bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A synoptic climatological evaluation of the changes in the CSIRO nine‐level model with doubled CO2 in the New Zealand region
Authors: Kidson John W. , Watterson Ian G.
Published: February 2007

A synoptic climatological evaluation of the output of the CSIRO nine‐level model shows differences from the climatology derived by Kidson from ECMWF analyses for 1980–1988. The model climatology includes more days with winds from the westerly quarter, and fewer anticyclones are found to the south and south‐east of New Zealand. The difference in climate between the single and doubled CO2 runs was relatively small using the synoptic classes derived from the ECMWF analyses, and an alternative set of daily classifications was obtained from the model data.

Significant differences between the single and doubled CO2 runs were then apparent, particularly in the winter season. The number of highs to the west of New Zealand decreased and both cyclonic and anticyclonic south‐west flow on to the country increased. Mean departures in the climatic elements were obtained for days in which a good match was obtained between the model‐derived synoptic classes and ECMWF analyses. These suggested that more rain should fall on the south and west of the country with increasing CO2. Relative to the overall warming trend, minimum temperatures may be a little higher in the central and western North Island and maximum temperatures lower in the south of the South Island and higher in the east of the North Island. Bright sunshine may decline slightly, and more wind is expected over the North Island.
Rainfall variability in subequatorial America and Africa and relationships with the main sea‐surface temperature modes (1951–1990)
Authors: Moron Vincent , Bigot Sylvain , Roucou Pascal
Published: February 2007

The rainfall variability of subequatorial South America and Africa is poorly documented owing to the scarcity of data. We present a new land‐only data set of monthly precipitation from 1951 to 1990, focusing on subequatorial South America and Africa, which improves the knowledge of rainfall variability and allows comparisons with GCM outputs. The results of multivariate analyses are compared with those performed on the best actual global rainfall data set developed by Mike Hulme. The main modes of bimonthly rainfall variability are not located in the major rain‐forest basins of Zaïre and Amazonia, but rather on the tropical margins, such as Venezuela or Sudan, and near‐coastal equatorial areas, such as Guyana, Nordeste, Guinea, and Gabon. A regionalization into 13 homogeneous areas selected from the multivariate analyses is proposed. The statistical links between the rainfall variability and the four main sea‐surface temperature modes indicate a strong influence of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon upon South America (less/more rainfall during an El Niño/La Niña event) and a weaker impact, modulated by the Atlantic thermal state, upon Africa. The impact of ENSO events seems stronger since 1965 than before.
On the linearity and stability of Southern Oscillation‐climate relationships for New Zealand
Authors: Mullan A. B.
Published: February 2007

Previous research has highlighted the existence of significant linear correlations of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with mean sea‐level pressure in the Australasian region and with patterns of rainfall and temperature anomalies in New Zealand. The issue of the Southern Oscillation influence on New Zealand climate is revisited here, with emphasis on whether climate anomalies during the El Niño and La Niña extremes are indeed equal and opposite, as assumed in any linear analysis. The consistency of SOI‐climate relationships over time is also assessed by comparing analyses before and after 1950.

A linear regression analysis of seasonally stratified rainfall and temperature data from a number of New Zealand sites is carried out, but in addition a test for a simple form of non‐linearity (namely bilinearity) is applied. In a separate but complementary analysis, which does not impose a linear structure on the anomalies, climate data are composited for periods representing extremes of the Southern Oscillation. Both analyses show that although it is often reasonable to assume a reversal between El Niño and La Niña, non‐linearities are also evident and particularly so in southern parts of New Zealand in the winter and spring seasons. At all the central and southern South Island sites analysed, winter temperatures were colder than average at both extremes of the Southern Oscillation.

In the earlier record prior to about 1950, the pattern of SOI‐related climate anomalies also appears substantially different to more recent teleconnection patterns.
Adsorption of Copper by Soils in aqueous media at different temperatures
Authors: Lal S. , De S. K. , Chandra S.
Published: February 2007

Soils of Azamgarh, U.P. have been found to fix copper fairly in good amounts. The fixation is found to be endothermic and is accompanied by a decrease in the resultant pH. The fixation is more with loam soils and generally increases with the depth of soil. pH, sesquioxide, magnesium oxide, exchangeable magnesium and C/N ratio have been found to affect the fixation. Copper is fixed as Cu(OH)+ in the acid systems.
Verlauf des Zelluloseabbaus in einer Braunerde unter einer Goldhaferwiese bei unterschiedlicher Düngung
Authors: Schnetter Marie‐Luise
Published: February 2007

Course of cellulose decomposition in a brown earth under a Trisetum flavescens – meadow after different fertilization

The cellulose decomposition in the soil of a Trisetum flavescens‐meadow untreated and treated with NPK. and PK fertilizer was determined by means of burial of pieces of cellophane. The rate of decomposition of the cellulose film was chosen as a measure of cellulolytic activity in soil.

The cellulolytic activity had its maximum in the summer months and near the surface. The decrease with increasing depth was more obvious in the untreated lot than in the lot treated with NPK fertilizer.

Under field conditions the influence of fertilization on the cellulolytic activity was low. In the laboratory there was a slight effect of the addition of soil from the NPK‐lot on the decomposition of filter paper only with a slightly alkaline nutritive solution.

The determination of soil cellulose content and mineralization of soil cellulose showed no differences between fertilized and untreated soil.
Neue Methoden zur Charakterisierung und Identifizierung quellungsfähigen Dreischichttonminerale
Authors: Lagaly G. , Weiss Armin
Published: February 2007

New methods for characterisation and identification of swelling clay minerals

The determination of the layer charge and the charge distribution in mica‐type layer silicates are described. The method is based upon cation exchange of the inorganic interlayer cations against n‐alkyl‐ammonium ions. It simply requires the determination of basal spacings by X‐ray measurements.
Über die Bildung sequenzisomerer Dreischichtsilicate bei der Aufbereitung von Tonmineralen
Authors: Lagaly G. , Weiss Armin
Published: February 2007

Formation of sequence isomers of layer silicates

By formation of sequence isomers the swelling clay minerals can be altered by procedures used in the investigation of soils. The reasons are discussed.
Methodenvergleich zur pH‐Bestimmung von Böden
Authors: Schachtschabel P.
Published: February 2007

Comparison of methods for determining of soil‐pH

Comparative studies are being described of pH‐determinations in suspensions with m‐KCl, 0.1 m‐KCl, 0.01 m‐CaCl2 and water of soils derived from loess and sand.

For a standard the pH‐values in 0.01 m‐CaCl2‐suspensions were chosen, considering, that such CaCl2‐solution reflects best conditions in natural soil solution. Mean differences of pH(H2O)‐, m‐KCl‐ and 0.1 m‐KCl‐values as compared to pH(CaCl2)‐values were + 0.56, — 0.27 and — 0.02 for the soils derived from loess, and + 0.63, — 0.11 and + 0.18 for those from sand.

Taking into account the pH‐dependence of the difference pH(CaCl2)‐values were + 0.56 – 0.11, — 0.27 – 0.26 and — 0.02 – 0.21, for the soils derived from loess, and + 0.63 – 0.21, — 0.11 – 0.14 and + 0.18 – 0.10 for those from sand.

Taking into account the pH‐dependence of the difference of pH(H2O)‐values of sandy soils, and its dependence on the present electrolyte content with all soils, further the unequal differences of the pH(KCl)‐values with soils from loess as compared to sand, and their particular large variability with soils from loess, it is being argued that the CaCl2‐method may only insufficiently be substitued by any one of these methods.

pH‐values obtained at a soil‐to‐liquid‐ratio of 1:2.5 were only slightly different from those with a ratio of 1:1.

A suspension effect could not be observed with the application of a glasselectrode.
Sephadex‐Gelfiltration von Huminsäuren und deren Gehalt an Aminosäuren
Authors: Pospisil F. , Cvikrova M.
Published: February 2007

Gel filtration on Sephadex of humic acids and their content of amino acids

Brown humic substances from the Ah of an iron‐humus podzol were separated on Sephadex G 25 into three fractions. The first fraction (Ve/Vo = 1.0–1.5) has the lowest value of Q 4/6 (5.0–8.0), the second the highest Q 4/6 (10.0–12.0) and the third a middle one (8.0–10.5). The adsorption effect may take place during separation.

The asymmetric form of the integral elution curves of the first fraction indicated that the humic substances are a set of particles with different size. The separation is influenced by diffusion into the pores of gel matrix.

In the first fraction were determined 16, in the second 13 and in the third 10 amino acids.

The titration curves of the first fraction (after separation on G 25) indicated that the rate of pH change with alkali added becomes its maximum at pH 6.5–7.5 at different ionic strengths.

Dialysed humic acids (H+ form) were fractionated on G 75. The alkali consumption up to pH 7.5 in the eluate shows that small amounts of mineral acids increase the conductivity of the solution. Their Ve is lower than that of the second fraction of humic acids. Therefore it is impossible to determine the alkali consumption by the second fraction and by the humic acids as a whole without their total desalting.
P‐Dynamik weicherdiger Rohphosphate und Probleme der Bodenuntersuchung
Authors: Gutser R. , Amberger A.
Published: February 2007

The Phosphorus Dynamics of Soft Raw Phosphate and Soil Investigation Problems

In long term trials with a brown earth, pH 6.2 and a pseudogley, pH 4.9 and 6.0 when limed, yield and phosphorus uptake were compared with available phosphorus, as estimated by different methods, including Chang and Jackson's phosphorus fractionation. The evaluation of soil investigations depends very much on the dynamics of the site, especially when soft raw phospates are being examined. The rate of availability to plants of apatite rock phosphates depends on pH, the biological activity of the soil and on its transformation power. Soft raw phosphates lead to increased levels of calcium phosphates in soils of higher pH. Available phosphorus is often over estimated in soils where P transformation is in fact low due to the ready extractability of calcium phosphates inherent in some methods. This especially applies to the lactate (Egner‐Riehm) and the lactate‐acetate (Egner‐Riehm‐Domingo) methods. Soil testing methods must be verified against plant trials. Soil type and nutrient dynamics must be considered to give accurate evaluation; Chang and Jackson's phosphorus fractionation is helpful.
Influence of Parent Material and Slope Exposure on Properties of Soils Related to Erodibility in North Central Anatolia
Authors: Balct A. Nihat
Published: February 2007

Einfluß des Muttergesteins und der Hangneigung Nord‐Zentral‐Anatolischer Böden auf ihre Eigenschaften bezüglich der Erodierbarkeit

Die Böden des Untersuchungsgebietes in Zentralanatolien sind stark erosionsgefährdet. Das Muttergestein hat dabei einen deutlichen Einfluß auf Bodeneigenschaften, die mit der Erodierbarkeit in Zusammenhang stehen.

Das Dispersions‐Verhältnis (der Index für die Erodierbarkeit) und verschiedene andere Bodeneigenschaften weisen auf verschiedenen Muttergesteinen signifikante Unterschiede auf. Nach den Dispersions‐Verhältnissen nimmt die potentielle Erodierbarkeit von Böden der folgenden vier Ausgangssubstrate von links nach rechts zu:

Es ergab sich, daß die Böden südexponierter Hänge signifikant stärker erodierbar waren als Böden aus Nordhängen. Das liegt wahrscheinlich an den höheren Humus‐und Tongehalten der nordexponierten Probeflächen.

Die organische Substanz der Oberböden (0–15 cm) ist signifikant höher als die der Unterböden (15–30 cm). Für den Kiesgehalt und für das spezifische Gewicht der Böden ergeben sich umgekehrte Verhältnisse.

Die Humus‐, Kies‐ und Tongehalte weisen hochsignifikante negative Korrelationen zum Dispersions‐Verhältnis auf, im Gegensatz zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und zum Schluffgehalt, die mit der Erodierbarkeit signifikant positiv korreliert sind. Es ergeben sich zahlreiche weitere brauchbare Beziehungen zwischen dem Dispersions‐Verhältnis und verschiedenen anderen Bodeneigenschaften. Diese Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 4 und 5 dargestellt.
Bodenatmung, Stickstoffmineralisation und Humusabbau ostafrikanischer Böden nach Trocknung und Wiederbefeuchtung
Authors: Jagnow G.
Published: February 2007

Soil respiration, nitrogen mineralization and humus decomposition of East African soils after drying and remoistening

Soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization of 51 East African cultivated, savanna and forest soils were compared after 3 and 21 weeks of air drying. The average soil respiration after 21 weeks of drying was 1.221 ± 0.106 times higher than that after 3 weeks of drying whereas the average nitrogen mineralization was not increased significantly (factor 1.132 ± 0.256). The increase in soil respiration was correlated positively with the water soluble organic matter.

During air dryings of 3 days and moist incubations of 4 days at 30°C, which were repeated 20 times in 10 soils, 3–10% of the organic carbon and 8–19% of the organic nitrogen (low humus vertisol 69%) were mineralized. Changes in the amount and the extinction of humic and fulvic acids were considered to be indicative for an increased humification during the drying and remoistening of soils.
Aufnahme und Verlagerung von 42K und 86Rb bei jungen Gerstenpflanzen in Abhängigkeit von einer Calcium‐Behandlung der Wurzeln
Authors: Meschgi H. , Herwig K.
Published: February 2007

Uptake and translocation of 42 and 86Rb by young seedlings in relation to different calcium levels in the root medium

The uptake of 42K and 86Rb by 8‐d.‐old barley seedlings was studied after 4 h period in solutions containing either 42K or 86Rb (1 mmol 42KNO3 + 1 mmol KCl; 1 mmol 86RbCl + 1 mmol RbNO3). The amount of 42K was 56% and 20% higher than that of 86Rb in the roots and shoots respectively (Pict. 1). Increasing the level of Ca in the root medium enhanced 42 86Rb uptake. However the translocation rate of 86Rb in the shoot was relatively lower than that of 42K. In view of the content in the roots both elements were translocated to the shoot in a similar percentage (Table 1).
Einfluß von Kupfer‐ und Stickstoffmangel auf die Aktivität der Phenoloxidase und den Gehalt an Phenolen in den Blättern der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Judel G. K.
Published: February 2007

Effect of copper and nitrogen deficiency on phenol oxidase activity and content of phenols in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

In sunflower leaves of different insertion height the activity of phenol oxidase during the course of the whole vegetation period was determined. In leaves of normal plants this activity reached its maximum during the period of most intensiv growth and decreased continuously with increasing age. The highest activity was found in cotyledons. In normal leaves this maximum decreased with increasing insertion height.

Copper deficiency led in cotyledons to a small, in leaves to a severe inhibition of the phenol oxidase activity. Here the decrease of copper content always led to an unproportional decrease of the enzyme activity. After the middle of July, no phenol oxidase activity in leaves of copper deficient plants could be determined.

Nitrogen deficiency decreased the yield considerably, while it was lowering the phenol oxidase activity only slightly. Orthodihydroxyphenols, as substrates of phenol oxidase, showed a negative correlation to the enzym activity: The stronger the suppression of the phenol oxidase activity, the higher was the rise of the orthodiphenol content in full expanded leaves.

With unsufficient copper supply the plants showed only week deficiency symptoms, although the phenol oxidase activity was completly inhibited. Therefore it is presumed that in sunflower leaves the role of phenol oxidase can partly be taken over by other enzymes.
Ein Gerät zur Herstellung spektrochemischer und anderer homogen zu mischender Proben
Authors: Heilenz S.
Published: February 2007

An apparatus for homogeneous micro‐grinding of spectrochemical and other samples

1. For spectrochemical analysis of solid substances, mixtures which must fulfil definite criteria are required. The degree of the needed purity, completeness and homogeneity is described.

2. To obtain homogeneous material, the substance must be finely ground within a short time. The grinding problem was solved by developing an apparatus which includes a modefied mortar and pestle. Special points of construction which guarantee the specifications of grinding are given for both operation and efficiency.

3. The construction of the apparatus which is now manufactured is elucidated. The method of the applied test of qualifications is outlined.
Abbau und Auswaschung von Chlorcholinchlorid bei Weizen
Authors: Bohring J.
Published: February 2007

Decomposition of Chlorocholine Chloride in Wheat Plants and its Leaching from leaves

The decomposition of 14C‐labeled chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in intact plants and its leaching by rainfall were investigated in pot trials with spring and winter wheat. The results can be summerized as follows:

CCC is relatively stable in intact plants and is rather not metabolized. Nearly all CCC applied to the leaves or the roots of the young plants was found as undecomposed CCC in later growth stages (Table 1 and 2).

Only a small amount of decomposition products containing 14C could be dedected in the wheat plants. After treatment 94–98 and 2–6 per cent of the total activity were found in the CCC and choline fraction respectively without significant variation throughout the experimental period (Table 1 and 2).

A great part of the CCC sprayed on the plants in the juvenile stage was leached by rain during the vegetation period (Fig. 1).

The mobility of CCC in the plants is low. Only a small part of the CCC amount applied to the leaves moves to the stalks and ears and to the leaves developed after CCC application (Fig. 2).
Einfluß von Ammonium‐ und Nitratstickstoff, Eisenchelaten und CCC auf den Chlorophyll‐ und Gesamtzukerghalt der Blätter chlorotischer, immergrüner Pflanzen auf alkalischen Böden Isfahans
Authors: Farrabi‐Aschtiam Sadegh
Published: February 2007

Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, iron chelates and CCC on the chlorophyll and carbohydrat content in leaves of chlorotic, periwinkle plants an alkaline soils in Isfahan

In pot experiments with periwinkle plants on alkaline soils the effect of nitrogen fertilization, iron chelats and cycocel in treating iron chlorosis was studied.

High amounts of calcium nitrate produced chlorosis, followed by a general decrease in plant growth, while the same amount of ammonium sulfat prevent chlorosis and increased chlorophyll content and production of dry matter.

In chlorotic plants both the chlorophyll and sugar content was increased by spraying with iron chelate, and with cycocel as well.
Der Einfluß isoosmotischer Lutrol‐ und Salzlösungen auf die Chlorophyllkonzentration und das Chlorophyll‐a/b‐Verhältnis bei Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Herwig K. , Raafat A.
Published: February 2007

The influence of isoosmotic Lutrol‐ and salt solutions upon the chlorophyll‐concentration and chlorophyll a/b ratio of Phaseolus vulgaris

The behaviour of the chlorophyll status of Phaseolus vulgaris was studied under the influence of different isoosmotic Lutrol and salt solutions in the root medium.

Phaseolus seedlings, 12 days old, were raised in a nutrient solution containing isoosmotic concentrations of 0.54 (control); 1.26; 2.82 and 4.68 atm. created by either Lutrol or salts (40% chlorine, 60% sulfate). An increase in the osmotic pressure of the primary and normal leaves generally paralleled the increase in the osmotic pressure of the media with a more pronounced effect in the case of salts than in Lutrol. Mean values of osmotic pressure of both primary and normal leaves during the sampling period were 6.19; 10.35 and 12.98 atm. for control, Lutrol III and salt III respectively.

Increasing the osmotic pressure of the media due to salts resulted in a significant decrease of the chlorophyll content of primary leaves (mean value during the sampling period: Cont.: 19.8 μg/cm2; salt II: 12.7 μ/cm2; salt III: 6.3 μg/cm2), accompanied with a decreasing tendency in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. Such effect was only detectable in the case of the highest Lutrol concentration at the end of the experiment. However, the mean values of the sampling period did not show any significant variation from those of controls (Lutrol II: 18.9 μg/cm2; Lutrol III: 16.1 μg/cm2). Both types of osmoticum decreased remarkably the total chlorophyll amount of normal leaves. This behaviour resulted more clearly from a reduction in the leaf area than from the decrease in the chlorophyll concentration.

The mechanism of plant response to changes in the osmotic pressure of the medium seemed to depend mainly on the type of osmoticum affecting such variations. In general the changes in the osmotic pressure created by salts affected both mature and developing leaves i.e. primary and normal leaves respectively, whereas such changes in the case of Lutrol affected mainly the latter organs.
Untersuchungen über die Freisetzung der Bioelemente aus der organischen Substanz der Humusauflage in einem Buchenbestand
Authors: Mayer R.
Published: February 2007

Investigations on the Transfer of Bioelements from Organic Matter to Soil Solution in the Humus Layer of a Beech Stand

Monthly and annual fluxes of bioelements were measured in two levels: (a) at the soil surface (= input) and (b) at the lower boundary of the humus layer (= output) by determination of amount and concentration of the precipitation (canopy drip), of the litter and of the seepage. Seepage was collected with funnel lysimeters. By comparison of both fluxes (input‐output‐analysis) for some bioelements mathematical equations could be derived which describe the transfer of these elements from organic matter to soil solution. The results are explained as consequence of the different bonds of the elements in leaf tissues and in humus substances.
System und Produkt in der Entwicklung von Daucus carota
Authors: Linser H. , Zeid F. A.
Published: February 2007

System and product in the development of Daucus carota

1. Like in wheat and oil radish, also in the carrot plant, a plant with a vegetative storage organ (the taproot), the synthesis of “system” and “product” in the leaves can be divided into two successive phases: after a period of system synthesis follows a somewhat longer period of product synthesis.

2. The transition of metabolism from system synthesis to product synthesis occurs at about the 50th day after sowing and this transition is lower and less pronounced than in wheat or oil radish.

3. The synthesis of system by the system of the leaves amounted to about 15% per day (of system weight) at the 50th day of the experiment. The synthesis of product of whole plants by the system of leaves amounted to 25% ‐ per day.

4. Additional application of nitrogen before the 75th day of the experiment altered the relation product: system (in the dry matter) in flavour of system.

5. Up to the 100th day of the experiment dry matter of leaves was increased whereas the increase of dry matter in the roots was observed up to the 140th day.

6. Successive leaves contained a higher percentage of system (on total dry matter) at emergence of leaves in younger plants than in older ones. Apparently a connection between the percentage of system in total dry matter of the whole plants as correlated to the age of the plants and the content of system in the young developing leaves does exist. The conditions in the newly emerging leaves seem to be dependent on the age of the whole plant.

7. As far as determined the synthesis of system by the system in each leaf in a leaf succession is not in contradiction to the assumption that system synthesis commences with similar relatively high values. During the vegetation period the system synthesis (in % of system weight/day) decreases and after the 25th to the 30th day (after the beginning of the analysis) it approaches zero.
CCC‐Rückstände im reifen Weizenkorn
Authors: Kühbauch W. , Amberger A.
Published: February 2007

CCC‐Residues in wheat kernels during the ripening process

By a new method of column chromatography CCC‐residues were determined in kernels of wheat during the ripening process influenced by different amount of nitrogen and CCC application.

In green kernels of wheat CCC‐residues reached a maximum value of 2.5 ppm and in fully developed state a minimum value of < 0.1 ppm. During the ripening process CCC‐residues decreased to < 1.0 ppm in mature kernels of plants treated with 1.5 kg CCC/ha. During storage a further decrease of CCC is possible. In rainy years CCC‐residues were smaller.
Berechnung des kapillaren Aufstiegs aus dem Grundwasser in den Wurzelraum unter stationären Bedingungen
Authors: Giesel W. , Renger M. , Strebel O.
Published: February 2007

Calculation of capillary rise from groundwater table into the root zone under steady‐state conditions.
Wirkung der Mineralstoffernährung auf die Feinstruktur der Pflanzenzelle (Sammelreferat)
Authors: Hecht‐Buchholz Charlotte
Published: February 2007

The effect of mineral nutrition on the fine structure of plant cells. A review.
Schwarzerdeähnliche Böden als Ergebnis junger äolischer Sedimentation
Authors: Diez Theodor
Published: February 2007

Chernozem‐like soils developed under the influence of young aeolian sedimentation.
Eine einfache Methode zur direkten Messung der Evaporation von Böden
Authors: Richter J.
Published: February 2007

A simple method for direct measurement of evaporation of soils.
Wachstumsretardantien
Authors: Linser H. , Bettner L.
Published: February 2007

Growth inhibiting substances.
Wirkungen des Eisens auf einige physiologische Eigenschaften von Tomatenpflanzen
Authors: Jungk A. , Kramarovsky E. , Merkel D. , Papenhagen A. , Wehrmann J.
Published: February 2007

Effects of iron supply on some physiological properties of tomato plants.
Effect of iron nutritional status on ion uptake, substrate pH and production and release of organic acids and riboflavin by sunflower plants
Authors: Raju K. Venkat , Marschner H. , Römheld V.
Published: February 2007

Einfluß des Eisen‐Ernährungszustandes von Sonnenblumen auf lonen‐Aufnahme, pH‐Wert der Aufnahmelösung sowie Bildung und Abgabe von organischen Säuren und Riboflavin.
Abhängigkeit des Diffusionskoeffizienten für Wasser vom Sättigungsgrad des Bodens
Authors: Boochs P. W. , Battermann G. , Mull R.
Published: February 2007

The relation between soil‐water diffusivity and water content.
Die gaschromatografische Bestimmung nichtflüchtiger Carbonsäuren in Pflanzensubstanz
Authors: J.  , Merkel D. , Jungk H.
Published: February 2007

The estimation of non‐volatile carboxylic acids in plant material by gas‐liquidchromatography..

A method for the estimation of non volatile carboxylic acids in plant material by GLC is described. The organic acids or salts are extracted by 1 N HC1, separated from the cations, the neutral constituents, and the stronger mineral acids by ion exchangers. After the elutriation the acids are dried, dissolved in tetrahydrofurane, and transferred into trimethylsilyl derivatives by bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide (BSA).

The retention time and the specific peak area of 19 carboxylic acids are given. The reliability of the data is tested in three ways by the estimation of the total variance, the calculation of the variances of the different analytical steps by the aid of the variance analysis, and the determination of the losses. Malonate, succinate, fumarate, malate, aconitate, citrate, shikimate, and quinate are quantitatively determinable. In addition it seems feasible to estimate tartrate, cis and trans aconitate, citrate and isocitrate if both isomeric compounds in the same plant sample are present by the use of several different columns and to estimate uronic acids by the application of another silylating reagent. Oxalate and glycerate are indeterminable with this method.

The time needed for 1 analysis is less than 1 hour. As the extraction and the chromatographic seperation should be repeated it is practicable to analyse the average of 2 plant samples a day.
Magnesium Diffusion in Soils at Different Water and Magnesium Contents
Authors: Mengel K. , Grimme H.
Published: February 2007

Magnesiumdiffusion in Böden bei verschiedenen Wasser‐ und Magnesiumgehalten.

Es wurde an 5 Böden die Mg2+ ‐Diffusion bei 2 Bodenwasserspannungen untersucht (pF 2.0 and 3.2). Es wurde dazu jeweils eine Bodensäule mit einem Ca2+ ‐ oder H+‐Ionenaustauscher in Kontakt gebracht. Beide wurden auf die gleiche Wasserspannung eingestellt, so daß keine Wasserbewegung zwischen Boden und Ionenaustauscher stattfinden konnte. Nach einer Woche wurden Boden und Ionenaustauscher getrennt und ihr Gehalt an austauschbarem Mg2+ festgestellt. Der Boden wurde vorher in Scheiben von 3–4 mm Dicke zerschnitten, die getrennt analysiert wurden.

Mit steigendem Gehalt an austauschbarem Mg und steigender Mg‐Sättigung stieg der Mg2+‐Diffusionsfluß linear an. Jedoch wurde für jeden pF‐Wert eine eigene Regressionskurve erhalten.

Dies zeigt, daß neben dem Mg‐Gehalt auch der Wassergehalt des Bodens Einfluß auf den Diffusionsfluß hat. Ein höherer Wassergehalt hat einen höheren Diffusionsfluß zur Folge. Das Produkt aus Mg‐Sättigung bzw. austauschbarem Mg‐Gehalt und Wassergehalt ergibt eine lineare, positive Beziehung zum Diffusionsfluß. Die Ursache liegt in der Abhängigkeit des Diffusionsquerschnitts und effektiven Weglänge vom Wassergehalt des Bodens.

Bei hohen Wassergehalten nimmt der Mg2+‐Gehalt in der Nähe der Grenzschicht Boden‐Austauscher stärker ab als bei geringen Wassergehalten. Außerdem läßt sich bei höherem Wassergehalt eine Abnahme des Mg2+‐Gehaltes noch in einer größeren Entfernung nachweisen als bei niedrigem Wassergehalt.

In diesen Versuchen erstreckte sich die Verarmungszone 12mm bzw. im trockeneren Boden 9 mm in den Boden. H+ ergibt als Gegenion stets einen höheren Diffusionsfluß als Ca2+, bedingt durch seine größere Beweglichkeit und wohl auch durch eine drastische Veränderung des Ionenmilieus im Boden.
Das Fortschreiten einer Störung des hydraulischen Gleichgewichtes in Abhängigkeit vom Wassergehalt des Bodens
Authors: Hartgen K. H.
Published: February 2007

Transmission of hydraulic gradients in a sand column at various water saturation.

On a sand column, in which 7 tensiometers installed at different height, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mm of water were applied. The progress with time of hydraulic head gradients was observed showing to accelerate with increasing wetness of the column whereas height of gradients and depth of soil up to which they were observable increased with decreasing water content.

As from previous investigations too showing that translocation of clay increased with decreasing water saturation of the soil it is considered possible that this would explain the field observation that more intensive clay migration is found in relatively dry locations than in nearby wetter ones.

Ich danke Herrn Dr. J. Richter für viele Hinweise bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse und die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts, sowie Frl. W. Pfuhl für ihre Geduld und Sorgfalt bei den langwierigen Messungen sowie bei Herstellung von Manuskript und Abbildungen.
Molybdängehalte einiger Acker‐ und Grünlandpflanzen Schleswig‐Holsteins in Abhängigkeit von Bodenfaktoren
Authors: Massumi A. , Finck A.
Published: February 2007

Mo contents of some crops and grassland plants of Schleswig‐Holstein in relation to soil factors.

The Mo content of about 170 plant samples of typical soils of Schleswig‐Holstein were in the range of 0,2–11 ppm, increasing from grass to red clover, white clover and rape. By comparison with limiting values for adequate Mo supply (0,3 ppm Mo for red clover and probably also for the other three plants), a fairly good supply of the plants investigated can be deduced.

The factors responsible for the varying Mo contents of plants are first of all the pH‐value, furthermore the content of active iron and available phosphorus in the soil. The different contents of oxalat‐soluble Mo had apparently no influence in this range of good supply. Whereas the correlation between one soil factor and plant Mo content was high only in some cases, coefficients of determination of up to 80% resulted from the use of several factors by multiple correlation.
Über die Wirkung von Phenylphosphoniumsäure auf Ertrag, Korn/Stroh‐Verhältnis und Stickstoffaufnahme bei Getreide
Authors: Linser Hans , Kühn H. , Judel G. K. , Bohring J.
Published: February 2007

The Effect of Phenyl Phosphonic Acid upon Yield, Grain/Straw Ratio and Nitrogen Uptake of Cereals.

The investigations presented confirm positive effects of phenyl phosphonic acid upon grain/straw ratio obtained by other authors. This improvement however resulted from a decreased yield of straw and not from an increased yield of grain, and was not accompanied by reduction of straw length. It is therefore of no advantage. An increase in the yield of grain and increased nitrogen uptake reported by other authors due to the application of phenyl phosphonic acid were not confirmed by the results of the present study.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das unterschiedliche Wachstum von Getreide im Feldbestand und in Gefäßen
Authors: Kick H. , Große‐Brauckmann E.
Published: February 2007

Comparative investigations on the different growth of cereals in the field and in pots.

Yields from pot trials, referred to soil surface area or soil volume, are generally higher than those obtained from field trials. The transposition of pot trial results to field conditions is thus debatable. Yields of summer wheat, obtained in the trials, described in this paper, were with the same fertiliser level about 47% higher in the pot trials than in the field. Additional nitrogen fertiliser even led to pot yields about 170% above the field yields. Phosphate fertiliser alone had no effect with the soils used. Nitrogen and phosphorus, on the other hand, particularly improved yields, so that pot yields in question were about 224% higher than those in the field. The phosphate content of the grain from pot and field trials only varied slightly, whilst in the straw it was greatly dependent on the yield and fertiliser applied. The lactate‐soluble phosphate towards the end of the trials also largely corresponded to the uptake and fertiliser level.

Ear number in the pot trials was higher than in the field trials by a factor of 2.5–3.1., depending on fertiliser application. The corn/straw ratio was approximately the same at 1:1.66 with the same fertiliser in both field and soil. With the higher fertiliser levels, usual in pot trials the ratio narrowed to 1:1.06.

The comparatively higher pot yields are therefore in the first place the result of higher fertiliser applications. Competition for light and water, diminished in comparision to field plants, of pot plants plays a small role under normal weather conditions, on the other hand, but becomes active with much higher nutrient supplies.
Torfeigenschaften und ungesättigte hydraulische Leitfähigkeit von Moorböden
Authors: Bartels R. , Kuntze H.
Published: February 2007

Peat properties and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of peat soils.

Drainage of organic soils is closely connected with water supply of plants by the capillary fringe of the groundwater. Unsaturated flow of water was measured by the double‐membrane apparatus described by Vetterlein, which was modified for experiments with undisturbed peat samples. The influence of decomposition, nature of peat, ash content, bulk density (consolidation) and flux direction on unsaturated flow of water in peat soils was determined.

The correlation to unsaturated water conductivity decreased in the sequence: decomposition, flux direction, ash content, bulk density. A dependence on bulk density exists only below pF 2.
Einfluß von konstantem und abnehmendem Nährstoffangebot auf Aufnahme und Verteilung von K, Ca und Mg bei Sonnenblumen
Authors: Al‐Badrawy R. , Döring H.‐W. , Bussler W.
Published: February 2007

Influence on the uptake of K, Ca and Mg in sunflowers with a constant and a diminishing supply of nutrients..

In a model‐test with sunflowers it was investigated how the K‐, Ca‐ and Mg‐content in the plants is reacting when (a) a nutrient solution maintained constantly at the same level is given as in a „good soil”︁ with a constant supply of nutrients, compared to (b) a solution with diminishing as in a highly fertilized soil but which hardly supplies nutrients itself. It was shown that, if the offer of the nutrient was constant, the cation content in the leaves could be maintained at the same level (the relation of cations is also maintained at the same time).

Contrary to this with a diminishing nutrient solution due to removal of nutrients out of the solution without replenishing nutrients and the differentiated nutrient translocation the result was a lesser and lesser content of the nutrients inside the plant and more evident changes in the relation of cations, even before the insufficient supply was noted in a decreasing crop. Only in the leaves the relation of cations was nearly constant (K:Ca:Mg = 6:3:1).

From these results it can be concluded that, through a high single supply of nutrients the effect of a constant flow of nutrients from the soil to the plant concerning the mineral contents of the plant cannot be compensated.
Der Einfluß von Rinderkotmehl, Bodenbakterien und Streptomyces sp. auf die Naßsieb‐ und Druckstabilität künstlicher Bodenaggregate
Authors: Jagnow G. , Banse H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

The influence of cow manure, soil bacteria, and Streptomyces sp. on the wet sieving stability and the mechanical strength of artificial soil aggregates..

The wet sieving stability of fresh and the mechanical strength of artificially dried aggregates from a Parabraunerde rich in coarse silt, with and without addition of 0,5% of cow manure, was determined during colonization with natural flora (unsterilized, re‐moistened) and with pure cultures of 11 soil bacteria and a Streptomyces sp. (after sterilization with ethylene oxide) during a 21 day incubation period.

The mechanical strength of dried aggregates was chosen as a direct measure for comparison with the wet sieving stability. The differences showed however, that these two parameters of stability were only weakly correlated. The wet sieving stability was initially low. After addition of manure this stability was markedly increased during colonization with mixed flora and with Pseudomonas fluorescens, whereas the mechanical strength increased only slightly. In unamended soil the wet sieving stability of small aggregates was increased significantly only by Streptomyces sp. The mechanical strength was higher than in amended soil and was highest in unsterilized soil and in soil colonized by Arthrobacter sp. The mechanical strength decreased strongly after prolonged incubation.

Die Verfasser danken Frau H. Karnapp und Fräulein D. Eggelsmann für ihre zuverlässige technische Assistenz.
Einfluß einer Standraumverengung auf das Wachstum von Hafer in Gefäßversuchen
Authors: Große‐Brauckmann E.
Published: February 2007

The influence of restricted spacing on the growth of oats in pot trials

Pot trials can be carried out at plant densities, similar to those in field trials, using a special rotating apparatus. At the same time supervision of the trial is simplified and better use of available space made possible.

Increasing plant density in trials with oats caused lower yields, higher straw yields, a lengthening of stalk, a wider corn‐straw ratio and a lower ear number.

Irrespective of different fertiliser levels, about 2/3rds of the higher unit area yield obtained in pot trials in comparision to field is due to better light and about 1/3rd due to improved water supply.

Pot trials at the highest plant density provide climatic conditions similar to those in the field. This can be of importance for practical experimental problems.
Litho‐ und Pedogenese bei Hanglagen des Sandstein‐Odenwaldes
Authors: Blume H.‐P. , Eaqub M.
Published: February 2007

Litho‐ and Pedogenesis of slope positions of the Sandstone Odenwald

Hilly slope positions of the Odenwald in SW‐Germany are characterised by solifluction deposits which were formed from mesozoic sandstone during the glacial age. The evaluation of texture and heavy mineral analysis showed different amounts of loess in different layers of the solifluction deposits. Clay migration seems to be the main reason for differences in clay content between soil horizons and took place mainly in deposits with low loess contents. These are also the deposits in which a pronounced podzolization took place.
Complexes of L‐proline with homoionic montmorillonite
Authors: Tahoun Salah A.
Published: February 2007

Komplexe von L‐Prolin mit homoionischem Montmorillonit

Mit Hilfe der Infrarotspektroskopie wurde die Reaktion von L‐Prolin mit homoionischem Mg‐, Cu‐ und Al‐Montmorillonit untersucht. Die Aminosäure wird entweder als austauschbares Ion, als Zwitterion oder als Koordinationskomplex sorbiert. Das austauschbare Kation wie auch die Konzentration der Aminosäure bestimmen die Natur des Sorptionskomplexes. Unter keinen Bedingungen konnte eine Peptidbindung beobachtet werden.
Stickstoffverbindungen in Böden und ihre Beziehung zur Humusdynamik 1. Mitteilung: Fraktionierung und Bilanzierung der Aminozucker und der Aminosäuren ‐in den Ah‐Horizonten einer Rendsina und vier Sauer‐Braunerden des Göttinger Waldes
Authors: Aldag Rudolf , Kickuth Reinhold
Published: February 2007

Nitrogen Compounds in Soils and their relation to humus dynamics. 1. Communication: Fractionation and balance of amino sugars and amino acids in Ahhorizons of one Rendsina and four Acidic Brown Soils in the Göttinger Forest.

The Ah‐horizons of closely adjacent Rendsina (Redolls) and Acidic Brown Soils (Dystrochrepts) have been quantitated for hydrolyzable amino acids, amino sugars and ammonia.

The Rendsina contained 64%, the Acidic Brown Soils between 75% and 80% nitrogen of total soil nitrogen as amino acid‐N, amino sugar‐N and as NH4–N. Within the Rendsina the amino acid‐N alone amounted to 41% and within the Acidic Brown Soils between 48% and 51% of total soil nitrogen.

The gluko/galakto ratio (ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine on molar basis) of the Rendsina is 1.94 whereas that of the Acidic Brown Soils I and II amounts to 2.5. This strongly indicates that a fungal flora was predominating a bacterial one at these sites. The NH4/AG‐ratio (Rendsina: 1.27; Acidic Brown Soils I and II: 2.15 resp. 1.96) also shows marked differences of the sites in question. The NH4/AG‐ratio moreover indicates that the Acidic Brown Soils I and II ‐ by comparison with all other sites ‐ both contain appreciable higher amounts of NH4–N which can definately not be associated with the so called “Amid‐N”.
Eine elektromechanische Wiegevorrichtung für Lysimeter
Authors: Homeyer B. , Labenski K. O. , Meyer B.
Published: February 2007

An Electromechanical Balance Set for Lysimeters

The paper presents a detailed description of a simple electromechanical balance with a high load‐carrying capacity (up to 500 kp) and sufficient sensitivity (± 30 p) suitable for continuous recording small weight amplitudes of long soil monolith lysimeters. A low compact decimal balance set is combined with an electrical bend stress bar. Its electrical resistance values are used for remote weight recording by means of a compensator with analog‐digital converter contact. A test point commutator permits simultaneous reading of several scales.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Gibberellinsäurespritzungen auf den Ertrag, die Anatomie der Wurzel und die Karotinverteilung bei Karotten
Authors: Neumann K. ‐H. , Schwab B.
Published: February 2007

Investigations on the Influence of Gibberellic Acid Treatments on Yield, Root Anatomy and Carotene Distribution of Carrot Plants.

Application of GA3 onto the shoots of carrot plants increases shoot growth whereas root growth was reduced. Furthermore, due to the GA3‐application carotene content (Table 2) in the shoots was increased and decreased in the roots. Anatomical investigations of the roots revealed that apparently the reduction of root growth after GA3‐application was due to a decrease of phloem oriented cambial activity (Table 3).
Phosphate adsorption by Na−, Mg− and Ca−saturated soil clays
Authors: El‐Nennah Mohamed
Published: February 2007

Phosphate adsorption by the homoionic clay (Na, Ca, Mg) of three soils with widely varying mineralogy obeyed the Langmuir isotherm. The Langmuir constants b and k were a function both of the nature of the dominant clay mineral present and of the saturating cations following the order: Ca++ ≫ Mg++ ≫ Na+. This order was in agreement with those predicted by the diffuse double layer theory. The sample having montmorillonite when saturated with sodium, exhibited a negative adsorption of phosphorus which changed to a large positive adsorption in the presence of 0.1 N NaCl; It was concluded that the exchangeable cations influenced the extent of P adsorption by controlling the accessibility of the edge clay surfaces to phosphate ions.
Bodenchronosequenzen aus Lockersedimenten der Lechterrassen
Authors: Wilke B. ‐M.
Published: February 2007

Soil Chronosequences derived from Non‐Consolidated Sediments of the River Lech Terraces..

During the glacial and postglacial periods 16 river terraces were formed in the Lech Valley. Their non‐eroded soils derived from carbonate rich gravel and from silt represent two chronosequences. The aim of this paper is to describe 9 series of the terraces No. 1, 8, 10, 13, 14 and 15 and to explain their genesis regarding the time as a soil forming factor.

Due to the result of this paper the following conclusions were made:

It is assumed that the decalcification of the sediments started immediately after the terrace formation. With growth of vegetation the decalcification rate increased, with increasing age of the soils it decreased again.

Organic matter content of the soil remained constant for a long time.

Because of the high carbonate contents of the sediments the soils became acid very slowly. Even in the stadium of a brown earth (after approximately 3000 years) the grade of acidity is still minor.

The total CEC of the soils depends not so much on their age as on their thickness and their content of organic matter. The accretion of organic matter has the highest influence on the CEC increase in the initial stages of soil formation.

The silicate weathering started before the bulk sample was decalcificated completely.

Clay minerals were converted in the following way: Illite (mica) → Vermiculite → pedogenic Chlorite Smectites wheathered already in the stage of a brown earth (profile B3).

Clay illuvation took place shortly after the decalcification of the upper horizons. A reddish brown plasma was formed in the brown earths (B1, B2) and the red brown podsolics (L1, L2). It imparts the intensiv colour (5 YR 4/8) of the argillic horizons. The hue of this plasma is not due to a higher iron contents. It is presumed that the red plasma was formed during the Boreal, because the soils which derived from silt contain only a brown plasma.

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