bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating Caring Micro-Assessment Cultures in South Africa
Authors: van der Merwe Janelize
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the concept of assessment in music education through the lens of care ethics by (1) providing an overview of “care” as practice, disposition, and relation; (2) discussing personhood through the lens of care ethics; (3) examining “assessment as care” and understandings of “relationship” as developed by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings and examining concepts of care ethics and “self-fulness” as developed by Marissa Silverman; and (4) exploring and applying these concepts in the context of the South African Grade 10 to 12 Independent Examinations Board (IEB). The author’s practical experiences with the South African Grade IEB include teaching secondary school music in the general areas of aural skills and music theory, general music knowledge and analysis, and performance.
The Influence of Assessment on Learning and Teaching
Authors: Hallam Susan
Published: July 2019

It is debatable whether it is appropriate to assess performance in the arts. However, formal education institutions and the systems within which they operate continue to require summative assessment to take place in order to award qualifications. This chapter considers the extent to which such summative assessment systems in music determine not only what is taught but also what learners learn. The evidence suggests that any learning outcome in formal education that is not assessed is unlikely to be given priority by either learners or teachers. To optimize learning, the aims and the processes of learning, including formative, self-, and peer assessment procedures, should be aligned with summative assessment. Research addressing the roles, methods, and value of formative, self-, and peer assessment in enhancing learning is considered. A proposal is made that the most appropriate way of enhancing learning is to ensure that summative assessment procedures are authentic and have real-life relevance supporting the teaching and learning process, to ensure that learners are motivated and see the relevance of what they are learning. This might take many forms depending on musical genre, communities of practice, and the wider cultural environment.
Evaluation for Equality
Authors: Väkevä Lauri
Published: July 2019

This chapter proposes that educators can draw productive consequences for qualitative assessment in music education from C. S. Peirce’s and John Dewey’s views on how qualities operate in experience. Peirce saw qualities as meaning-potentials, to be actualized as generalized signs in the process of inquiry. Dewey made qualities phenomenological cornerstones of grasping a world in flux, transformed into habits of action that can be interpreted as meaningful in certain contexts. For Dewey, optimally, such transformation amounts to “consummatory experiences” characterized by “esthetic” qualities that are best represented by the arts. Together, Peirce’s and Dewey’s views suggest that developing contextual aesthetic judgment could be an important strategy for qualitative assessment in music education. This also provides a basis for understanding how values are drawn out from experience. In line with Dewey, this chapter calls this process “evaluation,” arguing that qualitative assessment concerns as much ethical as aesthetic matters. One way to specify this claim is to say that evaluation is conducive to equality, implying that there is a close bond between recognition of the uniqueness of qualitative experience and a democratic way of life. As a sounding board for these thoughts, the chapter uses the new Finnish national Core Curriculum for Basic Education, suggesting ways to approach qualitative assessment that are conducive to its cognitive, aesthetic, ethical, and political goals.
“He Sings with Rhythm; He is from India”
Authors: Mantie Roger , Ilari Beatriz
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides a view of music assessment predicated on a belief that the what of assessment in P–12 music education should include understandings and attitudes about music and culture not typically ascertainable through traditional music assessment practices that focus on performing ability and knowledge of musical elements. Six vignettes show the various ways that children’s drawings, as a projective technique of visual representation, might be used to expose and discern (i.e., assess) children’s thinking, understandings, and attitudes about music and culture. It is argued that the multimodality of drawing and talking in response to musical prompts opens up rich potential to inform instruction that better accounts for the lifeworlds of children.
Metaphorical Creativity
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: July 2019

Most accounts of metaphorical creativity from a cognitive linguistic perspective build on the idea that there are conventional correspondences (mappings) between well-established domains (a source and a target) and that metaphorical creativity occurs when new mappings are added to the conventional ones. But, in many cases, a fuller account of metaphorical creativity is necessary. This chapter argues, relying on previous work, that many cases of creativity cannot be explained unless close attention is paid to the role of context in metaphorical creativity. Its specific suggestion is that it is important to try to be coherent not only with universal embodiment as a major factor in metaphorical conceptualization but also with several other factors that regulate the conceptualization of the world, such as the situational, discourse, and cognitive-conceptual context. This coherence with context results in the creation of context-induced metaphors that are often novel and unconventional.
Priming and Framing
Authors: Sonnett John
Published: July 2019

As cultural sociology has begun to incorporate more detailed models of cognition into its theories, one promising area for further theoretical and methodological development is the study of media and communication. To this end, this chapter reviews interdisciplinary research on priming and framing, two closely related concepts that have been subject to much debate in psychology, communication studies, and political science. Priming is often said to focus on what information is presented and framing on how information is presented, although these elements overlap in actual communication practices. While some scholars define framing to encompass both the what and the how of communication, others subsume framing under agenda setting as a second-order priming effect, and yet others advocate separating the theories of priming and framing because they have different assumptions. Rather than taking a position within these debates, this chapter identifies eight dimensions of communication and cognition that can be used as a conceptual toolkit for reflecting on and designing studies of framing and priming using observational data. Whether future studies use one or the other or neither concept, giving attention to issues raised in these interdisciplinary debates can help clarify both theoretical and methodological approaches to cognitively-oriented sociology.
Productive Methods in the Study of Culture and Cognition
Authors: McDonnell Terence E. , Vercel Kelcie L.
Published: July 2019

Productive methods (McDonnell 2014) are one methodological strategy for drawing out and measuring cognitive processes in social research. Productive methods build on methodological advances in the areas of participatory research, arts-based research, creativity research, visual methods, and focus group research, and capitalize on the advantages of attending to embodiment, emotion, and interaction. Productive methods require research participants to work together to create a cultural object, some thing that did not exist prior to the research. By observing this collaboration and production process, and comparing the process with the product, the researcher gains access to difficult-to-obtain data, including implicit and nondiscursive cognition and cultural schemas. Productive methods offer one solution to the widely acknowledged challenge of studying and measuring cognition.
An Assessment of Methods for Measuring Automatic Cognition
Authors: Miles Andrew
Published: July 2019

Sociologists increasingly incorporate cognitive processes into their theoretical models. To date, scholars have paid particular attention to “Type 1” processes that are characterized by automatic activation and execution. This chapter evaluates methods that have been advanced for measuring Type 1 (or automatic) cognition, with the goal of bringing the most useful, well-validated, and promising measures into sociology. It begins with a discussion of general principles for measuring automatic processes, and then applies these principles to evaluate how well existing measures accomplish this task. Measures of three types of constructs are examined—evaluations and motivations, habits, and cognitive schemas—along with methods for comparing the relative effects of automatic and deliberate cognition on behavior.
Methods for Studying the Contextual Nature of Implicit Cognition
Authors: Shepherd Hana R
Published: July 2019

This chapter begins with the contention that many key theoretical questions in the sociology of culture depend on our understanding of the interaction of culture at the individual level and forms of culture that exist external to individuals. A central assumption of this argument is that processes of implicit cognition, an aspect of how culture is stored at the individual level, depend on the social, physical, and cultural environmental of an individual. The chapter reviews findings and methods from multiple fields that can inform the study of the relationship between individual level implicit cognition and environmental context. It examines this relationship in terms of how context informs both the acquisition and the activation of implicit cognition at the individual level. Drawing on studies of implicit cognition measures in real-world settings, and laboratory and survey experiments, it discusses how these methods can be used to examine outstanding questions in the sociology of culture.
Sociology of Attention
Authors: Schroer Markus
Published: July 2019

The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of the concept of “attention” for understanding the social. Against the backdrop of neurological, psychological, and philosophical insights into this subject matter, and drawing on both classical as well as current theories on this phenomenon, the chapter examine the term’s respective meanings and develops genuinely sociological questions in order to underline the heuristic value of research on this topic. Furthermore, it argues that the (post)modern subject oscillates between being at liberty to bestow his attention at will and being forced to do so, and the social processes accounting for attention gradually becoming an ever more scarce resource are identified. The fields of politics, economy, science, and art are examples to illustrate the fight for attention, followed by a plea for the comprehensive treatment of attention as a key sociological issue.
Risk, Culture, and Cognition
Authors: Harvey Daina Cheyenne
Published: July 2019

For many researchers, risk is objective, fixed, and measurable. Social scientists, however, have long worked under the belief that risk is a social construction and is culturally determined. This chapter follows Wilkinson’s use of the term “risk” and the goal of the chapter is to review and map out the ways social actors perceive and make sense of hazards and conditions of threatening uncertainty. Such a contribution is generally seen to lie in the area of risk perception, risk communication, and risk responsibility. This chapter explores key contributions in the study of risk in these three areas through the lens of a sociology of culture and cognition. The chapter ends with some observations on risk and cognition from ethnographic research on the long-term aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
Scientific Analogies and Hierarchical Thinking
Authors: Rodgers Diane M.
Published: July 2019

What do insects have to do with human cognition? A look at how we think about societies of insects can serve to place analogies and human cognition within a social, cultural, and political context. Scientific analogies and their popularization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contributed support for ideas of hierarchical social organization in Western culture. As ideas of human social organization changed, so did the analogies of insect societies change to reflect self-organizing rather than hierarchal structure. These scientific analogies from the West are not shared by all other cultures. Instead, social insects may feature in nonhierarchical analogies or may not be viewed as significant to use in analogies at all. The case of social insect analogies provides unique evidence on the cultural and political shaping of cognitive patterns. Examining this case through cognitive sociology explains the dynamic and contextual qualities of analogical reasoning.
Critical Theory and Cognitive Sociology
Authors: Strydom Piet
Published: July 2019

This chapter proposes an integral cognitive sociology capable of mediating between the sociocultural and naturalistic approaches that had all along been latent in critical theory but in the wake of the cognitive revolution can now be made explicit. The conviction driving the argument is that critical theory requires this complementary kind of cognitive sociology in order to secure its penetrating multilevel type of analysis and defining action- and praxis-oriented critical capacity. Framed by an autobiographical perspective, the first part traces the emergence of this cognitive sociology by identifying some starting points and prompts, both positive and negative, in the extant writings of relevant critical theorists. The second part is then devoted to an outline of the proposed cognitive sociology in terms of two key concepts: “the cognitive order” of the human sociocultural form of life and “weak naturalism.” The former allows a presentation of what the analysis of the sociocultural form of life according to the flow, structuring effects and dynamics of cognitive properties would entail. The latter allows the identification of the constraints impinging on the sociocultural world that derive from its ontological rootedness in nature. In contrast to strong naturalism, however, the sociocultural dimension is acknowledged as having epistemological priority for social science rather than being demoted to an epiphenomenon. While the thrust of the chapter is that critical theory urgently requires an integral cognitive sociology, it is apparent that contemporary cognitive sociology is as much in need of being complemented by a critical theoretical approach.
Pierre Bourdieu as Cognitive Sociologist
Authors: Lizardo Omar
Published: July 2019

It is now well established that Pierre Bourdieu’s work can be interpreted as a form of cognitive sociology. Yet, given that the term “cognitive” has a variety of meanings, the question of where Bourdieu’s project of cognitive sociology fits into other cognitively grounded approaches in the social sciences remains open. This chapter argues that if Bourdieu is to be considered a cognitive theorist, then there is only one way in which his conception of cognition can be interpreted, and that is as a form of embodied cognition. It distinguishes different senses of the term “embodiment” and specifies how they show up in Bourdieu’s work. It discusses two broad sets of empirical phenomena—the “hard” and “soft” embodiment of culture—that have recently been identified and argues that their discovery represents a vindication of the prescience and untapped promise of Bourdieu’s version of cognitive sociology. It closes by providing indications how an empirically grounded version of Bourdieu’s cognitive sociology can be furthered today.
Can Carnal Sociology Bring Together Body and Soul?
Authors: Martin John Levi
Published: July 2019

There are two ways of thinking in philosophical psychology, dualist and nondualist. Nondualists have been encouraged to treat the idea of habitus as the philosophers’ stone that will bring the mind and body together. But participant observation suggests that in focusing attention on the development of habitus—a capacity to respond to the imperatives of the social environment without the need for mediation by concepts—a distinction will probably need to be made between those aspects of habitus inaccessible to consciousness and those aspects accessible. Fortunately, the latter category is likely to include those aspects least amenable to laboratory study and most of interest to social scientists. Finally, this latter category also provides the crucial data for a rigorous approach to field theory.
The Shifting Sand of Orientalism
Authors: Everett William A.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the fascinating screen journey of The Desert Song (1926), the Romberg-Hammerstein operetta. Warner Bros. released no less than three full-length screen adaptations of the piece, in 1929, 1943, and 1953, and a television version was broadcast in 1955. The chapter addresses the work’s shifting relationships, in terms of world politics, depictions of Otherness, and the interplay between reality and fantasy. The 1929 version was the first full-length screen adaptation of a Broadway musical with all-synchronized sound and it recreated the theatrical original in a nascent medium. However, the 1942 version (a story of Nazi machinations in North Africa) was a piece of home-front propaganda and the hero (played by Dennis Morgan) was no longer a former French soldier but rather Paul Hudson, an American pianist who rides off to continue his fight for justice rather than remain with his beloved French chanteuse, Margot (Irene Manning). Meanwhile, the 1953 Kathryn Grayson-Gordon MacRae version combined elements of the stage musical and the 1943 movie to create a Cold War version of the story for a new political age.
‘A Humane, Practical, and Beautiful Solution’
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with sexuality in the much-maligned film adaptation of Lerner and Loewe’s Paint Your Wagon, the least popular of the team’s three 1960s film adaptations (My Fair Lady and Camelot are the others). Situating the movie in the sexual revolution and second-wave feminism of the 1960s, the chapter examines the characterization of Elizabeth and her only song, ‘A Million Miles Away Behind the Door,’ as well as her polyandrous marriage to Ben and Pardner. The chapter also reflects on not only how adaptations change the source but—due to changing social conventions and expectations—why they must. In the case of Paint Your Wagon, the film matches Lerner’s depiction of triangular relationships in My Fair Lady and Camelot, deletes Jennifer and Julio, the principal romantic couple of the stage version, omits the Mexican American perspective represented by Julio, adds the new character Pardner, and places Ben Rumson into a polyandrous relationship with Pardner and Elizabeth. Thanks to the shift from the Production Code to the Ratings System in 1968, Paint Your Wagon could portray a more liberal sexual situation than would have been the case over a decade earlier when the stage version appeared, and the screenplay exploits this possibility in a variety of ways, thereby reflecting its time.
Adapting Pal Joey
Authors: Lindberg Julianne
Published: July 2019

This chapter on the liberal movie adaptation of Rodgers and Hart’s Pal Joey situates the musical in the context of postwar America, when traditional forms of gender and domesticity were being challenged and replaced by something more sexually ‘progressive.’ In the film, Joey is now a singer rather than a dancer, vulnerable rather than a heel, and he gets the girl in the end. The chapter explores how the film’s promotion of a set of emerging gender archetypes that defy traditional, middle-class, suburban constructions of masculinity and femininity is reflected in a new treatment of the score, which is reworked, repurposed, and in some cases eviscerated in order to promote the ethos of the film. A good example is the film’s presentation of the song ‘The Lady Is a Tramp’ (an interpolation from Babes in Arms), which, in Sinatra’s version, emphasize[s] that he is offering his body to her. The chapter concludes that despite the lyrics, it is Joey who plays the part of the ‘tramp.’
The Producers and Hairspray
Authors: Adams Dean
Published: July 2019

Marketability is the focus of this chapter on The Producers and Hairspray, movies that were based on stage musicals that were originally based on low-budget, largely nonmusical movies. The chapter compares the two movie adaptations, noting that Susan Stroman restaged her original work for film, and many of the original creative team (including costume designer William Ivey Long) reprised their Broadway visual contributions for film, while the producers of Hairspray selected Hollywood professionals instead of the original Broadway creative team to supervise the making of the film. In another contrast, the 2005 film of The Producers is 134 minutes long to Hairspray’s 116, and The Producers used its Broadway stars rather than using the latest Hollywood names; Hairspray chose movie stars. With these contrasting strategies, and their relationship to the audience demographics for cinema today, it is unsurprising that Hairspray was a hit on the screen and that The Producers was a flop.
Lost in Translation
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with the problematic movie adaptation of Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Carousel from a number of perspectives, including the team’s reluctance to allow their musicals to be adapted into movies too quickly and particularly the use of the new CinemaScope 55 widescreen process for making the movie; the R&H brand clearly had a role to play in the emergence of new, competing technologies, the chapter explains. The mid-1950s saw a war of technologies between the major studios, not only because of rivalry within the industry but also because of the decline in cinema audiences caused by the rise of television. Rodgers and Hammerstein were happy to jump on the bandwagon offered by CinemaScope 55 because it also meant a roadshow release to a limited number of theatres in major cities, with longer playing rime, souvenir programmes, higher admission rates, and the more proscenium-like screen proportions. Although the film was not a success, the chapter explains how technology became a huge player in the development of the screen musical in the 1950s.
Getting Real
Authors: Knapp Raymond
Published: July 2019

This chapter looks at how several 1960s films approached the challenge of the screen adaptation, focusing in particular on how, thirty years after the stylized cinematic age of Roberta, Hollywood was turning to film’s documentary, realistic quality. In this context, the musical struggled to fit: idealistic stories such as Camelot, Finian’s Rainbow, and Man of La Mancha encountered some of what the chapter identifies as the difficulties in bringing filmic reality into balance with other elements within musicals that were created with the dynamic and standards of stage-based stylization in mind. Contrasting several incongruities between the real and the fantastic in Camelot with the use of darker elements (especially through choreography) in films such as West Side Story, the chapter reveals how the 1960s screen musical adaptation addressed the age of ‘getting real’ in Hollywood.
Carol Burnett and the Ends of Variety
Authors: Stilwell Robynn J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines Hollywood’s great rival, television, in a study of how television adapted the Broadway musical. Rather than looking at conventional stage-to-small-screen adaptations, however, the chapter focuses on how Carol Burnett’s TV show provided adaptations of another kind, that is, parodies of famous musicals. For example, the chapter explains how ‘Hold Me, Hamlet’ can be read as a parody/adaptation of Cole Porter’s Kiss Me, Kate, even retaining the doubling of the onstage/backstage musical format of the latter. Meanwhile, The Wiz is the clearest referent for ‘Cinderella Gets it On.’ These Burnett shows approach poesis because they take the form of the musical, and they often do comment upon it, but they are also genuine expressions of the form and the creators’ deep love and understanding of it.
‘Too Darn Hot’
Authors: Robbins Hannah
Published: July 2019

This chapter looks at sexuality in the movie Kiss Me Kate, and it is also viewed through the lens of race. Although the film seems on the surface to be a comparatively faithful adaptation of the stage musical, the chapter highlights that it betrays the Broadway material by replacing the two African American characters, Paul and Hattie, with two white characters, Paul and Suzanne. The Broadway Paul’s non-diegetic song ‘Too Darn Hot,’ which explicitly deals with male impotence during hot weather, is reassigned in the movie to Ann Miller, for whom it becomes a diegetic showcase of both her tap dancing ability and her potent sexuality (she is heavily objectified in the number). Hattie’s ‘Another Op’nin’, Another Show,’ meanwhile, is cut apart from a brief piece of orchestral underscoring. In this, the film is a problematic reflection of its time, as is the manipulation of the direction for the briefly popular 3D technology that was used during the making of the film. The chapter concludes that ‘the charisma of Sidney’s adaptation lies in the conviction of our love for the score, the strength of the central performances, and the visual character of the film rather than in its deference to the original Broadway text.’
Overreaction and Bubbles in Politics and Policy
Authors: Maor Moshe
Published: July 2019

Although research examining overreaction in politics and policy remains at an early stage, it is clear that it largely develops along three paths: 1) psychological explanations which put all overreactions down to errors derived from cognitive biases and constraints on information processing, as well as sociopsychological dynamics in small decision-making groups; 2) emerging institutional explanations which put all overreaction down to errors derived from institutional values, procedures, myths, and routines; 3) emerging strategic explanations centering on the idea that overreactions in politics and policy at times reflect intentional choices which may derive from the desire of political executives to pander to voters’ policy positions, to appear more competent than challengers, or to signal extremity to voters. This chapter outlines the conceptual foundations of these explanations, their analytical anatomy, and their conceptual reach. It starts by defining overreaction in politics and policy and then elaborates on the analytical foundations of these explanations and the ways they integrate theories and findings from cognitive sciences. It then highlights the disproportionate policy perspective and the derived repertoire of deliberate policy overreactions. Next, it elaborates on the way strategic explanations reconcile intentionality with behavioral micro-foundation. It then looks at policy and political overreaction which are sustained by positive feedback processes over a relatively long period of time—termed “policy bubbles” and “political bubbles,” respectively. It concludes by describing a number of directions in which the overreaction agenda could be experimentally broadened to better encompass scope conditions of its cognitive causes and the dynamics of policy bubbles.
National and Cross-National Perspectives on Political Media Bias
Authors: Lelkes Yphtach
Published: July 2019

In the past fifty years or so, research in two traditions has emerged that studies media bias, broadly defined. The first, which is generally quantitative, examines media bias at the outlet-level. The second, which is generally qualitative, examines media bias at the country-level. This article begins by discussing the various definitions and operationalizations of media bias at both levels of analysis. It then reviews the relevant literature on the effects of media bias from a variety of fields, including communication, economics, and political science. Third, it provides an overview of the various methods scholars have used to measure media bias at the outlet- and country-level. Fourth, it describes why some outlets and countries are more likely to have biased media than other countries. In particular, it discusses economic, cultural, and structural explanations for media bias. Finally, the article offers up potential avenues for future research.
Persuasion in Interpersonal Networks
Authors: Sokhey Anand Edward , Stapleton Carey
Published: July 2019

To what extent are our political views shaped by those with whom we associate? This chapter discusses the research on interpersonal networks as they relate to processes of attitude and opinion formation. Reviewing the literature’s origins, evolution, and essential design features, the chapter focuses largely on its development in and application to the US context. At base, much of the scholarship on core social networks in the mass public posits that (non-) exposure to disagreement influences what we think about politics and how we vote in elections. The chapter examines the array of findings surrounding this and other characteristics of our “offline” social circles and notes challenges to inference stemming from questions about causal identification, debates over measurement, and ambiguity concerning mechanisms. It closes by describing several potentially fruitful areas for future research and articulating a vision for a more unified approach to the study of persuasion in interpersonal networks.
Machines, Nations, and Faciality
Authors: Oushakine Serguei Alex
Published: July 2019

This article explores illustrated children’s books that were published in Soviet Russia during the first five-year plan (1928–1932). Targeting mostly preschool and elementary school children, these books are creatively illustrated, offering their readers highly detailed accounts of economic and political development in the country. Soviet pedagogues perceived this literature as a tool for training “literate spectators,” able to discern social and political importance of images. The article follows this idea, using the books for tracing visual regimes that represented class and ethnicity in the 1920s–1930s. Picture books for children successfully reflected the dual nature of socialist transformations in the USSR, where building new sites of industrial production were closely linked with the building of new nations. Very early on, this literature also documented the bifurcation of this dual process. The detailed portrayal of ethnic distinctions was paralleled by the visual disappearance of the working class, producing a stream of illustrations in which technology and ethnic groups emerged as self-sufficient visual fields, ostensibly disconnected from class, labor, and history.
Television and the Good Times of Socialism
Authors: Imre Anikó
Published: July 2019

This article builds on the assumption that studying television cultures under socialism thoroughly muddles the Cold War framework of two opposing, radically different world systems. The article examines features of socialist television in the Soviet Union and the former Eastern Bloc in order to revisit some of the valuable experiences of socialism that were automatically relegated to the dustbin of history in 1990. It shows how television recorded, reflected, and facilitated the shared experience of socialism’s complicated temporality and helped make socialism manageable, redirecting its high ideals into the ethical principles of everyday habits. The article demonstrates how these principles worked through some exemplary program types and how they got stripped of their collective dimensions after the end of socialism, to be infused with paranoid, anxious nationalism.
The Description and Comparison of Societal Systems of Higher Education and University Management
Authors: Redding Gordon , Drew Antony , Crump Stephen
Published: July 2019

Higher education (HE) is caught up in a fourth industrial revolution driven by globalization and new forms of information technology. As with each of the earlier deep shifts, powerful influences come together in new patterns. Effects include more international influences, expansion in demand, new ways of teaching, more stressful cost pressures, and surrounding industries reliant increasingly on knowledge. Challenges are two: to meet the needs of these new industrial systems; and to contribute to the continued stability of their societies. Theorizing on how to manage in such a fast-changing scene is under-developed. A review of the core purposes of HE in society suggests a central role of fostering societal capacities for both innovativeness and cooperativeness. This contribution is argued to be better served when the principle of academic freedom is protected and enhanced, so that universities can avoid being hollowed out and left to do market-driven training. HE can then act as a catalyst for stable and progressive change.
A New World of Communications in Higher Education and Its Implications
Authors: Phelan Liam , Drew Antony , Yardy Andrew
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the implications of rapid, seemingly continuous change in information and communications technologies (ICTs) for HE institutions and their education missions. The chapter begins by touching on long-standing debates around technological and social determinism, and technological optimism and pessimism, before exploring ways in which ICTs are deeply and increasingly tightly woven into HE institutions and practices. The review is centred on a series of overlapping and intersecting key questions, including (i) the influence of ICTs on educational access and equity, (ii) the opportunities and limitations of autopedagogy, (iii) tightly intertwined technical, pedagogical, and industrial matters, (iv) the evolving role of ICTs in surveillance, support, safety, and pedagogy, and (v) the potential for ICTs to accelerate the push for open access to research scholarship and data. The chapter will be of interest to scholars, policy makers, and practitioners with interests at the intersection of HE and ICTs.
Policy and Practice in University–Business Relations
Authors: Keep Ewart
Published: July 2019

Policy, driven by simple readings of human capital theory, expects universities to deliver skilled labour to drive productivity growth and competitiveness. This approach ignores the wider role of learning in HE. England has tended to follow a market-driven approach, with weakly coordinated relationships between employers and HE, whereas Scotland has sought to provide more structured institutional support for this interaction. In both countries, there are significant issues over the ability to forecast future skill need, to match supply with demand, and to enlist employers in co-production and co-funding. In addition, there are ongoing debates about employability, a ‘war for talent’, and how best to structure interactions between business and universities.
Macro Changes and the Implications for Equality and Social and Gender Justice in Higher Education
Authors: David Miriam E. , Burke Penny Jane , Moreau Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers the implications of global changes for equality and social and gender justice in HE. Taking a feminist perspective it renders visible the limited impact that neo-liberal transformations have had on women’s equal participation in university education. Starting from a consideration of the international statistical evidence on the massive expansion of HE, the authors consider how white middle-class male privilege remains entrenched in complex ways in new forms of HE. This is shown most clearly through the pursuit of an uncritical notion of excellence and the approaches to pedagogical spaces. The chapter considers how student parents are treated ‘carelessly’ or without care, and how the majority of academic staff have become precarious workers, whilst privilege remains for white middle-class men in power.
Macro Changes and the Implications for Higher Education Research
Authors: Robinson Tracy , Twyford Kylie , Teede Helena , Crump Stephen
Published: July 2019

The implications of current changes occurring in HE for healthcare research and practice are the focus of discussion in this chapter. Building capacity for the implementation and translation of healthcare research is a critical issue in HE. Both sectors have to increasingly negotiate common challenges that include technological disruption, decreased funding, and the need for collaborative partnerships. This chapter considers the role of universities in building the relationships and connections that foster human well-being and build social capital to create societies where all people can participate and have equitable access to healthcare. It explores the importance of research that adds value at the coalface and how industry can support this endeavour through working in collaboration with HE to produce work-ready or profession-ready graduates with the skills and attributes to facilitate and lead the change required of the future workforce in building social and human capital.
Canada in a Global System of Higher Education
Authors: Epperson Brent , Baron Britta , Amrhein Carl G.
Published: July 2019

In the last decade, many leading universities throughout the world have modified their mission and vision statements to emphasize community service and broader societal aspirations. Examining the case of Canada within the global system of higher education, this chapter explores the community engagement approaches of Canadian postsecondary institutions. Following an analysis of the communities within and surrounding campuses and a summary of key stakeholders, it outlines the unique history of extension faculties and the special relationships with Indigenous peoples and linguistic minorities that have become pivotal to community engagement strategies. The chapter emphasizes lessons from the Canadian context that may serve global university leaders. It concludes with a synopsis of challenges and threats to navigate in the pursuit of effective and enriching university–community relationships.
Developing and Maintaining Transnational Research Collaborations
Authors: Rizvi Fazal , Nadarajah Ranjit Gajendra
Published: July 2019

An emphasis on research collaborations across national boundaries can now be found in policy statements of most leading higher education institutions (HEIs) around the world. These statements suggest that a globally distributive system of knowledge development and dissemination demands regularized, ongoing, and symmetrical transnational links. This chapter argues that while most national systems of higher education now advocate transnational research collaborations, their approaches to the development and management of these collaborations vary greatly. The rationales they provide for such collaborations are often tied to particular national interests, as nations seek to locate the role of higher education within their shifting geopolitical objectives. Not surprisingly, therefore, the challenges they face in establishing and coordinating programmes of research collaboration are linked not only to the major characteristics of their systems of higher education but more importantly also the broader objectives of their foreign policies. In order to show how this is so, this chapter provides a case study of Australia, exploring how and why the Australian system of higher education has, in recent decades, increasingly sought to develop research links with Asian universities; and what challenges its HEIs have faced in this endeavour.
Higher Education Finance
Authors: Johnstone D. Bruce
Published: July 2019

HE costs are driven upwards beginning at the institutional level with rising per-student costs. Rising unit costs are then magnified at the national or system level in most countries by surging enrolments. The result is the global reality of HE costs and revenue needs—especially in low and middle income countries with surging youth populations, ineffective taxation, and politically compelling alternative revenue needs—increasing annually at rates far exceeding the increase of costs generally or the ability of government revenue to increase commensurately. Governments typically seek solutions by increasing revenues from tuition and other fees and alternative forms of cost-sharing, which can raise intense political opposition, or by cutting costs which raises opposition from faculty, staff, and university leaders opposed to the loss of employment or radical changes in the traditional paradigms of instruction. The chapter then explores eight common misunderstandings about these cost dilemmas and discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and cultural bases of some of the conventional policy responses.
Educating for the Cooperative Society
Authors: Tomassi Suzanna
Published: July 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between industry and academia from the perspective of industry. In addition to the theoretical review, it is based on feedback from industry leaders on how they see the role of their organizations in wider society. This chapter utilizes case studies to examine the relationship between specific companies, their academic partners, and the wider society. It focuses on the UK experience reflecting the location of its author. It specifically looks at the links between Coventry University, a British public institution located in the West Midlands, and its selected partners: the Unipart Group, Horiba MIRA, Interserve, and KPIT in India. It also refers to a bespoke Global Leaders Programme which is an exclusive, extra-curricular offering, designed to enhance students’ leadership and soft skills and prepare them for future employment after graduation. Wherever possible, the author aimed to obtain feedback from the industry representatives to assess their views on the impact of their companies on the wider society. In the same spirit, relevant colleagues from Coventry University were asked for their feedback to ensure that both perspectives were fairly captured. The examples given, and indeed, the philosophy behind the projects could be transferred to other countries and applied to other industries.
Educating for the Cooperative Society
Authors: Erguvan Mehmet Murat , Parjanadze Nikoloz , Hirschi Kevin
Published: July 2019

The concept of citizenship needs to be redefined in the twenty-first century to emphasize the notion of cooperation amongst individuals, as the institutional action that often results can have a crucial importance in politics, the economy, and culture, at the local, regional, global, and individual levels. This requires the shaping of new societal consciousness. Education, especially higher education, has to assume major responsibility in this process, as it has done historically. This may well entail a revised concept of citizenship—not only through curricular changes but also through institutional practices. Responsible citizens should act in coordination with each other following the new requirements of a modern knowledge-based society reacting to global challenges. This is in line with another mission of the university—that of public good—providing individuals with access to knowledge so that citizens develop professionally, acquire new skills, and become competitive in local and global labour markets. In a century of transformational global change, it is now more than ever the mission of higher education institutions to cultivate citizens capable of tackling local and global challenges in an innovative but also cooperative manner.
Maintaining the Contribution of Higher Education to Societal Progress
Authors: Redding Gordon , Crump Stephen , Drew Antony
Published: July 2019

Such is the speed of change and the large number of forces changing, that response by university leaders is, not surprisingly, without a robust and widely accepted basis. The role of universities has traditionally been seen as fostering for a society a combination of human capabilities that may be judged in terms of their merit or practical utility, or their worth as adding to a society’s overall quality as a form of civilization. The former of these is now in the ascendant, driven by rising demand and so societal cost, and by the real needs of the economy for human skills. It is argued here that universities might take the initiative in rebalancing this bias, and in doing so to engage with the wider policies about societal needs that are less well articulated than are the more immediate demands.
Pregnancy outcomes in DMARD-exposed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis—results from a JIA biologic registry
Authors: Drechsel Paula , Stüdemann Katrin , Niewerth Martina , Horneff Gerd , Fischer-Betz Rebecca , Seipelt Eva , Spähtling-Mestekemper Susanna , Aries Peer , Zink Angela , Klotsche Jens , Minden Kirsten
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To investigate the courses and outcomes of pregnancies involving JIA patients who were exposed to DMARDs.

Methods

In the Juvenile arthritis MTX/Biologics long-term Observation study, pregnant patients or male patients with pregnant partners were identified. Standardized patient interviews were conducted, and the course and outcome of pregnancy were assessed. Prospectively collected physician- and patient-reported data were also considered in the analysis.

Results

The study sample included 152 pregnancies in 98 women with JIA and 39 pregnancies involving 21 male patients as partners. The majority of patients had polyarticular-onset/-course JIA (61%). The average age of patients at first pregnancy was 24.1 (4.5) years, and their mean disease duration was 13.8 (5.9) years. Patients had been exposed to DMARDs for 9.5 (5.6) years, and 90% of these patients had received biologics before. Half of the pregnancies occurred during DMARD exposure, mostly with etanercept. Significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between DMARD-exposed and -unexposed pregnancies were not observed. Spontaneous abortion (13.1%) and congenital anomaly (3.6%) rates were not suggestive of increased risk compared with expected background rates. However, the rates of premature birth (12.3%) and caesarean section (37.7%) were slightly above those in the German birthing population. The disease activity of female patients remained relatively stable in pregnancy, with mean cJADAS-10 scores of 5.3, 7.1 and 5.6 in each trimester, respectively.

Conclusion

Young adults with JIA often become pregnant or become fathers of children while still being treated with DMARDs. Data suggest no increased risk of major adverse pregnancy outcomes.