bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntheses and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Al-Si-C-N Coatings by a Hybrid Coating System
Authors: Choi Eun Young , Park Ji Hoon , Kim Kwang Ho
Published: March 2009

In this work, the Ti-Al-Si-C-N coatings were synthesized on Stainless steel and Si wafer by a hybrid coating system, where arc ion plating (AIP) technique was combined with a magnetron sputtering technique. Also, the effect of Si content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-Al-C-N coatings were systematically investigated. The Ti-Al-Si-C-N coatings characterized by a nanocomposite comprising nano-sized Ti-Al-C-N crystallites embedded in amorphous Si3N4 phase. The micro-hardness values of Ti-Al-Si-C-N coatings were largely depended on Si content and the micro-hardness value of Ti-Al-Si-C-N coatings significantly increased from 38Gpa of Ti-Al-C-N coatings to approximately 56 GPa with the addition Si content of 9.8 at.%. The enhanced hardness values of Ti-Al-Si-C-N coatings were explained with the refinement of Ti-Al-C-N crystallites and composite microstructure characteristics by the percolation of amorphous Si3N4/SiC phase. The average friction coefficient of Ti-Al-Si-C-N decreased from 0.6 of Ti-Al-C-N to 0.23 with increasing the Si content up to 15.3 at. %. The decreased friction coefficients of Ti-Al-Si-C-N coatings was elucidated by the formation of SiO2 or Si(OH)2 layer known as self-lubricant materials.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Observation with Grain Refinement in CuZnAl Alloy
Authors: Yang Gwon Seung , Lee Jong Kook , Jang Woo Yang
Published: March 2009

A small amount of misch metal was added to CuZnAl alloy in order to study the effect of
grain refinement and mechanical properties, phase transformation behavior and stabilization of
martensite. It was found that the addition of misch metal was very effective for reducing the grain
size. The coarse grains over 1000 μm have been refined to the size of 30 μm by the addition of
0.43wt% misch metal. The grain size of thermo-mechanically treated alloys was barely affected by
cold working. The fracture strength and ductility have been significantly increased with the increase
of misch metal content when tensile test is carried out below Mf temperature. Also, the fracture
strength has been more increased in the case of post-quench ageing treatment than the direct quench
ageing treatment. The fracture mode has been changed from transgranular brittle fracture to ductile
fracture with void formation and coalescence by the addition of misch metal.
Using of Ethylene Glycol as Pore-Form Agent to Form Interconnected Mesopores in Carbonized Phenol Resin
Authors: Xu Shun Jian , Qiao Guan Jun , Li Di Chen , Wang Hong Jie , Lu Tian Jian
Published: March 2009

We used ethylene glycol as pore-forming agent to prepare porous carbon with interconnected pores derived from phenol–formaldehyde resin. The mixture of resins and glycol was by polymerization and pyrolysis monolithic material of porous carbon with interconnected mesopores and a narrow pore size range. The average pore size of the porous carbon obtained was 28.2 nm. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm for the porous carbon exhibited type IV isotherm, which corresponded to mesoporous adsorption. The method could endow porous carbon with BET surface area and pore volume about 500 m2/g and 0.607 cm3/g, respectively. The mesopores in porous carbon formed as a result of phase separation of resin-rich phase and glycol-rich phase at polymerization and remove of glycol-rich at subsequent pyrolysis.
Development of A3003 Alloy Tube for Eco-Friendly Refrigerant Application
Authors: Cho Hoon , Lee Byoung Soo , Jo Hyung Ho
Published: March 2009

The influence of extrusion temperature and Ti content was investigated by observing the microstructure and determining the mechanical strength of A3003 alloy tube. The A3003 alloy was modified by inoculation in terms of addition of Ti and then extruded at the various extrusion temperatures. In case of A3003 alloy tube without addition of Ti, the yield strength was slightly improved with decreasing extrusion temperature. On the other hand, the yield strength was improved markedly in A3003 alloy tube with small addition of Ti, and also ductility was slightly reduced. Grain size distribution from observing the microstructure was different with addition of Ti. Coarse grains were formed on the outer and inner parts of the alloy tube without addition of Ti, whereas the finer grains were uniformly distributed in the alloy tube with addition of Ti. Thus the microstructure and mechanical strength of A3003 alloy tube could be controlled by addition of Ti. Threefore, optimum Ti content and extrusion temperature to fabricate high yield strength and ductility A3003 alloy tube (σy=60 MPa, ε=30%) for eco-friendly refrigerant application are above 0.05wt.Ti and below 480 °C, respectively. Introduction
Performance of a Two-Phase Carbon Dioxide-Filled Thermosyphon
Authors: Jeong S. J. , Lee K. S.
Published: March 2009

In order to utilize low enthalpy geothermal heat sources, a thermosyphon is a good
device which can extract heat without using electric power. The heat transfer in the thermosyphon
occurs through the circulation of a working fluid through a sequence of evaporation, vapor transfer,
condensation, and liquid return. A two-phase thermosyphon system using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a
working fluid has been investigated both experimentally as well as theoretically. Carbon dioxide is
the only non-flammable and non-toxic fluid that has the potential to offer environmental safety in a
system. A copper tube thermosyphon of total length of 1,000 mm with inside and outside diameters
of 9.9 mm and 12.7 mm was developed by consisting of evaporator and condenser sections. The
temperature distribution along the thermosyphon was monitored and theninput heat to evaporator
section and output heat from condenser were measured as well. The effects of temperature
difference between evaporator and condenser section and coolant mass flow rates on the
performance of the thermosyphon were determined. The results indicate that the heat flux
transferred increased with increasing coolant mass flow rate and temperature difference between
evaporation and condenser section. The experimental analysis of the thermosyphon system confirms
that the proposed system must be a reliable and highly efficient as well as environmentally friendly
alternative to common ground-coupled systems.
Preparation and Characterization of KGM /TiO2 Composite Membrane
Authors: Zhuo Xiu Rong , Luo Xue Gang , Lin Xiao Yan , Chen Yan , Xu Chang Gang
Published: March 2009

TiO2 / KGM composite membranes were prepared by blend. Effects of the content of
TiO2 and glycerol, ratio of PVA to KGM on tensile strength of membranes were investigated.
Structure and Morphology of TiO2 / KGM films were characterized by SEM, XRD and IR.
Furthermore, anti-bacteria properties of composite films were evaluated. The results showed that
there were hydrogen bonding interactions between konjac glucomannan molecule, PVA and titania
particle after irradiation. Composite membranes enable the antibacterial properties improved by
adding an appropriate amount of TiO2, but mechanical properties decreased. The composite
membrane tensile strength decreased with increasing glycerol content but increased with PVA
glucomannuronate composite ratio increasing.
Nanocrystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Fe-Based Multicomponent Alloy by Non-Isothermal Analysis
Authors: Lilly Shanker Rao T. , Lad Kirit N. , Dhurandhar Heena , Pratap Arun , Jha Prafulla K.
Published: March 2009

Soft magnetic alloys consisting of nanoscale fcc Fe grains have been developed by primary crystallization of melt-spun amorphous alloys as typically exemplified in Fe-B[1], Fe-M-B (M = Zr, Hf, Nb) (Nanoperm) [2] and Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu (FINEMET)systems[3]. Lot of scientific effort has been put in last years to control the crystallization process of metallic glasses. This is due to the fact that several attractive properties of the resulting material are strongly related to the final attained microstructure. In the present paper, primary nanocrystallization kinetics of a Fe–based multicomponent amorphous system namely Fe67Co18B14Si1 (2605CO) has been analysed by nonisothermal DSC measurements. Crystallization is a combined process of nucleation and growth. The amorphous alloy undergoes two-step crystallization with primary crystallization of α-Fe giving the first step. The Avrami exponent for the two steps has been derived. A detailed analysis of the data provides an insight in to the dimensionality and mechanism of growth.
Diffusion-Controlled Nanocrystallization of the Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si15.5B7 Finemet Amorphous Alloy
Authors: Ribeiro R.M. , de Biasi R.S. , dos Santos D.R. , dos Santos Dílson S.
Published: March 2009

Crystallization of the amorphous metallic alloy Fe73.5 Cu1Nb3 Si8.5 B14 was investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), small angle in situ X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only one crystalline phase was observed by WAXS and only one peak was observed by DSC. The activation energies, calculated from FMR and DSC data, were 287 kJ.mol-1 and 313.4 kJ.mol-1, respectively. The values calculated for the Avrami exponent were 0.98 (FMR) and 1.4 (DSC). These values correspond to different mechanisms of nucleation and growth; however, the SAXS /WAXS results suggest that the dominant mechanisms are nucleation and growth of crystals from small dimensions.
Al Effect on the Structure of the Spray Formed Fe88Si12 (at%) Alloy
Authors: Saporiti F. , Kasama A.H. , Arcondo B. , Botta Filho Walter José , Kiminami Claudio Shyinti , Bolfarini Claudemiro , Audebert Fernando
Published: March 2009

Fe-Si alloys have excellent soft magnetic properties, specially around 12 at% Si. However, its
industrial application is limited because of the lack of ductility, which causes cracking during
rolling operations for the fabrication of thin sheets. The reason of the brittleness of the high silicon
alloys is a disorder/order reaction at low temperatures.
The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of the addition of Aluminum on the crystalline
structure of Fe-Si alloys. Samples with a chemical composition of Fe88Si12 and Fe87Si12Al1 (at%)
were prepared by Spray Forming. The structure was studied by means of X-ray diffraction and
Mössbauer Spectroscopy. The presence of the DO3 and α- Fe phases were observed
Mechanical Alloying of Zr-Nb5%at. Powders: Microstructural Evolution and Hydrogenation Properties
Authors: Loureiro S.A. , Fruchart Daniel , Rivoirard Sophie , dos Santos Dílson S. , Tavares L.M.
Published: March 2009

Zircaloy is commonly applied as structural element in nuclear reactors owing to the
gamma radiation transparency of Zr. One of the research interests in Zr-Nb alloys is related to its
behavior in H2O-rich environments due to hydrogen embrittlement. In the present work the
microstructural evolution (crystallite size and microhardness), crystallography and hydrogenation
behavior (after milling) due to mechanical alloying (MA) are studied for the Zr-Nb5%at and pure
Zr. The MA study of Zr and the Zr-Nb system showed that frequency of rotation in a planetary mill
and alloy composition play a major role on the evolution of crystallite size and microhardness. Nb
addition was found to induce a partial allotropic transformation of the Zr structure (α→ω) during
MA. Indeed, for milling experiments with significant Fe contamination the formation of an fcc
phase was observed. Further, MA for extended times (over 5 hours) was found to reduce the
hydrogen absorption capacity of Zr and the Zr-Nb system studied.
Determination of Residual Stress Distribution in Severe Surface Deformed Steel by Shot Peening
Authors: Akiniwa Yoshiaki , Kimura Hidehiko
Published: March 2009

The compressive stress distribution below the specimen surface of a nanocrystalline
medium carbon steel was investigated nondestructively by using high-energy X-rays from a
synchrotron radiation source, SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV) in the Japan Synchrotron
Radiation Research Institute. A medium carbon steel plate was shot-peened with fine cast iron
particles of the size of 50 μm. By using the monochromatic X-ray beam with three energy levels of
10, 30 and 72 keV, the stress values at the arbitrary depth were measured by the constant
penetration depth method. The stress was calculated from the slope of the sin2ψ diagram. Measured
stress corresponds to the weighted average associated with the attenuation of the X-rays in the
material. The real stress distribution was estimated by using the optimization technique. The stress
distribution was assumed by the third order polynomial in the near surface layer and the second
order polynomial. The coefficients of the polynomials were determined by the conjugate gradient
iteration. The predicted stress distribution agreed well with that measured by the conventional
surface removal method.
Neutron Diffraction Study of a New Generation of Implants
Authors: Benmarouane Abdelilah , Citterio-Bigot Helene , Hansen T. , Millet Pierre , Lodini Alain
Published: March 2009

In recent years, nanostructured coatings by Plasma Thermal Spraying (PTS) attracted
intense interest due to their enhanced mechanical properties as hardness, strength and ductility.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of coating the implant by nanohydroxyaptite,
n-HAp, Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2. The results obtained with n-HAp will also compared with
the implant coated with HAp. Bone is a composite material in which are associated a mineral phase
in the form of crystals of HAp and an organic matrix constituted by collagen. The c-axes of HAp
and the collagen fibers are preferentially oriented in the direction of the stresses that the bones need
to withstand. At the interface implant-bone, the new bone reconstituted after implantation must
have the same proprieties of the original bone in order to have good fixation with the implant.
Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanical properties of this new bone crystals reconstituted
at the interface with the implants coated with n-HAp and HAp by neutrons diffraction on D20 at
ILL.
Investigation of Retained Strains and Microstructures for a Hot Deformed Stainless Steel
Authors: Candic Mirza , Tian Bao Hui , Kleber Siegfried , Wießner Manfred , Kamaya Masayuki , Sommitsch Christof
Published: March 2009

For the investigation of retained strains during hot forming, which are related to the
dislocation structure, single and double hit compression tests were carried out at different
temperatures and strain rates for a stainless steel. Using microhardness measurements the retained
strains after the first and second pass were investigated as a function of the amount of deformation,
temperatures as well as strain rates and dwell durations. In general, the retained strain decreases
with increasing dwell durations in both the deformed and recrystallized grains, respectively. At a
given total amount of deformation in a double hit compression, the retained strains for the as
deformed unrecrystallized grains are reduced for a lower deformation in the first hit. For the
recrystallized grains the retained strain increases, when comparing double hit with single hit
compression.
Neutron Diffraction Study of Duplex Stainless Steel during Loading at 200°C
Authors: Dakhlaoui Rim , Baczmanski Andrzej , Braham Chedly , Wroński Sebastian , Wierzbanowski Krzysztof , Oliver E.C.
Published: March 2009

In this work, the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of duplex steel is
studied by performing monotonic “in situ” tension and compression at 200oC. The lattice strains in
both phases were measured using the time-of-flight neutron diffraction method (at the ISIS
spallation neutron source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK). A thermal-elastic selfconsistent
model was used to predict the expansion of the interplanar spacings during heating to
200°C. Subsequently, the variation of phase stresses during tensile and compressive loading at room
temperature (20°C) and at 200°C were theoretically calculated by the elastoplastic self-consistent
model. Comparing the model data with experimental results the critical resolved shear stresses and
work hardening parameters were determined individually in each phase of the DSS. Finally, the
yield stresses in each phase of the studied steel have been estimated. It was found that both yield
points (of austenite and ferrite) are lower at 200°C than those at room temperature.
Variation of Residual Stresses in Drawn Copper Tubes
Authors: Carradò Adele , Duriez D. , Barrallier Laurent , Brück Sebastian , Fabre Agnès , Stuhr Uwe , Pirling Thilo , Klosek Vincent , Palkowski Heinz
Published: March 2009

Seamless tubes are used for many applications, e.g. in heating, transport gases and fluids,
evaporators as well as medical use and as intermediate products for hydroforming and various
mechanical applications, where the final dimensions normally are given by some cold drawing
steps.
The first process step – piercing of the billet, for example by extrusion or 3-roll-milling -
typically results in ovality and eccentricity in the tube causing non-symmetric material flow during
the cold drawing process, i.e. inhomogeneous deformation. Because of this non-axisymmetric
deformation and of deviations over tube length caused by moving tools, this process step generates
residual stresses. To understand the interconnections between the geometrical changes in the tubes
and the residual stresses, the residual strains in a copper tube had been measured by neutron
diffraction.
The High Energy Materials Science Beamline at PETRA III
Authors: Schell Norbert , Martins René V. , Beckmann Felix , Ruhnau Hans Ulrich , Kiehn Rüdiger , Schreyer Andreas
Published: March 2009

The future High Energy Materials Science Beamline HEMS at the new German high
brilliance synchrotron radiation storage ring PETRA III [1] will have a main energy of 120 keV, will
be fully tunable in the range of 50 to 300 keV, and will be optimized for sub-micrometer focusing
with Compound Refractive Lenses and Kirkpatrick-Baez Multilayer mirrors. Design and
construction is the responsibility of the Research Center Geesthacht, GKSS, with approximately
70 % of the beamtime being dedicated to Materials Research, the rest reserved for “general physics”
experiments covered by DESY, Hamburg.
Fundamental research will encompass metallurgy, physics and chemistry. For first experiments in
investigating grain-grain-interactions a dedicated 3D-microstructure-mapper will be designed.
Applied research for manufacturing process optimization will benefit from the high flux in
combination with ultra-fast detector systems allowing complex and highly dynamic in-situ studies
of microstructural transformations. The beamline infrastructure will allow easy accommodation of
large user provided equipment. Experiments targeting the industrial user community will be based
on well established techniques with standardised evaluation, allowing "full service" measurements.
Environments for strain mapping [2] on large structural components up to 1 t will be provided as
well as automated investigations of large numbers of samples, e.g. for tomography and texture
determination.
The current design for the beamline (P07 in sector 5 of the future experimental hall) consists of a
nearly five meter in-vacuum undulator source (U19-5) optimized for high energies, a general optics
hutch, an in-house test facility and three independent experimental hutches working alternately, plus
additional set-up and storage space for long-term experiments. HEMS should be operational in
spring 2009 as one of the first beamlines running at PETRA III.
Experimental Investigation of Residual Stresses after Heat Treatment and Grinding Processes in the Production of Ball Bearing Rings
Authors: Güley Volkan , Tekkaya A. Erman , Savaş Turhan , Özhan Feridun
Published: March 2009

Experimental investigation of residual stresses after heat treatment and grinding
processes in the production of ball bearing rings has been carried out. The residual stresses were
measured by X-ray diffraction method utilizing chromium radiation, which has an average
penetration depth of 5 μm incident on 100Cr6 (AISI-E52100) ball bearing steel. The process
parameters of heat treatment and grinding processes were varied so as to represent the extreme
values that can be applied in the respective processes. Hardness and percent retained austenite limit
the heat treatment process parameters; while roundness, surface roughness and form the grinding
process. Tensile surface residual stresses on the raceway of ball bearing rings changes to
compression after grinding in both circumferential and axial directions. In grinding relatively higher
compressive stresses were measured in axial direction compared to the circumferential direction.
This experimental investigation also showed that the influence of heat treatment process parameters
on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses survived even after grinding process; i.e. heat
treatment and grinding processes cannot be evaluated independently in process design for
favourable residual stresses.
Rod-Textured Zircaloy-2: A Case Study of an Anisotropic Metal with Multiple Deformation Modes, Strong Texture and Thermal Strains
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: March 2009

Hexagonal close-packed and lower symmetry metals often exhibit anisotropic
mechanical properties because the dominant slip system forbids slip in certain lattice directions.
Rod-textured Zircaloy-2 is a model system which can act as a road map for understanding more
complex cases. In this case prism slip is dominant and pyramidal slip is only initiated at higher
applied stresses. Tensile twinning does not always play a role since its initiation depends on the
starting texture. Along the rod axis, Zircaloy-2 exhibits a very strong weighting of poles lying
within the basal plane of the structure such as <10 1 0>, <11 2 0> etc. However, perpendicular to the
rod axis, all  poles are present. The coefficients of thermal expansion are unequal along the
a- and c-axes of the crystal structure, so there are always large intrinsic thermal strains. Likewise,
the mechanical properties perpendicular to the rod axis are dominated by the interaction of grains
with hard and soft plastic response. Over two decades, the residual strains and the in-situ strain
response parallel and perpendicular to the rod axis have been measured by neutron diffraction for
both tensile and compressive applied stress. The paper reviews our understanding of the strain
development for tensile and compressive applied stress in Zircaloy-2 in terms of slip and tensile
twinning, the crucial part played by the thermal strains and the simplifying role of the strong
texture.
Heavy Water in Gate Stack Processing
Authors: Pap Andrea E. , Dücső Csaba , Kamarás Katalin , Battistig Gábor , Bársony István
Published: March 2009

The high reactivity of the free silicon surface and its consequence: the “omnipresent” native silicon
dioxide hinders the interface engineering in many processing steps of IC technology on atomic
level. Methods known to eliminate the native oxide need in most cases vacuum processing. They
frequently deteriorate the atomic flatness of the silicon. Hydrogen passivation by a proper DHF
(diluted HF) treatment removes the native silicon oxide without roughening the surface while
simultaneously maintains a “quasi oxide free” surface in a neutral or vacuum ambient for short
time. Under such circumstances the last thermal desorption peak of hydrogen is activated at around
480-500°C where the free silicon surface suddenly becomes extremely reactive. In this study we
show that deuterium passivation is a promising technology. Due to the fact that deuterium adsorbs
more strongly on Si surface than hydrogen even at room temperature, deuterium passivation does
not need vacuum processing and it ensures a robust process flow.
A Growth Kinetics Model for the Radical Oxidation of Silicon
Authors: Storbeck Olaf , Pethe Wieland , Hayn Regina
Published: March 2009

The silicon oxide growth kinetics were investigated for single wafer rapid thermal (RTP)
and large batch vertical furnace radical oxidation processes under varying conditions. An oxidation
model is proposed in which the oxidation rate of hydrogen–assisted radical oxidation is a
combination of constant–rate low pressure wet oxidation and an oxygen radical driven process
decaying with increasing oxide thickness. The model parameters for selected RTP and batch
furnace oxidation processes are extracted and discussed. The implications of this model are
compared to observed properties of the radical oxidation process like lattice orientation, stress
independence, bird’s beak formation and thickness uniformity.
Ultra Shallow Depth Profiling with SIMS
Authors: Ehrke H. Ulrich
Published: March 2009

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is frequently used in the characterization of
thin films, coatings, diffusion processes, materials composition and in the analysis of implants. The
SIMS technique has been continuously developed for more than 30 years. One of the main drivers
was semiconductor technology. Standard implants in Si like B, As and P, implanted with a few keV
to MeV energy are routinely measured with high precision. But nowadays with implant energies of
500 eV and below, when ultra shallow structures are examined, the desired information is in the
first few nm to some tens of nm. This has a great impact on the analytical requirements and
quantification procedures. Some of these aspects will be examined in this contribution.
Implant Annealing – An Evolution from Soak over Spike to Millisecond Annealing
Authors: Paul Silke , Lerch Wilfried
Published: March 2009

This work presents a summary on the use of rapid thermal processing for implant
annealing. It gives a short historical overview of rapid thermal processing systems and the first
implant anneal processes on these newly developed tools. We then looked in detail on the soak
anneal and spike anneal processes and the influence of certain process parameters. For the soak
anneal influences of the ambient, either oxidizing or nitriding, were evaluated. The results of spike
anneal processes are influenced by the pre-stabilization temperature, ramp-up and ramp-down rate,
peak temperature, and gaseous ambient. The need for shallow, abrupt and highly activated junctions
leads to co-implantation of species like fluorine or carbon in conjunction with pre-amorphization.
Nowadays, combinations of spike and millisecond annealing as well as millisecond annealing alone
are in the focus.
A Light-Induced Annealing of Silicon Implanted Layers
Authors: Lojek Bo
Published: March 2009

Since introducing Rapid Thermal Annealing, there has been disagreement among
experimental data of ion-implanted and annealed layers. One explanation of these differences is the
impact of optical irradiation and its interaction with semiconductor material. Although no plausible
explanation has been offered, experimental evidence of “photonic effects” was reported in many
works. In this work we estimate energy per atom available during recombination of the excited
carriers. It is argued that the localization of energy states inside the band gap in ion-implant
damaged material is responsible for “photonic effects.”
Extended Defects Evolution in Pre-Amorphised Silicon after Millisecond Flash Anneals
Authors: Cristiano Fuccio , Bazizi El Mehdi , Fazzini Pier Francesco , Boninelli Simona , Duffy Ray , Pakfar Ardechir , Paul Silke , Lerch Wilfried
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we investigate the evolution of extended defects during a millisecond
Flash anneal after a preamorphising implant. The experimental results, supported by predictive
simulations, indicate that during the ultra-fast temperature ramp-up and rump-down occurring in a
millisecond Flash anneal, the basic mechanisms that control the growth and evolution of extended
defects are not modified with respect to the relatively slower annealing processes, such as “soak”
and “spike” Rapid Thermal Annealing. In addition, we have observed a decrease in the number of
trapped interstitials in the End-Of-Range (EOR) defects when decreasing the Ge+ amorphisation
energy from 30 keV down to 2 keV. This result is ascribed to two concomitant phenomena: (i) the
increase of the initial number of interstitials, Ni, created by the amorphisation step, when the
implant energy is decreased and (ii) the efficient interstitial annihilation at the silicon surface, whose
recombination length, Lsurf, is in the nanometer range even at the very high temperatures employed
in millisecond Flash anneals.
The Expanding Role of Rapid Thermal Processing in CMOS Manufacturing
Authors: Nakos Jim , Shepard Joe
Published: March 2009

The role of single wafer Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) in semiconductor
manufacturing has been steadily expanding over the last 2 decades. There are several reasons for the
successful adaptation of this technology. These include more critical requirements by advanced
semiconductor technologies with respect to thermal exposure and control, as well as tremendous
improvements by the RTP equipment community in resolving some fundamental limitations of the
tooling, historically restricting wide spread implementation. From rather humble beginnings, RTP
technology has now established itself as indispensable to the production of advanced semiconductor
products. We review the history and implementation of RTP technology in semiconductor
processing technology at International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) from the late 1980s to
recent time.
Fast Diffusion in Germanium and Silicon Investigated by Lamp-Based Rapid Thermal Annealing
Authors: Stolwijk Nicolaas , Lerner Ludmila , Giese Axel , Lerch Wilfried
Published: March 2009

The study of fast diffusion processes in materials requires short isothermal annealing
treatments combined with an accurate temperature measurement. The paper discusses the special
demands on rapid thermal annealing (RTA) devices in diffusion research and how these can be met
in practice. The scientific impact of RTA for diffusion research in semiconductors is demonstrated
by several examples dealing with fast impurities in Ge and Si.
A Short History of Pattern Effects in Thermal Processing
Authors: Timans Paul J.
Published: March 2009

Radiant energy sources enable rapid and controllable thermal processing of wafers with
closed-loop control of wafer temperature. However the use of energy sources that are not in thermal
equilibrium with the wafers makes the heating process sensitive to the optical properties of the
wafers. In particular, patterns on wafer surfaces can cause temperature non-uniformity at length
scales where lateral thermal conduction cannot smooth out the effect. Such “pattern effects” are
even more significant for advanced processing techniques like millisecond annealing and pulsed
laser annealing, because of the extremely large heating powers employed. The issue of pattern
effects was recognized early on in the development of radiant heating technology, but has recently
become a critical issue for process control. Despite the challenges, many counter-measures can be
deployed to minimize pattern effects, including modifications to the wafer design, changes in
processing recipe and equipment configuration. Such solutions have enabled the use of radiant
heating for even the most demanding device fabrication applications.
Three-Dimensional Thermo-Mechanical Finite Element Simulation for Casting Ladle Structure under Thermal Loadings
Authors: Li Shou Ju , Liu Ying Xi , Yu He
Published: March 2009

The finite element model of coupling the thermal field with structural analysis is proposed
in order to analyze the thermo-stress of casting ladle structure. The thermal fields of casting ladle with
refractory lining structure are computed according to the thermal properties of materials and
boundary conditions. Numerical simulation shows that that computed outer temperatures of casting
ladle agree with measured ones. The thermo-stress of casting ladle structure is simulated by taking
thermal loadings as the loading conditions of the steel shell structure. Material behaviors were
described by the Drucker–Prager plasticity model and Von Mises yield criterion. Calculation results
of thermo-stress fields shows the outer shell structure is safety under the action of thermal loadings.
Application of Physical Simulation for Developing New Steel Types
Authors: Karjalainen L. Pentti , Somani Mahesh C. , Hamada Atef S.
Published: March 2009

Processing of a large number of novel steel types, such as DP, TRIP, CP and TWIP, and
high-strength low-carbon bainitic and martensitic DQ-T steels, have been developed based on
physical simulation and modelling studies. Among stainless steels, guidelines for processing of
ultra-fine grained austenitic stainless steels have been created. Physical simulation has been used by
employing a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator to reveal the phenomena occurring in the hot
rolling stage (the flow resistance, recrystallization kinetics and microstructure evolution), and in the
cooling stage (CCT diagrams) for carbon steels and in short-term annealing of cold rolled
metastable austenitic steels. Connecting these data with microstructures examined in optical and
electron microscopes and resultant mechanical properties have improved the understanding on
complex phenomena occurring in the processing of these steels and the role of numerous process
variables in the optimization of enhanced mechanical properties.
Dislocation Distribution Function of Two Fracture Dynamics Problems Concerning Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Lü Nian Chun , Cheng Yun Hong , Jin Cheng , Chen Yi Le
Published: March 2009

By the approaches of the theory of complex functions, dynamic propagation problems on
the surfaces of mode I crack subjected to unit-step loads and instantaneous impulse loads located at
the origin of the coordinates were studied for Aluminum alloys, respectively. Analytical solutions to
stresses, displacements, dynamic stress intensity factors and dislocation distribution functions are
gained by the methods of self-similar functions. The problems considered can be very facilely
transformed into Riemann-Hilbert problem and their closed solutions are obtained rather
straightforward by Muskhelishvili’s measure.
Predicting Modulus of Elasticity for Wood-Based Composites
Authors: Hu Ying Cheng
Published: March 2009

The modulus of elasticity of wood, fiberboard and wood-fiberboard composite was
measured by nondestructive test (longitudinal transmission vibration method). The predicting model
of the modulus of elasticity of wood-fiberboard composite was discussed. This study has shown that
the wood ratio has substantial effect on the modulus of elasticity of wood-fiberboard composite.
The modulus of elasticity of wood-fiberboard composite can be predicted from volume fraction of
wood by simulation formula. The model Eq.(3) can be used to predict the modulus of elasticity of
the wood-fiberboard composite from the modulus of elasticity and volume fraction of wood and
fiberboard when M=0.92~0.97. The model Eq.(4) can be used to predict the modulus of elasticity of
the wood-fiberboard composite from the modulus of elasticity and volume fraction of wood and
fiberboard when M=0.97~0.99.
Numerical Simulation on the Dendritic Spacing and Microporosity in A356 Alloy Ingot
Authors: Zhang Pei , Du Feng Shan , Xu Zhi Qiang , Zhao Ling Ling
Published: March 2009

A stochastic mathematic model contained the effects of dendrite morphology,
solidification shrinkage and dissolved gases was formed to simulate microporosity formation and
growth. Microporosities appear in the interspaces of primary dendrites as well as secondary dendrites
from microscopic view of A356 aluminum alloy experimental ingot with a metal mold. In the past
literatures it took the volumetric fraction of microporosities as a function of the local density. In the
present work a single pore size and distribution were predicted concerning the combination of
shrinkage and dissolved gases and dendritic spacing. The dendritic spacing is a main parameter to
decide the pore pattern. For shrinkage and dissolved gases causes, the favorable one is determined by
dendritic spacing, also the local cool rate and tip growth rate. The dense degree of the experimental
ingots in different casting conditions was discussed. The variations of dens degree from the measured
values in different casting conditions are similar to that of porosity volume fraction from the predicted
results.
Comparison of Microstructural Aspects by Electron Microscopy Observed in Al-Mg Based Alloys Obtained by Conventional and P/M Processes After Thermomechanical Treatments
Authors: Monteiro Waldemar Alfredo , Buso S.J. , Almeida Filho A. , Ferrari R.B.
Published: March 2009

Al-Mg based alloys have special attention due to the lightness of the material and certain
mechanical properties and reciclability. Normally classified as non-heat-treatable these alloys
obtain higher strength either by strain-hardening or by solid solution. The P/M process in the
Al-Mg-Zr alloys in study leading to fine grain structure after the thermal treatment. The
understanding of the observed phenomena depends of the fact that materials produced by
powder metallurgy present complex interface reactions in a great amount of nucleation sites and
a subtle change in the structure of the material causes an important variation in your properties.
Alloys in study presented interesting values of properties, with evident technological potential.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Friction Pairs inside a High Temperature Flow Rate Control Valve for Scramjet Engines
Authors: Li Song Jing , Zang Zeng Wei , Li Yong Hong , Bao Wen
Published: March 2009

A spool type high temperature control valve is developed to control the flow rate of high
temperature fuel supply for scramjet engines in this paper. The clearance between the friction pairs of
the spool and sleeve is crucial for the proper performance of the valve working at the temperature as
high as 700 K. The high temperature environment may cause problems to the valve, for instance the
thermal deformation of the valve materials, the failure of the friction pairs inside the valve and even
the damage of the operating proportional electromagnet. Therefore the thermodynamic analyses of
the valve are carried out using 2D finite element analysis method. The heat transfer and fluid dynamic
models, as well as the boundary conditions are introduced. The heat flux through the fluid/solid
interface is calculated to connect the heat transfer models inside the solid domain and the fluid
domain. By solving both the heat transfer and turbulent flow models in the solid and fluid domains,
the flow field distribution inside the flow channel and the thermal field distribution inside all the parts
of the valve are shown. Suggestions on the design of the valve are given according to the
thermodynamic analysis results.
Determination of Chemical Components of Red 1%NaOH Extractives of E. Urograndis Wood by GC-MS
Authors: Peng Wan Xi , Li Kai Fu , Zhang Dang Quan , Wu Yi Qiang
Published: March 2009

The extractives from the fresh E. urograndis wood were obtained through red 1%NaOH
solution. The chemical components for the extractives were identified by GC-MS. Relative content of
each chemical component was determined by area normalization. Ninteen kinds of compounds
representing 52.99% of the extractives which take on 36 peaks were identified. The result showed that
the principal constituents were 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, methyl ester (cas) (11.34%),
3-diphenyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrrole(10.77%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (cas) (6.23%),
9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z,z)-, methyl ester(6.16%), 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, ethyl ester (cas)
(3.17%), di-(9-octadecenoyl)-glycerol(3.14%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (cas) (1.93%), ethyl
linoleate(1.81%), 3-acetoxychol-5-ene(1.62%), ethyl linoleate(1.60%), octadecanoic acid, methyl
ester(1.05%)and so on. Therefore, this result reported in the present study for the first time provides
the scientific basis for the further exploitation and development of E. urograndis wood. At the same
time, the pollution prevention of the waste water of paper mill, wood industry would being realized
from the results.
The Influence of Surveying Method on Mechanical-Electrical Properties of Smart Mortar
Authors: Yao Rong , Zhang Yu Bo , Wang Zhen Chong
Published: March 2009

To a certain mortar, the identical measuring means can results in quite difference .Through
determination intelligence concrete mortars mechanical –electrical with direct current ,alternating
circuit,direct bridge and alternating electric bridge,the authors points out the outcomes stability
from direct current and direct bridge get worse because they can´t dispel polarization existed in
mortar itself. On the contrarory , both alternating circuit and alternating electric bridge can . At the
same time, The authors discussed the influence on impedance (Z) of difference equivalent and
frequency, and found that the using of series connection and high frequency sine wave can released
impedance Z in this materials.
The Multi Physical Fields Modeling for 7B50 Aluminum Alloy Semi-Continuous Casting Process
Authors: Hu Shi Cheng , Ma Wei Ce , Li Xiao Qian , Zhong Jue
Published: March 2009

In order to understand the solidification behavior in the semi-continuous casting process of 7B50
aluminum alloy, a thermo-mechanical model for the analysis of 7B50 aluminum alloy solidification process is
presented, this model considering liquid-solid phase-change effects for the solidification alloy. The thermal contact
conductance between the mould wall and the ingot, the convective heat transfer coefficient are taken into account
in the model. The distribution of temperature and stress in the process of semi-continuous casting of
7B50aluminum alloy are analyzed in three-dimensional finite element methods based on the above models. The
variation of casting speed to influence the temperature and stress of the ingot in the process of semi-continuous
casting is studied.
Material Constants of Ferritic Spheroidal Cast Iron during Hot Deformation
Authors: Zhao Xin
Published: March 2009

The hot deformation behaviors of a ferritic spheroidal cast iron (FSCI) have been
investigated by compression testing on a Gleeble 3500 machine of the DSI-YSU Joint Laboratory.
The temperature rang was from 1073K to 1273K and strain rate from 10-3 to 1 s-1. The total true stain
was 0.7. The result shows that the flow curves obtained are typical of dynamic recrystallization
processes. The plots of either the natural logarithms of the corresponding temperature or the natural
logarithms of strain rate against the hyperbolic of flow stresses satisfy straight line relationships over
the experimental data, indicating that the hot compression of the FSCI is thermally activated. The
material constants, including activation energy 0H as 240.8 kJ/mol, stress-level coefficient α as
1.352×10-8 Pa-1, stress exponential n as 3.9937, structural factor A as 5.64×108 s-1, are derived .
Study on Effect of Extrusion Velocity on Composites Liquid-Solid Extrusion Process Using 3D Thermo-Mechanical Simulation
Authors: Wang Zhen Jun , Qi Le Hua , Zhou Ji Ming
Published: March 2009

On the basis of thermo-mechanical coupled FEM model which characterized the
composites liquid-solid extrusion process, the constant-velocity and non-constant-velocity extrusion
process were simulated by 3D thermo-mechanical FEM. Their influence on forming temperature,
forming quality and deforming force was analyzed and compared. In the constant-velocity extrusion
process, the results show the over-high and low forming temperature in earlier and terminal extrusion
stage were responsible for the surface annular cracks and inner fibers breakage. In the new
non-constant-velocity extrusion process, however, the range of forming temperature can be shortened
in a reasonable range and the over-high and low forming temperature were thus eliminated. Therefore
the forming quality and its consistency can be improved. In addition, the deforming force can also be
reduced. The simulation and the mechanisms analysis coincide with the experiment results reported in
previous literatures. The study provides the theoretical gist and a new feasible technical scheme to
favor the consistency of the extruded product quality in composites liquid-solid extrusion process.
Study on Mechanical Behavior for Warm Extrusion of AZ61 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Zhang Xing , Zhang Zhi Min , Li Bao Cheng
Published: March 2009

Thermal compression tests of AZ61 magnesium alloy was performed at deformation
temperature 150-400°C and strain rates ranged from 0.01s-1 to 10s-1, and the microstructure were
observed for deformation specimens. The result shows that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was
happened under the center warm deformation condition for AZ61 alloy. The values of stress peak
decrease when the deformation temperature increase, the grain size grows up at the same time. On the
other hand, the critical strain increase and the grain size get smaller with the strain ratio increasing.
Therefore temperature and strain ratio can make a great effect on the microstructure and mechanical
properties of AZ61 alloy, but temperature is a more important factor.
Research on Cold Taper-Rolling Law of the Spiral Blade Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Wang Xiao , Fan Xiao Bo , Liu Hui Xia
Published: March 2009

The taper-rolling model, the elastic-plastic constitutive equations with limited
deformation conditions, and FEM model for the cold rolling process of spiral blade are established.
The FEM software SUPERFORM based on elastic-plastic theory is adopted to simulate the spiral
blade forming process for the first time. The influence of different parameters (feeding height H,
adjusting parameter of the working pressure 1 S , translation slip S2 , elastic angle θ , workpiece
material and friction coefficient) on the shape of spiral blade are simulated and analyzed
systematically. And the law of the forming of spiral blade is concluded. The simulation results
indicate that workpiece is very regular and there is in good agreement between simulation and
practical results. The results obtained by simulation provide a foundation for optimizing production
and adjusting parameters of taper-rolling.
Finite Element Analysis of Optimum Back Pressure during Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Shi Feng Jian , Wang Lei Gang
Published: March 2009

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most promising processes to
fabricate ultra-fine grained materials. The material deformation is affected by die geometry, material
behavior, friction and back pressure. The optimum back pressure for 1100Al during ECAP was
studied. The effect of back pressure on deformation behavior, effective strain and deformation load
were analyzed by using finite element software. The results show that the corner gap between the
billet and the die in the external part of the deformation zone decreases and even disappears with
the increase of back pressure, which can produce more uniform and larger strain in the billet. The
deformation load enhances with the increase of back pressure. From the simulation results, it can be
found out that the optimum back pressure for 1100Al pressed in the die of Φ=90° is about 30MPa.
Qualitative Physical Modeling and Experimental Study on Forging Method with Horizontal V-Shaped Anvil
Authors: Ni Li Yong , Zhang Yong Jun , Yu Suo Qing , Liu Zhu Bai
Published: March 2009

Heavy axial forgings made by conventional methods have obvious fibrous tissue in the
axial direction, leading to the anisotropy of mechanical properties. The forging method with
horizontal V-shaped anvils (HVA) is introduced to control fibrous tissue flow direction, to improve
the anisotropy of mechanical properties of axial forgings. The forging method is superior to the
common flat anvils (FA) forging method in inner stress states, metal tissue, overall properties and
geometrical shapes of forgings. Qualitative physical simulation and pilot production for the HVA
forging method are conducted, verifying the fact that the HVA forging method is an effective process
to control the mechanical properties of axial forgings. The HVA forging method may reduce the
anisotropy of the mechanical properties of axial forgings and increase their uniformity by 5~50%.