bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prologue
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

My field of academic interest, unlike that of my co-author, is contemporary Jews and Judaism. For over thirty years I have explored questions in which I was vitally interested. In many cases I was passionately committed to a particular position. And yet I never felt that that commitment biased the manner in which I presented evidence or analyzed the issues. I was always confident in my ability to distance myself from my own point of view and was surprised by the inability of so many, including my fellow academics, to do so themselves. But I have never written on a topic in which I was unable to identify, at least hypothetically, with the various subjects and their differing points of view. I was always able to put myself in the place of whomever it was I was writing about.
American Jews
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

Images of Gentile hostility, as we noted, are pivotal to Jewish self-understanding. They underwrite the Jewish worldview and provide traditional concepts such as “the chosen people” and “messianic deliverance” with their most striking vindication. They also afford a comforting rationale for a history replete with tragedy as well as a promise of future redemption and glory.
Conclusions
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

Our fascination with Orthodoxy as well as our mixed feelings toward it clearly have both biographical and intellectual sources. A curious form of attraction/repulsion governs our sensibilities. On the one side, we cannot help but admire the steadfastness, the willingness to sacrifice, the depth of commitment, and the devotion to learning that animates its ranks. Moreover, the denseness and richness of Jewishness as it plays itself out in the Orthodox world has no parallel elsewhere.
Art, Myth, and Travel the Hellenistic World
Authors: Cohen Ada
Published: November 2023

Modem scholarship no longer views Pausanias as a unified subject. Antiquarian and mythographer, travel writer and pilgrim, geographer, cartographer, and ethnographer, historian and art historian, Pausanias has come to exemplify a complex series of overlapping allegiances as regards genre. Although not all scholars agree on the appropriateness of each of the above characterizations, Pausanias’s blending of conventions from ditlhent genres seems to be smooth and effortless.1 By contrast, another conjunction of allegiances-cultural and ethnic-speaks to an uneasy and fragmented coexistence. A provincial Greek Wllting about Greece, Pausanias has been construed as both insider and outsider in the Roman world of the second century A.D. On the one hand, as a member of a well-to-do, educated Greek aristocracy and most likely a Roman citizen, he was privileged enough to take leave from the chores of ordinary lite and travel for extended periods of time. not only in Greece but in Italy and the Near East as well. Imperial journeys such as Hadrian’s provided a model for him and others of his class to emulate. And because of the dissolution of borders that the Roman empire had brought about, he experienced a world without apparent boundaries.
Pausanias and the Topographers: The Case of Colonel Leake
Authors: Wagstaff J M
Published: November 2023

The aim of this contribution is to examine the ways in which Pausanias·s Description of Greece was used by Colonel Leake, one of the most highly regarded commentators on the geography of ancient Greece. First. I will explain who he was and what he did. Then, I will attempt to reconstmct his view of Pausanias. Next, I will show how Leake used the text of Pausanias. choosing as examples his study of the topography of ancient Athens and his travels in the Peloponnese. Finally. Leake’s use of Pausanias will be discussed in relation to that of earlier and contemporary westem visitors to Greece.
Governing Doctrines, Narratival Claims, Extra And Authentic Doctrine Sin and Victimization
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we saw how feminist theologies embrace what Christian called alien claims and what we might less pejoratively call extra-narratival claims. These extra-narratival claims in the case of feminist theologies arise within the dis course of the feminist movement. They are embraced as what Christian calls authentic doctrines and then elevated to the status of, in Christian’s terms, governing doctrines. It is the process of discernment regarding the status of the extra-narratival claims of feminism, among others, with which we are struggling in the mainline denominations and seminaries. Are all of the claims of feminism indeed authentic doctrines, or do they cohere with authentic doctrine of the Christian community? Clearly, Christian feminist theologians answer this question, in general, affirmatively, depending, of course, on the specific claims entailed.
Time Well Spent on Paul Feyerabend’s Autobiography
Authors: Reaven Sheldon F
Published: November 2023

One bright and bitter-cold January day in 1996, I stood before the grave of my teacher and friend, Paul K. Feyerabend, in the Southwest Cemetery of Vienna. Partly by chance, partly by design, my wanderings through Vienna led to many of the places that peppered Paul’s transfixing stories and embellish his delightful, revealing autobiography, Killing Time. In the deep snow by the narrow Feyerabend family plot, I thought of this man’s inner odyssey, recounted in his book, from a nonchalant who in this very spot was unmoved at his mother’s funeral and who did not bother to attend his father’s, to an apostle of embracing tolerance and lovingkindness in his later years.
Proliferation is it a Good Thing?
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

I served on several panel discussions with Paul Feyerabend. The most memorable occurred in 1970 at the University of Cincinnati. Paul delivered one of his spellbinding lectures in which he talked about Galileo’s tower argument and claimed that Galileo was violating standard rules of logic and methodology. He was practicing “counterinduction” (which, according to Feyerabend, is a good thing to do). He was introducing a hypothesis, namely, that a body falling from a tower has a slanted, not a straight, motion, which is incompatible with highly confirmed theories and indeed is refuted by what we observe when we see the body fall. Galileo was following Feyerabend’s favorite principle: Proliferation I: Invent and elaborate theories that are inconsistent with the accepted point of view, even if the latter should happen to be highly confirmed and generally accepted.
Getting Organized
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

Workplace epidemiologic surveillance is difficult because it challenges our skills to stay focused on a problem-solving process that has numerous steps and details. Each step generates information that is both input to future steps and feedback to earlier steps. Table 2.1 shows the basic sequence of steps for surveillance systems, including active reporting and active case follow up. The steps are applicable to surveillance done by an employer at a single worksite; a medical group, health maintenance organization, or insurance company that has multiple clients; or, a governmental agency at the local, state, or national level.
Surveillance and the Design of Occupational Health Information Systems
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

Occupational health and safety stands at a crossroads of the information highway. Decision-making based on data is becoming more commonplace due to several recent developments in information technology and health services organization.
Silicosis
Authors: Rosenman Kenneth D , Reilly Mary Jo
Published: November 2023

Quartz, the crystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is the most common constituent of the earth’s crust and workers exposed to quartz all over the world are at risk of developing silicosis. High-risk industries include: mining; quarrying; tunneling; abrasive blasting; monument engraving; working in a foundry; manufacturing ceramic products, including sinks, toilet bowls, and bathtubs; and fire brick manufacturing. Less common exposures to silica have been reported including the manufacture of slate-pencils, gemstones, and glass.
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Reilly Mary Jo , Rosenman Kenneth D
Published: November 2023

Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is an insidious, irreversible condition. The slow development of hearing loss over time detracts from its being noticed by workers exposed to noise at work, and downplays the immediacy of the problem and the need to address noise issues. The perception that hearing loss is only or primarily due to aging also works to minimize the recognition of noise at work as a real threat to one’s hearing health. Hearing loss affects more than a person’s hearing; it affects an individual’s job performance and the likelihood of accidents at work and home; it has ;,ignificant social and emotional consequences, and affects physical and psychosocial function in the elderly.
Injury Surveillance at Ford Motor Company
Authors: Reeve Gordon R
Published: November 2023

There are several types of occupational injury surveillance. The most traditional approach is surveillance using viral records at the federal-or state-level. Many, but not all states require occupational injuries or illnesses to be reported as part of their public health reporting system that has historically focused on communicable diseases. Other systems try to capture all injuries seen at the emergency rooms in community-or statewide networks with information about the situation surrounding the injury event, including occupational factors. Finally, there is the surveillance conducted by the health and safety staff of a company as part of its routine operation or as part of a short-term research project conducted by university researchers.
Fatal Injury Surveillance
Authors: Jenkins E Lynn
Published: November 2023

In the United States, an average of 16 workers die every day from injuries sustained on the job. This represents 16 workers who will not return home, 16 families who will mourn the loss of a loved one. For those of us in occupational safety and health, these deaths must be our guideposts for prevention. Information must be compiled on each of these deaths and examined both individually (in order to identify ways to prevent similar incidents in the future) and collectively (in order to identify patterns and trends of particular kinds of incidents).
The Social Ambience of Petronius’ Satyricon and Fellini Satyricon
Authors: Sullivan J P
Published: November 2023

editor’s note: J.P. Sullivan died in 1993. Except for some minor changes and emendations and a few additions in the notes, his essay appears here essentially as it did in 1991. Among the numerous publications on Fellini, the following may be of particular interest to readers (most of them have appeared since Sullivan’s essay was written; page numbers refer to Fellini Satyricon): Bernard F. Dick, “Adaptation as Archaeology: Fellini Satyricon (1969) from the ‘Novel’ by Petronius,” in Modern European Filmmakers and the Art of Adaptation, ed. Andrew Horton and Joan Magretta (New York: Crossroads, 1981), 145–167; rpt. in Perspectives on Federico Fellini, ed. Peter Bondanella and Cristina DegliEsposti (New York: Hall, 1993), 130–138; Bondanella, The Eternal City: Roman Images in the Modern World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 238–245, and The Cinema of Federico Fellini (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 237–261, with additional references; John Baxter, Fellini (1993; rpt. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994), 237–253; Fabrizio Borin and Carla Mele, Federico Fellini, tr. Charles Nopar and Sue Jones (Rome: Gremese, 1999), 100-ema and History (New York: Routledge, 1997), 188–192.
Psychology as a Science of Objective Relations [1937]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Brunswik’s introduction of his work to an audience at the University of California at Berkeley in 1936, shortly after he arrived in the United States for the first time as a visitor to the psychology department, tells us much about Brunswik the professor, as well as much about Brunswik the psychologist and the theme of his life’s work. The introduction came in a lecture titled “Psychology as a Science of Objective Relations” to the Cosmos Club at the university, delivered, I am sure, in his then undiluted, and very heavy, German accent. Although I am uncertain about the nature of the Cosmos Club, I take it to have been a group of faculty members and other intellectuals, eager to be enlightened by a visiting professor of psychology from Vienna. If so, they were in for a surprise.
Remarks on Functionalism in Perception [1949]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

This brief discussion paper was written in the context of what in 1949 and 1950 was a “hot topic,” the relation between personality and perception. To oversimplify: Does our personality literally determine what we see? This question became central to many prominent psychologists of the immediate post-World War II period and was given a name, the New Look in perception. It was an exciting time, not only because it appeared that psychology was going to change its theory and research, but also because it appeared that the New Look was going to close the gap between “tough-minded” experimental psychologists and “tender-minded” personality psychologists. Each would gain, it was thought; the experimentalists would show that all their hard, narrow scientific work had broad meaning after all; the personality psychologists would show that their fuzzy concepts could be demonstrated in the lab by the experimentalists and, therefore, were not so fuzzy after all. As Jerome Bruner and David Krech (an chors of the then Harvard-Berkeley axis), who edited the volume in which the papers appeared, put it, “The editors feel that the papers embodied in this volume represent an important step for ward in psychology. The approach represented serves to make the clinician aware of the potentialities of the laboratory-not only in its rigor but its flexibility. The experimentalist, for his part, is made to realize anew that his subjects have personalities and aspirations and anxieties, that they live in society and that all these facts influence in critical ways their behavior” (p. vu; Bruner & Krech, 1949/1950).
Thing Constancy as Measured by Correlation Coefficients [1940]
Authors: Kurz Elke M , Hertwig Ralph
Published: November 2023

Whenever Brunswik researched perception, he simultaneously made psychological research itself an object of study. Brunswik was not a perception psychologist on the one hand and a philosopher of psychological methodology on the other; he was always both at the same time. This two-sided research agenda was his forte and his achievement; it constituted a challenge for his contemporaries, and it remains a challenge for us.
The Conceptual Framework of Psychology [1952]
Authors: Brunswik Egon , Cooksey Ray W
Published: November 2023

Egon Brunswik, in his 1952 monograph The Conceptual Framework of Psychology, developed and articulated his integrated vision for psychology as a science. A strong argument can be made that, of all of Brunswik’s later works, the 1952 monograph represented his crowning achievement simply be cause of its scope and intent (Bergmann, 1952, in his review of the monograph, observed that “intellectually, this is the equivalent of three books, or, to put it conservatively, of one well sized book and two monographs of about one hundred pages each.... a distinguished piece of work by a distinguished author”; pp. 654-655). In this monograph, Brunswik critically and comprehensively evaluated the history, philosophy, methodology, and theory of psychology. No other psychologist to that date had had the vision or the courage (or, one could argue, the poor timing) to objectively and rigorously evaluate the entire discipline as a prelude to setting forth a new conceptualization that purported to address the argued shortcomings that had amassed over decades of psychological research. Brunswik’s arguments threatened the very foundations and goals of psychology, as he intended, in order to stimulate deeper and more critical insights. He promul gated this threat at precisely the time when psychology was rapidly coalescing into two clear disciplines (see Cronbach, 1957) that had adopted fairly entrenched and opposed positions with respect to the interconnectedness between psychological theory, methodology, and focal phenomena of interest (see Gigerenzer, 1987, 1994; Leary, 1987, for further discussions). In a very real sense, Brunswik’s monograph was the concrete manifestation of one man’s attempt to stimulate a scientific revolution (see Kuhn, 1970), effectively a unification of the two disciplines, on his own purely by reasoned argument backed by a prodigious knowledge of what had come before and an unshakeable belief in where the future lay. Brunswik’s ideas were not well received, nor did they have their intended effect within his shortened lifetime. However, since the mid-1960s, there has been slow and steady erosion of resistance to his ideas as many of his arguments have been found to ring true (see Hammond, 19966).
Vicarious Functioning Reconsidered: A Fast and Frugal Lens Model
Authors: Gigerenze Gerd , Kurz Elke M
Published: November 2023

When Egon Brunswik left Vienna for Berkeley in 1937, he began to abandon his favorite tool-a measurement tool known as the Brunswik ratio. The ratio measured the degree of perceptual constancy. In its place, Brunswik (1940b) adopted new tools from the Anglo-American statistical tradition-correlation and regression. Then, he measured the degree to which perception attains the distal stimulus by a correlation coefficient called functional validity.
Multiple Cue Probability Learning
Authors: Holzworth R James
Published: November 2023

Brunswik’s principal research interest began with visual perception, specifically the perceptual constancies. But his theorizing was at such a high level of generality, even while he was in Vienna, that his concepts of uncertainty, ecological validity, and vicarious functioning could easily be seen to apply to other circumstances, once one was willing to look. Although Brunswik had introduced the concept of probability to the topic of learning in his 1939 rat learning experiment, his success was utterly ignored by the learning establishment (see Doherty, this volume). The demonstration of the potential for the generalization of the lens model to learning had to wait until 1954, when Smedslund (1955) in Norway carried it out in his doctoral thesis. It was he who first saw the manner in which all these concepts could be generalized to learning, roughly at the same time that Hammond (195 5) made the same extension beyond visual perception to the context of clinical judgment.
Vicarious Functioning in Teams
Authors: Adelman Leonard , Henderson DeVere , Miller Sheryl
Published: November 2023

A number of recent studies (e.g., Hollenbeck et al., 1997; Volpe et al., 1996) have found that, although time pressure has significantly affected team processes, it has had no effect on team performance. Such findings have been surprising, for we are all familiar with cases where time pressure has significantly affected both team processes and team performance. Maule (1997) tried to explain these findings by citing the apparent arbitrariness of the time pressure (or workload) manipulations, for these studies have failed to provide an empirical rationale for why one manipulation is deemed normal and another stressful. More generally, Maule argued that these studies provide no theoretical insights into how teams adapt their processes to increased time pressure, or how process is related to performance. In this brief chapter, we will try to show (1) how Brunswikian theory and methods can be used to understand better how teams adapt their pro cesses to increasing time pressure and (2) why one should not necessarily expect to find a direct relationship between team processes and performance under increasing levels of time pressure.
Probabilistic Functioning and Cognitive Aging
Authors: Chasseigne Gerard , Mullet Etienne
Published: November 2023

Because of its focus on the processing of uncertain information, the Brunswikian probabilistic view of cognition can make a positive and unique contribution to the study of cognitive functioning in the elderly. It is the purpose of this article to demonstrate that contribution.
Brunswik and Quality of Life: A Brief Note
Authors: Joyce C R B
Published: November 2023

Quality of life (QoL) has been defined in many different ways. One simple and useful definition is this: “The way a person feels and how he or she functions in daily activities” (Kirshner & Guyatt, 1985). Everybody has a QoL, good, average, or poor. Most people would presumably like it to be as good as possible. It varies from one person to another, and from time to time, as do the individual factors in the subject’s physical and mental makeup and life history that enter into it. It is also affected by the many factors in the environment.
Notes from Berkeley, 1938, 1945-1948
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

“You ought to hear this professor from Vienna” was the unlikely suggestion given to me one day in 1938 in the halls of the Life Sciences Building at the University of California at Berkeley. So one day I went to hear him. My best recollection of Egon Brunswik is of a tall, broad-shouldered man addressing a large class of psychology stu dents in hesitating and heavily accented English, accompanied by a rather large woman sitting nearby to whom he turned every so often for the word he needed. I remember nothing of the content of the lecture, of course, but I do remem ber that it was delivered with great seriousness and dignity. The woman sitting nearby and coaching this professor’s English was his wife, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, who would later become very well known in relation to her co-authorship of the exciting book The Authoritarian Personality (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and San ford, 1950). The standard joke among graduate students was that although Egon gradually lost his accent, the coach never lost hers.
A Preface To Romans
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Bryan approaches St. Paul's letter to the Romans with a number of aims in view. First, he wants to show which literary type or genre would have been seen by Paul's contemporaries as being exemplified in the letter. He also determines what we can surmise of Paul's attitude and approach to the Jewish bible. The study involves discussion of and comparison with other literature from Paul's time, place and milieu -- including other writings attributed to Paul.
The Epistolary Opening (1.1–15)
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Paul comes before the believers at Rome as slave of the Messiah, Jesus (1.1). (Throughout what follows, the use of boldface type in the main text [not footnotes] is intended to indicate a quotation from the part of Romans under discussion. Italic boldface indicates that Paul is citing or alluding to the LXX.) For those attuned to the Scriptures, the word slave at once ties Paul to the Jewish and scriptural tradition of those who belong to God (compare LXX Judg. 2.8, 4 Kingd. 18.12, Jer. 7.25, Isa. 49.3). The notion of being “slave of the god” (though not common) is also occasionally found in pagan contexts. Lucius Apuleius, after his deliverance by the grace of Isis, rejoices that he has begun to be “slave to the goddess” and is in his turn exhorted to accept willingly “the yoke of service” (Metamorphoses 11.15).
Demonstration and Defense (5.1–11.36): Peace with God through Christ
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Some studies treat Romans 5.1-11 as the conclusion to the previous section of Paul’s address rather than the opening to the next, and this is understandable, since rhetorically the verses function partially as a pivot, or hinge, between the two. They link what is about to be said to what has gone before, and they do so by means of various rhetorical hooks —such as echoes of expressions already used—that reach back into the opening argument.
Evangelical Images and the American Tract Society
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

with the disestablishment of religion in the early nineteenth century, New England clergy and laity who had enjoyed in statesanctioned Christianity a vision of a nation with a divine purpose were faced with the challenge of preserving their sense of national mission in a state that no longer officially authorized the practice of the Christian faith. Facing the steady growth of non-English-speaking, nonProtestant immigrants and the expansion of a frontier populated by unchurched whites and non-Christian Indians, a number of evangelical clergy, Christian professionals, businessmen, and well-stationed women formed benevolent societies such as the ABS (1816) and the ASSU (1824). These benevolent associations worked to reform the expanding American populace by producing enormous amounts of literature such as the Bible or Sunday school instructional materials and distributing them as widely as possible. The ATS was established in 1825 when the American Tract Society of Boston, formerly called the New England Tract Society, and many other smaller tract societies in the northeast merged with New York’s Religious Tract Society to form a national organization based in New York City on Nassau Street. Composed primarily of Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists, the ATS set itself the task of distributing tracts throughout the United States and around the world. Yet its greatest efforts were domestic.
Pictures and Children
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

The evolution of the visual culture of Seventh-Day Adventism evinces two distinct concepts of the image: the didactic and the devotional. The first was the much older and characteristically Protestant visual practice; the latter represents a visual piety that emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century among American Protestants. It is not a distinction that is especially meaningful for Catholic visual culture, where the two, didactic and devotional, were not generally separated. Among many Protestants, however, the didactic sensibility riveted imagery to words and abstract ideas, which the images served to illustrate. The devotional image, by contrast, offered itself up to prayerful contemplation in which feeling was more important than abstraction.
Ecumenical Theology In Worship, Doctrine, And Life
Authors: Cunningham David S , Del Ralph , Lamadrid Colle Lucas
Published: November 2023

This book presents twenty essays written in honour of the noted theologian and ecumenist Geoffrey Wainwright, Cushman Professor of Christian Theology at Duke University. The editors have assembled a remarkable international roster of contributors and have organized the volume around three major themes in Wainwright's work: worship, liturgy, and mission. Contributors include Nicholas Lossky, Eberhard Jungel, Dietrich Ritschl, and Gunther Gassman.
The Non-Local Universe
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

Classical physics states that physical reality is local—a point in space cannot influence another point beyond a relatively short distance. However, In 1997, experiments were conducted in which light particles (photons) originated under certain conditions and traveled in opposite directions to detectors located about seven miles apart. The amazing results indicated that the photons “interacted” or “communicated” with one another instantly or “in no time”. Since a distance of seven miles is quite vast in quantum physics, this led physicists to an extraordinary conclusion—even if experiments could somehow be conducted in which the distance between the detectors was half-way across the known universe, the results would indicate that interaction or communication between the photons would be instantaneous. What was revealed in these little-known experiments in 1997 is that physical reality is non-local—a discovery that Robert Nadeau and Menas Kafatos view as “the most momentous in the history of science”. In The Non-Local Universe, Nadeau and Kafatos offer a revolutionary look at the breathtaking implications of non-locality. They argue that since every particle in the universe has been “entangled” with other particles like the two photons in the 1997 experiments, physical reality on the most basic level is an undivided wholeness. In addition to demonstrating that physical processes are vastly interdependent and interactive, they also show that more complex systems in both physics and biology display emergent properties and/or behaviors that cannot be explained in the terms of the sum of parts. One of the most startling implications of non-locality in human terms, claim the authors, is that there is no longer any basis for believing in the stark division between mind and world that has preoccupied much of western thought since the seventeenth century. And they also make a convincing case that human consciousness can now be viewed as emergent from and seamlessly connected with the entire cosmos. In pursuing this groundbreaking argument, the authors not only provide a fascinating history of developments that led to the discovery of non-locality and the sometimes heated debate between the great scientists responsible for these discoveries. They also argue that advances in scientific knowledge have further eroded the boundaries between physics and biology, and that recent studies on the evolution of the human brain suggest that the logical foundations of mathematics and ordinary language are much more similar than we previously imagined. What this new knowledge reveals, the authors conclude, is that the connection between mind and nature is far more intimate than we previously dared to imagine. What they offer is a revolutionary look at the implications of non-locality, implications that reach deep into that most intimate aspect of humanity: consciousness.
Trickle-Down Revelation and Religious Entropy
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

The scientific study of religion originated not in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as scholars have often presumed, but in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The seeds were sown even earlier. During the Middle Ages “the religions” had been understood as the religious orders of the Roman Catholic church. But with German cardinal and philosopher Nicholas of Cusa (1401–64) and Italian humanist Marsilio Ficino (1433–99), philosophers began to think in terms of religion as a generic entity underlying all religious differences. Then in the seventeenth century the Cambridge Platonists spoke of a general human ability to find true religion by means of a priori ideas. Religious variations arose, they conjectured, when these innate ideas interacted with material conditions such as geography, custom, and habit.
American Indians
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

Jonathan Edwards felt little but contempt for Native American religion. When trying to refute English Nonconformist John Taylor’s notion of an innate human capacity for religious knowledge, he used American Indians as a trump card. What did Europeans find when they came to America and discovered a people who had had the benefit of thousands of years to develop this capacity for religious truth? Nothing but “the grossest ignorance, delusions, and most stupid paganism” (OS, 151).
Metaphysical Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

I have suggested that there are three very different approaches to philosophical problems that might be thought of as “ordinary language philosophy,” and I have proposed to call them “Standard,” “Metaphysical,” and “Investigative.” I do not mean to suggest by this division that every ordinary language philosopher fits neatly into one or another of these categories, for it is not uncommon for a philosopher to employ one of these methods at one time (or when dealing with one problem) and to employ another at another time (or when dealing with some other problem). This is not because they recognize that they are doing something different from time to time but because they fail to see how different these methods are.
Investigating Appearances
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

How does Investigative Ordinary Language Philosophy work? What does it look like? It shouldn’t be necessary to address these questions, because philosophy practiced in this manner, by Ebersole and a few others, has been around for nearly half a century. But for reasons I have tried to explain (such as widespread acceptance of the Universal Dismisser) it has been neglected, and only a handful of philosophers have tried to conduct their thinking in this manner. In view of its unamiliarity, then, I will present here, as a small sample, a piece that I wrote (for the most part) forty years ago.
Between Religion and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

Every major religion of the world has expressed at some point, through its leaders and thinkers, a commitment to the value of peace, both in classical texts and modern reformulations.1 Furthermore, religious actors are playing an increasingly important and valuable role in resolving international conflicts. These include Mennonites, Quakers, and Catholics, who have successfully intervened in and mediated African, Asian, and Latin American conflicts, and key Buddhist leaders, such as Maha Gosananda from Cambodia, Thich Nhat Hanh from Vietnam.2 But a faith-based commitment to peace is a complex phenomenon. While some believers creatively integrate their spiritual tradition and peacemaking, many others engage in some of the most destabilizing violence confronting the global community today. The purpose of this chapter is to outline what will be necessary for a new course of study of religion that will examine its relationship to conflict and conflict resolution methodologies.
Introduction
Authors: Patton Laurie L
Published: November 2023

The pages of this book glitter with the images of jewelry. Yet its chapters are not concerned only with the colorful worlds of Indian myth, epic, and poetry. They are also the ritual manuals of the ancient Indian sacrifice, the legal texts of the Dharma Sastras, the Tamil commentaries of medieval Vaisnavas, and the Hindi manuals of contemporary organizations of Hindu nationalists. Why does jewelry bring together such disparate topics? If there is any one thing that symbolizes the relationship between women and the brahminical textual tradition of India, it is their jewelry.
Ascetic Traditions of Buddhist Saints
Authors: Ray Reginald A
Published: November 2023

So far this study has dealt primarily with two of the three dimensions of the Buddhist saints, their hagiographic paradigms and their cults. This chapter raises the issue of the third dimension, the specific ascetic traditions typically followed by the saints themselves. The preceding chapters have already indicated what is most important about these ascetic traditions: they are traditions of forest renunciation. The Buddha himself emerges from a tradition of retirement to the forest and homeless wandering. Mahakasyapa, at least in most sources, also follows a wandering, ascetic way of life in the forest. The later patriarch Upagupta is a forest saint who lives on Mount UrumuQ.(ja-famed for meditation-far from Asoka ‘s capital. PiQ.(jolabharadvaja is a forest saint who wanders about, begging food and meditating. Devadatta is a forest renunciant, who is criticized for wanting to reconfirm the ancient forest way of life in its purity in the face of change. And even Sariputra, prototypical embodiment of settled monastic values and orientation, has forest features in his history and personality.
Introduction
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

Charles Wesley stood in the shadow of his more famous (and more forward) brother John. John’s overshadowing, which characterized to some degree their relationship in life, has been exaggerated by history’s forgetfulness about Charles Wesley. Methodists in particular and Protestants in general have venerated John Wesley as one of the brightest lights of eighteenth-century Christianity, but the deeds of Charles have not often come to the forefront. History’s preference for John over Charles has reflected, in part, the temperaments of the two men; Charles shunned the limelight, John was attracted toward it. In addition, Charles’s lifelong allegiance to the Church of England caused Methodists of his own day to treat him with suspicion, and suggests why their more modem descendants turned toward the other Wesley as their hero, champion, and patriarch.
/ Georgia and the Making of a Minister
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

Charles’s development at Oxford, through the academics of the university and the regimen of the Holy Club, was soon put to the test. Initially, his practical piety led to service in the environs of Oxford (including Newgate prison), but soon he, his brother, and two of their friends went on a bold adventure in the New World.
/ The First Fruits of the Methodist Revival
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

Charles Wesley’s conversion began in him a tidal wave of spiritual energy and action. Two days after his personal Pentecost, Charles began spreading the good news about salvation by faith. In the afterglow of his own experience he spoke to a few friends, and ministered in intercessory prayer, serving most directly through spiritual conversation. As his health returned he stepped into his ministerial vocation with renewed strength and vigor. His journal for the days following the conversion finds him writing sermons, officiating at vespers, and speaking to others about spiritual formation. This personal dimension of his ministry would continue in the work of the Methodist Societies, but soon he would return to the pulpits of important churches and the university. Gradually the religious establishment closed both of those avenues of ministry, and then Charles followed his brother and George Whitefield into that innovation-open air preaching. His journal reports worsening relations with the Anglican establishment, and painful interviews with bishops of the church and leaders of the university whom Wesley held in deep regard.
Hidden Gospels
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Was Jesus really a subversive mystic whose true teachings were suppressed by an authoritarian church? Has the real nature of Christianity been deliberately obscured for centuries? Do recently discovered texts such as the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Mary, and even the Dead Sea Scrolls undermine the historical validity of the New Testament? In this incisive critique, Philip Jenkins thoroughly and convincingly debunks such claims. Jenkins places the recent controversies surrounding the hidden gospels in a broad historical context and argues that, far from being revolutionary, such attempts to find an alternative Christianity date back at least to the Enlightenment. And by employing the appropriate scholarly and historical methodologies, he demonstrates that the texts purported to represent pristine Christianity were in fact composed long after the canonical gospels found in the Bible. Produced by obscure heretical movements, these texts offer no reliable new information about Jesus or the early church. They have attracted so much media attention chiefly because they seem to support radical, feminist, and post-modern positions in the modern church. Indeed, Jenkins shows how best-selling books on the “hidden gospels” have been taken up by an uncritical, scandal-hungry media as the basis for a social movement that could have dramatic effects on the faith and practice of contemporary Christianity. Brilliantly researched and sharply argued, Hidden Gospels unearths both the complex agendas and flawed methods of scholars who have created a whole new mythology about Jesus and the early church.
Guardians Of Letters
Authors: Haines-Eitzen Kim
Published: November 2023

Who were the scribes who copied early Christian literature during the second and third centuries? What roles did they play in the reproduction and dissemination of these writings? To answer these questions, this study uses evidence from early Christian literature and the earliest Christian papyri - including their form, physical features, and textual characteristics.
Reflections on Twenty Years in Peacebuilding
Authors: Kraybill Ron
Published: November 2023

Reflecting On Twenty Years devoted to the task of building peace raises the question: Is the story my own or that of my community of faith? Central to Mennonite understandings of human life is the conviction that the web of existence is seamless, that individuals dwell in communities that in tum, nurture individuals. The Christian Gospel is “good news” only if it addresses both. Thus, this account conveys both a personal odyssey and a communal journey.
Mennonite Central Committee Efforts in Somalia and Somaliland
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: November 2023

Somalia Represents What Might Be considered among the worst-case scenarios of post-Cold War internal conflict. The Somali people have experienced nearly a decade of fighting. The country is flooded with weapons of every kind, mostly supplied by the superpowers during the Cold War. So maliland was mined to the tune of 1.5 million land mines. For years, Somali president Siad Barre successfully manipulated clanism as a tool to set clans against each other and to keep himself in power. When he fell in January 1991, the opposition movements, based on clan affiliation, turned on one another. Since then, the infrastructure of the country has virtually collapsed, and there has been no functioning vocational government.

In this context, the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) faced decisions about appropriate activities to undertake. MCC had the benefit of the long-standing program in the country of the Eastern Mennonite Missions (EMM), especially its efforts at education and health. Past Mennonite programs and people—and their relationships with Somalis—have had a remarkable history and still have a place in the minds of many Somalis.
Mennonite Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: November 2023

HOw Does The Mennonite Approach to peacebuilding and conflict transformation differ from other forms of conflict resolution? Although it shares many features of process and structure with other forms of domestic and international conflict resolution, there is a distinctive culture to Mennonite mediation and peacebuilding. I have long thought that conflict resolution processes take shape within particular cultural frameworks, which de-fine the nature of personhood, community, conflict, and social justice. The chapters in this book provide rich evidence of the wide variety of Mennonite mediation and peacebuilding initiatives in international settings, but they also indicate that there are underlying similarities in the cultural frameworks that inform them. This chapter endeavors to describe the fundamental concepts and practices embedded in Mennonite peacebuilding as revealed in the accounts in this book. It also describes the dilemmas and contradictions inherent in the Mennonite approach to peacebuilding.

These practices grow out of a long Mennonite spiritual tradition and history. Mennonite religious faith, conceptions of community, and theories of social justice shape the practices of Mennonite peacebuilding. The religious foundation of the process affects standards of success and effectiveness, modes of entering into conflict situations, notions of the speed of conflict resolution, and assessments of the importance of building relationships or negotiating settlements. One critical difference between those parts of Mennonite peace-building that rely on mediation and secular versions of mediation is the continuing commitment of Mennonite mediators to leave control of the process in the hands of the parties.
Mennonite Approaches to Peace and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: November 2023

Unofficial Efforts To Make Peace between warring adversaries have a longer history than is sometimes supposed. In some cases, peace-makers, both intra- and international, have been secular, but in many others the protagonists in such efforts have come from religious backgrounds or represented religious institutions.

Some religiously inspired peacemaking practices have taken the form of direct involvement as intermediaries, as when the Vatican successfully undertook a mediating role in the Beagle Channel dispute between Chile and Argentina. Others have involved limiting on the destructive effects of conflict and war by attempting to provide sanctuaries, safe havens, and zones (or times) of peace. Probably the best known of these were the thirteenth-century efforts by Pope Gregory IX to have certain categories of individuals—including pilgrims, merchants, and peasants tilling the soil—be given “full security against the ravages of war” by incorporating such immunities into Christian canon law. Still other activities have involved the elaboration of complex schemes for societies that would be inherently peaceful; they were often regional or even “universal.” Among many such efforts are the writings of Quakers William Penn and John Bellers, respectively, who within two decades of one another, produced works on Essays towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe (1693) and Some Reasons for an European State (1710).
Compassion as Public Covenant
Authors: Gilman James E
Published: November 2023

wHAT BOTHERED THE LAWYER MOST, as he listened to Jesus’ story about the Samaritan, was not that religious leaders were disparagingly depicted nor that as a Jew he should be required to show compassion even toward his enemies. What bothered him was a gradual realization that, according to this rabbi at least, his duty to show compassion places him on equal moral footing with people of other, even hostile, traditions. What bothered him was that fact that in remaining faithful to his own religious commitment and community he would be obligated to share common moral ground with Samaritans and Romans.
A
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

In ancient Mesopotamia, the absu, or apsu, was the realm beneath the earth that contained a freshwater ocean. Like many ancient peoples, the Mesopotamians believed the salt sea encircled the earth. But the absu, they believed, contained another ocean, an ocean that had existed long before the creation of mankind and that provided the source of water for all the springs, wells, streams, rivers, and lakes of the world.
M
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

The Magellanic Clouds are two small, irregular galaxies visible as hazy patches in the southern sky, near the Milky Way. The Polynesians used them as navigational aids and often as weather indicators, because their position and relationship to one another varied with the seasons and the wind changes. Myths of the Magellanic Clouds were told throughout the Polynesian lands, where the names of these two galaxies varied, though many had connections to mist and vapor. Because the Magellanic Clouds were always visible above the southern horizon at night, the Polynesians apparently considered them important enough to immortalize in their myths.
Q
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

The feathered serpent of Mesoamerican lore, Quetzalcoatl, was a god of Heaven and earth, light and darkness, and life, death, and rebirth. He was a culture hero, some say a deified king, but he gained primary significance as a mythical figure who died and was resurrected as Venus, the Morning Star. The Maya identified this feathered serpent as Kukulcan; Quetzalcoatl was an Aztec deity. He had many aspects, and the Aztecs connected him not only with Venus, but with earth, sky, and water and with rain, wind, and rebirth.