bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eficácia do programa de remediação metafonológica e de leitura para escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem
Authors: Capellini Simone Aparecida , Oliveira Adriana Marques de , Pinheiro Fábio Henrique
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficácia do programa de remediação metafonológica e leitura, elaborado em versão computadorizada para escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 600 escolares de 2ª a 4ª série do ensino público fundamental, distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo I (GI) e Grupo II (GII). O GI, composto por 300 escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem, foi subdividido em GIc: 150 escolares que não foram submetidos ao programa de remediação metafonológica e de leitura; e GIe: 150 escolares do GI submetidos ao programa de remediação. O Grupo II (GII), composto por 300 escolares com bom desempenho escolar, foi subdividido em GIIc: 150 escolares que não foram submetidos ao programa de remediação; e GIIe: 150 escolares submetidos ao programa de remediação. Foi elaborado um programa computadorizado de remediação metafonológica e de leitura em versão avaliativa e interventiva. O programa foi composto por três fases: pré-avaliação, intervenção e após-avaliação. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença entre a situação de pré e após avaliação para os escolares do GIe em todos as provas da versão avaliativa e em todas as habilidades trabalhadas na remediação e para o GIIe nas provas de reconhecimento de som, segmentação e manipulação fonêmica. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados deste estudo evidenciam que a eficácia do programa de remediação metafonológica e de leitura elaborado para este estudo, pois os escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem submetidos ao programa desenvolveram habilidades metafonológicas necessárias para o desenvolvimento da leitura.
Estudo prospectivo da deglutição na Mucopolissacaridose II (síndrome de Hunter) antes e após tratamento enzimático
Authors: Ferreira Ana Carolina Rocha Gomes , Guedes Zelita Caldeira Ferreira
Published: June 2011

Estudo de caso para avaliar a deglutição pré e pós-tratamento enzimático de um indivíduo com Mucopolissacaridose e analisar se o tratamento ocasionou melhora na deglutição. Foi realizado o estudo descritivo de um indivíduo com 9 anos e 6 meses do gênero masculino, com a forma grave da doença, com observação em três momentos: uma avaliação pré-tratamento e duas pós-tratamento. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: fonoaudiológica para disfagia; quadro respiratório por um pneumologista; clínica otorrinolaringológica e a videoendoscopia da deglutição. Posteriormente, os resultados foram interpretados segundo a escala Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) e os dados analisados por meio de análise descritiva. Os resultados demonstraram nas avaliações pré e primeira pós-tratamento, presença de disfagia com repercussão na dinâmica alimentar. A segunda avaliação pós-tratamento evidenciou ausência de disfagia, com possibilidade para todas as consistências, porém com restrição da consistência sólida devido à dificuldade na mastigação consequente à alteração oclusal significativa. Além disso, verificou-se normalidade da videoendoscopia da deglutição e gradativa melhora na dinâmica da deglutição no decorrer do tratamento. O estudo mostrou presença de disfagia com repercussão negativa na dinâmica alimentar, e ainda que o tratamento enzimático por mais de um ano trouxe melhoras para a deglutição, com repercussão positiva na dinâmica alimentar.
Investimentos avaliados pelo método da equivalência patrimonial: erro na contabilização de dividendos quando existem lucros não realizados
Authors: Santos Ariovaldo dos , Machado Itamar Miranda
Published: June 2011

Sempre que há transações comerciais envolvendo a investida e a investidora pode ocorrer a figura do Lucro Não Realizado - LNR. Quando a controlada vende qualquer ativo com lucro para a controladora e essa ainda não o revendeu para terceiros, dizse que, para o grupo econômico, esse lucro ainda não foi realizado. Ocorre que pode acontecer de a controlada distribuir esse lucro e, assim, para a controladora haverá o recebimento antecipado de dividendos. Este estudo aborda as práticas contábeis quando ocorre a distribuição desse lucro e a forma de apresentação desses dividendos antecipados nas demonstrações individuais da controladora e da controlada; aborda, também, possíveis reflexos na elaboração de demonstrações consolidadas. Como se trata de um tema ainda não discutido pela classe contábil, não previsto na legislação brasileira e na literatura técnica, este trabalho tem como objetivo dar uma contribuição ao assunto, buscando respostas para três questões: a primeira está relacionada à adequação ou não da forma atualmente utilizada para a contabilização de dividendos provenientes de lucros que ainda não tenham sido realizados para o grupo econômico. A segunda busca alternativas para a contabilização adequada desses dividendos. A terceira diz respeito à forma de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis quando há pagamento de dividendos oriundos de LNR.
Advancing the Science of Community-Level Interventions
Authors: Trickett Edison J. , Beehler Sarah , Deutsch Charles , Green Lawrence W. , Hawe Penelope , McLeroy Kenneth , Miller Robin Lin , Rapkin Bruce D. , Schensul Jean J. , Schulz Amy J. , Trimble Joseph E.
Published: June 2011

Community interventions are complex social processes that need to move beyond single interventions and outcomes at individual levels of short-term change. A scientific paradigm is emerging that supports collaborative, multilevel, culturally situated community interventions aimed at creating sustainable community-level impact. This paradigm is rooted in a deep history of ecological and collaborative thinking across public health, psychology, anthropology, and other fields of social science. The new paradigm makes a number of primary assertions that affect conceptualization of health issues, intervention design, and intervention evaluation. To elaborate the paradigm and advance the science of community intervention, we offer suggestions for promoting a scientific agenda, developing collaborations among professionals and communities, and examining the culture of science.
Competitive Foods, Discrimination, and Participation in the National School Lunch Program
Authors: Bhatia Rajiv , Jones Paula , Reicker Zetta
Published: June 2011

Meals served through the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) must meet rigorous nutritional standards; however, barriers to student participation may limit the program's health and social equity benefits. Unsubsidized meals and food offerings competing with the NSLP offerings in school lunch environments may be lowering qualified student participation either directly or via identification of subsidized low-income students or stigmatization of the NSLP.

We document a pilot intervention conducted in San Francisco in 2009 and 2010 that demonstrated gains in NSLP participation after removal of separate competitive à la carte lunch meal offerings.

Our observations suggest the need for greater attention to the potential discriminatory effects of competitive foods and to the issue of stigma by school nutrition program administrators, researchers, regulators, and policymakers.
Estimating the Potential Health Impact and Costs of Implementing a Local Policy for Food Procurement to Reduce the Consumption of Sodium in the County of Los Angeles
Authors: Gase Lauren N. , Kuo Tony , Dunet Diane , Schmidt Steven M. , Simon Paul A. , Fielding Jonathan E.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. We examined approaches to reduce sodium content of food served in settings operated or funded by the government of the County of Los Angeles, California.

Methods. We adapted health impact assessment methods to mathematically simulate various levels of reduction in the sodium content of food served by the County of Los Angeles and to estimate the reductions’ potential impacts on mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) among food-service customers. We used data provided by county government food-service vendors to generate these simulations.

Results. Our analysis predicted that if the postulated sodium-reduction strategies were implemented, adults would consume, on average, 233 fewer milligrams of sodium each day. This would correspond to an average decrease of 0.71 millimeters of mercury in SBP among adult hypertensives, 388 fewer cases of uncontrolled hypertension in the study population, and an annual decrease of $629 724 in direct health care costs.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that a food-procurement policy can contribute to positive health and economic effects at the local level. Our approach may serve as an example of sodium-reduction analysis for other jurisdictions to follow.
Assessing Potential Radiological Harm to Fukushima Recovery Workers
Authors: Scott Bobby R.
Published: June 2011

A radiological emergency exists at the Fukushima Daiichi (Fukushima I) nuclear power plant in Japan as a result of the March 11, 2011 magnitude 9.0 earthquake and the massive tsunami that arrived later. News media misinformation related to the emergency triggered enormous social fear worldwide of the radioactivity that is being released from damaged fuel rods. The heroic recovery workers are a major concern because they are being exposed to mostly gamma radiation during their work shifts and life-threatening damage to the radiosensitive bone marrow could occur over time. This paper presents a way in which the bone marrow equivalent dose (in millisieverts), as estimated per work shift, could be used along with the hazard function model previously developed for radiological risk assessment to repeatedly check for potential life-threatening harm (hematopoietic system damage) to workers. Three categories of radiation hazard indication are proposed: 1, life-threatening damage unlikely; 2, life-threatening damage possible; 3, life-threatening damage likely. Categories 2 and 3 would be avoided if the whole body effective dose did not exceed the annual effective dose limit of 250 mSv. For down-wind populations, hormetic effects (activated natural protective processes) are much more likely than are deleterious effects.
Short-Term Intensive Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Partially Restores Both Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in Subjects With Long-Term Remission
Authors: Hu Yun , Li Lirong , Xu Yu , Yu Tingting , Tong Guoyu , Huang Hong , Bi Yan , Weng Jianping , Zhu Dalong
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effect of intensive glycemic control therapy (IT) on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients compared with subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Forty-eight newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were randomly assigned to IT for 2 weeks and followed up for 1 year. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were conducted in NGT, IGT, and diabetic subjects. Blood glucose and insulin were measured before and after IT and at the 1-year follow-up.

RESULTS

IT lowered the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance (IR) significantly, from 3.12 ± 1.4 (mean ± SD) to 1.72 ± 0.8, a level comparable to the IGT (1.96 ± 1.1) and NGT (1.37 ± 0.6) subjects in the remission group; however, no HOMA-IR improvement was observed in nonremission subjects. HOMA-β in the remission group was improved (mean, interquartile range) from 18.4 (8.3–28.5) to 44.6 (32.1–69.1) and acute insulin response of insulin (AIRins) from 1.50 ± 0.22 to 1.83 ± 0.19 μIU/mL after IT, but was still significantly lower than those in NGT individuals (HOMA-β: 86.4 [56.7–185.2], P < 0.01; AIRins: 2.54 ± 0.39 μIU/mL, P < 0.01). After IT and at 1 year, the hyperbolic relationship between HOMA-β and HOMA sensitivity of remission subjects shifted close to that of IGT subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

IT in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes not only partially restored β-cell function but also greatly restored insulin sensitivity. Compared with IGT and NGT subjects, β-cell function was less restored than insulin sensitivity after IT in the remission subjects.
Administration of Anesthetics Using Metal Syringes. An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Tzafalia Maria , Sixou Jean-Louis
Published: June 2011

The aim of the present study was to assess injection flow rates of metal syringes, with an emphasis on injection speed and the generation of flow pulsations. A cohort of 64 operators (32 practitioners and 32 students) performed 3 consecutive ex vivo simulated injections (SIs) of 1.8-mL cartridges of anesthetic solution. Two needle diameters were tested (27-gauge and 30-gauge). Each SI was filmed and analyzed using a computer. In most cases, the SI lasted longer than 60 seconds with the 30-gauge needle (75%) but not with the 27-gauge needle (47.9%) (P < .0001). Practitioners and men delivered a full cartridge significantly faster than students and women, respectively (P  =  .0007 in both cases). All operators generated 1 pulse in at least 1 of the 3 SIs with both types of needles, especially during the first 3 seconds (254/384; 66.1%). Pulses occurred more frequently with practitioners (P  =  .0176) and with the 27-gauge needle (P  =  .005). Within its methodological limits, the present study showed how difficult it is to control injection pressure when using a metal syringe, especially at the beginning of the injection. Computerized systems may help overcome this problem.
Overcoming psychosocial barriers to maternal exercise: intervention strategies to improve participation and adherence
Authors: Schoenfeld Brad , Tiryaki-Sönmez Gül
Published: June 2011

Overcoming psychosocial barriers to maternal exercise: intervention strategies to improve participation and adherence

Poor adherence to physical activity programmes during pregnancy is a serious national issue, one that has detrimental effects on a large percentage of the population. Not only does a lack of activity result in a decrease in quality of life for women during term, but the effects can carry over well after pregnancy, potentially leading to increased morbidity and mortality. What's more, reduced prenatal activity can cause adverse effects on the foetus, with impairments seen in physical health as well as cognition. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine the socio-demographic data and psychosocial influences that modify exercise behaviours in pregnant women and, second, to make recommendations as to effective intervention strategies that can be adopted by health and fitness professionals to help improve maternal exercise participation and adherence.
Manuscript Makeovers
Authors: Brown Robert
Published: June 2011

This study is a rhetorical analysis of revisions made to the introductions of dissertations successfully transformed into monographs. The author compares parallel passages taken from six dissertation–book pairs representing a cross-section of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. He interprets changes from dissertation to book with reference to the body of literature written for aspiring book authors by experienced scholarly editors. The author's objective is to put their editorial advice on an empirical footing by illustrating it with these texts ‘grown in the wild.’ His hope is that junior scholars will find the analysis instructive when they turn a revisionary eye on their own dissertations and that scholarly editors will find it useful when they prepare publishing workshops for junior faculty and graduate students.
José Bleger: Jew, Marxist and Psychoanalyst
Authors: Plotkin Mariano
Published: June 2011

The article analyses the trajectory of Dr José Bleger (1922–72), an Argentine psychoanalyst who tried to articulate his triple identity as a Jew, a Marxist and a psychoanalyst. Bleger played a central role in the constitution of the ‘psy movement’ and, in more general terms, in the diffusion of a ‘psy culture’ in Argentina, a country that today is considered as one of the ‘world capitals of psychoanalysis’. However, his trajectory showed not only the limits of his projects in the increasingly politically polarized Argentina of the 1960s, as well as their internal contradictions, but also the difficulties of articulating different identities in those agitated times. Through an analysis of Bleger's trajectory this article explores larger issues of Argentine political culture and their relations with the emergence of a psychoanalytic culture.
Toward a New Science of Information
Authors: Hofkirchner Wolfgang
Published: June 2011

Currently, a Science of Information does not exist. What we have is Information Science that grew out of Library and Documentation Science with the help of Computer Science. The basic understanding of information in Information Science is the Shannon type of “information” at which numerous criticisms have been levelled so far. The task of an as-yet-to-be-developed Science of Information would be to study the feasibility of, and to advance, approaches toward a more general Theory of Information and toward a common concept of information. What scientific requirements need to be met when trying to develop a Science of Information? What are the aims of a Science of Information? What is the scope of a Science of Information? What tools should a Science of Information make use of? The present paper responds to these questions.
Epitope Prediction Based on Random Peptide Library Screening: Benchmark Dataset and Prediction Tools Evaluation
Authors: Sun Pingping , Chen Wenhan , Huang Yanxin , Wang Hongyan , Ma Zhiqiang , Lv Yinghua
Published: June 2011

Epitope prediction based on random peptide library screening has become a focus as a promising method in immunoinformatics research. Some novel software and web-based servers have been proposed in recent years and have succeeded in given test cases. However, since the number of available mimotopes with the relevant structure of template-target complex is limited, a systematic evaluation of these methods is still absent. In this study, a new benchmark dataset was defined. Using this benchmark dataset and a representative dataset, five examples of the most popular epitope prediction software products which are based on random peptide library screening have been evaluated. Using the benchmark dataset, in no method did performance exceed a 0.42 precision and 0.37 sensitivity, and the MCC scores suggest that the epitope prediction results of these software programs are greater than random prediction about 0.09–0.13; while using the representative dataset, most of the values of these performance measures are slightly improved, but the overall performance is still not satisfactory. Many test cases in the benchmark dataset cannot be applied to these pieces of software due to software limitations. Moreover chances are that these software products are overfitted to the small dataset and will fail in other cases. Therefore finding the correlation between mimotopes and genuine epitope residues is still far from resolved and much larger dataset for mimotope-based epitope prediction is desirable.
Reduction of Radiometric Miscalibration—Applications to Pushbroom Sensors
Authors: Rogaß Christian , Spengler Daniel , Bochow Mathias , Segl Karl , Lausch Angela , Doktor Daniel , Roessner Sigrid , Behling Robert , Wetzel Hans-Ulrich , Kaufmann Hermann
Published: June 2011

The analysis of hyperspectral images is an important task in Remote Sensing. Foregoing radiometric calibration results in the assignment of incident electromagnetic radiation to digital numbers and reduces the striping caused by slightly different responses of the pixel detectors. However, due to uncertainties in the calibration some striping remains. This publication presents a new reduction framework that efficiently reduces linear and nonlinear miscalibrations by an image-driven, radiometric recalibration and rescaling. The proposed framework—Reduction Of Miscalibration Effects (ROME)—considering spectral and spatial probability distributions, is constrained by specific minimisation and maximisation principles and incorporates image processing techniques such as Minkowski metrics and convolution. To objectively evaluate the performance of the new approach, the technique was applied to a variety of commonly used image examples and to one simulated and miscalibrated EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) scene. Other examples consist of miscalibrated AISA/Eagle VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared) and Hawk SWIR (Short Wave Infrared) scenes of rural areas of the region Fichtwald in Germany and Hyperion scenes of the Jalal-Abad district in Southern Kyrgyzstan. Recovery rates of approximately 97% for linear and approximately 94% for nonlinear miscalibrated data were achieved, clearly demonstrating the benefits of the new approach and its potential for broad applicability to miscalibrated pushbroom sensor data.
Impact of Ribavirin on HCV Replicon RNA Decline during Treatment with Interferon-α and the Protease Inhibitors Boceprevir or Telaprevir
Authors: Hofmann Wolf Peter , Chung Tje Lin , Osbahr Carola , Susser Simone , Karey Ursel , Mihm Ulrike , Welsch Christoph , Lötsch Jörn , Sarrazin Christoph , Zeuzem Stefan , Herrmann Eva
Published: June 2011

Background

Ribavirin increases early and sustained virological response rates in patients chronically infected with HCV who receive pegylated interferon-α and novel HCV protease inhibitors.

Methods

To better characterize antiviral efficacies of these upcoming therapies, Huh7 cells harbouring a subgenomic HCV replicon system were cultivated with various doses and combinations of ribavirin, interferon-α, and the protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir. Antiviral efficacy parameters were estimated from HCV RNA decay, and synergistic effects of combination therapies were analysed with the Bliss independency model.

Results

Single-drug antiviral activities showed dose-dependent HCV RNA reductions in replicon cells (50% inhibitory concentration of 386.16 μM, 81.67 IU, 0.44 μM and 0.81 μM after 48 h for ribavirin, interferon-α, boceprevir and telaprevir, respectively). For the dual combination of ribavirin with either boceprevir or telaprevir, no deviation from additivity was observed, whereas the reduction of HCV RNA was synergistic for ribavirin with interferon-α ( P<0.001). Triple combinations with ribavirin, interferon-α and protease inhibitors showed the most profound HCV RNA decay.

Conclusions

The beneficial in vitro antiviral effect of ribavirin with interferon-α and novel HCV protease inhibitors demonstrates that ribavirin may be required as an antiviral backbone in the near future.
La parole comme soin : cancer et pluralisme thérapeutique
Authors: Rossi Ilario
Published: June 2011

Face au cancer, toute personne atteinte se voit confrontée d’une manière ou d’une autre au domaine de la biomédecine, qui influe sur ses propres perceptions de la maladie. C’est pourquoi le possible recours à un pluralisme thérapeutique ne peut se comprendre qu’au travers de l’expérience de chaque individu ; ses choix et ses raisons nous en disent par ailleurs autant sur sa vision des thérapies non conventionnelles que sur sa conception de la réponse allopathique. Pour mieux cerner les enjeux de l’offre et de la demande, il devient alors nécessaire de comprendre le contexte dans lequel elles émergent. Afin d’en saisir la portée politique et juridique, cet article, en prenant comme référence le cas de la Suisse, s’attachera à éclairer la notion de choix à travers le concept de « capabilité », appliqué au monde de la santé. Par la suite, ce même pluralisme sera mis en perspective par le biais des récits des différents protagonistes. Plus particulièrement, en proposant une relecture de la notion de parole, l’attention sera portée sur ce qu’elle véhicule comme action, entre le dire et le faire. Les diverses conceptions des soins, leurs spécificités et leurs finalités, seront mises en dialogue. Ce panorama illustratif doit permettre de relier les paroles des thérapeutes aux conceptions des soins nourries par le sujet malade ; il sera alors possible de comprendre le pluralisme thérapeutique comme un procédé social qui, pour tout malade, fait converger, sous forme de processus, expérimentation du corps et émergence du sujet. Ce qui favorise le développement d’une stratégie culturelle en réponse aux incertitudes provoquées par la maladie.
De l’utilité d’une approche syntaxique en langue spécialisée : exemple de l’anglais économique
Authors: Resche Catherine
Published: June 2011

Parler d’une approche syntaxique en langue spécialisée ne signifie pas autre chose que s’intéresser à l’usage particulier que fait la langue spécialisée de la syntaxe de la langue générale. Après avoir défini le champ d’action de l’approche syntaxique en langue spécialisée, l’anglais économique en ce qui nous concerne, et souligné les liens divers que la syntaxe entretient avec un certain nombre de domaines de recherche, nous illustrons par des exemples tirés d’un corpus composé de quatre ouvrages d’économistes reconnus la nécessité d’une réflexion sur la syntaxe. Pour rester dans des limites raisonnables, nous avons limité ces illustrations aux questions portant sur le verbe ; nous avons essayé de montrer comment l’approche syntaxique peut aider à repérer le verbe dans les phrases ambiguës, comprendre l’usage de certains temps, repenser le problème de la concordance des temps et familiariser le lecteur avec certaines structures qui s’écartent des emplois auxquels il est habitué.
Serum Adiponectin Levels in Advanced-Stage Parkinson's Disease Patients
Authors: Cassani Erica , Cancello Raffaella , Cavanna Ferruccio , Maestrini Sabrina , Di Blasio Anna Maria , Liuzzi Antonio , Pezzoli Gianni , Barichella Michela
Published: June 2011

Patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) experience body weight loss and reductions in the most common cardiovascular risk factors. At present, the pathogenetic mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. Increased serum concentrations of adiponectin, which possesses antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, are associated with a reduction in cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to determine adiponectin serum concentrations in PD patients. Thirty PD patients underwent a full nutritional status assessment, including the determination of adiponectin serum concentrations. Mean ± SD adiponectin concentrations were 9.59 ± 5.9 μg/mL (interquartile range: 5.92–12.9 μg/mL). In PD patients, adiponectin serum levels were similar to those in normal-weight, healthy, young subjects and significantly higher than that in an aged-matched group of morbidly obese subjects. Further studies are warranted to establish the role of adiponectin in the management of PD patients.
Dermatologists wearing white coats on practice websites: current trends.
Authors: Gamble Ryan G. , Hay Ashley A. , Dunn Jeffrey H. , Dellavalle Robert P.
Published: June 2011

Physicians wearing white coats are perceived as having more authority, being more friendly and being more attractive than those not wearing white coats, and patients report that they prefer their dermatologist to wear a white coat. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of dermatologists wearing white coats on practice websites. We searched Google for dermatology practice websites in six states representing distinct geographic regions in the United States. The first one hundred search results were evaluated, and photographs of dermatologists on these websites were examined for the presence or absence of white coats. Most (77%) of dermatologists did not wear white coats. The highest prevalence was in the eastern states of Massachusetts and South Carolina, with 29% and 39%, respectively. Colorado had the lowest rate at 13%. Rates were essentially equal when segmented by gender. Although patients report that they prefer their dermatologist to wear a white coat, dermatologists often do not wear a white coat on their practice websites.
Linear motions in a periodically forced Kepler problem
Authors: Ortega Rafael
Published: June 2011

The periodically forced Kepler problem has at most one classical periodic solution and very simple dynamics. In this paper it is shown that when collisions are considered, many other periodic solutions appear as well as a dynamics of twist type.
Contrasting organic aerosol particles from boreal and tropical forests during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 and AMAZE-08 using coherent vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Ebben C. J. , Martinez I. S. , Shrestha M. , Buchbinder A. M. , Corrigan A. L. , Guenther A. , Karl T. , Petäjä T. , Song W. W. , Zorn S. R. , Artaxo P. , Kulmala M. , Martin S. T. , Russell L. M. , Williams J. , Geiger F. M.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We present the vibrational sum frequency generation spectra of organic particles collected in a boreal forest in Finland and a tropical forest in Brazil. These spectra are compared to those of secondary organic material produced in the Harvard Environmental Chamber. By comparing coherent vibrational spectra of a variety of terpene and olefin reference compounds, along with the secondary organic material synthesized in the environmental chamber, we show that submicron aerosol particles sampled in Southern Finland during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 are composed to a large degree of material similar in chemical composition to synthetic α-pinene-derived material. For material collected in Brazil as part of AMAZE-08, the organic component is found to be chemically complex in the coarse mode but highly uniform in the fine mode. When combined with histogram analyses of the isoprene and monoterpene abundance recorded during the HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 and AMAZE-08 campaigns, the findings presented here indicate that if air is rich in monoterpenes, submicron-sized secondary aerosol particles that form under normal OH and O3 concentration levels can be described in terms of their hydrocarbon content as being similar to α-pinene-derived model secondary organic aerosol particles. If the isoprene concentration dominates the chemical composition of organic compounds in forest air, then the hydrocarbon component of secondary organic material in the submicron size range is not simply well-represented by that of isoprene-derived model secondary organic aerosol particles but is more complex. Throughout the climate-relevant size range of the fine mode, however, we find that the chemical composition of the secondary organic particle material from such air is invariant with size, suggesting that the particle growth does not change the chemical composition of the hydrocarbon component of the particles in a significant way.
Opportunistic validation of sulfur dioxide in the Sarychev Peak volcanic eruption cloud
Authors: Carn S. A. , Lopez T. M.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We report attempted validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sulfur dioxide (SO2) retrievals in the stratospheric volcanic cloud from Sarychev Peak (Kurile Islands) in June 2009, through opportunistic deployment of a ground-based ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer (FLYSPEC) as the volcanic cloud drifted over Central Alaska. The volcanic cloud altitude (~12–14 km) was constrained using coincident CALIPSO lidar observations. By invoking some assumptions about the spatial distribution of SO2, we derive averages of FLYSPEC vertical SO2 columns for comparison with OMI SO2 measurements. Despite limited data, we find minimum OMI-FLYSPEC differences of ~5–6 % which support the validity of the operational OMI SO2 algorithm. These measurements represent the first attempt to validate SO2 in a stratospheric volcanic cloud using a mobile ground-based instrument, and demonstrate the need for a network of rapidly deployable instruments for validation of space-based volcanic SO2 measurements.
Organic sediment formed during inundation of a degraded fen grassland emits large fluxes of CH4 and CO2
Authors: Hahn-Schöfl M. , Zak D. , Minke M. , Gelbrecht J. , Augustin J. , Freibauer A.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Peatland restoration by inundation of drained areas can alter local greenhouse gas emissions as CO2 and CH4. Factors that can influence these emissions include the quality and amount of substrates available for anaerobic degradation processes and the sources and availability of electron acceptors. In order to learn about possible sources of high CO2 and CH4. emissions from a rewetted degraded fen grassland, we performed incubation experiments that tested the effects of fresh plant litter in the flooded peats on pore water chemistry and CO2 and CH4. production and emission. The position in the soil profile of the pre-existing drained peat substrate affected initial rates of anaerobic CO2 production subsequent to flooding, with the uppermost peat layer producing the greatest specific rates of CO2 evolution. CH4 production rates depended on the availability of electron acceptors and was significant only when sulfate concentrations were reduced in the pore waters. Very high specific rates of both CO2 (maximum of 412 mg C d−1 kg−1 C) and CH4 production (788 mg C d−1 kg−1 C) were observed in a new sediment layer that accumulated over the 2.5 years since the site was flooded. This new sediment layer was characterized by overall low C content, but represented a mixture of sand and relatively easily decomposable plant litter from reed canary grass killed by flooding. Samples that excluded this new sediment layer but included intact roots remaining from flooded grasses had specific rates of CO2 (max. 28 mg C d−1 kg−1 C) and CH4 (max. 34 mg C d−1 kg−1 C) production that were 10–20 times lower than for the new sediment layer and were comparable to those of a newly flooded upper peat layer. Lowest rates of anaerobic CO2 and CH4 production (range of 4–8 mg C d−1 kg−1 C and <1 mg C d−1 kg−1 C) were observed when all fresh organic matter sources (plant litter and roots) were excluded. In conclusion, the presence of fresh organic substrates such as plant and root litter originating from plants killed by inundation has a high potential for CH4 production, whereas peat without any fresh plant-derived material is relatively inert. Significant anaerobic CO2 and CH4 production in peat only occurs when some labile organic matter is available, e.g. from remaining roots or root exudates.
The contribution of engineering surveys by means of GPS to the determination of crustal movements in Istanbul
Authors: Özyaşar M. , Özlüdemir M. T.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are space based positioning techniques and widely used in geodetic applications. Geodetic networking accomplished by engineering surveys constitutes one of these tasks. Geodetic networks are used as the base of all kinds of geodetic implementations, Co from the cadastral plans to the relevant surveying processes during the realization of engineering applications. Geodetic networks consist of control points positioned in a defined reference frame. In fact, such positional information could be useful for other studies as well. One of such fields is geodynamic studies that use the changes of positions of control stations within a network in a certain time period to understand the characteristics of tectonic movements. In Turkey, which is located in tectonically active zones and struck by major earthquakes quite frequently, the positional information obtained in engineering surveys could be very useful for earthquake related studies. For this purpose, a GPS (Global Positioning System) network of 650 stations distributed over Istanbul (Istanbul GPS Triangulation Network; abbreviated IGNA) covering the northern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) was established in 1997 and measured in 1999. From 1998 to 2004, the IGNA network was extended to 1888 stations covering an area of about 6000 km2, the whole administration area of Istanbul. All 1888 stations within the IGNA network were remeasured in 2005. In these two campaigns there existed 452 common points, and between these two campaigns two major earthquakes took place, on 17 August and 12 November 1999 with a Richter scale magnitude of 7.4 and 7.2, respectively. Several studies conducted for estimating the horizontal and vertical displacements as a result of these earthquakes on NAFZ are discussed in this paper. In geodynamic projects carried out before the earthquakes in 1999, an annual average velocity of 2–2.5 cm for the stations along the NAFZ were estimated. Studies carried out using GPS observations in the same area after these earthquakes indicated that point displacements vary depending on their distance to the epicentres of the earthquakes. But the directions of point displacements are similar. The results obtained through the analysis of the IGNA network also show that there is a common trend in the directions of point displacements in the study area. In this paper, the past studies about the tectonics of Marmara region are summarised and the results of the displacement analysis on the IGNA network are discussed.
A New One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Indoles from Pyrroles and β‐Nitroacrylates
Authors: Palmieri Alessandro , Gabrielli Serena , Lanari Daniela , Vaccaro Luigi , Ballini Roberto
Published: June 2011

The reaction of β‐nitroacrylates with pyrroles, under solvent‐ and catalyst‐free conditions, allows the formation of Friedel–Crafts adducts which, after in situ treatment with Amberlyst 15 in isopropyl alcohol under reflux, provide polysubstituted indoles, via a benzannulation reaction, in a one‐pot process.
Copper‐Dipyridylphosphine‐Polymethylhydrosiloxane: A Practical and Effective System for the Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Ketones
Authors: Zhang Xi‐Chang , Wu Fei‐Fei , Li Shijun , Zhou Ji‐Ning , Wu Jing , Li Ning , Fang Wenjun , Lam Kim Hung , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: June 2011

In the presence of the inexpensive and non‐toxic stoichiometric reductant polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), the chiral copper(II)‐dipyridylphosphine catalyst displayed high efficiency in the stereoselective hydrosilylation of a wide scope of aryl alkyl and heteroaromatic ketones under an air atmosphere and mild conditions in good to excellent ees (up to 97%). With certain amounts of sodium tert‐butoxide and tert‐butyl alcohol as additives, the reaction on a 21‐g substrate scale can be conveniently completed within a few hours even at a substrate‐to‐ligand (S/L) ratio of 50,000.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dienylation of Haloalkynes using 2,3‐Butadienyl Acetates: A Facile Access to (1Z)‐1,2‐Dihalo‐ 3‐vinyl‐1,3‐dienes
Authors: Chen Dongxu , Chen Xiaoyi , Lu Zenghui , Cai Haiting , Shen Jinbei , Zhu Gangguo
Published: June 2011

A highly efficient and stereoselective method for the synthesis of (1Z)‐1,2‐dihalo‐3‐vinyl‐1,3‐dienes featuring palladium‐catalyzed coupling of haloalkynes and 2,3‐butadienyl acetates was developed. The resulting products were smoothly converted into cis‐1,2‐dihalostyrene derivatives using the Diels–Alder/aromatization sequence.
Ellipsometric Investigation of the Shape of Nanodomains in Polymer/Fullerene Films
Authors: Engmann Sebastian , Turkovic Vida , Gobsch Gerhard , Hoppe Harald
Published: June 2011

The influence of the polymer/fullerene blend ratio on the morphological properties of organic solar cells is investigated. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is applied as a tool for analyzing fullerene domains and the influence on polymer crystallinity within the film. Furthermore, the measurements are correlated with a percolation limit of as‐cast films at around 40 wt% fullerene content.
Surface graft copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) onto waste tire rubber powder through ozonization
Authors: Fan Ping , Lu Canhui
Published: June 2011

Grinding of tires offers a promising opportunity for recycling waste rubber because fine waste tire rubber particle may be used as fillers and property modifiers in thermoplastic, elastomer, and thermoset blends. However, due to the lack of reactive sites on the WTR surface, the adhesion between WTR powder and matrix is poor. In this article, ozonization of waste tire rubber (WTR) powder was performed to produce some “immobile” reactive points (hydroperoxide groups) on the WTR surface. The free radical generated by the decomposition of hydroperoxide groups on WTR surface, was used to initiate graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto the surface of WTR powder. The experimental results showed that MMA was successfully grafted onto the surface of WTR. The hydrophilicity of the MMA grafted WTR (MMA‐g‐WTR) was improved. The concentration of hydroperoxide groups and the graft degree were both increased with ozonization time. With increasing of polymerization time and polymerization temperature, the grafting degree increased. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Spectrofluorometric analysis and electrical conductivities of styrene and methylmethacrylate polymers by adding symmetrical polymethine dyes
Authors: Ramelow Ulku S. , Wagle Rajesh
Published: June 2011

To see the effect of conjugation on molecular weight and conductivity, three symmetrical polymethine dyes are added in polymers either before or after polymerization. Dyes have conjugated bonds between nitrogen atoms. Among three dyes, it was observed that as conjugation increases, the conductivity also increases. Previous study with polyethylvinylketone and polymethylvinylketone support the idea that increased conjugation will increase the molecular weight and conductivity. For these polymers also, the dopant, phosphorylchloride increased the conductivities due to the double bond being transferred to the main chain and increased conjugation. The same method developed in this work can be applied to methyl methacrylate and styrene polymers to see the relationship between molecular weight, conductivity, and fluorescence intensity. When dyes were added to methylmethacrylate and styrene monomers before polymerization, much higher conductivities were obtained. Conductivity values are directly proportional to the irradiation times and molecular weights. Four‐hour irradiation time results in a maximum molecular weight of 6.4 × 105 and a maximum conductivity of 2.25 μS for MMA polymers. Spectrofluorometric analysis of methyl methacrylate polymers indicates that as molecular weight of the dyes increases, the emission intensities at 375 and 425 nm also increases. In the same way, increased molecular weight of polymer also results higher emission intensities. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Surface modification of a thermoplastic polyurethane by low‐pressure plasma treatment to improve hydrophilicity
Authors: Alves Patrícia , Pinto Susana , de Sousa Hermínio C. , Gil Maria Helena
Published: June 2011

The performance of a material in a biological environment is mainly mediated by its surface properties and the combination of chemical, physical, biological, and mechanical properties required for a specific application. In this study, the surface of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material (Elastollan®1180A50) was successfully modified by plasma treatment. Two different working gases were studied: argon and oxygen, which promoted the incorporation of oxygen‐containing groups on the surface. The optimal plasma parameters were investigated by evaluating the wettability of the surfaces. Changes in the surface functional groups chemistry were studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained results showed that the plasma treatment process caused surface modifications that, in all cases, increased the polar nature of the surface. In terms of the desirable properties, it was found that the best operational conditions were: 100 W gas plasma, under a pressure of 60 Pa for 3 min. Argon seems to be more efficient then oxygen, because lower water contact angle results were obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Poly(ethyl glycol) assisting water sorption enhancement of poly(ε‐caprolactone) blend for drug delivery
Authors: Jiang Yuanqing , Mao Kunjian , Cai Xuehua , Lai Shijia , Chen Xiaoxia
Published: June 2011

Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) has been thermally synthesized, and then fractionated to blend with poly(ethyl glycol) (PEG). Blend films of PCL and PEG have been prepared by solution casting. Fourier transform infrared spectrum and differential scanning calorimetry of the films have been carried out, and the results indicate some hydrogen bonding interaction between the two components, which is resulted from the carbonyl groups of PCL and the hydroxyl end‐groups of the low‐molecular‐weight PEG. Scanning electron microscope images of the blend films reveal porous network structures for their surfaces and for their inner parts and the porous structure becomes more pronounced with the increase of PEG in the blend film. Ibuprofen (IBU) was used as the model drug to test the drug release behavior for the PCL/PEG blend matrices. The results show that IBU could be released from the blend tablets rapidly, and the release rate increases with PEG content. Analysis of the release profiles indicates PCL erosion control release mechanism of pure PCL tablet, but drug diffusion control of the blend tablet, because PEG can absorb water to allow water feasible to diffuse into drug core and dissolve drug. Therefore, the interconnected channels in the blend matrices and the hydrophilic nature of PEG contribute to the improvement of the IBU release rate. The research indicates that drug release rate from PCL based material could be efficiently improved by addition of small amount of hydrophilic low‐molecular‐weight PEG. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Techno‐economic analysis of a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with ionic liquid pre‐treatment
Authors: Klein‐Marcuschamer Daniel , Simmons Blake A. , Blanch Harvey W.
Published: June 2011

Lignocellulose dissolution in ionic liquids is a relatively new biomass pre‐treatment technology that is receiving growing interest from the biofuels community as a route to provide readily‐hydrolyzable holocellulose. Despite its proven advantages over other pre‐treatment technologies – including feedstock invariance, high monomeric sugar yields over short saccharification times, and extensive delignification – there are several core issues that stand in the way of commercialization. These include the relative high cost of the ionic liquids themselves, a lack of knowledge in terms of process considerations for a biorefinery based on these solvents, and scant information on the coproducts this pre‐treatment technology could provide to the marketplace. We present an initial techno‐economic model of a biorefinery that is based on the ionic liquid pre‐treatment technology and have identified, through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis, the most significant areas in terms of cost savings/revenue generation that must be addressed before ionic liquid pre‐treatment can compete with other, more established, pre‐treatment technologies. This report evaluates this new pre‐treatment technology through the perspective of a virtual operating biorefinery, and although there are significant challenges that must be addressed, there is a clear path that can enable commercialization of this novel approach. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd