bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media Communications of the Region in Context of Globalization and Glocaliza-tion of Information Space (on Example of Mass Media of the Republic of Mordovia)
Authors: Dementieva K. V.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the impact of globalization processes on the development of information and communication potential of mass media in the Republic of Mordovia. Such concepts as “globalization,” “information and communication globalization,” “content of the epoch,” “acceleration of the rhythm of time,” “glocalization” are clarified and justified. The positive and negative consequences of the impact of glocal processes on the development of the region are presented. The author summarizes the research on new media and the processes of digitalization of the information system and highlights the main factors of globalization in regional media. There is a quantitative growth of mass communication media in the Republic of Mordovia and the development of the entire system of media communications. It is proved that globalization in the media of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as in other regions, is carried out through digitalization, which is represented in all information processes, while glocalization is manifested in the preservation of regional and national characteristics. Based on the thematic analysis of the media texts of Mordovia, it is shown that the vast majority of materials are devoted to events in the region, that is, on the one hand, the audience remains highly interested in regional topics, and on the other hand, regional news reaches the federal and even global level. It is noted that the federal network media does not manage to take a significant place in the region and this gives scope for the development of the local press.
Author’s Modality of Didactic Text and Reader’s Perception (by Example of A. G. Dymov’s “Adab”)
Authors: Kazharova I. A. , Kuchukova Z. A. , Berberova L. B.
Published: August 2020

Aspects of the author’s modality manifestation and related features of didactic text perception are considered. The authors briefly describe the reflection of didactic discourse in the literary reception, argue the importance of identifying the author’s modality in the moralizing texts presented in the educational literature. Based on a specific material, the authors study the forms of expression of the author’s consciousness and the specifics of perception of the didactic text. The defining role of background knowledge in a situation when the reader and the author of a didactic work belong to different eras is shown. Expressions of modality in the present article are determined by the choice of genre and interaction between the author’s consciousness with the laws of the genre, points of view dominant in the text and the regularities of their interactions, the choice of character and characters, the degree of categoricity of the author’s “I.” Examples are given from the didactic works of A. G. Dymov (“Adab”), whose work has not yet been considered from the position of semantic expressiveness of the subject of the author’s plan involved in it. Despite the fact that the measure of subjectivity in a didactic text intended for educational purposes should be minimal, and their aesthetics can be unassuming, it is proved on a specific material that the recognition of forms of author’s modality allows not only to specify the author’s value attitudes, but also to judge in many ways the reasons that hold attention when reading such texts.
Poetics of Magical Realism in Sarah Ruhl’s сomedy “The Clean House”
Authors: Matvienko A. I. , Solopina G. A.
Published: August 2020

The article examines the features of magical realism as a direction of literature, as well as some of the characteristic features of American drama. The history of performances of the play “The Clean House” by the American playwright Sarah Ruhl is presented in the paper, and also a brief overview of critical articles about these theatrical performances is offered. The study proves that the play "The Clean House" can be viewed in the context of magical realism, based on a number of characteristic features, such as metaphysics, conventionality, rejection of psychological explanations of the characters’ actions, the presence of two realities, distortion of space and time, existential problems. It is noted that these features are manifested at the level of compositional construction, speech organization of the play, chronotope, content. It is shown that a metaphysically closed space is materially open, and time in the play is leveled, stopped and determined by the subjective experiences of the characters. Laughter is nominated as the key concept of the play, linking the spatio-temporal organization of the text with its ontological content since through laughter the idea of the immortality of the heroes’ love, which acquires a sacred meaning is affirmed in the play. It is emphasized that the poetics of the “magical” makes it possible to realize the ontological or existential meaning of the play, to show the coexistence of the miraculous and the ordinary.
Poetic Formula “I see” in K. N. Batyushkov’s Work: Creative Assimila-tion of the Derzhavin Tradition
Authors: Potashova K. A.
Published: August 2020

The author analyses the visual metaphors of K. N. Batyushkov’s poetry, in which he acts as the creative heir to the artistic style of G. R. Derzhavin. The urgency of the problem is connected with the need to clarify the features of the creative method of K. N. Batyushkov in the aspect of his assimilation of the Derzhavin tradition. The novelty of the research is connected with the expansion of ideas about the poetics of the visual in Russian poetry of the early 19th century, in particular, in the work of K. N. Batyushkov. It is proved that K. N. Batyushkov represents vision as a process of cognition of the world. The mechanisms of K. N. Batyushkov’s transformation of visually perceived world in an artistic image are considered, the artistic thinking of the poet is reconstructed. It is revealed that the model of creating a visual verbal image in K. N. Batyushkov’s work is based on the poetic formula “I see.” It is shown that K. N. Batyushkov emphasizes the position of the observer, reflecting at the same time on the diversity and greatness of God’s world, on the cause-and-effect relationship of reality phenomena. It is established that a special place is given to the representation of historical events in the work of the poet: through the poetic formula “I see” K. N. Batyushkov places himself inside the picture, which corresponds to the emerging aesthetics of romanticism with its cult of personal perception of reality.
On Problem of Meaning of Three-Legged Horse in Religious and Mythological Representations of Ossetians
Authors: Darchiev A. V.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the image of a wonderful three-legged horse belonging, according to the religious views of Ossetians, to Uastyrdzhi — the heavenly patron of men, warriors and travellers. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that Uastyrdzhi is one of the main actors of the Ossetian saga and mythology, so a thorough study of all the stories and characters associated with Uastyrdzhi contributes to a more complete reconstruction of traditional religious and mythological representations of Ossetians. In addition, this study is a response to the increased public interest in this issue in Ossetia, which has recently acquired a debatable character. The common interpretation of the three-legged motif of the miraculous horse as its transformed “fire-legged” is criticized. An extensive comparative material is presented, showing the prevalence of the image of a three-legged horse in folklore and mythological systems of different peoples of the world. The author comes to the conclusion that three-legged motif is one of the manifestations of solar symbolism of a horse in mythology. Attention is paid to the psychopompic function inherent in the image of a three-legged horse. The novelty of the research is seen in attracting new arguments for the interpretation of three-legged motif (primarily data from Indo-Iranian mythology), which previously remained outside the researchers’ attention.
Insurrectionary Movement in the Cossack Regions of the South of Russia: Causes and Political Forms in 1920—1924
Authors: Yakhutl Yu. A. , Kasyanov V. V.
Published: August 2020

On the example of the insurrectionary movement of the Cossacks and peasants of the Don and Kuban in the early 1920s, one of the most difficult issues in the history of the transition from the policy of war communism to the new economic policy is considered. The reasons and manifestations of the insurrection in the South of Russia in 1920—1924, its influence on the content of reforms in the region are revealed. The features of the “white-green” movement in the southern Russian stanitsas, conditioned by the historically established order of land use, the forms of stanitsa self-government, the estate and class composition of the population, are established. It is noted that the relevance of the study increases in the context of rethinking the reforms of Russian society, the need to strengthen the social base of reforms and conflict resolution. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time we consider the insurrectionary movement not as a class confrontation, but as a confrontation between the authorities and the South Russian community, represented by various estate, class groups and socio-political movements. The factors for regulating the conflict during the transition to NEP have been established. The author comes to the conclusion that the “pacification” of the Cossack regions of the South of Russia took place not only through the active use of the regular units of the Red Army and security forces, but also through compromise decisions that became the basis for the start of economic reforms.
On Changes in Complex Sentences Syntax in the Russian Language of the 17th Century (on Material of Siberian Petitions)
Authors: Inyutina L. A. , Shilnikova T. S.
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the problem of forming grammatical (syntactic) norms of the Russian national language based on the material of Siberian monuments of business writing of the 17th century. Relevance of the work is determined by the fact that Russian syntax and the history of the Russian language in Siberia are insufficiently studied, as well as by the need to expand the source base of such research. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the study of historical syntax of the complex sentences in the texts of Siberian petitions, most of which are not published and has not previously been brought to the historical-grammatical research. The high source value and linguistic informativeness of the Siberian petitions of the 17th century are proved. These texts analyze complex sentences with paratactic and hypotactic connections. The article traces the peculiarities of their use in monuments of local business writing in the aspect of developing syntactic norms of the Russian national language. The arsenal of compositional and subordinate conjunctions used in such sentences is defined. The changes in the structure of complex sentences are found out. They reflect live folk speech, language consciousness of the Russian people in Siberia and at the same time they are typical for the syntactic system of the Russian national language in the initial period of its formation.
Growth Response of Seedlings of Flame Azalea to Manual and Chemical Pinching
Authors: Malek Asiah A. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Shelton James E.
Published: August 2020

Seedlings of flame azalea [Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr] were subjected to the following manual pinching treatments at the 10-,12-,14-,or 16-leaf stage: no pinching, removal of the terminal two nodes [approximately 1.25 cm (0.5 in)] and removal of terminal growth[approximately 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in)] leaving six nodes. The greatest number of lateral shoots (5.3) was produced by removing the terminal two nodes at the 16-leaf stage. Generally, the number of lateral shoots increased with the leaf stage at which manual pinching was imposed. Removal of terminal growth, leaving six nodes, resulted in the lowest leaf, stem and root dry weights at each leaf stage. In a second experiment, dikegulac [Atrimmec;sodium salt of 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(l-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid], at 0, 2000, 4000, 6000 or 8000 ppm, was applied to both nonpinched and manually-pinched plants (removal of the terminal two nodes at the 16-leaf stage). Dikegulac (Atrimmec) treatment significantly affected the nurnber of lateral shoots and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots. The number of lateral shoots increased linearly with concentration up to 4000 ppm. At 6000 and 8000 ppm, the average number of shoots produced (9.4 and 9.6, respectively) was similar to 4000 ppm. Both pinched and nonpinched plants treated with dikegulac (Atrimmec) produced more lateral shoots than manual pinching alone. Dry weights of leaves, stems and roots decreased as the concentration increased. However, the number of lateral shoots and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots of pinched and nonpinched plants were not significantly different when treated with dikegulac (Atrimmec)
Growth and Flowering of ‘Alice du Pont’ Mandevilla in Response to Sumagic
Authors: Deneke C. Frederick , Keever Gary J. , McGuire John A.
Published: August 2020

Vegetative growth of ‘Alice du Pont’ mandevilla can be controlled by selection of an appropriate foliar application rate of Sumagic (uniconazole) and application interval. A single application of 5 to 20 ppm ai Sumagic (uniconazole) controlled vegetative growth for only 3 to 4 weeks; after this time, growth rates were similar to control plants. Multiple applications of 5 to 20 ppm ai Sumagic (uniconazole) effectively restricted vegetative growth; as the concentration of Sumagic (uniconazole) increased, the interval between applications increased from about 4 (5 ppm) to 6 (20 ppm) weeks. A single application of higher rates (30 to 120 ppm) of Sumagic (uniconazole) was phytotoxic. Generally, time to flowering increased and flower diameter decreased when application rate increased.
Evidence for Resistance of Deciduous Azaleas to Azalea Lace Bug
Authors: Braman S. Kristine , Pendley Andrew F.
Published: August 2020

Five deciduous Rhododendron species (R. albamense Rehder, R. austrinum (Small) Rehder, R. calendulaceum (Michaux) Torrey, R. canescens (Michaux) sweet, and R. prunifolium (Small) Millais) were tested for resistance to oviposition by the azalea lace bug (ALB), Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott). Control plants were R. mucronatum ‘Delaware Valley White’ (DVW), a susceptible evergreen variety. Rhododendron canescens and R. prunifolium were the least suitable for adult survival and the most resistant to oviposition in no-choice tests repeated six times during a two year study. All deciduous species were significantly less preferred than DVW early in the season corresponding with activity of first generation ALB adults. In late season assays corresponding to activity of second and third generation ALB adults, only R. canescens was consistently less preferred than DVW.
Postemergence Grass Herbicide Activity Changes with Adjuvant and pH and Sodium Level in Spray Solutions
Authors: Whitwell Ted , Kalmowitz Kathie E. , Stapleton Greg S.
Published: August 2020

Water quality is known to affect herbicide efficacy. Nursery well water containing naturally high pH and sodium levels was evaluated as spray solution for the postemergence grass herbicides Poast (sethoxydim), Fusilade (fluazifop P) and Acclaim (fenoxapropethyl). Using crabgrass as a test plant, high pH & sodium solution water reduced the effectiveness of all herbicides in one study. Other studies revealed that Poast (sethoxydim) was influenced the most with high pH & sodium water while the activity of Fusilade (fluazifop-P) and Acclaim (fenoxaprop-ethyl) was less affected. The solution water inhibition of Poast (sethoxydim) was overcome when Dash (a proprietary blend of surfactants used as a replacement for oil concentrate) was used as an adjuvant.
Microclimates and Tree Growth in Three Urban Spaces
Authors: Kjelgren Roger K. , Clark James R.
Published: August 2020

Microclimates characteristic of urban park, plaza, and canyon spaces were related to physiology and growth of even-aged sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) street trees. Microclimates, tree growth, and physiological responses were characterized diurnally and seasonally. Park and plaza sites received unobstructed sunlight while the canyon was limited to four hours of direct solar radiation in midsummer. Potential seasonal insolation was 44% of the potential maximum at the canyon and over 90% at the park. Afternoon air temperatures and vapor pressure deficits were somewhat greater at the plaza than the other two sites, and potential pan evaporation was nearly 50% greater over the season. Tree growth at the plaza and canyon acclimated physiologically and developmentally to the prevailing environmental conditions. Thinner leaves and less trunk growth when compared with the park were indications of shade acclimation in the canyon trees. This did not, however, appear to affect crown size or shoot growth of canyon trees. In contrast, plaza trees were sparse and stunted, exhibiting diminished crown size and diameter increment when compared with tree at the other sites. Less favorable water relations suggested that chronically higher evaporative demand and limited soil resources restricted growth of the plaza trees. Park, plaza, and canyon designations of urban spaces can provide a useful framework for predicting microclimatic factors that can affect tree growth for an urban site. Long-term growth and development, however, with in any of these urban spaces will depend on interactions with existing soil conditions.
Factors Affecting Fungicidal Control of Entomosporium Leaf Spot of Photinia
Authors: Walker J.T.
Published: August 2020

Entomosporium leaf spot of photinia (Photinia × fraseri Dress) was epidemic throughout most of Georgia and much of the Southeast during the spring of 1991. It has been endemic for many years. The relatively high minimum temperatures recorded in December–March 1990–91 in concert with 52 days of rain during this period were conducive to disease development. Currently recommended fungicides are effective for control if they are applied on a weekly basis. Newer fungicides were effective against the fungus in laboratory culture, but labels are not approved for application to landscape or nursery plants. Spray nozzle types (flat or full cone) delivering 5 to 7 ml per second of fungicide were as effective for disease control as spray nozzles delivering four to five times more volume.
Effect of Preemergent Herbicide Application on Rooting and Subsequent Liner Growth of Selected Nursery Crops
Authors: Davies Fred T. , Duray Sharon A.
Published: August 2020

Unrooted cuttings of Lantana ‘New Gold’, Hibiscus ‘White Lephrechaun’, Asian jasmine and Burford holly were propagated under intermittent mist with flats treated with three rates (1/2×, 1× and 2× recommended rates) of oxyfluorfen:pendimethalin (OH2), oxadiazon (Ronstar), oxyfluorfen:oryzalin (Rout), metolachlor (Pennant), pendimethalin (Southern Weedgrass Control), isoxaben:oryzalin (Snapshot), prodiamine (Barricade) and dithiopyr (Dimension). After rooting, cuttings were removed from intermittent mist and grown on as liners. Rooting and liner growth of Hibiscus and Asian jasmine were the most and least herbicide sensitive, respectively. Hibiscus was sensitive to all dithiopyr (Dimension) rates, particularly during liner growth. Sensitivity to herbicides in the propagation of cuttings was dependent on the herbicide, rate and species. Herbicides applied at the recommended rates (1×) controlled all broadleaf and grass weed species evaluated, except for poor yellow woodsorrel control with metolachlor.
Influence of Field-grow Fabric Containers and Various Soil Amendments on the Growth of Green Ash
Authors: Henderson-Cole Janet C. , Hensley David L.
Published: August 2020

The influence of field-grow fabric containers (FGFC) and soil amendments (hydrophilic gel, peat and slow release fertilizer) on green ash height and caliper were studied for two years. Green ash seedlings were grown in 30.5 cm (12 in) FGFC or without root restriction throughout the study period. Heights and calipers increased less in plants grown with FGFC than in those without the containers during both growing seasons. Soil amendments had little effect on plant growth throughout the study period.
Cultural Practices Used by Georgia's Expanding Blueberry Industry
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech J. , Hubbard E.E. , Krewer Gerard W.
Published: August 2020

Blueberry growers in Georgia were surveyed to obtain information on the use of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers and cultural practices including mowing, cultivating, and pruning. The state was divided into two regions for the purpose of comparing the primary blueberry production region (southeastern Georgia) with other less concentrated production regions. Survey results for the whole state revealed that almost all surveyed growers fertilized plants and mowed between rows. Pruning and herbicide use were reported by about two-thirds of growers. Pruning was not always performed on an annual basis. Only 20% of growers used fungicides and insecticides. Differences in the chemical input use and application of cultural practices existed between growers located in the two regions and growers operating different size fields. The descriptive analysis of the results was followed by specification and estimation of logit relationships between the use of specific chemical input or practice and a set of independent variables. Insecticide use was positively related to complaints of insect damage to plants while herbicide use was positively related to the use of irrigation systems. Growers who did not report weed problems were less likely to use herbicides. Cultivation was a more frequent practice in the primary growing region than in other parts of the state. Pruning was positively influenced by the expectations of high yields.
Frequency of Iron Application Influences Bermudagrass Tolerance to Herbicides
Authors: Carrow Robert N. , Johnson B. Jack
Published: August 2020

Postemergence herbicides used for weed control in bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) often cause turf injury. A field experiment was initiated to determine the effect of multiple foliar-iron (Fe) applications for reducing injury from postemergence herbicides on ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass [C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy × C. dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Iron was applied at 1 to 4 applications at 1.12 kg Fe/ha (1.0 lb/A) per treatment on a 4-day interval. Herbicides were applied at recommended rates. When bermudagrass was treated with either Image (Imazaquin), {2-[4, 5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid}, MSMA (monosodium salt of MAA), and MSMA plus Image or Sencor (Metribuzin), [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one], 2 Fe applications caused only slight turf color improvement compared to 1 Fe. Three Fe applications compared to 1 Fe, however, significantly enhanced turf color by 1 to 10% in combination with all herbicides for 16 to 26 days after initial treatment. The 4 Fe treatment provided only minor improvement in degree of color or duration of color response versus 3 Fe. Iron did not influence any shoot density loss caused by herbicides. On high-maintenance turf where discoloration is objectionable, the use of multiple Fe applications would be feasible for reducing herbicide-induced color loss.
Comparative Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Selected Woody Landscape Shrub and Tree Taxa to Varying Concentrations of IBA in Talc, Ethanol and Glycol Carriers
Authors: Chong Calvin , Allen O.B. , Barnes H.W.
Published: August 2020

Stem cuttings of five evergreen and vie deciduous taxa were rooted after treatment with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 0.8% indolebutyric acid (IBA) in talc, or with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% IBA in 95% ethanol or in 45% propylene glycol. Despite large differences in the rooting response of taxa to carriers and (or) IBA concentrations, propylene glycol-IBA treatments produced rooting in most taxa comparable to those of ethanol-IBA. Root numbers of the 14 taxa increased linearly or curvilinearly with increasing concentrations of IBA dissolved in ethanol or propylene glycol, as did percent rooting of six of the nine evergreen and four of the five deciduous taxa. Talc formulations were generally less effective than IBA in solution at comparable concentrations.
Chemical Modification of Photinia × fraseri Plant Size and Lateral Branching
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Newman Steven E.
Published: August 2020

Five plant growth regulators were applied to container-grown Photinia × fraseri as foliar sprays to determine their influences on plant size and lateral branching. Height, width, and lateral branch number were determined at three month intervals over one year. Treated plants generally were shorter than control plants in response to uniconazole, paclobutrazol, and benzylaminopurine (BA) and were taller than controls when BA was applied with gibberellins A4 + 7. Each growth regulator altered one or more growth factors dependent on the time after application. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole reduced shoot width 3 months after application (MAA) and 3 to 6 MAA, respectively compared to the control plants. Higher rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol were responsible for shoot width reductions 12 MAA. Lateral branching was increased 3 MAA by dikegulac-sodium and paclobutrazol at the highest rates only and was reduced by uniconazole 12 MAA. Uniconazole reduced shoot dry weight 12 MAA.
Survey of Garden Center Customer Informational and Marketing Needs
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Innis-Smith Joy , Leda Carol E.
Published: August 2020

A survey of garden center customers was conducted to identify what plant information and method of information presentation were most important, and reasons why customers shopped at a particular garden center. Two hundred and eighty (280) customers were surveyed at three garden centers in the Phoenix, Ariz. metropolitan area. Results indicated that plant culture and description were the most important informational aspects. The two most preferred methods of presentation were that each plant be tagged with care information and the availability of a plant expert for consultation. The most important reasons for selecting a garden center were plant quality and selection, helpful sales personnel, and well-labelled plants. Only 17% of respondents had a specific idea of what plant to purchase indicating the need for garden centers to supply customers with information.
Response of Citrus (Citrus spp.) Rootstock Seedlings to Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Reddy Krishna N. , Singh Megh
Published: August 2020

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Obs. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] citrus rootstock seedlings to multiple applications of Premier (fluometralin), Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan (oryzalin), Prowl (pendimethalin), and Treflan trifluralin). The citrus rootstock responses ranged from a 11% reduction in shoot weight of sour orange with Treflan (trifluralin) to a 19% reduction in fibrous root weight of Swingle citrumelo with Surflan (oryzalin). Cleopatra mandarin was tolerant to all the seven herbicides. Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), and Premier (fluometralin) were not phytotoxic to all four rootstocks.
Mulch Effects on Crown Growth of Five Southwestern Shrub Species
Authors: Hild A. L. , Morgan D. L.
Published: August 2020

Effects of pine bark mulch on crown growth of cliffrose (Cowania mexicana var. stansburiana Torr.), curlleaf mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.), desert olive (Forestiera neomexicana Gray), Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa D.Don), and winterfat (Ceratoides lanata Pursh.) were examined. Three depths of mulch 0, 7.5, and 15 cm (0, 3, and 6 in), were applied to 3.8 liter (1 gal) plants at time of planting (April, 1989). Height, width, stem diameter and foliage fill were recorded for each plant after 18 months. Foliage fill was obtained by digital image analysis of 35 mm photographic slides. Mortality was recorded at the conclusion of the study. Results indicated no treatment differences within species in their growth or mortality after 18 months. Soils were examined within three soil layers (0–5 cm, 5–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths) for electroconductivity and pH. Soil pH was not affected throughout the profile but was lower in the surface soil layers under mulch. Soil EC in the top soil layer was reduced under mulching depending on species. The benefit of pine bark mulching is not apparent in the crown growth of these species. Growth form and native environment of individual species should be considered in mulching recommendations.
Seed Germination of Rhododendron carolinianum: Influenceof Light and Temperature
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Starrett Mark C. , Acedo Juan R.
Published: August 2020

Seeds of Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. (Carolina rhododendron) were germinated at 25°C (77°F) or an 8/16 hr thermoperiod of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, 1/2, 1/2 twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. For both temperatures, no germination occurred during a 30-day period for seeds not subjected to light. At 25°C (77°F) increasing photoperiods increased germination with germination of 26 and 39% occurring by day 30 for the 12 and 24 hr photoperiods, respectively. The alternating temperature of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) enhanced germination when light was limiting. At this temperature germination ≥58%occurred by day 30 for photoperiods ≥4 hr. For photoperiods ≥8 hr, 30-day germination ≥70% was realized.
Evaluation of Weed Control and Phytotoxicity of Preemergence Herbicides Applied to Container-grown Herbaceous and Woody Plants
Authors: Staats David , Klett James E.
Published: August 2020

Six different preemergence herbicides were used with eight different plant species to evaluate weed control efficacy and possible phytotoxicity. The species used were Stachys byzantina C. Koch (lamb's ears), Campanula persicifolia L. (peachleaf bellflower), Achillea millefolium L. ‘Summer Pastel’ (common yarrow), Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Lance coreopsis), Gypsophila pacifica Kom. (baby's breath), Wisteria sinensis Sims (Chinese wisteria), Syringa vulgaris L. (common lilac), Phlox paniculata L. (perennial phlox), Dahlia Cav. x hybrida (garden dahlia). Herbicides were applied to the soil surface at rates of lx and 2x as recommended by the label. The herbicides and rates were as follows: Pennant (Dual) 7.8 Liquid, 4.6, 9.1 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A); Gallery 75DF, 1.1, 2.3 kg ai/ha (1, 2 lb ai/A); Ronstar 2G, 4.5, 9.0 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A); Rout 3G, 3.4, 6.8, 13.6 kg ai/ha (3, 6, 12 lb ai/A); Surflan AS, 2.3, 4.6 kg ai/ha (2, 4 lb ai/A); and Treflan 5G, 4.5, 9.0 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lbs ai/A). Weed seeds of Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass), Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass), Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherdspurse), Senecio vulgaris L. (common groundsel), and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) were sown on the soil surface. Two control treatments (no herbicide and no weed seeds applied, or no herbicide but with weed seeds) also were evaluated. Plants were grown in #1 black plastic containers in a medium of clay loam soil, plaster sand and sphagnum peat (1:1:2 by vol). Weed counts at the end of the season indicated that weed control was variable according to the herbicide used. Rout and Ronstar at both the lx and 2x rates controlled over 99% of the weeds (compared to the control treatment with weeds). Weed control for the other herbicides were as follows: Surflan lx = 92%, Surflan 2x = 95%, Pennant lx = 93%, Pennant 2x = 98%, Gallery lx = 35%, Gallery 2x = 43%, Treflan 1x = 88%, and Treflan 2x = 96%. Evaluations also indicated that herbicides utilizing oryzalin resulted in phytoxicity or stunting to Phlox (appearance declined 88% at the 1x rate and 93% at the 2x rate compared to the control treatment), Gypsophila (dry weights for Surflan 1x was 27% less and Surflan 2x was 39% less compared to the control treatment), and Stachys (appearance declined 55% for 1x rate and 60% at the 2x rate). Gallery (isoxaben) resulted in stunting in Stachys (dry weights for Gallery 1x were 75% less compared to control plants and Gallery 2x was 80% less).
Trends in Plant Material Requirements of Landscape Architects
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K.
Published: August 2020

Landscape architects influence the demand for plant material when specifying plants for landscape projects. A survey of landscape architects in Georgia identified the value of plant material specified for nine plant-types: deciduous trees (> 3” caliper), deciduous trees ≤ 3” caliper), evergreen trees, coniferous shrubs, broadleaf shrubs, perennials/groundcovers, native herbaceous, bedding plants, and turf. As a plant category, trees represented the largest proportion of plant material, approximately 50% of the total value for all firms. With the exception of turf, landscape architects are expected to specify the same or greater value of plant material over the next five years, a positive economic sign for the nursery industry. The frequency of plant substitution due to lack of availability was greatest for the five plant-types generally produced as container nursery stock in Georgia; coniferous shrubs, broadleaf shrubs, perennials/ground covers, native herbaceous, and bedding plants. The two trends identified by landscape architects as most likely to affect the type of plants specified over the next five years are water availability and need for low maintenance landscapes.
A Model for Irrigation Scheduling in Container-Grown Nursery Crops Utilizing Management Allowed Deficit (MAD)
Authors: Welsh Douglas F. , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: August 2020

Plant growth and water use of container-grown Photinia × fraseri (Dress) were studied under varying irrigation regimes. Treatments were based on management allowed deficit (MAD) irrigation (including 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 95% MAD), which links evapotranspiration (ET) and plant available moisture in determining irrigation schedules. Plant growth was maximized under 25% MAD irrigation. Plant performance and water use were significantly reduced as moisture deficit levels in the growing medium exceeded 50% under MAD irrigation of 50%, 75% and 95%. Plant performance also tended to decrease, but plant water use increased with lower MAD treatments (i.e., 0%, 5%, 10%). The research reported provides a model for nursery managers and researchers to use MAD irrigation in determining optimum irrigation regimes to meet plant water needs and maintain maximum plant performance.
Mist Irrigation Reduces Post-transplant Desiccation of Bare-root Trees
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alex X.
Published: August 2020

Desiccation during storage and reestablishment is a major factor contributing to poor regrowth of transplanted bare-root trees. The effect of overhead mist irrigation on reducing post transplant water stress in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L. ‘Emerald Lustre’) and Yoshino cherry (Prunus x yedoensis) was examined. Bare-root Norway maple (desiccation tolerant) and Yoshino cherry (desiccation sensitive) trees were transplanted into pine bark-filled containers and subjected to mist or non-mist treatments. Stem xylem water potential, relative water content, and survivability were determined. Xylem water potential increased (became less negative) for misted maple and cherry trees. Water potential increased for non-misted maple and decreased for non-misted cherry trees. Twenty-seven percent of non-misted cherries were evaluated as nonmarketable due to stem dieback compared to 0% for misted trees. Results of this study indicate that mist irrigation effectively reduces desiccation damage for desiccation sensitive species such as cherries and hawthorns.
Response of ‘Prize’ Azalea to Sumagic Applied at Several Stages of Shoot Apex Development
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Olive John W.
Published: August 2020

‘Prize’ forcing azalea was treated with 15 or 30 ppm Sumagic at one of 4 stages of shoot apex development (stage 0 = vegetative; 1 = apex broadened; 2−3 = sepals and petals initiated; 4 = stamen initiated) in 2 experiments. Plants were taller and broader as the application was delayed; these parameters decreased with increasing Sumagic rate. Bypass shoot count decreased quadratically with increasing rate, and was not affected by stage of development (SOD) in one experiment but decreased when plants were treated at a later SOD in a second experiment. Time to flower increased and flower count decreased when plants were treated at a later SOD. Plants treated at SOD 0 flowered earlier with more blooms or at a similar time with a similar flower count to control plants.
Factors Influencing the Supply of Four Landscape Services
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech J. , Hubbard E. E. , Wade Gary L.
Published: August 2020

The landscape industry is a rapidly growing segment of the economy. Growth of the industry is attributed to increasing affluence of the population and leisure time. Increasing awareness of the importance of the environment will further undergird future industry growth. A survey sample of 140 landscape firms located in Georgia yielded 137 usable questionnaires. Four equations representing the statistical relationships between the four types of landscape services 1) design, 2) installation, 3) maintenance, 4) seasonal color and independent variables representing firm characteristics were specified and estimated using logit procedure. A surveyed firm was more likely to supply landscape design services if it also supplied pruning services, landscaping was its main business activity, and the firm was located outside the Atlanta metropolitan area (AMA). The installation service supply was less likely to be among a firm's services if the firm was located within the Atlanta metro area but more if it purchased plants from other sources, and the firm practiced subcontracting. Maintenance services were impacted positively by the supply of pruning but negatively by fertilization services and location in metropolitan Atlanta. Firms in which landscaping was the main business activity and accounted for an increasing share of revenue were more likely to include seasonal color among services supplied.
Propagation of Fraser Fir
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Hinesley L. Eric
Published: August 2020

Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], the most important Christmas tree species in North Carolina, is rapidly gaining popularity nationwide. It is propagated by seed, but special needs such as genetic improvement will involve use of grafting, air layering, propagation by stem cuttings, and micropropagation (tissue culture). This paper summarizes research conducted to date on Fraser fir concerning these techniques in addition to information regarding seed production and sexual propagation.
Regeneration of ‘Frontier’ Elm from Leaf Explants
Authors: Bolyard Mark G.
Published: August 2020

This report describes the regeneration of a hybrid elm from leaf explants. Surface sterilized leaf explants from Ulmus X ‘Frontier’ were cultured on a medium containing combinations of cytokinins used previously to regenerate plants from other elms. Leaf strips cultured on a solid medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ), with or without 6-benzyladenine (BA), demonstrated organogenesis from 95% of the explants, with an average of approximately 6–8 shoots being produced per productive explant. Shoots elongated following transfer of the explant to a medium containing gibberellic acid. These elongated shoots were then transferred to soil, where about one-third of them successfully rooted.
Verticillium—Induced Scorch and Chlorosis in Ash
Authors: Worf G. L. , Spear R. N. , Heimann M. F.
Published: August 2020

Verticillium dahliae appears to be the causal agent of a common disorder of white and green ash that has increasingly affected nursery and landscape trees in the Upper Midwest. Affected trees are without wilting or vascular discoloration typical of Verticillium symptoms on other woody hosts, although upper branch and unilateral distribution patterns remain common and important clues. Symptoms include considerable light green to chlorotic foliage followed by irregular leaf scorch, defoliation and branch dieback. The fungus was best isolated from leaf petioles on potato dextrose agar containing 100 ppm iprodione + 200 ppm chloramphenicol. Repeated and intensive sampling was often necessary to detect the fungus. Symptom recurrence in following years was common but erratic and unpredictable. A discussion of environmental influences and control possibilities is included.
Phytotoxicity and Nutsedge Control in Woody and Herbaceous Landscape Plants with Manage (MON12037)
Authors: Hurt R. T. , Vencill W.K.
Published: August 2020

Manage applied foliarly at 9 and 18 g/ha(0.13 and 0.26 oz/A) provided 87 to 91% purple nutsedge and 79 to 84% yellow nutsedge control. Regrowth measurements taken 5 WAT showed an 88 to 90% reduction in purple nutsedge resprouting and a 75 to 83% reduction in yellow nutsedge resprouting of Manage applied at 9 g/ha and 18 g/ha (0.13 and 0.26 oz/A), respectively. Azalea, redtip photinia, green liriope, white petunias, red petunias, lavender petunias, celosia, vinca, African marigolds, bronze-leaved begonias, and purple salvia tolerated both rates of Manage. Shore juniper, French marigolds, red salvia, geranium, and green-leaved begonias exhibited >10% injury 4 WAT with Manage.
Differential Tolerance of Eleven Prunus Taxa to Root Zone Flooding
Authors: Ranney Thomas G.
Published: August 2020

Eleven taxa of own-rooted Prunus L. were subjected to incremental flooding for 7 weeks to assess relative tolerance to root zone flooding. Rates of net photosynthesis (Pn) decreased gradually as the flooding stress intensified. However, ‘Newport’ plum maintained higher Pn than any other taxa when root systems were completely submerged. Defoliation of flooded plants ranged from a low of 15% for ‘Newport’ plum to a high of 100% for ‘Canada Red’ chokecherry. Following a chilling period, survival of flooded plants ranged from a low of 0% for Carolina cherrylaurel to a high of 100% for ‘Newport’ plum and ‘F-12/1’ mazzard cherry. Of the 11 taxa evaluated, ‘F-12/1’ mazzard cherry and ‘Newport’ plum had the greatest tolerance to root zone flooding as indicated by high survival rates (100%) and low defoliation (≤27%). ‘Newport’ plum further demonstrated superior tolerance to flooding compared to other taxa as indicated by a greater capacity to maintain Pn during flooding and subsequent recovery. Carolina cherrylaurel, ‘Canada Red’ chokecherry, and ‘Peggy Clark’ Japanese apricot were relatively sensitive to flooding as indicated by low survival rates (≤50%) and considerable defoliation (≥82%). The remaining taxa, including Japanese bushcherry, Sargent, Yoshino, ‘Okame’, ‘Autumnalis’ and ‘Kwanzan’ cherries, were found to be intermediate in tolerance to flooding.
An Exploratory Study of Garden Center Selection For Landscape Plants
Authors: Day Ellen
Published: August 2020

An exploratory study employing qualitative research methods was conducted to identify the criteria customers use in selecting retail outlets for landscape plants. A small convenience sample of subjects residing in Atlanta, Athens, and outlying areas of Georgia were asked where they purchased landscape plants and why they chose particular retail outlets. Findings suggested that choice of retail outlet typically depended on the type of purchase. Many of the participants purchased bedding plants primarily at mass merchandisers, while purchasing larger shrubs, trees, and more unusual plants at garden centers. Customer informational needs appeared to be a major reason for the different retail choices. Based on information obtained through focus group and individual interviews, perceived quality of plants appeared to be of paramount importance for every type of plant purchase, while the importance of price, breadth of assortment, expertise of sales assistants, location, and other factors depended more on particular purchase intentions.
Cutless Controls Shoot Growth of ‘China Girl’ Holly
Authors: Keever G.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Eakes D.J.
Published: August 2020

Ilex x meserveae ‘China Girl’ plants were sprayed with a single application of different rates of Cutless (flurprimidol) during container production. Growth index, shoot length and shoot dry weight decreased with increasing rates of Cutless. Growth index of plants treated with 500 ppm Cutless was about 17% less than that of control plants 120 days after treatment, but were similar after the spring flush the following year. Growth inhibition persisted for at least two growing seasons when plants were treated with rates of 1500 to 2500 ppm; foliage of these plants was smaller and more cupped than that of control plants. Treated plants were noticeably more compact and uniform, and foliage was darker green than that of control plants.
Sensitivity of a Hand-cranked Nursery Spreader to Operator Variables
Authors: Parish Richard L.
Published: August 2020

Hand-cranked rotary spreaders are used to apply granular pesticides to container crops. Pattern was affected by several variables that are controlled by the operator. A sensitivity study was conducted with a typical hand-cranked spreader to determine which operator variables most affected the distribution pattern. Impeller height had little effect. Pattern slide setting had an important effect. Reducing cranking speed affected the pattern; increasing cranking speed did not. Roll angle affected pattern if the right side was angled down, but not if the left Side was angled down. Pitch angle affected the pattern only if the spreader was pitched down. Yaw angle had a major impact on pattern regardless of direction. Width of bed (i.e. distance between spreader passes) affected pattern uniformity.
Advantages of Using Selected Seed Sources of Sycamore and Sweetgum for Field Nursery Production and Transplant Establishment
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Davis W. Edgar
Published: August 2020

Adaptability of forest tree improvement program seed sources to landscape nursery production and subsequent bare-root transplanting were investigated. Growth during two years of field production of seedlings from two elite half-sib families of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and a bulk open pollinated seed orchard mix of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were compared with a commercially available seed source of sweetgum and a locally collected half-sib family of sycamore. Utilization of select half-sib families of sycamore resulted in 11% to 19% increases in height and an 11% increase in caliper during field production compared to the local seed source. Seedlings from elite half-sib families of sycamore resumed limited height and caliper growth during the year following transplanting while seedlings from the local seed source did not. Less pruning cuts were required to remove multiple leaders and large basal suckers on elite sycamore and sweetgum seedlings during production.
Consumer Characteristics Associated with Perceptions of Live Christmas Trees
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech J. , Lindstrom Orville M.
Published: August 2020

Customers at choose-and-cut Christmas tree farms were surveyed for opinions about live Christmas tree characteristics. In general, consumers differed little in their opinions reflecting preferences for a live Christmas tree regardless of their demographic or socioeconomic profile. The only group which frequently differed in its perceptions were customers aged 61 years and older. This group may require special attention and adjustment in services provided by choose-and-cut operators such as special assistance in carrying tree to the vehicle or even an offer of tree delivery to the customer's residence. Otherwise, operators can base their evaluation of services needed on the observed demographic characteristics such as gender and age.