bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mean age of carbon in fine roots from temperate forests and grasslands with different management
Authors: Solly E. , Schöning I. , Boch S. , Müller J. , Socher S. A. , Trumbore S. E. , Schrumpf M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Fine roots are the most dynamic portion of a plant's root system and a major source of soil organic matter. By altering plant species diversity and composition, soil conditions and nutrient availability, and consequently belowground allocation and dynamics of root carbon (C) inputs, land-use and management changes may influence organic C storage in terrestrial ecosystems. In three German regions, we measured fine root radiocarbon (14C) content to estimate the mean time since C in root tissues was fixed from the atmosphere in 54 grassland and forest plots with different management and soil conditions. Although root biomass was on average greater in grasslands 5.1 ± 0.8 g (mean ± SE, n = 27) than in forests 3.1 ± 0.5 g (n = 27) (p < 0.05), the mean age of C in fine roots in forests averaged 11.3 ± 1.8 yr and was older and more variable compared to grasslands 1.7 ± 0.4 yr (p < 0.001). We further found that management affects the mean age of fine root C in temperate grasslands mediated by changes in plant species diversity and composition. Fine root mean C age is positively correlated with plant diversity (r = 0.65) and with the number of perennial species (r = 0.77). Fine root mean C age in grasslands was also affected by study region with averages of 0.7 ± 0.1 yr (n = 9) on mostly organic soils in northern Germany and of 1.8 ± 0.3 yr (n = 9) and 2.6 ± 0.3 (n = 9) in central and southern Germany (p < 0.05). This was probably due to differences in soil nutrient contents and soil moisture conditions between study regions, which affected plant species diversity and the presence of perennial species. Our results indicate more long-lived roots or internal redistribution of C in perennial species and suggest linkages between fine root C age and management in grasslands. These findings improve our ability to predict and model belowground C fluxes across broader spatial scales.
Deglacial intermediate water reorganization: new evidence from the Indian Ocean
Authors: Romahn S. , Mackensen A. , Groeneveld J. , Pätzold J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The importance of intermediate water masses in climate change and ocean circulation has been emphasized recently. In particular, Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is thought to have acted as an active interhemispheric transmitter of climate anomalies. Here we reconstruct changes in AAIW signature and spatial and temporal evolution based on a 40 kyr time series of oxygen and carbon isotopes as well as planktic Mg/Ca based thermometry from a site in the western Indian Ocean. Our data suggest that AAIW transmitted Antarctic temperature trends to the equatorial Indian Ocean via the "oceanic tunnel" mechanism. Moreover, our results reveal that deglacial AAIW carried a signature of aged Southern Ocean deep water. We find no evidence of increased formation of intermediate waters during the deglaciation.
Background albedo dynamics improve simulated precipitation variability in the Sahel region
Authors: Vamborg F. S. E. , Brovkin V. , Claussen M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Using the general circulation model ECHAM5-JSBACH forced by observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the 20th century, we investigate the role of vegetation and land surface albedo dynamics in shaping rainfall variability in the Sahel. We use two different land surface albedo schemes, one in which the albedo of the canopy is varying and one in which additionally the albedo changes of the surface below the canopy are taken into account. The SST-forcing provides the background for simulating the observed decadal signal in Sahelian rainfall, though the respone to SST-forcing only is not strong enough to fully capture the observed signal. The introduction of dynamic vegetation leads to an increase in inter-annual variability of the rainfall, and gives rise to an increased number of high amplitude rainfall anomaly events. The dynamic background albedo leads to an increased persistence of the rainfall anomalies. The increase in persistence means that the difference between the dry and the wet decades is increased compared to the other simulations, and thus more closely matching the observed absolute change between these two periods. These results highlight the need for a consistent representation of land surface albedo dynamics for capturing the full extent of rainfall anomalies in the Sahel.
Preservation of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments off shore Taiwan: mountain building and atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration
Authors: Kao S.-J. , Hilton R. G. , Selvaraj K. , Dai M. , Zehetner F. , Huang J.-C. , Hsu S.-C. , Sparkes R. , Liu J. T. , Lee T.-Y. , Yang J.-Y. T. , Galy A. , Xu X. , Hovius N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Geological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) can be achieved by the erosion of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial biosphere and its burial in long-lived marine sediments. Rivers on mountain islands of Oceania in the western Pacific have very high rates of OC export to the ocean, yet its preservation offshore remains poorly constrained. Here we use the OC content (Corg, %), radiocarbon (Δ14Corg) and stable isotope (δ13Corg) composition of sediments offshore Taiwan to assess the fate of terrestrial OC. We account for rock-derived fossil OC to assess the preservation of OC eroded from the terrestrial biosphere (non-fossil OC) during flood discharges (hyperpycnal river plumes) and when river inputs are dispersed more widely (hypopycnal). The Corg, Δ14Corg and δ13Corg of marine sediment traps and cores indicate that during flood discharges, terrestrial OC is transferred efficiently to the deep ocean and accumulates offshore with little evidence for terrestrial OC loss. In marine sediments fed by dispersive river inputs, the Corg, Δ14Corg and δ13Corg are consistent with mixing of marine OC and terrestrial OC and suggest that efficient preservation of terrestrial OC (> 70%) is also associated with hypopycnal delivery. Re-burial of fossil OC is pervasive. Our findings from Taiwan suggest that erosion and marine burial of terrestrial non-fossil OC may sequester > 8 TgC yr−1 across Oceania, a significant geological CO2 sink which requires better constraint. We postulate that mountain islands of Oceania provide strong link between tectonic uplift and the carbon cycle, one moderated by the climatic variability that controls terrestrial OC delivery to the ocean.
Legitimising data-driven models: exemplification of a new data-driven mechanistic modelling framework
Authors: Mount N. J. , Dawson C. W. , Abrahart R. J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this paper the difficult problem of how to legitimise data-driven hydrological models is addressed using an example of a simple artificial neural network modelling problem. Many data-driven models in hydrology have been criticised for their black-box characteristics, which prohibit adequate understanding of their mechanistic behaviour and restrict their wider heuristic value. In response, presented here is a new generic data-driven mechanistic modelling framework. The framework is significant because it incorporates an evaluation of the legitimacy of a data-driven model's internal modelling mechanism as a core element in the modelling process. The framework's value is demonstrated by two simple artificial neural network river forecasting scenarios. We develop a novel adaptation of first-order partial derivative, relative sensitivity analysis to enable each model's mechanistic legitimacy to be evaluated within the framework. The results demonstrate the limitations of standard, goodness-of-fit validation procedures by highlighting how the internal mechanisms of complex models that produce the best fit scores can have lower mechanistic legitimacy than simpler counterparts whose scores are only slightly inferior. Thus, our study directly tackles one of the key debates in data-driven, hydrological modelling: is it acceptable for our ends (i.e. model fit) to justify our means (i.e. the numerical basis by which that fit is achieved)?
Interpolation of extensive routine water pollution monitoring datasets: methodology and discussion of implications for aquifer management
Authors:   Yuval, Rimon Y. , Graber E. R. , Furman A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. A large fraction of the fresh water available for human use is stored in groundwater aquifers. Since human activities such as mining, agriculture, industry and urbanization often result in incursion of various pollutants to groundwater, routine monitoring of water quality is an indispensable component of judicious aquifer management. Unfortunately, groundwater pollution monitoring is expensive and usually cannot cover an aquifer with the spatial resolution necessary for making adequate management decisions. Interpolation of monitoring data between points is thus an important tool for supplementing measured data. However, interpolating routine groundwater pollution data poses a special problem due to the nature of the observations. The data from a producing aquifer usually includes many zero pollution concentration values from the clean parts of the aquifer but may span a wide range (up to a few orders of magnitude) of values in the polluted areas. This manuscript presents a methodology that can cope with such datasets and use them to produce maps that present the pollution plumes but also delineates the clean areas that are fit for production. A method for assessing the quality of mapping in a way which is suitable to the data's dynamic range of values is also presented. Local variant of inverse distance weighting is employed to interpolate the data. Inclusion zones around the interpolation points ensure that only relevant observations contribute to each interpolated concentration. Using inclusion zones improves the accuracy of the mapping but results in interpolation grid points which are not assigned a value. That inherent trade-off between the interpolation accuracy and coverage is demonstrated using both circular and elliptical inclusion zones. A leave-one-out cross testing is used to assess and compare the performance of the interpolations. The methodology is demonstrated using groundwater pollution monitoring data from the Coastal aquifer along the Israeli shoreline.
Review article: Quantifying the human impact on water resources: a critical review of the water footprint concept
Authors: Chenoweth J. , Hadjikakou M. , Zoumides C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The water footprint is a consumption-based indicator of water use, referring to the total volume of freshwater used directly and indirectly by a nation or a company, or in the provision of a product or service. Despite widespread enthusiasm for the development and use of water footprints, some concerns have been raised about the concept and its usefulness. A variety of methodologies have been developed for water footprinting which differ with respect to how they deal with different forms of water use. The result is water footprint estimates which vary dramatically, often creating confusion. Despite these methodological qualms, the concept has had notable success in raising awareness about water use in agricultural and industrial supply chains, by providing a previously unavailable and (seemingly) simple numerical indicator of water use. Nevertheless, and even though a range of uses have already been suggested for water footprinting, its policy value remains unclear. Unlike the carbon footprint which provides a universal measure of human impact on the atmosphere's limited absorptive capacity, the water footprint in its conventional form solely quantifies a single production input without any accounting of the impacts of use, which vary spatially and temporally. Following an extensive review of the literature related to water footprints, this paper critically examines the present uses of the concept, focusing on its current strengths, shortcomings and promising research avenues to advance it.
Paleosols in the transantarctic mountains: indicators of environmental change
Authors: Bockheim J. G.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs), a 3500 km long chain that subdivides East Antarctica from West Antarctica, are important for reconstructing the tectonic, glacial, and climatic history of Antarctica. With an ice-free area of 24 200 km2 (50% of the total in Antarctica), the TAMs contain an unusually high proportion of paleosols, including relict and buried soils. The unconsolidated paleosols range from late Quaternary to Miocene in age, the semi-consolidated paleosols are of early Miocene to Oligocene age, and the consolidated paleosols are of Paleozoic age. Paleosols on unconsolidated deposits are emphasized in this study. Examples are given from the McMurdo Dry Valleys (78° S) and two outlet glaciers in the central and southern TAMS, including the Hatherton-Darwin Glacier region (80° S) and the Beardmore Glacier region (85° 30' S). Relict soils constitute 73% of all of the soils examined; 10% of the soils featured burials. About 26% of the soils examined are from the last glaciation (< 117 ka) and have not undergone any apparent change in climate. As an example, paleosols comprise 65% of a mapped portion of central Wright Valley. Paleosols in the TAMs feature recycled ventifacts and buried glacial ice in excess of 8 Ma in age; and volcanic ash of Pliocene to Miocene age has buried some soils. Relict soils are more strongly developed than nearby modern soils and often are dry-frozen and feature sand-wedge casts when ice-cemented permafrost was present. The preservation of paleosols in the TAMs can be attributed to cold-based glaciers that are able to override landscapes while causing minimal disturbance.
Zygomatic Salivary Gland Diseases in the Dog: Three Cases Diagnosed by MRI
Authors: Boland Laetitia , Gomes Eymeric , Payen Guillaume , Bouvy Bernard , Poncet Cyrill
Published: July 2013

This article describes three original cases of zygomatic gland disease in the dog diagnosed by low-field MRI and treated by a modified lateral orbitotomy with zygomatic osteotomy. Presenting complaints included exophthalmia, protrusion of the third eyelid, and periorbital swelling without any history of trauma. Low-field MRI allowed for adequate diagnosis of zygomatic gland disease in all cases and provided detailed information about both the specific tissue characteristics of each lesion and extension into surrounding structures. MRI findings were also helpful for surgical planning and dictated the choice of a modified lateral orbitotomy without removal of the orbital ligament. Histopathologic diagnosis for each of the three dogs was a mucocele, a malignant mixed salivary tumor, and sialadenitis.
Evaluation of a Gelatin Matrix as a Topical Hemostatic Agent for Hepatic Bleeding in the Dog
Authors: Polidoro Daniel P. , Kass Philip H.
Published: July 2013

New generation topical hemostatic agents containing thrombin have been developed for use in surgical procedures when control of bleeding by conventional methods is either ineffective or impractical. The authors compared the safety, hemostatic efficacy, and handling characteristics of a thrombin-containing topical surgical hemostatic agent (a gelatin matrix) to a hemostatic gelatin sponge for treatment of parenchymal bleeding after liver biopsy. Fourteen dogs were enrolled in this prospective clinical study. Paired 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm deep liver biopsies were obtained via laparotomy for each dog. One bleeding liver biopsy lesion was treated with the gelatin matrix and the other with a gelatin sponge. The treated liver biopsy sites were compared for bleeding severity, time to hemostasis, cumulative blood loss, and hemostatic agent handling characteristics. Median time to hemostasis was significantly shorter (P = 0.034) and median cumulative blood loss was significantly lower (P = 0.033) for the lesions treated with the gelatin matrix than the gelatin sponge. Adverse reactions were not observed within the first 24 hr postoperatively. When used to control parenchymal bleeding from liver biopsy sites in the dog, the evaluated gelatin matrix was safe and more effective than the gelatin sponge.
Wheat Production Simulation Based on the ALMANAC Model of North China Region
Authors: Rong Liming , Zhang Chengliang , Zhang Xuexia , Wu Shineng , Wang Zijun
Published: July 2013

Wheat (Triticumaestivum) is one of the world's three major food crops, whose production is related to regional food security issues. Studies have shown that technological progress and climate change have a significant impact on wheat yield. We selected North China region as the study site because it is the main producer of wheat and because it experiences active climate change. Using the Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteriamodel and statistical analysis method, the following factors were considered to determine the dominant factor that affects wheat production: temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and other climatic factors, mechanical power, irrigation area, chemical fertilizer amount, reservoir total storage capacity, and other technical factors.Results showed that wheat productionis affected by both climatic and non-climatic factors in North China region. Increased temperature has a positive impact on wheat production, whereas reduceds unshine has a negative effect. Warm and dry climate trends areconducive to wheat production. Mechanical tillage and fertilization, irrigation, and water conditions are conducive to the production of wheat, among which water condition has the most significant effect onwheat yield improvement. Compared withthe effects of climaticfactors, those of technical factors are more obvious and direct. In the premise of guaranteed technical conditions, the impactof climate changeonwheat production is more evidentindeveloped areas. Underdeveloped areas of wheat production are more dependent on technological progress; in particular, they rely on the use of chemical fertilizers.

 
Recruiting and retaining staff in a rebounding economy and employment market
Authors: Robak John C.
Published: July 2013

As the US economy begins to show signs of recovery, employers will need to be competitive to fill critical positions and retain key employees once they are hired.
Dialogues from the ‘Coalface’:DSM‐5 and Emotional Process in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Chambers Megan , MacDonald Chloe , Mikes‐Liu Kristof
Published: July 2013

In this article, we propose that emotional reactivity can influence dialogue around theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM‐5) and the wider issues included in the debate. We explore this emotional process and the impact that it has on our clinical practice, our clients’ experiences, our experience of ourselves as clinicians and the ways we work with other professionals. We begin by presenting clinical scenarios, then briefly summarise key ideas from theDSM‐5 debate, and draw on Bowen Family Systems Theory to explore a number of ways that emotional reactivity to these ideas can manifest itself in multidisciplinary and collegial relationships. We conclude that it is helpful to increase awareness of our own emotional processes to best avoid becoming reactive to, or dismissive of, alternative paradigms or knowledge bases that may be of use to our clients. We describe a number of principles and ideas that we have found useful in this context and identify ongoing dilemmas in our practice.
Lead core heating in lead rubber bearings subjected to bidirectional ground motion excitations in various soil types
Authors: Ozdemir Gokhan
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates the response of lead rubber bearings (LRBs) under bidirectional earthquake excitations when lead core heating effect is of concern. For this purpose, a series of nonlinear response history analyses were conducted with a bilinear force‐deformation relation for LRBs. In the considered bilinear representation, the strength of LRBs deteriorates because of lead core heating under cyclic motions. Response of LRBs was studied in terms of maximum isolator displacements (MIDs) and maximum lead core temperature as a function of isolator characteristics (characteristic strength to weight ratio, Q/W, and post‐yield isolation period, T). Nonlinear response history analyses were performed using two sets of ground motions clustered according to their soil classifications. To quantify the interacted effects of coupled analysis and lead core heating on MID, unidirectional analyses were also performed. Furthermore, the efficacy of equivalent lateral force procedure in estimating the MID of LRBs was also tested for the cases in which temperature‐dependent behavior of LRBs was considered. The results demonstrate that the temperature rises in the lead core of LRBs in bidirectional analyses are approximately 50% higher than that of unidirectional ones. It decreases with increasing Q/W ratio and T. It is also revealed that equivalent lateral force procedure gives close estimations for MID with some overestimation even for temperature‐dependent behavior of LRBs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parent–Therapist Alliance in Family‐Based Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Forsberg Sarah , LoTempio Elizabeth , Bryson Susan , Fitzpatrick Kathleen Kara , Le Grange Daniel , Lock James
Published: July 2013

Objective

This study aimed to describe the role of parent alliance in Family‐Based Treatment (FBT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). Differences between parent and child alliance with the therapist, mothers' and fathers' alliance, and their relationship to outcome were examined.

Method

Independent observers rated audiotapes of early therapy sessions to assess the therapeutic alliance of parents and adolescents with AN in FBT. Outcome was defined using a previously established cut‐point for recovery from AN.

Results

Mothers' and fathers' alliance scores with the therapist were similar and significantly higher than adolescent alliance scores early in treatment. Combined parent alliance did not predict recovery at the end of treatment. Difference in alliance scores between mothers and fathers, and parents and their child also did not predict recovery at the end of treatment.

Conclusions

In FBT, parents developed a strong alliance with the therapist early in treatment. These scores were consistent with the focus in FBT on parental management of eating disorder symptoms, as was the fact that alliance between adolescents and therapists was lower. Although parental therapeutic alliance was likely important in FBT, its role in treatment response remains uncertain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Distribution of mercury and selenium in blood compartments of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida
Authors: Correa Lucero , Castellini J. Margaret , Wells Randall S. , O'Hara Todd
Published: July 2013

Total mercury and selenium concentrations ([THg], [Se]) in serum, plasma, whole blood, and packed cells were examined in a resident population of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA. The authors determined how these elements partition in blood and assess compartment-specific associations. Determining the distribution of Se and THg can provide physiologic insight into potential association of Hg with selenol-containing biomolecules (e.g., antioxidants) in blood compartments. Concentrations of THg were ranked serum < plasma < whole blood < packed cells; whereas for Se concentrations, plasma < serum < whole blood < packed cells. The Se:THg molar ratio was greater than 1 in all compartments, with the higher ratios found in serum and plasma (plasma < serum) and the lower in whole blood and packed cells (packed cells < whole blood). Age was positively correlated with [THg] in all blood compartments and with [Se] in serum, plasma, and whole blood. Age was negatively correlated with Se:THg molar ratios in all blood compartments, driven by low [THg] in young animals. Although [THg] was highly correlated among all blood compartments, this was not the case for [Se]. The feasibility of calculating packed cell [THg], [Se], and Se:THg molar ratios using hematocrit measurements in combination with whole blood and plasma [THg] and [Se] was validated, allowing routine assessment of compartmentalization within erythrocytes using standard clinical measurements. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2441–2448. © 2013 SETAC
Statistical improvements in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses produced by censoring high‐motion data points
Authors: Siegel Joshua S. , Power Jonathan D. , Dubis Joseph W. , Vogel Alecia C. , Church Jessica A. , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Petersen Steven E.
Published: July 2013

Subject motion degrades the quality of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Here, we test two classes of methods to counteract the effects of motion in task fMRI data: (1) a variety of motion regressions and (2) motion censoring (“motion scrubbing”). In motion regression, various regressors based on realignment estimates were included as nuisance regressors in general linear model (GLM) estimation. In motion censoring, volumes in which head motion exceeded a threshold were withheld from GLM estimation. The effects of each method were explored in several task fMRI data sets and compared using indicators of data quality and signal‐to‐noise ratio. Motion censoring decreased variance in parameter estimates within‐ and across‐subjects, reduced residual error in GLM estimation, and increased the magnitude of statistical effects. Motion censoring performed better than all forms of motion regression and also performed well across a variety of parameter spaces, in GLMs with assumed or unassumed response shapes. We conclude that motion censoring improves the quality of task fMRI data and can be a valuable processing step in studies involving populations with even mild amounts of head movement. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1981–1996, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Midlife measurements of white matter microstructure predict subsequent regional white matter atrophy in healthy adults
Authors: Ly Martina , Canu Elisa , Xu Guofan , Oh Jennifer , McLaren Donald G. , Dowling N. Maritza , Alexander Andrew L. , Sager Mark A. , Johnson Sterling C. , Bendlin Barbara B.
Published: July 2013

Objectives: Although age‐related brain changes are becoming better understood, midlife patterns of change are still in need of characterization, and longitudinal studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine if baseline fractional anisotropy (FA), obtained from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) predicts volume change over a 4‐year interval. Experimental design: Forty‐four cognitively healthy middle‐age adults underwent baseline DTI and longitudinal T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Tensor‐based morphometry methods were used to evaluate volume change over time. FA values were extracted from regions of interest that included the cingulum, entorhinal white matter, and the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Baseline FA was used as a predictor variable, whereas gray and white matter atrophy rates as indexed by Tensor‐based morphometry were the dependent variables. Principal observations: Over a 4‐year period, participants showed significant contraction of white matter, especially in frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). Baseline FA in entorhinal white matter, genu, and splenium was associated with longitudinal rates of atrophy in regions that included the superior longitudinal fasciculus, anterior corona radiata, temporal stem, and white matter of the inferior temporal gyrus (P < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Conclusions: Brain change with aging is characterized by extensive shrinkage of white matter. Baseline white matter microstructure as indexed by DTI was associated with some of the observed regional volume loss. The findings suggest that both white matter volume loss and microstructural alterations should be considered more prominently in models of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2044–2054, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of atypical antipsychotic therapy use in adults with bipolar I disorder in the USA
Authors: Chen Wenjia , DeVeaugh‐Geiss Angela M. , Palmer Liisa , Princic Nicole , Chen Ya‐Ting
Published: July 2013

Objectives

This study aims to describe the utilization patterns of atypical antipsychotics (AA) among insured patients with bipolar I disorder in the USA.

Methods

We studied patients with bipolar I disorder who newly initiated an oral AA between 2002 and 2008. Utilization measures included adherence [medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥80%], persistence (gaps ≤15 days between refills and an absence of ≥30 days of continuous concomitant non‐index AA use), non‐compliance (16–29 day gaps with no evidence of switch/augmentation), and discontinuation of the index AA (≥30 days without index AA, no evidence of switch/augmentation).

Results

The study included 16 807 patients: mean age 43.3 years, 67.7% female. Overall, adherence to the index AA was low (8.3%; mean MPR = 0.2). Only 10.5% of the patients were persistent to index AA, another 13.6% were non‐compliant, and 63.4% discontinued index AA with an average time to discontinuation of 66 days. A majority (69.5%) of the discontinued patients did not resume any antipsychotic therapy. Results were similar across insurance types and index AA.

Conclusion

Adherence to and persistence with AA treatment were low in new users with bipolar I disorder. Most patients discontinued the index AA and did not restart any antipsychotic treatment. Future study should distinguish physician‐directed discontinuation versus patient non‐adherence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of collagen and cholesterol deposition in atherosclerotic arterial tissue using non‐linear microscopy
Authors: Cicchi Riccardo , Matthäus Christian , Meyer Tobias , Lattermann Annika , Dietzek Benjamin , Brehm Bernhard R. , Popp Jürgen , Pavone Francesco Saverio
Published: July 2013

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipids within the arterial wall and is commonly diagnosed using standard histology. Non‐linear microscopy represents a possible label‐free alternative to standard diagnostic methods for imaging various tissue components. Here we employ SHG and CARS microscopy for imaging thin cross‐sections of atherosclerotic arterial tissue, demonstrating that both cholesterol deposition in the lumen and collagen in the normal arterial wall can be imaged and discriminated using SHG and CARS microscopy. A simultaneous detection of both forward and backward scattered SHG signals allows distinguishing collagen fibres from cholesterol. Further analysis, based on image pattern evaluation algorithms, is used to characterize collagen organization in the healthy arterial wall against collagen found within plaques. Different values of fibre mean size, distribution and anisotropy are calculated for lumen and media prospectively allowing for automated classification of atherosclerotic lesions. The presented method represents a promising diagnostic tool for evaluating atherosclerotic tissue. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GPU‐accelerated molecular mechanics computations
Authors: Anthopoulos Athanasios , Grimstead Ian , Brancale Andrea
Published: July 2013

In this article, we describe an improved cell‐list approach designed to match the Kepler architecture of General‐purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU). We explain how our approach improves load balancing for the above algorithm and how warp intrinsics are used to implement Newton's third law for the nonbonded force calculations. We also talk through our approach to exclusions handling together with a method to calculate bonded forces and 1–4 electrostatic scaling using a single Cuda kernel. Performance benchmarks are included in the last sections to show the linear scaling of our implementation using a step minimization method. In addition, multiple performance benchmarks demonstrate the contribution of various optimizations we used for our implementations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Renal cyst completely filled with milk of calcium on ct appears as a simple cyst on sonography
Authors: Gakhal Mandip S. , Levy Howard M.
Published: July 2013

Milk of calcium within a renal cyst typically layers in the dependent aspect of the cyst and appears echogenic with posterior shadowing and reverberation echoes on sonography. We present a rare case of a renal cyst completely filled with milk of calcium, which appeared sonolucent with enhanced through transmission. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:100–102, 2014
A systematic mapping procedure based on the Modified Gaussian Model to characterize magmatic units from olivine/pyroxenes mixtures: Application to the Syrtis Major volcanic shield on Mars
Authors: Clenet Harold , Pinet Patrick , Ceuleneer Georges , Daydou Yves , Heuripeau Frédérick , Rosemberg Christine , Bibring Jean‐Pierre , Bellucci Giancarlo , Altieri Francesca , Gondet Brigitte
Published: July 2013

Clenet et al. (2011) have developed an adapted version of the Modified Gaussian Model (MGM). The improvements allow the characterization of spectra of olivine‐pyroxene(s) mixtures, addressing both modal composition and individual minerals chemical composition. This version of MGM is fully automated and operational with large amounts of hyperspectral imaging data. Two natural cases are considered. The first one is the Sumail massif in the Oman ophiolite (Earth). Based on our approach applied to HyMap data, two contrasted lithologic units are mapped: the mantle, which is harzburgite dominated, and the crust made of gabbros and clinopyroxene‐rich cumulates, with spectral variations interpreted in terms of pyroxenes chemical compositions. Once this new MGM mapping approach has been validated on a controlled natural situation, we map the distribution of mafic assemblages across the Syrtis Major volcano on Mars using a visible and near‐infrared (VNIR) ‐ short wave infrared (SWIR) Observatoire pour la minéralogie, l'eau, les glaces et l'activité (OMEGA) / Mars Express (MEx) mosaic. Our results are in agreement with previous work but olivine appears to be more abundant than previously estimated in the central part of the volcanic edifice, especially in ternary mafic assemblages (augite, olivine, enstatite). Based on these results, we propose a possible scenario for the igneous (and thus thermal) evolution of the Syrtis Major region. Surrounding terrains have formed first and local heterogeneity can be observed between northern and southern areas of the Noachian crust. We also observe variations in the mineral assemblages within Syrtis Major lavas, which can be interpreted in terms of differentiation from a common parent melt and/or of a progressive evolution of the mantle source composition and temperature.
Representing the effects of alpine grassland vegetation cover on the simulation of soil thermal dynamics by ecosystem models applied to the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yi S. , Li N. , Xiang B. , Wang X. , Ye B. , McGuire A. D.
Published: July 2013

Soil surface temperature is a critical boundary condition for the simulation of soil temperature by environmental models. It is influenced by atmospheric and soil conditions and by vegetation cover. In sophisticated land surface models, it is simulated iteratively by solving surface energy budget equations. In ecosystem, permafrost, and hydrology models, the consideration of soil surface temperature is generally simple. In this study, we developed a methodology for representing the effects of vegetation cover and atmospheric factors on the estimation of soil surface temperature for alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Our approach integrated measurements from meteorological stations with simulations from a sophisticated land surface model to develop an equation set for estimating soil surface temperature. After implementing this equation set into an ecosystem model and evaluating the performance of the ecosystem model in simulating soil temperature at different depths in the soil profile, we applied the model to simulate interactions among vegetation cover, freeze‐thaw cycles, and soil erosion to demonstrate potential applications made possible through the implementation of the methodology developed in this study. Results showed that (1) to properly estimate daily soil surface temperature, algorithms should use air temperature, downward solar radiation, and vegetation cover as independent variables; (2) the equation set developed in this study performed better than soil surface temperature algorithms used in other models; and (3) the ecosystem model performed well in simulating soil temperature throughout the soil profile using the equation set developed in this study. Our application of the model indicates that the representation in ecosystem models of the effects of vegetation cover on the simulation of soil thermal dynamics has the potential to substantially improve our understanding of the vulnerability of alpine grassland ecosystems to changes in climate and grazing regimes.
Assessment of the total, stomatal, cuticular, and soil 2 year ozone budgets of an agricultural field with winter wheat and maize crops
Authors: Stella Patrick , Personne Erwan , Lamaud Eric , Loubet Benjamin , Trebs Ivonne , Cellier Pierre
Published: July 2013

This study evaluates ozone (O3) deposition to an agricultural field over a period of 2 years. A two‐layer soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere‐transfer (Surfatm‐O3) model is used to partition the O3 flux between the soil, the cuticular, and the stomatal pathways. The comparison between measured and modeled O3 fluxes exhibited a good agreement, independently of the canopy structure and coverage and the climatic conditions, which implicitly validates the O3 flux partitioning. The total, soil, cuticular, and stomatal O3 budgets are then established from the modeling. Total ecosystem O3 deposition over the 2 year period was 87.5 kg ha−1. Clearly, nonstomatal deposition dominates the deposition budget, especially the soil component which represented up to 50% of the total deposition. Nevertheless, the physiological and phenological differences of maize and winter wheat induced large difference in the stomatal deposition budgets of these two crops. Then, the effect of simplified parameterizations for soil and cuticular resistances currently used in other models on the O3 budget is tested. Independently, these simplified parameterizations cause an underestimation of the O3 deposition ranging between 0% and 11.2%. However, the combination of all simplifications resulted in an underestimation of the total O3 deposition by about 20%. Finally, crop yield loss was estimated to be 1.5–4.2% for the winter wheat, whereas maize was not affected by O3.
(−)‐[18F]Flubatine: evaluation in rhesus monkeys and a report of the first fully automated radiosynthesis validated for clinical use
Authors: Hockley Brian G. , Stewart Megan N. , Sherman Phillip , Quesada Carole , Kilbourn Michael R. , Albin Roger L. , Scott Peter J. H.
Published: July 2013

(−)‐[18F]Flubatine was selected for clinical imaging of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors because of its high affinity and appropriate kinetic profile. A fully automated synthesis of (−)‐[18F]flubatine as a sterile isotonic solution suitable for clinical use is reported, as well as the first evaluation in nonhuman primates (rhesus macaques). (−)‐[18F]Flubatine was prepared by fluorination of the Boc‐protected trimethylammonium iodide precursor with [18F]fluoride in an automated synthesis module. Subsequent deprotection of the Boc group with 1‐M HCl yielded (−)‐[18F]flubatine, which was purified by semi‐preparative HPLC. (−)‐[18F]Flubatine was prepared in 25% radiochemical yield (formulated for clinical use at end of synthesis, n = 3), >95% radiochemical purity, and specific activity = 4647 Ci/mmol (171.9 GBq/µmol). Doses met all quality control criteria confirming their suitability for clinical use. Evaluation of (−)‐[18F]flubatine in rhesus macaques was performed with a Concorde MicroPET P4 scanner (Concorde MicroSystems, Knoxville, TN). The brain was imaged for 90 min, and data were reconstructed using the 3‐D maximum a posteriori algorithm. Image analysis revealed higher uptake and slower washout in the thalamus than those in other areas of the brain and peak uptake at 45 min. Injection of 2.5 µg/kg of nifene at 60 min initiated a slow washout of [18F]flubatine, with about 25% clearance from the thalamus by the end of imaging at 90 min. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of a carbon‐14 labeled pegylated Adnectin™ for placental transfer studies in guinea pigs
Authors: Maxwell Brad D. , Cao Kai , Bonacorsi Samuel , Sivaraman Lakshmi , Wang Bonnie , McNerney MaryEllen , Wang Lifei , Christopher Lisa J. , Fung Nga Kit Eliza , Wang Jian , Arnold Mark E.
Published: July 2013

Adnectins™ are novel fibronectin‐based proteins containing domains engineered to bind to targets of therapeutic interest. The molecular weights of adnectins are less than conventional monoclonal antibodies but larger than traditional small molecules. Until now, there has been no information on the placental transfer of adnectins. To assess placental permeability to adnectins in pregnant guinea pigs, a radiolabeled adnectin, ATI‐1072, bound to polyethylene glycol through a [14C]Maleimide linker, was synthesized from [1,4‐14C]Maleic acid. This publication describes the synthesis and analysis of PEG‐[14C]Maleimide‐adnectin ([14C]ATI‐1072). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cervical disc deformation during flexion–extension in asymptomatic controls and single‐level arthrodesis patients
Authors: Anderst William , Donaldson William , Lee Joon , Kang James
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to characterize cervical disc deformation in asymptomatic subjects and single‐level arthrodesis patients during in vivo functional motion. A validated model‐based tracking technique determined vertebral motion from biplane radiographs collected during dynamic flexion–extension. Level‐dependent differences in disc compression–distraction and shear deformation were identified within the anterior and posterior annulus (PA) and the nucleus of 20 asymptomatic subjects and 15 arthrodesis patients using a mixed‐model statistical analysis. In asymptomatic subjects, disc compression and shear deformation per degree of flexion–extension progressively decreased from C23 to C67. The anterior and PA experienced compression–distraction deformation of up to 20%, while the nucleus region was compressed between 0% (C67) and 12% (C23). Peak shear deformation ranged from 16% (at C67) to 33% (at C45). In the C5–C6 arthrodesis group, C45 discs were significantly less compressed than in the control group in all disc regions (all p ≤ 0.026). In the C6–C7 arthrodesis group, C56 discs were significantly less compressed than the control group in the nucleus (p = 0.023) and PA (p = 0.014), but not the anterior annulus (AA; p = 0.137). These results indicate in vivo disc deformation is level‐dependent, and single‐level anterior arthrodesis alters the compression–distraction deformation in the disc immediately superior to the arthrodesis. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1881–1889, 2013
Fiberoptic microneedle device facilitates volumetric infusate dispersion during convection‐enhanced delivery in the brain
Authors: Hood R. Lyle , Andriani Rudy T. , Emch Samantha , Robertson John L. , Rylander Christopher G. , Rossmeisl John H.
Published: July 2013

Background and Objectives

A fiberoptic microneedle device (FMD) was designed and fabricated for the purpose of enhancing the volumetric dispersal of macromolecules delivered to the brain through convection‐enhanced delivery (CED) by concurrent delivery of sub‐lethal photothermal hyperthermia. This study's objective was to demonstrate enhanced dispersal of fluid tracer molecules through co‐delivery of 1,064 nm laser energy in an in vivo rodent model.

Materials and Methods

FMDs capable of co‐delivering fluids and laser energy through a single light‐guiding capillary tube were fabricated. FMDs were stereotactically inserted symmetrically into both cerebral hemispheres of 16 anesthetized rats to a depth of 1.5 mm. Laser irradiation (1,064 nm) at 0 (control), 100, and 200 mW was administered concurrently with CED infusions of liposomal rhodamine (LR) or gadolinium–Evans blue‐serum albumin conjugated complex (Gd–EBA) at a flow rate of 0.1 µl/min for 1 hour. Line pressures were monitored during the infusions. Rodents were sacrificed immediately following infusion and their brains were harvested, frozen, and serially cryosectioned for histopathologic and volumetric analyses.

Results

Analysis by ANOVA methods demonstrated that co‐delivery enhanced volumetric dispersal significantly, with measured volumes of 15.8 ± 0.6 mm3 for 100 mW compared to 10.0 ± 0.4 mm3 for its fluid only control and 18.0 ± 0.3 mm3 for 200 mW compared to 10.3 ± 0.7 mm3 for its fluid only control. Brains treated with 200 mW co‐delivery exhibited thermal lesions, while 100 mW co‐deliveries were associated with preservation of brain cytoarchitecture.

Conclusion

Both lethal and sub‐lethal photothermal hyperthermia substantially increase the rate of volumetric dispersal in a 1 hour CED infusion. This suggests that the FMD co‐delivery method could reduce infusion times and the number of catheter insertions into the brain during CED procedures. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:418–426, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variations in the PRKAA1 and ZBTB20 genes and gastric cancer susceptibility in a Korean population
Authors: Song Hye‐Rim , Kim Hee Nam , Kweon Sun‐Seog , Choi Jin‐Su , Shim Hyun Jeong , Cho Sang Hee , Chung Ik Joo , Park Young‐Kyu , Kim Soo Hyun , Choi Yoo‐Duk , Joo Kyung Woong , Shin Min‐Ho
Published: July 2013

A recent genome‐wide association study (GWAS) identified new susceptibility single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs13361707 (PRKAA1 and PTGER4 gene on 5p13.1) and rs9841504 (ZBTB20 gene on 3q13.31) that were significantly associated with non‐cardia gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether rs13361707 and rs9841504 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of gastric cancer in a Korean population. We conducted a large‐scale case–control study of 3245 gastric cancer patients and 1700 controls. The allele frequencies for rs13361707 C and rs9841504 G were 53.5% and 18.3% among gastric cancer cases, compared with 47.1% and 17.2% among controls, respectively. We found that rs13361707 TC and CC genotypes were associated with increased risk for gastric cancer (odds ratios [OR] = 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11–1.51 for TC vs. TT and 1.68; 1.41–2.01 for CC vs. TT). However, we found no significant association between rs9841504 and gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.11; 0.97–1.28 for CG vs. CC; OR = 1.09; 0.77–1.53 for GG vs. CC). We observed no significant interactions between rs13361707 and rs9841504 polymorphisms and age, gender, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and clinicopathologic characteristics such as anatomical tumor location and histological type. Our study showed that the rs13361707 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in a Korean population. This finding provides further evidence that genetic variant of PRKAA1 and PTGER4 genes may contribute to the gastric carcinogenesis. However, we found no association between rs9841504 and gastric cancer risk. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.