bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Review of the Performance of Some Horizontal wells Drilled in IOR/EOR Projects and Gas Pools in the WCSB
Authors: Springer Selwyn , Sadal D (SID) , Turta Alex
Published: February 2016

More than 10 000 horizontal wells have been drilled in the Westem Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) between 1987 and the present. About 5 000 of these wells have been drilled in conventional oil pools on primary production, and about 1000 wells have been drilled in heavy oil bitumen reservoirs. In addition about 3000 wells have been drilled in enhanced oil recovery (EOR} projects (mainly waterfloods, and miscible/immiscible gas/hydrocarbon injection solvent floods), and about 1000 horizontal wells have been drilled in natural gas reservoirs. As expected in each group the initial production rate and cumulative production (5 years) show some variation from the mean/average rates..

In this review we will focus our attention on the performance of horizontal wells drilled in EOR projects and natural gas pools. We have grouped these wells into conventional heavy oil sandstone waterflood projects; Light-medium oil sandstone waterflood projects; carbonate waterflood projects; carbonate "horizontal miscible" solvent floods projects; carbonate "vertical miscible" solvent floods projects; sandstone gas horizontal wells projects; and carbonate gas horizontal wells project. Horizontal wells drilled in conventional oil pools on primary production and heavy oil/bitumen in-situ projects are not included in this review. We have identified representative samples for each group. The median, mean/average, 75th percentile and 25th percentile have been determined for the initial rates, and 5-year cumulative (5-year cum.) production. Production Performance Rate-Time Plots for each group are shown.

We have also provided a short discussion of the performance of each group. In our discussion we have tried to identify wells/pools and formations which are chiefly responsible for the 75th and 25th percentile performance, and have discussed some of the reservoir rock and fluid characteristics which may be responsible for the variation in performance. Brief comments are also made on some drilling or operational techniques employed which may have affected the performance.
The customer forum – putting customers at the centre of regulating water services
Authors: Hendry Sarah
Published: February 2016

This article will explore recent initiatives in customer engagement in water services in Scotland, UK. Scotland has a well-established and successful model for water services regulation and governance, with a public supplier performing as efficiently as the top quartile of private English companies. One recent innovation has been a form of negotiated settlement between the provider and a group representing customers, as part of the price setting process. The paper will assess the initial intention and the subsequent evolution of this initiative, arguing that such developments can work well, when conditions are right. Enabling conditions may include a surrounding regulatory structure that is sufficiently mature and performing sufficiently well. It will offer some reflections on the process and on the role of such a body in the future, and will also posit that there are features of public sector providers that may make these more, rather than less, conducive to efficient and effective service delivery in the customer interest.
Disease control by chemical and biological fungicides in cultivated mushrooms: Button mushroom, oyster mushroom and shiitake
Authors: Potocnik Ivana , Stepanovic Milos , Rekanovic Emil , Todorovic Biljana , Milijasevic-Marcic Svetlana
Published: February 2016

The most commonly cultivated basidiomycetes worldwide and in Serbia are
button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) and
shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Production of their fruiting bodies is severely
afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens that are able to cause
diseases which affect yield and quality. Major A. bisporus fungal pathogens
include Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola, and Cladobotryum spp.,
the causal agents of dry bubble, wet bubble, and cobweb disease,
respectively. Various Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould,
also affect all three kinds of edible mushrooms. Over the past two decades,
green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of
button mushroom. Oyster mushroom is susceptible to T. pleurotum and shiitake
to T. harzianum. The bacterial brawn blotch disease, caused by Pseudomonas
tolaasii, is distributed globally. Disease control on mushroom farms
worldwide is commonly based on the use of fungicides. However, evolution of
pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application, and host
sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. Only a few fungicides are
officially recommended in mushroom production: chlorothalonil and
thiabendazol in North America and prochloraz in the EU and some other
countries. Even though decreased sensitivity levels of L. fungicola and
Cladobotryum mycophilum to prochloraz have been detected, disease control is
still mainly provided by that chemical fungicide. Considering such resistance
evolution, harmful impact to the environment and human health, special
attention should be focused on biofungicides, both microbiological products
based on Bacillus species and various natural substances of biological
origin, together with good programs of hygiene. Introduction of biofungicides
has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of
chemicals.
The effect of soil type on imazamox phytotoxicity to tomato
Authors: Gajic-Umiljendic Jelena , Saric-Krsmanovic Marija , Santric Ljiljana , Radivojevic Ljiljana
Published: February 2016

A bioassay was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of tomato to imazamox
residues in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of
soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% FWC) were also examined. Imazamox was applied
at rates ranging from 6.25 to 800 ?g a.i./ kg soil. Shoot and root fresh
weight and root length were the parameters measured 21 days after treatment,
as well as the content of water soluble proteins. Imazamox caused growth
delay and lower protein contents in both types of soil at all levels of soil
moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition
was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil. The root parameters were more
reliable as indicators of plant sensitivity to imazamox in soil. Soluble
protein contents were lower in all trial variants but the changes did not
depend on herbicide concentrations.
Effective Translation of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Hispanic Women With Prediabetes in a Community Health Center Setting
Authors: Van Name Michelle A. , Camp Anne W. , Magenheimer Elizabeth A. , Li Fangyong , Dziura James D. , Montosa Abmaridel , Patel Anisha , Tamborlane William V.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) demonstrated that weight loss from intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in adults with prediabetes could decrease progression to type 2 diabetes. Inner-city, low-income Hispanic women are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes; however, this type of intervention is not well established in this group. We hypothesized that a DPP intervention modified for a community health center (CHC) setting would decrease weight and improve metabolic measures in Hispanic women with prediabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Women diagnosed with prediabetes on a screening oral glucose tolerance test were recruited from a CHC. Participants (90% of whom were Hispanic) were randomized to either usual care (age 43 ± 9.7 years, BMI 35.2 ± 7.3 kg/m2) or ILI (age 43.8 ± 10.8 years, BMI 35.4 ± 8.5 kg/m2), structured as 14 weeks of group sessions focused on food choices, behavior change, physical activity, and weight loss. One year after enrollment, 122 women repeated baseline measures.

RESULTS

Groups had similar baseline weight, BMI, and fasting and 2-h glucose. One year later, the ILI group had lost 3.8 kg (4.4%), while the usual care group had gained 1.4 kg (1.6%, P < 0.0001). Two-hour glucose excursion decreased 15 mg/dL (0.85 mmol/L) in the ILI and 1 mg/dL (0.07 mmol/L) in the usual care group (P = 0.03). Significant decreases favoring the ILI group were noted in BMI, percent body fat, waist circumference, and fasting insulin.

CONCLUSIONS

A 14-week ILI program based on the DPP can effectively be translated into a predominantly Hispanic CHC setting, resulting in decreased weight, improved fasting insulin, and smaller glucose excursions 1 year after enrolling in the program.
Olten Meeting 2015 – Antibiotics and Bioprinting – for a better life
Authors: Heinzelmann Elsbeth
Published: February 2016

The ever lurking danger of antibiotic resistance and the potential of bioprinting are on everyone's lips. But where do we stand in the battle against antibiotic-resistant pathogens? And what are the opportunities for biotech in the 3D printing of biological tissues and organs through
the layering of living cells? At the Olten Meeting 2015 scientists and entrepreneurs met to throw light on the current situation.
New Insights into the Synthesis and Biological Activity of the Pamamycin Macrodiolides
Authors: Hanquet Gilles , Salom-Roig Xavier , Lanners Steve
Published: February 2016

After a brief account of the biological properties of pamamycins, this review highlights the latest developments on the total synthesis and the biosynthesis of these macrodiolides.
Free-radical Carbo-functionalization of Olefins Using Sulfonyl Derivatives
Authors: Ovadia Benjamin , Robert Frédéric , Landais Yannick
Published: February 2016

This review provides an overview of the recent progress made in the area of free-radical additions across the ?-system of olefins, with a focus on the role of sulfonyl derivatives as one of the reaction partners in multicomponent processes. The mechanism and utility in organic synthesis
of carbo-alkenylation, alkynylation, oximation and azidation of olefins are thus discussed and illustrated with some applications in total synthesis of natural products.
Tin-free Alternatives to the Barton-McCombie Deoxygenation of Alcohols to Alkanes Involving Reductive Electron Transfer
Authors: Chenneberg Ludwig , Ollivier Cyril
Published: February 2016

Echoing the recent celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the Barton-McCombie reaction, this review aims to explore another facet of radical processes for deoxygenation of alcohols by considering SET (single electron transfer) reduction of carboxylic ester, thiocarbonate and thiocarbamate
derivatives. Various protocols have been developed relying on the use of organic and organometallic SET reagents, electrochemical conditions, photoinduced electron transfer processes and visible-light photoredox catalysis. Applications to the synthesis of molecules of interest provide a glimpse
into the scope of these different approaches.
Advances in Homogeneous Catalysis Using Secondary Phosphine Oxides (SPOs): Pre-ligands for Metal Complexes
Authors: Achard Thierry
Published: February 2016

The secondary phosphine oxides are known to exist in equilibrium between the pentavalent phosphine oxides (SPO) and the trivalent phosphinous acids (PA). This equilibrium can be displaced in favour of the trivalent tautomeric form upon coordination to late transition metals. This tutorial
review provides the state of the art of the use of secondary phosphine oxides as pre-ligands in transition metal-catalysed reactions. Using a combination of SPOs and several metals such as Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Au, a series of effective and original transformations have been obtained and will
be discussed here.
tert-Butanesulfinamides as Nitrogen Nucleophiles in Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Forming Reactions
Authors: Hernandez Johana Ramirez , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Jackowski Olivier , Oble Julie , Perez-Luna Alejandro , Poli Giovanni
Published: February 2016

The use of tert-butanesulfinamides as nitrogen nucleophiles in carbon–nitrogen bond forming reactions is reviewed. This field has grown in the shadow of the general interest in N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines for asymmetric synthesis and occupies now an important
place in its own right in the chemistry of the chiral amine reagent tert-butanesulfinamide. This article provides an overview of the area and emphasizes recent contributions wherein the tert-butanesulfinamides act as chiral auxiliaries or perform as nitrogen donors in metal-catalyzed
amination reactions.
What Does It Mean to Be Ranked a “High” or “Low” Value-Added Teacher? Observing Differences in Instructional Quality Across Districts
Authors: Blazar David , Litke Erica , Barmore Johanna
Published: February 2016

Education agencies are evaluating teachers using student achievement data. However, very little is known about the comparability of test-based or “value-added” metrics across districts and the extent to which they capture variability in classroom practices. Drawing on data from four urban districts, we found that teachers were categorized differently when compared within versus across districts. In addition, analyses of scores from two observation instruments, as well as qualitative viewing of lesson videos, identified stark differences in instructional practices across districts among teachers who received similar within-district value-added rankings. These patterns were not explained by observable background characteristics of teachers, suggesting that factors beyond labor market sorting likely played a key role.
A Foot in the Door
Authors: Krieg John M. , Theobald Roddy , Goldhaber Dan
Published: February 2016

We use data from Washington State to examine two stages of the teacher pipeline: the placement of prospective teachers into student teaching assignments and the hiring of prospective teachers into their first teaching positions. We find that prospective teachers are likely to complete their student teaching near their college and hometowns but that prospective teachers’ student teaching positions are much more predictive of their first teaching positions than their hometowns. This suggests that student teaching assignments may contribute to the “draw of home” in new teacher hiring. We also find that more qualified prospective teachers tend to student teach in more advantaged districts, suggesting that patterns in student teaching assignments may contribute to the inequitable distribution of teacher quality.
Safety Effectiveness of Variable Speed Limit System in Adverse Weather Conditions on Challenging Roadway Geometry
Authors: Saha Promothes , Ahmed Mohamed M. , Young Rhonda Kae
Published: February 2016

This paper examined the interaction between roadway geometric characteristics and adverse weather conditions and their impact on crash occurrence on rural variable speed limit freeway corridors through mountainous terrain. As a quantitative measure of the effect of geometrics in adverse weather conditions, a crash frequency safety performance function that used generalized linear regression was developed with explanatory variables including snow, ice, frost, wind, horizontal curvature, and steep grades. This research concluded that the interaction between grades and horizontal curves with weather variables had a significant impact on crash occurrence. The research suggested that distinct variable speed limit strategies should be implemented on segments with challenging roadway geometry.
Proposed Horizontal Curve and Vertical Grade Encroachment Adjustment Factors
Authors: Carrigan Christine E. , Ray Malcolm H.
Published: February 2016

The probability of a vehicle encroaching onto the roadside is influenced by several geometric characteristics of the roadway. The horizontal curvature and vertical grade encroachment adjustment factors (EAFs) used in the third version of the Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAPv3) were adopted from adjustment factors introduced in 2003 in NCHRP Report 492 during the original development of RSAP. These adjustments were developed by interpreting earlier work on curves and grades. Given the weaknesses and limitations of the earlier study, it was suggested that a larger-scale study with larger sample size and more representative crash severities would be appropriate. This paper describes the development of new horizontal curve and vertical grade EAFs for rural areas. EAFs were developed from a cross-sectional model of crash data that controlled for geometric influences, traffic volumes, segment length, and highway type. The proposed EAFs are not identical to the current factors, which is not surprising, because the earlier study reviewed only 300 fatal crashes with fixed objects in 1975. This study reviewed the full range of crash severities and a range of run-off-road crash types and was conducted on much more recent crash data (2002–2010). Promisingly, however, EAFs are of the same order of magnitude and are broadly consistent with the earlier study.
Design and Full-Scale Testing of Low-Cost Texas Department of Transportation Type T631 Bridge Rail for MASH Test Level 2 and 3 Applications
Authors: Williams William F. , Bligh Roger , Odell Wade , Smith Amy , Holt John
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this project was to design and test a low-cost bridge rail system that would be compatible with the Midwest Guardrail System (31 in. height) and minimized or eliminated deck damage when impacted by errant vehicles. The Texas Type T631 bridge rail developed for this project is a flexible, low-cost bridge rail system for Test Level 2 (TL-2) applications. The Texas Department of Transportation Type T631 bridge rail designed and developed for this project was evaluated under Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) TL-2 in 2013. The bridge rail incorporated S3X5.7 steel sections designed to yield at the post baseplate. The post baseplate was designed to distribute the baseplate bearing and shear forces without causing damage to the 8-in.-thick reinforced concrete deck. The welds on the posts were designed such that the post yielded without tearing away from the top of the baseplate. The rail element consisted of a 12-gauge W-beam rail element. The rail element was attached to the post with a bolt of diameter 5/16 in. This bolt was designed to break away without adversely affecting vehicle performance. The posts were spaced 6 ft 3 in. on centers for TL-2. The post spacing was reduced to 3 ft 1½ in. on centers and evaluated for MASH Test Level 3 (TL-3) specifications in 2014. At the smaller post spacing, the T631 met all the performance requirements of MASH TL-3. Details of the design and testing of the T631 for MASH TL-2 and MASH TL-3 specifications are provided in this paper.
The Role of Britain in Late Modern Norwegian History: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Redvaldsen David
Published: February 2016

Concentrating on the strength of the mutual relationship, this article examines crucial periods in Anglo-Norwegian history since 1814. In the November Treaty (1855) Britain and France guaranteed the Swedish-Norwegian union's territory against Russian encroachment. Britain was not supportive of Norwegian independence in 1905, though she had wanted better terms for Norway within the union. From a Norwegian perspective, Britain was the most important signatory to the Integrity Treaty (1907) whereby the great powers guaranteed her territory. Due to her neutrality Norway could not openly support Britain, but many events prior to 1940 showed that she oriented her foreign policy primarily towards London. The German invasion and Norway's subsequent entry into the Second World War on the side of the Allies, fostered much warmer Anglo-Norwegian relations. These were cemented by the creation of NATO in 1949, in which both nations participated. In the 1950s even British officials occasionally described the ties as a ‘special relationship’. In that decade and in the 1960s, Britain preferred to work with the Scandinavian nations in multilateral organizations such as UNISCAN and EFTA. In 1973, however, Britain entered the EEC, whereas the Norwegian people had voted to reject the membership their government was recommending. The great power's interests shifted away from Scandinavia towards mainland Europe. Consequently, relations with Norway became more distant. Norway's second stalled bid to enter the EU in 1994 underlined that the two countries have drifted apart. The article nevertheless argues that Britain was Norway's lodestar between 1905 and 1973.
Unpacking the bullying doll
Authors: Horton Paul
Published: February 2016

Not Available.
Reconciling Horse Welfare, Worker Safety, and Public Expectations: Horse Event Incident Management Systems in Australia
Authors: Fiedler Julie , McGreevy Paul
Published: February 2016

Human-horse interactions have a rich tradition and can be highly rewarding, particularly within sport and recreation pursuits, but they can also be dangerous or even life-threatening. In parallel, sport and recreation pursuits involving animals, including horses, are facing an increased level of public scrutiny in relation to the use of animals for these purposes. However, the challenge lies with event organisers to reconcile the expectations of the public, the need to meet legal requirements to reduce or eliminate risks to paid and volunteer workers, and address horse welfare. In this article we explore incident management at horse events as an example of a situation where volunteers and horses can be placed at risk during a rescue. We introduce large animal rescue skills as a solution to improving worker safety and improving horse welfare outcomes. Whilst there are government and horse industry initiatives to improve safety and address animal welfare, there remains a pressing need to invest in a strong communication plan which will improve the safety of workplaces in which humans and horses interact.
Production of Resveratrol by Piceid Deglycosylation Using Cellulase
Authors: Kuo Chia-Hung , Chen Bao-Yuan , Liu Yung-Chuan , Chen Jiann-Hwa , Shieh Chwen-Jen
Published: February 2016

Resveratrol is a dietary polyphenolic compound widely used in medicine, food, and cosmetic products. The glycoside form of resveratrol, piceid, is also present in several plant materials but is less bioavailable. In this study, enzymatic transformation of piceid into resveratrol using inexpensive cellulase was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of reaction parameters, including reaction temperature, reaction time, enzyme amount and pH. The optimal conditions for biotransformation of piceid to resveratrol are: a reaction temperature of 50 °C, reaction time of 4.75 h, enzyme amount of 2.5 fungal β-glucanase (FBG) units and pH of 4.3. In addition, the extracts from Polygonum cuspidatum root contained high amounts of piceid were treated with cellulase in order to deglycosylation that increased resveratrol yield. After treatment, the resveratrol yield significantly increased from 2.72 to 9.49 mg/g, while the piceid contents decreased from 8.60 to 0 mg/g. The result provides an efficient method to convert piceid in the extracts of P. cuspidatum root into resveratrol by cellulase.
Matefin/SUN-1 Phosphorylation on Serine 43 Is Mediated by CDK-1 and Required for Its Localization to Centrosomes and Normal Mitosis in C. elegans Embryos
Authors: Zuela Noam , Gruenbaum Yosef
Published: February 2016

Matefin/SUN-1 is an evolutionary conserved C. elegans inner nuclear membrane SUN-domain protein. By creating a bridge with the KASH-domain protein ZYG-12, it connects the nucleus to cytoplasmic filaments and organelles. Matefin/SUN-1 is expressed in the germline where it undergoes specific phosphorylation at its N-terminal domain, which is required for germline development and homologous chromosome pairing. The maternally deposited matefin/SUN-1 is then essential for embryonic development. Here, we show that in embryos, serine 43 of matefin/SUN-1 (S43) is phosphorylated in a CDK-1 dependent manner and is localized throughout the cell cycle mostly to centrosomes. By generating animals expressing phosphodead S43A and phosphomimetic S43E mutations, we show that phosphorylation of S43 is required to maintain centrosome integrity and function, as well as for the localization of ZYG-12 and lamin. Expression of S43E in early embryos also leads to an increase in chromatin structural changes, decreased progeny and to almost complete embryonic lethality. Down regulation of emerin further increases the occurrence of chromatin organization abnormalities, indicating possible collaborative roles for these proteins that is regulated by S43 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results support a role for phosphorylation of serine 43 in matefin/SUN-1 in mitosis.
The Accurate Method for Computing the Minimum Distance between a Point and an Elliptical Torus
Authors: Li Xiaowu , Wu Zhinan , Hou Linke , Wang Lin , Yue Chunguang
Published: February 2016

We present an accurate method to compute the minimum distance between a point and an elliptical torus, which is called the orthogonal projection problem. The basic idea is to transform a geometric problem into finding the unique real solution of a quartic equation, which is fit for orthogonal projection of a point onto the elliptical torus. Firstly, we discuss the corresponding orthogonal projection of a point onto the elliptical torus for test points at six different spatial positions. Secondly, we discuss the same problem for test points on three special positions, e.g., points on the z-axis, the long axis and the minor axis, respectively.
Charge-Assisted Hydrogen-Bonded Networks of NH4+ and [Co(NH3)6]3+ with the New Linker Anion of 4-Phosphono-Biphenyl-4′-Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Heering Christian , Nateghi Bahareh , Janiak Christoph
Published: February 2016

The new linker molecule 4-phosphono-biphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid (H2O3P-(C6H4)2-COOH, H3BPPA) has been structurally elucidated in hydrogen-bonded networks with the ammonium cation NH4(H2BPPA)(H3BPPA) (1) and the hexaamminecobalt(III) cation [Co(NH3)6](BPPA)·4H2O (2). The protic O-H and N-H hydrogen atoms were found and refined in the low-temperature single-crystal X-ray structures. The hydrogen bonds in both structures are so-called charge-assisted; that is, the H-bond donor and/or acceptor carry positive and/or negative ionic charges, respectively. The H-bonded network in 1 consists of one formally mono-deprotonated 4-phosphonato-biphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid group; that is, a H2BPPA− anion and a neutral H3BPPA molecule, which together form a 3D hydrogen-bonded network. However, an almost symmetric resonance-assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) bond [O···H = 1.17 (3) and 1.26 (3) Å, O···H···O = 180 (3)°] signals charge delocalization between the formal H2BPPA− anion and the formally neutral H3BPPA molecule. Hence, the anion in 1 is better formulated as [H2BPPA···H···H2BPPA]−. In the H-bonded network of 2 the 4-phosphonato-biphenyl-4′-carboxylic acid is triply deprotonated, BPPA3−. The [Co(NH3)6]3+ cation is embedded between H-bond acceptor groups, –COO− and –PO3− and H2O molecules. The incorporation of sixteen H2O molecules per unit cell makes 2 an analogue of the well-studied guanidinium sulfonate frameworks.
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis for Fractional-Order Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Daming , Zhang Ke , Ravey Alexandre , Gao Fei , Miraoui Abdellatif
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a novel-fractional-order lithium-ion battery model that is suitable for use in embedded applications. The proposed model uses fractional calculus with an improved Oustaloup approximation method to describe all the internal battery dynamic behaviors. The fractional-order model parameters, such as equivalent circuit component coefficients and fractional-order values, are identified by a genetic algorithm. A modeling parameters sensitivity study using the statistical Multi-Parameter Sensitivity Analysis (MPSA) method is then performed and discussed in detail. Through the analysis, the dynamic effects of parameters on the model output performance are obtained. It has been found out from the analysis that the fractional-order values and their corresponding internal dynamics have different degrees of impact on model outputs. Thus, they are considered as crucial parameters to accurately describe a battery’s dynamic voltage responses. To experimentally verify the accuracy of developed fractional-order model and evaluate its performance, the experimental tests are conducted with a hybrid pulse test and a dynamic stress test (DST) on two different types of lithium-ion batteries. The results demonstrate the accuracy and usefulness of the proposed fractional-order model on battery dynamic behavior prediction.
Intentional Islanding Algorithm for Distribution Network Based on Layered Directed Tree Model
Authors: Su Jian , Bai Hao , Zhang Pipei , Liu Haitao , Miao Shihong
Published: February 2016

In this study, a novel intentional island model of a distribution system with distributed generations (DGs) is presented and the improved Dijkstra algorithm is used to solve this model. This paper abstracts the distribution network with DGs to the layered directed tree according to its radial structure and power restoration process. In consideration of grade, controllability, capacity, level and electrical betweenness of load, the model weights load and maximizes total load weight in the island. The proposed model considers power balance, node voltage, phase angle and transmission capability of the branch, and network connectivity to meet practical engineering requirements. The improved Dijkstra algorithm formulates a search rule to select the load that can be divided into an island in descending order of the shortest path between the load node and DG node. An optimal island partition scheme is achieved through three stages: origin island, baby island and mature island. Meanwhile, scheme adjustment and constraint checking are used alternately to balance objective functions and constraints. The improved IEEE 43-bus distribution network is applied to verify the validity of the algorithm. A comparison of two island methods shows that the proposed algorithm can generate a reasonable scheme for island partitioning.
White Spruce Growth and Wood Properties over Multiple Time Periods in Relation to Current Tree and Stand Attributes
Authors: Cortini Francesco , MacIsaac Dan , Comeau Philip
Published: February 2016

The relationships between white spruce radial increment and wood properties were investigated in relation to tree and stand attributes using data from mature white spruce stands in the boreal forest of western Canada that experienced a range of shelterwood treatments. The model with the highest predictive ability was radial increment (adj-R2 = 67%) and included crown attributes, diameter at breast height (DBH), average height of competitors, and a climate index. Radial growth was positively related to live crown ratio, whereas wood density and modulus of elasticity were negatively correlated to the crown attribute. Tree slenderness had a significant negative effect on wood density and modulus of elasticity, as it reflects the mechanical stability requirement of the tree. The models consistently improved when using annual averages calculated over longer periods of time. However, when the annual averages were calculated using time periods of 5–10 and 10–20 years prior to sampling, the predictive ability of the models decreased, which indicated that the current tree and stand conditions were the best predictors of growth and wood properties up to five years prior to sampling. This study suggests that crown length equal to 2/3 of the tree height might represent an optimal balance between radial growth and wood quality.
Pseudo-Reference-Based Assembly of Vertebrate Transcriptomes
Authors: Nam Kyoungwoo , Jeong Heesu , Nam Jin-Wu
Published: February 2016

High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provides a comprehensive picture of the transcriptome, including the identity, structure, quantity, and variability of expressed transcripts in cells, through the assembly of sequenced short RNA-seq reads. Although the reference-based approach guarantees the high quality of the resulting transcriptome, this approach is only applicable when the relevant reference genome is present. Here, we developed a pseudo-reference-based assembly (PRA) that reconstructs a transcriptome based on a linear regression function of the optimized mapping parameters and genetic distances of the closest species. Using the linear model, we reconstructed transcriptomes of four different aves, the white leg horn, turkey, duck, and zebra finch, with the Gallus gallus genome as a pseudo-reference, and of three primates, the chimpanzee, gorilla, and macaque, with the human genome as a pseudo-reference. The resulting transcriptomes show that the PRAs outperformed the de novo approach for species with within about 10% mutation rate among orthologous transcriptomes, enough to cover distantly related species as far as chicken and duck. Taken together, we suggest that the PRA method can be used as a tool for reconstructing transcriptome maps of vertebrates whose genomes have not yet been sequenced.
Petrological Monitoring of the AD 2011–2012 Volcanic Ash from Sakurajima Volcano, Southern Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Kurniawan Idham , Sakakibara Masayuki , Suparka Emmy
Published: February 2016

Sakurajima in Japan is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. This paper presents the results of a petrological study of the Showa Crater volcanic ash samples ejected from January 2011 to November 2012 from Sakurajima. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the evolution in time of the conduit magma system, based on the compositions and physical properties of the studied volcanic ash. We analyzed the composition of interstitial glass and microcrystal of Black Volcanic Rock (BVR) and Black Vesicular Volcanic Rock (BVVR) in order to estimate the magma ascent rate. The results show that SiO2 content of interstitial glass and crystallinity of the BVR is generally higher than for BVVR. The different types of juvenile material likely resulted from cooling-induced crystallization and decompression-induced crystallization in the conduit. The conditions of magma transit within the conduit from 2011 to 2012 differ: in 2011, the decompression rate and magma ascent rate of BVR were higher than for BVVR, but, in 2012, the decompression rate and magma ascent rate between BVR and BVVR were similar. As such, monitoring the petrological features of dated eruptive materials could provide useful information for evaluating ongoing eruptive activity.
Importance of Macrophyte Quality in Determining Life-History Traits of the Apple Snails Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Bottom-Up Management of an Invasive Herbivorous Pest in Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Yam Rita , Fan Yen-Tzu , Wang Tzu-Ting
Published: February 2016

Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae) has extensively invaded most Asian constructed wetlands and its massive herbivory of macrophytes has become a major cause of ecosystem dysfunctioning of these restored habitats. We conducted non-choice laboratory feeding experiments of P. canaliculata using five common macrophyte species in constructed wetlands including Ipomoea aquatica, Commelina communis, Nymphoides coreana, Acorus calamus and Phragmites australis. Effects of macrophytes on snail feeding, growth and fecundity responses were evaluated. Results indicated that P. canaliculata reared on Ipomoea had the highest feeding and growth rates with highest reproductive output, but all individuals fed with Phragmites showed lowest feeding rates and little growth with poorest reproductive output. Plant N and P contents were important for enhancing palatability, supporting growth and offspring quantity of P. canaliculata, whilst toughness, cellulose and phenolics had critically deterrent effects on various life-history traits. Although snail offspring quality was generally consistent regardless of maternal feeding conditions, the reduced growth and offspring quantity of the poorly-fed snails in constructed wetlands dominated by the less-palatable macrophytes could limit the invasive success of P. canaliculata. Effective bottom-up control of P. canaliculata in constructed wetlands should involve selective planting strategy using macrophytes with low nutrient and high toughness, cellulose and phenolic contents.
Degradation of Tetracyclines in Pig Manure by Composting with Rice Straw
Authors: Chai Rushan , Huang Lidong , Li Lingling , Gielen Gerty , Wang Hailong , Zhang Yongsong
Published: February 2016

A holistic approach was followed for utilizing tetracyclines (TCs)-contaminated pig manure, by composting this with rice straw in a greenhouse for CO2 fertilization and composted residue application. After composting, the composted residues can be applied to cropland as a supplemental source of synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pig manure-rice straw composting on the degradation of TCs in pig manure. The results showed that greenhouse composting significantly accelerated the degradation of TCs. Contents (150 mg·kg−1) of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) in the composting feedstock could be completely removed within 42 days for OTC and TC, and 14 days for CTC. However, in the control samples incubated at 25 °C in the dark, concentrations of OTC, TC and CTC only decreased 64.7%, 66.7% and 73.3%, respectively, after 49 days. The degradation rates of TCs in the composting feedstock were in the order of CTC > TC > OTC. During the composting process, CTC dissipated rapidly with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) and 90% degradation (DT90) of 2.4 and 7.9 days, but OTC was more persistent with DT50 and DT90 values of 5.5 and 18.4 days. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it could be concluded that pig manure-rice straw composting in a greenhouse can help to accelerate the degradation of TCs in pig manure and make composted residues safer for field application. This technology could be an acceptable practice for greenhouse farmers to utilize TCs-contaminated pig manure.
Multiple Evolutionary Selections Involved in Synonymous Codon Usages in the Streptococcus agalactiae Genome
Authors: Ma Yan-Ping , Ke Hao , Liang Zhi-Ling , Liu Zhen-Xing , Hao Le , Ma Jiang-Yao , Li Yu-Gu
Published: February 2016

Streptococcus agalactiae is an important human and animal pathogen. To better understand the genetic features and evolution of S. agalactiae, multiple factors influencing synonymous codon usage patterns in S. agalactiae were analyzed in this study. A- and U-ending rich codons were used in S. agalactiae function genes through the overall codon usage analysis, indicating that Adenine (A)/Thymine (T) compositional constraints might contribute an important role to the synonymous codon usage pattern. The GC3% against the effective number of codon (ENC) value suggested that translational selection was the important factor for codon bias in the microorganism. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that (i) mutational pressure was the most important factor in shaping codon usage of all open reading frames (ORFs) in the S. agalactiae genome; (ii) strand specific mutational bias was not capable of influencing the codon usage bias in the leading and lagging strands; and (iii) gene length was not the important factor in synonymous codon usage pattern in this organism. Additionally, the high correlation between tRNA adaptation index (tAI) value and codon adaptation index (CAI), frequency of optimal codons (Fop) value, reinforced the role of natural selection for efficient translation in S. agalactiae. Comparison of synonymous codon usage pattern between S. agalactiae and susceptible hosts (human and tilapia) showed that synonymous codon usage of S. agalactiae was independent of the synonymous codon usage of susceptible hosts. The study of codon usage in S. agalactiae may provide evidence about the molecular evolution of the bacterium and a greater understanding of evolutionary relationships between S. agalactiae and its hosts.
Clues to tRNA Evolution from the Distribution of Class II tRNAs and Serine Codons in the Genetic Code
Authors: Bernhardt Harold
Published: February 2016

We have previously proposed that tRNAGly was the first tRNA and glycine was the first amino acid incorporated into the genetic code. The next two amino acids incorporated would have been the other two small hydrophilic amino acids serine and aspartic acid, which occurred through the duplication of the tRNAGly sequence, followed by mutation of its anticodon by single C to U transition mutations, possibly through spontaneous deamination. Interestingly, however, tRNASer has a different structure than most other tRNAs, possessing a long variable arm; because of this tRNASer is classified as a class II tRNA. Also, serine codons are found not only in the bottom right-hand corner of the genetic code table next to those for glycine and aspartic acid, but also in the top row of the table, next to those for two of the most hydrophobic amino acids, leucine and phenylalanine. In the following, I propose that the class II tRNA structure of tRNASer and the arrangement of serine codons in the genetic code provide clues to the early evolution of tRNA and the genetic code. In addition, I address Di Giulio’s recent criticism of our proposal that tRNAGly was the first tRNA, and discuss how early peptides produced from a restricted amino acid alphabet of glycine, serine and aspartic acid might have possessed proteolytic activity, which is possibly important for the early recycling of amino acid monomers.
Uncertainty Representation Method for Open Pit Optimization Results Due to Variation in Mineral Prices
Authors: Baek Jieun , Choi Yosoon , Park Han-su
Published: February 2016

This study proposes a new method to quantitatively represent the uncertainty existing in open pit optimization results due to variations in mineral prices. After generating multiple mineral prices using Monte Carlo simulation with data on past mineral prices, a probability model that represents the uncertainty was developed by integrating multiple open pit optimization results derived from the mineral prices. The results of applying the proposed method to the copper-zinc deposits showed that significant uncertainty exists in open pit optimization results due to the variation in copper prices. It was also found that the method has a potential as a tool for classifying the estimation results of ore reserve based on confidence level.
Exotic Vegetable Oils for Cosmetic O/W Nanoemulsions: In Vivo Evaluation
Authors: Pereira Tatiana , Guerreiro Carolina , Maruno Monica , Ferrari Marcio , Rocha-Filho Pedro
Published: February 2016

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are stable systems with droplet sizes in the 20–200 nm range. The physicochemical properties of these systems may be influenced by the addition of additives. Thus, the influence of ethoxylated (EL) and acetylated lanolin (AL) addition on the droplet size, pH values, electrical conductivity and stability of nanoemulsions was investigated. Then, effect of nano-emulsions additives with EL (NE-EL) or AL (NE-AL) in hydration, oiliness and pH of the skin were evaluated. Nanoemulsion safety was evaluated through the observation of no undesirable effects after skin formulation application. Both additives caused changes in droplet size and electrical conductivity, but not in pH values. Nanoemulsions containing up to 6.0% ethoxylated lanolin and 2.0% acetylated lanolin remained stable after centrifugation tests. Higher concentrations of the additives made the nanoemulsions unstable. Stability tests showed that ethoxylated lanolin produced more stable nanoemulsions then acetylated lanolin and that the major instability phenomenon occurring in these systems is coalescence at elevated temperatures. Nanoemulsion-based lanolin derivatives increased skin hydration and oiliness and did not change cutaneous pH values. These formulations are non-toxic since they did not cause any irritation on the skin surface after nanoemulsion application, showing potential as carriers for pharmaceuticals and cosmetic applications.
Heterogeneous Phase Microwave-Assisted Reactions under CO2 or CO Pressure
Authors: Calcio Gaudino Emanuela , Rinaldi Laura , Rotolo Laura , Carnaroglio Diego , Pirola Camillo , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: February 2016

The present review deals with the recent achievements and impressive potential applications of microwave (MW) heating to promote heterogeneous reactions under gas pressure. The high versatility of the latest generation of professional reactors combines extreme reaction conditions with safer and more efficient protocols. The double aims of this survey are to provide a panoramic snapshot of MW-assisted organic reactions with gaseous reagents, in particular CO and CO2, and outline future applications. Stubborn and time-consuming carbonylation-like heterogeneous reactions, which have not yet been studied under dielectric heating, may well find an outstanding ally in the present protocol.
Preparation and Biological Evaluation of Two Novel Platinum(II) Complexes Based on the Ligands of Dipicolyamine Bisphosphonate Esters
Authors: Qiu Ling , Liu Hong , Li Ke , Lv Gaochao , Yang Hui , Qin Xiaofeng , Lin Jianguo
Published: February 2016

Two new platinum(II)-based complexes bearing a bone-targeting group were synthesized and characterized. They both have excellent affinity for hydroxyapatite (HA), which is abundant in human bone tissues. Their antitumor activities against five human cancer cell lines (U2OS, A549, HCT116, MDA-MB-231 and HepG2) were evaluated and compared with cisplatin (CDDP). Though the antitumor efficacies of new complexes are lower than that of CDDP, they show higher selectivity against the HepG2 hepatoma cell line than the L02 normal liver cell line. Morphology studies exhibited typical characteristics of cell apoptosis and the cell cycle distribution analysis indicated that the complexes can inhibit cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, a similar mechanism of action to CDDP.
Nigerian Honey Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Erejuwa Omotayo , Nwobodo Ndubuisi , Akpan Joseph , Okorie Ugochi , Ezeonu Chinonyelum , Ezeokpo Basil , Nwadike Kenneth , Erhiano Erhirhie , Abdul Wahab Mohd , Sulaiman Siti
Published: February 2016

Diabetic dyslipidemia contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hence, its treatment is necessary to reduce cardiovascular events. Honey reduces hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The reproducibility of these beneficial effects and their generalization to honey samples of other geographical parts of the world remain controversial. Currently, data are limited and findings are inconclusive especially with evidence showing honey increased glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients. It was hypothesized that this deteriorating effect might be due to administered high doses. This study investigated if Nigerian honey could ameliorate hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. It also evaluated if high doses of honey could worsen glucose and lipid abnormalities. Honey (1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 g/kg) was administered to diabetic rats for three weeks. Honey (1.0 or 2.0 g/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol while it significantly (p < 0.05) reduced hyperglycemia, triglycerides (TGs), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, coronary risk index (CRI) and cardiovascular risk index (CVRI). In contrast, honey (3.0 g/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced TGs and VLDL cholesterol. This study confirms the reproducibility of glucose lowering and hypolipidemic effects of honey using Nigerian honey. However, none of the doses deteriorated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.