bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal Carbamates
Authors: Plimmer Jack R.
Published: November 2003

Development of the carbamate insecticides was based on a structural lead that emerged from studies of the pharmacological properties of the alkaloid, physostigmine, isolated in 1864 as the toxic principle of the beans of the plant,Physostigma venenosum, which had been used as an ordeal poison in West Africa. The carbamate insecticides represent the third principal group of synthetic organic insecticides developed after World War II. They are highly biodegradable, and although compound such as carbofuran and aldicarb are highly toxic to mammals by oral ingestion, their toxic action as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase is rapidly reversible.
Bactericide
Authors: Sundin George W.
Published: November 2003

Bactericides, compounds that are bactericidal or capable of killing bacteria, have been used for several decades in plant disease management programs. On most agricultural crops, copper‐containing compounds are the most commonly utilized bactericide, with antibiotics, most notably streptomycin, applied in situations in which phytotoxicity problems occur with copper usage or in which disease suppression is insufficient when copper compounds are used alone. There are a large number of copper‐containing bactericides. Field trials with them generally yield favorable results.
Antibiotics
Authors: Sundin George W.
Published: November 2003

Antibiotics are products of microbial origin that are inhibitory to another microorganism or group of microorganisms. Compared to pesticides, antibiotics used for plant disease control have several desirable properties, including reduced effects on nontarget organisms, limited mammalian toxicity, and reduced environmental persistence. However, other aspects such as lack of systemic transport of antibiotics within plants, and inactivation by abiotic environmental factors have limited the effectiveness of antibiotics in certain plant pathosystems. Thus, the promise of antibiotic usage in human medicine as first viewed in the 1940s has led to the reality of the antibiotic‐resistance problem and the difficulty of new antibiotic development.
Chemotherapy
Authors: Maloy Otis C. , Baudoin Anton
Published: November 2003

Chemotherapy is the treatment or cure of diseased plants by the application of chemical compounds. Chemotherapy differs from chemical properties by killing or inactivating the pathogen after it has infected the plant. The chemical compound is called a chemotherapeutant and may act locally at the site of infection as a topical therapeutant or may be distributed through the plant system as a systemic therapeutant.
Ethylene
Authors: Krupa Sagar V.
Published: November 2003

Ethylene is a unique air pollutant, because it is also a naturally occurring plant hormone responsible for regulating growth and senescence. It is even produced in response to stress. Ethylene is released directly into the atmosphere and is defined as a primary air pollutant. Ethylene is also unique, because of its positive or negative physiologic or growth‐regulating effects on flowers and fruits.
LD
50
Authors: Felsot Allan
Published: November 2003

LD
50
(or median lethal dose) is a statistically derived estimate of a single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of animals when administered by the oral route or when applied directly to the skin (dermal route). LD
50
is useful for determining hazards of pesticides resulting from short‐term exposure by either oral, dermal, or inhalational routes. The Environmental Protection Agency has somewhat arbitrarily ranked the oral, dermal, and inhalational LD
50
values into four toxicity categories that define labeling of pesticide products.
Phytoalexin
Authors: Nicholson Ralph L.
Published: November 2003

Antimicrobial compounds are found in all plants; some occur constitutively and function as preformed inhibitors of microorganisms. They are often thought to function in warding off attacks by nonpathogens or weak pathogens. These compounds have been referred to as phytoanticipins and are considered as part of the plant's defense system. If the compounds formed are new or different from those normally synthesized by the plant, they are considered as phytoalexins. Considerable literature exists on phytoalexins in host–parasite interactions involving dicots, but there is little information on their role in disease of monocots.
Chlorocarbons and Chlorohydrocarbons, Toxic Aromatics
Authors: Safe Stephen H.
Published: November 2003

Chlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated naphthalenes, benzene hexachloride, 608‐73‐1, and chlorinated derivatives of cyclopentadiene are no longer in commercial use because of their toxicity. However, they still impact the chemical industry because of residential environmental problems. This article discusses the toxicity and environmental impact of these materials.
Genetic Engineering, Plants
Authors: Edwards Janice W. , Kishore Ganesh M. , Stark David M.
Published: November 2003

Several discoveries in the 1980s and 1990s permitted the transition of plant molecular biology from a fledgling science to commercial reality. These discoveries ranged from the identification of biologically important genes to the development of methods to introduce new genes into plants and regulate gene expression. The former process is commonly referred to as transformation. Nearly five dozen plant species have been transformed, and more than 500 field tests have been conducted.
Regulatory Agencies, Survey
Authors: Passow Nancy R.
Published: November 2003

Regulations change continuously with updates and reauthorizations, and the specifications of these regulations quickly become outdated. Therefore, the discussions in these articles on regulatory agencies provide only an introduction and summary of the U.S. Federal laws and regulations covering health, safety, and environmental issues. These articles should not be used in lieu of legal services. Current copies of the laws and regulations must be consulted in order to deal with specific situations.
Repellents
Authors: Carlson D. A.
Published: November 2003

Repellants are materials that affect insects and other organisms by disrupting their natural behavior of bloodseeking through biting of humans and animals, and are the first line of defense that can be readily used for this purpose. Newer, chemically appealing formulations of chemical repellants have become popular in the United States since the mid‐1980s, and interest in personal protection against biting arthropods has been renewed. The use of insecticides has led to the rise of widespread resistance in areas where residual insecticides were applied for malaria eradication and in some locations that have widespread irrigation, as in California, or that practice flooding for rice production.
Rodenticides
Authors: Buckle Alan , Müller Franz
Published: November 2003

The order Rodentia is the largest mammalian order with ca. 1500 species, although barely 100 of these are important as pests. Pest rodents belong mainly to the families Sciuridae, Cricetidae, and Muridae. Rodenticides are used in the control of all these animals and, occasionally, for the control of those belonging to the closely related order Lagomorpha. Rodents are pests in both commensal and agricultural situations.
Evolution of Metabolic Pathways for Degradation of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: van der Meer Jan Roelof
Published: November 2003

It is undisputed that microorganisms can adapt to changes in their environment. One of the types of changes microbial communities are currently exposed to is the release of large quantities and varieties of organic and inorganic substances into the environment. These substances can act as the “triggers” for different kinds of adaptation of microbial communities. Thus, various evolutionary mechanisms at work in adapting bacterial populations can be observed. From an environmental viewpoint, adaptation of microbial communities is beneficial when microorganisms that can completely degrade polluting substances evolve (e.g., natural attenuation).
Agricultural Hygiene
Authors: Popendorf, Ph.D., CIH William , Donham, DVM Kelley J.
Published: November 2003

Agriculture was and in most places still is, a disciplined life style that has bred strong character and high morals in virtually every culture. But such attributes are probably more the necessities of successful agriculture than its natural benefit. Modern agriculture, as practiced by Western cultures, is not the bucolic, healthful working environment fantasized in media classics such as Laura Ingalls Wilder'sFarmer Boy. Whatever it was, agriculture is changing or facing change everywhere. While some cultures (and indeed some crops within all cultures) have yet to make the transition from human to animal to mechanized power, or from chemical to genetically engineered tools, where these transitions have occurred, production per farmer has increased. Unfortunately, so too have health and safety stresses upon farmers. Twenty years ago agriculture was the third most hazardous occupation. Although conditions within general industry improved during the intervening years, agriculture has been exempt of mandated safety and health services. Today agriculture is the most hazardous occupational group in the United States. In fact, modern farm life has recently been described as “A Harvest of Harm.”

This chapter hopes to address the needs and interests of industrial hygienists, as opposed to other reviews of agricultural hazards. It first describes the dilemma of agriculture as both an industry and as a way of life. Selected health hazards that are either characteristic of or unique to agriculture are then reviewed. A topical overview of hazardous processes, physical, biological and chemical agents, and diseases of concern in agriculture is given. The selected topics have been organized into acute and cumulative trauma, respiratory hazards, pesticides, veterinary chemicals, zoonoses, dermatoses, physical hazards, cancer, and mental stresses. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the traditional industrial hygiene components of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control might be applied to agriculture, potential policies to stimulate industrial hygiene and safety services on the farm and ranch, and approaches employed in other countries to deliver such services. While the problems discussed are world wide, this chapter will focus on U.S. agriculture.
Biomass: Soil Microbial Biomass
Authors: Horwath William R.
Published: November 2003

The soil microbial biomass plays an important role in ecosystem function primarily through the regulation of nutrient cycles. In their search for energy to grow, the soil microbial biomass relies on nutrients in the plant litter and soil. Because of its competitive ability, the soil microbial biomass is often considered the source and sink of essential plant nutrients. The wide diversity and function of the soil microbial biomass exemplifies its role in a wide variety of processes, including parasitism, pathogenesis, and symbiosis. This wide functionality has made the study of soil microbial biomass problematic and often leads to misinterpretation of its importance in ecosystem function.
Viscoelastic Liquids in Stirred Vessels – Part I: Power Consumption in Unaerated Vessels
Authors: Seyssiecq I. , Tolofoudyé A. , Desplanches H. , Gaston‐Bonhomme Y.
Published: November 2003

Different shear‐thinning and elastic fluids (STE fluids) have been stirred under unaerated conditions, in vessels equipped with Rushton disc turbines. Their power consumption has been evaluated over a wide range of stirring rates and their Metzner‐Otto constant (ks) has been measured. A correlation has then been proposed to predict ks values for a Rushton turbine operating in non‐Newtonian solutions. Power curves of STE fluids have been drawn and compared with reference curves (Newtonian, shear‐thinning inelastic and elastic with constant shear viscosity fluids). The STE fluids have thus been divided into two categories. The STE fluids of the first category (STE I fluids), which are concentrated viscous solutions of polymers (guar, CMC) reducing the power consumption at the beginning of the transitional region and connecting with the Newtonian reference at higher Reynolds numbers. In contrast, STE solutions of the second category (STE II fluids), which are solutions of drag reducing polymers (PAA), are less viscous and more elastic. They reduce the power consumption at the end of the transitional region and do not connect with the Newtonian reference, at least until Re = 6000. A general correlation has finally been proposed to model the power curve of STE fluids stirred by a Rushton turbine from the laminar to the turbulent regions, as a function of their elasticity.
The Influence of Liquid Head and Liquid Circulation on Weeping Rates at a Submerged Orifice
Authors: Zhang W. , Tan R.B.H.
Published: November 2003

A detailed study of the liquid weeping accompanying bubble formation at a submerged orifice, has shown that the liquid head has a significant effect on weeping rate at low submergence. At increasing values of the liquid head, a critical value will eventually be reached, above which the liquid head has no further influence on weeping rates. In the region where liquid head effects on weeping occur, the presence or absence of stabilizing baffles has a pronounced effect on weeping rates. Experimental evidence suggests that the nature of this influence is related to the magnitude of bulk liquid circulation induced by the upward gas momentum.
Solid‐Liquid Mass Transfer at Gas Sparged Tube Bundles
Authors: Nosier S.A.
Published: November 2003

The solid‐liquid mass transfer characteristics of an in‐line tube bank immersed in a gas‐liquid bubble column were investigated by measuring the rate of diffusion‐controlled dissolution of copper surface in acidified dichromate solution. Variables studied were the number of rows in the tube bank, physical properties of the solution, and nitrogen flow rate. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with increasing nitrogen flow rate. Increasing the number of rows in the tube bank was found to decrease the mass transfer coefficient. The data were correlated for the following conditions: 0.0021 < Fr.Re < 0.1603, 1 < Nr < 5 and 850 < Sc < 1370 by the equation J = 0.15 ( Fr.Re )–0.15. Comparison was made between the present mass transfer data and previous heat and mass transfer studies conducted in packed and empty bubble columns.
Modeling and Measurement of the Dissolution Rate of Solid Particles in Aqueous Suspensions – Part I: Modeling
Authors: Allers T. , Luckas M. , Schmidt K.G.
Published: November 2003

The dissolution/crystallization rate of suspended particles is a substantial parameter in particle/fluid systems. Frequently, the mass transfer is accompanied by chemical reactions, which affect the mass transfer in the boundary layer surrounding the particles. In the modeling of such systems one has to differentiate between fast chemical reactions, which instantaneously attain chemical equilibrium, and reactions, which are slow with respect to mass transfer. A general model for the limestone dissolution is developed.
Dynamic Simulation of a Low‐Temperature Rectification Column as Part of an IGCC Power Plant
Authors: Hanke R. , Hannemann F. , Sundmacher K.
Published: November 2003

IGCC plants offer the opportunity to utilize fossil energy sources, like coal or heavy refinery residues, to satisfy increasing energy demand while considering strict environmental constraints. Such a plant consists of a combined power cycle, a fuel gasifier with downstream fuel gas conditioning and an air separation unit (ASU), where the oxygen required for gasification is produced. The low‐temperature rectification column as the core of the ASU strongly affects the transient behavior of the system.
Cleaning of Iodine CIP Waters from X‐Ray Contrast Media Production Using Nanofiltration: Process Design and Modeling
Authors: Drews A. , Klahm T. , Renk B. , Saygili M. , Baumgarten G. , Kraume M.
Published: November 2003

CIP waters from X‐ray contrast material production are currently incinerated, thereby causing considerable disposal costs. As a more economically feasible alternative to incineration, a two‐stage nanofiltration process consisting of an enrichment and a purification step was designed which yields a permeate with concentrations below the legal limit and reduces the remaining volume for incineration to approx. 5 %. In membrane screening and module experiments, rejection of contrast media was greater than 99 %.
Inert Gas and Fuel Gas Influence on the Pressure Limits of Stability of Acetylene
Authors: Holtappels K. , Schönbucher A.
Published: November 2003

Chemically unstable gases obtained in many processes of, for example, the chemical and petrochemical industries, can decompose explosively also in the absence of oxidizing agents. In order to avoid hazards resulting from explosion reactions, safety measures need to be developed. Key to such methods is the knowledge of stability limits of unstable gases. In the present paper, an experimental method for determining the pressure limits of stability of unstable gases and gas mixtures is presented. It has proved useful when examining C2H2/inert gas and C2H2/fuel gas mixtures.
Meteorological and land use controls on past and present hydro‐geomorphic processes in the pre‐alpine environment: an integrated lake–catchment study at the Petit Lac d'Annecy, France
Authors: Foster G. C. , Dearing J. A. , Jones R. T. , Crook D. S. , Siddle D. J. , Harvey A. M. , James P. A. , Appleby P. G. , Thompson R. , Nicholson J. , Loizeau J.‐L.
Published: November 2003

A wide range of environmental records is integrated in order to reconstruct the mechanisms of flooding and sediment transport within the 170 km2 Petit Lac catchment, Annecy, France, over time scales of 10−1 to 102 years. These records include sequential lake sediment trap samples and cores, floodplain stratigraphies, dated landform assemblages, hydro‐meteorological records, and documented histories of river channel and land‐use change. Mineral magnetic measurements are used as the basis for classifying catchment sediment sources and tracing sediment movements through time. Records of magnetic susceptibility for monthly sediment trap samples (1998–99) track seasonal discharge, peaking in winter and spring. Magnetic records in lake sediment cores are compared against and tuned to precipitation records to provide dated proxy records for past discharge spanning sub‐annual to decadal time scales back to 1826. Calculated sediment accumulation rates in lake sediment cores are used as proxies for time‐averaged catchment sediment load. Analysis of the results reveals that climate and land‐use controls on the hydrological and sediment system are complex and vary according to the time scale of observation. In general, cycles of agricultural expansion and deforestation appear to have been the major cause of shifts in the sediment system through the late Holocene. Deforestation in the 18th century may have caused a number of high‐magnitude flood and erosion events. As the time scale of observation becomes shorter, changes in climate and hydro‐meteorological conditions become progressively more important. Since the mid‐19th century, smoothed records of discharge roughly follow annual precipitation; this is in contrast to sediment load, which follows the trend of declining land‐use pressures. Episodic erosion events during this recent period seem to be linked to geomorphic evidence for slope instability in the montane and sub‐alpine zones, triggered by intense summer rainfall. At the annual scale, changes in seasonal rainfall become paramount in determining sediment movement to downstream locations. The study demonstrates that the connections between forcings and responses span a four‐dimensional array of temporal and spatial scales, with strong evidence for dominantly nonlinear forcing–response mechanisms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child and family correlates of toddlers' emotional and behavioral responses to a mishap
Authors: Garner Pamela W.
Published: November 2003

This study evaluated the unique and joint contributions of internal state language, externalizing behavior, and maternal talk about emotions to the prediction of toddlers' empathy‐related responsiveness. The empathy‐based guilt reactions of 47 toddlers (27 boys) were observed in response to distress that they thought they had caused. In addition, mothers reported on the children's internal state language, externalizing behavior, and empathy‐based guilt. In a separate observation, the mothers discussed emotional expressions with their children, and the functional significance of their emotional discourse was considered. Results revealed that toddlers' internal state language ability was positively related to their attempts to comprehend another's affective state and to maternal reports of children's sympathy reactions. There was also an unexpected inverse relation between externalizing behavior and arousal level. In terms of the parent measures, maternal explanations of emotions were positively related to children's attempts to comprehend another's affective state, whereas mothers' directives for children to label emotions were positively related to children's expressed emotional concern for others. The implications of these findings for understanding empathy and guilt development in young children are discussed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Comparison between the enzymatic vitros assay for creatinine determination and three other methods adapted on the olympus analyzer
Authors: Badiou S. , Dupuy A.M. , Descomps B. , Cristolead J.P.
Published: November 2003

To evaluate the relationship between the enzymatic Vitros assay for creatinine determination and other methods, we determined creatinine concentration in 400 heparin samples. Plasma creatinine level was successively determined on the Vitros 750 analyzer (Johnson & Johnson Co., Rochester, NY) and on the Olympus AU2700 analyzer (Olympus France, Rungis, France), using three reagents in the same assay: Olympus‐Jaffé and two enzymatic commercial kits—Crea Plus (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France) and Enzymatic Creatinine (Randox, Mauguio, France). Comparison of Jaffé and enzymatic measurements of plasma creatinine levels revealed a high correlation when considering all values ranged from 20–1,000 μmol/l (r > 0.99). However, for values <60 μmol/l, enzymatic reagents provided best results. Enzymatic methodology is a better clinical choice for the accurate measurement of creatinine, especially for neonates, pediatrics, and hematology units. Because analytical performance and the costs of Randox creatinine were satisfactory for our laboratory, this method, adapted on the Olympus analyzer, was chosen for routine determination of creatinine levels. According to the Valtec protocol (8), no interferences such as hemolysis, lipemia, or bilirubin were detected for Enzymatic Creatinine Randox. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:235–240, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment of ELISA on 384‐well microplate for AFP, CEA, CA 19‐9, CA 15‐3, CA 125, and PSA‐ACT: Higher sensitivity and lower reagent cost
Authors: Wu Tsu‐Lan , Sun Yu‐Chen , Chang Pi‐Yueh , Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Sun Chien‐Feng , Wu James T.
Published: November 2003

The 384‐well microplate contains four times as many wells as the regular 96‐well microplate. Establishing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on 384‐well microplate should lead to savings in reagents and specimens. To determine that ELISAs on 384‐well microplate have acceptable assay precision, ELISAs for tumor markers, including AFP, PSA‐ACT, CEA, CA 125, CA 15‐3, and CA 19‐9, were compared to the same ELISAs established on 96‐well microplate. We found that ELISAs established on 384‐well microplate had similar sensitivity and covered similar concentration ranges as ELISAs on 96‐well microplate. All within‐day and day‐to‐day precisions for the 384‐ELISA had %CV less than 10%. Compared to ELISA on 96‐well microplate, 384‐ELISA used less reagents, less specimen, and exhibited approximately a two‐fold increase in sensitivity. Overall cost of the 384‐384‐ELISA was also greatly reduced. Our results suggest that 384‐ELISA is suitable for use in routine clinical laboratories. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:241–246, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐II gene polymorphism is associated with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: Tsai Fuu‐Jen , Lin Hui‐Ju , Chen Wen‐Chi , Chen Huey‐Yi , Fan Seng‐Sheen
Published: November 2003

Hypoxia and ischemia play important roles in the onset and progression of glaucoma. Insulin‐like growth factors (IGF) are important neurotrophic agents that respond to hypoxia‐ischemia. In this study, we enrolled 60 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and 104 healthy volunteers from the China Medical College Hospital. Among the polymorphism of IGFs gene, exon 9 Apa I C/T gene polymorphism is the most frequently seen. The polymorphism was observed following polymerase chain reaction based restriction analysis used to to resolve the relationship between IGF‐II exon 9 Apa I C/T gene polymorphism and POAG. The distribution of the IGF‐II exon 9 gene polymorphism showed statistical differences in the distribution of genotype frequencies between POAG patients and normal controls (P=0.010). The odds ratio of C/C homozygote was 0.266 (95% confidence interval=0.636∼0.111). IGF‐II is an important neurotrophic agent and regulates the suffering of POAG. C/C homozygote of IGF‐II exon 9 Apa I C/T gene polymorphism is a useful marker of POAG in Chinese. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:259–263, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arbeitsgestaltung und Kundenzufriedenheit
Authors: Krause Andreas , Dunckel Heiner
Published: November 2003

Zusammenfassung. Die bisherige arbeitspsychologische Forschung belegt, dass erhöhte Handlungsspielräume und verbesserte Planungsmöglichkeiten förderliche Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit der arbeitenden Personen haben. Für Kunden können positive Effekte resultieren, sofern die Freiräume zur Erfüllung von Kundenerwartungen genutzt werden. Im Kontext der Einführung teilautonomer Gruppenarbeit in der Straßen- und Gehwegreinigung einer deutschen Großstadt wurden Auswirkungen auf die Kundenzufriedenheit geprüft. Ein Fragebogen zur Kundenzufriedenheit mit der Reinigung (FKR) wurde neu entwickelt und in zwei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich Reliabilität und Validität erfolgreich überprüft. Der Fragebogen wurde anschließend im Rahmen der Hauptuntersuchung in 33 Gruppengebieten jeweils unmittelbar vor Einführung sowie ein Jahr und zwei Jahre nach Einführung der Gruppenarbeit eingesetzt. Positive Auswirkungen der neuen Arbeitsorganisationsform im ersten Jahr nach Einführung wurden ermittelt, die im zweiten Jahr stabil blieben. Zusammenhänge zwischen der Veränderung der Kundenzufriedenheit, der Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit sowie der Reinigungsleistung konnten festgestellt werden. Zukünftige arbeits- und organisationspsychologische Untersuchungen sollten insbesondere im Dienstleistungsbereich verstärkt der Frage nachgehen, wie sich Arbeitsbedingungen auf das Befinden, die Einstellungen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten sowohl der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter als auch der Kundinnen und Kunden auswirken.
The geochemical evolution of the Izu‐Bonin arc system: A perspective from tephras recovered by deep‐sea drilling
Authors: Bryant C. J. , Arculus R. J. , Eggins S. M.
Published: November 2003

Less than 30 Ma tephra glasses from the Izu‐Bonin (IB) arc consist dominantly of low‐K tholeiites that are highly depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE), light rare earth elements (LREE), and large ion lithophile elements (LILE). Collectively, these characteristics indicate minimal contributions from the subducted sediment, a dominantly aqueous fluid subduction component transfer mechanism, and highly depleted mantle sources. Subtle temporal variations are evident throughout the Oligocene‐Neogene. Late Oligocene tephras are geochemically heterogeneous, incorporating low‐K, LREE‐ and HFSE‐depleted tephras, as well as low‐medium‐K glasses with flat‐ to super‐chondritic REE patterns. The latter, have higher Nb/Zr, Th/Nb ratios, possibly indicating small contributions from a slab‐derived melt. More LILE‐ and LREE‐enriched tephras, with higher Nb/Zr and Th/Nb are also evident during the 18–15 Ma interval, coincident with the cessation of backarc spreading in the Shikoku Basin. Extremely HFSE‐depleted glasses are only apparent at the IB volcanic front at the end of backarc spreading, indicating a significant delay between the initiation of extension, and the appearance of more depleted HFSE characteristics at the volcanic front. Similar long time frames are required for replenishment, demonstrating long residence time of material within the mantle wedge. Oligocene tephras are geochemically distinct from coeval turbidites and from Eocene to Oligocene boninitic and tholeiitic series lavas, which are overall characterized by lower HREE and Sm/Zr, and commonly have more enriched HFSE characteristics. Lower Sm/Zr are interpreted to be generated in highly depleted source rocks within the mantle wedge, where orthopyroxene is the dominant residual mineral controlling HFSE‐REE distribution of the arc magma. Elevated Nb/Zr and Zr/Hf in Eocene‐Oligocene boninites and to a lesser extent some tholeiites arise from an additional melt component that is potentially sourced from the subducted slab. LREE‐enrichments in Eocene‐Oligocene IB boninitic and tholeiitic are in most cases correlated with lower 143Nd/144Nd, and are consistent with the mobilization of LREE in a slab‐derived fluid and/or melt. The Late Oligocene represents a major turning‐point in the geochemical evolution of the IB arc, possibly involving a shift from high‐degrees of partial melting (dominantly decompressional) within a shallower, laterally extensive, tensional environment to dominantly fluid‐fluxed melting of deeper mantle components. Resultant cooling of the subducted slab resulted in a cessation in slab‐melting.
New particle formation in anthropogenic plumes advecting from Asia observed during TRACE‐P
Authors: Weber R. J. , Lee S. , Chen G. , Wang B. , Kapustin V. , Moore K. , Clarke A. D. , Mauldin L. , Kosciuch E. , Cantrell C. , Eisele F. , Thornton D. C. , Bandy A. R. , Sachse G. W. , Fuelberg H. E.
Published: November 2003

The characteristics and sources of what are believed to be newly formed 3 to 4 nm particles in anthropogenic plumes advecting from Asian are reported. Airborne measurements were made from March to April 2001 as part of the NASA TRACE‐P experiment at latitudes ranging from North of the Philippines to Northern Japan (20 to 45°N). In the more polluted plumes, high concentrations of 3 to 4 nm diameter particles (>100cm−3) were observed both within and along the upper outer edges of plumes that were identified by enhanced carbon monoxide and fine particulate sulfate concentrations. The results from two research flights are investigated in detail. Three to four‐nm particle concentrations are generally correlated with gas phase sulfuric acid and found in regions of low surface areas relative to the immediate surroundings or where there are steep transitions to lower surface areas. Sulfuric acid and surface area concentrations in the most polluted plume reached 6 × 107 cm−3 and 750 μm2 cm−3, respectively, in regions of particle formation. In contrast to these anthropogenic plumes, few 3 to 4 nm particles were observed in the clean background and few were detected within a volcanic plume where the studies highest H2SO4 concentrations (>108 cm−3) were recorded. Enhanced SO2 concentrations in the range of approximately 2 to 7 ppb, in conjunction with other unidentified, possibly coemitted species, appear to be the driving factor for nucleation.
Regional Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) predictions of the tropospheric ozone budget over east Asia
Authors: Pierce R. B. , Al‐Saadi J. A. , Schaack T. , Lenzen A. , Zapotocny T. , Johnson D. , Kittaka C. , Buker M. , Hitchman M. H. , Tripoli G. , Fairlie T. D. , Olson J. R. , Natarajan M. , Crawford J. , Fishman J. , Avery M. , Browell E. V. , Creilson J. , Kondo Y. , Sandholm S. T.
Published: November 2003

The NASA Langley Research Center and University of Wisconsin Regional Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) is used to estimate the tropospheric ozone budget over east Asia during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) mission. The computed ozone budget explicitly accounts for stratosphere/troposphere exchange (STE) and in situ ozone production using on‐line chemical calculations. The east Asian O3 budget is computed during the period from 7 March to 12 April 2001. Gross formation dominates STE by a ratio of 7 to 1 in east Asia during TRACE‐P. However, this ratio is strongly influenced by altitude of the tropopause. Approximately 30% of the ozone that is advected across the tropopause over east Asia is subsequently advected out over the western Pacific within the upper 4 km of the troposphere by the Japan jet. The average net photochemical production (gross formation‐gross destruction) within the regional domain is 0.37 Tg d−1 or 7% of the average flux at the eastern boundary of the domain during the TRACE‐P time period. The budget analysis shows a very close balance between sources and sinks within the RAQMS regional domain during the TRACE‐P time period. This balance results in very small average accumulation (∼1 Tg) of O3 in the east Asian region and very little net export averaged over the period (0.03 Tg d−1). The low ozone export from east Asia predicted by RAQMS during TRACE‐P is a consequence of relatively high dry deposition rates, which are 37% of the gross ozone formation (1.469 Tg d−1) within the TRACE‐P regional domain.
Chemical transport model ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the western Pacific: Comparisons with TRACE‐P lidar, ozonesondes, and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer columns
Authors: Wild Oliver , Sundet Jostein K. , Prather Michael J. , Isaksen Ivar S. A. , Akimoto Hajime , Browell Edward V. , Oltmans Samuel J.
Published: November 2003

Two closely related chemical transport models (CTMs) employing the same high‐resolution meteorological data (∼180 km × ∼180 km × ∼600 m) from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts are used to simulate the ozone total column and tropospheric distribution over the western Pacific region that was explored by the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) measurement campaign in February–April 2001. We make extensive comparisons with ozone measurements from the lidar instrument on the NASA DC‐8, with ozonesondes taken during the period around the Pacific Rim, and with TOMS total column ozone. These demonstrate that within the uncertainties of the meteorological data and the constraints of model resolution, the two CTMs (FRSGC/UCI and Oslo CTM2) can simulate the observed tropospheric ozone and do particularly well when realistic stratospheric ozone photochemistry is included. The greatest differences between the models and observations occur in the polluted boundary layer, where problems related to the simplified chemical mechanism and inadequate horizontal resolution are likely to have caused the net overestimation of about 10 ppb mole fraction. In the upper troposphere, the large variability driven by stratospheric intrusions makes agreement very sensitive to the timing of meteorological features.
Direct measurements of the ionospheric convection variability near the cusp/throat
Authors: Shepherd S. G. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Greenwald R. A.
Published: November 2003

For the first time precise measurements obtained using Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars are used to quantify the temporal variability in the convection velocity and identify the cause of the variations for a particular event located in the vicinity of the cusp. Using SuperDARN line‐of‐sight (LOS) Doppler velocities near 1200 magnetic local time and a standard fitting technique, the observed temporal variability is related to dayside convection features such as the cusp, convection throat, and convection reversal boundaries (CRBs). Two distinct regions of variability are observed: a region of high (often >500 m s−1) hourly temporal variability occurring near the dayside CRB of the dusk convection cell during interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By < 0, and a region of very low (<100 m s−1) temporal variability in the convection throat. The source of the high variability near the dayside dusk CRB is caused primarily by motion of the large‐scale convection pattern most likely due to the variable IMF. The line‐of‐sight velocities in this region fluctuate between sunward and antisunward directed flow depending on the position of the CRB relative to the radar observation area. In the convection throat, however, steady antisunward directed flow exceeding 500 m s−1 is observed despite the variable IMF. Based on these observations it is expected that increased Joule heating due to variability in the electric field occurs near the dayside CRB of the crescent‐shaped convection cell and little additional Joule heating occurs in the convection throat.
The resolving power of coseismic surface displacement data for fault slip distribution at depth
Authors: Bos Annemarie G. , Spakman Wim
Published: November 2003

The spatial slip distribution of the August 17, 1999, Izmit (Turkey) earthquake has previously been determined from both geodetic and seismological data. Though the models derived agree on a broad scale, they are significantly different in detail. These differences could be due to the inversion techniques applied and/or additional constraints implemented and/or be due to poor resolution. It is also conceivable that the relative agreement at larger scales results in part from a resolution artifact common to all models. To investigate this we perform a resolution analysis of fault slip models based on the inversion of surface displacement data. Assuming the theory of elastic dislocations in a half‐space and adopting a parameterization for which model predictions are capable of fitting the spatial variations of the data, the inverse problem proves to be intrinsically ill‐conditioned.
Inverting for emissions of carbon monoxide from Asia using aircraft observations over the western Pacific
Authors: Palmer Paul I. , Jacob Daniel J. , Jones Dylan B. A. , Heald Colette L. , Yantosca Robert M. , Logan Jennifer A. , Sachse Glen W. , Streets David G.
Published: November 2003

We use aircraft observations of continental outflow over the western Pacific from the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) mission (March–April 2001), in combination with an optimal estimation inverse model, to improve emission estimates of carbon monoxide (CO) from Asia. A priori emissions and their errors are from a customized bottom‐up Asian emission inventory for the TRACE‐P period. The global three‐dimensional GEOS‐CHEM chemical transport model (CTM) is used as the forward model. The CTM transport error (20–30% of the CO concentration) is quantified from statistics of the difference between the aircraft observations of CO and the forward model results with a priori emissions, after removing the mean bias which is attributed to errors in the a priori emissions. Additional contributions to the error budget in the inverse analysis include the representation error (typically 5% of the CO concentration) and the measurement accuracy (≃2% of the CO concentration). We find that the inverse model can usefully constrain five sources: Chinese fuel consumption, Chinese biomass burning, total emissions from Korea and Japan, total emissions from Southeast Asia, and the ensemble of all other sources. The inversion indicates a 54% increase in anthropogenic emissions from China (to 168 Tg CO yr−1) relative to the a priori; this value is still much lower than had been derived in previous inversions using the CMDL network of surface observations. A posteriori emissions of biomass burning in Southeast Asia and China are much lower than a priori estimates.
Universality in active chaos
Authors: Tél Tamás , Nishikawa Takashi , Motter Adilson E. , Grebogi Celso , Toroczkai Zoltán
Published: November 2003

Many examples of chemical and biological processes take place in large-scale environmental flows. Such flows generate filamental patterns which are often fractal due to the presence of chaos in the underlying advection dynamics. In such processes, hydrodynamical stirring strongly couples into the reactivity of the advected species and might thus make the traditional treatment of the problem through partial differential equations difficult. Here we present a simple approach for the activity in inhomogeneously stirred flows. We show that the fractal patterns serving as skeletons and catalysts lead to a rate equation with a universal form that is independent of the flow, of the particle properties, and of the details of the active process. One aspect of the universality of our approach is that it also applies to reactions among particles of finite size (so-called inertial particles).
A challenge to the taxonomy of Porphyra in Australia: the New Zealand red alga Porphyra rakiura (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) occurs in southern Australia, and is distinct from P. lucasii
Authors: Farr T. J. , Nelson W. A. , Broom J. E. S.
Published: November 2003

Extensive collections of Porphyra from throughout New Zealand since the early 1980s have revealed unexpectedly high diversity within the genus. From small-scale, opportunistic sampling of southern Australian Porphyra, small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) sequence data confirm the presence in Tasmania of a recently-described species of Porphyra, P. rakiura W.A.Nelson. This is the first report of P. rakiura from outside New Zealand. Analysis of rbcL–rbcS spacer DNA sequence from P. rakiura specimens and from an isotype specimen of P. lucasii Levring confirm that P. rakiura can be distinguished from the P. lucasii isotype at the molecular level as well as morphologically. A Western Australian specimen collected as P. lucasii provides a nuclear SSU sequence that is clearly different (92.1% similar) to that of P. rakiura, and rbcL–rbcS spacer sequence data identical to that of the P. lucasii isotype. Sequence data from the rbcL–rbcS spacer of a herbarium specimen from South Australia initially identified as P. lucasii, but with P. rakiura-like morphology, demonstrate that it is genetically distinct from P. rakiura and place it closer to, but not identical with, the P. lucasii isotype. This challenges the current taxonomic understanding of Porphyra in Australia, and of P. lucasii in particular.
A molecular estimate of the phylogeny of Styphelieae (Ericaceae)
Authors: Quinn Christopher J. , Crayn Darren M. , Heslewood Margaret M. , Brown Elizabeth A. , Gadek Paul A.
Published: November 2003

Parsimony analyses of sequence data derived from two regions of the chloroplast genome, matK and the atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer, separately and together, are reported for Styphelieae. Taxonomic sampling includes representatives of all currently accepted genera apart from the two non-Australian monotypics, Cyathopsis Brongn. & Gris and Decatoca F.Muell., and of all subgenera or informal infrageneric groups except for Trochocarpa subgenus Pseudocyathodes Sleumer. A well resolved estimate of the phylogeny of the tribe is obtained, with high levels of jackknife support for terminal groupings. The results provide support for the current concepts of Acrotriche R.Br., Androstoma Hook.f., Croninia J.M.Powell, Cyathodes Labill. sensu Weiller, Leptecophylla C.M.Weiller, Leucopogon R.Br. sensu Taaffe et al., Pentachondra R.Br., Planocarpa C.M.Weiller and Trochocarpa R.Br., but the following genera appear paraphyletic: Astroloma R.Br., Brachyloma Sond., Cyathodes sensu Labill., Leucopogon R.Br. sensu lato, Lissanthe R.Br., Monotoca R.Br. and Styphelia Sm. (sensu Bentham). Several robust clades are identified as potential new genera but formalisation of nomenclatural changes is left, pending morphological analyses of the various clades to identify synapomorphies with which to characterise generic groupings. The general approach to be adopted in this endeavour is discussed, with narrower generic concepts being favoured as more informative and less disruptive of the existing nomenclature.
Young children’s close relationships outside the family: Parental ethnotheories in four communities in Norway, United States, Turkey, and Korea
Authors: Aukrust Vibeke G. , Edwards Carolyn Pope , Kumru Asiye , Knoche Lisa , Kim Misuk
Published: November 2003

Parents, preschools, and schools in different cultures vary greatly in the extent to which children are encouraged to develop long-term relationships with people outside the family circle—peers and teachers. In contemporary societies, parents face complex choices as they bridge children’s transitions to a wider world. This exploratory cross-cultural study used a newly developed questionnaire, Parental Concerns for Preschool Children Survey, to assess parental beliefs, values, and judgments. The sample included 521 parents from four cities: Oslo, Norway; Lincoln (Nebraska), United States; Ankara, Turkey; Seoul, Korea. Strong cultural community differences were found in parental descriptions of their own child’s friendships and beliefs about the needs of young children in general for close and continuing relationships in preschool and primary. The findings suggest the following conclusions, for example: Oslo parents favoured the value of long-term continuity with peers and teachers; Lincoln parents had a more academic than relational focus to school and wanted their children to deal successfully with (new) teachers in different settings; Ankara parents (an upwardly mobile sample) were low in reporting their child’s friendships at preschool but valued parent–teacher and child–child relationships there; Seoul parents (oriented to education as a means to economic success) favoured their children having quality learning experiences and close peer relationships in preschool.
Parenting stress and self-reported discipline strategies of Kenyan caregiving grandmothers
Authors: Oburu Paul Odhiambo , Palmérus Kerstin
Published: November 2003

The present study examined the discipline methods used and personal and social determinants of power assertive strategies amongst 113 part-time and 128 full-time adoptive grandmothers of Kenyan children aged 1–10 years. Most of these children had been orphaned by AIDS. Evidence obtained from the study suggested that these caregivers’ employment of power assertive strategies were linked to the total stress experienced, educational attainment, and child age but not to the gender of children adopted. The results also indicated a higher prevalence of the assertive and behaviour modification strategies amongst participants over the mean age of 62 years, respondents having basic education (1–12yrs), and those dealing with transgressions of children aged 6 years and above. Coercive verbal forms of control were mainly used by younger grandmothers, or caregivers of children aged less than 6 years. The least preferred inductive strategies were employed by younger respondents, persons lacking formal education, or those dealing with children of both gender aged below 6 years. These findings suggested that the antecedents of power assertive strategies lay both within personal and contextual factors.