bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Stresses Near a Circular Opening in a Flat Plate, Reinforced With a Cylindrical Outlet
Authors: Waters Everett O.
Published: May 2019

Formulas are derived for stresses in the neighborhood of a circular hole in a flat plate, when the opening is reinforced with a cylindrical outlet such as a pipe or nozzle. The plate is loaded in tension, either uniformly in all directions, or with transverse and longitudinal tensions in the ratio of 2:1 as is the case in cylindrical pressure vessels. Consideration is given to the possibility of “balanced reinforcement” by adding material on both sides of the plate. Tables and graphs are included for the use of designers who wish to find the stress-concentration factors for different combinations of plate thickness, outlet-wall thickness, and outlet diameter.
Use of Flow Models for Boiler-Furnace Design
Authors: Curtis R. W. , Johnson L. E.
Published: May 2019

This paper discusses, from a practical viewpoint, the use of scale models to study flow-distribution problems encountered in the design of boiler furnaces. Some of the types of models used by the authors’ company and the methods of testing each type are described. A brief discussion of model design is presented. An example of how flow models were used to aid in the design of the furnace arrangement for a specific unit is described.
Basic Principles of Combustion-Model Research
Authors: Putnam A. A. , Ungar E. W.
Published: May 2019

The use of models to study problems encountered in the design of commercial and industrial combustion equipment is less well known than the use of their counterparts for aeronautical, hydraulic, erosion, and similar studies. The basic assumptions upon which cold-flow modeling of combustion systems is carried out, the application of modeling to various combustion problems, and the type of results that should be expected from the application of modeling techniques are discussed.
Free Convection, Forced Convection, and Acoustic Vibrations in a Constant Temperature Vertical Tube
Authors: Jackson T. W. , Harrison W. B. , Boteler W. C.
Published: May 2019

Experimental studies of heat transfer to air with superposed forced and free convection were reported in a previous paper [1]. In studies reported in this paper, the same experimental system was employed, but a complication was added in the form of acoustic vibrations in the flow field. By comparison of the results with and without acoustic vibrations under conditions which were otherwise the same, an effort has been made to determine the effect of acoustic vibrations on heat transfer. The Nusselt modulus, based on the log mean temperature difference, ranged from 17.2 to 50.6; the Graetz modulus, based on the bulk or average temperature of the air, ranged from 40.2 to 1633; and the Grashof-Prandtl D/L modulus, based on properties of air at the wall temperature, ranged from 0.967 × 105 to 1.26 × 106.

The results indicated that sound pressure levels below approximately 118 decibels had little effect on the heat-transfer coefficient. Below 118 decibels free convection forces were evident. Above 118 decibels free convection forces were apparently negligible and the effect of sound appeared to be considerable.
Heat and Mass Transfer From a Rotating Disk
Authors: Kreith F. , Taylor J. H. , Chong J. P.
Published: May 2019

The analogy between heat, mass, and momentum transfer is applied to a rotating disk. Experimentally measured mass-transfer rates from a disk rotating in an infinite environment under laminar and turbulent conditions are related to the corresponding heat-transfer process by means of an analogy method. The experimental analog is shown to eliminate difficulties associated with accurate measurements of heat-transfer coefficients.

Experimental data on the effect of an adiabatic surface placed at various distances parallel to the disk on the transfer rate from the disk are presented. Observations of some unusual flow patterns resulting from Goertler type vortexes in the transition regime and from some as yet unexplained turbulent vortex phenomena are also reported.
Structural Error Analysis in Plane Kinematic Synthesis
Authors: Freudenstein Ferdinand
Published: May 2019

Methods are developed for estimating and obtaining minimum structural error in the approximate synthesis of plane, function, or path-generating mechanisms. The application to a four-bar function generation mechanism is worked out with the aid of a large-scale digital computer used in the manner of a servo loop.
Factors Influencing the Performance of Grinding Wheels
Authors: Krabacher E. J.
Published: May 2019

Optimum utilization of grinding wheels can best be achieved if the nature of their performance and wear characteristics, and the factors that affect these characteristics, are understood and applied. As reported in this paper, a comprehensive, continuing, grinding-research program has contributed to such an understanding.

A study of the nature of grinding-wheel wear indicates that the grinding-wheel wear curve is similar to those of other cutting tools. It demonstrates further that the type of grinding operation significantly affects the nature of wheel wear. A unique technique has been developed for very accurately measuring grinding-wheel wear. This measured wear may be translated into terms of “grinding ratio,” which is the generally accepted parameter for measuring wheel wear. It is the ratio of the volume of metal removed per unit volume of wheel worn away.

Extensive studies have been carried out to determine the effect of mechanical variables on grinding ratio, power required in metal removal, and on surface finish. Experimental findings indicate that grinding ratio decreases with increased metal-removal rate and increases with workpiece diameter, decreased chip load, and increased concentration of grinding fluid. Power is found to increase with both the metal-removal rate and the amount of metal removed. It increases slightly with workpiece diameter and is affected little by work-material hardness. Surface finish is found to improve with decreased metal-removal rate and decreased chip load. It also is affected little by work diameter or work-material hardness.

Fundamental research in the mechanics of wheel wear is supplying much additional information in the study of grinding-wheel wear. The measurement of grinding forces employing a cylindrical grinding dynamometer provides the opportunity for relating the wear of grinding wheels to the basic mechanics of the process through such fundamental quantities as grinding forces, specific energy, and grinding friction.

Two additional experimental techniques for the study of chip formation in grinding have also proved to be most useful research tools. A “quick-stop” apparatus is used to freeze the grinding action by accelerating a tiny workpiece almost instantaneously to grinding-wheel speed. Another technique permits the comparison of the shape of the grinding grit and that of the contour of its path through the workpiece by a unique replicating method.
A Three-Dimensional, Tool-Life Equation—Machining Economics
Authors: Colding Bertil N.
Published: May 2019

In Part 1 of this paper, two tool-life equations are derived, one limited equation and one general tool-life equation, between the variables cutting speed, chip equivalent, and tool life. The chip equivalent, introduced by Woxén, is a well-defined function of feed, depth of cut, nose radius, and side-cutting-edge angle. The limited equation takes into account the variation of Taylor’s exponent n with the value of the chip equivalent, but the equation is only valid within certain limits of cutting speed and chip equivalent. A general equation is then derived on the basis of the limited equation. In Part 2 an expression called the productivity is derived. This relationship is valid for either maximum production or minimum cost and, combined with the general, hyperbolic, tool-life equation, it is used to investigate the optimum combination of tool-life, cutting speed, and chip equivalent.
Dynamic Problems Associated With Satellite Orbit Control
Authors: Augenstein B. W.
Published: May 2019

Many future satellite applications will require provision for changing the orbital parameters of the satellite once it is in an initial orbit. Such changes of orbital parameters can range from simple “orbit trimming,” to correct initial guidance or propulsive inaccuracies, to relatively large-scale changes in the orbit for maneuvering purposes.

The magnitudes of impulsive applications of force required to perturb the orbit by desired amounts is calculated for some typical cases, under the assumption of a central force field. From these results, the case of continuously applied forces may be derived.

The treatment is perfectly general, and permits analysis of the effects of arbitrary variations of an arbitrary initial conical motion.

For a few typical cases, the corresponding requirements of propellant consumption of chemical rockets is shown.
A Theory for the Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue of Metals Under Combined Torsion and Axial Load or Bending
Authors: Findley W. N.
Published: May 2019

The concept that alternating shear stress is the primary cause of fatigue with the normal stress on the critical shear plane as an influencing factor has been developed for the case of mean (or static) stresses superimposed on combinations of torsion and axial load or bending. The influence of the maximum stress of the cycle of stress on the allowable alternating stress for a given number of cycles and on the orientation of the critical shear plane is explored. The predictions of the theory are consistent with the known trends of fatigue data both for ductile metals and cast irons. The theory explains the fact that the influence of mean stress is weak for torsion and stronger for bending of ductile metals, but strong for both torsion and bending of cast irons. As far as is known this is the first rational theory for the influence of mean stress.
A Mechanical Time-Delay Device Sensitive to Centrifugal Fields
Authors: Baumgarten J. R. , Cohen R. , Hall A. S.
Published: May 2019

A proposed design of a mechanism suitable for use as a time-delay device is given. The equations of motion of the device are derived and the effects of variation of certain design parameters are studied.
An Investigation of Dry Adhesive Wear
Authors: Steijn R. P.
Published: May 2019

Sliding-motion experiments under unlubricated conditions have been carried out on various metals, and the results are discussed in terms of the simple wear theory advanced by Archard.

Oxide-film formation has been studied by electrical contact-resistance measurements made in conjunction with wear tests. The effects on the wear rate and basic wear formula are discussed. For the ring apparatus, a modified expression for the wear formula is suggested to incorporate surface oxidation.

Although it was found that the sliding of a soft material on a hard material follows simple wear rules, discrepancies are reported for the wear of brass against brass. In these experiments, the wear rate is affected by the geometry of the apparent area of contact.
Labyrinth-Seal Leakage Analysis
Authors: Zabriskie W. , Sternlicht B.
Published: May 2019

The leakage flow through labyrinth seals in turbomachinery has been the subject of increasing concern as refinements and advances in design are made. Accurate knowledge of seal leakage is necessary in at least three areas of design: (a) Estimating the effect of seal leakage on performance; (b) regulating the leakage flow required for cooling purposes; (c) determining the thrust-bearing load which is a function of the pressure drop through the seal. This paper is concerned primarily with the fluid-flow aspect of gas leakage through labyrinth seals of the types commonly used in gas and steam turbines. This includes staggered and unstaggered seals of the axial type, which are most commonly used in turbomachinery. The attention to fluid-flow considerations does not imply that material compatibility and operating problems of expansion, deformation, and rub-in are unimportant. In fact, these mechanical considerations may overrule the fluid-flow considerations. For the foregoing reasons, it is desirable to be able to predict seal leakage flows, and thus this aspect of seal design has been singled out for consideration here.
The Aerodynamic Design of Two-Dimensional Turbine Cascades for Incompressible Flow With a High-Speed Computer
Authors: Cantrell H. N. , Fowler J. E.
Published: May 2019

A method for the design of large turning angle, turbine bucket cascades is given. The method, based on conformal mapping from the logarithmic hodograph, is well adapted for use with high-speed computing machinery. Examples are given of bucket shapes designed by this method. A comparison is presented between design and test-measured pressure distribution for two cascades.
A Survey of Stall Propagation—Experiment and Theory
Authors: Emmons H. W. , Kronauer R. E. , Rockett J. A.
Published: May 2019

The experimental literature on stall propagation is summarized in terms of an idealized compressor which possesses properties typical of the bulk of published data. The published analyses are examined and all are shown to have one fundamental restriction or another which makes them unable to predict all of the relevant features of stall propagation—most notably the number of stall cells. A relatively simple mathematical model is constructed which offers the possibility of a complete prediction.
Some Hydraulic Features of Puntledge Generating Plant
Authors: Lash A. W. , Passmore R. E.
Published: May 2019

Puntledge Generating Plant has an exceptionally long penstock in relation to head, and pressure fluctuations are limited by means of an automatic pressure regulator. The automatic and remote-control features of the plant are described in relation to this equipment. In Part I the reasons for the design adopted are outlined, and the testing and control features are described. In Part II a detailed description is given of the pressure-regulator design and construction.
Mask Video Projection-Based Stereolithography With Continuous Resin Flow
Authors: Li Xiangjia , Mao Huachao , Pan Yayue , Chen Yong
Published: May 2019

The mask image projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) is a low-cost and high-resolution additive manufacturing (AM) process. However, the slow speed of part separation and resin refilling is the primary bottleneck that limits the fabrication speed of the MIP-SL process. In addition, the stair-stepping effect due to the layer-based fabrication process limits the surface quality of built parts. To address the critical issues in the MIP-SL process related to resin refilling and layer-based fabrication, we present a mask video projection-based stereolithography (MVP-SL) process with continuous resin flow and light exposure. The newly developed AM process enables the continuous fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) objects with ultra-high fabrication speed. In the paper, the system design to achieve mask video projection and the process settings to achieve ultrafast fabrication speed are presented. The relationship between process parameters and the surface quality of the built parts is discussed. Test results illustrate that the MVP-SL process with a continuous resin flow can build three-dimensional objects within minutes, and the surface quality of the fabricated objects is significantly improved.
Substructure Coupling of a Machine Tool in Arbitrary Axis Positions Considering Local Linear Damping Models
Authors: Semm Thomas , Nierlich Michael B. , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: May 2019

Virtual prototypes, e.g., finite element models, are commonly used to reduce the development times of a new machine tool generation. However, the accuracy of these models is often limited by their representation of damping effects and the possibility to efficiently simulate the dynamic behavior in different axis positions. This paper shows the changing local damping distribution within a single-axis machine tool configuration for different axis positions. Based on this investigation, an approach to accurately model the position-dependent dynamics, while keeping the calculation times small, is presented. The virtual model of the machine is divided in several substructures, which consider the local damping behavior of each dissipation source. The reduced mass, stiffness, and damping matrices are coupled in the desired machine position by using multipoint constraints, which are generated at the desired machine position after the reduction of the substructures. Four different approaches to apply multipoint constraints on reduced substructures are compared, followed by an investigation of their influencing parameters. The most promising approach is compared with a model without local damping representation as well as a model without substructuring. By considering the local damping effects within the finite element model and coupling the reduced models of each component in arbitrary axis positions, an efficient analysis and optimization of the dynamic behavior of a machine tool over the whole workspace can be conducted.
The Applicability of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XII, Transport Tanks, for Use in U.S. Federal Maritime Regulations
Authors: Selz Allen , Sharp Daniel R.
Published: May 2019

Developed at the request of the US Department of Transportation, Section XII-Transport Tanks, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code addresses rules for the construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation of dangerous goods by road, air, rail, or water. The standard is intended to replace most of the vessel design rules and be referenced in the federal hazardous material regulations, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). While the majority of the current rules focus on over-the-road transport, there are rules for portable tanks which can be used in marine applications for the transport of liquefied gases, and for ton tanks used for rail and barge shipping of chlorine and other compressed gases. Rules for non-cryogenic portable tanks are currently provided in Section VIII, Division 2, but will be moved into Section XII. These portable tank requirements should also replace the existing references to the outmoded 1989 edition of ASME Section VIII, Division 1 cited in Title 46 of the CFR.

Paper published with permission.
Mitigation of Piping System Vibration Using Dynamic Restraints
Authors: Voll Brian
Published: May 2019

Most power plant piping systems experience some level of vibration during operation. In some cases, the addition of restraints is required to keep operational vibration levels within acceptable limits. Vibration levels may need to be controlled to limit stresses in the piping or attached components, minimize wear on supports or other components, or prevent impacts with other piping or components. This paper discusses the use of dynamic restraints to effectively mitigate piping-system vibrations. Topics covered include: The effectiveness of using dynamic restraints for various sources of vibration; the effectiveness and applicability of various types of dynamic restraints; design considerations, including sizing and placement of dynamic restraints; and maintenance and testing considerations for dynamic restraints.

Paper published with permission.
Precise closure of single blood vessels via multiphoton absorption–based photothermolysis
Authors: Huang Yimei , Wu Zhenguo , Lui Harvey , Zhao Jianhua , Xie Shusen , Zeng Haishan
Published: May 2019

We developed a multiphoton therapy capable of precisely closing single blood vessels without affecting adjacent vessels or tissues.
Titi monkeys combine alarm calls to create probabilistic meaning
Authors: Berthet Mélissa , Mesbahi Geoffrey , Pajot Aude , Cäsar Cristiane , Neumann Christof , Zuberbühler Klaus
Published: May 2019

Field experiments reveal that titi monkeys probabilistically encode predator type and location using call combinations.
Fifteen-minute consultation: Efficient investigation of the child with early developmental impairment in the era of genomic sequencing
Authors: Coysh Thomas , Hogg Sarah Louise , Parker Alasdair PJ
Published: May 2019

The investigation of children with early developmental impairment (EDI) is challenging in terms of selecting investigations and supporting families through the diagnostic pathway. Modern genomic sequencing has the potential to greatly improve yield of investigation, but produces challenges in terms of timing and explaining its strengths/weaknesses to families. We present an evidence-based and practical guideline to help the paediatrician through all stages of investigation. We emphasise the importance of a really good history and examination, allowing targeted investigation for specific disorders and outline an approach for isolated EDI when this is not possible. This prioritises genetic investigation- after appropriate counselling to families, and balances the very low yield of biochemical/radiological investigations in isolated EDI, with the need to detect extremely rare, but potentially treatable disorders. Collaboration with both families and regional specialists to ensure appropriate testing is likely to reduce parental and clinician anxiety.
Reflex anuria post-prophylactic bilateral ureteric catheterisation: a rare postoperative complication
Authors: Udeaja Yagazie Zina , Vikram Selvi Radhika
Published: May 2019

We highlight the case of a woman who had elective gynaecological surgery with bilateral prophylactic ureteric catheterisation, indicated for the excision of a mucinous cystadenoma arising from the right ovary. Surgery was successful with no intraoperative complications. Anuria and subsequent acute kidney injury developed within 12 hours of surgery. A CT of the kidneys, ureters and bladder revealed mild bilateral hydronephrosis and perinephric stranding surrounding the left kidney with no discernible injury to the lower urinary tract. Further investigation did not reveal a clear cause for her anuric state. Management involved aggressive renal support, rigid cystoscopy and bilateral ureteric stenting. Diuresis and a prompt improvement in renal function ensued with no further complications. She was discharged a week after her initial operation, with a 6-week review for stent removal. We believe this to be a rare instance of reflex anuria due to ureteric spasm and encourage consideration of ureteric stenting as part of subsequent management.
Perioperative support of a patient with fat embolism syndrome with extracorporeal membraneoxygenation
Authors: Popovich Ivor , Singh Vikrant , Vickery Bevan
Published: May 2019

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious complication of trauma that can result in multiorgan failure, including the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Occasionally, the severity of respiratory failure associated with FES warrants support with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO), a therapy with widespread use but inconclusive evidence. Early definitive fracture fixation is the mainstay of preventing further fat embolism and ongoing organ dysfunction, but poses significant risks to the maintenance of the extracorporeal circuit. We describe a rare case of a patient who required VV-ECMO for respiratory support prior to fracture fixation. The risks of intraoperative fat embolisation causing sudden circuit failure were managed by having a spare circuit available outside the operating room with readiness for an emergency circuit change. Postoperative fat deposition in the oxygenator was managed by a circuit change. Our case is the first to describe preoperative initiation of VV-ECMO for FES and highlights why this therapy should not delay definitive fracture fixation and how it can be safely managed in this setting.
Erythema multiforme like reaction to santos rosewood (Machaerium scleroxylon) andTorreya nucifera
Authors: Uchida Sayuri , Ogai Masaaki , Saito Kazuhito , Homma Yoichiro
Published: May 2019

Erythema multiforme is a skin disorder characterised by target epithelial eruption, which is mainly caused by infection or drugs. In this case, we report an erythema multiforme like reaction caused by contact dermatitis against wood, especially santos rosewood. During the hospitalisation, we performed a patch test with lumber used in the patient’s workplace, and recognised a positive response to multiple woods and a simultaneous recurring eruption (flare up) outside of the test site. The findings from this case of contact dermatitis caused by frequently used industrial wood type is important for the management of occupational environments. A review of the literature on erythema multiforme like reaction due to contact dermatitis, including past case reports, has also been provided.
Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: de Blok Christel J M , Wiepjes Chantal M , Nota Nienke M , van Engelen Klaartje , Adank Muriel A , Dreijerink Koen M A , Barbé Ellis , Konings Inge R H M , den Heijer Martin
Published: May 2019

Objective

To investigate the incidence and characteristics of breast cancer in transgender people in the Netherlands compared with the general Dutch population.

Design

Retrospective, nationwide cohort study.

Setting

Specialised tertiary gender clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Participants

2260 adult trans women (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity) and 1229 adult trans men (female sex assigned at birth, male gender identity) who received gender affirming hormone treatment.

Main outcome measures

Incidence and characteristics (eg, histology, hormone receptor status) of breast cancer in transgender people.

Results

The total person time in this cohort was 33 991 years for trans women and 14 883 years for trans men. In the 2260 trans women in the cohort, 15 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified (median duration of hormone treatment 18 years, range 7-37 years). This was 46-fold higher than in cisgender men (standardised incidence ratio 46.7, 95% confidence interval 27.2 to 75.4) but lower than in cisgender women (0.3, 0.2 to 0.4). Most tumours were of ductal origin and oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive, and 8.3% were human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) positive. In 1229 trans men, four cases of invasive breast cancer were identified (median duration of hormone treatment 15 years, range 2-17 years). This was lower than expected compared with cisgender women (standardised incidence ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.5).

Conclusions

This study showed an increased risk of breast cancer in trans women compared with cisgender men, and a lower risk in trans men compared with cisgender women. In trans women, the risk of breast cancer increased during a relatively short duration of hormone treatment and the characteristics of the breast cancer resembled a more female pattern. These results suggest that breast cancer screening guidelines for cisgender people are sufficient for transgender people using hormone treatment.
Mixed-methods study in England and Northern Ireland to understand young men who have sex with men’s knowledge and attitudes towards human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Kesten Joanna May , Flannagan Carrie , Ruane-McAteer Eimear , Merriel Samuel William David , Nadarzynski Tom , Shapiro Gilla , Rosberger Zeev , Prue Gillian
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at greater risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers. Since 2016, MSM have been offered the HPV vaccination, which is most effective when received prior to sexual debut, at genitourinary medicine clinics in the UK. In September 2019, the national HPV vaccination programme will be extended to boys. This study aimed to understand young MSM’s (YMSM) knowledge and attitudes towards HPV vaccination.

Design

Questionnaires assessed YMSM demographics, sexual behaviour, culture, knowledge and attitudes towards HPV vaccination and stage of vaccine decision-making using the precaution adoption process model. Focus groups explored sexual health information sources, attitudes, barriers and facilitators to vaccination and strategies to support vaccination uptake. Questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive statistics and focus group data were analysed thematically.

Setting

Questionnaires were completed online or on paper. Focus groups were conducted within Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer organisational settings and a university student’s union in England and Northern Ireland.

Participants

Seventeen YMSM (M=20.5 years) participated in four focus groups and 51 (M=21.1 years) completed questionnaires.

Results

Over half of YMSM were aware of HPV (54.9%), yet few (21.6%) had previously discussed vaccination with a healthcare professional (HCP). Thematic analyses found YMSM were willing to receive the HPV vaccine. Vaccination programmes requiring YMSM to request the vaccine, particularly prior to sexual orientation disclosure to family and friends, were viewed as unfeasible. Educational campaigns explaining vaccine benefits were indicated as a way to encourage uptake.

Conclusions

This study suggests that to effectively implement HPV vaccination for YMSM, this population requires clearer information and greater discussion with their HCP. In support of the decision made by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, universal vaccination is the most feasible and equitable option. However, the absence of a catch-up programme will leave a significant number of YMSM at risk of HPV infection.
Protocol for the development of a core indicator set for reporting burn wound infection in trials: ICon-B study
Authors: Davies Anna , Teare Louise , Falder Sian , Coy Karen , Dumville Jo C , Collins Declan , Moore Luke , Dheansa Baljit , Jenkins A Toby A , Booth Simon , Agha Riaz , Shah Mamta , Marlow Karen , Young Amber
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Systematic reviews of high-quality randomised controlled trials are necessary to identify effective interventions to impact burn wound infection (BWI) outcomes. Evidence synthesis requires that BWI is reported in a consistent manner. Cochrane reviews investigating interventions for burns report that the indicators used to diagnose BWI are variable or not described, indicating a need to standardise reporting. BWI is complex and diagnosed by clinician judgement, informed by patient-reported symptoms, clinical signs, serum markers of inflammation and bacteria in the wound. Indicators for reporting BWI should be important for diagnosis, frequently observed in patients with BWI and assessed as part of routine healthcare. A minimum (core) set of indicators of BWI, reported consistently, will facilitate evidence synthesis and support clinical decision-making.

Aims

The Infection Consensus in Burns study aims to identify a core indicator set for reporting the diagnosis of BWI in research studies.

Methods

(1) Evidence review: a systematic review of indicators used in trials and observational studies reporting BWI outcomes to identify a long list of candidate indicators; (2) refinement of the long list into a smaller set of survey questions with an expert steering group; (3) a two-round Delphi survey with 100 multidisciplinary expert stakeholders, to achieve consensus on a short list of indicators; (4) a consensus meeting with expert stakeholders to agree on the BWI core indicator set.

Ethics and dissemination

Participants will be recruited through professional bodies, such that ethical approval from the National Health Service (NHS) Health Research Authority (HRA) is not needed. The core indicator set will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, co-production with journal editors, research funders and professional bodies, and presentation at national conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018096647.
Efficacy and acceptability of adjunctive psychological and pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant depression: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Husain Muhammad Ishrat , Strawbridge Rebecca , Carter Ben , Jones Brett D M , Young Allan , Carvalho Andre F
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common debilitating illness worldwide. The vast majority of patients with MDD will not achieve remission with first-line treatment and despite the availability of different treatment modalities, at least one-third of patients experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD). There continues to be a paucity of research focused on treatment options for patients with TRD thus treatment decisions are largely based on patient and clinician preference as opposed to evidence-based practice. Herein we propose a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of available pharmacological and psychological augmentation treatments for TRD, to inform evidence-based management of TRD.

Methods and analysis

We plan to conduct a search of electronic databases (MEDLINE and ISIWEB) of all dates from inception for randomised controlled trials of pharmacological and psychological augmentation interventions for adults with TRD. Articles for review will be included based upon consensus from two authors. Pharmaceutical companies will be contacted for access to any unpublished data. An NMA will compare the effectiveness pharmacological adjunctive agents for TRD using preanalysis/postanalysis, assuming consistency and transitivity.

Ethics and dissemination

This project does not require research ethics board approval. The dissemination plan is to present findings at international scientific meetings and publishing results in a peer-reviewed academic journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019132588.
Dual antiplatelet therapy in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes at Veterans Affairs Hospitals
Authors: Valle Javier Alfonso , Josey Kevin , Prouse Andrew F , Zimmet Jeffrey , Waldo Stephen W
Published: May 2019

Objective

Current guidelines recommend that patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS) receive dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) early in hospitalisations. However, observational studies suggest that this rarely occurs. We evaluated site-specific variation and clinical outcomes associated with early DAPT among patients undergoing angiography for NSTEACS.

Methods

In this observational analysis, we identified patients undergoing angiography for NSTEACS in Veterans Affairs hospitals from 2008 to 2016 and assessed characteristics and site variation associated with early DAPT (administration <24 hours of admission). Using propensity matching, we compared time to revascularisation, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and mortality between those receiving early DAPT and those not receiving early DAPT (administration ≥24 hours).

Results

Of 45 569 patients undergoing angiography for NSTEACS, 15 084 (33%) received early DAPT. Early DAPT was more frequent in patients with non-ST elevation MI, prior surgical revascularisation and among patients undergoing revascularisation. There was a greater than twofold difference in early DAPT across sites, independent of patient characteristics (median OR 2.43, 95% CI 2.28 to 2.55). There was no difference in time topercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between groups, but a significant delay to surgical revascularisation with early DAPT (median 4 vs 3 days, p<0.001) without reduction in hazard of death or MI (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) and similar results demonstrated in the subgroup of patients undergoing revascularisation (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.13).

Conclusion

Among NSTEACS patients undergoing coronary angiography, early DAPT was not associated with improvement of outcomes but was associated with delays in surgical revascularisation.
Characteristics and treatment strategies for severe tricuspid regurgitation
Authors: Ingraham Brenden S , Pislaru Sorin V , Nkomo Vuyisile T , Nishimura Rick A , Stulak John M , Dearani Joseph A , Rihal Charanjit S , Eleid Mackram F
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study aimed to identify characteristics, spectrum of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity and treatment patterns in patients considered for intervention of severe TR at a tertiary centre. The population being considered for TR intervention is currently not well defined and the role of transcatheter interventions is unclear.

Methods

The study involved 87 patients with severe TR considered for intervention from 1 March 2016 to 12 November 2018 at Mayo Clinic. Patients receiving medications alone were compared with those receiving intervention to identify patterns in demographics, clinical/echocardiographic associations and survival.

Results

Mean age was 80±9 (56% female), 93% had atrial fibrillation and 64% had chronic kidney disease ≥3 a. Follow-up was 331±276 days; 95% were symptomatic with 6 min walk distance of 270±110 m. Loop diuretics were used in 93%; aldosterone antagonists in 35%. Mean tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was 15.6±3.8 mm, effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) 82±32 mm2and stroke volume index 39±11 mL/m2; 48% had at least moderate right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and 75% did not undergo intervention. Patients receiving intervention showed trends towards larger EROA (93±33 vs 75±31 mm2), better right ventricular function and more severe symptoms. Overall group 30-day and 1-year survival were 100% and 76%, respectively.

Conclusions

Patients with severe TR considered for intervention are commonly elderly with atrial fibrillation, advanced TR and RV dysfunction; 75% were treated with medications alone and not offered intervention. Patients with greater EROA, better RV function and more severe symptoms were more likely to receive intervention. These findings have implications for future trial design.
Modeling of contact resistance effect on low frequency noise in indium–zinc oxide thin-film transistors
Authors: Liu Yuan , Cai Shu-Ting , Xiong Xiao-Ming , Li Wei-Jun
Published: May 2019

Low frequency noise in the indium–zinc oxide thin-film transistors (IZO TFTs) at low drain voltage is investigated in this paper. First, the contact resistance is extracted from transfer characteristics. By analyzing the noise behavior under different bias conditions, the measured noises in IZO TFTs have been separated into contributions from the channel and contacts. Determined by the channel and the contact, the normalized noise varied with two slopes ([Formula: see text] and 2) with the increment of effective gate voltage. Moreover, the values of flat-band voltage noise spectral density and Coulomb scattering parameter have been extracted. By considering contact resistance, the normalized noise has also been modeled by the use of carrier number with the correlated mobility fluctuation [Formula: see text] model.
Stochastic sub-sampled Newton method with variance reduction
Authors: Luo Zhijian , Qian Yuntao
Published: May 2019

Stochastic optimization on large-scale machine learning problems has been developed dramatically since stochastic gradient methods with variance reduction technique were introduced. Several stochastic second-order methods, which approximate curvature information by the Hessian in stochastic setting, have been proposed for improvements. In this paper, we introduce a Stochastic Sub-Sampled Newton method with Variance Reduction (S2NMVR), which incorporates the sub-sampled Newton method and stochastic variance-reduced gradient. For many machine learning problems, the linear time Hessian-vector production provides evidence to the computational efficiency of S2NMVR. We then develop two variations of S2NMVR that preserve the estimation of Hessian inverse and decrease the computational cost of Hessian-vector product for nonlinear problems.
Learning deep optimizer for blind image deconvolution
Authors: Luo Zhijian , Chen Siyu , Qian Yuntao
Published: May 2019

In blind image deconvolution, priors are often leveraged to constrain the solution space, so as to alleviate the under-determinacy. Priors which are trained separately from the task of deconvolution tend to be unstable. We propose the Golf Optimizer, a novel but simple form of network that learns deep priors from data with better propagation behavior. Like playing golf, our method first estimates an aggressive propagation towards optimum using one network, and recurrently applies a residual CNN to learn the gradient of prior for delicate correction on restoration. Experiments show that our network achieves competitive performance on GoPro dataset, and our model is extremely lightweight compared with the state-of-the-art works.
Information Diffusion on Complex Networks: A Novel Approach Based on Topic Modeling and Pretopology Theory
Authors: Ho Thi Kim Thoa , Bui Quang Vu , Bui Marc
Published: May 2019

In this research, we exploit a novel approach for propagation processes on a network related to textual information by using topic modeling and pretopology theory. We first introduce the textual agent’s network in which each agent represents a node which contains specific properties, particularly the agent’s interest. Agent’s interest is illustrated through the topic’s probability distribution which is estimated based on textual information using topic modeling. Based on textual agent’s network, we proposed two information diffusion models. The first model, namely Textual-Homo-IC, is an expanded model of independent cascade model in which the probability of infection is formed on homophily that is measured based on agent’s interest similarity. In addition to expressing the Textual-Homo-IC model on the static network, we also reveal it on dynamic agent’s network where there is transformation of not only the structure but also the node’s properties during the spreading process. We conducted experiments on two collected datasets from NIPS and a social network platform, Twitter, and have attained satisfactory results. On the other hand, we continue to exploit the dissemination process on a multi-relational agent’s network by integrating the pseudo-closure function from pretopology theory to the cascade model. By using pseudo-closure or stochastic pseudo-closure functions to define the set of neighbors, we can capture more complex kind of neighbors of a set. In this study, we propose the second model, namely Textual-Homo-PCM, an expanded model of pretopological cascade model, a general model for information diffusion process that can take place in more complex networks such as multi-relational networks or stochastic graphs. In Textual-Homo-PCM, pretopology theory will be applied to determine the neighborhood set on multi-relational agent’s network through pseudo-closure functions. Besides, threshold rule based on homophily will be used for activation. Experiments are implemented for simulating Textual-Homo-PCM and we obtained expected results. The work in this paper is an extended version of our paper [T. K. T. Ho, Q. V. Bui and M. Bui, Homophily independent cascade diffusion model based on textual information, in Computational Collective Intelligence, eds. N. T. Nguyen, E. Pimenidis, Z. Khan and B. Trawiski, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11055 (Springer International Publishing, 2018), pp. 134–145] presented in ICCCI 2018 conference.
The Benefits and Risks of Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Childhood
Authors: Georgieff Michael K. , Krebs Nancy F. , Cusick Sarah E.
Published: May 2019

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world and disproportionately affects pregnant women and young children. Iron deficiency has negative effects on pregnancy outcomes in women and on immune function and neurodevelopment in children. Iron supplementation programs have been successful in reducing this health burden. However, iron supplementation of iron-sufficient individuals is likely not necessary and may carry health risks for iron-sufficient and potentially some iron-deficient populations. This review considers the physiology of iron as a nutrient and how this physiology informs decision-making about weighing the benefits and risks of iron supplementation in iron-deficient, iron-sufficient, and iron-overloaded pregnant women and children.
Longitudinal interprofessional education in a graduate physiology course
Authors: Harrison-Bernard Lisa M. , Naljayan Mihran V. , Mercante Donald E. , Gunaldo Tina Patel , Edwards Scott
Published: May 2019

The primary purpose of conducting two interprofessional education (IPE) experiences during a multidisciplinary physiology graduate-level course was to provide basic science, physical therapy, and physician assistant graduate students opportunities to work as a team in the diagnosis, treatment, and collaborative care when presented with a patient case focused on acute kidney injury (first case) and female athlete triad (second case). The secondary purpose was to apply basic physiology principles to patient case presentations of pathophysiology. The overall purpose was to assess the longitudinal effects and the value of IPE integrated within a basic science course. The following Interprofessional Education Collaborative subcompetencies were targeted: roles/responsibilities (RR1, RR4). Students were given a pre- and postsurvey to assess their IPE perceptions and knowledge of professional roles. There were statistically significant increases from the presurvey renal IPE experience to the presurvey endocrine IPE experience for two perception questions regarding the ability to explain the roles and responsibilities of a physical therapist (PT) and physician assistant using a Likert scale. In addition, student knowledge of the role of a PT increased significantly when comparing the renal IPE presurvey to the endocrine IPE presurvey results to open-ended questions. Students’ perceptions of their knowledge as well as their ability to express, in writing, their newly learned knowledge of the role of a PT was sustained over time. Incorporating multiple IPE experiences into multidisciplinary health science courses represents an appropriate venue to have students learn and apply interprofessional competencies.
Erythrocyte ion content and dehydration modulate maximal Gardos channel activity in KCNN4 V282M/+ hereditary xerocytosis red cells
Authors: Rivera Alicia , Vandorpe David H. , Shmukler Boris E. , Andolfo Immacolata , Iolascon Achille , Archer Natasha M. , Shabani Estela , Auerbach Michael , Hamerschlak Nelson , Morton James , Wohlgemuth Jay G. , Brugnara Carlo , Snyder L. Michael , Alper Seth L.
Published: May 2019

Hereditary xerocytosis (HX) is caused by missense mutations in either the mechanosensitive cation channel PIEZO1 or the Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCNN4. All HX-associated KCNN4 mutants studied to date have revealed increased current magnitude and red cell dehydration. Baseline KCNN4 activity was increased in HX red cells heterozygous for KCNN4 mutant V282M. However, HX red cells maximally stimulated by Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or by PMCA Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor orthovanadate displayed paradoxically reduced KCNN4 activity. This reduced Ca2+-stimulated mutant KCNN4 activity in HX red cells was associated with unchanged sensitivity to KCNN4 inhibitor senicapoc and KCNN4 activator Ca2+, with slightly elevated Ca2+ uptake and reduced PMCA activity, and with decreased KCNN4 activation by calpain inhibitor PD150606. The altered intracellular monovalent cation content of HX red cells prompted experimental nystatin manipulation of red cell Na and K contents. Nystatin-mediated reduction of intracellular K+ with corresponding increase in intracellular Na+ in wild-type cells to mimic conditions of HX greatly suppressed vanadate-stimulated and A23187 -stimulated KCNN4 activity in those wild-type cells. However, conferral of wild-type cation contents on HX red cells failed to restore wild-type-stimulated KCNN4 activity to those HX cells. The phenotype of reduced, maximally stimulated KCNN4 activity was shared by HX erythrocytes expressing heterozygous PIEZO1 mutants R2488Q and V598M, but not by HX erythrocytes expressing heterozygous KCNN4 mutant R352H or PIEZO1 mutant R2456H. Our data suggest that chronic KCNN4-driven red cell dehydration and intracellular cation imbalance can lead to reduced KCNN4 activity in HX and wild-type red cells.