bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elton John's Blue Moves
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: March 2020

By 1976, Elton John was the best-selling recording artist and the highest-grossing touring act in the world. With seven #1 albums in a row and a reputation as a riveting piano-pounding performer, the former Reggie Dwight had gone with dazzling speed from the London suburbs to the pinnacles of rock stardom, his songs never leaving the charts, his sold-out shows packed with adoring fans. Then he released Blue Moves, and it all came crashing down.

Was the commercially disappointing and poorly reviewed double album to blame? Can one album shoot down a star? No, argues Matthew Restall; Blue Moves is a four-sided masterpiece, as fantastic as Captain Fantastic, as colorful as Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, a showcase for the three elements—piano-playing troubadour, full orchestra, rock band—with which Elton John and his collaborators redirected the evolution of popular music. Instead, both album and career were derailed by a perfect storm of circumstances: Elton’s decisions to stop touring and start his own label; the turbulent shiftings of popular culture in the punk era; the minefield of attitudes towards celebrity and sexuality. The closer we get to Blue Moves, the better we understand the world into which it was born—and vice versa. Might that be true of all albums?
Methane emissions from the Munich Oktoberfest
Authors: Chen Jia , Dietrich Florian , Maazallahi Hossein , Forstmaier Andreas , Winkler Dominik , Hofmann Magdalena E. G. , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Röckmann Thomas
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This study presents the first investigation of the methane (CH4) emissions of a large festival. Munich Oktoberfest, the world's largest folk festival, is a potential source of CH4 as a large amount of natural gas for cooking and heating is used. In 2018 we measured the CH4 emissions of Oktoberfest using in situ measurements combined with a Gaussian plume dispersion model. Measurements were taken while walking and biking around the perimeter of the Oktoberfest premises (Theresienwiese) at different times of the day, during the week and at the weekend. The measurements showed enhancements of up to 100 ppb compared to background values and measurements after Oktoberfest. The average emission flux of Oktoberfest is determined as (6.7±0.6) µg (m2 s)−1. Additional analyses, including the daily emission cycle and comparisons between emissions and the number of visitors, suggest that CH4 emissions of Oktoberfest are not due solely to the human biogenic emissions. Instead, fossil fuel CH4 emissions, such as incomplete combustion or loss in the gas appliances, appear to be the major contributors to Oktoberfest emissions. Our results can help to develop CH4 reduction policies and measures to reduce emissions at festivals and other major events in cities.
Furthermore, events with a limited duration have not yet been included in the state-of-the-art emission inventories, such as TNO-MACC, EDGAR or IER. Our investigations show that these emissions are not negligible. Therefore, these events should be included in future emission inventories.
Data assimilation using an ensemble of models: a hierarchical approach
Authors: Rayner Peter
Published: March 2020

Abstract. One characteristic of biogeochemical models is uncertainty about their
formulation. Data assimilation should take this uncertainty into
account. A common approach is to use an ensemble of models. We must
assign probabilities not only to the parameters of the models but also to the
models themselves. The
method of hierarchical modelling allows us to calculate these
probabilities. This paper describes the approach, develops the algebra
for the most common case and then applies it to the Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom). We see that the discrimination among models is
unrealistically strong, due to optimistic assumptions inherent in the
underlying inversion. The weighted ensemble means and variances from the
hierarchical approach are quite similar to the conventional values
because the best model in the ensemble is also quite close to the
ensemble mean. The approach can also be used for cross-validation in
which some data are held back to test estimates obtained with the rest. We
demonstrate this with a test of the TransCom inversions holding back
the airborne data. We see a slight decrease in the tropical sink and a
notably different preferred order of models.
A Phase Separation Inlet for Droplets, Ice Residuals, and Interstitial Aerosols
Authors: Koolik Libby , Roesch Michael , Deloya Lesly J. Franco , Shen Chuanyang , Hallar A. Gannet , McCubbin Ian B. , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. A new inlet for studying the aerosols and hydrometeor residuals that compose mixed-phase clouds – the phaSe seParation Inlet for Droplets icE residuals and inteRstitial aerosols (SPIDER) – is described here. SPIDER combines an omni-directional inlet, a Large-Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor (L-PCVI), a flow tube evaporation chamber, and a Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor (PCVI) to separate droplets, ice crystals, and interstitial aerosols for simultaneous sampling. Laboratory verification tests of each individual component and the composite SPIDER system were conducted. SPIDER was deployed to Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL), a mountain-top research facility at 3210 m a.s.l. in the Rocky Mountains, for a three-week field campaign. SPIDER performance as a field instrument is presented with data that demonstrates its capability of separating distinct cloud elements and interstitial aerosol. Possible design improvements of SPIDER are also suggested.
Vegetation modulates the impact of climate extremes on gross primary production
Authors: Flach Milan , Brenning Alexander , Gans Fabian , Reichstein Markus , Sippel Sebastian , Mahecha Miguel D.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Factors such as the duration, timing and intensity of extreme events influence the magnitude of impacts on ecosystem processes such as gross primary production (GPP), i.e. the ecosystem uptake of CO2. Preceding soil moisture depletion may exacerbate these impacts. However, some vegetation types may be more resilient to climate extremes than others. This effect is insufficiently understood at the global scale and is the focus of this study. Using a global upscaled product of GPP that scales up in-situ land CO2 flux observations with global satellite remote sensing, we study the impact of climate extremes at the global scale. We find that GPP in grasslands and agricultural areas is generally reduced during heat and drought events. However, we also find that forests, if considered globally, appear not in general to be particularly sensitive to droughts and heat events that occurred during the analyzed period or even show increased GPP values during these events. On the one hand, this is in many cases plausible, e.g. when no negative preconditioning has occurred. On the other hand, however, this may also reflect a lack of sensitivity in current remote sensing derived GPP products to the effects of droughts and heatwaves. The overall picture calls for a differentiated consideration of different land cover types in the assessments of risks of climate extremes for ecosystem functioning.
Leaf-scale quantification of the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ17O of atmospheric CO2
Authors: Adnew Getachew Agmuas , Pons Thijs L. , Koren Gerbrand , Peters Wouter , Röckmann Thomas
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Understanding the processes that affect the triple oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 during gas exchange can help constrain the interaction and fluxes between the atmosphere and the biosphere. We conducted leaf cuvette experiments under controlled conditions, using three plant species. The experiments were conducted at two different light intensities and using CO2 with different 17O-excess. The oxygen isotope composition of CO2 was used to estimate cm, the mole fraction of CO2 at the CO2-H2O exchange site. Our results demonstrate that two key factors determine the effect of gas exchange on the Δ17O of atmospheric CO2. The relative difference between Δ17O of the CO2 entering the leaf and the CO2 in equilibrium with leaf water, and the back-diffusion flux of CO2 from the leaf to the atmosphere, which can be quantified by the cm/ca ratio where ca is the CO2 mole fraction in the surrounding air. At low cm/ca ratio the discrimination is governed mainly by diffusion into the leaf, and at high cm/ca ratio by back-diffusion of CO2 that has equilibrated with the leaf water. Plants with a higher cm/ca ratio modify the Δ17O of atmospheric CO2 more strongly than plants with a lower cm/ca ratio. Based on the leaf cuvette experiments, the global value for discrimination against Δ17O of atmospheric CO2 during the photosynthetic gas exchange is estimated to be −0.57+/−0.14 ‰ using cm/ca values of 0.3 and 0.7 for C4 and C3 plants, respectively. The main uncertainties in this global estimate arise from variation in cm/ca ratios among plants and growth conditions.
Simulating Marine Isotope Stage 7 with a coupled climate-ice sheet model
Authors: Choudhury Dipayan , Timmermann Axel , Schloesser Fabian , Heinemann Malte , Pollard David
Published: March 2020

Abstract. It is widely accepted that orbital variations are responsible for the generation of glacial cycles during the late Pleistocene. However, the relative contributions of the orbital forcing compared to CO2 variations and other feedback mechanisms causing the waxing and waning of ice-sheets have not been fully understood. Testing theories of ice-ages beyond statistical inferences, requires numerical modeling experiments that capture key features of glacial transitions. Here, we focus on the glacial build-up from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7 to 6 covering the period from 240–170 ka (thousand years before present). This transition from interglacial to glacial conditions includes one of the fastest Pleistocene glaciation/deglaciation events which occurred during MIS 7e-7d-7c (236–218 ka). Using a newly developed three-dimensional coupled atmosphere-ocean-vegetation-ice-sheet model (LOVECLIP), we simulate the transient evolution of northern and southern hemisphere ice-sheets during the MIS 7-6 period in response to orbital and greenhouse-gas forcing. For a range of model parameters, the simulations capture the reconstructed evolution of global ice volume reasonably well. It is demonstrated that glacial inceptions are more sensitive to orbital variations, whereas terminations from deep glacial conditions need both orbital and greenhouse gas forcings to work in unison. For some parameter values, the coupled model also exhibits a critical North American ice sheet configuration, beyond which a stationary wave – ice-sheet topography feedback can trigger an unabated and unrealistic ice-sheet growth. The strong parameter sensitivity found in this study originates from the fact that delicate mass imbalances, as well as errors, are integrated during a transient simulation for thousands of years. This poses a general challenge for transient coupled climate-ice sheet modeling.
Global partitioning of runoff generation mechanisms using remote sensing data
Authors: Lucey Joseph T. D. , Reager John T. , Lopez Sonya R.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. A set of complex processes contribute to generate river runoff, which in the hydrological sciences are typically divided into two major categories: surface runoff, sometimes called Hortonian flow, and baseflow-driven runoff or Dunne flow. In this study, we examine the covariance of global satellite-based surface water inundation (SWI) observations with two remotely sensed hydrological variables, precipitation, and terrestrial water storage, to better understand how apparent runoff generation responds to these two dominant forcing mechanisms in different regions of the world. Terrestrial water storage observations come from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, while precipitation comes from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined product, and surface inundation levels from the NASA Surface WAter Microwave Product Series (SWAMPS) product. We evaluate the statistical relationship between surface water inundation, total water storage anomalies (TWS; TWSAs), and precipitation values under different time lag and quality control adjustments between the data products. We find that the global estimation of surface inundation improves when considering a quality control threshold of 50 % reliability for the SWAMPS data and after applying time lags ranging from 1 to 5 months. Precipitation and total water storage equally control the majority of surface inundation developments across the globe. The model tends to underestimate and overestimate at locations with high interannual variability and with low inundation measurements, respectively.
Obtaining more benefits from crop residues as soil amendments by application as chemically heterogeneous mixtures
Authors: Struijk Marijke , Whitmore Andrew P. , Mortimer Simon R. , Sizmur Tom
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Crop residues are valuable soil amendments in terms of the carbon and other nutrients they contain, but incorporation of residues does not always translate into increases in nutrient availability, soil organic matter (SOM), soil structure, and overall soil fertility. Studies have demonstrated accelerated decomposition rates of chemically heterogeneous litter mixtures, compared to the decomposition of individual litters, in forest and grassland systems. Mixing high C : N ratio with low C : N ratio amendments may result in greater carbon use efficiency and non-additive benefits in soil properties (i.e. mixture ≠ sum of the parts). We hypothesised that non-additive benefits would accrue from mixtures of low-quality (straw or woodchips) and high-quality (vegetable-waste compost) residues applied before lettuce planting in a full-factorial field experiment. Properties indicative of soil structure and nutrient cycling were used to assess benefits from residue mixtures, including soil respiration, aggregate stability, bulk density, SOM, available and potentially mineralisable N, available P, K and Mg, and crop yield. Soil organic matter and mineral nitrogen levels were significantly and non-additively greater in the straw-compost mixture compared to individual residues, which mitigated the N immobilisation occurring with straw-only applications. Addition of compost significantly increased soil available N, K and Mg levels. Together, these observations suggest that greater nutrient availability improved the ability of decomposer organisms to degrade straw in the straw-compost mixture. We demonstrate that mixtures of crop residues can influence soil properties non-additively. Thus, greater benefits may be achieved by removing, mixing, and re-applying crop residues, than by simply returning them to the soils in situ.
Urban planning & mental health
Authors: Mishra Anamika , Yu Richard
Published: March 2020

This paper explores the potential for the built environment to serve as a determinant of mental health for the aging population. The exploration of situational and environmental context factors for health, such as low SES, low social capital, and social isolation has been stressed in health promotion. Specifically, the presence of accessible green space and facilitated interaction with the green space through activities such as horticulture therapy have been shown to be particularly beneficial. The quality of green space, distance to residential areas, and other factors have also been linked to the impact of the presence of green space on mental health. Much evidence indicates that incorporation of this space in cities can result an improvement in mental health through increasing physical activity and decreasing stress. Horticulture therapy has shown to have a positive effect on variables linked to mental health outcomes in older adults. This suggests a potential for inclusion of gardening-based community programming for cities with aging populations. However, there is a need for additional studies to confirm the effect size and find additional causal mechanisms to understand correlations between improved mental health outcomes and green space. There is also a need to consider the ways in which there can be large-scale coordination of policies on urban planning and healthy city design in North America.
On Null Curves in Minkowski 3-Space and Its Fractal Folding
Authors: El-Ahmady A.E. , Raslan Malak E. , M-Zidan A.T.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, a form for Frenet equations of all null curves in Minkowski 3-space has been presented. New types of foldings of curves are obtained. The connection between folding, deformation and Frenet equations of curves are also deduced.
Numerical Study for Two-Phase Flow with Gravity in Homogeneous and Piecewise-Homogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Araujo Isamara L. N. , Rodríguez-Bermúdez Panters , Rodríguez-Núñez Yoisell
Published: March 2020

In this work we study two-phase flow with gravity either in 1-rock homogeneous media or 2-rocks composed media, this phenomenon can be modeled by a non-linear scalar conservation law with continuous flux function or discontinuous flux function, respectively. Our study is essentially from a numerical point of view, we apply the new Lagrangian-Eulerian finite difference method developed by Abreu and Pérez  and the Lax-Friedrichs classic method to obtain numerical entropic solutions. Comparisons between numerical and analytical solutions show the efficiency of the methods even for discontinuous flux function.
Construction of Polygonal Color Codes from Hyperbolic Tesselations
Authors: Soares Jr Waldir S. , Silva E. B. , Vizentim Emerson J. , Soares Franciele P. B.
Published: March 2020

This current work propose a technique to generate polygonal color codes in the hyperbolic geometry environment. The color codes were introduced by Bombin and Martin-Delgado in 2007, and the called triangular color codes have a higher degree of interest because they allow the implementation of the Clifford group, but they encode only one qubit. In 2018 Soares e Silva extended the triangular codes to the polygonal codes, which encode more qubits. Using an approach through hyperbolic tessellations we show that it is possible to generate Hyperbolic Polygonal codes, which encode more than one qubit with the capacity to implement the entire Clifford group and also having a better coding rate than the previously mentioned codes, for the color codes on surfaces with boundary with minimum distance d = 3.
Comparison of Surface Characteristics of Medical-grade 316L Stainless Steel Processed by Sand-blasting, Slag Ball-blasting and Shot-blasting Treatments
Authors: Arifvianto Budi , Mahardika Muslim , Salim Urip Agus , Suyitno Suyitno
Published: March 2020

In this research, a comparative study was carried out to examine the surface characteristics of medical-grade 316L stainless steel after blasting treatments by using angular silica particles, spherical slag balls and spherical metallic shot. The surface roughness, morphology, elemental composition and microhardness distribution of the stainless steel were determined and the possible mechanisms in the evolution of the surface characteristics of the steel exposed to the blasting treatments were established. The results showed that all the blasting treatments conducted in this research increased the roughness and hardness of the steel surface. In this case, the roughest stainless steel surface was achieved by the slag ball-blasting treatment, but the stainless steel with the hardest surface and the thickest hard subsurface layer was obtained by the shot-blasting treatment. On the basis of the findings in this research it can be concluded that the physical properties and surface morphology of particles or shot used in the blasting treatment are critical parameters in determining the surface characteristics of blasted stainless steel.
Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on LiClO4-Complexed Methyl Cellulose as Lithium-ion Battery Separator
Authors: Ndruru Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo , Wahyuningrum Deana , Bundjali Bunbun , Arcana I Made
Published: March 2020

The polymer electrolyte membrane is a main component of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), serving as separator and electrolyte. In this work, we prepared biopolymer electrolyte (BPE) membranes of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)-complexed methyl cellulose (MC). Methyl cellulose (MC), a cellulose derivative, has attractive properties for use as biopolymer electrolyte. The bulkier anion size of lithium salt (LiClO4) significantly enhances the performance of biopolymer electrolyte (BPE) membranes. The fabricated biopolymer electrolyte (BPE) membranes were characterized by FTIR, EIS, tensile tester, XRD and TGA. Biopolymer electrolyte membranes with various weight percentages of LiClO4 salt (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were prepared using a simple solution casting technique. Incorporation of 10% weight of LiClO4 into the MC-based host polymer was selected as optimum condition, because this yielded good conductivity (3.66 x 10-5 S cm-1), good mechanical properties (tensile strength 35.97 MPa and elongation at break 14.47%), good thermal stability (208.4 to 338.2 °C) as well as ease of preparation and low cost of production. Based on its characteristics it can be stated that the 10% LiClO4-complexed MC membrane meets the requirements as a candidate separator for lithium-ion battery application.
Kriminalität, Recht und Justiz in den Texten des deutschsprachigen Gangster-Raps. Genre mit strafrechtlichem Gefährdungspotential?
Authors: Schneider Hendrik , Beusch Hannah , Borsalino Giulia , Gonska Hans-Henning , Ostermiller Johann
Published: March 2020

Deutschsprachiger Gangster-Rap dominiert die Musik-Charts und ist insbesondere bei Jugendlichen beliebt. Die Texte handeln in einer bisher in der deutschen Unterhaltungsmusik nicht dagewesenen Intensität von Straftaten, Gewalt und Misogynie. Die Kriminologie hat sich diesem Phänomen bislang noch nicht ausreichend angenommen. Dies gilt sowohl für die Bezüge zu den kriminologischen Theorien, als auch für die Erforschung der Wirkungen auf die Rezipient*innen. Auf diese Lücken im Forschungsstand ist der vorliegende Beitrag bezogen.
Politikunternehmer und Verkehrsprojekte
Authors: Probost Martin
Published: March 2020

Warum werden einzelne Verkehrsinfrastrukturen realisiert, andere hingegen nicht? Welche Relevanz hat dabei der jeweilige Zeitpunkt der Entscheidung? Anhand des Beispiels Flughafen Hamburg- Kaltenkirchen zeigt Martin Probost, dass die Persistenz von Einzelakteuren in Kombination von Ideen, Wissen und Planung die größte Bedeutung hat.
Krankenversicherungspflicht versus Vorsorgefreiheit
Authors: Hübner Steffen
Published: March 2020

Bislang ist nicht abschließend geklärt, ob es ein verfassungsrechtliches Prinzip der Vorsorgefreiheit für Beamte gibt, woraus es sich ableiten ließe und wie weit es reicht. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat offengelassen, ob die Vorsorgefreiheit ein hergebrachter Grundsatz des Berufsbeamtentums im Sinne des Art. 33 Abs. 5 GG ist. In der verfassungs- und beamtenrechtlichen Literatur ist die Vorsorgefreiheit noch nicht umfassend behandelt worden.

Die Arbeit leitet ein solches Prinzip sowohl individuell-grundrechtlich aus Art. 2 Abs. 1 GG als auch institutionell-beamtenrechtlich aus Art. 33 Abs. 5 GG her. An diesem Maßstab wird sodann die allgemeine Krankenversicherungspflicht gemessen, die seit 2009 in § 193 Abs. 3 VVG normiert ist. Danach sind Beamte verpflichtet, für denjenigen Teil der Krankheitskosten, der nicht von der Beihilfe erfasst wird, eine private Krankenversicherung abzuschließen. Dies erweist sich als unverhältnismäßiger Eingriff in die Vorsorgefreiheit.
Geschlechterquote und Zielgrößenfestlegung in Kapitalgesellschaften
Authors: Schwarz Anna Lisa
Published: March 2020

Für Kapitalgesellschaften wurden durch das Gesetz zur gleichberechtigten Teilhabe von Männern und Frauen an Führungspositionen neue Herausforderungen geschaffen. Zum einen wird von börsennotierten, paritätisch mitbestimmten Gesellschaften die Erfüllung einer starren Geschlechterquote für den Aufsichtsrat verlangt, darüber hinaus besteht auch für kleinere Gesellschaften die Verpflichtung zur Festlegung eigener Zielgrößen für die Führungsebenen. Das Werk setzt sich dogmatisch mit den Details dieser Regelungen auseinander und untersucht, inwieweit sich bei der Auslegung und Anwendung auf Aktiengesellschaft, GmbH, Societas Europaea und Gesellschaften, die aus grenzüberschreitender Verschmelzung hervorgegangen sind, Schwierigkeiten ergeben. Dafür wird auch die bisherige Handhabung in der Praxis ausgewertet. Zur Lösung werden Verbesserungsvorschläge für die gesetzlichen Vorschriften angeboten sowie konkretisierende Regelungen für Satzung oder Geschäftsordnung entworfen.
Die Liebe der Gesellschaft
Authors: Thiedeke Udo
Published: March 2020

Romantic love as an emotionally based, individual choice of sex partners has come under criticism. This form of love is said to be only a capitalistically alienated concept of bourgeois intimate relationships that reproduces inequality. Following Niklas Luhmann's preliminary work on love as a symbolic generalised medium, this volume, on the other hand, shows the special function of the communication of romantic love via modern media: the entanglement of individualities and society and the creation of an order of the imponderable. In view of the opportunities for networked emotions via social media, the question arises today of whether, given these conditions for interaction and communication, romantic love can still fulfil its previous social function.
Das Öffentliche im Privaten
Authors: Kiehnle Arndt
Published: March 2020

Der öffentliche Glaube von Registern wie dem Grundbuch beruht in Rechtsgeschichte und Gegenwart wesentlich auf freier, „öffentlicher“ Zugänglichkeit für jeden individuell Interessierten und nicht wie bisher meist kollektivistisch behauptet auf der staatlichen, „öffentlichen“ Autorität der registerführenden Stelle. Der öffentliche Glaube bestimmter, insbesondere notarieller Urkunden lässt sich dagegen mit der hoheitlich legitimierten besonderen Zuverlässigkeit der Aussteller erklären. Der sachliche Grund des Vertrauensschutzes durch öffentlichen Glauben wird von der fides bestimmter Urkunden im Mittelalter über den öffentlichen Glauben von Hypotheken- und Grundbüchern seit (ungefähr) dem 18. Jahrhundert und die Publizität des Handelsregisters bis hin zum öffentlichen Glauben des Erbscheins seit dem 19. Jahrhundert und zum öffentlichen Glauben diverser insbesondere im 20. Jahrhundert eingeführter weiterer Register untersucht. Rechtsgeschichte und -dogmatik ergänzen sich so gegenseitig.
When NGOs Fulfill State Obligations
Authors: Kahssay Jihan
Published: March 2020

Einige afrikanische Staaten haben die Handlungsbefugnisse, Finanzierung und die Meinungsäußerung von NGOs eingeschränkt. Viele haben ihre Besorgnis darüber geäußert, dass die Eckpfeiler einer freien Zivilgesellschaft - das Recht auf Versammlungs- und Redefreiheit - angegriffen werden. Ein bislang eher weniger untersuchtes Problem ist jedoch, ob solche restriktiven Maßnahmen auch die sozialen Rechte der Begünstigten von NGOs gefährden könnten. Der UN-Sozialpakt verpflichtet die Staaten, Schritt für Schritt auf eine vollständige Verwirklichung der sozialen Rechte zuzugehen. Wie sollten also die Verpflichtungen eines Staates in Bezug auf soziale Rechte verstanden werden, wenn NGOs ins Spiel kommen? Wie könnten sich diese Verpflichtungen auf die Freiheit eines Staates auswirken, NGOs zu regulieren?

Dieses Buch bietet eine systematische Untersuchung wie die sozialrechtlichen Verpflichtungen von Staaten gegenüber den Begünstigten unser Verständnis der Regulierungsbeziehungen zwischen Staaten und NGOs neu definieren und weiterentwickeln können.
Folgen der (Teil-)Kriminalisierung der ärztlichen Suizidassistenz für den Stellenwert der Patientenautonomie am Lebensende
Authors: Fontaine Elisa Sophia
Published: March 2020

Die Arbeit vergleicht und analysiert den von der Rechtsordnung zugedachten Stellenwert der Patientenautonomie am Lebensende vor und nach Einführung des § 217 StGB. Leitfrage der Untersuchung ist, ob die mit Einführung des § 217 StGB erfolgte Teilkriminalisierung der ärztlichen Suizidassistenz als Ausdruck eines Paradigmenwechsels begriffen werden kann: Ist die Teilkriminalisierung symptomatisch für einen wiedererwachenden medizinstrafrechtlichen Paternalismus, der – weit über den Regelungsbereich der geschäftsmäßigen Förderung der Selbsttötung hinaus – die Patientenautonomie am Lebensende insgesamt erfasst?

Die Autorin legt dar, dass die Einführung des § 217 StGB über seinen Anwendungsbereich hinaus mit Auswirkungen auf den Stellenwert der Patientenautonomie einhergegangen ist. Sie erörtert die hieraus resultierenden aktuellen Herausforderungen für die Patientenautonomie; zeigt aber auch Chancen für den Stellenwert der Patientenautonomie am Lebensende auf.
Das Krankenhaus "zwischen" Funktionssystemen und Organisation
Authors: Bowert Barbara
Published: March 2020

At first, there is a systematic examination of Niklas Luhmann's sociological systems theory in order to comprehend the essential fundamental terms in all their facets. Building on this, the hospital is inspected more closely within a modern, functionally differentiated society, and it is analysed whether and how structures in such organisations arise as a result of society's requirements. It is based on the fact that the healthcare system has a firm place in the health policy and public discourse, but follows different rules than other areas of social life. Health is an undisputed good – possibly even the highest good in society – and is therefore outside of all ideological controversy. Numerous and highly different influences affect the institutions in which medical treatment takes place, such as from business, law, politics and science.
Depression’s Threat to Self-Governance
Authors: Gorman August ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: March 2020

Much of the literature on impairment to self-governance focuses on cases in which a person either lacks the ability to protect herself from errant urges or cases in which a person lacks the capacity to initiate self-reflective agential processes. This has led to frameworks for thinking about self-governance designed with only the possibility of these sorts of impairments in mind. I challenge this orthodoxy using the case of melancholic depression to show that there is a third way that self-governance can be undermined: an agent may fail to form the desire she most wants to act on.
Probabilities of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Bloom Pacific , Kurz Terri L. , Yanik H. Bahadir
Published: March 2020

Sickle cell disease is a very common disease throughout the world. We used it to contextualize probability for upper elementary school students. Using Punnett squares, activities guide students' evaluation of inheritance using theoretical probability. Then, students perform trials using tools to compare theoretical and experimental probabilities.
Putting Technology in Its Place
Authors: Belnap Jason Knight , Parrott Amy
Published: March 2020

Technology is used effectively when it enables students to engage in authentic mathematical activity. Using four mathematical tasks, we discuss how technology, carefully designed tasks, and orchestrated discussions can both reveal our students' mathematical practices and provide opportunities to shape those practices.
Selecting GeoGebra Applets for Learning Goals
Authors: Lo Jane-Jane , White Nina
Published: March 2020

In this article, we discuss issues to consider when using learning goals to strategically select applets from a large public database and some pitfalls to avoid, namely being aware of error-prone applets.
Developing Statistical Modeling with Paper Helicopters
Authors: Makar Katie , Doerr Helen M. , delMas Robert
Published: March 2020

Statistical modeling allows students to construct and improve representations based on their experiences. A model development sequence is used with fifth graders to build models for comparing two distributions of the flight durations of paper helicopters. Emphasis is on the role of the teacher and using models as evidence.
GPS: Hopping into Fractions
Authors: Hagan Kelly , Lin Cheng-Yao
Published: March 2020

This is the final GPS document for February 2020
A calibrated optogenetic toolbox of stable zebrafish opsin lines
Authors: Antinucci Paride , Dumitrescu Adna , Deleuze Charlotte , Morley Holly J , Leung Kristie , Hagley Tom , Kubo Fumi , Baier Herwig , Bianco Isaac H , Wyart Claire
Published: March 2020

Optogenetic actuators with diverse spectral tuning, ion selectivity and kinetics are constantly being engineered providing powerful tools for controlling neural activity with subcellular resolution and millisecond precision. Achieving reliable and interpretable in vivo optogenetic manipulations requires reproducible actuator expression and calibration of photocurrents in target neurons. Here, we developed nine transgenic zebrafish lines for stable opsin expression and calibrated their efficacy in vivo. We first used high-throughput behavioural assays to compare opsin ability to elicit or silence neural activity. Next, we performed in vivo whole-cell electrophysiological recordings to quantify the amplitude and kinetics of photocurrents and test opsin ability to precisely control spiking. We observed substantial variation in efficacy, associated with differences in both opsin expression level and photocurrent characteristics, and identified conditions for optimal use of the most efficient opsins. Overall, our calibrated optogenetic toolkit will facilitate the design of controlled optogenetic circuit manipulations.
Unc-4 acts to promote neuronal identity and development of the take-off circuit in the Drosophila CNS
Authors: Lacin Haluk , Williamson W Ryan , Card Gwyneth M , Skeath James B , Truman James W
Published: March 2020

The Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) is composed of thousands of neurons born from a set of individually identifiable stem cells. The VNC harbors neuronal circuits required to execute key behaviors, such as flying and walking. Leveraging the lineage-based functional organization of the VNC, we investigated the developmental and molecular basis of behavior by focusing on lineage-specific functions of the homeodomain transcription factor, Unc-4. We found that Unc-4 functions in lineage 11A to promote cholinergic neurotransmitter identity and suppress the GABA fate. In lineage 7B, Unc-4 promotes proper neuronal projections to the leg neuropil and a specific flight-related take-off behavior. We also uncovered that Unc-4 acts peripherally to promote proprioceptive sensory organ development and the execution of specific leg-related behaviors. Through time-dependent conditional knock-out of Unc-4, we found that its function is required during development, but not in the adult, to regulate the above events.
An adaptable defense
Authors: Schelling Michael A , Sashital Dipali G
Published: March 2020

The response of bacteria to the threat posed by phages depends on their local environment.
A biogeographic framework of octopod species diversification: the role of the Isthmus of Panama
Authors: Lima Francoise D. , Strugnell Jan M. , Leite Tatiana S. , Lima Sergio M.Q.
Published: March 2020

The uplift of the Isthmus of Panama (IP) created a land bridge between Central and South America and caused the separation of the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans, resulting in profound changes in the environmental and oceanographic conditions. To evaluate how these changes have influenced speciation processes in octopods, fragments of two mitochondrial (Cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI and 16S rDNA) and two nuclear (Rhodopsin and Elongation Factor-1α, EF-1α) genes were amplified from samples from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. One biogeographical and four fossil calibration priors were used within a relaxed Bayesian phylogenetic analysis framework to estimate divergence times among cladogenic events. Reconstruction of the ancestral states in phylogenies was used to infer historical biogeography of the lineages and species dispersal routes. The results revealed three well-supported clades of transisthmian octopus sister species pair/complex (TSSP/TSSC) and two additional clades showing a low probability of species diversification, having been influenced by the IP. Divergence times estimated in the present study revealed that octopod TSSP/TSSC from the Atlantic and Pacific diverged between the Middle Miocene and Early Pliocene (mean range = 5–18 Ma). Given that oceanographic changes caused by the uplift of the IP were so strong as to affect the global climate, we suggest that octopod TSSP/TSSC diverged because of these physical and environmental barriers, even before the complete uplift of the IP 3 Ma, proposed by the Late Pliocene model. The results obtained in this phylogenetic reconstruction also indicate that the octopus species pairs in each ocean share a recent common ancestor from the Pacific Ocean.
Estimation of nitrogen leaching load from agricultural fields in the Puck Commune with an interactive calculator
Authors: Dybowski Dawid , Dzierzbicka-Glowacka Lidia Anita , Pietrzak Stefan , Juszkowska Dominika , Puszkarczuk Tadeusz
Published: March 2020

Background

Nutrient leaching from agricultural fields is one of the main causes of pollution and eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. The quantity of nitrogen (N) leached from a particular field can be very different from the amount of N leached from other fields in a given region or even within a single farm. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the quantity of N leached for each field separately.

Methods

An opinion poll has been conducted on 31 farms within the Puck Commune, which is approximately 3.6% of all farms located in this commune. Farmers provided data on the manner of fertilizing and cultivating crops on all their farms. For each field individually, on the basis of collected data, an estimated amount of the N leaching from the field has been determined.

Results

An interactive calculator to assist farmers in determining the quantity of N leaching from the agricultural field has been developed. The influence of factors shaping the amount of N leaching from a single field has been analyzed, and it has been determined that autumn plowing (specifically its absence) and the type of cultivated soil had the greatest average influence on this value in the studied sample.

Discussion

Due to the possible ways of reducing N leaching from agricultural fields, most of the studied fields were fertilized in an appropriate manner. However, in the studied sample there were fields for which the fertilization intensity significantly exceeded the recommended doses. In this context, a tool in the form of an interactive, easy-to-use N leaching calculator should help farmers to select appropriate doses and optimal fertilization practices.
Study on Microstructures of 2D and 3D Chemical Vapor Infiltration SiC/SiC Composites
Authors: Yan Hao , Li Ke , Gao Yantao , Yang Yi , Hou Juan , Huang Aijun
Published: March 2020

The chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) SiC/SiC composites are porous materials, and the porosity affects the molten salt infiltration and may affect the mechanical properties. Therefore, the internal microstructures of the 2D and 3D silicon carbide composites are studied by synchrotron radiation micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) technology. The cross‐sectional slice and 3D volume image of the composite are reconstructed, then the pores of the composites are visualized in three dimensions, and the porosity is quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that most of small pores (micrometer) exist between filaments and larger pores (millimeter) occur between fiber bundles, and the internal pores of 2D and 3D composites are greatly influenced by the fabric structure. In contrast, the 3D braided composites have lower porosity, smaller pore distribution fluctuations, and more stable internal structure.
Metal and Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Amini Kiana , Gostick Jeff , Pritzker Mark D.
Published: March 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are one of the promising technologies for large‐scale energy storage applications. For practical implementation of RFBs, it is of great interest to improve their efficiency and reduce their cost. One of the key components of RFBs that can greatly influence the efficiency and final cost is the electrode. The chemical and structural nature of electrodes can modify the kinetics of redox reactions and the accessibility of the electroactive species to available active sites. The ideal electrocatalyst for RFBs must have good activity for the desirable redox reaction, provide a high surface area, and exhibit sufficient conductivity and durability over repeated use. One strategy is to coat the electrode with metal and metal oxide electrocatalysts. Metal electrocatalysts have the advantage of high conductivity, while metal oxide catalysts are usually less expensive and so more economically attractive. In order to gain a better understanding of the performance of the electrocatalysts in RFBs, a comprehensive review of the progress in the development of metal and metal oxide electrocatalysts for RFBs is provided and a critical comparison of the latest developments is presented. Finally, practical recommendations for advancement of electrocatalysts and effective transfer of knowledge in this field are provided.
Monolithic Chalcogenide Optical Nanocomposites Enable Infrared System Innovation: Gradient Refractive Index Optics
Authors: Kang Myungkoo , Sisken Laura , Lonergan Charmayne , Buff Andrew , Yadav Anupama , Goncalves Claudia , Blanco Cesar , Wachtel Peter , Musgraves J. David , Pogrebnyakov Alexej V. , Baleine Erwan , Rivero‐Baleine Clara , Mayer Theresa S. , Pantano Carlo G. , Richardson Kathleen A.
Published: March 2020

The size and weight of conventional imaging systems is defined by costly non‐planar lenses and the complex lens assemblies required to minimize optical aberrations. The ability to engineer gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics has the potential to overcome constraints of traditional homogeneous lenses by reducing the number of components in optical systems. Here, an innovative strategy to realize this goal based on monolithic GRIN media created in Ge‐As‐Se‐Pb chalcogenide infrared nanocomposites is presented. A gradient heat treatment to spatially modulate the volume fraction of high refractive index Pb‐rich nanocrystals within a glass matrix is utilized, providing a GRIN profile while maintaining an optical transparency. A first‐ever correlation of material chemistry and microstructure, processing protocol, and optical property modification resulting in a prototype GRIN structure is presented. The integrated approach and mechanistic understanding illustrated by this versatile modification paradigm provides a platform for new optical functionalities in next‐generation imaging applications.
Tracking Neoantigens by Personalized Circulating Tumor DNA Sequencing during Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Jia Qingzhu , Chiu Luting , Wu Shuangxiu , Bai Jian , Peng Lina , Zheng Linpeng , Zang Rui , Li Xueqin , Yuan Bibo , Gao Yixing , Wu Dingyong , Li Xiaohong , Wu Lin , Sun Jianguo , He Ji , Robinson Bruce W. S. , Zhu Bo
Published: March 2020

The evolutionary dynamics of tumor‐associated neoantigens carry information about drug sensitivity and resistance to the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, the spectrum of somatic mutations is highly heterogeneous among patients, making it difficult to track neoantigens by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) sequencing using “one size fits all” commercial gene panels. Thus, individually customized panels (ICPs) are needed to track neoantigen evolution comprehensively during ICB treatment. Dominant neoantigens are predicted from whole exome sequencing data for treatment‐naïve tumor tissues. Panels targeting predicted neoantigens are used for personalized ctDNA sequencing. Analyzing ten patients with non‐small cell lung cancer, ICPs are effective for tracking most predicted dominant neoantigens (80–100%) in serial peripheral blood samples, and to detect substantially more genes (18–30) than the capacity of current commercial gene panels. A more than 50% decrease in ctDNA concentration after eight weeks of ICB administration is associated with favorable progression‐free survival. Furthermore, at the individual level, the magnitude of the early ctDNA response is correlated with the subsequent change in tumor burden. The application of ICP‐based ctDNA sequencing is expected to improve the understanding of ICB‐driven tumor evolution and to provide personalized management strategies that optimize the clinical benefits of immunotherapies.
Tungsten Dichalcogenide Nanoflake/InGaZnO Thin‐Film Heterojunction for Photodetector, Inverter, and AC Rectifier Circuits
Authors: Lee Silah , Lee Han Sol , Yu Sanghyuck , Park Ji Hoon , Bae Heesun , Im Seongil
Published: March 2020

Heterojunction PN diode and inverter circuits are fabricated and presented, combining two‐dimensional WSe2 nanoflake and amorphous InGaZnO (a‐IGZO) thin film on a glass substrate. A heterojunction p‐WSe2/n‐IGZO diode exhibits rectifying characteristics and effectively responds to red light (λ = 620 nm) under a reverse bias. The combination of a heterojunction PN diode and IGZO field effect transistor (FET) leads to a diode‐load inverter showing a peak voltage gain of about 12 at a supply voltage of 5 V. The same integration from the PN diode and n‐FET displays the capability of visible light detection when a reverse‐bias voltage is applied to the PN diode. Furthermore, after oxygen plasma treatment on the PN diode, it shows dramatically enhanced on/off rectification ratio of ≈5 × 105 due to the hole doping effect on the WSe2 nanoflake. Such an improved PN diode leads to an alternating current rectifier circuit as integrated with IGZO FET.
Waste Recycling in Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Bahrami Amin , Schierning Gabi , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: March 2020

Thermoelectric (TE) technology enables the efficient conversion of waste heat generated in homes, transport, and industry into promptly accessible electrical energy. Such technology is thus finding increasing applications given the focus on alternative sources of energy. However, the synthesis of TE materials relies on costly and scarce elements, which are also environmentally damaging to extract. Moreover, spent TE modules lead to a waste of resources and cause severe pollution. To address these issues, many laboratory studies have explored the synthesis of TE materials using wastes and the recovery of scarce elements from spent modules, e.g., utilization of Si slurry as starting materials, development of biodegradable TE papers, and bacterial recovery and recycling of tellurium from spent TE modules. Yet, the outcomes of such work have not triggered sustainable industrial practices to the extent needed. This paper provides a systematic overview of the state of the art with a view to uncovering the opportunities and challenges for expanded application. Based on this overview, it explores a framework for synthesizing TE materials from waste sources with efficiencies comparable to those made from raw materials.