bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of crop rotation systems: the impact of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca) residues on growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis)
Authors: Yao Zhangliang , Miao Jiashun , Wang Baojun , Xu Weidong , Wang Yeqing , Lu Qiang , Zhang Jidong
Published: October 2024

Continuous cropping in greenhouse cultivation often leads to increased pest and disease problems, reducing crop quality and yield. Crop rotation is a common strategy to address these issues. This study compared the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) following rotations with ginger (Zingiber officinale) and sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca). The Chinese cabbage exhibited normal growth following ginger rotation but showed abnormal growth after sponge gourd rotation. The study investigated the underlying causes by analyzing soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere microbial communities of Chinese cabbage using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. The results revealed that soil from ginger–Chinese cabbage rotation had higher levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) and available phosphorus (AP), but lower total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK). Despite similar alpha-diversity for both bacterial and fungal communities, distinct bacterial and fungal community structures between two rotation cropping systems were observed. This suggests that even if the alpha-diversity does not change, the composition of the microbial community can shift in ways that might influence soil health and plant growth. Furthermore, redundancy analysis revealed a significant correlation between microbial community structures and soil physicochemical properties of two rotation cropping systems. The SOC and TN were revealed to be the most significant of the investigated soil physicochemical parameters with respect to the variation of both bacterial and fungal assemblages, respectively. The identified biomarkers in bacterial community composition further emphasize the potential for specific microbes to influence crop health positively or negatively. We found that the indicator genera of the bacterial community composition of the ginger–Chinese cabbage rotation system were Amycolatopsis (genus), Pseudonocardiales (order), Pseudonocardiaceae (family), and Amycolatopsis mediterranei, which are known as producers of secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics. These findings highlight the importance of crop selection in rotation strategies for optimizing agricultural outcomes.
A small heat shock protein (SlHSP17.3) in tomato plays a positive role in salt stress
Authors: Cai Guohua , Niu Mingyu , Sun Zhihao , Wang Huakun , Zhang Shuo , Liu Fei , Wu Yanqun , Wang Guodong
Published: October 2024

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are molecular chaperones that are widely present in plants and play a vital role in the response of plants to various environmental stimuli. This study employed transgenic Arabidopsis to investigate the impact of the new tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) sHSP protein (SlHSP17.3) on salt stress tolerance. Transient conversion analysis of Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed that SlHSP17.3 localized to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, as suggested by expression analysis, salt stress stimulated SlHSP17.3 expression, suggesting that SlHSP17.3 is involved in the salt stress response of plants. SlHSP17.3-overexpressing plants presented greater germination rates, fresh weights, chlorophyll contents, and Fv/Fm ratios, as well as longer root lengths, lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and lighter cell membrane injury under salt stress. Furthermore, certain stress-related genes (AtCOR15, AtDREB1B, and AtHSFA2) were up-regulated in salt-stressed transgenic plants. Overall, SlHSP17.3 overexpression improved the salt stress resistance of transgenic plants, mainly through increasing AtCOR15, AtDREB1B, and AtHSFA2 expression.
Interannual temperature rise leads to more uniform phenological matching between invasive Stellera chamaejasme and pollinators across elevations
Authors: Miao Chenxin , Du Jun , Wang Wen , Wu Juanjuan , Wu Longqing , Zhang Kehai , Ma Xuee
Published: October 2024

Exploring how environmental changes induce alterations in the phenology matching between plants and pollinators is significant for predicting species’ reproductive output and population dynamics. Our study focused on the invasive poisonous weed Stellera chamaejasme, widely distributed in the Qilian Mountains, China. By continuously monitoring its flowering phenology and flower visitors’ activities across different elevational ranges, we compared phenological matching patterns between S. chamaejasme and its potential pollinators across years with varying environmental temperatures. We found that S. chamaejasme, a typical early-flowering alpine species, begins its flowering in early June. Despite variations in the composition of flower-visiting insects across elevations and years, it maintained stable interactions with four major groups: Meloidae, Tachinidae, Scarabaeidae, and Noctuidae. Phenological mismatches between the peak flowering period of S. chamaejasme and the peak abundance of major potential pollinators were generally observed across its range, with higher phenological matching at higher elevations. This enhanced matching at higher elevations may drive the rapid invasion of S. chamaejasme in these areas. In the year with higher ambient temperature, phenological matching increased across its range, and its elevational sensitivity decreased, potentially contributing to its ongoing expansion in different elevations. The results of our study advance a new insight into the population expansion of invasive species in mountain ecosystems.
The effect of grit on L2 willingness to communicate among Chinese junior high school students: an analysis of the differential roles of foreign language enjoyment and anxiety
Authors: Li Gengchun
Published: October 2024

With the burgeoning research on positive psychology, grit has gradually attracted scholarly attention in the field of L2 acquisition, and it has been shown to be a significant positive predictor of L2 achievements and outcomes. However, despite being an important factor in L2 acquisition, grit has rarely been incorporated as a research variable in prior research on willingness to communicate in a second language (L2 WTC), especially among Chinese teenagers who find themselves in a foundational stage of developing their L2 communicative competence. Based on a survey among 238 Chinese junior high school students, this study analyzed the effect of their grit on their L2 WTC, and explored the differential roles of foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and anxiety (FLA) in their interactions. The results revealed that: (1) perseverance of effort (PE), consistency of interest (CI) and FLE had significantly positive correlations with L2 WTC, whereas FLA was found to have a significantly negative correlation with L2 WTC; (2) PE and CI served as significant positive predictors of L2 WTC; (3) FLE mediated the interactions between PE and L2 WTC and between CI and L2 WTC, while the mediating effects of FLA were found to be statistically non-significant. The findings can provide theoretical implications for furthering L2 WTC research, as well as practical reference for its development among Chinese junior high school students.
Exploring generative AI in higher education: a RAG system to enhance student engagement with scientific literature
Authors: Thüs Dominik , Malone Sarah , Brünken Roland
Published: October 2024

Introduction

This study explores the implementation and evaluation of OwlMentor, an AI-powered learning environment designed to assist university students in comprehending scientific texts. OwlMentor was developed participatorily and then integrated into a course, with development and evaluation taking place over two semesters. It offers features like document-based chats, automatic question generation, and quiz creation.

Methods

We used the Technology Acceptance Model to assess system acceptance, examined learning outcomes, and explored the influence of general self-efficacy on system acceptance and OwlMentor use.

Results

The results indicated complex relationships between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and actual use, suggesting the need for more dynamic models of system acceptance. Although no direct correlation between OwlMentor use and learning gains was found, descriptive results indicated higher gains among users compared to non-users. Additionally, general self-efficacy was strongly related to perceived usefulness, intention to use, and actual use of the system.

Discussion

These findings highlight the importance of aligning AI tools with students’ needs and existing learning strategies to maximize their educational benefits.
Tobacco use disorder in patients with other mental disorders: a dual disorder perspective from clinical neuroscience
Authors: Szerman Nestor , Parro Carlos , Vega Pablo , Basurte-Villamor Ignacio , Ruiz-Veguilla Miguel
Published: October 2024

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of disability and preventable deaths worldwide, but it should be differentiated from tobacco use disorder, which is, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a bona fide mental disorder. The rapid delivery of nicotine to the brain activates acetylcholine receptors and stimulates the release of dopamine, both systems implicated in other mental disorders. Rates of tobacco use disorder are much higher among people suffering from other mental disorders and these patients find it more difficult to quit. Dual disorders, from a transdiagnostic perspective, identify patients with substance use disorder, in this case tobacco use disorder, and other mental disorders. A dual disorder is a complex clinical condition that is often underdiagnosed, undertreated, and difficult to manage. Appropriate and integrated tobacco use disorder treatment programs for people also suffering from other mental disorders could improve outcomes. Bio-psycho-social approaches to tobacco use disorder include specific biological treatments (e.g., bupropion, varenicline, cytisine, nicotine replacement therapy or deep trans-magnetic stimulation). However, these treatments don’t have the same outcomes in patients with dual disorders. Therefore, as in other dual disorders, harm reduction measures, such as vaping nicotine through electronic cigarettes or tobacco replacement therapies should be considered as alternative tools for dual tobacco use disorder management. These clinical considerations emerge from a narrative literature review and expert consensus and will specifically address considerations for changes in clinical practice to improve the treatment of tobacco use disorder and other mental disorders.
Attitude toward vital signs monitoring and its predictors among clinical nurses in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshehry Abdualrahman Saeed
Published: October 2024

Positive attitudes toward assessing vital signs are essential in ensuring quality assessments and recognizing patients’ declining conditions. However, few studies have been conducted that examine the attitudes of nurses toward this fundamental nursing skill. This research investigated the predictors of clinical nurses’ attitudes toward vital signs monitoring in identifying the patients’ deteriorating state. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted in two hospitals in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 427 clinical nurses was surveyed from February 2023 and April 2023 using a questionnaire on attitudes toward vital signs monitoring. The subscale “key indicators” achieved the highest mean, followed by “workload,” “communication,” and “knowledge.” The hospital where the nurses work (Hospitals 1 and 2), younger age, gender (being male), marital status (being single), clinical area (working in intensive care unit), number of handled patients per shift (handling 11–20 and > 20 patients), and longer years of experience were identified as significant predictors of the nurses’ positive attitude toward vital signs monitoring. This research provides valuable knowledge on which aspect of the attitudes toward vital signs monitoring necessitates educational enhancement among clinical nurses. The factors influencing the clinical nurses’ attitude toward vital signs monitoring reported in this study may be useful for nurse managers and other hospital policymakers in developing focused continuing educational interventions targeting enhanced vital signs monitoring competencies.
Quasi-torpor for long-duration space missions
Authors: Weissman Alexandra J. , Flickinger Katharyn L. , Wu Victor , DeMaio Ryann , Jonsson Andrea , Prescott Peter , Monteleone Jenna , Zurowski Emma , Guyette Francis Xavier , Gordon Benjamin D. H. , Mortreux Marie , Melanson Kathleen , Buysse Daniel J. , Empey Philip E. , Callaway Clifton W.
Published: October 2024

Innovative solutions are required to make long-duration space missions feasible. Crew performance and health is paramount to the success of anticipated Moon and Mars missions. Metabolic reduction via a quasi-torpor state is a possible mitigation strategy that can reduce consumable payload, which is necessary given the lack of available resupply options, and to reduce psychological stress, which is a risk for such lengthy missions. Even in lunar or cis-lunar missions, a quasi-torpor state could be implemented as an emergency countermeasure for critical situations where life support becomes limited. However, to date no studies have tested a quasi-torpor state in humans, and the impacts of intentional prolonged metabolic reduction on physiological and psychological parameters are unknown. To this end, we planned a three-phase study to provide proof-in-principle of the tolerability, feasibility, and side effects of a non-intravenous alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist for moderate sedation. This was accomplished by 1) determining the dosing and metabolic effects for different non-intravenous routes of alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist drugs; 2) assessing the degree of metabolic reduction and side effects during a 24-h quasi-torpor protocol; and 3) evaluating participant performance and total metabolic reduction achieved over a 5-day quasi-torpor protocol. We also aim to determine how skeletal muscle health and performance are affected by this quasi-torpor state. Quasi-torpor induced changes in skeletal muscle health and performance, as well as impacts on cognition and psychological stress, also have implications for terrestrial situations that result in prolonged confinement (e.g., austere environments such as submarine or remote scientific or military deployment and protracted critical illness). The findings of this three-phase study will be immediately applicable as a rescue strategy for emergencies during current or upcoming space missions. They will also identify key physiological and practical questions that need to be addressed for future deployment in long-duration space missions. This paper reviews the relevant literature that informed our rationale and approaches for this three-phase study.
No need to be rebellious: placemaking and value co-creation in the skateboarding City of Malmö
Authors: Book Karin
Published: October 2024

During the last 20 years, Malmö has developed into an internationally recognised skateboarding destination and a valued skateboarding place for local and regional skaters. In contrast to many cities, skateboarding and skateboarders have been appreciated and embraced in public planning and development. The aim of the paper is to discuss the development and identity of Malmö as a skateboarding city through the lens of the concepts of placemaking and value co-creation, and—not least—through the narratives of six persons with different relations to skateboarding and Malmö. The paper shows that the City of Malmö has engaged with local skateboarding communities through several initiatives that have fostered a collaborative relationship. The non-profit association Bryggeriet, a skateboard high school, an active skateboarding community, and the City of Malmö are all involved in the placemaking and co-creation of Malmö as a skateboarding city. The city's approach to skateboarding involves a bottom-up strategy, engaging non-experts in the development of spaces, reflecting a shift from traditional top-down models towards a co-creation model in order to create synergetic outcomes. Malmö's transformation into a skateboarding city is characterised by the integration of skateboarding into the urban fabric, showcasing a welcoming attitude. The paper underscores the dynamic interplay between physical, imagined, and lived spaces in urban skateboarding culture. However, it also demonstrates how a successful and professionalised model for introducing the skateboarders’ interests into the corridors of power risks undermining the link to, and the engagement of, the new generation of grassroots skaters, and maybe also the edgy, rebellious character of skateboarding.
An Algorithm for Creating a Synaptic Cleft Digital Phantom Suitable for Further Numerical Modeling
Authors: Zagubnaya Olga A. , Nartsissov Yaroslav R.
Published: October 2024

One of the most significant applications of mathematical numerical methods in biology is the theoretical description of the convectional reaction–diffusion of chemical compounds. Initial biological objects must be appropriately mimicked by digital domains that are suitable for further use in computational modeling. In the present study, an algorithm for the creation of a digital phantom describing a local part of nervous tissue—namely, a synaptic contact—is established. All essential elements of the synapse are determined using a set of consistent Boolean operations within the COMSOL Multiphysics software 6.1. The formalization of the algorithm involves a sequence of procedures and logical operations applied to a combination of 3D Voronoi diagrams, an experimentally defined inner synapse area, and a simple ellipsoid under different sets of biological parameters. The obtained digital phantom is universal and may be applied to different types of neuronal synapses. The clear separation of the designed domains reveals that the boundary’s conditions and internal flux dysconnectivity functions can be set up explicitly. Digital domains corresponding to the parts of a synapse are appropriate for further application of the derived numeric meshes, with various capacities of the included elements. Thus, the obtained digital phantom can be effectively used for further modeling of the convectional reaction–diffusion of chemical compounds in nervous tissue.
Optimization of Offshore Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage in Smeaheia Using Surrogate Reservoir Models
Authors: Amiri Behzad , Jahanbani Ghahfarokhi Ashkan , Rocca Vera , Ng Cuthbert Shang Wui
Published: October 2024

Machine learning-based Surrogate Reservoir Models (SRMs) can replace/augment multi-physics numerical simulations by replicating the reservoir simulation results with reduced computational effort while maintaining accuracy compared with numerical simulations. This research will demonstrate SRMs’ potential in long-term simulations and optimization of geological carbon storage in a real-world geological setting and address challenges in big data curation and model training. The present study focuses on CO2 storage in the Smeaheia saline aquifer. Two SRMs were created using Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to predict CO2 saturation and pressure over all grid blocks for 50 years. 18 million samples and 31 features, including reservoir static and dynamic properties, build the input data. Models comprise 3–5 hidden layers with 128–512 units apiece. SRMs showed a runtime improvement of 300 times and an accuracy of 99% compared to the 3D numerical simulator. The genetic algorithm was then employed to determine the optimal rate and duration of CO2 injection, which maximizes the volume of injected CO2 while ensuring storage operations’ safety through constraints. The optimization continued for the reproduction of 100 generations, each containing 100 individuals, without any hyperparameter tuning. Finally, the optimization results confirm the significant potential of Smeaheia for storing 170 Mt CO2.
Factors Influencing the Timeliness and Completeness of Appropriate Staging Investigations for Patients with Stage I–III Lung Cancer in Southeastern Ontario
Authors: AlGhamdi Shahad , Ahimsadasan Nilah , Kong Weidong , Brundage Michael , Eisenhauer Elizabeth A. , Parker Christopher M. , Robinson Andrew , Giles Andrew , Digby Geneviève C.
Published: October 2024

(1) Background: Comprehensive and timely lung cancer (LC) staging is essential for prognosis and management. The Lung Diagnostic Assessment Program (LDAP) in Southeastern (SE) Ontario aims to provide rapid, guideline-concordant care for suspected LC patients. We evaluated factors affecting the completeness and timeliness of staging for stage I–III LC patients in SE Ontario, including the impact of LDAP management. (2) Methods: This was a population-based retrospective cohort study using the LDAP database (January 2017–December 2019), linked with the Ontario Cancer Registry, to identify newly diagnosed LC patients. A Cox model approach identified variables associated with staging completeness and timeliness. (3) Results: Among 755 patients, 459 (60.8%) were managed through LDAP. Optimal staging was achieved in 596 patients (78.9%), 23 (3.0%) had alternative staging, and 136 (18.0%) had incomplete staging. In the adjusted analyses, LDAP management was associated with a higher likelihood of complete staging (OR 2.29, p < 0.0001) and faster staging completion (β = −18.53, p < 0.0001). Increased distance to PET centres was associated with a longer time to complete staging (β = 8.95 per 100 km, p = 0.0007), as was longer time to diagnosis (β = 21.63 per 30 days, p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: LDAP management in SE Ontario significantly improved staging completeness and shortened staging time for stage I–III LC patients.
Research on the Robustness of Command and Control Networks under Cascading Failures
Authors: Zhao Biao , Wang Menglin , Zhang Qizeng , Lin Weiting , Zhou Dan
Published: October 2024

The current analysis of cascading failures in command and control networks pays little attention to their roles and mechanisms, resulting in challenges in quantifying survivability evaluation metrics and limiting practical application. To address these issues, this paper designs a command and control network model with a recovery strategy to improve the scientific evaluation of critical nodes and enhance the reliability of subsequent cascading failure simulations. Two capacity parameters are introduced to analyze the nonlinear behavior between network node load and capacity, and an optimal recovery strategy is proposed. This strategy prioritizes the recovery of critical nodes, thereby minimizing the overall probability of network failure. Simulations were conducted under both random failure and deliberate attack scenarios, comparing the proposed strategy with random recovery and betweenness-priority recovery strategies to identify the optimal recovery approach. The experiments showed that the optimal recovery strategy significantly enhanced the network’s survivability and recovery efficiency, allowing for the restoration of basic network functions in the shortest possible time and reducing the impact of cascading failures. By integrating the operability and uncertainty of real-world command and control networks, this method improved the network’s recovery capability and overall stability in the face of cascading failures through scientific evaluation and strategy optimization.
Multi-Objetive Dispatching in Multi-Area Power Systems Using the Fuzzy Satisficing Method
Authors: Cristian Paspuel , Tipán Luis
Published: October 2024

The traditional mathematical models for solving the economic dispatch problem at the generation level primarily focus on minimizing overall operational costs while ensuring demand is met across various periods. However, contemporary power systems integrate a diverse mix of generators from both conventional and renewable energy sources, contributing to economically efficient energy production and playing a pivotal role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As the complexity of power systems increases, the scope of economic dispatch must expand to address demand across multiple regions, incorporating a range of objective functions that optimize energy resource utilization, reduce costs, and achieve superior economic and technical outcomes. This paper, therefore, proposes an advanced optimization model designed to determine the hourly power output of various generation units distributed across multiple areas within the power system. The model satisfies the dual objective functions and adheres to stringent technical constraints, effectively framing the problem as a nonlinear programming challenge. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the resulting and exchanged energy quantities demonstrates that the model guarantees the hourly demand. Significantly, the system’s efficiency can be further enhanced by increasing the capacity of the interconnection links between areas, thereby generating additional savings that can be reinvested into expanding the links’ capacity. Moreover, the multi-objective model excels not only in meeting the proposed objective functions but also in optimizing energy exchange across the system. This optimization is applicable to various types of energy, including thermal and renewable sources, even those characterized by uncertainty in their primary resources. The model’s ability to effectively manage such uncertainties underscores its robustness, instilling confidence in its applicability and reliability across diverse energy scenarios. This adaptability makes the model a significant contribution to the field, offering a sophisticated tool for optimizing multi-area power systems in a way that balances economic, technical, and environmental considerations.
Numerical Investigation of Different Cooling Methods for Battery Packs
Authors: Podlevski Edvin , Kapuściński Jakub , Dziubiński Adam
Published: October 2024

This paper contains the results of numerical investigations into two cooling system types for cells of three types. The galvanic cell geometries which were considered were pouches, cylinders and prisms. By design, the cooling system for a vehicle is specialised to prevent an uncontrolled temperature increase at higher discharge rates. Consideration was given to the question of which cooling method would be sufficient to reduce the temperature rise of battery cells. The first cooling method investigated is one that uses direct contact with the air flow to cool the cells, a method that is very commonly used in automotive engineering, as it is less complicated. This study employs a method that uses a fan to induce forced convection, increasing the airflow over cells housed within a thermoplastic composite container. Another method, fluid cooling, is notable for its greater efficiency due to the use of a non-conducting coolant, which has also better energy absorption properties. In this study, immersion cooling was employed, utilising oil circulation through cells contained within a thermoplastic composite container, which was facilitated by a pump system. This publication shows the influence of the cell’s geometry and the type of cooling system on the temperature rise of cells when they are discharging at the appropriate power rate. The results of this study highlight the differences in cooling performance between the two methods, providing a clear basis for selecting the most suitable solution for specific applications.
Challenges in the Valorization of Green Waste in the Central European Region: Case Study of Warsaw
Authors: Lelicińska-Serafin Krystyna , Rolewicz-Kalińska Anna , Manczarski Piotr
Published: October 2024

Expanding green areas in cities results in growth in green waste generation. This study presents the findings of an investigation into green waste from selective collection in a large Central European city (Warsaw, Poland), which can be identified as a valuable biomass resource. The research objective was to identify the properties of garden waste from single-family housing to determine valorization opportunities, emphasizing the utilization of GW as a source of energy. The research yielded several findings, including a notable degree of variability in fuel properties, including moisture content (CV = 30%), lower heating value (CV = 14.3%), and ash content (CV = 62.7/56.2%). The moisture content suggests composting, while the fertilizing properties indicate suitability for anaerobic digestion. The instability of the fuel properties, coupled with the elevated levels of chlorine, sulfur, and moisture, constrains the use of garden waste in thermal processes and alternative fuel production. Pyrolysis could be a viable approach for green waste feedstock, offering value-added products depending on the processing conditions and pre-treatment. Nevertheless, implementing a selective collection system is a critical condition for the optimal utilization of bio-waste, facilitating the quality and property control of green and food waste. This is essential for their effective processing, including energy recovery, thereby contributing to the efficient valorization of biomass.
How the Inclusion of Pigeon Pea in Beef Cattle Diets Affects CH4 Intensity: An In Vitro Fermentation Assessment
Authors: Furtado Althieres José , Perna Junior Flavio , Pasquini Neto Rolando , Abdalla Filho Adibe Luiz , Chamilete Sophia Aparecida Morro , Oliveira Patrícia Perondi Anchão , Rodrigues Paulo Henrique Mazza
Published: October 2024

Tropical pastures intercropped with legumes have been gaining prominence for increasing the efficiency of livestock production systems when compared to pasture monocultures. Here, our objective was to understand the fermentation processes that tropical grass and legumes underwent when included in ruminant diets, which have previously been found to optimize animal performance while reducing the intensity of enteric CH4 emissions. For this purpose, three areas containing pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and Urochloa spp. were sampled. Samples were dried, grounded, chemically analyzed, and included in five proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of pigeon pea in the diet. The diets were then analyzed using an in vitro fermentation technique. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software, considering bottles as replicates, and our results suggest that a 25% inclusion of pigeon pea is optimal for balancing CH4 mitigation and fermentation efficiency, highlighting the importance of more studies with this legume due to its benefits, especially as a supplement during drought periods that impact the production and quality of tropical pastures. It is important to consider that pigeon pea’s secondary compounds may have positively modulated the fermentation process and reduced CH4 emissions. However, excessive legume inclusion can negatively affect digestibility and animal health, impairing animal performance and the sustainability of pasture-based production systems.
Aging Skeletal Muscles: What Are the Mechanisms of Age-Related Loss of Strength and Muscle Mass, and Can We Impede Its Development and Progression?
Authors: Gustafsson Thomas , Ulfhake Brun
Published: October 2024

As we age, we lose muscle strength and power, a condition commonly referred to as sarcopenia (ICD-10-CM code (M62.84)). The prevalence of sarcopenia is about 5–10% of the elderly population, resulting in varying degrees of disability. In this review we emphasise that sarcopenia does not occur suddenly. It is an aging-induced deterioration that occurs over time and is only recognised as a disease when it manifests clinically in the 6th–7th decade of life. Evidence from animal studies, elite athletes and longitudinal population studies all confirms that the underlying process has been ongoing for decades once sarcopenia has manifested. We present hypotheses about the mechanism(s) underlying this process and their supporting evidence. We briefly review various proposals to impede sarcopenia, including cell therapy, reducing senescent cells and their secretome, utilising targets revealed by the skeletal muscle secretome, and muscle innervation. We conclude that although there are potential candidates and ongoing preclinical and clinical trials with drug treatments, the only evidence-based intervention today for humans is exercise. We present different exercise programmes and discuss to what extent the interindividual susceptibility to developing sarcopenia is due to our genetic predisposition or lifestyle factors.
Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity and Drivers in Serrated Pathway-Driven Colorectal Cancer Progression
Authors: Wang Jiahui , Zhang Yu , Chen Xinyi , Sheng Qi , Yang Junluo , Zhu Yuyao , Wang Yuhang , Yan Fangrong , Fang Jingya
Published: October 2024

Serrated lesions are common precancerous pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC), but the process by which they progress to malignancy remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate this progression through a single-cell RNA landscape. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing on three normal colonic tissues and fifteen SLs (including HPs, SSLs, SSLD, and TSAs) and integrated these data with datasets containing tumor samples. We identified three invasive malignant epithelial cell subtypes related to CRC progression: SLC1, SLC2, and tumor cell. SLC1, specific to SSLs, is involved in cell proliferation and shows a continuum of malignancy in gene expression. TSA-specific SLC2 exhibited FOXQ1 upregulation and active EMT, indicating invasiveness. The trajectory analysis showed that HPs do not progress to cancer, and different SL types are linked to the MSI status of advanced CRCs. We validated molecular drivers in premalignant lesions and later carcinogenesis. In the tumor microenvironment, CAF and pre-CAF fibroblast subtypes associated with progression were identified. During the premalignant stage, SLC1 triggered CD8+ T cell responses, while at the advanced stage, CAFs promoted tumor invasion and metastasis via FN1-CD44, influencing tumor progression and the treatment response. Our findings highlight transcriptional changes across serrated pathway stages, aiding in early CRC diagnosis and treatment.
Predicting Food–Drug Interactions between Piperine and CYP3A4 Substrate Drugs Using PBPK Modeling
Authors: Lin Feifei , Hu Yingchun , Zhang Yifan , Zhao Lijuan , Zhong Dafang , Liu Jia
Published: October 2024

Piperine has been reported to inhibit the enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for piperine and to predict potential food–drug interactions (FDIs) between piperine and CYP3A4 substrate drugs using these models. The PBPK model for piperine was successfully developed and validated. Using this model, FDIs with ten CYP3A4 substrate drugs were simulated. The predicted area under the curve (AUC) ratios (with and without piperine, following a 7-day intake of 20 mg/day) for six drugs were found to exceed 1.25, with significant increases in AUC observed for ritonavir (31%), nifedipine (34%), cyclosporine (35%), triazolam (36%), alfentanil (39%), and simvastatin (59%) in humans. These findings suggest that caution should be exercised when consuming amounts of black pepper equivalent to a daily intake of 20 mg piperine during treatment with CYP3A4 substrate drugs, as it may significantly alter their pharmacokinetics.
T-Cell Dynamics Predicts Prognosis of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Receiving Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab
Authors: Lee Hye Won , Park Suebin , Park Hye Jung , Cho Kyung Joo , Kim Do Young , Hwang Byungjin , Park Jun Yong
Published: October 2024

Atezolizumab and bevacizumab show promise for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but identifying responsive patients remains challenging, due to tumor heterogeneity. This study explores immune dynamics following this combination therapy. Between 2020 and 2023, 29 patients with advanced HCC who received atezolizumab plus bevacizumab at Severance Hospital, Seoul, were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and statistical methods to assess immune alterations and identify biomarkers. Baseline characteristics showed a diverse HCC cohort with a mean age of 64 years and 82.8% male predominance. Absence of extrahepatic metastasis was associated with better overall survival. Immune responses revealed distinct CD4+ T-cell phenotypes between the ‘partial response (PR) + stable disease (SD)’ and ‘progressive disease (PD)’ groups, with an overall increase in CD8+ T-cell phenotypes. Patients with higher frequencies of CD8+PD-1+Ki-67+ T cells experienced significantly improved overall survival, while those with lower frequencies of CD4+Foxp3+PD-1+LAG3+ T cells also had notable survival benefits. These findings enhance the overall understanding of immune responses to this combination therapy, facilitating improved patient stratification and personalized therapeutic approaches for HCC.
Thermodynamic Properties of Two Cinnamate Derivatives with Flavor and Fragrance Features
Authors: Freitas Vera L. S. , Silva Carlos A. O. , Ribeiro da Silva Maria D. M. C.
Published: October 2024

The standard molar enthalpies of formation in the liquid phase for ethyl (E)-cinnamate and ethyl hydrocinnamate, two cinnamate derivatives with notable flavor and fragrance characteristics, were determined experimentally using combustion calorimetry in an oxygen atmosphere. To derive the gas-phase enthalpies of formation for these derivatives, their enthalpies of vaporization were measured using a high-temperature Calvet microcalorimeter and the vacuum drop microcalorimetric technique. Additionally, a computational analysis employing the G3(MP2)//B3LYP composite method was conducted to calculate the gas-phase standard enthalpies of formation at T = 298.15 K for both compounds. These findings enabled a detailed assessment and analysis of the structural and energetic effects of the vinyl and ethane moieties between the phenyl and carboxylic groups in the studied compounds. Considering the structural features of ethyl (E)-cinnamate and ethyl hydrocinnamate, a gas-phase enthalpy of hydrogenation analysis was conducted to explore their energetic profiles more thoroughly.
Synthesis of Alkyl/Aryloxymethyl Derivatives of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-Carboxamides and Their Biological Activities
Authors: Mikhina Ekaterina A. , Stepanycheva Daria V. , Maksimova Varvara P. , Sineva Olga N. , Markelova Natalia N. , Grebenkina Lyubov E. , Lesovaya Ekaterina A. , Yakubovskaya Marianna G. , Matveev Andrey V. , Zhidkova Ekaterina M.
Published: October 2024

Ribavirin and its analogues exhibit an in vitro antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. In this work, we studied the biological activities of a number of alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin’s aglycon—1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Alkyl/arylxymethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide with substitutions at the fifth or first position of the triazole ring, were synthesized and their antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects were assessed. For both series, the presence of an antiproliferative effect was investigated, and 1-alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives were shown an antimicrobial potential against a Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The obtained results showed that the n-decyloxymethyl derivatives induced leukemia cell death at low micromolar concentrations. We confirmed that n-decyloxymethyl derivatives of ribavirin inhibited the cell cycle progression and induced an accumulation of leukemia cells in the subG1-phase. The molecular docking results suggest that alkyl/aryloxymethyl derivatives may act by inhibiting translation initiation, due to interference with eIF4E assembly. The outcome results revealed that active derivatives (1- or 5-n-decyloxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides) can be considered as a lead compound for anticancer treatments.
Multiphase Behavior of the Water + 1-Butanol + Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems at 101.3 kPa
Authors: Gomes Isadora Pires , dos Santos Nicolas Pinheiro , Noronha Pedro Bernardes , Duarte Ryan Ricardo Bitencourt , Cardim Henrique Pina , da Silva Erivaldo Antônio , dos Santos Renivaldo José , Ferreira-Pinto Leandro , Arce Pedro
Published: October 2024

The growing demand for more sustainable routes and processes in the mixture separation and purification industry has generated a need to search for innovations, with new solvent alternatives being a possible solution. In this context, a new class of green solvents, known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), has been gaining prominence in recent years in both academic and industrial spheres. These solvents, when compared to ionic liquids (ILs), are more environmentally friendly, less toxic, low-cost, and easier to synthesize. In addition, they have significantly lower melting points than their precursors, offering a promising option for various applications in this industrial sector. Understanding and studying the thermodynamic behavior of systems composed of these substances in purification and separation processes, such as liquid–liquid extraction and azeotropic distillation, is extremely important. This work aimed to study the phase behavior of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) and vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of water + 1-butanol + DES (choline chloride + glycerol) systems with a molar ratio of 1:2. Experimental LLE data, obtained at 298.15 K and 101.3 kPa, and VLE data, obtained at 101.3 kPa and in the temperature range of 364.05 K–373.85 K, were submitted to the thermodynamic quality/consistency test, proposed by Marcilla et al. and Wisniak, and subsequently modeled using the gamma–gamma approach for the LLE and gamma–phi for the VLE. The non-random two-liquid (NRTL) model was used to calculate the activity coefficient. The results are presented for the VLE in a temperature–composition phase diagram (triangular prism) and triangular phase diagrams showing the binodal curve and tie lines (LLE). The separation and distribution coefficients of LLE were determined to evaluate the extractive potential of the DES. For the VLE, the values of the relative volatility of the system were calculated, considering the entrainer free-basis, to evaluate the presence or absence of azeotropes in the range of collected points. From these data, it was possible to compare DES with ILs as extracting agents, using data from previous studies carried out by the research group. Therefore, the results indicate that the NRTL model is efficient at correlating the fluid behavior of both equilibria. Thus, this study serves as a basis for future studies related to the understanding and design of separation processes.
Tectonic Activity Analysis of the Laji-Jishi Shan Fault Zone: Insights from Geomorphic Indices and Crustal Deformation Data
Authors: Ma Yujie , Huang Weiliang , Zhang Jiale , Wang Yan , Yu Dong , Pan Baotian
Published: October 2024

Fault segmentation plays a critical role in assessing seismic hazards, particularly in tectonically complex regions. The Laji-Jishi Shan Fault Zone (LJSFZ), located on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, is a key structure that accommodates regional tectonic stress. This study integrates geomorphic indices, cross-fault deformation rate profiles, and 3D crustal electrical structure data to analyze the varying levels of tectonic activity across different segments of the LJSFZ. We extracted 160 drainage basins along the strike of the LJSFZ from a 30 m resolution digital elevation model and calculated geomorphic indices, including the hypsometric integral (HI), stream length-gradient index (SL), and channel steepness index (ksn), to assess the variations in tectonic activity intensity along the strike of the LJSFZ. The basins were categorized based on river flow directions to capture potential differences across the fault zone. Our results show that the eastern basins of the LJSFZ exhibit the strongest tectonic activity, demonstrated by significantly higher SL and ksn values compared to other regions. A detailed segmentation analysis along the northern Laji Shan Fault and eastern Jishi Shan Fault identified distinct fault segments characterized by variations in SL and ksn indices. Segments with high SL values (>500) correspond to higher crustal uplift rates (~3 mm/year), while segments with lower SL values exhibit lower uplift rates (~2 mm/year), as confirmed by cross-fault deformation profiles derived from GNSS and InSAR data. This correlation demonstrates that geomorphic indices effectively reflect fault activity intensity. Additionally, 3D crustal electrical structure data further indicate that highly conductive mid- to lower-crustal materials originating from the interior of the Tibetan Plateau are obstructed at segment L3 of the LJSFZ. This obstruction leads to localized intense uplift and enhanced fault activity. These findings suggest that while the regional stress–strain pattern of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is the primary driver of the segmented activity along the Laji-Jishi Shan belt, the direction of localized crustal flow is a critical factor influencing fault activity segmentation.
A Comparative Study of Geometric Phase Change- and Sideband Peak Count-Based Techniques for Monitoring Damage Growth and Material Nonlinearity
Authors: Zhang Guangdong , Kundu Tribikram , Deymier Pierre A. , Runge Keith
Published: October 2024

This work presents numerical modeling-based investigations for detecting and monitoring damage growth and material nonlinearity in plate structures using topological acoustic (TA) and sideband peak count (SPC)-based sensing techniques. The nonlinear ultrasonic SPC-based technique (SPC-index or SPC-I) has shown its effectiveness in monitoring damage growth affecting various engineering materials. However, the new acoustic parameter, “geometric phase change (GPC)” and GPC-index (or GPC-I), derived from the TA sensing technique adopted for monitoring damage growth or material nonlinearity has not been reported yet. The damage growth modeling is carried out by the peri-ultrasound technique to simulate nonlinear interactions between elastic waves and damages (cracks). For damage growth with a purely linear response and for the nonlinearity arising from only the nonlinear stress–strain relationship of the material, the numerical analysis is conducted by the finite element method (FEM) in the Abaqus/CAE 2021 software. In both numerical modeling scenarios, the SPC- and GPC-based techniques are adopted to capture and compare those responses. The computed results show that, from a purely linear scattering response in FEM modeling, the GPC-I can effectively detect the existence of damage but cannot monitor damage growth since the linear scattering differences are small when crack thickness increases. The SPC-I does not show any change when a nonlinear response is not generated. However, the nonlinear response from the damage growth can be efficiently modeled by the nonlocal peri-ultrasound technique. Both the GPC-I and SPC-I techniques can clearly show the damage evolution process if the frequencies are properly chosen. This investigation also shows that the GPC-I indicator has the capability to distinguish nonlinear materials from linear materials while the SPC-I is found to be more effective in distinguishing between different types of nonlinear materials. This work can reveal the mechanism of GPC-I for capturing linear and nonlinear responses, and thus can provide guidance in structural health monitoring (SHM).