bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of Brassica napus L.
Authors: Turgut K. , Barghchi M. , Scott R.
Published: April 2006

Immature cotyledons of Brassica napus cv.‘Topas’ were used to investigate the effects of various naphthaleneacetic acid and benzylaminopurine concentrations on morphogenesis in vitro. A high efficiency of adventitious shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis was achieved on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the above growth regulators. Two types of somatic embryogenesis were obtained, the first directly and the second via a callus stage.
Inheritance of wheat stem rust resistance in triticale
Authors: Adhikari K. N. , McIntosh R. A.
Published: April 2006

Genetic studies were conducted on nine triticale cultivars and lines lo determine the presence and identity of stem rust resistance genes. The lines were intercrossed and their F2 and F3 generations were tested with selected pathotypes of Puccinia graminis tritici. Segregation in seedling tesis showed the presence of two new genes SrLal and SrLa2 in ‘Lasko’, SrBj anil SrJ in ‘Bejon’. SrVen in ‘Currency’, SrBj in ‘Abacus’ and ‘RM4’ and SrNin in ‘Tahara’, ‘Maidan’ and ‘Madonna’ SrBj, SrNin, SrLal and SrLa2 were genetically independent and each conferred resistance to the currently important Australian P. graminis tritici pt 34‐2.12.13, whereas SrJ and SrVen conferred moderately susceptible reactions to the same pathotype. SrVen segregated independently of SrBj, but the relationship of SrVen with the other genes was noi determined. The typical low infection types conferred by SrBj and SrJ were best expressed at temperatures above 21 C, Prolamine separations nsinj; sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel elcclrophoresis confirmed that SiNin and SrBj were located in chromosome 2R. The gene SrLal behaved as a third allele at or near the Sr27, SrSatu locus in chromosome 3R, The present work demonstrated that chromosomes 2R and 3R are important bearers of genes Tor stem rust resistance in hexaploid iriticale.
Changes over time in the adaptation of barley releases in north‐eastern Spain
Authors: Munoz P. , Voltas J. , Araus J.L. , Igartua E. , Romagosa I.
Published: April 2006

The objective of this study was to characterize grain yield and adaptation of barley cultivars released in recent decades in north‐eastern Spain. Ten six‐rowed and 10 two‐rowed barley genotypes were grown in eight environments. Mean yields varied among environments between 1.7 and 5.8 tha−1. New releases showed higher mean yields and were specifically adapted to nonlimiting growing conditions. The average genetic advances were estimated as 40.7 and 32.9 kg ha−1 years−1 for two‐ and six‐rowed genotypes, respectively, in the four most productive environments. Old genotypes, with lower overall grain yields, were specifically adapted to the poorer sites. A negative genetic gain, estimated as ‐14.8kg ha−1 years−1. was reorded for six‐rowed culiivars in the four poorest sites. No significant association was observed between heading date and year of release. Variations in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) were examined to assess whether changes in adaptation could be partially explained by shifts in the genoiypic transpiration efficiency (TE) over time, in the most favourable environments, new releases showed the highest grain yields and carbon isotope discrimination values (Δ). By contrast, older cultivars had constitutively? lower Δs and therefore higher TEs. These results suggest a genetic association between low TE and yield potential and specific adaptation to stress‐free conditions so that selection for yield under favourable conditions could have resulted in an indirect downward genetic shift in the TE of modern cultivars.
Inter simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction for the detection of somaclonal variation
Authors: Alhani M. C. , Wilkinson M. J.
Published: April 2006

Inter simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR‐PCR) analysis is quick, simple and generates complex bind profiles. The technique has been used widely for DNA fingerprinting and genetic distance analysis. In this study, the potential of ISSR‐PCR is evaluated for the detection of somaclonal variation in potalo tissue culture regenerants. Four primers were used to screen 40 regenerants of Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Skirma’ for genetic change arising from callus culture. Two regenerants were found to have altered hand profiles. The use of an additional 13 primers on these variant clones failed to reveal any further evidence of genetic change. The potential and limitations of the approach for assessing the incidence of somaclonal variation is discussed.
Genetic parameters of several biochemical compounds from green coffee, Coffea canephora
Authors: Montagnon C. , Guyot B. , Cilas C. , Leroy T.
Published: April 2006

A factorial crossing scheme of Cofflea canephora (two parents from the Congolese group crossed to 14 parents of the Guinean group) was used to evaluate genetic parameters of several biochemical compounds, bean weight and crop outturn (ration of dry bean weight 10 fresh berry weight). For most characters studied, additive genetic effects were preponderant. Narrow‐sense heritability was high for caffeine content (h2ns= 0.80), fat matter content (h2ns, = 0.74), bean weight (h2ns= 0.73) and crop outturn (h2ns= 1). It was intermediate for trigonelline (h2ns= 0.38) and chlorogenic acid (h2ns= 0.36) content. Only sucrose content had a low narrow‐sense heritability (h2ns=0.11). There were few genetic and enviromnental correlations, Consequences for breeding, in relation to coffee drinking quality, are discussed.
Interactionism, idiographics, and the social psychological invasion of personality
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Dantchik Arthur
Published: April 2006

The present paper discusses three recent developments in the field of Personality: (1) an infusion of social psychologists, (2) a proliferation of interactionist models, (3) the development of methodological strategies combining nomothetic and idiographic approaches. Advantages and disadvantages of these developments are discussed, and three problems associated with them are addressed: (1) an overemphasis on phenomenology, (2) an overemphasis on idiosyncracy, and (3) an unsatisfactory level of theory development. It is concluded that the present developments have had a stimulating effect on the field but they need to be integrated with the traditional personological goals of: (1) developing taxonomy of individuals (as well as a taxonomy of interactions) and (2) developing a more satisfactory theory of the whole organism within which to embed our minitheories. We recommend that such a theory attempt to incorporate the insights of the social learning and social cognition approaches with the recent and exciting developments in evolutionary theory.
Aggregation and beyond: Some basic issues on the prediction of behavior
Authors: Epstein Seymour
Published: April 2006

Failure to appreciate the role that aggregation plays in increasing reliability and validity and in establishing the range of generalization of findings has resulted in misunderstandings about the stability of behavior across time and situations, and in the conduct of experiments that produce results that tend to be neither generalizable nor replicable. Appropriate aggregation can reduce error variance associated with the unrepresentativeness of individual stimuli, situations, occasions, judges, items of behavior, and subjects. Inappropriate aggregation can result not only in a loss of information but also in a reduction in reliability as well as validity. Different approaches to prediction with single items of behavior are discussed, and it is concluded that single items tend to be too unreliable and too narrow in scope to measure broad dispositions such as traits. A major emphasis is that behavior is often so highly situationally specific that unless this is taken into account by procedures such as aggregation over situations and/or occasions, or by the investigation of events that are so highly ego‐involving that experimental effects dominate situation‐ally unique effects, results will tend to be unreplicable or ungeneralizable, no matter what their level of statistical significance.
Studies in intuitive personology from an idiothetic point of view: Implications for personality theory
Authors: Lamiell James T. , Foss Mark A. , Larson Randy J. , Hempel Ann M.
Published: April 2006

Following Lamiell's (1981) critique of the individual differences approach to the scientific study of personality, questions have arisen concerning (a) the nature of the empirical research to which the “idiotheric” framework he proposed as an alternative has thus far led, and (b) the wider theoretical implications of that research. The present article seeks to address these questions within the medium of research on the nature of the reasoning process by which lay persons formulate and express subjective personality impressions. It is argued that the findings of this research offer strong empirical support for a conception of the intuitive personologist as a dialectician. Among other things, the discussion of these findings focuses on their implications for a humanistic conception of the relation between cognition and behavior, and thus of personality more broadly defined.
Sex and sex role effects on achievement strivings: Dimensions of similarity and difference
Authors: Gaeddert William P
Published: April 2006

Models of gender differences in achievement were examined to explore their accuracy and redundancy Self‐reports of successes and failures of females and males were content analyzed The eight dimensions postulated by Bakan (1966, agentic‐communal), Stem and Bailey (1973, task‐social), Kipins (1974, other‐directed, inner‐directed), and Veroff (1977, impact‐process) were collapsed into only two dimensions using factor analysis A domain dimension was used to consider the task (agentic) vs social (communal) nature of the achievement activities that were undertaken A performance evaluation dimension referred to whether people used intrinsic (inner‐directed, process) or extrinsic (other‐directed, impact) factors in evaluating their performance Analyses using measures of sex role identification, and the stereotypic masculinity or femininity of subjects’ achievements suggested (1) Sex role stereotypes are intimately related to the domains of achievement goals, however, women and men did not differ in the kinds of activities (domains) that they reported, and (2) women (intrinsic) and men (extrinsic) differed in how they defined success and failure, but these performance evaluation styles were not strongly related to sex role identification
Gender and individualistic vs. collectivist bases for notions about the self
Authors: Lykes M Brinton
Published: April 2006

This article provides a critique of traditional psychological theories of the self that emphasize autonomy, separation, and independence, and ignore the inherently social character of the self Evidence from an empirical investigation of selected experiences of 84 white adult women and men who evidence two different notions of the self (autonomous individualism and social individuality) suggest that the culturally dominant notion of the self, rooted in assumptions of autonomy, independence, and separation, is but one orientation to the self A contrasting notion, social individuality, reflects a dialectical understanding of individuality and sociality grounded in an experience of social relations characterized by inequalities of power Preliminary research suggests that differences between women's and men's notions of the self are grounded in their different experiences of power These findings support a larger argument that research on the self in psychology must be grounded in an analysis of material social reality and reflect the dialectical relation of individuality and sociality
Methodological developments in personality research: An introduction
Authors: West Stephen G
Published: April 2006

This article first provides a brief overview of some of the empirical and conceptual work in personality following Mischel's (1968) critique Strengths and weaknesses of traditional personality research designs including laboratory experiments, experimental personality designs, and preexperimental correlational studies are presented Some more recent approaches to designing laboratory research that attempt to address issues of external validity and approaches to designing field Investigations that attempt to address issues of internal validity are discussed Issues associated with the measurement of constructs, the broadening of measurement methods, and newer data analytic techniques are noted Finally, a brief orientation to the other papers in the special issue is presented
The person‐situation debate: A critical multiplist perspective
Authors: Houts Arthur C , Cook Thomas D , Shadish William R
Published: April 2006

Critical multiplism is an approach to question and method choice predicated on the only partial validity of most current social science practices In the first part of this paper, the approach is described, and note is made of many of its advantages but also of two of its limitations Critical multiplism is then applied to the person‐situation debate The analysis reveals that major protagonists in the debate have often discussed different versions of what appears to be the same question, and they usually agree when they define the questions similarly The major real difference concerns predictions about the extent of cross‐situational consistency in behaviors This entails at least two subquestions (1) how consistent is the same molecular behavior across situations? and (2) how crosssituationally stable are different molecular behaviors presumed to indicate the same latent trait? Data from Peake (1982) reported in Mischel and Peake (1982) are then reanalyzed For molecular behaviors within the trait of conscientiousness, the central tendency of the cross‐situational correlation is between 30 and 50, while for the nine different behaviors measured as most prototypical of the latent trait of conscientiousness it is in the 30 to 40 range While these values are higher than those of Mischel and Peake (1982), comparable analyses of their friendliness data failed to replicate the results for conscientiousness, cautioning us not to overgeneralize estimates of cross‐situational consistency from any of the analyses currently available
The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales
Authors: Briggs Stephen R , Cheek Jonathan M
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of factor analysis in developing and evaluating personality scales that measure limited domain constructs The approach advocated follows from several assumptions that a single scale ought to measure a single construct, that factor analysis ought to be applied routinely to new personality scales, and that the factors of a scale are important if it can be demonstrated that they are differentially related to other measures A detailed study of the Self‐Monitoring Scale illustrates how factor analysis can help us to understand what a scale measures A second example uses the self‐esteem literature to illustrate how factor analysis can clarify the proliferation of scales within a single content domain Both examples show how factor analysis can be used to identify important conceptual distinctions Confirmatory techniques are also introduced as a means for testing specific hypotheses It is concluded that factor analysis can make an important contribution to programmatic research in personality psychology
Structural equation models and personality research
Authors: Judd Charles M , Jessor Richard , Donovan John E
Published: April 2006

This article is a nontechnical introduction to the use of structural equation models in personality research Although such models can be fruitfully used to address a variety of important theoretical issues, the substantive focus in this article is on the use of such models for elucidating the construct validity of personality measures We include numerous more specific topics under our treatment of construct validity First of all, we show how structural equation models can be applied to the issues of convergent and discriminant validity Do our variables measure the constructs we want them to measure and not other constructs that we would prefer not to measure? Second, we show the utility of structural equation models for predictive validity Do our variables reliably predict other constructs with which they are theoretically linked? Finally, we examine the stability of personality constructs through structural equation models Through‐out, our emphasis is on the particular advantages that structural equation models bring to these analytic tasks Ultimately, such models must be used in the service of theory, and when used appropriately, they can help us to refine both our measures and our theories of individual differences
The Social Relations Model: An integrative method for personality research
Authors: Malloy Thomas E , Kenny David A
Published: April 2006

As outlined by Snyder and Ickes (1985), the study of personality can be undertaken using one of three research approaches dispositional, situational, and interactive We show how the Social Relations Model provides an integrative method to estimate simultaneously dispositional, situational, and interactive effects Reviewed are component approaches to the study of personality The Social Relations Model is shown to be a component model (a special case of generalizability theory) applied in a social interaction context In the model, dispositional, situational, and interactive effects are termed actor, partner, and relationship effects, respectively The Social Relations Model can be used to answer a number of important issues in personality research The model can be used to assess reliability, measure the validity of self‐ratings, and validate self‐report inventories The model requires special designs in winch each person interacts with multiple partners Empirical examples are presented in which social anxiety, sex role inventories, and self‐disclosure are studied
Behavioral genetic methods
Authors: Plomin Robert
Published: April 2006

Traditional behavioral genetic methods involve the use primarily of family, twin, and adoption correlations to estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences in the etiology of individual differences These methods and representative results for personality are described However, newer methods are emphasized structural models and model–fitting, multivariate analysis, genetic change and continuity in development, shared and non‐shared components of environmental variance, and genetic components of “environmental” variation Because most applications of these behavioral genetic methods to the study of personality involve self‐report omnibus questionnaires, an important direction for future research in this area is to use these methods to explore new issues and new measures that have emerged from personality theory and research during the past decade
Comparison of self‐reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and behavioral observation data
Authors: Moskowitz D S
Published: April 2006

The strengths and weaknesses for the assessment of personality characteristics of self‐reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and measures based on behavioral observation data are discussed and compared It is suggested that measurement methods should be evaluated with respect to Loevinger's concept of structural validity The concept of structural validity is expanded to include evidence that the scores have properties paralleling the theoretical definition of the characteristic with respect to reliability over occasions, range of referent attributes sampled, and generality across situations or the specification of situation parameters Each of the methods is evaluated for its potential to construct measures with structural validity for different models of constructs The methods are also discussed in relation to several other common threats to validity, specifically, threats stemming from the respondent, from the investigator, and from sampling errors It is likely that demonstrations of convergence between these methods will be possible for some but not all constructs It is also suggested that the examination of structural validity will contribute to the evolution and refinement of constructs appropriate for interactionist theories
Personality and Physical Health: An Introduction
Authors: Suls Jerry , Rittenhouse Joan D.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article provides a rationale for research on personality as a contnbuting factor in the development ot physical disease A bnef history of major developments from the 1930s to the present is then provided Special at‐tention IS given to shifts in conception regarding whether particular dispositions are related to specific physical disorders or whether these dispositions increase general illness susceptibility The paper ends with a bnef onentation to the other papers and commentanes in this special issue
Tovrard a Multidimensional View of Personality and Health
Authors: Bowers Kenneth S.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Health status has in effect become an external cntenon for vanous personality traits It seems unlikely, however, that a unidimensional approach to personality actually will be productive, even when something as concrete as physical health serves as a cntenon vanable Instead, the benefits of a more multidimensional, contextualized approach to the prediction of health status are emphasized Additional comments concern the distinction between co‐occurrence and correlation of two vanables, some ambiguities regarding the appropriate criterion variables for health psychology, and some logistical issues in the domain of personality and health psychology
The Costs and Benefits of Optimistic Explanations and Dispositional Optimism
Authors: Tennen Howard , Affleck Glenn
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Explanatory style and dispositional optimism have been linked to physical health In this issue, Peterson and Seligman and Carver and Scheier review an impressive series of studies which together suggest that there may be health risks associated with attributing bad outcomes to internal, stable, and global causes and with failing to maintain a generalized expectancy for good outcomes We attempt to broaden the scope of these studies by describing the situational constraints on the observed relations and by presenting evidence that there may be health risks, as well as benefits, associated with dispositional optimism and an optimistic explanatory style
Freud as Leonardo: Why the First Psychobiography Went Wrong
Authors: Elms Alan C.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The first genuine psychobiography, Sigmund Freud's Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood (1910/1957b), presented several important guidelines for psychobiographical research Among them were the rejection both of pathography and of idealization, and the avoidance both of arguments built upon a single clue and of strong conclusions based upon inadequate data Though the guidelines are sound, Freud violated those guidelines in the very work where they first appeared Freud's methodological errors and his “obsession” with the Leonardo book are traced in part to his projective identification with Leonardo, incorporating aspects of his own sexual history and his anxieties about the future of the psychoanalytic movement
Using Motive Scores in the Psychobiographical Study of an Individual: The Case of Richard Nixon
Authors: Winter David G. , Carlson Leslie A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Content analysis measures of imagery for the achievement, affiliation‐intimacy, and power motives were applied to Richard Nixon's 1969 first inaugural address The resulting motive profile–high achievement, high affiliation‐intimacy, and average in power motivation–was validated through a systematic analysis of the course of Nixon's everyday behavior as reported in the memoirs of six aides, and was also used to explain several paradoxes of Nixon's political career
Exemplary Lives: The Uses of Psychobiography for Theory Development
Authors: Carlson Rae
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Why should psychologists undertake psychobiographical inquiry? This article argues that our primary responsibility in this multidisciplinary field is that of developing basic personality theory An “invisible collaboration” is proposed, such that excellent biographical studies in neighboring disciplines provide basic data for our theoretical efforts The proposal is illustrated by analyzing two highly acclaimed works in terms of Tomkins's (1979) script theory Erlich's (1984) study of Nathaniel Hawthorne serves for the exploration of a nuclear script, and Kapp's (1972, 1976) two‐volume biography of Eleanor Marx serves for the study of a commitment script Tomkins's theory offers new perspectives on these life histories and a sophisticated alternative to the psychoanalytic frameworks that dominate psychobiographical inquiry With more critical attention to theoretical issues, the development of psychobiographical work might rescue contemporary personality psychology from its method‐bound stasis Tomkins's theory is advanced as a conceptual framework worthy of rigorous development in several areas of personality psychology
Henry A. Murray's Early Career: A Psychobiographical Exploration
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This paper is a psychobiographical study of Henry A Murray's early career A formulation of his personality is developed, emphasizing his inner depressive tendencies, his sense of specialness, and his characteristic concerns in relationships His decision to become a psychologist, his initial reaction to academic psychology, and his years of involvement with psychoanalysis are considered in the light of his personality The final section contains an examination of the ways in which Murray's personality and his experiences during his early career shaped Explorations in Personality, his most influential work.
Tho Press Release: Symbolic Communication In Life History Interviewing
Authors: Wiersma Jacquelyn
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This study describes and analyzes the apparently misleading, irrelevant, and sterotyped initial self‐report statements that were obtained in an in‐depth multiple case study of women changing careers Using assumptions from the fields of hermeneutics (interpretation) and phenomenology about how meaning is constructed and interpreted, these initial accounts are understood as symbols which can be decoded and can also reveal larger meaning when read in different contexts This study shows how these accounts concealed connections between current behavior and personal history and prevented appropnate refer‐ence to personal expenence. The reasons for these distortions are understood by placing them in a sociocultural context These women's initial accounts are interpreted as a response to their perceived violation of cultural mandates preventing development of work roles The damaged symbolic language they used to explain themselves is seen as an example of mistaken cultural assumptions about the “self” The demonstrated necessity of interpreting these initial accounts as symbolic communication alerts researchers relying on self‐report statements to the pitfalls of taking such statements at face value
Progress in Psychoblography
Authors: Runyan William McKinley
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Progress in psychobiography What is it? Has there been any? And what processes contnbute to it?

The issue of progress in psychobiography is pursued from two different perspectives The first section briefly reviews the historical growth of the field, including the range of disciplines involved, the rise of associated professional organizations and publication outlets, and a quantitative analysis of the increase in books, articles, and dissertations in psychobiography The second section argues that progress in psychobiographical understanding can be analyzed into eight component processes, such as the collection of additional evidence, the formulation of fresh interpretations, critical examination of prior explanations, and the application of new theoretical advances These processes are illustrated with an examination of the course of debate about the physical and psychological disturbances of King George III

Personality psychology is concerned with the four basic tasks of developing general theories of personality, analyzing individual and group differences, understanding individual persons, and studying selected processes and classes of behavior In that developing a better understanding of individual persons is one of the ultimate objectives of personality psychology, progress in psychobiography is intimately related to progress in personality psychology as a whole
Long‐Term Stability and Change in Personality: An Introduction
Authors: West Stephen G. , Graziano William G.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of this special issue is to foster an examination of recent work on long‐term stability and change in personality Classic and recent research on long‐term stability of personality is presented Personal transitions are examined as an opportunity for studying continuity and change Some recent metatheoretical and theoretical perspectives on stability and change are presented Finally, several Innovative methodological and statistical approaches to the study of stability and change are considered
Sociability and Social Withdrawal in Childhood: Stability and Outcomes
Authors: Rubin Kenneth H. , Hymel Shelley , Mills Rosemary S. L.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The stability and long‐term correlates of both social withdrawal and sociability were investigated in a longitudinal study of normal children in kindergarten through the fifth grade Both observational and peer assessment indices of withdrawal and sociability were considered, furthermore, a distinction was made between observed active versus passive solitude Of particular interest was whether social withdrawal in early childhood was predictive of subsequent internalizing problems, as assessed by self‐reports of social competence, overall self‐worth, loneliness, and depression as well as teacher ratings of shy/anxious behavior, in later childhood Results indicated a modest degree of stability for observed social withdrawal but not for observed sociability, nor for active or passive forms of solitude Somewhat higher stability correlations were obtained for peer assessments of both sociability and withdrawal In terms of predictive outcomes, significant relations were found between early social withdrawal in kindergarten and Grade 2 and subsequent internalizing problems in Grades 4 and 5, although the pattern of results was mixed These data suggest that social withdrawal in early childhood may be predictive of risk for internalizing difficulties in later childhood
Combat Experience and Emotional Health: Impairment and Resilience in Later Life
Authors: Elder Glen H. , Clipp Elizabeth Colerick
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWar's influence on emotional health includes potential psychological gains as well as losses In a sample of 149 veterans from longitudinal samples at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, this study explores two questions on the legacy of combat in World War II and the Korean conflict The first concerns the subjective experience or meanings of combat that veterans hold in later life, with particular attention to how such accounts are linked to the seventy of combat and postwar adaptations The second question links these accounts to the psychosocial functioning of veterans before the war and in later life using reports from veterans and their spouses and Q‐sort ratings in adolescence and at age 40 Findings center on veterans of heavy combat Compared to the noncombatants and light combat veterans, these men were at greater risk of emotional and behavioral problems in the postwar years In mid‐life, they hold mixed memories of painful losses and life benefits associated with military experience. Clinical ratings show that heavy combat veterans became more resilient and less helpless over time when compared to other men As in the case of life events generally, short‐ and long‐ term effects may impair and enhance personal growth
Conceptual Issues in Studying Continuity and Discontinuity in Personality Development Across Life
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Tubman Jonathan G.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that the continuity‐discontinuity of personality development is not just an empirical issue, but is also a metatheoretical and theoretical issue Stances taken in regard to one of three metatheories (or models)—the orgamsmic, the mechanistic, and the developmental contextual—determine theoretical ideas about (a) the units of analysis thought to be relevant to personality development, (b) the processes believed to govern these units, and (c) whether changes in these units are continuous or discontinuous Theories associated with the models also differ in regard to whether they describe and/or explain intra‐individual personality changes as quantitatively or qualitatively continuous or discontinuous Developmental contextual theories seek to identify the orgamsmic and contextual conditions under which any instance of continuity‐discontinuity occurs These conditions involve both nomothetic and idiographic processes Organism‐context relations must be studied longitudinally in order to understand how these processes function across life
Continuities and Discontinuities in Self‐Regulatory and Self‐Evaluative Processes: A Developmental Theory Relating Self and Affect
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article presents a developmental theory of the relation between self and affect Self‐discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) is used as a framework for considering developmental and individual differences in children's self‐concepts, self‐regulation, and self‐evaluation Developmental changes in children's representational capacities are described that produce developmental shifts in this self‐system Different modes of caretaker‐child interaction are distinguished in terms of how features of the interaction impact psychologically on the child The implications of these differences for children's self‐system and emotional/behavioral vulnerabilities are discussed The development of self‐regulatory and self‐evaluative processes are distinguished with respect to developmental continuities and discontinuities Patterns of sex differences in socialization, conduct, and emotional problems are described to exemplify the need for distinguishing these two processes developmentally The question is raised whether children can be socialized to maximize the positive conduct valued by society and the positive self‐regard valued by individuals.
Patterns of Personality Consistency and Change From Childhood Through Adolescence
Authors: Ozer Daniel J. , Gjerde Per F.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Consistency and change in personality development is typically studied through examination of correlations indexing the consistency of individual differences over time Despite well‐known difficulties which inherently limit this approach, few empirical efforts take advantage of alternative methods We utilize a “person‐centered” approach which permits separate and independent measurement of consistency and change for each person studied Such measures were obtained covering four intervals between ages 3 and 18 in a longitudinally studied sample These analyses and subsequent results extend and elaborate earlier results reported in Lives through Time (Block, 1971) It is apparent that there are wide individual differences in the degree of personality consistency and change manifested by subjects, and that the degree and timing of change permit the description of various different developmental trajectories These pathways are described and compared to results obtained by Block (1971) This research is intended as an illustration of the possibilities obtained through person‐centered approaches to the study of personality consistency and change
Life History Prototypes in the Study of Human Individuality
Authors: Stokes Garnett S. , Mumford Michael D. , Owens William A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Using biographical data collected in late adolescence and young adulthood, prototypes or subgroups of individuals with similar patterns of prior behaviors and experiences were empirically identified The prototypes are described, and the pathways taken by the prototypes from adolescence to adulthood are examined Focusing on the various pathways or trajectories followed by different prototypes, we discuss implications of prototype membership for continuity and change in personality
Toward an Evolutionary History of Female Sociosexual Variation
Authors: Gangestad Steven W. , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Considerable progress has been made in behavioral genetics toward providing theoretical accounts of individual differences One theoretical task, however, has been largely neglected—that of constructing evolutionary accounts of behaviorally relevant genetic variance We attempt to address this task with respect to the genetic variance underlying sociosexuality, that is, the differences in the implicit prerequisites (in terms of time, attachment, commitment, etc) to entering a sexual relationship Specifically, we argue that genetic variance on this trait for females could have been maintained through frequency‐dependent selection In our evolutionary past, restricted females‐those who require relatively more time, attachment, and commitment‐could have benefited through paternal investment in their offspring Unrestricted females—those who require relatively less time, attachment, and commitment—could have benefited through the quality of their mate's genes passed on to their sons Moreover, the value of these alternate „strategies” could have been frequency‐dependent One prediction that follows from this evolutionary history is tested and supported in three studies Those females genetically predisposed to be unrestricted are found to produce relatively more sons than females predisposed to be restricted Additional predictions are offered and alternative accounts are discussed
Evolution, Traits, and the Stages of Human Courtship: Qualifying the Parental Investment Model
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Sadalla Edward K. , Groth Gary , Trost Melanie R.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Individual differences are explicitly connected to social interaction in Darwin's notion of sexual selection Traits that increase the probability of successful reproduction will tend to increase in frequency This process operates partly through differential choice, by one sex, of certain traits in the other According to the parental investment model, females frequently have more stringent criteria for the traits they will accept in a mate because they have a relatively larger investment in each offspring Because human mating arrangements often involve a substantial commitment of resources by the male, it is necessary to invoke a distinction between the selectivity involved during casual mating opportunities and the selectivity exercised when choosing a long‐term partner Ninety‐three undergraduate men and women rated their minimum criteria on 24 partner characteristics at four levels of commitment In line with an unqualified parental investment model, females were more selective overall, particularly on status‐linked variables In line with a qualified parental investment model, males' trait preferences depended upon the anticipated investment in the relationship Males had lower requirements for a sexual partner than did females, but were nearly as selective as females when considenng requirements for a long‐term partner
Personality Development in Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Draper Patricia , Beisky Jay
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
A relationship between personality processes and evolution can be seen when behaviors associated with sexual maturation, mating, and parenting are examined This article stipulates the types of proximal cues implicated in the shaping of personality variables that become important in the development of the individual's reproductive behavior
Behavioral Genetics and Personality Change
Authors: Plomin Robert , Nesselroade John R.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Although research on personality and behavioral genetics has focused on the continuity of traits, both fields and their interface will profit from the consideration of trait change In this article we review personality research on age differences in hentabdity and propose the counterintuitive hypothesis that, when developmental changes in hentabihty are found, hentability tends to increase We also focus on behavioral genetic analyses of long‐term developmental change Research to date suggests that genetic involvement in adult personality change is slight whereas personality change in childhood is governed substantially by genetic factors Finally, we consider a new topic, genetic influence on short‐term change in personality
Heredity, Environment, and Personality Change: Evidence From the Texas Adoption Project
Authors: Loehlin John C. , Horn Joseph M. , Willerman Lee
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Personality changes over time can be analyzed by the same twin and adoption methods used to analyze the genetic and environmental influences on a trait at a given time Composite parent rating measures of Extraversion, Socialization, and Stability made on two occasions approximately 10 years apart on 229 adopted and 83 nonadopted children from the Texas Adoption Project were used to illustrate this point in two ways The first was based on correlations among family members, from which it appeared that by far the chief source of individual change was neither the genes nor shared family environment, but individual experience (and/or measurement error) The second was via a path‐analytic approach to changes in the means of adopted and natural children, from which it appeared that, nonetheless, the children were tending to change on the average in the direction of their genetic parents' personalities
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences: The Three Major Dimensions of Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
This article deals with the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in the three major dimensions of personality (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) Twin studies indicate, and family studies confirm within limits, the strong genetic determination of these and many other personality factors, additive genetic variance accounting for roughly half the total phenotypic variance On the environmental side, shared family environment plays little or no part, all environmental effects being within‐family Assortative mating, important in the formation of social attitudes, has little impact on personality Dominance may be important for Extraversion Epistasis (emergenesis) may account for the comparative low values of dizygotic (DZ) twins' correlations Evidence for differential heritability of traits is present, but not very strong It is concluded that behavioral genetics forms a vital part of the psychological understanding of the causes of individual differences in personality
The Psychophysiology of Sensation Seeking
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
This article summarizes studies relating the trait of sensation seeking to electrodermal and heart‐rate responses and cortical evoked potential arousal Stimulus factors of novelty, intensity, and stimulus significance are important High sensation seekers tend to give stronger physiological orienting responses than lows to novel stimuli of moderate intensity, particularly when such stimuli are of specific interest Lows tend to show defensive responses as defined by heart‐rate acceleration The cortical reaction of the highs tends to be augmented by intense visual or auditory stimuli, while that of the lows tends to be reduced or unresponsive to variations in stimulus intensity Differences between psychophysiological responses of high and low sensation seekers are interpreted as reflective of different evolved biological strategies for processing novel or intense stimulation
Personal Strivings, Daily Life Events, and Psychological and Physical Well‐Being
Authors: Emmons Robert A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Interactional models of life events and personality posit domains of vulnerability within which individuals are most likely to be affected by negative life events. A variation of this model was tested in a study of the separate as well as interactive effects of daily life events and personal strivings on psychological and physical well‐being. Subjects listed 15 of their personal strivings, which were later categorized as reflecting either achievement, affiliation, intimacy, or power. For 21 consecutive days, subjects recorded up to eight events that most influenced their moods each day, and completed mood and physical symptom checklists. Power strivings were negatively correlated with well‐being. Affiliation strivings were correlated with positive affect. No significant between‐subject interactions occurred between strivings and events. However, within‐subject analyses revealed several significant effects. Achievement‐oriented individuals tended to be affected by good achievement events; similarly, the moods of affiliation‐ and intimacy‐oriented individuals were affected by interpersonal events. Results are interpreted within a transactional framework, and implications for research on personality, life events, and well‐being are discussed.
Measuring Daily Events and Experiences: Decisions for the Researcher
Authors: Stone Arthur A. , Kessler Ronald C. , Haythomthwatte Jennifer A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT There has been a burgeoning interest in studying daily events and experiences. This article discusses a variety of methodologic challenges that face daily event and experience researchers. The issues discussed include techniques for measuring events, the development of event checklists, sampling event content, specifying event appraisals, event validation procedures, and the creation of summary measures derived from event checklists. Procedural issues discussed include determining the number of observations and persons needed for daily event studies, the evaluation of response, attrition, and missing item bias, and problems linking event reports over time.
Statistical Issues in the Study of Temporal Data: Daily Experiences
Authors: West Stephen G. , Hepworth Joseph T.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article reviews statistical issues that arise in temporal data, particularly with respect to daily experience data. Issues related to nonindependence of observations, the nature of data structures, and claims of causality are considered. Through the analysis of data from a single subject, we illustrate concomitant time‐series analysis, a general method of examining relationships between two or more series having 50 or more observations. We also discuss detection of and remedies for the problems of trend, cycles, and serial dependency that frequently plague temporal data, and present methods of combining the results of concomitant time series across subjects. Issues that arise in pooling cross‐sectional and time‐series data and statistical models for addressing these issues are considered for the case in which there are appreciably fewer than 50 observations and a moderate number of subjects. We discuss the possibility of using structural equation modeling to analyze data structures in which there are a large number (e.g., 200) of subjects, but relatively few time points, emphasizing the different causal status of synchronous and lagged effects and the types of models that can be specified for longitudinal data structures. Our conclusion highlights some of the issues raised by temporal data for statistical models, notably the important roles of substantive theory, the question being addressed, the properties of the data, and the assumptions underlying each technique in determining the optimal approach to statistical analysis.