bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Education and Information Source on Consumer Awareness of Diet–Disease Relationships
Authors: Teisl Mario F. , Levy Alan S. , Derby Brenda M.
Published: January 2019

Information about diet-disease relationships provided by the news media is associated with increases in consumer awareness of these relationships. However, consumer awareness levels have declined during time periods when nutrient information increasingly was provided in food advertising. People with higher (lower) education levels were more (less) aware of diet–disease relationships. In general, the authors do not find strong evidence that media- or firm-provided information decreases the difference in awareness between more and less educated persons.
GABA Transaminase Deficiency With Survival Into Adulthood
Authors: Hegde Anaita U. , Karnavat Purva K. , Vyas R. , DiBacco Melissa L. , Grant P. Ellen , Pearl Phillip L.
Published: January 2019

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-transaminase deficiency is an ultra-rare disorder of GABA metabolism that was described for decades as an early-onset epileptic encephalopathy plus movement disorder and hypersomnolence with mortality in early childhood. We report 2 affected siblings in adolescence and adulthood, both with profound developmental impairment, intractable epilepsy, movement disorder, and behavioral fluctuations. This considerably expands the phenotype and longevity of this inherited neurotransmitter disease.
Identification of specific integrin cross-talk for dermal fibroblast cell adhesion using a mixed peptide-chitosan matrix
Authors: Hozumi Kentaro , Teranishi Yui , Enomoto Sayaka , Katagiri Fumihiko , Kikkawa Yamato , Nomizu Motoyoshi
Published: January 2019

Extracellular matrix molecules are recognized by several integrin subtypes, making identification of cross-talk among different integrin subtypes difficult. Here, we evaluated the cross-talk of integrin subtypes using four different integrin-binding peptides (FIB1; integrin αvβ3/α5β1, A2G10; integrin α6β1, EF1zz; integrin α2β1, or 531; integrin α3β1) derived from extracellular matrix molecules. Various combinations of two different integrin-binding peptides were mixed and conjugated on a chitosan matrix at various molar ratios and were evaluated for cell attachment activity. FIB1/A2G10 (molar ratio 5:5; total 10 nmol/well)-chitosan matrix significantly enhanced cell attachment activity compared with sum of the cell attachment activity on FIB1 (5 nmol/well)-chitosan matrices and A2G10 (5 nmol/well)-chitosan matrices, respectively. However, none of the other peptides showed a significant activity change when they were mixed and conjugated on a chitosan matrix. We investigated the mechanisms of this enhancement. FIB1/A2G10 (8:2 or 6:4)-chitosan matrix increased the cell spreading, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase at Y397, and slightly decreased phosphorylation of caveolin-1 at Y14 in fibroblasts compared with FIB1-chitosan and A2G10-chitosan matrices. These results indicate that FIB1/A2G10 (8:2 or 6:4)-chitosan matrix synergistically enhances cell attachment, suggesting that integrins αvβ3/α5β1 and α6β1 are involved in a cross-talk and synergistically enhance cell attachment. These findings also suggest that the mixed peptide-chitosan matrix system can regulate the ratio of two different peptides and is useful for evaluating cellular functions through receptor-specific cross-talk. Further, FIB1/A2G10 (8:2 or 6:4)-chitosan matrix could be a useful material for tissue engineering.
Predictors of visual impairment in primary and secondary glaucoma in a tertiary institute in North India
Authors: Raj Srishti , Savla Laxmi Prabhavathi , Thattaruthody Faisal , Seth Natasha Gautam , Kaushik Sushmita , Pandav Surinder Singh
Published: January 2019

Aim:

To find out and compare various predictors of glaucoma-related visual impairments in primary and secondary glaucoma.

Methods:

A prospective observational study of patients, who were above 30 years of age. They were diagnosed as primary/secondary glaucoma with visual acuity <20/200 Snellen’s/visual field showing less than 20° isopter in at least one eye, with a minimum follow-up of one year at a tertiary center. Patients were classified into advanced and end-stage glaucoma and outcome was assessed according to visual acuity and visual fields to see predictors of visual impairments.

Results:

There were 169 (99 primary/70 secondary) glaucoma patients with mean age of 62.67 ± 11.9 and 54.65 ± 15.26 years, respectively. Trauma (21.4%), complicated cataract surgery (15.7%), and silicon oil tamponade (14.3%) were common causes of secondary glaucoma. There was significant delay in diagnosis in primary compared to secondary glaucoma (57.57% vs 32.85%) and non-compliance was significantly higher in primary glaucoma (34.3% vs 17.1%, p = 0.01). In univariate analysis, literacy, income status, locality, and delayed or missed diagnosis were found to be significant (p < 0.05) according to visual acuity criteria. Out of the 33 patients who had undergone glaucoma filtration surgery, 18 (54.5%) were in the end-stage group. While 105 (77.2%) of 136 patients who were not subjected to any glaucoma filtration surgery reached end-stage glaucoma as per visual fields criteria (p = 0.011).

Conclusion:

Lack of awareness, delayed diagnosis, low literacy, and income were associated with poor visual outcome. Patients who underwent glaucoma filtration surgery had significantly better visual outcome in comparison to patients managed medically.
Does rural health system reform aimed at improving access to primary health care affect hospitalization rates? An interrupted time series analysis of national policy reforms in Iran
Authors: Rashidian Arash , Salavati Sedigheh , Hajimahmoodi Hanan , Kheirandish Mehrnaz
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of rural health insurance and family physician reforms on hospitalization rates in Iran.

Methods

An interrupted time series analysis of national monthly hospitalization rates in Iran (2003–2014), starting from two years before the intervention. Segmented regression analysis was used to assess the effects of the reforms on hospitalization rates.

Results

The analyses showed that hospitalization rates increased one year after the initiation of the reforms: 1.55 (95% CI: 1.24–1.86) additional hospitalizations per 1000 rural inhabitants per month (‘immediate effect’). This increase was followed by a further gradual increase of 0.034 per 1000 inhabitants per month (95% CI: 0.02–0.04). The gradual monthly increase continued for two years after the reforms. The higher hospitalization rates were maintained in the following years. We observed a significant increase in hospitalization rates at a national level in rural areas that continued for over 10 years after the policy implementation.

Conclusion

Primary health care reforms are often proposed for their efficiency outcomes (i.e. reduction in costs and use of hospitals) as well as their impact on improving health outcomes. We demonstrated that in populations with unmet needs, such reforms are likely to substantially increase hospitalization rates. This is an important consideration for successful design and implementation of interventions aimed at achieving universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries.
Plasma NAP-2 levels are associated with critical limb ischemia in peripheral arterial disease patients
Authors: Wang Xiufang , Li Juyi , Gan Liming , Liu Qun
Published: January 2019

Our study evaluates the relationship between plasma neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2) levels and critical limb ischemia (CLI); 189 subjects were enrolled in this study: 59 subjects with CLI and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 45 subjects with CLI and no T2DM, 43 patients with T2DM and no CLI, and 42 without both T2DM and CLI. Subjects with CLI had higher plasma levels of NAP-2 than those of the healthy group (2.04 ± 0.06 ng/mL vs. 1.75 ± 0.09 ng/mL, P = 0.011). Subjects with CLI and T2DM had higher plasma levels of NAP-2 than those of the T2DM group (2.08 ± 0.08 ng/mL vs. 1.73 ± 0.10 ng/mL, P = 0.007). However, subjects with CLI including CLI and T2DM+CLI had higher plasma levels of NAP-2 than those of the non-CLI group including healthy and T2DM group (2.06 ± 0.05 ng/mL vs. 1.74 ± 0.07 ng/mL, P < 0.001). The ankle brachial index (ABI) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly and negatively correlated with plasma NAP-2 levels (rho = −0.250, P = 0.001; rho = −0.162, P = 0.026, respectively). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) positively correlated with plasma NAP-2 levels (rho = 0.187, P = 0.010). When adjusting for the factors, plasma NAP-2 levels were still significantly correlated with CLI (odds ratio = 11.543, 95% confidence intervals: 1.327–100.403, P = 0.027). The area under the curve (AUC) of NAP-2+confounders was 0.992 (95% confidence intervals 0.981 to 1.003, P < 0.001) and it was higher than those of NAP-2 alone (95% confidence intervals 0.241 to 0.407, P < 0.001) and confounders alone (AUC = 0.990, 95% confidence intervals −0.013 to 0.018, P = 0.797). In conclusion, elevated plasma NAP-2 was independently associated with CLI, but it was not correlated with T2DM. Plasma NAP-2 levels might be an early CLI diagnostic biomarker and might provide a novel target for CLI treatment.

Impact statement

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious arterial obstruction, resulting in serious reduction of blood flow to the extremities. CLI is a symptomatic disorder and is frequently not diagnosed in time. This results in a high mortality and elevated risk of limb amputation. Serum or plasma biomarkers play important roles in disease prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis. Elevated plasma neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2) was found independently associated with CLI, but not with T2DM. Plasma NAP-2 levels might be an early CLI diagnostic biomarker and might provide a novel target for CLI treatment.
A review on advanced nanofiber technology for membrane distillation
Authors: Yalcinkaya Fatma
Published: January 2019

The importance of the nanofiber webs increases rapidly due to their highly porous structure, narrow pore size, and distribution; specific surface area and compatibility with inorganics. Electrospinning has been introduced as one of the most efficient technique for the fabrication of polymeric nanofibers due to its ability to fabricate nanostructures with unique properties such as a high surface area and porosity. The process and the operating parameters affect the nanofiber fabrication and the application of nanofibers in various fields, such as sensors, tissue engineering, wound dressing, protective clothes, filtration, desalination, and distillation. In this review, a comprehensive study is presented on the parameters of electrospinning system including applications. More emphasis is given to the application of nanofibers in membrane distillation (MD). The research developments and the current situation of the nanofiber webs in MD are also discussed.
Reliability of shear wave elastography ultrasound to assess the supraspinatus tendon: An intra and inter-rater in vivo study
Authors: Hackett Lisa , Aveledo Ricardo , Lam Patrick H , Murrell George AC
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Shear wave elastography ultrasound is a relatively new technique that evaluates the tissue elasticity by applying an acoustic radiation force impulse. It is undetermined how reliable this modality is in assessing rotator cuff tendons. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the reliability of shear wave elastography ultrasound to assess the stiffness of normal and tendinopathic supraspinatus tendons.

Methods

An inter- and intra-rater reliability trial was carried out using shear wave elastography to assess the supraspinatus tendon at its distal insertion, by measuring shear wave velocity and elasticity. Twenty participants with a mean age of 37 (21–69) years old were evaluated. Ten subjects with normal supraspinatus tendon and 10 subjects with tendinopathic tendon were selected. The Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification program was used to generate the acoustic radiation force impulse and to obtain the elastography data. Three raters with different experience in conventional ultrasound were used for the inter-rater trial in normal tendons and the most experienced rater examined all subjects for the intra-rater reliability evaluation. Each rater obtained three readings in three different examinations per subject over a one-week period.

Results

The mean (±SEM) shear wave velocity for the normal supraspinatus tendon was 9.96 ± 0.02 m/s (=297 kPa), while in the tendinopathic supraspinatus tendon was 8.3 ± 0.2 m/s (=207 kPa) (p < 0.001). The intra-rater trial agreement was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96. In the inter-rater testing, the mean shear wave velocity in normal tendons was 9.90 ± 0.07 m/s (=294 kPa), with intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.45.

Conclusion

Shear wave elastography ultrasound was able to show that tendinopathic tendons were less stiff than normal tendons. It was a reliable imaging technique to assess the supraspinatus tendon, especially when used by a single experienced musculoskeletal sonographer.
The educational emphases of science teachers in US Evangelical Protestant high schools
Authors: Cheng Albert
Published: January 2019

I examine the levels of educational emphases that science teachers in Evangelical Protestant (EP) schools place on (i) teaching basic content knowledge, (ii) improving scientific reasoning skills, and (iii) presenting real-world applications of science. Using a nationally representative sample of US ninth-graders, I find differences in these educational emphases between science teachers in EP schools and science teachers in secular private, Catholic, and public schools. I also find suggestive evidence that differences in STEM-related student outcomes across school sectors, which have been demonstrated in prior research, are associated with cross-sector differences in the emphases of science teachers.
Using formative assessments to form Christian readers
Authors: Davis Lanta
Published: January 2019

As our practices often shape our attitudes, pedagogical methods may help students begin to cultivate religious ways of reading. Formative assessments play a large role in how our students encounter and engage with texts, yet as much as scholars have begun considering approaches to cultivating Christian pedagogical methods, assessment methods have received little attention. Inspired by ancient and medieval Christian reading practices, I have developed formative assessments that emulate traditional Christian responses to texts, including memorization, anthologies, commentaries, and creative projects. Because these methods seek wisdom while invoking the imagination, adopting them into formative assessments may help cultivate a disposition of humility and wonder.
How I manage ibrutinib intolerance and complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Stephens Deborah M. , Byrd John C.
Published: January 2019

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) therapy has changed dramatically with the introduction of several targeted therapeutics. Ibrutinib was the first approved for use in 2014 and now is used for initial and salvage therapy of CLL patients. With its widespread use in clinical practice, ibrutinib’s common and uncommon adverse events reported less frequently in earlier clinical trials have been experienced more frequently in real-world practice. In particular, atrial fibrillation, bleeding, infections, and arthralgias have been reported. The management of ibrutinib’s adverse events often cannot be generalized but must be individualized to the patient and their long-term risk of additional complications. When ibrutinib was initially developed, there were limited therapeutic alternatives for CLL, which often resulted in treating through the adverse events. At the present time, there are several effective alternative agents available, so transition to an alternative CLL directed therapy may be considered. Given the continued expansion of ibrutinib across many therapeutic areas, investigation of the pathogenesis of adverse events with this agent and also clinical trials examining therapeutic approaches for complications arising during therapy are needed. Herein, we provide strategies we use in real-world CLL clinical practice to address common adverse events associated with ibrutinib.
Defective negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling leads to excessive TNF-α in myeloproliferative neoplasm
Authors: Lai Hew Yeng , Brooks Stefan A. , Craver Brianna M. , Morse Sarah J. , Nguyen Thanh Kim , Haghighi Nahideh , Garbati Michael R. , Fleischman Angela G.
Published: January 2019

Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) have high levels of inflammatory cytokines, some of which drive many of the debilitating constitutional symptoms associated with the disease and may also promote expansion of the neoplastic clone. We report here that monocytes from patients with MPN have defective negative regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that leads to unrestrained production of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) after TLR activation. Specifically, monocytes of patients with MPN are insensitive to the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) that negatively regulates TLR-induced TNF-α production. This inability to respond to IL-10 is a not a direct consequence of JAK2V617F, as the phenotype of persistent TNF-α production is a feature of JAK2V617F and wild-type monocytes alike from JAK2V617F-positive patients. Moreover, persistent TNF-α production was also discovered in the unaffected identical twin of a patient with MPN, suggesting it could be an intrinsic feature of those predisposed to acquire MPN. This work implicates sustained TLR signaling as not only a contributor to the chronic inflammatory state of MPN patients but also a potential predisposition to acquire MPN.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Genistein inhibits stemness of SKOV3 cells induced by macrophages co-cultured with ovarian cancer stem-like cells through IL-8/STAT3 axis
Authors: Ning Yingxia , Feng Weifeng , Cao Xiaocheng , Ren Kaiqun , Quan Meifang , Chen A. , Xu Chang , Qiu Yebei , Cao Jianguo , Li Xiang , Luo Xin
Published: January 2019

Background

Recent studies showed that macrophages co-cultured with ovarian cancer stem-like cells (OCSLCs) induced SKOV3 cell stemness via IL-8/STAT3 signaling. Genistein (GEN) demonstrates chemopreventive activity in inflammation-associated cancers. The present study aimed to examine whether and if GEN inhibits the stemness of SKOV3 and OVCA-3R cells induced by co-culture of THP-1 macrophages and SKOV3-derived OCSLCs.

Methods

The co-culture was treated with or without different concentrations (10, 20, and 40 μmol/L) of GEN for 24 h. Depletion or addition of IL-8 in Co-CM and knockdown or overexpression of STAT3 in THP-1 macrophages was performed to demonstrate the possible associated mechanisms. The combined effects of GEN and STAT3 knockdown were examined with the nude mouse modle by co-injection of SKOV3-derived OCSLCs with THP-1 macrophages.

Results

Our results showed that GEN down-regulated CD163 and p-STAT3 expression of THP-1 macrophage, decreased the levels of IL-10, increased the levels of IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) in the conditioned medium, and reduced the clonogenic and sphere-forming capacities and the expression of CD133 and CD44 in SKOV3 cells induced by co-culture of THP-1 macrophages and OCSLCs in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, depletion or addition of IL-8 enhanced or attenuated the effect of GEN. Additionally, knockdown or overepression of STAT3 in THP-1 macrophages potentiated or attenuated the inhibitory effects of GEN. Importantly, STAT3 overexpression retrieved the effects of IL-8 combined with GEN depletion on M2 polarization of THP-1 macrophages and stemness of SKOV3 cells induced by co-culture. The combination of GEN and STAT3 knockdown cooperatively inhibited the growth of tumors co-inoculated with OCSLCs/THP-1 macrophages in nude mice in vivo through blocking IL-8/STAT3 signaling.

Conclusions

In summary, our findings suggested that GEN can inhibit the increased M2 polarization of macrophages and stemness of ovarian cancer cells by co-culture of macrophages with OCSLCs through disrupting IL-8/STAT3 signaling axis. This assisted GEN to be as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in human ovarian cancer.
Origin of the Difference in Ion-Water Distances Determined by X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Measurements for Aqueous NaCl and KCl Solutions
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Ikeda Kazutaka , Otomo Toshiya
Published: January 2019

Experimental evidence has been presented on the difference in intermolecular ion-water distances obtained from X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. Simultaneous least squares fitting procedures were performed for X-ray and neutron interference terms observed for (NaCl)x(*H2O)1−x, (x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.098) and (KCl)x(*H2O)1−x, (x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.075) solutions at 25 °C, respectively. The null-water mixture was employed for neutron diffraction measurements for these solutions to eliminate structural contribution from hydrogen atoms. It has been revealed that the hydration numbers of Na+ and K+ are concentration dependent and the values for lower-concentration limit are 5 and 6, respectively. The nearest neighbor Na+⋯H2O and K+⋯H2O distances are obtained to be 2.36–2.37 and 2.75–2.82 Å, respectively. In order to examine the effect of the separate treatment of interactions between ion-oxygen and ion-hydrogen atoms in the X-ray model function, simultaneous fitting procedures were carried out for X-ray and neutron diffraction data observed for 9.8 mol% NaCl and 7.5 mol% KCl solutions by employing the individual atom model for the X-ray interference term. Obtained Na+⋯O and K+⋯O distances are ca. 0.02 Å shorter than those determined by the simultaneous fit employing the usual united model for water molecules. The nearest neighbor Cl−⋯O distance derived from the simultaneous fit by means of the individual atom model exhibits ca. 0.1 Å shorter than that obtained from the fit using the united atom model. The present Cl−⋯O distance agrees with that obtained from neutron diffraction measurements on 35Cl/37Cl isotopically substituted aqueous 5 mol% Na*Cl solutions in D2O. The simultaneous fitting analyses employing X-ray model function with the united and individual atom models of water molecule have revealed that the ion-oxygen (water) internuclear distance is significantly shorter than the average separation of electron clouds between ion and neighboring water molecule. The present results indicate that the difference in ion-water distance observed from X-ray and neutron diffraction studies mainly arises from the united atom model of X-ray diffraction data analysis assuming a spherical electron density around oxygen atom within the water molecules.
Fluorous Property of a Short Perfluoroalkyl-Containing Compound Realized by Self-Assembled Monolayer Technique on a Silicon Substrate
Authors: Kise Ryuma , Fukumi Aki , Shioya Nobutaka , Shimoaka Takafumi , Sonoyama Masashi , Amii Hideki , Takagi Toshiyuki , Kanamori Toshiyuki , Eda Kazuo , Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: January 2019

Fluorous properties represented by water-and-oil repellency are perfluoroalkyl (Rf) compound-specific characteristics, which are widely used for surface coating of glass, electronic devices and textiles for preventing water and grease fouling. According to the stratified dipole-arrays (SDA) theory, the minimum Rf length of (CF2)7 is theoretically necessary for realizing fluorous properties. Unfortunately, however, production of compounds involving this chemical unit is strictly banned because of concerns of environmental pollution, which is a big dilemma. Here, we show that the fluorous properties can be realized by self-assembled monolayer (SAM) even with a short Rf-containing compound, since the SAM technique makes the best use of the self-aggregation property of the Rf groups, and it readily makes the molecules immobile.
Raman and Fourier transform infrared hyperspectral imaging to study dairy residues on different surface
Authors: Caponigro V. , Marini F. , Dorrepaal R. , Herrero-Langreo A. , Scannell A. , Gowen A.
Published: January 2019

Milk is a complex emulsion of fat and water with proteins (such as caseins and whey), vitamins, minerals and
lactose dissolved within. The purpose of this study is to automatically distinguish different dairy residues on substrates
commonly used in the food industry using hyperspectral imaging. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman
hyperspectral imaging were compared as candidate techniques to achieve this goal. Aluminium and stainless-steel, types
304-2B and 316-2B, were chosen as surfaces due to their widespread use in food production. Spectra of dried samples
of whole, skimmed, protein, butter milk and butter were compared. The spectroscopic information collected was not only
affected by the chemical signal of the milk composition, but also by surface signals, evident as baseline and multiplicative
effects. In addition, the combination of the spectral information with spatial information can improve data interpretation in
terms of characterising spatial variability of the selected surfaces.
INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SEEDING NORMS ON CROP AND OIL OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF FOREST-STEPPE OF MIDDLE VOLGA REGION
Authors: Владимиров Владимир , Vladimirov Vladimir , Чугунов Евгений , Chugunov Evgeniy
Published: January 2019

The increase in productivity, quality of sunflower seeds is largely dependent on the optimal doses of fertilizers and plant density in relation to a particular variety and agroclimatic conditions of the region. The aim of our research was to study the effect of the seeding rate and the background of mineral nutrition on the productivity and quality of seeds of Orenbar sunflower hybrid. The application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N90P60K90 on average for four years ensured the formation of a crop with a planting density of 47 thousand pcs per hectare – 1.536 tons per hectare. As the seeding rate increased to 74 thousand pcs per hectare - the productivity increased by 0.376 tons per hectare and amounted to - 2.839 tons per hectare against the background of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N90P60K90. This variant had the highest oil yield – 1.463.9 kg per hectare.
THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSING OF SUNFLOWER HUSKS
Authors: Харьков Виталий , Har'kov Vitaliy , Тунцев Денис , Tuncev Denis , Кузнецов Максим , Kuznecov Maksim
Published: January 2019

The article discusses the study of the process of thermochemical processing of sunflower husk into liquid, solid and gaseous products. According to the statistics provided by Rosstat, sunflower is the traditional largest agricultural oil crop in Russia. To date, the gross seed collection of about 12 million tons per year. In the process of industrial production of sunflower oil during the entire production cycle, a large amount of plant waste, including husk seeds. Currently, there are many areas for the use of sunflower husk, the main of which is the production of feed additives for cattle. However, the presented areas of industrial application do not allow to fully process this valuable resource into cost-effective products, which leads to its accumulation. Analysis of the physical properties of sunflower husk showed a high calorific value of this biomass due to the high lignin content. Sunflower husk has a low ash content. These facts indicate the possibility of effectively using the husks as raw materials for the production of coal briquettes, liquid biofuels and gaseous products by the thermochemical method. Using standard techniques, the properties and chemical composition of selected samples of sunflower husk were determined. In order to identify the optimal parameters for the maximum yield of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis of sunflower husk, the experimental ways were determined dependences of the yield of products on the temperature of thermal decomposition. The study of the thermal decomposition of sunflower husk was carried out in isothermal conditions at temperatures of 450, 500, 550 and 600 ° C. The experiments were carried out in a periodic pyrolysis reactor of plant biomass. The results of studies on the yield of process products from the temperature of thermal decomposition of sunflower husk showed that the maximum yield of liquid product up to 43% occurs at a temperature of 550 ° C, and that of a solid product up to 35% at a temperature of 450 ° C. A further increase in the temperature of the pyrolysis process leads to an increase in the yield of the gaseous product.
PHYTOSANITARY FORECAST IS THE MORTGAGE OF OBTAINING A STABLE HARVEST
Authors: Коротков Анатолий , Korotkov Anatoliy , Короткова Зоя , Korotkova Zoya
Published: January 2019

The article presents monitoring data on the identification and determination of the species composition of phytophages and phytopathogens of ordinary hop plantings in the Chuvash Republic in conditions of high temperatures and a dry summer of 2018. Studies were conducted on hop plantations in the hop-growing enterprises of the Chuvash Republic in 2018. Methods of identifying, accounting for pests and diseases were carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations on the forecast of development and accounting of pests and diseases of agricultural plants. Observations on the species composition showed a stable structure of the species community. Against the background of high summer temperatures and droughts, there was a clear inhibition of pest populations, at the same time some species of phytophages felt well and adapted to these conditions, completed development cycles favorably, and left for wintering quite a lot. The greatest damage to hop planting this year was caused by an ordinary spider mite. The timely detection and localization of foci of spider mite gave the opportunity to prevent the spread, control the number and harmfulness.
Product Quality and Entering Through Tying: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Kim Hyunjin , Luca Michael
Published: January 2019

Dominant platform businesses often develop products in adjacent markets to complement their core business. One common approach used to gain traction in these adjacent markets has been to pursue a tying strategy. For example, Microsoft preinstalled Internet Explorer into Windows, and Apple set Apple Maps as the iOS default. Policymakers have raised concerns that dominant platforms may be leveraging their market power to gain traction for lower quality products when they use a tying strategy. In this paper, we empirically explore this question by examining Google’s decision to tie its new reviews product to its search engine. We experimentally vary the reviews displayed above Google’s organic search results to show either exclusively Google reviews (Google’s current tying strategy) or reviews from multiple platforms determined to be the best-performing by Google’s own organic search algorithm. We find that users prefer the version that does not exclude competitor reviews. Furthermore, looking at observational data on user traffic to Yelp from search engines, we find that Google’s exclusion of downstream competitors may have been effective. The share of Yelp’s traffic coming from Google has declined over this period, relative to traffic from Bing and Yahoo (which do not exclude other companies’ reviews), and Google reviews has grown more quickly than Yelp and TripAdvisor during the period in which they excluded these (and other) reviews providers. Overall, these results suggest that tying has the potential to facilitate entry in complementary markets even when the tied product is of worse quality than competitors.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3246 .

This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
Free school meals: Socio-ecological influences on school level take up of entitlement
Authors: Addis Samia , Murphy Simon
Published: January 2019

Background:

Free school meals have a role in supplementing the diets of children from low income families to ensure adequate nutritional status and ensure healthy growth and development. However, a sizeable proportion of those entitled to free school meals do not register, or once registered, do not take the meal. Previous research has identified individual factors which influence take up but does not necessarily place these factors within the wider context in which they occur.

Aims:

Using a socio-ecological approach, this paper reports a qualitative exploration of factors across a range of analytical levels (policy, community, organisation and individual) which influence parents and pupils in registering and using free school meal entitlement within the secondary school setting.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews with parents or carers (n=13) and pupils (n=19) were undertaken in four secondary schools within one local authority in Wales. Schools were selected to represent a range in terms of level of entitlement and uptake of free school meals and data were analysed using a framework approach.

Results:

In terms of policy, participants reported that the targeted and means tested nature of free school meal entitlement has an impact on some families. They also reported that there was potential for stigma, although this varied according to the level of entitlement within the community. Within the school setting (organisation) the degree to which free school meals were promoted and the processes in place to ensure anonymity for free school meal pupils were highlighted as factors that influenced uptake. At the individual level, the ability to conform to the consumption patterns and practices of the wider pupil population was important for free school meal pupils.

Conclusions:

The nature and implementation of free school meal policy has implications for pupils with entitlement. As a result, pupils on free school meals may struggle to participate in the food practices of the wider pupil population and this influences the uptake of entitlement.
Paths to growth: considerations when acquiring another business
Authors: Bernstein Adam
Published: January 2019

Many businesses will want to keep growing and expanding their companies and one way of doing this is by acquiring other businesses. Adam Bernstein discusses the pros and cons and explains the legal framework around acquisitions.
Equality and diversity training for care staff
Authors: Ashurst Adrian
Published: January 2019

With the recent Government campaign against discrimination, everyone is aware of the impact being targeted for being part of a minority can have on people. Adrian Ashurst tells how he trains nurses on equality, so that an inclusive care environment can be created.
News Analysis
Authors: McAlees Melissa
Published: January 2019

The funding gap in adult social care needs to be filled, therefore a new tax has been proposed. This tax will see the over-40s and over-65s pay more in order to bear the cost of later-life care.
A Research on the Characteristics of the Inspiring Teacher
Authors: Solpuk-Turhan Nihan , Parlakyildiz Belgin , Arslan Nihan , Gocen Gokcen , Yilmaz-Bingol Tugba
Published: January 2019

In this study, it was aimed to find out the characteristics of inspiring teachers who inspired teacher candidates to do teaching profession properly. In the study, “An Exploratory Sequential Design” a mixed method where qualitative and quantitative approaches are used concomitantly, was employed to determine the inspiring teacher characteristics. In this design, two steps were respectively followed by the researcher. In the first step grounded theory research design as a qualitative research design was used and in the second step survey research model as a quantitative research design was used. Inspiring Teacher Scale (ITS) was developed by the researchers to collect the data. In the second phase, the study group was extended to continue the quantitative studies. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used first to analyze the data. The results of analysis have demonstrated that the items loaded on four factors, which reflect inspiring teacher characteristics as “teacher communication”, “personal characteristics”, “professional development” and “supporting students in different ways”. Findings suggest that ITS, which has four-factor structures with 36 items, can be suggested as a valid and reliable instrument to determine the characteristics of inspiring teacher. Therefore, in this study the characteristics inspiring teachers were specified according to opinions of teacher candidates and presented to be o model for teacher candidates.
What is Known about Initial Teacher Education for Child Protection? A Protocol for a Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Walsh Kerryann , Howard Sarah , Hand Kirstine , Ey Lesley , Fenton Angela , Whiteford Chrystal
Published: January 2019

Child maltreatment is a serious problem, worldwide. Children and young people who have experienced maltreatment face multiple physical and mental health challenges which hinder their success at school and these adverse experiences makes them more challenging to teach than their non-maltreated peers. Increasingly, teachers are considered as an important part of the wider the child protection workforce as they are well-placed to intervene and prevent further harm. To fulfil this role effectively, teachers require requisite training beginning in initial teacher education programs. This paper is a protocol for a systematic scoping review that asks: “What is known about preservice/initial teacher education for child protection?”  Systematic scoping reviews are worthwhile and necessary in fields where research is diverse and needing of synthesis to identify strengths in the body of evidence and identify gaps to set new research directions. We will draw on Askey and O’Malley’s six-stage scoping review methodology to assess the scope, range, and nature of research activity on this topic. We will add an innovative seventh stage involving a commitment to disseminating and applying knowledge generated from the review. The research question has been established, and key terms defined (Stage 1). The search strategy has been devised, and searches have been run (Stage 2). Round 1 screening of titles and abstracts is completed and full text screening is currently in progress (Stage 3). To our knowledge this is the first attempt to systematically map the empirical literature on child protection in pre-service teacher education. When completed, this systematic scoping review will offer a comprehensive, transparent, and replicable way to assess the full scope of empirical research on this important topic of utmost educational relevance.
Sixth Grade Students’ Listening Comprehension of the Story Text
Authors: Babayigit Ozgur
Published: January 2019

The aim of this research is to investigate ability of sixth grade students’ comprehension the listened story text. The research is the survey type of quantitative research methods. The population of the study consisted of the sixth grade students of the middle schools in the city center of Yozgat, Turkey in the 2018-2019 academic years. A simple random cluster sampling method was used in the selection of the sample. A total of 369 sixth grade students are sample. As a data collection, a story text entitled “Hero of the Town” was used. Data were collected in October 2018. SPSS 21 program was used to analyze the data. The level of listening comprehension the sixth grade students to the story text is 77.46%. It is seen that the sixth grade girl students’ listening comprehension are better than boy students. The girls’ listening comprehension is higher than boys’ %8. 
Limited preoperative physical capacity continues to be associated with poor postoperative outcomes within a colorectal ERAS programme
Authors: McLennan E , Oliphant R , Moug SJ
Published: January 2019

Aim

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes aim to standardise perioperative care leading to optimal patient outcomes. Despite these programmes, variation in outcomes still persists. This study aimed to assess the influence of lifestyle factors on short-term outcomes after colorectal surgery within this optimal recovery programme.

Methods

Consecutive patients enrolled on an ERAS pathway who underwent elective colorectal surgery (June 2013 to July 2014) at one site were included. We used data routinely collected by ERAS nurse specialists and during preassessment to analyse association between patient and lifestyle factors and likelihood of developing postoperative complications or having an increased length of stay.

Results

A total of 199 patients were included: mean age 61.8 years (range 17–90 years) and 53.8% male. Age, sex, deprivation, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index or level of comorbidity were not associated with postoperative complications. Patients reporting limited preoperative physical capacity (unable to climb two flights of stairs) were more than four times as likely to have a postoperative complication on univariate analysis and were found to still have increased risk of postoperative complications on multivariate analysis. Patients reporting limited preoperative physical capacity were shown to have significantly longer hospital stay on univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, limited physical capacity was not associated with prolonged length of stay due to confounding factors of age and deprivation.

Conclusions

Limited physical capacity was the only patient and lifestyle factor associated with poorer postoperative complications and prolonged hospital stay after elective colorectal surgery within an ERAS programme. Consideration should be given to individualised prehabilitation that aims to increase physical capacity pre-operatively to improve patient outcomes.
Work That Mattered: Emmett McBain and the Creation of "Positive Realism" in Advertising
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: January 2019

Abstract: Emmett McBain was the original business partner of Chicago advertising legend Tom Burrell. In this article, Professor Jason P. Chambers examines McBain's history in the advertising industry prior to the two men joining forces in 1971. Burrell is often recognized as the creator of "positive realism" as an advertising approach to Black consumers. However, in this article, Chambers demonstrates how McBain began to develop the foundation for positive realism while working at the Vince Cullers agency, well before he partnered with Burrell. Additionally, the article examines how McBain's creation and application of the style were directly linked to his understanding of Black Power and the Black Arts movement of the 1960s. Just as Black artists of the period decried the creation of "art for art's sake," McBain brought a similar activist-inspired vision to his advertising work.
Accents and Ethnic Stereotypes in Radio Advertising: Implications for Spokesperson Selection
Authors: Bates Kenneth , Ivanic Aarti S. , Somasundaram T.
Published: January 2019

Abstract: Advertisers often employ accented spokespeople to promote products and services that are stereotypical of or related to a speaker's background. The current research examines the impact of using an accented spokesperson on listener evaluations of credibility, attitude toward the spokesperson, and the purchase likelihood of an advertised product/service. Using an ethnically and regionally diverse sample, this research indicates that accented radio advertisements are effective when the listener perceives the spokesperson as being ethnically similar. Additionally, this research illustrates that accented spokespersons can be effective in promoting stereotypical products/services; however the effect is limited to listeners that perceive ethnic similarity to the ad spokesperson. Advertising can have a profound impact on society whereby it has the ability to change perceptions and behaviors in both positive and negative ways. When designing advertisements, marketers are encouraged to be mindful of potential societal repercussions that come from their choices, such as spokesperson selection and the accents that are used.
Roundtable on Sex in Advertising, Part I
Authors: Bass Debra , Bronstein Carolyn , Kilbourne Jean , Lambiase Jacqueline , Mechlin David , Reichert Tom , Zuzarte Raquelle M. , O'Barr William M. , Timke Edward
Published: January 2019

Abstract: An important topic among academics and industry practitioners is how sex has been used in advertising. To contribute to this conversation, Advertising & Society Quarterly assembled a group of leading advertising practitioners, scholars, and activists at Duke University's Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History for a roundtable on sex in advertising. Part I of the Roundtable on Sex in Advertising covers the history of sex in advertising, the reasons why sex has been used in advertising, how sex has been used in advertising, men's and women's different treatments in advertisements involving sex, and the relationship between the concepts of gender and sex in advertising.
Fighting for a Positive Cultural Environment: An Interview with Jean Kilbourne
Authors: Kilbourne Jean , Timke Edward
Published: January 2019

Abstract: In this interview, Dr. Jean Kilbourne reflects on her 40-year career and how she has become one of the most prominent activists, speakers, and writers about advertising's place in society. In addition to telling the story of her career going back to the late 1960s, Kilbourne provides insights on many important topics: advertising's place in society, how advertising has objectified women with negative consequences, consumer agency, media literacy, the regulation of advertising, feminism, and what makes good advertising. She also tells the story of how her personal papers have come to be held at Duke University's John W.Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History. She concludes by offering advice to students, professors, and advertisers. Throughout the interview, Kilbourne calls for more media literacy and an advertising industry focused on empathy, equality, and values beyond consumerism.
Author Meets Critics: The End of Advertising: Why It Had to Die, and the Creative Resurrection to Come
Authors: Essex Andrew , Serazio Michael , Truss Mark , Timke Edward
Published: January 2019

Abstract: This talk centers on Andrew Essex's book The End of Advertising: Why It Had to Die and the Creative Resurrection to Come (Spiegel & Grau, 2017). A leading advertiser and two advertising scholars meet with Essex, a major advertising industry executive and former magazine editor, to discuss many topics covered in the book: challenges to advertising brought about by streaming media and ad blockers; ways to make advertising relevant in a media-saturated world; the limits of algorithmically-based programmatic advertising; the end of interruptive "command-and-control" advertising; infrastructural investment as a form of advertising and brand awareness; advertising's democratic and social responsibilities; advertising in a world of peak television; advertising's place in live sports; brands' involvement in politics; and privacy and Big Data.
Hope in an Ad: Teaching Consumerism and Idealized Womanhood Using 1920s Advertisements
Authors: Carter-David Siobhan
Published: January 2019

Abstract: Advertising is an effective way to teach college students in United States history courses about American culture. This article outlines how I use advertisements to help students understand the developing aims of advertising as an omnipresent industry by the 1920s, its relationship to the consumerism of the emergent white-collar class, and their connection to changing notions of baseline material comforts in American life. It demonstrates the ways that students learn how advertising aimed at single and married middle-class women in that era sought to tap into their insecurities using both age-old ideas about women's roles, more novel "scientific" reasoning, and new ideas about women's beauty and sexuality. Finally, this article illustrates how students might engage the contemporary relevance of advertising, consumerism, and sexism in women's representations in the media in consideration of how it impacts their own lives.