bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should patients with self-inflicted illness receive lower priority in access to healthcare resources? Mapping out the debate
Authors: Sharkey Kerith , Gillam Lynn
Published: September 2010

The distribution of scarce healthcare resources is an increasingly important issue due to factors such as expensive ‘high tech’ medicine, longer life expectancies and the rising prevalence of chronic illness. Furthermore, in the current healthcare context lifestyle-related factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco use and obesity are believed to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. As such, this paper focuses on an ongoing debate in the academic literature regarding the role of responsibility for illness in healthcare resource allocation: should patients with self-caused illness receive lower priority in access to healthcare resources? This paper critically describes the lower priority debate's 12 key arguments and maps out their relationships. This analysis reveals that most arguments have been refuted and that the debate has stalled and remains unresolved. In conclusion, we suggest progression could be achieved by inviting multidisciplinary input from a range of stakeholders for the development of evidence-based critical evaluations of existing arguments and the development of novel arguments, including the outstanding rebuttals.
Experimental Research on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites with Polyvinyl Alcohol Short Fiber and Carbon Textile
Authors: Qinhua Li  , Shilang Xu
Published: September 2010

Combining the advantages of both carbon textile reinforced concrete and strain-hardening cementitious composites, research on hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) short fiber and carbon textile has been carried out for developing a new kind of anticracking technique, which can disperse the cracks innocuously and improve durability, service life, and load-bearing capacity of concrete structures. Compared with textile reinforced mortar, influences of the surface treatment of carbon textile, water-binder ratio, volume content of PVA fiber on crack resisting, load-bearing capacity, and bond property of the tested composite have been investigated through four-point bending experiments and pull-out tests. The experimental results present excellent structural and material behaviors with high toughness and prominent cracking control ability. The proposed approach for surface treatment of carbon textile by spreading sand with different grain sizes on the surface of carbon roving impregnated with an epoxy resin obviously improves bond properties between the roving and the matrix. For the hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites, the integrated performance, particularly cracking response was evidently influenced by the volume content of PVA fiber; composites with 1.5% PVA fiber behaves much better than the one with 1.0% PVA fiber.
Thermal Shock Resistance of SiC/Si-Mo Multilayer Oxidation Protective Coating for Carbon/Carbon Silicon Carbide Composites
Authors: Zhiqiao Yan  , Feng Chen  , Xiang Xiong  , Peng Xiao  , Baiyun Huang
Published: September 2010

A SiC/Si-Mo multilayer oxidation protective coating for carbon/ carbon silicon carbide composites was prepared by chemical vapor deposition combined with slurry painting, and its thermal shock resistance between 1673 and 373 K was investigated through cooling the coated samples in boiling water. During the whole test, the coated samples lost weight slowly and steadily and the multilayer coating remained intact, with no spallation or peeling. The weight loss of the coated samples was only 1.97% after 50 cycles, and flexural strength test demonstrated that the residual strength retention rates were 95.73% and 81.61% after 25 and 50 cycles, respectively. So an excellent thermal shock resistance had been observed for the SiC/ Si-Mo multilayer coating and certain pores in the Si-Mo layers were proposed responsible for it.
Experimental Study on Crack Defects Formation in Polyarylacetylene Composites and Modification Improvement of Resin
Authors: Shaokai Wang  , Min Li  , Yizhuo Gu  , Zuoguang Zhang
Published: September 2010

Polyarylacetylene (PAA) resin is one among the ideal ablation materials, due to its high char yield and has been used to fabricate composite structures for solid rockets and missiles. However, the manufacturing quality of PAA composite is difficult to control. This article aims to reveal the formation mechanism of crack defect for PAA composite and presents an improvement method by resin modification. In this article, crack features and formation process of quartz fiber reinforced PAA composite were first studied, and the shrinkage and brittleness of PAA resin were evaluated to analyze the reason for crack formation. Furthermore, PAA resin modified by blending with phenolic resin was developed to reduce the crack defect. It is found that large curing shrinkage and extreme brittleness are the main reasons, which result in crack defect and poor mechanical performances of PAA. Moreover, PAA and phenolic (PF) blend was proved to be effective in raising ductility and reducing shrinkage, leading to the reduction of crack defect. Besides, the interlaminar shear strength of quartz fiber/PAA-PF blend composite increased twice as compared with quartz fiber/PAA composite.
Frictional Coefficient, Hardness, Impact Strength, and Chemical Resistance of Reinforced Sisal-Glass Fiber Epoxy Hybrid Composites
Authors: Ashok Kumar M. , Ramachandra Reddy G. , Siva Bharathi Y. , Venkata Naidu S. , Naga Prasad Naidu V.
Published: September 2010

In this article, the epoxy-based hybrid composites were developed by combining the sisal and glass fibers into epoxy matrix. Hardness, impact strength, frictional coefficient, and chemical resistance of hybrid composites with and without alkali treatments were studied. Variation of the aforementioned mechanical properties and chemical resistance was studied with different fiber lengths such as 1, 2, and 3 cm. A 9 vol. % of the sisal and glass fibers was reinforced into the epoxy matrix. The aforementioned mechanical properties were optimally improved at 2-cm fiber length when compared with 1 and 3 cm fiber lengths. Chemical resistance was also significantly improved for all chemicals except sodium carbonates and toluene.
A Charter School’s Journey Toward Serving All Learners: A Case Study
Authors: Drame Elizabeth R. , Frattura Elise
Published: September 2010

Public charter schools across the country are struggling to better serve a range of students with disabilities. Using the approach of a participatory evaluation, a K-8 college preparatory school community of teachers, administrators, parents, and students were better able to define those practices that impeded or supported a high-quality proactive integrated comprehensive service delivery model for all learners. In so doing, they were empowered to take their research findings and move to action through adapting their mission statement aligned with policy and procedures that would better enable the creation and implementation of a collaborative comprehensive integrated service delivery model.
Acute psychomotor, memory and subjective effects of MDMA and THC co-administration over time in healthy volunteers
Authors: Dumont GJH , van Hasselt JGC , de Kam M , van Gerven JMA , Touw DJ , Buitelaar JK , Verkes RJ
Published: September 2010

In Western societies a considerable percentage of young people expose themselves to the combination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) and cannabis. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute effects of co-administration of MDMA and THC (the main psychoactive compound of cannabis) on pharmacokinetics, psychomotor performance, memory and subjective experience over time. We performed a four-way, double blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study in 16 healthy volunteers (12 male, four female) between the ages of 18 and 27. MDMA (100 mg) was given orally, THC (4, 6, and 6 mg, interval of 90 min) was vaporized and inhaled. THC induced more robust cognitive impairment compared with MDMA, and co-administration did not exacerbate single drug effects on cognitive function. However, co-administration of THC with MDMA increased desired subjective drug effects and drug strength compared with the MDMA condition, which may explain the widespread use of this combination.
Knocking down the transcript of protein kinase C-lambda modulates hypothalamic glutathione peroxidase, melanocortin receptor and neuropeptide Y gene expression in amphetamine-treated rats
Authors: Hsieh Yih-Shou , Yang Shun-Fa , Chen Pei-Ni , Chu Shu-Chen , Chen Chin-Hsiu , Kuo Dong-Yih
Published: September 2010

It has been reported that neuropeptide Y (NPY) contributes to the behavioral response of amphetamine (AMPH), a psychostimulant. The present study examined whether protein kinase C (PKC)-λ signaling was involved in this action. Moreover, possible roles of glutathione peroxidase (GP) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) were also examined. Rats were given AMPH daily for 4 days. Hypothalamic NPY, PKCλ, GP and MC4R were determined and compared. Pretreatment with α-methyl-para-tyrosine could block AMPH-induced anorexia, revealing that endogenous catecholamine was involved in regulating AMPH anorexia. PKCλ, GP and MC4R were increased with maximal response on Day 2 during AMPH treatment, which were concomitant with the decreases in NPY. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) DNA binding activity was increased during AMPH treatment, revealing the involvement of CREB-dependent gene transcription. An interruption of cerebral PKCλ transcript could partly block AMPH-induced anorexia and partly reverse NPY, MC4R and GP mRNA levels to normal. These results suggest that PKCλ participates in regulating AMPH-induced anorexia via a modulation of hypothalamic NPY gene expression and that increases of GP and MC4R may contribute to this modulation. Our results provided molecular evidence for the regulation of AMPH-induced behavioral response.
A Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Risks for Depressive Symptoms in Children and Young Adolescents
Authors: Cole David A. , Jacquez Farrah M. , LaGrange Beth , Pineda Ashley Q. , Truss Alanna E. , Weitlauf Amy S. , Tilghman-Osborne Carlos , Felton Julia , Garber Judy , Dallaire Danielle H. , Ciesla Jeff A. , Maxwell Melissa A. , Dufton Lynette
Published: September 2010

Youths with high ( N = 52) or low cognitive vulnerability ( N = 48) for depression were selected from a larger sample ( N = 515) of students (7-10 years old), based on their attributional style (AS), negative cognitions (NC), and/or self-competence (SC). Long-term effects of cognitive vulnerabilities on depressive symptoms were examined in a 3-year, three-wave, multi-informant, longitudinal design. Three findings emerged. First, some empirical overlap exists among these three types of cognitive diatheses, especially between NC and SC. Second, the combination of AS, NC, and SC had a significant (but diminishing) relationship to depressive symptoms at 6, 18, and 30 months, primarily due to NC and SC, not AS. Third, interactions between cognitive risk and life events were not significant, suggesting an additive type of diathesis-stress model for depression in young adolescents.
CRASH Syndrome: Does It Teach Us about Neurotrophic Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules?
Authors: Zhang Ling
Published: September 2010

L1 cell adhesion molecule is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily. L1 plays essential roles in normal development of the nervous system, and the mutations in the L1 gene are responsible for CRASH syndrome, a very rare inherited disorder characterized by corpus callosum hypoplasia, mental retardation, adducted thumbs, spastic paraplegia, and hydrocephalus. Here it is hypothesized that in the normal nervous system, the synthesis and neurotrophic function of L1 is controlled by a positive feedback loop, which consists of L1, L1 sheddases, γ-secretase, L1 extracellular domain (L1ED), L1 cytoplasmic domain (L1CD), and transcriptional factor Pax6. The mutations in L1ED or L1CD will disrupt this feedback loop and inhibit the synthesis and neurotrophic function of L1, therefore contributing to the severe phenotypes in CRASH syndrome. Supported by several lines of experimental evidence, this hypothesis has important implications for the therapy of CRASH syndrome by guiding the development of novel strategies to restore this positive feedback loop to recover the normal function of L1 in CRASH patients.
Neuroscience: Viable Applications in Education?
Authors: Devonshire Ian M. , Dommett Eleanor J.
Published: September 2010

As a relatively young science, neuroscience is still finding its feet in potential collaborations with other disciplines. One such discipline is education, with the field of neuroeducation being on the horizon since the 1960s. However, although its achievements are now growing, the partnership has not been as successful as first hopes suggested it should be. Here the authors discuss the theoretical barriers and potential solutions to this, which have been suggested previously, with particular focus on levels of research in neuroscience and their applicability to education. Moreover, they propose that these theoretical barriers are driven and maintained by practical barriers surrounding common language and research literacy. They propose that by overcoming these practical barriers through appropriate training and shared experience, neuroeducation can reach its full potential.
Review Article: Health benefit of increased serum 25(OH)D levels from oral intake and ultraviolet-B irradiance in the Nordic countries
Authors: Grant William B. , Juzeniene Asta , Moan Johan E.
Published: September 2010

Aims: A low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level is a risk factor for many diseases, including musculoskeletal diseases, many types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and brain diseases. This report estimates the reduction in mortality rates for the five Nordic countries for an increase in population mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level to 105 nmol/L. Methods: Serum vitamin D dose—incidence/prognosis relationships can be developed with significant levels of reliability for most vitamin D-sensitive diseases on the basis of ecological, cross-sectional, and observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analysis of such studies. These dose—response relations are used to estimate the population-wide benefit of raising mean serum 25(OH)D concentration to 105 nmol/L for the five Nordic countries. Results: From this study, the reductions in mortality rates possible by raising population mean serum 25(OH)D levels to 105 nmol/L are: Denmark, 17% (estimated range,11%—24%); Finland, 24% (17%—32%); Iceland, 24% (17%—32%); Norway, 18% (11%—26%); and Sweden, 18% (8%—25%). Conclusions: Reaching these levels would require changes in health policies with respect to solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance, vitamin D fortification of food, availability of vitamin D and calcium supplements, and attitude toward use of UVB lamps. Adverse effects of oral vitamin D intake are limited, and those from UVB irradiance are minor compared with the benefits.
Estimating causal effects using prior information on nontrial treatments
Authors: Bond Simon J , White Ian R
Published: September 2010

Background Departures from randomized treatments complicate the analysis of many randomized controlled trials. Intention-to-treat analysis estimates the effect of being allocated to treatment. It is now possible to estimate the effect of receiving treatment without assuming comparability of groups defined by actual treatment. However, the methodology is largely confined to trials where the only treatment changes were switches to other trial treatments.

Purpose To propose a method for comparing the effects of receiving trial treatments in an active-controlled clinical trial where some participants received nontrial treatments and others received no treatment at all, and to illustrate the method in the PENTA 5 trial in HIV-infected children.

Methods We combine the instrumental variables approach, which forms unbiased estimating equations based on the randomization but does not fully identify the contrasts of trial treatment effects, with prior information about the distribution of possible effects of nontrial treatments and of one trial treatment; we do not need to use prior information about the comparisons of trial treatments. Prior information in PENTA 5 was elicited from the investigators.

Results In PENTA 5, the prior information suggested that all treatments were beneficial, but there was uncertainty about the degree of benefit. Allowing for this prior information changed point estimates and increased standard errors compared with ignoring nontrial treatments.

Limitations The method depends on the correct specification of the causal effect of treatment: in PENTA 5, this assumed a linear effect of dose and no interactions between treatments. This specification is hard to check from the data but can be explored in sensitivity analyses. Prior information would be better derived from the literature whenever possible.

Conclusions The use of partial prior information gives a way to adjust for complex patterns of departures from randomized treatments. It should be useful in all trials where nontrial treatments are used and in active-controlled trials where trial treatments are not universally used. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 664—676. http:// ctj.sagepub.com
Secondary analysis of qualitative data: a valuable method for exploring sensitive issues with an elusive population?
Authors: Long-Sutehall Tracy , Sque Magi , Addington-Hall Julia
Published: September 2010

This paper aims to demonstrate the process of conducting a secondary analysis of primary qualitative datasets. Whilst there is a well-established tradition of carrying out a secondary analysis of quantitative datasets within social and health research, this has not been the case with qualitative datasets. Despite a recent growth in interest in the secondary analysis of qualitative data, very little information is available regarding the process, as publications tend to focus on the outcomes of analyses.

A secondary analysis of 28 transcripts, sorted from two primary datasets containing longitudinal and cross-sectional interview data, was carried out.

The choice of applying a secondary analysis fulfilled the aims of: (i) addressing a sensitive area of research; and (ii) accessing a research population that was elusive, factors that may be barriers to carrying out research in areas that are considered to be of a sensitive nature, or topic. Secondary analysis has potentially important implications for qualitative researchers who seek to investigate sensitive topics within health, not least of which is the opportunity it offers to facilitate the training of researchers at all levels.
Incidence of Plantar Fascia Ruptures Following Corticosteroid Injection
Authors: Kim Chul , Cashdollar Michael R. , Mendicino Robert W. , Catanzariti Alan R. , Fuge LaDonna
Published: September 2010

Plantar fasciitis is commonly treated with corticosteroid injections to decrease pain and inflammation. Therapeutic benefits often vary in terms of efficacy and duration. Rupture of the plantar fascia has been reported as a possible complication following corticosteroid injection. A retrospective chart review of 120 patients who received corticosteroid injection for plantar fasciitis was performed at the authors’ institution to determine the incidence of plantar fascia rupture. The plantar fascia rupture was diagnosed clinically and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging. Various factors were analyzed, including the number of injections, interval between injections, body mass index (BMI), and activity level. Four patients (2.4%) consequently experienced plantar fascia rupture following an average of 2.67 injections. The average BMI of these patients was 38.6 kg/ m2. The authors conclude that corticosteroid injection therapy appears to be a safe and effective form of nonoperative treatment with minimal complications and a relatively low incident of plantar fascia rupture.
On the Number of State Variables in Options Pricing
Authors: Li Gang , Zhang Chu
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we investigate the methodological issue of determining the number of state variables required for options pricing. After showing the inadequacy of the principal component analysis approach, which is commonly used in the literature, we adopt a nonparametric regression technique with nonlinear principal components extracted from the implied volatilities of various moneyness and maturities as proxies for the transformed state variables. The methodology is applied to the prices of S&P 500 index options from the period 1996–2005. We find that, in addition to the index value itself, two state variables, approximated by the first two nonlinear principal components, are adequate for pricing the index options and fitting the data in both time series and cross sections.
Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry determination of eco-toxic metals in samples of biological and environmental importance
Authors: Anastasiadou Zefi , Jannakoudakis Panagiotis , Girousi Stella
Published: September 2010

Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry was used in simultaneous determinations of eco-toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) on bismuth film electrodes. The electrodes were prepared in situ on a glassy-carbon electrode (GCE) from 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 200 μg L−1 of bismuth (III), as well ex situ on electrochemically oxidized graphitized polyacrylonitrile carbon fibres from 200 mg L−1 Bi(NO3)3 in 1% HNO3 (aqueous) solution. Preparation of a Bi-modified carbon fibre electrode (CFE) was by cation exchange of Bi+3 ions for H+ of the acidic surface groups of the electro-oxidized carbon fibres, followed by electrochemical reduction to Bi0. For the Bi-GCE the linear range was 20–280 μg L−1 for zinc, 10–100 μg L−1 for lead, 10–80 μg L−1 for copper, and 5–50 μg L−1 for cadmium. For the Bi-CFE it was 20–160 μg L−1 for zinc, 10–100 μg L−1 for lead, 10–100 μg L−1 for copper, and 2–120 μg L−1 for cadmium. For both kinds of bismuth modified carbon electrodes, low limits of detection and satisfactory precision were achieved. The method was successfully applied to certified reference materials of biological (bovine liver) and environmental (mussel tissue) importance.
Linear HgCdTe IR FPA 288×4 with bidirectional scanning
Authors: Vasilyev V.V. , Predein A.V. , Varavin V.S. , Mikhailov N.N. , Dvoretsky S.A. , Gumenjuk-Sichevska J.V. , Golenkov A.G. , Reva V.P. , Sabinina I.V. , Sidorov Yu.G. , Susliakov A.O. , Sizov F.F. , Aseev A.L
Published: September 2010

The long wavelength (8–12 μm) IR FPA 288×4 based on a hybrid assembly of n+-p diode photosensitive arrays (PA) of HgCdTe (MCT) MBE-grown structures and time delay integration (TDI) readout integrated circuits (ROIC) with bidirectional scanning have been developed, fabricated, and investigated. The p-type MCT structures were obtained by thermal annealing of as-grown n-type material in inert atmosphere. The MCT photosensitive layer with the composition 0.20–0.23 of mole fraction of CdTe was surrounded by the wide gap layers to decrease the recombination rate and surface leakage current. The diode arrays were fabricated by planar implantation of boron ions into p-MCT. The typical dark currents were about 4–7 nA at the reverse bias voltage of 150 mV. The differential resistance R was up to R0 = 1.6×107 Ω zero bias voltage, which corresponded to R0A ∼70 Ω ·cm2 and to the maximal value Rmax = 2.1 × 108 Ω. The bidirectional TDI deselecting ROIC was developed and fabricated by 1.0-μm CMOS technology with two metallic and two polysilicon layers.

The IR FPAs were free of defect channels and have the average values of responsivity Sλ = 2.27×108 V/W, the detectivity Dλ * = 2.13 × 1011 cm × Hz1/2 × Wt1, and the noise equivalent temperature difference NETD = 9 mK.
Control of acceptor doping in MOCVD HgCdTe epilayers
Authors: Madejczyk P. , Piotrowski A. , Kłos K. , Gawron W. , Rutkowski J. , Rogalski A.
Published: September 2010

The acceptor doping of mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) layers grown by MOCVD are investigated. (111)HgCdTe layers were grown on (100)GaAs substrates at 350°C using horizontal reactor and interdiffused multilayer process (IMP). TDMAAs and AsH3 were alternatively used as effective p-type doping precursors. Incorporation and activation rates of arsenic have been studied. Over a wide range of Hg1−xCdxTe compositions (0.17 < x < 0.4), arsenic doping concentration in the range from 5×1015 cm−3 to 5×1017 cm−3 was obtained without postgrowth annealing. The electrical and chemical properties of epitaxial layers are specified by measurements of SIMS profiles, Hall effect and minority carrier lifetimes. It is confirmed that the Auger-7 mechanism has decisive influence on carrier lifetime in p-type HgCdTe epilayers.
Capacitance-voltage characteristics of MIS-structures on the basis of graded-band MBE Hg1−xCdxTe at passivation by epitaxially grown in situ CdTe
Authors: Voitsekhovskii A.V. , Nesmelov S.N. , Dzyadukh S.M. , Varavin V.S. , Dvoretskii S.A. , Mikhailov N.N. , Sidorov Yu.G. , Yakushev M.V.
Published: September 2010

The electrical properties of the interface between Hg1−xCdxTe (x = 0.22 and x = 0.32–0.36) and CdTe prepared in situ molecular beam epitaxy were estimated at 77 K. The methods of determination of main parameters of interface semiconductor/insulator and insulator from capacitance-voltage characteristics of MIS-structures based on graded-band Hg1−xCdxTe have been developed. The fixed charge states density, fast surface states density, and density of mobile charge are obtained from capacitance-voltage measurements. For improvement in stable and electrical strength of insulator coating for several samples over CdTe additional protective layers SiO2-Si3N4 are formed for x = 0.22 and ZnTe for x = 0.32–0.36.
Nature of gallium deep centres in lead telluride based semiconductors
Authors: Petrenko T.L. , Plyatsko S.V.
Published: September 2010

Doped with Ga lead telluride was taken as a model object to explain the nature of group-III deep levels in IV-VI semiconductors and to elucidate the vapour phase doping mechanism. For this goal, interaction of various gallium-containing molecules with defect-free crystal as well as with native defects in PbTe was considered. Formation energies for different point defects created in PbTe as a result of interaction the Ga2Te molecules, Ga2 dimers and single Ga atoms with a host crystal were calculated using density functional theory. Particularly GaPb and Gai together with formation of accompanied self interstitials Pbi in various charge states were examined. In addition we propose the new type of defects - the impurity complex (2Ga)Pb which looks like <111>-oriented gallium dumbbell. Calculations suggest the double donor behaviour and DX-like properties of this defect together with extremely low formation energy values. Namely, (2Ga)Pb centres are preferably formed under Ga2Te doping while (Ga2)Pb+Pbi ones are formed under Ga2 or Ga doping. In all cases, formation energies are negative and resulting defect concentration is determined by reaction kinetics only. Mechanisms of the lead vacancy compensation with the vapour phase doping are considered as well.
High frequency response of near-room temperature LWIR HgCdTe heterostructure photodiodes
Authors: Kopytko M. , Jóźwikowski K. , Jóźwikowska A. , Rogalski A.
Published: September 2010

The high frequency response of near-room temperature long wavelength infrared (LWIR) HgCdTe heterostructure photodiodes is investigated using a Fourier space method. The MOCVD HgCdTe multilayer heterostructures were grown on GaAs substrates. The response time of devices as a function of bias has been measured experimentally by using 10-μm quantum cascade laser and fast oscilloscope with suitable transimpedance amplifier. Results of theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data. It is shown that the response time at weak reverse bias condition is mainly limited by the drift time of carriers moving into π-n+ junction. Using the reverse bias higher than 50 mV, the transit time across the absorber region limits the response time. The response time of small-area devices decreases in the region of week reverse bias achieving value below 1 ns.
Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome: Three further cases
Authors: Koenig Rainer , Meinecke Peter , Kuechler Alma , Schäfer Dieter , Müller Dietmar
Published: September 2010

We describe three patients with a syndrome comprising arched, thick eyebrows, hypertelorism, narrow palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridge and tip, long philtrum, thin upper lip, stubby hands and feet, hirsutism, and severe psychomotor retardation. These patients expand the phenotype of the Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome and delineate it as an entity. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding attitudes toward people with Down syndrome
Authors: Pace Jill E. , Shin Mikyong , Rasmussen Sonja A.
Published: September 2010

Understanding attitudes of the public toward people with Down syndrome is important because negative attitudes might create barriers to social integration, which can affect their success and quality of life. We used data from two 2008 U.S. surveys (HealthStyles© survey of adults 18 years or older and YouthStyles© survey of youth ages 9–18) that asked about attitudes toward people with Down syndrome, including attitudes toward educational and occupational inclusion and toward willingness to interact with people with Down syndrome. Results showed that many adults continue to hold negative attitudes toward people with Down syndrome: A quarter of respondents agreed that students with Down syndrome should go to special schools, nearly 30% agreed that including students with Down syndrome in typical educational settings is distracting, and 18% agreed that persons with Down syndrome in the workplace increase the chance for accidents. Negative attitudes were also held by many youth: 30% agreed that students with Down syndrome should go to separate schools, 27% were not willing to work with a student with Down syndrome on a class project, and nearly 40% indicated they would not be willing to spend time with a student with Down syndrome outside of school. Among both adult and youth, female sex and respondents with previous relationships with people with Down syndrome were consistently associated with more positive attitudes. These results may be helpful in the development of educational materials about Down syndrome and in guiding policies on educational and occupational inclusion. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imprinted genes and human disease
Authors: Weksberg Rosanna
Published: September 2010

This issue of Seminars of Medical Genetics features a series of articles on human disorders caused by the dysregulation of imprinted genes. At the outset, there is a review of the general mechanisms by which genomic imprinting is normally regulated followed by an exploration of the clinical and molecular aspects of human imprinting disorders. As we enter an era of bioinformatics and genome‐wide analyses with increasing access to high density microarrays and next generation sequencing, it is becoming apparent that the concept of a single mutation or epimutation leading to a disease is outdated. The role of the clinician will become increasingly important, in concert with these molecular advances, in terms of evaluating phenotypic variation to further our understanding of imprinting disorders. Such investigations will benefit children and families as we become better able to define recurrence risk, predict phenotype, and tailor medical management. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uniparental disomy and human disease: An overview
Authors: Yamazawa Kazuki , Ogata Tsutomu , Ferguson‐Smith Anne C.
Published: September 2010

Uniparental disomy (UPD) refers to the situation in which both homologues of a chromosomal region/segment have originated from only one parent. This can involve the entire chromosome or only a small segment. As a consequence of UPD, or uniparental duplication/deficiency of part of a chromosome, there are two types of developmental risk: aberrant dosage of genes regulated by genomic imprinting and homozygosity of a recessive mutation. UPD models generated by reciprocal and Robertsonian translocation heterozygote intercrosses have been a powerful tool to investigate genomic imprinting in mice, whereas novel UPD patients such as those with cystic fibrosis and Prader–Willi syndrome, triggered the clarification of recessive diseases and genomic imprinting disorders in human. Newly developed genomic technologies as well as conventional microsatellite marker methods have been contributing to the functional and mechanistic investigation of UPD, leading to not only the acquisition of clinically valuable information, but also the further clarification of diverse genetic processes and disease pathogenesis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus type 1
Authors: Mackay Deborah J.G. , Temple I. Karen
Published: September 2010

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus type 1 (TNDM1) is a rare but remarkable form of diabetes which presents in infancy, resolves in the first months of life, but then frequently recurs in later life. It is caused by overexpression of the imprinted genes PLAGL1 and HYMAI on human chromosome 6q24. The expression of these genes is normally restricted to the paternal allele as a result of maternal DNA methylation. TNDM1 is not associated with mutation of PLAGL1 or HYMAI, but rather with their overexpression via uniparental disomy, chromosome duplication, or relaxation of imprinting. Study of patients with TNDM1 has provided valuable insights into the causes of imprinting disorders. Over half of patients with maternal hypomethylation at the TNDM1 locus have additional hypomethylation of other maternally methylated imprinted genes throughout the genome, and the majority of these patients have mutations in the transcription factor ZFP57. TNDM1 with maternal hypomethylation has also been observed in patients conceived by assisted reproduction, and in discordant monozygotic twins. The variable clinical features of TNDM1 may be associated with variation in the nature of the underlying epigenetic and genetic mutations, and future study of this disorder is likely to yield further insights not only into the biological mechanisms of imprinting, but also into the contribution of epigenetics to diabetes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of the Amorphous Phase in Zr2Al by Hydrogen Absorption and the Effects of Titanium Substitution on the Amorphization Behavior.
Authors: AHN S.‐T. , KIM Y.‐G. , LEE J.‐Y.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relationships in the Systems MGa2S4‐MSc2S4 (M: Co, Zn, Cd).
Authors: HAEUSELER H. , STORK H. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of High‐Tc Dual‐Phase Ag‐YBa2Cu3O7‐x Superconductor Composite Powders by Sol‐Gel Process.
Authors: AGARWALA M. K. , BOURELL D. L. , PERSAD C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Deposition of Zirconia‐Based Ceramics from ZrCl4‐H2‐CO2‐Ar Gas Mixtures.
Authors: SIPP E. , LANGLAIS F. , NASLAIN R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction Effect on Cerium Oxide Catalysts Doped with Copper(II) Ions. An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study.
Authors: ABOU KAIS A. , BENNANI A. , AISSI C. F. , WROBEL G. , GUELTON M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bromine Perbromate: Synthesis and Bromine K‐Edge EXAFS Studies.
Authors: GILSON T. R. , LEVASON W. , OGDEN J. S. , SPICER M. D. , YOUNG N. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Ternary Ln‐Silver‐Aluminides (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Yb) with Puckered Silver‐Aluminum Kagome Nets.
Authors: CORDIER G. , DOERSAM G. , HENSELEIT R. , MEHNER A. , THIES S. , GEIBEL C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Study of Fast Conformational Dynamics in Perdeuteriated Cyclopentene and Its Monohydrogenated (3‐1H1) and (4‐1H1) Derivatives.
Authors: CAVAGNAT D. , BANISAEID‐VAHEDIE S. , LESPADE L. , RODIN S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyl Rotor Effects in 3‐ and 5‐Methylindole
Authors: SAMMETH D. M. , SIEWERT S. S. , CALLIS P. R. , SPANGLER L. H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supersonic Jet Studies of Alkyl‐Substituted Pyrazines and Pyridines. Minimum Energy Conformations and Torsional Motion.
Authors: SEEMAN J. I. , PAINE J. B. III , SECOR H. V. , IM H.‐S. , BERNSTEIN E. R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fulvenones and Isoelectronic Diazocyclopolyenes: Theoretical Studies of Structures and Stabilization.
Authors: MCALLISTER M. A. , TIDWELL T. T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Vanadium Oxide Catalysts Supported on Laser‐Synthesized Titania Powders: Characterization and Catalytic Activity in the Selective Reduction of Nitric Oxide.
Authors: CIAMBELLI P. , BAGNASCO G. , LISI L. , TURCO M. , CHIARELLO G. , MUSCI M. , NOTARO M. , ROBBA D. , GHETTI P.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Diels‐Alder Reactions with Chiral Sulfinyl Derivatives as Dienophiles Under High Pressure.
Authors: FUJI K. , TANAKA K. , ABE H. , MATSUMOTO K. , TAGA T. , MIWA Y.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Directed ortho‐Metalation of N,N‐Diethyl Benzamides. Methodology and Regiospecific Synthesis of Useful Contiguously Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Oxygenated Aromatics, Phthalides and Phthalic Anhydrides.
Authors: DE SILVA S. O. , REED J. N. , BILLEDEAU R. J. , WANG X. , NORRIS D. J. , SNIECKUS V.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylated Alcohols from Trifluoroacetaldehyde Ethyl Hemiacetal.
Authors: KUBOTA T. , IIJIMA M. , TANAKA T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 2‐Benzoyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinaldonitrile Hydrofluoroborate Salt with Some 1,4‐Quinones.
Authors: MONNIER K. , SCHMITT G. , LAUDE B. , THEOBALD F. , RODIER N.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Coreagents on the Reactions of Alcohols with 6‐Methyl‐1,3‐ oxazine‐2,4(3H)‐diones.
Authors: SINGH H. , AGGARWAL P. , KUMAR S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoionization of Neutral Alkylphenothiazines in Positive, Neutral, and Negative Charged Vesicles: Effects of the Addition of Cholesterol and Alkyl Chain Length.
Authors: BRATT P. J. , KANG Y. S. , KEVAN L.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane on Metal Oxides. Part 1. Effect of Oxidation State of Bismuth and Reversibility of Lattice Oxygen on Activity in Barium‐Lanthanum‐Bismuth Oxides.
Authors: BHATTACHARYA A. K. , CHAND S. , MALLICK K. K. , TALAYAN R. S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Phosphonium Ylides by Functionalization of Triphenylphosphoranylideneacetamide.
Authors: WANNER M. J. , KOOMEN G.‐J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Acetylenic Silyl Ketones: Synthesis of Functionalized Propenoylsilanes.
Authors: DEGL'INNOCENTI A. , CAPPERUCCI A. , REGINATO G. , MORDINI A. , RICCI A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Dipropylcycloheptanol via Dimethyldithienotropone.
Authors: KRISHNASWAMY N. R. , KUMAR C. S. S. R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Haloalkenes from Aldehydes with Carbon‐Carbon Coupling.
Authors: SATOH T. , ITOH N. , ONDA K. , KITOH Y. , YAMAKAWA K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Industrial Synthesis of 2,5‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine by Hydrogenation Cleavage of the Monoazo Dye 4‐Amino‐2,5‐dimethyl‐4′‐ sulfoazobenzene.
Authors: HULA J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Chloromethyl)‐3‐tosylpropene: A Useful Reagent for the Synthesis of Allyl Sulfones.
Authors: NAJERA C. , SANSANO J. M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Properties and Inhibitory Effects on Epstein‐Barr Virus Activation of Mono‐ and Disubstituted Anthraquinones.
Authors: TAGAHARA K. , KOYAMA J. , OGURA T. , KONOSHIMA T. , KOZUKA M. , TOKUDA H. , NISHINO H. , IWASHIMA A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.