bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Współczesna sytuacja językowa na Litwie: aspekt geolingwistyczny i nowe możliwości opisu
Authors: Mikulėnienė Danguolė , Rutkowska Krystyna
Published: July 2015

Contemporary linguistic situation in Lithuania: geolinguistic aspects and new descriptive possibilitiesThe purpose of this article is to present the latest dialectological research conducted in Lithuania based on the achievements of dialectology as a science. Primary attention will be devoted to the presentation of the latest research project, carried out in 2011–2014, and headed by prof. Danguolė Mikulėnienė at the Institut of the Lithuanian Language. The project involved 33 dialectologists, including specialists in Slavic dialects. This project is a continuation of earlier studies conducted in Lithuania by well-known Lithuanian dialectologists. The project takes advantage of their accomplishments and achievements, but at the same time it considers new aspects of the research and applies contemporary methodologies; thus, it gives rise to a new stage of the dialectological research in Lithuania. Lithuanian dialects are described in the context of the complicated language situation in many dialectal regions of Lithuania. What is more, the research project takes into account the effects of other language codes on dialects of Lithuanian in terms of synchronic and diachronic dimensions, and aims at description of the consequences of such interactions. This project is based not only in traditional dialectology, but also on methodologies developed by other branches of linguistics, such as sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and geolinguistics. Современная языковая ситуация в Литве: геолингвистический аспект и новые перспективы исследованияЦелью данной статьи является презентация новейших диалектологических исследований, проводимых в Литве. Основное внимание уделено представлению научно-исследовательского проекта, реализуемого в 2011–2014 годах в Институте литовского языка под руководством проф. Дангуоле Микуленене. В проекте принимают участие 33 исследователя-диалектолога, в том числе представители славянских языков. Этот проект является продолжением предыдущих исследований, проводимых литовскими диалектологами, использует их успехи и достижения, а также предлагает новые аспекты исследований, использует новейшие методологии, таким образом знаменуя начало нового этапа в изучении народных говоров в Литве. Литовские диалекты описаны в контексте языковой ситуации, которая исторически сложилась во многих областях Литвы, с учётом влияния других языковых кодов на литовский язык. В процессе исследования используются не только методы традиционной диалектологии, но и методы, разработанные в русле других научных дисциплин – социолингвистики, этнолингвистики, геолингвистики.
O poprawności językowej tekstów zamieszczanych w portalu pl.delfi.lt
Authors: Dwilewicz [Dvilevič] Barbara
Published: July 2015

On language correctness of Polish posts on pl.delfi.lt discussion groupThe article discusses issues of language correctness of texts written in Polish but published outside Poland on pl.delfi.lt discussion group (established March 2012). We analyse deviations from the standard Polish in various areas: spelling, punctuation, syntax, morphology and semantics. Moreover, we discuss the main causes of these changes: extralinguistic factors and the negative influence of Lithuanian and Russian. A study of selected items revealed that a number of incorrect forms appear in direct speech, which might have been caused either by the unwillingness of editors to interfere with odd texts, or by the lack of linguistic competence. Проблема языковой правильности в текстах, опубликованных на портале pl.delfi.ltСтатья посвящена проблеме языковой правильности текстов, написанных на польском языке и опубликованных за пределами Польши. Материалом для исследования послужили разнообразные по тематике статьи, размещенные на польскоязычном сайте pl.delfi.lt, который был основан в Литве в марте 2012 года. В статье рассматриваются орфографические, пунктуационные, морфологические, синтаксические и семантические отклонения от современной общепольской языковой нормы. Учитывается негативное влияние неязыковых факторов, а также русского и литовского языков, которые в немалой степени способствуют возникновению этих языковых неправильностей. Выборочный анализ показал, что многие языковые ошибки появляются преимущественно в прямой речи. Это можно объяснить либо нежеланием редакции вмешиваться в чужой текст, либо отсутствием языковой компетенции у самих авторов.
Polska młodzież na Litwie: o Pulakach i Wilniukach
Authors: Ackermann Ines
Published: July 2015

Young Poles in Lithuania: about Pulaki and WilniukiThe article analyses the blog and the corresponding Facebook group: Pulaki z Wilni. The members of the group are mostly young people from Vilnius area in Lithuania, who consider themselves Poles. The group’s main aim is to use their regional variety of Polish, also in a written form.Since the members of the group also call themselves Wilniuki, the presentation of the Pulaki starts with this term and the way how Wilniuki characterize themselves. Furthermore, the article presents the self-description of the group Pulaki z Wilni on Facebook and continues with an analysis of the users’ language in numerous online discussions. We can note that the cited posts use much (self-)irony and over-use not only of regional attributes of Polish, but also Russian words and grammar. The users play with the language and communicate with a variety of Polish different from the generally recognised standard – they even sometimes create entirely novel words or expressions. The texts show a clear demarcation between Poland and the Polish language used there and the Polish language spoken by Wilniuki. They raise the value of regionalisms, but also of mixed languages and cultures. Yet, most of all it shows that many young Poles in Lithuania use Polish in a creative way, and that their language is a living language. Польская молодёжь в Литве: о пуляках и вильнюкахВ статье рассматривается блог и соответствующая группа на Фейсбуке под названием Pulaki z Wilni. Участниками группы в основном являются молодые люди из Вильнюсского района Литвы, которые считают себя поляками. Основной целью группы является употребление регионального варианта польского языка, также в письменной форме. Поскольку участники группы называют себя вильнюками (Wilniuki), презентация поляков (Pulaki) начинается именно с этого термина и того, как вильнюки себя описывают. Кроме того, статья представляет вопросы самоидентификации группы Pulaki z Wilni на Фейсбуке, анализ языка пользователей в разных обсуждениях онлайн. Легко заметить, что цитируемые посты полны (само-) иронии и чрезмерного употребления региональных элементов польского языка, а также русских заимствований и грамматики. Пользователи играют с польской речью и пишут – иногда даже создавая – свой вариант, который отличается от литературного польского языка. Тексты показывают чёткую разницу между разговорным польским языком в Польше и тем, который употребляют вильнюки. Pассматривается также вопрос ценности регионализмов и смешивания языков и культур. В то же время, показано, что многие молодые поляки из Литвы творчески употребляют польский язык и тем самым поддерживают его жизнеспособность.
„Nieaktualna” leksyka ogólnopolska w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (na materiale gazety „Trybuna Radziecka” z lat 1927–1938 – litery a–b)
Authors: Graczykowska Tamara
Published: July 2015

"The outdated" Polish lexis in the interwar period (based on Trybuna Radziecka 1927–1938, letters a–b)This paper discusses 27 lexemes extracted from Trybuna Radziecka, the Polish weekly published in Moscow in 1927–1938 and edited by Polish left-intelligentsia, living in the USSR as political émigrés in the interwar period. The lexical items are listed in the form of a dictionary with examples and comments.The largest group are lexemes whose frequency in Polish is decreasing (18 items); the next group are words becoming obsolete (8 items); 15 lexems still function in the postwar Northern Borderland Polish (e.g. aeroport, akuratnie, arenda, asfaltowany, automobil, automobilowy, awjacja, bezpodstawowy, biust, bizun); one item belongs to the older vocabulary of general Polish and one to already outdated lexis. Apart from these groups, twelve lexemes had been derived from Russian words (e.g. adres, aeroport, akuratnie, arenda, automobile). «Неупотрeбляемая» польская лексика в междувоенный период (на материале газеты «Trybuna Radziecka» за годы 1927–1938, буквы А–Б)В статье проводится анализ лексики, извлеченнoй из газеты «Trybuna Radziecka» (буквы А–Б), издаваемой в Москве польскими коммунистами в период между двумя мировыми войнами (годы 1927–1938). Рассматриваются лишь слова, принадлежащие к лексике, вышедшей из употребления в oбщепольском языке. Доминируют рецессивные слова (18 примеров) и выходящие из упторебления (8 примеров). Мы обнаружили также одно устаревшее слово и один архаизм. Стоит подчеркнуть, что значительная часть слов (12 единиц) нашла поддержку в русском языке, что способствовало их более длительному сохранению в языке поляков, проживающих в Советской России в междувоенный период. Подытоживая, следует сказать, что хотя неупотребляемая лексика занимала незначительную позицию среди всех слов (в пределах букв А–Б), почерпнутых из газеты «Trybuna Radziecka», её наличие в языке источника всё же отражало общие черты советского польского языка послереволюционного периода.
Фразеология в романах Флориана Чарнышевича как языковое свидетельство образа заимоотношений польской общности на приберезинской территории в начале ХХ века
Authors: Ostrówka Małgorzata
Published: July 2015

Idiomatic expressions in Florian Czarnyszewicz’s novels as a linguistic evidence of mutual relations of the Polish community by the Berezina river at the beginning of the 20th centuryThis article is an attempt at analysing collocations chosen from Florian Czarnyszewicz’s novels Nadberezyńcy and Wicik Żywica on the basis of their semantic classification. The subject of the analysis were collocations expressing mutual interpersonal relations: love, relations with family members or neighbours, fighting with somebody / showing hostility, punishment / revenge, killing / dying. The majority of the analysed idioms are used to express emotions, among which negative emotions prevail. The analysed units can be divided in the following way:typical of spoken Polishhaving full semantic, lexical and grammatical equivalents in Belorussianhaving full semantic, lexical and grammatical equivalents in Russianhaving full semantic, lexical and grammatical equivalents in Belorussian and Russian.This division results from the historical and linguistic conditions – the Poles inhabiting ethnic Belarus lived in a multinational environment. Traditional Polish communities were located near Belorussian and Russian (Old-Believers’) villages. The genetic proximity of the Polish, Belorussian (including dialects) and Russian languages gave rise to numerous language interferences. The evidence of this is the vocabulary used in Czarnyszewicz’s novels, especially idioms.
Z fonetyki "Listów Święteo Oyca Partheniusza..." (1643)
Authors: Klimek Jolanta
Published: July 2015

Selected remarks on the phonetics of Letters of Father Parthenius... (1643)This paper is devoted to a selection of issues concerning the phonetics of the 17th‑century Kievan variety of Polish, analyzed in the context of the 17th‑century standard Polish and its other regional varieties. Polish translations of the letters written by the Patriarch of Constantinople Parthenius I to the Kievan Metropolitan Piotr Mohyla were used as research material. The vocalic analysis covers the follo­wing aspects: the raised vowels, the reduction of oN into uN, the alternation between każdy and kożdy, as well as the nasal vowel articulation. The paper also discusses the following consonantal features: the distortion in the palatalization of consonants, the phonetic realization of -ou-, -au- in borrowings, the presence of the palatalized ‑ch’ – and the problematic spelling of l – ł. No significant phonetic contrasts have been detected between Letters... and other texts written in the Kievan variety of Polish. This allows a conclusion that the phonetics of the translated letters is representative of the Kievan Polish of the 1640s. This variety, on the other hand, exhibits the influence of the standard Polish as well as of Russian. Фонетика текста Listy Swieteo Oyca Partheniusza... (1643)Статья посвящена вопросам фонетики языка семнадцатого века Киева, рассматриваемого на фоне восточного варианта и общепольского языка. В качестве исходного материала взят польский перевод писем патриарха Константинополя Партения I митрополиту Киева, Петру Могиле. Анализ вокализма включает: суженные гласные, чередование każdy – kożdy и реализацию носовых гласных. Анализ консонантизма включает: нарушения мягкости согласных, судьбу -ou-, -au- в заимствованных формах, наличие мягкого -ch’-, ошибочные записи l – ł. Не обнаруживается больших различий между Письмами... и другими польскими текстами, напечатанными в XVII в. в Киеве, поэтому можно прийти к выводу, что фонетика перевода Писем... характерна для польского языка, употребляемого в то время в Киеве. В описываемом варианте языка можно найти следы воздействия как общепольского языка, так и восточнославянского субстрата.
К этимологии диалектного существительного борошня
Authors: Ягинцева [Jagintseva] Ольга [Olga]
Published: July 2015

The etymology of the Russian dialectical word boroshnyaTracking back the origins of locally used words and turns of phrases recorded in literature is important because diachronic linguistic research provides substantial and rather reliable information about the history of its speakers. Based on etymological findings, it is possible to outline both general as well as specific features of a dialect or a language. In many cases, other historical and linguistic evidence will help revise and clarify these basic findings.In this article, the origin of a word boroshnya ‘basket’ is analysed. The reconstructed semantic and word-formation relationships have a very archaic character, which explains the fact that the lexeme boroshnya lost its word-formation productivity. The author proposes a new explanation of the etymology of the noun boroshnya, arguing for a connection between this noun and the word boroshen’ ‘belongings’. The author proves that the word boroshnya has derived from the proto-form: *boršьno < *bhorģ-s-i-no- ‘to divide’, which means that the word boroshnya is of a Slavonic origin and was not borrowed from any other language.
Виллем Эрнитс (1891–1982) – первый эстонский полонист
Authors: Синдецкая [Sindetskaja] Наталия [Natalija]
Published: July 2015

Villem Ernits (1891–1982) – the first Estonian specialist in Polish philologyThe period between the two world wars – 1918–1939 – was the most fruitful time for Polish-Estonian cultural relations. The cooperation of Warsaw and Tallinn was especially intense in the 1930s, when the mutual interest of the countries culminated in the establishing of the department of the Estonian language in Poland. This article describes Villem Ernits’ work as a lecturer of Estonian in the University of Warsaw. The article also presents an overview of his scientific interests in the field of Slavonic philology during his work at the University of Tartu. Working as a teacher in both universities Ernits experienced two significant problems: there was inadequate research into teaching the subject, and the number of teaching materials was scarce. Although Ernits’ postwar pedagogical and scientific activity lies in the field of oriental studies, he can be definitely considered as one of the most important founders of the Polish-Estonian relations.
Helena Krasowska, "Mniejszość polska na południowo‑wschodniej Ukrainie", Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, Warszawa 2012, ss. 435.
Authors: Zielińska Anna
Published: July 2015

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Benita Laumane, "Jūra latviešu valodā un folklorā: etnolingvistiskais aspekts" (Morze w języku i folklorze łotewskim: aspekt etnolingwistyczny),Liepājas Universitāte Kurzemes Humanitārais Institūts, Liepāja 2013, ss. 403.
Authors: Biesiadowska-Magdziarz Beata
Published: July 2015

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O przezwyciężaniu przeszłości w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Notatki z konferencji
Authors: Rawski Tomasz , Roman Katarzyna
Published: July 2015

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Fracture response of SiOC-based composites on dynamic loading
Authors: Halasová Martina , Černý Martin , Strachota Adam , Chlup Zdeněk , Dlouhý Ivo
Published: July 2015

The fracture resistance to the dynamic loading of composites based on partially pyrolysed SiOC glass reinforced with basalt fibres was investigated using an instrumented impact test. The three-point bend loading configuration of the specimen bars prepared from the composite plate was used. Evolution of the matrix during the pyrolysis plays a key role in creation of bonding between the matrix and fibres, which was in the form of woven fabrics. Different temperatures of pyrolysis were applied in order to determine their influence on the fracture behaviour during impact tests. The high speed camera was employed to observe fracture response to impact loading during the fracture process. The temperature range for pyrolysis was chosen from 600 to 800℃ with the step of 50℃. The partial melting of basalt fibres occurred at temperatures above 800℃. Observation of fractographic features on the fracture surfaces was performed using scanning electron microscopy.
Technological properties of thermoplastic composites filled with fire retardant and tea mill waste fiber
Authors: Donmez Cavdar Ayfer , Kalaycioglu Hulya , Mengeloğlu Fatih
Published: July 2015

In this study, physical, mechanical, thermal, fire and biological properties of thermoplastic composites filled with fire retardant and tea mill waste fiber were investigated. The composites produced with the extrusion method were accomplished by using tea mill waste fiber as lignocellulosic materials and high-density polyethylene and polypropylene as thermoplastic polymer. Aluminum trihydrate and zinc borate were incorporated with different contents into polymer matrix for improving fire properties of the composites, and their effects on technological properties of the composites were evaluated. Aluminum trihydrate had a positive effect on the tensile modulus of the composites whilst zinc borate had adverse effect on that of the composites. The strength properties of the composites slightly decreased with usage of fire retardant. In the light of obtained results, it was specified that use of fire retardants improved physical, biological, thermal and fire properties of tea mill waste fiber-filled thermoplastic composites.
Effects of acute chemotherapy-induced mucositis on spontaneous behaviour and the grimace scale in laboratory rats
Authors: Whittaker A L , Leach M C , Preston F L , Lymn K A , Howarth G S
Published: July 2015

Intestinal mucositis is a frequent side-effect of chemotherapy treatment. Many oncological research programs aim to identify novel treatments for this distressing condition, and these programs frequently use rat models. Little is known about the presence and progression of pain in these models and how this can best be treated by analgesic therapy. We used a number of behaviour-based methods of pain assessment to determine which tools were best suited for pain identification. Baseline measures for behavioural assessment, rat grimace score and sociability were determined through analysis of continuously recorded video data and an applied social interaction test ( n = 16). Mucositis was then induced by intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (150 mg/kg) and further behavioural analyses undertaken. An assessment of enrichment interaction was also made by determining the mass of a plastic chew toy gnawed both pre- and post-chemotherapy injection. Behavioural scoring was performed 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after injection, with facial expression being scored at the 12, 24 and 48 h time-points. Sociability testing was performed once during the post-injection period. No significant differences were found in grimace scores between baseline and later daily measures. Behaviours similar to those previously reported post-laparotomy were observed. Writhing, twitching and back-arching behaviours were most evident in rats affected by mucositis and were increased in frequency (respective P values: 0.002, 0.004 and 0.008) 48 h after chemotherapy injection compared with baseline, implying that pain onset occurred around this time-point. Social investigatory behaviour was also increased ( P = 0.002) following disease onset. Each day, rats post-5FU injection gnawed a greater percentage of their nylabone enrichment by weight than the saline-injected control rats ( P = 0.046). These data suggest that, of the tools tested, behavioural assessment scoring may find greatest utility in rodent models of intestinal mucositis and should be investigated further.
Enhancing the performance properties of ester-cross-linked cotton fabrics using Al2O3-NPs
Authors: Korkmaz Nazife , Alay Aksoy Sennur
Published: July 2015

In this research, use of aluminum oxide nano-particles (Al2O3-NPs) as a catalyst and co-catalyst in the wrinkle-resistant finishing of cotton fabric with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), was investigated. For this, cotton fabrics were cross-linked with BTCA catalyzed by Al2O3-NPs or sodium hypophosphite (SHP) in the presence of Al2O3-NPs as the co-catalyst. Surface morphology and chemical composition of the treated fabrics beside the fabric properties, such as wrinkle resistance, flame retardancy, yellowing, and air permeability, were also evaluated. Scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis proved the presence of Al2O3-NPs on the fabric structure. The cross-linking of the fabrics with BTCA catalyzed by Al2O3-NPs or SHP was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The fabric test results indicated that the Al2O3-NPs co-catalyst could act as a multifunctional finishing material. The flame retardant property of the fabric, besides wrinkle resistance, was improved. It was also concluded that Al2O3-NPs could enhance the finishing performance and minimize the side effect of SHP.
The Use of the -Free Compound and Free of and Free From Phrasal Constructions
Authors: Liu Dilin , Zhan Hongwei
Published: July 2015

Using data from the 400-million-word Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and the 450-million-word Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), this study investigates both diachronically and synchronically the use of the -free compound and its counterparts, the free of/from phrases. A close examination of the frequency, distribution, and structural and semantic functions of the constructions yields the following key findings. First, frequency-wise, free of has exhibited a steady slow growth, and free from has declined dramatically; in contrast -free has increased enormously, although its archaic use in the senses of ‘free to’ and ‘free with’ disappeared by the 1940s. Second, the -free compound boasts a high potential productivity index. Third, while both the compound and the phrasal constructions may be used as predicative and postnominal adjectives, objective complements, and adverbials, only the - free compound is used as a prenominal (attributive) adjective. Fourth, whereas the - free compound is used almost exclusively nonreferentially, the free of/from constructions are used significantly more referentially. Fifth, even in the contexts where the constructions may all be used, often only one is allowed or preferred due to certain internal structural and semantic factors. Finally, condensation of information along with changes in language and life styles appears to have driven the increased use of the compound over its phrasal counterparts, although the phrase free of charge has resisted the change: its high frequency likely has blocked its * charge-free compound counterpart.
Substance Use and Treatment Needs
Authors: Samuelsson Eva
Published: July 2015

Men’s and women’s drinking tend to elicit different societal reactions, which may be attributed to different perceptions of masculinity and femininity. This study analyzes addiction care practitioners’ constructions of substance use and treatment needs in relation to gender. Data were collected by means of six focus group interviews with 30 addiction care practitioners. An interpretative repertoire of difference emerged, whereby women were constructed as being different from men in psychological, social, and biological respects. The practitioners related to gender in addiction care as an ideological dilemma resulting from the contradictory ideals of on the one hand treating everybody equally and on the other giving special attention to what is regarded as women’s needs. Reflections emerged regarding the need to be aware of one’s own stereotyped assumptions, and also to be attentive toward men’s specific problems, thus constituting a reflective repertoire. In order to avoid potentially stereotyped treatment, the application of a gender-sensitive approach should acknowledge the variety of ways in which femininity and masculinity may be performed.
Effectiveness of Using Incentives to Improve Parolee Admission and Attendance in Community Addiction Treatment
Authors: Prendergast Michael L. , Hall Elizabeth A. , Grossman Jason , Veliz Robert , Gregorio Liliana , Warda Umme S. , Van Unen Kory , Knight Chloe
Published: July 2015

This study is a randomized effectiveness trial of the use of incentives to improve treatment utilization among parolees in community treatment. In prison, Admission Phase parolees were randomized to either Admission Incentive ( n = 31) or Education ( n = 29). Attendance Phase parolees entering community treatment were randomized to Attendance Incentive ( n = 104) or Education ( n = 98). In the Attendance Phase, study participants received a monetary incentive for each day that they remained in treatment (up to 22 weeks). There was no main effect for incentives in either phase of the study (Admission to community treatment, Incentive 60% and Education 64%, p = .74; Intervention completion, Incentive 22% and Education 27%, p = .46). Using Cox regression, age, first arrest age, and type of parole status predicted time-in-treatment ( p < .05), but treatment group did not. Providing incentives did not increase the likelihood that parolees enrolled in or stayed in community treatment. In light of other studies with similar outcomes, criminal justice practitioners who are considering the use of incentives should be aware that they may not produce the desired outcomes.
Tales From the Crypt
Authors: Sætren Harald
Published: July 2015

This rejoinder challenges and refutes the alarming decline thesis posited by Howlett and Lejano in their Disputatio article in this journal in 2012. Using their own data Source - JSTOR - updated to 2009 and search term “policy design” as well as the more comprehensive Social Science Citation Index in terms of journal coverage and supplementary search terms ‘policy instrument’s and ‘policy tool’s we clearly demonstrate that policy design research instead of languishing has continued to flourish in all academic fields during the late 2000’ and early 2010’s at an exponential rate never observed before.
Representing Representation
Authors: Hoeppe Götz
Published: July 2015

This review essay of two edited volumes sketches how STS scholars have analyzed scientific representation and visualization in recent work. Several key foci have emerged, among them attending closely to materiality, engaging the digital through embodied action, turning to ontology, as well as benefitting from artistic practice and critique. In diverse ways these choices are informed by a discontentment with the Cartesian split of mind and body as well as the picture theory of language. Yet, naturalism endures as a template, an expectation, and sometimes a specter with and against which much representational work in science is done. What STS scholars have learnt about representation in laboratory and expert settings still awaits being employed more comprehensively for making sense of practices beyond the lab, especially in contested political, social and ecological environments. In setting out to do so, they ought to reflect on the kinds of logic that their practices of representing representation enact.
Ratings, the state and globalization: the politics of television audience measurement in Israel
Authors: Bourdon Jerome , Ribke Nahuel
Published: July 2015

This is a study of the introduction to Israel of a technology for measuring television audiences, the ‘People Meter’ (PM), focusing on its political aspects. It links the new practice to the history of the state, precisely to the emergence of the neo-liberal state, which brought about a new relation to numbers, using an increased quantity of statistics for the regulation of economic sectors. In Israel, the state, in both its old (government ministers, administrators, state-owned/public channels) and new (regulatory bodies) guises, has been deeply involved in audience measurement. Next, the study situates the history of audience measurement in a global context, examining the ways in which both public actors, and private actors associated with international marketing groups have domesticated a new mode of regulation for audience measurement – the Joint Industry Committee (JIC), and the new ‘state-of-the-art’ technology – the PM. Third, it considers the political role played by audience figures in the fight over the representation of the public and of specific minorities in the public sphere: the Arab minority in Israel, the Palestinians and the settlers in the occupied territories, the Jewish minorities from the former Soviet Union (FSU) and from Ethiopia.
An Athymic Rat Model for Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis Allowing for Direct Translation of Regenerative Treatments
Authors: Jackson Ryan S. , Voss Stephen G. , Wilson Zachary C. , Remmes Nicholas B. , Stalboerger Paul G. , Keeney Michael G. , Moore Eric J. , Janus Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2015

Objective

We aim to create a model of mandibular osteoradionecrosis in athymic rats. Athymic rats provide an immunosuppressed environment whereby human stem cells and biomaterials can be used to investigate regenerative solutions for osteoradionecrosis, bridging the gap between in vivo testing and clinical application.

Study Design

Prospective animal study.

Setting

Academic otolaryngology department laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

After Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 10 athymic nude rats were divided into 2 groups. The experimental group (n = 6) underwent irradiation (20 Gy), while the control group (n = 4) underwent sham irradiation catheter placement only. All 10 rats underwent extraction of the second mandibular molar 7 days later. The rats were sacrificed 28 days after dental extraction, and their mandibles were harvested. The mandibles were examined with histologic analysis and bone volume analysis based on 3‐dimensional micro–computed tomography.

Results

All 10 rats survived the experiment period. Radiographic and histologic analysis revealed decreased bone formation in the experimental group compared with the control group. Jaw region volume ratio was 0.83 for the experimental group versus 0.97 in the control group (P =. 003). The region‐of‐interest volume ratio was 0.75 in the experimental group and 0.97 in the control group (P =. 005). Histologically, there were increased osteoclasts (P =. 02) and decreased osteoblasts (P =. 001) as well as increased fibrosis in the experimental group versus the control group.

Conclusion

Mandibular osteoradionecrosis can be effectively and reproducibly produced in an athymic rat model. This will allow further research to study regenerative medicine in an athymic rat model.
The Psychic Life of Neoliberalism: Mapping the Contours of Entrepreneurial Subjectivity
Authors: Scharff Christina
Published: July 2015

This article adds to contemporary analyses of neoliberalism by shedding light on its psychic life. Writers in the Foucauldian tradition have explored how subjectivities are reconstituted under neoliberalism, showing that the neoliberal self is an entrepreneurial subject. Yet, there has been little empirical research that explores entrepreneurial subjectivity and, more specifically, its psychic life. By drawing on over 60 in-depth interviews with individuals who may be entrepreneurial subjects par excellence, this article adds to our understanding of how neoliberalism is lived out. The article is divided into 10 sections, with each section exploring a distinct contour of entrepreneurial subjectivity. They show, for example, that competition is not only other-directed under neoliberalism, but also directed at the self, and that exclusionary processes lie at the heart of the constitution of entrepreneurial subjectivities. By providing a theoretically informed analysis of a wealth of empirical data, the article makes an original contribution to our understanding of the psychic life of neoliberalism.
Animal Models for Evaluation of Bone Implants and Devices
Authors: Wancket L. M.
Published: July 2015

Bone implants and devices are a rapidly growing field within biomedical research, and implants have the potential to significantly improve human and animal health. Animal models play a key role in initial product development and are important components of nonclinical data included in applications for regulatory approval. Pathologists are increasingly being asked to evaluate these models at the initial developmental and nonclinical biocompatibility testing stages, and it is important to understand the relative merits and deficiencies of various species when evaluating a new material or device. This article summarizes characteristics of the most commonly used species in studies of bone implant materials, including detailed information about the relevance of a particular model to human bone physiology and pathology. Species reviewed include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, sheep, goats, and nonhuman primates. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and limitations of different model species will aid in rigorously evaluating a novel bone implant material or device.
Incidence, Degree, and Development of Graft Hypertrophy 24 Months After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Smith Anne , Fallon Michael , Butler Rodney , Nairn Robert , Breidahl William , Wood David J.
Published: July 2015

Background:

Graft hypertrophy is a common occurrence after periosteal, collagen-covered and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI).

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, development, and degree of graft hypertrophy at 24 months after MACI. The hypothesis was that graft hypertrophy would not be associated with clinical outcome at 24 months.

Study Design:

Case series, Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This study was undertaken in 180 consecutive patients (113 male, 67 female) after MACI in the knee. All patients were assessed clinically using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3, 12, and 24 months after surgery. The incidence of hypertrophy relevant to anatomic graft site was investigated, as was the progressive change in hypertrophic studies postoperatively. The degree of tissue overgrowth in hypertrophic cases was investigated, as was its association with patient clinical outcome at 24 months after surgery.

Results:

Of the 180 patients, 50 demonstrated a hypertrophic graft at 1 or more postoperative time points. This included 9 grafts (5.0%) at 3 months and 32 grafts (18.7%) at 12 months. At 24 months, 47 grafts (26.1%)—43 (32.1%) tibiofemoral and 4 (8.7%) patellofemoral—were hypertrophic. Patients with hypertrophic grafts at 24 months (n = 47) were younger ( P = .051), they had a lower body mass index (BMI; P = .069), and significantly fewer of them had patellofemoral grafts ( P = .007) compared with patients who had grafts with full (100%) tissue infill (n = 61). There were no significant differences in any of the KOOS subscales between patients with graft hypertrophy or full (100%) tissue infill at 24 months after surgery, while the severity of graft hypertrophy was not associated with KOOS subscales at 24 months.

Conclusion:

Hypertrophic grafts after MACI were common and continued to develop through to 24 months after surgery. Hypertrophic growth was associated with being younger and having a lower BMI, was more common on the femoral condyles, and overall was not associated with clinical outcome at 24 months after surgery. However, further research with longer term follow-up is required to evaluate the effect of persistent hypertrophy on graft stability and to assess the use of early surgical intervention to prevent such failure.
Greening the Economy or Economizing the Green Project? When Environmental Concerns Are Turned into a Means to Save the Market
Authors: Kenis Anneleen , Lievens Matthias
Published: July 2015

The “green economy” is fast becoming the new alpha and omega for many policy makers, corporations, political actors, and NGOs who want to tackle both the environmental and economic crisis at once. Or would it be better to speak about “green capitalism?” Going green is not only important in the fight against environmental destruction, it also makes a country “stronger, healthier, safer, more innovative, competitive and respected,” argues Thomas Friedman, the well-known New York Times columnist. “Is there anything that is more patriotic, capitalist, and geostrategic than this?” Indeed, the rationale underlying the nascent project of the green economy is that if the market could become the instrument for tackling the environmental crisis, the fight against this crisis could be the royal road to solving the problems of the market. Focusing in particular on the green economy’s impact on climate change, this paper analyzes the green economy as a hegemonic project that tries to retranslate environmental concerns into a new jargon, and to turn environmental conflict into a new motor for economic development.
Consumer Credit as an Aspect of Everyday Life of Workers in Developing Countries
Authors: Karacimen Elif
Published: July 2015

This paper addresses the question of how consumer credit has become a part of daily life of wage earners in the age of financialization by drawing on the experience of Turkey. Given the dearth of information in this area, it draws on fieldwork conducted among metal workers. In particular, the paper analyzes how consumer credit has become a part of daily life of workers, driven by socio-economic and institutional factors. The results show that consumer debt in Turkey has become a part of the daily life of workers as a consequence of, first, growing dependence on debt to support basic reproduction of labor power, and second, of the banks’ increasing orientation towards consumer lending. These findings also signal the deepening of the already unequal power relation between banks and wage earners.
Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence and Drug Use Among Homeless Youth
Authors: Petering Robin , Rhoades Harmony , Rice Eric , Yoshioka-Maxwell Amanda
Published: July 2015

Intimate partner violence (IPV) among homeless youth (HY) is common, yet it has continuously been understudied, especially in relation to substance use. As part of a longitudinal study of Los Angeles area HY, drop-in service seeking youth completed a self-administered questionnaire. The presented results are from the third panel of data collection ( N = 238), and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) was used to assess IPV behavior regarding the participant’s most recent intimate relationship. Approximately 38% of participants reported IPV behavior in their most recent relationship, and the majority of this behavior was bidirectional. It was unlikely that a HY was only a victim or only a perpetrator. Multivariable models revealed that bidirectional IPV was related to increased odds of recent methamphetamine; whereas sole perpetration was associated with an increased likelihood of ecstasy use. Specific substance use and IPV are closely related to risk behaviors for HY. Comprehensive interventions should be developed to address both these risk behaviors.
Unanimity overruled: Majority voting and the burden of history
Authors: Nehring Klaus , Pivato Marcus , Puppe Clemens
Published: July 2015

Sequential majority voting over interconnected binary decisions can lead to the overruling of unanimous consensus. We characterize, within the general framework of judgement aggregation, when this happens for some sequence of decisions. The large class of aggregation spaces for which this vulnerability is present includes the aggregation of preference orderings over at least four alternatives, the aggregation of equivalence relations over at least four objects, resource allocation problems, and most committee selection problems.

We also ask whether it is possible to design respect for unanimity by choosing appropriate decision sequences (independently from the ballot). Remarkably, while this is not possible in general, it can be accomplished in some interesting special cases. Generalizing and sharpening a classic result by Shepsle and Weingast, we show that respect for unanimity can indeed be thus guaranteed in the cases of the aggregation of weak preference orderings, linear preference orderings, and equivalence relations. By contrast, impossibility results can be obtained for the aggregation of acyclic relations and separable preference orderings. As a key technical tool, we introduce the notion of a covering fragment that serves as a counterpart and generalization of the notions of covering relation/uncovered set in voting theory.
Wear assessments of a new cervical spinal disk prosthesis: Influence of loading and kinematic patterns during in vitro wear simulation
Authors: Wu Wenjie , Lyu Jingtong , Liu Hao , Rong Xin , Wang Beiyu , Hong Ying , Gong Quan , Li Tao , Liu Limin , Song Yueming , Cai Yong , Xu Wenli
Published: July 2015

Surgical treatment is one of the effective methods of treatment in cervical spondylosis. The traditional method of operation is decompression fusion; however, this surgery results in restricted movement of cervical vertebra and adjacent segment degeneration. Due to the deficiency of traditional surgery, scholars have widely carried out artificial cervical disk replacement surgery and have achieved good clinical effects. Comparing to the characteristics of the common artificial cervical disk which is used frequently, we developed a new artificial cervical intervertebral disk prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the wear behavior in a cervical total disk replacement system. The total disk replacement system tested consists of a ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene inlay articulating between a Ti6Al4V alloy superior plate and an inferior plate, using a spine wear simulator, per the ISO 18192-1:2011 standard test methods. Three rotations and axial force were applied on each station. The specimens were removed at 5 × 105 and 106 cycles and at intervals of 106 cycles thereafter to determine the actual mass loss. The serum was replaced every 5 × 105 cycles. The specimens were changed periodically among the different stations. A mean ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene inlay wear rate of 0.53 mg per million cycles (standard = 0.13 mg per 106 cycles) was found after 107 cycles. All inferior plates showed slight scratching after 107 cycles. The impingement wear simulation introduced here proved to be suitable to predict in vivo impingement behavior in regard to the contact pattern seen on retrieved devices of the Pretic-I disk arthroplasty design in a preclinical test.
Lupus Impact Tracker is responsive to physician and patient assessed changes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Giangreco D , Devilliers H , Annapureddy N , Block J A , Jolly M
Published: July 2015

Objective

To evaluate the responsiveness of Lupus Impact Tracker (LIT) to changes in physician and patient disease activity assessments over time.

Methods

Available longitudinal data from routine patient care visits on LIT, physician assessed disease activity (physician global assessment (PGA), SELENA-SLEDAI score, SELENA Flare Index (SFI)), and patient-reported changes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) health status were analyzed. Significant, clinically important change (worsening or improvement) in physician disease activity assessment or patient-reported SLE health status were judged using the following criteria: change of 0.3 on PGA, 4 on SELENA-SLEDAI, change in SFI status over time, and change of 2 in either direction in patient-reported SLE health status. Mixed model regression analysis was used to compare changes in LIT using the above criteria.

Results

There were 1184 observations with significant changes in physician disease activity or patient-reported measure for 182 patients’ data across 1364 visits. Patients’ mean (SD) age and SELENA-SLEDAI were 43.5 (13.2) years and 6.4 (7.3) respectively. LIT mean scores decreased by more than 3 with improvement in PGA (standardized response mean −0.26, p < 0.05), while it increased by more than 5 with worsening in SELENA-SLEDAI (standardized response mean 0.42, p = 0.01). Mean change in LIT of greater than ±3 was noted with change in SFI status ( p < 0.05). Mean LIT score decreased by greater than 4 and increased by greater than 2 with patient-reported improvement and worsening in SLE health status respectively ( p < 0.05).

Conclusions

LIT is responsive to physician-assessed and patient-assessed changes in disease status. A mean LIT change of 2–4 may represent a significant clinical change in LIT. It is an effective tool that may be used by patients and physicians in tracking disease impact in SLE patients.
Antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid antibodies and solid organ transplantation
Authors: González-Moreno J , Callejas-Rubio J L , Ríos-Fernández R , Ortego-Centeno N
Published: July 2015

Antiphospholipid syndrome is considered a high risk factor for any kind of surgery. Considering that all solid organ transplants are critically dependent on the patency of vascular anastomosis, there is much concern about the consequences this pro-thrombotic condition may have on transplantation. Relatively little information is available in the literature assessing the real risk that antiphospholipid syndrome or the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies represent in solid organ transplantation. The aim of this article is to review the literature related to transplantation of solid organs in patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome or patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies.
Paused subjects: Waiting for migration in North Africa
Authors: Elliot Alice
Published: July 2015

In this paper, I reflect on the ways in which waiting for migration requires, nurtures and ultimately produces specific kinds of subjects in a part of the world marked by decades of transnational movement towards Europe. Drawing on my ethnographic research in emigrant areas of Morocco, I trace how waiting is a constitutive element not only of migration, but also of the subjects involved in its encompassing and multidirectional processes. To do this, I trace the ways in which waiting is spoken of, embodied and reckoned with in the areas by not (yet) migrants. Focusing in particular on the experience of women married to absent migrant husbands, the paper shows how waiting in Morocco engenders specific types of people with specific kinds of social relations, interceding into the very ways in which selves in proximity of transnational mobility emerge.