bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Partnership for Modernization» as an Instrument of Developing the Legal Base of Customs Cooperation between Russia and the EU
Authors: Turlanov D. A.
Published: June 2021

Russia-EU customs cooperation legal base in force has been outdated and is hardly able to meet demands of trade-economic cooperation between Russia and EU. In particular, structure and substance of Russia-EU customs cooperation regulation do not allow to successfully respond to the challenges of bilateral trade. This is stipulated by legal changes at international level for Russia including ratification of International convention on harmonization and simplification of customs procedures of May 18, 1973, forming of Customs union, WTO accession) and following reforms of custom procedures in Russia. Besides, legal base of Russia-EU customs cooperation does not take into consideration the following measures of modernization of customs regulation in the EU: active use of preliminary information change, electronic methods of fulfilment of customs formalities as well as implementation of modern customs techniques, targeted at simplification and securing of customs formalities. Due to the above-mentioned facts and keeping in mind the high role of mutual trade for well-being of both Russia and EU, improvement of customs cooperation legal base becomes the urgent task. The author of the article points out the Initiative Russia-EU «Partnership for modernization» is able to be one the most crucial instruments of development of Russia-EU customs cooperation legal base. The Initiative is conceived to contribute to economic growth of Russia and EU by virtue of implementation of modernized agenda including in customs sphere. Because of that author analyses customs cooperation issues provided by the Initiative, detects its weak points and proposes approaches towards enhancing Russia-EU trade-economic cooperation by means of modernization of trade flows customs administration.
Phenomenon of androgyne as «post-gender»: psychological and philosophical analysis
Authors: Shishlova E.
Published: June 2021

The article considers psychological aspects of androgynous, dual human nature promoting harmonious relationship among the people, interaction between feminity and masculinity. The concepts of androgyne, androgynity and androgynization which correspond to cultural and socio-political conditions of traditional, modern and post-modern society are introduced. The article examines the history and evolution of the phenomenon of androgyne in ancient mythology, medieval religious philosophy, modern philosophy, present-day psychological science and practice. The author comes to the conclusion that there are two kinds of psychological androgynity: symbolic and real. The real androgynity became the subject of special psychological researches, caused the renunciation of the symbolic one and can be regarded as an important individual feature and human advantage. The transformation of the concept of androgyne is analyzed: from its interpretation as а first man to divine, ritual, psychological androgyne finally regarded as a "post-gender". The results of the study on "Psychological gender in socio-cultural dimension" conducted under the auspices of the Laboratory for Sociological Researches of MGIMO-University (School of International Journalism) are presented.
Context as a modifier of phraseological meaning
Authors: Harlamova M. V.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of actualization of phraseological units in the context of the French youth press. Due to the development of the connotative component of the meaning, phraseological units, as expressive means of the language, are often used in the process of communication to influence the addressee. The phraseological units with positive or negative estimation, expressing emotionally-evaluative attitude of the speaker towards the subject, influence the creation of the pragmatic direction of the utterance. Effected by the context, some changes take place within the structure of phraseological meaning. As the result the pragmatic direction of the text is increased. When a cliché is included into the context, the virtual (pragmatic) meaning is substituted by the actual (syntagmatic) meaning. Here, two variants of interaction of these meanings are possible. In the first case, the paradigmatic meaning and the syntagmatic meaning can coincide (thus, the phraseological unit is presented in its casual meaning.) In the latter case, the meaning of the cliché can be transformed under the influence of the context. It often leads to the divergence between paradigmatic and syntagmatic meanings. Thus, connotative-pragmatic characteristics of any phraseological unit can be defined by the context and it leads to : a) a cliché, losing its situational-evaluative feature (influenced by the context, the situational feature disappears and the cliché gets a positive or negative evaluation); b) the transition of the cliché to the "oppositely charged" field (phraseological units with negative connotation get positive connotation and vice versa); c) the intensification of phraseological meaning. The analyzed examples, proving the influence of the context on phraseological meaning, were taken from various French youth journals. (Okapi, le Monde des ados, Geo ado, Phosphore, Etudiant, Science & Vie Junior, Planète Jeunes).
The role of text in teaching foreign languages
Authors: Baranovskaya T. A.
Published: June 2021

The research is devoted to a multi-level study of the essence and role of text creation comprehension in teaching a foreign language. Capturing motivational and logical mental structures along with recognising communicative and cognitive aspects of a person's identity in a text are key linguopsychological elements of studying text activities. The scientific value of the research is in specifying the operational approach to describing a concrete level of a person's consciousness, on which cognitive structures acquire language realisation in the process on communication. Existence of a person's concsiousness is considered on three levels of abstracrion within the conscious: sensory field, associative field, motivational field. The contents of a person's language consciousness can be described through its thesaurus and presented as a filter that sifts through incoming meaningful information expressed in the sign form. The process of first language acquisition by a child is closely related to the apprearance of the correlation between dynamic and static systems of sound production (syllable production and articulation). Tranfer to foreign language acquisition will then be connected only with changing the characted of the correlation in each specific case. Foreign language teaching is connected with the learners' using the language skills they already possess. Peculiarity of language consciousness is revealed both when comparing lexical and grammatical categories in several languages, in which the forms of the same category have different meanings, and when comparing a limited set of such linguistic meanings with an unlimited number of linguistic features and relations between the objects.
Academician Vitaliy Vladimirovich Zhurkin and the European studies in Russia
Authors: Article Editorial
Published: June 2021

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Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vasily Vasilyevich Mikheev and and his research
Authors: Article Editorial
Published: June 2021

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An Opinion on Soft Power
Authors: Astakhov E. M.
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes different aspects of the "soft power" of Russia. The author affirms that in this field the country doesn't have well defined strategies policy. To Russia has the excellent potential for the promotion of its positive image. This potential is primarily due to the famous Russian science, literature, music and art. But this "natural"potential has to be used in the national interests abroad. In recent years the Russian government has made some important steps in cultural diplomacy, in particular for the promotion of Russian language and supporting Russian Diaspora. However, much more has to be done not only in these directions, but also in propaganda and counterpropaganda to meet information pressure against Russia. In this connection, to form properly all directions of the policy of "soft power", is desirable to use the experience of other countries. The states who pretend to have an important place in the world, consider "soft power" as a strategic policy aiming to strengthen their geopolitical positions. In this context the author offers some suggestions concerning different organizational aspects. Special attention is given to the coordination of the activities of all structures involved in the policy of "soft power ".
The Threat from European Missile Defence System to Russian National Security
Authors: Podberezkin A. I. , Parshkova J. Y.
Published: June 2021

The article analyses the political and military aspects of progress in the dialogue between Russia and the U.S./NATO on cooperation in missile defense; investigates the past experiences and current state of cooperation between Russia and the Alliance on missile defense issues; examines the technical features of American missile defence systems today; finds a solution to question whether or not the European Missile Defence Program actually threatens Russia's nuclear deterrent and strategic stability in general; identifies both potential benefits and possible losses for Russia stemming from the development of cooperation with the United States and NATO in countering ballistic missile threats, or from refusal to have such cooperation. Evidently, the initiative of creation of a missile defense in Europe surely belongs to the USA. Washington has enormous technological, financial, economic, military and institutional capabilities in the field of a missile defense, exceeding by far other NATO member-states. In February 2010, the President of the United States B. Obama adopted a project "European Phased Adaptive Approach" (EPAA) as an alternative to G. Bush's global strategic missile defense plan. The first two stages of the Phased Adaptive Approach are focused on creating a system capable of intercepting small, medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles. The possibility of intercepting long-range missiles is postponed to the third (2018) and forth phases (2020). Moscow finds especially troublesome the third and the fourth phases of Washington's project of creating a European segment of the global antiballistic missile system, considering prospective capabilities of the U.S. interceptor missiles 61 and the envisioned areas of their deployment. The U.S. counter-evidence is that phase four interceptors do not exist yet. Russia insists on getting the political and legal guarantees from the U.S. and NATO that their missile defense systems will not slash the efficiency of Russian nuclear deterrence forces.
Legal Aspects of Regulating Lobbying in the United States of America and Canada
Authors: Kremyanskaya E. A.
Published: June 2021

The author reviews history and peculiarities of the legal regulations of lobbying in USA and Canada, points out the tendencies of the legislation development. USA and Canada are among the first countries, which included legal regulations on the lobbying relations in the state government. The author explores the evolution of development of the lobbying legislation in the USA, and in particular reviews the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1976, Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, as well as evolution of the Canadian legislation, where the Act on Lobbying of 1989 is in force, which had substantial changes during the last ten years. Taking into consideration the territorial form of state, the author reviews not only the federal legislation, but also laws on the level of states and provinces of these federations. Besides, the author covers the activity of the control bodies, order of registration and reporting by lobbyists of their professional activity, reveals pro and cons of the legal regulations of such institution as lobbying. In the article there is the list of information, which should be provided by lobbyists to the control bodies and the author correctly mentions that this list in USA is much wider, comparing to Canadian regulations. In the article the author reviews the liability for violations of lobbying legislation. In particular, in the USA the criminal liability is applied up to 5 years of imprisonment and financial penalties up to 200 thousand US dollars. Based on the USA and Canada experience the author reveals the key issues, which should be fixed by the legal regulations in the country and in particular: the clear definition of the lobbying and lobbyist, necessity of disclosure on the information about client and amounts paid, fixing in the control mechanisms and liability.
Responsibility of elite
Authors: Podberjoskin A. I.
Published: June 2021

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School of Life and My Teachers
Authors: Rozanov G. L.
Published: June 2021

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The EU Soft Power in the Global Equilibrium
Authors: Baykov A.
Published: June 2021

The paper analyzes the basic parameters of the soft power of the European Union in the context of the effectiveness of its foreign policy and comparison with the efforts of Russia's own resources capacity of non-violent political influence. To solve this purpose the author dissects the basic interpretation soft power, reviews the criteria to measure the effectiveness foreign policy, highlights the existing scholarly discussion regarding the applicability, relevance and accuracy of the concepts of hard and soft power in applied policy analysis. Particular attention is paid to the problem of trust in international relations in general and in the relations between Russia and the EU in particular. The presence of trust in international relations constitutes a prerequisite to solve any problems for foreign policy. Analyzing the practical expression of the basic values of Western European countries and Russia the article concludes that the efficiency of 'soft power' strategies exercised both by Russia and the EU vis-à-vis each other is rather low. The multi-faceted relations between Russia and the European Union with closely interwoven national interests of different countries do not make these relationships easier whereas a whole array of historical and psychological problems do not add trust. Therefore, it is reasonable to opt for formalized dialogue institutions. In conclusion, the author provides recommendations for medium-and long-term prospects of the bilateral relations.
THE MODERN PRACTICES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL POLICY IN RUSSIAN COMPANIES
Authors: Dolgorukova I. V.
Published: June 2021

In this work the author proposes an interpretation of the corporate social policy as one of the most important areas of a company business which is designed to develop an effective interaction between a company, a society and a state. The author has analyzed the main social practices of realization of a company corporate social policy. A research on the problems and models of social activity of companies makes it possible to reveal the basic components, the specificity, to disclose the role of the corporate policy in the process of establishing Russia as a social state, and to determine the principal factors of formation of the corporate social responsibility as a social institution. In the scientific article author analyses the social practices of forming of reputation of the Russian companies. Social reputation is understood as one of indexes of efficiency of corporate policy. Article contains information on results of author's sociological research of a condition of corporate social policy and the factors of development at large and medium-sized enterprises of the country. During research the priority directions of development of corporate social policy at the modern Russian enterprises were analysed, the comparative analysis of estimates of employees and heads of the enterprises was carried out. In conclusion, the author states the thesis that the understanding of the main directions of corporate social policy shouldn't be limited to inclusion in it only civil and legal liability of the businessman. Business as social institute is the most important social and economic subject of the Russian society. Unfortunately, it isn't quite realized by businessmen. Sociological research showed that corporate social policy is understood by them generally as responsibility before hired employees of the enterprise. This article can be useful for governmental specialists designing the business policy, for entrepreneurs, academics, postgraduates and undergraduates, as well as for a wide range of readers.
POLITICAL DIALOGUE AS THE BASIS OF FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF MODERN RUSSIAN-GERMAN RELATIONS
Authors: Zaytseva N. V.
Published: June 2021

His article deals with political dialogue as the basis of the progressive development of interstate cooperation and one of the few ways to diminish interstate tensions without use of military force. With the growing list of new threats and challenges it is very important to work out an effective mechanism of interstate cooperation and to use it in foreign policy. Political dialogue helps to form the basis for cooperation between states to ensure the security, political and socio-economic stability of countries. Moreover, the political dialogue in its various forms is no longer a seldom-used private practice. It is the "all-encompassing reality" now the study of which is necessary for understanding of the social, economic, and humanitarian phenomena in the international relations. The author analyzes principles, functions, rules of constructive interstate dialogue, reflects the conditions of the development of a true political dialogue and reveals the situation of its "stylization" The provisions presented in this article are presented from the viewpoint of practical use in the development of a constructive foreign policy. At the same time the author points to their philosophical basis, identifies regularities and characteristics from the standpoint of philosophical knowledge. As a practical demonstration of carrying on the political dialogue the article presents a brief description of Russian-German political relations at the present stage. Bilateral relations between these two countries, based on the rich history, consilience of main positions in resolving of international problems, largely reflect the basic terms and principles of a competent political dialogue.
ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS OF PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS IN RUSSIA
Authors: Pudovkin A.
Published: June 2021

The article under the title "Analysis and prospects of private pension funds in Russia" deals with the pension system of the Russian Federation and the problems that the private pension funds will be facing with the introduction of the new pension reform. In addition, the article also deeply studies the private pension funds market in Russia. The study presented in the article also aims to thoroughly analyze the key drivers of the recent boom of the private pension funds sector. In addition, the study also reflects on the prospects of development of private pension funds and the major growth factors for the future taking into considerations the latest pension reform. It is exactly the pension capital that constitutes the major role to the growth of the the private pension funds market. In addition, taking into account the latest developments in the pension legislature, which imply no pension capital available to the private pension funds for the period 2014-2015 years, it is easy to foresee that the only growth factor left is pension reserves. Overall it obviously means that private pension funds should develop private pension schemes. Moreover, private pension insurance may become the major driver of the whole pension industry in the near future.
RUSSIA AND EAST ASIA: NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Kireeva A. A.
Published: June 2021

The article focuses on major dimensions, achievements, challenges and prospects of relations between Russia and East Asia. Strategic importance of the region is shaped by East Asia's increasing role in world politics and economy as well as by its appeal for Russia's modernization agenda. Russia's great power status rests upon the effectiveness of its East Asian policy and development model of Siberia and the Russian Far East. Russia's positions in East Asia have improved substantially over the 2000s. However, its involvement in regional economic interaction is still insignificant and Russia cannot be regarded as a full-fledged regional player in this domain. Russian-Chinese strategic partnership has been the axis of Russia's East Asian foreign policy, though overdependence on China threatens Russia's independent policy in the region and encourages Russia to search for ways to diversify its ties. Russia's national interests reside in multivector policy, aimed at developing substantive relations not only with China but also with Japan, South Korea, ASEAN (Vietnam in the first place) and India along with Russia's involvement in the resolution of Korean nuclear crisis. The rise of China and the US counter-offensive have resulted in a changing strategic environment in East Asia. A need for balancing between the US and China has brought about ASEAN countries' desire to welcome Russia as a "balancer" or an "honest player" in the region. It corresponds with Russia's course on playing a greater role in regional cooperation and integration. Russia's improving ties in political, economic, energy and security dimensions have the potential to contribute to the stability of the emerging polycentric regional order in East Asia and development of Russia's regions of Siberia and the Far East.
FISCAL POLICY PROBLEMS UNDER CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
Authors: Urazayeva V.
Published: June 2021

The article under the title deals with the difficulties in pursuing national fiscal policy in conditions of international financial liberalization. The author analyzes the nature of liberalization of international capital flows and its positive and negative consequences for the economies of the countries which participate in global capital movement. The author especially highlights the fact that international financial liberalization often leads to economic crises and what is even more important to their rapid spread between countries due to their growing financial interdependence. The author distinguishes two groups of fiscal policy problems in conditions of international financial liberalization. The first group includes problems arising due to quick spread of the crises due to eliminating restrictions on crossborder capital flows. These are reduction in taxes and at the same time increase in budget spending, which often happens unexpectedly and substantially impedes fiscal policy. To illustrate these points the author refers to the statistics on Spain, the USA and the OECD as a whole. Moreover countries face another range of problems regardless of the business cycle phase. In the short term it is the necessity of large scale structural economic reforms to achieve the required level of financial liberalization, which often is a heavy burden on the state budget. In the long term the attention is paid to the problem of tax competition between countries, which affects the instruments of fiscal policy. The author notes that the negative consequences of global financial liberalization are relevant not only for recipient countries but for donor countries as well and emphasizes such a burning issue as "capital flight".
European Union Energy Saving Policy
Authors: Kaveshnikov N. Y.
Published: June 2021

This article analyses methods of energy efficiency stimulation in the European Union. The author investigates basic areas of the EU activity; in particular, the author estimates results of implementation of the Energy Star program, new provisions of labeling of energy-using products, measures to increase energy efficiency in buildings. The paper also analyzes the provisions of the Directive 2012/27 that is the first EU document, providing for a comprehensive approach to energy saving at all stages: production, transformation and consumption. Today EU policy includes: 7) a general political and regulatory framework laid down by the European action plan on energy efficiency and Directive 2012/27; 2) national action plans on energy efficiency, which should be in line with indicative targets set at the EU level; 3) special EU documents in key areas of energy efficiency (buildings, energy-consuming equipment etc.); 4) accompanying instruments, such as target funding, information dissemination, support of specialized networks. The paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the key methods of implementation of EU policy in the area of energy saving. The author concludes that EU operates within the framework of the open method of coordination. The system of mandatory/voluntary technical standards has allowed to achieve significant success, but indicative planning and monitoring of national actions are not completely effective. In the long term EU policy in the area of energy efficiency is restrained by member states unwillingness to delegate to the European Union a more detailed powers in this field and to give the EU bodies facilities to execute more strict control. In the short term - in conditions of economic crisis, the EU countries are not ready to invest significant budget funds in projects with long payback period.
Gazprom on the European Market: In Search of the Balance between the Principles of Competition and Energy Security
Authors: Salygin V. I. , Kaveshnikov N. Y.
Published: June 2021

The article analyses the position of Gazprom on the key export market - the market of the European Union. Situation on the EU gas market changed considerably because of an imbalance between supply and demand. Gazprom had to make price concessions for almost all of the main consumers of Russian gas in Europe, and also had to allow European consumers to break one of the key provisions of long-term contracts - "take or pay" clause. Besides disputes at the corporate level significant differences still remain about the well-known Third energy package, which effectively prohibits Gazprom to own and operate gas pipelines on the territory of the EU, as well as binding it to provide a third party access to gas pipelines. The implementation of Third package provisions on function unbundling by some EU Member States in the most rigid version may contradict bilateral international agreements of Russia with the EU Member States, primarily agreements on investment protection. Possible reasons underlying the investigation initiated by the European Commission against Gazprom in connection with a possible violation ofEU competition rules are examined. The paper investigates legal, political and economic aspects of contemporary regime of gas cooperation, particularly restriction of reexport, linkage between gas and oil prices, pricing based on long-term contracts and spot markets. The paper concludes that Russia and the EU need to elaborate a comprehensive document that would ensure the stability of the regulatory environment of energy cooperation and would reflect the balance of interests of producers and consumers. This document should equally ensure highly competitive environment and guarantees of security of supply in the short and long term.
Oil and Gas in the Arctic: Legal Status and Reserves
Authors: Shvets N. N. , Beresneva P. V.
Published: June 2021

When researching such a hot topic as development of oil and gas reserves in Artie it's crucial to answer 3 key questions. What is legal status of Artie reserves and Russian offshore zone in Arctic? Are there any gaps in international lawthatinhibits oil and gas development? How big are Arctic oil and gas reserves? Are they well-explored? What are production costs of oil and gas in Artie? Is it profitable to develop reserves in Artie? The article addresses these vital questions with the detailed analysis. 1982 UN Convention on the Law of Sea partially regulates Artie legal status but countries apply sectorial principal to Arctic territories to claim their rights. There are few border disputes left. The borders of Russian outer continental shelf are shaped by international law and bilateral agreements and undergoing final review within UN processes and mechanisms. Arctic reserves'estimates do vary significantly as the region is barely explored. According to with a high 2008 US Geological Survey and 2006 Wood Mackenzie and Fugro Robertson study Arctic reserves are about 10-15% of global reserves. Most of them are offshore (around 85%), and gas accounts for 80% of reserves. Russia has more than a half of Artie reserves. Under International Energy Agency it's profitable to develop Arctic oil reserves as production costs ($40-100 bbl) are below current and 2035 forecast oil price. On the contrary, gas production is questionable from costs point of view. Gas market is projected to remain regional. With Artie gas production cost of$ 4-12 million BTU, there is no business case to develop Artie gas in America and at the edge of profitability in Europe.
Military and Political Studies
Authors: Podberyozkin A. I.
Published: June 2021

Military-political issues is an important area of research work at MGIMO. The difference in this direction from the classical international specialization is that it is at the intersection of several disciplines: military science, military-technical and military-industrial as well as International Relations. A specialist in military and political issues should not only be an expert in the field of international relations and diplomacy, but also have a deep knowledge of military-technical issues to understand the basic trends in the development of scientific and technological progress and its impact on the balance of forces in the world. Global changes in the balance of power and the nature of the conflict, the emergence of new types of weapons are changing the basic methods and approaches to the art of war, which requires a science-based perspective on problem solving and multi-disciplinary approach in achieving the goals. Military and political studies allow us to understand how the development of military technology and military organization of the state affected by the political situation in the world, the national security of the country and its place in the system of international relations. Military-political research has been developing at MGIMO for a few decades. It laid down the basis for a scientific school of political-military studies. Its founding fathers were such prominent scholars of international affairs, as I.G. Usachyov, A.D. Nikonov, A.G. Arbatov, V.G. Baranovsky, V.M. Kulagin, A.N. Nikitin and other well-known experts. Their work covers a wide range of military and political issues, including the topics of arms control and disarmament, international, and especially European security, military policy, NATO, the Western military-political doctrines and their practical application. Now the lead in the development of this research at MGIMO has taken Center for Military-Political Studies, which became a concentration of relevant information, knowledge and expertise. The center was established in 2012 with the financial support of Air Defense Concern "Almaz-Antey". The Center is headed by Vice-Rector of MGIMO professor A.I.Podberezkin.
MGIMO University Scientific Schools, 70th Anniversary
Authors: Torkunov A. V.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the research and development achievements of MGIMO-University and lays out a framework for further development. The author the responses of the humankind to the challenges of history are bound with acute contradictions and chaos in social and international relations. Among the main tools for soothing the contradictions are education and science. The author dwells upon the issue of educating students for Foreign Service. The education programs should include a following subject triad: history of international relations, international law and macroeconomics. This suggestion reflects the developments in worlds top universities. Among the key competencies required for work at Foreign Crevice are inter cultural communication, political psychology and negotiation skills. Th earticle out lines a program for getting MGIMO University to the top of world league tables. This goal is fairly new for Russian higher education; nevertheless it finds great support and encouragement on the part of Russian government in the form of laws and development programs. The government sets a goal of making 5 to 10 Russian universities world's best. The 70 years history of excellent research, education and training is a good ground for MGIMO to achieve this goal.
School of English for Political Scientist
Authors: Mazaeva I. A.
Published: June 2021

Department of English Language № 7 was founded in 2001. Originally its teaching staff included the specialists of the Department of English Language Chair. Since its inception, the chair has paid particular attention to the introduction of innovative teaching methods and techniques. This is realized by a competence-based and personalized approach, implemented by I.A. Winter as well as and cognitive and communicative approaches to education. The development of intellectual, communicative and personal qualities of students and the teachers is the main goal of the educational process, achieved by the teaching staff witch the use of innovative competence-oriented teaching techniques, and types of assessment at the different levels of education.
School of Economic French
Authors: Franceva I. S.
Published: June 2021

Economic French at MGIMO-University is based on the teaching methods developed by talented Methodist practitioner assistant professor L.L. Potushanskoy. She and her colleagues G.M. Kotova, N. Kolesnikova, I.A. Yudina created well-known in our country methodical complex of three textbooks. This complex is built on clear guidelines to facilitate the natural development of language skills "from simple to complex" and represents the effective approach to language learning: Currently, the department is constantly expanding its boundaries of school teaching economic and business of the French language in accordance with the emerging new special courses on the economics faculties.
School of Central and South-Eastern European Languages
Authors: Zelenov Y. S.
Published: June 2021

The school was established to meet the needs in diplomatic specialists with Central and Eastern European languages. The textbooks produced at the department are popular and widely used throughout the country. The department's faculty also conducts research, reflected in numerous publications Graduates of the school successfully work in the diplomatic service, as well as in teaching at MGIMO.
School of Political Science
Authors: Voskresensky A. D.
Published: June 2021

Out of all the departments of political sciences in Russia - the Department at MGIMO-University is probably the oldest one. In fact it is very young. While MGIMO-University is celebrating its 70th anniversary the Department of Political Sciences turns 15. Despite the fact that political analyst is a relatively new profession in Russia, it acquired a legal standing only in the 1990s, the political science school at MGIMO-University is almost as old as the university itself. Unlike many other universities, focused on the training teachers of political science or campaign managers MGIMO-University has developed its own unique political science school of "full cycle", where students grow into political sciences from a zero level up to the highest qualifications as teachers and researchers, and campaign managers, consultants and practitioners. The uniqueness of the school of political science at MGIMO-University allows its institutional incarnation -the Department of Political Science - to offer prospective studentsa training in a wide range of popular specialties and specializations, while ensuring a deep theoretical and practical basis of the training. Studying at MGIMO-University traditionally includes enhanced linguistic component (at least two foreign languages). For students of international relations and political science learning foreign languages is particularly important.It allows not only to communicate, but also to produce expertise and knowledge in foreign languages.
BRICS Countries Energy Cooperation. Significance of the Issue
Authors: Ryazanova M. O.
Published: June 2021

The article studies one of the key spheres of BRICS framework - energy security. Given the recent decline of economic growth rates in BRICS countries, highlighting of such areas as infrastructural funding and establishing of effective international financial regulatory institutions, beneficial cooperation in energy sector despite its importance for the national interests of member states, nowadays perspectives of BRICS cooperation in energy security seem to be unclear for the leading researchers and analysts. The article contemplates the evolution of energy cooperation issue in the context of BRICS summits. Besides,proceeding from the classification of energy resources into two groups - traditional ones and eco-fuels - the analysis helps to determine potential ways of interaction within the member states taking into account bothmotivating and constraining factors. However, notwithstanding the possibility of the intergroup multilateralrelations in this sphere and overall strengthening of economic ties among the members, the BRICS energy cooperation iscurrently of bilateral and unequally developed nature, which is determined by a number of historically formed circumstances and national interests.
The Institutionalization of Political Humor as a Form of Reflection
Authors: Melnikov S. S.
Published: June 2021

The paper analyzes the genesis of modern political humor and determines its position in the system of spiritual relations in society. The formation of the need to comprehend social relations by means of humor during progressive transition from traditional to modern society is investigated. We note that humor is essentially a social phenomenon. A fundamental distinction between humor formed in the modern period and humor of previous times is the presence of reflexivity. New kind of humor has also dealt with political relations began to be interpreted by means of humor culture. In the course of research we found that comic interpretation of politics became feasible due to the legislative fixation of individual rights as a part of modern political culture. The emancipated personality demonstrates more complicated expectations to a political institute and experiences acute dissatisfaction as state authorities have often made decisions not appropriate to such expectations. For the individual as sovereign entity political humor became a sort of social and psychological compensation. An author pays attention to the fact that the social subject having shown such a reaction was formed during the second half of XIX and the beginning of XX centuries because of the dissemination of the print media and was named «the audience». The audience became a key agent of humorous reflection about the political institute. As a case that grounds the applicability of this theory to the practice the paper considers the example of inclusion of specific comic genre (political caricature) in the social discourse in the West and in Russia.
The Solution of Etno-National Problems: Spanish Experience
Authors: Shestopal A. V.
Published: June 2021

Г.И. Волкова. Испания: государство автономий и проблема территориальной целостности. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2011.328 с.
Digital Diplomacy in the Discourse of Global Policy
Authors: Surma I. V.
Published: June 2021

The article presents a comparative analysis of the official presence on the Internet, including social networking sites, of the state diplomatic agencies of France, Italy, Russia, and others. A new form of "digital diplomacy" on the one hand provides new opportunities for the implementation of the state international politics, and on the other, imposes special requirements on its members. There is the feedback loop between the diplomatic and public agencies (a new phenomenon of the modern information society). Social media play an important role in shaping public opinion, which puts forward specific requirements for how information on the official pages of diplomatic offices in social networks. The new format of close cooperation between the public and diplomatic agencies makes the modern diplomacy more public and less restrained. In these circumstances, it is very important information without losing the initiative and applying new and modern means of communication with their particular style of communication, they can not fall the level of political culture, as happened with the diplomatic authorities of the USA and some other countries. Thus, the ongoing technological revolution complicates the interaction between the participants of international relations. The usage of digital technologies in the diplomatic activity opens up new possibilities for conducting a policy of «soft power» aimed to develop concerted action to overcome the political, social and economic crises, as well as develop the measures to prevent them.
Hubungan Kadar Lemak Viseral dengan Kejadian Obesitas Lansia yang Menderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2
Authors: Nugraha Ida Bagus Aditya , Semaradana Wayan Giri Putra , Wijayanti Ni Made Sri , Adnyani Ni Made Dwi , Laksmi Ida Ayu Sri Indra , Hendrajaya Andre , Alvarocky Rigky , Idris Prizan Kenny
Published: June 2021

Latar Belakang: Lemak viseral berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko kardiovaskular khususnya pada pasien obesitas dengan Diabetes Mellitus tipe 2 (DMT2). Obesitas khususnya obesitas sentral merupakan kondisi penumpukan lemak pada regio perut atau abdominal yang dibuktikan dengan pengukuran indikator lingkar abdomen (atau rasio lingkar abdomen dengan lingkar pinggang). Diabetes sering terkait dengan obesitas dan khususnya pada lansia merupakan populasi yang sangat rentan. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar lemak visceral dengan kejadian obesitas pada lansia DMT2 di Kabupaten Sumbawa Besar. Metode: Metode yang digunakan kasus kontrol, dengan jumlah sampel penelitian berdasar rumus besar sampel sejumlah 41 sampel pasien lansia DMT2 yang berkunjung ke Poliklinik Geriatri RSUD Sumbawa Besar dan RSU Provinsi Manambai, yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis data dengan uji Chi Square lalu dengan menghitung rasio odd. Pengolahan data menggunakan program SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Hasil: Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara tingginya kadar lemak viseral dengan kejadian obesitas pada lansia DMT2 dengan p=0.008 (<0.05). Pasien DMT2 dengan kadar lemak viseral tinggi memiliki kemungkinan 6.3 kali untuk mengalami obesitas {IK 95% (1.522 - 26.081)}. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan tingginya kadar lemak viseral dengan obesitas pada lansia dengan DMT2. Perlu diadakan penelitian lanjutan sehingga memberikan efek preventif pada lansia DMT2 dengan obesitas.
Topical questions of crime prevention in the Darknet
Authors: Gonov Shamil Khasanovich , Milovanov Anton Vladimirovich
Published: June 2021

The article considers the topical issue of a significant growth of crimes in the field of information technologies most of which are committed in the dark and hidden web. The research object is social relations in the sphere of Internet crime prevention. The research subject is the methods and mechanisms of crimes using information systems, and the technologies of information safety provision and deanonymization. The main task of the research is to develop the scientifically-grounded ideas aimed at the enhancement of the technique of analysis and assessment of crimes committed via information and telecommunication systems. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that the authors systematize, generalize and analyze the standard mechanisms of committing crimes using information technologies. Based on this analysis, the authors formulate suggestions and recommendations. The article considers the main methods and mechanisms of information safety provision (anonymity on the Internet, and some promising technologies of deanonymization which can be used in the process of crime detection and investigation. The authors formulate a basic model of an offender which can be used for a primary profiling of a criminal. They also formulate an approach to the assessment of his potential which takes into account the peculiarities of using computer equipment in criminal activities in information and telecommunication networks.   
Metal-Organic Framework Glass Anode with an Exceptional Cycling-Induced Capacity Enhancement for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Chengwei , Jiang Zhenjing , Wang Peixing , Jensen Lars Rosgaard , Zhang Yanfei , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: June 2021

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) hold great promise as high-energy anode materials for next-generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their tuneable pore structure and abundant reaction sites. However, since the pore structure of crystalline MOFs tends to collapse during lithium ion insertion and extraction, it has been a challenge to develop crystalline MOF-based anodes for high performance lithium ion batteries. Here we report a breakthrough in developing the high-performance MOF anodes. In detail, we have developed the first MOF glass anode, i.e., melt-quenched Cobalt-ZIF-62 glass anode with exceptional electrochemical performances. Compared with its crystalline counterpart, the Co-ZIF-62 glass anode exhibits significantly higher lithium storage capacity (306 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at the current density of 2 A g-1), outstanding cycling stability and superior rate performance. Amazingly, the Li-ion storage capacity of the MOF glass anode continuously rises with increasing the number of charge-discharge cycles and even tripled after 1000 cycles. We revealed the possible origin of the unusual cycling-enhanced performances of the MOF glass anode. These superior performances make MOF glasses ideal candidates for anode materials for LIBs.
Electrochemically Driven C-N Bond Formation from CO2 and Ammonia at the Triple-Phase Boundary
Authors: Li Junnan , Kornienko Nikolay
Published: June 2021

Electrosynthetic techniques are gaining prominence across the fields of chemistry, engineering and energy science. However, most works within the direction of synthetic heterogeneous electrocatalysis focus on water electrolysis and CO2 reduction. In this work, we moved to expand the scope of this technology by developing a synthetic scheme which couples CO2 and NH3 at a gas-liquid-solid triple-phase boundary to produce species with C-N bonds. Specifically, by bringing in CO2 from the gas phase and NH3 from the liquid phase together over solid copper catalysts, we have succeeded in forming formamide and acetamide products for the first time. In a subsequent complementary step, we have combined electrochemical analysis and a newly developed operando spectroelectrochemical method, capable of probing the aforementioned triple phase boundary, to extract an initial level of mechanistic analysis regarding the reaction pathways of these reactions and the current system’s limitations. We believe that the development and understanding of this set of reaction pathways will play an exceptionally significant role in expanding the community’s understanding of on-surface electrosynthetic reactions as well as push this set of inherently sustainable technologies towards widespread applicability.
PhICl2 Is Activated by Chloride Ions
Authors: _ Tania , Poynder Tiffany , Kaur Aishvaryadeep , Wilson David , Dutton Jason
Published: June 2021

A study on the potential activating role of pyridine in the electrophilic chlorination of anisole by PhICl2 has led to the discovery that soluble sources of chloride ions activate PhICl2 in the reaction at catalytic loadings, greatly increasing the rate of chlorination. It is further shown that presence of chloride increases the rate of decomposition of PhICl2 into PhI and Cl2. The specific mechanism by which chloride induces electrophilic chlorination and decomposition of PhICl2 remains an open question.