bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcome following percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with chronic renal failure
Authors: Gruberg Luis , Dangas George , Mehran Roxana , Mintz Gary S. , Kent Kenneth M. , Pichard Augusto D. , Satler Lowell F. , Lansky Alexandra J. , Stone Gregg W. , Leon Martin B.
Published: August 2002

The clinical outcome of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been systematically evaluated in a large cohort of patients. We retrospectively analyzed the in‐hospital and 1‐year clinical outcomes of 10,076 consecutive patients who underwent PCI between January 1994 and December 1997. A total of 95 patients (0.9%) had end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis, 786 patients (7.8%) had CRF, and 9,125 patients (90.6%) had normal renal function. Despite an angiographic success rate of 97% in all three groups, in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher among patients with renal disease, whether they were on dialysis or not, when compared to patients without renal dysfunction (6.8% vs. 4.2% vs. 0.9%; P < 0.0001). At 1‐year follow‐up, mortality rate was 48.8% for ESRD, 25.7% for patients with CRF, and 5.5%, for patients without renal dysfunction (P < 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, high left ventricular ejection fraction and creatinine clearance were associated with decreased late mortality (OR = 0.84 and 0.95; P < 0.0001), whereas ESRD (OR = 3.65; P = 0.0002), non–Q‐wave myocardial infarction (OR = 2.21; P < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.99; P < 0.0001), and CRF (OR = 1.74; P = 0.003) were independent correlates of increased late mortality. Therefore, PCI in patients with impaired renal function, whether on dialysis or not, is associated with poor in‐hospital and 1‐year survival. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:66–72. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Torn‐off balloon tip of Z‐5 atrial septostomy catheter
Authors: Akagi Teiji , Tananari Yoshifumi , Maeno Yasuki V. , Himeno Wakako , Furui Jun , Ishii Masahiro , Kato Hirohisa
Published: August 2002

Creation of atrial communication was performed in a newborn with critical aortic stenosis. After the success of the initial creation, balloon atrial septostomy using Z‐5 catheter was performed. When catheter was pulled back, the tip of the balloon was torn off. This experience could be considered as noteworthy when using this catheter in patients with unusually thick atrial septum. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:500–503. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interviewing strategies with young people: the ‘secret box’, stimulus material and task‐based activities
Authors: Punch Samantha
Published: August 2002

This paper reflects on the use of a range of interviewing strategies carried out with 13–14 year olds for a research project about young people's problems and coping strategies. The advantages and disadvantages of using both group and individual interviews with various task‐based activities (grouping and ranking exercises, spider diagrams and charts) and stimulus material (problem pages, video clips and common phrases) are examined. The development and use of an innovative technique, the ‘secret box’, is also discussed. The mix of techniques alongside straightforward questioning was designed to offer variety to engage young people's interest, to account for their different preferences, to stimulate discussion about a potentially sensitive topic and to help to lessen the unequal power relationship between the adult researcher and the young participant. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child poverty and child outcomes
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan
Published: August 2002

This article reviews the most up to date evidence on the prevalence of child poverty in Britain. It traces how child poverty has changed over the last 20 years, and how child poverty in Britain compares with that in other countries. Then there is a brief section describing the characteristics of poor children. It then reviews evidence of the impact of poverty on the well‐being of children drawing on the ESRC Children 5–16 programme project—Poverty: the Outcomes for Children (Bradshaw, 2001a). It concludes with a discussion of how the Labour Government is doing in its aspirations to abolish child poverty. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axially dissymmetric (R)‐(+)‐5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′ octahydro‐[1,1′]binaphthyldiimine chiral salen type‐ligands for copper‐catalyzed asymmetric aziridination
Authors: Shi Min , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: August 2002

Axially dissymmetric chiral diimine ligand 2 was prepared from the reaction of (R)‐(+)‐5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′‐octahydro‐[1,1′]binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine 1 with 2,6‐dichlorobenzaldehyde. The catalytic asymmetric aziridination of alkenes was examined using this novel chiral ligand. Excellent enantioselective aziridination of cinnamates was achieved using C2‐symmetric chiral ligand 2. Chirality 14:412–416, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life and mood in women with gynecologic cancer
Authors: Lutgendorf Susan K. , Anderson Barrie , Ullrich Philip , Johnsen Erica L. , Buller Richard E. , Sood Anil K. , Sorosky Joel I. , Ritchie Justine
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Quality of life (QOL) and mood were prospectively investigated during the first year of treatment among women with gynecologic cancers. Relationships of coping styles to QOL and mood were examined.

METHODS

Ninety‐eight patients with early stage or regionally advanced gynecologic cancers were recruited. Mood and QOL were assessed at initial clinic visit and at one year, and medical information was abstracted from charts at both time‐points.

RESULTS

Although decrements in physical, functional, and total well‐being were reported at baseline by regionally advanced patients, by one year, all patients reported significant improvements in QOL and mood. There were no differences between early stage and regionally advanced patients in their improvement for these measures. Controlling for medical variables and age, patients who coped using greater acceptance and positive reframing at their initial visits reported better one year QOL; those with continued higher levels of these adaptive coping strategies at one year reported better concurrent functional and emotional well‐being. Greater seeking of social support at one year was associated with better concurrent social well‐being and doctor‐patient relationships. In contrast, disengaged coping at study entry was associated with poorer doctor‐patient relationships at one year; continued disengagement at one year was associated with poorer concurrent QOL and greater distress.

CONCLUSIONS

During the first year following treatment, QOL and mood improved among both early stage and regionally advanced gynecologic oncology patients. Patients using disengaged coping are particularly at risk for poor QOL and distress. Cancer 2002;94:131–40. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Expression of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor correlates with perineural invasion of bile duct carcinoma
Authors: Iwahashi Naoko , Nagasaka Tetsuro , Tezel Gaye , Iwashita Toshihide , Asai Naoya , Murakumo Yoshiki , Kiuchi Kazutoshi , Sakata Keita , Nimura Yuji , Takahashi Masahide
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Perineural invasion is one of the important prognostic factors for patients with bile duct carcinoma, and extensive surgery has not always improved their prognosis. It is necessary, therefore, to investigate not only clinicopathologic characteristics but also molecular mechanisms in patients with perineural invasion. The authors studied the relation between perineural invasion in patients with bile duct carcinoma and the expression of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1), and RET receptor tyrosine kinase, which are expressed in both central and peripheral nerve tissues.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical staining of GDNF, GFRα1, and RET was performed in 58 paraffin embedded tissue sections, including 38 sections from patients with bile duct carcinoma with perineural invasion and 20 sections from patients with bile duct carcinoma without perineural invasion. The migration of cells that expressed GDNF was analyzed by cocultivation with cells that expressed both RET and GFRα1.

RESULTS

Moderate to strong staining of GDNF in tumor cells was observed more frequently in the sections with perineural invasion compared with the sections without invasion (P < 0.05), whereas GFRα1 expression in the same sections was not correlated with perineural invasion. RET expression was undetectable in specimens of bile duct carcinoma. Conversely, RET and GFRα1 expression were detected consistently in peripheral nerve tissues. An in vitro cell migration assay revealed that the migration of cells that expressed GDNF was enhanced by cocultivation with cells that expressed RET and GFRα1. The cell migration was also enhanced by the conditioned media from GDNF‐treated cells that expressed RET and GFRα1.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that GDNF expression in tumor cells and GFRα1 and RET expression in peripheral nerve tissues may play a role in perineural invasion in patients with bile duct carcinoma through chemoattraction among these molecules. Cancer 2002;94:167–74. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
p53 and Ki‐67 as markers of radioresistance in head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Couture Christian , Raybaud‐Diogène Hélène , Têtu Bernard , Bairati Isabelle , Murry Danielle , Allard Josée , Fortin André
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

p53 and Ki‐67 are regarded as potential interesting predictors of radioresistance, although their exact influence awaits confirmation on a large cohort of uniformly treated patients.

METHODS

In a retrospective cohort of 304 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who were treated with radical radiotherapy, the expression levels of p53 and Ki‐67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Local control and survival curves were generated for p53 and Ki‐67 using the Kaplan–Meier method. The difference between curves was calculated in univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The overexpression of p53 was associated with local treatment failure (P = 0.01) but not with survival (P = 0.09). In a Cox analysis, p53 overexpression remained an independent predictor of local failure, with a relative risk of local failure of 1.5 (P = 0.05). Low proliferation (Ki‐67 < 20%) was a significant factor in local failure for patients with tumors of the oral cavity only (P = 0.01). Patients with both unfavorable immunohistochemical markers (p53 overexpression and low proliferation) had a 45% rate of local control compared with a 67% rate for all other combinations (P = 0.002). This association was even more significant in patients with T1–T2 lesions (45% vs. 77%; P = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONS

The results support the role of p53 as an independent predictor of local failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who are treated by radical radiotherapy, suggesting that it may predict radioresistance. Combined with p53, Ki‐67 may help in the better selection of patients for radiotherapy, especially for patients with early‐stage tumors. Prospective studies are now needed to confirm these results and to define better the role of these markers in the management of patients with head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:713–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10232
Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system
Authors: Leung Thomas W. T. , Tang Amanda M. Y. , Zee Benny , Lau W. Y. , Lai Paul B. S. , Leung K. L. , Lau Joseph T. F. , Yu Simon C. H. , Johnson Philip J.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The current TNM staging system for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) does not include liver function parameters and does not provide a precise prognosis for patients in different risk groups. The objectives of this study were to construct a new prognostic index for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, the Chinese University Prognostic Index (CUPI), and to compare it with existing staging systems in terms of their ability to classify patients into different risk group.

METHODS

From 1996 to 1998, 926 ethnic Chinese patients who were diagnosed with HCC (mainly hepatitis B‐associated) at a single institution were recruited prospectively into this study. A multivariate analysis on 19 patient characteristics was performed using a Cox regression model to identify independent prognostic factors. Weights were derived from the regression coefficients of various factors to construct the CUPI. Patients were classified according to different staging systems. Survival curves were plotted with the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared by using a log‐rank test.

RESULTS

Both the TNM staging system and the Okuda staging system had prognostic significance, but the significance was lower for the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) prognostic score among the patients in the study population. The CUPI was constructed by adding the following factors into the TNM staging system: total bilirubin, ascites, alkaline phosphatase, α fetoprotein, and asymptomatic disease on presentation. The new CUPI characterized three risk groups with highly significant differences in survival during the whole period of follow‐up (P< 0.00001) and was more discriminant than the other systems.

CONCLUSIONS

In the study population of patients with mainly hepatitis B‐associated HCC, the CUPI was more discriminant than the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging systems, or the CLIP prognostic score in classifying patients into different risk groups and was better at predicting survival. The CUPI needs to be validated by different cohorts of patients before it can be recommended for general use. Cancer 2002;94:1760–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10384
Immunohistochemically detected hepatic micrometastases predict a high risk of intrahepatic recurrence after resection of colorectal carcinoma liver metastases
Authors: Yokoyama Naoyuki , Shirai Yoshio , Ajioka Yoich , Nagakura Shigenori , Suda Takeyasu , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma frequently recur after resection and hepatic micrometastases most likely are important in the development of such recurrences. The objectives of the current study were to assess the feasibility of the immunohistochemical detection of hepatic micrometastases from colorectal carcinoma and to determine their clinical significance.

METHODS

Fifty‐three patients underwent curative hepatic resection for colorectal carcinoma metastases. Multiple tissue sections were cut from the advancing margin of the largest hepatic metastasis in each patient and were stained with an antibody against cytokeratin‐20 to detect hepatic micrometastases, which were defined as discrete microscopic cancerous lesions surrounding the dominant metastasis.

RESULTS

Normal hepatocytes and intrahepatic bile duct epithelia stained negative for cytokeratin‐20 in all patients, whereas the largest hepatic tumors stained positive in 46 patients (86.8%). Among the 46 patients with hepatic tumors that were positive for cytokeratin‐20, hepatic micrometastases were found immunohistochemically in 32 patients (69.6%). The presence of hepatic micrometastases was associated with a larger number of macroscopic hepatic metastases (P = 0.047) and patients with hepatic micrometastases were found to demonstrate a higher probability of intrahepatic recurrence (P = 0.003) compared with those patients without hepatic micrometastases. In addition, patients with hepatic micrometastases demonstrated a worse survival (10‐year survival rate of 21.9%) compared with those patients without hepatic micrometastases (10‐year survival rate of 64.3%) (P = 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS

Immunohistochemical detection of hepatic micrometastases is feasible in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastases. Hepatic micrometastasis indicates widespread hepatic involvement and thus predicts an increased risk of intrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection and a poorer patient prognosis. Cancer 2002;94:1642–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10422
Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma
Authors: Schouten Leo J. , Rutten Joost , Huveneers Hans A. M. , Twijnstra Albert
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to report on the incidence of and factors related to the occurrence of central nervous system metastases in a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with colorectal, lung, breast, or kidney carcinoma or melanoma.

METHODS

Using the population‐based Maastricht Cancer Registry (MCR), a cohort was created of patients with colorectal carcinoma (n = 720 patients), lung carcinoma (n = 938 patients), breast carcinoma (n = 802 patients), renal carcinoma (n = 114 patients), and melanoma (n = 150 patients). The patients had to live in the catchment area of the University Hospital Maastricht (UHM) and had to have been diagnosed at the UHM during the period 1986–1995. Patients with brain metastases were searched for by linking the MCR to the Neuro‐Oncology Registry of the UHM. Radiology files were checked as well. Follow‐up lasted until December 31, 1998.

RESULTS

Brain metastases were diagnosed in 232 patients (8.5%) in the cohort (n = 2724 patients). Of these patients, 84 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases within 1 month after their primary diagnosis, 82 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases within 1 year of their primary diagnosis, and 66 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases more than 1 year after their primary diagnosis. The cumulative incidence after 5 years was estimated at 16.3% in patients with lung carcinoma, 9.8% in patients with renal carcinoma, 7.4% in patients with melanoma, 5.0% in patients with breast carcinoma, and 1.2% in patients with colorectal carcinoma. The incidence was lower in patients age ≥ 70 years compared with younger patients (breast and lung carcinoma), lower in patients who were diagnosed before 1991 compared with patients who were diagnosed after 1991 (breast and lung carcinoma), and lower in patients who had nonsmall cell lung carcinoma compared with patients who had small cell lung carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of brain metastases in this cohort was highest in patients with lung carcinoma, followed by patients with renal carcinoma. There was no evidence of an increasing incidence of brain metastasis in patients with carcinoma of the breast or lung. Cancer 2002;94:2698–705. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10541
Evolving significance of prognostic markers associated with treatment improvement in patients with Stage 4 neuroblastoma
Authors: Mora Jaume , Gerald William L. , Qin Jing , Cheung Nai‐Kong V.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

With recent improvements in the treatment and outcome of patients with neuroblastoma (NB), the authors reassessed the prognostic importance of clinical and biologic markers in patients with Stage 4 NB who were treated at the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC).

METHODS

The authors analyzed 84 patients with Stage 4 NB who were treated on the N5, N6, or N7 protocols at MSKCC from 1987 to 1999. The impact on survival of clinical factors (age, serum ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels), histopathology (International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification [INPC]), and tumor biologic markers (MYCN; ploidy; loss of heterozygosity [LOH] at 1p36, 1p22, 11q23, 14q12–q32, 9p21, and 19q13; and gain at 17q) were analyzed in univariate and multivariate models.

RESULTS

Forty‐six of 84 patients were alive at the time of this report (55%), with a median follow‐up of 41 months from the time of diagnosis. In the univariate analysis, there was no prognostic impact on survival by age, serum ferritin and LDH levels,MYCN, 1p36 LOH, 14q32 LOH, or 17q gain. LOH at 11q23 was associated significantly with superior progression free survival (P= 0.04) and survival (P= 0.04) in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that 11q23 status was the most significant variable associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.99). LOH at 11q23 and LOH at 1p22 were highly correlated (P= 0.02). It was found that 11q23 status and INPC score were the most significant variables associated with progression free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Because patient survival improves with more effective therapy, traditional prognostic markers, such as age,MYCNamplification, and elevated serum LDH levels, have become less important for patients with Stage 4 NB. In the current study, less common chromosomal abnormalities (LOH at 1p22 and 11q23) appeared to assume new importance. Cancer 2002;94:2756–65. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10548
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx
Authors: Parsons James T. , Mendenhall William M. , Stringer Scott P. , Amdur Robert J. , Hinerman Russell W. , Villaret Douglas B. , Moore‐Higgs Giselle J. , Greene Bruce D. , Speer Tod W. , Cassisi Nicholas J. , Million Rodney R.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx remains controversial. No randomized trial has addressed adequately the question of whether surgery (S), radiation therapy (RT), or combined treatment is most effective.

METHODS

Treatment results from North American academic institutions that used S with or without adjuvant RT (S ± RT) or used RT alone or followed by neck dissection (RT ± ND) for patients with SCC of the tonsillar region or the base of tongue were compiled through a MEDLINE search (from 1970 to August, 2000) and from the references cited in each report. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they contained direct, actuarial (life‐table), or Kaplan–Meier calculations for the following end points: local control, local‐regional control, 5‐year absolute survival, 5‐year cause specific survival, or severe or fatal treatment complications. Weighted average results, which took into account series size, were calculated for each end point for the purposes of treatment comparison. Results and conclusions were based on data from 51 reported series, representing the treatment of approximately 6400 patients from the United States and Canada.

RESULTS

The results for patients with SCC of the base of tongue who underwent S ± RT versus RT ± ND, respectively, were as follows: local control, 79% versus 76% (P = 0.087); local‐regional control, 60% versus 69% (P = 0.009); 5‐year survival, 49% versus 52% (P = 0.2); 5‐year cause specific survival, 62% versus 63% (P = 0.4); severe complications, 32% versus 3.8% (P < 0.001); and fatal complications, 3.5% versus 0.4% (P < 0.001). The results for patients with SCC in the tonsillar region who underwent S ± RT versus RT ± ND, respectively, were as follows: local control, 70% versus 68% (P = 0.2); local‐regional control, 65% versus 69% (P = 0.1); 5‐year survival, 47% versus 43% (P = 0.2); 5‐year cause specific survival, 57% versus 59% (P = 0.3); severe complications, 23% versus 6% (P < 0.001); and fatal complications, 3.2% versus 0.8% (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The information in this article provides a useful benchmark for evidence‐based counseling of patients with SCC of the oropharynx. The rates of local control, local‐regional control, 5‐year survival, and 5‐year cause specific survival were similar for patients who underwent S ± RT or RT ± ND, whereas the rates of severe or fatal complications were significantly greater for the S ± RT group. Furthermore, available data on the functional consequences of treatment suggest the superiority of RT ± ND. The authors conclude that RT ± ND is preferable for the majority of patients with SCC of the oropharynx. Cancer 2002;94:2967–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10567
Immunocytochemical localization of candidates for vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Fujiyama Fumino , Furuta Takahiro , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: August 2002

Brain‐specific Na+‐dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (BNPI) was recently reported to serve as a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT), and was renamed VGluT1 (Bellocchio et al. [ 2000] Science 289:957–960; Takamori et al. [2000] Nature 407:189–194). Ahead of these reports, cDNA encoding another brain‐specific inorganic phosphate transporter, which showed 82% amino acid identity to VGluT1, was cloned and designated differentiation‐associated Na+‐dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (DNPI; Aihara et al. [2000] J Neurochem 74:2622–2625). In the present study, we produced a specific antibody against a C‐terminal portion of DNPI, and studied the immunohistochemical localization of DNPI in the rat cerebral cortex in comparison with that of VGluT1. DNPI immunoreactivity was enriched in neuropil of layers I and IV and to a lesser extent in the upper portion of layer VI of the cerebral neocortex, whereas VGluT1 immunoreactivity was distributed more evenly in neuropil of the neocortex. Electron microscopic observation revealed that both DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities were mainly located on synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals which made asymmetrical contacts in the neocortex. Furthermore, neither DNPI nor VGluT1 immunoreactivity in the neocortex was colocalized with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic axon terminal markers, immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase or vesicular GABA transporter. Neuronal depletion in the ventrobasal thalamic nuclei produced by the kainic acid injection resulted in a clear reduction of DNPI immunoreactivity in layers I, IV, and VI of the somatosensory cortex. These results indicate that DNPI is located on the membrane of synaptic vesicles in thalamocortical axon terminals, and that it may be a candidate for VGluT of thalamocortical glutamatergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:379–387, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subdivisions of hymenopteran mushroom body calyces by their afferent supply
Authors: Gronenberg Wulfila
Published: August 2002

The mushroom bodies are regions in the insect brain involved in processing complex multimodal information. They are composed of many parallel sets of intrinsic neurons that receive input from and transfer output to extrinsic neurons that connect the mushroom bodies with the surrounding neuropils. Mushroom bodies are particularly large in social Hymenoptera and are thought to be involved in the control of conspicuous orientation, learning, and memory capabilities of these insects. The present account compares the organization of sensory input to the mushroom body's calyx in different Hymenoptera. Tracer and conventional neuronal staining procedures reveal the following anatomic characteristics: The calyx comprises three subdivisions, the lip, collar, and basal ring. The lip receives antennal lobe afferents, and these olfactory input neurons can terminate in two or more segregated zones within the lip. The collar receives visual afferents that are bilateral with equal representation of both eyes in each calyx. Visual inputs provide two to three layers of processes in the collar subdivision. The basal ring is subdivided into two modality‐specific zones, one receiving visual, the other antennal lobe input. Some overlap of modality exists between calycal subdivisions and within the basal ring, and the degree of segregation of sensory input within the calyx is species‐specific. The data suggest that the many parallel channels of intrinsic neurons may each process different aspects of sensory input information. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:474–489, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain
Authors: Marcus Jacob N. , Aschkenasi Carl J. , Lee Charlotte E. , Chemelli Richard M. , Saper Clifford B. , Yanagisawa Masashi , Elmquist Joel K.
Published: August 2002

Orexins (hypocretins) are neuropeptides synthesized in the central nervous system exclusively by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. Orexin‐containing neurons have widespread projections and have been implicated in complex physiological functions including feeding behavior, sleep states, neuroendocrine function, and autonomic control. Two orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) have been identified, with distinct expression patterns throughout the brain, but a systematic examination of orexin receptor expression in the brain has not appeared. We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the patterns of expression of mRNA for both orexin receptors throughout the brain. OX1R mRNA was observed in many brain regions including the prefrontal and infralimbic cortex, hippocampus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and locus coeruleus. OX2R mRNA was prominent in a complementary distribution including the cerebral cortex, septal nuclei, hippocampus, medial thalamic groups, raphe nuclei, and many hypothalamic nuclei including the tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and ventral premammillary nucleus. The differential distribution of orexin receptors is consistent with the proposed multifaceted roles of orexin in regulating homeostasis and may explain the unique role of the OX2R receptor in regulating sleep state stability. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:6–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of glial cells and motor neurons during the formation of neuromuscular junctions in cocultures of rat spinal cord explant and human muscle
Authors: Mars Tomaz , Yu Kevin J. , Tang Xue‐Ming , Miranda Armand F. , Grubic Zoran , Cambi Franca , King Michael P.
Published: August 2002

Motor axons extending from embryonic rat spinal cord explants form fully mature neuromuscular junctions with cocultured human muscle. This degree of maturation is not observed in muscle innervated by dissociated motor neurons. Glial cells present in the spinal cord explants seem to be, besides remaining interneurons, the major difference between the two culture systems. In light of this observation and the well documented role of glia in neuronal development, it can be hypothesized that differentiated and long‐lived neuromuscular junctions form in vitro only if their formation is accompanied by codifferentiation of neuronal and glial cells and if this codifferentiation follows the spatial and temporal pattern observed in vivo. Investigation of this hypothesis necessitates the characterization of neuronal and glial cell development in spinal cord explant–muscle cocultures. No such study has been reported, although these cocultures have been used in numerous studies of neuromuscular junction formation. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate the temporal relationship between neuromuscular junction formation and the differentiation of neuronal and glial cells during the first 3 weeks of coculture, when formation and development of the neuromuscular junction occurs in vitro. The expression of stage‐specific markers of neuronal and glial differentiation in these cocultures was characterized by immunocytochemical and biochemical analyses. Differentiation of astrocytes, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes proceeded in concert with the differentiation of motor neurons and neuromuscular junction formation. The temporal coincidence between maturation of the neuromuscular junction and lineage progression of neurons and glial cells was similar to that observed in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that glial cells are a major contributor to maturity of the neuromuscular junction formed in vitro in spinal cord explant–muscle cocultures. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:239–251, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pericellular Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4‐binding ring structures in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury in rats
Authors: Li Li , Zhou Xin‐Fu
Published: August 2002

Patients with a peripheral nerve injury often suffer from persistent chronic pain, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The persistent nature of the pain suggests injury‐induced profound structural changes along the sensory pathways. In the present study, using the plant Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4 (IB4) as a marker for nonpeptidergic small sensory neurons, we sought to examine whether these neurons sprout in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in response to peripheral nerve injury. The lumbar 5 (L5) spinal nerve was transected, and rats were allowed to survive for varying lengths of time before IB4 histology was performed. We found that a subpopulation of IB4‐positive sensory neurons sprouted robustly after spinal nerve injury. Twelve weeks after spinal nerve injury, the IB4‐positive ring structures became dramatic and encircled both large and small neurons in the DRG. The aberrant sprouting of small sensory neurons was also demonstrated by retrograde labeling. The processes of satellite cells surrounding large sensory neurons also became IB4 positive, and 87.8% of perineuronal IB4‐positive ring structures intermingled and/or coexpressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive satellite cells. Thus, the sprouting axons of IB4‐positive neurons were intermingled with IB4‐positive satellite cells, forming perineuronal ring structures surrounding large‐diameter neurons. Ultrastructural examinations further confirmed that IB4‐positive nerve terminals were entangled with satellite cells and IB4‐negative unmyelinated sprouting fibers around sensory neurons. These studies have provided the first evidence that a subpopulation of IB4‐binding small sensory neurons sprouts and forms perineuronal ring structures together with IB4‐positive satellite cells in response to nerve injury. The significance of the sprouting of IB4‐positive neurons remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:259–274, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost optimization of composite floors using neural dynamics model
Authors: Adeli Hojjat , Kim Hongjin
Published: August 2002

The design of composite beams is complicated and highly iterative. Depending on the design parameters a beam can be fully composite or partially composite. In the case of design on the basis of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) one has to consider the plastic deformations. As pointed out by Lorenz, the real advantage of the LRFD code can be realized in the minimum cost design. In this article, we present a general formulation for the cost optimization of composite beams based on the AISC LRFD specifications by including the costs of (a) concrete, (b) steel beam, and (c) shear studs. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer‐discrete non‐linear programming problem and solved by the recently patented neural dynamics model of Adeli and Park (U.S. patent 5,815,394 issued on September 29, 1998). It is shown that use of the cost optimization algorithm presented in this article results in substantial cost savings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized finite element formulation of buoyancy driven incompressible flows
Authors: Aliabadi S. , Abatan A. , Johnson A. , Abedi J. , Yeboah Y. , Bota K.
Published: August 2002

Streamline‐upwind/Petrov–Galerkin finite element method is developed for buoyancy‐driven incom‐pressible flows with heat and mass transfer. The stabilized finite element formulations are implemented in parallel using message passing interface libraries. To measure the accuracy of the method, we solve a 2D numerical example of natural convection flows at moderate to high Rayleigh numbers. The 3D applications include the dispersion of smoke from a chimney and within a stadium. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CMC 2000 chromatic adaptation transform: CMCCAT2000
Authors: Li Changjun , Luo M. Ronnier , Rigg Bryan , Hunt Robert W. G.
Published: August 2002

CMCCAT97 is a chromatic adaptation transform included in CIECAM97s, the CIE 1997 colour appearance model, for describing colour appearance under different viewing conditions and is recommended by the Colour Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers and Colourists for predicting the degree of colour inconstancy of surface colours. Among the many transforms tested, this transform gave the most accurate predictions to a number of experimental data sets. However, the structure of CMCCAT97 is considered complicated and causes problems when applications require the use of its reverse mode. This article describes a simplified version of CMCCAT97— CMCCAT2000—which not only is significantly simpler and eliminates the problems of reversibility, but also gives a more accurate prediction to almost all experimental data sets than does the original transform. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 49–58, 2002
On the number of singular points of weak solutions to the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Seregin Gregory A.
Published: August 2002

We consider a suitable weak solution to the three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations in the space‐time cylinder Ω × ]0, T[. Let Σ be the set of singular points for this solution and Σ (t) ≡ {(x, t) ∈ Σ}. For a given open subset ω ⊆ Ω and for a given moment of time t ∈]0, T[, we obtain an upper bound for the number of points of the set Σ(t) ⋒ ω. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implementing a dynamic processor allocation policy for multiprogrammed parallel applications in the SolarisTM
Authors: Yue Kelvin K. , Lilja David J.
Published: August 2002

Parallel applications typically do not perform well in a multiprogrammed environment that uses time‐sharing to allocate processor resources to the applications' parallel threads. Co‐scheduling related parallel threads, or statically partitioning the system, often can reduce the applications' execution times, but at the expense of reducing the overall system utilization. To address this problem, there has been increasing interest in dynamically allocating processors to applications based on their resource demands and the dynamically varying system load. TheLoop‐Level Process Control (LLPC)policy (Yue K, Lilja D. Efficient execution of parallel applications in multiprogrammed multiprocessor systems.10th International Parallel Processing Symposium, 1996; 448–456) dynamically adjusts the number of threads an application is allowed to execute based on the application's available parallelism and the overall system load. This study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating the LLPC strategy into an existing commercial operating system and parallelizing compiler and provides further evidence of the performance improvement that is possible using this dynamic allocation strategy. In this implementation, applications are automatically parallelized and enhanced with the appropriate LLPC hooks so that each application interacts with the modified version of the Solaris operating system. The parallelism of the applications are then dynamically adjusted automatically when they are executed in a multiprogrammed environment so that all applications obtain a fair share of the total processing resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time multi‐spectral image fusion
Authors: Achalakul Tiranee , Taylor Stephen
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a novel real‐time multi‐spectral imaging capability for surveillance applications. The capability combines a new high‐performance multi‐spectral camera system with a distributed algorithm that computes a spectral‐screening principal component transform (PCT). The camera system uses a novel filter wheel design together with a high‐bandwidth CCD camera to allow image cubes to be delivered at 110 frames$^{-1}$s with a spectral coverage between 400 and 1000 nm. The filters used in a particular application are selected to highlight a particular object based on its spectral signature. The distributed algorithm allows image streams from a dispersed collection of cameras to be disseminated, viewed, and interpreted by a distributed group of analysts in real‐time. It operates on networks of commercial‐off‐the‐shelf multiprocessors connected with high‐performance (e.g. gigabit) networking, taking advantage of multi‐threading where appropriate. The algorithm uses a concurrent formulation of the PCT to de‐correlate and compress a multi‐spectral image cube. Spectral screening is used to give features that occur infrequently (e.g. mechanized vehicles in a forest) equal importance to those that occur frequently (e.g. trees in the forest). A human‐centered color‐mapping scheme is used to maximize the impact of spectral contrast on the human visual system.

To demonstrate the efficacy of the multi‐spectral system, plant‐life scenes with both real and artificial foliage are used. These scenes demonstrate the systems ability to distinguish elements of a scene that cannot be distinguished with the naked eye. The capability is evaluated in terms of visual performance, scalability, and real‐time throughput. Our previous work on predictive analytical modeling is extended to answer practical design questions such as ‘For a specified cost, what system can be constructed and what performance will it attain?’ Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Date movement and control substrate for parallel adaptive applications
Authors: Barker Kevin , Chrisochoides Nikos , Dobbelaere Jeffrey , Nave Démian , Pingali Keshav
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we present the Data Movement and Control Substrate (DMCS), a library which implements low‐latency one‐sided communication primitives for use in parallel adaptive and irregular applications. DMCS is built on top of low‐level, vendor‐specific communication subsystems such as LAPI (Low‐level Application Programme Interface) for IBM SP machines, as well as on widely available message‐passing libraries like MPI for clusters of workstations and PCs. DMCS adds a small overhead to the communication operations provided by the lower communication system. In return, DMCS provides a flexible and easy to understand application program interface for one‐sided communication operations. Furthermore, DMCS is designed so that it can be easily ported and maintained by non‐experts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing psychotherapy outcomes via providing feedback on client progress: a replication
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Whipple Jason L. , Vermeersch David A. , Smart David W. , Hawkins Eric J. , Nielsen Stevan Lars , Goates Melissa
Published: August 2002

Several systems have been developed to monitor and feedback information about a client's responses to psychotherapy as a method of enhancing client outcome. The current study divided 1020 clients into four groups (two experimental and two control) to determine if feedback regarding client progress, when provided to a therapist, affected client outcome and number of sessions attended. Results showed that feedback increased the duration of treatment and improved outcome for clients identified as potential treatment failures thereby replicating an earlier study using nearly identical methodology. Nearly twice as many clients in the feedback group achieved clinically significant or reliable change and fewer were classified as deteriorated by the time treatment ended. For those clients who were predicted to have a positive response to treatment, feedback to therapists resulted in an equal number of treatment sessions and equivalent outcomes compared to the no feedback controls. The results are discussed in terms of quality management in routine clinical practice and the need to base treatment decisions on clients' response to treatment rather than arbitrary session limits. Suggestions for additional research aimed at enhancing the effects of feedback on client outcome are made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New designs of low/high‐pass and mid‐pass/stop FIR digital filters
Authors: Khan Ishtiaq Rasool , Ohba Ryoji
Published: August 2002

New designs of highly efficient low/high‐ and mid‐pass/stop (centre‐symmetric band‐pass/stop) FIR non‐recursive digital filters are presented. The designs are based on the modulation property of DFT, applied to the already presented MAXFLAT halfband low‐pass filters. The presented filters have explicit formulas for their tap‐coefficients, and therefore are very easy to design. They have highly smooth frequency response and wider transition regions like MAXFLAT filters. The design formulae are modified to give new classes of low/high‐ and mid‐pass/stop filters, for which, like in equiripple filters, the transition bandwidth can be reduced by increasing the size of ripple on magnitude response. It is shown, with the help of design examples, that the performance of these filters is comparable to that of equiripple filters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitude control in walking hexapod robots: an analogic spatio‐temporal approach
Authors: Arena Paolo , Fortuna Luigi , Frasca Mattia
Published: August 2002

In this paper, the control system of a biologically inspired walking robot is presented. An analog distributed system acts as Central Pattern Generator for the locomotion control, while the attitude control is performed by using a proportional integrative controller for each leg. The inclusion of a saturation block in the attitude control scheme allows to take into account the joint limits, leading to the formulation of a cellular non‐linear network (CNN) based attitude controller. Thus, the whole control system can be structured as an analog control system realized by CNNs generating the locomotion pattern as a function of the sensorial stimuli from the environment. Both the network design and circuit realization are presented in this paper. Some experimental results obtained with the 18 degrees‐of‐freedom walking robot prototype are also reported. Moreover, some interesting experiments showing the robot capabilities to escape from unforeseen situations, in which overloading causes the saturation of a joint motor, are emphasized as an emerging result due to the action on both the locomotion control and the attitude control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Queuing analysis of shared‐buffer ATM switches with grouped output channels
Authors: Abonamah Abdullah A. , Dang X.‐H.
Published: August 2002

Shared buffering and channel grouping are powerful techniques with great benefits in terms of both performance and implementation. Shared‐buffer switches are known to have better performance and better utilization than input or output queued switches. With channel grouping, a cell is routed to a group of channels instead of a specific output channel. In this way, congestion due to output contention can be minimized and the switch performance can therefore be greatly improved. Although each technique is well known by itself in the traditional study of queuing systems, their combined use in ATM networks has not been much explored previously. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for a shared‐buffer ATM switch with grouped output channels. The model is then used to study the switch performance in terms of cell loss probability, cell delay and throughput. In particular, we study the impact of the channel grouping factor on the buffer requirements. Our results show that grouping the output channels in a shared‐buffer ATM switch leads to considerable savings in buffer space. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normalization of propagation measurements with respect to terrain effect
Authors: Alexandridis A. A. , Lazarakis F. , Dangakis K. , Kostarakis P. , Kourtis A.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we introduce a method for the reliable modelling of propagation loss using measurements data. Using point to point effective height calculation, we apply a methodology for the normalization of signal propagation loss measurements with respect to terrain effect. Moreover, by applying the proposed normalization methodology on two different measurement data sets, taken in the same urban environment (Athens, Greece), it is experimentally proved that the effective height is accurately expressing the influence of terrain morphology in the vicinity of mobile unit on signal variability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.