bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La violence des images télévisuelles : une question grosse comme un coup de poing !
Authors: Jacquinot-Delaunay Geneviève
Published: April 2012

Résumé En 1963, un recensement des recherches sur « les effets de la violence au cinéma et à la télévision » concluait « Tout ce que nous savons en toute certitude sur le cinéma, c’est que nous ne savons pas grand-chose de certain ». La cause est pourtant entendue : la situation actuelle est la même qu’en 1963, la corrélation entre la violence montrée dans les médias et les « conduites immorales et criminelles » (version des années 1960) ou « la délinquance juvénile » (version des années 1990) n’a jamais pu être scientifiquement prouvée. La vraie violence se situe prioritairement dans l’environnement social. L’article montre ce qui, pourtant, a changé et qu’il y a, dans ce domaine, des responsabilités partagées.
Les fonctions du rêve dans la famille
Authors: Corigliano Anna Maria Nicolò , Calenzo Nicoletta
Published: April 2012

Résumé Dans cet article, l’auteur examine les fonctions du rêve dans la famille et dans le couple. Elle met en lumière que le rêve peut se prêter à des utilisations et des significations différentes que l’on peut évaluer dans la séance collective. Elle illustre en particulier deux possibilités différentes à travers deux vignettes cliniques. Le rêve est non seulement l’expression de l’individu, mais aussi celle du groupe familial dont celui-ci fait partie et dont il est le porte-parole.
Syndrome de Münchhausen par procuration (SMPP) ou la symbolisation transgénérationnelle par procuration (STPP)
Authors: Decherf Gérard
Published: April 2012

Résumé Certains parents ne peuvent pas mettre en mots ni en images la violence qu’ils ont reçue et qu’ils ont besoin d’exprimer pour maintenir un lien inconscient avec leur propre parent. Ils tentent parfois d’utiliser leur corps ou celui de leur propre enfant pour dire leur souffrance passée, comme c’est le cas dans le SMPP Il y a alors une confusion entre la violence destinée à l’enfant, celles destinées à la mère ou à la grand-mère. Un travail sur l’intergénérationnel est adéquat mais difficile en raison du caractère paradoxal de la demande de la mère.
L'enfant handicapé auditif dans son rapport avec le fonctionnement groupal familial
Authors: Dorey Jean-Louis
Published: April 2012

Résumé Dans un dispositif de thérapie familiale psychanalytique, l’auteur propose de repérer, à partir de la clinique, certains aspects du fonctionnement groupal d’une famille d’entendants dont une des trois jeunes enfants présente une surdité sévère. L’empêchement de parole restreint la circulation des échanges langagiers. Il retentit sur un maintien prolongé de modalités archaïques du lien groupal familial organisé autour d’échanges poly-sensoriels. La communication directe des affects piégés dans le corporel freine la transformation du lien éprouvé en lien représenté. Le lien de dépendance précoce devenu trop prégnant s’oppose à l’ouverture d’ un espace débouchant sur un échange de parole subjectivant. La crainte de la perte du lien organiserait l’ensemble du fonctionnement groupal familial observé. Cette crainte renverrait, en écho, au risque de la rupture du lien de filiation.
L'hypothèse du contrat psychotique
Authors: Granjon Evelyn
Published: April 2012

Résumé L’hypothèse du contrat psychotique est née de la clinique des TFP avec des familles ayant un enfant autiste ou psychotique. L’enfant, par les conditions ou la situation de sa naissance, semble, dans certains cas, réactualiser certaines traces traumatiques transgénérationnelles. Faute de pouvoir être l’héritier d’un passé censuré qui le relie aux ancêtres et le fonde, il en devient, comme l’« enfant-ancêtre », la révélation menaçante, rendant impossible l’établissement d’un « contrat narcissique » et l’investissement narcissique de la famille. Seul un « contrat psychotique » peut alors permettre à l’enfant de vivre dans des modalités de survie, excluant un développement psychique et maintenant l’enfant isolé. Il est aliéné à un passé qu’il re-présente, qu’il doit contenir et masquer pour que le lien familial tienne.
« Mon enfant, ma sœur, songe à ma douleur... »
Authors: Ben Soussan Patrick
Published: April 2012

Résumé Être frère ou sœur d’un enfant porteur de handicap. L’enfant handicapé avance masqué. Comment dès lors se reconnaître comme son frère ou sa sœur ? Quand le temps et l’espace familial sont envahis, quand les affiliations identitaires s’organisent autour et par la différence ? Quand l’amour et la haine, l’agressivité et l’envie, la culpabilité et la réparation sont autant de figures du quotidien ? Comme ne pas handicaper la fratrie de ces enfants ? Comme être frère ou sœur d’un enfant porteur de handicap ?
Vieillissement et handicap
Authors: Talpin Jean-Marc , Talpin-Jarrige Odile
Published: April 2012

Résumé La vieillesse est très souvent représentée comme un handicap. Après avoir exploré cette représentation, les auteurs s’arrêteront sur les situations où apparaît une source de dépendance spécifique : la démence. Dans un premier temps sera alors développée la reconnaissance de ce handicap par la famille, puis par les institutions sanitaires et sociales. Dans un second temps seront repris les principaux modes de réaction et de réorganisation des appareils psychiques familiaux et individuels.
La défense perverse dans les soins gérontopsychiatriques
Authors: Charazac Pierre
Published: April 2012

Résumé La défense perverse se rencontre fréquemment chez les conjoints et les enfants de patients âgés dépendants. Reposant sur le déni et le clivage, elle prend la forme d’une emprise dont la fonction serait de protéger la famille de l’angoisse de la perte ou de l’effondrement.
Des enjeux de l'héritage à l'adoption
Authors: Veuillet-Combier Claudine
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article vient questionner dans le cadre de la démarche conjugale préalable à l’adoption la violence de la transmission psychique entre et à travers les générations. Il souligne les enjeux narcissiques liés au désir d’enfant et rappelle à ce titre comment la stérilité confronte le couple à une souffrance liée à l’inscription généalogique. Le devenir parent dans ce contexte va alors s’inscrire dans un mouvement nouant enjeux intrapsychiques, conjugaux et générationnels, pour conduire le couple vers la construction du mythe de l’enfant sauveur-sauvé. Un exemple clinique va permettre d’illustrer la nature de ce dernier et d’ouvrir une réflexion sur la fonction et le destin du mythe en question.
Liens inter-sexes et migration
Authors: Yahyaoui Abdessalem
Published: April 2012

Résumé À partir d’un détour anthropologique, l’auteur révèle quelques facettes des liens entre les sexes dans un contexte socioculturel fortement marqué par la religion, par la dichotomie des univers homme/femme et par les mariages arrangés. À travers un cas clinique, il analyse les liens inter-sexes dans un contexte migratoire où les étayages culturels et de groupe font faillite. Il met l’accent sur l’expression de la rivalité et sur les tentatives de re-appropriation identitaire de chacun des partenaires.
Place de l'emprise dans la relation masculin-féminin
Authors: Brégégère Brigitte , Pilorge Didier
Published: April 2012

Résumé L’emprise, mouvement d’appropriation et de domination, est étudiée dans le cadre de la relation masculin-féminin. Au travers d’un exemple clinique, cette notion est abordée dans son aspect transgénérationnel et dans ses effets sur le couple.
Voies de l'alliance thérapeutique
Authors: Gadeau Ludovic
Published: April 2012

Résumé Les représentations de l’alliance thérapeutique le plus souvent véhiculées s’inscrivent dans une démarche de type positiviste, qui contient l’idée selon laquelle l’établissement du premier lien nécessaire au travail thérapeutique se construit par addition d’éléments qu’il conviendrait de favoriser : accueil, attention, tact, empathie, écoute, interprétation, etc. L’auteur propose au contraire d’envisager le moteur de l’alliance comme relevant d’une opération négative : soustraction, suspension, restrictions, retrait, refus, etc. La notion de pacte narcissique, pacte liant originairement le patient et son thérapeute, constitue une traduction clinique de cette opération négative. Cette problématique est illustrée par une réflexion clinique sur les incidences de la dimension temporelle sur l’alliance thérapeutique.
Quand la pratique fait mouvement
Authors: Pavard Bibia
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article se propose d'explorer le caractère dynamique de la relation entre mouvement social et pratiques protestataires pour montrer comment les moyens d'action peuvent contribuer à « faire mouvement », c'est-à-dire à impulser et transformer des mobilisations. Il s'intéresse à la pratique des avortements, principalement à travers trois organisations : le Mouvement pour l'avortement libre et gratuit (MLAC), le Mouvement français pour le planning familial (MFPF) et Choisir. Il explore d'abord comment la découverte d'un nouveau mode d'action peut renouveler les mobilisations, cimenter des groupes et faire se rejoindre des luttes autour de la revendication d'avortement libre et gratuit. Il se concentre ensuite à un niveau plus microsociologique sur le rôle de la pratique des avortements dans la convergence de militant-e-s aux parcours politiques très divers. Enfin, il s'intéresse à la manière dont la pratique des avortements a contribué à générer des recompositions et des repositionnements entre les organisations nouvelles et les plus anciennes autour du brouillage des frontières entre réforme et révolution.
Quand l'événement crée la continuité
Authors: Charpenel Marion
Published: April 2012

Résumé Le 4 octobre 2002, Sohane Benziane, 17 ans, est brûlée vive dans un local à poubelles de la cité Balzac, à Vitry-sur-Seine dans le Val-de-Marne. Cet article revient sur les différentes « opérations de cadrage », menées par des militantes féministes, qui ont abouti à la qualification de la mort de Sohane en « crime sexiste », faisant ainsi entrer l'événement dans l'histoire des luttes féministes. Cet article aborde aussi la façon dont l'assassinat de Sohane Benziane a marqué l'espace de la cause des femmes, rendant notamment visible une rupture générationnelle. Puis, en mettant l'accent sur les processus de construction du souvenir, on entend montrer comment, à la faveur des commémorations, l'événement a fait l'objet de réinterprétations, qui ont permis de rétablir de la continuité entre des sous-groupes ou des générations qui s'étaient opposés au moment où l'évènement est advenu dans l'histoire du mouvement.
Gen(de)red power: Die Macht des Genres im Streit um die Frauenrolle in Pastoralbriefen und Paulusakten
Authors: Merz Annette
Published: April 2012

Gen(de)red power: The power of genre in the debate about women’s roles in the Pastoral Letters and the Acts of Paul. Two texts that contributed to the discussion on gender roles in formative Christianity, 1 Timothy and the Acts of Paul, are investigated. In both cases the emphasis is on the much-disputed role of women. Power plays a role on different levels. On the one hand power relations between the sexes are depicted or directly addressed by the text (‘gendered’ power), while on the other hand the power of persuasion is brought to bear on both male and female readers to legitimize the patriarchal, videlicet the encratitic model of gender. This is done by rhetorical means that are text-specific, but also make use of genre-specific persuasion strategies. This ‘genred power’ is still mostly unchartered territory in exegetical discussions and is therefore the focus of my investigation. Especially important in both genres are intertextual allusions to authoritative texts. Fictive self-references which enable the author (’Paul’) to correct himself are one focus of interest. Narrative strategies (i.e. character and plot development) which also have an intertextual dimension are a second focal point. The take-over of the role of Peter who denies Jesus and repents by Paul in the Acts of Thecla turns out to be of major rhetorical significance.
Theileriosis (Cytauxzoonosis) in Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus): Field exposure to infection and identification of potential vectors
Authors: Steyl Johan C.A. , Prozesky Leon , Stoltsz Wilhelm H. , Lawrence John A.
Published: April 2012

Four hand-reared, naïve roan antelope, 4 months of age, were exposed to naturally infected pasture on a game farm in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, where roan are known to die from theileriosis. Various clinical parameters were recorded during this period. The predominant ticks parasitising these animals at the time (January to February), were Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi adults. After a period of 5 weeks the animals developed signs of clinical theileriosis and were treated with buparvaquone to prevent mortality. Primary hyperplasia of the local draining lymph nodes (Lnn. anorectales) near the feeding site of adult R. evertsi evertsi indicated possible transmission of Theileria sp. (sable) by this tick species. After recovery from theileriosis, these animals were confirmed carriers of Theileria sp. (sable) by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and DNA probe analysis. Laboratory-bred larvae and nymphs of R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus respectively, were fed on the ears of these roan antelope. Salivary glands from moulted and prefed adult ticks of each species were dissected and stained for Theileria spp., and the PCR and DNA probe applied to a representative batch of dissected glands. R. appendiculatus adults collected from grass in infected camps were also dissected after prefeeding them on rabbits. Salivary glands of both tick species showed infected acini on staining and were also positive for Theileria sp. (sable) only, on multiprotozoal PCR-screening analysis. There was no statistical significant difference between the infection rate and the intensity of infection between the two tick species. R. appendiculatus ticks collected from grass were also PCR-positive for Theileria sp. (sable).
In vitro effects of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E 2 on proliferation, osteoclast formation and bone resoption in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages
Authors: Laing M.J. , Boeyens J.C.A. , Coetzee M.
Published: April 2012

This study investigated the effectsof arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E₂ on osteoclast formation and bone resorption in RAW 264.7 murine pre-osteoclasts.
On the Adjoint and the Closure of the Sum of Two Unbounded Operators
Authors: Mortad Mohammed Hichem
Published: April 2012

We prove, under some conditions on the domains, that the adjoint of the sum of two unbounded operators is the sum of their adjoints in both Hilbert and Banach space settings. A similar result about the closure of operators is also proved. Some interesting consequences and examples “spice up” the paper.
On Modules Whose Proper Homomorphic Images Are of Smaller Cardinality
Authors: Oman Greg , Salminen Adam
Published: April 2012

LetRbe a commutative ring with identity, and letMbe a unitary module overR. We callMH-smaller (HS for short) if and only ifMis infinite and |M/N| < |M| for every nonzero submoduleNofM. After a brief introduction, we show that there exist nontrivial examples of HS modules of arbitrarily large cardinality over Noetherian and non-Noetherian domains. We then prove the following result: supposeMis faithful overR,Ris a domain (we will show that we can restrict to this case without loss of generality), andKis the quotient field ofR. IfMis HS overR, thenRis HS as a module over itself,R⊆M⊆K, and there exists a generating setSforMoverRwith |S| < |R|. We use this result to generalize a problem posed by Kaplansky and conclude the paper by answering an open question on Jónsson modules.
Hemispheric transport and influence of meteorology on global aerosol climatology
Authors: Zhao T. L. , Gong S. L. , Huang P. , Lavoué D.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Based on a 10-yr simulation with the global air quality modeling system GEM-AQ/EC, the inter-annual and seasonal variability as well as the mean climate of hemispheric aerosol transport (HAT) was investigated. The intercontinental aerosol transport is predominant in the zonal direction from west to east with the magnitudes of inter-annual variability between 14% and 63%, and are 0.5–2 orders of magnitude weaker in the meridional direction but with larger inter-annual variability. The HAT is found to fluctuate seasonally with a factor of 5–8 between the maximum in late winter and spring and the minimum in late summer and fall. Three meteorological factors controlling the inter-annual aerosol variations in the source-receptor (S-R) relationships are identified from the modeling results: (1) Anomalies in the mid-latitude westerlies in the troposphere. (2) Variations of precipitation over the intercontinental transport pathways and (3) Changes of meteorological conditions in the boundary layer. Changed only by the meteorology, the aerosol column loadings in the free troposphere over the HTAP-regions vary inter-annually with the highest magnitudes of 30–37% in January and December and the lowest magnitudes of 16–20% in August and September, and the magnitudes of inter-annual variability within the boundary layer influencing the surface concentrations over the HTAP-regions are 30–70% less than in the free troposphere and more region-dependent. As the strongest climatic signal, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can lead the anomalies in the S-R relationships for intercontinental aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) with the strong/weak transport in the mid-latitude westerlies and the low latitude easterlies for the HAT in El Niño/ La Niña-years.
Sources of atmospheric mercury in the tropics: continuous observations at a coastal site in Suriname
Authors: Müller D. , Wip D. , Warneke T. , Holmes C. D. , Dastoor A. , Notholt J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Mercury measurements at a coastal site in Nieuw Nickerie (5°56' N, 56°59' W), Suriname, provide the only continuous records of atmospheric mercury in the tropics. Here we evaluate observations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) during 2007. Nieuw Nickerie typically samples marine air from the Atlantic Ocean, with occasional influence from continental South America. Over the year, average concentrations are 1.40 ng m−3. As the intertropical convergence zone passes over Suriname twice each year, the site samples both northern and southern hemispheric air masses. We use back trajectories to classify each measurement by hemisphere, as well as continental or ocean. For air passing over ocean before sampling, TGM concentrations are 10% higher in air coming from the Northern Hemisphere (1.45 ng m−3) than from the Southern Hemisphere (1.32 ng m−3). Air from the South American continent also carries higher TGM (1.43 ng m−3) than air from the South Atlantic Ocean, with most of these trajectories occurring in August and September. Biomass burning in Brazil peaks in the same months and likely contributes significantly to elevated concentrations seen in Nickerie. We also compare the observed seasonal cycle to two atmospheric mercury chemistry and transport models (GRAHM and GEOS-Chem). Both models simulate transition between northern and southern hemispheric air, thus capturing the seasonal cycle; however the models overestimate the TGM concentrations during months when Nickerie samples Northern Hemisphere air. It is difficult to determine whether the models' sources or sinks in the Northern Hemisphere tropics are responsible.
Investigation of effects of varying model inputs on mercury deposition estimates in the Southwest US
Authors: Myers T. , Atkinson R. D. , Bullock O. R. , Bash J. O.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.7.1 was used to simulate mercury wet and dry deposition for a domain covering the contiguous United States (US). The simulations used MM5-derived meteorological input fields and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clear Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) emissions inventory. Using sensitivity simulations with different boundary conditions and tracer simulations, this investigation focuses on the contributions of boundary concentrations to deposited mercury in the Southwest (SW) US. Concentrations of oxidized mercury species along the boundaries of the domain, in particular the upper layers of the domain, can make significant contributions to the simulated wet and dry deposition of mercury in the SW US. In order to better understand the contributions of boundary conditions to deposition, inert tracer simulations were conducted to quantify the relative amount of an atmospheric constituent transported across the boundaries of the domain at various altitudes and to quantify the amount that reaches and potentially deposits to the land surface in the SW US. Simulations using alternate sets of boundary concentrations, including estimates from global models (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chem (GEOS-Chem) and the Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metals (GRAHM) model), and alternate meteorological input fields (for different years) are analyzed in this paper. CMAQ dry deposition in the SW US is sensitive to differences in the atmospheric dynamics and atmospheric mercury chemistry parameterizations between the global models used for boundary conditions.
Influence of the Arctic Oscillation on the vertical distribution of clouds as observed by the A-Train constellation of satellites
Authors: Devasthale A. , Tjernström M. , Caian M. , Thomas M. A. , Kahn B. H. , Fetzer E. J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the dominant mode of natural variability over the northerly high latitudes, on the spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of clouds in the Arctic. To that end, we use a suite of sensors onboard NASA's A-Train satellites that provide accurate observations of the distribution of clouds along with information on atmospheric thermodynamics. Data from three independent sensors are used (AIRS-AQUA, CALIOP-CALIPSO and CPR-CloudSAT) covering two time periods (winter half years of 2002–2011 and 2006–2011, respectively) along with data from the ERA-Interim reanalysis. We show that the zonal vertical distribution of cloud fraction anomalies averaged over 67° N–82°; N to a first approximation follows a dipole structure (referred to as "Greenland cloud dipole anomaly", GCDA), such that during the positive phase of the AO, positive and negative cloud anomalies are observed eastwards and westward of Greenland, respectively, while the opposite is true for the negative phase of AO. By investigating the concurrent meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity and winds), we show that differences in the meridional energy and moisture transport during the positive and negative phases of the AO and the associated thermodynamics are responsible for the conditions that are conducive for the formation of this dipole structure. All three satellite sensors broadly observe this large-scale GCDA despite differences in their sensitivities, spatio-temporal and vertical resolutions, and the available lengths of data records, indicating the robustness of the results. The present study also provides a compelling case to carry out process-based evaluation of global and regional climate models.
Diel cycles of isoprenoids in the emissions of Norway spruce, four Scots pine chemotypes, and in Boreal forest ambient air during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010
Authors: Yassaa N. , Song W. , Lelieveld J. , Vanhatalo A. , Bäck J. , Williams J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Branch enclosure based emission rates of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from four Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) and one Norway spruce (Picea abies), as well as the ambient mixing ratios of monoterpenes were determined during the HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 summer campaign. Differences in chemical composition and in emission strength were observed between the different trees, which confirmed that they represented different chemotypes. The chemotypes of Scots pine can be classified according to species with high, no and intermediate content of Δ-3-carene. The "non-Δ-3-carene" chemotype was found to be the strongest emitter of monoterpenes. From this chemotype, β-myrcene, a very reactive monoterpene, was the dominant species accounting for more than 32% of the total emission rates of isoprenoids followed by β-phellandrene (~27%). Myrcene fluxes ranged from 0.8 to 24 μg g−1 (dw) h−1. α-Farnesene was the dominant sesquiterpene species, with average emission rates of 318 ng g−1 (dw) h−1. In the high Δ-3-carene chemotype, more than 48% of the total monoterpene emission was Δ-3-carene. The average Δ-3-carene emission rate, circa 609 ng g−1 (dw) h−1 reported here is consistent with the previously reported summer season value. The monoterpene emissions from spruce were dominated by limonene (35%), β-phellandrene (15%), α-pinene (14%) and eucalyptol (9%). Total spruce monoterpene emissions ranged from 0.55 up to 12.2 μg g−1 (dw) h−1. Overall the total terpene flux (monoterpenes + sesquiterpenes) from all studied tree species varied from 230 ng g−1 (dw) h−1 up to 66 μg g−1 (dw) h−1. Total ambient monoterpenes (including α-pinene, Δ-3-carene, β-pinene and β-myrcene) measured during the campaign varied in mixing ratio from a few pptv to over one ppbv. The most abundant biogenic VOCs measured above the canopy were α-pinene and Δ-3-carene, and these two compounds together contributed more than 50% of the total monoterpenes. The ambient data reflect the emission rate, atmospheric reactivity and tree type abundance. The diel cycles of isoprenoid mixing ratios showed high levels during the night-time which is consistent with continued low nocturnal emission and a low and stable boundary layer. The chirality of α-pinene was dominated by (+)-enantiomers both in the direct emission and in the atmosphere. The two highest emitters showed no enantiomeric preference for α-pinene emissions, whereas the two lowest emitting pines emitted more (+)-enantiomer. The spruce emissions were dominated by (−)-enantiomer. The exceptionally hot temperatures in the summer of 2010 led to relatively strong emissions of monoterpenes, greater diversity in chemical composition and high ambient mixing ratios.
Increasing iron concentrations in surface waters – a factor behind brownification?
Authors: Kritzberg E. S. , Ekström S. M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Browning of inland waters has been noted over large parts of the Northern hemisphere and is a phenomenon with both ecological and societal consequences. The increase in water color is generally ascribed to increasing concentrations of dissolved organic matter of terrestrial origin. However, oftentimes the increase in water color is larger than that of organic matter, implying that changes in the concentration of organic matter alone cannot explain the enhanced water color. Water color is known to be affected also by the quality of organic matter and the prevalence of iron. Here we investigated trends in water color, organic matter and iron between 1972 and 2010 in 30 rivers draining into the Swedish coast (data from the national Swedish monitoring program), and performed a laboratory iron addition experiment to natural waters, to evaluate the role of iron and organic matter in determining water color. By comparing the effect of iron additions on water color in the experiment, to variation in water color and iron concentration in the monitoring data, we show that iron can explain a significant share of the variation in water color (on average 25 %), especially in the rivers in the north of Sweden (up to 74 %). Furthermore, positive trends for iron are seen in 27 of 30 rivers (21–468 %) and the increase in iron is larger than that of organic matter, indicating that iron and organic matter concentrations are controlled by similar but not identical processes. We speculate that increasing iron concentrations can be caused by changes in redox conditions, that mean that more anoxic water with high concentrations of soluble FeII are feeding into the surface waters. More studies are needed about why iron is increasing so strongly, since both causes and consequences are partly different from those of increasing organic matter content.
Peat decomposition records in three pristine ombrotrophic bogs in southern Patagonia
Authors: Broder T. , Blodau C. , Biester H. , Knorr K. H.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Ombrotrophic bogs in southern Patagonia have been examined with regard to paleoclimatic and geochemical research questions but knowledge about organic matter decomposition in these bogs is limited. Therefore, we examined peat humification with depth by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) measurements of solid peat, C/N ratio, and δ13C and δ15N isotope measurements in three bog sites. Peat decomposition generally increased with depth but distinct small scale variation occurred, reflecting fluctuations in factors controlling decomposition. C/N ratios varied mostly between 40 and 120 and were significantly correlated (R2 > 0.55, p < 0.01) with FTIR-derived humification indices. The degree of decomposition was lowest at a site presently dominated by Sphagnum mosses. The peat was most strongly decomposed at the driest site, where currently peat-forming vegetation produced less refractory organic material, possibly due to fertilizing effects of high sea spray deposition. Decomposition of peat was also advanced near ash layers, suggesting a stimulation of decomposition by ash deposition. Values of δ13C were 26.5 ± 2‰ in the peat and partly related to decomposition indices, while δ15N in the peat varied around zero and did not consistently relate to any decomposition index. Concentrations of DOM partly related to C/N ratios, partly to FTIR derived indices. They were not conclusively linked to the decomposition degree of the peat. DOM was enriched in 13C and in 15N relative to the solid phase probably due to multiple microbial modifications and recycling of N in these N-poor environments. In summary, the depth profiles of C/N ratios, δ13C values, and FTIR spectra seemed to reflect changes in environmental conditions affecting decomposition, such as bog wetness, but were dominated by site specific factors, and are further influenced by ash deposition and possibly by sea spray input.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the grassy outdoor run of organic broilers
Authors: Meda B. , Flechard C. R. , Germain K. , Robin P. , Walter C. , Hassouna M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes over the grassy outdoor run of organically grown broilers were monitored using static chambers over two production batches in contrasted seasons. Measured N2O and CH4 fluxes were extremely variable in time and space for both batches, with fluxes ranging from a small uptake by soil to large emissions peaks, the latter of which always occurred in the chambers located closest to the broiler house. In general, fluxes decreased with increasing distance to the broiler house, demonstrating that the foraging of broilers and the amount of excreted nutrients (carbon, nitrogen) largely control the spatial variability of emissions. Spatial integration by kriging methods was carried out to provide representative fluxes on the outdoor run for each measurement day. Mechanistic relationships between plot-scale estimates and environmental conditions (soil temperature and water content) were calibrated in order to fill gaps between measurement days. Flux integration over the year 2010 showed that around 3 ± 1 kg N2O-N ha−1 were emitted on the outdoor run, equivalent to 0.9% of outdoor N excretion and substantially lower than the IPCC default emission factor of 2%. By contrast, the outdoor run was found to be a net CH4 sink of about −0.56 kg CH4-C ha−1, though this sink compensated less than 1.5% (in CO2 equivalents) of N2O emissions. The net greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of the outdoor run is explored, based on measured GHG fluxes and short-term (1.5 yr) variations in soil organic carbon.
Multi-century tree-ring based reconstruction of the Neuquén River streamflow, northern Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Mundo I. A. , Masiokas M. H. , Villalba R. , Morales M. S. , Neukom R. , Le Quesne C. , Urrutia R. B. , Lara A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. In most cases, gauged river flow records in southern South America extend for only a few decades, hampering the detection of long-term, decadal to centennial-scale cycles and trends. Long streamflow series can be reconstructed from tree-ring records, offering the opportunity of extending the limited hydrological instrumental data to several centuries. In northern Patagonia, Argentina, the Neuquén River has great importance for local and national socio-economic activities such as hydroelectric power generation, agriculture and tourism. In this study, new and updated tree-ring chronologies from Araucaria araucana and Austrocedrus chilensis are used to reconstruct the October–June mean streamflow for the Neuquén River and place the period of gauged flows (1903–2009), in a long-term, multi-century context. The reconstruction covers the period 1346–2000 AD and was developed from a network of 43 tree-ring chronologies, grouped in composite series, using a nested principal component regression approach. Analyses of the frequency, intensity, and duration of droughts and pluvial events indicate that the 20th century contains some of the driest and wettest annual to decadal-scale events in the last 654 yr, but longer and more severe events were recorded in previous centuries. Blackman-Tukey and singular spectral analyses identified quasiperiodic oscillations from 3.5 to 17.5 yr. A dominant 6.8-yr cycle explains ca. 23.6% of the total variance in the Neuquén River streamflow reconstruction. Correlation analyses showed that discharges of the Neuquén River are related to variations in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), a measure of air mass exchanges between middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. This association is consistent with previous studies that indicate a strong correlation between rainfall in northern Patagonia and SAM variations.
Distribution of known macrozooplankton abundance and biomass in the global ocean
Authors: Moriarty R. , Buitenhuis E. T. , Le Quéré C. , Gosselin M.-P.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Macrozooplankton are an important link between higher and lower trophic levels in the oceans. They serve as the primary food for fish, reptiles, birds and mammals in some regions, and play a role in the export of carbon from the surface to the intermediate and deep ocean. Little, however, is known of their global distribution and biomass. Here we compiled a dataset of macrozooplankton abundance and biomass observations for the global ocean from a collection of four datasets. We harmonise the data to common units, calculate additional carbon biomass where possible, and bin the dataset in a global 1 × 1 degree grid. This dataset is part of a wider effort to provide a global picture of carbon biomass data for key plankton functional types, in particular to support the development of marine ecosystem models. Over 387 700 abundance data and 1330 carbon biomass data have been collected from pre-existing datasets. A further 34 938 abundance data were converted to carbon biomass data using species-specific length frequencies or using species-specific abundance to carbon biomass data. Depth-integrated values are used to calculate known epipelagic macrozooplankton biomass concentrations and global biomass. Global macrozooplankton biomass has a mean of 8.4 μg C l−1, median of 0.15 μg C l−1 and a standard deviation of 63.46 μg C l−1. The global annual average estimate of epipelagic macrozooplankton, based on the median value, is 0.02 Pg C. Biomass is highest in the tropics, decreasing in the sub-tropics and increasing slightly towards the poles. There are, however, limitations on the dataset; abundance observations have good coverage except in the South Pacific mid latitudes, but biomass observation coverage is only good at high latitudes. Biomass is restricted to data that is originally given in carbon or to data that can be converted from abundance to carbon. Carbon conversions from abundance are restricted in the most part by the lack of information on the size of the organism and/or the absence of taxonomic information. Distribution patterns of global macrozooplankton biomass and statistical information about biomass concentrations may be used to validate biogeochemical models and Plankton Functional Type models. Original dataset http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.777398 Gridded dataset http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.777398
Addressing the impact of environmental uncertainty in plankton model calibration with a dedicated software system: the Marine Model Optimization Testbed (MarMOT 1.1 alpha)
Authors: Hemmings J. C. P. , Challenor P. G.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. A wide variety of different plankton system models have been coupled with ocean circulation models, with the aim of understanding and predicting aspects of environmental change. However, an ability to make reliable inferences about real-world processes from the model behaviour demands a quantitative understanding of model error that remains elusive. Assessment of coupled model output is inhibited by relatively limited observing system coverage of biogeochemical components. Any direct assessment of the plankton model is further inhibited by uncertainty in the physical state. Furthermore, comparative evaluation of plankton models on the basis of their design is inhibited by the sensitivity of their dynamics to many adjustable parameters. Parameter uncertainty has been widely addressed by calibrating models at data-rich ocean sites. However, relatively little attention has been given to quantifying uncertainty in the physical fields required by the plankton models at these sites, and tendencies in the biogeochemical properties due to the effects of horizontal processes are often neglected. Here we use model twin experiments, in which synthetic data are assimilated to estimate a system's known "true" parameters, to investigate the impact of error in a plankton model's environmental input data. The experiments are supported by a new software tool, the Marine Model Optimization Testbed, designed for rigorous analysis of plankton models in a multi-site 1-D framework. Simulated errors are derived from statistical characterizations of the mixed layer depth, the horizontal flux divergence tendencies of the biogeochemical tracers and the initial state. Plausible patterns of uncertainty in these data are shown to produce strong temporal and spatial variability in the expected simulation error variance over an annual cycle, indicating variation in the significance attributable to individual model-data differences. An inverse scheme using ensemble-based estimates of the simulation error variance to allow for this environment error performs well compared with weighting schemes used in previous calibration studies, giving improved estimates of the known parameters. The efficacy of the new scheme in real-world applications will depend on the quality of statistical characterizations of the input data. Practical approaches towards developing reliable characterizations are discussed.
Quantifying freshwater resource in coastal barriers: the joint use of transient electromagnetic and magnetic resonance soundings
Authors: Vouillamoz J.-M. , Hoareau J. , Grammare M. , Caron D. , Nandagiri L. , Legchenko A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Many human communities living in coastal areas in Africa and Asia rely on thin fresh water lenses for their domestic supply. Population growth together with change in rainfall patterns and sea level will probably impact these vulnerable groundwater resources. A spatial knowledge of the aquifer properties and the use of groundwater model are required for the sustainable management of the resource. This paper presents a ready-to-use methodology for estimating the key aquifer properties based on the joint use of two non-invasive geophysical tools together with common hydrological measurements. We applied the proposed methodology on a coastal sandy barrier in South-Western India. We found that the joint use of magnetic resonance and transient electromagnetic soundings allows to map the fresh water lens and to estimate the specific yield, the hydraulic conductivity, the water salinity and the water table recharge. From the geophysical results, we estimate the fresh water reserve to range between 400 and 700 l m−2 of surface area according to the location and to the season. Using time lapse geophysical measurements and common groundwater monitoring, we also estimate the recharge of a rainy event to be about 100% of the rain, and the net recharge at the end of the monsoon to be less than 10% of the rain. Thus, we conclude that a change in rainfall patterns will probably not impact the groundwater resource since most of the rain water recharging the aquifer is flowing towards the sea and the river. However, a change in sea level will impact both the groundwater reserve and net recharge.
HESS Opinions "Should we apply bias correction to global and regional climate model data?"
Authors: Ehret U. , Zehe E. , Wulfmeyer V. , Warrach-Sagi K. , Liebert J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Despite considerable progress in recent years, output of both Global and Regional Circulation Models is still afflicted with biases to a degree that precludes its direct use, especially in climate change impact studies. This is well known, and to overcome this problem bias correction (BC), i.e. the correction of model output towards observations in a post processing step for its subsequent application in climate change impact studies has now become a standard procedure. In this paper we argue that bias correction, which has a considerable influence on the results of impact studies, is not a valid procedure in the way it is currently used: it impairs the advantages of Circulation Models which are based on established physical laws by altering spatiotemporal field consistency, relations among variables and by violating conservation principles. Bias correction largely neglects feedback mechanisms and it is unclear whether bias correction methods are time-invariant under climate change conditions. Applying bias correction increases agreement of Climate Model output with observations in hind casts and hence narrows the uncertainty range of simulations and predictions without, however, providing a satisfactory physical justification. This is in most cases not transparent to the end user. We argue that this masks rather than reduces uncertainty, which may lead to avoidable forejudging of end users and decision makers. We present here a brief overview of state-of-the-art bias correction methods, discuss the related assumptions and implications, draw conclusions on the validity of bias correction and propose ways to cope with biased output of Circulation Models in the short term and how to reduce the bias in the long term. The most promising strategy for improved future Global and Regional Circulation Model simulations is the increase in model resolution to the convection-permitting scale in combination with ensemble predictions based on sophisticated approaches for ensemble perturbation. With this article, we advocate communicating the entire uncertainty range associated with climate change predictions openly and hope to stimulate a lively discussion on bias correction among the atmospheric and hydrological community and end users of climate change impact studies.
Flood modelling with a distributed event-based parsimonious rainfall-runoff model: case of the karstic Lez river catchment
Authors: Coustau M. , Bouvier C. , Borrell-Estupina V. , Jourde H.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Rainfall-runoff models are crucial tools for the statistical prediction of flash floods and real-time forecasting. This paper focuses on a karstic basin in the South of France and proposes a distributed parsimonious event-based rainfall-runoff model, coherent with the poor knowledge of both evaporative and underground fluxes. The model combines a SCS runoff model and a Lag and Route routing model for each cell of a regular grid mesh. The efficiency of the model is discussed not only to satisfactorily simulate floods but also to get powerful relationships between the initial condition of the model and various predictors of the initial wetness state of the basin, such as the base flow, the Hu2 index from the Meteo-France SIM model and the piezometric levels of the aquifer. The advantage of using meteorological radar rainfall in flood modelling is also assessed. Model calibration proved to be satisfactory by using an hourly time step with Nash criterion values, ranging between 0.66 and 0.94 for eighteen of the twenty-one selected events. The radar rainfall inputs significantly improved the simulations or the assessment of the initial condition of the model for 5 events at the beginning of autumn, mostly in September–October (mean improvement of Nash is 0.09; correction in the initial condition ranges from −205 to 124 mm), but were less efficient for the events at the end of autumn. In this period, the weak vertical extension of the precipitation system and the low altitude of the 0 °C isotherm could affect the efficiency of radar measurements due to the distance between the basin and the radar (~60 km). The model initial condition S is correlated with the three tested predictors (R2 > 0.6). The interpretation of the model suggests that groundwater does not affect the first peaks of the flood, but can strongly impact subsequent peaks in the case of a multi-storm event. Because this kind of model is based on a limited amount of readily available data, it should be suitable for operational applications.
Numerical and analytical investigation towards performance enhancement of a newly developed rockfall protective cable-net structure
Authors: Dhakal S. , Bhandary N. P. , Yatabe R. , Kinoshita N.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. In a previous companion paper, we presented a three-tier modelling of a particular type of rockfall protective cable-net structure (barrier), developed newly in Japan. Therein, we developed a three-dimensional, Finite Element based, nonlinear numerical model having been calibrated/back-calculated and verified with the element- and structure-level physical tests. Moreover, using a very simple, lumped-mass, single-degree-of-freedom, equivalently linear analytical model, a global-displacement-predictive correlation was devised by modifying the basic equation – obtained by combining the principles of conservation of linear momentum and energy – based on the back-analysis of the tests on the numerical model. In this paper, we use the developed models to explore the performance enhancement potential of the structure in terms of (a) the control of global displacement – possibly the major performance criterion for the proposed structure owing to a narrow space available in the targeted site, and (b) the increase in energy dissipation by the existing U-bolt-type Friction-brake Devices – which are identified to have performed weakly when integrated into the structure. A set of parametric investigations have revealed correlations to achieve the first objective in terms of the structure's mass, particularly by manipulating the wire-net's characteristics, and has additionally disclosed the effects of the impacting-block's parameters. Towards achieving the second objective, another set of parametric investigations have led to a proposal of a few innovative improvements in the constitutive behaviour (model) of the studied brake device (dissipator), in addition to an important recommendation of careful handling of the device based on the identified potential flaw.