bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A participatory decision making process for community-level water supply
Authors: Honkalaskar V. H. , Sohoni M. , Bhandarkar U. V.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes outcomes of a 3-year participatory action research project which involved community-level decision making to choose between various technologies to supply domestic water to a tribal village. Six technology alternatives were considered, which were ranked by adopting the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). At each stage, starting from project identification to project synthesis, people's participation was sought in a true sense. This required design of novel strategies embedded in local culture, values, and language. The overall process yielded a participatory decision making method for a community, which would uphold people's involvement, a sense of ownership, and control at each step, which is required for the successful implementation and sustainable operation of the project.
Traditional water rights, ecology and the public trust doctrine in Hawaii
Authors: Papacostas C. S.
Published: February 2014

This case study discusses the implications of imposing the doctrine of public trust to ground and surface waters within the State of Hawaii and its effects on traditional rights that had previously evolved based on common law. It traces the major events of the history of water rights and practices beginning with the system devised by the indigenous Hawaiian people prior to the adoption of the doctrine of public trust to the water resources of the State of Hawaii, applied with the most expansive interpretation of the public trust doctrine, encompassing both surface and subsurface waters and a wide assortment of protected uses and purposes. The major decisions that ensued when applying the doctrine, via legal prescriptions and administrative rules, are described. The implications of the interplay between scientific enquiry and research are presented, with legal precedent in the face of potential water shortages, competing uses, sensitivities to comprehensive resource management, considerations of ecological balance and protection of the rights of indigenous people. Many of these findings are transferable to other jurisdictions contemplating the adoption of public trust doctrine principles to their surface and ground waters.
Why Eastern Himalayan countries should cooperate in transboundary water resource management
Authors: Rasul Golam
Published: February 2014

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal in the Eastern Himalayas are interconnected by the common river systems of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM). The GBM basin is home to approximately 700 million people, comprising over 10% of the world's population. The economy and environment of the region depend on water, but while the need for water is increasing, poor management and climate-related effects are making water supplies erratic. Upstream–downstream interdependencies necessitate developing a shared river system in an integrated manner through collaboration of the riparian countries. This paper examines the opportunities for, and potential benefits of, regional cooperation in water resource management. It suggests that the benefits can increase considerably when a regional (river basin) perspective is adopted that promotes optimum use of water resources for consumptive and non-consumptive use. Regional cooperation can bring additional economic, environmental, social, and political benefits through multi-purpose river projects, which help by storing monsoon water, mitigating the effects of floods and droughts, augmenting dry season river flows, expanding irrigation and navigation facilities, generating hydropower, and enhancing energy and environmental security. A broader framework to facilitate regional cooperation in transboundary rivers in the Eastern Himalayan region is suggested.
Voluntary Income Reporting
Authors: Beaulieu Philip
Published: February 2014

SYNOPSIS

This paper proposes a voluntary income-reporting regime, in which firms could choose whether to publish an income statement. Firms choosing not to issue it would report fund flows in a cash flow statement employing the direct method, similar to the cash flow statement advocated by Ohlson et al. (2010). Voluntary income reporting is motivated by managers' numerous motives to manipulate earnings, recent research challenging the value relevance of earnings compared to cash flows, and costs of auditing income, including litigation risk. Another motivation for voluntary income reporting is rising investor dissatisfaction with reported earnings, but unlike many critics in the investing community, the paper does not claim that earnings do not have significant information value. Rather, given recent developments, it is worth reconsidering whether the benefits of reporting accrual earnings exceed the costs for all firms.
Esthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient With Severe Oligodontia
Authors: Reston EG , Bervian J , Kramer PF , Spiguel MH , Ferreira SH , Closs LQ
Published: February 2014

Oligodontia, or the congenital absence of teeth, can occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome. This study describes a case of isolated oligodontia associated with conical teeth and large diastemas in the anterior region. The patient was treated using direct composite resin restorations. Recent improvements in adhesive restorative materials allow practitioners to offer this low-cost, conservative esthetic treatment, which has the advantage of preserving sound dental structures, to patients with missing teeth.
Preliminary Results of the Survival and Fracture Load of Roots Restored With Intracanal Posts: Weakened vs Nonweakened Roots
Authors: Wandscher VF , Bergoli CD , Limberger IF , Ardenghi TM , Valandro LF
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the fracture load and survival rate of weakened and non-weakened roots restored with different intracanal posts.

Methods

Eighty teeth (16 mm) were prepared to a length of 10 mm with a custom drill. Fifty roots were weakened with a tapered diamond drill, and 30 roots were not. The specimens were embedded with acrylic resin up to 3 mm from the coronal aspect, and the periodontal ligament was simulated. The 50 weakened roots were restored with (n=10) CPC-gold (cast post and core made of gold alloy), CPC-Ni (cast post and core made of Ni-Cr alloy), FP (glass fiber posts), FP-W (glass fiber posts with a wider coronal diameter), and FP-CR (fiber posts relined with composite resin). The 30 nonweakened roots were restored with (n=10) CPC-gold, CPC-Ni, and FP. All of the posts were adhesively cemented. All of the specimens were mechanically cycled (37°C, 45°, 130 N, 2.2 Hz, and 1.5 million pulses) and evaluated after every 5 × 104 cycles to evaluate the presence of cracks as a primary outcome (event). The specimens that survived cycling were subjected to a fracture load test (load application on the palatal aspect at a 45° inclination). Failure mode was classified as favorable (above the simulated bone level) and catastrophic (below the simulated bone level). Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Fracture load data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=0.05) for weakened roots, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey test (p<0.05) for non-weakened roots, and Student t-test (p<0.05) compared nonweakened vs weakened roots for the same post system.

Results

For the preliminary survival results, FP-W showed a higher survival rate when compared with CPC (gold/Ni). For the fracture load (N), the statistical analysis (p<0.0001) presented differences among the weakened groups: CPC-gold (541.4) = CPC-Ni (642.6) > FP (282.2) = FP-W (274.1) = FP-RC (216.6). No differences were observed for the groups that were nonweakened (majority of favorable failures): CPC-gold (459.3) = CPC-Ni (422.0) = FP (347.9). Weakened roots restored with CPC-gold promoted high values of load fracture and unfavorable failure rates.

Conclusion

Cast post and cores or fiber posts can be used for restoring nonweakened roots. However, for weakened roots, a fiber post with a wider cervical emerging diameter appears to be a better alternative when compared with cast post and cores.
Survival Rate, Load to Fracture, and Finite Element Analysis of Incisors and Canines Restored With Ceramic Veneers Having Varied Preparation Design
Authors: Bergoli CD , Meira JBC , Valandro LF , Bottino MA
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the survival rate, success rate, load to fracture, and finite element analysis (FEA) of maxillary central incisors and canines restored using ceramic veneers and varying preparation designs.

Methods and Materials

Thirty human maxillary central incisors and 30 canines were allocated to the following four groups (n=15) based on the preparation design and type of tooth: Gr1 = central incisor with a conservative preparation; Gr2 = central incisor with a conventional preparation with palatal chamfer; Gr3 = canine with a conservative preparation; Gr4 = canine with a conventional preparation with palatal chamfer. Ceramic veneers (lithium disilicate) were fabricated and adhesively cemented (Variolink Veneer). The specimens were subjected to 4 × 106 mechanical cycles and evaluated at every 500,000 cycles to detect failures. Specimens that survived were subjected to a load to fracture test. Bidimensional models were modeled (Rhinoceros 4.0) and evaluated (MSC.Patrans 2005r2 and MSC.Marc 2005r2) on the basis of their maximum principal stress (MPS) values. Survival rate values were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test (α = 0.05) and load to fracture values were analyzed using the Student t-test (α = 0.05).

Results

All groups showed 100% survival rates. The Student t-test did not show any difference between the groups for load to fracture. FEA showed higher MPS values in the specimens restored using veneers with conventional preparation design with palatal chamfer.

Conclusion

Preparation design did not affect the fracture load of canines and central incisors, but the veneers with conventional preparation design with palatal chamfer exhibited a tendency to generate higher MPS values.
Effects of Anger and Sadness on Attentional Patterns in Decision Making: An Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Xing Cai
Published: February 2014

Past research examining the effect of anger and sadness on decision making has associated anger with a relatively more heuristic decision-making approach. However, it is unclear whether angry and sad individuals differ while attending to decision-relevant information. An eye-tracking experiment ( N = 87) was conducted to examine the role of attention in links between emotion and decision making. Angry individuals looked more and earlier toward heuristic cues while making decisions, whereas sad individuals did not show such bias. Implications for designing persuasive messages and studying motivated visual processing were discussed.
Children's Sense of Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction, After-School Care
Authors: Demircan H. Özlen , Demir Ayhan
Published: February 2014

The study examined the loneliness and social dissatisfaction of elementary school students in relation to type of after-school care. 358 students completed the Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Scale and an information form that included age and the students' after-school care arrangements. Results indicated that children who were in self or sibling care had greater loneliness and social dissatisfaction compared to their peers under formal center care.
Social Marketing in Health: Developing Country’s Perspective
Authors: Jha N
Published: February 2014

No abstract available.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 1-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9758
HIV in Women: The Gynecological Frontier
Authors: Goswami S , Chattopadhyay S
Published: February 2014

Aims: The objective of the paper was to study the spectrum of gynecological disorders in HIV positive woman, which are often not given much importance as the issue of antiretroviral therapy and management of opportunistic infections occupy the major share of their treatment strategy. Methods: It was an observational study which included 135 women. The study was conducted in the Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata from January 2010 to December 2012 after obtaining permission from the institutional ethics committee. All the HIV positive women who came to the gynecological outpatient department with gynecological complaints were included in the study. Results: The seropositive women suffered from the same range of gynecological problems as in non-infected women. The most common complaints at presentation were vaginal white discharge and pruritus vulvae. The most common post-operative complication was fever. Conclusions: The HIV/AIDS is taking the shape of a generalized epidemic and with the advances in the antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of the patients is increasing. With the improvement of survival more and more of HIV positive women would present with problems pertaining to any system of the body and the gynecological complaint is not an exception. Addressing these problems would lead to boosting up of the care and support of this subset of women.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 21-25 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9761
Assessment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse by Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification Technique Among Pre-operative Patients
Authors: Pradhan T , Regmi MC , Rai R , Bhatta R , Rijal P , Uprety DK
Published: February 2014

Aims: This was performed to examine pelvic organ prolapse using POP-Q technique and correlate pre-existing urinary symptoms with segments of pelvic organ prolapse. Methods: All patients admitted with pelvic organ prolapse were included. Patients were asked regarding any concomitant urinary symptoms and then all patients were examined by POP-Q technique and correlation of urinary symptoms was done with various segments of pelvic organ prolapse. Results: Eighty patients were studied in one year duration. Majority of patients had presented with stage 4 prolapse (58.8%). Majority of patients had urinary symptoms among which 87.5% had increased urinary frequency, 88.8% had dysuria, 65% had stress urinary incontinence (SUI), 72.5% had incomplete evacuation. Dysuria and SUI was found to have significant correlation with anterior segment prolapse (p<0.05%). Conclusions: Site specific measurements by POP-Q system showed anterior segment prolapse to be more and were significantly associated with various urinary symptoms.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 26-29 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9765
Comparative Study of Rectal Misoprostol to Oxytocin Infusion in Preventing Postpartum Haemorrhage After Caesarean Section
Authors: Adanikin AI , Orji E , Adanikin PO , Olaniyan O
Published: February 2014

Aims: This comparative study aimed to compare the efficacy of rectal misoprostol to oxytocin infusion in preventing primary postpartum haemorrhage after caesarean section. Methods: Fifty pregnant women with identifiable risk factors for post-partum haemorrhage who delivered baby by caesarean section were randomized to receive 600 μg rectal misoprostol and a placebo infusion intravenously or placebo rectally and a 20 iu oxytocin infusion. Post-operative blood loss four hours after surgery was estimated by application of pads of known weight. Results: The mean immediate four hours post-operative blood loss was not significantly different between the rectal misoprostol and oxytocin infusion group (100.08 ± 24.85 ml versus 108.20 ± 29.93 ml; p =0.144) and the change between the pre-operative and post-operative hematocrit was similar. Conclusions: Post-caesarean section rectal misoprostol has comparative efficacy to oxytocin infusion in preventing post-partum haemorrhage. It is recommended for use as alternative uterotonic in settings where there is low refrigeration capacity.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 34-37 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9767
Severe Acute Maternal Morbidity and Intensive Care in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital
Authors: Upadhyaya I , Chaudhary P
Published: February 2014

Aims: Maternal morbidity occurs due to complications arising in pregnancy or within 42 days of delivery. Women with acute severe morbidity require admission in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study was done to explore the profile of those women requiring intensive care. Methods: A study was conducted at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital in which records of patients admitted in Maternal Intensive Care Unit (MICU) were evaluated for demographics, disease responsible for critical illness, complications that prompted MICU admissions, interventions required, length of MICU stay and resulting maternal morbidity and mortality.  Results: Over the study period, 159 obstetric patients were transferred to MICU, representing 2.23% of 7109 deliveries. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (50%) and postpartum haemorrhage (14.46 %) were the two major obstetrical conditions responsible admission into MICU. Conclusions: Auditing of severe maternal morbidity will improve the quality of obstetric care and decrease the incidence of maternal morbidity and maternal mortality.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 38-41 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9768
Single Versus Multiple Dose Regimen of Prophylactic Antibiotic in Cesarean Section
Authors: Bhattachan K , Baral GN , Gauchan L
Published: February 2014

Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of single combined dose of Cefotaxime and Metronidazole against conventional regimen of Ampicllin and Metronidazole for five days for the prevention of infectious morbidities in cesarean deliveries. Methods: This study was carried out at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu from April to August 2011. Hundred patients, who had cesarean deliveries for various indications, were divided into two groups with fifty on each arm. Patients in group I were treated with intravenous single dose of Cefotaxime and Metronidazole after cord clamping, whereas those patients in group II were treated with Ampicillin and Metronidazole for five days. Efficacy of the treatment was compared in terms of postoperative infectious morbidities, duration of hospital stay and cost of antibiotics. Results: Overall ten cases (10%) had post-operative complications in which eight (8%) had infectious and two (2%) had thrombophlebitis. The infectious morbidities were febrile morbidities in four cases (4%) followed by urinary tract infection in three cases (3%) and wound infection in one case (1%). There was no statistically significant difference among distribution of these morbidities and in the mean duration hospital stay. The cost of single dose regimen was one-eighth of the multiple dose regimens which was statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusions: Single dose of Cefotaxime and Metronidazole was equally effective as multiple doses of Ampicllin and Metronidazole for five days in prevention of infectious morbidities with benefit of cost.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 50-53 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9771
Spontaneous Rupture of Bicornuate Uterus Caused by Levorotation Due to Congenital Band
Authors: Jain M , Tripathi R , Jain S , Verma A , Bajpai N
Published: February 2014

Rupture of gravid uterus due to torsion is a rare obstetric complication. The uterus has little mobility and is firmly held in place by its supports which resist any tendency of torsion. We are reporting a case of bicornuate uterus with rupture of left horn due to inability of malformed uterus to expand and axial torsion around one of its horns held by congenital band. Band was dissected and ruptured left horn excised, hemostasis was secured leaving the nonruptured nongravid horn of uterus intact.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 57-59 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9773
Primary Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Peritoneum
Authors: Jayakumar NM , Sangam PS , Grampurohit VU , Myagery AF
Published: February 2014

Primary papillary serous carcinoma of peritoneum (PPSCP) is a rare type of primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma and is clinico-histopathologically indistinguishable from primary ovarian papillary serous carcinoma. A 70 -year- female presented with pain abdomen of 4 months duration. On examination partially mobile vague mass was present in the suprapubic region. Exploratory laparotomy revealed normal right ovary and the left ovary showed simple cyst. Nodular, firm tumour was seen arising from omentum and measured 20x13x9.3 cm. Microscopically tumour was composed of large sheets of polygonal cells having large hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei and moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm forming cribriform pattern and papillae. It has similar prognosis as that of ovarian malignancy. This case of extraovarian papillary serous carcinoma of peritoneum (EPSCP) is presented here for its rarity.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 60-62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9774
Double trouble: A Combined Ovarian and Axial Torsion of Uterus
Authors: Varadarajan R , Shivalingaiah N
Published: February 2014

Torsion of the uterus is rare and mainly involves pregnant uterus. A combination of ovarian torsion with an axial torsion of uterus in a non-gravid woman is extremely rare. The exact incidence of uterine torsion is not clearly established, as only few case reports are available in the literature. Usually this kind of torsion are per operative diagnosis and very difficult to diagnose pre operatively. Here we present one such case with a combined ovarian and axial torsion of uterus.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 63-64 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9775
Imaging and Initial Management of Loin Pain in Pregnant Women in District General Hospital
Authors: Kadi N
Published: February 2014

Loin pain in pregnancy has an incidence of one per 1500- 2500. The investigation of loin pain in pregnancy poses a difficult diagnostic as well as therapeutic dilemma. This article highlights the usual imaging modalities that are used to investigate loin pain and the initial management in pregnant women.Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 2 / Issue 16 / July-Dec, 2013 / 65-67 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i2.9776
Measuring and Predicting Police Caution Comprehension in Adult Offenders
Authors: Chaulk Sarah J. , Eastwood Joseph , Snook Brent
Published: February 2014

We measured the level of comprehension of two police cautions in a sample of adult Canadian offenders and predicted comprehension with three measures of cognitive ability (i.e., working memory, vocabulary knowledge, and listening comprehension). Participants (N = 60) were asked to listen to both a right to silence and right to legal counsel caution and then interpret them. Results showed that the offenders understood 30% of their rights, and the measures of cognitive abilities were weak predictors of comprehension. The implications of these findings for understanding the factors related to caution comprehension and the administration of justice are discussed.
Crimes and Punishment: Understanding of the Criminal Code
Authors: Jung Sandy , Ahn-Redding Heather , Allison Meredith
Published: February 2014

Knowledge about criminal law is expected in our society. There are many important reasons why accurate knowledge should be expected, such as deterring citizens from engaging in illegal conduct and ensuring that people are making sound decisions about supporting or not supporting changes in the criminal justice system. This study surveyed 301 undergraduate students about their knowledge of criminal laws and the associated sentences. Our results indicate that participants were accurate in defining theft and the ages for legal use of substances and in identifying whether specific scenarios describe acts considered sexual offences, but less able to define the blood alcohol level for impaired driving, dangerous driving, sexual interference, or aggravated sexual assault. With regards to sentencing dispositions, participants were not consistently accurate. They also tended to inflate the likelihood of reoffending in general, particularly violent and sexual offending. Prior exposure to the criminal justice system did not seem to be associated with crime and sentencing knowledge or recidivism estimations. Our findings identify areas where young adults are unaware of legal definitions of crimes and their punishments and point out the need to find innovative ways to educate young adults on the Criminal Code.
Experimental and Numerical Strength Analysis of Double Lap Joints Subjected to Tensile Loads
Authors: Adin Hamit , Temiz Şemsettin
Published: February 2014

In this paper the mechanical behaviour of double lap joints (DLJs) bonded with adhesive was analyzed. The stress-strain behaviour was investigated along the overlap length and adherend thickness in DLJs subjected to tensile loads. The stress analyses were performed by finite element method (FEM). The FEM calculations were performed using ANSYS (12.0.1). Experimental results were compared with the FEM results and were found to be quite reasonable. The results show that the failure loads are increased with an increase in adherend thickness. The stress-strain behaviour changes depending on adherend thickness and overlap length. Both FEM stress analyses and experimental results revealed that failure occurred around the edge zones of the overlap length due to the effect of shear stresses, while the failure at the edges of the adhesive layer originated from the peel stress in tensile.
Permeation of Chemical Substances through Polymeric Materials under Tension
Authors: Krzemińska Sylwia
Published: February 2014

The objective of the present work was to determine whether deformation of samples of barrier materials which protect from chemical permeation has an effect on breakthrough time. The tested materials included gloves made of chloroprene rubber, a fabric coated with butyl rubber, and a membrane made of butyl rubber. Permeation resistance was determined for 2 solvents, cyclohexane and ethyl acetate. It was found that depending on the type of material and solvent, the application of different tensile forces leads to different effects. The use of deformation variants (with tensile forces of 100 N or 200 N) did not significantly affect the breakthrough time of cyclohexane through the chloroprene membrane. On the other hand, the cyclohexane breakthrough time for the fabric coated with butyl rubber decreased by about 20 % at 200 N.
Enhanced Tensile Properties of Stone Wool Fiber-Reinforced High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Composites
Authors: Sivarao Mallisi , Ali Aidy , Teng L. S.
Published: February 2014

In this study, a mineral fiber composite of stone wool-reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) with different weight percentages was tested. For preparation of the samples a hot pressing technique was used. Significant improvement of the tensile strength was observed for composites of stone wool HDPE with a fiber content of 20 wt-%. The fracture surfaces of the samples were analyzed for their inter layer bounding by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Flotation after a Direct Contact of Flotation Reagents with Carbonate Particles – Part 2: Phosphate Ore
Authors: Ahmed Hussin A. M. , Aljuhani Mohamed S. , Drzymala Jan
Published: February 2014

Beneficiation of a deslimed, +0.038/−0.25 mm in size, phosphate ore containing carbonate fluorapatite (francolite), calcite, dolomite, and quartz by froth flotation is accomplished by a special approach based on conditioning the ore with a micro-emulsion consisting of 20 wt.- % Custafloat AR27 (collector, blend of fatty acid soaps and sulfates), 55 wt.- % No. 5 fuel oil and 25 wt.- % water at 70 wt.- % solid content and subsequent flotation after pulp dilution with water to 25 wt.- % solids. A good selectivity of separation was achieved at pH 8.5 and after 1.5 min conditioning time with micro-emulsion and flotation of the diluted pulp in the next 2 min. The maximum curvature of the upgrading Halbich grade-recovery curve indicated that the most efficient separation for the deslimed phosphate ore having 16.86 wt.- % P2O5 in the feed occurred at 0.6 kg/Mg providing concentrates containing 33 wt.- % P2O5 with P2O5 recovery equal to 70 wt.- %. The same flotation reagents used in a traditional way provided much worse concentrates containing 27 wt.- % P2O5 with recovery of 60 wt.- % at 0.9 kg/Mg of reagents.
Biochemical Properties and Possible Roles of Ectophosphatase Activities in Fungi
Authors: Freitas-Mesquita Anita , Meyer-Fernandes José
Published: February 2014

Ectophosphatases are surface membrane-bound proteins whose active sites face the extracellular medium. These enzymes have been reported in several microorganisms including a large number of medically relevant fungal species. An effective technique for identifying ectophosphatases is performing phosphatase activity assays using living intact cells. Biochemical characterization of these activities has shown their differential modulation by classical phosphatase inhibitors, divalent metals and pH range. The physiological roles of ectophosphatases are not well established; however, it has been suggested that these enzymes play important roles in nutrition, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, virulence and infection. Adhesion to host cells is the first step in establishing a fungal infection and ectophosphatases may be one of the first parasite proteins that come into contact with the host cells. Several results indicate that ectophosphatase activities increase the capacity of fungi to adhere to the host cells. In this context, the present review provides an overview of recent discoveries related to the occurrence and possible roles of ectophosphatase activities in fungal cells.
Performance of Dry Powder Inhalers with Single Dosed Capsules in Preschool Children and Adults Using Improved Upper Airway Models
Authors: Lindert Sandra , Below Antje , Breitkreutz Joerg
Published: February 2014

The pulmonary administration of pharmaceutical aerosols to patients is affected by age-dependent variations in the anatomy of the upper airways and the inhalation pattern. Considering this aspect, different upper airway models, representing the geometries of adults and preschool children, and a conventional induction port according to the European Pharmacopeia were used for in vitro testing of dry powder inhalers with single dosed capsules (Cyclohaler®, Handihaler® and Spinhaler®). Deposition measurements were performed using steady flow rates of 30 and 60 L/min for the Handihaler®/Spinhaler® and 30, 60 and 75 L/min for the Cyclohaler®. The inhalation volume was set at 1 L. For the Cyclohaler®, the in vitro testing was supplemented by a pediatric inhalation profile. Slight differences of pulmonary deposition between the idealized adult (11%–15%) and pediatric (9%–11%) upper airway model were observed for the Cyclohaler®. The applied pediatric inhalation profile resulted in a reduction of pulmonary deposition by 5% compared to steady conditions and indicated the influence of the inhalation pattern on the amount of pulmonary deposited particles. The comparison of two pediatric upper airway models showed no differences. The performance of the Handihaler® was similar to the Cyclohaler®. The Spinhaler® showed an insufficient performance and limited reproducibility in our investigations.
CD81 and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection
Authors: Fénéant Lucie , Levy Shoshana , Cocquerel Laurence
Published: February 2014

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a global public health problem affecting over 160 million individuals worldwide. Its symptoms include chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus mainly targeting liver cells and for which the initiation of infection occurs through a complex multistep process involving a series of specific cellular entry factors. This process is likely mediated through the formation of a tightly orchestrated complex of HCV entry factors at the plasma membrane. Among HCV entry factors, the tetraspanin CD81 is one of the best characterized and it is undoubtedly a key player in the HCV lifecycle. In this review, we detail the current knowledge on the involvement of CD81 in the HCV lifecycle, as well as in the immune response to HCV infection.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Persistence in Macrophages Upregulates Fcgamma Receptors Expression
Authors: Gaona Jorge , Santiago-Olivares Carlos , Ortega Enrique , Gómez Beatriz
Published: February 2014

Viruses can persist in differentiated cells (i.e., macrophages) over long periods of time, altering host cells functions but not inducing their death. We had previously reported that, in early passages (14–40) of a murine macrophage-like cell line persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (MfP), FcgR-mediated phagocytosis and expression of FcgRIIB/RIII on the cell membrane were increased with respect to mock-infected macrophages (MfN). In this work, we explored the mechanism underlying such effects. Increases in FcgR expression and FcgR-mediated phagocytosis are preserved after more than 87 passages of the persistently infected culture. We analyzed the expression of FcgR isoforms at both mRNA and protein levels, and found out that RSV persistence distinctly affects the expression of FcgR isoforms. We also observed that the increase in FcgRs expression results neither from soluble factors (cytokines) or viral products released by the infected cells, nor from an increase in the rate of FcgR internalization. Our results suggest that RSV persistence in macrophages induce intracellular effects that have an impact on FcgRs gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels, and that the characteristics of RSV persistence were preserved for over 87 passages.
The dispersal process of asexual propagules and the contribution to population persistence inMarchantia(Marchantiaceae)
Authors: Stieha Christopher R. , Middleton Aurea R. , Stieha Joseph K. , Trott Skylar H. , McLetchie D. Nicholas
Published: February 2014

•Premise of the study:The dispersal process involves emigration from a focal source, dispersal through the landscape, and immigration into a new population or habitat. Despite the fact that dispersal is vital for the long‐term persistence of a species, key stages of the process are unknown or understudied for many species, including the importance and contribution of asexual reproduction. Focusing only on a single stage in the dispersal process may give an incomplete and potentially flawed picture of the effects of asexual reproduction on metapopulation dynamics in plant species.

•Methods:Using a multifaceted approach that combines laboratory experiments, field studies, and mathematical models, we quantify the production, dispersal, and survival of immigrants of water‐dispersed asexual offspring (gemmae) of the clonal liverwortMarchantia inflexa.

•Key results:Compared to female plants, male plants ofMarchantia inflexaproduce gemmae more quickly and in higher numbers, but due to desiccation have lower gemmae survival rates. Gemmae move up to 20 cm per minute in light rain, suggesting they can leave the source population. Long distance dispersal of gemmae is supported by the mathematical analysis of unisexual metapopulations. Upon reaching the new habitat, gemmae survival is high if they stay moist.

•Conclusions:By integrating multiple experiments to quantify the effects of gemmae on metapopulation dynamics, we found that different stages of dispersal can lead to different conclusions on which sex has an advantage. Gemmae are critical for the maintenance of both sexes, the persistence of single‐sex metapopulations and species, and the invasibility of clonal organisms.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Amur honeysuckle, Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Rocha Oscar J. , McNutt Erin , Barriball Kelly
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) is one of the most problematic invasive shrubs in forests of the eastern United States. Microsatellite markers could serve to test putative source‐sink relationships among populations to determine whether invasions progress along expanding fronts or through long‐distance dispersal events followed by local expansion.

• Methods and Results: Eleven microsatellite loci were developed for Amur honeysuckle using a modified magnetic bead protocol. Six loci were screened across 158 individuals from seven populations and were shown to be variable, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from seven to 16. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.655 to 0.757. Five additional loci were screened using 68 individuals from three different populations, with seven to 12 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.682 and 0.831.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will help to elucidate the genetic structure and patterns of dispersal of L. maackii in its invasive range.
A target enrichment method for gathering phylogenetic information from hundreds of loci: An example from the Compositae
Authors: Mandel Jennifer R. , Dikow Rebecca B. , Funk Vicki A. , Masalia Rishi R. , Staton S. Evan , Kozik Alex , Michelmore Richard W. , Rieseberg Loren H. , Burke John M.
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: The Compositae (Asteraceae) are a large and diverse family of plants, and the most comprehensive phylogeny to date is a meta‐tree based on 10 chloroplast loci that has several major unresolved nodes. We describe the development of an approach that enables the rapid sequencing of large numbers of orthologous nuclear loci to facilitate efficient phylogenomic analyses.

• Methods and Results: We designed a set of sequence capture probes that target conserved orthologous sequences in the Compositae. We also developed a bioinformatic and phylogenetic workflow for processing and analyzing the resulting data. Application of our approach to 15 species from across the Compositae resulted in the production of phylogenetically informative sequence data from 763 loci and the successful reconstruction of known phylogenetic relationships across the family.

• Conclusions: These methods should be of great use to members of the broader Compositae community, and the general approach should also be of use to researchers studying other families.
Introduction
Authors: Wang Xiaoming
Published: February 2014

Comment s’articulent la participation de la Chine à l’expansion du capitalisme mondial et son appartenance à un modèle de développement non occidental, a priori contradictoire ? Quand le Parti communiste chinois veut raccorder la Chine avec le monde, il s’agit de la raccorder à l’expansion du capitalisme, raccord que défendent culturellement les Chinois enrichis. Mais le choix n’est peut-être pas le même sur le court ou le long terme. C’est ce dont débattent, à partir de positions différentes, les six auteurs chinois réunis ici.
La révolution industrieuse et la prospérité commune
Authors: Luo Gang , Wang Shuliu , Le Gall Pierre-Yves
Published: February 2014

La révolution industrieuse des pays asiatiques s’est appuyée sur la force des bras et a donc eu une grande capacité redistributive. C’est l’augmentation du revenu et du bien-être des populations qui est le moteur. C’est ce qui donne aux régions défavorisées leur capacité de résistance à la crise. Il faut déplacer vers elle le centre de gravité du pays et les inclure dans le nouveau modèle de développement. Mais on devra affronter le problème ethnique des non Han plus présents dans ces régions, et les différences de modèles culturels : les régions côtières sont plus occidentalisées.
La protection sociale en Chine
Authors: Wang Shaoguang
Published: February 2014

Depuis le début du xxi e  siècle, la Chine essaie de construire un marché social qui pallie les effets de l’économie de marché. L’État a organisé des transferts sociaux pour lutter contre les inégalités régionales et la pauvreté des ruraux. 59 millions de pauvres urbains bénéficient d’un revenu minimum d’existence garanti. 800 millions de Chinois bénéficient d’un système d’assurance santé, en voie d’extension dans les zones rurales. Les trois régimes de retraite couvrent 80 % de la population adulte de plus de 16 ans. Des aides au logement ont été mises en place. En douze ans le budget consacré à la protection sociale a été multiplié par 10 et fait maintenant 10,5 % du PIB.
Le face-à-face citadins/nature
Authors: Blanc Nathalie
Published: February 2014

La protection de l’environnement peut-elle être justifiée par des considérations esthétiques, telles que la beauté des animaux, ou des paysages ? Ou bien doit-elle obéir à une éthique environnementale scientifique ? Ou bien dans l’éthique du care se préoccuper de prendre soin ? Il faut reconnaître la co-appartenance des êtres vivants dans un même cadre matériel, l’entretien de leur solidarité à travers les âges, la nécessité de former des valeurs communes à partir de pratiques différentes. Ces questions sont examinées dans plusieurs cas : le rapport à l’animal de compagnie, l’expérience botanique d’un artiste refusée par un musée comme ne relevant pas de l’art, l’invention de formes écologiques refusées par le public comme technocratiques.
De l'exploitation à l'exploit
Authors: Amilec Alicia , Citton Yves
Published: February 2014

Dans leur livre The Exploit. A Theory of Networks , Alexander Galloway et Eugene Thacker montrent en quoi les protocoles consistent un nouveau paradigme de contrôle et d’exploitation à l’âge de la biopolitique. Pour contrer les effets d’homogénéisation et de soumission induits par cette nouvelle forme de pouvoir, ils invitent à développer des interventions relevant de « l’exploit » : exploiter les failles des protocoles pour y insérer des virus ou pour y cultiver des formes de non-existence déjouant les dispositifs qui permettent aux réseaux de nous exploiter. Alicia Amilec présente leur cadre de pensée, en explicite les enjeux et en tire des raisons de préférer les perspectives de liberté aux lamentations sur les déconvenues d’Internet.
Le bonheur comme rétribution du travail artistique
Authors: Sinigaglia Jérémy
Published: February 2014

Les professions artistiques bénéficient d’une représentation flatteuse qui en fait l’antithèse du travail aliéné : le bonheur au travail des travailleurs du spectacle compenserait aisément la précarité de l’emploi, l’irrégularité des revenus, l’instabilité de la protection sociale qui caractérisent le secteur artistique. L’article propose de déconstruire ces représentations avec trois arguments principaux. Premièrement, les conditions de l’épanouissement personnel des professionnels du spectacle dépendent très directement de leurs inégales capacités à ajuster leurs aspirations aux chances objectives de les voir se réaliser. Deuxièmement, le plaisir pris au travail ne permettant pas toujours de compenser les effets de la précarité de l’emploi et les désagréments de la course aux cachets et aux subventions, les travailleurs sont conduits à chercher leur bonheur en marge voire en dehors des formes d’emploi consacrées. Troisièmement, si les artistes se disent globalement heureux malgré la difficulté de leurs conditions d’emploi, c’est d’une part parce que l’expression de leur éventuelle souffrance est illégitime (car comparée à celle jugée plus grande des salariés des autres secteurs économiques) et d’autre part qu’elle les conduirait à remettre en cause une partie de l’ illusio (la croyance dans le don en particulier) qui fonde leur engagement dans la carrière.
Des projets à la carrière
Authors: Cardon Vincent , Pilmis Olivier
Published: February 2014

Les artistes intermittents consentent à de très fortes variations salariales. Les prises de position des artistes sur leurs salaires et les raisons qu’ils donnent pour justifier le choix de participer ou non à un projet fournissent une entrée méthodologique sur le lacis des rémunérations, salariales et autres, associées au travail artistique. Ce cas souligne que, loin d’entretenir un rapport de compensation dans le cadre d’un jeu à somme nulle, gratifications monétaires et non monétaires ne sont pas des dimensions disjointes et ne s’opposent pas nécessairement. Les deux registres sont appréhendés de conserve dans les anticipations relatives à la qualité des projets.
Thermal Management System Design and Simulation of Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Wang Jian , Yang Xiao Ping
Published: February 2014

Power battery pack under high-rate discharge conditions produces thermal aggregation phenomena. Generated heat during charging and discharging that distributes in battery pack affects performance of battery and so that shortens its life. So the battery pack thermal management is necessary to electric vehicles. In this paper, an ideal thermal management solution is put forward with a battery pack temperature equilibrium approach and a battery pack overall thermal dissipation structure by finite element analysis. Theoretical analysis result shows that the thermal management solution can effectively cool the battery pack to the ideal working temperature range 25~40°C and improve the battery pack temperature uniformity with the maximum temperature difference which is below 5°C, which enhance the cycle life of power battery pack for electric vehicle applications.
Hybrid Intelligent Control Model Based on Electromagnetic Bionics and Fuzzy Algorithm
Authors: Liu Cheng Guo , Liu Shang He , Zou Jing , Zhao Yu
Published: February 2014

An intelligent control model, called fuzzy self-organization model, is proposed based on the requirements of electromagnetic bionics system design principle and fuzzy algorithm. What the intelligent control model is and how it can be used in projects and the validation are elaborated. An intelligent control system - a heating system as selected, is developed according to the proposed model, in which the intelligent control model is constructed and coded into a DSP chip to organize the heating circuits/branches and control the heating procedure. The test results of the system show that the model can be carried out successfully, and the heating procedure is optimized by the settings of accurate heating temperature and the heating speed.
Research and Application of Coal Mine Rescue and Detecting Robots
Authors: Lu Wen Tao , Lou Guo Huan , Yang Chun Ming , Zhang Shu Sheng
Published: February 2014

Coal mine is a dangerous place in which many fatal factors menace miners' life. When some disasters occur, it may be very dangerous for rescuers to go into mine tunnels to search survivors. So developing the coal mine detecting and rescue robot for mine rescue has a very important meaning. In this paper, a system of explosion-proof detecting robot is presented. The structure design methods of robot have been discussed in detail, including robot body, computer control system, explosion-proof and waterproof design of systems, mobile mechanism design and software design. Finally the application results are given.
A Comparative Study on Driving Performance Induced by Music Mood for Development of In-Vehicle Media Players
Authors: Yang Zhong Liang , Chen Yu Miao , Lyu Rui Min
Published: February 2014

Though music listening while driving is a popular activity, it is not clear the effects of music mood induction on driving performance in different road conditions. In this study, four music samples with strongest mood features were selected by simplified Delphi method. Then driving performance in two road conditions induced by five music moods were investigated by comparative experiments. Results of ANOVA preliminarily demonstrated the significant differences between driving performance induced by various music mood in different road conditions. Furthermore, a mobile music player was developed and installed in two intelligence assist vehicles to validate its usability in the practice.