bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Transcend”: Initial outcomes from a posttraumatic stress disorder/substance abuse treatment program
Authors: Donovan Beverly , Padin‐Rivera Edgardo , Kowaliw Sean
Published: December 2002

This paper describes the development of a comprehensive treatment program for combat veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse (SA). Outcome data are presented on 46 male patients who completed treatment between 1996 and 1998. The treatment approach, defined by a detailed manual, integrates elements of cognitive‐behavioral skills training, constructivist theory approaches, SA relapse prevention strategies, and peer social support into a group‐focused program. The Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) were used to assess treatment effectiveness at discharge and 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Significant symptom changes revealed on CAPS and ASI scores at discharge and follow‐up are analyzed. Discussion focuses on hypotheses regarding treatment effectiveness, study limitations, and suggestions for further research.
Liver Lipid Composition and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats After Ingestion of Dietary Fats (Fish, Olive and High-Oleic Sunflower Oils)
Authors: Ruiz-Gutiérrez Valentina , Vázquez Carmen M. , Santa-Maria Consuelo
Published: December 2002

Hypertension is associated with greater than normal lipoperoxidation and an imbalance in antioxidant status, suggesting that oxidative stress is important in the pathogenesis of this disease. Although many studies have examined the effect of antioxidants in the diet on hypertensión and other disorders, less attention has been given to the evaluation of the role of specific dietary lipids in modulating endogenous antioxidant enzyme status. Previously, we have described that liver antioxidant enzyme activities may be modulated by consumption of different oils in normotensive rats. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of feeding different lipidic diets (olive oil, OO, high-oleic-acid sunflower oil, HOSO, and fish oil, FO) on liver antioxidant enzyme activities of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Plasma and liver lipid composition was also studied. Total triacylglycerol concentration increases in plasma and liver of animals fed on the HOSO and OO diets and decreases in those fed on the FO diet, relative to rats fed the control diet. The animals fed on the oil-enriched diet show similar hepatic cholesterol and phospholipid contents, which are higher than the control group. Consumption of the FO diet results in a decrease in the total cholesterol and phospholipid concentration in plasma, compared with the high-oleic-acid diets. In liver, the FO group show higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the (n-3) series, in relation to the animals fed on the diets enriched in oleic acid. Livers of FO-fed rats, compared with those of OO- and HOSO-fed rats showed: (i) significantly higher activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase; (ii) no differences in the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. The HOSO diet had a similar effect on liver antioxidant enzyme activities as the OO diet. In conclusion, it appears that changes in the liver fatty acid composition due mainly to n-3 lipids may enhance the efficiency of the antioxidant defence system and may yield a benefit in the hypertension status. The two monounsaturated fatty acids oils studied (OO and HOSO), with the same high content of oleic acid, but different content of natural antioxidants, had similar effects on the antioxidant enzyme activities studied.
Biophysics and Physiology of Temperature Regulation in Thermogenic Flowers
Authors: Seymour Roger S.
Published: December 2002

The flowers or inflorescences of certain primitive seed plants are able to regulate their temperature during blooming by modulating the rate of heat production to remain much warmer than the surroundings. A large drop in ambient temperature causes a smaller drop in flower temperature which causes an increase in the rate of heat production by futile involvement of the cytochrome and alternative oxidase respiratory pathways. The result is that the rate of heat production is inversely related to ambient temperature and flower temperature remains high and relatively independent of ambient temperature. While the biophysics of thermal balance in the whole flowers is better understood, the regulation of the biochemical heat-generating pathways is not known.
Role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase on Heat Production and Thermogenesis
Authors: de Meis Leopoldo
Published: December 2002

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle retains a membrane bound Ca2+-ATPase which is able to interconvert different forms of energy. A part of the chemical energy released during ATP hydrolysis is converted into heat and in the bibliography it is assumed that the amount of heat produced during the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule is always the same, as if the energy released during ATP cleavage were divided in two non-interchangeable parts: one would be converted into heat, and the other used for Ca2+ transport. Data obtained in our laboratory during the past three years indicate that the amount of heat released during the hydrolysis of ATP may vary between 7 and 32 kcal/mol depending on whether or not a transmembrane Ca2+ gradient is formed across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. Drugs such as heparin and dimethyl sulfoxide are able to modify the fraction of the chemical energy released during ATP hydrolysis which is used for Ca2+ transport and the fraction which is dissipated in the surrounding medium as heat.
The classical pathway is the dominant complement pathway required for innate immunity toStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection in mice
Authors: Brown Jeremy S. , Hussell Tracy , Gilliland Sarah M. , Holden David W. , Paton James C. , Ehrenstein Michael R. , Walport Mark J. , Botto Marina
Published: December 2002

The complement system is an important component of the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens, includingStreptococcus pneumoniae. The classical complement pathway is activated by antibody–antigen complexes on the bacterial surface and has been considered predominately to be an effector of the adaptive immune response, whereas the alternative and mannose-binding lectin pathways are activated directly by bacterial cell surface components and are considered effectors of the innate immune response. Recently, a role has been suggested for the classical pathway during innate immunity that is activated by natural IgM or components of the acute-phase response bound to bacterial pathogens. However, the functional importance of the classical pathway for innate immunity toS. pneumoniaeand other bacterial pathogens, and its relative contribution compared with the alternative and mannose-binding lectin pathways has not been defined. By using strains of mice with genetic deficiencies of complement components and secretory IgM we have investigated the role of each complement pathway and natural IgM for innate immunity toS. pneumoniae. Our results show that the proportion of a population ofS. pneumoniaebound by C3 depends mainly on the classical pathway, whereas the intensity of C3 binding depends on the alternative pathway. Furthermore, the classical pathway, partially targeted by the binding of natural IgM to bacteria, is the dominant pathway for activation of the complement system during innate immunity toS. pneumoniae, loss of which results in rapidly progressing septicemia and impaired macrophage activation. These data demonstrate the vital role of the classical pathway for innate immunity to a bacterial pathogen.
Delayed reentry of recycling vesicles into the fusion-competent synaptic vesicle pool in synaptojanin 1 knockout mice
Authors: Kim Warren T. , Chang Sunghoe , Daniell Laurie , Cremona Ottavio , Di Paolo Gilbert , De Camilli Pietro
Published: December 2002

Synaptojanin 1 is a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling. We used FM1-43 imaging and electron microscopy in cultured cortical neurons from control and synaptojanin 1 knockout mice to study how the absence of this protein affects specific steps of the synaptic vesicle cycle. Exo/endocytosis after a moderate stimulus was unchanged. However, during prolonged stimulation, the regeneration of fusion-competent synaptic vesicles was severely impaired. In stimulated nerve terminals, there was a persistent accumulation of clathrin-coated vesicles and a backup of newly reformed vesicles in the cytomatrix-rich area around the synaptic vesicle cluster. These findings demonstrate that synaptojanin 1 function is needed for the progression of recycling vesicles to the functional synaptic vesicle pool.
Allopolyploidization and evolution of species with reduced floral structures inLepidiumL. (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Lee Ji-Young , Mummenhoff Klaus , Bowman John L.
Published: December 2002

Understanding the pattern of speciation in a group of plants is critical for understanding its morphological evolution.Lepidiumis the genus with the largest variation in floral structure in Brassicaceae, a family in which the floral ground plan is remarkably stable. However, flowers in more than half ofLepidiumspecies have reduced stamen numbers, and most of these also have reduced petals. The species with reduced flowers are geographically biased, distributed mostly in the Americas and Australia/ New Zealand. Previous phylogenetic studies using noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA and rDNA internal transcribed spacer were incongruent in most New World species relationships. These data, combined with the presence of many polyploidLepidiumspecies, implied a reticulate history of the genus but did not provide enough information to infer the evolutionary pattern of flower structures. To address this question more thoroughly, sequences of the first intron of a single copy nuclear gene,PISTILLATA, were determined from 43 species. Phylogenetic analysis of thePIintron suggests that many species in the New World have originated from allopolyploidization, and that this is correlated with floral reduction. Interspecific hybrids were generated to understand why allopolyploidization is associated with reduced flowers. The phenotypes of F1 flowers indicate allelic dominance of the absence of lateral stamens, suggesting that propagation of dominant alleles through interspecific hybridization could account for the abundance of the allopolyploid species without lateral stamens.
Soft and hard classification by reproducing kernel Hilbert space methods
Authors: Wahba Grace
Published: December 2002

Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) methods provide a unified context for solving a wide variety of statistical modelling and function estimation problems. We consider two such problems: We are given a
training set
{

y
i

,

t
i

,
i
= 1, … ,
n
}, where

y
i

is the response for the
i
th subject, and

t
i

is a vector of attributes for this subject. The value of

y
i

is a label that indicates which category it came from. For the first problem, we wish to build a model from the training set that assigns to each
t
in an attribute domain of interest an estimate of the probability

p
j

(
t
) that a (future) subject with attribute vector
t
is in category
j
. The second problem is in some sense less ambitious; it is to build a model that assigns to each
t
a label, which classifies a future subject with that
t
into one of the categories or possibly “none of the above.” The approach to the first of these two problems discussed here is a special case of what is known as penalized likelihood estimation. The approach to the second problem is known as the support vector machine. We also note some alternate but closely related approaches to the second problem. These approaches are all obtained as solutions to optimization problems in RKHS. Many other problems, in particular the solution of ill-posed inverse problems, can be obtained as solutions to optimization problems in RKHS and are mentioned in passing. We caution the reader that although a large literature exists in all of these topics, in this inaugural article we are selectively highlighting work of the author, former students, and other collaborators.
A highly Ca
2+
-sensitive pool of vesicles is regulated by protein kinase C in adrenal chromaffin cells
Authors: Yang Yan , Udayasankar Sangeetha , Dunning James , Chen Peng , Gillis Kevin D.
Published: December 2002

We have used flash photolysis of caged Ca
2+
and membrane capacitance measurements to probe exocytosis in chromaffin cells at low concentrations of intracellular Ca
2+
([Ca
2+
]
i
) (<10 μM). We observed a small pool of granules that is more sensitive to [Ca
2+
]
i
than the previously described “readily releasable pool.” Upon activation of PKC, this “highly Ca
2+
-sensitive pool” is enhanced in size to a greater extent than the readily releasable pool but is eliminated upon expression of a C-terminal deletion mutant (Δ9) of synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25). Thus, in chromaffin cells, PKC enhances exocytosis both by increasing the number of readily releasable vesicles and by shifting vesicles to a highly Ca
2+
-sensitive state, enabling exocytosis at sites relatively distant from Ca
2+
channels.
Dynamics and selection of many-strain pathogens
Authors: Gog Julia R. , Grenfell Bryan T.
Published: December 2002

Strain structure is of fundamental importance in the underlying dynamics of a number of pathogens. However, previous models have been too complex to accommodate many strains. This paper offers a solution to this problem, in the form of a simple model that is capable of capturing the dynamics of a large number of antigenic types that interact via host cross-immunity. We derive the structure of the model, which can manage the complexity of many strains by using a status-based formulation, assuming polarized immunity and cross-immunity act to reduced transmission probability. We then apply the model to address basic questions in strain dynamics, focusing particularly on the interpandemic dynamics of influenza. This model shows that strains have a tendency to “cluster.” For a long infectious period, relative to host lifetime, clusters may coexist. By contrast, a short infectious period leads to a single dominant cluster at any given time. We show how the speed of cluster replacement depends on the specificity of cross-immunity and on the underlying pathogen mutation rate.
A-317491, a novel potent and selective non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptors, reduces chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain in the rat
Authors: Jarvis Michael F. , Burgard Edward C. , McGaraughty Steve , Honore Prisca , Lynch Kevin , Brennan Timothy J. , Subieta Alberto , van Biesen Tim , Cartmell Jayne , Bianchi Bruce , Niforatos Wende , Kage Karen , Yu Haixia , Mikusa Joe , Wismer Carol T. , Zhu Chang Z. , Chu Katharine , Lee Chih-Hung , Stewart Andrew O. , Polakowski James , Cox Bryan F. , Kowaluk Elizabeth , Williams Michael , Sullivan James , Faltynek Connie
Published: December 2002

P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptors are highly localized on peripheral and central processes of sensory afferent nerves, and activation of these channels contributes to the pronociceptive effects of ATP. A-317491 is a novel non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptor activation. A-317491 potently blocked recombinant human and rat P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptor-mediated calcium flux (
K
i
= 22–92 nM) and was highly selective (IC
50
>10 μM) over other P2 receptors and other neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and enzymes. A-317491 also blocked native P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Blockade of P2X
3
containing channels was stereospecific because the
R
-enantiomer (A-317344) of A-317491 was significantly less active at P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptors. A-317491 dose-dependently (ED
50
= 30 μmol/kg s.c.) reduced complete Freund's adjuvant-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. A-317491 was most potent (ED
50
= 10–15 μmol/kg s.c.) in attenuating both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after chronic nerve constriction injury. The
R
-enantiomer, A-317344, was inactive in these chronic pain models. Although active in chronic pain models, A-317491 was ineffective (ED
50
>100 μmol/kg s.c.) in reducing nociception in animal models of acute pain, postoperative pain, and visceral pain. The present data indicate that a potent and selective antagonist of P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptors effectively reduces both nerve injury and chronic inflammatory nociception, but P2X
3
and P2X
2/3
receptor activation may not be a major mediator of acute, acute inflammatory, or visceral pain.
Glutamine/proline-rich PQE-1 proteins protect
Caenorhabditis elegans
neurons from huntingtin polyglutamine neurotoxicity
Authors: Faber Peter W. , Voisine Cindy , King Daphne C. , Bates Emily A. , Hart Anne C.
Published: December 2002

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansion in the huntingtin protein [Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993)
Cell
72, 971–983]. To understand the mechanism by which polyQ repeats cause neurodegeneration and cell death, we modeled polyQ neurotoxicity in
Caenorhabditis elegans.
In our model, expression of N-terminal fragments of human huntingtin causes polyQ-dependent degeneration of neurons. We conducted a genetic screen to identify proteins that protect neurons from the toxic effects of expanded polyQ tracts. Loss of
polyQ
enhancer-1
(
pqe-1
) gene function strongly and specifically exacerbates neurodegeneration and cell death, whereas overexpression of a
pqe-1
cDNA protects
C. elegans
neurons from the toxic effects of expanded huntingtin fragments. A glutamine/proline-rich domain, along with a charged domain, is critical for PQE-1 protein function. Analysis of
pqe-1
suggests that proteins exist that specifically protect neurons from the toxic effects of expanded polyQ disease proteins.
Whole-proteome interaction mining
Authors: Bock Joel R. , Gough David A.
Published: December 2002

Motivation: A major post-genomic scientific and technological pursuit is to describe the functions performed by the proteins encoded by the genome. One strategy is to first identify the protein–protein interactions in a proteome, then determine pathways and overall structure relating these interactions, and finally to statistically infer functional roles of individual proteins. Although huge amounts of genomic data are at hand, current experimental protein interaction assays must overcome technical problems to scale-up for high-throughput analysis. In the meantime, bioinformatics approaches may help bridge the information gap required for inference of protein function. In this paper, a previously described data mining approach to prediction of protein–protein interactions (Bock and Gough, 2001, Bioinformatics, 17, 455–460) is extended to interaction mining on a proteome-wide scale. An algorithm (the phylogenetic bootstrap) is introduced, which suggests traversal of a phenogram, interleaving rounds of computation and experiment, to develop a knowledge base of protein interactions in genetically-similar organisms.

Results: The interaction mining approach was demonstrated by building a learning system based on 1,039 experimentally validated protein–protein interactions in the human gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. An estimate of the generalization performance of the classifier was derived from 10-fold cross-validation, which indicated expected upper bounds on precision of 80% and sensitivity of 69% when applied to related organisms. One such organism is the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, in which comprehensive machine learning prediction of all possible pairwise protein–protein interactions was performed. The resulting network of interactions shares an average protein connectivity characteristic in common with previous investigations reported in the literature, offering strong evidence supporting the biological feasibility of the hypothesized map. For inferences about complete proteomes in which the number of pairwise non-interactions is expected to be much larger than the number of actual interactions, we anticipate that the sensitivity will remain the same but precision may decrease. We present specific biological examples of two subnetworks of protein–protein interactions in C. jejuni resulting from the application of this approach, including elements of a two-component signal transduction systems for thermoregulation, and a ferritin uptake network.

Contact: dgough@bioeng.ucsd.edu

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
ConSurf: Identification of Functional Regions in Proteins
by Surface-Mapping of Phylogenetic Information
Authors: Glaser Fabian , Pupko Tal , Paz Inbal , Bell Rachel E. , Bechor-Shental Dalit , Martz Eric , Ben-Tal Nir
Published: December 2002

Summary: We recently developed algorithmic tools for the identification of functionally important regions in proteins of known three dimensional structure by estimating the degree of conservation of the amino-acid sites among their close sequence homologues. Projecting the conservation grades onto the molecular surface of these proteins reveals patches of highly conserved (or occasionally highly variable) residues that are often of important biological function. We present a new web server, ConSurf, which automates these algorithmic tools. ConSurf may be used for high-throughput characterization of functional regions in proteins.

Availability: The ConSurf web server is available at:http://consurf.tau.ac.il.

Contact: fabian@ashtoret.tau.ac.iltal@ism.ac.jpinbalp@ashtoret.tau.ac.ilrebell@ashtoret.tau.ac.ildalit@ashtoret.tau.ac.ilemartz@microbio.umass.edubental@ashtoret.tau.ac.il

Supplementary Information: A set of examples is available at http://consurf.tau.ac.il under ‘GALLERY’.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genetic algorithms applied to multi-class prediction for
the analysis of gene expression data
Authors: Ooi C. H. , Tan Patrick
Published: December 2002

Motivation: An important challenge in the use of large-scale gene expression data for biological classification occurs when the expression dataset being analyzed involves multiple classes. Key issues that need to be addressed under such circumstances are the efficient selection of good predictive gene groups from datasets that are inherently ‘noisy’, and the development of new methodologies that can enhance the successful classification of these complex datasets.

Methods: We have applied genetic algorithms (GAs) to the problem of multi-class prediction. A GA-based gene selection scheme is described that automatically determines the members of a predictive gene group, as well as the optimal group size, that maximizes classification success using a maximum likelihood (MLHD) classification method.

Results: The GA/MLHD-based approach achieves higher classification accuracies than other published predictive methods on the same multi-class test dataset. It also permits substantial feature reduction in classifier genesets without compromising predictive accuracy. We propose that GA-based algorithms may represent a powerful new tool in the analysis and exploration of complex multi-class gene expression data.

Availability: Supplementary information, data sets and source codes are available at http://www.omniarray.com/bioinformatics/GA

Contact: cmrtan@nccs.com.sg

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
MADGE: scalable distributed data management software for
cDNA microarrays
Authors: McIndoe Richard A. , Lanzen Aaron , Hurtz Kimberly
Published: December 2002

Motivation: The human genome project and the development of new high-throughput technologies have created unparalleled opportunities to study the mechanism of diseases, monitor the disease progression and evaluate effective therapies. Gene expression profiling is a critical tool to accomplish these goals. The use of nucleic acid microarrays to assess the gene expression of thousands of genes simultaneously has seen phenomenal growth over the past five years. Although commercial sources of microarrays exist, investigators wanting more flexibility in the genes represented on the array will turn to in-house production. The creation and use of cDNA microarrays is a complicated process that generates an enormous amount of information. Effective data management of this information is essential to efficiently access, analyze, troubleshoot and evaluate the microarray experiments.

Results: We have developed a distributable software package designed to track and store the various pieces of data generated by a cDNA microarray facility. This includes the clone collection storage data, annotation data, workflow queues, microarray data, data repositories, sample submission information, and project/investigator information. This application was designed using a 3-tier client server model. The data access layer (1st tier) contains the relational database system tuned to support a large number of transactions. The data services layer (2nd tier) is a distributed COM server with full database transaction support. The application layer (3rd tier) is an internet based user interface that contains both client and server side code for dynamic interactions with the user.

Availability: This software is freely available to academic institutions and non-profit organizations athttp://www.genomics.mcg.edu/niddkbtc

Contact: rmcindoe@mail.mcg.edu

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Addiction
Authors: Robinson Terry E. , Berridge Kent C.
Published: December 2002

The development of addiction involves a transition from casual to compulsive patterns of drug use. This transition to addiction is accompanied by many drug-induced changes in the brain and associated changes in psychological functions. In this article we present a critical analysis of the major theoretical explanations of how drug-induced alterations in psychological function might cause a transition to addiction. These include: (a) the traditional hedonic view that drug pleasure and subsequent unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are the chief causes of addiction; (b) the view that addiction is due to aberrant learning, especially the development of strong stimulus-response habits; (c) our incentive-sensitization view, which suggests that sensitization of a neural system that attributes incentive salience causes compulsive motivation or “wanting” to take addictive drugs; and (d) the idea that dysfunction of frontal cortical systems, which normally regulate decision making and inhibitory control over behavior, leads to impaired judgment and impulsivity in addicts.
Caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease: a qualitative study from the Indian 10/66 Dementia Research Network
Authors: Shaji K. S. , Smitha K. , Lal K. Praveen , Prince M. J.
Published: December 2002

Background

Dementia is a rapidly growing problem in all parts of the developing world. Such societies are characterised by low levels of awareness regarding dementia as a chronic degenerative brain syndrome, and by an absence of supportive health and welfare services. There is reliance upon families as the cornerstone of support and care. However, surprisingly little is known of the care arrangements for people with dementia and the strain experienced by their family caregivers.

Method

In a qualitative study of 17 caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease identified through an innovative case‐finding program in Thrissur, South India, we obtained information on the range of care arrangements, attitudes towards care giving roles and sources of strain.

Results

The majority of caregivers were young women, often daughters‐in‐law of women with dementia. The principal sources of caregiver strain were behavioural problems associated with the dementia syndrome, and incontinence. Strain was exacerbated by the lack of supportive response by local health services, and by lack of support and, sometimes, criticism from other family members. Family conflict was commonly encountered. The majority of caregivers experienced significant deterioration in their mental health. One caregiver unfortunately committed suicide after the death of her husband.

Conclusions

There is a clear need for more education, advice and support for families affected by dementia. Community services in developing countries should consider training existing domiciliary outreach services, the community‐based multi‐purpose health workers, to identify and support family caregivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐factor analytic model of the MADRS in geriatric depression
Authors: Parker R. D. , Flint Elizabeth P. , Bosworth Hayden B. , Pieper Carl F. , Steffens David C.
Published: December 2002

Objective

Major depression is a heterogeneous disorder, perhaps comprising several clinical subtypes or subgroups of symptoms. This study examined whether items on the Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) form distinct symptom subgroups among geriatric depressive patients that might form the basis of new outcome measures for tracking treatment effects.

Method

The study examined a sample of 225 adults age 59 and older diagnosed with major depression. Factor analysis with oblique rotation was used to analyze baseline MADRS item scores.

Results

Three distinct interpretable factors were obtained; all ten items loaded <0.60 on a domain. The first factor, dysphoric apathy/retardation, comprised five items: apparent sadness, reported sadness, lassitude, reduced concentration, and inability to feel. Psychic anxiety, the second factor, included three items: inner tension, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts. The third factor, vegetative symptoms, resulted from items involving sleep and appetite.

Conclusions

The study produced three interpretable MADRS factors reflecting geriatric depression dimensions that may be useable to monitor focused treatment outcomes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodology to study rain splash and wash processes under natural rainfall
Authors: Van Dijk A. I. J. M. , Bruijnzeel L. A. , Eisma E. H.
Published: December 2002

The complex interactions between rainfall‐driven erosion processes and rainfall characteristics, slope gradient, soil treatment and soil surface processes are not very well understood. A combination of experiments under natural rainfall and a consistent physical theory for their interpretation is needed to shed more light on the underlying processes. The present study demonstrates such a methodology. An experimental device employed earlier in laboratory studies was used to measure downslope rain splash and ‘splash‐creep’, lateral splash, upslope splash and rainfall‐driven runoff transport (wash) from a highly aggregated clay‐rich oxisol exposed to natural rainfall in West Java, Indonesia. Two series of measurements were made: the first with the soil surface at angles of 0°, 5°, 15° and 40°; and the second all at an angle of 5° but with different tillage and mulching treatments. A number of rainfall erosivity indices were calculated from rainfall intensity measurements and compared with measured transport components. Overall storm kinetic energy correlated reasonably well with sediment transport, but much better agreement was obtained when a threshold rainfall intensity (20 mm h−1) was introduced. Rain splash transport measurements were interpreted using a recently developed theory relating detachment to sediment transport. Furthermore, a conceptually sound yet simple wash transport model is advanced that satisfactorily predicted observed washed sediment concentrations. The lack of replication precluded rigorous assessment of the effect of slope and soil treatment on erosion processes, but some general conclusions could still be drawn. The results stress the importance of experiments under conditions of natural rainfall. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the snow‐covered area data product from MODIS
Authors: Maurer Edwin P. , Rhoads Joshua D. , Dubayah Ralph O. , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: December 2002

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), flown on board the Terra Earth Observing System (EOS) platform launched in December 1999, produces a snow‐covered area (SCA) product. This product is expected to be of better quality than SCA products based on operational satellites (notably GOES and AVHRR), due both to improved spectral resolution and higher spatial resolution of the MODIS instrument. The gridded MODIS SCA product was compared with the SCA product produced and distributed by the National Weather Service National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) for 46 selected days over the Columbia River basin and 32 days over the Missouri River basin during winter and spring of 2000–01. Snow presence or absence was inferred from ground observations of snow depth at 1330 stations in the Missouri River basin and 762 stations in the Columbia River basin, and was compared with the presence/absence classification for the corresponding pixels in the MODIS and NOHRSC SCA products. On average, the MODIS SCA images classified fewer pixels as cloud than NOHRSC, the effect of which was that 15% more of the Columbia basin area could be classified as to presence–absence of snow, while overall there was a statistically insignificant difference over the Missouri basin. Of the pixels classified as cloud free, MODIS misclassified 4% and 5% fewer overall (for the Columbia and Missouri basins respectively) than did the NOHRSC product. When segregated by vegetation cover, forested areas had the greatest differences in fraction of cloud cover reported by the two SCA products, with MODIS classifying 13% and 17% less of the images as cloud for the Missouri and Columbia basins respectively. These differences are particularly important in the Columbia River basin, 39% of which is forested. The ability of MODIS to classify significantly greater amounts of snow in the presence of cloud in more topographically complex, forested, and snow‐dominated areas of these two basins provides valuable information for hydrologic prediction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized structures of Si28 and Ba@Si28 clusters: Ab initio study
Authors: Tsumuraya Kazuo , Nagano Takatoshi , Eguchi Haruki , Takenaka Hiroyuki
Published: December 2002

First‐principle electronic structure calculations are carried out for the Si28 and endohedral Ba@Si28 clusters, which are components of the clusters in the silicon clathrate II. We obtain the structurally optimized cage structures of the clusters and the exohedral binding nature of Si atom on the Ba@Si28 clusters. The hollow Si28 cluster relaxes into the Si24‐like cluster in the clathrate I, having four exohedral Si atoms outside the hexagon. The hexagons on the Ba@Si28 cluster deforms into chair‐type with relaxation. The exohedral Si atom is the most stable at the edge center near the top that forms three pentagons. We propose a mechanism of the growth of the clathrates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
DFT study of the electronic structure and Jahn–Teller effect of tetrabromomethane cation
Authors: Miguel Beatriz , García de la Vega José Manuel
Published: December 2002

A density functional theory study of the cation obtained by ionization of tetrabromomethane is reported. C2v is the only one of the possible structures of subgroups of Td group, which presents energies below the first vertical ionization. A slight minimum corresponding to a C3v structure in a complex of CBrBr, similar to CF, has been found. A detailed study of the reaction path for producing CBr + Br is considered. Different possible outcomes of the experiments are discussed in light of the theoretical results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
NQR parameters: Electric field gradient tensor and asymmetry parameter studied in terms of density functional theory
Authors: Latosińska J. N.
Published: December 2002

The calculations of the electric field gradients were performed in the different basis sets at the selected ab initio, density functional theory (DFT), and ECP levels of the theory. The most reliable QCC and η values were obtained within the DFT and with the use of B3LYP functional and middle 6‐31G* or extended 6‐311G* basis sets. The universality of the B3LYP/6‐31G* method was checked by comparing the experimental and calculated Up values as only such a comparison enables assessment of the quality of the results obtained for different (heavy and light) nuclei. The NQR parameters obtained with the use of all‐electrons (AE) and pseudopotential (ECP) methods for a group of halogens or nitrogen‐containing compounds were compared and the former were found to be close to the experimental values. The explanation of so extremely small values of EFG calculated with the use of pseudopotential was proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Intelligent control of DC motor driven mechanical systems: a robust learning control approach
Authors: Kuc Tae‐Yong , Baek Seung‐Min , Sohn Kyung‐Oh , Kim Jin‐Oh
Published: December 2002

A robust learning controller is presented for DC motor driven mechanical systems with friction. The proposed controller takes advantage of both robust and learning control approaches to learn and compensate periodic and non‐periodic uncertain dynamics. In the learning controller, a set of learning rules is implemented in which three types of learnings occur: one is direct learning of desired inverse dynamics input and the other two learning of unknown linear parameters and nonlinear bounding functions in the models of system dynamics and friction. The global asymptotic stability of learning control system is shown by using the Lyapunov stability theory. Experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness of developed learning approach to tracking of DC motor driven mechanical systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects and neuronal migration in peroxisome biogenesis disorders
Authors: Suzuki Y. , Shimozawa N. , Imamura A. , Fukuda S. , Zhang Z. , Orii T. , Kondo N.
Published: December 2002

Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are severe autosomal recessive neurological diseases caused by a defect of peroxisomal assembly factors. Zellweger syndrome, the most severe phenotype, is characterized by hypotonia, psychomotor retardation and neuronal migration disorder. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease are milder phenotypes of this disease. Thirteen complementation groups have been established since the genetic heterogeneity of PBDs was elucidated in 1988. Eleven genes for PBDs have been identified either by a functional complementation cloning or by EST homology searches. In 1992, the first gene for PBDs, PEX2, was identified. It encodes peroxisomal integral membrane protein with a RING finger domain. PEX5 and PEX7 are the genes for peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS)‐1 and ‐2 receptors, respectively. PEX3, PEX16 and PEX19 are considered to be required for the early stage of peroxisome biogenesis. PEX13 protein has an SH3 docking site that binds to the PTS‐1 receptor. PEX1 and PEX6 encode ABC protein, and PEX10 and PEX12 also encode integral membrane protein, with RING finger. Temperature‐sensitivity, whereby peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolic dysfunctions are restored at 30°C in cells from mild phenotypes, is a useful event for predicting the clinical severity and for elucidation of peroxisome biogenesis. Investigations using knockout mice are expected to facilitate understanding of migration disorders.
The Paradoxes and Promise of Community Coalitions
Authors: Chavis David M.
Published: December 2002

Community coalitions, as they are currently applied, are unique organizations whose ability to promote community change is different from other types of community organizations. This article explores those differences and elaborates how community coalitions can use those differences to transform conflict into greater capacity, equity, and justice. Concerns are also raised in this article about how community coalitions can intentionally and unintentionally protect the status quo and contain the empowerment of grassroots leadership and those of marginalized groups. There is a need for more theory, research, and discourse on how community coalitions can transform conflict into social change and how they can increase the power of grassroots and other citizen‐lead organizations.
Enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis type I: Progress and emerging difficulties
Authors: Wraith J. E.
Published: December 2002

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is due to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α‐L‐iduronidase (EC 3.2.1.76) and is associated with a defect in the catabolism of the glycosaminoglycans heparan and dermatan sulphate. The clinical picture produced by this abnormal storage is diverse and ranges from a disorder that is fatal in the early months of life, due to cardiomyopathy, to a condition compatible with a normal life‐span. It has become usual to describe the phenotypes associated with this spectrum of disorders after their eponymous names, Hurler (MPS IH, severe), Scheie (MPS IS, mild) and Hurler/Scheie (MPS IH/S, intermediate). Severely affected patients have progressive learning difficulties, facial and skeletal deformities, cardiac disease, corneal clouding, respiratory compromise and joint stiffness. Patients with MPS IH typically die in the first decade of life. MPS IH/S usually have normal intelligence and die in their twenties of cardiorespiratory disease. Patients with MPS IS may have joint stiffness, aortic valve disease and corneal clouding, but are often able to live a normal life‐span. Enzyme replacement therapy has been developed as a potential therapy for some patients with MPS I. This process has been helped by the study of a naturally occurring canine model of the disease, which produces a phenotype similar to MPS IH/S in the human. This review details the progress that has been made in this area and also highlights some potential problems with the introduction of therapy.
On the Mechanism of Intracellular Membrane Fusion: In Search of the Genuine Fusion Factor
Authors: Pécheur Eva-Isabelle , Maier Olaf , Hoekstra Dick
Published: December 2002

Intracellular membrane fusion events require a general protein machinery that functions in vesicular traffic and in assembly and maintenance of organelles. An array of cytosolic and integral membrane proteins are currently identified, and in conjunction with ongoing detailed structural studies, rapid progress is made in understanding basic features of the overall mechanism of the fusion machinery, but above all a proper appreciation of its enormous complexity. Thus a highly sophisticated level of regulation of the different steps involved in tethering, docking and merging itself is apparent. Apart from the relevance of protein–protein interactions, also a role of distinct lipids is gradually emerging, particularly in fusion. However, although various suggestions have been made recently, largely based upon in vitro studies, the identity of the actual fusion factor(s) remains to be determined.
Effect of Garlic Oil on the Levels of Various Enzymes in the Serum and Tissue of Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ohaeri O. C.
Published: December 2002

Levels of red cell, serum acid, and alkaline phosphatases, serum amylase, alanine and aspartate transferase and bilirubin were examined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with garlic oil and compared with the corresponding levels in diabetic control rats, normal rats and normal rats on garlic oil. Values of tissue amylase and total protein were also assessed from the pancreas, liver, and kidney. Treatment of diabetic rats with garlic oil significantly decreased the red cell phosphatase (p<0.01), serum acid and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) when compared to diabetic control rats. Serum alanine and asparate transferases were significantly (p<0.001) decreased as well as serum amylase (p<0.002) in garlic oil treated diabetic rats as compared with diabetic control rats. When treated with garlic oil, however, diabetic and normal rats showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the amylase levels of the pancrease, liver, and kidney.
Chenodeoxycholate Is a Potent Inducer of the Permeability Transition Pore in Rat Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Rolo Anabela P. , Oliveira Paulo J. , Moreno António J. M. , Palmeira Carlos M.
Published: December 2002

Several reports support the concept that bile acids may be cytotoxic during cholestatic disease process by causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we report additional data and findings aimed at a better understanding of the involvement of the permeability transition pore (PTP) opening in bile acids toxicity. The mitochondrial PTP is implicated as a mediator of cell injury and death in many situations. In the presence of calcium and phosphate, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) induced a permeability transition in freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria, characterized by membrane depolarization, release of matrix calcium, and osmotic swelling. All these events were blocked by cyclosporine A (CyA) and the calcium uniporter inhibitor ruthenium red (RR). The results suggest that CDCA increases the sensitivity of isolated mitochondria in vitro to the calcium-dependent induction of the PTP.
Plasma phenylalanine is asociated with decreased serum ubiquine‐10 concentrations in phenylketonuria
Authors: Artuch R. , Colomé C. , Vilaseca M. A. , Sierra C. , Cambra F. J. , Lambruschini N. , Campistol J.
Published: December 2002

Decreased serum ubiquinone‐10 concentrations is a common condition in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) under dietary treatment. Our aim was to investigate the implication of the metabolic abnormalities of PKU (low concentrations of tyrosine and high concentrations of phenylalanine) and the effect of treatment with phenylalanine‐restricted diets in decreased ubiquinone‐10 concentrations in PKU patients. We studied 30 PKU patients (age range 5 months to 35 years; median age 7 years) under dietary treatment. Correlation between plasma tyrosine or phenylalanine and serum ubiquinone‐10 concentrations was investigated. Daily cholesterol intake was caulculated from the data obtained through a dietary questionnaire. The index of dietary control (IDC) was calculated as the average of the medians of plasma phenylalanine concentrations obtained every 6 months in the metabolic control of patients. Negative correlations were observed between serum ubiquinone and the IDC (r=−0.46; p<0.01) in PKU patients. No correlation was observed between tyrosine or daily cholesterol intake by multiple linear regression analysis, for each 113 units of increase in IDC values serum ubiquinone decreased 0.1 µmol/L. According to our results, the main factor associated with the decreased serum ubiquinone concentrations was high plasma phenylalanine values. Although daily cholesterol intake seems to be associated with ubiquinone concentrations, it may not be relevant if we take into account the low intake of cholesterol in treated PKU patients.
Effect of timing of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) on posttraumatic symptoms
Authors: Campfield Kerrianne M. , Hills Adelma M.
Published: December 2002

Seventy‐seven civilian employees who were victims of robbery were randomly assigned to either an immediate (< 10 hr) or delayed (> 48 hr) debriefing group, using the J. Mitchell (1983) CISD protocol. Scores on the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale were obtained at 4 time intervals: debrief, 2 and 4 days post‐debrief, and 2 weeks postrobbery. The number and severity of symptoms did not differ at debrief, but were lower for the immediate than for the delayed group at each subsequent time interval. The number and severity of symptoms declined across time intervals; however, although this reduction was pronounced for the immediate group it was minimal for the delayed group. The results supported use of immediate debriefing with this type of incident and victim.