bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fotoproteção em Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) de Belém-PA
Authors: Malcher Claudia Marques Santa Rosa , Tembra Alan Luz , Amorim Felipe Costa , Souza Thalles Ricardo Melo de , Pessoa Monaliza dos Santos
Published: February 2019

Objetivo: Avaliar a fotoproteção dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) de 5 equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: A casuística consistiu em 56 ACS, os quais foram submetidos a um questionário autoaplicável com perguntas sobre os hábitos de exposição solar e os conhecimentos acerca do assunto. Resultados: Verificou-se que 48,2% dos ACS se expunham ao sol durante 2 a 6 horas entre segunda e sexta-feira e que 55,4% deles tinham exposição entre 10 e 15 horas. Além disso, 58,9% dos ACS utilizam filtros solares raramente ou nunca e, entre esses, 53,6% os aplicam com frequência inadequada. Contudo, 100% dos pesquisados relataram conhecer as consequências negativas da exposição solar. Conclusão: A fotoproteção dos ACS foi considerada inadequada, já que poucos utilizam filtros solares e os que relataram o uso do produto o faziam de maneira inapropriada. Ademais, o conhecimento sobre os riscos e as consequências da exposição solar foi considerado excelente.
SELECTION OF A TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION PROJECT THROUGH THE FUZZY INTUITIONIST TOPSIS TECHNIQUE
Authors: POBLANO OJINAGA EDUARDO RAFAEL , SALCIDO DELGADO ALDO , ALVARADO INIESTA ALEJANDRO , TORRES ARGUELLES SOLEDAD , NORIEGA MORALES SALVADOR
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT.
This article presents the evaluation of Technological Projects (TP) of innovation in a transnational company of the automotive industry located in Cd Juarez -Mexico with de purpose of selection the best project through the diffuse intuitionist TOPSIS technique. The alternatives are the projects in the production areas of tube bending (A1), tube flaring (A2) and riveting of tube (A3) in the line of plastic harnesses /vacuum line used in the transmission of the car. Therefore, experts are integrated into a work team and express their opinions in linguistic terms represented by intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. The criteria established for the evaluation ere: the initial investment (x1), the increase in production (x2), the period of recovery of the investment (x3), the execution capacity (x4), the ecological impact (x5) and the experience of the suppliers (x6). The technique based on the six established criteria, shows that the project A2 tube flared is the best option for the company to carry out the technological innovation project.

Keywords: Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS, technological project.
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА И СВОЙСТВ БИОМАССЫ ИЗ МИКРОВОДОРОСЛЕЙ CHLORELLA SOROKINIANA ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВИДАХ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ
Authors: Smyatskaya Yuliya A. , Kuznetsova Tatiyana A. , Politaeva Nataliуa A. , Amira Toumi , Atamanyuk Irina V. , Razgovorov Pavel B.
Published: February 2019

The paper presents data on the current issue of the processing of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, the richness of the vitamin and amino acid composition of which ensures its nutritional (twice as much as soy protein) and biological value. This article also provides information on the utilization of chlorella as an enrichment supplement to develop a modern Life Support System for manned spacecraft. Based on the data collected from various bibliographical studies, it is recommended to take into account the established positive effect of light exposure on the microalgae for the production of astaxanthin, as well as, to vary the composition of the nutrient medium in order to obtain a dry microalgae biomass with a fixed lipid, protein and starch content. The influence of various physical factors on the specificity of biochemical processes in the cell and the variation in the composition of dry biomass in the cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana was studied. Experimental results of the application of a red laser (output power 1.6 mW, wavelength 0.63 µm), the exposure to daylight (intensity 2800 Lux), infrared (power 250 W, intensity 14100 Lux) and ultraviolet (wavelength 280-315 nm) radiations of the microalgal samples are presented. The most significant concentrations of protein compounds (46.0% and 48.4% of dry biomass) were obtained after the exposure to daylight and to infrared radiation. In the last case, the fatty acid composition of the sample was represented mainly by unsaturated acids (77% by weight). The biomass of C. sorokiniana cultivated under the influence of daylight showed an increased content of chlorophylls a (19.3 mg/g), chlorophyll b (7.1 mg/g) and of total carotenoids (2.8 mg/g). Under the action of ultraviolet light, the quantity of saccharides increased (up to 430 mg/g). The data obtained enables to select optimal cultivation conditions of Chlorella sorokiniana in order to obtain a biomass with a given composition and properties.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF TETRAPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM ARENESULFONATES
Authors: Sharutin Vladimir V. , Sharutina Olga K. , Gubanova Yuliya O.
Published: February 2019

Interaction between pentaphenylphosphorus and arenesulfonic acids (mole ratio 1:1) in the benzene solution of tetraphenylphosphonium arenesulfonates has led to [Ph4P]+[O3SAr]−, Ar = Ph (I), C6H4Me-4 (II), C6H3(Me2-2,5) (III) (hydrate with 1.5 molecules of water). According to X-ray analysis, which was performed in the automatic four-circle Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer (Mo Kα-radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å, graphite monochromator),  crystals I (C30H25O3PS, M 496.53 g/mol, crystal system moloclinic, space group P21/n, crystal size 0.25 × 0.2 × 0.15 mm), II(C31H27O3PS, M 510.56 g/mol, crystal system rhombic, space group Pna21, crystal size 0.48 × 0.18 × 0.12 mm) and III (C32H32O4.5PS, M 1097.16 g/mol, crystal system moloclinic, space group P2/c, crystal size 0.43 × 0.34 × 0.22 mm) include the tetrahedral cations (bond length equal 1.797(2)-1.799(2), 1.652(2)-1.999(3), 1.785(8)-1.815(7) Å; angles СРС equal 109.29(9)°-110.86(9)°, 104.04(13)°-115.14(12)°, 107.1(4)°-113.3(4)° in I, II and III respectively) and arenesulfonate anions (bond length equal S-O 1.4355(18)-1.4446(17), 1.313(3)-1.597(3), 1.431(6)-1.457(7) Å; angles ОSO 113.07(11)°-113.30(11)°, 107.5(2)°-117.2(2)°, 112.3(4)°-114.2(4)° in I, II and III respectively). In hydrate III the water molecules associate the cations and anions into the spatial grid through the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The solvate [Ph4P]Br∙РhH (IV) has been obtained by the interaction of pentaphenylphosphorus with the hydrogen bromide. In IV the P-C bonds (1.7941(19)-1.803(2) Å) and angles СРС (107.93(9)°-112.96(9)°) are close to the similar values in the tetraphenylphosphonium arenesulfonates.
Introduction
Authors: Carastathis Anna , Kouri-Towe Natalie , Mahrouse Gada , Whitley Leila
Published: February 2019

While the declared global “refugee crisis” has received considerable scholarly attention, little of it has focused on the intersecting dynamics of oppression, discrimination, violence, and subjugation. Introducing the special issue, this article defines feminist “intersectionality” as a research framework and a no-borders activist orientation in trans-national and anti-national solidarity with people displaced by war, capitalism, and reproductive heteronormativity, encountering militarized nation-state borders. Our introduction surveys work in migration studies that engages with intersectionality as an analytic and offers a synopsis of the articles in the special issue. As a whole, the special issue seeks to make an intersectional feminist intervention in research produced about (forced) migration.
Crisis, What Crisis? Immigrants, Refugees, and Invisible Struggles
Authors: Carastathis Anna , Spathopoulou Aila , Tsilimpounidi Myrto
Published: February 2019

Different evocations of “crisis” create distinct categories that in turn evoke certain social reactions. After 2008 Greece became the epicentre of the “financial crisis”; since 2015 with the advent of the “refugee crisis,” it became the “hotspot of Europe.” What are the different vocabularies of crisis? Moreover, how have both representations of crisis facilitated humanitarian crises to become phenomena for European and transnational institutional management? What are the hegemonically constructed subjects of the different crises? The everyday reality in the crisis-ridden hotspot of Europe is invisible in these representations. It is precisely the daily, soft, lived, and unspoken realities of intersecting crises that hegemonic discourses of successive, overlapping, or “nesting crises” render invisible. By shifting the focus from who belongs to which state-devised category to an open-ended, polyvocal account of capitalist oppressions, we aim to question the state’s and supranational efforts to divide the “migrant mob” into discrete juridical categories of citi-zens (emigrants), refugees, and illegal immigrants, thereby undermining coalitional struggles between precaritised groups.
Seasonal and inter-annual community structure characteristics of zooplankton driven by water environment factors during different hydrological years in a sub-lake of Lake Poyang, China
Authors: Hu Beijuan , Hu Xuren , Nie Xue , Zhang Xiaoke , Wu Naicheng , Hong Yijiang , Qin Hai Ming
Published: February 2019

Shallow lakes are important for the maintenance of Lake Poyang ecosystem integrity, and zooplankton play an important role in its substance and energy flow. We investigated zooplankton in spring (April), summer (July), autumn (October) and winter (January of the following year) from 2012 to 2016 in a sub-lake of Lake Poyang with seasonal water level fluctuations. The study aims to understand their seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of zooplankton community in relation to environmental variables. A total of 115 species were identified in all samples of the 4 years, comprising 87 Rotifera, 13 Cladocera and 15 Copepoda. Rotifera was the dominant group in quantity and its species richness and abundance were significantly higher than Cladocera and Copepoda (P<0.05, by ANOVA), while Cladocera dominated in biomass. Species richness of Rotifera showed a significant seasonal difference (P<0.05 by ANOVA). The clear decline of zooplankton species richness in spring was mainly due to the dramatic decrease of Rotifera species. Furthermore, both density and biomass of zooplankton showed significant seasonal differences (P<0.05). Generally, the density and biomass of zooplankton were higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. Biodiversity indices e.g., Shannon-Wiener index and evenness were dramatically lower in spring than in other seasons. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis suggested that the zooplankton communities can be divided into three groups: spring community, summer–autumn community and winter community associated with distinct indicator species. The results of species richness and community analysis showed that the seasonal succession of zooplankton communities did not have interannual reproducibility. Redundancy analysis revealed that water temperature (WT), conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) had significant effects on the zooplankton community. In addition, water level fluctuations, disturbance by wintering waterbirds and artificial water level control during dry season have potential effects on zooplankton community structure too. This study is helpful to further understand the ecosystem stability of lake connected with rivers and provide scientific guidance for protection of lake wetlands.
Effects of In-Shoe Midsole Cushioning on Leg Muscle Balance and Co-Contraction with Increased Heel Height During Walking
Authors: Yick Kit-lun , Yeung Ka-lai , Wong Del P. , Lam Yee-nee , Ng Sun-pui
Published: February 2019

Background:

The midsole is an essential assembly of footwear for retaining the shape of the shoe, delivering support to the foot, and serving as a cushioning and stability device for walking. To improve leg muscle balance and muscle co-contraction, we propose a new midsole design for high heels with different hardness levels at the forefoot region.

Methods:

Five healthy women participated in the study, with a mean ± SD age of 21.80 ± 4.09 years, and duration of high-heeled shoe wear of 5.20 ± 4.09 years. Two midsole conditions, control and multiple-hardness midsole (MHM), with heel heights of 2 (flat), 5, and 8 cm were used. The main outcome measures were to examine the acute effects of MHM by electromyography on muscle activity balance and co-contraction at varying heel heights during shuttle walk.

Results:

Use of the MHM significantly reduced the muscle activity ratio between the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles (P = .043) during push-off to heel strike with a heel height of 5 cm (−22.74%) and heel strike to midstance with a heel height of 8 cm (−22.26%). The increased co-contraction indices of the tibialis anterior–peroneus longus muscles (14.35% with an 8-cm heel height) and tibialis anterior–soleus muscles (15.18% with a 5-cm heel height) are significant (P = .043), with a large effect size (d = 0.8).

Conclusions:

These results deliver important implications in advancing the engineering of MHM design without changing the in-shoe volume to enhance leg muscle balance and co-contraction during walking.
Electron cryo-tomography provides insight into procentriole architecture and assembly mechanism
Authors: Li Sam , Fernandez Jose-Jesus , Marshall Wallace F , Agard David A
Published: February 2019

Centriole is an essential structure with multiple functions in cellular processes. Centriole biogenesis and homeostasis is tightly regulated. Using electron cryo-tomography (cryoET) we present the structure of procentrioles from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We identified a set of non-tubulin components attached to the triplet microtubule (MT), many are at the junctions of tubules likely to reinforce the triplet. We describe structure of the A-C linker that bridges neighboring triplets. The structure infers that POC1 is likely an integral component of A-C linker. Its conserved WD40 β-propeller domain provides attachment sites for other A-C linker components. The twist of A-C linker results in an iris diaphragm-like motion of the triplets in the longitudinal direction of procentriole. Finally, we identified two assembly intermediates at the growing ends of procentriole allowing us to propose a model for the procentriole assembly. Our results provide a comprehensive structural framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning procentriole biogenesis and assembly.
High-order thalamic inputs to primary somatosensory cortex are stronger and longer lasting than cortical inputs
Authors: Zhang Wanying , Bruno Randy M
Published: February 2019

Layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are sparsely active, spontaneously and during sensory stimulation. Long-range inputs from higher areas may gate L2/3 activity. We investigated their in vivo impact by expressing channelrhodopsin in three main sources of feedback to rat S1: primary motor cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and secondary somatosensory thalamic nucleus (the posterior medial nucleus, POm). Inputs from cortical areas were relatively weak. POm, however, more robustly depolarized L2/3 cells and, when paired with peripheral stimulation, evoked action potentials. POm triggered not only a stronger fast-onset depolarization but also a delayed all-or-none persistent depolarization, lasting up to 1 s and exhibiting alpha/beta-range oscillations. Inactivating POm somata abolished persistent but not initial depolarization, indicating a recurrent circuit mechanism. We conclude that secondary thalamus can enhance L2/3 responsiveness over long periods. Such timescales could provide a potential modality-specific substrate for attention, working memory, and plasticity.
In silico analysis reveals a shared immune signature in CASP8-mutated carcinomas with varying correlations to prognosis
Authors: Ghanekar Yashoda , Sadasivam Subhashini
Published: February 2019

Background

Sequencing studies across multiple cancers continue to reveal mutations and genes involved in the pathobiology of these cancers. Exome sequencing of oral cancers, a subset of Head and Neck Squamous cell Carcinomas (HNSCs) common among tobacco-chewing populations, revealed that ∼34% of the affected patients harbor mutations in the CASP8 gene. Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC) is another cancer where ∼10% cases harbor CASP8 mutations. Caspase-8, the protease encoded by CASP8 gene, plays a dual role in programmed cell death, which in turn has an important role in tumor cell death and drug resistance. CASP8 is a protease required for the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and is also a negative regulator of necroptosis. Using multiple tools such as differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, gene ontology, in silico immune cell estimates, and survival analyses to mine data in The Cancer Genome Atlas, we compared the molecular features and survival of these carcinomas with and without CASP8 mutations.

Results

Differential gene expression followed by gene set enrichment analysis showed that HNSCs with CASP8 mutations displayed a prominent signature of genes involved in immune response and inflammation. Analysis of abundance estimates of immune cells in these tumors further revealed that mutant-CASP8 HNSCs were rich in immune cell infiltrates. However, in contrast to Human Papilloma Virus-positive HNSCs that also exhibit high immune cell infiltration, which in turn is correlated with better overall survival, HNSC patients with mutant-CASP8 tumors did not display any survival advantage. Similar analyses of UCECs revealed that while UCECs with CASP8 mutations also displayed an immune signature, they had better overall survival, in contrast to the HNSC scenario. There was also a significant up-regulation of neutrophils (p-value = 0.0001638) as well as high levels of IL33 mRNA (p-value = 7.63747E−08) in mutant-CASP8 HNSCs, which were not observed in mutant-CASP8 UCECs.

Conclusions

These results suggested that carcinomas with mutant CASP8 have broadly similar immune signatures albeit with different effects on survival. We hypothesize that subtle tissue-dependent differences could influence survival by modifying the micro-environment of mutant-CASP8 carcinomas. High neutrophil numbers, a well-known negative prognosticator in HNSCs, and/or high IL33 levels may be some of the factors affecting survival of mutant-CASP8 cases.
NOVO REGIME FISCAL: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE O IMPACTO NOS GASTOS SOCIAIS.
Authors: Suzart Janilson Antonio da Silva
Published: February 2019

O rebaixamento da nota do Brasil pelas principais agências de classificação de risco de crédito, em 2016, ilustra bem a pioria das finanças públicas do governo federal brasileiro. Com objetivo de alterar esse quadro, foi aprovada o Novo Regime Fiscal (NRF). Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar quais os principais impactos de um limite nos moldes do NRF na execução orçamentária do governo federal brasileiro. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizada uma simulação, utilizando os dados dos exercícios de 2008 a 2016. Foram realizadas análises gráficas e testes de comparação entre médias dos valores executados e dos limites simulados. De acordo com os resultados, a aplicação do NRF causaria impacto nas despesas obrigatórias a partir do segundo ano de vigência. Também ficou evidente que a redução das despesas obrigatórias afetará gastos em áreas sociais.
Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies
Authors: Suryawanshi Kulbhushansingh R. , Khanyari Munib , Sharma Koustubh , Lkhagvajav Purevjav , Mishra Charudutt
Published: February 2019

Accurate assessments of the status of threatened species and their conservation planning require reliable estimation of their global populations and robust monitoring of local population trends. We assessed the adequacy and suitability of studies in reliably estimating the global snow leopard (Panthera uncia) population. We compiled a dataset of all the peer‐reviewed published literature on snow leopard population estimation. Metadata analysis showed estimates of snow leopard density to be a negative exponential function of area, suggesting that study areas have generally been too small for accurate density estimation, and sampling has often been biased towards the best habitats. Published studies are restricted to six of the 12 range countries, covering only 0.3–0.9% of the presumed global range of the species. Re‐sampling of camera trap data from a relatively large study site (c.1684 km2) showed that small‐sized study areas together with a bias towards good quality habitats in existing studies may have overestimated densities by up to five times. We conclude that current information is biased and inadequate for generating a reliable global population estimate of snow leopards. To develop a rigorous and useful baseline and to avoid pitfalls, there is an urgent need for (a) refinement of sampling and analytical protocols for population estimation of snow leopards (b) agreement and coordinated use of standardized sampling protocols amongst researchers and governments across the range, and (c) sampling larger and under‐represented areas of the snow leopard's global range.
US Adult Rheumatologists’ Perspectives on the Transition Process for Young Adults With Rheumatic Conditions
Authors: Zisman Devy , Samad Aaida , Ardoin Stacy P. , Chira Peter , White Patience , Lavi Idit , von Scheven Emily , Lawson Erica F. , Hing Melinda , Mellins Elizabeth D.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To assess the attitudes and common practices of adult rheumatologists in the US regarding health care transition (HCT) for young adults with rheumatic diseases.

Methods

An anonymous online survey was sent to US adult rheumatologist members of the American College of Rheumatology to collect demographic data and information on attitudes and common practices regarding the transition process.

Results

Of 4,064 contacted rheumatologists, 203 (5%) completed the survey. Almost half of respondents (45.1%) were never trained in transition practices, and 74.7% were not familiar with the American Academy of Pediatrics/American Academy of Family Physicians/American College of Physicians Consensus Statement About Transitions for Youth with Special Healthcare Needs. Only 56.2% felt comfortable caring for former pediatric patients. The vast majority of respondents (90.7%) did not have a multidisciplinary transition team, and 37% did not have a plan for transitioning pediatric patients into their practice. Most adult rheumatologists were unsatisfied with the current transition process (92.9%), due to insufficient resources, personnel (91.1%), and time in clinic (86.9%). They also were unsatisfied with referral data received concerning previous treatments (48.9%), hospitalization history (48%), disease activity index (45.1%), medical history summary (43.9%), comorbidities (36.4%), medication list (34.1%), and disease classification (32.6%). Three major barriers to HCT were lack of insurance reimbursement (33.7%), knowledge about community resources (30.8%), and lapses in care between primary provider and specialist (27.8%).

Conclusion

This survey identified substantial gaps in knowledge and resources regarding HCT for young adults with rheumatic diseases. These may be best addressed by further training, research, dedicated resources, adequate payment, and practice guidelines.
Directed Growth of Biomimetic Microcompartments
Authors: Ivanov Ivan , Lira Rafael B. , Tang T.‐Y. Dora , Franzmann Titus , Klosin Adam , da Silva Lucas Caire , Hyman Anthony , Landfester Katharina , Lipowsky Reinhard , Sundmacher Kai , Dimova Rumiana
Published: February 2019

Contemporary biological cells are sophisticated and highly compartmentalized. Compartmentalization is an essential principle of prebiotic life as well as a key feature in bottom‐up synthetic biology research. In this review, the dynamic growth of compartments as an essential prerequisite for enabling self‐reproduction as a fundamental life process is discussed. The micrometer‐sized compartments are focused on due to their cellular dimensions. Two types of compartments are considered, membraneless droplets and membrane‐bound microcompartments. Growth mechanisms of aqueous droplets such as protein (condensates) or macromolecule‐rich droplets (aqueous two phase systems) and coacervates are discussed, for which growth occurs via Ostwald ripening or coalescence. For membrane‐bound compartments, vesicles are considered, which are composed of fatty acids, lipids, or polymers, where directed growth can occur via fusion or uptake of material from the surrounding. The development of novel approaches for growth of biomimetic microcompartments can eventually be utilized to construct new synthetic cells.
Defect Modulation Doping
Authors: Weidner Mirko , Fuchs Anne , Bayer Thorsten J. M. , Rachut Karsten , Schnell Patrick , Deyu Getnet K. , Klein Andreas
Published: February 2019

The doping of semiconductor materials is a fundamental part of modern technology, but the classical approaches have in many cases reached their limits both in regard to achievable charge carrier density as well as mobility. Modulation doping, a mechanism that exploits the energy band alignment at an interface between two materials to induce free charge carriers in one of them, is shown to circumvent the mobility restriction. Due to an alignment of doping limits by intrinsic defects, however, the carrier density limit cannot be lifted using this approach. Here, a novel doping strategy using defects in a wide bandgap material to dope the surface of a second semiconductor layer of dissimilar nature is presented. It is shown that by depositing an insulator on a semiconductor material, the conductivity of the layer stack can be increased by 7 orders of magnitude, without the necessity of high‐temperature processes or epitaxial growth. This approach has the potential to circumvent limits to both carrier mobility and density, opening up new possibilities in semiconductor device fabrication, particularly for the emerging field of oxide thin film electronics.
Controlled Vapor–Solid Deposition of Millimeter‐Size Single Crystal 2D Bi2O2Se for High‐Performance Phototransistors
Authors: Khan Usman , Luo Yuting , Tang Lei , Teng Changjiu , Liu Jiaman , Liu Bilu , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: February 2019

Atomically thin 2D materials have received intense interest both scientifically and technologically. Bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se) is a semiconducting 2D material with high electron mobility and good stability, making it promising for high‐performance electronics and optoelectronics. Here, an ambient‐pressure vapor–solid (VS) deposition approach for the growth of millimeter‐size 2D Bi2O2Se single crystal domains with thicknesses down to one monolayer is reported. The VS‐grown 2D Bi2O2Se has good crystalline quality, chemical uniformity, and stoichiometry. Field‐effect transistors (FETs) are fabricated using this material and they show a small contact resistivity of 55.2 Ω cm measured by a transfer line method. Upon light irradiation, a phototransistor based on the Bi2O2Se FETs exhibits a maximum responsivity of 22 100 AW−1, which is a record among currently reported 2D semiconductors and approximately two orders of magnitude higher than monolayer MoS2. The Bi2O2Se phototransistor shows a gate tunable photodetectivity up to 3.4 × 1015 Jones and an on/off ratio up to ≈109, both of which are much higher than phototransistors based on other 2D materials reported so far. The results of this study indicate a method to grow large 2D Bi2O2Se single crystals that have great potential for use in optoelectronic applications.
Lysosome‐Targeted Bioprobes for Sequential Cell Tracking from Macroscopic to Microscopic Scales
Authors: Park G. Kate , Lee Jeong Heon , Levitz Andrew , El Fakhri Georges , Hwang Nathaniel S. , Henary Maged , Choi Hak Soo
Published: February 2019

Longitudinal tracking of living cells is crucial to understanding the mechanism of action and toxicity of cell‐based therapeutics. To quantify the presence of administered cells in the host tissue without sacrifice of animals, labeling of the target cells with a nontoxic and stable contrast agent is a prerequisite. However, such long‐term live cell tracking is currently limited by the lack of fluorophores with steady optical and physicochemical properties in the near‐infrared (NIR) window. Herein, for the first time, the design of fixable cell‐tracking NIR fluorophores (CTNFs) with high optical properties, excellent cell permeation and retention, and high stability against chemical treatments is reported. Efficient cellular labeling and tracking of CTNFs using intraoperative optical fluorescence imaging by following the fate of NIR‐labeled cells from the time of injection into animals to ex vivo cellular analysis after resection of the target tissue is demonstrated. Due to the lipophilic cationicity and primary amine docking group, CTNF126 outperforms the other tested fluorophores with rapid diffusion into the cytoplasmic membrane and sequestration inside the lysosomes, which prevents cellular efflux and improves cellular retention. Thus, CTNF126 will be useful to track cells in living organisms for the mechanism of action at the single cell level.
Self‐Regenerating Antimicrobial Polymer Surfaces via Multilayer‐Design—Sequential and Triggered Layer Shedding under Physiological Conditions
Authors: Riga Esther Karolin , Gillies Elizabeth , Lienkamp Karen
Published: February 2019

Regeneration of materials properties through surface regeneration can extend the lifetime of devices and is still an emerging field of research. (Self‐)regenerating antimicrobial polymer surfaces can help to fight biofilm formation and related bacterial infections. In this paper, four different polymer multilayer designs for the regeneration of antimicrobial surfaces by layer shedding are presented. The multilayer architectures consist of 100–200 nm thick, discrete polymer layers. They are made from poly(guanidinium oxanorbornene) networks as the antimicrobial component, and different interlayers made from degradable poly(adipic anhydrides), depolymerizable poly(ethyl glyoxylate), or water‐soluble poly(acrylamide). Layer shedding is designed to occur after hydrolysis, dissolution, or depolymerization under simulated physiological conditions. The multilayer fabrication and disassembly is monitored by fluorescence microscopy, ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. By testing the antimicrobial activity of the restored surfaces, their functional integrity after layer shedding is confirmed.
A Highly Efficient Bifunctional Dielectric Metasurface Enabling Polarization‐Tuned Focusing and Deflection for Visible Light
Authors: Gao Song , Park Chul‐Soon , Lee Sang‐Shin , Choi Duk‐Yong
Published: February 2019

Multifunctional metasurfaces have attracted drastically growing interest, serving as a prominent candidate to cope with both device miniaturization and integration. Conventional transmissive bifunctional metasurfaces working for visible light inherently suffer from several demerits owing to the use of geometric phase and spatial multiplexing scheme. Research endeavors are mainly devoted to the implementation of static devices. In this work, a highly efficient bifunctional dielectric metasurface, taking advantage of a unit cell (UC), the building block of which capitalizes on a nanopost in hydrogenated amorphous silicon, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to successfully enable polarization‐mediated anomalous beam deflection and focusing in the visible band. Through the tailoring of the UC periodicity, it is found to be capable of efficiently tuning the beam deflection angle and focusing distance. For the fabricated sample, the normal transverse‐electric incidence within a spectral band from 600 to 715 nm is angle‐resolved to a single diffraction order via the beam deflection, while a bright line focus is attained at the target focal plane for the normal transverse‐magnetic incidence at λ = 650 nm. This work will initiate a positive prospect for the development of high‐performance tunable multifunctional metasurfaces.
Synthetic Vehicles for Encapsulation and Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Machinery
Authors: Carboni Valentina , Maaliki Carine , Alyami Mram , Alsaiari Shahad , Khashab Niveen
Published: February 2019

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated 9 (Cas‐9) technology holds tremendous potential as a gene editing tool. Different strategies have been adopted for in vitro and in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9, including both viral and non‐viral. The possibility of tailoring properties of nanosized systems makes the molecular design of self‐assembled non‐viral delivery systems based on organic (lipids and polymers) and hybrid (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, ZIF and gold nanoparticles) materials of a great interest in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. This review highlights the progress and challenges of organic and hybrid CRISPR/Cas9 delivery vehicles.
Inhibition of CaMKIIα Activity Enhances Antitumor Effect of Fullerene C60 Nanocrystals by Suppression of Autophagic Degradation
Authors: Xu Jing , Wang Hongsheng , Hu Yi , Zhang Yu Shrike , Wen Longping , Yin Fei , Wang Zhuoying , Zhang Yingchao , Li Suoyuan , Miao Yanyan , Lin Binhui , Zuo Dongqing , Wang Gangyang , Mao Min , Zhang Tao , Ding Jianxun , Hua Yingqi , Cai Zhengdong
Published: February 2019

Fullerene C60 nanocrystals (nano‐C60) possess various attractive bioactivities, including autophagy induction and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) activation. CaMKIIα is a multifunctional protein kinase involved in many cellular processes including tumor progression; however, the biological effects of CaMKIIα activity modulated by nano‐C60 in tumors have not been reported, and the relationship between CaMKIIα activity and autophagic degradation remains unclear. Herein, nano‐C60 is demonstrated to elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐dependent cytotoxicity and persistent activation of CaMKIIα in osteosarcoma (OS) cells. CaMKIIα activation, in turn, produces a protective effect against cytotoxicity from nano‐C60 itself. Inhibition of CaMKIIα activity by either the chemical inhibitor KN‐93 or CaMKIIα knockdown dramatically promotes the anti‐OS effect of nano‐C60. Moreover, inhibition of CaMKIIα activity causes lysosomal alkalinization and enlargement, and impairs the degradation function of lysosomes, leading to autophagosome accumulation. Importantly, excessive autophagosome accumulation and autophagic degradation blocking are shown to play an important role in KN‐93‐enhanced‐OS cell death. The synergistic anti‐OS efficacy of KN‐93 and nano‐C60 is further revealed in an OS‐xenografted murine model. The results demonstrate that CaMKIIα inhibition, along with the suppression of autophagic degradation, presents a promising strategy for improving the antitumor efficacy of nano‐C60.
Anomalous Hall Effect–Like Behavior with In‐Plane Magnetic Field in Noncollinear Antiferromagnetic Mn3Sn Films
Authors: You Yunfeng , Chen Xianzhe , Zhou Xiaofeng , Gu Youdi , Zhang Ruiqi , Pan Feng , Song Cheng
Published: February 2019

Magnetotransport is at the center of spintronics. Mn3Sn single crystals, an antiferromagnet that has a noncollinear 120° spin order, exhibit large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) at room temperature. But such a behavior has remained elusive in epitaxial Mn3Sn films. Here the observation of AHE‐like behavior with in‐plane magnetic field up to room temperature in quasi‐epitaxial Mn3Sn thin films, prepared by magnetron sputtering, is reported. The growth of both (1120)‐ and (0001)‐oriented Mn3Sn films provides a unique opportunity for comparing AHE‐like behavior in three different measurement configurations. When the magnetic field is swept along (0001) plane, such as the direction of [0110] and [2110], the films show comparatively higher Hall conductivity than its perpendicular counterpart [0001], irrespective of their respectively orthogonal current along [0001] or [0110]. A quite weak ferromagnetic moment of ≈3 emu cm−3 is obtained in (1120)‐oriented Mn3Sn films, guaranteeing the switching of the Hall signals with magnetization reversal. This finding would advance the integration of Mn3Sn in antiferromagnetic spintronics.
Dopant‐Dependent Stability of Garnet Solid Electrolyte Interfaces with Lithium Metal
Authors: Zhu Yisi , Connell Justin G. , Tepavcevic Sanja , Zapol Peter , Garcia‐Mendez Regina , Taylor Nathan J. , Sakamoto Jeff , Ingram Brian J. , Curtiss Larry A. , Freeland John W. , Fong Dillon D. , Markovic Nenad M.
Published: February 2019

Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet‐based materials doped with Al, Nb, or Ta to stabilize the Li+‐conductive cubic phase are a particularly promising class of solid electrolytes for all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries. Understanding of the intrinsic reactivity between solid electrolytes and relevant electrode materials is crucial to developing high voltage solid‐state batteries with long lifetimes. Using a novel, surface science‐based approach to characterize the intrinsic reactivity of the Li–solid electrolyte interface, it is determined that, surprisingly, some degree of Zr reduction takes place for all three dopant types, with the extent of reduction increasing as Ta < Nb < Al. Significant reduction of Nb also takes place for Nb‐doped LLZO, with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of Li||Nb–LLZO||Li symmetric cells further revealing significant increases in impedance with time and suggesting that the Nb reduction propagates into the bulk. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Nb‐doped material shows a strong preference for Nb dopants toward the interface between LLZO and Li, while Ta does not exhibit a similar preference. EIS and DFT results, coupled with the observed reduction of Zr at the interface, are consistent with the formation of an “oxygen‐deficient interphase” (ODI) layer whose structure determines the stability of the LLZO–Li interface.
Bifluoride Ion Mediated SuFEx Trifluoromethylation of Sulfonyl Fluorides and Iminosulfur Oxydifluorides
Authors: Smedley Christopher J. , Zheng Qinheng , Gao Bing , Li Suhua , Molino Andrew , Duivenvoorden Hendrika M. , Parker Belinda S. , Wilson David J. D. , Sharpless K. Barry , Moses John E.
Published: February 2019

SuFEx is a new‐generation click chemistry transformation that exploits the unique properties of S−F bonds and their ability to undergo near‐perfect reactions with nucleophiles. We report here the first SuFEx‐based procedure for the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutically important triflones and bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfur oxyimines from sulfonyl fluorides and iminosulfur oxydifluorides, respectively. The new process involves rapid S−F exchange with trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCF3) upon activation by potassium bifluoride in anhydrous DMSO. The reaction tolerates a wide selection of substrates and proceeds under mild conditions without need for chromatographic purification. A tentative mechanism is proposed involving nucleophilic displacement of S−F by the trifluoromethyl anion via a five‐coordinate intermediate. The utility of late‐stage SuFEx trifluoromethylation is demonstrated through the synthesis and selective anticancer properties of a bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfur oxyimine.
Simultaneous Visualization of Endogenous Homocysteine, Cysteine, Glutathione, and their Transformation through Different Fluorescence Channels
Authors: Yin Guoxing , Niu Tingting , Yu Ting , Gan Yabing , Sun Xinyu , Yin Peng , Chen Haimin , Zhang Youyu , Li Haitao , Yao Shouzhuo
Published: February 2019

Studying numerous biologically important species simultaneously is crucial to understanding cellular functions and the root causes of related diseases. Direct visualization of endogenous biothiols in biological systems is of great value to understanding their biological roles. Herein, a novel multi‐signal fluorescent probe was rationally designed and exploited for the simultaneous sensing of homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and glutathione (GSH) using different emission channels. This probe was successfully applied to the simultaneous discrimination between and visualization of endogenous Hcy, Cys, GSH, and their transformation in living cells.
Polyfunktionelle Bis‐Lewis‐Säure‐/Bis‐Triazolium‐Katalysatoren zur stereoselektiven 1,4‐Addition von 2‐Oxindolen an Maleimide
Authors: Schmid Juliane , Junge Thorsten , Lang Johannes , Frey Wolfgang , Peters René
Published: February 2019

Ein wichtiges Ziel bei der Entwicklung von artifiziellen Katalysatoren zur asymmetrischen Synthese ist das Erreichen enzymähnlicher Katalysatoraktivität und Stereoselektivität unter Vermeidung der für Enzyme typischen, hohen Substratspezifität. Polyfunktionelle Katalysatoren gelten in diesem Zusammenhang als vielversprechende Systeme, mit denen exzellente katalytische Effizienz erzielt werden kann. Das hier vorgestellte polyfunktionelle Katalysatorsystem vereint zwei Lewis‐saure/Brønsted‐basische Cobaltzentren mit Triazoliumeinheiten, die essenziell für hohe Reaktivität und exzellente Stereoselektivität in der direkten 1,4‐Addition von Oxindolen an Maleimide sind. Der Katalysator wird über Click‐Reaktionen hergestellt und ist einfach durch Ausfällen unter Nutzung seiner ionischen Struktur rezyklierbar. Kinetische Studien lassen auf einen kooperativen Aktivierungsmodus schließen. Des Weiteren wird Diastereodivergenz durch die Wahl Boc‐geschützter oder ungeschützter Maleimide ermöglicht.
Diversity in reproductive traits of arapaima (Arapaima spp., Müller, 1843) in Amazonian várzea floodplains: Conservation implications
Authors: Gurdak Daniel J. , Stewart Donald J. , Castello Leandro , Arantes Caroline C.
Published: February 2019

Understanding the reproductive ecology of freshwater fishes is essential to minimize the losses in global freshwater biodiversity but is often limited in data‐poor regions, such as tropical floodplain ecosystems. Specifically, the study investigated whether size at first sexual maturation and nesting features for arapaima vary within and across regions in the floodplain of the Amazon River.

Data were collected at several sites in the Lower Amazon with varying arapaima densities and fishing practices. Female gonads were examined from commercial catch to calculate total length of first sexual maturation (L50). Nest features were surveyed in the field. The size at first maturation and nest features (i.e. nest morphology, habitat, and density) were compared among sites with different population densities in the Lower Amazon and among estimates drawn from the literature for other regions.

In the Lower Amazon, L50 showed significant variation between high‐density (139 cm) and other sites (~168 cm). Overall variation in L50 estimates for arapaima range from 139 cm in the Lower Amazon to 207 cm in the Upper Amazon in Peru. Nests in different regions show variation among certain nest features and a positive relationship between nest density and arapaima population density. In the Lower Amazon, 90% of nests were found under woody vegetation.

The results show considerable diversity in size at first maturity and nesting features for arapaima. This suggests that there may be multiple evolutionarily significant units or species, even within the study area. This study also illustrates the importance of forest cover to arapaima spawning. Furthermore, different nesting morphologies were found at different sites. There are meaningful variations in arapaima reproductive behaviour, both locally and basin‐wide, that require further study as they have implications for effective management and conservation initiatives.
Essential fish habitats and hotspots of nekto‐benthic diversity and density in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Tugores M. Pilar , Ordines Francesc , Guijarro Beatriz , García‐Ruíz Cristina , Esteban Antonio , Massutí Enric
Published: February 2019

Since the 1990s, most currently assessed Mediterranean nekto‐benthic stocks have been exploited above maximum sustainable yield and have declined. This study explores the co‐occurrence of essential fish habitats for the most important nekto‐benthic resources exploited by bottom‐trawl fisheries in the western Mediterranean and areas of importance for nekto‐benthic communities.

Fishery‐independent data obtained from Mediterranean scientific bottom‐trawl surveys were used to identify persistent hotspots of recruitment for the most important nekto‐benthic species around the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands between 2002 and 2016, as an indicator of their essential fish habitats. Likewise, hotspots of nekto‐benthic community diversity and density were also determined, as an estimate of key areas for nekto‐benthic communities.

Areas of overlap of persistent hotspots of recruitment and of community species richness and density were mainly found on the deep shelf and the upper slope (100–200 m and 200–500 m deep respectively).

These overlapping areas could be of particular interest in the development of fishery management plans aiming to implement an ecosystem approach to fisheries. Protection, through temporary or permanent closures, of the overlapping areas identified would contribute to improving both the sustainable exploitation of the main target species of bottom‐trawl fisheries and the conservation of nekto‐benthic communities.
Mobile robot localization based on PSO estimator
Authors: Havangi Ramazan
Published: February 2019

Localization is fundamental to autonomous operation of the mobile robot. A particle filter (PF) is widely used in mobile robot localization. However, the robot localization based PF has several limitations, such as sample impoverishment and a degeneracy problem, which reduce significantly its performance. Evolutionary algorithms, and more specifically their optimization capabilities, can be used in order to overcome PF based on localization weaknesses. In this paper, mobile robot localization based on a particle swarm optimization (PSO) estimator is proposed. In the proposed method, the robot localization converts dynamic optimization to find the best robot pose estimate, recursively. Unlike the localization based on PF, the resampling step is not required in the proposed method. Moreover, it does not require noise distribution. It searches stochastically along the state space for the best robot pose estimate. The results show that the proposed method is effective in terms of accuracy, consistency, and computational cost compared with localization based on PF and EKF.