bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layer‐by‐layer deposition of antimicrobial polymers on cellulosic fibers: a new strategy to develop bioactive textiles
Authors: Gomes Ana P. , Mano João F. , Queiroz João A. , Gouveia Isabel C.
Published: August 2013

In recent years, there has been an increase of infectious diseases caused by different microorganisms and the development of antibiotic resistance. In this way, the search for new and efficient antibacterial materials is imperative. The main polysaccharides currently used in the biomedical and pharmaceutical domains are chitin and its derivative chitosan (CH) and alginates (ALG). In this study, a simple technique of Layer by Layer (LbL) of applying polycation CH and polyanion ALG was used to prepare CH/ALG multilayers on cotton samples via the electrostatic assembly with success. The CH/ALG cotton samples (functionalized) were investigated for their antibacterial properties towards Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia using the international standard method JIS L 1902:2002. The antibacterial activity of the functionalized samples was tested in terms of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, and results showed that the samples exhibited a bacteriostatic effect on the two bacteria tested, as expected. In addition, samples with five layers (CH/ALG/CH/ALG/CH) were more effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. This new coating for cellulosic fibers is a new strategy and may open new avenues for the development of antimicrobial polymers with potential application in health‐care field. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of corrugated composites using newspaper and biodegradable or nonbiodegradable resins and their mechanical properties
Authors: Nakamura R. , Netravali A.N.
Published: August 2013

In the present study advantage of composite formability was used in developing newspaper‐reinforced composites and corrugated boards using both biodegradable and nonbiodegradable resins. Tensile and bending properties were characterized. The corrugated board forming processes for water‐based biodegradable and nonbiodegradable resins have been described and their workability assessed. The paper forming process where the pulp fibers flow in preferred direction creates anisotropy of paper properties. This anisotropy is reflected in the composite properties as has been expected. The newspaper‐based composites and corrugated boards showed moderate tensile and flexural properties that are comparable to the conventional materials used. The properties obtained can be further improved by increasing the newspaper content and better resin penetration. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1863–1869, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of Small Combinatorial Libraries of Natural Products: Identification and Quantification of New Long‐chain 3‐Methyl‐2‐alkanones from the Root Essential Oil of Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Radulović Niko S. , Denić Marija S. , Stojanović‐Radić Zorica Z.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Recently, a potent anti‐staphylococcal activity of Inula helenium L. (Asteraceae) root essential oil was reported. Also, bioassay guided fractionation of the oil pointed to eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones and a series of unidentified constituents as the main carriers of the observed activity.

Objective

To identify nine new constituents (long‐chain 3‐methyl‐2‐alkanones) from a fraction of this root essential oil with a low minimum inhibitory concentration value (0.8 µg/mL) by employing a synthetic methodology that leads to the formation of a small combinatorial library of these compounds.

Methods

The identity of these constituents was inferred from mass spectral fragmentation patterns and GC retention data. A library of 3‐methyl‐2‐alkanones (C11–C19 homologous series) was synthesised in three steps starting from methyl acetoacetate and the corresponding alkyl halides. The synthetic library was also screened for in vitro anti‐microbial activity.

Results

Gas chromatographic analyses of I. helenium essential oil samples with spiked compounds from the synthesised library corroborated the tentative identifications of the long‐chain 3‐methyl‐2‐alkanones. The availability of these anti‐microbial compounds from this library made it possible to construct GC/FID calibration curves and determine their content in the plant material: 0.08 − 24.2 mg/100 g of dry roots.

Conclusion

The small combinatorial library approach enabled the first unequivocal identification of long‐chain 3‐methyl‐2‐alkanones as plant secondary metabolites, and, also, allowed determination of not only a single compound and biological properties, but those of a group of structurally related compounds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of symmetric and asymmetric pure polysulfone membranes for CO2 and CH4 separation
Authors: Moradihamedani Pourya , Ibrahim Nor Azowa , Yunus Wan Md Zin Wan , Yusof Nor Azah
Published: August 2013

Preparation of pure polysulfone (PSf) membrane for CO2/CH4 separation was aimed in this study. Accordingly, the effects of different variables such as: type and concentration of alcohol as external nonsolvent in the coagulation bath, solvent type in the casting solution and also presence of butanol (BuOH) as internal nonsolvent in polymer solution were examined. CO2 and CH4 permeabilities of prepared membranes in different coagulation baths follow this order: ethanol‐50% (EtOH‐50%) > isopropyl alcohol‐50% (IPA‐50%) > ethanol‐100% (EtOH‐100%) > IPA‐100%. According to scanning electron microscopy photographs, membrane asymmetry decreased in higher concentration of alcohols and a high symmetric membrane was prepared using IPA‐100% as external nonsolvent. CO2/CH4 selectivity improved in the following order: IPA‐100% > EtOH‐100% > IPA‐50% > EtOH‐50%. Then, a high CO2/CH4 selectivity (36.40) was obtained employing pure IPA in coagulation bath. When a mixture of NMP/THF was used instead of NMP as solvent, CO2/CH4 selectivity increased from 7.10 to 18.50. Thickness of membranes decreased from 124.70 to 72.11 μm by addition of BuOH concentration from 0 to 10 wt% as internal nonsolvent. Consequently, an enhancement in gas permeability was observed in higher BuOH concentrations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1686–1694, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of diamond‐like carbon overlay properties on refractive index sensitivity of nano‐coated optical fibres
Authors: Śmietana Mateusz , Dudek Mariusz , Koba Marcin , Michalak Bartosz
Published: August 2013

An application of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) nano‐coated optical fibre as a promising platform for external medium refractive index (RI) sensing is investigated. The DLC thin films are deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (RF PECVD) on fused‐silica core (Ø = 400 µm) of multimode polymer‐clad silica (PCS) optical fibres. The optical fibre sensor response to variations of the external RI for samples coated with DLC film for various thickness and optical properties of the film is measured, and compared to numerical simulations. We show that both optical properties and thickness of the DLC films depend on the deposition time. The effect has a strong impact on the optical response of the samples to variations of the external RI. The response is mainly influenced by the thickness and RI of the DLC overlay. Moreover, the response also depends on the investigated wavelength range. We show that for intensity‐based configuration at λ ∼ 490 nm, the DLC film thickness should reach about 80 nm. In such a configuration the sensitivity reaches over 2000% per RI unit (RIU). For wavelength‐based configuration, when shift of the intensity deep at λ ∼ 490 nm is considered, the thickness of the film should be as high as 120 nm. In such a configuration the sensitivity reaches 250 nm RIU−1.
Modification of structure and luminescence of ZnO nanopowder by the laser shock‐wave treatment
Authors: Zhyrovetsky V. , Kovalyuk B. , Mocharskyi V. , Nikiforov Yu. , Onisimchuk V. , Popovych D. , Serednytski A.
Published: August 2013

The paper presents the results of the ZnO nanopowder modification investigation by means of laser shock‐wave treatment. The peculiar effects of such treatment were studied at the energy density rate of ∼108–109 W/cm2. The ZnO nanopowder properties were explored by using such methods as X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and also by photoluminescence spectra decomposition analysis. The XRD study of ZnO nanopowder sample revealed its crystalline structure with the typical hexagonal wurtzite phase. It was also proved that laser shock‐wave treatment allows to essentially changing the aggregation level of nanopowder. Additionally, the photoluminescence spectra changes of ZnO naopowders were explored both under air ambient and vacuum for the initial and laser shock‐wave treated nanopowder. The decreasing intensity of green photoluminescence band and increasing intensity of the peak λ =430 nm was observed when ambient air pressure decreases. The registered changes of visible emission are referred to the modification of defect structure, especially oxygen defects. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vapour phase epitaxy of Cu2O on a‐plane Al2O3
Authors: Wagner Alexander , Scherg‐Kurmes Harald , Waag Andreas , Bakin Andrey
Published: August 2013

We present a vapour phase based approach for the epitaxial growth of Cu2O with the utilization of elemental copper and oxygen as precursor materials. At present the implementation of MOCVD approach is hampered by the absence of the chemical source of Cu with high enough vapour pressure at reasonable temperatures. Moreover, the use of elemental precursors has the advantage of less impurity incorporation during growth opposed to chemical vapour based growth methods. The influence of process parameters on the growth is discussed. High resolution X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal the growth of mainly the two (002) and (220) Cu2O orientations. Precise control of the growth parameters provides the reproducible growth of pure Cu2O phase without additional CuO formation. Epitaxial growth of Cu2O is demonstrated on a‐plane Al2O3 in the temperature range of 730 °C–870 °C. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of “moth‐eye” ZnO nanostructures on Si(111), c‐Al2O3, ZnO and steel substrates by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Sandana Vinod E. , Rogers David J. , Teherani Ferechteh Hosseini , Bove Philippe , Molinari Michael , Troyon Michel , Largeteau Alain , Demazeau Gérard , Scott Colin , Orsal Gaelle , Drouhin Henri‐Jean , Ougazzaden Abdallah , Razeghi Manijeh
Published: August 2013

Self‐forming, vertically‐aligned, arrays of black‐body‐like ZnO moth‐eye nanostructures were grown on Si(111), c‐Al2O3, ZnO and high manganese austenitic steel substrates using Pulsed Laser Deposition. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the nanostructures to be well‐crystallised wurtzite ZnO with strong preferential c‐axis crystallographic orientation along the growth direction for all the substrates. Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies revealed emission characteristic of the ZnO near band edge for all substrates. Such moth‐eye nanostructures have a graded effective refractive index and exhibit black‐body characteristics. Coatings with these features may offer improvements in photovoltaic and LED performance. Moreover, since ZnO nanostructures can be grown readily on a wide range of substrates it is suggested that such an approach could facilitate growth of GaN‐based devices on mismatched and/or technologically important substrates, which may have been inaccessible till present. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of surface roughness on Ge nanowire growth by MBE
Authors: Bansen Roman , Schmidtbauer Jan , Juda Uta , Markurt Toni , Teubner Thomas , Heimburger Robert , Boeck Torsten
Published: August 2013

magnified image

Significant substrate‐dependent variations in germanium nanowire (NW) growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were found, although nominally identical substrates were used. To investigate this phenomenon, the surfaces of Ge(111) wafers polished with different polishing cloths and different pressures during planarization were studied. Characterization by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed differences in surface roughness, which has an influence on the respective catalyst droplets' areal densities. These differences, however, manifest on larger scales and can only be determined by statistical evaluation of sufficiently large areas on the sample. This led to the conclusion, that even minor surface irregularities from chemical‐mechanical polishing (CMP) on otherwise atomically flat substrates can have a paramount influence on NW growth, if the scale on which these irregularities occur matches the scale or distance of the used catalyst droplets. It is assumed that small protrusions on the surface serve as pinning points to the droplets. This behavior promotes the vertical growth of NWs and avoids lateral movement of droplets or classical island formation. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advances in semiconductor nanowire growth on graphene
Authors: Mazid Munshi A. , Weman Helge
Published: August 2013

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Here we review the recent research activities on the epitaxial growth of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) on graphene substrates. Semiconductor NWs with quasi one‐dimensional structure have become an active research field due to their various interesting physical properties and potentials for future electronic and optoelectronic device applications, such as transistors, sensors, solar cells, light emitting diodes, and lasers. At almost the same time graphene, a two‐dimensional material made of carbon, was discovered and has gained an ever increasing interest during the last few years owing to its remarkable properties, including excellent electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical strength and flexibility. A hybrid structure by epitaxially growing semiconductor NWs on graphene could provide a new avenue for the development of future advanced NW‐based flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices. We address the challenges for the growth of semiconductor NWs on graphene, with a special focus on the III–V semiconductors, and highlight some potential applications of the NW/graphene hybrid system. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mobile satellite reception with DVB‐SH receiver architecture and performance
Authors: Gómez Amaia Añorga , Lipp Stefan , Leyh Martin , Niemann Bernhard
Published: August 2013

Within the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) family of standards, DVB‐SH (satellite to handheld devices) is the first standard for a hybrid system offering parallel reception of satellite and terrestrial signals. In this paper, we discuss the architecture and implementation of a full‐featured DVB‐SH receiver. In addition, a laboratory test bed including a DVB‐SH signal generator that can be used for DVB‐SH system validation and receiver characterization is presented. We provide some key results of receiver performance measurements in typical channel conditions. Finally, we highlight the advantage of a multi‐frequency network configuration in case of a hybrid reception scenario. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bemessung von Fachwerkknoten mit Kreishohlprofilen und Knotenblechen unter Zugbeanspruchung
Authors: Thiele Klaus , Reininghaus Matthias , Clobes Mathias , Minuth‐Hadi Florian
Published: August 2013

Die Bemessung von geschweißten Kreishohlprofil (KHP)‐Fachwerkknoten mit Knotenblechen unter Zugbeanspruchung ist in DIN EN 1993‐1‐8: 2010‐12 geregelt. Im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit wurde der Einfluss maßgebender geometrischer Parameter auf die Tragfähigkeit dieses Knotentyps experimentell und numerisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen zum einen erwartungsgemäß die Normnachweise, zum anderen werden der Gültigkeitsbereich der Bemessungsformeln sowie die zugrundeliegenden Versagensmechanismen veranschaulicht.

Design of plate to circular hollow section joints under tensile loads. The design of welded plate to circular hollow section (CHS)‐joints under tension is standardised according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐8: 2010‐12. By means of experimental and numerical investigations the influence of the most important parameters on the bearing capacity of this type of joint was investigated within the framework of a diploma thesis. The findings of these investigations confirm the existing design recommendations and illustrate the range of validity and occurring failure mechanisms.
Efficient β-cell regeneration by a combination of neogenesis and replication following β-cell ablation and reversal of pancreatic duct ligation
Authors: Hao Ergeng , Lee Seung-Hee , Levine Fred
Published: August 2013

Achieving efficient β-cell regeneration is a major goal of diabetes research. Previously, we found that a combination of β-cell ablation and pancreatic duct ligation led to β-cell regeneration by direct conversion from α-cells. Here, we studied the effect of surgical reversal of the duct ligation, finding that there was a wave of β-cell replication following reversal. The combination of β-cell neogenesis prior to reversal of the duct ligation and β-cell replication following reversal resulted in efficient β-cell regeneration and eventual recovery of function. This provides an important proof of principle that efficient β-cell regeneration is possible, even from a starting point of profound β-cell ablation. This has important implications for efforts to promote β-cell regeneration.
Brg1 is required for stem cell maintenance in the murine intestinal epithelium in a tissue-specific manner
Authors: Holik Aliaksei Z. , Krzystyniak Joanna , Young Madeleine , Richardson Kirsty , Jardé Thierry , Chambon Pierre , Shorning Boris Y. , Clarke Alan R.
Published: August 2013

Brg1 is a chromatin remodeling factor involved in mediation of a plethora of signaling pathways leading to its participation in various physiological processes both during development and in adult tissues. Among other signaling pathways, the Wnt pathway has been proposed to require Brg1 for transactivation of its target genes. Given the pivotal role of the Wnt pathway in the maintenance of normal intestinal homeostasis, we aimed to investigate the effects of Brg1 loss on the intestinal physiology. To this end, we deleted Brg1 in the murine small and large intestinal epithelia using a range of transgenic approaches. Pan-epithelial loss of Brg1 in the small intestine resulted in crypt ablation, while partial Brg1 deficiency led to gradual repopulation of the intestinal mucosa with wild-type cells. In contrast, Brg1 loss in the large intestinal epithelium was compensated by upregulation of Brm. We propose that while Brg1 is dispensable for the survival and function of the progenitor and differentiated cells in the murine intestinal epithelium, it is essential for the maintenance of the stem cell population in a tissue-specific manner.
A Holistic Categorization Framework for Literature on Engineering Change Management
Authors: Hamraz Bahram , Caldwell Nicholas H. M. , Clarkson P. John
Published: August 2013

Engineering changes are inevitable and might propagate within and across multiple boundaries. Their management has increasingly become relevant within the interdisciplinary field of systems engineering. A few literature categorization frameworks arising from literature reviews have been proposed to structure the research field of engineering change management. However, the literature reviews are limited in scope, and the existing categorization frameworks do not provide sufficient coverage of the research field in its broader context. This paper addresses both shortcomings. First, a new, holistic and process‐oriented literature categorization framework is proposed. Second, this proposed framework is used to categorize a comprehensive list of 427 publications in engineering change management. This categorization highlights not only research areas which have gained much attention, but also those where little research has been done. Third, a citation analysis is conducted which reveals the links between the publications and indicates the most cited publications. The result of this paper will help researchers and managers to (1) navigate through the state of the art in engineering change management, (2) position their work in the overall picture of engineering change management, (3) focus on the identified research gaps and weak points, and (4) search for further research and improvement opportunities. ©2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16
Plasmagestützte Flascheninnenbeschichtung
Authors: Bahroun Karim , Behm Henrik , Dahlmann Rainer , Hopmann Christian
Published: August 2013

Der Artikel beschreibt Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Barrierewirkung durch plasmapolymerisierte Sperrschichten auf Kunststoffgetränkeflaschen. Dabei wird eine Beschichtungsanlage im Labormassstab zur Bias‐gestützten Barriere‐Innenbeschichtung von PET‐Getränkeflaschen vorgestellt, die im Rahmen der Arbeiten konzipiert und erfolgreich in Betrieb genommen wurde. Dabei werden zwei Verfahrensvarianten untersucht; die Abscheidung von Barriereschichten im sogenannten In‐Plasma Prozess und der Einsatz einer einseitig angeregten Plasmaline. Vor‐ und Nachteile beider Verfahren werden in experimentellen Versuchsreihen ermittelt und im Hinblick auf die industrielle Anwendung zuammengestellt. Dabei kann die zu erwartende Barriereverbesserung, die eine Vorspannung des Substrats bietet, mit dem Faktor 2‐3 abgeschätzt werden. Weiterhin werden wesentliche Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung der Verfahren herausgearbeitet und mögliche Lösungsansätze aufg
ezeigt.
A vacuum arc plasma source with extended design
Authors: Lisenkov A. A. , Bystrov Yu. A. , Vetrov N. Z.
Published: August 2013

A vacuum‐arc plasma source having an extended design, operating in pulse regime and generating directed conveyer‐type flow was created and investigated. The identified regularity of development of arc discharge allowed controlling generation modes of the plasma source, providing the secure fixation of the cathode spots on the working surface and accelerated conversion of the cathode in the working mode. In this case each stage of development of arc discharge is determined by the conditions of existence of the cathode spots on the working surface of the cathode.
Conductance of slot channels formed by cylindrical walls
Authors: Salikeev Sergey , Burmistrov Aleksey , Bronshtein Mikhail , Fomina Marina
Published: August 2013

Gas flow through channels formed by cylindrical walls in molecular gas flow regime is considered in this work. Ex‐
perimentally obtained conductance of three types of channels in a wide pressure range is presented. Conductance in molecular flow regime is specified. Test particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) method is used for calculation of probability of molecule transition through channels formed by cylindrical walls when wall's radii and clearances vary. Generalization of calculated values is carried out, and a uniform formula for three types of channels is given. It can be used for gas flow in vacuum systems and oil‐free pumps such as scroll pumps and Roots pumps.
Entwicklung multifunktionaler, kubischer Bornitridschichten
Authors: Ulrich Sven , Ye Jian , Stüber Michael
Published: August 2013

Dicke, eigenspannungsarme, kubische Bornitridschichten können heute mit maßgeschneiderten Schichtkonzepten mit allen PVD‐ und PECVD‐Verfahren hergestellt werden. Dies lässt sich dadurch erreichen, dass man neben Bor und Stickstoff ein geeignetes drittes Element in der richtigen Konzentration in die Schicht einbaut, beispielsweise 5 at.−% Sauerstoff. Während des Schichtwachstums ist ein definierter, intensiver Ionenbeschuss notwendig, um eine Phasentransformation von hexagonalem zu kubischem Bornitrid zu erreichen. Die notwendigen Prozessparameter sind in sogenannten Parameterlandkarten dokumentiert und veröffentlicht. Nach der Schichtabscheidung schließt sich eine Wärmenachbehandlung im Vakuum für zwei Stunden bei 900°C an.
Climate policy and the ‘carbon haven’ effect
Authors: Branger Frédéric , Quirion Philippe
Published: August 2013

In a world with uneven climate policies, the carbon price differentials across regions could shift the production of energy‐intensive goods from carbon‐constrained countries to ‘carbon havens’, or countries with laxer climate policy. This would reduce the environmental benefits of the policy (carbon leakage) while potentially damaging the economy (competitiveness concerns). A review on these questions is provided in this article. First we discuss the main terms involved, such as carbon leakage, competitiveness, sectors at risk, or climate spillovers. Then we analyze the studies evaluating the carbon leakage risk. Most ex ante modeling studies conclude to leakage rates in the range of 5–20% (if no option to mitigate leakage is implemented), whereas ex post econometric studies have not revealed statistically significant evidence of leakage. Different policy options to face these issues are then examined with an emphasis on Border Carbon Adjustments (BCA). BCA consist in reducing the carbon price differentials of the goods traded between countries. Properly implemented, they can reduce leakage (by around 10 percentage points in ex ante modeling studies) in a cost‐effective way but are controversial because they shift a part of the abatement costs from abating countries to nonabating countries. Their impact on international negotiations is unclear: they could encourage third countries to join the abating coalition or trigger a trade war. Besides, their consistency with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules is contentious among legal experts. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:53–71. doi: 10.1002/wcc.245

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
Stream order-dependent diversity metrics of epilithic diatom assemblages
Authors: Stenger-Kovács Csilla , Tóth Lívia , Tóth Franciska , Hajnal Éva , Padisák Judit
Published: August 2013

Diatoms are considered as an appropriate indicator group for ecological status assessment of surface waters. These organisms can be indicative not only of the waterchemical but also of the hydro-morphological characteristics (e.g., stream size, physical habitat diversity) of running waters. In this study, diatom diversity metrics (species number, Shannon diversity, and evenness) from 506 sites in Pannon ecoregion (Hungary) were compared to the Strahler stream order system established with ArcView GIS 3.2. SOM analyses were performed to exclude the effect of nutrients on diversity metrics along the stream orders. Mixed-effects linear models and Tukey’s post hoc test revealed a linear relationships between species number, diversity and stream orders on ecoregion level from first- to eighth-order streams. The species number increases with an average of 8%, and the diversity by 10% per unit increase of the stream order. However, we could not find relationships with evenness. Autotrophic diversity metrics based on diatom species data appear to increase parallel with the stream order while those of heterotrophic metrics (published in the literature) maximize at medium stream orders. We argue that stream order is a relevant typological parameter which can basically determine the diatom diversity metrics, and it is well applicable in biomonitoring.
Evaluating the impact of interactive and entertaining educational
conferences
Authors: Jerardi Karen , Solan Lauren , DeBlasio Dominick , O’Toole Jennifer , White Christine , Yau Connie , Sucharew Heidi , Klein Melissa D.
Published: August 2013

Adult learning theory suggests that meaningful engagement impacts learning. To
evaluate the impact of resident-led interactive conferences on satisfaction, engagement
and knowledge acquisition. A prospective study at a paediatric academic institution
compared educational conferences in two formats. Control conferences were PowerPoint®
lectures and intervention conferences included multimedia, audience participation and
faculty mentorship. Learner and presenter satisfaction and learner engagement were
assessed by post-conference surveys. Knowledge was assessed via pre- and post-conference
open-ended questions; matched pre- and post-questions were analyzed. Control and
intervention groups’ satisfaction and engagement were compared using the Wilcoxon
rank-sum test. Comparison of proportion of learners with improved post-conference
knowledge score was analyzed with the Chi square test. There were 181 control and 170
intervention surveys collected. Learners’ median satisfaction (4 vs. 5, p = .03) and
engagement (4 vs. 5, p < .01) ratings improved in the intervention group. Presenters
rated audience engagement higher during the intervention conferences (median 3 vs. 4,
p = .01). Knowledge acquisition, compared for matched surveys only, was not
significantly different between the groups. Learner and presenter satisfaction and
learner engagement were higher for the interactive format. While knowledge acquisition
was unchanged, greater satisfaction encourages the use of interactive
conferences.
Initial evidence for sex-specific effects of early emotional abuse on affective processing in bipolar disorder
Authors: Russo M. , Proujansky R. , Gilbert A. , Braga R.J. , Burdick K.E.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

This study investigates the effect of sex and childhood trauma on affective processing in bipolar disorder (BPD) patients.

Methods

In a sample of fifty-six BPD patients, we administered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Affective Go/No-Go (AGNG) to measure affective processing. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of sex and childhood trauma on IGT; Repeated-Measures ANOVAs to measure accuracy and bias measures across conditions on the AGNG.

Results

In the context of childhood abuse, females evidenced a more conservative cognitive style than males by selecting fewer cards from the disadvantageous decks [F(1, 49) = 14.218;P< 0.001] and showed an improvement throughout the task, as noted in a normal learning curve [F(1.49) = 4.385;P= 0.041)]. For the AGNG, an interaction specific to the negative valence stimuli on response bias measures was found. Abused females scored higher (mean = 8.38; SD = 6.39) than abused males (mean = 0.69; SD = 1.19) [F(1.46) = 6.348;P= 0.015].

Conclusion

Severity of childhood trauma was significantly different between sexes. In the context of a history of emotional abuse, male bipolar patients tended toward a more risk-taking behavior compared to female. Further investigations are needed to elucidate potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this interaction.
Review of transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells for spinal cord injury
Authors: Mothe Andrea J. , Tator Charles H.
Published: August 2013

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition often resulting in paralysis, yet currently there is no effective treatment. Stem cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for promoting tissue repair after SCI. Stem cells offer a renewable source of cells with inherent plasticity for tissue regeneration. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are multipotent cells that self‐renew and are committed to the neural lineage, and thus, they are especially suited to SCI repair. NSPCs may differentiate into neural cells after transplantation into the injured spinal cord, replacing lost or damaged cells, providing trophic support, restoring connectivity, and facilitating regeneration. Here, we review experimental studies and considerations for clinical translation of NSPC transplantation for SCI.
Human rights to in vitro fertilization
Authors: Zegers‐Hochschild Fernando , Dickens Bernard M. , Dughman‐Manzur Sandra
Published: August 2013

The Inter‐American Court of Human Rights (the Court) has ruled that the Supreme Court of Costa Rica's judgment in 2000 prohibiting in vitro fertilization (IVF) violated the human right to private and family life, the human right to found and raise a family, and the human right to non‐discrimination on grounds of disability, financial means, or gender. The Court's conclusions of violations contrary to the American Convention on Human Rights followed from its ruling that, under the Convention, in vitro embryos are not “persons” and do not possess a right to life. Accordingly, the prohibition of IVF to protect embryos constituted a disproportionate and unjustifiable denial of infertile individuals' human rights. The Court distinguished fertilization from conception, since conception—unlike fertilization—depends on an embryo's implantation in a woman's body. Under human rights law, legal protection of an embryo “from conception” is inapplicable between its creation by fertilization and completion of its implantation in utero.
Gutes Sterben gleich leidfreies Sterben?
Authors: Bozzaro Claudia
Published: August 2013

Einleitung

In öffentlichen Debatten über die medizinische Begleitung von Sterbenden wird das „gute Sterben“ häufig mit einem „leidfreien Sterben“ gleichgesetzt. Das Kriterium der Leidfreiheit hat einen starken normativen Charakter, der selten kritisch hinterfragt wird. Eine kritische Reflexion über den Leidensbegriff scheint sehr wichtig, denn ein undifferenziertes Verständnis des Leidens kann einerseits zu einer Medikalisierung bestimmter Leiderfahrungen führen, andererseits zur Missachtung des anthropologischen Stellenwertes des Leidens.
Evaluation of antidepressant and memory-improving efficacy of aripiprazole and fluoxetine in alcohol-preferring rats
Authors: Burda-Malarz Kinga , Kus Krzysztof , Ratajczak Piotr , Czubak Anna , Nowakowska Elżbieta , Jędrzejewski Łukasz , Sadowski Czesław
Published: August 2013

Introduction and aims

Dependence on ethanol increases the risk of depression in patients and leads to a damage and deficiencies of brain function, which manifest in cognitive functions impairment. Aripiprazole (ARI) is an atypical antipsychotic drug, which has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on cognitive function. Results of many studies show that, for ARI's antidepressant effect to manifest itself, it is necessary to use a combined therapy with a drug from the group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The aim of this paper was to assess the antidepressant and impact of ARI on spatial memory in alcohol-preferring rats (EtNPRs).

Design and methods

In our study, we used Porsolt's forced swimming test (antidepressant effect) and Morris water maze test. The tests have been conducted upon administration of ARI (6 mg/kg i.p.), fluoxetine (FLX; 5 mg/kg p.o.) and combined administration of both drugs in alcohol-dependent rats.

Results

The results of behavioural tests carried out have shown a lack of antidepressant and procognitive effects of either ARI or FLX in EtPRs after acute and chronic treatment. Combined administration of both drugs would lead to spatial memory deterioration in the study animals.

Discussion and conclusions

Our results suggest that ARI applied in the experiment had no antidepressant effect and failed to improve spatial memory in study rats. Potential antidepressant and procognitive properties of this drug resulting from its mechanism of action encourage attempts (design) of further research aimed at developing a dose, which will show such effects in alcohol-preferring animals.
Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)-enriched diet improves dyslipidaemia and modulates the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in obese Zucker rats
Authors: Vendrame Stefano , Daugherty Allison , Kristo Aleksandra S. , Klimis-Zacas Dorothy
Published: August 2013

The present study investigated the potential of a wild blueberry (WB)-enriched diet to improve blood lipid profile and modulate the expression of genes related to lipid homeostasis in obese Zucker rats (OZR), a model of the metabolic syndrome with severe dyslipidaemia. For this purpose, twenty OZR and twenty lean Zucker rats (LZR; controls) were placed either on a control (C) or an 8 % WB diet for 8 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations were determined. The relative expression of six genes involved in lipid metabolism was also determined in both the liver and the abdominal adipose tissue (AAT). Plasma TAG and TC concentrations were significantly lower in the OZR following WB consumption (4228 (sem471) and 2287 (sem125) mg/l, respectively) than in those on the C diet (5475 (sem315) and 2631 (sem129) mg/l,P< 0·05), while there was no change in HDL-cholesterol concentration. No significant effects were observed for plasma lipids in the LZR. Following WB consumption, the expression of the transcription factors PPARα and PPARγ in the OZR was increased in the AAT, while that of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) was decreased in the liver and AAT. The expression of fatty acid synthase was significantly decreased in both the liver and AAT and that of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 was increased in the AAT following WB consumption. In conclusion, WB consumption appears to improve lipid profiles and modulate the expression of key enzymes and transcription factors of lipid metabolism in severely dyslipidaemic rats.
BonJour’s Defense of Induction: An A Priorist Way Out?
Authors: KIMBLE KEVIN
Published: August 2013

Laurence BonJour has proposed a novel defense of the inductive principle (IP) in response to a skeptical challenge posed by Hume. In this paper, I elaborate and criticize BonJour’s strategy. Along the way, I draw attention to Anthony Brueckner’s criticisms of BonJour’s approach, detailing why they fall short of providing an effective rebuttal of BonJour’s argument. By distinguishing and applying two different kinds of probability assessment to BonJour’s premises, I argue that BonJour’s a priori strategy fails to provide a cogent defense of IP. I conclude by drawing out some implications for a priori attempts to argue for the principle.
Risk and the Question of the Acceptability of Human Enhancement: The Humanist and Transhumanist Perspectives
Authors: BÉLAND JEAN-PIERRE , PATENAUDE JOHANE
Published: August 2013

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the difficulties involved in interdisciplinary work on the question of the risks associated with the ethical and social acceptability of human enhancement through the development of nanotechnologies. These difficulties emerge in the context of the debate between transhumanism, whose principal defenders have backgrounds in the natural sciences, and humanism, whose principal defenders have backgrounds in the social sciences and the humanities. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that essentially transhumanists and humanists differ on these questions: the identification of risks and impacts; the assessment that serves as the foundation for the acceptability or unacceptability of these risks and impacts; and faith in the capacity of science to overcome the identified risks to human beings. This paper’s presentation of the divergences that exist in the debate between transhumanism and humanism constitutes a necessary first step towards intervening in that debate in an interdisciplinary manner.
Age and growth of Alitta succinea (Polychaeta; Nereididae) in a tropical estuary of Brazil
Authors: Sette C.S.C. , Shinozaki-Mendes R.A. , Barros T.L. , Souza J.R.B.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of Alitta succinea population growth in a tropical estuary. The organisms were collected in the polyhaline area of Pina Basin, north-eastern Brazil, in lower and shallow subtidal consolidated substrates, from October 2009 to March 2011. Fifteen samples with a size of 0.01 m2 were collected every month. A total of 2064 A. succinea individuals were measured for growth analysis, and the measure used was the length from prostomium to the 25th setiger. Growth parameters were estimated by the frequency–length distribution data from three different functions (i.e. von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Richards). The differences in the densities of A. succinea were significant between the months of the dry and the rainy season, with the rain pattern being the factor that most affects the A. succinea life cycle. According to Akaike information criteria, the von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models were the ones that presented the best fit with the growth curve of A. succinea for the studied period. Using the Bhattacharya method for the analysis of modal progression, we identified eight cohorts. The lowest recruitment values were found in July and August 2010, respectively, and the remaining months had numbers of recruits that were representative of the total population. The growth performance index (Ø′) found was 2.86. The maximum longevity indicates that specimens of A. succinea live between 586 and 953 d, and the instantaneous mortality rate (Z) is 1.53 yr−1.
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) occurrence and predation in the Bahamas
Authors: Dunn Charlotte , Claridge Diane
Published: August 2013

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan distribution, yet little is known about populations that inhabit tropical waters. We compiled 34 sightings of killer whales in the Bahamas, recorded from 1913 to 2011. Group sizes were generally small (mean = 4.2, range = 1–12, SD = 2.6). Thirteen sightings were documented with photographs and/or video of sufficient quality to allow individual photo-identification analysis. Of the 45 whales photographed, 14 unique individual killer whales were identified, eight of which were re-sighted between two and nine times. An adult female (Oo6) and a now-adult male (Oo4), were first seen together in 1995, and have been re-sighted together eight times over a 16-yr period. To date, killer whales in the Bahamas have only been observed preying on marine mammals, including Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima), all of which are previously unrecorded prey species for Orcinus orca.
A newOphryotrochaspecies (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) from circalittoral seabeds of the Cantabrian Sea (north-east Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Núñez Jorge , Riera Rodrigo , Maggio Yolanda
Published: August 2013

One new dorvilleid species belonging to the genusOphryotrochaClaparède & Mecznikow, 1869 is described. The studied material was collected in circalittoral seabeds (70–100 m depth) in the Cantabrian Sea (north-east Atlantic Ocean). The new speciesOphryotrocha cantabricais characterized by having well-developed antennae and palps, parapodia with long dorsal cirrus, sub-triangular acicular lobes and inferior chaetal lobe well-developed, as well as the presence of P-type maxillae and bifid mandibles slightly tagged. The most closely relatedOphryotrochaspecies areO. longidentataJosefson, 1975 andO. lobiferaOug, 1978; however, both species have biarticulated palps. Other differences withO. cantabricasp. nov. are: body size and shape, parapodia morphology and number of setae, as well as the shape of mandibles and maxillae.
Generation of periodic structures on SiC upon laser plasma XUV/NIR radiations
Authors: Gemini L. , Margarone D. , Trusso S. , Juha L. , Limpouch J. , Mocek T. , Ossi P.M.
Published: August 2013

Surface periodic structures are generated upon irradiation of a silicon carbide (SiC) thin film by the plasma produced by 40 fs pulses from a Ti:Sapphire laser focused onto a thick low density polyethylene (LDPE) foil facing the SiC film. Independently of the number of laser pulses applied, these structures, with average regular periodicity of 710 nm, are evident throughout all irradiated areas. We attribute their formation to the efficient coupling of the unfocused femtosecond laser pulse with the incoherent extreme ultraviolet component of the laser-generated LDPE plasma.
High risk of a large measles outbreak despite 30 years of measles vaccination in The Netherlands
Authors: MOLLEMA L. , SMITS G. P. , BERBERS G. A. , VAN DER KLIS F. R. , VAN BINNENDIJK R. S. , DE MELKER H. E. , HAHNÉ S. J. M.
Published: August 2013

Our aim was to assess progress towards measles elimination from The Netherlands by studying humoral measles immunity in the Dutch population. A population-based seroepidemiological study was conducted in 2006–2007 (N = 7900). Serum samples were analysed by a bead-based multiplex immunoassay. IgG levels ⩾0·2 IU/ml were considered protective. The overall seroprevalence in the Dutch population was 96%. However, 51% of socio-geographically clustered orthodox Protestant individuals aged <10 years were susceptible. Infants might be susceptible to measles between ages 4 months and 14 months, the age at which maternal antibodies have disappeared and the first measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccination is administered, respectively. Waning of antibody concentrations was slower after the second MMR vaccination than after the first. The Netherlands is at an imminent risk of a measles outbreak in the orthodox Protestant minority. To prevent subsequent transmission to the general population, efforts to protect susceptible age groups are needed.
Non-Identity Matters, Sometimes
Authors: WEINBERG JUSTIN
Published: August 2013

Suppose the only difference between the effects of two actions is to whom they apply: either to parties who would – or would not – exist if the actions were not performed. Is this a morally significant difference? This is one of the central questions raised by the Non-Identity Problem. Derek Parfit answers no, defending what he calls the ‘No-Difference View’. I argue that Parfit is mistaken and that sometimes this difference is morally significant. I do this by formulating a familiar kind of example in a new way. I make use of some findings in social psychology to help deflect counterexamples to my view. I then show how my view withstands Parfit's latest argument in favour of the No-Difference View. I conclude with a brief discussion of some questions my argument raises for consequentialist moral theory.
The Maillard reaction and pet food processing: effects on nutritive value and pet health
Authors: van Rooijen Charlotte , Bosch Guido , van der Poel Antonius F. B. , Wierenga Peter A. , Alexander Lucille , Hendriks Wouter H.
Published: August 2013

The Maillard reaction, which can occur during heat processing of pet foods or ingredients, is known to reduce the bioavailability of essential amino acids such as lysine due to the formation of early and advanced Maillard reaction products (MRP) that are unavailable for utilisation by the body. Determination of the difference between total and reactive lysine by chemical methods provides an indication of the amount of early MRP present in foods, feeds and ingredients. Previous research reported that the difference between total and reactive lysine in pet foods can be up to 61·8 %, and foods for growing dogs may be at risk of supplying less lysine than the animal may require. The endogenous analogues of advanced MRP, advanced glycation endproducts, have been associated with age-related diseases in humans, such as diabetes and impaired renal function. It is unknown to what extent advanced MRP are present in pet foods, and if dietary MRP can be associated with the development of diseases such as diabetes and impaired renal function in pet animals. Avoidance of ingredients with high levels of MRP and processing conditions known to favour the Maillard reaction may be useful strategies to prevent the formation of MRP in manufactured pet food. Future work should further focus on understanding the effects of ingredient choice and processing conditions on the formation of early and advanced MRP, and possible effects on animal health.