bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Its Subspecies, and Its Clinical and Phylogenetic Relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Jensen Anders , Kilian Mogens
Published: November 2011

The taxonomic status and structure of
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
have been the object of much confusion. Bacteria belonging to this species are usually referred to as Lancefield group C or group G streptococci in clinical settings in spite of the fact that these terms lack precision and prevent recognition of the exact clinical relevance of these bacteria. The purpose of this study was to develop an improved basis for delineation and identification of the individual species of the pyogenic group of streptococci in the clinical microbiology laboratory, with a special focus on
S. dysgalactiae
. We critically reexamined the genetic relationships of the species
S. dysgalactiae
,
Streptococcus pyogenes
,
Streptococcus canis
, and
Streptococcus equi
, which may share Lancefield group antigens, by phylogenetic reconstruction based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and 16S rRNA gene sequences and by
emm
typing combined with phenotypic characterization. Analysis of concatenated sequences of seven genes previously used for examination of viridans streptococci distinguished robust and coherent clusters.
S. dysgalactiae
consists of two separate clusters consistent with the two recognized subspecies
dysgalactiae
and
equisimilis
. Both taxa share alleles with
S. pyogenes
in several housekeeping genes, which invalidates identification based on single-locus sequencing.
S. dysgalactiae
,
S. canis
, and
S. pyogenes
constitute a closely related branch within the genus
Streptococcus
indicative of recent descent from a common ancestor, while
S. equi
is highly divergent from other species of the pyogenic group streptococci. The results provide an improved basis for identification of clinically important pyogenic group streptococci and explain the overlapping spectrum of infections caused by the species associated with humans.
Antifungal Susceptibility and Phylogeny of Opportunistic Members of the Order Mucorales
Authors: Vitale Roxana G. , de Hoog G. Sybren , Schwarz Patrick , Dannaoui Eric , Deng Shuwen , Machouart Marie , Voigt Kerstin , van de Sande Wendy W. J. , Dolatabadi Somayeh , Meis Jacques F. , Walther Grit
Published: November 2011

The
in vitro
susceptibilities of 66 molecularly identified strains of the
Mucorales
to eight antifungals (amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and 5-fluorocytosine) were tested. Molecular phylogeny was reconstructed based on the nuclear ribosomal large subunit to reveal taxon-specific susceptibility profiles. The impressive phylogenetic diversity of the
Mucorales
was reflected in susceptibilities differing at family, genus, and species levels. Amphotericin B was the most active drug, though somewhat less against
Rhizopus
and
Cunninghamella
species. Posaconazole was the second most effective antifungal agent but showed reduced activity in
Mucor
and
Cunninghamella
strains, while voriconazole lacked
in vitro
activity for most strains. Genera attributed to the
Mucoraceae
exhibited a wide range of MICs for posaconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine and included resistant strains.
Cunninghamella
also comprised strains resistant to all azoles tested but was fully susceptible to terbinafine. In contrast, the
Lichtheimiaceae
completely lacked strains with reduced susceptibility for these antifungals.
Syncephalastrum
species exhibited susceptibility profiles similar to those of the
Lichtheimiaceae. Mucor
species were more resistant to azoles than
Rhizopus
species. Species-specific responses were obtained for terbinafine where only
Rhizopus arrhizus
and
Mucor circinelloides
were resistant. Complete or vast resistance was observed for 5-fluorocytosine, caspofungin, and micafungin. Intraspecific variability of
in vitro
susceptibility was found in all genera tested but was especially high in
Mucor
and
Rhizopus
for azoles and terbinafine. Accurate molecular identification of etiologic agents is compulsory to predict therapy outcome. For species of critical genera such as
Mucor
and
Rhizopus
, exhibiting high intraspecific variation, susceptibility testing before the onset of therapy is recommended.
Genetic enhancement, post-persons and moral status: a reply to Buchanan
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: November 2011

Responding to several leading ideas from a paper by Allen Buchanan, the present essay explores the implications of genetic enhancement for moral status. Contrary to doubts expressed by Buchanan, I argue that genetic enhancement could lead to the existence of beings so superior to contemporary human beings that we might aptly describe them as post-persons. If such post-persons emerged, how should we understand their moral status in relation to ours? The answer depends in part on which of two general models of moral status—one based on respect and one based on interests—is more adequate. Buchanan tentatively argues that a respect-based model is preferable. I challenge Buchanan's view, along these lines: If we embrace a respect-based model of moral status featuring a threshold that divides persons, who are thought to have full and equal moral status, from sentient nonpersons, thought to have less moral status, then we should acknowledge a second threshold and a level of moral status higher than ours. A better option, I tentatively suggest, is to drop the idea of levels of moral status, accept that all sentient beings have moral status, and allow that some differences in interests and capacities justify some significant differences in how we should treat beings of different kinds.
Precursors and inhibitors of hydrogen sulfide synthesis affect acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the intact lung
Authors: Madden Jane A. , Ahlf Susan B. , Dantuma Mark W. , Olson Kenneth R. , Roerig David L.
Published: November 2011

The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and acute hypoxia are similar in isolated pulmonary arteries from various species. However, the involvement of H2S in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) has not been studied in the intact lung. The present study used an intact, isolated, perfused rat lung preparation to examine whether adding compounds essential to H2S synthesis or to its inhibition would result in a corresponding increase or decrease in the magnitude of HPV. Western blots performed in lung tissue identified the presence of the H2S-synthesizing enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase (3-MST), but not cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). Adding three H2S synthesis precursors, cysteine and oxidized or reduced glutathione, to the perfusate significantly increased peak arterial pressure during hypoxia compared with control ( P < 0.05). Adding α-ketoglutarate to enhance the 3-MST enzyme pathway also resulted in an increase ( P < 0.05). Both aspartate, which inhibits the 3-MST synthesis pathway, and propargylglycine (PPG), which inhibits the CSE pathway, significantly reduced the increases in arterial pressure during hypoxia. Diethylmaleate (DEM), which conjugates sulfhydryls, also reduced the peak hypoxic arterial pressure at concentrations >2 mM. Finally, H2S concentrations as measured with a specially designed polarographic electrode decreased markedly in lung tissue homogenate and in small pulmonary arteries when air was added to the hypoxic environment of the measurement chamber. The results of this study provide evidence that the rate of H2S synthesis plays a role in the magnitude of acute HPV in the isolated perfused rat lung.
Divergent postnatal development of the carotid body in DBA/2J and A/J strains of mice
Authors: Kostuk Eric W. , Balbir Alexander , Fujii Koichi , Fujioka Akiko , Pichard Luis E. , Shirahata Machiko
Published: November 2011

We have previously shown that the adult DBA/2J and A/J strains of mice differ in carotid body volume and morphology. The question has arisen whether these differences develop during the prenatal or postnatal period. Investigating morphological development of the carotid body and contributing genes in these mice can provide further understanding of the appropriate formation of the carotid body. We examined the carotid body of these mice from 1 day to 4 wk old for differences in volume, morphology, and gene expression of Gdnf family, Dlx2, Msx2, and Phox2b. The two strains showed divergent morphology starting at 1 wk old. The volume of the carotid body increased from 1 wk up to 2 wk old to the level of 4 wk old in the DBA/2J mice but not in the A/J mice. This corresponds with immunoreactivity of LC3, an autophagy marker, in A/J tissues at 10 days and 2 wk. The differences in gene expression were examined at 1 wk, 10 days, and 2 wk old, because divergent growth occurred during this period. The DBA/2J's carotid body at 1 wk old showed a greater expression of Msx2 than the A/J's carotid body. No other candidate genes showed consistent differences between the ages and strains. The difference was not seen in sympathetic cervical ganglia of 1 wk old, suggesting that the difference is carotid body specific. The current study indicates the critical postnatal period for developing distinctive morphology of the carotid body in these mice. Further studies are required to further elucidate a role of Msx2 and other uninvestigated genes.
Effect of Progesterone as a Tocolytic and in Maintenance Therapy during Preterm Labor
Authors: Arikan I. , Barut A. , Harma M. , Harma I.M.
Published: November 2011

Aims: To assess the efficacy of vaginal micronized natural progesterone as a tocolytic and in maintenance therapy during threatened preterm birth. Methods: Eighty-three women with symptoms of threatened preterm birth were either randomized to study groups receiving tocolytic treatment combined with intravaginal micronized natural progesterone (200 mg daily) or to a control group receiving only tocolysis. Results: Micronized natural progesterone treatment resulted in a prolonged latency period of 32.1 ± 17.8 versus 21.2 ± 16.3 days in the control group and heavier birth weights of 2,982.8 ± 697.8 g versus 2,585.3 ± 746.6 g. No significant differences were found between the groups in admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, stay at the neonatal intensive care unit, need for a mechanical ventilator, respiratory distress syndrome or neonatal sepsis. Conclusion: The treatment of threatened preterm birth with tocolytics combined with intravaginal micronized natural progesterone significantly prolonged pregnancy and increased birth weight. However, an improvement in adverse perinatal outcomes was not observed.
Oral Cancer Awareness among Dentists in Kuwait
Authors: Joseph Bobby K. , Sundaram Devipriya B. , Sharma Prem
Published: November 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess oral cancer awareness among dentists in Kuwait. Subjects andMethods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 dentists working at the Ministry of Health Dental Centers and Kuwait University Dental Center using a structured questionnaire. Dentists' knowledge about risk factors of oral cancer and about diagnostic concepts, current practices and opinions, preferred point of referral as well as interest in continuing education were assessed and the responses were analyzed. Results: Of the 200 dentists surveyed, 153 responded (76.5% response rate). The mean knowledge score of the respondents was 20.6 ± 4.0 out of a total score of 30. Thirty-five (22.9%) dentists had consistently high knowledge scores for both risk factors and diagnostic concepts. Of the 153 dentists, 132 (86.3%) were interested in obtaining further information about oral cancer. Conclusion: This study highlighted the need for improved knowledge and education of dental practitioners on oral cancer.
Competing Risk of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors for Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in a General Population: The Tromsø Study
Authors: Brækkan Sigrid K. , Hald Erin M. , Mathiesen Ellisiv B. , Njølstad Inger , Wilsgaard Tom , Rosendaal Frits R. , Hansen John-Bjarne
Published: November 2011

Objective—

To investigate and compare the impact of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors for the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis, taking into account competing risks.

Methods and Results—

In 1994–1995, 26,185 subjects were screened in the Tromsø study. Information on traditional atherosclerotic risk factors was obtained by physical examination, blood samples, and questionnaires. Subjects were followed to the first incident event of myocardial infarction (MI) or venous thromboembolism (VTE), or December 31, 2005. During a median of 10.8 years of follow-up, there were 1279 cases of incident MI and 341 VTE events. Advancing age and high body mass index were both associated with MI and VTE. Hazard ratio per decade of age was 2.34 (95% CI: 2.25–2.43) for MI and 1.87 (1.74–2.01) for VTE, and 3 kg/m
2
increase in body mass index was associated with 1.16 (1.11–1.21) and 1.20 (1.12–1.29) increased risk of MI and VTE, respectively. Blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, self-reported diabetes, and smoking were all associated with increased risk of MI but not associated with VTE.

Conclusion—

Our findings imply that traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus are not shared by arterial and venous thrombosis.
Adrenergic Signaling Controls RGK-Dependent Trafficking of Cardiac Voltage-Gated L-Type Ca
2+
Channels Through PKD1
Authors: Jhun Bong Sook , O-Uchi Jin , Wang Weiye , Ha Chang Hoon , Zhao Jinjing , Kim Ji Young , Wong Chelsea , Dirksen Robert T. , Lopes Coeli M.B. , Jin Zheng Gen
Published: November 2011

Rationale:

The Rad-Gem/Kir-related family (RGKs) consists of small GTP-binding proteins that strongly inhibit the activity of voltage-gated calcium channels. Among RGKs, Rem1 is strongly and specifically expressed in cardiac tissue. However, the physiological role and regulation of RGKs, and Rem1 in particular, are largely unknown.

Objective:

To determine if Rem1 function is physiologically regulated by adrenergic signaling and thus impacts voltage-gated L-type calcium channel (VLCC) activity in the heart.

Methods and Results:

We found that activation of protein kinase D1, a protein kinase downstream of α
1
-adrenergic signaling, leads to direct phosphorylation of Rem1 at Ser18. This results in an increase of the channel activity and plasma membrane expression observed by using a combination of electrophysiology, live cell confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemistry in heterologous expression system and neonatal cardiomyocytes. In addition, we show that stimulation of α
1
-adrenergic receptor-protein kinase D1-Rem1 signaling increases transverse-tubule VLCC expression that results in increased L-type Ca
2+
current density in adult ventricular myocytes.

Conclusion:

The α
1
-adrenergic stimulation releases Rem1 inhibition of VLCCs through direct phosphorylation of Rem1 at Ser18 by protein kinase D1, resulting in an increase of the channel activity and transverse-tubule expression. Our results uncover a novel molecular regulatory mechanism of VLCC trafficking and function in the heart and provide the first demonstration of physiological regulation of RGK function.
Dynamical Ocean Forcing of the Madden–Julian Oscillation at Lead Times of up to Five Months
Authors: Webber Benjamin G. M. , Stevens David P. , Matthews Adrian J. , Heywood Karen J.
Published: November 2011

The authors show that a simple three-dimensional ocean model linearized about a resting basic state can accurately simulate the dynamical ocean response to wind forcing by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). This includes the propagation of equatorial waves in the Indian Ocean, from the generation of oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves to the arrival of downwelling oceanic equatorial Rossby waves in the western Indian Ocean, where they have been shown to trigger MJO convective activity. Simulations with idealized wind forcing suggest that the latitudinal width of this forcing plays a crucial role in determining the potential for such feedbacks. Forcing the model with composite MJO winds accurately captures the global ocean response, demonstrating that the observed ocean dynamical response to the MJO can be interpreted as a linear response to surface wind forcing. The model is then applied to study “primary” Madden–Julian events, which are not immediately preceded by any MJO activity or by any apparent atmospheric triggers, but have been shown to coincide with the arrival of downwelling oceanic equatorial Rossby waves. Case study simulations show how this oceanic equatorial Rossby wave activity is partly forced by reflection of an oceanic equatorial Kelvin wave triggered by a westerly wind burst 140 days previously, and partly directly forced by easterly wind stress anomalies around 40 days prior to the event. This suggests predictability for primary Madden–Julian events on times scales of up to five months, following the reemergence of oceanic anomalies forced by winds almost half a year earlier.
A study on the arrival process of lift passengers in a multi-storey office building
Authors: Kuusinen J-M , Sorsa J , Siikonen M-L , Ehtamo H
Published: November 2011

This article presents a study on the process of how passengers arrive at lift lobbies to travel to their destinations. Earlier studies suggest that passengers arrive at the lift lobbies individually with exponentially distributed inter-arrival times, that is, according to a Poisson process. This study was carried out in a multi-storey office building. The data was collected using a questionnaire, digital video recordings and the lift monitoring system. The results show that, in the studied building, passengers arrive in batches whose size varies with the time of day and the floor utilization. In addition, the batch arrivals follow a time-inhomogeneous Poisson process with piecewise constant arrival rates.

Practical applications: This article contributes to the basic understanding of passenger behaviour, and how people move around in buildings and arrive at the lift lobbies. It is proposed that the model for the passenger arrival process should take into account that passengers do not always arrive individually but also in batches. The passenger arrival process affects the design of elevators. It will also affect the passenger generation in building traffic simulations.
Contemporary Assessment of Medical Morbidity and Mortality in Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Lin Harrison W. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: November 2011

Objective

To update the incidence of medical morbidity and mortality in head and neck surgery and factors that influence length of stay (LOS).

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of a national database.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Methods

A specific database for head and neck surgical procedures was extracted from the National Hospital Data Survey for 2005 through 2007. Records of inpatient admissions for patients undergoing head and neck surgery as the primary procedure were examined to establish the frequency of medical complications, mortality, and LOS. The association of these medical complications with mortality and LOS was determined.

Results

A total of 330,629 head and neck procedures were analyzed. The overall medical morbidity and mortality rates were 5.0% ± 0.7% and 0.4% ± 0.2%, respectively. The most common medical complication was hospital‐acquired pneumonia (3.3% ± 0.6%), whereas acute renal failure, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and deep venous thrombosis were substantially less frequent (combined incidence, 2.1%). The mean LOS for patients without a major complication was 3.3 ± 0.2 days vs 14.0 ± 1.9 days for those with a major complication (P <. 001).

Conclusions

Medical morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing head and neck surgical procedures continue to be exceedingly low. Although medical complications are associated with a longer LOS, the influence of medical complications on mortality has declined. Enhancements in perioperative medical management of head and neck surgical patients are likely responsible for these improved results.
Challenges in providing family-centered support to families in palliative care
Authors: Gaudio Francesca Del , Zaider Talia I , Brier Moriah , Kissane David W
Published: November 2011

Background:

Supporting the family-as-a-whole presents challenges in palliative care, although family meetings are increasingly used in routine practice. The Family Focused Grief Therapy (FFGT) Model guides clinicians in using a range of intervention strategies.

Aim:

To examine the therapists’ techniques used in assessing ‘at risk’ families in palliative care to better illuminate what helps and what remains challenging.

Method:

Recorded sessions 1 and 2 were coded using the FFGT fidelity coding measure, with its glossary of definitions. Inter-rater reliability between three coders was satisfactory at 88%. Frequencies of strategy utilization were computed, with extraction of examples of both successful and problematic approaches.

Setting/participants:

From within a larger study of family therapy during palliative care at a comprehensive cancer center, the first two sessions ( n = 144) delivered to 74 families (299 individuals) by 32 therapists were coded and analyzed.

Results:

Therapists readily explored the story of illness and families’ ways of coping (97%) and assessed communication and cohesiveness in the majority. Exploration of relational patterns occurred in 89% of sessions, use of a genogram in 80%, understanding members’ roles in 65% and family values and beliefs in 62%. Less use was made of summaries (39%), family mottos (34%), exploration of family conflict (35%) and the formalization of a comprehensive family treatment plan (20%).

Conclusions:

Challenges exist in therapy with difficult families. Therapy in the home brings special issues. Therapists can apply most of the interventions prescribed by the FFGT model.
A Novel Herpesvirus in 3 Species of Pheasants: Mountain Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron inopinatum), Malayan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron malacense), and Congo Peafowl (Afropavo congensis)
Authors: Seimon T. A. , McAloose D. , Raphael B. , Honkavuori K. S. , Chang T. , Hirschberg D. L. , Lipkin W. I.
Published: November 2011

The mountain peacock pheasant ( Polyplectron inopinatum), the Malayan peacock pheasant ( Polyplectron malacense), and the Congo peafowl ( Afropavo congensis) are all listed as vulnerable to extinction under the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Here the authors report fatal infection with a novel herpesvirus in all 3 species of birds. DNA was extracted from the livers of birds with hepatocellular necrosis and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions consistent with herpesvirus infection. Based on degenerate herpesvirus primers and polymerase chain reaction, 220– and 519–base pair products of the herpes DNA polymerase and DNA terminase genes, respectively, were amplified. Sequence analysis revealed that all birds were likely infected with the same virus. At the nucleotide level, the pheasant herpesvirus had 92% identity with gallid herpesvirus 3 and 77.7% identity with gallid herpesvirus 2. At the amino acid level, the herpes virus had 93.8% identity with gallid herpesvirus 3 and 89.4% identity with gallid herpesvirus 2. These findings indicate that the closest relative to this novel herpesvirus is gallid herpesvirus 3, a nonpathogenic virus used widely in a vaccine against Marek's disease. In situ hybridization using probes specific to the peacock pheasant herpesvirus DNA polymerase revealed strong intranuclear staining in the necrotic liver lesions of an infected Malayan peacock pheasant but no staining in normal liver from an uninfected bird. The phasianid herpesvirus reported here is a novel member of the genus Mardivirus of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and is distinct from other galliform herpesviruses.
A sonic geography of voice
Authors: Kanngieser Anja
Published: November 2011

This paper seeks to extend disciplinary investigation by calling for a geography of voice and a politics of speaking and of listening. It explores the different characteristics of voices, their affective and ethico-political forces, and how they make public spaces. Through its polyphonic method of text, audio illustrations and recorded interviews with participants in radical political organization, the experience of the paper itself is a political gesture, one that invites the listener-reader to consider the histories, narratives and assumptions that underpin her own reception of them.
Aeolian processes on the terrestrial planets
Authors: Craddock Robert A.
Published: November 2011

Aeolian dune fields have been described on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Titan. The amount and fidelity of data being returned from orbiting spacecraft and landers have enabled a new era in aeolian studies. This progress report presents an overview of the latest planetary geomorphic studies characterizing aeolian processes on extraterrestrial surfaces. Our understanding of aeolian processes on other planetary surfaces comes largely from Earth analog studies, along with wind tunnel experiments and theoretical modeling. However, an important difference is that unlike terrestrial dunes most dunes on Venus and Mars are composed primarily of basaltic particles. Additional research is needed to understand how basaltic particles weather both physically and chemically so that it will be possible to apply traditional sedimentological concepts, such as sediment maturity, to understanding aeolian processes on Venus and Mars. It may also be possible to characterize sediment maturity and provenance through remote sensing data once we have a better understanding of basaltic sediments. Although there have been a variety of dune forms identified on the surfaces of the other terrestrial planets, the only dune form found on all of them is linear dunes. Even though linear dunes are the most common dune forms on Earth, we currently have a poor understanding as to how they are formed, and additional work is needed to understand these features.
Repair Integrity and Functional Outcome After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Kim Kyung Cheon , Shin Hyun Dae , Lee Woo Yong , Han Sun Cheol
Published: November 2011

Background: Only a few studies have examined repair integrity and functional outcome after arthroscopic suture-bridge rotator cuff repair procedure. In addition, no reported study has compared outcomes between the suture-bridge and double-row techniques.

Purpose: This study compared the functional outcome and repair integrity of arthroscopic double-row and conventional suture-bridge repair in full-thickness rotator cuff tears.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Fifty-two consecutive full-thickness rotator cuff tears with 1 to 4 cm of anterior to posterior dimension that underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were included. A double-row technique was used in the first 26 consecutive shoulders, and a conventional suture-bridge technique was used in the next 26 consecutive shoulders. Fifty shoulders (92.5%) underwent magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasonography postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were evaluated a minimum 2 years (mean, 37.2 months; range, 24-54) postoperatively using the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Constant scores. The postoperative cuff integrity was evaluated a mean of 33.0 (range, 10-54) months postoperatively.

Results: At the final follow-up, the average UCLA, ASES, and Constant scores improved significantly, to 32.3, 90.5, and 80.7, respectively, in the double-row group and to 30.6, 88.5, and 74.0, respectively, in the suture-bridge group. The UCLA, ASES, and Constant scores improved in both groups postoperatively (all P < .001); however, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups at final follow-up ( P = .185, .585, and .053, respectively). The retear rate was 24% in the shoulders that underwent double-row repair and 20% in the shoulders that underwent suture-bridge repair; this difference was not statistically significant ( P = .733).

Conclusion: The arthroscopic conventional suture-bridge technique resulted in comparable patient satisfaction, functional outcome, and rates of retear compared with the arthroscopic double-row technique in full-thickness rotator cuff tears.
Issues in the Assessment of “Race” Among Latinos
Authors: Allen Vincent C. , Lachance Christina , Rios-Ellis Britt , Kaphingst Kimberly A.
Published: November 2011

Measurement of race and ethnicity is integral to assessing and addressing health disparities experienced by minorities. However, the unique experiences of Latinos related to race and the discordance between understandings of race among Latinos and the predominant U.S. conceptualizations of this construct impact how Latinos respond to measurement approaches. As a result, data collection methodologies often yield ambiguous responses that reveal little about this population. This article examines Latinos’ racial responding, and how this relates to their experiences and understanding of their racial identity. We recommend the use of a combined race and ethnicity question and open-ended race and ethnicity questions, when feasible, which will likely yield more meaningful data that can be used to address this populations’ health needs.
Latino Parental Involvement in Kindergarten
Authors: Durand Tina M.
Published: November 2011

Parental involvement in children’s schooling is an important component of children’s early school success. Few studies have examined this construct exclusively among Latino families. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K), the present investigation ( N = 2,051) explored relations between Latino parents’ home and school involvement activities and their children’s literacy skills, and the role of social capital in promoting parents’ involvement practices. Regression analyses showed that parental involvement was a significant predictor of children’s literacy skills above controls. Results also suggest that stronger communication with other parents may be instrumental in increasing both home and school involvement among Latino families, creating a possible avenue through which Latino parents might develop a collective voice within the school sector. Findings have strong implications for teachers, who may be well-positioned to facilitate opportunities for Latino parents to engage in authentic dialogue about their children’s growth, learning, and school success.
A New Measure to Assess Linguistic Self-Esteem in Adolescent Latino Bilinguals
Authors: Neugebauer Sabina Rak
Published: November 2011

Present conceptualizations and measures of self-esteem do not account for linguistic self-esteem, an aspect of the self specifically relevant for bilingual students. This study examines the utility of a newly developed measure of linguistic self-esteem. This novel measure is compared with a commonly used self-esteem measure, two standardized language proficiency measures, and student think-aloud interviews to identify the unique contribution of a linguistic dimension of self-esteem for bilinguals. Findings indicate that this linguistic dimension comprises two distinct components, one for each language, and explains variance not previously explained by dimensions contained in an established self-esteem measure. Linguistic self-esteem was not significantly correlated with language proficiency. This study supports the value of this new tool and the validity of a new construct, linguistic self-esteem.
Pathways Between Acculturation and Health
Authors: Miranda Patricia Y. , González Hector M. , Tarraf Wassim
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the association between acculturation and functional health using multiple proxies of acculturation to examine explanatory pathways to clarify disparate health findings. A population-based cross-sectional, multistage probability sample from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly ( N = 3,050) was used. The dependent variables of neuropsychiatric function were depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]) and cognitive function (mini-mental state examination [MMSE]) examined in separate multivariable regression and structural equation models to examine the pathways between acculturation proxies and neuropsychiatric function. Findings indicated that three acculturation proxies were associated with cognitive function but none were associated with depressive symptoms. English proficiency fully mediated the associations between other acculturation proxies and cognitive function. The findings suggest that language plays a central role in the pathway between acculturation and health among Mexican-origin populations.
A method for calculating the displacements of a powertrain and mounts in a powertrain mounting system including torque struts under quasi-static loads
Authors: Shangguan Wen-Bin , Chen Da-Ming
Published: November 2011

A modelling and calculation method for obtaining the displacements of the powertrain’s centre of gravity (CG) and mounts in a powertrain mounting system (PMS) including the torque struts under a static or quasi-static load is presented. A new mount model that is modelled as three-dimensional (3D) springs with both a translational stiffness along each axis of its local coordinate system (LCS) and a rotational stiffness around each axis of its LCS is presented. Also a torque strut is a generic construction and is regarded as a massless rigid body with a mount at each of its two ends.

The equation and the solution method for estimating the displacements of the powertrain’s CG and the mounts under a quasi-static load are developed when torque struts exist in a PMS. An example is given of the calculation and comparison of the displacements of the powertrain’s CG and mounts in a generic PMS including a torque strut using both the method proposed in this paper and the conventional method published in the referenced papers.
Mechanistic links between oxidative/nitrosative stress and tumor necrosis factor alpha in letrozole-induced murine polycystic ovary:
Authors: Rezvanfar MA , Rezvanfar MA , Ahmadi A , Saadi HA Shojaei , Baeeri M , Abdollahi M
Published: November 2011

This study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between ovarian functionality and the oxidative response during cystogenesis induced by hyperandrogenization with letrozole and examine protective effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, pioglitazone (PIO), in polycystic ovary (PCO). Ovarian cysts were induced by oral administration of letrozol (1 mg/kg/day) for 21 consecutive days in the female rats. Effective dose of PIO (20 mg/kg/day) was administrated orally for 21 days. Serum estradiol (E), progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and the ovarian immunomodulator prostaglandin E (PGE) were analyzed as biomarkers of ovarian function. To determine the role of oxidative stress in PCO, the level of cellular lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and peroxynitrite (ONOO), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as a marker of inflammation and apoptosis were measured in serum and the ovaries. Letrozole-induced PCO in rats exhibited a significant increase in LPO and ONOO in serum and ovary while significantly decreased serum and ovarian SOD, CAT, and GPx. Serum T and TNF-α, and ovarian PGE were increased in animals with cysts compared with healthy controls, while E and P diminished. When compared to control group, letrozole-treated group showed irregular sexual cycles, polycystic ovaries characterized by high incidence of sub-capsular ovarian cyst with diminished or scant granulosa cell layer, increased number of atretic pre-antral and antral follicles and absence of corpus luteum. There were almost no primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles observed in PCO rats. All measured parameters were improved by PIO and reached close to normal levels. The present study further supports the role of oxidative/nitrosative stress and infiammatory responses in the pathogenesis of letrozole-induced hyperandrogenic PCO rats. Results indicate that PIO is able to exert direct antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on the endocrine, biochemical, and pathological alterations independent of its possible effects mediated via increased insulin sensitivity in hyperandrogenized PCO.
Advertising and Culture
Authors: Alozie Emmanuel C.
Published: November 2011

Over the past 40 decades, spurred by McLuhan’s prediction and the growing importance of international marketing and communication in a shrinking world, studies on the role of advertising as it relates to culture have grown. Despite the increased interest on the subject, few, if any studies, have dealt with an African country. This article serves as an attempt to bridge that gap.

The article used semiotic analysis to explore the cultural values conveyed in 500-plus advertisements in the Nigerian mass media. This semiotic analysis of the 500-plus advertisements determined that, excluding texts, the most common symbols found in Nigerian advertisements were photos of human beings and products. The study also found that Nigerian advertisements did not employ well-established Nigerian ethnic or national symbols. For example, most of the advertisements did not use or combine any of the major or minor Nigerian languages.
Oral Health Patterns Among Schoolchildren in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan
Authors: ALBashtawy Mohammed
Published: November 2011

Little is known about the oral hygiene patterns among schoolchildren in Jordan. A school-based cross-sectional study was performed from January to March 2010. A simple random sampling method was used. Each student participant completed a detailed questionnaire regarding oral hygiene habits. Data were coded and analyzed using SPSS software version 16. The chi-square was used, odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence limits (Cl) for gum bleeding were estimated. The results showed that nearly one fourth of the children indicating that they brush their teeth twice or more daily (regular pattern). Furthermore, 17% of the schoolchildren never brush their teeth at all. There is a higher proportion, 22.1%, of rural children that never brush their teeth compared to 14.6% of the urban students. Dental flossing among primary schoolchildren in Mafraq Governorate is very rare: 97.2% of the children stated that they had never used dental floss in their life. Furthermore, one fourth of the schoolchildren did not have a tooth brush. While 15.0% of them have a shared toothbrush with their families. The findings of this study indicate that oral health habits in Mafraq Governorate are poor and need to be improved. Based upon these finding, community-oriented oral health programs should be established.
Ethics, Vulnerability, and Speakers of Other Languages
Authors: Perry Kristen H.
Published: November 2011

In this study, the author analyzes the websites of 32 universities’ Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to explore two specific issues: (a) how individual IRBs define vulnerable populations, and (b) the guidelines those IRBs offer with respect to participants who may have limited or no English language proficiency. Analysis indicates wide variation in IRB guidelines. Despite a trend to develop separate IRBs for biomedical and social and behavioral research, social science IRBs still use language reflective of medical models for research. Second, there is great variation in the definition of vulnerable populations, as well as in the requirements for including, or excluding, their participation in research. Finally, university IRBs offer little, if any, guidance about conducting research with participants whose first language is not English. The author offers specific recommendations for the ways in which qualitative researchers may advocate for changes in how IRBs conceptualize these types of research studies and participants.
The Experience of Waiting
Authors: Caine Vera , Estefan Andrew
Published: November 2011

Researchers’ experiences as narrative inquirers remind them that stories are important; they sustain and remind people that lives are lived, told, retold, and relived in storied ways. Stories are what people know, how people know, and stories are how people live. Stories are people’s obligation to others, and stories create obligations for these authors as researchers. There are two starting points for narrative inquiry: listening to individuals tell their stories and living alongside participants in the field. It is the living alongside our participants that the authors attend to in this article. To be able to live alongside participants requires researchers to engage in research in profoundly relational ways and calls forth their long-term relational responsibilities.
Study on the bow shapes above the waterline in view of the powering and greenhouse gas emissions in actual seas
Authors: Kuroda Mariko , Tsujimoto Masaru , Sasaki Noriyuki , Ohmatsu Shigeo , Takagi Ken
Published: November 2011

In the shipping industry, as well as in other industries, a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions is expected to help to reduce global warming. Shipbuilding companies are now developing ship hull forms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with an emphasis on the vessel performance in actual seas where winds and waves are part of this environment. In this paper the bow shapes above the waterline, which may affect the added resistance in waves, are focused upon since the ship motion and wave reflection at the bow contribute to the added resistance in waves that can be reduced by an improvement in the bow shapes above the waterline. The relationship between the bow shapes above the waterline and the added wave resistance is investigated through tank tests in waves with model ships with different bow shapes. From the results of the investigation, the influences of the bow shape on the powering and greenhouse gas emissions is evaluated.
STARR With PPH-01 and CCS30 Contour Transtar for Obstructed Defecation Syndrome
Authors: Savastano Silvia , Valenti Giuseppe , Cavallin Francesco , Missaglia Claudio
Published: November 2011

Introduction. The stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedure is safe and effective. Objective of the Study. To compare STARR performed with PPH-01 (STARR) and CCS 30 (Transtar). Materials and Methods. Sixty-four patients underwent STARR for obstructed defecation syndrome (32 STARR and 32 Transtar) and were observed from January 2007 to June 2009. Patients were studied by visit with questionnaires, colonoscopy or barium enema, defecography, and anorectal manometry. Postoperatively they were assessed through visit and questionnaires. Results. All patients improved symptoms without statistical differences. The obstructed defecation syndrome score changed from 13 to 1.8 at 6 months and to 1 at 1 year in the STARR group ( P < .05), and the score changed from 15 to 2 at 6 months and to 1 at 1 year in the Transtar group ( P < .05). There were no intraoperative complications in the STARR group, but there were 2 dehiscences of suture in the Transtar group. There were no differences with regard to complications. Conclusion. Transtar is a more complex technique with more severe complications. A major resection is not always more effective.
A Sacrificial Lam
Authors: Fossey Richard
Published: November 2011

This case describes the confrontational relationship between four trustees on the San Antonio School Board and the San Antonio School District’s superintendent Diana Lam, a nationally recognized school reformer, who came to San Antonio in 1994. The case includes a dramatic board meeting where a closely divided board meets to buy out Lam’s contract, and then, under intense pressure from business and political leaders, backs down. But despite significant improvements in student achievement, conflict returns. Two years after the first crisis, the board, again closely divided, buys out Lam’s contract. This time the business leaders do not rally to defend her.
Follower perceptions of the emotional intelligence of change leaders: A qualitative study
Authors: Smollan Roy , Parry Ken
Published: November 2011

We present and explore a follower-centric model of how employees perceive the emotional intelligence (EI) of change leaders. Qualitative investigations of EI are rare and have not explored the field of organizational change leadership. Accordingly, we analyse qualitative data from a series of interviews set within the context of organizational change. We examine follower attributions about the abilities of their leaders to manage and express their own emotions and to respond appropriately to the followers’ emotions. The findings reveal that the ways in which leaders deal with emotion might be the key to followers sharing their own emotions with them. The impact of perceived leader EI on follower responses to change is also discussed. The complexity and ambivalence of our participants’ perceptions of the EI of their change leaders highlight the utility of a qualitative investigation.
The impossibility of the ‘true self’ of authentic leadership
Authors: Ford Jackie , Harding Nancy
Published: November 2011

‘Authentic leadership’ is increasingly influential, with its promise to eliminate, and thus surpass, the weaknesses of previous models of leadership. This article uses object relations theory to argue, firstly, that authentic leadership as an indication of a leader’s true self is impossible and, secondly, that attempts at its implementation could lead to destructive dynamics within organizations. The authentic leadership model refuses to acknowledge the imperfections of individuals and despite its attestations to seeking ‘one’s true, or core self’ ( Gardner et al., 2005 : 345), it privileges a collective (organizational) self over an individual self and thereby hampers subjectivity to both leaders and followers. The paper thus contributes to emerging critical leadership studies by introducing the psychoanalytic approach of object relations theory to the study of leadership.
Finger replantations after ring avulsion amputations
Authors: Özaksar K. , Toros T. , Sügün T. S. , Kayalar M. , Kaplan I. , Ada S.
Published: November 2011

The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess vascular repair modalities and function in type IV ring finger replantations. Thirty-seven of 43 patients with complete ring avulsion amputations were replanted. After resection of the damaged arterial segments under microscopic magnification the arterial flow pattern was evaluated. The type of repair was chosen according to the adequacy of arterial flow and the defect between the vessels. The methods of bridging the arterial defect consisted of digital artery transfer from adjacent digit in 21 fingers, vein graft interposition in six fingers and end to end anastomosis in ten fingers. Thirty-one of the 37 fingers survived. The failures were due to four arterial and two venous insufficiencies. In our opinion, radical resection of damaged zones of vessels is important to evaluate the proximal flow pattern and decide which treatment modality is necessary for healthy vascular anastomosis.