bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis ofLeishmaniamimetic neoglycoproteins for the cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis
Authors: de Souza Lígia Moraes Barizon , Thomaz Soccol Vanete , Petterle Ricardo Rasmussen , Bates Michelle D. , Bates Paul A.
Published: May 2018

Oligosaccharides are broadly present onLeishmaniacell surfaces. They can be useful for the leishmaniases diagnosis and also helpful in identifying new cell markers for the disease. The disaccharide Galα1-3Galβis the immunodominant saccharide inLeishmaniacell surface and is the unique non-reducing terminal glycosphingolipids structure recognized by anti-α-Gal. This study describes an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used to measure serum levels of anti-α-galactosyl (α-Gal) antibodies in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Optimal ELISA conditions were established and two neoglycoproteins (NGP) containing the Galα1-3Gal terminal fraction (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-HAS and Galα1-3Gal-HAS) and one Galα1-3Gal NGP analogue (Galα1-3Galβ1-3GlcNAc-HAS) were used as antigens. Means of anti-α-Gal antibody titres of CL patients were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the healthy individuals for all NGPs tested. Sensitivity and specificity of all NGPs ranged from 62.2 to 78.4% and 58.3 to 96.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the NGPs can be used for CL diagnosis.
Long-term Care for Older People in South Africa: The Enduring Legacies of Apartheid and HIV/AIDS
Authors: LLOYD-SHERLOCK PETER
Published: May 2018

This paper sets out a general framework for analysing long-term care (LTC) systems for older people in different countries and then applies this framework to a specific national setting. The paper considers the extent to which South Africa's emerging LTC system conforms to broader patterns observed across low- and middle-income countries and how far it has been shaped by more local effects. It finds that patterns of demand for LTC vary across different racial categories. Despite having lower rates of ageing that the white population, Africans account for the majority of LTC demand. Residential services cater primarily for older whites and there is a widespread perception that LTC for Africans should be a family responsibility. Across the sector there is evidence of gaps in service availability, limited state oversight and uneven service quality. In 2016 this led to a high-profile political scandal which may prompt more effective state responses to this growing societal challenge.
China and the “Singapore Model”: Perspectives from Mid-level Cadres and Implications for Transnational Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Liu Hong , Wang Ting-Yan
Published: May 2018

Over the past three decades, China has shown tremendous interest in the “Singapore model” through its sending of tens of thousands of cadres to Singapore for executive training and graduate education. Although this phenomenon has been studied, no attention has been drawn to the perspectives of those mid-level cadres who took part in the training and what those perspectives might imply. Utilizing a unique dataset of over 1,350 mid-level cadres graduating from the “Mayors’ Class” in Singapore from 1995 to 2016 and follow-up surveys and interviews, this article intends to fill this gap. We found that the most appealing characteristics of the “Singapore model” for these mid-level officials lay in practical governance lessons and their potential transferability rather than in ideologies. This finding challenges conventional wisdom that the most plausible rationale of China's learning from Singapore is political. We also examine Xi Jinping's view of Singapore and its relevance to China's latest national agendas in building a “learning nation” and strengthening the CCP's resilience through anti-corruption and intra-party regeneration. The conclusion places the China–Singapore case within the context of the changing trend of transnational knowledge transfer in the non-Western world.
The effect of explicit instructions in idea generation studies
Authors: Vasconcelos Luis A. , Neroni Maria A. , Crilly Nathan
Published: May 2018

In inspiration and fixation experiments, example designs are often provided along with the instructions for how participants should treat them. However, research has not reached a consensus about the influence of such instructions, leading to difficulties in understanding how the examples and the instructions each affect idea generation. We conducted an experiment in which 303 participants designed for the same design problem, while given different examples and instructions, which ranged from strongly encouraging copying the examples to strongly discouraging copying. Exposure to the examples affected the number and type of ideas generated, whereas exposure to the instructions did not. However, instructions did affect how participants incorporated features of the examples in their ideas. Encouraged groups incorporated many features of the examples, while also incorporating structural features more than conceptual ones. Surprisingly, the incorporation of features in discouraged groups was not different from that of groups given no instructions or even no stimulus. This indicates that concrete features may be easier to recognize and reproduce than abstract ones, and that encouraging instructions are more effective than discouraging ones, despite how strict or lenient those instructions are. The manipulation of different features also allowed us to observe how similar approaches to solving a design problem can compete for attention and how the calculation of feature repetition can be misleading depending on how common or obvious the features might be. These findings have implications for the interpretation of results from fixation studies, and for the development of design tools that present stimuli to assist idea generation.
Effects of ups and downs of the Mongolian mining sector
Authors: Baatarzorig Tsolmon , Galindev Ragchaasuren , Maisonnave Hélène
Published: May 2018

The economy of Mongolia, a country rich in natural resources, is increasingly dependent upon the mining sector. International prices of mining commodities have been highly volatile in recent years. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to examine the short-term effects on the Mongolian economy of two scenarios: (1) a moderate boom in the coal market; and (2) a drop in the world price of metal ores. It is found that the Dutch disease effect generated by the shocks is insignificant given the structure of the economy (e.g., small export shares and low export intensity of manufacturing and agriculture commodities) and a labor market condition with high unemployment. Since the economy is largely dependent upon on the mining sector, the impacts of the shocks are jarring, implying that the government must abide by its fiscal rules for stable growth and prosperity.
The Content of Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: HOFMANN CLAUDIA , OSNAGO ALBERTO , RUTA MICHELE
Published: May 2018

Preferential trade agreements are an important feature of the global trade system. Several questions, ranging from the rationale for preferential arrangements to their impact on members, non-members and the broader multilateral trade system, are at the forefront of academic and policy debates in trade policy. This paper presents a new database that offers a detailed assessment of the content of preferential arrangements, examining the coverage and legal enforceability of provisions regulating a large set of policy areas. The database provides information on 279 agreements signed by 189 countries between 1958 and 2015. The analysis of the data confirms one of the key insights in the literature: preferential trade agreements are becoming deeper over time. A growing number of these treaties regulate an extended set of policies, frequently with legally enforceable provisions, in areas under the current World Trade Organization mandate and in areas outside the current World Trade Organization mandate, especially competition policy, investment, movements of capital, and intellectual property rights protection. Accounting for the changing scope of preferential trade agreements is essential to gain a more complete and accurate understanding of where the global trading system is going and how its governance can be improved.
A DUTCH BOOK THEOREM AND CONVERSE DUTCH BOOK THEOREM FOR KOLMOGOROV CONDITIONALIZATION
Authors: RESCORLA MICHAEL
Published: May 2018

This article discusses how to update one’s credences based on evidence that has initial probability 0. I advance a diachronic norm, Kolmogorov Conditionalization, that governs credal reallocation in many such learning scenarios. The norm is based upon Kolmogorov’s theory of conditional probability. I prove a Dutch book theorem and converse Dutch book theorem for Kolmogorov Conditionalization. The two theorems establish Kolmogorov Conditionalization as the unique credal reallocation rule that avoids a sure loss in the relevant learning scenarios.
Effect of Formulations and Spray Nozzles on 2,4-D Spray Drift under Field Conditions
Authors: Kalsing Augusto , Rossi Caio V. S. , Lucio Felipe R. , Zobiole Luiz H. S. , da Cunha Luis C. V. , Minozzi Guilherme B.
Published: May 2018

Six trials were conducted during 2014/15 and 2015/16 growing seasons in Brazil to determine the effect of 2,4-D formulations and spray nozzles on 2,4-D spray drift under conventional field conditions. An experimental 2,4-D choline formulation with Colex-D® Technology (GF-3073) and a 2,4-D dimethylamine (DMA) formulation were applied with either XR and AIXR flat-fan spray nozzles. Each plot was 30 m wide by 24 m long (720 m2) with 60 glyphosate-resistant soybean rows spaced 50 cm apart and also 35 potted tomato plants distributed on a grid across the plot 5-m apart. Applications were performed one meter away from the plot edge perpendicular to the soybean rows when wind direction was parallel to the rows with less than 30 degrees of angle deviation. Spray drift treatments were applied in 100 L ha−1 with tractor sprayers at 276 kPa equipped with a 7-m wide boom at 50 cm above the canopy of the soybean plant, operating at 6.8 km h−1. The distance from the plot edge to the farthest plant with 2,4-D symptoms was assessed for every four soybean rows at 10 and 20 days after treatment (DAT) and potted tomatoes at 10 DAT. GF-3073 reduced the distance of the farthest injured plant with 2,4-D symptoms compared to the 2,4-D DMA formulation regardless of the spray nozzle, assessment date and sensitive species. GF-3073 applied through the AIXR nozzle reduced the relative drift affected area to the standard by 68% at 10 DAT and 67% at 20 DAT for soybean and 60% at 10 DAT for potted tomatoes.
Foreshocks, b Value Map, and Aftershock Triggering for the 2011 Mw 5.7 Virginia Earthquake
Authors: Meng Xiaofeng , Yang Hongfeng , Peng Zhigang
Published: May 2018

The 2011 Mw 5.7 Virginia earthquake and subsequent dense deployment provide us an unprecedented opportunity to study in detail an earthquake sequence within stable continental United States. Here we apply the waveform‐based matched filter technique to obtain more complete earthquake catalogs around the origin time of the Virginia mainshock. With the enhanced earthquake catalogs, we conclude that no foreshock activity existed prior to the Virginia mainshock. The b value map shows significant variations across the aftershock zone, suggesting strong heterogeneity in stress distribution or crustal material in the study region. We also investigate multiple earthquake triggering mechanisms, including static and dynamic triggering, afterslip, and atmospheric pressure changes. We find that dynamic triggering best explains aftershock distributions close to the mainshock's rupture plane, while the activation of off‐fault seismicity is consistent with static Coulomb stress changes. Moreover, an off‐fault earthquake swarm occurred as the Category 2 Hurricane Irene passed by the aftershock zone 5 days after the mainshock, which might be promoted by stress changes associated with atmospheric pressure drop. Our observations suggest that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for triggering aftershocks following one earthquake.
Diverse Volumetric Faulting Patterns in the San Jacinto Fault Zone
Authors: Cheng Yifang , Ross Zachary E. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda
Published: May 2018

We examine locations, magnitudes, and faulting types of post‐2000 earthquakes in the trifurcation area of San Jacinto fault zone to clarify basic aspects of failure processes in the area. Most M ≥ 3.5 events have strike‐slip mechanisms, occur within 1 km of the main faults (Clark, Buck Ridge, and Coyote Creek), and have hypocenter depths of 10–13 km. In contrast, many smaller events have normal source mechanisms and hypocenters in intrafault areas deeper than 13 km. Additional small events with hypocenter depth <13 km occur in off‐fault regions and have complex geometries including lineations normal to the main faults. Five moderate earthquakes with M 4.7–5.4 have high aftershock rates (~150 M ≥ 1.5 events within 1 day from the mainshock). To obtain more details on aftershock sequences of these earthquakes, we detect and locate additional events with the matched filter method. There are almost no aftershocks within 1 km from the mainshocks, consistent with large mainshock stress drops and low residual stress. The five aftershock sequences have almost no spatial overlap. While the mainshocks are on the main faults, most aftershocks are located in intrafault and off‐fault regions. Their locations and spatial distribution reflect the mainshock rupture directions, and many also follow structures normal to the main faults. The significant diversity of observed features highlights the essential volumetric character of failure patterns in the area. The increasing rate of moderate events, productive aftershock sequences, and large inferred stress drops may reflect processes near the end of a large earthquake cycle.
Effective Stress Law for the Permeability and Deformation of Four Porous Limestones
Authors: Wang Ying , Meng Fanbao , Wang Xiaoqiong , Baud Patrick , Wong Teng‐fong
Published: May 2018

A fundamental question in rock physics is how the coupling of confining stress and pore pressure influences geophysical properties, which is manifested by the effective stress behavior of the porous rock. We investigated the effective stress behavior of four water‐saturated limestones with porosities ranging from 13% to 30%. Unlike previous experimental studies limited to the permeability, we also characterized the effective stress coefficients for pore volume change and bulk strain. The pore spaces of three of the limestones (two allochemical oolitic and one micritic) have significant fractions of macropores and micropores. In these three limestones with dual porosity the effective stress coefficients for permeability and pore volume change were observed to be consistently greater than 1, even though that for axial strain was less than 1. In a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, the effective stress coefficients for permeability, bulk volumetric strain, and pore volume change are predicted to be equal to or less than unity. Our data therefore show that these limestones cannot be modeled as microscopically homogeneous. Berryman (1992a, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB01593) and Berryman (1992b, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.3307) analyzed theoretically a rock made up of two porous constituents, and our experimental data are in agreement with inequalities he derived for effective stress coefficients of such an assemblage. For comparison, we studied the Leitha limestone that is made up predominately of macropores. Our data showed that all three effective stress coefficients in this case were less than unity, as predicted for a microscopically homogeneous assemblage.
Land Surface Air Temperature Data Are Considerably Different Among BEST‐LAND, CRU‐TEM4v, NASA‐GISS, and NOAA‐NCEI
Authors: Rao Yuhan , Liang Shunlin , Yu Yunyue
Published: May 2018

Several groups routinely produce gridded land surface air temperature (LSAT) data sets using station measurements to assess the status and impact of climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report suggests that estimated global and hemispheric mean LSAT trends of different data sets are consistent. However, less attention has been paid to the intercomparison at local/regional scales, which is important for local/regional studies. In this study we comprehensively compare four data sets at different spatial and temporal scales, including Berkley Earth Surface Temperature land surface air temperature data set (BEST‐LAND), Climate Research Unit Temperature Data Set version 4 (CRU‐TEM4v), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies data (NASA‐GISS), and data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Center for Environmental Information (NOAA‐NCEI). The mean LSAT anomalies are remarkably different because of the data coverage differences, with the magnitude nearly 0.4°C for the global and Northern Hemisphere and 0.6°C for the Southern Hemisphere. This study additionally finds that on the regional scale, northern high latitudes, southern middle‐to‐high latitudes, and the equator show the largest differences nearly 0.8°C. These differences cause notable differences for the trend calculation at regional scales. At the local scale, four data sets show significant variations over South America, Africa, Maritime Continent, central Australia, and Antarctica, which leads to remarkable differences in the local trend analysis. For some areas, different data sets produce conflicting results of whether warming exists. Our analysis shows that the differences across scales are associated with the availability of stations and the use of infilling techniques. Our results suggest that conventional LSAT data sets using only station observations have large uncertainties across scales, especially over station‐sparse areas. In developing future LSAT data sets, the data uncertainty caused by limited and unevenly distributed station observations must be reduced.
Investigating the Tropospheric Chemistry of Acetic Acid Using the Global 3‐D Chemistry Transport Model, STOCHEM‐CRI
Authors: Khan M. Anwar H. , Lyons Kyle , Chhantyal‐Pun Rabi , McGillen Max R. , Caravan Rebecca L. , Taatjes Craig A. , Orr‐Ewing Andrew J. , Percival Carl J. , Shallcross Dudley E.
Published: May 2018

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is one of the most abundant carboxylic acids in the troposphere. In the study, the tropospheric chemistry of CH3COOH is investigated using the 3‐D global chemistry transport model, STOCHEM‐CRI. The highest mixing ratios of surface CH3COOH are found in the tropics by as much as 1.6 ppb in South America. The model predicts the seasonality of CH3COOH reasonably well and correlates with some surface and flight measurement sites, but the model drastically underpredicts levels in urban and midlatitudinal regions. The possible reasons for the underprediction are discussed. The simulations show that the lifetime and global burden of CH3COOH are 1.6–1.8 days and 0.45–0.61 Tg, respectively. The reactions of the peroxyacetyl radical (CH3CO3) with the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) and other organic peroxy radicals (RO2) are found to be the principal sources of tropospheric CH3COOH in the model, but the model‐measurement discrepancies suggest the possible unknown or underestimated sources which can contribute large fractions of the CH3COOH burden. The major sinks of CH3COOH in the troposphere are wet deposition, dry deposition, and OH loss. However, the reaction of CH3COOH with Criegee intermediates is proposed to be a potentially significant chemical loss process of tropospheric CH3COOH that has not been previously accounted for in global modeling studies. Inclusion of this loss process reduces the tropospheric CH3COOH level significantly which can give even larger discrepancies between model and measurement data, suggesting that the emissions inventory and the chemical production sources of CH3COOH are underpredicted even more so in current global models.
A machine learning approach to predict metabolic pathway dynamics from time-series multiomics data
Authors: Costello Zak , Martin Hector Garcia
Published: May 2018

New synthetic biology capabilities hold the promise of dramatically improving our ability to engineer biological systems. However, a fundamental hurdle in realizing this potential is our inability to accurately predict biological behavior after modifying the corresponding genotype. Kinetic models have traditionally been used to predict pathway dynamics in bioengineered systems, but they take significant time to develop, and rely heavily on domain expertise. Here, we show that the combination of machine learning and abundant multiomics data (proteomics and metabolomics) can be used to effectively predict pathway dynamics in an automated fashion. The new method outperforms a classical kinetic model, and produces qualitative and quantitative predictions that can be used to productively guide bioengineering efforts. This method systematically leverages arbitrary amounts of new data to improve predictions, and does not assume any particular interactions, but rather implicitly chooses the most predictive ones.
Chaperone-like food components: from basic concepts to food applications
Authors: Akbari Ali , Bamdad Fatemeh , Wu Jianping
Published: May 2018

The significance of chaperones in preventing protein aggregation including amyloid fibril formation has been extensively documented in the biological field, but there is limited research on the potential effect of chaperone-like molecules on food protein functionality and food quality.
A rainbow ratiometric fluorescent sensor array on bacterial nanocellulose for visual discrimination of biothiols
Authors: Abbasi-Moayed Samira , Golmohammadi Hamed , Bigdeli Arafeh , Hormozi-Nezhad M. Reza
Published: May 2018

The crucial role of biothiols in many biological processes, which turns them into important biomarkers for the early diagnosis of various diseases, the development of an affordable, sensitive and portable probe for the detection and discrimination of these compounds is of great importance.
Ambiphilic geometrically constrained phosphenium cation
Authors: Volodarsky Solomon , Dobrovetsky Roman
Published: May 2018

Geometrically constrained phosphenium cation was synthesized, and in contrast to previously reported phosphenium cations, it is ambiphilic and reactive towards small molecules.
Synthesis of unsymmetrical Si-rhodamine fluorophores and application to a far-red to near-infrared fluorescence probe for hypoxia
Authors: Hanaoka Kenjiro , Kagami Yu , Piao Wen , Myochin Takuya , Numasawa Koji , Kuriki Yugo , Ikeno Takayuki , Ueno Tasuku , Komatsu Toru , Terai Takuya , Nagano Tetsuo , Urano Yasuteru
Published: May 2018

A versatile synthesis of unsymmetrical Si-rhodamines was established and applied for development of a hypoxia-sensing far-red to NIR fluorescence probe.
Synthesis of tailor-made colloidal semiconductor heterostructures
Authors: Enright Michael J. , Cossairt Brandi M.
Published: May 2018

This feature article provides an account of the various bottom-up and top-down methods that have been developed to prepare colloidal heterostructures and highlights the benefits of a seeded assembly approach for greater control and customizability.
Acidic effect of porous alumina as supports for Pt nanoparticle catalysts in n-hexane reforming
Authors: Yang Euiseob , Jang Eun Jeong , Lee Jun Gyeong , Yoon Sinmyung , Lee Jaekyoung , Musselwhite Nathan , Somorjai Gabor A. , Kwak Ja Hun , An Kwangjin
Published: May 2018

Catalytic activity and selectivity of n-hexane reforming are changed significantly by the surface acidic properties of the alumina support following halogen treatment.
New aspects of the environmental risks of quantum dots: prophage activation
Authors: Xu Juan , He Huan , Wang Ying-Ying , Yan Ren , Zhou Lian-Jiao , Liu Yu-zhu , Jiang Feng-Lei , Maskow Thomas , Liu Yi
Published: May 2018

CdTe QDs induce lysogenic bacteria into the lytic cycle by damaging the DNA.
Design and synthesis of conformationally constraint Dyrk1A inhibitors by creating an intramolecular H-bond involving a benzothiazole core
Authors: Salah Mohamed , Abdel-Halim Mohammad , Engel Matthias
Published: May 2018

We present the development of conformationally pre-organised Dyrk1A inhibitors based on the hydroxybenzothiazole urea scaffold.
Synergistic molecular assembly of an aptamer and surfactant on gold nanoparticles for the colorimetric detection of trace levels of As3+ions in real samples
Authors: Thao Nguyen Nguyen Le , Park Chan Yeong , Park Jong Pil , Kailasa Suresh Kumar , Park Tae Jung
Published: May 2018

A facile and selective aptasensor was developed by the synergistic molecular assembly of the Ars-3 aptamer on AuNPs for the detection of As3+ions using CTAB as a binder.
Oxidation of aromatic alkenes and alkynes catalyzed by a hexa-acetonitrile iron(ii) ionic complex [Fe(CH3CN)6][BF4]2
Authors: Yap Chew Pheng , Ng Jing Kuang , Madrahimov Sherzod , Bengali Ashfaq A. , Chwee Tsz Sian , Fan Wai Yip
Published: May 2018

A simple Fe(ii) catalyst that catalyses the oxidation of aromatic alkenes and alkynes under ambient conditions.
Growth mechanism of core–shell PtNi–Ni nanoparticles using in situ transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Zheng Liyun , Zhang Xiaowei , Bustillo Karen C. , Yao Yuan , Zhao Lixin , Zhu Minggang , Li Wei , Zheng Haimei
Published: May 2018

Controlling the growth, morphology and structure of nanocrystals is fundamental to achieving facet dependent physical and chemical properties.
Light-driven chiroptical photoswitchable DNA assemblies mediated by bioinspired photoresponsive molecules
Authors: Dudek Marta , Deiana Marco , Pokladek Ziemowit , Mlynarz Piotr , Samoc Marek , Matczyszyn Katarzyna
Published: May 2018

Photoswitchable chiroptical assemblies mediated by light-activated azobenzene units incorporated into canonical and non-canonical DNA scaffolds.
Selective antimony reduction initiating the nucleation and growth of InSb quantum dots
Authors: Crisp Ryan W. , Grimaldi Gianluca , De Trizio Luca , Evers Wiel H. , Kirkwood Nicholas , Kinge Sachin , Manna Liberato , Siebbeles Laurens D. A. , Houtepen Arjan J.
Published: May 2018

Butyl lithium reduces tris(dimethylamino)antimony to stibinein situwhich then reacts with indium-oleate to selectively produce InSb quantum dots.
Vertically integrated visible and near-infrared metasurfaces enabling an ultra-broadband and highly angle-resolved anomalous reflection
Authors: Gao Song , Lee Sang-Shin , Kim Eun-Soo , Choi Duk-Yong
Published: May 2018

Ultra-broadband and highly angle-resolved anomalous reflection with no spectrum overlapping has been achieved using vertically integrated visible and near-infrared metasurfaces.
Graphene-wrapped nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres for high-activity oxygen electroreduction
Authors: Ma Ruguang , Xing Ruohao , Lin Gaoxin , Zhou Yao , Liu Qian , Yang Minghui , Hu Chun , Yan Kang , Wang Jiacheng
Published: May 2018

An effective “plane-to-point” conductive network formed via wrapping N-doped hollow carbon spheres with graphene nanosheets could effectively promote fast electron transfer to the active sites, obtaining enhanced activity for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction.
A novel post-polymerizable polynorbornene prepared via ROMP: easy synthesis and conversion into a free-standing film with high Tg and low dielectric constant
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Zhou Junfeng , Fang Linxuan , Sun Jing , Fang Qiang
Published: May 2018

A novel polynorbornene with high Tg is prepared via ROMP followed by a thermo-induced post-polymerization procedure.
Epistemic games in substance characterization
Authors: Sevian Hannah , Couture Steven
Published: May 2018

Problem solving is lauded as beneficial, but students do not all learn well by solving problems. Using the resources framework, Tuminaro J., and Redish E. F., (2007), Elements of a cognitive model of physics problem solving: Epistemic games,Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research,3(2), 020101 suggested that, for physics students, this puzzle may be partially understood by paying attention to underlying epistemological assumptions that constrain the approaches students take to solving problems while working on them. They developed an approach to characterizing epistemic games, which are context-sensitive knowledge elements concerning the nature of knowledge, knowing and learning. As there is evidence that context-activated knowledge influences problem solving by students in chemistry, we explored identifying epistemic games in students’ problem solving in chemistry. We interviewed 52 students spanning six courses from grade 8 through fourth-year university, each solving 4 problems. Using 16 contexts with substance characterization problems, we identified 5 epistemic games with ontological and structural stability that exist in two larger epistemological frames. All of these epistemic games are present at all educational levels, but some appear to grow in across educational levels as others recede. Some games also take lesser and greater precedence depending on the problem and the chemistry course in which students are enrolled and the context of the problem. We analyze these results through a frame of learning progressions, paying attention to students’ ideas and how these ideas are contextualized. Based on this analysis, we propose teaching acts that instructors may use to leverage the natural progressions of how students appear to grow in their capacity to solve problems.
A bimetallic oxide Fe1.89Mo4.11O7 electrocatalyst with highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction activity in alkaline and acidic media
Authors: Hao Zhaomin , Yang Shishuai , Niu Jingyang , Fang Zhiqiang , Liu Liangliang , Dong Qingsong , Song Shuyan , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2018

Transition-metal Mo-based materials have been considered to be among the most effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts.
Symmetry-reversals in chiral active matter
Authors: Workamp Marcel , Ramirez Gustavo , Daniels Karen E. , Dijksman Joshua A.
Published: May 2018

A swarm of active-spinner particles displays a reversal of their swarming direction as their packing density is increased, an effect that can be enhanced by adding geometric friction between the particles.
NIRF/PA/CT multi-modality imaging guided combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy based on tumor microenvironment-responsive nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Jinping , You Qing , Sun Qi , Song Yilin , Wang Yidan , Cheng Yu , Wang Siyu , Tan Fengping , Li Nan
Published: May 2018

We developed a novel nanocomposite as a single nanoplatform (AlPc-MoS2@SiO2-CS) for photothermal and photodynamic therapy of tumors.
Nucleus of active asteroid 358P/Pan-STARRS (P/2012 T1)
Authors: Agarwal J. , Mommert M.
Published: May 2018

Context.The dust emission from active asteroids is likely driven by collisions, fast rotation, sublimation of embedded ice, and combinations of these. Characterising these processes leads to a better understanding of their respective influence on the evolution of the asteroid population.

Aims.We study the role of fast rotation in the active asteroid 358P (P 2012/T1).

Methods.We obtained two nights of deep imaging of 358P with SOAR/Goodman and VLT/FORS2. We derived the rotational light curve from time-resolved photometry and searched for large fragments and debris >8 mm in a stacked, ultra-deep image.

Results.The nucleus has an absolute magnitude ofmR= 19.68, corresponding to a diameter of 530 m for standard assumptions on the albedo and phase function of a C-type asteroid. We do not detect fragments or debris that would require fast rotation to reduce surface gravity to facilitate their escape. The 10-h light curve does not show an unambiguous periodicity.
Thermal inertia and roughness of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko from MIRO and VIRTIS observations
Authors: Marshall D. , Groussin O. , Vincent J.-B. , Brouet Y. , Kappel D. , Arnold G. , Capria M. T. , Filacchione G. , Hartogh P. , Hofstadter M. , Ip W.-H. , Jorda L. , Kührt E. , Lellouch E. , Mottola S. , Rezac L. , Rodrigo R. , Rodionov S. , Schloerb P. , Thomas N.
Published: May 2018

Aims.Using data from the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, we evaluate the physical properties of the surface and subsurface of the nucleus and derive estimates for the thermal inertia (TI) and roughness in several regions on the largest lobe of the nucleus.

Methods.We have developed a thermal model to compute the temperature on the surface and in the uppermost subsurface layers of the nucleus. The model takes heat conduction, self-heating, and shadowing effects into account. To reproduce the brightness temperatures measured by the MIRO instrument, the thermal model is coupled to a radiative transfer model to derive the TI. To reproduce the spatially resolved infrared measurements of the VIRTIS instrument, the thermal model is coupled to a radiance model to derive the TI and surface roughness. These methods are applied to Rosetta data from September 2014.

Results.The resulting TI values from both instruments are broadly consistent with each other. From the millimetre channel on MIRO, we determine the TI in the subsurface to be <80 JK−1m−2s−0.5for the Seth, Ash, and Aten regions. The submillimetre channel implies similar results but also suggests that higher values could be possible. A low TI is consistent with other MIRO measurements and in situ data from the MUPUS instrument at the final landing site of Philae. The VIRTIS results give a best-fitting value of 80 JK−1m−2s−0.5and values in the range 40–160 JK−1m−2s−0.5in the same areas. These observations also allow the subpixel scale surface roughness to be estimated and compared to images from the OSIRIS camera. The VIRTIS data imply that there is significant roughness on the infrared scale below the resolution of the available shape model and that, counter-intuitively, visually smooth terrain (centimetre scale) can be rough at small (micrometre–millimetre) scales, and visually rough terrain can be smooth at small scales.
Cosmic dance at z ~ 3: Detecting the host galaxies of the dual AGN system LBQS 0302–0019 and Jil with HAWK-I+GRAAL
Authors: Husemann B. , Bielby R. , Jahnke K. , Arrigoni-Battaia F. , Worseck G. , Shanks T. , Wardlow J. , Scholtz J.
Published: May 2018

We recently discovered that the luminous radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) LBQS 0302–0019 at z = 3.286 is likely accompanied by an obscured AGN at 20 kpc projected distance, which we dubbed Jil. It represents the tightest candidate system of an obscured and unobscured dual AGN at z > 3. To verify the dual AGN scenario, we obtained deep Ks band (rest-frame V band) imaging with the VLT/HAWK-I+GRAAL instrument at 0.″4 resolution during science verification in January 2018. We detect the individual host galaxies of the QSO and Jil with estimated stellar masses of log(M⋆/M⊙) = 11.4 ± 0.5 and log(M⋆/M⊙) = 0.9 ± 0.5, respectively. Near-IR spectra obtained with Very Large Telescope-K-band Multi Object Spectrograph (VLT-KMOS) reveal a clear [O III] λ5007 line detection at the location of Jil that does not contribute significantly to the Ks band flux. Both observations therefore corroborate the dual AGN scenario. A comparison to Illustris simulations suggests a parent halo mass of log(Mhalo/M⊙) = 13.2 ± 0.5 for this interacting galaxy system, corresponding to a massive dark matter halo at that epoch.
Ignition and advancement of surface discharges at atmospheric air under positive lightning impulse voltage depending on perpendicular electric stress and solid dielectrics: modelling of the propagating phenomenology
Authors: Douar Mohammed Adnane , Beroual Abderrahmane , Souche Xavier
Published: May 2018

In many high voltage equipment, partial discharges are regarded as one of the most widespread pathology whose ignition conditions and effects are studied by scientists and manufacturers to avoid major failures. Actually, those electrical gaseous phenomena generally occur under several constraints such as the electrostatic field level, the nature of insulating surface being polluted or not, and switching or lightning transients. The present paper discusses physical mechanisms related to the creeping discharges propagation growing over insulators subjected to perpendicular electric field and positive lightning impulse voltage. More precisely, the developed discussion attempts to answer some observations especially noticed for main discharges feature namely (i) the discharges morphology, (ii) their velocity and (iii) the space charges effects on electric field computation. Several factors like (i) the influence of the type of a material’s interface, its electric conductivity, permittivity and discharges mobility, (ii) the relationship between the applied electrostatic field, the space charges, the velocity, the propelling pressure and discharges temperature are among numerous parameters that have been addressed in this study which discusses lightning impulse transients phenomena.
An economic-demographic dynamical system
Authors: Zincenko A. , Petrovskii S. , Volpert V.
Published: May 2018

Human population growth has been called the biggest issue the humanity faces in the 21st century, and although this statement is globally true, locally, many Western economies have been experiencing population decline. Europe is in fact homeland for population decline. By 2050 many large European economies are predicted to lose large parts of their population. In this work, we consider the dynamical system that corresponds to the model introduced by Volpertet al.[Nonlinear Anal.159(2017) 408–423]. With the help of this model, we illustrate scenarios that can lead, in the long-run, to sharp population decline and/or deterioration of the economy. We also illustrate that even when under certain conditions the population will go extinct, temporarily it might experience growth.
Analysis ofDipylidium caninumtapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas
Authors: Beugnet Frédéric , Labuschagne Michel , Vos Christa de , Crafford Dionne , Fourie Josephus
Published: May 2018

Initial investigations suggested the existence of two distinct genotypes ofDipylidium caninumfrom infected cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). One genotype was found almost always (> 95%) in fleas collected from, and proglottids shed by, domestic dogs. The other was found almost always (> 95%) in fleas collected from, and proglottids shed by, domestic cats. Molecular investigations (Part 1, in this journal) confirmed the presence of two distinct genotypes. Due to the apparent host association observed, these were referred to as the “D. caninumcanine genotype” and the “D. caninumfeline genotype”. The current article reports on anin vivoexperimental infection study assessing the host-parasite interaction for each genotype. Mixed infections with the two genotypes in both dogs and cats were conducted. The specific genotyping of proglottids allowed us to assess the specific prepatent periods, prolificity, and longevity of each genotype in dogsversuscats. The possible hybridisation was also studied through molecular evaluation of the proglottids expelled by infected dogs and cats. Results demonstrate a clear distinct host interaction. The canineD. caninumgenotype occurred at a higher frequency in dogs, with a shorter prepatent period and a longer lifespan; and the feline genotype occurred at a higher frequency in cats, with a shorter prepatent period and a longer lifespan. The absence of any hybrids in the mixed infections of both dogs and cats confirm the hypothesis of two distinct genotypes, suggesting the possibility of two distinct species withinDipylidium caninum.
Balantidium grimi n. sp. (Ciliophora, Litostomatea), a new species inhabiting the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa from Lishui, China
Authors: Zhao Weishan , Li Can , Zhang Dong , Wang Runqiu , Zheng Yingzhen , Zou Hong , Li Wenxiang , Wu Shangong , Wang Guitang , Li Ming
Published: May 2018

Balantidium grimi n. sp. is described from the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa (Amphibia, Dicroglossidae) from Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China. The new species is described by both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a molecular phylogenetic analysis is also presented. This species has unique morphological features in that the body shape is somewhat flattened and the vestibulum is “V”-shaped, occupying nearly 3/8 to 4/7 of the body length. Only one contractile vacuole, situated at the posterior body, was observed. The phylogenetic analysis based on SSU-rDNA indicates that B. grimi groups together with B. duodeni and B. entozoon. In addition, the genus Balantidium is clearly polyphyletic.
Beatmungsmedizin – das Wichtigste aus 4 aktuellen Leitlinien
Authors: Schönhofer Bernd
Published: May 2018

Was ist neu?

S2k-Leitlinie: Außerklinische Beatmung Eine außerklinische nicht invasive Beatmung (NIV) nach akuter respiratorischer Azidose bei zugrundeliegender COPD sollte erst dann begonnen werden, wenn die Hyperkapnie auch 2 – 4 Wochen nach dem akuten Ereignis noch persistiert. Bevor die invasive außerklinische Beatmung wegen Weaningversagen initiiert wird, soll das erfolglose Weaning von einem in Beatmung und Weaning erfahrenen Arzt – idealerweise aus einem Weaningzentrum – festgestellt oder mindestens konsiliarisch geprüft werden. Wird ein Patient ohne vorherige Betreuung in einem Beatmungszentrum in die invasive außerklinische Beatmung entlassen, sollte zeitnah (maximal nach 3 Monaten) ein Experte aus einem Beatmungszentrum hinzugezogen werden. Alternativ kann eine Überprüfung des Weaningpotenzials und der außerklinischen Versorgungssituation durch einen ermächtigten/niedergelassenen Arzt mit Beatmungsexpertise in Rücksprache mit einem solchen Zentrum erfolgen.

S3-Leitlinie: Invasive Beatmung und Einsatz extrakorporaler Verfahren bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz Wenn trotz konsequenter Anwendung der oben empfohlenen Maßnahmen eine Befundverschlechterung eintritt, wird empfohlen ein regionales ARDS/ECMO- Zentrum zu kontaktieren. Angehörige und Patienten sollten über Langzeitfolgen der invasiven Beatmung informiert werden.

S2k-Leitlinie: Prolongiertes Weaning Zunehmende Bedeutung erhält darüber hinaus die umfassende Prozessorganisation in der Versorgung von Patienten im prolongierten Weaning unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der erforderlichen interdisziplinären Versorgungskette. Hierbei kommt den Weaningzentren, der neurologischen und pneumologischen Frührehabilitation, sowie der professionellen Überleitung der Patienten in eine außerklinische Beatmung ein hoher Stellenwert zu.

S3-Leitlinie: NIV bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz Bei hypoxämischer ARI sollte NIV allenfalls in einem milden Stadium des ARDS und bei ausgewählten Patienten ohne oder mit nur geringgradigen zusätzlichen Organversagen eingesetzt werden. Der Einsatz von NIV sollte spezialisierten Zentren mit großer Erfahrung im Einsatz der NIV vorbehalten bleiben und ausschließlich unter kontinuierlichem Monitoring und ständiger Intubationsbereitschaft erfolgen.
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Distylium racemosum Extract in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma
Authors: Han Jong-Heon , Park Kyuhee , Lee Jong , Nam Yeon-Ju , Yang Jungeun , Song Myung-Jin , Ko Sung-Jin , Kim Su-Gyeong , Byun Hoo-Dhon , Kim Young , Park Ji-Gweon , Choi Yongmun
Published: May 2018

Allergic asthma is a complex disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Patients with asthma often show poor adherence to corticosteroid therapy owing to prominent side effects, which provides a rationale to explore new drug classes with a better safety profile. In this study, we sought to discover natural products that inhibit the activity of phosphodiesterase 4, which is considered a potential molecular target for anti-inflammatory therapy. The screening of a plant extract library led to the identification of Distylium racemosum, which inhibited phosphodiesterase 4 activity in vitro and suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory signaling in cultured cells. In a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma, D. racemosum treatment significantly reduced inflammatory responses in the lung, as well as serum immunoglobulin E levels. Although the active constituents of D. racemosum extract and the exact mechanism underlying the in vivo action of D. racemosum remain to be elucidated, our results provide a basis for further investigation of D. racemosum extract as a novel anti-inflammatory agent for allergic asthma.
Tackling the Challenge of the Total Synthesis of Periploside A
Authors: Yu Biao , Zhang Xiaheng
Published: May 2018

Periploside A is the prototypical congener of the pregnane glycosides occurring in the Chinese medicinal plant Periploca sepium, featuring a unique seven-membered formyl acetal bridged spiro-­orthoester (FABO) sugar linkage and potent immunosuppressive activities. This account details our efforts on the stereoselective construction of the FABO motif that has led to a successful total synthesis of peri­ploside A.

1 Introduction

2 Attempts at Construction of the FABO Motif

2.1 Intermolecular Condensation and Transacetalation

2.2 Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Reaction

3 Synthesis of the FABO Motif Bearing the Unnatural Anomeric Configuration

4 Synthesis of the FABO Motif Bearing the Natural Anomeric ­Configuration

4.1 Unsuccessful Attempts

4.2 Final Solution

5 Conclusion
Distal Radius Fractures: Evaluation of Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Kirschner Wire Pinning
Authors: Özkan Sezai , Westenberg Ritsaart , Helliwell Lydia , Mudgal Chaitanya
Published: May 2018

Objective Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) is losing popularity as a treatment modality for distal radius fractures. However, in select cases, CRPP may have advantages relative to open reduction and internal reduction. We aimed to retrospectively assess the outcomes after CRPP for the treatment of distal radius fractures.

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study.

Methods We used billing records to identify all skeletally mature patients with a distal radius fracture who were treated with CRPP by a single surgeon at a level I trauma center in an urban city in the United States. We assessed the medical charts and recorded demographics, trauma and treatment characteristics, radiographic characteristics, and outcomes.

Results All patients had a good or excellent range of motion regarding forearm rotation, and almost 80% had good or excellent range of motion regarding flexion or extension of their wrist. One patient had a concern for pin tract infection, and one had subcutaneous migration of a pin, which were both treated by pin removal.

Conclusion CRPP is a good option in patients with few and sizeable fracture fragments in patients with a distal radius fracture, and it should be considered as an effective tool to restore radiographic parameters and functional outcomes.
Exploiting the Cooper Basin: conventional lessons and appropriate analogues to guide an unconventional future
Authors: Richards Brenton , Côté Alexander
Published: May 2018

Over the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in the exploitation strategy in North American tight gas plays from vertical to horizontal wells. This shift has yet to occur in Australia. The Cooper Basin has vast amounts of contingent and prospective tight gas resources that have yet to be unlocked commercially. These resources continue to be developed primarily with hydraulic fracture stimulated vertical wells. Operators have yet to challenge the status quo and test the Cooper Basin tight gas potential with a drilled, completed and tested horizontal well. There are many advantages to horizontal well developments, from the ability to target a specific high graded reservoir unit to increased capital efficiency. Operators need to break away from convention and take a new approach to Cooper Basin tight gas exploration and development in the quest to demonstrate commerciality. A review of the inherent challenges in Cooper Basin gas field developments and the current exploitation strategies employed in analogous tight gas plays have been integrated to produce a pragmatic workflow to identify potential reservoir units that would benefit from a change in development strategy.