bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Steroidogenic Factor 1 Is Mediated by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7
Authors: Lewis Aurélia E. , Rusten Marte , Hoivik Erling A. , Vikse Elisabeth L. , Hansson Magnus L. , Wallberg Annika E. , Bakke Marit
Published: September 2007

The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) is critical for development and function of steroidogenic tissues. Posttranslational modifications are known to influence the transcriptional capacity of SF1, and it was previously demonstrated that serine 203 is phosphorylated. In this paper we report that serine 203 is phosphorylated by a cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7)-mediated process. As part of the CDK-activating kinase complex, CDK7 is a component of the basal transcription factor TFIIH, and phosphorylation of SF1 as well as SF1-dependent transcription was clearly reduced in cells carrying a mutation that renders the CDK-activating kinase complex unable to interact with the TFIIH core. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses revealed that SF1 and CDK7 reside in the same complex, and kinase assays demonstrated that immunoprecipitated CDK7 and purified TFIIH phosphorylate SF1 in vitro. The CDK inhibitor roscovitine blocked phosphorylation of SF1, and an inactive form of CDK7 repressed the phosphorylation level and the transactivation capacity of SF1. Structural studies have identified phosphoinositides as potential ligands for SF1. Interestingly, we found that mutations designed to block phospholipid binding dramatically decreased the level of SF1 phosphorylation. Together our results suggest a connection between ligand occupation and phosphorylation and association with the basic transcriptional machinery, indicating an intricate regulation of SF1 transactivation.
Stealth and non-stealth nanocapsules containing camptothecin: in-vitro and in-vivo activity on B16-F10 melanoma
Authors: Loch-Neckel Gecioni , Nemen Daiane , Puhl Ana Cristina , Fernandes Daniel , Stimamiglio Marco Augusto , Silva Márcio Alvarez , Hangai Mirela , Silva Maria Claúdia Santos , Lemos-Senna Elenara
Published: September 2007

Camptothecin (CPT) is an alkaloid that displays considerable antitumour activity, but clinical use has been limited by its poor water solubility and the instability of the lactone moiety (active form) in physiological media. We have therefore formulated the drug into nanocarrier systems in an attempt to improve its therapeutic properties. This study evaluates the effect of intraperitoneally administered stealth and non-stealth nanocapsules containing CPT on lung metastatic spread in mice inoculated with B16-F10 melanoma cells, and on the cytotoxic activity against B16-F10 melanoma cells in-vitro. Poly (d,l-lactide) PLA (non-stealth) and methoxy polyethylene glycol-(d,l-lactide) (PLA-PEG) (stealth) nanocapsules (49 and 66.6 kDa) were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. CPT, as free drug or as drug-loaded nanocapsules, was administrated at a dose of 0.5 mg kg−1 at 3-day intervals for 17 days. Free drug and CPT-loaded nanocapsules reduced the number of metastatic nodules by 45.09–91.76% (P < 0.05 vs positive control). However, only CPT-loaded PLA-PEG 49 kD nanocapsules significantly decreased the number of lung metastases when compared with free drug (P < 0.05). The administration of CPT-loaded nanocapsules and free drug did not result in neutropenia at the administered dose. The improved effectiveness of pegylated nanocapsules was attributed to protection of the drug by nanoencapsulation and to reduced uptake of particles by macrophages located in the lymph nodes. This assumption was supported by the in-vitro study, in which both PLA and 49 kDa PLA-PEG nanocapsules containing CPT were more cytotoxic than the free drug against B16-F10 melanoma cells.
Effect of orally administered Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on allergic contact dermatitis in rats
Authors: Sun Guangchen , Zhang Yixiu , Takuma Daisuke , Onogawa Masahide , Yokota Junko , Hamada Atsuhide , Yoshioka Saburo , Kusunose Masahiko , Miyamura Mitsuhiko , Kyotani Shojiro , Nishioka Yutaka
Published: September 2007

The anti-allergic activity of Eriobotrya japonica seeds extract (ESE) was investigated. Oral administration of ESE dramatically inhibited ear swelling due to allergic contact dermatitis caused by repeated application of two antigens, 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (oxazolone) and dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), respectively. The increase of histamine content in inflamed ear tissue induced by oxazolone and DNFB was significantly antagonized by orally administered ESE. Eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activity in both models was suppressed by orally administered ESE. Tumour necrosis factor-α in the inflamed region caused by repeated application of DNFB was also significantly suppressed. The findings suggest that ESE may be effective for treating allergic contact dermatitis.
D-003 does not possess oestrogenic potential in-vivo: findings of the uterotrophic assay
Authors: Noa Miriam , Mendoza Sarahí , Mas Rosa , Gámez Rafael , Valle Maikel , Pardo Balia , Gutiérrez Ariadne , Mendoza Nilda
Published: September 2007

D-003 is a mixture of long-chain fatty acids purified from sugarcane wax that inhibits both cholesterol synthesis prior to mevalonate formation, and lipid peroxidation. D-003 has been shown to prevent bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomized rats, and significantly improves bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women with reduced bone mineral density. As hormone-replacement therapy, D-003 displays cholesterol-lowering and anti-resorptive effects. We have studied its potential oestrogenic activity in-vivo using the uterotrophic assay. Rats were randomly distributed into five groups: a sham-operated group and four groups of ovariectomized rats, one treated with vehicle, one with D-003 (50 mg kg−1), one with oestradiol benzoate (30 μg kg−1) and one with D-003 (50 mg kg−1) plus oestradiol benzoate (30 μg kg−1). Treatments were administered for 14 days. Ovariectomy decreased the values of relative uterus weight, epithelium cell height and endometrial thickness compared with sham-operated rats, and these effects were all significantly reduced with oestradiol benzoate, but not with D-003. Concurrent administration of D-003 and oestradiol benzoate had statistically similar effects on all variables as oestradiol benzoate alone. In conclusions, D-003 orally given at 50 mg kg−1, a dose that prevents bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomized rats, did not display oestrogenic/anti-oestrogenic activity in-vivo, as assessed in the uterotrophic assay.
Transgenesis upgrades forDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Venken Koen J. T. , Bellen Hugo J.
Published: September 2007

Drosophila melanogaster is a highly attractive model system for the study of numerous biological questions pertaining to development,genetics, cell biology, neuroscience and disease. Until recently, our ability to manipulate flies genetically relied heavily on the transposon-mediated integration of DNA into fly embryos. However, in recent years significant improvements have been made to the transgenic techniques available in this organism, particularly with respect to integrating DNA at specific sites in the genome. These new approaches will greatly facilitate the structure-function analyses of Drosophila genes, will enhance the ease and speed with which flies can be manipulated, and should advance our understanding of biological processes during normal development and disease.
TGFβ superfamily signaling: notes from the desert
Authors: Padgett Richard W. , Reiss Michael
Published: September 2007

The TGFβ pathways play crucial roles in many developmental events, as well as contributing to many disease states. To provide a venue for both signaling and developmental research on TGFβ, a FASEB-sponsored bi-annual meeting was initiated six years ago, the fourth of which was organized by Caroline Hill and Michael O'Connor and took place this July in Tucson,Arizona. The meeting highlighted major advances in our understanding of the structural and biochemical aspects of TGFβ superfamily signaling, its intersection with other pathways, and its contribution to disease.
Evaluation of superalloy heavy-duty grinding based on multivariate tests
Authors: Liu Q , Chen X , Gindy N
Published: September 2007

The quality and economy of grinding depend on proper selection of grinding conditions for the materials to be ground. In order to evaluate the effect of heavy-duty grinding, a new performance index, which includes specific material removal rate, size accuracy, and grinding forces, was proposed. Robust design of experiment, including orthogonal arrays, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) method, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multivariate data, was employed to estimate the effect of uniform experimental design and to optimize grinding parameters. Empirical models of grinding force were investigated for finite element analysis of new fixture design. These empirical models, based on robust design of experiments and multiple regression methodology, have been confirmed through further verification experiments. Correlation coefficients from 0.87 to 0.96 were achieved.
Managing controlled auto-ignition combustion by injection on a direct-injection gasoline engine
Authors: Li Y , Zhao H , Brouzos N , Leach B
Published: September 2007

Controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion in gasoline engines has great potential for reducing both NO x emissions and fuel consumption, but its application is still hindered by the lack of direct control of combustion phasing and by the limited CAI operation range. In this paper, the effect of injection timing and split injection on CAI combustion is presented in a single-cylinder direct-injection gasoline engine with an air-assisted injector. The CAI combustion was achieved by trapping some of the burned gases within the cylinder by using low-lift short-duration camshafts and early closure of the exhaust valves. During the experiments, the engine speed was varied from 1200 to 2400 r/min and the air-fuel ratio was altered from stoichiometric to the misfire limit. Both single and split injections were investigated at different injection timings and fuel quantities. The experimental results show that injection timing has an important effect on CAI combustion for single and split injections. Early injection produces faster and more stable combustion, less hydrocarbon and CO emissions, but very rapid heat release rates and higher NO x emissions. The CAI operation range could be extended significantly by early injection. Split injection gives even further extension of the CAI range in both stoichiometric and lean mixture operations. These results indicate that optimizing the injection timing and using split injection is an effective way to control and extend CAI operation in a direct-injection gasoline engine.
Optimal control of fuel economy in parallel hybrid electric vehicles
Authors: Pu J , Yin C
Published: September 2007

A mathematical model of optimal control of fuel economy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and its dynamic programming (DP) recursive equation and numerical DP algorithm are presented. The effect of frequent gear shifting and engine stop-starting on drivability and fuel economy are both taken into account in the cost function. To overcome the curse of dimensionality of numerical DP, an algorithm restricting the exploring region is proposed to reduce largely the computational complexity, and the quantization increments are carefully selected to balance computation accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, instead of being simplified, the system model is converted into a real-time simulation code by using MATLAB/RTW to improve the computation efficiency. Finally, a case study is presented. The vehicle testing results, the simulation results, and the DP results are compared and analysed, indicating that the maximum performance and the optimal control policy of the HEV can be determined by the algorithm proposed in this paper within an acceptable time and that the results can be used to evaluate and improve the real-time control strategy.
Computational modelling of convective heat transfer in a simulated engine cooling gallery
Authors: Robinson K , Wilson M , Leathard M J , Hawley J G
Published: September 2007

Experimental data from internal combustion (IC) engines suggests that the use of proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes for the prediction of coolant-side heat transfer within IC engine coolant jackets often results in underprediction of the convective heat transfer coefficient. An experimental and computational study, based on a coolant gallery simulator rig designed specifically to reproduce realistic IC engine operating conditions, has been conducted to explore this issue.

It is shown that the standard ‘wall function’ approach normally used in CFD models to model near-wall conditions does not adequately represent some features of the flow that are relevant in convective heat transfer. Alternative modelling approaches are explored to account for these shortcomings and an empirical approach is shown to be successful; however, the methodology is not easily transferable to other situations.
An availability approach to thermal energy recovery in vehicles
Authors: Stobart R K
Published: September 2007

Availability is a well-established and widely recognized way of describing the work-producing potential of energy systems. A first-law analysis is helpful in setting the energy context and ensuring that energy flows balance, but it is a second-law analysis based on availability that places an upper bound on the potential work output. In this analysis a new approach to thermal management intended for vehicle propulsion is examined and developed. Starting with a simple analysis of the chemical energy flow, a realistic heat exchange performance is introduced to establish a practical architecture. Within this framework, the availability analysis shows that effective thermal efficiencies of between 25 and 30 per cent are feasible. With a spark ignition engine operating at a high load condition, and the thermal recovery system at an operating pressure of 100 bar, the maximum efficiency possible with a steady flow work-producing device is 37 per cent (with fully reversible thermodynamic processes). In a water-based thermal recovery system, work could only reasonably be produced with heat transfer from a reservoir at the saturation temperature corresponding to the operating pressure. At 100 bar the maximum efficiency would be 33 per cent. In a different mode of operation, where heat is transferred incrementally to a thermal accumulator and work produced as required, the efficiency is 32 per cent at only 20 bar operating pressure. These efficiency values apply to work production to supplement a combustion engine at any operating condition. An analysis of a reciprocating expander as the work-producing device shows substantial flexibility in operation. Control of system operating pressure is shown to be of value in that periodic adjustments enhance the availability content of the thermal reservoir. The operating pressure of a fluid power system is related to the temperature of operation, and therefore the heat transfer processes. Choice of too high a pressure leads to reduced heat transfer, and ultimately a reduction in work output. There is an optimum condition that can be selected at design time and maintained during the running of the system.
Modelling and simulation of a sandwiched tube-type airbag and its optimization using design of experiments
Authors: Huang J , Zhong Z , Hu L , Liu D
Published: September 2007

This paper presents efforts made on the computational modelling, simulation, and optimization of a new type of airbag, namely a sandwiched tube-type airbag, which deploys more rapidly than the traditional airbag using less gas mass inflow and can decrease the risk of head injury of an out-of-position passenger. The airbag is modelled using the finite element method with MADYMO. A static airbag deployment test is performed to support and validate the computational modelling efforts. The considered variables for airbag optimization design are as follows: the collocation of the tether, the length of the tether, the mass flowrate, and the size and location of the vent hole. The simulation is performed using an orthogonal array, within the range of given control levels. Finally, the simulation results are analysed by iSIGHT, and the relationships between the design variables could help to design the airbag cushion.
A fault-detection, filter-design method for linear parameter-varying systems
Authors: Casavola A , Famularo D , Franzè G , Sorbara M
Published: September 2007

In this paper a fault-detection (FD), filter-design method has been proposed for linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems. The FD filter is an optimal H∞ Luenberger observer synthesized by minimizing frequency conditions that ensure guaranteed levels of disturbance rejection and fault detection. Via the bounded real lemma (BRL) and the separation principle the design method is formulated as a convex linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problem. The resulting residual generator is parameter-dependent and uses the plant parameter assumed measurable online. Finally, an FD threshold logic is proposed in order to reduce the generation of false alarms. The effectiveness of the design technique is illustrated via a numerical example.
Fault detection in a thermal process control system with input constraints using a robust right coprime factorization approach
Authors: Deng M , Inoue A , Edahiro K
Published: September 2007

A fault detection method in an uncertain aluminium plate thermal process control system with input constraints is presented. The method is based on a robust right coprime factorization approach. The detailed explanation is as follows. Based on right coprime factorization dynamics, a model of the thermal process is developed. Using the concept of robust right coprime factorization of non-linear operators, a robust tracking operator system for the process is designed. For checking the tracking operator system, a fault detection design scheme is proposed. Further, simulation and experimental results are also presented to support the theoretical results.
Output feedback stochastic H∞ stabilization of networked fault-tolerant control systems
Authors: Aberkane S , Sauter D , Ponsart J. C.
Published: September 2007

In the current paper, static output feedback stochastic stabilization and disturbance attenuation issues for a class of discrete-time networked control systems subject to random failures and random delays are addressed. The different random processes are modelled as Markovian chains, and the resulting closed-loop system belongs to the class of discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems. Results are formulated as matrix inequalities. A numerical algorithm based on non-convex optimization is provided and its running is illustrated on a classical example from literature.
System safety modelling and assessment using ternary decision diagram
Authors: Yu Y-Y , Johnson B. W.
Published: September 2007

Ternary decision diagram (TDD) is introduced as a new modelling technique to conduct system safety modelling and assessment. In this paper complex systems are broken down to functional modules in order to facilitate the combinatorial modelling process. Quantitatively to assess safety, two failure states are modelled. Three cases of module construction techniques using TDD are discussed. An algorithm is developed for the TDD modular approach, and an example system is exercised to verify the algorithm.
On the three-state weather model of transmission line failures
Authors: Csenki A
Published: September 2007

Recent work by Billinton et al. has highlighted the importance of employing more than one adverse weather state when modelling transmission line failures by Markov processes. In the present work the structure of the modelling Markov process is identified, allowing the rate matrix to be written in a closed form using Kronecker matrix operations. This approach allows larger models to be handled safely and with ease. The MAXIMA implementation of two asymptotic reliability indices for such systems is addressed, exemplifying the combination of symbolic and numerical steps, perhaps not seen in this context before. It is also indicated how the three-state weather model can be extended to a multi-state model, while retaining the scope of the proposed closed-form expression for the rate matrix. Some possible future work is discussed.
Multi-objective genetic algorithm for optimization of system safety and reliability based on IEC 61508 requirements: A practical approach
Authors: Torres-Echeverria A. C. , Thompson H. A.
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a practical approach for optimization by evolutionary computation of safety instrumented system design, based on safety and reliability measures, plus life cycle cost. The standard IEC 61508 establishes the necessity of this kind of systems to meet specific safety integrity requirements, expressed in terms of safety integrity levels (SIL). The SIL is determined in terms of average probability of failure on demand (PFDavg) for control systems that operate in demand mode. The optimization executed takes into account the level of modelling detail contemplated by the standard, including multiple failure modes, diagnostic coverage, and common cause failures. This study addresses the case of series-parallel systems. Optimization is approached by treating the problem as one of redundancy and reliability allocation, together with testing intervals specifications. Modelling is made through fault tree analysis with house events. The multi-objective genetic algorithm proposed by Fonseca and Fleming is used as the optimization technique.
Geochemistry and Origin of Lead and Selenium in the No. 6 Coal from the Junger Coalfield, North China
Authors: Li Shengsheng , Zhao Lei
Published: September 2007

The concentration, occurrence, and geological origin of lead and selenium in the main minable coal seam (No. 6 Coal) from the Junger Coalfield were studied using inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry, instrumental neutron activation analysis, scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and optical microscope. The results show that the average concentrations of Pb and Se in the No. 6 Coal are as high as 35.7 μg/g and 8.2 μg/g, respectively, which are much higher than those of coals from North China, Guizhou of China, China, and USA. In addition, their enrichment factors are up to 2.4 and 68.1, respectively. Lead and selenium mainly occur in galena, clausthalite, and selenio-galena. These minerals occur as cell-fillings of coal-forming plants and are of chemical sedimentary origin. Much attention should be paid to the industrial values of high Se in this coal.
Desirable Airfoil Features for Smaller-Capacity Straight-Bladed VAWT
Authors: Islam Mazharul , Ting David S-K. , Fartaj Amir
Published: September 2007

In the small scale wind turbine market, the simple straight-bladed Darrieus type vertical axis wind turbine (SB-VAWT) is very attractive for its simple blade design. A detailed aerodynamic performance analysis was conducted on a smaller capacity fixed-pitch SB-VAWT. Brief analyses of the main aerodynamic challenges of this type of wind turbine were first discussed and subsequently the authors conducted further literature survey and computational analysis to shortlist aerodynamic characteristics of a desirable airfoil for a self-starting and better performing SB-VAWT. The required geometric features of the desirable airfoil to achieve the short listed characteristics were also discussed. It has been found out that conventionally used NACA symmetric airfoils are not suitable for smaller capacity SB-VAWT. Rather, it is advantageous to utilize a high-lift and low-drag asymmetric thick airfoil suitable for low speed operation typically encountered by SB-VAWT.
Simulations of the Fluid Flow around a Rotating Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Guerri Ouahiba , Sakout Anas , Bouhadef Khedidja
Published: September 2007

Numerical simulations of the fluid flow around a small rotating vertical axis wind turbine are performed using a time accurate Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solver. A moving mesh technique is applied for the simulation of the rotating wind turbine. The RANS equations are then formulated in ALE. All computations are performed assuming 2D incompressible fully turbulent flow. Turbulence is modelled by the SST k/ω model of Menter. Blade forces and torque are obtained from the solution of the RANS equations by integrating the pressure and shear stress over the blade surface. The expected wind turbine output is determined at given rotational speeds. The resulting power coefficients are compared to that obtained by applying a multiple stream tube theory.
Yaw Rate, Rotor Speed and Gyroscopic Loads on a Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Wright A.K. , Wood D.H.
Published: September 2007

The magnitude of gyroscopic rotor shaft and blade bending moments on a free yaw wind turbine rotor are proportional to the product of rotor speed and yaw rate. An analysis is presented of the relationship between these two variables and wind speed, based on field test data from a 2 m diameter wind turbine with a tail-fin furling system, and in reference to the recent revision of the International Electrotechnical Commission standard for small wind turbine design. Examples are given of fast yaw rates caused by furling, and by large wind direction changes at relatively small wind and rotor speeds. Analyses of data showed that reducing turbine yaw moment of inertia increases the magnitude of maximum yaw rate for a given rotor speed, and that yaw rate is highly influenced by tail fin aerodynamics.
Technical Note: Determination of Impact Noise of Floors Based on Vibration Measurements
Authors: Secchi Simone , Cellai Gianfranco
Published: September 2007

Field measurement of acoustical performances of buildings is difficult where construction has not been completed. The absence of doors, windows and other finishing details, generates sound transmission paths, which can modify the results of measurements. In these cases, acoustical performances of building, such as sound reduction index and impact noise, can be determined through the temporary close of all openings, or through the measurement of the vibration velocity level of the partitions examined. Both techniques allow the elimination of airborne transmission paths, while the second also permits the evaluation of the contribution of structural flanking transmission. In this paper, a technique is described for the estimation of impact noise of floors from measurements of velocity levels. Results are presented for a concrete floors and a comparison given between the traditional and new type of measurements.
Dynactin suppresses the retrograde movement of apically localized mRNA in Drosophila blastoderm embryos
Authors: Vendra Georgia , Hamilton Russell S. , Davis Ilan
Published: September 2007

Motor dependent transport of mRNA is a key mechanism in axis specification during development. Apical transport and anchoring of wingless and pair-rule transcripts in the Drosophila syncytial blastoderm embryo is mediated by cytoplasmic Dynein, the major minus end directed microtubule dependent molecular motor. Here, we show that, despite apical transport of mRNA being highly directional, mRNA particles often pause and move backward toward the plus ends of microtubules. We suggest that this retrograde movement helps overcome cellular obstructions. We show that the plus end movement of apical mRNA is independent of the major plus end microtubule motors Kinesin-1 and Kinesin-2. In contrast, Dynactin, a Dynein processivity factor, is required to suppress retrograde mRNA movements, as well as for efficient minus end motility. We propose that Dynein itself, rather than the activity of a plus end motor, is responsible for the plus end movements of the mRNA and that Dynactin is involved in preventing short reverse movements of the Dynein motor, known to occur in vitro.
Thawing the frozen shoulder
Authors: Quraishi N. A. , Johnston P. , Bayer J. , Crowe M. , Chakrabarti A. J.
Published: September 2007

This study prospectively evaluated the outcome of manipulation under anaesthesia and hydrodilatation as treatments for adhesive capsulitis. A total of 36 patients (38 shoulders) were randomised to receive either method, with all patients being treated in stage II of the disease process.

The mean age of the patients was 55.2 years (44 to 70) and the mean duration of symptoms was 33.7 weeks (12 to 76). Eighteen shoulders (17 patients) underwent manipulation under anaesthesia and 20 (19 patients) had hydrodilatation. There were three insulin-dependent diabetics in each group. The mean visual analogue score in the manipulation under anaesthesia group was 5.7 (3 to 8.5; n = 18) before treatment, 4.7 (0 to 8.5; n = 16) at two months (paired t-test p = 0.02), and 2.7 (0 to 9; n = 16) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0006). The mean score in the hydrodilatation group was 6.1 (4 to 10; n = 20) before treatment, 2.4 (0 to 8; n = 18) at two months (paired t-test, p = 0.001), and 1.7 (0 to 7; n = 18) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0006). The visual analogue scores in the hydrodilatation group were significantly better than in the manipulation under anaesthesia group over the six-month follow-up period (p < 0.0001).

The mean Constant score in those manipulated was 36 (26 to 66) before treatment, 58.5 (24 to 90) at two months (paired t-test, p = 0.001) and 59.5 (23 to 85) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0006). In the hydrodilatation group it was 28.8 (18 to 55) before treatment, 57.4 (17 to 80) at two months (paired t-test, p = 0.0004) and 65.9 (28 to 92) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0005). The Constant scores in the hydrodilatation group were significantly better than in the manipulated group over the six-month period of follow-up (p = 0.02).

The range of movement improved in all patients over the six months, but was not significantly different between the groups. At the final follow-up, 94% of patients (17 of 18) were satisfied or very satisfied after hydrodilatation compared with 81% (13 of 16) of those receiving a manipulation.

Most of our patients were treated successfully, but those undergoing hydrodilatation did better than those who were manipulated.
The nerve supply of the lumbar intervertebral disc
Authors: Edgar M. A.
Published: September 2007

The anatomical studies, basic to our understanding of lumbar spine innervation through the sinu-vertebral nerves, are reviewed. Research in the 1980s suggested that pain sensation was conducted in part via the sympathetic system. These sensory pathways have now been clarified using sophisticated experimental and histochemical techniques confirming a dual pattern. One route enters the adjacent dorsal root segmentally, whereas the other supply is non-segmental ascending through the paravertebral sympathetic chain with re-entry through the thoracolumbar white rami communicantes.

Sensory nerve endings in the degenerative lumbar disc penetrate deep into the disrupted nucleus pulposus, insensitive in the normal lumbar spine. Complex as well as free nerve endings would appear to contribute to pain transmission.

The nature and mechanism of discogenic pain is still speculative but there is growing evidence to support a ‘visceral pain’ hypothesis, unique in the muscloskeletal system. This mechanism is open to ‘peripheral sensitisation’ and possibly ‘central sensitisation’ as a potential cause of chronic back pain.
Dislocation of the calcaneocuboid joint presenting as lateral instability of the ankle
Authors: Punwar S. , Madhav R.
Published: September 2007

A 16-year-old professional female ballet student sustained a plantar flexion-inversion injury to her left ankle while dancing. Clinical examination and MRI suggested subluxation of the tibiotalar joint. However, accurate diagnosis was hampered by a transient palsy of the common peroneal nerve. It was subsequently established that she had also sustained a dislocation of her calcaneocuboid joint, a rare injury, which was successfully stabilised by using a hamstring graft. The presentation and management of this rare condition are discussed.
Metastasis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung to the first web space of the hand
Authors: Elhassan B. , Fakhouri A.
Published: September 2007

While primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the hand is common, metastasis of a squamous-cell carcinoma to the hand is very rare. It has been reported to arise from carcinoma of the lung and oesophagus and, rarely, from other tumours. We describe a patient with metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma occurring in the first web space of the hand from primary lung cancer, which remained undetected for 30 months after treatment of the metastasis.
‘Private Affluence and Public Squalor’? The Europeanisation of British coastal bathing water policy
Authors: Jordan Andrew
Published: September 2007

English

A study of British coastal bathing water politics over the last 40 years reveals the extent to which the European Community has influenced a relatively stable policy area dominated by engineers and scientists, in which successive governments of different political hues defended the practice of depositing raw sewage into nearshore waters along short pipes. Together with the pressures arising from the privatisation of the water industry, European environmental ideas and policies have helped shift a previously stable policy community by offering new campaigning opportunities to environmental groups who were previously marginalised. The resulting changes in the goals and instruments of domestic policy are examined from the standpoint of Peter Hall’s model of social learning, which lays stress on the role of ideas in precipitating fundamental changes in policy over extended periods of time.
From Welfare to Work in Denmark: an alternative to free market policies?
Authors: Etherington David
Published: September 2007

English

The Labour government’s ‘Welfare to Work’ strategy has been met with criticism on two grounds; the first relates to its free market orientation which is unlikely to reduce labour market inequalities. The second is its capacity to deliver given a stringent macro monetary policy and tight public expenditure constraints which will slow down economic growth and labour demand. In contrast with the UK, Denmark implemented a major reform of its welfare and labour market system in 1994, which essentially retains major elements of the Nordic model. The purpose of this article is to assess critically the development and implementation of the Danish labour market reform programme and consider its relevance for the UK. The article argues that Denmark offers a ‘working alternative’ to free market and neo-liberal policies. As the welfare and labour market reforms are geared towards building a skill base, increasing democracy and accountability and reducing inequality, there are important lessons and guiding principles for the UK.
Social Exclusion in Europe: paradigms of social disadvantage in Germany, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom
Authors: Cousins Christine
Published: September 2007

English

This article reviews contemporary discussions of the concept of social exclusion in Europe and examines different paradigms of inclusion and exclusion in selected European countries. A central concern of the article is to link the literature on social exclusion with the debate on welfare regimes and labour market structures and mechanisms of social protection. Drawing on recent comparative analyses the article also considers how women and ethnic minority groups, as well as different social classes, are included or excluded in different welfare regimes.
Inequalities in Mental Health: models and explanations
Authors: Middleton Hugh , Shaw Ian
Published: September 2007

English

There is a widely held, and influential view, that there is a causal relationship between mental ill-health and social deprivation. This article discusses these views from genetic and sociological perspectives. The main thrust of the argument is that consideration of these various views develops understanding of the similarities and differences between sociological and medical approaches to mental illness. Acknowledging the importance of all these views requires an unprecedented integration of medical and sociological approaches to mental illness.
Promoting the use of diverse sources of evidence: evaluating progress in the provision of services for people with dementia and their carers
Authors: Moriarty Jo , Manthorpe Jill , Iliffe Steve , Rapaport Joan , Clough Roger , Bright Les , Cornes Michelle
Published: September 2007

English

This article reports on an innovatory partnership between regulatory bodies and researchers to assess progress in improving NHS, local authority and other services for older people in 10 different parts of England. It discusses how consultation exercises held as part of local inspections that fed into a national review of the National Service Framework for Older People may enlarge the evidence base for planning and service improvement purposes. The results provide an example of the need for greater debate about different sources of evidence in health and social care. There is comparatively little recent UK research-based evidence on what people with dementia and their carers think about the services they receive and policy makers may need to draw on wide-ranging sources of evidence if they are to make necessary service improvements and to develop policy initiatives.
Rapid Cortisol Assay during Adrenal Vein Sampling in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Mengozzi Giulio , Rossato Denis , Bertello Chiara , Garrone Corrado , Milan Alberto , Pagni Roberto , Veglio Franco , Mulatero Paolo
Published: September 2007

Background: Adrenal vein sampling is considered the gold standard test to identify primary aldosteronism, the most frequent form of secondary hypertension. Technical difficulties with this procedure may be overcome by monitoring cortisol concentrations in the different sampling sites during catheterization.

Methods: We applied a rapid automated cortisol assay performed on a benchtop immunoassay analyzer near the operating suite during the catheterization procedures in 5 hypertensive patients. A mean of 7.8 samples (range, 5–13) were collected from the vena cava as well as from right and left adrenal veins.

Results: Cortisol concentrations measured by the rapid assay and by our routine method were comparable. Two of 5 patients were found to be affected by an aldosterone-producing adenoma and 3 of 5 by a bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Cortisol determination during the adrenal vein sampling procedure allowed a successful cannulation in all patients, including a patient in whom it was necessary to cannulate 9 different candidate right adrenal veins before finding the correct one.

Conclusions: Intraoperative cortisol assays appeared safe, reproducible, simple to perform, rapid, and cost-effective. The approach represents a service-oriented model for the laboratory and can provide valuable and timely information for improving the success rate of adrenal vein catheterization.
Könyvismertetések
Authors: Ritoókné Ádám Magda , Nagybányai Nagy Olivér , Pléh Csaba , Keresztes Attila
Published: September 2007

VárinéSzilágyiIbolya: Építészprofilok, akik a
70-es, 80-as években indultak(Ritoókné Ádám Magda)      407RacsmányMihály(szerk.): Afejlődés
zavarai és vizsgálómódszerei(Nagybányai Nagy Olivér)     409Új irányzatok
és a bejárt út
a pszichológiatörténet-írásban (Mandler,
G.: Interesting
times. An encounter with the
20th century; Hergenhahn,
B. N.: An
introduction to the history of psychology; Schultz, D. P.,Schultz, S. E.: A history of modern psychology; Greenwood,
J. D.: The disappearance of the social in
American social psychology;Bem,
S.,LoorendeJong,
H.: Theoretical issues in psychology. An
introduction; Sternberg, R.
J. (ed.)Unity in psychology: Possibility
or pipedream?;Dalton, D. C.,Evans, R. B. (eds): __
Is there a role for sigmoidoscopy in symptomatic patients? Analysis of a study correlating distal and proximal colonic neoplasias detected by colonoscopy in a symptomatic population
Authors: Binda Vítor , Pereira-Lima Júlio , Nunes Cleber Allem , Falkemberg Leonardo Torre , Azambuja Daniel Barcellos , Cruz José Vinícius
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is the gold standard exam to investigate patients with colonic complaints. However, its availability is limited in developing countries. Sigmoidoscopy has been advocated as a first procedure in colorectal cancer screening strategies, in order to select those who need colonoscopy. AIM: To study the correlation between distal and proximal colonic neoplasias in symptomatic patients 50 years or older and patients 40 to 49 years old who underwent colonoscopy at a gastrointestinal endoscopy unit in 1999 and 2000 with the purpose to evaluate its role in a symptomatic population. METHODS: All colonoscopies performed in our Department in 1999-2000 were reviewed. The distal colon was defined as the colonic segment aboral to the splenic flexure. Advanced neoplasias were defined as adenomas larger than 10 millimeters and adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: Of the 2,701 colonoscopies retrieved, 1,125 were enrolled in this study. Prevalence rates for adenoma, advanced adenoma and carcinoma were 28.9%, 4.6% and 4% in the group of 830 patients 50 years or older (mean age 65 years, 491 women). The finding of one small (<10 mm) adenoma in the distal bowel doubled the likelihood of finding a proximal neoplasia (OR = 2.12, 95% CI, 1.27-3.54), and multiple (OR = 3.99, 95% CI, 1.72-9.28) or advanced (OR = 3.73, 95% CI, 1.81-7.7) adenomas increased this risk even further. Of the patients without adenoma or carcinoma in the distal colon, 1.93% had proximal advanced neoplasia. In the group of 40 to 49-year-old patients (n = 395; mean age 44.8 years, 208 women) the prevalence of adenomas (14.9%), advanced adenomas (3.4%), and carcinomas (1.7%) was lower. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of finding a proximal lesion is greater in patients with distal neoplasias. This likelihood is further increased when adenomas are multiple or larger than 10 mm. One out of 52 patients 50 years or older with an apparently normal distal colon has advanced proximal neoplasia. Sigmoidoscopy is not an adequate exam for symptomatic patients aged 50 years or older.
Drenagem endoscópica transmural de pseudocisto pancreático: resultados a longo prazo
Authors: Abreu Rone Antônio Alves de , Carvalho Jr. Joaquim Alves , Vaz Filinto Anibal Alagia , Ota Luiz Hirotoshi , Speranzini Manlio Basílio
Published: September 2007

RACIONAL: Os pseudocistos pancreáticos são complicações relativamente comuns em pacientes adultos com pancreatite. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo da drenagem endoscópica transmural, estabelecendo seu papel no manejo do pseudocisto pancreático. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 14 pacientes com pseudocisto de pâncreas, cuja principal queixa à apresentação foi dor no andar superior do abdome e massa abdominal palpável, submetidos a cistogastrostomia (n = 12) e cistoduodenostomia (n = 2), acompanhados clinicamente e com tomografia computadorizada de abdome por até 51 meses. A colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada era tentada em todos os casos para estudo do ducto pancreático e classificação dos cistos. RESULTADOS: A pancreatite crônica alcoólica agudizada foi responsável por 10 casos (71,5%) e a biliar por 4 (28,5%). As duas formas de drenagens (cistogastrostomia e cistoduodenostomia) endoscópicas foram efetivas. Não houve mudança na conduta terapêutica proposta; em dois pacientes a migração da órtese para o interior do pseudocisto, no momento da inserção, foi a principal complicação, sendo possível sua retirada no mesmo ato, com o uso da cesta de Dormia, sob o auxílio de fluoroscopia. Não houve mortalidade, nem recidiva até o momento. O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar foi de 3 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A drenagem endoscópica transmural se apresentou como terapêutica eficaz, com baixo índice de complicações, mortalidade nula e pequeno tempo de internação hospitalar.
Ununsual manifestations of neurocysticercosis in MR imaging: analysis of 172 cases
Authors: Amaral Lázaro , Maschietto Murilo , Maschietto Roberta , Cury Ricardo , Ferreira Nelson Fortes , Mendonça Renato , Lima Sérgio Santos
Published: September 2007

PURPOSE: The typical manifestations of neurocysticercosis are described widely in the literature. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the uncommon presentations of different forms of neurocysticercosis in MR imaging. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of 172 cases of neurocysticercosis in MR studies was carried out over a period of 13 years. One hundred and four males and 68 females with a mean age of 32 ± 3.7 years were studied. The studies were performed on 1.5 T GE MR units and T1 was used before and after gadolinium injection, T2 and gradient-echo (T2*) sequences. RESULTS: The authors divided the unusual manifestations of neurocysticercosis into: intraventricular, subarachnoid, spinal, orbital, intraparenchymatous, and reactivation of previously calcified lesions. The results obtained were: intraparenchymatous 95 cases (55.23%); intraventricular 27 cases (15.69%); subarachnoid 20 cases (11.63%); spinal 6 cases (3.49%); orbital 1 case (0.58%); reactivated lesion 1 case (0.58%); association of intraventricular and intraparenchymatous 12 cases (6.98%); association of subarachnoid and intraparenchymatous 6 cases (3.49%); association of subarachnoid and intraventricular, 4 cases (2.32%). CONCLUSION: MR imaging is a sensitive and specific method in the analysis of different forms of unusual manifestations of neurocysticercosis, which should appear in the differential diagnosis of parenchymal, ventricular, spinal, cisternal, and orbital lesions.
Tratamento cirúrgico da escoliose na amiotrofia espinhal progressiva
Authors: Roso Vanderson , Bitu Simone de Oliveira Bittencourt , Zanoteli Edmar , Beteta Javier Toledano , Castro Rogério Carvalho de , Fernandes Antônio Carlos
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Descrever os resultados imediatos e tardios da cirurgia para correção de escoliose em pacientes com amiotrofia espinhal progressiva (AEP). MÉTODO: 14 pacientes com AEP submetidos a cirurgia para escoliose foram selecionados para análise retrospectiva dos prontuários e radiografias, assim como para exame radiográfico e aplicação de um questionário na consulta final. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 22 meses. A escoliose média pré-operatória foi de 78,4° pelo método de Cobb. Todos os pacientes apresentavam obliqüidade pélvica (média de 25,5°) e 11 apresentavam cifose. A média de idade à época da cirurgia foi de 12 anos e 3 meses. Em 12 pacientes foi realizada artrodese via posterior com instrumental de Luque-Galveston, e em 2 com instrumental de Cotrel-Dubousset. RESULTADOS: Foi obtida correção no pós-operatório imediato de 64,3% da escoliose, 36,4% da cifose e 70,9% da obliqüidade pélvica. As complicações foram fístula liquórica e infecção precocemente em um caso; e tardiamente soltura da amarria de T1, em dois casos. Houve perda média de correção no final do seguimento de 0,26° da escoliose e de 1,28° da obliqüidade pélvica. Os pais e os pacientes referiram boa melhora em relação aos aspectos estéticos, postura, equilíbrio para sentar e cuidados de higiene, assim como das intercorrências respiratórias. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia para escoliose na AEP tem impacto satisfatório quanto à estética, qualidade de vida e função respiratória dos pacientes, com mínima perda da correção obtida com o tempo e com poucas complicações.