bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polish-Bulgarian-Russian, Bulgarian-Polish-Russian or Russian-Bulgarian-Polish dictionary?
Authors: Koseska-Toszewa Violetta , Satoła-Staśkowiak Joanna , Duszkin Maksim
Published: November 2015

Polish-Bulgarian-Russian, Bulgarian-Polish-Russian or Russian-Bulgarian-Polish dictionary?The trilingual dictionary (M. Duszkin, V. Koseska, J. Satoła and A. Tzoneva) is being elaborated based on a working Polish-Bulgarian-Russian electronic parallel corpus authored by Maksim Duszkin, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa and Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak, and works by A. Tzoneva. It is the first corpus comparing languages belonging to three different Slavic language groups: western, southern and eastern. Works on the dictionary are based on Gramatyka konfrontatywna bułgarsko-polska (Bulgarian-Polish confrontative grammar ) and the proposed there semantic-oriented interlanguage. Two types of classifiers have been introduced into the dictionary: classic and semantic. The trilingual dictionary will present a consistent and homogeneous set of facts of grammar and semantics. The Authors point out that in a traditional dictionary it is not clear for example whether aspect should be understood as imperfective / perfective form of a verb or as its meaning. Therefore in the dictionary forms and meaning are separated in a regular way. Imperfective verb form has two meanings: state and configuration of states and events culminating in state. Also perfective verb form has two meanings: event and configuration of states and events culminating in event. These meanings are described by the semantic classifiers, respectively, state and event, state1 and event1. The way of describing language units, mentioned in the article, gives a possibility to present language material (Polish, Bulgarian, Russian) in any required order, hence the article’s title.
Compléments aspectuels et verbes De manière de déplacement en français: entre bornage et télicité
Authors: Sikora Dorota
Published: November 2015

Aspectual complements and verbs expressing ways of movement in French: between boundary marking and telicityConsidered synonymous by some, carefully distinguished by others, the notions of telicity and boundary marking are of crucial importance for studies on aspect. This article offers a reflection on the relation between aspectual properties and certain complement verbs. Through a detailed analysis of the verb syntagmas formed by courir and nager (courir cent mètres, nager le deux-cents-mètres), it is demonstrated that despite the apparent formal similarity, complements like cent mètres and le deux-cents-mètres perform different functions in relation to the predicate: in the first case, they mark boundaries, while in the second they are markers of a property [+ telicity]. A study of a particular problem thus allow for taking part in a more general discussion, providing arguments in favour of distinguishing between telicity and boundary marking. Compléments aspectuels et verbes de manière de déplacement en français: entre bornage et télicitéConsidérées comme équivalentes par certains, soigneusement distinguées par d’autres, les notions de télicité et de bornage ont une importance cruciale pour les études consacrées à l’aspect. Cet article propose une réflexion sur le rapport entre ces propriétés aspectuelles et certains compléments verbaux. À travers des analyses détaillées des syntagmes verbaux que forment courir et nager (courir cent mètres, nager le deux-cents-mètres), il est montré que malgré une similarité formelle apparente, les compléments tels que cent mètres et le deux-cents-mètres assument des fonctions différentes auprès du prédicat : dans le premier cas, ils opèrent un bornage, alors que dans le seconds, ils sont porteurs du trait [+ télicité]. L’étude d’un problème spécifique permet ainsi de prendre part dans une discussion plus générale, en dégageant des arguments en faveur de la distinction entre télicité et bornage. Dopełnienia aspektowe a czasowniki wyrażające sposób przemieszczania w języku francuskim: między określaniem granic a telicznościąPrzez jednych uważane za równoznaczne, przez innych wyraźnie odróżniane, pojęcia teliczności i określania granic mają zasadnicze znaczenie dla studiów dotyczących aspektu. Niniejszy artykuł proponuje refleksję nad stosunkiem pomiędzy owymi właściwościami określającymi aspekt a niektórymi dopełnieniami [czasownikowymi]. Poprzez szczegółową analizę syntagm czasownikowych tworzonych przez courir i nager (courir cent mètres, nager le deux-cents-mètres), wykazano, że pomimo pozornego podobieństwa formalnego, dopełnienia takie jak cent mètres i le deux-cents-mètres pełnią różne funkcje wobec orzeczenia: w pierwszym przypadku dokonują określenia granic, podczas gdy w drugim nadają pewną właściwość [+teliczność]. W ten sposób studia nad specyficznym problemem pozwalają zabrać głos w ogólniejszej dyskusji, przedstawiając nam argumenty przemawiające za rozróżnieniem pomiędzy telicznością a określaniem granic.
Neologisms in bilingual digital dictionaries (on the example of Bulgarian-Polish dictionary)
Authors: Dimitrova Ludmila , Koseska-Toszewa Violetta , Satoła-Staśkowiak Joanna
Published: November 2015

Neologisms in bilingual digital dictionaries (on the example of Bulgarian-Polish dictionary)The paper discusses the presentation of neologisms in the recent version of the Bulgarian-Polish digital dictionary. We also continue the discussion of important problems related to the classifiers of the verbs as headwords of the digital dictionary entries. We analyze some examples from ongoing experimental version of the Bulgarian-Polish digital dictionary.
Impact of VORTEX2 Observations on Analyses and Forecasts of the 5 June 2009 Goshen County, Wyoming, Supercell
Authors: Supinie Timothy A. , Jung Youngsun , Xue Ming , Stensrud David J. , French Michael M. , Bluestein Howard B.
Published: November 2015

Several data assimilation and forecast experiments are undertaken to determine the impact of special observations taken during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) on forecasts of the 5 June 2009 Goshen County, Wyoming, supercell. The data used in these experiments are those from the Mobile Weather Radar, 2005 X-band, Phased Array (MWR-05XP); two mobile mesonets (MM); and several mobile sounding units. Data sources are divided into “routine,” including those from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Dopplers (WSR-88Ds) and the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network, and “special” observations from the VORTEX2 project.

VORTEX2 data sources are denied individually from a total of six ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) data assimilation and forecasting experiments. The EnSRF data assimilation uses 40 ensemble members on a 1-km grid nested inside a 3-km grid. Each experiment assimilates data every 5 min for 1 h, followed by a 1-h forecast. All experiments are able to reproduce the basic evolution of the supercell, though the impact of the VORTEX2 observations was mixed. The VORTEX2 sounding data decreased the mesocyclone intensity in the latter stages of the forecast, consistent with observations. The MWR-05XP data increased the forecast vorticity above approximately 1 km AGL in all experiments and had little impact on forecast vorticity below 1 km AGL. The MM data had negative impacts on the intensity of the low-level mesocyclone, by decreasing the vertical vorticity and indirectly by decreasing the buoyancy of the inflow.
Long-term Follow-up Results of Regeneration Process of Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Chorda Tympani Nerve During Middle Ear Surgery
Authors: Saito Takehisa , Ito Tetsufumi , Ito Yumi , Manabe Yasuhiro
Published: November 2015

Objective:

To elucidate the regeneration process of fungiform taste buds after severing the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo.

Methods:

In 7 consecutive patients whose CTN was severed during tympanoplasty, an average of 10 fungiform papillae in the midlateral region of the tongue were periodically observed, and the number of taste buds was counted until 12 to 24 months after surgery. Gustatory function was assessed by EGM.

Results:

EGM thresholds showed no response within 1 month after surgery in any patient. All taste buds had disappeared until 13 to 71 days after surgery. Regenerated taste buds were first detected 5 to 8 months after surgery in 5 of the 7 patients. EGM thresholds recovered to their preoperative values in 2 patients. In these 2 patients, the number of regenerated taste buds gradually increased in combination with a recovered taste function. However, a time lag existed between taste bud regeneration and taste function recovery. EGM thresholds did not recover in the other 3 patients with regenerated taste buds, suggesting that these taste buds were immature without gustatory function.

Conclusion:

The long-term regeneration process of fungiform taste buds could be clarified using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Influence of Age on Results of Vestibular Function Tests: Review of Literature and Presentation of Caloric Test Results
Authors: Mulch G. , Petermann W.
Published: November 2015

Following a bibliographic review of currently known, age-dependent morphological and functional changes of the vestibular and auditory system, results are presented of our investigations concerning the influence of age on the outcome of the caloric test on 102 healthy subjects from six age groups ranging between the ages of 11 and 70 years. They prove, without any doubt, that the absolute values of nystagmic parameters in the caloric test are dependent upon age; but not in such a way that the intensity of reaction decreases with advancing age. On the contrary, they indicate that in awake, healthy subjects of middle and late middle-age, the most intensive reactions occur (maximum slow phase velocity, maximum amplitude, maximum frequency, total number of beats). In addition, based on the statistical analysis, it seems probable that the extent of the side difference of excitability depends upon age. Individuals in their middle years show side differences to a considerably lesser degree than children and elderly subjects. These represent findings which, to our knowledge, are reported here for the first time. Provided our results gain further substantiation, standard values for a true quantitative evaluation of the caloric test could only be determined as in the audiometric functional tests on the basis of larger test series of healthy subjects belonging to different age groups.
Nerve Fiber Synapses on Spiral Ganglion Cells in the Human Cochlea
Authors: Kimura Robert S. , Ota Carol Y. , Takahashi Tadahiko
Published: November 2015

Nerve fiber synapses were observed on the small myelinated and unmyelinated spiral ganglion cells of the human cochlea. The nerve fibers penetrated the junctions of the ensheathing satellite cells and myelin lamellae, and partly invaginated into the perikarya to establish axosomatic synapses. One small myelinated neuron with a nerve fiber synapse demonstrated multipolar cell processes. However, most small neurons with identical ultrastructural characteristics did not show these synapses. Axodendritic synapses were also seen on the dendritic processes of the small neurons and between varicose nerves and unmyelinated nerve fibers some distance from the small neurons. While these observations conform in some aspects with the concept of parasympathetic nerve fibers and neurons in the cochlea, they are also compatible with the idea that the small neurons may have an auditory function influenced by the synaptic contacts of efferent fibers from the olivocochlear bundle.
Patterns of Juvenile Offending in Shanghai and Brisbane
Authors: Wei Zhigang , Homel Ross , Prichard Jeremy , Xu Jian
Published: November 2015

This paper reports an analysis of participation rates and types of delinquent behaviour using self-reported offending data from school students and apprehended juvenile offenders in Brisbane (n = 903) and in Shanghai (n = 565). The rate of participation in most categories of offending in the Brisbane sample was higher than in the Shanghai sample, with Brisbane school students being much more likely than Shanghai students to report at least one type of offence (85.8% vs. 28.8%). However, factor analyses revealed a common crime pattern across both samples, with behaviours grouping into theft, property-related offences, fighting, and disturbing public order. Brisbane school respondents were more likely than their Shanghai counterparts to commit multiple types of offences. Co-offending peaked at ages 15–16 in Brisbane and 17–18 in Shanghai, but was more common in the Shanghai sample than in the Brisbane sample. It is argued that compared with Australian young people there is a greater presence of social institutions in the lives of Chinese adolescents in the form of family, community and state controls, and that these mostly informal control systems appear to have been successful so far in containing the criminogenic impacts of rapid social change.
Moral Panics, Crime Rates and Harsh Punishment in China
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: November 2015

Today's extremely harsh sentencing regime in China, which includes extensive use of the death penalty, was triggered in particular by a moral panic about juvenile crime and to some extent economic crime in the early 1980s. The policy was justified by the belief that China was experiencing an extreme upsurge in crime. A critical look at Chinese crime rates over the last 25 years does not support this belief, however. Chinese reactions against crime instead have to be seen in terms of the regime's legitimacy and alleged defence of the social and moral order in a society undergoing rapid change.
Juvenile Offenders: Prevalence, Offender Incidence, and Arrest Rates by Race
Authors: Huizinga David , Elliott Delbert S.
Published: November 2015

There is general consensus that a disproportionate number of minority youth are incarcerated, with incarceration rates for minorities that are two to four times that of Whites (for example, see Krisberg and Schwartz, this volume). Given the disproportionate rate of incarceration among minority youth, an obvious question is whether this reflects differences in individual behavior or official responses to behavior (or both). One possible answer is simply that minorities have a greater involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior (Hindelang, 1978). This greater involvement would then be anticipated to result in more frequent arrests, more frequent juvenile court appearances, and larger incarceration rates. In this article differences in delinquent behavior and arrest rates among racial groups are explored to see if such differences could explain the observed differentials in incarceration rates.
Derivation and Validation of the Automated Readability Index for Use with Technical Materials
Authors: Smith Edgar A. , Kincaid J. Peter
Published: November 2015

The utility of technical materials is influenced to a marked extent by their reading level or readability. This article describes the derivation and validation of the Automated Readability Index (ARI) for use with technical materials. The method allows for the easy, automatic collection of data as narrative material is typed on a slightly modified electric typewriter. Data collected includes word length (a measure of word difficulty) and sentence length (a measure of sentence difficulty). Appropriate weightings of these factors in a multiple regression equation result in an index of reading difficulty. Uses of the index for evaluating and controlling the readability of large quantities of technical material are described.
Efficient Labor Utilization in a Developing Economy
Authors: Corlett E. N.
Published: November 2015

The average output from a worker cannot be greater than the available energy resources, expressed in terms of food intake surplus to normal living requirements. National, social, and economic patterns in an underdeveloped country prevent rapid changes in food intake, but more efficient use of the available work capacity is possible. Estimates are given to suggest production increases of up to four times current levels while remaining competitive with more advanced producing countries.
Measurement and Interpretation of Driver/Vehicle System Dynamic Response
Authors: Weir David H. , McRuer Duane T.
Published: November 2015

This paper summarizes applicable theory and data from simulation experiments on the directional control of automobiles subjected to crosswind gust disturbances. Measured driver/vehicle describing functions for several subjects and replications are presented and interpreted. It is shown that the driver's steering outputs can be explained as functions of lateral position and heading, although alternate interpretations involving path-angle and path-rate feedbacks are considered. The results demonstrate that driver/vehicle response properties can be modeled and measured for a class of important closed-loop driving tasks. They provide further direct experimental verification of the applicability of driver/vehicle theory to situations where the driver obtains his information from a real-world visual simulation.
Channel Versus System Innovation in Person/Person Telecommunications
Authors: Reid A. A. L.
Published: November 2015

The most basic human factor in the design of a person/person telecommunications device is the question of whether the device is likely to fulfil human communication needs in a cost-effective fashion. To answer this question, it is necessary to identify the various alternative types of devices which could be developed. To consider these as lying along a one-dimensional scale with a simple telegraph or telephone at one end and a fully accurate electronic presence at the other is too simple. For this classification treats telecommunications devices solely as channels of communication. It can be argued that the system characteristics of a telecommunications device are equally, if not more, important in determining its usefulness. Eight system characteristics are identified and discussed: they include penetration, cost, access, search, attitude, ancillary, storage, and coordination characteristics. It is argued that improvement in each of these would produce real benefits in terms of increased communication effectiveness. If proposals for channel innovation (such as the introduction of videotelephone) are to be justified, it is necessary to demonstrate that they would yield correspondingly valuable benefits.
A Field Experiment to Improve Communications in a Product Engineering Department: The Nonterritorial Office
Authors: Allen Thomas J. , Gerstberger Peter G.
Published: November 2015

A year-long investigation was undertaken to determine the impact, of a radical new scheme of office layout on work-related behavior, communication, and performance. The office layout under investigation is best described as “nonterritorial”. It is an open floor plan arrangement, but goes far beyond the traditional open-space office, removing not only office walls, but most permanent stations as well. Employees (product engineers) work at large round tables, which are distributed through the office area, and may locate themselves anywhere that they wish on any given day, or at different times during a day. The experiment was successful to the extent that employees preferred the new arrangement over the traditional one- and two-person offices they had previously occupied and that communication within the department increased significantly. It was unsuccessful in that no measurable increase in departmental performance was registered over the period of the study.
Recent Developments in Instructor Station Design and Utilization for Flight Simulators
Authors: Smode Alfred F.
Published: November 2015

The instructional capability of the training simulator has improved in tempo with simulation technology. The business of shaping student behaviors has achieved a leap forward in efficiency due to digital computation and the computer display terminal. This paper discusses the impact of computer assistance on the capability for structuring and controlling synthetic flight training, and examines the instructional potential of the “new breed” of flight simulators presently on-line or in the developmental stage. A number of recent innovations in instructor station design is described. These developing, student-centered instructional techniques for promoting training effectiveness place the simulator quite realistically in contention as a major flight training medium of the future.
Research Note: Driver's Brake Reaction Times with Adaptive Controls
Authors: Richter Ronald L. , Hyman William A.
Published: November 2015

This report presents the results of a preliminary study of the response in braking of adaptive hand controls such as those used by some physically handicapped drivers. The response time of a simulated pistol-grip controller with trigger-activated brakes was also tested. These results show significantly shorter response time for the hand-operated units than for the normal foot controls.
Reduction of Human Errors in Field Test Programs
Authors: Finley Brian H. , Webster Robert G. , Swain Alan D.
Published: November 2015

Data on errors and error-likely situations in field tests were gathered from three sources: test documents, interviews with test personnel, and observations of a human factors specialist who participated in several field tests. This report summarizes the data and makes recommendations on how the likelihood of such errors can be reduced by using human factors observers with duties as described in this report.
Prediction of Linear Motion
Authors: Alderson G. J. K. , Whiting H. T. A.
Published: November 2015

The paper briefly discusses the perception of velocity and prediction of motion as processes involved in the performance of fast-ball game skills. Two experiments utilizing a motion-prediction paradigm, in which the subject was allowed to view a moving tennis ball cross the display and disappear from view, are reported. The subject was required to estimate when the ball would reach a target set on the extended motion track. The experiments examined the effects of viewing distance, prediction distance, and stimulus velocity upon the accuracy and variability of performance. The first experiment found that both prediction distance and stimulus velocity were significant variables, their additive effects showing a linear relationship between prediction time and both constant and variable errors. The second experiment demonstrated that these linear relationships were replicable phenomena and that motion prediction became more accurate when subjects were given knowledge of results and allowed to practice the task.
A Numerical Definition of Posture
Authors: Priel Victor Z.
Published: November 2015

The proposed system consists of a number of conventions which allow postures to be numerically defined and recorded. The analyst's task is then to establish: (1) the levels at which joints and limbs are located; (2) the body's base posture within X, Y, and Z coordinate planes; and (3) the direction and amount of movement within these planes. The total capability of movement is listed in a table, and illustrations show how the proposed conventions are to be applied. A “Posturegram” has been designed and two examples are shown. The recorded posture can subsequently be digitally encoded, transmitted, and reconstructed. Accuracy of the definition depends on the measurement techniques used by the analyst. The conventions are applicable to all human subjects, irrespective of individual proportions, and can be interpreted in any language without the use of pictures.
Toward Measurement of Attention as a Function of Risk and Risk Preference in Man-Machine Systems
Authors: Robinson Gordon H.
Published: November 2015

An experimental paradigm is presented which measures an operator's attention or sampling behavior as a function of the minimum number of variables necessary to structure the problem: (1) the operator's risk preference, (2) a controlled variable, and (3) costs of sampling and loss of control. Two normative models are compared with experimental data.
The Face as a Data Display
Authors: Jacob Robert J. K. , Egeth Howard E.
Published: November 2015

Computer-generated schematic faces have been proposed as a potentially useful medium for communicating complex data. Two experiments were performed to examine faces in this regard. In the first experiment, subjects performed a clustering task in a nine-dimensional Euclidean space. Subjects performed significantly and substantially better when the points in the nine-space were represented by faces than when they were represented in either of two alternate ways. In the second experiment, subjects performed a paired-associate learning task with faces and with a variety of other stimuli of three different dimensionalities. While faces were found to result in generally superior performance, a number of other interesting effects were also observed.
Driver Inputs during Emergency or Extreme Vehicle Maneuvers
Authors: Koppa Rodger J. , Hayes Gordon G.
Published: November 2015

Four representative vehicles used in a previous open-loop comparative study were tested with a sampling of volunteers from the general public. The tests included pre-planned and simulated emergency maneuvers. Various vehicle input and response parameters were measured, and the results were used to evaluate current open-loop test maneuvers and parameters. In addition, the degree to which this sampling of drivers utilized the full capabilities of the vehicles was determined. Drivers rarely use the full capabilities of vehicles and tend to adjust their inputs to neutralize differences among vehicles.
Driver Reaction to a Technical Safety Measure—Studded Tires
Authors: Rumar Kåre , Berggrund Ulf , Jernberg Per , Ytterbom Uno
Published: November 2015

An investigation was conducted to determine if drivers of vehicles with studded tires are making use of the increased coefficient of friction on icy roads to maintain a higher speed or to drive at a higher level of safety than do drivers with unstudded tires. Speeds, following-distances, and presence of studded tires were checked on several thousand vehicles in real traffic during early morning hours. The sample studied consisted of drivers in traffic between a suburb and the town of Uppsala. The measurements were carried out with traffic analyzers and studded-tires indicators on two consecutive curves. Studies were made in both dry and icy road conditions. The safety level was calculated in the following ways: (1) the quotient between coefficient of friction used and the maximum friction available in the curve, and (2) the quotient between actual speed and the highest possible speed in the curve. The results showed that, although drivers with vehicles equipped with studded tires are driving somewhat faster than drivers with unstudded tires in icy (low friction) road conditions, this increase in speed does not lead to lower safety. On the contrary, drivers with studded tires are, on the average, driving with larger safety margins than drivers with unstudded tires. In dry (high friction) road conditions, no clear differences in safety or speed were found.
Validation of a Programmed Instruction Technique for Driver Education
Authors: Simonnet Maryse , Moukhwas Dan
Published: November 2015

Six programmed instruction booklets on driving situations and traffic rules were produced and experimentally tested in several driving and secondary schools. The theoretical steps which led to the completion of this work and the validation experiment which took place after the booklets were released are described. Results showed that these booklets are an effective instructional tool even for self-taught students, but learning is most efficient when they are used in conjunction with a collective course using the same format for presentation.
Integrating Human Factors Models into Statistical Quality Control
Authors: Drury Colin G.
Published: November 2015

Recent progress in the statistical quality control field has led to the design of sampling plans which do not assume perfect inspection. Simple methods now exist for analyzing the effect of inspector error on the operating characteristic (OC) curve of a plan and further for redesigning the plan so that a predetermined OC curve is obtained. However, the usual assumption made about human inspection error is that it is constant. Many studies show that Type 1 and Type 2 inspector errors change systematically with many variables such as input quality, complexity of item inspected, type of fault, standards, individual differences, etc. This paper develops a methodology for including an explicit human inspector model into the sampling plan design. A particular model integrating visual search and decision making (proposed earlier by the author) is used to demonstrate the feasibility of including explicit human inspector data in the design process. The applications of this model to single and double sampling plans are discussed, together with evidence for the validity of the model under laboratory and field conditions.
Line Criteria in Target Acquisition with Television
Authors: Erickson Ronald A.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a review of experimental data from tests of target acquisition with electro-optical, raster scan systems. These data, as well as equipment parameters such as sensor field of view, system line number, display size, and target size on the display, can be used to estimate target acquisition performance by system operators. The paper lists the equations required to make such performance estimations, and several examples are given. The procedure can be used to compute equipment characteristics required to insure prescribed levels of target acquisition performance.
Visual Target Acquisition and Ocular Scanning Performance
Authors: Mocharnuk John B.
Published: November 2015

The present research investigated the effects of information and physical variables on visual search performance and on the ocular activity associated with that performance. Three experiments were completed using a brief exposure technique. The manipulated variables included memory load, exposure duration, and the physical grouping of information within a display. Several patterns emerged from the data. Stimulus information appeared to have no effect on eye movement measures. Instead, the physical restrictions imposed on the search task were responsible for changes in ocular behavior. However, there was a substantial effect of information on total search performance. The per item search rate increased as the total information in the display increased. This information effect was interpreted in terms of a variable processing rate hypothesis.
An Instrument for Detecting Faults in Flat Glass
Authors: Benson H. , Rickaby A.
Published: November 2015

One method of making flat glass is the float process, which produces an endless ribbon of the finished product. The width of the ribbon is approximately 10 feet. The glass contains faults such as bubbles and stones, which are small pieces of refractory material from the glass-melting tank.

In order to assess the quality of the product and be able to cut it into pieces of optimum size, we need to know the number of faults and where they are. At present the glass is examined visually before the ribbon is cut, the inspectors marking each fault with a dab of ink so that after cutting, the pieces containing faults can easily be seen.

To avoid the usual disadvantages of subjective examination, particularly since production speeds are continually rising, there is a need for some form of automatic inspection. An instrument to do this has been developed and, although not yet in full scale use, prototype trials on the production line have been carried out.
The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Determination of Moisture and Liquid Fat Content
Authors: Simpson R. J.
Published: November 2015

The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance has now been known for over two decades. However, it is only recently that a simple instrument has become available at a price low enough to make the use of this method attractive for routine moisture and liquid fat determination.
Quality Measurement on Yarn Bobbins Using Television Video-Waveforms
Authors: Hooper C. W. , Stickler G. A.
Published: November 2015

Following the impetus given by radar display techniques, television and flying spot systems have been used for microscopic and macroscopic measurements since about 1948. Their application to the inspection of yarn bobbins dates from about 1959, when our work on a comparison of these techniques with visual inspection methods was started.
Computer Control of Raw Material Blending for the Cement Industry
Authors: Young S. C. K.
Published: November 2015

The principles of blending control are explained with particular reference to a control scheme currently being implemented by G.E.C. Computers & Automation Ltd. for Skanska Cement AB at their Limhamn cement works. The control principles can, however, be applied to other blending plants.

The Limhamn blending process is briefly described in order to give an appreciation of the control problems involved. The computer, instrumentation and X-ray analysing systems are outlined.

The iterative optimiser is explained. This calculates set points for the material flows which, when implemented, result in manufacture of slurry with correct chemical composition at minimum cost.

On-line regulating techniques which control the blending machinery are described. The regulating programmes maintain material flows at their calculated set point values. They also control water addition in order to keep slurry water content constant.

Distinct advantages are to be obtained by the separate implementation of the optimising calculations or the regulating control, but the two are complementary, and to obtain maximum benefits, a computer control scheme should include both.
Transfer Functions for the Response of Pipeline Pressures to Flow Changes
Authors: Guy James J.
Published: November 2015

By approximating the equations for unsteady flow in a pipe carrying gas at high pressure, simple transfer functions relating the change in pressure at any point in the pipe to changes of flow into or out of the pipe are derived. It is shown how this may be applied to a pipe network.
The Control of the Eye's Intrinsic Muscles: A Multivariable Optimum Performance Control System
Authors: Toates F. M.
Published: November 2015

The reciprocal interaction between the accommodation and pupil control systems of the human eye is examined from a theoretical point of view. The system, which is responsible for maintaining pupil diameter at a value which is a compromise between conflicting requirements, is represented by a control model, and is considered in terms of the concept of a performance index.
Discontinuous ‘PD’ Control of Thermal Processes
Authors: Roots William K. , Shridhar Malayappan
Published: November 2015

In thermal processes (boilers, furnaces, torches etc.) that are often discontinuously controlled (to reduce the cost of control) a great, deal of confusion has existed as to the effect of derivative signals in the feedback loop. This has resulted in empirical design rules for the derivative feedback settings of their controllers. This paper presents an analysis of the effect of derivative feedback upon the performance indices of such processes. Methods of evaluating these indices, for various combinations of command and derivative feedback, are given. The boundaries are clearly defined for the process instability that results from excessive derivative feedback. It is shown that the well-known cycling characteristic display is inadequate for conveying to the practising engineer the effect of derivative feedback. Two new displays have been derived that clearly show the effect of command and derivative feedback upon the process performance. Finally, the optimum derivative feedback conditions are given for the typical process. The presentation is intended for the professional engineer concerned with the control of industrial processes.
Software for a Process-Control Laboratory
Authors: Clarke D. W.
Published: November 2015

The operation of a digital computer in a control laboratory imposes stringent requirements for a suitable language. Such a machine is used as part of a hybrid computer, to control and test pilot-scale plant, to analyse pre-recorded data, and to process relevant off-line programs. To achieve this degree of flexibility a high-level language with the facility for employing machine-language subroutines is essential. For on-line systems, input and output of data involves a straight-forward extension to normal practise; the main difficulty lies in the programming for the servicing of interrupts. This paper discusses the use of Fortran as the basis language of an on-line system and compares this with possible Algol-based systems.
The Dynamic Characteristics and Control of a Hydraulic Turbine
Authors: Djordjevic I. , Charlwood F. J. , Finkelstein L. , Houston M. W. C.
Published: November 2015

A dynamic model of a radial flow turbine was derived. The model was verified by tests on an experimental 5 hp Francis type turbine. The tests indicate that the model is adequate for control system design. A simulation of the model was used to study possible forms of turbine control. The studies demonstrated the advantages of simple adaptive and feedforward control.
A New Approach to Controlling Thermal Processes
Authors: Roots William K. , Meeker Loren D.
Published: November 2015

Roots and Wu (1967) established that meaningful models of common thermal processes (boilers without superheaters, furnaces, ovens, vats, kilns etc.) can be made from a cascade comprising an open-loop gain μ, a transit delay L, and a salient time constant T. They used this model to establish facile procedures for stability determination when such processes were closed-loop controlled. A new procedure is now presented that not only facilitates stability studies but also greatly simplifies transient response determination for all commands and disturbances likely to be encountered by such closed loop controlled processes. This new approach is based on a generalised parameter v that incorporates μ, L and T. Then by means of a new plane, the w plane, displays are presented that readily predict the stability criteria and the transient response for any practical combination of command and disturbance; as is shown by the examples contained in the Appendix. This has radically simplified the control amd instrumentation of the processes with which the authors are associated (induction furnaces, fluidised beds, plasma torches, zone refining, etc.) and the presentation is intended for industrial engineers concerned with the design and control of similar thermal processes.
Infra-Red Moisture Measurement on the Paper Machine
Authors: Scrivens Donald B. , Kent David W. , Sargeant Royston A. E.
Published: November 2015

The basic criteria for development of a suitable per cent moisture gauge for paper are discussed and the paper industry requirements analysed. The theory of operation for the infra-red gauge is explained and the various components of the system described at length. Installation methods for fixed point and traversing mechanisms are set forth. The significance of the calibration technique being used is discussed. A wide range of current installations is described and the extension of applications on the paper machine suggested.
Continuous Octane Monitoring
Authors: McLaughlin J. H. , Bajek W. A.
Published: November 2015

Reliable, accurate, continuous monitoring of octane number has been a long-standing need of the petroleum industry. For this reason, UOP developed the Monirex Octane Monitor, an instrument that contains a relatively simple reactor rather than a complex knock engine. Principle of operation is discussed, and so are potential applications to closed-loop control of refinery process and blending operations.
Stability of Pulse-Width Modulated Systems under Gaussian Disturbances
Authors: Heinen J. A. , Wu S. H.
Published: November 2015

A systematic procedure for determining the stability and oscillations of pulse-width modulated (PWM) feedback control systems under Gaussian disturbances is presented. The method is based upon statistical linearisation and the equivalent gain concept developed by Sridhar and Oldenburger. Equivalent gain formulas for general pulse-width modulated systems were developed and evaluated. Using these formulas a typical PWM system was studied. It was found that the predicted results agreed closely with the results obtained from computer simulation.
Bar and Billet Gauging—A Review
Authors: Williams R. V.
Published: November 2015

Rod and bar has been rolled for many years without the benefit of any form of gauging beyond the holding of a piece of wood against the moving stock. Quality control at present depends on retrieving processed material after cooling and using micrometer measurements to make mill adjustments. Valuable time is lost before any alteration in mill parameters is revealed and setting up is time consuming without rapid feedback of rolled diameter. Furthermore, any form of gauge control is not possible without the rapid determination of the diameter and profile of rolled material. The driving force behind automatic control of rod and bar mills and the considerable loss of revenue incurred by wastage of stock and in setting-up time has driven many investigators to examine ways and means of measuring rod and bar diameters. Over the past two years many schemes have been evaluated and some instruments will be commercially available shortly. This paper seeks to review the more interesting developments that have taken place in this area over the past two years.
Process Plant Data Transmission and Display—The Future Possibilities
Authors: Hurd Edward
Published: November 2015

The paper is in two sections. The first attempts to describe what an ideal man/machine interface might be in the control room; the second deals with a hardware implementation that could lead to the improved interface. Because the distribution of data is all important in any implementation of an advanced man/machine interface, a method of data distribution is synthesised similar to an associative memory in a computer system. Since the derivation of the system concept for the ‘Data Highway’ by the author, several similar systems have been proposed in recent literature.
Transient and Steady-State Measurement of Slip in Induction Motors
Authors: Hampshire D. W. H. , Gould C.
Published: November 2015

The measurement of the slip of an induction motor is a common industrial and educational measurement. Traditional methods of slip measurement, of which some of the most common are outlined, tend to be either inaccurate or cumbersome. A recently developed instrument which may be used for both transient and steady-state measurements, is described, which is easy to use and accurate results are quickly obtained. It is not necessary to make any connections to the supply or to fit a transducer to the shaft of the machine.
Trends in Panel Instrumentation
Authors: Balls B. W.
Published: November 2015

Examination of trends during the past 30 years shows that human engineering principles, when overlooked or suppressed, had to user reaction which must be heeded if optimum design is to be obtained. Data is presented to show that when the instrument becomes too small or too large there is a noticeable user reaction. For example, many users appear to demand process instruments that are larger than those permitted by the German DIN system of dimensions which was decided many years ago, before the widespread use of process control instruments. Electronic and digital techniques do not change fundamentals of human engineering but widen the scope for data presentation. As operators are a continuing requirement the paper considers some of the questions awaiting answers in the areas of display and total system reliability.
Weighing in Rolling Mills
Authors: Biss Edgar L.
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the part that modern weighing techniques play in increasing the efficiency of the rolling mill operation. Areas of production loss are pinpointed and weighing systems are described which reduce the losses. The regulations for commercial weighing are discussed in terms of the requirements met in rolling mills.
A Sensor System with Pulse-Number Output
Authors: Pirouzan A.
Published: November 2015

As part of an examination of the problems of instrumentation compatible with on-line computers, a design has been produced for a simple quasi-digital sensor system. In this, the information about the sensed variable is carried by the number of pulses in a pulse train transmitted by the sensor upon interrogation. This form of sensor system has a number of attractive features. The characteristics of the system are analysed and possibilities of further development proposed.
Pressure Transients in a Hydraulic Servo Having Unequal Oil Volumes
Authors: Martin K F
Published: November 2015

This paper reports a theoretical and experimental evaluation of the pressure transients in a hydraulic servo used to position a mass when the oil volumes on the two sides of the jack are substantially different.

Application of small perturbation theory to the closed loop shows that the pressure transients are smallest when the oil volumes are equal. The worst condition is shown to be at the stroke ends, the peak pressure increasing as the volume ratio increases. Predicted values obtained by analogue computer are in good accord with measurements made on an experimental rig.

An approximate guide is suggested for the relationship of peak pressures in the unequal and equal volume conditions.
Time Duration Multiplier for Quasi-Digital Instrumentation
Authors: Pirouzan A.
Published: November 2015

Various time-duration multiplier systems have been developed and discussed. They have attractive features for on-line computing systems, where the input data are in terms of time durations.

These systems which rely on repetition of a time duration can be used as advanced, sensitive sensors with discrete signal output. This application is just one example of the general case in which the time duration to be multiplied is a function of a variable to be measured.
The Improvement of Plant Integrity Using a Process Control Computer
Authors: Lees F P
Published: November 2015

Computer control and reliability engineering of processes have tended to develop separately, but the control computer can make a major contribution to improving reliability and operability in the process industries. Computer-based control systems are potentially highly reliable for basic feedback and logical control, and computer functions which are now conventional can greatly improve operability. In addition, however, the computer has potential—at present largely unexploited—for detecting and compensating for malfunctions, including incipient malfunctions, in plant equipment and instrumentation. It also offers a facility for obtaining high quality information on such malfunctions. In short, a computer-based system can be used to monitor and upgrade equipment reliability and process operability and is thus a major tool for loss prevention.
Calibration of Gas-Metering Constrictions
Authors: Redding T. H.
Published: November 2015

To extend the range of usefulness of a water calibrated metering constriction in the field of gas flow measurement, a method is described for determining the expansion coefficient (∈) which does not involve measurement of gas flow rate, while the precision of the method is such as to achieve accuracy tolerances of the order ±0· 30%. When used in conjunction with flow coefficients appropriate to incompressible flow, the flow coefficient appropriate to compressible flow is determined with an overall tolerance well within the limits ±0· 5% over a range of ∈ of 1 > ∈ > 0· 90.