bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Theatrical Politics of Chicana/Chicano Identity: from Valdez to Moraga
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Critical opinion over the role of popular culture in relation to ethnic and cultural identity is deeply divided. In this essay, Elizabeth Jacobs explores the dynamics of this relationship in the works of two leading Mexican American playwrights. Luis Valdez was a founding member of El Teatro Campesino (Farmworkers' Theatre) in California during the 1960s. Originally formed as a resistance theatre, its purpose was to support the Farmworkers' Union in its unionization struggle. By the early 1970s Valdez and the Teatro Campesino were moving in a different direction, and with Zoot Suit (1974) he offered a critique of the race riots that erupted in East Los Angeles during the summer of 1943, the subsequent lack of reasonable judicial process, and the media misrepresentation of events. Valdez used setting, music, slang, and dress code among other devices to construct a sense of identity and ethnic solidarity. This provided a strong voice for the Chicano group, but at the same time a particular gendered hierarchy also distinguished his aesthetic. Cherríe Moraga's work provides a balanced opposition to that of Valdez. Giving up the Ghost (1984) helped to change the direction of Chicano theatre both in terms of its performativity and its strategies of representation. Elizabeth Jacobs explores how Moraga redefines both the culturally determined characterization of identity presented by Valdez and the media representation of women. She also utilizes theatrical space as a platform for a reassertion of ethnicity, allowing for the innovation of a split subjectivity and radical lesbian desire. Giving up the Ghost, Jacobs argues, provides a trenchant critique of communal and popular culture discourses as well as a redefinition of existing identity politics.
The Aesthetics of Immediacy and Hypermediation: the Dumb Shows in Webster's The White Devil
Authors: Carey Katherine M.
Published: January 2007

Is the dumb show, that recurrent standby of Renaissance drama, an archaic convention made even less viable by the prevalence of naturalism – or a purposefully different stage ‘language’ with distinctive functions, which directors misinterpret at their peril? In this article, Katherine M. Carey explores the use of the two dumb shows in Webster's The White Devil (1612), relating this both to the new historicist understanding of the ‘salutary anxiety’ of Jacobean society and to the concept of ‘remediation’ explored in the work of Bolter and Grusin. She ends with a discussion of the dumb shows in three recent productions of the play. Katherine M. Carey has recently completed her doctoral dissertation in the Department of Theatre and Film Studies at the University of Georgia, USA.
Body Arts: Circus at the Commonwealth Games
Authors: Tait Peta
Published: January 2007

Report on the circus events during the International Cultural Festival accompanying the Melbourne Commonwealth Games from 15 to 26 March 2006
Mediterranean Dialogues: Spain's Intercultural Theatre Festival
Authors: Fulton David
Published: January 2007

Report on the International Intercultural Theatre Festival (Entrecultures), held in Tortosa, Spain, from 17 to 26 November 2006.
Publikumseffekte bei Zeugenaussagen
Authors: Blank Hartmut
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Wie verändern sich Zeugenaussagen in Anwesenheit von Publikum (z. B. vor Gericht)? Vor dem Hintergrund einschlägiger sozialpsychologischer Forschung ( Zajonc, 1965 ) wurde die Vermutung überprüft, dass vor Publikum mehr zentrale und weniger periphere Details beobachteter Ereignisse berichtet werden als ohne Publikum. Dazu beobachteten Studierende vier kurze Videoszenen, und eine Woche später wurde die Aussageleistung (freie Wiedergabe) bei Einzelbefragung mit der Aussageleistung in einer gerichtsähnlichen Situation mit einer befragenden und vier beobachtenden Personen verglichen. Zentrale (periphere) Details wurden als solche mit einer hohen (geringen) allgemeinen Auftretenshäufigkeit operationalisiert. Eine ausführliche Inhaltsanalyse der freien Wiedergaben bestätigte die vermuteten Unterschiede zwischen den Befragungsbedingungen, auch dann, wenn nur die korrekten Details berücksichtigt wurden. Als spekulative Erklärung wird eine Beeinflussung von Abrufprozessen infolge der Ablenkung durch das Publikum vorgeschlagen. Mögliche Implikationen für die Nützlichkeit von Zeugenaussagen vor Gericht, deren wahrgenommene Glaubhaftigkeit sowie für die Befragungspraxis werden diskutiert.
Täuschungsstrategien bei der Schilderung von Sexualstraftaten
Authors: Niehaus Susanna , Krause Andreas , Schmidke Jeannette
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Eine wesentliche Basis für die Anwendung der merkmalsorientierten Inhaltsanalyse ( Steller & Köhnken, 1989 ) zur Beurteilung der Glaubhaftigkeit von Zeugenaussagen bildet die Annahme, dass Falschaussagende bestimmte Inhalte meiden, weil diese einer positiven Selbstpräsentation zuwiderlaufen. Ergebnisse neuerer Untersuchungen zu Täuschungsstrategien von Kindern und Erwachsenen stützten diese Annahme weitgehend, führten hinsichtlich einzelner motivationsbezogener Merkmale (Selbstbelastungen, Inschutznahme des Beschuldigten) jedoch zu Ergebnissen, die im Widerspruch zu aussagepsychologischen Annahmen standen. In bisherigen Studien wurden Szenarien verwendet, deren Übertragbarkeit auf spezifisch rechtspsychologische Inhalte wie Sexualstraftaten als begrenzt zu betrachten war. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, Aussagen über die Bedeutung spezifischer inhaltlicher Merkmale im Zusammenhang mit berichteten sexuellen Übergriffen treffen zu können. Eine nicht-studentische Stichprobe von Frauen (N = 120) gab in einem standardisierten Fragebogen Auskunft über eigene inhaltsbezogene Täuschungsstrategien. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die unterschiedliche strategische Bedeutsamkeit inhaltlicher Glaubhaftigkeitsmerkmale und belegen die Kontextabhängigkeit von Täuschungsstrategien.
Subjektive Indikatoren von Täuschung
Authors: Breuer Maike M. , Sporer Siegfried L. , Reinhard Marc-André
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Wiederholt wurde gezeigt, dass Laien und ExpertInnen kaum überzufällig häufig Lügen entdecken. Eine mögliche Erklärung besteht darin, dass stereotype Annahmen über Lügenindikatoren nicht mit objektiven Indikatoren von Täuschung korrespondieren. Neuere Meta-Analysen wiesen nur geringe Zusammenhänge zwischen non- und paraverbalen Verhaltensweisen und Täuschung nach. Hingegen gehen die meisten Personen davon aus, dass sich bestimmte non- und paraverbale Verhaltensweisen beim Täuschen stark verändern. Eine andere mögliche Erklärung ist, dass Personen die kontextuellen Besonderheiten von Aussagen nicht ausreichend berücksichtigen. In dieser Studie wurden die Annahmen von 240 Personen bezüglich einer Vielzahl subjektiver Täuschungsindikatoren erfasst. Dabei wurden die Täuschungssituation und die Gelegenheit zur Vorbereitung als Determinanten subjektiver Täuschungsindikatoren manipuliert. Es zeigten sich nur geringe Unterschiede in den subjektiven Annahmen zwischen den Situationen, doch große Diskrepanzen zu objektiven Täuschungsindikatoren. Die praktischen Implikationen dieser Befunde werden diskutiert.
Zur Messung von Strafeinstellungen
Authors: Suhling Stefan , Löbmann Rebecca , Greve Werner
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Die Bevölkerung und vor allem JustizpraktikerInnen werden in Deutschland vergleichsweise selten zu ihren Strafeinstellungen befragt, obwohl die Themen Kriminalität und Strafe zweifellos populär sind und zunehmend auch wieder die politische Debatte mitbestimmen. Die Sozialpsychologie kann einen Beitrag zum Verständnis und zur validen Erfassung von strafbezogenen Bedürfnissen und Auffassungen leisten. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden die hierzu vielfach eingesetzten allgemeinen Fragen und Aussagen zur Messung von Strafeinstellungen problematisiert und die Vorzüge von fiktiven Fallgeschichten aufgezeigt. Auch werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten diskutiert, in fiktiven Szenarien die Strafreaktionen der StudienteilnehmerInnen zu erheben.
“Geben Sie ihm doch einfach fünf Jahre!”
Authors: Englich Birte
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Ausgehend von bisherigen Befunden zu Ankereffekten in der richterlichen Urteilsbildung sowie dem Modell selektiver Zugänglichkeit untersucht die vorliegende Studie, inwieweit auch parteiische Zwischenrufe im Gerichtssaal einen Einfluss auf strafrechtliche Entscheidungen haben können. In einem 2 × 2-faktoriellen Experiment lasen 177 RechtsreferendarInnen vollständige und realistische Materialien zu einem Vergewaltigungsfall, bei dem ein offensichtlich parteiischer Zwischenrufer aus dem Zuschauerraum eine niedrige oder hohe Strafe forderte. Je nach Versuchsbedingung wurden die UntersuchungsteilnehmerInnen gebeten oder nicht, sich kurz mit dieser Zwischenruferforderung zu beschäftigen. Zentrale abhängige Variable war die richterliche Strafzumessung in Monaten. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen deutlichen Ankereffekt der parteiischen Zwischenruferforderung auf die richterliche Entscheidungsfindung. Notwendige Voraussetzung für diesen Einfluss war hierbei eine Beschäftigung mit der irrelevanten Zahlenvorgabe. Dieses Ergebnis wird anhand des Modells selektiver Zugänglichkeit interpretiert. Chancen und Grenzen der Korrektur solcher Ankereffekte irrelevanter Forderungen im Gerichtssaal werden beleuchtet.
Freiwillige Teilnahme an Wiedergutmachungsprogrammen und die Bereitschaft zur Verantwortungsübernahme
Authors: Gabriel Ute , Oswald Margit E. , Bütikofer Andrea
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Wird Straftätern/Straftäterinnen freigestellt, ob sie an einem Wiedergutmachungsprogramm teilnehmen, so ist dies zwangsläufig mit der Frage verbunden, ob sich die Gruppe der Teilnahmewilligen nicht von vornherein durch bestimmte Merkmale auszeichnet. Durchgeführte Kontrollen einer möglichen Selbstselektion beschränken sich bisher ausschließlich auf demografische und deliktbezogene Variablen, die den Strafakten entnommen werden können. Um eine Überschätzung der Programmerfolge, z. B. in Bezug auf die Rückfallwahrscheinlichkeit, zu vermeiden, wäre es jedoch wichtig, auch solche Variablen zu kontrollieren, welche die Bereitschaft und die Fähigkeit zur Verhaltensänderung anzeigen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde in diesem Sinne die Bereitschaft der Straftäter/Straftäterinnen kontrolliert, Verantwortung für ihre Tat zu übernehmen. Es zeigte sich, dass diejenigen, welche freiwillig das Angebot eines Modellprojektes nutzen wollen (n = 27), von vornherein eine geringere Tendenz zur Rechtfertigung ihrer Delikte aufweisen als solche, die das Angebot nicht zu nutzen bereit sind (n = 51). Probleme der Erfolgsevaluation sowie des Freiwilligkeitsprinzips bei nachgerichtlichen Wiedergutmachungsprogrammen werden diskutiert.
Psychische Störungen bei behinderten Kindern und Jugendlichen - Übersicht und Schlussfolgerungen für die Psychodiagnostik
Authors: Sarimski Klaus
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung: Es wird eine Übersicht über die Studien zur Prävalenz psychischer Störungen bei Hörschädigung, Blindheit, körperlicher oder intellektueller Behinderung gegeben. Neben Entwicklungseinschränkungen in Folge von organischen oder genetischen Bedingungen tragen Belastungen der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung und der Entwicklung sozialer Kompetenzen sowie der sozialen Partizipation zu einem deutlich erhöhten Risiko für die Ausbildung emotionaler oder sozialer Störungen bei. Probleme der psychopathologischen Beurteilung sowie der Differenzierung zwischen Auswirkungen der Behinderung und psychischer Störung werden diskutiert und Schlussfolgerungen für die Praxis gezogen.
MOS-SF 36
Authors: Güthlin Corina , Walach Harald
Published: January 2007

The objective was to study the construct validity of the MOS SF-36 (Medical Outcome Study, short form questionnaire, version of 36 items) using structural equation modeling (SEM). Despite the widespread use of the questionnaire, several problems with the measurement model have been shown in the past, and it is highly disputable whether the computation of two component (summary) scales according to the published algorithm is a valid condensation. The SEM was conducted with the data of N = 2,874; the SF-36 was part of a questionnaire given prior to acupuncture treatment. The results indicated poor construct validity of the proposed structure of the first and second order factor solutions. First and foremost, contrary to the algorithm stated in the manual, the two component scales are not uncorrelated. Second, the overall fit of the original measurement model does not reflect the data structure very well. The current measurement model is discussed and starting points for revisions are provided.
Does Response Scale Format Affect the Answering of Personality Scales?
Authors: Rammstedt Beatrice , Krebs Dagmar
Published: January 2007

When developing a questionnaire, one puts much effort into item formulation. Whether the format of the corresponding response scales affects response behavior, however, has rarely been studied, to date. The present study investigates (1) the effects of the response scale direction (ranging from positive to negative vs. negative to positive) and (2) the match between numerical labeling and scale direction, i.e., assigning high numbers to the positive pole and low numbers to the negative pole or vice versa. These response scale effects were studied based on responses in the BFI-10, the short-scale version of the widely-used Big Five Inventory (BFI), assessing the Big Five dimensions of personality by two items each. Using a dependent sample design, subjects answered the 10 items using end-point labeled response scales ranging from the negative (labeled “1”) to the positive pole (labeled “8”) at Time 1. At Time 2 (approximately 3 weeks later), respondents were split into two conditions: The BFI-10 was administered again with an 8-point scale ranging from the positive to the negative pole. In the first condition, the positive pole was labeled “8” and the negative pole was labeled “1”; in the second condition, the positive pole was labeled “1” and the negative pole was labeled “8.” Results clearly support the notion that the direction of the response scale (Condition 1) does not affect response behavior. There were no differences in means, standard deviations, or in the intercorrelations patterns. However, there seems to be an intuitive match between the positive pole and high numerical labeling. When poles were counterintuitively labeled (Condition 2), significant differences could be identified for all analyses conducted.
Intermediate Effects in Psychodiagnostic Classification
Authors: Witteman Cilia L.M. , van den Bercken John H.L.
Published: January 2007

Most comparative studies of performance in psychodiagnostic classification contrast novices with very experienced clinicians, and do not include a group with an intermediate level of experience. We describe an empirical study involving 41 clinicians with three levels of experience. We asked novices, intermediates, and very experienced psychodiagnosticians to give the diagnostic (DSM) classification for 10 written cases. We found an intermediate effect in diagnosticians' decision time and correctness: Intermediates performed worse and faster than both novices and very experienced clinicians. In line with most other studies, we found that experienced diagnosticians were not significantly more accurate than novices.
Using Hierarchical Classes to Analyze Organization of the Self-Concept
Authors: Tarlow Friedman Elisha , Haaga David A.F.
Published: January 2007

This study evaluated in several ways the concurrent and discriminant validity of measuring self-concept organization via Hierarchical Classes (HICLAS) analysis of interview-derived self-descriptions. College students (N = 85) listed and then described using their own words various self-aspects, and they completed standardized measures of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and verbal ability. As expected, self-views were multifaceted and hierarchically organized. The proportion of negative self-descriptors provided was positively correlated with depressive symptoms and negatively correlated with self-esteem. Positive and negative self-descriptors were compartmentalized across self-aspects. These results supported the concurrent validity of the information yielded by HICLAS analysis. Supporting the discriminant validity of the method, indices of the elaboration of the self-concept were not correlated with depressive symptoms. No HICLAS variables were significantly confounded by individual differences in verbal ability. We conclude that HICLAS analysis of self-generated descriptors is a promising, flexible method of idiographic assessment of self-concept organization.
Characterization of the bacterial flora in mineral waters in upstreaming fluids of deep igneous rock aquifers
Authors: Wagner C. , Mau M. , Schlömann M. , Heinicke J. , Koch U.
Published: January 2007

The bacterial community of the mineral spring Wettinquelle in the Vogtland/NW Bohemian region (German‐Czech border) was characterized by sequence analysis of amplified small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The acidulous spring water consists mostly of old groundwater from deep aquifers, which is mixed with 15–20% young water from upper groundwater horizons. The spring water contains high concentrations of iron, Ca2+ and SO42− ions. A remarkable attribute is the high radon activity of 27 kBq L−1 water. Free escaping spring gas consists mainly of CO2 originating from the mantle, N2 (1.2%) and traces of other gases, like methane and helium. Close relatives of Gallionella ferruginea, a micro‐aerobic oxidizer of ferrous iron, contributed most to the clone library. Clones with sequences related to Thiobacillus aquaesulis, members of the Sulfuricurvum‐cluster and members of several branches of the OP11 group were present in significantly lower numbers but still with some microdiversity. These bacterial groups, which contributed strongly to the clone library and have known physiology, obviously depend on the oxygen in the younger water and reduced compounds from the below.
WinAmphcal: A Windows program for the IMA‐04 amphibole classification
Authors: Yavuz Fuat
Published: January 2007

A Microsoft© Visual Basic (6.0) program, called WinAmphcal, has been developed to calculate structural formulae of both wet‐chemical and microprobe‐derived amphibole analyses. On the basis of the standard International Mineralogical Association (IMA‐04) classification procedure, WinAmphcal classifies amphibole analyses into five groups and then determines a specific amphibole name with prefixes and modifiers. This software is developed to predict cation site allocations at the different structural positions as well as to estimate stoichiometric Fe3+ and H2O contents from microprobe analyses. If Fe2O3 content is unknown, the program calculates ferric iron content on the basis of the minimum Fe3+ (15eNK) and maximum (13eCNK) criteria considering the site assignments and stoichiometric constraints. Other user‐defined calculation and normalization factors can also be carried out by current software for the process of amphibole chemical analyses. Using the charge‐balance method, WinAmphcal permits the user to determine the Mn2+ and Mn3+ states from Mn3+‐rich microprobe‐derived sodic amphiboles. WinAmphcal stores all the calculated results in an Excel file. Hence output of the program can also be displayed and processed by any other software for general data manipulation and graphing purposes.
In situ measurements of Li isotopes in foraminifera
Authors: Vigier Nathalie , Rollion‐Bard Claire , Spezzaferri Silvia , Brunet Fabrice
Published: January 2007

In situ measurement of Li isotope ratios in foraminifera has been developed using a Cameca ims 1270 ion microprobe. In situ δ7Li analyses have been performed in biogenic calcite of planktonic foraminifera from various locations. Results show that for west Pacific mixed Globigerinoides and Globorotalia (22°S161°E), the isotopic variability between tests and within a single test, respectively, is not significantly greater than estimated analytical uncertainty (∼1.5‰). Mean δ7Li for several planktonic foraminifera tests corresponds to the seawater value, strongly suggesting negligible Li isotope fractionation relative to seawater, as previously inferred by Hall et al. (2005) using thermo‐ionization mass spectrometer and multicollector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry techniques. Combined with scanning electron microscopy and ion microprobe imaging, micron‐sized grains, enriched in lithium, silica and aluminum have been found in the foraminifera calcite matrix. A simple mixing model shows that 0.3–2 wt % of marine clays incorporated within the analyzed calcite would lower the foraminifera δ7Li value, by 3‰ to 10‰ relative to the isotopic composition of the pure calcite. By comparison, no such grains have been detected in corals. The presence of micron‐sized silicate grains embedded within the foraminifera calcite is consistent with the Erez (2003) biomineralization model, involving calcite precipitation from seawater vacuoles. By contrast, coral calcium carbonate is instead precipitated from ions, which have been pumped or diffused through several membranes, impermeable to micrometric grains. Ion microprobe in situ δ7Li measurements in biogenic calcite present new methods for investigating both biomineralization processes and the past record of the ocean composition by exploring geochemical variations at a scale that is smaller in space and in time.
Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations
Authors: Sutton Rowan T. , Dong Buwen , Gregory Jonathan M.
Published: January 2007

Climate model simulations consistently show that in response to greenhouse gas forcing surface temperatures over land increase more rapidly than over sea. The enhanced warming over land is not simply a transient effect, since it is also present in equilibrium conditions. We examine 20 models from the IPCC AR4 database. The global land/sea warming ratio varies in the range 1.36–1.84, independent of global mean temperature change. In the presence of increasing radiative forcing, the warming ratio for a single model is fairly constant in time, implying that the land/sea temperature difference increases with time. The warming ratio varies with latitude, with a minimum in equatorial latitudes, and maxima in the subtropics. A simple explanation for these findings is provided, and comparisons are made with observations. For the low‐latitude (40°S–40°N) mean, the models suggest a warming ratio of 1.51 ± 0.13, while recent observations suggest a ratio of 1.54 ± 0.09.
Hybrid simulation of reforming shocks with electron mass and pressure tensor effects
Authors: Yuan Xingqiu , Cairns Iver H. , Robinson Peter A.
Published: January 2007

We examine the dynamics of low plasma beta (β = 0.05), high Alfvén Mach number (MA = 4 ∼ 5), quasi‐perpendicular (θbn = 87°) collisionless shocks using two one‐dimensional hybrid simulation codes, a standard hybrid code with massless fluid electrons and a new extended hybrid code with finite electron mass, and the full electron pressure tensor. Both hybrid codes predict similar macroscopic shock structures with well defined foot, ramp, overshoot and downstream regions and a shock that reforms with a quasi‐cyclic change of the shock front structure. The shock reformation period predicted by the standard hybrid code is 1.8Ωci−1 (Ωci is the upstream ion gyrofrequency). In contrast to the standard hybrid simulations, the additional electron dissipation in the new extended hybrid code leads to a strong ion thermalization and phase space mixing between upstream incoming and reflected ions via plasma wave interactions in the foot, and formation of ion phase space holes. Whistler waves with typical wavelength ≃0.3vAΩci−1 and frequency ≃5.5Ωci−1 are observed in the foot, and ramp region which help to stop the shock steepening, and reduce the predicted shock reformation period to 1.6Ωci−1.
Present and future sources and emissions of halocarbons: Toward new constraints
Authors: Daniel J. S. , Velders G. J. M. , Solomon S. , McFarland M. , Montzka S. A.
Published: January 2007

Accurate chlorocarbon and bromocarbon mixing ratio projections are necessary to make accurate estimates of future stratospheric ozone depletion. As global production of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) continues to decline in response to the Montreal Protocol, the quantity of ODSs in existing products and equipment, referred to as “banks,” has the potential to make an important contribution to future ODS emissions and the associated ozone depletion. Recently, large discrepancies between two approaches to estimating bank sizes have been reported for several ODSs (World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2003; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (IPCC/TEAP), 2005). We analyze these bank differences for CFC‐11 and CFC‐12 and find that they are significant in terms of the amount of projected future ozone depletion, a finding that is also relevant to assessing the potential environmental benefits of recovering and destroying banked CFCs. We consider observed trends in atmospheric abundances and past production estimates of these chemicals to gain insight into the bank sizes and their roles as emission sources for the CFCs. If it is assumed that the rates of release from the banks have not increased over the last few years, a lower limit for the CFC‐12 bank size in 2002 is approximately 500 kt, consistent with the recent bottom‐up estimate of IPCC/TEAP (2005). The larger estimated CFC‐11 and CFC‐12 banks (IPCC/TEAP, 2005), if accurate, would lead to greater future emissions and, hence, to greater stratospheric chlorine abundances that can affect future ozone as compared to the smaller WMO (2003) banks.
Rain splash of dry sand revealed by high‐speed imaging and sticky paper splash targets
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Hamner Katherine K. , Schmeeckle Mark , Borosund Miriam N. , Mudd Simon Marius
Published: January 2007

Rain splash transport of sediment on a sloping surface arises from a downslope drift of grains displaced ballistically by raindrop impacts. We use high‐speed imaging of drop impacts on dry sand to describe the drop‐to‐grain momentum transfer as this varies with drop size and grain size and to clarify ingredients of downslope grain drift. The “splash” of many grains involves ejection of surface grains accelerated by grain‐to‐grain collisions ahead of the radially spreading front of a drop as it deforms into a saucer shape during impact. For a given sand size, splash distances are similar for different drop sizes, but the number of displaced grains increases with drop size in proportion to the momentum of the drop not infiltrated within the first millisecond of impact. We present a theoretical formulation for grain ejection which assumes that the proportion of ejected grains within any small azimuthal angular interval dθ about the center of impact is proportional to the momentum density of the spreading drop within dθ and that the momentum of ejected grains at angle θ is, on average, proportional to the momentum of the spreading drop at θ. This formulation, consistent with observed splash distances, suggests that downslope grain transport involves an asymmetry in both quantity and distance: more grains move downslope than upslope with increasing surface slope, and, on average, grains move farther downslope. This latter effect is primarily due to the radial variation in the surface‐parallel momentum of the spreading drop. Surface‐parallel transport increases approximately linearly with slope.
Predicting magnetopause crossings at geosynchronous orbit during the Halloween storms
Authors: Lopez R. E. , Hernandez S. , Wiltberger M. , Huang C.‐L. , Kepko E. L. , Spence H. , Goodrich C. C. , Lyon J. G.
Published: January 2007

In late October and early November of 2003, the Sun unleashed a powerful series of events known as the Halloween storms. The coronal mass ejections launched by the Sun produced several severe compressions of the magnetosphere that moved the magnetopause inside of geosynchronous orbit. Such events are of interest to satellite operators, and the ability to predict magnetopause crossings along a given orbit is an important space weather capability. In this paper we compare geosynchronous observations of magnetopause crossings during the Halloween storms to crossings determined from the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the magnetosphere as well to predictions of several empirical models of the magnetopause position. We calculate basic statistical information about the predictions as well as several standard skill scores. We find that the current Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry simulation of the storm provides a slightly better prediction of the magnetopause position than the empirical models we examined for the extreme conditions present in this study. While this is not surprising, given that conditions during the Halloween storms were well outside the parameter space of the empirical models, it does point out the need for physics‐based models that can predict the effects of the most extreme events that are of significant interest to users of space weather forecasts.
Groundwater flow and groundwater‐stream interaction in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks: Insights from numerical models
Authors: Fan Ying , Toran Laura , Schlische Roy W.
Published: January 2007

Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it is also influenced by structure. Field evidence indicates that groundwater is older on the downdip side of a stream (asymmetry) and that dip‐aligned streams receive more base flow than strike‐aligned streams (anisotropy). We present detailed numerical models to evaluate the effects of various factors that influence groundwater flow pathways. The models simulate a small watershed drained by headwater streams and underlain by dipping strata. Groundwater flow can be characterized by three components: down the hydraulic gradient, downdip, and along strike. The degree of anisotropy and asymmetry depends on several factors: efficiency of the weathered horizon, bedding anisotropy, and bedding dip angle. Whereas anisotropy increases linearly with dip angle, asymmetry is greatest at a threshold angle. This threshold angle is related to the mean groundwater flow direction in an equivalent homogeneous and isotropic system.
Three‐dimensional saturated‐unsaturated flow with axial symmetry to a partially penetrating well in a compressible unconfined aquifer
Authors: Tartakovsky Guzel D. , Neuman Shlomo P.
Published: January 2007

A new analytical solution is presented for the delayed response process characterizing flow to a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer. The new solution generalizes that of Neuman (1972, 1974) by accounting for unsaturated flow above the water table. Three‐dimensional, axially symmetric flow in the unsaturated zone is described by a linearized version of Richards' equation in which hydraulic conductivity and water content vary exponentially with incremental capillary pressure head relative to its air entry value (defining the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones). Unsaturated soil properties are characterized by an exponent κ having the dimension of inverse length or, equivalently, a dimensionless exponent κD = κb, where b is initial saturated thickness. Our treatment of the unsaturated zone is similar to that of Kroszynski and Dagan (1975), who, however, have ignored internal (artesian) aquifer storage. According to Kroszynski and Dagan, aquifers that are not excessively shallow have values of κD (their parameter a) much greater than 10. We find that in such typical cases, unsaturated flow has little impact on early and late dimensionless time drawdown a short distance below the water table. Unsaturated flow causes drawdown to increase slightly at intermediate dimensionless time values that represent transition from an early artesian‐dominated to a late water‐table‐dominated flow regime. Delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone becomes less and less important as κD increases; as κD → ∞, this effect dies out, and drawdown is controlled entirely by delayed decline in the water table as in the model of Neuman. The unsaturated zone has a major impact on drawdown at intermediate time and a significant impact at early and late times, in the atypical case of κD ≤ 1, becoming the dominant factor as κD approaches zero (the soil water retention capacity becomes very large and/or saturated thickness becomes insignificant). Our new solution was used to analyze field data from a pumping test conducted by Moench et al. (2001) in a glacial outwash deposit at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The solution was fitted individually and simultaneously to time‐drawdown data from 20 piezometers and observation wells and simultaneously to data from three piezometers in each of two clusters at various depths and distances from the pumping well, with very good results. Our parameter estimates of hydraulic conductivities from the simultaneous fit are similar to those obtained previously by Moench (2004), but our estimates of specific yield and storage are smaller and larger, respectively, while our estimate of κ is not comparable with his estimates of three empirical parameters.
Consortium for Functional Glycomics Overview
Authors: Paulson James
Published: January 2007

This presentation provides an overview of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics.
Developments in CFG glycan and pathogen polysaccharide arrays
Authors: Blixt Ola
Published: January 2007

This presentation summarizes developments in glycan and pathogen polysaccharide arrays at the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG).
Activation‐induced upregulation of inhibitory killer Ig‐like receptors is regulated by protein kinase C
Authors: Chwae Yong‐Joon , Lee Jae Myun , Kim Eun Joon , Lee Seung Tae , Soh Jae‐Won , Kim Jongsun
Published: January 2007

Inhibitory killer Ig‐like receptor (KIR) expression was upregulated by protein kinase C (PKC) activation in stable Jurkat clones that express KIR or CD8KIR fusion proteins. PKC‐induced KIR upregulation was mediated by the cytoplasmic tail of KIR and regulated at the post‐transcriptional level. PKC inhibition, metabolic labeling and colocalization studies demonstrated that the activation of the conventional PKCs upregulated surface and cellular KIR levels by stimulating the maturation processes in endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi and by promoting the recycling of surface KIR through sorting endosomes. Similar studies also revealed that KIR was secreted to plasma membrane through lytic granules in a PKCδ‐dependent manner. Consequently, PKCδ inhibition caused the formation of giant perinuclear granules, which trapped KIR and FasL as well as CPE and Lamp1.
Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm
Authors: Stanford Marianne M , McFadden Grant , Karupiah Gunasegaran , Chaudhri Geeta
Published: January 2007

Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is a member of the poxvirus family and one of the most virulent human pathogens known. Although smallpox was eradicated almost 30 years ago, it is not understood why the mortality rates associated with the disease were high, why some patients recovered, and what constitutes an effective host response against infection. As variola virus infects only humans, our current understanding of poxvirus infections comes largely from historical clinical data from smallpox patients and from animal studies using closely related viruses such as ectromelia, myxoma and monkeypox. The outcome of an infection is determined by a complex interaction between the type of immune response mounted by the host and by evasion mechanisms that the virus has evolved to subvert it. Disease pathogenesis is also a function of both host and viral factors. Poxviruses are not only cytopathic, causing host tissue damage, but also encode an array of immunomodulatory molecules that affect the severity of disease. The ability of the host to control virus replication is therefore critical in limiting tissue damage. However, in addition to targeting virus, the immune response can inadvertently damage the host to such a degree that it causes illness and even death. There is growing evidence that many of the symptoms associated with serious poxvirus infections are a result of a ‘cytokine storm’ or sepsis and that this may be the underlying cause of pathology.
Cytokine regulation of immunopathology in toxoplasmosis
Authors: Gaddi Pamela J , Yap George S
Published: January 2007

Toxoplasma gondii infection is an important cause of central nervous system and ocular disease, both in immunocompromised and in certain immunocompetent populations. Although parasite‐mediated host cell lysis is probably the principal cause of tissue destruction in immunodeficiency states, hypersensitivity and inflammatory responses may underlie severe disease in otherwise immuno‐sufficient individuals. In this review, we have critically evaluated the body of experimental evidence indicating a role of CD4 T cells in systemic and local immunopathology associated with T. gondii infection. We also discuss the pathogenic roles of cytokines produced by T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells and the protective and homeostatic roles of interleukin (IL)‐10, transforming growth factor‐β and IL‐27 in modulating hypersensitivity responses induced by T. gondii.
Tyrosine kinase Syk associates with toll‐like receptor 4 and regulates signaling in human monocytic cells
Authors: Chaudhary Anu , Fresquez Theresa M , Naranjo Michele J
Published: January 2007

Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces an innate immune response in mammals by recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of Gram‐negative bacteria. In this study, we show that tyrosine kinase Syk constitutively associates with TLR4 in THP‐1 cells. As previously reported in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, TLR4 gets inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated upon LPS engagement in THP‐1 cells. Piceatannol, a pharmacological inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase Syk, abrogates TLR4 tyrosine phosphorylation at low doses. The kinetics of TLR4 tyrosine phosphorylation in THP‐1 cells coincides with an early wave of Syk tyrosine phosphorylation. Additionally, serine threonine kinase interleukin‐1 (IL1) receptor‐associated kinase 1 (IRAK‐1) is transiently recruited to the complex containing adaptor molecule MyD88, TLR4 and Syk within 1 min of LPS engagement and dissociates by 30 min. Finally, the inhibition of Syk with piceatannol has no effect on LPS‐mediated release of cytokines IL6, IL1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, neither on chemokines macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)1α, MIP1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein ‐1, IL8, Groα and RANTES. However, IL10 and IL12p40 releases are significantly inhibited. Our findings implicate Syk as a novel modulator of LPS‐mediated TLR4 responses in human monocytic cells and shed insight into the kinetics of early complex formation upon LPS engagement.
Non‐Structural Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Dynamics in Mediterranean Sub‐Shrubs: an Analysis of the Functional Role of Overwintering Leaves
Authors: Palacio S. , Millard P. , Maestro M. , Montserrat‐Martí G.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Previous studies have led to contrasting results about the role of overwintering leaves as storage sites, which is related to leaf longevity and life‐form. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional role of the leaves of four species of Mediterranean sub‐shrubs, with different leaf phenology, as sources of nitrogen (N) and non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) for shoot growth. The seasonal dynamics of the concentrations and pools of N and NSC were assessed monthly in the leaves and woody organs of each species. Overwintering and spring leaves served as N and NSC sources for shoot growth in the evergreen species analyzed, providing up to 73 % and 324 % of the N demand for spring and autumn growth, respectively. Excess autumn N was stored in woody structures which contributed to the N and NSC requirements of spring growth. In the winter deciduous species, woody organs were the main N source for spring growth, while current photosynthesis from immature brachyblasts seemed to be the main carbon (C) source. Due to their short lifespan, overwintering and spring leaves did not show several translocation processes throughout their life time, their contribution to new growth being made during senescence. The successive exchange of leaf cohorts displayed by Mediterranean sub‐shrubs might serve as a mechanism to recycle N and C between consecutive cohorts as plants perform the pheno‐morphological changes needed to adapt their morphology to the seasonality of their environment.
Nectar Resorption and Translocation in Cucurbita pepo L. and Platanthera chlorantha Custer (Rchb.)
Authors: Nepi M. , Stpiczyńska M.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Nectar resorption and sugar translocation were studied in Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) and Platanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae) by micro‐autoradiography. In both species, nectar was resorbed in pollinated and unpollinated flowers and ovules developing into seeds were found to be the main sugar sink. In C. pepo, the mobility of resorbed sugars in pollinated female flowers was higher than in unpollinated ones; male flowers showed lower mobility of resorbed sugar. In P. chlorantha, radioactivity was detected in pollinated flowers below and above labelled unpollinated ones: the nearer the flower, the stronger the accumulation of label in developing fruits.
Designing and Transgenic Expression of Melanin Gene in Tobacco Trichome and Cotton Fiber
Authors: Xu X. , Wu M. , Zhao Q. , Li R. , Chen J. , Ao G. , Yu J.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: In Streptomyces antibioticus, there are two genes TyrA and ORF438 required for the melanin biogenesis. To investigate whether expression of these two genes in cotton can change cotton fiber colour, we modified the TyrA and ORF438 genes to make their codon usage closer to the codon preference of cotton fiber genes. The resulting versions of these two genes were referred to as dtyrA and dORF438, respectively. Vacuolar targeting signals were also added to their ends. Under the cotton fiber specific Ltp3 promoter, dORF438 and dtyrA were first transformed into model plant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Molecular analyses showed that both the dORF438 and dtyrA genes were successfully expressed in transgenic plants, and the melanin deposition was observed in the trichomes of transgenic tobacco. Excitedly, when the same dORF438 and dtyrA expression cassettes were transformed into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by pollen tube pathway, the colour of cotton fiber changed from white to brown. Molecular analyses confirmed that both genes were transformed into cotton and expressed successfully. All these results indicate that the synthesized dOFR438 and dtyrA genes can work well in tobacco and cotton. Our study may provide a potential method for modifying the colour of cotton fiber.
Structural‐Functional Changes in Detached Cucumber Leaves, and Modelling These by Hormone‐Treated Leaf Discs
Authors: Kovács E. , Sárvári É. , Nyitrai P. , Darók J. , Cseh E. , Láng F. , Keresztes Á.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Senescence and rejuvenation were investigated in detached cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves after cultivation in nutrient solution for one week or four weeks. Rooting of the petiole (visible generally from the 7th day) elicited a combination of different morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the lamina. Extensive growth in area and thickness, extreme regreening, changes of chloroplast structure and activity, as well as the pattern of Chl‐protein complexes were observed and compared either to the corresponding parameters of young detached leaves or mature attached leaves. These responses could be provoked separately by treating excised leaf discs with kinetin, benzyladenine, or indolylacetic acid. The hormones showed mutuality in their effects, benzyladenine being responsible for the growth of cells, while indolylacetic acid and kinetin promoted an increase in chlorophyll content. However, none of the treatments resulted in the growth of the chloroplasts in the leaf discs, which was only prominent in the rooting leaves.
Genetic Diversity of Picea asperata Populations Based on RAPDs
Authors: Xue X. , Wang Y. , Korpelainen H. , Li C.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The genetic diversity of ten natural populations of Picea asperata Mast. were studied using RAPD markers. A total of 160 reproducible fragments were produced from the ten primers used. The mean number of fragments detected per individual was 114.7. Altogether 120 fragments were polymorphic among the ten populations, none of them were found to be population‐specific. Nei's expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.233 to 0.269, and the average was 0.247. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that the coefficient of gene differentiation among populations, based on FST and the unbiased estimate Φst, equaled 0.224 and 0.290, respectively. Such high values indicate that there is significant differentiation among populations, which could result from several factors, including restricted gene flow between populations (Nm = 0.866). Founder events may be another factor attributing to the high level of genetic differentiation. In addition, it was discovered that the geographic distribution is not correlated with the genetic distances among the populations of P. asperata.
Plasticity of Photoprotective Mechanisms of Buxus sempervirens L. Leaves in Response to Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Hormaetxe K. , Becerril J. M. , Hernández A. , Esteban R. , García‐Plazaola J. I.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Summer 2003 was unusually hot in Western Europe, with local droughts and an intense heatwave, that led to a massive damage in vegetation. Since high temperatures are supposed to generate photooxidative stress, we analysed photoprotective responses in leaves of the evergreen boxtree (Buxus sempervirens L.) during summer 2003. All the photoprotective compounds analysed (α‐tocopherol, β‐carotene, and xanthophylls cycle pigments) were simultaneously induced in parallel with a reduction in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). To characterise these responses, we compared these data with other data obtained during cold stress periods (2003, 2005) and with an unstressful summer (2002). Photoprotective responses observed during the heatwave were also induced by low temperature stress, and in both situations, this effect was exacerbated by light. In parallel with such induction the accumulation of red retro‐carotenoids and xanthophyll esters was also observed under unfavourable conditions, suggesting a photoprotective role for both groups of carotenoids. This is the first report showing that in any species (Buxus sempervirens L.), the same retro‐carotenoids can be induced in response to winter and summer stress. Present results demonstrate that the same mechanisms are induced as response to sub‐ and supraoptimal temperatures and the plasticity of such responses plays a critical role in plant acclimation to extreme temperatures, an ability that is specially important in the context of any future climate warming.