bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relevance of 2D:4D Ratio as a Marker of Depression in Adolescents of a South Indian Medical College – A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Saravanakumar Jeevanandam, K. Muthu Prathibha, Raman. K
Published: January 2024

Context

Digit ratio is a sexually dimorphic trait which is negatively correlated to prenatal testosterone exposure. 2D: 4D ratio has been associated with numerous physiological, psychological and performance traits in adulthood. The alarming rise of depression in adolescents poses a huge worldwide threat. Men with lower 2D: 4D ratios showed lower aggression scores while those with higher ratios had higher incidence of depression.

Aim

To compare the 2D: 4D ratio of the adolescents between sexes and evaluate the association between digit ratio & depression.

Settings & Design

In the present cross sectional study, 269 adolescents of 18–19 years of age were included by stratified random sampling. A single trained examiner measured the 2D: 4D ratios of the participants using digital vernier calipers. Depression scores were calculated using Beck's Depression Inventory.

Statistical analysis

Using SPSS version 17.0, comparison of digit ratios was done using unpaired Student t test.

Results

Mean 2D: 4D ratio of the study population was 0.97±0.082. There was no significant difference in mean 2D: 4D ratios (Males=Females) and mean depression scores between sexes (Males >Females). Mean 2D: 4D ratios of the depressed individuals were lower than that of the non-depressed individuals. (p=0.05)There was no significant correlation between 2D: 4D ratio and the depression scores.

Conclusion

The present study revealed borderline significance in difference in 2D: 4D ratios between the depressed and non-depressed individuals among the study population. 2D: 4D ratio could be used as a non-invasive tool to predictably forecast the proneness of child to depression in future.
Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Blood Glucose Control in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Paras Arvindbhai Parekh
Published: January 2024

Background

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is because of resistance to insulin resulting in inability to utilize glucose. In addition to medicines and diet control, regular exercise helps in increase in utilization of glucose.

Aims & Objectives

To study efficacy of exercise especially treadmill walking on controlling blood glucose homeostasis in diabetes mellitus.

Material and Method

The study was conducted on 40 clinically confirmed cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus male patients who were divided in study group and control group with 20 patients in each group. Study was conducted for period of 8 weeks. Diet plan was formed by expert during this period and subjects were instructed to follow it strictly. Fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose was measured before and after exercise programme.

Findings

There is significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and Postprandial blood glucose level in study group as compared to control group with inter-group difference was significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Treadmill exercise is very useful for blood glucose control in addition to diet control and medicines.
High Sensitivity C Reactive Protein: A Surrogate Marker Appalling the Impact of Inflammation in Obese Young Adults
Authors: R.Hemavathy, S.Ramesh Kannan, M.JhansiRani, B.Adikesavan
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Obesity is primarily considered to be a disorder of energy balance, and it has recently been suggested that some forms of obesity are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial and complex disease which poses a major public health issue increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases like, Type-2-DM, Cardiovascular disease, Hypertension etc.

Aim

The present study aims to emphasize the burden of obesity in inflammation by associating with elevated levels of hs CRP in adults.

Materials and Method

The study was a Hospital based cross sectional study including 30 obese individuals in the age group of 17–30 years, (15 males and 15 females)with BMI > 30 were included. Other systemic diseases were excluded. Assessment was done by Weight, Height, BMI by Quetelet index and measurement of hs CRP by Immunoturbidometer. The results were tabulated and analysed.

Results

Total of 30 obese subjects were included of which 15 were males and 15 were Females. In obese subjects hs-CRP was elevated significantly. The level of hs-CRP was proportionally elevated in relation to BMI in obese subjects.

Conclusion

Elevated hs-CRP levels in obese individuals indicates a proinflammatory state. This further concludes a risk for metabolic and cardiovascular manifestations in obese individuals.
The ECG Change in QRS Complex- A Tool for Evaluation of Heart Disease in Asymptomatic Type II Diabetics
Authors: Siraj Ahmed Shirbadgi, Aftab Begum
Published: January 2024

Background

The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are found to be predictors of silent ischemia in asymptomatic persons.

Aim and Objective of the study

The purpose of this study is, to detect & compare the electrocardiographic changes (QRS complex) in asymptomatic type II diabetics & controls.

Materials and Method

Fifty type II DM cases aged between 30–55 years and minimum of fifty age and sex matched controls for each group were selected from the general population satisfying the inclusion criteria.

Findings

There was statistically highly significant increase in QRS duration among type II Diabetics when compared to controls (p< 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in QRS axis between type II DM cases and controls (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in QRS amplitude among type II diabetics when compared to controls (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The prolonged QRS complex can be considered as the evidence that the heart of diabetic patients is damaged by cardiomyopathy. Hence the screening of diabetics for electrocardiographic abnormalities is strongly recommended at the time of diagnosis for proper interventions & to prevent complications at the earliest.
Gender Differences in Spatial Localization of Sound in the Azimuthal Plane in Normally Sighted Young Adults
Authors: Sowmya Rajaram, Ganesh Prasanna
Published: January 2024

Background

Research studies have shown that there are differences in the neuroanatomy of males and females. The aim of our study was to find whether there are any gender differences in the spatial localization of sound.

Method

A total of eighteen blindfolded subjects, consisting of nine males and nine age-matched females with normal hearing, were subjected to the spatial bisection task where they had to localize the second sound, whose location varied from-20° to +20° in the azimuthal plane, while the first and third sound were fixed at-20° and +20° respectively. The Minimum audible angle task was administered, where the subjects had to say whether the 2 sounds presented were from same location or from two different speakers.

Results and Conclusion

There was no significant difference between the males and females with respect to their performance of spatial bisection task and minimum audible angle task.
Spatial Localization of Sound in Early Blind During Spatial Bisection Task and Minimum Audible Angle Task
Authors: Sowmya Rajaram, Ganesh Prasanna
Published: January 2024

Background

Research has shown that early blind have supra-normal localization abilities in the azimuthal plane while performing a minimum audible angle task which is based on egocentric paradigm. An opposing view has been proposed that the early blind have a deficit in spatial localization of sound in the horizontal plane during an allocentric based task such as spatial bisection of sound. The objective of our study was to assess spatial localization of sound in the early blind by means of minimum audible angle task and spatial bisection task.

Methods

A total of ten early blind and ten normal sighted blind folded controls were subjected to minimum audible angle task and spatial bisection task in the azimuthal plane.

Results

The early blind subjects performed significantly poorer than controls in the spatial bisection task which was based on the allocentric model. However, they performed as well as the controls in the Minimum audible angle task which was based on egocentric model.

Conclusion

The minimum audible angle task based on the egocentric paradigm does not require a metric representation of auditory space whereas allocentric paradigm based task would require the same. However the spatial bisection task which is based on the allocentric paradigm taxes the retinotopic maps. Hence the poor performance in this task
Effect of Modified Valsalva Maneuver on Heart Rate and ECG among Young Non –Athletes and Athletes
Authors: Santosh Balgote, Atul Manohar rao Deshkar
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Valsalva maneuver (VM) is an indicator of cardiac Autonomic function as well as it is used clinically for testing patency of Eustachian tube in Ear examination. According to one Cochrane systematic review, the modified maneuver may be effective in 19–54% of cases and there is insufficient evidence to either recommend it or advise against it in supra-ventricular tachycardia.

Material and Method

The present cross sectional study was conducted in research lab, Department of Physiology, Late Shree Barat Ratana Atal Bihari Vajpeyi Memorial Medical college, Rajnandgaon (C.G) India, during study period April to october 2016. There are two study groups-young athletes engaged in endurance sports and non athletes, first year students of medical college. All the subjects had been demonstrated and practiced modified Valsalva Maneuver and after that subjects was selected for the study (30 in each group comprising of males and females). During modified Valsalva Maneuver continuous recording of Heart Rate and ECG is done. Data obtained so will be recorded and analyzed.

Observations

Heart rate was significantly higher after Modified Valsalva Maneuver in athlete, while it was significantly lower in non athlete after Modified Valsalva Maneuver. No significant difference in heart rate between athlete & non athlete group before Modified Valsalva Maneuver. But there was significant difference heart rate between both groups after Modified Valsalva Maneuver. Significantly higher no. of Athletes showed increase t wave duration & prolonged TP Segment as compared to non athletes.

Conclusion

Modified Valsalva Maneuver is good index of cardiovascular system.
Significance of Dietary Pattern in Oxidative Stress among Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension
Authors: Chanchal Shrivastav, Suman Sharma, G. Indra Kumar
Published: January 2024

Background

Hypertension is a significant global public health problem and it is associated with increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is disequilibrium between tissue oxidants (free radicals or reactive oxygen species ROS) and antioxidants and may be an integrative mechanism in the progress of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Aims & Objectives

To study the impact of dietary pattern on oxidative stress markers in newly diagnosed essential hypertension.

Material and Method

The study was conducted on 75 cases of essential hypertension (HT), 75 prehypertensives (preHT) and 50 control subjects for 15 months. After screening, serum uric acid (SUA) and serum malondialdehyde (S.MDA) level were investigated in both vegetarians (V) and nonvegetarians (NV) in all groups.

Findings

The difference in mean ± SD of SUA and S. MDA level between control, preHT and HT group were found to be highly significant (p<0.0001). SUA and S. MDA level was higher in NV as compared to vegetarians in all groups but significant results were found in case of SUA (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Long-term vegetarians have improved antioxidant status and coronary heart disease risk profile than do apparently healthy omnivores.
Comparison of Heart Rate Variability in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients with and without Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Prakash SB, MD. Eajaz Ahmed Shariff
Published: January 2024

Background

Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy is among the least recognized and understood complications of diabetes despite its significant negative impact on survival and quality of life in people with diabetes.

Objective

to analyze short term frequency domain of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in newly diagnosed diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy and compare the results with controls.

Method

The study was conducted in medical OPD of Bapuji Hospital and Chigateri General Hospital attached to J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere. 100 consecutive newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients age 35 to 50 years and 50 normal individuals formed the subjects of the study.

Results

The age of subjects ranged from 30–60 years. The resting heart rate was significantly higher in diabetics than normal. When the blood pressure response to supine to standing was evaluated there was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure among controls and cases. The Valsalva ratio was decreased in diabetics as compared to controls. No difference was observed in E/I ratio between control and diabetics. There was increase in systolic blood pressure during test as compared to rest. Ratio of heart rate on standing (30: 15) decreased in cases as compared to controls.

Conclusion

Clinical observations should not be the sole basis for the diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Screening for abnormalities is infrequently done.
Menstrual Problems among Adolescent School Children at International Indian School, Buraidah
Authors: Muneeb Jehan, Syed Arif Pasha, K.Chandra Sekhar
Published: January 2024

Background

Menstrual hygiene is an issue that is very important among adolescent females and mother is the best teacher and also school teachers play an important role in the menstrual hygiene practices and it is also important aspect of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Objectives

To identify the socio demographic profile factors and to know the menstrual problems among the study population.

Materials & Method

A cross sectional institutional based study was conducted at International Indian School, Buraidah from January 2014 to May 2014 among the school children from 5th Class to 9th class. A total of 240 children data collected and classes selected randomly from the female sections. Data was entered in MS excel and necessary statistical tests were applied.

Results

Out 240 adolescents, about 207 (86.2%) children are attained menarche. Out of 207 adolescent students, about 29% were attained menarche at 10 years of age group and 16.6% of female students at 13 years of age group. There was statistically significant association was found between literacy of the mother and menstruation in the female school children. Out of 207 adolescents, about 45.8% were having pre menstrual syndrome symptoms. about 73.4% (152/207) were having normal BMI and 26.6% were having abnormal BMI.

Conclusions

The pre-menstrual symptoms and the menstrual problems were quite commonly prevailing in this age group and as it is Indian school and students from different geographical, socioeconomic background and different cultures and ethnic. Proper awareness programme has to be implemented periodically to address for the common menstrual problems which occurs in adolescent age group.
Influence of Maternal Nutritional Status During Pregnancy on the Birth Weight of the Newborn
Authors: MD. Eajaz Ahmed Shariff, Prakash SB
Published: January 2024

Background

The factors that affect the supply of nutrition to the fetus depend on the maternal body composition, size as assessed by the pregnancy weight and the weight gain during pregnancy

Objective

To establish correlation between maternal body mass index and of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy with the birth weight of the new born.

Method

This was a hospital based prospective study carried out at Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Medical College Hospital, and K.C. General Hospital, Bangalore during the period of Oct. 2001-Sept.2002. The subjects for the study were pregnant women delivering at full term Majority of the pregnant women participated in the study were in the age group of 20–30 years.

Results

58 female and 50 male babies were considered for the study, they had a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 2.60 + 0.28 and 3.01+ 0.41 respectively. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index with birth weight in Group I and Group II (P<0.05) However in Group III male and female babies were non significant. There was no significant correlation between maternal hemoglobin content and birth weight of male babies.

Conclusion

It was concluded that there was a significant positive correlation between the maternal nutritional status with the birth weight of the babies.
Exam Anxiety Related to Exam Preparation Time and Number of Hours of Sleep and Comparison of Exam Anxiety among Rural and Urban, Hosteller and Non-Hosteller First Year Medical Students
Authors: M.S. Kusumadevi, Sushma S
Published: January 2024

Exam anxiety intensifies psychological distress, reduces academic motivation and lowers performance. The present study aimed to identify exam anxiety related to exam preparation time and number of hours of sleep. Additionally, the present study attempted comparison of exam anxiety among rural and urban, hosteller and non-hosteller first year medical students. Westside Text Anxiety Scale (WTAS) were administered among 151 first year undergraduate medical students attending Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. The results showed higher test anxiety scores and more studying hours among rural students with female preponderance. There was no statistically significant difference with regards to sleep hours and among hostellers, non-hostellers.

The negative emotion of test anxiety which serves to raise the distress level among medical students is a common emerging concern and thus good intervention to build positive coping skills should be incorporated in the lives of medical students.
Severity of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients : Correlation with Duration of Diabetes
Authors: Juhi Agrawal, Subodh Pandey, Sachin Chittawar, Vivek Som
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) is one of the most overlooked complications of DM and is clinically important because of its life threatening consequences. CAN results from damage to the autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels.

Aims and Objectives

The aim of the present study is to assess the correlation between severity of cardiovascular autonomic functions in type 2 DM and duration of diabetes.

Method

The study included 30 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy and 30 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). 60 non diabetic healthy volunteers matched for age and gender were included in the study to serve as control. The study group was classified into 3 groups according to duration of diabetes. All the subjects performed five different autonomic function tests as given by Ewing's and Clarke. The score value was obtained from various tests and a scoring system was applied as recommended by Bellavere F et al (1983).4 The results obtained were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA and intergroup comparisons were made using post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test.

Results

The observations suggest that cardiac autonomic function declines in type 2 diabetics and CAN is more in diabetic patients with associated retinopathy The observations revealed that number of patients with autonomic dysfunction was more when duration of DM was long (>7 years) (83.3% in group 1 and 81.2% in group 2). The number of patients with CAN increased with duration of DM. Correlation between disease duration and cardiovascular autonomic score indicates significant positive correlation (r=0.5920).

Conclusion

The cardiac autonomic functions were found to be altered significantly in diabetics. Diabetic patients with longer duration of diabetes showed more severe dysfunction of cardiovascular functions. Hence, Evaluation of cardiovascular reflexes should be included as a routine in the work-up of patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Prevention of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia with Early and Exclusive Breast Feeding
Authors: Tahilramani H, Somani S
Published: January 2024

Concern about hypoglycaemia in the new born infant is a common issue. Subsequent neurologic development may be affected in children experiencing hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period. This observational study enrolled 150 healthy term neonates who did not require admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and were kept in post natal wards with mother. All neonates of mothers with complicated pregnancy such as diabetes, Hypertension and infections were excluded from the study. Glucose levels were monitored at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs of life. Hypoglycaemia was defined as blood glucose levels ? 46mg/dl. 24% of the screened neonates developed hypoglycaemia in 1st hour of life, which was corrected with immediate breast feeding only. 6% of the neonate and 3% of the neonate developed hypoglycaemia in 2nd and 6th hour of life respectively which was corrected with immediate breast feeding only. No formula feed supplementation was needed at any hour of life to correct hypoglycaemia. All mothers were assisted in positioning and attaching babies to the breast and were motivated to breast feed on demand. All neonates were able to maintain blood glucose levels in normal range at 12th, 24th and 48th hour of life with exclusive breast feeding only. We therefore concluded that with early and exclusive breast feeding healthy term neonates can maintain normal glucose levels with decreased risk of hypoglycaemia. Formula feed supplementation should be avoided to correct hypoglycaemia.
Do Learning Styles Influenced by Gender: A Qualitative Study Among Physiology Undergraduate Medical Students
Authors: Kausar Afshan
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Current and future trends in medical learning enforce huge burden of mastering a different set of competencies among medical student. Furthermore, the important task in medical education isto provide adequate and satisfactory student learning. Thus, better awareness of learning style preferences and various factors (such as gender) influencing learning styles, can help in delivery of rewarding, satisfying and pleasant learning experience to the students.

Aim

The study was planned with the aim of assessing the influence of gender on learning style preferences among Undergraduate Medical Students of Physiology.

Materials and Method

In this cross-sectional study among 100 undergraduate medical students of physiology, Visual, Aural, Read/write and Kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire version 7.8 was used to collect information of students’ learning style preferences. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables. Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the influence of gender on learning style preferences.

Results

In the study, 82.22%Males and 68.75% females exhibited multiple sensory preferences. Furthermore only 17.77%Male, 31.25% Female, preferred a single sensory modality for receiving information. However gender differences were NOT significant.

Conclusion

Most students both male and female had preferences for multimodal learning style. Furthermore gender had no significant association with learning style preference.
Evaluation of Modifiable Risk Factors in the Development of Age Related Macular Degeneration in Kashmiri Population
Authors: Mehak Mufti, Hammad Nasti, Tajali Shora
Published: January 2024

Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss, adversely affecting the quality of life. It is a degenerative disorder of the macula involving the choriocapillaries, Bruchs membrane, retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors. It is a multifactorial disease occurring due to a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Gender, ethnicity, smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disorders, high fat intake, low intake of carotenoids, history of cataract surgery, blue iris colour, high sunlight exposure are some of the risk factors, many of which are very well documented and some still remain controversial due to lack of evidence.

Objective

The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of some of the modifiable non genetic risk factors in the causation of ARMD and the role of healthy lifestyle in preventing the visual loss due to ARMD.

Materials & Method

This is a case control study which was conducted on the outdoor patients attending Al Kabir eye care center, Srinagar. The ARMD status of the patients was confirmed by thorough ophthalmological examination by a single opthalmologist. Height, weight BMI, history of smoking, history of hypertension, hyperopia, and cataract surgery was taken. Iris color was noted. Detailed dietary history regarding intake of fruits, vegetables, beef, lamb, and fish was taken. Data was analysed using Chi square test.

Result

We found that prevalence of ARMD increases after 60 years of age. History of smoking, history of higher intake of beef and lamb is strongly associated with ARMD (p value <0.01and <0.03 respectively). We did not find any association between ARMD and history of cataract surgery, hyperopia or hypertension nor did our study find any significant difference in the association of ARMD and iris colour.

Conclusion

From our analysis we can conclude that ARMD is a disease of the older population and cigarette smoking, excessive consumption of beef and lamb are significant risk factors for the causation of ARMD
Acute Effect of Hemodialysis on Cognition in Patient of End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Sanaul Mustafa Ansari, Kumar Siddharth, Ashok Sharan
Published: January 2024

Aim

To assess effect of hemodialysis on cognitive control.

Introduction

Studies till date have not confirmed the immediate effect of hemodialysis on cognitive function. Cognitive control consists of core cognitive functions such as working memory and inhibition. In several studies it was observed that patients performed worse than healthy control in terms of fluency, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and decision-making. This study was specifically designed to observe the effect of hemodialysis on learning and memory (Cognitive Control) in fifty ambulatory male subjects of end stage renal disease undergoing twice a week hemodialysis of age more than 21years.

Material and Method

Subjects on hemodialysis for more than 2 months up to a year were only included. They were instructed about methodology of Stroop color Word Test, Backward digit span Test and Ray Auditory Verbal learning Test. Following instruction on methodology they were given five practice sessions. They were then tested before and after hemodialysis.

Result

Post hemodialysis, the reaction time for Stroop color condition, Stroop word condition and Strop color word condition was less and this was found to be statistically significant when compared to pre hemodialysis. This indicates an improvement in executive control acutely after dialysis. If we look at backward digit span test and RAVLT total score, delayed recall and average recall no significant change was seen. The RAVLT immediate recall time changed significantly after hemodialysis.

Conclusion

There is acute effect of hemodialysis on executive function (cognitive control) domain of cognition.
Exploring the Relationship between Knowledge and Attitudes, Adherence and Confidence on Hand Hygiene Practices Among Thai Nursing Students
Authors: Nachaphun Denijs  , Wandee Sirichokchatchawan
Published: January 2024

Background: Hand hygiene plays a crucial role in infection control in healthcare settings, but there is a concerning gap in compliance rates among healthcare workers globally. Nursing students, who will form a substantial part of the future healthcare workforce, are key to effective hand hygiene practices. A significant educational gap in hand hygiene exists globally, especially in Asia, including Thailand. Research on nursing students’ knowledge, attitude, adherence to, and confidence in hand hygiene is still limited, despite their frequent non-compliance with standard protocols. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the correlations and associated factors between knowledge, attitudes, adherence to, and confidence in hand hygiene practices among first-year nursing students at a Thai nursing college.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with all 116 first-year nursing students from Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Thailand. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: The results show that only 46.6% of students demonstrated good knowledge of hand hygiene, but a higher percentage showed positive attitudes (51.7%) and adherence (55.2%). A majority (76.7%) had good confidence in their hand hygiene practices. Positive correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude, attitude and adherence, and adherence and confidence. Male students generally had better knowledge, while those with lower GPAs tended to have higher confidence in hand hygiene. The findings of this study are in line with previous studies, indicating that knowledge does not always lead to positive attitudes or adherence to hand hygiene. Also, confidence is necessary for effective hand hygiene practices.Conclusions: This study highlights the factors related to hand hygiene practices among Thai nursing students and emphasizes the need for comprehensive, culturally sensitive educational strategies. Future research should consider various contextual factors, such as gender differences and academic performance, to enhance hand hygiene practices among nursing students.
Petroleum Product Price Adjustment and Nigeria’s Economic Performance (1984- 2023)
Authors: Ezuem Moyotole Daniel , Ejeka Lilian Nkechi
Published: January 2024

This study investigated the Petroleum Product Price adjustment and Nigeria's Economic Performance during the period 1984-2023. Employing secondary data and an Ex-post facto research design, the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag method for multiple regressions was utilized for analysis due to the stationarity characteristics of the variables. The petroleum products considered in this study were Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK), while economic performance was assessed through the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria. Through the application of both descriptive and inferential statistics on the generated data, the findings unveiled robust positive relationships between PMS and GDP, AGO and GDP, and a semi-strong positive relationship between DPK and GDP in Nigeria. The study suggested that variations in petroleum prices, especially PMS and AGO, could positively and significantly impact economic growth represented by GDP. However, variations in DPK prices may not have a similar positive and significant effect on economic growth represented by GDP. The study concluded that upward adjustments in petroleum product prices are crucial for favorable economic performance. Recommendations were made for the Nigerian government to explore alternative sources of public revenue, implement a progressive taxation system, adopt austerity budgets for prudent public expenditure, diversify economic sectors, and invest in sustainable industries and services. Additionally, citizens were encouraged to focus on hard work and embrace science as a source of wealth, emphasizing the need to move beyond dependence on depleted resources for revenue generation.
Ecology of Grasslands of Central Nicobar
Authors: Bhardwaj Shashank , Shiwani  , Mandeep  , Yadav Gitanjali , Babu Suresh
Published: January 2024

The tropical grasslands of the Central Nicobar Islands have long been perceived as anthropogenic formations, which has influenced their conservation and management in the region. Despite their ecological and cultural significance, these grasslands have received limited scholarly attention, rendering them vulnerable to alternative land uses and conversion. This study aims to address these knowledge gaps through an extensive vegetation survey, soil analysis, and ethnographic research. The outcomes of the vegetation survey and soil analysis reveal that these grasslands are the result of serpentine soil formations, managed by Nicobari communities by fire. The ethnographic research reveals the cultural importance of the grassland commons and its governance through the tuhet system. Further, the study shows that the access regimes have undergone a rapid transformation during post-tsunami resettlement, endangering local instuitions and the sustainability of the grassland commons of the Nicobars.
Evaluación de áreas Vulnerables a Incendios Forestales en la Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua del Cantón Quito, Utilizando Imágenes Ecostress
Authors: Logaña Hayo Cristian Patricio , Cando Jácome Marcelo
Published: January 2024

Como un mecanismo de previsión para la reducción de incendios forestales dentro de la Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua RGP en épocas de verano, esta investigación utilizó una metodología combinada de Geomática Aplicada Avanzada, mediante el análisis de imágenes Ecostress/ECO2LST-Sentinel 3, para determinar la temperatura del suelo y el Modelo Morfométrico basado en el Índice de Humedad Topográfica y el Índice de Efecto del Viento para delimitar pequeños tránsitos de flujos de convección de calor para la propagación del fuego a través de las geoformas bajas hasta las altas.  La combinación de estos métodos determino 4 zonas susceptibles a incendios forestales cuyas temperaturas varían desde - 4.15°C y mayores a 24 °C, con índices de emisividad térmica que varían desde 16.386 hasta 19.273 (w/m2) en microcuencas geomorfológicamente cerradas las que tienen concentraciones importantes de biomasa. Estas zonas incluyen los sectores de Niebli de Monjas, Chaupizacha, Hacienda la Playa, San José de Neblí, entre otros sectores cercanos a la reserva.
Biochemical defence reactions of black pepper varieties against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides incitant of anthracnose disease
Authors: Peeran Mohammed Faisal , Biju Chakkiyanickal Narayanan , Rajan Gowri , Ankegowda Shettahalli Koppallu Javaraiah , Sharon Aravind , Akshitha Hosahalli Jagannath Gowda
Published: January 2024

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Black pepper is a severe disease that causes even up to 100 percent crop losses under epidemic conditions. Most of the cultivated varieties of black pepper are highly susceptible to the disease, especially Panniyur 1, the most predominant variety grown in the country. Our study tested 11 black pepper genotypes for their biochemical defense reaction to anthracnose disease. Field observations were initially recorded for two consecutive years in alternate germplasm sites, and the disease incidence ranged between 4.00 and 21.33. The disease incidence under glasshouse conditions upon challenge inoculation was minimal for the variety IISR Girimunda. Upon inoculation with C. gloeosporioides, resistant cultivars exhibited significantly higher activity levels of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and superoxide dismutase compared to local check and uninoculated control plants. This suggests that the variety IISR Girimunda’s resistance to anthracnose may be attributed to its possession of robust biochemical defense molecules.
Pollen sources and time of pollination for hand pollination affect biochemical and organoleptic attributes of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) cv. Arka Sahan
Authors: Meena Hansraj , Meena Nirmal Kumar , Singh Jitendra , Jain S.K. , Gupta Anil Kumar , Iliescu Lavinia Mihaela
Published: January 2024

The present investigation aimed to know the effect of different pollen sources and time of pollination for hand pollination on biochemical and organoleptic properties in sugar apple cv. Arka Sahan. For the study, a total 130 flowers of cv. Arka Sahan were hand pollinated with three different pollen sources, such as Balanagar, Raydurg and APK-Ca 1 at three different times in the July. It was found that pollen source and timing significantly affected fruit quality attributes and organoleptic traits. Fruits of T1 (first pollination with Balanagar) exhibited maximum pulp weight, fruit weight and seeds per fruit. The biochemical traits such as higher total soluble solids (32.33 ºBrix), lower titratable acidity (TA) (0.25%), higher total sugar (TS) (25.55%), reducing sugar (RS) (22.75%) and non-reducing sugar (NRS) (2.66 %) were also reported in T1. Likewise, higher ascorbic acid (AA) (27.87 mg/100g) and minimum total phenols content (TPC) (66.76 ?g GAE/100g) were also obtained in T1 yielded fruits compared to the naturally pollinated (control). Evaluation of organoleptic revealed that pollen source and pollination time also affected the sweetness, sourness aroma, grittiness and overall acceptability (8.62) of pulp. Results of organoleptic evaluation revealed that pollen sources and pollination times also affected the sweetness, sourness, aroma, grittiness and overall acceptability (8.62) of the fruit pulp. Hence, Balanagar could be used as an effective pollen source for hand pollination in Arka Sahan during initial weeks of July to get higher quality and acceptability of the sugar apple fruits.
Effect of phytosanitary radiation treatments on storage quality and microbiological safety of fresh table apricots (Prunus armeniaca L) Cv. CITH-2
Authors: Hussain P.R. , Suradkar P.
Published: January 2024

Matured table apricots harvested at commercial maturity were irradiated in the dose range of 0.25-1.0 kGy and stored under refrigerated (3±1 0C, RH 85 %) conditions. The fruits were evaluated at intervals of 5 days for various physico-chemical parameters. Studies revealed that phytosanitary irradiation treatment maintained the storage quality of table apricots under refrigerated conditions. Positive correlations (r = 0.89) existed between irradiation treatment and firmness retention, whereas an inverse correlation (r = –0.86) existed between radiation and water-soluble pectin. Color scores revealed that L, a and b values increased by 13.1%, 68.9% and 21.5% in un-irradiated apricots compared to 6.1%, 44.9% and 14.1% in samples irradiated at 1.0 kGy, after 30 days of storage. During storage, ascorbic acid decreased by 86.8% in control compared to 56.2% in 1.0 kGy treated apricots. Phytosanitary radiation treatment at 1.0 kGy caused a significant (p ? 0.05) increase (7.5%) in total phenolics, besides minimizing subsequent degradation of phenols during storage. Microbial analysis indicated that in samples irradiated at 0.75 kGy and 1.0 kGy, no microbial load was detected up to 10 and 20 days of storage and resulted in about 1.0 log reduction in microbial load after 30 days of storage.
Maximizing productivity in onion bulb cultivation through crop geometry and NPKS nutrient management
Authors: Bhardwaj R.L , Parashar Aabha
Published: January 2024

A study was conducted to determine the optimal dosage of NPKS fertilizer and the most suitable crop geometry to enhance both productivity and bulb quality of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.). The research was laidout using a split plot design, incorporating three levels of NPKS fertilizer in the main plot and five different crop geometries in the subplot, with three replications spanning from August to November in the years 2020-21 and 2021-22. Among the various combinations tested, the widest crop geometry (15 cm x 15 cm) coupled with the application of 140 N: 80 P: 80 K: 40 S kg ha-1 dose of nutrients exhibited superior results. This combination resulted in the highest values for plant height (97.88 cm), number of leaves per plant (19), leaves’ weight per plant (74.15 g), average bulb weight (133.97 g), and harvest index (51.24). Conversely, the closest spacing (7.5 x 7.5 cm) with the highest fertilizer dose led to the maximum biological yield (125.89 t ha-1) and bulb yield (61.89 t ha-1). Notably, the spacing of 10 x 10 cm with the application of 140 N: 80 P: 80 K: 40 S kg ha-1 emerged as the optimal combination for achieving the highest marketable yield (43.62 t ha-1), gross return (? 5.23 lakhs), net return (? 4.23 lakhs), and benefit-cost ratio (4.23). Consequently, we conclude that, for maximizing the production of marketable bulbs of kharif onion, a crop geometry of 10 x 10 cm with a nutrient dose of 140 N: 80 P: 80 K: 40 S kg ha-1 is recommended. This information contributes valuable insights for optimizing onion cultivation practices, thereby enhancing both yield and economic returns.
Standardization of hot air drying parameters and their impact on total phenolics and oil content of mango seed kernel
Authors: Dandwate A.M. , Joshi B.H , Dhingani R.M
Published: January 2024

The mango seed kernel (MSK) stands out as a rich source of total phenolic compounds and premium-quality fats. This study aimed to optimize the hot air drying process parameters for MSK, utilizing a tray dryer to achieve maximum yield of mango seed kernel oil (MSKO) while retaining high levels of total phenolic compounds. The experimentation involved the application of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis, leading to the identification of the optimal drying conditions—60°C temperature, resulting in a yield of 11.80% MSKO and 163.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of MSK, with a desirability index of 0.861.After establishing the standard hot air drying parameters, the biochemical composition of MSK showed enhancement due to the effective preservation of bioactive compounds, particularly total phenolic compounds. This extensive experiment not only improves the yield of MSKO but also enhances the nutritional value of MSK. The findings highlight the potential for additional investigation and utilisation of mango seed kernel in food and bioenergy applications.
Influence of antibrowning agents on shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) cv. Kew
Authors: Tabing Ruthy , Jamja Tadar , Taying Sunny , Saikia Bishal , Senapoty Daisy , Akhtar Shaik Faheem
Published: January 2024

Food spoilage due to browning is one of the major challenges faced by the food and processing industries. In fruits and vegetables, browning due to both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions is a common event that renders them unattractive and unsuitable for consumption. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been conducted to slow or inhibit these undesirable physiological reactions during processing and storage. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different antibrowning agents on the quality and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple from 2020-2021 in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at Annamalai University. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments and was replicated 3 times, viz., T1 (ascorbic acid 500 ppm), T2 (ascorbic acid 1000 ppm), T3 (citric acid 250 ppm), T4 (citric acid 500 ppm), T5 (sodium chloride 100 ppm), T6 (sodium chloride 200 ppm), T7 (calcium chloride 100 ppm), T8 (calcium chloride 200 ppm), T9 (honey 5%), T10 (honey 10%), and T11 (control). Antibrowning agents significantly and positively impacted the quality parameters of fresh-cut fruits. The minimum PLW (0.71%) and maximum scores of firmness (2.16kg/cm2), titratable acidity (0.53%), total sugar (11.65%), nonreducing sugar (1.94%) and texture index (2.37) were recorded in T8. However, maximum TSS (14.6 °Brix), total sugar (11.65%), and reducing sugar (9.48%) were recorded in T10. The lowest browning rate was recorded in the treatment with ascorbic acid in T2. The treatments with calcium chloride and ascorbic acid best retained the quality of fresh-cut pineapple fruit.
The Role of P2K2 Companions for Financial Management and Family Business Plans in the Family Hope Program in Makassar City
Authors: Arnika Mita , B Irfan
Published: January 2024

The future growth of the wheel of life will greatly benefit from innovative program policies, which will have a positive impact on the economy. However, it is important to acknowledge that many individuals, particularly those from impoverished households, may face economic challenges owing to a lack of community knowledge. This phenomenon is primarily caused by a decrease in financial literacy and a lack of proficiency in financial management, which therefore leads to potential future challenges. The author proposed the implementation of P2K2 Activities as a solution to the problem. This event took place as one of the supplementary responsibilities in Makassar City, namely carrying out P2K2 in the community. This activity offers fundamental information and abilities in the management of revenue and spending, as well as the development of company plans. The approach employed involves outreach and training sessions for PKH participants. The anticipated outcome of this service is that conducting this activity will yield improved financial outcomes for households impacted by the epidemic.
The role of expert evidence in civil litigation: a critical analysis (Part 1)
Authors: Thino Bekker
Published: January 2024

Section 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides that everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before a court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. A number of foundational principles that underlie the South African law of civil procedure had been afforded express recognition by this section. One of these principles entail that the duration and costs of civil litigation should be reasonable. In the past decade, or so, there have been several initiatives to give effect to this ideal of civil justice for all. Despite this, there are still several impediments in the South African law that causes civil trials too be exorbitant and time-consuming. One of these impediments relate to the presentation of expert evidence testimony. Part one of this article will critically discuss the historical development of Uniform Court Rule 36(9), its recent amendments and the critique raised against the procedure. In part two the position in relation to the presentation of expert witness evidence in England and Wales, and Australia, as well as its possible contribution to the South African law will be discussed. It will be argued that the current procedure relating to the presentation of expert evidence in South Africa still has certain shortcomings and that the Rules Board will have to intervene to ensure that the procedure enhances access to justice in civil matters.
The employment status of uber drivers
Authors: Chayya Sabieha
Published: January 2024

South African labour law draws a distinction between employees, who dedicate their full-time endeavours to the service of a particular employer, and independent contractors, who perform specific projects for a customer. Employees enjoy a wide range of statutory rights such as the right to not be unfairly dismissed, but such protection does not extend to independent contractors. In the advent of the digital era, many people have turned to online platforms to secure their incomes. For example, some have turned to the Uber platform to drive customers seeking transport by means of the Uber application. Such drivers are, in terms of our law, not regarded as employees of Uber, but as independent contractors and are thereby precluded from the statutory protection which extends to employees. This position is demonstrated by an analysis of Uber South Africa Technology Services (Pty) Ltd v NUPSAW & Others (C449/17) [2018] ZALCCT 6. This case is further compared to a similar decision in the United Kingdom, Uber BV and Others v Aslam and Others [2021] UKSC 5, where protection was afforded to the Uber drivers. Suggestions are made for legal reform, in order to align the prevailing position in South Africa with the approach in the United Kingdom, thereby extending legal protection as employees to uber drivers.