bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthodontic adhesive loaded with different proportions of ZrO2 silver‐doped nanoparticles: An in vitro μTBS, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and antimicrobial analysis
Authors: Almoammar Salem , Kamran Muhammad Abdullah , Alnazeh Abdullah A. , Almagbol Mohammad , Al Jearah Mohammed Mohsen , Mannakandath Master Luqman
Published: January 2024

Zirconium dioxide silver‐doped nanoparticles (ZrO2AgDNPs) impacts the adhesive material in terms of its physical characteristics, antimicrobial properties, degree of conversion (DC), and micro‐tensile bond strength (μTBS) of orthodontic brackets to the enamel surface. A comprehensive methodological analysis utilizing a range of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, DC analysis, and μTBS testing. A light‐curable orthodontic adhesive, specifically Transbond XT, was combined with ZrO2AgDNPs at 2.5% and 5%. As a control, an adhesive with no incorporation of ZrO2AgDNPs was also prepared. The tooth samples were divided into three groups based on the weightage of NPs: group 1: 0% ZrO2AgDNPs (control), group 2: 2.5 wt% ZrO2AgDNPs, and group 3: 5 wt% ZrO2AgDNPs. EDX graph demonstrated silver (Ag), Zirconium (Zr), and Oxygen (O2), The antibacterial efficacy of adhesives with different concentrations of NPs (0%, 2.5%, and 5%) was assessed using the pour plate method. The FTIR spectra were analyzed to identify peaks at 1607 cm−1 corresponding to aromatic CC bonds and the peaks at 1638 cm−1 indicating the presence of aliphatic CC bonds. The μTBS was assessed using universal testing machine (UTM) and bond failure of orthodontic brackets was seen using adhesive remanent index (ARI) analysis. Kruskal–Wallis test assessed the disparities in survival rates of Streptococcus mutans. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons test calculated μTBS values. The lowest μTBS was observed in group 1 adhesive loaded with 0% ZrO2AgDNPs (21.25 ± 1.22 MPa). Whereas, the highest μTBS was found in group 3 (26.19 ± 1.07 MPa) adhesive loaded with 5% ZrO2AgDNPs. ZrO2AgDNPs in orthodontic adhesive improved μTBS and has acceptable antibacterial activity against S mutans. ZrO2AgDNPs at 5% by weight can be used in orthodontic adhesive alternative to the conventional method of orthodontic adhesive for bracket bonding.

Research Highlights

The highest μTBS was found in orthodontic adhesive loaded with 5% ZrO2AgDNPs.

ARI analysis indicates that the majority of the failures fell between 0 and 1 among all investigated groups.

The colony‐forming unit count of S. mutans was significantly less in orthodontic adhesive loaded with nanoparticles compared with control.

The 0% ZrO2AgDNPs adhesive showed the highest DC.
Elevated levels of citrullinated fibrinogen in patients with cancer
Authors: Arfman Tom , Zollet Valentina , van Es Nick , Bosch Floris T. M. , Nicolaes Gerry A. F. , Sorvillo Nicoletta , Voorberg Jan
Published: January 2024

Neutrophil released peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) converts arginine residues on plasma proteins into citrulline. Here, we developed an assay to quantify citrullinated fibrinogen. We employed a biotin‐conjugated phenylglyoxal (biotin‐phenylglyoxal (PG)) compound that selectively labels citrulline. Patient samples were derived from a multicenter prospective cohort study that aimed to identify cancer patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Our data show that cancer patients have higher (median 2‐fold increased) citrullinated fibrinogen levels when compared to normal human plasma and a cohort of healthy donors. Our results show that citrullination of fibrinogen is a common posttranslational modification in patients with cancer.
The effect of the authenticity of the Catholic pilgrimage site on spiritual well‐being and quality of life of pilgrims
Authors: Han Jin Wook , Kim Myung Ja , Chung Namho , Kim Jinok Susanna
Published: January 2024

With the growing interest in spirituality, there has been a corresponding rise in the number of pilgrimages. Modern pilgrims embark on pilgrimages not only for religious purposes but also for their own mental peace and health. To enhance our understanding of this trend we conducted an empirical survey of pilgrims visiting Saenamteo Catholic Martyrs' Shrine, a representative martyrdom site in Korea located on the Seoul Catholic Pilgrimage Route, the first Vatican‐designated international pilgrimage site in Asia. The analysis showed that the authenticity of the pilgrimage site impacts both the religious and the existential aspects of spiritual well‐being. However, while the existential aspect of spiritual well‐being impacted on quality of life, the religious well‐being was insignificant. These results indicate that modern pilgrims feel that their happiness and health, rather than their religion directly affects their quality of life.
Transcranial Doppler and Color‐Coded Doppler Use for Brain Death Determination in Adult Patients: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Deana Cristian , Biasucci Daniele G. , Aspide Raffaele , Brasil Sergio , Vergano Marco , Leonardis Francesca , Rica Ermal , Cammarota Gianmaria , Dauri Mario , Vetrugno Giuseppe , Longhini Federico , Maggiore Salvatore Maurizio , Rasulo Frank , Vetrugno Luigi
Published: January 2024

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a repeatable, at‐the‐bedside, helpful tool for confirming cerebral circulatory arrest (CCA). Despite its variable accuracy, TCD is increasingly used during brain death determination, and it is considered among the optional ancillary tests in several countries. Among its limitations, the need for skilled operators with appropriate knowledge of typical CCA patterns and the lack of adequate acoustic bone windows for intracranial arteries assessment are critical. The purpose of this review is to describe how to evaluate cerebral circulatory arrest in the intensive care unit with TCD and transcranial duplex color‐coded doppler (TCCD).
Mesocosm experiments validate induction of Daphnia vertical migration by the fish‐derived kairomone 5α‐cyprinol sulfate
Authors: Ahlers Johanna , Hahn Meike , Stockenreiter Maria , Stibor Herwig , von Elert Eric
Published: January 2024

The fish‐derived bile salt 5α‐cyprinol sulfate (CPS) has been identified as a kairomone inducing the predator avoidance behavior “diel vertical migration” (DVM) in Daphnia magna in response to fish. However, conclusions about the ecological significance of CPS have been derived from laboratory experiments only. Using a mesocosm approach, we investigate whether the role of CPS as a kairomone can be confirmed in the field. We demonstrate that CPS induces downward migration during daytime in a field‐derived Daphnia community mainly consisting of Daphnia longispina and Daphnia cucullata within the experiment. In the study lake, the actual population of D. longispina shows a similar pattern of DVM, while concomitant quantification of CPS by HPLC‐MS confirms that CPS in situ concentrations are sufficiently high for induction of daytime downward migration of D. longispina in this oligo‐mesotrophic lake. Together, these observations infer that CPS is a significant kairomone‐inducing DVM‐like behavior in Daphnia.
Recent advances in dietary androgen receptor inhibitors
Authors: Ren Li , Zhang Tiehua , Zhang Jie
Published: January 2024

As a nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role not only in normal male sexual differentiation and growth of the prostate, but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Multiple population‐based epidemiological studies demonstrated that prostate cancer risk was inversely associated with increased dietary intakes of green tea, soy products, tomato, and so forth. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the structure and function of AR, and further illustrate the structural basis for antagonistic mechanisms of the currently clinically available antiandrogens. Due to the limitations of these antiandrogens, a series of natural AR inhibitors have been identified from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, as well as folk medicines, health foods, and nutritional supplements. Hence, this review mainly focused on recent experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies about natural AR inhibitors, particularly the association between dietary intake of natural antiandrogens and reduced risk of prostatic diseases. Since natural products offer multiple advantages over synthetic antiandrogens, this review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview of dietary‐derived AR inhibitors, as well as their potential for the nutritional intervention against prostatic disorders.
Metal complexes bearing EGFR‐inhibiting ligands as promising anticancer agents
Authors: Ma Xiaoyan , Wang Zhaoran , Li Yifei , Wang Yawen , Liu Wukun
Published: January 2024

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) has been observed in a wide range of solid tumors and has frequently been associated with poor prognosis. As a result, EGFR inhibition has become an attractive anticancer drug design strategy, and a large number of small molecular inhibitors have been developed. Despite the widespread clinical use of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), their drug resistance, inadequate accumulation in tumors, and severe side effects have spurred the search for better antitumor drugs. Metal complexes have attracted much attention because of their different mechanisms compared with EGFR‐TKIs. Therefore, the combination of metals and inhibitors is a promising anticancer strategy. For example, Ru and Pt centers are introduced to design complexes with double or multiple targets, while Au complexes are combined with inhibitors to overcome drug resistance. Co complexes are designed as prodrugs with weak side effects and enhanced targeting by the hypoxia activation strategy, and other metals such as Rh and Fe enhance the anticancer effect of the complexes. In addition, the introduction of Ga center is beneficial to the development of nuclear imaging tracers. In this paper, metal EGFR‐TKI complexes in the last 15 years are reviewed, their mechanisms are briefly introduced, and their advantages are summarized.
CMS to test innovative behavioral health model to promote integrated care
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2024

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) earlier this month announced a new model that would advance integrated care and health‐related social needs for Medicaid and Medicare beneficiaries. According to CMS, the model supports community‐based behavioral health practices to provide person‐centered care in behavioral health settings.
CBT may be effective first‐line treatment for youth with anxiety
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2024

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may normalize activity in some parts of the brain that are overactive in youth with anxiety disorders, suggests a report in the American Journal of Psychiatry, according to an American Psychiatric Association (APA) News Alert. After three months of CBT, youth with anxiety showed reduced activity in frontal and parietal brain regions, which are areas known to be involved with attention and emotional regulation.
Learning parameter values of a fractional model of cancer employing boundary densities of tumor cells
Authors: Esmaili Sakine
Published: January 2024

In this paper, a free boundary model of tumor growth with drug application including the heterogeneity or different types of tumor cells (caused by mutations and different values of drug and nutrient concentrations inside the tumor) is studied. Heterogeneity is included in the model by a variable
. It is assumed that converting from mutation
to mutation
happens with probability
. A Caputo time fractional‐order hyperbolic equation describes the evolution of tumor cells depending on
. It also includes two Caputo time fractional‐order parabolic equations describing the diffusions of nutrients (e.g., oxygen and glucose) and drug concentrations. Instead of integer‐order time derivatives, the fractional ones are considered. In this study, it is aimed to employ the least squares curve fitting method to fit the order of fractional derivatives, coefficient, and rates of the model. For this purpose, using the mathematical model, we have considered the boundary densities of the tumor cells of different types and near‐boundary concentrations of drug and nutrient as the functions of the unknown orders, coefficients and rates (unknown variables). Due to the complexity of the problem, we have obtained the functions numerically. For this, using a change of variable, we have changed the free boundary problem to a problem with fixed domain. Thus, Riemann–Liouville fractional‐order integrals are added to the problem. In the spatial domain, the problem is discretized using the collocation method. In the temporal domain, the fractional derivatives and integrals (with order
) are approximated in mesh points (with step size
) applying a method with error
. Then, the unknown variables are obtained by fitting the functions for unknown variables to the data. In order to obtain the variables, a quadratic objective function is considered. The discretized function is substituted into the objective function, then the objective function is minimized using the trust‐region reflective algorithm. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to verify the efficiency of the method. In the examples, we have added noises generated from Gaussian distributions to the data and the effects of noise on the fitted coefficients, and rates are illustrated using some figures and tables. The noisy data are also plotted to have a clear vision of the effects of noises on the data. It is shown that despite the noise, the prediction of the radius of the tumor is acceptable.
Climate related phase transitions with moving boundaries by virtue of mushy zone investigation in Al–Cu: Experiment and phase‐field modeling
Authors: Nizovtseva Irina , Ankudinov Vladimir , Rahner Eric , Lippmann Stephanie
Published: January 2024

Studying Arctic ice formation stays in the focus of research groups over the past decades in the context of ice cover changes, thermal budget and climate agenda in general. Nevertheless, the phenomenon's underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood and described. The main reason for the lack in understanding is the limited experimental access to the field data when it comes to the processes that occur below the ice floe. Thus, there is a need to build competent analogies between the natural (ocean water–ice) and laboratory (here: binary alloy) conditions of the experiment as a step of data preparation for the verification of the mathematical model. In the current paper, the existing qualitative models describing the process of melting and crystallization were expanded and the experimental method was developed copying the layering of the natural ocean water–ice mixture. The experimental set‐up for studying the solidification within the intermediate zone was designed for Al–Cu alloys being the system with appropriate solidus line for creating a sufficient concentration gradient and by that temperature dependent phase fraction under isothermal conditions. The gained experimental data were used for validating a binary phase‐field model for solidification considering moving boundaries. The model includes the description of the free energy of both phases and their respective diffusion coefficients. It allows modeling a binary system at a mesoscopic spatial level by including the concentration‐driven phase transition and resolidification in the two‐phase region. The novel results will help the quantitative understanding of solidification phenomena and are highly‐evaluated from interdisciplinary point of view, including glaciology and geosciences, being ultimately significant for the understanding the global climate change landscape.
Variation of negative vacuum pressure in vertical drains with time and depth under variable well resistance
Authors: Li Chuanxun , Guo Ziwei , Wang Peng
Published: January 2024

Most solutions for the large strain nonlinear consolidation of soils with vertical drains are based on the assumption that the negative vacuum pressure only depends on the depth. In response to the shortcomings of this assumption, a large strain nonlinear consolidation model of soils with vertical drains under vacuum preloading is developed by considering the time‐and depth‐dependent well resistance. By fitting the data under different well resistances, the influence of well resistance parameters on the negative vacuum pressure variation in vertical drains is investigated, and the relevant empirical formulas describing the negative vacuum pressure variation in vertical drains are provided. The results obtained from the empirical formulas are in good agreement with the theoretical results as well as the experimental data, by which the reliability of the proposed empirical formulas is verified. The advantages of proposed empirical model can be identified by comparing it with the conventional model in which negative vacuum pressure is only linearly distributed with depth.
Implementation of a tier system for IVIG indications to address IVIG shortage at a tertiary care pediatric medical center
Authors: Roth Kristina , Darwish Christina , Keller Michael D. , Hammer Benjamin , Ahmed‐Winston Sameeva , Escalante Enrique , Madrigal Vanessa , Patrick DiAnthia , Diab Yaser , Grant Christina , Hanisch Benjamin , Kahn Ilana , Khan Sairah , Moudgil Asha , Wistinghausen Birte
Published: January 2024

Background

Drug shortages are a common issue that healthcare systems face and can result in adverse health outcomes for patients requiring inferior alternate treatment. The United States recently experienced a national drug shortage of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Several reported strategies to address the IVIG and other drug shortages have been proposed; however, there is a lack of evidence‐based methods for protocol development and implementation.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of introducing a multidisciplinary task force and tier system of indications and to minimize adverse effects during a shortage of IVIG.

Methods

Faculty members across disciplines with expertise in IVIG use were invited to participate in a task force to address the shortage and ensure adequate supply for emergent indications. A tier system of IVIG indications was established according to the severity of diagnosis, urgency of indication, and quality of supporting evidence. Based on inventory, indications in selected tiers were auto‐approved. Orders that could not be automatically approved were escalated for task force review.

Results

Overall, there were 342 distinct requests for IVIG during the study period (August 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019). All Tier 1 indications were approved. Of all requests, only 2.6% (9) of requests were denied, none of which resulted in adverse effects based on retrospective chart review. Seven patients who regularly receive IVIG had possible adverse effects due to dose reduction or spacing of treatment; however, each complication was multifactorial and not attributed to the shortage or tier system implementation alone.

Conclusion

Implementation of a multidisciplinary task force and tier system to appropriately triage high‐priority indications for limited pharmaceutical agents should be considered in health institutions faced with a drug shortage.
Fetal hyperechoic kidneys: Diagnostic considerations and genetic testing strategies
Authors: Hertenstein Christine B. , Miller Kristen A. , Estroff Judy A. , Blakemore Karin J.
Published: January 2024

Isolated bilateral hyperechoic kidneys (HEK) on prenatal ultrasound presents diagnostic, prognostic, and counseling challenges. Prognosis ranges from normal outcome to lethal postnatally. Presence/absence of extra‐renal malformations, gestational age at presentation, amniotic fluid volume, and renal size may distinguish underlying etiologies and thereby prognosis, as prognosis is highly dependent upon underlying etiology. An underlying genetic diagnosis, clearly impactful, is determined in only 55%–60% of cases. We conducted a literature review of chromosomal (aneuploidies, copy number variants [CNVs]) single genes and other etiologies of fetal bilateral HEK, summarized how this information informs prognosis and recurrence risk, and critically assessed laboratory testing strategies. The most commonly identified etiologies are autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and microdeletions at 17q12 involving HNF1b. With rapid gene discovery, alongside advances in prenatal imaging and fetal phenotyping, the growing list of single gene diagnoses includes ciliopathies, overgrowth syndromes, and renal tubular dysgenesis. At present, microarray and gene panels or whole exome sequencing (WES) are first line tests employed for diagnostic evaluation. Whole genome sequencing (WGS), with the ability to detect both single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and CNVs, would be expected to provide the highest diagnostic yield.
Effects of nanosized organic‐rectorite fillers on the morphologies and properties of PVDF UF membrane
Authors: Gong Wei , He Dongning
Published: January 2024

In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride/organic rectorite (PVDF/OREC) organic–inorganic nanocomposite membrane was prepared by phase conversion method. TEM and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate the successful fabrication of nanocomposite ultrafiltration membranes. When the OREC is less than 3 wt%, the nanosheets are mainly stripped and dispersed in the polymer matrix, with different numbers of intercalations. When the impurity content is 5%, the intercalation distribution dominates. When the impurity content increases to 7% and above, it becomes increasingly difficult for PVDF chain segments to enter the OREC interlayer and the OREC particles are dominated by simple blends on the order of micrometers in the polymer matrix. The inclusion of inorganic fillings significantly improved the mechanical properties of the membrane. The yield strength and tensile modulus of the membrane were increased by 53.7% and 574.9%, respectively, with an inorganic filler content of 5 wt%, while the elongation at the break was slightly decreased to 16.2%. This suggests a strong interaction between the OREC nanosheets and the polymer matrix. XRD and FTIR analyses indicate that OREC particles are effective heterogeneous nucleating agents that favor the formation of β‐phase crystals in the film. SEM surface and cross‐section results show that when joining can significantly reduce the average pore size of the membrane surface, large holes tend to reduce the number of holes in the skin layer distribution more uniformly. The AFM results show that the addition of OREC can significantly alter the surface roughness of ultrafiltered membranes, and that the changes in surface roughness and surface pore morphology of membranes with different clay contents are closely related to the distribution of nanoscale silicate sheets in the PVDF matrix.

Highlights

Prepared PVDF/OREC nanocomposite membranes via a phase‐inversion process.

OREC acted as a potent nucleation agent, favoring β crystal formation.

OREC resulted in smaller pore sizes and fewer large pores in the skin layer.

The hydrophilicity of PVDF membranes was reformative by filling OREC.

OREC led to increased water flux and BSA rejection due to pores and hydrophilicity.
Differences in the ecology of witchweed and vampireweed: Implications for rice farming in Africa
Authors: Rodenburg Jonne , Bastiaans Lammert
Published: January 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Parasitic weeds in African rice systems threaten household‐level food security and income generation. Most affected farmers are smallholders with limited capacities to address these pests. Obligate parasites Striga asiatica and Striga hermonthica (witchweed) are problematic in rainfed upland rice, affecting approximately 312,000 households. Facultative parasite Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (rice vampireweed) has more recently become problematic in rainfed lowland rice, affecting approximately 133,000 households. A better appreciation of differences in biology, ecology and host–parasite interactions between these weeds, and the implications for species‐specific management, will inform awareness and preparedness among regional actors.
Effects of the Growth Facet Shape of Self‐Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires on the Zinc‐Blende–Wurtzite Switching
Authors: Koryakin Alexander A. , Guruleva Natalia V.
Published: January 2024

Herein, the crystal phase switching between the cubic zinc‐blende and hexagonal wurtzite phases in self‐catalyzed GaAs nanowires (NWs) is theoretically studied, considering the dependence of the droplet contact angle on the position at the triple‐phase line. This dependence is calculated for the droplets resting on the NW top facet, which has the shape of truncated hexagon. The nucleation of c and h islands, corresponding to the cubic and hexagonal crystal phases, at the triple‐phase line and in the center of the catalyst–NW interface, is considered within the classical nucleation theory. As a result, the probability of h‐island nucleation as a function of the average contact angle is obtained. It is found that the maximum of this probability shifts to the region of large contact angles when the length of narrow edges of the NW top facet decreases. Also, it is shown that the GaAs island nucleation at the triple‐phase line occurs preferentially in the vicinity of the top facet corners.
The relationship between HIV‐1 neuroinflammation, neurocognitive impairment and encephalitis pathology: A systematic review of studies investigating post‐mortem brain tissue
Authors: Williams Monray Edward , Naudé Petrus J. W.
Published: January 2024

The activities of HIV‐1 in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for a dysregulated neuroinflammatory response and the subsequent development of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The use of post‐mortem human brain tissue is pivotal for studying the neuroimmune mechanisms of CNS HIV infection. To date, numerous studies have investigated HIV‐1‐induced neuroinflammation in post‐mortem brain tissue. However, from the commonly investigated studies in this line of research, it is not clear which neuroinflammatory markers are consistently associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and neuropathology (i.e., HIV‐encephalitis, HIVE). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the association between neuroinflammation and NCI/HIVE from studies investigating post‐mortem brain tissue. Our aim was to synthesise the published data to date to provide commentary on the most noteworthy markers that are associated with NCI/HIVE. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using a search protocol designed specifically for this study. Sixty‐one studies were included that investigated the levels of inflammatory markers based on their gene and protein expression in association with NCI/HIVE. The findings revealed that the (1) transcript expressions of IL‐1β and TNF‐α were consistently associated with NCI/HIVE, whereas CCL2 and IL‐6 were commonly not associated with NCI/HIVE, (2) protein expressions of CD14, CD16, CD68, Iba‐1, IL‐1β and TNF‐α were consistently associated with NCI/HIVE, while CD45, GFAP, HLA‐DR, IL‐1 and IL‐6 were commonly not associated with NCI/HIVE, and (3) gene and protein expressions of CNS IL‐1β and TNF‐α were consistently associated with NCI/HIVE, while IL‐6 was consistently not associated with NCI/HIVE. These markers highlight the commonly investigated markers in this line of research and elucidates the neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the HIV‐1 brain that are involved in the pathophysiology of NCI/HIVE. These markers and related pathways should be investigated for the development of improved diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics of HAND.
Bilateral Hyperkeratosis of the Nipples and Areolae with Linear Nevus and Acanthosis Nigricans: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Wang Rui-Ni , Zhang Ping-Shun , Zhu Xiao-Fang
Published: January 2024

Hyperkeratosis of the nipples and areolae (HNA) is an uncommon skin disorder with no definite aetiology. We report a case of a 16-year-old boy, who presented with bilateral pigmentation and thickening of the nipples and areolae, accompanied with linear brown protrusions on the anterior neck and a velvet like appearance with pigmentation on the axillary bilaterlly. Based on clinical and histopathological, and dermatoscopic findings, the diagnosis of bilateral HNA accompanied by linear nevus and acanthosis nigricans was made. The skin lesions were improved by treatment with topical calcipotriol gel.
Post‐migration stress, quality of life, and mental health among accompanied and unaccompanied young refugees in Germany: How do adolescents feel after fleeing?
Authors: Walg Marco , Khatib Anwar , Laufer Avital , Böttche Maria , Maoz‐Dotan Carmel , Hassan Hiam , Hapfelmeier Gerhard , Finkelstein Michal
Published: January 2024

This study examines the impact of post‐migration living difficulties (PMLDs) and quality of life (QoL) on the mental health of 55 young refugees who arrived in Germany either accompanied or unaccompanied. The results reveal that nearly 62% of the participants exhibited clinically significant symptoms of depression or post‐traumatic stress disorder. Regression analyses indicate that psychopathology was associated with being unaccompanied and experiencing lower QoL, while QoL was associated with higher economic status and lower PMLDs. Mediation analysis further demonstrates that higher economic status and reduced PMLDs were associated with higher QoL, which, in turn, correlated with lower levels of psychopathology. These findings emphasise the importance of considering PMLDs and QoL, as well as economic status and being accompanied/unaccompanied, in the assessment and treatment of young refugees in the host country.
The Z‐Scheme MIL‐88B(Fe)/BiOBr Heterojunction Promotes Fe(III)/Fe(II) Cycling and Photocatalytic‐Fenton‐Like Synergistically Enhances the Degradation of Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Liu Tingting , Hu Kaiyue , Li Yansheng , Wang Yanhong , Han Dongmei , Wang Zhihua , Gu Fubo
Published: January 2024

The Z‐scheme MIL‐88B/BiOBr (referred to as MxBy, whereas x and y are the mass of MIL‐88B(Fe) and BiOBr) heterojunction photocatalysts are successfully prepared by a facile ball milling method. By adding low concentration H2O2 under visible light irradiation, the Z‐scheme heterojunction and photocatalytic‐Fenton‐like reaction synergistically enhance the degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Among them, M50B150 showed efficient photodegradation efficiency and excellent cycling stability, with 94.6% removal of CIP (10 mg L−1) by M50B150 (0.2 g L−1) under 90 min of visible light. In the MxBy heterojunctions, the rapid transfer of photo‐generated electrons not only directly decomposed H2O2 to generate ·OH, but also improved the cycle of Fe3+/Fe2+ pairs, which facilitated the reaction with H2O2 to generate ·OH and ·O2− radicals. In addition, the effects of photocatalyst dosages, pH of CIP solution, and coexisting substances on CIP removal are systematically investigated. It is found that the photocatalytic‐ Fenton‐like reaction can be carried out at a pH close to neutral conditions. Finally, the charge transfer mechanism of the Z‐scheme is verified by electron spin resonance (ESR) signals. The ecotoxicity of CIP degradation products is estimated by the T.E.S.T tool, indicating that the constructed photocatalysis‐Fenton‐like system is a green wastewater treatment technology.
Manipulation of Conducting Polymer Hydrogels with Different Shapes and Related Multifunctionality
Authors: Huang Hao , Cong Hong‐Tao , Lin Zewen , Liao Longhui , Shuai Chen‐Xi , Qu Nuo , Luo Yujiao , Guo Shengshi , Xu Qing‐Chi , Bai Hua , Jiang Yuan
Published: January 2024

Maneuver of conducting polymers (CPs) into lightweight hydrogels can improve their functional performances in energy devices, chemical sensing, pollutant removal, drug delivery, etc. Current approaches for the manipulation of CP hydrogels are limited, and they are mostly accompanied by harsh conditions, tedious processing, compositing with other constituents, or using unusual chemicals. Herein, a two‐step route is introduced for the controllable fabrication of CP hydrogels in ambient conditions, where gelation of the shape‐anisotropic nano‐oxidants followed by in‐situ oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole hydrogels. The method is readily coupled with different approaches for materials processing of PANI hydrogels into varied shapes, including spherical beads, continuous wires, patterned films, and free‐standing objects. In comparison with their bulky counterparts, lightweight PANI items exhibit improved properties when those with specific shapes are used as electrodes for supercapacitors, gas sensors, or dye adsorbents. The current study therefore provides a general and controllable approach for the implementation of CP into hydrogels of varied external shapes, which can pave the way for the integration of lightweight CP structures with emerging functional devices.
Injectable Ozone‐Rich Nanocomposite Hydrogel Loaded with D‐Mannose for Anti‐Inflammatory and Cartilage Protection in Osteoarthritis Treatment
Authors: Wu Hangtian , Wang Jun , Lin Yanpeng , He Wanling , Hou Jiahui , Deng Mingye , Chen Yupeng , Liu Qinwen , Lu Aiping , Cui Zhuang , Guan Daogang , Yu Bin
Published: January 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a dynamic condition characterized by cartilage damage and synovial inflammation. Ozone (O3) shows potential therapeutic effects owing to its anti‐inflammatory properties; however, its high reactivity and short half‐life substantially limit its effectiveness in OA treatment. In this study, an ozone‐rich thermosensitive nanocomposite hydrogel loaded with D‐mannose is developed for OA treatment. Briefly, O3 is encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs) composed of perfluorotributylamine and fluorinated hyaluronic acid to improve its stability. Next, D‐mannose is conjugated with α‐amino of the hydroxypropyl chitin (HPCH) via Schiff base to prepare MHPCH. These nanoparticles are encapsulated in MHPCH to produce O3 NPs@MHPCH. In vitro cell experiments demonstrate that the O3 NPs@MHPCH treatment significantly reduced VEGF and inflammation levels, accompanied by a decrease in inflammatory factors such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and iNOS. Furthermore, O3 NPs@MHPCH promotes the expression of collagen II and aggrecan and stimulates chondrocyte proliferation. Additionally, in vivo studies show that O3 NPs@MHPCH significantly alleviated OA by reducing synovial inflammation, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone remodeling. O3 NPs@MHPCH offers a promising option for improving the efficacy of O3 therapy and reducing the risk of synovial inflammation and cartilage degeneration in OA.
Full‐Spectrum Utilization of ZIF‐67/Ag NPs/NaYF4:Yb,Er Photocatalysts for Efficient Degradation of Sulfadiazine: Upconversion Mechanism and DFT Calculation
Authors: Yang Weijin , Bu Cheng , Zhao Min , Li Yafei , Cui Shihai , Yang Jing , Lian Hongzhen
Published: January 2024

In this work, novel ternary composite ZIF‐67/Ag NPs/NaYF4:Yb,Er is synthesized by solvothermal method. The photocatalytic activity of the composite is evaluated by sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation under simulated sunlight. High elimination efficiency of the composite is 95.4% in 180 min with good reusability and stability. The active species (h+, ·O2− and ·OH) are identified. The attack sites and degradation process of SDZ are deeply investigated based on theoretical calculation and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis. The upconversion mechanism study shows that favorable photocatalytic effectiveness is attributed to the full utilization of sunlight through the energy transfer upconversion process and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Additionally, the composite is endowed with outstanding light‐absorbing qualities and effective photogenerated electron–hole pair separation thanks to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect of Ag nanoparticles. This work can motivate further design of novel photocatalysts with upconversion luminescence performance, which are applied to the removal of sulphonamide antibiotics in the environment.
Hierarchically Periodic Macroporous Niobium Oxide Architecture for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Guo Lang , Yao Xiaojie , Wang Zhichen , Luo Chonghan , Zhou Ling , Liu Feng , Zhang Rongbin , Wang Xuewen
Published: January 2024

The fabrication of periodic macroporous (PM) in Nb2O5 via morphological control is crucial for improving the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency. In this study, Nb2O5 with PM is synthesized using a straightforward colloidal crystal templating approach. This material features an open, interconnected macroporous architecture with nanoscale walls, high crystallinity, and substantial porosity. Extensive characterization reveals that this hierarchically structured Nb2O5 possesses abundant surface active sites and is capable of capturing light effectively, facilitating rapid mass transfer and diffusion of reactants and markedly suppressing the recombination of photoexcited charge carriers. Macroporous Nb2O5 exhibits superior water‐splitting hydrogen evolution performance compared with its bulk and commercial counterparts, achieving a hydrogen production rate of 405 µmol g−1 h−1, surpassing that of bulk Nb2O5 (B‐Nb2O5) and commercial Nb2O5 (C‐Nb2O5) by factors of 5 and 33, respectively. This study proposes an innovative strategy for the design of hierarchically structured PM, thereby significantly advancing the hydrogen evolution potential of Nb2O5.
Heteroatoms‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanosheets with Dual Diffusion Pathways for Highly Efficient Potassium Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Haibing , Ding Hao , Wang Zhenzhu , Zhu Yanyan , Chen Zhonghui , Song Bo
Published: January 2024

The high potassization/depotassization energy barriers and lack of efficient ion diffusion pathways are two serious obstacles for carbon‐based materials to achieve satisfactory potassium ion storage performance. Herein, a facile and controllable one‐step exfoliation‐doping‐etching strategy is proposed to construct heteroatoms (N, O, and S)‐doped mesoporous few‐layer carbon nanosheets (NOS‐C). The mixed molten salts of KCl/K2SO4 are innovatively used as the exfoliators, dopants, and etching agents, which enable NOS‐C with expanded interlayer spacing and uniformly distributed mesopores with the adjusted electronic structure of surrounding carbon atoms, contributing efficient dual (vertical and horizontal) K‐ion diffusion pathways, low potassization/depotassization energy barriers and abundant active sites. Thus, the NOS anodes achieve a high reversible capacity of 516.8 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1, superior rate capability of 202.8 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 and excellent long‐term cyclic stability, and their practical application potential is demonstrated by the assembled potassium‐ion full batteries. Moreover, a surface‐interlayer synergetic K+ storage mechanism is revealed by a combined theoretical and experimental approach including in situ EIS, in situ Raman, ex situ XPS, and SEM analysis. The proposed K+ storage mechanism and unique structural engineering provide a new pathway for potassium‐ion storage devices and even beyond.
Plane Stress Fracture Toughness Testing of Freestanding Ultra‐Thin Nanocrystalline Gold Films on Water Surface
Authors: Song Myoung , Ma Boo Soo , Oh Seung Jin , Kim Taek‐Soo
Published: January 2024

Fracture toughness, which is the resistance of a material to crack propagation, is a critical material property for ensuring the mechanical reliability of damage‐tolerant design. Recently, damage‐tolerant design is introduced to flexible electronics by adopting micro‐cracked ultra‐thin nanocrystalline (NC) gold films as stretchable electrodes in a plane stress state. However, experimental investigation of the plane stress fracture toughness of those films remains challenging due to the intrinsic fragility from their sub‐100 nm thicknesses. Here, a quantitative method for systematically evaluating the plane stress fracture toughness of freestanding ultra‐thin NC gold film on water surface platform is presented. After effectively fabricating single‐edge‐notched‐tension samples with femtosecond laser, mode I stress intensity factors are measured in the plane stress state on water surface. Moreover, investigation regarding the effect of notch length, notch sharpness, and notch tip plasticity validates this method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. As a demonstration, the thickness‐dependent plane stress fracture toughness of ultra‐thin NC gold films is qualitatively unveiled. It is revealed that the thickness confinement effect on grain boundary sliding induces a transition in fracture behavior. This method is expected to further clarify the fracture‐related properties of various ultra‐thin films for next‐generation electronics.
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Aluminum‐Oxygen Batteries with Graphene Aerogel Cathode
Authors: Zhang Zhongqing , Wang Zhiyu , Lu Jianwei , Lyu Jiayin , Zhuge Xiangqun , Luo Kun , Ren Yurong , Shahzad Aamir , Lei Weiwei , Liu Dan
Published: January 2024

Aluminum‐oxygen batteries (AOBs) own the benefits of high energy density (8.14 kWh kg−1), low cost, and high safety. However, the design of a cathode with high surface area, structure integrity, and good catalytic performance is still challenging for rechargeable AOBs. Herein, the fabrication of a robust self‐supporting cathode using 3D graphene aerogel (3DGA) for rechargeable AOBs is demonstrated. Electroanalysis showed that the 3DGA presented good catalytic activity in both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, which allowed the AOB to operate for >90 cycles with low overpotentials at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, and a high Coulombic efficiency of ca. 99% using ionic liquid as electrolyte. In comparison, the cell with the carbon paper cathode can only cycle for 50 rounds. The excellent cyclic performance can be attributed to the porous structure, large surface area, good electric conductivity, and catalytic activity of the 3DGA, which is prospective to be applied for other metal‐air batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors.
Coupling of Solidification and Heat Transfer Simulations with Interpretable Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Transverse Cracks in Continuous Casting of Steel
Authors: Norrena Julius , Louhenkilpi Seppo , Visuri Ville‐Valtteri , Alatarvas Tuomas , Bogdanoff Agne , Fabritius Timo
Published: January 2024

The formation of defects such as cracks in continuous casting deteriorates the quality of cast products and efficiency of steelmaking. To evaluate the risks and identify the root causes of defect formation, phenomenological quality criteria computed with a solidification and microstructure model known as InterDendritic Solidification (IDS) have previously been applied. This approach is computationally efficient and provides a fundamental perspective to defect formation in continuous casting. The aim of this work is to study the capabilities of these criteria as features in predicting transverse cracking with interpretable machine learning models. IDS is coupled with a heat transfer model known as Tempsimu to simulate the continuous casting process. Measured compositions are utilized in the simulations and defects reported at a steelmaking plant are used as labels in classification. Logistic regression, decision tree, and Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifiers are developed to predict transverse cracking in peritectic C–Mn, low‐carbon B–Ti microalloyed, and peritectic Nb‐microalloyed steels. The corresponding balanced accuracies of the best classifiers from cross‐validation are 92%, 94.6%, and 82.8%. Due to the good performance and the interpretability of the developed classifiers, the fundamental causes of transverse cracking and possibilities of avoiding it by changes in the compositions are identified.
Ultrasensitive and Visible Detection of Influenza A Virus Based on Enzymatic Properties of Layered Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Jeong Eunji , Park Geunseon , Kim Jinyoung , Lee Sojeong , Park Chaewon , Lim Jong‐Woo , Yeom Minjoo , Song Daesub , Haam Seungjoo
Published: January 2024

Considering the urgent demand for reliable and rapid detection of infectious respiratory viruses during unpredictable pandemics, an innovative ultrasensitive colorimetric immunoassay for influenza A (H1N1) virus detection is developed herein. The proposed approach leverages dual amplification by combining layer‐by‐layer interactions with the nanozyme effect of biotinylated gold nanoparticles (BGNPs). BGNPs assemble around the target via repeated incubation cycles under optimized conditions, resulting in a layered structure that increases optical density, producing a more intense signal proportional to the viral titer. Additionally, the nanozyme effect of the layered BGNPs induces oxidation of 3,3',5,5'‐tetramethylbenzidine, which further enhances the visible signal detectable by the naked eye. This synergetic nanoprobe‐based system demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 101.29 EID50 mL−1, which is 2500‐fold higher than that of commercial rapid kits and conventional enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, within a rapid 55 min timeframe. Furthermore, the anti‐interference capability and portability of the developed system reinforce its practicality, making it a promising tool for field diagnostic tests that offers advanced, ultrasensitive, and early detection of respiratory viruses.
Recent Advances in Photoinduced Modification of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Authors: De Jesus Iva S. , Vélez Jeimy A. C. , Pissinati Emanuele F. , Correia Jose Tiago M. , Rivera Daniel G. , Paixao Márcio W.
Published: January 2024

The chemical modification of biopolymers like peptides and proteins is a key technology to access vaccines and pharmaceuticals. Similarly, the tunable derivatization of individual amino acids is important as they are key building blocks of biomolecules, bioactive natural products, synthetic polymers, and innovative materials. The high diversity of functional groups present in amino acid‐based molecules represents a significant challenge for their selective derivatization Recently, visible light‐mediated transformations have emerged as a powerful strategy for achieving chemoselective biomolecule modification. This technique offers numerous advantages over other methods, including a higher selectivity, mild reaction conditions and high functional‐group tolerance. This review provides an overview of the most recent methods covering the photoinduced modification for single amino acids and site‐selective functionalization in peptides and proteins under mild and even biocompatible conditions. Future challenges and perspectives are discussed beyond the diverse types of photocatalytic transformations that are currently available.
Quantum corrected Q-ball dynamics
Authors: Xie Qi-Xin , Saffin Paul M. , Tranberg Anders , Zhou Shuang-Yong
Published: January 2024

Abstract

The physics of individual Q-balls and interactions between multiple Q-balls are well-studied in classical numerical simulations. Interesting properties and phenomena have been discovered, involving stability, forces, collisions and swapping of charge between different components of multi-Q-ball systems. We investigate these phenomena in quantum field theory, including quantum corrections to leading order in a 2PI coupling expansion, the inhomogeneous Hartree approximation. The presence of quantum modes and new decay channels allows the mean-field Q-ball to exchange charge with the quantum modes, and also alters the charge swapping frequencies of the composite Q-balls. It is also observed that the periodic exchanges between the mean-field and quantum modes tend to be quenched by collisions between Q-balls. We illustrate how the classical limit arises through a scaling of the Q-ball potential, making quantum corrections negligible for large-amplitude Q-balls.