bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing
aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in
household cookstoves
Authors: Xie Mingjie , Zhao Zhenzhen , Holder Amara L. , Hays Michael D. , Chen Xie , Shen Guofeng , Jetter James J. , Wang Qin'geng
Published: June 2020

Abstract. N-containing aromatic compounds (NACs) are an important group of light-absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. They are often observed in combustion emissions, but their chemical formulas and structural characteristics remain uncertain. In this study, red oak wood and charcoal fuels were burned in cookstoves using the standard water boiling test (WBT) procedure. Submicron aerosol particles in the cookstove emissions were collected using quartz (Qf) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter membranes positioned in parallel. A back-up quartz filter (Qb) was also installed downstream of the PTFE filter to evaluate the effect of sampling artifact on NACs measurements. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) techniques identified seventeen NAC chemical formulas in the cookstove emissions. The average concentrations of total NACs in Qb samples (0.37 ± 0.31–1.78 ± 0.78 µg m−3) were greater than 50 % of those observed in the Qf samples (0.47 ± 0.40–3.54 ± 1.63 µg m−3), and the Qb to Qf mass ratios of individual NACs had a range of 0.02–2.71, indicating that the identified NACs might have substantial fractions remaining in the gas-phase. In comparison to other sources, cookstove emissions from red oak or charcoal fuels did not exhibit unique NAC structural features, but had distinct NACs composition. However, before identifying NACs sources by combining their structural and compositional information, the gas-particle partitioning behaviors of NACs should be further investigated. The average contributions of total NACs to the light absorption of organic matter at λ = 365 nm (1.10–2.58 %) in Qf samples are much lower than those in Qb samples (10.7–21.0 %). These results suggest that more research is needed to understand the chemical and optical properties of gaseous chromophores and heavier molecular weight (e.g., MW > 500 Da) entities in particulate matter.
Something fishy going on? Evaluating the Poisson hypothesis for
rainfall estimation using intervalometers: results from an
experiment in Tanzania
Authors: de Villiers Didier , Schleiss Marc , ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , Hut Rolf , van de Giesen Nick
Published: June 2020

Abstract. A new type of rainfall sensor (the intervalometer), which counts the arrival of raindrops at a piezo electric element, is implemented during the Tanzanian monsoon season alongside tipping bucket rain gauges and an impact disdrometer. The aim is to test the validity of the Poisson hypothesis underlying the estimation of rainfall rates using Marshall and Palmer’s (1948) exponential raindrop size distribution parameterisation. The latter is defined independently of the scale of observation and therefore implicitly assumes that rainfall is a homogeneous Poisson process. Our results show that 28.3 % of the total observed rainfall patches can reasonably be considered Poisson-distributed and that the main reasons for Poisson deviations of the remaining 71.7 % are non-compliance with the stationarity criterion (45.9 %), the presence of correlations between drop counts (7.0 %), particularly at higher arrival rates (ρa > 500 m−2.s−1) and failing a chi squared goodness of fit test for a Poisson distribution (17.7 %). Our results show that whilst the Poisson hypothesis is likely not strictly true for rainfall that contributes most to the total rainfall amount it is quite useful in practice and may hold under certain rainfall conditions. Despite the non-compliance with the Poisson hypothesis, estimates of total rainfall amount over the entire observational period derived from disdrometer drop counts are within 2 % of co-located tipping bucket measurements. Uncorrected intervalometer estimates of total rainfall amount overestimate the co-located tipping bucket measurements by a factor of approximately 3. The overestimate is most likely due to poor calibration of the minimum detectable drop size (Dmin). Intervalometer estimates of total rainfall when corrected for minimum drop size are within 1 % of co-located tipping bucket measurements. The intervalometer principle shows good potential for use as a rainfall measurement instrument and for determining rough estimates of mean drop size.
Long term trends in aquatic diversity, productivity and stability: a 15,800 year multidecadal diatom study from Lake Baikal, southern Siberia
Authors: Mackay Anson W. , Felde Vivian A. , Morley David W. , Piotrowska Natalia , Rioual Patrick , Seddon Alistair W. R. , Swann George E. A.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Biological diversity is inextricably linked to community stability and ecosystem functioning, but our understanding of these relationships in freshwater ecosystems are largely based on short-term observational, experimental, and modelling approaches. Using a multidecadal diatom record for the past 15,800 years from Lake Baikal, we investigate how three ecosystem components – diversity, productivity, and stability – have responded to climate changes on long-timescales. In addition, we investigate how the relationships between diversity, productivity and stability have changed through time in response to these changes. We show that abrupt changes in diatom stability and diversity during the late glacial and early Holocene are part of a network of responses across southern Siberia as a result of extrinsically-forced climate instability. Productivity – diversity relationships were strongly coupled during the late glacial, which we suggest is linked to resource availability, but showed little relationship during the Holocene, perhaps due to few resources being limiting for extended periods of time. For example, periods of low diatom diversity are associated with peak palaeoproductivity, and coincide with climate disturbance events. Such strong negative relationships may reflect resources becoming limiting during palaeoproductivity, leading to monospecific diatom blooms. While species fluctuations respond rapidly to changing resources during much of the Holocene, the ecosystem function of primary production appears to be relatively resilient. Our study provides important perspectives on lake community stability and ecosystem function in relation to rapid periods of climate change.
Controls on the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels: bank stability to gravitational failure, the critical-flow hypothesis, and conservation of mass and energy
Authors: Pelletier Jon D.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The bankfull depths, widths, depth-averaged water velocities, and along-channel slopes of alluvial channels are approximately power-law functions of bankfull discharge across many orders of magnitude. What mechanisms give rise to these patterns is one of the central questions of fluvial geomorphology. Here it is proposed that the bankfull depths of alluvial channels are partially controlled by the maximum heights of gravitationally stable channel banks, which depend on bank material cohesion and hence on clay content. The bankfull depths predicted by a bank-stability model correlate with observed bankfull depths estimated from the bends in the stage-discharge rating curves of 387 U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations in the Mississippi River Basin. It is further proposed that depth-averaged water velocities scale with bankfull depths as a result of a self-regulatory feedback among water flow, relative roughness, and channel-bed morphology that limits depth-averaged water velocities to be within a relatively narrow range associated with Froude numbers that have a weak inverse relationship to bankfull discharge. Given these constraints on channel depths and water velocities, bankfull widths and along-channel slopes consistent with observations follow by conservation of mass and energy of water flow.
Between ecological convictions and practical considerations – profiles and motivations of residents in car-free housing developments in Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Baehler Daniel , Rérat Patrick
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Automobility still dominates transport and space in most European cities.
However, more and more initiatives are being taken to encourage a transition towards low-carbon mobility. One of these is car-free housing, where residents commit to living without a private car. This paper addresses their profiles and motivations based on a questionnaire survey (N=571) and interviews (N=50) in nine housing developments in Germany and Switzerland. Residents are characterised by an overrepresentation of families and people with a high level of education, two population groups that are usually more motorised than average. Their motivations and long-term commitment to living car-free can be explained by not only practical reasons (e.g. availability of alternative modes) but also ecological awareness and social values (as shown by the importance of cooperative housing). This paper sheds light on these urban laboratories where the principles of a post-car system are implemented.
Dynamic mechanism of extremely severe saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary occurred in February 2014
Authors: Zhu Jianrong , Li Linjiang , Wu Hui , Gu Jinghua , Lyu Hanghang , Cheng Xinyue
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Estuarine saltwater intrusion is mainly controlled by river discharge and tide. Unexpectedly, an extremely severe saltwater intrusion event in February 2014 occurred in the Changjiang Estuary under normal river discharge conditions. It cut off the freshwater input for 23 days into the Qingcaosha Reservoir, which is the largest estuarine reservoir in the world, creating a severe threat to water safety in Shanghai. Such catastrophic saltwater intrusion has not occurred since recorded salinity in the estuary. During the event, a persistent and strong northerly wind existed, with a maximum speed of 16 m s−1, lasting ten days and coinciding with a distinct water level rise. Our study demonstrates that this extremely severe saltwater intrusion was caused by a persistent and strong northerly wind, which drove substantial landward Ekman transport to form a horizontal estuarine circulation that flowed into the North Channel and out of the South Channel. This process surpassed seaward runoff and brought very large amounts of highly saline water into the upper reaches in the North Channel. An ordinary cold front passing over the estuary cannot produce strong saltwater intrusion; only a strong northerly wind lasting 8 days can produce a severe saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary. The revealed dynamic mechanism is important to ensure safety of freshwater resource utilization in estuaries.
Optimal tuning of engineering wake models through LiDAR measurements
Authors: Zhan Lu , Letizia Stefano , Iungo Giacomo Valerio
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Engineering wake models provide the invaluable advantage to predict wind turbine wakes, power capture, and, in turn, annual energy production for an entire wind farm with very low computational costs compared to higher-fidelity numerical tools. However, wake and power predictions obtained with engineering wake models can be not sufficiently accurate for wind-farm optimization problems due to the ad-hoc tuning of the model parameters, which are typically strongly dependent on the characteristics of the site and power plant under investigation. In this paper, LiDAR measurements collected for individual turbine wakes to evolve over a flat terrain are leveraged to perform optimal tuning of the parameters of four widely-used engineering wake models. The average wake velocity fields, used as a reference for the optimization problem, are obtained through a cluster analysis of LiDAR measurements performed under a broad range of turbine operative conditions, namely rotor thrust coefficients, and incoming wind characteristics, namely turbulence intensity at hub height. The sensitivity analysis of the optimally-tuned model parameters and the respective physical interpretation are presented. The performance of the optimally-tuned engineering wake models is discussed, while the results suggest that the optimally-tuned Bastankhah and Ainslie wake models provide very good predictions of wind turbine wakes. Specifically, the Bastankhah wake model should be tuned only for the far-wake region, namely where the wake velocity field can be well-approximated with a Gaussian profile in the radial direction. In contrast, the Ainslie model provides the advantage of using as input an arbitrary near-wake velocity profile, which can be obtained through other wake models, higher-fidelity tools, or experimental data. The good prediction capabilities of the Ainslie model indicate that the mixing-length model is a simple, yet efficient, turbulence closure to capture effects of incoming wind and wake-generated turbulence on the wake downstream evolution and predictions of turbine power yield.
Vaping-associated lung injury case report: A community hospital’s perspective
Authors: Herr Rachel Elizabeth , Wing Christopher R. , Rustmann Walter C.
Published: June 2020

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) aerosolize cannabis oils, nicotine, and other chemicals by heating alcohols and flavorants in order to produce a vapor for inhalation. With the rise in popularity of these devices, there is a rapidly growing number of life-threatening electronic-cigarettes, or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) cases throughout the country. Among the EVALI cases, similarities of presentation, symptoms, respiratory complications, and effective treatments have been reported, but the pathologic mechanisms of injury seem to vary by case. We report a series of two patients presenting with clinical symptoms and imaging findings consistent with vaping-associated lung injury in the setting of heavy nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vaping. The first case is a 19-year-old Caucasian male admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, nausea, emesis, weight loss, and early signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The second case is a 24-year-old Caucasian male who presented to the emergency room with a productive cough, fever, myalgias, and tachycardia. Both patients were initially treated as typical cases of community-acquired pneumonia without clinical improvement. After being discharged, the patient from case 2 was readmitted with new onset emesis and worsening dyspnea. Utilizing extensive laboratory testing, chest imaging, bronchoscopy, and lung biopsy, we established a diagnosis of EVALI in both cases. Both patients did well after appropriate treatment with intravenous steroids and empiric antibiotics. Despite the similarities among clinical presentations, discrepancies in the literature exist regarding the clinical outcomes and pathophysiology of EVALI. These case-by-case variations may result from differences in time to diagnosis, temporal factors in amount and timing of vape use, and the chemical composition of the products vaped. Our case reports highlight the increasing need for clinical awareness of EVALI, improved diagnostic tools for a timely diagnosis, and effective treatments of this potentially fatal respiratory illness.
An Analysis of Chat Abbreviations and Slangs of the Students of the University of Port Harcourt
Authors: Osuagwu Eunice C.
Published: June 2020

This paper examines chat abbreviation and slangs of the University of Port Harcourt students. The qualitative research design was used in analyzing the data collected using the descriptive content analysis. The sampling technique adopted in this paper is the purposive sampling technique and source of data for this paper is primarily observations from students of University of Port Harcourt online platforms and social media used by students and interview. The findings of this paper reveal that students of the University of Port Harcourt use single letters, digits and a combination of both to replace words while some of the words are shortened, contracted and clipped. The paper also establishes that the students abbreviate words in order to minimize cost, save time and add style to their writing. The paper further establishes that chat abbreviation and slangs of the University of Port Harcourt students do not follow the rules of grammar of English language since they are composed haphazardly. It was observed that students of University of Port Harcourt do not use their punctuation marks properly in their formal writings. This paper also reveals that chat abbreviations and slangs have affected the proper usage of English language by some of the students of the University of Port Harcourt. This paper recommends that students should become more conscious of the dangers of chat abbreviation in their academics and identify as well as appreciate the appropriate setting in which to use them.
Exhaled nitric oxide in smokers and former smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Galiniak Sabina , Aebisher David , Rachel Marta
Published: June 2020

Background: Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a useful technique for detection of eosinophilic airway inflammation and assessment of efficiency of corticosteroid treatment in patents with respiratory disease. Generally studies agree that measurement of FeNO is a useful non-invasive biomarker in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), however, there are reports that do not confirm such a relationship between FeNO and COPD.
Aim of the study: The main objective of this study was to investigate FeNO levels in Polish patients with COPD compared to healthy controls. As a secondary objective, we assessed the influence of smoking on FeNO levels in healthy patients, and patients with COPD.
Material and methods: FeNO concentration was measured using an electrochemical analyzer in healthy non-smokers (n=21), healthy smokers (n=25), and former smokers with COPD (n=30) and smokers with COPD (n=38). General characteristics, hematological variables and serum biochemical parameters were also obtained and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results: FeNO measurement revealed significantly reduced NO levels in healthy smokers compared to healthy non-smokers, former smokers with COPD and smokers with COPD (median [range]: 14 [6–17] vs. 21 [15–29], 25 [15–53], and 19 [11–32] ppb, respectively, p<0.001). Moreover, we found increased FeNO levels in ex-smokers with COPD compared with smokers with COPD (p<0.05). No associations between FeNO and other analyzed parameters were found.
Conclusions: Levels of FeNO, measured by with an electrochemical analyzer, were elevated among patients with COPD compared to healthy non-smoking controls. Moreover, our study confirms that smoking results in a reduction in FeNO concentration in both healthy patients and patients with COPD.
Informalität und Ungleichheit im „linken“ Brasilien
Authors: Hecker Paul
Published: June 2020

In Brazil, informality stands for a lack of social security and political participation. The left-wing governments in Brazil wanted to reduce these disadvantages. Through reforms to recognise informal domestic work and micro-enterprises, such as street vendors, they aimed to redistribute such work and make it less precarious. Political obstacles and resistance slowed down these measures considerably and limited their success. This study analyses the often praised employment policy of ‘left-wing’ Brazil using numerous empirical studies and compares it in different sectors. It not only comes to sobering results, but also identifies important lessons for the future.
Sabbaticals
Authors: Wolf Hauke Darius
Published: June 2020

Sabbaticals werfen als diskontinuierliche Arbeitszeitverteilungsmuster Fragen in beinahe jedem Teilbereich des Arbeitsrechts auf. Dennoch wurden Sabbaticals, die nicht auf Wertguthabenvereinbarungen nach § 7b SGB IV zurückgreifen, bisher nicht eingehend arbeitsrechtlich untersucht. Der Verfasser identifiziert zwei weitere Umsetzungsmodelle: das Sonderurlaubmodell mit vorübergehender Ruhendstellung des Arbeitsvertrages sowie die Blockfreizeit als Resultat einer Verblockung von Arbeitszeit und Freizeit im Rahmen eines befristeten Teilzeitarbeitsverhältnisses. Auf Grundlage dieser Unterscheidung beleuchtet der Verfasser zunächst mögliche Anspruchsgrundlagen für Sabbaticals. Anschließend werden individual- und kollektivrechtliche Faktoren bei der Umsetzung beider Sabbaticalmodelle sowie die wichtigsten Rechtsfolgen untersucht.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Pregnant Patient with Severe COVID19: A Novel Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Zarrintan Armin , Boeoofeh Behdad , Rabieipour Masome , Mohammadi Afshin , Khademvatani Kamal , Pirnejad Habibollah , Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The novel coronavirus has been shown to infect many bodily organs. Recent studies have suggested that the virus may be capable of causing inappropriate thrombosis formation. In the present case study, we present a pregnant patient who had severe pneumonia caused by the virus; and subsequently developed pulmonary thromboembolism. Case Presentation: A 39-year-old primi-gravid pregnant woman presented to the emergency department with moderate to severe respiratory symptoms and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The patient was hospitalized and received routine treatment. The patient had a rapid deterioration of clinical signs and symptoms, coupled with sensations of palpitations and chest discomfort. The patient had an echocardiogram, which was suggestive of right ventricular strain. D-dimer tested positive, and the patient had a CT angiography, showing filling defects in branches of the pulmonary arteries. Conclusions: Pulmonary thromboembolism may be a complicating factor in patients with severe viral pneumonia. In patients with underlying procoagulant conditions, such as pregnancy, the occurrence of Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) should be strongly considered.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Chimeric Bovine Lactoferrin Peptide for Inhibition of Food and Plant Pathogens
Authors: Sarhadi Hamid , Jahandar Mohammad Hasan , Tanhaeian Abbas
Published: June 2020

: The resistance of microorganisms to conventional antibiotics has prompted researchers to produce new antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial peptides can be alternatives to chemical antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides are produced approximately by all living organisms to fight infection. Lactoferrin is an iron glycoprotein that plays an important role in the immune system. Lactoferricin and lactoferrampine have stronger antimicrobial activities than lactoferrin. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of a combination of chimeric bovine lactoferricin and lactoferrampine on microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as plant pathogens including Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Xanthomonas translucens, Xanthomonas perforans, Erwinia amylovora, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The results showed that chimeric bovine lactoferrin had a good inhibitory effect against pathogenic microorganisms and plant pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for pathogenic microorganisms Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were 7.562 µg/mL and 15.125 µg/mL, respectively, which showed the highest sensitivity to chimeric bovine lactoferrin. The MIC and MBC for plant pathogens were 0.497 µg/mL and 0.997 µg/mL, respectively, which were related to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and it showed the highest sensitivity to chimeric bovine lactoferrin.
Analysis of the Most Commonly Encountered Diagnoses in Academic Dermatopathology
Authors: Vincek Vladimir , Rudnick Eric , Motaparthi Kiran , Walker Addie
Published: June 2020

: The number of skin biopsies has increased over the last three decades, but benchmarks based on the number of biopsies required to capture skin cancers are lacking. To determine the most common dermatopathology diagnoses, reports of all 85,785 dermatopathology specimens examined in the Department of Dermatology at the University of Florida from January 2017 to December 2017 were reviewed. 78,353 non-excisional specimens were evaluated for diagnosis. 7,432 excisional specimens consisting of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma, and dysplastic nevi were evaluated for residual tumor and marginal status. The fifteen most common diagnoses accounted for 84% of all biopsies, and an additional 30 entities accounted for 12% of all biopsies. The remaining 4% of cases were composed of only 206 diagnoses. This pattern reflects current dermatology practice in the United States, wherein the 20 most commonly encountered diseases account for 85.4% of all diagnoses made by dermatologists. Among the total number of biopsies, 90.7% of specimens were neoplasms and 9.3% were inflammatory or infectious disorders. Uncommon (4%) and inflammatory or infectious (9.3%) disorders comprise a small minority of academic dermatopathology, with implications for resident and fellowship training.
LARANJA MECÂNICA: UMA REFLEXÃO SOBRE A AUTONOMIA DA VONTADE E O PODER SANCIONADOR DO ESTADO
Authors: Xerez Rafael Marcílio , Cavalcanti Marcos Ricardo Herszon
Published: June 2020

O Estado nasce da necessidade dos homens de uma auto-organização institucionalizada. Contemporaneamente, as sociedades ocidentais exigem, dentre outros direitos concebidos como fundamentais, a segurança e a liberdade. O artigo se propõe, a partir da visão de um clássico do cinema produzido em 1971, a discutir os valores de liberdade individual em confronto com a segurança coletiva, sob o enfoque da ação do Estado. Como na narrativa do filme, desde que, extrema e genericamente, seja violado o valor segurança, podem surgir, na vida real, medidas estatais de controle da liberdade individual, outro direito fundamental. A proposição deve ser sempre limitada, considerando-se que a necessária ponderação exigirá confronto com direitos à vida, à autonomia, à privacidade e à liberdade. Discutir juridicamente a legitimidade da desconsagração de tais direitos com fundamento na segurança coletiva é o desafio proposto nesse trabalho, e a metodologia, para tanto, é de análise do filme e a realização de pesquisa doutrinária.
INTERVENÇÃO ESTATAL NA ORDEM ECONÔMICA POR MEIO DA REGULAÇÃO E SEUS EFEITOS PARA O EXERCÍCIO DA EMPRESA
Authors: Alves Alexandre Ferreira de Assumpção , Lisboa Leticia Lobato Anicet
Published: June 2020

O objetivo do presente artigo é a análise da intervenção estatal na ordem econômica por meio da regulação e seus efeitos para o exercício da empresa. O método dedutivo foi utilizado para elaboração do trabalho e a pesquisa realizada foi de caráter bibliográfico-documental. O trabalho está estruturado em três capítulos, a partir da apresentação do conceito de Estado e ordem normativa por Hans Kelsen. Por conseguinte, tratou-se sobre a atividade empresária e os limites impostos pelos princípios constitucionais da livre iniciativa e da livre concorrência para atuação do Estado em face dos empresários. Verificou-se que, em relação à empresa, há dificuldades informacionais e de governança das agências reguladoras em seus segmentos. Ao final, conclui-se que é necessária a implementação de novos processos de governança pública com vistas à reformulação das normas e ganho de eficiência para os empresários, conforme os setores regulados.
EFICÁCIA DAS RECOMENDAÇÕES DA CEDAW E AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE PROTEÇÃO À MATERNIDADE E SAÚDE DA MULHER NO BRASIL
Authors: Andrade Mariana Dionísio de , Pinto Eduardo Régio Girão de Castro , Barroso Ana Beatriz De Mendonça
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo original tem como objetivo responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: de que maneira as iniciativas propostas pelo Comitê de Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Contra a Mulher são aplicáveis no Brasil? A discussão aborda teorias como a atenção à saúde da mulher no Brasil e políticas públicas voltadas à promoção da saúde obstétrica. A abordagem metodológica é qualitativa e quantitativa, a base de dados é secundária e as informações disponibilizadas pelo Latinobarómetro, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, com periodização de 1996 até 2018. Conclui-se que as políticas públicas de proteção à mulher e à maternidade são úteis e que as iniciativas propostas pela CEDAW são aplicáveis, o que se confirma pelos sete relatórios encaminhados pelo Brasil ao Comitê.
DAS CONSEQUÊNCIAS DA DEMONIZAÇÃO DA PLURALIDADE NAS ESCOLAS À LUZ DO ESTATUTO DA DIVERSIDADE SEXUAL E DE GÊNERO
Authors: Cardin Valeria Silva Galdino , Tobbin Raissa Arantes
Published: June 2020

É notório o crescimento, no cenário social brasileiro, do ataque à educação sexual e de gênero nas escolas. Os combatentes da denominada “Ideologia de Gênero” sustentam que o ensino voltado para a aceitação e para a discussão da pluralidade é um erro, que confunde e prejudica o desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes. Tal pauta, de natureza conservadora e discriminatória, e utilizada como força de manobra política, deflagra princípios norteadores do Estado Democrático de Direito e da Constituição Federal de 1988. Assim, esse trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as consequências da demonização dos estudos acerca de pluralidade à luz dos parâmetros educacionais estabelecidos pelo Estatuto da Diversidade Sexual e de Gênero, Projeto de Lei nº 134/2018. Para tanto, utiliza-se o método teórico, fundamentado em pesquisa quantitativa e em revisão bibliográfica de obras, artigos científicos, legislação, jurisprudência e doutrina aplicáveis à temática e pertinentes à propositura de soluções à problemática.
LAS COMPETENCIAS DE LA SEGURIDAD SOCIAL VENEZOLANA: OPORTUNIDADES PERDIDAS Y NUEVAS TRAYECTORIAS
Authors: Díaz Luis Eduardo
Published: June 2020

Na primeira parte, o leitor tem um marco de referência que dá conta dos fatores que influenciam qualquer sistema de previdência social, como a globalização, a mudança demográfica, o individualism, a mudança tecnológica e uma economia baseada na informação e nos serviços. A segunda parte aborda a situação venezuelana, fazendo ênfase nos aspectos normativos da reforma e contrarreforma da previdência. Conforme os resultados expostos, se percebe um “Estado provisional” mais que um “Estado previsional”; uma falta de condução e concertação; ausência de planejamento financeiro, canais de supervisão, burocracia eficiente e indícios de vícios de constitucionalidade. As características do modelo econômico se expõem na terceira parte, derivando-se da combinação do conjunto de elementos involucrados, três condicionantes que são examinadas na quarta seção, como o petro-Estado, o populismo e o autoritarismo. A quinta e última parte apresenta algumas recomendações e as conclusões do ensaio.
Choice of the Retention Method After an Orthodontic Treatment-Rewiev
Authors: Jelešković Azra , Redzepagic-Vrazalica Lejla , Dzemidzic Vildana , Tiro Alisa , Nakas Enita
Published: June 2020

Retention is a phase of orthodontic treatment devised to keep the teeth in a correct position once the orthodontic treatment has been completed. There are three main characteristics that each ideal retainer is required to have: to keep the teeth in the correct position after orthodontic therapy, to be long lasting and resistant to mechanical damage, and to have no adverse long-term effects on periodontal tissue. Through a computer-based browsing through a number of databases (such as, e.g. PubMed and Google Scholar) we have found and analysed various articles used in this research. The inclusion criteria to be met were: an overall availability of a research paper, the requirement that these research papers are published in English, that these research papers were published in the period 2007-2019, the requirement that the research papers should involve clinically randomized studies and that their titles contain one of the predefined keywords. The database browsing that is based on the said keywords and carried out within the above time frame has resulted in finding 165 relevant articles. A complete set of the inclusion criteria were met by 8 published research papers, but 7 articles were analysed in the end. The selected articles have compared different types of fixed and mobile retainers, different times of wearing the retainers, the impact that the retainers had on the periodontium, and the acceptability of different retention protocols for patients. The conclusion of this research paper is that bonded retainers prove to be most effective in stabilising the position of the incisors, particularly the lower ones, but that their disadvantages include the reopening of the extraction space and the retention of plaque due to difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene. Vacuum-formed retainers appear to be more effective than Hawley retainers in retaining the position of the incisors, and patients have indicated that they are more acceptable to wear. Hawley retainers prove to be most effective in preserving a closed extraction space, but they do now show solid results with regard to other segments. Changes in the overbite, overjet, arch length, and anterior and posterior widths did not show any significant statistical differences in the different types of retainers.   Keywords: orthodontics, retention, stability, impact
L’EXERCICE DE LA COMPÉTENCE CULTURELLE DU QUÉBEC AU-DELÀ DE SES FRONTIÈRES : DE LA COOPÉRATION CULTURELLE INTERNATIONALE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL DE LA CULTURE
Authors: Guèvremont Véronique
Published: June 2020

L’exercice de la compétence culturelle du Québec sur la scène internationale possède de multiples déclinaisons. D’une part, la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, combinée à l’Accord entre le gouvernement du Québec et le gouvernement du Canada relatif à l’UNESCO, offre au Québec une visibilité et un rôle sans précédent au sein de la principale organisation internationale oeuvrant dans le secteur de la culture. Aussi, le Québec réussit-il à faire entendre sa voix dans le concert des nations et à contribuer activement au développement du droit international de la culture. Mais d’autre part, ce succès de la diplomatie québécoise ne saurait occulter l’implication de longue date du Québec dans l’essor et l’affermissement de la coopération culturelle internationale, qui prend aujourd’hui la forme d’un vaste réseau d’ententes bilatérales et multilatérales, conclues avec des entités infra-étatiques, des États et des organisations internationales.
EN GUISE DE PRÉLUDE : RETOUR SUR UN CLASSIQUE DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL AU XXE SIÈCLE
Authors: Haggenmacher Peter
Published: June 2020

À la faveur de l’intitulé de cette journée d’étude on a cru bon de donner un aperçu du maître ouvrage de Charles de Visscher, l’une des grandes figures du droit international au XXe siècle pouvant encore inspirer le XXIe. S’opposant à diverses théories par trop abstraites à force de se vouloir cohérentes, l’auteur nous fait sans cesse revenir sur le terrain des réalités élémentaires, surtout politiques, auxquelles le droit international doit répondre s’il ne veut se discréditer par de vaines spéculations. Bien que daté par certains aspects, l’ouvrage reste pleinement actuel, même après la chute du mur de Berlin, grâce à l’attention qu’il porte aux problèmes fondamentaux et permanents de notre discipline. Ce qui lui vaut sa saveur particulière et son climat spécifique est que partout affleure la vaste culture générale (notamment historique) et l’expérience pratique (surtout judiciaire) d’un savant ouvert aux réalités politiques et humaines des rapports internationaux. Malgré son tour assez personnel, l’ouvrage constitue bien un classique, sorti de la plume d’un grand témoin du XXe siècle.
LE POSITIVISME JURIDIQUE AUJOURD’HUI : SCIENCE OU SCIENCE-FICTION ?
Authors: Corten Olivier
Published: June 2020

Cette étude se concentre sur l’actualité paradoxale du positivisme juridique, qui est illustrée à partir d’un épisode de la série télévisée Star Trek. D’un côté, dès qu’il s’agit de proposer une interprétation du droit existant et de prétendre convaincre la « communauté des internationalistes », on recourt encore souvent, si pas systématiquement, à une pensée et à un raisonnement de type positiviste. Le positivisme offre un système de pensée, un cadre de référence fait de prémisses, de formules et de techniques, bref une science, permettant à des personnes avec des pensées, des cultures et des valeurs différentes ou opposées de dialoguer et le cas échéant de se mettre d’accord sur des conclusions normatives. Mais, d’un autre côté, le positivisme, s’il caractérise largement le discours ou la motivation juridique, qui intervient « en aval », n’est d’aucun secours pour dicter, en « amont », la prise de décision. En ce sens, plus personne n’est depuis longtemps « positiviste », si l’expression signifie la croyance que l’interprétation et l’application du droit puisse s’opérer de manière rationnelle, objective et neutre, et donc sans que n’interviennent des jugements de valeurs ou d’opportunité.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION AGAINST IMPUNITY IN GUATEMALA: A NON-TRADITIONAL TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE EFFORT
Authors: Nyberg Tove
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the concept of transitional justice and makes the argument that transitional justice contexts would benefit from embracing a wider range of mechanisms. It uses the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) as an example of a non-traditional transitional justice measure and evaluates its mandate, set-up and achievements to show the advantages with a hybrid mechanism in the Guatemalan context.
EXPERIENCIAS INDIVIDUALES Y COLECTIVAS DE VIOLENCIA Y VICTIMIZACIÓN EN TORNO A LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA EN MÉXICO. UNA APROXIMACIÓN CUALITATIVA
Authors: Martínez Solares Verónica
Published: June 2020

La violencia que ha padecido México en la última década no encuentra referente alguno en la historia reciente del país. Mientras que en los últimos veinte años las tasas de homicidio habían descendido sistemáticamente, los escenarios de violencia letal y otras formas de violencia grave cambiaron de manera drástica y dramática, en un periodo de tiempo muy breve. Con una realidad muy distinta y cercana a la de un conflicto armado en varias regiones, un gran número de víctimas y comunidades se han visto afectadas por la violencia asociada a la delincuencia organizada y por la respuesta estatal a la misma. En este panorama, el presente artículo explora, desde un enfoque cualitativo, la perspectiva de las víctimas y sus comunidades acerca de cómo han vivido los impactos de la violencia y sus experiencias de acceso a la justicia penal en México.
JUSTICE ENVIRONNEMENTALE ET PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES : LES POSSIBILITÉS ET LES LIMITES DE LA JURISPRUDENCE DE LA COUR INTERAMÉRICAINE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME
Authors: Thériault Sophie
Published: June 2020

Cet article a pour objet d’analyser la notion de justice environnementale en prenant appui sur les décisions de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme portant sur l’interprétation et l’application des droits à la vie et à la propriété en contexte autochtone. Les peuples autochtones, dont les territoires ancestraux regorgent de ressources naturelles convoitées à des fins marchandes, doivent pour plusieurs composer avec les répercussions écologiques, sociales et culturelles délétères des activités extractives. Dans de telles circonstances, et en l’absence de recours efficaces et accessibles en droit interne, certains de ces peuples ont, durant la dernière décennie, mobilisé le système interaméricain des droits de la personne comme vecteur potentiel de droits et de justice sur le plan environnemental. Notre analyse nous amène à conclure que l’interprétation large et libérale, par la Cour interaméricaine, des droits et libertés fondamentaux consacrés par la Convention américaine des droits de l’homme est susceptible de contribuer, sous réserve de son effectivité, à une justice environnementale accrue pour les Autochtones. Il en est ainsi en particulier de l’affirmation d’un droit à une vie « digne » (« vida digna »), de même que de la reconnaissance du droit de propriété collectif des peuples autochtones. En revanche, cette jurisprudence, qui consacre à certaines conditions la préséance du développement économique sur le droit de propriété des peuples autochtones, ne permet pas de mettre en cause de manière plus radicale les dynamiques économiques et politiques à l’origine de la crise écologique contemporaine et des inégalités devant la dégradation environnementale. Dans l’optique de promouvoir la justice environnementale, l’interprétation et l’application des droits de la personne devraient rendre compte de manière encore plus audacieuse des rapports d’interdépendance qui unissent les êtres humains, leurs sociétés et l’environnement.
LA JUSTICE TRANSITIONNELLE À L’ÉPREUVE D’INÉGALITÉS STRUCTURELLES HISTORIQUES AU GUATEMALA
Authors: Vanthuyne Karine
Published: June 2020

Cet article met en lumière les tensions qui se jouent entre les imaginaires politiques d’instigateurs d’initiatives dites de « justice transitionnelle », et ceux des participants à celles-ci, à partir de l’analyse du travail de mobilisation de survivants du conflit armé interne guatémaltèque pour un procès contre le haut commandement de l’armée pour génocide. Contribuer à une démocratisation « par le bas » du Guatemala en rétablissant la confiance des principales victimes du conflit, les autochtones, en l’État, constituait l’objectif principal du procès. Or, la poursuite de cet objectif s’est heurtée à l’expérience de domination politique et de marginalisation socio-économique historique, et encore actuelle, que vivent les autochtones dans ce pays. Du point de vue de ces derniers, du moins de ceux auprès desquels j’ai mené mes recherches, il n’y pas, et n’est pas prêt d’advenir, d’État de droit au Guatemala – qu’on parle d’un État de droit de nature procédurale ou substantielle. C’est pourquoi, tout en luttant pour la justice pour les massacres des leurs, ils continuent de rechercher des rapports clientélistes auprès des agences de développement ou des autorités politiques dont ils estiment pouvoir retirer un bénéfice matériel. Il en va, selon eux, de leur « survie » matérielle, dans un contexte d’extrême précarité et de criminalisation croissante des mouvements de revendications autochtones pour le respect de leurs droits.
LE CONCEPT DE DROITS
Authors: Bernatchez Stéphane
Published: June 2020

Dans son article de 1963 proposant une charte des droits pour le Québec, le professeur Jacques-Yvan Morin avait énoncé divers fondements philosophiques des droits. Le présent texte examine les fondements contemporains qui ont été ajoutés par les travaux en philosophie et théorie du droit depuis la publication de cet article et l’adoption de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne. Ainsi, dans la première partie consacrée à la philosophie du droit, après l’examen du libéralisme et du pluralisme, l’auteur se penche sur les principes développés par les tribunaux et l’hypothèse de l’éthicisation du droit. Dans la deuxième partie portant sur les théories du droit, le texte s’intéresse au pluralisme juridique et au droit souple, au pragmatisme juridique et à l’exigence de réflexivité ainsi qu’à la fonction éducative et promotionnelle des droits. Pour démontrer ces fondements philosophiques et théoriques contemporains des droits, l’auteur réfère aux travaux de nombreux spécialistes de la Charte québécoise qui pensent aujourd’hui le concept de droits.
ACTUALITÉ DU COSMOPOLITISME JURIDIQUE : REVENIR À KANT POUR MIEUX LE DÉPASSER ?
Authors: Dupuy Pierre-Marie
Published: June 2020

Le projet de paix perpétuelle de Kant affirme la nécessité pour la communauté des Etats de se doter d’une constitution. Le droit est ainsi appelé à jouer un rôle fondateur dans le dessin cosmopolitique lui-même, à la fois comme moyen d’intégrer la règle éthique dans la norme juridique et comme finalité, lorsqu’il affirme les droits de l’individu indépendamment de sa nationalité. L’apparition en son sein de normes non plus obligatoires mais impératives (jus cogens) manifeste que la communauté internationale veut affirmer l’adhésion à des valeurs communes, ce concept étant ici à prendre comme une « fiction juridique » ; c’est-à-dire, contrairement au sens commun, comme une technique d’affirmation convenue d’une réalité instituée indépendamment de son effectivité sociale. La promotion du cosmopolitisme ne passe pas forcément par la dimension macro-institutionnelle. On aurait tort de penser que l’apparition de la citoyenneté mondiale passe nécessairement par la création, totalement irréaliste à bref comme à long terme, d’un Etat voire seulement d’un Parlement mondial. En fait, le droit international, dont un fondement concurrent de celui de la souveraineté étatique est, depuis 1945, l’affirmation des libertés fondamentales de la personne, est, malgré ses très nombreuses insuffisances, d’ores et déjà cosmopolitique. Bien qu’il reste d’abord conditionné par l’assentiment des Etats, il s’affirme déjà partiellement, notamment au sein des organes délibérants des grandes organisations intergouvernementales, comme droit de la communauté des peuples. La société civile internationale dans sa dimension associative joue à cet égard un rôle déterminant. C’est donc au modèle fédératif, au sens le plus large du terme, qu’il faut se référer pour « dépasser » Kant en recherchant d’abord dans le caractère démocratique du pouvoir et non plus seulement dans sa forme républicaine la condition première de l’atténuation radicale de la violence à l’échelle internationale.
CRIMINALITÉ ET JUSTICE SANS SOUVERAINETÉ DANS LES CAMPS DE RÉFUGIÉS DU HCR : DES SYSTÈMES DE JUSTICE PARALLÈLE À L’IMPUNITÉ POUR LE PERSONNEL HUMANITAIRE
Authors: Benoit Éloïse
Published: June 2020

L’établissement de camps de réfugiés n’est pas spécifiquement prévu en droit international des réfugiés. C’est informellement que les camps de réfugiés du Haut Commissariat des Nations unies (HCR) pour les réfugiés sont mis sur pied, puis gérés. Les structures d’autorité qui gouvernent les camps de réfugiés diffèrent de celles retrouvées au sein des États : absence de souveraineté comme source du droit et inexistence de toute forme de contrat social comme assise légitimant cette autorité au sein des camps. Les camps – comme espaces de contrôle des indésirables – sont administrés par les différents acteurs non‐étatiques présents. Ces derniers tentent d’y asseoir leur autorité et leur légitimité en calquant les pouvoirs normalement exercés par l’État. Dans cet espace d’exception qu’est le camp, les réfugiés n’ont pas accès aux mécanismes étatiques de justice comme l’exige pourtant la Convention relative au statut des réfugiés. À l’inverse, par l’instauration de systèmes de règlement des différends (Camp Dispute Resolution System (DRS)), les Nations unies et l’État hôte semblent régulièrement encourager les réfugiés à y organiser eux-mêmes et de façon informelle leur justice. C’est ainsi qu’au nom d’un certain relativisme culturel, les réfugiés d’un camp sont hiérarchisés et que des dominations d’exception sont exercées par certains groupes contre d’autres, plus vulnérables. Par ailleurs, ces systèmes se révèlent inadéquats pour s’attaquer à une réalité dérangeante des camps; le personnel humanitaire commettant des atteintes à l’égard des droits des réfugiés échappent à ces systèmes, en plus de passer entre les mailles des systèmes juridiques étatiques et de se dérober à toute obligation de répondre de ces actes.