bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Positive/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Advanced/Metastatic Breast Cancer: Translation to Clinical Practice
Authors: Bui Tam Binh V. , Burgering Boudewijn M.T. , Goga Andrei , Rugo Hope S. , van ‘t Veer Laura J.
Published: June 2022

PURPOSE

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have emerged as effective treatments for patients with hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HER2–) advanced/metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Dedicated research efforts have been undertaken to find predictive biomarkers of response or resistance to these therapies although no molecular biomarkers for mBC have reached the clinic so far. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the performance of biomarkers in predicting progression-free survival in phase II and III clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HR+/HER2– mBC.

METHODS

For this narrative review, a structured literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library (CENTRAL) was performed. Phase II or III clinical trials of a CDK4/6 inhibitor in patients with HR+/HER2– mBC reporting on at least one molecular biomarker analysis of progression-free survival were included. Publications and selected conference abstracts were included up until November 2021.

RESULTS

Twenty-two articles reporting biomarker results of 12 clinical trials were included. Retinoblastoma protein status and cyclin E1 mRNA expression were promising baseline biomarkers, whereas PIK3CA circulating tumor DNA ratio on treatment relative to baseline, change in plasma thymidine kinase activity, and circulating tumor cell count were potential dynamic biomarkers of response. A number of biomarkers were unsuccessful, despite a strong mechanistic rationale, and others are still being explored.

CONCLUSION

Our review of clinical trials showed that there are a number of promising biomarkers at baseline and several dynamic biomarkers that might predict response to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Validation of these findings and assessment of clinical utility are crucial to make the final translation to clinical practice. Better understanding of disease heterogeneity and further elucidation of resistance mechanisms could inform future studies of rationally selected biomarkers.
Prolactin and Maternal Metabolism in Women With a Recent GDM Pregnancy and Links to Future T2D: The SWIFT Study
Authors: Zhang Ziyi , Piro Anthony L , Allalou Amina , Alexeeff Stacey E , Dai Feihan F , Gunderson Erica P , Wheeler Michael B
Published: June 2022

Context

Prolactin is a multifaceted hormone known to regulate lactation. In women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) history, intensive lactation has been associated with lower relative risk of future type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the role of prolactin in T2D development and maternal metabolism in women with a recent GDM pregnancy has not been ascertained.

Objective

We examined the relationships among prolactin, future T2D risk, and key clinical and metabolic parameters.

Methods

We utilized a prospective GDM research cohort (the SWIFT study) and followed T2D onset by performing 2-hour 75-g research oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at study baseline (6-9 weeks postpartum) and again annually for 2 years, and also by retrieving clinical diagnoses of T2D from 2 years through 10 years of follow up from electronic medical records. Targeted metabolomics and lipidomics were applied on fasting plasma samples collected at study baseline from 2-hour 75-g research OGTTs in a nested case-control study (100 future incident T2D cases vs 100 no T2D controls).

Results

Decreasing prolactin quartiles were associated with increased future T2D risk (adjusted odds ratio 2.48; 95% CI, 0.81-7.58; P = 0.05). In women who maintained normoglycemia during the 10-year follow-up period, higher prolactin at baseline was associated with higher insulin sensitivity (P = 0.038) and HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.01), but lower BMI (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.002). Remarkably, among women who developed future T2D, prolactin was not correlated with a favorable metabolic status (all P > 0.05). Metabolomics and lipidomics showed that lower circulating prolactin strongly correlated with a T2D–high risk lipid profile, with elevated circulating neutral lipids and lower concentrations of specific phospholipids/sphingolipids.

Conclusion

In women with recent GDM pregnancy, low circulating prolactin is associated with specific clinical and metabolic parameters and lipid metabolites linked to a high risk of developing T2D.
Characterization of gene cluster heterogeneity in single-cell transcriptomic data within and across cancer types
Authors: Tiong Khong-Loon , Lin Yu-Wei , Yeang Chen-Hsiang
Published: June 2022

Despite the remarkable progress in probing tumor transcriptomic heterogeneity by single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) data, several gaps exist in prior studies. Tumor heterogeneity is frequently mentioned but not quantified. Clustering analyses typically target cells rather than genes, and differential levels of transcriptomic heterogeneity of gene clusters are not characterized. Relations between gene clusters inferred from multiple datasets remain less explored. We provided a series of quantitative methods to analyze cancer sc-RNAseq data. First, we proposed two quantitative measures to assess intra-tumoral heterogeneity/homogeneity. Second, we established a hierarchy of gene clusters from sc-RNAseq data, devised an algorithm to reduce the gene cluster hierarchy to a compact structure, and characterized the gene clusters with functional enrichment and heterogeneity. Third, we developed an algorithm to align the gene cluster hierarchies from multiple datasets to a small number of meta gene clusters. By applying these methods to nine cancer sc-RNAseq datasets, we discovered that cancer cell transcriptomes were more homogeneous within tumors than the accompanying normal cells. Furthermore, many gene clusters from the nine datasets were aligned to two large meta gene clusters, which had high and low heterogeneity and were enriched with distinct functions. Finally, we found the homogeneous meta gene cluster retained stronger expression coherence and associations with survival times in bulk level RNAseq data than the heterogeneous meta gene cluster, yet the combinatorial expression patterns of breast cancer subtypes in bulk level data were not preserved in single-cell data. The inference outcomes derived from nine cancer sc-RNAseq datasets provide insights about the contributing factors for transcriptomic heterogeneity of cancer cells and complex relations between bulk level and single-cell RNAseq data. They demonstrate the utility of our methods to enable a comprehensive characterization of co-expressed gene clusters in a wide range of sc-RNAseq data in cancers and beyond.
Distinct spatiotemporal contribution of morphogenetic events and mechanical tissue coupling during Xenopus neural tube closure
Authors: Christodoulou Neophytos , Skourides Paris A.
Published: June 2022

Neural tube closure (NTC) is a fundamental process during vertebrate development and is indispensable for the formation of the central nervous system. Here, using Xenopus laevis embryos, live imaging, single-cell tracking, optogenetics and loss-of-function experiments, we examine the roles of convergent extension and apical constriction, and define the role of the surface ectoderm during NTC. We show that NTC is a two-stage process with distinct spatiotemporal contributions of convergent extension and apical constriction at each stage. Convergent extension takes place during the first stage and is spatially restricted at the posterior tissue, whereas apical constriction occurs during the second stage throughout the neural plate. We also show that the surface ectoderm is mechanically coupled with the neural plate and its movement during NTC is driven by neural plate morphogenesis. Finally, we show that an increase in surface ectoderm resistive forces is detrimental for neural plate morphogenesis.
Transitions in development – an interview with Noelia Urbán
Authors: Grewal Seema
Published: June 2022

Noelia Urbán is a Group Leader at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Austria. Her research focuses on neural stem cells, aiming to understand how they transition between inactive (quiescent) and active states. We caught up with Noelia over Zoom to find out more about her research and her transition to becoming an independent group leader.
Deep phenotyping for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schalkamp Ann-Kathrin , Rahman Nabila , Monzón-Sandoval Jimena , Sandor Cynthia
Published: June 2022

A major challenge in medical genomics is to understand why individuals with the same disorder have different clinical symptoms and why those who carry the same mutation may be affected by different disorders. In every complex disorder, identifying the contribution of different genetic and non-genetic risk factors is a key obstacle to understanding disease mechanisms. Genetic studies rely on precise phenotypes and are unable to uncover the genetic contributions to a disorder when phenotypes are imprecise. To address this challenge, deeply phenotyped cohorts have been developed for which detailed, fine-grained data have been collected. These cohorts help us to investigate the underlying biological pathways and risk factors to identify treatment targets, and thus to advance precision medicine. The neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease has a diverse phenotypical presentation and modest heritability, and its underlying disease mechanisms are still being debated. As such, considerable efforts have been made to develop deeply phenotyped cohorts for this disorder. Here, we focus on Parkinson's disease and explore how deep phenotyping can help address the challenges raised by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. We also discuss recent methods for data collection and computation, as well as methodological challenges that have to be overcome.
Cerebellar neuronal dysfunction accompanies early motor symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
Authors: Mayoral-Palarz Kristin , Neves-Carvalho Andreia , Duarte-Silva Sara , Monteiro-Fernandes Daniela , Maciel Patrícia , Khodakhah Kamran
Published: June 2022

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an adult-onset, progressive ataxia. SCA3 presents with ataxia before any gross neuropathology. A feature of many cerebellar ataxias is aberrant cerebellar output that contributes to motor dysfunction. We examined whether abnormal cerebellar output was present in the CMVMJD135 SCA3 mouse model and, if so, whether it correlated with the disease onset and progression. In vivo recordings showed that the activity of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons, the main output of the cerebellum, was altered. The aberrant activity correlated with the onset of ataxia. However, although the severity of ataxia increased with age, the severity of the aberrant cerebellar output was not progressive. The abnormal cerebellar output, however, was accompanied by non-progressive abnormal activity of their upstream synaptic inputs, the Purkinje cells. In vitro recordings indicated that alterations in intrinsic Purkinje cell pacemaking and in their synaptic inputs contributed to abnormal Purkinje cell activity. These findings implicate abnormal cerebellar physiology as an early, consistent contributor to pathophysiology in SCA3, and suggest that the aberrant cerebellar output could be an appropriate therapeutic target in SCA3.
Reversing the miRNA -5p/-3p stoichiometry reveals physiological roles and targets of miR-140 miRNAs
Authors: Young Cameron , Caffrey Melissa , Janton Christopher , Kobayashi Tatsuya
Published: June 2022

The chondrocyte-specific miR-140 miRNAs are necessary for normal endochondral bone growth in mice. miR-140 deficiency causes dwarfism and craniofacial deformity. However, the physiologically important targets of miR-140 miRNAs are still unclear. The miR-140 gene (Mir140) encodes three chondrocyte-specific microRNAs, miR-140-5p, derived from the 5′ strand of primary miR-140, and miR140-3p.1 and -3p.2, derived from the 3′ strand of primary miR-140. miR-140-3p miRNAs are 10 times more abundant than miR-140-5p likely due to the nonpreferential loading of miR-140-5p to Argonaute proteins. To differentiate the role of miR-140-5p and -3p miRNAs in endochondral bone development, two distinct mouse models, miR140-C > T, in which the first nucleotide of miR-140-5p was altered from cytosine to uridine, and miR140-CG, where the first two nucleotides of miR-140-3p were changed to cytosine and guanine, were created. These changes are expected to alter Argonaute protein loading preference of -5p and -3p to increase -5p loading and decrease -3p loading without changing the function of miR140-5p. These models presented a mild delay in epiphyseal development with delayed chondrocyte maturation. Using RNA-sequencing analysis of the two models, direct targets of miR140-5p, including Wnt11, were identified. Disruption of the predicted miR140-5p binding site in the 3′ untranslated region of Wnt11 was shown to increase Wnt11 mRNA expression and caused a modest acceleration of epiphyseal development. These results show that the relative abundance of miRNA-5p and -3p can be altered by changing the first nucleotide of miRNAs in vivo, and this method can be useful to identify physiologically important miRNA targets.
Ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση σε Έργα για Βιόλα του δεύτερου μισού του 20ου αιώνα
Authors: Τόγια Ελευθερία
Published: June 2022

H παρούσα έρευνα εστιάζει στην ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση τεσσάρων έργων για βιόλα, τα οποία έχουν γραφτεί κατά τη διάρκεια του δευτέρου μισού του 20ου αιώνα (1967-1994). Τα έργα των Gérard Grisey (Prologue), Luciano Berio (Sequenza VI), Toru Takemitsu (A Bird came down the Walk) και György Ligeti (Sonata for Viola Solo), θα αξιολογηθούν σε ότι αφορά α) τη χρήση των τεχνικών εκτέλεσης και β) την ανάδειξη των ηχητικών χαρακτηριστικών της βιόλας. Σκοπός είναι η εξέταση της εκπαιδευτικής αξίας και της συνεισφοράς των συγκεκριμένων έργων στην τεχνική και ερμηνευτική βελτίωση των εκτελεστών μέσα από τη μελέτη τους. Επιπλέον, εξετάζεται η συνεισφορά των έργων αυτών στην εξέλιξη της τεχνικής του οργάνου της βιόλας.
Vitamin E and its impact on poultry production: An Update
Authors: Abd El-Ghany Wafaa
Published: June 2022

The main goals of recent poultry production sectors are to enhance the immune response of the birds, improve the performance, reduce mortalities and reduce stressors. These goals can be easily achieved through dietary supplementation with vitamins. Vitamin E is one of the fat-soluble vitamin that has been used from last decades for different poultry production types. The inoculation level of vitamin E in the diet of poultry depends on several factors. Low or high level of vitamin E can induce severe adverse economic losses in poultry industry. Vitamin E has been regarded as a potent chain-breaking antioxidant as well as immuno-stimulator for both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Vitamin E is added to the diet of broilers, layers and breeders especially those under heat stress conditions. In broilers, vitamin E can improve the health conditions, feed efficiency and immunity. However, in layers and breeders, it enhances the egg’s quantity and quality as well as the fertility; respectively. Moreover, vitamin E proves its efficacy in modifying the carcass trait or meat quality of broilers. Therefore, this review article aimed to investigate the forms and inoculation levels vitamin E, the role of this vitamin in the biological process as well as its effect on different poultry production types and carcass quality.
Mycotoxins occurrence in food commodities, their associated hazards and control strategies
Authors: Akbar Ali , MAJEED FATIMA ABDUL , Sadiq MUHAMMAD Bilal , Khan Shabir Ahmad , Rabaan Ali A
Published: June 2022

Globally, the food is contaminated by various means but microorganisms are predominant factor in contaminating the food and agriculture commodities. Among microorganisms, fungi are mainly involved in the spoilage of food due to their diversified nature and minimal requirement for growth. The toxigenic fungi associated with mycotoxins, can grow during any stage of food chain including harvesting, handling, distribution and storage. Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites and their production is influenced by various factors such as environmental conditions, crop type and storage conditions. Mycotoxins in agriculture commodities expose serious health hazards. This review entails different types of mycotoxins involved in the spoilage of food and agriculture commodities, their potential health hazard, maximum allowable limits of mycotoxins in different food commodities and possible control strategies. In developing countries, regulatory authorities need to establish quality control strategies and limits of mycotoxins in food, in order to ensure the consumer safety.
Molecular and histopathologic investigation of Pestivirus, Chlamydophila abortus and Listeria monocytogenes infections in aborted sheep foetuses
Authors: Kanat Özgür
Published: June 2022

The aims of this study was to investigate the presence of pestiviruses, Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and histopathological findings caused by these agents in aborted sheep foetuses. A total of 52 aborted sheep foetuses, aged between 1 to 5 months of gestation, were collected from Konya province in Turkey. Molecular techniques were used for detection pestivirus RNA, C. abortus and L. monocytogenes DNA in investigated samples. Pestivirus RNA was detected in 6 (11.5%) of the 52 aborted sheep foetuses whereas C. abortus DNA was determined in 8 (15.4%) foetuses. However, L. monocytogenes DNA was not detected in investigated samples. The significant histopathological findings were hypomyelination, degeneration and necrosis of neurons in the brain, interstitial pneumonia, mononuclear infiltrations in the liver, hyperemia and proximal tubule degeneration in the cortex of kidney in pestivirus positive samples and multifocal purulent-necrotic foci, diffuse neutrophils and mononuclear infiltrations in the liver and spleen, hyperaemia, bleeding, intramyelinic and perivascular oedema, gliosis, neuronophagia in the brain, hyperemia, proximal tubule degeneration and neutrophil granulocyte infiltration in the cortex of kidney were observed in C. abortus positive samples. The results of the study show that C. abortus and pestivirus infections play an important role in abortion in sheep.
Maintenance and repair of marine diesel engines. In 4 volumes
Authors: Sherstnev Nikolay
Published: June 2022

The third volume of the textbook shows the design features of the main components and parts of drives, gas distribution mechanisms and fuel equipment that affect their working conditions and methods of maintenance and repair. Recommendations on the frequency of regulated work and possible malfunctions are given. With examples from ship practice, the methods of disassembly, assembly, defection and repair of the main components and parts of drives, gas distribution mechanisms and fuel equipment are considered.
It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty "Operation of marine power plants", and university teachers. It may be useful for ship mechanics.
Transformation of Russia's domestic trade in modern conditions
Authors: Salihova Regina , Ivanov Gennadiy
Published: June 2022

The monograph examines various aspects of the transformation of domestic trade in modern conditions. The role, significance, functions of modern trade, emerging competitive relations and emerging advantages in trade are outlined. It is interesting to determine the impact of globalization on competitive relations and trends in the development of domestic trade. The issues of the development of remote (in particular) electronic commerce are highlighted. An important aspect is the socio-economic efficiency of trade, due to the impact on it of various directions of development of domestic trade.
For students and postgraduates of higher educational institutions of a trade profile, as well as for trade practitioners.
Restauracja dekoracji maswerkowej szczytu prezbiterium kościoła pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu
Authors: Polak Katarzyna , Kurkowski Michał , Kuczykowski Kormeliusz
Published: June 2022

Artykuł poświęcony został rekonstrukcji maswerkowej dekoracji blend szczytu prezbiterium kościoła pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu. Szczegółowo zostały omówione takie kwestie, jak przebieg prac konserwatorskich maswerków rytych i malowanych oraz technika ich wykonania. Poddano także analizie kompozycje rytów i przywołano dla nich analogie na obszarze dawnych Prus krzyżackich. Przeprowadzone prace zmieniły wizerunek szczytu kościoła, nadając mu wyjątkową dekoracyjność. Dają one także niezaprzeczalny dowód barwnego wyglądu architektury tamtych czasów.
Nieznana rzeźba toruńskiego snycerza Johanna Antona Langenhana młodszego w Pakości
Authors: Ziółkowska - Ganc Emilia
Published: June 2022

Artykuł dotyczy anonimowej, jak dotąd, rzeźby Chrystusa upadającego pod krzyżem, znajdującej się w kalwaryjskiej kaplicy Drugiego upadku w Pakości (pow. inowrocławski). Odnalezienie kontraktu zawartego w 1774 r. na wykonanie tego posągu umożliwiło jego precyzyjne datowanie, określenie proweniencji materiału, przebiegu pracy, a przede wszystkim wskazanie zatrudnionego artysty, którym był toruński snycerz Johann Anton Langenhan młodszy (1737-1795). Tym samym niewielki dorobek twórcy został powiększony o – jedyne jak do tej pory pewne i zachowane – dzieło plastyki kamiennej. Przedmiotem rozważań stały się także okoliczności związane z fundacją rzeźby, kwestia jej pierwotnego usytuowania i wyglądu, a także aspekty formalno-ikonograficzne.
Changes in anxiety and depression levels after two exercises programs with women attending the Health Academy Program
Authors: Barbosa Carolina Gabriela Reis , Crisp Alex Harley , Oliveira José Jonas de , Ribeiro Anna Gabriela Silva Vilela , Oliveira Matheus Valério Almeida , Verlengia Rozangela
Published: June 2022

This study investigated changes in anxiety and depression symptoms after two exercise programs with adult women attending the Health Academy Program. Based on non-probabilistic sampling, a total of 93 adult women (aged range: 19 77 years) were recruited into two health units, selected to receive exercise programs with continuous (CT; n = 53) or intermittent (IT; n = 40) characteristics. The activities were supervised for six months (twice a week; ~60 min) by a physical education professional. The primary outcome of the study was the assessment of the level of changes of anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Physical function was assessed by a 1 mile walk test, handgrip strength, and sit-to-stand test. No significant group-by time interaction was observed for any of the investigated outcomes. Regarding the comparisons between moments, there were significant improvements in anxiety (F = 16.52; p = <0.001; ηp2 = 0.15) and depression scores (F = 9.29; p = 0.003; ηp2 = 0.09). Furthermore, there were significant improvements in the one mile walk test (F = 70.36; p = <0.001; ηp2 = 0.44), sit-to-stand test (F = 141.53; p = <0.001; ηp2 = 0.61) and handgrip strength performance (F = 10.12; p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.10). In conclusion, both exercise programs were equally effective in promoting beneficial changes on anxiety, depression levels, and improved physical function in women attending the Health Academy Program. Therefore, the decision to choose which protocol to use should be based on community preference and practical considerations.
HeBERT and HebEMO: A Hebrew BERT Model and a Tool for Polarity Analysis and Emotion Recognition
Authors: Chriqui Avihay , Yahav Inbal
Published: June 2022

Sentiment analysis of user-generated content (UGC) can provide valuable information across numerous domains, including marketing, psychology, and public health. Currently, there are very few Hebrew models for natural language processing in general, and for sentiment analysis in particular; indeed, it is not straightforward to develop such models because Hebrew is a morphologically rich language (MRL) with challenging characteristics. Moreover, the only available Hebrew sentiment analysis model, based on a recurrent neural network, was developed for polarity analysis (classifying text as positive, negative, or neutral) and was not used for detection of finer-grained emotions (e.g., anger, fear, or joy). To address these gaps, this paper introduces HeBERT and HebEMO. HeBERT is a transformer-based model for modern Hebrew text, which relies on a BERT (bidirectional encoder representations from transformers) architecture. BERT has been shown to outperform alternative architectures in sentiment analysis and is suggested to be particularly appropriate for MRLs. Analyzing multiple BERT specifications, we find that whereas model complexity correlates with high performance on language tasks that aim to understand terms in a sentence, a more parsimonious model better captures the sentiment of an entire sentence. Notably, regardless of the complexity of the BERT specification, our BERT-based language model outperforms all existing Hebrew alternatives on all language tasks examined. HebEMO is a tool that uses HeBERT to detect polarity and extract emotions from Hebrew UGC. HebEMO is trained on a unique COVID-19-related UGC data set that we collected and annotated for this study. Data collection and annotation followed an active learning procedure that aimed to maximize predictability. We show that HebEMO yields a better performance accuracy for polarity classification. Emotion detection reaches high performance for various target emotions, with the exception of surprise, which the model failed to capture. These results are better than the best reported performance, even among English-language models of emotion detection.
Late Evolution of Deep Neck Space Abscess: Was Intubation the Cause?
Authors: Ali Ruhma , Owolabi Modupeoluwa , Patel Aditya , Hussain Muhammad , Slim Jihad
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Deep neck abscess in adults may occur as a result of local trauma, foreign body inoculation or immunosuppression.  Method: We describe a case of deep neck abscess that developed after recent hospitalization and intubation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.  Discussion: The incidence of deep neck abscesses has dramatically reduced due to the use of antibiotics. However, if present, they need prompt surgical drainage due to their proximity to the nearby vasculature of the neck.  Conclusion: This case highlights the need for physician awareness of the clinical presentation of the unique complications of deep neck abscess developing after hospitalization.
Children’s distal forearm fractures: a population-based epidemiology study of 4,316 fractures
Authors: Korup Lærke R. , Larsen Peter , Nanthan Kumanan R. , Arildsen Marie , Warming Nikolaj , Sørensen Søren , Rahbek Ole , Elsoe Rasmus
Published: June 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to report a complete overview of both incidence, fracture distribution, mode of injury, and patient baseline demographics of paediatric distal forearm fractures to identify age of risk and types of activities leading to injury.

Methods

Population-based cohort study with manual review of radiographs and charts. The primary outcome measure was incidence of paediatric distal forearm fractures. The study was based on an average at-risk population of 116,950. A total number of 4,316 patients sustained a distal forearm fracture in the study period. Females accounted for 1,910 of the fractures (44%) and males accounted for 2,406 (56%).

Results

The overall incidence of paediatric distal forearm fractures was 738.1/100,000 persons/year (95% confidence interval (CI) 706/100,000 to 770/100,000). Female incidences peaked with an incidence of 1,578.3/100,000 persons/year at age ten years. Male incidence peaked at age 13 years, with an incidence of 1,704.3/100,000 persons/year. The most common fracture type was a greenstick fracture to the radius (48%), and the most common modes of injury were sports and falls from ≤ 1 m. A small year-to-year variation was reported during the five-year study period, but without any trends.

Conclusion

Results show that paediatric distal forearm fractures are very common throughout childhood in both sexes, with almost 2% of males aged 13 years sustaining a forearm fracture each year. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(6):448–454.
Comparing Batch Log Studies to Individual Log Studies: Part 1 - Batch Studies
Authors: Sisler Levi , Hassler Curt , McNeel Joseph F.
Published: June 2022

Batch log studies are frequently used by sawmills to provide insight into lumber grade yields and overrun for a given log grade. This information is then used to determine log pricing. These batches often contain logs with a wide range of diameters and clear faces. Little research has been done to determine the reliability of a batch log study for use in determining log break-even pricing.

A series of 16 batch log studies were conducted at a hardwood sawmill to gain insight into the accuracy and reliability of the batch log study method. Batch compositions were found to be statistically different in four of five log grades. These statistically different batches led to statistical differences in lumber grade yields and overrun.

The batch log study method does not provide accurate insights into lumber grade yields and overrun. As a result, these data are not reliable for mill management decisions such as the calculation of log prices. Several changes could be made to improve the batch log study method, but the individual log study method would be of much more use to mill managers.
Governing the silence: the institutionalisation of evidence-based policing in modern Britain
Authors: Betts Paul R.
Published: June 2022

This paper examines the rise of Evidence-Based Policing (EBP) in Britain. EBP is a ‘what works’ initiative, claiming to offer benefits to ‘improve’ policing policy and practice based on scientific research graded as ‘evidence’. EBP valorises a narrow ‘experimental criminological’ understanding of knowledge and is being institutionalised into policing and academia with very limited challenge. This is despite concerns about ‘evidence-based policy’ in other fields and wide-ranging criminological perspectives on ‘crime’, ‘justice’ and policing that challenge the ‘experimental’ school. By 2022 EBP exerts significant influence on how policing insiders, academics, policymakers and politicians think, speak and act about British policing.

Drawing on Foucault and Hajer, this paper reports institutional changes produced by EBP’s advancement revealed through discourse analytical research into EBP’s ‘archive’ of academic, operational and political ‘texts’. These changes are represented as new ‘governance techniques’ that collectively guard the boundaries of the EBP project, ‘authorising’ the knowledge it generates as ‘true’, propelling EBP towards a hegemonic position in British policing.

EBP is repositioned as doing political work, sharing genealogical heritage with other political projects of late modernity, particularly managerialism and neoliberalism. Appropriately historicised, EBP can also be conceptualised as a new nadir in the problematic relationship between the production of criminological knowledge and the British state: reinforcing state definitions of ‘crime’ and cementing conservative ‘asks’ of policing. Simultaneously, the institutionalisation of EBP’s governance techniques is likely to further silence critical voices, excluding them from knowledge production, policy consideration, and neutralising their more radical calls for progressive policing.
A law unto themselves: on the relatively autonomous operation of protest policing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Martin Greg
Published: June 2022

A central argument of this article is that the exercise of police power in respect of protests is relatively autonomous of judicial pronouncements affirming or upholding rights of free speech and peaceful public assembly. Using mostly Australian examples, but also drawing on UK material and some American references, the article shows how protests have gone ahead regardless of prohibitions on mass gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic. In New South Wales, courts have sometimes allowed protests to proceed when public health experts have assessed the risk to community transmission of coronavirus to be sufficiently low. Notwithstanding that, as they did prior to the pandemic, police have moved to prevent protests and repress protestors. Accordingly, the article takes issue with the ‘negotiated management’ model of protest policing, which perpetuates a fiction of police-protestor cooperation. Indeed, protest policing has often been conflictual and heavy-handed, even militaristic, which, paradoxically, has sometimes led to potential breaches of COVID-19-safe protocols. The article concludes by highlighting analogies between the COVID-19 crisis and the ‘war on terror’ following 9/11, including the role played by courts in attempting to limit the concentration of executive power, government overreach, and intensification of police powers under a paradigm of security.
Terahertz-slicing — an all-optical synchronization for 4th generation light sources
Authors: Chen M. , de Oliveira T. V. A. G. , Ilyakov I. , Nörenberg T. , Kuschewski F. , Deinert J.-C. , Awari N. , Ponomaryov A. , Kuntzsch M. , Kehr S. C. , Eng L. M. , Gensch M. , Kovalev S.
Published: June 2022

A conceptually new approach to synchronizing accelerator-based light sources and external laser systems is presented. The concept is based on utilizing a sufficiently intense accelerator-based single-cycle terahertz pulse to slice a thereby intrinsically synchronized femtosecond-level part of a longer picosecond laser pulse in an electro-optic crystal. A precise synchronization of the order of 10 fs is demonstrated, allowing for real-time lock-in amplifier signal demodulation. We demonstrate successful operation of the concept with three benchmark experiments using a 4th generation accelerator-based terahertz light source, i.e. (i) far-field terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, (ii) terahertz high harmonic generation spectroscopy, and (iii) terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy.
Chalcogenide all-solid hybrid microstructured optical fiber with polarization maintaining properties and its mid-infrared supercontinuum generation
Authors: Tong Hoang Tuan , Koumura Ayaka , Nakatani Asuka , Nguyen Hoa Phuoc Trung , Matsumoto Morio , Sakai Goichi , Suzuki Takenobu , Ohishi Yasutake
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we report a successful fabrication of a highly nonlinear chalcogenide all-solid hybrid microstructured optical fiber with polarization maintaining properties and a mid-infrared SC generation. Up to 4.5 × 10−4 at 10 µm of the fiber birefringence can be realized by employing a single As2Se3 core and two As2S5 rods horizontally aligned in the AsSe2 cladding. The fiber possesses a near-zero and flattened all-normal chromatic dispersion profile over the wavelength range from 5 to 10 µm. The polarization maintaining properties of the fiber is experimentally confirmed and a broadband supercontinuum spectrum from 2 to 10 µm in the mid-infrared window was experimentally demonstrated.
Influence of the a-directed off-cut on the opto-electrical properties of the laser diodes grown on the 0.3° misoriented m-directed GaN substrate: erratum
Authors: Stanczyk Szymon , Kafar Anna , Gibasiewicz Krzysztof , Grzanka Szymon , Levchenko Iryna , Perlin Piotr
Published: June 2022

This erratum corrects the funding of [Opt. Mater. Express 12, 991 (2022)10.1364/OME.445695].
Relative timing jitter in a counterpropagating all-normal dispersion dual-comb fiber laser
Authors: Prakash Neeraj , Huang Shu-Wei , Li Bowen
Published: June 2022

The counterpropagating all-normal dispersion (CANDi) fiber laser is an emerging high-energy single-cavity dual-comb laser source. Its relative timing jitter (RTJ), a critical parameter for dual-comb timing precision and spectral resolution, has not been comprehensively investigated. In this paper, we enhance the state-of-the-art CANDi fiber laser pulse energy from 1 nJ to 8 nJ. We then introduce a reference-free RTJ characterization technique that provides shot-to-shot measurement capability at femtosecond precision. The measurement noise floor reaches

1.6

×

10

−
7

f
s

2

/

H
z

, and the corresponding integrated measurement precision is only 1.8 fs (1 kHz, 20 MHz). With this characterization tool, we are able to study the physical origin of the CANDi laser’s RTJ in detail. We first verify that the cavity length fluctuation does not contribute to the RTJ. Then we measure the integrated RTJ to be 39 fs (1 kHz, 20 MHz) and identify the pump relative intensity noise (RIN) to be the dominant factor responsible for it. In particular, pump RIN is coupled to the RTJ through the Gordon–Haus effect. Finally, solutions to reduce the free-running CANDi laser’s RTJ are discussed. This work provides a general guideline to improve the performance of compact single-cavity dual-comb systems such as the CANDi laser, benefitting various dual-comb applications.
Bright single-photon sources in the telecom band by deterministically coupling single quantum dots to a hybrid circular Bragg resonator
Authors: Xu Shi-Wen , Wei Yu-Ming , Su Rong-Bin , Li Xue-Shi , Huang Pei-Nian , Liu Shun-Fa , Huang Xiao-Ying , Yu Ying , Liu Jin , Wang Xue-Hua
Published: June 2022

High-performance solid-state quantum sources in the telecom band are of paramount importance for long-distance quantum communications and the quantum Internet by taking advantage of a low-loss optical fiber network. Here, we demonstrate bright telecom-wavelength single-photon sources based on In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) deterministically coupled to hybrid circular Bragg resonators (h-CBRs) by using a wide-field fluorescence imaging technique. The QD emissions are redshifted toward the telecom O-band by using an ultra-low InAs growth rate and an InGaAs strain reducing layer. Single-photon emissions under both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed operations are demonstrated, showing high brightness with count rates of 1.14 MHz and 0.34 MHz under saturation powers and single-photon purities of

g

(
2
)

(
0
)
=
0.11
±
0.02

(CW) and

g

(
2
)

(
0
)
=
0.087
±
0.003

(pulsed) at low excitation powers. A Purcell factor of 4.2 with a collection efficiency of

11.2
%
±
1
%

at the first lens is extracted, suggesting efficient coupling between the QD and h-CBR. Our work contributes to the development of highly efficient single-photon sources in the telecom band for fiber-based quantum communication and future distributed quantum networks.
Model-checking ecological state-transition graphs
Authors: Thomas Colin , Cosme Maximilien , Gaucherel Cédric , Pommereau Franck
Published: June 2022

Model-checking is a methodology developed in computer science to automatically assess the dynamics of discrete systems, by checking if a system modelled as a state-transition graph satisfies a dynamical property written as a temporal logic formula. The dynamics of ecosystems have been drawn as state-transition graphs for more than a century, ranging from state-and-transition models to assembly graphs. Model-checking can provide insights into both empirical data and theoretical models, as long as they sum up into state-transition graphs. While model-checking proved to be a valuable tool in systems biology, it remains largely underused in ecology apart from precursory applications.

This article proposes to address this situation, through an inventory of existing ecological STGs and an accessible presentation of the model-checking methodology. This overview is illustrated by the application of model-checking to assess the dynamics of a vegetation pathways model. We select management scenarios by model-checking Computation Tree Logic formulas representing management goals and built from a proposed catalogue of patterns. In discussion, we sketch bridges between existing studies in ecology and available model-checking frameworks. In addition to the automated analysis of ecological state-transition graphs, we believe that defining ecological concepts with temporal logics could help clarify and compare them.
The incidence and severity of COVID-19 in adult professional soccer players in Russia
Authors: Bezuglov Eduard , Khaitin Vladimir , Lazarev Artemii , Achkasov Evgeniy , Romanova Larisa , Butovskiy Mikhail , Khokhlov Vladimir , Tsyplenko Maxim , Linskiy Alexander , Chetverikov Petr , Sugaipov Magomedtagir , Petrov Arseniy , Talibov Oleg , Waśkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: June 2022

There are little data on the incidence, and clinical course of COVID-19 among professional soccer players, and the studies examining putative complications of COVID-19 infections are probabilistic. On February 28, the WHO raised the COVID-19 threat assessment to its highest level. The COVID-19 outbreak became a significant challenge for world health. Around 30 million people got infected with COVID-19 since the beginning of this year. More than 900.000 decease. Thus, examining the incidence of COVID-19 and various aspects of its clinical course in a group of adult professional soccer players would be of great practical interest. The incidence, clinical practice, and severity of COVID-19 infection, as well as the duration of treatment and return to play was studied based on a survey of team physicians and medical records assessment in the group of adult professional soccer players representing the clubs of the Russian Premier-League (RPL) during the period of championship resumption from 01.04.2020 until 20.09.2020. COVID-19 infection was detected in 103 soccer players during COVID-19 screening. This number comprises 14.5% of all soccer players on the rosters of RPL soccer teams and is subjected to regular COVID-19 testing. The asymptomatic course was observed in 43.7% of cases (n = 45). These players were isolated, and their clinical condition was monitored closely. In 56.3% of patients (n = 58), fatigue, headache, fever, and anosmia were the most common symptoms. COVID-19 infection was commonly diagnosed among adult professional soccer players in Russia. However, most cases had a mild course and did not impair return to regular exercise. Only two players were hospitalized with lung lesions and returned to regular sports.
Citizens at the forefront of the constitutional debate: Voluntary citizen participation determinants and emergent content in Chile
Authors: Raveau María Paz , Couyoumdjian Juan Pablo , Fuentes-Bravo Claudio , Rodriguez-Sickert Carlos , Candia Cristian
Published: June 2022

In the past few decades, constitution-making processes have shifted from being undertakings performed by elites and closed off from the public to ones incorporating democratic mechanisms. Little is known, however, about the determinants of voluntary public participation and how they affect the outcomes of the deliberative process in terms of content and quality. Here, we study the process of constituent involvement in the rewriting of Chile’s constitution in 2016. A total of 106, 412 citizens in 8, 113 different local encounters voluntarily congregated in groups of ten or more to collectively determine what social rights should be considered for inclusion in the new constitution, deliberating and then articulating in the written word why should be included. We brought our data to statistical regression models at the municipality level, the results show that the main determinants associated with increasing citizen participation are educational level, engagement in politics, support for the government, and Internet access. In contrast, population density and the share of Evangelical Christians in the general population decrease citizen participation. Then, we further analyze the written arguments for each collectively-selected constitutional rights. The findings suggest that groups from socioeconomically developed municipalities (with higher educational levels and where the main economic activities are more distant from natural resources), on average, deliberate consistently more about themes, concepts, and ideas compared to groups from less developed municipalities. These results provide an empirical ground on the driver factors of voluntary citizen participation and on the benefits and disadvantages of deliberative democracy. Hence, results can inform the organization of new deliberative processes.
Evaluation and prevention and control measures of urban public transport exposure risk under the influence of COVID-19—Taking Wuhan as an example
Authors: Lu Huan , Gan Hongcheng
Published: June 2022

Background

Since December 2019, COVID-19 began to spread throughout the world for nearly two years. During the epidemic, the travel intensity of most urban residents has dropped significantly, and they can only complete inflexible travel such as "home to designated hospital" and "home to supermarket" and some special commuting trips. While ensuring basic travel of residents under major public health emergency, there is also a problem of high risk of infection caused by exposure of the population to the public transport network. For the discipline of urban transport, how to use planning methods to promote public health and reduce the potential spread of diseases has become a common problem faced by the government, academia and industry.

Method

Based on the mobility perspective of travel agents, the spatial analysis methods such as topological model of bus network structure, centrality model of public transport network and nuclear density analysis are used to obtain the exposure risk and spatial distribution characteristics of public transport from two aspects of bus stops and epidemic sites.

Results

The overall spatial exposure risk of Wuhan city presents an obvious "multi center circle" structure at the level of bus stops. The high and relatively high risk stops are mainly transport hubs, shopping malls and other sites, accounting for 35.63%. The medium and low-risk stops are mainly the villages and communities outside the core areas of each administrative region, accounting for 64.37%. On the other hand, at the scale of epidemic sites, the coverage covers 4018 bus stops in Wuhan, accounting for 36.5% of all bus stops, and 169 bus lines, accounting for 39.9% of all routes. High risk epidemic sites are mainly concentrated in the core areas within the jurisdiction of Wuhan City, and in the direction of urban outer circle diffusion, they are mainly distributed in the low and medium risk epidemic sites. According to the difference of the risk level of public transport exposure, the hierarchical public transport control measures are formulated.

Discussion

This paper proposes differentiated prevention and control countermeasures according to the difference of risk levels, and provides theoretical basis and decision-making reference for urban traffic management departments in emergency management and formulation of prevention and control countermeasures.