bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wear Mechanism of Wear Resistant HVOF Thermal Spray Coating: Chromium Carbide Nickel Chrome on 304 AISI Steel
Authors: Sidik Muhamad Harith Izdiyad , Amir N. , Kamal Subhash
Published: November 2018

One of the common ways to overcome wear is by surface modification which is a coating process. The application of cermet of chromium (Cr carbide) in Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) matrix is widely used as coating material since it provides high wear resistant. Besides, thermal spray process is widely known as the most suitable technique to produce cermet coating. In this study, chromium carbide-nickel chrome (Cr3C2- NiCr) powder is used as the feedstock. High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is used to deposit the coating on mild steel substrate to study the behaviour of wear of the coating. The wear test is conducted by using TABER Linear Abrasion Wear Test machine. The wear rate of both coated and uncoated pin is measured by measuring the weight loss of the samples. The Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins have shown less weight loss than the uncoated pins. The lifetime prediction of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins is higher than the uncoated pins at different time duration and applied loads. The results showed that the wear resistant properties of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins are higher than the uncoated pins. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) integrated with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are used to determine the microstructure of Cr3C2-NiCr coating. The microstructure of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pin after the wear testing showed no presence of crack and the wear track was homogenous.
Investigating the improvement of Degradation Resistant with the Addition of SDBS Anionic Surfactant to PEO polymer
Authors: Fakhruddin Sarmad K. , Abdulbari Hayder A. , Sulaiman Ahmad Z. , Rafeeq Hind A.
Published: November 2018

Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) is one of the most common drag reduction agents. However, its ability to reduce drag in turbulent flow decreases with the time due to the degradation of its molecules. Thus, the enhancement of its degradation resistance by the addition of Anionic surfactant is presented. The Polyethylene oxide (PEO) was used in different concentration ranges from 10 to 60 ppm and with addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as the anionic surfactant with five concentrations between 100 to 500 ppm. The degradation measurements were done using rotating disk apparatus (RDA). The RDA results have shown a considerable improvement in the degradation resistance of PEO with the addition of surfactant to the polymer solution. The interaction between the polymer and the surfactant results in transferring the polymer chain from coil to straight-like body. Thus, enhance the polymer degradation resistant ability.
Adaptive Fuzzy / PD controller for Coupled Two Tank Liquid Levels system
Authors: Abdalla Ahmed N , Ibrahim Thamir K , Tao Hai
Published: November 2018

Liquid tank systems play important role in industrial application such as in food processing, beverage, dairy, filtration, effluent treatment, pharmaceutical industry, water purification system, industrial chemical processing and spray coating. A typical situation is one that requires fluid to be supplied to a tank at a constant rate which has Two-Input Two-Output (TITO). The accuracy and stability of TITO is one of the key factors of process which have cross coupling between process input and output. Unlike traditional neural network weight adaptation using gradient descent method, Fuzzy Adaptive PID control technique was utilized for adaptive tuning and fine tuning the controller’s parameters. Design approach for controlling liquid levels of Coupled Tank TITO system by using Fuzzy Adaptive PID controllers. Tuning method for parameters of improved Fuzzy Adaptive, Particle Swamp Optimization and Neural network controllers ware also discussed. Experimental results demonstrate that the performances of proposed method perform well compared with convention Fuzzy and Tuned Fuzzy controllers; it was shown that Fuzzy Adaptive controller exhibited better performance in terms of transient response analysis.
A Comparative Analysis of Attainment of Program Outcomes for Courses with and without the Use of Modern Tools
Authors: Ovinis Mark , Karuppanan Saravanan , Sulaiman Shaharin Anwar , Melor Puteri Sri , Paiz Mohd Zulhilmi , Urquia Alfonso
Published: November 2018

An important consideration in higher education is that graduates meet or exceed the program outcomes (POs). While there exists anecdotal evidence that the use of modern tools i.e. computer modelling and simulation, improve attainment of these outcomes, there is little empirical research available. Where empirical evidence is available, the variables considered would almost certainly have a bearing on the outcomes. In this work, the attainment of the POs by undergraduate engineering students in courses with and without the use of modern tools, based on quantitative data, were compared. It was hypothesized that courses using modern tools would lead to better overall attainment of POs, compared to courses not using these tools. As a case study, the PO attainment of students in the Mechanical Engineering undergraduate program at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) was considered. Quantitative data obtained through UTP's outcomebased education (OBE) software was used to assess the overall attainment of the POs for all courses for a cohort of 126 Mechanical Engineering undergraduate students class of 2017. It was found that, for the case study considered, the usage of modern tools has led to slightly better attainment of some POs, with slightly poorer attainment in other POs. Specifically, attainment in POs where the cognitive or the knowledge domain is more dominant improved, as the usage of modern tools helped students to understand theoretical concepts better. Attainment in POs were the affective domain is more dominant recorded a slight decrease, and the incorporation of modern tools did not aid in the attainment of these POs. The study is at a preliminary stage and a more detailed study, involving more cohorts, is planned to establish a correlation (if any) between the use of modern tools in higher education and attainment of POs.
Kommunikation ist das, was ankommt
Authors: Schäfer P. Klaus
Published: November 2018

Medizinisches und pflegerisches Fachpersonal auf Intensivstationen übernimmt eine
wichtige Rolle in der Kommunikation mit den Angehörigen der meist
schwerstkranken Patienten. Das gilt vor allem dann, wenn über Koma, Tod oder
Hirntod gesprochen wird. Unser Autor schildert die gängigsten Missverständnisse
und wie man korrekt formuliert.
Sexuelle Minderheiten und Trans*
Authors: Reimer Jens , Vogt Irmgard
Published: November 2018

Im Spätherbst 2017 hat das Bundesverfassungsgericht das Personenstandsrecht geändert und neben „weiblich“ und „männlich“ eine weitere positive Bezeichnung eines Geschlechts zugelassen. Um die Namensgebung dieser dritten Kategorie wird aktuell gerungen. Das BVG hat damit Standards gesetzt, die allgemein verbindlich sind.
BRAF V600E and Retinoic Acid in Radioiodine-Refractory Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Groener Jan , Gelen Debora , Mogler Carolin , Herpel Esther , Toth Csaba , Kender Zoltan , Peichl Marco , Haufe Sabine , Haberkorn Uwe , Sulaj Alba , Zemva Johanna , Kopf Stefan , Nawroth Peter , Brune Maik , Rudofsky Gottfried
Published: November 2018

Radioiodine refractoriness in differentiated thyroid cancer remains an unsolved therapeutic problem. Response to retinoids might depend on specific genetic markers. In this retrospective analysis, associations between BRAF V600E and clinical outcomes after redifferentiation with retinoic acid (RA) and radioiodine therapy (RIT) were investigated. Thirteen patients with radioiodine-refractory (RAI-R) papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were treated with 13-cis-RA followed by iodine-131 treatment at the Department of Endocrinology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. DNA sequencing was performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Clinical outcome parameters were tumor size, thyroglobulin, and radioiodine uptake in correlation to mutational status. Differences of each parameter were compared before and after RA/RIT. Initial response showed no difference in patients with BRAF V600E compared to patients with wild type. However, after a median follow-up of 2 and a half years, 2 out of 3 patients with BRAF V600E showed response compared to 5 out of 9 with wild type under consideration of all 3 parameters. In this small cohort, more RAI-R PTC patients with BRAF V600E receiving redifferentiation therapy showed response. Verification in a larger study population analyzing mutational status in patients with RAI-R PTC might be helpful to identify patients where redifferentiation therapy might lead to an improved outcome.
Sensortechnik: Monitoring von Biosignalen macht die Versorgung effizienter
Authors: Struck Mattias
Published: November 2018

Für ein Gelingen integrierter Versorgung müssen Sensortechnologien für die Langzeiterfassung der relevanten medizinischen Information entwickelt werden, erklärt unser Autor Mattias Struck vom Fraunhofer-Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen IIS.
Hygiene: Verwirrung um die Händedesinfektion
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: November 2018

Australische Forscher haben den Eindruck erweckt, dass bestimmte Krankenhauskeime eine Toleranz gegenüber alkoholbasierten Händedesinfektionsmitteln entwickeln könnten. Fast zeitgleich berichteten Medien über einen Ausbruch des vermeintlich alkoholresistenten Bakterienstamms in der Schweiz.
Roboter-Assistierte Chirurgie: Neue Partner im OP
Authors: Schuler Patrick J.
Published: November 2018

Mit dem Einsatz von Roboter-Systemen bei OPs im Kopf-Hals-Bereich verbinden sich hohe Erwartungen. Flächendeckend genutzt wird die Technik allerdings nicht – zumal klinische Vorteile bislang noch nicht nachgewiesen wurden. Und dann sind da noch die hohen Kosten und Risiken. Eine Bestandsaufnahme.
38. Tagung – TK 2018 „Technik im Krankenhaus“: Personal und Prozesse in der Krankenhaustechnik: Warum nicht so weitermachen wie bisher?
Authors: Fouckhardt-Bradt Birgit , Brüning Cord
Published: November 2018

Personalgewinnung und -bindung sind in den technischen Berufen im Krankenhaus eine große Herausforderung und ohne digital unterstützte umfassende Prozessoptimierung nicht zu meistern. So lautet das Fazit der rund 80 Teilnehmer auf der diesjährigen Fachtagung im September 2018 in Hannover.
Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions Involving Radical Processes
Authors: Dagousset Guillaume , Barthelemy Anne-Laure , Magnier Emmanuel
Published: November 2018

An overview of the most significant radical-based synthetic methods currently available for the preparation of trifluoromethylthiolated compounds is presented.

1 Introduction

2 Early Work: Photochemical Reactions Under UV Irradiation

2.1 Reactions Involving CF3SH

2.2 Reactions Involving CF3SCl

2.3 Reactions Involving CF3SSCF3

3 Reactions Involving a Nucleophilic SCF3 Reagent

3.1 Reactions with CuSCF3

3.2 Reactions with AgSCF3

4 Reactions Involving an Electrophilic SCF3 Reagent

4.1 Reactions Involving the Formation of an R• Radical

4.2 Reactions involving the formation of •SCF3 Radical

5 Conclusion
Bone and Soft-Tissue Biopsies: What You Need to Know
Authors: Charalampopoulos George , Mazioti Argyro , Keramida Kalliopi , Kelekis Alexis , Filippiadis Dimitrios
Published: November 2018

Percutaneous, image-guided musculoskeletal biopsy, due to its minimal invasive nature, when compared with open surgical biopsy, is a safe and effective technique which is widely used in many institutions as the primary method to acquire tissue and bone samples. Indications include histopathologic and molecular assessment of a musculoskeletal lesion, exclusion of malignancy in a bone/vertebral fracture, examination of bone marrow, and infection investigation. Preprocedural workup should include both imaging (for lesion assessment and staging) and laboratory (including coagulation tests and platelet count) studies. In selected cases, antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered before the biopsy. Core needle biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions has a diagnostic accuracy that ranges from 66 to 98% with higher diagnostic yield for lytic, large-size, malignant lesions and when multiple and long specimens are obtained. Reported complication rates range between 0 and 10% and usually do not exceed 5%, with a suggested threshold of 2%. The purpose of this review article is to illustrate the technical aspects, the indications, and the methodology of percutaneous image-guided bone biopsy that will assist the interventional radiologist to perform these minimal invasive techniques.
Integrated CT–Fluoroscopy Equipment: Improving the Interventional Radiology Approach and Patient Experience for Treatment of Musculoskeletal Malignancies
Authors: Odisio Bruno , Sheth Rahul , Tselikas Lambros , de Baère Thierry , Deschamps Frederic , Yevich Steven
Published: November 2018

Integrated CT–fluoroscopy equipment augments the comprehensive approach to the treatment of musculoskeletal (MSK) malignancy by interventional radiology techniques. As the role of minimally invasive treatment expands to meet the highly variable presentation of MSK malignancy, creative solutions to treatment challenges are required to improve locoregional tumor control and durability of pain palliation. Challenges to effective treatment can often be attributed to a combination of aggressive tumor biology, large size, forbidding location, and adverse vascularity. In these cases, a tailored treatment approach may necessitate the application of multiple interventional radiology (IR) techniques that require different image guidance capabilities. Integrated CT–fluoroscopy equipment provides the means to leverage both imaging modalities within the same procedural setting to facilitate the simultaneous application of multiple synergistic treatments and protective measures. This article examines the potential role of hybrid units in the IR treatment of challenging MSK malignancies as a means to empower a paradigm transition for a more comprehensive and patient-tailored approach.
HIFU for Bone Metastases and other Musculoskeletal Applications
Authors: Anzidei Michele , Bazzocchi Alberto , Gagliardo Cesare , Catalano Carlo , Napoli Alessandro , Scipione Roberto
Published: November 2018

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a totally noninvasive procedure that has shown promising results in the management of numerous malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Under magnetic resonance or ultrasound guidance, high-intensity ultrasound waves are focused on a small, well-defined target region, inducing biologic tissue heating and coagulative necrosis, thus resulting in a precise and localized ablation. This treatment has shown both great safety and efficacy profiles, and may offer a multimodal approach to different diseases, providing pain palliation, potential local tumor control, and, in some cases, remineralization of trabecular bone. In musculoskeletal field, HIFU received FDA approval for treating bone metastasis, but its application has also been extended to other conditions, such as osteoid osteoma, desmoid tumor, low-flow vascular malformation, and facet joint osteoarthritis. This article illustrates the basic principles of HIFU and its main effects on biologic tissues with particular attention on bone, provides a step-by-step description of the HIFU procedure, and discusses the commonly treated conditions, in particular bone metastases.
Steroids Spinal Injections
Authors: Zini Chiara , Hirsch Joshua , Chandra Ronil , Bellini Matteo , Marcia Stefano
Published: November 2018

Spinal pain is a common condition leading to significant disability and high cost. Spinal injections have been demonstrated to be effective short-term treatments with cost–utility superior to numerous other treatments, including surgical procedures. Appropriate patient selection—based on clinical and imaging finding—and the use of image guidance associated with technical precautions improve the safety and effectiveness of spinal injection and overall patient outcomes.
Percutaneous Treatments of Benign Bone Tumors
Authors: Cazzato Roberto , Gilkison Andrew , Caudrelier Jean , Garnon Julien , Gangi Afshin , Koch Guillaume
Published: November 2018

Benign bone tumors consist of a wide variety of neoplasms that do not metastasize but can still cause local complications. Historical management of these tumors has included surgical treatment for lesion resection and possible mechanical stabilization. Initial percutaneous ablation techniques were described for osteoid osteoma management. The successful experience from these resulted in further percutaneous image-guided techniques being attempted, and in other benign bone tumor types. In this article, we present the most common benign bone tumors and describe the available results for the percutaneous treatment of these lesions.
Does the RAM Cannula Provide Continuous Positive Airway Pressure as Effectively as the Hudson Prongs in Preterm Neonates?
Authors: Singh Neetu , McNally Matthew J. , Darnall Robert A.
Published: November 2018

Objective To compare the level of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered by the RAM cannula system (Neotech, Valencia, CA) with that delivered by a traditional CPAP nasal delivery interface (Hudson prongs; Hudson-RCI, Temecula, CA) in preterm infants with respiratory distress.

Methods This was a crossover intervention study in a convenience sample of preterm infants with respiratory distress requiring treatment with CPAP. We measured the mean intraoral (pharyngeal) pressure, which approximates the applied CPAP level, using both the RAM cannula and Hudson prongs. The primary outcome was a comparison of the differences between the set CPAP levels and the measured intraoral pressures of both delivery systems.

Results We analyzed data from 12 preterm infants with mean (standard deviation) birth weight of 1,225 (405) g and gestational age of 28.4 (2.1) weeks at a median postnatal age of 10 days. The mean difference (95% confidence interval) between the set CPAP level and measured intraoral pressure was −2.45 cm H2O (−3.36, −1.55) with the RAM cannula and +0.40 cm H2O (−0.30, 1.12) with Hudson prongs, p = 0.0002.

Conclusion For given set CPAP pressure level in preterm infants, the RAM cannula system consistently delivers lower pharyngeal pressure (effective CPAP) levels than Hudson prongs.
Improvement of the Gap Adjustment in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using the Posterior Condylar Pre-cut Technique
Authors: Kaneyama Ryutaku , Higashi Hidetaka , Oinuma Kazuhiro , Miura Yoko , Tamaki Tatsuya , Shiratsuchi Hideaki
Published: November 2018

To provide adequate gaps for knee extension and flexion during total knee arthroplasty, a femoral component placement decreases the extension gap because the posterior capsule tension increases against the protrusion of the posterior part of the femoral component. We thought that the influence of this component on the extension gap depends on the amount of posterior femoral bone resection and the thickness of the posterior femoral components. We hypothesized that less bone resection and a thinner posterior part of the femoral component might avoid these problems. To verify our hypothesis, a 4-mm posterior condylar pre-cut technique and temporary femoral components that were 8 and 4 mm thick in the distal and posterior parts, respectively, were made using the FINE Total Knee System (Teijin-Nakashima Medical Co., Okayama, Japan). After bone resection, the pre-cut trial component was set to the femur, and the bone and component setting gaps were estimated. Seventy-one patients (98 knees) were investigated. The average bone gaps were 17.2/15.0 mm (extension/flexion, after pre-cut), 18.3/16.3 mm (after soft tissue release), and 8.7/12.2 mm (after pre-cut trial setting). After pre-cut trial setting, the extension gap decreased significantly; the amount was 1.6 mm (0–4 mm) on average (p < 0.0001), whereas a change of 3 mm or more occurred in 15 knees (15.3%), which could be problematic. The degree of these changes after component setting could be reduced by using the posterior femoral condylar pre-cut technique. However, the problem of component setting on the extension gap was not completely resolved. To precisely project the intraoperative gap to the ultimate postoperative gap, a posterior small protrusion device such as a pre-cut trial with the pre-cut technique would be necessary.
A Cross-Sectional Survey of the North American Skull Base Society Part 3: The State of Lateral Skull Base Surgery Training in North America
Authors: Patel Neil S. , Gompel Jamie J. Van , Tombers Nicole M. , Link Michael J. , Carlson Matthew L.
Published: November 2018

Introduction Optimal management of vestibular schwannoma (VS) demands involvement of an experienced multidisciplinary team. As the number of training programs in neurotology and skull base neurosurgery continues to rise, ensuring that trainees are capable of evidence-based decision-making and treatment, whether microsurgical or radiosurgical, is of paramount importance. The purpose of this study is to characterize the landscape of neurotologic and neurosurgical fellowship training programs in North America, with special reference to VS management.

Methods A 64-item web-based survey assessing VS practice trends was devised by members of the North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) Research Task Force and distributed electronically to NASBS membership via SurveyMonkey as a cross-sectional study. Participation was entirely voluntary and there was no remuneration for survey completion. The survey link was active from November 29 to December 14, 2016.

Results Of 719 members of the NASBS who were emailed a survey link, a total of 57 were returned (8%) completed surveys. Of all respondents, 51 (89%) claimed to have formal training in skull base neurosurgery or neurotology. Thirty-three respondents (65%) were skull base neurosurgeons while the remainder were neurotologists (n = 18; 35%). Institutions with fellowship programs tended to have a higher surgical, radiosurgical, and overall case volume than those with a residency program alone. However, 20% of respondents at institutions with fellowship programs reported evaluating less than 50 new diagnoses of VS per year and 12% reported a surgical case volume of less than 10 cases per year.

Conclusion As the number of skull base training programs expands, it is our duty to ensure that trainees gain sufficient experience to enter independent practice with the ability to exercise informed decision-making and safely perform VS surgery and radiosurgery. In the current training climate, implementing multidisciplinary care models, formalized training requirements, and emerging surgical simulators will support the development of minimum proficiencies in VS care.
Bony Incarceration of the Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon Mimicking Rupture
Authors: Barrera Janos , Ryu Jessica , Yao Jeffrey
Published: November 2018

Background Distal radius fractures are a relatively common injury, and rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) has been known to occur in a small number of nondisplaced distal radius fractures. In contrast, bony incarceration of the EPL tendon is an exceedingly rare occurrence and warrants special attention.

Case Description Here we present a case of bony incarceration of the EPL tendon following distal radius fracture that mimicked tendon rupture. Following EPL release, the patient had improved function and pain in the wrist.

Literature Review We identified three case reports of EPL tendon entrapment following distal radius fracture, and compared and contrasted the clinical features of tendon rupture versus bony entrapment.

Clinical Relevance Our results suggest that both the type of fracture (displaced vs. nondisplaced) and the chronicity of symptoms may provide important diagnostic clues for the hand surgeon managing distal radius fracture patients presenting with EPL dysfunction.
Numerical prediction of thermal and airflow conditions of a naturally ventilated atrium and validation of CFD models
Authors: Moosavi Leila , Mahyuddin Norhayati , Ghafar Norafida , Zandi Majid , Bidi Mokhtar
Published: November 2018

Natural ventilation as a major passive cooling strategy is growing in popularity, and atria, as a feature of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation, have been used with greater frequency in large modern buildings to enhance the flow regime of buildings. To have a reliable and suitable design, building simulation tools have become increasingly important in assisting designers to predict the temperature and airflow behaviours throughout atria. However, proper validation is required to ensure the accuracy of the prediction. Among the studies undertaken on atria, only a limited number have relied on full-scale experiments for validation. This study applied a full-scale four-storey atrium with solar assisted natural ventilation to validate four different turbulence models—“Realizable” k-ε, Standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, and SST k-ω—coupled with the Surface to Surface radiation model. The numerical predictions of all the computational fluid dynamic models were found to have good agreement with the experimental results for the temperature distribution and the air velocity rate. However, among the four tested models, RNG k-ε had the greatest similarity to the predicted temperature results. The results also show that direct ventilation in the atrium improves the airflow conditions of the attached space at the ground floor level with the inlet opening, even more than the atrium itself.
Robust adaptive unscented Kalman filter and its application in initial alignment for body frame velocity aided strapdown inertial navigation system
Authors: Zhu Bing , Wu Miao , Xu Jiangning , Li Jingshu
Published: November 2018

In the in-motion alignment of a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS), the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is usually used to solve non-linear problems. The measurement noise covariance R has a direct influence on the filtering results of the alignment of the SINS. The measurement noise is assumed to follow Gaussian distribution with a constant covariance R. However, these assumptions are often not realistic, neither the Gaussianity nor the constant covariance. This will degrade the performance of the UKF. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel adaptive robust UKF (NARUKF). In the NARUKF, a sliding window is used in estimating the covariance R in real-time. The NARUKF is divided into three main steps, the first step is to use the Mahalanobis distance algorithm to robustify the UKF. The second step is to use the projection statistics algorithm to reweight the abnormal stored innovations. Finally, the covariance R is adaptively estimated. The simulation and experimental results for the problem of the body frame velocity aided SINS in-motion alignment under heavier-tail distribution and/or outlier conditions demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the traditional ones.
Impacts of homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions and inclined magnetic field on unsteady nanofluids flow
Authors: Mahdy A.
Published: November 2018

An analytical investigation of time-dependent, laminar boundary layer nanofluid flow through a non-linear stretching sheet with inclined magnetic field is addressed. Flow analysis and formulation are given acounting homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction impacts. The governing flow equations with suggested boundary conditions are simplified through proper transformation. Series solutions convergence utilizing homotopy analysis method (HAM) are provided for velocity, temperature and concentrations. The significant physical quantities that affect the velocity, temperature and concentration curves are exhibited through graphical figures and tables. The results elucidates that the homogeneous reaction and heterogeneous reaction parameters produce a reduction in concentration distribution. Further, the inclination angle parameter of magnetic field gives an increment in temperature curves whereas reduces the concentration and velocity fields. Local Nusselt number graphical data are sketched and elucidated. Likewise substantiation of HAM solutions with preliminary investigation are given.
Coherent Cherenkov-cyclotron radiation excited by an electron beam in a two-spiral metamaterial waveguide
Authors: Liu M. , Schamiloglu E. , Yurt S. C. , Elfrgani A. , Fuks M. I. , Liu C.
Published: November 2018

We present the analysis of a microwave generator that uses two-spiral metamaterial (MTM) plates in a below cutoff WR340 waveguide that interacts with a high-power electron beam, motivated by recent results obtained by researchers at MIT. Particle-in-cell simulations using the MAGIC code demonstrated that power levels of 12 MW are achieved in a backward wave mode at a frequency of 2.47 GHz from an anomalous Doppler instability using a 1 μs pulsed electron beam of energy 400 keV, current 82 A in a 415 G magnetic field. In addition, a backward wave with 9 MW output power is achieved at a frequency of 2.54 GHz attributed to a Cherenkov instability using a 1 μs pulsed electron beam of energy 400 keV, current 82 A in a 1200 G magnetic field. MAGIC simulations demonstrate that the beam-wave interaction electronic efficiency can be as high as 27.4%. Nonlinear simulations indicate that beam interception leads to secondary electron emission from surfaces, which makes the anomalous Doppler instability and Cherenkov instability more complicated by a shift in frequency. This work seeks to clarify some discrepancy between particle-in-cell simulations and experiments at MIT over a range of guide magnetic field.
The magnetic tunnel junction as a temperature sensor for buried nanostructures
Authors: Yang H. F. , Hu X. K. , Sievers S. , Böhnert T. , Tarequzzaman M. , Costa J. D. , Ferreira R. , Bieler M. , Schumacher H. W.
Published: November 2018

The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is an important spintronic device and widely used in storage and sensor applications due to its large tunnel magnetoresistance. Here, we demonstrate that MTJs with an MgO barrier can be used in a straightforward way for accurate and quantitative temperature measurements in buried nanostructures. For this purpose, three intrinsic properties of the MTJ are employed: (i) the temperature dependence of the tunnel resistance, (ii) the temperature dependence of the coercivity of the free layer, and (iii) the temperature dependence of the coercivity of the synthetic antiferromagnet. We compare the three methods for the case in which a metal layer above the MTJ is heated by femtosecond laser pulses and find a good agreement between the different techniques. Our results might contribute to a better understanding of nanoscale thermal transport in multilayer structures for which corresponding simulations are very complicated. Additionally, the developed techniques, which have a high spatial resolution, will be suitable for the study of new physical phenomena where quantitative information about temperature and temperature gradients is required.
The effect of machining on domain configuration in [001]-oriented tetragonal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystals
Authors: Zhao Ye , Hu Qingyuan , Liu Xin , Zhuang Yongyong , Fu Xiaotian , Luan Peng , Zhao Weigang , Liu Yangbin , Yang Zhi , Li Zhenrong , Shur V. Ya. , Xu Zhuo , Wei Xiaoyong
Published: November 2018

Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) single crystals have attracted increasing attention in electro-optic and nonlinear optical applications. In this paper, it was found that the domain configuration of PMN–PT single crystals was influenced by machining and electric process, such as cutting, grinding, polishing, and electrical field poling. The ordered herringbone/stripe domain pattern can be changed into an unexpected disordered domain state in tetragonal PMN–PT crystals which was observed in some crystal samples. Those chaotic structures can decrease transmittance and increase possibility of cracking during poling. However, the disordered domain pattern can be eliminated by a temperature cycling process. Crack-free single-domain crystals were successfully obtained by electric field poling, exhibiting complete optical extinction in an orthogonal polarized light microscope. The results suggest that the domain configuration of PMN–PT single crystals is sensitive to machining process and can be controlled by proper temperature and electric field.
Reduced activation energy of nano size phase formation in yttria stabilized zirconia film obtained by RF magnetron sputtering: Preliminary results
Authors: Shilo J. T. , Pelleg J. , Sinder M.
Published: November 2018

Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a well-known ceramic material used for many various applications including a buffer layer for growth of functional oxide thin films on Si in semiconducting silicon chip technology. In the present work, YSZ thin film deposition on Si (100) substrate using magnetron sputtering system at room temperature is considered. The films were characterized by several methods: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). They were used in order to get information regarding the composition and the uniformity of the samples, determine their crystal structure and measure the grain size and the thin films thicknesses, respectively. In addition, the kinetics of the YSZ phase growth was investigated. Several samples were heat treated for one hour in air at various temperatures in the 500-650 °C temperature range, which made it possible to estimate the apparent activation energy of the process. The thin film characterization by XPS showed uniformity in composition through the entire depth of the film. This composition complies with the composition of 8YSZ known in the literature. This was expected since the sputtering target was 8YSZ. A decrease in film thickness and of the crystallization process was observed by XRD and HRSEM. The growth of the YSZ phase and its formation kinetics showed very low activation energy of ∼ 10.6 – 13.5 kJ/mol.
Interface energy analysis of III–V islands on Si (001) in the Volmer-Weber growth mode
Authors: Ponchet A. , Patriarche G. , Rodriguez J. B. , Cerutti L. , Tournié E.
Published: November 2018

The experimental island shapes of III–V islands grown on silicon (001) in the Volmer-Weber growth mode are analyzed in the frame of the theory of wetting in crystals. A reverse Wulff-Kaishew (or Winterbottom) construction is used in order to access interfacial energy. We apply this approach to AlSb and GaSb islands on (001) Si grown by molecular beam epitaxy and observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Experimental ratios between energies of (001), (110), (111)A, and (111)B surfaces are established. Interface energies are then quantitatively estimated for GaSb/Si and AlSb/Si interfaces. The differences in the shape of GaSb and AlSb islands, which are consistently reported in the literature, can be clearly attributed to a higher energy for the GaSb/Si interface compared to the ASb/Si one and not to different adatom diffusion lengths. The difference in interface energies is quantified, and its origin at the microscopic level is discussed.
Free vibration predicted using forced oscillation in the lock-in region
Authors: Jiao H. , Wu G. X.
Published: November 2018

The rationale of using the results from the transverse forced oscillation of a body in the lock-in region to predict the corresponding free vibration is provided based on the mathematical analysis and verified through the numerical results at Re = 106 obtained from the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. It is also shown through mathematical analysis that when the structural damping is fixed, if the body mass and stiffness vary together following a particular relationship, the free motion will remain the same. With this conclusion, the damping ratio is redefined using the motion frequency of the body instead of the commonly adopted natural frequency of the body. As a result, it is shown that when a cylinder is in periodic free motion, its motion will remain the same if the following two conditions are satisfied: (1) the combined mass-damping parameter remains unchanged and (2) the variations of body mass and stiffness follow a particular pattern. In this sense, the sinusoidal free motion will rely only on the combined mass-damping parameter, even at the low mass region. This is different from the previous result based on the conventionally defined mass-damping parameter. Motion amplitude and frequency contours are plotted against the damping and stiffness components based on the results of forced motion. From these, the sinusoidal free motion results can be predicted and their physics is discussed.
Toward a psychology of
Homo sapiens
: Making psychological science more representative of the human population
Authors: Rad Mostafa Salari , Martingano Alison Jane , Ginges Jeremy
Published: November 2018

Two primary goals of psychological science should be to understand what aspects of human psychology are universal and the way that context and culture produce variability. This requires that we take into account the importance of culture and context in the way that we write our papers and in the types of populations that we sample. However, most research published in our leading journals has relied on sampling WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) populations. One might expect that our scholarly work and editorial choices would by now reflect the knowledge that Western populations may not be representative of humans generally with respect to any given psychological phenomenon. However, as we show here, almost all research published by one of our leading journals,
Psychological Science
, relies on Western samples and uses these data in an unreflective way to make inferences about humans in general. To take us forward, we offer a set of concrete proposals for authors, journal editors, and reviewers that may lead to a psychological science that is more representative of the human condition.
Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century
Authors: Moran Emilio F. , Lopez Maria Claudia , Moore Nathan , Müller Norbert , Hyndman David W.
Published: November 2018

Significance

North American and European countries built many large dams until 1975, after which both started to abandon a significant part of their installed hydropower because of the negative social and environmental impacts. However, there has been a recent trend of new large hydropower dams being built in developing countries, particularly in megabiodiversity river basins, such as the Amazon, the Congo, and the Mekong. The socioeconomic and environmental damages in these river systems are even greater than the early costs in North America and Europe. This paper discusses how the hydropower sector needs to not only focus on energy production but also, include the negative social and environmental externalities caused by dams and recognize the unsustainability of current common practices.
Functional connectivity in central executive network protects youth against cardiometabolic risks linked with neighborhood violence
Authors: Miller Gregory E. , Chen Edith , Armstrong Casey C. , Carroll Ann L. , Ozturk Sekine , Rydland Kelsey J. , Brody Gene H. , Parrish Todd B. , Nusslock Robin
Published: November 2018

Significance

There is considerable variability in how people respond to major stressors. Some remain healthy, whereas others deteriorate. Little is known about the brain networks that are involved in shaping these different outcomes, a problem we pursue here. Like previous studies, we find that youth living in neighborhoods with high levels of violence have worse cardiometabolic health than peers from safer communities. Extending this knowledge, we show this connection is absent for youth who display higher connectivity within the brain’s frontoparietal central executive network (CEN), which facilitates efforts of self-control as well as reinterpretation of threatening events and suppression of unwanted emotional imagery. These observations suggest that CEN connectivity may be a neurobiological contributor to resilience.
Crystal structure of heme A synthase from
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Niwa Satomi , Takeda Kazuki , Kosugi Masayuki , Tsutsumi Erika , Mogi Tatsushi , Miki Kunio
Published: November 2018

Significance

In aerobic organisms, the terminal enzymes of the respiratory chain such as cytochrome
c
oxidase receive electrons and reduce molecular oxygen to water. Heme A is an essential cofactor for these oxidases and constitutes the redox-active sites and the proton-transfer pathways. Heme A is synthesized by heme A synthase (HAS). The molecular architecture and reaction mechanism is unknown. In this work, we determined the crystal structure of HAS from
Bacillus subtilis
in the apo form at high resolution. The structure in the holo form was also constructed using the crystal structure. These structures provide some clues for the heme A biosynthetic process, including substrate binding manner and catalytic residues.
A corpus approach to the history of Russian po delimitatives
Authors: Eckhoff Hanne Martine
Published: November 2018

This paper illustrates how enriched diachronic treebank data can shed new light on an old and vexed topic, even when that topic is
primarily morphological and semantic in nature rather than syntactic. The topic is the rise of the Russian po
delimitatives, a change seen as crucial in most accounts of the history of Russian aspect, since it represents a major step in
generalising the derivational aspect system. Earlier accounts concur that the po delimitatives spread fairly
recently, too recently for the development to be connected to the loss of the aorist tense, which also had delimitative readings
with atelic verbs. Using treebank data from the Tromsø Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic Treebank, enriched with tags for
derivational morphology and semantics, I show that the po delimitatives were not marginal even in the earliest
Slavic sources, either in terms of frequency or semantics, and that they first complemented and then competed with the
delimitative aorists. It can thus be claimed that the exotic po delimitatives grew organically out of the old
Indo-European inflectional aspect system.
Text form and grammatical changes in Medieval French
Authors: Simonenko Alexandra , Crabbé Benoît , Prévost Sophie
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a treebank-based study of the effect the text form (prose vs. verse) has on the course of two grammatical changes in Medieval French: the loss of null subjects and the loss of OV word order. By means of statistical analysis, we demonstrate that naive estimates of the spread of overt subjects and VO orders give the impression that there is a significant difference between the rates of development in prose vs. verse. By contrast, estimates based on an abstract grammar competition model which distinguishes between grammar-ambiguous surface forms (overt personal subjects, null subjects in coordination contexts) and grammar-unambiguous surface forms (overt expletive subjects, null subjects in non-coordination contexts) show prose-verse parallelism, prose having an earlier change onset, in line with traditional intuitions. At a more general level, these results suggest that the product of the interaction of a particular grammar with universal pragmatic laws is constant, which can be observed if the factors responsible for variation in grammatical choices are controlled for.
Discourse and place of speech in graphic/information design: Some philosophical considerations
Authors: Beccari Marcos N.
Published: November 2018

Considering the current demands for the inclusion of diversity in most sectors of society, how to contemplate the question of place of speech in the discursive dimension of graphic/information design? This article presents a brief conceptual panorama of the relation between discourse and place of speech. In order to better understand this relation, we consider it both within the theoretical and practical scope of graphic/information design. At first, the poststructuralist influence on graphic design is presented and, then, the notion of place of speech is discussed, drawing attention to its uses and contradictions. Finally, the importance of giving a place to speech is highlighted, and heuristic orientations towards the discursive dimension of contemporary graphic/information design are proposed.
Issues on the history of Portuguese in and of Brazil
Authors: Callou Dinah
Published: November 2018

The aim of this chapter is twofold: (i) primarily, to raise questions that will contribute to the discussion of the origins of the Brazilian variety of the Portuguese language and (ii) secondarily, to focus on 3rd person plural agreement in Brazilian Portuguese (os meninos estud
am/
os meninos estud
aØ
 – “the boys study”), taking into account the hypotheses that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) may have its roots in European Portuguese (EP) or may be the effect of intense linguistic contact, by irregular linguistic transmission. The position argued is that there is not only one history, but rather many histories of Brazilian Portuguese and it is necessary to relate linguistic to social data and observe demographic characteristics from place to place.
Portuguese and African languages in Mozambique
Authors: Chimbutane Feliciano
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses historical and contemporary sociolinguistic dynamics behind the genesis and diversity of Mozambican Portuguese. Focusing on the situation of contact between Portuguese and African languages, it is shown how the privileged status ascribed to Portuguese has contributed to increasing the proportion of Mozambican citizens who can speak this language, including as a first language. In contrast, the proportion of speakers of African languages as first languages is in decline. The chapter also discusses the heterogenic nature of Mozambican Portuguese and points to some sociolinguistic factors that can be used to explain the development of this emerging variety.
Angolan Portuguese
Authors: Inverno Liliana
Published: November 2018

Angola is the second largest Portuguese-speaking country in both area and number of inhabitants. Language contact has played an essential role in shaping the country’s past and current sociolinguistic profile, resulting in the development of a partially restructured vernacular, i.e. Angolan Portuguese (henceforth AP). The chapter gives a bird’s-eye view of the present-day language situation in Angola, the linguistic structure of AP and the linguistic, historical and social processes responsible for its development to reflect upon the positioning of AP on the continuum of Afro-Brazilian varieties of Portuguese proposed in Petter (2007, 2008b).
Cabo Verde
Authors: Lopes Amália de Melo
Published: November 2018

The set of issues discussed in this chapter aims to shed light on the sociolinguistic reality of Cabo Verde, a typical language contact case in which bilingualism and diglossia mark everyday social life. The chapter focuses, particularly, on the relations that speakers have with each of the languages, Cabo Verdean and Portuguese, according to their profiles and their experiences, either in symbolic terms, depending on their evaluation of the social functions of these languages and their usefulness, or in terms of concrete use. These aspects inspire initiatives for clearly defining a language policy for the country.
Directional complements, existential sentences and locatives in the Afro-Brazilian continuum of Portuguese
Authors: Ornelas de Avelar Juanito , Álvarez López Laura
Published: November 2018

In this chapter, we will focus on two set of changes reported in the literature on African and Brazilian varieties of Portuguese: (i) new uses of prepositions in directional complements of motion verbs and (ii) the emergence of ter (‘to have’) as a prototypically existential verb. Some facts involved in both changes will be presented to argue that there is a single factor responsible for triggering them in African and Brazilian Portuguese varieties: the transference of grammatical properties of phrases interpreted as locative from Bantu languages to Portuguese, with effects on the syntactic behavior of constituents introduced by the preposition em (‘in, at, on’).