bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Oklahoma, 1984
Authors: Price Richard , Jacobi Robert , Freeman Richard , Young Jerry
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 30 May at the South Central Research Station, Chickasha, Oklahoma at 20 lb/acre. Eight-row plots 200 ft long, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph at 40 psi. The John Deere pumping unit was replaced with a Marco system equipped with a roller pump powered by a 3 horsepower Briggs and Stratton gasoline engine. Insecticide applications consisted of 4.3 gal total spray mixture per acre with 1 no. 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Four applications were made at 7-day intervals starting on 30 Jul followed by 7, 14, and 21 Aug. Plots were irrigated with approximately 1 inch of water on 25 Jul, 8 Aug and 22 Aug. Rainfall during the period was as follows: 5 Aug, 0.4 inch, 11 Aug, 0.02 inch, and 28 Aug, 0.04 inch for a total of 0.46 inches. Damage was estimated by collecting at random, 100 fruits prior to spraying from the upper one-third of the plants in each plot.
Bollworm and Boll Weevil Control, 1984
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. , Puterka G. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 2 Mar on 40-inch rows at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Soil type was an Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plots were 50 ft long by 2 rows wide and bordered by 1 row of forage sorghum. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were applied through a C02-powered boom mounted on a high-clearance sprayer at a rate of 5.5 gal/acre (4 mph, 45 psi, 5 TX4 hollow-cone nozzles/plot). Plots were sprayed on 12, 19, 22, 25 & 28 Jun and 2 & Jul. Insect populations were monitored weekly with drop cloth samples (1 sample/plot). Plant damage was monitored with fruit counts from 1 meter-row areas (1 sample/plot). Yield was determined by collecting 3 one-meter row samples of seed cotton per plot.
White Grub Control, North Carolina, 1984
Authors: Kard B. M. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

Six different treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling beetle white grubs in pasture scheduled for Fraser fir* Christmas tree plantings. Three treatments each of 1% granular and 2% emulsifiable concentrate were applied. The test pasture was thickly covered with a mixture of annual and perennial grasses accompanied by various broadleaf weeds. The pasture had been cut for hay 5 wk prior to insecticide applications. The mineral-organic Porter loamy soil (2-3% organic matter) located in Watauga Co. had a pH of 5.5, an average temperature of 15 deg C at a depth of 4 inches, and a moisture content of 22% by weight. Test plots measured 10 by 10 ft and contained an average of 2.1 grubs per sq ft. Each treatment was replicated 5 times; the plots were organized in a completely random design. Pre-treatment grub counts were acquired on 26 Sep, with insecticides applied the same day. One sq ft of sod per test plot was turned back to expose grubs feeding on the rootzone. The sod was replaced without injuring the grubs. Liquid formulations were mixed with 1 gal of water per test plot and applied with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer. Granular applications were accomplished with a 20-inch wide hand-pushed spreader. On 14 Oct, posttreatment grub counts were acquired by turning back a previously undisturbed sq ft of sod. Both surviving and dead grubs were counted. Percent population reduction was calculated from the number of surviving grubs and the number of pre-treatment live grubs.
Greenbug Control on Grain Sorghum, 1984
Authors: Rover Tom A. , Cartwright Bob
Published: March 2022

Four soil-applied insecticides were evaluated for greenbug control on ‘Pioneer 8222’ variety grain sorghum planted 30 Mar on a Raymondville clay loam on 40-inch rows at the TAMU-Hoblitzelle Farm near Mercedes, Texas. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Experimental plots were 50 ft by 6 rows. All treatment were applied in-furrow at planting with a Gandy applicator. The additional side-dress application was made 45 days post-plant. All plots were furrow irrigated on 2 Apr, 2 May and 15 Jun. Plant populations were estimated on 17 Apr from plant counts in three 10-ft samples/plot. Greenbug populations were estimated weekly by checking 10 randomly selected plants/plot. Beginning 15 May, sample size was reduced to 5 plants/plot. One application of Lorshan (0.25 lb Al/acre) was applied to control sorghum midge at ca. 50% bloom.
Evaluation of Insecticides Treatments for Control of Green Cloverworm on Soybean, 1984
Authors: Higley L. G. , Pedigo L. P. , Buntin G. D. , Bailey W. C. , Hutchins S. H.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 4 rows (30-inch centers) by 50 ft, with 2 border rows between plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks, near Ames, IA. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug ‘84, when plants were in the full pod stage (R4). Weather conditions at application were overcast, winds 0-5 mph, temperature ca. 75° F, and ca. 50% RH. The single in-furrow treatment was applied at planting; all other treatments were applied with a 4-row, CO2-charged (38 psi) bicycle-wheel sprayer equipped with Delevan BC 10-70 No. 6 hollow-cone sprayer nozzles. Ground speed was 1.7 mph which delivered ca. 20.7 gal/acre. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch sweepnet, and each sample consisted of 20 sweeps from each of 2 rows. Different pairs of rows were sampled on each date. Samples were collected 1-day pretreatment and 1- and 5-day posttreatment. No phytotoxic effects were observed in any plot. Plot yields were taken on 2 Oct by harvesting and threshing 3 row-m per treatment.
Stink Bug Control with Foliar-Applied Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Hynson T. P. , Kling C. E. , McPherson R. M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticide treatments were evaluated to determine their effects on green stink bug populations. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 6 Sep ‘84 on ‘Essex’ soybean grown on the Russell Settle Farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 6 rows, 150 ft long, and replicated 3 times. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 30 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 4, 7, and 21 days after application by comparing the number of green stink bugs, as well as green cloverworms and spiders, per 50 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 12 row-ft in each plot.
Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Soybean Using Grandular Insecticides Applied at Planting, 1984
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Hynson T. P.
Published: March 2022

Six grandular insec-ticide treatments were evaluated to determine their effects of at-planting applications on bean leal beetle populations. Insecticides were applied either in the furrow or in a 7 inch band on 31 May ’84 on ‘Essex’ soybean grown of the F. F. Chandler Farm near Montross, VA. A Gandy Line Tender applicator was used to apply the insecticides. Individual plots were 4 rows 20 ft long spaced 40 inches apart with 1 border row between plots and 3-ft alleys on the ends of plots. A randomized block design was utilized with 4 replications. All treatments were evaluated periodically throughout the growing season by comparing the number of soybean pests and predators per 20 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Insecticide Sprays for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (Scb), Small-Plot Screening Test, 1983
Authors: White W. H. , Hensley S. D.
Published: March 2022

Foliar sprays for control of season-long SCB infestations were applied to a stand of sugarcane (Var. CP 65-357, 1st stubble crop) at Sweet Home Planation, Savoie Sugars, Inc., Belle Rose, LA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Individual plots contained 3 rows (spaced 6 ft apart) that were 24 ft long. Each spray concentrate was applied from a single nozzle to the crop canopy at 22 psi with a CO2 pressurized knapsack sprayer that delivered 2.7 gal of finished formulation/acre. All insecticide treatments were begun after sugarcane intemodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks in check plots harbored small larvae in leaf sheaths and were repeated 3 wk later; application dates were 20 Jul and 10 Aug. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was evaluated at crop harvest (6 Oct) by comparing the % intemodes expressing damage by seasonal populations of SCB larvae in treated plots with that found in untreated plots. Twenty five stalks, selected at random from the center row of each plot, were visually scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
Apple, Larvin Test, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Boucher J.
Published: March 2022

Larvin 80DF was evaluated against a variety of pests in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Treated and control plots each included one-half acre and the cultivars ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Stayman’ and ‘York’. Applications were made with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer on 18 May, 4 Jun, 14 Jun, 27 Jun, 30 Jul, and 18 Aug. WALH was evaluated by counting second generation nymphs on the undersides of 20 leaves. STLM was evaluated by counting mines seen in a 3-min count per tree. Damage by the 4 direct pests was quantified by examining 100 fruit per tree, 3 trees/variety. For all evaluations, 8 trees per plot were utilized. WALH and STLM counts were made on 27 Aug; fruit damage was evaluated on 13 Sep.
Spruce Spider Mite Control, 1981
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A 1980 study showed that 1.5 oz/gal or 3.0 oz/gal of Safer’s Insecticidal Soap applied by backpack blower or hydraulic sprayer was efficacious for controlling spruce spider mites. The present study was a temporal and spatial replication of the lower application rate (1.5 oz/gal) applied by both backpack mist blower and hydraulic sprayer. Approximately 300 trees at the Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC were divided into 6 blocks. Two blocks were randomly selected as controls while the remaining blocks were treated with 1.5 oz/gal of soap and applied with a Solo backpack mist blower. Ten, 5-cm twig samples were taken from the center of each plot and analyzed for eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of the spruce spider mite. Twig samples were taken before treatment and 1, 2, and 4 wks after treatment. Two 50-tree plots, in Ashe County, NC, were divided into 2 blocks each. Each plot had a treated block and a control block. The treated blocks were sprayed by hydraulic sprayer with 1.5 oz/gal of soap. One, 5-cm twig sample was taken from each tree in all 4 blocks and analyzed for eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults of the spruce spider mite. Twig samples were taken before treatment and 1 and 3 wk after treatment.
Balsam Woolly Adelgid Control, 1981
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P. , Hastings Felton
Published: March 2022

Two concentrations of Dursban (0.5% and 0.125%) and 2 of Pounce (0.25% and 0.125%) were evaluated for control of the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (BWA). Tests were conducted on a Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation in Jackson County, NC. Five plots with approximately 50 trees per plot were each sprayed with 1 of the concentrations of Pounce or Dursban using a hydraulic sprayer. The remaining plot was left as a control. Ten bark samples using a No. 9 cork borer, were taken from the Dursban plots while 20 and 5 samples were taken from the Pounce and control plots respectively. Samples were taken from the base of each tree stem before and 2 wk after spraying and during the next generation of aphids. The bark samples were kept refrigerated until microscopically analyzed for the four life stages of BWA. Living and dead BWA were counted and recorded.
Control of Eastern Spruce Budworm on Blue Spruce with Kryocide, 1983
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Scully Tom
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Kryocide were tested for efficacy against fifth instar spruce budworm on Christmas trees in Colebrook, N.H. Treatment trees were about 1.5 meters tall. Four budworm-infested trees were randomly seleced for each treatment. Foliar applications were made using a 3.8 liter handsprayer and sprays were applied to the point of runoff. Sprays applied 16 June were likely washed off by showers. Sprays were applied June 17. The treatments were rated on 21 June, 4 days later. The number of living larvae found in 5 min was determined for each single-tree replicate.
Aerial Tests of Organophosphate Insecticides Against the Sitka Spruce Weevil, 1983
Authors: Warkentin Dennis L. , Gara Robert I.
Published: March 2022

A 15-year-old, 38 ha Douglas-fir/Sitka spruce plantation within the upper Hoh River valley in western Washington was the test site for aerial spray trials of Orthene and Metasystox-R against the Sitka spruce weevil in 1982 and 1983, respectively. A helicopter equipped with a 15.25-m spray boom with 64 nozzles along its length (#325 and #228, alternated; #46 swirl plates) was used for both tests; only the #325 nozzles were used in 1983. Four 1.6 to 2.0-ha rectangular treatment plots were established at random within the plantation. Spruce stocking density was ca. 900 trees/ha, and trees ranged 2-12 m in height in 1982. In the 1982 acephate test, Kromekote spray cards recorded droplet deposition, and weevils plus spruce material from sprayed and unsprayed areas were collected subsequent to treatment for mortality and oviposition assessment. Efficacy evaluations were carried out in August of both years by scoring all spruce within 10-m radius subplots for presence or absence of visible, weevil-induced leader damage. Three subplots were randomly located at least 15 m inside each of the 4 treated plots; an equal number of subplots were similarly located in unsprayed areas.
Control of Gypsy Moth on Mountain Ash with Kryocide, 1984
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Kyrocide were tested for field efficacy against fourth instar Gypsy Moth on ornamental trees. One infested tree was randomly selected for each treatment. Trees were about 2 meters in height. Foliar applications were made using a 3.8 liter handsprayer and sprays were applied to the point of runoff. The first spray was applied on 26 May ‘84. Due to excessive rain, a second spray was applied as soon as weather permitted on 7 Jun ‘84. Treatments were rated on 15 Jun ‘84. Each of 4 replicates consisted of a randomly selected branch on each treatment tree. Larval counts consisted of the number of live larvae on 10 randomly selected leaves per branch (replicate). Defoliation consisted of percent leaf area missing on these same leaves. Each defoliation count was an average of 2 independent estimates.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1984
Authors: Weaver J. E. , Coulson T.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Preston Country Club, Kingwood, WV. Entire greens ranging in size from 3,780 to 10,350 sq. ft. were used as test plots. Treatments were applied 17 Aug. Each treatment was applied to 2 greens with a Broyhill sprayer mounted on a Cushman vehicle. The average amount of spray used was 3.2 gal/1000 sq. ft. Greens were irrigated within 0.5 h after treatment with about 5 gal water/1000 sq. ft. There was no precipitation during the trial period. Rates of applications [lb (AI)/gal] were calculated on the basis of the amount of spray used for each green; intended rates (based on sprayer calibration and mixtures) were Baythroid 0.04 and 0.06, Cymbush 0.04 and 0.06, Pounce 0.05 and 0.2, FMC 54800 0.02, PP 321 0.04, and Triumph 1.0. Prior to treating and before mowing, all greens were examined for active cutworm burrows and the numbers recorded. Counts of active burrows were made in the same manner 3 DAT and the difference from pretreat counts are expressed as % control.
Grub Control in Bermuda Grass, 1983-84
Authors: Bartheld Bill , King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluated for control of grubs infesting a lawn in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Treatment plots were 5 x 10 ft., arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Treatments were made on 17 May and 24 Aug ‘83. Sprays were applied with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 100 psi. Granular formulations were applied using a Scots granular lawn spreader. All treatments were irrigated after application. Post-treatment counts of larvae were made on 7 Jul 83 and 7 Mar ‘84. Four sod samples (1 sq. ft.) were randomly taken from each replicate. Prior to treatment, an average of 5.5 grubs per sq. ft. was found across the test area. The majority of the larvae (90%) were Cyclocephala sp.
Apple: Summer Evaluation of NC21314, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. , Boucher J.
Published: March 2022

Summer use of NC21314 alone, in combination with Carzol, and Carzol and Plictran were evaluated in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Plots consisted of four, single-tree replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design, using cultivars ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Stayman’ and ‘York’. Spray dates were 15 May, 11 Jul, 16 Aug and 28 Aug. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Mites were evaluated using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate.
Birch, Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Birch Aphid, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

B. pendula (4.5 m tall) and B. pubescens (3.5 m tall) growing in an experimental birch planting at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides against birch aphid. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperature setting 2 was used to deliver 960 ml of finished spray to each of 2 ‘pendula’ and 640 ml to 1 ‘pubescens’ for each treatment. Application was made 4 Sept under clear, evening skies at 18°C with no breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1, 3, 7, and 14 DAT (days after treatment) by holding a collection tray beneath 2 branches per tree and striking each branch twice. Collections were placed in glass vials; aphids were counted in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. The same procedure was followed to make pre-counts on the day of application, prior to treatment, to provide baseline information on aphid population density.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-three insecticide treatments were applied 31 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 by 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. The experimental plot was irrigated for 20 min, but irrigation did not occur until 18 h after replication. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 79°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 79°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 7.1; % organic matter, 3.2; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 1.25 inches; and partly cloudy skies. Posttreatment counts were made 29 days later (29 Sept). Three ft2 sod samples were taken from the center of each replicate and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs was recorded for each ft2 sample.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1984
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a lawn in Wooster, Ohio (Wayne Co.). Thatch accumulation was 0.0-0.75 inch and temperature at treatment time (20 Apr) was 55°F. The grubs were third ins tars. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. Individual plots were 10 x 10 ft. Liquid applications were made using a John Bean centrifugal pump sprayer with three 11005 Teejet nozzles mounted on a boom, operating at full throttle with a 100 ml per second spray rate; at 100 gal water/acre. Granular materials were applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader or a 2-ft Gandy drop spreader. Rainfall (0.65 inch) occurred 2 days after treatment with an additional 0.58 inches falling the following 2 days. Surviving grubs were sampled 52 days after treatment by randomly cutting five 7-inch X 7-inch X 3-inch deep plugs into each 10X10 ft plot.
Citrus Mealybug Control, 1984
Authors: Schultz Peter B.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse grown coleus in 4-inch containers artificially infested with mealybugs were selected for treatment. Insecticides were applied to runoff on 10 Jan using a 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayer. The treatments were evaluated beginning 1 wk after application by counting the number of mealybugs per plant. There were 5 replications per treatment. Greenhouse temperature at treatment was 65°F.
Pear Slug Control on Cotoneaster, Ft. Colons, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wright Glenn
Published: March 2022

Pear slug larvae were collected Jul 30 from cotoneaster at the Plant Environmental Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO. Larvae were divided into groups of 5 and placed in Petri dishes for a total of 55 larvae/treatment. Immediately after larval collection, foliage was treated to runoff using a CO2 compressed air sprayer. A light rain shower followed the application within minutes. After foliage had dried, foliage was collected and fed to larvae. Mortality was observed 24 and 48 h after exposure of larvae to treated foliage.
Control of Fall Webworm on Crabapple, 1984
Authors: Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Freeman Richard , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, Oklahoma. Fieldgrown crabapple trees 6-8 ft high were utilized in randomized and replicated (3x) experiments. All treatments were applied to the foliage and webbing with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff on 6 Jul when the temperature and wind velocity was 90°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. The plants were infested with 1-3 webs containing approximately 75-200 larvae per web. Percent mortality was determined by checking 10 larvae from each replicate.
Elm Bark Beetle Mortality on Lab-Sprayed Bark Chips, 1978
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Willis Mark A.
Published: March 2022

Suspended from the edge of a horizontally rotating 27 inch bicycle wheel, four 35 mm x 35 mm elm bark chips were sprayed with an insecticide during 1 pass before a compressed air paint spray gun beneath the wheel axle. The gun delivered 2.2 ml/sec and the wheel turned 4 rpm. This apparatus was in the opening of a laboratory evacuation hood. Bark chips, including some sapwood, had been cut with a band saw from 100 mm dia log disks from a recently felled tree. When each sprayed chip was nearly dry it was dropped into a 0.5 pt tapered Mason glass jar having a 100-mesh screen lid and the bottom covered with a disk of paper towel. Beetles react abnormally on glass as compared with paper. The jar was placed in a randomized position on the first of 4 parallel lines on a laboratory table; the next jar was placed on the next line; etc. A draft of air from a household fan covered the table. The foregoing procedure was repeated for each insecticide. Sprays of all insecticides were agitated and buffered to pH 6. On each of the following 4 days a separate line of jars was infested with 25 beetles per jar from a laboratory culture of infested elm logs in 5 gal lard cans; each day represented 1 of 4 replicates. Moribund and dead beetles were counted after 24 h and data analyzed once in 1977 and twice during 1978.
Killing Adult Elm Bark Beetles in the Bark, 1981
Authors: Brown Leland R.
Published: March 2022

In 1979 five elm bolts, each 8 inches long by 4 inches diam and in separate 5-gal screened lard cans, were each infested with 25 male and 25 female adults. The cans were in a continuously lighted room maintained at 85°F. After 3 wk these parent adults were removed from the logs and cans with a vacuum cleaner, thus leaving the logs infested only with progeny as eggs and larvae under the bark. One log was set aside as an untreated check and each of the other logs was sprayed to run-off with a particular insecticide using a laboratory paint gun sprayer. The insecticides were used at the equivalent rate of 16 lb AI/100 gal spray except Pydrin was used at 3.2 lb AI/100, which is 16X the recommended agricultural rate. Sprays were buffered to pH 6.0. After drying the sprayed, infested logs were again confined in the lard cans at ca 75°F. From 3 to 11 wk after treatment progeny adults emerged from the logs and were counted. After adult emergence ceased the bark on each log was examined under a 10-power microscope and the bark routed to the depth of the bark beetle pupal chamber with a drill bit in a Moto-Tool. The dead adults in the bark were counted. Their locations varied from the pupal chamber to partial protrusion from the bark, with the more toxic insecticides stopping movement nearer the pupal chambers. This experiment was repeated again in 1980 and in 1981. With each year serving as a replicate the 3 years data were subjected to a 2-way ANOVA.
Control of Mimosa Webworm with Soil-Applied Metasystox-R (Msr), 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J. , Joyner B. G.
Published: March 2022

Two blocks of honey locusts, with 4 trees/block, growing in a clay-loam soil in northern Columbus, OH, were used in this test. A moderate to heavy population was present at the time of treatment on 17 Jul 84. The trees were 12-15 ft tall and planted about 3 ft apart in each block. Trees were about 2 inches DBH, and growing in a mixed bluegrass and fine fescue turf. There was some mulch around the base of the tree trunks. MSR-2E was applied at the rate of 1.5 oz of 2E per inch DBH. This was diluted with water so that 7.5 gal of the MSR mixture (1.33% AI W:W) was applied per 1000 SF. Applications were made by removing a 1-inch soil core, 4 inches deep and pouring 6 oz of the solution into each hole and replacing the plug. Holes (9 holes/tree) were 2.5 ft apart and placed beneath the canopy area of the tree. Rainfall was below normal, with less than 6 inches occurring during the test period.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Trunk Sprays and Treated Tree Bands, Pa, 1984
Authors: Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

A mixed forest stand with red oaks (7-10 m tall) was selected in Centre Co., PA on 11 Jun after inspection revealed numerous first and second instar larvae. Five treatments (3 Pydrin trunk sprays, 1 tree banding, 1 foliar spray, 1 check) were replicated 6 times in a RCB design. Treatments were first applied 14 Jun when larvae were third and fourth instars. Trunk sprays were applied from ground level to 8 ft using a 1.5-gal stainless steel compression sprayer. A second trunk spray was applied on 28 Jun. The 3-inch-wide plastic foam tree band was treated every week (5682D113-7). The foliar spray was applied using a Solo backpack mist blower. Pesticides were first applied between 15:00 and 17:30 with wind 2-4 mph and temperature 73-78°F. Larval assessment was made by counting the number of dead larvae found at the tree base and by using a 1-minute time count of live larvae visible on lower branches and foliage.
Phytotoxicity on ‘Marian Seefurth’ Anthurium, Hawaii, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Apr to Jul on plants grown in volcanic cinder under 80% polypropylene net shade. Each treatment consisted of 18 plants. Insecticides and acaricides were applied to runoff with a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 nozzle. Fourteen weekly applications of selected insecticides, and acaricides were made at the following rates in lb(AI)/100 gal: Avermectin 0.15EC, 0.04 and 0.08; Danitol 2.0EC, 0.2 and 0.4; Dursban 50W, 1.0 and 2.0; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.16 and 0.32; Pentac Aquaflow 4.OF, 0.5 and 1.0; Kelthane 1.6EC, 0.4 and 0.8. During the test period, the avg max temp was 28.4°C and the avg min temp was 19.8°C.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, Madison and Wooster, Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 15 species of woody plants at a container nursery in Madison, OH. All treatments were applied to 3 plants each 7 Jul with weather sunny, 21°C with a 1.6-3.2 kph breeze. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi (2.8 kg/cm2) was used to apply spray to runoff. Plants receiving Pydrin were retreated 8 Aug and 1 Sep when weather was sunny, 24°C with a 8-24 kph wind. Plants were inspected for phytotoxicity 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days posttreatment. Pydrin treatments were evaluated, as above, on 4 additional species at Wooster. Plants were sprayed 1 Sep and Oct (sunny, 24°C with 8-24 kph wind) and 2 Nov (sunny, 18°C with 16-24 kph wind).
Phytotoxicity Trials on Potted Chrysanthemum Plants, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on potted chrysanthemum plants, C. morifolium, var. Spirit, var. Circus, var. Jade, var. Radiant, San Diego County, Calif, evaluated the effects of 1 x, 2x, and 4x rates of FMC 54800 2E (1 x = 0.155 lb AI/100 gal) and avid 0.15E (1 x = 0.003 lb AI/100 gal). The materials were applied to runoff using a 2-gal B&G sprayer with a 8003 Spray Systems nozzle @ 60 psi. Nine weekly applications were made beginning 1 Aug, with the final treatment applied to open blooms. The test was replicated 5 times, with one 8-inch pot per replicate. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly, continuing 2 wk after the final application.
Apple, Early Season Test of Acaricides, 1984
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

A 13-year-old orchard at the Rutgers Tree Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, N.J. was used in this test. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots of Golden Delicious (replicated twice), Red Delicious and Stayman (1 replicate each) in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to runoff, ca. 5 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 10-25 leaves from each tree, brushing mites onto glass plates, counting mites and eggs on 4 and 26 Jun, and counting motile mites on 11 Jul, 23 Jul and 7 Aug. ERM days = total accumulation of mite days from petal-fall (24 May) to the last counting date. Mite days were calculated as follows: MD = MDl + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MDl = mite days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Data were transformed to log x + 1 prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Scots Pine, Efficacy of Insecticides Against European Pine Sawfly, Carroll Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Pinus sylvestris (1 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used for evaluating toxicity of insecticides against half-grown larvae (7-10 mm long). Infested trees were sprayed 21 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperature setting 3 for 15 sec to deliver ca. 300 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates per treatment. The sky was overcast at 24°C with no breeze during application. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 24 May by counting the number of live larvae in the largest colony per tree.
Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae on Container-Grown Taxus, 1982
Authors: Moore R. E. B.
Published: March 2022

In late May, one-year-old Taxus plants were planted in 6-inch plastic pots in a commercial “shrub mix” consisting of equal parts of peat, sand and composted hardwood bark. The pH of the mix was 5.8. The potted plants, which were 1-year-old liners, were kept at a container area at the Valley Laboratory and were fertilized, watered, and hand weeded as necessary. The overhead irrigation system was used about 4-5 days every week through Jul and Aug to thoroughly soak the containers each time it was used. On 28 Jun, BVW eggs in the brown stage, were scattered onto the container surface and gently scratched into the upper 0.5 inch of soil of each pot. Ten plants were used for each treatment (1 plant equalling a replication) and the test was arranged in a randomized design. On 29 Jul, when larvae were in the first and second growth stages, insecticides were applied to the soil surface of the containers. Liquid formulations were mixed with 8 oz of water (pH 6.8) and washed into each pot and granular formulations were scattered into the soil and washed in with 8 oz of water. In early Nov, 5 plants from each treatment were randomly selected for making counts of surviving larvae. All soil from each container was screened to retrieve surviving larvae.
Bermudagrass, Tropical Sod Webworm Control, Florida, 1983
Authors: Reinert James A. , Augustin Bruce J.
Published: March 2022

Portions of a bermudagrass green at the Research Center were divided into 1.5 x 3.0-m plots. A 61-cm-wide untreated buffer zone of turfgrass was left between plots. Populations were sampled by sprinkling 1 liter of 0.02 to 0.03% pyrethin, emulsified in the water with a wetting agent, on 0.37 m of turf in each plot. An additional liter of water was sprinkled over the sample area to wash the pyrethrin solution to the webworm larvae on or just below the soil surface. Larvae which came to the turf surface within a 10-min period were counted. Successive samples within a plot were taken in different locations. Plots were assigned to 4 replicates by pretreatment counts, in a randomized complete block experiment. All insecticides were mixed with 1.9 liters of water per plot and sprayed on the grass with a compressed-air sprayer. Fenvalerate was included as a standard labeled for sod webworm control.
Famphur Paste for Control of Lice on Reef Cattle, 1984
Authors: Herald F. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

A louse dosage mortality study was conducted with a 5.75% Tramisol (levamisole) oral paste containing varying amounts of famphur. Standard treatments of levamisole oral paste and one of Warbex (famphur) pour-on plus levamisole oral paste were used for comparison. Each treatment level was administered 19 Mar to 5 angus steers weighing from 127-380 kg as indicated in the table below. All steers were individually weighed prior to treatment to insure that the correct dosage was administered. The steers were assigned to the treatment groups on the basis of pretreatment lice counts. Lice counts were made by making two 2 to 3-cm hair parts in 14 sites on each animal. These sites included the muzzle, jaws, around the eyes, base of the ears, shoulder, brisket, backline and the tail-head area. Lice viability during the test was determined by microscopic examination. The effectiveness of the treatments was based on the lice population on the untreated steers.
Evaluation of Ectiban Tail Tapes and Dustacator for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Dairy Cattle, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

The following treatment groups were established 22 Jun on 3 non-lactating dairy herds located on the VPI&SU Dairy Cattle Center in Blacksburg, VA: A) Ectiban tail tapes (1.2 g permethrin per tape). Thirty-one Holstein cows received 1 Ectiban tail tape each, attached to the tail above the switch. B) Dustacator dust applicator/mineral feeder charged with Coral 1.0% dust. Guardian 7.5% ear tags were also attached to the bottom of the dust skirt, spaced 4 inches apart, and numbering 37. A trace mineral block was supported in a cage which was surrounded by the dust skirt. The Dustacator was placed in a location where the herd (25 Holstein cows, 1 Jersey cow) had access to it every day. C) Untreated control, consisting of ca. 30 Holstein cows. All test herds were maintained in separate pastures, and all were within ca. 2 mi of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 animals per herd for 10-wk posttreatment. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal.
Evaluation of Ficam Plus + , Ficam-W, and Ectiban Ec against Northern Fowl Mites on Chickens, 1984
Authors: Burg J. G. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Sixty White Rock treatment hens (31-33 wk old) were housed in 3 adjacent 7.3 x 7.3-m shelters at the University poultry farm. An additional 36 pressure birds were positioned so that each treatment bird was caged next to at least 1 pressure bird. Each shelter contained 2 banks of cages (20 cages/bank), separated by a 2.3-m aisle. All hens were housed individually in single deck, double row, Favorite hanging cages. The 2 end cages in each row remained vacant. All 96 birds were infested with northern fowl mites on 21-30 Mar ‘84. The treatment birds were inspected for mites on 12 Apr ‘84 and given an infestation rating prior to treatment. Mite populations were visually estimated by parting the feathers in the vent area and assigning the following rating scale: 0 = 0 mites/ bird; 1 = 1-2 mites; 2 = 3-9 mites; 3 = 10-31 mites; 4 = 32-99 mites; 5 = 100-315 mites; 6 = 316-999 mites; 7 = 1,000-3,159 mites; 8 = 3,160-9,999 mites; 9 = 10,000-31,586 mites; and 10 = more than 31,586 mites/bird. FICAM-W (.25%), FICAM PLUS+ (.06%, .125%, .25%), and Ectiban EC (.05%) sprays were applied to 4 birds/shelter on 13 Apr ‘84 using an 11.3-liter, hand held Hudson stainless steel Climax sprayer. Treatment birds were suspended in leg shackles and sprayed for 5 s, keeping the nozzle approx 10 cm from the vent and legs. Each bird received an avg of 42.4 ml of spray. Mite populations were visually estimated weekly for 10-wk posttreatment.
Evaluation of Imidan 50Wp for Control of Imported Fire Ants, 1983
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Kissam J. B.
Published: March 2022

Imidan 50WP was evaluated for control of imported fire ants (IFA) in a cattle pasture located in Santee, South Carolina. Two blocks were set up along 1 fence in the field. In the first block, four areas were delineated, while only 3 areas comprised the second block. Each area contained 5 active IFA mounds. One of 4 treatments was randomly assigned to each area in block 1: Imidan 50WP (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and a control drench of water. In block 2, only 3 treatments were used: Imidan 50WP (0.1% and 5%) and water.Treatments were applied as mound drenches. Mounds 12 inches or less in diameter received 1 gal of material, while those 12 inches or greater were treated with 2 gal. Mounds were uncapped with a shovel and the solution was poured down the center of the mound. Control was assessed based on IFA activity, with an active mound being 1 that exhibited ants coming to the surface when the mound was slightly probed with a thin metal wire. Treatments were made on 4 Sep 83.
Evaluation of Guardian 7.5% Cattle Ear Tags for Hog Louse Control on Swine, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Guardian 7.5% cattle ear tags was evaluated in Jun and Jul for hog louse control on swine. Permectrin™ 10.0% calf ear tags were used for comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established on 6 Jun in Patrick Co, VA: A) Guardian 7.5% cattle ear tags, consisting of 4 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb, and 1 adult boar, weighing ca. 600 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear. B) Permectrin 10.0% calf ear tags, consisting of 4 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb, and 1 adult boar, weighing ca. 800 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear. C) Untreated control, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. All treatment groups were penned separately from each other in a loafing barn for the duration of the trial.
Vacuum Fumigation of Lettuce for Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Spitler G. H. , Cordrey M. L.
Published: March 2022

Freshly harvested head lettuce wrapped in perforated polyethylene film was fumigated in a .544 m3 vacuum chamber for control of the above listed insects. Fumigation dosages (g/m3), exposures (h), and temperatures (°C) are given in the following table. For fumigation, the pressure in the vaccum chamber was reduced to 30 mm Hg; the fumigant was introduced; and the pressure was allowed to rise to 100 mm Hg after 10 min. In all tests, the control insects were placed in similar locations to the fumigated lots and subjected to identical pressures throughout the test. Load factors for control chambers were 13% and for treated chambers 38%. All lettuce was wrapped in the conventional method (a perforated polyethylene film) used for exported lettuce. The 2 Lepidopterous insects, in small cages, were placed in the cores of 6 heads of lettuce in each of 2 layers in a carton. Each cage containing green peach aphids was wrapped with a lettuce leaf and then overwrapped with the perforated polyethylene film. These cages were placed between adjacent heads in both the top and bottom layers of cartons holding 24 heads of lettuce. The lettuce was fumigated with combinations of methyl bromide (MB) plus ethyl acetate (EA) or with ethyl acetate alone.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1983
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. , Witherell Peter C.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 32 m3 or 71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. The aerosols were propelled by Freon® 11/12 and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol from the pressurized can for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with HiSil® 233 as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 h; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol or dust application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 h for knockdown (KD) (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund (D + M) insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 28 ± 6°C.
Peach, Seasonal Insecticide Trials, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 5-year-old Harmony and Candor trees using a handgun on a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were in a randomized block design with 6 rep/treatment. Treatment sprays were applied on 13 Apr, 10 May, 8 Jun and 25 Jun. In 1 treatment, Orthene 75S was used on the first 2 spray dates and Guthion 50W on the remaining dates. Funginex 18.2%EC (12 fl oz/lOOgal) was tank mixed with all treatments on all treatment dates except 10 May when Benlate 50 (4 oz/100 gal) and Captan 50W (1 lb/ 100 gal) were used. Green peach aphid populations were evaluated on 16 May and 31 May by counting all colonies on each replicate in a 2 min/tree timed count. Fruit samples were harvested on 8 Aug from the 4 harmony replicates. Fruit was inspected for damage by plum curculio, the leafroller complex (TABM & RBLR), Oriental fruit moth, pentatomids, and catfacing mirids.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1984
Authors: Hogmire Henry W , Walter Sandra
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, using a Swanson DA400PTO24 airblast sprayer. The sprayer traveled at 3.86 kph and delivered 2805 liters/ha for delayed dormant and pre-pink applications, and 935 liters/ ha for the remainder of the season. Dates of application were 20 Apr (delayed dormant (DD)), 1 May (pre-pink (PP)), 24 May (petal fall (PF)), 6 Jun (first cover (1C)), 18 Jun (second cover (2C)), 3 Jul (third cover (3C)), 24 Jul (fourth cover (4C)), 9 Aug (fifth cover (5C)), 23 and 24 Aug (sixth cover (6C)), and 6 Sep (seventh cover (7C)). In the Imidan + Lannate alternate middle applications (beginning at first cover), the west side of trees was treated on the dates above, and the east side was treated on 14 Jun (first cover), 28 Jun (second cover), 12 Jul (third cover), 2 Aug (fourth cover), 16 Aug (fifth cover), 30 Aug (sixth cover) and 12 Sep (seventh cover). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Baycor, Benlate, Captan, Dithane M-45, Polyram, Streptomycin and Topsin-M. Treatments were evaluated for RAA control on 31 May by counting colonies observed on the periphery of trees. Treatment effectiveness was determined for AA on 9 Jul by counting infested leaves on 10 top terminals and aphids/most-infested leaf/terminal. Control of WALH was determined on 6 Jun by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined on 2 Aug by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active mites with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect on SP was determined on 7 Aug by counting adults and larvae observed during a 3-min period on the periphery of test trees. Treatment effectiveness on fruit feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 400 apples per treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 25 Sep.
Citrus Red Mite Control on Citrus, 1984
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a plot of recently transplanted trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Port Sulpher, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Pesticides were applied on 10 Oct ’84 with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 0.5 liter per tree at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Trees were sprayed until completely covered. Although only 50 liters of pesticide was applied per acre, pesticide concentrations were calculated at a rate of 378 liter per acre so as to simulate concentrations used for a mature stand. Evaluations were made on 19 Oct and 13 Nov by randomly selecting 10 leaves per tree as follows: 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stereo-microscope, and the number of mites recorded.
Citrus Rust Mite Suppression with SD204523 and CME13406, 1984
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Treatments were randomly assigned to 3-tree plots and replicated 3 times. The trees were 10-year-old grapefruit on 24 by 24 ft spacing. Applications were made 3 Jul utilizing a PTO-driven Meyers Sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply a spray volume of 125 gal/acre. CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the lower surface of each of 25 randomly selected leaves per treatment replicate. A 9-inch rain forced curtailment of the test in early Sep.