bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of HTHP treatment on the OK1 and N3 centers in natural diamond crystals
Authors: Nadolinny Vladimir , Palyanov Yuri , Yuryeva Olga , Zedgenizov Dmitry , Rakhmanova Mariana , Kalinin Alexander , Komarovskikh Andrey
Published: July 2015

The structures of nitrogen‐containing paramagnetic centers OK1 and N3 have not been unambiguously determined yet. In this paper, we will present data on the influence of high temperature annealing on the paramagnetic centers OK1 and N3 in diamond. A series of natural colored diamond crystals of cubic habit containing paramagnetic centers OK1 and N3 was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), luminescence, and IR spectroscopies. It was found that annealing at temperatures above 2470 K led to the transformation of N3 paramagnetic centers into OK1 paramagnetic centers. Previous work has showed that a temperature in excess of 2400 K are often associated with a local environment change of tetrahedral to octahedral for impurities with large atomic radii. We report a correlation with the intensity of the optical 635.7 nm system and the concentration of the N3 EPR center. However, on stepped annealing 635.7 nm was removed before the N3 EPR center. From the analysis presented, we propose that the N3 EPR center and the 635.7 nm optical system are the manifestation of various defects formed by one impurity atom.
Back Cover: Auxetic metamaterials exhibiting giant negative Poisson's ratios (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 7/2015)
Authors: Mizzi Luke , Azzopardi Keith M. , Attard Daphne , Grima Joseph N. , Gatt Ruben
Published: July 2015

No abstract is available for this article.
Formation of Helically Structured Chitin/CaCO3Hybrids through an Approach Inspired by the Biomineralization Processes of Crustacean Cuticles
Authors: Matsumura Shunichi , Kajiyama Satoshi , Nishimura Tatsuya , Kato Takashi
Published: July 2015

Chitin/CaCO3hybrids with helical structures are formed through a biomineralization‐inspired crystallization process under ambient conditions. Liquid‐crystalline chitin whiskers are used as helically ordered templates. The liquid‐crystalline structures are stabilized by acidic polymer networks which interact with the chitin templates. The crystallization of CaCO3is conducted by soaking the templates in the colloidal suspension of amorphous CaCO3(ACC) at room temperature. At the initial stage of crystallization, ACC particles are introduced inside the templates, and they crystallize to CaCO3nanocrystals. The acidic polymer networks induce CaCO3crystallization. The characterization of the resultant hybrids reveals that they possess helical order and homogeneous hybrid structures of chitin and CaCO3, which resemble the structure and composition of the exoskeleton of crustaceans.
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Mechanobiology: Manipulating the Biophysical Microenvironment for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Ireland Ronald G. , Simmons Craig A.
Published: July 2015

A stem cell in its microenvironment is subjected to a myriad of soluble chemical cues and mechanical forces that act in concert to orchestrate cell fate. Intuitively, many of these soluble and biophysical factors have been the focus of intense study to successfully influence and direct cell differentiation in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been of considerable interest in these studies due to their great promise for regenerative medicine. Culturing and directing differentiation of hPSCs, however, is currently extremely labor-intensive and lacks the efficiency required to generate large populations of clinical-grade cells. Improved efficiency may come from efforts to understand how the cell biophysical signals can complement biochemical signals to regulate cell pluripotency and direct differentiation. In this concise review, we explore hPSC mechanobiology and how the hPSC biophysical microenvironment can be manipulated to maintain and differentiate hPSCs into functional cell types for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. Stem Cells  2015;33:3187–3196
Life cycle analysis for concrete beams designed with cross‐sections of equal durability
Authors: Chen Lin , Qu Wenjun , Zhu Peng
Published: July 2015

Durability at the corners of the cross‐section is relatively weak in the concrete beams of bridges; the reinforcement at the corners therefore corrodes first. In order to delay durability failure at the corners, measures should be taken such as the application of corner concrete coatings or adjustments to the reinforcement at the corners. In this way, the durability resistance would be adjusted to be equal in the section, which is called the equal durability design method. In this paper, the life cycle analyses of a component designed with equal durability and one designed in the traditional way – both in a carbonation environment – are conducted and compared. A probabilistic model of service life is established based on empirical degradation models. Service life distribution is calculated with the Monte Carlo simulation method. Costs associated with durability failure are estimated based on the service life distribution. Related influencing factors are analysed as well. Finally, life cycle cost analyses of the component designed with equal durability and the one designed in the traditional way are conducted and compared. The results show that the component designed with equal durability is more economic over the life cycle if construction cost is kept within about 1.1 times that of the component designed traditionally.
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol as an Evaluation Tool to Measure Teaching Effectiveness
Authors: Polat Nihat , Cepik Saban
Published: July 2015

To narrow the achievement gap between English language learners (ELLs) and their native‐speaking peers in K–12 settings in the United States, effective instructional models must be identified. However, identifying valid observation protocols that can measure the effectiveness of specially designed instructional practices is not an easy task. This study examines the factorial validity of the widely used sheltered instruction observation protocol (SIOP), which proposes a systematic framework for planning, delivering, assessing, and evaluating instructional practices that can help ELLs attain English proficiency and achieve academically in content areas (Echevarría, Vogt, & Short, 2013). In a large city in the eastern United States, 102 SIOP‐trained in‐service teachers used SIOP as the performance evaluation instrument to rate the effectiveness of a video‐recorded SIOP lesson taught by a science teacher. Results of four exploratory factor analyses suggest that SIOP seems to measure four distinguishably stable performance evaluation factors in determining teaching effectiveness that is specifically characterized as sheltered instruction. Discrepancies between the current structure of the protocol and the latent structures identified here point to a need for more fine‐grained theoretical and operational foundations. Some suggestions are made about the restructuring of the model.
Optimizing the throughput‐lifetime tradeoff in wireless sensor networks with link scheduling, rate adaptation, and power control
Authors: Kaddour Mejdi
Published: July 2015

Throughput and lifetime are usually conflicting objectives in designing wireless sensor networks; hence, the right balance needs to be found. With this aim in view, we address in this paper the problem of minimizing the frame length defined within a time division multiple access scheme and the problem of maximizing network lifetime subject to a maximum frame length. The pursued solution in either case leverages a wide range of parameters related to coverage, routing, transmission power, and data rate. Furthermore, it is consistent with the physical interference model. To this end, we rely on column generation technique to derive near‐optimal solutions even when the integrality constraints on coverage and flow variables are enforced. Moreover, we propose a polynomial‐time heuristic algorithm to solve efficiently the underlying NP‐hard problem of concurrent link selection with discrete power control and rate adaptation. Simulation results show that our heuristic algorithm leads to solutions within 3% of optimality while saving around 99% of computation time. Besides, the results illustrate the significant impact of power control and rate adaptation on throughput and lifetime improvement. Interestingly, we found that network lifetime can be significantly prolonged when traffic demands are sufficiently low at the affordable cost of small decrease in throughput. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting Bystander Behavior to Prevent Sexual Assault on College Campuses: The Role of Self‐Efficacy and Intent
Authors: McMahon Sarah , Peterson N. Andrew , Winter Samantha C. , Palmer Jane E. , Postmus Judy L. , Koenick Ruth Anne
Published: July 2015

Bystander intervention has been increasingly applied to prevent sexual violence on college campuses. Its underlying theory assumes unidirectional relationships between variables, predicting that bystander behaviors (i.e., actions taken to intervene in sexual violence situations) will be influenced by bystander intentions (BI; i.e., likelihood to intervene in the future), which in turn will be affected by bystander efficacy (BE; i.e., confidence to intervene). One question for theory is whether a reciprocal relationship exists between BI and BE. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) with longitudinal data to test unidirectional and reciprocal causal relations between BI and BE. Participants (n = 1390) were students at a northeastern US university. Four models were examined using SEM: (1) a baseline model with autoregressive paths; (2) a model with autoregressive effects and BI predicting future BE; (3) a model with autoregressive effects and BE predicting future BI; and, (4) a fully cross‐lagged model. Results indicated that reciprocal causality was found to occur between BI and BE. In addition, a final model demonstrated indirect effects of a bystander intervention program on bystander behaviors through both BI and BE at different time points. Implications for theory and practice are described, and directions for future research discussed.
Journal publication success of German business researchers: does gender composition and internationality of the author team matter?
Authors: Eisend Martin , Schuchert-Güler Pakize
Published: July 2015

The authors analyze whether publication success of journal articles by authors from German-speaking countries is related to gender composition and internationality of the author team. The database for the analysis covers 7,464 articles that were published in peer-reviewed journals between 2008 and 2012 and that were (co-)authored by business researchers from German-speaking countries. The articles were ranked according to the quality of the journal an article was published in, using three prominent journal rankings in business research. The findings indicate that journal publication success is significantly higher in predominantly male and predominantly international author teams, and this relationship is even stronger the more selective the ranking is. The findings also indicate an interaction between gender composition and internationality. The findings vary across disciplines in business research depending on the average share of female co-authors in a discipline. Since the substantial differences in publication success for author teams that vary in gender composition are rather small and we even find a tendency of female authors to be more productive than male authors, these findings show that providing equal opportunities for female and male researchers that is a goal in its own right does not hurt science but can benefit research outcomes.
An imperial harbinger: Sylvester O’Halloran’s General history (1778)
Authors: Lyons Claire E.
Published: July 2015

This article investigates the antiquarian response to the opportunity for Irish Catholic relief during the Anglo–American crisis and views Sylvester O’Halloran’s General history as an innovative attempt to initiate Irish Catholic participation in the British empire predicated on a historic and current fittingness. The London publication of the General history indicated that this work was directed at an audience outside of, as well as within, Ireland. An investigation of the subscription-list confirms that that audience consisted of members of Britain’s political élite and successful émigré Irishmen in the service of European Catholic powers. The narrative analysis, when compared with its principal sources, Keating’s seventeenth-century Foras feasa ar Éirinn and the twelfth-century Lebor gabála Érenn, shows that O’Halloran altered his source materials to construct an historical picture of a Milesian maritime empire. O’Halloran’s argument for Catholic inclusion in the British empire was twofold. He altered his source material to suggest an ancient parity with the contemporary British empire to demonstrate an Irish historical fittingness for an imperial role, while his subscription-list confirmed a current aptitude. This argument was directed at and partly endorsed by another section of the subscription-list, London’s political élite.
Select Document: the Case of Robert Ayleway esqr, late Comptroller of the Artillery in Ireland, 1692
Authors: Graham Aaron
Published: July 2015

This article examines a petition drawn up by Robert Ayleway, an official within the Irish fiscal-military state in 1692, in connection with charges of corruption and incompetence during the Williamite Wars (1689–91). Ayleway’s petition, and his wider career, demonstrate that he was part of a process of English and Irish state formation that had begun well before 1688, driven by informal patronage networks as much as by formal bureaucratic developments, creating an entrenched interest group of officials that nevertheless came into conflict after 1689 with new officers, many of them foreign, who came to Ireland in William III’s train. Both sides suspected the loyalty of the other, but the petition reveals that Ayleway saw himself, with some justice, as a competent and loyal official who had used his private means to serve the public in a way that had also advanced his own private interests, suggesting something of the ethos of officials within the new Irish (and English) fiscal-military state.
Modelling water wave overwash of a thin floating plate
Authors: Skene D. M. , Bennetts L. G. , Meylan M. H. , Toffoli A.
Published: July 2015

A theoretical model of water wave overwash of a thin floating plate is proposed. The nonlinear shallow-water equations are used to model the overwash, and the linear potential-flow/thin-plate model to force it. Model predictions are compared with overwash depths measured during a series of laboratory wave basin experiments. The model is shown to be accurate for incident waves of low steepness or short length.
A web-based study of bipolarity and impulsivity in athletes engaging in extreme and high-risk sports
Authors: Dudek Dominika , Siwek Marcin , Jaeschke Rafał , Drozdowicz Katarzyna , Styczeń Krzysztof , Arciszewska Aleksandra , Chrobak Adrian A. , Rybakowski Janusz K.
Published: July 2015

Background

We hypothesised that men and women who engage in extreme or high-risk sports would score higher on standardised measures of bipolarity and impulsivity compared to age and gender matched controls.

Methods

Four-hundred and eighty extreme or high-risk athletes (255 males and 225 females) and 235 age-matched control persons (107 males and 128 females) were enrolled into the web-based case-control study. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) were administered to screen for bipolarity and impulsive behaviours, respectively.

Results

Results indicated that extreme or high-risk athletes had significantly higher scores of bipolarity and impulsivity, and lower scores on cognitive complexity of the BIS-11, compared to controls. Further, there were positive correlations between the MDQ and BIS-11 scores.

Conclusion

These results showed greater rates of bipolarity and impulsivity, in the extreme or high-risk athletes, suggesting these measures are sensitive to high-risk behaviours.
Bovine serum albumin as the dominant form of dietary protein reduces subcutaneous fat mass, plasma leptin and plasma corticosterone in high fat-fed C57/BL6J mice
Authors: McManus Bettina L. , Korpela Riitta , Speakman John R. , Cryan John F. , Cotter Paul D. , Nilaweera Kanishka N.
Published: July 2015

Increasing evidence suggests that the source of dietary protein can have an impact on weight gain and fat mass during high-fat feeding in both humans and rodents. The present study examined whether dietary bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the dominant source of protein alters energy balance and adiposity associated with high-fat feeding. C57/BL6J mice were given a diet with 10 % of energy from fat and 20 % of energy from casein or a diet with 45 % of energy from fat and either 20 % of energy from casein (HFD) or BSA (HFD+BSA) for 13 weeks. The HFD+BSA diet did not significantly alter daily energy expenditure, locomotor activity and RER, but did increase cumulative energy intake and percentage of lean mass while reducing feed efficiency and percentage of fat mass when compared with the HFD (P< 0·05). In subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), the HFD+BSA diet increased the mRNA levels of PPARα (PPARA), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1b) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), but reduced the mRNA level of leptin when compared with the HFD (P< 0·05). TheSATmRNA levels ofPPARA,CPT1bandUCP3were negatively correlated (P< 0·05) with SAT mass, which was reduced in HFD+BSA mice compared with HFD controls (P< 0·01). No differences in epididymal fat mass existed between the groups. The HFD+BSA diet normalised plasma leptin and corticosterone levels compared with the HFD (P< 0·05). While differences in leptin levels were associated with the percentage of fat mass (P< 0·01), changes in corticosterone concentrations were independent of the percentage of fat mass (P< 0·05). The data suggest that the HFD+BSA diet influences plasma leptin levels via SAT mass reduction where mRNA levels of genes linked to β-oxidation were increased, whereas differences in plasma corticosterone levels were not related to fat mass reduction.
Mass Warfare and the Welfare State – Causal Mechanisms and Effects
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Petersen Klaus
Published: July 2015

The question of whether and how war has influenced the development of advanced Western welfare states is contested. This article provides a systematic review of the state of the art and outlines an agenda for a comparative analysis of the warfare–welfare state nexus that is informed by an explicit consideration of the underlying causal mechanisms. By distinguishing between three different phases (war preparation, warfare and post-war period) it provides a systematic overview of possible causal mechanisms linking war and the welfare state and a discussion of likely effects of war for belligerent, occupied and neutral countries in the age of mass warfare stretching approximately from the 1860s to the 1960s.
An updated and refined Holocene uplift history of southern Tenerife (Canary Islands) and the possible consequences for future volcanic activity
Authors: BUCHNER E. , KRÖCHERT J. , SCHMIEDER M.
Published: July 2015

Various uplift markers suggest asymmetrical uplift of Tenerife Island, with stable conditions in the north but significant uplift of up to 45 m in the south over the past ~42 ka. Fossil shells in beach deposits uplifted by 7.5–9 m were14C-dated at a Holocene age of 2460±35bp(1σ). This confirms earlier results and documents very young, and probably still ongoing, uplift of southern Tenerife potentially caused by ascending magma. This underlines that southern Tenerife is probably undergoing a further cycle of volcanic activity that started ~95 ka ago.
KÄHLER SURFACES WITH QUASI CONSTANT HOLOMORPHIC CURVATURE
Authors: JELONEK WLODZIMIERZ
Published: July 2015

In the paper we describe Kahler QCH surfaces. We prove that any Calabi type and orthotoric Kahler surfaces are QCH Kahler surfaces. We also classify locally homogeneous QCH surfaces.
Nature, Revelation, and Grace in Psalm 19: Towards a Theological Reading of Scripture
Authors: Sommer Benjamin D.
Published: July 2015

Does biblical criticism have anything to contribute to a theologically engaged study of Scripture? The answer implicitly provided by many scholars, both within the guild of modern biblical scholarship and outside it, is clear: The biblical critic's findings are irrelevant to constructive projects. These findings may be the product of intensive philological, comparative, and historical work, but they are no more connected to the tasks of the modern thinker than artifacts dug up by an archaeologist. Indeed (some theologically and literarily minded readers assume), biblical critics often produce work that impedes an interpreter who is oriented towards larger ideas. Those ideas, after all, emerge from textual wholes that are subtle, creative, and innovative, while biblical critics (these readers believe) have a penchant for dismembering texts or reducing them to hackneyed representatives of types of thinking or textual genres found elsewhere in the ancient Near East. As a result, not a few theologians and philosophers who attend to the Bible shun the work of biblical critics.
Billy Graham as American Religious and Cultural Symbol
Authors: Evans Curtis J.
Published: July 2015

Writing a biography challenges us in fundamental ways as scholars of religion, as historians, and as human beings. We are forced to reckon with the implicit and explicit theological commitments of religious persons, the ways they inhabited the world, the sometimes “strange country” that is the past, and the varied ways in which our subjects took for granted things by which we find ourselves and our age so troubled. While we may eschew “taking sides” in our attempts to be good scholars and under the noble goal of not wanting simplistically and reflexively to impose our contemporary moral judgments upon figures from the past, we cannot avoid discussing the moral choices historical actors made, assessing their prominence in their time, their influence on their broader surroundings, and their legacy beyond their times. All of these factors have great bearing on how we narrate the lives of historical figures and how we represent them in the present. James Baldwin's impassioned claim that it is with “great pain and terror [that] one begins to assess the history which has placed one where one is, and formed one's point of view” might sound a bit overly deterministic, but it is worth remembering when thinking self-consciously about how we critically assess and evaluate those about whom we write. Grant Wacker's new biography of Billy Graham,America's Pastor, invites the reader along to grasp more fully what this looks like as Wacker, a self-described “partisan of the same evangelical tradition Graham represented,” masterfully evokes and unfolds Graham as a shaper of public consciousness and a spokesperson for millions of “ordinary Americans.” This work possesses the virtues of the careful and considered reflections of a seasoned historian's analysis of the life of a famous religious leader who is deeply admired by many Americans. It is about the closest we will get to a full appreciation of Graham the man and Graham the icon.
Human papillomavirus and salivary gland neoplasia: a p16INK4immunohistochemical and in situ hybridisation study
Authors: Miah M S , Majumdar S , White S , Robinson M , Kernohan N
Published: July 2015

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the association between human papillomavirus infection and salivary gland tumours in a Scottish cohort.

Methods:

Specimens from a range of salivary gland tumours operated on between 1997 and 2012 were studied. A tissue microarray constructed from tissue blocks was subjected to p16INK4(cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation using probes specific for human papillomavirus, including types 16 and 18.

Results:

A total of 61 tumours (benign and malignant) were deemed suitable for the study. p16INK4staining yielded three (4.9 per cent) positive samples: one small cell carcinoma, one squamous cell carcinoma and one poorly differentiated carcinoma. Human papillomavirus in situ hybridisation demonstrated a positive signal in the latter sample only (1.6 per cent).

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated a very low human papillomavirus detection rate in salivary gland tumours. It can therefore be concluded that human papillomavirus infection is unlikely to play a role in salivary gland neoplasia. Rare human papillomavirus positive cases should be carefully evaluated to exclude the possibility of a metastatic lesion.
Pituitary gland volume and psychosocial stress among children at elevated risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Cullen A. E. , Day F. L. , Roberts R. E. , Pariante C. M. , Laurens K. R.
Published: July 2015

Background

Pituitary volume enlargements have been observed among individuals with first-episode psychosis. These abnormalities are suggestive of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, which may contribute to the development of psychosis. However, the extent to which these abnormalities characterize individuals at elevated risk for schizophrenia prior to illness onset is currently unclear, as volume increases, decreases and no volume differences have all been reported relative to controls. The current study aimed to determine whether antipsychotic-naive, putatively at-risk children who present multiple antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz) or a family history of illness (FHx) show pituitary volume abnormalities relative to typically developing (TD) children. An additional aim was to explore the association between pituitary volume and experiences of psychosocial stress.

Method

ASz (n = 30), FHx (n = 22) and TD (n = 32) children were identified at age 9–12 years using a novel community-screening procedure or as relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. Measures of pituitary volume and psychosocial stress were obtained at age 11–14 years.

Results

Neither ASz nor FHx children showed differences in pituitary volume relative to TD children. Among FHx children only, pituitary volume was negatively associated with current distress relating to negative life events and exposure to physical punishment.

Conclusions

The lack of pituitary volume abnormalities among ASz and FHx children is consistent with our previous work demonstrating that these children are not characterized by elevated diurnal cortisol levels. The findings imply that these biological markers of HPA axis hyperactivity, observed in some older samples of high-risk individuals, may emerge later, more proximally to disease onset.
The semantics of interjections: An experimental study with natural semantic metalanguage
Authors: GLADKOVA ANNA , VANHATALO ULLA , GODDARD CLIFF
Published: July 2015

The paper reports the results of a pilot experimental study aimed at evaluating natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) explications of English interjections. It proposes a novel online survey technique to test NSM explications with language speakers. The survey tested recently developed semantic explications of selected English interjections as published in Goddard (2014a):wow,gosh,gee,yikes(“surprise” group) andyuck,ugh(“disgust” group). The results provide overall support for the proposed explications and indicate directions for their further development. It is interesting that respondents' preexisting knowledge of NSM and other background variables (age, gender, being a native speaker, or studying linguistics) were shown to have little influence on the test results.
Population ageing in a lifecourse perspective: developing a conceptual framework
Authors: KOMP KATHRIN , JOHANSSON STINA
Published: July 2015

Population ageing is a global trend that affects individual life plans, family arrangements, market structures, care provisions and pension schemes. We combine insights from demography and lifecourse research to understand better the causes of population ageing. Demography explains population ageing by describing changes in fertility, mortality and migration rates. Lifecourse research argues that these rates are interconnected because they are embedded in the lifecourses of individuals. An individual's experiences at an early age can influence behaviours at a later age, thereby creating continuity throughout the lifecourse. Additionally, lifecourse research underlines that social networks – such as families – and countries influence lifecourse. Thus, historical events and past experiences have already set the course for today's demographic changes. Moreover, the effects of policies that strive to influence population ageing will not be evident for years or even decades to come. This paper introduces a conceptual framework that explains how the lifecourse perspective can be applied to the phenomenon of population ageing and illustrates the framework through a case study of Germany. The case study highlights that insights from the micro-, meso- and macro-levels need to be combined to achieve a deeper understanding of population ageing. Scholars can use the framework presented in this paper as a guideline for merging arguments from demography and lifecourse research in future studies.
CONCERNS FOR THE POORLY OFF IN ORDERING RISKY PROSPECTS
Authors: Bovens Luc
Published: July 2015

The Distribution View provides a model that integrates four distributional concerns in the evaluation of risky prospects. Starting from these concerns, we can generate an ordering over a set of risky prospects, or, starting from an ordering, we can extract a characterization of the underlying distributional concerns. Separability of States and/or Persons for multiple-person risky prospects, for single-person risky prospects and for multiple-person certain prospects are discussed within the model. The Distribution View sheds light on public health policies and provides a framework for the discussion of Parfit's Priority View for risky prospects.
PUNISHMENT JUSTIFIABLE AS A QUASI-TAX
Authors: Gilboa David
Published: July 2015

I argue that, since the legal order is a public good, an act of legal punishment may be viewed as the imposition of a kind of tax, which I label ‘a quasi-tax’. Once punishment is viewed as a quasi-tax, the traditionally opposed approaches to punishment may be reconciled, as both utility and retribution jointly justify an act of legal punishment. I discuss objections to my argument and I reply to them.
IMPLEMENTATION-NEUTRAL CAUSATION
Authors: LeRoy Stephen F.
Published: July 2015

The most basic question one can ask of a model is ‘What is the effect on variable y2 of variable y1?’ Causation is ‘implementation neutral’ when all interventions on external variables that lead to a given change in y1 have the same effect on y2, so that the effect of y1 on y2 is defined unambiguously. Familiar ideas of causal analysis do not apply when causation is implementation neutral. For example, a cause variable cannot be linked to an effect variable by both a direct path and a distinct indirect path. Discussion of empirical aspects of implementation neutrality leads to further unexpected results, such as that if one variable causes another the coefficient representing that causal link is always identified.
Blow-up for the wave equation with nonlinear source and boundary damping terms
Authors: Fiscella Alessio , Vitillaro Enzo
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with blow-up for the solutions of an evolution problem consisting in a semilinear wave equation posed in a boundedC1,1open subset of ℝn, supplied with a Neumann boundary condition involving a nonlinear dissipation. The typical problem studied is

where∂Ω=Γ0∪Γ1,Γ0∩Γ1= ∅,σ(Γ0) > 0, 2
 1,α∈L∞(Γ1),α≥ 0 andβ≥ 0. The initial data are posed in the energy space.The aim of the paper is to improve previous blow-up results concerning the problem.
Morality, Accountability and the Wrong Kind of Reasons
Authors: LOTT MICAH
Published: July 2015

In The Second Person Standpoint, Stephen Darwall makes a new argument against consequentialism, appealing to: (a) the conceptual tie between obligation and accountability, and (b) the ‘right kind of reasons’ for holding others accountable. I argue that Darwall's argument, as it stands, fails against indirect consequentialism, because it relies on a confusion between our being right to establish practices, and our having a right to do so. I also explore two ways of augmenting Darwall's argument. However, while the second of these ways is more promising than the first, neither provides a convincing argument against indirect consequentialism.
A non-local rare mutations model for quasispecies and prisoner's dilemma: Numerical assessment of qualitative behaviour
Authors: AMADORI ANNA LISA , BRIANI MAYA , NATALINI ROBERTO
Published: July 2015

An integro-differential model for evolutionary dynamics with mutations is investigated by improving the understanding of its behaviour using numerical simulations. The proposed numerical approach can handle also density dependent fitness, and gives new insights about the role of mutation in the preservation of cooperation.
Hotspot formation and dynamics for a continuum model of urban crime
Authors: TSE W. H. , WARD M. J.
Published: July 2015

The existence, stability, and dynamics of localized patterns of criminal activity are studied for the reaction–diffusion model of urban crime introduced by Short et al. (Math. Models. Meth. Appl. Sci.18(Suppl.), (2008), 1249–1267). In the singularly perturbed limit of small diffusivity ratio, this model admits hotspot patterns, where criminal activity of high amplitude is localized within certain narrow spatial regions. By using a combination of asymptotic analysis and numerical path-following methods, hotspot equilibria are constructed on a finite 1-D domain and their bifurcation properties analysed as the diffusivity of criminals is varied. It is shown, both analytically and numerically, that new hotspots of criminal activity can be nucleated in low-crime regions with inconspicuous crime activity gradient when the spatial extent of these regions exceeds a critical threshold. These nucleations are referred to as “peak insertion” events, and for the steady-state problem, they occur near a saddle-node bifurcation point characterizing hotspot equilibria. For the time-dependent problem, a differential algebraic (DAE) system characterizing the slow dynamics of a collection of hotspots is derived, and the results compared favourably with full numerical simulations of the PDE system. The asymptotic theory to construct hotspot equilibria, and to derive the differential algebraic system for quasi-steady patterns, is based on the resolution of a triple-deck structure near the core of each hotspot and the identification of so-called switchback terms.
Transcendental syntax I: deterministic case
Authors: GIRARD JEAN-YVES
Published: July 2015

We study logic in the light of the Kantian distinction between analytic (untyped, meaningless, locative) answers and synthetic (typed, meaningful, spiritual) questions. Which is specially relevant to proof-theory: in a proof-net, the upper part is locative, whereas the lower part is spiritual: a posteriori (explicit) as far as correctness is concerned, a priori (implicit) for questions dealing with consequence, typically cut-elimination. The divides locative/spiritual and explicit/implicit give rise to four blocks which are enough to explain the whole logical activity.
Clients' Experiences of Returning to the Trauma Site during PTSD Treatment: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Murray Hannah , Merritt Chris , Grey Nick
Published: July 2015

Background:Visits to the location of the trauma are often included in trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but no research to date has explored how service users experience these visits, or whether and how they form an effective part of treatment.Aims:The study aimed to ascertain whether participants found site visits helpful, to test whether the functions of the site visit predicted by cognitive theories of PTSD were endorsed, and to create a grounded theory model of how site visits are experienced.Method:Feedback was collected from 25 participants who had revisited the scene of the trauma as part of TF-CBT for PTSD. The questionnaire included both free text items, for qualitative analysis, and forced-choice questions regarding hypothesized functions of the site visit.Results:Overall, participants found the site visits helpful, and endorsed the functions predicted by the cognitive model. A model derived from the feedback illustrated four main processes occurring during the site visit: “facing and overcoming fear”; “filling in the gaps”; “learning from experiences” and “different look and feel to the site”, which, when conducted with “help and support”, usually from the therapist, led to a sense of “closure and moving on”.Conclusions:Therapist-accompanied site visits may have various useful therapeutic functions and participants experience them positively.
A content analysis of the Meaningful Use clinical summary: do clinical summaries promote patient engagement?
Authors: Jiggins Karen
Published: July 2015

Aim

This study analyzed Meaningful Use (MU) clinical summaries (CS) given to 100 older adults (⩾65) from 10 family physicians in an urban primary care practice.

Background

In the United States, MU was designed to promote and enhance patient engagement in hospitals and clinics across the country, providing financial incentives to physicians attesting to the Meaningful Use of a certified Electronic Health Record by meeting a series of measures and objectives. The CS is intended to support patient and family engagement by communicating elements discussed during the clinical encounter including an updated medication list, problem list, and plan of care (POC). Despite the $27.7 billion spent distributing MU payments to more than 418,000 Eligible Professionals in ambulatory care to date, there is little discussion in the scholarly literature supporting the use of the CS to facilitate patient engagement.

Methods

Ten CS were accessed from each of 10 family physicians during a regular practice week. Directed content analysis and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the summaries. Key variables of analysis included diagnoses, medications, plan of care content, availability, completeness, health literacy, format, and readability.

Findings

CS contained an average of 5.2 diagnoses and 10 medications. Summaries contained vital signs (98%), lab results (9%), smoking status (88%), professional care team members (4%), follow-up appointments (46%), and POC (67%); 37% of CS were judged to be incomplete. Readability scores indicated that a university education was required to understand the CS. CS support patient engagement by supplying information that supports behavior change and self-management, however barriers to patient engagement exist, including (a) access, (b) poor document readability, and (c) a lack of customization to the patient’s experience.
Behaviour in war: The place of law, moral inquiry and self-identity
Authors: Stephens Dale
Published: July 2015

Daniel Munoz-Rojas and Jean-Jacques Fresard's study “The Roots of Behaviour in War” (RBW Study), which came out in 2004, provided very useful insight into how compliance with international humanitarian law may be better ensured. In essence, it emphasized the role of “the law” and associated enforcement mechanisms in achieving optimal results. Emphasis on “persuasion” regarding the values underpinning the law was identified as having a possibly corrosive effect and was to be de-emphasized, if not avoided. Such conclusions raise serious questions. The study's reliance on neutral normativity of “the law” can be overstated. The issue may be less one of checking aberrant behaviour under the law and more one of ensuring that unnecessary harm is curtailed within the law. The assumptions made by the RBW Study concerning the efficacy of the law are too narrow in their avoidance of the moral and ethical questioning that can accompany legal interpretative approaches. The role of identity and professional culture offers an effective means of ensuring restraint under the law. This article argues that the RBW Study has not stood the test of time and that operational developments have transcended the conclusions made in the study.
Trust: An Integrative Review from a Person–Situation Perspective
Authors: Thielmann Isabel , Hilbig Benjamin E.
Published: July 2015

Trust is a key aspect of various social interactions. Correspondingly, trust has been heavily studied across different scientific disciplines. However, an integration of the diverse research and literature is still missing. Addressing this issue, we review several hundred articles on interpersonal trust among strangers and integrate them into a coherent framework, explaining trust behavior among unfamiliar agents based on an interaction between situational features and distinct personality characteristics. Understanding trust as a decision under risk, we distill 3 core components of trust behavior from the extant literature: attitudes toward risky prospects (i.e., risk aversion and loss aversion), trustworthiness expectations, and betrayal sensitivity. Each of these refers to a distinct set of causal determinants, including personality characteristics (anxiety/fear, trustworthiness, and forgiveness) which can be localized in the space defined by models of basic personality structure (e.g., the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality). In sum, the review contributes to the understanding of trust behavior by linking and integrating the findings from various fields of trust research. Additionally, it provides fruitful directions and implications for future research.
Health Implications of Adults’ Eating at and Living near Fast Food or Quick Service Restaurants
Authors: Jiao J , Moudon A V , Kim S Y , Hurvitz P M , Drewnowski A
Published: July 2015

Background:

This paper examined whether the reported health impacts of frequent eating at a fast food or quick service restaurant on health were related to having such a restaurant near home.

Methods:

Logistic regressions estimated associations between frequent fast food or quick service restaurant use and health status, being overweight or obese, having a cardiovascular disease or diabetes, as binary health outcomes. In all, 2001 participants in the 2008–2009 Seattle Obesity Study survey were included in the analyses.

Results:

Results showed eating ⩾2 times a week at a fast food or quick service restaurant was associated with perceived poor health status, overweight and obese. However, living close to such restaurants was not related to negative health outcomes.

Conclusions:

Frequent eating at a fast food or quick service restaurant was associated with perceived poor health status and higher body mass index, but living close to such facilities was not.
Strain-level bacterial identification by CeO2-catalyzed MALDI-TOF MS fatty acid analysis and comparison to commercial protein-based methods
Authors: Cox C. R. , Jensen K. R. , Saichek N. R. , Voorhees K. J.
Published: July 2015

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a rapid approach for clinical bacterial identification. However, current protein-based commercial bacterial ID methods fall short when differentiating closely related species/strains. To address this shortcoming, we employed CeO2-catalyzed fragmentation of lipids to produce fatty acids using the energy inherent to the MALDI laser as a novel alternative to protein profiling. Fatty acid profiles collected from Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter and Listeria using CeO2-catalyzed metal oxide laser ionization (MOLI MS), processed by principal component analysis and validated by leave–one-out cross-validation (CV), showed 100% correct classification at the species level and 98% at the strain level. In comparison, protein profile data from the same bacteria yielded 32%, 54% and 67% mean species-level accuracy using two MALDI-TOF MS platforms, respectively. In addition, several pathogens were misidentified by protein profiling as non-pathogens and vice versa. These results suggest novel CeO2-catalyzed lipid fragmentation readily produced (i) taxonomically tractable fatty acid profiles by MOLI MS, (ii) highly accurate bacterial classification and (iii) consistent strain-level ID for bacteria that were routinely misidentified by protein-based methods.
Economical analysis of saturation mutagenesis experiments
Authors: Acevedo-Rocha Carlos G. , Reetz Manfred T. , Nov Yuval
Published: July 2015

Saturation mutagenesis is a powerful technique for engineering proteins, metabolic pathways and genomes. In spite of its numerous applications, creating high-quality saturation mutagenesis libraries remains a challenge, as various experimental parameters influence in a complex manner the resulting diversity. We explore from the economical perspective various aspects of saturation mutagenesis library preparation: We introduce a cheaper and faster control for assessing library quality based on liquid media; analyze the role of primer purity and supplier in libraries with and without redundancy; compare library quality, yield, randomization efficiency and annealing bias using traditional and emergent randomization schemes based on mixtures of mutagenic primers; and establish a methodology for choosing the most cost-effective randomization scheme given the screening costs and other experimental parameters. We show that by carefully considering these parameters, laboratory expenses can be significantly reduced.
Visible-light-driven Photocatalytic N-arylation of Imidazole Derivatives and Arylboronic Acids on Cu/graphene catalyst
Authors: Cui Yan-Li , Guo Xiao-Ning , Wang Ying-Yong , Guo Xiang-Yun
Published: July 2015

N-aryl imidazoles play an important role as structural and functional units in many natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, we report a photocatalytic route for the C-N cross-coupling reactions over a Cu/graphene catalyst, which can effectively catalyze N-arylation of imidazole and phenylboronic acid and achieve a turnover frequency of 25.4 h−1 at 25 oC and the irradiation of visible light. The enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu/graphene under the light irradiation results from the localized surface plasmon resonance of copper nanoparticles. The Cu/graphene photocatalyst has a general applicability for photocatalytic C-N, C-O and C-S cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with imidazoles, phenols and thiophenols. This study provides a green photocatalytic route for the production of N-aryl imidazoles.