bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and survival for HIV‐associated multicentric Castleman disease in Malawi
Authors: Gopal Satish , Liomba N George , Montgomery Nathan D , Moses Agnes , Kaimila Bongani , Nyasosela Richard , Chikasema Maria , Dhungel Bal M , Kampani Coxcilly , Sanders Marcia K , Krysiak Robert , Dittmer Dirk P , Fedoriw Yuri
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Clinical reports of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) from sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) are scarce despite high prevalence of HIV and Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Our objective is to describe characteristics and survival for HIV‐associated MCD patients in Malawi. To our knowledge, this is the first HIV‐associated MCD case series from the region.

Methods

We describe HIV‐positive patients with MCD in Lilongwe, and compare them to HIV‐associated lymph node Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients treated at our centre. All patients were enrolled into a prospective longitudinal cohort study at a national teaching hospital and cancer referral centre serving half of Malawi's 16 million people. We included adult patients≥18 years of age with HIV‐associated MCD (n=6), lymph node KS (n=5) or NHL (n=31) enrolled between 1 June 2013 and 31 January 2015.

Results and discussion

MCD patients had a median age of 42.4 years (range 37.2–51.8). All had diffuse lymphadenopathy and five had hepatosplenomegaly. Concurrent KS was present for one MCD patient, and four had performance status ≥3. MCD patients had lower median haemoglobin (6.4 g/dL, range 3.6–9.3) than KS (11.0 g/dL, range 9.1–12.0, p=0.011) or NHL (11.2 g/dL, range 4.5–15.1, p=0.0007). Median serum albumin was also lower for MCD (2.1 g/dL, range 1.7–3.2) than KS (3.7 g/dL, range 3.2–3.9, p=0.013) or NHL (3.4 g/dL, range 1.8–4.8, p=0.003). All six MCD patients were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with median CD4 count 208 cells/µL (range 108–1146), and all with HIV RNA <400 copies/mL. Most KS and NHL patients were also on ART, although ART duration was longer for MCD (56.4 months, range 18.2–105.3) than KS (14.2 months, range 6.8–21.9, p=0.039) or NHL (13.8 months, range 0.2–98.8, p=0.017). Survival was poorer for MCD patients than lymph node KS or NHL.

Conclusions

HIV‐associated MCD occurs in Malawi, is diagnosed late and is associated with high mortality. Improvements in awareness, diagnostic facilities, treatment and supportive care are needed to address this likely under‐recognized public health problem in SSA.
Mass enhances speed but diminishes turn capacity in terrestrial pursuit predators
Authors: Wilson Rory P , Griffiths Iwan W , Mills Michael GL , Carbone Chris , Wilson John W , Scantlebury David M
Published: August 2015

The dynamics of predator-prey pursuit appears complex, making the development of a framework explaining predator and prey strategies problematic. We develop a model for terrestrial, cursorial predators to examine how animal mass modulates predator and prey trajectories and affects best strategies for both parties. We incorporated the maximum speed-mass relationship with an explanation of why larger animals should have greater turn radii; the forces needed to turn scale linearly with mass whereas the maximum forces an animal can exert scale to a 2/3 power law. This clarifies why in a meta-analysis, we found a preponderance of predator/prey mass ratios that minimized the turn radii of predators compared to their prey. It also explained why acceleration data from wild cheetahs pursuing different prey showed different cornering behaviour with prey type. The outcome of predator prey pursuits thus depends critically on mass effects and the ability of animals to time turns precisely.
A new species of Lithothelium (lichenized Ascomycota, Pyrenulaceae) from the Tarkine region, north-western Tasmania
Authors: McCarthy Patrick
Published: August 2015

Lithothelium kantvilasii sp. nov. (lichenized Ascomycota, Pyrenulaceae) is described from cool-temperate rainforest in the Tarkine region of north-western Tasmania, Australia. It has a whitish and largely endophloeodal thallus, minute, solitary perithecioid ascomata with an apical ostiole and small, hyaline 3-septate ascospores. A key is provided to the seven Australian species of Lithothelium.
Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Among Children Receiving Long-Term Ventilation
Authors: Graham Robert J. , Enriquez Luis F. , Elmi Angelo F. , Zavadoski James V. , Bielak Lisa G. , Baker Christopher D. , Mansbach Jonathan M.
Published: August 2024

This cohort study examines rates of vaccination for COVID-19 and for influenza among children receiving long-term home ventilation.
Probabilistic seismic performance estimation through surrogate model and unbiased multi‐fidelity Monte Carlo predictor
Authors: Gao Xiaoshu , Iyama Jun , Itoi Tatsuya
Published: August 2024

This study introduces an approach for probabilistic seismic performance estimation, which focuses on the probability of intensity measures exceeding a specified value based on engineering demand parameters. Conventional methods face challenges owing to the increase in computational costs associated with the uncertainties in earthquake scenarios. To address this, we use high‐fidelity (HF) and low‐fidelity (LF) model data to develop a multilevel hierarchy of surrogate models, which improves the simulation‐based probabilistic estimation. However, designing a reliable LF model and ensuring the accuracy of the surrogate model hierarchy remains challenging. Herein, we present a multi‐fidelity Monte Carlo (MFMC) predictor combined with a conventional surrogate model to improve probabilistic seismic performance estimation, thereby leveraging LF model efficiency and HF data accuracy for unbiased results. We addressed the challenge of constructing a suitable LF model by using a surrogate model trained from limited HF data. The MFMC predictor improves the accuracy of probabilistic analysis than the surrogate models trained from limited HF data. Further, the automatic relevance determination method is introduced to select the most appropriate inputs for the surrogate model. A case study featuring a special moment‐resistant frame, subject to uncertainties from both ground motion and structural properties, illustrates the efficiency of the method. A LF model is developed using the Kriging method, followed by the construction of the MFMC predictor for probabilistic analysis, thereby leveraging both limited HF and numerous LF data. Comparing the exceedance probability curves obtained from the MFMC predictor with those from direct Monte Carlo simulations and conventional Kriging showed that our proposed method offers a promising tool for probabilistic seismic performance estimation under uncertainty.
Quantitative Imaging of MicroRNA‐21 In Vivo for Real‐Time Monitoring of the Cancer Initiation and Progression
Authors: Zheng Liting , Wu Ying , Wang Qian , Du Wei , Chen Lanlan , Song Jibin , Yang Huanghao
Published: August 2024

MicroRNA‐21 (MiR‐21) has been confirmed to be upregulated in tumors, and its abnormal expression is closely associated with tumor occurrence. However, the traditional imaging methods are limited to qualitative imaging of miR‐21, and no effective strategy has been developed for monitoring its concentration in vivo during cancer initiation and progression. Herein, a biosensor is created utilizing a NIR‐II ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe to quantitatively monitor dynamic alterations in miR‐21 levels in vivo. The nanoprobe (termed DCNP@DNA2@IR806) is constructed by introducing IR806 as a donor and down‐conversion nanoparticles (DCNP) as the acceptor, using DNA as linkers. Upon miR‐21‐responsive initiation of the nanoprobe, the 1550 nm fluorescent signal of DCNP stimulated by a 808 nm laser (F1550, 808Ex) increased because of the close proximity of IR806 to the DCNP and the subsequent non‐radiative energy transfer (NRET). Meanwhile, the 1550 nm fluorescent signal of DCNP stimulated by a 980 nm laser (F1550, 980Ex) remained stable because of the absence of NRET. This ratiometric NIR‐II fluorescent signal has been confirmed to be a reliable indicator of miR‐21 concentration in vivo. The strategy holds promise for further enhancing the understanding of microRNAs‐based molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression, laying a foundation for the early diagnosis of microRNAs‐related diseases.
Spider Silk: Rapid, Bottom‐Up Self‐Assembly of MaSp1 into Hierarchically Structured Fibers Through Biomimetic Processing
Authors: Malay Ali D. , Oktaviani Nur Alia , Chen Jianming , Numata Keiji
Published: August 2024

Spider dragline silk's exceptional mechanical performance, coupled with its benign production pathway, have inspired the design of diverse smart materials. Remarkably, relatively little is known about the self‐assembly process of major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) – the main protein constituent of dragline fiber – during its rapid conversion from soluble precursor protein into hierarchically structured mature silk fibers. Herein, the biomimetic potential of MaSp1 is explored using a new recombinant platform with full domain representation. MaSp1 is found to undergo efficient liquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS) in response to kosmotropic ions, with notably higher propensity compared to MaSp2, and with MaSp1 exhibiting a more complex solubility profile relative to levels of sodium chloride. To further the understanding of silk spinning, the rapid assembly of mesoscale structures is monitored in real‐time in response to ion and pH gradients, revealing a progression from LLPS droplets toward aligned hierarchical fibers. Furthermore, using this biomimetic system, insoluble macroscopic MaSp1 fibers can be readily generated, wherein the application of mechanical deformation triggers the emergence of β‐sheet secondary structures. The insights gained from this study can have broader application in efforts to mimic the formation of biomaterials with spatially organized features across multiple length scales.
Boosting Ferroptosis and immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer by Lactate‐Related Metabolic Reprogramming
Authors: Li Zhenhao , He Shan , Xie Lei , Zeng Guoning , Huang Jiehao , Wang Huaiming , Chen Hongwu , Deng Tingting , Xia Yubin , Huang Cong , Chen Zhian
Published: August 2024

As the presence of anaerobic metabolism of glucose, solid tumors characteristically display higher levels of lactate production, which attenuate ferroptosis therapy and the subsequent anti‐tumor immune response. Herein, hyaluronic acid (HA)‐modified and lactate oxidase (LOX)‐loaded nanoscale metal organic frameworks (MOFs), termed as FCS@LOX@HA (FCSLH) is constructed, achieving tumor‐targeted metabolic combined chemo‐dynamic therapy (CDT). Notably, the high LOX‐loading capacity of MOFs is achieved by adjusting the Fe/Cu ratio. Upon internalization by cancer cells, the FCS MOFs reacted with local glutathione (GSH) to release Fe/Cu ions for CDT. Meanwhile, the LOX catalyzed endogenous lactate to pyruvate accompanied with a release of H2O2; while the latter can enhance the FCS MOFs‐mediated CDT effect. Additionally, lactate exhaustion can impair the antioxidant system by inhibiting the HIF‐1α/SLC1A1 pathway, resulting in the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis occurs accompanied by immunogenic cell death. Furthermore, lactate exhaustion within tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) can inhibit M2 macrophage polarization by suppressing the NF‐κB/HIF‐1α pathway, thereby augmenting anti‐tumor immune response. The in vivo studies demonstrated that cooperating with PD‐L1 antibodies can achieve excellent anti‐tumor therapeutic efficacy. Taken together, FCSLH can amplify the ferroptosis‐mediated immune response through simultaneous dysfunction of cancer cells and TAMs, which provides novel insight for integrating metabolic programmed therapy and immunotherapy.
Core–Shell Composite Nanofibers with High Temperature Resistance, Hydrophobicity and Breathability for Efficient Daytime Passive Radiative Cooling
Authors: Fan Hong , Wang Kefan , Ding Yangjian , Qiang Yueyue , Yang Zhuo , Xu Huan , Li Min , Xu Zewen , Huang Cheng
Published: August 2024

Radiative cooling technology, which is renowned for its ability to dissipate heat without energy consumption, has garnered immense interest. However, achieving high performance, multifunctionality, and smart integration while addressing challenges such as film thickness and enhancing anisotropic light reflection remains challenging. In this study, a core–shell composite nanofiber, PVDF@PEI, is introduced and designed primarily from a symmetry‐breaking perspective to develop highly efficient radiative cooling materials. Using a combination of solvent‐induced phase separation (EIPS) inverse spinning and (aggregation) self‐assembly methods (EISA or EIAA) and coaxial electrostatic spinning (ES), superconformal surface anisotropic porous nanofiber membranes are fabricated. These membranes exhibit exceptional thermal stability (up to 210 °C), high hydrophobicity (contact angle of 126°), robust UV protection (exceeding 99%), a fluorescence multiplication effect (with a 0.6% increase in fluorescence quantum efficiency), and good breathability. These properties enable the material to excel in a wide range of application scenarios. Moreover, this material achieved a remarkable daytime cooling temperature of 8 °C. The development of this fiber membrane offers significant advancements in the field of wearables and the multifunctionality of materials, paving new paths for future research and innovation.
Simultaneous Color‐ and Dose‐Controlled Thiol–Ene Resins for Multimodulus 3D Printing with Programmable Interfacial Gradients
Authors: Kiker Meghan T. , Recker Elizabeth A. , Uddin Ain , Page Zachariah A.
Published: August 2024

Drawing inspiration from nature's own intricate designs, synthetic multimaterial structures have the potential to offer properties and functionality that exceed those of the individual components. However, several contemporary hurdles, from a lack of efficient chemistries to processing constraints, preclude the rapid and precise manufacturing of such materials. Herein, the development of a photocurable resin comprising color‐selective initiators is reported, triggering disparate polymerization mechanisms between acrylate and thiol functionality. Exposure of the resin to UV light (365 nm) leads to the formation of a rigid, highly crosslinked network via a radical chain‐growth mechanism, while violet light (405 nm) forms a soft, lightly crosslinked network via an anionic step‐growth mechanism. The efficient photocurable resin is employed in multicolor digital light processing 3D printing to provide structures with moduli spanning over two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, local intensity (i.e., grayscale) control enables the formation of programmable stiffness gradients with ≈150× change in modulus occurring across sharp (≈200 µm) and shallow (≈9 mm) interfaces, mimetic of the human knee entheses and squid beaks, respectively. This study provides composition–processing–property relationships to inform advanced manufacturing of next‐generation multimaterial objects having a myriad of applications from healthcare to education.
Viable Approach of Tuning Oxide Semiconductor Thin Films in Solution‐Processed Heterojunction Thin Films Transistors for Both Higher Performances and Stability
Authors: Eun Jun‐Su , Lee Jinuk , Na Jeong‐Hyeon , Park Jun‐Hyeong , Park Won , Feng Junhao , Seo Kyung‐Ho , Jang Jaewon , Kang In Man , Kim Do‐Kyung , Bae Jin‐Hyuk
Published: August 2024

Metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) have garnered much attention because of their advantages such as high transparency, low leakage current, and low processing temperature. However, there is a need to continuously improve their mobility and bias stability for application to next‐generation advanced electronics. In this study, the thickness of bilayer semiconductors is finely controlled to enhance the charge transport characteristics and bias stability in solution‐processed heterojunction oxide TFTs. The thicknesses of the top and bottom layers in the bilayer are individually adjusted by controlling solution molarity. The introduction of a bilayer channel improved the electrical performance of oxide TFTs via effective charge transport. However, trap‐limited conduction becomes dominant in the bilayer with an excessively thick top layer, thereby leading to a significant reduction in mobility and positive bias stability. Meanwhile, although increasing the bottom layer thickness contributes to improved mobility and reliability, it causes a serious negative shift in threshold voltage (VTH). TFTs with an optimized bilayer structure show high mobility at a VTH close to 0 V and have particularly excellent positive bias stress stability. This study on bilayer channel thickness will be beneficial for developing advanced transistors with optimized bilayer or multilayer channels.
Accelerated solvent extraction of apomorphine from Nymphaea caerulea (Blue Water Lily) products: A proof‐of‐concept Green extraction for plant materials
Authors: Krishna Rohith , Dixit Anirudha , Patil Ketan , Agrawal Shalvi , Joseph Jilja , Pandey Astha , Sankhla Mahipal Singh
Published: August 2024

Nymphaea caerulea (Blue water lily) is an esthetically pleasing aquatic plant which is widely located across India and Africa. The blue water lily contains an alkaloid called apomorphine which is said to be a sedative, and a nonselective dopamine agonist and is now available in the local and online market in the form of powders and oils for various applications such as sleeping aid, anxiety reliever and sexual performance enhancer. These properties are abused by the consumption of Nymphaea caerulea to achieve a state of “high” which has led the categorization of the same as a novel psychoactive substance. In this paper, a rapid mass spectral analysis was performed for the preliminary screening of commercially available blue water lily products using the Waters Radian as soon as possible instrument, followed by the high performance liquid chromatography‐photo diode array method development and validation of the samples for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of apomorphine. Accelerated solvent extraction as a green alternative to the conventional soxhlet extraction was used in the extraction of the plant material. The method was finally screened for its greenness using the Complex green analytical procedure index method. The method was validated with a linearity of 0.9973; limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.02 and 0.18 µg/mL, respectively. The method was able to detect and quantitate apomorphine in two samples from the commercially available natural products of Nymphaea caerulea.
Absence of developmental and reproductive toxicity in rats, rabbits, and zebrafish embryos exposed to antimalarial drug cabamiquine
Authors: Gado Andreas , Hewitt Philip , Ballard Peter , Tornesi Belen , Baeurle Tobias Hyun Ho , Oeuvray Claude , Spangenberg Thomas , Demarta‐Gatsi Claudia
Published: August 2024

Background

When developing new antimalarial drugs, considering their potential use during pregnancy as preventive or curative therapy is crucial. This prevents the parasite from affecting embryonic development and reduces maternal and fetal death risks. Consequently, understanding the exposure and safety of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy is crucial, with well‐designed animal studies playing a key role in this assessment.

Methods

As part of the drug development program for cabamiquine, a series of developmental and reproductive toxicity studies were conducted in rats and rabbits. Additionally, the zebrafish embryo model was used to further improve embryo exposure, minimize confounding factors related to maternal toxicity, and assess developmental risks of cabamiquine.

Results

In these studies, although maternal toxicity was observed, there were no cabamiquine‐related adverse effects on fertility, embryonic, or fetal development at maternal exposures representing significant multiples (up to five and 10 times higher in rabbit and rats, respectively) than the exposure at the anticipated efficacious human dose. Similarly, no adverse effects were observed on ZF embryonic development, even though cabamiquine concentrations in the embryos were 10‐fold higher than nominal concentrations.

Conclusions

The results obtained in a full set of reproductive toxicity studies did not provide evidence of detrimental effects on the conceptuses and progeny at maternally nontoxic doses and exposures, still representing a multiple of the anticipated systemic exposures in women of childbearing potential (WOCBP). Cabamiquine can therefore be considered a suitable therapeutic option for WOCBP and pregnant women living in malaria‐endemic regions by significantly reducing maternal and infant malaria death rates.
Relationship between sustainability disclosure and corporate reputation: Evidence from a meta‐analysis
Authors: Pajuelo‐Moreno María Luisa , Barroso‐Méndez María Jesús , Gallardo‐Vázquez Dolores
Published: August 2024

Previous studies on the connection between sustainability disclosure (SD) and corporate reputation (CR) yielded varying results. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the impact of SD on CR, based on previous empirical studies, while determining the influence of substantive (SD and CR measures), methodological (unit and type of analysis), and extrinsic (number of countries, country legal system, country development, and continents) moderators. Specifically, by employing a meta‐analytical approach grounded in a systematic review of the literature, a total of 92 empirical research articles were analyzed. The results confirmed a significant positive correlation between SD and CR, which was greatly affected by the moderation exercised by the measures of reputation of the entity, contextual country differences, and methodological characteristics.
CT‐derived simulations to predict outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation with an ACURATE Neo2 valve the PRECISE‐TAVI cohort B trial
Authors: Hokken Thijmen W. , Nuyens Philippe , Ruffo Claudio , Nuis Rutger‐Jan , Daemen Joost , Kardys Isabella , Budde Ricardo , Buzzatti Nicola , de Backer Ole , Van Mieghem Nicolas M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Paravalvular leakage (PVL) and conduction disorders that require permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) remain clinically relevant challenges after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Computed tomography‐based simulations may predict the risk of significant PVL and PPI.

Aims

To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of preprocedural computer simulation with FEops HEARTguide™ to predict >trace PVL and PPI after TAVI with the self‐expanding supra‐annular ACURATE Neo2 transcatheter heart valve.

Methods

Prospective multicenter observational study that included consecutive patients undergoing TAVI with an ACURATE Neo2 valve. Computer simulations were performed before the TAVI procedure as part of the preprocedural planning. Follow‐up period for PPI and PVL was 30 days.

Results

Sixty‐five patients were included (median age 81 years (25th−75th percentile 77–84.5)). New left bundle branch block occurred in five patients (7.7%) and PPI in two patients (3%). Contact pressure index (CPI) was similar for patients with vs without new conduction disorders. Patients with PPI had numerically higher CPI than those without PPI (median CPI 20.0% (25th−75th percentile 15.0–25.0) vs. 13.0% (25th−75th percentile 5.5–18), p = 0.27). More than trace PVL occurred in 30%. Median PVL was significantly lower in patients with none‐trace PVL (3.2 mL/s [25th−75th percentile 2.2–5.0]), compared to mild PVL (5.2 mL/s [25th−75th percentile 3.2–10.3]) and moderate PVL (12.6 mL/s [25th−75th percentile 3.9–21.3])(p = 0.036). A simulated PVL‐cutoff of 9.65 mL/s identified patients with >trace PVL (AUC 0.70 (95% CI 0.55–0.85), sensitivity 42%, specificity 95%).

Conclusion

In our study FEops HEARTguide™ simulations identified patients at risk for >trace PVL with ACURATE Neo2 TAVI but not for PPI.
Current status and perspectives in environmental oncology
Authors: Liu Jie , Gan Ting , Hu Wenbiao , Li Yumin
Published: August 2024

Cancer stands as a leading global cause of death, with its etiology characterized by complexity and multifaceted factors. Growing research indicates a strong correlation between environmental factors and cancer incidence, underscoring the critical importance of intervening in environmental risk factors to mitigate cancer occurrence. Despite this, specialized research institutions focusing on the intersection of environment and cancer remain scarce, with global investment in cancer prevention significantly trailing behind efforts in diagnosis and treatment. Against the backdrop of rapid global climate change, industrialization, urbanization, aging populations, and the globalization of lifestyles, we proposed the concept of Environmental Oncology (EO) to address these challenges. We discussed the rationale and necessity of developing EO and presented a comprehensive research framework focusing on cancer prevention and treatment. Future EO research will aim to identify cancer causes and implement early prevention strategies using advanced scientific technologies and methods. By emphasizing multidisciplinary collaboration and integrating molecular biology at the micro level, EO will explore the relationship between external and internal environments and cancer. EO will identify potential therapeutic targets by studying the pathways through which environmental exposures lead to carcinogenesis. EO will develop early warning systems and disseminate research findings by collecting big data, employing robust statistical models, and establishing research centers.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes and N‐Heterocycles as Synthetic Reagents and Building Blocks
Authors: Jacobs Emily , Nguyen Thanh Vinh
Published: August 2024

N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become important tools in modern synthetic chemistry due to their versatility as organocatalysts and ligands in organometallic complexes. Since their first isolation and characterization, NHCs have demonstrated significant utility in various catalytic processes, offering advantages such as strong σ‐electron donation and the ability to stabilize reactive intermediates. However, beyond their well‐documented roles in catalysis, the potential of NHCs as stoichiometric reagents and synthetic building blocks remains an underexplored yet promising area. This Mini‐review aims to shed light on these lesser‐known applications of NHCs and their N‐heterocyclic precursors or derivatives in organic synthesis. Furthermore, we discuss how the unique electronic and steric properties of NHCs can be harnessed to develop new synthetic methodologies or construct interesting organic frameworks. By highlighting these emerging uses, we hope to encourage further research into the non‐catalytic applications of NHCs, broadening their scope and impact in synthetic chemistry.
Photomediated Hexafluoroisopropoxylation of Unactivated Aryl Halides
Authors: Boyden Brooke , Tobin Sydney , Haen Natalie , Metz Adia , Wojnowiak Cohen , Taylor Trevor , Cutty Alex , Litza Alex , Stiles Isaac , Soehner Nathan , Oberbroeckling Alex , O'Leary Nicole , Popp Hannah , MacKenzie Ian
Published: August 2024

The use of fluoroalkoxy groups, such as trifluoromethoxy and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy groups, in pharmaceutical and agrochemical development has increased dramatically in recent years. However, hexafluoroisopropoxy groups have remained significantly under‐represented, presumably due to limited synthetic methods for accessing this substituent in good yields. Herein, we report a mild, photochemical nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) approach for the synthesis of hexafluoroisopropyl aryl ethers from unactivated and abundant aryl halides. Notably, aryl chloride and bromide functionality are efficiently engaged by this methodology in addition to the traditional aryl fluoride nucleofuge. This method provided access to a diverse array of hexafluoroisopropyl aryl ethers, including multiple examples of late‐stage functionalization of active pharmaceutical ingredients. A simple flow system was adapted for 10x scale‐up, maintaining good yield for the reaction. Initial mechanistic studies indicate single electron oxidation of the arene as a key step in product formation.
Fuzzy averaging level control for tight product quality control
Authors: Gupta Aayush , Srivastava Prakhar , Kaistha Nitin
Published: August 2024

This work develops a fuzzy averaging level controller (ALC) to mitigate flow variability while avoiding high and low level alarm limit breaches. Comparison with proportional (P) and proportional integral (PI) level controllers and their non‐linear variants demonstrates the fuzzy controller to be highly effective in mitigating flow transients for low and moderate size flow disturbances. The performance is comparable for large disturbances. Application of the developed fuzzy ALC to a ternary benzene‐toluene‐xylene direct split separation scheme as well as the separation section of a conventional cumene process demonstrates significantly superior product quality control due to flow transient variability mitigation. The product quality control variability is reduced by up to 1.5 times. The developed fuzzy ALC is therefore suitable for plant‐wide control applications.
Composite nanocapsules of phase change materials using a supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) assisted process
Authors: Palazzo Ida , Viscusi Gianluca , Gorrasi Giuliana , Reverchon Ernesto
Published: August 2024

This work reports the production of polymeric nanocapsules of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/phase change materials (PCM), using continuous supercritical emulsion extraction (SEE‐C). Five fatty acids (FAs) were tested: capric (CA), lauric (LA), myristic (MA), palmitic (PA), and stearic (SA) acid, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) operating at 80 bar and 38°C in a tower apparatus. The two fatty acids with lower molecular weight (CA and LA) were extracted by the supercritical solvent and capsules were not obtained. The other three FAs formed spherical, non‐coalescing nanocapsules characterized by mean diameters ranging between 134 and 252 nm, as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, with a sharp particles size distribution and encapsulation efficiencies up to 99.8%. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) analyses confirmed the successful encapsulation, allowing the measurement of the energy storage properties of produced capsules. Stability analysis performed over 5 months showed that the nanocapsules were stable in this time interval. Thermal cycles experiments confirmed the thermal stability of the capsules. The best performance was obtained for PA based nanocapsules, which showed a stability reduction of only 0.43% after 25 thermal cycles.
Moderately hypofractionated, preoperative radiotherapy in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (HYPORT‐STS): Updated local control, late toxicities, and patient‐reported outcomes
Authors: Bishop Andrew J. , Mitra Devarati , Farooqi Ahsan , Swanson David M. , Hempel Caroline , Willis Tiara , Pearlnath Chris , Wang Wei‐Lien , Ratan Ravin , Somaiah Neeta , Benjamin Robert S. , Torres Keila E. , Hunt Kelly K. , Scally Christopher P. , Keung Emily Z. , Satcher Robert L. , Bird Justin E. , Lin Patrick P. , Moon Bryan S. , Lewis Valerae O. , Roland Christina L. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh
Published: August 2024

Background

Moderately hypofractionated, preoperative radiotherapy in patients with soft tissue sarcomas (HYPORT‐STS; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03819985) investigated a radiobiologically equivalent, moderately hypofractionated course of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) 15 × 2.85 Gy in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Here, the authors report longer term follow‐up to update local control and report late toxicities, as well as functional and patient‐reported outcomes.

Methods

HYPORT‐STS was a single‐center, open‐label, single‐arm, prospective phase 2 clinical trial that enrolled 120 eligible adult patients with localized STS of the extremities or superficial trunk between 2018 and 2021. Patients received a 3‐week course of preoperative RT followed by surgery 4–8 weeks later. End points and follow‐up were analyzed from the date of surgery.

Results

The median follow‐up was 43 months (interquartile range, 37–52 months), and the 4‐year local recurrence‐free survival rate was 93%. Overall RT‐related late toxicities improved with time from local therapy (p < .001), and few patients had grade ≥2 toxicities (9%; n = 8 of 88) at 2 years. These included: 2% grade ≥2 skin toxicity, 2% fibrosis, 3% lymphedema, and 1% joint stiffness. Four patients (3%) had bone fractures. Both functional outcomes, as measured by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Rating Scale (p < .001), and quality of life, as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General (p < .001), improved with time from treatment, and both measures were better in follow‐up at 2 years compared with baseline.

Conclusions

Long‐term follow up suggests that moderately hypofractionated preoperative RT for patients with STS is safe and effective. Higher grade late toxicities affect a minority of patients. Late toxicities decrease over time, whereas functional outcomes and health‐related quality of life seem to improve with more time from combined modality treatment.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reductive Depolymerization of Lignin to Value‐Added Chemicals
Authors: Yu Zhaozhuo , Kong Wenzhuo , Liang Wen , Guo Yaping , Cui Jiahao , Hu Yang , Sun Zhuohua , Elangovan Saravanakumar , Xu Fuqing
Published: August 2024

Lignin is an abundant renewable source of aromatics, but its complex heterogeneous structure poses challenges for its depolymerization and valorization. Heterogeneously catalyzed reductive depolymerization (HCRD) has emerged as a promising approach, utilizing heterogeneous catalysts to facilitate selective bond cleavage in lignin and hydrogen transfer to stabilize the products under mild conditions. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogen transfer mechanisms in HCRD, involving different hydrogen sources, including molecular hydrogen, alcohols, formic acid, etc., and the native hydrogen donor groups in lignin. The interaction between hydrogen sources and catalyst design is explored, emphasizing how catalyst characteristics must align with specific hydrogen transfer pathways to optimize efficiency and selectivity. Precious metal‐based and non‐precious metal‐based catalysts are examined, highlighting advances that enhance hydrogen activation and transfer. Comparative analyses of hydrogen sources reveal distinct advantages and limitations. The significance of HCRD in lignin valorization and the development of integrated biorefineries is underscored, emphasizing its potential to contribute to a sustainable bioeconomy through improved process integration and economic viability.
Power stabilization control of wireless charging system based on LCL‐P compensation structure
Authors: Yue Yonghui , Sun Zhenao , Lu Mingyu
Published: August 2024

To enhance the stabilizing function and boost the output power of the inductive coupling power transfer (ICPT) system, a power stabilization control method based on LCL‐P resonance compensation for a wireless energy transmission system is proposed. “L” represents inductance, “C” represents capacitance, “LCL” refers to the primary‐side compensation structure, and “P” indicates that the secondary side is compensated in parallel . Firstly, this paper synthesizes the modeling principle of the gyrator equivalent model of the resonant circuit and coupled inductor, graphically analyzes the resonant compensation structure, and derives the circuit characteristics of the LCL‐P compensation structure. Then, this paper proposes an improved control strategy for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to dynamically track the output power and thus obtain the optimal operating point through frequency conversion. Lastly, using MATLAB/Simulink software to build the simulation model of the wireless charging system through parameter design, the impact of the conventional DC/DC power control method is contrasted with the algorithmic control suggested in this paper. The results demonstrate that: the device can realize power transfer of 2.7 KW level, the energy transfer efficiency reaches more than 90%, the inverter realizes soft‐switching operation, and the improved MPPT algorithmic control strategy proposed in this paper is utilized to achieve better closed‐loop control of the system. The excellent characteristics of the LCL‐P compensation structure in high‐power transmission applications, as well as the correctness and feasibility of the control algorithm proposed in this paper, are demonstrated through simulation and practical experiments. This is a significant step towards improving the wide‐range adaptation of the wireless charging system, which is based on the LCL‐P resonance compensation to the changes in the load and coupling.
Single mom Ashlyn Volz masters the art of juggling work, school & parenting
Authors: May Rachel
Published: August 2024

It's 10pm and Ashlyn Volz is doing her homework, the youngest of her three kids asleep on her lap. She's in a master's degree program for social work, and hopes to use her degree in therapeutic work with fostered and adopted kids. Right now, she's a licensing specialist in foster care, working with families as they prepare to foster children.
Suchita Poddar on social media analytics
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: August 2024

In our recurring “5 questions with” series, the Recruiting and Retaining Adult Learners marketing column profiles a communications professional through a brief Q&A. This month, we introduce you to Suchita Poddar, communications coordinator for the office of admissions at University of Iowa.
Evolution of the substance use landscape: Implications for contingency management
Authors: Goodwin Shelby , Kirby Kimberly C. , Raiff Bethany R.
Published: August 2024

Contingency management (CM), which involves the delivery of incentives upon meeting behavioral goals, has the potential to improve substance use treatment outcomes. The intervention allows for flexibility through numerous modifiable components including changes to incentive magnitude and schedule, target behavior, and intervention structure. Unfortunately, numerous changes in the substance use landscape have occurred in the past 10 to 15 years: Substances are more potent, overdose risk has increased, new substances and methods of use have been introduced, and substance classes are increasingly being intentionally and unintentionally mixed. These developments potentially undermine CM outcomes. We explored recent substance use changes due to legislative, regulatory, social, and economic factors for four substance classes: stimulants, opioids, tobacco, and cannabis. We discuss potential adjustments to the modifiable components of CM for future research in response to these changes. By continually adapting to the shifting substance use landscape, CM can maintain optimal efficacy.
Versatile cell cultivation on injectable poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) microcarriers: Impact of surface properties across different cell types
Authors: Koç Sena , Gümüşderelioğlu Menemşe
Published: August 2024

Injectable cell therapies offer several advantages compared with traditional open surgery, including less trauma to the patient, shorter recovery time, and lower risk of infection. However, a significant problem is the difficulty in developing effective cell delivery carriers that are cyto‐compatible and maintain cell viability both during and after injection. In the presented study, it was aimed to develop poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) microcarriers using the emulsion preparation‐solvent evaporation technique. The optimized diameter of the PBAT microcarriers was determined as 104 ± 15 μm at 700 rpm and there would be no blockage after injection due to the nonswelling feature of microcarriers. Furthermore, the cellular activities of PBAT microcarriers were evaluated in static culture for 7 days using L929 mouse fibroblasts, MC3T3‐E1 mouse pre‐osteoblasts, and rat adipose‐derived mesenchymal cells (AdMSCs). 3‐[4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide results and Sscanning electron microscope images showed that PBAT microcarriers increased the adhesion and proliferation properties of pre‐osteoblasts and stem cells, while L929 fibroblasts formed aggregates by adhering to certain regions of the microcarrier surface and did not spread on the surface. These results emphasize that PBAT microcarriers can be used as injectable carriers, especially in stem cell therapies, but their surface properties need to be modified for some cells.
Four intestinal ultrasound scores and bowel wall thickness alone correlated well with pediatric ulcerative colitis disease activity
Authors: Hudson Alexandra S. , Isaac Daniela M. , Ma Henry , Lo Christine , Kim Justin , Kuc Anna , Novak Kerri L. , Carroll Matthew W. , Wine Eytan , Huynh Hien Q.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a noninvasive tool in ulcerative colitis (UC), but scoring systems have mostly been developed for adults, Crohn's disease, and flaring UC. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of bowel wall thickness (BWT) and four IUS scores in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed UC.

Methods

Patients <18 years old with suspected UC were prospectively enrolled. Baseline IUS was done, and ulcerative colitis intestinal ultrasound score (UC‐IUS), Milan criteria, simple pediatric activity ultrasound score (SPAUSS), and Civitelli Index were calculated. Mayo endoscopic segment subscore, pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index (PUCAI), and biomarkers were correlated with IUS using nonparametric and receiver operating characteristic analyses.

Results

Fifty‐two patients (56% male, median age 13.9 years, interquartile range [IQR] 11.2–16.3) with 206 colon segments were included. Patients who needed hospitalization (n = 27/52) had significantly worse IUS (BWT and all scores) compared to those not hospitalized. For all patients, IUS scores and BWT significantly correlated with baseline endoscopic, clinical, and biochemical disease activity (p = 0.32–0.67, p < 0.05). BWT (τb = 0.53), UC‐IUS (τb = 0.55), and Milan (τb = 0.52) had the strongest endoscopic correlations. For differentiating between endoscopic disease severity, BWT, UC‐IUS, and Milan, had the highest areas under the curve (0.89–0.93). Using BWT alone, a thinner cut‐off had improved sensitivity while maintaining high specificity: ≥2.5 mm for moderate/severe endoscopic inflammation (sensitivity 66%; specificity 94%) and ≥3.5 mm for severe endoscopic inflammation (sensitivity 92%; specificity 86%).

Conclusions

BWT and all four IUS scores correlated well with endoscopic, clinical, and biochemical disease activity, and was another useful marker of severity in identifying patients needing hospitalization. Pediatric patients needed a thinner BWT cut‐off, which should be accounted for when developing pediatric‐specific scores. BWT alone may be just as clinically useful as composite US scores.
Characterization of a mixed mode fluorocarbon/weak anion exchange sorbent for the separation of perfluoroalkyl substances
Authors: Olomukoro Aghogho A. , Xie Ruichao , Paucar Fabiola X. Fernandez , DeRosa Charlotte , Danielson Neil D. , Gionfriddo Emanuela
Published: August 2024

The ubiquitous presence and persistence of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment have raised concerns in the scientific community. Current research efforts are prioritizing effective PFAS remediation through novel sorbents with orthogonal interaction mechanisms. Recognized sorption mechanisms between PFAS and sorbents include hydrophobic, electrostatic, and fluorine‐fluorine interaction. The interplay of these mechanisms contributes significantly to improved sorption capacity and selectivity in PFAS separations. In this study, a primary/secondary amine‐functionalized polystyrene‐divinylbenzene (Sepra‐WAX) polymer was modified to create a fluorinated WAX resin (Sepra‐WAX‐KelF‐PEI). The synthesis intermediate (Sepra‐WAX‐KelF) was also tested to assess the improvement of the final product (Sepra‐WAX‐KelF‐PEI). The adsorption capacity of Sepra‐WAX, Sepra‐WAX‐KelF, and Sepra‐WAX‐KelF‐PEI, and their interactions with PFAS were evaluated. The effect of pH, ionic strength, and organic solvents on PFAS sorption in aqueous solution was also investigated. The sorbents showed varied adsorption capacities for perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluoro‐n‐decanoic acid, and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, with the average extraction capacity of the four analytes being Sepra‐WAX‐KelF‐PEI (523 mg/g) > Sepra‐WAX (353 mg/g) > Sepra‐WAX‐KelF (220 mg/g). Sepra‐WAX‐KelF‐PEI provided the highest adsorption capacity for all analytes tested, proving that the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic/fluorophilic interactions is crucial for the effective preconcentration of PFAS and its future applications for PFAS remediation from aqueous solutions.
What Do People Want to Know About Cochlear Implants: A Google Analytic Study
Authors: Benaim Ezer H. , O'Rourke Samuel P. , Dillon Margaret T.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Identify the questions most frequently asked online about cochlear implants (CI) and assess the readability and quality of the content.

Methods

A Google search engine observational study was conducted via a search response optimization (SEO) tool. The SEO tool listed the questions generated by Google's “People Also Ask” (PAA) feature for the search queries “cochlear implant” and “cochlear implant surgery.” The top 50 PAA questions for each query were conceptually classified. Sourced websites were evaluated for readability, transparency and information quality, and ability to answer the question. Readability and accuracy in answering questions were also compared to the responses from ChatGPT 3.5.

Results

The PAA questions were commonly related to technical details (21%), surgical factors (18%), and postoperative experiences (12%). Sourced websites mainly were from academic institutions, followed by commercial companies. Among all types of websites, readability, on average, did not meet the recommended standard for health‐related patient education materials. Only two websites were at or below the 8th‐grade level. Responses by ChatGPT had significantly poorer readability compared to the websites (p < 0.001). These online resources were not significantly different in the percentage of accurately answering the questions (websites: 78%, ChatGPT: 85%, p = 0.136).

Conclusions

The most searched topics were technical details about devices, surgical factors, and the postoperative experience. Unfortunately, most websites did not meet the ideal criteria of readability, quality, and credibility for patient education. These results highlight potential knowledge gaps for patients, deficits in current online education materials, and possible tools to better support CI candidate decision‐making.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 135:840–847, 2025
Three minimal norm Hermitian solutions of the reduced biquaternion matrix equation EM+M˜F=G
Authors: Han Sujia , Song Caiqin
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we investigate the minimal norm Hermitian solution, pure imaginary Hermitian solution and pure real Hermitian solution of the reduced biquaternion matrix equation. We introduce the new real representation of the reduced biquaternion matrix and the special properties of
. We present the sufficient and necessary conditions of three solutions and the corresponding numerical algorithms for solving the three solutions. Finally, we show that our method is better than the complex representation method in terms of error and CPU time in numerical examples.