bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Girls and Boys
Authors: Lane Jeffrey
Published: November 2018

Chapter 2 explains that street life moves online through girls and boys and their relations to one another. This chapter shows how girls and boys use social media to manage their encounters and the value this holds for girls especially, but boys as well. The author uses several cases, including JayVon and Denelle, to illustrate the ways in which interaction moves between the physical street and the digital street. The chapter then examines the feedback effects between gender and the street code. The author finds that whereas turf lines bind boys to their home streets, girls become brokers for themselves and boys dependent upon their loyalty. This chapter argues that focus only on the physical side of neighborhood interaction has led to the false assumption that boys control the street. By considering physical and digital space together, the mobility and centrality of girls in neighborhood networks become sharply clear.
Code Switching
Authors: Lane Jeffrey
Published: November 2018

Chapter 3 explores the primary challenge of the digital street: managing its visibility. This chapter reveals how teenagers in Harlem use online spaces to live out varied and contradictory identities. The author discusses the code-switching strategies teens developed to answer to the street code, but also to obligations of family, school, and work. The chapter indicates that teenagers first partitioned street life on Twitter to keep it from the adult world on Facebook before eventually opening up to the possibility of help from their elders. The author discusses Sarah’s fight video, Tiana’s attempts to “retire” from fighting, and Andre’s tenuous transition to college. The author finds that the teenagers in his study publicly supported each other’s scholastic and work-related achievements and did not count themselves out from mainstream life as others have argued of black teenagers in street-corner groups.
Street Lessons
Authors: Lane Jeffrey
Published: November 2018

This final chapter returns to the core argument given the fieldwork presented. It is made clear from the case of the digital street that the experience of an urban neighborhood gets filtered through social media. The chapter reviews the transformation of street life in Harlem during the study period based on the different ways that youth, adults, police, and other neighborhood actors used the digital street in relation to each other. The author remarks on the localization of the Internet from the fact that online space enabled residents to rework and control matters in neighborhood space. The chapter ends with key lessons for a service-oriented approach to youth on the street that utilizes the increased visibility and productive aspects of social media use.
Discordant Notes
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

Scholarship on urban culture and the senses has traditionally focused on the study of literature and the visual arts. Recent decades have seen a surge of interest in the effects of sound on the urban space and its population. These studies analyze how sound generates identities that are often fragmentary and mutually conflicting. They have also explored the rise of campaigns against the negative effects of noise on the nerves and health of the population. However, little research has been carried out on the impact of sound and music in areas of broader social and political concern, such as social aid, hygiene, and social control. Based on a detailed study of Madrid from the 1850s to the 1930s, this book argues that sound and music have played a key role in structuring the transition to modernity by helping to negotiate social attitudes and legal responses to problems such as poverty, insalubrity, and crime. Attempts to control the social groups that own unwanted musical practices such as organ-grinding and flamenco performances in taverns raised awareness about public hygiene, alcoholism, and crime and triggered legal reform in these areas. In addition to marginalizing and persecuting these musical practices, the authorities and the media used workhouse bands as instruments of social control to spread “aural hygiene” across the city and wipe out unwanted musical practices.
Anti-flamenquismo and Mass Entertainment
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes how, in the lead-up to the First World War, flamenquismo became a mass phenomenon in Spain, as it pervaded most forms of public entertainment, from género chico to bullfighting. Critics in the orbit of regeneracionismo, whose call for the use of education and the arts to “regenerate” Spanish society was reinvigorated in the wake of the 1898 desastre, saw flamenquismo as a new “plague” that threatened to jeopardize their endeavors. Among them, Eugenio Noel became the most outspoken and vitriolic critic of flamenco and bullfighting. His publications and public talks sparked the outrage of stakeholders in the bullfighting and flamenco businesses, who attempted to murder him on various occasions. Noel’s writings represent a desperate attempt to “civilize” Spanish society by raising awareness about corruption and politics, but they contain serious instances of bigotry against Gypsies and flamenco that did not help to overcome stigmatizing prejudice.
Early Debates
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an account of how organilleros elicited public anger because their activity did not fit into any of the social aid categories that had been in place since the late eighteenth century. Social aid in Spain relied on a clear-cut distinction between deserving and undeserving poor in order to rationalize the distribution of limited resources and reduce mendicancy on the streets. Organilleros could not, strictly speaking, be considered idle, since they played music, but their activity required no specific skills and was regarded with suspicion as a surrogate form of begging. The in-betweenness of the organillero caused further anger as it challenged attempts to establish a neat distinction between public and private spaces. On one hand, organillo music penetrated the domestic space, which conduct manuals of the nineteenth century configured as female; on the other, it brought women into the public space, which those manuals configured as male.
The Persecution of Organilleros
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an account of how, from the 1860s on, organilleros challenged some of the foundations of a middle-class lifestyle in Madrid, including comfort and aural hygiene. For that reason, city authorities intensified the legal and police persecution of these musicians toward the end of the nineteenth century. In 1889, the media orchestrated a campaign against organilleros in which they were accused of committing a crime that was never verified. This frame-up mobilized public opinion against organilleros and paved the way for the string of legal measures that targeted them from the 1890s on. While not all the media and residents in Madrid agreed that this persecution was fair, most of them celebrated it for bringing peace to Madrid, an attitude that illustrates how comfort prevailed over social justice.
The Band and Social Disorder
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses how the privatization of social aid from the 1850s allowed the San Bernardino band to make certain choices about the events it played at. This asset would backfire in the long term, as the band started to get involved in a series of politically radical events. At the Children’s Festival (1888), the San Bernardino band was used by the Liberals to silence the antiliberal song “En revenant de la revue” played by competing bands. The homage in 1897 to General Camilo Polavieja, hero of the Philippine campaign of the Spanish-American War, was an expression of opposition to the government, which was adamant that the war would end in victory. Patriotic fervor peaked as the San Bernardino band played the Cádiz march, but this made the clash with the police more violent and bloody. Surely, episodes like this were part of the reason that funding for the band was discontinued in 1900.
Conclusion
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

As is described in this conclusion, more than the media and culture, Madrid’s public space constituted the primary arena where reactions and attitudes toward social conflict and inequalities were negotiated. Social conflict in the public space found expression through musical performance, as well as through the rise of noise that came with the expansion and modernization of the city. Through their impact on public health and morality, noise and unwelcomed musical practices contributed to the refinement of Madrid’s city code and the modernization of society. The interference of vested political interests, however, made the refining of legislation in these areas particularly difficult. Analysis of three musical practices, namely, flamenco, organilleros, and workhouse bands, has shown how difficult it was to adopt consistent policies and approaches to tackling the forms of social conflict that were associated with musical performance.
Coordination, Conflict, and Convention
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: November 2018

A game-theoretic analysis of convention is developed that is sufficiently general to characterize conventions of justice where agents’ interest can diverge, especially conventions of conflictual coordination. Conventions can be arbitrary with respect to each other in either an indifference sense or a discretionary sense, and only discretionary-sense arbitrariness is crucial for conventions of justice. Basic conventions are defined as strict correlated equilibria of games having multiple such equilibria. More general conventions that can have history-dependent strategies are defined as equilibria of a sequence of games or supergame having multiple such equilibria. A convention is incumbent in a community when the member agents involved have common knowledge that they follow this convention, rather than some alternative convention.
A Novel Positive Regulator of the Early Stages of Root Nodule Symbiosis Identified by Phosphoproteomics
Authors: Vald�s-L�pez Oswaldo , Jayaraman Dhileepkumar , Maeda Junko , Delaux Pierre-Marc , Venkateshwaran Muthusubramanian , Isidra-Arellano Mariel C , Reyero-Saavedra Mar�a del Roc�o , S�nchez-Correa Mar�a del Socorro , Verastegui-Vidal Miguel A , Delgado-Buenrostro Norma , Van Ness Lori , Mysore Kirankumar S , Wen Jiangqi , Sussman Michael R , An� Jean-Michel
Published: November 2018

Signals and signaling pathways underlying the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia have been studied extensively over the past decades. In a previous phosphoproteomic study on the Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis, we identified plant proteins that are differentially phosphorylated upon the perception of rhizobial signals, called Nod factors. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that one of these proteins, Early Phosphorylated Protein 1 (EPP1), is required for the initiation of this symbiosis. Upon inoculation with rhizobia, MtEPP1 expression was induced in curled root hairs. Down-regulation of MtEPP1 in M. truncatula roots almost abolished calcium spiking, reduced the expression of essential symbiosis-related genes (MtNIN, MtNF-YB1, MtERN1 and MtENOD40) and strongly decreased nodule development. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of MtEPP1 are present in legumes and specifically in plant species able to host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting a possible role in this association too. Short chitin oligomers induced the phosphorylation of MtEPP1 like Nod factors. However, the down-regulation of MtEPP1 affected the colonization of M. truncatula roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi only moderately. Altogether, these findings indicate that MtEPP1 is essential for the establishment of the legume–rhizobia symbiosis but might plays a limited role in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
A Systematic Review of Growth Hormone in Pain Medicine: From Rodents to Humans
Authors: Xu Jijun , Casserly Elizabeth , Yin Yan , Cheng Jianguo
Published: November 2018

Objective

Growth hormone (GH) and GH-related signaling molecules play an important role in nociception and development of chronic pain. This review aims to examine the potential molecular mechanisms through which GH-related signaling modulates sensory hypersensitivity in rodents, the clinical pharmacology of GH, and the clinical evidence of GH treatment for several common pain syndromes.

Methods

A search was conducted using the PUBMED/MEDLINE database, Scopus, and the Cochrane library for all reports published in English on GH in pain management from inception through May 2018. A critical review was performed on the mechanisms of GH-related signaling and the pharmacology of GH. The levels of clinical evidence and implications for recommendations of all of the included studies were graded.

Results

The search yielded 379 articles, of which 201 articles were deemed irrelevant by reading the titles. There were 53 reports deemed relevant after reading abstracts. All of these 53 articles were retrieved for the analysis and discussion.

Conclusions

Dysfunction of the GH/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/ghrelin axis was linked to hyperalgesia and several common clinical pain syndromes. Low levels of GH and IGF-1 were linked to pain hypersensitivity, whereas ghrelin appeared to provide analgesic effects. Pretreatment of GH reversed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in an animal model of inflammatory pain. Clinical trials support GH treatment in a subgroup of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (level of evidence: 1B+) or chronic lower back pain syndrome (level of evidence: 2C+).
Validation of an automated sleep spindle detection method for mouse electroencephalography
Authors: Uygun David S , Katsuki Fumi , Bolortuya Yunren , Aguilar David D , McKenna James T , Thankachan Stephen , McCarley Robert W , Basheer Radhika , Brown Ritchie E , Strecker Robert E , McNally James M
Published: November 2018

Study Objectives

Sleep spindles are abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions and have been implicated in associated cognitive symptoms. Accordingly, there is growing interest in elucidating the pathophysiology behind spindle abnormalities using rodent models of such disorders. However, whether sleep spindles can reliably be detected in mouse electroencephalography (EEG) is controversial necessitating careful validation of spindle detection and analysis techniques.

Methods

Manual spindle detection procedures were developed and optimized to generate an algorithm for automated detection of events from mouse cortical EEG. Accuracy and external validity of this algorithm were then assayed via comparison to sigma band (10–15 Hz) power analysis, a proxy for sleep spindles, and pharmacological manipulations.

Results

We found manual spindle identification in raw mouse EEG unreliable, leading to low agreement between human scorers as determined by F1-score (0.26 ± 0.07). Thus, we concluded it is not possible to reliably score mouse spindles manually using unprocessed EEG data. Manual scoring from processed EEG data (filtered, cubed root-mean-squared), enabled reliable detection between human scorers, and between human scorers and algorithm (F1-score > 0.95). Algorithmically detected spindles correlated with changes in sigma-power and were altered by the following conditions: sleep–wake state changes, transitions between NREM and REM sleep, and application of the hypnotic drug zolpidem (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal).

Conclusions

Here we describe and validate an automated paradigm for rapid and reliable detection of spindles from mouse EEG recordings. This technique provides a powerful tool to facilitate investigations of the mechanisms of spindle generation, as well as spindle alterations evident in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders.
The American Pregnancy: A Tale of Race, Class—and Zip Code
Authors: Sofer Dalia
Published: November 2018

One state—California—is defying the system.
2018 Flu Vaccine Recommendations for Adults and Children
Authors: Todd Betsy
Published: November 2018

New guidance for the intranasal vaccine and for those allergic to eggs.
What Nurses Need to Know About Cybersecurity
Authors: Stockwell Serena
Published: November 2018

It's all part of protecting patients, and vigilance is key.
The Analgesic Efficacy of Opioids in Cancer Pain
Authors: Pich Jacqueline
Published: November 2018

Editor's note: This is a summary of a nursing care–related systematic review from the Cochrane Library. For more information, see http://nursingcare.cochrane.org.
The Choosing Wisely Campaign for Nursing
Authors: Brooks Jo Ann
Published: November 2018

Ongoing efforts to identify and reduce the use of unnecessary tests and procedures.
Epinephrine in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

Administration of epinephrine to adults who'd had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resulted in a significantly higher 30-day survival rate than the use of placebo.

A higher proportion of patients who survived in the epinephrine group, however, had severe neurologic impairment.
Study Doesn't Support Widespread Use of Statins in Elderly Patients
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

In a large cohort of patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and were ages 75 and older and free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), statins weren't associated with a reduction in atherosclerotic CVD or all-cause mortality.

Statins were beneficial in patients who had type 2 diabetes, but the benefit decreased with advancing age.
Removing epidural catheters
Authors: Sawhney Monakshi , Chambers Sherida , Hysi Feliks
Published: November 2018

Short-term epidural analgesia is effective for postoperative pain, procedural pain, trauma pain, and labor pain. This article describes the skills, procedures, and nursing care required for removing a short-term, temporary epidural catheter.
What has changed in the epidemiology of skin melanoma in central Italy during the past 20 years?
Authors: Bianconi Fortunato , Crocetti Emanuele , Grisci Chiara , Primieri Chiara , Stracci Fabrizio
Published: November 2018

The aim was to evaluate changes in skin melanoma incidence and mortality at a population level in central Italy over the past two decades. Skin melanoma incidence rate from 1994 to 2014, were retrieved from the Umbrian Cancer Registry (about 900 000 inhabitants). Changes from 1994–1999 to 2010–2014 in tumour and patient characteristics – sex, age (0–44, 45–64, ≥ 65 years), site (head and neck, trunk, limbs), morphology (superficial spreading, nodular, other), thickness (≤ 1, 1–2, 2–4, > 4) and stage I–II, III–IV – were evaluated. Trends in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were evaluated as annual percent change. During the past two decades, melanoma incidence significantly increased in both sexes (+6%/year among men and +4%/year among women) and in all ages (0–44 years: + 4.7 and + 4.3; 45–64 years: + 6.1 and + 4.4; ≥65 years: + 6.6 and + 1.7), morphologies, except nodular, and stages. Mortality was stable among men and women. In the area, incidence increased for thin and thick melanoma, showing a true increase, whereas mortality did not increase. Therefore, although improvements in treatment and downstaging effect of early diagnosis have to be considered, a certain degree of overdiagnosis cannot be ruled out.
Comparison of the effect of postoperative radiotherapy with surgery alone for esophagus squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Zhao Xiao-han , Wang Duo , Wang Fang , Zhu Shu-chai
Published: November 2018

Background:

This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of postoperative radiotherapy for patients having esophagus squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery.

Methods:

A comprehensive research was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library electronic databases from inception until December 10, 2017. We collected all published full articles about comparison of surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy with surgery alone.

Results:

Four randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) with 1050 participants and 8 non-randomized-controlled trials with 3248 participants were included and evaluated separately. The risk ratio rate and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Both RCTs and non-randomized-controlled trials (NRCTs) groups showed a significant increase in 3-year overall survival (OS) rate (RRRCT = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.99; RRNRCT = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76–0.88) and decrease locoregional recurrence rate (RRRCT = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.43–0.66; RRNRCT = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.32–0.69) after postoperative radiotherapy compared with surgery alone. The 5-year OS rate in the group of NRCTs was markedly enhanced (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.92), while that of the RCTs group was not enhanced in a significant way (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70–1.02). Subgroup analysis based on pathological lymph node status revealed that postoperative radiotherapy could improve OS regardless of pathological lymph node status (pathological lymph node positive patients: RR5-year os-RCT = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70–0.93; RR5-year os-NRCT = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.94; Pathological lymph node negative patients: RR3-year os-RCT = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59–0.96; RR3-year os-NRCT = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30–0.89). No effect on distant recurrence rate was detected. Adverse effects induced by postoperative radiotherapy were comparatively modest and tolerable.

Conclusion:

Polled results yielded that postoperative radiotherapy was promising in improving OS and reducing the locoregional recurrence rate. More large-scale up-to-date RCTs are needed to further validate the use of postoperative radiotherapy in modern practice.
Paediatric medial humeral epicondyle fracture management: 2019 approach
Authors: Firth Amy M. , Marson Ben A. , Hunter James B.
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review

The management of displaced medial humeral epicondyle fractures in children remains controversial. The indications for surgery, the ideal surgical strategy and the implications of a painful nonunion remain unclear.

Recent findings

This article describes the state of the evidence and the art in the management of medial humeral epicondyle fractures concentrating on recent research and current opinion. Treatment of paediatric medial epicondylar fractures of the elbow remains the domain of expert opinion and subject to great variance. Anatomical, biomechanical and computer simulation models suggest great importance should be given to the medial epicondyle and the structures, which insert onto it. However, this does not correlate with outcomes as reported by patients, parents and surgeons.

The question of which paediatric medial humeral epicondylar fractures benefit from operative fixation remains unanswered. A large randomized prospective trial is required.
Natural killer cells as modulators of alloimmune responses
Authors: Mbiribindi Berenice , Harden James T. , Pena Josselyn K. , Krams Sheri M.
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review

Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that can lyse target cells without prior sensitization and are important in host defense to virally infected and transformed cells. Although the concept of ‘missing-self’ would suggest NK cells could target foreign allografts, the prevailing dogma has been that NK cells are not active participants in the rejection of solid organ allografts. This review summarizes recent studies that challenge this conclusion and instead suggest NK cells are important in outcomes posttransplant.

Recent findings

NK cells expressing specific cell surface receptors may promote graft damage and rejection. However, recent studies suggest some NK cell subsets have tolerogenic or immunoregulatory potential and promote graft stability, suggesting a dichotomous role for NK cells after transplant. Furthermore, NK cells respond to cells infected with cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus, and studies suggest some NK cells have immune memory.

Our understanding of the role of NK cells posttransplant has evolved from ‘no role’ to the current idea that NK cells may have ‘complex interactions’ that impact graft outcomes. Additional studies, using cutting edge techniques to comprehensively analyze the phenotypic and functional subsets of NK cells in transplant recipients, are clearly necessary.
Clarifying Role Expectations and Practice Standards Using a Clinical Nurse Leader Professional Practice Model Illustration
Authors: Hatley Angie , Ralyea Tina , Buttriss Grace O'Connor , Rankin Veronica L.
Published: November 2018

Background:

Despite evidence of the positive impact of the clinical nurse leader (CNL) role, implementation of supplemental nursing roles has proven to be challenging due to unclear role explanations and organizational unfamiliarity.

Problem:

Nurses practice in a dynamic environment and need to cope with the rapid pace of change in practice roles. Outside of the preparation of the CNL, many nursing professionals are not educated or prepared on the essential aspects the CNL role.

Approach:

A graphic illustration was developed to facilitate discussion and provide insight into the CNL role, with the aim of creating consensus on the CNL role functions and expectations.

Outcomes:

Following the implementation of the CNL practice model illustration, participants reported a significant improvement in their understanding and importance of the CNL role.

Conclusions:

Professional practice model illustrations may be beneficial in developing a consensus of practice.
Barriers to Integrating Research Into Clinical Nursing Practice
Authors: Aljezawi Maen , Al Qadire Mohammad , Alhajjy Mohammed H. , Tawalbeh Loai Issa , Alamery Aliyah Hadi , Aloush Sami , ALBashtawy Mohammed
Published: November 2018

Background:

Using research findings in clinical practice is a cornerstone in improving the quality of care, but nurses face different barriers in doing so.

Purpose:

The purpose was to explore barriers to research utilization in clinical practice as perceived by nurses.

Method:

A cross-sectional survey was done using a convenience sampling method in a single specialist hospital in Saudi Arabia. The Barriers to Research Utilization questionnaire was used to collect data.

Results:

The mean overall score (out of 4) for the Barriers questionnaire was 2.67 (SD = 0.47). The 3 most reported barriers were lack of time, physician cooperation, and other staff support. Nurses working in pediatric and maternity units reported more barriers.

Conclusion:

Clinical setting factors are those most perceived by nurses as barriers to integrating research into practice. Reforms in the clinical areas should take place to overcome these barriers.
Connecting the Dots: Iodine and Goiter
Authors: Berdanier Carolyn D.
Published: November 2018

Goiter was described in the early medical literature, yet it was not connected to a deficiency of iodine until the 19th century. The connection between the development of goiter and a deficiency of iodine took many years to develop. This article describes the history of goiter and how scientists realized that the reason for this disease was a shortage of iodine.
Communicating About Sustainable Diets
Authors: Rowe Sylvia B. , Alexander Nick
Published: November 2018

Throughout the food and health science communications community, there has been increasing discussion about what might constitute a sustainable dietary regime to benefit both the human population and the planet. Such a “food-systems” approach poses significant challenges to communicators of food and health science—an approach involving multidisciplinary discussions of not only public health but also agricultural, environmental, ethical, economic, technological, and other issues. Various food systems have been proposed to promote healthful food choices by the public, as well as sustainable resource utilization with minimal environmental impact. Nutrition science and other health communicators are increasingly called upon to deliver understandable messages about these complex multidimensional issues. Major communication challenges include how to address such questions as “how does environmental sensitivity coexist with healthy food choices and how better to understand public values around food and sustainability?” And, most important, “does broadening the discussion to encompass sustainable diets offer new opportunities to promote long-resisted dietary change?” The present article analyzes the issues around talking about sustainable diets and offers strategies for addressing them.
#eatingoodtonight Educational Campaign Over Social Media
Authors: Paul Rachel , Luesse Hersh B. , Burt Kate , Hopkins Lucy , Contento Isobel , Fullilove Robert
Published: November 2018

We developed a 6-week social media campaign using the Nutrition Education DESIGN Procedure to heighten awareness of the need to reduce consumption of high-fat and high-sugar, or “energy-dense,” foods among young women. Between 1 and 3 posts were published each week over 6 weeks, and results suggest that such social marketing approaches can successfully reach target populations.
Assessment of Oats and Milk on Markers of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Olson Audrey , Frankenfeld Cara L. , Wallace Taylor C. , Johnson Jodee
Published: November 2018

Background

Oat consumption has been suggested to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease; oats are frequently co-consumed with milk, but also water and other products.

Methods

We evaluated associations of 24-hour self-reported oat and cow’s milk consumption with cardiovascular disease risk factors using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2014) data. Daily oat and milk consumptions were classified as (1) no oats, no milk; (2) yes oats, no milk; (3) no oats, yes milk; or (4) yes oats, yes milk. We used no oats/no milk as a reference to assess the effects of oats, milk, and oat with milk consumption on markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The yes oats/no milk group was then used as the reference to further determine if a relationship between oat and milk consumption on the same day existed past that of previously reported oat consumption alone.

Results

Self-reported oat intake was associated with improvements in some biomarkers of CVD risk. The prevalence of abdominal obesity measured as waist circumference was lower (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.73), and fewer than 3+ risk factors of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–0.85) were observed in the yes oats/yes milk group as compared with nonconsumers (no oats/no milk). Similar effects were found in the yes oats/no milk group. We did not find any synergistic effects of self-reported consumption of both milk and oats during a 24-hour period on markers of CVD.

Conclusions

These results are consistent with clinical data showing oats to be associated with improvement in some biomarkers of CVD risk; however, the addition of milk does not appear to affect CVD risk factors in this cross-sectional data set.
Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor: Expanding the Clinicopathologic Spectrum of a Rare Malignancy
Authors: McGregor Stephanie M. , Furtado Larissa V. , Montag Anthony G. , Brooks Rebecca , Lastra Ricardo R.
Published: November 2018

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor is a malignancy derived from the chorionic laeve-type intermediate trophoblast with sufficient rarity that the vast majority of literature on the topic exists in the form of case reports and small series. Classically, it is regarded as a well-circumscribed tumor with an expansile growth pattern that occurs in reproductive-aged women, usually after a normal pregnancy. However, we recently encountered a case of epithelioid trophoblastic tumor with aggressive spread throughout the abdomen and pelvis in a 68-yr-old female presenting 30 yr after her last delivery. Although to our knowledge this is the first report in a postmenopausal patient to be confirmed by molecular analysis of short tandem repeats, there are multiple similar case reports spanning a variety of clinical settings that deviate from the original description. We therefore sought to synthesize the clinicopathologic data among the available reports in the English literature, with emphasis on pathologic findings. While the overarching themes are largely unchanged, this series of 77 patients reveals a broader spectrum of disease and highlights frequent misdiagnosis. Here we present a clinicopathologic update on this rare entity, with emphasis on a practical approach to diagnosis.
Glymphatic Pathway of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents Through the Brain
Authors: Deike-Hofmann Katerina , Reuter Julia , Haase Robert , Paech Daniel , Gnirs Regula , Bickelhaupt Sebastian , Forsting Michael , Heußel Claus Peter , Schlemmer Heinz-Peter , Radbruch Alexander
Published: November 2018

Background

The “glymphatic system” (GS), a brain-wide network of cerebrospinal fluid microcirculation, supplies a pathway through and out of the central nervous system (CNS); malfunction of the system is implicated in a variety of neurological disorders. In this exploratory study, we analyzed the potential of a new imaging approach that we coined delayed T2-weighted gadolinium-enhanced imaging to visualize the GS in vivo.

Methods

Heavily T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (hT2w-FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging was obtained before, and 3 hours and 24 hours after intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) application in 33 neurologically healthy patients and 7 patients with an impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) due to cerebral metastases. Signal intensity (SI) was determined in various cerebral fluid spaces, and white matter hyperintensities were quantified by applying the Fazekas scoring system.

Findings

Delayed hT2w-FLAIR showed GBCA entry into the CNS via the choroid plexus and the ciliary body, with GBCA drainage along perineural sheaths of cranial nerves and along perivascular spaces of penetrating cortical arteries. In all patients and all sites, a significant SI increase was found for the 3 hours and 24 hours time points compared with baseline. Although no significant difference in SI was found between neurologically healthy patients and patients with an impaired BBB, a significant positive correlation between Fazekas scoring system and SI increase in the perivascular spaces 3 hours post injection was shown.

Interpretation

Delayed T2-weighted gadolinium-enhanced imaging can visualize the GBCA pathway into and through the GS. Presence of GBCAs within the GS might be regarded as part of the natural excretion process and should not be mixed up with gadolinium deposition. Rather, the correlation found between deep white matter hyperintensities, an imaging sign of vascular dementia, and GS functioning demonstrated feasibility to exploit the pathway of GBCAs through the GS for diagnostic purposes.
An Effective Simulator for Intraoral Facial Skeletal Contour Surgeries
Authors: Fu Xi , Qiao Jia , Gui Lai , Girod Sabine , Niu Feng , Liu Jianfeng , Jin Qi , Zhang Huijun , Xu Shixing , Mao Xiaoyan , Chen Ying
Published: November 2018

Background

In East Asia, intraoral facial skeletal contour surgeries (intraoral FSCSs), including reduction gonioplasty, reduction malarplasty, and genioplasty, have become increasingly popular. Nonetheless, intraoral FSCSs are technically difficult and have a steep learning curve. An effective simulator could be beneficial for intraoral FSCS training. However, there is no intraoral FSCS simulator available. We introduced an intraoral FSCS simulator and assessed its effectiveness.

Methods

An intraoral FSCS simulator was established by covering a 3-dimensional printed skull with elastic cloth. Twenty residents were enrolled and randomly divided into experimental group A and control group B. Group A performed the intraoral FSCS on the simulator for 3 times. Group B performed the intraoral FSCS on skull model for 3 times. The intraoral FSCS simulator and trainees' performance were evaluated by a trainee-reported questionnaire before and after training, the surgical outcomes were graded by 3 senior attending physicians. All questions and the surgical outcome were scored based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very poor, 5 = very good). The surgical times were recorded.

Results

The intraoral FSCS simulator (4.13 ± 0.64) simulated the surgical reality significantly better than the skull (2.6 ± 0.63). In intraoral FSCS simulator training, the restriction and compliance of the facial soft tissue were vividly mimicked (4.4 ± 0.51); the intraoral approach was vividly mimicked (4.07 ± 0.59). The intraoral FSCS simulator is significantly superior to the skull in improving participants' confidence in performing intraoral FSCS, power system control, and intraoral approach adoption (<0.001). The average surgical outcome score was 3.11 ± 0.45 in group A and 3.91 ± 0.24 in group B. The average surgical time was 177.78 ± 28.38 minutes in group A and 65.26 ± 15.38 minutes in group B.

Conclusions

We developed the first intraoral FSCS simulator and proved its effectiveness preliminarily. Randomized controlled study with clinical cases is needed to further test its effectiveness.
Aesthetic Durable Forehead Contouring in Asians With Fat Grafting and Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Kang Gavin Chun-Wui , Hsiao Yen-Chang , Huang Jung-Ju , Chen Jyh-Ping , Chen Philip Kuo-Ting , Chen Yu-Ray , Chang Chun-Shin
Published: November 2018

Background

Augmentative forehead contouring to create a full rounded smooth forehead is increasingly popular worldwide especially in East Asia where a flat and/or concave irregular forehead is considered unaesthetic. We present our outcomes performing fat transfer to the forehead in combination with botulinum toxin (Botox) corrugator-frontalis injection where indicated in East Asians.

Methods

From 2013 to 2017, 62 consecutive patients with flat and/or concave irregular unaesthetic foreheads underwent forehead fat transfer using a microautologous fat transplantation gun. Concomitant Botox injection to minimize corrugator and frontalis contraction-mediated fat displacement was indicated in 23 patients (thin forehead skin and/or excessive forehead animation or rhytides) to prevent forehead vertical crease formation. Thirty-nine subjects with a mean follow-up of 16 months (range = 3–44 months) had their pregraft and postgraft forehead contours assessed on an aesthetic grading scale. Of these 39, 17 completed forehead fat graft volumetric analysis using preoperative and postoperative 3D photography.

Results

Aesthetic results were durable at latest follow-up, and all patients were satisfied with their final appearance. The mean amount of fat transferred was 7.72 mL (range = 1.5–33 mL). One subject required a repeat fat grafting (with Botox) because of vertical crease formation after the index procedure (without Botox). Another 12 needed a second fat-grafting session to optimize the contour. All who received Botox did not develop vertical creases. The mean ± SD forehead contour grade improved from 2.29 ± 0.77 to 3.24 ± 0.67 (P < 0.001). The percentage mean ± SD retention of grafted fat was 46.71% ± 5.77% with Botox versus 39.12% ± 5.24% without Botox (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Fat grafting to the forehead using our technique with selective Botox administration is an effective, simple, fast, inexpensive, and safe strategy for aesthetic forehead contouring especially for flat and/or concave foreheads. Forehead fat survival rate is objectively improved with simultaneous Botox injection. There is minimum downtime and long-lasting results with high patient satisfaction rates.
Detection of low-frequency mutations and removal of heat-induced artifactual mutations using Duplex Sequencing
Authors: Ahn Eun Hyun , Lee Seung Hyuk
Published: November 2018

We present a genome-wide comparative and comprehensive analysis of three different sequencing methods (conventional next generation sequencing (NGS), tag-based single strand sequencing (eg. SSCS), and Duplex Sequencing for investigating mitochondrial mutations in human breast epithelial cells. Duplex Sequencing produces a single strand consensus sequence (SSCS) and a duplex consensus sequence (DCS) analysis, respectively. Our study validates that although high-frequency mutations are detectable by all the three sequencing methods with the similar accuracy and reproducibility, rare (low-frequency) mutations are not accurately detectable by NGS and SSCS. Even with conservative bioinformatical modification to overcome the high error rate of NGS, the NGS frequency of rare mutations is 7.0×10−4. The frequency is reduced to 1.3×10−4with SSCS and is further reduced to 1.0×10−5using DCS. Rare mutation context spectra obtained from NGS significantly vary across independent experiments, and it is not possible to identify a dominant mutation context. In contrast, rare mutation context spectra are consistently similar in all independent DCS experiments. We have systematically identified heat-induced artifactual mutations and corrected the artifacts using Duplex Sequencing. All of these artifacts are stochastically occurring rare mutations. C>A/G>T, a signature of oxidative damage, is the most increased (170-fold) heat-induced artifactual mutation type. Our results strongly support the claim that Duplex Sequencing accurately detects low-frequency mutations and identifies and corrects artifactual mutations introduced by heating during DNA preparation.
Can you have multiple attentional templates? Large-scale replications of Van Moorselaar, Theeuwes and Olivers (2014) and Hollingworth and Beck (2016)
Authors: Frătescu Marcella , Moorselaar Dirk Van , Mathôt Sebastiaan
Published: November 2018

Stimuli that resemble the content of visual working memory (VWM) capture attention. However, theories disagree on how many VWM items can bias attention simultaneously. The multiple-state account posits a distinction between template and accessory VWM items, such that only a single template item biases attention. In contrast, homogenous-state accounts posit that all VWM items bias attention. Recently, Van Moorselaar et al. (2014) and Hollingworth and Beck (2016) tested these accounts, but obtained seemingly contradictory results. Van Moorselaar et al. (2014) found that a distractor in a visual-search task captured attention more when it matched the content of VWM (memory-driven capture). Crucially, memory-driven capture disappeared when more than one item was held in VWM, in line with the multiple-state account. In contrast, Hollingworth and Beck (2016) found memory-driven capture even when multiple items were kept in VWM, in line with a homogenous-state account. Considering these mixed results, we replicated both studies with a larger sample, and found that all key results are reliable. It is unclear to what extent these divergent results are due to paradigm differences between the studies. We conclude that is crucial to our understanding of VWM to determine the boundary conditions under which memory-driven capture occurs.
Whole plant community transplants across climates reveal structural community stability due to large shifts in species assemblage
Authors: Tomiolo Sara , Bilton Mark C. , Tielbörger Katja
Published: November 2018

(1) Climate change will decrease precipitation and increase rainfall variability in Eastern Mediterranean regions, with responses of plant communities largely uncertain. Here, we tested short-term responses of dryland plant communities to contrasting rainfall regimes using a novel experimental approach.

(2) We exposed three annual plant communities to sharp changes in climatic conditions using whole community reciprocal transplants of soil and seed banks. We tested for the role of climate vs. community origin on community response and resistance. In parallel, we asked whether origin-specific climatic adaptations predict compositional shifts across climates.

(3) For both community origins, the most dry-adapted species in each community increased in dry climate and the wet-adapted species increased in wet climate. Dry community origins showed large compositional shifts while maintaining stable plant density, biomass and species richness across climates. Conversely, wet communities showed smaller compositional shifts, but larger variation in biomass and richness.

(4) Asynchrony in species abundances in response to rainfall variability could maintain structural community stability. This, in combination with seed dormancy, has the ability to delay extinction in response to climate change. However, increasing occurrence of extreme droughts may, in the long-term, lead to loss of wet-adapted species.
Nitrogenase inhibition limited oxygenation of the Proterozoic atmosphere
Authors: Allen John F. , Thake Brenda , Martin William F.
Published: November 2018

Cyanobacteria produced the atmospheric O2that began accumulating 2.4 billion years ago1, leading to Earth’s Great Oxidation Event (GOE)2. For nearly 2 billion years following the GOE, O2production was restricted and atmospheric oxygen remained low2–5. Oxygen rose again sharply with the advent of land plants roughly 450 million years ago, which increased atmospheric O2through carbon burial4–5. Why did the O2content of the atmosphere remain constant and low for more than a billion years despite the existence of O2-producing cyanobacteria? While geological limitations have been explored2–7, the limiting factor may have been biological, and enzymatic. Here we propose that O2was kept low by oxygen inhibition of nitrogenase activity. Nitrogenase is the sole N2-fixing enzyme on Earth, and is inactive in air containing 2% or more O2by volume8. No O2-resistant nitrogenase enzyme is known9–12. We further propose that nitrogenase inhibition by O2kept atmospheric O2low until upright terrestrial plants physically separated O2production in aerial photosynthetic tissues from N2fixation in soil, liberating nitrogenase from inhibition by atmospheric O2.
Space, time, and captivity: quantifying the factors influencing the fecal microbiome of an alpine ungulate
Authors: Haworth Sarah E. , White Kevin S. , Côté Steeve D. , Shafer Aaron B.A.
Published: November 2018

The community of microorganisms in the gut is affected by host species, diet, and environment and is linked to normal functioning of the host organism. Although the microbiome fluctuates in response to host demands and environmental changes, there are core groups of microorganisms that remain relatively constant throughout the hosts lifetime. Ruminants are mammals that rely on highly specialized digestive and metabolic modifications, including microbiome adaptations, to persist in extreme environments. Here, we assayed the fecal microbiome of four mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) populations in western North America. We quantified fecal microbiome diversity and composition among groups in the wild and captivity, across populations, and in a single group over time. There were no differences in community evenness or diversity across groups, although we observed a decreasing diversity trend across summer months. Pairwise sample estimates grouped the captive population distinctly from the wild populations, and moderately grouped the southern wild group distinctly from the two northern wild populations. We identified 33 genera modified by captivity, with major differences in key groups associated with cellulose degradation that likely reflect differences in diet. Our findings are consistent with other ruminant studies and provide baseline microbiome data in this enigmatic species, offering valuable insights into the health of wild alpine ungulates.

This study characterizes the microbiome of mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) populations across populations and over summer months; we also quantified the effects of captivity to offer more insights into the health of alpine wildlife.