bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutron structure of type‐III antifreeze protein allows the reconstruction of AFP–ice interface
Authors: Howard Eduardo I. , Blakeley Matthew P. , Haertlein Michael , Haertlein Isabelle Petit‐ , Mitschler Andre , Fisher Stuart J. , Siah Alexandra Cousido‐ , Salvay Andrés G. , Popov Alexandre , Dieckmann Christoph Muller‐ , Petrova Tatiana , Podjarny Alberto
Published: April 2011

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) inhibit ice growth at sub‐zero temperatures. The prototypical type‐III AFPs have been extensively studied, notably by X‐ray crystallography, solid‐state and solution NMR, and mutagenesis, leading to the identification of a compound ice‐binding surface (IBS) composed of two adjacent ice‐binding sections, each which binds to particular lattice planes of ice crystals, poisoning their growth. This surface, including many hydrophobic and some hydrophilic residues, has been extensively used to model the interaction of AFP with ice. Experimentally observed water molecules facing the IBS have been used in an attempt to validate these models. However, these trials have been hindered by the limited capability of X‐ray crystallography to reliably identify all water molecules of the hydration layer. Due to the strong diffraction signal from both the oxygen and deuterium atoms, neutron diffraction provides a more effective way to determine the water molecule positions (as D2O). Here we report the successful structure determination at 293 K of fully perdeuterated type‐III AFP by joint X‐ray and neutron diffraction providing a very detailed description of the protein and its solvent structure. X‐ray data were collected to a resolution of 1.05 Å, and neutron Laue data to a resolution of 1.85 Å with a “radically small” crystal volume of 0.13 mm3. The identification of a tetrahedral water cluster in nuclear scattering density maps has allowed the reconstruction of the IBS‐bound ice crystal primary prismatic face. Analysis of the interactions between the IBS and the bound ice crystal primary prismatic face indicates the role of the hydrophobic residues, which are found to bind inside the holes of the ice surface, thus explaining the specificity of AFPs for ice versus water. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ischemia‐induced changes in glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor and neuroprotective effect of its agonist, exendin‐4, in experimental transient cerebral ischemia
Authors: Hyun Lee Choong , Yan Bingchun , Yoo Ki‐Yeon , Choi Jung Hoon , Kwon Seung‐Hae , Her Song , Sohn Youdong , Hwang In Koo , Cho Jun Hwi , Kim Young‐Myeong , Won Moo‐Ho
Published: April 2011

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) protects against neuronal damages in the brain. In the present study, ischemia‐induced changes in GLP‐1R immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region were evaluated after transient cerebral ischemia; in addition, the neuroprotective effect of the GLP‐1R agonist exendin‐4 (EX‐4) against ischemic damage was studied. GLP‐1R immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region were highest at 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). At 4 days after I/R, GLP‐1R immunoreactivity was hardly detected in CA1 pyramidal neurons, and its protein level was lowest. GLP‐1R protein level was increased again at 10 days after I/R, and GLP‐1R immunoreactivity was found in astrocytes and GABAergic interneurons. In addition, EX‐4 treatment attenuated ischemia‐induced hyperactivity, neuronal damage, and microglial activation in the ischemic CA1 region in a dose‐dependent manner. EX‐4 treatment also induced the elevation of GLP‐1R immunoreactivity and protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region. These results indicate that GLP‐1R is altered in the ischemic region after an ischemic insult and that EX‐4 protects against ischemia‐induced neuronal death possibly by increasing GLP‐1R expression and attenuating microglial activation against transient cerebral ischemic damage. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical implications of mesenteric lymph node metastasis from advanced ovarian cancer after bowel resection
Authors: Baiocchi Glauco , Cestari Lourival Augusto , Macedo Mariana Petaccia , Oliveira Renato Almeida Rosa , Fukazawa Elza Mieko , Faloppa Carlos Chaves , Kumagai Lillian Yuri , Badiglian‐Filho Levon , Menezes Ademir Narciso Oliveira , Cunha Isabela Werneck , Soares Fernando Augusto
Published: April 2011

Background

Studies addressing mesenteric and mesocolic lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced ovarian cancer that have undergone bowel resection are lacking.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed in a series of 50 individuals who underwent surgical cytoreduction for epithelial ovarian cancer that included bowel resection from April 2004 to September 2010.

Results

Forty‐one patients had bowel resection with mesenteric lymph nodes that were suitable for analysis. Twenty‐four (58.5%) patients underwent retosigmoidectomies, 14 (34.1%) received other types of colectomies, and three (7.3%) underwent small bowel resection. There was serosal involvement in 14 cases (34.1%), muscularis propria invasion in 13 cases (31.7%), submucosa invasion in six cases (14.6%), and mucosa in eight cases (19.5%). Lymphatic invasion was observed in 24 patients (58.5%). A median of 14 mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed. Metastatic lymph nodes were observed in 29 (70.7%) cases. Invasion into the muscularis propria (P = 0.036), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.045), and retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis (P = 0.002) correlated significantly with mesenteric lymph node involvement.

Conclusions

Resection of regional lymph nodes of affected organs that is similar to surgical procedures that are performed for colorectal carcinoma is an appropriate, optimal debulking surgery for patients with ovarian carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:250–254. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in surgical oncology research in Australia during the period 1998–2009—a bibliometric review
Authors: Chua Terence C. , Crowe Philip J. , Morris David L.
Published: April 2011

Objective

To evaluate the distribution and scope of surgical research in Australia relating to malignant diseases in the field of surgery.

Method

Surgical publications relating to adult malignant diseases originating from Australia were identified from a systematic literature examination using PubMed during a 12‐year period between 1998 and 2009. The origin of the article, journal impact factor (IF), type of research and its subspecialty discipline were recorded.

Results

Over a 12‐year period, 1,132 papers were published in various journals at a median annual rate of 98 papers. Four hundred eighty‐five (43%) papers arose from institutions in New South Wales, 225 (20%) papers from Victoria, 150 (13%) papers from South Australia, 106 (9%) papers from Western Australia, and 77 (7%) papers from Queensland. The mean IF was 3.22 (SD = 2.5). Papers were most commonly published in journals including the ANZ Journal of Surgery (n = 237, 21%), Annals of Surgical Oncology (n = 50, 4%), British Journal of Surgery (n = 38, 3%), and Diseases of the Colon and Rectum (n = 36, 3%). The mean IF of papers published per year ranged from 2.55 to 3.87. The most number of papers were published in the fields of urological oncology (n = 103, 9%), hepatopancreaticobiliary oncology (n = 144, 13%), breast oncology (n = 174, 15%), and colorectal oncology (n = 222, 20%).

Conclusion

Bibliometric findings of this review suggest that there is a growth in high scientific research publications in the field of surgical oncology in Australia, indicating an interest in this discipline. This research trend may impact on the national research strategy for clinical cancer control. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:216–219. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel orthotopic mouse model of head and neck cancer with molecular imaging
Authors: Reddy Nishant P. , Miyamoto Shunsuke , Araki Koji , Liu Tingyan , Feldman Michael , O'Malley Bert W. , Li Daqing
Published: April 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Our goal was to develop a noninvasive, dynamic imaging method that would further the understanding of head and neck cancer (HNC) tumor growth and local spreading. We developed a novel orthotopic mouse model of HNC with a stable cell line expressing a red fluorescent protein gene to compare a molecular imaging tumor quantification with traditional caliper measurement.

Methods:

An HNC‐tdT stable cell line expressing the tdTomato gene was established, which were injected into the floor of the mouth of nude mice. Tumor growth was constantly monitored using molecular imaging for up to 35 days. The tumors were further evaluated by histologic examination.

Results:

Established tumors consistently expressed fluorescent signals that were successfully imaged by molecular imaging during the study. Initial tumor development was detected earlier than caliper measurement would allow. The fluorescent signal quantities of tumors detected by the imaging correlated with the tumor sizes measured by calipers.

Conclusions:

This novel animal model represents an orthotopic human HNC model. The tumor can be detected earlier with molecular imaging than by conventional external caliper measurement. Unlike surgical measurement, the tumor can be quantified without disturbing the tumor environment. This model has significant potential for HNC oncologic research.
Photochemical repair of vocal fold microflap defects
Authors: Franco Ramon A. , Dowdall Jayme R. , Bujold Kenneth , Amann Christopher , Faquin William , Redmond Robert W. , Kochevar Irene E.
Published: April 2011

Objectives:

To bond vocal fold flaps using a sutureless, nonthermal laser‐assisted method combining visible light and photosensitizing dyes to produce collagen crosslinks.

Study Design:

In the ex vivo study, epithelial incisions were created in sheep vocal folds. The concentration of the Rose Bengal, and the laser fluence were varied and studied. The in vivo canine study evaluated the thickness of the basement membrane zone, density and distribution of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts at time zero, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks.

Methods:

Ex Vivo: Rose Bengal at concentrations between 0.5% and 1.0% was applied to the free margins of the incision and irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser at fluences varying from 150 to 600 J/cm2. The bonding was considered positive when the incision could withstand air at 2 pounds per square inch (psi) from a distance of 3 cm. In Vivo: 0.75% Rose Bengal was applied to the microflap edges and irradiated with an Nd:YAG laser for 140 seconds (100 J/cm2). The control side was not irradiated.

Results:

Ex Vivo: Bonding was achieved with a minimum of 0.75% Rose Bengal and 300 J/cm2. In Vivo: There was no difference in the amount of subepithelial reaction between the experimental and control sides at 8 weeks.

Conclusions:

Photochemical tissue bonding is effective at sealing vocal fold incisions and did not create long‐term scarring of the vocal folds. Use of this technique may allow for more predictable healing after microflap resection and may reduce the need for postoperative voice rest.
The role of the inferior frontal gyri in cognitive processing of patients with Parkinson's disease: A pilot rTMS study
Authors: Srovnalova Hana , Marecek Radek , Rektorova Irena
Published: April 2011

Background:

We studied whether 1 session of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied sequentially over both the left and right inferior frontal gyri (IFG) would enhance performance in tests evaluating the ability to inhibit habitual responses (Stroop test, ST; Frontal Assessment Battery, FAB) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods:

Ten nondemented PD patients (6 men, 4 women; age, 66 ± 6 years; disease duration, 5.4 ± 2.45 years) entered the randomized, sham stimulation–controlled study with a crossover design. The ST and the FAB were performed prior to and immediately after an appropriate rTMS session.

Results:

The active but not sham rTMS induced significant improvement in all ST subtests (word, color, color‐word). Conversely, the calculated Stroop interference and the FAB scores remained unchanged.

Conclusions:

In PD patients, rTMS of the IFG increased the speed of cognitive processing in both the congruent and incongruent conditions of the ST. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Macromol. React. Eng. 4/2008
Authors: Zhu Xiaoxiang , Li Bo‐Geng , Wu Linbo , Zheng Yougui , Zhu Shiping , Hungenberg Klaus‐Dieter , Müssig Stefan , Reinhard Birgit
Published: April 2011

Cover: The graft polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was investigated by both experiments and modeling work. The graph on the left of the cover picture illustrates the graft copolymer molecular weight as determined by definitive calculation, GPC with PVAc or PEG calibration, and the model prediction. Using the correlated Arrhenius expression of the chain transfer constant to PEG(CPEG), the graft copolymer molecular weights at various temperatures was predicted in the figure on the right. Further details can be found in the article by X. Zhu, B.‐G. Li,* L. Wu, Y. Zheng, S. Zhu,* K.‐D. Hungenberg, S. Müssig, and B. Reinhard on page 321.
Macromol. React. Eng. 5/2008
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: April 2011

Cover: The picture on the cover shows the concept of the overall active period introduced to account for the possible repetition of active radical periods on the same chain in RAFT polymerization (upper part), and the development of the calculated molecular weight distribution based on a proposed formula (lower part), which shows that the distribution becomes broader due to the repetition. Further details can be found in the article by H. Tobita* on page 371.
Activation of telomerase by seminal plasma in malignant and normal cervical epithelial cells
Authors: Liu Li , Liu Cheng , Lou Fenglan , Zhang Guiyu , Wang Xizhi , Fan Yidong , Yan Keqiang , Wang Kun , Xu Zhonghua , Hu Sanyuan , Björkholm Magnus , Xu Dawei
Published: April 2011

Seminal fluids are involved in the development of cervical cancer but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Because cellular transformation requires telomerase activation by expression of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, we examined the role of seminal fluids in telomerase activation. Significantly elevated hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity were observed in cervical cell lines (HeLa, SiHa and Caski) treated with seminal plasma. Normal cervical epithelial cells expressed minimal levels of hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity, and seminal plasma substantially enhanced both expression and activity. The hTERT promoter activity was similarly increased in seminal plasma‐treated HeLa cells and this effect was closely correlated with increased Sp1 expression and binding to the hTERT promoter. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) was simultaneously increased in HeLa cells exposed to seminal plasma, and blockade of COX‐2 induction abolished seminal plasma stimulation of the hTERT promoter activity, hTERT expression and telomerase activity. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) mimics the effect of seminal plasma, stimulating Sp1 expression, enhancing Sp1 occupancy on the hTERT promoter and promoter activity. Moreover, tumour growth was robustly enhanced when HeLa cells together with seminal plasma were injected into nude‐mice. Taken together, seminal plasma stimulates COX‐2‐PGE2–Sp1‐dependent hTERT transcription, which provides insights into the putative mechanism underlying telomerase activation in cervical epithelial and cancer cells. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critical assessment of the value of lymph node dissection at radical prostatectomy: A population‐based study
Authors: Abdollah Firas , Schmitges Jan , Sun Maxine , Tian Zhe , Briganti Alberto , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Perrotte Paul , Montorsi Francesco , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

We tested relationship between pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) status at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) and survival in prostate cancer (PCa) patients.

METHODS

Overall, 127,824 PCa patients treated with RP between 1988 and 2006 were included. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the impact of PLND status (pN0 vs. pNx vs. pN1) on cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) and overall mortality (OM) rates.

RESULTS

In pT2 patients, the 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year CSM rates were: 0.4%, 1.7%, and 3.9% for pN0, 0.6%, 2.5%, and 4.7% for pNx, 2.7%, 11.9%, and 20.6% for pN1 patients (all P < 0.001). The 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year OM rates were: 5.4%, 16.3%, and 34.5% for pN0, 6.1%, 18.2%, and 35.3% for pNx, 11.5%, 32.7%, and 53.4% for pN1 (all P < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, pNx and pN1 stage increased CSM rate, respectively by 1.3‐ and 3.8‐fold (both P < 0.001) relative to pN0. Similarly, pNx and pN1 increased OM rate respectively by 1.1‐ and 1.6‐fold (both P < 0.001) relative to pN0. In pT3 patients, pNx stage did not significantly increase CSM or OM rates relative to pN0 (both P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with localized PCa treated with RP without a PLND (pNx) have less favorable survival rate than their counterparts that do not harbor lymph node invasion at PLND. However, the difference is modest (0.8% at 10 years). In consequence, the related costs and benefits of this procedure should be weighted carefully. In addition, the survival benefit of PLND was not observed in locally advanced PCa patients. Prostate 71:1587–1594, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroendocrine tumor cells in prostate cancer: Evaluation of the neurosecretory products serotonin, bombesin, and gastrin – impact on angiogenesis and clinical follow‐up
Authors: Heinrich Elmar , Trojan Lutz , Friedrich Dorothee , Voß Martin , Weiss Christel , Michel Maurice Stephan , Grobholz Rainer
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

Neuroendocrine differentiated tumor cells (NETC) can be found in a large portion of prostate carcinoma (PCa) specimens. This is the first study to systematically quantify and analyze the influence of the NETC distribution and of their secretory products, serotonin, bombesin, and gastrin, on angiogenesis and in the clinical follow‐up of PCa patients.

METHODS

175 PCa specimens were included in this study. NETC were displayed using the marker CgA. Specimens showing a high expression of CgA were analyzed for serotonin, bombesin, and gastrin. Blood vessels were stained with the epitope CD34. Data was analyzed for inter‐correlation and its correlation to clinical‐pathological parameters and the results of a mid‐term follow‐up.

RESULTS

The number of NETC was correlated with the pT‐status and the Gleason score. Specimens with high NETC expression had an increased microvessel density (MVD). No correlation between the neurosecretory products and the clinical‐pathological parameters was found. High NETC expression, high bombesin expression and increased MVD were associated with early treatment failure in the follow‐up.

CONCLUSION

NETC have an influence on angiogenesis and are correlated with the clinical‐pathological parameters. A high expression of NETC is associated with an early failure of treatment. Our study underlines the importance of NETC in prostate cancer. Prostate 71:1752–1758, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of band‐anticrossing model in GaNAs near localised states
Authors: Seifikar Masoud , O'Reilly Eoin P. , Fahy Stephen
Published: April 2011

Replacing As by N in GaNAs leads to a strong perturbation of the conduction band structure, generally described using the band‐anticrossing (BAC) model. We have solved the single particle Hamiltonian for a very large supercell containing randomly placed nitrogen and have calculated the fractional Γ character, localisation factor and the density of states in the supercell. Comparison of these results with those calculated by the 2‐level BAC model confirms the validity of the BAC model at energies away from N state energies but highlights the role of disorder at energies close to the N state energy.
Porous silicon multilayer antireflection coating for solar cells; process considerations
Authors: Selj Josefine H. , Stensrud Marstein Erik , Thøgersen Annett , Foss Sean Erik
Published: April 2011

Efficient AntiReflection Coatings (ARC) improve the light collection and thereby increase the current output of solar cells. For solar cells, broadband ARCs are desirable for efficient application over the entire solar spectrum. As previously demonstrated, such broadband ARCs can be made by electrochemical etching of Porous Silicon (PS) with graded refractive index. However, for efficient production there are a number of processing considerations which needs to be addressed. In this work the effects of electrolyte aging and sample inhomogeneities are investigated and quantified, using spectroscopic ellipsometry. A range of PS properties are extracted from the ellipsometric data by use of a graded Bruggeman Effective Medium model. Significant changes in porosity and thickness are detected and attributed to electrolyte aging. A positive correlation between thickness and porosity indicates that inhomogeneities across the sample are due to local variations in current density or HF concentration. Multilayered PS samples show smaller horizontal variations in porosity and thickness than single PS layers in our setup (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrodeposition of hybrid ZnO/organic dye films
Authors: Moya Mónica , Marí Bernabé , Mollar Miquel
Published: April 2011

The viability of the electrodeposition as a suitable technique for preparing new porous hybrid materials has been tested in this paper. Hybrid ZnO films with two different organic dyes: Eosin‐Y and Tetrasulphonated‐Cu‐phtalocyanine were prepared. Their physical and chemical properties as well as their dependence on the growth conditions were investigated. It is found that the type of dye has a big influence on the morphology and porosity of hybrid films. Open and connected pores are created in hybrid ZnO/Eosin‐Y films while both open and closed pores coexist in hybrid ZnO/Tetrasulfonated‐Cu‐phthalocyanine. As one of the promising applications of hybrid materials is photovoltaic conversion of sunlight, photoelectrochemical characterization of hybrid films is also reported. Photocurrent generation owing to both contributions ZnO and Eosin‐Y is observed in ZnO/Eosin‐Y films but no photocurrent has been observed in ZnO/Tetrasulfonated‐Cu‐phthalocyanine films. SEM micrographs of hybrid ZnO films grown in aqueous bath; (Left) ZnO/Eosin‐Y films grown at 70 ºC, ‐0.9 V (Right) ZnO/Ts‐CuPc films grown at 70 ºC, ‐0.9 V. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coverage path planning on three‐dimensional terrain for arable farming
Authors: Jin Jian , Tang Lie
Published: April 2011

Field operations should be done in a manner that minimizes time and travels over the field surface and is coordinated with topographic land features. Automated path planning can help to find the best coverage path so that the field operation costs can be minimized. Intelligent algorithms are desired for both two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) terrain field coverage path planning. The algorithm of generating an optimized full coverage pattern for a given 2D planar field by using boustrophedon paths has been investigated and reported before. However, a great proportion of farms have rolling terrains, which have a considerable influence on the design of coverage paths. Coverage path planning in 3D space has a great potential to further optimize field operations. This work addressed four critical tasks: terrain modeling and representation, coverage cost analysis, terrain decomposition, and the development of optimized path searching algorithm. The developed algorithms and methods have been successfully implemented and tested using 3D terrain maps of farm fields with various topographic features. Each field was decomposed into subregions based on its terrain features. A recommended “seed curve” based on a customized cost function was searched for each subregion, and parallel coverage paths were generated by offsetting the found “seed curve” toward its two sides until the whole region was completely covered. Compared with the 2D planning results, the experimental results of 3D coverage path planning showed its superiority in reducing both headland turning cost and soil erosion cost. On the tested fields, on average the 3D planning algorithm saved 10.3% on headland turning cost, 24.7% on soil erosion cost, 81.2% on skipped area cost, and 22.0% on the weighted sum of these costs, where their corresponding weights were 1, 1, and 0.5, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SecLoc – secure localization in WSNs using CDS
Authors: Srinivasan Avinash
Published: April 2011

Originally, the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance and land‐mine detection. Over time, however, WSNs have found a wide range of applications in diverse domains such as industrial automation and monitoring, environmental and habitat monitoring, health‐care applications, home automation, traffic regulation, smart hospitals, etc. In all these domains, the data sensed by the sensor nodes are reported to a central server called a base station, which then initiates appropriate actions based on the reported data. To this end, the location of sensors is very critical since the monitored event can be detrimental causing irreversible damage – such as forest fire, if the location of sensors is compromised and/or inaccurate. In this paper, we propose SecLoc – a novel localization method for WSNs, which can be easily extended to other wireless and mobile and ad‐hoc networks. The proposed method exploits the connected dominating set (CDS) property of a network graph. SecLoc, to the best of our knowledge, is the first localization model to exploit the CDS property for accurate and secure node localization in WSNs. In out proposed method, a set of specialty nodes, called the beacon nodes, with large resource base, assume the role of Dominant nodes. The beacon nodes are responsible for both accurate and secure localization of nodes. We confirm the efficiency and robustness of our model through simulation results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of tapioca maltodextrins on the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Udomrati Sunsanee , Ikeda Shinya , Gohtani Shoichi
Published: April 2011

The effect of concentration of tapioca maltodextrin with three different DE values on the viscosity, depletion attraction potential (Wdep), rate of coalescence (Kc), and creaming rate of oil‐in‐water emulsion have been investigated. The relative viscosity and Wdep increased with increasing maltodextrin concentration. Critical flocculation concentration (CFC) of emulsions containing maltodextrin with DE of 16 (DE16), 12 (DE12), and 9 (DE9) were 11, 7, and 5.5 wt%, respectively. At maltodextrin concentrations below CFC, there was no change in Kc and no creaming was observed. At maltodextrin concentrations above CFC, an increase in the concentration of DE9 and DE12 resulted in an increase in Kc until it reached a constant value. Kc values remained to be constant in the concentration range between 30 and 40 wt% for DE9 and that between 35 and 45 wt% for DE12. Further increasing in concentration of DE9 and 12 decreased Kc. Kc of DE16 monotonically increased with increasing concentration from CFC to 50 wt%. The rate of creaming decreased with increasing maltodextrin concentration over CFC until it reached zero. Creaming was not observed at maltodextrin concentrations more than 35 wt% for DE9 and 40 wt% for DE12 whereas DE16 showed creaming at all concentrations above CFC. A maltodextrin with a lower DE inhibited creaming more efficiently than maltodextrin with a higher DE because of higher viscosities. The Kc tended to increase with decreasing DE because the strength of interaction between oil droplets increased.
A Heptanuclear Iron(III) Oxo‐Carboxylate Cluster
Authors: Baca Svetlana G. , Botezat Olga , Filippova Irina , Speldrich Manfred , Jeanneau Erwann , Kögerler Paul
Published: April 2011

A new heptanuclear iron(III) oxide pivalate cluster [Fe7O4(OH)2(O2CCMe3)11(bpm)2(H2O)] (1) (bpm = 2,2′‐bipyrimidine) has been prepared and characterized. 1 features an asymmetric {Fe7O6} framework based on two corner‐sharing {Fe4(μ3‐O)2} groups, themselves comprising {Fe3(μ3‐O)} motifs that are formally retained from the {Fe6O4} precursor used in thesynthesis of 1. Compared to existing FeIII oxide carboxylate clusters, the {Fe7O6} fragment in 1 exhibits an unusually high Fe:O ratio, with all seven oxygen sites efficiently mediating magnetic exchange. Correspondingly, 1 shows strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling.
Characterization of AuPd Nanoparticles by Probe‐Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Krumeich Frank , Marx Stefan , Baiker Alfons , Nesper Reinhard
Published: April 2011

A heterogeneous catalyst consisting of AuPd nanoparticles dispersed on titanium oxide was synthesized by a colloidal route. The diameters of these nanoparticles range from 1 to 5 nm, as determined from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images recorded with a high‐angle annular dark field detector (Z‐contrast method). Bright field images obtained on an aberration‐corrected STEM show the structure of the oxide support and the metal particles with high resolution. This microscope allows to record secondary electron images that provide supplementary information about the morphology of the support crystals and the localization of the particles on them. The combination of the images with the spectroscopic investigation of selected points and areas is of particular importance. Herein, efficiently collected energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra give evidence for the formation of an AuPd alloy in the nanoparticles. This result is confirmed by the results of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) studies.
Homological properties of certain Banach modules over group algebras
Authors: Bahrami Farid , Nasr-Isfahani Rasoul , Renani Sima Soltani
Published: April 2011

Homological properties of several Banach leftL1(G)-modules have been studied by Dales and Polyakov and recently by Ramsden. In this paper, we characterize some homological properties of$L_0^\infty(G)$and$L_0^\infty(G)^*$as Banach leftL1(G)-modules, such as flatness, injectivity and projectivity.
Toeplitz operators with distributional symbols on Bergman spaces
Authors: Perälä Antti , Taskinen Jari , Virtanen Jani
Published: April 2011

We study the boundedness and compactness of Toeplitz operators Ta on Bergman spaces $A^p(\mathbb{D})$, 1 < p < ∞. The novelty is that we allow distributional symbols. It turns out that the belonging of the symbol to a weighted Sobolev space $\smash{W_\nu^{-m,\infty}(\mathbb{D})}$ of negative order is sufficient for the boundedness of Ta. We show the natural relation of the hyperbolic geometry of the disc and the order of the distribution. A corresponding sufficient condition for the compactness is also derived.
Abelard's Mockery of St Anselm
Authors: Clanchy M. T.
Published: April 2011

Every reader of Abelar's Historia Calamilatum, the ‘story of his misfortunes’, knows how he mocked histnaster, Anselm of Laon. What has not been made clear is that he mocked in a comparable way a master of even greater standing, St Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. The reason why this latter attack has not been emphasised is that it appears in one version only of Abelar's Theologia, and its interpretation as mockery depends on detailed scrutiny. Abelard delighted in jokes, particularly when they were dangerous. ‘He cannot restrain his laughter,’ St Bernard warned, ‘listen to his guffaws.’ Jokes depend so much for their effect upon tone and context that it is difficult for an historian to keep an ear out for them when he only has formal texts as evidence; furthermore, a joke loses its cutting edge once it has been laboriously explained. Nevertheless, Abelar's mockery of St Anselm does have to be explained step by step if it is to be appreciated at all. The circumstances are as follows.
Japan's Advance into Indochina, 1940: The French Response
Authors: Dreifort John E.
Published: April 2011

The sudden collapse of France in June 1940 presented Japan with a golden opportunity to exploit French discomfiture and remove several obstacles to its New Order in East Asia. Indeed, the military extremists, who had been temporarily held in check since the humiliation caused by the Nazi–Soviet Pact of August 1939, could no longer be restrained. By seizing Indochina, Japan would be in a strong position to force an end to its interminable struggle with China on its own terms. The large quantity of supplies that had flowed through Indochina to Chinese forces — a situation that had greatly embittered the Japanese and had slowly poisoned Franco–Japanese relations during the past three years — could be brought to a halt. Chiang Kai-shek, further isolated and confronted with the loss of one of his few remaining channels of supply, might be finally forced to give up the fight. Moreover, Indochina could provide Japan with significant supplies of rubber, tin, coal, and rice and thus go a long way toward ending its dependence upon foreign sources for these strategic raw materials. Finally, the strategic location of Indochina meant that it could serve admirably as an advanced base from which the Japanese could strike out against the Far Eastern possessions of the other Western colonial powers — the East Indies, Malaya, Burma, and the Philippines.
“First catch your hare”: Anglo-American Perspectives on Indochina during the Second World War
Authors: Sbrega John J.
Published: April 2011

During World War II, Britain and the United States differed over the postwar status of Indochina. Although the United States made several strong statements about restoring the prewar possessions of the French Empire, the Americans, especially President Franklin D. Roosevelt, increasingly came to favour an international trusteeship guiding postwar Indochina to eventual independence. The British were not at first prepared to guarantee the complete restoration of the French Empire. With surprising slowness, the British did gradually sponsor the prompt return of French colonial authority in Indochina. British postwar planning had shown how dangerous a hostile or unfriendly France and French Empire could be to the security of the British Isles and British Empire. The British determination to reestablish the French connection coincided with a refusal by Roosevelt to enter any discussions about the postwar status of Indochina. The presidential silence only served to promote Anglo-French colonial interests. After Roosevelt's death, President Harry S. Truman did not challenge the return of French control in Indochina. Ironically, despite the earnest — but seldom expressed — American intentions to underwrite indigenous dreams of independence, the people of Indochina subsequently associated the United States with Western suppression of those dreams.
Development, Regional Disparity and Planning: The Experience of Northeast Thailand
Authors: Dixon C. J.
Published: April 2011

There is considerable concern amongst development planners at the large and apparently growing areal disparities in the level of development in many underdeveloped countries. A number of theoretical studies support the view that economic growth inevitably results in widening disparities in the initial stages of economic development which may or may not be reversed with later growth. Empirical studies, although frequently lacking in comparability and deficient in data, confirm the existence of widening disparities in a large number of countries. Some planners have questioned the policy of maximising growth of gross product as the panacea for under-development and attempted to ensure more even patterns of development. Where economic and political unrest, including “insurgent activity”, have occurred, and have been equated by government officials with regional concentrations of poverty, further weight is given to policies directed towards reduction of regional disparities. However, where the results of schemes aimed at reducing regional imbalance have been assessed the success rate is slight. This paper examines the experience of Northeast Thailand, the Korat plateau, as an example of a backward region that has had considerable planning effort directed at it over the last twenty years.
The Japanese Community in Malaya before the Pacific War: Its Genesis and Growth
Authors: Leng Yuen Choy
Published: April 2011

During the period between the Great European War (1914–18) and the Pacific War (1941–45) the Japanese expansionist impulse in the South Seas expressed itself through emigration and economic enterprise abroad. There were Japanese settlements in almost every country in the region. The larger ones were in the Philippines, Malaya, and the Netherlands East Indies. On the eve of the Pacific War the estimated number of Japanese residents in the South Seas was 24,000, with investments totalling around ¥250 million. Compared to those of the Western colonial powers and the immigrant Chinese, the size of these investments was insignificant and their numbers meagre. But this only served to spur those interested in Japan's economic expansion in the South Seas to make greater efforts to achieve their aims. External events helped to realize these objectives. For a brief interregnum during the Japanese Occupation (1942–45) the Japanese became the politically dominant community in the region with control over its economic resources.
“A Vital British Interest”: Britain, Japan, and the Security of Netherlands India in the Inter-War Period
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Studies of Indonesia in the twentieth century have properly concentrated on the history of the nationalist movement, but its external relations have been unduly neglected. It is indeed a commonplace that the Japanese invasion had a decisive impact on the fortunes of the nationalist movement and of its antagonists. But the invasion was the climax of a sequence of developments that brought the security of the Netherlands' tenure of Netherlands India into question. Apart from their intrinsic interest, those developments provide an additional context within which to appraise the nationalist movement and the Dutch reaction to it.
The British Agency Houses in Malaysia: Survival in a Changing World
Authors: Drabble J. H. , Drake P. J.
Published: April 2011

One of the most interesting features of the growth of Britain's overseas commerce over the past two centuries has been the merchant firm, often the product of very small-scale beginnings but gradually developing into a worldwide network centring on London. The scope for such enterprises grew as effective naval control increased the security of the maritime trade routes and the importance of the great chartered companies declined. Much of the early growth came from the “country trade” between India and China in which private merchants were permitted to engage. In the late eighteenth century, commercial firms in the City of London began to open branches in India to deal in local products such as indigo, cotton and, later, opium. By the early nineteenth century, around two dozen of these “agency houses” were in existence though the majority were very small and short-lived. 1 In the same period, the more substantial firms were establishing further offshoots in Canton to participate in the tea and silk trade in Europe.
On Telling a Story of Vietnam in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Wolters O. W.
Published: April 2011

My essay in celebration of the Journal's anniversary sketches what may be the concluding chapter in a study of Vietnam in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries when the Tran dynasty reigned (1226–1400). In 1225 the Tran family overthrew the last emperor of the previous dynasty, the Ly (1009–1225) and hitherto the only long lived one. The Ly imperial line, in fact, lasted nearly fifty years longer than its successor. Nevertheless, the Tran is unquestionably the most renowned of all Vietnamese dynasties on account of its victories when Kubilai Khan's armies attacked three times in the thirteenth century. Yet one has to ask what kind of dynasty it was and how the country it ruled should be defined. Should one look to China, the source of the dynastic institution, for guidance or should one look elsewhere? An event in 1237 suggests ambiguity. That year officials were required to offer betel and tea to the emperor when he was departing from the Eastern Pier near the capital. “Betel and tea” bring Southeast Asia as well as China into the picture.
The Impact of the Cold War on the Development of Trade Unionism in Malaya (1948–57)
Authors: Fong Leong Yee
Published: April 2011

In the aftermath of World War Two, Malaya saw the emergence of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and its attempt to mobilize labour support against the returning British colonial government. The Pan Malayan General Labour Union (PMGLU), later renamed the Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Union (PMFTU), was established as a front organization to harness multiracial labour support and to work in close liaison with other left-wing political groups. Trade unions that mushroomed after the War were invariably dominated by the PMGLU and used as tools for the realization of communist political objectives in Malaya.
Opium and the Karen: A Study of Indebtedness in Northern Thailand
Authors: Cohen Paul T.
Published: April 2011

This paper examines a system of economic relations in Northern Thailand linking Karen and Hmong communities in the western highlands with traders from the lowlands. I shall describe the salient features of this tripartite system as it existed in the late 1960s and argue that it was essentially a product of opium cultivation and commerce. I also argue that it contributed towards a serious level of indebtedness among Karen and that this indebtedness tended, in turn, to widen wealth differences in Karen communities. Finally, I shall consider some of the economic changes that have led to a breakdown in the system i n recent years.
Medieval Vietnam and Cambodia: A Comparative Comment
Authors: Woodside Alexander B.
Published: April 2011

Messrs. Chandler, Ebihara, Haines, and Whitmore have written thoughtful and stimulating essays. But they have not been overwhelmingly concerned with exposing any great differences between medieval Vietnam and its nearest Theravada Buddhist neighbour, Cambodia. No doubt unintentionally, the two societies have been made to seem rather similar to each other. After all, Vietnamese literati, like the authors of Cambodia's normative poems, also consecrated what David Chandler has called “the propriety of hierarchies, rote-learning, and tradition”. Vietnamese social theory, like that of the chbap, stressed “the teacher-pupil relationship”. May Ebihara's argument that Cambodian social strata were permeable, and were characterized by “fluidity of membership” rather than resembling “rigidly structured Indian castes”, could also be applied to Vietnam, as could, obviously, her theme of Cambodia's oscillation between periods of centralized and decentralized political power. Even the social categories the two societies used have similarities: the Vietnamese equivalent of the Khmer term neak chea (“good people”, meaning relatively free men) was also “good people” (lương dân) and referred to citizens like farmers, with morally valuable occupations, as opposed to people like actors who were thought to be “mean”. One is left with the impression that the countries of sixteenth-century Southeast Asia embraced much less social and economic diversity than the countries of sixteenth-century Europe, with all their sharp contrasts between Venetian patricians and Antwerp merchants, Italian rice fanners and Dutch market gardeners, conservative English craft guilds and revolutionary Flemish ones. Can any faith still be placed in Harry Benda's old suggestion that the “constant” clashes between Vietnamese and Khmers be “analyzed in terms of a basic polarization between different…social and political systems?”
Feudalism in Pre-Colonial Malaya: The Past as a Colonial Discourse
Authors: Kheng Cheah Boon
Published: April 2011

Colonial discourse analysis has proven one of the most fruitful and significant areas of research in recent years. This paper considers the orientalist discourse and its context in the case of pre-colonial Malaya. It discusses the concept of “feudalism” as employed by historians of western Europe, by those of precolonial Malaya and, thirdly, by selected post-colonial writers. In discussing the works of Clifford, Maxwell and other nineteenth-century British officials on Malay feudalism, the author argues that the truth value of their analyses should not be dismissed out of hand, for they have much of value to say, that would repay careful study.
Politicization of the Buddhist Sangha in Laos
Authors: Stuart-Fox Martin , Bucknell Rod
Published: April 2011

Theravada Buddhism as the traditional religion of the dominant ethnic Lao majority in Laos historically has played a key role in structuring Lao society and in assuring the continuity of Lao culture. Though the dhamma (the Buddha's teaching) may be only superficially understood and practised by most of the lay population, Buddhism has provided a set of moral values and a view of life which have strongly influenced modes of thought and action over the centuries. As a result, the sangha (the order of Buddhist monks) has come to command high respect and its activities pervade every aspect of the social and cultural milieu.
Bureaucratic Corruption in the ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Their Anti-Corruption Strategies
Authors: Quah Jon S. T.
Published: April 2011

Bureaucratic corruption is one of the most serious and embarrassing obstacles to national development in the developing countries, which include among others the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) viz., Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. According to an official of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific:

Donor countries and the United Nations bodies working in developing countries are well aware that one of the most serious problems hampering development is corruption; so are the recipient countries. But no one seems prepared to discuss it publicly.
Eleventh-Century Commercial Developments in Angkor and Champa
Authors: Hall Kenneth R.
Published: April 2011

Recent scholarship has speculated that there were two forms of “classical” Southeast Asian states in pre-modern Southeast Asia, one associated with the inland wet rice states of the Southeast Asian mainland and Java, and the other represented by the thalassocracy of Srivijaya. It is suggested that while the wet-rice states derived their income from the land, the Srivijaya state depended more upon income from its external contacts — income generated from Srivijaya's participation in the East-West international maritime route which passed through the Malacca Straits region. It is held, however, that the classical states, whether landed or maritime in their focus, had a good deal in common. One dominant characteristic of Southeast Asia's classical states was their “centre” orientation; each state's capital acted as the centre of the king's domain, the centre of his administration and royal cult, and the focus of the king's power and authority. The centre drew in the resources of the realm — tribute, talent, men, and goods — which were then used to support the ruler's power. Via various redistributive mechanisms, classical rulers tapped their centre's treasury to share these resources with their supporters: this redistribution sometimes took the form of direct payments, or more generally-this sharing of prosperity was indirect, as for example in the endowment of temples.