bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underlying Mechanisms of Renal Lipotoxicity in Obesity
Authors: Escasany Elia , Izquierdo-Lahuerta Adriana , Medina-Gomez Gema
Published: January 2019

The recent and ongoing worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity parallels the increase in the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This association suggests an implication of lipotoxicity in the development of kidney diseases. The increased influx of lipids into the kidney can be explained in the context of the “Adipose Tissue Expandability Hypothesis”. This hypothesis states that the adipose tissue has a limited expansion capability, which is different for each individual, and once this limit is reached, the adipose tissue cannot store any more lipids and will thus release them into the bloodstream. The accumulation of lipids in the kidney is known as renal lipotoxicity. Renal lipotoxicity is known to cause detrimental effects on the kidney by several mechanisms of action including reclusion of pro-inflammatory factors, oxidative and ER stress development, insulin resistance (IR), lipid metabolism deregulation or renin-angiotensin aldosterone system overactivation. Isoform peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) seems to play an important role in the development of this lipotoxicity as proven by several studies in ­animals and cultured cells. Thus, PPARγ agonists are of ­interest in the therapeutic approach to treat CKD in the context of obesity. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of the mechanism by which lipotoxicity affects renal structure and function using in vivo and in vitro models as examples focusing on PPARγ.
Rapidly and Slowly Growing Lineages in Chromosomal Instability-Type Gland-Forming Gastric Carcinomas as Revealed by Multisampling Analysis of DNA Copy-Number Profile
Authors: Duong Tu Thanh , Vo Diem Thi-Ngoc , Nakayama Takahisa , Mukaisho Ken-ichi , Bamba Masamichi , Nguyen Trung Sao , Sugihara Hiroyuki
Published: January 2019

Background: To examine whether gastric carcinoma (GC) with chromosomal instability (CIN-type GC), the largest category in the Cancer Genome Atlas classification, consists of a single genetic lineage, we conducted a multisampling analysis of genomic DNA copy-number profile. Methods: We performed array-based comparative genomic hybridization using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 54 gland-forming GCs containing a total of 106 DNA samples from mucosal, extramucosal invasive, and lymph node lesions. Microarray data were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering and penetrance plots. Epstein-Barr virus infection status and mismatch repair (MMR) enzyme-silencing/p53/mucin expression were examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: The samples examined were divided into gain-rich cluster A and loss-rich cluster B, which were different in tumor locus and patient age. The T1/T2–4 ratio, the frequency of small cancers (diameter ≤2–4 cm), and intestinal mucin expression were higher in cluster B than in cluster A, but there were no significant differences in the frequencies of MMR silencing, mutant p53 pattern, and lymph node metastasis between the 2 clusters. Conclusions: We demonstrated that CIN-type GC could be categorized into 2 genetic lineages which are different in terms of rapidity of local extension but similar in terms of nodal metastasis risk.
MR (Mineralocorticoid Receptor) Induces Adipose Tissue Senescence and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Leading to Vascular Dysfunction in Obesity
Authors: Lefranc Clara , Friederich-Persson Malou , Braud Laura , Palacios-Ramirez Roberto , Karlsson Susanne , Boujardine Nabiha , Motterlini Roberto , Jaisser Frederic , Nguyen Dinh Cat Aurelie
Published: January 2019

Adipose tissue (AT) senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with obesity. Studies in obese patients and animals demonstrate that the MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) contributes to obesity-associated cardiovascular complications through its specific role in AT. However, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate whether MR regulates mitochondrial function in obesity, resulting in AT premature aging and vascular dysfunction. Obese (db/db) and lean (db/+) mice were treated with an MR antagonist or a specific mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. Mitochondrial and vascular functions were determined by respirometry and myography, respectively. Molecular mechanisms were probed by Western immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction in visceral AT and arteries and focused on senescence markers and redox-sensitive pathways. db/db mice displayed AT senescence with activation of the
p53-p21
pathway and decreased SIRT (sirtuin) levels, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the beneficial anticontractile effects of perivascular AT were lost in db/db via ROCK (Rho kinase) activation. MR blockade prevented these effects. Thus, MR activation in obesity induces mitochondrial dysfunction and AT senescence and dysfunction, which consequently increases vascular contractility. In conclusion, our study identifies novel mechanistic insights involving MR, adipose mitochondria, and vascular function that may be of importance to develop new therapeutic strategies to limit obesity-associated cardiovascular complications.
Adrenal Tissue-Specific Deletion of TASK Channels Causes Aldosterone-Driven Angiotensin II–Independent Hypertension
Authors: Guagliardo Nick A. , Yao Junlan , Stipes Eric J. , Cechova Sylvia , Le Thu H. , Bayliss Douglas A. , Breault David T. , Barrett Paula Q.
Published: January 2019

The renin-angiotensin system tightly controls aldosterone synthesis. Dysregulation is evident in hypertension (primary aldosteronism), low renin, and resistant hypertension) but also can exist in normotension. Whether chronic, mild aldosterone autonomy can elicit hypertension remains untested. Previously, we reported that global genetic deletion of 2 pore-domain TWIK-relative acid-sensitive potassium channels, TASK-1 and TASK-3, from mice produces striking aldosterone excess, low renin, and hypertension. Here, we deleted TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels selectively from zona glomerulosa cells and generated a model of mild aldosterone autonomy with attendant hypertension that is aldosterone-driven and Ang II (angiotensin II)–independent. This study shows that a zona glomerulosa–specific channel defect can produce mild autonomous hyperaldosteronism sufficient to cause chronic blood pressure elevation.
A new species of Hygrocybe from Kerala State, India
Authors: LATHA K. P. DEEPNA , MANIMOHAN PATINJAREVEETTIL
Published: January 2019

Hygrocybe indica sp. nov. is described based on specimens collected from Kerala State, India. Morphology-based methods and phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and nuclear large subunit (nrLSU) of the ribosomal RNA gene were employed to confirm the novelty of this species. The phylogenetic relationship inferred from independent nrLSU and nrITS sequence data matrices confirmed the difference of this new species from other species of Hygrocybe for which DNA sequences are available. The phylogenetic analyses clearly assigned H. indica to the subgenus Hygrocybe. A comprehensive description, photographs of the basidiocarps and the microstructures, and comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species and phylograms to depict the placement of the new species are provided.
Bipolaris omanensis, a novel saprobic species of Bipolaris from Oman based on morphology and sequence data
Authors: AL DUGHAISHI SUMAIYA , MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA SAJEEWA S. N. , AL-SADI ABDULLAH M.
Published: January 2019

Bipolaris species are responsible for important cereal diseases, worldwide and are often isolated as endophytes as well as saprobes. We are investigating the fungi in Oman. In this paper, we report a novel taxon of Bipolaris, collected from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, during the survey. The taxon is shown to be novel based on morphological and sequence data and introduced here as Bipolaris omanensis sp. nov. Bipolaris omanensis forms a sister clade to B. cookei based on the combined sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) region, being distinct from the latter species in having shorter conidiophores, narrower conidia and having a higher number of septa.
A new species of Ceropegia (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from eastern Thailand
Authors: KIDYOO MANIT
Published: January 2019

Ceropegia boonjarasii Kidyoo, a new species from eastern Thailand is here described, illustrated and compared morphologically and ecologically to C. sootepensis Craib and C. laotica Rodda & Meve, its putative close relatives. These three species display clear differences in habitat choice, hairiness of leaf surface and corolla lobes, and in the shape of interstaminal corona segments.
A new species of Diplasiolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) from Brazil
Authors: PRUDÊNCIO RENATO XAVIER ARAÚJO , MELLO ZÉLIA RODRIGUES DE , COSTA DENISE PINHEIRO DA
Published: January 2019

A bryological survey in southeastern Brazil revealed a new liverwort species, Diplasiolejeunea cubatensis from São Paulo State. The new species stands out having leaves without ocelli, cells with trigones and intermediate thickenings, flat lobules, very small underleaves which are as wide as stem, underleaf lobes only 2 cells wide at base and with the tip ending in a row of 2 cells, monoicous sexuality and perianths 5-keeled only in the upper half. The new species is described, illustrated and briefly discussed.
A new species of Engystomops (Anura: Leiuperidae) from southwestern Ecuador
Authors: RON SANTIAGO R. , TORAL EDUARDO , RIVERA MYRIAN , TERÁN-VALDEZ ANDREA
Published: January 2019

We describe Engystomops puyango sp. nov. from the lowlands of southwestern Ecuador. The new species is closely related to E. pustulatus from which it differs in skin texture, advertisement call, and karyotype features. The new species also differs from E. pustulatus at genes 12S and 16S of mitochondrial DNA (6.5%–6.8% of sequence divergence). A phylogeny based on mtDNA shows that E. sp. nov. is part of a clade of Engystomops distributed below 1300 m in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. The new species occurs in Evergreen Lower Montane Forest and Foothill Semideciduous Costa Forest. The karyotype of the new species has 2n = 20 chromosomes which represents the first known reduction in chromosome number in Leiuperidae (2n = 22). Its advertisement calls as well as those of E. pustulatus have a facultative component that resembles the chuck in calls of E. pustulosus but that are less discrete and have lower acoustic complexity.
Four new species of Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes from Mata Atlântica, Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)
Authors: ANDERSEN TROND , MENDES HUMBERTO F. , PINHO LUIZ C.
Published: January 2019

The monotypic genus Saetherocladius Andersen et Mendes, 2007 was erected based on S. hirtus Andersen et Mendes, 2007 from southern Brazil. The present paper adds four new species, S. fusticulus, S. fusus, S. triangulatus and S. urubiciensis, all from the Atlantic forest in southern and southeastern Brazil. The new species are described and figured as males and the male of S. hirtus is redescribed based on additional material. A key to the males of Saetherocladius is given.
Taxonomic revision of Scoparia Haworth, 1811 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Scopariinae) from China
Authors: LI WEICHUN , LI HOUHUN , NUSS MATTHIAS
Published: January 2019

Scoparia Haworth, 1811 is revised from China with a total of twenty-six species. Sineudonia Leraut, 1986 syn. n. is synonymized with Scoparia and its type species, Scoparia brunnea (Leraut, 1986) comb. n. is transferred from Sineudonia to this genus. Scoparia isochroalis Hampson, 1907 syn. n. is synonymized with S. congestalis Walker, 1859 and Scoparia kiangensis Leraut, 1986 syn. n. is synonymized with S. spinata Inoue, 1982. Six species are described as new: Scoparia spinosa sp. n., S. jiuzhaiensis sp. n., S. uncinata sp. n., S. brevituba sp. n., S. bifaria sp. n. and S. largispinea sp. n. Scoparia ancipitella (La Harpe, 1855), S. afghanorum Leraut, 1985 and S. utsugii Inoue, 1994 are recorded for the first time in China. Scoparia metaleucalis Hampson, 1907, S. caradjai Leraut, 1986 and S. sinensis Leraut, 1986 are redescribed. The previously unknown male of S. caradjai Leraut, 1986 and the female of S. metaleucalis Hampson, 1907 are described for the first time. Images of wing pattern and genitalia of new and redescribed species are provided. The occurrence of S. basistrigalis Knaggs, 1866 and S. molestalis Inoue, 1982 in China is falsified. The occurrence of S. ambigualis (Treitschke, 1829), S. molestalis Inoue, 1982, S. murificalis Walker, 1859, S. vinotinctalis Hampson, 1896 in China could not be verified. The identification of S. stoetzneri Caradja, 1927 and S. submedinella Caradja, 1927 remains unknown as the type specimens are currently untraceable.
Six new species of the genus Balta Tepper (Blattaria, Pseudophyllodrominae) from China
Authors: CHE YANLI , CHEN LI , WANG ZONGQING
Published: January 2019

The following six new species of Balta are described and illustrated: B. spinea, B. spinescens, B. barbellata, B. dissecta, B. curvirostris, B. jinlinorum. A key to all species from China is provided for separation.
A diploid surrounded by polyploids: tadpole description, natural history and cytogenetics of Odontophrynus maisuma Rosset from Uruguay (Anura: Cycloramphidae)
Authors: BORTEIRO CLAUDIO , KOLENC FRANCISCO , PEREYRA MARTÍN O. , ROSSET SERGIO , BALDO DIEGO
Published: January 2019

Odontophrynus maisuma is a recently described diploid species of the diploid-tetraploid O. americanus complex. It inhabits coastal regions of Uruguay and southern Brazil. Tadpoles of O. maisuma at stages 33–36 are about 47 mm of total length, and similarly to that of other Odontophrynus are typical pond dwelling anuran larvae; the oral disc is small and laterally emarginated, bearing a single row of marginal papillae interrupted by a large dorsal gap. The labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1); sometimes A2 and P1 are not divided. The advertisement call consists of notes that last 570– 785 ms, composed of 43–57 pulses, and with a dominant frequency between 1124–1211 Hz. The chromosome complement is composed by 11 biarmed chromosome pairs (2n = 2x = 22; NF = 44), with evident positive C-bands in the centromeric regions of all chromosome pairs, in the short arms of pairs 2 and 4, and in the long arms of pair 6 and 9. Nucleolar Organizer Regions (Ag-NORs) are located interstitially in the short arms of both chromosomes of pair 4. Preliminary data suggests that erythrocyte morphology could be used to discriminate between diploid and tetraploid tadpoles of Odontophrynus.
A new species of Chironius Fitzinger, 1826 (Squamata: Colubridae) from the Pantepui region, northeastern South America
Authors: KOK PHILIPPE J. R.
Published: January 2019

A new colubrid snake of the genus Chironius Fitzinger, 1826 is described from the Pantepui region, Guiana Shield, northern South America. The new species, C. challenger sp. nov., is identified as a member of the genus Chironius by its low number of dorsal scale rows (< 12), and it differs markedly from all known congeners by the combination of 10 dorsal scale rows at midbody, absence of apical pits and paravertebral keels in females, more than 149 ventrals, less than 105 divided subcaudals, anal scale single, loreal as high as long or only slightly longer than high, adults and juveniles brownish with lighter crossbands, adults with dark mottling on venter, and 39–41 maxillary teeth. A key to the Chironius species of the Guiana Shield is provided.
Type material in the National Nematode Collection of New Zealand
Authors: WOUTS WIM M. , ZHAO ZENG QI
Published: January 2019

An updated list of type material in the National Nematode Collection of New Zealand is presented.
Whip spiders of the genus Sarax Simon 1892 (Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Borneo Island
Authors: RAHMADI CAHYO , HARVEY MARK S. , KOJIMA JUN-ICHI
Published: January 2019

Five species of the whip spider genus Sarax are recognized from Borneo, with the following four species newly described: Sarax yayukae sp. nov. from Sabah (Malaysia), West and Central Kalimantan (Indonesia), and three species from East Kalimantan, S. cavernicola sp. nov., S. sangkulirangensis sp. nov., and S. mardua sp. nov.. Sarax mardua and S. cavernicola have pale coloration, reduced eyes and elongate legs suggesting troglomorphic adaptations to cave environments. The characters diagnosing the family Charinidae and the genus Sarax are discussed and revised. The distribution patterns of Sarax species in Southeast Asia, especially in Borneo Island, are discussed in relation to their habitat preferences. The generic status of Stygophrynus moultoni Gravely 1915 (Charontidae) is briefly discussed.
On the identity of Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 and description of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. (Opiliones: Ischyropsalididae)
Authors: SCHÖNHOFER AXEL L. , MARTENS JOCHEN
Published: January 2019

Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 is re-defined, and a neotype from the type locality in the Aosta Valley, Italy, is assigned. I. helvetica Roewer, 1916 (sensu Martens 1978) is shown to be conspecific and therefore is synonymised with I. dentipalpis. A population from Bergamo Province, Italy, formerly assigned to I. dentipalpis (sensu Martens 1978), is here regarded as a different species and described under the name Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. Discrimination of males is possible by genital characters and by the shape of the cheliceral and pedipalpal apophyses. Females are distinguished by peculiarities of cheliceral spination. The distribution of I. lithoclasica n. sp. is allopatric to that of I. dentipalpis.
The millipede family Diplomaragnidae in Taiwan, with descriptions of nine new species (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida)
Authors: MIKHALJOVA ELENA V. , GOLOVATCH SERGEI I. , CHANG HSEUH-WEN
Published: January 2019

Diplomaragnidae are currently represented in Taiwan by twelve species in two genera. Nine species are described here as new to science: Tokyosoma serratum sp. nov., Tokyosoma taroko sp. nov., Tokyosoma fanfan sp. nov., Tokyosoma lobatum sp. nov., Tokyosoma bifurcatum sp. nov., Tokyosoma breviprocessum sp. nov., Tokyosoma distinctum sp. nov., Tokyosoma spinifer sp. nov., and Tokyosoma cornutum sp. nov. Two older species remain dubious as elements of the Taiwanese fauna. Eleven diplomaragnids seem to be endemic to Taiwan. The following new combination is proposed: Diplomaragna australis Shear, 1999 = Tokyosoma australe (Shear, 1999), comb. nov. A key is given to all Diplomaragnidae presently known from Taiwan, and the distributions of Taiwanese Tokyosoma species are mapped and discussed. The distinguishing characters of the genus Tokyosoma, as well as variation in T. australe are discussed.
A checklist of the water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) of India, with new records and description of one new species
Authors: PEŠIĆ VLADIMIR , CHATTERJEE TAPAS , BORDOLOI SABITRY
Published: January 2019

Using published records and original data from recent research, a checklist was compiled of the water mite (Acari: Hydrachnidia) fauna of India. It includes 275 species in 70 genera and 25 families of water mites. The new records of 23 water mite species are reported; one species Wuria indica is described as new for science; a first description of the male is given for Wuria sumatrensis K. Viets, 1935. The present state of knowledge of the Indian water mite fauna is discussed.
Two new species of the genus Baculentulus from the Russian Far East (Protura: Acerentomidae, Berberentulinae)
Authors: SHRUBOVYCH JULIA
Published: January 2019

Baculentulus pomorskii sp. nov. and B. potapovi sp. nov. are described from the Russian Far East. Baculentulus pomorskii sp. nov. is characterized by presence of an additional seta on the head and seta P1a on tergites I–VII, very long foretarsal sensillum a, sensillum b shorter than c and d, long sensillum e and slender sensillum a’. Berberentulus potapovi sp. nov. is characterized by absence of any additional setae on the head, presence of seta P1a on tergites I–VII, number of A-setae on the tergites, and a unique seta-complex on male squama genitalis.
Two new species of the macropsine leafhopper genus Pediopsoides Matsumura from southwest China (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadellidae)
Authors: ZHANG BIN
Published: January 2019

Two new macropsine leafhopper species, Pediopsoides (Celopsis) membrana sp. nov. (China: Guizhou) and Pediopsoides (Pediopsoides) jingdongensis sp. nov. (China: Yunnan) are described and illustrated. The subgeneric placements of these species are only tentative because they disagree somewhat with previous diagnoses of their respective subgenera. This suggests that the classification of subgenera within Pediopsoides needs to be re-evaluated.
A new species of Pseudodiaptomus (Copepoda: Calanoida) from Japan, with notes on the closely related P. inopinus Burckhardt, 1913 from Kyushu Island
Authors: SAKAGUCHI SAKIKO ORUI , UEDA HIROSHI
Published: January 2019

A new species of the calanoid copepod, Pseudodiaptomus nansei sp. nov., which has formerly been identified as P. inopinus Burckhardt, 1913, is described from estuaries of the Nansei Islands, southernmost Japan. This new species was compared with a population of the closely related P. inopinus from the neighboring Kyushu Island, western Japan, which is redescribed here. The new species is readily distinguishable from P. inopinus by the absence of dorsal spiniform processes on the fifth pediger in both sexes, short posterior projections of the genital operculum, and thin caudal setae of the female instead of swollen seta in P. inopinus. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) sequences of P. nansei differed by 21–26% from the examined population of P. inopinus, in contrast to a 0–3% difference within the population of each species. The absence of descriptions identifiable to P. nansei in previous studies outside the Nansei Islands, coupled with no occurrence of P. inopinus there, suggests that P. nansei is endemic to Nansei Islands and geographically segregated from P. inopinus.
Cirolanides wassenichae sp. nov., a freshwater, subterranean Cirolanidae (Isopoda, Cymothoida) with additional records of other species from Texas, United States
Authors: SCHWARTZ BENJAMIN F. , HUTCHINS BENJAMIN T. , SCHWARTZ ZACHARY G. , HESS ALEXANDER J. , BONETT RONALD M.
Published: January 2019

Cirolanides wassenichae sp. nov., is described from the phreatic zone of the Edwards Aquifer, Texas, USA where it is sympatric with Cirolanides texensis Benedict, 1896. Its status as a new species is based on both morphological and molecular data. Number of antennula articles (3–5 vs 9–15), size (mean sizes of 9.5 and 8.8 mm vs 11.1 and 10.4 mm for males and females, respectively), morphology of pereopods 1–3 (haptorial to semi-haptorial in 1–3 vs only 1 haptorial), and shape of pleotelson (squared, slightly indented vs rounded) are key morphological characteristics that distinguish C. wassenichae sp. nov. from C. texensis. Phylogenies based on cytochrome oxidase 1 and large ribosomal subunit 28S show that divergent morphologies correspond to reciprocally monophyletic groups for both nuclear and mitochondrial datasets. The genus Cirolanides is in need of revision, as our description of C. wassenichae sp. nov. renders C. texensis paraphyletic.
The Relative Importance of Wind Straining and Gravitational Forcing in Driving Exchange Flows in Tidally Energetic Estuaries
Authors: Lange Xaver , Burchard Hans
Published: January 2019

In straight tidal estuaries, residual overturning circulation results mainly from a competition between gravitational forcing, wind forcing, and friction. To systematically investigate this for tidally energetic estuaries, the dynamics of estuarine cross sections is analyzed in terms of the relation between gravitational forcing, wind stress, and the strength of estuarine circulation. A system-dependent basic Wedderburn number is defined as the ratio between wind forcing and opposing gravitational forcing at which the estuarine circulation changes sign. An analytical steady-state solution for gravitationally and wind-driven exchange flow is constructed, where tidal mixing is parameterized by parabolic eddy viscosity. For this simple but fundamental situation, is calculated, meaning that the up-estuary wind forcing needs to be 15% of the gravitational forcing to invert estuarine circulation. In three steps, relevant physical processes are added to this basic state: (i) tidal dynamics are resolved by a prescribed semidiurnal tide, leading to caused by tidal straining; (ii) lateral circulation is added by introducing cross-channel bathymetry, smoothly increasing from 0.47 (flat bed) to 1.3 (parabolic bed) due to an increasing effect of lateral circulation on estuarine circulation; and (iii) full dynamics of a real tidally energetic inlet with highly variable forcing, where results from a two-dimensional linear regression.
Abyssal Mixing through Critical Reflection of Equatorially Trapped Waves off Smooth Topography
Authors: Delorme Bertrand L. , Thomas Leif N.
Published: January 2019

The inferred diapycnal upwelling in the abyssal meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is intensified near the equator, but little is known as to why this is so. In this study, it is shown that the reflection of equatorially trapped waves (ETWs) off the bottom leads to seafloor-intensified mixing and substantial diapycnal upwelling near the equator when the full Coriolis force and the so-called nontraditional effects are taken into account. Using idealized simulations run with the MITgcm of downward-propagating ETWs of various types (i.e., inertia–gravity, Yanai, Kelvin, and Rossby waves) accounting for nontraditional effects, it is demonstrated that the reflection of ETWs off a flat seafloor generates beams of short inertia–gravity waves with strong vertical shear and low Richardson numbers that result in bottom-intensified, persistent, zonally invariant mixing at the inertial latitude of the ETW through the mechanism of critical reflection. The beams are more intense with weaker stratification and, for a given wave type, are stronger for waves with shorter periods and longer vertical wavelengths. The intensity of the beams also differs between wave types because their distinct meridional structures modulate the amount of energy fluxed to the bottom at the inertial latitude. As a result, equatorial inertia–gravity, Rossby, and eastward-propagating Yanai waves yield stronger mixing than Kelvin and westward-propagating Yanai waves in the simulations. It is estimated that this process can result in order 10 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of diapycnal upwelling per wavelength of ETW in the abyss and thus could play an important role in closing the AMOC.
Deep Learning Associated with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for the Prediction of Lead in Soil
Authors: Zhao Yun , Lamine Guindo Mahamed , Xu Xing , Sun Miao , Peng Jiyu , Liu Fei , He Yong
Published: January 2019

In this study, a method based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was developed to detect soil contaminated with Pb. Different levels of Pb were added to soil samples in which tobacco was planted over a period of two to four weeks. Principal component analysis and deep learning with a deep belief network (DBN) were implemented to classify the LIBS data. The robustness of the method was verified through a comparison with the results of a support vector machine and partial least squares discriminant analysis. A confusion matrix of the different algorithms shows that the DBN achieved satisfactory classification performance on all samples of contaminated soil. In terms of classification, the proposed method performed better on samples contaminated for four weeks than on those contaminated for two weeks. The results show that LIBS can be used with deep learning for the detection of heavy metals in soil.
On Becoming a District of Choice: Implications for Equity Along the United States–Mexico Border
Authors: Kotok Stephen , Knight David S. , Jabbar Huriya , Rivera Luis E. , Rincones Rodolfo
Published: January 2019

Purpose: Despite the popularity of open enrollment as a school choice mechanism, there is little research on how principals behave in a district-run competitive setting. This study adds to our understanding of how open enrollment policies affect the role of the principal as well as educational equity by examining the roles and behaviors of school principals in an unregulated marketplace of schools. Research Method: This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach. We first analyze school-level transfer data for school year 2014-2015 and demographic data in order to examine trends such as poverty concentration as well as to identify “winners,” “losers,” and “nonplayers” in the open enrollment marketplace. Since principals are heavily involved in recruitment, student screening, and selection of specialized programs, we interviewed 12 principals to better understand their role in the competitive settings. Findings: We find that some schools have emerged as “winners” in this marketplace, attracting large numbers of transfers without losing many students, while other principals and schools struggle to overcome a negative perception and find a market niche to attract students. Our quantitative analysis indicates a relatively small relationship between open enrollment and increased segregation in the district. District oversight seems to have prevented worsening segregation. However, many principals seek more control on the screening process raising equity concerns if formal regulations are not provided. Implications: These findings have implications for school and district leaders navigating open enrollment plans as a means to increase enrollments and encourage innovation while also maintaining equity.
From orientation to behavior: The interplay between learning orientation, open-mindedness, and psychological safety in team learning
Authors: Harvey Jean-François , Johnson Kevin J , Roloff Kate S , Edmondson Amy C
Published: January 2019

Do teams with motivation to learn actually engage in the behaviors that produce learning? Though team learning orientation has been found to be positively related to team learning, we know little about how and when it actually fosters team learning. It is obviously not the only factor that may impact learning in teams. Team psychological safety, or the way team members feel about taking interpersonal risks, is another important factor associated with team learning. Team open-mindedness, or the degree of curiosity that teams have for new ideas, is also likely to impact team learning. So far, these factors have been investigated independently of each other. In this article, we draw from theory on team development and goal achievement to develop a model of team learning that includes them. We report the results from a time-lagged, survey-based study designed to test our model. We found that the relationship between team learning orientation and team learning is mediated by team psychological safety. Yet, this is only true when team open-mindedness is low, not when it is high. We thus reveal initial patterns of interaction and discrimination among key factors that are related to team learning in ways that contribute to both theory and practice.
Assessing the Predictors of Lived Poverty in Kenya: A Secondary Analysis of the Afrobarometer Survey 2016
Authors: Odhiambo Fredrick Onyango
Published: January 2019

Poverty remains pervasive in Kenya despite efforts to reduce it. This may be attributed to poor understanding of its predictors. Using Afrobarometer Round 7 data and employing multivariate logistic regression, the study found that age, religion and political affiliation were risk factors associated with poverty while education was a protective factor. The study recommends that investing more in all levels of education is key to reducing poverty in Kenya. Further, social protection policies and programmes for the elderly, as well as initiatives to enhance savings for those in the informal economy, are important for poverty reduction.
Don't be Gullible
Authors: Webb J. C.
Published: January 2019

Was Dillinger really a high school athlete? Are prisons full of high school graduates? Some rumors call for investigation.
Gradualism Schoolology
Authors: A
Published: January 2019

The writer of this article claims to have discovered, by scientific sampling, how graduate degrees are granted. It is to read and ponder—with a smile, of course.
An Introductory Note about Piaget
Authors: Duckworth Eleanor
Published: January 2019

Two key points of Piaget's psychology are developed and illustrated. The first is that sensory data are interpreted through kinds of knowledge which themselves are not proven or disproven by sensory data. The second is that children's thinking is often characterized by difficulties in decentering from striking aspects of a situation.
Repetition Reduction Revisited: The Prosody of Repeated Words in Papuan Malay
Authors: Kaland Constantijn , Himmelmann Nikolaus P.
Published: January 2019

It has frequently been shown that speakers prosodically reduce repeated words in discourse. This phenomenon has been claimed to facilitate speech recognition and to be language universal. In particular, the relationship between the information value of a word in a discourse context and its prosodic prominence have been shown to correlate. However, a literature review provided in this paper reveals that most evidence comes from English, where prosodic marking of information status often coincides with repetition reduction. The current study investigates to what extent repetition reduction occurs in Papuan Malay, spoken in the western part of the island of New Guinea (Indonesia). The work on Papuan Malay prosody available to date suggests fundamental differences compared to English and other Germanic languages. An acoustic analysis is carried out on repeated words in short stories produced by native Papuan Malay speakers. The results show that upon repetition, words were shortened and produced with higher F0. In a subsequent word identification task, it was found that first and second mentions were equally intelligible. Conclusions partially confirm previous work and challenge theories on how the prosody and information value of a word are related.
Transcending (in)formal urbanism
Authors: Acuto Michele , Dinardi Cecilia , Marx Colin
Published: January 2019

In this introduction to the special issue ‘Transcending (in)formal urbanism’ we outline the important place that informal urbanism has acquired in urban theorising, and an agenda to further this standing towards an even more explicit role in defining how we research cities. We note how informality has frequently been perceived as the formal’s ‘other’ implying a necessary ‘othering’ of informality that creates dualisms between formal and informal, a localised informal and a globalising formal, or an informal resistance and a formal neoliberal control, that this special issue seeks to challenge. The introduction, and the issue, aim to prompt a dialogue across a diversity of disciplinary approaches still rarely in communication, with the goal of going beyond (‘transcending’) the othering of informality for the benefit of a more inclusive urban theory contribution. The introduction suggests three related steps that could help with transcending dualisms in the understanding of informality: first, to transcend the disciplinary boundaries that limit informal urbanism to the study of housing or the labour market; second, to transcend the way in which informality is understood as separate from the domain of the formal (processes, institutions, mechanisms); and, third, to transcend the way in which informality is so tightly held in relation to understandings of neoliberalism. Challenging where the confines of urban studies might be, we argue for informality to better serve and broaden the community of urban research towards a more global urban theorising, starting from situated experiences and including cross-disciplinary experimentation.
Intradermal Skin Test Results Correlate with Atopy
Authors: Cohn John R. , Padams Patricia , Zwillenberg Jeremy
Published: January 2019

Intradermal skin testing (IDST) is performed by most allergists, but its value remains controversial. In most previous studies assessing the value of IDST, a positive result was based on a 5- to 6-mm wheal and erythema. While a subject's immediate reaction upon allergen exposure is a common endpoint to determine “allergy,” additional known allergic phenomena such as the delayed or late-phase response to allergen exposure suggest that correlation only with current history or acute challenge may result in an incorrect labeling of false-positive results when, in fact, there is a physiologic response to exposure, albeit a reaction not immediately evident. We conducted a retrospective study to determine if positive IDST reactions represent nonspecific irritation or if they correlate with atopy. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 100 patients who had undergone skin prick testing (SPT) and IDST and compiled data on their age, sex, diagnosis, and number of skin and intradermal reactions. Results were analyzed according to a general linear model to see if the development of a positive IDST result correlated with atopy (defined as SPT positivity). We found statistically significant differences between SPT-positive and -negative patients with regard to diagnoses of asthma, rhinitis, or both (p = 0.008). Controlling for asthma and rhinitis, we also found a significant association between atopy and a positive IDST result; among atopic (SPT+) patients, a mean of 25.9% of IDST results were positive, compared with a rate of only 6.7% IDST positivity among the nonatopic (SPT-) patients (p < 0.0001). We conclude that IDST is more commonly positive in atopic (SPT+) than nonatopic (SPT-) patients, suggesting that a positive IDST represents genuine atopy and bona fide sensitization rather than nonspecific irritation.
Orbital Blowout Fracture Caused by Nose Blowing
Authors: Watanabe Tetsuo , Kawano Toshiaki , Kodama Satoru , Suzuki Masashi
Published: January 2019

The occurrence of an orbital blowout fracture caused by nose blowing is an unusual phenomenon. We report a rare case of such a fracture in the bony floor of the orbit of a 30-year-old man. Immediately after strong nose blowing, he experienced left eyelid edema and diplopia. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a blowout fracture of the inferior wall of the left orbit. His symptoms abated without any surgical treatment. In addition to the facts of this case, we discuss the findings of physiologic studies and human cadaver studies in the context of nose blowing as an etiologic factor in orbital blowout fracture.
Pemphigus vegetans of the Nose
Authors: Sigmund Geoffrey A. , Oppenheimer Randy
Published: January 2019

Pemphigus vegetans is an unusual form of pemphigus vulgaris. Pemphigus of the head and neck region is usually found in areas with mucosa, such as the mouth and pharynx. We present a fascinating case of pemphigus vegetans arising from the nasal dorsum that completely deformed the external nose of a 43-year-old woman. The patient was treated successfully with high-dose prednisone.
Middle Ear Metastasis from Dormant Breast Cancer as the Initial Sign of Disseminated Disease 20 Years after Quadrantectomy
Authors: Pusiol Teresa , Franceschetti Ilaria , Bonfioli Francesca , Barberini Francesco , Scalera Giovanni Battista , Piscioli Irene
Published: January 2019

We describe an unusual case of breast cancer metastatic to the middle ear in a 71-year-old woman. The metastasis was the initial sign of disseminated disease 20 years after the patient had undergone a quadrantectomy for her primary disease. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the presence of an intratympanic mass with a soft-tissue density that was suggestive of chronic inflammation. The patient underwent a canal-wall-down tympanoplasty. When a brownish mass was found around the ossicles, a mastoidectomy with posterior tympanotomy was carried out. However, exposure of the tumor was insufficient, and therefore the posterior wall of the ear canal had to be removed en bloc. Some tumor was left on the round window membrane so that we would not leave the patient with a total hearing loss. Our case highlights the limitations of CT and magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating inflammatory and neoplastic lesions.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Presenting as a Large Cyst of the Parotid Gland in HIV Disease
Authors: Goldman Nelson , Shuja Sania , Makary Raafat , Griffin Reginald L.
Published: January 2019

Cystic lesions of the parotid gland may be the presenting symptom in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. The most common lesion is the benign lymphoepithelial cyst. Malignant lesions may also be associated with—or be hidden by—a cystic mass. We report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a 40-year-old HIV-positive woman who presented with a large cystic mass of the parotid that had been previously misdiagnosed as benign on several fine-needle aspiration biopsies. On our histologic examination, the true pathologic nature of the lesion was revealed. We suggest that an image-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thickened wall of cystic masses of the parotid may be more diagnostic than a random sampling of the contents.
Salivary Gland Choristoma of the Middle Ear
Authors: Chen Shubin , Li Yongxin
Published: January 2019

Salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear is a rare entity. It is believed to be a developmental abnormality that may be associated with anomalies of adjacent structures. We describe the case of a 6-year-old girl who had a salivary gland choristoma in the middle ear that was associated with an ossicular chain anomaly and a facial nerve anomaly. We discuss the clinical features and management of this condition, and we review the literature.
Improvement in Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis: A Secondary benefit of Adenoidectomy in Children
Authors: Warman Meir , Granot Esther , Halperin Doron
Published: January 2019

Chronic rhinitis (CR) is a common disorder in children. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a risk factor for CR, and children with AR tend to suffer more from hypertrophic adenoids than do patients with nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). Few studies have addressed the issue of alleviating symptoms of pediatric CR or AR following adenoidectomy alone. We conducted a retrospective chart review to determine whether CR in children improves after adenoidectomy and whether children with AR will benefit more than those with NAR. Charts of 47 children who had undergone adenoidectomy for nasal obstruction and chronic middle ear effusion were reviewed. AR and NAR subgroups were classified based on symptoms, signs, blood IgE, and nasal smear (allergic criteria). Hypertrophic adenoids were graded using the adenoid-to-nasopharyngeal ratio (ANr >0.8). A questionnaire was used to assess the change in chronic rhinitis postoperatively. Improvement in CR was reported in 37 of 47 (79%) children. Patients with AR improved to a higher extent than those with NAR (12 of 14 [86%] vs. 25 of 33 [76%], respectively), but the difference was not statistically significant. A total of 41 lateral postoperative nasopharyngeal x-rays were obtained. The x-rays revealed that 20 of 26 (77%) of patients with ANr >0.8 had complete and 4 of 26 (15%) had partial resolution of symptoms of CR for a total resolution rate of 92%, compared to only a 53% resolution in the ANr <0.8 subgroup (6 of 15 and 2 of 15 patients, respectively [p < 0.05]). The correlation between adenoid size and resolution of CR was not related to any of the AR/NAR subgroups. We conclude that symptoms of CR may improve after adenoidectomy in children who are experiencing nasal obstruction and chronic otitis media with effusion. Clinical improvement did not differ between AR and NAR patients, and was more prominent in children with hypertrophic adenoids (ANr > 0.8).
Submandibular Salivary Gland Tumors: Clinical Course and Outcome of a 20-Year Multicenter Study
Authors: Mizrachi Aviram , Bachar Gideon , Unger Yaron , Hilly Ohad , Fliss Dan M. , Shpitzer Thomas
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this retrospective chart review study was to review the nature and clinical course of benign and malignant submandibular gland tumors at 2 major university-affiliated tertiary medical centers. All patients who underwent submandibular salivary gland excision between 1990 and 2010 were included. Clinical and disease-related data were collected from the medical charts. One hundred ninety-three patients were identified, of whom 108 (56%) had non-neoplastic disorders (sialolithiasis and sialadenitis). The remaining 85 patients (44%) had a submandibular salivary gland tumor. The most common benign neoplasm was pleomorphic adenoma (53 patients). Twenty tumors (24%) were malignant: adenoid cystic carcinoma in 11 patients, mucoepidermoid carcinoma in 6 patients, and adenocarcinoma in 3 patients. Recurrence was noted in 7 patients with submandibular gland malignancy and in 2 patients with pleomorphic adenoma. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 63%. Tumors of the submandibular gland are infrequently malignant. Recurrent submandibular salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma is rare compared with recurrences in the parotid gland.
Factors influencing the information needs and information access channels of farmers: An empirical study in Guangdong, China
Authors: Chen Yongshan , Lu Yonghe
Published: January 2019

Information plays an important role in meeting the quantitative and qualitative goals of agriculture in the 21st century. As an emerging economy in a developing continent, China has already made many interventions to use information technology to support agricultural development. However, information service in some rural areas is still severely limited. The overall impact of the changing information environment on the farmers’ information needs and access channels has not been fully studied. Thus, this study systematically investigates the characteristics of the information needs and channels of farmers in Guangdong, China. We have collected 4006 questionnaire samples and used correlation analysis to explore the relationships between farmers’ information needs and access channel preferences. The results indicate that individual characteristic factors, social factors and family factors have different degrees of influence on farmers’ information needs and access channel preferences. These findings can provide a reference for information construction in the rural areas of Guangdong Province and thus promote its economic development. This study can also provide useful insights for policy-makers and researchers from other developing countries to formulate implementation plans to promote agricultural development.