bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Prestige”
Authors: Kalman Laura
Published: September 2022

Chapter 6 traces the evolution of the court fight into a war over prestige. The rancor exceeded that of the 1936 election and divided Democrats who had deified Roosevelt then. The battle now revolved around the clash of wills between the president and those opposing him in the Senate. Administration forces and foes made mistakes. The Senate Judiciary Committee report on the bill, released a month after the members’ vote against it, was so scathingly critical of the president that it backfired. Meanwhile, FDR stalled on naming the beloved Senate majority leader, Joe Robinson, as Van Devanter’s replacement, before his pushback became more adroit. After belatedly promising Robinson the nomination, he held an island “love fest” for all congressional Democrats, and some opposing him began to feel ashamed of themselves. It seemed as if a compromise granting Roosevelt up to five new justices was well within his grasp until Robinson unexpectedly died. Even afterward, Roosevelt came close to victory, and defeat did not cow him.
Science and Justice
Authors: McCullom Rod
Published: September 2022

Rod McCullom, a reporter who specializes in the intersection of science and society and who writes a column on the science of criminal justice for Undark Magazine, explores the research and science—or lack of it—that underpins the criminal justice system. He stresses the need for innovative and nuanced reporting that looks carefully at data used to justify decision-making in the criminal justice system, that scrutinizes new policing technologies and the research that supports their use, and that asks much-needed questions about how and why certain measures are deployed in the name of keeping the peace. He also notes the crucial role of race in criminal justice and the disproportionate effects of bias in every area of the criminal justice system—policing, courts, corrections—when reporting on science and mass incarceration. It’s important to report new research, he concludes, but it is equally important to find out how it impacts society. Learn to question new technologies and ask, “Who will it help and hurt? How much will this cost?”
Fight with Growing Confidence
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

After the fall of France and the evacuation at Dunkirk, Britain was fighting Germany almost alone. At the same time, its prewar preparations gave it the ability to withstand the initial Nazi assaults from the air (the Battle of Britain and the Blitz). This chapter begins by describing how radar had been adapted to a new defensive system called Chain Home, while British factories were dispersed to provide resiliency. It shows that the United States began opening its own factories to British purchases of aircraft and weapons, which jump-started the defense economy after a decade of Depression-era austerity; this was followed by the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, which allowed purchase on credit. The chapter recounts how the Tizard Mission had introduced the United States to British technology, notably the cavity magnetron, which enabled smaller microwave radars to be fitted into aircraft, to improve air combat and strategic bombing. American science was mobilized under the Organization for Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), led by Vannevar Bush, which established strong cooperation with British research through the OSRD London Mission, led by Bennett Archambault.
Fight in the Fields and in the Streets
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

As the Allies broke out of the Normandy region and advanced toward Germany, they needed temporary bridging to cross rivers and waterways. This chapter describes how the British engineer Donald Bailey developed the eponymous Bailey Bridge, which could be constructed quickly and easily under combat conditions. American engineers attempted to fabricate Bailey Bridges according to British specifications, but their bridges were not compatible with British ones already in the European theater. Instead, American Baileys in the Pacific helped bridge the route through the Philippines and island chains. The chapter also illustrates the efforts of British scientist Howard Florey to mass-produce the antibiotic penicillin. After a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, he and his team came to the United States, where they worked directly with American scientists to grow penicillin at an industrial scale. With funding from OSRD, enough penicillin was produced by 1944 to ensure that Allied medical teams could treat their wounded.
Education and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

The chapter describes similarities between education and promotion but explains why education is a superior fit for the nonprofit arts. It describes practical steps an organization can take to engage communities through education. The functions of education provide greater opportunities for artist integration into the process of engaging communities. It also explores education as an approach to serve and increase value to the community while developing an audience base. This is a more appropriate path for nonprofit arts organizations as they receive 501(c)(3) status since they serve the community through education. The chapter includes the case of a theater company in California that used education as a means of audience retention and development.
Environment and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores what the notion of environment might look like in the nonprofit arts. Following terms from environmental science and environmental management, we see that the functions of an environmental manager, at least on a macro scale, are equivalent to those skills that will best serve the arts organization and its patrons in the process of engagement. The chapter shifts the focus from how the arts are distributed to the aesthetics of the environment where the audience experiences the art. The chapter includes the case of Sing for Hope Pianos, a project that placed pianos across New York City’s five boroughs, and used difference environments to creative distinctive experiences.
Price and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes a deep dive into the notion of price. It details the various main strategies used by organizations to price their products, and discusses the relationship between price and product. The chapter presents why the various pricing strategies are either impossible or fail to fully function for nonprofit arts organizations. It then explores how the arts have unusual issues associated with their nonprofit status, mission, and function. These elements often force the notion of price, the only one of the four Ps dealing with revenue, to fall flat. The chapter includes a case about a symphony orchestra that struggled with applying traditional pricing principles to their offerings.
Pop Culture News as a Bridge to Politics?
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

After mapping the different types of audiences who find their way to news at the nexus of pop culture and politics, this chapter explores firsthand how audience members understand its relative value for learning about political issues and viewpoints and for fueling personal acts of political expression on social media. Although some evidence suggests that pop-culture-focused audiences can use entertainment news as a bridge to political discourse that they would not otherwise access, a more common pattern is that audiences who already have high levels of political interest find value in pop culture news as a supplemental element of the political information environment. At the same time, some audience members who follow and share this news raise concerns about its capacity to distract them from more traditional public affairs content, suggesting that entertainment journalism can function as a bridge both toward and away from the sphere of political engagement.
Other Indonesians
Authors: Errington Joseph
Published: September 2022

Over sixty years Indonesian has become the language of the world’s fourth most populous nation and third largest democracy, but has no native speakers. This book describes some of the paradoxes that have enabled this extraordinary linguistic and national development, and shows how other-than-standard Indonesians figure in an alternate “success story” of national modernization. The focus is on young persons whose ethnic backgrounds vary, but who have acquired broadly similar educations and national allegiances. A small part of the plurality of the Indonesians they speak are described within a national integrative dynamic, and among members of a new middle class. These ways of speaking are shown also to differ, as do the urbanizing dynamics in which they are situated, but to be similarly enabled by the absence of Indonesian native speakers. Empirical particulars in this way help frame Indonesian as a revealing exception to widespread assumptions or ideologies about native, “natural” connections between language and national identity. “The Indonesian case” in this way helps revisit issues of linguistic nationalism in a time of globalization beyond one nation of the Global South.
A Provincial Indonesian
Authors: Errington Joseph
Published: September 2022

Residents of Kupang with positions and allegiances closely tied to standard Indonesian much more commonly speak the town’s distinctly substandard, “provincial” vernacular. This situation is described by first considering the ways college students “mix” standard Indonesian and global English with the town’s vernacular. This provides background, in turn, for recognizing the role of nonstandard Indonesians in the interactional bracketing of ethnic differences, and engaging topically with modernity of the nation at large. This in turn helps consider seeming incompatible ways that college students differentiate and value standard and nonstandard Indonesian. Finally, the language of this regional city is considered in relation to infrastructures of mobility that are giving it new roles in the province at large .
Identifying with Indonesian
Authors: Errington Joseph
Published: September 2022

Residents of the town of Pontianak speak Indonesian across politically sensitive lines of ethnic difference. Many Chinese speak only “standard” varieties of the language, whereas Malays commonly adopt “biaccentual” fashions of speaking that incorporate elements of Indonesian and their native language. Young Dayaks also incorporate elements of Malay provenance into distinctly urban styles of speech. In this way, biaccentual usage can serve to interactionally efface, but not erase, linguistic marks of ethnic difference. Shifting classifications and uses of these other ways of speaking Indonesian reflect the language’s multiple forms and values as a mediator of interpersonal relations in what are sometimes fraught urban contexts.
Rights That Ethical Responsibility Cannot Justify and Agreements May Not Undermine
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the grounding and content of rights and duties, in particular duties to aid and rights not to be harmed. The chapter examines Dworkin’s argument, discussed in his book Justice for Hedgehogs, that the objective importance of all persons grounds a duty to aid under certain conditions, as well as his argument that one’s responsibility for the course of one’s own life grounds a right not to be harmed. The chapter then presents objections and responses to Dworkin’s claims, including his view that the distinction he draws between deliberate and nondeliberate harm coincides with the distinction drawn by the Doctrine of Double Effect. The chapter concludes with a comparison of Dworkin’s views with alternative views on various duties and rights that might arise from ex ante agreements. Hypothetical cases feature prominently in the chapter, which also includes a critical discussion of Dworkin’s view on the appropriate use of such cases.
Duties That Become Supererogatory or Forbidden?
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter further considers issues that result from there being different measures of the stringency of both rights and duties and shows how this bears on the Trolley Problem. The chapter first reviews the relations between making personal sacrifices, fulfilling personal duties, and promoting the greater good and then focuses on whether fulfilling certain duties could require us, contrary to the relations described, to make sacrifices ordinarily considered supererogatory to promote the greater good. Duties to aid are discussed and then compared to the kinds of duties to refrain from harming others with which Judith Thomson and Derek Parfit are concerned. The chapter concludes by considering Parfit’s view that nonconsequentialism can result, incorrectly, in an agent’s deontological permission to do harm varying depending on the permissions other agents have to do harm. He attributes this to nonconsequentialism’s focus on action for a personal rather than a common aim.
Harms, Wrongs, and Meaning in a Pandemic
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the comparison that was made when the numbers of U.S. deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 were said to have reached the level of deaths of U.S. soldiers in several wars in the twentieth century. It argues that equal numbers may conceal other crucial differences among these deaths. This includes the amount of harm done to each of the people who died in war or due to COVID-19 and the degree to which pandemic victims and soldiers were wronged (as distinct from harmed) by their own country, other countries, and fellow citizens by contrast to their suffering being due to their own actions. Finally, the chapter examines the extent to which the deaths of soldiers and victims of the pandemic were meaningful or not.
The Curse of the Somers
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

The greatest scandal in the nineteenth-century U.S. Navy, the “Somers Affair” occupied the national press for nearly a year. Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, captain of the Somers, faced a court-martial, with his life at stake if he lost his trial. Mackenzie stood accused of murder on the high seas for hanging three of his crew, one of them Philip Spencer, a young officer and the son of John Canfield Spencer, secretary of war under President John Tyler. Mackenzie was acquitted, but his career and reputation were ruined. Philip Spencer, a troubled nineteen-year-old, had violated social norms and naval regulations while “only joking” when he spoke of plotting a mutiny, but as his captain said before he hanged the boy, it was joking on a forbidden subject. The Somers Affair shocked the nation, changed the means by which the navy trained its officers and sailors, and remained a forbidden topic in naval circles even as it constantly resurfaced in news accounts, reminiscences, and in the sinking of the brig with many of its crew during the Mexican War, and most famously in Melville’s classic novella Billy Budd. Written by the archaeologist who helped identify and study its wreck off the coast of Mexico, this book is a classic tale of two troubled, proud personalities, Mackenzie and Spencer, and of events that blossomed into a full-blown tragedy that ruined lives and became a cultural icon.
Legacies
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

Somers’ many legacies include ongoing controversy over the question of whether there was an actual mutiny, or as Spencer’s father defended his dead son, the mere romance of a heedless boy. A number of publications, a Currier & Ives lithograph of the “floating gallows,” a number of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century reminiscences, and the writings of Guert Gansevoort’s cousin, Herman Melville, whose final work, Billy Budd, is in large measure based on the events on board Somers added to the fame of the brig and the events that played out with deadly effect on its decks. Philip Spencer was not Billy Budd, and the work of fiction and other accounts of mutiny at sea have clouded the events on Somers and the natures of the key players, Spencer and Mackenzie, and their personality clash.
Writing Across the Life Course
Authors: Beard Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Public health professors often expect students in their classes to already know how to write policy briefs, literature reviews, funding proposals, and other types of documents typical to the profession. And they are frustrated when students turn in writing that does not follow the organization and other conventions professors have internalized over many years of practice. Frustration ensues. Chapter 1 blends composition theory and the life-course approach to make the case that public health schools and programs need to rethink the place of writing within the curriculum. Responsibility for helping students improve their writing cannot fall only on individual professors and students. Our schools and programs need to invest in faculty time for mentoring student writers and resources that help students understand the writing process and develop a deliberate writing practice.
Assessment Involves Much More Than Assigning a Grade
Authors: Beard Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Assessing student writing is often conflated with giving a grade. As writing is a process, so too is assessment. It is a form of mentoring that works best when iterative. Writing assignments are most meaningful to learning when students are given an opportunity to revise. Public health professors enhance student learning when they embrace this mentoring role over a multi-draft writing process. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the decades-long discussion among assessment and composition experts about what we are doing when we assess writing. It analyzes the utility and limitations of rubrics and checklists, offers a philosophy of grading, and comments on dealing with suspected plagiarism. Public health professors who assign writing are responsible for mentoring their students through the writing process and encouraging deliberate practice.
Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Rivers Julian
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the place of constitutional rights within Christian political thought. The emergence of codified and justiciable abstract rights has been one of the most notable features of constitutional development across the world since the Second World War. It has been accompanied by the parallel development of international human rights, and the two processes have mutually reinforced each other. The tradition of constitutional rights has complex ideological and institutional roots, which makes the question of its relationship to Christian political thought difficult to interrogate. This chapter identifies three areas of critical interaction. First, there is a longstanding foundational debate about the value of the concept of constitutional rights. Second, there is a debate about the content of constitutional rights. Finally, there is a debate about the construction or interpretation of constitutional rights. Given the enormous breadth and flexibility of modern constitutional rights doctrine, this third area is increasingly where political and ideological conflicts are played out. Even here simple either-or narratives of Christian and anti-Christian conceptions of rights should be avoided.
Religious Freedom
Authors: Leigh Ian
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the relationship between religious liberty and freedom of conscience, seeking to re-evaluate the Christian contribution in the light of current controversial conscience claims. It identifies two significant trends. The first and dominant one is for Christian writers to treat conscience as a matter of moral belief. This approach conceives freedom of religion in “Protestant” terms (i.e., as belief centered and genuinely personally held in order to be of any value) so that the right of freedom of conscience has a high degree of convergence with it. Although this approach has its origins in early Christian thought, the discussion focuses on the impact of seventeenth-century Christian writers on the foundations of liberal constitutionalism. The second approach, particularly associated with Thomism and natural law thinking, and reflected in modern Catholic law thought, stresses that conscience is a form of objective moral knowledge. Both strands contrast with modern liberal approaches (themselves an offshoot of the first strand), which, in philosophical terms, regard conscience as a question of moral integrity expressive of individual autonomy and, from a legal perspective, treat it as subjective, unconfined, and unquestionable. In contrast, older Christian writers are agreed that conscience is a matter of conviction and duty. This tradition also addresses the fallibility and limits of conscience in ways highly pertinent to current controversies over conscientious objection by officials, medical professionals, and others.
Trinity
Authors: McIlroy David
Published: September 2022

A trinitarian account of salvation history is central to a Christian account of limited government. The inner life of the Trinity is not a structure to be copied in the rule of human community. Instead, the normative implications of the Trinity arise both from the ways in which the triune God is unlike human beings and from the ways in which the triune God has acted within salvation history. Human rule must be subject to law because human beings are not like God, who is a law unto Godself, and because all human lawmaking, administration, and judging takes place within the context of the laws, both natural and revealed, which God the Father has already given. Human rule is properly subjected to formal limits to protect the dignity of all those subject to it and to reflect the limitations on its calling. Human rulers lack the authority to compel conformity in religious matters and the competence to perfect their subjects. Therefore, a constitution should hold rulers accountable for their use of power, disperse power between different organs of government, respect the authority of other social institutions, and establish a basis for stable government but without making a fetish of the nation or the Constitution.
The “Cultural Turn” and the Reconstruction of Heritage
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek
Published: September 2022

Over the past four decades there has been a shift in approach about the conservation of cultural heritage from preserving the historical integrity of the object (“the object-centered stance”) to preserving the meaning of the object for specific cultures (“the cultural stance”). The latter approach has foregrounded the involvement of “stakeholders” in deciding about heritage. This has led to a tension; the former approach tends to oppose reconstruction of damaged or destroyed heritage, the latter not necessarily so. The cultural stance can only take us so far in sorting this out as it only identifies who should decide rather than the substantial issue of what decision should be made. In circumstances in which the damage or destruction of heritage constitutes an injustice to the stakeholders, our focus should be on the nature of the compensation owed. Arguably, compensation provides stakeholders with an argument in favor of reconstruction. The chapter concludes with an examination of the features of damaged or destroyed heritage that could be reconstructed as part of compensation.
Shared Musical Lives
Authors: Carlson Licia
Published: September 2022

This book makes the case for the epistemological and ethical significance of musical experience. Music can be a source of self-knowledge and self-expression and hence can reveal important dimensions of the self to others. This knowledge—both of self and of others—has a moral force as well. Shared musical experience can transform and establish new modes of being with others, cultivate virtues, and expand the moral imagination. The term sonification provides an organizing principle for the arguments in the book. In a scientific context, sonification is defined as the translation of data or information into nonverbal audible tones. Transposing the concept into a philosophical key, this work defines sonification in two ways: first, sonification is the process by which musical experience reveals dimensions of the self and relationships with others; in a more theoretical sense, philosophical sonification refers to the critical re-examination of philosophical concepts, arguments, and theories in view of what musical experience reveals. These two forms of sonification are explored specifically in the context of disability. Reflecting upon the musical lives of people with cognitive and intellectual disabilities brings their experiences into the foreground, challenges and broadens existing conceptions of disability and music, and provides new ways of thinking about musicking and the philosophies of music and disability.
A Brief Taxonomy of Musical Others
Authors: Carlson Licia
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents a brief taxonomy of “others,” both human and nonhuman, that one encounters through music. Human others that populate the musical experience include performers and co-performers, audience members and listeners (or witnesses), composers, and conductors. Nonhuman others include musical instruments and the musical work itself. While the subsequent chapters explore the human relationships with and between performers and witnesses in far greater depth, this opening chapter spends some time addressing the significance of our connections to musical instruments, the ontological status of the musical work, and the presence and absence of the composer when we experience these musical works.
The “Musical We”
Authors: Carlson Licia
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that musical encounters have the potential to change the configuration of relationships, lessen the effects of stigma, and enlarge the moral imagination. It begins by exploring how the “musical we” is formed; what it means to share musical time, spaces, joy, and flourishing with others; how shared musical experience can transform and transpose relationships; and the nature and significance of musical presence. Building upon the discussion of intellectual disability in previous chapters, it argues that these forms of connection are particularly ethically significant in establishing and expanding relationships with and between individuals with intellectual disabilities. It concludes with a discussion of four specific virtues that can be cultivated both within and beyond the musical encounter: empathy, acknowledged dependence, humility, and solidarity.
PMP and Historical Changes
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how the PMP principle can be helpful in understanding the role the media can play in historical changes in the political world. Three cases are analyzed: two from the United States and one from Israel. The American cases are the civil rights movement of the late 1950s and the 1960s and changes in opinion and policies concerning the death penalty, especially during the late 1990s and the decade starting in the year 2000. The Israeli case has to do with a historical change that also has taken place in other countries: the increasing personalization of politics. As in the other chapters, there is a discussion of the structural, cultural, and situational variables that help illuminate important elements that are considered part of the political and communication ecosystems and that help explain the role of the media in the historical changes under discussion.
Autonomous Vehicles, the Badness of Death, and Discrimination
Authors: Černý David
Published: September 2022

The aim of this chapter is to address concerns regarding possible discriminatory behavior of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in collision situations. In the first part, the author analyzes paradigmatic cases of direct discrimination and arrives at a semiformal definition of it. The second part is devoted to a thorough investigation into the nature and badness of death and culminates with a defense and characterization of the deprivation account of the badness of death. In the final part, the author sets out to apply the analysis, conclusions, and conceptual distinctions from the previous two parts to the problem of whether distributing harms based on age necessarily involves some form of discrimination. The conclusion is negative: if an AV distinguished between two possible trajectories, each of which would lead to the death of a human person, on the basis of age, its choice and behavior would not be an instance of direct discrimination.
Autonomous Vehicles and Normative Pluralism
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: September 2022

The emerging prospect of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has made normative ethical thinking relevant in new and enhanced ways. In the most direct way, these vehicles create a need to program the computers that will guide them in decision-making that is of manifestly moral import. More broadly, setting up a world in which transportation is in large part autonomous requires special value-based social decision-making. Operating in these spheres in a way that is sensitive to normative pluralism requires novel philosophical thinking. This thinking not only involves the applications of normative pluralism in autonomous transportation but, in light of the special opportunities and challenges posed by AVs, can help us to understand in new ways the spheres of morals and values.
A Handbook of Diction for Singers
Authors: Adams David
Published: September 2022

The 3rd edition of A Handbook of Diction for Singers is a guide to help classical singers achieve professional levels of lyric diction in Italian, French, and German, the three major languages of classical vocal repertory. It serves as a textbook for student singers, as well as a reference for voice teachers, vocal coaches, and conductors. The presentation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The newly created chapter 1, “An Introduction to Specific Sounds,” introduces the relevant phonetic symbols, with descriptions of how each sound is produced and reference to the positioning of the articulators (tongue, jaw, lips, glottis) for each sound. Comparison of sample words from each language, including English, are provided. Each of the three languages is given its own chapter, with discussion not only of the sounds but also of features such as diacritical marks, words stress, vowel length, syllabification, and word structure. Example words have been expanded from previous editions, and most words are translated into English and transcribed into phonetic symbols. There are multiple musical examples, as well as basic exercises for specific sounds and IPA transcription (a new feature). Fine points not available from other textbooks are covered, such as extensive information on the open and close vowels sounds of e and o in Italian, sequencing of consonant sounds and word structure in German, and vowel length and details of the treatment of mute e in French. Additional resources are discussed for each language and sample texts are given with IPA transcriptions and translations.
Italian Diction
Authors: Adams David
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents the sounds of Italian: vowels, consonants, and glides, along with the relevant phonetic symbols. It explains diacritical marks, vowel length, syllabification, word stress, and apocopation. There is extensive discussion of diphthongs and triphthongs, both within words and across words boundaries (phrasal diphthongs). Double consonants and phrasal doubling across word boundaries are presented in detail. There are examples of words with translations and phonetic transcriptions, as well as musical examples. Problems specific to singing are discussed, such as proper value of vowels in diphthongs and triphthongs and how to execute double consonants and consonant clusters. Resources for Italian and sample vocal texts with phonetic transcriptions and translations are provided. There are exercises interspersed throughout the chapter. Following the main chapter is an appendix, primarily meant as a reference, that discusses the two sounds each for the letters e and o in Italian, the open sound and the close sound.
French Diction
Authors: Adams David
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents the sounds of French: vowels, consonants, and glides, along with the relevant phonetic symbols. It explains diacritical marks, vowel length, and word stress. Owing to its complexity, French syllabification is deferred to the end of the chapter. The section on consonant sounds and letters gives extensive information concerning when consonant letters are sounded or silent. It discusses enchaînement, elision, and liaison, along with mute e and its various musical settings, as well as e moyen and vocalic harmonization. There are extensive examples of words with translations and phonetic transcriptions, as well as musical examples. Resources for French and sample vocal texts with phonetic transcriptions and translations are provided. There are several exercises interspersed throughout the chapter.
The West’s Guilt toward the “Rest”
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: September 2022

Part III addresses some major ideological premises and fixations that have dominated the public and political discourse in the economically most developed countries of the world. At present, all these countries are liberal democracies; the great majority are Western in terms of their cultural heritage, while others are largely “Westernized”. Liberal democracy has been their consensual ideological and political framework since 1945. It encompasses the two major ideological creeds that branched out of classical liberalism: right-wing, minimal government liberalism, which has joined hands with modern conservatism; and left-wing, welfare-state liberalism, which has come closer together with modernized social democracy. The West’s interaction with other parts of the world has been a major subject of debate and soul-searching within the democracies. Influenced by the radical-left’s critique, it has become commonplace that the modern West has been exceptionally bellicose, imperialistic, oppressive, and murderous. However, overall, the opposite is true. Tribal societies around the globe suffered far higher rates of violent mortality. And premodern state societies everywhere were the scene of endemic, highly lethal wars, imperial conquests, massacres, enslavement, brutal oppression, and an all-pervasive material deprivation. While the West was the most successful in all the above during the early modern period, it was soon to transform the rules of the game themselves. Furthermore, within the West, the emergent liberal democracies should not be conflated with the countries that were not. Indeed, the soul-searching and sense of guilt in the democracies is rooted precisely in the new norms that they themselves have established.
Virtual Victory
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: September 2022

Where do offensive cyber operations (OCOs) fit in modern military strategy? No capability, warfighting domain, or approach works in a vacuum. Cyber can and does fit in a joint operations doctrine, but it requires acknowledging its unique circumstances, advantages and disadvantages. This chapter analyses the applicability of military concepts to OCOs. Where do they fit, and to what end? While event-based operations skew more heavily towards tactical, battlefield outcomes, presence-based operations facilitate deceptive surprise and may even result in strategic outcomes at the campaign level. One of the biggest failings of modern militaries is their incorrect application of cyber capabilities alongside kinetic or even other intangible means. Knowing how, when and where to exercise the unique force made available through OCOs can make the difference between an investment wasted and a key enabler of success. Cyber operations will never single-handedly win a war, but they can make a difference if used correctly. This chapter reviews military concepts and their application to cyber-warfare, including economy of force, centers of gravity, deception and the notion of asymmetry.
HIV
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: September 2022

The emergence of AIDS in the early 1980s caused a profound crisis for federal health agencies, particularly the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Activists in ACT UP, charging that these agencies were failing patients with AIDS, initiated a series of escalating protests. NIH officials, led by Dr. Anthony Fauci, began to talk with the advocates and make major changes in the research process. However, over at the FDA, a protest involving the arrest of hundreds of AIDS activists undermined the agency’s public health image. Eventually, under a new commissioner, the FDA earned back the trust of activists.
Communications and Politics
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: September 2022

An effective communications approach starts with a basic dictum set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “Be first, be right, be credible.” Agencies must establish themselves as vital sources of accurate information to maintain the public’s trust. At the same time, public health officials must recognize that communications play out in the context of ideological debates, electoral rivalries, and other political considerations. During a public health crisis, this means that health officials often need to constructively engage political leaders in communications and management. Navigating these waters in the middle of a crisis can be treacherous. Figuring out the best way to engage elected leaders is a core aspect of political judgment.
The Occult Does Not Exist
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François
Published: September 2022

In recent years, it has become common for academic writers to use "the occult" as an analytical category to which various types of mystical belief and activity that are quite widespread in Africa are assigned. This includes those often described as "magic" and "witchcraft". It is notable that all these concepts generally go undefined. The present article argues that much of the current academic vocabulary used to describe and analyze the invisible world that many Africans believe to exist is tainted by an intellectual history associated with colonialism. Instead, we propose that much African thought and action related to the invisible world should be considered in terms of religion, with the latter being defined contextually as a belief in the existence of an invisible world, distinct but not separate from the visible one, that is home to spiritual beings with effective powers over the material world.
Not a Level Playing Field
Authors: Smeets Max
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3 discusses the requirements of different state actors to conduct cyber operations, based on their strategic, legal and organizational constraints. First, this chapter notes that state-actors face different strategic, organizational and legal/normative constraints when it comes to conducting cyber operations. A constrained actor tends to embed cyber operations within a well-defined legal and ethical framework, is aware of the impact organizational trade-offs, and behaves strategically, connecting these cyber means ultimately to a political end. Second, this chapter explains that these constraints have a major influence on the operational requirements to conduct cyber effect operations.
Intentional Interstate Capability Transfers
Authors: Smeets Max
Published: September 2022

This chapter studies the dynamics of intentional state-to-state transfer of cyber capabilities. This chapter sets up a comparison between the incentives of conventional arms transfer and cyber arms transfer. Whereas for conventional capabilities an arms-producing state typically engages in either the transfer of finished systems or knowledge of how to reproduce existing technology and less in transfers that help to adapt or innovate weapon technology, this chapter explains that there is little incentive to engage in this type of transfer for offensive cyber capabilities--specifically exploits and tools. If any incentives exist for state-to-state transfer, it would be in facilitating other state actors to develop their own offensive capabilities--that is by providing expertise, infrastructure and organizational capacity to adapt and innovate--as this does not reduce the effectiveness of one's own arsenal. However, an advanced cyber power would only consider this type of transfer with a highly select group of other actors with whom it has historically strong ties and can trust that these capabilities will not be deployed against their interests.
Underground Penality and State-Prefiguration
Authors: Dudai Ron
Published: September 2022

Rebel groups often try to mimic their state adversaries. Mobilised by an ambition to become the governing power of the state, they explicitly emulate elements of state practice and discourse in order to substantiate their authority and convey ‘stateness’. This chapter argues that punishment provides a particularly apposite context in which armed groups such as the IRA can evoke state-like authority, subverting and reclaiming the assumption that the power to punish offenders is the prerogative of the state. The actions most associated with the IRA (and with other armed groups)—planting bombs, shooting at soldiers, prisoners’ hunger strikes—cannot convey stateness effectively as their form and nature usually cannot distinguish isolated terrorists from a self-proclaimed people’s army or government-in-waiting. Yet penality– the way the power to punish is claimed and exercised—can perform this function and symbolically dramatise the aspired state-like quality. The IRA sought to present itself as akin to a state government and invested considerable effort in state-like practices such as holding formal and public military-style funerals. This chapter analyses its penal practices and discourses in relation to informing—such as using the idiom and forms of criminal justice, presenting killing as a ‘death penalty’, or constructing informing as treason—as a mimicry, or prefiguration, of stateness: acting as an ‘as-if state’. The logics underlying the IRA’s approach to informers thus went beyond eliminating the security threat to the organisation: the meanings punishment sought to communicate were political and pertained to the group’s broader goals and self-image.
The Paramedic at Work
Authors: McCann Leo
Published: September 2022

Ambulance services and paramedics perform critical roles in contemporary healthcare economies. Trained to work in the field and respond rapidly to emergencies, societies have come to increasingly rely on ambulance services to deliver urgent care, never more so than in recent years given intense social inequality, overstretched and underfunded health systems, and deadly pandemics. This monograph is the first book-length study of the paramedic profession in England. Based on in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation The Paramedic at Work provides a detailed account of the complex realities of work in this fascinating occupation. Empirical chapters explore the nature of work ‘out on the road’, the peculiarities of ambulance organizational culture, the intensity of workplace stress and burnout, and the current and future trajectory of paramedic professionalism. The book documents the unique paradoxes experienced by those employed in this line of work. Ambulance staff are trained to handle life-threatening trauma and disease, but most callouts consist of unplanned primary care. Paramedic work features wide autonomy but is also bound into an array of micromanaging performance indicators. Paramedics are trusted and respected in society but the profession is poorly understood and employers can be unsupportive. But, no matter how intense the personal struggles can be, paramedic work also offers rare opportunities for meaningful and socially valued work. The nature of the paramedic role is rapidly moving from a manual occupation rooted in first aid and transportation, to a clinical profession of increasing scope, versatility, and social respect.
The Game Designer's Playbook
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman
Published: September 2022

Video games have captivated us for over 50 years, giving us entire worlds to explore, new ways to connect with friends, thought-provoking stories, or just a fun way to pass the time. Creating games is a dream for many, but making great games is challenging. This is a book about that challenge. More specifically, it’s a book about game interaction design—in other words, shaping what players can do and how they do it to make a game satisfying and memorable. Our time with a game is built on interaction, from basic things like pushing buttons on a controller, to making complicated strategic decisions and engaging with its narrative. If you’ve ever felt the adrenaline rush from beating a perfectly tuned boss fight or been delighted by the fanfare of picking up that last collectible, you’ve experienced good interaction design first-hand. This book is about learning what makes for great (or terrible!) interaction design in games, exploring things like controls, feedback, story, and tutorial design by analyzing existing games. It also looks at how newer and still-developing tech like VR and streaming are changing the ways we play, and how you can bring great interaction design to your own games.
Caveman Arcade
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman
Published: September 2022

The video game industry as we know it was born around the 1970s, but the history of games in general stretches back over five thousand years. This chapter gives a short overview of that history, discussing what makes a game, why people play games, and how games have changed over the centuries. In particular, it explores shifts in game design between the arcade era and the present day. As a primer to the chapters that follow, it discusses the appeal of interacting with games, and the various benefits that games offer as entertainment. This chapter also provides a brief explanation to readers of what they can expect from the work as a whole.
The Long Con
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman
Published: September 2022

Learning to play is one of the most important parts of a game’s experience, with the ability to make or break a player’s first few minutes with a game. This chapter outlines advice for good tutorial design, questioning the efficacy of traditional tutorials and discussing how learning can occur throughout the course of an entire game. It explores how information can be communicated through instruction, demonstration, and interactivity, and how each method can best be used. Challenges like balancing difficulty and pacing during player learning are also investigated, along with overcoming the annoyance of repetition and avoiding the dreaded label of “hand-holding.” Lastly, the chapter touches on how learning a game’s interactions can contribute to replayability and long-term satisfaction.