bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Social Capital Becomes Political Capital: Understanding the Social Contexts of Minority Candidates' Electoral Success in the American States
Authors: Wright Kenicia , Zhu Ling
Published: September 2020

Political scientists have long been interested in studying the elective office-holding of disadvantaged groups. However, this line of research primarily focuses on the representation of ethnic minorities in the U.S. Congress and identifies three types of determinants of minority candidates' electoral success: the demographic and political make-up of constituents, candidates' personal traits, and macro-level electoral rules. Much less attention is given to minority candidates' electoral success in statehouses. In this paper, we ask: what factors promote the electoral success of minority candidates in state legislatures? Beyond voter characteristics and electoral rules, we attribute minority candidates' electoral success to the social capital possessed by their in-group constituents. We theorize that social capital manifested as civic engagement and social connectedness, can become political capital for minority candidates. Using the Current Population Surveys Civic Engagement Supplement, we validate state-level measures of social capital by race and ethnicity. Linking group social capital to state legislative election outcomes, we find the stock of minority social capital contributes to the electoral success of minority candidates, while white social capital decreases minority candidates' electoral success. Key findings suggest social capital is a form of political capital for disadvantaged groups with private benefits for in-group candidates.
Italy and the Little Divergence in Wages and Prices: New Data, New Results
Authors: Rota Mauro , Weisdorf Jacob
Published: September 2020

We present new wage indices for skilled and unskilled construction workers in Italy. Our data avoid multiple issues pestering earlier wages, making our new indices the first consistent ones for early-modern Italy. Our improved wages, obtained from the St. Peter’s Church in Rome, consolidate the view that urban Italy began a prolonged downturn during the seventeenth century. They also offer sustenance to the idea that epidemics instigated the decline. Comparison with new construction wages for London shows that Roman workers outearned their early-modern English counterparts. This suggests that high wages alone were not enough to trigger industrialization.
Discrimination against Foreigners: The Wuerttemberg Patent Law in Administrative Practice
Authors: Lehmann-Hasemeyer Sibylle , Streb Jochen
Published: September 2020

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the patent office of the German state Wuerttemberg strategically discriminated against foreign inventors by charging comparatively high patent fees. We show that this administrative practice was driven by fiscal and protectionist motives.
Hermann von Soden, Alfred Schmidtke et les manuscrits de Bérat
Authors: Guignard Christophe
Published: September 2020

Much light has been shed on the history of the manuscripts of Berat (now kept in Tirana) by Didier Lafleur in his recent catalogue of the NT manuscripts of Albania. However, an aspect of the story was left in the shadow: what is the source of von Soden's information about these manuscripts? The sparse data furnished by von Soden himself and an unpublished report by Harnack show that the German scholar made use of information collected in Albania by one of his collaborators, Alfred Schmidtke. Furthermore, the value of this information for the history of the Berat manuscripts is confirmed by the fact that it is somehow linked to a process of inventory done in September 1901 by a priest of the city.
The Logic of Matthew 6.19–7.12: Heavenly Priorities in the Kingdom of Earth
Authors: Ridlehoover Charles Nathan
Published: September 2020

In Sermon studies and their discussion of structure, scholars disagree on how to understand the latter half of the Sermon on the Mount (Matt 6.19–7.12). This section breaks the almost seamless structure of the first half of the Sermon (5.17–6.18). In what follows, I will argue that the latter half of the Sermon displays more structure than is generally acknowledged by Graham Stanton and others and gives us key insights into the overall message of the Sermon. I will argue that the structure of the latter half of the Sermon is marked by internal structuring, thematic consistency and verbal patterning. Matthew's emphasis in this section is on disciples having heavenly priorities while on earth.
A NOTE ON THE SLOPE OF THE AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE AT THE ZERO LOWER BOUND
Authors: Ji Yangyang , Xiao Wei
Published: September 2020

This paper analyzes a regime-switching New Keynesian model to understand what happens to the aggregate economy when the nominal interest rate hits the zero lower bound (ZLB). Contrary to the literature, our model predicts that the aggregate demand curve is not always upward sloping when the ZLB binds. Instead, it depends on expectations. If the expected duration of the ZLB is short but consistent with expectations surveys, the AD curve can be downward sloping. In that case, the fiscal multiplier is moderate and supply-side reforms are expansionary. These results complement existing findings in the literature.
Impact of small-scale emerging flux from the photosphere to the corona: a case study from IRIS
Authors: Guglielmino Salvo L. , Young Peter R. , Zuccarello Francesca , Romano Paolo , Murabito Mariarita
Published: September 2020

We report on multi-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) high-resolution observations taken with the IRIS satellite during the emergence phase of an emerging flux region embedded in the unipolar plage of active region NOAA 12529. These data are complemented by measurements taken with the spectropolarimeter aboard the Hinode satellite and by observations from SDO.

In the photosphere, we observe the appearance of opposite emerging polarities, separating from each other, and cancellation with a pre-existing flux concentration of the plage.

In the upper atmospheric layers, recurrent brightenings resembling UV bursts, with counterparts in all UV/EUV filtergrams, are identified in the EFR site. In addition, plasma ejections are observed at chromospheric level. Most important, we unravel a signature of plasma heated up to 1 MK detecting Fe XII emission in the core of the brightening sites.

Comparing these findings with previous observations and numerical models, we suggest evidence of several long-lasting, small-scale magnetic reconnection episodes between the new bipolar EFR and the ambient field.
Could star-planet magnetic interactions lead to planet migration and influence stellar rotation?
Authors: Ahuir Jérémy , Strugarek Antoine , Brun Allan Sacha , Mathis Stéphane , Bolmont Emeline , Benbakoura Mansour , Réville Victor , Le Poncin-Lafitte Christophe
Published: September 2020

The distribution of hot Jupiters, for which star-planet interactions can be significant, questions the evolution of exosystems. We aim to follow the orbital evolution of a planet along the rotational and structural evolution of the host star by taking into account the coupled effects of tidal and magnetic torques from ab initio prescriptions. It allows us to better understand the evolution of star-planet systems and to explain some properties of the distribution of observed close-in planets. To this end we use a numerical model of a coplanar circular star-planet system taking into account stellar structural changes, wind braking and star-planet interactions, called ESPEM (Benbakoura et al. (2019)). We find that depending on the initial configuration of the system, magnetic effects can dominate tidal effects during the various phases of the evolution, leading to an important migration of the planet and to significant changes on the rotational evolution of the star. Both kinds of interactions thus have to be taken into account to predict the evolution of compact star-planet systems.
Cycle times of early M dwarf stars: mean field models versus observations
Authors: Küker Manfred , Rüdiger Günther , Oláh Katalin , Strassmeier Klaus G.
Published: September 2020

Observations of early-type M stars suggest that there are two characteristic cycle times, one of order one year for fast rotators (Prot < 1 day) and another of order four years for slower rotators. For a sample of fast-rotating stars, the equator-to-pole differences of the rotation rates up to 0.03 rad d−1 are also known from Kepler data. These findings are well-reproduced by mean field models. These models predict amplitudes of the meridional flow, from which the travel time from pole to equator at the base of the convection zone of early-type M stars can be calculated. As these travel times always exceed the observed cycle times, our findings do not support the flux transport dynamo.
Coordinated observations between China and Europe to follow active region 12709
Authors: Manrique S. J. González , Kuckein C. , Gömöry P. , Yuan S. , Xu Z. , Rybák J. , Balthasar H. , Schwartz P.
Published: September 2020

We present the first images of a coordinated campaign to follow active region NOAA 12709 on 2018 May 13 as part of a joint effort between three observatories (China-Europe). The active region was close to disk center and enclosed a small pore, a tight polarity inversion line and a filament in the chromosphere. The active region was observed with the 1.5-meter GREGOR solar telescope on Tenerife (Spain) with spectropolarimetry using GRIS in the He i 10830 Å spectral range and with HiFI using two broad-band filter channels. In addition, the Lomnicky Stit Observatory (LSO, Slovakia) recorded the same active region with the new Solar Chromospheric Detector (SCD) in spectroscopic mode at Hα 6562 Å. The third ground-based telescope was located at the Fuxian Solar Observatory (China), where the active region was observed with the 1-meter New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST), using the Multi-Channel High Resolution Imaging System at Hα 6562 Å. Overlapping images of the active region from all three telescopes will be shown as well as preliminary Doppler line-of-sight (LOS) velocities. The potential of such observations are discussed.
On the Role of Magnetic Fields in an Erupting Solar Filament
Authors: Song Qiao , Yang Shuhong , Wang Jing-Song
Published: September 2020

A filament eruption may lead to a coronal mass ejection (CME), which is one of the main driving mechanisms of space weather. This work analyses a slow and flareless CME event associated with an erupting quiescent filament. By using the extreme ultraviolet images of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we trace the evolution of the filament in detail, and present the manifestations of the role of magnetic fields in the low corona. The results suggest the existence of a magnetic flux rope in the pre-eruption structures. Our study of this complex magnetic system may lead to a better understanding of CMEs and their impact on the space weather.
Characterization of stellar activity using transits and its impact on habitability
Authors: Estrela Raissa , Valio Adriana , Palit Sourav
Published: September 2020

Stellar magnetic field is the driver of activity in stars and can trigger spots, energetic flares, coronal plasma ejections and ionized winds. These phenomena play a crucial role in understanding the internal mechanisms of the star, but can also have potential effects in orbiting planets. During the transit of a planet, spots can be occulted producing features imprinted in the transit light curve. Here, we modelled these features to characterize the physical properties of the spots (radius, intensity, and location). In addition, we monitor spots signatures on multiple transits to estimate magnetic cycles length of Kepler stars. Flares have also been observed during transits in active stars. We derive the properties of the flares and analyse their UV impact on possible living organisms in planets orbiting in the habitable zone.
New Candidates for Chromospherically Young, Kinematically Old Stars
Authors: Machado Pereira Eduardo , Rocha Pinto Helio J.
Published: September 2020

Roughly speaking, young stars are associated to intense chromospheric activity (CA), whereas it decreases with stellar aging. However, some objects that show high kinematical components – in turn, associated to older stars – reveal CA similar to that of young ones; we call these stars chromospherically young and kinematically old (CYKOs). One hypothesis that could explain their occurrence is the merge of a short-period binary, from which the outcome would be a chromospherically active, kinematically evolved star. Considering that they evolved separately, we expect them to be lithium depleted, and therefore we look for CYKO stars by analyzing their lithium content (λ 6707 Å). We present a preliminary list of 48 stars matching this criteria, aiming to either confirm or discard the coalescence of a short-period pair hypothesis.
Examining the optical intensity and magnetic field expansion factor in the open magnetic field regions associated with coronal holes
Authors: Lin Chia-Hsien , Huang Guan-Han , Lee Lou-Chuang
Published: September 2020

Coronal holes can be identified as the darkest regions in EUV or soft X-ray images with predominantly unipolar magnetic fields (LIRs) or as the regions with open magnetic fields (OMF). Our study reveals that only 12% of OMF regions are coincident with LIRs. The aim of this study is to investigate the conditions that affect the EUV intensity of OMF regions. Our results indicate that the EUV intensity and the magnetic field expansion factor of the OMF regions are weakly positively correlated when plotted in logarithmic scale, and that the bright OMF regions are likely to locate inside or next to the regions with closed field lines. We empirically determined a linear relationship between the expansion factor and the EUV intensity. The relationship is demonstrated to improve the consistency from 12% to 23%. The results have been published in Astrophysical Journal (Huang et al. 2019).
Semi-empirical 2D model of the solar corona and solar wind using solar eclipse images: Progress report
Authors: Sittler Edward C. , Sittler Linda M.
Published: September 2020

We present white light images of the Sun's corona acquired during the total Solar Eclipses on August 21, 2017 in mountains north of Boise Idaho USA and on July 2, 2019 south of Copiapo Chile. In both cases the viewing was excellent, altitudes ∼ 1200 m and relative humidity ∼ 10. We used an Orion equatorial reflecting telescope with 203 mm diameter aperture and 1000 mm focal length for f4.9 optics. A computer-controlled Canon EOS Rebel T3i digital camera was used. We plan to use our 2019 eclipse images for analysis since the Sun is near solar minimum so 2D steady state MHD equations can be used. We present a plan to process the images and convert them into a 2D empirical model of electron density and magnetic field in radial distance and co-latitude, from which 2D maps of flow velocity, effective temperature and effective heat flux can be computed.
Global simulations of stellar dynamos
Authors: Guerrero G.
Published: September 2020

The dynamo mechanism, responsible for the solar magnetic activity, is still an open problem in astrophysics. Different theories proposed to explain such phenomena have failed in reproducing the observational properties of the solar magnetism. Thus, ab-initio computational modeling of the convective dynamo in a spherical shell turns out as the best alternative to tackle this problem. In this work we review the efforts performed in global simulations over the past decades. Regarding the development and sustain of mean-flows, as well as mean magnetic field, we discuss the points of agreement and divergence between the different modeling strategies. Special attention is given to the implicit large-eddy simulations performed with the EULAG-MHD code.
Magnetic field evolution in solar-type stars
Authors: Brandenburg Axel
Published: September 2020

We discuss selected aspects regarding the magnetic field evolution of solar-type stars. Most of the stars with activity cycles are in the range where the normalized chromospheric Calcium emission increases linearly with the inverse Rossby number. For Rossby numbers below about a quarter of the solar value, the activity saturates and no cycles have been found. For Rossby numbers above the solar value, again no activity cycles have been found, but now the activity goes up again for a major fraction of the stars. Rapidly rotating stars show nonaxisymmetric large-scale magnetic fields, but there is disagreement between models and observations regarding the actual value of the Rossby number where this happens. We also discuss the prospects of detecting the sign of magnetic helicity using various linear polarization techniques both at the stellar surface using the parity-odd contribution to linear polarization and above the surface using Faraday rotation.
Resolving Power of Asteroseismic Inversion of the Kepler Legacy Sample
Authors: Kosovichev Alexander G. , Kitiashvili Irina N.
Published: September 2020

The Kepler Asteroseismic Legacy Project provided frequencies, separation ratios, error estimates, and covariance matrices for 66 Kepler main sequence targets. Most of the previous analysis of these data was focused on fitting standard stellar models. We present results of direct asteroseismic inversions using the method of optimally localized averages (OLA), which effectively eliminates the surface effects and attempts to resolve the stellar core structure. The inversions are presented for various structure properties, including the density stratification and sound speed. The results show that the mixed modes observed in post-main sequence F-type stars allow us to resolve the stellar core structure and reveal significant deviations from the evolutionary models obtained by the grid-fitting procedure to match the observed oscillation frequencies.
(Simulating) Coronal Mass Ejections in Active Stars
Authors: Alvarado-Gómez Julián D. , Drake Jeremy J. , Garraffo Cecilia , Moschou Sofia P. , Cohen Ofer , Yadav Rakesh K. , Fraschetti Federico
Published: September 2020

The stellar magnetic field completely dominates the environment around late-type stars. It is responsible for driving the coronal high-energy radiation (e.g. EUV/X-rays), the development of stellar winds, and the generation transient events such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). While progress has been made for the first two processes, our understanding of the eruptive behavior in late-type stars is still very limited. One example of this is the fact that despite the frequent and highly energetic flaring observed in active stars, direct evidence for stellar CMEs is almost non-existent. Here we discuss realistic 3D simulations of stellar CMEs, analyzing their resulting properties in contrast with solar eruptions, and use them to provide a common framework to interpret the available stellar observations. Additionally, we present results from the first 3D CME simulations in M-dwarf stars, with emphasis on possible observable signatures imprinted in the stellar corona.
Solar astrometry with planetary transits
Authors: Emilio Marcelo , Bush Rock , Kuhn Jeff , Scholl Isabelle
Published: September 2020

Planetary transits are used to measure the solar radius since the beginning of the 18th century and are the most accurate direct method to measure potentially long-term variation in the solar size. Historical measures present a range of values dominated by systematic errors from different instruments and observers. Atmospheric seeing and black drop effect contribute as error sources for the precise timing of the planetary transit ground observations. Both Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) made observations of planetary transits from space to derive the solar radius. The International Astronomical Union approved the resolution B3 in 2015, defining a nominal solar radius of precisely 695,700 km. In this work, we show that this value is off by more than 300 km, which is one order of magnitude higher than the error of the most recent solar radius observations.
The Psychometric Properties of a Brief Dutch Version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Dierickx Serafine , Smits Dirk , Corr Philip J. , Hasking Penelope , Claes Laurence
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Introduction: The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) has its roots in the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. Objectives: This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Dutch translation of the RST-PQ and proposed a brief version. Methods: A sample of 603 Belgian and Dutch adults completed the RST-PQ, and to assess convergent and divergent validity, a subgroup also completed other personality and symptom questionnaires. Results: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the a priori six-factor structure of the RST-PQ, similar to other translations. However, this model did not satisfy the requirements of an acceptable fit. Therefore, a brief version of the RST-PQ (B-RST-PQ) was developed. In line with the aims of the RST-PQ, a CFA showed an acceptable fit for the six-factor model of the B-RST-PQ. The B-RST-PQ obtained good reliability coefficients of the six scales and high correlations with the original RST-PQ. Conclusion: The B-RST-PQ seems to be a valid and reliable instrument for future research.
A Satellite‐Derived Upper‐Ocean Stratification Data Set for the Tropical North Atlantic With Potential Applications for Hurricane Intensity Prediction
Authors: Da Nguyen Dac , Foltz Gregory R. , Balaguru Karthik
Published: September 2020

Upper‐ocean stratification strongly impacts vertical mixing and the heat flux between the ocean and atmosphere, especially under extreme conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs). Knowledge of prestorm stratification is important for accurate TC intensity prediction. In situ observations of the tropical ocean have significantly increased in the past decade. However, they are still too sparse to resolve ocean stratification variability in near‐real time and on small spatial scales. In this study, based on long‐term observations and an ocean reanalysis data set from 2004–2017, we investigate the possibility of retrieving upper‐ocean stratification from sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), and sea surface height (SSH) using a simple regression method. It is found that more than 90% of the mean seasonal cycle and about 30% to 80% of temperature and salinity stratification anomalies can be reconstructed using surface data from either observations or an ocean reanalysis. Simple regression can be used with satellite observations to create a high‐resolution, near‐real‐time‐gridded ocean stratification data set that successfully reproduces both the large and mesoscale variability of ocean stratification. When used in a simple expression for TC‐induced SST cooling, the satellite‐derived stratification shows improvements over an ocean analysis in terms of variance explained of SST cooling, offering promise as a near‐real‐time indicator of the ocean's impact on TC intensification.
Energy Transfer by Turbulent Dissipation in Glacial Conduits
Authors: Sommers A. N. , Rajaram H.
Published: September 2020

Water flow within and beneath glaciers and ice sheets influences ice dynamics and is relevant for practical applications such as modeling outburst floods from mountain glaciers. The most general models for glacial hydrologic conduits include an energy equation, wherein a heat transfer coefficient controls the rate at which heat generated by mechanical energy dissipation is transferred to conduit walls, producing melt. Previous models employ heat transfer coefficients derived for engineering heat transfer problems, where heat is transferred between the walls of a conduit and a flowing fluid that enters the conduit at a temperature different from the wall temperature. These heat transfer coefficients may not be appropriate for glacial hydrologic conduits in temperate ice, where the water and conduit walls (ice) are at almost the same temperature. We revisit the energy transport equations that provide a basis for the derivation of heat transfer coefficients and highlight the distinctions between the heated walls and dissipated energy heat transfer cases. We present computational results for both cases across a wide range of Reynolds numbers in circular conduit and sheet geometries. We show that the heat transfer coefficients for transfer of heat generated by mechanical energy dissipation to circular conduit walls are smaller than calculated using the Dittus‐Boelter correlation by approximately a factor of 2. However, heat transfer coefficients are higher for flow through a wide sheet at
, highlighting the influence of noncircular geometries on heat transfer in englacial conduits and subglacial drainage systems.
Improving Time Step Convergence in an Atmosphere Model With Simplified Physics: Using Mathematical Rigor to Avoid Nonphysical Behavior in a Parameterization
Authors: Vogl Christopher J. , Wan Hui , Zhang Shixuan , Woodward Carol S. , Stinis Panos
Published: September 2020

Global atmospheric models seek to capture physical phenomena across a wide range of time and length scales. For this to be a feasible task, the physical processes with time or length scales below that of a computational time step or grid cell size are simplified as one or more parameterizations. Inadvertent oversimplification can violate constraints or destroy relationships in the original physical system and consequently lead to unexpected and physically invalid behavior. An example of such a problem has been investigated in the work of Wan et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001982). This work addresses the issues at a more fundamental level by revisiting the parameterization derivation. A derivation of an unaveraged condensation rate in the unaveraged equations, sometimes referred to as subgrid equations, provides a clear description and more accurate quantification of the condensation/evaporation processes associated with cloud growth/decay, while avoiding simplifications used in earlier studies. A subgrid reconstruction (SGR) methodology is used to connect the unaveraged condensation rate with the grid cell averaged equations solved by the global model. Analyses of the SGR method and the numerical results provide insights into root causes of inconsistent discrete formulations and nonphysical behavior. It is also shown that the SGR methodology provides a flexible framework for addressing such inconsistencies. This work serves as a demonstration that when nonphysical behavior in a parameterization of subgrid variability is avoided through rigorous mathematical derivation, the resulting formulation can exhibit both better numerical convergence properties and significant impact on long‐term climate.
Continuous Monitoring of Fluvial Dike Breaching by a Laser Profilometry Technique
Authors: Rifai I. , Schmitz V. , Erpicum S. , Archambeau P. , Violeau D. , Pirotton M. , Dewals B. , El Kadi Abderrezzak K.
Published: September 2020

A nonintrusive, high‐resolution laser profilometry technique (LPT) has been developed for continuous monitoring of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) evolving breach in laboratory models of noncohesive fluvial dikes. This simple and low‐cost setup consists of a commercial digital video camera and a sweeping red diode 30 mW laser projecting a sheet over the dike. The 2‐D image coordinates of each deformed laser profile incident on the dike are transformed into 3‐D object coordinates using the direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm. All 3‐D object coordinates computed over a laser sweeping cycle are merged to generate a cloud of points describing the instantaneous surface. The DLT‐based image processing algorithm uses control points and reference axes, so that no prior knowledge is needed on the position, orientation, and intrinsic characteristics of the camera, nor on the laser position. Because the dike is partially submerged, ad hoc refraction correction has been developed. Algorithms and instructions for the implementation of the LPT are provided. Reconstructions of a dike geometry with the LPT and with a commercial laser scanner are compared in dry conditions. Using rigid dike geometries, the repeatability of the measurements, the refraction correction, and the dike reconstruction have been evaluated for submerged conditions. Two laboratory studies of evolving fluvial dike breaching due to flow overtopping have been conducted to demonstrate the LPT capabilities and accuracy. The LPT has advantages in terms of flexibility and spatiotemporal resolution, but high turbidity and water surface waves may lead to inaccurate geometry reconstructions.
How Long Is Too Long? Variogram Analysis of AERONET Data to Aid Aerosol Validation and Intercomparison Studies
Authors: Sayer Andrew M.
Published: September 2020

Geophysical data sets derived from satellite sensors, ground/airborne instrumentation, and computational models are often compared against each other. A common example is the validation of satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals against measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometers. Spatiotemporal mismatch between data set sampling means that uncaptured variation in the underlying geophysical field introduces apparent disagreement into such comparisons, known as representation or collocation matchup uncertainty. This study uses variogram analysis of AERONET data to estimate temporal mismatch uncertainties and decorrelation time scales for the global AERONET record. As well as total AOD, the fine‐ and coarse‐mode AODs, Ångström Exponent (AE), and fine‐mode fraction (FMF) of AOD are analyzed. Globally, a time difference of 30 min typically induces from 0.011–0.035 variation in AOD. For total, fine, and coarse AODs the typical time to decorrelation is around 2–10 days. For AE and FMF it is 3–33 days; that is, aerosol systems often persist significantly longer than individual events in them. Biomass burning regions tend to show the largest and fastest subdaily AOD variability and also longest times to decorrelation. Some sites show significant season‐to‐season variations in behavior. These results can be used to inform site‐specific time collocation thresholds for aerosol validation analyses and account for temporal variation when estimating data set uncertainty. They also have implications for comparisons between different satellite products or models, data aggregation, and time series analyses. Results are provided on a site‐by‐site basis to facilitate use by other researchers.
Perspectives on Parenting While Researching (During a Pandemic)
Authors: Ortiz-Suslow David , Furman Tanya , Clement Amy , Potter Henry , Sun-Suslow Ni
Published: September 2020

Four Earth scientists and a psychologist reflect on balancing parenthood and professional careers in academia amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Evidence of Rapid Phenocryst Growth of Olivine During Ascent in Basalts From the Big Pine Volcanic Field: Application of Olivine‐Melt Thermometry and Hygrometry at the Liquidus
Authors: Brehm Sarah K. , Lange Rebecca A.
Published: September 2020

The Quaternary Big Pine (BP) volcanic field in eastern California is notable for the occurrence of mantle xenoliths in several flows. This points to rapid ascent of basalt through the crust and precludes prolonged storage in a crustal reservoir. In this study, the hypothesis of phenocryst growth during ascent is tested for several basalts (13–7 wt% MgO) and shown to be viable. Phenocrysts of olivine and clinopyroxene frequently display diffusion‐limited growth textures, and clinopyroxene compositions are consistent with polybaric crystallization. When the most Mg‐rich olivine in each sample is paired with the whole‐rock composition, resulting
(olivine‐melt) values (0.31–0.36) match those calculated from literature models (0.32–0.36). Application of a Mg‐ and a Ni‐based olivine‐melt thermometer from the literature, both calibrated on the same experimental data set, leads to two sets of temperatures that vary linearly with whole‐rock MgO wt%. Because the Ni thermometer is independent of water content, it provides the actual temperature at the onset of olivine crystallization (1247–1097°C), whereas the Mg thermometer gives the temperature under anhydrous conditions and thus allows ΔT (=TMg − TNi = depression of liquidus due to water) to be obtained. The average ΔT for all samples is ~59°C, which is consistent with analyzed water contents of 1.5–3.0 wt% in olivine‐hosted melt inclusions from the literature. Because the application of olivine‐melt thermometry/hygrometry at the liquidus only requires microprobe analyses of olivine combined with whole‐rock compositions, it can be used to obtain large global data sets of the temperature and water contents of basalts from different tectonic settings.
Persistent Long‐Period Signals Recorded by an OBS Array in the Western‐Central Pacific: Activity of Ambrym Volcano in Vanuatu
Authors: Kawano Yuki , Isse Takehi , Takeo Akiko , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Suetsugu Daisuke , Shiobara Hajime , Sugioka Hiroko , Ito Aki , Ishihara Yasushi , Tanaka Satoru , Obayashi Masayuki , Tonegawa Takashi , Yoshimitsu Junko
Published: September 2020

Strong long‐period seismic signals at periods around 25 and 18 s appear in the ambient noise cross‐correlation functions recorded by an array of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) in the western‐central Pacific. The signal amplitude varies from time to time, and the apparent travel times of the signals are typically smaller than those expected for the Rayleigh waves propagating along the great circle connecting the station pairs. From the cross‐correlation functions, the signal sources are located in the Vanuatu Arc. Local data analysis suggests the signals originate from two different sources possibly located at depths of ~0–1 km below the sea level beneath the active cones of Ambrym volcano.
Analysis of Fault Zone Resonance Modes Recorded by a Dense Seismic Array Across the San Jacinto Fault Zone at Blackburn Saddle
Authors: Qiu Hongrui , Allam Amir A. , Lin Fan‐Chi , Ben‐Zion Yehuda
Published: September 2020

We present observations and modeling of spatial eigen‐functions of resonating waves within fault zone waveguide, using data recorded on a dense seismic array across the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) in southern California. The array consists of 5‐Hz geophones that cross the SJFZ with ~10–30 m spacing at the Blackburn Saddle near the Hemet Stepover. Wavefield snapshots after the S wave arrival are consistent for more than 50 near‐fault events, suggesting that this pattern is controlled by the fault zone structure rather than source properties. Data from example event with high signal to noise ratio show three main frequency peaks at ~1.3, ~2.0, and ~2.8 Hz in the amplitude spectra of resonance waves averaged over stations near the fault. The data are modeled with analytical expressions for eigen‐functions of resonance waves in a low‐velocity layer (fault zone) between two quarter‐spaces. Using a grid search‐based method, we investigate the possible width of the waveguide, location within the array, and shear wave velocities of the media that fit well the resonance signal at ~1.3 Hz. The results indicate a ~300 m wide damaged fault zone layer with ~65% S wave velocity reduction compared to the host rock. The SW edge of the low‐velocity zone is near the mapped fault surface trace, indicating that the damage zone is asymmetrically located at the regionally faster NE crustal block. The imaging resolution of the fault zone structure can be improved by modeling fault zone resonance modes and trapped waves together.
The Line‐of‐Sight Extinction Record at Gale Crater as Observed by MSL's Mastcam and Navcam through ∼2,500 Sols
Authors: Smith Christina L. , Lemmon Mark , Moores John E. , Guzewich Scott D. , McConnochie Timothy H. , Newman Claire E. , Khayat Alain S. J. , Battalio Michael , Moore Casey A. , Ellison Douglas
Published: September 2020

The Mars Science Laboratory rover (Curiosity) has monitored the line‐of‐sight extinction within Gale Crater since mission sol 100 (16 November 2012, MY 31 Ls 208°) with Navcam and since mission sol 1,187 (8 December 2015, MY 33 Ls 79°) with the color imager, Mastcam. This work reports 1,375 sols (>2 MYs) of line‐of‐sight extinction monitoring within Gale Crater with Mastcam and updates the Navcam line‐of‐sight extinction record to sol 2,556 (15 October 2019, MY 35 Ls 93°). A cyclical pattern with one or more peaks in the dusty season (Ls ∼180–360°) and a trough in the less‐dusty season (Ls ∼0–180°) was observed with both imagers and the results from Mastcam red and Navcam agree well. Green and blue filter Mastcam data show generally lower extinction than in the red filter data. Extinction as a function of azimuth and elevation angle were investigated and the extinction as a function of azimuth was generally found to be smooth and thus the dust well‐mixed horizontally. The extinction as a function of elevation shows increased dust loading at lower elevations during dusty seasons, indicative of dust lifting from the base of the crater.
Hub-Extension Model and Access to Pediatric Behavioral Integrated Primary Care
Authors: Lilly Rachel G. , Meadows Tawnya J. , Sevecke-Hanrahan Jessica R. , Massura Carrie E. , Golden Maria E. , O’Dell Sean M.
Published: September 2020

Objective: Investigation into models of integrated behavioral health primary care and innovative adaptations of these models can help address challenges associated with behavioral health service delivery. To date, few studies have examined access to pediatric behavioral health treatment in primary care, and no known studies have investigated access for pediatric patients in a hub-extension model. In this model, behavioral health providers receive referrals from both hub clinics (integrated sites in which behavioral health providers treat patients) and extension clinics (coordinated off-sites without behavioral health providers). Method: This study investigated differences in latency between referrals and intakes, scheduling rates, and intake show rates between patients from extension versus hub clinics using retrospective electronic medical record data from pediatric patients referred for behavioral health in primary care over an 8-month period. Results: During the time frame, 766 patient referrals were placed from 3 hub clinics and 6 extension clinics (483 hub; 283 extension). Of those referred, 98 patients never scheduled (36 hub; 62 extension). Patients were more likely to schedule intakes following referrals from hub clinics (92.3%) than extension clinics (78.1%). In addition, hub patients ( M = 14.2, SD = 12.4) scheduled for sooner initial appointments than extension patients ( M = 25.0, SD = 19.8). Hub clinic patients were 2.4 times more likely to cancel and 2.2 times more likely to not show than extension clinic patients. Conclusions: Although additional research on the hub-extension model of behavioral health implementation is needed, this study provides a preliminary examination into the innovative alteration of integrated care models.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study is the first known examination of the hub-extension model of pediatric integrated primary care. Results indicated patients referred from hub clinics were more likely to be scheduled for an intake with shorter wait times. Hub clinic patients were also more likely to cancel or not show for intake appointments.
Nebraska Pediatric Integrated Care Training (NE-PICT) Model
Authors: Valleley Rachel J. , Clarke Brandy , Roberts Holly , Burt Jennifer , Grennan Allison , Evans Joseph H.
Published: September 2020

Objective: The Nebraska Pediatric Integrated Care Training (NE-PICT) model of training was initiated in 1997 to meet the behavioral health needs of youth throughout the state of Nebraska, as well as to prepare the future behavioral health workforce to practice in primary care settings. In 2011, the NE-PICT program was identified by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) as 1 of 9 promising practices in rural mental health delivery. The purpose of this article is to describe the NE-PICT model of training. Method: NE-PICT was developed to increase the capacity of behavioral health providers equipped to address the majority of behavioral health needs of youth presenting in primary care. Training includes a combination of didactic and in-clinic modeling with supervising NE-PICT university trainers. Results: Over 200 doctoral-level interns, 400 master’s level interns, and 80 postdoctoral fellows have completed training through the NE-PICT model in over 40 primary care clinics since the program’s inception. Conclusions: The NE-PICT has helped to grow the behavioral health workforce in primary care settings in Nebraska and beyond.

Implications for Impact Statement

There is a substantial need in this country to address the behavioral health needs of youth, particularly in rural and underserved areas, because of the shortage of clinicians. The Nebraska Pediatric Integrated Care Training (NE-PICT) model has been pivotal in training a behavioral health workforce prepared to integrate into primary care settings to address the behavioral health needs of youth in rural and underserved areas of the United States.
Development and Implementation of a Culturally Tailored Early Childhood Program in an Integrated Pediatric Primary Care Practice
Authors: Snider Tyanna C. , Raglin Bignall Whitney J. , Hostutler Cody A. , Hoet Ariana C. , Walker Bethany L. , Bailey Jessica
Published: September 2020

Objective: Evidence demonstrates the importance of providing anticipatory guidance in interdisciplinary pediatric primary care to promote optimal social–emotional development of young children. However, there is a paucity of research available regarding the development and implementation of such programs within large refugee or immigrant populations. Our goal was to develop a culturally sensitive universal anticipatory guidance program delivered by an integrated behavioral health consultant that would be feasible and acceptable in a busy pediatric primary care clinic (PPCC). Method: Participants were caregivers of children (0 to 36 months), primary care providers, and nursing staff in an urban PPCC. Program development and evaluation followed the Plan-Do-Study-Act quality improvement methodology. A needs assessment was developed and administered to primary care staff and families to identify barriers and value-based program targets to aid in culturally sensitive program development. Feasibility and acceptability were measured by satisfaction surveys. Results: All stakeholders identified the need for this type of programming in the clinic. Space, time, and workflow impact were the most reported perceived barriers. Stakeholders varied in their recommendation of preferred ages for behavioral health consultant (BHC) involvement. Results of the satisfaction surveys revealed that the program was feasible and acceptable. Approximately 20% of patients who presented for the identified well child check visits met with the BHC. Conclusions: Results highlight how stakeholder engagement can be used to support the development and implementation of a culturally sensitive universal early childhood education program in a busy pediatric primary care setting.

Implications for Impact Statement

This article highlights how stakeholder engagement can support the development and implementation of a universal early childhood anticipatory guidance program in an integrated pediatric primary care setting that serves a large refugee and immigrant population.
Opening a new route to multiport coherent XUV sources via intracavity high-order harmonic generation
Authors: Kanda Natsuki , Imahoko Tomohiro , Yoshida Koji , Tanabashi Akihiro , Amani Eilanlou A. , Nabekawa Yasuo , Sumiyoshi Tetsumi , Kuwata-Gonokami Makoto , Midorikawa Katsumi
Published: September 2020

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) is currently utilized for developing compact table-top radiation sources to provide highly coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray pulses; however, the low repetition rate of fundamental lasers, which is typically in the multi-kHz range, restricts the area of application for such HHG-based radiation sources. Here, we demonstrate a novel method for realizing a MHz-repetition-rate coherent XUV light source by utilizing intracavity HHG in a mode-locked oscillator with an Yb:YAG thin disk laser medium and a 100-m-long ring cavity. We have successfully implemented HHG by introducing two different rare gases into two separate foci and picking up each HH beam. Owing to the two different HH beams generated from one cavity, this XUV light source will open a new route to performing a time-resolved measurement with an XUV-pump and XUV-probe scheme at a MHz-repetition rate with a femtosecond resolution.
Analysis of the critical dose of radiation therapy in the incidence of Osteoradionecrosis in head and neck cancer patients: a case series
Authors: Iqbal Zain , Kyzas Panayiotis
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a dramatic complication following radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck tumours. Symptoms include pain, trismus, and malodour. ORN can present with exposed necrotic bone, an orocutaneous fistula, and/ or a pathological fracture.

Aims

To analyse the RT dose responsible for the pathogenesis of ORN and its associated risk factors.

Methods

The data of 17 patients from 2005 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed from the Pinnacle(3), WebPublication, and Electronic patient records (EPR) provided by Christie Hospital and Pennine Acute NHS Trust.

Results

The mean RT dose that ORN sites received was 57.3 Gy. The mean onset duration for ORN after RT was 640.6 days. six patients (35.2%) developed ORN following post-RT dental extractions.

Conclusion

RT dosages of >57.3 Gy significantly increase the likelihood of developing ORN. Mandibular surgery, post-RT dental extraction, concurrent smoking, and alcohol abuse all amplify the risk of developing ORN.
COVID19: an announced pandemic
Authors: Platto Sara , Xue Tongtong , Carafoli Ernesto
Published: September 2020

A severe upper respiratory tract syndrome caused by the new coronavirus has now spread to the entire world as a highly contagious pandemic. The large scale explosion of the disease is conventionally traced back to January of this year in the Chinese province of Hubei, the wet markets of the principal city of Wuhan being assumed to have been the specific causative locus of the sudden explosion of the infection. A number of findings that are now coming to light show that this interpretation of the origin and history of the pandemic is overly simplified. A number of variants of the coronavirus would in principle have had the ability to initiate the pandemic well before January of this year. However, even if the COVID-19 had become, so to say, ready, conditions in the local environment would have had to prevail to induce the loss of the biodiversity’s “dilution effect” that kept the virus under control, favoring its spillover from its bat reservoir to the human target. In the absence of these appropriate conditions only abortive attempts to initiate the pandemic could possibly occur: a number of them did indeed occur in China, and probably elsewhere as well. These conditions were unfortunately present at the wet marked in Wuhan at the end of last year.