bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral health status and behaviour of Mauritians visiting private dental clinics
Authors: Pugo Gunsam P. , Banka S.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper seeks to assess the oral health status and behaviour of a sample of the Mauritian population visiting private dental clinics.

Design/methodology/approach

Oral health status was determined using the World Health Organization (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index indicating the prevalence of caries, and factors associated with oral health behaviour were investigated. Cross‐sectional data on oral health behaviour and demographic characteristics were collected through a structured 22‐item self‐designed survey questionnaire administered to a randomly selected sample of 250 Mauritians visiting private dental clinics. The data were statistically analysed to examine associations between oral health variables.

Findings

Analyses revealed significant correlations between DMFT scores, age and socioeconomic status. Over 80 per cent of the children below the age of 11 had DMFT scores higher than the acceptable WHO value of 3, and most adults older than 45 years had DMFT scores higher than 7. A large majority (85 per cent) reported using both fluoride toothpaste and tongue scrapers, but none reported using dental floss. Those who brushed teeth only once daily had high DMFT scores. Among males, smokers had significantly higher mean DMFT than non‐smokers. Females demonstrated better rates of good oral health behaviour than males. Respondents from higher socioeconomic classes were between three to five times more likely to visit dental clinics than those from lower classes.

Practical implications

This study reveals the need for intervention programmes to raise awareness of good oral health practices among the Mauritian people.

Originality/value

The results identified the high risk groups and highlighted the need for dental education, taking into consideration socioeconomic status and sociodemographics in order to enable Mauritians to become oral‐hygiene‐conscious and active partners for the management of oral health and prevention of systemic diseases.
Collaborative learning and competence development in school health nursing
Authors: Merete Nordentoft Helle , Wistoft Karen
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process and learning outcomes of peer collaboration in a Danish health developmental project in school health nursing. The paper explores how peer collaboration influences the school nurses' collaborative learning and competence development.

Design/methodology/approach

The article is based on data from a three‐year health educational development project at primary schools in Denmark. These data are observations from 12 reflective workshops with school nurses, two questionnaire surveys, and five focus group interviews with five of the six sub‐projects after the project was over. In the workshops, the questionnaire surveys and the focus group interviews the school nurses were asked to reflect on the developmental process, their collaboration, own and mutual pedagogical competence development.

Findings

Systematic peer collaboration between school nurses qualifies their learning and ability to reflect on practice, their communication with colleagues and children, and the development of new and innovative approaches to school health nursing. The introduction of peer collaboration, however, takes time and energy and it can be a challenge to introduce peer collaboration into a working culture in which school nurses traditionally work alone under prominent work and time pressures.

Research limitations/implications

The study is explorative. Further research could explore the connection between collaborative learning among school nurses and the development of their competences in school health nursing.

Practical implications

The paper outlines how and why collaboration among school nurses should be introduced in a more systematic way into school health nursing.

Originality/value

The paper investigates the connection between informal educational activities for SNs and possible learning outcomes for practice. Specifically, the paper looks into different ways in which SNs collaborate and the findings contribute to new understandings of how SNs' practice can be organised in order to stimulate school nurses' participation and collaborative learning and increase the quality of school health nursing.
The generation gap and cultural influence – a Taiwan empirical investigation
Authors: Hui‐Chun  , Miller Peter
Published: November 2014

It is well researched and reported that the culture of a nation has a major impact on employees’ work related values, attitudes and expectations. The objective of this study was to investigate if western research on the generation gap applies equally to generational groups in Taiwan’s workplaces, specifically in the higher education sector and manufacturing industry. The research found that groups in the manufacturing industry share generational differences with their western counterparts. However, the research has demonstrated that western research results in respect to generational differences do not apply to the generational workers in the Taiwan education sector. In addition to these findings, the reseach has uncovered some anomalies with specific research findings in the western literature.
Police perceptions of investigative interviewing: training needs and operational practices in Australia
Authors: Hill Jade A. , Moston Stephen
Published: November 2014

Purpose

In the last decade, Australia has seen a series of high‐profile criminal cases come under court and public scrutiny due to improper interviewing practices, prompting a need to review and revise training in interviewing skills. This pattern echoes that seen in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s. What followed in the UK was a plethora of research examining different aspects of police interviewing. To date, there has been limited research in Australia on interviewing suspects. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into a large sample of current Australian police officers' attitudes and practices regarding investigative interviewing.

Design/methodology/approach

This study involved a survey of current police officers from the Queensland Police Service (n=2,769), collecting data on attitudes with current training and supervision, importance of investigative interviewing and operational skills and competence.

Findings

These are discussed in relation to the need for further systematic research into police interviews, improved training and the need for law enforcement organisations and agencies in Australia to implement organisational investigative interviewing strategies.

Originality/value

The paper shows that further systematic research is required to examine “operational” investigative interviewing practices (as opposed to perceptions) in Australia. Consideration also needs to be given to the development of investigative interviewing training frameworks that focus on the experience, skills and previous training of each officer. Moreover, interviewing needs to be recognised as a skill requiring regular maintenance, monitoring and evaluation.
The early identification of vulnerable witnesses prior to an investigative interview
Authors: O'Mahony Brendan M. , Smith Kevin , Milne Becky
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Registered Intermediaries are used in the England and Wales to facilitate communication between vulnerable witnesses, victims and police investigators and criminal courts.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper focuses on the need for early identification of the vulnerable person so that support measures can be put in place from the outset to assist them to provide their testimony.

Findings

It is noted that real progress has been made by the introduction of legislation, specifically the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999), and the uptake by the police service of the subsequent special measures put in place. However, the criminal justice service cannot afford to be complacent as research demonstrates that the police and the courts need to be more effective in managing these issues.

Originality/value

The paper recommends that support measures are widened to include witnesses and suspects being interviewed by the Independent Police Complaints Commission, HM Customs and Revenue, the Department of Health and the Department of Work and Pensions.
Prison staff and the health promoting prison
Authors: Dixey Rachael , Woodall James
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss some of the obstacles to implementing policy and strategy related to health promoting prisons. It focuses on the role of prison officers and raises issues concerning their conditions of service, training and organisational culture in a situation where the prison system faces security issues, overcrowding and high levels of ill health among prisoners.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper emerged as a result of significant overlapping themes between two separate studies conducted by the authors. The paper draws on the authors' qualitative data from these studies.

Findings

The findings demonstrate the ambiguities and tensions in changing organisational cultures and among prison staff. Alongside the qualitative data, the paper draws on theory regarding policy implementation at the micro‐level to show how staff can block or speed up that implementation.

Practical implications

Prison officers are an essential part of health promoting prisons, but have been relatively ignored in the discussion of how to create healthier prisons.

Originality/value

The contribution that prison staff make to creating health promoting prisons has been under‐explored, yet pertinent theory can show how they can be more effectively involved in making changes in organisational culture.
Beyond reintegration: a framework for understanding ex‐prisoner health
Authors: van Dooren Kate , Claudio Fernanda , Kinner Stuart A. , Williams Megan
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper proposes a framework to better understand ex‐prisoner health, and pilot‐tests the framework using qualitative interviews with ten people who have been out of prison for two years or more. The proposed framework considers different stages of re‐entry (from pre‐incarceration through to post‐release), individual and structural factors influencing health, and health outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted qualitative, open‐ended interviews with ex‐prisoners released from prison two or more years ago, who could be considered to have transitioned “successfully” out of prison. The aim of the interviews was to generate insights into the strategies that ex‐prisoners use to negotiate the post‐release period.

Findings

Most of the themes that emerged from interviews were consistent with the proposed framework. Structural factors are important concerns for ex‐prisoners that may have to be resolved before other issues, such as drug addiction, can be addressed. However, these findings suggest that it is inappropriate to view health‐related experiences during re‐entry as homogenous, given the diversity of individual characteristics and backgrounds among ex‐prisoners, notably including pre‐incarceration social status.

Originality/value

To explain the health‐related experiences of people following their release from prison, we need to think beyond reintegration and move beyond homogenous notions of the ex‐prisoner population. Addressing sociocultural, demographic and incarceration‐specific factors that ameliorate or intensify the challenges faced by ex‐prisoners is of critical importance.
Peer health promotion in prisons: a systematic review
Authors: Wright Nat , Bleakley Adam , Butt Christine , Chadwick Oliver , Mahmood Khaver , Patel Kiran , Salhi Aicha
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review systematically the available literature relating to the implementation of peer education to promote health and healthy behaviour in prisons.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors undertook a narrative systematic review of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Psychinfo, Web of Science and Cochrane databases. Relevant journals and reference lists were hand searched for relevant articles to be included in the review. Of the abstracts found, full‐text papers were retrieved for those papers deemed as possibly fulfilling the inclusion criteria of the review.

Findings

A total of 3,033 abstracts were identified leading to 46 full‐text articles being retrieved, of which ten were included in the review. Peer education in prisons can have an impact on attitudes, knowledge, and behaviour intention regarding HIV risk behaviour. The research findings were inconclusive for the impact of peer education upon illicit drug use and injecting practice. There was a paucity of research evaluating the impact of peer education upon mental ill health, obesity, diet, smoking, or self‐management of chronic physical diseases.

Originality/value

Peer education is effective in reducing risk of HIV transmission. It is possible that peer education for mental health issues is stigmatising, presenting an opportunity for further research activity. The impact of peer education upon illicit drug use practice, obesity, diet, smoking, and self‐management of chronic physical diseases also presents further research opportunities. Research evaluating models of active peer educator involvement in health service delivery and organisation is also lacking.
The impact on parenting and the home environment of early support to mothers with new babies
Authors: Barnes Jacqueline , MacPherson Kristen , Senior Rob
Published: November 2014

The study reported here aimed to evaluate the impact on parenting and the home environment of community volunteer home visiting offered during or soon after pregnancy to potentially vulnerable mothers. A cluster‐randomised study allocated Home‐Start schemes to intervention or comparison (existing services) conditions. Mothers were screened at routine health checks. Families in intervention and comparison areas were assessed at two and 12 months. The results showed that comparing families receiving support and those in comparison areas, there were few differences. There was a greater reduction in parent‐child relationship difficulties for supported families, but they offered their children fewer healthy foods. There was no evidence of enhanced parenting, organisation of the home environment or more appropriate use of health services. Comparing families receiving support with a second comparison group, living in intervention areas but not receiving support, no differences were found. The article concludes that a more structured approach may be required to make changes in parenting behaviour and the home environment.
Predicting impact in an Early Years intervention: the design of a tool using qualitative and quantitative approaches
Authors: Anning Angela , Ball Mog , Belsky Jay , Melhuish Edward
Published: November 2014

This article focuses on the design and application of an instrument, the Programme Variability Rating Scale (PVRS), to measure the effectiveness of a complex social intervention in the UK. Sure Start aimed to improve outcomes for children aged under four years living in disadvantaged areas on a wide range of health, educational and social indicators. The PVRS was devised for use in the National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS) to measure programme proficiency. It consisted of 18 dimensions (eg. parental empowerment, user identification, flexibility of service delivery), each with seven levels of proficiency. It was applied to 150 Sure Start local programmes involved in a longitudinal study of the impact of the intervention on a range of child and parental outcomes. Ratings of more or less proficient processes were related, using discriminant‐function analysis, with the impact outcomes from the cross‐sectional study of almost 20,000 children. The 18 dimensions of proficiency of the PVRS made a significant differentiation between the most and least effective programmes.
The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents with Learning Disabilities in Britain
Authors: Emerson Eric , Hatton Chris
Published: November 2014

This article provides a summary of a report, The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents with Learning Disabilities in Britain (Emerson & Hatton, 2007). This report, based on the experiences of over 18,000 children aged between 5 and 15 years old found that one in three (33%) of children with learning disabilities are likely to have a mother with mental health needs and nearly half (47%) are living in poverty. Young people with learning disabilities also have fewer friends than other children living in Britain and are more likely to suffer abuse and be involved in serious accidents. The full report can be downloaded from www.learningdisabilities.org.uk.
Maximizing bidder's profit in online auctions using grey system theory's predictor agent
Authors: Lim Deborah , Anthony Patricia , Chong Mun Ho
Published: November 2014

Purpose

As the demand for online auctions increases, the process of monitoring multiple auction houses, deciding which auction to participate in and making the right bids, become challenging tasks for consumers. Hence, knowing the closing price of a given auction would be an advantage, since this information will ensure a win in a given auction. However, predicting a closing price for an auction is not easy, since it is dependent on many factors. The purpose of this paper is to report on a predictor agent that utilises grey system theory to predict the closing price for a given auction.

Design/methodology/approach

The focus of the research is on grey system agent. This paper reports on the development of a predictor agent that attempts to predict the online auction closing price in order to maximise the bidder's profit. The performance of this predictor agent is compared with two well‐known techniques, the Simple Exponential Function and the Time Series, in a simulated auction environment and in the eBay auction.

Findings

The grey theory agent gives a better result when less input data are made, while the Time Series Agent can be used with the availability of a lot of information. Although the Simple Exponential Function Agent is able to predict well with less input data, it is not an appropriate method to be applied in the prediction model since its formula is not realistic and applicable in predicting the online auction closing price. The experimental results also showed that using moving historical data produces a higher accuracy rate than using fixed historical data for all three agents.

Originality/value

Grey system theory prediction model, GM(1, 1) has not been applied in online auction prediction. In this paper the authors have applied grey theory into an agent to predict the closing price of an online auction, in order to increase the profit of bidders in the bidding stage. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the grey prediction model is more then 90 per cent, with less then eight historical data inputs.
Parameters optimization of GM(1,1) model based on artificial fish swarm algorithm
Authors: Lin Zhensi , Zhang Qishan , Liu Hong
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the forecast precision of GM(1,1) model using an improved artificial fish swarm algorithm.

Design/methodology/approach

An optimization model of GM(1,1) model about identifying the parameters is proposed, which takes the minimum of the average relative error as objective function and takes the development coefficient and grey action quantity as decision variables, then an improved artificial fish swarm algorithm is designed to solve the optimization model.

Findings

The results show that the proposed method may enhance the precision of GM(1,1) model, and have better performance than particle swarm optimization.

Practical implications

The method exposed in the paper can be used to optimize the parameters of GM(1,1) model, which is used frequently to solve the economic and management problem.

Originality/value

The paper succeeds in enhancing the forecast precision of GM(1,1) model using an improved artificial fish swarm algorithm.
A multi‐objective programming approach to solve grey linear programming
Authors: Hossein Razavi Hajiagha Seyed , Akrami Hadi , Sadat Hashemi Shide
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend an approach to solve linear programming problems with grey data and variables, based on a developed multi‐objective programming approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed approach to generally solve the grey linear programming problems is based on the notion of order relation between interval grey numbers. This notion is applied to cascade the grey objective function to a bi‐objective problem based on the objective function of the original problem. The same approach is taken to transform grey constraints to a set of corresponding linear constraints. Finally, the obtained multi‐objective model can be solved by any existing methods in the literature.

Findings

One of the shortcomings of previous approaches to solve grey linear programming problems was that they required the grey coefficients of objective function to be both side negative or positive. The approach proposed here does not have such a requirement and guarantees the feasibility of solutions.

Originality/value

A different approach is developed in the paper that can be used to solve grey linear programming problems in general form. The method relaxes the limitation of existing approaches.
Experiences of violence at work in community intellectual disability teams
Authors: Daynes Shona , Wills Sarah , Baker Peter
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Much of the research related to experiences of violence at work in intellectual disability services has focused on paid carers, with very little exploring the experiences of staff in community intellectual disability teams (CIDT). This study aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This study began with a brief survey sent to staff across six CIDTs in South East England. These experiences were further explored with in‐depth interviews with a sub‐sample of the respondents.

Findings

The results of the survey indicated that 34 per cent of the respondents (n=105) had experienced some form of verbal or physical aggression at work during the previous six months. Emerging themes focused on the types of risks faced by this staff group; factors that helped with risk assessment and management (and why these things do not always happen); and how workers develop the skills in managing these risks.

Originality/value

Implications are discussed in terms of gaps in current formal training and the role of more informal learning processes in addressing the specific needs of staff working with this client group.
Monitoring for metabolic syndrome in people with intellectual disability on antipsychotic medication
Authors: Baburaj Raghu , El Tahir Mohamed
Published: November 2014

Purpose

People with intellectual disability are subject to increased health morbidity when compared to the general population. This paper assesses the monitoring of metabolic syndrome in people with an intellectual disability who have been prescribed antipsychotic medication.

Design/methodology/approach

A pre‐audit analysis was followed by an audit of 32 patients. The height, weight and body mass index was recorded in 34 per cent prior to initiation, which decreased to 22 per cent at the three monthly follow up. Blood pressure was recorded in 6 per cent of the patients at baseline, but there was no record during treatment. The biochemical parameters including plasma glucose and plasma cholesterol were measured in 40 per cent of the patients on initiation which decreased to 33 per cent at three monthly follow up in the first year. In total, 21 per cent of patients received four monthly monitoring of the biochemical parameters, i.e. their height and weight, 25 per cent of the patients had an annual monitoring of all parameters.

Findings

The results indicate inconsistent monitoring of metabolic syndrome in people with intellectual disability being treated with antipsychotic medication. While a proportion of patients may have been monitored in primary care, these data indicate the need for remedial action to improve the standard of metabolic syndrome detection in those people with intellectual disability receiving antipsychotic medication.

Originality/value

This study highlights the inadequate monitoring of biochemical and physical parameters of metabolic syndrome in people with an intellectual disability who are prescribed antipsychotic medication. National criteria for monitoring the prescription of antipsychotic medication in people with intellectual disability who are prescribed antipsychotic medication is proposed.
Having Fragile X syndrome – a personal account
Authors: Zwink Katherine
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present the viewpoint of someone with Fragile X syndrome.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper presents the author's views and experiences of living with Fragile X syndrome.

Findings

– The paper provides the author's perspective on diagnosis, the impact on family life, dealing with stigma and the effect that the condition had on school, college, work and interactions with other people.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a unique insight into the day-to-day experiences of living with Fragile X syndrome.
A tough choice
Authors: Kravchenko Nataliya A. , Kuznetsova Svetlana A.
Published: November 2014

Subject area

Strategic decision making, strategic alternatives.

Study level/applicability

This case is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate business and management, MBA programs; the case could be used in strategic management, strategic analysis methods, change management courses.

Case overview

This case illustrates how Storm, a small innovation company located in the city of Novosibirsk, Russia, tackled the problem of future development. The company was set up in 1992 by young scientists to produce equipment for automatic process control systems in power engineering. All the engineering solutions were based on the developments of the company's founders. Currently Storm is the regional leader in creating engineering complexes for power generating companies. However, because of the drastic changes in the business environment and increased market competition, the company faced the challenge of further development. The company's management and owners saw the further development prospects and risks differently. Three strategic alternatives are available and the company is required to choose one of them, substantiating the choice made.

Expected learning outcomes

After completing the case study assignment, learners should be able to: state the strategic problems of small business development; identify the challenges of the external environment for company development; apply the tools of strategic analysis for evaluation of the company's market position; analyze the company's internal strengths and weaknesses; and elaborate and evaluate strategic alternatives for the company's growth.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available – consult your librarian for access.
Strategic knowledge management research: tracing the co‐evolution of strategic management and knowledge management perspectives
Authors: Bernard Nielsen Bo
Published: November 2014

This article traces the evolution of strategic management and knowledge management research during the past four decades with particular emphasis on the role of knowledge in interorganizational collaborative arrangements. By outlining the main strategic management perspectives in contemporary business literature and combining them with current knowledge management perspectives, an indication of the evolution of research pertaining to strategic knowledge management emerges. It is shown that most of the current strategic knowledge management research is conducted within the existing paradigms of strategic management. A criticism of this is offered and the article concludes by offering a new, more dynamic perspective of knowledge management, focusing on the synergies of knowledge‐related capabilities in explaining the formation and economic justification of strategic collaborative arrangements.
Trends in the Employment of Women in Industry
Authors: Ollerenshaw Kathleen
Published: November 2014

Why are there so few trained women working in industry today? This is an age in which we need to make use of all the talent we have. It is an age of opportunity, both for new and expanding industries and for the young people of ability themselves. Are girls taking full advantage of the new openings there are for them, and is industry sufficiently aware of the great contribution girls can make? Dr Ollerenshaw surveys the trends in recruitment and employment of women and girls in industry and commerce and makes some eminently realistic suggestions for the future.
Vitalising Mathematical Teaching
Authors: Adams L.J.
Published: November 2014

Some of the wide range of visual aids used in the Mathematics department at Doncaster are illustrated and described. The author stresses the importance of finish in teaching models.
Problems of apprenticeship — 5
Authors: Wilson J.
Published: November 2014

An apprenticeship should have, and be seen to have, a continuing purpose. It also needs a real ‘end‐on relationship’ with the career‐building period which follows. Without this dynamic continuity the period cannot have its full usefulness for apprentice or for employer.
The Organisation of Laboratory Work
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

Mr Easton continues his series with some further remarks on laboratory work for S.1 students, and gives details of the S.2 experiments and the organisation of the schedule.
Microcomputers as a Logistics Information Strategy
Authors: Langley C. John , Carlisle David P. , Probst Stephen B. , Biggs Donald F. , Cail Roy E.
Published: November 2014

Study teams, including industry representatives, themselves experienced in the use of microcomputers in logistics, report on a survey of such use.
Some Insights into Inbound Freight Consolidation
Authors: Bagchi Prabir K. , Davis Frank W.
Published: November 2014

Consolidation of inbound freight is one way in which procurement costs might be reduced. Can it compete with direct shipments from vendors?
Co‐ordination of Training in a Group Scheme
Authors: McCandlish J.E.C.
Published: November 2014

In describing the scheme the author makes particular reference to two aspects — the benefit which the training staffs of the various member organisations derive from the interchange of experience on training methods, and the important part played by the trainees themselves in co‐ordinating training throughout the group.
Policy‐making in Technical Education
Authors: Cotgrove Stephen
Published: November 2014

Tracing many of this country's lasting difficulties in the field of technical education to deficiencies in our policy‐making machinery, the author suggests a possible way of overcoming them.
A Nuffield Grant for College's Research on Sandwich Schemes
Authors: Harcourt R.A.F.
Published: November 2014

THE NUFFIELD FOUNDATION has recently given to Brunel College a grant of £5,000 p.a. for three years. This was the response to an application by the Department of Management and Production Engineering for funds to finance the beginnings of a social and psychological research centre in the department. The centre will be staffed partly by lecturers who are already in full‐time employment and engaged in research and partly by staff who are yet to be recruited and who will be paid for out of Nuffield funds.
Vocational Training for a Common Market
Authors: Warren Hugh A.
Published: November 2014

Whether or not Britain joins a rival economic union, increasing competition from the European Economic Community is a factor to be reckoned with. Effective rationalisation of industry in the EEC countries implies some measure of rationalisation of their varied systems of technical education, and Mr Warren considers the discussions which have been held recently on this subject within EEC.
The Mechanisation of Mathematics
Authors: Gregg C.V.
Published: November 2014

Mr Gregg foresees a great future for the analogue computer in technical colleges, pointing to its value as a teaching aid as well as for solving problems and training in computer techniques.
Balance in Liberal Studies
Authors: Flower F.D.
Published: November 2014

Lasting differences between the ‘extract’ and the ‘inject’ schools of thought on liberal content suggest that some more general principle is needed. The author finds in wartime Army education a principle which gives coherence, balance, and some guidance on allocating time.
Tackling the Problem of Transfer from School to Part‐time College Courses
Authors: Badcock A.W.
Published: November 2014

With the recent college enrolment days not far behind us, it is useful to take a closer look at the means by which action directed towards this important process can reduce subsequent wastage. In this statement of his personal views, the author points to the importance of preparing the way for a smooth and effective transfer, and suggests how this might be ensured by — amongst other things — better information, increased liaison between schools and colleges, and the standardisation of entrance requirements.
University Examinations and College Physics Teaching
Authors: Warren J.W.
Published: November 2014

THE University of London Special and General degrees influence strongly the teaching of advanced physics in technical colleges. Most advanced teaching in the past has been for candidates for the external University examinations, and it is already apparent that some courses for the Diploma in Technology are being modelled, consciously or otherwise, on the degrees. The old regulations degree papers retained for many years their archaic form which, despite a few questions on more recent discoveries, essentially adopted the point of view of 1920. The change of regulations gave some hope of improvement, but a study of recent papers leaves one with the conviction that little advance has been made.
The Renault Apprenticeship Centre
Authors: Smart K.F.
Published: November 2014

The traditional and official attitude towards technical training in this country is that it is the duty of industry to train its own skilled workers with the help from technical colleges that industry may ask for in certain directions. This means that a large number of apprentices, especially in small firms, receive no systematic training to speak of, whilst those who serve apprenticeships with progressive firms offering sound schemes of industrial training often have no time for more than a pitiably small amount of continued general education. In France, however, there have grown up a large number of Centres d'Apprentissage, or ‘apprenticeship centres’, under the aegis of the Ministry of National Education, where about 200,000 boys and girls now receive a sound technical training accompanied by continued general education. Usually, the course lasts for three years, and the weekly programme of forty hours consists of about twenty hours' technical training and twenty hours' general education. Revenue from the apprenticeship tax which all French employers have to pay is devoted to these centres, and large undertakings are authorised to run their own centres subject to inspection by the Ministry.
Economics for Technical Students
Authors: Burningham D.J.
Published: November 2014

Of the many people who would say that technical students should be taught some economics, a large proportion would probably hasten to add that they do not mean theoretical economics. The author underlines the dangers of this widespread attitude—and also shows how technical students are often well equipped to understand economic theory.
The Development of Work Study in Building and Civil Engineering … 1
Authors: Jackson T.E.A.K.
Published: November 2014

OF ALL the management techniques which have been introduced or developed in British industry in the present century none has met with more universal opposition than the technique of work study. Resistance has come from sceptical management and organised labour alike.
A Revised Commercial Apprentice Training Scheme
Authors: Field W.
Published: November 2014

A review of the scheme of Commercial Apprentice Training which has been operated during the past five years at the Yorkshire Copper Works, and an outline of the reasons for the revisions which have been made.
The Development of Work Study in Building and Civil Engineering … 2
Authors: Jackson T.E.A.K.
Published: November 2014

Work study originated as an attempt to increase efficiency in a highly circumscribed sector of the total activities of a productive unit. It was very limited in its field of operation. Quite soon, however, it became clear that it could not be left as an isolated technique, that it involved the very core of organisation. It was not something which could flourish as a mere grafting on to an antique structure, but required to go to the very roots of management and hence it influenced the whole of subsequent growth and activity. Time study, motion study, work method, expanded into the broader philosophy of work study and this impinged on, necessitated change in, the activities of every department in a concern. Work study was not merely interested in the man on the bench, and with showing him how to do his job better. It could only flourish provided it was preceded by elaborate pre‐planning of work, exact scheduling, efficient stores control, efficient purchasing, sound cost accounting, adequate training, proper personnel relations, in fact unless the whole of the management structure was geared to it.
The Training of Technical Teachers in France
Authors: Smart K.F.
Published: November 2014

WHEN BAFFLED by their inability to grasp the intricacies of the English educational system, the French are apt to fall back on the dictum that the French are logical (i.e. orderly) and the English are empirical (i.e. propagators of confusion). This is of course only partly true, for the orderly French educational structure is quite apt to produce mutations to meet empirical needs, just as ours is apt to display occasional manifestations of a natural and undoctrinaire orderliness.
The Use of Films in Work Study Training
Authors: Rae A.
Published: November 2014

FILMS AND THE cine‐camera are not essential to the application of work study in its broader aspects, and, in fact there are many firms practising work study today in which the use of the cine‐camera is unknown. Most managers in these firms feel that work study is merely applied common sense, and that worthwhile savings are to be made with the aid of a chart and a pencil only. There is a lot to be said for this point of view, and certainly one can hold no brief for the transformation of an essentially simple technique into a confusion of fancy charts and over‐complicated reports.
Stress, Strain and Liberalisation
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

MOST TECHNICAL teachers are agreed that liberalisation of studies is essential in technical colleges today. While this may be achieved quite easily in full‐time and sandwich courses it is not so simple to achieve in part‐time courses. National Certificate and City and Guilds courses are already tightly packed with vocational studies, and teachers are loath to give up any time spent on these technical studies. Nevertheless, some colleges devote one period each day to some form of liberal studies, and this is to be commended. But while a short time spent on a subject of cultural value such as a language, music, art, etc, may be of value in opening a student's eyes to wider visions, is it the full answer to the problem? Is it not rather like a cook icing a cake after she has forgotten to put any sugar in the cake mixture?
An Introduction to Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges
Authors: Dale H.B.
Published: November 2014

THE USE of electrical resistance strain gauges is becoming standard practice in a number of industries, and their introduction into engineering courses is increasing.
Planning a County Agricultural Education Service
Authors: Boatfield G.S.
Published: November 2014

THERE is a very uneven pattern of development in agricultural education work, with considerable variation not only from one major farming region to another, but also from county to county. In some, the work has continued in an unbroken line from well before the 1939 war. In one county known well to the writer, present‐day students in day‐release classes know former students in those same classes who have joined the ranks of the leading farmers in the county. In other cases, while there was a fair amount of advisory work with farmers in pre‐war days, there was little or no direct educational work, which was left to the few farm institutes and agricultural colleges.
A BACKGROUND TO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Authors: Howarth A.D.
Published: November 2014

Engineering drawing students often ask questions on the origins of their subject which even today are impossible to answer. In this article Mr Howarth gives much of the background of orthographic projection, but poses several questions, the answers to which would help complete the story.
Technological Education in the United States — 3
Authors: Aylward Francis
Published: November 2014

FEW ACTS OF CONGRESS have had such profound effects as that sponsored by Senator Morrill of Vermont and signed by President Lincoln on 2nd July 1862, in the middle of the Civil War.
The Technical College Library
Authors: Wright Gordon H.
Published: November 2014

When the Library Association Sub‐Section for Colleges of Technology and Further Education was established in 1951 there were 27 qualified librarians employed by these colleges. Today, membership has reached 217 which seems to indicate that libraries are received more seriously in technical education than they were ten years ago. However, the number of staff, the number of books and the number of daily issues are no criteria for measuring the value of a college library service.
The Teaching of Structural Chemistry and Physics
Authors: Whitney J.E.S.
Published: November 2014

DEVELOPMENTS IN MANY BRANCHES of the natural sciences, particularly during the last twenty years, have progressively emphasised the general principle that the behaviour of any material is profoundly influenced by its internal structure. On the one hand, in the field of biochemistry the precise structure of a protein molecule, antibiotic, virus or potential carcinogen may have a most profound significance upon its biological activity. At the other extreme, in the inorganic field apart from the overall link between physical properties and structure, one can cite more recently described phenomena in such fields as semi‐conductors, fluorescence, photography, piezo electricity, double refraction and metal fatigue as being directly attributable to internal structure. Thus, the capacity to visualise and think in three dimensions is becoming increasingly necessary in many branches of science and technology.
Developing Managers
Authors: Hawkins T.H.
Published: November 2014

A discussion of the British Institute of Management's interim report on a survey of management development schemes
The Design of Experiments for Electrical Courses
Authors: Harries R.J.
Published: November 2014

This article deals briefly with some aspects of the design of experimental and practical work, and also refers to the teaching of calculations in electrical courses.
TEACHING METHOD
Authors: Lynn John
Published: November 2014

GREAT STRESS must be placed on oral work in the English syllabus for any craft course. If the students are not engaged in listening and speaking during at least half the time allocated to English they are not benefiting as fully as they might. But though such an allocation of time to oral work may even be made in the syllabus, in actual practice this proportion is, for various reasons, not often reached.
Craft Apprenticeship Courses at Ford Motor Company … 2
Authors: Attwood C.
Published: November 2014

Last month's article explained how Ford Motor Company has had more than thirty years' experience of sandwich courses for craft apprentices. It suggested that a sandwich comprising equal parts is not suitable for craft apprentices, but that a sandwich course providing a ratio of one to two between theory and practice is probably optimum for present‐day needs. This month's article is mainly concerned with examination results, the effect on these of the selection procedure, and the establishing of academic standards for craft apprentices.
The Scottish Woollen Technical College
Authors: Stillie T.A.
Published: November 2014

On the early days of this century the manufacture of woollen cloths for clothing was a rapidly developing industry in Scotland. As a direct response to this, a technical college was established in the town of Galashiels, a focal point of the industry in the Border District. This college is now a Central Institution, operating with funds subscribed by firms in voluntary membership and grants from the Scottish Educational Department. Since ‘industry’ in the Borders almost entirely means the woollen industry, the College has inevitably come to specialise in the needs of this industry. The Border woollen industry represents about half the wool textile industry of Scotland, the other half being widely scattered over the whole country. This second, more scattered half, has no natural centre for common activities and therefore it too has always relied on the Scottish Woollen Technical College for educational facilities. Thus the College is in the position of having to provide for all the educational needs of the Scottish Woollen industry.
Course Planning and Training Methods … 2
Authors: Luce F.J.
Published: November 2014

Last month the important preliminaries to organising courses in industry were discussed: the objectives, time‐tabling, choice of speakers and organisation of facilities. How the subject matter itself is presented is dealt with in this second half of the article, with special reference to two principal methods used in adult training and education — the lecture and the discussion. Visual aids are also referred to, but not projects, which usually include lectures, discussion and, of course, practical work
TEACHING METHOD
Authors: Lynn John
Published: November 2014

IN MY PREVIOUS articles, I have referred to the inestimable value of allowing the student the opportunity and time to think for himself. He is willing and able to do this, provided the atmosphere is sympathetic — a very necessary condition for establishing mutual confidence. It is the lack of this atmosphere that effectively hinders any real communication between teacher and class.
TEACHERS FROM INDUSTRY … 1
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

first of a new series designed to be of special interest to the new college teacher — and the potential recruit
DESIGNING AN ONC AND HNC ELECTRICAL POWER LAB
Authors: Waugh G.F.
Published: November 2014

The electricity supplies required in an electrical power laboratory are related to the major items of equipment that will be installed. Taking as a guide the list of electrical laboratory experiments which is published by the I.E.E., the minimum equipment to cover the teaching of Electrical Technology to National Certificate students from S3 to A2 should include the following: three d.c. motors, two d.c. motors, four motor‐generator sets, a motor‐alternator set and a mercury‐arc rectifier. Further details of these machines are given in Figure 5. In addition, provision must be made for bench experiments involving transformers and other small apparatus.
USSR CRAFT AND TECHNICAL TRAINING — 1
Authors: Longden J.
Published: November 2014

Recent studies in the USSR reveal the provision of full‐time further education and training courses up to three years in length for all the more skilled trades. These normally involve severe specialisation and complete departure from traditional forms of apprenticeship