bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narração como ato de resistência em O Vale da Paixão, de Lídia Jorge
Authors: Souza Mariana Jantsch de , Sparemberger Alfeu
Published: December 2015

Apresentamos uma leitura do romance O Vale da Paixão, de Lídia Jorge, em que se evidencia o papel da narração como forma de resistência aos esquecimentos e silêncios familiares. Trata-se de uma narração que mobiliza memórias para consolidar uma identidade a partir da ressignificação do passado. A identidade é aqui abordada como um processo eminentemente discursivo atrelado à memória, uma vez que encontra no passado uma das principais fontes constituidoras. Nessa narrativa, o caminho para apaziguar os conflitos do passado é a escrita, a narração. Narrar um passado clandestino, do qual foi banida por meio do discurso familiar, forja-se como um ato de resistência.
As infinitas coleções de Jorge Luis Borges e Italo Calvino
Authors: Moreira Maria Elisa Rodrigues
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo propõe uma leitura das obras dos escritores Jorge Luis Borges e Italo Calvino sob a chave da coleção. Partindo da relação entre a coleção, tal qual estudada por Walter Benjamin e Ivette Sánchez, e a questão da totalidade, percorrem-se algumas obras dos escritores argentino e italiano identificando em que medida elas são marcadas por reflexões relacionadas ao colecionismo e apontando algumas estratégias narrativas dos autores que correspondem a essa perspectiva, tais como o efeito de infinito, a enumeração, a mise en abyme e a repetição com variações mínimas.
O canto do mundo, de Michel Collot
Authors: Camargo Goiandira Ortiz de , Rosa Olliver Mariano , Dos Santos Giovana Bleyer Ferreira
Published: December 2015

Trata-se de uma tradução do texto "Le chant du monde", de Michel Collot, publicado originalmente no livro Le chant et l'écrit lyrique. Collot faz nesse texto uma reflexão histórica sobre o estatuto da noção de canto como princípio de comprensão da poesia lírica, com foco na produção francesa. Tal reflexão serve como fundamento para a análise de obras contemporâneas e suas iniciativas de retomada do canto na poesia.
Ensino de inglês como LE e contribuições pedagógicas de um glossário bilíngue de colocações
Authors: Ottaiano Adriane Orenha , Rocha Jean Michel Pimentel
Published: December 2015

Em conformidade com o arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Linguística de Corpus e da Fraseologia, este estudo visa discutir as contribuições pedagógicas de um glossário bilíngue de colocações da área médica para o ensino de inglês como  Língua  Estrangeira,  (doravante  LE),  compilado  a  partir  do  corpus paralelo constituído pelas legendas em inglês e em português do seriado House M.D. Com base nas colocações presentes no glossário, elaboramos propostas de  atividades  que  poderão  servir  como  subsídio  para  o  ensino  de  inglês como LE, principalmente, quando se considera a relevância dessas unidades fraseológicas no enriquecimento da competência lexical de aprendizes. Além destas, também propomos outras atividades colocacionais baseadas em corpus.
Frames cognitivos e interacionais na compreensão de expressões idiomáticas em L2: um estudo de caso
Authors: Baldo Alessandra
Published: December 2015

Este texto apresenta os resultados de uma análise dos processos cognitivos empregados  por  cinco  aprendizes  de  português  como  L2  para  a  inferência de  expressões idiomáticas  (EIs)  a  partir  do  conceito  de  frames  cognitivos e  interacionais  de  Fillmore  (1982)  e  Fillmore  e  Baker  (2010).  A  análise dos dados, coletados através da técnica de protocolos verbais, sugere que o potencial  explanatório  da  teoria  proposta  pelos  autores  é  aplicável  também à compreensão dos processos de atribuição de significado de EIs na língua-alvo, seja através do conceito de frames cognitivos, seja através do conceito de frames interacionais.
Writing Instructional Model for Elementary Education Program
Authors: . Rohana
Published: December 2015

The main objective of this research is to develop an instructional model of narrative writing in English for students of Elementary Education Program (PGSD). This research conducted at of Elementary Education Program in 2013/2014, the research was carried out through research and development (R&D) method. The qualitative data related to respondents in general view on the model developed and that of the instructional model of narrative writing. The result of the field testing through one group pretest-post-test design showed that the student post-test average writing scores were significantly greater than those of the pretest. The result of testing through pretest-post-test works showed that the student post-test average scores in the experimental groups were significantly greater than those of in the control groups. The material of writing could increase student competence in writing narrative text that. "Significantly; the experts agreed to the theoretical design used develop the instructional model of narrative writing.
Reducing Corruption through Enhancing Public Service Ethics in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Fakhrul , Ananya Anindyta Deb
Published: December 2015

Corruption exists within and between government organizations as the form of bribing, swindling, favoritism and many other forms which destroys the public morale. It spreads its greedy clutches all over the country; Government officials are engaged in corruption for greed for power, selfishness, wealth and money. This paper is an attempt to identify the forms of corruption in civil service and how ethical code of behavior to reduce the level of malfunctions. Social survey method has been followed for this study where the factor has been explained to know the perception of general people. The study finds that lack of accountability and transparency, dishonesty, nepotism and favoritism are also responsible for corruption and made suggestions to combat corruption in Bangladesh based on the perception of civil servants and the general people.Keywords: corruption, public service, ethics, people’s perception
Effect of Blending and the Simultaneous Ingestion of a Probiotic Containing Oxalate-Degrading Bacteria on Oxalate Absorption
Authors: Liebman Michael , Walukano Jane
Published: December 2015

Both a high dietary oxalate intake and increased gastrointestinal absorption can lead to elevated urinary oxalate, a risk factor for kidney stone formation. Numerous studies have assessed whether daily ingestion of a probiotic containing oxalate-degrading bacteria can reduce urinary oxalate/oxalate absorption, but it appears only one previous study assessed whether the simultaneous ingestion of oxalate-degrading probiotic bacteria consumed with an oxalate load can exert this effect. This was assessed in the present study in a population of 11 healthy non-stone formers (6 males, 5 females), aged 21 – 37 y, using the probiotic VSL#3®. A spinach-sweet potato mixture provided an oxalate dose of 534 mg and urine samples were collected for a 22 h period post-oxalate ingestion. An additional objective was to assess the effect of blending oxalate-containing foods on oxalate absorption. The overall results suggested that the spinach and sweet potato provided oxalate of low bioavailability. Changing the texture of these foods by blending did not have an effect on oxalate absorption nor was VSL#3® effective in reducing urinary oxalate levels. VSL#3® may have been more effective if the oxalate dose had been provided in a more bioavailable form leading to a higher initial oxalate absorption/urinary oxalate excretion.
A organização eclesiástica da comunidade cristã Nova Esperança: entre o acolhimento e o desacolhimento
Authors: Ferreira Rubio José , Silva Moizés Generino da
Published: December 2015

As igrejas inclusivas nascem na necessidade de um grupo minoritário e excluído das igrejas convencionais, ter seu espaço para praticar a sua religiosidade de uma forma livre e aceita independente da sua orientação sexual. Assim, cabe indagar quais são os modelos de estruturação institucional que são construídos nas igrejas inclusivas, e em que medida, essas estruturas eclesiásticas são capazes de propiciar que elas cumpram sua ‘missão’ de ‘acolher’ pessoas gays, lésbicas, travestis e transexuais. A pesquisa que embasa o trabalho foi desenvolvida através de revisão bibliográfica, visitas aos cultos da Comunidade Cristã Nova Esperança e realização de entrevistas com líderes e frequentadores dessa Igreja, no sentido de realizar os objetivos propostos na pesquisa. A estrutura organizacional da CCNE assemelha-se ao modelo da igreja tradicional, o que, em certa medida, dificulta o acolhimento aos seus frequentadores.
The spatial pattern of forest cover changes in Lithuania during the second half of the twentieth century
Authors: Juknelienė Daiva , Mozgeris Gintautas
Published: December 2015

The trends of forest cover change in Lithuanian municipalities are introduced in the current paper. Two sources of information on the forest cover in 1950s and today (2013) were used in this study: (i) a geographic forest cover database developed using historical orthophotomaps based on aerial photography, which was carried out in the period just after the World War II, and (ii) the information originating from the State Forest Cadaster and referring to the year 2013. These two layers were compared using GIS overlay techniques. The data was made available for the analyses aggregated up to the municipality level. The Global Moran’s I statistic and Anselin Local Moran’s I were used to identify global and local patterns in the distribution of forest cover characteristics in Lithuanian municipalities, respectively. The  main finding of this study was that the  proportion of the  forest cover in 1950 was 26.5%, i. e. notably differing from the official statistics – 19.7%. The proportion of the forest cover increased in all municipalities during the period 1950–2013. The largest increase in forest cover proportion was in the areas less suitable for agriculture. The relatively largest areas of new forests were identified in the south-eastern part of Lithuania, the deforestation was relatively slowest around less forested municipalities, while the afforestation was relatively slowest around the agricultural Pakruojis municipality. Deforestation was most commonly associated with the forest transformation into agricultural land, less often into scrublands or waters.
Determinants of income from wheat and rape production in projection for 2020 in Poland
Authors: Jabłoński Konrad , Skarżyńska Aldona , Abramczuk Łukasz
Published: December 2015

The study used the accounting data collected on 22 individual farms which at the  same time cultivated winter wheat and winter rape in 2011 and 2013. The aim of the study was to determine the impact on the income from the cultivation of wheat and rape, predicted in prospect of 2020, taking into account the rate of change in yield and prices of wheat and rape and prices of means of agricultural production. Moreover, an attempt was made to determine the strength of influence of fluctuations in crop and sale price on deviations of income from the  projection for 2020. The  calculations showed that, compared to the average of the studied years, in 2020 income from the cultivation of wheat will increase by 23.4%, and that of rape by 58.4%. However, increase in costs of cultivating wheat, faster than increase in outputs, will affect the profitability of production – by 2.0 percentage points, while for rape profitability it will increase by 7.7 pp. After taking into account the variability of the yield, income from cultivating wheat may vary by ±22.5%, and in the case of rape by as much as ±41.5%. Wheat and rape show much greater sensitivity to the variability of the sale price, and, as a result, income may vary by ±72.5 and ±69.2%, respectively. The study contributes to the development of research meth­ods and can be used by farmers and decision-making centres.
Velocidade crítica em natação: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Costa Aldo Matos da , Costa Mário Jorge , Marinho Daniel Almeida
Published: December 2015

De entre as técnicas não invasivas de determinação do limiar anaeróbio, o método da determinação da velocidade crítica tem merecido grande atenção, nomeadamente no âmbito da avaliação e controlo do treino em natação. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente artigo foi efetuar uma revisão da literatura do tipo qualitativa acerca do significado do parâmetro velocidade crítica e sua aplicação à natação. Foram abordadas questões relativas à origem e definição do conceito de velocidade crítica, às metodologias de determinação mais comuns, bem como uma breve referência ao conceito de velocidade crítica anaeróbia. A velocidade crítica é sugerida como um parâmetro não invasivo de avaliação do desempenho aeróbio e de predição do limiar anaeróbio de nadadores, independentemente do nível desportivo. As principais vantagens deste indicador resultam da facilidade de aplicação e análise num elevado número de nadadores, sem a necessidade da utilização de equipamentos dispendiosos ou de recolha de sangue. Aponta-se como uma ferramenta útil no mecanismo de prescrição e controlo de cargas de treino por meio de resultados em condições experimentais ou recorrendo a tempos obtidos durante as competições. A descriminação dos valores de velocidade crítica entre nadadores com diferentes perfis metabólicos (velocistas versus fundistas) e ainda a sua aplicabilidade em regime anaeróbio são aspetos que ainda carecem de um maior entendimento.

 

 
Relação entre atividade física e desportiva, níveis de IMC, perceções de sucesso e rendimento escolar
Authors: Bastos Fernando , Reis Victor Machado , Aranha Ágata Cristina , Garrido Nuno Domingos
Published: December 2015

O excesso de peso é cada vez maior entre da população escolar jovem. Uma vez que não é evidente qual a atitude dos alunos com sobrepeso e obesidade face à participação em atividades físicas e sua relação com o desempenho escolar pretendemos identificar os factores de influência no contexto da EF escolar. Participaram neste estudo 490 alunos dos 3º ciclo e ensino secundário, divididos por sexo. Os valores de IMC foram ajustados para sexo e idade e criados três grupos: Magreza; peso normal; e excesso de peso. Os valores dos resultados escolares foram normalizadas para uma escala de 1 a 5 valores. A participação em atividades desportivas, regularidade de prática e percepção do sucesso escolar foi medida por questionário. Após análise exploratória dos dados foram realizados os testes do Qui-quadrado, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson. O eta quadrado parcial (η²) foi reportado como medida da magnitude do efeito das diferenças verificadas nas ANOVAs. Foi considerado o valor de α de 0.05. Os resultados mostraram que alunos com excesso de peso e magreza reportaram menores níveis de atividade física em relação a alunos normoponderais (4.20±1.73, 4.06±1.77, 4.61±1.73; p=0.044; η²=0.01, resp.). A maior parte dos alunos definiu o seu sucesso escolar através da aprovação/transição de ano a par de boas classificações, tendo este grupo obtido níveis superiores de prática (4.57±1.71, p=0.03) Verificaram-se efeitos significativos da variável níveis de IMC nas classificações médias finais e na disciplina de EF, em que os alunos normoponderais obtiveram melhores classificações do que os alunos com excesso de peso. Além disso, verificaram-se correlações significativas entre as classificações de Português e Matemática (r=0.80; p<0.001), entre as classificações de EF e Português (r=0.36; p<0.001), e entre as classificações de EF e Matemática (r=0.42; p<0.001). Os alunos com sobrepeso apresentaram níveis inferiores de prática de atividade física quando comparados com os alunos com peso normal ou magros concomitantemente com um rendimento escolar inferior. Face aos resultados consideramos a prática de atividade física um fator com influência positiva no rendimento escolar em alunos dos ensinos básico e secundário.
Retenção da capacidade funcional em mulheres idosas após a cessação de um programa de treino multicomponente: estudo longitudinal de 3 anos
Authors: Leitão Luis Filipe , Brito João , Leitão Ana , Pereira Ana , Conceição Ana , Silva Antonio , Louro Hugo
Published: December 2015

A atividade física proporciona benefícios para a saúde e qualidade de vida de mulheres idosas. Ainda são escassos os estudos longitudinais em mulheres idosas com duração superior a um ano de prática de exercício físico. Assim o objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos de três anos de treino multicomponente na capacidade funcional de mulheres idosas. Métodos: 51 mulheres (66.7±5.30 anos e 159±0.11cm) participaram ao longo de três anos num programa constituído por períodos de nove meses de treino multicomponente seguidos de três meses de destreino. As avaliações decorreram no início/fim de cada período de treino e destreino. Resultados: No 1º, 2º e 3º ano verificaram-se aumentos estatisticamente significativos em todos os parâmetros da capacidade funcional (p<0.05). No entanto, o 2º ano revelou ser o período de treino onde observamos os maiores aumentos nos testes T6M (7.43%), SA (383.33%), AC (40.33%), FA (13.05%) e LS (12.5%) (p<0.05). Os testes T6M, LS, FA, AC, SA melhoraram entre 4.17% a 576.60% em todos os períodos de treino e diminuíram entre 3.21% a 85.31% em todos os períodos de destreino. Conclusões: Três anos de treino multicomponente contribuíram para a melhoria da capacidade funcional em mulheres idosas, principalmente no 2º ano de intervenção.
Associação e poder discriminatório da atividade física para a prevenção da sarcopenia em mulheres pós-menopáusicas
Authors: Pitanga Cristiano Penas Seara , Pitanga Francisco José Gondim , Gabriel Ronaldo Eugênio Calçada Dias , Moreira Maria Helena Rodrigues
Published: December 2015

A sarcopenia é frequentemente observada na pós-menopausa e as causas incluem alterações no estado hormonal e níveis reduzidos de atividade física. Prejuízo funcional e incapacidade física são as principais consequências desta condição. O estudo procurou analisar a associação e o poder discriminatório da atividade física (AF) para a prevenção da sarcopenia em mulheres pós-menopáusicas. A amostra inclui 257 mulheres (57.2 ± 6.6 anos; 69.1± 11.3 kg; 155.0±5,2 cm) e a composição corporal foi medida por bioimpedância. A versão longa do International Physical Activity Questionnaire foi utilizada na apreciação dos níveis de atividade física habitual. A associação das variáveis foi testada através de regressão logística e o poder discriminatório através das curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic, considerando um intervalo de confiança de 95%. A presença de um dispêndio calórico semanal de 580 a 816 kcal através da prática de caminhada revelou poder discriminatório para uma melhor condição muscular na pós-menopausa, sendo registada uma associação significativa entre este tipo de AF e a sarcopenia apenas para o valor de corte de 816 kcal/semana. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que a prática de caminhada, reunindo um dispêndio energético semanal de 816 kcal, previne a sarcopenia em mulheres pós-menopáusicas.
Satisfação de Clientes em Serviços de Educação Física Supervisionada na Região de Curitiba, Brasil: Aplicação do QSCSEF
Authors: Modesto Jhomyr Dias , Ulbricht Leandra , Neves Eduardo Borba
Published: December 2015

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a satisfação de clientes de serviços em Educação  física supervisionada em Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório descritivo com 921 indivíduos, sendo 436 do sexo masculino e 485 do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 26.9 ± 9.4 anos. O instrumento de pesquisa utilizado foi o Questionário de Satisfação de Clientes em Serviços de Educação Física. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que dentre os serviços avaliados, as academias de musculação se apresentaram como o serviço mais utilizado (61.9%), as academias de dança apresentaram maior qualidade e satisfação e a média de tempo de utilização dos serviços foi de 25.2 ± 33.1 meses, sendo as escolas de esportes coletivos as que apresentaram as maiores médias. Concluiu-se que as academias de musculação se caracterizaram como o serviço mais utilizado, as academias de yôga/pilates com o maior percentual de problemas relatados e as academias de dança o maior índice de qualidade de serviço e satisfação dos clientes.
Comportamento alimentar inadequado e grau de comprometimento psicológico ao exercício em jovens atletas
Authors: Fortes Leonardo De Sousa , Almeida Sebastião De Sousa , Ferreira Maria Elisa Caputo
Published: December 2015

Considera-se a restrição alimentar, a compulsão alimentar ou o uso de laxantes, diuréticos e/ou anabolizantes como comportamentos alimentares inadequados (CAI). O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar atributos dos CAI em função do grau de comprometimento psicológico ao exercício (GCPE) entre atletas de ambos os sexos. Participaram 580 indivíduos com idades entre 10 e 19 anos. Utilizou-se as subescalas do Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e a Escala de Dedicação ao Exercício para avaliar atributos dos CAI e GCPE, respetivamente. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças na subescala “Dieta” segundo GCPE para ambos os sexos (p < .05). No entanto, somente entre os meninos o post hoc de Bonferroni demonstrou diferença na subescala “Bulimia e Preocupação com Alimentos” entre os grupos de GCPE (p < .05). Por fim, não foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para a subescala “Autocontrole Oral”, tanto para o sexo feminino, quanto para o masculino. Concluiu-se que a restrição alimentar patológica foi mais frequente em atletas com elevado GCPE para ambos os sexos, o que não se refletiu nos demais atributos dos CAI.
Limiar De Lactato Em Exercício Resistido Em Idosos
Authors: Sousa Nuno Manuel Frade de , Sousa Markus Vinicius Campos , Pereira Guilherme Borges , Magosso Rodrigo Ferro , Bertucci Danilo Rodrigues , Baldissera Vilmar , Perez Sérgio Eduardo de Andrade
Published: December 2015

O treinamento resistido tem sido proposto como uma estratégia para a melhoria da aptidão física em idosos. A sua complexidade faz com que existam várias técnicas de manipulação. Entretanto, poucos estudos apontam o limiar anaeróbio (LAn) como objeto de estudo em exercício resistido. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e comparar o LAn em uma população idosa no leg press (LP) e supino reto (SR). Catorze homens idosos realizaram dois testes incrementais máximos baseados em porcentagens de uma repetição máxima (1RM) para a determinação do LAn no LP e SR. As variáveis lactacidemia, frequência cardíaca (FC) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foram coletadas ao final de cada estágio e comparadas entre os exercícios na intensidade referente ao LAn. O LAn no LP ocorreu em 27,9 ± 5,0% de 1RM, estatisticamente superior ao SR, que foi identificado em 21,5 ± 3,1% de 1RM. No entanto, a lactacidemia foi estatisticamente inferior no LP (1,36 ± 0,40 mmol.L-1) em relação ao SR (1,92 ± 0,38 mmol.L-1). Apesar de intensidades diferentes do LAn entre os exercícios, as variáveis FC e PSE não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Foi possível identificar o LAn em idosos nos aparelhos LP e SR, ocorrendo em intensidades inferiores no SR.
How well do global ocean biogeochemistry models simulate dissolved iron distributions?
Authors: Tagliabue Alessandro , Aumont Olivier , DeAth Ros , Dunne John P. , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Galbraith Eric , Misumi Kazuhiro , Moore J. Keith , Ridgwell Andy , Sherman Elliot , Stock Charles , Vichi Marcello , Völker Christoph , Yool Andrew
Published: December 2015

Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are relied upon to make projections about the impact of climate change on marine resources and test hypotheses regarding the drivers of past changes in climate and ecosystems. In large areas of the ocean, iron availability regulates the functioning of marine ecosystems and hence the ocean carbon cycle. Accordingly, our ability to quantify the drivers and impacts of fluctuations in ocean ecosystems and carbon cycling in space and time relies on first achieving an appropriate representation of the modern marine iron cycle in models. When the iron distributions from 13 global ocean biogeochemistry models are compared against the latest oceanic sections from the GEOTRACES program, we find that all models struggle to reproduce many aspects of the observed spatial patterns. Models that reflect the emerging evidence for multiple iron sources or subtleties of its internal cycling perform much better in capturing observed features than their simpler contemporaries, particularly in the ocean interior. We show that the substantial uncertainty in the input fluxes of iron results in a very wide range of residence times across models, which has implications for the response of ecosystems and global carbon cycling to perturbations. Given this large uncertainty, iron fertilization experiments based on any single current generation model should be interpreted with caution. Improvements to how such models represent iron scavenging and also biological cycling are needed to raise confidence in their projections of global biogeochemical change in the ocean.
Coherent and incoherent scatter radar study of the climatology and day‐to‐day variability of mean F region vertical drifts and equatorial spread F
Authors: Smith J. M. , Rodrigues F. S. , Fejer B. G. , Milla M. A.
Published: December 2015

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the vertical drifts and equatorial spread F (ESF) measurements made by the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar (ISR) between 1994 and 2013. The ISR measurements allowed us to construct not only updated climatological curves of quiet‐time vertical plasma drifts but also time‐versus‐height maps of ESF occurrence over the past two solar cycles. These curves and maps allowed us to better relate the observed ESF occurrence patterns to features in the vertical drift curves than previously possible. We identified an excessively high occurrence of post‐midnight F region irregularities during December solstice and low solar flux conditions. More importantly, we also found a high occurrence of ESF events during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. We also proposed and evaluated metrics of evening enhancement of the vertical drifts and ESF occurrence, which allowed us to quantify the relationship between evening drifts and ESF development. Based on a day‐to‐day analysis of these metrics, we offer estimates of the minimum pre‐reversal enhancement (PRE) peak (and mean PRE) values observed prior to ESF development for different solar flux and seasonal conditions. We also found that ESF irregularities can reach the altitudes at least as high as 800 km at the magnetic equator even during low solar flux conditions.
Longitudinal variation in zonal winds at subauroral regions: Possible mechanisms
Authors: Wang Hui , Lühr Hermann
Published: December 2015

Longitudinal differences in thermospheric zonal winds (ΔUy) are investigated in the subauroral region for different seasons and under solar maximum and medium conditions by using Challenging Minisatellite Payload observations. Prominent wave‐1 longitudinal and diurnal variations of ΔUy are observed, along with an antiphase relationship between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. These structures persist over the whole year and are independent of solar activity. ΔUy values are greater at nighttime than at daytime, and values in the south are greater than those in the north in local summer and winter. Model simulations confirm observed results in large‐scale structures, and the nonzero dipole tilt is found to be vital for the longitudinal variation of the zonal wind. The neutral air pressure gradient caused by the day‐night difference in solar heating is a major contributor to the observed ΔUy. The pressure effects are larger at nighttime than at daytime and larger in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. Ion drag reduces the compatibility between the modeled and observed ΔUy as expected, with larger effects at nighttime than at daytime. Viscous force also reduces the compatibility between the modeled and observed ΔUy with greater effects at daytime, except at nighttime in the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, the Coriolis force makes the difference between the modeled and observed ΔUy larger. The sum of these factors can explain, in general, the observed local time and hemispheric asymmetry features in longitudinal variation of the zonal wind.
Distributed fault slip model for the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake from GNSS and GRACE/GOCE satellite gravimetry
Authors: Fuchs Martin Johann , Hooper Andrew , Broerse Taco , Bouman Johannes
Published: December 2015

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission (launched 2002) and the Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission (March 2009 to November 2013) collected spaceborne gravity data for the preseismic and postseismic periods of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. In addition, the dense Japan GeoNet Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) network measured with approximately 1050 stations the coseismic and postseismic surface displacements. We use a novel combination of GNSS, GRACE, and GOCE observations for a distributed fault slip model addressing the issues with gravimetric and geometric change over consistent time windows. Our model integrates the coseismic and postseismic effects as we include GOCE observations averaged over a 2 year interval, but their inclusion reveals the gravity change with unprecedented spatial accuracy. The gravity gradient grid, evaluated at GOCE orbit height of 265 km, has an estimated formal error of 0.20 mE which provides sensitivity to the mainly coseismic and integrated postseismic‐induced gravity gradient signal of −1.03 mE. We show that an increased resolution of the gravity change provides valuable information, with GOCE gravity gradient observations sensitive to a more focused slip distribution in contrast to the filtered GRACE equivalent. The 2 year averaging window of the observations makes it important to incorporate estimates of the variance/covariance of unmodeled processes in the inversion. The GNSS and GRACE/GOCE combined model shows a slip pattern with 20 m peak slip at the trench. The total gravity change (≈200 μGal) and the spatial mapping accuracy would have been considerably lower by omitting the GOCE‐derived fine‐scale gravity field information.
Fault rheology in an aseismic fold‐thrust belt (Shahdad, eastern Iran)
Authors: Copley Alex , Jolivet Romain
Published: December 2015

Geodetic observations of aseismic deformation in a thrust belt near Shahdad in eastern Iran have been used to place constraints on the rheology of creeping faults in a thin‐skinned thrust belt (<5 km thickness). Creep on shallow and high‐angle thrust ramps at the range front occurs at a steady rate, in response to the topographic gradient across the thrust belt. Parts of these thrust ramps, and the low‐angle basal thrust they connect to at depth in a ramp‐and‐flat geometry, underwent accelerated creep following the nearby Mw 6.6 Fandoqa earthquake in 1998. Estimates of the rate of fault slip and the driving stresses in these two contrasting times reveal a nonlinear relationship between the stresses and sliding velocity. The degree of nonlinearity rules out bulk shear of a weak layer in the sedimentary section (e.g., evaporites) as the deformation mechanism. Instead, we suggest that the motions are accommodated by slip on faults governed by a friction law with a highly nonlinear relationship between shear stress and slip rate (e.g., as predicted by “rate and state” models). The high‐angle thrust ramps are responsible for building aspects of the geological and geomorphological signs of active shortening visible at the surface, but the folding preserved in the geology must be accomplished by other methods, possibly during the rapid transient postseismic deformation following nearby earthquakes.
Large‐scale mantle discontinuity topography beneath Europe: Signature of akimotoite in subducting slabs
Authors: Cottaar Sanne , Deuss Arwen
Published: December 2015

The mantle transition zone is delineated by seismic discontinuities around 410 and 660 km, which are generally related to mineral phase transitions. Study of the topography of the discontinuities further constrains which phase transitions play a role and, combined with their Clapeyron slopes, what temperature variations occur. Here we use P to S converted seismic waves or receiver functions to study the topography of the mantle seismic discontinuities beneath Europe and the effect of subducting and ponding slabs beneath southern Europe on these features. We combine roughly 28,000 of the highest quality receiver functions into a common conversion point stack. In the topography of the discontinuity around 660 km, we find broadscale depressions of 30 km beneath central Europe and around the Mediterranean. These depressions do not correlate with any topography on the discontinuity around 410 km. Explaining these strong depressions by purely thermal effects on the dissociation of ringwoodite to bridgmanite and periclase requires unrealistically large temperature reductions. Presence of several wt % water in ringwoodite leads to a deeper phase transition, but complementary observations, such as elevated Vp/Vs ratio, attenuation, and electrical conductivity, are not observed beneath central Europe. Our preferred hypothesis is the dissociation of ringwoodite into akimotoite and periclase in cold downwelling slabs at the bottom of the transition zone. The strongly negative Clapeyron slope predicted for the subsequent transition of akimotoite to bridgmanite explains the depression with a temperature reduction of 200–300 K and provides a mechanism to pond slabs in the first place.
Does GRACE see the terrestrial water cycle “intensifying”?
Authors: Eicker Annette , Forootan Ehsan , Springer Anne , Longuevergne Laurent , Kusche Jürgen
Published: December 2015

Several researchers have postulated that, under a changing climate due to anthropogenic forcing, an intensification of the water cycle is already under way. This is usually related to increases in hydrological fluxes as precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (E), and river discharge (R). It is under debate, however, whether such observed or reconstructed flux changes are real and on what scales. Large‐scale increase or decrease of the flux deficit (P‐E‐R), i.e., flux changes that do not compensate, would lead to acceleration or deceleration of water storage anomalies potentially visible in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data. In agreement with earlier studies, we do find such accelerations in global maps of gridded GRACE water storage anomalies over 2003–2012. However, these have been generally associated with interannual and decadal climate variability. Yet we show that even after carefully isolating and removing the contribution of El Niño that partially masks long‐term changes, using a new method, accelerations of up to 12 mm/yr2 remain in regions such as Australia, Turkey, and Northern India. We repeat our analysis with flux fields from two global atmospheric reanalyses that include land surface models (ERA‐Interim and MERRA‐Land). While agreeing well with GRACE on shorter time scales, they fall short in displaying long‐term trends corresponding to GRACE accelerations. We hypothesize that this may be due to time‐varying biases in the reanalysis fluxes as noticed in other studies. We conclude that even though its data record is short, GRACE provides new information that should be used to constrain future reanalyses toward a better representation of long‐term water cycle evolution.
Mineralogy, provenance, and diagenesis of a potassic basaltic sandstone on Mars: CheMin X‐ray diffraction of the Windjana sample (Kimberley area, Gale Crater)
Authors: Treiman Allan H. , Bish David L. , Vaniman David T. , Chipera Steve J. , Blake David F. , Ming Doug W. , Morris Richard V. , Bristow Thomas F. , Morrison Shaunna M. , Baker Michael B. , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Downs Robert T. , Filiberto Justin , Glazner Allen F. , Gellert Ralf , Thompson Lucy M. , Schmidt Mariek E. , Le Deit Laetitia , Wiens Roger C. , McAdam Amy C. , Achilles Cherie N. , Edgett Kenneth S. , Farmer Jack D. , Fendrich Kim V. , Grotzinger John P. , Gupta Sanjeev , Morookian John Michael , Newcombe Megan E. , Rice Melissa S. , Spray John G. , Stolper Edward M. , Sumner Dawn Y. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Yen Albert S.
Published: December 2015

The Windjana drill sample, a sandstone of the Dillinger member (Kimberley formation, Gale Crater, Mars), was analyzed by CheMin X‐ray diffraction (XRD) in the MSL Curiosity rover. From Rietveld refinements of its XRD pattern, Windjana contains the following: sanidine (21% weight, ~Or95); augite (20%); magnetite (12%); pigeonite; olivine; plagioclase; amorphous and smectitic material (~25%); and percent levels of others including ilmenite, fluorapatite, and bassanite. From mass balance on the Alpha Proton X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) chemical analysis, the amorphous material is Fe rich with nearly no other cations—like ferrihydrite. The Windjana sample shows little alteration and was likely cemented by its magnetite and ferrihydrite. From ChemCam Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectrometer (LIBS) chemical analyses, Windjana is representative of the Dillinger and Mount Remarkable members of the Kimberley formation. LIBS data suggest that the Kimberley sediments include at least three chemical components. The most K‐rich targets have 5.6% K2O, ~1.8 times that of Windjana, implying a sediment component with >40% sanidine, e.g., a trachyte. A second component is rich in mafic minerals, with little feldspar (like a shergottite). A third component is richer in plagioclase and in Na2O, and is likely to be basaltic. The K‐rich sediment component is consistent with APXS and ChemCam observations of K‐rich rocks elsewhere in Gale Crater. The source of this sediment component was likely volcanic. The presence of sediment from many igneous sources, in concert with Curiosity's identifications of other igneous materials (e.g., mugearite), implies that the northern rim of Gale Crater exposes a diverse igneous complex, at least as diverse as that found in similar‐age terranes on Earth.
Crustal structure of the Bighorn Mountains region: Precambrian influence on Laramide shortening and uplift in north‐central Wyoming
Authors: Worthington Lindsay L. , Miller Kate C. , Erslev Eric A. , Anderson Megan L. , Chamberlain Kevin R. , Sheehan Anne F. , Yeck William L. , Harder Steven H. , Siddoway Christine S.
Published: December 2015

The crustal structure of north‐central Wyoming records a history of complex lithospheric evolution from Precambrian accretion to Cretaceous‐Paleogene Laramide shortening. We present two active source P wave velocity model profiles collected as part of the Bighorn Arch Seismic Experiment in 2010. Analyses of these velocity models and single‐fold reflection data, together with potential field modeling of regional gravity and magnetic signals, constrain crustal structure and thickness of the Bighorn region. We image a west dipping reflection boundary and model a sharp magnetic contact east of the Bighorn Arch that together may delineate a previously undetected Precambrian suture zone. Localized patches of a high‐velocity, high‐density lower crustal layer (the “7.× layer”) occur across the study area but are largely absent beneath the Bighorn Arch culmination. Moho topography is relatively smooth with no large‐scale offsets, with depths ranging from ~50 to 37 km, and is largely decoupled from Laramide basement topography. These observations suggest that (1) the edge of the Archean Wyoming craton lies just east of the Bighorn Mountains, approximately 300 km west of previous interpretations, and (2) Laramide deformation localized in an area with thin or absent 7.× layer, due to its relatively weak lower crust, leading to detachment faulting. Our findings show that Precambrian tectonics in northern Wyoming may be more complicated than previously determined and subsequent Laramide deformation may have been critically dependent on laterally heterogeneous crustal structure that can be linked to Precambrian origins.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Vito Anthony G. , Vito Gennaro F.
Published: December 2015

The penalty of death still exists in the US criminal justice system. We present current information on the operations of capital punishment including the volume of cases and persons on death row and the distribution of death row inmates and executions by state. Specific attention is given to the impact of race upon capital sentencing, particularly the introduction of racial bias in terms of the race of the victim in capital cases.

The capital‐sentencing system that features “guided discretion” to guide the decision making of prosecutors and juries is presented and explained. For example, aggravating circumstances must be present for a capital case to proceed. The major issues surrounding the use of the death penalty are raised, especially racial bias in sentencing. Current research on whether the death penalty acts as deterrent to homicide is presented as well as public opinion concerning capital punishment and the issue of sentencing innocent people to death.
Prison Riots
Authors: Henderson Brandy B.
Published: December 2015

Prison riots are not new occurrences, and although they are not commonplace they are an anticipated part of life in correctional facilities. Throughout history, there have been three “major” prison riots: Attica, New Mexico, and Lucasville. Although these uprisings are different, they do share commonalities, and each will be described in greater detail. Several theories have been developed to explain these occurrences, and these theories and some simple solutions to riots will be discussed.
Police Patrol
Authors: Montolio Daniel , Planells‐Struse Simón
Published: December 2015

Crime and disorder, and the feelings of insecurity they provoke, are major causes of individual and aggregate (economic and social) losses. Many (public) policies aim to fight these problems, since they have a marked impact on individuals' well‐being. Among these policies, public resources devoted to police forces are a key instrument for tackling criminal activity and impacting on citizens' crime risk perception. The way in which police forces are organized varies greatly across countries and over time. However, one common organizational form is that of the police patrol, whose job comprises both direct law enforcement and interaction with citizens to stimulate community involvement with the police force and to reduce individual feelings of insecurity. This entry briefly reviews the concept of police patrols, describes some of their organizational features, and, more importantly, discusses recent studies of their effectiveness in reducing crime rates and citizens' fear of crime.
Corneal confocal microscopy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Stettner Mark , Hinrichs Lena , Guthoff Rainer , Bairov Silja , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Warnke Clemens , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Malik Rayaz A. , Kieseier Bernd C.
Published: December 2015

Objective

There is an unmet need for better diagnostic tools to further delineate clinical subsets of heterogeneous chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) to facilitate treatment decisions. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a noninvasive and reproducible nerve imaging technique. This study evaluates the potential of CCM as a diagnostic surrogate in CIDP and MMN.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional prospective approach, 182 patients and healthy controls were studied using CCM to quantify corneal nerve damage and immune cell infiltration.

Results

Patients with CIDP and MMN had a reduction in corneal nerve fiber (CNF) measures and an increase in corneal immune cell infiltrates. In CIDP, CNF parameters decreased with increasing duration of disease. The number of dendritic cells in proximity to CNFs was increased in patients with early disease and correlated with the degree of motor affection. A further reduction in CNF parameters and an increase in nondendritic cells were observed in patients with painful neuropathy. In CIDP patients with antineuronal antibodies the number of nondendritic cells was increased.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that CNF loss may reflect severity of neuropathy and quantification of distinct cells around the CNF plexus may help in stratifying CIDP subtypes, clinical course, and disease activity. However, further longitudinal studies are required before CCM can be considered as a valid surrogate endpoint for patients with CIDP and MMN.
Design of inertial navigation systems for marine craft with adaptive wave filtering aided by triple‐redundant sensor packages
Authors: Bryne Torleiv H. , Fossen Thor I. , Johansen Tor A.
Published: December 2015

Marine craft feedback control systems typically require estimates of position, velocity and heading where the wave‐induced motions should be suppressed. This paper presents a strapdown inertial navigation system with adaptive wave filtering. Wave filtering based on inertial navigation systems differ from previous vessel‐model‐based designs that require knowledge of vessel parameters and mathematical models for estimation of thruster and wind forces and moments based on auxiliary sensors. The origin of the inertial navigation system's error states is proven to be uniformly semiglobally exponentially stable. The wave‐filtering scheme uses the estimated states of the inertial navigation system to separate the low‐frequency motion of the craft from the wave‐frequency motions. The observer structure also allows for estimation of the time‐varying encounter frequency by using a signal‐based frequency tracker or an adaptive observer. Finally, properties following from the triple‐redundant sensor packages have been utilized to obtain optimal and robust sensor fusion with respect to sensor performance and faults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Cold Spraying of Carbonated Biomimetic Nanocrystalline Apatite on Ti6Al4V: Physical–Chemical, Microstructural, and Preliminary Mechanical Characterizations
Authors: Kergourlay Emmanuelle , Grossin David , Cinca Nuria , Josse Claudie , Dosta Sergi , Bertrand Ghislaine , Garcia Irene , Guilemany Jose Maria , Rey Christian
Published: December 2015

Carbonated Biomimetic Nanocrystalline Apatite (BNAc) coatings are obtained for the first time by Cold Spray. The coatings are characterized by FTIR, Raman, XRD, and SEM and compared to the powders. No significant chemical and structural changes are detected and the nanostructure features of these very reactive BNAc are preserved in the coating. These results and preliminary mechanical assays show that Cold Spray can produce an operational biomimetic coatings offering a high potential for implants functionalization and osseointegration. However, these first results need further studies in order to understand the mechanism of adhesion and the interactions at the coating–substrate interface.