bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspective and Realism in the Renaissance
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: July 2021

This chapter details how, from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries, ideas of realism changed almost beyond recognition. We may think of realism as composed of two distinct strands. The first developed from medieval allegory into spectator realism and has been much discussed. But another strand is largely ignored and little understood. The chapter then discusses participative realism. It also considers the shifting viewpoints of Renaissance realism. Unlike Renaissance fiction, where perspectives perpetually change, medieval allegory shifted viewpoint less often. Ultimately, in fiction, elements of Renaissance realism persisted long after the emergence of the novel. At first, however, this was disguised by the dominance of the epistolary genre.
Introduction
Authors: Gingrich Brian
Published: July 2021

We talk about pace. But how do we define it? This introduction suggests that one define it loosely, as something like large, forward, rhythmic, shifting, dynamic, temporal narrative movement, and then analyze it by tracking units of pacing as they move forward in literary history. As for finding the right narrative units, one may look to E. M. Forster, Viktor Shklovsky, Günther Müller, and others, but one does best to look to Gérard Genette and then trace his units backwards to the writers and critics who first developed them. Between Genette and his literary precursors, one discovers a significant literary tradition of pace. And, as for the pace of “fiction”: if pace is narrative’s most elaborate feature, fiction is narrative’s most elaborate form.
Superbia, Arrogance, Servility, and Self-Abasement
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides account of four character traits in the intellectual domain: superbia and arrogance; servility and self-abasement. It argues that superbia and arrogance are vices of superiority while servility and self-abasement are vices of inferiority. They are characterized as opposed to modesty and authentic pride. The chapter also defends the view that superbia and arrogance are based on attitudes whose function is ego-defence, while servility and self-abasement have attitudes serving a social-adjustive function as their causal bases. A case is made that the defensive attitudes characteristic of these vices of superiority constitute what is known as defensive high self-esteem while those on which servility is based are typical of damaged low self-esteem.
Increase your Brainability—and Reduce your Risk of Dementia
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir
Published: July 2021

Our experience is that many people including many members of the medical profession are confused about what happens to our brains and minds as we live longer. Consistently, they overestimate the effects of ageing and underestimate the potential for improving the ability of the brain and the mind no matter what age you may be. Linked to this is the fact that, although Alzheimer’s disease cannot be prevented, the risk of dementia can be reduced by at least a third because there are many other causes of dementia than Alzheimer’s disease having to do with healthy brain tissue, blood supply to the brain and ability to interact with people and ideas. With this knowledge, we outline steps individuals can take themselves, with family and friends, their community and the health service to improve brain health.
The Future of Brainability
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir
Published: July 2021

Individuals have to live in society and it is society that creates the environment, both social and physical, which influences many of the decisions that individuals make. Perhaps the strongest message is the influence of others in a world in which the number of people aged over 65 will outnumber the number of people aged five or under for the first time. Our environment is changing and the digital revolution, which includes imaginative use of artificial intelligence, is leading us all to question the way we do things. Social isolation will be avoided through use of mobile phones and beyond, thus reducing this significant risk factor for dementia. This will ensure people remain connected with their environment and community to help us all to be more resilient. Even work is a very positive factor here—some of us say we should never retire. As we develop our understanding of what increases our Brainability, this will help us move to a new world of productive healthy ageing and change the image some of us have around old age.
Crafting Words and Sentences
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides general advice for strengthening science writing. This advice includes how to trim phrases, write in a straightforward manner, and use an active voice and concrete nouns. Additionally, the chapter examines how to write from a higher level by, e.g., balancing between specific information and general statements, and smoothly transitioning between paragraphs and sections to improve the reading experience and provide a road map for the reader. Finally, also provided is a list of common grammatical errors to watch out for.
Embracing Your Role as a Scientist
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the writer’s identity in the context of their professional and personal communities. In particular, the chapter addresses opportunities and venues for communicating work beyond the written page. Examples include networking opportunities, oral presentations, and joining communities (both in-person and online).
The Stock Market Game in Post-war Britain
Authors: Heinemann Kieran
Published: July 2021

After World War II, the financial sector took a back seat in Britain’s political economy and Labour’s nationalization programme initially wiped out significant areas of investment. In the post-war decades it was common for politicians of all parties to attack stock market operators as harmful gamblers. This anti-finance rhetoric has obscured our view of retail investment in those years in the way that it became almost invisible from public debate—and a historiography—that was dominated by nationalized industries, Keynesian demand management, and the welfare state. If anything, contemporaries were and scholars have been preoccupied with the ‘Cult of Equity’, the rapid growth of institutional investment at that time. While more private individuals ventured into the stock market—there were approximately 3 million direct shareholders by the early 1960s—their share of listed equity was declining. Hence, the small investor’s comeback went unnoticed in comparison with the shift of pension funds and life insurance companies from bonds into equities once markets had recovered by the mid-1950s. Investors small and large made and lost fortunes in two unprecedented boom markets while the burgeoning climate of affluence and permissiveness loosened traditional reservation against financial securities. More and more middle-class Britons not only invested in equities as a means of retirement planning, but also discovered the stock market as a hobby that offered thrills of risk and reward similar to gambling.
The Financial Press and the Investing Public
Authors: Heinemann Kieran
Published: July 2021

For centuries, Britain has had a financial media landscape unrivalled in Europe with newspapers like the Financial Times or The Economist traditionally keeping business professionals up to date about market developments. But by the early twentieth century, punters could get the latest prices and market-moving stories from tabloids like the Daily Express and the Daily Mail. By 1960, even the working-class Daily Mirror had a designated City page—right next to the racing coverage—and gave investment advice to people of modest means. This chapter takes a fresh look at the financial press as the main source of information for private investors of different social backgrounds. When seeking to explain why economic liberalism became fashionable again in Britain during the 1970s, we must consider that for more than two decades, millions of newspaper readers had been increasingly exposed to the asserted benefits of free-market capitalism and were actively encouraged to take part in the market. Recent studies on the history of neoliberalism state that financial journalism became an important amplifier for the Thatcherite language of profits in the 1980s. This chapter argues that this misses the point and shows instead how Britain’s financial press was not an echo chamber of Westminster politics—it set the tone of the wider share ownership agenda. The newspaper columns of the Financial Times and the Daily Telegraph or the market populism of The Express , The Mail , and The Mirror played a crucial part in shifting British public opinion in favour of free-market capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Heinemann Kieran
Published: July 2021

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in February 2020 led to a spectacular comeback of retail investing in global equity markets. Lockdowns forced millions of people to stay at home, and the suspension of the online sports gambling spirit enticed a new generation of ‘have-a-go investors’ to seek their luck and thrills in the stock market. Financial observers across the board expected the breathtaking surge in retail investing to be a lasting trend and to pose regulatory challenges to the market infrastructure for years to come. The retail stock market frenzy of 2020 and 2021 sparked debates over the place of the ‘amateur’ in the market, the role of social media, and the ‘gamification of investing’. These debates offer an opportunity to hold up a sharp and topical mirror to the historical findings of this book, which in turn may inform future debates about the meaning of retail investing.
Echoes of Gravitational Waves
Authors: Perillán José G.
Published: July 2021

The myth-histories scientists tell tend to be collages of heroes pasted together to evoke an irrefutable scientific foundation of progress. Students consuming these narratives are not introduced to a realistic portrayal of scientific practice; they are fed an idealized form of science based on tropes that are effectively impossible to follow. How does this affect our students? We assume it gives them positive, ideal role models, but is this so? Studies show that students’ motivation is not homogeneous. Some may feel disenfranchised and unmotivated by myth-historical reconstructions of people from circumstances wildly different from their own. Chapter 4 examines one of the clearest examples of this idealization, myth-historical narratives constructed in communicating the discovery of gravitational waves in 2015–16. These narratives cast Albert Einstein as a clear and unambiguous scientific hero. They also engage in an ex post facto transformation of physicist Joseph Weber from scientific pariah to hero.
Powering the economy
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce
Published: July 2021

In this chapter the reform processes relating to the electricity and natural gas markets are examined, beginning with the changes that occurred in the early 1990s and tracking through the first two decades of the new century. In doing so, the influence of international trends are considered, and the various benefits and problems associated with the reform process are discussed in detail. In addition to looking at the structural and ownership changes that occurred during this period, specific attention is given to the manner in which prices for monopoly assets were determined, changes in regulation of electricity pricing for retail customers and the impact of the measures used to promote renewable energy. Related to these various reforms has been the problems that have arisen from the need to ensure security of supply. Additional attention, therefore, is given to an examination of these issues, including the pros and cons of establishing a domestic gas reserve policy.
The hardest reform of all
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides an examination of the reasons for the continued government ownership of service provision in the water and wastewater services industry. In doing so it assesses the monopoly and the environment- and rural-related reasons for the slower reform of this sector compared to the others in the utilities sector. This chapter also provides a discussion of the types of reforms that have taken place in this industry in the absence of privatization. These reforms include such tings as the merger of various water authorities, the corporatization of government business enterprises, the introduction of more commercially orientated water prices, and increased use of non-surface sources of water.
Conclusion
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce
Published: July 2021

The final chapter provides a summing up of the book along with some speculation about the future development in this sector. In doing so it provides a description of some of the main issues that have arisen in the process of reform of the utilities sector. The chapter also raises a number of issues that need to be addressed looking forward, including the escalation in prices of many utilities services, environmental impacts, as well as the problems associated with economic regulation. Finally, this chapter reflects upon the manner in which reform of Australia’s utilities industries has taken place over the past three decades, and the implications this process may have for policy development and future reform more generally.
Applications
Authors: Ferguson Rex
Published: July 2021

Chapter Four asks what happens when the physical markers of identity are rendered in the language of digital code. In the contemporary moment, fingerprints and DNA profiles are stored and matched through networked databases rather than paper records, while iris scans and facial recognition technology have produced radically new modes of reading identity in the body. This digitization of identification is accentuated still further when the more mundane means of identifying oneself in the contemporary period (through the use of credit cards or in ‘checking in’ to a workplace) are considered. Taking place within an essentially surveillant contemporary culture, these validations of identity create a retrievable record of one’s movements and activities and place the citizen’s body in the ‘non-place’ of networked databases in which a direct checking of what Haggerty and Ericson describe as ‘data doubles’ takes place. As with Chapter Three, much of the significance that is attached to this development in recent identificatory practice will be developed via Powers’s The Gold Bug Variations. This explication will cede into a more thorough analysis of Don DeLillo’s White Noise (1984) and Cosmopolis (2003) and Jennifer Egan’s Look at Me (2001). While DeLillo’s earlier text represents some of the archetypal modes of contemporary surveillance, both Cosmopolis and Look at Me depict a complete internalization of its logic. Thus, just as DeLillo and Egan’s central characters voluntarily place themselves under surveillant monitoring, so too their representation as, in effect, data doubles requires a decidedly anti-realist form of narration.
Determinism, Freedom, and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: July 2021

This volume assembles nine of the author’s essays on determinism, freedom, and moral responsibility in Western antiquity, ranging from Aristotle via the Epicureans and Stoics to the third century. It is representative of the author’s overall scholarship on the topic, much of which emphasizes that what commonly counts as ‘the problem of free will and determinism’ is noticeably distinct from the issues the ancients discussed. It is true that one main component of the ancient discourse concerned the question how moral accountability can be consistently combined with certain causal factors that impact human behaviour. However, it is not true that the ancient problems involved the questions of the compatibility of causal determinism with our ability to do otherwise or with free will. Instead, we encounter questions about human rational and autonomous agency and their compatibility with preceding causes, external or internal; with external impediments; with divine predetermination and theological questions; with physical theories like atomism and continuum theory, and with sciences more generally; with elements that determine character development from childhood, such as nature and nurture; with epistemic features such as ignorance of circumstances; with necessity and modal theories generally; with folk theories of fatalism; and also with questions of how human autonomous agency is related to moral development, to virtue and wisdom, to blame and praise. In Classical and Hellenistic philosophy, these questions were all debated without reference to freedom to do otherwise or free will—. This volume considers all of these questions to some extent.
Choice and Moral Responsibility in Nicomachean Ethics 3.1–5
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines what the overall purpose of Nicomachean Ethics 3.1–5 is, and in doing so produces a unified interpretation of the passage, showing that Aristotle’s theory of responsibility is not based on notions of free decision or free will. The passage’s primary purpose is to explain how agents are responsible for their actions not just insofar as these are actions of this kind or that, but also insofar as they are noble or base: this is the step from responsibility generally to moral responsibility. Agents are responsible for their actions qua noble or base because, typically via choice (prohairesis), their character dispositions are a causal factor of those actions. An important second purpose of EN 3.1–5 is to explain how agents can be held responsible for certain consequences of their actions, in particular their character dispositions insofar as these are noble or base, that is, virtues or vices.
Did Epicurus Discover the Free-Will Problem?
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: July 2021

This chapter shows, through painstaking analysis of the extant texts (Epicurus, Lucretius, Diogenes Laertius, et al.), that there is no evidence that Epicurus dealt with the kind of free-will problem with which he is traditionally associated, i.e. that he discussed free choice or moral responsibility grounded on free choice, or that the ‘swerve’ was involved in decision processes. Rather, for Epicurus, actions are fully determined by the agent’s mental disposition at the outset of the action. Moral responsibility presupposes not free choice but that the person is unforced and causally responsible for the action. This requires the agent’s ability to influence causally, more specifically on the basis of their beliefs, the development of their behavioural dispositions. The ‘swerve’ was intended to explain the non-necessity of agency without undermining Epicurus’ atomistic explanation of the order in the universe, viz. by making the mental dispositions of adults non-necessary.
Diasporic Poetics
Authors: Yu Timothy
Published: July 2021

This book advances a new concept of the “Asian diaspora” that creates links between Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian identities. Drawing from comparable studies of the black diaspora, it traces the histories of colonialism, immigration, and exclusion shared by these three populations. The work of Asian poets in each of these three countries offers a rich terrain for understanding how Asian identities emerge at the intersection of national and transnational flows, with the poets’ thematic and formal choices reflecting the varied pressures of social and cultural histories, as well as the influence of Asian writers in other national locations. Diasporic Poetics argues that racialized and nationally bounded “Asian” identities often emerge from transnational political solidarities, from Third World struggles against colonialism to the global influence of the American civil rights movement. Indeed, I show that Asian writers disclaim national belonging as often as they claim it, placing Asian diasporic writers at a critical distance from the national spaces within which they write. As the first full-length study to compare Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian writers, the book offers the historical and cultural contexts necessary to understand the distinctive development of Asian writing in each country, while also offering close analysis of the work of writers such as Janice Mirikitani, Fred Wah, Ouyang Yu, Myung Mi Kim, and Cathy Park Hong.
Introduction
Authors: Yu Timothy
Published: July 2021

In the twenty-first century, Asian American studies has turned increasingly toward diasporic and transnational frameworks, even as some scholars have raised concerns about the loss of an Asian American identity and politics grounded in cultural nationalism. Drawing in part on the work of Paul Gilroy, I propose a new theory of “Asian diaspora” in which “Asian” identity emerges from a dialectic of national and transnational forces. Since the 1970s, this category of Asian identification has circulated among the United States, Canada, and Australia, white settler colonies with histories of Asian immigration and exclusion. The work of Asian poets in these locations registers, in content and form, the history of diaspora that gives rise to Asian identity.
Waiting for Asian Canada
Authors: Yu Timothy
Published: July 2021

While the scholarly narrative of Asian Canadian identity is often one of belatedness with regard to its American counterpart, the poetry of Fred Wah reveals a dynamic, diasporic context for Asian Canadian expression. While Wah’s poetry has often been read through its American avant-garde influences, his work from the mid-1980s onward focuses increasingly on biography under the influence of Asian Canadian activism. Wah’s book Waiting For Saskatchewan stitches together the techniques of American avant-garde poetry with Japanese poetic forms and the theme of diasporic return to China, creating a pan-ethnic, transnational aesthetic that is in conversation with Asian American models but distinct from its Canadian context.
Equity before International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Titi Catharine
Published: July 2021

Equity first made its way in international decision-making through claims commissions and early arbitration tribunals, whereupon it started to be incorporated in the jurisprudence of international courts. Today, equity in international law is often associated with ICJ judgments, especially those involving maritime boundary delimitation. Recourse to equitable considerations in this field evolved over time, hardening into something very much approximating a method of equitable delimitation. However, iconic a status though the treatment of equity in the delimitation of maritime boundaries may have reached, equity is relevant to all of international law. In effect, some of the most interesting applications of equity have been made by interstate tribunals deciding other types of disputes. The chapter reviews ‘classic’ pronouncements on equity by international courts and tribunals and documents this jurisprudential history that conditions how we perceive equity in international law.
Power to Resort to Equity
Authors: Titi Catharine
Published: July 2021

The chapter documents the complex relationship between, on the one hand, equity and international law and, on the other, principles and rules, and it discusses equity as a source of international law. The thrust of its argument is that equity is a source of international law, which means that international adjudicators have the power to apply it. While conceding that the felicitous conjunction of law and equity presents a formidable challenge, the chapter suggests that equity can only be conceived as forming part of the law. After discussing equity embedded in conventional law, the chapter turns to customary international law, general principles of law, and general principles of international law. It puts forward the argument that equity is a general principle of international law of a customary law nature, having mutated from a general principle of law through its repeated use at the international level.
Balance in Epistemology
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 takes up the problem of sufficiency for the idea that reasons come first among normative concepts in epistemology. Seven puzzles about the sufficiency of evidence are presented, each of which lays out difficulties in accounting for what amount or strength of evidence is enough in order to render a belief rational. The two-stage strategy is introduced as a way of treating several of these puzzles, by showing that what they affect is not which beliefs are rational qua belief, but instead the prior question of whether to deliberate about what to believe. But the two-stage strategy is argued to be limited, and not to solve several of the remaining puzzles. In contrast, the simple idea that there are non-evidential epistemic reasons against belief is introduced as an alternative solution to most of the remaining puzzles.
Pragmatic Intellectualism
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2021

Chapter 8 introduces and defends the default reliance account of the nature of binary belief and the resulting package of views about epistemic reasons—Pragmatic Intellectualism. According to the default reliance account, binary beliefs play the role of giving us something to rely on in reasoning by default—without need to engage in further reasoning about what to rely on. It is argued that the default reliance account predicts and explains the rational inertia of beliefs, and explains why both the risks of error and the availability of further evidence will count as epistemic reasons against belief. The resulting view, Pragmatic Intellectualism, is contrasted with other defenses of pragmatic encroachment in epistemology with respect to the role it grants to knowledge-action principles, the rational stability of belief, the principle of reflection, and pragmatic encroachment on confidence or degreed belief.
Doxastic Wrongs
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2021

Chapter 9 extends the arguments of Chapter 8 by defending the view that we can wrong each other in virtue of what we believe about one another, and arguing that this is best and most conservatively explained by Pragmatic Intellectualism. It is argued that cases from Rima Basu, Simon Keller, Sarah Stroud, Tamar Gendler, and Berislav Marušić all involve doxastic wrongs. Though there are two prominent objections to the idea that beliefs can wrong, it is shown that Pragmatic Intellectualism offers answers to each of these objections. And finally it is argued that we have independent grounds to think that the best cases of doxastic wrongs are also among the very best cases for pragmatic encroachment, because of the way that the wrongs they involve are stable over time.
Reasons First?
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2021

Chapter 12 summarizes and brings together the key lessons of the book. It contrasts the accounts developed in Parts II, III, and IV of the structure perceptual justification, the role of evidence, and the nature of knowledge with some of their prominent competitors. The chief morals of Part IV are combined with the chief morals of each of Parts II and III, and it is shown that the resulting combinations have strengths that go beyond the strengths of each package considered separately. And finally, morals are drawn for the ultimate prospects of the idea that reasons come first.
Data Subject Rights under the GDPR
Authors: Vrabec Helena U.
Published: July 2021

In 2018, the GDPR started a revolution in the data protection world. One of the most far-reaching developments of the new regulation was the chapter on data subject rights. Old rights were strengthened and extended, and several new rights were introduced. For data subjects who felt overwhelmed with the information overload, the GDPR meant a promise of more individual control over data. In combination with severe financial penalties, the revised rights brought the potential to become a vehicle of data protection law enforcement. However, there are still many uncertainties related to data subject rights due to the fact that the GDPR only recently entered into force. The Court of Justice of the EU and other EU governmental authorities have not yet had the time to provide thorough and updated guidance (although the court has been actively adjudicating on these individual rights ever since the GDPR was adopted). Not only is the lack of guidance a problem, the applicability of data subject rights is strongly influenced by the economic and social (data-driven) context. This book provides a thorough analysis of data subject rights under the new GDPR framework and their legal operation. The goal is to help individuals (lawyers and others) to navigate the subject area and/or possibly pursue claims. Its additional value is that it considers the rights in a big data environment and therefore more accurately points out inefficiencies and provides criticism where needed.
Data Portability as a Data Subject Right
Authors: Vrabec Helena U.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 7 analyses the right to data portability set out in Article 20 of the GDPR. It first provides an overview of several commercial and regulatory initiatives that preceded the GDPR version of the right to personal data portability. Next, it explores the language of Article 20 to demonstrate the effects of the narrow scope of the right. The chapter then shows how data portability interacts with other data subject rights, particularly with the right to access and the right to be forgotten, before it describes manifestations of data portability in legal areas outside of the data protection law. Finally, the chapter explores the specific objective of the right to data portability under the GDPR as an enabler of data subjects’ control.
Introduction
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg
Published: July 2021

This is a book about the intersection between processes of mobility and religious identity and practice in Early Modern Ireland. The period between c.1580 and c.1685 was one of momentous importance in terms of the establishment of different confessional identities in the island, and processes of mobility played a key role in the development, articulation, and maintenance of separate religious communities. Part I of the book examines the dialectic between migration and religious adherence, paying particular attention to the transnational dimension of clerical formation which played a vital role in shaping the competing Catholic Church of Ireland and non-conformist clergies. Part II investigates how more quotidian practices of mobility such as pilgrimage and interparochial communions helped to elaborate religious identities and the central role of figurative images of movement in structuring Christians’ understanding of their lives. The final chapters of the book analyze the extraordinary importance of migratory experience in shaping the lives and writings of the authors of key confessional identity texts. The book argues that migrants and exiles, hitherto underestimated or taken for granted, were of crucial significance in forging the self-understanding of the different religious communities of the island.
The Mobility of Protestant Dissent
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 examines the establishment of non-conformist Protestantism in Early Modern Ireland, concentrating principally but not exclusively on Ulster Presbyterianism, by far and away the most significant of these groupings in terms of numbers and permanence within the religious ecology of the island. It demonstrates the almost entirely migrant provenance of these non-conformist communities and the transnational dimension of their ministerial provision. It also examines how traditions of mobility relating to Covenant-swearing and interparochial communion helped to sustain a distinctive religious identity and the manner in which the mobility of largely Scottish migrants provided the vector for the spread of Presbyterianism. The Interregnum proved a hinge point in the establishment of other forms of non-conformist Protestantism, but their importance largely diminished in the course of the Restoration, although a distinctive Irish Quaker community managed to spread in the island during this period.
Figurative Images of Mobility
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 examines how figurative images of mobility helped to structure Irish Christians’ understanding of their lives. This was common to all the traditions of the island. In addition, all drew heavily on the Bible as a fund of examples and inspirations in which themes of mobility and exile figured prominently. Of single greatest importance in this respect was the story of Exodus, and in different ways all the religious traditions of the island identified heavily with the story of the persecution and wandering of the Chosen People and their journey from Egypt to Canaan. The Babylonian captivity was another important point of reference in terms of making meaning of contemporary travails and exiles.
Modern Mendels and Organizational Adaptation
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A.
Published: July 2021

There has been recent interest in an important mechanism of intentional, designed learning efforts: random controlled trials. We situate this mechanism within an evolutionary framework and then consider some modest propositions for our Mendelian executive. RCTs tend to suffer from a lack of consideration of context dependence, and in that regard pose an interesting contrast with processes of imitation and recombination. The Mendelian executive as envisioned here goes beyond experimentation in a narrow RCT sense and plays a broader role in nurturing organizational adaptation. Three fundamental roles of the Mendelian executive are identified: encouraging adjacencies and identifying ways in which the organization can leverage its existing strengths into new possibilities, agnostic selection reflecting the challenge of selecting out less promising pathways and amplifying more promising ones, and engaging the variegated environment in which the organization operates to both enhance the set of possible adjacencies and the diversity of feedback.
Sexual harassment: perception and experience among female college students of Kafrelsheikh University
Authors: Kabbash Ibrahim Ali , Fatehy Naglaa Tawfeek , Saleh Saleh Raafat , Zidan Omar Omar , Dawood Waleed Moustafa
Published: July 2021

Background

Increasing concerns are rising over women and adolescence in Arabic societies generally, and in Egyptian society specifically.

Objectives

To identify the profile and reasons of the problem of sexual harassments among female college students.

Methods

A cross-sectional study including randomly selected 976 female students from different faculties of Kafrelsheikh University using a predesigned questionnaire sheet.

Results

The main perceived concept of sexual harassment was touching body (63.9%) followed by uncomfortable behaviors by the assault (51.8%). Among urban students, 47.1% reported frequent sexual harassment as compared to 26.5% among rural students. The main motives to harassment were absence of sanctions (42.8%) followed by masculine culture. Absence of punishment ranked first (54.1%) as one of reasons for the phenomenon of harassments in the community followed by wrong concepts about women (46%). The main reaction to harassment was feeling bad and wishing to act (32.9%) followed by feeling bad but helpless (26.0%). Only 25.5% reported taking proper action. Experience of harassment was significantly more reported by urban students compared to rural ones (12.6% and 4.1%, respectively (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Sexual harassment is not uncommon from of violence especially in urban areas mainly due to absence of sanctions and majority did not have capacity to take proper actions.
Peak radial growth of diffuse-porous species occurs during periods of lower water availability than for ring-porous and coniferous trees
Authors: D’Orangeville Loïc , Itter Malcolm , Kneeshaw Dan , Munger J William , Richardson Andrew D , Dyer James M , Orwig David A , Pan Yude , Pederson Neil
Published: July 2021

Climate models project warmer summer temperatures will increase the frequency and heat severity of droughts in temperate forests of Eastern North America. Hotter droughts are increasingly documented to affect tree growth and forest dynamics, with critical impacts on tree mortality, carbon sequestration and timber provision. The growing acknowledgement of the dominant role of drought timing on tree vulnerability to water deficit raises the issue of our limited understanding of radial growth phenology for most temperate tree species. Here, we use well-replicated dendrometer band data sampled frequently during the growing season to assess the growth phenology of 610 trees from 15 temperate species over 6 years. Patterns of diameter growth follow a typical logistic shape, with growth rates reaching a maximum in June, and then decreasing until process termination. On average, we find that diffuse-porous species take 16–18 days less than other wood-structure types to put on 50% of their annual diameter growth. However, their peak growth rate occurs almost a full month later than ring-porous and conifer species (ca. 24 ± 4 days; mean ± 95% credible interval). Unlike other species, the growth phenology of diffuse-porous species in our dataset is highly correlated with their spring foliar phenology. We also find that the later window of growth in diffuse-porous species, coinciding with peak evapotranspiration and lower water availability, exposes them to a higher water deficit of 88 ± 19 mm (mean ± SE) during their peak growth than ring-porous and coniferous species (15 ± 35 mm and 30 ± 30 mm, respectively). Given the high climatic sensitivity of wood formation, our findings highlight the importance of wood porosity as one predictor of species climatic sensitivity to the projected intensification of the drought regime in the coming decades.
Genetic Trends in Fusarium Head Blight Resistance from 20 Years of Winter Wheat Breeding and Cooperative Testing in the Northern U.S.A.
Authors: Gaire Rupesh , Sneller Clay , Brown-Guedira Gina , Van Sanford David , Mohammadi Mohsen , Kolb Frederic L. , Olson Eric , Sorrells Mark , Rutkoski Jessica
Published: July 2021

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat and barley. In the U.S.A., a significant long-term investment in breeding FHB-resistant cultivars began after the 1990s. However, to this date, no study has been performed to understand and monitor the rate of genetic progress in FHB resistance as a result of this investment. Using 20 years of data (1998 to 2018) from the Northern Uniform and Preliminarily Northern Uniform winter wheat scab nurseries that consisted of 1,068 genotypes originating from nine different institutions, we studied the genetic trends in FHB resistance within the northern soft red winter wheat growing region using mixed model analyses. For the FHB resistance traits incidence, severity, Fusarium-damaged kernels, and deoxynivalenol content, the rate of genetic gain in disease resistance was estimated to be 0.30 ± 0.1, 0.60 ± 0.09, and 0.37 ± 0.11 points per year, and 0.11 ± 0.05 parts per million per year, respectively. Among the five FHB-resistance quantitative trait loci assayed for test entries from 2012 to 2018, the frequencies of favorable alleles from Fhb 2DL Wuhan1 W14, Fhb Ernie 3Bc, and Fhb 5A Ning7840 were close to zero across the years. The frequency of the favorable at Fhb1 and Fhb 5A Ernie ranged from 0.08 to 0.33 and 0.06 to 0.20, respectively, across years, and there was no trend in changes in allele frequencies over years. Overall, this study showed that substantial genetic progress has been made toward improving resistance to FHB. It is apparent that today’s investment in public wheat breeding for FHB resistance is achieving results and will continue to play a vital role in reducing FHB levels in growers’ fields.
Quantitative Resistance Loci to Southern Rust Mapped in a Temperate Maize Diversity Panel
Authors: Sun Guangchao , Mural Ravi V. , Turkus Jonathan D. , Schnable James C.
Published: July 2021

Southern rust is a severe foliar disease of maize (Zea mays) resulting from infection with the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia polysora. This disease reduces photosynthetic productivity, which in turn reduces yields, with the greatest yield losses (up to 50%) associated with earlier onset infections. P. polysora urediniospores overwinter only in tropical and subtropical regions but cause outbreaks when environmental conditions favor initial infection. Increased temperatures and humidity during the growing season combined with an increased frequency of moderate winters are likely to increase the frequency of severe southern rust outbreaks in the U.S. Corn Belt. In summer 2020, a severe outbreak of southern rust was observed in eastern Nebraska, United States. We scored a replicated maize association panel planted in Lincoln, NE for disease severity and found that disease incidence and severity showed significant variation among maize genotypes. Genome-wide association studies identified four loci associated with significant quantitative variation in disease severity. These loci were associated with candidate genes with plausible links to quantitative disease resistance. A transcriptome-wide association study identified additional genes associated with disease severity. Together, these results indicate that substantial diversity in resistance to southern rust exists among current temperate-adapted maize germplasm, including several candidate loci that may explain the observed variation in resistance to southern rust.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Exposed versus buried K-wire fixation in paediatric lateral condyle humerus fractures: preliminary communication of a prospective comparative study
Authors: Sahoo Madan Mohan , Sahoo Udit Sourav , Jena Manoranjan
Published: July 2021

Buried Kirschner’s wires (K-wires) following internal fixation of paediatric Lateral condyle fracture of humerus allow them to hold the bone until radiological consolidation but requires another surgical procedure for implant removal. Exposed wires need meticulous pin tract care, earlier implant removal and may carry a higher risk of infection. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of buried versus exposed K-wires for these fractures. This prospective comparative(nonrandomised) study was conducted from July 2016 to April 2020 at a tertiary care level I trauma centre on 80 children, <12 years of age, divided into group 1(n = 40), where K-wires were left exposed, and group 2 (n = 40), where K-wires were buried. Functional outcome and complications were compared between the two groups with at least 3 months follow-up. Infection rate was significantly lower in buried K-wire group with 7 patients (17.5%) compared to 15 (37.5%) in exposed group, P = 0.045. Four out of those 15 patients needed debridement suggesting that exposed K-wires carry a higher risk of bone infection and subsequent morbidities. There was no significant difference in union time, range of motion (mean flexion 135.3° in exposed vs. 132.5° in buried, P = 0.988), carrying angle (8.5° vs. 8.6°, P = 0.981), or lateral condyle hypertrophy; 12 (30%) vs. 9 (22.5%), P = 0.446. Skin pigmentation was more in the exposed group; 13 (32.5%) vs. 10 (25%), P = 0.459. We recommend that K-wires should be buried subcutaneously, particularly when meticulous pin tract care is doubtful.
Outcomes of displaced adolescent distal third tibia fractures: can we do better?
Authors: Ramalingam Wendy G. , Carry Patrick , Brazell Christopher , Calkins Ryan , Linza-Moscati Sara , Stoneback Jason , Miller Nancy Hadley
Published: July 2021

Because adolescent distal third tibia fractures pose treatment challenges, we aimed to identify factors predictive of failure among common treatment methods: casting without manipulation, closed reduction and casting (CRC) and open treatment. Among displaced fractures, we compared outcomes between CRC versus open treatment. Skeletally immature individuals (10–17 years) with extra-articular distal third tibia fractures at a level 1 trauma center (2011–2017) were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, injury and treatment characteristics and complications were recorded. Radiographs were evaluated for unacceptable alignment (angulation >5°, translation >50%, and shortening >1 cm) and time to union. Of 140 individuals, casting was the most common treatment method (n = 81), followed by CRC under anesthesia/sedation (n = 38), and open treatment (n = 34). For fractures casted without manipulation, increased fracture severity based upon our novel grading system [hazard ratio (HR): 10.5, 95% CI, 4.2–27.5, P < 0.0001] was significantly related to treatment failure. Outcomes for a selected group of 47 initially displaced fractures (33 CRC and 14 open treatments) were evaluated. For CRC, 9 (27.3%) healed with malunion and 6 (18.2%) failed initial CRC, resulting in a treatment failure rate of 36.7%. For open treatment, 2 (14.3%) underwent hardware removal, 2 (14.3%) healed with malunion and one developed infection requiring reoperation. No fractures healed with malunion required surgical correction during the study period. The odds of persistent malalignment in CRC was 3.77 [95% CI, 0.44–32.60, P = 0.2274] times open treatment. Adolescent minimally displaced distal tibial fractures can undergo successful treatment with casting. However, displaced fractures have a higher chance of short-term failure with CRC. Close monitoring of displaced fractures in the adolescent is essential during conservative management.
Factors determining loss of reduction in paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning
Authors: Venkatadass K. , Maji Manas , Sangeet G. , Raghavendra K. , Rajasekaran S.
Published: July 2021

Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is the preferred surgical intervention for paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF). Loss of reduction (LOR) is one of the infrequent complications associated with percutaneous pinning. We aim to analyse the various factors that could lead to LOR. We retrospectively reviewed records of all children with Gartland’s type III and IV SCHF who were operated at our institution between 2014 and 2016. A defined set of radiologic indices were measured on postoperative and follow-up radiographs. Correlation between LOR (as defined by Skaggs) and radiologic indices, was calculated. In total 187 children who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Major LOR was present in 8 patients (4.28%), mild LOR was seen in 21 patients (11.22%), and there was no LOR in 158 patients (84.49%). A pin-spread fracture width ratio of 0.37 had maximum sensitivity and specificity for predicting LOR. The convergent pin configuration had the highest rate of LOR of 15%, whereas it was about 3% in the crossed pin and lateral divergent pinning group. The incidence of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury in our series was 4.76%, and all were in the cross pinning group. Pin-spread fracture width ratio is the most crucial factor determining LOR, and a ratio of less than 0.37 has a significantly higher rate of LOR. As the incidence of LOR is not significantly different between the lateral-only and crossed pin groups, a medial pin should be used judiciously to avert the risk of ulnar nerve injury. Level of evidence: Level IV.