bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Playtime at Robarts Library: Opening a family-friendly study space at the University of Toronto
Authors: Carliner Jesse , Everall Kyla
Published: February 2019

If academic libraries are sincere about their commitment to equity and inclusion, they must become more accessible for student parents—a large and underserved population whose members may also have other marginalized identities. Although accommodating children may seem to be outside the scope of academic libraries’ mandate, if we are to fully support research and learning on campus, we must try to reduce obstacles for parenting students however we can, including welcoming their children into our libraries. To address this need, the University of Toronto Libraries recently opened Canada’s first academic library family-friendly study space.
Go take a hike: Online hiking resources
Authors: Schweikhard April J.
Published: February 2019

Last year, in preparation for two hiking trips throughout the United States, I spent hours scouring the Internet for websites devoted to hiking information: I was not disappointed with the information available. Whether for adventure, health, or the opportunity to get out into nature, many people enjoy the benefits of hiking. And, according to the Outdoor Industry Association’s “2018 Outdoor Participation Report,” the number of Americans who engage in some type of outdoor adventure, including hiking, continues to increase. Libraries are helping connect their users to the trails in a variety of ways, including dedicated LibGuides, exhibits, and even backpacks filled with guidebooks and park passes for patrons to check out. Whether you are looking for resources to assist your library users or are simply interested in hitting the trails, yourself, the following Internet resources will help you discover new trails and increase your hiking knowledge. Websites listed here include trails databases, park resources, coalition systems, blogs, and magazines.
News from the Field
Authors: Free David
Published: February 2019

Choice announces 2018 Outstanding Academic Titles2019 Library of Congress Literacy Awards applicationsACRL President’s Program blog seriesBioOne Complete launches new platformRecent Researches in Music OnlineProQuest announces RialtoEBSCO launches The Atlantic Magazine ArchiveScholarly Communication RoadShow hosts announced
While the campus sleeps: Two perspectives on the uniqueness of overnight library work
Authors: Blakely Andrew , Mobley Jerrold
Published: February 2019

Midnight, by definition, is a period of transition. It’s a quiet moment nestled between sunset and sunrise that universally marks the end of one day and the beginning of another. Most people are asleep at that hour, happily oblivious to this ceremonial passage of time, but we aren’t most people. As third-shift information associates with the Georgia Tech Library, a 24-hour academic library in Atlanta, Georgia, our work schedule is synchronized with the birth of each new day. We are the vampires of the library world, and midnight is our magic hour. We’ve reflected on our eight years as colleagues separately and collectively, and have gathered the following thoughts on what makes the graveyard shift at the library a lovely and distinctive experience.
Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos: mutaciones y desafíos. Repertorio bibliográfico (2007-2018)
Authors: Alonso Sanz Lucía
Published: February 2019

El presente repertorio ofrece una selección de obras bibliográficas (libros, capítulos de libro y artículos de revistas) sobre el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos publicadas desde hace algo más de una década. Estos trabajos reflejan algunos de los desafíos a los que se ha enfrentado el Tribunal en los últimos tiempos, y se centran en temas como la organización de la institución y el procedimiento que ante la misma se sustancia, la ejecución y los efectos de sus sentencias, su interacción o diálogo con otros tribunales, o ciertos principios y conceptos que orientan su actuación, como son la subsidiariedad, el consenso y el margen de apreciación nacional.The present repertoire gathers a selection of various doctrinal contributions (books, chapters and papers) on the European Court of Human Rights which have been published in the last decade. They are a reflection of some of the challenges that the Court has lately faced, and they tackle issues as its organization, the procedure and access to its jurisdiction, the enforcement of its judgments and their impact, its dialogue with other courts, and some principles or concepts guiding its practice, such as the margin of appreciation, consensus and subsidiarity.
El TEDH y las condenas a España por la vulneración del derecho a ser juzgado en un plazo razonable: las dificultades para alcanzar una duración óptima de los procesos judiciales
Authors: Delgado del Rincón Luis E.
Published: February 2019

El trabajo analiza la doctrina fijada por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre la vulneración del derecho a ser juzgado en un plazo razonable del art. 6.1 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y su aplicación al Estado Español en las sentencias condenatorias que hasta ahora se han dictado. También se examinan y se proponen algunas medidas preventivas destinadas a acelerar los procedimientos y a corregir los retrasos de los tribunales, así como otras de carácter reparatorio.The paper analyzes the doctrine established by the European Court of Human Rights on the violation of the right to be tried within a reasonable time of art. 6.1 of the European Convention of Human Rights and its application to the Spanish State in the condemnatory judgments that until now have been pronounced. It also examines and proposes some preventive measures aimed at streamline the process and correcting court delays, as well as other reparations.
Crónica de una condena anunciada: el Asunto Stern Taulats y Roura Capellera c. España sobre la quema de fotos del Rey
Authors: Presno Linera Miguel
Published: February 2019

Este texto analiza si, de acuerdo con la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, conductas como la quema de las fotos del Rey están amparadas por la libertad de expresión.This paper analyzes if setting fire to a photo of the Spanish’s royal couple is protected by the right of freedom of expression according to the European Court of Human Rights.
El contenido del derecho a un proceso con todas las garantías en la segunda instancia penal a la luz de la jurisprudencia del TEDH
Authors: Pérez Sola Nicolás
Published: February 2019

Se analiza la recepción por el Tribunal Constitucional de la jurisprudencia del TEDH sobre el derecho al proceso con todas las garantías en la segunda instancia penal cuando a través de sentencia condenatoria se revisa sentencia absolutoria en la primera instancia.This essay focuses on the reception by the Constitutional Court of the case law of the ECtHR on the right to trial with guarantees of due process in second criminal instance, in cases where a court convicts an accused who was acquitted by the first instance.
Molecular and topological reorganizations in mitochondrial architecture interplay during Bax-mediated steps of apoptosis
Authors: Ader Nicholas R , Hoffmann Patrick C , Ganeva Iva , Borgeaud Alicia C , Wang Chunxin , Youle Richard J , Kukulski Wanda
Published: February 2019

During apoptosis, Bcl-2 proteins such as Bax and Bak mediate the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria by clustering on the outer mitochondrial membrane and thereby permeabilizing it. However, it remains unclear how outer membrane openings form. Here, we combined different correlative microscopy and electron cryo-tomography approaches to visualize the effects of Bax activity on mitochondria in human cells. Our data show that Bax clusters localize near outer membrane ruptures of highly variable size. Bax clusters contain structural elements suggesting a higher order organization of their components. Furthermore, unfolding of inner membrane cristae is coupled to changes in the supramolecular assembly of ATP synthases, particularly pronounced at membrane segments exposed to the cytosol by ruptures. Based on our results, we propose a comprehensive model in which molecular reorganizations of the inner membrane and sequestration of outer membrane components into Bax clusters interplay in the formation of outer membrane ruptures.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
A Hybrid Greedy Algorithm and Simulated Annealing for Single Container Loading Problem: A Case Study
Authors: Widyadana Gede A , Widjaja Audrey Tedja , Wang Kun Jen
Published: February 2019

A single container loading problem is a problem to effectively load boxes in a three-dimensional container. There are many researchers in this problem try to find the best solution to solve the problem with feasible computation time and to develop some models to solve real case problem. Heuristics are the most method used to solve this problem since the problem is an NP-hard. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid greedy algorithm and simulate annealing algorithm to solve a real container loading problem in one flexible packaging company in Indonesia. Validation is used to show that the method can be applied practically. We use seven real cases to check the validity and performance of the model. The proposed method outperformed the solution developed by the company in all seven cases with feasible computational time.
A meta‐analysis of the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on witness recall
Authors: Jores Theo , Colloff Melissa F. , Kloft Lilian , Smailes Harriet , Flowe Heather D.
Published: February 2019

There is widespread belief in the legal system that alcohol impairs witness testimony. Nevertheless, most laboratory studies examining the effects of alcohol on witness testimony suggest that alcohol may affect the number of correct but not incorrect details recalled. However, it is difficult to draw conclusions because sample sizes, testing paradigms, and recall measures vary between individual studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis to address this issue. We found alcohol intoxication had a significant and moderate sized effect on the number of correct details recalled (g = 0.40). The effect of alcohol on the number of incorrect details recalled was not significant. Further, the effect of alcohol on the recall of correct details was significantly moderated by multiple factors like intoxication level, the retention interval length between encoding and recall, and the types of questions asked (i.e., free recall vs. cued recall). We discuss the applied implications of the results.
Editorial for the Special Issue on Learning‐based Adaptive Control: Theory and Applications
Authors: Benosman Mouhacine , Lewis Frank L. , Guay Martin , Owens David
Published: February 2019

The Special Issue presents results of current research on learning‐based adaptive methods, merging together model‐based and data‐driven adaptive approaches. The special issue contains two main types of contributions. The first type of papers presents new theoretical developments for learning‐based adaptive algorithms, while the second type focuses on challenging practical applications ranging from UAVs, and autonomous vehicles, to heating and ventilation systems. These papers are compiled in a special issue of the journal. To access all of the papers please follow the following link (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10991115/2019/33/2).
Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis and Its Perspectives for Assembling Cells from the Bottom‐Up
Authors: Kai Lei , Schwille Petra
Published: February 2019

The underlying idea of synthetic biology is that biological reactions/modules/systems can be precisely engineered and controlled toward desired products. Numerous efforts in the past decades in deciphering the complexity of biological systems in vivo have led to a variety of tools for synthetic biology, especially based on recombinant DNA. However, one generic limitation of all living systems is that the vast majority of energy input is dedicated to maintain the system as a whole, rather than the small part of interest. Cell‐free synthetic biology is aiming at exactly this fundamental limitation, providing the next level of flexibility for engineering and designing biological systems in vitro. New technology has continuously inspired cell‐free biology and extended its applications, including gene circuits, spatiotemporally controlled pathways, coactivated catalysts systems, and rationally designed multienzyme pathways, in particular, minimal cell construction. In the context of this special issue, discussing work being carried out in the “MaxSynBio” consortium, the advances in characterizing stochasticity and dynamics of cell‐free protein synthesis within cell‐sized compartments, as well as the molecular crowding effect, are discussed. The organization of spatial heterogeneity is the key prerequisite for achieving hierarchy and stepwise assembly of minimal cells from the bottom‐up.
Multimodal Damage Detection in Self‐Sensing Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Crall Matthew D. , Laney Samuel G. , Keller Michael W.
Published: February 2019

Internal delamination damage is detected in fiber reinforced polymer composite materials containing active functionality. Damage‐triggered magnetization of the delaminated zone is accomplished using a vascular system to deliver fluids that precipitate magnetic particles upon mixing. Multiple modes of detection are used to sense the presence of this magnetic material. Visual detection is accomplished by the high contrast between damaged and undamaged areas provided by the biomimetic “bruise” formed by the magnetic particles. Magnetic scanning is also used to detect the particles, even if obscured by paint or by opaque reinforcement, such as carbon fiber. Additionally, thermal detection is accomplished by inductively heating the magnetic particles and sensing the temperature differential with an infrared camera. The effectiveness of each detection mode is discussed and compared to industry standard C‐scan to assess accuracy. Using the damage area measured with C‐scan as the benchmark, visual detection measures the damage area with 76% accuracy, and magnetic detection measures the damage area with 91% accuracy. Thermal detection accuracy is time‐dependent as expected. All detection modes consistently detect the presence of damage. The multifunctionality of this material can tailor damage detection techniques for the application and provide a parallel system to augment and potentially enhance self‐healing.
High‐Color‐Rendering and High‐Efficiency White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Based on Double‐Doped Organic Single Crystals
Authors: Ding Ran , Dong Feng‐Xi , An Ming‐Hui , Wang Xue‐Peng , Wang Mo‐Ran , Li Xian‐Bin , Feng Jing , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: February 2019

Organic single crystals with much higher carrier mobility and stability compared to the amorphous organic materials have shown great potential in electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, their applications in white organic light‐emitting devices (WOLEDs), especially the three‐color‐strategy WOLEDs, have been hindered by the difficulties in fabricating complicated device structures. Here, double‐doped white‐emission organic single crystals are used as the active layers for the first time in the three‐color‐strategy WOLEDs by co‐doping the red and green dopants into blue host crystals. Precise control of the dopant concentration in the double‐doped crystals results in moderately partial energy transfer from the blue donor to the green and red dopants, and thereafter, simultaneous RGB emissions with balanced emission intensity. The highest color‐rendering index (CRI) and efficiency, to the best of the authors' knowledge, are obtained for the crystal‐based WOLEDs. The CRI of the WOLEDs varies between 80 and 89 with the increase of the driving current, and the luminance and current efficiency reach up to 793 cd m−2 and 0.89 cd A−1, respectively. The demonstration of the present three‐color organic single‐crystal‐based WOLED promotes the development of the single crystals in optoelectronics.
Dielectric–Semiconductor Interface Limits Charge Carrier Motion at Elevated Temperatures and Large Carrier Densities in a High‐Mobility Organic Semiconductor
Authors: Vladimirov Ilja , Müller Sebastian , Baumann Roelf‐Peter , Geßner Thomas , Molla Zahra , Grigorian Souren , Köhler Anna , Bässler Heinz , Pietsch Ullrich , Weitz Ralf Thomas
Published: February 2019

The fundamental nature of charge transport in highly ordered organic semiconductors is under constant debate. At cryogenic temperatures, effects within the semiconductor such as traps or the interaction of charge carriers with the insulating substrate (dipolar disorder or Fröhlich polarons) are known to limit carrier motion. In comparison, at elevated temperatures, where charge carrier mobility often also decreases as function of temperature, phonon scattering or dynamic disorder are frequently discussed mechanisms, but the exact microscopic cause that limits carrier motion is debated. Here, the mobility in the temperature range between 200 and 420 K as function of carrier density is explored in highly ordered perylene‐diimide from 3 to 9 nm thin films. It is observed that above room temperature increasing the gate electric field or decreasing the semiconducting film thickness leads to a suppression of the charge carrier mobility. Via X‐ray diffraction measurements at various temperatures and electric fields, changes of the thin film structure are excluded as cause for the observed mobility decrease. The experimental findings point toward scattering sites or traps at the semiconductor–dielectric interface, or in the dielectric as limiting factor for carrier mobility, whose role is usually neglected at elevated temperatures.
Van der Waals Bipolar Junction Transistor Using Vertically Stacked Two‐Dimensional Atomic Crystals
Authors: Liu Liwei , Xu Ningsheng , Zhang Yu , Zhao Peng , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi
Published: February 2019

The majority of microelectronic devices rely on a p‐n junction. The process of making such a junction is complicated, and it is difficult to make layers that form a junction with an atomic thickness. In this study, bipolar junctions are made by using 2D atomic crystalline layers and even a single layer in which 2D layers adhere together to form a heterostructure via van der Waals forces. A vertical 2D bipolar junction transistor (V2D‐BJT) is studied for the first time. It uses an MoS2/WSe2/MoS2 heterostructure and has an n‐p‐n configuration that exhibits a maximum common‐base current gain of ≈0.97 and a stable common‐emitter current gain (β) of 12 with a nanowatt power consumption. In the first attempt at gas sensing, it shows outstanding performance, exhibiting a very fast response and recovery time (9 and 35 s, respectively) with a power dissipation of only 2 nW. This study demonstrates the potential application of the V2D‐BJT in nanowatt power amplifiers as well as fast‐response and low‐power gas sensors.
A Unified View on Nanoscale Packing, Connectivity, and Conductivity of CNT Networks
Authors: Gnanasekaran Karthikeyan , Grimaldi Claudio , de With Gijsbertus , Friedrich Heiner
Published: February 2019

The design of functional structures from primary building blocks requires a thorough understanding of how size, shape, and particle–particle interactions steer the assembly process. Specifically, for electrically conductive networks build from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combining macroscopic characterization and simulations shows that the achievable conductivity is mainly governed by CNT aspect ratio, length dispersity and attractive interactions. However, a direct link between the actual 3D network topology that leads to the observed electrical conductivity has not been established yet due to a lack in nanoscale experimental approaches. Here it is shown experimentally for randomly packed (jammed) CNT networks that the CNT aspect ratio determines, as theoretically predicted, the contact number per CNT which in turn scales linearly with the resulting electrical conductivity of the CNT network. Furthermore, nanoscale packing density, contact areas, contact distribution in random and nonrandom configurations, and least resistance pathways are quantified. The results illustrate how complex nanoscale networks can be imaged and quantified in 3D to understand and model their functional properties in a bottom‐up fashion.
Thermoresponsive Graphene Membranes with Reversible Gating Regularity for Smart Fluid Control
Authors: Liu Jingchong , Yu Li‐Juan , Yue Guichu , Wang Nü , Cui Zhimin , Hou Lanlan , Li Jihao , Li Qingzhong , Karton Amir , Cheng Qunfeng , Jiang Lei , Zhao Yong
Published: February 2019

Precisely regulating water and molecule permeation through membranes is of crucial significance in broad domains such as water filtration and smart reactors. Comparing with routine stiff membranes, stimuli‐response polymers endow porous membranes with various gating properties, but most of these membranes have only one‐way gating performance, that is, either positive or negative. Here poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) grafted graphene oxide (GO) membranes with reversible positive/negative gating regularity are constructed by simply tuning the molecule grafting density. The water and small molecule permeance of the membranes can be regulated by adjusting environment temperature. Based on this tunable thermoresponsive gating regularity, a bidirectional fluidic controlling system is designed by integrating a positive membrane and a negative membrane, which can be employed as a self‐adaptive gating reactor. This strategy provides an insight into constructing smart gating membranes with extraordinary properties, showing promising applications in micro/nanofluidic valves and temperature sensitive biochemical reactors.
Stable α‐CsPbI3 Perovskite Nanowire Arrays with Preferential Crystallographic Orientation for Highly Sensitive Photodetectors
Authors: Chen Gaosong , Feng Jiangang , Gao Hanfei , Zhao Yingjie , Pi Yueyang , Jiang Xiangyu , Wu Yuchen , Jiang Lei
Published: February 2019

All‐inorganic metal‐halide perovskites CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) exhibit higher stability than their organic–inorganic hybrid counterparts, but the thermodynamically instable perovskite α phase at room temperature of CsPbI3 restricts the practical optoelectronic applications. Although the stabilization of α‐CsPbI3 polycrystalline thin films is extensively studied, the creation of highly crystalline micro/nanostructures of α‐CsPbI3 with large grain size and suppressed grain boundary remains challenging, which impedes the implementations of α‐CsPbI3 for lateral devices, such as photoconductor‐type photodetectors. In this work, stable α‐CsPbI3 perovskite nanowire arrays are demonstrated with large grain size, high crystallinity, regulated alignment, and position by controlling the dewetting dynamics of precursor solution on an asymmetric‐wettability topographical template. The correlation between the higher photoluminescence (PL) intensity and longer PL lifetime indicates the nanowires exhibit stable α phase and suppressed trap density. The preferential (100) orientation is characterized by discrete diffraction spots in grazing incidence wide‐angle scattering patterns, suggesting the long‐range crystallographic order of these nanowires. Based on these high‐quality nanowire arrays, highly sensitive photodetectors are realized with a responsivity of 1294 A W−1 and long‐term stability with 90% performance retention after 30‐day ambient storage.
Boosting Visible Light Harvesting in p‐Type Ternary Oxides for Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Conversion Using Inverse Opal Structure
Authors: Oh Yunjung , Yang Wooseok , Tan Jeiwan , Lee Hyungsoo , Park Jaemin , Moon Jooho
Published: February 2019

P‐type semiconductors based on ternary oxides have attracted wide interest owing to their earth‐crust abundance and favorable optoelectronic properties. Among the p‐type ternary oxides, delafossite‐phase CuFeO2 has received considerable attention because it has the potential to fully harness visible light (<800 nm) owing to its narrow bandgap (1.4–1.6 eV). Despite the favorable optoelectronic properties predicted by theoretical studies, CuFeO2 photocathodes have low quantum efficiency under visible light near the bandgap edge, which is a major bottleneck for efficient solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion. Herein, a novel method is presented for boosting visible‐light harvesting in the CuFeO2 photocathode by employing an inverse opal structure as a periodic macrostructure. The periodic macroporous structure allows exceptional near‐bandgap photon harvesting, particularly within the range of 600–700 nm, owing to the enhanced light absorption due to multiple scattering together with the short diffusion distance for minority carriers toward the electrolyte. After surface modification with a low‐cost double hydroxide electrocatalyst, our CuFeO2‐based photocathode exhibits a record‐breaking photocurrent density of 5.2 mA cm−2 at −0.1 V with respect to the reversible hydrogen electrode for water reduction among p‐type ternary oxide‐based photocathodes.
Mechanical and Electric Control of Photonic Modes in Random Dielectrics
Authors: Balestri Dario , Petruzzella Maurangelo , Checcucci Simona , Intonti Francesca , Caselli Niccolò , Sgrignuoli Fabrizio , van Otten Frank W. M. , Fiore Andrea , Gurioli Massimo
Published: February 2019

Random dielectrics defines a class of non‐absorbing materials where the index of refraction is randomly arranged in space. Whenever the transport mean free path is sufficiently small, light can be confined in modes with very small volume. Random photonic modes have been investigated for their basic physical insights, such as Anderson localization, and recently several applications have been envisioned in the field of renewable energies, telecommunications, and quantum electrodynamics. An advantage for optoelectronics and quantum source integration offered by random systems is their high density of photonic modes, which span a large range of spectral resonances and spatial distributions, thus increasing the probability to match randomly distributed emitters. Conversely, the main disadvantage is the lack of deterministic engineering of one or more of the many random photonic modes achieved. This issue is solved by demonstrating the capability to electrically and mechanically control the random modes at telecom wavelengths in a 2D double membrane system. Very large and reversible mode tuning (up to 50 nm), both toward shorter or longer wavelength, is obtained for random modes with modal volumes of the order of few tens of (λ/n)3.
Effect of the Device Architecture on the Performance of FA0.85MA0.15PbBr0.45I2.55 Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Adjokatse Sampson , Kardula Jane , Fang Hong‐Hua , Shao Shuyan , ten Brink Gert H. , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: February 2019

Hybrid perovskite solar cells have attracted an unprecedented research attention due to their skyrocketing record power conversion efficiency (PCE), which now exceeds 23% in less than a decade from the initial PCE of 3.8%. Besides the excellent optoelectronic properties of the perovskite absorbers, the high efficiencies are also dependent on preparation methods and advanced device engineering. In this study, the role of the device architecture (planar n‐i‐p vs inverted p‐i‐n structure) and of the charge‐selective interlayer on the photophysical properties of the perovskite absorber and device performance are explored. FA0.85MA0.15PbBr0.45I2.55 (MA = methylammonium, FA = formamidinium) as the perovskite absorber and chloride‐capped TiO2 colloidal nanocrystals (TiO2‐Cl) and poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as close‐to‐the‐substrate layers in the conventional and inverted structures are employed, respectively. Extremely different device performances are demonstrated by the two structures. The device where the active layer is deposited on TiO2‐Cl displays a champion PCE of 19.9%, while the one using PEDOT:PSS gives about 15.1% efficiency. The photophysical and electrical investigations indicate that the TiO2‐Cl/perovskite interface has lower number of traps, underlining the importance of interfaces for achieving highly performing perovskite solar cells.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Oxygen Donor‐Based Annulation of Ketones and Ammonium Persulfate: Regioselective Synthesis of 2,4‐disubstituted Oxazoles
Authors: Cao Zhongzhong , Lv Huifang , Liu Yufeng , Nie Zhiwen , Liu Haiping , Yang Tonglin , Luo Weiping , Liu Qiang , Guo Cancheng
Published: February 2019

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of substituted oxazoles via an annulation of ketones, DMSO, and ammonium is reported. DMSO is first found to serve as oxygen donor in annulation resulting in regioselective synthesis of 2,4‐disubstituted oxazoles. With the optimized conditions in hand, 22 examples of 2,4‐disubstituted oxazoles are obtained from readily available substrates. The protocol can be also applied in cross‐condensation reactions between methyl ketones and non‐methyl ketones resulting 4 examples of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted oxazoles. Moreover, we have successfully applied the protocol into gram‐scale representing good yields, that showing the potential practicality in organic synthesis. Based on control experiments and literature, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed in our work.

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Achieving High‐Performance Solution‐Processed Deep‐Red/Near‐Infrared Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with a Phenanthroline‐Based and Wedge‐Shaped Fluorophore
Authors: Zhang Youming , Wu Jiatao , Song Jun , Chen Zhao , He Junjie , Wang Xin , Liu Haiyang , Chen Shuming , Qu Junle , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: February 2019

A phenanthroline‐based donor–acceptor type fluorophore is designed and synthesized, and its thermal, photophysical, and electrochemical characteristics are investigated. This fluorophore displays a strong deep‐red/near‐infrared (DR/NIR) emission with the photoluminescence quantum yield of 74.8% in nonpolar n‐hexane solvent and 4.5% in polar chloroform solvent, as well as 1.26% in neat film and 18.4% in 5 wt% doped poly(methyl methacrylate) film. DR/NIR devices are fabricated, with emission peaks at 670–696 nm and external quantum efficiencies of 3.18–1.43% at different doping concentrations.
Quantification of Pseudocapacitive Contribution in Nanocage‐Shaped Silicon–Carbon Composite Anode
Authors: Son Yeonguk , Ma Jiyoung , Kim Namhyung , Lee Taeyong , Lee Yoonkwang , Sung Jaekyung , Choi Seong‐Hyeon , Nam Gyutae , Cho Hyeyoung , Yoo Youngshin , Cho Jaephil
Published: February 2019

Pseudocapacitive materials have been highlighted as promising electrode materials to overcome slow diffusion‐limited redox mechanism in active materials, which impedes fast charging/discharging in energy storage devices. However, previously reported pseudocapacitive properties have been rarely used in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and evaluation methods have been limited to those focused on thin‐film‐type electrodes. Hence, a nanocage‐shaped silicon–carbon composite anode is proposed with excellent pseudocapacitive qualities for LIB applications. This composite anode exhibits a superior rate capability compared to other Si‐based anodes, including commercial silicon nanoparticles, because of the higher pseudocapacitive contribution coming from ultrathin Si layer. Furthermore, unprecedent 3D pore design in cage shape, which prevents the particle scale expansion even after full lithiation demonstrates the high cycling stability. This concept can potentially be used to realize high‐power and high‐energy LIB anode materials.
Settled/unsettled blend nanofibers electrospun from photoactive polymeric/nonpolymeric constituents in PBDT‐DTNT:PCBM solar cells
Authors: Agbolaghi Samira
Published: February 2019

To increase internal donor–acceptor interfaces and highlight the influence of ordering of donor–acceptor components inside fibers, novel blend fibrous structures comprising unsettled poly[benzodithiophene‐bis(decyltetradecyl‐thien) naphthothiadiazole] (PBDT‐DTNT):grafted‐reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanofibers, settled PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO nanofibers including PBDT‐DTNT, and settled PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO nanofibers excluding PBDT‐DTNT were prepared and embedded in photovoltaics. Hence, three‐dimensional nonwoven network morphologies of triple electrospun fibers were acquired using electrospinning. Average diameter and conductivity of PBDT‐DTNT:grafted‐rGO, PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO:PBDT‐DTNT, and PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO fibers ranged in 200–250 and 1.1–1.6 × 10−9 S cm−1, 150–190 and 9.2–9.5 × 10−7 S cm−1, and 60–80 nm and 3.3–3.7 × 10−10 S cm−1, respectively. Photoluminescence quenching and thus donating–accepting characteristic of settled PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO nanofibers including PBDT‐DTNT were more intensified, resulting from greater internal interfaces. Through blending PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO supramolecules with PBDT‐DTNT chains and embedding them in PBDT‐DTNT:phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) thin films, the best results were obtained. Short‐circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) were 12.18 mA cm−2, 0.66 V, 65%, and 5.22%, respectively. Nanofiber template not only acted as guide path for charge transport but also increased interfacial area between donor and acceptor to induce more exciton dissociation. Inclusion of PBDT‐DTNT donor chains into blend nanofibers increased donor–acceptor interface in organic filaments. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47591.
The survival of hatchery‐origin pinto abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana released into Washington waters
Authors: Carson Henry S. , Morin Dana J. , Bouma Joshua V. , Ulrich Michael , Sizemore Robert
Published: February 2019

Wild populations of pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in Washington State have declined by 97% since 1992, despite a fishery closure since 1994. No recruitment has been detected recently, indicating probable reproductive failure due to low densities. A pilot programme placed a total of over 11,000 hatchery‐origin juveniles, age 18–22 months, at 10 sites in the San Juan Islands.

Observed (naive) year 1 survival averaged 10.2% (0–23% range) and was most influenced by site compared with lineage or size‐at‐outplant. Families survived in the approximate proportions that they were outplanted, and there was little support for an effect of size‐at‐outplant on survival.

Detection was low due to the small chance of sighting individuals on complex substrate. When derived from repeated sampling, an upper bound on naive detection rate averaged 0.38 and increased with size. When derived from a closed capture–recapture model, average detection was estimated at 0.19.

Growth was highly variable and confounded with detection, but an average 3.4% of detected outplants across all sites (0–7.5% range) had reached reproductive size in 2017.

A state‐space model of exponential population growth was modified to account for imperfect detection and yielded an estimated density of abalone for each survey. Seven out of eight sites included in the model remained above a target abalone density of 0.3 m−2 throughout the project.

The majority of tagged abalone made little net movement over weekly and annual timescales, although some emigration likely reduced survival estimates.

The restoration programme is transitioning from a pilot phase to a production phase, including optimization of hatchery and outplant processes. Existing well‐performing sites will receive additional cohorts every 4–5 years to maintain aggregation densities. New sites will replace poorly performing ones, although this is hampered by a poor understanding of the mechanisms behind site performance.
Successful mechanical eradication of spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque, 1819)) from a South African river
Authors: van der Walt Johannes A. , Marr Sean M. , Wheeler Marius J. , Impson N. Dean , Garrow Craig , Weyl Olaf L.F.
Published: February 2019

Following the discovery in 2007 of non‐native spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque, 1819)) in the Thee River, Olifants‐Doring River system, Western Cape Province, South Africa, a mechanical removal project was initiated in 2010 to eradicate them to protect the unique native fish assemblage in the river.

A temporary gabion barrier was constructed to halt spotted bass invasion into upstream reaches and a variety of mechanical removal techniques were used throughout the project.

Three hundred and ninety‐nine spotted bass were removed from the river during the project. Three hundred (75%) of these were captured by chasing them into gill nets or by catching them with hand nets. The remainder were removed using spearguns, seine nets and by back‐pack electrofishing.

Spotted bass had been depleted to below detection levels downstream of the temporary barrier in the second year of the project in 2013. A subsequent survey of the river in 2014 revealed a bass population in a reach above the temporary barrier that had previously been considered uninvaded. This population of spotted bass was removed in 2014. Subsequent annual surveys of the Thee River in 2015, 2016 and 2017 have not detected spotted bass and the population is considered to have been extirpated.

Three years after the extirpation of spotted bass from below the temporary barrier, native fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon (Barnard, 1938)) and Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus Castelnau, 1861) were observed in pools where they had been absent during the bass invasion.
Comparative Fracture Risks Among United States Medicaid Enrollees With and Those Without Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tedeschi Sara K. , Kim Seoyoung C. , Guan Hongshu , Grossman Jennifer M. , Costenbader Karen H.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Poor bone health is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate fracture risks among low‐income SLE and lupus nephritis patients compared to those without SLE.

Methods

We performed a cohort study among SLE patients for whom there were Medicaid claims in 2007–2010, and age‐ and sex‐matched non‐SLE comparators. SLE was defined by the presence of ≥3 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for SLE. Patients with lupus nephritis additionally had ≥2 codes for renal disease. The primary outcome measure was fracture of the pelvis, wrist, hip, or humerus. Demographics, prescriptions, and comorbidities were assessed during the 180‐day baseline period. We calculated fracture incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in SLE, lupus nephritis, and non‐SLE comparator cohorts, and estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for fractures. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the impact of glucocorticoids and comorbidities. We compared subsets of SLE patients with and those without lupus nephritis.

Results

Among 47,709 SLE patients (19.8% with lupus nephritis) matched to 190,836 non‐SLE comparators, the mean age was 41.4 years and 92.6% were female. The fracture incidence rate was highest among SLE patients with lupus nephritis (4.60 per 1,000 person‐years). SLE patients had 2‐fold higher fracture risks than matched comparators (HR 2.09 [95% CI 1.85–2.37]; P < 0.01). Lupus nephritis patients had the greatest fracture risks versus matched comparators (HR 3.06 [95% CI 2.24–4.17]; P < 0.01), and had a 1.6 times higher fracture risk than SLE patients without nephritis (HR 1.58 [95% CI 1.20–2.07]; P < 0.01). Adjustment for glucocorticoid use and comorbidities slightly attenuated risks.

Conclusion

Fracture risks were increased in SLE patients, particularly those with lupus nephritis, compared to matched non‐SLE Medicaid recipients. Increased risks persisted after adjustment for baseline glucocorticoid treatment and comorbidities.
A risk‐sensitive stochastic maximum principle for fully coupled forward‐backward stochastic differential equations with applications
Authors: Khallout Rania , Chala Adel
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we are interested in the problem of optimal control where the system is given by a fully coupled forward‐backward stochastic differential equation with a risk‐sensitive performance functional. As a preliminary step, we use the risk neutral which is an extension of the initial control system where the admissible controls are convex, and an optimal solution exists.Then, we study the necessary as well as sufficient optimality conditions for risk sensitive performance. At the end of this work, we illustrate our main result by giving an example that deals with an optimal portfolio choice problem in financial market, specifically the model of control cash flow of a firm or project where, for instance, we can set the model of pricing and managing an insurance contract.
Shifting Toward a Predictive, Data‐Driven Operations Strategy
Authors: Williams Peter , Peleg Amir
Published: February 2019

Central event management is a critical layer for water agencies seeking to end siloed decision‐making and improve mission performance.
Harnessing the Power of Data Streams
Authors: Wallis‐Lage Cindy
Published: February 2019

A Black & Veatch report gauges the water industry's digital evolution amid unprecedented innovation and intensifying challenges.
Potential Public Health Impacts of Deteriorating Distribution System Infrastructure
Authors: Vacs Renwick Deborah , Heinrich Austin , Weisman Richard , Arvanaghi Heather , Rotert Kenneth
Published: February 2019

Drinking water distribution system deterioration can affect the water supply and reliability as well as water quality and public health.
Long noncoding RNAs predict the survival of patients with colorectal cancer as revealed by constructing an endogenous RNA network using bioinformation analysis
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Zhuo , Wu Jianzhong , Ma Rong , Feng Jifeng
Published: February 2019

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in various cancers types and can function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), which promote and maintain tumor initiation and progression. In this study, we explored the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs as ceRNAs in colorectal cancer and their clinical potential as biomarkers. The RNA sequencing profiles of patients with colorectal cancer were downloaded from TCGA database, and 62 lncRNAs, 30miRNAs, and 59 mRNAs were identified to comprise the ceRNA network (fold change > 2, P < 0.01). Functional enrichment analysis suggested that the target genes of the ceRNA network may be involved in the pathways related to cancer, including the signaling pathway that regulates the pluripotency of stem cells, wnt signaling pathway, hippo signaling pathway, basal cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. Univariate and multivariate Cox's proportional hazard regression model revealed that five (H19, MIR31HG, HOTAIR, WT1‐AS, and LINC00488) out of 62 lncRNAs were closely related to the overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the five‐lncRNA model could be an independent prognostic model in colorectal cancer. We computed for the risk function and constructed a risk score based on the five lncRNAs. Results showed that patients with high‐risk scores have poor survival rates. Additionally, combing the risk score and other clinicopathological features, we can better predict the patient's survival probabilities. Furthermore, we validate our model in the GSE38832 dataset. Collectively, our study has provided a deeper understanding of the lncRNA‐related ceRNA regulatory mechanism in CRC and identified five‐lncRNA model, which could be considered as candidate prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
An SPH model to simulate the dynamic behavior of shear thickening fluids
Authors: Ozgen Oktar , Kallmann Marcelo , Brown Eric
Published: February 2019

While significant research has been dedicated to the simulation of fluids, not much attention has been given to exploring new interesting behavior that can be generated with different types of non‐Newtonian fluids with nonconstant viscosity. Going in this direction, this paper introduces a computational model for simulating the most interesting phenomena observed in non‐Newtonian shear thickening fluids, which are fluids where viscosity increases with increased stress. These fluids have unique and unconventional behavior, and they often appear in real‐world scenarios such as when sinking in quicksand or when experimenting with popular cornstarch and water mixtures. The fluid exhibits unique phase changes between solid and liquid states, great impact resistance in its solid state, and strong hysteresis effects. Our proposed approach builds on existing non‐Newtonian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) fluid models in computer graphics and introduces an efficient history‐based stiffness term that is essential to produce the most interesting types of shear thickening phenomena. The history‐based stiffness is formulated through the use of fractional derivatives, leveraging the fractional calculus ability to depict both the viscoelastic behavior and the history effects of history‐dependent systems. Simulations produced by our method are compared against real experiments, and the results demonstrate that the proposed model successfully captures key phenomena specific to discontinuous shear thickening fluids.
A generic framework for editing and synthesizing multimodal data with relative emotion strength
Authors: Chan Jacky C. P. , Shum Hubert P. H. , Wang He , Yi Li , Wei Wei , Ho Edmond S. L.
Published: February 2019

Emotion is considered to be a core element in performances. In computer animation, both body motions and facial expressions are two popular mediums for a character to express the emotion. However, there has been limited research in studying how to effectively synthesize these two types of character movements using different levels of emotion strength with intuitive control, which is difficult to be modeled effectively. In this work, we explore a common model that can be used to represent the emotion for the applications of body motions and facial expressions synthesis. Unlike previous work that encode emotions into discrete motion style descriptors, we propose a continuous control indicator called emotion strength by controlling which a data‐driven approach is presented to synthesize motions with fine control over emotions. Rather than interpolating motion features to synthesize new motion as in existing work, our method explicitly learns a model mapping low‐level motion features to the emotion strength. Because the motion synthesis model is learned in the training stage, the computation time required for synthesizing motions at run time is very low. We further demonstrate the generality of our proposed framework by editing 2D face images using relative emotion strength. As a result, our method can be applied to interactive applications such as computer games, image editing tools, and virtual reality applications, as well as offline applications such as animation and movie production.