bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anionic chain process mechanism for reactions of perchlorofluoroethanes with nucleophiles in solution: a theoretical study
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐Gen , Huang Ming‐Bao
Published: February 2007

Anionic chain process mechanism (including reactions (1)–(4)) suggested by the experimental investigations for the reactions of nucleophile (CH3O−) with perchlorofluoroethanes CF2ClCCl3 (1), CF2ClCCl2F (2), and CF3CCl3 (3) in solution is examined by performing calculations using the B3LYP method and the SCIPCM (self‐consistent isodensity polarizable continuum) model for simulating solution effects. The SCIPCM‐B3LYP calculations indicate that anionic species have large solvation energies and solvation energy values for different kinds of anions are quite different, which effects changes in ΔH's for the reactions in solution. Competition between anionic hyperconjugation and solvation leads to negative ΔH values for reactions (2) from 1 and 2 in solution. Reactions (3) and (4) from 1, 2, and 3 in solution are predicted to be exothermic or highly exothermic. Since the ΔH values for reactions (1) and (2) from 1 and 2 in solution are negative or small positive values, the reactions of CH3O− with 1 and 2 in solution proceed via the anionic chain process. For 3 in solution, reactions (1) and (2) are endothermic while reactions (3) and (4) are exothermic or highly exothermic. The reactions of CH3O− with 3 in solution may proceed via the anionic chain process. All these conclusions are in agreement with the experimental indications for reactions of nucleophiles with 1, 2, and 3 in solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXIX. ISO 20903: 2006—Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—methods used to determine peak intensities and information required when reporting results
Authors: Powell C. J.
Published: February 2007

This article is a brief summary of the ISO Standard 20903. This standard provides information on methods for the measurement of peak intensities in Auger electron and X‐ray photoelectron spectra and on uncertainties of the derived peak areas. It also specifies the necessary information required in a report of analytical results based on such measurements. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of genetically engineered proteins studied by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). Part A: data acquisition and principal component analysis (PCA)
Authors: Suzuki Noriaki , Gamble Lara , Tamerler Candan , Sarikaya Mehmet , Castner David G. , Ohuchi Fumio S.
Published: February 2007

Recent progress in the adaptation of combinatorial biology selection protocols to materials science has created a new class of polypeptides with specific affinity to inorganics. Here, we use one of the genetically engineered proteins, a gold binding protein (GBP‐1), to assess quantitatively its binding specificity to Au, Ag and Pd surfaces by using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF‐SIMS). The GBP‐1, originally selected using cell‐surface display techniques, consisting of 14 amino acids with a sequence of MHGKTQATSGTIQS, was used in this study. Three‐repeat and single‐repeat forms of GBP‐1 were prepared. In earlier studies, GBP‐1 was shown to bind to Au particles and self‐assemble on flat Au surfaces. Through the fingerprint analysis of these specific peptides, their role in binding can be investigated in terms of their contribution to surface interaction possibly forming the right molecular architecture for binding. To achieve this purpose, a large‐sized data matrix produced by TOF‐SIMS must be properly treated for analysis. In Part A, we use principal component analysis (PCA) to visualize the spectral variations for a variety of adsorption conditions and suggest possible contribution of the specific types of amino acids (binding site) to the interactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New York City young adults' psychological reactions to 9/11: findings from the Reach for Health longitudinal study
Authors: Agronick Gail , Stueve Ann , Vargo Sue , O'Donnell Lydia
Published: February 2007

This research examines psychological distress among 955 economically disadvantaged New York City residents surveyed during high school and again after the September 11th terrorist attacks (9/11), when they were young adults. As part of the longitudinal Reach for Health study, young adult surveys were conducted from 6–19 months post‐9/11 (average 8 months), providing opportunity to assess types of exposures and psychological distress, including symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, hopelessness, and anger. Regressions of psychological distress on 9/11 exposure were performed, controlling for high school distress, prior exposure to violence victimization, and socio‐demographic characteristics. Exposure to 9/11 was positively associated with anger, hopelessness, and PTSD symptoms and a measure of global distress. The relationship was greater among women for PTSD symptoms. Although those who reported high school distress also reported more distress in young adulthood, prior psychological distress did not moderate the relationship between exposure and psychological outcomes. Greater exposure is related to distress among those who, during high school, reported lower distress, as well as among those who reported prior greater distress.
Bringing Community Psychology Home: The Leadership, Community and Values Initiative
Authors: Cauce Ana Mari
Published: February 2007

Workplaces are amongst the most influential settings in the lives of adults and community psychologists have long been interested how to foster environments that are empowering, provide a sense of community, and support diversity. Yet, despite the fact that many community psychologists work in academic settings, there is a dearth of research that examines universities as work environments, both for faculty and staff members. This paper presents a case study of an initiative at the University of Washington, the Leadership, Community, and Values Initiative that is used a collaborative process to assess the workplace environment and effect positive changes. It is hoped that a description of key aspects of the assessment and efforts toward workplace improvement will serve as a call to community psychologists to turn more of their attention to an important setting that affects many of us, and virtually all of our students.
Partial prevention of hepatic lipid alterations in nude mice by neonatal thymulin gene therapy
Authors: García de Bravo Margarita M. , Polo Mónica P. , Reggiani Paula C. , Rimoldi Omar J. , Dardenne Mireille , Goya Rodolfo G.
Published: February 2007

During adult life athymic (nude) male mice display not only a severe T‐cell‐related immunodeficiency but also endocrine imbalances and a moderate hyperglycemia. We studied the impact of congential athymia on hepatic lipid composition and also assessed the ability of neonatal thymulin gene therapy to prevent the effects of athymia. We constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector, RAd‐metFTS, expression a synthetic DNA sequence encoding met‐FTS, an analog of the thymic peptide facteur thymique sérique (FTS), whose Zn‐bound biologically active form is known as thymulin. On postnatal day 1–2 homozygous (nu/nu) nude and heterozygous (nu/+) mice were injected with 108 pfu of RAd‐metFTS or RAd‐βgal (control vector) intramuscularly. The animals were processed at 52 d of age. Serum thymulin, glycemia, hepatic phospholipid FA compostion and free and esterified cholesterol were determined. Adult homozygous male nudes were significantly (P<0.01) hyperglycemic when compared with their heterozygous counterparts (2.04 vs. 1.40 g/L, respectively). The relative percentage of 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶1n−7 FA was lower, whereas that of 18∶0, 20∶4n−6, and 22∶6n−3 FA was higher, in hepatic phospholipid (PL) of nu/nu animals as compared with their nu/+ counterparts. Some of these alterations, such as that in the relative content of 22∶6n−3 in liver PL and the unsaturation index, were completely or partially prevented by neonatal thymulin gene therapy. We conclude that the thymus influences lipid metabolism and that thymulin is involved in this modulatory activity.
Intrasample variability of intramyocellular triacylglycerol
Authors: Zhou Lianzhen , Guo ZengKui
Published: February 2007

Intrasample variability of intramyocellular triacylglycerol (imcTG)in the skeletal muscle of rats has been examined. Aliquoting after homogenization of muscle samples reduced imcTG variability considerably compared with aliquoting before homogenization. The results suggested that skeletal muscle samples be homogenized before aliquoting in order to reduce imcTG variability.
Desaturation indices in liver, muscle, and bone of growing male and female mice fed trans‐10, cis‐12 conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Viswanadha Srikant , McGilliard Michael L. , Herbein Joseph H.
Published: February 2007

trans‐10, cis‐12‐CLA (t10,c12‐CLA) inhibits lipid deposition in adipose tissue of many species, but it also enhances lipid deposition in liver. We evaluated effects of dietary t10,c12‐CLA content and gender on carcass composition, FA profile of selected tissues, and expression of FA synthase (FAS) and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 (SCD) mRNA in adipose tissue. Male and female (63 of each) CD‐1 mice were assigned a diet containing 0.0, 0.15, or 0.30% t10,c12‐CLA at 4 wk of age. Seven mice per dietary group within gender were sacrificed after 2,4 or 6 wk. The CLA isomer caused dose‐dependent reductions in dry carcass weight and fat content, without altering protein content, but carcass fat and epididymal fat pad weights of males were reduced to a greater extent than carcass fat and inguinal fat pad weights of females. FAS and SCD mRNA in adipose tissue was more abundant in females than males, but expression in both genders decreased as the t10, c12‐CLA content of the diet increased. Although the weight of gastrocnemius muscle was not influenced by diet, total FA content of the muscle of both genders decreased in response to dietary t10,c12‐CLA content. Femur weight of male mice increased as the t10,c12‐CLA content of the diet increased, but the weight increase was associated with a reduction in total FA content. The Δ9 desaturation indices for muscle and femur suggested a linear reduction in SCD activity, whereas Δ9 indices for liver indicated linear enhancement of SCD activity. Overall, results suggested that growing male mice were more susceptible than females to t10,c12‐CLA inhibition of lipid deposition.
Biocatalysis of linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Irmak Sibel , Dunford Nurhan Turgut , Gilliland Stanley E. , Banskalieva Veneta , Eisenmenger Michael
Published: February 2007

CLA refers to a group of geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid (LA) with conjugated double bonds. CLA has been reported to have diverse health benefits and biological properties. Traditional organic synthesis is highly capital‐intensive and results in an isomeric mixture of CLA isomers. Biotechnology presents new alternatives to traditional lipid manufacturing methods. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of protein isolation procedures on linoleate isomerase (LAI) recovery from microbial cells and biocatalysis of LA to CLA. Protein isolation experiments were carried out using Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 and two strains of Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272 and ATCC 55739). Under the same assay conditions, ATCC 55739 had the highest LAI activity among the microbial cultures examined in this study. Efficiency of cell lysis methods, which included various combinations of lysozyme and mutanolysin treatments in combination with sonication and osmotic rupture of cells with liquid nitrogen, was very low. Although treatment of cell material with a detergent (octylthioglucoyranoside) freed a significant amount of LAI activity into the solution, it was not sufficient to recover all the LAI activity from the residual cells. Crude LAI preparations produced mainly the cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA isomer. Time and substrate/protein ratio had a significant effect on biocatalysis of LA to CLA. It appears that the mechanism and kinetics of enzymatic conversion of LA to CLA are quite complex and requires further research using pure LAI preparations.
Syntheses of conjugated octadecadienoic acids
Authors: Kellersmann C. , Steinhart H. , Francke W.
Published: February 2007

Three approaches for the synthesis of octadecadienoic acids with conjugated double bond systems are presented: synthesis of (10Z, 12Z)‐octadecadienoic acid via an enyne‐substructure; the use of an educt with a conjugated double bond system for the synthesis of (10E, 12E‐octadecadienoic acid; and the Suzuki cross coupling for the synthesis of (7E,9Z)‐octadecadienoic acid.
Phospholipid molecular profiles in the seed kernel from different sunflower (Helianthus annuus) mutants
Authors: Salas Joaquín J. , Martínez‐Force Enrique , Garcés Rafael
Published: February 2007

Phospholipids are essential components of plant cell membranes whose acyl composition appears to be influenced by oil composition in the sunflower. In the current study, we have determined the diacylglycerol profile of the main phospholipids using phospholipase C degradation and separation of the diacylglycerols by HPLC and GLC. The main polar lipid molecular species were defined in different classes of sunflower kernel: PC, PE, and PI. The proportions of each were determined at different stages of development in order to define the point at which the mutations carried by each sunflower line affected the phospholipid composition of the seeds. The results indicated that modifications to intraplastidial de novo FA synthesis affected the seed phospholipid profile during the whole period of the seed formation, including accumulation and maturation, whereas the influence of mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum desaturases were more readily detected at later stages of development. These results are discussed in terms of the pathways involved in glycerolipid synthesis and phospholipid conversion in sunflower seeds.
Comparative study of lipids in mature seeds of six Cordia species (family boraginaceae) collected in different regions of Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Patrícia de O. , Arrebola Melissa B. , Sawaya Alexandra C. H. F. , Cunha Ildenize B. S. , Bastos Deborah H. M. , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: February 2007

The oil content, FA, and lipid class composition of the mature seeds of six Cordia species were analyzed. Mature seeds of each species were collected in their natural habitat from 2002 to 2004. The total lipid content varied from 1.9% to 13.2%, there beings significant differences between the results found in different years for each species and between the species analyzed. The contents of FFA varied from 2.0% to 7.9% of total lipids. Neutral lipids (NL) were the largest class, making up between 89.6% and 96.4% of the total lipids; the phospholipids (PL) were the second largest class (3.0% to 8.9% of the toal lipids), and the glycolipids (GL) were the smallest class (0.6 to 3.4%). The presence of GLA was determined in each class of lipids; it is predominant in the NL. Levels of GLA ranged from 1.2% to 6.8% of total seed FA. This is, to our knowledge the first study of lipid composition in seeds of species of Cordia from Brazil.
Insulin status‐dependent alterations in lipid/phospholipid composition of rat kidney microsomes and mitochondria
Authors: Patel Samir P. , Katyare Surendra S.
Published: February 2007

Early and late effects of alloxan‐diabetes on lipid/phospholipid composition in rat kidney microsomes and mitochondria were examined. In microsomes, early diabetic state resulted in an increase in contents of total phospholipids (TPL), cholesterol (CHL), with an increase in the lysophospholipids (Lyso), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) components. The sphinogmyelin (SPM), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidic acid (PA) content decreased. Treatment with insulin had no effect on PC but PE increased and the other components decreased. In the 1‐month diabetic group PI, PS, PE, and PA components decreased, whereas Lyso and PC increased. Treatment with insulin had restorative effects on PE, PI, and PS; Lyso was further elevated whereas PA decreased. In mitochondria, at an early stage of diabetes marginally increased CHL content was restored by insulin treatment. Long‐term diabetes lowered the TPL and elevated the CHL content. Treatment with insulin partially restored the TPL and CHL content. A diabetic state decreased the proportion of PE and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) components but increased the Lyso, SPM, PC, PI, and PS components in the mitochondria. Treatment with insulin had a partial restorative effect. The membrane fluidity of both microsomes and mitochondria decreased in general in the diabetic condition and was not corrected by insulin treatment at a late stage. However, at an early stage, treatment with insulin fluidized both membranes.
Deoxycholic acid formation in gnotobiotic mice associated with human intestinal bacteria
Authors: Narushima Seiko , Itoh Kikuji , Miyamoto Yukiko , Park Sang‐Hee , Nagata Keiko , Kuruma Kazuo , Uchida Kiyohisa
Published: February 2007

In humans and animals, intestinal flora is indispensable for bile acid transformation. The goal of our study was to establish gnotobiotic mice with intestinal bacteria of human origin in order to examine the role of intestinal bacteria in the transformation of bile acids in vivo using the technique of gnotobiology. Eight strains of bile acid‐deconjugating bacteria were isolated from ex‐germ‐free mice inoculated with a human fecal dilution of 10−6, and five strains of 7α‐dehydroxylating bacteria were isolated from the intestine of limited human flora mice inoculated only with clostridia. The results of biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that seven out of eight bile acid‐deconjugating strains belong to a bacteroides cluster (Bacteroides vulgatus, B. distasonis, and B. uniformis), and one strain had high similarity with Bilophila wadsworthia. All five strains that converted cholic acid to deoxycholic acid had greatest similarity with Clostridium hylemonae. A combination of 10 isolated strains converted taurocholic acid into deoxycholic acid both in vitro and in the mouse intestine. These results indicate that the predominant bacteria, mainly Bacteroides, in human feces comprise one of the main bacterial groups for the deconjugation of bile acids, and clostridia may play an important role in 7α‐dehydroxylation of free‐form primary bile acids in the intestine although these strains are not predominant. The gnotobiotic mouse with bacteria of human origin could be a useful model in studies of bile acid metabolism by human intestinal bacteria in vivo.
Regiospecificity profiles of storage and membrane lipids from the gill and muscle tissue of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) grown at elevated temperature
Authors: Miller Matthew R. , Nichols Peter D , Barnes Julia , Davies Noel W. , Peacock Evan J. , Carter Chris G.
Published: February 2007

Regiospecific and traditional analysis, of both storage and membrane lipids, was performed on gill, white muscle, and red muscle samples taken from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to gauge the effect of elevated water temperature. The fish, fed a commercial diet, were held at an elevated water temperature of 19°C. Total n‐3 PUFA, total PUFA, and n‐3/n‐6 and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) ratios in the FA profile of the total lipid extract in the white muscle were fairly low compared with fish grown at 15°C. Adaptation of structural and storage lipids at elevated temperatures was shown by a significant (P<0.01) reduction in PUFA especially in the percentage of EPA (6–8%). Further adaptation was indicated by the percentages of SFA, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher in gill (56%) and white muscle (58%) polar lipid fractions and coincided with lower percentages of n‐3, n‐6, and total PUFA. The regiospecific profiles indicated a high affinity of DHA to the sn‐2 position in both the TAG (61–68%) and polar lipid (35–60%) fractions. The combination of detailed regiospecific and lipid analyses demonstrated adaptation of cell membrane structure in Atlantic salmon grown at an elevated water temperature.
Effects of cis‐9, trans‐11 and trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA isomers on liver and adipose tissue fatty acid profile in hamsters
Authors: Zabala A. , Portillo M. P. , Macarulla M. T. , Rodríguez V. M. , Fernández‐Quintela A.
Published: February 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cis‐9, trans‐11 and trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA on FA composition of TAG in epididymal adipose tissue and liver, and of hepatic phospholipids PL. Twenty‐four Syrian Golden hamsters were randomly divided into three groups of eight animals each and fed semipurified atherogenic diets supplemented with either 0.5 g/100g diet of linoleic acid or cis‐9, trans‐11 or trans‐12, cis‐9 CLA for 6 wk. Total lipids were extracted, and TAG and PL were separated by TLC. FA profile in lipid species from liver and adipose tissue, as well as in feces, was determined by GC. Trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA feeding significantly reduced linoleic and linolenic acids in TAG from both tissues, leading to reduced total PUFA content. Moreover, in the epididymal adipose tissue docosenoic and arachidonic acids were significantly increased. In liver PL, although no changes in individual FA were observed, total saturated FA (SFA) were decreased. No changes in TAG and PL FA profiles were induced by the cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA. TAG and PL incorporated cis‐9, trans‐11 more readily than trans‐11, cis‐12 CLA. This difference was not due to differential intestinal absorption, as shown by the analysis of feces. We concluded that only trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA induces changes in FA composition. Whereas increased PUFA content was observed in either liver or adipose tissue TAG, decreased SFA were found in liver PL. Incorporation of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA in TAG is greater than that of trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, but this is not due to differences in intestinal absorption.
Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in marine fish: Cloning, functional characterization, and nutritional regulation of fatty acyl Δ6 desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: Tocher Douglas R. , Zheng Xiaozhong , Schlechtriem Christian , Hastings Nicola , Dick James R. , Teale Alan J.
Published: February 2007

This study reports the cloning, functional characterization, tissue expression, and nutritional regulation of a Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). PCR primers were designed based on the sequences of conserved motifs in available fish desaturases and used to isolate a cDNA fragment from cod liver, with full‐length cDNA obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The cDNA for the putative desaturase was shown to comprise 1980 bp, including a 261‐bp 5′‐UTR, a 375‐bp 3′‐UTR, and an ORF of 1344 bp that specified a protein of 447 amino acids. The protein sequence included three histidine boxes, two transmembrane regions, and an N‐terminal cytochrome b5 domain containing the heme‐binding motif HPGG, all characteristic of microsomal fatty acyl desaturases. The cDNA displayed Δ6 desaturase activity in a yeast expression system. Quantitative real‐time PCR assay of gene expression in cod showed that the Δ6 desaturase gene was expressed highly in brain, to a slightly lesser extent in liver, kidney, intestine, red muscle, and gill, and at much lower levels in white muscle, spleen, and heart. The expression of the Δ6 desaturase gene did not appear to be under significant nutritional regulation, with levels in liver and intestine being barely altered in fish fed a vegetable oil blend, in comparison with levels in fish fed fish oil. This was reflected in enzyme activity, as hepatocytes or enterocytes showed very little highly unsaturated FA biosynthesis activity irrespective of diet. Further studies are required to determine why the Δ6 desaturase appears to be barely functional in cod under the conditions tested.
Fatty acid composition of muscle fat and enzymes of storage lipid synthesis in whole muscle from beef cattle
Authors: Chris Kazala E. , Lozeman Fred J. , Mir Priya S. , Aalhus Jennifer L. , Schmutz Sheila M. , Weselake Randall J.
Published: February 2007

Enhanced intramuscular fat content (i.e., marbling) in beef is a desirable trait, which can result in increased product value. This study was undertaken with the aim of revealing biochemical factors associated with the marbling trait in beef cattle. Samples of longissimus lumborum (LL) and pars costalis diaphragmatis (PCD) were taken from a group of intact crossbred males and females at slaughter, lipids extracted, and the resulting FAME examined for relationships with marbling fat deposition. For LL, significant associations were found between degree of marbling and myristic (14∶0, r=0.55, P<0.01), palmitic (16∶0, r=0.80 P<0.001), stearic (18∶0, r=−0.58, P<0.01), and oleic (18∶1c‐9, r=0.79, P<0.001) acids. For PCD, significant relationships were found between marbling and palmitic (r=0.71, P<0.001) and oleic (r=0.74, P<0.001) acids. Microsomal fractions prepared from PCD muscle were assayed for diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), and phosphatidic acid phosphatase‐1 (PAP‐1) activity, and the results examined for relationships with degree of intramuscular fat deposition. None of the enzyme activities from PCD displayed an association with marbling fat content, but DGAT specific activity showed significant positive associations with LPAAT (r=0.54, P<0.01), total PAP (r=0.66, P<0.001), and PAP‐1 (r=0.63, P<0.01) specific activities. The results on FA compositions of whole muscle tissues provide insight into possible enzyme action associated with the production of specific FA. The increased proportion of oleic acid associated with enhanced lipid content of whole muscle is noteworthy given the known health benefits of this FA.
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase: A key mediator of plant triacylglycerol synthesis
Authors: Lung Shiu‐Cheung , Weselake Randall J.
Published: February 2007

Many plants deposit TAG in seeds and fruits as the major form of storage lipid. TAG production is of tremendous socioeconomic value in food, nutraceutical, and industrial applications, and thus numerous conventional and molecular genetic strategies have been explored in attempts to increase TAG content and modify the FA composition of plant seed oils. Much research has focused on the acyl‐CoA‐dependent reaction catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), which is an integral endoplasmic reticulum protein and has also been shown to be present in oil bodies and plastids. DGAT enzymes exhibit diverse biochemical properties among different plant species, many of which are summarized here. In addition to catalyzing a critical step in TAG biosynthesis, there is evidence that DGAT has roles in lipid metabolism associated with germination and leaf senescence. TAG can also be formed in plants via two different acyl‐CoA‐independent pathways, catalyzed by phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase and diacylglycerol transacylase. The current understanding of the terminal step in TAG formation in plants and the development of molecular genetic approaches aimed at altering TAG yield and FA composition of TAG are discussed.
Enhanced incorporation of n−3 fatty acids from fish compared with fish oils
Authors: Elvevoll Edel O. , Barstad Harald , Breimo Einar S. , Brox Jan , Eilertsen Karl‐Erik , Lund Trine , Olsen Jan Ole , Østerud Bjarne
Published: February 2007

This work was undertaken to study the impact of the source of n−3 FA on their incorporation in serum, on blood lipid composition, and on cellular activation. A clinical trial comprising 71 volunteers, divided into five groups, was performed. Three groups were given 400 g smoked salmon (n=14), cooked salmon (n=15), or cooked cod (n=13) per week for 8 wk. A fourth group was given 15 mL/d of cod liver oil (CLO) (n=15), and a fifth group served as control (n=14) without supplementation. The serum content of EPA and DHA before and after intervention revealed a higher rise in EPA and DHA in the cooked salmon group (129% rise in EPA and 45% rise in DHA) as compared with CLO (106 and 25%, respectively) despite an intake of EPA and DHA in the CLO group of 3.0 g/d compared with 1.2 g/d in the cooked salmon group. No significant changes were observed in blood lipids, fibrinogen, fibrinolysis, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced tissue factor (TF) activity, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in whole blood. EPA and DHA were negatively correlated with LPS‐induced TNFα, IL‐8, LTB4, TxB2, and TF in whole blood. In conclusion, fish consumption is more effective in increasing serum EPA and DHA than supplementing the diet with fish oil. Since the n−3 FA are predominantly in TAG in fish as well as CLO, it is suggested that the larger uptake from fish than CLO is due to differences in physiochemical structure of the lipids.
Long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation into human atrium following fish oil supplementation
Authors: Garg Manohar L. , Leitch James , Blake Robert J. , Garg Rahul
Published: February 2007

Recent studies have demonstrated that long‐chain n−3 PUFA (LCn‐3PUFA) are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the extent of incorporation of LCn‐3PUFA into human atrium following supplementation with a fish oil concentrate high in LCn‐3PUFA. Volunteers preparing for coronary bypass surgery were randomized either to the treatment group (n=8), receiving 6 g/d of fish oil concentrate (4.4 g of LCn‐3PUFA), or the placebo group (n=9), receiving 6 g/d of olive oil for a minimum period of 6 wk. Blood samples were collected prior to commencement of treatment, and preoperatively before bypass surgery. Atrial biopsies were obtained during surgery. The plasma and atrium samples were analyzed by GC following trans‐methylation to determine FA profile. Post‐supplementation, the treatment group had significantly higher plasma levels of 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 than the placebo group. Analysis of the atrium total lipids revealed a significant increase in the proportion of 20∶5n−3 following fish oil supplementation. There was no significant difference in the concentration of 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in the atrium total lipids; however, an upward trend was observed in subjects receiving fish oil supplementation. In the phospholipid fraction of the atrium, both 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased, whereas 20∶4n−6 levels decreased. This study demonstrates for the first time that short‐term supplementation with fish oil concentrate results in significant incorporation of LNc‐3PUFA with a concomitant depletion of the eicosanoid substrate (20∶4n−6) in the human atrium.
Chlorinated fatty acids in lipid class fractions from cardiac and skeletal muscle of Chinook salmon
Authors: King Matthew D. , Rea Lorrie D. , Kennish John M.
Published: February 2007

Analysis of chlorinated fatty acids (CFA) in tissues can be difficult because of their low concentrations. This task becomes even more difficult when samples are from organisms living in remote locations with very little exposure to environmental contamination. Therefore, enrichment of CFA is necessary prior to analysis. In this study, CFA were enriched from fractionated lipid classes of cardiac and skeletal muscle of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to determine CFA distribution among lipid classes and tissue types and to demonstrate the sensitivity of this method to detect CFA at trace concentrations. The lipids extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscle of O. tshawytscha were separated into fractions containing TAG, FFA, and phospholipids. After transesterification, the FAME derivatives from each lipid class were analyzed by GC with a halogen‐selective detector (XSD) to determine the concentrations of dichlorostearic acid and dichloropalmitic acid. Other chlorinated compounds detected byGC‐XSD were analyzed by GC‐MS. CFA were observed in all lipid classes in both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. However, the highest concentrations of CFA were found in the phospholipids of both tissue types, about 1–2 mg/g lipid. It was also shown that dichloropalmitic acid concentrated in cardiac phospholipids whereas dichlorostearic acid was found primarily in the phospholipids of skeletal tissue. CFA concentrations in TAG and FFA fractions were below 150 mg/g lipid. This study demonstrates a small‐scale approach to the study of CFA at trace concentrations and their distribution among lipid classes.
Postprandial Lipemia is Modified by the Presence of the APOB‐516C/T Polymorphism in a Healthy Caucasian Population
Authors: Pérez‐Martínez Pablo , Pérez‐Jiménez Francisco , Ordovás José María , Moreno Juan Antonio , Marín Carmen , Moreno Rafael , Jiménez‐Gómez Yolanda , Paniagua Juan Antonio , López‐Miranda José
Published: February 2007

Apolipoprotein (apoB) plays a fundamental role in the transport and metabolism of plasma triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesterol. Several apoB polymorphic sites have been studied for their potential use as markers for coronary heart disease in the population. In view of the importance of apoB in postprandial metabolism, our objective was to determine whether the presence of the ‐516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter could influence postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects. Forty‐seven volunteers who were homozygous for the E3 allele at the APOE gene were selected (30 homozygous for the common genotype (C/C) and 17 heterozygotes for the ‐516T allele (C/T). They were given a fat‐rich meal containing 1 g fat and 7 mg cholesterol per kg body weight and vitamin A 60,000 IU/m2 body surface. Fat accounted for 60% of calories, and protein and carbohydrates for 15 and 25% of energy, respectively. Blood samples were taken at time 0, every 1 h until 6 h, and every 2.5 h until 11 h. Total cholesterol and TAGs in plasma, and cholesterol, TAGs and retinyl palmitate in triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins (large and small triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins) were determined by ultracentrifugation. Individuals carrying the C/T genotype presented greater postprandial concentrations of TAGs in small triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins than did carriers of the C/C genotype (P = 0.022). Moreover, C/T individuals presented higher concentrations of plasma TAGs during the postprandial period than did C/C subjects (P = 0.039). No other statistically significant genotype‐related differences for other parameters were observed. These results suggest that the presence of the genotype C/T is associated with a higher postprandial response. Thus, the allele variability in the ‐516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter may partly explain the interindividual differences in postprandial lipemic response in healthy subjects.
Selected traditional structural descriptors and RM values for estimation and prediction of lipophilicity of homologous series of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Pyka Alina , Bober Katarzyna
Published: February 2007

An homologous series of carboxylic FA, from methanoic to triacontanoic, were characterized by selected structural descriptors based on distance matrix (W, A, 0B, 1B), adjacency matrix (M, Mv, 0χ, 1χ, 2χ, 0χv, 1χv, 2χv, F, N2), and information theory (ISA, ) as well as electrotopological states. Saturated FA, from pentanoic to eicosanoic as well as from heptanoic to tricontanoic acids, were separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance TLC (RP‐HPTLC) using mobile phases of methanol/water. The relationships existing between experimental partition coefficients (log Pexp), partition coefficients obtained from an Internet database (IAlogP and ClogPTM), and RM values (obtained by means of RP‐HPTLC, where RMis the hydrophobicity index) or structural descriptors (based on adjacency matrix: M, Mν, 0χ, 1χ, 2χ, 0χv, 1χv, 2χv, F, N2 and information theory: ISA, ) of saturated FA were investigated. Comparison and estimation of the usefulness of RM values and selected structural descriptors for calculating and predicting partition coefficients of saturated FA are the novel components of the work presented. The authors found that both values for RM and structural descriptors can serve for calculating and predicting the partition coefficients of FA investigated; but the selected traditional structural descriptors better describe the partition coefficients than the RM values.
Environmental effects on fatty acid levels in soybean seed oil
Authors: Hou Guangyun , Ablett Gary R. , Pauls K. Peter , Rajcan Istvan
Published: February 2007

FA composition determines the quality of vegetable oil. Soybean breeders have generated and used mutations in FA genes to develop altered FA profiles in the seed. However, the expression of the alleles and the relative activity of the gene products are often dependent on the environment, and these facts have hampered the breeding efforts. To investigate the environmental effect on FA composition of soybean seed oil in specific mutant material developed at the University of Guelph, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from a cross between a low palmitate (16∶0) line and a high‐stearate (18∶0) parent. The RIL population was field‐tested across three environments over 2 yr. A combined ANOVA for FA composition was conducted to determine the year and location effects on the expression of FA alleles in this material. The results indicated that linolenic (18∶3) level was most vulnerable to the environmental changes. Year effects accounted for a greater amount of variance than location effects for 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1, whereas location effects were more important than year effects for the relative amounts of 18∶2 and 18∶3. Genotype × environment (year, location) interaction effects were significant for the relative amounts of all five FA according to the combined ANOVA. Our results indicated that the extreme minimum daily temperatures during September seed fill period, rather than the means or the maximum temperature, may be responsible for the ratio of saturated vs. unsaturated FA in soybean oil.
Effect of rosehip extraction process on oil and defatted meal physicochemical properties
Authors: Concha J. , Soto C. , Chamy R. , Zúñiga M. E.
Published: February 2007

The physicochemical properties of oil from Rosa affinis rubiginosa seeds were analyzed after extraction by (i) organic solvent, (ii) cold pressing, and (iii) cold pressing assisted by enzymatic pretreatment using a mixture of the Novo‐Nordisk A/S products Cellubrix (cellulase and hemicellulase activities) and Olivex (pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase activities). There were no significant differences in oil quality parameters, such as iodine value, refractive index, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, and FA profile, when applying any of the three extraction processes. Although significant variations were observed in FFA content (acid value) and PV of the oil obtained by both of the cold‐pressing oil extraction processes, these results were lower than the maximum value established from the Codex Alimentarius Commission. All‐trans‐retinoic acid content improved by 700% in rosehip oil obtained through cold pressing, with and without enzymatic pretreatment, in comparison with organic solvent extraction. This result is quite important for cosmetic oil because all‐trans‐retinoic acid is the main bioactive component responsible for the regenerative properties of this oil.
Characterization of proteins in Cuphea (PSR23) seeds
Authors: Evangelista Roque L. , Wu Y. Victor , Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P.
Published: February 2007

This study characterized the proteins in Cuphea (PSR23) seed to provide fundamental information on their size, amino acid profile, solubility classes, and solubility behavior. The seed contained 32% (dry basis, db) oil and 21% (db) crude protein. Over 70% of the protein was extracted at pH 11.6. Nonprotein nitrogen accounted for 9% of the total N content. Compared with the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University suggested pattern of requirements, Cuphea PSR23 seed protein had sufficient amounts of methionine+cystine‐cysteine, considerable amounts (90%) of valine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, but was practically devoid of tryptophan. Lysine was the second‐most limiting essential amino acid at 68%. Glutelins and albumins accounted for 83.5 and 15.4%, respectively, of the total protein extracted. SDS‐PAGE showed that Cuphea protein subunits had M.W. ranging from <6.5 to 110 kDa. Dominant protein subunits in albumins had M.W. of 30, 40, 50, and 86 kDa. Glutelins had two major protein subunits with M.W. of 15 and 30 kDa. The distribution of essential amino acids was better in the albumin and glutelin fractions than in the defatted meal.
Compositional characteristics of protein ingredients prepared from high‐sucrose/low‐stachyose soybeans
Authors: Deak Nicolas A. , Murphy Patricia , Johnson Lawrence A.
Published: February 2007

High‐sucrose/low‐stachyose (HS/LS) soybeans contained lower total concentrations of free sugars (13.3%), less stachyose (0.7%), and more galactinol (0.7%) (galactopyranosylmyo‐inositol) than the control normal soybeans (14.9, 5.1, and 0.2%, respectively). A low‐fiber soybean protein concentrate (LFSPC) process was developed, which is especially suited to HS/LS soybeans, by which defatted soy flour is merely extracted with alkali to remove fiber and then neutralized and dried to produce the protein‐rich soluble fraction. Two different pH values (7.5 and 8.5) were used in extracting protein, and these LFSPC were compared with traditional ethanol‐washed soy protein concentrate (EWSPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI) prepared from both normal and HS/LS soybeans. The LFSPC had slightly lower yields of solids and protein (∼70 and ∼81%, respectively) than conventional FWSPC (∼77 and ∼93%, respectively) but much higher than conventional SPI (∼42 and ∼70%, respectively). The LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained significantly (P<0.05) more protein (∼66% protein content) than LFSPC prepared from normal soybeans (∼63%). Total isoflavone contents of the LFSPC (∼12 μmol/g) were significantly higher than for EWSPC (∼1.5 Ìmol/g) or SPI (∼10 μmol/g). The LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained higher sugar contents (∼15%) than either traditional EWSPC (∼2.5%) or SPI (∼1.5%); but the sums of stachyose and raffinose were only ∼1% for the LFSPC compared with ∼1% for EWSPC and 0.5% for SPI prepared from normal soybeans.
Extraction and purification of oryzanol from rice bran oil and rice bran oil soapstock
Authors: Narayan A. V. , Barhate R. S. , Raghavarao K. S. M. S.
Published: February 2007

Oryzanol is an important value‐added co‐product of the rice and rice bran‐refining processes. The beneficial effects of oryzanol on human health have generated global interest in developing facile methods for its separation from rice bran oil soapstock, a by‐product of the chemical refining of rice bran oil. In this article we discuss the isolation of oryzanol and the effect that impurities have on its extraction and purification. Presented are the principles behind the extraction (solid‐liquid or liquid‐liquid extraction, and other methods) of these unit operations covered in selected patents. Methods other than extraction such as crystallization or precipitation‐based or a combination of these unit operations also are reviewed. The problems encountered and the ways to solve them during oryzanol extraction, such as prior processing and compositional variation in soapstock, resistance to mass transfer, moisture content and the presence of surface active components, which cause emulsion formation, are examined. Engineering inputs required for solving problems such as saponification, increasing mass transfer area, and drying methods are emphasized. Based on an analysis of existing processes, those having potential to work in large‐scale extraction processes are presented.
Monooxygenase system of Bacillus megaterium ALA2: Studies on linoleic acid epoxidation products
Authors: Hou Ching T.
Published: February 2007

Bacillus megaterium ALA2 produces many oxygenated FA from linoleic acid: 12,13‐dihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; 12,13,17‐trihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; 12,13,16‐trihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; 12‐hydroxy‐13,16‐epoxy‐9 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid; and 12,17;13,17‐diepoxy‐16‐hydroxy‐9 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid. Recently, we studied the monooxygenase system of B. megaterium ALA2 by comparing its palmitic acid oxidation products with those of the well‐studied catalytically self‐sufficient P450 monooxygenase of B. megaterium ATCC 14581 (NRRL B‐3712) and of B. subtilis strain 168 (NRRI B‐4219). We found that their oxidation products are identical, indicating that their monooxygenase systems (hydroxylation) are similar. Now, we report that strain ALA2 epoxidizes linoleic acid to 12,13‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 9,10‐epoxy‐12 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid, the initial products in the linoleic acid oxidation. The epoxidation enzyme did not oxidize specific double bond of the linoleic acid. The epoxidation activity of strain ALA2 was compared with the above‐mentioned two Bacillus strains. These two Bacillus strain also produced 12,13‐expoxy‐9 (Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 9,10‐epoxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid, indicating that their epoxidation enzyme systems might be similar. The ratios of epoxy FA production by these three strains (A1 A2, NRRI B‐3712, and NRRI B‐4219) were, respectively, 5.56∶0.66∶0.18 for 12,13‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid and 2.43∶0.41∶0.57 for 9,10‐epoxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenoic acid per 50 mL medium per 48 h.
Effect of rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa) extract on the performance of chilean hazelnut oil (Gevuina avellana Mol.) at high temperature
Authors: Robert P. , Romero N. , Ortiz J. , Masson L. , Barrera‐Arellano D.
Published: February 2007

The effect of the addition of rosa mosqueta husk extract (RME) on thermal oxidation of nontreated (HZO) and treated (THZO) Chilean hazelnut seed oil was evaluated at 180°C for 18 h. THZO to which was added 339 mg/kg of α‐tocopherol was used as a comparison model because RME supplied 314 mg/kg of α‐tocopherol. Formation of polar compounds and degradation of tocols and carotenoid, pigments were studied in these model systems. Degradation of trans‐rubixanthin, trans‐lycopene, and trans‐β‐carotene followed a pseudo first‐order kinetics model. These pigments showed the same degradation rate in both HZO and THZO. The addition of RME to HZO and THZO decreased significantly (P<0.05) the formation of polar compounds, lead to less degradation of tocols, and improved their oxidative stability with respect to oils without RME. This behavior can be attributed to carotenoid‐tocopherol interaction, suggesting that these pigments can protect tocols against degradation at high temperature.
Effects of cooking and screw‐pressing on functional properties of Cuphea PSR23 seed proteins
Authors: Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P. , Evangelista Roque L.
Published: February 2007

This investigation determined the effects of oil processing conditions on some functional properties of Cuphea PSR23 seed proteins to evaluate their potential for value‐added uses. Flaked Cuphea seeds were cooked at 82°C (180°F) for 30, 75, or 120 min in the seed conditioner and then screw‐pressed to extract the oil. Cooked flakes and press cakes were analyzed for proximate composition and protein functional properties. Results were compared with those of unprocessed ground, defatted Cuphea seeds. Protein from unprocessed Cuphea seeds had excellent emulsifying properties, poor foaming properties, poor solubility (10%) at pH 4–7, and much greater solubility at pH 2 and 10 (57 and 88%, respectively). Solubility profiles showed that cooking the flaked seeds to 82°C for 30 min resulted in a 50–60% reduction in soluble proteins. Cooking for 120 min gave <6% soluble proteins at all pH levels. Cooking for 75 min gave good oil yields but also resulted in <10% soluble proteins at pH 2–7 and 25% soluble proteins at pH 10. Seed cooking and screw pressing during oil extraction had significant detrimental effects on the solubility of Cuphea seed protein but generally improved its foaming capacity and emulsifying activity.