bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reading in the Brain Revised and Extended: Response to Comments
Authors: DEHAENE STANISLAS
Published: June 2014

Reading in the Brain (Les neurones de la lecture, 2007) examined the origins of human reading abilities in the light of contemporary cognitive neuroscience. It argued that reading acquisition, in all cultures, recycles preexisting cortical circuits dedicated to invariant visual recognition, and that the organization of these circuits imposes strong constraints on the invention and cultural evolution of writing systems. In this article, seven years later, I briefly review new experimental evidence, particularly from brain imaging studies of illiterate adults, which indicates that reading acquisition invades culturally universal cortical circuits and competes with their prior function, including mirror‐invariant visual recognition and face processing. In response to my critics, I emphasize how brain plasticity and brain constraints can be reconciled within the Bayesian perspective on learning. I also discuss the importance of a newly discovered gesture system in reading and writing. Finally, I argue that there is consistent evidence for deep cross‐cultural universals in writing systems, as well as for the multiple subtypes of dyslexia that are expected given the broad set of areas recruited by the reading task.
A Unified Account of General Learning Mechanisms and Theory‐of‐Mind Development
Authors: BACH THEODORE
Published: June 2014

Modularity theorists have challenged that there are, or could be, general learning mechanisms that explain theory‐of‐mind development. In response, supporters of the ‘scientific theory‐theory’ account of theory‐of‐mind development have appealed to children's use of auxiliary hypotheses and probabilistic causal modeling. This article argues that these general learning mechanisms are not sufficient to meet the modularist's challenge. The article then explores an alternative domain‐general learning mechanism by proposing that children grasp the conceptbeliefthrough the progressive alignment of relational structure that occurs as a result of structural‐comparison. The article also explores the implications of the proposed account for Fodor's puzzle of conceptual learning.
Comparison of the vector potential of different mosquito species for the transmission of heartworm,Dirofilaria immitis, in rural and urban areas in and surroundingStillwater,Oklahoma,U.S.A.
Authors: PARAS K. L. , O'BRIEN V. A. , REISKIND M. H.
Published: June 2014

Dirofilaria immitisLeidy (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), or heartworm, is a mosquito‐borne nematode that causes a fatal disease in carnivores. Although infection is preventable through prophylactic drugs, compliance and the spectre of resistance suggest vector control is a viable alternative. There were two main objectives in this study: (a) to evaluate the relationships between landscape and social factors and the number and species of heartworm‐positive mosquitoes, with a specific focus on the importance of the invasiveAsian tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus(Skuse) (Stegomyia albopicta) (Diptera: Culicidae), and (b) to test the hypothesis that dog heartworm is more prevalent in suburban than in rural areas. To achieve these objectives, mosquitoes were collected fromMay toNovember 2010 at 16 rural and 16 urban locations inPayneCounty,Oklahoma,U.S.A.using three trapping methods that utilized, respectively, resting boxes, carbon dioxide traps andBGSentinel traps. Urban areas showed greater numbers ofAe. albopictusand a higher overall likelihood of infection withD. immitis. Because many species of mosquito are responsible for heartworm transmission, current prophylactic treatment remains the best method of controlling this parasite.
Serum magnesium concentration is inversely associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Iguchi Akira , Watanabe Yasuo , Iino Noriaki , Kazama Junichiro James , Iesato Hiroshi , Narita Ichiei
Published: June 2014

Aim

Fibroblast growth factor 23 is reported to be a pivotal regulator for the chronic kidney disease‐mineral bone disorders, working in coordinated ways with phosphate, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. However, whether there is a relationship between fibroblast growth factor 23 and magnesium is currently unclear. To address this, we performed a cross‐sectional observational study in haemodialysis patients.

Methods

We measured the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23, magnesium and other factors that are implicated in chronic kidney disease‐mineral bone disorders in 225 haemodialysis patients.

Results

Simple correlation analysis showed that fibroblast growth factor 23 was not correlated with magnesium. However, upon multiple regression analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between fibroblast growth factor 23 and magunesium (b = −0.164, P = 0.0020). Moreover, the levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients treated with magnesium oxide had significantly lower levels than those without magnesium oxide.

Conclusion

We speculate that the magnesium is a potential regulator of fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in haemodialysis patients. Our data suggest that follow‐up studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie this relationship are warranted.
TBX21 participates in innate immune response by regulating Toll‐like receptor 2 expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
Authors: Woo C.H. , Shin S.G. , Koh S.H. , Lim J.H.
Published: June 2014

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) plays an important role in the development of invasive diseases, and is also critically involved in setting up respiratory bacterial and viral infections. We previously reported that pneumococcus, one of the commonly carried bacteria in the nasopharynx, regulates non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae‐induced inflammation by upregulating the expression of Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which TLR2 expression is regulated during pneumococcal infections have not yet been well characterized. TBX21 is an important transcription factor of adaptive immunity, but there is an increasing body of evidence pointing to a role in regulating innate immunity. The expression of TBX21 was reported in epithelial cells, but the expression and role of TBX21 in respiratory epithelium, especially for regulating TLR2, has not yet been studied. In this study, we found that pneumococcus upregulates TBX21 expression in the respiratory epithelium. The effect of pneumococcus on TBX21 expression was dependent on its cytoplasmic toxin, pneumolysin. In addition, epithelial TBX21 expression was not regulated by the gram‐negative bacterium non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae, peptidoglycan or endotoxin. Deficiency of TBX21 in mice or knocking down TBX21 in epithelial cells suppressed pneumococcus‐induced TLR2 expression, but not that of TLR4 or TLR9. These results indicate that the adaptive immune regulator TBX21 participates in regulating innate immune responses, through regulation of TLR2 expression during pneumococcal infections.
Near‐infrared spectroscopy for examination of prefrontal activation during cognitive tasks in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Zhang Huijun , Dong Wentian , Dang Weimin , Quan Wenxiang , Tian Ju , Chen Ru , Zhan Siyan , Yu Xin
Published: June 2014

Aims

Near‐infrared spectroscopy has the potential for aiding the diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the evidence from observational studies regarding the use of near‐infrared spectroscopy in patients with major depressive disorder and to identify the characteristic pattern of prefrontal lobe activity in major depressive disorder.

Methods

medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were searched in December 2013. All case–control studies were included. The quality of evidence was examined using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The primary outcome measures were the mean oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin alterations of the cerebral cortex during cognitive activation periods. The standard mean difference for the overall pooled effects across the included studies was estimated using random or fixed effect models. The primary outcome measures were included in the meta‐analysis.

Results

Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Six studies (n = 692 participants) were included in the analysis of the mean oxygenated hemoglobin alterations; the pooled mean standardized difference was −0.74 (95% confidence interval, −0.97 to −0.52), indicating that patients with major depressive disorder were associated with attenuated increase in oxygenated hemoglobin during cognitive activation in the prefrontal regions compared to healthy controls. Five studies (n = 668 participants) were included in the analysis of mean deoxygenated‐hemoglobin changes; the pooled standardized mean difference was 0.18 (95% confidence interval, −0.20 to 0.56).

Conclusions

Using near‐infrared spectroscopy measurements, we observed that compared to healthy subjects, patients with major depressive disorder had significantly lower prefrontal activation during cognitive tasks.
Development of genetic SSR markers in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and application to isolates from Australia
Authors: Tucker M. A. , Moffat C. S. , Ellwood S. R. , Tan K. C. , Jayasena K. , Oliver R. P.
Published: June 2014

The barley powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), exists in numerous haplotypes and displays significant differences in fungicide sensitivity. It causes considerable yield losses throughout the world. Microsatellite SSRs are useful tools to study the population level and biogeographic aspects of intraspecific diversity, but so far none have been defined for Bgh. Here, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified and characterized. Primer pairs amplifying the loci were then applied to 111 isolates of Bgh from Australia. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 13, and Nei's genetic diversity ranged from 0·25 to 0·76. The microsatellite primers detected several clones among the isolates and defined 97 unique haplotypes. There was little evidence for regional genotypic subdivision, suggesting that gene flow may not be restricted among geographic regions. All data was consistent with high levels of genetic diversity, potentially resulting from random mating and spread within each region.
The Thorny Thicket of “Children's Literature”
Authors: GOSCILO HELENA
Published: June 2014

The four articles comprising the following cluster attest to the complexity of children's literature in Soviet‐era and present‐day Russia, while also revealing certain motifs that resonate across both eras. Common to all four articles is a presiding emphasis on gender, subsuming several corollary topics: love, sexuality, and their euphemized manifestations; individual versus collective character formation and expression; the impact of historical forces on socially construed gender normativity; and the connection between adult and children's literature. Additionally, two imbricated features grounded in temporality link the texts examined in the cluster: the unacknowledged and uncontested presumption of a linear continuity between girls and full‐fledged women; and an orientation toward the future, sanctified by Soviet propaganda. All contributors examine publications centered not on small children, but on girls in their teens–in other words, on a notoriously problematic stage of personality development that automatically precludes both innocence and paradise. Instead, pressures of ego and peer groups lead to self‐consciousness, competitiveness, insecurity, the struggle with budding sexuality, and all the psychological baggage that has earned teenagers a reputation as “rebels without a cause.”
Narrating Love in Soviet Adolescent Literature of the 1930s: Ruvim Fraerman's The Wild Dog Dingo; or, A Tale about First Love
Authors: BALINA MARINA
Published: June 2014

This article article discusses the evolution of femininity in Soviet children's literature. In prerevolutionary narratives, authors typically portrayed the female heroine as sweet, pretty, and obedient, often an orphan who won over people's hearts through love and dedication. After the 1917 Revolution, a “sugary sweet” prototype of the female character in children's literature was replaced by a more gender‐neutral identity and explicit femininity came to epitomize bourgeois values. Increasingly girls were portrayed more androgynous looking and physically and emotionally strong. I discuss femininity in the context of coming‐of‐age fiction and focuses on the theme of adolescent love in Soviet literature of the 1920s–1930s. I argue that although the question of love was typically avoided in children's literature of that time, some texts broke out of the established conventions and brought to the forefront the discussion of love and emotional maturation of their female characters. I then illustrate this argument with Ruvim Fraerman's school novella, “A Wild Dog Dingo, or The Story of First Love” (1938) that establishes strong intertextual references to classic Russian literature. Heavily criticized for its “petty‐bourgeois” attention to feelings, Fraerman's novella, nevertheless, remained for years one of the favorite readings of Soviet youth.
Laundry, Potatoes, and the Everlasting Soul: Russian Advice Literature for Girls after Communism
Authors: LANOUX ANDREA
Published: June 2014

This article examines the explosion of advice literature for Russian girls since 1991, including literally hundreds of books have appeared on the market with such titles as Encyclopedia for Girls and Girls, A Book for You. Such titles are often given as gifts by parents and family members to help girls navigate the various social situations, household duties, dating rituals, consumer choices, and dangers facing girls in post‐Soviet Russia. Written in the long‐standing tradition of etiquette literature dating back to the eighteenth century, these fascinating documents of social mores reflect how the rise of consumer culture and collapse of the Soviet state have shaped a culture of hyperfeminity and gender difference in reaction to Soviet‐era policies promoting gender equality.
A preliminary study: Effects of football training on glucose control, body composition, and performance in men with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Andersen T. R. , Schmidt J. F. , Thomassen M. , Hornstrup T. , Frandsen U. , Randers M. B. , Hansen P. R. , Krustrup P. , Bangsbo J.
Published: June 2014

The effects of regular football training on glycemic control, body composition, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were investigated in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twenty‐one middle‐aged men (49.8 ± 1.7 years ± SEM) with T2DM were divided into a football training group (FG; n = 12) and an inactive control group (CG; n = 9) during a 24‐week intervention period (IP). During a 1‐h football training session, the distance covered was 4.7 ± 0.2 km, mean heart rate (HR) was 83 ± 2% of HRmax, and blood lactate levels increased (P < 0.001) from 2.1 ± 0.3 to 8.2 ± 1.3 mmol/L. In FG, VO2peak was 11% higher (P < 0.01), and total fat mass and android fat mass were 1.7 kg and 12.8% lower (P < 0.001), respectively, after IP. After IP, the reduction in plasma glucose was greater (P = 0.02) in FG than the increase in CG, and in FG, GLUT‐4 tended to be higher (P = 0.072) after IP. For glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), an overall time effect (P < 0.01) was detected after 24 weeks. After IP, the number of capillaries around type I fibers was 7% higher (P < 0.05) in FG and 5% lower (P < 0.05) in CG. Thus, in men with T2DM, regular football training improves VO2peak, reduces fat mass, and may positively influence glycemic control.
Assessment of the purity of isolated cell populations for lineage‐specific chimerism monitoring post haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hanson V. , Adams B. , Lord J. , Barker A. , Poulton K. , Lee H.
Published: June 2014

Following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, monitoring the proportion of donor and recipient haematopoiesis in the patient (chimerism) is an influential tool in directing further treatment choices. Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a method of chimerism monitoring using DNA isolated from peripheral blood, bone marrow or specific isolated cell lineages such as CD3+ T cells. For lineage‐specific STR analysis on cell populations isolated from peripheral blood, a qualitative estimation of the purity of each isolated population is essential for the correct interpretation of the test data. We describe a rapid, inexpensive method for the determination of purity using a simple flow cytometry method. The method described for assessing the purity of sorted CD3+ cells can be applied to any cell population isolated using the same technology. Data obtained were comparable to results from a commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method for the assessment of purity (Non‐T Genomic Detection Kit, Accumol, Calgary, AB, Canada) (P = 0.59). Of the 303 samples tested by flow cytometry, 290 (95.7%) exceeded 90% purity, and 215 (70.95%) were over 99% pure. There were some outlying samples, showing diversity between samples and the unpredictability of purity of isolated cell populations. This flow cytometry method can be easily assimilated into routine testing protocols, allowing purity assessment in multiple‐sorted cell populations for lineage‐specific chimerism monitoring using a single secondary antibody and giving results comparable to a PCR‐based method. As purity of isolated cell lineages is affected by time after venepuncture and storage temperature, assessment of each sample is recommended to give a reliable indication of sample quality and confidence in the interpretation of the results.
HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in Saudis using next generation sequencing technique
Authors: Hajeer A. H. , Al Balwi M. A. , Aytül Uyar F. , AlHaidan Y. , AlAbdulrahman A. , Al Abdulkareem I. , Al Jumah M.
Published: June 2014

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a promising technique that can reveal the entire gene sequences and to the highest possible resolution without any phase ambiguities. We have used this technique to investigate the frequencies of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 in a Saudi cohort of healthy individuals. We used NGS using the 454 genome sequence (GS) FLX System and Conexio assign atf 454 software to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype eight class I and class II loci. A total of 158 healthy Saudi adults were analyzed. The most frequently observed allele for HLA‐A was HLA‐A*02:01:01:01 (13.6%); for HLA‐B, HLA‐B*50:01:01 (15.8%); for HLA‐C, HLA‐C*06:02:01:01 (18.7%); for HLA‐DRB1, HLA‐DRB1*07:01:01:01 (26.6%); and for HLA‐DQB1, HLA‐DQB1*02:01:01 (20.3%). The most common four loci haplotypes in the Saudi population were HLA‐A*24:02:01:01‐B*08:01:01‐C*07:02:01:01‐DRB1*03:01:01:01 and HLA‐A*23:01:01‐B*50:01:01‐C*06:02:01:01‐DRB1*07:01:01:01.. We have used a highly informative technique for HLA typing of a Saudi healthy cohort to establish allele and haplotype frequencies. These results should prove useful for population studies, disease associations and future planning of the unrelated bone marrow donor registry.
Functional polymorphisms of interleukin‐18 gene and risk of breast cancer in a Brazilian population
Authors: Back L. K. d. C. , Farias T. D. J. , da Cunha P. A. , Muniz Y. C. N. , Ribeiro M. C. M. , Fernandes B. L. , Fernandes C. K. , de Souza I. R.
Published: June 2014

Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is a key cytokine responsible for immune response and involved in the process of cancer development. In this case–control study, we tested whether IL‐18 promoter polymorphism contributes to breast cancer susceptibility in Brazilian patients. The two groups studied were 154 patients with breast cancer and 118 healthy individuals. The frequency of IL‐18 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions −607 (C/A) (rs1946518) and −137 (G/C) (rs187238) was determined by polymerase chain reaction analyses. The polymorphisms genotyped in this study showed a significant association with breast cancer under different genetic models. Both SNPs showed a positive association. For the IL18‐607 polymorphism the best model was the codominant genetic model [CC vs AA, P = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 2.782, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.385–5.589]. For IL18‐137 statistical significance was found using the recessive genetic model (P = 0.008, OR = 3.896, 95% CI 1.427–10.639). The association between the haplotypes of the IL18 gene and breast cancer was further confirmed. Our results suggest that IL18‐607 and IL18‐137 polymorphism contributes to increase the breast cancer risk. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding Brazilian breast cancer patients and IL18 promoter polymorphisms.
Identification of a novel HLA‐B*51 variant allele, B*51:59, in a Chinese Han individual
Authors: Luo M. , Xiao X. , Xiao L.
Published: June 2014

HLA‐B*51 differs from the closest allele B*51:06:01 by nt 956 C > T (codon 171 CAC>TAC) missense mutation in exon 3.
Factors associated with mother‐to‐child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in Pernambuco, Brazil, 2000–2009
Authors: da Cruz Gouveia Pedro Alves , da Silva Gerlane Alves Pontes , de Fatima Pessoa Militão de Albuquerque Maria
Published: June 2014

Objective

To identify risk factors associated with mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study with 1200 HIV‐exposed children born in Pernambuco, registered up to the age of 2 months in a public programme to prevent vertical transmission. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted for maternal and peripartum characteristics and prophylactic interventions, to identify risk factors for mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV.

Results

The transmission rate was 9.16% (95% CI: 7.4–10.9). The following risk factors were independently associated with transmission: non‐use of antiretroviral during pregnancy (OR: 7.8; 95% CI: 4.1–15); vaginal delivery (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.2–3.4); prematurity (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3–4.7); and breastfeeding (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4–4.6).

Conclusions

This mother‐to‐child transmission rate is unacceptably high, as prophylactic interventions such as antiretroviral therapy and infant feeding formula are free of charge. Absence of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy was the main risk factor. Therefore, early identification of exposed mothers and initiating prophylactic interventions are the main challenges for controlling transmission.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury after transfusion of pooled immune globulin: a case report
Authors: Quest Graeme R. , Gaal Hilda , Clarke Gwen , Nahirniak Susan
Published: June 2014

Background

Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a severe transfusion reaction that manifests as acute respiratory compromise within 6 hours of the infusion of blood products. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is prepared from large pools of human plasma and is commonly administered in the outpatient setting for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. As a plasma‐derived blood product, IVIG may also cause TRALI, although reports of this are exceedingly rare.

Case Report

A 77‐year‐old female with common variable immune deficiency had been receiving IVIG since 1996 for infection prophylaxis. During a scheduled infusion, the patient developed hypertension and dyspnea, requiring increasing oxygen supplementation and subsequent intubation. Radiographic studies demonstrated the bilateral chest infiltrates, with no evidence of infection or circulatory overload. The patient was extubated after 24 hours and discharged several days later. The patient had not previously received this lot of IVIG and has since received further transfusions with different lot numbers of the same product without incident.

Conclusion

This case report documents a case of TRALI after IVIG transfusion. While a very rare cause, this case furthers evidence that TRALI can occur after IVIG transfusion.
“It Made Our Eyes Get Bigger”: Youth Filmmaking and Place‐Making in East London
Authors: Blum‐Ross Alicia
Published: June 2014

Drawing on two years of ethnographic research in London, this article describes how participatory youth filmmaking projects act as a deliberate intervention into young people's experiences of place and space. I propose that filmmaking can be understood as a means for young people to reconstruct and reimagine both familiar and unfamiliar spaces by utilizing the specific sensorial affordances of filmmaking. Acknowledging that producing a film is not only a technical but also a social, creative, and embodied process, I discuss how filmmaking mediates young people's experiences and invites them to experience a heightened perceptual attention to their surroundings by creating new forms of “sensing place.”
The “Wound‐QoL”: A short questionnaire measuring quality of life in patients with chronic wounds based on three established disease‐specific instruments
Authors: Blome Christine , Baade Katrin , Sebastian Debus Eike , Price Patricia , Augustin Matthias
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to develop a short questionnaire measuring health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic wounds. Three validated instruments assessing HRQoL in chronic wounds—the Freiburg Life Quality Assessment for wounds, the Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule, and the Würzburg Wound Score—were completed by 154 German leg ulcer patients in a longitudinal study. For implementation in the new, shorter questionnaire Wound‐QoL, all of those 92 items that covered the core content of the three questionnaires and showed good psychometric properties were selected. Internal consistency, convergent validity, and responsiveness were analyzed using the study data on the selected items (a new approach called virtual validation). Subscales were determined with factor analysis. Item, instruction, and response scale wording were harmonized. Seventeen items were included in the Wound‐QoL, which could be attributed to three subscales on everyday life, body, and psyche. Both global score and subscale scores were internally consistent with Cronbach's alpha between 0.71 and 0.91. The global score showed significant convergent validity (r = 0.48 to 0.69) and responsiveness (r = 0.18 to 0.52); the same was true for the subscale scores. The Wound‐QoL for measurement of HRQoL in chronic wounds proved to be internally consistent, valid, and responsive in German leg ulcer patients. The findings of this virtual validation study need to be confirmed in a longitudinal validation study on the final Wound‐QoL, which is currently being conducted.
Wound healing in US medical school curricula
Authors: Yim Elizabeth , Sinha Varsha , Diaz Sofia I. , Kirsner Robert S. , Salgado Christopher J.
Published: June 2014

Approximately 6.5 million Americans suffer from nonhealing wounds. As physicians are increasingly expected to manage chronic wounds, the degree to which formalized wound care education exists as a clinical rotation is unclear. For the first time, the prevalence and characteristics of formal wound electives offered by US medical schools are documented. Online surveys were distributed to 134 US medical schools and to the 74 medical students who completed the wound healing elective at the University of Miami regarding their experiences. School response rate was 41% (n = 55). We found that out of 55 schools, only 7 schools offered a formal wound healing elective. The University of Miami was the only school to include a surgical component. Students' response rate was 39% (n = 29). After completing the elective, 20 students (69%) felt confident in their knowledge of surgical and medical wound management. A majority of students (76%, n = 22) felt that the elective was an important part of the medical school curriculum. In conclusion, we found very few schools offer a formal wound elective and recommend medical schools in formalizing this education through clinical electives. Education should be team‐based and multidisciplinary; evidence exists that this is the best approach to managing chronic wounds. Basic tenets of wound care, both medical and surgical, should be emphasized.
Improved Marathon Performance by In-Race Nutritional Strategy Intervention
Authors: Hansen Ernst Albin , Emanuelsen Anders , Gertsen Robert Mørkegaard , Raadahl Sørensen Simon Schøler
Published: June 2014

It was tested whether a marathon was completed faster by applying a scientifically based rather than a freely chosen nutritional strategy. Furthermore, gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated. Nonelite runners performed a 10 km time trial 7 weeks before Copenhagen Marathon 2013 for estimation of running ability. Based on the time, runners were divided into two similar groups that eventually should perform the marathon by applying the two nutritional strategies. Matched pairs design was applied. Before the marathon, runners were paired based on their prerace running ability. Runners applying the freely chosen nutritional strategy (n = 14; 33.6 ± 9.6 years; 1.83 ± 0.09 m; 77.4 ± 10.6 kg; 45:40 ± 4:32 min for 10 km) could freely choose their in-race intake. Runners applying the scientifically based nutritional strategy (n = 14; 41.9 ± 7.6 years; 1.79 ± 0.11 m; 74.6 ± 14.5 kg; 45:44 ± 4:37 min) were targeting a combined in-race intake of energy gels and water, where the total intake amounted to approximately 0.750 L water, 60 g maltodextrin and glucose, 0.06 g sodium, and 0.09 g caffeine per hr. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a self-administered postrace questionnaire. Marathon time was 3:49:26 ± 0:25:05 and 3:38:31 ± 0:24:54 hr for runners applying the freely chosen and the scientifically based strategy, respectively (p = .010, effect size=-0.43). Certain runners experienced diverse serious gastrointestinal symptoms, but overall, symptoms were low and not different between groups (p > .05). In conclusion, nonelite runners completed a marathon on average 10:55 min, corresponding to 4.7%, faster by applying a scientifically based rather than a freely chosen nutritional strategy. Furthermore, average values of gastrointestinal symptoms were low and not different between groups.
Nutrition and Gaelic Football: Review, Recommendations, and Future Considerations
Authors: Beasley Kevin J.
Published: June 2014

Gaelic football is the second most popular team sport in Ireland in terms of participation. However, very little research exists on the nutritional considerations for elite male Gaelic footballers. Gaelic football is an intermittent type field game played by two teams of fifteen players. Although amateurs, elite players may train and compete 4–5 times per week and may play for several teams. Research suggests that elite footballers are similar anthropometrically and in fitness to professional soccer players. Work-rate analysis shows that footballers experience longer durations of high-intensity (HI) activity (5–7s) and shorter rest durations than soccer players. Recent data suggests that half-forward/backs perform a greater amount of HI work during games than players in other positions. Fatigue is apparent between the first and second halves and the first and fourth quarters. The limited amount of nutritional studies conducted implies that footballers may be deficient in energy intake and may be at the lower end of recommended carbohydrate intakes to support training. A wide variety of sweat rates have been measured during training, demonstrating the importance of individual hydration strategies. Ergogenic aids such as creatine and caffeine may prove beneficial to performance, although data are extrapolated from other sports. Due to the lack of research in Gaelic football, further population specific studies are required. Future areas of research on the impact of nutrition on Gaelic football performance are examined. In particular, the creation of a test protocol mimicking the activity patterns and intensity of a Gaelic football game is warranted.
Nutrition for Swimming
Authors: Shaw Gregory , Boyd Kevin T. , Burke Louise M. , Koivisto Anu
Published: June 2014

Swimming is a sport that requires considerable training commitment to reach individual performance goals. Nutrition requirements are specific to the macrocycle, microcycle, and individual session. Swimmers should ensure suitable energy availability to support training while maintaining long term health. Carbohydrate intake, both over the day and in relation to a workout, should be manipulated (3–10g/kg of body mass/day) according to the fuel demands of training and the varying importance of undertaking these sessions with high carbohydrate availability. Swimmers should aim to consume 0.3g of high-biological-value protein per kilogram of body mass immediately after key sessions and at regular intervals throughout the day to promote tissue adaptation. A mixed diet consisting of a variety of nutrient-dense food choices should be sufficient to meet the micronutrient requirements of most swimmers. Specific dietary supplements may prove beneficial to swimmers in unique situations, but should be tried only with the support of trained professionals. All swimmers, particularly adolescent and youth swimmers, are encouraged to focus on a well-planned diet to maximize training performance, which ensures sufficient energy availability especially during periods of growth and development. Swimmers are encouraged to avoid rapid weight fluctuations; rather, optimal body composition should be achieved over longer periods by modest dietary modifications that improve their food choices. During periods of reduced energy expenditure (taper, injury, off season) swimmers are encouraged to match energy intake to requirement. Swimmers undertaking demanding competition programs should ensure suitable recovery practices are used to maintain adequate glycogen stores over the entirety of the competition period.
Case Study: Natural Bodybuilding Contest Preparation
Authors: Kistler Brandon M. , Fitschen Peter J. , Ranadive Sushant M. , Fernhall Bo , Wilund Kenneth R.
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to document the physiological changes that occur in a natural bodybuilder during prolonged contest preparation for a proqualifying contest. During the 26-week preparation, the athlete undertook a calorically restrictive diet with 2 days of elevated carbohydrate intake per week, increased cardiovascular (CV) training, and attempted to maintain resistance-training load. The athlete was weighed twice a week and body composition was measured monthly by DXA. At baseline and every 2 weeks following CV structure and function was measured using a combination of ultrasound, applanation tonometry, and heart rate variability (HRV). Cardiorespiratory performance was measured by VO2peak at baseline, 13 weeks, and 26 weeks. Body weight (88.6 to 73.3 Kg, R2 = .99) and percent body fat (17.5 to 7.4%) were reduced during preparation. CV measurements including blood pressure (128/61 to 113/54mmHg), brachial pulse wave velocity (7.9 to 5.8m/s), and measures of wave reflection all improved. Indexed cardiac output was reduced (2.5 to 1.8L/m2) primarily due to a reduction in resting heart rate (71 to 44bpm), and despite an increase in ejection faction (57.9 to 63.9%). Assessment of HRV found a shift in the ratio of low to high frequency (209.2 to 30.9%). Absolute VO2 was minimally reduced despite weight loss resulting in an increase in relative VO2 (41.9 to 47.7ml/Kg). In general, this prolonged contest preparation technique helped the athlete to improve body composition and resulted in positive CV changes, suggesting that this method of contest preparation appears to be effective in natural male bodybuilders.
Ingestion of a Moderately High Caffeine Dose Before Exercise Increases Postexercise Energy Expenditure
Authors: Fernández-Elías Valentín E. , Del Coso Juan , Hamouti Nassim , Ortega Juan F. , Muñoz Gloria , Muñoz-Guerr Jesus , Mora-Rodríguez Ricardo
Published: June 2014

Caffeine is an ergogenic aid widely used before and during prolonged exercise. Due to its prolonged biological half-life caffeine effects could remain after exercise. We aimed to investigate the metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular postexercise responses to preexercise graded caffeine ingestion. Twelve aerobically trained subjects (mean VO2max = 54 ± 7 ml · min−1 · kg−1) cycled for 60-min at 75% VO2max after ingesting placebo (0 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight) or 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg · kg−1 on five occasions. During the 3 hr postexercise, heart rate, blood pressure, glucose, lactate, and fatty acids were analyzed. None of these variables were statistically affected by preexercise caffeine ingestion between 0.5 and 4.5 mg · kg−1. However, ingestion of 4.5 mg · kg−1 of caffeine raised postexercise energy expenditure 15% above placebo (233 ± 58 vs. 202 ± 49 kcal/3 hr; p < .05). Ventilation and tidal volume were elevated after the 4.5 mg·kg−1 caffeine dose above placebo (9.2 ± 2.5 L · min−1 and 0.67 ± 0.29 L · breath−1 vs. 7.8 ± 1.5 L · min−1 and 0.56 ± 0.20 L · breath−1, respectively; p < .05). Ventilation correlated with tidal volume (r = .45; p < .05) and energy expenditure (r = .72; p < .05). In summary, preexercise ingestion of ergogenic caffeine doses do not alter postexercise cardiovascular responses. However, ingestion of 4.5 mg · kg−1 of caffeine raises 3-hr postexercise energy expenditure (i.e., 31 kcal) likely through increased energy cost of ventilation.
The Physical Activity Energy Cost of the Latest Active Video Games in Young Adults
Authors: Howe Cheryl A. , Barr Marcus W. , Winner Brett C. , Kimble Jenelynn R. , White Jason B.
Published: June 2014

Background:

Although promoted for weight loss, especially in young adults, it has yet to be determined if the physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and intensity of the newest active video games (AVGs) qualifies as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; > 3.0 METs). This study compared the PAEE and intensity of AVGs to traditional seated video games (SVGs).

Methods:

Fifty-three young adults (18−35 y; 27 females) volunteered to play 6 video games (4 AVGs, 2 SVGs). Anthropometrics and resting metabolism were measured before testing. While playing the games (6−10 min) in random order against a playmate, the participants wore a portable metabolic analyzer for measuring PAEE (kcal/min) and intensity (METs). A repeated-measures ANOVA compared the PAEE and intensity across games with sex, BMI, and PA status as main effects.

Results:

The intensity of AVGs (6.1 ± 0.2 METs) was significantly greater than SVGs (1.8 ± 0.1 METs). AVGs elicited greater PAEE than SVGs in all participants (5.3 ± 0.2 vs 0.8 ± 0.0 kcal/min); PAEE during the AVGs was greater in males and overweight participants compared with females and healthy weight participants (p’s < .05).

Conclusions:

The newest AVGs do qualify as MVPA and can contribute to the recommended dose of MVPA for weight management in young adults.
Quantification of Underestimation of Physical Activity During Cycling to School When Using Accelerometry
Authors: Tarp Jakob , Andersen Lars B. , Østergaard Lars
Published: June 2014

Background:

Cycling to and from school is an important source of physical activity (PA) in youth but it is not captured by the dominant objective method to quantify PA. The aim of this study was to quantify the underestimation of objectively assessed PA caused by cycling when using accelerometry.

Methods:

Participants were 20 children aged 11 to 14 years from a randomized controlled trial performed in 2011. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometry with the addition of heart rate monitoring during cycling to school. Global positioning system (GPS) was used to identify periods of cycling to school.

Results:

Mean minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during round-trip commutes was 10.8 (95% CI: 7.1−16.6). Each kilometer of cycling meant an underestimation of 9314 (95% CI: 7719−11238) counts and 2.7 (95% CI: 2.1−3.5) minutes of MVPA. Adjusting for cycling to school increased estimates of MVPA/day by 6.0 (95% CI: 3.8−9.6) minutes.

Conclusions:

Cycling to and from school contribute substantially to levels of MVPA and to mean counts/min in children. This was not collected by accelerometers. Using distance to school in conjunction with self-reported cycling to school may be a simple tool to improve the methodology.
Predictors of Weight Loss for African-American Women in the Faith, Activity, and Nutrition (FAN) Study
Authors: Kyryliuk Rebecca , Baruth Meghan , Wilcox Sara
Published: June 2014

Background:

Understanding predictors of weight loss can assist in developing targeted evidence-based programs to reduce obesity in faith-based settings. The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of weight loss for a sample of African-American women taking part in in a church-based study.

Methods:

Participants (N = 350) completed physical assessments and comprehensive surveys at baseline and 15 months later. Analyses examined baseline variables and change in variables from baseline to posttest, as predictors of ≥ 5% weight loss at posttest. Demographic, health-related, and behavioral variables were examined.

Results:

Lower baseline stress predicted greater likelihood of weight loss. Increased leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) from baseline to posttest was predictive of greater weight loss. The odds of ≥ 5% weight loss was 38% lower for every 1-point increase in baseline stress (OR = 0.62, CI = 0.39, 0.98, P = .04) and 6% greater for every 1-hour increase in posttest LTPA (OR = 1.06, CI = 1.0, 1.12, P = .049).

Conclusions:

Increased LTPA appears to be an independent predictor of modest but meaningful reductions in weight among African-American women. African-American women reporting higher levels of stress at baseline may require more intense strategies emphasizing increased LTPA to lose weight.
Children’s Physical Activity While Gardening: Development of a Valid and Reliable Direct Observation Tool
Authors: Myers Beth M. , Wells Nancy M.
Published: June 2014

Background:

Gardens are a promising intervention to promote physical activity (PA) and foster health. However, because of the unique characteristics of gardening, no extant tool can capture PA, postures, and motions that take place in a garden.

Methods:

The Physical Activity Research and Assessment tool for Garden Observation (PARAGON) was developed to assess children’s PA levels, tasks, postures, and motions, associations, and interactions while gardening. PARAGON uses momentary time sampling in which a trained observer watches a focal child for 15 seconds and then records behavior for 15 seconds. Sixty-five children (38 girls, 27 boys) at 4 elementary schools in New York State were observed over 8 days. During the observation, children simultaneously wore Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers.

Results:

The overall interrater reliability was 88% agreement, and Ebel was .97. Percent agreement values for activity level (93%), garden tasks (93%), motions (80%), associations (95%), and interactions (91%) also met acceptable criteria. Validity was established by previously validated PA codes and by expected convergent validity with accelerometry.

Conclusions:

PARAGON is a valid and reliable observation tool for assessing children’s PA in the context of gardening.
Transit-Related Walking to Work in Promoting Physical Activity
Authors: Yu Chia-Yuan , Lin Hsien-Chang
Published: June 2014

Background:

Transit-related walking to work is a potential strategy for incorporating physical activity into daily life and promoting health benefits. This study estimated the transit-related walking time for work trips on the journey to and from work and examined the predictors of transit users who walked to/from transit and the workplace and those who walked 30 minutes or more per day.

Methods:

This study used the 2009 National Household Travel Survey and identified 772 subjects who took transit to/from work, 355 subjects who walked to/from transit and the workplace, and 145 subjects who walked 30 minutes or more per day among the 40,659 workers. Weighted logistic regressions were used for the analysis.

Results:

Of the people who walked to/from transit and the workplace, 40.9% walked 30 minutes or more per day. The weighted logistic regressions revealed that low-income groups and workers living in high population density areas were more likely to walk to/from transit and the workplace. Workers living in high population density areas were more likely to walk 30 minutes or more per day.

Conclusions:

Transit-related walking to work provides an opportunity to increase physical activity levels and to meet the physical activity recommendations.
Intima-Media Thickness in 11- to 13-Year-Old Children: Variation Attributed to Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Waist Circumference
Authors: Melo Xavier , Santa-Clara Helena , Pimenta Nuno M. , Martins Sandra Silva , Minderico Cláudia S. , Fernhall Bo , Sardinha Luís B.
Published: June 2014

Background:

It is unclear how sedentary behavior (SED), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) influence vascular structure in children of varying body size. This study examined whether associations between SED, PA, and CRF with intima-media thickness (IMT) added to that of abdominal fatness and IMT. Differences in physiological measures among waist circumference (WC) percentiles were tested.

Methods:

We assessed IMT of the carotid artery in 265 children aged 11 to 13 years (135 girls). Measures included IMT assessed with high-resolution ultrasonography, WC, body fat mass (BFM) from DXA, and CRF determined using a maximal cycle test. SED and PA were assessed by accelerometry. Association between IMT and CRF adjusted for PA variables, and body composition phenotypes were tested with multiple linear regression analysis.

Results:

CRF was related to IMT independently of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and SED (P < .05). When WC was added to the model CRF was no longer associated with IMT (P > .05). Children in the higher WC group had increased mean values of BMI, BFM, WC, and IMT and lower MVPA and CRF (P < .05).

Conclusion:

Full modeling of SED, MVPA, CRF, and WC revealed that regional adiposity appears to have the biggest role in arterial structure of children.
Colombian Children With Overweight and Obesity Need Additional Motivational Support at School to Perform Health-Enhancing Physical Activity
Authors: Olaya-Contreras Patricia , Bastidas Myriam , Arvidsson Daniel
Published: June 2014

Aims:

The aim of this study is to investigate associations of screen-time and physical activity (PA) with self-efficacy for PA, intrinsic motivation to PA and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Colombian schoolchildren from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, and to compare these variables among children with normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obesity (OB).

Methods:

In 678 schoolchildren (age 10–14 years) screen-time (TV, video games, computer) and number of days being physically active ≥ 60 minutes were self-reported. Multi-item scales were used to assess self-efficacy to PA and intrinsic motivation to PA. The KIDSCREEN-27 was used to assess HRQoL.

Results:

Screen-time was associated with HRQoL in the school/learning environment dimension. Number of days being physically active was associated with self-efficacy for PA, intrinsic motivation for PA and with HRQoL concerning physical well-being, autonomy/parent relation and social support/peers. Group differences were found for days being physically active (OW = 2.8 and OB = 2.7 vs. NW = 3.3) but not for screen-time (NW = 5.0, OW = 4.7 and OB = 5.7 hrs·d-1). OW and OB scored lower on intrinsic motivation to PA than NW (OW = 19.2 and OB = 17.9 versus NW = 20.1). All 3 groups differed in physical well-being scores (NW = 50.3, OW = 48.1, OB = 40.6, P < .001).

Conclusions:

Schoolchildren with overweight and obesity from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods need additional motivational support to perform health-enhancing PA to experience higher physical well-being.