bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of ZEB1 in the inflammation‐induced promotion of EMT in HNSCC
Authors: Dohadwala Mariam , Wang Guanyu , Heinrich Eileen , Luo Jie , Lau Ontario , Shih Hubert , Munaim Qahera , Lee Gina , Hong Longsheng , Lai Chi , Abemayor Elliot , Fishbein Michael C. , Elashoff David A. , Dubinett Steven M. , St. John Maie A.
Published: April 2010

Objectives

To determine the role of ZEB1 in the inflammation‐induced promotion of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Study Design

A molecular biology study. Real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining of human HNSCC tissue sections were used to determine how inflammation affects the transcriptional repressor, ZEB1.

Setting

An academic hospital laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

Relative ZEB1 RNA levels were determined by RT‐PCR, and protein expression was evaluated in situ by immunohistochemical staining of human HNSCC tissue sections.

Results

IL‐1β‐treated HNSCC cell lines demonstrated a significant decrease in E‐cadherin mRNA and an increase in the mRNA expression of the transcriptional repressor ZEB1. IL‐1β exposure led to enhanced ZEB1 binding at the chromatin level, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP). An inverse relationship between ZEB1 and E‐cadherin was demonstrated in situ by immunohistochemical staining of human HNSCC tissue sections.

Conclusions

Our recent investigations indicate that inflammatory mediators are potent regulators of EMT in HNSCC. This is the first report indicating the role of ZEB1 in the inflammation‐induced promotion of EMT in HNSCC. This newly defined pathway for transcriptional regulation of E‐cadherin in HNSCC has important implications for targeted chemoprevention and therapy.
Current epidemiology and management trends in acoustic neuroma
Authors: Gal Thomas J. , Shinn Jennifer , Huang Bin
Published: April 2010

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology of acoustic neuroma and determine current trends in therapy using tumor registry techniques.

Study Design

Analysis of a national database.

Subjects and Methods

The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database is a national tumor registry that began to identify and abstract benign and borderline tumors of the brain and central nervous system in the year 2004. Coding for International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD‐O‐3) codes for schwannoma (9560/0) with collaborative staging (CS) coding for acoustic nerve (72.4) was used to identify acoustic neuromas. Demographic data, tumor size, and treatment data were analyzed.

Results

A total of 1621 patients with acoustic neuroma were identified, for an incidence rate of 1.1/100,000. Mean age was 53.1 years. Tumors were equally distributed across gender and tumor laterality, with the majority (84%) occurring in Caucasians. Nine hundred sixty‐four patients (59.5%) were treated with surgery, whereas 341 (21.0%) were treated with radiation. A total of 1.6 percent received combined therapy over the study period, with the remaining patients receiving either no treatment or unknown therapy. Of tumors less than 2 cm, 27.2 percent were treated with radiotherapy. Statistically significant associations were observed with the increased use of radiotherapy for small (< 2 cm) tumors (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Unlike data from single series, which usually represent individual treatment preferences and techniques, use of SEER data allows for the assessment of demographics and treatment trends at the national level. The results and potential applications are discussed.
GENERALIZED INVERSES OF A SUM IN RINGS
Authors: CASTRO-GONZÁLEZ N. , MENDES-ARAÚJO C. , PATRICIO PEDRO
Published: April 2010

We study properties of the Drazin index of regular elements in a ring with a unity 1. We give expressions for generalized inverses of 1−ba in terms of generalized inverses of 1−ab. In our development we prove that the Drazin index of 1−ba is equal to the Drazin index of 1−ab.
Things that Don't Come by the Road: Folktales, Fosterage, and Memories of Slavery in the Cameroon Grassfields
Authors: Argenti Nicolas
Published: April 2010

Oku adults have a straightforward rationalization for the existence of folktales: the frightening cautionary tales of the child-eating monster K∂ηgaaηgu serve to warn children not to go to the fields or to stray too far from the house without their parents. But this rationalization is belied by the fact that adults in this chiefdom of the Cameroon Grassfields do not tell folktales to children. Rather, folktales are most often told by children amongst each other, with no adult involvement, and they are consequently learned by younger children from older ones. This is an unusual situation in West Africa, where the norm is for adults to tell folktales to children. For all we know, adult-to-child storytelling may have been the normal practice in the Grassfields in the past, but if it ever was, this practice has now passed into desuetude, and today adults look with mild scorn on folktales (f∂ngaanen, ∂mgaanen pl.) and generally remain aloof during storytelling sessions. Storytelling in the Grassfields is therefore a child-structured form of play in Schwartzman's (1978) sense: it is an activity mediated by children without adult input. Prior to the introduction of schooling in the Grassfields, children used to be made to guard the crops against birds and monkeys, an activity that left them to their own devices in the fields for long periods of the day (Argenti 2001; see also Fortes 1938; Raum 1940). In some cases, children actually slept in small shelters that they built in the fields, and they would consequently stay away from their homes and adult supervision for days at a time. It was in this context, away from the censorious gaze of adults, that children's illicit masking activities developed (Argenti 2001). It may also be in this context that children were able to indulge in prolonged bouts of storytelling without fear of reproof by adults, in whose eyes children should be seen but not heard. Today, children no longer guard the fields, and they have therefore taken to telling their folktales at home.
Cannibalism and Colonialism: Charting Colonies and Frontiers in Nineteenth-Century Fiji
Authors: Banivanua-Mar Tracey
Published: April 2010

In my family, stories of our Fijian ancestors' cannibalism have been irreverently recycled in tale-telling moments laced with both solemnity and the absurd. I never seriously questioned the reality of the stories, accepting instead their mythical quality and their underlying social allegory. With almost a wink and a nudge these tales of past cannibalism come to life as fables that nearly always taper off into the redemption of being civilized. As I explore in this article, for us as for many who engage cannibal stories, cannibalism refers to more than the cultural practice of anthropophagy. In the wake of William Arens' provocative critique of this meta-myth, it has become more difficult in recent years to uncritically accept and repeat claims of other peoples' cannibalism. Studies by a generation of scholars of history and culture have ensured that the study of cannibalism now is as likely to interrogate those that view and seek it, as it is to examine those reputed to practice it. Anthropologies of tourism and cultural critiques too have cemented its conceptualization as an enduring discourse of savagery.
The Sociology of the Gulf Rentier Systems: Societies of Intermediaries
Authors: Hertog Steffen
Published: April 2010

Theories about the politics and economics of resource-rich or “rentier” states have been around for almost four decades now (Mahdavy 1970; Beblawi 1987; Chaudhry 1997; Humphreys et al. 2007). Political scientists and economists have argued that rents have a negative impact on levels of democracy (Luciani 1987; Ross 2001), on the quality of institutions (Chaudhry 1997; Isham et al. 2005), and on economic growth (Sachs and Warner 2001). Although much debate has been conducted over these macro-correlations, far less attention has been devoted to the causal mechanisms behind them. There is still no unified theory of rentier states, and the micro-foundations of rentier systems in particular have gone largely unexplored.
State by Proxy: Privatized Government in the Andes
Authors: Krupa Christopher
Published: April 2010

Recent ethnographic work on the state has exposed a crack in one of the founding myths of modern political power. Despite the state's transcendental claim to wielding absolute, exclusive authority within national territory, scholars have shown that in much of the world there are, in fact, “too many actors competing to perform as state,” sites where various power blocs “are acting as the state and producing the same powerful effects” (Aretxaga 2003: 396, 398) Achille Mbembe (2001: 74), writing of the external fiscal controls imposed upon African countries during the late 1980s, has termed this a condition of “fractionated sovereignty”—the dispersal of official state functions among various non-state actors. There is, as Mbembe suggests, “nothing particularly African” about this situation (ibid.). Around the world, the power of various “shadow” organizations like arms dealers and paramilitary groups seems increasingly to depend upon their ability to out-perform the state in many of its definitive functions, from the provision of security and welfare to the collection of taxes and administration of justice (Nugent 1999; Nordstrom 2004; Hansen 2005). These observations present a serious challenge to conventional state theory. They force us to consider whether such conditions of fragmented, competitive statecraft might be better understood not as deviant exceptions to otherwise centralized political systems but, rather, as the way that government is actually experienced in much of the world today.
The Troubled Histories of a Stranger God: Religious Crossing, Sacred Power, and Anglican Colonialism in Vanuatu
Authors: Taylor John
Published: April 2010

Ever the trickster, Tagaro appears and multiplies, disappears and reappears, across landscapes past and present in Vanuatu. His ancient adventures, deeds, and follies are deeply inscribed into the northern islands—on Maewo, Ambae, and Pentecost, especially—in rocks, caves, trees, and the shape of hills. In recent decades, Tagaro has journeyed more widely, by way of the conversations and texts of ni-Vanuatu religious scholars and early ethnologists, for the most part within the context of the Melanesian Mission of the Anglican Church. Like all good travelers, he always returns from his journeys transformed, carrying all of the burdens that are implicated in the engagement with otherness that journeying entails. For the Sia Raga of Pentecost Island (Taylor 2008), such fraught Oceanic crossings have split Tagaro into a seemingly contradictory figure. For some he is a benevolent God, for others a maniacal, murderous, axe-wielding foreigner. This radical ambivalence calls to mind Marshall Sahlins' description of those stranger-kings, so prevalent in the histories of neighboring Fiji and beyond, powerful figures who arrive from beyond society and who rule through acting beyond it morally, but in doing so are eventually encompassed by the people, “to the extent that their sovereignty is always problematical and their lives are often at risk” (1981b: 111). It also suggests the Deus absconditus of European Christian historiography: a largely unknown but always potentially dangerous “hidden God” that lies beyond human understanding of the covenant. In this paper I explore the troubled histories of Tagaro for what they tell us of changing local engagements with that ostensibly “Other” stranger, Christianity's God Almighty, and of the dynamics of sacred power within the continuing legacy of colonialism's culture. In doing so it demonstrates the ongoing vitality of indigenous Gods, ancestors, and culture heroes to the people of the Pacific region and beyond, and more especially their importance to understanding and negotiating social, political, and religious relations of power.
Invariant colorings of random planar maps
Authors: TIMÁR ÁDÁM
Published: April 2010

We show that every locally finite random graph embedded in the plane with an isometry-invariant distribution can be five-colored in an invariant and deterministic way, under some non-triviality assumption and a mild assumption on the tail of edge lengths. The assumptions hold for any Voronoi map on a point process that has no non-trivial symmetries almost surely, hence we improve and generalize previous results on six-coloring the Voronoi map on a Poisson point process (see Angel, Benjamini, Gurel-Gurevich, Mayerovitch and Peled [Stationary map coloring. Preprint, 2008]).
The law of series
Authors: DOWNAROWICZ T. , LACROIX Y.
Published: April 2010

We consider an ergodic process on finitely many states, with positive entropy. Our main result asserts that the distribution function of the normalized waiting time for the first visit to a small (i.e., over a long block) cylinder set B is, for majority of such cylinders and up to epsilon, dominated by the exponential distribution function 1−e−t. That is, the occurrences of B along the time axis can appear either with gap sizes of nearly the exponential distribution (as in an independent and identically distributed process), or they attract each other and create ‘series’. We recall that in [T. Downarowicz, Y. Lacroix and D. Leandri. Spontaneous clustering in theoretical and some empirical stochastic processes. ESAIM Probab. Stat. to appear] it is proved that in a typical (in the sense of category) ergodic process (of any entropy), all cylinders B of selected lengths (such lengths have upper density 1 in ℕ) reveal strong attracting. Combining this with the result of this paper, we obtain, globally in ergodic processes of positive entropy and for long cylinder sets, the prevalence of attracting and deficiency of repelling. This phenomenon resembles what in real life is known as the law of series; the common-sense observation that a rare event, having occurred, has a mysterious tendency to untimely repetitions.
Sources for the History of the Dutch Colonies in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Rome (1814–1903)
Authors: de Valk J. P.
Published: April 2010

The source material for the history of Catholic missionary activities in the Dutch colonies during the last century is hardly available in much abundance in the mother country. The Dutch archivist and bibliographer, Marius Roessingh, had to make do in his U.N.E.S.C.O. archival guide on Netherlandish Latin American materials with a “memorandum,” in which he signalled utility of the Vatican archives. Another author in the same series, Frits Jaquet, in his second volume on Asia and Oceania, could be more explicit: he pointed to the materials kept in the state archives at Utrecht, in the Catholic Documentation Centre at Nijmegen University, and in various ecclesiastical archives. In nearly all cases, his emphasis falls within the first half of the 20th century. Such is also true with the detailed survey of materials available in the Catholic Documentation Centre that was featured two years ago in Itinerario, with only one important exception: the archive of the apostolic prefecture, later Apostolic Vicarate of Batavia (1807–1949, on microfiche), that obviously forms an essential source for the mission history of the Netherlands Indies.
The Life of Jaques de Couttre: A Prime Source emerges from the Shades
Authors: Winius George
Published: April 2010

The Life of Jaques de Couttre, or in its original title, La Vida de Jaques de Couttre, Manuscript no. 2780 of the Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid and dated 1640, is in a parchment quarto of 268 leaves with versos, or about 110,000 words, including an appendix of some pertinent documents after the autobiographical narrative ends on fl. 247. The language of the narrative is Castillian; two of the appended documents are in Portuguese, a third, Jaques' death certificate, in Latin; while another; a judicial verdict exonerating Couttre, is translated from the Portuguese and printed. The author is given asi “Esteban de Couttre, son, Cavalier of the Order of Santiago,” but the first lines of the text modify this authorship by explaining that the son is merely responsible for “placing (the text) in the order in which it is.” Because the whole narrative of his father's life is told in the first person singular, it is reasonable to assume that Esteban has done little more than to arrange his father's autobiographical sketches and effect the division into books and descriptive chapter headings which are features of the manuscript. The title page is elaborately ornamented with an architectural drawing and coat of arms, while its verso contains another, larger, family shield. The writing is that of a professional scribe. This might suggest that publication was contemplated.
The Columbian Legacy
Authors: Scammell G. V.
Published: April 2010

The quincentenary of Columbus' arrival in the New World is now safely past. The spate of timely studies, instant media wisdom, abysmal films, ecological outrage, mediocre drama and politically correct comment is subsiding. Yet ironically enough, despite such outpourings we know little more about the man himself than was known a century ago. His legacy is another matter. The successful crossing of the Atlantic, followed by European conquest and settlement of part of the Americas were eventually to affect most of mankind, though not always in such a manner as publicists in early-modern Castile predicted or as has been alleged by Columbus' modern detractors. But before we turn to this vast and emotive subject it should be emphasized that the Admiral's achievements in a brief, enigmatic and turbulent public career were of an astounding and probably unparallelled order. A man of foreign and obscure birth, he managed to secure employment in race and caste-ridden Spain, and from such unpropitious beginnings went on to prove himself a superlative seaman. He inspired and accomplished four voyages which revealed to Europeans a huge continent of which they were unaware. He discovered more unknown territory than any other navigator. He achieved some understanding of the true size of the Atlantic – and just how much of the globe was covered by water came as a horrible shock to his contemporaries – and, uniquely, he set in motion a staggering sequence of exploration and conquest.
H-Latam Discussion
Authors: Brienen M.
Published: April 2010

In November and December 1995, a discussion raged on the H-LATAM Internet newsgroup, surrounding the phenomenon of caudillismo. It centred mostly on Bolivian caudillo Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871), and the editors of this journal believed that the way in which the discussion developed, indicated that it might be interesting to offer our subscribers an edited version of the whole discussion. In this manner, those not ‘connected’ may also benefit from the goings-on of the Internet.
II. Islam and the Formation of Tradition in Indonesia: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Abdullah Taufik
Published: April 2010

One may not always agree with the term used as the title of the book, but in his already classic study on ancient Southeast Asia, Coedès has shown that despite local differences and regional variations, this region shares similar sense of unity. Hinduisation or, rather, Indianisation in statecraft and religion was the basis of this sense of unity. Not only were Sanskrit and Pali the official languages of the original texts of the religion, Hinduisation also provided commonly shared high cultural symbols. In other words, despite political instability in inter-state relations and trading competition that continued to disturb whatever type of stability had been attained, the world of Southeast Asia, and particularly the historic Indonesian archipelago, shared a number of cultural traits, that were clearly manifested in the conduct of political affairs and religion.
History, Law and Orientalism under Portuguese Colonialism in Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: Barendse R.J.
Published: April 2010

The common narrative of the Portuguese state in India from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century is, following contemporaries like Manuel Godinho, that of the four ages of man. The development of the Estado da Índia runs from its birth during the discoveries, via its youth, the ‘golden age’ (ranging from roughly 1500 to 1520) through its maturity or, to stick with the age metaphors, its ‘silver age’ from c. 1520 to 1570 to senility, or ‘age of decline’. The decline is a long one though: now generally considered to start in 1570 and covering the following two centuries. And one may well wonder whether ‘decadênria’ is truly the appropriate way to approach such a long period.
Contraband in Spanish Colonial Ships
Authors: Lyon Eugene , Purdy Barbara A.
Published: April 2010

The investigation of a shipwreck must extend beyond the uniqueness of the single event in order to have interpretative value for social scientists. One or even several shipwrecks will not necessarily represent a universe. Since statistically significant numbers of shipwrecks may never be studied, methods of inquiry must be devised where quantity is not a prime concern. When we noted the discrepancy between cargoes listed on ships manifests and cargoes actually recovered from shipwrecks of the Spanish Colonial period, the challenge was to determine where and under what circumstances contraband behavior occurred and might be predicted.
Reflections on the Arabian Seas in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Barendse R.J.
Published: April 2010

Although this paper builds on earlier research, let me frankly confess that this is still a preliminary report as it is not based on comprehensive research in the original sources upon which my work on the seventeenth centuryis based. Given the huge amount of sources available for the eighteenth century, to write a truly thorough paper on the Arabian seas in the eighteenth century would take many years – nay, a life-time so voluminous is it. Holden Furber, perhaps the greatest historian of the eighteenth-century Indian Ocean, started to work on this topic in 1936, published a volume on the 1780–1790 period in 1948 and then announced he would write further volumes tracing the story back into the seventeenth century. But Holden Furber spent the rest of his life hunting down further archival material, with new material constantly forcing him to delay further publications for another forty years. Even then he was only able to write a preliminary survey of the eighteenth century, ending with the causing note that, of course, he had not studied the Dutch material as well as he would have liked to.
European Expansion and Migration; the European Colonial Past and Intercontinental Migration. An Overview
Authors: Emmer P.C.
Published: April 2010

The ethnic composition of the contemporary world has become very confusing. Recently, the thirty years' anniversary of the Cuban revolution was commemorated and some journalists remembered that in 1959 it was not yet clear as to whether Castro headed a nationalist or a communist insurrection against the then ruling dictator of Cuba, Batista. In fact, at the time a commentator of the New York Times made much of a photograph showing a triumphant Castro with a Chinese face among his entourage. Was that not a sure sign of the influence of Communist China on the future direction of Cuba's revolutionary movement? Fortunately, a reader's letter pointed out that more than 100,000 Chinese had moved to Cuba when the island was a Spanish colony and when many governments with sugar colonies had concluded treaties obtaining the right to recruit migrant Chinese labourers. Thus, the Chinese face on the picture did not necessarily belong to a newly arrived Chinese, it might also have belonged to someone from the Cuban Chinese community established more than a hundred years ago.
British Immigration into India in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Marshall P.J.
Published: April 2010

In a by now classic definition, European expansion in the nineteenth century has been characterised as the integration of large tracts of the earth's surface into a world-economy dominated by Britain,. Distinctions are conventionally drawn between two processes of integration: on the one hand, the creation of new economies by European settlement in ‘empty’ lands of temperate climate, from which a thinly scattered indigenous population had been displaced, and, on the other, the subordination and partial development of existing economic systems in densely populated tropical areas. Migration from Europe clearly had a role in both processes. It was crucial to the first: economic integration of ‘new’ lands could hardly take place without it, or at least historically it has not done so. The role of European migration in the second process would appear to be more limited. Whites were only likely to be involved in productive processes of agriculture or manufacturing at the highest managerial levels or as technical experts, and much of the military and administrative underpinning deemed necessary for economic domination could be provided by Asian or African clerks and soldiers.
Immigration into the Caribbean; The Introduction of Chinese and East Indian Indentured Labourers Between 1839 and 1917
Authors: Emmer P.C.
Published: April 2010

It seems no exaggeration to say that the Caribbean used to ‘eat’ people. The autochthonous inhabitants of the region, the Amerindians, estimated to have numbered about one million before Columbus, quickly embarked on a course of rapid demographic decline after the intrusion of the Europeans. Around 1700 all Amerindians had virtually disappeared from the islands and only a fraction of them remained in the hinterland of the Guianas.
Retrieving Prostitutes' Live Source Materials and an Approach for Writing the History of the Ah Ku and Karayuki-San of Singapore
Authors: Warren Jim
Published: April 2010

A new found interest in social history, recent developments in historical thought and methodology and a fresh awareness of the importance of gender-specific experience have led historians to question an ‘ordinary woman's place’ in Singa- pore's past. In the historiography of Singapore, there is a need to foreground the critical importance of the ah ku and karayuki-san in the sex,politics and society of the city, stressing not only alterations in their life and circumstance, but also variations in the role of the colonial government, and changes in the ideology of sex and social policy.
The Two Expansion Systems in the Atlantic
Authors: Emmer P.C.
Published: April 2010

It was Charles Boxer who has characterized the struggle between the Portuguese and the Dutch about their respective positions in world trade as the First Global War. In summing up the results at around 1650 Boxer contended that the Portuguese had won in the New World, that the Dutch had won in Asia, while the two countries had reached a stalemate in Africa.

This conclusion is correct only within the political domain. In fighting the Portuguese and the Spanish, the Dutch, together with the British and the French, did not reach economic the limits of their expansion because of Iberian resistance, but because of the general demographic and economic constraints on overseas expansion at the time. These limitations allowed for the creation of two expansion systems, each with its own sphere of influence in the Atlantic. The Iberian system covered the South Atlantic and the Northwest European system the Middle and North Atlantic. Both systems had a similar structure and incorporated European ports providing European and Asian trade goods, trading posts in Africa and plantation areas and settlement colonies in the New World.
Warriors and Merchants
Authors: Heesterman J.C.
Published: April 2010

I should preface this paper with a cautionary note. It is not intended to parade as a full-fledged scholarly paper bringing new or little known facts. Nor does it aim at novel theories or interpretations. It does not even have its roots in the fascinating details and problems of Luso-Indian history per se. It only wants to propose a somewhat different, although not overly novel, perspective. This perspective is – not surprisingly – an indological one. My starting point is my concern with India's traditions of empire and imperial expansion. Given this concern, it seems quite logical to turn to the Portuguese as well as to the Dutch experience of and tangles with the tradition and practice of empire they obtained in the world of the Indian Ocean, where the subcontinent has always occupied a predominant position. The exercise is the more interesting since the Portuguese, and after them the Dutch, were each in their own way empire builders in their own right. They had to react to the imperial configurations that were coming about at the time of the Portuguese appearance in the Indian waters and that were being consolidated when the Portuguese were followed by their Dutch rivals. The experience and the reactions of both the Dutch and the Portuguese have something to tell us about India, as well as the other way around.
Contact and Transformation. The European Pre-Colonial Expansion in the Indian Ocean world-system in the 16th - 17th Centuries
Authors: Kieniewicz Jan
Published: April 2010

This article offers a preliminary outline of a theoretical concept to cover the precolonial phase of European overseas expansion. It considers the particular case of the Indian Ocean, which provides an exceptionally clear illustration of the need to link research into the expansion with the history of, and changes taking place within, the societies affected by it. What is necessary is to demonstrate the simultaneity and interaction of the region's social organi-sation with European Expansion. For this purpose I have used what may be called a systems approach.
Native Troops in Colonial Armies: A Research Note on an Incident during the Bengal Army Mutiny of 1857-1858
Authors: Buckley Roger N.
Published: April 2010

In an article published in this journal (V (1981), 1), I argued that we will not be able to fully understand the political significance (if any) of the widespread eruption in John Company's Bengal Army in 1857, unless we hear from the “other side of the hill,” from the alienated sepoy officer and rank and file. In the interim we have heard principally from several senior British writers. And because of, for instance, a much flawed research methodology, they have reached unanimity in their analysis of the shock to British rule in India: it was simply a mutiny, one absolutely void of any organized political aims or expressions. The work of Thomas Spear is typical. He has this to say in his India: A Modern History concerning the question of the mutiny as a nationalist movement, a war of independence: “The view that the mutiny was a concerted movement against the British, a violent predecessor of Mahatma Gandhi's campaigns, overlooks the fact that there was then no Indian nation.” He adds: “The new classes with ideas of nationalism were then very few in numbers and they were wholly opposed to the movement.” Philip Mason added the weight of his distinguished reputation to this chorus of disbelievers, who appeared to cringe in retrospective horror at the thought that the good and faithful sepoy could harbor such hideous–and ungrateful–thoughts as freedom from (what was) alien tyranny. After all, Mason muses, did not every British writer up to the mutiny repeat the belief that the Indian soldier had no sense of nationalism? No, he concludes smugly, the Indian soldier had no national feeling until long after World War One. The sepoy was, then, nothing more than a mindless mercenary-child-robot. The mutiny, however, and the other disturbances among the native soldiery prior to 1857, would indicate that the British, then and now, never fully understood their Indian auxiliaries.
Asian Studies: Agrarian History and Orientalism
Authors: Wink André
Published: April 2010

J.C. van Leur, Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian Social and Economic History (Foris Publications, Dordrecht, Holland/USA 1983). 465 p.

Six essays by J.C. van Leur (1908-1942) were published in English translation in 1955 as the first volume in the series Selected Studies on Indonesia by Dutch Scholars and the above is an unrevised, photomechanic reprint of the same. The bibliography of Van Leur's writings which is provided in the volume lists another 37 separate items, articles, journalism, reviews, etc. that bear out the author's multifarious involvement in contemporary affairs in Indonesia and elsewhere and which may be of interest to many who have regretted Van Leur's neglect of the history of Indonesia in the 19th and 20th centuries in his major writings. The present six essays all deal with pre-colonial Indonesian or Asian social and economic history and the colonial period is passed over in a few paragraphs.
The Politics of Immigration to Eighteenth-Century Brazil: Azorean Migrants to Santa Catarina
Authors: Donovan Bill M.
Published: April 2010

Our knowledge of colonial Brazilian demography is appallingly low. European migration to Brazil remains a particularly neglected topic. It is no small irony that the migration of African slaves to Portuguese America is better documented than free white immigration. Surprisingly, reliable information is perhaps scarcest for the eighteenth-century gold-rush period when immigration to Brazil preoccupied Crown and treasure seekers alike. The manner of social and physical conditions which pushed individuals and families from their homes, the numerical ebb and flow of settlement patterns, even the simple mechanics of transport to the colony, remain caught inside a nebulous swirl of mythology, conjecture, and impressionistic conclusions. After two and a half centuries historians have scarcely gone beyond Antonil's oft quoted comment that ‘lured by the insatiable thirst for gold, a large quantity of Portuguese and foreigners arrive each year on the fleet heading to the mines […] the mixture is of every condition of people: men and women, young and old, poor and rich, nobles and plebeians, laymen and clerics, and friars from various orders, many of whom possess neither house nor convent in Brazil’.
From Informal Imperialism to Transnational Relations: Prolegomena to a Study of German Policy towards Latin America, 1918-1933
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: April 2010

Although never more than a junior partner or rival to the hegemonic powers Great Britain and United States, the German states and later the Reich have since independence played an important role in the foreign relations of Latin America. German-Latin American relations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been the subject of a growing body of research over the last three decades. The interest of historians has focused on the development of these relations throughout the nineteenth century, the era of German imperialism 1890-1914, and on the infiltration of National Socialism and itsAuslandsorganisation(organization for Nazi party members living abroad) in Latin America from 1933 to 1945. In addition, the reconstruction of German ties to the Latin American states after the Second World War and postwar emigration from Germany to Latin America are subjects which scholars have recendy begun to analyze.
The Scientific Voyages of Francisco Noroña (1748-1788) in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean
Authors: Pinar Susana
Published: April 2010

The figure of the Spanish botanist Francisco Noroña has been overlooked by most historians, and the same fate has befallen his travel diary, which contains valuable information on Spanish, Dutch and French possessions in Western and Southeast Asia – the Philippines, Java, Mauritius and Madagascar. The son of a physician, Michel Noroña, and Elizabeth Smith from England, Francisco Noroña was born in Seville (Spain) in about 1748. Following his father's footsteps, Noroña studied medicine at Osuna (Seville) and Seville, completing his formation in botany, physics, chemistry and natural history at London and Paris.
The Never-Ending Debt of Honour: The Dutch in the Post-Colonial World
Authors: Kuitenbrouwer Maarten
Published: April 2010

In 1899 C.T. van Deventer, a progressive Liberal from the Netherlands East Indies, published an article in the Dutch reviewDe Gidstitled ‘Een Eereschuld’ (‘A Debt of Honour’). The Dutch wordschuld, however, has two different translations in English: debt and guilt. Van Deventer meant both. Half a century earlier, under the notorious Cultivation System, the Dutch government had extracted hundreds of millions of guilders from Java, amounting to nearly a quarter of all government revenue around the middle of the nineteenth century. According to Van Deventer, this transfer had to a large extent been illegal. Therefore, he argued, the Dutch were largely responsible for the ‘diminishing welfare’ among the Javanese at the turn of the century. They should return the illegally acquired millions and spend them on the material and immaterial welfare of the Javanese.
L'opinion française et la décolonisation de l'Afrique noire: De la colonisation à la coopération
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: April 2010

Au lendemain de la deuxième guerre mondiale, personne n'était en France prêt à envisager une perspective d'indépendance: ni l'opinion publique, ni les partis (pas même le parti communiste), ni le gouvernement. C'est une différence majeure d'avec la Grande-Bretagne: celle-ci avait été de longue date préparée à organiser l'indépendance de ses colonies – à la différence de la France vis-à-vis de l'Algérie. Depuis un demi-siècle elle négociait celle de l'Inde qui aboutit en 1947.
The British Experience of Decolonization
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: April 2010

In reconstructing the metropolitan experience of the ‘end of empire’, one of the key questions might be posed as follows: how much did it really hurt? Was it a mere glancing blow to the head, or some more crushing punishment delivered to the chin or solar plexus? How successful – to pursue the boxing metaphor - was the metropole at improvising a ring-craft to come out on top, or at least avert defeat, in the contest of decolonization? This article will assess the extent to which the loss of empire for the British constituted an agonizing and disorienting experience, or whether it was a ‘rite of passage’ accomplished with relative ease and a soothing sense of inevitability.
Memory asRite de Passage. Towards a Postmoralistic Historiography of the Second World War
Authors: de Keizer Madelon
Published: April 2010

As a native of the Netherlands, I have been imbued with an awareness of the history of the Second World War in both Europe and the Pacific ever since I was a child, though I must admit that the Japanese occupation of the Dutch colony in the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 plays a less important part in my imagination than thefiveyears of German occupation of the Netherlands. My parents and brothers can directly recollect the latter dark period, and I see it vividly in my mind's eye, born (in 1948) and bred as I was in Rotterdam, the city whose centre was razed to the ground by the German air raid in May 1940. The effects of the bombs were still clearly visible during the years in which I was growing up there. Given this double Dutch memory – memory of the hostilities in Europe, and memory of South-East Asia – it hardly seems fortuitous that the Dutch scholar Ian Buruma chose the German and Japanese memory of the Second World War and of the War in the Pacific as the theme for his 1994 publicationThe Wages of Guilt.
Colonial Wars and Armed Peace, 1870–1914: A Reconnaissance
Authors: Wesseling H.L.
Published: April 2010

The concepts of war and peace are not as simple as they appear at first glance. Closer scrutiny reveals that reality cannot be reduced to the simple dichotomy expressed by this pair of words. There have after all been wars which were never declared and periods of peace which did not follow peace treaties. Yet this made them no less real. Moreover some acts of war were described euphemistically as ‘punitive expeditions’, ‘punishment raids’, or ‘police operations’ while others were described pejoratively as ‘terrorism’, ‘banditry’, and ‘piracy’. There have been wars which officially lasted seven, nine, thirty, eighty andeven onehundred years although theactual fighting took place within a much shorter period. Conversely there have also been eras of peace which were in fact no more than a truce extending over a number of years. In fact the concepts are so elastic that not only in George Orwell's frightening Newspeak but also in ordinary English one can say that “Waris Peace” if only one adds two adjectives: cold waris armed peace.
To The Ends Of The Earth. Johan Maurits of Brazil
Authors: van den Boogaart E.
Published: April 2010

From 20 December, 1979 to 1 March, 1980 in the Royal Picture Gallery the Nauritshuis there was an exhibition devoted to Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604 – 1679). This learned officer was from 1636 to 1644 Governor of that part of Brazil conquered by the Dutch West India Company. Among his entourage were two painters, Frans Post and Albert Eckhout, as well as the Doctor Willera Piso and the German naturalist Georg Markgraf. During their stay in the colony the artists depicted the flora, fauna and people of the colony, while the scientists researched and classified the natural world. Johan Maurits made a collection of naturalia and artificiaiia in his palace Vrijburg in Recife, had an Observatory built there and laid out a zoological garden. This artistic and scientific reconnaissance of Brazil was the main theme of the exhibition.
The Middle East and Asia during the Age of Revolutions, 1760–1830
Authors: Bayly C.A.
Published: April 2010

My interest in this period of imperial history arose first from attempts to find a more general context within which to understand the British conquest of India between 1790 and 1820 and second from an uneasy feeling that our overseas history in Cambridge before 1880 was simply disappearing, and that this would result in the fatal weakening of much of the rest. By ‘overseas history’ I mean: finding a broader context of debate and comparison within which to set more detailed work on particular regions. It is perhaps the very success of such generalising and comparison for the later 19th century — the partition of Africa debate — and the twentieth century debates on the ‘crisis of empires’, ‘depression to independence’ and the new nation states which has had this effect on foreshortening.
The Cartesian Model and Dependency in Mitterrand's African Policy: the Case of Senegal
Authors: Hale Terrel D.
Published: April 2010

Senegal's relationship with France from the very beginning was marked by dependency. Economic, political and cultural life in Senegal revolved around the metropole — the highly centralized administrative and political institutions of France located in Paris dominated the Senegalese periphery. But Senegal's dependency was not merely economic or political. French policies towards Senegal primarily aimed at intellectual and cultural goals and were in some cases economic and political liabilities to the metropole. In this respect, the Senegalese case did not correspond to traditional theories of dependency which stress the overall importance of economic interests. Furthermore, the nature of this dependency does not appear to have significantly altered, although the political orientation of the French government has changed greatly since the colonization of Senegal. The character and development of this phenomenon, along with its implications for current French policy, will be considered here in light of the French world view, with particular reference to the Cartesian ideal.
The foundations of European Expansion and Dominion: an Equilibrium model
Authors: Landes David S.
Published: April 2010

A long time ago – longer than I care to remember – I proposed what an economist would call an equilibrium model of imperialism (1). Briefly stated, the argument went as follows:

-Imperialism is a response to disparities of power. The very existence of such disparity is an invitation and temptation to exploit it. Not everyone will respond to such invitation, but there will always be some who try to translatepotentialdominion intoactual.

-Motivation is secondary: where a disparity of power exists, imperialism will never lack for reasons or justifications. These will vary from the crudest greed or will to dominance to the loftiest altruism.

-To understand the timing and extent of imperialist dominions, therefore, it is more important to study the character and distribution of power than the incentives to its exercise.
The Beginnings of Marine Archaeology in Japan
Authors: de Vries Jan
Published: April 2010

Admiral Perry's arrival in Uraga-bay in 1853 brough about enormous changes in Japan's society which had, roughly speaking, been a stable and rigid organization ever since the isolation policy was fully implemented around 1640.

Not only was Japan's society turned upside down by the American action, but Perry's ‘black ships’ made the Japanese realize that the foreign threat could only be countered with a western-style navy.
The Traditional Village Community in Java in Transition
Authors: Creutzberg P.
Published: April 2010

A noteworthy report was recently published by two staff members of agricultural research institutes in Bogor (Indonesia), Collier and Soentoro, concerning the substantial changes that have occurred during the last ten to twenty years in traditional social relationships in the village community of rural Java (1). The phenomenon had been recorded before, including by Dr. Collier, who published a report on the subject when he and other research workers examined it in the course of their field work (2). Collier and Soentoro's report consists of a summary of surveys subsequently carried out by the Bogor institutes. These surveys confirmed the earlier observations. The report indicates clearly that this development, with its ominous consequences, is proceeding apace and is steadily permeating rural Java as a whole. Collier and Soentoro's report stands out for its lucid analysis of economic and social developments in rice production methods. Their detailed account of this development takes due account of the many variants stemming from varying regional traditions, economic circumstances and legal relationships.
Prestige, Ideology and Social Politics: The Place of the Portuguese Overseas Expansion in the Policies of Dom Manuel (1495–1521)
Authors: Humble Susannah
Published: April 2010

The search to understand the motives behind Portuguese overseas expansion has long preoccupied historians of the early modern period. Numerous articles, surveys and studies have addressed its economic incentives, achievements and legacies to the point where the historiography has obscured a holistic understanding of the forces at play in the early sixteenth century. Moreover, in this field of study overseas policy has been set apart from the domestic political and social climate, giving the impression that events taking place in Southeast Asia were foremost the concern of the policy makers in Lisbon. D. Manuel (1495–1521) who was king of Portugal and driving force behind the expansion during its arguably most crucial period, was neither warrior king nor astute entrepreneur, but rather the proponent of ambitious political reforms. The tenuous nature of his succession and his relationship with the highest stratum of nobility demands that scholarly attention focus on domestic politics during the so-called ‘Vasco da Gama era’. This paper contends that placation of the grandes (titled elites and their families) was D. Manuel's primary motivation behind continued expansion and conquest, superseding aspirations to economic and imperial power. It asserts that in an attempt to defuse his legacy of political instability left to him by his predecessor, D. Manuel manufactured a culture of chivalry that was linked to the overseas expansion and provided venues for noble combat away from the political centre.