bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA GOOGLE FORM DALAM EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB MAHASISWA STAI AL-GAZALI SOPPENG
Authors: Hilmy Baso
Published: June 2024

Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari cara menggunakan dan membuat media online berbasis formulir untuk evaluasi pembelajaran.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode evaluasi dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan menghasilkan data tentang cara menggunakan google form untuk menilai pembelajaran Bahasa Arab. Jenis penelitian ini digunakan karena mengevaluasi dan menilai keberhasilan, manfaat, kegunaan, sumbangan, dan kelayakan program, produk, atau kegaiatan organisasi berdasarkan kriteria tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi dokumentasi untuk mempelajari dan menganalisis dokumen. digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang evaluasi penggunaan google form dengan soal pilihan ganda dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab. Dokumen yang diberikan kepada responden berasal dari google form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi google form ini dapat digunakan untuk pembelajaran juga dapat digunakan untuk evaluasi. Evaluasi pendidikan sekarang lebih fokus pada penilaian proses daripada penilaian program secara keseluruhan, yang berarti bahwa evaluasi proses lebih penting daripada penilaian program secara keseluruhan. Dalam kasus ini, platform yang paling populer digunakan adalah google form.
Penelitian Tindakan Kelas
Authors: Mangkoso Agus
Published: June 2024

Salah satu bentuk format penelitian karya ilmiah yang keberadaannya tidak dapat dilepaskan dari upaya perbaikan dan peningkatan mutu tenaga pendidik pada lembaga pendidikan formal di Indonesia adalah keberadaan penelitian tindakan ikelas. Penelitian tindakan kelas adalah suatu bentuk kegiatan penelitian tindakan yang pelaksanaannya dilaksanakan di dalam ruang kelas baik oleh pendidik sendiri maupun berkolaborasi dengan pendidikan lain dengan tujuan untuk perbaikan dan ipeningkatan kualitas pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan sehingga mutu hasil belajar peserta didik dapat lebih ditingkatkan lagi dengan sistem operasional penelitiannya
Ingrid
Authors: Blicher Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis article examines the female figure in Pontoppidan’s “A Love Adventure” (da. “Et Kærlighedseventyr”) (1918 and 1930). The female protagonist, the wife of a priest, Ingrid, leaves her husband and children in favor of a life with the philosopher Gabriel Vadum. Where the first edition (1918) finds a solution, the late edition is more socially realistic in its view of women’s conditions. The consequence is here, that her legal husband refuses to let her see her children, which destroys her. Pontoppidan shows in this novel how a destructive male domination can prevent female emancipation – in this case through the freedom of love. In addition, the article shows how a figure such as the saving female-figure is carried forward from romanticism and further into the Modern Breakthrough.
Per og Pelle
Authors: Wentzel Knud
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this article, Knud Wenzel analyzes the main characters of two great Danish novels of development, Lykke-Per (A Fortunate Man) by Henrik Pontoppidan and Pelle Erobreren (Pelle the Conqueror) by Martin Andersen Nexø with particular reference to their personal and erotic development by focusing on their relationships to a number of women. In Per´s case the development goes towards “identity”, which in this context means a feeling of being an authentic “I” separated from the surroundings, a feeling of “I am me”. As for Pelle, his development takes a different direction, as it results in a feeling of being a part of something bigger than the individual, a feeling of “I am us”. This Wenzel calls “individuality”. Both novels are seen as forming a contrast to the early 19th century Danish tradition of “bildungsliterature”, starting with Adam Oehlenschlæger´s Aladdin (1805).
Den queer Pontoppidan
Authors: Schwartz Camilla , Helt Haarder Jon
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this article, we pursue the idea that Pontoppidan’s writing lends itself well to being read with a queer theoretical approach. We focus on Jakobe in Lykke-Per/A Fortunate Man and show how, by virtue of her morbidity, her Jewish otherness, her intelligence, her entrepreneurial initiative and her care for the children of the proletariat, she is an excellent example of Jack Halberstam’s “female masculinity”. In De Dødes Rige/ Realm of the Dead, the author has taken his two main characters out of bourgeois society’s worship of the future in the form of the young child – what Lee Edelman calls “reproductive futurism”. Therein also lies an acceptance of death and the end that departs much from the common worship of progress and future, what Sarah Ensor calls “terminal temporality”. Finally, we point out that there are probably limitations to how queer the author was able to be, a child of his time like anyone else.
Pontoppidans tekster er altid poly-tekster
Authors: Hansen Nils Gunder
Published: June 2024

Henrik Pontoppidan omskrev og reviderede både sine små og store værker. Det gælder også de tre store romaner, "Det forjættede Land", "Lykke-Per" og "De Dødes Rige", der kom i flere udgaver. Men hvorfor gjorde han det, og hvordan adskiller de forskellige udgaver sig fra hinanden?
Pontoppidaniana interviewer professor Johnny Kondrup, der leder Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskabs digitale udgivelsesprojekt, hvor man for fremtiden nemt vil kunne se og sammenligne alle de ændringer, Pontoppidan foretog i sine store romaner.
Gränsöverskridande verksamhet i Tornedalen: från pragmatism till juridifiering?
Authors: Pekola Sami
Published: June 2024

Denna artikel undersöker vad den så kallade juridifieringen har inneburit för den gränsöverskridande verksamheten mellan Finland och Sverige i Tornedalen. Frågan betraktas utifrån två regleringsprocesser som ägde rum kring millennieskiftet: inrättandet av ett gemensamt kommunalt offentligrättsligt organ och ersättandet av 1971 års gränsälvsöverenskommelse med en ny överenskommelse mellan länderna i Tornedalen. I studien används en metod som kan kallas historieorienterad systematisering och kontextualisering. Det betyder att studien eftersträvar att systematisera regleringen och det material som användes i förberedningen av regleringen, samt att kontextualisera regleringen, dvs. att placera den i sitt historiska sammanhang. Efter kalla krigets slut fanns åtminstone i väst en tro på att statsgränser skulle bli allt mindre viktigare och att vi var på väg mot en post-nationell era. Det diskuterades även mycket om möjligheterna att förverkliga idén om det så kallade "Regionernas Europa". I studien framkom att de då rådande juridiska uppfattningarna snarare underströk betydelsen av gränsen och försvårade utvecklandet av den gränsöverskridande verksamheten i Tornedalen. I slutet av artikeln diskuteras huruvida det redan har skett en viss övergång från millennieskiftets juridifiering mot någon slags ny-pragmatism, som kanske allt mer än tidigare influeras av de förändrade politiska realiteterna.
The collective and individual expressions of humour in social media spaces
Authors: Barahmeh Yousef
Published: June 2024

This article seeks to establish a theoretical framework for considering how the collective and individual expressions of humour in social media spaces have been used and presented in the socio-political context of Jordan after the 2011 Arab Spring. This framework moves from the collective to the individual and makes Mikhail Bakhtin and Sigmund Freud complementary to the study of Jordanian social media humour after the Arab Spring. It argues that Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of carnival and the carnivalesque (folk humour) have a functional similarity to Sigmund Freud’s theory of humour (release theory) because both seem to agree on the role of repression to influence the production of humour. Although repression is being understood differently (for Bakhtin it is political repression, which is usually a conscious decision, while for Freud it is self-repression, which is usually unconscious), humour can provide us with a strong mechanism for overcoming repression, or at least, giving the individual or the crowd the impression that they are challenging repression without necessarily challenging the status quo i.e., calling for regime change or revolution.
Humour in Macanese Creole literature as an identity creator and consolidator
Authors: Oliveira João
Published: June 2024

Macanese Creole survives in literary works of the late 19th and 20th centuries. This paper explores comic literature, which constitutes the bulk of the existing corpus in this language, and analyses how this genre relates to the creation and maintenance of a Macanese identity represented as distinct from surrounding historically and demographically significant identities. I resort to the incongruity theory and to some relevant knowledge resources (script opposition, situation, target, and language) of the General Theory of Verbal Humour (Attardo and Raskin, 1991; Attardo 2001; 2008) to analyse how comic literature in Macanese fabricates a fictionalised and performative memory connected to the way in which the Macanese wish to see themselves and be seen by others.
The effects of occupational disruption during COVID-19 lockdowns on health: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Muriithi Bernard Austin Kigunda , Bay R. Curtis
Published: June 2024

The disruption in daily activity performance during COVID-19 lockdowns is widely understood to have impacted health, but a better understanding of how restricted performance of specific activities are associated with health is needed. This cross-sectional study answers the following question: How were changes in the performance of 16 daily activities associated with health during COVID-19 lockdowns? A total of 116 participants completed an online survey rating their health before and during COVID-19 lockdowns and comparing their recollection of the performance of 16 activities before COVID-19 with their performance during lockdowns. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used to estimate the relationship between self-reported changes in activities during lockdowns and concurrent (during-lockdown) health status, while controlling for pre-COVID-19 health status. Only changes in activities that were uniquely and significantly associated with lockdown health status were retained in the final model. Health before COVID-19 accounted for 3.7% (P = 0.039) of the variance in health during COVID-19 lockdowns. After controlling for health before COVID-19, five types of activity were significantly and uniquely predictive of health during lockdowns, together accounting for 48.3% of the variance. These activities and the variances they accounted for were rest and sleep (29.5%, P < 0.001), play and recreational activities (8%, P < 0.001), work (4.8%, P = 0.002), personal hygiene (3.2%, P = 0.01), and healthy eating (2.8%, P = 0.013). The study suggests that these five types of activity should be prioritized in policy or interventions when participation in activity is constrained by lockdowns or comparable factors.
¿Por qué es tan difícil planificar espacios de uso público a través de normativas de incentivo?
Authors: Schlack Elke
Published: June 2024

Este artículo reflexiona en torno a la política de planificación por incentivos implementada en la ciudad de Santiago a partir de la década de 1930 y la evalúa en un específico distrito central de la ciudad: la comuna de Providencia. En este distrito, esta normativa se desarrolló con la mayor intensidad de todo el país. Se examinaron un total de 62 casos resultantes de esta política pública que consistieron en un análisis de los procesos de planificación, observaciones en terreno, y entrevistas con arquitectos, planificadores y desarrolladores de los proyectos. Este proceso permitió dar cuenta de que la mayoría de estos espacios de uso público, pero de propiedad privada (POPS), resultantes no correspondió a la intención de crear espacios públicos significativos. Por el contrario, esta norma de incentivo en Santiago de Chile se interpretó por parte de arquitectos y desarrolladores como un instrumento que prioritariamente sirvió para captar bonificaciones más altas en cuanto a la constructibilidad de los proyectos y no, como era el sentido original del equipo de planificadores, con el arquitecto Germán Bannen a la cabeza, lograr la creación de espacios urbanos que enriquecieran la vida pública de la zona central de la comuna.
Metamorfosis del río Choluteca.
Authors: Barahona Jessica
Published: June 2024

Los ríos han tenido un rol crucial para las ciudades. Han influenciado y confinado su morfología, tamaño y funcionalidad. Tal es el caso del río Choluteca, el cual ha moldeado el valle fluvial sobre el que se asienta la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, capital de Honduras. El río jugó un papel central en la organización del paisaje y de la ciudad desde su fundación. Sin embargo, ha sido descuidado al punto de convertirse en un páramo urbano deshabitado, perdiendo su valor de activo y corredor ecológico. Por ello, su regeneración es catalítica para la transición hacia la sostenibilidad. Este artículo buscaabordar la regeneración del río través de un marco integral con funciones performativas para la futura implementación de estrategias de restauración, manejo o conservación ecológica. Con este objetivo, se define al río Choluteca como un proceso interactivo entre medio ambiente, actividades antropogénicas y usos de tierra. A través de un método combinado de sistemas de paisaje, superposición de capas y, el diseño como herramienta de investigación, se identifican elementos para iniciar una regeneración que pivota sobre sistemas de paisaje, patrones locales y vegetación potencial. Asimismo, se proponen estrategias de paisaje a escala macro (cuenca) y meso (urbano) que buscan responder a la localidad y posibilitar acciones que potencialmente conviertan al río en un eje de infraestructura verde y azul.
Estrategias de diseño para la revitalización de laderas en el Cerro San Cristóbal sobre el borde urbano
Authors: Osorio Lizana Benjamín
Published: June 2024

La ciudad de Santiago comprende numerosos cerros isla, cuya prominencia contrasta con sus alrededores llanos. Sus pronunciadas pendientes han dificultado la edificación y, en consecuencia, los convierte en enclaves naturales remanentes. Sin embargo, la expansión urbana ha ejercido una fuerte presión sobre estos sitios, irrumpiendo en los procesos naturales de cada lugar. Estos procesos pueden restablecerse a través de la instalación de dispositivos: intervenciones en la topografía que, a través de un programa, median entre las pendientes y direccionan los procesos  de manera transversal a las curvas de nivel. Estos dispositivos operan con un marco multiescalar y  sistemático, por lo que se pueden abstraer estrategias compatibles con la realidad del sitio y aplicarlas a situaciones diversas para fortalecer el intercambio. 
El cerro San Cristóbal, en la ciudad de Santiago, es un buen ejemplo de esta situación, ya que  a medida que la ciudad se ha consolidado a su alrededor, múltiples dispositivos han aparecido  en torno a él. Sin embargo, la ladera nororiente del cerro, cuyo entorno está aún en proceso de  urbanización, carece de dispositivos que comuniquen la ciudad con el parque Metropolitano. Esto ha derivado en un escenario de infraestructuras duras, pérdida de biodiversidad y vulnerabilidad a los deslizamientos en masa. En este contexto se identifica el Cementerio Parque Santiago, como un punto potencial de interfaz. Se proyecta, por tanto, un nuevo dispositivo en la ladera, utilizando la ampliación del cementerio como una oportunidad para estimular este intercambio. Para ello se proponen cuatro tipos de estrategia: programáticas, de accesibilidad, ecológicas y de infraestructura. El proyecto crea una forma topográfica intencionada a partir de la sucesión de quebradas y puntillas reconocidas en el lugar, esperando que estas estrategias topográficas sean replicables en otros puntos de Santiago.
Propuesta de paisajes culturales en Chile
Authors: Garcés Feliú Eugenio
Published: June 2024

Este artículo presenta una propuesta para algunos paisajes culturales en Chile. Esta propuesta valora bienes paisajísticos y patrimoniales, materiales e inmateriales, de Chile y su historia, a fin de fomentar la valoración y difusión del paisaje y de la cultura, que son apreciados como factores relevantes de la identidad y de la me¬moria en la sociedad chilena. La metodología incluyó la identificación, caracterización, valoración y evaluación de los lugares, sus significados, así como la condición productiva y estética de los territorios. Estos paisajes culturales se formulan como un proyecto que puede desarrollarse en el tiempo, a fin de contribuir con la formalización de nuevos patrimonios e identidades, el desarrollo local, la memoria histórica y las posibilidades económicas. Pueden ser ejes centrales de instrumentos y planes que generan oportunidades de desarrollo social, cultural y paisajístico, con el ser humano integrado con las culturas y los paisajes, en este caso, del Cabo de Hornos, el valle Central y las oficinas salitreras.
potencial de la chimenea solar como estrategia de ventilación natural en Santiago
Authors: Da Rocha Hendzel Camila , Vásquez Zaldivar Claudio
Published: June 2024

En climas cálidos con altos índices de radiación, como el de Santiago, la ventilación desempeña un papel crucial para asegurar una óptima calidad del aire interior y condiciones de confort térmico. La ventilación natural se posiciona como un elemento fundamental en el diseño pasivo, representando un medio eficaz para ahorrar energía que, de lo contrario, se destinaría a sistemas mecánicos de ventilación y refrigeración.Entre las estrategias de ventilación natural para este tipo de climas, destaca la chimenea solar, un dispositivo autónomo que aprovecha la energía solar para impulsar el flujo de aire en el interior de un edificio mediante diferenciales de presión. Esta estrategia, sin embargo, no ha sido explorada en el contexto local para la ventilación en edificios en altura, aun cuando presenta un gran potencial tanto a escala de edificio como para el confort de los usuarios. En contraste, las nuevas edificaciones en altura destinadas a uso comercial, a pesar de cumplir con altos estándares constructivos, presentan demandas energéticas considerables para su operación, lo que resulta en un bajo rendimiento higrotérmico. Este fenómeno surge de un enfoque arquitectónico que renuncia su relación con las condiciones climáticas.El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la ventilación natural a través de la chimenea solar como una estrategia para la ciudad de Santiago, evaluando su desempeño y movimiento de aire generado y analizando la variabilidad en el comportamiento a partir de un estudio de sus variables geométricas.
Providing Assessable Soil Information: A Case of the Land Potential Knowledge System (LandPKS) in Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: B.I Agada , C. Iorchir
Published: June 2024

The extension-farmer ratio gap is at an all-time high with extension workers rarely equipped to provide farmers the needed information and tools to better manage their farm fields. Soil health is critical to achieving food security sustainably. Soil management practices will enable small holder farmers increase productivity amidst a changing climate and an increasing population which puts pressure on natural resources. The Land potential knowledge system (LandPKS version 3.77 for Android and 3.71 for iOS) mobile application was used for on- the- spot- assessment of soil potential at Agan council ward of Makurdi Local Government area (LGA) in Benue State. This pilot study entailed purposeful selection of 10 farmers and their farm fields in Agan council ward Makurdi LGA. The Land PKS is a new innovative technology that provide information on soils using mobile phones and also gives spatial data on land use, land capability classification and management. Chemical properties of the soil were read insitu with a sensor machine using the principle of internet of things (IOT) and some soil properties were analyzed for in a Soil laboratory. Findings here reported are location specific. Soils at the surface were mostly sandy while the subsurface varied from sandy clay loam to clay with moderate acidic and low nutrients (Nitrogen and Organic carbon). The LCC class for the area indicates limitations that can impact on agricultural productivity and the environment. The Land PKS mobile application will serve as a soil management tool for extension workers while providing data needed for making critical decisions on government bulk fertilizer purchases.
Effect of Packaging and Storage on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Biochemistry
Authors: Naik Islavath Suresh , Hilli J.S. , Uppar D.S. , Patil Ramangouda V. , Nawalagatti C.M.
Published: June 2024

A lab experiment was conducted from April 2021-Sep 2022 at NSP, Seed unit, UAS, Dharwad. The seed biochemical parameters such as α-amylase activity and catalase activity were evaluated at bimonthly intervals, and the experimental design followed was a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with 3 replications and 2 factors, namely storage conditions such as ambient and cold storage and storage containers (cloth bag, high-density polythene bag (HDPE), polythene bag (700 gauge), aluminum laminated bag, vacuum-packed bag), the results revealed that the treatment with vacuum-packed bag stored in cold storage gave good results at the end of 18 months of storage period i.e., α-amylase activity (2.00 µ.mol/min/mg) and catalase activity (1.35 mmol/min/g) respectively compared to other treatments stored in ambient and cold storage conditions with different packaging materials.
Management of Early Blight of Tomato Caused by Alternaria solani by Using Bio-inoculants and Chitosans under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Ramakrishna A. , Desai Suseelendra , Devi G Uma , Maheswari T Uma
Published: June 2024

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum.L) is one of the most important economic vegetable crop cultivated in India. Among various diseases caused by fungal, bacterial and virus pathogens, early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a major concern for the farmers as it not only affects vegetative parts but also fruits. The study was aimed at developing eco-friendly alternatives for chemicals currently used for the management of A. solani by using biocontrol agents and chitosans with a spin-off benefit of plant growth promotion and activate innate defense mechanisms. The potential biocontrol agents identified in the previous experiments viz. Trichoderma (T4), Pseudomonas (P28) isolates and effective chitosans DA10, 134 were used either singly or in combinations for their efficacy against A. solani in vivo against Propiconazole @ 0.1% and water spray, as positive and negative controls treatments, respectively. Propiconazole @ 0.1% was highly effective in reducing the disease over other treatments. However, the treatments viz. seed coating with Trichoderma (T4) coupled with DA 10 chitosan (simultaneously applied) or DA 10 chitosan alone were also significantly effective and on par with the fungicide treatment indicating that alternatives to fungicides could be explored after field evaluation and large-scale demonstration of these treatments and their economic viability.
Assessing the Financial Risks in Guava Cultivation in the Pabna District of Bangladesh
Authors: Al-Amin Md.
Published: June 2024

Guava cultivation in Bangladesh is vital for being the sources of cancer prevention agents, vitamin, beta-carotene, zinc, copper, manganese, etc, which are fundamental for human body. The major objective of the study was to measure the financial risks in guava cultivation in Pabna district of Bangladesh. In order to measure the financial risks in guava production, the research studied the nature of NPV of guava orchards in the Pabna district of Bangladesh. For this purpose, the study estimated the average total net cash flows of each year by considering all the possible costs and benefits associated guava production for the selected orchards to determine their NPVs. A set of cross-sectional data on the selected variables has been used for the analyzing purpose of the research. A multi-stage sampling technique consists of purposive, cluster and simple random sampling has been applied for the selection of 100 guava orchards, from two upazilas of the district. Subsequently, a structured questionnaire composed of both open and closed-ended questions has been used for collecting data from the sample guava producers with the help of face-to-face interview method. The study employed simulation analysis to assess the financial risks in guava production in the selected area. The results revealed that the values of total net return in the first five years are negative, it become positive in the sixth year and thereafter. The value of total net return in the seventh year is BDT 63433 per bigha (1 bigha equals about 0.1335 hectare) and it continues to be stable up to 25 years of age of the guava plantation. The 1000 runs of simulation of NPV of guava orchard given that the NPV ranges from -BDT 18302.3 per bigha to BDT 184866 per bigha with a mean value of BDT 80649.51 per bigha. The distribution of the NPV which evident that the probability of a higher value or negative value of NPV is very low. The moderate value of NPV is the most likely outcome. The results of the simulation analysis inferred that the investment in the guava orchard is neither highly profitable nor loss-making which means that investment in this project bears a very low financial risk.
Purchasing Behaviour and Satisfaction Level of Farmers Regarding Groundnut Seeds
Authors: Paghdar Shruti J. , Dudhagara Chetan R. , Mahera Ashish B.
Published: June 2024

India's agricultural sector is a vital pillar of the economy, contributing significantly to the nation's GDP. As the world's largest producer of various commodities like pulses, milk, tea, and spices, and ranking second in fruits, vegetables, and grains, India's agricultural prowess is undeniable. One of the pivotal reasons to this success is the role of seeds, serving as the genetic foundation for plant growth and development. The Indian seed industry, valued at nearly 9000 crores and growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.43%, reflects the nation's commitment to agricultural innovation and advancement. Hybrid seeds, occupying 65% of the market share, are preferred over open-pollinated varieties, driving growth and efficiency in crop production. The study was undertaken with aim and objectives to study the socio-economic profile, purchasing behaviours, satisfaction level and problem faced by the farmers during groundnut crop establishment.  A survey of 200 respondents from 10 villages of Dhoraji Taluka, Rajkot district, Gujarat, provides insights into the diverse agricultural community. The study covers demographics, education, income, landholding, cropping patterns, gender distribution, family types, irrigation sources, seed procurement, awareness of agricultural products, promotional influences, factors affecting seed purchases, satisfaction levels, and challenges in crop establishment. Respondents had income mostly between 1-5 lakhs per year. Landholding of the respondents was 1-5 acres. Groundnut was cultivated mainly in the kharif season. Farmers were using various irrigation sources like tube well, open well and canal. Seeds were mainly purchased through various channels like retailers, Agricultural universities, owned seeds and cooperative societies and oil mills. Farmers were facing major problems like higher input costs and prevalence of various disease & pest attack on groundnut crop.
Antiulcer Drugs
Authors: Kromer Wolfgang , Postius Stefan , Krüger Uwe , Ganellin C. Robin
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Concepts3.Drugs3.1.Proton Pump Inhibitors3.2.H2‐Receptor Antagonists3.3.Antacids3.4.Miscellaneous Drugs3.4.1.Prostaglandin Derivatives3.4.2.Prokinetic Drugs3.4.3.Antimuscarinic Drugs3.4.4.Sucralfate3.4.5.Bismuth Compounds4.Prospect for Future Developments4.1.Reversibly Binding Acid Pump Antagonists4.2.Drugs Directed AgainstHelicobacter pylori5.Relative Drug Assessment
Cheese, Processed Cheese, and Whey
Authors: Eugster Elisabeth , Jakob Ernst , Wechsler Daniel
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.History of Cheese making2.Definition3.Classification4.Production4.1.Raw Materials4.2.Cheese‐Making Technology4.3.Ripening5.Analysis6.Flavor Components7.Processed Cheese8.Whey8.1.Composition and Treatment of Whey8.2.Use of Whey9.Economic Aspects10.Nutritional Value of Cheese

Cheese is a stable dairy product that contains proteins and fat in a concentrated form. The preservation of milk in the form of cheese is commonly believed to have originated around 8000 years ago. Nowadays, approximately one quarter of the total production of milk worldwide is transformed into cheese. The annual world production of natural cheeses is estimated at around 20 × 106 t. The annual cheese consumption per capita varies widely from country to country and lies within the range of 0.2 kg (China) and 31.1 kg (Greece). Cheese making technology involves a selective separation and concentration of casein and fat by coagulating the milk and expelling whey. The preservation of cheese is usually achieved by means of a lactic fermentation and/or a lowering of theaw‐value. Historical, geographical and technological developments have led to an enormous diversity of cheeses on the market. Various systems exist for the classification of cheeses using criteria such as ripening time, firmness, fat content, heat treatment of the cheese milk, source of the milk, ripening characteristics, and others. In contrast to most other dairy products, ripened cheese is free of lactose and is, therefore, suitable for the nutrition of lactose‐intolerant individuals.
Foundry Technology
Authors: Bührig‐Polaczek Andreas , Träger Heiner
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Casting Process2.1.Fundamentals2.2.Design of Castings2.3.Casting in Nonpermanent Molds2.3.1.Casting Processes in Bonded Sand2.3.1.1.Molding Sand Preparation2.3.1.2.Clay‐Bonded Sand Molds2.3.1.3.Chemically Bonded Sand Molds2.3.2.Casting Processes in Physically Bonded Molding Materials2.3.3.Precision and Investment Casting Processes2.4.Casting in Permanent Molds3.Melting, Pouring, and Solidification of Metals3.1.Melting, Holding, and Pouring3.2.Solidification Morphology4.Secondary Treatment of Castings4.1.Cleaning of Castings (Fettling)4.2.Heat Treatment5.Control of the Casting Process5.1.Quality Assurance5.2.Protection of Workplace and Environment
Methanol
Authors: Ott Jörg , Gronemann Veronika , Pontzen Florian , Fiedler Eckhard , Grossmann Georg , Kersebohm D. Burkhard , Weiss Günther , Witte Claus
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Principles4.1.1.Thermodynamics4.1.2.Kinetics and Mechanism4.1.3.Byproducts4.2.Catalysts4.2.1.Conventional Methanol Synthesis Catalysts Catalysts for High‐Pressure Synthesis4.2.2.Production of Low‐Pressure Catalysts4.2.3.Alternative Catalyst Systems5.Process Technology5.1.Production of Synthesis Gas5.1.1.Natural Gas5.1.2.Other Raw Materials5.2.Synthesis5.2.1.Reactor Design5.2.2.Large‐Scale Methanol Synthesis Loop Designs5.3.Alternative Synthesis Routes5.3.1.CO2‐to‐Methanol5.3.2.Liquid Phase Methanol Synthesis (LPMEOH)5.3.3.Direct Oxidation of Methane5.4.Distillation of Crude Methanol5.5.Construction Materials6.Handling, Storage, and Transportation6.1.Explosion and Fire Control6.2.Storage and Transportation7.Quality Specifications and Analysis8.Environmental Protection9.Uses9.1.Use as Feedstock for Chemical Syntheses9.2.Use as Energy Source9.3.Other Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health11.1.GHS Specifications11.2.Toxicology11.3.Occupational Health
Plutonium and Other Transuranium Elements
Authors: Glatz Jean‐Paul , Konings Rudi J. M.
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Isotopes of Transuranium Elements2.Metals3.Alloys4.Compounds4.1.Oxides4.2.Carbides4.3.Nitrides4.4.Halides5.Radiotoxicity6.Recycling and Transmutation of Transuranium Elements6.1.Advanced Fuel Cycles6.2.Advanced Fuel Types6.3.Fabrication of Transuranium Fuels6.4.Irradiation Behavior of Advanced Fuels6.5.Reprocessing of Transuranium Fuels
Poly(Vinylidene Chloride)
Authors: Vinas Jérôme , Dufils Pierre Emmanuel
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Emulsion Polymerization2.1.1.Batch Emulsion Polymerization2.1.2.Continuous‐Feeding Emulsion Polymerization2.1.3.Emulsion Polymerization for Soluble Resins2.2.Suspension Polymerization2.3.Comparison of the Processes2.4.Purity and Storage of the Monomers3.Structure and Properties3.1.Homopolymers3.2.Copolymers4.Processing and Uses4.1.Extrusion4.2.Films and Sheets4.3.Lacquering and Coating4.4.Uses5.Economic Aspects6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Propylene Oxide
Authors: Baer Holger , Bergamo Massimo , Forlin Anna , Pottenger Lynn H. , Lindner Joerg
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production and Raw Materials4.1.Production Route via Propylene Chlorohydrin4.1.1.Chlorohydrin Process4.1.2.Other Chlorohydrin Technologies4.2.Coproduct Routes4.2.1.MethylTert‐Butyl Ether (MTBE)4.2.2.Propylene Oxide Styrene Monomer (POSM)4.2.3.Cumene–PO Route4.3.Hydrogen Peroxide Routes4.3.1.Peracetic Acid Route4.3.2.Hydrogen Peroxide to Propylene Oxide (HPPO)4.3.3.Hydrogen Peroxide/Hydrogen Peroxide to Propylene Oxide (HP/HPPO)4.4.Direct Oxidation Route (DOPO)4.5.Hydro Oxidation Route (HOPO)4.6.Comparison of the Various Propylene Oxide Routes5.Environmental Protection and Ecotoxicology6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Handling, Storage, and Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Radiation Chemistry
Authors: Allonas Xavier , Croutxé‐Barghorn Céline , Bögl Klaus W. , Helle Norbert , Schreiber Georg A.
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Radiation‐Induced Polymerization1.1.Introduction1.2.Mechanisms1.2.1.Initiation Processes1.2.2.Free‐Radical Polymerization1.2.3.Cationic Polymerization1.2.4.Characterization Methods1.3.UV and Visible‐Light Curing1.3.1.Photoinitiators1.3.2.Monomers and Oligomers1.3.3.Additives1.3.4.Typical Formulations1.3.5.Equipment1.3.6.Applications1.3.7.Health, Safety, and Environment1.4.High‐Energy‐Particle‐Induced Photopolymerization1.4.1.Equipment and Definitions1.4.2.Electron‐Beam Processes1.4.3.Health, Safety, and Environment1.5.Conclusion and Outlook2.Irradiation of Foods and Feeds2.1.Introduction2.2.Capabilities of Food and Feed Irradiation2.2.1.Prolongation of Shelf Life2.2.2.Quarantine Measures2.2.3.Control of Pathogenic Organisms2.3.History2.4.Effects of Food Irradiation2.4.1.Induced Radioactivity2.4.2.Chemical and Sensory Changes2.4.3.Changes in Nutritive Value2.4.4.Effects on Microorganisms2.4.5.Toxicological Consequences2.5.Regulations on the Irradiation of Foods and Feeds2.5.1.The European Community2.5.2.Federal Republic of Germany2.5.3.Other Countries2.5.4.International Organizations2.5.5.Consumers2.6.Industrial Irradiation of Foods and Feeds2.6.1.Irradiation Plants2.6.2.Costs2.6.3.Present Level of Use2.7.Inspection of Irradiated Foods
Yeasts
Authors: Athnasios Albert K. , Quantz Michael
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

The Yeast Cell

3.

Food and Feed Yeast

3.1.

Chemical Composition of Yeast

3.2.

Production of Yeast Biomass

3.2.1.

Baker's Yeast

3.2.2.

Active Dry Yeast (ADY) and Instant Active Dry Yeast (IADY)

3.2.3.

Candida utilis
(Torula) Yeast

3.2.4.

Dairy Yeasts

3.2.5.

Brewer's Yeasts

3.2.6.

Wine Yeasts

3.2.7.

Distiller's Yeasts

4.

Yeast‐Derived Products

4.1.

Flavor Products

4.2.

Nutritional Yeast

4.3.

Colorants Derived from Yeast

4.4.

Yeast‐Derived Enzymes

4.5.

Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products

4.6.

Yeast Engineering
Micro Process Technology, 2. Processing
Authors: Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Reaction Engineering Potential–Transport Intensification2.Reaction Engineering Potential—Chemical Intensification (Novel Process Windows)2.1.Chemical Applicability2.2.Chemical Intensification through Harsh Conditions: Novel Process Windows2.3.Chemical Intensification through Highly Reactive Intermediates: Flash Chemistry3.Process‐Design Intensification (Novel Process Windows)4.Micromixers4.1.Mixing Principles4.2.Active and Passive Micromixers4.3.Diffusion‐Based Micromixers4.3.1.Y‐ and T‐Type Lamination Mixing4.3.2.Hydrodynamic and Geometric Focusing for Lamellae Flows4.3.3.Multilaminating Mixing4.3.4.Cyclone Mixing4.4.Split‐and‐Recombine Micromixers4.4.1.Recycle‐Flow Coanda‐Effect Micromixer4.4.2.Barrier‐Embedded Micromixer4.4.3.Caterpillar Micromixer4.5.Chaotic Advection Micromixers4.5.1.Herringbone Groove Micromixer4.5.2.Bended Micromixer4.6.Turbulent Micromixers—Jet Mixing4.7.Design and Fabrication of Micromixers4.7.1.Microfabrication4.7.2.Modeling4.7.3.Micromixer Design Development and Related New Microfluidic Principles4.8.Mixing Characterization4.8.1.Analytical Techniques4.8.2.Hydrodynamics and Mixing4.8.3.Residence Time Distribution4.9.Applications of Micromixer Technologies4.9.1.Polymerization4.9.2.Organic and Bioorganic Reactions4.9.3.Particle Generation4.9.4.Droplet Generation, Encapsulation, and Polymer Particle Production4.9.5.Scale‐out and Fluid Distribution5.Micro Heat Exchangers5.1.Heat Exchange Fundamentals5.2.Classification of Micro Heat Exchangers5.2.1.Cross‐Flow Heat Exchanger5.2.2.Counterflow Heat Exchanger5.2.3.Electrically Powered Heat Exchangers5.2.4.Microwave Heat Exchanger5.2.5.Heat‐Pipe Heat Exchanger5.3.Heat‐Transfer Characterization and Enhancement5.4.Fouling of Micro Heat Exchangers5.5.Scale‐out of Micro Heat Exchangers6.Microevaporators7.Flow Separation7.1.State of the Art in Flow Separation7.2.Micro Extractors7.3.Micro Distillators/Rectificators7.4.Micro Chromatography Devices7.5.Micro Membrane Devices7.6.Integrated Reaction–Separation Devices
Process Systems Engineering, 9. Domain Engineering
Authors: Economou Ioannis G. , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N. , Liu Jen‐Pei , Kawajiri Yoshiaki , Gernaey Krist V. , Woodley John M. , Jiménez‐González Concepción , Bañares‐Alcántara René
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Molecular Modeling and Simulation for Chemical Product and Process Design1.1.Introduction1.2.Elementary Statistical Mechanics1.3.Major Molecular Simulation Methods1.3.1.Molecular Dynamics (MD)1.3.2.Metropolis Monte Carlo Simulation1.4.Applications1.4.1.Pharmaceuticals1.4.2.Polymer Membranes for Gas Separation1.4.3.Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Chemical Processes1.5.Conclusions2.Energy Systems Engineering2.1.Introduction2.2.Methods/Tools/Algorithm2.2.1.Superstructure‐Based Modeling2.2.2.Mixed‐Integer Programming (MIP)2.2.3.Multiobjective Optimization2.2.4.Optimization under Uncertainty2.2.5.Life‐Cycle Assessment2.3.Energy Systems Examples2.3.1.Example 1–Polygeneration Energy Systems2.3.2.Example 2–Hydrogen Infrastructure Planning2.3.3.Example 3–Energy Systems in Commercial Buildings2.4.Conclusions and Future Directions3.Pharmaceutical Processes3.1.Introduction3.2.Pharmaceutical Process Development and Operation3.2.1.Crystallization3.2.2.Chromatography3.3.Conclusion4.Biochemical Engineering4.1.Introduction4.2.Industrial Biotechnology Processes4.2.1.Fermentation Processes4.2.2.Microbial Catalysis4.2.3.Enzyme Processes4.3.Modeling of Bioprocesses4.3.1.Modeling of Bioprocesses–Mechanistic Models4.3.2.Modeling of Bioprocesses–Data‐Driven Models4.4.The Role of Process Systems Engineering4.4.1.Evaluation of Process Options4.4.2.Evaluation of Platform Chemicals4.4.3.Process Integration4.4.4.Biorefinery Design4.4.5.Biocatalyst Design4.5.Assessing the Sustainability of Bioprocesses4.5.1.Life‐Cycle Inventory and Assessment4.6.Future Outlook and Perspectives5.Policies and Policy Making5.1.Introduction5.2.Policies and Policy Measures5.3.Policy Making and the Systems Approach5.4.Similarities between Policy Formulation and Conceptual Process Design5.5.The Nature of Policy Formulation5.6.The Nature of Sociotechnical Systems5.7.Challenges for Modelers of Sociotechnical Systems5.7.1.Multiple Stakeholders5.7.2.Incommensurable Values5.7.3.Externalities5.7.4.Uncertainty5.7.5.Emergent Behavior5.7.6.Complexity of Causation5.7.7.Objectivity in Policy Analysis5.8.Types of Models used in the Analysis of Policies5.8.1.Macroeconomic Models (Mainstream, Descriptive, Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.2.Optimization Models (Mainstream, Normative, Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.3.Control Models (Mainstream, Normative, Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.4.Data‐Based Models5.8.5.Game Theory (Descriptive)5.8.6.System Dynamics (Aggregated, Mechanistic)5.8.7.Network Theory (Descriptive)5.8.8.Agent‐Based Approaches5.8.9.Some Conclusions on Models for the Analysis of Policies5.9.Synthesis of Policies5.10.Future Directions6.Acknowledgments
Micro Process Technology, 1. Introduction
Authors: Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Micro Process Technology and its Superordinate Processing Embedment1.1.Market and Environmental Constraints1.2.Factory‐of‐the‐Future Concepts1.3.Sustainability and Life‐Cycle Analysis1.4.Green Chemistry1.5.Green Engineering1.6.Process Intensification1.7.Flow Chemistry1.8.Microreactors and Micro Process Technology2.Conclusions and Outlook
Plant and Process Safety, 5. Engineered Safety Measures
Authors: Hauptmanns Ulrich , Schrörs Bernd , Westphal Frank , Halstrick Victor
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Safety Techniques Based on Process Control

2.1.

Integration of PCE into the Safety Concept

2.2.

Classification of PCE Systems

2.3.

PCE Control System, Basic Process Control System (BPCS)

2.4.

PCE Monitoring System

2.5.

PCE Safety Instrumented System (SIS, Preventive)

2.6.

PCE Safety Instrumented System (SIS, Mitigating)

2.7.

Requirements for PCE Equipment for Process Plant Safety and Design Principles

2.7.1.

General Requirements

2.7.2.

Low and High Risk Requirements (SIL1 and SIL2)

2.7.3.

Very High Risk Requirements (SIL 3)

2.8.

Principles for Design and Construction of PCE Safety Systems

2.8.1.

Operation of a PCE Safety System

2.8.2.

Documentation

2.8.3.

Fault Analysis

2.9.

Decommissioning, Restart, and Change of Limiting Values

2.9.1.

Decommissioning and Short‐Time Overrides

2.9.2.

Restart after Initiation of the Safety Function

2.10.

Summary

3.

Safety Devices

3.1.

Special (or Mechanical) Safety Devices

3.1.1.

Safety Valves

3.1.2.

Bursting Disks

3.1.3.

Combinations and Others

3.2.

Sizing of Pressure‐Relief Devices

4.

Explosion Protection

4.1.

Flame Arresters and Explosion Barriers

4.1.1.

Deflagration and Detonation Arresters for Gases

4.1.2.

Use of Flame Arresters in Practice

4.2.

Safety Concepts

4.3.

Flame Arresters for Dusts
Plant and Process Safety, 6. Risk Analysis
Authors: Hauptmanns Ulrich , Schatzmann Michael , Schönbucher Axel , Schälike Stefan
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Process and Plant Safety Analysis1.1.Qualitative Methods1.1.1.What If? Analysis1.1.2.Checklists1.1.3.Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)1.1.4.Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Studies1.2.Qualitative Methods Appropriate for Quantification1.2.1.Event Tree Analysis1.2.2.Fault Tree Analysis1.3.Quantitative Analysis1.3.1.Failure Rates1.3.2.Constant Failure Probabilities1.4.Methods for Increasing Reliability1.4.1.Maintenance Models1.4.2.Recurrent Functional Tests1.5.Reliability Data1.6.Human Error1.7.Semiquantitative Methods1.7.1.LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis)1.7.2.SQUAFTA (Semiquantitative Fault Tree Analysis)1.8.Numerical Evaluation of a Fault Tree Including Reliability Data Comparisons2.Consequence Analysis2.1.Pool Formation and Vaporization from Pools2.2.Vapor Cloud Dispersion2.2.1.Formulation of the Problem2.2.2.German Practice2.3.Pool Fires and Spill Fires2.3.1.Zones and Measurable Quantities2.3.2.Physical Characteristics2.3.3.Spill Fires and Fuel Layer Thickness Effects2.3.4.Soot Production2.3.5.Heat Transfer2.3.6.Large Pool Fires2.3.7.Modeling of Pool Fires2.3.8.Conclusions and Outlook2.4.Flash Fires, Fireballs, and Jet Fires2.4.1.Flash Fires2.4.2.Fireballs2.4.3.Jet Fires2.4.4.Thermal Radiation Impacts at a Distance from the Source2.5.Explosions2.5.1.TNT Equivalency Method2.5.2.Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE)2.5.3.Boiling‐Liquid Expanding‐Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)2.5.4.Dust Explosions2.6.Vessel Fragmentation and Missile Flight2.7.Threshold Values, Probits, Damage3.Appendix A
Plant and Process Safety, 9. Risk Communication
Authors: Hauptmanns Ulrich
Published: October 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Risk Perception

3.

Risk Communication

3.1.

Normative Procedures

3.2.

Formal Procedures

3.2.1.

Licensing Procedure Based on the BImSchG (Immission Law)

3.2.2.

Safety Report According to Art. 9 StörfallV (Incident Ordinance)

3.2.3.

Information on Safety Measures and Correct Behavior in Case of Emergencies

3.2.4.

External Emergency Contingency Planning

3.2.5.

Advice and Information of the Authorities in Case of an Accident

3.2.6.

Environmental Information Law

4.

Informal Procedures

4.1.

Recommendations

4.2.

Summary of a Survey of Stakeholders' Views

4.3.

Elaboration of Accident‐Relevant Information

4.4.

Concept for Information of the Public

4.4.1.

Context Analysis

4.4.2.

Structure and Contents

4.4.3.

Rules of Behavior

4.4.4.

Layout

4.5.

Dissemination

4.5.1.

Options for Dissemination

4.5.2.

Supporting Measures

5.

A Practical Example
Adaptive range‐measurement‐based target pursuit
Authors: Fidan Barış , Dasgupta Soura , Anderson Brian D.O.
Published: October 2012

This paper presents an adaptive scheme for localization of a target from distance measurements and motion control of a mobile agent to pursue this target. The localization and motion control task of interest is approached within a parameter‐identifier‐based adaptive control framework, where the localization is formulated as a parameter identification problem and the motion control is achieved using an adaptive controller based on the produced location estimates of the target. First, a robust adaptive law is designed to generate location estimate of the target using distance measurements. Then, following the standard certainty equivalence approach, a motion control law is developed considering substitution of the estimate generated by the localization algorithm for the unknown location of the target. Noting that there is some incompatibility between the persistence of excitation requirements of the localization algorithm and the target pursuit goal of the motion control law, the base motion control law is (re)designed to eliminate the effects of this incompatibility. The novelty of this paper is in this motion control design eliminating the persistence of excitation incompatibility. Stability and convergence analysis for the overall adaptive control scheme is presented. The results are valid in both two and three dimensions of motion space. The applications of the adaptive scheme include rescue localization, surveillance of signal sources, and formation acquisition of autonomous multi‐robot/vehicle systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.