bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
İslamî Bankacılığın Merkez Bankalarının Zorunlu Karşılık Uygulaması İle Faize Bulaşması
Authors: Güler Mehmet Nuri
Published: August 2022

Makalenin zeminini, kapitalist toplumların toplum dışı piyasa ekonomilerindeki Bankalar ile bankaların bankası olan Merkez Bankası oluşturmaktadır. Bankalar, “para ticareti” yapmakta ve kârı, kredi müşterisinden aldığı faiz ile mudisine ödediği faiz arasındaki fark olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Merkez Bankası, “fiyat istikrarı”nı sağlamayı temel amaç edinmiştir. Ülkenin amaçladığı toplam hâsıla, fiyatlar ve enflasyon hedeflerine ulaşması için çalışmaktadır. Bankalar, Türkiye’de 19/10/2005 kabul tarihli ve 5411 kanun numaralı Bankacılık Kanunu ile, Merkez Bankası da, 14/1/1970 kabul tarih ve 1211 kanun numaralı Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Kanunu ile düzenlenmiştir. Merkez Bankası, temel amacına ulaşmak için para politikası araçlarından biri olan “zorunlu karşılıklar”ı uygulamaktadır. Zorunlu Karşılıklar Uygulaması ise, Türkiye’de Merkez Bankası Kanunu’nun 2013/15 sayılı Zorunlu Karşılıklar Hakkında Tebliğ (Tebliğ)’ine göre yapılmaktadır.
İslâmî Bankacılık ile ilgili, telifler, tercümeler, makaleler, yüksek lisans ve doktora çalışmaları bulunmaktadır; ancak bunlar, mikroekonomi analizlerinden olup, makroekonomi analizler değildirler. Bu yüzden, İslâmî Bankacılığın banka sistemi içerisinde makroekonomi analizine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak için makalenin araştırma konusu, “İslâmî Bankacılığın Merkez Bankalarının Zorunlu Karşılık Uygulaması ile Faize Bulaşması” olmuştur.
Buna göre, araştırmanın amacı, İslâmî Bankacılığın Merkez Bankaları ile ilişkisinin makroekonomi analizini yapıp İslâmî Bankacılığın faize bulaşıp bulaşmadığını belirlemek olmaktadır.
İslâmî Bankacılık, Mikroekonomi işleyişe göre İslâm Hukuku’na ters düşmemekle beraber, İslâmî Bankacılığın banka sisteminde Makroekonomi işleyişinde İslâm Hukuku’na göre faize bulaştığı görülmekte ve böylece İslâm Hukuku’na ters düşmektedir.
Makalenin önemi, İslâmî Bankacılığın İslâm Hukuku’na göre faize bulaşmışlığını ortaya koyma girişimi olmaktadır. Bunun neticesinde Müslümanlar, İslâmî Bankacılığın meşru olup olmadığı görüşlerini bina edecekleri bir temele kavuşacaklardır. Böylece, İslâmî Bankaya para yatıran kimseler makroekonomi düzeyde sistemin nasıl işlediğini bilebilecekler ve meşruiyet sorunu için verilen farklı fetvaları değerlendirilebilecektir.
Araştırmanın yöntemi “tarama metodu” ile “analitik (çözümsel) metod” olup, araştırmanın anahatları ise, bir Giriş ve dört kısımdan meydana gelmektedir.
Basra Şehrinin Kurucusu Utbe b. Gazvân'ın Hayatı ve Faaliyetleri
Authors: Usluer Mehmet
Published: August 2022

Hz. Muhammed’in (s.a.v.) tebliğ ettiği İslâm mesajı, Mekke toplumunun farklı kesimlerine mensup bazı kimseler tarafından olumlu karşılık bulmuştu. Bu çağrıyı ilk kabul edenler arasında Utbe b. Gazvân da yer almaktaydı. Mekke’de bu daveti kabul edenler, baskı, işkence ve öldürülme ile karşı karşıya kaldıkları gibi hicret etmek zorunda da bırakıldı. Utbe, yaşanan bu zorlu süreçte Hz. Muhammed ile beraber hareket etti. Hicret kaçınılmaz hale geldiği zaman Hz. Muhammed’den sonra Medine’ye yerleşti. Hicretin ikinci yılında savaşmaya dair izni alan Müslümanların safında okçu vasfıyla birçok gazve ve seriyyeye katıldı. Hz. Muhammed’in vefatından sonra ise Ömer b. Hattâb’ın halifeliği döneminde fetih hareketlerine katıldığı gibi, Basra Şehri’nin kurucu valisi olarak da görev yaptı. Daha önce yeni bir şehir kurma deneyimi olmayan Müslümanların kurduğu ilk şehir olan Basra, bu açıdan önem arz etmektedir. Utbe b. Gazvân’ın hayat hikâyesinin bilinmesi, aynı zamanda Müslümanların şehir kurmalarına dair perspektifin anlaşılması noktasında da katkı sunacaktır.
Mısır'ın İşgal Sürecine (1798-1801) Dair Bir Kaynağın Tercümesi: Mustafa Behcet Efendi ve Târîh-i Mısır Adlı Eseri
Authors: İçaçan Hande Meliha
Published: August 2022

Geçmişten günümüze önemli merkezlerden biri olma niteliğini koruyan Mısır, 16. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nin bir parçası haline gelmiş, fakat yalnızca iki asır kadar sonra beynelmilel bir soruna dönüşmüştür. Zamanla farklılaşan yapısı sebebiyle önemsenmiş ve Mısır özelinde birçok çalışma kaleme alınmıştır. Bunlar arasında kronikler ayrı bir yere sahiptir. Zira hadiselerin kronolojik bir sırayla gün gün kaleme alındığı bu eserler tarihin daha iyi tasvir edilebilmesinde tarihçilerin en nadide kaynakları arasındadır. Mısır hakkında kaleme alınan kroniklerin ikisi Mısırlı bir tarihçi olan Abdurrahman el-Cebertî’ye (v. 1825) aittir. Bunlardan ilki genel bir Mısır tarihi olan Acâ’ibü'l-Âsâr fi't-Terâcîm ve'l-Ahbâr, diğeri ise 1798 yılında Fransızlar’ın Napolyon Bonapart önderliğinde Mısır’a gerçekleştirdikleri sefere odaklanan Mazharu't-Takdîs bi-Zehâbi Devleti'l-Fransîs’dir.
Tamamlanmasının ardından III. Selim Mazharu't-Takdîs’in Türkçe’ye kazandırılmasını istemiş ve böylece eser Mustafa Behcet Efendi (v. 1834) tarafından kısa süre içerisinde tercüme edilmiştir. Târîh-i Mısır ismiyle bilinen bu tercüme Cerîde-i Havâdis’de yayımlanmış ve defaatle istinsah edilmiştir ki çalışmamız sırasında bu nüshalardan on dördünü tespit ettik ve on ikisini temin ederek inceleme fırsatı bulduk. Böylece çalışmamız kapsamında Târîh-i Mısır’ın genel yapısını tahlil etmeyi ve eserin ilmî kıymetini ortaya koymayı amaçladık.
Araştırmamızın temelini Târîh-i Mısır teşkil etmekle birlikte, çalışmamızda öncelikle Cebertî ve Behcet Efendi’nin hayatı ve eserlerine kısaca yer verdik. Ardından tercümenin nüshaları, yazılış sebebi ve tarihi, muhtevası, yazım usulü, edebî özellikleri, noksanlıkları ve ilmî kıymeti gibi hususiyetlerini detaylandırdık.
دور المجلس العلمي الأعلى بالمغرب في ضبط الفتاوى ومواجهة مشكلات الحياة المعاصرة
Authors: Çetin Esma
Published: August 2022

تتميز المملكة المغربية عن باقي البلدان الإسلامية بميزة خاصة، ألا وهي إمتلاك الملك فيها مهمة دينية الى جانب مهمته السياسية، حيث يتولى رئاسة المجلس العلمي الأعلى، الذي يعتبر الجهة الوحيدة المؤهلة لإصدار الفتاوى الدينية، ويتولّى دراسةَ القضايا التي تُعرض عليه خاصة القضايا الفقهية المستجدة ويحاول ايجاد الحلول لها بالاعتماد على المذهب المالكي.
تم تنظيم ماهية مؤسسات الإفتاء المغربية الرسمية التابعة لوزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية ومهامها وأصول عملها من خلال سلسلة من القوانين. والغرض من هذه التعديلات هو حماية القيم الأخلاقية والثوابت الدينية وإيجاد حلول للقضايا المستجدة. وقد تسارعت وتيرة التعديلات الإصلاحية خاصة بعد الأحداث الإرهابية الأليمة التي مست مدينة الدار البيضاء مما أدى إلى اكتسابها أبعادًا جديدة.
وقد نشر المجلس العلمي الأعلى كتاب "فتاوى الهيأة العلمية المكلفة بالإفتاء"، متضمنا 52 جوابا فقهيا مختارا للاراء الفقهية المنشورة للفترة الممتدَّة بين 2004 – 2012 حول القضايا ذات الطابع العام. وتكشف متون الفتاوى في هذا الكتاب عن أهمية هذه الهيئة في بيان الأحكام الشرعية حول مختلف النوازل المعروضة عليها وتنوع الأسئلة الموجهة إليها، وعن المسائل المعاصرة المرتبطة بمشكلات الحياة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تتيح متون أسئلة الفتاوى لنا فرصة تحليل طبيعة المشاكل ذات الاولوية التي يعاني المجتمع منها وأبعادها المختلفة.
ولإجل فهم أهمية هذا المجلس في ضبط وتنظيم الامور الدينية المستجدة في المملكة المغربية، ينبغي دراسة هذا المجلس من زوايا مختلفة، وهو ما اهتمت به هذه الدراسة، حيث سنتناول في هذه المقالة تعريف البنية الهيكلية للمجلس العلمي الأعلى الرسمية كمؤسسة وتحليل كتاب الفتاوى المذكور عامة ومناقشة دور المجلس في إصدار الفتاوى. بالاضافة إلى أن يتناول فعاليته المؤسسية في المشاكل المعاصرة
A War Tactician: K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd
Authors: Gökalp Hüseyin
Published: August 2022

K̲h̲ālid was an extraordinary warrior and commander who lived in 7th century and led Muslim armies against Romans and Sassanids. He managed to fight against two great power of the day at the same time in an unusual way. Just flashing back to his childhood or youth to understand his military carrier is not sufficient. His membership to brave Arab tribes or his desert environment also does not give necessary information to explain his professional diplomatic attempts, detailed field plans, and elegant army order on the battlefields. We will try to make some inferences about his career by examining his tactics in the context of his military activities during the Caliph Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq period.
The Caliph Abū Bakr had a clear vision and strategy for conquests, and he was trusting his commanders by giving them space to lead the armies, not interfering in all details. He had also analyzed the sociology of the region well. K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd portrays a successful commander who does not interfere with the general politics of the caliph but is very meticulous in applying his orders to the field. On the other hand, the Caliph 'Umar ibn-al-Khaṭṭâb unlike Abū Bakr, wanted to manage all the details on the battlefields. For this reason, although K̲h̲ālid had a successful period with Abū Bakr, he could not work with ‘Umar for a long time.
K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd's originality is that each war is unlike the previous one and develops shocking tactics. He didn't have a standard tactic, and his moves were not familiar and predictable. He could even apply different methods in similar situations. The way he started and ended wars subverted the tactics of the enemy Arab, Roman, and Persian armies. In general, the battles he managed were lasting shorter than expected. He easily sensed the weak points of enemy commanders and soldiers such as pride or fear and could use these weaknesses well. In this article, we will revisit some examples and try to analyze the tactics K̲h̲ālid used during his military career caused the fall of the Sassanid Iraq and damaged the Roman Levant
The First Governor of Mecca: ʿAttāb b. Asīd, His Life and Political Activities
Authors: Eskin Ümit
Published: August 2022

History, while talking about the main actor, the human being,While talking about the leading actor, the human being, history selects and distinguishes people who greatly influence humanity rather than ordinary life stories and depicts these individuals according to the most salient features of their lives and characters. It describes Abel as oppressed, Kabul as cruel, Alexander as a commander, Diogenes as a philosopher, and Ibrāhīm as an admonisher, Nimrod as a dictator. Similarly, it classifies the Companions of the Prophet as the pioneers in their spheres of influence, particularly regarding their virtues. Among them is ʿAttāb b. Asīd. His appointment to the office of governor is a notable development and the mission he undertakes has great importance. He was chosen as the governor of Mecca at a young age when he had just converted to Islam. The appointment of one of the young people of Ḳurays̲h̲ as a leader rather than the prominent Companions while disregarding the question of tribe affiliation is a factor that should be carefully examined. What were the possible causes and consequences of the Prophet having made this appointment? In addition, a study of his life can be used as a basis to answer questions such as whether or not this appointment had a role in forming the basis of the view in Islamic political history that “Imams are from Ḳurays̲h̲.” In this study, the reasons for the election of the first governor of Mecca, its effect on the general public, and its reverberations in Islamic history will be discussed based on the available sources.
Arap Dili Gramerinde “Hilâfu’l-Asl” ve Gramerdeki Örnekleri
Authors: Turgut Abdülhamit
Published: August 2022

Arap dili gramerinin yaygınlaşmasına katkı sağlayan ve Arap gramerinde kural dışı olarak tanımlanan hilâfu’l-asl kavramının asıl çıkış sebebi, gramercilerin nahiv usullerinden biri sayılan semaʿa çok önem vermeleri nedeniyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Fakat bu semaʿ yoluyla gelen malzeme, nahivcilerin bu kavramı çok dikkatli kullanmaları nedeniyle nahiv kaidelerinde herhangi bir karışıklığa sebep olmamıştır. Bilakis bu köklü kavram, hilâf ve mücadele alanı olduğundan görüşlerin ve ilmi içtihatların çokluğu nedeniyle daha sonra büyük bir dilbilimsel mirasa neden olmuştur. Hilâfu’l-asl kavramı bir gramer konusu olarak yeni, fakat konuyla alakalı genel bilgiler şeklinde ele alındığında eskidir. Zira klasik dilciler, bu konunun kapsamına girecek malumattan bahsetmişlerdir. Fakat bu malumat belli bir konu çerçevesinde ele alınmamış kitapların arasında dağınık bir şekilde yer almıştır. Çalışmamızda hilâfu’l-asl’ı bir konu bütünlüğünde ele alarak kavramın genel anlamını, ortaya çıkış sebeplerini nahivdeki bütün konuları kapsadığından, örnek olarak mecrûrattan cer harfiyle mecrûr olan isim, meczûmattan muzari’ fiil, merfuâttan mübtedâ ve mansûbattan örnek olarak mefûlün bih ele alınmıştır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Sıfatın İşlevi ve Manaya Katkısı
Authors: Doğan Mehmet Zeki
Published: August 2022

Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i doğru okumak ve anlamak için Arapçanın temel kurallarını belirleyen nahiv ilmini iyi bilmek gerekir. Zira nahiv ilmi bilinmeden belâgat ve fesâhat gibi birçok yönden mu‘ciz olan Kur’ân’ın tam anlaşılması mümkün değildir. Bundan dolayı âlimler, nahiv ilminin temel kurallarını ortaya koymuşlardır. Böylece nahiv ilmi, Kur’ân’ın anlaşılmasında daha ilk dönemlerden itibaren önemli bir konuma sahip olmuş ve bu alanda filolojik nitelikli birçok müstakil tefsir çalışması yapılmıştır. Nahiv ilminin en önemli konularından biri sıfattır. Çünkü sıfatın cümle içerisindeki konumu ve manaya katkısı gibi önemli birçok işlevi bulunmaktadır. Sıfatın cümle içerisindeki bu önemli işlevleri, Kur’ân’ın doğru anlaşılmasında da büyük bir role sahip olmaktadır. Zira Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i anlamada sıfatın tahsîs, tavdîh, medh, zem, te’kîd, terahhum, mübâlağa, taʻmîm ve tafsîl gibi pek çok işlevi vardır. Kur’ân’ı anlamada sıfatın söz konusu önemli işlevlerinden dolayı çalışmamızda öncelikle sıfat kavramına kısaca temas edilmiştir. Ardından sıfatın temel hükümleri ve sıfatın çeşitleri ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra da Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i anlamada sıfatın tahsîs, tavdîh, medh, zem, te’kîd, terahhum, mübâlağa, taʻmîm ve tafsîl gibi önemli işlevleri ele alınmıştır.
Batı’da İslam Çalışmalarına Farklı Bir Yaklaşım: Macar Asıllı Alman Oryantalist Miklos Muranyi ve Yöntemi
Authors: Kızılkaya Yılmaz Rahile , Uğurlu Abdülhamit
Published: August 2022

Oryantalizmin güçlü ekollerinden birisi hiç şüphesiz Alman oryantalizmidir. İslâm’ın temel kaynaklarının tamamına hayli eleştirel yaklaşan ve Alman oryantalizmin öncülerinden kabul edilen Ignaz Goldziher (öl. 1921), Josef Horovitz (öl. 1931) ve Joseph Schacht’ın (öl. 1969) İslâm ilimleri alanında son asırlarda ciddi mesailer harcadıkları, fikir ve iddialarıyla önemli temsilciler yetiştirdikleri bilinmektedir. Özellikle kendilerinden sonraki araştırmacıları metodoloji, iddia, kaynakları kullanma hususunda etkileyen bu ana akım oryantalistler dışında hem takip ettikleri yöntem hem de temel meselelere yaklaşım açısından farklı olan başka oryantalist araştırmacılar da vardır. Bu araştırmacılar arasında çalışmalarında uyguladığı metodoloji ve Müslümanların kaleme aldıkları eserleri etkin bir şekilde kullanmak suretiyle diğer oryantalistlerden ayrılan Macar asıllı Alman bilim adamı Miklos Muranyi’yi bilhassa zikretmek gerekir.
Hadislerin konu edindikleri dönemler hakkında tarihî birer malzemeden ibaret olduğu yönündeki kabulüyle içinden çıktığı oryantalist gelenekten önemli izler taşıyan muasır araştırmacı Muranyi, selefleri kadar şüpheci davranmamaktadır. Hicrî II. ve III. yüzyıllara ait yazma eserlerin ortaya çıkarılmasında büyük emeği bulunan Muranyi’nin kaleme aldığı eserler, gerek hadis tarihi açısından gerekse fıkıh ilmine yönelik hayli önemli sayılabilecek muhtevaya ve iddialara sahiplerdir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Muranyi’nin içinden çıktığı gelenekten farklılaşan yönlerini tespit edilebilmek için Alman oryantalizmi hakkında kısaca bilgi verildi. Daha sonra sırasıyla Muranyi’nin hayatı ve çalışmaları üzerinde duruldu, onu oryantalist paradigma içerisinde farklı kılan hususlara temas edildi. Muranyi’nin mesaisinin büyük bir kısmını teksif ettiği erken dönem musannefâtı hakkındaki görüşlerine yer veren bu makale, onun incelemelerinin merkezinde konumlandırdığı Muvatta’ ve telifine dair tespit ve kanaatleriyle son bulmaktadır.
İbâdiyye'nin Hâricîliğe İsnadı Meselesi
Authors: Yoldaş Mehmet Hanifi , Kubat Mehmet
Published: August 2022

Sıffîn savaşı esnasında Muâviye ve Amr b. As’ın Tahkîm’e gitme önerisinin Halife Hz. Ali tarafından kabulü onun ordusunda bölünmeye yol açtı. Bu bölünme neticesinde makâlât türü kaynakların “Havâric” olarak adlandırdığı, İbâdîlerin ise “Muhakkimetü’l-Ûlâ” dedikleri ilk fırkalaşma hareketi başlamış oldu. Hicrî 64/684 yılında Muhakkimetü’l-Ûlâ’nın parçalanması ve sonrasında meydana gelen fırkaların hepsi Mezhepler Tarihçileri tarafından genel bir değerlendirme ile Hâricîliğin alt kolları olarak kabul edildi. Yapılan tanımlamalarda Ezârika, Necedât, Acâride, Sufriyye, Beyhesiyye ve diğer Hâricî fırkalar sertlik yanlısı ve aşırıya kaçanlar olarak vasıflandırıldı. İbâdîler ise Hâricîliğin günümüze kadar yaşayan mutedil fırkası olarak kabul edildi. Bu niteleme ile İbâdiyye Hâricî fırkalardan biri olarak konumlandırılmış oldu. Şiddet taraftarı Hâricî fırkalardan hiçbiri varlığını sürdüremezken İbâdiyye’nin günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirmesinin temel sebebinin görüşlerindeki itidal olduğu söylenebilir. İbâdiyye’yi Hâricî olmakla itham eden müellifler, çeşitli konulardaki görüşlerinin benzerliğini delil gösterirler. Ancak bu iddialar İbâdîler tarafından kesin bir dille reddedilmektedir. Bu makalede İbâdî müelliflerin doğrudan kendi eserleri ekseninde benzer olduğu iddia edilen görüşler Hâricîlerin temel düşünceleriyle karşılaştırılarak bir sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılacaktır.
الخطاب الإسلامي المتجدد ومساهمته في ترسيخ الثوابت الدينية من المنظور القرآني
Authors: Hamitoğlu Ahmet
Published: August 2022

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى ترسيخ المفهوم الحقيقي للوسطية والاعتدال، لأن الرسالة السماوية جاءت واضحة المعالم، ألا وهو قول الله تعالى: ﴿وَكَذَلِكَ جَعَلْنَاكُمْ أُمَّةً وَسَطًا لِتَكُونُوا شُهَدَاءَ عَلَى النَّاسِ وَيَكُونَ الرَّسُولُ عَلَيْكُمْ شَهِيدًا وَمَا جَعَلْنَا الْقِبْلَةَ الَّتِي كُنْتَ عَلَيْهَا إِلَّا لِنَعْلَمَ مَنْ يَتَّبِعُ الرَّسُولَ مِمَّنْ يَنْقَلِبُ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ لَكَبِيرَةً إِلَّا عَلَى الَّذِينَ هَدَى اللَّهُ وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ لِيُضِيعَ إِيمَانَكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِالنَّاسِ لَرَءُوفٌ رَحِيمٌ ﴾[البقرة: 143]، حيث جاءت هذه الدراسة لتبيّن معنى الوسطية التي أمرنا الله سبحانه وتعالى بها، لأن العالم الإسلامي اليوم أبتعد كل البعد عن طريق الصواب في الخطاب الإسلامي الحقيقي الذي حدده القرآن الكريم في التعامل بين الناس، وبسبب هذا الابتعاد فقد ظهرت ظاهرة الخطاب العنصري المتشنج الذي يحمل أبعاداً طائفية، لذلك برزت الخلافات بين الأفراد والجماعات، وإنّ هذه الدراسة ركزت ومن خلال القرآن الكريم على معالجة هذا النوع من الخطاب المتشدد، ودعوة الناس للرجوع إلى أصل الخطاب القرآني الإسلامي المعتدل، سواء كان بين المسلمين أو مع غيرهم .
إن الوسطية تُحتِم علينا أن نكون أُمةً وسطى في كل تفاصيل حياتنا، سواء في السلم أو الحرب، مع الصديق أو مع العدو، فدعوة القرآن للوسطية أمر عام لم يقيده رب العزة بشيء معين، بل أكدت عليه الشريعة الإسلامية، ومن أوجَبِ ما يَجِبُ الاعتدال فيه مخاطبة الآخرين وإنصافهم وعدم تجريحهم في الكلام، فالخطاب الإسلامي اليوم كما يشهده العالم الإسلامي وغيره خطاب انعكس عن جادة الصواب، فأصبحنا نسمع دعوات التفرقة والطائفية والعنصرية من كل مكان وبحجة الحفاظ على ثوابت الدين الإسلامي، متناسين دعوة القرآن الكريم للوسطية والاعتدال.
إن دعوة القرآن الكريم للخطاب الإسلامي الجديد ما هي إلا دعوة للمحبة والتراحم وتقبل الآخر كما أكدت عليه القيم والمبادئ الشرعية، إن الإنسانية اليوم بحاجةٍ إلى خطابٍ يجمع ولا يفرق، يقرب ولا يباعد، يبشر ولا ينفر، يدعوا الجميع إلى كلمة سواء، ولا بأس أن يكون هناك اختلاف في وجهات النظر والتوجهات على أن لا ينعكس هذا الاختلاف على المودة والمحبة، فكما قيل (الاختلاف في الرأي لا يفسد في الود قضية)، وهذه الدراسة ستبيّن كيف كان القرآن الكريم داعياً ومؤيداً لتجديد الخطاب الإسلامي.
Survey of public exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields in the dwellings
Authors: Ghanbari Ghazal , Khodakarim Soheila , Eslami Akbar
Published: August 2022

Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are generated from indoor electrical appliances and wiring. In 2002, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified ELF magnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Therefore, the aim of this study as the first ever study conducted in Tehran was to survey the public exposure to ELF magnetic fields in dwellings, in 2018. Methods: In this study, 102 houses were selected using convenience sampling method. The magnetic field was measured based on the IEEE std 644-1994 standard using TES-1393 EMF tester. Spot measurements were done in three different rooms including kitchen, living room, and bedroom of each residential. Results: The average value of measurements taken in dwellings was 0.1 µT. There was a significant difference between total value of magnetic flux density and background level of magnetic flux density among 102 dwellings. There was also a non-significant difference among magnetic fields collected from kitchen, living room, and bedroom. The ELF magnetic fields collected from television and computer in different distances present that MFs decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the source. Conclusion: According to the statistical analysis, the average value of ELF magnetic field in Tehran, Iran, is the same as the recommended value provided by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
Drinking water resources criteria in emergencies and disasters: A systematic literature review
Authors: Zamani Aman Allah , Abbasi Hamid Reza , Alipour Vali , Peyravi Mahmoudreza , Shojaei Payam , Goli Ali , Mohammadinia Leila
Published: August 2022

Background: Disasters occur unexpectedly each year, killing thousands around the world. Millions are directly under the influence of the outcomes of these events and their survival depends on the immediate state and international aid. This supports should be obtained in early hours after disasters. The main important need after disasters is safe water supply, which along with providing shelter, medicine, and nutrition, is vital to prevent diseases. So, immediate actions are needed to replace suitable drinking water resources for affected people. Methods: This study was conducted in 2019 using Web of Science, PupMed, Springer, Scopus, Embase databases (from 2000 to 31 September 2019). The PRISMA guideline was used to compile the study. All articles included in this study were original articles, short communications, letters to editor, editorials, systematic reviews, and articles presented at conferences and international congresses on the main topic of the study. Only English full-text articles were included in this study. Results: According to the results, water resources supply in disasters and emergencies criteria were classified into 4 main and 30 sub-criteria. The main criteria include environmental, economic, technology performance, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water resources, which have 4, 2, 12, and 12 sub-criteria, respectively. Conclusion: This study intends to assist disaster service officials and decision makers and supervisors to plan for drinking water supply from area water resources, before the disaster and based on the history and geographical characteristics of the area, to take actions and meet the drinking water needs of the region.
Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentration at gas stations
Authors: Allahabady Ahmad , Yousefi Zabihollah , Ali Mohammadpour Tahamtan Reza , Payandeh Sharif Zohre
Published: August 2022

Background: Fuel stations are one of the major sources of air pollution with volatile organic compounds, especially the four main petrol compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). BTEX in gasoline enters the air of gas stations due to high evaporation of gasoline. Therefore, determining the concentration of these compounds in gas stations in crowded and busy cities is one of the important priorities of environmental health, which is doubly important in terms of its negative effects on health. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 39 samples were collected from 13 gas stations. Sampling was performed in autumn 2018 in three working shifts (morning, noon, and night). The method NIOSH-1501 (i.e., using charcoal sorbent tubes and SKC pump with a flow rate of 0.2 L/min) was used for sampling the BTEX compounds. The mean difference and correlation of BTEX compounds based on meteorological parameters and the number of nozzles in gas stations were assessed using one-way ANOVA and correlation tests. Results: The mean and standard deviation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations in the air of fuel stations were 2.784±1.461, 3.495±1.390, 2.091±0.811, and 1.140±0.419 mg/m3, respectively. The relationship between BTEX compounds and meteorological parameters such as humidity and exposure time is very important. There is a strong correlation between the concentrations of BTEX compounds. The highest correlation was observed between benzene and toluene and the lowest one was observed between benzene and xylene. In this study, no significant relationship was observed between air temperature and concentration of BTEX compounds, but there was a relationship between relative humidity and the concentration of BTEX compounds. Conclusion: The average benzene concentration in the air at the fuel stations was about 5.5 times the standard limit. Authorities should improve fuel quality and reduce its evaporation through engineering measures to overcome the issue.
Comparative investigation to analyse the critical role of NFE2L2 gene in heavy metal induced toxicity through in silico approaches
Authors: Garg Prekshi , Srivastava Neha , Srivastava Prachi
Published: August 2022

Background: Accumulation of heavy metals like copper, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, and cadmium are increasing day by day. Accumulation of these heavy metals poses serious threats to human health. Elemental toxicity percentage has been found to be increased day-by-day and creating different minor to major problems from tissue to the gene level. Different important gene expressions are altered due to the contamination of such heavy metals. The present study aimed to identify a common target gene that is involved in the toxicity of major heavy metals and to study the major impact of the gene on the concerned biological system. Methods: In the progression of the work, major genes involved in copper, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, and cadmium toxicity were listed through intense data curation, and a pathway showing the correlation and physical interaction of all the genes that were constructed using in-silico tools STRING and Gene Mania database. Further, functional and expression analysis of the discovered gene was done using in-silico tools like genome-wide association study (GWAS), genotype-tissue expression (GTEx), and RegulomeDB. Results: According to the network analysis, NFE2L2 was recognized as a common target involved in the above-mentioned heavy metals toxicity. Expression analysis revealed that the highest expression of NFE2L2 was observed in tissues of oesophagus, ovary, bladder, vagina, thyroid, and skin. Detailed investigation at the pathway level revealed that the involvement was importantly observed in immunodeficiency and developmental delay. Conclusion: The study opened a wide vision that the major target of such toxicants is various pathways of neurobiological distress and biological processes, and hence, it can be considered as a susceptible target for heavy metals-induced toxicity.
COVID-19 control management in central corona hospitals using SWOT and QSPM matrices: A case study in Kashan central hospitals
Authors: Hesami Arani Mohsen , Rezaei Kalantary Roshanak , Nasiri Mehnoosh , Mohammadzadeh Mahdiyeh , Salmani Arani Javad
Published: August 2022

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals have been the most important centers for the virus spread. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the management of infection control in central corona hospitals in Kashan using the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) matrix. Methods: The existing documents studied the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the organization identified by environmental health experts. The internal and external factors were identified as internal factor evaluation (IFE) and external factor evaluation (EFE) matrices, respectively, then, prioritized and weighted. In the next step, the SWOT matrix was formed and the type of used strategy by the organization was determined, and solutions to improve the current situation were presented by experts. Finally, the attractiveness table was compiled and weighted using the QSPM method to prioritize the proposed strategies. Results: After identifying 25 strengths, 28 weaknesses, 15 opportunities, and 13 threats, weighting was performed, the final score for internal and external factors was 2.6475 and 2.3825, respectively. The final strategy for implementing COVID-19 disease control in the studied hospitals was the Conservative Strategy (WO). Based on this, six control strategies were presented. The priority and attractiveness of each strategy were evaluated using the QSPM matrix. Finally, the strategy of "structuring the system and providing and upgrading the equipment and infrastructure facilities" was implemented as a priority. Conclusion: According to the results, the combination of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and QSPM methods can play an efficient role in identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in hospitals and further developing and prioritizing control strategies for this infectious disease.
Single and competitive adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by tea pulp from aqueous solutions
Authors: Pasgar Amin , Nasiri Alireza , Javid Neda
Published: August 2022

Background: Removal of heavy metals by bioadsorbents is one of the effective and inexpensive methods for water and wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of tea pulp in order to remove Cu+2 and Pb+2 metals in two states of adsorption (single element and two elements) from aqueous solutions. Methods: Experiments were performed on synthetic and real samples at ambient temperature. The effect of solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentration on single and competitive removal of copper metals and lead was studied. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were analyzed by pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, Elovich model and intraparticle diffusion, Freundlich and Langmuir equations, respectively. Results: The maximum adsorption capacity for copper and lead was observed at pH=5-8 and pH=4-8, respectively. Maximum adsorption capacity for copper and lead by tea pulp in single-element solution (single) was 37.17 and 48.54 mg/g and in two-element solution (competitive), was 28.41 and 43.47 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption reaction of heavy metals by tea pulp followed the Longmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Conclusion: Tea pulp as an inexpensive bioadsorbents is able to remove about one-third of the copper, and approximately, half of lead from aqueous solutions, so its use in the treatment of aqueous solutions will be beneficial.
The effect of economic factors on the quality of the environment in African countries: An application of panel quantile regressions
Authors: Jakada Aminu Hassan , Mahmood Suraya , Ahmad Ali Umar , Ibrahim Sani Ali , Turawa Yola Abdulnasir
Published: August 2022

Background: To mitigate the climate change, several researches have been conducted to determine the determinant factors of CO2 emissions. Nonetheless, a consensus was failed to reach yet on the issue because many of the previous studies did not deliberate the undetected individual heterogeneity across countries. The study aimed to investigate the effects of economic growth, foreign direct investment and financial development within the research background of seven leading African economies over the 49- year period from 1970 to 2019. Methods: In this study, the determinant factors of environmental quality were examined by employing a panel quantile regression. The advantage of the method is considering the distributional heterogeneity to provide a detailed description regarding the driving factors of carbon emissions. Results: It was revealed that the effects of determinants on CO2 emissions are heterogeneous. The quantile regression estimate describes that the influence of economic growth on CO2 emissions is positive and higher at the 50th quantile than in other classes of quantile. The effect of financial development on CO2 emissions is higher and positive at the 90th quantile compared to other categories of quantile. The FDI influence on CO2 emissions is heterogeneous across different quantiles and the coefficient is significant and larger at the 10th quantile than in all the other quantiles. Conclusion: In addition, the study recommends that environmental policies that minimize emissions should be enforced for the purpose of making the environment cleaner, FDI should be environmentally friendly, and relevant incentives are required to redirect private credits towards green projects and renewable energy development.
Comparing the performance of UV/Acetylacetone and UV/O3 processes for treatment of olive mill wastewater
Authors: Radmehr Roya , Rafiee Mohammad , Yazdanbakhsh Ahmadreza
Published: August 2022

Background: Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is characterized by its high organic content and refractory compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficiency of UV/O3 and UV/ acetylacetone (UV/AcAc) processes for treatment of pretreated OMW by coagulation/microfiltration (C&M) process. Methods: In this study, a laboratory-scale UV plug flow reactor with ancillary equipment was fabricated. The experimental factors including initial pH (5-9), O3 dosages (1.5-4.5 g/h), and AcAc concentrations (0.01-0.03 M) were measured. For both processes, a reaction time of 120 min was considered. The effect of these variables on removal of wastewater contaminants including BOD, COD, TSS, turbidity, phenol, oil, and grease were investigated. Results: Results showed that raw OMW has a high load of pollutants and very low biodegradability (BOD5 /COD=0.12). In UV/O3 process, the optimal conditions were obtained at pH 8 and ozone injection at 4 g/h. The combined C&M-UV/O3 process removed 78.75% COD, 46.66% BOD5 , 90.88% total phenol, 91.78% TSS, 99.14% oil and grease, and 98.38% turbidity, with promotion of BOD5 / COD from 0.12 to 0.33. In UV/AcAc process, the optimal conditions were achieved at pH 5 and AcAc concentration of 0.03 M. The combined C&M-UV/AcAc process removed 58.75% COD, 67.58% BOD5 , 38.03% total phenol, 83.50% TSS, 93.65% oil and grease, and 95.00% turbidity, with promotion of BOD5 / COD from 0.12 to 0.22. Conclusion: The results showed that the UV/O3 process is completely superior to the UV/AcAc process for removal of OMW contaminants, as well as promoting the biodegradability of OMW.
Seasonal variation of reservoir water quality: A case study of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria
Authors: Eneogwe Chukwuemeka , Sanni Ismaila Mohammed , Abubakar Alfa Umar , Abraham Idoko Apeh
Published: August 2022

Background: Reservoirs serve as fishing and domestic water resources for the people living around the catchment area. However, natural activities threaten the water quality, therefore, constant and proper monitoring of the reservoir is necessary. This study aimed to examine seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria. Methods: Water quality data of Kubanni reservoir, Zaria, Nigeria, for 7 years (January 2014 to December 2020) were collected and analyzed to understand the seasonal variation. Ten water quality parameters including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride (Cl- ), total Iron, nitrate (NO3-), and manganese (Mn) were analyzed. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to select the probability distribution which provides the best fit by EasyFit software. The functions included Weibull, Exponential, Fréchet, Gamma, Lognormal, and Normal. Seasonal variation was determined using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Results: The results showed that pH, EC, temperature, TDS and NO3- approach the Weibull distribution. Turbidity and total Iron approach the Fréchet distribution. Mn approaches the normal distribution, while DO and Cl- approach the Gamma distribution. The output of non-parametric Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s statistical criterion indicates a significant difference at 5% significance level between the pH and total Iron values recorded in both seasons. This suggests that season has an effect on the concentration of pH and total Iron. Conclusion: Out of the 10 parameters examined, pH and total Iron are climatologically influenced.
Determination of heavy metals including Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr in edible fishes Liza abu, Brachirus orientalis and attributed cancer and non-cancer risk assessment
Authors: Azadeh Afsaneh , Takdastan Afshin , Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard Nematollah , Babaei Ali Akbar , Alivand Soleyman
Published: August 2022

Background: Heavy metals are considered as pollutants polluting aquatic ecosystems because of their toxic effects and bioaccumulation in organisms. They can cause chronic poisoning when ingested by human. The present study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in the muscle tissue of Liza abu and Brachirus orientalis fish in Mahshahr, and also, to estimate the risk of muscle consumption of these fish. Methods: Forty samples of both fish species were randomly selected and after preparation and extraction and digestion processes, the metals were measured using ICP-OES Agilent Model 5100. Results: The mean concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr in the muscle tissue of the Liza abu fish were 0.616 ± 0.383, 1.227 ± 1.77, 0.076 ± 0.030, and 0.567 ± 0.267 mg/kg dry weight, and in the muscle tissue of the Brachirus orientalis fish were 0.846 ± 0.659, 0.515 ± 1.245, 0.061 ± 0.047, and 0.586 ± 0.548 mg/ kg dry weight, respectively. HI for Liza abu and Brachirus orientalis was 0.025 and 0.336, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the concentrations of Hg and Cr in the muscle tissue of Liza abu and Brachirus orientalis were slightly higher than some global standards such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). HQ index was below 1 for two fish species, meaning that there was no non-carcinogenic risk. In all samples analyzed, carcinogenic risk Cr was slightly above the permissible limit of 1×10-4 to 1×10-6 ،other metals were in this range.
Trend analysis of Humidex as a heat discomfort index using Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator statistical tests
Authors: Fallah Ghalhari Gholamabbas , Farhang Dehghan Somayeh , Asghari Mehdi
Published: August 2022

Background: The aim of this research was to assess the Humidex (HD) trends as a thermal discomfort index by analyzing meteorological data during a 30-year period of summertime in Iran. Methods: For this purpose, data regarding average temperature and relative humidity were collected daily from 40 different synoptic meteorological stations during a 30-year statistical period (1985-2014). The HD index was calculated based on temperature and relative humidity according to an equation introduced by Masterton and Richardson. The Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests were performed to analyze the changing trend of the HD. Results: Based on the findings, in 72% of the meteorological stations, the HD followed an upward trend, so that 40% of them was statistically significant. The changing trends in temperature during summertime throughout the studied years fluctuated greatly but generally, in many regions such as the arid, semi-arid, and humid regions, this trend was mostly incremental. Also, the changing trends in relative humidity in all regions was decremental throughout the years under study. Conclusion: The changing trend of the HD, which is based on temperature and humidity, was incremental in arid and semi-arid regions and decremental in the Mediterranean and humid regions.
Comparison of sono-direct and sono-alternate current electro-coagulation processes for removal of color and turbidity from domestic wastewater
Authors: Regea Mengistu Lelisa , Asmelash Samue Zerihun , Dereje Kitila Chali , Bayu Abreham Bekele
Published: August 2022

Background: Nowadays there is a problem related to wastewater handling which is released from different activities. Electrocoagulation has been a dominant treatment method for wastewater treatment. There are different forms of electrocoagulation methods for wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, there was no comparison made for the removal efficiency of the sono-alternate current (SAC), alternate current (AC), sono-direct current (SDC), and direct current (DC) electrocoagulation process. Methods: The efficiency of electrocoagulation method was compared for removal of color and turbidity from Jimma University domestic wastewater. Batch reactor DC/AC electrocoagulation cell was used to determine the removal efficiency. During the comparison, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze and optimize the data taken from the laboratory. In addition, ANOVA was used to analyze the interaction effects of different parameters. Results: The removal of color and turbidity from domestic wastewater was about 97.53% and 95.28% respectively, using direct current electrocoagulation (DCE). For alternate current electrocoagulation (ACE), the removal of color and turbidity was 98.35% and 96.12%, respectively. The removal of color and turbidity for sono-DCE (SDCE) was obtained to be 98.55% and 98.27%, respectively and for sono-ACE (SACE), the removal of color and turbidity was 99.95% and 99.76%, respectively at the optimum experimental conditions of chemical oxygen demand (COD) 960 g/L, initial wastewater pH of 6.8, the current density of 0.4 A/dm2 , inter-terminal spacing of 1 cm, and the association of electrode of Al-Al. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that, the SAC electrocoagulation method is the best and promising technique compared with all other electrocoagulation methods.
Potential Roles of Circular RNAs and Environmental and Clinical Factors in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Authors: Malakootian Mahshid , Gholipour Akram , Bagheri Moghaddam Mahrokh , Arabian Maedeh , Oveisee Maziar
Published: August 2022

Background: Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common disability in the working-age population. The underlying pathogenesis of IDD needs elucidation. This study aimed to determine differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs) in IDD by bioinformatics. Additionally, the environmental and clinical factors involved in IDD pathogenesis were reviewed. Methods: The circRNA array profiling of patients with IDD and healthy individuals (GSE67566) was acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). GEO2R was employed to analyze the expression profiles of the circRNAs. Functional in silico analysis was done on circRNAs with the highest differential expression. Environmental and clinical factors were reviewed through PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Twenty-five circRNAs were differentially expressed in IDD. Two circRNAs (hsa_ circRNA_101645 and hsa_circRNA_101852) exhibited the most downregulated and upregulated expressions. The functional in silico analysis showed that the aforementioned circRNAs harbored target sites for AGO2 and EIF4A3 and several microRNAs. The upshots indicated that these 2 circular circRNAs might sponge hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-662, hsa-miR-874, and hsa-miR-646 and regulate PSD3, SIK2, PCYT1B, ARID5B, MTMR3, and HIPK2 expressions, which play significant roles in autophagy and cellular senescence. Temperature, heavy metal exposure, age, overweight, occupation, exercise, hypertension, and smoking were the environmental and clinical factors associated with IDD progression. Conclusion: Although the results need confirmation by experimental analysis, they reflect the possible role of particular circRNAs in IDD pathogenesis. The controversy concerning the association between IDD and environmental and clinical factors necessitates in-depth population research. Investigating novel molecular regulatory markers like circRNAs could clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of IDD.
Gastrointestinal and Pancratohepatobiliary Cancers: A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology and Risk Factors Worldwide
Authors: Hormati Ahmad , Hajrezaei Zahra , Jazi Kimia , Aslani Kolur Zahra , Rezvan Sajjad , Ahmadpour Sajjad
Published: August 2022

A significant number of cancer cases are afflicted by gastrointestinal cancers annually. Lifestyle and nutrition have a huge effect on gastrointestinal function, and unhealthy habits have become quite widespread in recent decades, culminating in the rapid growth of gastrointestinal cancers. The most prevalent cancers are lip and mouth cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver and bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. Risk factors such as red meat consumption, alcohol consumption, tea, rice, viruses such as Helicobacter pylori and Ebstein Bar Virus (EBV), along with reduced physical activity, predispose the gastrointestinal tract to damage and cause cancer. According to the rapid increase of cancer incidence and late diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies, further epidemiological researches remain necessary in order to make appropriate population-based preventive policies. In this study, we reviewed clinical symptoms, risk factors, preventative measures, as well as incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal malignancies worldwide with focus on Iranian population.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Cohort Study of Incidence Rate and Patients’ Concerns
Authors: Bagheri Lankarani Kamran , Roozitalab Marjan , Gholami Zahra , Yousefi Mohammad , Ghahramani Sulmaz
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is imperative to focus on the concerns of patients with chronic diseases regarding the influence of such conditions and medications prescribed for this purpose on their susceptibility to COVID-19 and its severity. This study aimed to evaluate COVID-19 incidence rate, patients’ concerns, sources of information, and medication compliance in a cohort of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 214 confirmed cases of IBD were followed up within 8 months up to December 20, 2020. In the confirmed cases of COVID-19, the interviews were repeated 3 months later to assess the post-COVID-19 symptoms and conditions. RESULTS: Among 214 patients with IBD, 113 cases (52.8%) were female, and 169 individuals (79%) were suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC). The mean±SD scores of commitment to standard preventive guidance on COVID-19 were 81.6±19. Moreover, 147 patients (69%) had further stated at least one critical apprehension. The main sources of their information on COVID-19 were physicians (n=89, 41.5%) and websites (n=71, 33.1%). In addition, 10 patients with IBD were diagnosed as confirmed cases of COVID-19, one of them expired due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). CONCLUSION: The incidence of COVID-19 in the cohort of the patients with IBD in this study was broadly comparable to the general reference population. Tight adherence to physical distancing, and if possible, encouragements of patients with IBD to do remote work along with the provision of virtual care to them cannot be overemphasized. Physicians and websites can also play crucial roles in providing accurate information to patients affected with IBD, especially in terms of reassurances for medication compliance.