bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subsequent publication rate of studies from India presented at the annual congresses of SIOP
Authors: Arora Ramandeep Singh , Arora Puneet , Prabhu Vinod , Eden Tim
Published: February 2012

Subsequent publication as a complete manuscript is a desirable end‐point for studies presented at scientific meetings. Between 2001 and 2005, 191 studies from India were presented at annual congresses of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology. Of these 24 (12.6%) were published with a median time to publication of 20 months. This subsequent publication rate is lower than previous reports of SPR for either paediatric or oncological meetings. A lower proportion of oral presentations and randomised clinical trials (RCTs) could partly explain our findings. Further research is needed to understand barriers to subsequent publication of presented data from India. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 956–958. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of metabolic syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents
Authors: Paris Claudia , Yates Lorena , Lama Pamela , Zepeda Ana J. , Gutiérrez Daniela , Palma Julia
Published: February 2012

Background

To determine the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the Chilean National Program.

Procedures

Descriptive and cross‐sectional study including 69 patients was conducted. Body mass index, pubertal development, waist circumference, arterial pressure (AP), and triglycerides, HDL‐cholesterol, and glucose levels were recorded at the time of study entry. The National Cholesterol Education Program (Adult Treatment Panel III, as modified by the American Heart Association) criteria are often used to diagnose MS in adults; however, for children and adolescents we followed criteria according to De Ferranti and American Diabetes Association. Statistical analyses were performed with a chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test according to sample size.

Results

Sixty‐nine patients were studied. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 12.9 years, and the median time of follow‐up post‐transplant was 4 years. Forty‐three patients were males, 54 patients had malignant diseases, and 59 patients received allogeneic transplants. Of the 69 patients, 32% had MS; the most common MS features were abdominal obesity (73%), hypertriglyceridemia (91%), and a low HDL‐cholesterol level (96%). The most significant risk factor for MS was corticosteroid therapy use pre‐ (P < 0.03) and post‐HSCT (P < 0.03), obesity and overweight associated with MS (P < 0.001). No patient developed cardiovascular complications.

Conclusions

The prevalence of MS was 32%, which was significantly higher than in a healthy pediatric population. We recommend prolonged follow‐up for transplant recipients, coupled with enforcement of preventive measures, such as early diagnosis and encouragement of a healthy lifestyle. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:306–310. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does additional confounder information alter the estimated risk of bleeding associated with phenprocoumon use—results of a two‐phase study
Authors: Behr Sigrid , Schill Walter , Pigeot Iris
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Claims databases are an important source for pharmacoepidemiological studies although they often lack information on some confounders. Two‐phase methodology was used to estimate the bleeding risk in patients treated with phenprocoumon from claims data combined with additional information on body mass index (BMI) and smoking.

Methods

We conducted a nested case–control study using claims data from 2004 to 2007 (phase 1). Additional information was obtained from interviews in a subset of 505 insurants (phase 2). Adjusted bleeding OR were calculated using logistic regression using data from the complete case–control dataset. Furthermore, a two‐phase analysis was conducted, taking into consideration phase 2 data on BMI and smoking.

Results

The phase 1 sample included 1248 cases and 24 960 controls. In phase 1, we observed an adjusted bleeding ORs of 3.93 (95%CI: 2.75–5.61) for male subjects aged 55 years taking phenprocoumon. The bleeding risk associated with phenprocoumon use decreased with increasing age. The two‐phase analysis revealed smoking and a high BMI as risk factors for bleeding. The OR for phenprocoumon obtained from the two‐phase analysis was of similar size as the phase 1 estimate.

Discussion

Phase 2 data added valuable information on smoking and BMI. However, phase 1 results did not change dramatically after accounting for phase 2 information, which is reassuring for the validity of database studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐molecular‐weight polytetrafluoroethylene bearing thermally stable perfluoroalkyl end‐groups prepared in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Xu Anhou , Yuan Wang Zhang , Zhang Heng , Wang Li , Li Hong , Zhang Yongming
Published: February 2012

Low‐molecular‐weight (Mn) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) homopolymers were successfully prepared using a perfluorodiacyl initiator, bis(perfluoro‐2‐n‐propoxypropionyl) peroxide, in supercritical carbon dioxide. Solid‐state 19F NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses show that perfluoroalkyl end‐groups are present in the resultant PTFEs. Thermogravimetric analysis suggests all polymers with various Mn have outstanding thermal stability. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicate that both melting and crystallization transitions of PTFE shift to lower temperatures when Mn decreases, because shorter polymer chains can move more easily at lower temperatures. Investigation of polymerization kinetics suggests that the rate law for the polymerization has kinetic orders of 0.5 and 1.0 with respect to initiator and monomer concentrations, indicating that termination occurs through coupling of propagating chains. Melt fusion crystallinity of as‐polymerized PTFE can be as high as 86%, and the polymerization rate does not seem to be obviously affected by the total interphase area of the polymer phase, implying polymerization mainly occurs in the carbon dioxide‐rich fluid phase; meanwhile, the low viscosity and high diffusivity of supercritical carbon dioxide mean that propagating chains have more opportunities to meet, thus yielding low‐Mn PTFEs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimation of multi‐junction solar cell parameters
Authors: Ben Or Asaf , Appelbaum Joseph
Published: February 2012

The paper deals with the parameter estimation of InGaP/GaAs/Ge multi‐junction solar cell and is based on minimizing the difference between the measured I–V and the theoretical I–V characteristics—the objective function. The parameter estimation was first performed on a multi‐junction solar cell represented by a single‐diode model containing eight parameters: five conventional parameters and three additional parameters for the negative diode breakdown voltage. An extended model is also presented for detailed analysis of the multi‐junction cell containing three subcells connected in series. In this model, each subcell is represented by eight parameters, and therefore a total of 24 parameters describe the cell. The parameter estimation procedure requires derivatives of the first and the second order of an objective function, filtering of noisy measurements, iteration algorithm, guessing of initial parameters, zero finding, and stopping criteria. The paper presents a mathematical method and a procedure for extracting solar cell parameters based on I–V measured data. The parameters' values may be used for analysis of the current mismatch of the subcells, the power loss, the output power of the multi‐junction cell for different environmental conditions, and to some extent, for cell fabrication. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing the effectiveness of building teams in response to intervention implementation
Authors: Nellis Leah M.
Published: February 2012

In the school setting, teams are abundant, often serving multiple purposes, having various titles, and consisting of diverse members. Teams are considered an essential component of Response to Intervention (RtI) and are the vehicle through which data‐based decision making occurs at the school, grade, small‐group, and individual student level. Thus, high‐quality teaming practices are critical for the realization of the potential outcomes associated with RtI and intervention efforts. Existing research has identified various barriers to the implementation of high‐quality team practices. This article summarizes the history of teaming in schools, discusses potential barriers, and offers strategies for enhancing team practices and maximizing the outcomes of teaming. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbohydrate‐based copolyesters made from bicyclic acetalized galactaric acid
Authors: Lavilla C. , Alla A. , de Ilarduya A. Martínez , Benito E. , García‐Martín M. G. , Galbis J. A. , Muñoz‐Guerra S.
Published: February 2012

Mixtures of the dimethyl esters of adipic acid and 2,3:4,5‐di‐O‐methylene‐galactaric acid (Galx) were made to react in the melt with either 1,6‐hexanediol or 1,12‐dodecanediol to produce linear polycyclic copolyesters with aldarate unit contents varying from 10 up to 90 mole %. The copolyesters had weight–average molecular weights in the ∼35,000–45,000 g mol−1 range and a random microstructure, and were thermally stable up to nearly 300 °C. They displayed Tg in the ‐50 to ‐7 °C range with values largely increasing with the content in galactarate units. All the copolyesters were semicrystalline with Tm between 20 and 90 °C but only those made from 1,12‐dodecanediol were able to crystallize from the melt at a crystallization rate that decreased as the contents in the two comonomers approached each other. Copolyesters containing minor amounts of galactarate units adopted the crystal structure characteristic of aliphatic polyesters but a new crystal polymorph was formed when the cyclic sugar units became the majority. Stress–strain parameters were sensitively affected by composition of the copolyesters with the mechanical behavior changing from flexible/ductile to stiff/brittle with the replacement of adipate units by the galactarate units. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
The friction coefficient on polycarbonate as a function of the contact pressure and nanoscale roughness
Authors: Rubin A. , Gauthier C. , Schirrer R.
Published: February 2012

During dry friction the rheological behavior at the interface between a polymer surface and a rigid indenter is linked to the local pressure and the roughness of the surface of the indenter. This study on polycarbonate reports experimental results obtained at ambient temperature using rigid, spherical glass indenters of various radii. In a first step, a plot of the experimental friction coefficient μ versus the mean contact pressure pmean showed that below the yield stress (pmean < 100 MPa) the intrinsic friction coefficient follows a master curve for smooth indenters. In a second step, roughened indenters were prepared by chemical etching, which allowed the monitoring of nanoscale roughness parameters. From 5.5 to 140 nm Rrms, the friction coefficient μ progressively fell to a plastic‐like constant value, indicating that the nanoroughness mediates the friction. These results form the basis for a study of the rheology of confined polymer layers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Insights on the acetylated NF‐κB transcription factor complex with DNA from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Fenollar‐Ferrer Cristina , Anselmi Claudio , Carnevale Vincenzo , Raugei Simone , Carloni Paolo
Published: February 2012

The nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) is a DNA sequence‐specific regulator of many important biological processes, whose activity is modulated by enzymatic acetylation. In one of the best functionally characterized NF‐κB complexes, the p50/p65 heterodimer, acetylation of K221 at p65 causes a decrease of DNA dissociation rate, whilst the acetylation of K122 and K123, also at p65, markedly decreases the binding affinity for DNA. By means of molecular dynamics simulations based on the X‐ray structure of the p50/p65 complex with DNA, we provide insights on the structural determinants of the acetylated complexes in aqueous solution. Lysine acetylation involves the loss of favorable electrostatic interactions between DNA and NF‐κB, which is partially compensated by the reduction of the desolvation free‐energy of the two binding partners. Acetylation at both positions K122 and K123 is associated with a decrease of the electrostatic potential at the p65/DNA interface, which is only partially counterbalanced by an increase of the local Na+ concentration. It induces the disruption of base‐specific and nonspecific interactions between DNA and NF‐κB and it is consistent with the observed decrease of binding affinity. In contrast, acetylation at position K221 results in the loss of nonspecific protein–DNA interactions, but the DNA recognition sites are not affected. In addition, the loss of protein–DNA interactions is likely to be counterbalanced by an increase of the configurational entropy of the complex, which provides, at a speculative level, a justification for the observed decrease of NF‐κB/DNA dissociation rate. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Efficacy of Licorice Root Extract in Decreasing Transaminase Activities in Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Hajiaghamohammadi Ali Akbar , Ziaee Amir , Samimi Rasoul
Published: February 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of licorice on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 66 patients were divided into case and control groups. All patients had elevated liver enzymes and had increased liver echogenicity (lipid accumulation) on sonography. The case group was treated with one capsule containing 2 g aqueous licorice root extract per day for 2 months while the control group was treated in the same manner with a placebo. Weight, body mass index (BMI) and liver transaminase levels were measured for each patient before and after the study. In the case group, the mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level decreased from 64.09 to 51.27 IU/mL and the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level decreased from 58.18 to 49.45 IU/mL, which were statistically significant (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). But in the control group, a drop in the ALT and AST levels was not statistically significant. The BMI difference before and after the study was not statistically significant in both groups. Despite the significant drop in liver enzymes following administration of licorice root extract, it is recommended that further studies that include histological examination are necessary. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral nudging in regional climate modelling: how strongly should we nudge?
Authors: Omrani Hiba , Drobinski Philippe , Dubos Thomas
Published: February 2012

Spectral nudging is a technique consisting in driving regional climate models (RCMs) on selected spatial scales corresponding to those produced by the driving global circulation model (GCM). This technique prevents large and unrealistic departures between the GCM driving fields and the RCM fields at the GCM spatial scales. Theoretically, the relaxation of the RCM towards the GCM should be infinitely strong provided thre are perfect large‐scale fields. In practice, the nudging time is chosen based on trial and error. In this study, the physical parameters setting the optimal nudging coefficient are identified and their effects are discussed. In addition to the predictability time τp, already analyzed in a companion article, the time interval τa between consecutive GCM driving fields is a key controlling parameter, especially when spectral nudging is considered. Indeed, the driving GCM fields are interpolated in time at every RCM integration time step, which is much smaller than τa. This produces an inaccurate evolution of the GCM fields. A nudging time close to zero (infinitly strong nudging) would thus produce a non‐realistic evolution of the RCM large‐scale field and consequently an inaccurate small‐scale field. The optimum nudging coefficient thus differs from zero, but remains smaller than the predictability time τp, as discussed elsewhere. Furthermore depending on the time interval τa, all scales present in the driving fields may not be well time‐resolved. It can then be beneficial to filter them out rather than driving the RCM with fields affected by time‐sampling errors. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Hund's rule in the doubly excited states of the helium isoelectronic
Authors: Katriel Jacob , Themelis Spyros I.
Published: February 2012

The relative magnitudes of the interelectronic repulsions in doubly excited states of the helium isoelectronic sequence that correspond to a common (zero order) configuration are explored. For the isoelectronic sequences of singly excited states an inversion of the relative magnitude of this quantity has been observed to take place at the low end of the sequence, compared to the prediction of first‐order perturbation theory. It was demonstrated that this inversion is associated with expansion of the inner shell concomitant with contraction of the outer shell. Correlation does not upset this inversion. A heuristic analysis of the behavior of the singly excited states near the critical charge at which the outer electron becomes unbound suggests that the inversion in the relative magnitudes of the singlet and triplet interelectronic repulsions is indeed inevitable. A similar argument shows that for the harmonic quantum dot such an inversion is highly unlikely (and is actually ruled out by numerical calculations). The behavior observed in intrashell doubly excited states of two‐electron atoms exhibits markedly different features. Within the Hartree–Fock level no inversion of the relative magnitudes of the interelectronic repulsions takes place, in agreement with the absence of an expanding inner shell. However, correlation appears to play a more decisive role in this case, yielding a reversal of the relative magnitudes of the interelectronic repulsion that the independent particle model does not anticipate. Inserting a closed inner shell, that is, examining the singlet and triplet terms of the four electron configuration 1s22p2 and the six electron configuration 1s22s22p2, fully supports the role of the inner shell in giving rise to an inversion of the relative magnitudes of the interelectronic repulsions even at the Hartree–Fock level. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The significance of ambient‐temperature on pharmaceutical and endogenous compound abundance and distribution in tissues sections when analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Goodwin Richard J. A. , Iverson Suzanne L. , Andren Per E.
Published: February 2012

RATIONALE

Mass spectrometry imaging has proven to be a complementary assay to the traditional labeled‐compound studies employed in drug research and development. However, there has been limited examination of the technical limitations of the technique with respect to small molecule stability in samples.

METHODS

Raclopride dosed rat brain tissue sections (single dose i.v. 2 mg/kg) were allowed to warm to room temperature for 0 to 5 min prior to either a solvent‐based wet matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix or a solvent‐free dry MALDI matrix being applied. Subsequent MS imaging analysis was at a spatial resolution of 200 µm, performed using a MALDI TOF/TOF (Ultraflex II, Bruker Daltonics).

RESULTS

MALDI‐MS has been used to monitor the time‐dependent appearance and loss of small molecule abundance in tissue sections brought rapidly to room temperature for short periods of time. The abundances of a range of markers were seen to vary across the time course, both increasing and decreasing. The intensity of some markers changed significantly within 1 min. Importantly, the abundance of raclopride was seen to decrease over the 5‐min time period examined.

CONCLUSIONS

The results strongly indicate that considerable care is required to allow comparison of both pharmaceutical and endogenous compounds between MALDI‐MSI experiments and also has implications for the standard practice of thaw‐mounting multiple tissue sections onto MALDI‐MS targets during MSI experiments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying trophic interactions between a plant pathogen and two different antagonistic microorganisms using a 13C‐labeled compound and isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Pellegrini Alberto , Corneo Paola Elisa , Camin Federica , Ziller Luca , Tosi Solveig , Pertot Ilaria
Published: February 2012

RATIONALE

The study of the interactions among microorganisms, especially between pathogens and other microorganisms, is a very useful way to identify possible biocontrol agents (BCAs). In this study we verified the capability of δ13C analysis using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to detect active parasitism or metabolic assimilation of 13 C‐labeled Armillaria mellea (plant pathogen) by Trichoderma atroviride and Pseudomonas fluorescens (two BCAs).

METHODS

The three microorganisms were labeled in pure‐culture using a specific medium to which D‐glucose 13C was added. The δ13C analysis of mycelia/cells and DNA was undertaken using IRMS at different times, to study the uptake kinetics of 13C. The mechanisms of interaction were studied by implementing dual‐culture tests and measuring the δ13C values of the two BCAs after 29 days of contact with the labeled pathogen.

RESULTS

A. mellea absorbed 13C more slowly (plateau at 21 days) than T. atroviride and P. fluorescens (3 and 1 day, respectively) in pure‐culture. The maximum δ13C values were higher in A. mellea and T. atroviride mycelia (8,019.9‰ and 10,383.7‰, respectively) than in P. fluorescens (953.4‰ in cells). In dual‐culture the mycelia of T. atroviride which remained in direct contact with labeled A. mellea showed an increased δ13C value with respect to the unlabeled treatment (66.4‰ and −26.6‰, respectively), due to active interaction. Lower assimilation of 13C was detected in P. fluorescens.

CONCLUSIONS

This work demonstrates that IRMS can be used for the in‐depth study of direct parasitism and interaction process between biocontrol agents and labeled pathogens, allowing the screening of potential new BCAs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy: role of the Bethe–Born factor
Authors: Calliari L. , Fanchenko S.
Published: February 2012

The article deals with two issues concerning reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS), namely, which angular cutoff should be used to properly define the phase space of energy loss into plasmon excitations and how approximate evaluations of the surface component of the momentum transfer can affect the surface excitation parameter. With regard to the first point, we demonstrate the crucial role of plasmon energy dispersion in determining the angular range for inelastic scattering. As for the second point, we show that an exact evaluation of the surface component of the momentum transfer is needed if the surface excitation parameter has to be determined in a reliable way over the entire range of angles of surface crossing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS depth analysis of CuO by electrospray droplet impact
Authors: Sakai Yuji , Ninomiya Satoshi , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: February 2012

The electrospray droplet impact (EDI) is presented as a new etching technique that induces almost no surface damage left after irradiation. We have previously reported that selective etching was not observed after EDI irradiation for organic materials. The present work made a comparative XPS study on the CuO etched by Ar+ and EDI. Although marked reduction of CuO was observed with Ar+ etching, no chemical modification was occurred by EDI. The etching rate of a few nm/min with EDI was estimated for copper oxide under the present experimental conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS analysis on the influence of water on the evolution of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate–derived reaction layer in lubricated rolling contacts
Authors: Nedelcu I. , Piras E. , Rossi A. , Pasaribu H. R.
Published: February 2012

The presence of water in lubricating oil affects the performance of lubricated rolling contacts. This work particularly focuses on the role of water in altering the evolution of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)–derived reaction layers. A series of tribological tests were carried out using a rolling four‐ball machine. Different initial water amounts were added to 2 wt% ZDDP in poly‐alpha‐olefin (PAO). The reaction layer evolution and its chemical properties were studied using XPS and SEM. SEM analyses show that water seems to inhibit the growth of the ZDDP‐derived reaction layer. XPS analyses reveal that the reaction layer undergoes a depolymerisation of the polyphosphate chain when water is present in lubricated contacts. Surface distress was observed in 2 wt% ZDDP in poly‐alpha‐olefin, whereas when water was mixed with pure base oil, the surface distress increased. Different mechanisms of the influence of water on the ZDDP‐derived reaction layer evolution are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amperometric urea biosensor based on platinum electrode modified with a nanocomposite film
Authors: Branzoi Florina , Branzoi Viorel , Musina Ancuta
Published: February 2012

A novel amperometric biosensor for the detection of urea was prepared by immobilizing urease on a modified electrode of nanocomposite film/platinum substrate. The nanocomposite film was obtained by electrochemical co‐polymerization of the corresponding monomers in the presence of functionalized carbon nanotubes and different additives. These nanocomposites were used as conducting films for amperometric urea sensing after covalent immobilization of urease onto nanocomposite‐coated electrodes. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy. The immobilized urease on the nanocomposite film surface exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic response toward the reduction of urea. Amperometric response was measured as a function of urea concentration at a fixed potential, in this case, the open circuit potential. The obtained sensor showed rapid response and good reversibility. The response time was less than 10 s, whereas the reversible time was approximately 5 to 15 s. The enzymatic nanostructured electrode exhibited high sensitivity, a wide linear range and low detection limit for the electrochemical detection of urea. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental calibration curve for quantitative XPS analysis constructed from in situ fractured polycrystalline manganese silicide surfaces
Authors: Ohtsu Naofumi , Oku Masaoki , Shishido Toetsu , Wagatsuma Kazuaki
Published: February 2012

In the present study, we prepared clean surfaces of polycrystalline Mn3Si, MnSi, and Mn11Si19 by fracturing them in a spectrometer under an ultrahigh vacuum, and then attempted to construct a calibration curve for a quantitative XPS analysis by measuring these clean surfaces. We ensured that there were no C 1s and O 1s peaks in the survey XPS spectra for the fractured surfaces. In the case of Mn11Si19, a positive chemical shift in the binding energy of the Mn 2p level was observed, whereas a slight negative shift in the binding energy of the Si 2p level was observed in the cases of MnSi and Mn3Si. The spectral intensity ratios of Mn 3p to Si 2p and Mn 3s to Si 2p were proportional to the atomic ratio of Mn to Si, indicating that these relationships could be used as the calibration curve. On the other hand, no linear relationship was observed for the ratio of Mn 2p to Si 2p. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Lipid Multilayer Stamping
Authors: Nafday Omkar A. , Lowry Troy W. , Lenhert Steven
Published: February 2012

Nanostructured lipid multilayers on surfaces are a promising biofunctional nanomaterial. For example, surface‐supported lipid multilayer diffraction gratings with optical properties that depend on the microscale spacing of the grating lines and the nanometer thickness of the lipid multilayers have been fabricated previously by dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN), with immediate applications as label‐free biosensors. The innate biocompatibility of such gratings makes them promising as biological sensor elements, model cellular systems, and construction materials for nanotechnology. Here a method is described that combines the lateral patterning capabilities and scalability of microcontact printing with the topographical control of nanoimprint lithography and the multimaterial integration aspects of dip‐pen nanolithography in order to create nanostructured lipid multilayer arrays. This approach is denoted multilayer stamping. The distinguishing characteristic of this method is that it allows control of the lipid multilayer thickness, which is a crucial nanoscale dimension that determines the optical properties of lipid multilayer nanostructures. The ability to integrate multiple lipid materials on the same surface is also demonstrated by multi‐ink spotting onto a polydimethoxysilane stamp, as well as higher‐throughput patterning (on the order of 2 cm2 s−1 for grating fabrication) and the ability to pattern lipid materials that could not previously be patterned with high resolution by lipid DPN, for example, the gel‐phase phospholipid 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DPPC) or the steroid cholesterol.
MemSafe: ensuring the spatial and temporal memory safety of C at runtime
Authors: Simpson Matthew S. , Barua Rajeev K.
Published: February 2012

Memory access violations are a leading source of unreliability in C programs. As evidence of this problem, a variety of methods exist that retrofit C with software checks to detect memory errors at runtime. However, these methods generally suffer from one or more drawbacks including the inability to detect all errors, the use of incompatible metadata, the need for manual code modifications, and high runtime overheads. This paper presents a compiler analysis and transformation for ensuring the memory safety of C called MemSafe. MemSafe makes several novel contributions that improve upon previous work and lower the cost of safety. These include (i) a method for modeling temporal errors as spatial errors, (ii) a metadata representation that combines features of both object‐based and pointer‐based approaches, and (iii) a dataflow representation that simplifies optimizations for removing unneeded checks. MemSafe is capable of detecting real errors with lower overheads than previous efforts. Experimental results show that MemSafe detects all memory errors in six programs with known violations as well as two large and widely used open source applications. Finally, MemSafe ensures complete safety with an average overhead of 88% on 30 programs commonly used for evaluating the performance of error detection tools. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivation and Functional Analysis of Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as an In Vitro Model of Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Jiang Yan , Cowley Sally A. , Siler Ulrich , Melguizo Dario , Tilgner Katarzyna , Browne Cathy , Dewilton Angus , Przyborski Stefan , Saretzki Gabriele , James William S. , Seger Reinhard A. , Reichenbach Janine , Lako Majlinda , Armstrong Lyle
Published: February 2012

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of phagocytes in which NADPH oxidase is defective in generating reactive oxygen species. In this study, we reprogrammed three normal unrelated patient's fibroblasts (p47phox and gp91phox) to pluripotency by lentiviral transduction with defined pluripotency factors. These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) share the morphological features of human embryonic stem cells, express the key pluripotency factors, and possess high telomerase activity. Furthermore, all the iPSC lines formed embryoid bodies in vitro containing cells originating from all three germ layers and were capable of teratoma formation in vivo. They were isogenic with the original patient fibroblasts, exhibited normal karyotype, and retained the p47phox or gp91phox mutations found in the patient fibroblasts. We further demonstrated that these iPSC could be differentiated into monocytes and macrophages with a similar cytokine profile to blood-derived macrophages under resting conditions. Most importantly, CGD-patient-specific iPSC-derived macrophages showed normal phagocytic properties but lacked reactive oxygen species production, which correlates with clinical diagnosis of CGD in the patients. Together these results suggest that CGD-patient-specific iPSC lines represent an important tool for modeling CGD disease phenotypes, screening candidate drugs, and the development of gene therapy.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Intersectional Identities and Conceptions of the Self: The Experience of Transgender People
Authors: de Vries Kylan Mattias
Published: February 2012

Transgender people in the United States change genders in relation to androcentric, heterocentric, and middle‐class whitenormative cultural narratives. Drawing on ethnographic data primarily with transgender people of color, I analyze the ways in which gender, race, social class, and sexuality all combine to create specific background identities – intersected identity frames – which others attribute in interaction. We can better understand these intersected identity frames through the experiences of transgender people, who actively engage in identity management. The meanings others attach to specific combinations are foregrounded in the context of transitioning; some audiences employ dominant, white cultural narratives, while others draw upon ethnic cultural narratives. In all cases, transitioning throws the multi‐dimensionality of intersected identity frames into sharp relief against the background of intersecting social and cultural structural arrangements.
Preparation of a Three‐Dimensional Silver(I) Nano‐Coordination Polymer from its Single Crystals by Thermal Treatment with Oleic Acid
Authors: Akhbari Kamran , Morsali Ali
Published: February 2012

Nanoparticles of a three‐dimensional coordination polymer, [Ag(μ4‐4‐ABS)]n (1) [4‐ABS– = 4‐aminobenzenesulfonate], were synthesized by thermal treatment with oleic acid at 523 K from a well‐ground powder of its single crystals. The single‐crystal X‐ray data of compound 1 shows the formation of a 3D silver(I) coordination polymer with a disordered tetrahedral coordination sphere around the AgI ions. The structure of compound 1 differs strongly from the coordination polymer, [Ag(μ5‐TS)]n (2) [TS– = toluene‐4‐sulfonate], which was reported previously. The coordination number of AgI ions in compound 1 is four, with no Ag···C interactions, which is also in contrast to compound 2. AgBr nanoparticles were fabricated by using the reverse micelles technique. These nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability of compound 1 single crystal was studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of two Helical Structures from Rigid Carboxylate Ligand and Flexible N‐Bridging Ligands
Authors: Li Xia , Zhao Wenjie , Zhang Yue , Zhang Yu , Tan Jinting , Lu Yingli , Feng Xing , Yang Xuwu
Published: February 2012

Two novel coordination polymers based on mixed ligands, [Zn(dpb)(bdc)(H2O)]n (1) and [Cd(dpb)(bbdc)(H2O)(DMF)]n (2) [dpb = 1, 4‐bis(pyridin‐3‐ylmethoxy)benzene, H2bdc = 1, 4‐benzenedicarboxylate, H2bbdc = 4, 4′‐dibenzenedicarboxylate], were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Compound 1 forms meso‐helical chain and shows three fold interpenetrating architecture with 4‐connected net {6 6} diamond topology. Compound 2 is a left‐ and right‐handed helical layer, which are interacted by π–π stacking interactions to construct a 3D framework. The luminescent properties of the compounds are discussed.
Laparoscopic Appendectomy in Pregnant Women: Experience in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Authors: Hannan Md. Jafrul , Hoque Md. Mozammel , Begum Lutfun Naher
Published: February 2012

Background

Surgery may be needed during pregnancy for nonobstetric reasons, most commonly appendicitis, and laparoscopy is considered as safe as the open method, for both mother and fetus. The aim of the present study was to emphasize the feasibility of laparoscopic appendectomy during pregnancy in a developing country, and also to report the first study of its kind from Bangladesh.

Materials and methods

From 7 October 2005 to 6 October 2010, 31 pregnant women were diagnosed with acute appendicitis. Diagnoses were based on clinical suspicion supported by ultrasonogram. Under general endotracheal anesthesia, laparoscopy was done in all 31 cases. One gynecologist was always present to monitor the conditions of the fetus preoperatively and postoperatively. Feeding was allowed 6 h after surgery, and the majority of the patients were discharged on the second postoperative day. Age, gestational period, operative time, hospital stay, maternal and fetal outcome, and complications were evaluated.

Results

Age ranged from 19 to 35 years and gestational period ranged from 6 to 31 weeks. Right lower quadrant pain was the presenting complaint in majority of cases. Average operative time was 34 ± 10.19 min, and there were no conversions to open surgery. There were no intraoperative or immediate postoperative hazards. Postoperative recovery was uneventful in all cases. Histopathology of 30 cases confirmed appendicitis. One patient, whose fetus was at 12 weeks gestation at the time of the appendectomy had a spontaneous abortion 1 month later. There were no adverse outcomes during the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

Laparoscopy is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of appendicitis during pregnancy and can be performed in a developing country.
Surgical Treatment of Acute Recurrent Diverticulitis: Early Elective or Late Elective Surgery. An Analysis of 237 Patients
Authors: Hoffmann Henry , Dell‐Kuster Salome , Genstorfer Jörg , Kettelhack Christoph , Langer Igor , Rosenthal Rachel , Oertli Daniel , Heizmann Oleg
Published: February 2012

Background

The optimal timing of elective surgery in diverticulitis remains unclear. We attempted to investigate early elective versus late elective laparoscopic surgery in acute recurrent diverticulitis in a retrospective study.

Method

Data of patients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery for diverticulitis were retrospectively gathered, including Hinchey stages I–II a/b. the primary endpoint was in‐hospital complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Secondary endpoints were surgical complications, operative time, conversion rate, and length of hospital stay.

Results

Of 237 patients, 81 (34%) underwent early elective operation (group A) and 156 (66%) underwent late elective operation (group B). In‐hospital complications developed in 32% in group A and in 34% in group B (risk difference 2%, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): −11%, 14%). Higher age (p = 0.048) and borderline higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score (p = 0.056) were risk factors for in‐hospital complications. Severe surgical complications occurred in 9% of patients in group A and 10% in group B (risk difference 2%, 95% CI: −6%, 9%). Conversion rate was 9% in group A and 3% in group B (p = 0.070). Severity of disease did not seem to have an impact on complications or length of hospital stay. The median postoperative hospital stay was 8 days in both groups (interquartile range 6–10). Mean operative time was 220 min (SD 64) in group A and 202 min (SD 48) in group B.

Conclusions

This is the first study comparing early versus late elective surgery for diverticulitis in terms of the postoperative outcome using a validated classification. Although the retrospective setting and large confidence intervals don’t allow definitive recommendations, these results are of utmost importance for the design of future prospective, randomized controlled trials.
Effects of the flavonoid hesperidin in cerebral cortical progenitors in vitro: indirect action through astrocytes
Authors: Nones Jader , Spohr Tania Cristina Leite de Sampaio , Gomes Flávia Carvalho Alcantara
Published: February 2012

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are integral components of the human diet, universally present as constituents of fruits and vegetables as well as plant‐derived foods and beverages such as oil, tea, and red wine. The biological activities of flavonoids cover a very broad spectrum, from anticancer and antibacterial activities to inhibition of bone reabsorption and modulation of inflammatory response. Although emerging evidence has suggested that flavonoids might have an impact on brain pathology and aging, their role as a mediator in interactions between neurons and glial cells has been poorly explored. In the present work, we have performed a screening of flavonoid actions by analyzing the effects of hesperidin, quercetin and rutin on murine cerebral cortex astrocytes and neural progenitors. Treatment of astrocytes with flavonoids did not interfere with cell viability and proliferation. However a culture of neural progenitors with conditioned medium from hesperidin treated‐astrocyte (H‐CM) yielded produced a 41% and 25% increase in the number of neural progenitors and post‐mitotic neurons, respectively. The H‐CM effect was mainly due to modulation of neuronal progenitor survival. Pools of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitors were not affected by H‐CM (hesperidin), Q‐CM (quercetin) and R‐CM (rutin). Q‐CM and R‐CM did not increase neuronal population. These results suggest that H‐CM might be composed by a new factor that could modulate neuroglial interactions during central nervous system development and opens the possibility for using flavonoids as new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia
Authors: Thomas Northcote Whitridge
Published: February 2012

N. W. Thomas (1868–1936) was one of the first government anthropologists of the colonial era and published one of the first studies of central African languages. This book, written in the early stages of his career, is a study of kinship structures in indigenous Australian peoples, and was first published as part of the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series in 1906. Thomas develops and defines fundamental anthropological concepts used today – such as consanguinity as a distinct term affecting descent, status and duties in a society – and emphasises the importance of seeing kinship terms as a social description, instead of merely describing biological relationships. His deconstruction of Lewis H. Morgan's theory of social evolution is also of interest for constructing a historiography of social anthropology. This volume contains views on ethnicity which were acceptable at the time it was first published.
Sinai and Palestine
Authors: Stanley Arthur Penrhyn
Published: February 2012

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–1881) was a Biblical historian and was also considered the leading liberal theologian of his day. After being appointed a Canon of Canterbury Cathedral in 1850 he was elected Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford before becoming Dean of Westminster in 1863. During 1852 and 1853 Stanley travelled extensively in Egypt and the Holy Land. In this book, published in 1856, Stanley describes in vivid detail the ancient monuments and sites he visited, relating these locations to descriptions in the Old Testament and discussing the 'sacred geography' this creates. His work was immensely popular, with this volume running into a fourth edition within a year of publication. It provides a classic example of the combination of Biblical scholarship with historical literature which formed the basis of historical scholarship on the ancient Near East in the late nineteenth century.
Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt
Authors: Maspero Gaston
Published: February 2012

Amelia Edwards' English translation of the Manual of Egyptian Archaeology by the renowned French Egyptologist Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (1846–1916) was originally published in 1887. The fifth edition reissued here appeared in 1902, ten years after Edwards' death, under the auspices of Maspero. Edwards' translation was important for generating public interest in Egyptology in Britain. It is a classic work of popular Egyptology that has served for years as an indispensable guide for students, amateur enthusiasts and professionals, and was long relied upon by British tourists visiting Egypt's ancient sites. The book contains chapters on civil and military architecture, religious architecture, ancient tombs, Egyptian painting and sculpture, and industrial art. There are detailed sections on the various materials used including stone, clay, glass, wood, ivory, leather, textile fabrics, iron, lead, and bronze. The volume is beautifully illustrated with over 300 engravings.
The Limits of Legal Reasoning and the European Court of Justice
Authors: Conway Gerard
Published: February 2012

The European Court of Justice is widely acknowledged to have played a fundamental role in developing the constitutional law of the EU, having been the first to establish such key doctrines as direct effect, supremacy and parallelism in external relations. Traditionally, EU scholarship has praised the role of the ECJ, with more critical perspectives being given little voice in mainstream EU studies. From the standpoint of legal reasoning, Gerard Conway offers the first sustained critical assessment of how the ECJ engages in its function and offers a new argument as to how it should engage in legal reasoning. He also explains how different approaches to legal reasoning can fundamentally change the outcome of case law and how the constitutional values of the EU justify a different approach to the dominant method of the ECJ.
The Agrarian System of Moslem India
Authors: Moreland W. H.
Published: February 2012

Like many British authors of books about India before independence, William Harrison Moreland (1868–1938) had worked as a civil servant in the subcontinent. He spent twenty-five years in the North-West Provinces, and for twelve years he was Director of Land Records and Agriculture. He was committed to improving the agricultural system of the region, and even established an agricultural college in Kanpur. After he retired, he decided to examine old land and revenue records, resulting in this work, which was published in 1929. Starting in the thirteenth century, the book gives a historical context to the changing land use and revenue practices in India. Moreland also examines the role of religious law and the influence of successive regimes and rulers on the development of agrarian practices as well as on the lives and work of India's peasantry.
Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis
Authors: Cornwallis Charles
Published: February 2012

Charles Cornwallis, first Marquis Cornwallis (1738–1805), was a highly influential colonial governor and British army officer, though he is best remembered for his role on the losing side in the American War of Independence (1775–1781). Cornwallis entered military service in 1757. Following the War of Independence, in 1786 he was appointed as first Governor General of India, where he instituted extensive military and civil reforms, and he became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1797. These fascinating volumes, first published in 1858, contain personal letters and official dispatches written by Cornwallis during his long career. These letters vividly describe the historical and political context of events in which Cornwallis participated, and succinctly illustrate his character and personal motivations. These volumes are reissued from the second edition of 1859. Volume 3 contains correspondence from 1798 to 1805.