bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality and Neural Correlates of Mentalizing Ability
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Rueter Amanda R. , Abram Samantha V. , Brown James S. , Deyoung Colin G.
Published: December 2017

Theory of mind, or mentalizing, defined as the ability to reason about another's mental states, is a crucial psychological function that is disrupted in some forms of psychopathology, but little is known about how individual differences in this ability relate to personality or brain function. One previous study linked mentalizing ability to individual differences in the personality trait Agreeableness. Agreeableness encompasses two major subdimensions: Compassion reflects tendencies toward empathy, prosocial behaviour, and interpersonal concern, whereas Politeness captures tendencies to suppress aggressive and exploitative impulses. We hypothesized that Compassion but not Politeness would be associated with better mentalizing ability. This hypothesis was confirmed in Study 1 ( N = 329) using a theory of mind task that required reasoning about the beliefs of fictional characters. Post hoc analyses indicated that the honesty facet of Agreeableness was negatively associated with mentalizing. In Study 2 ( N = 217), we examined whether individual differences in mentalizing and related traits were associated with patterns of resting–state functional connectivity in the brain. Performance on the theory of mind task was significantly associated with patterns of connectivity between the dorsal medial and core subsystems of the default network, consistent with evidence implicating these regions in mentalization. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology
Fine structure of conformational ensembles in adenylate kinase
Authors: Wang Yujing , Makowski Lee
Published: December 2017

Adenylate kinase (ADK) catalyzes the reversible Mg2+‐dependent phosphoryl transfer reaction Mg2++2ADP ↔Mg2++ATP + AMP in essential cellular systems. This reaction is a major player in cellular energy homeostasis and the isoform network of ADK plays an important role in AMP metabolic signaling circuits. ADK has 3 domains, the LID, NMP, and CORE domains, that undergo large conformational rearrangements during ADK's catalytic cycle. In spite of extensive experimental and computational studies, details of the conformational pathway from open to closed forms remain uncertain. In this paper we explore this pathway using coarse‐grained molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories of ADK calculated by GROMACS using a SMOG model and classify the conformations within the resultant trajectories by K‐means clustering. ADK conformations segregate naturally into open; intermediate; and closed forms with long‐term residence in the intermediate state. Structural clustering divides the intermediate conformation into 3 sub‐states that are distinguished from one another on the basis of differences in both structure and dynamics. These distinctions are defined on the basis of a number of different metrics including radius of gyration, dihedral angle fluctuation, and fluctuations of interatomic pair distances. Furthermore, differences in the sub‐states appear to correspond to the distinct ways each sub‐state contributes to the molecular mechanism of catalysis: One sub‐state acts as a gate‐way to the open conformation; one sub‐state a gate‐way to the closed conformation. A third intermediate sub‐state appears to represent a metastable off‐pathway structure that is nevertheless frequently visited during the passage from open to closed state.
Insecticide susceptibility status of invasiveAedes albopictusacross dengue endemic districts of Odisha, India
Authors: Rath Animesha , Mohanty Ipsita , Hazra Rupenangshu K
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Aedes albopictusis currently the most invasive mosquito species in the world. Keeping in view the wide emergence of insecticide resistance, it is imperative to focus on the current susceptibility status for various insecticides inAe. albopictus. This study focused on understanding the insecticide resistance mechanism ofAe. albopictuscollected from dengue‐endemic districts of Odisha.

RESULTS

Insecticide resistance was evaluated by using standardized bioassay kits (WHO) and biochemical analysis. Larval bioassays revealed the highest level of resistance from Jaipur (JP) population with a RR50of 15.3 and LC50of 1.177 ppm compared with an LC50of 0.077 for the susceptible strain LabS. Results indicated the presence of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance in the majority of adult populations. Elevated activity of nonspecific esterases and cytochrome P450s MFO indicated probable resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids. Molecular screening for common insecticide target‐site mutations confirmed the absence of the ‘knockdown resistance’ response for pyrethroid insecticide inAe. albopictuspopulation, suggesting its continual effectiveness as the major insecticide of significant importance in future vector‐control programmes.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of akdrmutation inAe. albopictusin India and highlights the need for intensive research on other unexplored target‐site mutations that might also contribute to pyrethroid resistance. Effective management and sustainable use of insecticides can be implemented by understanding resistance mechanisms and development of appropriate diagnostic tools. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
The physical processes causing nocturnal rainfall over northwest Australia and their representation in high‐ and low‐resolution models with parametrized convection
Authors: Ackerley D. , Birch C. E. , Garcia‐Carreras L. , Lavender S. L. , Weller E.
Published: December 2017

The diurnal cycle of precipitation in the Tropics is represented poorly in general circulation models (GCMs), which is primarily attributed to the representation of moist convection. Nonetheless, in areas where precipitation is driven by the diurnal cycle in the synoptic‐scale flow, GCMs may represent that circulation–rainfall relationship well. Over northwest Australia there is a tendency for precipitation to peak overnight where the diurnal cycle of the heat low circulation leads to the development of strong convergence after local sunset. In order to assess the heat low–precipitation relationship in more detail, a case‐study approach is used to investigate the actual ‘weather’ that is responsible for night‐time precipitation. The study shows that, where there is sufficient moisture, precipitation typically forms along convergence zones that coincide with boundaries between relatively moist and dry air masses (termed a ‘dryline’). A convergence line detection algorithm is then used to identify the fraction of observed nocturnal rainfall that is associated with any convergence zones. The same evaluation is then undertaken for a relatively high‐resolution (MetUM) and low‐resolution (ACCESS1.0) GCM, which simulate rainfall‐generation processes similar to the observations. Finally, the convergence line detection/precipitation algorithm is run on other GCM data (from CMIP5) to see whether the same processes occur despite different model configurations (i.e. physics), which appears to be the case.
Structural and Conformational Chemistry from Electrochemical Molecular Machines. Replicating Biological Functions. A Review
Authors: Otero Toribio F.
Published: December 2017

Each constitutive chain of a conducting polymer electrode acts as a reversible multi‐step electrochemical molecular motor: reversible reactions drive reversible conformational movements of the chain. The reaction‐driven cooperative actuation of those molecular machines generates, or destroys, inside the film the free volume required to lodge/expel balancing counterions and solvent: reactions drive reversible film volume variations, which basic structural components are here identified and quantified from electrochemical responses. The content of the reactive dense gel (chemical molecular machines, ions and water) mimics that of the intracellular matrix in living functional cells. Reaction‐driven properties (composition‐dependent properties) and devices replicate biological functions and organs. An emerging technological world of soft, wet, reaction‐driven, multifunctional and biomimetic devices and the concomitant zoomorphic or anthropomorphic robots is presented.
Current management of advanced bladder cancer
Authors: Waldron Nick , Young Thomas , Enting Deborah
Published: December 2017

Survival rates in advanced bladder cancer are poor. Recent results with new drugs, in particular immunotherapy drugs, are looking promising. The authors describe the latest treatments and how they are offering new hope for patients with notoriously difficult to treat cancer.
Recycled carbon fiber composites become a reality
Authors: Holmes Mark
Published: December 2017

Wider use of carbon fiber in the composites industry is now a possibility through the introduction of recycled materials. Reinforced Plastics reports on the development of recycled carbon fibers by ELG Carbon Fibre and how some key industrial partners are using them.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2007
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. Among others, DSR 2007: II reports on United States – Anti-Dumping Measure on Shrimp from Ecuador and Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products - Recourse by Argentina to Article 21.5 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2013
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2013: Volumes 1 and 2 together report on Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector / Canada - Measures Relating to the Feed-in Tariff Program (WT/DS412, WT/DS426).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: Volumes XIV to XVII report on Canada - Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC - Hormones Dispute (WT/DS321).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: VIII reports on Mexico - Definitive Countervailing Measures on Olive Oil from the European Communities (WT/DS341).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: Volumes III to VI report on United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton - Recourse by Brazil to Article 21.5 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (WT/DS267).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2009
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2009: III and DSR 2009: IV report on United States – Continued Existence and Application of Zeroing Methodology (WT/DS350).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2012
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2012: IV reports on United States - Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (WT/DS381).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2010
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2010: I and DSR 2010: II report on China – Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (WT/DS363).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2010
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2010: III reports on European Communities and its member States – Tariff Treatment of Certain Information Technology Products (WT/DS375, WT/DS376, WT/DS377).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2010
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2010: VI reports on Australia – Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand (WT/DS367).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: III reports on European Communities and Certain Member States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (WT/DS316).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: V and VI report on United States - Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China (WT/DS379).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: IX reports on United States – Measures Affecting Imports of Certain Passenger Vehicle and Light Truck Tyres from China (WT/DS399).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: X reports on United States – Use of Zeroing in Anti-Dumping Measures Involving Products from Korea (WT/DS402) and United States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam (WT/DS404).
Home-based crisis team in North Cork service description and patient-related outcomes
Authors: Lalevic G. , Suhail A. , Doyle H.
Published: December 2017

Objective

Home-based crisis team (HBCT) in North Cork was established in 2013 to provide short term, intensive home treatment to people who are experiencing acute mental health problems, with the aim of averting hospital admission wherever possible or supporting patients discharged from hospital.

Methods

A retrospective descriptive study design was adopted to describe the activities of the North Cork HBCT over a 1 year period. Data were analysed using R version 3.4.0 for Windows.

Results

A total of 388 patients were referred to the HBCT in 2015, of which 328 required assessments. General practitioners (GPs) made 56% of all referrals. The most common referral reason was low mood (40%). Stepped-up care to the psychiatric inpatient unit was required for 12.4% of patients, 62% were discharged to the outpatient clinic for routine follow-up.

Conclusion

Many common psychiatric presentations can be managed at home with the support of the HBCT although hospital admission is required for significant numbers.
Hurricane Maria, personal and collective suffering, and psychosocial support as a cross-cutting intervention
Authors: Diaz Joseph O. Prewitt
Published: December 2017

Here we discuss the role of psychosocial support activities in the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. We report comments from 630 survivors from 22 towns. The focus is given to reactions, risk factors and resilience. The responses of the survivors were divided into individual and community losses. We propose that the response to such a catastrophic event was psychosocial and give suggestions for psychosocial support during future disaster responses.
The grammar of engagement II: typology and diachrony
Authors: EVANS NICHOLAS , BERGQVIST HENRIK , SAN ROQUE LILA
Published: December 2017

abstract

Engagement systemsencodethe relative accessibility of an entity or state of affairs to the speaker and addressee, and are thus underpinned by our social cognitive capacities. In our first foray into engagement (Part 1), we focused on specialised semantic contrasts as found in entity-level deictic systems, tailored to the primal scenario for establishing joint attention. This second paper broadens out to an exploration of engagement at the level of events and even metapropositions, and comments on how such systems may evolve. The languages Andoke and Kogi demonstrate what a canonical system of engagement with clausal scope looks like, symmetrically assigning ‘knowing’ and ‘unknowing’ values to speaker and addressee. Engagement is also found cross-cutting other epistemic categories such as evidentiality, for example where a complex assessment of relative speaker and addressee awareness concerns the source of information rather than the proposition itself. Data from the language Abui reveal that one way in which engagement systems can develop is by upscoping demonstratives, which normally denote entities, to apply at the level of events. We conclude by stressing the need for studies that focus on what difference it makes, in terms of communicative behaviour, for intersubjective coordination to be managed by engagement systems as opposed to other, non-grammaticalised means.
KAMINALJUYU CHRONOLOGY AND CERAMIC ANALYSIS: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW
Authors: Love Michael
Published: December 2017

Recently, Inomata and colleagues (2014) proposed a revision to Shook and Popenoe de Hatch's (1999) chronology of Kaminaljuyu, recommending a new chronology based on detailed Bayesian analysis of the calibrated dates. In this article, I present data suggesting that Inomata and colleagues' proposed chronology should be viewed with caution, especially with regard to the apogee of Kaminaljuyu, the Verbena and Arenal phases. Furthermore, the impact of their revised chronology is overstated because the model of highland-to-lowland diffusion that they attack has long been moribund.
Ethnic Homogeneity and Community Policing: The Surprising Effects of Social Capital in Two Cape Town Neighborhoods
Authors: Karreth Ann K.
Published: December 2017

Under what conditions does coethnicity undermine mutually beneficial collective action? One of the most enduring hypotheses in a comparative political economy decade is that ethnic diversity tends to undermine public goods provision. Ethnically homogenous communities are assumed to have a distinct advantage in local goods provision because shared identities tend to facilitate cooperation among coethnics. However, one can observe variation in the success of local goods provision across homogenous communities. To explain this puzzling occurrence, I explore the relationship between coethnicity and social capital, examining how they interact differently in different contexts. Empirically, I conduct an analysis of my own fieldwork on community policing efforts in two ethnically homogenous communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that, in some contexts, coethnicity facilitates the development of bonding social capital, a type of social capital that constricts opportunities for individual action by creating certain expectations about behavior. In the context of community policing, those expectations can discourage individuals from participating in collective efforts.
Toxic effects of two essential oils and their constituents on the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor
Authors: Martínez L.C. , Plata-Rueda A. , Colares H.C. , Campos J.M. , Dos Santos M.H. , Fernandes F.L. , Serrão J.E. , Zanuncio J.C.
Published: December 2017

The study identified insecticidal effects from the cinnamon and clove essential oils inTenebrio molitorL. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The lethal concentrations (LC50and LC90), lethal time, and repellent effect on larvae, pupae, and adults ofT. molitorafter exposure to six concentrations of each essential oil and toxic compounds were evaluated. The chemical composition of the cinnamon oil was also determined and primary compounds were eugenol (10.19%),trans-3-caren-2-ol (9.92%), benzyl benzoate (9.68%), caryophyllene (9.05%), eugenyl acetate (7.47%), α-phellandrene (7.18%), and α-pinene (6.92%). In clove essential oil, the primary compounds were eugenol (26.64%), caryophyllene (23.73%), caryophyllene oxide (17.74%), 2-propenoic acid (11.84%), α-humulene (10.48%), γ-cadinene (4.85%), and humulene oxide (4.69%). Cinnamon and clove essential oils were toxic toT. molitor. In toxic chemical compounds, eugenol have stronger contact toxicity in larvae, pupae, and adult than caryophyllene oxide, followed by α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and α-humulene. In general, the two essential oils were toxic and repellent to adultT. molitor. Cinnamon and clove essential oils and their compounds caused higher mortality and repellency onT. molitorand, therefore, have the potential for integrated management programs of this insect.
Provenance and tectonic setting of the Upper Palaeozoic sandstones in western Inner Mongolia (the Shalazhashan and Solonker belts), China: insights from detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes
Authors: SHI GUANZHONG , SONG GUANGZENG , WANG HUA , HUANG CHUANYAN , LI BEN
Published: December 2017

The Solonker and Shalazhashan belts are hotly debated tectonic units of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), because they may either represent a Permian or Triassic suture zone of the CAOB, or a rifting zone overprinted on an Early Palaeozoic orogen. Provenance analysis of the Upper Palaeozoic sandstones in these belts may provide useful constraints on this issue. This study collected six sandstone samples from three study areas: the Mandula area of the Solonker Belt, the Quagan Qulu area of the Shalazhashan Belt but close to the Alxa block, and the Enger Us area of the Shalazhashan Belt, for framework petrography, zircon morphology, U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic analyses. Framework petrography reveals that the Mandula and Enger Us area samples contain high proportions of volcanic fragments, whereas the samples from the Quagan Qulu area include not only volcanic fragments but also significant amounts of biotite and muscovite. The detrital zircons of the Mandula area and the Enger Us area yield two main age groups: (i) 260–330 Ma, with dominant εHf(t) values of –5 to +12; and (ii) 420–550 Ma, with dominant εHf(t) values of –9 to +9, suggesting that Early Palaeozoic arc-related magmatic rocks and Late Palaeozoic syn-depositional volcanic rocks are the main source rocks. The detrital zircons of the Quagan Qulu area have one main age group of 420–500 Ma and some grains of 0.9–1.1 Ga, 1.4–1.5 Ga, 1.8–1.9 Ga and ~ 2.5 Ga, which derive from the northern margin of the Alxa block. The lithological and fossil assemblages of the Upper Palaeozoic sandstones suggest shallow-marine to deep-water depositional environments and a northward-deepening transition. Based on the zircon spectra, sedimentary environment analysis and previous studies, we argue that the Solonker Belt and the Shalazhashan Belt of the CAOB are in extensional basins of a fore-arc or rifting setting.
UNCLOS TRIBUNALS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF REGIME
Authors: Nguyen Lan Ngoc
Published: December 2017

Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets out the legal regime governing the novel ‘continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles’ or ‘the outer continental shelf’. As Article 76 contains a complex interface between law and science, its interpretation and application raises intricate issues, with which no international court or tribunal had dealt with substantively before 2012. The UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies were the first international tribunals to provide answers to long-standing questions surrounding the meaning and application of several important, but ambiguous or controversial, legal terms employed under Article 76. As such, the decisions rendered by the UNCLOS tribunals have been seen as playing an important role in elucidating the legal regime of the outer continental shelf. This article queries this assessment by critically examining whether and to what extent the relevant pronouncements made by UNCLOS tribunals have contributed to clarifying and developing the law governing the outer continental shelf regime under UNCLOS.
Moving along paths in space and time
Authors: HUUMO TUOMAS
Published: December 2017

In cognitive linguistics, motion metaphors of time (e.g.Christmas is approaching, We left the crisis behind) have been actively studied during the last decades. In addition to motion verbs, prepositional expressions are an important element in such metaphors. This work combines insights from Cognitive Grammar and Conceptual Metaphor Theory to account for uses of English path prepositions in motion metaphors of time. It is argued that such expressions conceptualize time as a path where amoveris advancing. The nature of themovervaries: it can be an individual entity metaphorically in motion (e.g.We wentTHROUGHa hard winter), an extended period of time (e.g.The period of Daylight Saving Time goes onPASTSeptember), or the temporal profile of a process (e.g.I sleptTHROUGHthe afternoon). The nature of themovercorrelates with the grammatical function of the path expression, which alternates between a complement of a motion verb and a free modifier. Accordingly, the time path can relate with figurative (motion-related) or veridical (duration-related) conceptualizations of time. While a spatial path is direction-neutral, a time path can, with few exceptions, only be scrutinized in the earlier$\rightarrow$later direction.
School performance from primary education in the adolescent offspring of parents with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder– a national, register-based study
Authors: Ranning Anne , Laursen Thomas , Agerbo Esben , Thorup Anne , Hjorthøj Carsten , Jepsen Jens Richardt Møllegaard , Nordentoft Merete
Published: December 2017

Background

Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are causes of severe disability worldwide and parents’ severe mental illness (SMI) is associated with childhood adversity, and socio-emotional and cognitive problems in children. Yet, how parental BP and SZ affect educational attainment in offspring is still unclear.

Method

We included all children (N= 684.248) born and living in Denmark between 1986 and 1996 and their parents. Our follow-up lasted from 1986 until children's graduation in 2014. The main outcome variable was their school grades following their primary education. School outcomes were divided into four categories: not graduated, low-grade point average (GPA), medium GPA and high GPA. We then performed a multiple logistic regression with medium GPA as the reference category, with the children of parents without SZ or BP as the reference group.

Results

Children of parents with SZ faced higher odds than their peers of not graduating primary education (OR 2.6), along with low GPA (odds ratios (OR) 1.6) and lower odds for a high GPA (OR 0.7). Moreover, it was the children of mothers rather than fathers with BP who had higher odds of not graduating primary education (OR 1.6). Lastly, child placement was associated with lower grades and lower graduation rates, and outcomes for children of parents with SMI were favorable compared with other children placed in care.

Conclusion

For children, parental SZ is associated with lower grades and lower chances for graduating primary education. In contrast, the children of parents with BP were indistinguishable from the reference group regarding school grades. This signifies that specificity of parental severe mental illness is important in relation to educational achievement of children.
Ethnic density effects for adult mental health: systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies
Authors: Bécares Laia , Dewey Michael E. , Das-Munshi Jayati
Published: December 2017

Background

Despite increased ethnic diversity in more economically developed countries it is unclear whether residential concentration of ethnic minority people (ethnic density) is detrimental or protective for mental health. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis covering the international literature, assessing ethnic density associations with mental health outcomes.

Methods

We systematically searched Medline, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science from inception to 31 March 2016. We obtained additional data from study authors. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis taking into account clustering of estimates within datasets. Meta-regression assessed heterogeneity in studies due to ethnicity, country, generation, and area-level deprivation. Our main exposure was ethnic density, defined as the residential concentration of own racial/ethnic minority group. Outcomes included depression, anxiety and the common mental disorders (CMD), suicide, suicidality, psychotic experiences, and psychosis.

Results

We included 41 studies in the review, with meta-analysis of 12 studies. In the meta-analyses, we found a large reduction in relative odds of psychotic experiences [odds ratio (OR) 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–0.89)] and suicidal ideation [OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.79–0.98)] for each 10 percentage-point increase in own ethnic density. For CMD, depression, and anxiety, associations were indicative of protective effects of own ethnic density; however, results were not statistically significant. Findings from narrative review were consistent with those of the meta-analysis.

Conclusions

The findings support consistent protective ethnic density associations across countries and racial/ethnic minority populations as well as mental health outcomes. This may suggest the importance of the social environment in patterning detrimental mental health outcomes in marginalized and excluded population groups.
Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian Environmentalism in China's Battle against Air Pollution
Authors: Ahlers Anna L. , Shen Yongdong
Published: December 2017

The heavy smog suffocating China's cities is increasingly being perceived as a threat by both the population and the authorities. Consequently, political action aiming at regulating ambient air pollution has become increasingly comprehensive and rigid in recent years. Even measures limiting consumption and production seem to become acceptable as China is facing an airpocalypse. Does this suggest a genesis of real “authoritarian environmentalism” (AE) in China? Taking this as a heuristic point of departure, we present findings from research on the implementation of air pollution control measures in Hangzhou city. We offer a critical examination of the concept of AE and, in particular, of local policy implementation strategies vis-à-vis the general public. Two measures in Hangzhou's air policy portfolio are analysed that reveal considerable variation: restrictions on the use of private cars and the (re)location of industrial facilities. Describing the conditions that have helped to produce different implementation strategies, we argue for different emphases in a potential Chinese model of AE. In a context where outcomes are sought at any cost, we observe more complexity and nuances than are usually captured by the AE concept.
Air Pollution and Grassroots Echoes of “Ecological Civilization” in Rural China
Authors: Halskov Hansen Mette , Liu Zhaohui
Published: December 2017

This article places the study of rural environmental activism in the wider context of the Chinese government's promotion of Ecological Civilization (shengtai wenming生态文明). Ecological Civilization is, we argue, a top-down imaginary of China's future that opens up space for environmental agency while setting authoritative standards for how to frame protests in a logic of science and social stability. The article compares how residents in a small cluster of villages in Zhejiang province dealt with different sources of air pollution over a span of ten years: how, when and why they chose to negotiate with local officials and industrial managers to prevent or reduce air pollution, and what the outcome was. We found that in addition to a consciousness of the right to protest, villagers had come to regard the ability to evoke science in negotiations with officials and industrial managers as crucial for success. We suggest that the forms of environmental activism we observed were in effect “containable protests” that befit the state-initiated national imaginary of an ecologically civilized world.
When London Hit the Headlines: Historical Analogy and the Chinese Media Discourse on Air Pollution
Authors: Li Hongtao , Svarverud Rune
Published: December 2017

This article analyses how Chinese media make sense of smog and air pollution in China through the lens of London's past. Images of London, the fog city, have figured in the Chinese press since the 1870s, and this collective memory has made London a powerful yet malleable tool for discursive contestation on how to frame China's current air pollution problem, which constitutes part of news media's hegemonic and counter-hegemonic practices. Although the classic images of London as a fog city persist to the present day, the new narrative centres on the 1952 Great Smog, which was rediscovered and mobilized by Chinese news media to build an historical analogy. In invoking this foreign past, official media use London to naturalize the smog problem in China and justify the official stance, while commercialized media emphasize the bitter lessons to be learned and call for government action.
The Semantics of Political Integration: Public Debates about the Term ‘Expellees’ in Post-War Western Germany
Authors: NACHUM IRIS , SCHAEFER SAGI
Published: December 2017

In the immediate period following the Second World War the Western occupation zones of Germany received eight million ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe. Initially these newcomers were lumped in Western German discourse under the term ‘refugees’. Yet, within less than a decade, the term ‘expellees’ emerged as a more popular denotation. Scholarship has offered two explanations for this semantic change, emphasising the political influence of both the Allies and the ‘expellee’ leadership. This article presents a complementary reason for this discursive shift. We argue that ‘expellees’ marked the symbolic weight that the ethnic Germans offered as expulsion victims in order to balance out German guilt for Nazi crimes.
Utility of cardiac MRI in paediatric myocarditis
Authors: Hales-Kharazmi Alice , Hirsch Nina , Kelleman Michael , Slesnick Timothy , Deshpande Shriprasad R.
Published: December 2017

Background

The diagnostic role of cardiac MRI in myocarditis is evolving, however with extremely limited data in paediatrics. The goal of this study was to assess the utility of cardiac MRI in paediatric myocarditis and present a new prognostic score for risk stratification.

Method

The present study is a retrospective investigation of children with a clinical diagnosis of myocarditis, including analysis of demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, including cardiac MRI, and outcomes.

Results

A total of 44 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 20 had undergone cardiac MRI. Patients who underwent cardiac MRI were older (median 15.6 versus 11.1 years, p=0.004), had a shorter length of hospital stay (median 4.0 versus 12.5 days, p=0.004), had overall less-severe illness at presentation as evidenced by a higher left-ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiography, had lower peak brain-type natriuretic peptide, were less likely to require advanced mechanical support, and were less likely to experience cardiac death or transplant. In patients who had undergone cardiac MRI, the most common findings were increased early gadolinium enhancement (n=9) or late gadolinium enhancement (n=9). Cardiac MRI findings did not predict a worse outcome. Independent predictors of the need for heart-failure medications at 1-year follow-up included inotrope requirement, extracorporeal membrane oxygenator requirement, and antiarrhythmic requirement at presentation (p<0.05).

Conclusion

In paediatric myocarditis, cardiac MRI is not used uniformly, has a low yield, and does not predict worse outcomes. Future research should evaluate clinical decision-making and the cost–benefit analysis of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis of paediatric myocarditis.
Dynamic flow imaging using 320-detector row CT and motion coherence analysis in coronary aneurysms associated with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Shimomiya Yamato , Nagao Michinobu , Yamasaki Yuzo , Shirasaka Takashi , Kondo Masatoshi , Kojima Tsukasa , Nishie Akihiro , Yamamura Kenichiro , Honda Hiroshi
Published: December 2017

Introduction

We propose a new dynamic flow imaging using 320-detector row CT, and investigate the assessment of coronary flow in aneurysms of Kawasaki disease in adulthood.

Methods

Six patients with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysms associated (26.7 years old) and six controls were enrolled. Dynamic coronary CT angiography with 320-row CT was continuously performed at mid-diastole throughout 15–25 cardiac cycles with prospective Electrocardiogram gating after injection of contrast media. Dynamic data sets of 15–25 cycles were computed into 90–100 data sets by motion coherence image processing. Next, time–density curves for coronary arteries were calculated for all the phases. On the basis of the maximum slope method, coronary flow index was defined as the ratio of the maximum upslope of the attenuation of coronary arteries to the upslope of the attenuation of ascending aorta on the time–density curves. Coronary flow indexes for the proximal and distal sites of coronary arteries and intra-aneurysm were measured.
Can endurance training improve physical capacity and quality of life in young Fontan patients?
Authors: Hedlund Eva R. , Lundell Bo , Söderström Liselott , Sjöberg Gunnar
Published: December 2017

Objective

Children after Fontan palliation have reduced exercise capacity and quality of life. Our aim was to study whether endurance training could improve physical capacity and quality of life in Fontan patients.

Methods

Fontan patients (n=30) and healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects (n=25) performed a 6-minute walk test at submaximal capacity and a maximal cycle ergometer test. Quality of life was assessed with Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 questionnaires for children and parents. All tests were repeated after a 12-week endurance training programme and after 1 year.

Results

Patients had decreased submaximal and maximal exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake 35.0±5.1 ml/minute per·kg versus 43.7±8.4 ml/minute·per·kg, p<0.001) and reported a lower quality of life score (70.9±9.9 versus 85.7±8.0, p<0.001) than controls. After training, patients improved their submaximal exercise capacity in a 6-minute walk test (from 590.7±65.5 m to 611.8±70.9 m, p<0.05) and reported a higher quality of life (p<0.01), but did not improve maximal exercise capacity. At follow-up, submaximal exercise capacity had increased further and improved quality of life was sustained. The controls improved their maximal exercise capacity (p<0.05), but not submaximal exercise capacity or quality of life after training. At follow-up, improvement of maximal exercise capacity was sustained.

Conclusions

We believe that an individualised endurance training programme for Fontan patients improves submaximal exercise capacity and quality of life in Fontan patients and the effect on quality of life appears to be long-lasting.
DO BANKS TAKE UNUSUAL RISKS WHEN INTEREST RATES ARE EXPECTED TO STAY LOW FOR A LONG TIME?
Authors: Gaggl Paul , Valderrama Maria Teresa
Published: December 2017

The financial woes that initiated the financial crisis of 2007/08 have, at least in part, been traced to excessive bank risk-taking. What induced this behavior? One explanation is the persistently low short-term interest rates during the mid-2000s. We exploit an extensive panel of matched Austrian banks and firms during 2000–2008 to investigate the effects of the European Central Bank's (ECB) policy of persistently low interest rates during 2003q3–2005q3. Our analysis suggests that this policy likely caused Austrian banks to hold risker loan portfolios than they would have in its absence.
Induziert Methylphenidat Leberschäden? – Analyse von Spontanmeldungen an das Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM)
Authors: Fekete Stefanie , Romanos Marcel , Gerlach Manfred
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. Spontanmeldungen an das Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) wurden bezüglich Leberschädigungen unter einer Therapie mit Methylphenidat (MPH) gesichtet. Unter Anwendung der Bewertungskriterien des Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) erfolgte eine Einschätzung der Verdachtsfälle hinsichtlich eines möglichen kausalen Zusammenhangs. Ermittelt wurden in der Nebenwirkungsdatenbank des BfArM Verdachtsfälle aus Deutschland über den Zeitraum vom 01.01.2006 bis einschließlich 23.05.2016. Mithilfe der Suchstrategie „Standardized MedDRA Queries“ (SMQ) wurde in der Datenbank nach dem Wirkstoff MPH und der potenziellen unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkung (UAW) „Hepatic Disorder“ gesucht. Die Spontanmeldungen wurden auf Vollständigkeit geprüft und klinisch beurteilt. Insgesamt handelte es sich um 60 Verdachtsfälle von Leberschädigungen durch MPH. 15 Fälle waren aufgrund lückenhafter Dokumentation nicht beurteilbar. Bei 25 Verdachtsfällen wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Einnahme von MPH und dem Auftreten von Leberschäden als „unwahrscheinlich“ eingestuft. Ein „möglicher“ kausaler Zusammenhang fand sich bei 11 Fällen, ein „wahrscheinlicher“ kausaler Zusammenhang bei 9 Fällen: Berichtet wurde von jeweils einem Patienten mit fulminanter Hepatitis und größenprogredientem benignen Lebertumor und 18 Fällen mit (reversibler) Leberenzymwerterhöhung. Gemäß unseren Auswertungen ist MPH in Bezug auf Leber- und Gallenerkrankungen gut verträglich.