bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine Trophoblast Cells: Establishment of Cell Culture System and Comparison to In Vivo Qualities
Authors: Zeiler M. , Leiser R. , Pfarrer C.
Published: November 2005

Cell culture offers a specifically good understanding of single factors during complex signal transduction pathways, and cell–cell interactions can be examined in small scale. In the bovine synepitheliochorial placenta the peculiarity of ‘restricted’ trophoblast invasion is found as non‐polarized trophoblast giant cells migrating into the uterine epithelium. Specific expression patterns of integrin receptors in trophoblast cells have already been shown in relation to the differentiation of the haemochorial placenta of humans and rodents. For evaluation of integrin function during the precisely controlled trophoblast invasion in cow, it is important to develop a model system, where primary cell cultures from cotyledons are compared to in vivo trophoblast cells. Uteri of pregnant cows were gathered during routine slaughtering. In parallel, placentomes were snap‐frozen for the production of cryosections, and other placentomes were manually separated into fetal cotyledon and maternal caruncle. Dissociation of the cotyledonary cells was accomplished with collagenase I, and cells were cultivated in Quantum 286 (PAA Laboratories GmbH, Linz), a special medium for epithelial cells, containing 10% fetal calf serum. A population of mainly epitheloid cells was achieved by controlled trypsin/EDTA treatment, because of different adhesive forces of fibroblasts and epithelial cells to the substrate. Both, confluent growing cells and tissue sections, were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies against cytokeratin, integrin subunits α6, β1, α and β, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) components laminin and fibronectin. The epithelial character of the propagated cells was proven by their distinct immunostaining for cytokeratin. In vivo expressed integrin subunits α6 and β1 were found colocalized along cell‐cell borders and towards the flask ground. The corresponding ECM ligand laminin occurred in both, cells and tissue. In tissue sections fibronectin and subunits α and β3 were not detected in trophoblast cells, however, in vitro these cells displayed a weak immunoreactivity. Summarizing, a method for the cultivation of bovine trophoblast cells was successfully established. The comparison of in vivo and in vitro expressed integrins and ECM showed that the cells in part maintained their in vivo attributes, and therefore are suitable for the study of cell–cell interactions.

Funded by German Research Foundation.
The Anatomy of the Kidney of the Soleidae (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes): the Importance of Plastination and Interest for the Phylogeny of Flatfishes
Authors: Chanet B. , Betti E. , Desoutter M. , Guintard C. , Grondin G.
Published: November 2005

Pleuronectiformes or flatfishes are teleostean fishes well known for their external asymmetry, with the two eyes on one side of the body, right or left according to the species. Their internal asymmetry has not been studied in detail in various species and we report here some original observation and manipulation on the kidney of some flatfishes. In most flatfishes, the kidney is an uneven and symmetrical organ present in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, lying on the ventral side of the vertebral column, between the haemal arches. Dorsally, the kidney bends ventrally and the whole organ is boomerang‐shaped. However, in two flatfish families, the structure of the kidney appears to be different. Kobelkowsky (2000) shows that the kidney of the American soles (family Achiridae) is asymmetrical with a more developed right posterior part extending backwards between the haemal spines and the right epaxial musculature. Such an asymmetry has been mentioned in the common sole (Solea solea [Soleidae]) by Audigé (1910) and forgotten in the subsequent literature. However, it is the left side posterior part that is more developed in the common sole. This peculiar structure has been observed in dissected and plastinated specimens of several soleid species. This anatomical feature seems to be unique to flatfish species belonging to the Soleidae, a more developed left posterior of the kidney appears to be a synapomorphy of the animals belonging to this family and confirms the monophyly of this group. We hope to specify this point in a near future. The anatomy of kidney should then be taken in account in future works dedicated to flatfishes systematics. Conclusions:(1) The anatomy of soft organs is mostly unknown for flatfishes, even for those of economic importance, and examination of the structures of these species is highly needed. (2) The study of the soft anatomy reveals a new set of data for the research of flatfish phylogeny. (3) In order to make a better comparison between the different species, a process of good conservation, like plastination, is needed for preservation of the structures (Grondin and Olry, 2000; Dieckwisch, 1990). In fish, plastination is well known to preserve the internal organs (Asadi, 1998).

References  Asadi, M.H., 1998: Plastination of Sturgeons with the S10 technique in Iran: the first Trials. J. Int. Soc. Plastination, 13: 15–16.

Audigé, J., 1910: Contribution à l’étude des reins des poissons téléostéens. Arch. Zool. Expér., 5 sér. 4: 275‐624.

Dieckwisch, B., 1996: Plastination of fishes. 5th Int. Conf. Plast., Heidelberg, Germany.

Grondin, G. and R. Olry, 2000: Current Plastination Index 2000, Publication of the International Society for Plastination, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières ed., 66 p.

Kobelkowsky, A., 2000: Sistema urogenital de los lenguados de la familia Achiridae (Pisces : Pleuronectiformes) del Golfo de México. Hidrobiológica, 10: 51–60.
Teaching of Anatomy of Genital Organs in the Large Animals
Authors: Constantinescu G. M.
Published: November 2005

At the University of Missouri‐Columbia, USA, teaching the anatomy of genital organs in large (and in small) animals is clinically oriented.

In the male horse, ox, and pig, the descriptive anatomy of the structures is taught in that order as they are listed in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Clinical correlates are immediately mentioned in relation to each of the following structures. The testicle, epididymis, ductus deferens, spermatic cord, and tunics of spermatic cord and testis are correlated to the castration, criptorchidism, ectopic testicles, and inguinal herniae, as well as to the landmarks and approaches to different clinical techniques. The penis and male urethra are correlated to the prolapse of the prepuce, ulcerative posthitis, balanitis, penile deviation, penischisis, persistent penile frenulum, short retractor penis muscle, catheterization of the urethra, the contagious equine metritis (CEM), etc. In the female horse, ox and pig, following the similar order as in the male species, the ovary and the salpinx are correlated to the diagnosis of pregnancy by rectal exploration, ovarian hypoplasia, ectopic pregnancy, and ovariectomy. The uterus is correlated to the different aspects of metritis and endometritis, to the retained placenta, pyometra, uterine torsion, uterine prolapse and eversion, Caesarian section, diagnosis of pregnancy and different stages of oestrus by rectal exploration, double external ostium of the cervix, distocia, and the assessment of possible difficulties in the birth process. The vagina and vestibulum vaginae are correlated to the gaertneritis, vaginal and cervical prolapse, vaginitis, catheterization of the urinary bladder, and pelvimetry. The vulva and clitoris are correlated to vulvitis, balanitis, distocia, episiotomy, and transmissible genital diseases. Different kinds of udder diseases (mastitis) are based on the thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the udder including the blood and nerve supply and the lymphatic system.

The two techniques of epidural anesthesia (Magda and Farquharson in ruminants) and subsacral anaesthesia (Popescu) for diagnosis and treatment purposes are explained in detail.
Vascularization and Production of Mitogenic Factor(S) in Domestic Cat (Felis catus) Testes: Preliminary Results
Authors: Alexandre‐ Pires A. , Ferreira‐Dias G. , Mateus L. , Mendes‐ Jorge L. , Cifuentes J. M. , Alemañ N.
Published: November 2005

Some male seasonal breeders are known to undergo testicular growth and regression throughout the year. The periodic and fast physiological development and regression processes, with simultaneous fast changes in blood flow, appears to be stimulated by angiogenic substances and inhibited by anti‐angiogenic factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season on microvascularization and production of angiogenic factors by testicular tissue, using the male cat as a model. Monthly, testes were collected post mortem from domestic stray cats, for histology and for tissue culture. Testis explants were cultured for 18h and conditioned media were tested for their ability to stimulate mitogenesis of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was used as a positive control. Proliferative response of BAEC to samples was evaluated by determining the number of cells in each well using a Neubauer chamber. Vascular density was assessed by a computerized image analysis (‘Scion Image, NIH, USA’) based on the total histological area occupied by the vascular lumen. Percentage data subjected to arcsine transformation were analysed by one‐way ANOVA and post‐comparison tests. There was a significant increase in microvascular areas in November (P < 0.001), when compared to the remaining months (LSD test). All cat testicular tissue showed the capability to increase BAEC proliferation, when compared to negative controls, throughout the study. However, there was an increase in BAEC mitogenesis in February (P < 0.05) and November (P < 0.001), when compared to the other months. Our data show that cat testicular tissue from different periods of the year stimulates angiogenic factor(s). Furthermore, changes in angiogenesis may play a role on vascular growth and regression of the testes during the breeding and non‐breeding season in the male cat.
Effects of Ozone (O3) on Survival and Development of Chick Embryos After Gas Exposure In Ovo
Authors: Hoffmann A. , Thiele M. , Fehlhaber K. , Seeger J.
Published: November 2005

We investigated the embryotoxicity of ozone (O3), after gas exposure in ovo, to chick embryos of the Lohmann‐Weiss strain. The main aim of the study is to reduce the microbiological content, particularly of Salmonella enteritides on the egg surface by the use of ozone in different concentrations and response times. The aim of our morphological study is to analyse the influence of gas exposure to the embryonal development of chick. Ozone has proved its worth as a disinfectant without the harmful adverse effects of formaldehyde. The chick embryo provides a useful and well‐defined model for analysis of toxicity of chemicals, particularly with regard to an alternative disinfectant: ozone. Embryotoxicity of ozone in developing chick embryos was studied by examining different parameters: deformities and pathohistology of heart, liver, kidney and spleen, weight, length and survival of embryo. After oviposition the eggs were transferred to a chamber filled with ozon‐oxygen‐mixture in a defined concentration (1% ‐ 5.22%). After achievement of the ozone concentration the eggs were incubated over various response times have 20, 30, 60 min or 17 h. After the incubator times of 18, 19 or 20 days we studied the development of the gas exposed embryos and unexposed controls. The organs were fixed in 4% formalin, embedded in paraffin, cut and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin. High ozone concentration over 5% and high response time of 1 hour provided low graded survival rates of 3.3–13.3%. There was significantly increase of the survival rate after decline of ozone concentration and response time of 90–100%. We found also a remarkable decrease of weight and length in fewer surviving gas exposed embryos with high ozone concentration and response time (Fig. 1.), compared with the normal development of gas‐exposed embryos with study of high survival rate (Fig. 2.). We calculated a 60% increase in the survival rate of embryos exposed to high ozone concentration without response time. In low ozone concentration (1.8%) with high response time of 17 hours the survival rate decreased to 10%. We found no signs of deformities and pathohistology of organs in our embryological examination. In conclusion, ozone has a dose‐dependent effect. The response time constitutes an important factor in the survival and growth of chick embryos after exposure to ozone in ovo.

image
[ High ozone concentration over 5% and high response time of 1 hour result in a low survival rate of 3,3% and the surviving embryo shows a decrease in body weight and length (right) in comparison to the biggest (left) and lowest (middle) unexposed embryo. ]

image
[ Height comparison between the unexposed controls (both embryos on the left side) with gas exposed embryos (both embryos on the right side) in a study with low ozone concentration of 1% and low response time of 20 minutes. There are no differences in body weight and length between the unexposed and exposed embryos. ]
The Distribution and Chemical Coding of Intramural Nerve Structures Supplying the Porcine Stomach
Authors: Kaleczyc J. , Klimczuk M. , Franke‐Radowiecka A. , Sienkiewicz W. , ŁAkomy M.
Published: November 2005

The present study investigated the arrangement and chemical coding of intramural nerve structures supplying the porcine stomach. Tissue samples comprising all layers of the wall of the ventricular fundus were collected from juvenile female pigs (n = 4), which were first deeply anaesthetized and then transcardially perfused with buffered paraformaldehyde. The cryostat sections were processed for double‐labelling immunofluorescence to study the distribution of the intramural nerve structures (visualized with antibodies against protein gene‐product 9.5) and their neurochemical characteristics using antibodies against vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal‐polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) and substance P (SP). The study confirmed the presence of three distinct nerve plexuses within the wall of the porcine stomach including one myenteric plexus and two, outer and inner, submucous plexuses. The outer and inner submucous plexuses (OSP and ISP, respectively) were similar in respect to the chemical coding of neurons they contained. Most of the neurons expressed immunoreactivity to SP (ISP 58%; OSP 60%) or to VAChT (ISP 56%; OSP 56%), some of them stained for GAL (ISP 18%; OSP 15%) and solitary nerve cells were SOM‐positive (in ISP only). No neurons in the submucous plexuses displayed immunoreactivity to VIP or NOS. In the myenteric plexus, some neurons stained for NOS (20%), VAChT (15%), GAL (10%), VIP (8%) or SP (8%) while no neurons immunoreactive for SOM were encountered. In both submucous and myenteric plexuses, many varicose nerve fibres expressed immunoreactivity to VAChT, GAL or SP, while VIP‐, SOM‐ or NOS‐positive nerve terminals were less numerous. The comparison of the present results with those obtained by other authors has revealed distinct inter‐species differences regarding the arrangement and chemical coding of nerve structures supplying the mammalian stomach.
Microvascularization of the Third Eyelid in Dogs
Authors: Alexandre‐Pires G. , Mendes‐ Jorge L. , Correia M. , Esperança Pina J. A.
Published: November 2005

The third eyelid protects the eye, contribute to the aqueous portion of the pre‐ocular film and its distribution over the corneal surface, as well as removal of foreign material from the anterior surface of the eye. It is rather vulnerable during fights and clinicians often have to perform surgery for third eyelid neoplasia. In dogs, this lid has a triangular shape, being widest at its free margin. It is vascularized by branches of the malar artery. Being of such importance as an adnexa of the eye, the authors concentrated their attention on its vascularization, which is not well defined.

Methods:  Scanning Electronic Microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and intact tissue.

Observations:  It was quite interesting to notice the presence of two patterns of vascularization inside the third eyelid. One can say that there are two segmental levels of vessels. In one of these there is a predominance of arteries and veins, while in the other a meshwork of third order arteries, capillaries and post‐capillary venules are present. In fact, the branch of the malar artery that reaches the base of the third eyelid divides into smaller branches that cross almost the complete length of the lid giving only a few collateral vessels, in a monopodical way, and only near the free margin of the lid is possible to observe dicothomical ramifications that became rather anastomotic (being anastomoses of type I and II are present) and contribute to the microvascular meshwork. This microvascular net is drained by post‐capillary venules and veins that empty as a brush into bigger veins that occupy the same segmental level as the third eyelid artery.

Remarks:  This uncommon angioarchitecture is probably an adaptation to the fact that in the medial canthus of the eye this lid has a smaller space and the way of obtaining an efficient vascularization is by going straight to the top of the lid.
3D‐Determination of the Position of the Distal Phalanx Relative to the Claw Capsule in Cattle
Authors: Maierl J. , Böttcher P. , Liebich H. ‐G.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  On one hand, the distal phalanx in cattle is suspended by the wall segment of the dermis, on the other hand it is supported in the palmar/plantar region by the bulb with its specialized subcutaneous tissue. Recent results of various studies suggest that changes in tissue composition of the bulb and slackening of the suspension can lead to an unphysiological position of the distal phalanx within the horn capsule. This leads to an altered distribution of pressure and mechanically influences the dermal blood supply. In the worst case these changes may lead to sole ulcer.

Aims:  The aim of this study was to develop a method to allow measuring the minimal distance between the surface of the distal phalanx and the inner surface of the horn capsule under various loading.

Material and Methods:  The right front and the left hindclaws have been taken from seven healthy beef bulls (German Simmentals, average body weight 580 ± 25 kg) from the local abattoir. After functional claw trimming the feet have been scanned in a computed tomograph (veterinary surgical clinics) in unloaded and the loaded state [distribution of body weight: 55% (front legs): 45 % (hind legs)]. Each distal phalanx and claw capsule have been reconstructed in both datasets via threshholding (‘marching‐cube‐algorithm’). The minimal distance between both objects has been measured by the ‘nearest‐neighbour‐algorithm’.

Results:  No significant differences could be observed between front and hind claws and lateral and medial claws respectively. In the unloaded state there was a distance of 4–6 mm in the dorsal, abaxial and axial aspect of the distal phalanx, which almost remained constant in the loaded state. On the solear surface values increased from 3 mm at the tip of the coffin bone to 7–8 mm at the flexor tubercle where significant distance changes (approx. 3 mm) could be observed.

Discussion:  A tilting movement of the distal phalanx becomes obvious with loading. Thus, especially the region of transition between the soft and the hard bulb experiences heavy compressive stress. This coincides topographically with the incidence of sole ulcers.
Quantitative Histochemical Study of Perineural Nets in the Retrosplenial Cortex of Albino Rats
Authors: Mubarak W. , Sayed R. , Ohtsuka A. , Taguchi T. , Murakami T.
Published: November 2005

Reticular or net‐like perineuronal coatings enriched with proteoglycans (PGs) and/or glycoproteins (GPs) were demonstrated to ensheathe cell surfaces of certain neuronal circuits in the central nervous system of mammals, reptiles and fishes. In this investigation the coated or ensheathed neurons in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) of adult albino rats were quantified using a computerised analysing system. They were distributed throughout the II–IV cortical layers and comprised about 24.25% of total neurons. The perineuronal coatings were expressed with a cationic iron colloid (CIC), CIC/Bodian staining and with certain plant lectins from Vicia villosa agglutinin ‘VVA’, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin ‘WFA’ and Glycine max agglutinin ‘SBA’. The mean number of coated neurons per unit area (UA, 60.15 μm2), as labelled by CIC or CIC/Bodian, VVA, WFA and SBA staining was 4.01 ± 0.42, 4.43 ± 0.37, 6.45 ± 0.87, 5.70 ± 0.73 and 3.91 ± 0.53, respectively. In addition, labelling indicated by the aforementioned stains were 10.55%, 11.55%, 16.97%, 15.00% and 10.23%. Notably, the labelled retrosplenial neurons underwent a non‐significant increase with progression of animal age at the first post‐natal year. However, they declined thereafter toward senility. Qualitatively, there were three types of coated neuronal circuits at the RSC of rats: PGs‐, GPs‐ and PGs/GPs‐ coated cells, which comprised 9%, 64% and 27%, respectively. This data indicated that the GPs‐ and GPs/PGs‐ coated neurons in the RSC of albino rats were more prevalent than the PGs‐ coated ones.
Blood Supply to the Pigeon Wing and Flying Muscles
Authors: Petneházy Ö. , Sótonyi P. , Tóth M.
Published: November 2005

In this study the vascularization of the wing and the two main breast muscles of pigeons was investigated using classical anatomical techniques. Three groups of 9‐month‐old pigeons cadavers were dissected. Each group contained six animals. The cadavers of the group no. 1 were first fixed using 4% formaldehyde solution and the arteries filled with coloured latex. After coagulation we dissected the pectoral (pectoral and supracoracoid) muscles and the supplying branches of the pectoral trunk. We followed also the subclavian, the axillary, the brachial, the radial and ulnar arteries as they vascularized the wing. The cadavers of group no. 2 were used as fresh cadavers and perfused via the brachial artery in retrograde direction with methyl–methacrylate. After the polymerization, the bodies were placed in concentrated hydrochloric acid so the microvascularization of the great breast muscles and the arteries of the wings could be investigated. The arteries of the group no. 3 were filled with BaSO4 solution after fixed with formalin and radiographed. Using this method we could represent the relation of the arteries to the bones. The breast muscles that move the wing are mainly vascularized by the pectoral trunk, which is the strongest branch of the subclavian artery and divides into the cranial, middle and the caudal pectoral arteries. Also the sternoclavicular artery is giving strong rami to the supracoracoid muscle by the lateral border of the coracoid. The subcutaneous thoracoabdominal vessels that supply the brood patches are branches of the pectoral trunk too. The brachial artery lies between the biceps and triceps brachii muscles on the medial side of the humerus and ramifies at the level proximal of the elbow joint to the stronger ulnar and weaker radial arteries. The radial lies cranially, covered by the pronator muscles and gives two branches, the deep and superficial radial arteries. The ulnar artery also gives off two: the superficial and deep ulnar arteries, which supply the flexor muscles and vascularize the distal part of the wing.
Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF) and FGF Receptor (FGFR) in the Horse Placenta
Authors: Pfarrer C. , Abd‐Elnaeim M. , Allen W. R. , Wilsher S. , Schams D. , Leiser R.
Published: November 2005

Members of the fibroblast growth factor family have been shown to stimulate angiogenesis and cell differentiation during embryogenesis and invasive haemochorial placentation. The non‐invasive epitheliochorial horse placenta is characterized by the occurrence of specialized areolae between the microcotyledons, where secretions of endometrial glands are imbibed by the pseudostratified trophoblast cells throughout gestation. Therefore, we hypothesize that trophoblast cells may be programmed differently depending on their location and function. The influence of FGF family members during placentation in the mare was evaluated in tissues from five mares at days 110, 121, 179, 199, and 309 of gestation. Placental samples were perfusion‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded, and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against FGF1 and FGF2 (which have been shown to influence cells of mesenchymal origin), FGF7 which acts on epithelial cells, and an antibody against FGFR which recognizes various receptor isoforms. FGF1 immunostaining occurred in most cells of the placenta throughout gestation, with the strongest expression in vascular structures. FGF2 protein expression differed in relation to location and stage of gestation. Trophoblast and endometrial epithelial cells in the microcotyledons showed strong nuclear expression, whereas areolar trophoblast, fetal and maternal endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells of large allantochorionic blood vessels all showed cytoplasmic localization of FGF2. Near term, on day 309, FGF2 expression ceased in all types of cells. FGF7 immunoreactivity was observed predominantly in the nuclei of endometrial gland cells and the cytoplasm of trophoblast cells, and to a lesser extent in the endometrial epithelium. FGFR immunoreaction occurred almost exclusively in vascular cells, such as the endothelium and smooth muscle cells of large blood vessels, and staining declined towards term. The nuclear localization of FGF2 and FGF7 suggests the presence of high molecular weight isoforms, which have been shown to be involved in specific autocrine transcription processes, like activation of endometrial glands and differentiation of trophoblast cells. In contrast, the cytoplasmic localization of FGFs indicates the presence of low molecular weight isoforms. These would represent the classic FGFR binding isoforms that may be involved in angiogenesis mediated by auto‐ and paracrine mechanisms.
Vitamin D3 Receptor Immunohistochemistry in Sheep and Goat Intestine
Authors: Riner K. , Liesegang A. , Boos A.
Published: November 2005

Disturbed calcium homeostasis during the peripartal period is a major problem in domesticated ruminants. Clinical signs of hypocalcaemia shortly after calving (periparturient paresis) occur in cattle, predominately in elder animals. On the contrary, in sheep and goat, periparturient paresis is mainly evident several weeks before and only in some cases after parturition. In high‐yielding dairy goats, however, periparturient paresis also occurs – as in the dairy cow – during the peripartal period (Ruffin et al., 2002). Vitamin D3 receptors (VDR) participate in the regulation of calcium homeostasis by increasing the efflux of calcium from bone and dietary sources into blood. The nutritional availability of calcium during the peripartal period has been examined in cattle: VDR concentrations in colon decrease with age, being significantly higher during pregnancy and lactation and are temporarily lower at parturition (Goff et al., 1991). However, similar data have not been evaluated for sheep and goat. Thus, tissue specimens of small and large intestines were collected from lambs and non‐lactating, non‐pregnant adult animals of both species. Formaldehyde fixed and microwave treated paraffin sections were used for VDR immunohistochemistry employing a biotinylated monoclonal rat antibody and streptavidin peroxidase technique. Preliminary results in adult sheep showed that VDR immunoreactivities generally were higher in deep parts of crypts, decreased towards openings and were low in surface epithelium. Staining was most prominent in duodenal mucosa, lower in jejunum and further decreased in ileum and colon. It was lowest in caecum. Smaller numbers of immunopositive cells and reduced staining intensities resulted in weaker immunoreactions in the latter segments of small and large intestines. In addition to nuclear tinction, cytoplasmic staining was mainly evident in duodenum, at lower levels in jejunum and negligible in ileum, colon and caecum. Immunohistochemistry of goat and lamb intestines are currently performed, thus the effects of age and species are presently unknown. Our preliminary results indicate that VDRs are highly expressed at the site of presumed maximal intestinal calcium resorption.

References  Ruffin, DC et al. 2002, In: Sheep and Goat Medicine, DG Pugh (ed), Philadelphia: WB Saunders.

Goff, JP et al. 1991. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 4022–4032.
Specialised Vascular Structures in the Pododerma of the Camel Footpad (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Saber A.S. , Weyrauch K.D. , Hirschberg R.M. , Riess M.
Published: November 2005

Aims:  The even‐hoofed, unguligrade tylopods display a well‐developed eponymous footpad that absorbs most of the body weight in locomotion and is particularly adapted to the sandy ground surface of the natural environment of dromedaries. Considering the drastic changes in temperature occurring in the desert sand, specialised thermoregulatory vascular and nervous structures are to be expected in the modified pododerma of this footpad. Therefore, the aim of the study was to demonstrate the angioarchitecture of the camelid footpad and to detect specialised vascular structures related to these specific functions.

Material and Methods:  Corrosion casting of fore and hind feet of dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius); scanning electron microscopy of micro‐corrosion casts

Results and Discussion:  The dense angioarchitecture of the dromedary footpad, like that of unmodified skin, can be subdivided into separate plexus arranged at different levels: a subcutaneous plexus, a profound dermal plexus, a superficial dermal plexus and a subepidermal plexus.

The subepidermal blood vessels run very close to the dermo‐epidermal borderline and thus the subepidermal angioarchitecture consists of densely vascularised conical papillae comprised of centrally situated papillary arteriole and venule ensheathed in a dense subepidermal capillary network. At the tip of the papillae, the central papillary arteriole and venule form a peripheral capillary loop, acting as a thoroughfare channel. This dermal angioarchitecture of the dromedary footpad is comparable to the papillary system described in the bulbs of the highly specialised digital end organs of many other odd‐ and even‐hoofed mammals, particularly the equine hoof and the bovine claw.

Within the subcutaneous and the deep dermal plexus of the dromedary foot pad, unique glomus‐like vascular structures were detectable, presumably associated with cutaneous thermoregulation as described for the unmodified hairy skin.
Nocturnal haemodialysis: An Australian cost comparison with conventional satellite haemodialysis (Review Article)
Authors: AGAR JOHN WM , KNIGHT RICHARD J , SIMMONDS ROSEMARY E , BODDINGTON JANEANE M , WALDRON CLAIRE M , SOMERVILLE CHRISTINE A
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY:  Dialysis is an expensive therapy, particularly considering its recurrent, protracted nature while patient numbers are also increasing. To afford dialysis for those in need, smarter, more efficient use of limited funds is mandatory. Newer techniques and improved equipment now permit safe, highly effective haemodialysis (HD) at home, alone and while asleep. Indeed, the increase in treatment hours and frequency achieved through nocturnal HD both increase HD efficiency and reduce cardiovascular stress when comparing nocturnal HD (6 nights/week for 8 h/treatment) to conventional daytime HD (4 h/treatment, three times/week). This study compares the expenditure of two distinct HD programmes in the same renal service during the Australian financial year 2003/2004. A conventional satellite HD unit (SHDU) and a nocturnal home HD programme (NHHD6) are compared, with both programmes ‘notionalised’ to 30 patients. The state‐derived funding models under which these programmes operate are explained. All wage costs, recurrent expenditure, fixed costs and the estimated costs of building and infrastructure are included. The total NHHD6 programme expenditure was $A33 392/patient per year ($103.82/treatment) and was $3892/patient per year less (a 10.75% saving) when compared with the SHDU expenditure of $36 284/patient per year ($232.58/treatment). This represented an annual $116 750 programme saving for a 30 patient cohort. Potential additional NHHD6 savings in erythropoietin, hospitalization and social security dependence were also identified. Home‐based therapies are clinically sound, effective and fiscally prudent and efficient. Funding models should reward home‐based HD. Health services should encourage home training and support systems, sustaining patients at home wherever possible.
Wasp envenomation‐induced acute renal failure: A report of three cases (Case Report)
Authors: VIKRANT SANJAY , PANDEY DEVESHWAR , MACHHAN PREM , GUPTA DALIP , KAUSHAL SURINDER SINGH , GROVER NEELAM
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY:  Acute renal failure is an unusual complication of wasp stings. We report three cases who developed acute renal failure after multiple wasp stings (Vespa magnifica). Two patients had evidence of intravascular haemolysis and rhabdomyolysis whereas one patient investigation showed no evidence of intravascular haemolysis or rhabdomyolysis. All three cases had impaired liver functions. Oligo‐anuria was seen in all three of the patients and all of them required dialytic support. One patient died of massive gastrointestinal bleeding while the remaining two recovered completely. Although acute renal failure after wasp stings is typically caused by acute tubular necrosis in the setting of haemolysis or rhabdomyolysis, in some patients, renal failure may result from a direct nephrotoxic effect or acute interstitial nephritis from a hypersensitivity reaction to the wasp venom.
Sirolimus: Its role in nephrology (Review Article)
Authors: LEE VINCENT WS , CHAPMAN JEREMY R
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY:  Sirolimus (Rapamycin, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia) (SRL) has received increasing attention as an immunosuppressant in renal and other solid organ transplantation. Sirolimus is the first marketed agent in a new class of drugs with a novel mechanism of action. Sirolimus binds, like tacrolimus, to a member of the FK binding protein (FKBP) family. The SRL/FKBP complex binds to the protein kinase mTOR. Binding to mTOR blocks activation of signal transduction pathways causing arrest of the cell cycle in the G1 phase. It is now known that mTOR is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation. The immunosuppressive properties of SRL are due primarily to blockade of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)‐induced proliferation of T cells. There is still much to be learnt about how best to use the drug. The key advantage over the current choice of immunosuppressive agents is the ability to preserve renal function and pathology while producing excellent rejection‐free, graft survival rates. Thus, SRL may find its pivotal role as a calcineurin inhibitors replacement in patients whose grafts are affected by chronic allograft nephropathy. A second major driver for use may prove to be the impact of SRL on cancer incidence and prognosis. Studies still need to be performed to evaluate the best timing for commencement of SRL and the optimal dosage to minimize side‐effects.
Alterations in the biochemical markers of renal function after sevoflurane anaesthesia
Authors: ŞEKEROĞLU MEHMET R , KATI İSMAİL , NOYAN TEVFİK , DÜLGER HALUK , YALÇINKAYA AHMET S
Published: November 2005

Aim:  This study has been carried out to see whether renal function is acutely altered in patients undergoing sevoflurane anaesthesia. For this purpose, the urinary levels of markers of renal tubular function, namely leucine amino peptidase (LAP), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and beta‐2 microglobulin (beta‐2M), and urinary albumin as a predictor of renal glomerular function were measured before and after sevoflurane anaesthesia.

Methods:  This study was comprised of 20 patients (11 males and nine females) aged 18–55, who underwent various elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. Urine samples of all patients were collected before and 1, 2 and 8 h after the anaesthesia. The levels of LAP, GGT, beta‐2M, and albumin were then expressed as factored by urinary creatinine. In all patients, the anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (2% end‐tidal) at a high flow‐rate (6 L/min).

Results:  Urinary beta‐2M and LAP levels after anaesthesia were unchanged (P > 0.05). While urinary GGT and ALP levels were found elevated in the first hour, LDH levels were higher in the second hour (P < 0.05). They returned to normal levels in the later periods after the anaesthesia. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was significantly elevated in the second hour after the anaesthesia (P < 0.001). Although UAE was decreased in the eighth hour after the anaesthesia, it still remained higher than the pre‐anaesthesia level (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  These results suggest that a 2% end‐tidal concentration of sevoflurane at a high flow‐rate (6 L/min) acutely alters renal glomerular function but does not have a significant acute effect on biochemical markers of renal tubular damage.
Elevated serum interleukin‐18 levels might reflect the high risk of hospitalization in patients on peritoneal dialysis
Authors: YANO AI , NAKAO KAZUSHI , SARAI AI , AKAGI SHIGERU , KIHARA TAKASHI , MORIMOTO HISANORI , NAKAMURA AKIHIKO , HIRAMATSU MAKOTO , NAGAKE YOSHIO , MAKINO HIROFUMI
Published: November 2005

Background:  Interleukin (IL)‐18 is a potent pro‐inflammatory cytokine and plays a central role in atherosclerotic plaque rupture and accelerates atherosclerosis.

Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine serum IL‐18 levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and to assess their relationship with hospitalization.

Methods:  Forty‐three PD patients and 20 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. We investigated the relationship of the serum concentrations of IL‐18 and other well‐established atherosclerotic markers, such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Hospitalization data from over a 18‐month period were prospectively obtained on all 43 PD patients. Classic factors were entered into a Cox regression model to predict first hospitalization.

Results:  The serum levels of IL‐18 in patients on PD were significantly higher than those of healthy individuals (228.5 ± 140.3 pg/mL vs 154.8 ± 44.7 pg/mL, P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, serum IL‐18 levels showed a positive correlation with duration of PD, serum β2 microglobulin and serum ADMA levels. Mean serum levels of IL‐18 were significantly higher among patients who had experienced at least one hospitalization than those who had not (279.9 ± 164.3 vs 158.5 ± 43.9 pg/mL, P = 0.0426). Furthermore, the relative risk for first hospitalization for each increase in IL‐18 (pg/mL) levels was associated with a 1.182 (95% confidence interval, 1.012–1.364; P = 0.0071) increase in the risk for future hospitalization events.

Conclusion:  The present study suggests the elevated serum IL‐18 levels might increase the risk for future hospitalization in patients on PD.
A study of gene expression of cyclophilin in childhood refractory nephrotic syndrome and its clinical significance
Authors: XIA ZHENGKUN , LIU GUANLING , GAO YUANFU
Published: November 2005

Aim:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of gene expression of cyclophilin (CyP) in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome (NS).

Methods:  The levels of leukocyte mRNA expression in 33 cases of childhood refractory NS were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). The CyP levels in these children were compared with those of a healthy control groups.

Results:  Cyclophilin (408 bp) and β‐actin bands (234 bp) were distinct on electrophoresis. The levels of leukocyte CyP mRNA expression were higher in children with mesangio‐proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) than in minimal‐change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), whereas in membrano‐proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) they were found to be lower. The levels of leukocyte CyP mRNA were increased with exacerbation of clinical disease. Determination of the levels of leukocyte CyP mRNA expression in children with different clinical types showed that there was no difference in the levels of CyP mRNA expression in children with prednisone‐dependent, frequent relapsing or prednisone‐resistant types. The level of leukocyte CyP mRNA expression was found to be higher in acute stage groups than in convalescent stage or control groups.

Conclusions:  Determination of the levels of leukocyte CyP mRNA may be of assistance in cyclosporine A therapy.
Left atrial mechanical functions in pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Ingec Metin , Yilmaz Mustafa , Gundogdu Fuat
Published: November 2005

Aim: To assess the effect of short‐term pressure overload on left atrial (LA) mechanical function in pre‐eclampsia.

Methods: Twenty women with pre‐eclampsia and 17 age‐matched healthy pregnant women were included. LA volumes were measured echocardiographically at the time of mitral valve opening (Vmax), onset of atrial systole (p‐wave at the electrocardiography = Vp) and mitral valve closure (Vmin) according to the biplane area‐length method.

Results: The mean age, gestational age, weight and body surface area were similar in pre‐eclampsia and controls. The ventricular septal and posterior wall thickness were greater in pre‐eclampsia (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in LA diameter, Vmax, Vmin, Vp, LA‐passive emptying volume, LA‐passive emptying fraction, LA‐active emptying volume, LA‐active emptying fraction, conduit volume, LA‐total emptying volume and LA‐total emptying fraction between the groups.

Conclusion: Left atrial mechanical function didn’t change in pre‐eclampsia. We conclude that short‐lasting pressure overload is not capable of inducing changes in LA function.
Microwave endometrial ablation for menorrhagia caused by large submucous myomas
Authors: Kanaoka Yasushi , Hirai Kouzo , Ishiko Osamu
Published: November 2005

Aim: To examine the feasibility of microwave endometrial ablation (MEA), using a curved microwave applicator, in patients with menorrhagia caused by a submucous myoma greater than 3 cm in diameter, which is among the contraindications for conventional endometrial ablation.

Methods: Patients included were refractory to medication, more than 45 years of age, and due to undergo hysterectomy to treat menorrhagia as a result of submucous myomas, although they hoped to avoid hysterectomy. Three patients underwent MEA at 2.45 GHz using a curved microwave applicator and microwave tissue coagulator to treat menorrhagia. Patients 1, 2 and 3 had submucous myoma nodes 4.5, 5.0 and 13 cm in diameter respectively. The applicator was guided under transabdominal ultrasonography to microwave irradiation sites arranged to cover the entire uterine lining based on preoperative magnetic resonance images. MEA was performed under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. Microwaves were irradiated at 40 W for 50 s for single irradiation sites.

Results: Patient 1 became amenorrheic after the second MEA, which was performed 2 months after the first operation. Patients 2 and 3 became amenorrheic after the first MEA. Postoperative abdominal pain was controllable by a suppository of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The patients were discharged the day after the operation. No remarkable complications were encountered during or after surgery.

Conclusion: Microwave endometrial ablation improves menorrhagia caused by large submucous myomas when the microwave applicator reaches all parts of the uterine cavity.
Routine histopathologic analysis of product of conception following first‐trimester spontaneous miscarriages
Authors: Tasci Yasemin , Dilbaz Serdar , Secilmis Ozlem , Dilbaz Berna , Ozfuttu Ahmet , Haberal Ali
Published: November 2005

Aim: To evaluate the histopathologic findings relating to tissue samples collected at surgical uterine evacuation in first‐trimester spontaneous miscarriages.

Methods: In this retrospective study, histopathologic diagnosis of the tissue samples obtained via surgical uterine evacuation in patients who were admitted to the Early Pregnancy Clinic in a 12‐month period with the diagnosis of incomplete miscarriage (n = 970), missed miscarriage (n = 406) and anembryonic miscarriage (n = 230) in the first trimester was recorded and compared with the presurgery diagnosis.

Results: Uterine evacuation was performed in cases of incomplete miscarriage (n = 970, 60.4%), missed miscarriage (n = 406, 25.2%) and anembryonic miscarriage (n = 230, 14.3%). Histopathologic examination revealed the product of conception in 1119 patients (69.7%), while partial hydatidiform mole was diagnosed in 33 patients (2.1%). Complete hydatidiform mole was detected in only seven cases (0.43%). Exaggerated placental site and placental site trophoblastic nodule was detected in two cases (0.12%). Decidual tissue without chorionic villi was reported in 272 patients (16.9%), raising the suspicion of presence of other pathology.

Conclusions: By routine histopathologic assessment of products of first‐trimester spontaneous miscarriages, important pathologies such as molar pregnancy and placental trophoblastic disease can be diagnosed. Histopathological assessment has great value in the identification of an ectopic pregnancy or infection when compared with clinical and laboratory findings.
Quantitative partitioning of regional and local processes shaping regional diversity patterns
Authors: Rajaniemi Tara K. , Goldberg Deborah E. , Turkington Roy , Dyer Andrew R.
Published: November 2005

Much recent research explaining plant community diversity has focused on comparing the relative impacts of regional and local processes. We employed a novel analysis to quantify the effects of multiple regional and local processes on species richness, and to make quantitative comparisons of those effects across two sites that differ in plot‐level species richness, productivity and environmental conditions. While abiotic stress and competition limited richness within the communities at both sites, only differences in the overall pool of species at the site, likely resulting from long‐distance dispersal and climate fluctuations, explained the differences in plot‐level richness between sites. Patterns in local richness may be driven by a temporal storage effect, with greater richness in the site with greater climatic variability. By identifying both the factors that impact diversity within communities and those that vary systematically across communities, our integrated approach provides a better understanding of regional diversity patterns.
Psychosocial effects of vitiligo
Authors: Ongenae K , Beelaert L , van Geel N , Naeyaert J‐M
Published: November 2005

A limited number of studies have paid attention to the psychosocial well‐being of patients affected with vitiligo. We review the psychosocial effects of vitiligo, how patients deal with them and the psychiatric morbidity in vitiligo patients. Given the appreciable comorbidity, it is important to consider these observations in the management of patients, for example in patient–physician interaction but also in treatment strategies and evaluation of treatments. The effects of the psychological state on the disease itself together with the potential therapeutic implications are reviewed. Based on these data, we suggest how to further improve patient's management.