bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Values Shape and Are Shaped by Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Chen Katherine K. , Lune Howard , Queen Edward L.
Published: March 2013

To advance understanding of the relationship between values and organizations, this review synthesizes classic and recent organizational and sociological research, including this symposium’s articles on voluntary associations. We argue that all organizations reflect, enact, and propagate values. Organizations draw on culture, which offers a tool kit of possible actions supported by institutional logics that delineate appropriate activities and goals. Through institutional work, organizations can secure acceptance for unfamiliar practices and their associated values, often under the logic of democracy. Values may be discerned in any organization’s goals, practices, and forms, including “value-free” bureaucracies and collectivist organizations with participatory practices. We offer suggestions for enhancing understanding of how collectivities advance particular values within their groups or society.
Nonprofit Managers’ Motivational Styles
Authors: Chen Chung-An
Published: March 2013

Contemporary nonprofit management research generally assumes that nonprofit managers are intrinsically motivated and has disproportionally emphasized the importance of intrinsic motivation. This is misleading as individuals can be simultaneously propelled by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. By testing variables from the NASP-III data set and employing self-determination theory (SDT), the author obtained the following findings. First, nonprofit managers’ motivational styles fall into five different categories as suggested in SDT. Second, their external motivation (e.g., a desire for pay and security), a type of extrinsic motivation, is not necessarily weaker than their intrinsic motivation. Finally, the five categories vary in their relationships with their job satisfaction, job involvement, and pride working for the current organization. The author urges scholars to pay more attention to nonprofit managers’ multidimensional motivational styles.
Taiwan Strait détente and the changing role of the United States in cross-Strait relations
Authors: Hu Richard Weixing
Published: March 2013

Détente in the Taiwan Strait has raised questions about the United States’ role in future cross-Strait relations. On the one hand, Washington welcomes and encourages peaceful interactions across the Taiwan Strait. On the other hand, however, it is increasingly concerned about Beijing gaining more control of the dynamics and direction of future cross-Strait relations. As some US analysts suggest, if Taiwan drifts towards closer relations with China, Washington has to reconsider its national interests. US anxiety over Taiwan is further aggravated by its perception of a rising and more assertive China in the Asia–Pacific region, as reflected by the emerging debate on US Taiwan policy and its overall strategy towards China. The role of the United States in cross-Strait relations is undergoing some adjustments as Washington ‘pivots’ its strategic focus to Asia and as its relations with China become more salient in its Asian policy. In the long run the rivalry between Washington and Beijing in Asia would eventually have a negative bearing on cross-Strait relations.
Taiwanese women in China: Integration and mobility in gendered enclaves
Authors: Lin Ping
Published: March 2013

While much research on migration and China focuses on the overseas Chinese, this research will instead analyse the migration of Taiwanese to China. This article uses data gathered in Dongguan and Shanghai in 2004–5 with follow-up interviews in 2008–10 to study the migration experiences of Taiwanese in China and to illustrate how class affects the migration of the privileged. Despite the diverse backgrounds of the female respondents considered in this article, most of them had a higher socio-economic status than the Chinese people they encountered. Because of the difference in social class, the respondents were reluctant to mix with locals. The ensuing sense of alienation has partly caused the respondents to identify themselves as less Chinese than before moving to China.
Strategic cross-Strait discourse: A comparative analysis of three presidential terms
Authors: Sullivan Jonathan , Sapir Eliyahu V.
Published: March 2013

Republic of China presidents Chen Shuibian and Ma Yingjiu have espoused substantially varied positions at different times on cross-Strait relations. Given the prominence of the presidents’ rhetoric in an otherwise relatively stable relationship, these discursive fluctuations have been a cause of consternation and curiosity for observers of the cross-Strait relationship. However, their behaviour is consistent with democratic politics in general (issues and policy stances evolve and emerge, and political actors must engage and appeal to a wide range of stakeholders with varied agendas) and in terms of the growing influence of distinct sectors (such as big business) within Taiwan. This article puts forward a method for analysing this variation across three presidential terms, namely Chen’s first and second term and Ma’s first term. How does the content of both presidents’ public pronouncements develop over time? How does the content of their discourse vary according to the strategic context of the constituency they are addressing? What does this reveal about the strategy and strategic relationships behind presidential rhetoric in Taiwan? In addressing these questions, the article contributes a quantitative perspective to existing work on political discourse in Taiwan and to the growing methodological and applied literature on how to systematically analyse Chinese political text.
Cosmopolitan Claims: Islamicate Spolia During the Reign of King Henry II, 1002–1024
Authors: Toussaint Gia
Published: March 2013

Unlike any other Western ruler before him, King—and later Emperor—Henry II (reg. 1002–24) relied on the ostentatious display of valuable objects of Eastern, and often Islamic, provenance. Used as spolia, they decorate works, such as the ambo of Aachen and book covers (the Gospel Book of Henry II, the Bamberg Apocalypse), which still exist today. The ambo in particular, with its Islamic and Byzantine spolia, is closely associated with Henry’s ultimately successful attempt to assert his royal dignity. The specific pattern on the ambo, especially the arrangement of several chessmen, seems to have been inspired by the wish to demonstrate the legitimacy of his claim to the throne. In addition, the spolia used serve to express a wider, cosmopolitan claim that Henry had as yet to realise in political practice. In fact, nothing is known about Henry’s contact with the Fatimids, and his connections with Byzantium remained tentative. Yet, through his ostentatious display of spolia, he sought to demonstrate his power, and associate his realm with powers beyond the borders of his empire. As can be seen from the fact that all the spolia were employed in the service of conveying the Christian message, moreover, Henry may not only have wished to demonstrate his leadership of the empire, but possibly also his superiority to people of other faiths.
Copying Córdoba? Toledo and Beyond
Authors: Nickson Tom
Published: March 2013

In recent years scholars have increasingly scrutinised the relationship between medieval Iberia’s material culture and its relatively plural society, one in which Christian, Muslim and Jewish communities lived together—peacefully or otherwise. In this article, I consider the reception of Islamicate architectural forms by focusing on the city of Toledo in central Spain, drawing conclusions of wider relevance for the study of Islamicate art and architecture. Following its conquest by king Alfonso VI of Castile in 1085, the Friday mosque of Toledo (Muslim Ṭulayṭulah) was converted into a cathedral, and then replaced in the thirteenth century by a building long celebrated for its combination of Gothic and Islamicate architectural elements. I reconstruct the appearance of Toledo’s lost mosque and propose possible motivations for the imitation of French and Andalusí buildings in its extant replacement. Building on Richard Krautheimer’s pioneering study of medieval architectural copies, I examine how these designs might have been transmitted in the thirteenth century, and how they can be understood ‘iconographically’. In considering inter-cultural exchange, scholars need, I argue, to take greater account of the available technologies of transmission and the distortions and possibilities they afforded.
Islamicate Elements in the Velasco Palaces: Constructing a Castilian Court Architecture
Authors: Montero Elena Paulino
Published: March 2013

The article questions the categorisation of different palaces of the Velasco family according to stylistic attributions to Mudéjar or Gothic style, analysing the fourteenth-century Palace of Medina de Pomar and the fifteenth-century Casa del Cordón in Burgos. It shows how both combine features traceable to the Nasrid context with Northern European elements, contradicting at the same time the assumption that the Islamicate heritage was limited to ornamental contributions, while the fundamental structure was based on Northern European elements. The article discusses whether the Islamicate elements would have been perceived as such and when they started to be perceived as a possibly indistinguishable part of a Castilian court style. It also examines the role the stylistic associations and delimitations played in the image exhibited by one of the lineages promoted by the Trastamara dynasty.
On the Viability of Group Lending when Microfinance Meets the Market
Authors: Arnold Lutz G. , Reeder Johannes , Steger Susanne
Published: March 2013

Besley and Coate (1995) analyse the impact of joint liability and social sanctions on repayment rates when repayment enforcement is imperfect. Motivated by the microfinance industry’s move towards markets, we conduct an equilibrium analysis of the Besley–Coate model. We find that individual loan contracts may be used in market equilibrium, even though group lending entails the higher repayment rate and the lower break-even interest rate. This is because group lending causes potentially large deadweight losses. The market equilibrium is possibly characterised by financial fragility, redlining or rationing. Cooperation between borrowers and social sanctions imposed on each other in the case of strategic default turn group lending into the equilibrium mode of finance and ameliorate the market failures.

JEL Classification: G21
Spectrum of Hemoglobinopathies Among the Primitive Tribes
Authors: Mohanty Dipika , Mukherjee Malay B. , Colah Roshan B. , Wadia Mahrukh , Ghosh Kanjaksha , Chottray Guru Prasad , Jain Dipty , Italia Yazdi , Ashokan Kumar S. , Kaul Rajni , Shukla Deepak K. , Muthuswamy Vasantha
Published: March 2013

We evaluated the spectrum of hemoglobinopathies among the primitive tribal groups from 4 states in India. A total of 15 200 individuals from 14 primitive tribal groups were studied by automated high-performance liquid chromatography. The hemoglobin S (HbS) allele frequency varied from 0.011 to 0.120 and the β-thalassemia allele frequency from 0.005 to 0.024. It is interesting to note that a very high HbS allele frequency was observed among the Dravidian (0.060-0.120) and Indo-European (0.060-0.076) as compared with Austro-Asiatic (0.011-0.022) speaking tribal groups. Although statistical analysis of the data did not show any ethnic differences within the states, regional differences were observed between the states for both HbS and β-thalassemia traits. HbS was found to be the most common hemoglobinopathy followed by β-thalassemia. A health plan for identifying sickle-cell homozygotes in the neonatal period with proper medical intervention is desirable.
Non-performing inclusion: A critique of the English Football Association’s Action Plan on homophobia in football
Authors: Bury Jonah
Published: March 2013

The English Football Association’s (FA’s) Action Plan entitled ‘Opening Doors and Joining In’, published in early 2012, aims to promote the inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGB&T) people and tackle homophobic abuse in football. The document is the latest example of the extent to which LGB&T inclusion and homophobia now feature on the FA’s radar. With a focus on men’s football, my purpose in this article is to focus on the prevalence, significance and implications of the many visual images in the FA Action Plan largely comprised of gay visibility in the form of gay football clubs and ‘diversity’ in the form of Black fe/males. I draw on the work of Ahmed ((2012) On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press) and argue that the FA’s employment of visibility and its discourse on commitment to LGB&T inclusion and tackling homophobia constitute ‘non-performative institutional speech acts’ and create the perception of ‘doing’. I conclude by offering practical suggestions on how to ameliorate homophobia in football, as well as providing a theoretical framework on how to study the increasing relevance of LGB&T inclusion and homophobia in the wider context of global football.
Nurse Leaders’ Perceptions of an Approaching Organizational Change
Authors: Salmela Susanne , Eriksson Katie , Fagerström Lisbeth
Published: March 2013

The aim of the study was to achieve more profound understanding of nurse leaders’ perceptions of an approaching organizational change. We used a three-dimensional hermeneutical method of interpretation to analyze text from 17 interviews. The results suggest that nurse leaders were positive toward and actively engaged in continual change to their units, even though they perceived themselves as mere spectators of the change process. The nurse leaders believed that change might benefit patients and patient care, yet their adaptation lacked deeper engagement. The approaching merger affected the nurse leaders’ identities on a deeply personal level. They experienced uneasiness and anxiety with regard to being nurse leaders, the future of nursing care, and their mandate as patient advocates. Nurse leaders are in a critical position to influence the success of organizational change, but the organizations covered in this study were not incorporating their knowledge and experiences into the change.
Breastfeeding Mothers’ Experiences
Authors: Regan Paul , Ball Elaine
Published: March 2013

We critically review qualitative research studies conducted from 2000 to 2012 exploring Western mothers’ breastfeeding experiences. We used the search criteria “breastfeeding,” “qualitative,” and “experiences” to retrieve 74 qualitative research studies, which were reduced to 28 when the terms “existential’’ and “research’’ were applied. We found that the impact of technology and the pervasive worldwide marketing of infant formula devalued breastfeeding mothers’ narratives in a number of ways. Women’s bodies were viewed as machine-like objects and the breast was seen as a disembodied object. Dominated by technological narrative, women’s bodies were considered unpredictable and hormonal, needing to be managed by health care professionals. This means the disseminating breastfeeding discourse needs to be reinterpreted for practical use. We found that some of the researchers utilized narrative informed by phenomenological philosophy that appears to edge closer to understanding mothers’ experiences in a more profound way than nonphenomenological research. However, we need to be mindful of the transparency of terms in replacing one form of technological narrative with another.
Healing After Torture
Authors: Isakson Brian L. , Jurkovic Gregory J.
Published: March 2013

The experience and sociocultural context of torture and its treatment have received little attention in the biopsychosocial model of Western mental health for survivors of torture. The main focus has been on the reduction of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and related conditions. Using grounded theory methodology, we investigated survivors’ perceptions of the nature and process of healing after torture. The participants included 11 adult refugee torture survivors (9 men and 2 women) from African and Asian countries. Their stories of healing centered on the role of “moving on” with their lives, which included aspects of cognitive reframing and empowerment. Reliance on belief and value systems, safety measures, and social support, despite continuing psychological and physical symptomatology, enabled the moving-on process. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Stress regime-dependent creep constitutive model considerations in finite element continuum damage mechanics
Authors: Hosseini E , Holdsworth SR , Mazza E
Published: March 2013

Structural analysis and the design of high-temperature components require the consideration of material inelastic deformation and damage accumulation characteristics for a wide range of stresses and temperatures. For many engineering alloys, the creep deformation/damage accumulation mechanism exhibited at high stresses are not the same as those at lower stresses. This article explains the importance of considering this stress regime dependency in the creep model formulations and introduces a new (primary–secondary–tertiary) creep model which considers a gradual change of creep deformation/damage accumulation mechanism with stress variation. Application of the new stress regime-dependent creep model formulation in finite element continuum damage mechanics to simulate creep deformation/damage accumulation in a series of creep crack incubation tests involving fracture mechanics compact tension specimens shows a good agreement with experimental observations which was not achievable by considering conventional single-regime creep model equations.
Gynecomastia Presenting as a Neck Mass
Authors: Rickard Kyle A. , Vemavarapu Lakshmi K. , Sahoo Sunati
Published: March 2013

The differential diagnoses of neck mass may include a wide spectrum of lesions ranging from cysts, inflammatory processes, benign and malignant tumors arising from skin, soft tissue, lymph nodes, endocrine glands, salivary glands to metastatic tumors. In adults, malignant non-thyroid neck masses are often metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecomastia, presenting as a mass or enlargement in its typical subareolar location is usually a straightforward diagnosis. Enlargement due to gynecomastia in locations other than subareola can pose diagnostic challenge. We describe a unique case of gynecomastia presenting as a neck mass in a patient who was diagnosed and treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.
Community Males Show Multiple-Perpetrator Rape Proclivity
Authors: Alleyne Emma , Gannon Theresa A. , Ciardha Caoilte Ó , Wood Jane L.
Published: March 2013

The literature on Multiple Perpetrator Rape (MPR) is scant; however, a significant proportion of sexual offending involves multiple perpetrators. In addition to the need for research with apprehended offenders of MPR, there is also a need to conduct research with members of the general public. Recent advances in the forensic literature have led to the development of self-report proclivity scales. These scales have enabled researchers to conduct evaluative studies sampling from members of the general public who may be perpetrators of sexual offenses and have remained undetected, or at highest risk of engaging in sexual offending. The current study describes the development and preliminary validation of the Multiple-Perpetrator Rape Interest Scale (M-PRIS), a vignette-based measure assessing community males’ sexual arousal to MPR, behavioral propensity toward MPR and enjoyment of MPR. The findings show that the M-PRIS is a reliable measure of community males’ sexual interest in MPR with high internal reliability and temporal stability. In a sample of university males we found that a large proportion (66%) did not emphatically reject an interest in MPR. We also found that rape-supportive cognitive distortions, antisocial attitudes, and high-risk sexual fantasies were predictors of sexual interest in MPR. We discuss these findings and the implications for further research employing proclivity measures referencing theory development and clinical practice.
Telling Tales at Work
Authors: Yang Chulguen (Charlie)
Published: March 2013

This article explores the adaptive functions of storytelling in the workplace from an evolutionary perspective. Based on the analysis of ethnographic studies on hunter-gatherer and modern work organizations, this article claims that storytelling, as an adapted cognitive device, was selectively retained by natural and sexual selection, because of its survival and reproductive payoff. The narrative production through storytelling is a natural coping mechanism and has been functional in both old and new ways of working life under different ecological conditions. This article also highlights underlying adapted psychological mechanisms of storytelling and discusses some evolutionarily informed practical implications and pedagogical applications.
Writing Self-Efficacy and Written Communication Skills
Authors: Mascle Deanna DeBrine
Published: March 2013

Writing is an essential professional skill. The goal of writing instruction in business communication classes is to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to successfully meet future writing challenges. However, many writers struggle to transfer skills and knowledge from one context to another. The primary reason for this struggle is that despite years of writing instruction, most people are highly apprehensive about writing and do not consider themselves “writers.” Writing instruction typically does little to lessen writing apprehension, but fostering writing self-efficacy can both diminish writing apprehension and further writing development.
Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Quality of Life in Children With ADHD
Authors: Yürümez Esra , Kılıç Birim Günay
Published: March 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the sleep behaviors, sleep problems and frequency, and relationship with psychiatric comorbidities in ADHD Combined type and to evaluate the effect of sleep problems on quality of life. Method: Forty-six boys, aged 7 to 13 years, with ADHD-combined type and 31 healthy boys were included. ADHD children were never treated for sleep or psychiatric disorders. Intelligence quotient (IQ) test scores were minimum 80, body mass index were normal and did not have medical disorders. Parents completed Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale and The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and participants were asked about sleep behaviors and were administered PedsQL and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results: The frequency of sleep problems in ADHD is 84.8%, higher than the control group ( p = .002). Evaluating PedsQL scores, the quality of life is worse in physical, psychosocial health, and total life quality ( p < .05). ADHD group with sleep problems have more night wakings than control group with sleep problems ( p = .02). The comorbidity do not increase sleep problems. The frequency of parasomnias is increased in group with learning disorders ( p = .05). Conclusion: The results of this study, which controls for a number of possible confounders found in previous examinations of ADHD and sleep, support the results of a number of other studies that have found an increased overall prevalence of parent-reported sleep disturbances in children with ADHD compared with healthy control participants. As the ADHD group have more night wakings than the control group through the night, it is thought that night wakings that cause a partitioned sleep may be important signs seen in ADHD. That could be suggested by two hypotheses. First one is that, daytime sleepiness is more common in ADHD and those children present excessive hyperactivity during the day to stay awake and the second one is the improvement of ADHD signs when the drugs for sleepiness are used. Usage of standardized and valid diagnostic criteria, exclusion of adolescence, gender, socioeconomic level, primary sleep problems, medical disorders and low IQ level, making allowances for effect of comorbidities and having compared with the control group are the important methodological features of this study. The most important limitation of this study is small sample size that makes the findings less generalizable to other groups of children with ADHD, and another one is not having used objective measurements together with subjective measurements. In conclusion, these results underscore the importance of screening all children who have a symptom constellation suggestive of ADHD for sleep problems that may either play a causative role or exacerbate the clinical appearance of ADHD in a given child. Correct evaluation and treatment of sleep problems increase the life quality of family and child and also decrease the severity of ADHD symptoms.
Environmental Stimulation Does Not Reduce Impulsive Choice in ADHD
Authors: Metin Baris , Roeyers Herbert , Wiersema Jan R. , van der Meere Jaap J. , Gasthuys Roos , Sonuga-Barke Edmund
Published: March 2013

Objective: The preference for sooner smaller over larger later rewards is a prominent manifestation of impulsivity in ADHD. According to the State Regulation Deficit (SRD) model, this impulsive choice is the result of impaired regulation of arousal level and can be alleviated by adding environmental stimulation to increase levels of arousal. Method: To test this prediction, we studied the effects of adding background “pink noise” on impulsive choice using a classical and new adjusting choice delay task in a sample of 25 children with ADHD and 28 controls. Results: Children with ADHD made more impulsive choices than controls. Adding noise did not reduce impulsive choice in ADHD. Conclusion: The findings add to the existing evidence on impulsive choice in ADHD, but no evidence is found for the SRD model’s explanation of this behavioral style. Alternative explanations for impulsive choice in ADHD are discussed.
An Empirical Evaluation of ADHD Coaching in College Students
Authors: Prevatt Frances , Yelland Sherry
Published: March 2013

Objective: This study evaluated a program for ADHD coaching in a sample of college students. Method: ADHD coaching was conducted with 148 college students over a 5-year period. The theoretical orientation combined cognitive-behavioral therapy with psychoeducational techniques. Executive functioning served as a way of viewing both initial problem areas and outcomes. Results: Clients who received an 8-week coaching program showed significant improvement in all 10 areas of study and learning strategies, on self-esteem, and on measures of symptom distress and satisfaction with school and work. These results were consistent across different semesters and time of semester, and with a variety of different coaches, all of whom were novice coaches. Conclusion: This study provides important preliminary information about ADHD coaching, including coaching structure, processes, efficacy, and correlates of positive outcomes. Additional evaluations utilizing a randomized controlled design are needed.
‘Y’ feel me?’ How do we understand the person with dementia?
Authors: Hughes Julian C
Published: March 2013

As dementia progresses problems of understanding emerge. Eventually spoken language can be lost. And yet, even into the severer stages of dementia, close carers can often understand the person in a variety of ways. Loss of language is not just a practical problem. It raises philosophical issues too. As Wittgenstein suggested, understanding entails grasping a form of life. Our understanding of agitated, pacing behaviour is similarly based on a unique history, on culture, on context. Hence, a philosophy gestures at the foundations of care. There is the potential to feel the person’s meaning, even when it cannot be spoken. This is not simply by means of an alternative to language. The philosophy suggests that our engagement with the person is through and through. Understanding anyone is more like an aesthetic judgement than a cognitive act.
Evaluation of an education intervention to implement a capability model of dementia care
Authors: Cooke Marie , Moyle Wendy , Venturato Lorraine , Walters Caroline , Kinnane Jo
Published: March 2013

This paper outlines an intervention protocol used to educate carers in a project that implemented and evaluated a capability model of dementia care (CMDC) in three long-term aged care facilities. It outlines an evaluation of the content of the education and processes used to deliver the intervention through an analysis of surveys and reflective field notes. The education protocol was designed for adult learners and grounded in the six assumptions of Knowles' learning theory. Results suggest the education protocol positively impacted on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of participants towards providing quality dementia care to residents in long-term care. The paper also acknowledges the challenges involved in sustaining a practice change through an educational intervention.
Repetitive and Stereotypic Phenomena and Dementia
Authors: Cipriani Gabriele , Vedovello Marcella , Ulivi Martina , Nuti Angelo , Lucetti Claudio
Published: March 2013

Background:

Behavioral disturbances of dementia, such as repetitive and stereotypic phenomena, can be distressing to caregivers and may lead to early institutionalization of the patient.

Objective:

The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenon of repetitive phenomena in patients with dementia.

Methods:

We searched the PubMed electronic databases for original research and review articles on repetitive phenomena in patients with dementia using the search terms “repetitive behavior, stereotypic behavior, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Frontotemporal dementia.”

Results:

Repetitive and stereotypic phenomena are common problems in dementia, which may reflect a disruption of coordinated function within the basal ganglia or corticostriatal structures.

Conclusions:

There are no systematic studies concerning repetitive phenomena in patients with dementia, and very little is known about the treatment. Further studies are needed to determine the specific phenomena.
Multidimensional Analysis of the Abnormal Neural Oscillations Associated With Lexical Processing in Schizophrenia
Authors: Xu Tingting , Stephane Massoud , Parhi Keshab K.
Published: March 2013

The neural mechanisms of language abnormalities, the core symptoms in schizophrenia, remain unclear. In this study, a new experimental paradigm, combining magnetoencephalography (MEG) techniques and machine intelligence methodologies, was designed to gain knowledge about the frequency, brain location, and time of occurrence of the neural oscillations that are associated with lexical processing in schizophrenia. The 248-channel MEG recordings were obtained from 12 patients with schizophrenia and 10 healthy controls, during a lexical processing task, where the patients discriminated correct from incorrect lexical stimuli that were visually presented. Event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) was computed along the frequency, time, and space dimensions combined, that resulted in a large spectral–spatial–temporal ERD/ERS feature set. Machine intelligence techniques were then applied to select a small subset of oscillation patterns that are abnormal in patients with schizophrenia, according to their discriminating power in patient and control classification. Patients with schizophrenia showed abnormal ERD/ERS patterns during both lexical encoding and post-encoding periods. The top-ranked features were located at the occipital and left frontal–temporal areas, and covered a wide frequency range, including δ (1-4 Hz), α (8-12 Hz), β (12-32 Hz), and γ (32-48 Hz) bands. These top features could discriminate the patient group from the control group with 90.91% high accuracy, which demonstrates significant brain oscillation abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia at the specific frequency, time, and brain location indicated by these top features. As neural oscillation abnormality may be due to the mechanisms of the disease, the spectral, spatial, and temporal content of the discriminating features can offer useful information for helping understand the physiological basis of the language disorder in schizophrenia, as well as the pathology of the disease itself.
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children
Authors: McMurray Robert G. , Ondrak Kristin S.
Published: March 2013

Considerable evidence has accrued that cardiovascular disease (CVD) has its beginnings during childhood, with some reports of endothelial damage occurring in early adolescence. Thus, early prevention and intervention on developing cardiometabolic risk factors is important. Presently, diet and exercise are strategic parts of any CVD prevention or treatment program. Although diet is important, the effects of exercise training or regular moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity go beyond simply modifying the traditional risk factors. For children, the majority of studies show that regular physical activity can lower elevated blood pressure, positively influence lipid profiles, reduce inflammation, and improve vascular functioning. These changes are most evident in children who exercise and lose weight. Despite these potential benefits of physical activity, not all studies on children have found positive effects of habitual physical activity on CVD risk factors. Reasons for these differences are discussed throughout this review. The literature also suggests that habitual physical activity, although meeting guidelines, may not be sufficient for all individuals to bring about changes; thus, to be an effective modality physical activity needs to increase beyond habitual levels or be of a moderate to vigorous intensity. This review provides recent evidence (since 2008) regarding the influence of physical activity on the cardiometabolic risk factors in children.
Social research in sport (and beyond): Notes on exceptions to informed consent
Authors: Fleming Scott
Published: March 2013

Over the last two decades sport-related research has become increasingly influenced by ethical propriety and institutional governance. Whilst there has been thorough consideration of biomedical and associated research in sport and exercise, social research in sport studies has received less attention. In this article, following a brief contextualization of the current climate for research ethics discourse, the planks of an argument for social research in sport without informed consent are addressed. Dealing with ideas linked to ecological validity, impracticality, averting alarm, public interest and ‘leaving only footprints’, a case is made based on two important questions: (a) is the research useful?; and (b) are other research methods available that are fit-for-purpose and allow informed consent to be secured? If the answers are ‘yes’ and ‘no’, respectively, the case should be considered. In such instances the principle of ‘McFee’s friends’ serves as an important source of guidance for researchers.
Author Reply: Coregulation is a State of a Temporal Interpersonal Emotion System
Authors: Butler Emily A. , Randall Ashley K.
Published: March 2013

People in an emotional exchange form a temporal interpersonal emotion system (TIES), in which their emotions are interconnected over time (Butler, 2011). These systems can be in various states, defined by the pattern of emotional interconnections. We have defined coregulation as one such state involving coupled dampened oscillations between partners’ emotions that converge on a stable level. Coregulation could be distinguished from other states, such as stress buffering, by comparing statistical models that represent the theoretical distinctions between states. Optimal data for such modeling includes assessments of both partners’ emotions over time and a contrast between securely attached partners, strangers, and being alone. Research of this sort is needed to uncover the mechanisms by which emotional interdependence promotes well-being.
On the Causal Role of Appraisal in Emotion
Authors: Moors Agnes
Published: March 2013

Many appraisal theories claim that appraisal causes emotion. Critics have rejected this claim because they believe (a) it is incompatible with the claim that appraisal is a part of emotion, (b) it is not empirically supported, (c) it is circular and hence nonempirical, and (d) there are alternative causes. I reply that (a) the causal claim is incompatible with the part claim on some but not all interpretations of the causal claim and the part claim, (b) the lack of empirical support can be remedied, (c) there may even be ways to cope with the circularity problem, and (d) it is unclear to what extent the alternative causes differ from appraisal.
Comment: Appraisal Affords Flexibility to Emotion in More Ways Than One
Authors: Kuppens Peter
Published: March 2013

The appraisal theory formulations posited in this special section consider the appraisal process to afford flexibility to emotional responding by the malleability of how people appraise events. I argue that not only the way in which events are appraised but also the way in which appraisals drive changes in other emotion components is characterized by flexibility across persons and context. Accounting for such flexibility is crucial for the further development of appraisal theories and their application to other domains.
Author Reply: Appraisal is Transactional, Not All-Inclusive, and Cognitive in a Broad Sense
Authors: Moors Agnes
Published: March 2013

I reply to the comments of Parkinson (2013), and de Sousa (2013), discussing the transactional nature of appraisal, the presumably overinclusive definition of appraisal, and the cognitive nature of appraisal.
Appraisal in the Emotion System: Coherence in Strategies for Coping
Authors: Roseman Ira J.
Published: March 2013

Emotions can be understood as a coherent, integrated system of general-purpose coping strategies, guided by appraisal, for responding to situations of crisis and opportunity (when specific-purpose motivational systems may be less effective). This perspective offers functional explanations for the presence of particular emotions in the emotion repertoire, and their elicitation by particular appraisal combinations. Implications of the Emotion System model for debated issues, such as the dimensional vs. discrete nature of appraisals and emotions, are also discussed.
Severe Hyperkalemia During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Martin David P. , Gomez Daniel , Tobias Joseph D. , Schechter William , Cusi Carlos , Michler Robert
Published: March 2013

Hyperkalemia is considered a medical emergency as it can result in severe disturbances in cardiac rhythm and death. Although many causes of hyperkalemia exist, exogenous red blood cell transfusions are being recognized as the primary perioperative etiology. The authors report a case of severe intraoperative hyperkalemia associated with the use of allogeneic blood products (packed red blood cells), during a surgical mission to a developing country. The patient was undergoing repeat mitral valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and developed significant hyperkalemia with a serum potassium value of 9.9 mEq/L. Successful intraoperative therapies were instituted with a gradual reduction in the serum potassium value to 4.8 mEq, which allowed the patient to be weaned from CPB. The authors review the etiology of hyperkalemia in children including its relationship with allogeneic red blood cell transfusions and treatment modalities including specific therapies which can be instituted during CPB.
Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome, Right Aortic Arch, and Disconnected Left Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Solana-Gracia Ruth , Crossland David , Mitchell Leslie , Wren Christopher , Griselli Massimo
Published: March 2013

We present a rare case of a two-week-old infant with tetralogy of Fallot , absent pulmonary valve syndrome , right aortic arch, and disconnected left pulmonary artery (LPA) whose origin was from ductal ligament adjacent to the left subclavian artery. One-stage surgical correction, including closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD), LPA reconstruction and reconnection to the pulmonary trunk, reduction in size of the right pulmonary artery (RPA), and right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with valved conduit, was successfully performed with good clinical mid-term outcome.
Death by Late-Presenting Bochdalek Hernia in Infant Soon After Congenital Cardiac Repair
Authors: Chau Destiny , Srour Habib , Rolf Cristin , O’Connor William , Cumbermack Kristopher , Bezold Lou , Kozik Deborah , Plunkett Mark , Murphy Thomas J. , Hessel Eugene
Published: March 2013

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) presenting beyond the neonatal period is commonly perceived to be rare. With reported frequencies of 2.6% to 20% of all CDH, it may be an overlooked cause of mortality. Variable symptomatology makes its diagnosis challenging. We report the sudden death of a 3-month-old patient shortly after hospital discharge following congenital heart surgery. Autopsy findings associated the patient’s demise with migrated abdominal contents in the chest through a Bochdalek hernia defect. No indications of CDH existed before hospital discharge. Relevant issues pertaining to congenital heart disease, CDH, and importance of autopsy in this context are discussed.
Anatomically Corrected Malposition of the Great Arteries {S, D, L} With Left Juxtaposition of the Atrial Appendages in DORV: Influence on Surgical Approach
Authors: Awasthy Neeraj , Radhakrishnan S. , Sharma Rajesh
Published: March 2013

The case of an infant with double outlet right ventricle with anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries, bilateral infundibulum, and an echocardiographically routable ventricular septal defect (VSD) is presented. After numerous efforts to visualize the margins of the VSD, the best surgical exposure of the VSD was through the aorta. We believe this to be the first report of this phenomenon, which results from the left-sided position of the aorta and the presence of left juxtaposition of the atrial appendages.
Improved Long-Term Survival for Rheumatic Mitral Valve Repair Compared to Replacement in the Young
Authors: Remenyi Bo , Webb Rachel , Gentles Tom , Russell Peter , Finucane Kirsten , Lee Mildred , Wilson Nigel
Published: March 2013

Background:

Mitral valve (MV) repair offers potential advantages over replacement in patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). We present the first long-term study that compares MV repair with replacement in children with RHD.

Methods and Results:

Single institute retrospective review of patients with RHD under 20 years of age, who underwent their first isolated MV surgery between 1990 and 2006. Of the 81 patients, 98% were Māori or Pacific Islander. The median age was 12.7 (3-19) years. The MV was repaired in 59%, a mechanical valve replacement (MVR) took place in 35% and bioprosthetic valve replacement in 6% of the patients. Follow-up data were available for 91.4% of the patients with mean follow-up of 7.6 years (range 0-19.4 years), a total of 620 patient years. Actuarial survival at 10 and 14 years for patients with MVR was 79% and 44%, compared to 90% and 90% for patients who underwent repair ( P = .06). Actuarial freedom from late reoperation at 10 and 14 years for patients with MVR was 88% and 73%, compared to 76% and 76% for patients with repair ( P = .52). Actuarial freedom from thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic events at 10 and 14 years for patients with MVR was 63% and 45%, compared to 100% and 100% for patients with repair P < .01).

Conclusion:

This study shows that MV repair is superior to replacement for RHD in the young with follow-up to 19 years. Repair offers a survival advantage, greater freedom from valve-related morbidity, and long-term durability that equals that of MVR.
Congenital Heart Disease in Nigerian Children
Authors: Sadoh Wilson E. , Uzodimma Chinyere C. , Daniels Queennette
Published: March 2013

Background:

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood. We report on the spectrum of echocardiographically diagnosed CHD from three different centers across Nigeria.

Methods:

Over a period of 42 months, children who were referred for echocardiographic evaluation in the centers located in three large metropolitan cities were consecutively recruited if they were confirmed to have identifiable CHD. Data were collected on age, gender, and types of CHD and analyzed using SPSS 16 (Chicago, Illinois,).

Results:

A total of 605 children were recruited, their mean age was 2.1 ± 3.5 (range 0-17) years, and 296 (48.9%) were males. Nearly half (42.5%) had echocardiographic diagnosis of their CHD within the first year of life. Only 17% of the diagnoses were made in the neonatal age group. Acyanotic CHDs were more common than the cyanotic heart diseases (82.8% vs 17.2%). The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect (VSD; 46.6%) followed by patent ductus arteriosus (12.1%), atrial septal defect (8.7%), atrioventricular septal defect (8.2%), and tetralogy of Fallot (7.8%). More than half of the VSDs were perimembranous (55.1%) followed by outlet VSD (23.8%), muscular (10.7%), and inlet VSD (9.6%). Only 42 (6.9%) of the entire study population had definitive intervention.

Conclusion:

The VSD is the most prevalent CHD in Nigerian children. There is increasing awareness, availability, and use of diagnostic facilities as mirrored in the age distribution of the children. However, access to definitive surgery is poor and draws attention to the urgent need for affordable surgical facilities in the country.
Fetal Complete Common Atrioventricular Canal Defect
Authors: Adebo Dilachew , Louis James St. , Prosen Tracy , Sivanandam Shanthi
Published: March 2013

Background:

We describe in utero anatomic evolution and postnatal outcome of complete common atrioventricular canal defect (CCAVCD).

Methods:

Retrospective data on 31 fetuses with CCAVCD were analyzed. We reviewed prenatal and postnatal echocardiograms, karyotype, and postnatal outcomes.

Results:

A total of 20 fetuses had complete data, 18 with serial fetal echocardiograms and postnatal data and 2 terminations. At initial examination, isolated CCAVCD was seen in 12 (67%) fetuses while 6 (33%) were associated with heterotaxy syndrome. On follow-up, 4 fetuses (22%) had spontaneous closure of the inlet ventricular septal defect (VSD) component of the CCAVCD, seen both at 30 to 35 weeks of gestation and on postnatal echocardiograms. These 4 fetuses had previously demonstrated CCAVCD between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation. A total of 15 (83%) patients underwent operative correction, 10 with isolated complete atrioventricular septal defect and 5 with heterotaxy had surgical repair. Four infants in whom spontaneous intrauterine closure of the VSD component was observed had no VSD noted at surgery and underwent closure of primum atrial septal defect and repair of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve cleft.

Conclusions:

Our data demonstrate that CCAVCD diagnosed during fetal life is not a static anomaly. In our series, an inlet VSD less than 4 mm and Rastelli type A anatomy (AV valve attachment to septal crest) during second trimester may evolve during third trimester by formation of AV sulcus pouch and spontaneous closure of the VSD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report such anatomic evolution of CCAVCD in the fetus. This information is vital for appropriate counseling for expectant parents.