bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
59Co NMR Spectroscopic Chiral Discrimination of [Co(en)3]3+ Enantiomers in Ionic Interacting Systems
Authors: Iida Masayasu , Mizuno Yuri , Koine Norio
Published: July 2006

Formation of diastereomers of Δ- and Λ-[Co(en)3]3+ was investigated in aqueous chiral-electrolyte solutions using 59Co NMR spectroscopy. The chiral electrolytes used were alkali salts for l- and d-tartrates, bis(μ-(−)589-tartrato)diantimonate(III), N-dodecanoyl-l-(and d-)alaninate, N-dodecanoyl-l-threoninate, and N-hexadecanoyl-l-prolinate. The 59Co NMR parameters for the [Co(en)3]3+ group were different between the enantiomers in most cases. The NMR parameters used for chiral discrimination were chemical shifts (in simple electrolyte and micellar solutions), relaxation rates (in simple electrolyte and micellar solutions), peak areas (in micellar solutions), and quadrupole splittings (in liquid crystalline solutions). The larger values of the relaxation rates suggest stronger interactions. On the other hand, the magnitude of the chemical shift change was not simply related to the extent of the interactions. For a chemical shift, the contribution of a geometrical factor seems to be dominant in systems having local anisotropy in the interaction.
Nebivolol: A Third-Generation β-Adrenergic Blocker
Authors: Veverka Angie , Nuzum Donald S , Jolly Jamie L
Published: July 2006

Objective:

TO describe the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of a new β-adrenergic blocker, nebivolol, and review the literature evaluating its efficacy in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.

Data Sources:

Articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1996–May 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 2006), using the key word nebivolol. Additional references were selected from the bibliographies of the articles cited. Searches were not limited by language, time, or human subject.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Preclinical studies evaluating the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of nebivolol in humans were selected for review. Randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trials assessing the efficacy of nebivolol for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure were also included.

Data Synthesis:

Preclinical data have established nebivolol as a third-generation β-adrenergic blocker, as it possesses vasodilatory properties that contribute to its hemodynamic effects beyond those achieved at β-adrenergic receptors. Short-term, randomized, controlled clinical trials have shown nebivolol to be as effective as other antihypertensive therapies at lowering blood pressure. One long-term trial showed a significant reduction in death and hospital admissions for cardiovascular causes when nebivolol was compared with placebo in patients with heart failure (31.1% vs 65.3%; HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.99).

Conclusions:

Nebivolol is a novel β-adrenergic blocker that possesses unique pharmacologic properties, compared with other agents in its class. Nebivolol appears to be as effective as other antihypertensive agents at lowering blood pressure and possesses benefits for patients with heart failure. Additional studies are needed to address the long-term benefits of nebivolol for hypertension, to compare nebivolol with other β-adrenergic blockers for heart failure, and to investigate the clinical relevance of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation.
BH3-Only Proapoptotic Bcl-2 Family Members Noxa and Puma Mediate Neural Precursor Cell Death
Authors: Akhtar Rizwan S. , Geng Ying , Klocke Barbara J. , Latham Cecelia B. , Villunger Andreas , Michalak Ewa M. , Strasser Andreas , Carroll Steven L. , Roth Kevin A.
Published: July 2006

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are highly sensitive to genotoxic injury, which triggers activation of the intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. This pathway is typically initiated by members of the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only subgroup of the Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) protein family, which are positioned upstream in the apoptotic pathway to respond to specific death stimuli. We have shown previously that NPCs deficient in the tumor suppressor protein p53 show significantly less death after exposure to genotoxic injury or to staurosporine (STS), a broad kinase inhibitor and potent apoptosis inducer. p53 has been shown to regulate the expression of both Noxa and Puma, two BH3-only proteins, although their involvement in p53-dependent cell death appears to be cell-type and stimulus specific. A systematic comparison of the relative contributions of Noxa and Puma to NPC apoptosis has not yet been performed. We hypothesized that p53-dependent transcription ofNoxaandPumaleads to death in telencephalic NPCs exposed to genotoxic stress. We found that genotoxic injury induces a rapid p53-dependent increase in expression ofNoxaandPumamRNA in telencephalic NPCs. Furthermore, deficiency of either Noxa or Puma inhibited DNA damage-induced caspase-3 activation and cell death in telencephalic NPCsin vitro. However, only Puma deficiency protected telencephalic ventricular zone NPCs from deathin vivo. In contrast to genotoxic injury, STS produced a p53-independent increase inNoxaandPumaexpression, but neither Noxa nor Puma was required for STS-induced NPC death. Together, these experiments identify Noxa and Puma as important regulators of genotoxin-induced telencephalic NPC death.
Intense Isolectin-B4 Binding in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Distinguishes C-Fiber Nociceptors with Broad Action Potentials and High Nav1.9 Expression
Authors: Fang Xin , Djouhri Laiche , McMullan Simon , Berry Carol , Waxman Stephen G. , Okuse Kenji , Lawson Sally N.
Published: July 2006

Binding to isolectin-B4 (IB4) and expression of tyrosine kinase A (trkA) (the high-affinity NGF receptor) have been used to define two different subgroups of nociceptive small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We previously showed that only nociceptors have high trkA levels. However, information about sensory and electrophysiological propertiesin vivoof single identified IB4-binding neurons, and about their trkA expression levels, is lacking. IB4-positive (IB4+) and small dark neurons had similar size distributions. We examined IB4-binding levels in >120 dye-injected DRG neurons with sensory and electrophysiological properties recordedin vivo. Relative immunointensities for trkA and two TTX-resistant sodium channels (Nav1.8 and Nav1.9) were also measured in these neurons. IB4+ neurons were classified as strongly or weakly IB4+.

All strongly IB4+ neurons were C-nociceptor type (C-fiber nociceptive or unresponsive). Of 32 C-nociceptor-type neurons examined, ∼50% were strongly IB4+, ∼20% were weakly IB4+ and ∼30% were IB4−. Aδ low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM) neurons were weakly IB4+ or IB4−. All 33 A-fiber nociceptors and all 44 Aα/β-LTM neurons examined were IB4−. IB4+ compared with IB4− C-nociceptor-type neurons had longer somatic action potential durations and rise times, slower conduction velocities, more negative membrane potentials, and greater immunointensities for Nav1.9 but not Nav1.8. Immunointensities of IB4 binding in C-neurons were positively correlated with those of Nav1.9 but not Nav1.8. Of 23 C-neurons tested for both trkA and IB4, ∼35% were trkA+/IB4+ but with negatively correlated immunointensities; 26% were IB4+/trkA−, and 35% were IB4−/trkA+. We conclude that strongly IB4+ DRG neurons are exclusively C-nociceptor type and that high Nav1.9 expression may contribute to their distinct membrane properties.
Environmental Degradation, Disproportionality, and the Double Diversion: Reaching Out, Reaching Ahead, and Reaching Beyond
Authors: Freudenburg William R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract  Rather than seeking ivory‐tower isolation, members of the Rural Sociological Society have always been distinguished by a willingness to work with specialists from a broad range of disciplines, and to work on some of the world's most challenging problems. What is less commonly recognized is that the willingness to reach beyond disciplinary boundaries can contribute not just to the solution of real‐world problems, but also to the advancement of the discipline itself. This point is increasingly being illustrated in studies of environment‐society relationships. Most past discussions of humans' roles in environmental problems have focused on overall or average human impacts, but rural sociologists have played leading roles in identifying what I have come to call “the double diversion.” First, rather than being well‐represented by averages, environmental damages are often characterized by high levels of disproportionality, with much or most of the harm being created by the diversion of environmental rights and resources to a surprisingly small fraction of the relevant social actors. The dispropor‐tionality appears to be made possible in part through the second diversion, namely distraction—the diversion of attention, largely through the taken‐for‐granted but generally erroneous assumption that the environmental harm “must” be for the benefit of us all. There are good reasons why rural sociologists would have been among the first to notice both of these “diversions”— and why they will give even greater attention to both in the future.
Association of Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, and Glucose Variability With Morbidity and Death in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wintergerst Kupper A. , Buckingham Bruce , Gandrud Laura , Wong Becky J. , Kache Saraswati , Wilson Darrell M.
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. We evaluated retrospectively plasma glucose levels and the degree of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose variability in a PICU and then assessed their association with hospital length of stay and mortality rates.

METHODS. Electronic medical records at the Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University were reviewed retrospectively for all PICU admissions between March 1, 2003, and March 31, 2004. Patients with a known diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were excluded. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was defined with cutoff values of 110, 150, and 200 mg/dL. Hypoglycemia was defined as ≤65 mg/dL. Glucose variability was assessed with a calculated glucose variability index.

RESULTS. In 13 months, 1094 eligible admissions generated 18865 glucose values (median: 107 mg/dL; range: 13–1839 mg/dL). Patients in the highest maximal glucose quintile had a significantly longer median PICU length of stay, compared with those in the lowest quintile (7.5 days vs 1 day). Mortality rates increased as patients' maximal glucose levels increased, reaching 15.2% among patients with the greatest degree of hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia was also prevalent, with 18.6% of patients (182 of 980 patients) having minimal glucose levels of ≤65 mg/dL. There was an increased median PICU length of stay (9.5 days vs 1 day) associated with glucose values in the lowest minimal quintile, compared with those in the highest quintile. Hypoglycemia was correlated with mortality rates; 16.5% of patients with glucose levels of ≤65 mg/dL died. Glucose variability also was associated with increased length of stay and mortality rates. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, glucose variability, taken with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, showed the strongest association with mortality rates.

CONCLUSIONS. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia were prevalent in the PICU. Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and, in particular, increased glucose variability were associated with increased morbidity (length of stay) and mortality rates.
Utility of Childhood Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Predicting Adult Dyslipidemia and Other Cardiovascular Risks: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Authors: Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Frontini Maria G. , Xu Jihua , Berenson Gerald S.
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. This study sought to examine the usefulness of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in predicting future dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

METHODS. The study sample consisted of a longitudinal cohort of subjects (n = 1163; 30.1% black and 55.4% female) who participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study both as children at 5 to 14 years of age and as adults 27 years later.

RESULTS. The childhood level of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, like low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, was the best predictor of the adulthood level; the next best predictor for both variables was the change in BMI from childhood to adulthood. Furthermore, those in the age-, race-, and gender-specific top quartile, compared with those in the bottom quartile, of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in childhood were 4.5 and 3.5 times more likely, respectively, to develop adult dyslipidemia, independent of baseline BMI and BMI change after 27 years. Although, at equivalent cutoff points, childhood high-risk versus acceptable-risk status for both lipid measures was associated significantly with increased prevalence of obesity and adverse levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in adulthood, only childhood non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol high-risk status was associated with increased prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia (marginal).

CONCLUSIONS. Adverse levels of non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in childhood not only equally persist over time and better predict adult dyslipidemia but also are related to nonlipid cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood.
Folate and Vitamin B6 Rapidly Normalize Endothelial Dysfunction In Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: MacKenzie Karen E. , Wiltshire Esko J. , Gent Roger , Hirte Craig , Piotto Lino , Couper Jennifer J.
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND. Endothelial dysfunction, a precursor of vascular disease, begins early in type 1 diabetes mellitus and is associated with folate status.

METHODS. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of folate (5 mg daily) and vitamin B6 (100 mg daily) in 124 children with type 1 diabetes determined the immediate and 8-week effects of these vitamins, alone and in combination, on endothelial function. Endothelial function, assessed as flow-mediated dilation and glyceryltrinitrate-induced dilation with high-resolution ultrasound of the brachial artery, was measured at baseline, at 2 and 4 hours after the first dose (n = 35), and at 4 and 8 weeks of treatment (n = 122).

RESULTS. Flow-mediated dilation normalized in all treatment groups. From baseline to 8 weeks, flow-mediated dilation improved with folate from 2.6% ± 4.3% (mean ± SD) to 9.7% ± 6.0%, with vitamin B6 from 3.5% ± 4.0% to 8.3% ± 4.2%, and with folate/vitamin B6 from 2.8% ± 3.5% to 10.5% ± 4.4%. This improvement in flow-mediated dilation occurred within 2 hours and was maintained at 8 weeks for each treatment. Flow-mediated dilation in the placebo group, and glyceryltrinitrate-induced dilation in all groups, did not change. Increases in serum folate, red cell folate, and serum vitamin B6 levels related to increases in flow-mediated dilation. Improvement in flow-mediated dilation was independent of changes in total plasma homocyst(e)ine, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Baseline red cell folate levels and baseline diastolic blood pressure were related inversely to improvement in flow-mediated dilation. Serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol inversely related to baseline flow-mediated dilation.

CONCLUSIONS. High-dose folate and vitamin B6 normalized endothelial dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes. This effect was maintained over 8 weeks, with no additional benefit from combination treatment.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effects of Adding Vitamin B12 and Folate to Erythropoietin for the Treatment of Anemia of Prematurity
Authors: Haiden Nadja , Klebermass Katrin , Cardona Francesco , Schwindt Jens , Berger Angelika , Kohlhauser-Vollmuth Christina , Jilma Bernd , Pollak Arnold
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND. Premature infants, especially those with birth weights of <1500 g, often suffer from anemia of prematurity and associated problems. Erythropoietin therapy is a safe effective way to prevent and to treat anemia of prematurity. We hypothesized that combined administration of vitamin B12 and folate with erythropoietin and iron would enhance erythropoietin-induced erythropoiesis.

METHODS. In a randomized, controlled trial, 64 premature infants (birth weight: 801–1300 g) receiving erythropoietin and iron supplementation were assigned randomly to receive either vitamin B12 (3 μg/kg per day) and folate (100 μg/kg per day) (treatment group) or a lower dose of folate (60 μg/kg per day) (control group).

RESULTS. During the 4-week observation period, vitamin B12 and folate enhanced erythropoietin-induced erythropoiesis significantly, as indicated by a 10% increase in red blood cell counts, compared with folate alone. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels remained stable in the treatment group, whereas they decreased in the control group. Vitamin B12 levels in the treatment group increased over baseline and control values, whereas red blood cell folate levels were comparable between the groups. Subsequent analysis showed slight nonsignificant differences in baseline red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit level, and mean corpuscular volume values, which must be addressed as a limitation.

CONCLUSIONS. With the limitation of a slight imbalance in baseline data between the study groups, combined therapy with vitamin B12, folate, erythropoietin, and orally and intravenously administered iron seemed more effective in stimulating erythropoiesis among premature infants, compared with erythropoietin, iron, and low-dose folate alone. Additional trials are necessary to confirm these data.
Reversal of Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease in Two Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome Using Parenteral Fish Oil: Implications for Future Management
Authors: Gura Kathleen M. , Duggan Christopher P. , Collier Sharon B. , Jennings Russell W. , Folkman Judah , Bistrian Bruce R. , Puder Mark
Published: July 2006

Here we report the reversal of cholestasis in 2 infants with intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease. Treatment involved the substitution of a conventional intravenous fat emulsion with one containing primarily omega-3 fatty acids. Biochemical tests of liver function improved significantly. One child was removed from the liver transplantation list because of improved hepatic function, and the second child had complete resolution of cholestasis while solely on parenteral nutrition. This suggests that fat emulsions made from fish oils may be an effective means of treating and preventing this often-fatal condition. A randomized, controlled trial is necessary to study the efficacy of this new approach to parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease.
End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide as a Measure of Acidosis Among Children With Gastroenteritis
Authors: Nagler Joshua , Wright Robert O. , Krauss Baruch
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVES. We aimed to determine the correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide levels and serum bicarbonate concentrations among patients with gastroenteritis, to compare the end-tidal carbon dioxide with other clinical parameters that might also be associated with the degree of acidosis, and to examine the relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide levels and return visits.

METHODS. Our prospective sample included patients presenting to the emergency department with a chief complaint of vomiting and/or diarrhea. The association between end-tidal carbon dioxides and serum bicarbonate concentrations was determined with simple linear-regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were computed to determine the predictive ability of the end-tidal carbon dioxide to detect metabolic acidosis.

RESULTS. One hundred thirty of 146 subjects who were approached were included in the final analysis. For those for whom laboratory studies were performed, the mean serum bicarbonate concentration was 17.3 ± 4.3 mmol/L and the mean end-tidal carbon dioxide level was 34.2 ± 5.2 mm Hg. End-tidal carbon dioxide levels and serum bicarbonate concentrations were correlated linearly in bivariate analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated for end-tidal carbon dioxide as a predictor of serum bicarbonate concentrations of ≤13, ≤15, and ≤17 mmol/L, with areas under the curves of 0.94, 0.95, and 0.90, respectively. The relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide levels and serum bicarbonate concentrations was independent of other potential predictors of acidosis in multivariable analysis. The mean end-tidal carbon dioxide level for patients who required an unanticipated return visit (33.0 ± 4.0 mm Hg) was lower than the level for those who did not seek reevaluation (36.6 ± 3.6 mm Hg).

CONCLUSIONS. End-tidal carbon dioxide levels were correlated with serum bicarbonate concentrations among children with vomiting and diarrhea, independent of other clinical parameters. Capnography offers an objective noninvasive measure of the severity of acidosis among patients with gastroenteritis.
Computerized Provider Order Entry Implementation: No Association With Increased Mortality Rates in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Del Beccaro Mark A. , Jeffries Howard E. , Eisenberg Matthew A. , Harry Eric D.
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine if there were any changes in risk-adjusted mortality after the implementation of a computerized provider order entry system in our PICU.

METHODS. Study was undertaken in a tertiary care PICU with 20 beds and 1100 annual admissions. Demographic, admission source, primary diagnosis, crude mortality, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III risk-adjusted mortality were abstracted retrospectively on all admissions from the PICUEs database for the period October 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004. This time period reflects the 13 months before and 13 months after computerized provider order entry implementation. Pediatric Risk of Mortality III mortality risk adjustment was used to determine standardized mortality ratios.

RESULTS. During the study period, 2533 patients were admitted to the PICU, of which 284 were transported from another facility. The 13-month preimplementation mortality rate was 4.22%, and the 13-month postimplementation mortality rate was 3.46%, representing a nonsignificant reduction in the risk of mortality in the postimplementation period. The standardized mortality ratio was 0.98 vs 0.77, respectively, and the mortality rate for the transported patients was 9.6% vs 6.29%. This yields a nonsignificant mortality risk reduction in the postimplementation period. The standardized mortality ratio was 1.10 preimplementation versus 0.70 postimplementation. Analysis of the 13-month preimplementation versus 5-month postimplementation periods showed a non–statistically significant trend in reduction of mortality for all PICU patients and for transported patients.

CONCLUSIONS. Implementation of a computerized provider order entry system, even in the early months after implementation, was not associated with an increase in mortality. Our experience suggests that careful design, build, implementation, and support can mitigate the risk of implementing new technology even in an ICU setting.
Setting the Stage for Success: Implementation of Developmental and Behavioral Screening and Surveillance in Primary Care Practice—The North Carolina Assuring Better Child Health and Development (ABCD) Project
Authors: Earls Marian F. , Hay Sherry Shackelford
Published: July 2006

Early identification of children with developmental and behavioral delays is important in primary care practice, and well-child visits provide an ideal opportunity to engage parents and perform periodic screening. Integration of this activity into office process and flow is necessary for making screening a routine and consistent part of primary care practice. In the North Carolina Assuring Better Child Health and Development Project, careful attention to and training for office process has resulted in a significant increase in screening rates to >70% of the designated well-child visits. The data from the project prompted a change in Medicaid policy, and screening is now statewide in primary practices that perform Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment examinations. Although there are features of the project that are unique to North Carolina, there are also elements that are transferable to any practice or state interested in integrating child development services into the medical home. Included here are lessons learned and a listing of practical tools for implementation.
Serum concentrations of the third component of complement in healthy dogs and dogs with protein-losing nephropathy
Authors: Acierno Mark J. , Labato Mary Anna , Stern Leah C. , Mukherjee Jean , Jakowski Richard M. , Ross Linda A.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To develop a method for determining the concentration of the third component of complement (C3) in canine serum, to establish a reference range for C3 in healthy dogs, and to evaluate dogs with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) to determine whether PLN is associated with decreased serum C3 concentrations.

Animals—30 healthy dogs and 49 dogs with PLN.

Procedures—Serum samples were obtained from healthy dogs at the time of examination, whereas serum samples were obtained from dogs with PLN at the time of diagnosis. All samples were frozen at −70°C until analyzed. Serum C3 concentrations were determined by use of a sandwich ELISA. Concentrations were expressed as the number of dilutions in which C3 could be detected.

Results—C3 was detectable in healthy control dogs (range, 1,920,000 to 15,400,000 dilutions; median, 9,600,000 dilutions). This represented a range of four 2-fold serum dilutions. In addition, C3 was detectable in dogs with PLN (range, 1,460,000 to 30,070,000 dilutions; median, 7,680,000 dilutions), which represented a range of six 2-fold serum dilutions. There was no significant difference in C3 concentrations between the 2 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—C3 is a critical part of the immune defense system that has not been extensively examined in veterinary medicine. An ELISA was developed for measuring C3 concentrations, and a reference range for healthy dogs was established. Significant decreases in C3 concentrations were not detected in any dog with PLN. Additional studies will be required to definitively determine the importance of serum C3 concentrations in PLN.
Comparison of various doses of carbon 13-labeled aminopyrine for a carbon 13-labeled aminopyrine demethylation blood test in healthy dogs
Authors: Moeller E. Michael , Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. , Tetrick Mark , Burr John
Published: July 2006

Objective—To determine an optimal dose of carbon 13 (13C)-labeled aminopyrine for use in a 13C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test in healthy dogs.

Animals—9 adult dogs.

Procedures—Food was withheld from each dog for 12 hours. A 2-mL baseline blood sample was obtained from each dog and placed into an evacuated tube containing sodium heparin. Carbon 13-labeled aminopyrine was administered IV at doses of 1, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg. Additional blood samples (2 mL) were obtained and placed into evacuated tubes containing sodium heparin 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes after 13C-aminopyrine administration. Hydrochloric acid was used to extract CO2 from blood samples. The extracted gas was analyzed by fractional mass spectrometry to determine the percentage dose of 13C administered as 13C-aminopyrine and recovered in extracted gas (PCD).

Results—Gross evidence of clinical adverse effects was not detected in any dog after administration of 13C-aminopyrine. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) for PCD was significantly lower than the mean CV for the summation of PCD values up to a given sampling time (CUMPCD). Mean PCD values among the 4 doses for each sample time were not significantly different. Administration of 13C-aminopyrine at a dose of 2 mg/kg resulted in the lowest interindividual variability.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The PCD is superior to CUMPCD for the quantification of aminopyrine demethylation. Administration of 13C-13C-aminopyrine at a dose of 2 mg/kg is appropriate for use in the 13C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test in healthy dogs.
Evaluation of permissiveness and cytotoxic effects in equine chondrocytes, synovial cells, and stem cells in response to infection with adenovirus 5 vectors for gene delivery
Authors: Ishihara Akikazu , Zachos Terri A. , Bartlett Jeffrey S. , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To evaluate host cell permissiveness and cytotoxic effects of recombinant and modified adenoviral vectors in equine chondrocytes, synovial cells, and bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMD-MSCs).

Sample Population—Articular cartilage, synovium, and bone marrow from 15 adult horses.

Procedures—Equine chondrocytes, synovial cells, and BMD-MSCs and human carcinoma (HeLa) cells were cultured and infected with an E-1–deficient adenovirus vector encoding the β-galactosidase gene or the green fluorescent protein gene (Ad-GFP) and with a modified E-1–deficient vector with the arg-gly-asp capsid peptide insertion and containing the GFP gene (Ad-RGD-GFP). Percentages of transduced cells, total and transduced cell counts, and cell viability were assessed 2 and 7 days after infection.

Results—Permissiveness to adenoviral vector infection was significantly different among cell types and was ranked in decreasing order as follows: HeLa cells > BMD-MSCs > chondrocytes > synovial cells. Morphologic signs of cytotoxicity were evident in HeLa cells but not in equine cells. Numbers of transduced cells decreased by day 7 in all cell types except equine BMD-MSCs. Transduction efficiency was not significantly different between the Ad-GFP and Ad-RGD-GFP vectors.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Sufficient gene transfer may be achieved by use of an adenovirus vector in equine cells. High vector doses can be used in equine cells because of relative resistance to cytotoxic effects in those cells. Greater permissiveness and sustained expression of transgenes in BMD-MSCs make them a preferential cell target for gene therapy in horses.
Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk samples
Authors: Anderson Kevin L. , Lyman Roberta L. , Bodeis-Jones Sonya M. , White David G.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To determine whether particular antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolates were associated with specific S aureus genotypes.

Sample Population—357 S aureus isolates recovered from milk samples submitted for diagnostic bacteriologic testing from 24 dairy herds.

Procedures—Antimicrobial susceptibility of S aureus isolates was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to 14 antimicrobial agents. After digestion of S aureus genomic DNA by SmaI, electrophoretic patterns were obtained via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and used to classify isolates into types. Gels were analyzed, and data were used to prepare dendrograms.

Results—308 of 357 (86%) S aureus isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials evaluated. Forty-nine S aureus isolates were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobials; of these isolates, 37 were resistant only to penicillin, 9 were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, 2 were resistant to tetracycline, and 1 was resistant to erythromycin. Isolates were assigned to 7 PFGE types. An association was found between PFGE type and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Organisms with resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobial agents were identified in only 4 of the 7 types of S aureus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Antimicrobial resistance was uncommon among the mastitis-causing S aureus isolates identified in the milk samples. A limited number of genotypes were associated with mastitis in these herds. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were associated with particular S aureus PFGE types; this association may have implications for future treatment and control of S aureus–associated mastitis in cattle.
Effect of dietary lipoic acid on metabolic hormones and acute-phase proteins during challenge with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle
Authors: Schmidt Ty B. , Brown Michael S. , Larson Robert L. , Kleiboeker Steven B. , Olson K. C. , Keisler Duane , Carroll Jeffery A. , Berg Eric P.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To determine the effect of dietary supplemental lipoic acid (LA) on serum concentrations of metabolic hormones and acute-phase proteins of steers challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV).

Animals—32 steers.

Procedures—Steers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: negative control (NC; no LA, no IBRV challenge), control (CON; no LA, IBRV challenge), 16 mg of LA/kg of body weight (BW)/d plus IBRV challenge (LA16), and 32 mg of LA/kg of BW/d plus IBRV challenge (LA32). Following a 21-day adaptation period, CON, LA16, and LA32 steers received IBRV (2 mL/nostril [day 0]); NC steers received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Blood samples, nasal swab specimens, BW, and rectal temperatures were obtained 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after challenge. Serum was analyzed for concentrations of haptoglobin, amyloid-A, leptin, and anti-IBRV antibodies.

Results—Steers fed LA32 began gaining BW by day 7, whereas BW of CON and LA16 steers declined. Serum haptoglobin concentration of LA32 steers was lower than that of CON and LA16 steers on day 7. Serum neutralization titers for 30 of 32 steers were negative for anti-IBRV antibodies before challenge; however, all steers (including NCs) had antibodies on day 21.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that LA supplementation augmented certain aspects of the immune response; LA32 steers had a more rapid recovery from IBRV viral challenge than did others.
Quantification of spontaneous locomotion activity in foals kept in pastures under various management conditions
Authors: Kurvers C. M. H. Chantal , van Weeren P. René , Rogers Chris W. , van Dierendonck Machteld C.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To describe spontaneous locomotion activity of foals kept under various management conditions and assess the suitability of global positioning system (GPS) technology for recording foal activity.

Animals—59 foals.

Procedures—During the foals' first 4 months of life, 921 observation periods (15 minutes each) were collected and analyzed for locomotion activities. The GPS system was evaluated by simultaneously carrying out field observations with a handheld computer.

Results—Foals spent 0.5% of total observed time cantering, 0.2% trotting, 10.7% walking, 32.0% grazing, 34.8% standing, and 21.6% lying down. Total observed daytime workload (velocity × distance) in the first month was approximately twice that in the following months. Locomotion activity decreased with increasing age. Colts had more activity than fillies in certain periods, and foals that were stabled for some portion of the day had compensatory locomotion activity, which was probably insufficient to reach the level of foals kept continually outside. The GPS recordings and handheld-computer observations were strongly correlated for canter, trot, and walk and moderately correlated for standing and lying. Correlation for grazing was low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that domestically managed foals, when kept 24 h/d at pasture, will exercise at a level comparable with feral foals. High workload during the first month of life might be important for conditioning the musculoskeletal system. The GPS technique accurately quantified canter, trot, and walk activities; less accurately indexed resting; and was unsuitable for grazing because of the wide array of velocities used while foraging.
Effects of dexamethasone and isoflupredone acetate on plasma potassium concentrations and other biochemical measurements in dairy cows in early lactation
Authors: Coffer Natalie J. , Frank Nicholas , Elliott Sarah B. , Young Charles D. , van Amstel Sarel R.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To determine whether administration of isoflupredone acetate (ISO) to healthy cows increases the frequency of severe hypokalemia and whether dexamethasone (DEX) has detectable mineralocorticoid properties.

Animals—33 cows at 20 to 25 days of lactation.

Procedures—Cows were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups and received 2 IM injections (on days 0 and 2) of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL each), an injection of ISO (20 mg) or DEX (20 mg) followed by 10 mL of saline solution, or 2 injections of ISO or DEX. Milk production was measured, physical examinations were performed, and blood and urine samples were collected daily on days 0 through 7.

Results—Physical examination parameters did not differ among groups; however, 1 cow developed atrial fibrillation on day 4. Both corticosteroids significantly increased plasma glucose concentrations, and ISO significantly decreased plasma potassium concentrations and increased total carbon dioxide concentrations with time. One dose of ISO decreased mean plasma potassium concentration by 25% on day 2, compared with day 0, and severe hypokalemia (serum potassium concentration < 2.3 mEq/L) developed in 1 of 6 cows. Mean plasma potassium concentration was 46% lower on day 3 than on day 0 in cows receiving 2 doses of ISO, and 5 of 7 cows became severely hypokalemic. Mean urinary fractional excretion of potassium significantly increased from that on day 0 in cows receiving 2 doses of ISO.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Both corticosteroids had glucocorticoid activity; however, only ISO had mineralocorticoid activity. Compared with saline solution, administration of 2 doses of ISO significantly increased the frequency of severe hypokalemia.
Adverse extrapyramidal effects in four horse given fluphenazine decanoate
Authors: Baird John D. , Arroyo Luis G. , Vengust Modest , McGurrin M. Kimberly J. , Rodriguez-Palacios Alexander , Kenney Daniel G. , Aravagiri Manickam , Maylin George A.
Published: July 2006

Case Description—4 racehorses were examined because of markedly abnormal behavior following administration of fluphenazine decanoate.

Clinical Findings—Clinical signs included restlessness, agitation, profuse sweating, hypermetria, aimless circling, intense pawing and striking with the thoracic limbs, and rhythmic swinging of the head and neck alternating with episodes of severe stupor. Fluphenazine was detected in serum or plasma from all 4 horses. The dose of fluphenazine decanoate administered to 3 of the 4 horses was within the range (25 to 50 mg) routinely administered to adult humans.

Treatment and Outcome—In 2 horses, there was no response to IV administration of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, but the abnormal behavior in these 2 horses appeared to resolve following administration of benztropine mesylate, and both horses returned to racing. The other 2 horses responded to diphenhydramine administration. One returned to racing. The other was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs, respiratory failure, and acute renal failure.

Clinical Relevance—Findings indicate that adverse extrapyramidal effects may occur in horses given fluphenazine decanoate. These effects appear to be unpredictable and may be severe and life threatening. Use of fluphenazine decanoate as an anxiolytic in performance horses is not permitted in many racing and horse show jurisdictions, and analytic procedures are now available to detect the presence of fluphenazine in serum or plasma.
Cutaneous saphenous nerve graft for the treatment of sciatic neurotmesis in a dog
Authors: Granger Nicolas , Moissonnier Pierre , Fanchon Laurent , Hidalgo Antoine , Gnirs Kirsten , Blot Stephane
Published: July 2006

Case Description—A 2-year-old Griffon Vendéen was examined because of a 1-month history of right hind limb lameness after a traumatic injury.

Clinical Findings—Neurologic examination revealed monoplegia and anesthesia of the right hind limb distal to the stifle (femorotibial) joint except for the area supplied by the cutaneous saphenous nerve. Results of electromyographic testing were consistent with a severe lesion of the tibial and peroneal nerves at the level of the stifle joint.

Treatment and Outcome—Exploratory surgery revealed an 80-mm-long gap in both the peroneal and tibial branches of the right sciatic nerve. A section of the left cutaneous saphenous nerve was interposed to graft the nerve defects. The dog received joint mechanotherapy and electrophysiologic therapy during the reinnervation process. Ten months after surgery, the dog had recovered almost completely. Neurologic examination revealed diminished flexion of the tarsal and digital joints. Repeat electromyographic testing revealed no abnormal spontaneous electrical activity in the right hind limb musculature, and small compound muscle action potentials were recorded in the right interosseous and cranial tibial muscles.

Clinical Relevance—Without surgical treatment, neurotmesis injury results in poor recovery of motor and sensory functions and may result in amputation. If a nerve defect exists, nerve grafting should be considered, even if the procedure is delayed until well after the injury. The sensory portion of the cutaneous saphenous nerve is a potential source of peripheral nerve for grafting in dogs. Reinnervation is a long-term process and physiologic support and owner involvement are necessary, but nearly complete functional recovery is possible.
The influence of schematic knowledge on contradictory versus additive misinformation: false memory for typical and atypical items
Authors: Nemeth Robert J. , Belli Robert F.
Published: June 2006

In the current study, we examined the influence of schema consistency on contradictory and additive misinformation. Sixty‐four participants were shown a series of still photographs of common scenes (e.g., a kitchen), were later exposed to narratives containing misinformation, and were then tested on their memory of the photographic scenes. In addition, participants were asked to reflect on their phenomenological experience of remembering by giving remember/know responses. Participants reported greater false memory for schema‐inconsistent items than schema‐consistent items. The findings failed to replicate Roediger, Meade, and Bergman (2001). Explanations for the discrepant findings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of presentation medium of post‐event information: impact of co‐witness information
Authors: Itsukushima Yukio , Nishi Mariko , Maruyama Masakazu , Takahashi Masanobu
Published: June 2006

To determine the effects of presentation medium and social influence on the misinformation effect, two experiments using the misinformation paradigm were conducted. The misinformation was presented via a videotaped conversation between two confederates. Three target items were created. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to misinformation via videotape, and showed a misinformation effect for one of three targets. In Experiment 2, misinformation was given via a written transcript. Participants showed a misinformation effect for two of three targets. In line with previous studies, these results indicate that social information can cause a misinformation effect. The results also suggest that participants may be more easily misled when misleading information is presented via written information than audio‐visual information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modernising the misinformation effect: the development of a new stimulus set
Authors: Takarangi Melanie K.T. , Parker Sophie , Garry Maryanne
Published: June 2006

Researchers studying the misinformation effect tend to present the event in one of two formats: slides or video. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. Videos capture much more information than slides, but slides permit easy counterbalancing of event details. We capitalised on digital technology to create a misinformation event that resolves many of the limitations inherent in earlier formats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assassination of a controversial politician: remembering details from another non‐existent film
Authors: Jelicic Marko , Smeets Tom , Peters Maarten J.V. , Candel Ingrid , Horselenberg Robert , Merckelbach Harald
Published: June 2006

We asked undergraduate students (N = 83) if they had seen non‐existent video footage of the assassination of Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn, and whether they could remember details of this footage. Sixty‐three percent of the participants indicated they had seen the footage, and 23% were able to provide details of this footage. Participants with ‘memories’ of the non‐existent footage had higher fantasy proneness scores than those who could not remember this footage. Results underscore the malleability of our autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body maps do not facilitate children's reports of touch
Authors: Willcock Emma , Morgan Kirstie , Hayne Harlene
Published: June 2006

In two experiments, we assessed children's ability to use body maps to report where they were touched. Five‐ to 6‐year‐old children participated in a contrived event and were interviewed either immediately or after a delay. Overall, children's reports were incomplete and inaccurate. We conclude that body maps do not facilitate children's reports of touch and should not be used in clinical or legal interviews with children of this age. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct examination of the nonlinear (quadratic) association between intelligence and suggestibility in children
Authors: Gignac Gilles E. , Powell Martine B.
Published: June 2006

In order to test the hypothesis that intelligence and suggestibility may correlate with each other differentially at different levels of IQ, research has tended to dichotomize samples into low and high IQ groups. However, the practice of artificially dichotomizing a naturally continuous variable (such as IQ) has been sternly criticized by several statistical experts. Thus, in this investigation, the possibility that the association between intelligence and suggestibility may interact with IQ level was tested directly with a quadratic transformation of the IQ scores in a sample of children (n = 158). The results demonstrated that a quadratic nonlinear association existed between intelligence and suggestibility, such that the linear association between IQ and suggestibility ceased to exist at an IQ level of approximately 105. The results are discussed in light of the advantages of not dichotomizing naturally continuously scored variables. Further, in contrast to several other investigators, we argue that intelligence and suggestibility do correlate with each other within a certain level of the normal IQ range. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
False memories produced by children and adults in the DRM paradigm
Authors: Sugrue Katrina , Hayne Harlene
Published: June 2006

In the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm, participants study a list of words (e.g., bed, rest, awake, dream) that are related to a critical target (i.e., sleep). When tested, participants often falsely report the critical target even though it was not on the original study list. Although this procedure has been used extensively with adults, few researchers have employed the DRM task with children. The present experiment explored how children and adults perform in the DRM paradigm when the length of the study list is manipulated. Children and adults studied eight DRM lists comprising either seven words (short‐list condition) or 14 words (long‐list condition). Adults recalled a larger proportion of studied words in both list length conditions. In the long‐list condition, adults falsely recalled significantly more critical targets than children. In the short‐list condition, rates of false recall did not differ. A similar pattern emerged in the recognition data, with adults obtaining a higher rate of false recognition than children in the long‐list condition, but not in the short list condition. Overall, long lists produced more false memories than short lists. We conclude that studying longer lists led to greater activation of the critical target in adults, whereas children received little additional activation from longer lists. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.