bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body mass affects short‐term heterothermy in Neotropical bats
Authors: Czenze Zenon J. , Dunbar Miranda
Published: June 2020

Recent work in Australia and Africa has shown that heterothermy is widespread among phylogenetically diverse tropical and subtropical mammalian taxa. However, data on the use of heterothermy by Neotropical mammals are relatively scant, and those studies that exist focus on insect‐eating bats. We investigated the capacity of fruit‐eating Neotropical bats to use heterothermy when exposed to acute cold temperatures, and compared this to previous data focused on insect‐eating bats sampled from the same region and time of year. We measured rectal temperatures prior to acute cold exposure (1 hr at an air temperature of 6, 7, or 10°C), and again after exposure. Our data show considerable variation in the thermoregulatory patterns of Neotropical bats, and generally, our results show that smaller bats cool quicker and to a greater extent than larger bats. Our results highlight the importance of energy conservation even in environments in which resources are relatively abundant.
Can light‐saturated photosynthesis in lowland tropical forests be estimated by one light level?
Authors: Verryckt Lore T. , Ellsworth David S. , Vicca Sara , Van Langenhove Leandro , Peñuelas Josep , Ciais Philippe , Posada Juan M. , Stahl Clément , Coste Sabrina , Courtois Elodie A. , Obersteiner Michael , Chave Jérôme , Janssens Ivan A.
Published: June 2020

Leaf‐level net photosynthesis (An) estimates and associated photosynthetic parameters are crucial for accurately parameterizing photosynthesis models. For tropical forests, such data are poorly available and collected at variable light conditions. To avoid over‐ or underestimation of modeled photosynthesis, it is critical to know at which photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) photosynthesis becomes light‐saturated. We studied the dependence of An on PPFD in two tropical forests in French Guiana. We estimated the light saturation range, including the lowest PPFD level at which Asat (An at light saturation) is reached, as well as the PPFD range at which Asat remained unaltered. The light saturation range was derived from photosynthetic light‐response curves, and within‐canopy and interspecific differences were studied. We observed wide light saturation ranges of An. Light saturation ranges differed among canopy heights, but a PPFD level of 1,000 µmol m−2 s−1 was common across all heights, except for pioneer trees species that did not reach light saturation below 2,000 µmol m−2 s−1. A light intensity of 1,000 µmol m−2 s−1 sufficed for measuring Asat of climax species at our study sites, independent of the species or the canopy height. Because of the wide light saturation ranges, results from studies measuring Asat at higher PPFD levels (for upper canopy leaves up to 1,600 µmol m−2 s−1) are comparable with studies measuring at 1,000 µmol m−2 s−1.
Cancer‐associated adipocytes promote pancreatic cancer progression through SAA1 expression
Authors: Takehara Masanori , Sato Yasushi , Kimura Tetsuo , Noda Kazuyoshi , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Fujino Yasuteru , Miyoshi Jinsei , Nakamura Fumika , Wada Hironori , Bando Yoshimi , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Shimada Mitsuo , Muguruma Naoki , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: June 2020

Although pancreatic cancer often invades peripancreatic adipose tissue, little information is known about cancer‐adipocyte interaction. We first investigated the ability of adipocytes to de‐differentiate to cancer‐associated adipocytes (CAAs) by co‐culturing with pancreatic cancer cells. We then examined the effects of CAA‐conditioned medium (CAA‐CM) on the malignant characteristics of cancer cells, the mechanism underlying those effects, and their clinical relevance in pancreatic cancer. When 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were co‐cultured with pancreatic cancer cells (PANC‐1) using the Transwell system, adipocytes lost their lipid droplets and changed morphologically to fibroblast‐like cells (CAA). Adipocyte‐specific marker mRNA levels significantly decreased but those of fibroblast‐specific markers appeared, characteristic findings of CAA, as revealed by real‐time PCR. When PANC‐1 cells were cultured with CAA‐CM, significantly higher migration/invasion capability, chemoresistance, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties were observed compared with control cells. To investigate the mechanism underlying these effects, we performed microarray analysis of PANC‐1 cells cultured with CAA‐CM and found a 78.5‐fold higher expression of SAA1 compared with control cells. When the SAA1 gene in PANC‐1 cells was knocked down with SAA1 siRNA, migration/invasion capability, chemoresistance, and EMT properties were significantly attenuated compared with control cells. Immunohistochemical analysis on human pancreatic cancer tissues revealed positive SAA1 expression in 46/61 (75.4%). Overall survival in the SAA1‐positive group was significantly shorter than in the SAA1‐negative group (P = .013). In conclusion, we demonstrated that pancreatic cancer cells induced de‐differentiation in adipocytes toward CAA, and that CAA promoted malignant characteristics of pancreatic cancer via SAA1 expression, suggesting that SAA1 is a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
5‐Fluorouracil resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer: From classical pathways to promising processes
Authors: Blondy Sabrina , David Valentin , Verdier Mireille , Mathonnet Muriel , Perraud Aurélie , Christou Niki
Published: June 2020

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a public health problem. It is the third most common cancer in the world, with nearly 1.8 million new cases diagnosed in 2018. The only curative treatment is surgery, especially for early tumor stages. When there is locoregional or distant invasion, chemotherapy can be introduced, in particular 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). However, the disease can become tolerant to these pharmaceutical treatments: resistance emerges, leading to early tumor recurrence. Different mechanisms can explain this 5‐FU resistance. Some are disease‐specific, whereas others, such as drug efflux, are evolutionarily conserved. These mechanisms are numerous and complex and can occur simultaneously in cells exposed to 5‐FU. In this review, we construct a global outline of different mechanisms from disruption of 5‐FU‐metabolic enzymes and classic cellular processes (apoptosis, autophagy, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, respiration, and cell cycle perturbation) to drug transporters and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition induction. Particular interest is directed to tumor microenvironment function as well as epigenetic alterations and miRNA dysregulation, which are the more promising processes that will be the subject of much research in the future.
CENP‐50 is required for papilloma development in the two‐stage skin carcinogenesis model
Authors: Saito Megumi , Kagawa Naoko , Okumura Kazuhiro , Munakata Haruka , Isogai Eriko , Fukagawa Tatsuo , Wakabayashi Yuichi
Published: June 2020

CENP‐50/U is a component of the CENP‐O complex (CENP‐O/P/Q/R/U) and localizes to the centromere throughout the cell cycle. Aberrant expression of CENP‐50/U has been reported in many types of cancers. However, as Cenp‐50/U‐deficient mice die during early embryogenesis, its functions remain poorly understood in vivo. To investigate the role of Cenp‐50/U in skin carcinogenesis, we generated Cenp‐50/U conditional knockout (K14CreER‐Cenp‐50/Ufl/fl) mice and subjected them to the 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/terephthalic acid (TPA) chemical carcinogenesis protocol. As a result, early‐stage papillomas decreased in Cenp‐50/U‐deficient mice. In contrast, Cenp‐50/U‐deficient mice demonstrated almost the same carcinoma incidence as control mice. Furthermore, mRNA expression analysis using DMBA/TPA‐induced papillomas and carcinomas revealed that Cenp‐50/U expression levels in papillomas were significantly higher than in carcinomas. These results suggest that Cenp‐50/U functions mainly in early papilloma development and it has little effect on malignant conversion.
Phylogeny and evolution of Mesozoic and extant lineages of Histeridae (Coleoptera), with discovery of a new subfamily Antigracilinae from the Lower Cretaceous
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Lingzi , Caterino Michael S. , Ren Dong , Ślipiński Adam
Published: June 2020

In order to place a newly discovered species Antigracilus costatus gen. sp. n. from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) and to assess previously unplaced fossil taxa, we investigated the relationships of extant and extinct lineages of Histeridae based on three data sets: (i) 69 morphological characters belonging to 48 taxa (representing all 11 subfamilies and 15 of 17 tribes of modern Histeridae); (ii) partitioned alignment of 6030 bp from downloaded nucleotide sequences (28S, CAD, COI, 18S) of 50 taxa (representing 10 subfamilies and 15 of 17 tribes of modern Histeridae); and (iii) a combined morphological and molecular dataset for 75 taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of the morphology and combined matrices recovered the new Lower Cretaceous taxon as a sister group to remaining Histeridae and it is placed in †Antigracilinae subfam. n. †Antigracilinae constitutes the earliest record of Histeridae from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (∼125 Myr), backdating the minimum age of the family by 25 Myr from the earliest Cenomanian (~99 Myr) to the Barremian of the Cretaceous Period. Our molecular phylogeny supports Histeridae to be divided into seven different clades, with currently recognised subfamilies Abraeinae (sensu lato), Saprininae, Chlamydopsinae, and Histerinae (sensu lato) recovered as monophyletic, while Dendrophilinae, Onthophilinae, and Tribalinae are polyphyletic taxa. The Burmese amber species †Pantostictus burmanicus Poinar & Brown is placed as a sister group to the tribe Plegaderini (Abraeinae) and was assigned as a new tribe Pantostictini trib. n. Both molecular and combined phylogenies recovered the subfamilies Trypanaeinae and Trypeticinae deeply within the subfamily Abraeinae (sensu lato), and they are downgraded into Trypanaeini stat. n. and Trypeticini stat. n.
The applicability of Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology system on reporting endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology specimens of pancreatic lesions in situations with limited availability of ancillary tests. Experience at a single laboratory
Authors: Mallik Mrinmay Kumar , Qadan Laila Rafiq , Al Naseer Abdullah , AlAli Ali , Al Ansari Taiba , Naquib Shafi Ahmed Inamdar , Das Dilip Kumar , Kapila Kusum
Published: June 2020

Introduction

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) system of reporting pancreatobiliary cytology is a standardised reporting nomenclature that uses a six‐tiered scheme of diagnostic categories utilising routine microscopy and ancillary tests such as biochemical and molecular analysis of cyst fluids and immunochemistry. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of the PSC system on endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology samples reported at the cytopathology laboratory, Mubarak Al Kabeer Hospital, in Kuwait with special emphasis on situations with limited availability of ancillary tests.

Methods

In total, 132 cases of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology samples from pancreatic lesions were categorised according to PSC system guidelines after examining the glass slides and reviewing the clinical, imaging and ancillary test findings. These review diagnoses were compared with the diagnoses rendered during initial reporting. Correlation with histopathology reports was done wherever available.

Results

In 23 (17.42%) of 132 cases, re‐categorisation was necessary between initial and reviewed diagnoses. In 16 cases, re‐categorisations were because of non‐analogous categories between initial and reviewed diagnosis. In the remaining seven, they were due to identification of newer cytomorphological and imaging findings or because of issues arising from unavailability of sufficient material for ancillary investigations.

Conclusion

All cases could be categorised using the PSC system with a moderate number of re‐categorisations between initial and reviewed diagnoses. In certain circumstances, limited availability of ancillary tests, resulted in non‐diagnostic categories whereas in other such circumstances, diagnostic categories could be assigned with certain conceptual modifications to the PSC guidelines.
Italian survey on managing immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology during COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Tagliamento Marco , Spagnolo Francesco , Poggio Francesca , Soldato Davide , Conte Benedetta , Ruelle Tommaso , Barisione Emanuela , De Maria Andrea , Del Mastro Lucia , Di Maio Massimo , Lambertini Matteo
Published: June 2020

Background

During COVID‐19 outbreak, oncological care has been reorganized. Patients with cancer have been reported to experience a more severe COVID‐19 syndrome; moreover, there are concerns of a potential interference between immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis.

Materials and methods

Between 6 and 16 May 2020, a 22‐item survey was sent to Italian physicians involved in administering ICIs. It aimed at exploring the perception about SARS‐CoV‐2‐related risks in cancer patients receiving ICIs, and the attitudes towards their management.

Results

The 104 respondents had a median age of 35.5 years, 58.7% were females and 71.2% worked in Northern Italy. 47.1% of respondents argued a synergism between ICIs and SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis leading to worse outcomes, but 97.1% would not deny an ICI only for the risk of infection. During COVID‐19 outbreak, to reduce hospital visits, 55.8% and 30.8% opted for the highest labelled dose of each ICI and/or, among different ICIs for the same indication, for the one with the longer interval between cycles, respectively. 53.8% of respondents suggested testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 every cancer patient candidate to ICIs. 71.2% declared to manage patients with onset of dyspnoea and cough as infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 until otherwise proven; however, 96.2% did not reduce the use of steroids to manage immune‐related toxicities. The administration of ICIs in specific situations for different cancer types has not been drastically conditioned.

Conclusions

These results highlight the uncertainties around the perception of a potential interference between ICIs and COVID‐19, supporting the need of focused studies on this topic.
Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Battaglini Denise , Ball Lorenzo , Brunetti Iole , Bruzzone Bianca , Codda Giulia , Crea Francesca , De Maria Andrea , Dentone Chiara , Di Biagio Antonio , Icardi Giancarlo , Magnasco Laura , Marchese Anna , Mikulska Malgorzata , Orsi Andrea , Patroniti Nicolò , Robba Chiara , Signori Alessio , Taramasso Lucia , Vena Antonio , Pelosi Paolo , Bassetti Matteo
Published: June 2020

Background

Little is known about the incidence and risk of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired bloodstream infections (BSI) in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Materials and methods

This retrospective, single‐centre study was conducted in Northern Italy. The primary study objectives were as follows: (a) to assess the incidence rate of ICU‐acquired BSI and (b) to assess the cumulative risk of developing ICU‐acquired BSI.

Results

Overall, 78 critically ill patients with COVID‐19 were included in the study. Forty‐five episodes of ICU‐acquired BSI were registered in 31 patients, with an incidence rate of 47 episodes (95% confidence interval [CI] 35‐63) per 1000 patient‐days at risk. The estimated cumulative risk of developing at least one BSI episode was of almost 25% after 15 days at risk and possibly surpassing 50% after 30 days at risk. In multivariable analysis, anti‐inflammatory treatment was independently associated with the development of BSI (cause‐specific hazard ratio [csHR] 1.07 with 95% CI 0.38‐3.04 for tocilizumab, csHR 3.95 with 95% CI 1.20‐13.03 for methylprednisolone and csHR 10.69 with 95% CI 2.71‐42.17 for methylprednisolone plus tocilizumab, with no anti‐inflammatory treatment as the reference group; overall P for the dummy variable = 0.003).

Conclusions

The incidence rate of BSI was high, and the cumulative risk of developing BSI increased with ICU stay. Further study will clarify if the increased risk of BSI we detected in COVID‐19 patients treated with anti‐inflammatory drugs is outweighed by the benefits of reducing any possible pro‐inflammatory dysregulation induced by SARS‐CoV‐2.
Bariatric surgery decreases oxidative stress and protein glycosylation in patients with morbid obesity
Authors: Carmona‐Maurici Júlia , Amigó Núria , Cuello Elena , Bermúdez Marcelino , Baena‐Fustegueras Juan Antonio , Peinado‐Onsurbe Julia , Pardina Eva
Published: June 2020

Background

There is growing evidence that oxidative stress (OS) is a critical factor linking obesity with its associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases.

Aim

To evaluate the degree of OS in people with morbid obesity and its relationship with glycoproteins, determined using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, before and after bariatric surgery (BS).

Methods

In this observational cohort study, plasma from 24 patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (age: 21‐65 years) was used to measure metabolites implicated in OS. We measured glycoprotein (GlycA, GlycB and GlycF) areas and shape factors (H/W = height/width).

Results

One year after BS, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein had decreased by 49% (P < .0001), malondialdehyde by 32% (P = .0019) and lipoprotein (a) by 21% (P = .0039). The antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase‐1 and catalase increased after BS (43%, P < .0001 and 54%, P = .0002, respectively). Superoxide dismutase‐2 had fallen 1 year after BS (32%, P = .0052). After BS, both the glycoprotein areas and shape factors decreased by 20%‐26%. These glycoproteins were significantly correlated with OS parameters. The plasma atherogenic index was 63% higher in obese individuals than 1 year after BS and correlated positively with glycoproteins.

Conclusion

For the first time, we here demonstrate the relationship between OS parameters and glycoproteins in people with morbid obesity. So glycoproteins could therefore be a good indicator, together with the oxidative state to assess patient prognosis after BS.
High levels of immunoglobulin expression predict shorter overall survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wu Lina , Xia Miaoran , Sun Xiaoping , Han Xin , Zu Youli , Jabbour Elias J. , You M. James , Lin Pei , Li Shaoying , Xu Jie , Han Haibo , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Qiu Xiaoyan , Yin C. Cameron
Published: June 2020

Objectives

It has been believed that immunoglobulins can only be produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells. We have previously reported that IgG can be expressed in myeloblasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and plays a role in the proliferation and apoptosis of leukemic cells. However, its clinical impact has not been assessed.

Methods

We assessed the expression of different classes of immunoglobulin in peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from 132 AML patients and correlated the levels of expression with clinicopathologic and molecular genetic features, as well as clinical outcome.

Results

We found that, in addition to IgG, all classes of immunoglobulin are expressed in myeloblasts, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, Igκ, and Igλ. The levels of IgG expression (coupled with Igκ or Igλ) are higher than those of IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we identified two distinct groups of AML patients with differential expression of immunoglobulin and different clinical outcomes.

Conclusions

High levels of immunoglobulin expression are associated with monocytic differentiation, multilineage dysplasia, TET2 and KRAS mutations, and poor overall survival. Assessment of immunoglobulin may serve as a useful marker for prognostic stratification and target therapy.
COVID‐19, ethics of care and feminist crisis management
Authors: Branicki Layla J.
Published: June 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic threatens both lives and livelihoods. To reduce the spread of the virus, governments have introduced crisis management interventions that include border closures, quarantines, strict social distancing, marshalling of essential workers and enforced homeworking. COVID‐19 measures are necessary to save the lives of some of the most vulnerable people within society, and yet in parallel they create a range of negative everyday effects for already marginalized people. Likely unintended consequences of the management of the COVID‐19 crisis include elevated risk for workers in low‐paid, precarious and care‐based employment, over‐representation of minority ethnic groups in case numbers and fatalities, and gendered barriers to work. Drawing upon feminist ethics of care, I theorize a radical alternative to the normative assumptions of rationalist crisis management. Rationalist approaches to crisis management are typified by utilitarian logics, masculine and militaristic language, and the belief that crises follow linear processes of signal detection, preparation/prevention, containment, recovery and learning. By privileging the quantifiable — resources and measurable outcomes — such approaches tend to omit considerations of pre‐existing structural disadvantage. This article contributes a new theorization of crisis management that is grounded in feminist ethics to provide a care‐based concern for all crisis affected people.
Effects of octenidine applied alone or mixed with sodium hypochlorite on eukaryotic cells
Authors: Coaguila‐Llerena H. , Rodrigues E.M. , Santos C.S. , Ramos S.G. , Medeiros M.C. , Chavez‐Andrade G.M. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J.M. , Tanomaru‐Filho M. , Faria G.
Published: June 2020

Aim

To assess the effects of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) on eukaryotic cells and the cytotoxicity of OCT associated with sodium hypochlorite – NaOCl (NaOCl/OCT).

Methodology

L929 fibroblasts and human osteoblast‐like cells (Saos‐2) were exposed to 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl and mixtures of 5.25% NaOCl and 0.1% OCT (NaOCl/OCT) at 90 : 10, 80 : 20 and 50 : 50 ratios. Cell viability was assessed by methyl‐thiazol‐tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays; type of cell death, by flow cytometry; cytoskeleton, by actin and α‐tubulin fluorescence; and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, by thymolphthalein release. The data were analysed by two‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05).

Results

MTT and NR assays revealed that 0.1% OCT had the lowest cytotoxicity (P < 0.05), followed by 2% CHX (P < 0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl, NaOCl/OCT 80 : 20 and NaOCl/OCT 50 : 50 solutions had intermediate cytotoxicity. NaOCl 5.25% and NaOCl/OCT 90 : 10 had the highest cytotoxicity (P < 0.05). The OCT group had a higher percentage of viable cells than the NaOCl and CHX groups (P < 0.05), and induced apoptosis at higher doses. The cytoskeleton alterations were observed at 0.12%, 0.6% and 2.02% for the NaOCl, CHX and OCT groups, respectively. The solutions did not induce ALP activity.

Conclusion

Octenidine dihydrochloride was less cytotoxic, induced apoptosis at higher doses, caused few changes in the cytoskeleton and did not induce alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, octenidine dihydrochloride reduced the cytotoxicity of 5.25% NaOCl when combined at 20 and 50%.
T cell help to B cells: Cognate and atypical interactions in peripheral and intestinal lymphoid tissues
Authors: Biram Adi , Shulman Ziv
Published: June 2020

Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long‐lived antibody‐producing cells, which provide extended protection from recurrent exposures. These cells originate mainly from germinal center structures, wherein B cells introduce mutations to their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity‐based selection. Generation of high‐affinity antibodies relies on physical contacts between T and B cells, a process that facilitates the delivery of fate decision signals. T‐B cellular engagements are mediated through interactions between the T cell receptor and its cognate peptide presented on B cell major histocompatibility class II molecules. Here, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of these cognate T‐B interactions, and highlight exceptional cases, especially those arising at intestinal lymphoid organs, at which T cells provide help to B cells in an atypical manner, independent of T cell specificity.
The value of nurse mentoring relationships: Lessons learnt from a work‐based resilience enhancement programme for nurses working in the forensic setting
Authors: Davey Zoe , Jackson Debra , Henshall Catherine
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to evaluate a mentoring programme embedded in a work‐based personal resilience enhancement intervention for forensic nurses. This qualitative study formed part of a wider mixed‐methods study that aimed to implement and evaluate the intervention. Twenty‐four semistructured interviews were carried out with forensic nurse mentees and senior nurse mentors; these explored their experiences of the mentoring programme and any benefits and challenges involved in constructing and maintaining a mentor–mentee relationship. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using the Framework Method. Four key themes relating to the initiation and maintenance of mentor–mentee relationships were identified: finding time and space to arrange mentoring sessions; building rapport and developing the relationship; setting expectations of the mentoring relationship and the commitment required; and the impact of the mentoring relationship for both mentees and mentors. Study findings highlight the benefits of senior nurses mentoring junior staff and provide evidence to support the integration of mentoring programmes within wider work‐based resilience enhancement interventions. Effective mentoring can lead to the expansion of professional networks, career development opportunities, increased confidence and competence at problem‐solving, and higher levels of resilience, well‐being, and self‐confidence.
The process of recovery and change in a dialectical behaviour therapy programme for youth
Authors: Lakeman Richard , Emeleus Mary
Published: June 2020

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is an effective treatment for borderline personality disorder and suicidal behaviour. However, it is a complex programme involving individual therapy, participation in skills training groups, and phone coaching aimed at improving emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness. Little is known about what elements contribute to its effectiveness, or the characteristics of those who complete the programme and achieve recovery. In this study, six participants in a dialectical behaviour therapy programme for youth were interviewed at three time points over their recovery journey. The transcribed narratives were analysed using inductive methods, and the core processes related to recovery were elucidated and described: ‘Becoming a cheerleader for DBT’ and ‘Learning the language of DBT and consolidation of skills’. Indicators of recovery included having a sound working alliance with the primary therapist and others involved in the programme and noticing meaningful improvements in problem areas which they attributed to particular skills and improved capacity to regulate emotions. The rich narrative description provided by participants might inspire some to remain engaged in a dialectical behavioural therapy programme or clinicians to consider promoting a positive view of the prognosis for borderline personality disorder.
Violence Prevention Climate in General Adult Inpatient Mental Health Units: Validation study of the VPC‐14
Authors: Dickens Geoffrey L. , Tabvuma Tracy , Hadfield Kylie , Hallett Nutmeg
Published: June 2020

Ward social climate is an important contributor to patient outcomes in inpatient mental health services. Best understood as the general ‘vibe’ or ‘atmosphere’ on the unit, social climate has been subject to a significant research aimed at its quantification. One aspect of social climate, the violence prevention climate, describes the extent to which the ward is perceived as safe and protective against the occurrence of aggression by both the patients and the staff. The violence prevention climate scale (VPC‐14), developed in a UK forensic setting, was used in this study in a test of its validity in an Australian general mental health setting. The VPC‐14 was administered across eleven wards of one metropolitan Local Health District in Sydney, NSW. N = 213 valid responses from nursing staff and patients were returned (response rates 23.4 and 24.3%, respectively). The VPC‐14 demonstrated good internal reliability, and convergent validity was evidenced through moderate correlations with the WAS's anger and aggression subscale and the GMI total score. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by expected staff–patient differences in VPC‐14 rating and by correlations between incidents of conflict and containment on wards and the VPC‐14 ratings of staff and patients from those wards. Rasch analysis suggested that future tool development should focus on identifying ways to discriminate between ratings at the high end of the scale. The VPC‐14 supplies valid and useful information about the violence prevention climate in general adult mental health wards.
Investigations into the thermal stability of sol‐gel‐derived glasses as models for thermally grown oxides
Authors: McFarland Bohuslava , Opila Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

The thermal stability of sol‐gel‐derived silica and borosilicate glasses exposed to dry O2 at 800 and 1200°C for 100 hours was characterized by weight change, thermal transitions, morphology, structure, and composition to investigate suitability as models for thermally grown oxides. Rapid weight loss was observed in the first few hours of isothermal exposure for borosilicate glasses, followed by constant weight loss at a low rate for the balance of the exposure. Weight loss resulted from loss of residual hydroxyl species retained from the sol‐gel synthesis, and from oxidation of carbon retained from thermal decomposition of the organic precursors by pyrolysis. Characterization of the sol‐gel‐derived glasses showed structural similarities to silica and binary borosilicate glasses synthesized by melt or vapor deposition methods, and to thermally grown oxides. Oxygen transport mechanisms through the sol‐gel‐derived glasses is not thought to be affected by the retained carbon. However, a silica‐enriched glass surface resulting from boria volatility, observed from a borosilicate glass exposed dry O2 at 1200°C, will slow O2 transport rates. The results show that sol‐gel‐derived silica and borosilicate glasses can be used as models for thermally grown oxides.
When stigma is the norm: How weight and social norms influence the healthcare we receive
Authors: Rathbone Joanne A. , Cruwys Tegan , Jetten Jolanda , Barlow Fiona Kate
Published: June 2020

This research seeks to broaden our understanding of weight stigma and discrimination in healthcare by exploring the influence of social norms on the treatment of higher‐weight individuals. We conducted two experimental studies to investigate: (a) how health professionals' treatment decisions are influenced by patient weight; (b) the effect of norms that endorse weight stigma on health professionals' treatment decisions for patients of different weights; and (c) how these norms may operate differently within healthcare, compared with the general public. Practising health professionals (Study 1; N = 243) and laypeople (Study 2; N = 242) were randomly assigned to view the medical profile of either an average‐weight or higher‐weight patient who was seeking health care for migraines. Study 1 revealed that health professionals tended to treat the higher‐weight patient for both their presenting condition and their weight. Health professionals who perceived weight stigma to be more normative among their colleagues displayed a hyper‐vigilance toward weight, treating weight significantly more among both higher‐weight and average‐weight patients than those who perceived weight stigma to be less normative. Study 2 found that, unlike health professionals, laypeople treated the higher‐weight patient for their weight at the expense of the presenting condition; and such differential treatment was inflated among those who perceived weight stigma to be the norm. The present research found clear evidence of bias in health professionals' treatment decision making—particularly for patients with larger bodies. However, unlike laypeople, this bias did not come at the expense of treating the presenting problem.
Mine, ours, and yours: Whose engagement and prior knowledge affects individual achievement from online collaborative learning?
Authors: Slof Bert , van Leeuwen Anouschka , Janssen Jeroen , Kirschner Paul A.
Published: June 2020

In computer‐supported collaborative learning research, studies examining the combined effects of individual level, group level and within‐group differences level measures on individual achievement are scarce. The current study addressed this by examining whether individual, group and within‐group differences regarding engagement and prior knowledge predict individual achievement. Engagement was operationalised as group members' exhibited activities in the task space (i.e., discussing domain‐content) and social space (i.e., regulating ideas, actions and socioemotional processes). Prior knowledge and achievement were operationalised as group members' performance on a domain‐related pre‐test and post‐test, respectively. Data was collected for 95 triads of secondary education students collaborating on a complex business‐economics problem. Subsequently, three different multilevel models were tested to examine the combined effect. First a model with the individual level measures (model 1) was tested and in subsequent models the group level measures (model 2) and within‐group levels measures (model 3) were added. Findings indicate model 2 showed the best fit; group members' individual engagement in the social space activities as well as the groups' average prior knowledge positively predicts individual achievement. No effects were found for either group members' or groups' engagement in the task space and for the within‐group differences.
Self‐reported sleep patterns and quality amongst adolescents: cross‐sectional and prospective associations with anxiety and depression
Authors: Orchard Faith , Gregory Alice M. , Gradisar Michael , Reynolds Shirley
Published: June 2020

Background

Sleep problems are common in adolescence, and frequently comorbid with both anxiety and depression. Research studies have suggested a bidirectional relationship between sleep and psychopathology, which includes evidence that sleep interventions can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, little is known about the nature of sleep problems amongst adolescents with anxiety and depression, and whether specific sleeping difficulties are involved in the longitudinal relationship between sleep, anxiety and depression.

Method

The sample was derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a population‐based, prospective, birth cohort study of children born in 1991–1992. Data were explored from a subset of participants who took part in a clinical assessment at age 15, on self‐report sleep patterns and quality, and diagnostic outcomes of anxiety and depression (N = 5,033). Subsequent diagnostic and symptom severity data on anxiety and depression at ages 17, 21 and 24 were also examined.

Results

Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between sleep problems, anxiety and depression. Results revealed that adolescents aged 15 with depression experience difficulties with both sleep patterns and sleep quality, whereas adolescents with anxiety only reported problems with sleep quality. A range of sleep variables at age 15 predicted the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms and the diagnoses of anxiety and depressive disorders at age 17, 21 and 24 years.

Conclusions

The results provide further insight into the nature of sleep problems amongst adolescents with anxiety and depression, and the prospective relationship between sleep disturbance and future psychopathology. These data suggest that targeting sleep difficulties during adolescence may have long‐term mental health benefits.
Dietary patterns, beliefs and behaviours among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kamp K. J. , Pennings B. , Javelli D. , Wyatt G. , Given B.
Published: June 2020

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of incurable gastrointestinal diseases that are common among young adults. The present study aimed to describe dietary intake, self‐modifications and beliefs among adults aged 18–35 years with IBD and to compare those with active versus inactive disease. National guidelines for daily intake include: 34 g of fibre for males and 28 g of fibre for females, 3 oz of whole grains, 1000 mg of calcium, <10% of added sugars, three cups of dairy, 2.5 cups of vegetables and two cups of fruit.

Methods

Individuals with a diagnosis of IBD were recruited online using convenience sampling (n = 147). Data included a dietary screening questionnaire, self‐directed diet modifications, dietary beliefs questionnaire and demographics. Chi‐squared and t‐tests were used to compare those with active versus inactive disease.

Results

The sample was predominantly female (90%) and diagnosed with Crohn's disease (64%). Daily intake for females was 9.7 g of fibre, 0.3 oz of whole grains, 683.8 g of calcium, 1.1 of cups vegetables and 0.5 of cups fruit. Daily intake for males was 14.2 g of fibre, 0.4 oz of whole grains, 882.9 g of calcium, 1.4 cups of vegetables and 0.5 cups of fruit. Participants most often modified fibre (73%), fruits and vegetables (71%), grains (67%), and dairy (66%) as a result of their IBD. Eighty‐three percent believed that modifying their diet could reduce IBD symptoms.

Conclusions

Both men and women with IBD struggle to meet the national guidelines for intake of fibre, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. The majority reported modifying their dietary intake as a result of IBD and expressed belief that diet could reduce symptoms.
Facial aesthetic evaluation of rehabilitation effects in edentulous patients with varying degrees of residual ridge resorption by 3D stereophotogrammetry
Authors: Tang Jinxin , Wang Yu , Wang Zhongyi , Guo Yanyang , Wang Chen
Published: June 2020

Background

Residual ridge resorption impairs patients’ satisfaction with complete denture (CD) treatment, but influence of bone resorption on the aesthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients still remains unclear due to insufficient quantitative investigations.

Objectives

To quantitatively evaluate the effects of residual ridge resorption on facial aesthetic reconstruction in elderly edentulous patients.

Methods

According to radiological examination, a total of 19 edentulous subjects were categorised into two groups, atrophic patients (APs) and non‐atrophic patients (NAPs). Before CD treatment and 3 months after treatment, patients were asked to complete the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES). The changes in facial appearance were measured by 3D stereophotogrammetry, and the facial parameters of two groups were compared.

Results

The patient's subjective satisfaction of oro‐facial aesthetics and 3D objective assessment of facial appearance improved after CD treatment. Subnasale‐gnathion (Sn‐Gn) significantly increased from 60.13 ± 3.91 mm to 62.27 ± 3.82 mm. After rehabilitation, glabella‐subnasale (G‐Sn)/Sn‐Gn, nasolabial (Cm‐Sn‐Ls) and mentolabial (Li‐Sm‐Pg) significantly decreased and were closer to normal values. Moreover, the subtraction value between G‐Sn/Sn‐Gn and normal value before treatment of APs and NAPs was 14.47 ± 8.04% and 6.94 ± 3.69%, respectively (P = .026), while after treatment, the values decreased to 10.61 ± 6.33% and 3.86 ± 2.31% (P = .013), respectively.

Conclusion

The increased volume of lips and cheeks played an important role in the facial aesthetic reconstruction of edentulous patients. NAPs tended to have more attractive faces after CD treatment, as their facial profile parameters (G‐Sn/Sn‐Gn and Cm‐Sn‐Ls) were closer to normal Chinese with well‐balanced faces.
Technical Protocol for Presenting Maxillofacial Prosthetics Concepts to Dental Students using Interactive 3D Virtual Models within a Portable Document Format
Authors: Elbashti Mahmoud , Aswehlee Amel , Nguyen Caroline Tram , Ella Bruno , Naveau Adrien
Published: June 2020

An appropriate presentation of maxillofacial defects and their prosthetic rehabilitation concepts using traditional two‐dimensional educational materials is challenging for dental students and prosthodontics residents. This technique article introduces a simple approach to visualize and communicate three‐dimensional (3D) virtual models embedded into a portable document format (PDF) file for presenting maxillofacial prosthetics concepts and enhancing students’ spatial ability when learning maxillofacial prosthetics. MeVisLab software was used to combine various maxillofacial models and save them as a single 3D model. Adobe Acrobat Pro DC software was used to import the 3D model and create interactive visualization PDF documents. Adobe reader software was then used to visualize the content of the PDF documents. This approach allows educators to develop PDF files with multiple 3D models for teaching maxillofacial prosthetics concepts and communicate them with their students. Students can simply open the PDF file, activate the 3D mode, and interactively manipulate the 3D models to enhance their spatial ability for learning maxillofacial prosthetics.
Effect of a Home Bleaching Agent on the Ion Elution of Different Esthetic Materials
Authors: Karaokutan Isil , Aykent Filiz
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To investigate the effect of a 16% carbamide peroxide home bleaching agent on the ion elution of different esthetic restorative materials and to determine if the released ions exceed the minimal risk levels.

Materials and Methods

Ceramic materials comprising a low‐fusing porcelain (Vita VM7), lithium disilicate glass‐ceramics (IPS e.max Press and IPS e.max CAD), zirconium substructure materials (IPS e.max ZirCAD and Vita In‐Ceram YZ for InLab), and ceromers (Estenia and Tescera ATL) were chosen. Thirty disk‐shaped specimens (2 mm thickness and 10 mm diameter) were fabricated from each material and then were divided into 3 experimental groups to receive one of the following solutions: acetic acid (positive control), a bleaching agent and distilled water (negative control) (n = 10/group). For the bleaching agent, the specimens were subjected to a 16% carbamide peroxide solution (VOCO Perfect Bleach) for 2 hours per day for 14 days. A 4% acetic acid solution was applied at 80°C for 16 hours according to the ISO 6872:2015 protocol and specimens of negative control group were immersed in distilled water for 16 hours. Ion elution measurements were conducted with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) after immersion in the solutions, and the weight loss of the materials was measured with a precision scale. Changes in the surface topography were investigated by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results were evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

Results

Among the specimens tested, the most ion elution was observed in the Tescera ATL group, and the least ion elution was observed in the e.max ZirCAD group in all solutions. Ion elution was found to be greater in the bleaching agent than in the acetic acid and distilled water groups. Sodium was the most released ion, and zinc and lithium were the least released among the elements tested.

Conclusions

It should be noted that the bleaching‐related ion release may exceed toxic doses even if restorative materials meet ISO 6872 standards, and the materials should be protected before home bleaching to prevent ion elution.
Melatonin recovers sleep phase delayed by MK‐801 through the melatonin MT2 receptor‐ Ca2+‐CaMKII‐CREB pathway in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhu Dexiao , Ping Shuo , Li Chuangang , Pang Kunkun , Zhu Shaowei , Zhang Jing , Comai Stefano , Sun Jinhao
Published: June 2020

Melatonin (MLT) is widely used to treat sleep disorders although the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In mice, using wheel‐running detection, we found that exogenous MLT could completely recover the period length prolonged by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) impairment due to the injection of the NMDAR antagonist MK‐801, a preclinical model of psychosis. The analysis of the possible underlying mechanisms indicated that MLT could regulate the homeostatic state in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) instead of the circadian process in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In addition, our data showed that MK‐801 decreased Ca2+‐related CaMKII expression and CREB phosphorylation levels in the VLPO, and MLT could rescue these intracellular impairments but not NMDAR expression levels. Accordingly, Gcamp6 AAV virus was injected in‐vivo to further monitor intracellular Ca2+ levels in the VLPO, and MLT demonstrated a unique ability to increase Ca2+ fluorescence compared with MK‐801‐injected mice. Additionally, using the selective melatonin MT2 receptor antagonist 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetralin (4P‐PDOT), we discovered that the pharmacological effects of MLT upon NMDAR impairments were mediated by melatonin MT2 receptors. Using electroencephalography/electromyography (EEG/EMG) recordings, we observed that the latency to the first nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episode was delayed by MK‐801, and MLT was able to recover this delay. In conclusion, exogenous MLT by acting upon melatonin MT2 receptors rescues sleep phase delayed by NMDAR impairment via increasing intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the VLPO, suggesting a regulatory role of the neurohormone on the homeostatic system.
Foreignness or Processing Fluency? On Understanding the Negative Bias Toward Foreign‐Accented Speakers
Authors: Foucart Alice , Costa Albert , Morís‐Fernández Luis , Hartsuiker Robert J.
Published: June 2020

The extent to which negative bias toward foreign‐accented speakers originates from social categorization (in‐group/out‐group categorization) and/or from processing fluency (ease in processing information) is not clear. Some have argued that accent first induces a social identity effect and that processing fluency later modifies the impact of this effect. Using event‐related potentials (ERPs), this registered report tested this hypothesis, looking at the effect of social categorization and processing fluency on sentence processing. Truth evaluation and the ERP data (N400) did not show significant differences across native and foreign speakers. Debriefing scores on social variables (e.g., status) were lower for foreign speakers, and an exploratory analysis revealed a larger P200 (related to acoustic features) for the native than for the foreign speakers. Hence, foreign speakers were not necessarily perceived as less credible, but accent negatively affected the evaluation of speakers on social variables.
Expert imitation in P2P markets
Authors: Gao Ge , Caglayan Mustafa , Li Yuelei , Talavera Oleksandr
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates expert bidding imitation in peer‐to‐peer lending platforms. We employ data from Renrendai.com, which contains information of about 170,000 investors who placed almost four million bids on 111,234 loan listings from 2010 to 2018. The experts are defined as investors who either have more central roles or who spend more time or money on the network. We find that an average investor mimics the bids of expert lenders. Inactive lenders learn top investors’ lending behaviour through observational learning and then, follow their actions, although they do not know the experts’ identity. Finally, we show that experts rarely imitate other experts, yet they exhibit herding behaviour.