bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professionalism in the Media World?
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias , Köcher Renate
Published: March 2007

The present situation of journalism is interpreted in relation to a background of historical developments and social structures. Today, journalists play a key role especially in public conflicts. Comparing the legal foundations and editorial structures of journalism in liberal democracies, differences can be found. Differences in professional standards and role interpretations also exist. These differences modify the impact of personal opinions on reporting in the various countries. Besides some similarities between journalism and the professions, there are also important differences, especially in modes of ethical orientation and the degree of selectivity allowed when relating current to previous judgements and taking account of the consequences of one's behaviour.
Caging the Beast: Constructing a Framework for the Analysis of Media Change in Western Europe
Authors: McQuail Denis ,   the Euromedia Research Group
Published: March 2007

The causes which underlie current changes in European media systems are numerous and complex and present alternative possibilities for interpretation and for research directions. This article examines some of the alternatives and chooses to place an emphasis on the factors of external pressure and internal conflict. Commerce provides the main driving force for change, but the outcome will depend on a balance of forces, which include the wishes of the public.
FLORIAN ZNANIECKI: POLISH SOCIOLOGIST OR AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER?
Authors: Markiewicz-Lagneau Janina
Published: March 2007

Znaniecki's initial interests were mainly philosophical until his collaboration with Thomas. His contribution to The Polish Peasant was predominantly methodological. It was an attempt to synthesise grand theory and empiricism, to recover the legacy of positivism while undertaking its critique. Znaniecki's epistemology rests on the neo-Kantian demarcation between the natural and the cultural sciences. The latter investigate the relationship of human beings with symbolic objects, i.e. values. Since they live in society, individuals are endowed with a value system which enables them to communicate. Conversely, cultural systems are made up of real flesh-and-blood human beings. Hence the sociologist must study them both as conscious and active subjects in society, and also as objects of interaction. A parallel with Weber may be drawn up, while the contract with Durkheimian sociology is obvious.
THE LITERARY FIELD: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF BOURDIEU'S SOCIOLOGY OF ART
Authors: Gerhards Jürgen , Anheier Helmut K.
Published: March 2007

Bourdieu describes the structure of society as a result of class conflicts and status competition. Art in general, and the literary field in particular, is interpreted as a differentiated social field that is autonomous in the sense that it follows its own logic - the competition for cultural legitimation. What literature has in common with other social systems is the stratification of its internal structure into a hierarchical arrangement. Thus the literary field can be described as a horizontally differentiated system that is, however, vertically differentiated internally.

The concern of the paper is to test Bourdieu's theoretical considerations empirically. Data for the analysis and interpretation are based on interviews of Cologne writers. The data are analysed with the aid of blockmodel and correspondence analysis. As far as the data allows us to operationalise the thesis that the literary field is an autonomous differentiated system, Bourdieu's thesis is confirmed. The internal structure can be described more precisely: the first line of demarcation is, in fact, the difference that Bourdieu described between legitimate and illegitimate art: high-culture literature and low-culture literature are the two poles of the literary field. The realm of the legitimate literature is further differentiated into three blocks (elite, junior elite, periphery). The elite and the periphery differ in terms of the different degrees of success. The junior elite occupies an intermediate place. Bourdieu's sociology of literature is supported by the empirical material at hand.
EMOTIONAL `MAN': I. THE EMOTIONAL `MAN' AND THE PROBLEM OF COLLECTIVE ACTION
Authors: Flam Helena
Published: March 2007

The rational and normative man models have predominated in the social sciences. This paper proposes an emotional `man' model as an alternative point of departure for analyses of individual, but also of collective and corporate, action. The overall argument is developed in two steps. First, the concepts of `pure' and `constrained' emotional `man' are introduced and developed. Then an emotional interaction model addressing the theme of cooperation is presented. After engaging the cooperative interaction model of `love' to highlight certain aspects of collective action, the author engages the concepts of `pure' and `constrained' emotional action to provide a new perspective on corporate actors. The conclusion proposes how the construction of a 3-dimensional - normative, emotional and rational - action model could be approached.
Authenticity and Identity
Authors: Barthel-Bouchier Diane
Published: March 2007

Many scholars see the tourist as engaged in a search for authenticity, a managed effect which tourist sites strive to produce in convincing forms and formats. This intellectual concern is reflected in the current debate over heritage, in which questions are raised as to exactly how far historic sites can and should try to achieve historical authenticity. Much of this discourse, however, seems strangely detached from social structures relating to power, social class and ethnicity. Using the case example of the Amana Colonies in southeastern Iowa, the author examines who stands to benefit from efforts to achieve authentic representations of this community's pietist and communal past. Examining the social interactions and social structures relating to both historic conservation and tourism in Amana, the author concludes that only heritage professionals appear to have a short-term interest in approximating historical reality through accurate historic representations. In the long-term perspective, however, it is argued that both residents and tourists might be seen as having interests that run counter to their apparent short-term interests in the economic and entertainment exploitation of this historic resource.
Cultural Studies, Critical Theory and Cultural Governance
Authors: Thompson Kenneth
Published: March 2007

It can be argued that, in the light of the `cultural turn' in sociology, the search for new sources of critical theory, might profitably begin by considering the contributions of the interdisciplinary field of cultural studies, particularly the lessons to be learned from the Frankfurt School and then from British cultural studies in dealing with the problem of reconciling radical critical theory with the demands of cultural policy and administration. The contributions of these two traditions in cultural theory to debates about cultural governance are used to illustrate the dilemma.
GENDER AND LAND REFORM: ZIMBABWE AND SOME COMPARISONS
Authors: Jacobs Susie
Published: March 2007

The article compares a study of Zimbabwean land reform with several others of the same individualised holdings type in Africa and elsewhere. It makes the point that land reform programmes should be analysed with regard both to gender and class relations among the peasantry. After discussing the historical background to Zimbabwean resettlement policies, the case study takes up topics such as the provision of services, community formation, class divisions, changes in family structure and division of labour and the impact of state officials. The Zimbabwean reform appears to have had more positive effects on women than have most of the others examined. This may be due to the recent prosperity of the Resettlement Areas studied, to the (mixed) impact of a nuclear family model, and to the influence of state officials in curbing male behaviour. However, as in other cases, since women are not granted land rights, they remain dependants of men.
NOTES ON THE SERVICING OF TRIUMPHANT SUB-GROUPISM
Authors: Rosenau James N.
Published: March 2007

We live in a time of fragmenting social systems, a pattern inherent in the emergent structures of world politics. Viewed from the perspective of the leaders of sub-systems that prevail and take over the reins of systemic power, crucial choices have to be made by way of implementing their triumphs. At stake is nothing less than choosing between the likelihood of further fragmentation or the possibility of restoring whole system coherence. The pattern of choices made by Vaclav Havel, Nelson Mandela, Andrei Sakharov and Lech Walesa is offered as a hopeful indicator of how systemic renewal can at least be initiated in a turbulent world.
RHETORICAL ETHNICITY OF PERMANENT SOJOURNERS: THE CASE OF ISRAELI IMMIGRANTS IN THE CHICAGO AREA
Authors: Uriely Natan
Published: March 2007

Immigrants who perceive their stay in the host country as a temporary stay are known as sojourners. In this article I examine the sojourn experience and ethnic attachment of Israeli immigrants in Chicago. I portray the sojourn experience as a dynamic process, in which the orientation towards the place of residence, and the experience of being a stranger can be changed over time. This process is analysed by giving close attention to sojourners who remain in the host country without any concrete plans or without a definite date of returning to the homeland. Those of them who maintain their general wish to return to the homeland are labelled in this study as `permanent sojourners', and their orientation towards their place of residence represents a compromise between the `sojourner' and the `settler' types of orientation. The findings reveal that Israeli `permanent sojourners' express a unique form of ethnicity, which I term `rhetorical ethnicity'. The manifestation and meaning of this form of ethnicity are discussed in the light of new forms of ethnicity in the United States. The findings and conclusions of this article are based on a field study of two discrete status groups of Israeli immigrants in the Chicago area.
THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF FAMILY PLANNING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO IRAN: A THEORETICAL APPRAISAL
Authors: Sheykhi Mohammad Taghi
Published: March 2007

Iran's explosive population growth, which increases the country's population by about 1.9 million people annually, is causing a considerable strain on resources and the environment, and the coming generations will be facing a serious situation unless this trend is reversed. The strength of cultural values has not encouraged a declining population growth rate in parallel with the Iranian wave of modernisation before and after the revolution. A special cultural revolution is the prerequisite for a demographic revolution. This study is placing the main emphasis on the social and psychological factors involved in family planning. The general findings of surveys conducted so far demonstrate that few people know anything about family planning and methods of contraception. Social, cultural and religious institutions seem to inhibit the expansion of family planning. Moreover, the lack of economic and social security promotes a large family size and prevents contraceptive use. However, social change in Iranian society will eventually be brought about by urbanisation, industrialisation and education, and the ensuing modernisation of values is expected to increase the use of contraceptives and lead to changes in the associated social and cultural institutions.
Social Science and Contemporary Society
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: March 2007

Social science has developed on the premises of social and scientific optimism and as the intellectual pendant of a liberal ideology which sought to manage change and claimed to be able to eliminate the sources of social unhappiness. Modernity has been justified on the materialist and collectivist bases of the amelioration of the conditions of life and of social justice for all. But these have proved to be unfulfillable promises which are no longer trusted. Furthermore, capital accumulation is incompatible with this legitimation of modernity because it is based on the appropriation of surplus value by some from others. How can social science and social scientists respond to the present era of pessimism in which the limits of the liberal and capitalist agendas have been recognized? Social science must recreate itself: the key element is the return of substantive rationality to the centre of our intellectual concerns. Science is never disinterested and empiricism always presumes prior commitments. The ambiguity of Weber's distinction between formal and substantive rationality is built into the modern world's geoculture. Substantive rationality involves the choice of a moral politics which addresses the issues of collective welfare and freedom from subordination to a formal rationality masking a substantive irrationality. The role of the intellectual class is to illumine our common, collective, choices.
Is There a 'Japanese-Type Welfare Society'?
Authors: Watanuki Joji
Published: March 2007

In the late 1970s 'the Japanese-type welfare society' was proposed by the ruling party of Japan, the Liberal Democratic Party. This paper examines the background and content of this proposal. Without being enthusiastically committed to the 'welfare state', Japan, under continued rule by the LDP since 1955, has developed social security institutions in an ad hoc way keeping pace with the growth of the economy. However, facing the prospect of an unprecedented rapid aging of the population, Japan has to find a way to balance the cost of social security with an increase in the needs for it. The LDP's answer to that was 'the Japanese-type welfare society' However, it has been found that there is no easy answer to the problem. It has been noted in recent years that there is less talk of the 'Japanese type' and more introduction of concrete measures.
Attitudes towards Mentally Ill People and Willingness to Employ Them in Arab Society
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the considerable advancement of empirical knowledge in the area of mental health and mental illness, there is a serious lack of research on the topic from the perspective of Arab societies. This study examines whether traditional Arab societies such as Arab-Islamic society tend to reject mentally ill people, where willingness to employ a mentally ill person was chosen as a specific manifestation of such rejection. The research sample consisted of 262 potential employers in East Jerusalem, all of whom were Muslim men. On the whole, the findings support the research hypotheses, that as traditionalism increases there is a concomitant rise in the tendency to view mental illness as the result of an inadequate relationship with God, as a divine punishment and as an expression of divine will (fatalism). It was also found that these three tendencies exacerbate negative attitudes towards and rejection of the mentally ill, which in turn reduces the extent to which potential employers are willing to hire mentally ill people. However, the results reveal that rejection of the mentally ill is an inherent aspect of attitudes towards them, and not necessarily connected with traditionalism. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the reintegration of the mentally ill into Arab society.
The Modernity of War
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2007

In this article the fact of war in the modern age and the interpretations of this fact by intellectuals are used as a probe to discuss the adequateness of modernization theory for understanding the social developments of our time. The author sketches the liberal and Enlightenment dream of a modernity free of violence and then briefly develops steps of a critical revision of this view by discussing the role of defensive modernization; the connection of modernization, war and revolution; the emergence of Fascism from the spirit of war; the role of war in the emergence of modernity, and the impact of war and civil war on the essence of modernity. The article ends with some conclusions for a revision and `relativization' of modernization theory.
Public Attitude Toward Science and Science Education
Authors: Yager Robert E. , Penick John E.
Published: March 2007

Public support for and interest in various fields, issues, organizations, and situations change. Public support for and interest in science and science education have been studied over a thirty-year period. Yankelovich's work related to science was enlarged to include science education. The public was very supportive of science and science education following the 1957 lauching of the Soviet Sputnik This high level of support is observed again in 1985, presumably because of the relationship of science and technology to economic security. Public support for science and science education was at a low point for the 30 year period in 1975.
The Aggression Scale:
Authors: Orpinas Pamela , Frankowski Ralph
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development and psychometric properties of the Aggression Scale. The scale consists of 11 items designed to measure self-reported aggressive behaviors among middle school students (sixth, seventh, and eighth graders). The scale was evaluated in two independent samples of young adolescents (n = 253 and n = 8,695). Reliability scores were high in both samples, and did not vary significantly by gender, ethnicity, or grade level in school. Aggression scores also were stable in a 2-year follow-up study. Mean scores on the Aggression Scale were associated positively with teachers’ independent rating of student aggression, other measures of aggression, and known predictors of aggression. The scale is brief, is easy to administer, and focuses on overt behaviors. Thus, the Aggression Scale could be a useful tool for program evaluation and for further research on violence prevention in schools.
Cognitive Development and the Ability to Infer Others' Perceptions of Self
Authors: Jarcho Harold D. , Petersen Anne C.
Published: March 2007

A number of cognitive and social cognitive tests were administered to sixth grade students as part of a larger study of early adolescent development. Relationships between logico-mathematical cognitive ability and the social abilities of person-perception and perspective-taking were examined. Subjects were asked to describe themselves as they would imagine their mother, their father, and their best friend would. No significant correlation was found between the psychological depth of the descriptions and performance on a Piagetian-type formal operations task. A significant correlation was found between degree of differentiation among the descriptions and performance on the formal operations task. The psychological depth and degree of differentiation scales were also highly correlated. No sex differences were found in social cognitive abilities. These findings do not support a notion of across-domain invariance in cognitive development, but do suggest that some aspects of perspective-taking ability extend across physical, logico-mathematical, and social cognitive boundaries.
Wanted and Unwanted Pregnancy in Early Adolescence: Evidence from a Clinic Population
Authors: Lindemann Constance , Scott Wilbur J.
Published: March 2007

Data presented here from a university clinic for unwed pregnant early adolescents suggest two paths to pregnancy: (a) some females, though unmarried, apparently want to become pregnant and have a child; (b) others, who do not want a child, nonetheless become pregnant due to unforeseen circumstances. We report some critical differences in reproductive behavior between those who wanted to get pregnant and those who did not. Implications are developed for theorizing about early adolescent pregnancy and for delivering pregnancy related services for teenagers.
Development of a Measure of Androgyny for Young Adolescents
Authors: Thomas Susan , Robinson Mary
Published: March 2007

The construct of psychological androgyny or the co-presence of mas-culine and feminine traits, has been studied in college students as well as older adults. The ontogeny of androgyny has received limited empirical attention, in part because of the lack of available instruments. The present study describes the development and initial validation of the Adolescent Sex Role Inventory (ASRI) for subjects ages 10-14, and represents a downward extension of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). A principal axis factor analysis with a varimax rotation was performed for each scale (ASRI and BSRI). Factor structures were found to be highly similar. In addition, correlations among the scale scores and various personality characteristics were computed. There were no differences between sets of relationships for the two scales, providing further evidence of the similarity of the construct being measured by the two scales.
Sex Similarities in Behavior in a Seventh Grade Classroom
Authors: Fine Judith T.
Published: March 2007

Seventy hours were spent observing four sections of a seventh grade class over a period of 13 weeks. The general classroom behavior is decribed, focusing on differences and similarities between males and females. Generally, no set of rules could be found which clearly differentiated males and females. The major difference was that males performed a greater percentage of the total classroom behavior (68%) than females did (32%). When this factor was controlled for the gross activities recorded for females and males results were strikingly similar. There was an indication, however, that subtle differences did sometimes occur between the behavior patterns of males and those of females. This was particularly apparent in the "politeness" of their interactions and in their use of space. In these areas rules existed which were followed more often by one sex than the other, but these rules could be broken, within limits, without causing much disturbance. These findings have major implications for teachers who, based on the subtleness and flexibility of the rules for behaving found in the present research, may be more influential in developing sex-rules among adolescents than generally thought.
Conceptions of Physical Appearance among Young Adolescents: The Interrelationships among Self-Judged Appearance, Attractiveness Stereotyping, and Sex-Typed Characteristics
Authors: Downs A. Chris , Abshier Garry R.
Published: March 2007

The relationship among measures of self-ascribed attractiveness, sex-typed characteristics, and attractiveness stereotyping were examined among 665 young adolescents. Normative data on self-ratings of at-tractiveness were presented and sex differences, wherein males rates themselves higher than females, were obtained. Attractiveness was also related to sex-typed characteristics. Masculine and androgynous individuals tended to rate themselves higher in attractiveness than fem-inine and undifferentiated individuals. Attractiveness stereotyping varied as a function of the sex, self-reported attractiveness levels, and sex-typed characteristics of subjects.
The Relationship of Self-Concept with Physical Estimation and Physical Performance for Preadolescent Boys and Girls
Authors: Riley James H.
Published: March 2007

Four hundred and ten male and female middle school subjects completed two identical assessments of self-concept, physical estimation, and physical performance at twelve week intervals. Significant positive relationships were found among the variables, although the strength of the relationships varied. These findings confirmed, across genders and two assessments, that the relationship between self-concept and physical estimation were consistently greater than the relationship between self-concept and physical performance. In addition, these findings indicated that gender and age are important mediating variables for understanding the relationships among self-concept, physical estimation, and physical performance.
Toward a Theoretical Perspective on the Legislation of Adolescence
Authors: Lapsley Daniel K. , Enright Robert D. , Serlin Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical perspective on the historical origins of adolescence in the United States is outlined. Based on a materialist theory of social change, it is argued that adolescence is best understood as the state-appropriation of youth leisure, that the imposition of this status was effected through the enactment of compulsory education legislation, and that the reason for enacting this legislation was to increase the average propensity to consume within the population. We appeal to Dahrendorf's theory of class and Poulantzas' theory of the state to aid in our reconstruction of the history of compulsory education in terms of the creation and maintenance of adolescence. We conclude that adolescence was not a by-product of a socio-cultural need to institute a compulsory system of public education, but the reverse, that child-saving movements reflected the need to institute adolescence. The primary purpose of secondary education is to manipulate the deployment of youth within the economic sphere, and to serve as the locus of confinement within the structure of authority relations in the culture.
Early Adolescents' Performance on the WRAT Compared to their WISC-R IQs, Reading Achievement Score, and Selected Demographic Variables
Authors: Vacc Nancy Nesbitt
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) subtest scores and WISC-R IQs, performance on the Gates MacGinitie Reading Test (GMRT), age, grade placement, and parents' educational and occupational levels were examined for a sample of 120 middle-school students. Performance on the GMRT Vocabulary subtest accounted for a significant amount of variance in the WRAT Reading subtest scores, while the GMRT Vocabulary subtest score, subject's grade-achievement level, and the primary occupation in the family contributed significantly to the amount of variance in the WRAT Spelling subtest scores. Results of the data analyses indicated that the WRAT is an effective quick measure for classroom teachers to use with middle-school students who are experiencing learning difficulties in reading and spelling. In contrast with previous findings, WRAT subtest scores were not affected by subjects' WISC-R IQs.
Validating a Method to Identify At-Risk Middle School Students for Participation in a Dropout Prevention Program
Authors: O'Sullivan Rita G.
Published: March 2007

The study investigated the accuracy of identifying middle school students at risk of failing, using data available to teachers by the first 6 weeks of school for 109 seventh grade students within a team grouping of five teachers. Specifically, the study supported the research hypotheses that the components of the at-risk rating method used (a combination of students' grade reports, conduct ratings, absences, disciplinary actions received, and teachers' at-risk rankings) significantly predicted the number of Fs received at the end of 18 weeks, was a stronger predictor of Fs using multiple rather than individual measures, and that such a rating scheme was concurrently valid with an academically at-risk rating generated by a weighted regression prediction equation.
Putting Mothers' Work-Related Stress in Perspective
Authors: Galambos Nancy L. , Maggs Jennifer L.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined whether mothers' work-related and global stress (e.g., depressed affect) were associated with changes in mother-adolescent relations across a 6-month period and whether mothers' stress and mother-adolescent relations predicted the adolescent's psychosocial adjustment. Subjects were mothers and early adolescents (sixth graders) in 96 dual-earner families. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing work-related and global stress, adolescents completed instruments measuring psychosocial adjustment, and perceptions of maternal acceptance and mother-adolescent conflict were obtained from both sources. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses found that global stress was related to the mother's decreasing acceptance of the child, according to mother and adolescent. Lower maternal acceptance was associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment in adolescents. Mothers' work-related stress, however, was not associated with mother-adolescent relations or adolescent adjustment. Results are discussed in terms of the meaning of mothers' work and work-related stress in families with adolescents.
The Effect of a School-Based Helper Program on Adolescent Self-Image, Attitudes, and Behavior
Authors: Switzer Galen E. , Simmons Roberta G. , Dew Mary Amanda , Regalski Jeanne M. , Wang Chi-Hsein
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of participation in a school-based helper program on adolescents' self-image, attitudes, and behaviors. Seventh-grade students at the junior high where the program was implemented were divided into 2 functional groups, one of which was required to engage in volunteer helping activities for the remainder of the school year, whereas the other group engaged in no such service. It was hypothesized that Helper Program participants (n = 85) relative to nonparticipants (n = 86), and especially boys, would show improvement in 4 domains: self-image, commitment to school and community, problem behavior, and commitment to altruism. The results were gender specific: Participating boys showed positive changes in self-esteem, depressive affect, involvement, and problem behavior relative to other groups. The findings indicate that, with program modifications to augment potential benefits to girls, helper programs might become an important mechanism in producing positive life changes for adolescents.
Discontinuous Classroom Innovation: Waves of Change for Marketing Education
Authors: Celsi Richard L. , Wolfinbarger Mary
Published: March 2007

The authors suggest that faculty adoption patterns move through three identifiable stages. In wave 1, technology serves a support function that improves efficiency but does not significantly affect teaching. During wave 2, teaching technology enables faculty to efficiently “mirror” classroom activities using new technologies. Not until wave 3, however, does discontinuous innovation occur. Wave 3 is characterized by unique applications that result in extending the classroom in ways that result in a more current, active, and interactive learning environment. The authors’ conceptualization helps faculty and administrators better understand how they are currently using technology, identify barriers to wave 3 adoption behavior, and develop goals and create applications that will push faculty beyond using new technologies merely to support or mirror previous functions.
_ize the _Curriculum
Authors: Lupul Max E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents methods for incorporating practical experience with MIS codes in the traditional marketing management course.
Causal Modeling of Students' Attitude and Choice of Majors in Business Administration
Authors: Terpening Willbann D. , Gaertner James F. , Pitts Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Emphasizing the student as consumer, this study investigates a causal model of student attitudes and choice of a major in business administration. The impact of academic, vocational, and social influence factors on both attitude and choice were studied. Separate causal models are examined for the four majors of marketing, management, finance, and accounting. Although there were many differences between majors, the academic factors appear to have the greatest effect on attitude and choice.
Student Preferences for Class Scheduling: A Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Tashchian Roobina O. , Freiden Jon B.
Published: March 2007

The marketing concept is an effective tool by which college administrators can improve their educational product. This study portrays the class selection process as a consumer choice situation, and suggests that colleges can become more responsive to students' needs by considering factors which influence class selections. Students' preferences were found to be for small classes scheduled during the morning hours, offered two times a week, and taught by full-time faculty. These findings were based on a conjoint analysis which measured the relative importance of four classroom situation variables.
Advertising Courses Should Simulate Real Life
Authors: Sensbach Paul R. , Adler Roy D.
Published: March 2007

In typical classroom situations, students process information individually and approach project assignments at a leisurely pace. They rarely are forced to develop the particular writing, verbal, and group interaction skills that would prepare them to compete effectively in the sometimes frantic and demanding world of advertising. This article focuses upon an educational format designed to simulate the world of the practitioner while adhering to general educational objectives and using the rich resources of the university.
Confronting Marketing Management Reality: A Design and Instructional Strategy for an Intermediate Course
Authors: Conant Jeffrey S. , Mokwa Michael P.
Published: March 2007

A design and instructional strategy for an "intermediate" marketing management course are described in this article. Students adopt the role of product managers and experientially study marketing theory and practice in existing product markets. However, instructors do not manage relationships with the marketing organizations. The marketing audit is used to ground and guide students' work. Communication experiences abound. Marketing knowledge objectives and the development of students' personal capabilities are carefully balanced. The course culture and work are managed in terms of a four stage instructional model. The course design and instructional strategy can be generalized for other experiential marketing courses.
Redirecting Faculty Research and Publication Efforts through the Use of a Faculty Development Program: A Case Study of "Publish and Prosper" Using an Incentive System
Authors: Glascoff David W.
Published: March 2007

To redirect faculty research and publication efforts from proceedings to refereed journals, an innovative Faculty Development Program was established at an AA.C.S.B.-accredited school. The program used an incentive system in which faculty members earned spendable dollar credits for each article published. The program (including advantages and disadvantages), faculty reaction to it, and speculative questions about it are discussed in this article.
Internationalizing Your Marketing Course: The Foreign Study Tour Alternative
Authors: Johnson Denise M. , Mader Deanna D.
Published: March 2007

Internationalizing the marketing principles course using a foreign study tour is discussed, and the advantages of the foreign study tour over more traditional internationalization methods are addressed. Multiple pedagogical techniques that can be used for an overseas class and variations for applying this concept to other marketing courses are examined.
Ethical Inclinations of Tomorrow's Marketers
Authors: Rogers Hudson P. , Kochunny C. M. , Ogbuehi Alphonso
Published: March 2007

Using head/heart traits developed by Maccoby, this article examines the ethical perceptions of marketing students and compares them to the perceptions of other business students and to earlier studies using managers, accountants, and business students. Results indicate that marketing students are no less ethically inclined than are their business counterparts. In general, head traits dominated heart traits, indicating that business schools do a good job emphasizing and developing analytical skills but a poor job of developing qualities of the heart generally associated with ethical behavior.
Marketing Curriculum: Designing its New Logic and Structure
Authors: Koch Adam J.
Published: March 2007

In view of the continuing, comprehensive transformation of the global business environment, the marketing curriculum is in need of a general overhaul. This article proposes a comprehensive curricular transformation, including its logic, structure, various internationalization aspects, and anticipated benefits to students. Its purpose is to encourage a wide discussion.
But That’s Not Fair! An Exploratory Study of Student Perceptions of Instructor Fairness
Authors: Houston Mark B. , Bettencourt Lance A.
Published: March 2007

Whereas research points to desirable educational outcomes that are enhanced by fairness in the classroom, this study addresses a fundamental question: what do professors do that students perceive as fair or unfair? Using the critical incident technique, the authors elicit specific course-related behaviors by college professors that are perceived as fair and unfair by marketing students. The authors find that the drivers of perceptions of fairness and unfairness are not simple mirror images. Procedural and interactional dimensions appear to be present, in addition to student reactions to outcomes. Some reported behaviors did seem unfair, whereas students appear to misinterpret other behaviors that likely had no malicious intent. The article assesses the current state of research related to fairness and relates this knowledge to fairness in the classroom. After describing the study and its results, the authors discuss the implications for teachers and for future research on classroom fairness.
Scenario Planning: A New Approach to Teaching Marketing Strategy
Authors: van Doren Doris C. , Smith Darlene Brannigan
Published: March 2007

Given the fluctuations and rate of change inherent in today’s business environment, it is more imperative than ever that business schools help prepare students to deal with an uncertain future. By enabling students to embrace uncertainty and to envision multiple future competitive environments, scenario planning provides the ability to craft multiple strategies and contingencies and better prepares today’s students to anticipate tomorrow’s crises. The three-phase approach provides faculty with a contemporary and applicable methodology for revitalizing the marketing strategy course.
Tax-Exempt Debt: An Intergovernmental Perspective
Authors: Chapman Jeffrey I. , Winkler Donald R.
Published: March 2007

The amount of tax-exempt debt has dramatically grown in recent years, although this growth has slowed with the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. At the same time, real rates of return on this debt have risen. These phenomena may be explained by the effects of the federal and state governments. This article discusses the state and local policy variables that influence the market for intergovernmental debt. Placing these variables in a model of supply and demand for tax-exempt debt and analyzing them for unintended consequences and feedback loops produces a more robust and accurate picture of this market. Policy conclusions are then drawn to indicate the appropriate role for state and local governments in the tax-exempt arena.
Toward a Definition of Strategic Management for the Public Sector
Authors: Skok James E.
Published: March 2007

The literature on strategic management for public policy and administration has developed without adequate theoretical grounding in regard to the nature of competition among public agencies, the arenas within which competition occurs, and the resources used in the competitive interactions. In this article I review relevant literature from business strategy, public policy, and bureaucratic politics to help construct a theoretical paradigm on which to build usable concepts of strategic management for public policy and administration.

The author suggests the following vision of public sector strategic management: Agencies compete within a pluralist political universe composed of dynamic public policy subsystems whose members accumulate and use resources to advance the power and policy preferences of their agencies. Competition among public agencies is seen as offensive (pirating) or defensive (turf-protecting) and as intrasubsystem or intersubsystem in nature. The writings of Downs (1967) and Leontiades (1982) are particularly useful in suggesting the development of these concepts. Public policy subsystems are seen as being distributive, redistributive, or regulatory in accordance with the typology developed by Ripley and Franklin (1984) and others. Resources, varying in the degree of liquidity, are seen as growing out of knowledge and political support as suggested by Rourke (1984), Meier (1987), and others.

The article concludes that scholars of public policy and administration should concentrate upon further development of empirical concepts to build a usable theory of public sector strategic management.
Agency Responsiveness to the Legislative Oversight of Administrative Rulemaking: A Case Study of Rules Review in the Illinois General Assembly
Authors: Bowers James R.
Published: March 2007

Students of public administration have long maintained that for bureaucratic power to be in balance with constitutional democracy, it must be exercised by a responsible bureaucracy. Legislative oversight is one means by which to secure the responsible exercise of this power. However, little is known regarding why agencies are responsive to oversight. In this article this question is explored by presenting a case study of bureaucratic responsiveness to a highly specialized and routine approach to oversight found in state legislatures—the legislative review of administrative rule-making or "rules review." Five factors that appear to explain agency responsiveness are presented as analytical generalizations that may find application elsewhere; these include the lack of relevance that oversight may have for many legislators, the availability of sanctions that can be applied against nonresponsive agencies, the working relationship between an oversight committee and the agencies, agency costs associated with responsiveness, and the oversight committee's faithfulness to the legislature's original intent.
Territoriality and Citizenship
Authors: Long Norton
Published: March 2007

Governments are territorial, and the future of this nation's cities depends on there being enough of their inhabitants with a strong commitment to ensuring that they have a future. Among those who have such an interest are the cities' employees. Their role in city government is more than that of passive instruments merely carrying out the will of political superiors. City survival depends on a city's overall capacity to attract and hold the kind of people who, if they are territorially attached, will undertake what is necessary to enable the city to renew its economy.
A Transformational Theory of Organizations
Authors: McSwain Cynthia J. , White Orion F.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the key concepts of a transformational theory of organizations and discusses its validity as a practical conceptual framework. The authors argue that transformational theory, based largely on the theories of the Swiss psychologist, Carl Jung, provides a way of conceptualizing organizational process by clarifying and grounding a number of critical innovations of organizational practice. The authors characterize transformational theory's basic assumptions—the ontological commitment, the epistemological commitment, praxis, the theory of social relationships-and highlight the distinctive nature of these assumptions compared to more traditional organization theories.
The Impact of Dual-Career Marriage on Occupational Mobility in the Local Government Management Profession
Authors: Reed Christine M. , Reed B. J.
Published: March 2007

The vast majority of local-government managers are married to spouses who are employed outside the home, and one-fourth of these two-income couples are "dual career," meaning that both spouses are committed to lifelong professional development. A national survey shows that local-government managers from dual-career marriages are more likely than other managers to consider their spouses' employment potential when deciding whether, and where, to relocate. These results confirm other research showing that dual-career couples are often reluctant to be transferred or move to new jobs because it is difficult to accommodate the careers of both spouses. Public administrators need to consider these findings when designing recruitment and retention policies.
The Rebudgeting Process in State Government: The Case of Missouri
Authors: Forrester John P.
Published: March 2007

State budgets change during the year, but why they change and how the changes affect present and future budgetary policy remains largely unexplored. This article examines these two questions by studying the process through which the budget changes after appropriations have been approved, a process referred to as rebudgeting, in the state of Missouri. Findings indicate that rebudgeting in Missouri arises largely because of managerial needs and environmental pressures. If the content of annual budget was not allowed to adjust to these forces, the effectiveness of budgeting in general would likely decline. The findings also suggest that deviations from the appropriated budget may affect how the legislature and the executive define the budget base, and it reflects the predominant budgetary role the governor plays during the fiscal year. Finally, the data indicate that changes are facilitated not only by budgetary surpluses, as has previously been argued, but also by fiscal stress.
Early Budget Reformers: Democracy, Efficiency, and Budget Reforms
Authors: Rubin Irene S.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the writings of the early budget reformers suggests a major break between the progressive era reform proposals in the early 1900s and the budget proposals of the Taft era conservatives beginning in 1912. Progressives favored expansionary, activist government; Taft conservatives wanted to shrink government. Progressives focused more on cost effectiveness; Taft conservatives focused more on efficiency and cost cutting. Progressive reformers trusted the public and, to some extent, its representatives in the legislature, while Taft conservatives lacked confidence in the public and its representatives. The Taft era proposals had a major influence on the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act, which gave the federal government an executive budget process and also influenced budgeting in some states, such as New York and Maryland.
Bureaucratic Red Tape and Formalization: Untangling Conceptual Knots
Authors: Bozeman Barry , Scott Patrick
Published: March 2007

Advancements in our knowledge of red tape have been handicapped by a serious neglect in the development of red tape as an organizational concept. Progress has also been hindered by the rather haphazard application of this concept in much of the empirical research. In this paper we examine some of the principal factors that have impeded conceptual development, paying particular attention to the relationship between red tape and bureaucratic formalization. We argue that progress in red-tape research and knowledge requires attention to several issues, including the measurement of red tape, origins and sources of red tape, and the need to consider red tape from the perspective of multiple stakeholders.