bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the active ingredients of cognitive behaviour therapy and counselling for patients with chronic fatigue in primary care: Developing a new process measure to assess treatment fidelity and predict outcome
Authors: Godfrey E. , Chalder T. , Ridsdale L. , Seed P. , Ogden J.
Published: September 2006

Objectives. To develop a brief measure of the therapy process and use it to examine which therapeutic ingredients were associated with outcome in a sample of patients from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) versus counselling for patients with chronic fatigue in primary care. It was hypothesized that the two therapies would be clearly distinguishable and that in terms of process variables, the therapeutic alliance would be important in predicting outcome.

Design. The data for this study were collected alongside a RCT in primary care and included audiotaped therapy sessions. These tapes were assessed by two independent raters using a newly devised measure in order to evaluate therapy process and its relationship with outcome.

Methods. Tapes from 71 patients participating in the RCT were assessed to form the basis of the process analysis. Outcome was self‐reported fatigue symptoms at 6 months follow‐up. Data reduction was achieved via a principal component analysis (PCA). Factors were entered into a multiple regression analysis to produce a final model of predictors of outcome.

Results. The process measure showed that although the treatments could be distinguished, there was some overlap between them. The key predictor of a good fatigue outcome was emotional processing, including the expression, acknowledgement and acceptance of emotional distress.

Conclusions. A new process measure was developed successfully which now warrants further testing. It was able to assess treatment adherence and unpack, and distinguish the common factor which predicted outcome across therapy modalities. The findings lend preliminary support to the view that the specific techniques associated with particular ‘brand names’ of therapy are not necessarily the ‘active ingredients’ that help patient's change within the primary care setting. Emotional processing predicted outcome for patients with chronic fatigue and therefore future research might explore this in more depth, in order to understand better how it can be facilitated.
The figure copy and recall test of the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery: Inter‐rater reliability
Authors: Allen Lizanne , Brechin Don , Skilbeck Clive , Fox Ruth
Published: September 2006

Objective Examined inter‐rater reliability of the scoring of the Figure Copy and Recall subtest of the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB; Coughlan & Hollows, 1985).

Method Figure Copy and Recall tests of 56 individuals referred for neuropsychological assessment were independently scored by three experienced neuropsychologists and the scores correlated. Detailed analysis of reasons for scoring discrepancies was carried out.

Results Raters scores were highly correlated in relation to both forms of the tests. The major source of discrepancy was errors in accuracy.

Conclusions Results indicate that the AMIPB manual instructions are sufficiently detailed to obtain good inter‐rater reliability when the raters are experienced clinicians. Further research using trainees or assistant psychologists is suggested.
The effect of attitude toward women on the relative individuation of women and men is mediated by perceived gender subgroups
Authors: Stewart Tracie L. , Harris Kevin R. , van Knippenberg Ad , Hermsen Berlinda J. , Joly Janneke F. , Lippmann Maarten W.
Published: September 2006

The present study investigated whether a differential number of perceived subgroups for men and women mediated the previous finding that men and women with more traditional attitudes concerning women's roles individuate men more than women, whereas individuals with less traditional attitudes better individuate women (Stewart, Vassar, Sanchez, & David, 2000). Participants were asked to recall traits of 2 male and 2 female targets described to them. Comparison of memory errors for male vs female targets indicated relative individuation of men and women. Participants also generated subgroups of men and women and indicated their familiarity with these groups. As predicted, relative number of subgroups but not differential familiarity mediated the relationship between attitudes and relative individuation of men and women. More complex representations of women are proposed to facilitate organization of information about new members of this group.
Retracted: Behavioural effects of automatic interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison
Authors: Gordijn Ernestine H. , Stapel Diederik A.
Published: September 2006

Does information about other people automatically affect one's own behaviour as a function of the salience of interpersonal or intergroup contexts? Study 1 revealed that exposure to an intelligent comparison target led to worse performance than exposure to an unintelligent target when an interpersonal context was salient (contrast) whereas the opposite effect was found when an intergroup context was salient. Study 2 showed better performance after exposure to an intelligent in‐group target and worse performance when the in‐group target was unintelligent (assimilation), whereas opposite effects were found when the target was an out‐group member or when no intergroup context was salient. Finally, Study 3 showed better performance after exposure to a group of intelligent targets and worse performance after exposure to a group of unintelligent targets suggesting assimilation; opposite effects were found when the group consisted of out‐group targets.
Social representations and professional knowledge: The representation of mental illness among mental health practitioners
Authors: Morant Nicola
Published: September 2006

The closing decades of the twentieth century saw a dramatic shift from institutional to community‐based care for the mentally ill. This paper describes a study of the social representation of mental illness by mental health professionals working in Britain and France during this time of major policy change. Such professionals play a vital social role in translating policy directives into practical work with laypeople, yet their representations are relatively under‐researched. Data in this study derive from semi‐structured interviews on the nature of mental ill‐health and mental health work conducted with a multidisciplinary sample of professionals (N=60). Consonant with community care policies, analysis suggests that professionals conceptualize mental ill‐health and its treatment in social rather than medical terms. However, uncertainty characterizes many aspects of their representations. This is associated with eclectic working practices combining multiple strategies derived from diverse theoretical traditions. The changing policy context appears to have augmented this representational uncertainty. Psychodynamic perspectives are more influential amongst French practitioners compared with their British counterparts. The study highlights how social representations held by ‘intermediary’ groups reflect their interface between scientific and lay spheres. The role of power and the function of social representations in reconciling sources of tension and ambiguity associated with this unique social position are discussed.
Temporality and collectivity: Diversity, history and the rhetorical construction of national entitativity
Authors: Condor Susan
Published: September 2006

Vernacular representations of nationhood collected in England differed from canonical accounts of social categorization in three respects. First, nations were not typically constructed as simple person categories, but rather as hybrid collectivities of human beings, objects and geographical locations. Second, national representation was not confined to the present tense, but was typically conveyed through temporal distinctions and narratives. Third, speakers displayed a reflexive concern over the rationality and morality of national categorization and stereotyping. Speakers could manage the tension between the need to recognize both national diversity and entitativity by forging a distinction between Englishness (identified with homogeneity, ethnic nationalism and the past) and Britishness (identified with pluralism, civic nationalism and historical progress). However, accounts had a dilemmatic quality. The strategies speakers used to promote images of contemporary national in‐group diversity often implicitly presupposed a normal moral order of national cultural homogeneity. The association of pluralism with values of progressive social change meant that accounts of ‘our’ distinctive lack of national character could carry tacit implications of relative superiority. General implications for social identity approaches to social categorization are discussed.
Simulating behaviour change interventions based on the theory of planned behaviour: Impacts on intention and action
Authors: Fife‐Schaw Chris , Sheeran Paschal , Norman Paul
Published: September 2006

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) has been used extensively to predict social and health behaviours. However, a critical test of the TPB is whether interventions that increased scores on the theory's predictors would engender behaviour change. The present research deployed a novel technique in order to provide this test. Statistical simulations were conducted on data for 30 behaviours (N=211) that estimated the impact of interventions that generated maximum positive changes in attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) on subsequent intentions and behaviour. Findings indicated that interventions that maximized TPB variables had a substantial impact on behavioural intentions. Although TPB maximization increased the proportion of the sample that performed respective behaviours by 28% compared with baseline, the behaviour of a substantial minority of the sample (26%) did not change. The research also identified several interactions among TPB variables in predicting simulated intention and behaviour scores and investigated the mediating role of intentions in predicting behaviour.
Using the theory of planned behaviour to predict observed driving behaviour
Authors: Elliott Mark A. , Armitage Christopher J. , Baughan Christopher J.
Published: September 2006

The ability of psychosocial variables to predict driver behaviour was tested using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; I.Ajzen, 1985) as a theoretical framework. At Time 1, participants (N=150) completed questionnaire measures of TPB variables. 1 week later, participants' behaviour was assessed using both self‐reports and observations of driving speed derived from a high‐fidelity driving simulator. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that: (a) the TPB was a strong predictor of drivers' intentions and self‐reported speeding behaviour, and (b) intention was the sole predictor of observed speeding behaviour. Standard and repeated events survival analyses showed that intention also predicted the maintenance of drivers' compliance with speed limits. The discussion focuses on the TPB's relationships with observed and self‐reported behaviour, and the implications for designing interventions.
Predictors and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Belgium and Turkey: The role of acculturation preferences and economic competition
Authors: Zagefka Hanna , Brown Rupert , Broquard Murielle , Martin Sibel Leventoglu
Published: September 2006

This research tested predictors and consequences of majority members' negative attitudes towards immigrants in Belgium and Turkey. It tested a mediation model in which economic competition and a perceived preference of the immigrants for culture maintenance have negative effects on majority members' own acculturation preference for integration, and where a perceived preference of the immigrants for contact has a positive effect. The effects of all three predictors were hypothesized to be mediated by negative attitudes toward immigrants. Two survey studies were conducted, one in Belgium (N=106) and one in Turkey (N=93). Results showed that, as hypothesized, ‘economic competition’ and a ‘perceived preference for contact’ had indirect effects on ‘own acculturation preference’ for integration, and ‘negative attitude’ was the mediator. ‘Perceived preference for cultural maintenance’ had a direct effect on ‘own acculturation preference’.
Predicting private and public helping behaviour by implicit attitudes and the motivation to control prejudiced reactions
Authors: Gabriel Ute , Banse Rainer , Hug Florian
Published: September 2006

The role of individual differences in implicit attitudes toward homosexuals and motivation to control prejudiced reactions (MCPR) in predicting private and public helping behaviour was investigated. After assessing the predictor variables, 69 male students were informed about a campaign of a local gay organization. They were provided with an opportunity to donate money and sign a petition in the presence (public setting) or absence (private setting) of the experimenter. As expected, more helping behaviour was shown in the public than in the private setting. However, while the explicit cognitive attitude accounted for helping behaviour in both settings, an implicit attitude × MCPR interaction accounted for additional variability of helping in the public setting only. Three different mediating processes are discussed as possible causes of the observed effects.
Responses from the Lesbian & Gay Psychology Section to Crossley's Making sense of barebacking
Authors: Barker Meg , Hagger‐Johnson Gareth , Hegarty Peter , Hutchison Craig , Riggs Damien
Published: September 2006

The aim of the present study is to summarize key responses toCrossley's (2004)article ‘Making sense of barebacking’ from members of the British Psychological Society's Lesbian & Gay Psychology Section. These responses are assembled into four main themes: (1) terminology, including descriptions of sexual behaviour that are inaccurate and pejorative; (2) representations that endorse culturally dominant and stigmatizing stereotypes of gay men as hedonistic, promiscuous, morally irresponsible and interested in sex rather than relationships; (3) methodology, particularly the use of autobiographical and fictional accounts as reliable sources of data about HIV risk; (4) ethics, especially the infringement of the dignity and the worth of those researched or represented. We welcome attempts to address the continuing problems of HIV/AIDS but recommend that authors and editors enter into dialogue with colleagues who are members of sexual minority communities as part of the research process.
Humans rule! The effects of creatureliness reminders, mortality salience and self‐esteem on attitudes towards animals
Authors: Beatson Ruth M. , Halloran Michael J.
Published: September 2006

This research paper presents findings from an experimental investigation of the attitudes that people hold towards animals when they are reminded of the fact that humans and animals are creatures alike. We tested the hypothesis that mortality salience (MS) would lead participants reminded of human creatureliness to evaluate animals more negatively, especially when they reported lower self‐esteem. Student participants were randomly assigned to conditions in which MS was made salient and thoughts about human creatureliness were manipulated. Participants then reported their attitudes towards animals. Lending support to the hypothesis of this study, MS led participants with lower self‐esteem to rate animals more negatively, when they were reminded of human–animal similarity. The implications of these results for understanding people's attitudes towards animals were discussed.
The staff are your friends: Intellectually disabled identities in official discourse and interactional practice
Authors: Antaki Charles , Finlay W. M. L. , Walton Chris
Published: September 2006

Talk between care staff and people with learning disabilities may reveal a conflict between official policy and actual social practice. We explore a case in which care staff are in the process of soliciting residents' views on ‘relationships’. Ostensibly, this is an empowering part of a group meeting, meant to help the residents understand their relationships with the people around them, and to value those which are positive. However, the talk mutates from solicitation to instruction and, in doing so, provides a vivid case of people with learning disabilities being attributed social rights more limited than is consistent with institutional service policy. We unpack the play of category membership in this episode to illustrate how conflicting agendas can lead to the construction, even in ostensibly empowering encounters, of identities actively disavowed at the level of official discourse.
In the wings of British orchestras: A multi‐episode interview study among symphony players
Authors: Brodsky Warren
Published: September 2006

An orchestral career has often been looked upon with awe by the public. A contract position with a well‐known orchestra is highly regarded, and often the target of competitive auditions. Yet, orchestral life‐style is easily misconceived by outsiders. Only a few researchers have been able to penetrate group barriers and gain the confidence of orchestra members, and none of these have reported emotions and cognitions pertinent to occupational development, career aspirations, vocational motivations and performance experiences. In this study, 54 British symphony orchestra musicians from 14 performance organizations were interviewed 8 times over a 10‐month period at four major concert halls across north‐west England. The interviews each followed mood‐induction procedures consisting of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation training, guided affective imagery and music exposure applied via the Somatron® Acoustic Massage™ Power Recliner. The descriptive narratives were examined using qualitative approaches including content analysis. On the one hand, the musicians viewed membership of a symphony orchestra as representing the final surrender of the ambition to join the ranks of celebrated world‐class soloists. On the other hand, they viewed their orchestral career as the essential means by which they could socialize with like‐minded people, and experience camaraderie, teamwork, solidarity and friendship. Contrary to what has been previously reported in the literature, the current study provides a view of symphony orchestra players' motivations and commitments to the music profession as based on a lifelong passion for music and music performance.
Organizational climate systems and psychological climate perceptions: A cross‐level study of climate‐satisfaction relationships
Authors: Schulte Mathis , Ostroff Cheri , Kinicki Angelo J.
Published: September 2006

Research has consistently demonstrated that both individual‐level climate perceptions and organizational climate are related to job satisfaction; however, little work has investigated their relative importance in a single study. Using a sample of 1,076 employees from 120 branches of a US‐based bank, the relative importance of individual‐ and unit‐level climate on individual satisfaction was examined. Cross‐level results of hierarchical linear models indicated that individuals' perceptions of the climate accounted for a large percentage of variance in individuals' satisfaction. Further, unit‐level climate systems accounted for a small but significant portion of individual satisfaction above and beyond individuals' perceptions of the climate. These results suggest that the overall climate in a work unit has some influence on individual attitudes, after accounting for individuals' idiosyncratic perceptions of the climate.
Group composition and employee creative behaviour in a Korean electronics company: Distinct effects of relational demography and group diversity
Authors: Choi Jin Nam
Published: September 2006

Work group composition is one of the key variables that influence individual behaviour in a group setting. This study investigates the effect of individual‐level dissimilarities (relational demography) as well as group‐level membership heterogeneity (group diversity) on creative behaviour of individual employees. Multi‐level analyses of data from 188 work units of a Korean electronics company showed that relational demography in terms of gender and hierarchical status and group diversity in hierarchical status and performance level were negatively related to employee creative behaviour. In contrast, relational demography in terms of age and performance level and group diversity in functional background increased creative behaviour. The results indicate that demographic composition variables have different individual‐ and cross‐level effects on individual employees' creative behaviour. This study demonstrates the need for a multi‐level approach to the study of organizational demography.
On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self‐determination theory approach
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Neyrinck Bart , Niemiec Christopher P. , Soenens Bart , De Witte Hans , Van den Broeck Anja
Published: September 2006

Using self‐determination theory, two studies found that holding an extrinsic, relative to an intrinsic, work value orientation was associated with less positive outcomes (i.e. less satisfaction with, dedication to and vitality while on the job) and more negative outcomes (i.e. higher emotional exhaustion, short‐lived satisfaction after successful goal‐attainment, and turn‐over intention). These relations were not limited to job outcomes, but also emerged using indicators of employees' general mental health. Moreover, income level did not moderate these relations. Study 2 found that holding an extrinsic, relative to an intrinsic, work value orientation was detrimental to employees' job outcomes because these orientations thwarted the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness at work.
Women's career patterns: A study of Swedish women born in the 1950s
Authors: Huang Qinghai , El‐Khouri Bassam M. , Johansson Gunn , Lindroth Siv , Sverke Magnus
Published: September 2006

Patterns of career development have been found to be an important factor for long‐term career rewards and well‐being. However, existing career models excessively focus on men or elite women and upon paid work, typically without considering other roles. Based on a life course perspective, this study aimed to identify women's career development patterns by examining the dynamic interactions between individuals' involvement in working life and other career‐related domains of life. Career biographies, from the ages of 16 to 43, were recorded through retrospective reports from a representative sample of Swedish women (N= 549) participating in a longitudinal programme on individual development. Seven career‐related activities were coded and combined into career sequences covering the entire period. Data were analysed using optimal matching, and nine distinct career patterns ‐ disparate in terms of the timing, ordering and duration of activities ‐ were identified. There were significant differences between the career patterns in early educational aspirations and early sexual experiences, as well as in life‐role values and socio‐economic status in middle age. With respect to the consequences of career patterns for well‐being, there were significant differences in self‐rated health but not in job satisfaction or life satisfaction. The diversity of patterns is discussed from a perspective that takes account of both life course theory and the choices made by individual women in a society that provides childcare facilities, parental leave and other types of support to working parents.
Why managers prefer some influence tactics to other tactics: A net utility explanation
Authors: Steensma Herman
Published: September 2006

This study involved analysis of the preference for, and the actual use of eight influence tactics by managers. Managers (N = 95) filled out questionnaires. As predicted, the expected utilities of tactics were correlated strongly with both actual and preferred frequencies of use of tactics. The expected utilities of specific tactics did not correlate with actual and preferred frequencies of use of all other tactics (with some exceptions).
Operationalizing value importance in cross‐cultural research: Comparing direct and indirect measures
Authors: Hattrup Keith , Mueller Karsten , Aguirre Pancho
Published: September 2006

This research compared direct and indirect operationalizations of work value importance across 25 nations using data from the Work Orientations II Module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). Respondents provided direct ratings of the extent to which each of seven work goals was subjectively important to them. They also rated their satisfaction with each of the same work goals and with their jobs overall. Thus, an indirect operationalization of work value importance was formed from the empirical relationships between satisfaction with each work goal and overall job satisfaction. As expected, results showed that conclusions drawn about cross‐cultural differences depended on the method used for operationalizing work values. Implications of the results for the interpretation of cross‐cultural differences are discussed.
Trial venue decisions in juvenile cases: Mitigating and extralegal factors matter
Authors: Nunez Narina , Dahl Mindy J. , Tang Connie M. , Jensen Brittney L.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study assessed whether the characteristics of juvenile offenders and their victims affected respondents' decisions regarding whether a juvenile offender should be transferred to the adult criminal justice system.

Method. Participants (N = 758) read a scenario about a juvenile accused of murder and decided whether the youth should be tried as an adult or as a juvenile. The age of the offender (11‐, 13‐ or 15‐years‐old), the sex of the offender, abuse history and victim type (neighbour or father) were varied. After indicating jurisdictional preference, participants read a series of statements (e.g. importance of punishment) and rated how important each was in their decision.

Results. Significant main effects and complex interactions between defendant gender, age and abuse history were found. In general, younger defendants were more likely than older defendants to be recommended for juvenile court. Overall, juvenile offenders with a history of child abuse received less harsh verdicts. For males, a history of abuse affected decisions about trial venue and verdict both alone and in combination with other factors such as age, sex and relationship to victim. Results supported a mediational model in which extralegal and mitigating factors influenced the importance of a ‘just desserts’ orientation, which, in turn, influenced jurisdictional decisions.

Conclusion. Despite a recent tendency for policymakers to pass legislation that requires more juveniles be sent to adult courts, the present study suggests that the public does not support automatic transfers to adult courts and that mitigating factors are important to their jurisdictional decisions.
Predicting institutional adjustment with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles composite scales: Replication and extension
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. The principal aim of this study is to determine whether the Proactive (P) and Reactive (R) composite scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) are capable of predicting institutional adjustment in a group of medium security prison inmates.

Method. The P and R composite scales were correlated with dichotomized and count measures of total, non‐aggressive and aggressive incident reports (IRs) received during a 2‐year period in a group of 219 male medium security US federal prisoners.

Results. The R scale predicted dichotomized total, non‐aggressive, and aggressive IRs (point biserial correlations, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, classification analyses) and all three classes of count IRs (negative binomial regression) when age, education, race, marital status, confining offence, prior disciplinary record, program completion and time in the institution were controlled. The P scale, on the other hand, predicted dichotomized total (point biserial correlation, classification analysis) and non‐aggressive (point biserial correlation, ROC) IRs and the total disciplinary count when age, education, race, marital status, confining offence, prior disciplinary record, program completion and time in institution were accounted for in a negative binomial regression.

Conclusion. The modest but consistent relationship observed between the R scale and subsequent disciplinary infractions suggests that R may well serve as one component of a larger assessment battery for identifying inmate's at risk for future disciplinary problems.
Interventions with arsonists and young fire setters: A survey of the national picture in England and Wales
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , Caulfield Laura S. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: September 2006

Objectives. Arson is a serious problem that has high costs in both financial and non‐financial terms. It is important that effective provision to intervene with arsonists and young fire setters is available.

Method. A national survey was conducted of organizations delivering interventions to arsonists and young fire setters. This survey included fire and rescue services, probation areas, youth offending services, forensic mental health units, several government departments, and the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders. The survey was followed by site visits to eight organizations to conduct interviews with relevant staff.

Results. The majority of interventions for children and adolescents were provided by fire and rescue services, often in conjunction with local youth offending services. Some forensic mental health units provided interventions, but no specialist provision for arsonists appeared to be available in either the prison or probation services. The site visits and interviews revealed areas of good practice across the organizations visited, and highlighted areas where developments might be made to improve services.

Conclusions. The findings are discussed in light of the available literature, and recommendations made for future practice.
Context matters: Alibi strength varies according to evaluator perspective
Authors: Sommers Samuel R. , Douglass Amy Bradfield
Published: September 2006

Purpose. The nascent field of alibi evaluation research has produced interesting and inconsistent findings. We focus on a heretofore unexamined variable that may play a critical role in alibi evaluation: context. Specifically, two experiments tested the hypothesis that the same alibi can be evaluated differently when presented in the context of a police investigation vs. criminal trial.

Method. In Study 1, 101 college participants evaluated an alibi in one of three contexts: police investigation, criminal trial, or a control condition devoid of specific legal context. Dependent measures included ratings of alibi strength and credibility, as well as the likelihood that the suspect was guilty. In Study 2, both context and the presence of a corroborating witness were varied in a scenario presented to 139 college participants.

Results. Across studies, an alibi was rated as stronger in the police investigation vs. trial context, consistent with the prediction that the fact that a case has proceeded to trial implies to perceivers that the alibi is relatively weak. In Study 2, an alibi was deemed stronger when corroborated vs. uncorroborated, but this difference was only significant in the police investigation context.

Conclusions. If alibi research is to fulfil its promise for legal and policy implications, a clearer understanding of the variables that influence alibi evaluation must be developed. The present results illustrate the importance of context in this investigation, suggesting that two researchers studying evaluations of the same alibi may arrive at different conclusions based on the simple framing of the experimental task.
Paradoxes of proof and punishment: Psychological pitfalls in judicial decision making
Authors: de Keijser Jan W. , van Koppen Peter J.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study focuses on two psychological mechanisms that may inadvertently affect judges' decisions on proof of guilt and on punishment. It involves mechanisms that are clearly in conflict with formal judicial doctrine. One hypothesis, theconviction paradox, asserts that, faced with very serious offences, a judge's standard of proof will be lower than for less serious, but otherwise comparable, offences. A second hypothesis,compensatory punishment, asserts that in cases with relatively weak evidence, judges who nevertheless render a guilty verdict will be inclined to compensate their initial doubt on the matter of guilt by meting out a less severe sentence.

Method. The hypotheses are evaluated in an experiment with Dutch judges and justices who serve in criminal courts. This was done using fictitious but highly realistic dossiers of criminal cases.

Results. Neither of the two hypotheses was supported in the present study.

Conclusions. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for theory development and future research in the area of legal decision making.
Children's live and videotaped testimonies: How presentation mode affects observers' perception, assessment and memory
Authors: Landström Sara , Granhag Pär Anders , Hartwig Maria
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Children's testimonies can be presented to the court in many different formats, for example, live, videotapes, closed‐circuit television (CCTV) or transcripts. However, little is known about how different presentation formats affect the observers' processing of the testimonies. This study investigated how two different presentation modes (live vs. video) affected observers' perception, veracity assessments and memory of children's appearance and statements.

Method. Fourteen children (10–11 years old) either experienced an event or learned about the event by hearsay. Two weeks later, the children testified about the event as if they had all experienced it. Mock jurors watched the children's testimonies either live (N = 68) or on video (N = 68), rated their perception of the children's statement and appearance, and assessed the children's veracity. In addition, their memory of the children's statement was examined.

Results. The live observers perceived the children in more positive terms and rated the statements as being more convincing than did video observers. The observers rated the lying children as having to think harder than the truth‐telling children. Both live and video observers' ability to assess the children's veracity was mediocre. Live observers had a better subjective, as well as objective, memory of the children's statements than video observers.

Conclusions. The results show that presentation mode influences both perception and memory of child witnesses' testimonies. We argue that the presentation mode is important to consider when evaluating and reforming courtroom procedures.
Offending behaviour programmes in the community: The effects on reconviction of three programmes with adult male offenders
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , McGuire James , Hounsome Juliet C. , Hatcher Ruth M. , Bilby Charlotte A. L. , Hollin Clive R.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study presents the findings of an evaluation of the effect on reconviction of three general offending behaviour programmes in the English and Welsh Probation Service with adult male offenders.

Method. The study employed a quasi‐experimental design comparing the reconviction rates of three groups: offenders who were allocated to and completed a programme, offenders allocated to a programme but failed to complete, and a comparison group.

Results. The main finding from the analyses indicated that, controlling for salient population factors, the offenders who had completed a programme had a lower rate of reconviction as compared with non‐completers and comparison groups. Additionally, the non‐completers had a higher rate of reconviction than the comparison group.

Conclusions. The findings are discussed in light of the extant literature and a range of explanations is presented.
Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration … or is it? An investigation of the impact of motivation and feedback on deception detection
Authors: Porter Stephen , McCabe Sean , Woodworth Michael , Peace Kristine A.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Although most people perform around the level of chance in making credibility judgments, some researchers have hypothesized that high motivation and the provision of accurate feedback could lead to a higher accuracy rate. This study examined the influence of these factors on judgment accuracy and whether any improvement following feedback was related to social facilitation, a gradual incorporation of successful assessment strategies, or a re‐evaluation of ‘tunnel vision’ decision‐making.

Methods. Participants (N = 151) were randomly assigned to conditions according to motivation level (high/low) and feedback (accurate, inaccurate or none). They then judged the credibility of 12 videotaped speakers either lying or telling the truth about a personal experience.

Results. Highly motivated observers performed less accurately (M = 46.0%), but more confidently, than those in the low‐motivation condition (M = 60.0%). Although there was no main effect of feedback, the provision of any feedback (accurate or inaccurate) served to diminish the motivational impairment effect. Further, high motivation was associated with a relatively low ‘hit’ rate and high ‘false‐alarm’ rate. This suggested that in the absence of feedback the judgments of highly motivated participants were made through tunnel vision.

Conclusions. The results suggest that it is important for lie‐catchers to monitor their motivation level to ensure that over‐enthusiasm is not clouding their judgments. It may be useful for professionals engaged in deception detection to regularly discuss their judgments with colleagues as a form of feedback in order to re‐evaluate their own decision‐making strategies.
The construction and validation of a scale to assess psychological risk and well‐being in sex offender treatment providers
Authors: Clarke Jo , Roger Derek
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Since 1991 over 1,400 Prison Service personnel have been trained in the delivery of therapeutic interventions with men convicted of sexual abuse. In that time anecdotal evidence of psychological difficulties experienced by treatment providers has emerged. However, empirical support for this evidence is sparse, and reflects a disproportionately low level of research into the impact on treatment providers of their work when compared with the efficacy of the treatment they deliver. One of the consistent shortcomings of the available research has been the lack of a valid and reliable psychometric assessment of the psychological well‐being of treatment providers, and this paper reports on the construction and validation of a scale designed to assess the personal and professional effects of working therapeutically with sex offenders.

Method. A scenario technique was used to elicit items. Exploratory factor analysis of the responses of 182 active facilitators yielded a three‐factor scale comprising 61 items. The structure was replicated on an independent sample of 165 facilitators.

Results. Negative reactivity to offenders (NRO) described generally adverse responses to offenders, ruminative vulnerability (RV) was characterized by emotional pre‐occupation with work and increasing sensitivity to emotional issues, and organizational dissatisfaction (OD) included items relating to lack of collegial and managerial support. Concurrent validation showed that the three factors were systematically related to a range of relevant variables.

Conclusion. The new assessment of dynamic adaptation (ADA) scale should provide an invaluable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of SOTP training programmes.
Early narcissistic transference patterns: An exploratory single case study from the perspective of dialogical self theory
Authors: Dimaggio Giancarlo , Fiore Donatella , Lysaker Paul Henry , Petrilli Daniela , Salvatore Giampaolo , Semerari Antonio , Nicolò Giuseppe
Published: September 2006

Persons exhibiting narcissistic personality traits are difficult to treat in psychotherapy, in particular because of the problems they have in building up a sound therapeutic relationship. We discuss the hypothesis that the threats to a therapeutic alliance emerge both from patients' maladaptive patterns of behaving towards others and from therapists being affected by these patterns and becoming a part of a dysfunctional dialogue. We examine this phenomenon in terms of Dialogical Self Theory and suggest that a patient can be conceptualised as embodying a cast of characters weaving a problematic dialogue both within the self and with other selves. Via the analysis of the transcripts of the first four audiotaped sessions of a psychotherapy involving a woman with narcissistic traits we identified one early dominant dialogical pattern in which a contemptuous and a contemptible character faced each other, shadowing characters in search for help. Such a pattern is consistent with the literature on interpersonal processes in narcissism. The therapist was involved in the pattern from the third session, suggesting that countertransference with individuals displaying narcissistic personality traits is caused more by the pathology than by their therapist's characteristics. Implications for treatment are discussed.
The importance of reflective functioning to the diagnosis of psychic structure
Authors: Müller Christian , Kaufhold Johannes , Overbeck Gerd , Grabhorn Ralph
Published: September 2006

Objective.  This pilot study examines the connection between the concept of Fonagy and Target's reflective functioning and the structure axis of operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics (OPD) and assesses the potential of both scales to predict therapy success.

Method. In the study, 24 (female) patients of the psychotherapy ward of the Frankfurt University Hospital for psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy aged 18 to 55 were assessed on the basis of a 90‐minute, semi‐structured interview with regard to their capability for reflective functioning as well as with regard to their structural level according to OPD. In addition, the SCL‐90‐R was administered at the beginning and end of the 3‐month in‐patient therapy.

Results. A significant correlation was found between reflective functioning and the structure axis of OPD. Reflective functioning also predicted improvement in overall mental condition through a 3‐month in‐patient therapy. This remained significant even when the influence of the overall assessment of structure according to OPD was removed.

Conclusions. The independence of the concept of reflective functioning (RF) and its implications for the clinical stance are discussed.
A pilot study of gender of voice and gender of voice hearer in psychotic voice hearers
Authors: Legg Lesley , Gilbert Paul
Published: September 2006

The experience of auditory hallucinations has been described as a form of ‘inner relationship’. Recent research has focused on the common dominant/subordinate form that voice and voice hearer can share, with voices being experienced as dominant, powerful and shaming. However, the way men shame and derogate men, and women shame and derogate women may differ in everyday social contexts. This difference may also be important in the relationship of voice hearers to their voices. This study used a semi‐structured interview to explore male voices heard by men and by women and female voices heard by men and women. For both men and women, male voices commonly tended to be dominant. In line with previous work on shame, themes of sexual and non‐sexual shaming were common. Voices could also issue warnings and commands. The general experience of a dominant voice was hostile but participants noted that the degree of hostility changed with the degree of stress in other aspects of their lives. Further work on derogations and threats of dominant voices may reveal further subtle distinctions between voice and voice hearer in regard to gender.
Development of a self‐report measure of unconditional positive self‐regard
Authors: Patterson Thomas G. , Joseph Stephen
Published: September 2006

Objectives.The development of a measure of therapeutic change that is theoretically consistent with person‐centred theory and client‐centred therapy would provide a tool for the evaluation of therapeutic change that is meaningful to both clients and therapists, and that could also be applied to outcome research. The present paper reports the development of a measurement scale based on the person‐centred construct ofunconditional positive self‐regard.

Design.A cross‐sectional survey design was adopted to investigate the psychometric properties of the unconditional‐positive self regard scale (UPSR).

Method.Data from 210 university students who completed the scale were subjected to principal components factor analysis in order to determine the factor structure of the scale. Comparison with theoretically similar and distinct measures was used to investigate validity, and internal reliability was assessed.

Results.Factor analysis revealed that the resulting 12‐item UPSR scale is composed of two separate subscales, respectively measuringself‐regardandconditionalityof positive self‐regard. Internal reliability of the main scale and subscales was adequate with alpha co‐efficients all above .79. Comparison with other measures provides evidence supporting the validity of the new scale.

Conclusions.Initial evidence indicates that the UPSR scale may be a potentially useful tool for the non‐medicalised evaluation of therapeutic change.
Training and disillusion in Counselling Psychology: A psychoanalytic perspective
Authors: Rosemary Rizq
Published: September 2006

In this paper, I argue* that Counselling Psychology's professional identification with pluralism poses significant emotional problems for trainees. An important factor in such problems may be the trainee's sense of disappointment and disillusion that the route to professional and personal self‐transformation will not be achieved via a set of universal theoretical principles and established clinical ‘rules’. I draw on recent psychoanalytic theory to suggest that the task facing trainees involves balancing pluralism, characterized as an ‘external’ third position, with an ‘internal’ third space indexing an awareness of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Maintaining a dialogical‐dialectical perspective on these two positions allows for a creative space in which the trainee may be transformed from lay helper into professional counselling psychologist via a personal engagement with theoretical, clinical and academic material presented during training.