bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Airline Dispatchers Manage Flights: A Task Analysis in Distributed and Heterogeneous Network Operations
Authors: Huang Lixiao , Nneji Victoria Chibuogu , Cummings Mary
Published: November 2019

Equipped with technology, airline dispatchers interact with multiple entities to maximize the safety and efficiency of flights. How well the overall airline system performs is influenced by dispatchers’ workload. In order to assist future work in developing advanced automated technologies to assist dispatchers, particularly under high-workload periods, this paper presents an analysis of airline dispatchers’ tasks in a large operations control center. This is an important step in developing airline dispatcher workload simulations and other analytical approaches that assist in staffing of operations for dynamic operations, as well as estimating the impact of new technology on dispatchers’ workload.
Neck muscle activation and head kinematics when using a smartphone while walking
Authors: Yoon Woojin , Han Hyeseon , Choi Seobin , Shin Gwanseob
Published: November 2019

Using a smartphone while walking has been common in countries with high smartphone penetration rates. While pedestrian safety issues have been studied frequently, research regarding ergonomics issues such as neck discomfort of smartphone use while walking has been limited. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the neck muscular load of smartphone use while walking. Twenty-one asymptomatic young smartphone owners conducted one-handed browsing and two-handed texting while walking on a treadmill. Their neck muscle activation level, head and upper back posture were quantified. Compared to when walking upright without using a smartphone, the two smartphone-use tasks demanded 33.3% to 101.8% more activation of the neck extensor muscles. Mean head tilt angles (relative to upright standing) were 28.9° and 36.9° for the one-handed browsing and two-handed texting, respectively. Between the two smartphone tasks, the head tilt angle and the muscle activation level were significantly greater for texting than for browsing. Results indicated that conducting two-handed texting while walking would pose larger muscular load to the neck extensor muscles compared to when conducting one-handed browsing while walking due to the larger head tilt angle.
Activation pattern of the upper extremity muscles during dynamic push and pull tasks
Authors: Song Donghyun , Bak Haerim , Shin Gwanseob
Published: November 2019

Manual pushing and pulling is a common occupational task that has been associated with the development of various work-related musculoskeletal disorders, but research regarding the biomechanics of sub-maximal pushing and pulling exertions has been limited. This study was conducted to evaluate the activation pattern of upper extremity and shoulder muscles during sub-maximum dynamic pushing and pulling exertions with varying horizontal and vertical loads. Twenty young healthy female participants performed repetitive pushing exertions and pulling exertions against horizontal resistance (1 kg, 2 kg, or 3 kg) while supporting vertical hand load (0.6 kg, or 1.3 kg). Myoelectric signal of the seven upper extremity and shoulder muscles were collected during the exertions to assess the activation level of the muscles. Results found that the anterior deltoid muscle was the main mover of the sub-maximal pushing and the elbow flexors were the main muscles of the sub-maximal pulling exertions. The analysis on the effect sizes of two loads showed that the activation of the muscles near the shoulder joint were more sensitive to the horizontal load, while the forearm muscles and the elbow flexors were more sensitive to the vertical load. Study findings showed how muscles of the upper extremity and the shoulder would respond differently to the changes of the vertical and horizontal hand loads during sub-maximal pushing and pulling exertions. Results could be used to understand the mechanism of injury of low-to-moderate exertion pushing and pulling tasks such as hand sawing and floor vacuuming.
Gender and Parity in Statistical Prediction of Anterior Carry Hand-Loads from Inertial Sensor Data
Authors: Lim Sol , D’Souza Clive
Published: November 2019

The objective of this study was to examine potential gender effects on the performance of a statistical algorithm for predicting hand-load levels that uses body-worn inertial sensor data. Torso and pelvic kinematic data was obtained from 11 men and 11 women in a laboratory experiment while they carried anterior hand-loads of 13.6 kg, and 22.7 kg, and during unloaded walking. Nine kinematic variables expressed as relative changes from unloaded gait were calculated and used as predictors in a statistical classification model predicting load-level (no-load, 13.6 kg, and 22.7 kg). To compare effects of gender on prediction accuracy, prediction models were built using both, gender-balanced gait data and gender-specific data (i.e., separate models for men and women) and evaluated using hold-out validation techniques. The gender-balanced model correctly classified load levels with an accuracy of 74.2% and 80.0% for men and women, respectively. The gender-specific models had accuracies of 68.3% and 85.0% for men and women, respectively. Findings indicated a lack of classification parity across gender, and possibly across other types of personal attributes such as age, ethnicity, and health condition. While preliminary, this study hopes to draw attention to challenges in algorithmic bias, parity and fairness, particularly as machine learning techniques gain popularity in ergonomics practice.
Evaluation of Multi-axial Active Suspension to Reduce Whole Body Vibration Exposures and Associated Biomechanical Loading in Mining Heavy Equipment Vehicle Operators
Authors: Kia Kiana , Johnson Pete , Fitch Stephanie , Dennerlein Jack , Kim Jay
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of multi-axial (lateral + vertical) active suspension in reducing multi-axial WBV exposures and related biomechanical loading in the neck and low back as compared to an industry standard single-axial (vertical) passive suspension seat. In a repeated-measures laboratory study with 13 subjects, while recreating field-measure vehicle vibration on a 6-degree-of-freedom motion platform, we measured WBV [weighted average vibration: A(8) and vibration dose values: VDV(8)], net joint torque in the low back (L5/S1) and neck, muscle activity in low back (erector spinae) and neck muscle (splenius capitis). The results showed that the multi-axial active suspension seat was more effective in reducing vertical (Z-axis) WBV [A(8) and VDV(8)] as compared to the single-axial passive suspension seats (p < 0.001), while little difference between two suspension seats were found in lateral (Y) axis. The peak low back moment with respect to the sagittal (Y) axis was significantly lower on the multi-axial active suspension seat compared to the single-axial passive suspension seat (p=0.01). Despite lack of statistical significance, the low back and neck muscle activity tended to be lower on the multi-axial active suspension compared to the single-axial passive suspension. These results indicate that the multi-axial suspension may have potential to reduce biomechanical loading in the low back.
Physiological and Muscular Stress Associated with Multi-axial Whole-Body Vibration Exposure in Mining Heavy Equipment Vehicle Environment
Authors: Kia Kiana , Fitch Stephanie , Newsom Sean , Kim Jay
Published: November 2019

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is known to be a leading factor for developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). As mining vehicle operators are exposed to frequent transient shocks and substantial non-vertical WBV exposures, they may be at a greater risk than on-road vehicle operators. However, the impact of such exposures is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how the exposure to WBV affected physiological stress and whether mining vehicles’ vibration with substantial non-vertical WBV components would further increase the level of physiological stress as compared to on-road vehicle vibration (vertical-axis dominant vibration). In a repeated-measures laboratory study, a 6-degree-of-freedom motion platform was used to recreate three different types of field-collected vibration profiles: vertical-axis dominant vibration measured from on-road long-haul trucks (VA), multi-axial vibration measured from mining vehicles (MA), and no vibration (control condition: CC). Subjects were exposed to each vibration condition for 2-hour sessions over three different experimental days. Blood samples were collected before and after each exposure session in order to measure biological markers for inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α: TNFα), muscle damage (creatine kinase), and physiological stress (cortisol). During the 2-hour WBV exposures, muscle activity in the neck and low back muscles was measured using electromyography. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in TNFα (inflammatory response) levels between vibration exposure (VA and MA) and the control condition (no vibration) (p = 0.01); however, these differences are not considered as clinically significant changes. No significant changes were found in muscle damage (creatine kinase) and physiological stress (cortisol). The vibration exposure conditions (VA and MA) showed higher low back muscle activity; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance (p’s > 0.08). Neck muscle activity did not differ among exposure conditions. The lack of effect in these results may support previous findings that MSDs develop from prolonged exposure to WBV and not from acute exposure to physical risk factors.
Processes and challenges associated with informal electronic waste recycling at Agbogbloshie, a suburb of Accra, Ghana
Authors: Acquah Augustine A. , D’Souza Clive , Martin Bernard , Arko-Mensah John , Nti Afua Amoabeng , Kwarteng Lawrencia , Takyi Sylvia , Quakyi Isabella A. , Robins Thomas G. , Fobil Julius N.
Published: November 2019

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a worldwide problem in terms of increasing production rate in the global waste stream. Its recycling is known to be associated with adverse health outcomes. The recycling site at Agbogbloshie is a major e-waste recycling hub which presents enormous health threats to the residents in this community as a result of exposure to complex mixtures of chemicals associated with the poor work methods employed. This paper describes the processes involved in e-waste recycling at Agbogbloshie and discusses some of the associated health and psychosocial challenges. Direct field observations and in-depth interviews of eight e-waste workers were conducted from November, 2017 to December, 2017. Results from a thematic analysis of the data gathered; suggest that inappropriate recycling methods, financial constraints, and the high physical demands of e-waste recycling work were associated with adverse musculoskeletal health conditions among the workers. A more systematic ergonomic study is currently being undertaken to quantify the associations between physical work exposures and worker musculoskeletal health among e-waste workers in Agbogbloshie. Further studies that focus on locally adapted ergonomic interventions for effective recycling of e-waste and reducing the health risk to workers are needed.
Physical Stresses on Caregivers when Pulling Patients Up in Bed: Effect of Repositioning Aids and Patient Weight
Authors: Zhou* Jie , Wiggermann Neal
Published: November 2019

Manual patient handling is a major cause of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among caregivers. Pulling patients up in bed (PUIB) is one of the most frequently performed patient handling activities, for which repositioning aids are usually recommended. However, it is not clear how to choose repositioning aids for a patient of a given weight, such that the risk of MSDs can be reduced. The current study investigates the physical stresses on caregivers across three patient weight levels, and for common types of repositioning aids during the PUIB activity. Ten caregivers were recruited to preform PUIB tasks while motion capture, ground reaction force, and hand reaction force were measured. Spinal compressive load (L5/S1) was estimated using AnyBody Modeling System software. Repositioning aids and patient weight significantly affected the physical stresses on caregivers. Peak L5/S1 compressive load, peak pulling force, and perceived exertion were lowest for the air-assisted repositioning devices, second lowest for the friction reducing sheet, second highest for the turn and position systems, and highest for the draw sheet. Except for the air-assisted repositioning device, other tested repositioning aids are not adequate to mitigate the risk of MSDs. A mechanical lift should be considered as a robust alternative to repositioning aids that can safely accommodate all patient regardless of weight.
An Eye-Tracking Evaluation of Gauge Shapes in Process Control
Authors: Shi Chao , Rothrock Ling
Published: November 2019

Operators monitor gauge shapes in control room displays to maintain the status of the refinery control process within normal limits. To test if shapes currently used by operators are effectively designed, two experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of individual shapes in a Visual Thesaurus toolkit for comprehension and change detection. Moreover, eye tracking technology was used to investigate basic perceptual recognition behaviors of each Visual Thesaurus shape for comprehension and change detection. Thirty-one students from Pennsylvania State University participated in this experiment. It was found that pupil size could be used to track the cognitive load of participants. Correctness was also measured but it was not as sensitive as pupil size, as it did not capture a difference in the effectiveness of shapes.
Moving forward from the mid-career: Path options and strategies for mid-career academics
Authors: Bass Ellen J. , Bisantz Ann , Cao Caroline G. L. , Carayon Pascale , Cooke Nancy , Pritchett Amy R.
Published: November 2019

The goal of the Mid-career Task Force of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society is to support development and mentoring programs of mid-career professionals through activities such as panels and symposia and by providing information regarding career pathways and development opportunities. This workshop will highlight career pathways for mid-career academics in four areas: research leadership, education/curriculum leadership, academic leadership, and professional society leadership. The panel will also provide strategies for those working at institutions with few others who focus on human factors. The workshop will also provide an opportunity for attendees to identify future areas of focus for the Mid-career Task Force.
An example of modeling the combined effects of creep and fatigue loading in musculoskeletal tissue
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Huangfu Rong
Published: November 2019

Human musculoskeletal tissues incur both creep and cyclic loading every day, both of which can contribute to cumulative damage development. This paper will describe methods of understanding and modeling the interaction of creep and fatigue loading. Results indicate that at very low levels of stress, creep loading may be the predominant mechanism of damage in tissues; however, fatigue loading becomes the strongly dominant mechanism of damage at levels above this.
Towards Understanding Liminal Fatigue in Nursing
Authors: Flores James , Larsen Ethan P. , Rao Arjun H. , Sasangohar Farzan
Published: November 2019

While acute and chronic fatigue have been studied extensively in nursing (a profession especially prone to fatigue, with implications for patient safety), the accumulation of fatigue beyond acute has not been well-studied, nor have studies researched when chronic fatigue begins, or how they contribute to burnout. This paper frames this transitional category as a novel construct called liminal fatigue. We present a narrative literature review to ground this construct which may aid future methods to identify and mitigate fatigue accumulation contributing to chronic fatigue and burnout.
Orchestrating through Whirlwind: Identified Challenges and Resilience Factors of Incident Management Teams during Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Son Changwon , Sasangohar Farzan , Peres S. Camille , Neville Timothy J. , Moon Jukrin
Published: November 2019

While resilience in emergency management has been studied at the macro- (government) and micro-levels (individual field responder), little is known for resilience of incident management teams (IMTs). To investigate challenges and resilience factors of IMTs, this paper documents thematic analysis of 10 interviews with emergency personnel who responded to Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Themes emerged in four categories: goals, challenges, resilience factors, and technical tools of IMTs. Given similar goals but unique challenges during Harvey, IMTs sought to establish and maintain a common operating picture to make sense of evolving situations and make decisions adaptively. Various technical tools were used providing different functionalities, but a need for technology to reduce cognitive load was indicated. Findings of this study will inform the development of more resilient IMTs in future disasters.
Lifting Heavy Patients in their Homes: A biomechanical study of equipment that can be used by EMS providers
Authors: Lavender Steven A. , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Bigelow Steven , Weston Eric B. , Seagren Kelly , Pay Noura Amini , Sillars Dawn , Ramachandran Vivek , Sun Chunyi , Xu Yilun , Marras William S. ,   The Ohio State University
Published: November 2019

Firefighters and EMS providers continue to be challenged when lifting heavy patients in their homes. This study investigated the biomechanical efficacy of four devices that could be used by two-person teams when lifting patients from the floor, from a reclining chair, or from a Simulated Inflatable Seat at chair height. Fourteen firefighter-paramedics, working in two-person teams, were instrumented with motion capture and electromyographic sensors. The Binder LiftTM and the Simple Strap were used to lift patient actors, and were compared to current lifting methods. Postural data and the peak dynamic spine shear forces at the L5/S1 level were reduced when using the Simple Strap, the Binder Lift, and the Simulated Inflatable Seat. In summary, each of these devices has been shown to have biomechanical support for their use by EMS providers.
Can you feel it? What does it mean? Notifications for Operators of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) During Operational Missions
Authors: Katzman Nuphar , Oron-Gilad Tal
Published: November 2019

Vibro-tactile interfaces can support users in various aspects and contexts. Despite their inherent advantages, it is important to realize that they are limited in the type and capacity of information they can convey. This study is part of a series of experiments that aim to develop and evaluate a “tactile taxonomy” for dismounted operational environments. The current experiment includes a simulation of an operational mission with a remote Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). During the mission, 20 participants were required to interpret notifications that they received in one (or more) of the following modalities: auditory, visual and/or tactile. Three specific notification types were chosen based on previous studies, in order to provide an intuitive connection between the notification and its semantic meaning. Response times to notifications, the ability to distinguish between the information types that they provided, and the operational mission performance metrics, were collected. Results indicate that it is possible to use a limited “tactile taxonomy” in a visually loaded and auditory noisy scene while performing a demanding operational task. The use of the tactile modality with other sensory modalities leverages the participants’ ability to perceive and identify the notifications.
A Taxonomy of Strategies For Supporting Time-Sharing With Non-Driving Tasks in Automated Driving
Authors: He Dengbo , Kanaan Dina , Donmez Birsen
Published: November 2019

Driver distraction is one of the leading causes of vehicle crashes. The introduction of higher levels of vehicle control automation is expected to alleviate the negative effects of distraction by delegating the driving task to automation, thus enabling drivers to engage in non-driving-related tasks more safely. However, before fully automated vehicles are realized, drivers are still expected to play a supervisory role and intervene with the driving task if necessary while potentially having more spare capacity for engaging in non-driving-related tasks. Traditional distraction mitigation perspectives need to be shifted for automated vehicles from mainly preventing the occurrence of non-driving-related tasks to dynamically coordinating time-sharing between driving and non-driving-related tasks. In this paper, we provide a revised and expanded taxonomy of driver distraction mitigation strategies, discuss how the different strategies can be used in an automated driving context, and propose directions for future research in supporting time-sharing in automated vehicles.
Evaluation of tactile cues for simulated patients’ status under high and low workload
Authors: Katzman Nuphar , Gellert May , Schlesinger Joseph J. , Oron-Gilad Tal , Cooperstock Jeremy R. , Bitan Yuval
Published: November 2019

The intensive care unit (ICU) is one of the most complex areas in hospital care, as patients require continuous monitoring by physicians and nurses. Currently, clinicians are informed about the patients’ physiological conditions through visual color-coded signals and auditory alarms. Previous studies have shown that vibrotactile cues can be used to inform clinicians of a patient’s vital signs status, either in a unisensory or multisensory alarm scheme. We present the results of the first in a series of experiments devoted to examining the feasibility to use tactile cues to convey detailed physiological information about more than one patient, rendered through a lower-leg tactile interface. The current experiment utilized a simulated clinical environment with 14 undergraduate students. Participants were required to interpret information delivered by the tactile interface, for two different patients, while they performed a continuous cognitively demanding task. Results indicate that under such conditions, it is possible to deliver critical information with a successful interpretation rate of approximately 85% but not without cost to the continuous demanding task. Future experiments should evaluate more tactile patterns in order to increase their interpretation success rate, and evaluate the use of these tactile cues with clinicians.
Developing an Interactive Survey Instrument to Capture Hospitalized Children’s Experience
Authors: Ali Haneen , Cole Astin , Sienkiewicz Adam , Hossain Md Monir
Published: November 2019

Most child-patients do not provide their own account of their healthcare experiences and are instead represented by their parents/legal guardians. A common belief is that children lack the perceptiveness, knowledge, experience, or maturity needed to answer questions on a complex subject such as their health and the care received while hospitalized. However, the literature suggests that children can provide valuable feedback about their experiences, which can differ from the perspective of their parent/guardian. The overall goal of this project is to 1. Determine whether child-patients perceive their healthcare experiences differently than their parents. 2. Identify the key domains whereby they differ. 3. Evaluate and explain the differences in perceived healthcare quality between child-patient and parent. 4. Develop innovative and engaging tools/instruments to obtain hospitalized children’s experience and meaningful feedback. This paper will describe the methodology, insights, and challenges of developing the tools and instruments aimed at understanding how children define their quality of care. A semi-structured, 10 question interview and multiple versions of a 45-question survey instrument was prepared to test recently hospitalized children (ages 4-17) and their parent/guardian along eight key domains. While the goal of the interview is to identify the key domains that reflect a child’s measures of quality, the survey seeks to provide a comprehensive outlook at a pediatric patient’s experience from start to finish. Pilot testing showed that Cronbach alpha values were within the acceptable range (> 0.7), and younger children were consistently able to complete the interview and survey within 45-minute time. It was observed through the study that children have a unique awareness of their own experiences and can convey their thoughts if given the opportunity and were able to provide specific ideas for improvement.
A Simulator Study on Drivers’ Response and Perception Towards Vehicle Cyberattacks
Authors: Zhang Fangda , Petit Jonathan , Roberts Shannon C.
Published: November 2019

The introduction of advanced technologies has made driving a more automated activity. However, most vehicles are not designed with cybersecurity considerations and hence, they are susceptible to cyberattacks. When such incidents happen, it is critical for drivers to respond properly. The goal of this study was to observe drivers’ responses to unexpected vehicle cyberattacks while driving in a simulated environment and to gain deeper insights into their perceptions of vehicle cybersecurity. Ten participants completed the experiment and the results showed that they perceived and responded differently to each vehicle cyberattack. Participants correctly identified the cybersecurity issue and took according action when the issue caused a noticeable visual and auditory response. Participants preferred to be clearly informed about what happened and what to do through a combination of visual, tactile, and auditory warnings. The lack of knowledge of vehicle cybersecurity was obvious among participants.
Design for Discovery: Helping Australian Farmers Explore their Options in a Government Sustainability Program Through User Centred Design
Authors: Stitzlein Cara A. , Mooij Martijn
Published: November 2019

With growing recognition that greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced, there exists exciting design challenges to support industries’ efforts to meet sustainability targets. In this paper, we report on a User Centered Design (UCD) approach for addressing the need to combat rising emissions levels with a focus on agriculture, both relatively new areas for UCD work. We report on our team’s experience using the approach in context of trying to support farmers’ discovery and exploration of options in Australia’s national carbon scheme. In evaluation of a digital prototype, seven farmers and farm business advisors provided feedback on the tool’s usability and on whether insights provided by the tool assisted their decision to participate in the government scheme. Our experiences demonstrate how UCD helps determine the prototype’s usability and usefulness, as well as inform us about contextual issues that make a concerted response of reducing emissions complex. The generalizability of this research and future work is discussed.
Human in Focus: Future Research and Applications of Ubiquitous User Monitoring
Authors: Lau Nathan , Hildebrandt Michael , Althoff Tim , Boyle Linda Ng , Iqbal Shamsi T. , Lee John D. , Mehta Ranjana K , Poore Joshua C.
Published: November 2019

New human-centered sensing capabilities are introduced in surface transportation, aviation, healthcare, as well as many other professional and recreational domains. These capabilities enable industrial systems and consumer products to monitor a variety of human states and behaviors, enabling machines to better understand the users and to provide sophisticated, natural user interactions, decision aiding, and behavioral guidance. This panel invites five researchers to discuss what the Human Factors community can contribute to advancing human-centered sensing, and what technical and ethical challenges can arise in research and applications.
Sit-Stand Workstations: Relations Among Postural Sway, Task, Proprioception and Discomfort
Authors: Shannon Chandler , Havey Ed , Vasavada Anita
Published: November 2019

Adjustable-height desks are promoted to reduce the detrimental effects of prolonged sitting. Musculoskeletal benefits may arise from increased postural variability, often measured as postural sway. We assessed postural sway using inertial measurement units while participants used computer workstations in seated and standing postures and during both typing and clicking tasks and related the sway data to proprioception and discomfort. Median acceleration of the head and trunk was significantly lower in typing compared to clicking tasks, but there were no significant differences between seated and standing positions. Proprioception did not change after computer work, but subjects with increased neck discomfort had greater head and neck repositioning error. The results suggest that different cognitive demands of tasks may play a larger role in postural sway than workstation configuration and that proprioception may be an effective measure to assess the development of discomfort.
Hazard Perception in City and Highway Environments
Authors: Plummer John Paul , Diamond Anastasia , Chaparro Alex , Ni Rui
Published: November 2019

Hazard perception (HP) is an important aspect of driving performance and is associated with crash risk. In the current study, we investigate the effect of roadway environment (city vs. highway) and expertise on HP. HP was measured using HP clips that evaluated response lag (defined as the time from the participant’s response to the end of the clip) and fuzzy signal detection theory metrics of response criterion and sensitivity. Forty videos were used: 20 from highway environments and 20 from city environments. Forty-eight participants with a range of driving experience as assessed by the years since obtaining a license (less than 1 year to 24 years) completed the study. There were differences between city and highway environments in response lag and response bias; participants responded earlier to the hazards in the highway environment and exhibited a more liberal response bias. Driving experience was significantly correlated to response lag. When the video clips were categorized by environment, driving experience was only significantly correlated with performance for the city environment.
Usability Analysis of Aviation Weather Products for General Aviation
Authors: McSorley Jacqueline , Kleber John , Blickensderfer Beth
Published: November 2019

Previous research suggests that a lack of weather knowledge and poor usability of weather displays may be contributing to aviation weather-related accidents. The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceived usability and performance of pilots while using different parts of the Aviation Weather Center (AWC) website. On average, pilots rated Radar the highest, followed by Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs), and then Satellite on the System Usability Scale. Performance measures and the post-study interview revealed further insight into what aspects of the AWC are giving pilots difficulties.
Exploring Design Constructs In Sound Design With A Focus On Perceived Affordance
Authors: Jeon Myounghoon
Published: November 2019

While design theories in visual displays have been well developed and further refined, relatively little research has been conducted on design theories and models in auditory displays. The existing discussions mainly account for functional mappings between sounds and referents, but these do not fully address design aspects of auditory displays. To bridge the gap, the present proposal focuses on design affordances in sound design among many design constructs. To this end, the definition and components of design affordances are briefly explored, followed by the auditory display examples of those components to gauge whether sound can deliver perceived affordances in interactive products. Finally, other design constructs, such as feedback and signifier, are discussed together with future work. This exploratory proposal is expected to contribute to elaborating sound design theory and practice.
Optimizing Military Human-Robot Teaming: An Evaluation of Task Load and Modality Switch Cost
Authors: Barber Daniel , Reinerman-Jones Lauren , Hidalgo Maartje
Published: November 2019

The effect of task switching on performance has been examined in many different fields and contexts. Sudden changes in task load can significantly impair performance, which can have detrimental consequences in dismounted military operations. As technology is advancing, robots are sought to take on the role of a teammate to the human soldier in the field. Robot-to-human communication modality may need to switch when mayhem occurs in military missions. Modality switching has been associated with performance decrements, although these effects are largely unknown in military human-robot teaming situations. The present study examined the cost associated with switching task demand and robot-to-human communication modality type on performance in a simulated cordon-and-search mission. The results showed that switches in task load affected threat detection performance. Auditory reporting increased performance more than visual reporting in low-after-high task load epochs. Performance with auditory reports was also higher in high-after-low demand blocks than low-after-high. The effect of switching needs to be taken into account for high-stakes human-robot interactions.
Utilizing Games for Learning: Applications of Game-Based Training and Gamification
Authors: Griggs Andrew , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Palmer Evan , Fouquet Sarah , Leverenz Tiffany , Raushel Alexis , Doherty Shawn
Published: November 2019

Games are now beginning to receive growing attention in domains outside of entertainment. Applied settings are increasingly utilizing games in the development and implementation of various training programs. Two prevalent methods for the utilization of games in training include game-based learning and gamification. The utilization of games in training can improve participant motivation and engagement, but best practices for the use of games in training are not well defined. This panel will discuss various projects that have applied game-based learning and gamification in training efforts across a variety of industries.
Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries among Airport Customer Service Employees
Authors: Asadi Hamed , Mott John H. , Yu Denny
Published: November 2019

Musculoskeletal pain and discomfort are common among baggage handlers and airport customer service agents, yet little has been done to understand and address their frequent exposure to ergonomic risks when handling customer baggage. The objective of this study is to assess various areas of airport customer service (ACS) to identify the areas with high risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Subjective surveys and objective assessment tools were used to assess the physical workloads of 377 airport employees. Findings showed that ramp agents experienced higher workload and musculoskeletal injury risks. The overall workload for ALAs (Aircraft Loading Agents) is reported to be 4.3 to 11.1 higher than cargo, and gate and VIP club agents ( p<0.05) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) of employees showed than the REBA scores for ALAs are 3.5 to 4.8 points higher than cargo agents, customer service agents, gate agents and VIP club employees ( p<0.001). To address these exposures, several interventions may reduce the overall risk of injuries and improve long-term productivity of aircraft loading/unloading agents and baggage handlers.
IEEE Human Factors Standards for Nuclear Facilities: The Development Process, Available Standards, Current Activities, and the Future
Authors: Desaulniers David R , Fleger Stephen
Published: November 2019

Since 1980 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has supported development of human factors (HF) standards. Within IEEE, Subcommittee 5 (SC5) of the Nuclear Power Engineering Committee develops and maintains HF standards applicable to nuclear facilities. These standards are structured in a hierarchical fashion. The top-level standard (IEEE Std. 1023) defines the HF tasks required to support the integration of human performance into the design process. Five lower tier documents (IEEE Std. 845, 1082, 1289, 1786 and 1707) expand upon the upper tier standard. Presently, two new HF standards projects are underway; one to provide HF guidance for the validation of the system interface design and integrated systems operation and another for designing and developing computer-based displays for monitoring and control of nuclear facilities. SC5 is also involved in outreach activities, including sponsorship of a series of conferences on human factors and nuclear power plants.
Practical Guidance for Evaluating Calibrated Trust
Authors: McDermott Patricia L. , Brink Ronna N. ten
Published: November 2019

As automation, autonomy, and AI become more prevalent, human factors engineers are called to evaluate whether users trust that automation. We argue that the true question is whether users trust the automation appropriately. In other words, do they trust it as much as it deserves to be trusted? When automation performance decreases, are users aware so they decrease their momentary trust, and more importantly, their reliance on the automation? There are few metrics that focus specifically on calibrated trust, and the trust literature can be daunting for human factors professionals who are not experts in trust. We offer two aids to human factors practitioners tasked with evaluating trust. The first is an easy-to-use calibrated trust framework that simplifies the aspects of trust into Belief, Understanding, Intent, and Reliance. The second is the introduction of Calibration Points, a way to classify situations in which the automation excels or situations in which the automation is degraded. By identifying these Calibration Points, human factors practitioners can evaluate whether human trust is aligned with automation performance. This approach allows the practitioner to leverage the rich set of evaluation techniques that have been developed to evaluate trust.
Panel: Research Sponsors for Cybersecurity Research and the Human Factor
Authors: Gutzwiller Robert S. , Cosley Dan , Ferguson-Walter Kimberly , Fraze Dustin , Rahmer Robert
Published: November 2019

A panel of past or current sponsors of human-centered research in cybersecurity. Attendees from industry, government and academia alike who are interested in cybersecurity research will benefit from hearing these panelists describe their experience and their views on the state of the field, current knowledge gaps and future directions for winning proposals.
Applications of Virtual Environments in Human Factors Research and Practice
Authors: Spain Randall , Goldberg Benjamin , Khooshabeh Pete , Krum David , Biro Joshua , Linder Courtney , Stanley Laura , Tredinnick Ross , Ponto Kevin , Gisick Logan , Pierce Matthew , Keebler Joseph , Young Phillip , Hancock Allison , Phillips Jennifer , Steinhauser Natalie , Niehaus James , Flynn Jeremy
Published: November 2019

Virtual reality, augmented reality, and other forms of virtual environments have the potential to dramatically change how individuals work, learn, and interact with each other. A key objective of human factors research and practice is to determine how these environments should be designed to maximize performance efficiency, ensure health and safety, and circumvent potential human virtual environment interaction problems. This session will demonstrate some of the distinct and diverse uses of virtual reality, mixed reality, and virtual environments in an alternative format. The session will begin with each demonstrator providing a brief overview of their virtual environment and describing how it has been used to address a particular problem or research need. Following the description portion of the session, all demonstrations will be set-up around the room, and session attendees will be encouraged to directly interact with the environment and ask demonstrators questions about their research and inquire about the effectiveness of using their virtual environment for research, training, and evaluation purposes. The overall objective of this alternative session is to provoke ideas among the attendees for how virtual reality, mixed reality, and virtual environments can help address their research, training, education or business needs.
Incidental Memory Recall in Virtual Reality: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Ernstsen Jørgen , Mallam Steven C. , Nazir Salman
Published: November 2019

Modern virtual reality technologies increase the immersive experience for users. Increased immersivity may affect how users perceive, internalize, and thus, recall information about the virtual environment and experience compared to traditional mediums, such as desktop simulations. One critical aspect of recalling information is incidental memory, which refers to the ability for people to recall information they were unaware was relevant for evaluation. This paper investigates the differences of incidental memory recall between (i) immersive virtual reality and (ii) traditional desktop systems. Fifty-two participants completed a series of tasks within identical virtual environments of the two systems and completed an incidental memory recall questionnaire testing their recall of elements within the virtual world. Results found no significant difference in incidental memory recall between immersive virtual reality and traditional desktop conditions. However, when controlling for gaming experience and gender effects significant differences between groups were found.
An Augmented-reality-based Warning Interface for Pedestrians: User Interface Design and Evaluation
Authors: Tong Yourui , Jia Bochen
Published: November 2019

Warning pedestrians of oncoming vehicles is very important for improving pedestrian safety. Due to the limitation of the pedestrian’s carrying ability, it is crucial to find an effective solution to present warnings to pedestrians correctly and effectively. There have been many studies focused on vehicle warning systems, but studies focusing on the graphic user interface of pedestrian warning systems are limited. An Augmented Reality (AR) user interface was developed based on user characteristics and use scenarios. The necessary warning information was presented using a User Interface (UI) through a combination of potential risks path and collision point. Participants feedbacks indicate that 88% of the participants can understand the design of the interface with minor confusion and 98% of the warning information in the interface can be understood easily. This design can further used for different AR warning for pedestrians.
Applying a User-Centered Method to Develop 3D Gestural Inputs for In-Vehicle Tasks
Authors: Schuler Patrik T. , Jurewicz Katherina A. , Neyens David M.
Published: November 2019

Gestures are a natural input method for human communication and may be effective for drivers to interact with in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVIS). Most of the existing work on gesture-based human-computer interaction (HCI) in and outside of the vehicle focus on the distinguishability of computer systems. The purpose of this study was to identify gesture sets that are used for IVIS tasks and to compare task times across the different functions for gesturing and touchscreens. Task times for user-defined gestures were quicker than for a novel touchscreen. There were several functions that resulted in relatively intuitive gesture mappings (e.g., zooming in and zooming out on a map) and others that did not have strong mappings across participants (e.g., decreasing volume and playing the next song). The findings of this study suggest that user-centric gestures can be utilized to interact with IVIS systems instead of touchscreens, and future work should evaluate how to account for variability in intuitive gestures. Understanding the gesture variability among the end users can support the development of an in-vehicle gestural input system that is intuitive for all users.
Examining the Role of Video in Sports Media Viewing
Authors: Wilson Ragan , Mayhorn Christopher B.
Published: November 2019

As virtual reality becomes more prevalent in society, there has been a renewed focus on developing experiences for consumers to enjoy (Hartl and Berger, 2017). The current research project explores the relationship between presence, game attractiveness, suspense, and enjoyment in watching mediated sports content and exploring the differences between these constructs in 2D presentation versus 360 video presentation. Participants were asked to provide demographic information, watch a video presented either on a traditional monitor screen or in 360-degree video on the Oculus Rift and then complete surveys to assess their experience watching the clip. This data will be analyzed via confirmatory factor analysis to determine if presence, game attractiveness, suspense, and enjoyment are linked. Furthermore, 2D and 360 video conditions were also compared through MANOVA to determine if there are differences between conditions in regard to presence, suspense, and enjoyment.
An Examination of Compensatory Effort in a Vigilance Task Using Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Authors: Greenlee Eric T. , Lui Tiffany G.
Published: November 2019

This study uses a novel neuroergonomic approach to determine whether blood flow to the frontal cortex is sensitive to task demands and indicative of compensatory effort regulation that may occur in response to the vigilance decrement. The present study used transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) to examine the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and its response to different demands of a vigilance task over time. Participants completed a vigilance task in a slow or fast event rate condition. The results demonstrated a vigilance decrement in both conditions and that workload was higher when the event rate was faster. However, blood flow velocity in the ACA did not change as a function of time, nor was it sensitive to the event rate manipulation. While previous research has shown that TCD is a useful neuroergonomic tool for vigilance monitoring, current results indicate that TCD monitoring of the ACA may not be worthwhile.
A Capacity Coefficient Method for Characterizing the Impacts of Automation Transparency on Workload Efficiency
Authors: Fallon Corey K. , Blaha Leslie M. , Jefferson Brett , Franklin Lyndsey
Published: November 2019

Automation can be unreliable. This makes appropriate trust and reliance difficult to calibrate. One solution to building appropriate trust is to increase automation transparency by displaying information to the operator about the technology’s underlying analytical principles. However, displaying this additional information may increase operator workload. The research and development community must balance the competing demands of providing adequate transparency and keeping operator workload low. To investigate the complex effects of transparency on workload, a modeling approach can be used by computing a measure of processing efficiency called the capacity coefficient. We conducted a study to examine the impact of increasing transparency on operator workload using the capacity coefficient. We present the data from one participant with the goal of demonstrating the utility of the capacity coefficient. We discuss how this participant’s data highlights the inferences possible from capacity analysis for measuring the impact of display design and increased transparency on operator workload.