bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial transformations of organic matter at oceanic interfaces: A review and prospectus
Authors: Karl David M.
Published: October 2011

The title of this article may seem a bit presumptuous or at least premature in the sense that marine microbiologists have only quite recently entered the quantitative phase of their investigations of the distribution, biomass, and in situ metabolic activities of sea microbes. Nevertheless, I believe that summarizing the results of preliminary studies will serve to define more clearly the important questions and will help to formulate a more productive research prospectus. Throughout this discussion I will attempt to identify what I consider to be important prospects for future oceanographic investigations.

The central theme that I would like to consider is that of microbially mediated transformations of carbon at oceanic interfaces. There are at least two major ideas to pursue and develop:
Fiscal 1983 Science Budget
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Support for science generally is strong in President Ronald Reagan's fiscal 1983 budget proposal, released last week; agency budgets for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), however, did not beat inflation.

Total federal funding for research and development and related facilities rose 9.6% to $44.3 billion, beating the 7.3% inflation rate estimated for 1982 by the Office of Management and Budget. Obligations for basic research by various departments and agencies also topped inflation. The President proposes federal funding of $5.82 billion in fiscal 1983, compared with $5.35 billion in 1982.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Earl G. Droessler, director of university affairs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is the new president‐elect of the American Meteorological Society (AMS). Elections were held at the January AMS meeting. Droessler will assume office in 1983. The incoming AMS President is Richard E. Hallgren, director of the National Weather Service. He succeeds the outgoing president, Robert G. Fleagle. Four councilors elected to 3‐year terms are William E. Gordon, provost and vice president of Rice University; Neil H. Frank, director of NOAA's National Hurricane Center in Coral Gables, Fla.; Thomas H. Vonder Haar, professor and head of the atmospheric sciences department at Colorado State University; Robert T. Ryan, meteorologist for WRC‐TV and WRC‐AM radio in Washington, D.C.; and Paul F. Twitchell, visiting professor at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md. Twitchell is on leave from the Office of Naval Research in Boston.
Promoting interdisciplinary efforts not new
Authors: Atkinson Larry P.
Published: October 2011

Since AGU is attempting to encourage more cooperation between the branches of oceanography, I thought readers may be interested in the following quote from a paper by Columbus Iselin [Some physical factors which may influence the productivity of New England's coastal waters, J. Mar. Res., 2, 74–85, 1939]:

Of recent years physical oceanographers have gradually gained a more satisfactory understanding of the circulation problem. While it is true that most of this advance has resulted from studying the deep, ocean currents, nevertheless, the new principles also can be applied to the more difficult conditions found near the coast. More and more the physical investigators are working independently from the marine biologists. It is hoped that the following discussion of factors causing variations in the temperature and salinity of coastal waters off New England will demonstrate the biological significance of some of the modern physical investigations, and also perhaps help to bring the two branches of oceanography closer together again.
Highlights of the Council Meeting, December 7, 1981
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Council members present were President Wilson, President‐elect Van Allen, General Secretary Meredith, Foreign Secretary Kisslinger, Executive Director Spilhaus, Past President Cox, and for the sections, R.J. Anderle and R.H. Rapp (Geodesy); E.R. Engdahl and K. Aki (Seismology); W.N. Hess (Meteorology); C.E. Helsley and J.R. Heirtzler (Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism); J.J. O'Brien and C.N.K. Mooers (Oceanography); J.V. Smith (Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology); J.R. Wallis (Hydrology); J.C. Savage and D.L. Turcotte (Tectonophysics); and M. Neugebauer (Solar‐Planetary Relationships). N.F. Ness (SPR), C. Sagan (Planetology), and E. Reiter (Meteorology) were absent but represented by proxies T.A. Potemra, M. Carr, and J.S. Winston, respectively. Also absent was Section President W. Broecker (Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology), and Presidents‐elect P. Eagleson (Hydrology), and Noel Hinners (Planetology). Only section presidents may be represented by proxy.

At the recommendation of the Publications Committee, the Council approved an annual editor's citation to be given for excellence in scientific reviewing. Each editor of an AGU journal may award one such citation per year to a reviewer who is not an associate editor. Also approved was a policy covering the compensation of authors and editors of AGU books. For the first time AGU will be in a position to pay royalties to the authors of books that are not collections of papers. The policy of not paying royalties to the editors of collected works continues.
Proposed change in the AGU bylaws
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On December 6, 1981, the AGU Council passed the initial approval of an amendment to Bylaw 8 (which establishes the sections of AGU) that would change the name of the Meteorology Section to the Atmospheric Sciences Section. This change was recommended by the Meteorology Section Executive Committee for three reasons: (1) there are more departments of atmospheric sciences today than there are departments of meteorology; (2) to draw some further distinction between what AGU does and what the American Meteorological Society does; and (3) to include more explicitly atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric electricity within the ambit of the Section. A survey of the Meteorology Section members indicated they were 50 to 1 in favor of the change.
The international lithosphere program
Authors: Flinn Edward A.
Published: October 2011

The International Lithosphere Program is a new international interdisciplinary research program in the solid earth sciences that has been established by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) at the joint request of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Its goal is a better understanding of the development of the earth, particularly those aspects upon which human society depends for its well‐being.

The International Lithosphere Program (ILP) is a natural sequel to a series of international cooperative projects in the geosciences that began with the International Geophysical Year in 1957–58 and continued with the Upper Mantle Project in the 1960's and the International Geodynamics Project (IGP) in the 1970's. In 1977, IUGG and IUGS established an inter‐union task group to consider the possibility of a successor to the IGP for the 1980's. The task group, under cochairmen Carl Kisslinger (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado), foreign secretary of the American Geophysical Union, and J. Henning Illies (Geophysical Institute, University of Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany), invited suggestions and comments from the two unions and the national committees in the member countries. Their report, which was completed late in 1978, proposed a new project on the dynamics, origin, and evolution of the lithosphere. This proposal was approved by the IUGS Executive Committee in December 1979 and by the IUGS Council in June 1980. An inter‐union steering committee, established in 1979 under the joint chairmanship of Kisslinger and Illies, developed the organizational framework and constitution of the new program. These were approved by resolution of the ICSU Governing Board in September 1980, and the Inter‐Union Commission on the Lithosphere (ICL) was established to implement the program. National members of ICSU were urged to establish national committees and to develop internal programs for the new International Lithosphere Program.
[Comment on “Accurate clock for remote areas” by J. Bonanomi] For clock watchers
Authors: Perreault Paul D.
Published: October 2011

Your news item in Eos (63(4), January 26, 1982, p. 129) refers to an accurate clock for remote areas that utilizes Omega signals to synchronize clocks to 0.01 s.

A system utilizing GPS satellite signals is also currently available for synchronizing remote clocks to an accuracy of better than 100 ns! GPS is presently in its validation phase and can now provide worldwide time transfer capability. The very stable satellite atomic clocks are routinely monitored and correction parameters are broadcast as part of the GPS message.
Profile of an individual supporting member
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

During the past 2 years, the number of Individual Supporting Members in AGU has more than doubled. This increase in interest is primarily due to the AGU‐GIFT program and its efforts to seek the voluntary support of all members. Your response has been encouraging, and we believe the number can be doubled again in the next 18 months.

Who is the typical Individual Supporting Member? The first step in the development of a “profile” was to find the age pattern. The eldest was born in 1892—Congratulations on your 90th year!—and the youngest in 1948. One would hardly expect to find a Gaussian distribution. In fact there was no evidence of a “peak,” but 50% were born between 1910 and 1930—with the median age being 62—just beginning to harvest the fruits of senior citizenship. For comparison, the median age for the total membership of AGU is 42.
Feds fund geophysical energy research
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Amid the current confusion surrounding the pending fate of the United States Department of Energy (President Reagan proposed a plan to ‘dismantle’ it), a rather large program, sometimes called ‘Physical Research in the Geosciences,’ survives in financially healthy condition. According to the recent report ‘Summary Outline of DOE Geoscience and Geoscience‐Related Research (DOE/ER‐0120, Feb. 1982), the amount of funding granted to university researchers for the current fiscal year is $16 million.

In a procedure similar to other federal government unsolicited grant research proplate grams, funds are awarded to successful university applicants on the basis of research proposals. An interesting note is that apparently because of the uncertainties surrounding the futures of several federal programs, including the DOE, some researchers have assumed, incorrectly, that many sources of research funding may be discontinued. Meanwhile, program directors of the National Science Foundation have told Eos that their programs are experiencing a large increase in research proposals because investigators are apparently seeking other sources of funding. As the Office of Management Budget request for fiscal year 1983 stands at the present time, funding for geophysical energy research will be increased substantially under the Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
Joint AGU/ASLO Ocean Sciences '82 Meeting
Authors: Eppley Richard W.
Published: October 2011

Many of the biological oceanographers within ASLO have long felt a need for greater interaction, via interdisciplinary meetings, with their counterparts in physical, chemical, and geological aspects of oceanography. Biological oceanography and marine biology, as disciplines, have many interfaces with other fields, especially limnology, evolution, terrestrial ecology, physiology and biochemistry, and fisheries, as well as those represented in AGU.

Historically, the Limnological Society of America and Oceanographic Society of the Pacific fused in 1948 in part to bridge one of these principal interfaces. Most ASLO members belong to one or more additional societies, such as the Ecological Society of America, the American Society of Plant Physiology, the American Society of Zoologists, etc. In addition, many belong to regional groups and societies with interest centered on specific taxonomic groups of organisms, such as the Phycological Society of America.
NODC reorganizes
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The recent internal reorganization at the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) [Eos, April 6, p. 218] will emphasize the services that NODC offers, according to director Edward L. Ridley. The primary objective of the reorganization is to provide coordinated, responsive, and responsible automated data processing (ADP) support while delineating more clearly the lines of responsibility for ADP functions, the NODC director said. For example, the international programs, which were dispersed throughout NODC, are now under a single manager.
1982 Budget
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The operating budget that the Council adopted at its December 6, 1981, meeting is given below. In addition to the operations shown, $11K of net income is expected from investments, and we hope to raise $200K in donations through the GIFT program.
[Comment on] Mollweide graticule shortcomings
Authors: McBryde F. Webster
Published: October 2011

As a professional cartographer, with no intention of pursuing a controversy about world maps, I should like to suggest a caveat for those not versed in projections: namely, to indicate shortcomings in the Mollweide graticule.

In the March 2, 1982, Eos Oceanography Report, p. 179, Arnold W. Mantyla has presented an interrupted adaptation of a Mollweide homalographic projection as being singularly suitable for plotting oceanographic data. It looks deceptively like a segmented map peeled directly from a terrestrial globe, hence almost without distortion. Even in his reduced example, however, it is readily apparent that the 20° quadrangles of parallels and meridians at the equator are considerably elongated north‐south (approximately 5.2 mm×4.3 mm, about a 20.9% excess N‐S), whereas they should be almost perfect squares, as on the globe, and on the sinusoidal, parabolic, and other preferred equal‐area projections. Even minor scale error is unacceptable near the equator, where there is no scale problem such as that seen near the poles. I cited Mollweide scale errors in 1949. (McBryde, F.W. and P.D. Thomas, Equal‐Area Projections for World Statistical Maps, Spec. Publ. 245, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Surv., Washington, D.C., 1949.)
UN adopts Law of Sea
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

After more than 8 years of diplomatic wrangling, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted on April 30 by a vote of 130 to 4. The United States, Israel, Turkey, and Venezuela voted against the treaty; 17 nations—including the Soviet Union, West Germany, and Britain—abstained.

The treaty, which would give nations the exclusive rights to natural resources in the continental shelf up to approximately 650 km offshore, will be signed in December. The treaty becomes effective 1 year after at least 60 nations ratify it.
Interior order expands minerals management
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

In a surprise move on May 10, Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt ordered the consolidation of all leasing and resource management functions for the outer continental shelf (OCS) into the Minerals Management Service (MMS). Among those programs shifted to MMS are ‘all functions in direct support of the OCS program’ in the Geologic Division and in the Office of the Assistant Director for Resource Programs of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), including oil and gas resources, energy‐related hazards, and marine geology investigations. It is unclear whether research associated with the OCS leasing functions will be considered ‘direct support’ and what will happen to the research if it is so considered.

Also to be shuttled to MMS are the oil‐spill trajectory functions of the Office of Earth Sciences Applications and all the functions of the Office of Policy Analysis relating to the OCS that had been transferred from the Department of Energy as a result of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act.
[Comment on] Statistical discrimination
Authors: Chinn Douglas
Published: October 2011

In the December 8, 1981, issue of Eos, a news item reported the conclusion of a National Research Council study that sexual discrimination against women with Ph.D.'s exists in the field of geophysics. Basically, the item reported that even when allowances are made for motherhood the percentage of female Ph.D.'s holding high university and corporate positions is significantly lower than the percentage of male Ph.D.'s holding the same types of positions. The sexual discrimination conclusion, based only on these statistics, assumes that there are no basic psychological differences between men and women that might cause different populations in the employment group studied. Therefore, the reasoning goes, after taking into account possible effects from differences related to anatomy, such as women stopping their careers in order to bear and raise children, the statistical distributions of positions held by male and female Ph.D.'s ought to be very similar to one another. Any significant differences between the distributions must be caused primarily by sexual discrimination.
Registration law proposed
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A proposal has been submitted to a New Jersey state senator for a state law that would establish a noncompulsory registration program to identify qualified professional geologists and soil scientists. The proposal, which would create a registration law similar to those in other states, is supported by the membership of the Northeast Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) and by the New Jersey Association of Professional Soil Scientists (NJAPSS).

The proposal, drawn up by the membership of the Northeast Section of AIPG (which includes the six New England states, New York, and New Jersey) in cooperation with NJAPSS and the New York‐Philadelphia section of the Association of Engineering Geology, has been submitted to Democratic State Senator Raymond J. Zane. The senator's staff has indicated that they will review the proposal and refine it for presentation to the entire state senate, according to Richard H. Young, vice president of AIPG's northeastern section.
Ceres by telescope
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Ceres, the largest of the asteroids, has been the object of considerable study by earth‐based telescope. No small part of the growing interest in studying Ceres' surface is the observation of infrared absorption spectra that are interpreted to be produced by clay minerals. The absorption bands are like the condensed‐water bands in montmorillonite, the clay‐type that occurs on the Murchison meteorite. The Murchison also has a complement of organic matter. Donald L. DeVincenzi, in A Meeting with the Universe (Bevan M. French and Stephen P. Maron (Eds.), pp. 145–159, NASA, Washington, D.C., 1981), describes a suggested link between clay and the origin of life:
New atlas focuses on Southern Ocean
Authors: Anonumous
Published: October 2011

Maps, graphs, and computer‐generated contour distributions based on physical and chemical data for the southern ocean are presented in Southern Ocean Atlas, a new publication by Columbia University Press. The atlas organizes the wealth of scientific information on the southern ocean that has been gathered by direct hydrographic observations, primarily under the circumpolar survey conducted by the Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory from 1962 to 1978. Data on temperature, salinity, density, dynamic height anomaly, dissolved oxygen, and chemical composition were used in the compilation of the one‐volume, two‐part atlas. The first part, by Arnold L. Gordon (professor of oceanography at Columbia University) and Eugene J. Molinelli (research scientist at Science Applications, Inc.), covers thermohaline and chemical distributions and the atlas data set. The second part, by Gordon and Ted N. Baker (research assistant at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory), covers objective contouring and the grid point data set. Computer contour distributions are included in microfiche form with the hardcover volume.
AGU 1980–1982 Membership
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU's membership grew by 6% during 1981 and is expected to grow another 6% by the end of 1982. This is double the growth achieved through the late 1970's. A large part of this growth is student membership, which went up 11% in 1979, 15% in 1980, 5% in 1981, and is projected at 16% for 1982.
Journals and books
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

During the 1980–1982 biennium the publications program was marked by an enhanced spirit of cooperation with other organizations. Several joint ventures that capitalized on the strengths of both parties were undertaken.

The Geodynamics Series, which focuses on the interaction between geophysics and traditional geology, is published jointly with the Geological Society of America. This series was initiated to publish the final reports of the International Geodynamics Program and required close cooperation with the Inter‐Union Commission on Geodynamics.
Early life history: A computer analysis
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Theoretical computer calculations, based in part on measurements of ‘young’ stars obtained with an orbiting telescope, may require a reexamination of some of the basic ideas about the composition of the earth's early atmosphere and the origin of life. According to Joel S. Levine, atmospheric geophysicist at the Langley Research Center, ‘the overwhelming majority of chemical evolution experiments since the first in 1952 may have been conducted with the wrong atmospheric mixture.’

Astronomical measurements indicate that considerably more ultraviolet (UV) radiation may have been emitted by the young sun in comparison to that emitted by the present sun. Therefore, high levels of such radiation from the young sun, potentially harmful to life, would have been striking the earth at the very time life was being formed.

Recent photochemical calculations by Levine and others at Langley state that at the time complex organic molecules (the precursors of living systems) were first formed from atmospheric gases the earth's atmosphere was not composed primarily of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, as was previously supposed; instead, it was composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor, all resulting from volcanic activity. The calculations indicate that both methane and ammonia were extremely short‐lived and that such an atmosphere was photochemically unstable if it existed at all.
Carbon Cycle Modelling
Authors: Walker James C. G.
Published: October 2011

The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was established in 1969 by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) to assemble, review, and assess information on man‐made environmental changes and the effects of these changes on man. The work of this committee has already resulted in 17 books dealing with a wide range of environmental problems, with particular emphasis on the needs of developing countries. The global carbon cycle was described and analyzed in SCOPE Report 13, published in 1979. The volume under review, SCOPE Report 16, carries this analysis further. It presents the results of a workshop on carbon cycle modeling held at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in March 1979. The goal of the workshop was to assess the status of quantitative models of the global carbon cycle, to compare the predictions of different models, to develop methods for testing the reliability of these predictions, and to suggest how future models might be made more realistic.
Introduction to Groundwater Modeling: Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods
Authors: Remson Irwin
Published: October 2011

This is the first textbook specifically designed for university courses in groundwater modeling. There are books devoted to the exposition of the mechanics of groundwater, to the mathematics of finite differences and finite elements, and to overviews of modeling technology. However, this book leads the student from elementary concepts through the mathematics and modeling procedures and to the solution of problems.

The book is very readable and is aimed at the student whose preparation is limited to elementary calculus. More difficult and peripheral topics such as Anisotropy and Tensors, the Variational Method, Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements, and Analogies are reserved for appendices.
Memoirs Useful for the Natural History of Petrifactions in the Four Quarters of the World
Authors: Schneer Cecil J.
Published: October 2011

Louis Bourguet, the ‘Pliny of Neuchâtel,’ is described in the thoughtful introduction to this translation as a second‐echelon member of the early 18th century scientific community. When he was 7 years old, his Huguenot family was driven from France by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They established a precarious manufacturing and mercantile life in Lausanne and Zurich, with Louis eventually settling in Neuchâtel, an existence that included years of work in Northern Italy and the study of archaeology, the Hebrew Talmud, and the geology of the Jura. His major work published in 1729, On the Nature of Salts and Crystals, included a memoir theory of the earth. Although these works were reviewed at length on appearance and went through several editions, and although Bourguet corresponded with 70 significant scientists enjoying the esteem of such men as Leibniz, Vallisnieri, de Jussieu, Scheuchzer, etc., he seems even in his own time to have been neglected. He does not appear in the historical section with which Charles Lyell opened his Principles, nor is he mentioned in Giekie's Founders of Geology or by Adams. This translation of Bourguet's Memoirs is part of a reappraisal that has generated a stream of papers over the last decade. The earlier neglect of Bourguet was probably due to his strict diluvialist theory of the earth, an approach in sharp contradiction to the main thrust of the emergent natural science of the Age of Reason.
Ariane fails
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

On September 10, 1982, a French Ariane rocket failed during launch from its maker's pads located in Kourou, Guiana, on the northern coast of South America. This was the second failure out of five attempted flights for the commercial rocket upon which the hopes and numerous payloads of ESA, the European Space Agency, are to ride. The European space community, including geophysical, commercial, and military interests, concludes that only three successes out of five attempts are not at all satisfactory (New Scientist, Sept. 16, 1982; Nature, Sept. 16, 1982).

Ariane has been widely trumpeted as a strong competitor for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Delta and space shuttle launchers and as an instant, cheap solution to the problems of placing scientific and communications satellites into orbit. The costs of losing the fifth Ariane are high—on the order of $70 million, after insurance coverage. Doubts about using Ariane for future missions have been raised; when Ariane crashed into the Atlantic, it carried with it two satellites, the Marecs B, for marine communications, and the Sirio 2, an Italian telecommunications satellite. There are fears that EXOSAT, the European Space Agency's X ray astronomy observatory satellite may not make the planned flight launch window of November 1982.
Multidisciplinary program to study warm core rings
Authors: Schink David , McCarthy James , Joyce Terrence , Flierl Glenn , Wiebe Peter , Kester Dana
Published: October 2011

A major research program is underway, sponsored principally by the National Science Foundation, to study warm core rings off t he East Coast of the United States. The program involves more than 25 principal investigators and 13 different institutions. The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is actively participating through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) a n d their National Earth Satellite Service. NASA is cooperating with aircraft overflights during cruises and by sponsoring some shipboard work.
Polar predictions
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A milder than normal winter is in store for the east coast of the United States, while the western half of the country will be colder than normal. That's the word from both the National Weather Service (NWS) and research meteorologist Jerome Namias. Their independent predictions are polar opposites of those offered by some other meteorologists and the Old Farmer's Almanac, both of which forecast one of the more blustery, chilly winters of the century. NWS and Namias also say that most of the nation will be wetter than usual. A warm patch of water in the equatorial Pacific is a key factor in the predicted patterns, each say.
The Encyclopedia of Mineralogy
Authors: Rapp George
Published: October 2011

This volume is the tenth in the ambitious Encyclopedia of Earth Science series. In addition to the standard short encyclopedia‐style articles, it contains an alphabetical list of 3000 mineral species, groups, varieties, and mineraloids (which, following Fleischer, is called a glossary); this glossary presents basic physical and chemical properties for each entry.

Editor Keith Frye has made a major effort, detailed in the preface, to assist the reader/user in avoiding many of the pitfalls in mineral nomenclature. For example, the book presents the names of valid mineral species in lower‐case italic type, the names of series or groups in boldface italic letters, while varieties (and synonyms) are set in roman typeface. The worthwhile preface also contains a list, with addresses and date of first publication, of the world's 178 most important journals where mineral data are published. Also included are lists of the important mineral reference books and textbooks on mineralogy. The articles include one on museums with a 32‐page table of museums with addresses, size of collection, and specialties.
Physical Principles of Exploration Methods
Authors: Hinze William J.
Published: October 2011

The subtitle of this book An Introductory Text for Geology and Geophysics Students, is appropriate. Beck has achieved his goal of providing a useful textbook for an introductory undergraduate course in exploration geophysics with an emphasis on basic physical principles. The remarkable aspect of this book is that the fundamental physics of geophysical exploration is explained in a very readable fashion without overwhelming the student mathematically because derivations do not go beyond basic calculus. Furthermore, the importance of geology and rock properties to planning and interpreting geophysical measurements are not lost in the discussion of the physics of the problem.
Flooding in Midwest, East remains dry
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The record‐breaking flooding over much of the Mississippi River valley during the first week in December followed a month of generally above‐average streamflow conditions throughout much of the Midwest and the Great Plains, while streamflow in much of the Northeast and Middle Atlantic states was below average during November, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

USGS hydrologists reported that recordbreaking, 100‐year floods occurred on major streams in Arkansas, Illinois, and Missouri. Peak floodflow discharges at 17 of the gaging stations in the three‐state area were equal to or greater than a 100‐year flood. This means that, on the long‐term average, there is a less than 1% chance of a flood of this magnitude occurring in any given year.
Commercial LANDSAT?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Private industry should assume responsibility either for the United States' land satellite (LANDSAT) system or for both the land and the weather satellite systems, recommends the Land Remote Sensing Satellite Advisory Committee. The committee (Eos, June 29, 1982, p. 553), composed of representatives from academia, industry, and government, has a working group that is evaluating the potential for commercialization of remote sensing satellites.

The recommendations call for industry ownership or operation of either or both of the remote sensing systems, but only up to and including the holding of raw, unprocessed data. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) currently operates LANDSAT but will be relinquishing its responsibility to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on January 31. NOAA already operates the U.S. civilian weather satellite service, which includes the NOAA‐5, NOAA‐6, and the Geostationary Operational Environmental (GOES) satellites (Eos, June 2, 1981, p. 522).
Oceanography survey
Authors: Vetter Richard C.
Published: October 2011

The following report highlights data on age, sex, race, education, expertise, employment activities, and career histories of more than 4000 U.S. marine scientists obtained from a 1980 questionnaire sent to all of the oceanographic laboratories in the United States in order to procure information for the 1982 U.S. Directory of Marine Scientists (available from National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., $12.25). Of those responding, 93% were male, 95% were U.S. citizens, 93% were white, and their median age was 40.
Toward a United States Arctic research policy
Authors: Roederer Juan G.
Published: October 2011

Of all countries bordering on the Arctic, the United States is the only one without a national institute, laboratory, or any other organization devoted to the sustained planning and support of Arctic research. Up to now, the responsibility for planning, implementing, and funding Arctic research has been divided between several federal agencies, the state of Alaska, and private groups whose mandates or objectives are often unconnected.

The result of this pluralistic approach to U.S. science in the Arctic is that basic research has been conducted in piecemeal fashion. Individual studies are proposed and supported separately, and their costly logistic requirements must be funded in competition with research carried out under less‐demanding environmental conditions in the rest of the country. Fundamental data‐gathering and interpretation of information has been the responsibility of public agencies whose missions are separate and whose budgets may not reflect the priorities of Arctic issues.
Continental scientific drilling at Long Valley‐Mono Craters
Authors: Rundle J. B. , Eichelberger J. C.
Published: October 2011

Deep drilling is an important means of exploring the structure and conditions within continental crust. It is recognized as an important tool in understanding the structure of continental basement rocks, the nature and properties of thermal and volcanic regimes, the amount and character of mineral resources, the causes and consequences of earthquakes, and in testing geophysical interpretations based on surface and near‐surface observations [U.S. Geodynamics Committee, 1979]. A major basic research program, funded principally by the Department of Energy and the U.S. Geological Survey, is now underway to assess the suitability of the Long Valley‐Mono Craters volcanic complex for deep drilling under the auspices of the thermal regimes portion of the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP). Scientific investigators participating in the site assessment represent several agencies, national laboratories, and universities, as well as the private sector.
Wet December for nation's streams
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Much of the nation experienced a very wet December, with 60% of the key index gaging stations in parts of 23 states reporting flows within the highest 25% of record, and record high December flows were set on key index stations in at least 14 states, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

As a further indication of the wet December conditions, USGS hydrologists said that the combined flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers (Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Ohio, and Missouri), which was boosted by runoff from rain‐swollen streams, ended the year on a wet note, averaging 1203 billion gallons a day (bgd) during December, almost twice the average for the month and the seventh straight month that flows have been above average.
Expedition invites research opportunities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A Long Lines Expedition for Hydrographic stations will be made along the Greenwich meridian from 7°N to 35°S, with a port stop at Capetown, South Africa, then southward to Antarctica and westward through the Scotia Sea, ending at Punta Arenas, Chile. The work will begin in the fall of 1983 and finish early in 1984. Surface to bottom measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrients will be made at approximately 110 km intervals. The purpose of the expedition is to collect data to study the general circulation of the eastern South Atlantic Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the eastern extension of the Weddell Gyre, the flow of deep water from the Weddell Sea that extends northward east of the South Sandwich Ridge, and the regional oceanography of the Scotia Sea.
The Spindle Stage: Principles and Practice
Authors: Rosenfeld John L.
Published: October 2011

When I published my first paper [Rosenfeld, 1950], one on what is now called the spindle stage, describing a simple device and conoscopic method for both orientation and measurement of the principal refractive indices of an optically anisotropic crystal, the existing determinative methods were clumsy, slow, and subject to error. At that time, refractive indices, inadequate though they appear in hindsight, played a large role in determining the compositions of nonopaque crystalline materials; and any improvement in optical methodology was welcome. The advent of the electron microprobe in the early sixties, capable of rapid and accurate chemical analysis, largely displaced the methods of chemical analysis relying on measurement of refractive indices. This change was reflected in many courses in optical mineralogy by deemphasis of the use of smelly and toxic refractive index liquids. The time freed was used for more intensive study of thin sections, a necessary kind of study for the formulation of penological problems if the electron probe is to be used effectively. However, the probe did not make use of the spindle stage totally obsolete for economic reasons and because, while the probe is essentially limited to determination of elemental composition, the optical properties determined with the spindle stage reflect features of the structural state of the mineral being examined and, in many cases, the valence state of contained elements. That knowledge can be useful to the petrologist. Further, for untwinned or singly twinned crystals a well‐designed and well‐constructed spindle stage on a good microscope is inherently superior to the more widely used universal stage because of low cost, accuracy, simpler geometry (with consequent need for few if any corrections in its application), and much greater procedural simplicity. As an example, a reasonably skilled microscopist can use the spindle stage both to determine the composition and to discriminate among structural states for a plagioclase feldspar grain in less than a half‐hour. But even for this last task, the method of the spindle stage would seem to be inferior to that of X ray diffraction with regard to structural state. Thus, in perspective, the method of the spindle stage is elegant where optical properties constitute an end in themselves, but commonly achieves only ‘quick and dirty’ results where penological goals dominate. I believe the petrological literature reflects that perspective even though there are doubtless many papers that reflect elaborate and costly methods when ‘quick and dirty’ results would have been sufficient for the task at hand.
Principles of Geodynamics
Authors: Morgan Paul
Published: October 2011

Twenty years ago, when the second edition of Adrian Scheidegger's Principles of Geodynamics was published, the study of geodynamics, the internal processes of the earth, was a specialist subject. Within a decade, new and old concepts were pulled together in the unifying working hypothesis of plate tectonics, providing a global kinematic model of the upper layer of the earth. Much remains to be learned about geodynamics, but, during the last decade, in the framework of plate tectonics, it has become a valuable tool in our understanding of most dynamic geological processes. In the preface of the third edition, Scheidegger states that, ‘Although the headings of the chapters and sections are much the same as in previous editions, it will be found that most of the material is, in fact, new.’ This new look at the subject is timely, because although many basic concepts of geodynamics have not changed in the past 20 years, our approach to these concepts has been radically reoriented.
Ocean data tapes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Magnetic tape copies of the two data sets used to prepare the Southern Ocean Atlas (Eos, August 3, 1982, p. 595) are available from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC).

The atlas data set is a screened and edited set of hydrographic station data that includes 6,313 stations. The grid point data set was produced by interpolating the hydrographic data to the points of a circumpolar grid system between 30°S and 80°S with 47 standard levels in the vertical direction.
Mount Erebus activity
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

An international team of scientists reports that unusually high seismic activity joggled Mount Erebus last fall. However, the Antarctic volcano showed no external signs of an eruption.

When scientists from the United States, Japan, and New Zealand returned to the world's southernmost active volcano last November for their annual field expedition, they found that seismic stations recorded 650 small tremors on October 8; prior to that, the number of quakes had averaged between 20 and 80 per day. The October 8 maximum was followed by 140 on October 9 and 120 on October 10. Philip R. Kyle, assistant professor of geochemistry at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro and leader of the team studying Mount Erebus, noted that some of the strongest earthquakes recorded during the team's 3 years of observations occurred on October 8; these registered less than 2 on the Richter scale.
Weather, land satellite sale
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

President Ronald Reagan announced on March 8 plans to sell to private industry the nation's land and meteorological remote‐sensing satellites, including the responsibility for any future ocean‐observing systems. According to the plan, the private firm successful in its bid to buy the five satellites would sell back to the government the data received by the satellites. The Reagan administration says the sale will save money and will put activities appropriate for commercial ventures into the commercial sector. Response to the announcement from scientists and congressmen has been anything but dulcet; one senator, in fact, charges that the Commerce Department and the corporation most likely to purchase the satellites are engaged in a ‘sweetheart deal.’
Registering hydrologists
Authors: Bradley Michael D. , Buras Nathan , Davis Donald R. , Davis Stanley N. , Duckstein Lucien , Dworkin Judith M. , Ince Simon , Maddock Thomas , Neuman Shlomo P. , Simpson Eugene S. , Sorooshian Soroosh , Thompson Glenn M.
Published: October 2011

A nationwide attempt is being made to promote an organization which calls itself ‘American Institute of Hydrology’ which will register hydrologists. The announcement which was circulated mentions that a provision is being made that those responding prior to June 30, 1983, will not be required to take an examination prior to registration.

While the undersigned are not necessarily taking issue with the general concept of registration, we do object to what appears to be the almost total lack of involvement of the profession as a whole in the planning and execution of this process. To be valid, such action needs the considered advice and active involvement of representatives from the American Geophysical Union, American Society of Civil Engineers, Geological Society of America, American Water Resources Association, and all other organizations in which hydrologists make up a significant number of the membership.
Return to the Moon: Viable?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The question of when the United States would again place man on the moon was the emphasis of three special sessions at the Fourteenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, Texas, last month. There was a hint of credibility to these discussions after an opening address by Hans Mark, Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Mark noted that the technology exists to build a space station on the moon and to operate it for a reasonable cost. He noted the scientific advantages, some of which involved obtaining more ‘ground truth’ on the moon to form a basis for studies of the solar system. He also touched upon interest in the earth‐moon system.
NATO postdoctoral fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Three of the 50 people receiving North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Postdoctoral Fellowships in Science will study geophysics or a geophysics‐related discipline. The fellowships, announced by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of State, are awarded to young scientists for full‐time postgraduate study abroad at institutions and laboratories in NATO countries or in countries that cooperate with NATO.

Gordon N. Shudofsky, currently studying at Princeton University, plans to do geophysics research at the State University at Utrecht in The Netherlands. Hsueh‐tze Lee, currently at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, will study biological oceanography at the Station Zoologique, France (Villefranch‐surmer). Charles D. Whiteman, now at the Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, will study atmospheric sciences at the University of Innsbruck in Austria.
The HILAT program
Authors: Fremouw E. J. , Rino C. L. , Vickrey J. F. , Hardy D. A. , Huffmnan R. E. , Rich F. J. , Meng C.‐I. , Potocki K. A. , Potemra T. A. , Hanson W. B. , Heelis R. A. , Wittwer L. A.
Published: October 2011

The HILAT satellite is scheduled to be launched June 1983 into a circular, 830‐km‐altitude orbit with an 82.2° inclination. This spacecraft is a modified U.S. Navy TRANSIT navigation satellite and will conduct a unique combination of experiments: (1) transmissions of radio signals from the spacecraft to surface stations for measurements of ionospheric scintillations and total electron content (TEC), (2) in situ measurements of plasma density, electric fields, magnetic fields, and soft electron fluxes, and (3) visible photometric measurement and UV imaging of aurora and airglow. The objective of this mission is to provide definition information on the formation, development, transport, and decay of plasma density irregularities in the high‐latitude ionosphere; the relationship of these plasma processes to auroral and polar cap current systems, electric fields, convective flow patterns, and low‐energy electron distributions; and the relationship of these plasma processes to the global distribution of auroral phenomena during quiet and substorm periods and during various interplanetary conditions.