bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Redox Active and Chelatable Iron Assays to Determine Labile Iron Release From Intravenous Iron Formulations
Authors: Pai AB , Meyer DE , Bales BC , Cotero VE , Pai MP , Zheng N , Jiang W
Published: February 2017

Emerging data from global markets outside the United States, where many generic iron sucrose formulations are available, have revealed that non‐US generic intravenous (i.v.) iron formulations may have iron release profiles that differ from the reference listed drug (RLD). The first generic i.v. iron approved in the United States was sodium ferric gluconate complex in 2011. We evaluated chelatable and redox labile iron assay methods to measure the amount of labile iron released from i.v. iron formulations in biorelevant matrices in vitro. The majority of published labile iron assays evaluated were not suitable for use in vitro due to overwhelming interference by the presence of the i.v. iron products. However, an optimized high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐based method performed well for use in vitro labile iron detection in a biorelevant matrix. Application of this method may enhance bioequivalence evaluation of generic i.v. iron formulations in the future.
Overcoming the ownership dilemma: Contributing to peace and democracy in El Salvador and the Philippines
Authors: Zulueta‐Fülscher Kimana
Published: February 2017

El Salvador and the Philippines have had relatively successful democratization processes and decades of sustained international support, but continue to experience high levels of violence from non‐state actors that prevent or delay the consolidation of democracy. How has international support helped or hindered these processes? This article finds that frequently donors and local stakeholders are vulnerable to the “ownership dilemma.” External donors often focus on strengthening state institutions rather than promoting inclusiveness. This is often the result of institutional capture by local elites that are reluctant to pursue structural reforms. While external support rarely has the influence to decisively shape processes of democratic consolidation, the analysis finds that windows of opportunity may emerge and assist in deepening support for consolidation.
SIZE, OPENNESS, AND MACROECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
Authors: Chudik Alexander , Straub Roland
Published: February 2017

One common, simplifying assumption in open economy macroliterature is that the rest of the world can be thought of as a representative economy. This article formally investigates conditions under which this assumption can be justified using a multicountry general equilibrium model as a laboratory. We derive the conditions that ensure the existence of the equilibrium and study the properties of the equilibrium using largeNasymptotics. Thereby, we show that the two‐country framework is a valid approximation only for economies that have diversified trade linkages and only when there is no globally dominant economy among the foreign economies.
A TRACTABLE CITY MODEL FOR AGGREGATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Chatterjee Satyajit , Eyigungor Burcu
Published: February 2017

An analytically tractable city model with external increasing returns is presented. The equilibrium city structure is either monocentric or decentralized. Regardless of which structure prevails, intracity variation in endogenous variables displays exponential decay from the city center, where the decay rates depend only on parameters. Given population, the equilibrium of the model is generically unique. Tractability permits explicit expressions for when a central business district (CBD) will emerge in equilibrium, how external increasing returns affect the steepness of downtown rent gradients, and how wages and welfare vary with population. An application to urban growth boundary is presented.
RANDOM AUTHORITY
Authors: Li Siguang , Weng Xi
Published: February 2017

This article rationalizes matrix management in a multiproject organization in which decisions must be adapted to local conditions but also coordinated with each other. Project managers are privately informed about local conditions and communicate strategically via cheap talk. Matrix management is modeled as a randomization over deterministic authority allocations. We show that random authority is strictly optimal when the conflict between adaptation and coordination is very severe or the coordination need is very small. Moreover, the optimal degree of delegation changes nonmonotonically in the coordination need when the incentives of the project managers are sufficiently aligned.
CAPITAL‐ AND LABOR‐SAVING TECHNICAL CHANGE IN AN AGING ECONOMY
Authors: Irmen Andreas
Published: February 2017

Does population aging and the associated increase in the old‐age dependency ratio affect economic growth? The answer is given in a novel analytical framework that allows for population aging to affect endogenous capital‐ and labor‐saving technical change. In a steady state capital‐saving technical progress vanishes, and the economy's growth rate of per‐capita variables reflects only labor‐saving technical change. The mere possibility of capital‐saving technical change is shown to imply that the economy's steady‐state growth rate becomes independent of its age structure: Neither a higher life expectancy nor a decline in fertility affects economic growth in the long run.
A THEORY OF THE CROSS‐SECTIONAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIAL: JOB HETEROGENEITY APPROACH
Authors: Yasui Daishin
Published: February 2017

This article presents a theory of the cross‐sectional fertility differential, which produces the negative wage–fertility relationship based on job heterogeneity. Although evidence suggests the importance of job heterogeneity in the labor market, it has largely been ignored in theories of fertility choice. I show that a theory incorporating job heterogeneity requires only standard conditions on preferences to generate the negative wage–fertility relationship, and the negative relationship derived from the model is robust to changes in economic environments (e.g., public policy and technology). Furthermore, the theory reconciles the negative cross‐sectional wage–fertility relationship with various time‐series variations in aggregate fertility.
Associations between human breast milk hormones and adipocytokines and infant growth and body composition in the first 6 months of life
Authors: Fields D.A. , George B. , Williams M. , Whitaker K. , Allison D.B. , Teague A. , Demerath E.W.
Published: February 2017

Background

Much is to be learnt about human breast milk (HBM).

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to extend our knowledge of HBM by investigating the role of maternal body mass index (BMI), sex and stage of lactation (month 1 vs. 6) on HBM insulin, glucose, leptin, IL‐6 and TNF‐α and their associations with infant body composition.

Methods

Thirty‐seven exclusively breastfeeding infants (n = 37; 16♀, 21♂), and their mothers (19–47 kg m−2) were studied at 1 and 6 months of lactation. Infants had body composition measured (using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry) and HBM collected.

Results

A significant interaction between maternal BMI and infant sex on insulin levels (p = 0.0322) was observed such that insulin was 229% higher in obese mothers nursing female infants than in normal weight mothers nursing female infants and 179% higher than obese mothers nursing male infants. For leptin, a significant association with BMI category was observed (p < 0.0001) such that overweight and obese mothers had 96.5% and 315.1% higher leptin levels than normal weight mothers, respectively. Leptin was also found to have a significant (p = 0.0004) 33.7% decrease from months 1 to 6, controlling for BMI category and sex. A significant inverse relationship between month 1 leptin levels and infant length (p = 0.0257), percent fat (p = 0.0223), total fat mass (p = 0.0226) and trunk fat mass (p = 0.0111) at month 6 was also found. No associations or interactions were observed for glucose, TNF‐α or IL‐6.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that maternal BMI, infant sex and stage of lactation affect the compositional make‐up of insulin and leptin.
Effect of immersive workplace experience on undergraduate nurses’ mental health clinical confidence
Authors: Patterson Christopher , Moxham Lorna , Taylor Ellie K. , Perlman Dana , Brighton Renee , Sumskis Susan , Heffernan Tim , Lee‐Bates Benjamin
Published: February 2017

Preregistration education needs to ensure that student nurses are properly trained with the required skills and knowledge, and have the confidence to work with people who have a mental illness. With increased attention on non‐traditional mental health clinical placements, further research is required to determine the effects of non‐traditional mental health clinical placements on mental health clinical confidence. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of a non‐traditional mental health clinical placement on mental health nursing clinical confidence compared to nursing students undergoing traditional clinical placements. Using the Mental Health Nursing Clinical Confidence Scale, the study investigated the relative effects of two placement programmes on the mental health clinical confidence of 79 nursing students. The two placement programmes included a non‐traditional clinical placement of Recovery Camp and a comparison group that attended traditional clinical placements. Overall, the results indicated that, for both groups, mental health placement had a significant effect on improving mean mental health clinical confidence, both immediately upon conclusion of placement and at the 3‐month follow up. Students who attended Recovery Camp reported a significant positive difference, compared to the comparison group, for ratings related to communicating effectively with clients with a mental illness, having a basic knowledge of antipsychotic medications and their side‐effects, and providing client education regarding the effects and side‐effects of medications. The findings suggest that a unique clinical placement, such as Recovery Camp, can improve and maintain facets of mental health clinical confidence for students of nursing.
Australian mental health care practitioners’ practices and attitudes for encouraging smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction in smokers with severe mental illness
Authors: Sharma Ratika , Meurk Carla , Bell Stephanie , Ford Pauline , Gartner Coral
Published: February 2017

Reducing the burden of physical illness among people living with severe mental illnesses (SMI) is a key priority. Smoking is strongly associated with SMIs resulting in excessive smoking related morbidity and mortality in smokers with SMI. Smoking cessation advice and assistance from mental health practitioners would assist with reducing smoking and smoking‐related harms in this group. This study examined the attitudes and practices of Australian mental health practitioners towards smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction for smokers with SMI, including adherence to the 5As (ask, assess, advise, assist and arrange follow up) of smoking cessation. We surveyed 267 Australian mental health practitioners using a cross‐sectional, online survey. Most practitioners (77.5%) asked their clients about smoking and provided health education (66.7%) but fewer provided direct assistance (31.1–39.7%). Most believed that tobacco harm reduction strategies are effective for reducing smoking related risks (88.4%) and that abstinence from all nicotine should not be the only goal discussed with smokers with SMI (77.9%). Many respondents were unsure about the safety (56.9%) and efficacy (39.3%) of e‐cigarettes. Practitioners trained in smoking cessation were more likely (OR: 2.9, CI: 1.5–5.9) to help their clients to stop smoking. Community mental health practitioners (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.1–0.9) and practitioners who were current smokers (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.1–0.9) were less likely to adhere to the 5As of smoking cessation intervention. The results of this study emphasize the importance and need for providing smoking cessation training to mental health practitioners especially community mental health practitioners.
Pharmacokinetics of Bisphosphonates in Rabbits
Authors: Luurila Satu , Kautiainen Susanna , Ylitalo Pauli , Ylitalo Ritva
Published: February 2017

Abstract: Clodronate, pamidronate and etidronate are commonly used bisphosphonates, which accumulate extensively in arteries and some other tissues. We compared their pharmacokinetics in rabbits with those of tiludronate, the drug newly introduced to clinical use. The 14C‐labelled drugs were given intravenously and plasma drug levels were monitored for up to 24 hr. The dose‐related plasma concentrations of tiludronate and etidronate were clearly higher and decreased more slowly than those of clodronate and pamidronate (P<0.001). Already at 5 min., the concentrations of tiludronate and etidronate were higher than those of clodronate and pamidronate (P=0.016). At 24 hr, plasma concentration of tiludronate was 12±6.6%, of etidronate 18±2.5%, of clodronate 0.8±0.2%, and of pamidronate 1.4±0.4% of the dose per body weight. With the same dose (25 mg/kg), absolute AUC0–24hr for tiludronate and etidronate was 9–11 times larger than for clodronate. AUC0–24hr for pamidronate (2.5 mg/kg) was 11% of that for clodronate. Plasma clearance of tiludronate and etidronate was 9–15 times slower than that of clodronate and pamidronate. At 24 hr, the mean tissue‐to‐plasma ratio of tiludronate for aorta was 1.2–1.6. For bone, spleen, liver and kidneys the ratio varied from 5.4 to 52.6. The results suggest that 1) tiludronate and etidronate are removed from plasma much slower than clodronate and pamidronate, and 2) the potential of tiludronate to concentrate in arteries and bone is generally smaller than previously found with the other bisphosphonates.
Tizanidine Protects Mice against Convulsions Induced by Lidocaine: Involvement of α2‐Adrenoceptors
Authors: Altenburg Sonia P. , Farah Miguel B.
Published: February 2017

Abstract: The effects of α‐adrenoceptors agents on seizures induced by intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine (75 mg/kg) were studied in mice. Pretreatment with the selective α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, tizanidine, decreased the incidence of seizures induced by lidocaine. Tizanidine increased the latency to the first seizure in those animals which progressed to seizures. The blockade of α2‐adrenoceptors with yohimbine or phentolamine counteracted the protection induced by tizanidine. The seletive α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, did not modify the protection induced by tizanidine. The α2‐adrenoceptor agonist clonidine also increased the latency to the first seizure induced by lidocaine. The protective effect of clonidine was also reversed by pretreatment with the selective α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. Taken together, these results suggest that α2‐adrenoceptors are involved in seizures induced by lidocaine.
How family interactions about lifestyle changes affect adolescents' possibilities for maintaining weight loss after a weight‐loss intervention: a longitudinal qualitative interview study
Authors: Eg Marianne , Frederiksen Kirsten , Vamosi Marianne , Lorentzen Vibeke
Published: February 2017

Aim

This study aims to examine how family interactions related to lifestyle changes influence adolescents' potential for maintaining weight loss after participating in a weight‐loss treatment programme.

Background

Obesity among adolescents is a large and complex health problem worldwide. Family support is crucial if adolescents are to benefit from weight‐loss intervention.

Design

Qualitative research interviews with families who participated in a weight‐loss programme.

Methods

The sample consisted of 10 families selected among participants in a 1‐year multidisciplinary family‐based weight‐loss programme. Three rounds of semi‐structured interviews stretching over 5 years (2010–2015) were transcribed verbatim, then analyzed using Kvale and Brinkmann's framework for working with qualitative research interviews.

Findings

Five years after the intervention ended, we found that a family's interactions were a key factor in how the family handled challenges involved in changing its diet and increasing physical activity and that daily activities in modern families influenced their interaction, as activities demanded so much of the family that it was difficult to sustain the lifestyle changes necessary for the adolescent to maintain achieved weight loss. Supporting the adolescent was far more difficult than families expected; more time‐consuming and also a cause of family conflicts. Siblings who did not need to lose weight played a major, but overlooked, role.

Conclusion

The family's interactions and its handling of lifestyle changes were important to the adolescent's maintained weight loss. It is fundamental that the entire family is supportive, regardless of family structure and these issues ought to be addressed in future interventions.
Association between nondipper pulse rate and measures of cardiac overload: The J‐HOP Study
Authors: Oba Yusuke , Kabutoya Tomoyuki , Hoshide Satoshi , Eguchi Kazuo , Kario Kazuomi
Published: February 2017

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nondipper pulse rate (PR) and hypertensive target organ damage. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was conducted in 940 high‐risk Japanese patients enrolled in the Japan Morning Surge Home Blood Pressure Study. Nondipper PR was defined as (awake PR−sleep PR)/awake PR <0.1. The authors measured the patients' brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). The nondipper PR group (n=213) had a significantly higher prevalence of high BNP (≥35 pg/mL, 39.9% vs 26.1%; P<.001) than the dipper PR group (n=727). LVMI was significantly higher in the nondipper PR patients compared with the dipper PR patients among the women (mean LVMI: 111.3±32.4 vs 104.2±26.7 g/m2, P=.03) but not the men (mean LVMI: 117.6±32.0 vs 117.2±33.1 g/m2, P=.92). In conclusion, the nondipper PR was associated with cardiac overload.
Association between carotid intima‐media thickness and fasting blood glucose level: A population‐based cross‐sectional study among low‐income adults in rural China
Authors: Gao Liu , Bai Lingling , Shi Min , Ni Jingxian , Lu Hongyan , Wu Yanan , Tu Jun , Ning Xianjia , Wang Jinghua , Li Yukun
Published: February 2017

Aims/Introduction

Carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) is an established predictor of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We aimed to identify the association between CIMT and blood glucose, as well as the risk factors associated with increased CIMT in a low‐income Chinese population.

Materials and Methods

Stroke‐free and cardiovascular disease‐free residents aged ≥45 years were recruited. B‐mode ultrasonography was carried out to measure CIMT.

Results

There were 2,643 participants (71.0%) in the normal group, 549 (14.7%) in the impaired fasting glucose group and 533 (14.3%) in the diabetes mellitus group. The determinants of increased CIMT were older age; male sex; low education; hypertension; smoking; high levels of systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; and low levels of diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, after adjusting for covariates. Age and hypertension were the common risk factors for increased CIMT in all three groups. Furthermore, male sex, smoking and high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level were positively associated with the mean CIMT in the normal group; high triglycerides levels were negatively associated with the mean CIMT in the impaired fasting glucose group; and alcohol consumption was an independent risk factor for mean CIMT in the diabetes mellitus group. Hypertension was the greatest risk factor for increased CIMT.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that it is crucial to manage and control traditional risk factors in low‐income populations in China in order to decelerate the recent dramatic increase in stroke incidence, and to reduce the burden of stroke.
Overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia including subtype analyses
Authors: Choi Yoon Jin , Kim Nayoung , Yoon Hyuk , Shin Cheol Min , Park Young Soo , Kim Jin‐Wook , Kim Yong Sung , Lee Dong Ho , Jung Hyun Chae
Published: February 2017

Background and Aim

Coexistent gastrointestinal symptom profiles and prevalence or associated factors for the overlap between each functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) group remain unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinicodemographic features of FD, IBS, and IBS‐FD overlap and assess the risk factors thereof, including subtype and genetic polymorphisms for IBS‐FD.

Methods

Consecutive patients were enrolled from the outpatient Gastroenterology clinics of Bundang Seoul National University Hospitals in Korea. All gastrointestinal symptoms occurring at least once per week in the previous 3 months were recorded. Diagnostic criteria of functional gastrointestinal disorders were based on the Rome III criteria. Risk factors including genetic polymorphisms of 5‐HTTLPR and ADRA2A 1291 G alleles and CCK‐1R intron 779T>C were assessed using a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results

A total of 632 subjects (278 control subjects, 308 FD, 156 IBS, and 110 who met the criteria for both FD and IBS) were included in this study. Patients with IBS‐FD overlap had more severe symptoms (such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, hard or lumpy stools, defecation straining, and a feeling of incomplete bowel movement) and higher depression scores compared with non‐overlap patients. Single/divorced or widowed marital status, nausea, bloating, and a feeling of incomplete emptying after bowel movements were independent risk factors for IBS‐FD overlap among IBS patients. In contrast, young age, depression, bloating, and postprandial distress syndrome were positively associated with IBS‐FD overlap among FD patients. 5‐HTTLPR L/L was a risk factor for the co‐occurrence of IBS‐C among FD patients (OR: 12.47; 95% CI: 2.00–77.75; P = 0.007).

Conclusions

Bloating was a risk factor for IBS‐FD overlap. Patients with postprandial distress syndrome have a higher risk of coexisting IBS, particularly constipation‐dominant IBS.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter polymorphisms (−794CATT5–7) as potential biomarker for early‐stage cervical cancer
Authors: Wu Suhui , Sun Jingfen , Lian Junfang , Shang Haixia , Tao Huijuan , Xie Jun , Lin Weifeng
Published: February 2017

Aim

The objective was to investigate the correlation between macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promoter polymorphisms (−794CATT5–7) and early‐stage cervical cancer (ESCC) and to identify a potential biomarker for ESCC.

Methods

A hospital‐based case–control study was performed. The case group contained 250 patients with histologically confirmed ESCC. The control group included 147 healthy women. Polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformation polymorphism was used to genotype polymorphisms of MIF promoter ‐794CATT5–7. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was applied to detect serum concentration of MIF.

Results

The genotype distribution and allele frequency of MIF‐794CATT in the ESCC group were significantly different from those in the control group (P < 0.05). The 7‐CATT repeat carriers were significantly higher in the ESCC group than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The 7‐CATT repeat carriers (5/7, 6/7, and 7/7) were associated with ESCC and increased risks of cervical cancer (odds ratio = 3.5, 3.0, and 5.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.2–10.5, 1.2–7.9, and 1.3–25.3, respectively). Serum concentration of MIF was significantly higher in the ESCC group than in the control group (P < 0.05), and it was significantly higher in 7‐CATT carriers than in non‐7‐CATT carriers (P < 0.05). Neither polymorphisms of MIF‐794 nor serum MIF were associated with lymph node metastases and differentiation (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

MIF promoter polymorphisms (−794CATT) were correlated with ESCC; and 7‐CATT might play a role in ESCC. It could be a potential biomarker for ESCC.
Urologic injuries during gynecologic surgery, a 10‐year review
Authors: Satitniramai Sikarn , Manonai Jittima
Published: February 2017

Aims

The study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of urologic injuries during gynecologic surgery, study the management and outcome of such injuries, and identify risk factors that may be associated with urologic injuries.

Methods

A case–control study was conducted in patients who underwent gynecologic surgery from 2005 to 2014 in the university hospital. The study cases referred to patients who had urologic injury during gynecologic surgery and the control cases referred to patients who had gynecologic surgery matching the same period, type of procedure, and etiological disease leading to surgery. The medical records were reviewed and analyzed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to identify risk factors associated with urologic injury.

Results

During the study period, there were 86 cases of urologic injuries from a total of 28 819 cases. The overall 10‐year incidence was 0.30%. The incidence of bladder injury was 0.18%, (0.083% for ureteric and 0.014% for combined ureter and bladder injury). Among 80 cases with complete data, 52 (65%) had bladder injury and 48 (92.3%) were recognized the time of surgery and underwent primary repair with successful outcome, whereas 18 (75%) of 24 ureteric injury were detected intraoperatively. Previous pelvic surgery and the presence of adhesion were significant risk factors of urologic injury with OR 3.436, 95% CI 2.037–5.796 and OR 2.185, 95% CI 1.319–3.621, respectively.

Conclusion

Urinary bladder injury was the most common urinary tract injury during gynecologic surgery. Previous pelvic surgery and the presence of adhesion were significant risk factors.
A Material World: A Comparative Study of Flooring Material Influence on Patient Safety, Satisfaction, and Quality of Care
Authors: Harris Debra
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this multi–method study was to compare indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of patient rooms and the effects on safety, satisfaction, and quality of care. Objective analysis of IEQ included temperature, relative humidity (RH), CO2, and TVOCs. Healthcare staff and patients were asked to complete surveys. A behavior mapping study focused on length of time healthcare staff and visitors spent with patients in their rooms. All statistical tests were conducted with an α level of .05. Results indicated that IEQ was compromised by low RH and high temperatures; and bacterial counts in the air were higher in rooms with vinyl flooring. Patients were more satisfied with their experience; less likely to be assigned at risk for falling; and contributed to social support with visitors spending more time with patients in rooms with carpet tile. This comparative study indicates that the indoor environment contributes to quality of care, patient satisfaction, and safety in patient rooms.
Oro‐facial functions in experimental models of cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Lacerda D. C. , Ferraz‐Pereira K. N. , Bezerra de morais A. T. , Costa‐de‐santana B. J. R. , Quevedo O. G. , Manhães‐de‐Castro R. , Toscano A. E.
Published: February 2017

Children who suffer from cerebral palsy (CP) often present comorbidities in the form of oro‐facial dysfunctions. Studies in animals have contributed to elaborate potential therapies aimed at minimising the chronic disability of the syndrome. To systematically review the scientific literature regarding the possible effects that experimental models of CP can have on oro‐facial functions. Two independent authors conducted a systematic review in the electronic databases Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and Lilacs, using Mesh and Decs terms in animal models. The motor and sensory parameters of sucking, chewing and swallowing were considered as primary outcomes; reactivity odour, controlled salivation, postural control, head mobility during feeding and the animal's ability to acquire food were secondary outcomes. Ten studies were included in the present review. Most studies used rabbits as experimental models of CP, which was induced by either hypoxia‐ischemia, inflammation or intraventricular haemorrhage. Oro‐facial functions were altered in all experimental models of CP. However, we found more modifications in hypoxia‐ischemia models overall. On the other hand, the model of inflammation was more effective to reproduce higher damage for coordinating sucking and swallowing. All of the CP experimental models that were assessed modified the oral functions in different animal species. However, further studies should be conducted in order to clarify the mechanisms underlying oro‐facial damage in order to optimise treatment strategies for children who suffer from CP.
Examination of factors affecting the intraoral perception of object size: a preliminary study
Authors: Tomita K. , Murakami K. , Takahashi M. , Ooka T. , Hironaka S.
Published: February 2017

Oral sensory function is essential for the successful performance of a range of ingestion. Although the perception of object size is important in determining the degree of manipulation, evidence suggests that people does not always perceive the size of the object in oral cavity accurately. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the intraoral perception of object size. Twenty‐three healthy young volunteers detected the size of cylinders inserted into oral cavity blindly and identified it from the reference set. The diameter of cross section varied from 10 to 14 mm in a gap of 1 mm and had three different temperatures (5, 36, 50 °C) in each. The perceived size was recorded, and the difference with the actual size was assessed. The required time for identification was also measured and compared between gender and between temperatures. The results demonstrated that the direction of size illusion was significantly affected by the required time for identification. Long manipulation led to overestimation, and short manipulation led to underestimation of object size irrespective of temperature and size. Gender was the other factor affecting intraoral size perception. The rate of overestimation was low in female participants comparing with male participants in this experiment, although the number of participants was limited. We therefore concluded that in order to detect the other factors affecting intraoral size perception, regulating oral manipulation time is indispensable.
Treatment of presumptive primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia with mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine in dogs
Authors: Cummings F. O. , Rizzo S. A.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

The objective of this study was to compare hospitalisation duration, survival times, adverse events and cost of therapy in dogs with presumptive primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia undergoing therapy with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids versus cyclosporine and corticosteroids.

Methods

A retrospective study of medical case records of dogs with presumed primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia was conducted. Data collected included signalment, presenting complaints, haematologic and biochemical profiles, vector‐borne disease testing, thoracic and abdominal radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, medications administered, duration of hospitalisation, 30‐ and 60‐day survival, adverse events and cost of therapy. Variables were compared between dogs treated solely with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids or cyclosporine and corticosteroids.

Results

A total of 55 dogs with primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia were identified. Eighteen were excluded because multiple immunosuppressive medications were used during treatment. Hospitalisation times, 30‐day survival and 60‐day survival times were similar between both groups. Dogs in the mycophenolate mofetil/corticosteroid group experienced fewer adverse events than the cyclosporine/corticosteroid group. Therapy with mycophenolate mofetil was less expensive than that with cyclosporine.

Clinical Significance

These results suggest that using the combination of mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids appears to be as effective as cyclosporine and corticosteroids in the treatment of presumed primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. Adverse events were less common and cost of therapy was lower in the mycophenolate mofetil group. Additional larger prospective, controlled, double‐masked, outcome‐based, multi‐institutional studies are required to substantiate these preliminary findings.
Soft tissue sarcoma in the dog – Part 2: surgical margins, controversies and a comparative review
Authors: Bray J. P.
Published: February 2017

Soft tissue sarcoma constitutes a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumours. Although they are common in the dog, many uncertainties surround the best options for clinical management. Despite recent improvements in outcome, approximately one in five patients may still die as a result of their disease. There is some evidence that wide surgical excision may not be required for every soft tissue sarcoma but, conversely, complacency in treatment may adversely affect outcomes for patients with aggressive disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the issues affecting the management of canine soft tissue sarcoma, and to evaluate the human literature for lessons that may guide future treatment directions for dogs. Comparative lessons from human soft tissue sarcoma that may be important for the canine patient in the future include (1) understanding the oncogenic potential of the pseudocapsule to better predict tumour behaviour and optimal surgical margins, (2) recognising the importance of planned multi‐modality therapy for improving tumour control, (3) considering a role for compartmental resection strategies and (4) improving the accuracy of pretreatment analysis of the tumour to better predict behaviour and optimal treatment options.
Urinary F2‐Isoprostanes in Cats with International Renal Interest Society Stage 1–4 Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Whitehouse W. , Quimby J. , Wan S. , Monaghan K. , Robbins R. , Trepanier L.A.
Published: February 2017

Background

F2‐isoprostanes, a biomarker of oxidant injury, increase with advancing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. In cats, the relationship between CKD and oxidative stress is poorly understood.

Objectives

To determine whether cats with advancing CKD have increasing urinary F2‐isoprostanes.

Animals

Control cats without evidence of CKD (≥6 years old; n = 11), and cats with IRIS stage 1 (n = 8), 2 (n = 38), 3 (n = 21), and 4 (n = 10) CKD.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study. Urinary F2‐isoprostanes (specifically free 15‐F2t‐isoprostanes) normalized to urine creatinine (IsoPs) were compared among groups and tested for correlations with blood pressure, proteinuria, serum creatinine concentration, and urine specific gravity. The IsoPs also were compared between cats with and without hypertension or proteinuria, and in cats fed predominantly standard versus renal diets.

Results

Urinary IsoPs were increased, but not significantly, in cats with stage 1 CKD (median 263 pg/mg creatinine; range, 211–380) compared to controls (182 pg/mg; range, 80–348) and decreased significantly from stage 1 through advancing CKD (stage 2, 144 pg/mg; range, 49–608; stage 3, 102 pg/mg; range, 25–158; stage 4, 67 pg/mg; range, 26–117; P < .01). Urinary IsoPs were inversely correlated with serum creatinine (r = −0.66, P < .0001).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Urinary IsoPs are significantly higher in early CKD (stage 1) compared to cats with more advanced CKD. Additional studies are warranted to characterize oxidative stress in cats with stage 1 CKD and determine whether early antioxidant treatments have a protective effect on CKD progression.
Biosecure Shrimp Feeds and Feeding Practices: Guidelines for Future Development
Authors: Tacon Albert G. J.
Published: February 2017

For the purposes of this paper, biosecure shrimp feeds and on‐farm feeding strategies refer to the “feed, whether live, fresh, or formulated, and the management of the feed on the farm, should not be an entry point of potential pathogens to the shrimp and/or to the culture system.” The paper reviews the different feeds commonly used for the production of farmed shrimp and discusses their potential risks from a disease perspective, including the use of live hatchery and nursery feeds, the use of live and/or fresh food organisms for the production of broodstock, and the use of dry formulated shrimp feeds for shrimp growout operations. In addition, the paper discusses the critical role played by feed‐processing techniques for the pasteurization and destruction of pathogens within shrimp feeds and the need for nutritionists to formulate feeds for optimal nutrition and health, and not just for optimal growth. The importance of the development and implementation of good on‐farm feed management practices by farmers is discussed, including the prohibition of the top‐dressing of pelleted feeds on farm by farmers with unapproved feed additives such as antibiotics. Finally, the paper discusses the responsibilities of farmers, feed manufacturers, and traders regarding the development and use of recommended biosecure shrimp feeds and feeding practices.
Population genetic analysis of a parasitic mycovirus to infer the invasion history of its fungal host
Authors: Schoebel Corine N. , Botella Leticia , Lygis Vaidotas , Rigling Daniel
Published: February 2017

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 1 (HfMV1) occurs in the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, an introduced plant pathogen responsible for the devastating ash dieback epidemic in Europe. Here, we explored the prevalence and genetic structure of HfMV1 to elucidate the invasion history of both the virus and the fungal host. A total of 1298 H. fraxineus isolates (181 from Japan and 1117 from Europe) were screened for the presence of this RNA virus and 301 virus‐positive isolates subjected to partial sequence analysis of the viral RNA polymerase gene. Our results indicate a high mean prevalence (78.7%) of HfMV1 across European H. fraxineus isolates, which is supported by the observed high transmission rate (average 83.8%) of the mitovirus into sexual spores of its host. In accordance with an expected founder effect in the introduced population in Europe, only 1.1% of the Japanese isolates were tested virus positive. In Europe, HfMV1 shows low nucleotide diversity but a high number of haplotypes, which seem to be subject to strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic and clustering analysis detected two genetically distinct HfMV1 groups, both present throughout Europe. This pattern supports the hypothesis that only two (mitovirus‐carrying) H. fraxineus individuals were introduced into Europe as previously suggested from the bi‐allelic nature of the fungus. Moreover, our data points to reciprocal mating events between the two introduced individuals, which presumably initiated the ash dieback epidemic in Europe.
Newman on Consulting the Faithful: Context, Content, and Consequences
Authors: Strange Roderick
Published: February 2017

Newman's article, ‘On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine’, which appeared in the Rambler in July 1859, has become a natural reference point when people consider the sensus fidelium. It is helpful, therefore, to know how the article came to be written and important to be clear about what it actually said. Newman was not supporting some loose exercise in democracy, but was pointing to a vital process for the health of the Church, and encouraging the lay faithful and their pastors to work together. There are lessons too to be learnt from the way people behaved in the aftermath of the controversy. The episode may also be seen as illustrating Newman's life in a nutshell.
Neuropathic Pain Assessment with the PainDETECT Questionnaire: Cross‐Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation to Hindi
Authors: Gudala Kapil , Ghai Babita , Bansal Dipika
Published: February 2017

Objective

The contribution of neuropathic pain (NeP) in chronic pain conditions is increasingly emphasized with the development of multiple questionnaire‐based measurement scales. The painDETECT questionnaire (PDQ) is a frequently used self‐reported outcome measure to assess NeP in patients with chronic pain conditions in research and regular clinical practice. The aim of the study was to translate and cross‐culturally adapt the PDQ into Hindi (Hi‐PDQ) for use in India and to investigate its psychometric properties.

Methods

PainDETECT questionnaire translation into the Hindi language was carried out according to standard guidelines. Patients suffering from chronic pain attending a pain clinic were recruited. Patients completed the Hi‐PDQ at baseline and were retested was conducted after 3 days Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out to assess the factor structure of the Hi‐PDQ. Measurement properties, including floor and ceiling effects, discriminative validity, and psychometric properties, were also assessed.

Results

A total of 160 patients with chronic pain were recruited, including 80 in each NeP and non‐NeP group. The retest was completed in 82 patients. Mean Hi‐PDQ scores were significantly higher in the NeP group compared with the non‐NeP group (20.7 [SD 5.9] vs. 9.9 [SD 5.9]; P < 0.01). EFA revealed a 2‐factor structure explaining 56.9% variance. The Hi‐PDQ was found to have adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83), test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94), and excellent discriminant validity (area under the curve = 0.88), with an optimal cutoff value of > 18 (sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 91.2%, respectively).

Conclusion

The PDQ was successfully translated into the Hindi language. The Hi‐PDQ showed good discriminative validity and psychometric properties. The Hi‐PDQ is a reliable instrument to assess NeP in chronic pain conditions.
Isoprene research – 60 years later, the biology is still enigmatic
Authors: Sharkey Thomas D. , Monson Russell K.
Published: February 2017

Isoprene emission is a major component of biosphere–atmosphere interactions. It is the single largest source of non‐methane hydrocarbon in the atmosphere. The first report of isoprene emission from plants was published in 1957 by Professor Guivi Sanadze. While humans have smelled the monoterpene hydrocarbons made by coniferous trees since their earliest migrations, only in 1957 did the world became aware that other trees make a type of hydrocarbon in even greater amounts but one to which the human nose is much less sensitive. For this 60th anniversary of the first report of isoprene emission from leaves, we trace the discovery and development of the research field, highlighting some of the most seminal observations and theoretical interpretations. This is not an exhaustive review, and many important papers are not cited, but we hope it will be of general interest to read how research in this field developed, how new observations forced us to reevaluate our theories about the significance of isoprene biosynthesis to plant physiology and adaptation and how scientific serendipity can sometimes drive a topic forward.
Keeping calm when riding the rapids: Optimism and perceived partner withdrawal
Authors: PARISE MIRIAM , DONATO SILVIA , PAGANI ARIELA F. , SCHOEBI DOMINIK
Published: February 2017

Partners often encounter situations in which their needs and preferences diverge. Partners sometimes prefer to be on their own and withdraw from interactions, and these situations can cause distress. We hypothesized that optimists may navigate such situations more adaptively. Using momentary assessment and questionnaire data from 103 couples, we examined how spouses responded to perceived partner withdrawal and whether optimism moderated these responses. When spouses perceived the partner to withdraw, they reported less positive and more negative behaviors. Optimism moderated this effect beyond the effects of positive expectations, suggesting that optimists are less reactive to withdrawal. Partners with more positive expectations reported more benevolent behaviors, although they reported less benevolent behaviors on days of partner withdrawal than on other days.
Attractiveness and relationship longevity: Beauty is not what it is cracked up to be
Authors: MA‐KELLAMS CHRISTINE , WANG MARGARET C. , CARDIEL HANNAH
Published: February 2017

Across four studies, we examined the relational repercussions of physical attractiveness (PA). Study 1 (n = 238) found that those rated as more attractive in high school yearbooks were married for shorter durations and more likely to divorce. Study 2 (n = 130) replicated these effects using a different sample (high‐profile celebrities). Study 3 (n = 134) examined the link between PA and the derogation of attractive alternatives, a relationship maintenance strategy. Study 4 (n = 156) experimentally manipulated perceived PA and examined its relation with both derogation of attractive alternatives and current relationship satisfaction. PA predicted likelihood of relationship dissolution and decreased derogation of attractive alternatives. Furthermore, PA predicted greater vulnerability to relationship threats—in this case, relationship alternatives—resulting from poor relationship satisfaction.
Changes in microRNA expression in response to Schistosoma japonicum infection
Authors: Hong Y. , Fu Z. , Cao X. , Lin J.
Published: February 2017

Schistosomiasis japonicum is one of the most serious zoonotic diseases in the world. There is increasing evidence to show that host miRNAs are modulated following Schistosoma japonicum infection, and some of these miRNAs may play important regulatory roles in response to schistosome infection. Several host miRNAs have been identified and shown to be potential diagnostic biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis. These studies have paved the way to a better understanding of the mechanisms of schistosome‐host interaction and may facilitate the development of novel approaches to the control of the disease.
“Is it Our Job to Teach them to Read or to Act Appropriately?”: Teachers’ and Staff's Perceptions of an Alternative School
Authors: Free Janese L.
Published: February 2017

This study examines the strengths and weaknesses of an alternative school for at‐risk youth in an urban area in the United States. The data are based on in‐depth, semistructured interviews with the school's 23 full‐time employees. The data reveal that according to the teachers and staff of the alternative school, there are three main strengths of the school: developing positive teacher–student relationships, providing powerful pedagogy, and establishing a supportive environment; and three main weaknesses: responding inconsistently to behavior problems, creating poor transitions to adulthood, and producing a physically dangerous school environment. The findings of this study suggest a “culture of care” exists at the expense of consistent discipline—resulting in a “culture of danger.” The findings are presented and discussed, and subsequent program and policy recommendations are made in an effort to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of an alternative school and to contribute to the effectiveness schooling for at‐risk youth.