bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MIL 03443, a dunite from asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence for its classification and cumulate origin
Authors: BECK Andrew W. , MITTLEFEHLDT David W. , McSWEEN Jr Harry Y. , RUMBLE III Douglas , LEE Cin‐Ty A. , BODNAR Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract– The absence of dunite (>90 vol% olivine) in the howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorite suite, when viewed with respect to spectroscopic and petrologic evidence for olivine on Vesta, is problematic. Herein, we present petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic evidence confirming that Miller Range (MIL) 03443, containing 91 vol% olivine, should be classified with the HED clan rather than with mesosiderites. Similarities in olivine and pyroxene FeO/MnO ratios, mineral compositions, and unusual mineral inclusions between MIL 03443 and the diogenites support their formation on a common parent body. This hypothesis is bolstered by oxygen isotopic and bulk geochemical data. Beyond evidence for its reclassification, we present observations and interpretations that MIL 03443 is probably a crustal cumulate rock like the diogenites, rather than a sample of the Vestan mantle.
Three-Dimensional CFD Model of Pressure Drop in µTAS Devices in a Microchannel
Authors: Agonafer Damena D. , Yeom J. , Shannon M. A.
Published: September 2011

Microposts are utilized to enhance heat transfer, adsorption/desorption, and surface chemical reactions. In a previous study [Yeom et al., J. Micromech. Microeng., 19, p. 065025 (2009)], based in part on an experimental study, an analytical expression was developed to predict the pressure drop across a microchannel filled with arrays of posts with the goal of fabricating more efficient micro-total analysis systems (µTAS) devices for a given pumping power. In particular, a key figure of merit for the design of micropost-filled reactors, based on the flow resistance models was reported thus providing engineers with a design rule to develop efficient µTAS devices. The study did not include the effects of the walls bounding the microposts. In this paper, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model is used to include the effects of three-dimensionality brought about by the walls of the µTAS devices that bound the microposted structures. In addition, posts of smaller size that could not be fabricated for the experiments were also included. It is found that the two- and three-dimensional effects depend on values of the aspect ratio and the blockage ratios. The Reynolds number considered in the experiment that ranged from 1 to 10 was extended to 300 to help determine the range of Re for which the FOM model is applicable.
Study of a Turbulent Dual Jet Consisting of a Wall Jet and an Offset Jet
Authors: Kumar Amitesh , Das Manab Kumar
Published: September 2011

The study of a two-dimensional, steady, incompressible, turbulent flow of a dual jet consisting of a wall jet and an offset jet has been simulated numerically. The standard high Reynolds number two-equation k-ɛ model is used as the turbulence model. The Reynolds number is considered as 20000 for all the computations because the flow becomes fully turbulent. The merge point and the combined point have been obtained and compared with other results. The central streamline has been plotted and observed to follow an arc of a circle. The momentum flux has been computed along the axial length for the wall jet, offset jet and the dual jet and compared. A similarity profile has been obtained in the downstream direction. A detailed discussion has been provided on the pressure field, Reynolds stress, kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The jet growth rate in terms of half-width, the decay of maximum velocity and the jet width are presented
Gyrostabilizer Vehicular Technology
Authors: Townsend Nicholas C. , Shenoi Ramanand A.
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the current state of gyrostabilizer vehicular technology. With no previous description of the wide range and variety of gyrostabilizer technology, this paper provides a review of the current state of the art. This includes a detailed examination of gyrostabilizer vehicular systems, dynamics and control. The present review first describes the historical development of gyroscopic systems before going on to describe the various system characteristics, including an overview of gyrostabilizer vehicular applications and system designs for land, sea and spacecraft. The equations of motion for generic gyroscopic systems are derived following momentum (Newton-Euler) and energy (Lagrange) based approaches and examples provided. The derivations are made generically for individual components, enabling direct application for a wide variety of systems. In the final section, a review of gyrostabilizer control strategies is presented and the remaining challenges are discussed. Gyrostabilizer systems are anticipated to become more widely adopted as they provide an effective means of motion control with several significant advantages for land, sea and spacecraft. (101 references).
Mobility Analysis of a Spoked Walking Machine With Variable Topologies
Authors: Ren Ping , Hong Dennis
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the concept of the Intelligent Mobility Platform with Active Spoke System (IMPASS) is introduced in the first place as an alternative locomotive method that allows for multiple modes of motion. Based on this concept, a walking machine with two actuated spoke wheels and one tail is developed. Observations on the motion of this mobile robot indicate that it is able to change its topology by changing the contact scheme of its spokes with the ground. In order to investigate its transformable configuration, the robot is treated as a mechanism with variable topologies (MVTs) and the Modified Grübler–Kutzbach criterion is adopted to identify the degrees of freedom (DOF) for each case of its topological structures. The mobility analysis demonstrates that, with the assistance of Grassmann Line Geometry, the DOF in all possible configurations can be determined straightforward. The nature of the IMPASS’ locomotion is revealed through the mobility analysis and the theoretical results are validated with an experimental prototype.
Measuring soap bubble thickness with color matching
Authors: Afanasyev Y. D. , Andrews G. T. , Deacon C. G.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a laboratory experiment designed to measure thickness variations across a soap bubble. The experiment uses the phenomenon of thin film interference and the principles of color perception to measure the thickness of the soap film at various points across the surface of the bubble. The students review the classical theory of interference and use a digital camera to make the measurements. The apparatus required for the experiment is inexpensive and easy to construct. This experiment is suitable for a senior undergraduate course and can potentially be used to study hydrodynamic effects in soap films.
ADAPTIVE CEREBELLAR SPIKING MODEL EMBEDDED IN THE CONTROL LOOP: CONTEXT SWITCHING AND ROBUSTNESS AGAINST NOISE
Authors: LUQUE N. R. , GARRIDO J. A. , CARRILLO R. R. , TOLU S. , ROS E.
Published: September 2011

This work evaluates the capability of a spiking cerebellar model embedded in different loop architectures (recurrent, forward, and forward&recurrent) to control a robotic arm (three degrees of freedom) using a biologically-inspired approach. The implemented spiking network relies on synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation and long-term depression) to adapt and cope with perturbations in the manipulation scenario: changes in dynamics and kinematics of the simulated robot. Furthermore, the effect of several degrees of noise in the cerebellar input pathway (mossy fibers) was assessed depending on the employed control architecture. The implemented cerebellar model managed to adapt in the three control architectures to different dynamics and kinematics providing corrective actions for more accurate movements. According to the obtained results, coupling both control architectures (forward&recurrent) provides benefits of the two of them and leads to a higher robustness against noise.
A POLYNOMIAL INVARIANT FOR LINKS IN LENS SPACES
Authors: CORNWELL CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: September 2011

We prove the existence of a polynomial invariant that satisfies the HOMFLY skein relation for links in a lens space. In the process we also develop a skein theory of toroidal grid diagrams in a lens space.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN TRANSONIC FLOW PARADIGM OF BLACK HOLE ASTROPHYSICS
Authors: CHAKRABARTI SANDIP K.
Published: September 2011

Exactly three decades ago, it was realized that an accretion flow onto a black hole should be transonic. Since then, the subject has matured considerably and several new and well established concepts and methodologies have replaced earlier ways of studying accretion and winds. Not surprisingly, with the advent of the faster computers as well as better space-based telescopes, the results of numerical simulations and the observations have also improved along with the theory. Today, it is more than satisfying that the results of theory and numerical simulations, even in the context of nonmagnetic flows, agree in details of the observations exceedingly well. I present here several new concepts and intricacies which one has to get familiar with when one talks about the behavior of the transonic flows, either in accretion or in the outflows.
ON COMPRESSED NUCLEAR MATTER: FROM NUCLEI TO NEUTRON STARS
Authors: RUEDA JORGE A. , ROTONDO M. , RUFFINI R. , XUE S.-S.
Published: September 2011

We address the description of neutron-proton-electron degenerate matter in beta equilibrium subjected to compression both in the case of confined nucleons into a nucleus as well as in the case of deconfined nucleons. We follow a step-by-step generalization of the classical Thomas–Fermi model to special and general relativistic regimes, which leads to a unified treatment of beta equilibrated neutron-proton-electron degenerate matter applicable from the case of nuclei all the way up to the case of white-dwarfs and neutron stars. New gravito-electrodynamical effects, missed in the traditional approach for the description of neutron star configurations, are found as a consequence of the new set of general relativistic equilibrium equations.
ON THE SOLUTION TO THE "FROZEN STAR" PARADOX, NATURE OF ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES, NON-EXISTENCE OF GRAVITATIONAL SINGULARITY IN THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE BIRKHOFF'S THEOREM
Authors: ZHANG SHUANG-NAN
Published: September 2011

Oppenheimer and Snyder found in 1939 that gravitational collapse in vacuum produces a "frozen star", i.e. the collapsing matter only asymptotically approaches the gravitational radius (event horizon) of the mass, but never cross it within a finite time for an external observer. Based upon our recent publication on the problem of gravitational collapse in the physical universe for an external observer, the following results are reported here: (1) Matter can indeed fall across the event horizon within a finite time and thus black holes (BHs), rather than "frozen stars", are formed in gravitational collapse in the physical universe. (2) Matter fallen into an astrophysical BH can never arrive at the exact center; the exact interior distribution of matter depends upon the history of the collapse process. Therefore gravitational singularity does not exist in the physical universe. (3) The metric at any radius is determined by the global distribution of matter, i.e. not only by the matter inside the given radius, even in a spherically symmetric and pressureless gravitational system. This is qualitatively different from the Newtonian gravity and the common (mis)understanding of the Birkhoff's Theorem. This result does not contract the "Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi" solution for an external observer.
THE LUMINOSITY EVOLUTION OVER THE EQUITEMPORAL SURFACES IN THE PROMPT EMISSION OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Authors: BIANCO CARLO LUCIANO , MASSUCCI FRANCESCO ALESSANDRO , RUFFINI REMO
Published: September 2011

Due to the ultrarelativistic velocity of the expanding "fireshell" (Lorentz gamma factor γ ~ 102-103), photons emitted at the same time from the fireshell surface do not reach the observer at the same arrival time. In interpreting Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) it is crucial to determine the properties of the EQuiTemporal Surfaces (EQTSs): the locus of points which are source of radiation reaching the observer at the same arrival time. In the current literature this analysis is performed only in the latest phases of the afterglow. Here we study the distribution of the GRB bolometric luminosity over the EQTSs, with special attention to the prompt emission phase. We analyze as well the temporal evolution of the EQTS apparent size in the sky. We use the analytic solutions of the equations of motion of the fireshell and the corresponding analytic expressions of the EQTSs which have been presented in recent works and which are valid for both the fully radiative and the adiabatic dynamics. We find the novel result that at the beginning of the prompt emission the most luminous regions of the EQTSs are the ones closest to the line of sight. On the contrary, in the late prompt emission and in the early afterglow phases the most luminous EQTS regions are the ones closest to the boundary of the visible region. This transition in the emitting region may lead to specific observational signatures, i.e. an anomalous spectral evolution, in the rising part or at the peak of the prompt emission. We find as well an expression for the apparent radius of the EQTS in the sky, valid in both the fully radiative and the adiabatic regimes. Such considerations are essential for the theoretical interpretation of the prompt emission phase of GRBs.
THE GALACTIC CENTER IS ALIVE
Authors: CHARDONNET PASCAL , CHIAPPINELLI ANNA
Published: September 2011

The center of our Galaxy provides a uniquely accessible laboratory. It is a rich environment of extreme density, velocity and tidal fields of stars. It is the closest example of a galactic nucleus and could give the opportunity to understand the role that massive black-holes play in the formation and evolution of galaxies. It could be used to test the effects of relativity and dark matter in the Galactic Center. If the central object is a black-hole such observation would be a milstone: the first direct proof that an event horizon, and therefore a black-hole exists. The next decade will be decisive in new discoveries.
"IMPRINTING" IN GENERAL RELATIVITY TESTS?
Authors: IORIO LORENZO
Published: September 2011

We investigate possible a priori "imprinting" of general relativity itself on spaceraft-based tests of it. We deal with some performed or proposed time-delay ranging experiments in the Sun's gravitational field. The "imprint" of general relativity on the Astronomical Unit and the solar gravitational constant GM⊙, not solved for in the spacecraft-based time-delay test performed so far, may induce an a priori bias of the order of 10-6 in typical solar system ranging experiments aimed to measuring the space curvature PPN parameter γ. It is too small by one order of magnitude to be of concern for the performed Cassini experiment, but it would affect future planned or proposed tests aiming to reach a 10-7–10-9 accuracy in determining γ.
GRB 080916C AND THE HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION IN THE FIRESHELL SCENARIO
Authors: IZZO LUCA , BERNARDINI MARIA GRAZIA , BIANCO CARLO LUCIANO , CAITO LETIZIA , PATRICELLI BARBARA , LEMOS LUIS JURACY RANGEL , RUFFINI REMO
Published: September 2011

In this paper we discuss a possible explanation for the high energy emission (up to ~ GeV) seen in GRB 080916C. We propose that the GeV emission is originated by the collision between relativistic baryons in the fireshell after the transparency and the nucleons located in molecular clouds near the burst site. This collision should give rise pion production, whose immediate decay provides high energy photons, neutrinos and leptons. Using a public code (SYBILL) we simulate these relativistic collisions in their simple form, so that we can draw our preliminar results in this paper. We will present moreover our hypothesis that the delayed onset of this emission identifies in a complete way the P-GRB emission.
HOW MATTER GENERATES SPATIAL CURVATURE
Authors: ROSQUIST KJELL , SAMUELSSON LARS
Published: September 2011

We estimate the cosmological spatial curvature as generated by the actual matter content of the universe. The result is that the present day universe appears to be very nearly spatially flat due to the low density and the nonrelativistic peculiar velocities. The sign of the spatial curvature comes out as positive.
WORLD-CRYSTAL UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE AND MICRO BLACK HOLES
Authors: JIZBA PETR , KLEINERT HAGEN , SCARDIGLI FABIO
Published: September 2011

We formulate generalized uncertainty relations in a crystal-like universe whose lattice spacing is of order of Planck length — a "world crystal". For energies near the border of the Brillouin zone, i.e. for Planckian energies, the uncertainty relation for position and momentum does not pose any lower bound. We apply these results to micro black holes physics, where we derive a new mass–temperature relation for Schwarzschild micro black holes. In contrast to standard results based on Heisenberg and stringy uncertainty relations, our mass–temperature formula predicts both a finite Hawking's temperature and a zero rest-mass remnant at the end of the black hole evaporation.
THE ARGO-YBJ EXPERIMENT: A FULL COVERAGE ARRAY FOR γ-RAY ASTRONOMY
Authors:   on behalf of the ARGO-YBJ Collaboration, VIGORITO C.
Published: September 2011

The ARGO-YBJ experiment is an Extensive Air Shower (EAS) array which combines high altitude location and full coverage active area in order to reach low energy threshold at a level of few hundred of GeV. The large field of view (≈ 2 sr ) and the high duty cycle (≥ 90%) allow the continuous monitoring of the sky searching for unknown sources and unpredictable events, such as flares in blazar emissions and high energy Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). In this paper I will briefly report on the detector performance and on some preliminary results achieved in γ-ray astronomy.
SPACECRAFT GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTORS
Authors: DONG PENG , NI WEI-TOU
Published: September 2011

For detecting gravitational waves in space, deep-space laser ranging using drag-free spacecraft is a common method. Deep space provides a large arena and a long integration time. Laser technology provides measurement sensitivity, while drag-free technology ensures gravitational phenomenon to be measured with least spurious noises. In this talk, we give an overview of motivations and methods of various space missions/proposals for detecting gravitational waves, and refer them to various references.
PROBING COSMIC ACCELERATION WITH GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEYS
Authors: GUZZO LUIGI
Published: September 2011

Redshift surveys of galaxies beyond the local Universe (z ≫ 0.1) are opening up new possibilities to understanding the observed acceleration of cosmic expansion, one of the greatest mysteries of modern science. Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations in the galaxy power spectrum (or correlation function), provide us with a standard rod to measure the expansion history H(z). At the same time, redshift-space distortions in the clustering pattern due to galaxy peculiar motions are a measure of the growth rate of structure f(z). The combination of these two quantities, allows us to distinguish whether cosmic acceleration is due to the existence of a "dark energy" in the cosmic budget, or rather requires a modification of General Relativity. These two radically alternative scenarios are degenerate when considering H(z) alone, as yielded, e.g. by the Hubble diagram of Type Ia supernovae. In this short review paper I will mostly concentrate on the latter measurement, whose potential importance in this context has been recently highlighted. Current results are consistent with the simplest GR-based cosmological constant scenario, but error bars are still large. Detailed forecasts show that next-generation deep surveys optimizing the combination of large volumes and good galaxy sampling will be able to use redshift distortions as a key tool to understand the physical origin of cosmic acceleration. Among these, I introduce the newly started VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) at the ESO VLT, which is building at [Formula: see text] a sample comparable to the local 2dFGRS. Expectations from even larger surveys planned from space-borne observatories such as EUCLID will also be mentioned.
Unbounded Solutions of the Difference Equation xn = xn−lxn−k − 1
Authors: Stević Stevo , Iričanin Bratislav
Published: September 2011

The following difference equation
xn = xn−lxn−k − 1, n ∈ ℕ0,
where k, l ∈ ℕ, k < l, gcd(k, l) = 1, and the initial values x−l, …, x−2, x−1 are
real numbers, has been investigated so far only for some particular values of k
and l. To get any general result on the equation is turned out as a not so easy
problem. In this paper, we give the first result on the behaviour of solutions of the
difference equation of general character, by describing the long‐term behavior
of the solutions of the equation for all values of parameters k and l, where
the initial values satisfy the following condition min{x−l, …, x−2, x−1}.
Synthesis and Humidity Sensing Properties of Sn-Doped Nano-TiO2
Authors: Raji P. , Binitha H. S. , Balachandra Kumar K.
Published: September 2011

Nanostructured Sn-doped TiO2have been prepared by ball milling using SnO2and TiO2as raw materials. The as-prepared powders are characterized by XRD, SEMs and EDAX to identify the structural phases, surface morphology, and composition of the materials. The materials are prepared with the addition of tin of different molar ratios (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 1.0) to TiO2and sintered at 800°C for 3 h. They are subjected to dc resistance measurements as a function of relative humidity (RH) in the range of 30%–97% in a self-designed humidity chamber, and the results revealed that the sensitivity factor increased with an increase in tin molar ratio. Among them, TiO2—20 wt% of SnO2possessed the highest humidity sensitivity, while the pure TiO2and SnO2composite possessed a low sensitivity.
Segmentation of Juxtapleural Pulmonary Nodules Using a Robust Surface Estimate
Authors: Jirapatnakul Artit C. , Mulman Yury D. , Reeves Anthony P. , Yankelevitz David F. , Henschke Claudia I.
Published: September 2011

An algorithm was developed to segment solid pulmonary nodules attached to the chest wall in computed tomography scans. The pleural surface was estimated and used to segment the nodule from the chest wall. To estimate the surface, a robust approach was used to identify points that lie on the pleural surface but not on the nodule. A 3D surface was estimated from the identified surface points. The segmentation performance of the algorithm was evaluated on a database of 150 solid juxtapleural pulmonary nodules. Segmented images were rated on a scale of 1 to 4 based on visual inspection, with 3 and 4 considered acceptable. This algorithm offers a large improvement in the success rate of juxtapleural nodule segmentation, successfully segmenting 98.0% of nodules compared to 81.3% for a previously published plane-fitting algorithm, which will provide for the development of more robust automated nodule measurement methods.
Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of New α-Aminophosphonates
Authors: Rezaei Zahra , Khabnadideh Soghra , Zomorodian Kamiar , Pakshir Keyvan , Nadali Setareh , Mohtashami Nadia , Faghih Mirzaei Ehsan
Published: September 2011

α-Aminophosphonates are bioisosteres of amino acids and have several pharmacological activities. These compounds have been synthesized by various routes from reaction between amine, aldehyde, and phosphite compounds. In order to synthesize α-aminophosphonates, catalytic effect of CuCl2 was compared with FeCl3. Also all designed structures as well as griseofulvin were docked into the active site of microtubule (1JFF), using Autodock program. The results showed that the reactions were carried out in the presence of CuCl2 in lower yields, and also the time of reaction was longer in comparison with FeCl3. The chemical structures of the new compounds were confirmed by spectral analyses. The compounds were investigated for antifungal activity against several fungi in comparison with griseofulvin. An indole-derived bis(α-aminophosphonates) with the best negative ΔG in docking study showed maximum antifungal activity against Microsporum canis, and other investigated compounds did not have a good antifungal activity.
Anaesthesia Management of Caesarean Section in Two Patients with Eisenmenger's Syndrome
Authors: Fang G. , Tian Y. K. , Mei W.
Published: September 2011

Recently two parturients with Eisenmenger's syndrome underwent caesarean section at our hospital. They were managed by a multidisciplinary team during their perioperative period. The caesarean sections were uneventfully performed, one under general anaesthesia and one with epidural anaesthesia, with delivery of two newborns with satisfactory Apgar scores. One patient died in the post-partum period, and the other did well. We discuss the anaesthetic considerations in managing these high-risk patients.
Green Inhibitors for Corrosion Protection of Metals and Alloys: An Overview
Authors: Rani B. E. Amitha , Basu Bharathi Bai J.
Published: September 2011

Corrosion control of metals is of technical, economical, environmental, and aesthetical importance. The use of inhibitors is one of the best options of protecting metals and alloys against corrosion. The environmental toxicity of organic corrosion inhibitors has prompted the search for green corrosion inhibitors as they are biodegradable, do not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds. As in addition to being environmentally friendly and ecologically acceptable, plant products are inexpensive, readily available and renewable. Investigations of corrosion inhibiting abilities of tannins, alkaloids, organic,amino acids, and organic dyes of plant origin are of interest. In recent years, sol-gel coatings doped with inhibitors show real promise. Although substantial research has been devoted to corrosion inhibition by plant extracts, reports on the detailed mechanisms of the adsorption process and identification of the active ingredient are still scarce. Development of computational modeling backed by wet experimental results would help to fill this void and help understand the mechanism of inhibitor action, their adsorption patterns, the inhibitor-metal surface interface and aid the development of designer inhibitors with an understanding of the time required for the release of self-healing inhibitors. The present paper consciously restricts itself mainly to plant materials as green corrosion inhibitors.
Circulation
Editors' Picks
Authors:   The Editors
Published: September 2011

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation's
Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the most read manuscripts published on the topic of cardiovascular genetics in 2009 and 2010.
Medial PFC Damage Abolishes the Self-reference Effect
Authors: Philippi Carissa L. , Duff Melissa C. , Denburg Natalie L. , Tranel Daniel , Rudrauf David
Published: September 2011

Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial PFC (mPFC) is a key component of a large-scale neural system supporting a variety of self-related processes. However, it remains unknown whether the mPFC is critical for such processes. In this study, we used a human lesion approach to examine this question. We administered a standard trait judgment paradigm [Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T. F. Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 785–794, 2002] to patients with focal brain damage to the mPFC. The self-reference effect (SRE), a memory advantage conferred by self-related processing, served as a measure of intact self-processing ability. We found that damage to the mPFC abolished the SRE. The results demonstrate that the mPFC is necessary for the SRE and suggest that this structure is important for self-referential processing and the neural representation of self.
Callianassidae (II) and Upogebiidae from the Gulf of Tonkin and the Red Sea, in the Zoological Museum of Moscow University (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)
Authors: Sakai Katsushi
Published: September 2011

In this second report based on material collected by Prof. N. Zarenkov during the cruise of the R/V “Orlik” to the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam, in 1960, and on the cruise of the R/V “Akademik Kovalěvsky” to the Red Sea, both in 1960 and 1966, 11 species of the families Callianassidae and Upogebiidae are examined. It was found that the material includes two species, Cheramus malaccaensis (Sakai, 2002) and Trypaea tonkinae (Grebenjuk, 1975) from the Callianassidae, and Neogebicula alaini (Sakai, 1982), Paragebicula orlik sp. nov., P. vietnamensis sp. nov., Gebicula irawadyensis Sakai, 2006, Mantisgebia tuerkayi sp. nov., Upogebia acutispina De Saint Laurent & Ngoc-Ho, 1979, U. monoceros De Man, 1905, U. plantae Sakai, 1982, and U. variana sp. nov., i.e., a total of 9 species of which four are new, from the family Upogebiidae.
Does the Mesh Size of the Plankton Net Affect the Result of Statistical Analyses of the Relationship Between the Copepod Community and Water Masses?
Authors: Wu Chih-Jung , Shin Chun-Ming , Chiang Kuo-Ping
Published: September 2011

We examined if the results of statistical analyses of the relationship between copepod communities and water masses would be affected by the mesh size of the plankton net, by comparing abundance and species composition of copepods in plankton samples collected by plankton nets of different mesh sizes. Our samples were collected during the summer of 2006 in the East China Sea (ECS) by plankton nets with mesh sizes of 100 and 330 μm. The abundance of copepods collected by the 100 μm-mesh plankton net was about two orders of magnitude higher than that collected by the 330 μm-mesh plankton net. The difference in abundance was mainly due to the loss of small-sized copepods in the samples collected by the plankton net with the larger mesh. Species richness was higher in samples collected by the 100 μm-mesh net and Piélou's evenness was generally higher in samples collected by the 330 μm-mesh net. Although species composition of copepods varied in samples collected by plankton nets with different mesh sizes, the statistical analysis of the relationship between the copepod community and the water masses in these samples appeared not to be affected.
The Papyrus Industry in the Early Islamic Era
Authors: Malczycki W. Matt
Published: September 2011

The article challenges Karabacek’s and Grohmann’s classic thesis that the Abbāsid state maintained a monopoly over all Egyptian papyrus production. As demonstrated here, there is no evidence for state monopoly. Documents show that the Abbāsids maintained a contract with Egyptian papyrus producers which secured a high price for the producers in return for the best quality papyrus. There is neither evidence nor reason to believe that this contract was forced on the manufacturers by the government. Another free market provided lower quality papyrus at lower prices.
Human and Nonhuman Animals, Mutually at Risk: A Study of the Swiss Information Media
Authors: Losa Annik Dubied , Burton-Jeangros Claudine
Published: September 2011

Nowadays, relationships between nonhuman animals and humans are debated, often in relation to issues associated with the risks they represent for each other. On the one hand, new diseases and accidents indicate that animals are not as innocuous as they were long thought; on the other hand, the now questioned human impact on the natural environment is considered a risk for animals. This research analyzed these contrasting images of animals in the Swiss information media. Of the five main animal figures identified over the last 30 years, this paper focuses on the Undesirable Animal and the Victim Animal. These two figures have existed throughout the observed period; in contrast to Victim Animals, however, who appear fairly infrequently, Undesirable Animals have become more and more common in the last decade, usually in relation to a specific issue (such as the avian flu). This suggests that the media more often convey the dominant anthropocentric relationship to animals, reflecting a preoccupation with the protection of humans against dangerous animals, whereas the protection of animals from humans is considered less important. Recent controversies demonstrate, however, that the frontier between “us” and “them” is regularly renegotiated.
Protecting Animals versus the Pursuit of Knowledge: The Evolution of the British Animal Research Policy Process
Authors: Lyons Dan
Published: September 2011

Animal research in the United Kingdom is regulated by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, which requires a government minister to weigh the expected suffering of animals against the expected benefits of a proposed animal research project—the “cost-benefit assessment”—before licensing the project. Research into the implementation of this legislation has been severely constrained by statutory confidentiality. This paper overcomes this hindrance by describing a critical case study based on unprecedented primary data: pig-to-primate organ transplantation conducted between 1995 and 2000. It reveals that researchers and regulators significantly underestimated the adverse effects suffered by the animals involved, while overestimating the scientific and medical benefits likely to accrue. Applying dynamic policy network analysis to this case in the context of the evolution of animal research policy indicates that an elitist, policy community type network has persisted since shortly after the network’s formation in 1876. Animal research interests have repeatedly withstood pressure for change from animal protection groups because of their greater resources, structural advantages, and a culture of secrecy that facilitates an implementation gap in animal research regulation.
Relational Construal in Negotiation: Propositions and Examples from Latin and Anglo Cultures1
Authors: Ramirez-Marin Jimena Y. , Brett Jeanne M.
Published: September 2011

In certain cultures, relationships are the reason for negotiation. In this article, we offer a rationale regarding why relationships have more or less salience across cultures. We present psychological, economic and sociological factors that explain the reasons for negotiating relationally. Propositions are made as to how cultural construal about relationships influences offers, targets and limits, negotiation strategy and, ultimately, economic and relational outcomes. Our major explanatory construct is new: cultural consensus about relationships. This construct is grounded in well developed theory of self construal and new empirical research showing the utility of measures of consensus in explaining cultural differences in behavior. With this theoretical contribution, we join the group of scholars who are advocating that more attention should be paid to negotiators’ subjective evaluations of the social and emotional consequences of negotiation.
The Role of Stereo Vision in Visual–Vestibular Integration
Authors: Butler John S. , Campos Jennifer L. , Bülthoff Heinrich H. , Smith Stuart T.
Published: September 2011

Self-motion through an environment stimulates several sensory systems, including the visual system and the vestibular system. Recent work in heading estimation has demonstrated that visual and vestibular cues are typically integrated in a statistically optimal manner, consistent with Maximum Likelihood Estimation predictions. However, there has been some indication that cue integration may be affected by characteristics of the visual stimulus. Therefore, the current experiment evaluated whether presenting optic flow stimuli stereoscopically, or presenting both eyes with the same image (binocularly) affects combined visual–vestibular heading estimates.

Participants performed a two-interval forced-choice task in which they were asked which of two presented movements was more rightward. They were presented with either visual cues alone, vestibular cues alone or both cues combined. Measures of reliability were obtained for both binocular and stereoscopic conditions.

Group level analyses demonstrated that when stereoscopic information was available there was clear evidence of optimal integration, yet when only binocular information was available weaker evidence of cue integration was observed. Exploratory individual analyses demonstrated that for the stereoscopic condition 90% of participants exhibited optimal integration, whereas for the binocular condition only 60% of participants exhibited results consistent with optimal integration. Overall, these findings suggest that stereo vision may be important for self-motion perception, particularly under combined visual–vestibular conditions.
Mooring-Based Observations of Double-Diffusive Staircases over the Laptev Sea Slope*
Authors: Polyakov Igor V. , Pnyushkov Andrey V. , Rember Robert , Ivanov Vladimir V. , Lenn Y.-D. , Padman Laurie , Carmack Eddy C.
Published: September 2011

A yearlong time series from mooring-based high-resolution profiles of water temperature and salinity from the Laptev Sea slope (2003–04; 2686-m depth; 78°26′N, 125°37′E) shows six remarkably persistent staircase layers in the depth range of ~140–350 m encompassing the upper Atlantic Water (AW) and lower halocline. Despite frequent displacement of isopycnal surfaces by internal waves and eddies and two strong AW warming pulses that passed through the mooring location in February and late August 2004, the layers preserved their properties. Using laboratory-derived flux laws for diffusive convection, the authors estimate the time-averaged diapycnal heat fluxes across the four shallower layers overlying the AW core to be ~8 W m−2. Temporal variability of these fluxes is strong, with standard deviations of ~3–7 W m−2. These fluxes provide a means for effective transfer of AW heat upward over more than a 100-m depth range toward the upper halocline. These findings suggest that double diffusion is an important mechanism influencing the oceanic heat fluxes that help determine the state of Arctic sea ice.
The Global Character of the Flux of Downward Longwave Radiation
Authors: Stephens Graeme L. , Wild Martin , Stackhouse Paul W. , L’Ecuyer Tristan , Kato Seiji , Henderson David S.
Published: September 2011

Four different types of estimates of the surface downwelling longwave radiative flux (DLR) are reviewed. One group of estimates synthesizes global cloud, aerosol, and other information in a radiation model that is used to calculate fluxes. Because these synthesis fluxes have been assessed against observations, the global-mean values of these fluxes are deemed to be the most credible of the four different categories reviewed. The global, annual mean DLR lies between approximately 344 and 350 W m−2 with an error of approximately ±10 W m−2 that arises mostly from the uncertainty in atmospheric state that governs the estimation of the clear-sky emission. The authors conclude that the DLR derived from global climate models are biased low by approximately 10 W m−2 and even larger differences are found with respect to reanalysis climate data. The DLR inferred from a surface energy balance closure is also substantially smaller that the range found from synthesis products suggesting that current depictions of surface energy balance also require revision. The effect of clouds on the DLR, largely facilitated by the new cloud base information from the CloudSat radar, is estimated to lie in the range from 24 to 34 W m−2 for the global cloud radiative effect (all-sky minus clear-sky DLR). This effect is strongly modulated by the underlying water vapor that gives rise to a maximum sensitivity of the DLR to cloud occurring in the colder drier regions of the planet. The bottom of atmosphere (BOA) cloud effect directly contrast the effect of clouds on the top of atmosphere (TOA) fluxes that is maximum in regions of deepest and coldest clouds in the moist tropics.
Assessing the Impact of the Covariance Localization Radius when Assimilating Infrared Brightness Temperature Observations Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Otkin Jason A.
Published: September 2011

A regional-scale Observing System Simulation Experiment is used to examine how changes in the horizontal covariance localization radius employed during the assimilation of infrared brightness temperature observations in an ensemble Kalman filter assimilation system impacts the accuracy of atmospheric analyses and short-range model forecasts. The case study tracks the evolution of several extratropical weather systems that occurred across the contiguous United States during 7–8 January 2008. Overall, the results indicate that assimilating 8.5-μm brightness temperatures improves the cloud analysis and forecast accuracy, but has the tendency to degrade the water vapor mixing ratio and thermodynamic fields unless a small localization radius is used. Vertical cross sections showed that varying the localization radius had a minimal impact on the shape of the analysis increments; however, their magnitude consistently increased with increasing localization radius. By the end of the assimilation period, the moisture, temperature, cloud, and wind errors generally decreased with decreasing localization radius and became similar to the Control case in which only conventional observations were assimilated if the shortest localization radius was used. Short-range ensemble forecasts showed that the large positive impact of the infrared observations on the final cloud analysis diminished rapidly during the forecast period, which indicates that it is difficult to maintain beneficial changes to the cloud analysis if the moisture and thermodynamic forcing controlling the cloud evolution are not simultaneously improved. These results show that although assimilation of infrared observations consistently improves the cloud field regardless of the length of the localization radius, it may be necessary to use a smaller radius to also improve the accuracy of the moisture and thermodynamic fields.
“Theologians engaging trauma” transcript
Authors: Rambo Shelly
Published: September 2011

The following is a panel discussion between four theologians about their recent theological work at the intersection of trauma and Christian theology. This conversation highlights the ways in which current (or recent) studies in trauma have impacted and reshaped the classic questions of Christian faith: Where is God in the suffering? Does God will suffering?
Contesting confessions: Connolly's Augustinian Imperative and Bakhtin's dialogical imperative
Authors: Slater Peter
Published: September 2011

While applauding Connolly's post-secular pluralism and objection to demonizing others, this article finds undialogical and ahistorical his account of “Augustine's Imperative.” Modern Augustinians should be consulted, notably Barth on God's time and predestination and Tillich on the demonic. Bakhtin's dialogical reading of confessional discourse calls for a hermeneutics, not only of suspicion or retrieval but of the peace which passes all understanding.
Neurologic Dysfunction and Pancytopenia Secondary to Acquired Copper Deficiency Following Duodenal Switch
Authors: Btaiche Imad F. , Yeh Alice Y. , Wu Irene J. , Khalidi Nabil
Published: September 2011

The duodenal switch (DS) procedure is a type of restrictive‐malabsorptive bariatric surgery that is typically reserved for severe morbidly obese people (body mass index >50 kg/m2) with obesity‐related comorbidities, when diet, lifestyle changes, and pharmacologic therapy fail to achieve adequate weight loss. Patients who undergo the DS procedure are at risk for malabsorption, malnutrition, and nutrient deficiencies. Copper deficiency is a commonly reported long‐term complication of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. However, data are limited on copper deficiency–associated complications and their treatment in DS patients. This article presents a case of a patient who developed hypocupremia with associated pancytopenia, myeloneuropathy, and leukoencephalopathy following DS and reviews the literature related to the pathophysiology of copper deficiency and copper replacement in bariatric surgery patients. When severe diarrhea was present, intravenous elemental copper 4 mg (as cupric chloride)/d in addition to daily oral copper gluconate was necessary to correct the hypocupremia and improve the hematologic indices and neurologic symptoms of copper deficiency. When diarrhea subsided, oral elemental copper 4 mg (as copper gluconate) 3 times daily maintained normal serum copper concentrations and avoided the relapse of severe neurologic dysfunction. Regular monitoring of serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations is recommended following DS surgery to detect any copper deficiency before irreversible neurologic damage occurs. Long‐term copper supplementation is likely necessary to maintain normal copper status in DS patients.
Could the Level of Serum Albumin Be a Method for Assessing Malnutrition in Hemodialysis Patients?
Authors: Stosovic Milan D. , Naumovic Radomir T. , Stanojevic Mirjana Lj , Simic‐Ogrizovic Sanja P. , Jovanovic Dijana B. , Djukanovic Ljubica D.
Published: September 2011

Background: Traditionally, serum albumin concentration has been used for assessing the nutrition status of hemodialysis patients despite evidence that the level is also affected by inflammation and many other underlying disorders frequently present in these individuals. The authors evaluated albumin as a nutrition parameter, comparing it with more specific anthropometric parameters. Methods: The study included a cohort of 271 patients. The analysis involved data obtained after patients entered the study (1994–2004). Anthropometric measurements included skinfolds, mid‐arm circumference, mid‐arm muscle circumference, percentage of body fat, body mass index, body height, and dry weight. Kt/V and normalized protein catabolic rate were also determined and laboratory analyses undertaken. Results: Serum albumin was only weakly correlated with mid‐arm circumference (r = 0.12), mid‐arm muscle circumference (r = 0.15), and fat‐free mass (r = 0.12). Common factor analysis of nutrition parameters uncovered latent variables, but serum albumin was not associated strongly with them. The sensitivity of albumin in detecting malnutrition was 24%, with a specificity of 88% and a predictive value of 74%. Graphic analysis showed disagreement in albumin levels with percentage of body fat and mid‐arm muscle circumference. Conclusion: Serum albumin determination was shown to be a test with low sensitivity and specificity for evaluating malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. The values correlated weakly and showed graphic disagreement with anthropometric parameters. Therefore, methods that measure percentage of body fat and muscle mass should be used together or instead of serum albumin level for assessing the nutrition status of hemodialysis patients.