bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground‐Water Volumes from Anomalous Mass Determinations for Alluvial Basinsa
Authors: West Robert E. , Sumner John S.
Published: July 2006

If there are gravity data and some geological information available from the region of an intermontane basin, then the volume of saturated sediments, volume of ground water available from storage, and the total volume of ground water can be determined from the gravitationally determined anomalous mass. The anomalous mass occurs because of a density contrast which exists between low density alluvium and high density bedrock which define the surface and subsurface boundaries of the basin. The gravity effect of the anomalous mass can be detected by a gravity survey of the basin after which it can be separated from other gravity effects by a regional‐residual separation. The anomalous mass is uniquely determined by applying Gauss's theorem to the residual gravity map.

A model of an intermontane basin is developed which relates the anomalous mass to the total volume of saturated sediments. The total volume of saturated sediments is determined from the anomalous mass, the density contrasts between unsaturated and saturated alluvium and bedrock, the area of the basin, and the water table depth.

The volume of water available from storage and the total volume of water in the basin are determined from the volume of saturated sediments and the storage coefficient and porosity of the sediments.

The method is illustrated by a case history from Avra Valley, Arizona. It is concluded that the major advantage of this method occurs when well data are not available, because it eliminates the need for arbitrary assumptions about subsurface basin geometry to determine the volume of saturated sediments.
The Genesis of Selected Hydrochemical Facies in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Ground Waters
Authors: Khan Rashid A. , Ferrell Ray E. , Billings Gale K.
Published: July 2006

Bicarbonate‐rich ground waters are present beneath Baton Rouge, Louisiana. They may be subdivided into two subtypes based on the dominant cation. Many ground waters are Na‐rich, the others are Ca and Mg‐dominant bicarbonate waters. Na/Ca and Na/Mg epm ratios in the Na‐rich subfacies are 126‐394 and 347‐1649, respectively. The corresponding ratios in the Ca + Mg‐dominant subfacies are 0.14‐0.58 and 0.17‐0.58. The HCO3 concentration varies from 77 to, 412 ppm and the total dissolved solids content is usually lower than 500 ppm.

The chloride ion is dominant in some chemical analyses of Baton Rouge ground waters. These waters form a separate hydrochemical facies whose origin is not discussed in this report.

Multiple regression analyses of the ion distributions and calculated correlation coefficients for ion associations help quantify the distribution of the dissolved species and help to define the proposed mechanisms for genesis of the ground waters. Ion exchange, selective filtration of dissolved constituents, and mixing of surface waters in the aquifers are the primary mechanisms controlling the chemical composition of the ground waters. The occurrence of the Na‐HCO3 facies at shallow levels in the area of maximum offtake is especially interesting. This is attributed to the accelerated ion filtration accompanying the high rate of ground‐water production.
Application of Harrill's Equation to a Limestone Aquifer
Authors: Summers W. K.
Published: July 2006

A relatively simple program generates the computationally complicated argument of Harrill's equation. The transmissivity of the San Andres limestone determined by Harrill's equation compares favorably with that computed. using other techniques.
An Approach to Hydrogeologic Investigations of River Alluvium by the Use of Computerized Data Processing Techniquesa
Authors: Kent Douglas C. , Naney James W. , Barnes Bill B.
Published: July 2006

A data storage and retrieval system for hydrogeologic data is designed to produce lithology distribution maps, isopachous maps, and cross sections showing the boundaries and hydraulic characteristics of river alluvium. Emphasis has been placed on selecting and coding characteristics of the alluvial sediments which will facilitate description in terms of hydraulic properties and in a manner convenient for interpretation. The hydraulic properties of fluvial deposits for input to the system are defined based on analysis of core samples and pump tests.

A ground‐water study, for which this retrieval system was designed, is part of the research being conducted by the Agricultural Research Service in the Washita River valley in south‐central Oklahoma near Chickasha. In the ground‐water study, maps and cross sections from the retrieval system are used—in conjunction with the hydraulic coefficients and water‐level records—to estimate the rate of ground‐water flow and storage for selected time increments. This information is needed in the study for developing a mathematical model of surface runoff as influenced by upstream tributary development.
Investigation of a Landfill in Granite‐Loess Terrane
Authors: Seitz Harold R. , Wallace Alfred T. , Williams Roy E.
Published: July 2006

The hydrogeologic environment adjacent to the sanitary landfill used by the City of Moscow, Idaho, was investigated in an attempt to identify the factors contributing to its alteration and to the reported alteration of ground water downgradient from the fill. The refuse disposal trenches cut through loess and penetrate weathered granite. Field observations and samples from piezometer drillholes showed the major aquifer in the area to be the weathered granite underlying the loess, particularly in the draws. Ground‐water samples collected from the piezometers and from a stream downgradient from the landfill revealed that certain aspects of surface water quality are degraded and that shallow ground water is slightly contaminated. However, serious widespread pollution of ground water by the landfill is not in evidence.

Electrical resistivity was tested as a means of detecting leachate from landfills in this type of environment. Comparison of resistivity data with water quality data showed that the technique is satisfactory, provided traverses are nearly horizontal.
THE FOREMAN STORY–CLOSURE OF IDAHO FLOWING WELL AFFECTS GROUND WATER IN ENTIRE AREA
Authors: Chapman Sherl L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract In 1962, a 2,980‐foot deep well was drilled for D. I. Foreman in Middle Castle Creek Valley, Owyhee County, Idaho. This well, which flowed approximately 3,600 gpm, yielded water of 170°F from basalt and silicic volcanic formations; original shut‐in pressure was 105 psi. However, leakage began to occur around the casing, and in 1967, a suit was filed on behalf of the Idaho Department of Water Administration to have the well repaired.

The Andrew Well Drilling Company, of Idaho Falls, was hired to repair the well, and was on the site in November 1968. Additional casing, packers, and pressure grouting sealed the well adequately. The effect of closure of the foreman well on ground water of the entire area was dramatic. As an example, within 8 hours of closure, water in an observation well 5.7 miles away, rose more than a tenth of a foot. Net increase in this observation well since closure has been 26 feet.
Ground‐Water Basin Management on the High Plains of Texasa
Authors: Rayner Frank A.
Published: July 2006

The present popularity for the discussion of the merits of ground‐water management has resulted in a dirth of papers espousing the theoretical principles for such management. The vast majority of the authors of such papers favor the control of ground‐water pumpage based upon “appropriated” (permitted by State government) water rights. In Texas, the private ownership of ground water is guaranteed by the Texas Constitution. This right of private ownership has been reaffirmed many times by court case, and embodied in House Bill 162, 51st Legislature, 1949, and recodified as Chapter 52 by House Bill 343, 62nd Legislature, 1971. Under this law, local ground‐water conservation districts were created, whereunder ground‐water basin management has been practiced in Texas for over two decades.

Chapter 52 gives broad powers to ground‐water districts created thereunder, and specifically delegates authority to such districts to promulgate and enforce rules “… to provide for conserving, preserving, protecting, recharging and preventing waste of the underground water…” The Texas Legislature, the Texas Water Rights Commission, and county commissioner's courts may create underground water conservation districts, with the Water Rights Commission delineating the underground reservoir or subdivisions thereof.

The first ground‐water district created pursuant to Chapter 52, and the largest district in Texas, covering 8,149 square miles in the Texas High Plains, is the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1. This District is governed by a five‐member Board of Directors elected for two‐year terms by qualified voters residing within the District. Each of the 15 counties in the District also has an elected five‐member County Committee and, in most cases, an office and a County Secretary.

This report outlines the procedures for the creation of ground‐water conservation districts, and summarizes the structure, powers, and functions of the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1.

Although ground water in Texas is recognized as private property, and therefore, is subject to the “absolute ownership” doctrine, the residents and landowners of the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1 recognized over 21 years ago that ground water is held in public trust, and thereby provided for its management by this District under the “reasonable use” doctrine.
Design of Analog Model for Aquifer Response Studies, Using a Digital Model
Authors: Verge Murray‐James
Published: July 2006

The design and construction of a resistor‐capacitor analog model for aquifer response analysis is often a trial‐and‐error process which involves selecting a compatible set of components, assembling, testing and frequently replacing some components until a reasonable match is obtained between the model response and field observations. This process may be time‐consuming and costly. A simple digital computer programme based on the finite difference approximation method has been developed which uses as input transmissibility, leakance, storage coefficient and boundaries and will reduce, with given conversion constants, the aquifer parameters to commercially available electrical components, and then test the grid for compatibility with excitation‐response apparatus. From this stage, simulation can be done to find the hydrogeologic parameters that will produce the best fit to the response observed in the field. The output consists of a list of the electrical components, their relative position in the model and the potential drop at every node of the grid for different time intervals. The analog model can then be built directly, thereby avoiding time and cost due to replacement of components.

Data from the dewatering project for the realignment of the Welland Canal between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario were chosen to test and demonstrate the usefulness of the digital computer programme.
GOOD COFFEE WATER NEEDS BODY
Authors: Pettyjohn Wayne A.
Published: July 2006

. Some recent ground‐water contamination problems have been caused by inadequate waste disposal during years long past and forgotten. Effluent from a livery stable abandoned during the late 1930's contaminated a well in North Dakota; wastes from a gas works plant that operated during the period 1815 to 1830, contaminated a well in Norwich, England; and a well, drilled through a 17th century Black Plague burial pit along England's southern coast, produced hydrogen sulfide. Other examples include wastes from an outdoor privy and the effects of using cavernous limestone terrain for waste disposal.
Hydraulics of Sheetlike Solution Cavitiesa
Authors: Moore Gerald K.
Published: July 2006

The sheetlike solution cavities that supply water to most wells in central Tennessee are 100 to 2,500 feet wide and less than 0.2 inch high. These dimensions have a scale similar to those in Hele‐Shaw models. Both logical and mathematical evidence indicate laminar ground‐water flow, except close to pumping wells. The Theis nonequilibrium formula may be used to analyze aquifer‐test data and to calculate significant values for transmissivity and storage. The Navier‐Stokes equation and the Darcy equation for steady‐state conditions may be used to estimate cavity dimensions.
Ground‐Water Implications of Recent Federal Law
Authors: Cox William E. , Walker William R.
Published: July 2006

Federal legislative enactments for water quality control have traditionally emphasized surface‐water quality because of the more intense demands placed on such water and the earlier occurrence of acute quality problems. However, ground‐water quality problems are becoming serious, and the value of this resource requires that adequate protective measures be adopted.

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 provide a substantial basis for federal involvement in ground‐water quality control. Although the federal permit program established by the Amendments is not explicitly made applicable to waste discharges to ground water, EPA interpretation of the law extends the federal permit requirement to the disposal of wastes into wells where this technique is used in combination with or as a replacement for facilities for discharge into navigable waters. Federal influence is also extended to state control over disposal well operations by provisions specifying conditions under which state level programs can be approved to replace the federal program. Another provision extending federal influence into the area of ground‐water quality control concerns preparation of areawide waste treatment management plans for areas designated as having substantial water quality control problems. The required plan for such areas must encompass both surface and ground‐water quality problems and are subject to the approval of the Administrator of EPA. Thus, the 1972 law provides a basis for considerable federal involvement in ground‐water quality control in spite of the fact that its primary applicability is in the area of surface water.
Unsteady Drawdown at a Partially Penetrating Well in a Transversely Isotropic Artesian Aquifer
Authors: Rao D. Babu , Karadi Gabor M. , Krizek Raymond J.
Published: July 2006

The work described in this paper investigates the effect of aquifer anisotropy on the unsteady drawdown at the face of a partially penetrating well, which is pumped at a constant rate. The aquifer is confined between two parallel aquicludes, and its hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be transversely isotropic. Based on a parametric study of the drawdown equation, it is concluded that the variation in drawdown depends on which of the principal permeabilities is held constant, as well as the ratio between them. For constant radial permeability, the rate of increase of drawdown with time is independent of the permeability ratio; furthermore, unless the well penetration is very small, aquifer anisotropy is of little consequence for permeability ratios close to unity. For constant vertical permeability, well penetration has practically no influence on the drawdown for lower permeability ratios. The effect of aquifer anisotropy increases from a negligible value for a fully penetrating well to a maximum for wells which just tap the aquifer.
Water Quality Cycle — Reflection of Activities of Nature and Mana
Authors: Hassan Ahmad Amin
Published: July 2006

As water travels along the path of the hydrologic cycle, it changes from pure salt‐free water suspended in the troposphere to ocean brines. Along the way, it progressively picks up salts in the atmosphere, on the earth's surface, through the soil medium and the unsaturated zone, and the saturated zone. Percolation of waste discharges and recycling of ground water through man's use add other complex factors. The process is indeed a water quality cycle. Thus, although water may be abundant, it may not all be fit for use. Understanding of the intricate processes that cause the change in the chemical composition of water is necessary to implement sound water quality management.

(KEY TERMS: evapotranspiration; concentration; solution of minerals; carbon dioxide; ion exchange; biochemical reactions; dynamic cycle.)
Exploration for a Buried Valley by Resistivity and Thermal Probe Surveys
Authors: Smith Edgar M.
Published: July 2006

Electrical resistivity and thermal probe surveys were conducted in the vicinity of Morning Sun, Ohio, in an attempt to locate a buried glacial valley.

The resistivity survey along six roughly parallel traverse lines was able to distinguish buried valley gravel from glacial till and Upper Ordovician limestone bedrock. A relative depth to bedrock contour map drawn from the resistivity data reveals two buried valleys east of Morning Sun, which coalesce under Morning Sun, then continue as one valley to its junction with the Four Mile Creek buried valley at the northeast corner of Acton Lake. The field data yield only a proposed location of the buried valley since test holes were not drilled for confirmation.

The thermal probe, an electronic thermometer utilizing a thermistor at the end of an aluminum‐tipped probe and a transistor‐amplified bridge circuit, was employed in measuring near‐surface temperatures at 4‐foot depths along the same 6 traverse lines made in the resistivity survey. The thermal probe survey was unable to distinguish a summer low‐temperature anomaly trend, indicative of a buried valley. The depth of the buried valley under the till overburden is 90 to 150 feet which is too deep to contact the summer segment of the annual wave; therefore, a near‐surface low‐temperature anomaly is not produced.
Aquifer Tests in Large‐Diameter Wells in Indiaa
Authors: Sammel Edward A.
Published: July 2006

In areas of crystalline and basaltic rocks in India dug wells of large diameter may offer the only opportunity to test for the hydrologic characteristics of the shallow aquifers. Analysis of aquifer tests in these wells is difficult, however, if the volume of water stored in the wells contributes significantly to their discharge during the tests. In most dug wells, the time rate and spatial distribution of drawdowns in the aquifer, and the rate of change of head in the dug well are not predictable by the Theis equation or its semilog modifications. High rates of pumping result in difficulties due to the insensitivity of head distributions to drawdowns in the well.

A review of current methods of analysis of aquifer tests in large‐diameter wells indicates that most have serious theoretical and practical deficiencies. It is concluded that the methods of Papadopulos and Cooper (1967) and Papadopulos (1967) are the best available approaches, providing measurements of well volume can be made with sufficient accuracy. A consideration of aquifer tests in fractured rocks suggests that these tests can probably best be handled by treating the aquifer as an anisotropic porous medium on a macroscopic scale and utilizing observation wells.
Ground‐Water Modelling Using Interactive Analogue and Digital Computers
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Ash J. E.
Published: July 2006

When modelling the long‐term behaviour of an aquifer, a resistance‐capacitance model controlled by a mini digital computer can be used with advantage. A typical aquifer in eastern England, which is partly confined and partly unconfined is used as an example. The representation of recharge, river flow and pumpage is considered. A period of 100 years is modelled and typical results include the long‐term behaviour over a number of years and the short‐term response over a few days.
Hydrological Problems Associated with Developing Geothermal Energy Systemsa
Authors: Pearl Richard Howard
Published: July 2006

Geothermal energy–the naturally occurring heat of the earth's crust–has been used since earliest time by man for a variety of purposes. In recent times, wells have been drilled in close proximity to surface indicators of geothermal heat in an attempt to utilize this resource. The steam or hot water obtained from these wells has been used for agricultural and recreational purposes, to heat buildings, and to generate electricity. It has been estimated that by the year 2,000 between 30,000 Mw and 395,000 Mw of electricity can be generated in the United States with naturally occurring steam.

Most geothermal systems of the world are located either in volcanic districts or at the margins of continental plates above subduction zones or spreading ridges. In addition, large quantities of heated ground water under pressure are found throughout the world in many large artesian basins.

The various geothermal systems of the world can be divided into three major types based on the occurrence of associated ground waters: hydrothermal, geopressured and hot dry rock masses. In a hydrothermal system most of the heat energy is transferred by convective circulation of ground water and/or steam. Hydrothermal systems can be divided into three general types: vapor dominated, in which only dry steam is produced; wet steam, in which steam and hot water are produced; and hot‐water systems in which only hot water is produced.

In the United States the most optimum location for the existence of a commercial geothermal deposit is either in the Gulf of Mexico artesian basin or in the mountainous States of the West where hydrothermal systems are found.

At present, and probably for years to come, the primary geothermal exploration efforts will be aimed at discovering and developing high‐temperature hydrothermal systems to be used for generation of electricity. Typical problems that will be encountered in the exploration and development of such systems are: (1) Defining the type of hydrothermal system under investigation; (2) ground‐water flow direction, whether it is vertical or horizontal; (3) recharge rates and areas; (4) porosity and permeability determination; (5) water needs and consumptive usage; (6) disposal of waste fluids; and (7) legal and institutional considerations. A discussion of each problem area is presented. In order to solve many of these problems at the outset, it is believed that the geohydrologist should be an essential member of the exploration team.
Subsurface Brine Disposal – Be Reasonablea
Authors: Fryberger John S.
Published: July 2006

A classical battle between landowners desiring to protect their fresh ground water from pollution and oil companies needing a disposal zone for injection of oil‐field brines developed in Texas County, Oklahoma.

Initial studies showed that the disposal zone (Glorieta Formation) was in places only 500 feet below the bottom of the fresh‐water aquifer (Ogallala Formation). Furthermore, solution/collapse features in the intervening formations plus numerous poorly plugged wells and exploration holes provided potential avenues of brine migration. The potential for pollution appeared very real. The landowners not only wanted to halt construction of new brine disposal wells, but also wanted all 33 existing disposal wells abandoned and plugged. Tempers flared and intermittent litigation continued for over two years.

A more complete hydrogeologic analysis led to the following observations: (a) the potentiometric surface in the Glorieta is 100 to 400 feet below the water table in the Ogallala in areas where brine disposal is taking place; and (b) the transmissivities of the Glorieta and disposal rates are such that even pressure gradients around disposal wells are below the water level in the Ogallala. These hydrologic facts led to the conclusion that, even with a perfectly open conduit connecting the two formations, migration of disposal brine from the Glorieta into the fresh‐water Ogallala would be impossible in the critical area because of pressure relationships.

Techniques using “pressure bombs” and test injection data are presented by which transmissivity values in the Glorieta were estimated. Disposal well design and completion methods used by the oil companies were found to be inefficient and contributed to operational problems. Specific regulations were adopted regarding disposal wells to further assure that pollution of the Ogallala would not occur.

As a result of all parties understanding the hydro‐geologic factors, the oil companies are continuing to use the Glorieta as a disposal zone and the fearful landowners are assured that no real pollution hazard exists. This outcome assures full use of all natural resources–which is true conservationism. Ground‐water technicians not only have a responsibility to use and protect ground‐water resources, but also to assure that unnecessary cost burdens are not placed on other industries in the name of pollution prevention.
Ground‐Water Quality Variation in Phelps County, Missouri
Authors: Tryon Charles P.
Published: July 2006

Information from 675 water wells in and around Phelps County, Missouri shows that discrete areas of differing ground‐water quality can be identified and mapped. The best quality ground water, as judged by its low nitrate content and coliform bacteria density, is found in areas of relatively little agricultural (pasture and livestock) land use. The poorest quality is found in areas of intensely developed karst and greater agricultural land use. The adverse effect of agricultural land use on ground‐water quality is more severe in the intensely developed karst than in the less intensely developed. Rural population density and soil association variations have no readily discernible effects on ground‐water quality. Nitrate content varies seasonally and in response to rainfall, and decreases with increasing well depth. Coliform bacteria density is positively correlated with nitrate content.
STEP BEYOND THEORY ‐ AQUIFER STORAGE OF ENERGYa
Authors: Warman J. C. , Molz F.J. , Jones T. E.
Published: July 2006

The technical feasibility of storing energy in an aquifer is being investigated by Auburn University in a field experiment. Waste hot water from Alabama Power Company's Barry Steam Plant will be pumped into an artesian aquifer, stored, and recovered. The field data will be used by the U.S. Geological Survey to verify numerical models for the analysis of the transport of heat in an artesian aquifer system.
An Electric Analog Approach to Bog Hydrology
Authors: Sander John E.
Published: July 2006

An electrical analog model of a small northern peat bog and its watershed was constructed from available hydrologic and geologic data. Initial experimentation involving comparison of modeling results with historical data resulted in modification of model construction. Modeling results are successful in supplying information on the hydrologic interaction of the bog with the surrounding region. Significant among these findings is the fact that the bog exerts no stabilizing effect on regional hydrology. The bog rather magnifies seasonal variations through rapid surface discharge during wet periods and removes water through evapotranspiration during dry intervals.
A Simplified Approach for the Analysis of Unsteady Flow to a Cavity Well
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Khepar S. D. , Chauhan H. S. , Das G.
Published: July 2006

An analytical solution obtained for unsteady flow to a cavity well has been simplified for finding the aquifer characteristics, i.e. coefficient of storage and transmissivity. In the analysis presented here the relationships become fairly simple for the close approximation of the unsteady state solution.
Ground‐Water Chemical Quality Management by Artificial Rechargea
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Bianchi William C.
Published: July 2006

The effectiveness of basin ground‐water recharge at the Leaky Acres Recharge Facility in Fresno, California for improving the regional ground‐water quality was studied as 65,815,000 m3 of high‐quality surface water was recharged from 1971 through 1975. Observation wells at the facility showed some variability in chemical parameters associated with each recharge period. The long‐term decreases in salinity could be described by a power law decay curve fitted by regression analysis.

Without a special network of observation wells outside the facility, scientific evaluation of the enclave of recharged water is not possible. A practical evaluation of water‐quality changes is possible from producing water wells around the facility. However, the pumping well discharge‐time variations, well depth, aquifer sequence, and prior use of surrounding land must be considered, since all of these factors affect the pumped‐water quality and its seasonal variability. Recharge at Leaky Acres had noticeably decreased the ground‐water salinity for a distance of up to 1.6 km in the direction of the regional ground‐water movement.
Applications of Surface Resistivity Methods
Authors: Schwartz F. W. , McClymont G. L.
Published: July 2006

Generally the geology of the Breton area of Alberta consists of a 5‐to 125‐ft (1.5‐ to 38.1‐m) veneer of glacial till overlying sandstone and sandy shale units of the Paskapoo Formation. These sandstone units are locally important aquifers. Glacial drift in the Hastings Lake area varies in thickness from 100 to 200 ft (30.5 to 61.0 m) and overlies the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, which consists of bentonitic shale, siltstone and coal units with minor sandstone units. Ground‐water yields from drift and bedrock in this area are generally less than 30 gpm (113.6 1/m).

Resistivity soundings were completed at 68 and 65 stations in the Breton and Hastings Lake areas, respectively. Profile maps from the Breton area are characterized by broad areas with apparent resistivity values greater than 100 ohm‐ft (3048 ohm‐cm). Qualitative evaluation of the resistivity soundings and existing borehole data indicated that the high resistivity values resulted from a thick resistive sandstone aquifer less than 25 ft (7.6 m) from ground surface. A reasonably well‐defined resistivity pattern was evident on the profile maps of the Hastings Lake area with the highest resistivity values coming from stations located in the hummocky moraine south of the lake. Sounding curves and borehole data indicate that an increase in the sand content of the drift is responsible for these values. However, local variability in the drift lithology produces anomalies in the resistivity patterns. In addition to providing useful information on the geology of an area, surface resistivity methods provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive tool to aid in planning more detailed ground‐water studies because of their ability to detect inhomogeneities in the subsurface environment.
Determination of Proper Temperature Distribution for Warm Forming of Aluminum Sheet Materials
Authors: Kim Hong Seok , Koc Muammer , Ni Jun
Published: July 2006

In warm forming of aluminum sheet materials, determination, realization, and maintenance of optimal temperature gradient is a key process parameter for increased formability. In this study, a two-phase procedure for efficient and accurate determination of proper temperature condition for warm forming of aluminum sheet metal blanks is presented using a hybrid 3D isothermal/non-isothermal finite element analysis (FEA) and design of experiments (DOE) approach. First, the relative trend, priority and overall temperature ranges of aluminum sheet metal blank regions are obtained using isothermal FE modeling and DOE techniques to reduce the analysis time significantly. In this phase, different temperature levels were assigned onto different regions of the deforming blank material (i.e., holding region, corner region, etc.). Heat transfer with the tooling and environment during the deformation process is ignored in order to achieve rapid predictions. Second, few additional non-isothermal FEAs, taking heat transfer into account, are conducted to validate and to refine the warm forming conditions based on the results from the isothermal FEA/DOE analysis. The proposed hybrid methodology offers rapid and relatively accurate design of warm forming process, especially for large parts that require 3D FE analysis. In addition, effects of forming speed (v), friction (μ), and blank holder pressure on formability are investigated. Increasing part formability is observed with decreasing punch speed and blank holder pressure while an optimal process window is found in case of varying friction coefficients.
Nanomachining of Silicon Surface Using Atomic Force Microscope With Diamond Tip
Authors: Kawasegi Noritaka , Takano Noboru , Oka Daisuke , Morita Noboru , Yamada Shigeru , Kanda Kazutaka , Takano Shigeto , Obata Tsutomu , Ashida Kiwamu
Published: July 2006

This paper investigates nanomachining of single-crystal silicon using an atomic force microscope with a diamond-tip cantilever. To enable nanomachining of silicon, a nanomachining cantilever with a pyramidal diamond tip was developed using a combination of photolithography and hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. Nanomachining experiments on silicon using the cantilever are demonstrated under various machining parameters. The silicon surface can be removed with a rate of several tens to hundreds of nanometers in ductile mode, and the cantilever shows superior wear resistance. The experiments demonstrate successful nanomachining of single-crystal silicon.
Material Strengthening Mechanisms and Their Contribution to Size Effect in Micro-Cutting
Authors: Liu Kai , Melkote Shreyes N.
Published: July 2006

The specific cutting energy in machining is known to increase nonlinearly with decrease in uncut chip thickness. It has been reported in the literature that this phenomenon is dependent on several factors such as material strengthening, ploughing due to finite edge radius, and material separation effects. This paper examines the material strengthening effect where the material strength increases nonlinearly as the uncut chip thickness is reduced to a few microns. This increase in strength has been attributed in the past to various factors such as strain rate, strain gradient, and temperature effects. Given that the increase in material strength can occur due to many factors, it is important to understand the contributions of each factor to the increase in specific cutting energy and the conditions under which they are dominant. This paper analyzes two material strengthening factors, (i) the contribution of the decrease in the secondary deformation zone cutting temperature and (ii) strain gradient strengthening, and their relative contributions to the increase in specific cutting energy as the uncut chip thickness is reduced. Finite element (FE)-based orthogonal cutting simulations are performed with Aluminum 5083-H116, a work material with a small strain rate hardening exponent, thus minimizing strain rate effects. Suitable cutting conditions are identified under which the temperature and strain gradient effects are dominant. Orthogonal cutting experiments are used to validate the model in terms of cutting forces. The simulation results are then analyzed to identify the contributions of the material strengthening factors to the size effect in specific cutting energy.
Optimal Parameter Selection for Electronic Packaging Using Sequential Computer Simulations
Authors: Gupta Abhishek , Ding Yu , Xu Leon , Reinikainen Tommi
Published: July 2006

Optimal parameter selection is a crucial step in improving the quality of electronic packaging processes. Traditional approaches usually start with a set of physical experiments and then employ Design of Experiment (DOE) based response surface methodology (RSM) to find the parameter settings that will optimize a desired system response. Nowadays deterministic computer simulations such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are often used to replace physical experiments when evaluating a system response, e.g., the stress level in an electronic packaging. However, FEA simulations are usually computationally expensive due to their inherent complexity. In order to find the optimal parameters, it is not practical to use FEA simulations to calculate system responses over a large number of parameter combinations. Nor will it be effective to blindly use DOE-based response surface methodology to analyze the deterministic FEA outputs. In this paper, we will utilize a spatial statistical method (i.e., the Kriging model) for analyzing deterministic FEA outputs from an electronic packaging process. We suggest a sequential method when using the Kriging model to search for the optimal parameter values that minimize the stress level in the electronic packaging. Compared with the traditional RSM, our sequential parameter selection method entertains several advantages: it can remarkably reduce the total number of FEA simulations required for optimization, it makes the optimal solution insensitive to the choice of the initial simulation setting, and it can also depict the response surface and the associated uncertainty over the entire parameter space.
Development of a Device for Measuring the Transverse Motion of a Saw-Wire
Authors: Mizuno Masahiro , Iyama Toshirou , Kikuchi Shinya , Zhang B.
Published: July 2006

The transverse motion of a saw-wire affects the cutting surface geometry in wire-saw slicing. To evaluate the magnitude of the wire transverse motion under no-slurry and no-workpiece conditions, which should be minimized before starting the slicing process, a high accuracy, noncontact device has been developed. The measuring head of the device is composed of a laser diode module and a dual-element photodiode between which a saw-wire is placed for measurement. This paper elucidates the appropriate positional configurations of the photosensitive surface of the dual-element photodiode and the laser beam focal point with respect to the 160μm diameter wire in the laser beam direction. Furthermore, a measurement experiment is carried out on a wire-saw machine under no-slurry and no-workpiece conditions. The paper reports and discusses the critical issues, such as measurement sensitivity, linearity, and accuracy.
Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
Authors: Brooks T. M. , Mittermeier R. A. , da Fonseca G. A. B. , Gerlach J. , Hoffmann M. , Lamoreux J. F. , Mittermeier C. G. , Pilgrim J. D. , Rodrigues A. S. L.
Published: July 2006

The location of and threats to biodiversity are distributed unevenly, so prioritization is essential to minimize biodiversity loss. To address this need, biodiversity conservation organizations have proposed nine templates of global priorities over the past decade. Here, we review the concepts, methods, results, impacts, and challenges of these prioritizations of conservation practice within the theoretical irreplaceability/vulnerability framework of systematic conservation planning. Most of the templates prioritize highly irreplaceable regions; some are reactive (prioritizing high vulnerability), and others are proactive (prioritizing low vulnerability). We hope this synthesis improves understanding of these prioritization approaches and that it results in more efficient allocation of geographically flexible conservation funding.
Antibiotic Stress Induces Genetic Transformability in the Human Pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Prudhomme Marc , Attaiech Laetitia , Sanchez Guillaume , Martin Bernard , Claverys Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2006

Natural transformation is a widespread mechanism for genetic exchange in bacteria. Aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, as well as mitomycin C, a DNA-damaging agent, induced transformation in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. This induction required an intact competence regulatory cascade. Furthermore, mitomycin C induction of
recA
was strictly dependent on the development of competence. In response to antibiotic stress,
S. pneumoniae
, which lacks an SOS-like system, exhibited genetic transformation. The design of antibiotherapy should take into consideration this potential of a major human pathogen to increase its rate of genetic exchange in response to antibiotics.
Surface Crystallization in a Liquid AuSi Alloy
Authors: Shpyrko Oleg G. , Streitel Reinhard , Balagurusamy Venkatachalapathy S. K. , Grigoriev Alexei Y. , Deutsch Moshe , Ocko Benjamin M. , Meron Mati , Lin Binhua , Pershan Peter S.
Published: July 2006

X-ray measurements reveal a crystalline monolayer at the surface of the eutectic liquid Au
82
Si
18
, at temperatures above the alloy's melting point. Surface-induced atomic layering, the hallmark of liquid metals, is also found below the crystalline monolayer. The layering depth, however, is threefold greater than that of all liquid metals studied to date. The crystallinity of the surface monolayer is notable, considering that AuSi does not form stable bulk crystalline phases at any concentration and temperature and that no crystalline surface phase has been detected thus far in any pure liquid metal or nondilute alloy. These results are discussed in relation to recently suggested models of amorphous alloys.
Validation of tissue microarray technology in endometrioid cancer of the endometrium
Authors: Fons Guus , Hasibuan Siti M , van der Velden Jacobus , ten Kate Fiebo J W
Published: July 2006

Aim:To validate tissue microarray (TMA) for endometrial cancer by comparing immunohistochemical staining results of triplicate core biopsies on TMA with the results of full-section analysis.

Methods:The study material consisted of slides and selected tissue blocks of 41 patients with endometrioid cancer of the endometrium. A TMA was constructed. Both the TMA and the slides were stained with the same antibodies against progesterone receptor (PR), oestrogen receptor, p53 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Concordance between results was expressed as the κ statistic.

Results:Concordance between the staining results of TMA and whole slides was good for PR (κ = 0.69), oestrogen receptor (κ = 0.78), p53 (κ = 0.81) and EMA (κ = 0.72). Concordance between the results on TMA and slides depends on the number of assessable cores per tumour. Three assessable cores per case result in outcomes that are at least 94% similar to those achieved using conventional tissue sections with a two-class scoring system. This is independent of focal or diffuse staining patterns.

Conclusion:TMA is a useful tool for further analysis of the molecular pathways in endometrial cancer. The effect of selection has to be taken into account when the prognostic value of protein expression on TMA is determined.
Temporal artery biopsy… Who needs one?
Authors: Davies C , Frost B , Eshan O , McLain A D , Shandall A
Published: July 2006

Objective

To review a 10 year period of temporal artery biopsies, using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 criteria: a five point scoring system for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Design

Population based, retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting

One district general hospital in the United Kingdom, over one decade.

Participants

All patients who underwent temporal artery biopsy from July 1994 to June 2004.

Main outcome measures

ACR score and temporal artery biopsy result.

Results

During the 10 year period 111 patients were identified. The median (range) age at presentation was 71 (29–85) years. Seventy five patients had an initial ACR score of three or four at presentation. There were 20 positive biopsy specimens. In 19 of these cases at least three of the other criteria were positive so there was already sufficient clinical information for a confident diagnosis. In only one case did the positive result influence the diagnosis by changing the ACR score from two to three. In our series, corticosteroid treatment before biopsy did not significantly reduce the yield of the biopsy.

Conclusions

The ACR score of three or more has a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 91.2% for the diagnosis of GCA. Using these criteria, 68% of patients had sufficient clinical features when referred to make a confident diagnosis of GCA. Temporal artery biopsy was therefore unnecessary in this group. In the remaining group (ACR score ⩽2) there was one positive biopsy. The biopsy only changed the diagnosis in this one case—less than 3% of the uncertain cases and less than 1% of the total cases. Using the ACR criteria and restricting biopsy to those cases in which it might change the diagnosis will reduce the number of biopsies by two thirds without jeopardising diagnostic accuracy.
When is arthritis reactive?
Authors: Hamdulay S S , Glynne S J , Keat A
Published: July 2006

Reactive arthritis is an important cause of lower limb oligoarthritis, mainly in young adults. It is one of the spondyloarthropathy family; it is distinguishable from other forms of inflammatory arthritis by virtue of the distribution of affected sites and the high prevalence of characteristic extra-articular lesions. Many terms have been used to refer to this and related forms of arthritis leading to some confusion. Reactive arthritis is precipitated by an infection at a distant site and genetic susceptibility is marked by possession of the HLA-B27 gene, although the mechanism remains uncertain. Diagnosis is a two stage process and requires demonstration of a temporal link with a recognised “trigger” infection. The identification and management of “sexually acquired” and “enteric” forms of reactive arthritis are considered. Putative links with HIV infection are also discussed. The clinical features, approach to investigation, diagnosis, and management of reactive arthritis are reviewed.
Environmental Discourses
Authors: Mühlhäusler Peter , Peace Adrian
Published: July 2006

Discourses concerned with the perceived global environmental crisis have increased dramatically over the past couple of decades. This review consists of an ethnographic analysis of the principal components of environmental discourses as well as a discussion of the approaches employed to analyze them. These include linguistic discourses (ecolinguistics, ecocritical linguistics, discourse analysis) as well as approaches developed within other disciplines (anthropology, literary studies, philosophy, and psychology).

Over the years, the structural properties of environmental discourses have developed into a distinct discourse category. It remains unclear to what extent the numerous environmental discourses and metadiscourses significantly contribute to improving the health of the natural environment.
Troglitazone acutely inhibits protein synthesis in endothelial cells via a novel mechanism involving protein phosphatase 2A-dependent p70 S6 kinase inhibition
Authors: Cho Du-Hyong , Choi Yoon Jung , Jo Sangmee Ahn , Ryou Jungsang , Kim Jin Yi , Chung Jongkyeong , Jo Inho
Published: July 2006

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligands, have been implicated in the inhibition of protein synthesis in a variety of cells, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We report that troglitazone, the first TZD drug, acutely inhibited protein synthesis by decreasing p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). This inhibition was not accompanied by decreased phosphorylation status or in vitro kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, cotreatment with rapamycin, a specific mTOR inhibitor, and troglitazone additively inhibited both p70S6K activity and protein synthesis, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of troglitazone are not mediated by mTOR. Overexpression of the wild-type p70S6K gene significantly reversed the troglitazone-induced inhibition of protein synthesis, indicating an important role of p70S6K. Okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, partially reversed the troglitazone-induced inhibition of p70S6K activity and protein synthesis. Although troglitazone did not alter total cellular PP2A activity, it increased the physical association between p70S6K and PP2A, suggesting an underlying molecular mechanism. GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, did not alter any of the observed inhibitory effects. Finally, we also found that the mTOR-independent inhibitory mechanism of troglitazone holds for the TZDs ciglitazone, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone, in BAEC and other types of endothelial cells tested. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that troglitazone (and perhaps other TZDs) acutely decreases p70S6K activity through a PP2A-dependent mechanism that is independent of mTOR and PPARγ, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis in endothelial cells.