bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Dermabrasion Assisted Tangential Excision in Burns
Authors:   Junior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Arumugam Krithika Lakshmi , Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., J S Amrutha ,   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

Burn injury of second degree deep dermal and full thickness delays in healing and heals by scarring. Deep dermal burns need early treatment by tangential excision and skin grafting to promote healing. While wound irrigation, debridement, and local wound care may be sufficient for managing superficial burns (involving the epidermis and superficial dermal layer), deep burns (involving the deep dermal layer and other structures deeper to it) require tangential excision and skin grafting. If performed early it is associated with better outcomes in terms of reduced infection risk and hastened wound healing.
Applications of Microbial Enzymes: The Need of an Hour
Authors:   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., Singh Ankita , .. PalakVarma ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., Singh Arpita ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., .. Shuchi ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., .. Anakshi ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., Sharma Neha ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., Rawat Kajal ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India., Rautela Indra ,   Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India., Maheshwari Veena ,   Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India., Allen Tanu ,   Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India., Sharma Narotam ,   DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.
Published: January 2024

A growing need for sustainable solutions is one of the primary drivers of the demand for industrial enzymes. One of the most significant and beneficial sources of many enzymes has been and still is the microbial world. Numerous industrial procedures, such as chemical synthesis used to create chemicals and pharmaceuticals, have a number of drawbacks: Lack of enantiomeric specificity for chiral synthesis, low pH, high pressure, high temperature, and low catalytic efficiency. Enzyme research and interest are still advancing, which helps industrial biocatalysis succeed even more. There should be a lot of intriguing discoveries in the field of biotransformation over the coming years. The value of biotechnologically and industrially significant microbial enzymes is the main topic of this study, which comprises 44 papers, including research studies and review articles. Also, it offers novel insights into the micro-organisms that manufacture these enzymes as well as the procedures employed for their purification and separation.
Genetic Polymorphism of Mitochondrial Genome D-loop Region in Bhotia and Buxa Population of Uttarakhand
Authors:   Anthropological Survey of India, North West Regional Centre, 192/1 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun -248195, Uttarakhand, India., ... Harashawaradhana , Deori Junumai ,   Anthropological Survey of India, North West Regional Centre, 192/1 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun -248195, Uttarakhand, India., Kumar Shailendra ,   Anthropological Survey of India, North West Regional Centre, 192/1 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun -248195, Uttarakhand, India.
Published: January 2024

To study genomic diversity polymorphic DNA Markers are widely used as most of them are selectively neutral, more ubiquitous than polymorphic protein and enzyme markers. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) characterized high mutation rates caused by lack of protective histones, inefficient DNA repair systems and continuous exposure to mutagenic effects of oxygen radicals. In the present study PCR-RFLP techniques were used to reveal polymorphism of mtDNA D-loop region in Bhotia and Buxa tribes of Uttarakhand. The results showed 3 restriction patterns for HaeIII enzyme for Bhotia community and no restriction pattern for Alu I enzyme. In Bhotia and Buxa tribes of Uttarakhand ethnic prejudice is very high and kinship marriages greatly occurred between them. Furthermore, both the tribes lived in a close geographical area and have a little and limited communication with other parts of the country and these conditions confirmed the low level of heteroplasmy and polymorphic patterns for mtDNA D-loop region that observed in this population.
Triple X Syndrome: An Appraisal Under Review Study
Authors:   Additional Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099, India., Sharma Dhanesh Kumar
Published: January 2024

The Triple X syndrome is an anomalous genetic condition distinguished by an extra X chromosome in each cell of the female body. This manuscript is prepared with the objectives of giving a better understanding and summarizing the current status of the Triple X syndrome cases and to be used by individuals to understand best about this abnormality. This syndrome was first identified in 1959. The Triple X females are usually with normal fertility and sexual development, so able to conceive children and lead productive lives. Mostly there are no any obvious physical differences other than often taller stature than average in these cases. In some cases the symptoms may be more apparent including developmental, psychological and behavioral problems and may lead to a number of other ill health including work, school, social and relationship problems like learning difficulties and delayed development of speech and language skills; decreased muscle tone / weakness / hypotonia and delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and walking; behavioral and emotional difficulties; seizures and kidney problems. For these problems they need additional support and assistance. The cause of this syndrome is an accidental event during cell division and resulted either during the division of the mother's reproductive cells or during the division of cells at the beginning of development of zygote. The Triple X syndrome is not typically inherited or run from one generation to the next. A form where only a percentage of the body cells contain XXX can also occur. Diagnosis is by the karyotyping or chromosomal analysis. The treatment may include the speech and physical therapy and the counseling. The prevalence rate of the Triple X syndrome is around 1 in 1,000 girls. It is estimated that 90% of those affected are not diagnosed as they either have no or only few symptoms. The parents should talk with a doctor about disquiets with the development of their daughters which will help girls receive an early diagnosis and interventions. The researches have shown that early treatments at younger age are more effective towards normalcy of life in the Triple X cases. Adolescents and adult women presenting with late menarche, menstrual irregularities, or fertility problems should be evaluated first for the premature ovarian failure and Triple X syndrome.
Lifestyle Diseases: Increase in Infertility Amongst Women
Authors:   Research Scholar, Department of Life Science, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India., Upreti Prashasti , ... Poornima ,   Research Scholar, Department of Life Science, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India., Bihania Amit Kumar ,   Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India., Singh Rupesh ,   Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India., ... Tejpal ,   Junior Research, Department of Molecular Biologist, DNA Labs-A Center for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttrakhand 248001, India., Sharma Narotam ,   Senior Scientist and Head, Department of Biotechnology, DNA Labs-A Center for Applied Sciences, Dehradun, Uttrakhand 248001, India.
Published: January 2024

Lifestyle diseases have become a new threat in the current generation affecting primarily the youths and children. These diseases are associated with the lifestyle of people and the kind of norms they follow in the day to day life.More and more instances are showing the drastic impact on people’s state of living and habits on their reproductive health and well- being. When it comes to women ovulation and menstrual cycle are the first thing to get affected by any alteration in diet and ill practices of everyday routine .Hormonal imbalances followed by obesity and indulgence in unhealthy practices like smoking , alcohol intake , and excess consumption of caffeinated drinks are the other risk factors . With the throat cut competition and other life problems; stress and depression are the other emerging issues that directly disrupt the functionality and viability of the female genital system.This review paper focuses on the impact of lifestyle diseases on the fecundity and reproductive health of women leading to higher risk of infertility.
Role of Onion Extract in Post Electrical Burn Scar
Authors:   Senior resident, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Susendran Prem Nath , Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Singh. P Barath Kumar ,   Senior resident, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

An imbalance of collagen synthesis and degradation is the most common cause of scarring. Onion extract inhibits fibroblast activity, which helps to reduce scar formation. Despite the fact that onion extract is used in a variety of commercial products, the precise molecular mechanisms by which onion extract reduces scar development in the skin are yet unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of onion extract gel in improving the post electrical burn scar.
Role of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Wound Bed Preparation
Authors:   Junior resident, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Reddy Shiva , Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor & Registrar, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Singh. P Barath Kumar ,   Senior resident, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

Low-Level Laser Therapy has role in the wound bed preparation of ulcers. The biostimulatory properties of Low-Level Laser Therapy has been found to accelerate wound healing, tissue repair. It augments tissue repair and regeneration along with its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This property of low-level laser can be effectively for burn wound therapy as adjuvant treatment. In this article we sharing ourexperience of wound bed preparation which was showing delay in granulation, as an adjuvant therapy in electric burn wound preparation.
Role of Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Therapy in Preventing Abnormal Scar in Burns
Authors:   Junior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Kaushal Sushant , Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery and Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Singh P Barath Kumar ,   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

Aim of this case report is to assess role of Autologous bone marrow aspirate in preventing abnormal scarring. Clinical examination of the extent of the burn was done. Standard management (Antibiotics, Intravenous Fluids, Analgesics, Dressings, Regenerative therapies, Scar management) of the burns was done along with that autologous bone marrow aspirate. Autologous bone marrow aspirate is effective in preventing abnormal scarring. Bone marrow Aspirate may be used preventing abnormal scarring.
Prevention of Burns
Authors:   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery,  Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., J.S. Amrutha , Chitioria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

Burn injuries result in lifelong physical and psychological scarring, causing pain and influencing mental health, quality of life, ability to return to work and subsequent mortality. Although information on burn epidemiology is essential for resource allocation and prevention, the available data are variable and inconsistent. The majority of data are from high income countries and are directly related to access to health care resources, differences in environments and the resources of the various health-care systems. In lower income countries, fewer resources, geographical constraints and cost limit data collection and access to health care. Additionally, cultural factors such as open air cooking areas and loose clothing (for example, saris), domestic violence and dowry deaths contribute to regional variation. The various preventive stategies are adopted based on the epidemiology of burns.
Awareness of Significance Blood Pressure Measurements in First MBBS Students in our Institute
Authors:   Dean, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 414111, India., Mhaske Sunil Natha , Rehman Habibur ,   Junior resident, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 414111, India., Pande Vineeta ,   Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 414111, India
Published: January 2024

Background: High blood pressure follows the Iceberg phenomenon as it is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Though hypertension is a problem of adults the etiologic process and risk behaviors start early in life3. Methods: An interventional study conducted on college students of DVVPF medical college. (table 2) Written informed consent was obtained from the participants who were the students of the age group 17-19 yrs and were included in the study. given in (table 1) Assessment of knowledge of students about hypertension and also its preventive measures was assessed by a pre-designed, and semi-structured questionnaire. Now after the study knowledge of students was checked. Results: Educational intervention helped increase the base knowledge of students about the normal range of blood pressure, Hypertension as a disease, its risk factors, and signs and symptoms. General awareness of the students about preventive measures of hypertension like avoiding junk food/ healthy diet, exercise, and meditation was 26%, 29%, and 6% respectively which was significantly increased after the educational intervention.(table 3) Conclusions: Attempts should be made towards educating college students about hypertension so that they change their lifestyles and reduce the incidence of hypertension in later life.
Micro Ethics in Contemporary Clinical Practice
Authors:   Postgraduate Student, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar 414111, Maharastra, India., Tipare Rucha , Mhaske Sunil Natha ,   Dean, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar 414111, Maharastra, India.
Published: January 2024

This review article describes and analyses ethical issues in medical practice, particularly those issues encountered by physicians in their relationships with their patients. These relationships often involve ethical conflicts between 2 or more interests, which physicians need to recognize and resolve. The article deals with 4 topics in clinical practice in which ethical conflicts occur: physicians’ duty of confidentiality in a digital environment, their responsibilities for dealing with abuses of the human rights of patients, their role in clinical research, and their relationships with commercial enterprises. The ethical policies of the World Medical Association provide the basis for determining appropriate physician conduct on these matters. The article concludes with reflections on the need for international standards of medical ethics.
Acute Occulusion of Diagonal Branch:Triad of Severe Pain,Small Infarct & Specific Ekg Pattern
Authors:   Senior Interventional Cardiologist, National Heart Institute, Community Centre East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065, India., Sharma Vinod , Raina Sukriti ,   Cardiology, National Heart Institute, Community Centre East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065, India., Bharadwaj Saurabh ,   Cardiology Trainee, National Heart Institute, Community Centre East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065, India., Sharma Ruchi ,   General Medicine,Under Training, ational Heart Institute, Community Centre East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065, India., Gupta Lokesh Chandra ,   Cardiology, National Heart Institute, Community Centre East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065, India.
Published: January 2024

A 59 years female, known case of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) for 10 years with a strong family history of coronary artery disease (both parents & siblings have CAD), presente with severe agonizing precordial chest discomfort, radiating to left shoulder associated with profuse sweating for last 3 hours.In emergency room,patient was restless,pulse=100/min.,BP=170/100mm Hg,O2 saturation 98%.There was no sign of cardiac failure.ECG recorded in emergency room revealed ST elevation of 5to 6 mm in lead I,aVL, 4 mm ST elevation in lead II, V2 and shuttle ST segment sagging in lead II, 4 mm ST segment depression in lead III & Avf (South African Flag Sign) (Fig 1).
EVALUATION OF CRP TITRE IN CASES OF COVID-19 AT THE TIME OF HOSPITALIZATION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH RT-PCR CURVE TIME (VIRAL LOAD), DISEASE SEVERITY AND OUTCOME
Authors:   Senior resident, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Kumar Bhuvnesh , Singh Dushyant Pal ,   Scientis, VRDL,Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Meena Shyam lal ,   Associate professor, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Gupta Jigyasa ,   Junior Medical Officer, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Gupta Bal Krishna ,   Senior professor, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Kumar Rajesh ,   Senior resident, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Gupta Anijli ,   Professor, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Dara Narendra ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India., Jangid Ravindra ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan, India.
Published: January 2024

Background: The global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 due to SARS-CoV2 is a highly contagious and deadly disease; therefore, early identification of severe forms is absolutely essential for timely triaging of patients. The aim of our study was to assess significance of CRP titre with disease severity and outcome at the time of hospitalization. Methods: This hospital based prospective cross sectional study was done on consecutive cases of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR. The clinical evaluation, laboratory findings and radiological assessment were done to classify the patients into mild, moderate and severe category. Associationbetween CRP titre and various clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters and severity of COVID-19 disease were evaluated.
Pumpkin seeds as a Power House of Nutrition: A Review
Authors:   Assistant professor, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Shri Vaishnav Insititute of Home Science, Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwadyalaya, Indore-453555, Madhya Pradesh, Inda., Sexena Dipali , Sharma Uttam ,   Coordinator, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Shri Vaishnav Insititute of Home Science, Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwadyalaya, Indore-453555, Madhya Pradesh, Inda., Gupta Sneha ,   MSc Food and Nutrition, Students, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Shri Vaishnav Insititute of Home Science, Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwadyalaya, Indore-453555, Madhya Pradesh, Inda., Mahajan Shubham ,   MSc Food and Nutrition, Students, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Shri Vaishnav Insititute of Home Science, Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwadyalaya, Indore-453555, Madhya Pradesh, Inda.
Published: January 2024

Today the need to obtain nutritious foods from new sources and lower in waste food processing industry has created a high interest. Modification of agro industrial waste products into valuable elements is probably a huge footstep towards the direction of food sustainability. Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita sp.) are commonly regarded as agro-industrial waste and discarded. However, pumpkin seeds are high in amino acids, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, cucurbitacins, and essential minerals, among other nutrients and nutraceuticals. All of these bioactive substances are essential for living a healthy and happy life. The present study aims at reviewing the various researches done in the past on the uses of the pumkin seed for the treatment of digestion problems, diarrhoea, colic, dyspepsia etc. Various researcher investigated that the used of pumpkin seed are beneficial for some diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer, anti cancer, hypercholesterolemic and hypertension patients. Pumpkin seeds has wide application ,as antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal, encapsulation, antifungal. As from all the studies, that done and concluded that pumpkin seed have be used as functional food for humans by combine with unit operations of food processing for treatment of various ailments.
Management of Renal Calculi: A Review
Authors:   B.Sc. Nursing Students, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201, India., Sharma Shashank , Gautam Prashant ,   B.Sc. Nursing Students, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201, India., Kaur Simrat ,   Associate professor, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201, India., Subhashini SP ,   Dean School of Nursing, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201, India.
Published: January 2024

Renal calculi are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. They occur in one in 11 people at some time in their lifetimes with men affected 2 to 1 over women. Development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate. Calculi may also be caused by low urinary citrate levels or excessive urinary acidity. Renal calculi present with excruciating pain and most patients present to the emergency department in agony. A single event does not cause kidney failure but recurrent renal calculi can damage the tubular epithelial cells, which can lead to functional loss of the renal parenchyma.
Role of SWCR Guidelines in the Management of Hand Injury
Authors:   Junior Resident,  Department of Plastic Surgery,  Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Sahoo Dripta Ramya , Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor & Head of IT Wing and Telemedicine, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Singh P Barath Kumar ,   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery,  Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

The society for Wound Care and Research was founded with the aim of promoting the practice of better wound care and research. The society carries out academic, clinical, research, and social activities in a calculated manner aimed at improving wound healing. SWCR guidelines have 4 components with the acronym SWCR where S stands for systematic analysis of patient and wound, W for wound bed preparation, C for clinical decisions, and R for repair, reconstruction & rehabilitation. Hand injury is a commonly seen and a leading cause of work-related disability. Appropriate wound management and meticulous reconstruction followed by rehabilitation in a systematic manner are of utmost importance in these patients to improve their quality of life and return to work in them. Injuries of the hand are particularly challenging from the viewpoint of healing and reconstruction as they require restoration of both functionality and aesthetics. These difficulties can be overcome by systematically approaching the wound through SWCR guidelines. This review article provides a summary of the benefits of using SWCR guidelines in the management of hand injuries.
Role of Hybrid Reconstruction Ladder in Keystone Flap
Authors:   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Singh P Barath Kumar , Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor & Head of IT Wing and Telemedicine, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

The development of novel and inventive tissue regeneration strategies has been sparked by complex wound patterns. A multi-disciplinary team has successfully adopted advanced reconstructive methods combined with modalities from regenerative medicine to enhance the results of difficult reconstruction. These procedures, known as the "Hybrid reconstruction ladder," combine conventional reconstruction techniques with regenerative medicine applications. This review article provides a summary of the benefits of using a hybrid reconstruction ladder to create a healthy wound bed for a keystone flap.
Gynecomastia: Review Article
Authors:   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery,  Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Manisekaran Marenika , Thomas Neljo ,   Senior Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery,  Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India., Chittoria Ravi Kumar ,   Professor & Head of IT Wing and Telemedicine, Department of Plastic Surgery & Telemedicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
Published: January 2024

Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast that results from an overgrowth of the glandular portion of the breast, which is often bilateral but can occasionally be unilateral. Clinically, it can be identified by the presence of a rubbery or firm mass extending concentrically from the nipples. Pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia), which is characterised by fat accumulation without glandular development, should be distinguished from gynecomastia. Gynecomastia develops when the estrogen-androgen ratio is altered in favour of oestrogen or when the breasts become more sensitive to a normal level of circulating oestrogen. The antagonistic effects of testosterone and oestrogen are what is causing the imbalance. (The typical ratio of testosterone to oestrogen during pregnancy is about 100:1, while the usual testosterone to oestrogen ratio in the blood is about 300:1). The goal of surgery is to reduce the size of the breast and to improve cosmetic appearance.
Toxological Viscera Analysis in India: Current Scenario, Problems & Suggestions- One Year Study of Autopsy Cases Where Viscera Had Been Preserved
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi- 110029, India., Yadav Abhishek , Dey Arijit ,   Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi- 110029, India., . Kulbhushan ,   Assistant Professor,  Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi- 110029, India., Sharm Neha ,   Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi- 110029, India., Gupta S.K. ,   Professor and Head, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi- 110029, India.
Published: January 2024

Chemical and Toxoclogical analysis of viscera is conducted in a Medicolegal Death investigation to rule out poisoning/intoxication in the death of the deceased. The analysis is done only in Forensic Science Laboratories established by Indian Government. The Viscera reports are usually received after a period of considerable delay and opinion about the case is kept pending till then. Keeping the same thing into consideration, this study was undertaken to analyze the system of Viscera analysis after autopsy and identifying the factors and problems hampering the timely Chemical Analysis. The study was conducted in Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi. All the Medicolegal Autopsy Cases in the period of one year from 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2013 where viscera was preserved were studied. Data was collected and analyzed from the PM reports and the subsequent viscera reports from FSLs received in the Department till 30th April 2017. The viscera analysis report was received in only 45.5% cases till 30th April 2017 and only 6.2% cases analysis reports were received within six months of conduction of postmortem. Poisons and Drugs were detected in 134 (41.5%) case out of which Ethyl and Methyl Alcohol constitutes 78.6% cases and only in those cases quantification was performed. The reasons of the delay in analysis of viscera and its effects on Medicolegal Death Investigation are discussed. It was concluded that there is a need of establishing Toxological Laboratories associated with the district hospitals and Medical Colleges where postmortem are being conducted.
Neurotoxic Effect of Insecticides on Human Nervous System
Authors:   Department of Forensic Science, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India., . Vikash , Kumar Verma Anil ,   Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Sec- 20, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana 122016, India., Jaiswal A.K. ,   Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India., Mishra Sudeep ,   Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Sec- 20, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana 122016, India.
Published: January 2024

Prologue- Pesticides is a generic term for a variety of agents that may be classified more specifically on the basis of pattern of use and organism killed such as insects, weeds, fungi, and rodents. A number of pesticides can cause neurotoxicity. It is not surprising that these agents also have neurotoxic effects on large mammals including humans. Despites man’s persistent efforts to develop mechanism of actions in selectivity and specificity of these agents towards certain species while reducing toxicity to other forms of life, all pesticides possess an inherent degree of toxicity to human being. This family of chemicals such as the organophosphates, the carbamates, the pyrethroids, the organochlorines, and other compounds directly target nervous system to show their mechanism of toxicity. Insecticides interfere with chemical neurotransmitter or ion channels in nerve cell, and usually cause reversible neurotoxic effects, that could nevertheless be lethal. The effects of pesticides on the nervous system is as neurotoxins, or may contribute to chronic neurodegenerative disorder, one of the most common notably is Parkinson’s and Alzhemier Disease. This brief review summarizes some of the main neurotoxic insecticides, their effects and mode of action.
A Series Case Reports of Four Accidental Sewer Gas Poisoning
Authors:   Junior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., J.N Pandit , V Chandran ,   Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., S Dhaka ,   Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., T Millo ,   Junior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
Published: January 2024

Sewer gas (H2S) is a toxic gas generally produced naturally by decaying organic matter. Death in sewer gas poisoning is due to respiratory arrest. Acute exposure of Hydrogen sulphide causes cytochrome oxidase enzyme inhibition causing disruption of oxidative metabolism and affecting nervous system and cardiac tissue immediately. It affects almost all system like, CNS, respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, dermal and ocular system. The powerful effect of hydrogen sulphide over olfactory inhibition makes the people unaware to its characteristic rotten egg odour. Rarely hydrogen sulphide poisoning occurs by intention but most of the case is accidental. Hydrogen sulphide is highly toxic and flammable gas, and, because of heavier than air it is accumulated at the bottom of poorly ventilated and closed space. In India it is observed that most of the sewer cleaning is done manually and the workers are not aware to its harmful effect because of lack of knowledge, so they unfortunately comes under its silent dangerous effect. There are standards and guidelines for exposure of hydrogen sulphide at work place; if it is followed and proper safety measures are taken then incidence will be reduced. Here we are reporting a series of four cases of accidental sewer gas poisoning, the autopsy of which were done in our mortuary, AIIMS, New Delhi.
Method Validation and Quantitative Estimation of Ethanol using n-Propanol as Internal Standard in whole Blood by Gas Chromatography - Headspace (GC-HS)
Authors:   Chemist, Deptt. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India, Jaiswal Ashok Kumar , Krishna Supriya ,   Student,Deptt. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India, Chand Khoob ,   Technical officer, Deptt. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India, Millo Tabin ,   Professor,Deptt. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., Gupta Sudhir Kumar ,   Professor and Head, Deptt. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Published: January 2024

Detection and quantification of ethanol in drunken driving cases is of immense importance inforensic toxicology. Despite several analytical methods being available for identification of ethanol in blood, an accurate quantification with minimum sample preparation and rapid analysis is still an ongoing task. The present study evaluates the suitability of Headspace-Chromatography with a capillary column and Flame Ionisation Detector as a method for determining the ethanol content in whole blood samples received for the blood alcohol concentration analysis. An internal standard ‘n-propanol’ was added to the sample to authenticate the results. The peaks areas were measured and calculations were carried out considering peak ratios of analyte to internal standard. The total run time of GC and HS was 20.68 min. The validation study for the method resulted in linearity for a range of 7.9 mg- 237 mg/100 ml, coefficient of variance (R2) was 0.999. Recovery of more than 96% was achieved in spiked samples. LOD and LOQ were 0.20 mg/100 ml and 1.0 mg/100 ml respectively. Blood ethanol measurement by this method is an easy, simple, reliable and reproducible.
Assessment of Acute and 28-Days Repeated Dose Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Selected Ultra-Diluted Preparations in Wistar Rats
Authors:   Professor, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India,, Singh Surender , Karwasra Ritu ,   PDF,Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India., Sharma Deeksha ,   SRF, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India,, Raj Ritu ,   SRF, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India,, Nayak D ,   Scientist,Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (Ministry of AYUSH), Govt. of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058, India, Khurana AK ,   DG, Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (Ministry of AYUSH), Govt. of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058, India, Manchanda RK ,   Former DG, Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (Ministry of AYUSH), Govt. of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058, India
Published: January 2024

Objective: The aim of this work was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of the homeopathic drugs, causticum, calcerea, medorrhinum, mercurius, formica, proteus, silica, sulphur, thuja in experimental models. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into groups (n=5). Homeopathic drugs were administered to rats for 14 and 28 days to assess the toxicological profile. Acute and sub-acute studies were carried out according to OECD 425, 407 guidelines. Behavioural parameters and mortality rate were assessed in acute toxicity study. The sub-acute was performed for a study period of 28 days and afterwards animals were sacrificed to carry out biochemical and haematological estimations. The histopathological analysis of all vital organs was done with haematoxylin and eosin staining to assess the anatomical damage involved. Results: Findings of the study revealed that the administration of homeopathic drugs at single bolus dose in acute toxicity study there were no mortality or any signs of toxicity observed after oral administration of drugs up to the dose level that of 2000 μl in rats. So, the LD50 was found to be greater than 2000 ul/100g body weight. Sub-acute toxicity study was conducted for a period of 28 days and we noted that the there were no pathological or biochemical alterations found. Conclusion: Study inferred that homeopathic drugs are safe on acute and sub-acute administration for 14 and 28 days respectively. The safety profile is established in experimental animals and further data can be corroborated in humans.
Coping Strategies, After Death Misconceptions and Paranormal Phenomenon amongst Police Officers of Ernakulam, Kerala handling Deceased: A cross sectional study
Authors:   Undergraduate Student, B.Sc Psychology, MES College, Marampally Road, Marampally P O, North Vazhakulam, Ernakulam, Aluva, Kerala-683107., India., Varghese, Anu  Achamma , Mutharintavida, Farhana ,   Undergraduate Student, B.Sc Psychology, MES College, Marampally Road, Marampally P O, North Vazhakulam, Ernakulam, Aluva, Kerala-683107., India., Ubaida, Fathima ,   Student Counsellor, Jama-ath Residential Public School, Kerala, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., Sherin Fathima ,   Student, Santhwana Institute of Counselling, Kerala, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India., P Rashmi ,   Assistant Professor, Dept of Psychology, MES College, Marampally Road, Marampally P O, North Vazhakulam, Ernakulam, Aluva, Kerala-683107., India.
Published: January 2024

Police officers help to maintain peace and security in any nation and checks whether people abide by law of the country and instrumental in bringing justice all over the world. But they go through thick and thin during their career. The aim of the present study is to find out the coping strategy, misconceptions of after-death and paranormal phenomena amongst police officers who handle dead bodies. Participants consisted of Police officers within the age group of 25–60 years. Total of 32 samples were collected from different police stations across Ernakulam District in state of Kerala. Method used was Interview and the data was qualitatively analyzed. The study explored that certain police officers had belief in paranormal phenomenon and misconceptions about after death, other reported that belief in rebirth was based on their religious background. Coping strategies varied in each police officer.
Utilizing Simulation Technology to Train Doctors in Indian Society of Toxicology Life Support Course at Poison Control Centre
Authors:   Associate Consultant, Emergency and Trauma care, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana-122413, India,, Verma Vivekanshu , . Remya ,   Senior Resident, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala-682041,, Rastogi Prateek ,   Professor and HOD Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Tiger Circle Road, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka-576104,, Vasudev Pillay Vijay ,   Professor and HOD Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Chief, Poison Control Centre, Amrita Institute of Medical Science, Kochi, Kerala-682041
Published: January 2024

Simulation has been widely adopted as a training and assessment tool in medical education. Conventional teaching methods may be inadequate to properly train healthcare providers for rare but potentially lethal events in Toxicology such as managing associated polytrauma in alcoholic drink and drive cases, Acute Brain stroke due to cocaine toxicity, acute coronary syndrome in Cannabis and cardio-respiratory arrest in Opioid abuse. We have observed that Simulation based training, by enhancing provider skills, can subsequently decrease medical errors and increase patient safety.
Survey of Youth Awareness Regarding Toxic Alcohol (Methanol) and HOOCH Tragedies
Authors:   Associate Consultant, Emergency and Trauma Care, Medanta: The Medicity, Gurugram 122413, Haryana, India., Verma Vivekanshu
Published: January 2024

The term Toxic alcohol include as a proper name Methanol, and is applied both to the absolute substance further specified by chemists as methyl alcohol, and to its mixtures with smaller proportions of water and slight proportions of other substances. In chemistry, the word alcohol is used as a common or generic name to designate several series of substances containing Ethanol in different percentages. Alcohol consumption has existed in India for many centuries. The quantity of toxicity problem has undergone substantial changes over the past twenty years. In India many deaths are related to intake of toxic alcohol. These are liquors made in India under government license and the maximum Ethanol content allowed is 42.8%. Besides licensed distilleries, a number of small production units operate clandestinely. The toxic alcohol is industrial methylated sprits which regularly cause mass toxicity to humans, who lose their lives or suffer irreversible eye damage and overdose of methanol is death results in this research survey showed that maximum youth are not aware about the toxic alcohols. There is an urgent need to make people aware about methanol toxicity.
Postmortem Computed Tomography: A Supplant Technique to Autopsy for Firearm Injuries in the Head
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India,, Vignesh Raj K Karthi , Yadav Abhishek ,   Additional Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India,, K Gupta Sudhir ,   Professor and Head, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India,, Ali CH Zahid ,   Senior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India,, G. Gokul ,   Junior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India, S Manivel ,   Junior Resident, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Published: January 2024

Background: Autopsy is more time-consuming if the bullet/bullets are lodged at the difficult-to-access sites of the head, especially maxillofacial regions. The procedure of suturing the deceased becomes even more difficult after the retrieval of bullets post-dissection of facial tissues. The altered aesthetics psychologically and emotionally disturb the already bereaved next of kin. The authors explored the utility of PMCT and propose a methodology of targeted dissection/minimally invasive approach to retrieve the bullet. The authors discussed the feasibility to conclude the cause of death in cases of single/multiple firearm injuries to the head using PMCT alone. Methods: The authors evaluated three cases of firearm deaths at a distance lesser than close range to the head. The deceased was subjected to PMCT scanning using a 16-slice Multi-Slice CT spiral scanner and findings were analyzed using the Vitrea software v.6.9.1 with the slice thickness ranging from 0.5mm to 5mm. A routine conventional autopsy was conducted post-scanning. Two of the three cases were suicide and succumbed to a single firearm injury while the third case was a homicide due to multiple firearm injuries. Conclusion: PMCT alone can be utilized and relied upon in deaths due to a single shot to the head and suggests a combined methodology of PMCT evaluation and minimally invasive approach in cases of multiple firearm injuries for better correlation of wound track. Lastly, PMCT helped in a targeted approach to reach the in situ bullets more precisely than any other radiological technique which upholds the humanitarian forensic aspect.