bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of permanent deformation of one fine-grained soil undergoing drying and wetting
Authors: Perez Natalia  , Garnica Paul  , Fredlund Delwyn G.  , Lavariega Daniel
Published: February 2025

Permanent deformation as well as resilient modulus is of paramount importance to pavement design. However, permanent deformation has not been studied so widely as resilient modulus. In this paper the authors report a series of permanent deformation tests of samples which were wetted or dried to reduce or increase the water content (to simulate post-compaction conditions). Samples were tested in three ways: in one phase loading, four phases loading (increasing load), and four phases (reducing load). The results indicate that water content variation has a strong effect on permanent deformation. Data also indicate that samples (with similar water contents) achieve the same level of permanent deformation regardless whether the maximum load is applied in one step or if the load is applied in stepwise fashion. Besides, it was observed that permanent deformation after 5000 cycles – for the case in which load is applied from maximum to minimum – does not change if a load of less magnitude is applied.
Comparação de Dois Métodos para a Determinação dos Parâmetros de Resistência ao Cisalhamento dos Solos
Authors: de Abreu Rodrigo Paulo  , Sakamoto Miryan Yumi  , Contessi Rodolfo Joaquim  , Carvalho Generini de Oliveira Mônica  , Guesser Luiz Henrique  , Dos Reis Higashi Rafael Augusto
Published: February 2025

Os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento do solo, coesão e ângulo de atrito interno, consistem em duas variáveis essenciais para a análise da suscetibilidade a deslizamentos de encostas. A coesão representa a força cimentante entre as partículas de solo, por sua vez, o ângulo de atrito interno representa as características friccionais entre as partículas. Um dos ensaios laboratoriais mais aplicados no Brasil para a determinação da condição Consolidado-Drenado é o ensaio de Cisalhamento Direto, no qual uma amostra de solo é colocada em uma prensa de cisalhamento sob a condição de deformação controlada, sendo imposto um plano de ruptura horizontal. Ensaios in situ para a determinação dos parâmetros de resistência ainda são pouco explorados no Brasil, entretanto, possuem maior praticidade com relação a ensaios laboratoriais. O Borehole Shear Test (BST), ainda pioneiro no Brasil, é um exemplo deste tipo de ensaio, o qual caracteriza-se pela inserção de uma sonda cisalhante em uma certa profundidade, onde é aplicada uma tensão de consolidação e, por meio do arrancamento da sonda, obtém-se a tensão de cisalhamento do solo. Esta pesquisa possui como objetivo o estudo comparativo entre esses dois métodos por meio da execução de ensaios inundados e no teor de umidade natural. Com os resultados obtidos pelos ensaios foi aplicado o critério de ruptura Mohr-Coulomb, em que foram geradas as envoltórias de resistência do solo, obtendo-se assim seus parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento. De acordo com os dados alcançados, foi possível observar que as envoltórias de ruptura obtidas com amostras inundadas e no teor de umidade natural possuem certo paralelismo, com queda acentuada de coesão. Além disso, os ensaios de cisalhamento executados em campo, quando comparados aos ensaios realizados em laboratório na mesma condição de umidade, apresentaram parâmetros de resistência que foram considerados próximos, o que evidencia a validade dos resultados obtidos pelo método BST. Dessa forma, os dados podem ser aplicados no mapeamento de áreas de risco, auxiliando na gestão e no planejamento do espaço urbano, de forma a prevenir os impactos gerados por possíveis movimentos de massa.
Measured long term settlements of a fill on very soft soil under one dimensional conditions – the Terra Encantada case
Authors: Sandroni Sandro  , Tassi Michel
Published: February 2025

A case of settlement measurement during 19 years in an earth fill placed on a very soft soil layer is presented. The fill has practically constant thickness and the soft soil thickness is also virtually constant over a large area so that conditions can be considered as one dimensional. The settlement monitoring had three distinct phases. During the first year after placement of the fill, readings have been carried out in settlement plates. Once the site was paved, some two years after placement of the fill, progress of settlement has been monitored during some 15 years, by hand measuring the step that appeared between piled structures and the pavement surface. Finally, in the last two years settlements have been accompanied with a high precision optical levelling procedure. Information about the site and the complete time x settlement curve is presented. Brief comments are made on the potential use of this information.
Numerical Simulation of a Ciclically Loaded Granular Soil Using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Martín Eduardo Luis  , Zabala Francisco  , Oldecop Luciano
Published: February 2025

In order to evaluate numerically the liquefaction potential of granular soils, several simulations were performed, using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), Cundall & Strack (1979), of different assemblies of spherical particles under periodical boundary conditions (PBC). To perform the simulations, the open source and free license software YADE (V. Šmilauer, E. Catalano, B. Chareyre, S. Dorofeenko, J. Duriez, A. Gladky, J. Kozicki, C. Modenese, L. Scholtès, L. Sibille, J. Stránský, and K. Thoeni, Yade Documentation, The Yade Project, 1st ed., 2010.) was employed. A modified Cundall-Strack law, with cohesion and torque at the contacts, was established between particles, being the only interaction defined, due to the lack of physical walls or boundaries. All the particles were spherical, and different grain size distributions (GSD) were tested. The main objective of the simulations was the study of the influence of the relative density (RD) and uniformity coefficient (UC) on the liquefaction resistance of the granular assembly. To achieve this goal, several consolidated-undrained cyclic triaxial tests were simulated, under strain controlled conditions. The numerical tests were performed in three dimensions (3D), without interstitial water. To simulate the undrained condition of the test and to assess liquefaction, the volume of the assembly was kept constant during the cyclic loading phase, and the pore pressure was computed as the normalized difference between the total stresses developed and the confining pressure applied. The results of the numerical simulations performed are presented and analyzed, and conclusions are drawn about the influence of the RD[%] and UC on the liquefaction resistance of the granular assemblies.
Metodología para la evaluación del diseño banco-berma utilizando un análisis probabilístico basado en teoría de bloques. Parte I
Authors: Hormazabal Esteban  , Huamán Andrés  , Gonzalez Felipe
Published: February 2025

La experiencia muestra que a medida que una faena minera a cielo abierto se va desarrollando, nuevas estructuras afloran regularmente en sus bancos, lo cual eventualmente resultan en la generación de inestabilidades producto del arreglo estructural presente. Realizar el tradicional análisis de estabilidad de cada uno de los deslizamientos planos y cuñas considerando las nuevas estructuras que aparecen en los bancos expuestos producto de la excavación resulta en una tarea tediosa y poco eficiente. Una útil metodología es entonces propuesta para evaluar el diseño banco berma, la cual realiza un análisis probabilístico para incorporar múltiples bloques que puede generarse debido al arreglo estructural presente. Está fundamentalmente basado en Teoría de Bloques y proyecciones estereográficas. Este artículo desarrolla la primera parte del estudio, la cual comprende el planteamiento y base conceptual de la metodología en mención.
Capturing Critical Questions in Bayesian Network Fragments:
Authors: Timmer Sjoerd T.  , Meyer John-Jules Ch.  , Prakken Henry  , Renooij Silja  , Verheij Bart
Published: February 2025

Legal reasoning with evidence can be a challenging task. We study the relation between two formal approaches that can aid the construction of legal proof: argumentation and Bayesian networks (BNs). Argument schemes are used to describe recurring patterns in argumentation. Critical questions for many argument schemes have been identified. Due to the increased use of statistical forensic evidence in court it may be advantageous to consider probabilistic models of legal evidence. In this paper we show how argument schemes and critical questions can be modelled in the graphical structure of a Bayesian network. We propose a method that integrates advantages from other methods in the literature.
Towards Meaningful Maps of Polish Case Law
Authors: Jungiewicz Michał  , Łopuszyński Michał
Published: February 2025

In this work, we present an application of the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding method (t-SNE) to visualization of judgments from Polish courts. Using the t-SNE dimensionality reduction technique, each document is mapped onto a point in two-dimensional space, based on vocabulary (i.e., bag-of-words representation). Afterwards the whole collection is presented as a scatter-plot. We analyze the obtained maps for various document groups, differentiated with respect to issuing institution, division, keywords or selected on the basis of citations. The obtained visualizations are encouraging. We demonstrate that the generated t-SNE maps are interpretable and capable of providing synthetic knowledge about document collections, difficult to obtain without time consuming manual analysis.
The Role of AI & Law in Legal Data Science
Authors: Schweighofer Erich
Published: February 2025

The potential of AI & law methods in law has been not properly used. Thus, too many traditional lawyers consider this branch of legal science as irrelevant, at least for the time being. A promising way out may be legal data analysis. The goal of legal data science is to complement the existing methodology of law with the new computer-based methods, and to bring it in a theoretical framework. In previous research, we have developed the 8 views/8 methods/4 syntheses approach of legal data analysis. The need is evident considering that a textual representation is insufficient for today's needs of the legal profession. Legal data science should provide a razor sharp tool for the analysis of the legal system. In this paper, we will focus on the man/machine delivery of the desired products of legal knowledge representation using AI & law methods. The options of knowledge can be systemized as follows: Besides the text (multimedia) corpus, 7 other views are now required: metadata, citation network, user view, logic view, ontological view, visualisation view and argumentation view. Further, lawyers like a synthesis of the views in a practice-oriented form: commentary or manual, Dynamic Electronic Legal Commentary (DynELC), citizen information system and case-based synthesis. At present, a lot of this analysis is done manually but the lack of sufficient resources becomes more and more evident.
FuzzyRULES-II: A New Approach to Fuzzy Rule Induction from Numerical Data
Authors: Afify Ashraf A.
Published: February 2025

Data mining is a broad area that integrates research efforts from several fields with the aim of processing large volumes of data into knowledge bases for better decision making. Since numerical and nominal data are equally important in practical data mining applications, dealing with different types of data items are among the most important problems in data mining research and development. This paper introduces a new fuzzy rule induction algorithm, able to deal properly with either numerical or nominal attributes, for the creation of classification and predictive models. To better handle numerical data, fuzzy sets are used to represent intervals in the domains of numerical attributes. Experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm produces robust and general models that can be used for prediction as well as for classification.
A New Challenge to Research Ethics: Patients-Led Research (PLR) and the Role of Internet Based Social Networks
Authors: Lamas Eugenia  , Salinas Rodrigo  , Vuillaume Dominique
Published: February 2025

A characteristic feature of the development of health-related social networks is the emergence of internet-based virtual communities, composed of patients. These communities go beyond the mere interchange of information concerning their conditions, intervening in the planning and execution of clinical research, including randomised controlled trials, in collaboration with health professionals. That was the case, in 2009, when patients suffering amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a rare and severe disease, conducted a clinical trial in USA, organising themselves through an online platform. This initiative launched a new model for the planning and conduction of clinical research: “Participants-Led Research” (PLR). The distinctive particularities of this new research paradigm represent a challenge to the traditional standards used for judging the ethical soundness of clinical investigation. That is the case, for example, of informed consent. This article aims at identifying the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) posed by PLR and the relevant concepts that may help in solving them. The following issues, in particular, are analysed, that may give place to a new social contract for the ethical assessment of clinical research: consent for participating in research and personal integrity; data protection and confidentiality; benefits sharing and intellectual property
Ontology-Oriented Programming for Biomedical Informatics
Authors: Lamy Jean-Baptiste
Published: February 2025

Ontologies are now widely used in the biomedical domain. However, it is difficult to manipulate ontologies in a computer program and, consequently, it is not easy to integrate ontologies with databases or websites. Two main approaches have been proposed for accessing ontologies in a computer program: traditional API (Application Programming Interface) and ontology-oriented programming, either static or dynamic. In this paper, we will review these approaches and discuss their appropriateness for biomedical ontologies. We will also present an experience feedback about the integration of an ontology in a computer software during the VIIIP research project. Finally, we will present OwlReady, the solution we developed.
Clinical Simulation as an Evaluation Method in Health Informatics
Authors: Jensen Sanne
Published: February 2025

Safe work processes and information systems are vital in health care. Methods for design of health IT focusing on patient safety are one of many initiatives trying to prevent adverse events. Possible patient safety hazards need to be investigated before health IT is integrated with local clinical work practice including other technology and organizational structure. Clinical simulation is ideal for proactive evaluation of new technology for clinical work practice. Clinical simulations involve real end-users as they simulate the use of technology in realistic environments performing realistic tasks. Clinical simulation study assesses effects on clinical workflow and enables identification and evaluation of patient safety hazards before implementation at a hospital. Clinical simulation also offers an opportunity to create a space in which healthcare professionals working in different locations or sectors can meet and exchange knowledge about work practices and requirement needs. This contribution will discuss benefits and challenges of using clinical simulation, and will describe how clinical simulation fits into classical usability studies, how patient safety may benefit by use of clinical simulation, and it will describe the different steps of how to conduct clinical simulation. Furthermore a case study is presented.
Theoretical Basis of Health IT Evaluation
Authors: Brender McNair Jytte
Published: February 2025

The focus of this contribution is on the theoretical principles and concepts behind evaluation of IT-based systems, discussing their presuppositions, implications and interrelationships; for instance in relation to a series of issues to consider: terminology for the concepts used as that is a reason for many disputes, bias as that is a common reason for less accuracy and trustworthiness in conclusions, culture as the tacit driver of everything we do and design, constructive evaluation as this has strict time and timing issues, preparing for meta-analyses as that is in the near future, and top-level issues in choice of methodology. Awareness in these respects will lead to avoidance of major pitfalls and perils at evaluation and thereby improve the validity and trustworthiness of an evaluation outcome, supporting the initiative towards evidence-based health informatics.
Electronic Certification of Death in Slovenia – System Considerations and Development Opportunities
Authors: Stanimirovic Dalibor
Published: February 2025

Background: Accurate and consistent death certification facilitates morbidity and mortality surveillance, and consequently supports evidence-informed health policies.
Integrated Patient Education on U.S. Hospital Web Sites
Authors: Huang Edgar  , Wu Kerong  , Edwards Kelsey
Published: February 2025

Based on a census of the 2015 Most Wired Hospitals, this content analysis aimed to find out how patient education has been integrated on these best IT hospitals' Web sites to serve the purposes of marketing and meeting online visitors' needs. This study will help hospitals to understand where the weaknesses are in their interactive patient education implementation and come up with a smart integration strategy. The study found that 70% of these hospitals had adopted interactive patient education contents, 76.6% of such contents were from a third-party developer, and only 20% of the hospitals linked their patient education contents to one or more of the hospital's resources while 26% cross-references such contents. The authors concluded that more hospitals should take advantage of modern information communication technology to cross-reference their patient education contents and to integrate such contents into their overall online marketing strategy to benefit patients and themselves.
Continual Screening of Patients Using mHealth: The Rolling Score Concept Applied to Sleep Medicine
Authors: Zluga Claudio  , Modre-Osprian Robert  , Kastner Peter  , Schreier Günter
Published: February 2025

Continual monitoring of patients utilizing mHealth-based telemonitoring applications are more and more used for individual management of patients. A new approach in risk assessment called Rolling Score Concept uses standardized questionnaires for continual scoring of individuals' health state through electronic patient reported outcome (ePRO). Using self-rated questionnaires and adding a specific Time Schedule to each question result in a movement of the questionnaires' scores over time, the Rolling Score. A text-processing pipeline was implemented with KNIME analytics platform to extract a Score Mapping Rule Set for three standardized screening questionnaires in the field of sleep medicine. A feasibility study was performed in 10 healthy volunteers equipped with a mHealth application on a smartphone and a sleep tracker. Results show that the proposed Rolling Score Concept is feasible and deviations of scores are in a reasonable range (< 7%), sustaining the new approach. However, further studies are required for verification. In addition, parameter quantification could avoid incorrect subjective evaluation by substitution of questions with sensor data.
Extraction of UMLS® Concepts Using Apache cTAKES™ for German Language
Authors: Becker Matthias  , Böckmann Britta
Published: February 2025

Automatic information extraction of medical concepts and classification with semantic standards from medical reports is useful for standardization and for clinical research. This paper presents an approach for an UMLS concept extraction with a customized natural language processing pipeline for German clinical notes using Apache cTAKES. The objectives are, to test the natural language processing tool for German language if it is suitable to identify UMLS concepts and map these with SNOMED-CT. The German UMLS database and German OpenNLP models extended the natural language processing pipeline, so the pipeline can normalize to domain ontologies such as SNOMED-CT using the German concepts. For testing, the ShARe/CLEF eHealth 2013 training dataset translated into German was used. The implemented algorithms are tested with a set of 199 German reports, obtaining a result of average 0.36 F1 measure without German stemming, pre- and post-processing of the reports.
Identifying and Improving Dataset References in Social Sciences Full Texts
Authors: Ghavimi Behnam  , Mayr Philipp  , Vahdati Sahar  , Lange Christoph
Published: February 2025

Scientific full text papers are usually stored in separate places than their underlying research datasets. Authors typically make references to datasets by mentioning them for example by using their titles and the year of publication. However, in most cases explicit links that would provide readers with direct access to referenced datasets are missing. Manually detecting references to datasets in papers is time consuming and requires an expert in the domain of the paper. In order to make explicit all links to datasets in papers that have been published already, we suggest and evaluate a semi-automatic approach for finding references to datasets in social sciences papers. Our approach does not need a corpus of papers (no cold start problem) and it performs well on a small test corpus (gold standard). Our approach achieved an F-measure of 0.84 for identifying references in full texts and an F-measure of 0.83 for finding correct matches of detected references in the da|ra dataset registry.
Referencing of complex software environments as representations of research data
Authors: Bingert Sven  , Buddenbohm Stefan  , Kurzawe Daniel
Published: February 2025

Complex software environments, like virtual research environments or visualisation frameworks, are increasingly used to conduct research and present its results. While there is a growing amount for solutions facilitating the (granular) citation of publications and research data, the citation of complex software environments remains a challenge. This abstract outlines the challenges and introduces an approach for referencing software environments developed in the Humanities Data Centre project: the application preservation.
Wavelet-based signal analysis for heart failure hospitalization prediction
Authors: Iakovidis Dimitris K.  , Douska Dimitra  , Barba Evaggelia  , Koulaouzidis George
Published: February 2025

Heart failure (HF) is commonly a chronic condition associated with frequent hospital admissions. Early knowledge about a possible deterioration of this condition would enable early treatment for the prevention of adverse events and related hospital admissions. In this paper we present a computational method for predictive information extraction from daily physiological signals, which can be obtained by a telemonitoring system with wearable sensors. It is based on wavelet analysis of temporal signal patterns. Experiments with data from patients enrolled in a telemonitoring protocol show that the proposed method is capable of predicting HF hospitalization events one day before they happen, even in the case of low compliance to the protocol. These results indicate a promising perspective towards a monitoring system that would provide improved life quality for HF patients.
Chair/bedside diagnosis of oral and respiratory tract infections, and identification of antibiotic resistances for personalised monitoring and treatment
Authors: Mitsakakis Konstantinos  , Stumpf Fabian  , Strohmeier Oliver  , Klein Vanessa  , Mark Daniel  , Von Stetten Felix  , Peham Johannes R.  , Herz Christopher  , Tawakoli Pune Nina  , Wegehaupt Florian  , Attin Thomas  , Bostanci Nagihan  , Bao Kai  , Belibasakis Georgios N.  , Hays John P.  , Elshout Gijs  , Huisman Robin C.  , Klein Stephanie  , Stubbs Andrew P.  , Doms Lutz  , Wolf Andreas  , Rusu Viorel  , Goethel Sven  , Binsl Thomas  , Michie Alex  , Jancovicova Jana  , Kolar Vladimir  , Kostka Michal  , Smutny Jiri  , Karpisek Michal  , Estephan Caroline  , Cocaud Camille  , Zengerle Roland
Published: February 2025

Global healthcare systems are struggling with the enormous burden associated with infectious diseases, as well as the incessant rise of antimicrobial resistance. In order to adequately address these issues, there is an urgent need for rapid and accurate infectious disease diagnostics. The H2020 project DIAGORAS aims at diagnosing oral and respiratory tract infections using a fully integrated, automated and user-friendly platform for physicians' offices, schools, elderly care units, community settings, etc. Oral diseases (periodontitis, dental caries) will be detected via multiplexed, quantitative analysis of salivary markers (bacterial DNA and host response proteins) for early prevention and personalised monitoring. Respiratory Tract Infections will be diagnosed by means of DNA/RNA differentiation so as to identify their bacterial or viral nature. Together with antibiotic resistance screening on the same platform, a more efficient treatment management is expected at the point-of-care. At the heart of DIAGORAS lies a centrifugal microfluidic platform (LabDisk and associated processing device) integrating all components and assays for a fully automated analysis. The project involves an interface with a clinical algorithm for the comprehensive presentation of results to end-users, thereby increasing the platform's clinical utility. DIAGORAS' performance will be validated at clinical settings and compared with gold standards.
Personalized Clinical Diagnosis in Data Bases for Treatment Support in Phthisiology
Authors: Lugovkina T.K.  , Skornyakov S.N.  , Golubev D.N.  , Egorov E.A.  , Medvinsky I.D.
Published: February 2025

The decision-making is a key event in the clinical practice. The program products with clinical decision support models in electronic data-base as well as with fixed decision moments of the real clinical practice and treatment results are very actual instruments for improving phthisiological practice and may be useful in the severe cases caused by the resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The methodology for gathering and structuring of useful information (critical clinical signals for decisions) is described. Additional coding of clinical diagnosis characteristics was implemented for numeric reflection of the personal situations. The created methodology for systematization and coding Clinical Events allowed to improve the clinical decision models for better clinical results.
Excess porewater pressures during secondary compression
Authors: Mesri G.  , Huvaj N.  , Vardhanabhuti B.  , Ho Y.-H.
Published: February 2025

A gradient in an excess porewater pressure conveys water out of soil during secondary compression. This excess porewater pressure is produced by the tendency of soil to continue compression as a result of the disequilibrium produced during primary compression. Because the measurement of excess porewater pressure is frequently specified for establishing the progress of primary consolidation, it is useful to know the order of magnitude of excess porewater pressure associated with secondary compression. Mathematical analyses and experimental results suggest magnitudes of excess porewater pressure at the beginning of secondary compression corresponding to u′m/σ′v=1 to 3 % for Cα/Cc=0.03 to 0.07, respectively, which decrease rapidly with the progress of secondary compression.
The problems and the rehabilitation work design for Semarang-Wirosari road (Central Java – Indonesia) on expansive soil
Authors: Wardani S.P.R.  , Muhrozi  , Rahadian Hedy
Published: February 2025

The Semarang-Wirosari road was built on expansive soils. Since the beginning of its construction in 1970's, the road has experienced many damages and failures, causes significant traffic disturbances. The rehabilitation work results have not yet satisfied the road user, because every rainy season, a lot of potholes, parallel cracks, slumping and heaving always occurred. Many constructions such as rigid pavement, semi rigid pavement, geotextile reinforcement, retaining wall, and sheet pile have applied, but all of them failed. It was identified that the road damages were due to the base failure, swelling-shrinkage subsoil, the bathtub structures and the presence of trees. A rehabilitation works was design to overcome the destructive influence of expansive soil.
Jet grout application for excavation in soft marine clay
Authors: Hsi J.P.  , Yu J.B.Y.
Published: February 2025

An excavation for the construction of a cut and cover tunnel has been carried out in deep soft marine clays. Due to practical and economical considerations, the retaining walls comprised braced sheetpiling to support the excavation have been founded in marine clays without being toed into a stronger soil layer at depth. Jet grouting has been used to stabilise the ground below the base of the excavation and to provide lateral support to the sheetpiling during excavation. The performance of the jet grout layer was verified by field tests and monitoring data.
Comportement observé du mur de quai du nouveau ‘Port 2000’, Le Havre, France
Authors: Marten S.  , Delattre L.  , Pioline M.  , Vinceslas G.  , Joignant Ph.  , Lavisse J.
Published: February 2025

Un panneau en paroi moulée du nouveau mur de quai de “Port 2000” au Havre a été instrumenté et surveillé pendant toutes ses étapes de construction. La méthode de construction de ce mur, constitué d'une paroi moulée de 1,20 m d'épaisseur, 1400 m de longueur et 40 m de profondeur, est assez particulière car elle fait intervenir une excavation importante de chaque côté de la paroi. Cette communication présente la technique de construction et discute les résultats des mesures.
Complex foundation design in inhomogeneous ground conditions for a high-rise building in Frankfurt, Germany
Authors: Quick H.  , Keiper K.  , Meissner S.  , Quick H.  , Arslan U.
Published: February 2025

In downtown Frankfurt a new high-rise building is being constructed. According to the soil investigation inhomogeneous ground conditions were found. Different soil layers with changing thickness and stiffness, such as clay, claystone and coal were encountered. In the project site two groundwater tables were explored. The deep groundwater table is perched. The design of the foundation is carried out with help of 3D-numerical calculations which have to regard the difficult ground and groundwater conditions. Besides the results of the numerical calculations the report presents the limitation of the prognosis of the ground and groundwater conditions and hence, the difficulties for the geotechnical engineer to design such complex foundations.
Modelling of salt migration in stabilised pavement materials
Authors: Kodikara J.K.  , Ranjith P.G.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study undertaken to model the salt migration in cementitiously stabilised pavement materials. The experimental method involves the simulation of capillary rise in cylindrical specimens close to 300 mm in height with salt solutions located at the specimen bases. Solutions of salt concentrations 0, 5000, 10000, 20000, 30000 mg/L were used in the study. The pavement material, crushed basaltic rock, was stabilised with 2% or 4% of Portland cement by weight. The capillary rise was monitored manually and plots of rise versus time were produced. The fluid rose to the top in all specimens within 24 hours. The specimens were monitored for a period up to 27 days, and the salt crystallization occurred in most of the specimens. It was found that the salt crystals go back to solution when the atmospheric humidity increases over about 75%. The salt crystallization was more in 4% cement specimens than in 2% specimens, and this was attributed to the finer pore sizes available in 4% cement specimens. The migration of fluid was not significantly affected by salt concentration. It appeared that chloride ions moved freely with the fluid but sodium ions were somewhat retarded, possibly due to ion exchange.
Forensic study of the Ohio SHRP Test Road U.S. 23 flexible test pavement
Authors: Sargand S.M.  , Kim S.-S.
Published: February 2025

A forensic investigation was conducted on four sections of Ohio Test Road developing early longitudinal cracks and rutting. From various non-destructive and destructive tests, it was determined that the longitudinal cracks were top-down cracks initiated by segregation of surface layer asphalt mixtures at the time of construction. Rutting was developed at the base layers and subgrades due to weakening in the presence of excessive moisture which was, in turn, caused by higher than normal air voids in the segregated asphalt mixes.
Stability and safety assessment of the arch dam Foum Gleita in Mauritania
Authors: Scheid Y.  , Schewe L.  , Guisset M.
Published: February 2025

The 20 years old arch dam Foum Gleita lies in the southern part of Mauritania on the river Gorgol Noir. The height of the dam is 45 m. Concerns of the Ministry for Rural Development and Environment of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania represented by the National Society for Rural Development (SONADER) on the safety of the habitants downstream and the long term provision of irrigation water from the reservoir led to a stability and safety assessment study. Results of the study are presented in this paper.
Load sharing ratio of raft in piled footing on granular soil by model test
Authors: Kwon Ohkyun  , Lee Seunghyun  , Oh Seboong  , Choi Yongkyu
Published: February 2025

This study was undertaken in order to investigate the behavior characteristics of a piled footing through the laboratory model tests, the numerical and analytical analyses. The model tests were conducted about a piled footing, the free-standing pile group, a single pile, as well as a shallow footing under equal conditions. The pile spacing and length, group type and soil conditions were varied in the laboratory model tests. The experimental results were compared with those by the commercial program, DEFPIG, conventional method and Phung's method. As the results of this study, it was found that the behaviors of a piled footing were affected by pile spacing, length and soil conditions. Phung's method proved to be reliable for estimating the experimental results. The raft of a piled footing carried out a considerable portion of external load. The load sharing ratio (LSR) depended on the pile spacing, length, relative density and settlement level. The LSRs by Phung's method agreed well with those by model test, but DEFIG overestimates those.
Acceptance criterion and driving procedure of open-end piles
Authors: Maertens Luc
Published: February 2025

Open-end pile foundations are largely used in near shore projectssuch as jetties for loadingunloading of OilLPGetc. Since the construction of these offshore structures implies very heavy and expensive marine equipment, any delay in construction time has to be avoided. The pile installation is often the main part of the critical path in the execution schedule and no construction interruption can be accepted due to acceptance problems of installed piles. It is therefore mandatory that a clear installation procedure, a simple acceptance criterion as well as a fast remedial program for non accepted piles is available for each part of the foundation. This paper deals with the procedure of fixing these criteria.
Innovative aspects in landfill design
Authors: Aravind Manoj  , Terzaghi Sergei
Published: February 2025

A solid waste landfill facility is being developed within an existing limestone quarry, located approximately 4 kms east of Winton in Southland, New Zealand. Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) has been involved in the consenting, design of the landfill and project management of the construction of the landfill. This paper describes the innovative design approach adopted to address various environmental and geotechnical issues associated with the development of the landfill.
Evaluation of the design parameters of overburden dump construction from an open pit mine in Bulgaria
Authors: Kaltchev Ivan S.  , Germanov Trifon S.
Published: February 2025

The overburden disposal area for the Asarel Mine, called “West Dump”, is situated at the edge of the pond of “Lulakovitza” tailings dam. The design height of the dump is 320m and the tailings materials will reach to 100-120m of the dump height.
Solubilization and diffusion of metallic cations from a tropical residual soil in a acidic environment
Authors: Tsugawa J.K.  , Boscov M.E.G.  , Oliveira E.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a study of solubilization and reverse diffusion of metallic cations in a tropical residual soil caused by contact with acidic solutions, aiming to assess the influence of these phenomena in the retention of heavy metals. Reverse diffusion tests were carried out to investigate the efficiency of the extractor i.e. solutions of HCl and HNO3in distilled water at pH 1, and the influence of the procedure of extractor application on the solubilization process (3Vvat once of in three steps of 1Vv, Vv= void volume of the soil specimen). Ten elements were investigated: Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na and Mg. Aluminum and cadmium were, respectively, most and least significantly extracted from the soil. Iron solubilization was lower than expected, considering that it is a major constituent of the soil. The extractor had no influence for all studied cations, except for Fe, which solubilized more intensely with HCl solutions. The solubilized mass of each element increases with the total applied volume of extractor, independently of the application procedure.
An experimental study of the dynamics of subaqueous sediment gravity flows
Authors: Miyamoto J.  , Sassa S.  , Tokuyama R.  , Sekiguchi H.
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the flow potential of subaqueous sediment gravity flows through a set of flume tests. The emphasis of the experiments was placed on clarifying the internal structure of fluidized sediment gravity flows in terms of a PIV technique. It was found that in the course of fluidized gravity flow, solidification initially occurred at the base of the flowing fluidized sediment and then propagated upwards to the flow surface, terminating the flowage. In fact, the progressive solidification in the fluidized sediment flow enabled a grain-supported framework to be reestablished, with no or little settling of particles. This performance was contrasting with the performance of suspension-dominant flows in which settling of particles was an essential facet leading to deposition.
Characterizing the modal responses of a composite soil nail under axial excitation
Authors: Salloum T.  , Law K.T.  , Pernica G.  , Neels L.  , Glazer R.
Published: February 2025

This paper characterizes the waves induced in a grouted soil nail from axial excitations in an attempt to develop a non-destructive field procedure for determining the length of in-situ soil nails. The study comprised experimental tests in which a 3.66-m long grouted laboratory soil nail was built and tested and numerical analyses in which a finite element model (FEM) of the nail was developed and calibrated. The FEM clarified the experimental responses of the nail by providing wave velocities and mode shapes for natural frequencies below 5 kHz, which described the actual dynamic behaviour of the soil nail. The results showed that axial excitations of the composite soil nail induced modes, which displayed both shear and longitudinal behaviour. Wave velocities below 3000 m/s suggested shear wave modes of energy transport whereas the nearly uniform axial displacements within the cross sections of the nail were more in keeping with longitudinal modes of behaviour.
Twenty-year monitoring of the Orvieto overconsolidated clayey slope (Italy)
Authors: Tommasi P.  , Boldini D.  , Ribacchi R.
Published: February 2025

In addition to landslides of different types and extent, the clayey slope of the Orvieto hill is affected by extremely slow movements at relatively high depths (up to 33 m) and by very slow movements at shallower depths (up to 10 m). These movements are strictly related to rainfall regimes and to the consequent pore pressure distribution inside the hill. The influence of rainfall regimes on the hydraulic conditions and movement rates was reconstructed by means of piezometric and inclinometric measurements performed over the last twenty years.
Estimating the geomechanical characteristics of a reactivated landslide
Authors: Tsatsanifos C.  , Pandis K.
Published: February 2025

Detailed geotechnical investigations were carried out in order to define the geometry and the shear strength properties along the slip surface of a reactivated old landslide, in Section 3.2 of the Egnatia Odos Motorway, Northern Greece. The investigations comprised of borehole drilling, sampling, inclinometer and piezometer installation and of unconfined compression, triaxial, direct and ring shear laboratory testing as well as of back analyses of the failure. The estimations of the shear strength parameters from the laboratory tests and those from the back analyses are presented and compared.
Sand liquefiability assessment by Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)
Authors: Monaco P.  , Marchetti S.  , Totani G.  , Calabrese M.
Published: February 2025

The aims of this paper are: (1) To summarize the available knowledge on the use of the flat dilatometer test (DMT) for evaluating sand liquefiability. (2) To formulate a new tentative correlation for evaluating the cyclic resistance ratio CRR from the DMT horizontal stress index KD, to be used according to the “simplified procedure” (Seed & Idriss 1971). The proposed CRR-KD correlation combines previous CRR-KD curves with current correlations for evaluating CRR from CPT and SPT, translated using the relative density Dr as intermediate parameter.
Influence of the surface layers on the site effect
Authors: Verdugo Ramón
Published: February 2025

To investigate the seismic amplification phenomenon on a layered ground, a borehole seismic array in Chile has been implemented in an area where important damage to houses an high accelerations during the 1985 Chilean earthquake were observed. Accelerometers at the bedrock, within the soil deposit and at the ground surface were installed in a soil profile consisted in a layered structure of saturated clay, silt, sand and gravel materials. Some seismic records presented notable differences in the horizontal peak accelerations at the bedrock, but unexpectedly, the accelerations at ground surface tend to be uniform, suggesting the existence of an important two-dimensional effect. Additionally, it is shown that the natural period computed from the recorded earthquakes is close to the one predicted by the classical one-dimensional theory of soil amplification considering only the upper softer 20 m.
Report of TC3 – Geotechnics of pavements
Authors: Gomes Correia A.
Published: February 2025

The Technical Committee 3 (TC3), “Geotechnics of Pavements”, of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) is charged with promoting and enhancing professional activities in geotechnical, pavement and rail track engineering in areas related with geotechnical aspects in design, construction, strengthening and monitoring. This report provides a brief summary of the TC3 activities during the period 2001 – 2005.
Two deformation mechanisms with granular soils
Authors: Feda J.
Published: February 2025

Creep of granular clay is studied by one-step loading up to 1000 kPa in oedometers. Dry and loose specimens were used. Two phases of creep were found. The first one, up to 104min., represents a regular secondary compression of semilogarithmic nature and is ascribed to the transformation of inborn fabric (produced by the specimen preparation) into the compression fabric. The other one is formed by a periodic variation of the s-creep and g-creep. S-creep is produced by the diffusion of the oedometric compression from the loaded plate downwards, g-creep results from the nonhomogeneity of the specimen. Granular clay is supposed to model waste clayey (double-porosity) material of open coal mines. Complexity of the creep process even in uniaxial compression points to the difficulty of numerically modelling of problematic soils.
The EFA, Erosion Function Apparatus: An overview
Authors: Briaud Jean-Louis  , Chen Hamn-Ching
Published: February 2025

A new apparatus is described to measure the erosion function of a soil. The patented apparatus is called the EFA or Erosion Function Apparatus. The erosion function is the relationship between the hydraulic shear stress applied at the soil-water interface by the water flowing over the soil and the erosion rate of the soil. This erosion function can then be used to predict scour of soil by water.
Caractéristiques de rupture d'un sol hétérogène de référence
Authors: Pedro L.S.  , Canou J.  , Dupla J.-C.  , Dormieux L.  , Kazan Y.
Published: February 2025

On présente dans cette communication les résultats d'une recherche réalisée sur des sols grossiers de référence (sols grossiers à matrice) destinée à mettre en évidence l'influence de paramètres caractérisant l'état initial de ces matériaux sur leur comportement mécanique étudié à l'appareil triaxial. On s'intéresse en particulier aux caractéristiques de rupture du sol et l'on met en évidence l'influence des paramètres caractérisant les inclusions (forme, rugosité, taille, fraction volumique) sur le critère de rupture du matériau.
Energy concept and soil compression
Authors: Zhang Zhongjie  , Tao Mingjiang  , Tumay Mehmet T.
Published: February 2025

Energy exchanges universally exist in all the formation of soils. Work done on soils by various external agents can either harden or soften soils, depending on initial and boundary conditions of soil media. This paper focuses on the absorbed energy of compacted samples from three soils and the variation of their volume-mass properties during compaction processes. The relation of the absorbed energy with dry unit weight and degree of saturation during compaction process was present to illustrate the influence of soil's types and initial moisture content on compaction efficiency. The variation of matric suction of soil samples during compaction, along with the variation of vertical compression stress, was approximated, which provides some insights into the mechanism of soil compaction and will be helpful in predicting the engineering performance of compacted soils. The absorbed energy is also proved to be an effective indicator of shear strength of compacted soils, which is in turn closely associated with dry unit weight and moisture content of compacted soils.
A comparison of different sized piezocones in UK clays
Authors: Powell John J.M.  , Lunne Tom
Published: February 2025

Results are presented comparing various sizes and configurations of piezocones in UK clays. Most correlations with geotechnical data were developed based on 10cm2CPT and CPTU results, but little has been reported on the effects of size of device, both diameter and area of friction sleeve, on the measured results. It is shown that for commercially available 10 and 15 cm2equipment: measured cone resistance is a function of individual cone geometry but cone resistance corrected for pore pressure effects is unaffected by cone size, measured sleeve friction would appear to be very similar for most of the cones although some differences noted. Cones with reduced sensitivity can be affected by electrical noise in soft deposits. The new accuracy classes of the IRTP 1999 are considered.