bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preventive Effect of Diethyldithiocarbamate on Selenite-Induced Opacity in Cultured Rat Lenses
Authors: Ito Yoshimasa , Cai Hong , Terao Motome , Tomohiro Masayuki
Published: April 2003

Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the development of cataracts. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) on the selenite-induced opacification of cultured rat lenses. Lens opacity was produced by incubation with 0.2 mM selenite for 24 h, which resulted in an increase in selenium content in the cultured lenses. The increase in selenium content and the onset of opacification and lens membrane damage were inhibited by preincubation with DDC. It is reasonable to assume that DDC contributed to anticataract ability. In addition, selenite resulted in a significant decrease in glutathione and protein thiol content and an increase in lipid peroxidation levels in the lenses. These alterations were also depressed by DDC, suggesting a contribution of an antioxidative effect by DDC in the inhibition of lens opacification. At the same lens selenium content, DDC treatment inhibited opacification and lipid peroxide. In conclusion, we propose that the antioxidative properties of DDC play a major role in its contribution to the anticataract effect.
Epitheliomesenchymal Transdifferentiation of Cultured RPE Cells
Authors: Lee Sung-Chul , Kwon Oh-Woong , Seong Gong-Je , Kim Soon-Hyun , Ahn Jae-Eun , Kay Eun-Duck P.
Published: April 2003

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells of the proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) membrane take on the shape of fibroblasts and participate in fibrosis, thus deviating from the character of epithelial cells. This study was undertaken to evaluate RPE cell transdifferentiation in vitro. During the culture of porcine RPE cells, primary and 10th-passaged RPE cells were investigated for cell growth in response to transforming growth factor (TGF) β2, change of phenotype and amount in collagen synthesis as well as expression of α-smooth-muscle actin (α-SMA). TGF-β2 inhibited the proliferation of the primary cultures of RPE cells in a dose-dependent manner, while the spindle-shaped 10th-passaged RPE cells were not inhibited by TGF-β2. The 10th-subcultured cells did not show much difference in the quality of collagen synthesis, other than type VIII collagen which was not produced. Collagen synthesis was dose-dependently stimulated by TGF-β2. The stimulation by TGF-β2 in the 10th-passaged RPE cells was much greater than in primary RPE cells. The 10th-subcultured RPE cells produced substantial α-SMA compared to α-SMA production by primary RPE cells. These results were also observed by confocal laser microscopy. These findings indicated that RPE metaplasia resulting in a change of biological cell behavior might be a necessary predisposing step in the development of PVR.
Antisilicone Antibodies in Patients with Silicone Implants for Retinal Detachment Surgery
Authors: Pastor J. Carlos , Puente Belen , Telleria Juanjosé , Carrasco Belén , Sánchez Hortensia , Nocito Mercedes
Published: April 2003

A modified ELISA assay was used to detect IgG binding to silicone and IgG subtypes in serum of patients bearing silicone bands, silicone sponges and intraocular silicone oil. Presence of autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, and SCL 70) and signs and symptoms of autoimmune diseases were also checked. Antisilicone antibodies were detected in 35.7% of patients with solid silicone and in 83% in those with silicone oil. This increase in IgG is mainly due to IgG1. Nevertheless no positive results were found in detecting signs and symptoms of autoimmune diseases.
Inhibitory Effect of 2′-O-Benzoylcinnamaldehyde on Vascular Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Migration
Authors: Park Ji-Young , Kwon Byoung-Mog , Chung Sung-Kun , Kim Jae-Ho , Joo Choun-Ki
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor 2′-O-benzoylcinnamaldehyde (CB 2′-ph) on proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. Methods: Bovine lens epithelial cells, bovine corneal endothelial cells, bovine keratocytes, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with CB 2′-ph to determine its cell type specificity and antiproliferative effect. For inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)- or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced proliferation of HUVECs, these cells were treated with various concentrations of CB 2′-ph. To assess the proliferation, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay was used. The migration assay was also performed to determine the effect of CB 2′-ph on HUVECs. The distance of HUVEC outgrowth was measured from the scraped edge of a monolayer after treatment with CB 2′-ph concentrations of 0, 1.5 and 2.5 µg/ml for 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: The CB 2′-ph had an inhibitory effect on all tested types of cell proliferation but only HUVEC and BAEC proliferation was specifically inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, CB 2′-ph inhibited VEGF- or bFGF-induced proliferation and migration of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: These results indicate that CB 2′-ph, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor is thought to be an effective inhibitor of vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration.
Role of Aprotinin in the Management of Experimental Fungal Keratitis
Authors: Biswas Nihar R. , Das Hrishikesh , Satpathy Gita , Mohanty Srujana , Panda Anita
Published: April 2003

In an experimentally induced Aspergillus fumigatus fungal keratitis in 20 rabbits, aprotinin, an antiplasmin agent, was studied to find out its role as an adjuvant when given along with other established antifungal agents like natamycin and fluconazole. The 20 rabbits included in this study were randomly divided into four equal treatment groups. Once the ulcer was produced after intrastromal injection of 0.03 ml of A. fumigatus (5.5 × 104 spores/ml), different drugs/agents in combination were used in a randomized manner. These were natamycin (5%) + placebo, natamycin + aprotinin (40 IU/ml), fluconazole (0.3%) + placebo and fluconazole + aprotinin. The rabbits were followed up every day to note the signs of healing which included subsidence of corneal infiltration, disappearance of stromal abscess and subsidence of corneal oedema till complete healing. Results showed that the average healing time was 28.2, 28.4, 49.8 and 49.0 days for natamycin + placebo, natamycin + aprotinin, fluconazole + placebo and fluconazole + aprotinin, respectively. It suggests that aprotinin as an adjuvant has no definite role in the management of fungal keratitis. The plasminogen activator-plasmin system which is inhibited by aprotinin may not be the pathway through which filamentous fungi like A. fumigatus cause tissue destruction.
Variations of Lacrimal Fluid Peroxidase Activity in Female and Male Rats
Authors: Madia Federica , Liberati Veronica , de Feo Giuseppe , Marcozzi Giordana
Published: April 2003

Previous research from this laboratory showed that human lacrimal fluid peroxidase has cyclic variations during the menstrual cycle, correlated with plasma levels of 17β-oestradiol. In the present investigation, variations of enzyme activity and total protein content during the oestrous cycle of young adult female rats are analysed. Effects from circadian rhythm and a gender-related influence are also examined. In female rats, as in women, lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity shows cyclic variations; in fact, it significantly (p < 0.05) changes during the different phases of the oestrous cycle. In contrast, in males such variations do not occur. Thus, we suggest that gender seems to exert a significant influence on the secretion of this specific tear protein, probably by a direct effect of oestrogens.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Eye Dominance at 4 Tesla
Authors: Miki Atsushi , Liu Grant T. , Englander Sarah A. , van Erp Theo G.M. , Bonhomme Gabrielle R. , Aleman David O. , Liu Chia-Shang J. , Haselgrove John C.
Published: April 2003

We studied eye dominance in visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at a very high magnetic field (4 tesla). Eight normal volunteers were studied with fMRI at 4 tesla during alternating monocular visual stimulation. The acquisition was repeated twice in 4 subjects to confirm reproducibility. In addition, magnetic resonance signal intensities during three conditions (right eye stimulation, left eye stimulation, and control condition) were compared to determine whether the observed area was truly or relatively monocular in 2 subjects. In both the individual and group analyses, the anterior striate cortex was consistently activated by the contralateral eye more than the ipsilateral eye. Additionally, we found evidence that there were areas in the bilateral LGN which were more active during the stimulation of the contralateral eye than during the stimulation of the ipsilateral eye. The activated areas were reproducible, and the mean ratio of the overlapping area was 0.71 for the repeated scans. The additional experiment revealed that the area in the anterior visual cortex could be divided into two parts, one truly monocular and the other relatively monocular. Our finding confirmed previous fMRI results at 1.5 tesla showing that eye dominance was observed in the contralateral anterior visual cortex. However, the eye dominance in the visual cortex was found not only in the most anterior area corresponding to the monocular temporal crescent but also in the more posterior area, presumably showing the greater sensitivity of the temporal visual field (nasal retina) as compared with the nasal visual field (temporal retina) in the peripheral visual field (peripheral retina). In addition, it is suggested that the nasotemporal asymmetry of the retina and the visual fields is represented in the LGN as well as in the visual cortex.
Physicochemical Surface Properties of Various Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Dick H. Burkhard , Frohn Andreas , Augustin Albert J. , Wolters Beate , Pakula Tadeusz , Pfeiffer Norbert
Published: April 2003

Purpose: It is of major interest to understand how intraocular lens (IOL) surfaces interact with aqueous humor or tissues after implantation. Important parameters to describe the physicochemical surface properties are the contact angle and critical surface tension. Therefore, we performed measurements of the contact angle and critical surface tension of several commercially available IOLs. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, University Eye Hospital, Tübingen, and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. Methods: A total of 17 commercially available standard quality IOL types (6 of each) of different materials from several manufacturers were studied. Scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements using the sessile drop method were made. Results: The sessile drop method differentiated all materials based on their surface forces. The contact angle (mean ± SD) ranged from 56.5 ± 3.8b 3Conclusion: Contact angles differed between the IOLs depending on the IOL material with the lowest contact angle in the heparin-surface-modified IOL. The contact angle measurement method generates useful information about the material surface and its potential biomaterial interactions.
Biochemical Studies of Patients with Cuban Epidemic Neuropathy
Authors: Rodríguez-Hernandez Mayra , Hirano Michio , Naini Ali , Santiestéban Rosaralis
Published: April 2003

In 1992–1994, a disorder known as the epidemic neuropathy afflicted more than 50,000 Cubans. Three different forms of the illness were identified: epidemic optic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy and mixed optic and peripheral neuropathy. The causes are still unknown. Skeletal muscle biopsy samples were analyzed by standard histological techniques and by biochemical assays. Elevated activities of citrate synthase, a non-respiratory-chain mitochondrial matrix enzyme, suggested possible mitochondrial proliferation in 7 of the 8 patients. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) levels were higher in the patients than in the controls (p = 0.04). Levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and the reduced compounds NADH and NADPH were comparable in patients and controls. Elevations of succinate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activities and high NADP+ levels suggest that alterations of mitochondrial functions may be associated with this disorder.
Ultrastructural Localization of Collagen IV, Fibronectin, and Laminin in the Trabecular Meshwork of Normal and Glaucomatous Eyes
Authors: Hann Cheryl R. , Springett Margaret J. , Wang Xiaofang , Johnson Douglas H.
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To determine whether differences in the ultrastructural characteristics or composition of the basement membranes of the trabecular lamellae and Schlemm’s canal exist in normal eyes and eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Basement membranes play key roles in the attachment of the overlying trabecular cells and Schlemm’s canal cells. Methods: Electron microscopy used in conjunction with immunogold labeling was used to examine the ultrastructure of the basement membranes in the trabecular meshwork and to determine the presence of collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin in 6 normal eyes and 6 eyes with POAG. To determine which cells in the meshwork synthesized these molecules in situ hybridization was studied in an additional 8 normal eyes. Results: No distinctive ultrastructural changes were found in the basement membranes of glaucomatous eyes, whether early or advanced disease, when compared with normal eyes. Label for all three proteins was present in the basement membranes of the trabecular lamellae, Schlemm’s canal, and in scattered patches within the juxtacanalicular tissue. Laminin and fibronectin were most abundant in the periphery of the sheath material surrounding the elastic tendons in the juxtacanalicular tissue. In contrast to previously published light microscopic studies, no increase in fibronectin was found in glaucoma. Regions of the basement membrane of the canal underlying giant vacuoles were similar to regions without giant vacuoles in both appearance and labeling. In situ hybridization revealed that mRNA for all three proteins was present in most trabecular cells throughout the meshwork; no regional differences in cellular labeling within were observed. Conclusion: The ultrastructural characteristics and immunogold labeling of basement membranes were similar in normal and glaucomatous eyes; no additional structures were labeled in POAG eyes that were not also labeled in normal eyes. Label of the patches of amorphous fibrogranular material within the juxtacanalicular tissue suggests it is basement membrane in origin, while the sheath material which is known to accumulate in POAG was not heavily labeled and does not appear to be basement membrane in origin.
A Morphological Study of Drill Holes Applied with Mitomycin-C in Hydroxyapatite Orbital Implants
Authors: Lew Helen , Lee Sang Y. , Yang Woo I. , Kim Sung J.
Published: April 2003

For maximum motility of the prosthesis, the hydroxyapatite orbital implant should be drilled and coupled to the prosthesis via a motility peg. However, problems of peg extrusion have been reported to occur in 25–30% of cases. In this animal study, serial histopathological changes within the drill hole after hydroxyapatite implantation were observed and the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) was evaluated as a new method of hole maintenance. A hole was drilled into each hydroxyapatite implant 20 weeks after enucleation and different concentrations of MMC solution were applied. The morphological changes of the holes were evaluated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In the control group (non-MMC-treated), all the motility pegs were extruded showing occluded holes. In the groups treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ ml MMC, all the motility pegs were maintained in position with the holes at ample depth and width. However, toxicity, such as conjunctival ulcer and implant exposure around the hole, was observed in the 1.0 mg/ml MMC group. A 0.5 mg/ml MMC application for 5 min to the drill hole effectively reduced the risk of peg extrusion in this albino rabbit model.
Age-Related Changes of Human Lens Epithelial Cells in vivo
Authors: Oharazawa Hideaki , Ibaraki Nobuhiro , Matsui Hironori , Ohara Kunitoshi
Published: April 2003

We examined the density and morphology of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in vivo in a group of normal volunteers and cataract patients by using a newly developed noncontact specular microscope. There was a statistically significant decrease in the cell density of LECs in a group of cataract patients over the age of 80 years. The coefficient of variation of the cell area and the number of large black spots that were observed in the enhanced specular images were not related to aging or cataract formation. Our data indicate that the cell density of LECs decreases after reaching the age of 80, but cataract formation does not affect the cell density or the coefficient of variation of the cell area until the age of 80.
Macrophage Biology and Pathobiology in the Evolution of Immune Responses: A Functional Analysis
Authors: Stoy Nicholas
Published: April 2003

A number of general principles of macrophage biology and pathobiology are formulated to define the contribution of macrophages to the kinetics and sequencing of innate and adaptive immune responses more precisely. The application of these principles to modelling immune responses and to macrophage-based treatments of immune disorders is discussed. The concept of innate peripheral tolerance is developed. It is suggested that macrophage activation could be a primary determinant of nearly every aspect of immune responsiveness, both normal and abnormal, as might be predicted from the innate immune response to ‘danger’ being evolutionarily more primitive than the adaptive.
Dendritic Anomalies in a Freezing Model of Microgyria: A Parametric Study
Authors: Di Rocco Federico , Giannetti Stefano , Gaglini Pierpaolo , Di Rocco Concezio , Granato Alberto
Published: April 2003

Despite easier recognition of focal developmental cortical anomalies with modern morphological and functional imaging techniques, mechanisms leading to refractory epilepsy are still poorly understood. Recent experimental studies have shown that not only the lesioned cortex, but also the apparently normal adjacent cortex undergoes morphological changes and alterations of its neuronal connections. To further investigate the modifications of the cortex surrounding a focal maldevelopmental lesion, we applied a freezing insult to newborn rat cortex, resulting in a focal cortical malformation similar to human microgyria. Corticocortical associative neurons were retrogradely labeled in a Golgi-like fashion using biotinylated dextran amine combined with NMDA. In addition to previously reported alterations, a considerable spine loss was observed in the basal dendrites of neurons located in the eulaminated cortex adjacent to the lesion. These data demonstrate profound maldevelopmental alterations which are not limited to the macroscopically abnormal lesion, but extend at a cellular level to the surrounding cortex. The observed alterations may contribute to the increased excitability of the cortex harboring a microgyric lesion as well as the frequently associated cognitive impairment.
Total Resection of an Intracerebral Hemangioendothelioma in an Infant
Authors: Hodaie M. , Becker L. , Teshima I. , Rutka J.T.
Published: April 2003

Hemangioendotheliomas (HEs) are vasoformative tumors rarely seen in the CNS. Histopathological features determining aggressive phenotypes have not been well defined. Potential cytogenetic alterations in these tumors have not been previously reported. We present a 4-month-old male infant with a temporal lobe HE. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotype analysis revealed translocation of chromosome 11q23. This case constitutes the first report of a gross total resection of an intracerebral HE in the pediatric age group, and of potential cytogenetic alterations involved in its pathogenesis. Based on our report and review of the literature, we note a discrepancy between histopathological criteria of aggressive tumor biology and clinical behavior. Further study of chromosomal abnormalities may be helpful in defining factors associated with a higher risk of malignant behavior. We conclude that gross total resection is currently the best available treatment option for these tumors, regardless of histology.
No Evidence of Epilepsy Following Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy: A Short-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Kramer Uri , Kanner Andrew A. , Siomin Vitale , Harel Shaul , Constantini Shlomi
Published: April 2003

Patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts are predisposed to various complications, including the appearance of seizures over time. The high rate of complications prompted an interest in alternative procedures such as endoscopic third venticulostomy (ETV) in selected patients. From 1996 to 1998, 42 patients underwent ETV in our center. Of the 27 operated children who were followed for an average of 32 months, none experienced seizures during that time. We conclude that, in addition to other benefits, ETV minimizes the risk of epilepsy following shunt insertion, probably due to the lack of direct cortical insult.
Pathogenesis of Lumbosacral Lipoma: A Test of the ‘Premature Dysjunction’ Theory
Authors: Li Young Chai , Shin Sang-Hoon , Cho Byung-Kyu , Lee Myung-Sook , Lee Yun-Jin , Hong Seung-Kwan , Wang Kyu-Chang
Published: April 2003

Premature separation of the neuroectoderm from the ipsilateral surface ectoderm allowing mesenchymal tissue to invade into the central canal, or ‘premature dysjunction’ theory, was proposed for the pathogenesis of dorsal type lumbosacral lipoma. To test this theory, the unilateral neural fold was incised using Hamburger and Hamilton stage 12 or 13 chick embryos. Among 35 embryos evaluated, 15 showed abnormal findings, and of these one showed findings which suggested lumbosacral lipoma: a back lump, blending of the neuroepithelium and mesenchyme through indistinct basement membrane and vertebral body abnormalities. The other 14 embryos showed abnormalities including blunt tails, open neural tube defects, incomplete closure of the dorsal neuroepithelium with intact skin, skin dimples, disorganized gray matter, scoliosis, ectopic neuroepithelium and an accessory spinal cord. The results revealed that the incision of the unilateral neural fold in the early chick embryo may produce a lesion suggestive of lumbosacral lipoma, a finding which supports the premature dysjunction theory. This method needs further refinement to overcome technical difficulties, high mortality, and a low yield before being adopted as an experimental model for lumbosacral lipoma.
Clear-Cell Meningioma in a 22-Month-Old Male
Authors: Carrà Sabina , Drigo Paola , Gardiman Marina , Perilongo Giorgio , Rigobello Luca
Published: April 2003

We report a case of spinal clear-cell meningioma occurring in a 22-month-old male who presented a right limp and then refused to walk. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large, intradural tumor from T11 to L4, which was totally excised. The patient’s postoperative recovery was uneventful and 5 months after surgery he began walking again. The latest follow-up magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine, obtained 42 months after diagnosis, was negative for tumor recurrence. Though clear-cell meningioma is a rare form of meningioma, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any space-occupying lesion of the spine arising in very young children. Complete surgical removal is necessary because it is potentially aggressive and may recur. After surgery, an accurate follow-up is warranted.
A Single-Incision Laparoscopic Technique for Retrieval and Replacement of Disconnected Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Tubing Found in the Peritoneum
Authors: Jackson C.C. , Chwals W.J. , Frim D.M.
Published: April 2003

A 7-year-old girl presented with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure 2 years after insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Evaluation revealed disconnection of the distal shunt catheter and migration into the peritoneal cavity. A single-incision laparoscopic procedure was performed to locate and remove the disconnected shunt tubing, and the new shunt catheter was inserted through the laparoscopic port site. Laparoscopy is being used more frequently for evaluation and repair of distal VP shunt malfunctions, but generally still requires multiple incisions for port placement and insertion of the new shunt catheter. The single-incision technique used here is technically feasible, allows excellent visualization of the peritoneal cavity and does not require any incisions beyond the previous one used for initial shunt insertion.
Depersonalization and Basic Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Maggini Carlo , Raballo Andrea , Salvatore Paola
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the classic psychopathologic notion of depersonalization in the light of the Basic Symptom paradigm. A sample of 57 chronic schizophrenics was cross-sectionally assessed with the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS) and contextually with specific scales testing positive, negative, depressive and alexithymic dimensions. In order to categorize depersonalized vs. nondepersonalized patients three specific BSABS items explicitly identifying the allo-/auto-/somatopsychic domains of depersonalization were used, according to the wernickian threefold definition. Depersonalized schizophrenics showed a semiological profile that was distinct from that of nondepersonalized schizophrenics (as regards basic, positive, depressive symptoms and alexithymia); patients with multiple co-occurring forms of depersonalization revealed higher levels of cognitive disturbance, lowering of stress threshold and greater alexithymia. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
The Cerebral Neurobiology of Anxiety, Anxiety Displacement, and Anxiety Denial
Authors: Gottschalk Louis A. , Fronczek Janny , Abel Lennart , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Fallon James H.
Published: April 2003

Background: Previous studies examining the relationship of anxiety scores, derived from the content analysis of speech of normal individuals, have revealed that the anxiety scores occurring in the dreams associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are significantly correlated with localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. These significant intercorrelations occur in different cerebral areas when the anxiety scores are obtained from mental experiences reported during non-REM sleep or during wakeful silent mentation. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the intercorrelations found between anxiety attributed to the self, anxiety-displacement, and anxiety denial measured from computerized content analysis of 5-min verbal reports of subjective thoughts and feelings obtained from wakeful normal subjects and localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates during PET scanning. Methods: The subjects were 10 wakeful young males. Their anxiety scores were derived from computerized content analysis of 5-min reports they gave of their subjective thoughts, feelings and fantasies during a 30-min period following an intravenous injection of F D-deoxyglucose (FDG). The subjects were moved 32–45 min after this injection to obtain a PET scan, which records all of the localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates during the 30 min following the FDG injection. Results: Significant intercorrelations of localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates with the scores of self-anxiety, anxiety displacement, and anxiety-denial were found in dissimilar cerebral locations depending on the type of anxiety involved. The significant correlations occurred in brain regions known to be associated with the functions of emotions, cognition, memory, and vision. Conclusions: Specific combinations of cerebral areas, based on glucose metabolic rates, appear to distinguish and be associated with different verbal expressions of anxiety. Replication of this preliminary research will be carried out.
Neurobehavioral Evaluation in Humans Exposed to Hydrocarbons: A New Statistical Approach
Authors: Abbate C. , Giorgianni C. , Munaò F. , Pesarin F. , Salmaso L.
Published: April 2003

Background: Epidemiological researches showed a significant increase in the alterations of the cognitive and emotional sphere in subjects exposed to hydrocarbons. This paper deals with a study carried out on a group of male workers between the ages of 35 and 40, who had been working as external workers in a large refinery. Methods: All the subjects worked in short shift rotation and were exposed to hydrocarbons during the loading of tank trucks. The response data reported by this investigation are compared to data of different male subjects who had also been working at the refinery for the same period of time, but as administrative day workers, and were certainly not exposed to the hydrocarbons. The nonparametric statistical analysis was carried out by a new nonparametric approach based on multivariate permutation tests. Results: Results show a significant difference in the response to neurobehavioral tests. The exposed group showed behavioral tendencies towards anxiety and depression that the nonexposed group did not. Conclusions: The study shows that occupational exposure to hydrocarbons is associated with neurobehavioral modifications, and that the use of psychometric tests can be useful for monitoring the psychosomatic consequences by exposure to hydrocarbon microdoses.
Relevance of Assessment of Cognitions during Panic Attacks in the Treatment of Panic Disorder
Authors: Bakker Abraham , Spinhoven Philip , van Balkom Anton J.L.M. , van Dyck Richard
Published: April 2003

Background: In this paper the effects of cognitive therapy on the belief in causal catastrophical misinterpretations (CCMs) of bodily sensations in panic disorder patients were studied. Methods: CCMs were formulated at the start of treatment and assessed at every treatment session for credibility during panic attacks and during that session. The relation between the belief in CCMs and other measures of panic was also studied. Sixty-six patients rated their belief in 1–3 CCMs during treatment with cognitive therapy. They also filled in questionnaires (ACQ and BSQ) at the start and end of treatment and kept a panic diary. Results: The belief in CCMs diminished significantly in the course of treatment. A significant correlation between panic frequency and belief in CCMs during panic attacks, but not during treatment sessions, was found. Relations between improvement in panic frequency, ACQ- and BSQ-scores on the one hand and belief in CCMs on the other, also revealed significant correlations with belief ratings during panic attacks only. Conclusions: Especially ratings of belief during panic attacks are important in assessing the outcome of cognitive therapy in panic disorder. This measure can be considered as a severity measure. Belief in CCMs during treatment sessions seems to have little clinical significance.
Are Fashion Models a Group at Risk for Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse?
Authors: Santonastaso Paolo , Mondini Silvia , Favaro Angela
Published: April 2003

Background: Few studies to date have investigated whether in fact the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) and/or use of illicit drugs is higher among models than among other groups of females. Method: A group of 63 professional fashion models of various nationalities were studied by means of self-reported questionnaires. They were compared with a control group of 126 female subjects recruited from the general population. Results: Fashion models weigh significantly less than controls, but only a small percentage of them uses unhealthy methods to control their weight. The current frequency of full-syndrome ED did not differ between the groups, but partial-syndrome ED were significantly more common among fashion models than among controls. Current substance use or alcohol abuse was reported by 35% of fashion models and 12% of controls. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that fashion models are more at risk for partial ED and use of illicit drugs than females in the general population.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Caused by Environmental Exposure to Asbestos in the Southeast of Turkey: CT Findings in 117 Patients
Authors: Şenyiğit A. , Bayram H. , Babayiğit C. , Topçu F. , Nazaroğlu H. , Bilici A. , Leblebici i.H.
Published: April 2003

Background and Objectives: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is reported to be common in the southeast of Turkey, as a result of environmental asbestos exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) features of MPM in patients with a history of asbestos exposure. Methods: The CT scans of 117 patients who had a diagnosis of MPM were retrospectively evaluated. Additionally, CT findings of histologic subtypes were compared. Results: The most common CT findings included pleural effusion (n = 104, 89%), pleural thickening (n = 96, 82%), mediastinal pleural involvement (n = 77, 66%) and interlobar fissural involvement (n = 62, 53%). Histologic subtype analysis was performed in 89 patients; of these, epithelial, sarcomatous and mixed types were identified in 46, 23 and 20 patients, respectively. An analysis of CT findings demonstrated that the involvement of mediastinal pleural (91%), interlobar fissure (87%) and lung parenchyma (48%) was significantly more frequent in sarcomatous type, as compared to epithelial (61% and p < 0.01; 35 and 4%, p < 0.0001, respectively) and mixed types (65% and p < 0.05; 10% and p < 0.0001; 10% and p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between pericardial involvement and chest wall involvement (r = 0.42, p < 0.05) in sarcomatous type. Similarly, lymphadenopathy and parenchymal involvement (r = 0.23, p < 0.02), pericardial and chest wall involvement (r = 0.25, p < 0.01), chest wall and interlobar fissural involvement (r = 0.25, p < 0.01) were significantly correlated, when CT findings of all histologic subtypes were combined. Conclusions: These results suggest that although CT findings of MPM vary, they may provide valuable clues to the diagnosis, at least in patients with a history of asbestos exposure. In addition, the presence of extensive lesions may suggest MPM of sarcomatous subtype.
Endobronchial Lipoma:A Series of Three Cases and the Role of Electrocautery
Authors: Huisman Cynthia , van Kralingen Klaas W. , Postmus Pieter E. , Sutedja Tom G.
Published: April 2003

Lipomas are rare endobronchial tumors that may cause severe parenchymal damage due to bronchus obstruction and subsequent pneumonia. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and radical treatment are essential. We describe three cases of endobronchial lipoma. One patient presented with hemoptysis, two patients were initially diagnosed as COPD. They were all treated by electrocautery which achieved complete removal. We recommend electrocautery as an easy and cost-effective alternative for removal of intraluminal tumors including lipoma.
Effect of Body Position on Arterial Oxygen Tension in the Elderly
Authors: Hardie Jon A. , Mørkve Odd , Ellingsen Ivar
Published: April 2003

Background: It is well known that body position can have an effect on gas exchange though the magnitude of this effect has not been studied thoroughly in the elderly. Objectives: This study analyzes the effect body position change has on arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) in healthy elderly. Methods: We tested 46 ‘lung-healthy’ elderly, including 30 women and 16 men, 67–88 years of age. Blood was drawn from the radial artery first in the sitting position and subsequently in the supine position. Spirometry was performed. Results: Mean (SD) sitting PaO2 was 10.53 kPa (1.22), whereas mean supine PaO2 was 9.85 kPa (1.33). The difference between sitting and supine PaO2 was 0.68 kPa (0.86) and was statistically significant. Sitting PaCO2 was 5.06 kPa (0.47) and supine PaCO2 was 5.05 kPa (0.54). The difference between sitting and supine PaO2 correlated positively with FEV1/FVC %, negatively with the corresponding difference between sitting and supine PaCO2,and negatively with BMI. Conclusions: We conclude that the significant difference in PaO2 in sitting and supine positions clearly shows that the position needs to be considered both when attempting to establish reference values and when evaluating gas exchange in elderly persons. The positional changes in oxygenation are related to the corresponding change in PaCO2, and to FEV1/FVC % and BMI.
Airway Responsiveness to Inhaled Acetaldehyde in Subjects with Allergic Rhinitis: Relationship to Methacholine Responsiveness
Authors: Prieto L. , Sánchez-Toril F. , Gutiérrez V. , Marín M.J.
Published: April 2003

Background: Asthmatic subjects have an exaggerated airway response to inhaled acetaldehyde, but no information is available on airway responsiveness to this bronchoconstrictor agent in subjects with allergic rhinitis. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inhaled acetaldehyde on lung function in nonasthmatic subjects with allergic rhinitis. Methods: A total of 78 adults (43 subjects with allergic rhinitis, 16 asthmatics and 19 healthy subjects) were challenged with increased concentrations of acetaldehyde and methacholine. The response to each bronchoconstrictor agent was measured by the provocative concentration required to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20). Results: The geometric mean PC20 acetaldehyde value for asthmatics was 35.5 mg/ml compared with 67.6 mg/ml in subjects with allergic rhinitis and with 80.0 mg/ml in healthy subjects (p < 0.001). The PC20 acetaldehyde values in the allergic rhinitis group were also significantly lower than in the healthy control group (p = 0.04). All of the subjects with allergic rhinitis and increased responsiveness to acetaldehyde showed airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, but 9 patients with hyperresponsiveness to methacholine failed to respond to acetaldehyde. Conclusions: We conclude that subjects with allergic rhinitis are less responsive to inhaled acetaldehyde than asthmatic subjects, but more than healthy controls. Furthermore, only approximately half the patients with allergic rhinitis and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine exhibit bronchoconstriction with inhaled acetaldehyde, thus suggesting that airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine may not be the sole factor leading to bronchoconstriction in response to acetaldehyde.
Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Supernovas: Imaging after Radiosurgery
Authors: Lunsford L.D. , Kondziolka D. , Maitz A. , Flickinger J.C.
Published: April 2003

Purpose. To evaluate the imaging and pathological correlates of successful or risk-related stereotactic radiosurgery (SR). Methods and Materials. The ten-year Gamma Knife experience in 2,344 patients at the University of Pittsburgh was reviewed. In addition, the results or radiosurgery primate, rat, and mouse models were analyzed. Successful results and untoward complications were evaluated. Results. Dose, volume, location and histology affected the imaging changes seen after SR. Imaging changes range from central loss of contrast (‘black holes’), shrinkage with diffuse contrast uptake (‘white dwarfs’), or stabilization or growth arrest. Limited pathological data indicates that the prevention of cell division coupled with vascular obliteration results in tumor control, whereas a progressive endothelial proliferative and obliterative response results in arteriovenous malformation (AVM) obliteration. Perilesional imaging changes, especially in vascular malformations, may reflect flow phenomena, interstitial edema, or profound reactive astrocytosis (‘supernovas’). Conclusion. Imaging changes correlate with both success and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery; however, pathological correlates are limited. High resolution neurodiagnostic imaging provides the best quality control available to assess the response to stereotactic radiosurgery. In the future, additional molecular probes are necessary to assess the radiobiological effects of radiosurgery.
Neuropsychological Outcome following Pallidotomy and Thalamotomy for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Fukuda Masafumi , Kameyama Shigeki , Yoshino Mihoko , Tanaka Ryuichi , Narabayashi Hirotaro
Published: April 2003

Cognitive and emotional outcomes were assessed after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) and ventral intermediate nucleus thalamotomy (Vim-Th) in patients suffering from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). PVP was performed on 12 PD patients (8 men and 4 women, mean age 56.4 years, 6 left lesions and 6 right lesions) and Vim-Th was performed on 13 PD patients (5 men and 8 women, mean age 63.2 years, 6 left lesions and 7 right lesions). In both the PVP group and the Vim-Th group, the Hoehn and Yahr staging scores (p < 0.01) and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale activities of daily living and motor scores (p < 0.001) improved significantly. No significant changes in cognitive function were observed 4 weeks after unilateral PVP or Vim-Th. PVP produced a significant decline in Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale-Revised scores in immediate postoperative assessments (p < 0.05), which resolved 4 weeks after surgery. While the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory depression and social introversion scores improved significantly in the Vim-Th group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), the hypochondriasis and hypomania scores improved significantly in the PVP group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that PVP and Vim-Th influence postoperative emotional status rather than postoperative cognitive status.
The Flow-Cytometric Analysis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Authors: Hu Zhengqing , Dong Renhe , Huang Kangmei , Dai Jiazhong , Pang Li
Published: April 2003

Stereotactic radiosurgery has been used in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. To analyze the effect of radiosurgery on the flow cytometry DNA index and progression of cells through the cycles, 4 recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. The distribution of cells through the cycles was measured by flow cytometry at various times thereafter. The 50% isodose curve was placed at the tumor margin and the margin dose was 20 Gy. Biopsy of the nasopharynx was performed before and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. The specimens were then subjected to flow-cytometric analysis. The percentage of cells in the S phase was 27.6 ± 1.0, 14.6 ± 0.8, 12.1 ± 1.6 and 11.3 ± 1.3%; the proliferating index was 39.1 ± 1.4, 17.0 ± 0.9, and 14.3 ± 1.2 and 14.1 ± 1.5%, and the DNA index was 1.5 ± 0.1, 1.6 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.1 and 1.9 ± 0.1 before and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment, respectively. It is suggested that the percentage of cells in the S phase and the proliferating index decreased to normal after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery. This study explores the preliminary radiobiological effect of stereotactic radiosurgery on the DNA content and the distribution of cells through the cycles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Brain Metastases
Authors: Sansur Charles A. , Chin Lawrence S. , Ames John W. , Banegura Allen T. , Aggarwal Sanjeev , Ballesteros Michael , Amin Pradip , Simard J. Marc , Eisenberg Howard
Published: April 2003

One hundred and ninety-three patients with brain metastases from various primary sites received Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR) from July 1992 to August 1997 and were reviewed to evaluate their clinical outcome. Survival follow-up was available on 173 patients. Whole-brain radiation therapy was also administered to 148 of these patients. The median survival was 13.1 months from initial detection of brain metastases, and 7.5 months from GKR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine prognostic factors that influenced survival following GKR. Enhanced survival is observed in patients with radiosensitive tumor types, supratentorial tumor, history of brain tumor resection, controlled primary site, and absent extracranial metastases. Local lesion control was obtained in 82% of the patients according to their last follow-up MRI scan. GKR is an effective means of treating patients with brain metastases.
Technical Data and Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation: Data from a Randomized Trial on Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Spincemaille G.H. , Klomp H.M. , Steyerberg E.W. , van Urk H. , Habbema J.D.F.
Published: April 2003

This study was done to evaluate the effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on critical limb ischemia and to report technical problems and complications. One hundred and twenty patients with critical limb ischemia were eligible for randomization between medical treatment and medical treatment plus SCS. Sixty received a spinal cord stimulator (Itrel II; Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn., USA). Primary outcome measures were limb salvage and pain relief. The mean pain reduction in both treatment groups was 50% (from 5 to 2.5 on the visual analog scale). The 2-year limb survival was 52% (SCS) versus 46% (standard treatment; p = 0.47). The number of patients undergoing major amputations in the SCS group with intermediate TcpO2 values was half of that in the standard group (14 vs. 28; 24 vs. 48%; p = 0.17). Implantation was successful in 51 patients. Technical problems such as loss of stimulation due to lead displacement occurred in 13 patients (22%), local infection at the site of implantation occurred in 3 patients (5%), resulting in a total complication rate of 27%. Prematue depletion of the battery occurred within 2 years in 3 patients (5%). There were no lead fractures, epidural infections, hematoma or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Training of physicians and better reliability of the hardware should reduce the frequency of technical problems. Lead displacement remains the major technical problem. The search for prognostic factors of limb salvage is important. One microcirculatory measurement (TcpO2) seems to have a prognostic value, which remains to be described more precisely.
Thalamotomy Caused by Cardioversion in a Patient Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Yamamoto Takamitsu , Katayama Yoichi , Fukaya Chikashi , Kurihara Jyun , Oshima Hideki , Kasai Masahiko
Published: April 2003

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been applied mainly for the treatment of intractable pain and involuntary movement disorders. Based on the rising numbers of patients undergoing DBS therapy, the possibility of emergent application of cardioversion for the treatment of occasional severe arrhythmia in DBS patients has also increased. However, there has been insufficient discussion about cardioversion in DBS patients. We employed a radiofrequency receiver that transmits to the brain impulses provided by an external generator through an antenna applied to the skin in front of the receiver. We experienced a patient who displayed almost complete cessation of his action tremor with thalamic stimulation. He also developed central dysesthetic pain and showed complete disappearance of his action tremor, even without stimulation, following successful application of cardioversion. It is considered that slight changes in the high-voltage electrical current or high-voltage electrical current spread induced central dysesthetic pain and almost identical effects to thalamotomy. We report for the first time a case of thalamotomy induced by cardioversion in a DBS patient. Clearly, we need to bear in mind that cardioversion has the capability to cause brain lesions in DBS patients with a radiofrequency receiver implanted subcutaneously at the anterior chest wall.