bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Will Subsidiarity Work for Long-Term Care?
Authors: Harbert W B
Published: July 2022

New financial and organization arrangements are changing the distribution of authority and power in the public service affecting managers, professionals and governing committees. The need for new roles like budget holding general practitioners, advocates, brokers and care managers are becoming recognized; traditional professional practice based on narrowly defined skills with the danger of a no-man's land between them is giving way to management arrangements that offer greater recognition of the needs of service users and their families. If the role of care manager and the new arrangements for assessment occur, much of the power now exercised by local authority members and by centrally based managers in local government will in the long-term be devolved locally to care managers. Various key issues are identified. Comprehensive multi-professional assessment is vital, with the results available to all groups of professionals so that a common voice can be presented to government circles in the future.

Three broad areas need to be considered in the future implementation of long-term care. Firstly, some of the implications for assessment processes of the changes now taking place in community care will be described. Factors that inhibit good assessment will be discussed as well as key issues that also need to be addressed.
The Cost Effectiveness of Combined Rapid Tests (Multistix) in Screening for Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Fowlis George A , Waters Janet , Williams Gordon
Published: July 2022

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are relatively common in the urology outpatient's department and the renal transplant unit. Clinical diagnosis is imprecise and laboratory methods take time and are costly. Combined rapid tests (Multistix) were used to screen 400 consecutive mid stream specimens of urine: 200 from urology outpatients and 200 from renal transplant patients. All specimens were also tested in the laboratory. The negative predictive value for excluding UTI was excellent (>98%) but positive predictive value for confirming presence of UTI was only 50%. However, with this simple screening method, up to 75% of urines can be excluded from laboratory analysis. Since there is a 20-fold difference in cost between dipstix and laboratory testing, the potential savings from this simple screening test is considerable.
Long-Term Faecal Continence in Infants Born with Anorectal Malformations
Authors: Ackroyd R , Nour S
Published: July 2022

In a retrospective study of 92 patients admitted between 1975 and 1986 with anorectal malformations, we reviewed the faecal continence according to the level of their anomaly using a scoring system taken from Pescatori et al. The results of the different operative procedures were compared. Forty-seven of the 50 patients in the low anomaly group had complete faecal continence. Two died from associated anomalies and one infant had incomplete continence. This child had an associated neural tube defect. Of eight patients in the intermediate group, three had good results while two were incontinent: three patients died from associated anomalies. There were 34 patients with high anomalies, 27 of whom showed a wide range of faecal control from complete continence to different degrees of incontinence. Seven infants died from septicaemia and/or associated anomalies. The anatomical level of the lesion and the presence or absence of any associated neurological defect were the main determinants of outcome. The sex of the child and the operative procedure employed to correct the anomaly appeared to be less important.
Intra-Operative Monitoring of the Common Peroneal Nerve during Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Unwin A J , Thomas M
Published: July 2022

We present a method allowing intra-operative monitoring of the common peroneal nerve during total knee arthroplasty using a magnetic stimulator. Previous reports have shown no pre-operative method successful in selecting those patients prone to develop a post-operative palsy. The device, placed beneath the lumbar spine, stimulates the cauda equina; common peroneal nerve function is assessed via the response in extensor digitorum brevis. There is a loss of signal from the nerve with the use of a tourniquet 25 min following its application. The protocol therefore requires that a tourniquet is used at least only for fixation of the prosthetic components. The method is quick, safe, non-invasive and reproducible, and is of use both in at-risk patients and in research work.
Surveillance of Duodenal Polyps in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Progress Report
Authors: Nugent Karen P , Spigelman Allan D , Williams Christopher B , Talbot Ian C , Phillips Robin K S
Published: July 2022

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is characterized by the presence of premalignant adenomas of the large and small bowel. Prophylactic colectomy deals with the risk for colon cancer, leaving duodenal cancer as the leading cause of death. Although most FAP patients have duodenal adenomas, only approximately 5% develop duodenal cancer. This study looks at progression of duodenal polyps with time.

The outcome of endoscopic surveillance in the duodenum of 70 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis was determined. A mean of 40 months elapsed between endoscopies. Outcome was measured using video comparison and a staging system that includes histological assessment.

Duodenal cancer developed in one patient, and was suspected in two others. The stage of duodenal polyposis worsened in another seven patients. When histology was ignored, comparison of video recordings in 52 patients showed a worsening in 21 (40%).

In conclusion, further surveillance appears warranted so that patients at high risk for duodenal cancer might receive early treatment. Should slow progression of duodenal polyposis be shown to be associated with low risk, then most patients can be safely offered less frequent endoscopies than hitherto.
The Need for Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Sackett David L , Rosenberg William M C
Published: July 2022

As physicians, whether serving individual patients or populations, we always have sought to base our decisions and actions on the best possible evidence. The ascendancy of the randomized trial heralded a fundamental shift in the way that we establish the clinical bases for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. The ability to track down, critically appraise (for its validity and usefulness), and incorporate this rapidly growing body of evidence into one's clinical practice has been named ‘evidence-based medicine’5,6 (EBM).
Iso-Osmotic Bowel Preparation Improves the Accuracy of Iliac Artery Colour Flow Duplex Examination
Authors: Whiteley M S , Fox A D , Harris R A , Horrocks M
Published: July 2022

Colour flow duplex ultrasonography is currently the non-invasive method of choice for investigating the iliac arteries. However it is only 84–92% sensitive in the best hands when compared with biplanar angiography. Bowel gas and faeces overlying the iliac arteries obscure the vessels and prevent a good ultrasound image.

We have previously shown that preparation of the bowel with an iso-osmotic bowel preparation (Klean Prep) improves the clarity of duplex image of the iliac arteries. This is caused by a volume effect which flushes out gas and faeces, leaving a fluid-filled bowel transparent to ultrasound. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this enhanced image increased the diagnostic accuracy of duplex examination.

We performed iliac duplex examinations on 56 patients with clinically suspected iliac artery disease, initially with the normal preparation of starving the patients for 12 h and subsequently after preparation by Klean Prep. The results from each investigation were compared with the gold standard of biplanar intra-arterial digital substraction angiography.

The use of iso-osmotic bowel preparation (Klean Prep) significantly improved the accuracy of iliac duplex ultrasonography over preparation by 12 h starvation, when compared with biplanar angiography.
Unexplained Illness: The Mind versus the Environment
Authors: Radcliffe Michael J , Ashurst Pamela , Brostoff Jonathan
Published: July 2022

Every doctor in clinical practice is familiar with the patient who presents with multiple ‘soft’ symptoms. Where organic pathology cannot be demonstrated, there is a tendency to apply psychiatric labels. Indeed, it has been suggested that the risk of psychiatric disorder increases linearly with the number of presented symptoms1. In psychiatric practice, the mere absence of an organic cause of disease is often regarded as adequate reason to invoke a psychological mechanism.

However, this action precludes the possibility of any other diagnosis, and thus constricts therapeutic management to the psychiatric realm. Such psychologization of illness is commonplace, overworked and infrequently challenged2. This highlights the longstanding controversy over multiple allergy and the role of psychiatric disorder3.
The Effect of Temperature on the Discomfort Caused by Topical Local Anaesthesia
Authors: Callear A B
Published: July 2022

The warming of local anaesthetic solutions to reduce the pain felt on injection is common practice in a number of medical sub-specialties. A study was undertaken to assess the effect of temperature on the discomfort caused by local anaesthetic eye drops. Tropical anaesthetics amethocaine 1%, oxybuprocaine 0.4% and lignocaine 4% were studied, and after the application of strict exclusion criteria 60 patients were selected, 20 patients for each anaesthetic. Each patient group received a topical anaesthetic at 42 C in one eye and at room temperature in the other. A 10 point visual analogue scale was used to assess the discomfort experienced. No statistically significant difference was found between the discomfort caused by drops at each temperature for any of the three anaesthetics studied. There appears no benefit in warming topical anaesthetic agents prior to their use.
Development of a ‘Charcot-Like Joint’ in Tophaceous Gout
Authors: Laversuch C J , Bruckner F E
Published: July 2022

We report an unusually severe case of ulcerating tophaceous gout in which inflammation due to gout, infection and excessive alcohol intake resulted in complete destruction of an ankle joint.
Qualitative job insecurity and voice behavior: Evaluation of the mediating effect of affective organizational commitment
Authors: Muñoz Medina Felipe , López Bohle Sergio , Jiang Lixin , Chambel Maria José , Ugarte Sebastian M
Published: July 2022

Using social exchange theory as the foundation, this research examines the consequences of qualitative job insecurity on voice behavior, considering the indirect effect of affective organizational commitment. The hypotheses raised are tested using data drawn from a sample of 137 employees of a retailer in Chile at three time points. Workers with high qualitative job insecurity reported lower affective organizational commitment, which in turn decreased their voice behavior. Organizational leaders could encourage employee voice behaviors by reducing their perceptions of qualitative job insecurity and increasing their affective organizational commitment.
Parents’ Approaches to Their Children’s Education and Related Issues During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Slovak and the Czech Republic
Authors: Šarníková Gabriela
Published: July 2022

In this article, we present the results of the qualitative research and the thematic discourse analysis of discussions of Facebook groups of parents of pupils in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The aim was to identify how the parents perceived the issue of distance learning during the COVID-2 pandemic and how they approached the problems that they encountered. Parents step into the role of a teacher and of a pupil; they are participants and observers of the educational process and advisors and supporters of their children. They evaluate the educational process from the didactics and the instructive point of view but they lack competencies that belong to teachers. Insufficient digital literacy and lacking equipment in households regarding ICT represent a weak point. Problems linked to the loss of social contacts and isolation are growing in number. Families also struggle with economic and logistics problems.
Resuscitation with epinephrine worsens cerebral capillary no-reflow after experimental pediatric cardiac arrest: An in vivo multiphoton microscopy evaluation
Authors: Oghifobibi Onome A , Toader Andrew E , Nicholas Melissa A , Nelson Brittany P , Alindogan Nicole G , Wolf Michael S , Kline Anthony E , Nouraie Seyed M , Bondi Corina O , Iordanova Bistra , Clark Robert SB , Bayır Hülya , Loughran Patricia A , Watkins Simon C , St Croix Claudette M , Kochanek Patrick M , Vazquez Alberto L , Manole Mioara D
Published: July 2022

Epinephrine is the principal resuscitation therapy for pediatric cardiac arrest (CA). Clinical data suggest that although epinephrine increases the rate of resuscitation, it fails to improve neurological outcome, possibly secondary to reductions in microvascular flow. We characterized the effect of epinephrine vs. placebo administered at resuscitation from pediatric asphyxial CA on microvascular and macrovascular cortical perfusion assessed using in vivo multiphoton microscopy and laser speckle flowmetry, respectively, and on brain tissue oxygenation (PbO2), behavioral outcomes, and neuropathology in 16–18-day-old rats. Epinephrine-treated rats had a more rapid return of spontaneous circulation and brisk immediate cortical reperfusion during 1–3 min post-CA vs. placebo. However, at the microvascular level, epinephrine-treated rats had penetrating arteriole constriction and increases in both capillary stalling (no-reflow) and cortical capillary transit time 30–60 min post-CA vs. placebo. Placebo-treated rats had increased capillary diameters post-CA. The cortex was hypoxic post-CA in both groups. Epinephrine treatment worsened reference memory performance vs. shams. Hippocampal neuron counts did not differ between groups. Resuscitation with epinephrine enhanced immediate reperfusion but produced microvascular alterations during the first hour post-resuscitation, characterized by vasoconstriction, capillary stasis, prolonged cortical transit time, and absence of compensatory cortical vasodilation. Targeted therapies mitigating the deleterious microvascular effects of epinephrine are needed.
Difference in postural stability between STarT Back Tool subgroups of patients with low back pain under conditions of sensory deprivation and cognitive load
Authors: Ingemann-Molden Stian , Pessoto Hirata Rogerio , Bach Jensen Martin , Graven-Nielsen Thomas , Riis Allan
Published: July 2022

Objective

We explored differences in postural stability between subgroups of patients with low back pain (LBP) and varying risk levels for developing chronicity measured using the Subgroups for Targeted Treatment (STarT) Back Tool.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, single-session, double-blind experimental study among 65 participants who had LBP for more than 14 days. Postural stability was assessed by measuring the center of pressure (COP) range, displacement area, and velocity in anterior–posterior and mediolateral directions under four sensory and cognitive conditions: (i) eyes open and counting forward, (ii) eyes closed and counting forward, (iii) eyes closed and counting forward in multiples of seven, and (iv) eyes closed and counting backward in multiples of seven. The participants were stratified into low-/medium- (n = 53) and high-risk (n = 9) subgroups.

Results

There were no significant between-group differences among patients with LBP stratified as having a low/medium or high risk of chronicity in postural stability and sensory and cognitive conditions.

Conclusions

Impaired postural stability is important to consider when treating patients with LBP. However, we found that these impairments were not strongly aggravated in groups with a higher risk of chronicity, as measured using the STarT Back Tool.
Building Back Better: Transportation Recovery Challenges From the 2018 Kaua`i Flooding Disaster
Authors: Kim Karl , Chun Jason , Yamashita Eric
Published: July 2022

This study describes and analyzes the recovery of transportation systems damaged by flooding and landslides in 2018 on the island of Kaua’i, Hawai’i. Following describing the record-setting rainfall and massive landslides that closed the major highway connecting the North Shore communities with the rest of the island, the challenges of “building back better” are investigated. While there was an urgency to finish the roadway repairs as quickly as possible, there was also a need to reduce future risks from flooding and landslides. Strong leadership, coordination, communications, and resource sharing helped improve pre-existing traffic, congestion, parking, and accessibility concerns for residents and tourists. There are important lessons learned concerning the need for timely, accurate data and information. Mitigation and adaptation projects that go beyond simply replacing and repairing assets before the storm are also analyzed. Opportunities to utilize greener, nature-based, and context-sensitive design, engineering, and planning solutions to mitigate and adapt highways to climate-induced extreme events remain challenging even in a community known for scenic beauty, pristine natural areas, and rich cultural heritage. While the community-led efforts to implement improvements to the State park at the end of the road were exemplary, there are still ongoing challenges of increased climate threats and inflexible, limited systems for funding—not just in disaster recovery but also investments in community resilience.
A Turkish Translation of Genji Monogatari
Authors: Baykara Oğuz
Published: July 2022

The Tale of Genji(Genji Monogatari) is the probably the earliest prose fiction in the world that still lives today as a masterpiece since the first decade of the 11th century. This 1200-page Japanese classic was written by a noble court woman, Murasaki Shikibu, and it spans almost three quarters of a century. The first part has to do with the life and loves of the nobleman known as “The Shining Genji”, and the final chapters follow the fate and fortunes of the characters that survived after Genji's death.

There have been four English translations of the novel: one partial translation (1882) by a Japanese translator and three other complete translations by different English native speakers in the 20th century.

This paper studies the Turkish translation process ofThe Tale of Genjifrom Edward G. Seidensticker's English version. It points out the plentitude of potential translation choices and tries to explore the reasons of translators for their decisions. It compares the translators’ strategies and assesses their impact on the meanings and functions of the allusions and the connections between the adopted strategies.
Predictors of Quality-of-Care Provided by Migrant Live-In Caregivers of Frail older Persons: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Cohen-Mansfield Jiska , Golander Hava
Published: July 2022

We examined the association between employment-related characteristics and the quality-of-care migrant live-in caregivers provide to older care-recipients. Structured interviews were conducted with 115 migrant live-in caregivers, 72 older care-recipients, and 117 relatives of care-recipients. We conducted correlations among dependent (quality-of-care), independent (quality of relationship between caregiver and informant, caregiver perception of work, and problematic employment conditions), and demographic variables, and performed a path analysis by conducting a series of multiple regressions. Quality-of-care was most highly correlated with quality of relationship between informant and caregiver. Quality of relationship was predicted by caregiver perceptions of work, which was negatively predicted by problematic employment conditions. In the relatives-based model, quality of relationship was significantly better when the care-receiver was female and the care-recipient needed more assistance with activities of daily living. The study clarifies the role of caregiver work characteristics for quality-of-care and highlights the crucial role of the relationship with the care-recipient.
An Examination of Conditions Exposing Older Adults to Economic Abuse: Logistic Regression Analysis
Authors: Ünlü Derya , Yurtsever Emel , Artan Taner , Irmak Hatice Selin
Published: July 2022

The aim of this study was to determine factors affecting the economic abuse status of older adults. The study was conducted with 385 individuals aged 65 years and above, living in the Bahçelievler district of Istanbul. Data were collected using a Sociodemographic Form, and a Determination of Economic Abuse of Older Adults Form. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the factors affecting the economic abuse status of the older adults. The study participants comprised 51.4% males and 48.6% females with a mean age of 70.44 ± 6.73 years. It was determined that 9.4% of the older adults were exposed to economic abuse. As a result of the logistic regression analysis, the factors found to affect the situations of exposure to economic abuse of the older adults were age, income status, number of children, exposure to emotional abuse, and exposure to physical abuse.
“All the Old Illusions”: On Guessing at Being in Crisis
Authors: Sendroiu Ioana
Published: July 2022

Models of culture and action argue that crises can be generative of change, with changing contexts setting off reflexivity—a view of crisis as self-evident that is echoed in comparative historical work. Looking to the beginning of the Cold War in Romania and France, this article elaborates two instances when crises did not produce reflexive recognition. This echoes performative approaches that highlight actors needing to interpret crises into being yet underscores that crisis claims nonetheless take place in contexts potentially marked by shifting sociocultural scaffoldings. Rooted in the empirical finding that actors can live through—and be affected by—structural transformations without thinking of themselves as being in crisis, I put forward a conception of crises as unclear as they are taking place. Actors can guess at being or not being in crisis, with no guarantee their guess is fortuitous. Crisis management will be the result of these guesses: some informed, some lucky—and some, indeed, disastrous.
Modified Abdominal Skin Resection: A Novel Approach to High-Definition Body Contouring of the Abdomen
Authors: Skenderian Shea , Sin Zachary , Mirzania Hamid , Mowlavi Arian
Published: July 2022

Introduction:

We present a novel abdominal contouring procedure, called the modified abdominal skin resection, designed to maximize elimination of skin redundancy while allowing for simultaneous high-definition liposuction of the entire abdominal skin flap. Technical details of the modified abdominal skin resection will be presented including inclusion and exclusion criteria, complications, and outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

Strategic limiting of abdominal skin undermining, preserving of any visible perforators, using ultrasound liposuction, and if necessary, administering Renuvion J plasma skin contraction are components of the presented high-definition abdominal contouring procedure. Limited undermining allows for high-definition liposuction of the abdomen to create muscle highlights and smooth contour junctions.

Results:

We present case studies demonstrating superior contour results when compared to traditional tummy tucks without muscle plication or liposuction alone. We present technical details of the modified abdominal skin resection, inclusion and exclusion criteria, complications, and outcomes.

Discussion:

The modified abdominal skin resection allows for high definition abdominoplasty outcomes. These results are superior to traditional abdominoplasties that are performed without muscle plication. This novel abdominoplasty procedure allows for aggressive removal of fat, as well as maximal elimination of skin redundancy and laxity. Inclusion and exclusion criteria established in this paper dicatate whether a patient is a good candidate for the modified abdominal skin resection.

Conclusion:

We present technical details required to complete the high definition abdominoplasty without muscle plication which allows for waistline snatching and creation of abdominal muscle highlights. High definition body contouring principles are applied to the modified abdominal skin resection to achieve superior body contouring results.
MRI of Adenomyosis: Where Are We Today?
Authors: Zhang Michelle , Bazot Marc , Tsatoumas Maria , Munro Malcolm G. , Reinhold Caroline
Published: July 2022

Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to (i) summarize the current literature regarding the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing adenomyosis, (ii) examine how to integrate MRI phenotypes with clinical symptomatology and histological findings, (iii) review recent advances including proposed MRI classifications, (iv) discuss challenges and pitfalls of diagnosing adenomyosis, and (v) outline the future role of MRI in promoting a better understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with uterine adenomyosis. Recent Findings: Recent advances and the widespread use of MRI have provided new insights into adenomyosis and the range of imaging phenotypes encountered in this disorder. Summary: Direct and indirect MRI features allow for accurate non-invasive diagnosis of adenomyosis. Adenomyosis is a complex and poorly understood disorder with variable MRI phenotypes that may be correlated with different pathogeneses, clinical presentations, and patient outcomes. MRI is useful for the assessment of the extent of findings, to evaluate for concomitant gynecological conditions, and potentially can help with the selection and implementation of therapeutic options. Nevertheless, important gaps in knowledge remain. This is in part due to the lack of standardized criteria for reporting resulting in heterogeneous and conflicting data in the literature. Thus, there is an urgent need for a unified MRI reporting system incorporating standardized terminology for diagnosing adenomyosis and defining the various phenotypes.
Fentanyl-Induced Rigid Chest Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Tammen Alison J. , Brescia Donald , Jonas Dan , Hodges Jeremy L. , Keith Philip
Published: July 2022

Background

Opioid induced chest wall rigidity was first described in the early 1950s during surgical anesthesia and has often been referred to as fentanyl induced rigid chest syndrome (FIRCS). It has most commonly been described in the setting of procedural sedation and bronchoscopy, characterized by pronounced abdominal and thoracic rigidity, asynchronous ventilation, and respiratory failure. FIRCS has been infrequently described in the setting of continuous analgesia in critically ill adult patients. We postulate that FIRCS can occur in this setting and is likely under recognized, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.

Methods

Patients admitted to the intensive care unit with suspected FIRCS were included in this retrospective analysis. The objective of this analysis is to describe the clinical presentation and treatment strategies for FIRCS.

Results

Forty-two patients exhibiting symptoms of FIRCS were included in this analysis. Twenty-two of the forty-two patients with descriptive documentation had evidence of thoracic or abdominal rigidity on examination (52.4%). Twelve of sixteen (75%) patients treated solely with naloxone had documented ventilator compliance following intervention, compared to six of eleven (55%) managed with cisatracurium alone. Nine of twelve patients who ultimately received naloxone after initial treatment with cisatracurium had documented ventilator compliance following naloxone administration (75%). Standard interventions, including sedation optimization and ventilator adjustments were attempted to rule out and treat other potential causes of dyssynchrony. In most cases, the administration of naloxone resulted in appropriate compliance with both ventilator and patient-initiated breaths, suggesting the ventilator dyssynchrony was due to fentanyl.

Conclusions

This is the largest case series to date describing FIRCS in the intensive care setting. Recognition and prompt management is necessary for improved patient outcomes. Research is needed to increase awareness and recognition, identify patient risk factors, and analyze the efficacy and safety of interventions.
External pressure buckling of composite sandwich conical shells with variable skin thickness
Authors: Zarei Mehdi , Rahimi Gholam Hossein
Published: July 2022

In this paper, an analytical model is developed to investigate the buckling analysis of the composite sandwich conical shell with variable skin thickness under lateral pressure loading. This problem involves composite shells, which are produced during the filament-winding process, where the skin thickness varies through the length of the shell. An effective smeared method is employed to reduce the reinforced lattice core into a layer. This is done by analyzing forces and moments on a unit cell. Therefore, equivalent stiffness parameters of reinforced lattice core are determined. By superimposing stiffness parameters due to the lattice core with those of the inner and outer skins, the equivalent stiffness of the sandwich panel will be obtained. Governing equations are established based on the first shear deformation theory. The power series method is used to extract the buckling load of the stiffened shell. To verify achieved results, a 3D finite element model is provided. Comparisons showed that the analytical solution is qualified enough to study the buckling behavior of the composite sandwich conical shell. Through this study, the effects of a set of important parameters like stiffener orientation angle, number of stiffeners, semi-vertex angle, and skin lamination are investigated.
Integral-based robust LPV control of nonlinear flight systems
Authors: Tarighi Reza , Mazinan Amir Hooshang , Kazemi Mohammad Hosein
Published: July 2022

This paper presents a novel speed control method for an unmanned flight system. A Polytopic Linear Parameter Varying model is generated by linearization of the nonlinear dynamic model around several trim points. As a novelty of this paper, an Integral action over the tracking error is added to a conventional state-feedback to form the proposed control law. Augmenting the proposed control action to the system dynamic, the proposed control law is reassigned as a common state-feedback control problem. An attenuation level for the tracking error under external disturbances is guaranteed by solving the related linear matrix inequalities to compute the control gains. In the end, the designed controller has been implemented for different scenarios in order to maintain the speed in different modes with the ability to control the longitudinal, Lateral, and altitude velocities simultaneously. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control against the system uncertainties, external disturbances, and the interactions between different channels.
Is non-occupational HIV Post Exposure Prophylaxis (nPEP) still used? An exploration of nPEP use since widespread availability of HIV PrEP
Authors: Woodward Shannon C , Baynes Anne M , Tyson Hayley A , Dunlop William A , Martin Sarah J
Published: July 2022

Background

Non-occupational Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (nPEP) is an effective HIV prevention strategy in gay and bisexual men (GBM) taken after possible exposure. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is also a highly effective HIV prevention strategy.

Methods

A retrospective audit of medical records of GBM presenting to a sexual health centre and provided with nPEP compared two periods to determine if nPEP usage changed following availability of PrEP. In the first period (P1) PrEP was available through extended trials. In the second period (P2) PrEP became more accessible through the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Period comparisons were performed using a two-population test of proportions with one-tailed testing and significance set at P < .05 using SPSS Statistics Version 25.

Results

There were 232 GBM provided with nPEP in P1, and 202 in P2. A two-population test of proportions demonstrated that GBM presentations for nPEP decreased significantly from 302/4779 (6.3%) of GBM visits in P1 to 221/7205 (3.1%) in P2 when PrEP was more accessible (Z=8.53, P < .001). PrEP uptake after presenting for nPEP increased from 30 (12.9%) of total GBM visits in P1 to 69 (34.2%) in P2 (Z=5.26, p < .001).

Conclusions

GBM accessing nPEP decreased with statistical significance post introduction of PBS PrEP.
Disentangling the Nexus Between Exchange Rate Volatility, Exports, and FDI: Empirical Evidence from the Indian Economy
Authors: Jamal Aamir , Bhat G. M.
Published: July 2022

The primary objective of the study was to scrutinize the effect of exchange rate volatility on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and Indian exports during the flexible exchange rate period. The bounds testing procedure confirmed the presence of a single (stable) long-run relationship between exports, conditional exchange rate volatility, and unconditional exchange rate volatility. The autoregressive distributed lag model verified that volatility in Indian rupee vis-à-vis USD had a significant (negative) impact on Indian exports and FDI inflows. Besides, trade openness and gross domestic product, in the long run, were positive and significant in explaining the exports and FDI inflows. Based on the empirical results, India should devise suitable macroeconomic policies to reduce exchange rate volatility to make the export-led growth strategy a success. Moreover, emerging and progressive economies like India should strengthen and streamline their domestic foreign exchange markets without compromising the level of trade openness. More precisely, the forward exchange markets’ coverage should be broadened, as they provide protection (hedging) against the exchange rate volatility in the long run.
Advanced Placement and Equity: A Case Study of Two Suburban School Districts
Authors: Palencia Virginia
Published: July 2022

This case study mapped patterns of disproportionality in Advanced Placement (AP) access, enrollment, and completion for systemically excluded students through secondary data analysis of the Civil Rights Data Collection (2015–6), and documents the degree of segregation within two diverse school districts. Although there was relatively robust overall AP course availability in both school districts, access and degree of racial segregation varied widely within the school districts. Findings establish disproportionality in AP enrollment and completion rates for Black and Latinx students. Such findings demonstrate the need for more research in regard to AP enrollment and completion for systemically excluded students.
Demystifying the Fulbright Scholarly Experience
Authors: Perreault Gregory P. , Dimitrova Daniela V.
Published: July 2022

Global challenges in combating a range of issues—the coronavirus pandemic, climate change, hostility, migration, misinformation—necessitate global collaboration. The Fulbright Scholar programs provide numerous ways in which to develop the tools to support such collaboration. In this commentary, we provide an overview of the Fulbright experience, reflect on Fulbright’s potential for enhancing scholarship in journalism and mass communication, and pinpoint areas scholars should consider in applying for their own Fulbright grant. The Fulbright is an essential tool in addressing the global problems that plague our world, and this essay serves as an introduction to the Fulbright experience.
Journalism’s Change Agents: Black Lives Matter, #BlackoutTuesday, and a Shift Toward Activist Doxa
Authors: Harlow Summer
Published: July 2022

Based on interviews with journalists during the 2020 racial justice protests, this study uses field theory and doxa to explore to what extent journalists who cover social justice issues are redrawing the boundary between journalism and activism. I use #BlackoutTuesday and journalists’ discourse about posting black squares on Instagram in support of #BlackLivesMatter to examine social media’s role in evolving perceptions about objectivity and stance-taking. Journalists saw social media as creating an opening for objectivity to move from an orthodox value to a debatable heterodox one. I argue these journalists acted as change agents, reforming the journalist field from within.
The Influence of Visual Frame Combinations in Solutions Journalism Stories
Authors: Midberry Jennifer , Brown Danielle K. , Potter Robert F. , Comfort Ryan N.
Published: July 2022

This study investigated how visual framing influences discrete emotional responses, empathy, behavioral intentions, and efficacy in reaction to visual solutions journalism. A 2 (story topic: drug addiction, homelessness) × 4 (visual frame condition: no photo, solution-only, problem-only, combination) mixed design experiment revealed that images showing only social problems elicited the lowest levels of compassion in viewers, challenging long-held assumptions about the utility of social problem imagery. Image pairs showing both problems and solutions were revealed to be effective at eliciting moderate levels of emotional response, including hope, compassion, and empathy.
Structural Barriers to HIV Prevention and Services: Perspectives of African American Women in Low-Income Communities
Authors: Rimmler Shelby , Golin Carol , Coleman James , Welgus Hayley , Shaughnessy Sarah , Taraskiewicz Leah , Lightfoot Alexandra F. , Randolph Schenita D. , Riggins Linda
Published: July 2022

Background

African American women are at a disproportionate HIV risk compared with other U.S. women. Studies show that complex structural and social determinants, rather than individual behaviors, place African American women at greater risk of HIV infection; however, little is known about women’s views of what puts them at risk.

Aims

This study sought to comprehend the perceptions of African American women living in low-income housing regarding the factors that influence both their personal sexual health behaviors and use of HIV prevention services.

Methods

We conducted seven focus groups with 48 African American women from 10 public housing communities in a small city in the southeastern United States. We analyzed the focus group transcripts using thematic data analysis to identify salient themes and points of interest related to the study aim.

Results

Women identified factors related to the health care system (trustworthiness of the health care system), the external environment (racism, classism, patriarchal structures, and violence/crime), as well as predisposing (health beliefs, stigma, and gender norms), enabling (agency to negotiate gendered power), and need (perceived HIV risk and perceptions of partner characteristics) features of individuals in the population.

Conclusion

African American women living in public housing are especially vulnerable to HIV infection due to intersectional discrimination based on racism, classism, gender power dynamics, and community conditions. Our findings confirm the need to develop HIV intervention programming addressing intersectional identities of those making up the communities they plan to address, and being informed by those living in the communities they plan to act on.
Eliciting stories of gender-transformative change: Investigating the effectiveness of question prompt formulations in qualitative gender assessments
Authors: MacArthur Jess , Carrard Naomi , Veasna Toeur , Kozole Tyler , Willetts Juliet
Published: July 2022

Evaluations of gender equality initiatives in development programmes traditionally assess cognitive dimensions such as knowledge, attitudes, and awareness; and often rely solely on women’s perspectives. Leveraging story-based evaluation methods, this article explores the assessment of complex gender-transformations and focuses on effective question prompts to elicit significant and meaningful narratives of change from both women and men. In collaboration with a development programme in Cambodia, a staff assessment process led to a set of criteria for considering the quality of respondent stories and testing the efficacy of four different question prompts (n = 176): verb-, value-, sphere-, and theme-based. Highlighting aspects of embodiment, the study suggests that verb-based prompts were the most effective at eliciting stories that reflect diverse experiences of both women and men in processes of gender-transformation. Findings from our analysis can support evaluators in balancing simplicity and specificity of questions in assessing the unique experiences of individuals undergoing complex change.
A fatigue failure investigation and improvement of a high-speed cylindrical roller bearing in a turbofan engine
Authors: Liu Jing , Dang Xiaoyong , An Yuchen , Yang Chiye , Pan Guang
Published: July 2022

High-speed cylindrical roller bearings are critical components used in turbofan engines. The failures in the cylindrical roller bearings are common failure cases in the turbofan engines due to the tough speed and load conditions, which can increase downtime and create an enormous loss. Thus, it is necessary to understand the failure reasons including the careless handling, improper clearance or mounting, ineffective sealing, and unsuitable lubrication. This paper introduces a failure analysis of a high-speed cylindrical roller bearing used in the turbofan engine. A detailed analysis of high-speed cylindrical roller bearing failures is proposed by using the finite element method. The failure reasons are identified as the manufacturing errors in the effective length of the inner ring, which led to the high-stress concentrations at the two ends of the roller resulting in fatigue failures. The failure mechanisms are understood. The optimization design of the structure to avoid the failures is presented. The validation test shows that the prevention strategies for similar failures are addressed. This paper can provide some guidance for analyzing and identifying the spalls and wear failures in the high-speed cylindrical roller bearings used in the turbofan engines.
Audience understandings of disinformation: navigating news media through a prism of pragmatic scepticism
Authors: Kyriakidou Maria , Morani Marina , Cushion Stephen , Hughes Ceri
Published: July 2022

The content and effects of disinformation have become a focal point in communication studies over recent years. But how media audiences themselves interpret the meaning of disinformation and mitigate the risks it poses to their understanding of the world have remained largely understudied. This article draws upon a UK-based focus group study that examines how people conceptualise disinformation, and the ways this informs their engagement with news media. Our findings revealed that common definitions of disinformation go beyond ‘fake news’ and conspiracy theories to include an array of phenomena, such as biased news, political spin and misrepresented information. Far from simply not trusting information sources or being passive recipients of disinformation, we argue that audiences have developed a pragmatic scepticism in their relationship with media across different platforms, which reflects a critical reading of news media both as texts and institutions.
Planning as polycentric: Institutionalist lessons for communicative and collaborative planning in Global South contexts
Authors: Frimpong Boamah Emmanuel
Published: July 2022

This article puts the ‘communicative turn’ in planning into conversation with polycentric governance to offer three lessons for communicative and collaborative planning. These lessons probe the nexus of institutional-cultural contexts and (1) stakeholders’ agency to initiate, enter, and exit discursive arenas, (2) incentives and interactions among actors, and (3) information and power (a)symmetries within communicative-action-based planning processes. The empirical moments for these lessons are evinced using an ecological restoration planning project in a Global South context. The conceptual and empirical dialogues foreground Southern critiques of the limits of normative planning concepts, especially when they are decoupled from historically contingent asymmetric power structures and socio-economic differences within planning cultures.
Harmol alleviates dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer by downregulating Bcl2/IL-6/TNF-α expression in association with p53 mediated apoptosis
Authors: Guo Ni , Gao Jie
Published: July 2022

Objectives: Colorectal cancer is the world’s third most prevalent cancer. Herbal drugs are increasingly being used to treat a variety of disorders, including cancer, due to the severe adverse effects. Harmol, natural molecule containing β-carboline alkaloids, has aroused the interest of researchers due to its diverse biological functions, including anticancer properties. Methods: In this study, the chemotherapeutic effects of harmol have been investigated on HT-29 colon cancer cell line and a rat model of colon cancer. In the in vitro study the cytotoxicity assay, DAPI analysis and the flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess the anticancer efficacy of harmol in HT-29 cell. The colorectal cancer was developed in male Wistar rats through the administration of DMH followed by treatment with DSS. The rats were treated with harmol (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) for 18 weeks. At the end of therapy, the colon tissues were assessed for ACF, in vivo antioxidant activity, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence analysis and apoptosis assay. Results: The in vitro data suggested that the harmol therapy would significantly increase the percentage of early apoptosis in HT-29 cells through halting of G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, inhibition of ACF development with improved colonic abrasion and morphological features in colonic mucosal region were noted. Harmol treatment also increased the levels of antioxidants and p53 and downregulated Bcl2, IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Conclusion: These outcomes signify that harmol successfully recover colorectal carcinoma by reprogramming the p53, Bcl2, IL-6 and TNF-α pathway in rats.
Ukrainian refugees in Polish press
Authors: Zawadzka-Paluektau Natalia
Published: July 2022

The paper examines the representations of Ukrainian refugees in Polish press at the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion. Using corpus linguistics methods (namely, collocation analysis) it shows that the displaced Ukrainians were mostly referred to as (war) refugees and discussed with respect to their movement and reception in Poland. The study contrasts the construal of Ukrainian refugees in media outlets with different ideological and business aims. The findings are also discussed with respect to how European media tend to cover immigration from other regions, notably the Middle East and North Africa, and how these two types of migration become linked in the analysed news reports. Altogether, while pointing to a potential of the media to shape positive attitudes towards refugees, as attested by their coverage of Ukrainians, the study also highlights the extent to which racism is likely to determine the construal of different groups of migrants.
A case of acute-onset paraplegia due to spinal tuberculosis in term pregnancy
Authors: Yadav Aishwarya , Singh Anuradha , Aggarwal Kiran
Published: July 2022

Acute paraplegia in pregnancy is uncommon but can result from pathology including Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute transverse myelitis, and spinal tuberculosis, also known as Pott's disease of the spine. India has a high incidence of tuberculosis (2.8 million cases annually) therefore spinal tuberculosis is a particularly important disease to consider during pregnancy. Management of spinal tuberculosis in pregnancy poses a challenge especially at term gestation as immobilization of the spine and maintaining supination is difficult, particularly at delivery.