are organized in corticostriatal loops. This broader perspective produces some suggestions and questions that may not be covered by the foraging approach to vigor of Shadmehr and Ahmed (2020).
Construction of Roman roads toward neuroeconomics
Authors: Matsushima Toshiya , Kawamori Ai , Ogura Yukiko
Published: September 2021

Neuroeconomics is still “under construction.” To be a leading discipline, it needs firm ecological rationale and neurobiological bases. “Vigor” supplies this infrastructure through the mathematics of the foraging theory and system-neuroscience evidence on utility and motor control. It will prepare us for the future neuroeconomics, if studied appropriately in the light of evolution.
Movement vigor: Frameworks, exceptions, and nomenclature
Authors: Bufacchi Rory John , Iannetti Gian Domenico
Published: September 2021

Shadmehr and Ahmed cogently argue that vigor of appetitive movements is positively correlated with their value, and that value can therefore be inferred by measuring vigor. Here, we highlight three points to consider when interpreting this account: (1) The correlation between vigor and value is not obligatory, (2) the vigor effect also arises in frameworks other than optimal foraging, and (3) the term vigor can be misinterpreted, thereby affecting rigor.
Kinematic analysis of overconstrained manipulators with partial subspaces using decomposition method
Authors: Selvi Özgün
Published: September 2021

Overconstrained manipulators in lower subspaces with unique motions can be created and analyzed. However, far too little attention has been paid to creating a generic method for overconstrained manipulators kinematic analysis. This study aimed to evaluate a generic methodology for kinematic analysis of overconstrained parallel manipulators with partial subspaces (OPM-PS) using decomposition to parallel manipulators (PMs) in lower subspaces. The theoretical dimensions of the method are depicted, and the use of partial subspace for overconstrained manipulators is portrayed. The methodology for the decomposition method is described and exemplified by designing and evaluating the method to two overconstrained manipulators with 5 degrees of freedom (DoF) and 3 DoF. The inverse kinematic analysis is detailed with position analysis and Jacobian along with the inverse velocity analysis. The workspace analysis for the manipulators using the methodology is elaborated with numerical results. The results of the study show that OPM-PS can be decomposed into PMs with lower subspace numbers. As imaginary joints are being utilized in the proposed methodology, it will create additional data to consider in the design process of the manipulators. Thus, it becomes more beneficial in design scenarios that include workspace as an objective.
Comparison of the dose perturbation arising from conventional and the novel PEEK prosthesis materials during high energy radiotherapy with 15 MV photons
Authors: Mohammadi Najmeh
Published: September 2021

Aim:

This study aimed to evaluate the dosimetric effects of the metal prosthesis in radiotherapy by Siemens Primus 15 MV linac accelerator. In addition, it proposed the new material could lead to less dose perturbation.

Materials and methods:

The depth dose distributions of typical hip prostheses were calculated for 15 MV photons by MCNP-4C code. Five metal prostheses were selected to reveal the correlation between material type, density and dose perturbations of prostheses. Furthermore, the effects of the location and thickness of the prosthesis on the dose perturbation were also discussed and analysed.

Results:

The results showed that the Co-Cr-Mo alloy as the prosthesis had more influence on the dose at the interface of metal tissue. The dose increased at the entrance of this prosthesis and experienced the reduction when passed through it. Finally, the impact of the new PEEK biomedical polymer materials was also investigated, and the lowest dose perturbations were introduced based on the obtained results.

Conclusion:

It was found that the mean relative dose before and after of PEEK prosthesis was 99·2 and 97·1%, respectively. Therefore, this new biomedical polymer material was proposed to replace the current metal implants.
The Impact of Social Belonging on the Development of Competence in Commercial Apprentices
Authors: Forster-Heinzer Sarah , Reichmuth Andrea , Höpfer Eva , Rohr-Mentele Silja , Holtsch and Doreen
Published: September 2021

Abstract. While numerous studies have emphasized the importance of social belonging on the development of competence, they focused primarily on compulsory education. This contribution examines the importance of social belonging within the context of vocational schools, using the example of commercial apprenticeship training. In a longitudinal study, 1,153 commercial apprentices were tested three times regarding the development of their civic-economic competence. Further, they were questioned about the quality of their teacher–student relationship as well as class relatedness as two dimensions of social belonging. The findings suggest that the teacher–student relationship is highly relevant to the development of the intrinsic learning motivation in apprentices. Class relatedness was somewhat relevant to the level of the civic-economic value orientation of apprentices. The findings are noteworthy because they point to the importance of social belonging in the context of vocational schools, even though apprentices spend only one or two days per week there and are taught by various teachers.
Investigation of the Influence of Water Vapor on Heavy Pollution and Its Relationship With AOD Using MAX‐DOAS on the Coast of the Yellow Sea
Authors: Ren Hongmei , Li Ang , Xie Pinhua , Hu Zhaokun , Xu Jin , Huang Yeyuan , Li Xiaomei , Zhong Hongyan , Tian Xin , Ren Bo , Wang Shuai , Chai Wenxuan
Published: September 2021

Multi‐AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) observations were carried out from March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 in Qingdao, China, on the coast of the Yellow Sea (120.67°E, 36.35°N). Atmospheric parameters retrieved from the MAX‐DOAS instrument included vertical profiles of aerosol extinction, gaseous aerosol precursors (NO2, SO2), and H2O. First, the seasonal relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the H2O vertical column density (VCD) was analyzed. The correlation coefficients (r) between AOD and H2O VCD were largest in the winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. In addition, the correlation during heavily polluted weather was much higher than that during clean weather or slightly polluted weather. Then, an analysis of the wind speed and direction, and trace gas VCDs during the months with frequent pollution (December 2019 and January 2020) found that heavy pollution episodes easily occurred in Qingdao due to a combination of high H2O concentrations and low wind speeds. Out of four pollution events (P1, P2, P3, P4), both the H2O concentration and pollution were highest during the first event (P1). The H2O VCD, AOD, sulfate AOD, and total column HNO3 simultaneously increased during P1, while the NO2 and SO2 VCDs decreased. These trends are consistent with liquid phase reactions. Finally, the 1,000 m backward trajectory for the wind and the gas profiles during P1 revealed that the pollutants increased in Qingdao due to the influence of a polluted air mass from the western inland regions.
Degraded Coral Reefs May Be More Resistant to Climate Change
Authors: Chaisson Clara
Published: September 2021

New research on Kiribati’s beleaguered atolls paints a complex picture of reef recovery.
Patterns and Variation of Littoral Habitat Size Among Lakes
Authors: Seekell D. , Cael B. , Norman S. , Byström P.
Published: September 2021

The littoral zone varies in size among lakes from ∼3% to 100% of lake surface area. In this paper, we derive a simple theoretical scaling relationship that explains this variation, and test this theory using bathymetric data across the size spectra of freshwater lakes (surface area = 0.01–82,103 km2, maximum depth = 2–1,741 m). Littoral area primarily reflects the ratio of the maximum depth of photosynthesis to maximum lake depth. However, lakes that are similar in these characteristics can have different relative littoral areas because of variation in basin shape. Hypsometric (area‐elevation) models that describe these patterns for individual lakes can be generalized among lakes to accurately predict the relative size of littoral habitat when there is incomplete bathymetric information. Collectively, our results provide simple rules for understanding patterns of littoral habitat size at the regional and global scales.
Constraints on the Electron Acceleration Process in Solar Flare: A Case Study
Authors: Li G. , Wu X. , Effenberger F. , Zhao L. , Lesage S. , Bian N. , Wang L.
Published: September 2021

Combining in situ measurements of energetic electrons and remote sensing observations of hard X‐rays and type III radio bursts, we examine the release times of energetic electrons in the July 23, 2016 event. We find that the releases of in situ energetic electrons from the Sun are delayed from those electrons that are responsible for the hard X‐rays. We further find that the release time of in situ electrons is a function of electron energy. Under the assumption that the acceleration mechanism for the upward propagating electrons is of Fermi‐type and is controlled by an energy‐dependent diffusion coefficient, we fit these release times by a simple functional form, related to the turbulence spectral index. Implications of our study on the underlying electron acceleration mechanisms and the magnetic reconnection process in solar flares are discussed. Our results demonstrate the power of the recently developed fractional velocity dispersion analysis (FVDA) method in solar flare studies.
Magnetic and Gravity Surface Geometry Inverse Modeling of the TAG Active Mound
Authors: Galley C. , Lelièvre P. , Haroon A. , Graber S. , Jamieson J. , Szitkar F. , Yeo I. , Farquharson C. , Petersen S. , Evans R.
Published: September 2021

Seafloor massive sulfide deposits form in remote environments, and the assessment of deposit size and composition through drilling is technically challenging and expensive. To aid the evaluation of the resource potential of seafloor massive sulfide deposits, three‐dimensional inverse modeling of geophysical potential field data (magnetic and gravity) collected near the seafloor can be carried out to further enhance geologic models interpolated from sparse drilling. Here, we present inverse modeling results of magnetic and gravity data collected from the active mound at the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal vent field, located at 26°08′N on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, using autonomous underwater vehicle and submersible surveying. Both minimum‐structure and surface geometry inverse modeling methods were utilized. Through deposit‐scale magnetic modeling, the outer extent of a chloritized alteration zone within the basalt host rock below the mound was resolved, providing an indication of the angle of the rising hydrothermal fluid and the depth and volume of seawater/hydrothermal mixing zone. The thickness of the massive sulfide mound was determined by modeling the gravity data, enabling the tonnage of the mound to be estimated at 2.17 ± 0.44 Mt through this geophysics‐based, noninvasive approach.
Generation of Overspill Pyroclastic Density Currents in Sinuous Channels
Authors: Kubo Hutchison A. , Dufek J.
Published: September 2021

Due to their mobility, high velocities, and common occurrence, small‐volume pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) represent a major hazard around volcanoes. Small‐volume events are particularly sensitive to topography and channelization into drainage basins. Understanding the flow transition initiated by avulsion or overspill from valley confined PDC to unconfined PDC is necessary to mitigate their damage. We present three‐dimensional multiphase models of channelized PDCs and link the generation of overspill currents to channel geometry (width, depth, and curvature). Our simulation geometries span the range of natural channels commonly found in stratovolcanic landforms. Channels help inhibit ambient air entrainment into the underflow and can maintain and deliver material with minimal cooling during transport. We show that the main avulsion mechanism can include significant portions of the insulated underflow layer from the channel leading to a dangerously hot overspilled current. In all sinuous channel simulations, the underflow of the current becomes superelevated when it encounters bends and is able to overwhelm channel walls. The amount of mass overspilled is a function of channel curvature. Superelevation of the current increases with channel curvature and decreasing channel width but is underestimated using traditional estimates of superelevation due to the lack of the free surface in these flows. We also identify the occurrence of buoyant plume and secondary overspill events due to cross stream flow within the channel which would produce complex deposits associated with overspill events.
Joint associations between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with body fatness: the Fenland study
Authors: Lindsay Tim , Wijndaele Katrien , Westgate Kate , Dempsey Paddy , Strain Tessa , De Lucia Rolfe Emanuella , Forouhi Nita G. , Griffin Simon , Wareham Nick J. , Brage Søren
Published: September 2021

Background/Objectives

Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) represents the total volume of all physical activity. This can be accumulated as different underlying intensity profiles. Although volume and intensity have been studied in isolation, less is known about their joint association with health. We examined this association with body fatness in a population-based sample of middle-aged British adults.

Methods

In total, 6148 women and 5320 men from the Fenland study with objectively measured physical activity from individually calibrated combined heart rate and movement sensing and DXA-derived body fat percentage (BF%) were included in the analyses. We used linear and compositional isocaloric substitution analysis to examine associations of PAEE and its intensity composition with body fatness. Sex-stratified models were adjusted for socio-economic and dietary covariates.

Results

PAEE was inversely associated with body fatness in women (beta = −0.16 (95% CI: −0.17; −0.15) BF% per kJ day−1 kg−1) and men (beta = −0.09 (95% CI: −0.10; −0.08) BF% per kJ day−1 kg−1). Intensity composition was significantly associated with body fatness, beyond that of PAEE; the reallocation of energy to vigorous physical activity (>6 METs) from other intensities was associated with less body fatness, whereas light activity (1.5–3 METs) was positively associated. However, light activity was the main driver of overall PAEE volume, and the relative importance of intensity was marginal compared to that of volume; the difference between PAEE in tertile 1 and 2 in women was associated with 3 percentage-point lower BF%. Higher vigorous physical activity in the same group to the maximum observed value was associated with 1 percentage-point lower BF%.

Conclusions

In this large, population-based cohort study with objective measures, PAEE was inversely associated with body fatness. Beyond the PAEE association, greater levels of intense activity were also associated with lower body fatness. This contribution was marginal relative to PAEE. These findings support current guidelines for physical activity which emphasise that any movement is beneficial, rather than specific activity intensity or duration targets.
Dirac-like cone-based electromagnetic zero-index metamaterials
Authors: Li Yang , Chan C. T. , Mazur Eric
Published: September 2021

Metamaterials with a Dirac-like cone dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone behave like an isotropic and impedance-matched zero refractive index material at the Dirac-point frequency. Such metamaterials can be realized in the form of either bulk metamaterials with efficient coupling to free-space light or on-chip metamaterials that are efficiently coupled to integrated photonic circuits. These materials enable the interactions of a spatially uniform electromagnetic mode with matter over a large area in arbitrary shapes. This unique optical property paves the way for many applications, including arbitrarily shaped high-transmission waveguides, nonlinear enhancement, and phase mismatch-free nonlinear signal generation, and collective emission of many emitters. This review summarizes the Dirac-like cone-based zero-index metamaterials’ fundamental physics, design, experimental realizations, and potential applications.
Wdr1 and cofilin are necessary mediators of immune-cell-specific apoptosis triggered by Tecfidera
Authors: Poganik Jesse R. , Huang Kuan-Ting , Parvez Saba , Zhao Yi , Raja Sruthi , Long Marcus J. C. , Aye Yimon
Published: September 2021

Despite the emerging importance of reactive electrophilic drugs, deconvolution of their principal targets remains difficult. The lack of genetic tractability/interventions and reliance on secondary validation using other non-specific compounds frequently complicate the earmarking of individual binders as functionally- or phenotypically-sufficient pathway regulators. Using a redox-targeting approach to interrogate how on-target binding of pleiotropic electrophiles translates to a phenotypic output in vivo, we here systematically track the molecular components attributable to innate immune cell toxicity of the electrophilic-drug dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera®). In a process largely independent of canonical Keap1/Nrf2-signaling, Keap1-specific modification triggers mitochondrial-targeted neutrophil/macrophage apoptosis. On-target Keap1–ligand-engagement is accompanied by dissociation of Wdr1 from Keap1 and subsequent coordination with cofilin, intercepting Bax. This phagocytic-specific cell-killing program is recapitulated by whole-animal administration of dimethyl fumarate, where individual depletions of the players identified above robustly suppress apoptosis.