bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Location Privacy-Preserving Method Based on Historical Proximity Location
Authors: Guo Xueying , Wang Wenming , Huang Haiping , Li Qi , Malekian Reza
Published: July 2020

With the rapid development of Internet services, mobile communications, and IoT applications, Location-Based Service (LBS) has become an indispensable part in our daily life in recent years. However, when users benefit from LBSs, the collection and analysis of users’ location data and trajectory information may jeopardize their privacy. To address this problem, a new privacy-preserving method based on historical proximity locations is proposed. The main idea of this approach is to substitute one existing historical adjacent location around the user for his/her current location and then submit the selected location to the LBS server. This method ensures that the user can obtain location-based services without submitting the real location information to the untrusted LBS server, which can improve the privacy-preserving level while reducing the calculation and communication overhead on the server side. Furthermore, our scheme can not only provide privacy preservation in snapshot queries but also protect trajectory privacy in continuous LBSs. Compared with other location privacy-preserving methods such as k-anonymity and dummy location, our scheme improves the quality of LBS and query efficiency while keeping a satisfactory privacy level.
High-Resolution Radar Target Recognition via Inception-Based VGG (IVGG) Networks
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Chengwen , Tian Jinge , Wang Xin , Ou Jianping , Zhang Jun , Li Ji
Published: July 2020

Aiming at high-resolution radar target recognition, new convolutional neural networks, namely, Inception-based VGG (IVGG) networks, are proposed to classify and recognize different targets in high range resolution profile (HRRP) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals. The IVGG networks have been improved in two aspects. One is to adjust the connection mode of the full connection layer. The other is to introduce the Inception module into the visual geometry group (VGG) network to make the network structure more suik / for radar target recognition. After the Inception module, we also add a point convolutional layer to strengthen the nonlinearity of the network. Compared with the VGG network, IVGG networks are simpler and have fewer parameters. The experiments are compared with GoogLeNet, ResNet18, DenseNet121, and VGG on 4 datasets. The experimental results show that the IVGG networks have better accuracies than the existing convolutional neural networks.
Latest Advances in Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Xv Yifan , Fan Jiajun , Ding Yuan , Hu Yang , Hu Yingjie , Jiang Zhengjie , Tao Qingsong
Published: July 2020

Background.Intersphincteric resection (ISR) has been a preferable alternative to abdominoperineal resection (APR) for anal preservation in patients with low rectal cancer. Laparoscopic ISR and robotic ISR have been widely used with the proposal of 2 cm or even 1 cm rule of distal free margin and the development of minimally invasive technology. The aim of this review was to describe the newest advancements of ISR.Methods.A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify studies on ISR techniques, preoperative chemoradiotherapy (PCRT), complications, oncological outcomes, and functional outcomes and thereby to summarize relevant information and controversies involved in ISR.Results.Although PCRT is employed to avoid positive circumferential resection margin (CRM) and decrease local recurrence, it tends to engender damage of anorectal function and patients’ quality of life (QoL). Common complications after ISR include anastomotic leakage (AL), anastomotic stricture (AS), urinary retention, fistula, pelvic sepsis, and prolapse. CRM involvement is the most important predictor for local recurrence. Preoperative assessment and particularly rectal endosonography are essential for selecting suitable patients. Anal dysfunction is associated with age, PCRT, location and growth of anastomotic stoma, tumour stage, and resection of internal sphincter.Conclusions.The ISR technique seems feasible for selected patients with low rectal cancer. However, the postoperative QoL as a result of functional disorder should be fully discussed with patients before surgery.
Production and Pricing Strategies of Energy-Saving Products in the Presence of Duopolistic Manufacturers
Authors: Xia Xuefeng , Lou Zhenkai , Dai Xiaozhen
Published: July 2020

This paper considers optimal production and pricing strategies of energy-saving products in the presence of duopolistic manufacturers. First, we analyze the free competition case by a Bertrand game. A sufficient condition for guaranteeing the existence and the uniqueness of the equilibrium solution is proposed. The change rate of the benefit function of environment with regard to purchasing preference proportions is examined. Second, we investigate the case in the presence of energy-saving incentive. A two-layer decision model is constructed by considering the decision order of each participant. Optimal strategies between the two cases are compared. We provide theoretical foundations for the government to formulate policies of energy-saving incentive under a financial budget constraint. Finally, a numerical example is presented to verify the obtained conclusions and make some supplements.
Continuous Estimation of Cardiac Output in Critical Care: A Noninvasive Method Based on Pulse Wave Transit Time Compared with Transpulmonary Thermodilution
Authors: Ehlers Ulrike , Erlebach Rolf , Brandi Giovanna , Stretti Federica , Valek Richard , Klinzing Stephanie , Schuepbach Reto
Published: July 2020

Purpose. Estimation of cardiac output (CO) and evaluation of change in CO as a result of therapeutic interventions are essential in critical care medicine. Whether noninvasive tools estimating CO, such as continuous cardiac output (esCCOTM) methods, are sufficiently accurate and precise to guide therapy needs further evaluation. We compared esCCOTM with an established method, namely, transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD). Patients and Methods. In a single center mixed ICU, esCCOTM was compared with the TPTD method in 38 patients. The primary endpoint was accuracy and precision. The cardiac output was assessed by two investigators at baseline and after eight hours. Results. In 38 critically ill patients, the two methods correlated significantly (r = 0.742). The Bland–Altman analysis showed a bias of 1.6 l/min with limits of agreement of −1.76 l/min and +4.98 l/min. The percentage error for COesCCO was 47%. The correlation of trends in cardiac output after eight hours was significant (r = 0.442), with a concordance of 74%. The performance of COesCCO could not be linked to the patient’s condition. Conclusion. The accuracy and precision of the esCCOTM method were not clinically acceptable for our critical patients. EsCCOTM also failed to reliably detect changes in cardiac output.
Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making Based on Simplified Neutrosophic Integrated Weighted Distance Measure and Entropy Method
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Mu Zhimin , Zeng Shouzhen
Published: July 2020

Simplified neutrosophic set (SNS) is a popular tool in modelling potential, imprecise, and uncertain information within complex environments. In this paper, a method based on the integrated weighted distance measure and entropy weight is proposed for handling SNS multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems. To this end, the simplified neutrosophic (SN) integrated weighted distance (SVNIWD) measure is first developed for overcoming the limitations of the existing methods. Afterward, the proposed SNIWD’s several properties and particular status are studied. Moreover, a flexible and useful MAGDM approach that combines the strengths of the SNIWD and the SNS is proposed, wherein the SN entropy measure is applied to calculate the unknown weight information regarding attributes. Finally, a numerical case of investment evaluation and subsequent comparative analysis are conducted to prove the superiority of the proposed framework.
Multiobjective Optimal Control of FOPID Controller for Hydraulic Turbine Governing Systems Based on Reinforced Multiobjective Harris Hawks Optimization Coupling with Hybrid Strategies
Authors: Fu Wenlong , Lu QiPeng
Published: July 2020

The controlling parameter tuning of the hydraulic turbine governing system (HTGS) is always deduced under single operating condition and is not suitable for the changeable operating conditions of the hydraulic turbine. For this purpose, multiobjective optimization problem of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller for HTGS is constructed through the consideration of no-load disturbance and on-load disturbance operation conditions, where the performance indicators of integral time absolute error (ITAE) under both operation conditions are employed as the objective functions. To achieve the optimum, the multiobjective version of newly proposed Harris hawks optimization (MOHHO) is established to solve the optimization issue. Additionally, hybrid strategies which include Latin hypercube sampling initialization, modified differential evolution operator, and mutation operator are coupled into MOHHO (HMOHHO) to promote the global searching capability. Simultaneously, the linear model of rabbit energy within MOHHO is replaced with a nonlinear one to further enhance the searching capacity. Subsequently, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed HMOHHO are verified by several multiobjective UF and ZDT test problems. Finally, the practical application and contrastive analysis ascertain that the constructed multiobjective problem of FOPID controller is suitable for HTGS under changeable operating conditions, and the proposed HMOHHO is effective in solving the issue.
Psychiatric Symptoms as the First or Solitary Manifestation of Somatic Illnesses: Hyperammonaemia Type II
Authors: Niwinski Piotr , Remberk Barbara , Rybakowski Filip , Rokicki Dariusz
Published: July 2020

Aim: We describe the difficulties encountered in making a diagnosis where a somatic condition manifests itself alongside psychiatric symptoms associated with possible psychiatric comorbidities. Methods: A case study is presented of a 15-year-old girl who was eventually diagnosed with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency (hyperammonaemia type II), following an initial diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder, selective mutism, and anorexia nervosa. Results: The OTC disease is not fully expressed in females and its prevalence is lower than in males. Around 17–20% of female patients found with a defective OTC gene on an X chromosome can suffer from OTC deficiency that may result in elevated levels of ammonia in the blood; this occurs when one of the X chromosomes become inactivated. Patients typically present with nausea, migraines, and a history of dietary protein avoidance. In more severe cases, ataxia, confusion, hallucinations, and cerebral oedema can occur. The OTC deficiency can thus remain undiagnosed in women for many years. Conclusion: Somatic comorbidity in psychiatric inpatients is commonly found; however, such disorders are rarely diagnosed or even treated adequately.
Survival in Restless Legs Syndrome: An 11-Year Surveillance, Community-Based Population Study
Authors: Cubo Esther , Collazo Riobo Carla , Gallego-Nieto Cesar , Elizari-Roncal Miren , Barroso-Pérez Teresa , Calvo Sara , Echavarria Ana , Marras Connie
Published: July 2020

Background: A growing body of evidence relates restless legs syndrome (RLS) to an increased risk of mortality attributable to both cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. The aim was to investigate survival in patients with RLS. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective longitudinal study of a cohort of patients followed up for 11 years. RLS was diagnosed by a physician using the International RLS Study Group criteria. Mortality was analyzed using age-standardized mortality ratios (SMR: observed/expected deaths) and Cox regression analysis. Results: Vital status was studied in a cohort of 232 patients: 181 women (78%), 96 with RLS (41.4%) with a mean age at baseline of 49.8 ± 15.0 years and a mean RLS duration of 14.1 ± 1.9 years, and 136 non-RLS (58.6%) with a mean age of 51.3 ± 14.9 years. This RLS cohort was followed up for a period of 10.4 ± 2.0 years. As of September 2019, 17 (7.3%) patients died (6 with RLS, 6.3%), and the most frequent cause was oncological (66.7%). A total of 944 person-years of observations were available for survival analysis. RLS was not associated with increased mortality in adjusted Cox regression analysis (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.40–3.15), and survival was similar to that expected for the general population (SMR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.27–1.36). Conclusions: RLS seems not to be associated with increased mortality compared to the general population. Still, studies with prospective data collection with large samples are needed to study the long-term mortality risk factors in RLS cohorts.
A Genomic Test for Colorectal Cancer Risk: Is This Acceptable and Feasible in Primary Care?
Authors: Saya Sibel , McIntosh Jennifer G. , Winship Ingrid M. , Clendenning Mark , Milton Shakira , Oberoi Jasmeen , Dowty James G. , Buchanan Daniel D. , Jenkins Mark A. , Emery Jon D.
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Genomic tests can predict risk and tailor screening recommendations for colorectal cancer (CRC). Primary care could be suitable for their widespread implementation. Objective: We aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of administering a CRC genomic test in primary care. Methods: Participants aged 45–74 years recruited from 4 Australian general practices were offered a genomic CRC risk test. Participants received brief verbal information about the test comprising 45 CRC-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, before choosing whether to undertake the test. Personalized risks were given to testers. Uptake and knowledge of the genomic test, cancer-specific anxiety (Cancer Worry Scale), psychosocial impact (Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment [MICRA] score), and impact on CRC screening behaviour within 6 months were measured. Results: In 150 participants, test uptake was high (126, 84%), with 125 (83%) having good knowledge of the genomic test. Moderate risk participants were impacted more by the test (MICRA mean: 15.9) than average risk participants (mean: 9.5, difference in means: 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5, 11.2, p = 0.01), but all scores were low. Average risk participants’ cancer-specific anxiety decreased (mean differences from baseline: 1 month −0.5, 95% CI: −1.0, −0.1, p = 0.03; 6 months −0.6, 95% CI: −1.0, −0.2, p = 0.01). We found limited evidence for genomic testers being more likely to complete the risk-appropriate CRC screening than non-testers (41 vs. 17%, odds ratio = 3.4, 95% CI: 0.6, 34.8, p = 0.19), but some mediators of screening behaviour were altered in genomic testers. Conclusions: Genomic testing for CRC risk in primary care is acceptable and likely feasible. Further development of the risk assessment intervention could strengthen the impact on screening behaviour.
Description of the third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Southern Brazil
Authors: Begha Bruno Piotrovski , Santos Mateus Henrique
Published: July 2020

The third instar larva and pupa of Macraspis morio Burmeister, 1844 (Rutelinae: Rutelini: Anticheirina), collected in Paraná, Brazil, is described and illustrations and comments are given. The larva differs from other Macraspis larvae by the head with 6 posterofrontal setae and mandibles with a blunt second left incisor tooth. The pupa is similar to that of M. festiva Burmeister, 1844.
A new species of the genus Chiromyza Wiedemann (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Pujol-Luz José Roberto
Published: July 2020

Seven species of the genus Chiromyza Wiedemann are recorded in Brazil: C. brevicornis (Lindner, 1949), C. enderleini (Lindner, 1949), C. leptiformis (Macquart, 1838), C. ochracea Wiedemann, 1820, C. stylicornis (Enderlein, 1921), C. viridis Bezzi, 1922 and C. vittata Wiedemann, 1820. Herein I describe a new species, Chiromyza raccai sp. nov., based on 88 specimens (41 males, 47 females) from the Atlantic Rain Forest mountains of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the city of Miguel Pereira. The new species is distinguished from the related species C. ochracea and C. vittata by the structure of male terminalia. Chiromyza raccai sp. nov. has the distal region of the phallus rounded with two conspicuous apical setae, C. ochracea has the distal surface of the phallus wide and flatness, and C. vittata has the distal surface of the phallus rounded with outer margin rugose.
COVID-19 and the Heart and Vasculature
Authors: Kadosh Bernard S. , Garshick Michael S. , Gaztanaga Juan , Moore Kathryn J. , Newman Jonathan D. , Pillinger Michael , Ramasamy Ravichandran , Reynolds Harmony R. , Shah Binita , Hochman Judith , Fishman Glenn I. , Katz Stuart D.
Published: July 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge and opportunity for translational investigators to rapidly develop safe and effective therapeutic interventions. Greater risk of severe disease in COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus, obesity, and heart disease may be attributable to synergistic activation of vascular inflammation pathways associated with both COVID-19 and cardiometabolic disease. This mechanistic link provides a scientific framework for translational studies of drugs developed for treatment of cardiometabolic disease as novel therapeutic interventions to mitigate inflammation and improve outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
Cheater's Dilemma: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Path to War
Authors: Braut-Hegghammer Målfrid
Published: July 2020

Between the 1991 Gulf War and the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, the Iraqi regime faced a cheater's dilemma: how much should it reveal of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) capabilities when each additional revelation made it less likely that the country would be rewarded, while continued denial also prevented the lifting of sanctions. The Iraqi leadership struggled to resolve this dilemma, as elites pursued competing policies and subordinates did not consistently obey Saddam Hussein's orders. These difficulties reflected principal-agent problems that were aggravated by the leadership's initial attempts to deny and cover up Iraq's WMD capabilities. Together, the cheater's dilemma and principal-agent problems explain a range of puzzling Iraqi behaviors that came across as calculated ambiguity to the outside world. These findings offer insights into the incentives and constraints that shape how other authoritarian regimes respond to external pressures to eliminate their WMD, and the extent to which they are willing and able to disclose information about past programs and their past efforts to conceal this information from the outside world.
Partnership or Predation? How Rising States Contend with Declining Great Powers
Authors: Itzkowitz Shifrinson Joshua R.
Published: July 2020

International relations scholarship overwhelmingly expects that relatively rising states will threaten and challenge declining great powers. In practice, however, rising states can also cooperate with and support declining powers. What explains the rising state's choice of policy? When do rising states support or prey on declining great powers, and why do such strategies vary across time and space? The answer depends on the rising state's broader strategic calculations. All things being equal, a rising state will generally support a declining power when the latter can be used to offset threats from other great powers that can harm the rising state's security. Conversely, when using a declining state to offset such challenges is not a plausible option, the rising state is likely to pursue a predation strategy. The level of assertiveness of support or predation, meanwhile, depends on the declining power's military posture: the stronger the declining state is militarily, the less assertive the rising state tends to be. A review of the strategies adopted by two relatively rising powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, toward a declining Great Britain after 1945, and of a rising United States vis-à-vis a declining Soviet Union in the late Cold War, illustrates how this argument outperforms explanations that focus instead on the importance of economic interdependence and ideology.
Fine-Grained 3D-Attention Prototypes for Few-Shot Learning
Authors: Hu Xin , Liu Jun , Ma Jie , Pan Yudai , Zhang Lingling
Published: July 2020

In the real world, a limited number of labeled finely grained images per class can hardly represent the class distribution effectively. Due to the more subtle visual differences in fine-grained images than simple images with obvious objects, that is, there exist smaller interclass and larger intraclass variations. To solve these issues, we propose an end-to-end attention-based model for fine-grained few-shot image classification (AFG) with the recent episode training strategy. It is composed mainly of a feature learning module, an image reconstruction module, and a label distribution module. The feature learning module mainly devises a 3D-Attention mechanism, which considers both the spatial positions and different channel attentions of the image features, in order to learn more discriminative local features to better represent the class distribution. The image reconstruction module calculates the mappings between local features and the original images. It is constrained by a designed loss function as auxiliary supervised information, so that the learning of each local feature does not need extra annotations. The label distribution module is used to predict the label distribution of a given unlabeled sample, and we use the local features to represent the image features for classification. By conducting comprehensive experiments on Mini-ImageNet and three fine-grained data sets, we demonstrate that the proposed model achieves superior performance over the competitors.
Post-emergence survival and dispersal of juvenile Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) and their unisexual dependents
Authors: Van Drunen Stephen G. , Linton Jessica E. , Bogart James P. , Norris D. Ryan
Published: July 2020

Understanding population demography and dispersal of species at risk is integral for evaluating population viability, identifying causes of decline, and assessing the effectiveness of recovery actions. In pond-breeding amphibians, juvenile survival and dispersal are key components linked to population and metapopulation stability but little is known about this life stage. We use mark-recapture methods to estimate juvenile daily apparent survival, dispersal distance, and initial dispersal orientation during summer and fall dispersal of endangered Ambystoma jeffersonianum and their unisexual dependents (Ambystoma laterale – jeffersonianum). Over four years (2015-2018), 1018 juveniles (612 bisexual, 406 unisexual) were marked and 192 (19%) were recaptured at least once. Total captures varied widely between years, with the highest number of captures (88% of all individuals) occurring in 2017. Cormack-Jolly-Seber estimates of daily apparent survival were low in all years (0.76-0.95) but was higher for unisexuals than bisexuals. The majority of juveniles (71%) did not disperse further than 10-40 m after which movement appeared to cease. While most juveniles remained close to their natal pond, at least 2% of juveniles in 2017 travelled further than 100 m. Dispersal orientation varied by year and there was no difference in either dispersal orientation or distance between bisexual and unisexual individuals. This work is the first to estimate and compare juvenile survival and dispersal of sympatric A. jeffersonianum and A. laterale – jeffersonianum individuals, the results of which help inform population viability assessment and increase our understanding of juvenile dispersal dynamics and habitat use.
A revision of the taxonomy of Aphelenchoides stammeri Körner, 1954 (Rhabditida: Aphelenchoididae) and proposal for a new genus
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Liu Lele , Abolafia Joaquín , Pedram Majid
Published: July 2020

During the present study, Aphelenchoides stammeri was recovered from pine packaging wood imported from Spain to China (isolate 3334), and was also later found in China (isolate CN24). The first population (3334) was characterised by 912-1075 μm long females and 803-983 μm long males, a rounded elevated and offset lip region separated from the rest of the body by a sharp constriction having fine annuli in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, 14.0-19.3 μm long well-sclerotised stylet with a wide lumen (especially in the shaft) and small basal swellings, its conus forming ca 40% of the total length, the metacorpus with well-sclerotised and large central or slightly postcentral valve plates, vulva with no flap, functional rectum and anus, dorsally convex, ventrally bent conical tail (c’ = 3.3-4.3), males common with aphelenchoidid-type spicules having an elongate condylus with wide bluntly rounded end, a blunt rostrum and simple end, and seven precloacal + cloacal + caudal papillae. The SEM data of the studied Spanish population, the detailed light microscopic (LM) observations on previously reported populations and detailed studies of a cultured population from Germany, yielded new observations, supporting the status of this species as an independent genus. The phylogeny of the new genus was investigated using four markers, viz., small and large (SSU, LSU D2-D3), internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS) rDNA, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI mtDNA) genes. Potensaphelenchus n. gen. is proposed for the species and it is placed under the Parasitaphelenchinae based upon its morphological characters and phylogenetic affinities. The diagnostics of the new genus and its relationships with similar aphelenchoidid genera are discussed. Seinura lii is proposed as new junior synonym of Potensaphelenchus stammeri n. gen., n. comb.
Mapping Transformative Spaces: Maps as a Tool for Understanding Rites of Passage in Flying Couch and How to Understand Israel in 60 Days or Less
Authors: Reingold Matt
Published: July 2020

Maps feature prominently in Amy Kurzweil’s graphic novel Flying Couch and Sarah Glidden’s graphic novel How to Understand Israel in 60 Days or Less. Even though their texts address different topics, the two Jewish graphic novels make use of maps in similar ways. Both authors use maps to explore their own complex relationships with seminal topics in contemporary Jewish life. For Kurzweil, maps become a way for her to better understand the magnitude of her grandmother’s Holocaust experiences and to be better able to continue her legacy; for Glidden, maps become a way to concretize her shifting understanding of Israeli politics. I argue that maps play a seminal role in developing a more complex understanding of the events and challenges that shape each author’s life and experiences.
Tursiocola neliana sp. nov (Bacillariophyceae) epizoic on South African leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) and new observations on the genus Tursiocola

Authors: MAJEWSKA ROKSANA
Published: July 2020

Tursiocola, a presumably exclusively epizoic diatom genus, comprises species found on various aquatic animals such as cetaceans, manatees, and marine and freshwater turtles. The genus is characterised by linear or lanceolate valves with well-developed pseudosepta at both poles, a valvocopula with three pairs of siliceous tabs, and a butterfly-like structure extending from the central nodule on the internal side of the valve. The current study describes a novel species of Tursiocola, T. neliana Majewska sp. nov. that grows epizoically on leatherback sea turtles from the Eastern Coast of South Africa based on detailed observations using light and scanning electron microscopy. The new taxon resembles the other currently known sea turtle-associated Tursiocola species in possessing relatively small, slightly heteropolar valves with acute apices and a strongly reduced butterfly structure on the internal side. However, T. neliana differs from all other members of the genus in being distinctly dorsiventral, with a clearly bowtie-shaped central area, unequal stria density on two sides of the raphe-sternum, and up to 8 areolae per stria. The description of the new taxon brings the total number of the sea turtle-associated Tursiocola species known so far up to four. An emended description of Tursiocola is proposed based on the new observations presented in this and other recent reports. Furthermore, the current understanding of the genus ecology is summarised.
Mechanisms of Winter Precipitation Variability in the European–Mediterranean Region Associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Seager Richard , Liu Haibo , Kushnir Yochanan , Osborn Timothy J. , Simpson Isla R. , Kelley Colin R. , Nakamura Jennifer
Published: July 2020

The physical mechanisms whereby the mean and transient circulation anomalies associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) drive winter mean precipitation anomalies across the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea region are investigated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis. A moisture budget decomposition is used to identify the contribution of the anomalies in evaporation, the mean flow, storm tracks and the role of moisture convergence and advection. Over the eastern North Atlantic, Europe, and the Mediterranean, precipitation anomalies are primarily driven by the mean flow anomalies with, for a positive NAO, anomalous moist advection causing enhanced precipitation in the northern British Isles and Scandinavia and anomalous mean flow moisture divergence causing drying over continental Europe and the Mediterranean region. Transient eddy moisture fluxes work primarily to oppose the anomalies in precipitation minus evaporation generated by the mean flow, but shifts in storm-track location and intensity help to explain regional details of the precipitation anomaly pattern. The extreme seasonal precipitation anomalies that occurred during the two winters with the most positive (1988/89) and negative (2009/10) NAO indices are also explained by NAO-associated mean flow moisture convergence anomalies.
Comparing Arctic Sea Ice Model Simulations to Satellite Observations by Multiscale Directional Analysis of Linear Kinematic Features
Authors: Mohammadi-Aragh Mahdi , Losch Martin , Goessling Helge F.
Published: July 2020

Sea ice models have become essential components of weather, climate, and ocean models. A realistic representation of sea ice affects the reliability of process representation, environmental forecast, and climate projections. Realistic simulations of sea ice kinematics require the consideration of both large-scale and finescale geomorphological structures such as linear kinematic features (LKF). We propose a multiscale directional analysis (MDA) that diagnoses the spatial characteristics of LKFs. The MDA is different from previous analyses in that it (i) does not detect LKFs as objects, (ii) takes into account the width of LKFs, and (iii) estimates scale-dependent orientation and intersection angles. The MDA is applied to pairs of deformation fields derived from satellite remote sensing data and from a numerical model simulation with a horizontal grid spacing of ~4.5 km. The orientation and intersection angles of LKFs agree with the observations and confirm the visual impression that the intersection angles tend to be smaller in the satellite data compared to the model data. The MDA distributions can be used to compare satellite data and numerical model fields using conventional metrics such as a Euclidean distance, the Bhattacharyya coefficient, or the Earth mover’s distance. The latter is found to be the most meaningful metric to compare distributions of LKF orientations and intersection angles. The MDA proposed here provides a tool to diagnose if modified sea ice rheologies lead to more realistic simulations of LKFs.
Anastomosing Hemangioma of the Larynx: A Unicorn among Head and Neck Tumors
Authors: Dutta Rimlee , Kakkar Aanchal , Sakthivel Pirabu , Kumar Rajeev
Published: July 2020

Objective:

Anastomosing hemangioma (AH) is a novel tumor of vascular origin. Though well-documented in the kidney and retroperitoneum, only a single case has been documented in the head and neck, and AH in larynx has not been described.

Methods:

A 37-year-old male presented with difficulty in breathing, and hoarseness. Imaging revealed a lesion involving left paraglottic and cricothyroid spaces with destruction of cricoid cartilage, suggestive of a malignant cartilageneous neoplasm. Multiple biopsies were non-diagnostic.

Results:

Intraoperative frozen section during transcervical resection showed a vascular tumor devoid of nuclear atypia. Histopathological examination revealed a vasoformative tumor comprised of anastomosing capillary-sized vessels lined by flat and hobnail endothelial cells, consistent with AH. The patient was disease-free at 12 months.

Conclusion:

AH are rare neoplasms that may mimic a malignancy on imaging, especially in sites where they have not been documented. Due to their vascular nature, biopsies are often non-diagnostic, making preoperative diagnosis difficult. Frozen section may assist in decision-making on the extent of resection required.
Coupling Pressure Sensing with Optical Coherence Tomography to Evaluate the Internal Nasal Valve
Authors: Hakimi Amir A. , Sharma Giriraj K. , Ngo Tuan , Heidari Andrew E. , Badger Christopher D. , Tripathi Prem B. , Hong Ellen M. , Chen Zhongping , Wong Brian J. F.
Published: July 2020

Purpose:

To evaluate endoscopic long-range optical coherence tomography system combined with a pressure sensor to concurrently measure internal nasal valve cross-sectional area and intraluminal pressure.

Methods:

A pressure sensor was constructed using an Arduino platform and calibrated using a limiter-controlled vacuum system and industrial absolute pressure gauge. Long-range optical coherence tomography imaging and pressure transduction were performed concurrently in the naris of eight healthy adult subjects during normal respiration and forced inspiration. The internal nasal valve was manually segmented using Mimics software and cross-sectional area was measured. Internal nasal valve cross-sectional area measurements were correlated with pressure recordings.

Results:

Mean cross-sectional area during forced inspiration was 6.49 mm2. The mean change in pressure between normal respiration and forceful inspiration was 12.27 mmHg. The direct correlation between pressure and cross-sectional area as measured by our proposed system was reproducible among subjects.

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate a direct correlation between internal nasal valve cross-sectional area and nasal airflow during inspiration cycles. Endoscopic long-range optical coherence tomography coupled with a pressure sensor serves as a useful tool to quantify the dynamic behavior of the internal nasal valve.
Prenatal Predictors of Maternal-infant Attachment
Authors: Branjerdporn Grace , Meredith Pamela , Wilson Trish , Strong Jenny
Published: July 2020

Background.

Increasingly, occupational therapists are working with women in the perinatal period, including supporting the developing mother-child relationship.

Purpose.

To examine prenatal predictors of maternal-infant attachment (maternal-fetal attachment, sensory patterns, adult attachment, perinatal loss, and mental health) that may provide possible avenues for assessment and intervention by occupational therapists.

Method.

Women (N = 60) were assessed during pregnancy and within one year postpartum in a cohort study. Independent t-tests, correlations, and multivariate regression models were conducted.

Findings.

Low threshold maternal sensory patterns, more insecure adult attachment, and poorer quality of maternal-fetal attachment were each correlated with less optimal maternal-infant attachment. Quality of prenatal attachment was the best predictor of overall postnatal attachment in multivariate regression models.

Implications.

Occupational therapists working in a range of clinical settings (e.g., mental health, substance use, and perinatal care) may work with women during pregnancy to promote their relationship with their developing baby in utero and after birth.
An Analysis of Monoamine-Related Genotypes and Childhood Trauma in Relation to Psychopathic Traits in Men and Women
Authors: Fox Bryanna , Bozzay Melanie , Verona Edelyn
Published: July 2020

Psychopathy is of great interest to criminologists, given its consistent association with violence, offending, and antisocial behavior. However, the etiology of psychopathy, particularly in terms of a gene  ×  environment (G×E) interaction, has had little examination in the literature. One study has examined the direct and interactive effects of two genotypes (MAOA, 5-HTT) and childhood trauma on psychopathic traits using a high-risk forensic sample of adult males, and identified G×E interactions that may help us understand this complex phenotype. However, given the difficulties replicating G×E research, particularly with antisocial phenotypes, this study conducts a replication and expansion of prior research by examining direct and interactive effects of three genotypes (MAOA, 5-HTT, DRD4) and childhood trauma on psychopathy using a high-risk community sample of males and females. Results only partially support prior findings, illustrating the need for additional replication research in the biopsychosocial and epigenetic arenas.
Toward a Theory of Sympathetic Leadership: Asian American School Administrators’ Expectations for Justice and Excellence
Authors: Liou Daniel D. , Liang Jia “Grace”
Published: July 2020

Purpose: This qualitative case study illuminates the leadership practices of four female Asian American administrators in urban schools. Due to their underrepresentation in leadership roles, the need is pressing for research to capture concrete exemplars on beliefs and practices of sympathy based on an asset-oriented approach to school leadership. The study’s research questions include (a) How do Asian American school administrators define their social justice beliefs and expectations for their school community? (b) How do these four Asian American school administrators communicate their expectations through sympathetic leadership to resist deficit models of education? Method: This study includes four research participants from two states. Data collection includes two rounds of in-depth interviews, field observations, reflective memos, and archival sources. Data analysis is guided by inductive approaches. Findings: Research findings demonstrate how Asian American school administrators define social justice through four relational practices with their community: (a) develop intimate knowledge of students and their racialized history, (b) enact asset-based sympathy as a condition of solidarity, (c) form connections based on relational equity to counteract White supremacy, and (d) prepare students for an equitable future through intellectual rigor. Implications: This study contends that leadership must begin with an epistemic shift from racial indifference and deficit thinking to the practice of sympathetic touch. Social justice revolution in schools and society starts when the minds and expectations of the leaders and those they serve become one and the same.
Power crafting at work: A phenomenological study on individual differences
Authors: Berber Aykut , Acar A. Gökhan
Published: July 2020

What does having power mean, not for, but to an individual at work? In this article, we focus on the individual’s concerns and experiences in the work setting and discuss how individuals conceptualise and construct their own power at work. This perspective is important due to its corresponding implications for how individuals choose their jobs, how they show proactive work behaviours and how they are engaged in power relations in organisations. In-depth interviews with 11 participants were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis and key themes were identified to explain how these individuals cognitively, socially and operationally crafted their ‘own’ versions of power in their organisations. Despite the idiosyncratic similarity among the participants, our analysis revealed a clear divide: ‘position-based power holders’ and ‘territory holders’. We first present our findings and results with interview excerpts and implications drawn from the emergent themes based on participant accounts. Next, we focus on two individual cases to explain how these individuals identified themselves as power holders within their own organisational contexts. Finally, we discuss our findings in association with other theoretical frameworks and concepts including the meaning of power, the organisational context and proactive work behaviours.
An empirical examination of the biogenetic approach in schizophrenia stigma reduction through an attribution lens
Authors: Yao Elvin , Wang Chunhui , Sun Mengqi
Published: July 2020

Background:

The biogenetic approach in mental health stigmatization reduction has received increased attention. Taking the perspective of Weiner’s attribution theory, the biogenetic explanations can be helpful in reducing the perceptions of controllability of mental illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia). However, recent studies reveal that biogenetic explanations may increase social stigma and discrimination against people with schizophrenia.

Aims:

The current research, using Weiner’s attribution theory, empirically examined the effects of biogenetic beliefs on the desire for social distance via perceptions of controllability and stability of schizophrenia using a Chinese sample.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study ( n = 156) and an experiment ( n = 124) were carried out. Participants were recruited from an urban city in China. In the experiment, participants were randomly assigned to receive a biogenetic/control lecture and filled out a survey.

Results:

Biogenetic beliefs had indirect effects on the desire for social distance via decreased perceived controllability and increased perceived stability, which resulted in little to no change on the desire for social distance.

Conclusion:

The biogenetic approach could decrease the perceptions of controllability of schizophrenia which may reduce the desire for social distance; however, it could also increase the perceptions of stability which may increase the desire for social distance, especially among close others. Cautions are warranted when using and disseminating the biogenetic causes of schizophrenia amongin the general public.
Between a Rock and the Kasbah: Tourism Gentrification, Cultural Repackaging, and Identity in Tangier
Authors: Ouassini Anwar , Ouassini Nabil
Published: July 2020

This article explores the impact of tourism gentrification on the residents of the Kasbah in the city of Tangier, Morocco. It utilizes qualitative methods to reveal how the Kasbah has become a site of contention between the Moroccan neoliberal state, the foreign investors and settlers, and the residents of Tangier as they negotiate place and identity. The paper will examine how the process of tourism gentrification is not only reinforcing a demographic shift in the Kasbah by displacing the locals but also how the foreign urban settlers are increasingly becoming the filter through which traditional Moroccan culture is conspicuously produced and legitimized. The article will end with a discussion on the mixed contentions surrounding the gentrifying presence of the foreign urban settlers on the residents of the Kasbah and the city of Tangier.
A Uniquely Punitive Turn? Sex Offenders and the Persistence of Punitive Sanctioning
Authors: Cochran Joshua C. , Toman Elisa L. , Shields Ryan T. , Mears Daniel P.
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

This article tests two theoretical ideas: (1) that social concerns about particular “dangerous classes” of offenders shift over time to influence court sanctioning practices and (2) that, since the 1990s, sex offenders in particular came to be viewed by courts as one such “dangerous class.”

Methods:

We examine sanctioning trends in Florida and compare punishment of sex offenders in earlier versus later parts of the get-tough era. We then examine whether sentencing is associated with rational criminal justice incentives (e.g., increasing seriousness or rates of sex crimes) or with shifting public concerns (e.g., increasing media attention to sexual violence).

Results:

Punitiveness increased for all crimes but especially for sex crimes. Punitiveness appears not to be driven by increasing seriousness or rates of crime, but does appear to be partially driven by increasing national media attention to sexual violence.

Conclusions:

The findings support arguments that sex offenders were subjected to a uniquely punitive turn in sanctioning and that courts are sensitive to shifting public concerns. The results advance theoretical arguments developed by Gottschalk and earlier work that suggests that the persistence of get-tough era sentencing practices may be driven in part through focal attention to select types of offenders.
Rural Hospital Mergers Increased Between 2005 and 2016—What Did Those Hospitals Look Like?
Authors: Williams Dunc , Reiter Kristin L. , Pink George H. , Holmes G. Mark , Song Paula H.
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study is to determine whether key hospital-level financial and market characteristics are associated with whether rural hospitals merge. Hospital merger status was derived from proprietary Irving Levin Associates data for 2005 through 2016 and hospital-level characteristics from HCRIS, CMS Impact File Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment System, Hospital MSA file, AHRF, and U.S. Census data for 2004 through 2016. A discrete-time hazard analysis using generalized estimating equations was used to determine whether factors were associated with merging between 2005 and 2016. Factors included measures of profitability, operational efficiency, capital structure, utilization, and market competitiveness. Between 2005 and 2016, 11% (n = 326) of rural hospitals were involved in at least one merger. Rural hospital mergers have increased in recent years, with more than two-thirds (n = 261) occurring after 2011. The types of rural hospitals that merged during the sample period differed from nonmerged rural hospitals. Rural hospitals with higher odds of merging were less profitable, for-profit, larger, and were less likely to be able to cover current debt. Additional factors associated with higher odds of merging were reporting older plant age, not providing obstetrics, being closer to the nearest large hospital, and not being in the West region. By quantifying the hazard of characteristics associated with whether rural hospitals merged between 2005 and 2016, these findings suggest it is possible to determine leading indicators of rural mergers. This work may serve as a foundation for future research to determine the impact of mergers on rural hospitals.