bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Gallbladder: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Miyamoto Ryoichi , Kikuchi Kazunori , Uchida Atsushi , Ozawa Masayoshi , Nagai Kentaro , Maeda Michihiro , Kemmochi Akira , Inagawa Satoshi , Yamamoto Masayoshi
Published: November 2016

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the gallbladder is exceedingly rare. Only a few studies of pure gallbladder LCNEC without other histologic components have been reported in the literature. Therefore, this condition's biological behavior, appropriate treatment modalities, and overall patient prognosis remain largely unclear. In this report, we present a case involving resected pure gallbladder LCNEC. Additionally, we review relevant literature on LCNEC and discuss the clinical management of LCNEC, including histopathologic features. An 86-year-old woman presented with a gallbladder tumor that measured 25 mm on the body of the gallbladder that was incidentally detected by abdominal ultrasonography. The diagnosis of pure LCNEC without other histologic components was immunohistochemically confirmed after radical cholecystectomy and lymph node dissection in the hepatoduodenal ligament. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no evidence of recurrence or metastasis was observed after 6 months of follow-up. We reviewed 9 case reports describing pure LCNEC of the gallbladder, including the present case. Clinical symptoms and radiologic findings for pure LCNEC were nonspecific. The overall prognosis was poor, but early detection with complete resection might result in a relatively good prognosis.
Effects of an emergent vegetation patch on channel reach bathymetry and stability during repeated unsteady flows
Authors: Waters Kevin A. , Crowe Curran Joanna
Published: November 2016

While research into the interaction between in‐channel vegetation, flow, and bed sediment has increased in recent years, there is still a need to understand how unsteady flows affect these processes, particularly in terms of channel bed adjustments. In this study, flume experiments tested two flood hydrograph sizes run over sand/gravel and sand/silt beds to evaluate reach scale impacts of a midchannel vegetation patch of variable stem density on channel bathymetry and stability. Alternating flood hydrographs with periods of low, steady flow created flow sequences reflective of an extended unsteady flow regime, thereby simulating time scales consisting of multiple flood events. Digital elevation models provided detailed measurements of channel change following each flood event to enable analysis over each unsteady flow sequence. The vegetation patch created characteristic channel bathymetries dependent on sediment mixture and patch density that in all cases resulted in a more variable bed structure than channels without a patch. Reach scale stability, quantified based on net volumetric bed change, only occurred with a sparse patch in the low flood sequence, corresponding with little variation in surface composition and structure. In most other cases, scour measured at the patch prevented stability at the reach scale, especially in the finer substrate. Overall, findings show that a channel may only adjust to a stable bathymetry upon addition of a midchannel vegetation patch within a limited range of flow regimes and patch stem densities, and that for the experimental conditions tested here, in‐stream patches generally did not enhance reach scale bed stability.
A travel time‐based approach to model kinetic sorption in highly heterogeneous porous media via reactive hydrofacies
Authors: Finkel Michael , Grathwohl Peter , Cirpka Olaf A.
Published: November 2016

We present a semianalytical model for the transport of solutes being subject to sorption in porous aquifers. We couple a travel time‐based model of advective transport with a spherical diffusion model of kinetic sorption in nonuniform material mixtures. The model is formulated in the Laplace domain and transformed to the time domain by numerical inversion. By this, three‐dimensional transport of solutes undergoing mass transfer between aqueous and solid phases can be simulated very efficiently. The model addresses both hydraulic and reactive heterogeneity of porous aquifers by means of hydrofacies, which function as homogeneous but nonuniform subunits. The total exposure time to each of these subunits controls the magnitude of sorption effects, whereas the particular sequence of facies through which the solute passes is irrelevant. We apply the model to simulate the transport of phenanthrene in a fluvio‐glacial aquifer, for which the hydrofacies distribution is known at high resolution, the lithological composition of each facies has been analyzed, and sorption properties of the lithological components are available. Taking the fully resolved hydrofacies model as reference, we evaluate different approximations referring to lower information levels, reflecting shortcomings in typical modeling projects. The most important feature for a good description of both the main breakthrough and tailing of phenanthrene is the nonuniformity of the porous medium. While spatial heterogeneity of chemical properties might be neglected without introducing a large error, an approximation of the facies' composition in terms of a uniform substitute material considerably compromises the quality of the modeling result.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Total Knee Arthroplasty in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 2001–2013
Authors: Hausmann Leslie R. M. , Brandt Cynthia A. , Carroll Constance M. , Fenton Brenda T. , Ibrahim Said A. , Becker William C. , Burgess Diana J. , Wandner Laura D. , Bair Matthew J. , Goulet Joseph L.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To examine black‐white and Hispanic‐white differences in total knee arthroplasty from 2001 to 2013 in a large cohort of patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system.

Methods

Data were from the VA Musculoskeletal Disorders cohort, which includes data from electronic health records of more than 5.4 million veterans with musculoskeletal disorders diagnoses. We included white (non‐Hispanic), black (non‐Hispanic), and Hispanic (any race) veterans, age ≥50 years, with an OA diagnosis from 2001–2011 (n = 539,841). Veterans were followed from their first OA diagnosis until September 30, 2013. As a proxy for increased clinical severity, analyses were also conducted for a subsample restricted to those who saw an orthopedic or rheumatology specialist (n = 148,844). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine racial and ethnic differences in total knee arthroplasty by year of OA diagnosis, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, physical and mental diagnoses, and pain intensity scores.

Results

We identified 12,087 total knee arthroplasty procedures in a sample of 473,170 white, 50,172 black, and 16,499 Hispanic veterans. In adjusted models examining black‐white and Hispanic‐white differences by year of OA diagnosis, total knee arthroplasty rates were lower for black than for white veterans diagnosed in all but 2 years. There were no Hispanic‐white differences regardless of when diagnosis occurred. These patterns held in the specialty clinic subsample.

Conclusion

Black‐white differences in total knee arthroplasty appear to be persistent in the VA, even after controlling for potential clinical confounders.
Zinc Oxide PVDF Nano‐Composites–Tuning Interfaces toward Enhanced Mechanical Properties and UV Protection
Authors: Castanet Erwan , Thamish Mohamed Al , Hameed Nishar , Krajewski Andrew , Dumée Ludovic F. , Magniez Kevin
Published: November 2016

This work shows that the mechanical properties and UV‐resistance of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) materials can be significantly improved upon dispersion of zinc oxide (ZnO) nano‐particles. Zinc Oxide PVDF Nano‐Composites are first produced through melt‐compounding and are subsequently converted into thin films or into injection molded samples. The dispersion of the ZnO into PVDF is found to be relatively homogeneous throughout all samples. The inclusion of the ZnO is found to largely improve the tensile and flexural modulus by up to 20 and 60%, respectively. At ZnO contents exceeding 15 vol%, the UV transmittance of the films is completely obstructed, demonstrating the UV‐shielding action of the nanoparticles. The collective results strongly suggest that these nano‐composites could find potential applications where improved strength and both visible and UV‐resistance are needed.
Photodetectors Based on Two‐Dimensional Layered Materials Beyond Graphene
Authors: Xie Chao , Mak Chunhin , Tao Xiaoming , Yan Feng
Published: November 2016

Following a significant number of graphene studies, other two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted more and more interest for their unique structures and distinct physical properties, which has opened a window for realizing novel electronic or optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a comprehensive review on the applications of 2D‐layered semiconductors as photodetectors, including photoconductors, phototransistors, and photodiodes, reported in the past five years. The device designs, mechanisms, and performances of the photodetectors are introduced and discussed systematically. Emerging techniques to improve device performances by enhancing light‐matter interactions are addressed as well. Finally, we deliver a summary and outlook to provide a guideline of the future development of this rapidly growing field.
Efficient adsorption separation of acetylene and ethylene via supported ionic liquid on metal‐organic framework
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Xie Danyan , Zhang Zhiguo , Yang Qiwei , Xing Huabin , Yang Yiwen , Ren Qilong , Bao Zongbi
Published: November 2016

Ionic liquid (IL) supported metal‐organic framework (MOF) was utilized to efficiently separate acetylene from ethylene. A common IL, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][OAc]), was encapsulated into a hydrothermally stable MOF, namely MIL‐101(Cr). Characterization techniques including FTIR, Powder X‐ray diffraction, BET, and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to confirm successful encapsulation of the IL within MIL‐101(Cr). Adsorption isotherms of acetylene and ethylene in the IL‐encapsulated MOF were tested. From the results, the MOF composite retained a relatively high adsorption capacity. Remarkably, the adsorption selectivity of acetylene/ethylene has dramatically increased from 3.0 to 30 in comparison with the parent MIL‐101(Cr). Furthermore, the potential of industrial practice was examined by breakthrough and regeneration experiments. It not only satisfies the industrial production of removal of low level of acetylene from ethylene, but also is notably stable during the adsorption‐desorption process. The high designability of ILs combined with richness of MOFs’ structures exploits a novel blueprint for gas separation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2165–2175, 2017
Metallfluoride als Analoga für Studien an Phosphoryltransferenzymen
Authors: Jin Yi , Richards Nigel G. , Waltho Jonathan P. , Blackburn G. Michael
Published: November 2016

Die 1994 veröffentlichte Struktur eines mit AlF4− und GDP komplexierten Übergangszustands von G1α, einem kleinen (monomeren) G‐Protein, markierte den Beginn intensiver Studien der Strukturen und Mechanismen von Enzymen, die den Transfer der Phosphorylgruppe (PO3−) vermitteln. Die Zahl der Enzymstrukturen in der Protein Data Bank, die Metallfluoride (MFx) als Liganden enthalten, die eine Phosphoryl‐ oder Phosphatgruppe imitieren, betrug 357 zum Ende von 2016. Drei geometrische Klassen lassen sich unterscheiden: 1) tetraedrische Komplexe auf der Basis von BeF3−, die Phosphate im Grundzustand imitieren; 2) oktaedrische Komplexe, und hier primär solche auf der Basis von AlF4−, die “lineare” anionische Übergangszustände von Phosphoryltransferreaktionen imitieren; und 3) trigonal‐bipyramidale (tbp) Komplexe mit MgF3−‐ und AlF30‐Einheiten, welche die tbp‐Geometrie des Übergangszustands imitieren. Die Deutung dieser Strukturen liefert ein tiefgehendes mechanistisches Verständnis des Verhaltens und der Manipulation von Phosphatmonoestern in der molekularen Biologie. Wir geben hier einen umfassenden Überblick über diese Strukturen, ihre Einsatzgebiete und ihre computergestützte Entwicklung. Wir diskutieren kritisch die Beteiligung von AlF30 und MgF42− als trigonal‐bipyramidale Spezies in Proteinkomplexen sowie die Bedeutung der physikalisch‐organischen Chemie und wasserbasierter Modellsysteme im Verständnis des Phosphorylgruppentransfers in Enzymen. Gestützt auf die Analyse von Protein/MFx‐Strukturen beschreiben wir zweierlei mechanistische Rollen der Aminosäureseitenketten bei Protonenübertragungen im Verlauf von Phosphorylgruppentransfers: Erstens, sie bilden H‐Brücken mit neutralen Sauerstoff‐Nukleophilen, um diese für eine optimale Orbitalüberlappung mit dem elektrophilen Phosphorzentrum auszurichten. Zweitens, sie verhalten sich wie klassische allgemeine Säure/Base‐Katalysatoren.
Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on a Metal–Organic Framework‐Partially Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid for the Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Vanillin as a Model for Biofuel Upgrade Reactions
Authors: Ibrahim Amr Awad , Lin Andrew , Zhang Fumin , AbouZeid Khaled M. , El‐Shall M. Samy
Published: November 2016

In this work we report a new strategy to enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis by using a hybrid support that consists of metal–organic framework (MOF) crystals and partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO) nanosheets to disperse metal nanoparticle catalysts efficiently. We report the development of a Pd nanocatalyst incorporated within a 3 D hierarchical nanocomposite that consists of a Ce‐based MOF wrapped with thin PRGO nanosheets, Pd/PRGO/Ce‐MOF, as a heterogeneous tandem catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin, a common component in lignin‐derived bio‐oil, under mild reaction conditions. Our results demonstrate that the PRGO/Ce‐MOF hybrid scaffold is an excellent support for Pd nanoparticles for the transformation of vanillin into 2‐methoxy‐4‐methyl phenol, an important high‐value phenol compound that can be used directly in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The high catalytic performance of the Pd/PRGO/Ce‐MOF catalyst is attributed to the unique characteristics of the incorporation of the PRGO support that leads not only to a stable and uniform dispersion of the Pd nanoparticles but also to the presence of acidic active sites that promote the hydrogenolysis reaction.
Well‐Defined Cesium Benzotriazolide as an Active Catalyst for Generating Disubstituted Ureas from Carbon Dioxide and Amines
Authors: Truong Cong Chien , Kim Jin , Lee Yunho , Kim Yong Jin
Published: November 2016

The reaction of alkali metal carbonates with various azole compounds produced a new series of alkali metal azolides, and they were applied as active catalysts for the production of disubstituted ureas from the carboxylation of various amines with CO2. Among them, cesium benzotriazolide (Cs[BTd]) was found to be the most active for the carboxylation reaction and was structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure of highly hygroscopic Cs[BTd] was found to be [BTA]⋅⋅⋅Cs[BTd], which explains why it is a water‐tolerant active species for this carboxylation reaction, leading to a maximum turnover frequency of 344 h−1 as well as high recyclability even after five successive runs.
From Packed “Sandwich” to “Russian Doll”: Assembly by Charge‐Transfer Interactions in Cucurbit[10]uril
Authors: Gong Wanjun , Yang Xiran , Zavalij Peter Y. , Isaacs Lyle , Zhao Zhiyong , Liu Simin
Published: November 2016

As the host possessing the largest cavity in the cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) family, CB[10] has previously displayed unusual recognition and assembly properties with guests but much remains to be explored. Herein, we present the recognition properties of CB[10] toward a series of bipyridinium guests including the tetracationic cyclophane known as blue box along with electron‐rich guests and detail the influence of encapsulation on the charge‐transfer interactions between guests. For the mono‐bipyridinium guest (methylviologen, MV2+), CB[10] not only forms 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes, but also enhances the charge‐transfer interactions between methylviologen and dihydroxynaphthalene (HN) by mainly forming the 1:2:1 packed “sandwich” complex (CB[10]⋅2 MV2+⋅HN). For guest 1 with two bipyridinium units, an interesting conformational switching from linear to “U” shape is observed by adding catechol to the solution of CB[10] and the guest. For the tetracationic cyclophane‐blue box, CB[10] forms a stable 1:1 inclusion complex; the two bipyridinium units tilt inside the cavity of CB[10] according to the X‐ray crystal structure. Finally, a supramolecular “Russian doll” was built up by threading a guest through the cavities of both blue box and CB[10].
Total Synthesis of Aquayamycin
Authors: Kusumi Shunichi , Nakayama Harunobu , Kobayashi Takumi , Kuriki Hajime , Matsumoto Yuka , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: November 2016

An efficient and practical total synthesis of aquayamycin has been accomplished. The highly oxidized and stereochemically complex tetracyclic ring system was constructed using three key reactions: 1) highly diastereoselective 1,2‐addition of C‐glycosyl naphthyllithium to a cyclic ketone, 2) indium‐mediated site‐selective allylation‐rearrangement sequence of naphthoquinone, and 3) diastereoselective intramolecular pinacol coupling. This synthetic strategy offers a novel and efficient pathway to prepare aquayamycin‐type angucycline antibiotics.
Redefining the Phenotype of Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Yao , Koay Yen Chin , McAlpine Shelli R.
Published: November 2016

The phenotypes produced when cells are treated with the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors AUY922 or 17‐AAG (classical inhibitors) are different to those produced when cells are knocked down with Hsp90α. Pull‐down assays using classical inhibitors suggest that these molecules bind to multiple targets other than Hsp90. Classical inhibitors also induce similar protein markers as other anti‐cancer therapies cisplatin and bortezomib that do not target Hsp90. Together these data suggest that AUY922 and 17‐AAG acts on multiple targets and likely kills cells through multiple mechanisms. Comparing these classical inhibitors to the effects seen when treating cells with C‐terminal Hsp90 modulators reveals that C‐terminal modulators effectively bind to Hsp90, and induce phenotypic markers consistent with the Hsp90α CRISPR knockdown data. Our findings challenge the current interpretation of Hsp90 inhibitors and suggest that a large body of literature that describes the Hsp90 phenotype and inhibitors is re‐examined in this context.
Equilibrium condition and stabilization kinetics of lactic acid oligomers in aqueous solutions
Authors: Frattari Sara , Gironi Fausto , Sabia Rocchina , Villani Claudio
Published: November 2016

Lactic acid is one of the most important compounds in the field of bio‐renewable chemicals. Lactic acid is present in nature but can also be produced by chemical synthesis or by fermentation of biomass. It can be used as raw material for the production of biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymers or copolymers, such as poly lactic acid (PLA).

In this work, the equilibrium distribution of monomer and low molecular weight oligomers of lactic acid in aqueous solutions at different overall concentrations of lactic acid (from 0.09 g/g to 0.94 g/g) and temperatures (423 K and 453 K), was investigated.

In addition, a kinetic study of monomer and oligomer esterification reactions, of a lactic acid aqueous solution at about 0.09 g/g, was carried out at 423, 433, 443, and 453 K. The values of the kinetic constants were successfully correlated through Arrhenius’ law.
Metabolic syndrome and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in elderly patients in the United States: An analysis of SEER‐Medicare data
Authors: Drahos Jennifer , Ricker Winnie , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Cook Michael B.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with cancer risk and increases the risk of Barrett esophagus, which is the precursor lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA), primarily in the absence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding whether MetS is associated with the risk of EA.

METHODS

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare‐linked database, the authors evaluated whether MetS was associated with EA. A total of 3167 cases of EA were compared with individually matched population controls (5:1); a subset of 575 EA cases were able to be individually matched with 575 Barrett esophagus controls. MetS was defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes in the period 1 to 3 years before the diagnosis of EA or control selection. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Potential effect modification by GERD symptoms and sex was examined in stratified models.

RESULTS

EA was found to be significantly associated with MetS (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.06‐1.26) compared with population controls. In males, the association was restricted to those individuals without prior GERD; however, in females, MetS was found to be associated with EA regardless of GERD status. Effect modification by sex was observed (P for interaction = .01). MetS was not found to be associated with EA risk when compared with Barrett esophagus controls.

CONCLUSIONS

In this older population, MetS was found to be associated with an increased risk of EA in males without GERD and females regardless of GERD status. Given the lack of an association when compared with Barrett esophagus controls, MetS may impact EA risk by primarily increasing the risk of the precursor lesion, Barrett esophagus. Cancer 2017;123:657–665. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A novel approach to the quantification of aortic root in vivo structural mechanics
Authors: Votta E. , Presicce M. , Della Corte A. , Dellegrottaglie S. , Bancone C. , Sturla F. , Redaelli A.
Published: November 2016

Understanding aortic root in vivo biomechanics can help in elucidating key mechanisms involved in aortic root pathologies and in the outcome of their surgical treatment. Numerical models can provide useful quantitative information. For this to be reliable, detailed aortic root anatomy should be captured. Also, since the aortic root is never unloaded throughout the cardiac cycle, the modeled geometry should be consistent with the in vivo loads acting on it. Achieving such consistency is still a challenge, which was tackled only by few numerical studies.

Here we propose and describe in detail a new approach to the finite element modeling of aortic root in vivo structural mechanics. Our approach exploits the anatomical information yielded by magnetic resonance imaging by reconstructing the 3‐dimensional end‐diastolic geometry of the aortic root and makes the reconstructed geometry consistent with end‐diastolic loading conditions through the estimation of the corresponding prestresses field.

We implemented our approach through a semiautomated modeling pipeline, and we applied it to quantify aortic root biomechanics in 4 healthy participants. Computed results highlighted that including prestresses into the model allowed for pressurizing the aortic root to the end‐diastolic pressure while matching the image‐based ground truth data. Aortic root dynamics, tissues strains, and stresses computed at relevant time points through the cardiac cycle were consistent with a broad set of data from previous computational and in vivo studies, strongly suggesting the potential of the method. Also, results highlighted the major role played by the anatomy in driving aortic root biomechanics.
Time and temperature induced phase transformation in L‐isoleucine hydrochloride monohydrated crystal
Authors: Ferreira Júnior Ricardo S. , Moura Geanso M. , Pereira Andreia C. , Ribeiro Paulo R. da Silva , da Silva Luzeli M. , dos Santos Adenilson O.
Published: November 2016

Semi organic crystals have been intensively studied aiming applications in nonlinear optical (NLO). Such applicability requires crystals with both high quality and thermal stability, which make the full characterization of this material a topic issue. In this paper, single crystals of L‐isoleucine hydrochloride monohydrated (L‐Ile.H2O.HCl) was synthesized by slow evaporation technique and characterized by thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. XRD results at 298 K showed that the sample crystallize with the orthorhombic structure, and the lattice parameters obtained by Rietveld refinement were a = 5.873(3) Å, b = 24.814(4) Å, and c = 6.873(5) Å. Thermal analysis measurements shows four decomposition stages between 328 ‐480 K which were associated with loss of water by desolvation, loss crystallization water and decomposition of L‐Ile.HCl. XRD measurements as a function of temperature up to 428 K show an irreversible phase transformation. This transformation was obtained after 32 hours keeping the L‐Ile.HCl.H2O sample at 413 K. The analysis shows that phase transformation occurs due to water and chlorine losses without destroy the amino acid carbon chain and in the end of transformation only the precursor amino acid remains. L‐Ile.HCl.H2O present low thermal stability and the phase transformation is time and temperature dependent.
A Hydrogen‐Evolving Hybrid‐Electrolyte Battery with Electrochemical/Photoelectrochemical Charging from Water Oxidation
Authors: Jin Zhaoyu , Li Panpan , Xiao Dan
Published: November 2016

Decoupled hydrogen and oxygen production were successfully embedded into an aqueous dual‐electrolyte (acid–base) battery for simultaneous energy storage and conversion. A three‐electrode configuration was adopted, involving an electrocatalytic hydrogen‐evolving electrode as cathode, an alkaline battery‐type or capacitor‐type anode as shuttle, and a charging‐assisting electrode for electro‐/photoelectrochemically catalyzing water oxidation. The conceptual battery not only synergistically outputs electricity and chemical fuels with tremendous specific energy and power densities, but also supports various approaches to be charged by pure or solar‐assisted electricity.
Primary B‐cell lymphoma of the uterine cervix: Presentation in Pap‐test slide and cervical biopsy
Authors: Yang Guang , Deisch Jeremy , Tavares Margaret , Haixia Qin , Cobb Camilla , Raza Anwar S.
Published: November 2016

This case involved a 69‐year‐old female who presented with irritative urinary voiding. Imaging studies showed an 18‐cm uterine mass centering on the cervix and extending into the bladder. The Pap test slide demonstrated necrotic background and degenerative changes in single and grouped atypical “small round blue cells” with high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio, scant cytoplasm, and hyperchromatic focally cleaved nuclei with occasional nuclear membrane “snout projections.” Cervical biopsies showed similar findings. The tumor cells were positive for CD45, CD20, and PAX‐5, and negative with epithelial, neuroendocrine, and muscle markers. A Ki‐67 immunostain showed a markedly elevated proliferative index and the MUM1 stain was diffusely positive. Molecular study identified clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. Owing to its rarity, cervical lymphoma may sometimes be confused with other types of malignant neoplasms or inflammatory processes. Therefore, it is important to recognize the cytological features of cervical lymphomas and be aware of the potential diagnostic pitfalls for timely diagnosis and therapy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:235–238. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corpora amylacea and molluscum contagiosum on a cervical pap smear
Authors: Buckley Kaila , Li Zaibo
Published: November 2016

When evaluating a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, the cytology of the squamous epithelial cells is of utmost importance. This is what cytopathologists use to render a diagnosis, ranging from normal to atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, or even squamous cell carcinoma. However, occasionally the pathologist will run into microscopic noncellular material as in our case, such as corpora amylacea on the slides, or even uncommon viral inclusions such as Molluscum contagiosum (MCV). When these less common entities make their way on to a cervical Pap smear, it is important not only to correctly recognize them, but to understand their clinical implications as well. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:179–181. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Associations of event‐scale flow hydrology with fish richness in urbanizing Canadian watersheds of Lake Ontario
Authors: Trudeau M.P. , Morin A.
Published: November 2016

Urbanization is associated with declines in aquatic biodiversity and changes to flow regimes. This empirical research examined high temporal resolution (15 min) hydrologic records and associations with fish species richness in eight river systems in the Toronto region, Canada. The dataset spanned approximately five decades and covered the annual post‐freshet period to mid‐November. The high‐temporal resolution flow records allowed estimation of flow acceleration (a measure of the rate of change in flow) in response to rain events. Maximum rising limb event flow acceleration and skew in instantaneous runoff explained a higher proportion of variation than percent urban land use in empirical models with long‐term fish records. Models fit using only the most recent decade of records did not produce the same results, likely indicating that analyses of flow with fish diversity require sufficient range in flow conditions for the statistical signals to be detected. Historic fish data are difficult to obtain and pose analytical challenges due to bias and inconsistent collection methods. Despite the data limitations, the study results point to the need for more research into potential causal factors contributing to negative fish richness in urbanizing watercourses with periods of high flow acceleration.
FOXP1 is a regulator of quiescence in healthy human CD4+ T cells and is constitutively repressed in T cells from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Garaud Soizic , Roufosse Florence , De Silva Pushpamali , Gu‐Trantien Chunyan , Lodewyckx Jean‐Nicolas , Duvillier Hugues , Dedeurwaerder Sarah , Bizet Martin , Defrance Matthieu , Fuks François , Bex Françoise , Willard‐Gallo Karen
Published: November 2016

The forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) transcription factor has been shown to regulate the generation and maintenance of quiescent naïve murine T cells. In humans, FOXP1 expression has been correlated with overall survival in patients with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL), although its regulatory role in T‐cell function is currently unknown. We found that FOXP1 is normally expressed in all human leukocyte subpopulations. Focusing on primary human CD4+ T cells, we show that nuclear expression of FOXP1 predominates in naïve cells with significant downregulation detected in memory cells from blood and tonsils. FOXP1 is repressed following in vitro T‐cell activation of naïve T cells, and later re‐established in memory CD4+ T cells, albeit at lower levels. DNA methylation analysis revealed that epigenetic mechanisms participate in regulating the human FOXP1 gene. ShRNA‐mediated FOXP1 repression induces CD4+ T cells to enter the cell cycle, acquire memory‐like markers and upregulate helper T‐cell differentiation genes. In patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, FOXP1 expression is constitutionally repressed in the clonal T cells in parallel with overexpression of helper T‐cell differentiation genes. Collectively, these data identify FOXP1 as an essential transcriptional regulator for primary human CD4+ T cells and suggest its potential important role in the development of PTCL.
β‐cell‐specific IL‐35 therapy suppresses ongoing autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice
Authors: Manzoor Fatima , Johnson Mark C. , Li Chengwen , Samulski R. Jude , Wang Bo , Tisch Roland
Published: November 2016

IL‐35 is a recently identified cytokine exhibiting potent immunosuppressive properties. The therapeutic potential and effects of IL‐35 on pathogenic T effector cells (Teff) and Foxp3+ Treg, however, are ill defined. We tested the capacity of IL‐35 to suppress ongoing autoimmunity in NOD mice. For this purpose, an adeno‐associated virus vector in which IL‐35 transgene expression is selectively targeted to β cells via an insulin promoter (AAV8mIP‐IL35) was used. AAV8mIP‐IL35 vaccination of NOD mice at a late preclinical stage of type 1 diabetes (T1D) suppressed β‐cell autoimmunity and prevented diabetes onset. Numbers of islet‐resident conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and DCs were reduced within 4 weeks of AAV8mIP‐IL35 treatment. The diminished islet T‐cell pool correlated with suppressed proliferation, and a decreased frequency of IFN‐γ‐expressing Teff. Ectopic IL‐35 also reduced islet Foxp3+ Treg numbers and proliferation, and protection was independent of induction/expansion of adaptive islet immunoregulatory T cells. These findings demonstrate that IL‐35‐mediated suppression is sufficiently robust to block established β‐cell autoimmunity, and support the use of IL‐35 to treat T1D and other T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases.
Reactivity Studies of Metal–Organic Frameworks under Vapor‐Assisted Aging: Structural Interconversions and Transformations
Authors: Tang Panjuan , Jia Chunmei , Jiang Yujie , Gong Wei , Cao Xiaocong , Yang Junyi , Yuan Wenbing
Published: November 2016

We systematically studied the chemical reactivities of 13 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) under vapor‐assisted aging (VAG) at room temperature. The MOFs aged in solvent vapor at room temperature showed unexpectedly high reactivities for transformations into structures with other coordination networks. In addition, three MOFs reacted with 4,4′‐bipyridine to form three‐dimensional microporous MOFs under VAG conditions at room temperature.
A field‐based parameterization of wind flow recovery in the lee of dryland plants
Authors: Mayaud Jerome R. , Wiggs Giles F.S. , Bailey Richard M.
Published: November 2016

Wind erosion is a key component of land degradation in vulnerable dryland regions. Despite a wealth of studies investigating the impact of vegetation and windbreaks on windflow in controlled wind‐tunnel and modelling environments, there is still a paucity of empirical field data for accurately parameterizing the effect of vegetation in wind and sediment transport models. The aim of this study is to present a general parameterization of wind flow recovery in the lee of typical dryland vegetation elements (grass clumps and shrubs), based on their height (h) and optical porosity (θ). Spatial variations in mean wind velocity around eight isolated vegetation elements in Namibia (three grass clumps and five shrubs) were recorded at 0.30 m height, using a combination of sonic and cup anemometry sampled at a temporal frequency of 10 seconds. Wind flow recovery in the lee of the elements was parameterized in an exponential form,
. The best‐fit parameters derived from the field data were u0 = uref(0.0146θ − 0.4076) and b = 0.0105θ + 0.1627. By comparing this parameterization to existing models, it is shown that wind recovery curves derived from two‐dimensional wind fence experiments may not be suitable analogues for describing airflow around more complex, three‐dimensional forms. Field‐derived parameterizations such as the one presented here are a crucial step for connecting plant‐scale windflow behaviour to dryland bedform development at landscape scales. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Application of Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry to river restoration
Authors: Marteau Baptiste , Vericat Damià , Gibbins Chris , Batalla Ramon J. , Green David R.
Published: November 2016

Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) photogrammetry is now used widely to study a range of earth surface processes and landforms, and is fast becoming a core tool in fluvial geomorphology. SfM photogrammetry allows extraction of topographic information and orthophotos from aerial imagery. However, one field where it is not yet widely used is that of river restoration. The characterisation of physical habitat conditions pre‐ and post‐restoration is critical for assessing project success, and SfM can be used easily and effectively for this purpose. In this paper we outline a workflow model for the application of SfM photogrammetry to collect topographic data, develop surface models and assess geomorphic change resulting from river restoration actions. We illustrate the application of the model to a river restoration project in the NW of England, to show how SfM techniques have been used to assess whether the project is achieving its geomorphic objectives. We outline the details of each stage of the workflow, which extend from preliminary decision‐making related to the establishment of a ground control network, through fish‐eye lens camera testing and calibration, to final image analysis for the creation of facies maps, the extraction of point clouds, and the development of digital elevation models (DEMs) and channel roughness maps. The workflow enabled us to confidently identify geomorphic changes occurring in the river channel over time, as well as assess spatial variation in erosion and aggradation. Critical to the assessment of change was the high number of ground control points and the application of a minimum level of detection threshold used to assess uncertainties in the topographic models. We suggest that these two things are especially important for river restoration applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consolidation grouting technology for fire prevention in mined‐out areas of working face with large inclined angle and its application
Authors: Yang Yongliang , Li Zenghua , Si Leilei , Hou Shisong , Zhou Yinbo , Qi Qiangqiang
Published: November 2016

The phenomenon of linear flow of slurry in mined‐out areas of working face with large inclined angle is a crucial issue that hinders grouting for fire prevention. The traditional way of grouting exerts a poor effect on inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion, so it is in urgent need of a suitable grouting technology for fire prevention in mined‐out areas with large inclined angle working face. This paper brings up the consolidation grouting method for fire prevention for the first time and conducts a systematic study on the flow characteristics of slurry and sedimentation characteristics of slurry in mined‐out areas with large inclined angle working face. Consolidation slurry materials and their ratio are optimized by experiments. Test platform has been established, and effectiveness of the consolidation grouting for fire prevention has been simulated. The results show that settling velocity of yellow mud increases at first and then decreases as the concentration of consolidation slurry materials ascends. The optimum mass concentration is 0.2%–0.8%. The flow speed of mud is greatly reduced by laying consolidation slurry materials (The decreasing range is approaching 50%). The retention of yellow mud in mined‐out areas has significantly increased. Finally, technology in working site has been developed; meanwhile, compressed air and spray between frames have been used during the period of working face, and the consolidated way of expansion bags in wood crib to lay consolidation slurry materials has been adopted during the period of stopping work. Field application shows that CO concentration at upper corner decreases significantly and eliminates signs of spontaneous combustion. Besides, the flowing water becomes clearer, and effectiveness of the consolidation grouting is remarkable after laying consolidation slurry material band. Research results can provide theoretical guidance to technology for fire hazard prevention in mined‐out areas with large inclined angle. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiating responses of lung cancer cell lines to Doxorubicin exposure: in vitro Raman micro spectroscopy, oxidative stress and bcl‐2 protein expression
Authors: Farhane Zeineb , Bonnier Franck , Maher Marcus Alexander , Bryant Jane , Casey Alan , Byrne Hugh James
Published: November 2016

The potential of Raman micro spectroscopy as an in vitro, non‐invasive tool for clinical applications has been demonstrated in recent years, specifically for cancer research. To further illustrate its potential as a high content and label free technique, it is important to show its capability to elucidate drug mechanisms of action and cellular resistances. In this study, cytotoxicity assays were employed to establish the toxicity profiles for 24 hr exposure of lung cancer cell lines, A549 and Calu‐1, to the commercially available drug, doxorubicin (DOX). Raman spectroscopy, coupled with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Flow Cytometry, was used to track the DOX mechanism of action, at a subcellular level, and to study the mechanisms of cellular resistance to DOX. Biomarkers related to the drug mechanism of action and cellular resistance to apoptosis, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bcl‐2 protein expression, respectively, were also measured and correlated to Raman spectral profiles. Calu‐1 cells are shown to exhibit spectroscopic signatures of both direct DNA damage due to intercalation in the nucleus and indirect damage due to oxidative stress in the cytoplasm, whereas the A549 cell line only exhibits signatures of the former mechanism of action.

PCA of nucleolar, nuclear and cytoplasmic regions of A549 and Calu‐1 with corresponding loadings of PC1 and PC2

magnified image

PCA of nucleolar, nuclear and cytoplasmic regions of A549 and Calu‐1 with corresponding loadings of PC1 and PC2
Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults: the independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function
Authors: dos Santos Leandro , Cyrino Edilson S. , Antunes Melissa , Santos Diana A. , Sardinha Luís B.
Published: November 2016

Background

The loss of skeletal muscle mass (MM) or muscle function (MF) alone increases the risk for losing physical independence in older adults. We aimed to examine the independent and synergic associations of low MM and low MF, both criteria of sarcopenia, with the risk for losing projected physical independence in later life (+90 years old).

Methods

Cross‐sectional analyses were conducted in 3493 non‐institutionalized older adults (1166 males). Physical independence was assessed with a 12‐item composite physical function scale. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds‐ratio (OR) for being at risk for losing physical independence.

Results

Approximately 30% of the participants were at risk for losing physical independence at 90 years of age. Independent analysis demonstrated that participants with low MM had 1.65 (95%CI: 1.27–2.31) increased odds for being at risk for losing physical independence and participants with low MF had 6.19 (95%CI 5.08–7.53) increased odds for being at risk. Jointly, having a low MM and a low MF increased the risk for losing physical independence to 12.28 (95%CI 7.95 to 18.96).

Conclusions

Although low MM represents a risk factor for losing physical independence, low MF seems to play a more dominant role in this relationship, with the presence of both sarcopenia criteria representing a substantial risk for losing physical independence in later life.
Scale Independence and Spatial Uniformity of Specific Sediment Yield in Loess Areas of the Wuding River Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Zheng Mingguo
Published: November 2016

Most of the sediment loads of the Chinese Yellow River originate from the 113,000 km2 Hekou–Longmen Section. This study investigated the spatial pattern of specific sediment yield in the Wuding River basin, a tributary of the section. Data collected in 36 instrumented watersheds were used. Stratifying the watersheds in terms of surface regolith reveals a scale uncorrelated and a roughly constant SSY (mean annual specific sediment yield) of 18,720 Mg km−2 yr−1 in the loess areas of the basin, with basin areas varying between 0.107 and 9,355 km2. A zero‐variable model (i.e. SSY = 18,720) thus performs well with a mean error of approximately 15%. The spatial uniformity even holds at the annual time scale; a spatially invariable SSYa (specific sediment yield for a single year) remains applicable with a mean error of the order of 40%. The spatial uniformity in SSY and SSYa allows a direct scale extrapolation. Moreover, the established zero‐variable models and the scale extrapolation are even applicable to the Hekou–Longmen Section. The spatially uniform SSY accords with the spatial invariability of many sediment‐yield related factors, such as basin slope and rainfall in the loess areas of the Wuding basin. Given the fact that sediment delivery ratio is close to 1 in the Loess Plateau, a spatially uniform SSY is equivalent to a uniform erosion rate among watersheds. This finding, contrasting with current consensus that erosion and sediment yield vary greatly in space, is greatly helpful in predicting erosion and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using liquid chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry to measure the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon photochemically produced from dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Powers Leanne C. , Brandes Jay A. , Miller William L. , Stubbins Aron
Published: November 2016

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has long been recognized as the main identifiable product of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) photochemical remineralization. However, quantification of DIC photoproduction in natural waters has been hampered by low photoproduction rates (nM to μM h−1) relative to high DIC background concentrations (μM to mM). Here, we describe a novel method to determine the δ13C of photoproduced DIC in three southeastern US river water samples (Savannah, Altamaha, St. Marys) using liquid chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC‐IRMS). Initial (< 4 h) DIC photoproduction rates were similar to those quantified using published methods that rely on extensive sample manipulation, but were 3.3 times higher than measured via the previous methods for prolonged exposures (> 14 h). Keeling plots indicated that the average δ13C value for photoproduced DIC (−33.3 ± 1.4‰) was depleted in 13C relative to bulk riverine DOC, consistent with the preferential photomineralization of lignin. This average was used with a simple isotope mass balance approach to calculate the concentration of photoproduced DIC. The LC‐IRMS measures δ13C‐DIC shifts (typically ± 0.01 to 0.1‰) more precisely than DIC concentration changes in the early stages of irradiation. Therefore, the combination of LC‐IRMS analysis and our simple mass balance approach provides a new, higher precision method to quantify initial rates of DIC photoproduction and associated photochemical efficiency (i.e., apparent quantum yield) spectra in aquatic systems without any sample manipulation. A full description, sensitivity analysis and recommendations for the method are presented.