bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental trajectories in cognitive‐behavioral phenotypes: Introduction
Authors: Fisch Gene S.
Published: May 2015

Developmental trajectories in behavioral phenotypes are important areas for systematic research and have been for more than 30 years. They interweave several important strands related to human growth: that of individuals born with some form of intellectual impairment or disability (ID); second, the genetics associated with intellectual ability and disability; and third, at the behavioral level, the dynamic expression and variability of specific abnormalities as individuals age. ID, and the genetic disorders that produce ID, were often not well‐received by earlier societies. While the inheritance of behavior and intellectual ability has probably been observed throughout human history, the systematic investigation of the inheritance of intellectual ability probably begins with Sir Francis Galton, in his treatise Hereditary Genius in 1869. The dynamic features of ID have its roots in late 19th century developmental psychology and early 20th century pediatrics. Alfred Binet, along with his colleague Theodore Simon, created the first methods of formal intelligence testing of children for the French school system. Scores based on the items administered would then be used to distinguish children who were prepared for enrollment in a standard educational program from those who were not. The confluence of these research topics brings us to the subject of our Special Issue. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Alkyl‐Heck‐Type Reaction via Oxidative Decarbonylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Zong Zhenzhen , Wang Wenxiao , Bai Xiaohui , Xi Hui , Li Zhiping
Published: May 2015

An alkyl‐Heck‐type cross‐coupling reaction is developed by manganese‐catalyzed oxidative decarbonylation of aldehydes. A variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic aldehydes can participate in this alkenylation. The reaction is initiated by an alkyl radical, which is generated by oxidative decarbonylation of the aldehyde.
Novel antitumor dinuclear platinum (II) complexes with a new chiral tetradentate ligand as the carrier group
Authors: Gao Chuanzhu , Zhang Yan , Wang Tianshuai , Chen Ji , Qian Yunxu , Yang Bo , Gou Shaohua , Dong Peng , Zhang Yingjie
Published: May 2015

Seven dinuclear platinum(II) complexes with a novel chiral tetradentate ligand, (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)‐N1,N1′‐(1,4‐phenylenebis(methylene))dicyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine, were designed, synthesized and spectrally characterized. All the complexes were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human HepG‐2, A549, HCT‐116 and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines. The results indicated that all compounds showed positive biological activity against HepG‐2, A549 and HCT‐116 cancer cell lines. In particular, compounds D7 and D2 showed better activity than carboplatin against HepG‐2 and A549 and compound D7 also showed an activity close to that of oxaliplatin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of four different lignins as a first step toward the identification of suitable end‐use applications
Authors: Oveissi Farshad , Fatehi Pedram
Published: May 2015

To determine the most appropriate use of lignin, surface, structural, and thermal characteristics of lignin was investigated in this work. It was observed that kraft lignin (KL), the lignin of prehydrolysis liquor (LPHL), lignosulfonate of NSSC process (LSL), and lignosulfonates (LSs) of sulfite pulping process had 0.67, 0.25, 0.90, and 1.52–2.25 meq/g anionic charge density, and 6.3, 2.1, 10.1, and 8.8–10.1 nm hydrodynamic diameter, respectively. These results suggested that LSL and LSs could be used more effectively than other lignin as filler modifiers, flocculants, and dispersants. The combustion studies of the lignin samples suggested that KL and LPHL combusted more efficiently than other samples, as they had high heating (calorific) values of 27.02 and 19.2 MJ/kg, the apparent activation energy of 126.64 and 99.14 kJ/mol based on Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method and 122.16 and 94.73 kJ/mol based on Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and no ash, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42336.
Dialkyl furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylates, epoxidized fatty acid esters and their mixtures as bio‐based plasticizers for poly(VInylchloride)
Authors: Chaudhary Bharat Indu , Nguyen Buu‐Dang , Zamanskiy Aleksandr
Published: May 2015

Dialkyl furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylates and epoxidized fatty acid esters (EFAE) of varying molecular weights and volatilities, as well as their mixtures, were investigated as alternative plasticizers for poly(vinylchloride) (PVC). The EFAE utilized were epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester (e‐FAME). All plasticizers were compatible with PVC, with plasticization efficiencies usually increasing with decreasing molecular weights of the plasticizers (except in the case of ESO, which was remarkably effective at plasticizing PVC, in spite of its relatively high molecular weight). In comparison with phthalate and trimellitate plasticizers, the alternatives generally yielded improved balance of flexibility and retention of mechanical properties after heat aging, with particularly outstanding results obtained using 30−50 wt % e‐FAME in mixtures with diisotridecyl 2,5‐furandicarboxylate. Although heat aging characteristics of the plasticized polymer were often related to plasticizer volatilities, e‐FAME performed better than bis(2‐ethylhexyl) 2,5‐furandicarboxylate, and bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate of comparatively higher molecular weights. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42382.
Preparation and swelling properties of homopolymeric alginic acid fractions/poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) graft copolymers
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez Fabián , Encinas María V. , Matsuhiro Betty , Pavez Jorge
Published: May 2015

Graft copolymers of crosslinked poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and homopolyguluronic acid (GG) and homopolymannuronic acid (MM) fractions of alginic acid were synthesized. MM and GG block fractions were obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of the alkaline extract from the brown seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera. The conjugation of these block fractions with the synthetic polymer was achieved by amidation with crosslinked PNIPAAm functionalized with an amino group at the end of the polymer chain. The structure of conjugates was determined by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy of the graft copolymer GG‐g‐PNIPAAm showed a regular porous pattern, whereas the MM‐g‐PNIPAAm graft copolymer showed a regular netlike structure. Aqueous solutions of the synthesized graft copolymers afforded hydrogels by stirring with 0.1M CaCl2. The hydrogels showed a well‐defined stimulus–response to temperature and pH. The swelling, thermal, and pH characterizations demonstrated the superior properties of the GG‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel over the MM‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogel. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42398.
The decline of endangered stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) in southern Germany is related to the spread of invasive alien species and land‐use change
Authors: Chucholl Christoph , Schrimpf Anne
Published: May 2015

Declines in populations of stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) have recently been reported throughout many parts of their range, including southern Germany. To assess the rate of decline and the probable causes, a crayfish survey was conducted in the River Argen catchment, where the species was known to be widely distributed and abundant.

Using mixed‐effects regression analysis, the presence or absence of the species was subsequently correlated with riparian land‐use and habitat characteristics. To elucidate the potential role of crayfish plague in stone crayfish decline, the crayfish plague‐carrier status of newly discovered alien signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was evaluated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Twenty‐five of the 98 surveyed sites were colonized by stone crayfish, including only 12 of 25 sites with a previous record. The probability of stone crayfish presence was positively correlated with overhanging bank structures and the proportion of broad‐leafed woods in riparian buffers. In contrast, high proportions of intensive grassland had a distinct negative effect on the probability of stone crayfish presence, and cropland also tended to decrease the probability of stone crayfish presence. Both land‐use forms have significantly increased in the study area within the last decade, signifying an intensification of riparian land‐use.

Plague‐carrying signal crayfish were present at two headwater sites. Crayfish plague transmission from highly resistant signal crayfish to highly susceptible stone crayfish has most likely contributed to the decline in stone crayfish, and crayfish plague outbreaks may account for up to 67% of the observed stone crayfish disappearances.

The present study confirms a marked decline in stone crayfish populations, which is probably driven by the persistent spread of invasive alien species and intensified riparian land‐use. Therefore, conservation efforts for stone crayfish should incorporate strategies to prevent and control the spread of invasive, plague‐carrying crayfish, and to mitigate pressures from land use.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐thermal extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on opioid related behaviors: Snails to humans, mechanisms to therapy
Authors: Prato Frank S.
Published: May 2015

In 1984, it was initially discovered in mice that an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF‐MF) could attenuate opiate induced analgesia. In the past 30 years, we defined some of ELF‐MF exposure and subject state conditions that can both increase and decrease nociception in snails and mice and can induce analgesia in humans. In our search for mechanisms and our desire to translate our findings to the treatment of chronic pain in humans, we pioneered the use of electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging to monitor effects during exposure. We have contributed to an understanding of the phenomena but a considerable amount remains to be done by us and those who have undertaken corroboratory and complimentary work. As the recipient of the 2013 d'Arsonval Award, I was invited to prepare an article for Bioelectromagnetics that highlights research findings that led to the award. Here, I have focused on our main findings associated with the effects of nociception of exposure to ELF‐MF. To enrich the value of this contribution, I have put our research into the context of work of others. Further, I have suggested future directions of research and the potential for linkages and synergies associated with the extensive literature on animal orientation. Hence, it needs to be acknowledged that this is a report of our contributions and not intended as a balanced review. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:333–348, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deep sequencing reveals different compositions of mRNA transcribed from the F8 gene in a panel of FVIII‐producing CHO cell lines
Authors: Kaas Christian S. , Bolt Gert , Hansen Jens J. , Andersen Mikael R. , Kristensen Claus
Published: May 2015

Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is one of the most complex biopharmaceuticals due to the large size, poor protein stability and extensive post‐translational modifications. As a consequence, efficient production of FVIII in mammalian cells poses a major challenge, with typical yields two to three orders of magnitude lower than for antibodies. In the present study we investigated CHO DXB11 cells transfected with a plasmid encoding human coagulation factor VIII. Single cell clones were isolated from the pool of transfectants and a panel of 14 clones representing a dynamic range of FVIII productivities was selected for RNA sequencing analysis. The analysis showed distinct differences in F8 RNA composition between the clones. The exogenous F8‐dhfr transcript was found to make up the most abundant transcript in the present clones. No correlation was seen between F8 mRNA levels and the measured FVIII productivity. It was found that three MTX resistant, nonproducing clones had different truncations of the F8 transcripts. We find that by using deep sequencing, in contrast to microarray technology, for determining the transcriptome from CHO transfectants, we are able to accurately deduce the mature mRNA composition of the transgene and identify significant truncations that would probably otherwise have remained undetected.
Biocatalyzed approach for the surface functionalization of poly(L‐lactic acid) films using hydrolytic enzymes
Authors: Pellis Alessandro , Acero Enrique Herrero , Weber Hansjoerg , Obersriebnig Michael , Breinbauer Rolf , Srebotnik Ewald , Guebitz Georg M.
Published: May 2015

Poly(lactic acid) as a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester has received increasing attention. This renewable polyester has found applications in a wide range of products such as food packaging, textiles and biomedical devices. Its major drawbacks are poor toughness, slow degradation rate and lack of reactive side‐chain groups. An enzymatic process for the grafting of carboxylic acids onto the surface of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) films was developed using Candida antarctica lipase B as a catalyst. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the PLLA film using Humicola insolens cutinase in order to increase the number of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups on the outer polymer chains for grafting was also assessed and showed a change of water contact angle from 74.6 to 33.1° while the roughness and waviness were an order of magnitude higher in comparison to the blank. Surface functionalization was demonstrated using two different techniques, 14C‐radiochemical analysis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using 14C‐butyric acid sodium salt and 4,4,4‐trifluorobutyric acid as model molecules, respectively. XPS analysis showed that 4,4,4‐trifluorobutyric acid was enzymatically coupled based on an increase of the fluor content from 0.19 to 0.40%. The presented 14C‐radiochemical analyses are consistent with the XPS data indicating the potential of enzymatic functionalization in different reaction conditions.
High‐titer production and strong antimicrobial activity of sophorolipids from Rhodotorula bogoriensis
Authors: Solaiman Daniel K.Y. , Ashby Richard D. , Crocker Nicole V.
Published: May 2015

Rhodotorula bogoriensis produces sophorolipids (SLs) that contain 13‐hydroxydocosanoic acid (OH‐C22) as the lipid moiety. A systematic study was conducted to further understand the fermentative production of SLs containing OH‐C22 (C22‐SL) by R. bogoriensis. Shake‐flask studies showed that R. bogoriensis consumed glucose at a slow pace. HPLC analysis of the C22‐SL products from shake‐flask fermentations at different glucose concentrations showed a correlation between glucose depletion and the extent of C22‐SL deacetylation. A large‐scale bioreactor fermentation resulted in the isolation of C22‐SL at a volumetric product yield of 51 g/L. HPLC analysis of C22‐SL product from the bioreactor fermentation corroborated the finding that glucose depletion correlated with extensive deacetylation of C22‐SL. The antimicrobial activity of C22‐SL was established for the first time to be stronger than the C18‐SL from Candida bombicola against Propionibacterium acnes in a plate assay. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:867–874, 2015
Identification of IL‐1β and LPS as optimal activators of monolayer and alginate‐encapsulated mesenchymal stromal cell immunomodulation using design of experiments and statistical methods
Authors: Gray Andrea , Maguire Timothy , Schloss Rene , Yarmush Martin L.
Published: May 2015

Induction of therapeutic mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) function is dependent upon activating factors present in diseased or injured tissue microenvironments. These functions include modulation of macrophage phenotype via secreted molecules including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Many approaches aim to optimize MSC‐based therapies, including preconditioning using soluble factors and cell immobilization in biomaterials. However, optimization of MSC function is usually inefficient as only a few factors are manipulated in parallel. We utilized fractional factorial design of experiments to screen a panel of 6 molecules (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐1β, interferon [IFN]‐β, and IFN‐γ), individually and in combinations, for the upregulation of MSC PGE2 secretion and attenuation of macrophage secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, a pro‐inflammatory molecule, by activated‐MSC conditioned medium (CM). We used multivariable linear regression (MLR) and analysis of covariance to determine differences in functions of optimal factors on monolayer MSCs and alginate‐encapsulated MSCs (eMSCs). The screen revealed that LPS and IL‐1β potently activated monolayer MSCs to enhance PGE2 production and attenuate macrophage TNF‐α. Activation by LPS and IL‐1β together synergistically increased MSC PGE2, but did not synergistically reduce macrophage TNF‐α. MLR and covariate analysis revealed that macrophage TNF‐α was strongly dependent on the MSC activation factor, PGE2 level, and macrophage donor but not MSC culture format (monolayer versus encapsulated). The results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of using statistical approaches for higher throughput cell analysis. This approach can be extended to develop activation schemes to maximize MSC and MSC‐biomaterial functions prior to transplantation to improve MSC therapies. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1058–1070, 2015
Mineralization of Carbon Dioxide: A Literature Review
Authors: Romanov Vyacheslav , Soong Yee , Carney Casey , Rush Gilbert E. , Nielsen Benjamin , O'Connor William
Published: May 2015

Research on carbon capture and storage has been focused on CO2 storage in geologic formations, with many potential risks. An alternative to conventional geologic storage is carbon mineralization, where CO2 is reacted with metal cations to form carbonate minerals. Mineralization methods can be broadly divided into two categories: in situ and ex situ. In situ mineralization, or mineral trapping, is a component of underground geologic sequestration, in which a portion of the injected CO2 reacts with alkaline rock present in the target formation to form solid carbonate species. In ex situ mineralization, the carbonation reaction occurs above ground, within a separate reactor or industrial process. This literature review is meant to provide an update on the current status of research on CO2 mineralization.
Instant coffee extract with high chlorogenic acids content inhibits hepatic G‐6‐Pase in vitro, but does not reduce the glycaemia
Authors: Bassoli Bruna Kempfer , Cassolla Priscila , Borba‐Murad Glaucia Regina , Constantin Jorgete , Salgueiro‐Pagadigorria Clairce Luzia , Bazotte Roberto Barbosa , de Souza Helenir Medri
Published: May 2015

Coffee is the main source of chlorogenic acid in the human diet, and it contains several chlorogenic acid isomers, of which the 5‐caffeoylquinic acid (5‐CQA) is the predominant isomer. Because there are no available data about the action of chlorogenic acids from instant coffee on hepatic glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G‐6‐Pase) activity and blood glucose levels, these effects were investigated in rats. The changes on G‐6‐Pase activity and liver glucose output induced by 5‐CQA were also investigated. Instant coffee extract with high chlorogenic acids content (37.8%) inhibited (p < 0.05) the G‐6‐Pase activity of the hepatocyte microsomal fraction in a dose‐dependent way (up to 53), but IV administration of this extract did not change the glycaemia (p > 0.05). Similarly, 5‐CQA (1 mM) reduced (p < 0.05) the activity of microsomal G‐6‐Pase by about 40%, but had no effect (p > 0.05) on glucose output arising from glycogenolysis in liver perfusion. It was concluded that instant coffee extract with high content of chlorogenic acids inhibited hepatic G‐6‐Pase in vitro, but failed to reduce the glycaemia probably because the coffee chlorogenic acids did not reach enough levels within the hepatocytes to inhibit the G‐6‐Pase and reduce the liver glucose output. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiplug paravalvular leak closure using Amplatzer Vascular Plugs III: A prospective registry
Authors: Smolka Grzegorz , Pysz Piotr , Jasiński Marek , Roleder Tomasz , Peszek‐Przybyła Ewa , Ochała Andrzej , Wojakowski Wojciech
Published: May 2015

Background

Transcatheter paravalvular leak closure (TPVLC) offers a viable alternative to reoperation but optimal technical strategy is still to be defined. We present a prospective TPVLC registry in which safety and efficacy of multi‐plug, single‐stage approach were assessed.

Methods

Patients with heart failure (HF) symptoms caused by PVL were qualified for TPVLC by Heart Team. Ante‐ or retrograde access was employed for mitral while retrograde only for aortic PVLs. Two to 4 AVP 3 devices were simultaneously implanted into each PVL. Endpoints were defined according to VARC‐2.

Results

From 64 referred patients 49, with either mechanical valves (n = 30) or stented bioprostheses, were eligible for TPVLC. PVL location was mitral (n = 29) or aortic (n = 20). In aortic group acute procedural success (APS) ratio was 100% and no MACCEs occurred. In mitral group, first‐attempt TPVLC was successful in 22 cases (4/4 in transapical and 18/25 in transseptal access). Second‐attempt transapical procedure followed transseptal failure in 5 patients. Mitral TPVLC ultimately proved efficient in 89.7% with 76.5% APS. Cumulatively, TPVLC was accomplished in 46 subjects (93.9%) with 78% APS. When successful, it led to a significant decrease of NT‐proBNP concentration and HF symptoms regression. Periprocedural safety endpoints were met in three patients and included non‐disabling stroke, and two access site‐related complications. In device failure group two patients died (end‐stage HF) and two others were rehospitalized.

Conclusion

TPVLC with simultaneous deployment of multiple AVP III occluders is feasible with high device success rate and no significant periprocedural complications. The clinical benefits of reduction of HF symptoms and hemolysis are evident after 30 days and persist up to 1 year without recurrence of PVL. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delivery balloon‐induced ascending aortic dissection: An unusual complication during transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Yashima Fumiaki , Hayashida Kentaro , Fukuda Keiichi
Published: May 2015

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a relatively mature technique that is generally accepted as a promising treatment for inoperable patients and those who are high‐risk candidates for surgical aortic replacement. Although severe complications in the aortic valve complex, such as annular or aortic root rupture, are not frequently observed, these events could easily lead to catastrophic outcomes, and therefore remain major issues during TAVI. However, there remains a paucity of data describing these catastrophic complications because of their low incidence. We encountered the case of an 88‐year‐old woman complicated by a dissection of the ascending aorta during TAVI from an “unusual” cause: injury due to the delivery of a balloon‐expandable valve to a very narrow and heavily calcified sinotubular junction (STJ). This is the first report to demonstrate the mechanism of this complication; even a delivery balloon, not a stent frame, with low inflation pressure might injure a narrow STJ and lead to an aortic dissection. Therefore, the use of oversized delivery balloons should be avoided in patients with a narrow and calcified STJ. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Seeding and pH Conditions on the Size and Shape of Au Nanoparticles in Reduction Crystallization
Authors: Akiba Hiroko , Ichiji Masumi , Nagao Hideyuki , Hirasawa Izumi
Published: May 2015

Efficient and simple methods for gene integration into various plants have been studied by many researchers. The particle gun method using fine metal particles is one of the most potent technologies. However, it is difficult to control the particle size distribution and shape of the metal particles and, thus, to design and create adequate particles of suitable quality for the gene‐supporting media. Here, reduction crystallization of nanometer‐ and submicron‐sized Au was investigated in order to clarify the effects of the seeding and reaction conditions on the sizes and shapes of Au particles. The seed size has an influence on the surface roughness of the Au nanoparticles. Experiments to form Au particles were also performed using pH‐controlled ascorbic acid. The pH has a great influence on the size and shape of nano/submicron Au particles and the mechanism of reduction crystallization.
Highly Fluorescent Flavins: Rational Molecular Design for Quenching Protection Based on Repulsive and Attractive Control of Molecular Alignment
Authors: Suzuki Haruka , Inoue Ryo , Kawamorita Soichiro , Komiya Naruyoshi , Imada Yasushi , Naota Takeshi
Published: May 2015

Unprecedented intense fluorescent emission was observed for a variety of flavin compounds bearing a perpendicular cyclic imide moiety at the C7 position of an isoalloxazine platform. A series of alloxan‐substituted flavins was prepared selectively by reduction of the corresponding N‐aryl‐2‐nitro‐5‐alkoxyanilines with zinc dust and subsequent reaction with alloxan monohydrate in the presence of boric acid. Analogues bearing oxazolidine‐2,4‐dione functionality were obtained on methylation of the alloxan‐substituted flavins with methyl iodide and subsequent rearrangement in the presence of an inorganic base. The flavin compounds exhibit intense white‐green fluorescent emission in the solution state under UV excitation at 298 K, with emission efficiencies Φ298 K greater than 0.55 in CH3CN, which are higher than the values for all reported flavin compounds under similar conditions. The highest Φ298 K value of 0.70 was obtained in CH3CN for isoalloxazine bearing C7‐alloxan and N10‐2,6‐diisopropylphenyl groups. The temperature dependence of the emission intensities indicates that the pronounced emission properties at 298 K are attributable to the highly heat resistant properties towards emission decay with increasing temperature. Mechanistic studies, including X‐ray diffraction analysis, revealed that the good emission properties and high heat resistance of the alloxan‐substituted flavins are due to a synergetic effect of the associative nature of the C7‐alloxan unit and the repulsive nature of the perpendicular bulky substituents at the C7 and N10 positions.
Coordination Polymer Flexibility Leads to Polymorphism and Enables a Crystalline Solid–Vapour Reaction: A Multi‐technique Mechanistic Study
Authors: Vitórica‐Yrezábal Iñigo J. , Libri Stefano , Loader Jason R. , Mínguez Espallargas Guillermo , Hippler Michael , Fletcher Ashleigh J. , Thompson Stephen P. , Warren John E. , Musumeci Daniele , Ward Michael D. , Brammer Lee
Published: May 2015

Despite an absence of conventional porosity, the 1D coordination polymer [Ag4(O2C(CF2)2CF3)4(TMP)3] (1; TMP=tetramethylpyrazine) can absorb small alcohols from the vapour phase, which insert into AgO bonds to yield coordination polymers [Ag4(O2C(CF2)2CF3)4(TMP)3(ROH)2] (1‐ROH; R=Me, Et, iPr). The reactions are reversible single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformations. Vapour‐solid equilibria have been examined by gas‐phase IR spectroscopy (K=5.68(9)×10−5 (MeOH), 9.5(3)×10−6 (EtOH), 6.14(5)×10−5 (iPrOH) at 295 K, 1 bar). Thermal analyses (TGA, DSC) have enabled quantitative comparison of two‐step reactions 1‐ROH→1→2, in which 2 is the 2D coordination polymer [Ag4(O2C(CF2)2CF3)4(TMP)2] formed by loss of TMP ligands exclusively from singly‐bridging sites. Four polymorphic forms of 1 (1‐ALT, 1‐AHT, 1‐BLT and 1‐BHT; HT=high temperature, LT=low temperature) have been identified crystallographically. In situ powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) studies of the 1‐ROH→1→2 transformations indicate the role of the HT polymorphs in these reactions. The structural relationship between polymorphs, involving changes in conformation of perfluoroalkyl chains and a change in orientation of entire polymers (A versus B forms), suggests a mechanism for the observed reactions and a pathway for guest transport within the fluorous layers. Consistent with this pathway, optical microscopy and AFM studies on single crystals of 1‐MeOH/1‐AHT show that cracks parallel to the layers of interdigitated perfluoroalkyl chains develop during the MeOH release/uptake process.
Single‐Walled TiO2 Nanotubes: Enhanced Carrier‐Transport Properties by TiCl4 Treatment
Authors: Hwang Imgon , So Seulgi , Mokhtar Mohamed , Alshehri Abdelmohsen , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Mazare Anca , Schmuki Patrik
Published: May 2015

In the present work we report significant enhancement of the photoelectrochemical properties of self‐ organized TiO2 nanotubes by a combined “de‐coring” of classic nanotubes followed by an appropiate TiCl4 treatment. We show that, except for the expected particle decoration, a key effect of the TiCl4 treatment is that the electron transport characteristics in TiO2 nanotubes can be drastically improved, for example, we observe an enhancement of up to 70 % in electron‐transport times.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation of Aromatic and Vinylic Carboxylic Acids with Allenes: An Efficient Method Towards Vinyl‐Substituted Phthalides and 2‐Furanones
Authors: Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Rajamalli Pachaiyappan , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: May 2015

A highly regio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted phthalides from aryl carboxylic acids and allenes using a rhodium(III) catalyst has been demonstrated. The reaction features broad functional group tolerance and provides a simple and straightforward route to the synthesis of various 3‐vinyl‐substituted phthalides. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction can also be applied to the synthesis of biologically active 5‐vinyl‐substituted 2‐furanones from α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids and allenes. The reactions proceed through a carboxylate‐assisted ortho‐CH activation and [4+1] annulation. The preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a CH cleavage is the rate‐determining step.
The influence of brand personality and relative brand identification on brand loyalty in the European mobile phone market
Authors: Chung Sunghun , Park Jooyoung
Published: May 2015

This study investigates the influence of brand personality on consumer loyalty and the moderating role of relative brand identification for multiple brands in the same product category. Survey data were collected from 1,651 respondents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Results indicate that dimensions of brand personality that are positively associated with consumer brand loyalty vary across brands in the mobile phone category. Furthermore, relative brand identification not only positively affects consumer loyalty, it also moderates the relationship between brand personality and consumer loyalty. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and clinical factors associated with obesity among adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort
Authors: Wilson Carmen L. , Liu Wei , Yang Jun J. , Kang Guolian , Ojha Rohit P. , Neale Geoffrey A. , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Gurney James G. , Hudson Melissa M. , Robison Leslie L. , Ness Kirsten K.
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to identify treatment and genetic factors associated with obesity among childhood cancer survivors.

METHODS

Participants included 1996 survivors who previously received treatment for cancer at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and who survived ≥10 years from diagnosis (median age at diagnosis, 7.2 years; median age at follow‐up, 32.4 years). Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. The factors associated with adult obesity were identified by subgroup‐specific (cranial radiation [CRT] exposure status) multivariable logistic regression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity were identified by subgroup‐specific, exploratory, genome‐wide association analyses using a 2‐stage resampling approach with a type I error rate of 5 × 10−6.

RESULTS

Forty‐seven percent of survivors who received CRT and 29.4% of those who did not receive CRT were obese at evaluation. In multivariable analyses, abdominal/pelvic radiation exposure was associated with decreased prevalence of obesity among survivors regardless of CRT status (P < .0001). The odds of obesity were increased among survivors who received CRT who had also received glucocorticoids (P = .014) or who were younger at diagnosis (P = .013). Among the survivors who had received CRT, 166 SNPs were associated with obesity. The strongest association was observed with reference SNP rs35669975 (P = 3.3 × 10−8) on segment 33.3 of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q33.3), approximately 30 kb downstream of FAM155A (family with sequence similarity 155, member A). SNPs within the glycine receptor α3 (GLRA3) gene and near the sex‐determining region Y box 11 (SOX11) and cadherin 18 type 2 (CDH18) genes also were identified. These genes have been implicated in neural growth, repair, and connectivity.

CONCLUSIONS

Obesity in childhood cancer survivors remains associated with previous exposure to CRT and glucocorticoids. Genetic variants related to neural connectivity may modify the risk of obesity among survivors who receive CRT. Validation of these findings in independent cohorts is required. Cancer 2015;121:2262–2270. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Molecular markers: Implications for cytopathology and specimen collection
Authors: VanderLaan Paul A.
Published: May 2015

Cytologic specimens obtained through minimally invasive biopsy techniques are increasingly being used as principle diagnostic specimens for tumors arising in multiple sites. The number and scope of ancillary tests performed on these specimens have grown substantially over the past decade, including many molecular markers that not only can aid in formulating accurate and specific diagnoses but also can provide prognostic or therapeutic information to help direct clinical decisions. Thus, the cytopathologist needs to ensure that adequate material is collected and appropriately processed for the study of relevant molecular markers, many of which are specific to tumor site. This brief review covers considerations for effective cytologic specimen collection and processing to ensure diagnostic and testing success. In addition, a general overview is provided of molecular markers pertinent to tumors from a variety of sites. The recognition of these established and emerging molecular markers by cytopathologists is an important step toward realizing the promise of personalized medicine. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:454–60. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
S‐phase duration is the main target of cell cycle regulation in neural progenitors of developing ferret neocortex
Authors: Turrero García Miguel , Chang YoonJeung , Arai Yoko , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: May 2015

The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex primarily reflects increases in abundance and proliferative capacity of cortical progenitors and in the length of the neurogenic period during development. Cell cycle parameters of neocortical progenitors are an important determinant of cortical development. The ferret (Mustela putorius furo), a gyrencephalic mammal, has gained increasing importance as a model for studying corticogenesis. Here, we have studied the abundance, proliferation, and cell cycle parameters of different neural progenitor types, defined by their differential expression of the transcription factors Pax6 and Tbr2, in the various germinal zones of developing ferret neocortex. We focused our analyses on postnatal day 1, a late stage of cortical neurogenesis when upper‐layer neurons are produced. Based on cumulative 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling as well as Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunofluorescence, we determined the duration of the various cell cycle phases of the different neocortical progenitor subpopulations. Ferret neocortical progenitors were found to exhibit longer cell cycles than those of rodents and little variation in the duration of G1 among distinct progenitor types, also in contrast to rodents. Remarkably, the main difference in cell cycle parameters among the various progenitor types was the duration of S‐phase, which became shorter as progenitors progressively changed transcription factor expression from patterns characteristic of self‐renewal to those of neuron production. Hence, S‐phase duration emerges as major target of cell cycle regulation in cortical progenitors of this gyrencephalic mammal. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:456–470, 2016. © 2015 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conformational Structures of a Decapeptide Validated by First Principles Calculations and Cold Ion Spectroscopy
Authors: Roy Tapta Kanchan , Kopysov Vladimir , Nagornova Natalia S. , Rizzo Thomas R. , Boyarkin Oleg V. , Gerber R. Benny
Published: May 2015

Calculated structures of the two most stable conformers of a protonated decapeptide gramicidin S in the gas phase have been validated by comparing the vibrational spectra, calculated from first‐ principles and measured in a wide spectral range using infrared (IR)–UV double resonance cold ion spectroscopy. All the 522 vibrational modes of each conformer were calculated quantum mechanically and compared with the experiment without any recourse to an empirical scaling. The study demonstrates that first‐principles calculations, when accounting for vibrational anharmonicity, can reproduce high‐resolution experimental spectra well enough for validating structures of molecules as large as of 200 atoms. The validated accurate structures of the peptide may serve as templates for in silico drug design and absolute calibration of ion mobility measurements.
Poly(benzoxazine)s Modified with Osmium Complexes as a Class of Redox Polymers for Wiring of Enzymes to Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Alsaoub Sabine , Barwe Stefan , Andronescu Corina , Pöller Sascha , Ruff Adrian , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: May 2015

Benzoxazine‐based redox polymers bearing Os complexes are synthesized and used as an immobilization matrix for glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model system for a reagentless biosensor. The polymers are formed by electrochemically induced anodic polymerization of the corresponding benzoxazine monomers modified with Os complexes. The precursors are synthesized in a Mannich‐type reaction between bisphenol A, formaldehyde, and the corresponding Os complexes or ligands, which contain free amino groups. The Os complexes are redox active within the polymer films, and thus, can be used as redox relays for the electron transfer between the electrode surface and the prosthetic group within the enzyme. Entrapment of GOx within the poly(benzoxazine) film is achieved successfully, as shown by the biocatalytic activity of the poly(benzoxazine)/GOx films upon the addition of glucose.
Failed Pediatric Drug Development Trials
Authors: Momper JD , Mulugeta Y , Burckart GJ
Published: May 2015

Pediatric product development initiatives have stimulated the development of therapies for children, resulting in improved product labeling, increased identification of adverse events, and development of new pediatric formulations. However, 42% of recently completed pediatric trials have failed to establish either safety or efficacy, leading to an inability to label the product for use in children.1 Characterizing these failed trials, including common contributing factors, is imperative to designing better pediatric trials in the future.
The Current Drug Treatment Landscape for Diabetes and Perspectives for the Future
Authors: Bailey CJ
Published: May 2015

The escalating global epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus has focused attention on the devastating consequences of protracted hyperglycemia. Early and effective intervention to control blood glucose is a fundamental principle of treatment guidelines, requiring assiduous use of current therapies. However, many patients do not achieve or maintain glycemic targets, emphasizing the need for further therapies. This narrative review assesses the available medicinal options to address hyperglycemia and the opportunities to develop novel agents.
A 3D ex vivo mandible slice system for longitudinal culturing of transplanted dental pulp progenitor cells
Authors: Colombo John S. , Howard‐Jones Rachel A. , Young Fraser I. , Waddington Rachel J. , Errington Rachel J. , Sloan Alastair J.
Published: May 2015

Harnessing mesenchymal stem cells for tissue repair underpins regenerative medicine. However, how the 3D tissue matrix maintains such cells in a quiescent state whilst at the same time primed to respond to tissue damage remains relatively unknown. Developing more physiologically relevant 3D models would allow us to better understand the matrix drivers and influence on cell‐lineage differentiation in situ. In this study, we have developed an ex vivo organotypic rat mandible slice model; a technically defined platform for the culture and characterization of dental pulp progenitor cells expressing GFP driven by the β‐actin promoter (cGFP DPPCs). Using confocal microscopy we have characterized how the native environment influences the progenitor cells transplanted into the dental pulp. Injected cGFP‐DPPCs were highly viable and furthermore differentially proliferated in unique regions of the mandible slice; in the dentine region, cGFP‐DPPCs showed a columnar morphology indicative of expansion and lineage differentiation. Hence, we demonstrated the systematic capacity for establishing a dental pulp cell‐micro‐community, phenotypically modified in the tooth (the “biology”); and at the same time addressed technical challenges enabling the mandible slice to be accessible on platforms for high‐content imaging (the biology in a “multiplex” format). © 2015 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gastroprotective Properties of Cashew Gum, a Complex Heteropolysaccharide of Anacardium occidentale, in Naproxen‐Induced Gastrointestinal Damage in Rats
Authors: Carvalho Nathalia S. , Silva Mônica M. , Silva Renan O. , Nicolau Lucas A. D. , Sousa Francisca Beatriz M. , Damasceno Samara R. B. , Silva Durcilene A. , Barbosa André L. R. , Leite José Roberto S. A. , Medeiros Jand Venes R.
Published: May 2015

Preclinical Research

Long‐term use nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) lesion formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of cashew gum (CG), a complex heteropolysaccharide extracted from Anacardium occidentale on naproxen (NAP)‐induced GI damage. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with vehicle or CG (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) twice daily for 2 days; after 1 h, NAP (80 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered. The rats were euthanized on the 2nd day of treatment, 4 h after NAP administration. Stomach lesions were measured using digital calipers. The medial small intestine was used for the evaluation of macroscopic lesion scores. Samples of the stomach and the intestine were used for histological evaluation, and assays for glutathione (GSH), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Additional rats were used to measure gastric mucus and secretion. Pretreatment with CG reduced the macroscopic and microscopic damage induced by NAP. CG significantly attenuated NAP‐induced alterations in MPO, GSH, and MDA levels. Furthermore, CG returned adherent mucus levels to normal values. These results suggest that CG has a protective effect against GI damage via mechanisms that involve the inhibition of inflammation and increasing the amount of adherent mucus in mucosa. Drug Dev Res 73 : 143–151, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of pioglitazone on plasma ceramides in adults with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Warshauer Jeremy T. , Lopez Ximena , Gordillo Ruth , Hicks Jessica , Holland William L. , Anuwe Estelle , Blankfard Martin B. , Scherer Philipp E. , Lingvay Ildiko
Published: May 2015

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) appears closely linked with ceramide accumulation, inducing insulin resistance and toxicity to multiple cell types. Animal studies demonstrate that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce ceramide concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle and support lowering of ceramide levels as a potential mediator of TZDs' mechanism of action in reducing insulin resistance; however, studies in humans have yet to be reported. This study investigated the effects of pioglitazone therapy on plasma ceramides to understand the mechanism by which TZDs improve insulin resistance in MetS.

Methods

Thirty‐seven subjects with MetS were studied in a single‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial comparing pioglitazone to placebo. Data were collected at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in plasma ceramide concentrations.

Results

Treatment with pioglitazone for 6 months, compared with placebo, significantly reduced multiple plasma ceramide concentrations: C18:0 (p = 0.001), C20:0 (p = 0.0004), C24 : 1 (p = 0.009), dihydroceramide C18 :0 (p = 0.005), dihydroceramide C24:1 (p = 0.004), lactosylceramide C16:0 (p = 0.02) and the hexosylceramides C16:0 (p = 0.0003), C18 : 0 (p = 0.00001), C22:0 (p = 0.00002) and C24:1 (p = 0.0006). Additionally, significant reductions were found when ceramides were grouped by species: ceramides (p = 0.03), dihydroceramides (p = 0.02), hexosylceramides (p = 0.00001) and lactosylceramides (p = 0.02). The total of all measured ceramides was also significantly reduced (p = 0.001). Following treatment with pioglitazone, the decrease in some ceramide species correlated negatively with the change in insulin sensitivity (dihydroceramide C16:0, r = −0.54; p = 0.02) and positively with total (lactosylceramide C24:0, r = 0.53; p = 0.02) and high molecular weight (lactosylceramide C24:0, r = 0.48; p = 0.05) adiponectin measurements; however, significant associations with changes in liver fat and glycemic control reduction were not found.

Conclusions

Pioglitazone in individuals with MetS induces a potent decrease in plasma ceramides, and some of the changes correlate with changes in insulin resistance and adiponectin levels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bariatric surgery: beta cells in type 2 diabetes remission
Authors: Su Yinjie , Zhao Yanling , Zhang Chaojun
Published: May 2015

Bariatric surgery is a new emerging treatment that demonstrates a favourable effect on type 2 diabetes, although its underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. After receiving bariatric surgery, beta cells undergo the process of rebirth, which involves apoptosis evasion, regeneration and improved beta‐cell function. Therefore, further studies are necessary to elucidate how bariatric surgery can resolve type 2 diabetes. Here, our review focuses mainly on beta cells, the insulin‐generating cells, whose biological features change dramatically after bariatric surgery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.