bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of Parasite Oviposition Behaviour.: II. Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae)
Authors: Lloyd D. C.
Published: January 2010

Entomophagous insects as a group show all degrees of host preferences from the polyphagous species which develop on variable numbers of hosts to the stricdy monophagous forms wllich are limited to development on a single host species. Polyphagy is generally regarded as the more primitive condition while the fact that even amnng species so characterized there frequentIy exist strong preferences in the form of host determined races is taken as an indication of one method by which the more specialized habit was attained. The general problem of the dynamics of host selection in the entomophagous Hymenoptera and Diptera has attracted the attention of numerous investigators (eg. Thompson & Parker 1927, Salt 1935, Ullyett 1936) and many have stressed that for any given parasite the range of hosts attacked and developed on is the end result of various processes. These processes have been conveniently described by Salt (1938) as host finding, selection, and suitability, the first phase being more usually referred to as habitat selection (Flanders 1937, Thorpe 1945). This interpretation has received wide acceptance among biological control and allied workers.
Storage of Preserved Insect Specimens
Authors: Evans David
Published: January 2010

Several methods of storing insect specimens in liquid preservatives have been used at the Forest Biology Laboratory at Victoria, all of them unsatisfactory to a varying degree. The method described herein was devised by the author and has proved successful during the past year.

Homeopathic vials approximately 62 mm. overall outside length × 15 mm. greatest outside diameter × 11 mm. inside neck measurement, with 000 rubber stoppers, are the most suitable size for insect specimens. The different stages of nearly any of the species of insects encountered by the Forest Insect Survey can be easily accommodated in a single vial of this size. Small shell vials may be used for double mounts when tiny insects are involved which might otherwise be lost in the larger vials. For material too large for the 11 mm. neck of the homeopathic vial, shell vials 65 mm. × 15 mm. can be used with serum sleeve-type stoppers. All but mass collections and a few of the larvae can be preserved in these sizes. Both types of rubber stoppers are satisfactory, although the sleeve type requires more effort to put on and seal, and also conceals the top of the vial. Air bubbles can be removed from the latter by inserting a hypodermic needle through the top of the stopper.
Observations on the Reproductive Potential of Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Reared on Different Food Plants in the Laboratory
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: January 2010

The fecundity of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.), when reared under a variety of conditions, has been reported by a number of authors. In the laboratory, Barnes (1955), rearing cultures of the subspecies found in Arizona on five separate foods, obtained an average production of 8.8 egg-pods per female from those fed the most favourable diet; Parker (1930) reported an average production of 8.8 egg-pods per female from Montana specimens reared on a mixed diet; one of these females laid 15 egg-pods. Under field conditions, Pfadt (1949) in Wyoming and Smith et al. (1952) in Manitoba reared this species on a variety of food plants and reported that the greatest numbers of egg-pods per female resulting from use of the most favourable food plants were 9.8 and about 6 egg-pods, respectively.
Catalogue of Lederer Types of Pyralidae in the British Museum (Natural History) with Selections of Lectotypes (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

The Pyralidae described by Lederer in Wiener Ent. Monatschr. 7: 331-502 (1863) came mainly from the Imperial collections in Vienna and from the private collections of Zeller, Kaden and Felder. Of these, the Zeller and Felder collections are now in the British Museum (Natural History), but the Lederer types contained in them have not previously been segregated or marked. I have therefore systematically done this, marking holotypes or selecting lectotypes where this was necessary and suitable material is present. The species are listed below in the order in which Lederer gives them, with page references. Homalochroa aestivalis, p, 332. Lederer does not state the source of his mateiial.
Observations on Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a Predator of Conifer-Infesting Aphidoidea
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: January 2010

During 1950 and 1951 the writer collaborated with officers of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control in studies of the predators of Adelges (Dreyfusia) piceae (Ratz.) and Adelges (Dreyfusia) nüsslini (Börner) in Europe. These studies preceded the importation of the more important predacious species into Canada and their release against A. piceae. Observations on one of these predators, Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), are given in this paper.
On the Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Family Cupedidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

The phylogenetic position of the family Cupedidae (Cupesidae or Cupidae of some authors) has been the subject of much controversy. As studies have been made for the most part on the eastern genusCupes, I was pleased to have an opportunity to study the western speciesPriacma serrata(Lec.) (Atkins, 1957). Several hundred males were collected near Lumky, B.C. during spring in 1956 and 1957. Many of these were dissected in order to study those features of the internal and external morphology on which much of the following discussion is based.
Tetrahydrofuran and its Use in Insect Histology
Authors: Salthouse T. N.
Published: January 2010

Tetrahydrofuran (tetramethylene oxide) has been recommended as a histological dehydrating and clearing agent for use in human pathology by Dahme and Rothemund (1) and more recently by Haust (2). Dahme and Rothemund recommended its use after a search for a non-toxic reagent miscible with both water and molten paraffin wax. These authors state that the toxicity of tetrahydrofuran only approaches that of ethyl ether, whereas dioxane, with similar properties, is highly toxic. Tetrahydrofuran would appear to be as safe for routine laboratory use as toluene and xylene when similar precautions are observed. Haust (1958) gives various schedules for its use on human pathological material, and compares it with the more traditional methods. She concludes that it is simpler to use, and at least equally as efficient as the conventional dehydrating and clearing agents. In our work on insects we have extended its use to a solute for fixing solutions, and for dissolving celloidin in a double embedding technique.
Notes on Parasites of Diprionidae in Europe and Japan and Their Establishment in Canada on Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Finlayson L. R. , Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

Approximately 32 million cocoons of 11 species of spruce- and pine-feeding sawflies were collected in Europe and Japan from 1933 to 1940 and sent to the Belleville laboratory for rearing parasites for release in Canada against the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.). Over half a million of the cocoons were Diprion polytomum (Htg.) and the parasites that emerged from these were discussed in previous papers (Finlayson and Reeks, 1936; Finlayson and Finlayson, in preparation). In addition to cocoons, almost half a million eggs of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) were collected in Europe and reared to obtain egg parasites.
An Artificial Diet for Rearing Coccinellid Beetles
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: January 2010

One of the most important factors limiting the use of coccinellid beetles in the biological control of certain insect pests is the difficulty experienced in rearing sufficient quantities. The standard method of rearing them on suitable hosts is often impracticable because of their restrictive diets. Such difficulties were encountered when the introduction of some coccinellid beetles was attempted in French Morocco, as a control measure for a coccid (Parlatoria blanchardi Targ.) on date trees. The problem of rearing or obtaining the host in sufficient quantity greatly hampered the production of the predators. For this reason, considerable time and effort was devoted to the development of a satisfactory and economic technique for the breeding of these predators on artificial media.
A Useful Secondary Sex Character in Dendroctonus Bark Beetles
Authors: Lyon R. L.
Published: January 2010

The sex of the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.) and the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk.) can be ascertained easily and with 100 percent accuracy by means of a secondary sex character on the seventh abdominal tergite of the male. This character can probably be used with equal accuracy to identify sex in all species of the genus Dendroctonus.

The need to distinguish between the sexes of adult bark beetles often arises in studies of biology, behavior, or response. The sexing procedure is laborious when large numbers of beetles are involved and external markings of sex are not known. It is then necessary to dissect each beetle to check the genitalia. Dissection is impossible when iniury to the insect must be avoided.
An Apparatus for Rapid Indoor Collection of Adult Flies
Authors: Mallison George F. , Williams Edward R. , Richards Charles S.
Published: January 2010

A portable suction-type fly-collecting apparatus has been developed and used extensively in connection with diarrheal disease studies in the Phoenix, Arizona, area. It was designed to facilitate rapid collection of domestic flies from interiors of inhabited dwellings. Conventional or special bait traps (Coffey 1948, Anon. 1952, Schoof 1952) would cause abnormal attraction of flies from extramural sources and create possible nuisances. Many sampled buildings were without electrical power to operate suction-type collecting equipment and use of cone or sweep nets (Maier and Dow 1949) was not practical because of the possibility of damage to household furnishings.
Two Quantitative Methods for Measuring Insect Activity
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: January 2010

Various methods for recording the activity of insects have been reported (e.g. Park, 1935, 1937; Gunn, 1940; Hammond, 1953). In this type of investigation, three characteristics are desired in the method: a) the apparatus should be sufficiently sensitive for recording small movements in small insects; b) the portion of the apparatus in immediate contact with the insect should permit easy subjection of the organism to various environmental conditions; c) the apparatus should permit rapid and easy accumulation of data from a number of insects. Two methods have been developed in the present laboratory in attempts to meet as far as possible these desirable qualifications.
A Controlled-Interval Light Trap for Microlepidoptera
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Cass L. M.
Published: January 2010

Although many traps have been designed to study the responses of Lepidoptera to light sources of various intensities and qualities (Gui et al., 1942; Taylor and Deay, 1950; Glick and Hollingsworth, 1954; Merkl and Pfrimmer, 1955; Frost, 1957), few have been designed for studies of flight periodicity. The first one designed for the latter purpose was described by Seamans and Gray (1934). It consisted of seven individual collecting units built into one structure, each unit being operated for one hour of the night. Interval light traps subsequently designed by Hutchins (1940), Nagel and Granovsky (1947), and Coon (Frost, 1952) are of the Minnesota type (Frost, 1952), having a lamp bulb, hood, baffle and funnel. Beneath the funnel is a turntable, which brings a series of collecting jars under the spout of the funnel at regulated intervals. The Rothamstead trap (Williams, 1935, 1948) is also based on a bottle-changing mechanism.
Studies on the Silver-spotted Tiger Moth, Halisidota argentata Pack. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), in British Columbia
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: January 2010

The silver-spotted tiger moth, Halisidota argentata Pack., is a potentially dangerous defoliator of Douglas fir in British Columbia. Natural control factors have always prevented populations from building up to destructive proportions.

The literature contains little information on this insect. Fletcher recorded the first outbreak of what was probably H. argentata in British Columbia in 1887 (2). Moths were identified as H. sobrina Stretch, but this form is now recorded only from California so it was probably H. argentata. The outbreak, probably on southern Vancouver Island, was reported as “committing great depredations on the spruces here.” Mathers found H. argentata at Chilliwack in the Fraser River Valley in 1934, but there was no report of an outbreak (4). A few larvae were collected on southern Vancouver Island from 1936 to 1952. In 1953 a considerable number of colonies were observed, and the following year the silver-spotted tiger moth was in infestation proportions. In 1955 the outbreak increased in intensity, and spread northward to the limit of its known range. A survey in the spring of 1956 failed to find a single colony south of Lantzville, and the population in the northern portion of the range was greatly reduced.
The Effect of a Microsporidian Parasite of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), on Two Internal Hymenopterous Parasites
Authors: Thomson H. M.
Published: January 2010

Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. and Glylpta fumiferanae (Vier.) are two well known hymenopterous parasites of the spruce budworm in Canada. While studying a microsporidian disease of the budworm caused by Perezia fumiferanae Thom. (Thomson, 1955) it was observed that occasionally the microsporidian and one of the hymenopterous parasites occurred together in the same host. This paper is a report of a study of the effect of the microsporidian on the hymenopterous parasites.
Influence of Humidity on Mortality and Rate of Development of Immature Stages of the Grain-Infesting Mite Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst) (Acarina: Acaridae) Reared on Mould Cultures
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: January 2010

It was observed that populations of Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst) reared on cereal flakes and yeast for studies of predator-prey interactions were feeding on moulds rather than on the food material, and that an increase in humidity increased their rates of development. To discover whether this was caused by the direct effect of humidity on the mites or by a greater supply of fresh food brought about by an increase in humidity, rearings were made with a technique developed by Rivard (1958). The mites were reared exclusively on mould cultures under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. It was also possible with this technique to regdate modd growth to some extent, so that a supply of fresh food was always available to the mites. This is a report on the influence of various humidities on mortality and rate of development of the immature stages of T. castellanii at a constant temperature.
Two New Species of Euryomma (Stein) (Muscidae: Diptera) from Panama
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

In studies of army ants on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama, C. W. Rettenmeyer collected two new species of Euryomma in association with colonies of Eciton burchelli (Westw.). Adults of both species were collected flying above refuse heaps of the ants, a good series of one was reared, and all stages of the larvae of both were taken in berlese samples of the refuse deposits. Descriptions of all stages of both species, except for the egg and puparium of the rarer species, are presented here. No immature stages of Euryomma spp. have been known previously, nor are there any published data on the life-history and habits of any species of the genus.
Parasitic Flies of the Genus Mochlosoma (Tachinidae, Diptera)
Authors: Reinhard H. J.
Published: January 2010

Members of the present genus are commonly encountered in faunistic studies of the southwestern United States and Mexico, but little or no informati,on has been recorded concerning their biology or ,host relationships and taxonomic status.

Brauer and Bergenstamm established Mochlosoma with validum, new, as the type and sole original species, (Zweifl. d. Kaiserl. Mus., IV, 1889, 126). The type series is in the Vienna Natural History Museum, and apparently it was not seen by any American worker in Diptera until 1925, when Aldrich recharacterized the genotype and restricted the type series to the single male specimen from Pennsylvania, (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., XVIII, 116-118). More recently Townsend also redefined the genus (Manual of Myiology, part VII, 1938, 346-347). These interpretations of the generic characters are now generally accepted for Mochlosoma and are summarized for ready reference to all species included in the accompanying key.
A Note on Megachile centuncularis (Linn.) in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Medler J. T.
Published: January 2010

Records on Megachile centuncularis (Linn.) were obtained in connection with research on pollination of alfalfa in Wisconsin. At no time abundant, specimens were collected while tripping alfalfa flowers in Bayfield, Brown and Dane Counties. One bee tripped 95 per cent of the alfalfa flowers visitedand the earliest record was June 9th in Dane Co. Other flower records included fireweed, Epilobium angustifoliurn L., and goldenrod, Solidago sp. In Ontario, Pengelly (1953) found a female on sow thistle at Guelph, and observed a few specimens on alfalfa at Cayuga; alfalfa flowers were visited at the rate of 26-28 per minute and tripping efficiency was 99-100 per cent. Mitchell (1935) listed flower records that indicated a generalized habit, but the bee showed preference for composites
A New Species of Paradacerla from Mexico, and Synopsis of the Genus in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. , Knight Harry H.
Published: January 2010

Carvalho and Usinger (1957) divided the North American genus Dacerla Signoret, 1881, into two. Dacerla now contains those species with a spinelike projection on the posterior margin of the pronotum, and Paradacerla Carvalho and Usinger contains those species wqithout a spinelike projection.

In this paper Paradacerla species and Dacerla mediospinosa are compared, especially concerning the genitalic characters, and a new species, P. hirsuta, is described. Distinguishing external characters of the species and a key toParadacerla are provided
Response of Males of Limonius californicus (Mann.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to a Sex Attractant Separable by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Lilly C. E.
Published: January 2010

In the course of recent field studies in southern Alberta on the behaviour of adults of the sugar-beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mann.), it has been observed that the males spend much of their time after emergence resting on small clods of earth with their heads pointed upward into the breeze and with their antennae waving as though testing for odours. When they appeared to scent a female they moved into the breeze, crawling or flying, depending on the velocity of the wind. As they neared the female they became increasingly agitated, but when in close proximity to her they seemed confused and often passed within an inchof her. Eventually one of them located her and mating occurred almost immediately. The remaining males finally dispersed after crawling repeatedly around and over the copulating pair. These observations suggested that the females, soon aftcr emerging, release a sex attractant.
Pyralidae from the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Through the kindness of Mr. Hugh B. Leech I have been able to examine a large number of Pyralidae from the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Five new species found in this material are described here. A new genus is described to accommodate two of the species, and two known species are transferred from the genus in which they were described
Note on Epigonatopus plesius (Fenton) (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), a Parasite of the Six-Spotted Leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), in Ontario
Authors: George J. A.
Published: January 2010

During studies on the aster yellows virus in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, the dryinid parasite Epigonatopus plesius (Fenton), has been observed since 1956 on the nymphs and adults of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål). During 1956 adult females of E. plesius reared from this host were identified by Mr. K. V. Krombein of the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Dr. W. R. M. Mason (1957) Entomology Division, Ottawa, wrote, “This is a very rare species. There are only two collections in Washington and only yours in the Canadian National Collection”.
The Components of Predation as Revealed by a Study of Small-Mammal Predation of the European Pine Sawfly
Authors: Holling C. S.
Published: January 2010

The fluctuation of an animal's numbers between restricted limits is determined by a balance between that animal's capacity to increase and the environmenta1 cheks to this increase. Many authors have indulged in the calculating the propressive increase of a population when no checks nrerc operating. Thus Huxley calculated that the progeny of a single Aphis in the course of 10 generations, supposing all survived,would “contain more ponderable substance than five hundred millions of stout men; that is, more than the whole population of China”, (in Thompson, 1929). Checks, however, do occur and it has been the subject of much controversy to determine how these checks operate. Certain general principles—the density-dependence concept of Smith ( 1955) , the competition theory of Nicholson (1933)—have been proposed both verbally and mathematically, but because they have been based in part upon untested and restrictive assumptions they have been severelv criticized (e.g. Andrewartha and Birch 1954). These problems could be considerably clarified if we knew the mode of operation of each process that affects numbers, if we knew its basic and subsidiary components. predation, one such process, forms the subject of the present paper.
Biological Assessment of Aerial Forest Spraying Against Spruce Budworm in New Brunswick: III. Effects on Two Overwintering Parasites
Authors: Macdonald D. R.
Published: January 2010

Studies of the effects of widespread DDT spraying on the parasite complex of the spruce budworm constitute part of a comprehensive program of biological assessment of the New Brunswick forest spraying operations that began in 1952. In the years 1952-1958 these operations covered over 9,000 square miles, practically all the forested area of the northern part of the Province. Almost all areas have been treated two or more times; approximately 80 square miles of the original outbreak area has been sprayed five times, and an experimental plot has been sprayed in each of the seven pears. This has involved the use of over 7,000,000 pounda of DDT, applied mostly at the rate of one-half pound per acre in one-half U.S. gallon of oil solvent.
Anophelesand the Problem of Malaria in Canada
Authors: O'Rourke Fergus J.
Published: January 2010

Malaria, a protozoan disease caused by infection with various species ofPlasmodium, is transmitted solely by mosquitoes in nature. The transmission of human malaria depends entirely on certain species ofAnopheles.The occurrence of a number of cases of Koreanvivaxmalaria in Canada gave ris: to some speculation as to the possibility of the disease becoming re-established in the country (Neufeld 1952, O'Rourke 1953, 1955).
Inhibition of Feeding, and Blood pH Changes, in Lepidopterous Larvae Infected with Crystal-forming Bacteria
Authors: Angus T. A. , Heimpel A. M.
Published: January 2010

In recent years considerable work has been devoted to the Bacillus species which are pathogenic for insects. Some of these produce a proteinaceous parasporal body or crystal (8) which is toxic to a large number of insect species (11, 13). The effect of a paralytic toxin derived from cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto on the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) has been studied in some detail (2, 3, 4). A similar toxin has been extracted from Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti by Fitz-James et al. (5), from B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis by Hannay and Fitz-James (personal communication), and Bacillus entomocidus var. entomocidus Heimpel and Angus (12, also unpublished results).
Notes on Life-History and Rearing of Colladonus clitellarius (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: George J. A. , Davidson T. R.
Published: January 2010

Although the leafhopper Colladonus clitellarius (Say) was found by Gilmer (1954) and Thornberry (1954) to be a vector of eastern X-disease virus of peach and cherry, little has previously been reported concerning the life-history or rearing of the insect. Gilmer (1954) stated that he did not know the host plant of the nymph and that collections of adults as early as June 3, 1953, and as late as October 22, 1951, suggested strongly that the insect may overwinter as an adult in New York State. Phillips (1951) found the species in sour-cherry orchards in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario
On a Polyhedral Disease of Trichiocampus viminalis (Fall.) Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Béique R.
Published: January 2010

The poplar sawfly, Trichiocampus viminalis Fall., is indigenous to Europe, where it is common and widespread, but is also prevalent in the north-eastern United States, Eastern Canada and British Columbia. For the past five or six years it has caused serious defoliation to Populus nigra and P. deltoides in the vicinity of Quebec City.
Note on Rhabdopterus praetexlus (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as an Apple Pest in Quebec
Authors: Paradis R. O.
Published: January 2010

In June of 1955 and 1956 a chrysomelid beetle was observed feeding on Duchess and Fameuse apple trees, wild grape, Vitis vulpina L., and red osier, Cornus stolonifera Michx., in an apple orchard at St. Jacques, Laprairie County, Que. The infestation was limited to approximately 100 apple trees in this orchard and the insect was not observed in other apple-growing districts of southwestern Quebec. Specimens of the pest were identified as of Rhabdopterus praetextus (Say) by Mr. W. J. Brown, Entomology Division, Ottawa. Infestations by this pest on apple in the province of Quebec have only once before been reported, by C. E. Petch in 1924 (Petch, 1925).
Four Hymenoptera Newly Recorded As Parasites of the Armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta(Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: January 2010

At Ottawa, during studies on the parasites of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta(Haw.), in 1955, 1957, and 1958, 20 species of Hymenoptera were reared from larvae or pupae of the armyworm collected from fields in the area during July and August. Of the 15 species thus far identified, 12 were primary parasites; four of these, namely,Euplectrus mellipesProv. (Eulophidae),Hyposoter annulipes(Cress.) (Ichneumonidae),Microgaster auripesProv. (Braconidae), andTherion sassacusVier. (Ichneumonidae), have not been previously recorded as parasites ofP. unipuncta.
The Bionomics of the Pine Bud Moth, Exoteleia dodecella L. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Ontario
Authors: Martin J. Lynton
Published: January 2010

The pine bud moth, Exoteleia dodecella L., is a serious pest of pine throughout much of Europe. In North America, its presence was first reported in 1928 in nurseries at Fonthill and Ridgeville in the Niagara Peninsula (Annual Report, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada, 1929). The occurrence and spread of this species was followed closely until 1933 (Sheppard, 1930; Ross and Caesar, 1931; Caesar and Ross, 1932, and Twinn, 1933), in connection with the European pine shoot moth eradication program which was then in progress.
Note on Occurrence of the Fungus Empusa muscae Cohn on Adults of the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Miller L. A. , McClanahan R. J.
Published: January 2010

During studies on the control of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), in late September, 1958, from one to 10 dead adults were found clinging to the tops of onion leaves in a three-acre field of green bunching onions in the Toronto area (Fig. 1). The dead flies were more abundant in the outside three rows, adjoining a non-cultivated grassy area, than throughout the rest of the field. A fungal growth was evident between the abdominal terga and sterna in many specimens. Infected live flies were somewhat pale, appeared bloated, and moved very sluggishly in comparison with non-infected adults. Dead flies were sent to Dr. G. Bucher, Entomology Laboratory, Belleville, Ontario, who identified the pathogen as Empusa muscae Cohn.
Observations on a “Complex” of Insects in Tops of Black Spruce in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Wong H. R. , Drouin J. A. , McLeod B. B.
Published: January 2010

Stands of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., in Northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan were defoliated by insects from 1954 to 1955 (Prentice and Hildahl, 1955). The defoliation was sufficient to show reddening of the tops from the ground as well as from aircraft at an elevation of 1,000 feet. Collections showed clearly that the most abundant species was the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.); larvae could be found at all crown levels. Other species of insects were also common in the tops of trees with dense compact foliage such as often found in “club-tops” of black spruce. The reddening of foliage was not noticeable after the decline of the black-headed budworm populations in 1956, but the numbers of the other insects, which formed a “complex” of species, persisted at varying levels of abundance in the tops of black spruce.
Gross Effects of Some Pesticides on Populations of Phytophagous Mites in Ontario Peach Orchards and Their Economic Implications
Authors: Putman W. L. , Herne D. C.
Published: January 2010

Since 1946, a major project at the Vineland Station laboratory has been one on the indirect effects of pesticides on populations of injurious arthropods in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula. Plant-feeding mites have been the most readily affected. This paper describes the gross changes in mite populations produced by the pesticides and considers their economic importance and the possibility of reducing their injurious effects. The controversial problem of the means whereby some pesticides, particularly DDT, promote mite increase is still under study and will be treated in later papers.
Food-Plant Distribution and Density and Larval Dispersal as Factors Affecting Insect Populations
Authors: Dethier V. G.
Published: January 2010

It is generally agreed that insects whose larvae feed on plants do not increase to the larval food limit except in sporadic and unusual cases. In the few detailed studies which have been made, as, for example, Varley's (1947) study of the knapweed gallfly, the evidence suggests that the insects are held in check by parasites and predators. Andrewartha and Birch (1954) are of the opinion that shortage of food is probably the least important factor in limiting the numbers of animals in a natural population. On the other hand, they have pointed out (p. 489) that while it is unusual for an extensive population to consume all or most of the stock of food in its area, it does not follow that the amount of food is rarely of major importance in determining the numbers of a natural population. Several examples (p. 492) were given in which shortage of food was chiefly responsible for failure of population increase even though the absolute supply seemed adequate. In these cases local supplies were exhausted and the chance of finding fresh supplies depended upon the distribution and abundance of food and the powers of dispersal of the animals. In other words, the food was inaccessible relative to the animals' capacities for dispersal and searching.
The Biology of Adelges cooleyi (Gill.) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae)
Authors: Gumming Margaret E. P.
Published: January 2010

Adelges cooleyi (Gill.) causes galls on spruce in the forests and on shelter-belt and shade-tree plantings in Alberta. The alternate host is Douglas fir, on which the injury is less conspicuous. The tree species affected are white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Engelmann spruce, P. engelmanni Parry, and blue Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. A. cooleyi is indigenous to North America.
NiptusBoield. and Allied Genera in North America (Coleoptera: Ptinidae)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper offers a taxonomic treatment of the North American species of the generaNiptusBoieldieu (1856, pp. 290, 662),Epauloecus Mulsantand Rey (1868, pp. 49, 198), andPseudeurostusHeyden (1906, p. 424), which was proposed as a new name forEurostusMulsant and Rey, 1868, not Dallas, 1851. Six species are considered, Two of these are treated in Fall's revision of the North American Ptinidae (1905, pp. 107-108). Two others are Old World species that were discovered more recently in Canada, and two species are dcscribed as new. All of the species belong toNiptusin the sense of Fall's revision, which this paper supplements. Three of the six species are imported minor pests and are known in America only from buildings, where they breed in organic matter of various kinds. The others are native, outdoor species of the wesrern United States. Hinton (1941, pp. 339-344) has described and figured the pest species and has summarized the literature on their habits.
Notes on Life-History of the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in Sandy and Organic Soils
Authors: Lafrance J. , Perron J. P.
Published: January 2010

This is a report on field observations and experiments on the life-history of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), conducted from 1955 to 1958 in sandy and organic soils of southwestern Quebec. The dates of emergence of adults, the number of generations, the percentage of pupae entering diapause in each generation, and the relationship between diapause, air temperature, and precipitation were recorded.
New Species and a New Subspecies of Palpita (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Study of material of Palpita from a variety of sources has revealed the existence of numerous superficially similar species differing in striking characters of the genitalia. In this paper I describe certain species for which names are required at the present time. I hope when time permits to publish a full revision of the species of the genus.
Estimation of Cocoon Populations of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig)
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Turnock W. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper is one in a series on techniques used in estimating populations of various stages of the larch sawfly (Ives, 1955b; Ives and Prentice, 1958). This insect spends most of the year in cocoons in the soil beneath the host tree. The objective of accurate estimation of the cocoon population is to provide a basis for the evaluation of mortality factors affecting this stage. Two methods of estimation are considered in this paper. One is based on soil sampling (Part I) and the other on the number of cocoons formed in traps for falling larvae (Part 11).
Resistance in Rutabagas to the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Swailes G. E.
Published: January 2010

Resistance in plants to the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), has not been investigated extensively. Glasgow (1925) and Whitcomb (1944) compared the percentages of infestation of species of cruciferous crops and varieties of cabbaage. Whitcomb (1944) attributed differences in degree of injury among 13 cabbage varieties t o resistance in the plants rather than to repellent action during oviposition. He observed that the faster-growing varieties of cabbage were more susceptible to injury. The investigations reported herein were designed to determine if rutabagas had resistance to the cabbage maggot.
A New Subfamily, Macroseiinae Nov., of the Family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Gamasina)
Authors: Chant D. A. , Denmark H. A. , Baker E. W.
Published: January 2010

Baker and Wharton (1952) elevated the Phytoseiidae, formerly a subfamily in the Laelaptidae, to family rank and included two subfamilies: the Phytoseiinae and the Podocininae. Evans (1957) subsequently elevated the latter to family rank also, leaving only the subfamily Phytoseiinae in the Phytoseiidae.

Both Evans (1958) and Chant (in press) characterized the Phytoseiidae as having a two-tined palpal claw, a single dorsal shield in the adult, not more than 21 pairs of setae on the dorsal shield, and a ventrianal shield, or remnant thereof, in the adults of both sexes. One of the present authors (H.A.D.) recently collected specimens of a mite that has this combination of characters except that the dorsal shield of the adults is divided into two sub-equal parts instead of being single. Most of the features of this mite indicate that it cannot reasonably be separated from the Phytoseiidae and that the presence of two dorsal shields justifies the erection of a new subfamily, described below.
Mode of Feeding of the Larva of Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: January 2010

Though wireworms, the larvae of elaterid beetles, are among the most important agricultural pests, little is known about how they feed.

Langenbuch (1932) and Subklew (1934) made observations on the feeding behaviour of Agriotes lineatus (L.) and A. obscurus (L.). According to Langenbuch, Agriotes spp. cause a brush-like fraying of cereal stems, which results from the way in which the larvae squeeze the stems with their mandibles, ingest the fluids, and leave the fibres intact. Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown), the most important wireworm species in Western Canada, causes similar injury to cereal crops. The stems are attacked underground and are shredded but not cut off
Survival, Fecundity, and Population Growth of Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Relation to Date of Hatching
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: January 2010

In Western Canada, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) may hatch from early May to mid-July, depending on seasonal conditions. Little information is available on the relationship of time of hatching to population growth except that grasshoppers emerging too early in the spring may be destroyed by adverse weather that often occurs at this time (Shotwell, 1941). Also, it has beenassumed that grasshoppers hatching late in the summer mature too late to contribute much to general population growth.
Effects of Changing the Phosphorus Content of the Food Plant on the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: January 2010

It has been demonstrated that changes in the composition of a plant influence the insects that feed upon the plant (Lipke and Fraenkel, 1956). The quantitative composition of plants can be changed by the use of fertilizers (Mulder, 1950; Rennie, 1956), and populations of insects feeding on the plants may increase or decrease (Daniels, 1957; Adkisson, 1958; Joyce, 1958). These changes in numbers of insects have been attributed to such factors as changes in nitrogen, protein, and carbohydrate content (Evans, 1938; Fritzsche et al., 1957) or various mineral constituents (Creighton, 1938).
Survival, Development, and Fecundity of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), After Starvation
Authors: Jacobson L. A. , Blakeley P. E.
Published: January 2010

Larvae of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., may be starved in the field by planned control (Seamans and Rock, 1945) or elimination of their food supply as a result of their own depredation. Starvation may occur at any time during the feeding period. Some effects of starvation on mortality, particularly in the early instars, have been reported (Jacobson, 1952). Larvae that were fed only two hours each day had an additional instar, developed more slowly, and were smaller (McGinnis and Kasting, 1959). Starvation during the fourth instar when the larvae were fed on various foods resulted in smaller pupae, and the size and fecundity of females were directly associated with pupal size (Jacobson and Blakeley, 1958).
A Technique for Maintaining Acarine Predator-Prey Populations
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: January 2010

Experiments with the growth-forms of acarine predator and prey populations require a constant supply of both species. This note describes a technique used for maintaining large numbers of Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst) and its predator Melichares dentriticus (Berl.) and of Acarus siro L. and its predator Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank)
Notes on the Water Beetles of Southampton Island in the Canadian Arctic (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae and Haliplidae)
Authors: Young Frank N.
Published: January 2010

Water beetles from the Canadian Arctic available in museums often lack any specific ecological data. In consequence, I was pleased to receive for study the specimens collected by Dr. D. G. Frey and Mr. J. B. Stahl on Southampton Island (Northwest Territories) while they participated in an expedition sponsored by the Indiana Gear Works of Indianapolis, Mr. John Buehler, President. The beetles were collected during the period August 10 to 26, 1957, in connection with limnological studies and are accompanied bv detailed notes on the habitats and associated organisms. I am especially indebted to Dr. Frey for allowing me to use and paraphrase his personal notes on the expedition. Mr. H. B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences has kindly checked the determinations.
Descriptions of Immature Stages of Coenosia tigrina (F.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), with Notes on Hibernation of Larvae and Predation by Adults
Authors: Leroux E. J. , Perron J. P.
Published: January 2010

Coenosia tigrina (F.), an important anthomyiid predator of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), in Quebec, was found in all stages of development in field populations of the latter. The species was named by Fabricius (1775). A description of the adult was given by Perron et al., 1956, but no description of the immature stages is available. This is a report on the external morphology of the immature stages of this species, the determination of the overwintering sites of the larvae, and the effect of predation by adults on adult H. antiqua in field cages.
The Approach to Biological Control in Forest Entomology
Authors: Balch R. E.
Published: January 2010

The term “biological control” is sometimes used very broadly to cover all methods of encouraging the action of biotic factors. For the purposes of this discussion I will use it to refer solely to the introduction of parasites, predators, or microorganisms. I will also confine my remarks to the control of introduced pests. That is the purpose for which it has most promise and has been chiefly used. In my experience the most pressing forest insect problems of the Maritime Provinces–with the notable exception of the spruce budworm–have been with foreign species of European origin. It is logical to assess the value of biological control against exotic species before turning attention to its possibilities against indigenous pests (see Rawlings, 1958).
External Anatomy of the Adult of Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Comparison with H. pinicola (Couper)
Authors: Warren G. L.
Published: January 2010

There are five known species of the genus Hylobius in North America. These are H. congener Dalla Torre, Schenkling and Marshall, H. pales (Herbst), H. radicis Buchanan, H. pinicola (Couper) and H. warreni Wood. Buchanan (1934) recognized the first three species and indicated that “there might be one or two additional races or species”. He also stated, “Hypomolyx piceus Deg. is placed in Hylobius in the Junk catalog; it differs from the above 3 in its untoothed femora.” Wood (1957) recognized H. pinicola (Couper), invalidated the generic name Hypomolyx, and erected a new species, Hylobius warreni. He briefly described the new species and presented a taxonomic key by which it could be distinguished from H. pinicola and a Eurasian species, H. piceus (DeGeer). It is now clear that Hypomolyx piceus as referred to by Warren (1956a, 1956b) actually consisted of two species, Hylobius pinicola and H. warreni.
Myzus certus (Wlk.), an Efficient Vector of Potato Virus Y
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. , Bradley R. H. E.
Published: January 2010

There seems to be only one report of the aphid Myzus certus (Wlk.) transmitting a virus, bean yellow mosaic virus (Swenson, 1957). It is therefore noteworthy that M. certus transmits potato virus Y as readily as does Myzus persicae (Sulz.), until now the most efficient vector known for virus Y. In one experiment that showed this, the numbers of single aphids out of 50 that transmitted virus Y were 27 and 28 respectively. Briefly the experiment was as follows: M. certus was reared on pansy (Viola tricolor) and M. persicae on rape (Brassica napus); the strain of virus Y was the one that has been used at our laboratory for aphid transmission studies during the past ten years; single adult apterae or late instar nymphs each probed once for less than a minute into an infected tobacco plant and then fed overnight on a young healthy tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum var. White Burley).
Spruce Budworm Parasite Investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspé Regions of Quebec
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: January 2010

A spruce budworm outbreak started in Quebec and adjoining parts of New Brunswick in 1949 and spread each year until by 1955 most balsam fir stands within an area of 32,000 square miles were attacked. Approximately 45 per cent of this area was in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. In Quebec, important population reductions took place in various sectors of the outbreak area as a result of unfavourable weather conditions in 1956 and 1957 (Blais, 1958a, 1958b), and the final collapse occurred in 1958 when populations returned to the endemic level throughout the area (Blais and Martineau, 1958). In New Brunswick, a relatively small outbreak area remained at the end of the summer in 1958 (Webb et al., 1959). The large-scale aerial applications of DDT begun in New Brunswick in 1952, and in Quebec in 1954, were continued until 1958. Biological studies in connection with the spraying were carried out in both provinces. In Quebec these studies consisted of assessing spruce budworm population fluctuations in both sprayed and unsprayed areas and in determining, where possible, the causes for these fluctuations. All factors associated with changes in population could not be adequately measured over such a large territory, but a real attempt was made to obtain information on parasitism. The present paper deals with this aspect of the studies.
The Immature Stages of Scolytidae: The Tribe Xyloterini
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: January 2010

Larval anatomy as an aid to understanding taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Scolytidae has been discussed in an earlier paper (Thomas, 1957). Before an appreciation of relationships can be gained, however, comparative descriptions of many species must be compiled. As representantye groups of species become available, the immature stages of genera will be described, defining characters of value in separating component entities.