bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Factors Associated with Fruit Maturity Range in Cultivars of the Semi-erect, Tetraploid Thornless Blackberry
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi
Published: September 2022

Flowering occurred over a 5-week period in semi-erect, tetraploid thornless blackberries (Rubus spp.) (cvs. Black Satin, Hull Thornless, and Dirksen Thornless). The harvest durations were slightly longer. The terminal flower bud of the primary axis (A1) of the inflorescence was first to open, followed by the terminal flower bud on one of basal secondary axes (A2). Remaining terminal flower buds on A2 axes opened sequentially in acropetal direction at a constant rate (two flowers/day). However, bloom pattern of flower buds located laterally on A2 axes was less definite. Within a floricane, the bloom on the primary fruiting laterals began at the distal end and progressed basipetally to the cane base. Ripening sequence of berries in a cluster followed that of the bloom. The time difference in anthesis between fruiting laterals and among flower buds within inflorescences was a major factor affecting the range of fruit maturity.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Highbush Blueberry in Arkansas
Authors: Clark John R. , Riggs R. D. , Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

Soil samples for a nematode assay were taken in 1983 within the root zone of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants in mature experimental and commercial plantings. Xiphinema americanum Cobb and Paratrichodorus christiei Allen were the predominant nematode species found. Nematode populations were not affected by cultivar. Mulched plots had significantly fewer P. christiei while X. americanum populations were similar in mulched and nonmulched plots.
Training Systems for Second-year Production of Fall-planted Strawberries
Authors: Caldwell J. D. , Grimes L. W.
Published: September 2022

Certified, fresh-dug plants of ‘Apollo’ and ‘Earlibelle’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were set in single plant rows on 23 Sept., 7 Oct., 21 Oct., and 5 Nov. 1982 at in-row spacings of 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 cm. After harvest in 1983, plants were mowed and maintained as hill rows or mowed or not mowed for conversion to matted rows. Crown number, leaves, inflorescences and flowers per crown, fruit size, and fruit number and yield were determined in Spring 1984. Mowing had no effect on yields of matted rows, which, except from the 23 Sept. set plants, were higher than hill rows. Hill rows produced larger fruit than matted rows, but the latter had higher fruit numbers and averaged 57 % more crowns per unit area. The 23 Sept. hill row yields were higher than later plantings, but original planting date had no effect on matted row yields. Fruit number of the three later plantings of both training systems and hill row yields decreased as plant spacing increased. ‘Apollo’ had higher yields and individual yield component values than ‘Earlibelle’ in both training systems.
Productivity in a Strip Tillage Vegetable Production System
Authors: Loy Sarah J. W. , Peirce L. C. , Estes G. O. , Wells O. S.
Published: September 2022

Strip tillage was evaluated over a 2-year period as a cropping system for sites unsuitable for conventional tillage. Yields in clean cultivation and in 0.5- and 1.1-m strips tilled in established grass or grass/clover sod were compared in 1982 for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and winter squash (Cucurbita maxima L.). Both interspecific and intraspecific competition were determined in 1983 for pepper. Squash yield was improved by a grass/legume sod, but pepper yield was unaffected. Both crops suffered severe competition in 1982 when grown in 0.5-m-wide strips, but yields per hectare in strips 1.1m wide equaled that in clean cultivation. In 1983, however, number of marketable fruit per hectare of marketable yield of pepper in 1.1-m strips was less than that in clean cultivated plots, although total number of harvested fruit did not differ. Both marketable and total pepper yields per hectare were significantly higher in clean cultivation in 1983 than in strips. Increasing the population density of pepper in the strip increased number of fruit harvested and total weight per hectare, and there was a significant benefit in using double rows. Competition in strips accompanying increasing population density seemed to be associated with increased water deficits.
UV-B Radiation and Photosynthetic Irradiance Acclimate Eggplant for Outdoor Exposure
Authors: Latimer Joyce Griffin , Mitchell Gary A.
Published: September 2022

Treatment of greenhouse-grown eggplant (Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum Nees. ‘Burpee's Black Beauty’) seedlings with supplemental photosynthetically active radiation from cool-white fluorescent lamps increased growth of plants subsequently transferred outdoors relative to growth of plants that received no supplemental radiation or were shaded to 45 % of solar irradiation in the greenhouse before transfer outdoors. Eggplant seedlings transferred outdoors were placed under plastic tarps either to provide relative protection from solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (280-315 nm) using Mylar film or to allow exposure to UV-B using cellulose acetate. Protection of seedlings from UV-B radiation resulted in greater leaf expansion than for UV-B-exposed seedlings, but no change in leaf or shoot dry weight occurred after 9 days of treatment. Specific leaf weight increased in response to UV-B exposure outdoors. Exposure of eggplant to UV-B radiation from fluorescent sunlamps in the greenhouse also decreased leaf expansion and leaf and shoot dry weight gain after 5 days of treatment. However, there were no differences in leaf or shoot dry weight relative to control plants after 12 days of UV-B treatment, indicating that UV-B treated plants had acclimated to the treatment and actually had caught up with non-UV-B-irradiated plants in terms of growth.
Leaf Water Potential and Crop Color Change in Water-stressed Peas
Authors: Oosterhuis D. M. , Le Maire F. , Le Maire C.
Published: September 2022

The relationship between pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf water potential (ψ) and crop color was investigated as water stress developed in the field. A technique was developed to measure pea leaflet ψ using a Scholander-type pressure chamber. The pressure chamber gave values similar to those of the screen-caged thermocouple psychrometer against which it was calibrated. The pressure chamber measured the decrease in associated with the green-to-blue change in crop color that occurs with the development of water stress. Use of crop color change offers an easily identifiable indicator of the onset of water stress that could, with further testing, be used in crop water management.
Acceleration of Sweet Corn Germination at Low Temperatures with Terra-Sorb or Water Presoaks
Authors: Sabota Cathy , Beyl Caula , Biedermann Jo Ann
Published: September 2022

Early season sweet corn has a potentially greater market value than peak-season sweet corn. However, most sweet corn cultivars, especially the “super sweets”, do not germinate well at temperatures below 10°C. To determine if pregermination treatments could be an effective means to accelerate corn germination in cool soils, seeds were treated and then incubated at 4.4°, 7.2°, and 10.0°C. Treatments included seed presoaked in an aqueous preparation of Terra-Sorb GB (TS) or water for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr before incubation. The cooler the incubator temperature, the greater were the differences among water, TS, and control treatments. Pretreatments with TS over 48 hr are not practical if seeds are to be planted with a mechanical planter because the radicles are elongated to the point of potential damage. A 24-hr TS presoak offers the potential for early germination without prior radicle emergence, which would allow the seed to be mechanically sown.
Preplant Seed Treatment Effects on Growth and Yield of Chile Pepper
Authors: McGrady John J. , Cotter Donald J.
Published: September 2022

Pregerminated (PG) chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seed was fluid-drilled in gels on three dates (early to late spring). Plants grown from PG seed emerged earlier than those from dry seed, and plant growth was enhanced (including earlier flowering), but the fruit yields were not affected. In the first planting date in cold soils, PG slowed emergence and the hypocotyls tended to coil within the gel. In a companion test, pre-soaking seed improved emergence, growth, and yield compared to plants from dry seed. Adding P to the soaking solution enhanced emergence, early plant growth, and plant P, but decreased fruit yields. Phosphorus added to the gel water of hydration increased seedling growth, but did not significantly affect fruit yields.
Effect of a Hydrophilic Gel on Seed Germination of Three Tree Species
Authors: Henderson Janet C. , Hensley David L.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), common honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), and Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioica L.) were coated with an adhesive plus hydrophilic gel, adhesive only, or neither (control), planted in sand in the greenhouse, and then irrigated at 3-, 6-, or 9-day intervals. Percent germination of black locust seeds irrigated at 3-day intervals was decreased significantly with exposure to hydrophilic gel. Gel-coated Kentucky coffeetree seeds irrigated at 6-day intervals also had a percent germination significantly lower than those treated with adhesive alone, but germination of untreated seeds was not different from adhesive- or gel-coated seeds. No other significant difference in germination percentage was observed. Seedling heights and dry weights were not affected by seed treatment; however, decreased moisture availability because of longer time periods between irrigations tended to delay emergence and reduced seedling vigor.
Effect of Storage Duration and Temperature on Cut Anthurium Flowers
Authors: Paull Robert E.
Published: September 2022

The optimum storage temperature for flowers of the ‘Kaumana’, ‘Nitta’, and ‘Ozaki’ cultivars of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Andre) was between 14° and 17°C. A AgNO3 pulse (4 mm, 40 min) given immediately after harvest increased postharvest life of stored flowers but had no effect on flowers that were placed immediately in the vase. Maximum postharvest life was achieved with Ag+ treated flowers packed for 3 days. It was possible to store packed, untreated flowers for 9 days and still have 2 weeks of postharvest life before spadix browning, spathe blueing, or loss of spathe gloss became objectionable.
Effect of Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Injury on Ethylene Production and ACC Content in Apple Leaves
Authors: Kappel Frank , Proctor J. T. A. , Murr D. P.
Published: September 2022

Apple leaves (Malus domestica Borkh.) injured by spotted tentiform leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella F.) released significantly higher levels of ethylene than control leaves. Leaves with tissue-feeding mines released the most ethylene, about eight times as much as control leaves. Leaves with tissue-feeding mines did not have increased levels of ACC, while some leaves with sapfeeding mines had increased levels of ACC. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
In Vitro Propagation of Borage
Authors: Janick Jules , Simon James E. , Whipkey Anna
Published: September 2022

In vitro shoot proliferation of borage (Borago officinalis L.) was achieved in a basal medium based on Murashige and Skoog salts supplemented with 17.6 μm BA (4 mg·liter−1) plus 10% (v/v) coconut water. Rooting of in vitro-produced shoots occurred in basal media and increased in response to the addition of IBA. Rooted shoots were transferred successfully to soil. Immature zygotic embryos cultured in 4.5 μm 2,4-D (1 mg·liter−1) plus coconut water (CW) produce asexual embryos directly from the cotyledonary surface and indirectly from callus. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
A Large Chamber for Controlled Freezing of Container-grown Plants
Authors: Johnson K. E. , Coston D. C. , Cain D. W. , Sites P. W. , Layne R. E. C. , Jackson H. O.
Published: September 2022

An inexpensive chamber for controlled freezing of large container-grown plants up to 2 m in height was constructed using liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant. A microcomputer-based system was developed to control the cooling sequence and to collect data on tissue temperature, air temperature, and exotherms. Versatile software was written that allowed the programmed rate of temperature drop to be based on either tissue temperature or air temperature.
Growth Regulator Effect on Growth and Flowering of Zantedeschia rehmannii hyb.
Authors: Tjia B.
Published: September 2022

The recent availability of zantedeschia hybrids with large flowers of various colors has made zantedeschia a popular cut flower in New Zealand, Japan, and Europe. New Zealand zantedeschia breeders have developed hybrids that are free-suckering with multiple flowers, which makes them a potential potted plant. However, zantedeschia attain heights of 40 to 50 cm and are not aesthetically pleasing specimens grown in 15-cm containers without use of growth regulator chemicals.
WSU 28 and WSU 31 Pea Inbred Lines with Resistance to Specific Races of Fusarium Wilt
Authors: Haglund William A. , Anderson Wilbur C.
Published: September 2022

WSU 28 and WSU 31 are inbred lines of peas (Pisum sativum L.) with resistance respectively to races 1, 5, 6 and 1, 2, 5, 6 of Fusarium oxysporum (van Hall) Snyder. Hans, f sp pisi Schlecth. emend. Snyd. & Hans. (3,4). WSU 28 and WSU 31 also are used as differential inbred lines in the identification of races of F. oxysporum f sp pisi (6). WSU 28 was released by Washington State Univ. in 1976 and WSU 31 in 1980. Resistance to each of the races 1, 2, 5, and 6 of F. oxysporum f sp pisi is controlled by a single but different dominant gene (1, 3, 4, 6, 9). Races 1 and 2 occur in all growing areas of the world (5, 7, 8), but races 5 and 6 are major production constraints only in western Washington and southwest British Columbia (1, 2).
‘Sweet Red’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Collins Wanda W. , Moyer J. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Sweet Red’ is a moist-type sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] developed at North Carolina State Univ. in 1976. It was evaluated as NC727 in regional yield trials by the National Sweet Potato Collaborator Group in 1981 (observational test), 1982, and 1983 (advanced tests). The release of ‘Sweet Red’ provides the industry with a high-yielding, high-quality, red-skinned sweet potato.
Latest Developments in Training and Management of Fruit Crops on Tatura Trellis
Authors: van den Ende Bas , Chalmers David J. , Jerie Peter H.
Published: September 2022

The Tatura Trellis was developed from principles to overcome problems identified in existing cultural systems (2, 3, 6). For optimum early bearing and yield, we wanted a) a tree design that fills the allotted space quickly, resulting in optimum land use; b) a uniform and controlled distribution of leaves and fruit to improve light interception (16) and photosynthetic efficiency (5); c) an ordered branch and leaf array that diminishes light competition within and between trees, so as to minimize the effects of crowding that usually result from high plant densities, especially with peach trees; d) close planting to create root competition, thereby reducing vegetative vigor while increasing fruitfulness (4); and e) large tree numbers per hectare for high yields early in the life of the planting. In addition, we proposed that within the above constraints, the new system should be simple to mechanize. The requirements we considered important were f) an orchard with planar, though not necessarily horizontal or vertical, surfaces for easy positioning of machines and aids; g) a canopy under which machines can operate to recover fruit simply during harvesting, and over the canopy for summer pruning; h) a shallow canopy to decrease the chance of fruit striking limbs or other obstructions, which could damage the fruit after they were removed mechanically (30); i) a shallow canopy to increase penetration and coverage of protective sprays; and j) single limbs that repeat at regular intervals to simplify the positioning of mechanical devices.
Effect of Irrigation Level on Yield of Pinto Dry Beans and Tenderness After Cooking
Authors: Bordovsky D. G
Published: September 2022

Yield of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., ‘Pinto U.I. 111’) was linearly related to estimated water use and ranged from 230 to 2530 kg·ha-1. Estimated water use by plants receiving 100% evapotranspiration averaged 400 mm. Irrigation amounts ranged from none to 229 mm. The force required to crush cooked beans was similar for all treatments, and all cooked beans were judged to be acceptable.
Activity of Cell-wall-bound Invertase During Storage Root Initiation in the Sweet Potato
Authors: Acock M. C. , Garner J. O.
Published: September 2022

Differences in storage root initiation among sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) plants of the same cultivar were generated by treating them with different amounts of a slow-release fertilizer (19N-3P-10K). Activity of cell-wall-bound invertase (cwb invertase) was monitored during storage root initiation to determine whether differences in its activity could be associated with differences in storage root formation. Cwb invertase activity was increased in roots of plants receiving the lower amount of fertilizer and producing the greater number of storage roots. NAA enhanced cwb invertase activity in excised storage roots.
Gibberellin-like Compounds from Two Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and the GA3 Response on Scotch Pine Seedlings
Authors: Hanley Kathleen M. , Greene Duane W.
Published: September 2022

The ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch and Thelephora terestris (Ehrh) Fr. form symbiotic relationships with pine seedling roots. Significant quantities of gibberellin-like compounds were detected in the filtrates of both P. tinctorius and T. terestris using the lettuce hypocotyl bioassay. To evaluate gibberellin effects on the host physiology, pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were treated biweekly with 0 to 100 mg·liter-1 gibberellic acid for 3 months. Treatment did not influence fresh weight, dry weight, or sugar content in either roots or shoots. Gibberellin treatments significantly decreased starch in both the shoots and roots, and increased shoot length linearly.
Effect of Daminozide and Light Intensity on Growth and Flowering of Calendula as a Potted Plant
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Bergmann B. , Bell E. L.
Published: September 2022

Two applications of 3500 ppm daminozide applied 4 to 5 weeks from sowing and at visible bud stage resulted in excellent height control of Calendula officinalis L. ‘Mandarin’ by reducing both peduncle and internodal elongation. There were no differences in flowering time between any daminozide concentrations (1500, 3500, or 5000 ppm) and control. Light reduction of 50% during the spring months did not increase plant height or prolong flowering times compared with ambient, but 75% light reduction increased internode elongation and duration of flowering. There were no interactions between light reduction and number of daminozide applications. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Anthocyanins in the Lavender Anthurium
Authors: Marutani M. , Tang C. S. , Paull R. , Kamemoto H.
Published: September 2022

Two anthocyanins from Anthurium amnicola (Dressler) were identified as cyanidin 3-rutinoside and peonidin 3-rutinoside. HPLC chromatograms from spathe and spadix were similar. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside occurred in much larger amounts than peonidin 3-rutinoside.
Effect of Foliar-applied Calcium and Chlorine on Stomatal Conductance in Apple Leaves
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Miller Stephen S.
Published: September 2022

Foliar application of CaCl2 at concentrations of 60 to 100 meq·liter-1 to in vitro-propagated ‘Jonathan’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees reduced stomatal conductance (gs). Responses in gs were not associated with visible leaf injuries. No reduction in gs was observed when Ca at 100 meq·liter-1 was applied to the leaves in conjunction with nonabsorbable anions (IDA or DMDADS), indicating that Ca2 alone was not responsible for stomatal closure after CaCl2 application. Foliar-applied Cl- at 100 meq·liter-1 with the organic cation 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (Tris), induced stomatal closure. However, no changes in gs were observed after Tris application alone or when Cl- was applied with K- as an accompanying cation. These results indicate that CaCl2-induced reductions of gs derive from the interaction between Ca2 and Cl- rather than the effect of Ca2- or Cl- alone. CaCl2 sprays lowered transpiration for 2 days and increased stem water potential of water-stressed and unstressed trees. Transpiration was reduced less in stressed than unstressed trees. Chemical names used: iminodiacetate (IDA); 4,4-dimethyl-4,7-diazadecane-1,10 disulfate (DMDADS).
Influence of the Non-ripening Mutants rin and nor on the Aroma of Tomato Fruit
Authors: McGlasson W. B. , Last J. H. , Shaw K. J. , Meldrum S. K.
Published: September 2022

Differences in aroma have been examined in headspace samples of ripe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit of ‘Rutgers’ and of yellowing fruit of the nonripening mutants rin and nor. Volatiles were trapped and separated by gas chromatography, and the intensity of the effluent aromas was rated by sniffing. Intense aroma compounds were identified by mass spectrometry. Sixty-nine intense compounds were found in ‘Rutgers’, of which 46 were present in one or both mutant strains. Fifteen compounds with odor intensities rated medium to very strong were identified that were deficient or absent in fruit of the mutants. The latter compounds included two aldehydes, seven alcohols, two ketones, three sulfur-containing compounds, and a phenol. A few compounds were intense odors in ‘Rutgers’ and in one or both mutants; hex-2-enal, linalool, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, 2-phenylethanol, and eugenol. Some compounds were detected that were more intense in rin and nor than in ‘Rutgers’ (e.g., guaiacol). It is proposed that the “normal background aroma” in fresh tomatoes is caused by those intense odors, which are common to both normal and mutant strains, whereas the bland flavor of mutant fruit is caused by the absence of those intense aroma compounds found only in ‘Rutgers’. The intense aroma compounds found only in ‘Rutgers’ may be crucial determinants of acceptability in fresh tomato fruit.
Use of Reaction Types to Identify Downy Mildew Resistance in Muskmelons
Authors: Thomas Claude E. , Cohen Y. , Jourdain E. L. , Eyal H.
Published: September 2022

Resistant reaction types (RT) can be used to evaluate objectively downy mildew resistance on muskmelon foliage. Reaction types 2, 3, and 4 represent increasing levels of resistance compared to the susceptible reaction typified by RT 1. A double-digit classification system for the RT of leaves 1 and 2, respectively, in greenhouse–growth chamber inoculations of two-leaf stage plants is an excellent predictor of the disease reaction of older plants under field conditions. Spore production decreases progressively as the levels of resistance represented by RT 2, 3, and 4 increase.
Permanent Labels for Identifying Plant Materials
Authors: Wolfe Dwight , Brown Gerald
Published: September 2022

Labeling to identify plant material is an important procedure in plant science research, teaching, and extension. Labels for perennial plants should be durable and easy to read. Further, a labeling system should be economical and flexible in the size of the labels that may be used. We have developed a flexible labeling system that satisfies these requirements and offers other advantages as well. This labeling system was adapted from the ear tag labeling methods used in animal science (1). It uses Ritchey marking paint (RMP), a wire tie, and a plastic tag.
Morphogenetic Response of Calli Derived from Primary Explants of Diverse Cultivars of Melon
Authors: Orts M. C. , García-Sogo B. , Roche M. V. , Roig L. A. , Moreno V.
Published: September 2022

In a previous study with melon (Cucumis melo L.). Spanish cv. Amarillo Oro, we reported medium, cultural, and environmental conditions that made it possible to regenerate plants from cotyledon segment-derived calli (1). Here, we present results, under the same cultural conditions, of the morphogenetic response of calli derived from the same kind of explants from several melon cultivars obtained from different countries.
Performance of Four Tomato Cultivars Intercropped with Snap Beans
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Deahl Kenneth L.
Published: September 2022

Intercropping is a well-established practice for increasing production of many agronomic crops from a given land area (5). The land equivalent ratio (LER) is a standard measure of the overall production gain from intercropping and is defined as the land area needed for monocropping to produce the maximum of each crop per unit of land area for intercropping (5). Tomatoes have been investigated as intercrops with cabbage (2), corn (1), cucumber (4). and okra (3). In most of these systems, overall production was greater in intercropping than in monocropping (LER >1.0); however, tomato yields were reduced substantially. The objectives of this research were; a) to determine whether tomato and a short-season crop such as snap bean could be intercropped with minimum impact on tomato and b) to evaluate the performance of four fresh-market tomato cultivars of different maturity and growth habit for intercropping with snap beans.
Sources of Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, race 2
Authors: Bosland P. W. , Williams P. H.
Published: September 2022

Since its introduction more than 50 years ago, monogenic dominant “Type A” resistance has successfully controlled cabbage yellows, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. conglutinans (Wr.) Snyd. & Hans., race 1 (FOCI). Recently, a new pathotype capable of overcoming Type A resistance was found in California and designated race 5 (3). Investigations of the relationship among the races revealed that race 1 and race 5 were more closely related to each other than they were to the other races, justifying the reclassification of the F. oxysporum on crucifers (P.W.B., unpublished data). F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 5 is now designated race 2 (F0C2).
Extending Vaselife and Improving Quality of Nerine Cut Flowers with Preservatives
Authors: Downs Christopher , Reihana Makareta
Published: September 2022

The addition of chemicals, particularly sucrose and silver, to flower holding solutions prolongs the vaselife of many cut flowers. These preservatives have their greatest effect when used either continuously at lower 2% to 5% concentrations (holding solutions) (3), or at 10% to 20% concentrations for a short period immediately after harvest (pulse solutions). The optimal sucrose concentration for pulsing varies with species; 20% for gladiolus (4), 10% for bird of paradise (2), and 5% for leucospermum (1). Nerines are a cut flower crop of increasing importance in New Zealand, but little information exists on postharvest handling requirements. We evaluated the effects of floral preservatives on vaselife, flower development, and changes in fresh weight of Nerine bowdenii, W. Wats ‘Pink Triumph’ and ‘Bowdenii 63’.
‘White Delite’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Collins Wanda W. , Moyer J. W.
Published: September 2022

‘White Delite’ is a moist-type, white-fleshed sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] developed at North Carolina State Univ. in 1979 and tested as NC1135. There is a consistent but limited demand for white-fleshed sweet potatoes. These types are certainly not as widely grown in the United States as orange-fleshed types and usually are confined to sales at local farmers’ markets or for planting in home gardens. Cultivars presently available have little disease resistance and poor yield potential. This cultivar provides a high-yielding, excellent quality white-fleshed cultivar for local markets and/or garden types.
‘Jerseycot’ Apricot
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Hough L. Fredric , Voordeckers Anna
Published: September 2022

‘Jerseycot’ is an early ripening, orange-fleshed, freestone apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) for homeowners and the local fresh market. ‘Jerseycot’ is the first apricot cultivar to be released by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (1) ‘Jerseycot’ combines several desirable attributes, including good tree health, consistency of cropping, disease resistance, and good fruit quality. It is being introduced to allow apricot production in New Jersey and areas with a similar climate.
‘Voyageur’ Plum
Authors: Tehrani G. , Lay W.
Published: September 2022

‘Voyageur’ is a self-fruitful, very productive, good-quality, semi-clinging, early-ripening, purple (with heavy bloom) European plum (Primus domestica L.). ‘Voyageur’ matures during the third week of August in Ontario, about 1 week later than ‘California Blue’. It was introduced primarily for fresh market consumption and for planting in areas where European plums are grown.
Coming Out from Underneath the Bushel
Authors: Tereshkovich George
Published: September 2022

Paul Read’s recent article titled “Hiding Our Light Under a Bushel or Are Good Teachers of Horticulture Truly Scarce?” (1) inspired me to come out from underneath the bushel and discuss with you my philosophy on teaching. I really do not know what the qualifications of a good teacher are; perhaps some are natural-born teachers, whereas others become good teachers through experience, time, and tenure; while others profess to be good teachers but never reach that plateau. Perhaps a good teacher is a good communicator, possesses superior judgment, has knack, intuition, and a thorough understanding of horticulture or another discipline.
Measuring Substrate Salinity
Authors: Kerr Gregory P. , Hanan Joe J. , Poole Richard T.
Published: September 2022

The report of Poole and Chase (1) continues a misconception that exists concerning the determination of potting soil salinity characteristics, namely, that potting soil conductivity can be determined from the leachate.
A Climate Control System for Greenhouse Research
Authors: Hanan Joe J. , Coker Frank A. , Goldsberry K. L.
Published: September 2022

Hanan and Holley (6), in 1960. published on a simple air temperature control system for research purposes. However, present climate control systems have completely revolutionized the manner, quality, and efficiency of research carried out in greenhouses. Reports by Willits et al. (8, 9) showed that building a system with equipment extant in 1975 would be difficult for a practicing horticulturist. There are possibly now more than five companies in the United States marketing environmental control “computer” systems for the greenhouse industry. Within the past 10 years, interest in the potential of sophisticated climate control has been marked (1–4, 7–9).
Observations on the Relationship Between Degree-day Summations and Timing of Easter Lilies
Authors: O’Rourke E. N. , Branch Patricia C.
Published: September 2022

The timing of the crop is probably the most important thing that Easter lily (Lilium longiforum thunb) forcers must accomplish, and the variable date of Easter complicates scheduling (6, 12). The influence of bulb maturity and treatments prior to being placed in the greenhouse, often not under the grower’s control, makes forcing a challenge (2, 11, 17). Several methods are used to monitor progress of the crop, but adjusting temperatures is the actual means of controlling the rate of growth and development. Measurements of time and temperature, expressed as heat units or degree-days, are used to monitor the growth and development of many crops (1, 13, 21) and to predict with a high level of precision certain stages of their development. Degree-days or heat units offer little advantage over time alone as indicators of crop progress under conditions where temperature can be controlled to eliminate or minimize variations. Variations in greenhouse temperatures, greater during daytime hours than at night, especially in southern U.S. locations, are largely responsible for timing problems with Easter lilies. Heat unit summations may be reliable indicators where such variations occur. There are apparently no reports of attempts to use heat units or degree-days to monitor Easter lily shoot development.
Dormancy: A New Universal Terminology
Authors: Lang Gregory A.
Published: September 2022

Attempts to discuss the various aspects of plant dormancy can be bewildering due to the excessive number of nonphysiological, independent terms that have arisen over the years. In the context of field observations and orchard management, this terminology has often been adequate. However, in the complex realm of scientific description of the processes that constitute dormancy, the terminology has not been able to keep pace with physiological investigation. In 1985, a set of alternative terms, endodormancy, ectodormancy, and ecodormancy, were suggested to improve the situation (14). During the past 2 years, R. Darnell, J. Early, G. Martin, and I have reviewed the dormancy literature to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of new and previous terms. At various times, N. Arroyave, R. Biasi, R. Femandez-Escobar, G. Stutte, and others from around the world have contributed greatly to discussion and critical analysis of the requirements for a physiological nomenclature. In 1986, ectodormancy was replaced by paradormancy (16) due to the former’s spoken and written similarities to ecodormancy. This paper summarizes the communicative burden presented by the current terminology, the evolution of the new terms, the universal classification system in which the terms are used, and the implications for future dormancy research. These topics are presented in greater detail elsewhere (15).
Degree Growth Stage Model and Rest-breaking Mechanisms in Temperate Woody Perennials
Authors: Fuchigami Leslie H. , Nee Cheng-Chu
Published: September 2022

This paper is in part a review of the literature on overcoming rest development in temperate woody perennials. In addition, we discuss the role of sublethal stress and hydrogen cyanamide in rest. A hypothesis is presented on the mechanism of rest development and rest breaking in temperate woody perennials.
Senescence of Leafy Vegetables
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: September 2022

Before undertaking this survey of senescence in stored leafy vegetables, I thought that there would be a wealth of information available from which I could draw. I was in for a surprise. Even though there exists ample literature on some symptoms of senescence among leafy vegetables, amazingly little research has been published regarding fundamental changes in their physiology as senescence progresses. Among the roughly 100 papers I checked for this presentation, only a few dealt with any basic aspect of hormonal influences on senescence in leafy vegetables (2, 15, 40, 47, 57). I was amazed by this relative neglect of studies of senescence in a group of crops that are of major economic importance. If this symposium does little more than point to where the gaps in knowledge are, it can be considered a success.
Senescence in Fruits
Authors: Grierson Donald
Published: September 2022

It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to make a clear distinction between the terms “ripening” and “senescence”. Therefore, in this paper I shall accept the view expressed by Huber (16) that ripening is a “....functionally modified, protracted form of senescence”. There are many changes that occur during ripening of fleshy fruits that affect their quality and storage life. In general, these involve alterations in color, flavor, texture, aroma, etc. For any given fruit, these changes can be defined precisely in physiological and biochemical terms and, at least for some processes, specific modifications can be shown to be due to alterations in the activity of particular enzymes. No detailed biochemical description of ripening that applies to all fruits can be given, however, because some do not change color and, in others, different pathways are involved in pigment production. Similarly, mechanisms of softening vary in different fruits, as do the accumulation and metabolism of storage components and the production of compounds contributing to flavor and aroma. I believe that ripening is a programmed event that involves the regulated expression of specific genes. Variations in ripening patterns in different fruits are explicable if one assumes that the genes involved in ripening vary according to the biochemical changes that have been recruited to the ripening program during the course of evolution. It is an essential feature of the gene expression hypothesis that ripening cannot occur without changes in the gene expression, but the nature of the genes involved would be expected to vary from species to species. In the first part of this paper, I shall summarize the evidence that changes in gene expression are required for ripening of tomatoes and then discuss the wider implications for our understanding of the mechanism and regulation of ripening in other fruits and for senescence in general.
Improving Ethephon’s Effect on Olive Fruit Abscission by Glycerine
Authors: Ben-Tal Yosef
Published: September 2022

Ethephon solutions at pH 7 have been used for several years to facilitate mechanical harvesting of olive (Olea europaea L.) fruits in Israel, but results were not always satisfactory, especially in the more arid regions of the country. Previous studies indicated that occasional failures were due to hot and dry weather conditions that caused rapid drying of the sprayed solution, resulting in inadequate uptake of ethephon into the plant tissues. Addition of 1% glycerine to the solution did not enhance ethephon uptake, but delayed evaporation and drying of the solution sprayed on ‘Manzanillo’ olive trees. Extended presence of ethephon as a liquid solution allowed more of it to penetrate the tissue, as was indicated by a 345% increase in ethylene evolved from leaves. Prolonged presence of the solution on the sprayed trees also reduced fruit removal force and improved fruit abscission under similar climatic conditions. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Effects of CO2 Enrichment, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Celery Transplants
Authors: Tremblay N. , Yelle S. , Gosselin A.
Published: September 2022

Celery transplants (Apium graveolens L. cv. Florida 683) were fertilized with complete nutrient solutions at three N concentrations and three concentrations of P in a factorial combination, both with or without atmospheric CO2 enrichment. They then were planted on a muck soil and harvested at the end of July. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased the transplant leaf area as well as shoot and root dry weight and decreased the leaf area ratio (LAR), but had no significant effect on growth parameters at harvest. Nitrogen affected leaf area, dry weight, leaf area ratio, and dry matter content of transplant shoots together with root: shoot dry weight ratio. Total, marketable, and side shoot weights at harvest were significantly increased by the intermediate N concentration (400 ppm N) provided during transplant raising. Phosphorus had no effect on transplant growth but interacted with N on the weight of marketable shoots harvested.
Tolerance of Overseeded Perennial Ryegrass to Selected Tricalcium Arsenate Treatments
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: September 2022

A ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] green-overseeded with ‘Medalist VI’ perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne (L.)] was treated with variable rates and frequencies of 26% (flowable) tricalcium arsenate. Ryegrass was severely injured when tricalcium arsenate was applied in mid to late fall, after it had fully germinated. Injury to ryegrass was not as severe when applied prior to or during germination. Timing of chemical application had more effect on injury than rate of application.
Root Regeneration in Magnolia × Soulangiana and Magnolia × ‘Betty’ in Response to Auxin Applications
Authors: Perkins Lisa M. , Kling Gary J.
Published: September 2022

Root systems of two Magnolia taxa were treated with spray applications of auxins to determine their effects on root regeneration. Spray application of 500 ppm of IBA doubled the number of adventitious roots regenerated from the cut ends of main roots in 1-year-old cuttings of Magnolia × Soulangiana (Soul.-Bod). Higher concentrations of IBA inhibited root regeneration. Auxin applications did not increase the number of lateral or branch roots. Root systems of Magnolia × Soulangiana were treated with spray applications of ethanol to determine effect of IBA on root regeneration. A significant negative linear relationship was found between ethanol concentration and the number of adventitious roots initiated at the cut ends of main roots. Ethanol concentrations of 12.5% to 70% had no effect on the number of lateral roots. Root regeneration of Magnolia × ‘Betty’ was not stimulated with soil drench applications of 250 to 1000 ppm IBA. IBA and NAA concentrations of 1000 to 4000 ppm were inhibitory. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Effects of Container Volume and Fertility Rate on Growth of Two Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Keever G. J. , Cobb G. S.
Published: September 2022

Dwarf Japanese euonymus (Euonymus japonica Thunb. ‘Microphylla’) and ‘Pink Supreme’ azalea (Rhododendron Xsp.) grown in containers of three diameters (10.2, 15.2, and 20.3 cm), were given three rates of Osmocote 17N-3P-10K (3.6, 7.1, and 10.7 kg·m-3). Response to container volume and fertility was species-dependent. Top growth of euonymus increased in response to both increased medium volume and fertility and was closely related to foliar levels of N, P, and K. Top growth of azalea increased in response to increasing fertility rates in the smallest pots, and to increasing medium volume at the lowest fertilizer rates. With an increase in both fertilizer rate and medium volume, growth of azalea was reduced. Top growth was inversely related to foliar K, but was unrelated to foliar N and P.
Effect of Light and Fertilizer Rate and Source on Flowering, Growth, and Quality of Hibiscus
Authors: Neumaier Evamaria E. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A.
Published: September 2022

A 2 × 4 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted to test the effect of combinations of soluble fertilizer (20N–8.8P–16.6K) and controlled-release fertilizer (14N–6.2P–11.6K, Osmocote) on flowering, growth, and quality of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. grown under two light levels, 840 μmol·s-1·m-2 (full sun) and 420 μmol·s-1·m-2 (50% shade). Plants grown in full sun flowered earlier and had a larger number of buds and flowers than those in partial shade; how ever, flower diameter was greater with 50% shade. Plants grown in 50% shade were larger and had a darker green color and higher plant quality than those grown in full sun. Light level determined the effect of soluble fertilizer on number of buds, flowers, plant size, leaf area, fresh weight, foliar color, and plant quality. The effect of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on flower diameter, leaf area, and foliar color was influenced by light level. Soluble fertilizer and CRF interacted on total buds, flowers, plant size, foliar color, and plant quality. The optimum conditions for growth of high-quality hibiscus plants was found to be 50% shade and a fertilizer combination of 200 ppm N/12 g CRF per 18-cm pot.
The Influence of Spacing on Field-grown Perennial Crops
Authors: Armitage A. M.
Published: September 2022

Achillea ‘Coronation Gold’, A. millefolium L. ‘Rose Beauty’, Physostegia virginiana L.' Liatris pycnostachya Michx., and Salvia leucantha Cav. were planted on 30-, 60-, 90-, or 120-cm centers. Data were collected for 2 or 3 years, depending on species. In all instances the number of flowering stems per plant increased but the number of stems per square meter decreased as spacing increased with time. Stem lengths of Achillea ‘Coronation Gold’, A. millefolium ‘Rose Beauty’, and Physostegia virginiana were affected signficantly by spacing but flower size and stem diameter remained unchanged regardless of planting distance.
Potential of 57 Species of Tropical Ornamental Plants for Cut Foliage Use
Authors: Broschat T. K. , Donselman H.
Published: September 2022

Foliage of 57 species of tropical ornamental plants was harvested and placed under a controlled indoor environment to determine its postharvest life. Foliage was placed in deionized water, pulsed for 4 hr with 2 mm silver thiosulfate, and then transferred to deionized water, pulsed for 4 hr with 800 mg·liter-1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and 20 g·liter-1 sucrose and then transferred to deionized water, or held in 200 mg·liter-1, 8-HQC and 20 g·liter-1 sucrose for the duration of the experiment. Foliage of 40 species lasted longer than 20 days and 28 species lasted 30 days or more in deionized water alone. Pulsing or holding foliage in preservative solutions lengthened postharvest life over that in deionized water for 12 species, but deionized water alone was as good as or better than other solutions for 46 species.
Lipids in Peel of Grapefruit and Resistance to Chilling Injury During Cold Storage
Authors: Nordby H. E. , Purvis A. C. , Yelenosky G.
Published: September 2022

Four-year-old ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] were subjected to temperature regimes of 25° to 5°C over 11 weeks in controlled environment facilities. Levels of total fatty acids in the flavedo of tree fruit decreased over this period by ≈50%, regardless of temperature. After 5 weeks, the level of linoleic acid in the flavedo of grapefruit that had been kept at progressively cooler temperatures from 25° to 5° was 76% greater than the level in control fruit at 25°. On rewarming and cooling, the differential for linoleic acid in flavedo was 41%. Increases of linoleic acid in the flavedo of fruit on trees that were treated with lower temperatures occurred in six lipids, with the greatest increases in phosphatidyl choline and wax-sterol esters. Chilling injury in harvested fruit during cold storage occurred slightly earlier in fruit from trees exposed to low temperatures, but was most severe in nonacclimated fruit.
Effect of Fruit Removal on Net Gas Exchange of Avocado Leaves
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Ramos L. , Lara S. P.
Published: September 2022

All but 10 current-year leaves were removed from girdled branches of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees having one remaining fruit or all fruit removed. Removing all fruit resulted in increased leaf dry weight per area (Wa), a 250% increase in the number of starch grains in leaves, and a reduction in leaf conductance (gl) and net CO2 assimilation (A). Internal CO2 concentration (Ci) was lower for leaves of branches with fruit than for leaves of branches without fruit. The results suggest that the accumulation of starch in defruited, girdled branches results in an inhibition of A. The data suggest that the increased gl associated with the presence of avocado fruit is possibly a result of increased A and reduced Ci levels.
Field Propagation on Red Raspberry Canes
Authors: Dale Adam
Published: September 2022

Certified red raspberry stock is produced in vegetative propagation beds. Typically, all over-wintering canes in these propagation beds are removed after the first year and a crop of vegetative canes is grown and harvested the second year.
Anionic Polyacrylamide Treatment of Soil Improves Seedling Emergence and Growth
Authors: Wallace Arthur
Published: September 2022

Delayed emergence, poor stands, and slow growth of seedlings are severe problems in vegetable and flower crop production, especially in arid areas (1, 2). The surface crusting of soil is mainly responsible. Procedures used to control crusting include frequent irrigation prior to emergence, use of sulfuric and phosphoric acids, mulches of sand, vermiculite, or other agents (2); use of organic polyelectrolytes (1); and use of natural polymers, such as polysaccharides (4). These procedures generally are considered to be too costly and difficult to use.