bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Driving factors behind the eutrophication signal in understorey plant communities of deciduous temperate forests
Authors: Verheyen Kris , Baeten Lander , De Frenne Pieter , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Brunet Jörg , Cornelis Johnny , Decocq Guillaume , Dierschke Hartmut , Eriksson Ove , Hédl Radim , Heinken Thilo , Hermy Martin , Hommel Patrick , Kirby Keith , Naaf Tobias , Peterken George , Petřík Petr , Pfadenhauer Jörg , Van Calster Hans , Walther Gian‐Reto , Wulf Monika , Verstraeten Gorik
Published: November 2011

1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to change forest understorey plant community composition and diversity, but results of experimental addition studies and observational studies are not yet conclusive. A shortcoming of observational studies, which are generally based on resurveys or sampling along large deposition gradients, is the occurrence of temporal or spatial confounding factors.

2. We were able to assess the contribution of N deposition versus other ecological drivers on forest understorey plant communities by combining a temporal and spatial approach. Data from 1205 (semi‐)permanent vegetation plots taken from 23 rigorously selected understorey resurvey studies along a large deposition gradient across deciduous temperate forest in Europe were compiled and related to various local and regional driving factors, including the rate of atmospheric N deposition, the change in large herbivore densities and the change in canopy cover and composition.

3. Although no directional change in species richness occurred, there was considerable floristic turnover in the understorey plant community and a shift in species composition towards more shade‐tolerant and nutrient‐demanding species. However, atmospheric N deposition was not important in explaining the observed eutrophication signal. This signal seemed mainly related to a shift towards a denser canopy cover and a changed canopy species composition with a higher share of species with more easily decomposed litter.

4. Synthesis. Our multi‐site approach clearly demonstrates that one should be cautious when drawing conclusions about the impact of atmospheric N deposition based on the interpretation of plant community shifts in single sites or regions due to other, concurrent, ecological changes. Even though the effects of chronically increased N deposition on the forest plant communities are apparently obscured by the effects of canopy changes, the accumulated N might still have a significant impact. However, more research is needed to assess whether this N time bomb will indeed explode when canopies will open up again.
Exploration of community traits as ecological markers in microbial metagenomes
Authors: BARBERÁN ALBERT , FERNÁNDEZ‐GUERRA ANTONI , BOHANNAN BRENDAN J. M. , CASAMAYOR EMILIO O.
Published: November 2011

The rate of information collection generated by metagenomics is uncoupled with its meaningful ecological interpretation. New analytical approaches based on functional trait‐based ecology may help to bridge this gap and extend the trait approach to the community level in vast and complex environmental genetic data sets. Here, we explored a set of community traits that range from nucleotidic to genomic properties in 53 metagenomic aquatic samples from the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) expedition. We found significant differences between the community profile derived from the commonly used 16S rRNA gene and from the functional trait set. The traits proved to be valuable ecological markers by discriminating between marine ecosystems (coastal vs. open ocean) and between oceans (Atlantic vs. Indian vs. Pacific). Intertrait relationships were also assessed, and we propose some that could be further used as habitat descriptors or indicators of artefacts during sample processing. Overall, the approach presented here may help to interpret metagenomics data to gain a full understanding of microbial community patterns in a rigorous ecological framework.
Persistent Breeding‐Induced Endometritis after Hysteroscopic Insemination in the Mare
Authors: Ferrer MS , Lyle SK , Paccamonti DL , Eilts BE , Hosgood G , Godke RA
Published: November 2011

Contents

Low‐dose insemination has been proposed to reduce persistent breeding‐induced endometritis (PBIE) in mares with delayed uterine clearance (DUC). Others proposed that hysteroscopic insemination induces an exaggerated inflammatory response and should be avoided in DUC mares. The objectives here were to evaluate presence and severity of PBIE in normal and DUC mares after hysteroscopic insemination with fresh semen, and to determine if hysteroscopy could be used in DUC mares without inducing excessive inflammation. Reproductively normal (n = 4) and DUC (n = 5) mares received four treatments in random order: uterine body insemination (UB, 1 × 109 spermatozoa, 20 ml), hysteroscopic insemination (HYST, 5 × 106 spermatozoa, 0.5 ml), sham hysteroscopic insemination (SHAM, semen extender, 0.5 ml) and hysteroscopic infusion of seminal plasma (SP, 0.5 ml). Significantly more DUC (50%) mares than normal (14%) mares accumulated intrauterine fluid 24 h post‐treatment. The difference in fluid accumulation between DUC (40%) mares and normal (7%) mares was also significant 48 h post‐treatment. Fluid scores were not significantly different between treatments in normal mares. However, treatments HYST and SHAM resulted in significantly higher fluid scores 24 h but not 48 h post‐treatment in DUC mares. There was no effect of treatment or mare group on the percentage and total number of neutrophils in uterine fluid 48 h post‐treatment. Percentage of neutrophils was correlated with duration of hysteroscopy in normal mares, with procedures lasting ≥9 min associated with PBIE. There was no effect of mare group, treatment or duration of hysteroscopy on pregnancy rate. Hysteroscopy induces a transient inflammation that is not more severe than that after conventional artificial insemination, suggesting no contraindication to its use in DUC mares.
Efficacy and safety of indacaterol 150 and 300 µg in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients from six Asian areas including Japan: A 12‐week, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: KINOSHITA MASAHARU , LEE SANG HAAK , HANG LIANG‐WEN , ICHINOSE MASAKAZU , HOSOE MOTOI , OKINO NAOKO , PRASAD NIYATI , KRAMER BENJAMIN , FUKUCHI YOSHINOSUKE ,   FOR THE INDACATEROL ASIAN COPD STUDY INVESTIGATORS
Published: November 2011

Background and objective:  The efficacy and safety of indacaterol, a novel inhaled once daily ultra long‐acting β2‐agonist was evaluated in COPD patients in six Asian countries/areas. This study was primarily designed to obtain the regulatory approval of indacaterol in Japan.

Methods:  Moderate‐to‐severe COPD patients were randomized to indacaterol 150 µg, indacaterol 300 µg or placebo once daily. Efficacy variables: trough FEV1 (average of 23 h 10 min and 23 h 45 min post‐dose values), health status (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire) and transition dyspnoea index at week 12. Safety/tolerability was evaluated.

Results:  A total of 347 patients were randomized (96.5% male, mean (SD) age 66.7 (8.38) years, post‐bronchodilator FEV1% predicted: 53.7 (12.50)); 88.8% completed. The least squares means (LSM) trough FEV1 at week 12 for indacaterol 150 µg, indacaterol 300 µg and placebo were 1.34 L, 1.37 L and 1.17 L, respectively, with differences versus placebo exceeding the prespecified minimal clinically important difference of 0.12 L (0.17 L and 0.20 L for indacaterol 150 µg and 300 µg, respectively, both P < 0.001). The week 12 LSM transition dyspnoea index score was statistically superior for both indacaterol doses versus placebo (differences of 1.30 and 1.26, P < 0.001; both exceeding the minimal clinically important difference of 1). At week 12, both indacaterol doses provided statistically significant (P ≤ 0.005) and clinically meaningful (≥4 units) improvements in LSM St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score versus placebo (differences: −4.8 and −5.7 units). Adverse events for indacaterol (49.1%, both doses) were lower than placebo (59.0%) and were mostly mild/moderate in severity; no deaths were reported.

Conclusions:  Indacaterol provided clinically significant bronchodilation and improvements in dyspnoea and health status in Asian COPD patients.
The Supply Side of CO2 with Country Heterogeneity*
Authors: Hoel Michael
Published: November 2011

Several recent articles have analyzed climate policy, paying explicit attention to the fact that carbon resources are non‐renewable. In most of this body of literature, the economy is treated as a single unit and, in the context of climate policy, it seems reasonable to interpret this as the whole world. However, carbon taxes and other climate policies differ substantially across countries. With such heterogeneity, the effects on the emission paths of changes in taxes, costs, and subsidies might be very different from what is found for a hypothetical world of identical countries.
Rethinking strategy instruction: direct reading strategy instruction versus computer‐based guided practice
Authors: Lenhard Wolfgang , Baier Herbert , Endlich Darius , Schneider Wolfgang , Hoffmann Joachim
Published: November 2011

There are many established reading strategy training programmes, which explicitly teach strategic and meta‐cognitive knowledge to improve reading comprehension. Although instruction in strategy knowledge leads to improvements in meta‐cognitive skills, the effects do not always transfer to reading comprehension. Therefore, to investigate preconditions for knowledge transfer, two different strategy training programmes were implemented in nine classes of Grade 6 students (N = 148) over the course of one school year. One programme involved teacher‐directed instruction of declarative meta‐cognitive knowledge (Reading Detectives; Rühl & Souvignier, 2006). The other aimed at improving executive meta‐cognition by guided practice: students worked with a computer program based on latent semantic analysis (LSA) (conText) and received immediate feedback on written summaries. Although both groups improved their strategy knowledge to the same extent, the conText group showed a greater improvement in reading comprehension. These fndings suggest that guided practice, which is characterised by intensive practice and individualised corrective feedback, is superior to explicitly teaching strategy knowledge.
Soluble Aβ oligomer production and toxicity
Authors: Larson Megan E. , Lesné Sylvain E.
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 125–139.

For nearly 100 years following the first description of this neurological disorder by Dr Alois Alzheimer, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been hypothesized to cause neuronal loss. With evidence that the extent of insoluble, deposited amyloid poorly correlated with cognitive impairment, research efforts focused on soluble forms of Aβ, also referred as Aβ oligomers. Following a decade of studies, soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ are now believed to induce the deleterious cascade(s) involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding about endogenous oligomeric Aβ production, their relative toxicity in vivo and in vitro, and explore the potential future directions needed for the field.
γ‐Secretase inhibitors and modulators for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wolfe Michael S.
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 89–98.

γ‐Secretase is a membrane embedded aspartyl protease complex with presenilin as the catalytic component. Along with β‐secretase, this enzyme produces the amyloid β‐protein of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from the amyloid β‐protein precursor. Because of its key role in the pathogenesis of AD, γ‐secretase has been a prime target for drug discovery, and many inhibitors of this protease have been developed. The therapeutic potential of these inhibitors is virtually negated by the fact that γ‐secretase is an essential part of the Notch signaling pathway, rendering the compounds unacceptably toxic upon chronic exposure. However, these compounds have served as useful chemical tools for biological investigations. In contrast, γ‐secretase modulators continue to be of keen interest as possible AD therapeutics. These modulators either shift amyloid β‐protein production to shorter, less pathogenic peptides or inhibit the proteolysis of amyloid β‐protein precursor selectively compared to that of Notch. The various chemical types of inhibitors and modulators will be discussed, along with their use as probes for basic biology and their potential as AD therapeutics.
Regulation of β‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme 1 gene expression and its role in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sun Xiulian , Bromley‐Brits Kelley , Song Weihong
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 62–70.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaques are the hallmark neuropathology in AD brains. Proteolytic processing of amyloid‐β precursor protein at the β site by beta‐site amyloid‐β precursor protein‐cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is essential to generate Aβ, a central component of the neuritic plaques. BACE1 is increased in some sporadic AD brains, and dysregulation of BACE1 gene expression plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. This review will focus on the regulation of BACE1 gene expression at the transcriptional, post‐transcriptional, translation initiation, translational and post‐translational levels, and its role in AD pathogenesis. Further studies on BACE1 gene expression regulation will greatly contribute to our understanding of AD pathogenesis and reveal potential novel approaches for AD prevention and drug development.
Twenty years of Alzheimer’s disease‐causing mutations
Authors: Goate Alison , Hardy John
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 3–8.

In this study, we review our finding of APP mutations in Alzheimer’s disease in 1990–1991 with the benefit of 20 years’ perspective. We discuss the historical context in which we made the finding, its immediate and continuing effects on research activity and our hopes for successful clinical testing of the hypothesis. We also briefly discuss the effects finding APP mutations has had on our own careers and those of our colleagues from 1991.
Double‐Chambered Left Ventricle in Echocardiography
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yong , Cao Tie‐Sheng , Yuan Li‐Jun
Published: November 2011

In this article, we describe a double‐chambered left ventricle (LV) in a 37‐year‐old man. Its accessory chamber attached to the inferior and posterior wall of LV, and had normal systolic contraction without any regional wall motion abnormality. A double‐chambered LV was suspected on echocardiography and confirmed by cardiac computed tomography scanning and cardiac magnet resonance imaging. Our aim is to accentuate the value of echocardiography in this rare anomaly. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E67‐E68)
Effects of Anxiety, Disaster Education, and Resources on Disaster Preparedness Behavior
Authors: MISHRA SASMITA , SUAR DAMODAR
Published: November 2011

The thrust of this study is to understand the responses of anxiety‐prone people to threats like natural disasters. It examines whether anxiety influences disaster preparedness, and whether disaster education and resources mediate between anxiety and disaster preparedness. Data were collected from 300 people, each from flood‐prone and heat‐wave‐affected areas in Orissa, India. Controlling for the influence of age and family type, the results revealed that trait anxiety decreased flood and heat‐wave preparedness. Further, it was found that disaster education and resources are partial mediators between anxiety and flood preparedness and full mediators between anxiety and heat‐wave preparedness. Implications of the findings are discussed within the socioeconomic and cultural contexts of India.
Febrile urinary tract infections in young children: recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up
Authors: Ammenti Anita , Cataldi Luigi , Chimenz Roberto , Fanos Vassilios , La Manna Angela , Marra Giuseppina , Materassi Marco , Pecile Paolo , Pennesi Marco , Pisanello Lorena , Sica Felice , Toffolo Antonella , Montini Giovanni ,   on behalf of the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology
Published: November 2011

We report the recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, imaging evaluation and use of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with the first febrile urinary tract infection, aged 2 months to 3 years. They were prepared by a working group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology after careful review of the available literature and a consensus decision, when clear evidence was not available.

Conclusion:  These recommendations are endorsed by the Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology. They can also be a tool of comparison with other existing guidelines in issues in which much controversy still exists.
Identifying non-resonant Kepler planetary systems
Authors: Veras Dimitri , Ford Eric B.
Published: November 2011

The Kepler mission has discovered a plethora of multiple transiting planet candidate exosystems, many of which feature putative pairs of planets near mean motion resonance commensurabilities. Identifying potentially resonant systems could help guide future observations and enhance our understanding of planetary formation scenarios. We develop and apply an algebraic method to determine which Kepler two-planet systems cannot be in a first—fourth order resonance, given the current, publicly available data. This method identifies when any potentially resonant angle of a system must circulate. We identify and list 70 near-resonant systems which cannot actually reside in resonance, assuming a widely used formulation for deriving planetary masses from their observed radii and that these systems do not contain unseen bodies that affect the interactions of the observed planets. This work strengthens the argument that a high fraction of exoplanetary systems may be near resonance but not actually in resonance.
Surgical management of laryngeal collapse associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs
Authors: White R. N.
Published: November 2011

Objective: To describe the use of cricoarytenoid lateralisation combined with thyroarytenoid caudo‐ lateralisation (arytenoid laryngoplasty) for the management of stage II and III laryngeal collapse in dogs.

Methods: A retrospective study of a consecutive series of 12 dogs suffering from life‐threatening stage II or III laryngeal collapse associated with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome.

Results: Pre‐operatively, either stage II collapse (2/12) or stage III collapse (10/12) was confirmed on visual examination. In all cases, a left‐sided arytenoid laryngoplasty was performed. Two dogs were euthanased postoperatively as a result of persistent life‐threatening respiratory compromise. The procedure resulted in subjective enlargement of the rima glottidis and an associated improvement in respiratory function in the remaining 10 dogs. Follow‐up, long‐term outcome (median, 3·5 years) in these dogs indicated that all owners considered that the surgery had resulted in marked improvements in their dog's respiratory function, tolerance to exercise, and quality of life.

Clinical Significance: Combined cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid caudo‐lateralisation may be a useful procedure for treatment of stage II and III laryngeal collapse in the dog.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Volatile Compound Formation in Roasted Pumpkin Seeds with Selected Ion Flow Tube‐Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) and Sensory Analysis
Authors: Bowman T. , Barringer S.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo and maxima) seeds are uniquely flavored and commonly consumed as a healthy roasted snack. The objective was to determine dominant volatiles in raw and roasted pumpkin seeds, and the effect of seed coat, moisture content, fatty acid ratio, total lipids, reducing sugars, and harvest year on volatile formation. Sensory was conducted to evaluate overall liking of seed variety and texture. Seed processing included extraction from the fruit, dehydration, and roasting (150 °C). Oil extraction was done using soxhlet, fatty acid profile using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector, and reducing sugars using 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid and UV‐spectroscopy. Headspace analysis of seeds was performed by selected ion flow tube‐mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). Volatiles dominating in raw pumpkin seeds were lipid aldehydes, ethyl acetate, 2,3‐butandione, and dimethylsulfide. Compounds contributing to roasted aroma include alkylpyrazines and Strecker and lipid aldehydes. Overall, hull‐less seeds had higher volatile lipid aldehydes and Strecker aldehydes. Seeds dehydrated to a moisture content of 6.5% before roasting had higher initial and final volatile concentrations than seeds starting at 50% moisture. Higher oil content resulted in higher lipid aldehyde formation during roasting with a moderate correlation between free fatty acid ratio and corresponding lipid aldehyde. Harvest year (2009 compared with 2010) had a significant impact on volatile formation in hull‐less seeds, but not as much as variety differences. No significant correlation was found between reducing sugars and volatile formation. Sensory showed that hull‐less seeds were liked significantly more than hulled seeds.

Practical Application:  Elucidation of aromatic flavor development during roasting with SIFT‐MS provides information on flavor release and offers better control during processing. Knowledge of volatiles in raw and roasted pumpkin seeds and effects of seed coat, moisture content, seed composition, and harvest date will allow for better control over the production/storage/transportation process and a more educated decision during selection of a variety for production of pumpkin seeds in the snack food industry.
As (V) Biosorption in an Aqueous Solution Using Chemically Treated Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Residues
Authors: Marín‐Rangel Vania Marilyn , Cortés‐Martínez Raúl , Cuevas Villanueva Ruth Alfaro , Garnica‐Romo Ma. Guadalupe , Martínez‐Flores Héctor Eduardo
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The use of biosorbents to remove metals and metalloids from contaminated water systems has gained great usage in various parts of the world. The objective of the current study was to test lemon peels as biosorbents for As (V). Lemon peels were chemically characterized and arsenic contact experiments were performed to determine the adsorption capacity of the peels using different empirical models. The model that fit the experimental data was the Lagergren empirical model with a correlation coefficient of R= 0.8841. The results show that lemon peels were able to retain 474.8 μg of As (V)/g of biosorbent.

Practical Application:  Lemon agro‐industrial waste can be useful in the removal of heavy metals, such as arsenic, from aqueous media.
A Comparison of 16 Weeks of Continuous vs Intermittent Exercise Training in Chronic Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Smart Neil A. , Steele Michael
Published: November 2011

The authors compared the effects of continuous (CON) and intermittent (INT) exercise training programs on functional capacity, quality of life (QOL), and cardiac function in 23 congestive heart failure patients. Patients were randomized to CON exercise training (n=13; aged 66±7 years; peak oxygen consumption [VO2], 12.4±2.5 mL/kg/min; weight, 83±12 kg; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 29.5%±7.2%) or INT exercise training (n=10; aged 59±11 years; VO2, 12.2±6.5 mL/kg/min; weight, 87±24 kg; LVEF 27%±7.9%). These groups completed 16 weeks of stationary cycling at 70% VO2 thrice weekly for 30 minutes continuously or 60 minutes (60 seconds work:60 seconds rest) intermittently; both groups completed the same absolute volume of work. Three QOL questionnaire responses, VO2, LVEF, and regional tissue Doppler were quantified. After exercise training, VO2 increased by 13% in the CON group (P=.12) and significantly by 21% in the INT group (P=.03), although not significantly between the groups (P=.72). In the CON group, Minnesota Living With Heart Failure score improved at 16 weeks (P=.02), while in the INT group, Hare–Davis scores improved (P=.02). Cardiac volumes, resting and peak LVEF, contractile reserve, and tissue velocities were all unchanged from baseline. Intermittent exercise may improve functional capacity to a greater extent than continuous exercise. QOL changes were variable between groups. Congest Heart Fail.
Social acceptability of dental appearance and benefits of fixed orthodontic treatment: A 17‐year observational cohort study
Authors: Arrow Peter , Brennan David S. , Spencer John
Published: November 2011

Objectives: This study reports on the social acceptability of dental appearance and benefits of fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT) among a cohort of 13‐year‐old adolescents in 1988/1989 followed through to age 30 years in 2005/2006.

Methods: Adolescents were categorized into nominal treatment need groups based on the dental aesthetic index (DAI) score at age 13 (DAI: ≤ 25 “No Need”; 26‐30, “Elective”; 31‐35, “Desirable”; and ≥36, “Mandatory”). At age 30, calibrated examiners again assessed the DAI of traced participants. A reduction in the baseline DAI score of at least five units was considered a benefit. The change in DAI scores was examined by receipt of FOT. The number needed to treat (NNT) was estimated as an indicator of the efficacy of FOT.

Results: Of the 421 cohort participants examined at follow‐up, 148 had undergone FOT; 34 percent of those with FOT were classified at age 13 as “No Need” (n = 50); 21 percent as “Elective” (n = 31); 17 percent as “Desirable” (n = 26); and 28 percent as “Mandatory Need” (n = 41). The DAI score reduced significantly for those with and without FOT. The NNT from FOT for those individuals in the “No Need” category was 17 [95 percent confidence interval (CI) − 26‐6]; “Elective” 6 (95 percent CI – 27‐3); “Desirable” 5 (95 percent CI 3‐51) and “Mandatory Need” 14 (95 percent CI − 16‐4).

Conclusions: FOT provided a significant benefit only for individuals in the “Desirable” group at age 13. FOT appeared to offer little long‐term benefits in the social acceptability of dental appearance for the majority of individuals who underwent FOT.
Different strategies in anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds: nitrate reducers versus strict anaerobes
Authors: Philipp Bodo , Schink Bernhard
Published: November 2011

Mononuclear aromatic compounds are degraded anaerobically through pathways that are basically different from those used in the presence of oxygen. Whereas aerobic degradation destabilizes the aromatic π‐electron system by oxidative steps through oxygenase reactions, anaerobic degradation is most often initiated by a reductive attack. The benzoyl‐CoA pathway is the most important metabolic route in this context, and a broad variety of mononuclear aromatics, including phenol, cresols, toluene, xylenes and ethylbenzene, are channelled into this pathway through various modification reactions. Multifunctional phenolic compounds are metabolized via the reductive resorcinol pathway, the oxidative resorcinol pathway with hydroxyhydroquinone as key intermediate, and the phloroglucinol pathway. Comparison of the various pathways used for modification and degradation of aromatics in the absence of oxygen indicates that the strategies of breakdown of these compounds are largely determined by the redox potentials of the electron acceptors used, and by the overall reaction energetics. Consequently, nitrate reducers quite often use strategies for primary attack on aromatic compounds that differ from those used by sulfate‐reducing, iron‐reducing or fermenting bacteria.
An investigation of the accuracy of therapists’ self‐assessment of cognitive‐behaviour therapy skills
Authors: McManus Freda , Rakovshik Sarah , Kennerley Helen , Fennell Melanie , Westbrook David
Published: November 2011

Background. The impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions in routine clinical practice depends on those interventions being delivered competently. Since direct observation or independent assessment of therapists’ skills are typically limited in routine clinical practice, the assessment of competence, and thus of the need for further training and/or supervision to improve competence, rests mainly on the individual therapist's self‐assessment.

Aims. To examine the accuracy of therapists’ self‐assessment of their CBT competence in relation to supervisors’ assessments.

Method. Self‐ratings on the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS; Young & Beck, 1980; 1988) from two groups of trainees on established cognitive therapy training courses (n= 64) were compared to supervisors’ ratings of the same therapy sessions.

Results. There were moderate correlations between self‐ and supervisor assessments, and the previously reported over‐estimation of CBT skills (Brosan, Reynolds, & Moore, 2008) was not replicated in the current sample. Instead, these groups showed under‐estimation of their skills compared to supervisors’ ratings, with the less‐competent trainees’ ratings not being significantly different from their supervisors’ and the more competent trainees’ ratings being significantly lower than those of their supervisors.

Conclusions. Several possible explanations of the results are discussed and recommendations for ensuring the integrity of CBT delivered in routine clinical practice are made.
Finite Element Modeling of Orthogonal Metal Cutting
Authors: Komvopoulos K. , Erpenbeck S. A.
Published: November 2011

The finite element method was used to model chip formation in orthogonal metal cutting. Emphasis was given on analyzing the effect of important factors, such as plastic flow of the workpiece material, friction at the tool-workpiece interface, and wear of the tool, on the cutting process. To simulate separation of the chip from the workpiece, superposition of two nodes at each nodal location of a parting line of the initial mesh was imposed. According to the developed algorithm, the superimposed nodes were constrained to assume identical displacements, until approaching to a specified small distance from the tool tip. At that juncture, the displacement constraint was removed and separation of the nodes was allowed. Under the usual plane strain assumption, quasi-static finite element simulations of orthogonal metal cutting were performed for interfacial friction coefficients equal to zero, 0.15, and 0.5 and unworn or worn (cratered) tools having a strongly adherent built-up edge. To investigate the significance of the deformation of the workpiece material on the cutting process, elastic-perfectly plastic and elastic-plastic with isotropic strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity constitutive laws were used in the analysis. For simplicity, the tool material and the built-up edge were modeled as perfectly rigid. In all cases analyzed, the cutting speed and depth of cut were set equal to 183 m/min and 1.27 mm, respectively. Experiments confirmed that cutting of AISI 4340 steel with ceramic-coated tools under similar conditions led to the development of a built-up edge and the formation of continuous chips. The dimensions of the crater, assumed in the finite element simulations involving a cratered tool, were also determined from the same cutting experiments. Spatial distributions of the equivalent total plastic strain and the von Mises equivalent stress corresponding to steady-state cutting conditions and the normal and shear stresses at the rake face are contrasted and interpreted qualitatively in terms of critical parameters. The influence of interfacial friction, metal flow characteristics, and wear at the rake face of the tool on the steady-state magnitudes of the cutting forces, shear plane angle, chip thickness, and chip-tool contact length are also elucidated. Several aspects of the metal cutting process predicted by the finite element model agreed well with experimental results and phenomenological observations.
Genome Sequence of “Candidatus Frankia datiscae” Dg1, the Uncultured Microsymbiont from Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules of the Dicot Datisca glomerata
Authors: Persson Tomas , Benson David R. , Normand Philippe , Vanden Heuvel Brian , Pujic Petar , Chertkov Olga , Teshima Hazuki , Bruce David C. , Detter Chris , Tapia Roxanne , Han Shunsheng , Han James , Woyke Tanja , Pitluck Sam , Pennacchio Len , Nolan Matt , Ivanova Natalia , Pati Amrita , Land Miriam L. , Pawlowski Katharina , Berry Alison M.
Published: November 2011

Members of the noncultured clade of
Frankia
enter into root nodule symbioses with actinorhizal species from the orders Cucurbitales and Rosales. We report the genome sequence of a member of this clade originally from Pakistan but obtained from root nodules of the American plant
Datisca glomerata
without isolation in culture.
TAUB-NUT CRYSTAL
Authors: IMAZATO HARUNOBU , MIZOGUCHI SHUN'YA , YATA MASAYA
Published: November 2011

We consider the Gibbons–Hawking metric for a three-dimensional periodic array of multi-Taub-NUT centers, containing not only centers with a positive NUT charge but also ones with a negative NUT charge. The latter are regarded as representing the asymptotic form of the Atiyah–Hitchin metric. The periodic arrays of Taub-NUT centers have close parallels with ionic crystals, where the Gibbons–Hawking potential plays the role of the Coulomb static potential of the ions, and are similarly classified according to their space groups. After a periodic identification and a Z2 projection, the array is transformed by T-duality to a system of NS5-branes with the SU(2) structure, and a further standard embedding yields, though singular, a half-BPS heterotic 5-brane background with warped compact transverse dimensions. A discussion is given on the possibility of probing the singular geometry by two-dimensional gauge theories.
MATHEMATICS AND COMPLEXITY OF MULTI-PARTICLE SYSTEMS
Authors: BELLOMO N. , BREZZI F.
Published: November 2011

This brief note presents the papers published in a special issue devoted to complex systems in life sciences. Out of the set of papers some perspective ideas on conceivable future researches are extracted and brought to the attention of the readers. The final ambitious aim is to contribute to the development of a mathematical theory for complex living systems.
TOWARDS THE MODELING OF VEHICULAR TRAFFIC AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM: A KINETIC THEORY APPROACH
Authors: BELLOUQUID A. , DE ANGELIS E. , FERMO L.
Published: November 2011

Kinetic theory methods are applied in this paper to model the dynamics of vehicular traffic. The basic idea is to consider each vehicular-driver system as a single part, or micro-system, of a large complex system, in order to capture the heterogeneous behavior of all the micro-systems that compose the overall system. The evolution of the system is ruled by nonlinearly additive interactions described by stochastic games. A qualitative analysis for the proposed model with discrete states is developed, showing well-posedness of the related Cauchy problem for the spatially homogeneous case and for the spatially nonhomogeneous case, the latter with periodic boundary conditions. Numerical simulations are also performed, with the aim to show how the model proposed is able to reproduce empirical data and to show emerging behavior as the formation of clusters.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE PREDICTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TOOTH THERMAL PAIN: A REVIEW
Authors: ZHU Y. J. , XU F. , SU J. H. , ZHOU H. , LU T. J.
Published: November 2011

Tooth pain, especially tooth thermal pain, is one of the most important symptoms and signs in dental clinic and daily life. As a special sensation, pain has been studied extensively in both clinic and experimental research aimed at reducing or eliminating the possible negative effects of pain. Unfortunately, the full underlying mechanism of pain is still unclear, because the pain could be influenced by many factors, including physiological, psychological, physical, chemical, and biological factors and so on. Besides, most studies on pain mechanisms in the literature are based on skin pain sensation and only few are based on tooth pain. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on both neurophysiology of tooth pain mechanism, and corresponding thermal, mechanical, and thermomechanical behaviors of teeth. We also describe a multiscale modeling approach for quantifying tooth thermal pain by integrating the mathematic methods of engineering into the neuroscience. The mathematical model of tooth thermal pain will enable better understanding of thermal pain mechanism and optimization of existing diagnosis and treatment in dental clinic.
Mesangial Cell-Specific Antibodies Are Central to the Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Seret Guillaume , Le Meur Yannick , Renaudineau Yves , Youinou Pierre
Published: November 2011

Not only is nephritis a common complaint in systemic lupus erythematosus, but it is also the most life-threatening complication of the disease. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (Abs), which are found in up to 80% of these patients, might be nephritogenic per se. That is, they may cross-react with mesangial cell (MC) surface proteins, such as alpha-actinin and annexin A2, they may cross-react with mesangial matrix protein such as laminine and fibronectin, or they may recognize chromatin material previously deposited in the glomeruli. The consequence of the binding of anti-MC Abs may be their internalization, which results in activation and proliferation of these MCs. In turn, these activated MCs are suspected of promoting immune complex formation by sequestering and thereby protecting chromatin from degradation. The present paper will explain the mechanisms through which such autoAbs may initiate nephritis.
Associations between Identity Diffusion, Axis II Disorder, and Psychopathology in Inpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Sollberger Daniel , Gremaud-Heitz Daniela , Riemenschneider Anke , Küchenhoff Joachim , Dammann Gerhard , Walter Marc
Published: November 2011

Background: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from instability in their relationships, their affectivity, and their identity. However, the associations between these dimensions are not clear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between identity diffusion and psychopathology in BPD. Methods: In the second week of inpatient treatment, 52 patients with BPD were assessed with the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO) and questionnaires measuring general psychiatric symptoms, mood states, and negative affects (SCL-90-R, BDI, STAI, and STAXI). A median split was examined to differentiate BPD patients with high identity diffusion from those with low identity diffusion. Results: BPD patients with high identity diffusion did not differ in their social data from BPD patients with low identity diffusion. However, BPD patients with high identity diffusion showed significantly higher levels of psychiatric symptoms, as well as higher anxiety, anger, and depression scores (p < 0.01). Moreover, they suffered more frequently from concurrent personality disorders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate an association of identity diffusion with psychopathological symptoms and features of personality disorder and emphasize the clinical significance of identity diffusion for patients with BPD.
Psychometric Properties of the German Narcissism Inventory 90 (NI-90) in a Clinical and Non-Clinical Sample of Adolescents: A Comparative Study
Authors: Koch Tobias , Bondue Rebecca , Daig Isolde , Fliege Herbert , Scheithauer Herbert
Published: November 2011

Background: The Narcissism Inventory (NI) is a frequently used German inventory for measuring narcissism in clinical settings; an additional short version (NI-90) also exists. Psychometric properties of the NI-90 scales were examined in clinical and non-clinical adolescent samples. Methods: Two adolescent samples were assessed with the NI-90: a non-clinical sample (n = 439, mean age ± SD = 15.05 ± 1.77 years) and a clinical sample (n = 235, 18.26 ± 0.77 years). Confirmatory factor analysis and principle component analysis were used to scrutinize the structure of the scales. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict the scores on two scales (helpless self; negative body self). Results: This study revealed heterogeneity in the NI-90 scales, which in turn explains the wide range seen in Cronbach’s α (from 0.53 to 0.93). The postulated 4-factor structure could not be replicated in both samples. Multiple regression analysis revealed that personality disorder did not significantly predict negative body self or helpless self scores, whereas eating, mood, as well as somatoform and conversion disorders did. One NI-90 scale (greedy for praise and reassurance) showed sufficient psychometric quality for the measurement of narcissism in both samples. Conclusion: Based on the results, the authors recommend revising the NI-90. Items that may be useful for measuring aspects related to affective and body image complaints are presented. The greedy for praise and reassurance scale may be valuable for measuring features of ‘overt’ narcissism.
Epidemiology of Major Eye Diseases Leading to Blindness in Europe: A Literature Review
Authors: Prokofyeva Elena , Zrenner Eberhart
Published: November 2011

The objective of this work was to study the epidemiology of major eye diseases leading to blindness in Europe through a systematic literature review. The literature search was performed using the Medline database (PubMed), with MeSH and free text search terms. Inclusion criteria for the studies were: (a) performed on a healthy population of Caucasian origin aged between 50 and 75 years; (b) diagnosed by ophthalmological examination in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases 10; (c) contained a detailed description of the sampling and diagnostic procedures and data resources; (d) sample size >500, and (e) published between 1990 and 2008. The results of 57 studies on the prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are reported, providing an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of these diseases in Europe from an epidemiological perspective.
Intraspinal Injection of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Cells Is Neuroprotective in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Knippenberg Sarah , Thau Nadine , Schwabe Kerstin , Dengler Reinhard , Schambach Axel , Hass Ralf , Petri Susanne
Published: November 2011

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex and has only marginal therapeutic options. Adult stem cells have recently come into the focus of neurological research. While replacement of motor neurons by stem cells currently appears not feasible, there is evidence that non-neuronal cells can be neuroprotective. Objective: Therefore, we evaluated the effects of direct intraspinal administration of human umbilical cord blood cells in a G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS before (day 40) and after symptom onset (day 90). Methods: Treatment effects were assessed by survival analysis, behavioral tests, histological and biochemical analyses. Results: Treatment at early stages increased survival, led to significant improvements in motor performance and significantly reduced motor neuron loss and astrogliosis in the spinal cord. Interestingly females tended to respond better to treatment than males. Conclusion: This study confirms the neuroprotective potential of human umbilical cord blood cells and encourages further investigations.
Folic Acid Consumption throughout Pregnancy – Differentiation between Trimesters
Authors: Scott John
Published: November 2011

Intervention trials have demonstrated conclusively that oral ingestion of extra folic acid can prevent the majority of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects (NTDs). Data from these studies offer conclusive evidence that the intake of 400 µg/day folic acid provides this benefit. The big problem has remained that the neural plate closes to form the neural tube between day 21 and day 28 postconception, at which point most women do not even realize that they are pregnant. This, coupled with the fact that over half of all pregnancies are unplanned, has resulted in many studies showing that less than one-fifth of pregnancies have followed the recommendation for prevention. However, where compliance has been good or where folic acid has been added mandatorily, there has been the expected reduction in NTDs. Clarity regarding what is recommended for early pregnancy does not carry through to the second or third trimester of pregnancy where practices vary widely not only from country to country but even from clinician to clinician within particular countries.
Iron in Pregnancy – How Do We Secure an Appropriate Iron Status in the Mother and Child?
Authors: Milman Nils
Published: November 2011

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy are risk factors for preterm delivery, prematurity, and small for gestational age birth weight. Iron deficiency has a negative effect on intelligence and behavioral development in the infant. It is essential to prevent iron deficiency in the fetus by preventing iron deficiency in the pregnant woman. The requirements for absorbed iron increase during pregnancy from ∼1.0 mg/day in the first trimester to 7.5 mg/day in the third trimester. More than 90% of Scandinavian women of reproductive age have a dietary iron intake below the recommended 15 mg/day. Among nonpregnant women of reproductive age, ∼40% have plasma ferritin ≤30 µg/l, i.e. an unfavorable iron status with respect to pregnancy. An adequate iron status during pregnancy implies body iron reserves ≧500 mg at conception, but only 15–20% of women have iron reserves of such a magnitude. Iron supplements during pregnancy reduce the prevalence of IDA. In Europe, IDA can be prevented by a general low-dose iron prophylaxis of 30–40 mg ferrous iron taken between meals from early pregnancy to delivery. In affluent societies, individual iron prophylaxis tailored by the ferritin concentration should be preferred to general prophylaxis. Suggested guidelines are: ferritin >70 µg/l, no iron supplements; ferritin 31–70 µg/l, 30–40 mg ferrous iron per day, and ferritin ≤30 µg/l, 60–80 mg ferrous iron per day. In women with ferritin <15 µg/l, i.e. depleted iron reserves and possible IDA, therapeutic doses of 100 mg ferrous iron per day should be advised.
Drug Interaction in Psycho-Oncology: Antidepressants and Antineoplastics
Authors: Miguel C. , Albuquerque E.
Published: November 2011

Background and Objectives: Although there is a growing impact of psychiatric and depressive disorders in cancer patients, literature on the idiosyncrasies of antidepressants (ADs) used in those conditions and their interactions with antineoplastic agents (ANs) is scarce. Sharing the same biotransformation pathways enhances the risk of drug interaction between ADs and ANs, specifically when compounds are inducers, inhibitors or substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP 450). In cancer patients, such drug interactions may result in less efficacy of the drug and/or increase of their side effects. Therefore, the choice of AD should be cautious (safe and effective) and well supported. The main purpose of this review was to analyze the individual pharmacokinetic properties of the most used ADs and ANs in order to summarize the risk of possible drug interactions between them, anticipating the consequences of their coadministration. Methods: The authors reviewed books and PubMed online articles published in the last 6 years. Results: Most of the ANs are subject to transformation by CYP 450 3A4 and their coadministration with ADs, that have inhibitory properties of this CYP isoform, such as fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine, may result in the loss of the AN’s efficacy or higher toxicity. Conclusion: Among the ADs, escitalopram, citalopram, venlafaxine, mirtazapine and milnacipran stand out for their weak CYP 450 inhibitory potential and their safety profile in those patients.