bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAN SMOOTHING HELP WHEN EQUATING WITH UNREPRESENTATIVE SMALL SAMPLES?
Authors: Puhan Gautam
Published: August 2014

The study evaluated the effectiveness of log‐linear presmoothing (Holland & Thayer, 1987) on the accuracy of small sample chained equipercentile equatings under two conditions (i.e., using small samples that differed randomly in ability from the target population versus using small samples that were distinctly different from the target population). Results showed that equating with small samples (e.g., N < 50) using either raw or smoothed score distributions can result in a substantial amount of random equating error (although smoothing reduced random equating error). Even with samples sizes of 100, the random equating error was quite large (greater than the difference that matters or DTM) for almost all score points. Moreover, when the small samples were unrepresentative of the target population, which is quite likely for small samples, the amount of equating bias (in addition to random equating error) was considerably large for both the raw and smoothed equatings. It was concluded that although presmoothing helped reduce random equating error, it is unlikely to reduce equating bias caused by using an unrepresentative sample. Other alternatives to the small sample equating problem that focus more on improving data collection than on improving existing equating methods are discussed.
AUTOMATED SUBSCORES FOR TOEFL IBT® INDEPENDENT ESSAYS
Authors: Attali Yigal
Published: August 2014

The e‐rater® automated essay scoring system is used operationally in the scoring of TOEFL iBT® independent essays. Previous research has found support for a 3‐factor structure of the e‐rater features. This 3‐factor structure has an attractive hierarchical linguistic interpretation with a word choice factor, a grammatical convention within a sentence factor, and a fluency factor. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of developing automated subscores for the TOEFL iBT independent task based on this 3‐factor structure. First, using a multiple‐group confirmatory factor analysis, the 3‐factor structure was found to be quite stable across major language groups. Next, the subscores based on these 3 factors were found to have added value in the context of repeater examinees by comparing the ability to predict a subscore on one test from the subscore on the other test or from the total e‐rater score on the other test. The results of this study could be used to develop and report subscores for the performance of examinees on TOEFL iBT independent prompts. Reporting subscores could have instructional and remedial value, both at the individual and institutional level.
DOES LINKING MIXED‐FORMAT TESTS USING A MULTIPLE‐CHOICE ANCHOR PRODUCE COMPARABLE RESULTS FOR MALE AND FEMALE SUBGROUPS?
Authors: Kim Sooyeon , Walker Michael E.
Published: August 2014

This study examines the use of subpopulation invariance indices to evaluate the appropriateness of using a multiple‐choice (MC) item anchor in mixed‐format tests, which include both MC and constructed‐response (CR) items. Linking functions were derived in the nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design using an MC‐only anchor set for 4 mixed‐format licensure tests. For each of those licensure tests, the linking functions were also derived separately for males and females, and those subpopulation functions were compared to the total group function. The mathematics, social studies, and science tests each produced acceptable differences between each of the subpopulation functions and the total group function within the cut‐score region, leading to consistent pass/fail designations for the examinees. The English test, which had a low correlation between MC and CR components (indicative of multidimensionality), produced the largest differences, casting doubt on the effectiveness of the MC‐only anchor.
MULTIPLE LINKING IN EQUATING AND RANDOM SCALE DRIFT
Authors: Guo Hongwen , Liu Jinghua , Dorans Neil , Feigenbaum Miriam
Published: August 2014

Maintaining score stability is crucial for an ongoing testing program that administers several tests per year over many years. One way to stall the drift of the score scale is to use an equating design with multiple links. In this study, we use the operational and experimental SAT® data collected from 44 administrations to investigate the effect of accumulated equating error in equating conversions and the effect of the use of multiple links in equating. No equating error is directly observed or calculated in the study. Instead, we focus on the behavior of the equating conversions after a series of equatings under the nonequivalent groups with anchor test design and analyze the effect of equating error on conversions. It is observed that the single‐link equating conversions drift further away from the operational ones as more equatings are carried out. Analysis of variance is used to decompose the scale score means and the conversion into two major factors: administration month and year for both single‐ and multiple‐link equating results. Seasonality is seen in the data. In addition, the single‐link conversions exhibit a certain instability that is not obvious for the operational data. A statistical random walk model is offered to explain the mechanism of scale drift in equating caused by random equating error.
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL PREPARATION FOR ADMISSIONS TESTS
Authors: Powers Donald E.
Published: August 2014

Special preparation for tests has been a relatively contentious issue. The controversy has entailed (a) disagreement over the effectiveness of such preparation, (b) concern over unequal access to it, and (c) worries about its impact on the validity of test scores. This paper provides a brief history of ETS's involvement with, and contribution to, sorting out the issues associated with test preparation.
IS THERE ANY INTERACTION BETWEEN BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY THAT AFFECTS TOEFL IBT® READING PERFORMANCE?
Authors: Hill Yao Zhang , Liu Ou Lydia
Published: August 2014

This study investigated the effect of the interaction between test takers' background knowledge and language proficiency on their performance on the TOEFL iBT® reading section. Test takers with the target content background knowledge (the focal groups) and those without (the reference groups) were identified for each of the 5 selected passages based on their self‐identified academic and cultural backgrounds. The test takers were further classified into high and low proficiency groups based on their TOEFL iBT scores. Differential functioning was investigated at the item, item bundle, and passage levels. The results suggested that background knowledge interacted with language proficiency on certain items, which could be attributed to idiosyncratic passage and item characteristics (i.e., characteristics that were specific to a particular passage or item). Only 1 of the 5 passages investigated showed intermediate differential bundle functioning, favoring the focal group for both the high and low proficiency groups. There was no differential functioning at the passage level. This research sheds new light on our understanding of the effects of background knowledge and its interaction with language proficiency in the context of second language reading comprehension. It also has significant practical implications for test developers in advancing fair assessments.
DISCOURSE CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITING AND SPEAKING TASK TYPES ON THE TOEFL IBT® TEST: A LEXICO‐GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Biber Douglas , Gray Bethany
Published: August 2014

One of the major innovations of the TOEFL iBT® test is the incorporation of integrated tasks complementing the independent tasks to which examinees respond. In addition, examinees must produce discourse in both modes (speech and writing). The validity argument for the TOEFL iBT includes the claim that examinees vary their discourse in accordance with these considerations as they become more proficient in their academic language skills (the explanation inference). To provide evidence in support of this warrant, we undertake a comprehensive lexico‐grammatical description of the discourse produced in response to integrated versus independent tasks, across the spoken and written modes, by test takers from different score levels.

Discourse descriptions at several linguistic levels are provided, including vocabulary profiles, collocational patterns, the use of extended lexical bundles, distinctive lexico‐grammatical features, and a multidimensional (MD) analysis that describes the overall patterns of linguistic variation. In sum, we undertake a comprehensive linguistic analysis of the discourse of TOEFL iBT responses, interpreting observed linguistic patterns of variation relative to three parameters that are relevant in the TOEFL iBT context: mode, task type, and score level of test takers.
DISENTANGLING THE ROLE OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADES, SAT® SCORES, AND SES IN PREDICTING COLLEGE ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Zwick Rebecca
Published: August 2014

Focusing on high school grade‐point average (HSGPA) in college admissions may foster ethnic diversity and communicate the importance of high school performance. It has further been claimed that HSGPA is the best single predictor of college grades and that it is more equitable than test scores because of a smaller association with socioeconomic status (SES). Recent findings, however, suggest that HSPGA's seemingly smaller correlation with SES is a methodological artifact. In addition, it tends to produce systematic errors in the prediction of college grades. Although supplementing HSGPA with a high‐school resource index can mitigate these errors, determining whether to include such an index in admissions decisions must take into account the institutional mission and the potential diversity impact.
PUTTING AND KEEPING STUDENTS ON TRACK: TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF COLLEGE PERSISTENCE AND GOAL ATTAINMENT
Authors: Burrus Jeremy , Elliott Diane , Brenneman Meghan , Markle Ross , Carney Lauren , Moore Gabrielle , Betancourt Anthony , Jackson Teresa , Robbins Steve , Kyllonen Patrick , Roberts Richard D.
Published: August 2014

Despite near universal acceptance in the value of higher education for individuals and society, college persistence rates in 4‐year and community colleges are low. Only 57% of students who began college at a 4–year institution in 2001 had completed a bachelor's degree by 2007, and only 28% of community college students who started school in 2005 had completed a degree 4 years later (National Center for Education Statistics, 2011). To address this problem, this paper identified 3 goals. The first was to review the extant literature on persistence in higher education. The second was to develop a working model of persistence informed by our literature review. This resulted in a model centered on 3 basic categories of variables: those that put you on track towards persistence, those that push you off track, and those that keep you on track. The final goal was to outline a research agenda to develop student‐centered assessments informed by our model, and we conclude with a discussion of this agenda.
THE IMPACT OF SAMPLING APPROACH ON POPULATION INVARIANCE IN AUTOMATED SCORING OF ESSAYS
Authors: Zhang Mo
Published: August 2014

Many testing programs use automated scoring to grade essays. One issue in automated essay scoring that has not been examined adequately is population invariance and its causes. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sampling in model calibration on population invariance of automated scores. This study analyzed scores produced by the e‐rater® scoring engine using a GRE® assessment data set. Results suggested that equal allocation stratification by language sampling approach performed optimally in maximizing population invariance using either human/e‐rater agreement or their correlation pattern differences with external variables as evaluation criteria. Guidelines were given to assist practitioners in choosing a sampling design for model calibration. Potential causes for lack of population invariance, study limitations, and future research are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF RATER SEVERITY AND RATER DISTRIBUTION ON EXAMINEES' ABILITY ESTIMATION FOR CONSTRUCTED‐RESPONSE ITEMS
Authors: Wang Zhen , Yao Lihua
Published: August 2014

The current study used simulated data to investigate the properties of a newly proposed method (Yao's rater model) for modeling rater severity and its distribution under different conditions. Our study examined the effects of rater severity, distributions of rater severity, the difference between item response theory (IRT) models with rater effect and without rater effect, and the difference between the precision of the ability estimates for tests composed of only constructed‐response (CR) items and for tests composed of multiple‐choice (MC) and CR items combined. Our results indicate that rater severity and its distribution can increase the bias of examinees' ability estimates and lower test reliability. Moreover, using an IRT model with rater effects can substantially increase the precision in the examinees' ability estimates, especially when the test was composed of only CR items. We also compared Yao's rater model with Muraki's rater effect model (1993) in terms of ability estimation accuracy and rater parameter recovery. The estimation results from Yao's rater model using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were better than those from Muraki's rater effect model using marginal maximum likelihood.
A GENERAL PROGRAM FOR ITEM‐RESPONSE ANALYSIS THAT EMPLOYS THE STABILIZED NEWTON–RAPHSON ALGORITHM
Authors: Haberman Shelby J.
Published: August 2014

A general program for item‐response analysis is described that uses the stabilized Newton—Raphson algorithm. This program is written to be compliant with Fortran 2003 standards and is sufficiently general to handle independent variables, multidimensional ability parameters, and matrix sampling. The ability variables may be either polytomous or multivariate normal. Items may be dichotomous or polytomous.
INVESTIGATING THE VALUE OF SECTION SCORES FOR THE TOEFL iBT® TEST
Authors: Sawaki Yasuyo , Sinharay Sandip
Published: August 2014

This study investigates the value of reporting the reading, listening, speaking, and writing section scores for the TOEFL iBT® test, focusing on 4 related aspects of the psychometric quality of the TOEFL iBT section scores: reliability of the section scores, dimensionality of the test, presence of distinct score profiles, and the section scores' generalizability for norm‐referenced decisions as well as the dependability of criterion‐referenced decisions for international student admission. Four operational TOEFL iBT test forms were analyzed for all examinees as well as for 3 native language (L1) groups (Arabic, Korean, and Spanish).

Haberman's (2008) subscore analysis suggested that the speaking section score had added value due to its relative distinctness from the other modalities. Consistent with the subscore analysis results, a series of exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) indicated the possibility of the presence of 2 correlated factors—a reading/listening/writing factor and a speaking factor. In contrast, the CFAs conducted separately for the 3 L1 groups as well as a multiple‐group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) identified a correlated 4‐factor model with reading, listening, speaking, and writing factors as the best representation of the structure of the entire test for all examinees as well as for the 3 L1 groups. Reliability of the observed section scores for norm‐referenced score interpretations and the dependability of classification decisions made based on different cut scores were generally satisfactory while they were also found to be relatively low in some circumstances. Based on the mixed results concerning the value‐added information the TOEFL iBT section scores provide, recommendations for future research directions and some key issues of consideration for high‐stakes decision making based on the section scores were summarized.
Background activities, induction, and behavioral allocation in operant performance
Authors: Baum William M. , Davison Michael
Published: August 2014

In experiments on operant behavior, other activities, called “background” activities, compete with the operant activities. Herrnstein's () formulation of the matching law included background reinforcers in the form of a parameter rO, but remained vague about the activities (BO) that produce rO. To gain more understanding, we analyzed data from three studies of performance with pairs of variable‐interval schedules that changed frequently in the relative rate at which they produced food: Baum and Davison (), Belke and Heyman (), and Soto, McDowell, and Dallery (2005). Results sometimes deviated from the matching law, suggesting variation in rO. When rO was calculated from the matching equation, two results emerged: (a) rO is directly proportional to BO, as in a ratio schedule; and (b) rO and BO depend on the food rate, which is to say that BO consists of activities induced by food, as a phylogenetically important event. Other activities unrelated to food (BN) correspond to Herrnstein's original conception of rO and may be included in the matching equation. A model based on Baum's (Baum, 2012) concepts of allocation, induction, and contingency explained the deviations from the matching law. In the model, operant activity B, BO, and BN competed unequally in the time allocation: B and BO both replaced BN, BO replaced lever pressing (Soto et al.), and key pecking replaced BO (Baum & Davison). Although the dependence of rO and BO on food rate changes Herrnstein's () formulation, the model preserved the generalized matching law for operant activities by incorporating power‐function induction.
Inpatient pharmacological sleep aid utilization is common at a tertiary medical center
Authors: Gillis Christine M. , Poyant Janelle O. , Degrado Jeremy R. , Ye Lichuan , Anger Kevin E. , Owens Robert L.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Sleep is known to be poor in the hospital. Patients frequently request pharmacological sleep aids, despite the risk of altered mental status (delirium) and falls. Little is known about the scope of pharmacological sleep aid use in hospitalized patients.

METHODS

We performed a single center, retrospective review of all patients admitted to the general adult (age >18 years) medical and surgical units of a tertiary care center during a recent 2‐month period (January 2013–February 2013). Review of the electronic medication administration system was performed to assess for medications administered for sleep.

RESULTS

Of 642 unique admissions, 168 patients (26.2%) received a medication for sleep. Most (n = 115, 68.5%) had no known history of insomnia or regular prior sleep medication use. Patients most frequently were treated with trazodone (30.4%; median dose, 50 mg; range, 12.5–450 mg), lorazepam (24.4%; median, 0.5 mg; range, 0.25–2 mg), and zolpidem tartrate (17.9%; median, 10 mg; range, 2.5–10 mg). Of the medications given, 36.7% were given early (before 9 pm) or late (after midnight). Of patients not known to be previously taking a pharmacological sleep aid, 34.3% of them were discharged with a prescription for one.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite increasing evidence of risks such as delirium or falls, pharmacological sleep aid use in general wards remains common, even in elderly patients. Medication administration time is frequently suboptimal. Many previously sleep medication‐naïve patients leave the hospital with a sleep aid prescription. Further research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to the high rate of sleep medication use in hospitalized patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:652–657. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Getting to ‘Yes’: Governing Genetically Modified Crops in Uganda
Authors: Schnurr Matthew A. , Gore Christopher
Published: August 2014

This paper critically examines the evolution of the regulatory regime to review and manage the potential social, environmental and health risks associated with the introduction of genetically modified organisms in Uganda. It reveals how and why institutions responsible for governing genetically modified crops have evolved over time and the implications of this progression. The paper investigates the inter‐relationships that connect the various elements of genetically modified organism regulation, arguing that current policy and legislative efforts are the results of the early establishment of institutions and processes tailored towards the eventual endorsement of these technologies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbital‐ and millennial‐scale climate and vegetation changes between 32.5 and 6.9k cal a BP from Hanon Maar paleolake on Jeju Island, South Korea
Authors: PARK JUNGJAE , LIM HYOUN SOO , LIM JAESOO , YU KEUN BAE , CHOI JINMU
Published: August 2014

Orbital‐ and millennial‐scale climate and vegetation changes between 32.5 and 6.9k cal a BP from Hanon Maar paleolake on Jeju Island, Korea, were demonstrated by high‐resolution multi‐proxy data (pollen, magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon, carbon/nitrogen ratios and sediment grain size). High‐resolution pollen records provided detailed information on the vegetation response to climate change. The Thalictrum pollen percentage, which corresponded to the magnetic susceptibility data, and the first principal component of principal‐component analysis of pollen data were good indicators of the orbital‐ and millennial‐scale dry/wet cycle in the study area. Hanon pollen and magnetic susceptibility records suggested that colder and drier conditions were prevalent between 25.2 and 17.6k cal a BP in the study area due to a precession‐induced decrease in summer insolation. Hanon multi‐proxy data were correlated with oxygen isotope records from Greenland and Hulu cave, suggesting the possible teleconnection of millennial‐scale climate oscillations between North Atlantic and East Asian regions. According to our results, Heinrich‐like cold events probably occurred around 31.1, 25.2 and 16.7k cal a BP, and the warm intervals observed around 30.7 and 29.9k cal a BP may have corresponded to Dansgaard–Oeschger warm events 4 and 3, respectively.
A natural experiment suggests little direct temperature forcing of the peatland palaeoclimate record
Authors: PAYNE RICHARD J.
Published: August 2014

An important uncertainty in the interpretation of peat‐based Holocene climate reconstructions is what aspect of climate is recorded. Testate amoeba palaeoecological records have generally been interpreted in terms of water table depth but an increasing weight of experimental evidence shows that testate amoeba communities may respond to temperature independent of hydrological variability. In most ombrotrophic peatlands, variability in water table depth is driven by a combination of both temperature and precipitation, making it difficult to isolate any direct forcing by temperature. An unusual peatland ecosystem in which water tables are extremely stable offers an approach to this question. If testate amoeba communities show variability through time in these percolation bogs this implies a direct influence of temperature. This study presents a late Holocene testate amoeba record from the Imnati percolation bog in western Georgia. Below a phase of recent eutrophication results show essentially no variability in testate amoeba community composition or inferred water table depth through more than 4 m of peat representing over 2000 years. It is improbable that there has been no temperature variability over this period and the data therefore imply that direct temperature forcing of the palaeoecological record is minimal, at least for this region and time‐scale.
A novel pectin‐degrading enzyme complex from Aspergillus sojaeATCC 20235 mutants
Authors: Mata‐Gómez Marco A. , Heerd Doreen , Oyanguren‐García Iñigo , Barbero Francis , Rito‐Palomares Marco , Fernández‐Lahore Marcelo
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

In the food industry, the use of pectinase preparations with high pectin esterase (PE) activity leads to the release of methanol, which is strictly regulated in food products. Herein, a pectin‐degrading enzyme (PDE) complex exhibiting low PE activity of three Aspergillus sojae ATCC 20235 mutants (M3, DH56 and Guserbiot 2.230) was investigated. Production of exo‐/endo‐polygalacturonase (PG), exo‐polymethylgalacturonase (PMG) and pectin lyase (PL) by mutant M3 and A. sojae using two different carbon sources was evaluated in solid‐state fermentation. Finally, experimental preparations obtained from the mutants and commercial pectinases standardized to the same potency were screened for PDEs.

RESULTS

Mutant M3 grown on sugar beet was found to be the best producer of exo‐PG, endo‐PG, exo‐PMG and PL, with maximum yields of 1111, 449, 130 and 123 U g−1, respectively. All experimental preparations exhibited low PE activity, at least 21.5 times less than commercial pectinases, and higher endo‐PG (40 U mL−1).

CONCLUSION

Mutant M3 was the best PDE producer using sugar beet. Mutant strains presented a PDE complex featuring high endo‐PG and very low PE activities. This novel complex with low de‐esterifying activity can be exploited in the food industry to degrade pectin without releasing methanol. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of cultivar and ripening time on bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties in Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)
Authors: Bravo Karent , Sepulveda‐Ortega Stella , Lara‐Guzman Oscar , Navas‐Arboleda Alejandro A , Osorio Edison
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) is an exotic fruit highly valued for its organoleptic properties and bioactive compounds. Considering that the presence of phenolics and ascorbic acid could contribute to its functional capacity, it is important to investigate the quality parameters, bioactive contents and functional properties with respect to genotype and ripening time. In this study the genotype effect was evaluated in 15 cultivars for two different harvest times. Changes during maturation were recorded in two commercial cultivars within seven levels of maturity.

RESULTS

Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that phenolic content and ORAC value were mainly affected by harvest time and that ascorbic acid content and DPPH level were mainly affected by genotype. In addition, acidity, phenolic content, ORAC value and inhibition of LDL oxidation decreased with maturity, but soluble solids content, ascorbic acid content, β‐carotene content and DPPH‐scavenging activity were higher in mature fruits.

CONCLUSION

The phenolic content, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant properties of Cape gooseberry fruit were strongly affected by cultivar, harvest time and maturity state. Consequently, the harvest time must be scheduled carefully to gain the highest proportion of bioactive compounds according to the specific cultivar and the environment where it is grown. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
On‐line solid‐phase extraction for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides
Authors: Lucci Paolo , Núñez Oscar
Published: August 2014

Public concern about pesticides in food and water has increased dramatically in the last two decades. In order to guarantee consumers’ health and safety, analytical methods that could provide fast and reliable answers without compromising accuracy and precision are required. Sample treatment is probably the most tedious and time‐consuming step in many analytical procedures and, despite the significant advances in chromatographic separations and mass spectrometry techniques, sample treatment is still one of the most important parts of the analytical process for achieving good analytical results. Therefore, over the last years, considerable efforts have been made to simplify the stage and to develop fast, accurate, and robust methods that allow the determination of a wide range of pesticides without compromising the integrity of the extraction process. This review article intends to give a short overview of recently developed on‐line solid‐phase extraction, preconcentration, and clean‐up procedures for the determination of pesticides in complex matrices by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques.
Adopting Knowledge Management Mechanisms: Evidence from Portuguese Organizations
Authors: Oliveira Mirian , Maçada Antonio Carlos Gastaud , Curado Carla
Published: August 2014

In the following paper, we propose that organizations will favor a particular mode of knowledge conversion when considering which knowledge management (KM) mechanisms to adopt. There is a gap in the research regarding the relationship between adoption of KM mechanisms, modes of knowledge conversion and the KM elements (people, process and technology). Thus, the main objective of this paper is to associate KM mechanisms with the modes of knowledge conversion and KM elements. The method adopted was a multiple‐case study involving 11 organizations acting in Portugal. Data collected during interviews were subsequently subjected to content analysis. The study contributes to the literature by offering propositions regarding the association between KM mechanisms and modes of knowledge conversion. The results suggest KM mechanisms should be adopted according to the stages of KM implementation. This study may also serve as a guide for organizations when choosing which KM mechanisms to adopt. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oleuropein attenuates visceral adiposity in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice through the modulation of WNT10b‐ and galanin‐mediated signalings
Authors: Kuem Narae , Song Su Jin , Yu Rina , Yun Jong Won , Park Taesun
Published: August 2014

Scope

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antiobesity effect of oleuropein on high‐fat diet (HFD) induced body weight gain and visceral adiposity in mice, and to explore the underlying mechanisms involved.

Methods and results

C57BL/6N mice were fed with a normal diet, HFD (40% fat of total energy), and HFD‐supplemented with 0.03% oleuropein for 10 wk. Oleuropein significantly reduced HFD‐induced body weight gain and visceral adiposity. Oleuropein also significantly reversed the HFD‐induced elevations of adipogenic related gene expression involved in WNT10b‐ and galanin‐mediated signalings in adipose tissue of mice. Consistent with in vivo findings, oleuropein dose‐dependently suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 cells during preadipocyte differentiation. Additionally, exposure of the 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes to oleuropein resulted in a marked attenuation of the secreted frizzled‐related protein 2 (WNT inhibitor) or galnon (galanin receptor agonist) induced cellular lipid accumulation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the oleuropein‐reduced body weight gain and visceral adiposity in HFD‐fed mice. The protective effect of oleuropein against HFD‐induced adiposity in mice appeared to be mediated through the upregulation of genes involved in WNT10b‐mediated signaling and downregulation of genes involved in galanin‐mediated signaling cascades.
Correcting for large vessel contamination in dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI by extension to a physiological model of the vasculature
Authors: Chappell Michael A. , Mehndiratta Amit , Calamante Fernando
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion images are contaminated by contributions from macro vascular signal arising from contrast agent within the larger arteries that do not contribute directly to the local tissue perfusion.

Methods

A vascular model of the DSC perfusion signal was extended by the inclusion of a macro vascular component based on the arterial input function. This was implemented within a Bayesian nonlinear model‐fitting algorithm that included automatic model complexity reduction. Results were compared with existing methods that do not correct for the macro vascular contamination as well as an independent component analysis technique.

Results

Macro vascular signal was identified in regions corresponding to larger arteries resulting in reductions by 62% within a region of interest identified with high contamination. Whereas visually similar results could be achieved with independent component analysis, it resulted in reductions in global tissue perfusion and was not robustly applicable to patient data.

Conclusion

A model‐based strategy for correction of macro vascular contamination in DSC perfusion images is feasible, although the model may currently need extending to more accurately account for nonlinear effects of contrast agent in large arteries. Magn Reson Med 74:280–290, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Block and random copolyamides of poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) and poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide‐co‐terephthalamide): Methods of preparation and relationships between molecular structure and phase behavior
Authors: Vannini Micaela , Marchese Paola , Celli Annamaria , Lorenzetti Cesare
Published: August 2014

Copolymerization of poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) and poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide‐co‐terephthalamide) (PA6I‐6T) was used as an efficient strategy to prepare amorphous homogeneous systems with improved properties mainly for packaging applications. The preparation of block copolymers was first of all tried by co‐extrusion of the two polymers and then by thermal treatments at high temperatures in DSC or mixing in Brabender, also in the presence of a catalyst. The occurrence of transamidation reactions led to macromolecular structures with different randomness degrees. Further, random copolymers, with the full range of compositions, were synthetized from monomers, by a fast and simple two‐stage melt polycondensation. For all the copolymers, the sequence distribution was studied by using a 1H NMR method developed by the Authors. The effects of preparation procedures, of mixing temperature and time, of the presence of a catalyst on the chemical structure, and, then, on final properties were studied. Interesting correlations among block length, monomer distribution and phase behavior were discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., SCI., 55:1475–1484, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Breastfeeding duration and asthma in Puerto Rican children
Authors: Rosas‐Salazar Christian , Forno Erick , Brehm John M. , Han Yueh‐Ying , Acosta‐Pérez Edna , Cloutier Michelle M. , Wakefield Dorothy B. , Alvarez María , Colón‐Semidey Angel , Canino Glorisa , Celedón Juan C.
Published: August 2014

Rationale

Little is known about breastfeeding and asthma in Puerto Ricans, the ethnic group most affected by this disease in the US. We examined the relation between the currently recommended duration of breastfeeding and asthma in school‐aged Puerto Rican children.

Methods

Case‐control study of 1,127 Puerto Rican children aged 6–14 years living in Hartford, Connecticut (n = 449) and San Juan, Puerto Rico (n = 678). Parental recall of breastfeeding was categorized based on duration and according to current guidelines (i.e., none, 0–6 months, and >6 months). Asthma was defined as parental report of physician‐diagnosed asthma and wheeze in the previous year. We used logistic regression for the multivariate analysis, which was conducted separately for each study site and for the combined cohort. All multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, household income, atopy, maternal asthma, body mass index, early‐life exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and (for the combined cohort) study site.

Results

After adjustment for covariates, children who were breastfed for up to 6 months had 30% lower odds of asthma (95% CI = 0.5–1.0, P = 0.04) than those who were not breastfed. In this analysis, breastfeeding for longer than 6 months was not significantly associated with asthma (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.4, P = 0.06).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that breastfeeding for up to 6 months (as assessed by parental recall) is associated with decreased odds of asthma in Puerto Rican children, and that there is no additional beneficial effect of breastfeeding for over 6 months. These results support current recommendations on the duration of breastfeeding in an ethnic group at risk for asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:527–534. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enterprise PSM development, implementation, and auditing
Authors: Moore David A. , Hazzan Michael J. , Heller David M. , Rose Martin R.
Published: August 2014

Process safety management (PSM) system auditing is evolving into a more business critical function and is receiving far more attention than previously as PSM evolves. The expectation for success in PSM is high and auditing is a key opportunity to validate the process and improve performance. Most auditing processes address the PSM system from an incomplete approach without consideration of the actual design of the management system or goals of the organization. Auditing can be more effective if synchronized to organizational design and goals. PSM management systems and the audit process that review them need to be defined from the fundamentals, including the following considerations:

What management model will be used?

Which elements will the process comprise?

Is the program regulatory driven or performance driven?

Are there multiple performance objectives to be met?

What key performance indicators (KPIs) will be used to measure performance?

With that foundation, the auditing process can be defined to assure compliance to the required system. Many companies are only now facing the rationalization of global PSM performance. This article will outline an approach for defining corporate objectives, understanding options available, defining a PSM program, defining performance objectives and KPIs, designing an audit program, and then executing the audit process. This is a necessity to ensure that the enterprise‐wide process is defined and managed for responsible management of process hazards [9th Global Congress on Process Safety, San Antonio, TX, April 29–May 1, 2013]. © 2014 The Authors. Process Safety Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 94–99, 2015
Gallic Acid Regulates Skin Photoaging in UVB‐exposed Fibroblast and Hairless Mice
Authors: Hwang Eunson , Park Sang‐Yong , Lee Hyun Ji , Lee Tae Youp , Sun Zheng‐wang , Yi Tae Hoo
Published: August 2014

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary factor in skin photoaging, which is characterized by wrinkle formation, dryness, and thickening. The mechanisms underlying skin photoaging are closely associated with degradation of collagen via upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, which is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic compound, possesses a variety of biological activities including antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. We investigated the protective effects of GA against photoaging caused by UVB irradiation using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro and hairless mice in vivo. The production levels of ROS, interlukin‐6, and MMP‐1 were significantly suppressed, and type I procollagen expression was stimulated in UVB‐irradiated and GA‐treated NHDFs. GA treatment inhibited the activity of transcription factor activation protein 1. The effects of GA following topical application and dietary administration were examined by measuring wrinkle formation, histological modification, protein expression, and physiological changes such as stratum corneum hydration, transepidermal water loss, and erythema index. We found that GA decreased dryness, skin thickness, and wrinkle formation via negative modulation of MMP‐1 secretion and positive regulation of elastin, type I procollagen, and transforming growth factor‐β1. Our data indicate that GA is a potential candidate for the prevention of UVB‐induced premature skin aging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CP function: an alpha spending function based on conditional power
Authors: Jiang Zhiwei , Wang Ling , Li Chanjuan , Xia Jielai , Wang William
Published: August 2014

Alpha spending function and stochastic curtailment are two frequently used methods in group sequential design. In the stochastic curtailment approach, the actual type I error probability cannot be well controlled within the specified significance level. But conditional power (CP) in stochastic curtailment is easier to be accepted and understood by clinicians. In this paper, we develop a spending function based on the concept of conditional power, named CP function, which combines desirable features of alpha spending and stochastic curtailment. Like other two‐parameter functions, CP function is flexible to fit the needs of the trial. A simulation study is conducted to explore the choice of CP boundary in CP function that maximizes the trial power. It is equivalent to, even better than, classical Pocock, O'Brien–Fleming, and quadratic spending function as long as a proper ρ0 is given, which is pre‐specified CP threshold for efficacy. It also well controls the overall type I error type I error rate and overcomes the disadvantage of stochastic curtailment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood‐Brain Barrier Permeable Gold Nanoparticles: An Efficient Delivery Platform for Enhanced Malignant Glioma Therapy and Imaging
Authors: Cheng Yu , Dai Qing , Morshed Ramin A. , Fan Xiaobing , Wegscheid Michelle L. , Wainwright Derek A. , Han Yu , Zhang Lingjiao , Auffinger Brenda , Tobias Alex L. , Rincón Esther , Thaci Bart , Ahmed Atique U. , Warnke Peter C. , He Chuan , Lesniak Maciej S.
Published: August 2014

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) remains a formidable obstacle in medicine, preventing efficient penetration of chemotherapeutic and diagnostic agents to malignant gliomas. Here, a transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide‐modified gold nanoparticle platform (TAT‐Au NP) with a 5 nm core size is demonstrated to be capable of crossing the BBB efficiently and delivering cargoes such as the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) and Gd3+ contrast agents to brain tumor tissues. Treatment of mice bearing intracranial glioma xenografts with pH‐sensitive Dox‐conjugated TAT‐Au NPs via a single intravenous administration leads to significant survival benefit when compared to the free Dox. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that TAT‐Au NPs are capable of delivering Gd3+ chelates for enhanced brain tumor imaging with a prolonged retention time of Gd3+ when compared to the free Gd3+ chelates. Collectively, these results show promising applications of the TAT‐Au NPs for enhanced malignant brain tumor therapy and non‐invasive imaging.
A formalisation of deep metamodelling
Authors: Rossini Alessandro , de Lara Juan , Guerra Esther , Rutle Adrian , Wolter Uwe
Published: August 2014

Metamodelling is one of the pillars of model-driven engineering, used for language engineering and domain modelling. Even though metamodelling is traditionally based on a two-metalevel approach, several researchers have pointed out limitations of this solution and proposed an alternative
deep
(also called
multi-level
) approach to obtain simpler system specifications. However, this approach currently lacks a formalisation that can be used to explain fundamental concepts such as deep characterisation, double linguistic/ontological typing and linguistic extension. This paper provides such a formalisation based on the Diagram Predicate Framework, and discusses its practical realisation in the
metaDepth
tool.
The International Law of Migrant Smuggling
Authors: Gallagher Anne T. , David Fiona
Published: August 2014

Whether forced into relocation by fear of persecution, civil war, or humanitarian crisis, or pulled toward the prospect of better economic opportunities, more people are on the move than ever before. Opportunities for lawful entry into preferred destinations are decreasing rapidly, creating demand that is increasingly being met by migrant smugglers. This companion volume to the award-winning The International Law of Human Trafficking presents the first-ever comprehensive, in-depth analysis into the subject. The authors call on their experience of working with the UN to chart the development of new international laws and to link these specialist rules to other relevant areas of international law, including law of the sea, human rights law, and international refugee law. Through this analysis, the authors explain the major legal obligations of States with respect to migrant smuggling, including those related to criminalization, interdiction and rescue at sea, protection, prevention, detention, and return.
Seaweed Ecology and Physiology
Authors: Hurd Catriona L. , Harrison Paul J. , Bischof Kai , Lobban Christopher S.
Published: August 2014

In coastal seas, from the tropics to the poles, seaweeds supply the energy required to support diverse coastal marine life and provide habitat for invertebrates and fish. Retaining the highly successful approach and structure of the first edition, this is a synthesis of the role of seaweeds in underpinning the functioning of coastal ecosystems worldwide. It has been fully updated to cover the major developments of the past twenty years, including current research on the endosymbiotic origin of algae, molecular biology including 'omics', chemical ecology, invasive seaweeds, photobiology and stress physiology. In addition to exploring the processes by which seaweeds, as individuals and communities, interact with their biotic and abiotic environment, the book presents exciting new research on how seaweeds respond to local and global environmental change. It remains an invaluable resource for students and provides an entry into the scientific literature of a wide range of topics.
Seeking the Promised Land
Authors: Campbell David E. , Green John C. , Monson J. Quin
Published: August 2014

Mormons have long had an outsized presence in American culture and politics, but they remain largely unknown to most Americans. Recent years have seen the political prominence of Mormons taken to a new level - including the presidential candidacy of Republican Mitt Romney, the prominent involvement of Mormons in the campaign for California's Proposition 8 (anti-gay marriage), and the ascendancy of Democrat Harry Reid to the position of Senate Majority Leader. This book provides the most thorough examination ever written of Mormons' place in the American political landscape - what Mormons are like politically and how non-Mormons respond to Mormon candidates. However, this is a book about more than Mormons. As a religious subculture in a pluralistic society, Mormons are a case study of how a religious group balances distinctiveness and assimilation - a question faced by all faiths.
Kant's Empirical Psychology
Authors: Frierson Patrick R.
Published: August 2014

Throughout his life, Kant was concerned with questions about empirical psychology. He aimed to develop an empirical account of human beings, and his lectures and writings on the topic are recognizable today as properly 'psychological' treatments of human thought and behavior. In this book Patrick R. Frierson uses close analysis of relevant texts, including unpublished lectures and notes, to study Kant's account. He shows in detail how Kant explains human action, choice, and thought in empirical terms, and how a better understanding of Kant's psychology can shed light on major concepts in his philosophy, including the moral law, moral responsibility, weakness of will, and cognitive error. Frierson also applies Kant's accounts of mental illness to contemporary philosophical issues. His book will interest students and scholars of Kant, the history of psychology, philosophy of psychology, and philosophy of action.