bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant population and row spacing effects on corn: Plant growth, phenology, and grain yield
Authors: Bernhard Brad J. , Below Frederick E.
Published: April 2020

The average U.S. plant population continues to increase as U.S. growers continue to push corn (Zea mays L.) grain yields higher. However, this increased plant population typically causes more intra‐row stress to the plants, potentially reducing yields. Narrower row spacings may be used to reduce the stress by increasing the plant‐to‐plant spacing within a row. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of plant spatial arrangement (population and/or row spacing) on corn plant growth, phenology, and grain yield. In 2017 and 2018, six contemporary commercial hybrids were planted at 94,000, 109,000, 124,000, or 139,000 plants ha−1 in 76‐ and 51‐cm row spacings at two locations in Illinois. Plant spatial arrangement affected corn growth, phenology, and grain yield. The greatest grain yield of 18.5 Mg ha−1 resulted from planting 109,000 plants ha−1 in a 51‐cm row spacing. In a 76‐cm row spacing, the minimum plant population maximized yield at 17.5 Mg ha−1. On average across plant populations, plants in a 51‐cm row spacing yielded 0.8 Mg ha−1 more than when planted in a 76‐cm row spacing. With increased plant populations, plants produced more shoot biomass, whereas root biomass was unchanged. Narrower row spacings helped mitigate crowding stress at greater plant populations by promoting phenotypic changes that consequently led to greater yield.
The influences of environmental change and development on leaf shape in Vitis
Authors: Baumgartner Aly , Donahoo Michaela , Chitwood Daniel H. , Peppe Daniel J.
Published: April 2020

Premise

The size and shape (physiognomy) of woody, dicotyledonous angiosperm leaves are correlated with climate. These relationships are the basis for multiple paleoclimate proxies. Here we test whether Vitis exhibits phenotypic plasticity and whether physiognomy varies along the vine.

Methods

We used Digital Leaf Physiognomy (DiLP) to measure leaf characters of four Vitis species from the USDA Germplasm Repository (Geneva, New York) from the 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 leaf‐growing seasons, which had different environmental conditions.

Results

Leaf shape changed allometrically through developmental stages; early stages were more linear than later stages. There were significant differences in physiognomy in the same developmental stage between the growing seasons, and species had significant differences in mean physiognomy between growing seasons. Phenotypic plasticity was defined as changes between growing seasons after controlling for developmental stage or after averaging all developmental stages. Vitis amurensis and V. riparia had the greatest phenotypic plasticity. North American species exhibited significant differences in tooth area:blade area. Intermediate developmental stages were most likely to exhibit phenotypic plasticity, and only V. amurensis exhibited phenotypic plasticity in later developmental stages.

Conclusions

Leaves have variable phenotypic plasticity along the vine. Environmental signal was strongest in intermediate developmental stages. This is significant for leaf physiognomic‐paleoclimate proxies because these leaves are likely the most common in leaf litter and reflect leaves primarily included in paleoclimate reconstructions. Early season and early developmental stages have the potential to be confounding factors but are unlikely to exert significant influence because of differential preservation potential.
Intramolecular Benzyne–Phenolate [4+2] Cycloadditions
Authors: Takikawa Hiroshi , Nishii Arata , Takiguchi Hiromu , Yagishita Hirotoshi , Tanaka Masato , Hirano Keiichi , Uchiyama Masanobu , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: April 2020

An intramolecular benzyne–phenolate [4+2] cycloaddition is reported. Benzyne precursors, having vicinal halogen‐sulfonate functionalities, linked with a phenol(ate) by various tether groups undergo efficient intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition by treatment with either Ph3MgLi or nBuLi for halogen–metal exchange to form various benzobarrelenes.
Chiroptical Helices of N‐Terminal Aryl Amino Acids through Orthogonal Noncovalent Interactions
Authors: Wang Zhuoer , Hao Aiyou , Xing Pengyao
Published: April 2020

In the solid state, amino acids (alanine and phenylglycine) with appended pyrene segments self‐assembled into α‐helix‐like structures by asymmetrical H‐bonds between carboxylic acid and amide segments, further inducing supramolecular tilted chirality of the achiral pyrenes. These structures bind melamine and electron‐deficient units through H‐bond and charge‐transfer interactions, respectively. Charge‐transfer interactions enhance the dissymmetry g‐factor of absorption (gabs; up to 1.4×10−2) with an extended Cotton effect active region (from 250 to 600 nm). Incorporating melamine inverts the handedness of circularly polarized luminescence and boosts the dissymmetry g‐factor (glum). Melamine also induces macroscopic chirality at the nanoscale, whereby the 2D lamellar structures are transformed into 1D helices at the nanoscale, leading to giant tubular structures at the microscale.
Unexpected Correlation Between Boron Chain Condensation and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) Activity in Highly Active Vanadium Borides: Enabling Predictions
Authors: Lee Eunsoo , Park Hyounmyung , Joo Hyunkeun , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: April 2020

Transition‐metal borides (TMBs) have recently attracted attention as excellent hydrogen evolution (HER) electrocatalysts in bulk crystalline materials. Herein, we show for the first time that VB and V3B4 have high electrocatalytic HER activity. Furthermore, we show that the HER activity (in 0.5 m H2SO4) increases with increasing boron chain condensation in vanadium borides: Using a −23 mV overpotential decrement derived from −0.296 mV (for VB at −10 mA cm−2 current density) and −0.273 mV (for V3B4) we accurately predict the overpotential of VB2 (−0.204 mV) as well as that of unstudied V2B3 (−0.250 mV) and hypothetical “V5B8” (−0.227 mV). We then derived an exponential equation that predicts the overpotentials of known and hypothetical VxBy phases containing at least a boron chain. These results provide a direct correlation between crystal structure and HER activity, thus paving the way for the design of even better electrocatalytic materials through structure–activity relationships.
Nucleobase Modifiers Identify TET Enzymes as Bifunctional DNA Dioxygenases Capable of Direct N‐Demethylation
Authors: Ghanty Uday , Wang Tong , Kohli Rahul M.
Published: April 2020

TET family enzymes are known for oxidation of the 5‐methyl substituent on 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA. 5mC oxidation generates the stable base 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), starting an indirect, multi‐step process that ends with reversion of 5mC to unmodified cytosine. While probing the nucleobase determinants of 5mC recognition, we discovered that TET enzymes are also proficient as direct N‐demethylases of cytosine bases. We find that N‐demethylase activity can be readily observed on substrates lacking a 5‐methyl group and, remarkably, TET enzymes can be similarly proficient in either oxidation of 5mC or demethylation of N4‐methyl substituents. Our results indicate that TET enzymes can act as both direct and indirect demethylases, highlight the active‐site plasticity of these FeII/α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenases, and suggest activity on unexplored substrates that could reveal new TET biology.
Reversibly Thermosecreting Organogels with Switchable Lubrication and Anti‐Icing Performance
Authors: Ru Yunfei , Fang Ruochen , Gu Zhandong , Jiang Lei , Liu Mingjie
Published: April 2020

Synthetic gels with switchable interfacial properties have great potential in smart devices and controllable transport. Herein, we design an organogel by incorporating a binary liquid mixture with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) into a polymer network, resulting in reversible modulation of lubrication and adhesion properties. As the temperature changes, the lubricating mechanism changes reversibly from boundary lubrication to hydrodynamic lubrication due to phase separation within the binary solution permeating the gel (friction coefficient 0.4–0.03). Droplets appear on the gel surface at low temperature and disappear with temperature higher than the critical phase separation temperature (Tps) of the organogel. The organogel possesses a relatively low ice adhesive strength (less than 1 kPa). This material has potential applications in anti‐icing and smart devices, and we believe that this design strategy can be expanded to other systems such as aqueous solutions and hydrogels.
Metal–Covalent Organic Frameworks (MCOFs): A Bridge Between Metal–Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dong Jinqiao , Han Xing , Liu Yan , Li Haiyang , Cui Yong
Published: April 2020

Many sophisticated chemical and physical properties of porous materials strongly rely on the presence of the metal ions within the structures. Whereas homogeneous distribution of metals is conveniently realized in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), the limited stability potentially restricts their practical implementation. From that perspective, the development of metal–covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) may address these shortcomings by incorporating active metal species atop highly stable COF backbones. This Minireview highlights examples of MCOFs that tackle important issues from their design, synthesis, characterization to cutting‐edge applications.
Parametric study for tensile properties of molded high‐density polyethylene for applications in additive manufacturing and sustainable designs
Authors: Pastrnak Austin , Henriquez Adriana , La Saponara Valeria
Published: April 2020

Test specimens following ASTM D638 standards are frequently used to measure the tensile properties of reinforced and unreinforced polymers machined with traditional machining and emerging manufacturing methods (additive manufacturing/3D printing). However, designs of large engineering structures may rely on mechanical properties based on ASTM D3039 for fiber‐reinforced polymer composites. This parametric study examines the scaling effects present in uniaxial tensile test specimens of molded high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), with geometries ranging from Types I to IV of ASTM D638 to ASTM D3039. HDPE is a thermoplastic polymer that is recyclable, can be 3D‐printed, and has a wide range of engineering applications, from bottles to pipes to radiation protection shielding. The mechanical properties test results for the molded HDPE samples are validated using a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate uncertainties for the probability distribution of maximum stress at the yield point. A Finite Element study based on the empirical model shows how the proposed approach can be adopted for design purposes. The results of this work are a useful tool to enhance confidence in the tensile mechanical properties of ASTM D638 Types II and IV geometries as statistically similar to those of ASTM D3039 samples, impacting engineering designs with traditional and emerging manufacturing methods.
HLA–B27 Subtypes Predisposing to Ankylosing Spondylitis Accumulate in an Endoplasmic Reticulum–Derived Compartment Apart From the Peptide‐Loading Complex
Authors: Jah Nadège , Jobart‐Malfait Aude , Ermoza Ketia , Noteuil Aurélie , Chiocchia Gilles , Breban Maxime , André Claudine
Published: April 2020

Objective

It was previously shown thatHLA–B27 subtypes predisposing to spondyloarthritis (SpA), i.e., B*27:02, B*27:05, and B*27:07, displayed an increased propensity to form intracellular oligomers and to accumulate at a high density in cytoplasmic vesicles, as compared to the non–SpA‐associatedHLA–B*07:02 andHLA–B*27:06. This study was undertaken to characterize the nature and content ofHLA–B–containing vesicles and to further examine their relevance to SpA predisposition.

Methods

Vesicles containingHLA–B proteins were detected in transfected HeLa cells and in cells from SpA patients orHLA–B27/human β2‐microglobulin (hβ2m)–transgenic rats, by microscopy. The nature and content ofHLA–B–containing vesicles were characterized in colocalization experiments with appropriate markers.

Results

The SpA‐associatedHLA–B*27:04 subtype accumulated at higher levels (P< 10−5) in cytoplasmic vesicles compared toHLA–B*27:06, from which it differs only by 2 substitutions, reinforcing the correlation between vesicle formation and SpA predisposition. Colocalization studies showed that those vesicles contained misfoldedHLA–B heavy chain along with β2m and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones (calnexin, calreticulin, BiP, glucose‐regulated protein 94‐kd) and belonged to theERbut were distinct from the peptide‐loading complex (PLC). Similar vesicles were observed in immune cells fromHLA–B27+ SpA patients, in greater abundance than in healthy controls (P< 0.01), and in dendritic cells fromHLA–B27/hβ2m transgenic rats, correlating with SpA susceptibility.

Conclusion

Accumulation of misfoldedHLA–B heavy chain along with β2m andERchaperones intoER‐derived vesicles distinct from thePLCis a characteristic feature ofHLA–B27 subtypes predisposing to SpA. This phenomenon could contribute toHLA–B27 pathogenicity, via a noncanonical mechanism.
Post hoc closure of large bore vascular access using the MANTA closure device
Authors: Sharma Ravi K. , Poulin Marie‐France , Tamez‐Aguilar Hector , Pinto Duane S.
Published: April 2020

Successful closure of large bore vascular access (≥12 Fr) is facilitated by the MANTA vascular closure device; however, it requires a critical first step of measuring “skin to arterial wall” depth of the access site using the depth locator before dilating the vessel above 8 Fr. It may be challenging at times to acquire the deployment depth at the onset of the procedure due to case urgency, delayed closure, or when large bore access is obtained at a different institution. We discuss a novel technique of measuring the deployment depth and successful delayed closure of large bore arterial access using the MANTA closure device.
Recent Advances in Layered Tungsten Disulfide as Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting
Authors: Ni Zhiyuan , Wen Hui , Zhang Shengqi , Guo Rui , Su Na , Liu Xuanwen , Liu Chunming
Published: April 2020

Electrocatalytic decomposition of water is an effective method to solve the energy and environmental crisis brought about by fossil fuel combustion. Due to its low cost and abundant resources, non‐precious metal catalysts have achieved rapid development and are widely used in the electrolysis of water. Among these catalysts, WS2 is known as a potential candidate for water decomposition catalysts because of its unique physical and chemical properties and crystal structure. Therefore, we summarize the application of WS2 in the field of electrolysis water splitting. First, the crystal structure, the principle of HER/OER, and the performance evaluation parameters are introduced. Then it focuses on the preparation and structure control of WS2, the method, and the mechanism of performance optimization. Finally, the research on theoretical calculations of WS2 and a discussion about the opportunities and challenges of WS2 as electrocatalyst in the future are summarized. To improve the readability of this review, a concise overview at the end of each section gives some of the characteristics and trends of the studies in the corresponding part.
Turning on Catalysis: Construction of Triphenylphosphine Moieties into Porous Frameworks
Authors: Chen Fang , Wang Sai , Sun Qi , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: April 2020

In this work, we present an effective strategy to enhance the reactivity and durability of molecular organometallic catalysts by constructing into porous frameworks, as demonstrated by triphenylphosphine (PPh3). Such PPh3 moieties accessible via the porous structures could be partially metalated by Pd species to generate a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides. Site isolation in the rigid framework stabilizes the catalytically active monophosphine‐ligated complex against deactivation into less active assemblies of bisphosphine‐Pd. Meanwhile, the densely populated free ligands inhibit the decomposition of catalytically active sites thereby highlighting the beneficial effects of such a platform. Thus, the tunability of porous polymer synthesis gives great promise to impart numerous organometallic catalysts constituted by readily available ligands with unique reactivity, which are not trivially achievable with traditional systems.
Turning Cell Adhesions ON or OFF with High Spatiotemporal Precision Using the Green Light Responsive Protein CarH
Authors: Xu Dongdong , Ricken Julia , Wegner Seraphine V.
Published: April 2020

Spatiotemporal control of integrin‐mediated cell adhesions to extracellular matrix regulates cell behavior with has numerous implications for biotechnological applications. In this work, two approaches for regulating cell adhesions in space and time with high precision are reported, both of which utilize green light. In the first design, CarH, which is a tetramer in the dark, is used to mask cRGD adhesion‐peptides on a surface. Upon green light illumination, the CarH tetramer dissociates into its monomers, revealing the adhesion peptide so that cells can adhere. In the second design, the RGD motif is incorporated into the CarH protein tetramer such that cells can adhere to surfaces functionalized with this protein. The cell adhesions can be disrupted with green light, due to the disassembly of the CarH‐RGD protein. Both designs allow for photoregulation with noninvasive visible light and open new possibilities to investigate the dynamical regulation of cell adhesions in cell biology.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Evapotranspiration and Driving Factors in the Bosten Lake Watershed, China
Authors: Tuersun Aierken , Rusuli Yusufujiang , Maimaiti Aizezitiyuemaier , Maitudi Miriayi , Alimu Kadiayi
Published: April 2020

The Bosten Lake watershed investigated in this study has seen significant land cover and climate change. The spatiotemporal relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental factors remain unclear. In this study, trend analysis and correlation methods are applied to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of ET and the relationship between ET and its driving factors using remotely sensed ET data and measured climate data between 2001 and 2018. During the study period, high values of ET primarily occurr in the wetlands of the plain area and the mid‐elevation mountain areas. The ET values show a significantly increasing trend in the different vegetation types due to climate change and other factors. The ET change trend in the study area is in the range of −13.4 to ≈35.9 mm per year; the desert area exhibits a significant decrease and most of the mountain areas show a significantly increasing trend. ET is significantly correlated with land surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and solar radiation. The dominant factor affecting ET is NDVI, accounting for 15.2% of the study area. The results of this study highlight the need for appropriate land‐use strategies for managing water resources in arid land ecosystems.
Base‐Promoted Cycloaddition of γ‐Hydroxy‐ and δ‐Hydroxy‐α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls with Azaoxyallyl Cations: Rapid Synthesis of N,O‐Heterocycles
Authors: Son Eun Chae , Lee Jiseon , Kim Sung‐Gon
Published: April 2020

Metal‐free and environmentally friendly synthesis of morpholin‐3‐one and 1,4‐oxazepan‐3‐one skeletons was achieved by the cycloaddition reaction of alcohol‐tethered enones and α‐halohydroxamates. This transformation was proposed to proceed through the addition of the hydroxyl group in the enone to an in‐situ generated azaoxyallyl cation followed by intramolecular aza‐Michael‐type trapping. Accordingly, morpholin‐3‐ones and 1,4‐oxazepan‐3‐ones could be generated from γ‐hydroxy and δ‐hydroxy enones, respectively, in a highly diastereoselective manner.
Impact of coronavirus (COVID‐19) on otolaryngologic surgery: Brief commentary
Authors: Bann Darrin V. , Patel Vijay A. , Saadi Robert , Gniady John P. , Goyal Neerav , McGinn Johnathan D. , Goldenberg David
Published: April 2020

Background

The Coronavirus disease—2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is a global health crisis and otolaryngologists are at increased occupational risk of contracting COVID‐19. There are currently no uniform best‐practice recommendations for otolaryngologic surgery in the setting of COVID‐19.

Methods

We reviewed relevant publications and position statements regarding the management of otolaryngology patients in the setting of COVID‐19. Recommendations regarding clinical practice during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks were also reviewed.

Results

Enhanced personal protective equipment (N95 respirator and face shield or powered air‐purifying respirator, disposable cap and gown, gloves) is required for any otolaryngology patient with unknown, suspected, or positive COVID‐19 status. Elective procedures should be postponed indefinitely, and clinical practice should be limited to patients with urgent or emergent needs.

Conclusion

We summarize current best‐practice recommendations for otolaryngologists to ensure safety for themselves, their clinical staff, and their patients.
Expert consensus from the Italian Society for Colposcopy and Cervico‐Vaginal Pathology (SICPCV) for colposcopy and outpatient surgery of the lower genital tract during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Ciavattini Andrea , Delli Carpini Giovanni , Giannella Luca , De Vincenzo Rosa , Frega Antonio , Cattani Paolo , Boselli Fausto , Sopracordevole Francesco , Barbero Maggiorino
Published: April 2020

In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, patients need to be evaluated within 2–4 weeks in the following cases: cytology result of “squamous cell carcinoma,” “atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic,” “endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ,” or “adenocarcinoma”; histopathological diagnosis of suspected invasion from cervical/vaginal biopsy, or invasive disease after a cervical excision procedure, vaginal excision, or vulvar biopsy/excision; sudden onset of strongly suggestive symptoms for malignancy. Digital imaging technologies represent an important opportunity during the COVID‐19 pandemic to share colposcopic images with reference centers, with the aim of avoiding any concentration of patients. All patients must undergo screening for COVID‐19 exposure and should wear a surgical mask. A high‐efficiency filter smoke evacuation system is mandatory to remove surgical smoke. Electrosurgical instruments should be set at the lowest possible power and not be used for long continuous periods to reduce the amount of surgical smoke. The following personal protective equipment should be used: sterile fluid‐repellant surgical gloves, an underlying pair of gloves, eye protection, FFP3 mask, surgical cap, and gown. The colposcope should be protected by a disposable transparent cover. A protective lens that must be disinfected after each use should be applied. The use of a video colposcope should be preferred.
Myocardial injection of a thermoresponsive hydrogel with reactive oxygen species scavenger properties improves border zone contractility
Authors: Spaulding Kimberly A. , Zhu Yang , Takaba Kiyoaki , Ramasubramanian Anusuya , Badathala Anusha , Haraldsson Henrik , Collins Alexander , Aguayo Esteban , Shah Curran , Wallace Arthur W. , Ziats Nicholas P. , Lovett David H. , Baker Anthony J. , Healy Kevin E. , Ratcliffe Mark B.
Published: April 2020

The decrease in contractility in myocardium adjacent (border zone; BZ) to a myocardial infarction (MI) is correlated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that injection of a thermoresponsive hydrogel, with ROS scavenging properties, into the MI would decrease ROS and improve BZ function. Fourteen sheep underwent antero‐apical MI. Seven sheep had a comb‐like copolymer synthesized from N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) and 1500 MW methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, (NIPAAm‐PEG1500), injected (20 × 0.5 mL) into the MI zone 40 min after MI (MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500) and seven sheep were MI controls. Cardiac MRI was performed 2 weeks before and 6 weeks after MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500. BZ wall thickness at end systole was significantly higher for MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500 (12.32 ± 0.51 mm/m2 MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500 vs. 9.88 ± 0.30 MI; p = .023). Demembranated muscle force development for BZ myocardium 6 weeks after MI was significantly higher for MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500 (67.67 ± 2.61 mN/m2 MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500 vs. 40.53 ± 1.04 MI; p < .0001) but not significantly different from remote myocardium or BZ or non‐operated controls. Levels of ROS in BZ tissue were significantly lower in the MI + NIPAAm‐PEG1500 treatment group (hydroxyl p = .0031; superoxide p = .0182). We conclude that infarct injection of the NIPAAm‐PEG1500 hydrogel with ROS scavenging properties decreased ROS and improved contractile protein function in the border zone 6 weeks after MI.
Synthesis, spectral characterization and antitumor activity of phenothiazine derivatives
Authors: Venkatesan Kasi , Satyanarayana Vardhineedi Sri Venkata , Sivakumar Amaravadi , Ramamurthy Chitteti , Thirunavukkarusu Chinnasamy
Published: April 2020

Different types of phenothiazine derivatives were synthesized by reactions of 10‐alkyl‐10H‐phenothiazine‐3‐carbaldehydes. Structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed through spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. All the compounds were studied for their antitumor activities.
The Charcot–Leyden crystal protein revisited—A lysopalmitoylphospholipase and more
Authors: Weller Peter F , Wang Haibin , Melo Rossana C N
Published: April 2020

The Charcot–Leyden crystal protein (CLC-P), a constituent of human and not mouse eosinophils, is one of the most abundant proteins within human eosinophils. It has a propensity to form crystalline structures, Charcot–Leyden crystals, which are hallmarks in their distinctive extracellular crystalline forms as markers of eosinophilic inflammation. The functions of CLC-P within eosinophils have been uncertain. Although the action of CLC-P as a lysophospholipase has been questioned, assays of chromatographically purified CLC-P and crystal-derived CLC-P as well as studies of transfected recombinant CLC-P have consistently documented that CLC-P endogenously expresses lysophospholipase activity, releasing free palmitate from substrate lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Rather than acting solely as a hydrolytic enzyme to release palmitate from a lysolipid substrate, some other lysophospholipases function more dominantly as acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), enzymes that catalyze the removal of thioester-linked, long chain fatty acids, such as palmitate, from cysteine residues of proteins. As such APTs participate in palmitoylation, a post-translational modification that can affect membrane localization, vesicular transport, and secretion. CLC-P has attributes of an APT. Thus, whereas CLC-P expresses inherent lysophospholipase activity, like some other lysophospholipase enzymes, it likely also functions in regulating the dynamic palmitoylation cycle, including, given its dominant subplasmalemmal location, at the human eosinophil’s plasma membrane.
Development of the digestive system of Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi, larvae
Authors: Cohen Stefania , Diaz Marina V. , Díaz Alcira O.
Published: April 2020

The Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi is an important fishery resource of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean and it is also a potential species for cultivation. In this work, the digestive system development in field‐caught hake larvae was studied using histological and histochemical approaches. The digestive tract of larvae was divided into: oropharyngeal cavity (OPC), esophagus, stomach (that develops in the preflexion stage), and intestine. The annexed digestive glands consisted of the liver and the exocrine pancreas. At the beginning of the preflexion stage, teeth were developed in the OPC. There were mucous cells in the esophagus secreting different glycoconjugates from hatching. The enterocytes in the posterior intestine exhibited supranuclear vesicles associated with protein absorption. Mucous cells were observed in the posterior intestine in the preflexion stage and, in the anterior region, ending the flexion stage. Each type of glycoconjugates has a specific role. Acidic mucins lubricate and protect from mechanical damage, sialomucines protect from bacterial infections and neutral mucins regulate the acidity of mucus secretion, protect against abrasion and participate in the formation of the chyme, indicating a pregastric digestion. The liver was present since hatching with pancreatic tissue inside and increased in size acquiring the typical structure with hepatocyte cords, sinusoids, vacuoles, and hepatic duct. The hepatocytes vacuolization increased with larval development. The pancreas became extra‐hepatic, with basophilic acinar cells and acidophilic zymogen granules. Throughout the ontogeny, the increased structural and functional complexity of the digestive system reflected the transition to exogenous feeding and nutritional increasing needs.
Almond allergens: update and perspective on identification and characterization
Authors: Zhang Yuzhu , Jin Tengchuan
Published: April 2020

Almond (Prunus dulcis) is not only widely used as a human food as a result of its flavor, nutrients, and health benefits, but it is also one of the most likely tree nuts to trigger allergies. Almond allergens, however, have not been studied as extensively as those of peanuts and other selected tree nuts. This review provides an update of the molecular properties of almond allergens to clarify some confusion about the identities of almond allergens and our perspective on characterizing putative almond allergens. At present, the following almond allergens have been designated by the World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub‐Committee: Pru du 3 (a non‐specific lipid transfer protein 1, nsLTP1), Pru du 4 (a profilin), Pru du 5 (60S acidic ribosomal protein 2), Pru du 6 (an 11S legumin known as prunin) and Pru du 8 (an antimicrobial protein with cC3C repeats). Besides, almond vicilin and almond γ‐conglutin have been identified as food allergens, although further characterization of these allergens is still of interest. In addition, almond 2S albumin was reported as a food allergen as a result of the misidentification of Pru du 8. Two more almond proteins have been called allergens based on their sequence homology with known food allergens and their ‘membership’ in relevant protein families that contain allergens in many species. These include the pathogenesis related‐10 protein (referred to as Pru du 1) and the thaumatin‐like protein (referred to as Pru du 2). Almonds thus have five known food allergens and five more likely ones that need to be investigated further. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes
Authors: Slate Dennis , Saidy Brandi D. , Simmons Ashlee , Nelson Kathleen M. , Davis Amy , Algeo Timothy P. , Elmore Stacey A. , Chipman Richard B.
Published: April 2020

An estimate or index of target species density is important in determining oral rabies vaccination (ORV) bait densities to control and eliminate specific rabies variants. From 1997–2011, we indexed raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities 253 times based on cumulative captures on 163 sites from Maine to Alabama, USA, near ORV zones created to prevent raccoon rabies from spreading to new areas. We conducted indexing under a common cage trapping protocol near the time of annual ORV to aid in bait density decisions. Unique raccoons (n = 8,415) accounted for 68.0% of captures (n = 12,367). We recaptured raccoons 2,669 times. We applied Schnabel and Huggins mark‐recapture models on sites with ≥3 years of capture data and ≥25% recaptures as context for raccoon density indexes (RDIs). Simple linear relationships between RDIs and mark‐recapture estimates supported application of our index. Raccoon density indexes ranged from 0.0–56.9 raccoons/km2. For bait density decisions, we evaluated RDIs in the following 4 raccoon density groups, which were statistically different: (0.0–5.0 [n = 70], 5.1–15.0 [n = 129], 15.1–25.0 [n = 31], and >25.0 raccoons/km2 [n = 23]). Mean RDI was positively associated with a higher percentage of developed land cover and a lower percentage of evergreen forest. Non‐target species composition (excluding recaptured raccoons) accounted for 32.0% of captures. Potential bait competitors accounted for 76.5% of non‐targets. The opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was the primary potential bait competitor from 27°N to 44°N latitude, north of which it was numerically replaced by the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). We selected the RDI approach over mark‐recapture methods because of costs, geographic scope, staff availability, and the need for supplemental serologic samples. The 4 density groups provided adequate sensitivity to support bait density decisions for the current 2 bait density options. Future improvements to the method include providing random trapping locations to field personnel to prevent trap clustering and marking non‐targets to better characterize bait competitors. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Acute Thermal and Stress Response in Moose to Chemical Immobilization
Authors: Thompson Daniel P. , Crouse John A. , McDonough Thomas J. , Barboza Perry S. , Jaques Scott
Published: April 2020

Management and research of moose (Alces alces) in Alaska, USA, often require chemical immobilization; however, moose may be prone to capture‐induced hyperthermia while immobilized. We chemically immobilized moose with carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to measure rump fat depth, collect blood and fecal samples, and to deploy modified vaginal implant transmitters and global positioning system (GPS)‐collars for recording body temperature and movement during and after the chemical immobilization. We predicted wild moose pursued and captured from a helicopter would have elevated body temperature at time of capture, whereas body temperature would remain stable in hand‐raised captive moose not pursued and only hand‐injected for immobilization. Additionally, we expected post‐capture body temperature would be a function of activity, time immobilized, and ambient temperature. As predicted, body temperature of wild moose was elevated 1 hour after capture (38.9°C, 95% CI = 38.7–39.1°C) but returned to baseline levels within 3 hours (38.0°C, 95% CI = 37.9–38.1°C); however, body temperatures then rose above baseline levels and remained elevated 12–48 hours post‐capture when movement rates were also elevated. Body temperatures in captive moose were not elevated 1‐hour post‐immobilization (37.9°C, 95% CI = 37.8–38.0°C). Body temperatures of wild moose were positively related to cortisol levels at time of capture. Two moose that died after immobilization had initial body temperatures similar to other immobilized moose; however, their body temperature began to rise at 17 hours and 40 hours post‐immobilization. Our study provides evidence that chemical immobilization affects body temperature and movement of wild moose up to 48 hours after capture, possibly as a result of renarcotization from carfentanil citrate. With advancements in technology, we recommend fine‐scale GPS data (<1‐hr fix rates) and continuous body temperature be evaluated to detect evidence of renarcotization during and after opioid‐based captures of northern ungulates. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Newly created farmland should be artificially ameliorated to sustain agricultural production on the Loess Plateau
Authors: Ma Jifu , Chen Yiping , Wang Hongjie , Wang Hong , Wu Junhua , Su Cuicui , Xu Chen
Published: April 2020

The farmland area on the Loess Plateau has decreased because of the Grain for Green Programme and other soil conservation measures. The Gullies Reclamation for Farmland Project has been implemented to increase the farmland areas. Many farmlands have been created, but their suitability for Note for his deletion: because of duplication crop production and sustainable management practices is unknown. Topsoil was sampled from 119 sites to evaluate the soil fertility parameters (e.g., SOM, nitrogen, phosphorus, clay). We found that (a) overall fertility was lower than the soil fertility III level criterion of Shaanxi Province except for the potassium due to the loess parent materials where nutrients were at low levels except for potassium and was extremely unfavorable for crop growth; (b) the distribution of soil fertility properties and quality were variable on the Yan'an regions and especially lowest in the northern areas because of slightly precipitation and vegetation coverage, as well as lack of SOM, nitrogen and phosphorus; (c) cultivation was the better choice for soil fertility restoration at short‐term in view of the higher enzyme activities and the contents of SOM, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The minimum data set for this type of soil quality analysis was determined to be SOM, CEC, NaHCO3‐P, Clay, DTPA‐Fe, DTPA‐Zn, and S‐UE. We recommend to planting of Medicago sativa and other legume crops in the uncultivated newly created farmland rather than letting it recover naturally. It is necessary to apply organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizer, and micro‐elements simultaneously and not rely solely on chemical fertilizers in the utilization of newly created farmland.
Estriol serum levels in new and chronic users of vaginal estriol cream: A prospective observational study
Authors: te West Nevine I. D. , Day Ric O. , Hiley Basia , White Chris  , Wright Mike , Moore Kate H.
Published: April 2020

Aims

To quantify estriol serum concentrations in “new” and “chronic users” of topical estriol cream using quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Methods

In this singlecentre prospective observational study, postmenopausal women with urogynaecological complaints were enrolled: 40 had not used topical estriol previously (“new users”) and 50 had been applying estriol cream for more than 12 weeks (“chronic users”). In “new users,” serum estriol levels were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks use. Estriol cream 1 mg/g was used daily for 3 weeks, then twice weekly with applicator (group 1A) or digitally (group 1B) or three times per week digitally (group 1C). “Chronic users” applied the cream twice (n = 7) or three (n = 43) times per week. Serum samples were taken in the morning after using cream the previous night. The main outcome measures were estriol serum concentrations in “new” and “chronic users” of estriol cream.

Results

Baseline serum estriol concentrations were less than 5 pmol/L in all 40 “new users.” At 12 weeks, the 12‐hour serum estriol levels ranged from less than 5 to 494 pmol/L (median 22.8; Interquartile range [IQR] 9.2–108.5). Seven “new users” had levels more than 100 pmol/L. Most of the 50 “chronic users” also had 12‐hour levels less than 100 pmol/L (median 15.1 pmol/L [IQR 2.7–33.9]: three had levels more than 100 pmol/L.

Conclusions

This study reports serum estriol concentrations in a large number of “new” and “chronic users” of vaginal estriol cream, employing a novel highly sensitive and specific technique. Overall, the results are reassuring: 87% had 12‐hour estriol levels less than 100 pmol/L.
What do we really know about the role of caffeine on urinary tract symptoms? A scoping review on caffeine consumption and lower urinary tract symptoms in adults
Authors: Le Berre Mélanie , Presse Nancy , Morin Mélanie , Larouche Maryse , Campeau Lysanne , Hu Yu Xin , Reid Isabelle , Dumoulin Chantale
Published: April 2020

Aims

The purpose of this scoping review was to map out the existing literature on caffeine intake and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in adults.

Methods

In this scoping review, we searched for all studies available until June 2019 in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register, PsycINFO, LILACS, LiSSa, Web of Science, and Joanna Briggs Institute electronic databases, in addition to a hand search of the bibliographies of all relevant articles and a gray literature search. Both intervention studies on the effects of caffeine reduction in adults with LUTS and observational studies on the association between caffeine intake and LUTS‐related outcomes in adults were included and assessed for methodological quality by two independent reviewers.

Results

Fourteen intervention and 12 observational studies were included. Overall, there was a decrease in urgency episodes (level of evidence 2, grade of recommendation B) and nocturnal enuresis episodes (4, C) with caffeine reduction. Observational studies reported an unclear association between caffeine intake and LUTS‐related outcomes. Most importantly, this present review highlighted high heterogeneity in the studied populations, caffeine measures, and reported outcomes. There was also unknown or high risk of bias in most identified studies.

Conclusions

Caffeine reduction appears to reduce LUTS. Future studies on caffeine reduction interventions should target populations with urgency and urge urinary incontinence, which show the most promising results, and include valid and reliable measures of caffeine intake and LUTS. Finally, future studies should also use reporting guidelines to ensure lower risk of bias.
Fetal therapies for cytomegalovirus: What we tell prospective parents
Authors: Bartlett Adam W. , Hamilton Stuart T. , Shand Antonia W. , Rawlinson William D.
Published: April 2020

Congenital CMV is the most common congenital infection in the developed world. Infection results in congenital disease ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe neurodevelopmental impairment, and occasionally fetal or neonatal death. Fetal infection can occur through maternal‐fetal transmission during primary maternal infection or maternal reactivation or re‐infection. Awareness among maternal health care providers and parents is low. The prevention of maternal CMV infection currently relies on hygiene measures, with no effective CMV vaccine or prophylactic therapies. No licensed treatment options are available to prevent maternal‐fetal transmission or fetal disease. Hyperimmunoglobulin and valaciclovir have been investigated for prevention of maternal‐fetal transmission or fetal treatment, with some evidence supporting consideration of maternal administration of hyperimmunoglobulin or valaciclovir therapy in certain circumstances. This article outlines the clinical evidence regarding proven preventative behavioral measures and experimental hyperimmunoglobulin and valaciclovir therapies, that is structured around common questions asked by pregnant women about CMV infection. It is aimed to help maternity health care providers counsel prospective parents about congenital CMV disease and the preventative and therapeutic strategies currently available.
Corpora amylacea in benign prostatic acini are associated with concurrent, predominantly low‐grade cancer
Authors: Palangmonthip Watchareepohn , Wu Ruizhe , Tarima Sergey , Bobholz Samuel A. , LaViolette Peter S. , Gallan Alexander J. , Iczkowski Kenneth A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Corpora amylacea (CAM), in benign prostatic acini, contain acute‐phase proteins. Do CAM coincide with carcinoma?

Methods

Within 270 biopsies, 83 prostatectomies, and 33 transurethral resections (TURs), CAM absence was designated CAM 0; corpora in less than 5% of benign acini: CAM 1; in 5% to 25%: CAM 2; in more than 25%: CAM 3. CAM were compared against carcinoma presence, clinicopathologic findings, and grade groups (GG) 1 to 2 vs 3 to 5. The frequency of CAM according to anatomic zone was counted. A pilot study was conducted using paired initial benign and repeat biopsies (33 benign, 24 carcinoma).

Results

A total of 68.9% of biopsies, 96.4% of prostatectomies, and 66.7% of TURs disclosed CAM. CAM ≥1 was common at an older age (P = .019). In biopsies, 204 cases (75%) had carcinoma; and CAM of 2 to 3 (compared to 0‐1) were recorded in 25.0% of carcinomas but only 7.4% of benign biopsies (P = .005; odds ratio [OR] = 5.1). CAM correlated with high percent Gleason pattern 3, low GG (P = .035), and chronic inflammation (CI). CI correlated inversely with carcinoma (P = .003). CAM disclosed no association with race, body mass index, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), acute inflammation (in biopsies), atrophy, or carcinoma volume.

With CAM 1, the odds of GG 3 to 5 carcinoma, by comparison to CAM 0, decreased more than 2× (OR = 0.48; P = .032), with CAM 2, more than 3× (OR = 0.33; P = .005), and with CAM 3, almost 3× (OR = 0.39, P = .086). For men aged less than 65, carcinoma predictive model was: Score = (2 × age) + (5 × PSA) − (20 × degree of CAM); using our data, area under the ROC curve was 78.17%. When the transition zone was involved by cancer, it showed more CAM than in cases where it was uninvolved (P = .012); otherwise zonal distributions were similar.

In the pilot study, CAM ≥1 predicted carcinoma on repeat biopsy (P < .05; OR = 8), as did CAM 2 to 3 (P < .0001; OR = 30). CI was not significant, and CAM retained significance after adjusting for CI.

Conclusion

CAM correlate with carcinoma. Whether abundant CAM in benign biopsies adds value amidst high clinical suspicion, warrants further study.
Steroid resistance in organizing pneumonia caused by pulmonary cryptococcosis
Authors: Nomura Motoko , Ohta Hiromitsu , Hiruta Masahiro , Kudo Fumiaki , Ohyanagi Fumiyoshi , Yamaguchi Yasuhiro
Published: April 2020

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) usually responds well to steroid therapy; however, recurrence is commonly observed when the steroid dose is tapered. A 74‐year‐old man suspected of having steroid‐resistant COP presented to our hospital. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed new consolidations of the left inferior lobe despite administration of a moderate dose of oral steroids. Repeated transbronchial lung biopsy showed pulmonary cryptococcosis. The left interior consolidations shrank gradually after antifungal therapy was initiated. Immunocompromised patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis show various CT findings, and consolidation is frequently observed. Superimposed pulmonary cryptococcosis infection should be considered in cases of steroid‐refractory COP.