bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inductive knowledge and lotteries: Could one explain both ‘safely’?
Authors: Zhao Haicheng , Baumann Peter
Published: November 2020

Safety accounts of knowledge claim, roughly, that knowledge that p requires that one's belief that p could not have easily been false. Such accounts have been very popular in recent epistemology. However, one serious problem safety accounts have to confront is to explain why certain lottery‐related beliefs are not knowledge, without excluding obvious instances of inductive knowledge. We argue that the significance of this objection has hitherto been underappreciated by proponents of safety. We discuss Duncan Pritchard's recent solution to the problem and argue that it fails. More importantly, the problem reaches deeper and poses a threat to any current safety accounts that require a belief's modal stability in close possibilities (as well as safety accounts that appeal to ‘normality’). We end by arguing that ways out of the problem require substantial reconstruction for a safety‐based account of knowledge.
Priority effects and ecological restoration
Authors: Weidlich Emanuela W. A. , Nelson Cara R. , Maron John L. , Callaway Ragan M. , Delory Benjamin M. , Temperton Vicky M.
Published: November 2020

Priority effects refer to the order or timing of species arrival, including how species that arrive early at a site either positively or negatively affect establishment, growth, or reproduction of species that arrive later. Despite the clear implications of priority effects for ecological restoration, there have been no reviews of how and where priority effects have been studied and the extent to which findings can be applied to restoration. Here, we systematically review the literature on priority effects by (1) synthesizing information from papers that compared simultaneous and nonsimultaneous planting or sowing; (2) discussing the mechanisms through which priority effects operate, (3) considering how these mechanisms might be manipulated to achieve restoration goals; and (4) highlighting future research needed to improve the use of priority effects in restoration. In a term‐targeted search, we found 43 studies that experimentally manipulated the order of arrival of different species. Overall, these concluded that even small delays in arrival time, as opposed to simultaneous arrival of species, can promote differences in subsequent community composition as well as ecosystem functions. There were very few studies on the long‐term stability of these priority effects, and the majority were conducted in temperate grasslands. Our findings suggest that creating alternative vegetation states via priority treatments is a promising avenue for restoration. However, for the concept to be best operationalized for restoration, we need research in more ecosystems that are priorities for restoration, and treatments that are followed over extended time periods.
Governance landscapes for emerging technologies: The case of cryptocurrencies
Authors: Whitford Andrew B. , Anderson Derrick
Published: November 2020

Scholars call for “adaptive governance” to balance concern about technology uncertainty with the need for innovation in the governance of emerging technologies. Yet, empirical assessment of such governance systems remains sparse. Do the actors interested in the potential regulation of an emerging technology focus on their own interests and opportunities, or do they think in terms of the collective interest? We focus on the actors who embed such systems from a novel landscape perspective that combines two dimensions of governance: the nature of the regulatory target, and the nature of the process they advocate for governing the target. We present data from over 70 actors in the area of cryptocurrencies for evaluating this new logic.
Digital coping: How frontline workers cope with digital service encounters
Authors: Breit Eric , Egeland Cathrine , Løberg Ida B. , Røhnebæk Maria T.
Published: November 2020

This article addresses how frontline workers cope when dealing with digitally mediated service encounters. It draws on a qualitative study of frontline workers' experiences in an increasingly digitalised work environment in the context of employment assistance services. The material shows that digitalising service encounters leads to two overall types of change for frontline employees, and the article explores related coping responses. First, the technology leads to an increased availability of the frontline workers to the clients. This is coped with by handing over, or ‘outsourcing’, responsibilities to clients through digital platforms, and by reducing what is experienced as ‘noise’ related to incoming enquiries. Second, the technology leads to increased transparency of the service interactions, which is coped with by being careful about the content of client communications. The analysis of these changes and their related coping responses contributes to the research on digital public service encounters and highlights avenues for empirical studies and theoretical development within a topical, yet little studied, field.
Long‐term porcine islet graft survival in diabetic non‐human primates treated with clinically available immunosuppressants
Authors: Kim Jong‐Min , Hong So‐Hee , Chung Hyunwoo , Shin Jun‐Seop , Min Byoung‐Hoon , Kim Hyun Je , Kim Jiyeon , Hwang Eung Soo , Kang Hee‐Jung , Ha Jongwon , Park Chung‐Gyu
Published: November 2020

Background

Although pancreatic islet transplantation is becoming an effective therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who suffer from a substantially impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, its application is limited due to the lack of donors. Thus, pig‐to‐human islet xenotransplantation has been regarded as a promising alternative due to the unlimited number of “donor organs.” Long‐term xenogeneic islet graft survival in pig‐to‐non‐human primate (NHP) models has mainly been achieved by administering the anti‐CD154 mAb‐based immunosuppressant regimen. Since the anti‐CD154 mAb treatment has been associated with unexpected fatal thromboembolic complications in clinical trials, the establishment of a new immunosuppressant regimen that is able to be directly applied in clinical trials is an urgent need.

Methods

We assessed an immunosuppressant regimen composed of clinically available agents at porcine islet transplantation in consecutive diabetic NHPs.

Results

Porcine islet graft survival in consecutive diabetic NHPs (n = 7; >222, >200, 181, 89, 62, 55, and 34 days) without severe adverse events.

Conclusion

We believe that our study could contribute greatly to the initiation of islet xenotransplantation clinical trials.
Numerical Investigations of Leakage Performance Degradations in Labyrinth and Flexible Seals Due to Wear
Authors: Dai Xinbo , Yan Xin , He Kun , Li Jun , Feng Zhenping
Published: November 2020

The finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are utilized to investigate the leakage performance degradations in two kinds of flexible seals (i.e., forward bending and backward bending) and two kinds of shroud labyrinth seals (i.e., with straight fins and chamfered fins) in rubbing events. With the existing experimental data, FEA methods for contacting simulations and CFD methods for leakage rate and flow pattern predictions are carefully examined. The wear characteristic and leakage performance between labyrinth seals and flexible seals are compared before and after rub. The results show that, in rubbing process, the labyrinth seal with straight (symmetrical) fins is likely to undergo the mushrooming damage, whereas the labyrinth seal with chamfered (asymmetrical) fins is likely to undergo the tooth-bending damage. In rubbing process, compared with the labyrinth seal, the flexible seal has a superior characteristic in resisting the wear damage due to increased flexibility of fin. For a labyrinth seal with 0.3 mm design clearance and a flexible seal with 0.15 mm design clearance, the 0.5 mm radial displacement of rotor will result in 110% increase of leakage rate for labyrinth seal, and 7% increase of leakage rate for flexible seal after wear. Under the same conditions, the forward bending flexible seal has a lower leakage rate than the backward bending flexible seal before and after rub.
Inversion-Based and Optimal Feedforward Control for Population Dynamics With Input Constraints and Self-Competition in Chemostat Reactor Applications
Authors: Kurth Anna-Carina , Schmidt Kevin , Sawodny Oliver
Published: November 2020

Through chemostat reactors, organisms can be observed under laboratory conditions. Hereby, the reactor contains the biomass, whose growth can be controlled via the dilution rate, respectively, the speed of a pump. Due to physical limitations, input constraints need to be considered. The population density in the reactor can be described by a hyperbolic nonlinear integro partial differential equation (IPDE) of first order. The steady-states and generalized eigenvalues and eigenmodes of these IPDE are determined. In order to track a desired reference trajectory, an optimal and an inversion-based feedforward control are designed. For the optimal feedforward control, the singular arc of the control is calculated and a switching strategy is stated, which explicitly considers the input constraints. For the inversion-based feedforward control, the IPDE is first linearized around the steady-state. To comply with the input constraints, a control system simulator is designed. For the simulation model, the IPDE is approximated using Galerkin's method. Simulations show the functionality of the designed controls and provide the basis for comparison. The inversion-based feedforward control operates well near the steady-state, whereas the performance of the optimal feedforward control is not bounded to the proximity to the steady-state.
Field Performances, Effective Times, and Economic Assessments of Polymer Gel Treatments in Controlling Excessive Water Production From Mature Oil Fields
Authors: Aldhaheri Munqith , Wei Mingzhen , Alhuraishawy Ali , Bai Baojun
Published: November 2020

Polymer bulk gels have been widely applied to mitigate excessive water production from mature oil fields by correcting the reservoir permeability heterogeneity. This paper reviews water responses, effective times, and economic assessments of injection-well gel treatments based on 61 field projects. Eight parameters were evaluated per the reservoir type using the descriptive analysis, stacked histograms, and scatterplots. Results show that water production generally continues to increase after the treatment for undeveloped conformance problems. Contrarily, it typically decreases after the reactive gel treatments target developed conformance issues. For the developed problems, gel treatments do not always mitigate the water production where the water cut may stabilize or increase by 17% in 22% of instances. In addition, they often do reduce water production but not dramatically to really low levels where the water cut stays above 70% and reduces by only 10% in most cases. Gel treatments are economically appraised based only on the oil production response, and both water responses (injection and production) are not considered in the evaluation. They have a typical payout time of 9.2 months, cost of incremental oil barrel of 2 $/barrel, and effective time of 1.9 years. In addition, they have better water responses and economics in carbonates than in sandstones and in unconsolidated and naturally fractured reservoirs than in matrix-rock formations. The current review strongly warns reservoir engineers that gel treatments are not superior in alleviating the water production and candidates should be nominated based on this fact to achieve favorable economics and avoid treatment failures.
Interaction of Void Spacing and Material Size Effect on Inter-Void Flow Localization
Authors: Holte Ingrid , Srivastava Ankit , Martínez-Pañeda Emilio , Niordson Christian F. , Nielsen Kim L.
Published: November 2020

The ductile fracture process in porous metals due to growth and coalescence of micron scale voids is affected not only by the imposed stress state but also by the distribution of the voids and the material size effect. The objective of this study is to understand the interaction of the inter-void spacing (or ligaments) and the resultant gradient-induced material size effect on void coalescence for a range of imposed stress states. To this end, three-dimensional finite element calculations of unit cell models with a discrete void embedded in a strain gradient-enhanced material matrix are performed. The calculations are carried out for a range of initial inter-void ligament sizes and imposed stress states characterized by fixed values of the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter. Our results show that in the absence of strain gradient effects on the material response, decreasing the inter-void ligament size results in an increase in the propensity for void coalescence. However, in a strain gradient-enhanced material matrix, the strain gradients harden the material in the inter-void ligament and decrease the effect of inter-void ligament size on the propensity for void coalescence.
Real-Time Analysis of the Dynamic Foot Function: A Machine Learning and Finite Element Approach
Authors: Tarrade Tristan , Dakhil Nawfal , Behr Michel , Salin Dorian , Llari Maxime
Published: November 2020

Finite element analysis (FEA) has been widely used to study foot biomechanics and pathological functions or effects of therapeutic solutions. However, development and analysis of such foot modeling is complex and time-consuming. The purpose of this study was therefore to propose a method coupling a FE foot model with a model order reduction (MOR) technique to provide real-time analysis of the dynamic foot function. A generic and parametric FE foot model was developed and dynamically validated during stance phase of gait. Based on a design of experiment of 30 FE simulations including four parameters related to foot function, the MOR method was employed to create a prediction model of the center of pressure (COP) path that was validated with four more random simulations. The four predicted COP paths were obtained with a 3% root-mean-square-error (RMSE) in less than 1 s. The time-dependent analysis demonstrated that the subtalar joint position and the midtarsal joint laxity are the most influential factors on the foot functions. These results provide additionally insight into the use of MOR technique to significantly improve speed and power of the FE analysis of the foot function and may support the development of real-time decision support tools based on this method.
Pressure Drop Oscillations With Symmetry Breakdown in Two-Phase Flow Parallel Channels
Authors: Rahman Md Emadur , Singh Suneet
Published: November 2020

Two-phase flow in parallel heated channels is prone to symmetry breakdown resulting in mass flow maldistribution. Moreover, in the presence of compressible volume (CV), such systems also undergo pressure drop oscillations (PDOs). The performances of such systems depend on the effect of these flow instabilities. However, the simultaneous occurrence of these two-phenomena has been rarely reported in the literature. In this work, an approach is applied in a two-channel system to demarcate the parameter space of mass flow rate and inlet temperature into several areas, where these two phenomena take place. The loss in the symmetry in the flow rate is observed as the mass flow rate is varied, which leads to flow maldistribution. The PDO are also observed for specific values of mass flow rate in the system. One unique feature of the parallel channel system is the existence of the oscillatory and stable (albeit asymmetric) states at the same parameter values. For these parameter values, the final state of the system is dependent on the type of initial disturbance. The flow maldistribution due to symmetry breakdown is identified by the pitchfork bifurcation, and oscillations of mass flow rate are identified by the presence of Hopf bifurcation. Moreover, the physical interpretation of the different phenomena in the system is carried out using internal and external pressure drop characteristics curves.
Coupling Effect of State-of-Charge and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Behavior of Electrodes of 21700 Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Sonwane Aditya , Yuan Chunhao , Xu Jun
Published: November 2020

As an emerging type of high-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles, 21700 cylindrical batteries may suffer inevitable mechanical vibrations, curbstone impact/penetration, and crash accidents, which probably induce internal short circuit (ISC), thermal runaway, and more catastrophic events such as fire/explosion. Therefore, exploring the mechanical behavior quantitively serves as a cornerstone for a better understanding of the safety behaviors of batteries. This paper focuses on the characterization of the tensile mechanical behavior of the electrodes under different state-of-charges (SOCs) coupled with strain rate effect. In the meantime, a numerical computation model is also established to provide a fundamental understanding of the electrode deformation. We discover that both anodes and cathodes are highly anisotropic at various electrochemical statuses, and strong strain rate dependency can be observed. Results provide an in-depth and systematic characterization of the mechanical behaviors of the electrodes and a powerful tool for the future design, evaluation, and manufacturing of safer batteries.
Relationship Marketing: Revisiting the Scholarship in Sport Management and Sport Communication
Authors: Abeza Gashaw , O’Reilly Norm , Braunstein-Minkove Jessica R.
Published: November 2020

Relational perspectives have influenced marketing theory and practice over the past 40 years, with a volume of relationship marketing (RM) research accumulating over this time. In sport management specifically, a number of RM research articles have been published since the late 1990s. Although an influx has been seen, a review of said literature informs us that RM is a diverse field with no single best explanation, no clear domain and scope, and no universally accepted definition and that, most particularly, the literature is a melting pot of various concepts. This circumstance creates frustration and confusion among new researchers. Additionally, as strategic communication strategies rely on clear and consistent messaging, it is pivotal to holistically address the issue. Therefore, adopting an integrative literature review approach, this commentary revisits the RM scholarship to present, brings attention to the complex nature of the RM literature, and identifies a point of departure for researchers attempting to find a fitting “home” for their research.
Grants: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly, and the Puzzling
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2020

Grants play a major role in higher education, including kinesiology. However, critical commentaries on the role of external funds appear nonexistent in kinesiology. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to outline the most common criticisms of grants to stimulate a conversation in kinesiology. First, I discuss benefits of grants. Second, I examine the role of grants in higher education. Third, I discuss how external funds are not required to contribute meaningful research. Fourth, I examine how a major reason for grants, to produce research publications, often goes unfullfilled. Fifth, I show how the development of grant applications (especially unsuccessful applications) is an inefficient expenditure of resources. Sixth, I discuss how pursuing grants can be detrimental to other important academy goals. Seventh, I examine how grants may negatively influence faculty and administrator morale and quality of life. Eighth, I report on some common criticisms of the grant review process and discuss some alternative reviewing systems. Finally, I end with a brief summary and some recommendations.
Structural basis of antagonizing the vitamin K catalytic cycle for anticoagulation
Authors: Liu Shixuan , Li Shuang , Shen Guomin , Sukumar Narayanasami , Krezel Andrzej M. , Li Weikai
Published: November 2020

Anticoagulants take over

In its fully reduced form, vitamin K helps to catalyze an oxidation reaction essential for blood coagulations, but it must be regenerated in each reaction through reduction. Liu
et al.
determined the structures of the enzyme responsible, vitamin K epoxide reductase, bound to an oxidized vitamin K substrate or with anticoagulants, including the widely prescribed drug warfarin. Understanding how these molecules bind and inhibit explains some variations in the therapeutic response as well as resistance for anticoagulants used in pest control.

Science
, this issue p.
43
Evaluation of a Combined Multilocus Sequence Typing and Whole-Genome Sequencing Two-Step Algorithm for Routine Typing of
Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Kamboj Mini , McMillen Tracy , Syed Mustafa , Chow Hoi Yan , Jani Krupa , Aslam Anoshe , Brite Jennifer , Fanelli Brian , Hasan Nur A. , Dadlani Manoj , Westblade Lars , Zehir Ahmet , Simon Matthew , Babady N. Esther
Published: November 2020

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a low-resolution but rapid genotyping method for
Clostridioides difficile
. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as the new gold standard for
C. difficile
typing, but cost and lack of standardization still limit broad utilization. In this study, we evaluated the potential to combine the portability of MLST with the increased resolution of WGS for a cost-saving approach to routine
C. difficile
typing.
The inter-relationship between depressed mood, functional decline and disability over a 10-year observational period within the Longitudinal Urban Cohort Ageing Study (LUCAS)
Authors: Dapp Ulrike , Minder Christoph E , Golgert Stefan , Klugmann Björn , Neumann Lilli , von Renteln-Kruse Wolfgang
Published: November 2020

Background

The WHO defines ‘healthy ageing’ as ‘the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability’. Late-life depression and frailty compromise well-being and independence of older people. To date, there exists little research on the interaction of the dynamic processes of frailty and depression and only a few studies were longitudinal. Conclusions about the direction of effects remained uncertain.

Methods

Data were obtained from each of the last six biyearly waves (2007–2017) of the Longitudinal Urban Cohort Ageing Study (LUCAS) in Hamburg, Germany, a prospective observational cohort study of manifold aspects of ageing. Screening of predictor and event variables: depressed mood: one question from the 5-item Mental Health Inventory Screening Test; frailty: LUCAS Functional Ability Index, status ‘frail’; disability: one question on need for human help with basic activities of daily living. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox’s proportional hazards regression were used for time-to-event analyses with shifting baseline.

Results

Sample size in 2007 was 2012, average age 76.2 years; ±6.5. Main results were as follows: (1) depression significantly increased the hazard of subsequent frailty (HR=1.581; 95% CI 1.257 to 1.988; p<0.001); (2) frailty significantly increased the hazard of subsequent depression (HR=2.324; 95% CI 1.703 to 3.172; p<0.001); (3) depression significantly increased the hazard of subsequent disability (HR=2.589; 95% CI 1.885 to 3.557; p<0.001) and (4) disability did not significantly increase the hazard of subsequent depression (HR=1.540; 95% CI 0.917 to 2.579; p=0.102).

Conclusion

Our results suggest an interdependence of the processes of depression and frailty/disability rather than unidirectional dependencies. These observable processes may be representative of underlying unobservable profound life changes. Obviously, there is a need for early screening to initiate appropriate interventions.
Household and area-level social determinants of multimorbidity: a systematic review
Authors: Ingram Elizabeth , Ledden Sarah , Beardon Sarah , Gomes Manuel , Hogarth Sue , McDonald Helen , Osborn David P , Sheringham Jessica
Published: November 2020

Background

No clear synthesis of evidence examining household and area-level social determinants of multimorbidity exists. This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature on associations between household and area-level social determinants of health (SDoH) and multimorbidity prevalence or incidence in the general population.

Methods

Six databases (MedLine, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus and Scopus) were searched. The search was limited to peer-reviewed studies conducted in high-income countries and published in English between 2010 and 2019. A second reviewer screened all titles with abstracts and a subset of full texts. Study quality was assessed and protocol pre-registered (CRD42019135281).

Results

41 studies spanning North America, Europe and Australasia were included. Household income and area-level deprivation were the most explored with fairly consistent findings. The odds of multimorbidity were up to 4.4 times higher for participants with the lowest level of income compared with the highest level. Those living in the most deprived areas had the highest prevalence or incidence of multimorbidity (pooled OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.42). Associations between deprivation and multimorbidity differed by age and multimorbidity type. Findings from the few studies investigating household tenure, household composition and area-level rurality were mixed and contradictory; homeownership and rurality were associated with increased and decreased multimorbidity, while living alone was found to be associated with a higher risk of multimorbidity and not associated.

Conclusion

Improving our understanding of broader social determinants of multimorbidity—particularly at the household level—could help inform strategies to tackle multimorbidity.
Analysis of tumor-infiltrating NK and T cells highlights IL-15 stimulation and TIGIT blockade as a combination immunotherapy strategy for soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Judge Sean J , Darrow Morgan A , Thorpe Steve W , Gingrich Alicia A , O'Donnell Edmond F , Bellini Alyssa R , Sturgill Ian R , Vick Logan V , Dunai Cordelia , Stoffel Kevin M , Lyu Yue , Chen Shuai , Cho May , Rebhun Robert B , Monjazeb Arta M , Murphy William J , Canter Robert J
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Given the unmet need for novel immunotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma (STS), we sought to characterize the phenotype and function of intratumoral natural killer (NK) and T cells to identify novel strategies to augment tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) function.

Experimental design

Using prospectively collected specimens from dogs and humans with sarcomas, archived specimens, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we evaluated blood and tumor NK and T cell phenotype and function and correlated those with outcome. We then assessed the effects of interleukin 15 (IL-15) stimulation on both NK and T cell activation and TIGIT upregulation. Finally, we evaluated cytotoxic effects of IL-15 combined with TIGIT blockade using a novel anti-TIGIT antibody.

Results

TILs were strongly associated with survival outcome in both archived tissue and TCGA, but higher TIL content was also associated with higher TIGIT expression. Compared with blood, intratumoral NK and T cells showed significantly higher expression of both activation and exhaustion markers, in particular TIGIT. Ex vivo stimulation of blood and tumor NK and T cells from patients with STS with IL-15 further increased both activation and exhaustion markers, including TIGIT. Dogs with metastatic osteosarcoma receiving inhaled IL-15 also exhibited upregulation of activation markers and TIGIT. Ex vivo, combined IL-15 and TIGIT blockade using STS blood and tumor specimens significantly increased cytotoxicity against STS targets.

Conclusion

Intratumoral NK and T cells are prognostic in STS, but their activation is marked by significant upregulation of TIGIT. Our data suggest that combined IL-15 and TIGIT blockade may be a promising clinical strategy in STS.
Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 associated stroke: a UK multicentre case-control study
Authors: Perry Richard J , Smith Craig J , Roffe Christine , Simister Robert , Narayanamoorthi Saravanan , Marigold Richard , Willmot Mark , Dixit Anand , Hassan Ahamad , Quinn Terence J , Ankolekar Sandeep , Zhang Liqun , Banerjee Soma , Ahmed Urwah , Padmanabhan Nishita , Ferdinand Phillip , McGrane Frances , Banaras Azra , Marks Isobel H , Werring David J
Published: November 2020

Objective

We set out to determine which characteristics and outcomes of stroke are associated with COVID-19.

Methods

This case-control study included patients admitted with stroke to 13 hospitals in England and Scotland between 9 March and 5 July 2020. We collected data on 86 strokes (81 ischaemic strokes and 5 intracerebral haemorrhages) in patients with evidence of COVID-19 at the time of stroke onset (cases). They were compared with 1384 strokes (1193 ischaemic strokes and 191 intracerebral haemorrhages) in patients admitted during the same time period who never had evidence of COVID-19 (controls). In addition, the whole group of stroke admissions, including another 37 patients who appeared to have developed COVID-19 after their stroke, were included in two logistic regression analyses examining which features were independently associated with COVID-19 status and with inpatient mortality.

Results

Cases with ischaemic stroke were more likely than ischaemic controls to occur in Asians (18.8% vs 6.7%, p<0.0002), were more likely to involve multiple large vessel occlusions (17.9% vs 8.1%, p<0.03), were more severe (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 8 vs 5, p<0.002), were associated with higher D-dimer levels (p<0.01) and were associated with more severe disability on discharge (median modified Rankin Scale score 4 vs 3, p<0.0001) and inpatient death (19.8% vs 6.9%, p<0.0001). Recurrence of stroke during the patient’s admission was rare in cases and controls (2.3% vs 1.0%, NS).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that COVID-19 may be an important modifier of the onset, characteristics and outcome of acute ischaemic stroke.
Good reasons to vaccinate: mandatory or payment for risk?
Authors: Savulescu Julian
Published: November 2020

Mandatory vaccination, including for COVID-19, can be ethically justified if the threat to public health is grave, the confidence in safety and effectiveness is high, the expected utility of mandatory vaccination is greater than the alternatives, and the penalties or costs for non-compliance are proportionate. I describe an algorithm for justified mandatory vaccination. Penalties or costs could include withholding of benefits, imposition of fines, provision of community service or loss of freedoms. I argue that under conditions of risk or perceived risk of a novel vaccination, a system of payment for risk in vaccination may be superior. I defend a payment model against various objections, including that it constitutes coercion and undermines solidarity. I argue that payment can be in cash or in kind, and opportunity for altruistic vaccinations can be preserved by offering people who have been vaccinated the opportunity to donate any cash payment back to the health service.
Quadratus lumborum block: an imaging study of three approaches
Authors: Balocco Angela Lucia , López Ana M , Kesteloot Cedric , Horn Jean-Louis , Brichant Jean-François , Vandepitte Catherine , Hadzic Admir , Gautier Philippe
Published: November 2020

Background and objectives

Different injection techniques for the quadratus lumborum (QL) block have been described. Data in human cadavers suggest that the transverse oblique paramedian (TOP) QL3 may reach the thoracic paravertebral space more consistently than the QL1 and QL2. However, the distribution of injectate in cadavers may differ from that in patients. Hence, we assessed the distribution of the injectate after the QL1, QL2, and TOP QL3 techniques in patients.

Materials and methods

Thirty-four patients scheduled for abdominal surgery received QL blocks postoperatively; 26 patients received bilateral and 8 patients received unilateral blocks. Block injections were randomly allocated to QL1, QL2, or TOP QL3 techniques (20 blocks per each technique). The injections consisted of 18 mL of ropivacaine 0.375% with 2 mL of radiopaque contrast, injected lateral or posterior to the QL muscle for the QL1 and QL2 techniques, respectively. For the TOP QL3, the injection was into the plane between the QL and psoas muscles, proximal to the L2 transverse process. Two reviewers, blinded to the allocation, reviewed three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images to assess the distribution of injectate.

Results and discussion

The QL1 block spread in the transversus abdominis plane (TAP), QL2 in the TAP,andposterior aspect of the QL muscle, whereas TOP QL3 spread consistently in the anterior aspect of the QL musclewithoccasional spread to the lumbar and thoracic paravertebral areas.

Conclusions

The spread of injectate after QL1, QL2, and QL3 blocks, resulted in different distribution patterns, primarily in the area of injection. The TOP QL3 did not result in consistent interfascial spread toward the thoracic paravertebral space.
Macroeconomic impacts of cigarette consumption in Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Wasim , Iqbal Mohammad Asif
Published: November 2020

Background

Pakistan has a large population of tobacco users, with about 24 million adults consuming tobacco products in one form or another. There is a dearth of research on the impact of a reduction in tobacco use on Pakistan’s economy which can inform policy-makers on the extent that tobacco control measures would affect macroeconomic indicators such as output and employment.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to quantify the changes in output, income and employment resulting from changes in cigarette consumption and to quantify the impact of such changes on the overall economy.

Methodology

The study uses the input–output table for the fiscal year 2010–2011 for Pakistan’s economy, to estimate the output, income and employment multipliers. The Leontief input–output model is used to estimate the sectorwise multiplier effects. It estimates direct, indirect and consumption-induced effects of changes in tobacco use on the economy.

Results

The cigarette industry’s share in large-scale manufacturing and industrial employment is 1.1% and 0.3%, respectively. The estimates of gross output, income and employment multipliers for the cigarette industry have relatively small magnitudes indicating minimal impact on the economy. A simulation analysis based on the latest estimates of price elasticity of cigarette and input–output multipliers, shows that a 10% increase in price will lead to an 11% reduction in cigarette consumption, which translates into annual savings of Pakistani Rupees (Rs) 16 billion by households. Reduction in cigarette consumption will allow individuals to spend their savings on other commodities. For example, spending this amount on food items will lead to a net increase of Rs 40 billion annual output of the economy.

Conclusion

Reduction in tobacco consumption will lead to initial losses to the economy but there will be considerable gains in output, employment and income due to redistribution of tobacco expenditures.
Near-threshold photoproduction of $$J/\psi $$ in two-gluon exchange model
Authors: Zeng Fancong , Wang Xiao-Yun , Zhang Li , Xie Ya-Ping , Wang Rong , Chen Xurong
Published: November 2020

The near-threshold photoproduction of $$J/\psi $$

J
/
ψ

is regarded as one golden process to unveil the nucleon mass structure, pentaquark state involving the charm quarks, and the poorly constrained gluon distribution of the nucleon at large x ($$>0.1$$

>
0.1

). In this paper, we present an analysis of the current experimental data under a two-gluon exchange model, which shows a good consistency. Using a parameterized function form with three free parameters, we have determined the nucleonic gluon distribution at the $$J/\psi $$

J
/
ψ

mass scale. Moreover, we predict the differential cross-section of the electroproduction of $$J/\psi $$

J
/
ψ

as a function of the invariant mass of the final hadrons W, at EicC, as a practical application of the model and the obtained gluon distribution. According to our estimation, hundreds of $$J/\psi $$

J
/
ψ

events can be detected per year on EicC near the threshold. Therefore, the relevant experimental measurements are suggested to be carried out on EicC.
SEQUENTIAL GROUP LENDING WITH AND WITHOUT GROUP LIABILITY; GRAMEEN I VERSUS GRAMEEN II
Authors: MUKHERJEE SASWATEE
Published: November 2020

The paper shows that in absence of any physical collateral, sequential group lending with joint-liability fails to guarantee loan repayment by borrowers because of the coordination problem among the borrowers. The model finds that under certain conditions, profits can be higher under joint-liability group lending if one can ensure peer pressure is adequate to guarantee there is no strategic default, i.e., repayment when the borrower has earned enough to be able to repay. From the lender’s point of view, the individual lending contract may turn out to be a better option than joint-liability group lending under certain circumstances.
Polynomial with cyclic monotone elements with applications to Random Matrices with discrete spectrum
Authors: Arizmendi Octavio , Celestino Adrián
Published: November 2020

We provide a generalization and new proofs of the formulas of Collins et al. for the spectrum of polynomials in cyclic monotone elements. This is applied to Random Matrices with discrete spectrum.
Self-sovereign Identities for Fighting the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gans Rachel Benchaya , Ubacht Jolien , Janssen Marijn
Published: November 2020

Whereas part of the world can benefit from the wonders of digital technologies, undocumented migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees are facing the rough reality of being “invisible” in society and ignored by governments. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic impact of the closure of the service industry and the impossibility to keep most of the informal work they perform place them into a limbo without income and unemployment benefits. They are denied formal support because of the lack of a legally recognized identity. For this type of humanitarian support, contemporary identities can offer a way out. Self-sovereign identities (SSI) can provide individuals ownership over their data and the ability to share this with others. The essence is that the owner determines whom they share their identity data with. They have the sole ownership of the identity data. As such, an SSI ensures privacy for undocumented persons. This would allow to provide support to those who are left behind by a lack of formal identity. In this article, we explore the possibility of SSI to assist undocumented individuals throughout the pandemic times. SSI can be used to interact with undocumented workers and to share all kinds of identity data, such as sharing the attestation of COVID-19 tests or the ability to donate money to those who are illegal without sacrificing their identity.
A Label-Free Aptasensor for the Detection of Ochratoxin A Based on Competitive Molecule-Level Interactions
Authors: Qiao Xiujuan , Wang Yahui , Arsalan Muhammad , Yang Shuying , Wang Yuan , Sheng Qinglin , Yue Tianli
Published: November 2020

A simple and label-free aptasensor for rapid determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) has been proposed, which is based on the competitive strategies between single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and methylene blue (MB) on two-dimensional (2D) nitrogen-doped graphene (NGE) surfaces. Compared with the binding force of electrostatic attraction and weak π-π stacking between MB and NGE surfaces, the binding affinity of hydrogen bonding and stronger π-π stacking will contribute to the binding force between ssDNA nucleobases and graphene. As mentioned above, the combination of aptamer with OTA can release complementary DNA (cDNA) to detection system and the single stranded cDNA thus attaches to NGE surfaces through the binding force of hydrogen bonding and strong π-π stacking, causing MB to release from the NGE surfaces. The signal changes of MB could be used to determine OTA concentration. The sensing mechanism has been studied by UV and SWV. The electrochemical processes are characterized by SWV and EIS techniques with low detection-limit (0.71 fg·mL−1) and a wide linear range (1 fg·mL−1–0.1 μg·mL−1). The proposed label-free aptasensor will simplify the detection processes and boost their practical applications to timely prevent OTA exposure to human bodies.
RF Studies of Soot and Ammonia Loadings on a Combined Particulate Filter and SCR Catalyst
Authors: Sethia Shreyans , Kubinski David , Nerlich Hans , Naber Jeff
Published: November 2020

Modern diesels employ a particulate filter (DPF) to reduce soot emissions. Additionally, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by NH3 stored on the SCR catalyst reduces NOx emissions. In some vehicles the functions of these aftertreatment components are combined in the SDPF, a DPF having a SCR washcoat. The RF resonant method has been shown to be an alternative tool for measuring the DPF’s soot loading and the SCR’s NH3 loading. For both applications, the transmitted electromagnetic signal between antennae placed on either side of the catalyst change with loading. Here we report the influence of the RF signal on both soot and NH3 loadings on a SDPF segment. We show that the attenuation of the RF signal by soot is much larger than that caused by saturating it with 400 ppm NH3. By taking the mean RF signal amplitude measured over a wide range of frequencies, we demonstrate a method for determination of the soot loading even in the presence of stored NH3. For “light” soot loadings, before the RF attenuation by soot cause the resonant modes to disappear in the spectra, we demonstrate a method for the simultaneous determination of both the soot and NH3 loadings.
Degradation Analysis of an SOFC Short Stack Subject to 10,000 h of Operation
Authors: Fang Qingping , de Haart Ute , Schäfer Dominik , Thaler Florian , Rangel-Hernandez Victor , Peters Roland , Blum Ludger
Published: November 2020

A four-layer solid oxide fuel cell stack consisting of standard anode-supported cells was assembled to investigate long-term stability, but at higher current densities and/or fuel utilization compared to previous investigations. The stack was operated within a furnace temperature range of 700 °C–750 °C with hydrogen fuel at a current density of up to 1 A·cm−2 and fuel utilization of up to 80% for more than 10,000 h. The average voltage degradation rate was approximately 0.6%kh−1. Increases in the ohmic resistance and anode polarization dominated the degradation behavior. An increase in the current density and fuel utilization under current testing conditions did not fundamentally influence the degradation rate. However, the possible modification in the nickel structure by local higher fuel utilization may have had a long-term impact on the lifetime of the stack. The complexity of the degradation analysis of stacks resulting from an inhomogeneous contact inside the stack was analyzed with the support of impedance measurements and a post-mortem analysis.
Thermal Silicidation of Ni/SiGe and Characterization of Resulting Nickel Germanosilicides
Authors: Yoo Woo Sik , Kang Kitaek , Ishigaki Toshikazu , Kim Jung Gon , Hasuike Noriyuki , Harima Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Masahiro
Published: November 2020

Thermal silicidation characteristics of Ni/Si1-xGexwith various Ge content was studied under different annealing temperatures in the range of 225 °C ∼ 400 °C in 100% N2ambient. TiN capped Ni/Si1-xGex/Si/SiO2/Si wafers with x values in the range of 0.15 and 0.30 in 0.05 intervals were used. Thermal silicide formation was performed in a stacked hotplate-based annealing system designed for industrial 300 mm wafer fabs. For silicide characterization, measurements of spectral reflectance, sheet resistance, Raman spectra as well as X-ray diffraction curves were performed to investigate changes of optical properties, electrical properties, crystallographic phases during silicide formation. Effects of Ge content and annealing temperature on the electrical and crystallographic properties of the resulting thermal silicides (nickel germanosilicides) were investigated. Reaction mechanisms were discussed based on the characterization results. Multiwavelingth micro-Raman spectroscopy was found to be very promising as a non-contact, in-line silicidation process monitoring technique. For production worthiness verification of the thermal silicidation process, temperature sensitivity curves of sheet resistance, its uniformity and detailed sheet resistance maps were investigated using 8 nm thick Ni films on 300 mm diameter, epitaxial Si0.8Ge0.2/p−-Si wafers without a capping layer. Manufacturability of Ni/Si0.80Ge0.20/Si wafers were also verified using a stacked hotplate-based, nearly isothermal, annealing system.
Association of ABO and Rh Blood Group Phenotypes with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Referral Hospital Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Legese Biruk , Abebe Molla , Fasil Alebachew
Published: November 2020

Background. ABO and Rh blood group antigens are thought to be among genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Identification of blood group phenotypes are more associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It will be helpful for individuals who are susceptible blood groups to take care of themselves by avoiding other predisposing factors and taking preventive measures. Methods. Hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was carried out from February to April 2019 at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Referral Hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected with a semistructured pretested questionnaire. ABO and Rh Blood group were determined by slide and test tube methods. Biochemical parameters were determined with Mindray BS-200E fully automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS version 20 statistical software. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were employed for data analysis. A

P

value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. From a total of 424 participants included for this study, blood group O was found higher in frequency with 74 (34.9%) and 97 (45.75%) for cases and healthy controls, respectively. ABO blood groups showed significant association with T2DM, a chi-square value of 12.163 and

P

value of 0.007. However, the Rh blood group was not associated with T2DM. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that blood group B had a higher risk (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.33-3.32) and blood group O had decreased risk (OR: 0.636, 95% CI: 0.43-0.94) of T2DM as compared to other blood groups. Conclusion. ABO blood group antigens showed significant association with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Blood group B was associated with an increased risk and O blood group with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Seismic Velocity Structure in the Area of the 2007, Mw 8.0, Pisco-Peru Earthquake: Implications for the Mechanics of Subduction in the Vicinity of the Nazca Ridge
Authors: Bernal I. , Tavera H.
Published: November 2020

In this study, we present a velocity model for the area of the 2007 Pisco-Peru earthquake (Mw=8.0) obtained using a double-difference tomography algorithm that considers aftershocks acquired for 6 months. The studied area is particularly interesting because it lies on the northern edge of the Nazca Ridge, in which the subduction of a large bathymetric structure is the origin of geomorphological features of the central coast of Peru. Relocated seismicity is used to infer the geometry of the subduction slab on the northern flank of the Nazca Ridge. The results prove that the geometry is continuous but convex because of the subduction of the ridge, thereby explaining the high uplift rates observed in this area. Our inferred distribution of seismicity agrees with both the coseismic and postseismic slip distributions.