bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Back to the Pristine: Identity Formation and Legitimation in Contemporary American Daoism
Authors: Siegler Elijah
Published: June 2010

This article, based on personal interviews and written surveys of dozens of Americans who self-identify as Daoist, asks how American Daoism provides meaning and shapes the identity of its American adherents. Using Wade Clark Roof's theories about Baby Boomers's spiritual quest as a search for meaning, this article shows how American Daoism can be both a component of and a resolution to this spiritual quest. It analyzes the strategies American Daoists use to assemble a stable identity, including constructing lineages based on personal transmission and positing the existence of an "inauthentic" Daoism, often identified as "folk" or "religious," which serves to authenticate their perceived spiritual Daoism.
Examining Prewar Tôgô Worship in Hawaii Toward Rethinking Hawaiian Shinto as a New Religion in America
Authors: Hansen Wilburn
Published: June 2010

Daijingu Temple of Hawaii, a Shinto shrine founded by Japanese immigrant workers in the early twentieth century is unique among shrines in American territory for holding the only recorded pre-Pacific War worship services for a Japanese war hero. Admiral Tôgô Heihachirô was deified for defeating a Russian naval force in the Battle of the Sea of Japan, and was worshiped at Daijingu in services attended by members of the Japanese Imperial Navy as well as Japanese-Americans from the local community. Although this could suggest that the Japanese-American Shinto community was cheering on the Japanese Imperial navy in their military endeavors, this is not the best explanation for their participation. These rituals benefited the shrine community economically. Furthermore, these activities and the rest of Daijingu Shrine history suggest that Shinto in Hawaii requires consideration as a new American religion rather than as Japanese Shinto in diaspora.
Can basal cortisol measurement be an alternative to the insulin tolerance test in the assessment of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis before and after pituitary surgery?
Authors: Karaca Z , Tanriverdi F , Atmaca H , Gokce C , Elbuken G , Selcuklu A , Unluhizarci K , Kelestimur F
Published: June 2010

Background

The aims of this study were to evaluate the validity of preoperative basal serum cortisol levels measured in predicting preoperative adrenal insufficiency and also the validity of basal serum cortisol levels and early postoperative insulin tolerance test (ITT) in predicting postoperative adrenal insufficiency.

Methods

The study was prospectively designed and included 64 patients who underwent pituitary surgery for conditions other than Cushing's disease. An ITT was performed preoperatively, on the 6th postoperative day and at the 1st postoperative month. Basal serum cortisol levels were measured on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th postoperative days.

Results

Patients with a preoperative basal cortisol level of <165 nmol/l (6 μg/dl) showed insufficient cortisol response and those with levels higher than 500 nmol/l (18 μg/dl) had sufficient cortisol response to the preoperative ITT. The positive predictive value of the ITT performed on the 6th postoperative day was 69.7%, and the negative predictive value in predicting adrenal insufficiency at the 1st postoperative month was 58%. Patients were considered to have an insufficient cortisol response to ITT at the 1st postoperative month if their basal cortisol levels were <193 nmol/l (7 μg/dl) or 220 nmol/l (8 μg/dl) or 193 nmol/l (7 μg/dl) or 165 nmol/l (6 μg/dl) or 83 nmol/l (3 μg/dl) on the 2nd–6th postoperative days respectively.

Conclusion

Serum basal cortisol levels may be used as the first-line test in the assessment of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis both preoperatively and postoperatively. Dynamic testing should be limited to the patients with indeterminate basal cortisol levels.
The Effect of Feeding Varying Levels of Soybean Meal in High-Nutrient-Density Diets on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Weeks C , Garling D , Barrows F T , Faisal M
Published: June 2010

Six experimental, high-nutrient-density (HND) diets containing practical ingredients (55% protein, 20% lipid) were fed to juvenile (initial weight [mean ± SE] = 27.6 ± 1.0 g) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared in freshwater for 12 weeks. The control diet was the open-formula Atlantic salmon diet MNR-98HS, which contained 0% soybean meal (SBM) and 30% fish meal (FM). Four experimental diets had 30% FM and soybean levels from 5% to 30%. Two additional diets contained a reduced level of FM (24%) and either 20% or 30% SBM. Weight gain (specific growth rate [SGR]), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), condition factor, trypsin activity, body composition, and hepatosomatic index were determined. No differences in SGR (1.88–1.94), FCR (0.78–0.82), PER (2.20–2.32), or trypsin activity were observed between treatments and the control diet. A negative linear response was observed between SBM content and either body lipid or fecal dry matter. Fish whole-body lipids decreased linearly from 22.0% to 12.9% between control and 30% SBM dietary groups. Results suggest that the use of HND diets may contribute to protein-sparing functions of Atlantic salmon by SBM carbohydrates; however, SBM inclusion may induce changes along metabolic pathways into muscle tissue.
Gram‐Negative Periodontal Bacteria Induce the Activation of Toll‐Like Receptors 2 and 4, and Cytokine Production in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Sun Ying , Shu Rong , Li Chao‐Lun , Zhang Ming‐Zhu
Published: June 2010

Background: Periodontitis is a bacterially induced chronic inflammatory disease. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), which could recognize microbial pathogens, are important components in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct immune responses might result from different bacteria stimulation and the triggering of different TLRs. This study explores the interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) with TLR2 and TLR4.

Methods: We studied the gene expression changes of TLR2 and TLR4 and cytokine production (interleukin‐1β, ‐6, ‐8, ‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) in human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) stimulated with heat‐killed bacteria or P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of monoclonal antibodies to TLR2 or TLR4 (anti‐TLR2/4 mAb).

Results: Both test bacteria and 10 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS treatment increased the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and cytokine production in HPDLCs. In addition, these upregulations could be blocked by anti‐TLR2/4 mAb. However, the expression of TLR4 mRNA in HPDLCs stimulated with 1 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS was not increased. No differences were found in the cytokine production caused by 1 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS treatment in the presence or absence of anti‐TLR4 mAb.

Conclusion: These patterns of gene expression and cytokine production indicate that Gram‐negative periodontal bacteria or their LPS might play a role in triggering TLR2 and/or TLR4, and be of importance for the immune responses in periodontitis.
Collocations of QTLs for Seedling Traits and Yield Components of Tropical Maize under Water Stress Conditions
Authors: Ruta Nathinee , Stamp Peter , Liedgens Markus , Fracheboud Yvan , Hund Andreas
Published: June 2010

Genetic variation in root morphology and its response to water deficit might be crucial for the adaptation of maize (Zea mays L.) to drought, but information about this is scarce. A set of 208 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between Ac7643 (Parent 1) and Ac7729/TZSRW (Parent 2) was investigated in growth pouches to determine the traits of seedling roots and shoots. Water stress was induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for seedling traits at the first leaf stage; their collocation was compared with published yield‐related traits found in drought‐stress experiments. Some seedling QTLs were specific to water stress, such as QTLs for root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area‐to‐root length ratio. Four root and shoot QTLs collocated in bin 2.02, indicating a relationship of this chromosome region to early vigor under water stress. Quantitative trait loci for ear number collocated with QTLs for the shoot‐to‐root dry weight ratio and leaf area‐to‐root length ratio. Quantitative trait loci for the anthesis‐silking interval collocated with QTLs for the numbers of crown roots and seminal roots irrespective of water supply. Quantitative trait loci controlling the balance between early root and shoot development may provide useful information to enable the prediction of maize performance under field conditions.
Adaptation of Small‐Seeded Red Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris) to Diverse Environments
Authors: Sarker A. , Singh M. , Rajaram S. , Erskine W.
Published: June 2010

The lentil improvement program of ICARDA benefits from the information generated by the Legume International Nursery Network operating globally. Over the period 1996 to 2002, 12 different types of trials comprising lentil genotypes with weights<35 g per 1000 seeds, hence defined as small‐seeded, were carried out at 111 environments in 16 countries. We found that 73% of the environments significantly (P < 0.05) differentiated the lentil genotypes. The predicted environmental mean yield ranged from 180 to 3670 kg ha−1 and heritability ranged from 14 to 95%. Significant genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was observed in 10 of the 12 trial types. Seven trial types provided a wide coverage of environments, and the top yielding entries of six of them represented stable genotypes in the sense of Type II stability. Genotype 8 (FLIP 90‐41L) of LIYT‐1996 (1970 kg ha−1 yield), genotype 9 (FLIP 95‐39L) of LIYT‐1998 (1633 kg ha−1 yield), and genotype 34 (FLIP 96‐31L) of LISN‐1996 (1567 kg ha−1 yield) were the highest yielding and most stable in the respective trial types. The cluster analysis resulted in five clusters, four of which comprised of 85% of the locations. In selecting the highest yielding lines common between (i) the top 10% of lines based on yield across all the environments at which they were evaluated and (ii) the top 10% of lines based on yield across the environments in the individual clusters, three genotypes—FLIP 2002‐20L, FLIP 97‐24L, and FLIP 92‐36L—showed wide adaptation with production potential at up to 61% of locations tested. These genotypes have potential for direct release as varieties and may be valuable to use in hybridization program to generate new genetic stocks for adaptation and higher yield for a wide range of environments across lentil‐growing regions.
Divergent Selection for Polyphenol Oxidase and Grain Protein and Their Impacts on White Salted Noodle, Bread, and Agronomic Traits in Wheat
Authors: Martin John M. , Berg James E. , Hofer Petrea , Kephart Kenneth D. , Nash Deanna , Bruckner Philip L.
Published: June 2010

Consumers prefer noodles with a bright creamy color that maintains with time. High levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and high flour protein are associated with darker noodles. A major gene on chromosome 2A in wheat controls substantial variation in PPO activity. Our goal was to determine the impact of selecting for Ppo‐A1 allelic differences and high vs. low protein on white salted noodle, bread, and agronomic traits. Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations were created that segregated for grain protein concentration and for Ppo‐A1a (high PPO) and Ppo‐A1b (low PPO). Four selection populations were created by divergent selection for grain protein, followed by selection of Ppo‐A1a and Ppo‐A1b alleles within the high and low grain protein groups. The selection populations were evaluated in replicated trials in two environments. White salted noodle and bread quality and agronomic traits were measured using four lines from each selection population. The Ppo‐A1a vs. Ppo‐A1b classes differed by 0.40 ΔA475 min−1 g−1 and the high‐ vs. low‐protein classes differed by 17 g kg−1 in grain protein. The high‐protein class yielded 8.6% less than the low‐protein group. Ppo‐A1 allelic class had no affect on agronomic traits. High‐protein class gave higher loaf volume, but Ppo‐A1 allelic class difference did not affect bread quality. Ppo‐A1 allelic class did not affect noodle brightness (L*) at 0 or 24 h, but Ppo‐A1a class showed greater change in L* with time. High protein gave darker noodles at both 0 and 24 h and greater change in L* with time. Ppo‐A1 allelic class did not affect noodle texture, but noodles were more firm with high protein compared with low protein. Ppo‐A1 allelic class and protein effects on noodle and bread traits were additive.
The Blackpoint Status of Selected Tetraploid Species and Australian Durum Wheats and Breeding Lines
Authors: Sissons Mike , Sissons Shaylene , Egan Narelle
Published: June 2010

Blackpoint (BPt) is a brown or black discoloration at the germ end of the grain and occurs in most locations where durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is grown throughout the world. Its presence causes downgrading at market due to the undesirable black specks in semolina and derived pasta. Durum wheat appears to show different genetic susceptibilities to developing BPt; however, there are no extensive studies on this. This study aimed to survey the range of BPt sensitivity mainly in T. turgidum ssp. durum and to identify genotypes with low levels for future breeding efforts. In this study field methods were developed to reliably induce BPt symptoms in durum wheat. Using this approach, a wide range of durum wheat genotypes were evaluated for their BPt sensitivity status in comparison to selected Australian durum wheat cultivars and breeding lines. Only material giving consistently low BPt score (i.e., tolerant, defined as the mean BPt percentage being ≤10% over years) was identified as suitable for future introgression into a durum wheat breeding program. Several new sources of reduced susceptibility to BPt have been found and are being used in a breeding program.
Elimination of a Reproductive Barrier Facilitates Intergeneric Hybridization of Sorghum bicolor and Saccharum
Authors: Hodnett George L. , Hale Anna L. , Packer Dan J. , Stelly David M. , da Silva Jorge , Rooney William L.
Published: June 2010

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) are now being bred to enhance the quantity and quality of biomass while maintaining or improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerances. Introgression of complementary traits between sorghum and sugarcane may be an important tool for breeders as they work toward these objectives. We show that by using a sorghum line with the iap mutant, intergeneric Sorghum bicolor × Saccharum spp. hybrids can be readily produced. Using Tx3361 as sorghum seed parent, 14,141 seed were produced from 252 sorghum × Saccharum spp. crosses. Seed set frequency in the intergeneric crosses was affected by sugarcane pollinators. The best pollinators had an above average pollen rating and favorable genetic and/or genomic compatibility, implying that breeding and selection of sugarcane pollen parents could further enhance successful hybridization. Avoiding vivipary through premature seed harvest and eliminating a physical barrier by removing the seed coat increased seedling recovery rates from 1.5 to 33%. Using these methods, our programs have grown 1371 sorghum–saccharum intergeneric hybrid plants. Sufficient quantities of seedlings were produced to impose selection criteria with the goal of developing a new intergeneric cultivar with potential to be used for sugar or as a biomass feedstock.
Genetic Variability of Transpiration Response of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Shoots to Leaf Hydraulic Conductance Inhibitor AgNO3
Authors: Sadok Walid , Sinclair Thomas R.
Published: June 2010

Transpiration rate (TR) of a slow‐wilting soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] line, PI 416937, is constant with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at high VPD (> ∼2 kPa). The basis of such a limitation on TR was recently linked to limited leaf hydraulic conductance. It was hypothesized that this genotype may lack an AgNO3–sensitive protein‐mediated water pathway in the leaf, possibly involving aquaporins (AQPs), causing it to have a low hydraulic conductance. The possibility of genetic variability for sensitivity of derooted plants exposed to 200 μM AgNO3 was investigated among 12 soybean genotypes including progeny of PI 416937. Segregation among genotypes in their response to AgNO3 was observed. Genotype PI 416937 and two of its progeny lines were insensitive to the AgNO3 treatment indicating that they lacked a protein‐mediated water pathway that is sensitive to this inhibitor. The remaining nine genotypes were sensitive to the AgNO3 treatment, and the decrease in TR indicated that the AgNO3 sensitivity accounted for 25 to 50% of the usual hydraulic pathway in the leaves. Among the AgNO3–sensitive lines, the genotypes could be further segregated based on previous observations in the response of intact plants to increasing VPD. It is hypothesized that this additional segregation might be a result of a difference in hydraulic limitation in their roots.
Coexistence in Maize: Isolation Distance in Dependence on Conventional Maize Field Depth and Separate Edge Harvest
Authors: Langhof Maren , Hommel Bernd , Hüsken Alexandra , Njontie Charles , Schiemann Joachim , Wehling Peter , Wilhelm Ralf , Rühl Gerhard
Published: June 2010

The most reliable and practicable measure in assuring coexistence in respect to pollen‐mediated gene flow from genetically modified (GM) to conventional maize (Zea mays L.) is an isolation distance separating GM and non‐GM fields. Therefore, we tested distances between 24 and 102 m at three sites in northern Germany using a field orientation representing a worst case scenario concerning wind direction. During the 3 yr of field trials the highest levels of gene flow occurred at the site and year with the longest flowering synchrony and the strongest wind blowing constantly from the GM to the non‐GM field. It was shown that the GM content of a neighboring non‐GM maize field is mainly determined by wind speed and direction as well as by non‐GM maize field depth. Based on the maximum outcrossing data obtained it can be concluded that for non‐GM maize fields being 200 m deep or more an isolation distance of 50 m is sufficient to keep the GM content of the total fields grain harvest below the European Union (EU) labeling threshold of 0.9%. However, non‐GM grain maize fields with smaller field depth require larger isolation distances or additional coexistence measures. In most cases discarding 6 m of the GM maize facing non‐GM maize field edge has proven to be such a valuable measure. In silage maize production 50 m isolation distance is adequate even for non‐GM maize field depths down to 50 m. We recommend flexible separation distances in dependence on non‐GM maize field depth to comply with EU coexistence requirements.
Tolerance to Postharvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava Roots
Authors: Morante N. , Sánchez T. , Ceballos H. , Calle F. , Pérez J. C. , Egesi C. , Cuambe C. E. , Escobar A. F. , Ortiz D. , Chávez A. L. , Fregene M.
Published: June 2010

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots spoil 2 to 3 d after harvest because of postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), which has remained an unsolved problem. Roots from different sources of germplasm were evaluated 5, 10, 20, and 40 d after harvest and some were found to be tolerant to PPD. Three genotypes showed zero levels of PPD even 40 d after harvest. Tolerance to PPD in roots with high carotenoid levels may be explained by their antioxidant properties. Irradiation of seeds in mutagenized populations may have silenced one of the genes involved in the expression of PPD. The tolerance to PPD found in other sources cannot be properly explained. The identification of several sources of resistance (and at least two different modes of action) suggests that now there are alternatives available for solving this problem, benefiting millions of resource‐limited farmers worldwide.
Possible Applications of Psychotherapy Outcome Research to Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Henley R.C. Arden , Miller Scott D
Published: June 2010

This paper proposes that psychotherapy has affinities with TCM that may be useful for our understanding of both. These affinities center on the way in which the doctor/patient relationship is viewed and the ways in which treatment is understood. Based on affinities between psychotherapy and TCM the paper further proposes that psychotherapy outcome studies may be applicable to TCM and enhance TCM research and practice. Psychotherapy outcome research studies have consistently demonstrated the significance of common factors associated with the therapeutic alliance in predicting outcomes rather than factors related to therapeutic models or strategies per se.
Are the additional grafts necessary?
Authors: Milinkovic Z.B. , Krneta O. , Milickovic S. , Dozic D. , Curcic A.
Published: June 2010

The goals of surgery for spinal deformity are to correct or improve the deformity to get a stable, balanced and fused spine. The long-term success of any procedure for scoliosis depends on a solid arthrodesis. Getting fusion of the instrumented segment with the aid of copious autogenous iliac graft has been the most important goal of treatment. However, harvesting copious graft from teenage iliac bone has its limitation in the quantity of graft, surgical time, and other complications of graft sites. Bone substitute is a promising concept, but there is not ideal bone substitute with all the characteristics of an autogenous bone graft. Several alternative graft materials like tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and demineralized bone matrix have osteoinductive properties. Bone morphogenic protein has osteoconductive properties. The limitations with bone substitutes are osteoinduction and osteoconduction properties, sterilization, chances of transmitting infective disease and cost. We consider that the introduction of segmental spinal instrumentation which enables strong and firm correction and fixation of the scoliotic deformity has enabled getting fusion with less graft. We can obtain that quantity of graft after laminae and spinous process decortication. This retrospective study has been done in our hospital from January 2002 to December 2004. A total of 188 patients underwent posterior corrections for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using segmental fixation by Moss-Miami. No autogenous iliac crest graft was taken or graft substitutes. After meticulous decortication and destruction of facet joints, we used local graft taken from spinous process and laminae. All patients had minimum thirty months follow- up. We have excellent results. Out of these 188 patients, 177 patients have fused spine, no implant failure, no pain, no infection and no loss of correction. Eleven (5.8%) patients underwent re-operation; four among them because of infection, three for symptomatic implants and four due to pseudarthrosis. We consider that the use of local harvesting graft is enough for getting good spondylodesis.
Sindrom karpalnog kanala-hirursko-anestezioloski problemi
Authors: Samardzic M. , Rasulic L. , Baljozovic B. , Milakovic B. , Jovanovic M. , Malis M.
Published: June 2010

Carpal tunnel syndrome presents the most common peripheral nerve entrapment, and section of carpal transverse ligament is the most common procedure in peripheral nerve surgery. Favorable outcomes depend on several factors including correct diagnosis, careful patient selection, precise operative technique and appropriate postoperative care. The goal of this paper is to establish the most common causes of failed surgery analyzing primary and secondary outcomes, and to give the possibility for better results in the future. Analysis was based on 250 operated patients. Primary outcome and secondary outcome 3 months after surgery was estimated. Total rate of complications was 8% with persistent complaints in 7 (35%) patients and recurrent symptoms in 13(65%) patients.
Susceptibility of Tetranychus urticae koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae) to isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Draganova Slavimira , Simova Spaska
Published: June 2010

Bioassays with five isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.- Criv.) Vuillemin were conducted under laboratory conditions with a goal to estimate their virulence to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae). Common bean plants with mites were treated by spraying conidial suspensions of isolates at concentrations of 106, 107 and 108 conidia/ml. Lethal effects of the fungal isolates were evaluated as percentages of cumulative daily mortality due to mycoses, corrected for mortality in the control variant. Virulence of the isolates was estimated based on values of the median lethal time (LT50) calculated by probit analysis for the variants treated with conidial suspensions at the concentration of 106 conidia/ml. The two-spotted spider mite was found susceptible to the examined isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. Mycosis caused to T. urticae by the B. bassiana isolates 444 Bb and 445 Bb had fast lethal effect after treatment with conidial suspensions even at the concentration of 106 conidia/ ml. The mean mortality values of host individuals were 83.78 ? 3.62% and 68.49 ? 4.28% on the first day, respectively, and up to 100% in both variants on the fourth day. The isolates 426 Bb, 444 Bb and 445 Bb of B. bassiana were highly virulent to two-spotted spider mites with values of the median lethal time varied within overlapped narrow confidence intervals from 0.122 to 1.084 days (average value 0.162 days), from 0.117 to 1.398 days (average value 0.146 days) and from 0.106 to 1.162 days (average value 0.131 days), respectively. Significant differences regarding virulence of the three isolates at p-level < 0.05 could not been proved. The other two examined isolates were distinctly less virulent to T. urticae than these three B. bassiana isolates.
Genetic variability of concentration of microelements in wild sunflower species and hybrids
Authors: Kastori Rudolf , Maksimovic Ivana , Marinkovic Radovan , Zeremski-Skoric Tijana , Ninkov Jordana , Putnik-Delic Marina
Published: June 2010

The aim of this work was to investigate genetic specificity of sunflower nutrition with microelements. Therefore, concentrations of essential (Zn, B, Mn, Cu, Fe and Ni) and non-essential (Cr, Al, Cd, As, Pb and Ba) micronutrients were analyzed. Five sunflower hybrids the most grown in Serbia and different populations of wild sunflower species originating from North America: Helianthus neglectus Heiser (3), Helianthus agrophyllus T&G (3), Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. (2), Helianthus annuus L. (4) were included in the experiment. Populations of wild sunflower species and hybrids differed significantly with respect to the concentration of analyzed elements. Manganese concentration was significantly higher in hybrids than in wild species. In all genotypes Fe, B and Mn had the highest concentration. Coefficient of variation of microelement concentration depended on genotype and particular element. In wild populations, for essential microelements, it was between 3.7 and 59.5, whereas in hybrids it varied from 10.0 to 48.8. Coefficient of variation of concentration of non-essential microelements in wild populations varied from 7.7 to 73.8, and in hybrids from 15.1 to 48.8. Average coefficient of variation in both wild species and hybrids was the lowest for Mn and Pb. It was the highest for Cr, Ni, and Zn in hybrids and for Cd, Ni, and Cr in wild species. The results suggest that genetic specificity with respect to uptake of microelements in wild species and hybrids is highly expressed. Broad genetic variability of concentrations of microelements in wild species and hybrids indicate that their reactions to deficiency and/or excess of those elements probably are not the same either. This finding may be used in breeding process aimed specifically at improvement of tolerance and capacity to accumulate microelements in sunflower. Phytoremediation technology designed to reduce the amount of microelements in the soil could thus be advanced by utilization of such plants.
A contribution to the data on tench (Tinca tinca L., Cyprinidae, pisces) distribution in Serbia
Authors: Markovic Goran , Cirkovic Miroslav , Maletin Stevan , Milosevic Nikolina
Published: June 2010

The studies on the ichthyofauna of Serbia that have been conducted so far indicate the sporadic tench (Tinca tinca L.) presence in typical habitats. The hydroenvironmental conditions necessary for the survival of this fish species are highly variable and, generally, are more favourable in the northern part of the country (the Vojvodina Province). Although the tench presence has been registered at over 30 sites, there is a tendency of a decrease in population abundance. This is due to the reduction of the surface area of the macrophyte-covered flood zones induced by the damming and regulation of rivers, high water level fluctuations, and water amount reduction in the majority of watercourses, a massive increase in the number of allochthonous phytofagous species, reservoir sediment deposition, water quality deterioration and other factors. The tench conservation status in Serbia is officially designated as Low Risk - Least Concern. It may be transferred to a higher category if the tendency towards deterioration of survival conditions for the species should continue.
The influence of long term sound stress on histological structure of immune organs in broiler chickens
Authors: Zikic Dragan , Uscebrka Gordana , Gledic Dusan , Lazarevic Miodrag
Published: June 2010

The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of different duration sound stress on immune organs of broiler chickens of different age. Nine groups, with 10 chickens in each group were included in experiment. The histological structure of bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were analyzed. The results indicated that the bursa of Fabricius, in relation to the other examined organs, was the most sensitive to this kind of stress. Histological changes of spleen and thymus were also observed, but less prominent except in chickens after more than 30 days of exposure to stress. According to our results, degree of histological changes of immune organs under the influence of sound stress depends on the length of exposure and age of chickens.
PERK (EIF2AK3) Regulates Proinsulin Trafficking and Quality Control in the Secretory Pathway
Authors: Gupta Sounak , McGrath Barbara , Cavener Douglas R.
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

Loss-of-function mutations in Perk (EIF2AK3) result in permanent neonatal diabetes in humans (Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome) and mice. Previously, we found that diabetes associated with Perk deficiency resulted from insufficient proliferation of β-cells and from defects in insulin secretion. A substantial fraction of PERK-deficient β-cells display a highly abnormal cellular phenotype characterized by grossly distended endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and retention of proinsulin. We investigated over synthesis, lack of ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and defects in ER to Golgi trafficking as possible causes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

ER functions of PERK were investigated in cell culture and mice in which Perk was impaired or gene dosage modulated. The Ins2+/Akita mutant mice were used as a model system to test the role of PERK in ERAD.

RESULTS

We report that loss of Perk function does not lead to uncontrolled protein synthesis but impaired ER-to-Golgi anterograde trafficking, retrotranslocation from the ER to the cytoplasm, and proteasomal degradation. PERK was also shown to be required to maintain the integrity of the ER and Golgi and processing of ATF6. Moreover, decreasing Perk dosage surprisingly ameliorates the progression of the Akita mutants toward diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

PERK is a positive regulator of ERAD and proteasomal activity. Reducing PERK activity ameliorates the progression of diabetes in the Akita mouse, whereas increasing PERK dosage hastens its progression. We speculate that PERK acts as a metabolic sensor in the insulin-secreting β-cells to modulate the trafficking and quality control of proinsulin in the ER relative to the physiological demands for circulating insulin.
Activin A Plays a Critical Role in Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Adipose Progenitors
Authors: Zaragosi Laure-Emmanuelle , Wdziekonski Brigitte , Villageois Phi , Keophiphath Mayoura , Maumus Marie , Tchkonia Tamara , Bourlier Virginie , Mohsen-Kanson Tala , Ladoux Annie , Elabd Christian , Scheideler Marcel , Trajanoski Zlatko , Takashima Yasuhiro , Amri Ez-Zoubir , Lacasa Daniele , Sengenes Coralie , Ailhaud Gérard , Clément Karine , Bouloumie Anne , Kirkland James L. , Dani Christian
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

Growth of white adipose tissue takes place in normal development and in obesity. A pool of adipose progenitors is responsible for the formation of new adipocytes and for the potential of this tissue to expand in response to chronic energy overload. However, factors controlling self-renewal of human adipose progenitors are largely unknown. We investigated the expression profile and the role of activin A in this process.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Expression of INHBA/activin A was investigated in three types of human adipose progenitors. We then analyzed at the molecular level the function of activin A during human adipogenesis. We finally investigated the status of activin A in adipose tissues of lean and obese subjects and analyzed macrophage-induced regulation of its expression.

RESULTS

INHBA/activin A is expressed by adipose progenitors from various fat depots, and its expression dramatically decreases as progenitors differentiate into adipocytes. Activin A regulates the number of undifferentiated progenitors. Sustained activation or inhibition of the activin A pathway impairs or promotes, respectively, adipocyte differentiation via the C/EBPβ-LAP and Smad2 pathway in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Activin A is expressed at higher levels in adipose tissue of obese patients compared with the expression levels in lean subjects. Indeed, activin A levels in adipose progenitors are dramatically increased by factors secreted by macrophages derived from obese adipose tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

Altogether, our data show that activin A plays a significant role in human adipogenesis. We propose a model in which macrophages that are located in adipose tissue regulate adipose progenitor self-renewal through activin A.
Safety of a Depigmented, Polymerized Vaccine for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and Allergic Asthma
Authors: Pfaar Oliver , Klimek Ludger , Sager Angelika , Bräutigam Matthias
Published: June 2010

Background

Clinical efficacy of specific immunotherapy (SIT) with depigmented, polymerized allergen extracts is well documented in placebo-controlled trials, and safety data are encouraging although further data are required.

Methods

We enrolled 768 patients (51% men; mean age, 31 years) in this prospective multicenter study on safety and clinical effects of Depigoid (Laboratorios LETI, S.L., Madrid, Spain). Immunotherapy consisted of four injections of increasing doses of Depigoid at weekly intervals followed by monthly maintenance injections. All adverse events were documented. Moreover, nose, eye, and lung symptoms were assessed at baseline after 3 and 6 months. Results were compared with the scores of the preceding season.

Results

Rates for local and systemic reactions that might possibly be related to the study medication were 2.36 and 4.56/1000 injections, respectively. With 5923 injections given, 14 local reactions were reported (5 patients), and 27 systemic reactions were reported, including 20 of grade 1 (6 patients) and 7 of grade 2 (4 patients). The best safety profile was seen for patients vaccinated against house-dust mites. Reductions in nose, eye, and lung symptoms as well as in concomitant medication compared with either the preceding season (pollen-sensitized patients) or the baseline (house-dust mite–sensitized patients) were observed at the end of study.

Conclusion

In this large multicenter study on 768 patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma under daily practice conditions SIT with Depigoid was well tolerated with low rates of local and systemic reactions. Furthermore, SIT resulted in considerable reductions in symptoms and concomitant medication.
Prevalence of Metabolic Bone Disease among Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients Treated with Oral Glucocorticoids
Authors: Rajasekaran Karthik , Seth Rahul , Abelson Abby , Batra Pete S.
Published: June 2010

Background

The treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often requires chronic or intermittent oral steroid therapy, which has the potential for adverse skeletal effects, including osteoporosis and increased risk of fragility fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis (OP) or low bone density (LBD) in patients with CRS with/without polyposis treated with oral glucocorticoids.

Methods

Retrospective chart analysis was performed at a tertiary-care rhinology practice. Patients with CRS with/without polyposis evaluated between September 2003 and July 2008 were included if they had (1) previous history of oral steroid usage (≥5 mg daily for at least 3 months) and (2) previous bone mineral density evaluation.

Results

A total of 197 patients were included with a mean age of 51.1 years (range, 15–79 years). The primary presenting diagnoses included CRS with polyposis in 176 cases (89.3%) and CRS without polyposis in 21 cases (10.7%). Concomitant asthma was present in 161 patients (81.7%). Overall, the prevalence of low bone mass was 38.6%. Among men >50 years of age and postmenopausal women, the prevalence of osteopenia/OP or LBD was 62.5 and 62.2%, respectively. Comparing men >50 years of age and postmenopausal women to their respective younger populations, both had a statistically higher presence of low bone mass (p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 10.6 (3.9–28.7) and 34.6 (7.4–161.5), respectively. There was no statistical difference in the presence of bone loss when comparing groups by gender. A multivariable analysis of common comorbidities revealed age to be the only factor associated with increased risk for OP/osteopenia or LBD.

Conclusion

Patients with CRS with/without polyposis treated with oral steroids who underwent bone density testing were found to have a high prevalence of LBD. High index of suspicion is required to identify at-risk patients and to initiate careful evaluation and treatment to prevent additional bone-related complications.
The Impact of Biofilms on Outcomes after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Singhal Deepti , Psaltis Alkis J. , Foreman Andrew , Wormald Peter-John
Published: June 2010

Background

Although biofilms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), there is little evidence that their presence or absence has any effect on the outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofilms on postsurgical outcomes after ESS.

Methods

A prospective, blinded study of 51 consecutive patients undergoing ESS for CRS was conducted. Preoperatively, patients assessed their symptoms using internationally accepted standardized symptom scoring systems and quality-of-life (QOL) measures, i.e., the 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Sino-Nasal-Outcome-Test 20, and global severity of CRS. Their sinonasal mucosa was graded using the Lund-Kennedy scale and the extent of radiological disease on computed tomography scans was scored using the Lund-McKay scale. Random sinonasal tissue samples were assessed for biofilm presence using confocal laser microscopy. At each postoperative visit, patients reassessed their sinus symptoms and completed QOL measures. Postsurgical state of their sinonasal mucosa was graded endoscopically.

Results

Bacterial biofilms were found in 36 of 51 (71%) CRS patients. Patients with biofilms presented with significantly worse preoperative radiology and nasendoscopy scores (p = 0.003 and 0.01, respectively). After a median follow-up period of 16 months postsurgery, biofilm-positive patients had statistically worse sinus symptoms (VAS, p = 0.002) and worse nasendoscopy scores (p = 0.026). They also required extra postoperative visits and multiple antibiotic treatments deviating from the standard postoperative care required by biofilm-negative patients.

Conclusion

This study has shown that patients with biofilms have more severe disease preoperatively and persistence of postoperative symptoms, ongoing mucosal inflammation, and infections. This study strengthens the evidence for the role that biofilms may play in recalcitrant CRS.
The Role of Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia in Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Grindler David , Thomas Charles , Hall Geraldine S. , Batra Pete S.
Published: June 2010

Background

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacillus that has been implicated in serious nosocomial infections. This microbe has also been isolated from sinus cultures in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The goal of this study was to elucidate the implications of S. maltophilia–positive cultures in the setting of CRS. The objectives of the study were (1) to define clinical and microbiological characteristics and (2) to assess management strategy and overall outcomes of S. maltophilia–positive sinus cultures in CRS patients.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 101 patients over a 5-year period.

Results

The mean age was 56.9 years with a female/male ratio of 1.1:1. Previous sinus surgery had been performed in 90.1% of patients. Greater than 97% of patients had been given antibiotics in the previous 6 months. The most common presenting symptom was discolored nasal drainage (76.2%) with endoscopic evidence of pus or crusting in 83.2% of cases. Monotherapy with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMX) or fluoroquinolones was used in 41 and 26%, respectively. This intervention resulted in overall symptom and endoscopic improvement in 70% of cases.

Conclusion

The presence of S. maltophilia isolates on culture are associated with clinically relevant symptoms and endoscopic findings in patients with refractory CRS. Despite its multidrug-resistant nature, monotherapy with TMX or fluoroquinolones appears to be effective in providing patients with bacterial infection with symptom relief in a majority of cases.
Iodinated contrast media alter immune responses in pro-inflammatory states
Authors: O'Donnell David H. , Moloney Michael A. , Bouchier-Hayes David J. , Lee Michael J.
Published: June 2010

Background: Hypertonic saline causes a transient elevation of blood osmolality and has been shown to alter cellular inflammatory responses in pro-inflammatory states. Intravascular administration of iodine contrast media also causes a transient elevation of blood osmolarity.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of iodine contrast media on leukocyte–endothelial interaction in vivo using intravital microscopy.

Material and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n=36) were randomized into six groups and were treated with: saline, high osmolar contrast medium, low osmolar contrast medium, and endotoxin alone and in combination with the high and low osmolar contrast media. The effect on leukocyte–endothelial interaction in the post-mesenteric venules was observed using the technique of intravital microscopy. The sequence of leukocyte rolling velocity, leukocyte–endothelial cell adherence, and transmigration was recorded and analyzed at 10 min intervals to a maximum of 120 min.

Results: Endotoxin significantly decreased the rolling velocity and increased the adherence and transmigration of leukocytes in a time-dependent manner. Both types of iodine contrast media attenuated this pro-inflammatory response to endotoxin. This effect began between 60 and 70 min after the onset of the experiment.

Conclusion: Hyperosmolar and lower osmolar iodine contrast media attenuate the pro-inflammatory leukocyte–endothelial response to endotoxin in vivo.
CT evaluation of local leakage of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty
Authors: Lee In Jae , Choi A. Lam , Yie Mi-Yeon , Yoon Ji Young , Jeon Eui Yong , Koh Sung Hye , Yoon Dae Young , Lim Kyung Ja , Im Hyoung June
Published: June 2010

Background: Percutaneous injection of bone cement (acrylic cement) during percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty can cause symptomatic or asymptomatic complications due to leakage, extravasation or vascular migration of cement.

Purpose: To investigate and to compare the incidence and site of local leakage or complications of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty using bone cement.

Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 473 cases of percutaneous kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Of the 473 cases, follow-up CT scans that covered the treated bones were available for 83 cases (59 kyphoplasty and 24 vertebroplasty).

Results: The rate of local leakage of bone cement was 87.5% (21/24) for percutaneous vertebroplasty and 49.2% (29/59) for kyphoplasty. The most common site of local leakage was perivertebral soft tissue ( n=8, 38.1%) for vertebroplasty. The most common site of local leakage was a perivertebral vein ( n=7, 24.1%) for kyphoplasty. Two cases of pulmonary cement embolism developed: one case after kyphoplasty and one case after vertebroplasty.

Conclusion: Local leakage of bone cement was more common for percutaneous vertebroplasty compared with kyphoplasty ( P<0.005). The most common sites of local leakage were perivertebral soft tissue and perivertebral vein.
Assessment of the sequential change of the masseter muscle by clenching: A quantitative analysis of T1, T2, and the signal intensity of the balanced steady-state free precession
Authors: Chikui Toru , Shiraishi Tomoko , Tokumori Kenji , Inatomi Daisuke , Hatakenaka Masamitsu , Yuasa Kenji , Yoshiura Kazunori
Published: June 2010

Background: The persistent muscle contractions during clenching are thought to cause some temporomandibular disorders. However, no report has so far evaluated the effect of clenching on the masticatory muscles by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Purpose: To investigate the effect of clenching with maximum voluntary contraction on the T1, T2, and signal intensity (SI) of the balanced fast field-echo (b FFE) of the masseter muscle.

Material and Methods: A total of 11 volunteers participated. Multi-echo spin-echo echo-planar imaging was used for T2 measurements, and multi-shot Look-Locker sequence for T1 measurements. The Look-Locker sequence has been used for fast T1 mapping and this method has been applied for the imaging of various tissues. In addition, the b FFE was used due to the high temporal resolution. These three sequences lasted for 10 min and the participants were instructed to clench from 60 s to 80 s after the start of the data acquisition. T2, T1, and SI were normalized compared to pre-clenching values.

Results: T2 decreased by clenching, which reflected a decrease of tissue perfusion due to the mechanical pressure. It increased rapidly after the clenching (peak value, 1.11±0.03; peak time, 16.8±7.6 s after the clenching), which corresponded to the reactive hyperemia and later, it gradually returned to the initial values (half period, 2.22±0.84 min). The change in the SI of the b FFE was triphasic and similar to that of T2 clenching. T1 increased after the cessation of the clenching and later gradually decreased during the recovery periods. However, the change of T1 was quite different from that of T2, with a lower peak value (1.04±0.02), a later peak time (36.0±28.0 s), and a longer half period (4.76±3.40 min) ( P<0.0001, 0.0066, 0.02, respectively).

Conclusion: The change in T2 was triphasic and we considered that it predominantly reflected the tissue perfusion.