bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Human Cerebellar Nuclei
Authors: Yamaguchi Katsuyuki , Goto Noboru , Yamamoto Toshi Yuki
Published: July 2008

The morphometric development of the human cerebellar nuclei was examined in 9 fetuses (16–40 weeks of gestation; WG) an infant (2 months old) and 2 adults (16 and 63 years old). With the morphological observation of serial sections of the brain containing the cerebellar nuclei, the authors measured sections to get several morphometric parameters: the volume of nuclear column and number, packing density and cell body area of neurons. Each nucleus (dentate emboliform, globose and fastigial nucleus) was recognized even at 16 WG. Nerve cells containing Nissl bodies were observed in all nuclei after 23 WG. Degenerative changes were detected in some neurons for every nucleus at 21 and 23 WG. Three stages were observed in the developmental course of nuclear volume and neuronal packing density: the primary or undifferentiated stage at 16 WG, the secondary stage with variability at 21–32 WG and the tertiary stage with monotonous increase (nuclear volume) or gradual decrease (neuronal packing density) after 35 WG. No significant correlation between neuronal number and gestational age was noticed for every nucleus. The analysis of cell body area (neuronal size) demonstrated that the dentate neurons developed after the intermediate or fastigial neurons. It is concluded that there is a critical period between slightly before 20 WG and slightly after 30 WG, matched with the secondary stage in the development of the cerebellar nuclei.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of S-100 Protein in Epithelial Cells of Bovine Oviduct
Authors: Kamiya S. , Tajika T. , Daigo M.
Published: July 2008

The present study deals with an immunohistochemical localization of S-100 protein in the bovine oviduct. The epithelium of the infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus showed a positive staining for S-100 protein. The immunoreactivity for S-100 was observed both in the ciliated and nonciliated (secretory) cells of the oviductal epithelium at any stages of the estrous cycle. The immunoreactivity was also found in nervous elements and endothelial cells of blood vessels. No cell outside these cells showed any immunoreactivity for S-100. Although the functional significance of S-100 protein in the oviductal epithelium remains to be elucidated, the present results introduce new perspectives into the investigation of function and localization of S-100 protein.
Peroxisomes in Regenerating Human Skeletal Myofibers
Authors: Wakayama Yoshihiro
Published: July 2008

Peroxisomes of the human regenerating skeletal myofibers were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by electron cytochemistry and were compared with those of the mature normal human skeletal muscle fibers. Peroxisomes visualized by electron cytochemistry with 3,3’ -diaminobenzidine (DAB) were small round or oval bodies delimited by a single membrane and contained the electron-opaque, coarsely granular matrix. Muscle grafts of the regenerating normal human quadriceps obtained from 4 orthopedic patients were analyzed 2 weeks after transplantation into nude mice; they contained peroxisomes with a mean diameter of 0.25 µm, ranging from 0.12 to 0.67 µm. The group mean density of peroxisomes per 100 µm2 was 2.0 ± 0.4 (SE), while that of histochemically normal mature human quadriceps femoris myofibers was 0. The cytochemical controls without DAB or with the presence of 3-amino 1,2,4-triazole in the solution containing DAB lacked the electron-opaque reaction, indicating that these reactions were on an enzymatic basis. The results of this study showed clearly that the regenerating normal human skeletal myofibers contained numerous peroxisomes differing from the mature normal human muscle fibers in which the peroxisomes were not observed.
The Human Celiac Ganglion and Its Splanchnic Nerves
Authors: Paz Z. , Rosen A.
Published: July 2008

Forty-six dissections of the celiac ganglion were performed on post-mortem specimens and the form location and nervous connections of the ganglion on both sides were studied. The triangular form was the most common observed, the ganglions were found to envelope both the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, putting them closely together and forming a celiacomesenteric complex similar to that found in the pig. The splanchnic nerves penetrated the diaphragm through a special triangular opening lateral to the crus in 70–91 %. These findings concerning form and nervous connections are somewhat different from those reported in the literature.
Intermediate Epithelium Lining the Mouse Auditory Tube
Authors: Nakano Takashi , Iwama Yoshie
Published: July 2008

In the newborn mouse, the auditory tube is lined throughout the pharyngeal orifice to the tympanic orifice with ciliated columnar epithelium. In the adult mouse, the tube is divided into membranous and cartilaginous parts. The membranous part is covered by the ciliated columnar epithelium while the cartilaginous part by varying types of epithelium ranging from ciliated columnar to stratified squamous type. It is suggested that the varying types of epithelium correspond to the ‘intermediate epithelium’ and that ciliated columnar epithelium transforms in part to stratified squamous epithelium by passing through the intermediate epithelium.
Modulation of Melanocytic Activity by Acetylcholine
Authors: Iyengar Bhanu
Published: July 2008

Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity is lowered in vitiliginous skin. The AChE activity in 52 cases of vitiligo during re pigmentation and depigmentation has been observed in this study .The cases with marginal dendritic melanocytes show that AChE is negative in these cells during depigmentation but positive on repigmentation. There is little variation in activity in the cases showing nondendritic marginal melanocytes. Acetylcholine (ACh) has an inhibitory effect on dopa oxidase activity in both types of marginal melanocytes in vitiligo. ACh modulates pigment production by the melanocytes, its role being inhibitory. From the present results, it is evident that a fall in AChE activity in the melanocytes leads to greater inhibition by ACh aggravating the process of depigmentation in vitiligo.
Changes in the Uterus and Vagina of Mice Treated Neonatally with Antiestrogens
Authors: Iguchi Taisen , Todoroki Reiko , Yamaguchi Shumpei , Takasugi Noboru
Published: July 2008

Adenosis-like lesions (ADL) were found in the upper vagina including the cervical region of ICR mice as early as 1 day after 5 daily injections of 200 µg tamoxifen (Tx) starting on the day of birth (200-µgTx mice). ADL developed progressively from 5 to 30 days of age. Involution of the musculature and suppression of the gland genesis occurred in the uterus of 5- to 30-day-old 200-µg Tx mice. The uterine abnormality resulted in a loss of type III collagen and laminin, and in an increase in fibronectin and type I collagen in the mesenchymal stroma of 15-day-old, 200-µg Tx mice. Vaginal ADL and uterine myometrial involution were also encountered in 35-day-old mice given neonatal injections of 2–200 µg Tx 200 µg clomiphene (Qm) and 200 µg naf oxidine (Naf) respectively. These changes were never observed in control and 0.2-µg Tx mice. Ovariectomy performed at 10 days resulted in a reduction in the weight of uteri and the extent of ADL occupancy in Tx, Clm and Naf mice. Five daily injections of 0.1 µg 17β-estradiol (F¾) beginning at 30 days of age increased uterine weight and ADL occupancy extent in Tx (2–200 µg) Clm and Naf mice. The present findings suggest, therefore, that the antiestrogens act as an estrogen agonist to mouse uterus and vagina and that the induced ADL develops progressively depending on ovarian estrogen.
Phenoxyethanol as a Nontoxic Preservative in the Dissection Laboratory
Authors: Wineski Lawrence E. , English Arthur W.
Published: July 2008

In an effort to rid the dissection room of irritating and potentially health-threatening toxic chemicals, we have modified the phenoxyethanol technique for long-term preservation of embalmed cadavers. The new methods employ faster, less toxic embalming and reduced or eliminated phenoxyethanol immersions. Our results are comparable with or improved over those previously described and demonstrate that phenoxyethanol is an excellent, easily manageable alternative preservative to standard formaldehyde/phenol-based embalming fluids.
Deposition of Laminin and Fibronectin in Dysraphic Mutant Mice: An Immunofluorescent Study
Authors: Wilson Doris B. , Wyatt Darlene P.
Published: July 2008

Abnormal loop-tail (Lp/Lp) mutant mouse embryos exhibiting severe exencephaly and myeloschisis were analyzed and compared with their normal (+/+; Lp/+) littermates by means of immunofluorescence histochemistry to determine regional differences in the distribution of laminin (L) and fibronectin (FN). In the neural basement membrane and adjacent mesenchymal cell matrix of the abnormal embryos, regional differences in the deposition of L and FN were similar to those in normal littermates. Moreover, most of the putative neural crest (NC) cells appeared to emigrate normally in terms of their site of detachment and migration pathways, despite the severe topographic distortions and loss of neuroepithelial integrity. However, some putative NC cells projected incorrectly from the Ιuminal’ surface of the neuroepithelium, suggesting that some of the NC may be abnormal or sequestered and prevented from appropriate detachment and emigration from the neural tube.
Vacuum Injection – A New Indirect Fixing Method for the Demonstration of Initial Lymphatics in Biopsy Specimens of Human Organs
Authors: Rautenfeld Berens v. , Lubach D. , Wenzel-Hora B.I. , Hunneshagen C. , Deutsch A.
Published: July 2008

With the indirect vacuum injection method (I VIM) at a negative pressure of 30 kPa it is possible to demonstrate the initial lymphatics (IL) by scanning electron microscopy even in biopsy specimens of various organs (minimum size 0.5 × 0.5 cm2). IL can also be dilated and fixed using the indirect perfusor injection method (IPIM) but only in larger specimens (minimum size 2.0 × 2.0 cm2). Only dilated IL can be examined by scanning electron microscopy and only the IL of the ampulla of the Fallopian tube can be reliably dilated during immersion fixation. The quality of fixation on use of the vacuum technique conforms to the standard achieved with other methods. No one has yet succeeded in demonstrating the IL in biopsy specimens smaller than mentioned above using any of the methods described.
Consistently Nonoverlapping Distribution of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in Adult Human Skin Detected by Various Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Misumi Yuko , Akiyoshi Toshio
Published: July 2008

We tested three monoclonal antibodies, Ab1, Ab2 and Ab3, against epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) of human A431 epidermal carcinoma cells. EGFR immunoreactive to Abl (EGFR1) were localized in basal cells, especially at the epidermal sweat duct ridges, suprabasal cells, the peripheral cell layer of the sudoriferous duct, outer root sheaths of hair follicles hair bulbs and sebaceous glands in all cases. On the other hand EGFR immunoreactive to Ab2 (EGFR2) and EGFR immunoreactive to Ab3 (EGFR3) appeared in about half of the cases. They were situated on granular layers of the epidermis, especially in skin covered by hair, endothelial cells and the superficial layer of the sudoriferous duct. These results indicate that EGFR takes multiple forms in normal human skin and in A431 cells and that the form depends on the type of cells in the skin.
Postnatal Development of the Mongolian Gerbil Uterus
Authors: Kress A. , Mardi L.
Published: July 2008

The postnatal development of the gerbil uterus has been investigated. Special attention has been paid to the luminal surface epithelium. In the newborn gerbil, the uterus contains already some fluid and the uterine luminal epithelium seems to possess mechanisms for the regulation of the fluid contents. Among them are apical protrusions and microvilli, endo- and exocytotic vesicles of different nature, highly active Golgi complexes and dilated rER vesicles and also very distinct junctional complexes between the cells in the apical areas.
Postnatal Development of the Mongolian Gerbil Uterine Glands
Authors: Kress A. , Mardi L.
Published: July 2008

The development of gerbil uterine glands has been described. Gland formation starts about day 6 postnatally (p.n.). At day 10 p.n. the glandular lumen contains already some fluid, and the glandular cells are in an activated state. The apical shape of the glandular cells depends mainly on the width of the lumen. Secretory vesicles in early developmental stages are electron-lucent. As sexual maturity is reached, secretory granules become electron-dense. This change in secretory granular structure indicates a change in the quality of uterine gland fluid.
Accessory Arteries Supplying the Human Transverse Colon
Authors: Koizumi Masahiro , Horiguchi Masaharu
Published: July 2008

An accessory colic artery which arose from the superior mesenteric artery more proximally than the first jejunal artery and met the marginal artery at the splenic flexure was observed in 32 of 65 subjects (49.2%). Considering its constant morphological features this accessory colic artery was given the new nomenclature ‘superior left colic artery (arteria colica sinistra superior; CSS)’. The unusual middle colic artery arising from the celiac trunk was supposed to be caused by the anastomosis between the dorsal pancreatic artery from the CSS and that from the celiac trunk. An additional epiploic branch derived from the pancreatic branch (posterior epiploic branch) also sent an accessory colic artery in 2 subjects. But judging from its origin and area of distribution which overlaps with that of the middle colic artery, this accessory colic artery is not equivalent to CSS.
Development of the Human Putamen: A Morphometric Study
Authors: Nakae Youichiro , Goto Noboru , Nara Takahiro
Published: July 2008

The development of the human putamen was studied using complete serial sections from the brains of 6 fetuses at 21 23 27 30 33 and 34 weeks of gestation (WG). Morphometric analysis revealed the following data. (1) The total number of putaminal neurons increased gradually from 21 to 33 WG, suggesting that the migration of putaminal neurons continues at least up to 33 WG, and the neuronal number increased markedly after 33 WG. (2) No neuronal death was observed from 21 to 34 WG. (3) Large-sized neurons 4–5 times the area of small-sized neurons appeared from 30 WG onward. The ratio of large neurons to the total putaminal neurons increased by up to 1.4% at 33 and 34 WG.
Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in Ovarian Follicles of the Adult House Musk Shrew, Suncus murinus
Authors: Supraser Apinun , Hirunagi Kanjun , Fujiokca Toshitake , Yokoyama Akira
Published: July 2008

In ovarian follicles of the adult house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, glycoconjugates have been studied by means of light- and electron-microscopic histochemistry. The results obtained are that: (1) glycoconjugates of the zona pellucida of oocytes are provided with vicinal diol and acidic groupings, and sialic acid-galactose dimer, α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, β-D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and α-L-fucose residues; (2) glycoconjugates of the intercellular matrix of the granulosa and theca folliculi are comparable in histochemical properties to those of the zona pellucida, except for the relatively smaller amount of vicinal diol and acidic groupings, and (3) the zona pellucida can be divided into outer and inner layers by the binding degrees of the lectins used. The possible histophysiological significances of all these glycoconjugates are discussed with special reference to the particular ovarian follicular structures.
Electron-Microscopic Immunocytochemistry of Neuropeptide Y Immunoreactive Innervation of Vasopressin Neurons in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Rat Hypothalamus
Authors: Iwai Chikara , Ochiai Hidehiko , Nakai Yasumitsu
Published: July 2008

The neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive synaptic input to neurons containing neurophysin II (NPII) the carrier protein of vasopressin (VP) was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat hypothalamus by double-labeling immunocytochemistry combining the preembedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method with the postembedding immunogold staining method at the electron-microscopic level. NPY-like immunoreactivities were detected by the PAP method in the dense granular vesicles (70–100 nm in diameter) in the immunoreactive presynaptic axon terminals. NPY-like immunoreactive large neurosecretory granules labeled with gold particles were found in the neurons receiving synaptic input of the NPY-like immunoreactive terminals. This suggests that NPY may be a neuro-transmitter or neuro modulator and that NPY neurons may through synaptic contacts regulate the secretion of VP neurons.
Pneumatization and Mesenchyme in the Human Middle Ear
Authors: Rauchfuss Alexander
Published: July 2008

The normal pneumatization in human middle ears from Wittmaack’s temporal bone collection (ENT Clinic, University of Hamburg Medical School) is investigated by means of light microscopy and compared with electron-microscopic findings in the rat. The fetal middle ear in man and rats is completely filled with mesenchyme. The compartmentalization of the middle ear by the associated mucosal folds of the ossicular chain and the middle ear pneumatization are results of the resorption of the mesenchyme present. Ultrastructural findings in the rat’s middle ear reinforce light-microscopic studies and provide evidence of the fibrillogenesis which characterizes the transformation of the mesenchyme into the tunica propria of the middle ear mucosa. The microtopography of mesenchymal remnants in middle ears of neonates and in children during the first year of life and their relevance as to the pathogenesis of the primary acquired keratoma (cholesteatoma) are discussed.
Effects of Unilateral Adrenalectomy on the Remaining Adrenal Cortex of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Treated Male and Female Hamsters
Authors: Kasprzak Aldona , Nussdorfer Gastone G. , Malendowicz Ludwik K.
Published: July 2008

Sham-operated and unilaterally adrenalectomized male and female hamsters were administered 25 µg adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) for 5 days after the operation in order to examine the effects of ACTH on compensatory adrenal growth. In ACTH-treated male and female hamsters, unilateral adrenalectomy did not change the relative weight of the remaining adrenal. There were no significant differences in the volumes of the adrenocortical zones and their parenchymal cells as well as in the number of adrenocortical cells per gland if compared with unilaterally adrenalectomized and sham-operated ACTH-treated male hamsters, while 3H-thymidine incorporation per gland was lower in monoadrenalectomized animals. On the contrary, in ACTH-treated females, unilateral adrenalectomy resulted in a significant hypertrophy of zona fasciculata cells and in an enhanced 3H-thymidine uptake by the remaining gland. These findings stress the existence of notable sex-related differences in the compensatory adrenal growth in hamsters.
Collagen Fiber Arrangement of the Human Shoulder Joint Capsule – An Anatomical Study
Authors: Steiner D. , Hermann B.
Published: July 2008

The polariscopic examination of isolated shoulder joint capsules shows that the entire capsule does not have a homogeneous collagen structure. Most of the capsule is characterized by regular collagen fibers which cross at an obtuse angle in the area of the musculus supraspinatus and at an acute angle in the area of the m. inf raspinatus. The density of the collagen network increases from the medial to the lateral part. Deviating from this basic pattern of the joint capsule, there is a different collagen texture in the area between the m. supraspinatus and the m. subscapularis. This texture has dissociated rarefied and irregular collagen fibers. This means that the area – in comparison with the remainder of the capsule – is characterized not only by missing reinforcing ligaments but also by a deviating pattern of the collagen fibers. This different collagen structure is already existent in the fetus.
The Inguinal Region: Anatomic Differences in Men and Women with Reference to Hernia Formation
Authors: Rosen Ada , Nathan Hílel , Luciansky Ephraim , Orda Ruben
Published: July 2008

Fifty inguinal regions were dissected in anatomic human adult specimens, of which 26 were males and 24 females. The comparison of anatomic variations in both sexes showed that the distance between the public tubercle and the internal ring was larger, and the rectus muscle significantly wider in females. The diameter of the internal ring was larger in males however, with significant variability. No differences were found regarding the presence or absence of the conjoint tendon. The anatomic variations may explain the sex differences in hernia formation.
Pineal ‘Synaptic’ Ribbons in Sympathectomized Rats
Authors: Reuss Stefan
Published: July 2008

The melatonin metabolism in the mammalian pineal gland is under the clear influence of sympathetic fibers originating in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Previous studies suggested that also pineal ‘synaptic’ ribbons (SR) are regulated by the gland’s sympathetic innervation. To gain more insight into the mechanisms involved SR numbers were determined in adult rats which were chemically sympathectomized as newborns by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In control animals (saline injections), a clear day/night difference in the number of SR is present. In sympathectomized animals SR are higher in number throughout the 24-hour cycle but are not significantly elevated at night. The present results further strengthen the hypothesis that SR are involved in intercellular communication in the mammalian pineal gland.
The Yasa Nervorum: Microcorrosion Casts for Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Mackenzie M.L. , Allf G.
Published: July 2008

Studies on the vasa nervorum have a long history, not least because of their beneficial applicationin surgical practice and in understanding the pathogenesis of some neuropathies. In the present study a method is described for the preparation of microcorrosion casts of the vasa nervorum suitable for examination by scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm the findings of earlier investigations but also demonstrate the advantages of an immediate three-dimensional representation of the vascular architecture together with the additional magnification and resolving power of electron microscopy.
Origin of the Ultimobranchial Body and Its Colonizing Cells in Human Embryos
Authors: Mérida-Velasco J.A. , García-García J.D. , Espín-Ferra J. , Linares J.
Published: July 2008

The early development of the ultimobranchial body and its colonizing cells was studied in human embryos (O’Rahilly’s stages 14 and 15). In our studies we have obtained evidence that permits us to propose a new hypothesis on the origin of both the ultimobranchial body and its colonizing cells. Based on our interpretation of the morphogenetic features in human development, we think that the ultimobranchial body derives from the fifth endodermal pharyngeal pouch, which is colonized, from O’Rahilly’s stage 14 on, by cellular material of ectodermal placodial nature that originates in the most caudal portion of the epicardiac branchial placode.
Die arterielle Versorgung des Musculus Biceps brachii
Authors: Fuss F.K. , Matula C.W. , Tschabitscher M.
Published: July 2008

The bicipital arteries (Rami bicipitales) were classified according to the part of the muscle they supply, to the artery from which they originate and to their relative position to the median, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves. The maximal density of bicipital arteries can be found in the middle of the upper arm and slightly distal to the greater tubercle.
Ontogeny of Relationship of Middle Ear and Temporomandibular (Squamomandibular) Joint in Mammals
Authors: Smeele L.E.
Published: July 2008

The ontogeny of the mandibular joint and the middle ear region was studied in Tupaiajavanica, Microcebus murinus, Nycticebus coucang and Tarsiusbancanus. During development, a passage connection was found between the mandibular condyle and Meckel’s cartilage that is produced by the primordium of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The articular disk is formed separately, and it appears later in development. A theory is presented on the interpretation of these findings.
Eccrine Sweat Glands of Rat Fingertips
Authors: Marcucci Anna , Castano Paolo
Published: July 2008

By removing epidermis with EDTA and a subsequent enzymatic digestion of dermis, eccrine sweat glands of rat fingertips were exposed and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different protocols were tested to remove as much connective tissue as possible while minimizing damage to other structures and to expose the epithelial surface of secretory tubules in order to display vascular and nervous networks. SEM observations gave detailed informations on the relationship between epithelial secretory cells and myoepithelial cells, as well as on the vascular and nervous networks which surround the glomeruli of glands.
Vasopressinergic Axon Collaterals and Axon Terminals in the Magnocellular Neurosecretory Nuclei of the Rat Hypothalamus
Authors: Ray P.K. , Choudhury S.R.
Published: July 2008

Axon collaterals emerging from the vasopressinergic neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei and recurving back towards their respective nuclei have been previously reported. Since such axon collaterals can play a role in the neuromodulation of SON and PVN these nuclei have been further investigated immunohistochemically under the light and electron microscope. The PAP technique, using a commercial antibody, was employed. Vasopressin-positive axon collaterals were seen to recurve towards their nuclei of origin. In the latter, vasopressinergic intrinsic neurons were also observed. Under the electron microscope, axon terminals containing vasopressin-immuno-reactive neurosecretory granules were noted. Such terminals presumably arise from the vasopressin-positive recurrent axon collaterals or from the intrinsic neurons for the purpose of neuromodulation within the SON and PVN.
Immunoelectron-Microscopic and Morphometric Study of the Rat Corticotrophs after Adrenalectomy
Authors: Taniguchi Yutaka , Shiino Masataka
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructural changes of rat corticotrophs were studied with the protein-A-gold immunocytochemistry. The number of secretory granules per square micrometer of cytoplasm decreased after adrenalectomy and remained low. This change was mainly due to the decrease in the mature granules. The number of gold particles on the secretory granule was increased 3 or 7 days after adrenalectomy, reflecting the high immunoreactive adre’nocorticotro-pin content in these states as has been already reported. The number of coated pits or coated vesicles beneath the plasma membrane was not increased significantly, and exocytosis was only infrequently observed. Ultrastructural changes which suggest a secretion pathway other than the secretory granules were not observed.
Day-Night Differences in the Vesicle Populations of Nerve Terminals in the Rat and Chick Pineal Gland
Authors: LaPorte Robert , Fox Linda M. , Mosher Karen , Binkley Sue , McNulty John A.
Published: July 2008

Day-night differences in the ultrastructure of pineal neuronal elements were quantitated in the rat and the chick – two species that exhibit important differences in adrenergic control of melatonin synthesis. Area densities of small clear vesicles (40–60 nm) and small dense-cored vesicles (40–60 nm) in nerve terminals were significantly reduced during the night in the rat. In the chick, there were no day-night differences in the frequency of clear vesicles, but the number of small dense-cored vesicles tended to be greater at night. There was no effect of day-night sampling on area densities of large dense-cored vesicles (80–120 nm) in either species. These findings are consistent with biochemical evidence for day-night species differences in the adrenergic control of pineal function.
Development of the Fetal Mouse Palate in Suspension Organ Culture
Authors: Shiota Kohei , Kosazuma Tsuneo , Klug Stephan , Neubert Diether
Published: July 2008

Explanted palates of day 12 and day 13 mouse fetuses were cultured in a chemically defined serumless medium for 48–72 h by a suspension culture technique. The palate of day 12 fetuses closed successfully within 72 h and that of day 13 fetuses within 48 h. Both macroscopically and histologically the in vitro fusion of palatal shelves simulated the palatogenetic process in vivo. This novel technique for culturing the fetal mouse palate may be of potential use for the study of palatogenesis and in developmental toxicology.
Collagen Degradation and Mucosal Mast Cell in Endometrium of Mouse Uterus during Early Postpartum Period
Authors: Miyoshi Koji , Shimizu Kiyoshi , Hokano Masami
Published: July 2008

On the morning of the day of parturition, several parts in the endometrium showed edema in which collagen birefringence was not observed, indicating that collagen degradation occurs firstly in the edematous area. Undegra-dated collagen might be redistributed wholly in the endometrium on postpartum day 1 when the area of endometrium has diminished. The number of mucosal mast cells in the endometrium did not fluctuate in parallel with the endometrial collagen-degrading process, suggesting that mucosal mast cells do not participate in the collagen degradation during the early postpartum period.
A Simplified Method of Casting the Macroscopic Airways of Lungs
Authors: Smith Bonnie J. , Holladay Steven D. , Hudson Lola C.
Published: July 2008

A technique for preparing casts of the macroscopic airways of mammalian lungs, which is both simplified and inexpensive in comparison with previous techniques, is described. The models are accurate, durable and flexible, and clearly demonstrate the orientation and branching pattern of the bronchial tree. The nature of the procedure also extends the availability of casts to laboratories or individuals with limited instrumentation and/or funding. Preliminary results using this technique to inject the lungs and certain air sacs of birds are also discussed.
Transverse Diameter of the Lumbar Spinal Canal in Normal Adult Saudis
Authors: Amonoo-Kuofi H.S. , Patel P.J. , Fatani J.A.
Published: July 2008

Pathological changes in the diameters of the lumbar spinal canal may be associated with low back pain. The assessment of the size of the canal is therefore an important diagnostic procedure. Evidence suggests that there are ethnic differences in the dimensions of the canal. A radiogrammetric study was therefore undertaken to establish norms of the transverse diameter for the Saudi population. The results show that the transverse diameter of the canal in Saudis differs from that of other populations but the shape is similar to those of earlier reports. Intersegmental differences which are useful for the detection of isolated segmental anomalies were also calculated. The significance of the findings is discussed.
The Influence of Colonizing Micro-Organisms on Development of Crypt Architecture in the Neonatal Mouse Colon
Authors: Hill Robert R. , Cowley Heather M.
Published: July 2008

The effects of the normal colonizing microflora on postnatal development in the infant mouse were determined by comparison of crypt parameters in histological sections of the ascending colons of conventional specified-pathogen-free mice and their germ-free counterparts. Association of bacteria with the developing colonic mucosa in the third postnatal week caused a lengthening of the crypt column and depressed the total number of secreting goblet cells in each crypt. Thus the increasing bacterial burden during colonization of the developing colon was associated not only with expansion of the proliferative component of the crypt but also with modulation of the relative proportions of crypt cell populations.
Zur arteriellen Gefässversorgung des thorakalen und lumbalen Bewegungssegmentes beim Neugeborenen
Authors: Menck J. , Lierse W.
Published: July 2008

The major arteries supplying the vertebral column are definite. The branching arteries of these trunks are variable. The posterior intercostal arteries and the lumbar arteries have an ascending, descending or horizontal course. In accordance with the literature, we found large, arched anastomoses between the rami ascendentes and the rami descendentes arising from the rami canalis vertebralis anteriores on the dorsal plane of the vertebral bodies. There are also nearly horizontal junctions between the rr. ascendentes of both sides. We found junctions on the front of the thoracolumbar vertebral column at the end of the arteries. On the dorsal plane of the vertebral body 2 arteriae centrales posteriores originate from the rr. ascendentes. They run to the centre of the vertebral body. On the ventrolateral plane of the vertebral body 2 or 3 aa. centrales anteriores can be found. These 4 or 5 arteries join in the middle of the vertebral body. The blood supply of the thoracal and lumbar vertebral bodies does not differ essentially. Vessels come especially from lateral in the intervertebral disc. We suggest to name such a vessel ramus disci intervertebralis. The posterior longitudinal ligament is mainly supplied by the junction between the rr. ascendentes of both sides and the anterior longitudinal ligament by the aa. nutriciae in the thoracal and the lumbar area.
First Description of Mechanoreceptors in the Corpus Adiposum infrapatellare of Man
Authors: Krenn V. , Hofmann S. , Engel A.
Published: July 2008

The sensory innervation of the corpus adiposum infrapatellare of the human knee joint was studied by light microscopy. Small lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles) were found in the adipose tissue of the corpus adiposum infrapatellare. The lamellated corpuscles measured about 20 µm and consisted of 3–4 lamellae. It is discussed whether the corpus adiposum infrapatellare might perform a sensory function, influencing the muscle tone via polysynaptic reflexes.
Scanning, Transmission and Immunoelectron Microscopical Studies of the Tonsil-like Lymphoid Organ of Normal and Horseradish-Peroxidase-Injected Laboratory Suncuses
Authors: Kimura Michio , Tohya Kazuo
Published: July 2008

Fine structures of normal and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-stimulated tonsil-like lymphoid organs of the laboratory suncus (Suncus murinus) were examined by scanning, transmission and immunoelectron microscopies. The normal organs appear as a pair of small oval protrusions at the upper lateral sites of the fauces, and consist of a single lymph nodule with a germinal center and a crypt-like epithelium with prominent lymphoid cell infiltration. Postcapillary venules (PCV) and efferent lymphatics are associated within the marginal region of the nodule and separated from the neighboring pharyngeal tissues. Numerous lympho-plasma cells, interdigitating cells and reticulum cells occurred within the lymphoid parenchyma, as well as in the intraepithelial infiltrating cell populations. In the HRP-stimulated animals, the anti-HRP antibodies producing lympho-plasma cells were often seen in the parenchyma and epithelia; however, similar HRP-antibody-positive lymphocytes were rarely detected in the PCV lumina. In addition, some HRP antibody bearing interdigitating cells were also identified in the same parenchyma. These data indicate that the suncus’ tonsil-like organs have a positive immune function to oral antigens, together with the suncus’ systemic immune system and it is hypothetically presumed that the organ may correspond to a homologous organ of the human palatine tonsil in comparative anatomy.
Fetal Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis in Human Placental Villi
Authors: Demir R. , Kaufmann P. , Castellucci M. , Erbengi T. , Kotowski A.
Published: July 2008

Placental villi of 5 exactly defined early human specimens ranging from day 21 post conception (p.c.) until day 42 p.c. and from an additional 43 specimens from about 5 to 40 weeks menstrual age have been analyzed ultrastructurally with regard to fetal vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The following results were obtained: The first cells differentiating at day 21 p.c. probably originating from mesenchymal precursors, are macrophage-like cells. At almost the same time, mesenchymal cells transform into haemangioblastic cell cords which are the forerunners of the capillary endothelium and haematopoietic stem cells. A third cell population related to the fetal circulatory system and derived from the mesenchymal cells are presumptive pericytes. Capillary formation takes place by the aggregation of haemangioblastic cells which are attached to each other by intercellular junctions. The lumen is formed by the dehiscence of the intercellular clefts. A capillary basal lamina cannot be detected earlier than in the last trimester. In this last period of gestation fetal villous angiogenesis takes place by the proliferation of the existing endothelium and pericytes rather than via haemangioblastic cells.
Histochemistry of Glycoconjugates in the Skin of the Bovine Muzzle, with Special Reference to Glandular Structures
Authors: Meyer Wilfried , Tsukise Azuma
Published: July 2008

The distribution of glycoconjugates in the muzzle of young adult Holstein cows has been studied by means of selected light-microscopic histochemical methods including lectin histochemistry. In the skin layers strong reactions were confined to intercellular substances in between the cells of the vital epidermis, exhibiting neutral glycoconjugates mainly with α-D-galactosyl and N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl residues. In the nasolabial glands, distinctly positive staining for neutral glycoproteins with various saccharide residues (α-D-galactose, α-N-acetylgalactosamine, D-galactose-β(1→3)D-N-acetylgalactosamine, β-D-galactose) and for smaller amounts of acidic glycoconjugates, was found in the secretory cells and the luminal secretion. The cells of the excretory duct system showed weak to moderate reactions (α-E > -galactose, β-D-galactose), only the collecting ducts reacted positively for acidic glycoproteins with sialyl residues. The results obtained are discussed in view of muzzle functions with special reference to the salivary nature of the secretion of bovine nasolabial glands.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Calbindin-D28K in the Brain of a Cartilaginous Fish, the Dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.)
Authors: Rodriguez-Moldes I. , Timmermans J.P. , Adriaensen D. , De Groodt-Lasseel M.H.A. , Scheuermann D.W. , Anadon R.
Published: July 2008

The occurrence and distribution of the vitamin-D-induced calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D28K, has been studied in the brain of a cartilaginous fish using immunohistochemical techniques. A strong immunoreactivity was found in the perikarya, dendrites and axons of neurons located in the nucleus interstitialis commissurae anterioris, the nucleus medialis of the left habenula, the thalamus dorsalis, the thalamus ventralis, the nucleus lobi lateralis, the nucleus interpeduncularis, the lobus vagi and the medial reticular zone. Fibre tracts associated with some of these neuronal groups, such as the fasciculus retroflexus, the stria medullaris and the commissura habenulae, also contained immunopositive fibres. Only a minor immunoreactivity could be detected in other brain areas such as the tectum mesencephali and some telencephalic zones. Interestingly, the cerebellum did not show any immunoreactivity in Purkinje cells nor in other neurons. The distribution of calbindin-D28ĸ in the dogfish brain appears to be mainly related to the viscerosensory centres.
Number, Volume and Size Distribution of Nucleoli in Rat Neurosecretory Cells with Suppressed and Stimulated Secretion
Authors: Andersen Lars
Published: July 2008

The nucleoli in the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus were investigated in the rat. This was performed after the secretion of vasopressin had been suppressed by water load, after the secretion had been stimulated by water deprival and in normal rats which had water ad libitum. The cells with high secretory activity had large single nucleoli. The cells with low secretory activity had less nucleolar volume, and a substantial part of the cells contained two nucleoli.
The Vasculature of Xenotransplanted Human Melanomas and Sarcomas
Authors: Steinberg Fritz , Konerding Moritz A. , Streffer Christian
Published: July 2008

Morphometric measurements of xenotransplanted tumors allowed the evaluation of vascular distribution and density. The correlation between these two parameters and the amount of necrosis could be determined. A wide range of vascular densities between different tumors was measured. This extreme heterogeneity of vascular distribution and density was seen in the center as well as in the periphery of single tumors. Large avascular regions were identified in several tumors that were not necrotic. The distribution of the necrosis showed no zonal correlation, either. No correlation was observed between the density of vessels and the amount of necrosis.
Effects of Treatment with Noradrenaline and Isoproterenol on the Excretory Portion of the Submaxillary Gland in the Rat: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Marin Gutierrez , Galera H. , Bullón P.
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study is to evaluate the modification of the excretory portion and its comparison with the acinus, on stimulating the rat submaxillary gland with noradrenaline and isoproterenol. Stimulation of the submaxillary gland with these drugs for a period of 10 min produces different effects in the acinus and excretory portion. The secretory granules do not show reorganisation of their contents after stimulation with isoproterenol, while in the acinus the material is reorganised forming concentric laminae. After stimulation with noradrenaline, the acinar lumen increases its diameter with respect to the control groups while this same stimulus does not modify the diameter of the ductal lumen. After stimulation with noradrenaline the extracellular spaces are consistently obliterated in all ducts except the striated duct, in which the behaviour is variable as in the acinus. In these two latter cases, the extracellular spaces are visible in some cases and not in others. Stimulation with noradrenaline is a potent stimulus of synthesis in both the granular undulated duct and the striated undulated duct, while in the acinus this effect is produced by isoproterenol.
Über Trifurkationen der Arteria cerebri media
Authors: Anderhuber Friedrich , Weiglein Andreas , Fucher Robert K.
Published: July 2008

The furcation types of 100 human middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were investigated. Considering the physiological flow characteristics in furcations, a distinct definition for a bifurcation and a trifurcation was found. The common ramification type of the human MCA is the bifurcation. Trifurcations are very rare and we found them only in the proximal parts of the MCA. In 7 of the 100 cases a trifurcation was found at the main division of the MCA in 3 cases a secondary trunk trifurcated. Quadro- and pentafurcations according to the hydrodynamic definitions were not observed at all. Only in 1 case did the internal carotid artery trif urcate into the anterior cerebral artery a superior trunk and an inferior trunk of the MCA.
Osteocyte Differentiation in the Tibia of Newborn Rabbit: An Ultrastructural Study of the Formation of Cytoplasmic Processes
Authors: Palumbo Carla , Palazzini Silvana , Zaffe Davide , Marotti Gastone
Published: July 2008

The morphological changes undergone by the osteoblast at the ultrastructural level, during its differentiation into osteocyte, were studied in the primary parallel-fibred bone of the newborn rabbit by means of incomplete three-dimensional reconstruction from partially serial-sectioned preosteocytes. The findings obtained suggest that the formation of osteocyte cytoplasmic processes is an asynchronous and asymmetrical phenomenon that seems to precede the mineralization of the organic matrix and to give rise to an asymmetrical mature osteocyte. The functions of cytoplasmic processes as regards bone formation, cell nutrition and osteoblast modulation are discussed. The mechanism by which the osteoblast ‘enters’ the bone matrix is hypothesized.
Ossification of the Antler in the Lapland Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)
Authors: Rönning O. , Salo L.A. , Larmas M. , Nieminen M.
Published: July 2008

A histological and histochemical study of biopsy specimens from the Lapland reindeer antler indicated that the intercellular matrix of the cartilage that forms the partitions of longitudinal channels becomes calcified at virtually the initial stage of formation. The lacunae at the peripheries of the cartilaginous partitions are invaded by osteoblasts in a process comparable to endochondral ossification. The very centres of the partitions evidently become directly converted into bone without the presence of e.g. osteoclasts. The osseous partitions are remodelled by osteoclasts. The antler increases in diameter by periosteal apposition.
Comparative Anatomy of the Arterial System of the Foot in Primates
Authors: Matsumoto Shin , Ikeda Akira
Published: July 2008

Using stereoscopic angiography, the entire arterial system of the foot of the macaque was analyzed. The arteria saphena, instead of the a. tibialis anterior, reaches the dorsum of the foot, and its branches supply most of the foot. The dorsal arteries are dominant as far as the metatarsal spaces of the lateral four toes. The a. metatarsea dorsalis II showed a tendency to be the single dominant artery and to give rise to even the a. digitalis communis plantaris IV through the catella plantaris distalis. This tendency was observed more clearly in other macaque species than the Japanese monkey. The perforating branch at the second proximal metatarsal space forms the arcus plantaris profundus, which is accompanied by the deep branch of the nervus plantaris lateralis. Beneath the arch, the catella plantaris proximalis is formed on the metatarsal bones among the perforating branches of the aa. metatarseae dorsales. The a. tibialis posterior forms the arcus plantaris superficialis, whose thin branches commonly enter the aa. digitales communes plantares.
Morphometric Comparison between Human and Rat Abducens and Oculomotor Nerves
Authors: Bardosi Attila , Shallo Josephine , Schäfer Claus , Mühlendyck Hermann
Published: July 2008

A morphologic and morphometric comparison between normal human and rat extraocular muscle nerves was performed using a computer-assisted method to obtain scatter diagrams of relative sheath thickness (g ratio = quotient axon diameter/fiber diameter). Human and rat extraocular muscle nerves (nervus abducens and ramus medialis n. oculomotorii) were excised immediately before the nerve branching at the entering point into the muscle. There was no difference in the absolute number of myelinated fibers between the oculomotor and abducens nerves in both species. The distribution of myelinated fibers was classified according to their g ratios into a two-stage density cluster analysis. Two main populations of nerve fibers for human oculomotor and rat oculomotor and abducens nerves and three main populations for human abducens nerve were differentiated morphometrically and mathematically, differing in their relative sheath thicknesses. There are distinct differences between scatter diagrams of human and rat extraocular muscle nerves, in correlation with the basically different oculomotor functions of these two species. The morphometric differences between human and rat extraocular muscle nerves suggest a difference in the myelination process and the presence of functionally different nerve fibers strongly indicated by the populations and subpopulations of myelinating nerve fibers peculiar to extraocular muscle. The existence of more than two different types of myelinated fibers in the human nerves implies that the traditional classification based on fiber caliber must be reviewed and a comparison of different classes of nerve and muscle fibers should be performed.