bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder
Authors: RUBINSZTEIN J. S. , MICHAEL A. , PAYKEL E. S. , SAHAKIAN B. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although the traditional view of bipolar affective disorder is that the majority of patients have full remission between episodes, recent evidence suggests that residual cognitive deficits are present. The aim of this study was to determine whether memory and executive deficits were present in a well-defined clinically remitted group of patients.

Methods. This was a case–control study of bipolar patients in remission (N = 18). Subjects had to fulfil stringent clinical criteria for inclusion into the study and had to have been in remission for at least 4 months. Subjects also had no history of substance dependence. The cognitive battery examined memory and executive function.

Results. Patients in excellent clinical remission and who reported good social adaptation showed impairment on tests of visuospatial recognition memory. Accuracy on four tests of executive function was not impaired in patients in remission compared with controls, although response latency on these executive tests was still impaired.

Conclusions. As our group and others have shown, patients with mania and unipolar depression show generalized impairment on tests of memory and executive function. In comparison, this study has demonstrated that patients in remission show a relatively specific impairment in memory with recovery of accuracy measures on executive function task. The increased response latency on the executive tasks suggests a possible small residual impairment. These findings suggest that in neuroanatomical terms, more posterior cortical function (temporal lobe) has not improved but there is at least some recovery of frontal lobe function in remission.
13C-NMR, MS and metabolic flux balancing
in biotechnology research
Authors: SZYPERSKI THOMAS
Published: July 2002

The European Federation of Biotechnology defines biotechnology as ‘the

integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve
the
application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues
for products
and services’. Biotechnology thus focuses on the industrial exploitation
of
biological systems and is based on their unique expertise in specific molecular

recognition and catalysis. The enormous potential for drug synthesis, design
of
biomedical diagnostics, large-scale production of biochemicals including
fuels,
food production, degradation of resistant wastes and extraction of raw
materials
will very likely make biotechnology, along with electronics and material
sciences,
one of the key technologies of the 21st century. From the chemical engineer's

point of view, the living system participating in a biotechnological process
is the
central unit that catalyses chemical reactions. It exhibits a complex dependence
on
the bioprocess parameters, and the engineer focuses on these parameters
to
achieve optimal control (Hamer, 1985; Bailey & Ollis, 1986). For the
natural
scientist, the living system itself is in the centre of interest, so that
attempts to
optimize a bioprocess aim at its appropriate redesign by genetic manipulations.

The increase in penicillin production by strain improvement based on random

mutagenesis, which was pursued from 1940 to the mid 1970s, represents an
early
contribution of life scientists to improve a bioprocess that is of utmost
medical
importance (Hardy & Oliver, 1985).
Huang on Wittgenstein on religious epistemology
Authors: CURNUTT JORDAN
Published: July 2002

Yong Huang has recently claimed that after the demise of

foundationalism, philosophy and theology can turn to Ludwig

Wittgenstein's non-foundationalist or coherentist religious

epistemology where, it is said, religious beliefs are

justified by a ‘reflective equilibrium’ with other

kinds of beliefs, with action, and

with different ‘forms of life’. I argue that there

are very good reasons to reject this

reading of Wittgenstein: not only unsupported, it is seriously

mistaken. Once the

epistemological terms of the debate are properly understood,

the evidence indicates

that Wittgenstein's view of religious beliefs is a form

of foundationalism, not coherentism.
Community Corrections and the Experiences of Young
Male Offenders in the Hong Kong Youth Justice System
Authors: GRAY PATRICIA
Published: July 2002

In the past two decades ‘decarceration’ and
‘deinstitutionalisation’ have
been key themes of youth justice in the West. Restrictions have been
imposed on the courts, limiting their ability to hand out residential and
custodial training sentences to young offenders. As an alternative,
resources have been redirected into the development and expansion of
community-based rehabilitation programmes. However, in Hong Kong
large numbers of young offenders continue to be placed in residential and
custodial institutions after very brief criminal careers, and for crimes
which do not pose a serious risk to the community. This article makes use
of a recently published research study to discuss the experiences of young
male offenders in the Hong Kong youth justice system, and to consider
why community-based rehabilitative programmes as direct alternatives
to residential training and custody have been slow to develop. It then goes
on to explore how from a cultural perspective the use of community-based
programmes might be justified and how they could be developed
around existing sentencing guidelines.
Rajendra Singh (ed.), The native speaker: Multilingual
perspectives. (Language and development, 4.) New Delhi
& Thousand Oaks, CA, 1998. Pp. 226. Hb $34.95.
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: July 2002

What is a native speaker? This question has been
taken for granted in linguistics, which has frequently
taken as its starting point the monolingual community in
which the native speaker is one who speaks the language
“from the crib” (Singh, 40) throughout his
or her life. In the idealized case, even for sociolinguistics,
the native speaker has one native language which s/he speaks
fluently: s/he is a rather “sedentary” person
who is “uncontaminated” in significant ways
by speakers of other languages (Salikoko Mufwene, 114).
Roger W. Shuy, Bureaucratic language in
government and business. Washington, DC: Georgetown
University Press, 1998. Pp. xv, 190. Hb $49.95, pb $19.95.
Authors: Channell Joanna
Published: July 2002

This is a great book. In it, Shuy describes some
of the applied linguistics consultancy work he has undertaken
in the past twenty years, mostly involving legal cases
and public institutions in the US. He sets out to show
how linguistics is a valuable tool in the analysis of bureaucratic
language, in the hopes that that through this, “the
intersection of law and linguistics may be furthered”
(x), and that more fellow linguists will become involved
in similar consultancy. Shuy gives a clear exposition not
only of what he and colleagues have done but also of how
they have negotiated working relationships. He is particularly
strong on the ethics of consultancy, and his clear exposition
of how the consultancy relationship should be set up merits
attention from people well beyond the area of language
study. Shuy's case studies and ethical points would
be good preliminary reading for students undertaking language
project work (for more on ethics, see BAAL 1994).
The joint impact of mood state and task difficulty on cardiovascular and electrodermal reactivity in active coping
Authors: Gendolla Guido H.E. , Krüsken Jan
Published: July 2002

An experiment with N= 56 university students investigated the joint effects of manipulated mood state and task difficulty on cardiovascular and electrodermal reactivity during mood inductions and performance on a letter cancellation task. We tested our theory‐based prediction that moods per se do not involve autonomic adjustments whereas mood and task difficulty interact during task performance to determine autonomic reactivity with respect to active coping. Specifically, we anticipated for an easy task weaker reactivity in a positive mood (due to low subjective demand) than in a negative mood (due to high subjective demand). Conversely, we expected, for a difficult task, stronger reactivity in a positive mood (high, but not yet too high, subjective demand) than in a negative mood (too high subjective demand). Adjustments of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and tonic skin conductance level described exactly the predicted pattern. Furthermore, task performance was associated with autonomic reactivity in the difficult conditions.
Attending to quadrants and ring‐shaped regions: ERP effects of visual attention in different spatial selection tasks
Authors: Eimer Martin
Published: July 2002

Attentional modulations of event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured when subjects were cued to attend to a visual quadrant or to a ring‐shaped region of visual space to detect infrequently presented targets within the attended region. Spatial attention directed to quadrants was reflected in modulations of sensory‐evoked P1 and N1 components at lateral posterior sites and enhanced negativities (Nds) at midline electrodes that started around 150 ms poststimulus. When attention was directed to ring‐shaped regions, no modulations of P1 and N1 amplitudes were found, and Nd effects observed at midline electrodes were delayed by about 50 ms. These findings indicate that behavioral effects observed both when attention is directed to contiguous regions and to general areas of visual space may be caused by different underlying processes. Intraperceptual “sensory gating” mechanisms operating in a way suggested by the notion of an attentional “zoom‐lens” may be responsible for the selection of single regions, quadrants, or hemifields. When relevant regions are more complex, spatial selectivity will affect primarily postperceptual processes.
Mental model theory and pragmatics
Authors: van der Henst Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2002

Johnson-Laird & Byrne (1991; 1993) present a theory of human deductive reasoning based on the notion of mental models. Unfortunately, the theory is incomplete. The present commentary argues that pragmatic considerations, particularly of the type discussed in Sperber and Wilson (1995), can complement the theory.
Psychological research on heuristics meets the law
Authors: Engel Christoph
Published: July 2002

Heuristics make decisions not only fast and frugally, but often nearly as well as “full” rationality or even better. Using such heuristics should therefore meet health care standards under liability law. But an independent court often has little chance to verify the necessary information. And judgments based on heuristics might appear to have little legitimacy, given the widespread belief in formal rationality.
The position of event-related EEG activity in the local/global theory
Authors: Kolev V. , Yordanova J.
Published: July 2002

The theory of local/global neocortical EEG dynamics responds to newly emerging conceptualizations in neuroscience. An extended application of the model to event-related EEG activity composed of distinctive global and local functional epochs with presumably different timing is proposed.
Strategies for integrating biological theory, control systems theory, and Pavlovian conditioning
Authors: Hollis Karen L.
Published: July 2002

To make possible the integration proposed by Domjan et al., psychologists first need to close the research gap between behavioral ecology and the study of Pavlovian conditioning. I suggest two strategies, namely, to adopt more behavioral ecological approaches to social behavior or to co-opt problems already addressed by behavioral ecologists that are especially well suited to the study of Pavlovian conditioning.
Some cautionary remarks on the “localist model” concept
Authors: Golden Richard M.
Published: July 2002

The notion of a “familiar example” used in Page's definition of a “localist model” is shown to be meaningful only with respect to the types of tasks faced by the connectionist model. It is also shown that the modeling task ultimately dictates which choice of model: “localist” or “distributed” is most appropriate.
Low fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and short-term benefits in fertility?
Authors: Manning John T. , Gage Alex R.
Published: July 2002

Preference for partners with low fluctuating asymmetry (FA) may produce “good gene” benefits. However, Gangestad & Simpson's analysis does not exclude immediate benefits of fertility. Low FA is related to fertility in men and women. Short-term changes in FA are correlated with fertility in women. It is not known whether temporal fluctuations in the FA of men are related to short-term fertility status.
From Simon's scissors for rationality to ABC's adaptive toolbox
Authors: Wang X. T.
Published: July 2002

The smartness of simple heuristics depends upon their fit to the structure of task environments. Being fast and frugal becomes psychologically demanding when a decision goal is bounded by the risk distribution in a task environment. The lack of clear goals and prioritized cues in a decision problem may lead to the use of simple but irrational heuristics. Future research should focus more on how people use and integrate simple heuristics in the face of goal conflict under risk.
Intuitive versus analytic abilities: The case of words versus numbers
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor
Published: July 2002

The distinction between abstract (rule-based) and contextual (intuitive) thinking is illustrated by studies of numeric versus linguistic expressions of probability. Verbal probabilities are believed to reflect intuitions that can be adaptive and occasionally normative (e.g., counteracting conjunction errors). Stanovich & West's interpretation of analytic thinking in terms of ability suggests a complementary ability perspective on intuitive thinking.
P-Consciousness presentation/A-Consciousness representation
Authors: Gamble Denise
Published: July 2002

P-Consciousness (P) is to be understood in terms of an
immediate fluctuating continuum that is a presentation of raw
experiential matter against which A-consciousness (A) acts to
objectify, impose form or make determinate “thinkable”
contents. A representationalises P but P is not itself
representational, at least in terms of some concepts of
“representation.” Block's arguments fall short
of establishing that P is representational and, given the sort of
cognitive science assumptions he is working with, he is unable to
account for the aspect of phenomenal content that he thinks goes
beyond “representational” content. BBS discussion
reveals the need for greater analysis and justification for a
representationalist thesis of P.
Sympathetically maintained pain: Confusing classification, ill-defined diagnostic criteria, and puzzling pathophysiology
Authors: Raja Srinivasa N. , Wesselmann Ursula
Published: July 2002

Recent studies indicate a role of the sympathetic nervous
system in acute and chronic pain. However, the terminology of the
clinical sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) syndromes continues to
be confusing and the criteria for diagnosis of SMP are being refined.
(blumberg et al.) Despite significant progress in
recent years, the mechanisms of the interaction between the
sympathetic and sensory systems in SMP remain puzzling.
Central sensitization following intradermal injection of capsaicin
Authors: Willis William D.
Published: July 2002

Intradermal capsaicin in humans causes pain, primary
hyperalgesia, and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia.
Parallel changes occur in the responses of primate spinothalamic tract
cells and in rat behavior. Neurotransmitters that trigger secondary
mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia include excitatory amino acids
and substance P. Secondary mechanical allodynia is actively maintained
by central mechanisms. Our group has investigated mechanisms of
central sensitization of nociceptive neurons by examining the
responses to intradermal injection of capsaicin. These experiments
are pertinent to issues raised by coderre & katz (sect. 2).
Motor cortex fields and speech movements: Simple dual control is implausible
Authors: Abbs James H. , DePaul Roxanne
Published: July 2002

We applaud the spirit of MacNeilage's attempts to better
explain the evolution and cortical control of speech by drawing on the
vast literature in nonhuman primate neurobiology. However, he
oversimplifies motor cortical fields and their known individual
functions to such an extent that he undermines the value of his
effort. In particular, MacNeilage has lumped together the functional
characteristics across multiple mesial and lateral motor cortex
fields, inadvertantly creating two hypothetical centers that simply
may not exist.
Testosterone and dominance: Between-population variance and male energetics
Authors: Bribiescas Richard G.
Published: July 2002

The testosterone–dominance model is noteworthy
but should incorporate the ecological factors that often underlie
variability in basal testosterone. This is evident in the ethnic
testosterone differences discussed in the target article (sect. 8).
The significance of acute changes in testosterone levels in response
to competition is also poorly understood. Significant metabolic
effects have been reported, suggesting that other physiological
explanations should be explored, independent of potential behavioral
or social factors.
Attentional dynamics and a chorus of geons
Authors: Postma Eric , van den Herik Jaap , Hudson Patrick
Published: July 2002

This commentary discusses three main requirements for
models of vision, namely, translation and scale invariance,
scalability, and hierarchy. Edelman's Chorus
model falls short of fulfilling these requirements because it ignores
the highly dynamic nature of vision. Incorporating an attentional
mechanism and assuming geon-like prototype representations may
enhance Chorus's plausibility as a model of human object
recognition.
Atran's evolutionary psychology: “Say it ain't just-so, Joe”
Authors: Maffie James
Published: July 2002

Atran advances three theses: our folk-biological taxonomy is
(1) universal, (2) innate, and (3) the product of natural selection. I
argue that Atran offers insufficient support for theses (2) and (3)
and that his evolutionary psychology thus amounts to nothing more
than a just-so story.
Cultural determinism is no better than biological determinism
Authors: Trehub Sandra E. , Schellenberg E. Glenn
Published: July 2002

Deliberate practice and experience may suffice as predictors
of expertise, but they cannot account for spectacular achievements.
Highly variable environmental and biological factors provide
facilitating as well as constraining conditions for development,
generating relative plasticity rather than absolute
plasticity. The skills of virtuosos and idiots savants are more
consistent with the talent account than with the deliberate-practice
account.
Color: How you see it, when you don't
Authors: Benson Philip J.
Published: July 2002

It is worth considering whether particular behavioral measures from observers are ever consciously (or preattentively) transformed a priori so as to render inferences about them indistinguishable. This is unlikely, but recent experiments indicating color sensitivity and selectivity without visual awareness suggest that the distinction between what can and cannot be explained about color experience using behavioral responses may not be as obvious as Palmer concluded.
Cell assemblies as building blocks of larger cognitive structures
Authors: Ivancich J. Eric , Huyck Christian R. , Kaplan Stephen
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller's work in extending Hebb's
theory into the realm of language is exciting. However, we feel that
what he characterizes as a single cell assembly is actually a set of
cooperating cell assemblies that form parts of larger cognitive
structures. These larger structures account more easily for a
variety of phenomena, including the psycholinguistic.
Dopamine tightens, not loosens
Authors: Tucker Don M.
Published: July 2002

Depue & Collins propose that extraversion should be
separated from the impulsivity-constraint dimension of personality,
and that the VTA dopamine system is the primary engine of
extraversion. Although their focus is on personality traits, it may
be useful to consider the evidence on psychological state changes,
related both to affective arousal and to drug effects. This evidence
shows that there are inherent relations between extraversion and
impulsivity-constraint, and that there are influences of dopamine
on impulsivity-constraint that are not consistent with the Depue
& Collins model. Increased positive affect leads to increased
extraversion, and this is associated with more impulsivity and
less constraint. The evidence on drug effects shows that greater
dopaminergic control is associated with more constraint, and with
anxiety and vigilance rather than positive affect.
Locating meaning in interaction, not in the brain
Authors: Turnbull William , Carpendale Jeremy I. M.
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller's attempt to link language with
brain activity appears to depend on the assumption that words have
context-independent meanings. An examination of everyday talk
contradicts this assumption. The meaning that speakers convey depends
not only on word content, but also, and importantly, on the location
of a “word” in an ongoing sequence of turns in
talk.
Contextual correlates of meaning
Authors: CHARLES WALTER G.
Published: July 2002

The relation between similarity and dissimilarity of meaning and similarity of context was
analyzed for synonymous nouns. New semantic similarity and dissimilarity rating tests with an
empirically determined series of linguistic anchors and conventional, arbitrarily anchored semantic
similarity ratings were compared. Contextual similarity was elicited by a sorting test based on
substitution and yielding d-primes. The study found reliable correlations between the d-primes and
the different ratings for semantic similarity and dissimilarity of the synonymous nouns across a
wide continuum of meaning. The data strongly supported a contextual hypothesis of meaning. The
data endorsed the claim that people abstract a contextual representation from experiencing the
multiple natural linguistic contexts of a word. Semantic similarity and dissimilarity rating formats
with an empirically chosen series of linguistic anchors and a sorting test of contextual similarity
yielded stronger support for a contextual hypothesis than did alternative methods of eliciting
lexical and contextual similarity.
The inheritance and innateness of grammars. Myrna Gopnik (Ed.). New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. 232.
Authors: Zaretsky Elena , Gleason Jean Berko
Published: July 2002

What could possibly be innate? John Morton asked this question in a symposium on
psycholinguistics in 1969 (Morton, 1970), and, as this book makes clear, he was certainly not the
last to ask it. The Inheritance and Innateness of Grammars is one of the most recent
manifestations of our fascination with the question of just what it is that makes it possible for
humans – and only humans – to learn language as we know it. The book is the
product of a conference that was held at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver in 1993. Nine
chapters present work by authors whose expertise includes such topics as speech perception,
neurobiology, sign language, language impairment, and, of course, developmental
psycholinguistics. Although the word “inheritance” in the title can be understood
to refer to genetics, it would have been helpful if the authors had provided their definitions of the
term “innateness.” In its primary sense, innate means inborn or present at birth,
but clearly no one is arguing that language itself is present at birth, although most would agree
that some capacities that may underlie language can be demonstrated in very young infants. Eric
Lenneberg provided one definition of innateness in his book, Biological Foundations of
Language (1967), which may be what some authors have in mind since his work is
frequently referenced:
Animals may be thought of as functioning like machines. Their inner structure is not the result of
accidental circumstances. The machine unfolds during development, and the internal structure is
programmed onto the ontogenetic process. Let us call the internal structure innate
mechanisms and the modes of operation that are determined by these mechanisms innate behavior. (p. 220)
Dynamical entropy for Bogoliubov actions of free abelian groups on the CAR-algebra
Authors: BEZUGLYI SERGEY I. , GOLODETS VALENTIN YA.
Published: July 2002

The notion of
dynamical entropy for actions of a countable free abelian group $G$ by
automorphisms of $C^*$-algebras is studied. These results are applied to
Bogoliubov actions of $G$ on the CAR-algebra. It is shown that the dynamical
entropy of Bogoliubov actions is computed by a formula analogous to that
found by Størmer and Voiculescu in the case $G={\bf Z}$, and also it is
proved that the part of the action corresponding to a singular spectrum gives
zero
contribution to the entropy. The case of an infinite number of generators has
some essential differences and requires new arguments.
Cohomology-free diffeomorphisms of low-dimension tori
Authors: LUZ RICHARD U. , DOS SANTOS NATHAN M.
Published: July 2002

We study cohomology-free (c.f.) diffeomorphisms of the torus $T^n$. A diffeomorphism is c.f. if every smooth function $f$ on $T^n$ is cohomologous to a constant $f_0$, i.e. there exists a $C^{\infty}$ function $h$ so that $h-h\circ\varphi=f-f_0$. We show that the only c.f. diffeomorphisms of $T^n$, $1\le n\le3$, are the smooth conjugations of Diophantine translations. For $n=4$, we prove the same result for c.f. orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms.
Editorial
Authors: BLAKEMORE KEN , BYTHEWAY BILL
Published: July 2002

As we embark upon the task of editing the seventeenth volume of

Ageing and Society, we can draw upon the 8,600 pages

of past editions, including

well over 100 articles and 250 book reviews. In the context of this

steadily growing body of learning, our aim is to sustain and develop the

reputation of Ageing and Society as one of the foremost international

academic journals in social gerontology.
How important is parenthood? Childlessness and support in old age in England
Authors: WENGER G. CLARE , SCOTT ANNE , PATTERSON NERYS
Published: July 2002

Familial relationships are popularly and sociologically viewed as crucial to the
social support of elderly people, and of these the relationships between adult
children and their parents are generally regarded as the most important
(Finch and Mason 1993). But could these expectations be part of a cultural
myth? In actuality, does the distinction between parenthood and childlessness
make much difference to social support in old age? The present paper
addresses this question. Using data from Liverpool, it compares the support
networks of older people in three categories: parents (nearly always married);
those who married but remained childless; and those who did not marry and
remained childless. Its principal finding is that childlessness has a negative
impact on support network strength only for single men and for married women.
This suggests that youthful investment in a lasting marriage incurs high social
opportunity costs for women in old age, unless offset by the survival of
children. The findings have implications for the evaluation of social policies
that are based on the expectation that individual female family members, in
the context of a male-breadwinner family, will provide ‘caring’ for dependent
persons. Such provision of care may incur diminished receipt of care for some
women in old age.
Robert Mencherini, Guerre Froide, Grèves Rouges: Parti Communiste, Stalinisme et Luttes Sociales en France. Les Grèves ‘Insurrectionnelles' de 1947–1948. Preface by Maurice Agulhon. Paris: Editions Syllepses, 1998. 307 pp. 140 FF.
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: July 2002

The industrial unrest of November–December 1947 constitutes a
major signpost in post-World War Two French society and politics, and, indeed,
it has served to indicate the hardening of the then-emerging Cold War divide in
and beyond France. Strongest in centers of Parti Communiste Français
(PCF) and Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT)
power, this strike wave symbolized the definitive end of the postliberation
tripartite governmental alliance among centrist Catholics, social democrats, and
communists. The strikers' oftentimes militant activism led hostile
observers to detect insurrectionary aims on the part of blue-collar workers, the
CGT, the PCF, and the Kremlin. Because of the obvious centrality of the
“red strikes” in late 1947, the paucity of serious analyses is all
the more remarkable.
New target designs for direct-drive ICF
Authors: PHILLIPS LEE , GARDNER JOHN H. , BODNER STEPHEN E. , COLOMBANT DENIS , OBENSCHAIN S.P. , SCHMITT A.J. , DAHLBURG JILL P. , LEHECKA TOM , KLAPISCH MARCEL , BAR-SHALOM AVRAHAM
Published: July 2002

We describe two approaches to the design of a direct-drive
high-gain pellet for inertial confinement fusion reactors
that has enhanced stability due to the reduction in the
Rayleigh-Taylor growth rate and enhanced thermal smoothing
of laser imprint. The first design incorporates an overcoat
containing a high-Z element that radiatively heats the
ablator during the foot of the laser pulse. The second
incorporates a very low density foam ablator that is compressed
by a series of transmitted and reflected shocks. Both designs
enhance thermal smoothing by developing a very long density
scale length and high electron densities in the ablator
blowoff.
Sensitivity analysis for a class of robotic grasping quality functionals
Authors: Hershkovitz Moshe , Teboulle Marc
Published: July 2002

We consider an optimization formulation that captures the quality of a grasp. In this model the object geometry, finger contact points and the magnitude of the external load are given. Perturbation of these parameters from their nominal values might lead to significant variations on the predicted grasping quality measures. In this paper we study the sensitivity of a class of grasping quality functions subject to these perturbations and introduce a global sensitivity measure together with a computational procedure to evaluate it. Our analysis is developed within the framework of sensitivity theory and dual methods of nonlinear programming. Numerical simulations supporting the theoretical analysis are presented.
High-bandwidth force and impedance control for industrial robots
Authors: Freund Eckhard , Pesara Jürgen
Published: July 2002

Common geared industrial robots call for force control methods with special properties such as good rejection of frictional disturbances, smoothness of corrective motions, and more. A new method is presented which meets these requirements
and provides a high control bandwidth. In the manner of hybrid control, directions of a task frame can be selected to be force, impedance or position controlled. A joint-based inner
position loop and a superimposed predictive force controller are used. Practical results include data from a robotic grinding facility. Here, the controller proved robustness and good performance under rough conditions.
Neural network inverse control techniques for PD controlled robot manipulator
Authors: Jung Seul , Hsia T.C.
Published: July 2002

In this paper neural network (NN) control techniques for non-model based PD controlled robot manipulators are proposed. The main difference between the proposed technique and the existing feedback error learning (FEL) technique is that compensation of robot dynamics uncertainties is done outside the control loop by modifying the desired input trajectory. By using different NN training signals, two NN control schemes are developed. One
is comparable to that in the FEL technique and another has to deal with the Jacobian of the PD controlled robot dynamic system. Performances of both controllers for various trajectories
with different PD controller gains are examined and compared with that of the FEL controller. It is shown that the new control technique performed better and robust to PD controller
gain variations.
On Why the Best Should Always Meet
Authors: Sandqvist Tor
Published: July 2002

It seems plausible, even truistic, that when an agent is faced with the choice of giving up one belief or another, the decision should be based on the relative strengths of these beliefs along some dimension of doxastic merit. This said, however, two non-trivial questions arise:

(1) Which dimension?

(2) How should the contraction outcome be affected by the distribution of beliefs along this dimension?
DYNAMIC NONLINEAR ECONOMETRIC MODELS—ASYMPTOTIC THEORY
Authors: de Jong Robert M.
Published: July 2002

Benedikt Pötscher and Ingmar Prucha are two
exceptional econometricians who combine an extraordinary
knowledge of the statistics and econometrics literature
with great analytical skills. Both are excellent mathematicians,
and the comment that can be heard among mathematicians
that econometricians are “self-made mathematicians”
definitely does not apply to them. Therefore, given the
task of writing an overview of asymptotic theory for minimization
estimators for dependent processes, one could hardly imagine
a better choice of writers for such a task. The result is
a remarkable book that deserves to receive attention from
an audience that is broader than experts in the field only.
The impact of El Niño on mast fruiting in Sumatra and elsewhere in Malesia
Authors: Wich S. A. , Schaik C. P. Van
Published: July 2002

Long-term data on flower and fruit production of the forest community in two lowland tropical rain forests in north-western Sumatra are presented. The proportion of years with mast fruiting was found to be similar to that found elsewhere in Malesia. However, masting at the two sites, 70 km apart, did not coincide, and showed no correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO). Comparisons with other sites in Malesia suggest a general waning of ENSO's impact toward western Malesia. Spatial variation at various scales in the timing of masting events was noted in Sumatra and elsewhere. This suggests that additional factors to ENSO play a role in determining forest-level mast fruiting, and we hypothesize that frugivorous animals have the opportunity to track mast fruiting. It is hypothesized that asynchrony between nearby areas in masting increases toward the western edge of Malesia.
Caviar in the rain forest: monkeys as frog-spawn predators in Taï National Park, Ivory Coast
Authors: Rödel Mark-Oliver , Range Friederike , Seppänen Janne-Tuomas , Noë Ronald
Published: July 2002

The high predation pressure in aquatic environments is generally assumed to
be the ultimate cause of terrestrial breeding in anurans (Downie 1993,
Magnusson & Hero 1991, Poynton 1964, Yorke 1983). It has evolved multiple
times and is presently found in most anuran families (Bogart 1981, Duellman
1992). It is often associated with higher humidity and thus lower desiccation
risk in tropical forests (Duellman & Trueb 1986). Most clutches that are oviposited terrestrially are either hidden in subterranean refuges or attached
more or less exposed to vegetation (Duellman & Trueb 1986, Lamotte & Lescure 1977). Exposed clutches however, face the risk of desiccation, even in
rain-forest environments (Rödel pers. obs.) and are still vulnerable to predation. Such disparate groups as various arthropods (Villa 1977, 1980; Villa & Townsend 1983, Vonesh 2000), frogs (Crump 1974), snakes (Roberts 1994, Scott & Starrett 1974, Warkentin 1995) and birds (Brosset 1967), have been
reported to feed on these clutches. The foam nests,which occur in at least six
tropical anuran families, seem to provide better protection. Their drying surface and their more or less liquid interior offers the tadpoles an aquatic environment that is well protected against desiccation and predation (Duellman &
Trueb 1986, Seymour & Loveridge 1994). In addition the bubbles of the foam facilitate oxygen diffusion within the nest and may even provide a capacious oxygen store for eggs and hatched tadpoles (Seymour & Loveridge 1994). Few predators have been reported to feed on foam nests, one of which,paradoxically, is a frog (Drewes & Altig 1996). In the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, we discovered a quite unexpected group of predators preying on foam nests and frog clutches exposed on leaves: monkeys.
Control of Avicennia germinans recruitment and survival by Junonia evarete larvae in a disturbed mangrove forest in Colombia
Authors: Elster Carola , Perdomo Laura , Polanía Jaime , Schnetter Marie-Luise
Published: July 2002

In the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, a brackish lagoon system on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, about 60% of the mangrove forests died from hypersalinization. The die-back was first encountered in 1964 and mass mortality started in the late 1960s. Although efforts are being made to reestablish the destroyed areas, regeneration is slow, which may be partly due to Junonia evarete caterpillars defoliating Avicennia germinans seedlings. The interaction between insects and seedlings was studied. Both J. evarete butterflies and caterpillars were abundant during the main rainy season, the time of highest fruit production in A. germinans. During the dry season the herbivore disappeared. The caterpillars fed exclusively on A. germinans propagules, seedlings, and pneumatophores. They preferred young seedlings to older plants and did not feed on trees. At some sites, 100% of the A. germinans seedlings died due to the caterpillar attack. Seedlings at open, disturbed sites were attacked more than seedlings protected by small roofs and trenches or those under a closed canopy. Only seedlings protected by insect nets or seedlings germinating at the beginning of the dry season had good chances of survival. The results suggest that in the highly disturbed areas of the Ciénaga Grande regeneration of A. germinans is strongly inhibited by the feeding behaviour of J. evarete caterpillars.
Designing neural network architectures for pattern recognition
Authors: KUBAT MIROSLAV
Published: July 2002

An appropriately designed architecture of a neural network is essential to many realistic pattern-recognition tasks. A choice of just the right number of neurons, and their interconnections, can cut learning costs by orders of magnitude, and still warrant high classification accuracy. Surprisingly, textbooks often neglect this issue. A specialist seeking systematic information will soon realize that relevant material is scattered over diverse sources, each with a different perspective, terminology and goals. This brief survey attempts to rectify the situation by explaining the involved aspects, and by describing some of the fundamental techniques.
Agent technology in communications systems: an overview
Authors: HAYZELDEN ALEX L. G. , BIGHAM JOHN
Published: July 2002

Telecommunications infrastructures are a natural application domain for the distributed software agent paradigm. The authors clarify the potential application of software agent technology in legacy and future communications systems, and provide an overview of publicly available research on software agents used for communications management. The authors focus on the intelligent agent type of software agent, although the paper also reviews the reasons why mobile agents have made an impact in this domain. The author's objective is to describe some of the intricacies of using the software agent approach for the management of communications systems. The paper is in four main sections. The first section provides a brief introduction to software agent technology. The second section considers general problems of network management and the reasons why software agents may provide a suitable solution. The third section reviews some selected research on agents in a telecommunications management framework. The final section concludes the paper by discussing some of the problems encountered and some future directions for further research.
COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHOLINGUISTICS: AI AND CONNECTIONIST
MODELS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE PROCESSING. Ton Dijkstra & Koenraad
de Smedt (Eds.). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis, 1996. Pp. xv + 437. $79.95 cloth,
$29.95 paper.
Authors: Davidson Doug
Published: July 2002

Computational Psycholinguistics is an integrated collection by researchers within
psycholinguistics aimed at providing a balanced treatment of current computational modeling in
both language perception and generation. The initial chapters of the book provide an introduction
to the general techniques used in computational modeling (Dijkstra & de Smedt), as well as
perspectives from traditional symbolic artificial intelligence (Daelemans & de Smedt) and
connectionist approaches (Murre & Goebel). The themes presented in the introductory
chapters are well integrated into the rest of the book, consistent with the goal of providing a
relatively self-contained introduction, suitable for a graduate-level psycholinguistics classroom
or a general introductory source.
THE ACQUISITION OF TEMPORALITY IN A SECOND LANGUAGE.Rainer Dietrich, Wolfgang Klein, & Colette Noyau (Eds.). Amsterdam:
Benjamins,
1995. Pp. xii + 288. $59.00 cloth.
Authors: Bardovi-Harlig Kathleen
Published: July 2002

Imagine a three-year longitudinal study of the acquisition of multiple target languages by
learners of different language backgrounds. It may sound like an idealized example from a
research-methods lecture, but it is the actual design of the European Science Foundation inquiry
into adult second language acquisition and the latest report released by Benjamins, a substantial
revision of Volume 5 of the final report on temporality (Bhardwaj, Dietrich, & Noyau,
1988). This volume reports on the acquisition of temporality in five target languages (English,
German, Dutch, French, and Swedish) by 21 learners of six source languages (Punjabi, Italian,
Turkish, Arabic, Spanish, and Finnish) with learners from two source languages for each target
language. The volume has eight chapters written by the main authors and cooperating
contributors: “Introduction” (Dietrich & Perdue), “Frame of
Analysis” (Klein), five chapters on the acquisition of temporality by target
language—English (Klein), German (Dietrich), Dutch (Klein, Coenen, van Helvert,
& Hendricks), French (Noyau, Houdaïfa, Vasseur, & Véronique), and
Swedish (Noyau, Dorriots, Sjöström, & Voionmaa)—and
“Conclusions” (Klein, Dietrich, & Noyau).
INSIDE LANGUAGE.Vivian Cook. London: Arnold, 1997. Pp. ix +
290. $19.95 paper.
Authors: Plough India
Published: July 2002

Inside Language offers a somewhat new organization in the presentation of basic
linguistics. Additionally, certain areas receive greater (e.g., writing) or lesser (e.g., pragmatics)
emphasis than that which is traditionally found in introductory texts. Intended for both a lay
audience and students of linguistics, portions of Inside Language may prove difficult
for the novice, but features such as the references for further reading at the end of each chapter
make this text a valuable resource for teachers and students.
Monolingual and bilingual children's use of the

mutual exclusivity constraint
Authors: DAVIDSON DENISE , JERGOVIC DIANA , IMAMI ZUBIA , THEODOS VIOLET
Published: July 2002

The use of the mutual exclusivity constraint was examined in

three-year-old and six-year-old children who were either monolingual in

English (N=32) or bilingual in English/Urdu (N=32)
or in

English/Greek (N=32). Three tests of the constraint were used:

disambiguation, rejection, and restriction. On the disambiguation test,

the mutual exclusivity bias was significantly more evident in five- and

six-year-old monolingual children than in their same-age bilingual

peers. Monolingual children were also more likely than bilingual

children to reject a new name for a familiar object. However, using a

restriction test, neither monolingual nor bilingual children readily

accepted and restricted typical names for hybrid objects. Developmental

differences were also found, as older (five- to six-year-old) monolingual

children's responses on the tests were generally more consistent with
the

constraint than younger (three- to four-year-old) children's responses.

Nevertheless, bilingual children did use the constraint, but not to the

extent of monolingual children.
The Development of Airborne Dead Reckoning. Part II: After 1940 – Staying On Track
Authors: Ayliffe Alec
Published: July 2002

The History of Air Navigation Group commissioned the author to provide a brief account of airborne DR development by discussing both the methods and the equipment used in the air. This second and final part covers the period after 1940 which saw the automation of DR techniques from the Air Position Indicator of the 1940s to the Flight Management Systems in current use.
A fisheries management perspective on marine protected areas in the Mediterranean
Authors: CADDY JOHN F.
Published: July 2002

The last ten years have seen a growing disillusionment with many conventional fishery management methods, in part, I would suggest, since the managers using them have been unaware of the complexity of the ecosystems they are dealing with. The pendulum seems to be swinging steadily in the direction of spatially-based management tools for fisheries (see e.g. Hilborn & Kennedy 1992; Walters et al. 1993; Seijo et al. 1994; Hall 1998; Caddy 1999a), and the Mediterranean is ideally suited for testing and applying such mechanisms from both the geographical aspect, and in terms of its high biodiversity.