bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis Strategies of Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Yin Jian , Zhang Wenli , Alhebshi Nuha A. , Salah Numan , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: February 2020

Supercapacitors (SCs) have experienced a significant increase in research activity and commercialization during the past few decades. As the primary and most important electrode active material for commercial SCs, porous carbon is produced at an industrial‐scale through traditional carbonization‐activation strategies. Nevertheless, commercial porous carbon materials have some disadvantages such as high production cost, corrosion of equipment, and emission of toxic gases and byproduct pollutants during production. In recent years, huge efforts have been made to develop novel synthesis strategies for porous carbon materials. This review focuses on the pore formation mechanisms in traditional carbonization‐activation methods, emerging activation methods, template methods, self‐template methods, and novel emerging methods for the synthesis of porous carbons for SCs. Strategies developed so far for the synthesis of porous carbon materials are summarized. The mechanisms and recent advances for each strategy are reviewed. Furthermore, future directions and synthesis strategies for porous carbons are proposed.
Subsystem distance after a local operator quench
Authors: Zhang Jiaju , Calabrese Pasquale
Published: February 2020

Abstract

We investigate the time evolution of the subsystem trace distance and Schatten distances after local operator quenches in two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) and in one-dimensional quantum spin chains. We focus on the case of a subsystem being an interval embedded in the infinite line. The initial state is prepared by inserting a local operator in the ground state of the theory. We only consider the cases in which the inserted local operator is a primary field or a sum of several primaries. While a nonchiral primary operator can excite both left-moving and right-moving quasiparticles, a holomorphic primary operator only excites a right-moving quasiparticle and an anti-holomorphic primary operator only excites a left-moving one. The reduced density matrix (RDM) of an interval hosting a quasiparticle is orthogonal to the RDM of the interval without any quasiparticles. Moreover, the RDMs of two intervals hosting quasiparticles at different positions are also orthogonal to each other. We calculate numerically the entanglement entropy, Rényi entropy, trace distance, and Schatten distances in time-dependent states excited by different local operators in the critical Ising and XX spin chains. These results match the CFT predictions in the proper limit.
A testable hidden-sector model for Dark Matter and neutrino masses
Authors: Gehrlein Julia , Pierre Mathias
Published: February 2020

Abstract

We consider a minimal extension of the Standard Model with a hidden sector charged under a dark local U(1)′ gauge group, accounting simultaneously for light neutrino masses and the observed Dark Matter relic abundance. The model contains two copies of right-handed neutrinos which give rise to light neutrino-masses via an extended seesaw mechanism. The presence of a stable Dark-Matter candidate and a massless state naturally arise by requiring the simplest anomaly-free particle content without introducing any extra symmetries. We investigate the phenomenology of the hidden sector considering the U(1)′ breaking scale of the order of the electroweak scale. Confronting the thermal history of this hidden-sector model with existing and future constraints from collider, direct and indirect detection experiments provides various possibilities of probing the model in complementary ways as every particle of the dark sector plays a specific cosmological role. Across the identified viable parameter space, a large region predicts a sizable contribution to the effective relativistic degrees-of-freedom in the early Universe that allows to alleviate the recently reported tension between late and early measurements of the Hubble constant.
„Prächtiges Menschenmaterial“ – Anthropometrische Konstitutionsforschung auf der Suche nach dem statistischen Normalkörper (1914–1922)
Authors: Metzger Nadine
Published: February 2020

Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit steht das anthropometrische Forschungsprogramm der Konstitutionslehre während des Ersten Weltkrieges und die davon angestoßenen Reihenuntersuchungen der Internisten Theodor Brugsch, Hermann Rautmann und Max Berliner, deren Vorstöße in die Variabilitätsstatistik sowie die anschließende konstitutionspathologische Debatte um die Definition einer körperlichen Norm.

Um der Konstitutionslehre eine Datengrundlage für den „Normkörper“ zu schaffen, unternahm im Umfeld des Ersten Weltkrieges eine Reihe junger deutscher Internisten umfassende anthropometrische Studien und nutzte dabei die Gelegenheit, die ihnen der Krieg zu Reihenuntersuchungen an Soldaten bot, ohne vorher über Messmethoden, Vergleichs- und Auswertungsmöglichkeiten zu reflektieren. Dies änderte sich jedoch in der Folgezeit und führte nicht nur zu einem starken Zuwachs an methodischer sondern auch an mathematisch-statistischer Kompetenz. Zudem problematisierte das konstitutionspathologische Projekt den Normbegriff, was in der intensiven Normdebatte der 1920er Jahre mündete. Damit stellen die wenigen Jahre nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs bis 1922 für die Konstitutionslehre nicht nur einen Drehpunkt hinsichtlich des reflektierten Methodengebrauchs dar, sondern leiteten auch eine Neuausrichtung ihrer Forschungsfragen ein: weg vom „Normkörper“ hin zur Individualität.
The role of refugee status and mental disorders regarding subsequent labour market marginalisation: a register study from Sweden
Authors: Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor , Saboonchi Fredrik , Helgesson Magnus
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the role of refugee status and specific mental disorders regarding subsequent labour market marginalisation.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of all refugees (n = 216,930) and Swedish-borns (n = 3,841,788), aged 19–60 years, and resident in Sweden in 2009. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)  for long-term unemployment (> 180 days) and disability pension (DP) were calculated with Cox regression analyses.

Results

Mental disorders were more prevalent in refugees compared to Swedish-born individuals, with greatest differences seen for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; refugees 1.3%; Swedish-born individuals 0.1%). Regarding long-term unemployment, refugees without a mental disorder had an adjusted HR (aHR) of 2.68 (95% CI 2.65–2.71) compared to Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders, which was above the aHR of refugees (aHR 2.33, 95% CI 2.29–2.38) and Swedish-born individuals (aHR 1.44, 95% CI 1.43–1.45) with mental disorders. Regarding DP, compared to Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders, the aHRs were 1.44 (95% CI 1.34–1.54) for refugees without, but 6.11 (95% CI 5.84–6.39) for refugees with mental disorders. Swedish-born individuals with mental disorder had an aHR of 3.96 (95% CI 3.85–4.07). With regard to specific disorders, the aHRs for refugees, as compared to Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders, were markedly increased for all disorders (e.g. PTSD: long-term unemployment aHR: 2.03 (95% CI 1.89–2.18); DP 7.07 (95% CI 6.42–7.78).

Conclusion

Mental disorders are more prevalent in refugees than in Swedish-born individuals but do not appear to increase their risk of long-term unemployment. Refugee status and mental disorders strongly contribute to the risk of DP, indicating that factors beyond medical considerations contribute to their granting of DP.
Prospects for Therapies in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ghouri Asim , Conaghan Philip G.
Published: February 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, debilitating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Management of OA involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Conventional pharmacological treatments have limited efficacy and are associated with a number of side-effects, restricting the number of patients who can use them. New pharmacological therapies for managing OA are required and a number have been developed targeting different tissues in OA: bone and cartilage, synovium and nerves. However, there has been overall limited success. Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) are a putative class of therapies aimed at improving OA structural pathologies and consequent symptoms. Recent DMOAD studies have demonstrated some promising therapies but also provided new considerations for future trials.
Application of hot-film anemometry to resolve the unsteady boundary layer transition of a laminar airfoil experiencing limit cycle oscillations
Authors: Braune Marc , Koch Stefan
Published: February 2020

The unsteady boundary layer behavior of a supercritical laminar airfoil model, which undergoes limit cycle oscillations in pitch, is investigated by the application of hot-film anemometry. The data basis is a 2D flutter experiment under transonic flow conditions. The laminar airfoil model was elastically mounted with a single degree of freedom in pitch and performed self-excited limit cycle oscillations at a Mach number of$${\text {Ma}}=0.73$$Ma=0.73and a Reynolds number of$${\text {Re}}\approx 2\times 10^6$$Re≈2×106. An analysis of the hot-film signals on the basis of the quasi-wall shear stress is carried out, with which the boundary layer state for steady and unsteady flow is resolved. An algorithm is presented which allows an automated detection of the transition position, so that a correlation between airfoil motion and transition location movement can be quantified. A sudden movement of the boundary layer transition is observed at the upper and lower reversal points of the limit cycle oscillation, while in parts of the up- and downstroke of the laminar airfoil a shock-induced transition occurs. During the limit cycle oscillation, a delayed response of the boundary layer occurs, resulting in a significant phase lag between the movement of the boundary layer transition and the motion of the laminar airfoil.
Long-term effects of bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in dystonia: a follow-up between 8 and 16 years
Authors: Krause P. , Völzmann S. , Ewert S. , Kupsch A. , Schneider G. H. , Kühn Andrea A.
Published: February 2020

Objective

Observational study to evaluate the long-term motor and non-motor effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) on medically refractory dystonia.

Background

Dystonia is a chronic disease affecting mainly young patients with a regular life expectancy and lifelong need for therapy. Pallidal DBS is an established treatment for severe isolated dystonia but long-term data are sparse.

Methods

We considered 36 consecutive patients with isolated generalized (n = 14) and cervical/segmental (n = 22) dystonia operated at Charité-University Hospital between 2000 and 2007 in a retrospective analysis for long-term outcome of pallidal DBS. In 19 of these patients, we could analyze dystonic symptoms and disability rated by the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating scale (BFMDRS) at baseline, short-term (ST-FU, range 3–36 months) and long-term follow-up (LT-FU, range 93–197 months). Quality of life and mood were evaluated using the SF36 and Beck Depression Index (BDI) questionnaires.

Results

Patients reached an improvement in motor symptoms of 63.8 ± 5.7% (mean ± SE) at ST-FU and 67.9 ± 6.1% at LT-FU. Moreover, a significant and stable reduction in disability was shown following DBS (54.2 ± 9.4% at ST-FU and 53.8 ± 9.2% at LT-FU). BDI and SF36 had improved by 40% and 23%, respectively, at LT-FU (n = 14). Stimulation-induced adverse events included swallowing difficulties, dysarthria, and bradykinesia. Pulse generator (n = 3) and electrodes (n = 5) were revised in seven patients due to infection.

Conclusions

Pallidal DBS is a safe and efficacious long-term treatment for dystonia with sustained effects on motor impairment and disability, accompanied by a robust improvement in mood and quality of life.
Functional tracts of the cerebellum—essentials for the neurosurgeon
Authors: Beez Thomas , Munoz-Bendix Christopher , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Hänggi Daniel
Published: February 2020

The cerebellum is historically implicated in motor coordination, but accumulating modern evidence indicates involvement in non-motor domains, including cognition, emotion, and language. This correlates with the symptoms observed in postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS). Profound knowledge of cerebellar functional topography and tractography is important when approaching cerebellar tumors, as surgical trauma to relevant structures of cerebellar pathways plays a role in the pathogenesis of CMS. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a concise overview of relevant modern neuroimaging data and cerebellar functional tracts with regard to neurosurgical procedures.
Stereotaktische Laserthermoablation bei mesialer Temporallappenepilepsie mit Hippocampussklerose rechts – Patientenentscheidung, Durchführung und Visualisierung von Gedächtnisfunktion
Authors: Schmitt Friedhelm C. , Büntjen Lars , Schütze Hartmut , Kaufmann Jörn , Heinze Hans-Joachim , Hinrichs Hermann , Tempelmann Claus , Düzel Emrah , Voges Jürgen
Published: February 2020

Wir berichten über einen 30-jährigen Patienten, der mit 21 Jahren an einer fokalen Epilepsie mit epigastrischen Auren und nicht bewusst erlebten Anfällen sowie selten bilateralen tonisch-klonischen Anfällen mit Hippocampussklerose erkrankte. Dem Patienten wurde das resektive Standardverfahren (vordere Temporallappenresektion) sowie alternativ das neu in Europa zugelassene Verfahren der stereotaktischen Laserthermoablation angeboten. Der Patient entschied sich aufgrund der geringeren Invasivität für letzteres Verfahren. Im Folgenden werden der klinische Verlauf mit einer postoperativen Nachbeobachtungszeit von 9 Monaten berichtet. Zudem wird die Methode und die Ergebnisse einer funktionellen Gedächtnis-MRT Untersuchung beschrieben.
Exploring Determinants of Condom Use among University Students in Sudan
Authors: Elshiekh Husameddin Farouk , Hoving Ciska , de Vries Hein
Published: February 2020

Increasing numbers of university students in Sudan are at risk of contracting HIV because of their engagement in condomless sex. A comprehensive and culturally accepted condom promotion program could potentially reduce this threat substantially. However, little is known about the sociocognitive determinants of condom use in this population: information that is required to develop such HIV prevention programs. Therefore, in August 2014, we conducted 30 semi-structured individual interviews with male and female students (both currently sexually active and nonactive) to explore determinants of condom use based on the I-Change model. Data were analyzed using Nvivo 10. The results suggest that barriers to condom use among university students include misconceptions about condom use, negative attitudes toward condom use, lack of social support, low self-efficacy to use condoms, and poor action planning. Sexual health promotion should, therefore, address these aspects to successfully promote condom use among sexually active students and subsequently reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
A Disability Bioethics Reading of the FDA and EMA Evaluations on the Marketing Authorisation of Growth Hormone for Idiopathic Short Stature Children
Authors: Murano Maria Cristina
Published: February 2020

The diagnosis of idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to children who are considerably shorter than average without any identified medical reason. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorised marketing of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) for ISS in 2003, while the European Medicines Agency (EMA) refused it in 2007. This paper examines the arguments for these decisions as detailed in selected FDA and EMA documents. It combines argumentative analysis with an approach to policy analysis called ‘What’s the problem represented to be’. It argues that the FDA presents its approval as an argument for equity of access to the treatment (given that hGH was already authorised for other indications), describing short stature as a potential disadvantage, and assuming that height normalisation is a clinically meaningful result. The EMA, instead, refuses marketing authorisation with an argument that there is an imbalance of risks and benefits, describing ISS as a healthy condition, and arguing that hGH should provide some psychosocial and/or quality of life benefits to children with ISS other than height gain. This paper then discusses how these arguments could be read through different models of disability, particularly through the medical model of disability and the relational, experiential, and cultural understandings of disability.
Pulse Tube Cryocooler: Phasor Analysis and One-Dimensional Numerical Simulation
Authors: Almtireen N. , Brandner J. J. , Korvink J. G.
Published: February 2020

An analysis of the detailed operation for the tube element is proposed for an orifice pulse tube cryocooler. This is achieved through phasor analysis using basic thermodynamic relations to estimate the approximated cooling power associated with this machine. Moreover, the effect of the phase shift angle is illustrated by forming an analogy between the phase shift mechanism and a series RLC circuit model. Next, a one-dimensional model based on the conservation equations of mass and energy is presented; the reduced model is solved numerically, for the temperature and velocity of the gas along the tube, to determine the mass flow and time-averaged enthalpy flows at the cold and hot ends of the tube. The findings from the one-dimensional analysis are compared with the phasor analysis results and validated by comparison with similar studies in the literature.
Making Connections and Building Confidence: A Study of Specialist Dating Agencies for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: McCarthy Michelle , Milne Skillman Karen , Elson Nicola , Bates Claire , Forrester-Jones Rachel , Hunt Siobhan
Published: February 2020

Dating agencies are a small, but growing sector of social care provision for people with intellectual disabilities. The research reported here is the first to explore, with 10 specialist agencies in the UK, why they were set up, how they operate, the barriers and problems they encounter and their success or otherwise in facilitating relationships for people with intellectual disabilities. A strong case is made for the proliferation of such services.
Correction to: Measuring Teacher Sense of Efficacy: Insights and Recommendations Concerning Scale Design and Data Analysis from Research with Preservice and Inservice Teachers in China
Authors: Ma Kang , Trevethan Robert , Lu Shuhong
Published: February 2020

The article Measuring Teacher Sense of Efficacy: Insights and Recommendations Concerning Scale Design and Data Analysis from Research with Preservice and Inservice Teachers in China written by Kang Ma, Robert Trevethan and Shuhong Lu, was originally published on vol. 14, no. 4 of Frontier of Education in China without Open Access. After publication, the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article
is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Hypotension during hip fracture surgery and postoperative morbidity
Authors: Beecham Gabriel , Cusack Rachael , Vencken Sebastian , Crilly Grace , Buggy Donal J.
Published: February 2020

Background

Hip fracture is a growing healthcare challenge, with 6–8% 30-day mortality and 20–30% of patients incurring major morbidity, including impaired mobilisation and ability to live independently. While observational studies have shown no benefit of general versus spinal anaesthesia on 30-day mortality, intraoperative hypotension during hip fracture surgery is associated with increased 30-day mortality regardless of anaesthetic technique. Although a recent trial on younger patients demonstrated reduced postoperative complications by maintaining intraoperative arterial blood pressure close to preoperative baseline, there are no data correlating intraoperative hypotension during hip fracture surgery with postoperative morbidity.

Objective

We evaluated the hypothesis that duration and severity of intraoperative hypotension during hip fracture surgery is associated with increased postoperative morbidity.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out onn = 52 patients undergoing hip fracture surgery between January and June 2017. Measurements of patients’ intraoperative systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during anaesthesia, logged electronically through an anaesthesia information management system, were reviewed. We calculated the total duration of time where SAP or MAP were below pre-defined thresholds for hypotension (MAP < 75 mmHg, MAP < 55 mmHg, SAP ≤ 80% admission baseline or SAP ≤ 80% pre-induction baseline). Univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics were generated for all relevant variables. With multivariable regression models containing known predictors, cumulative duration of hypotension was correlated with postoperative comorbidities as quantified by the Clavien-Dindo and Comprehensive Complication Indices.

Results

Mean age (± SD) was 78 ± 13 years, 75% were female, 87% were ASA II or III and 60% underwent spinal anaesthesia. Mean Comprehensive Complication Index was 20.4 ± 19.2. Lowest absolute SAP and MAP values were 82 ± 18 mmHg and 55 ± 12 mmHg respectively. Cumulative time of SAP < 80% pre-induction value adjusted to gender, age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index was associated with progression to a higher Clavien-Dindo classification (odds ratio 1.020 per additional minute; 95% CI 1.008–1.035;P = 0.003).

Conclusions

In this exploratory retrospective analysis, the cumulative time of hypotension during hip fracture surgery correlated with extensive postoperative morbidity when adjusting to other known predictors. Intraoperative cumulative time of hypotension may be a good candidate for larger prediction studies as a predictor of postoperative complications. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of actively minimising intraoperative hypotension on postoperative morbidity in hip fracture patients seems warranted.
Quantitative Angiographic Hemodynamic Evaluation After Revascularization Surgery for Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Chen Yu , Ma Li , Yang Shuo , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Lu Junlin , Ye Xun , Jiang Weijian , Ren Zeguang , Wang Rong , Chen Xiaolin , Zhao Yuanli
Published: February 2020

The corresponding hemodynamic changes of the internal carotid artery (ICA) after the revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease (MMD) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the hemodynamic changes of the ipsilateral ICA after the combined direct and indirect extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass. MMD patients undergoing combined EC-IC bypass were retrospectively reviewed. The mean transit time (MTT) of ICA was evaluated by color-coding angiography before revascularization and at follow-up. The MTT defined as the blood transit time between the end of cervical portion (C1) and the C7 segment of ICA. The clinical prognosis was assessed with Matsushima grading system, moyamoya vessel reduction system, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The correlation between hemodynamic parameter and prognosis was analyzed. Subgroup analysis was conducted between different presentations and different ages. Fifty-one patients were identified and the mean imaging follow-up interval was 5.5 months. The ICA-MTT was increased after the combined revascularization (P < 0.001) compared with contralateral ICA. Faster preoperative ICA-MTT was significantly associated with improved mRS in the ischemic group (P = 0.05). The increased ICA-MTT was significantly associated with favorable neoangiogenesis (P = 0.04), moyamoya vessel reduction (> 50%) (P = 0.023), and improved mRS score (P = 0.008). In subgroup analysis, the correlation in the ischemic subgroup and adult subgroup remained significant. In this cohort, the ICA-MTT increased after the combined EC-IC bypass, and there was a positive correlation between the increased blood transit time and favorable outcomes. Color-coding DSA proved to be useful as a quantitative and serial method to monitor postoperative courses after revascularization in MMD.
Positive Ageing: to What Extent can Current Models of Wellbeing Categorise the Life Events Perceived as Positive by Older Adults?
Authors: Killen Alison , Macaskill Ann
Published: February 2020

Life expectancy is increasing globally, which makes understanding what contributes to well-being in older adults crucial for social and economic reasons. This is the first study to categorize positive life events in community dwelling older adults, to explore their fit with psychological well-being models. Volunteers self-defined as well (N = 88), completed diaries identifying three positive events daily for 14 days. Diary entries combated negative stereotypes of ageing by describing older adults with active lives contributing to society. Of nine themes identified through thematic analysis of over 3500 events; seven supported existing well-being models, being activities delivering positive affect and life satisfaction (hedonic model) and demonstrating competence, autonomy, relatedness, self-acceptance, purpose in life, and personal growth (eudemonic models). However, two well-supported new dimensions were also identified within the themes ‘interaction with the physical environment’ and ‘personal well-being’. These new dimensions were labelled ‘life-affirmation and ‘mindfulness’. This suggests the existence of additional considerations related to well-being specifically for older populations, which may indicate a need to broaden the existing models.
Thermal properties of sand and mineral flours
Authors: Buntebarth Günter
Published: February 2020

The determination of the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of granular dry material is exposed to the problem of heat transfer between the heat source of an instrument and the media of investigation. This problem can be solved by filling the pore space with various fluids. An empirical relation between the thermal conductivity and the diffusivity of the composed media and the thermal conductivity of the pore fluid is extrapolated to the value of air as a pore filling. A further method provides the heat contact conductance of the fluid–solid interface during a non-stationary state which allows the estimation of the thermal diffusivity for air in the pore space. The validity of the geometric mean, which is often used to estimate the thermal conductivity of composed media, is limited to a heat conductivity contrast of up to 1:20. The structural constant of Wiener’s mixing rule represents not only a fixed structure of the pore space, but also relates to the heat transfer properties at the fluid–solid interface. It strongly varies with the surface tension of the fluid as well as with its wetting property.
The effect of geometry on mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V ELI scaffolds manufactured using additive manufacturing technology
Authors: Szymczyk Patrycja , Hoppe Viktoria , Ziółkowski Grzegorz , Smolnicki Michał , Madeja Marcin
Published: February 2020

Owing to the possibility of direct processing of CAD models into three-dimensional objects, additive manufacturing (AM) is widely used in the production of individualized bone scaffolds that can lead to perfect restoration of anatomical structures of missing bone tissues. In this work, one of the AM technologies was applied, referred to as Electron Beam Melting (EBM), using Ti6Al4V ELI alloy to produce open-cell structures. Scaffold architecture influences its mechanical properties and is important from the point of view of biological considerations. To optimize mechanical properties, designed geometries were subjected to Finite Element Method analysis and experimental static compression tests. Also, geometric CT analysis of manufactured scaffolds was carried out (geometry deviations up to ± 300 µm). Obtained results have shown that AM can be used to produce Ti6Al4V ELI alloy scaffolds displaying mechanical parameters similar to those of bone tissue (E = 0.45–2.88 MPa). The EBM process affects the microstructure and macrostructural properties of manufactured parts, e.g., through internal porosities present in the material by to unmelted powder particles (internal porosity in range of 1.25–2.25%). To assess the quality and suitability of additively manufactured implants, a multidimensional verification of the impact of the manufacturing process on the properties of the final product was performed.
Assessing the hierarchy of personal values among adolescents: A comparison of rating scale and paired comparison methods
Authors: Iijima Yudai , Okumura Yasuyuki , Yamasaki Syudo , Ando Shuntaro , Okada Kensuke , Koike Shinsuke , Endo Kaori , Morimoto Yuko , Williams Aya , Murai Toshiya , Tanaka Saori C. , Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa Mariko , Kasai Kiyoto , Nishida Atsushi
Published: February 2020

Introduction

For assessing personal values, the rating scale method may not adequately reflect the hierarchical structure of personal values and tends to be influenced by response style bias. The paired comparison method is considered a promising alternative approach, because it engages comparative judgment and may reduce response style biases. The present study aimed to compare these two methods for assessing the hierarchy of personal values among adolescents.

Methods

A total of 191 community‐dwelling adolescents aged 12–15 years old completed the rating scale and paired comparison version of the Brief Personalized Value Inventory. Descriptive statistics and latent class analyses were used to assess the difference between the rating scale and paired comparison methods.

Results

The two methods yielded similar rankings and means for personal values. The number of subgroups identified by latent class analysis was higher in the paired comparison method than in the rating scale method (10‐class vs. 5‐class). In the results using the rating scale method, there was a subgroup with high scores on all personal values items.

Conclusions

The paired comparison method captured substantially more heterogeneity in the hierarchy of personal values among adolescents compared to the rating scale, which may be influenced by response style bias.
Movement Disorders Due to Selective Basal Ganglia Lesions with Uremia
Authors: Hamed Sherifa , Mohamed Khaled , Abd Elhameed Sameer , Moussa Ehab , Abozaid Hossam , Lang Anthony , Mohamed Amany , Moussa Jacklin
Published: February 2020

Background:

Basal ganglia (BG) lesions are rarely reported in patients with uremia and may manifest by movement disorders. However, their exact incidence and pathogenesis have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to determine the frequency, types, risk variables (clinical, laboratory, and imaging), and manifestations of BG lesions with uremia and patients’ neurologic outcomes.

Methods:

This observational study included 70 adults (mean age: 45.87 ± 3.36 years; duration of uremia: 5.5 ± 1.5 years). They underwent extensive evaluations (clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging) and had prospectively evaluated clinically every 3 months for 2 years. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brains were done to patients with movement disorders and correlated with their neurologic outcomes.

Results:

BG lesions were found in 15 patients (21.4%) and 6 (8.6%) had movement disorders [Parkinsonism (n = 4), choreo-dystonia (n = 1) and dystonia (n = 1)] after the onset of uremia (mean = 10 months). There were no characteristic risk variables that distinguished patients with movement disorders from those without. Five developed movement disorders prior to the period of the study and one was de novo. The majority was females and had diabetes and higher frequencies of abnormal renal dysfunction, metabolic derangements, and white matter hyperintensities in MRIs. Movement disorders persisted in all patients despite the resolution of neuroimaging in three patients.

Conclusions:

There is no clear threshold for renal failure to result in movement disorders due to BG lesions. The clinical outcome is variables depending on each patient’s comorbidities and complications. Persistent neuronal damage (due to uremic toxins/metabolic/nutritional and ischemic/microvascular factors) has been suggested as the cause of poor neurologic outcomes.
APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMS OF QUADRATIC FORMS TO GENERALISED QUADRATIC FORMS
Authors: NOKHODKAR A.-H.
Published: February 2020

A system of quadratic forms is associated to every generalised quadratic form over a division algebra with involution of the first kind in characteristic two. It is shown that this system determines the isotropy behaviour and the isometry class of generalised quadratic forms. An application of this construction to the Witt index of generalised quadratic forms is also given.
Citizens without Nations: A Response
Authors: Prak Maarten
Published: February 2020

InCitizens without Nations, I argued that national histories have overlooked a large and significant range of citizenship practices that can be found in towns and cities across the pre-modern world. These practices related to local politics (elections, consultations), to economic activities (guilds), to social policies (poor relief), and to military defence (civic militias). This rejoinder addresses three issues raised by critics Jack Goldstone, Katherine Lynch, and R. Bin Wong in relation to my book on urban citizenship in Europe, Asia, and the Americas: ideas, including religion, nations, and economic growth. All three have a lot to do with the implications of global comparisons. Ideas and nations have taken distinct forms in the various world regions. Foregrounding them makes comparisons more difficult. Urban contexts, on the other hand, can be more easily compared. Economic development was introduced in the book as a benchmark to see if and how citizenship arrangements might have impacted prosperity. The economic numbers are, however, still fragile for the pre-industrial era. Therefore, they will have to be supplemented with qualitative studies, which are slowly but surely emerging also outside Europe.
Are men who have sex with men in Europe protected from hepatitis B?
Authors: Brandl M. , Schmidt A. J. , Marcus U. , an der Heiden M. , Dudareva S.
Published: February 2020

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM) in many countries, but information on vaccine coverage is scarce. We studied hepatitis B vaccination programmes and coverage among MSM in Europe to guide prevention. From a large (N = 174 209) pan-European MSM survey (EMIS-2010), we used data on self-reported hepatitis B vaccination, age, education, settlement size and disclosure of the same-sex sexual orientation (‘outness’). We excluded participants with a history of hepatitis B. In multilevel (participants, countries) logistic regression models, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We analysed data of 163 987 MSM in 38 European countries: 38.3% were ‘out’ to all or almost all, 56.4% reported vaccination against hepatitis B and 65.5% lived in countries with free recommended hepatitis B vaccination for MSM. In the final model the odds for being vaccinated increased with outness (‘out to all or almost all’: aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.70–1.83 vs. ‘out to no one’) and with living in countries, where hepatitis B vaccination was recommended and free-of-charge for MSM (aOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.47–3.32 vs. ‘no or unclear recommendation’). To increase hepatitis B vaccination coverage among MSM, implementation of MSM-specific recommendations and improvement of the societal climate for MSM is needed.
Turán numbers of theta graphs
Authors: Bukh Boris , Tait Michael
Published: February 2020

The theta graph
${\Theta _{\ell ,t}}$
consists of two vertices joined by t vertex-disjoint paths, each of length
$\ell $
. For fixed odd
$\ell $
and large t, we show that the largest graph not containing
${\Theta _{\ell ,t}}$
has at most
${c_\ell }{t^{1 - 1/\ell }}{n^{1 + 1/\ell }}$
edges and that this is tight apart from the value of
${c_\ell }$
.
The globalization of hybrid maize, 1921–70
Authors: Byerlee Derek
Published: February 2020

Well before the green revolution in the 1960s, hybrid maize technology that had originally been developed in the USA spread across the world, starting before the Second World War. This article uses a framework that analyses the type of transfer (materials, knowledge, or capacity), the roles of diverse actors, and farmer demand and its market context, to trace the diffusion of hybrid technology to Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Africa up to 1970. The article also highlights the importance of access to diverse germplasm from the Americas provided by indigenous farmers. A handful of US public institutions promoted the spread of hybrid technology, with US private seed companies sometimes playing a secondary role. However, most cases of successful transfer were led by national scientists embedded in local institutions, who were able to link to local seed systems and farmers. By the mid 1970s, the aggregate impacts of these efforts were of the same magnitude as for the well-known and much publicized green revolution wheat varieties. Nonetheless, adoption of hybrid maize across and within countries was very patchy, relating to differences in scientific capacity, type of farmer, agro-ecology, and complementary investments in seed systems and extension. Consequently, impacts were often highly inequitable.
Islamic Neoliberalism for Jordan's Islamic Action Front in Islamic Banking and Finance
Authors: Tobin Sarah A.
Published: February 2020

There is a paradox: why are there so many political and economic Islamic actors in the Middle East but not a large willingness on their part to adopt and promote Islamic banking and finance methodologies? This paper argues that the more vague and ambivalent these actors are on economic policy, the wider their appeal; and, by extension, the more compatible Islamic ideas and ideologies are with neoliberalism. The case of the Islamic Action Front (IAF) in Jordan is given as it has adopted an emphasis on Islamic middle-class values and ethical concerns of neoliberalism in order to gain political support. The case of the IAF demonstrates that there are points of compatibility between the neoliberal economy and Islamist politics. In the calibrations of the relationship between the state and Islamist party politics in line with Islamic neoliberal tenets, this approach ensures enhanced appeal for neoliberal Islamism into the future.
PRE herbicides and POST halosulfuron for purple nutsedge control in tomato grown in plasticulture systems
Authors: Yu Jialin , Sharpe Shaun S. , Boyd Nathan S.
Published: February 2020

Purple nutsedge is a troublesome weed in tomato grown in plasticulture systems. Field trials were conducted in the fall of 2017 and spring of 2018 at Balm, FL, to evaluate multiple herbicide programs applied pretransplanting (pre-T), post-transplanting (post-T), and pre-T followed by (fb) post-T for purple nutsedge control in plasticulture tomato. Pre-T treatment of sulfentrazone or S-metolachlor alone were ineffective and did not decrease purple nutsedge density compared with the nontreated control. Post-T application of halosulfuron did not reduce purple nutsedge density at 12 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) in fall 2017 but reduced the purple nutsedge density at 17 WAIT in both seasons. Pre-T sulfentrazone or S-metolachlor application fb halosulfuron applied post-T were the most effective treatments and consistently reduced purple nutsedge population in both seasons. Herbicide treatments did not injure or reduce tomato height or yield. Overall, these results suggest sequential herbicide programs, including pre-T application of sulfentrazone or S-metolachlor fb post-T application of halosulfuron generally resulted in greater purple nutsedge control compared with pre-T or post-T application only. Halosulfuron applied post-T is critical to provide season-long purple nutsedge control in plasticulture tomato.
Spatiotemporal Relationships between Two Closely‐spaced Strombolian‐style Vents, Yasur, Vanuatu
Authors: Simons B.C. , Jolly A.D. , Eccles J.D. , Cronin S.J.
Published: February 2020

This study details a case of transition of volcanic activity between two closely spaced (20–40 m) vents within the southern crater of Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu, over a period of 12 days. The transition from one vent to another newly emerged one was captured by a multi‐instrument array, with broadband seismic, thermal‐IR camera, and visual recordings presented. The results describe systematic changes in explosive parameters (e.g., style, power, and frequency) at both vents that reflect the transfer of magma and volatile gas flux within a shallow branching conduit system. The decline of activity at the initial vent corresponds with a shift from bomb‐rich to ash‐rich behavior indicating a progressive decrease in magma and volatile gas flux and increasing shallow conduit magma viscosity. The concurrent increase in activity at the emerging vent accompanies more bomb‐rich behavior that indicates increased flux and lower magma viscosity. During the transition period, most explosions were systematically paired between the two vents, occurring within <1 to up to 45 s of each other. Broadband seismic data show that paired explosions produce a common seismic signal that resembles that of a single, nonpaired explosion. The presence of a common low‐frequency (0.06–1 Hz) signal indicates that multiple shallow conduits may transmit the same gas and impulsive energy differently from a single gas rise and burst event. Temporal offsets between paired explosions reflect the different conduit pathways and viscosity states of the magma in each conduit, with the lagging vent always displaying greater ash‐rich activity indicating higher magma viscosity and gas path tortuosity.
Causal Effect of Impervious Cover on Annual Flood Magnitude for the United States
Authors: Blum Annalise G. , Ferraro Paul J. , Archfield Stacey A. , Ryberg Karen R.
Published: February 2020

Despite consensus that impervious surfaces increase flooding, the magnitude of the increase remains uncertain. This uncertainty largely stems from the challenge of isolating the effect of changes in impervious cover separate from other factors that also affect flooding. To control for these factors, prior study designs rely on either temporal or spatial variation in impervious cover. We leverage both temporal and spatial variation in a panel data regression design to isolate the effect of impervious cover on floods. With 39 years of data from 280 U.S. streamgages, we estimate that a one percentage point increase in impervious basin cover causes a 3.3% increase in annual flood magnitude (95%CI: 1.9%, 4.7%) on average. Using 2,109 streamgages, some of which have upstream regulation and/or overlapping basins, we estimate a larger effect: 4.6% (CI: 3.5%, 5.6%). The approach introduced here can be extended to estimate the causal effects of other drivers of hydrologic change.
Modeling the Impact of Metallic Ion Layers on Equatorial Spread With SAMI3/ESF
Authors: Huba J. D. , Krall J. , Drob D.
Published: February 2020

The impact of
region metal ion layers on the development of equatorial plasma bubbles is investigated using the SAMI3/ESF model. We find that metal ion layers reduce the growth rate of the generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor instability (GRTI) and act to suppress the development of equatorial plasma bubbles. This is consistent with theoretical expectations and observations and is attributed to the increase in both the Pedersen and Hall conductances. Additionally, inhomogeneities in the
region metal ion layer can map into the
layer and alter the morphology of equatorial spread
(ESF) bubble evolution. Lastly, we find that if EFS bubbles develop in the presence of a metal ion layer, then the electric fields generated by the instability can lift the metal ions into the
region. This is consistent with observations of Fe
in the
region during equatorial spread
.
NOTCH target gene HES5 mediates oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions in hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Luiken Sarah , Fraas Angelika , Bieg Matthias , Sugiyanto Raisatun , Goeppert Benjamin , Singer Stephan , Ploeger Carolin , Warsow Gregor , Marquardt Jens U. , Sticht Carsten , De La Torre Carolina , Pusch Stefan , Mehrabi Arianeb , Gretz Norbert , Schlesner Matthias , Eils Roland , Schirmacher Peter , Longerich Thomas , Roessler Stephanie
Published: February 2020

NOTCH receptor signaling plays a pivotal role in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the role of NOTCH pathway mutations and the NOTCH target gene HES5 in liver tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Here we performed whole-exome sequencing of 54 human HCC specimens and compared the prevalence of NOTCH pathway component mutations with the TCGA-LIHC cohort (N = 364). In addition, we functionally characterized the NOTCH target HES5 and the patient-derived HES5-R31G mutation in vitro and in an orthotopic mouse model applying different oncogenic backgrounds, to dissect the role of HES5 in different tumor subgroups in vivo. We identified nonsynonymous mutations in 14 immediate NOTCH pathway genes affecting 24.1% and 16.8% of HCC patients in the two independent cohorts, respectively. Among these, the HES5-R31G mutation was predicted in silico to have high biological relevance. Functional analyses in cell culture showed that HES5 reduced cell migration and clonogenicity. Further analyses revealed that the patient-derived HES5-R31G mutant protein was non-functional due to loss of DNA binding and greatly reduced nuclear localization. Furthermore, HES5 exhibited a negative feedback loop by directly inhibiting the NOTCH target HES1 and downregulated the pro-proliferative MYC targets ODC1 and LDHA. Interestingly, HES5 inhibited MYC-dependent hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas it promoted AKT-dependent liver tumor formation and stem cell features in a murine model. Thus, NOTCH pathway component mutations are commonly observed in HCC. Furthermore, the NOTCH target gene HES5 has both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions in liver cancer proposing a driver gene dependency and it promotes tumorigenesis with its interaction partner AKT.
MFAP2 is overexpressed in gastric cancer and promotes motility via the MFAP2/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK pathway
Authors: Yao Li-wen , Wu Lian-lian , Zhang Li-hui , Zhou Wei , Wu Lu , He Ke , Ren Jia-cai , Deng Yun-chao , Yang Dong-mei , Wang Jing , Mu Gang-gang , Xu Ming , Zhou Jie , Xiang Guo-an , Ding Qian-shan , Yang Yan-ning , Yu Hong-gang
Published: February 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies and its prognosis is extremely poor. This study identifies a novel oncogene, microfibrillar-associated protein 2 (MFAP2) in GC. With integrative reanalysis of transcriptomic data, we found MFAP2 as a GC prognosis-related gene. And the aberrant expression of MFAP2 was explored in GC samples. Subsequent experiments indicated that silencing and exogenous MFAP2 could affect motility of cancer cells. The inhibition of silencing MFAP2 could be rescued by another FAK activator, fibronectin. This process is probably through affecting the activation of focal adhesion process via modulating ITGB1 and ITGA5. MFAP2 regulated integrin expression through ERK1/2 activation. Silencing MFAP2 by shRNA inhibited tumorigenicity and metastasis in nude mice. We also revealed that MFAP2 is a novel target of microRNA-29, and miR-29/MFAP2/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 could be an important oncogenic pathway in GC progression. In conclusion, our data identified MFAP2 as a novel oncogene in GC and revealed that miR-29/MFAP2/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 could be an important oncogenic pathway in GC progression.