bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rosetta all-atom energy function for macromolecular modeling and design
Authors: Alford Rebecca F. , Leaver-Fay Andrew , Jeliazkov Jeliazko R. , O'Meara Matthew J. , DiMaio Frank P. , Park Hahnbeom , Shapovalov Maxim V. , Renfrew P. Douglas , Mulligan Vikram K. , Kappel Kalli , Labonte Jason W. , Pacella Michael S. , Bonneau Richard , Bradley Philip , Dunbrack Roland L. , Das Rhiju , Baker David , Kuhlman Brian , Kortemme Tanja , Gray Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2017

Over the past decade, the Rosetta biomolecular modeling suite has informed diverse biological questions and engineering challenges ranging from interpretation of low-resolution structural data to design of nanomaterials, protein therapeutics, and vaccines. Central to Rosetta’s success is the energy function: amodel parameterized from small molecule and X-ray crystal structure data used to approximate the energy associated with each biomolecule conformation. This paper describes the mathematical models and physical concepts that underlie the latest Rosetta energy function,beta_nov15. Applying these concepts,we explain how to use Rosetta energies to identify and analyze the features of biomolecular models.Finally, we discuss the latest advances in the energy function that extend capabilities from soluble proteins to also include membrane proteins, peptides containing non-canonical amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules.
Quantitative analysis of population-scale family trees using millions of relatives
Authors: Kaplanis Joanna , Gordon Assaf , Wahl Mary , Gershovits Michael , Markus Barak , Sheikh Mona , Gymrek Melissa , Bhatia Gaurav , MacArthur Daniel G. , Price Alkes L. , Erlich Yaniv
Published: February 2017

Family trees have vast applications in multiple fields from genetics to anthropology and economics. However, the collection of extended family trees is tedious and usually relies on resources with limited geographical scope and complex data usage restrictions. Here, we collected 86 million profiles from publicly-available online data from genealogy enthusiasts. After extensive cleaning and validation, we obtained population-scale family trees, including a single pedigree of 13 million individuals. We leveraged the data to partition the genetic architecture of longevity by inspecting millions of relative pairs and to provide insights to population genetics theories on the dispersion of families. We also report a simple digital procedure to overlay other datasets with our resource in order to empower studies with population-scale genealogical data.

One Sentence Summary

Using massive crowd-sourced genealogy data, we created a population-scale family tree resource for scientific studies.
Optimal Response Vigor and Choice Under Non-stationary Outcome Values
Authors: Dezfouli Amir , Balleine Bernard W. , Nock Richard
Published: February 2017

Within a rational framework a decision-maker selects actions based on the reward-maximisation principle which stipulates they acquire outcomes with the highest values at the lowest cost. Action selection can be divided into two dimensions: selecting an action from several alternatives, and choosing its vigor, i.e., how fast the selected action should be executed. Both of these dimensions depend on the values of the outcomes, and these values are often affected as more outcomes are consumed, and so are the actions. Despite this, previous works have addressed the computational substrates of optimal actions only in the specific condition that the values of outcomes are constant, and it is still unknown what the optimal actions are when the values of outcomes are non-stationary. Here, based on an optimal control framework, we derive a computational model for optimal actions under non-stationary outcome values. The results imply that even when the values of outcomes are changing, the optimal response rate is constant rather than decreasing. This finding shows that, in contrast to previous theories, the commonly observed changes in the actions cannot be purely attributed to the changes in the outcome values. We then prove that this observation can be explained based on the uncertainty about temporal horizons; e.g., in the case of experimental protocols, the session duration. We further show that when multiple outcomes are available, the model explains probability matching as well as maximisation choice strategies. The model provides, therefore, a quantitative analysis of optimal actions and explicit predictions for future testing.
Synaptic input sequence discrimination on behavioral time-scales mediated by reaction-diffusion chemistry in dendrites
Authors: Bhalla Upinder Singh
Published: February 2017

Sequences of events are ubiquitous in sensory, motor, and cognitive function. Key computational operations, including pattern recognition, event prediction, and plasticity, involve neural discrimination of spatio-temporal sequences. Here we show that synaptically-driven reaction-diffusion pathways on dendrites can perform sequence discrimination on behaviorally relevant time-scales. We used abstract signaling models to show that this selectivity arises when inputs at successive locations are aligned with, and amplified by, propagating chemical waves triggered by previous inputs. We incorporated biological detail using sequential synaptic input onto spines in morphologically, electrically, and chemically detailed pyramidal neuronal models. Again, sequences were recognized, and local channel modulation on the length-scale of sequence input could elicit changes in neuronal firing. We predict that dendritic sequence-recognition zones occupy 5 to 20 microns and recognize time-intervals of 0.2 to 5s. We suggest that this mechanism provides highly parallel and selective neural computation in a functionally important time range.
High rates of human faecal carriage ofmcr-1-positive multi-drug resistant isolates emerge in China in association with successful plasmid families
Authors: Zhong Lan-Lan , Phan Hang TT , Huang Xi , Doris-Vihta Karina , Sheppard Anna E , Zeng Kun-Jiao , Li Hong-Yu , Zhang Xue-Fei , Patil Sandip , Zhang Yan-Fen , Shen Cong , Crook Derrick W , Walker A Sarah , Xing Yong , Chen Qian-yi , Lin Jia-lin , Feng Lian-Qiang , Doi Yohei , Stoesser Nicole , Tian Guo-Bao
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Background

mcr-1-mediated transmissible colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is concerning, given colistin is frequently used as a treatment of last resort in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Reported rates of humanmcr-1gastrointestinal carriage have historically been low.

Objectives

To identify trends in human gastrointestinal carriage ofmcr-1positive andmcr-1-positive/cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Guangzhou, China, 2011-2016, and investigate the genetic contexts ofmcr-1in a subset ofmcr-1-positive/cefotaxime-resistant strains using whole genome sequencing (WGS).

Methods

Of 8,022 faecal samples collected, 497 (6.2%) weremcr-1- positive, and 182 (2.3%)mcr-1-positive/cefotaxime-resistant. Trends in carriage were assessed using iterative sequential regression. A subset ofmcr-1-positive isolates was sequenced (Illumina), and genetic contexts ofmcr-1were characterised.

Results

We observed marked increases inmcr-1(now ~30% prevalence) and more recent (since January 2014) increases inmcr-1-positive/third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae human colonisation (p<0.001). Sub-culturedmcr-1-positive/third-generation cephalosporin-resistant isolates were commonly multi-drug resistant.

WGS of 50mcr-1/third-generation cephalosporin-resistant isolates (49Escherichia coli; 1Klebsiella pneumoniae) demonstrated bacterial strain diversity (39E. colisequence types);mcr-1in association with common plasmid backbones (IncI, IncHI2/HI2A, IncX4) and sometimes in multiple plasmids; frequentmcr-1chromosomal integration; and loss of themcr-1-associated insertion sequence ISApl1in some plasmids. Significant sequence similarity with publishedmcr-1plasmid sequences was consistent with spread amongst pig, chicken and human reservoirs.

Conclusions

The high positivity rate (~10%) ofmcr-1in multidrug-resistantE. colicolonising humans is a clinical threat; the diverse genetic mechanisms (strains/plasmids/insertion sequences) associated withmcr-1have likely contributed to its dissemination, and will facilitate its persistence.
Neural Encoding of Auditory Features during Music Perception and Imagery: Insight into the Brain of a Piano PlayerAuditory Features and Music Imagery
Authors: Martin Stephanie , Mikutta Christian , Leonard Matthew K. , Hungate Dylan , Koelsch Stefan , Chang Edward F. , Millán José del R. , Knight Robert T. , Pasley Brian N.
Published: February 2017

It remains unclear how the human cortex represents spectrotemporal sound features during auditory imagery, and how this representation compares to auditory perception. To assess this, we recorded electrocorticographic signals from an epileptic patient with proficient music ability in two conditions. First, the participant played two piano pieces on an electronic piano with the sound volume of the digital keyboard on. Second, the participant replayed the same piano pieces, but without auditory feedback, and the participant was asked to imagine hearing the music in his mind. In both conditions, the sound output of the keyboard was recorded, thus allowing precise time-locking between the neural activity and the spectrotemporal content of the music imagery. For both conditions, we built encoding models to predict high gamma neural activity (70-150Hz) from the spectrogram representation of the recorded sound. We found robust similarities between perception and imagery – in frequency and temporal tuning properties in auditory areas.

Abbreviations

ECoG

electrocorticography

HG

high gamma

IFG

inferior frontal gyrus

MTG

middle temporal gyrus

Post-CG

post-central gyrus

Pre-CG

pre-central gyrus

SMG

supramarginal gyrus

STG

superior temporal gyrus

STRF

spectrotemporal receptive field
BRAPH: A Graph Theory Software for the Analysis of Brain Connectivity
Authors: Mijalkov Mite , Kakaei Ehsan , Pereira Joana B. , Westman Eric , Volpe Giovanni ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2017

The brain is a large-scale complex network whose workings rely on the interaction between its various regions. In the past few years, the organization of the human brain network has been studied extensively using concepts from graph theory, where the brain is represented as a set of nodes connected by edges. This representation of the brain as a connectome can be used to assess important measures that reflect its topological architecture. We have developed a freeware MatLab-based software (BRAPH – BRain Analysis using graPH theory) for connectivity analysis of brain networks derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and electroencephalogram (EEG) data. BRAPH allows building connectivity matrices, calculating global and local network measures, performing non-parametric permutations for group comparisons, assessing the modules in the network, and comparing the results to random networks. By contrast to other toolboxes, it allows performing longitudinal comparisons of the same patients across different points in time. Furthermore, even though a user-friendly interface is provided, the architecture of the program is modular (object-oriented) so that it can be easily expanded and customized. To demonstrate the abilities of BRAPH, we performed structural and functional graph theory analyses in two separate studies. In the first study, using MRI data, we assessed the differences in global and nodal network topology in healthy controls, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In the second study, using resting-state fMRI data, we compared healthy controls and Parkinson’s patients with mild cognitive impairment.
RNPP-type quorum sensing regulates solvent formation and sporulation inClostridium acetobutylicum
Authors: Kotte Ann-Kathrin , Severn Oliver , Bean Zak , Schwarz Katrin , Minton Nigel P. , Winzer Klaus
Published: February 2017

The strictly anaerobic bacteriumClostridium acetobutylicumis well known for its ability to convert sugars into organic acids and solvents, most notably the potential biofuel butanol. However, the regulation of its fermentation metabolism, in particular the shift from acid to solvent production, remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cell-cell communication plays a role in controlling the timing of this shift or the extent of solvent formation. Analysis of the availableC. acetobutylicumgenome sequences revealed the presence of eight putative RNPP-type quorum sensing systems, here designatedqssAtoqssH, each consisting of RNPP-type regulator gene followed by a small open reading frame encoding a putative signalling peptide precursor. The identified regulator and signal peptide precursor genes were designatedqsrAtoqsrHandqspAtoqspH, respectively. Triplicate regulator mutants were generated in strain ATCC 824 for each of the eight systems and screened for phenotypic changes. TheqsrBmutants showed increased solvent formation during early solventogenesis and hence the QssB system was selected for further characterisation. Overexpression ofqsrBseverely reduced solvent and endospore formation and this effect could be overcome by adding short synthetic peptides to the culture medium representing a specific region of the QspB signalling peptide precursor. In addition, overexpression ofqspBincreased the production of acetone and butanol and the initial (48-hour) titre of heat-resistant endospores. Together, these findings establish a role for QssB quorum sensing in the regulation of early solventogenesis and sporulation inC. acetobutylicum.
Hitchhiking and epistasis give rise to cohort dynamics in adapting populations
Authors: Buskirk Sean W. , Peace Ryan Emily , Lang Gregory I.
Published: February 2017

Beneficial mutations are the driving force of adaptive evolution. In asexual populations, the identification of beneficial alleles is confounded by the presence of genetically-linked hitchhiker mutations. Parallel evolution experiments enable the recognition of common targets of selection, yet these targets are inherently enriched for genes of large target size and mutations of large effect. A comprehensive study of individual mutations is necessary to create a realistic picture of the evolutionarily significant spectrum of beneficial mutations. Here we utilize a bulk-segregant approach to identify the beneficial mutations across 11 lineages of experimentally-evolved yeast populations. We report that most genome sequence evolution is non-adaptive: nearly 80% of detected mutations have no discernable effects on fitness and less than 1% are deleterious. We determine the distribution of driver and hitchhiker mutations in 31 mutational cohorts, groups of up to ten mutations that arise synchronously from low frequency and track tightly with one another. Surprisingly, we find that one-third of cohorts lack identifiable driver mutations. In addition, we identify intra-cohort synergistic epistasis between mutations inhsl7andkel1, which arose together in a low frequency lineage.
Using trophic structure to reveal patterns of trait‐based community assembly across niche dimensions
Authors: Fitzgerald Daniel B. , Winemiller Kirk O. , Sabaj Pérez Mark H. , Sousa Leandro M.
Published: February 2017

Trait‐based approaches for studying community assembly have improved understanding of mechanisms; however, the challenge of interpreting process from pattern is complicated by the possibility of multiple mechanisms operating simultaneously. Different traits may influence the assembly process in different ways. Analysing patterns of functional diversity among co‐occurring species for each trait individually may aid interpretation of complex assembly processes; yet, few studies have tested whether patterns vary depending on trait function.

We used tropical fish assemblages from the Xingu River, Brazil to test whether traits associated with resource acquisition play a stronger role in niche segregation relative to other traits. First, a null modelling approach was used to determine how trait distributions within local assemblages deviated from expectations under random assembly. Then, correlations between functional traits and stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) were used as a measure of a trait's association with trophic structure. Finally, we used mixed effects models to test whether traits having higher correlations with trophic structure also had greater deviation from null expectations. In addition, we explored how well stable isotopes explain multivariate functional trait variation and compared our correlation‐based approach for organizing traits with previous categorical approaches.

A significant relationship was found between a trait's deviation from null expectations and its correlation with isotopic patterns. Traits strongly associated with trophic structure had greater dispersion from the assemblage mean and were more evenly spaced than weakly associated traits. Traits strongly associated with trophic structure also were more clustered because trophic diversification tended to occur around some basic feeding strategies, such as benthic grazing or capturing food items from the water column. Based on redundancy analysis, isotopic ratios explained a low (11·6%) but significant portion of trait variation.

In this study system, traits strongly associated with trophic ecology were more influential in niche differentiation among coexisting species compared to weakly associated traits. These results suggest that certain traits may respond to assembly mechanisms in predictable ways despite the complex, multidimensional nature of the assembly process. Methods designed to identify differential trait response will be critical to developing a general theory of trait‐based community assembly.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Resistance of plant–plant networks to biodiversity loss and secondary extinctions following simulated environmental changes
Authors: Losapio Gianalberto , Schöb Christian
Published: February 2017

Plant interactions are fundamental processes for structuring plant communities and are an important mechanism governing the response of plant species and communities to environmental changes. Thus, understanding the role played by the interaction network in modulating the impact of environmental changes on plant community composition and diversity is crucial. Here, we aimed to develop a new analytical and conceptual framework to evaluate the responses of plant communities to environmental changes.

This framework uses functional traits as sensitivity measures for simulated environmental changes and assesses the consequences of microhabitat loss. We show here its application to an alpine plant community where we recorded functional traits [specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC)] of all plants associated with three foundation species or the surrounding open areas. We then simulated primary species loss based on different scenarios of environmental change and explored community persistence to the loss of foundation species.

Generally, plant community responses differed among environmental change scenarios. In a scenario of increasing drought alone (i.e. species with lower LDMC were lost first) or increasing drought with increasing temperature (i.e. species with lower LDMC and higher SLA were lost first), the plant community resisted because drought‐tolerant foundation species tolerated those deteriorating conditions. However, in scenarios with increasing nitrogen input (i.e. species having lower SLA were lost earlier), foundation species accelerated species loss due to their early primary extinctions and the corresponding secondary extinctions of species associated to their microhabitat.

The resistance of a plant community depends on the driver of environmental change, meaning that the prediction of the fate of this system is depending on the knowledge of the main driver of environmental change. Our framework provides a mechanistic understanding of an ecosystem response to such environmental changes thanks to the integration of biology‐informed criteria of species sensitivities to environmental factors into a network of interacting species.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Finding the best management policy to eradicate invasive species from spatial ecological networks with simultaneous actions
Authors: Nicol Sam , Sabbadin Regis , Peyrard Nathalie , Chadès Iadine
Published: February 2017

Spatial management of invasive species is more likely to be successful when multiple locations are treated simultaneously. However, selecting the best locations to act is difficult due to the many options available at any time.

We design a near‐optimal policy for applying multiple actions simultaneously for faster invasive species control within a network. Our method uses a recent optimisation tool, the graph‐based Markov decision process (GMDP). Since the policy can be difficult to interpret, we extracted a simpler policy using classification trees. We applied our approach to the eradication of invasive mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki from the habitat of the red‐finned blue‐eye Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, a critically endangered fish with a global population that is restricted to seven artesian springs in Queensland, Australia.

The policy returned by the GMDP was to manage springs occupied by mosquitofish and their connected neighbours, unless the neighbours were occupied by red‐finned blue‐eyes.

Simultaneous management resulted in rapid declines in simulated mosquitofish occupancy even if eradication effectiveness was low; however, the cost of simultaneous eradication was high and sustained eradication effort was necessary to maintain low mosquitofish occupancy.

Synthesis and applications. Our paper finds a near‐optimal, multi‐action control policy to remove an invasive species from a multi‐species spatial network. We introduce the graph‐based Markov decision process and apply it to a real case study – eradication of invasive mosquitofish from the habitat of the red‐finned blue‐eye. We find that the graph‐based Markov decision process can generate policies for networks with extremely large state spaces; however, it works best when nodes have fewer than five neighbours. We conclude that simultaneous eradications are effective for rapid control of invasive species; however, managers should consider the cost and time required for an effective eradication program.
The impact of subcutaneous tissue suturing at caesarean section on wound complications: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Pergialiotis V , Prodromidou A , Perrea DN , Doumouchtsis SK
Published: February 2017

Background

Caesarean wound complications are frequently observed in everyday practice.

Objectives

To study whether subcutaneous tissue closure following caesarean section results in decreased wound complications.

Search strategy

We systematically searched Medline (1966–2016), Scopus (2004–2016), ClinicalTrials.gov (2008–2016) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL (1999–2016) databases together with reference lists from included studies.

Selection criteria

Randomised and quasi‐randomised trials that investigated the impact of subcutaneous tissue suturing on wound complications following caesarean section were held eligible for inclusion. Retrospective studies and prospective nonrandomised studies were excluded from the present meta‐analysis.

Data collection and analysis

The methodological quality of studies was assessed with the Jadad scale. Statistical meta‐analysis was performed with the RevMan 5.3 software.

Main results

Ten studies were finally included in our meta‐analysis, which involved 3696 women delivered by caesarean section. Re‐approximation of the subcutaneous tissue significantly reduced the odds of developing any type of wound complication [3811 women, random effects model (REM), odds ratio (OR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.47–0.93]. The incidence of seroma was also decreased (1979 women, REM, OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33–0.84). On the other hand, the incidence of haematoma remained unaffected by subcutaneous closure (1663 women, REM, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.22–2.42) as well as the likelihood of developing a wound infection (1971 women, REM, OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.70–1.41).

Conclusions

The results of our meta‐analysis suggest that subcutaneous tissue closure may benefit women undergoing caesarean section. Current data in women with high body mass index remain very limited; hence, definitive conclusions are precluded for this specific group.

Tweetable abstract

Subcutaneous tissue closure may benefit women undergoing caesarean section.
Criminal Record Questions in the Era of “Ban the Box”
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Lageson Sarah , Uggen Christopher
Published: February 2017

Research Summary

This study examines three central questions about criminal record inquiries on job applications, which is a rapidly developing area in criminology and public policy. We find the following: (1) Among the 78% of employers who ask about records, specific application questions vary greatly regarding the severity and timing of offenses. (2) Applications for restaurant positions are least likely to inquire about criminal histories, whereas racially diverse workplaces and establishments in the most and least advantaged neighborhoods are more likely to ask. (3) The race gap in employer callbacks is reduced when applicants have the chance to signal not having a record by answering “no,” which is consistent with theories of statistical discrimination.

Policy Implications

We conclude with a call to develop standards and best practices regarding inquiries about juvenile offenses, low‐level misdemeanor and traffic offenses, and the applicable time span. The need for such standards is made more apparent by the unevenness of criminal record questions across employees, establishments, and neighborhoods. We also suggest best practices for Ban the Box implementation to help combat potential statistical discrimination against African American men without records.

Have you been convicted of a felony using your current name or any other name? If you do not answer this question, your application will not be considered. —Job application for laborer position at waste management company
Estimating the Crime Effects of Raising the Age of Majority
Authors: Loeffler Charles E. , Chalfin Aaron
Published: February 2017

Research Summary

The results of recent empirical research have shown that juveniles do not achieve complete psychosocial maturity until postadolescence and that processing juveniles as adults in the criminal justice system can be associated with elevated rates of criminal recidivism. In response to these as well as other concerns, several states have recently raised their legal ages of majority in the hopes of reducing juvenile offending rates. Connecticut enacted one such law change when it raised its age of majority from 16 to 17 in 2010 and then from 17 to 18 in 2012 for all but the most serious offenses. The effect of Connecticut's policy change on juvenile crime is examined in this study. To discern between changes in juvenile offending and changes in the propensity of police to arrest youthful offenders in the aftermath of a law change, we use two methodological approaches. Synthetic control methods are used to generate triple‐differences estimates of the effect of Connecticut's policy change on juvenile arrests and overall crime rates by using a weighted average of other U.S. states as a natural comparison group. Next, by analyzing National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data for a subset of Connecticut's local jurisdictions, we examine changes in age‐specific juvenile arrests and changes in age‐specific juvenile offending. The resulting evidence suggests that no discernable change in juvenile offending occurred. In addition, evidence exists that in some Connecticut jurisdictions, officer, rather than juvenile, behavior was impacted by this law change.

Policy Implications

Although raise‐the‐age policies may remain desirable for other policy reasons, no robust evidence of their effects on crime is yet available. Given the absence of such evidence of crime effects, policy makers interested in raise‐the‐age policies for their crime‐reduction benefits might consider focusing on other juvenile justice policy initiatives with demonstrated crime‐reduction benefits. Nevertheless, policy makers interested in these policies for other policy reasons can rest assured that there is no evidence that these policies exacerbate juvenile crime. The results of this study also suggest that the effects of “raise‐the‐age” policies on crime will be difficult to separate from recent declining trends in juvenile crime and arrests as well as from changes in police arrest decision making.
Prevention Research in Schools
Authors: Gottfredson Denise C.
Published: February 2017

The August Vollmer Award Address is intended to focus on contributions to justice and on the recipient's research and policy experiences. This is a story of one person's career devoted mainly to developing effective collaborations between researchers and practitioners to produce useful knowledge. Her early work focused on delinquency prevention in schools and included evaluations of two different efforts aimed at altering school and classroom environments to reduce student misbehavior in Charleston, SC, schools, and an organization development intervention intended to reduce violence and related problem behaviors in Baltimore City, MD, schools. For many years, the author directed a project that provided research expertise to the Maryland Governor's Office of Crime Control and Prevention. She also partnered with public agencies to develop and implement randomized experiments to test the effectiveness of the Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court, the Strengthening Families Program in Washington, D.C., and afterschool programs in Baltimore County, MD. She is currently implementing a randomized trial of a gang prevention program in Philadelphia, PA, and a study of the effects of School Resource Officers in Florida and California.
A Natural Experiment: Using Immersive Technologies to Study the Impact of “All‐Natural” Labeling on Perceived Food Quality, Nutritional Content, and Liking
Authors: Liu Rebecca , Hooker Neal H. , Parasidis Efthimios , Simons Christopher T.
Published: February 2017

The “all‐natural” label is used extensively in the United States. At many point‐of‐purchase locations, employed servers provide food samples and call out specific label information to influence consumers’ purchase decisions. Despite these ubiquitous practices, it is unclear what information is conveyed to consumers by the all‐natural label or how it impacts judgments of perceived food quality, nutritional content, and acceptance. We used a novel approach incorporating immersive technology to simulate a virtual in‐store sampling scenario where consumers were asked by a server to evaluate identical products with only one being labeled all‐natural. Another condition evaluated the impact of the in‐store server additionally emphasizing the all‐natural status of one sample. Results indicated the all‐natural label significantly improved consumer's perception of product quality and nutritional content, but not liking or willingness to pay, when compared to the regular sample. With the simple emphasis of the all‐natural claim by the in‐store server, these differences in quality and nutritional content became even more pronounced, and willingness to pay increased significantly by an average of 8%. These results indicate that in a virtual setting consistent with making food purchases, an all‐natural front‐of‐pack label improves consumer perceptions of product quality and nutritional content. In addition, information conveyed to consumers by employed servers has a further, substantial impact on these variables suggesting that consumers are highly susceptible to social influence at the point of purchase.
Global and Regional Peacekeepers: Trends, Opportunities, Risks and a Way Ahead
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: February 2017

Never before has it been so important for policymakers to balance regional and global forms of peacekeeping. Although the United Nations Security Council retains primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and is the single largest source of peacekeepers, some regional organizations, particularly in Africa and Europe, are playing increasingly important roles. This article analyzes the relationship between UN peace operations and those conducted by regional organizations. After summarizing recent trends in regional‐global collaboration it analyzes the opportunities and risks of increasing the regionalization of peace operations. Current policy challenges are daunting, not least because better‐resourced missions alone will not bring peace to contemporary warzones. Rather, policymakers should clarify the nature and limits of UN peace operations; ensure partnerships between the UN and regional organizations can deliver effective peace operations in the field; and embed peace operations within a viable conflict resolution strategy to end the war or crisis in question.
In‐house asset management in the Australian superannuation industry
Authors: Gallagher David R. , Gapes Timothy M. , Warren Geoffrey J.
Published: February 2017

We examine how executives from the Australian superannuation industry perceive and approach the choice between managing assets in‐house, versus outsourcing to external investment managers. We find that decision frameworks, as well as the perceived benefits and challenges of in‐house management, can be described in terms of four elements: costs, capabilities, alignment and governance. Industry participants address these four elements in diverse ways. This is reflected in a variety of decision approaches, aspects that are considered and emphasised in decision‐making, and implementation structures.
Sampling grain influences trends in vegetation composition and diversity with time since fire in Australian heathland
Authors: Wills Timothy J. , Read Jennifer
Published: February 2017

Scale‐dependency of pattern and process is well‐understood for many ecological communities; however, the influence of spatial scale (sampling grain) in detecting temporal change in communities is less well‐understood. The temperate lowland heathlands of south‐east Australia are one of the most fire‐prone ecosystems on earth. Despite the extensive literature documenting the effect of time since fire on heathlands, we know little about how sampling grain influences trends in vegetation variables over time, and whether these trends are scale‐dependent. Using 3500 ha of heathland in the Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park, south‐east Australia, we investigated how above‐ground species composition and diversity, and trends in these variables with increasing time since fire, were influenced by sampling grain (1 m2, 10 m2, 100 m2, 900 m2, 1 ha, 4 ha). Sampling grain influenced patterns detected in vegetation variables and in some instances, significantly affected their relationship with time since fire. Richness decreased with time since fire, with mean richness decreasing at three of the four grains, while total richness decreased at half of the sampled grains. Evenness (J) decreased with increasing time since fire for all grains except 1 m2. The decline in diversity (H) with time since fire appeared to be independent of scale, as all grains decreased significantly with increasing time since fire. Community heterogeneity demonstrated a weak response to time since fire across most grains. Changes in composition among young (0–6 years since fire), intermediate (9–19 years) and old (23–27 years) sites were dependent on sampling grain, with all grains exhibiting significant differences in composition, apart from the 1 m2 grain and the 100 m2 grain (presence/absence data). Overall, species composition, richness, evenness, diversity and community heterogeneity were dependent on the scale at which the vegetation was sampled. In addition, trends in many of these vegetation variables with increasing time since fire were scale‐dependent. This work provides strong evidence that sampling at multiple grains contributes substantially to understanding pattern and process in heathlands.
Levels of l‐arginine and l‐citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology
Authors: Barassi A. , Corsi Romanelli M. M. , Pezzilli R. , Damele C. A. L. , Vaccalluzzo L. , Goi G. , Papini N. , Colpi G. M. , Massaccesi L. , Melzi d'Eril G. V.
Published: February 2017

Nitric oxide is a physiologic signal essential to penile erection. l‐citrulline (l‐Cit) is converted into l‐arginine (l‐Arg), the precursor from which nitric oxide is generated. The level of l‐Arg and l‐Cit in the field of male sexual function remains relatively underexplored. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of serum l‐Arg and of l‐Cit in a group of patients with erectile dysfunction. Diagnosis and severity of erectile dysfunction was based on the IIEF‐5 and its etiology was classified as arteriogenic (A‐ED), borderline (BL‐ED), and non‐arteriogenic (NA‐ED) with penile echo‐color‐Doppler in basal condition and after intracaversous injection of prostaglandin E1. Serum l‐Arg and l‐Cit concentrations were measured by a cation‐exchange chromatography system. l‐Arg and l‐Cit levels of men with A‐ED were compared with those of male with BL‐ED and NA‐ED. Median level of l‐Arg and l‐Cit in 122 erectile dysfunction patients (41 A‐ED, 23 ED‐BL, 58 NA‐ED) was 82.7 and 35.4 μmol/L, respectively. l‐Arg and l‐Cit levels in control patients were not significantly different (p = 0.233 and p = 0.561, respectively) than in total erectile dysfunction patients. l‐Arg and l‐Cit levels in control patients were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.018, respectively) than in A‐ED patients, but no difference (p > 0.50) was observed in controls and in both BL‐ED and NA‐ED patients. Patients with severe/complete‐erectile dysfunction (IIEF‐5 < 10) had l‐Arg or l‐Cit level significantly lower (−17%, p < 0.03; −13%, p < 0.04) and were more frequent (p < 0.01 and p < 0.04) under the respective median level (82.7 and 35.4 μmol/L) than those with mild‐erectile dysfunction (IIEF‐5 = 16–20). l‐Arg and l‐Cit levels in A‐ED were significantly lower (p < 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively) than in NA‐ED patients. Penile echo‐color‐Doppler revealed that A‐ED (peak systolic velocity ≤ 25 cm/sec) was more frequent in men with l‐Arg under 82.7 μmol/L or l‐Cit under 35.4 μmol/L and in the same population, the median peak systolic velocity values were lower in l‐Arg deficient (29 vs. 35; p < 0.04) and also in l‐Cit deficient (31 vs. 33, p > 0.3) but without reaching the statistical significance. Our study shows that a significant proportion of erectile dysfunction patients have low l‐Arg or l‐Cit level and that this condition is more frequent in patients with arteriogenic etiology. Low levels of these nitric oxide synthase substrates might increase the erectile dysfunction risk by reducing the concentration of nitric oxide.
What is the impact of preconception abdominal cerclage on fertility: evidence from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Vousden Nicola J. , Carter Jenny , Seed Paul T. , Shennan Andrew H.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

There is documented concern that cerclage may cause cervical stenosis or changes to the cervical mucus, which may reduce fertility. The aim of this study is to determine whether placement of a preconception abdominal cerclage affects fertility.

Material and methods

This was a planned subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing abdominal cerclage, high vaginal cerclage or low vaginal cerclage. Women with a history of previous second‐trimester miscarriage or preterm birth despite having a low vaginal cerclage, presenting to specialist preterm birth services in the UK, were eligible for inclusion. Only women randomized before conception were included in this analysis. Women randomized to abdominal cerclage had the surgery performed before conception (abdominal group). Women randomized to high or low transvaginal cerclage received it in the subsequent pregnancy (control group).

Results

Abdominal cerclage was performed in 19 women and transvaginal cerclage in 48 women. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between time to conception between the two groups (hazard ratio 1.34; 95% confidence interval 0.72–2.50, p = 0.35). Rates of conception at 6, 12, and 18 months were similar – 37% in abdominal group vs. 35% in control group at 6 months (relative risk 1.04; 95% confidence interval 0.52–2.10; p = 0.91); 58% in abdominal group vs. 42% in control group at 12 months (relative risk 1.39; 95% confidence interval 0.84–2.31, p = 0.21); 74% in abdominal group vs. 56% in control group at 18 months (relative risk 1.31; 95% confidence interval 0.91–1.89; p = 0.15).

Conclusion

This subgroup analysis of randomized data indicates that abdominal cerclage does not affect fertility rates.
Women treated for epilepsy during pregnancy: outcomes from a nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Artama Miia , Braumann Jemina , Raitanen Jani , Uotila Jukka , Gissler Mika , Isojärvi Jouko , Auvinen Anssi
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Women with epilepsy (WWE) are generally treated as a risk group during pregnancy, but over 90% of pregnant WWE have favorable pregnancies. However, the risk of some pregnancy and delivery complications may be increased among WWE, especially those on antiepileptic drugs.

Material and methods

This nationwide, retrospective population‐based cohort study includes WWE who gave birth in Finland during 1987–2008 (n = 1737) and the reference cohort of a random sample of women without epilepsy (n = 4357). Identification of the cohorts, and information on hospitalizations and deliveries were obtained from the Finnish Health Registers and population statistics. Multivariate analyses were conducted by binomial regression.

Results

WWE were more often hospitalized during pregnancy for accidents or other external causes [adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–3.09], premature rupture of membranes (aRR 1.75, 95% CI 1.14–2.69) and premature contractions (aRR 1.75, 95% CI 1.36–2.23). Hospitalizations for infections were more frequent in WWE (1.4% vs. 0.4%, aRR 3.15, 95% CI 1.72–5.76). The risk for induction of delivery or a cesarean section was increased in WWE. There was no difference in premature deliveries between the groups, but the risk of being small for gestational age (aRR 1.57, 95% CI 1.23–2.01), admission to neonatal intensive care unit (aRR 1.66, 95% CI 1.39–1.97), and need for respiratory care (aRR 2.37, 95% CI 1.57–3.60) was clearly increased in the offspring of WWE.

Conclusions

WWE are at an increased risk of complications and hospitalizations during pregnancy and delivery. However, the majority of WWE have a normal pregnancy and delivery.
Smoking at diagnosis significantly decreases 5‐year cancer‐specific survival in a population‐based cohort of 18 166 colon cancer patients
Authors: Sharp L. , McDevitt J. , Brown C. , Comber H.
Published: February 2017

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests smoking may adversely affect cancer patients’ outcomes. Previous studies of smoking and survival in colon cancer have been limited by size and/or lack of a population basis and results have been inconsistent.

Aim

To investigate in a large population‐based cohort whether smoking status at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer‐specific survival in colon cancer and whether treatment modifies any impact of smoking.

Methods

Colon adenocarcinomas diagnosed between 1994 and 2012 were abstracted from the National Cancer Registry Ireland, and classified by smoking status at diagnosis. Cancer‐specific death rates over 5 years were compared in current, ex‐ and never smokers using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, and subgroup analyses by treatment (combinations of cancer‐directed surgery and chemotherapy) were conducted.

Results

Of 18 166 colon cancers, 20% of patients were current smokers, 23% ex‐smokers and 57% never smokers. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had a significantly raised cancer death rate [multivariable hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07–1.12]. There was a significant interaction between treatment and smoking (P = 0.03). In those who had cancer‐directed surgery only, but not other groups, current smokers had a significantly increased cancer death rate compared to never smokers (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34).

Conclusions

Smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for colon cancer. The limitation of the association to surgically‐treated patients suggests that the underlying mechanism(s) may be related to surgery. While further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms, continued efforts to encourage smoking prevention and cessation may yield benefits in terms of improved survival from colon cancer.
Inflammatory bowel diseases in Faroese‐born Danish residents and their offspring: further evidence of the dominant role of environmental factors in IBD development
Authors: Hammer T. , Lophaven S. N. , Nielsen K. R. , von Euler‐Chelpin M. , Weihe P. , Munkholm P. , Burisch J. , Lynge E.
Published: February 2017

Background

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is record high in the Faroe Islands, and many Faroese emigrate to Denmark, where the IBD incidence is considerably lower.

Aim

To study the IBD incidence in first‐, second‐ and third‐generation immigrants from the Faroe Islands to Denmark to assess the extent to which the immigrants adopt the lower IBD incidence of their new home country.

Methods

Data on Faroese‐born Danish residents and their children were retrieved from the Danish Central Population Register for 1980–2014. Incident IBD cases were identified from the Danish National Patient Register. Standardised Incidence Ratios (SIRs) were used to compare the IBD risk in immigrants with that of Danes. 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the square‐root transform.

Results

First‐generation Faroese immigrants had a higher IBD incidence than Danes, SIR 1.25 (95% CI, 0.97–1.59) for men and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.05–1.53) for women. This excess risk derived from ulcerative colitis (UC), SIR 1.44 (95% CI, 1.10–1.87) for men and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.09–1.68) for women. No excess risk was found for Crohn's disease (CD). The UC risk was nearly doubled during the immigrants’ first 10 years in Denmark; SIR 2.13 (95% CI, 1.52–2.92) for men and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.19–2.18) for women.

Conclusions

Although some impact of genetic dilution cannot be excluded, our findings indicate importance of gene‐environment interplay in UC, as the excess UC risk in Faroese immigrants to Denmark disappeared over time and over one generation in men and over two generations in women.