bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROPRIÉTÉS PHYSIQUES ET MÉCANIQUES DU BOIS DE TECK DE PROVENANCES TANZANIENNE ET LOCALE AU BÉNIN
Authors: Hounlonon Montcho  Crépin , Kouchade Clément A. , Kounouhewa Basile B.
Published: May 2020

Le teck (Tectona grandis L. f.) est une espèce ligneuse tropicale dont le bois est très demandé. Au Bénin, la provenance tanzanienne et la provenance locale sont les deux variétés de cette espèce les plus plantées. Pour contribuer à la caractérisa- tion du bois de teck du Bénin, nous avons déterminé et comparé, pour le bois de chaque provenance, les modules d’élasti- cité et de cisaillement, la longueur du fût, la circonférence et l’épaisseur d’écorce à hauteur d’abattage, le pourcentage de bois de cœur, la circonférence à une hau- teur de 1,30 m du sol et la masse volu- mique (ou la densité) à 12 % de teneur en eau. Les échantillons ont été préle- vés dans les plantations de la Lama sur des arbres de 20 à 25 ans (six billes de provenance locale et quatre billes de provenance tanzanienne). Les résultats obtenus sur la base de cet échantillon indiquent que, pour cette classe d’âge, les valeurs de ces propriétés pour le bois de teck de provenance locale sont supé- rieures à celles de la provenance tanza- nienne, sauf pour le pourcentage de bois de cœur. Sur la base de notre échantil- lonnage, le teck de provenance locale semble donc d’une certaine qualité, qu’il faut tendre à valoriser par la sélection bio- logique ou clonale des meilleurs sujets, aptes à s’adapter non seulement au chan- gement climatique mais aussi aux struc- tures des sols. Cela permettrait de favori- ser la production du bois de teck sur toute l’étendue du territoire national, voire de la sous-région. Toutefois, la mise en place d’une variété hybride conciliant les atouts des deux provenances pourrait aussi être une grande avancée dans l’amélioration des essences exploitées au Bénin.
USAGES TRADITIONNELS ET VALEUR ÉCONOMIQUE DE SYNSEPALUM DULCIFICUM AU SUD-BÉNIN
Authors: Fandohan Adandé Belarmain , Chadare Lora Josiane , Gouwakinnou Gerard Nounagnon , Tovissode Chénangnon Frédéric , Bonou Alice , Djonlonkou Spero Fréjus B. , Houndelo Loetitia F. H. , Sinsin Corine Laurenda B. , Assogbadjo Achille Ephrem
Published: May 2020

Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn. Daniell) est un arbuste originaire de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, inscrit sur la liste des espèces vulnérables de l’UICN. Au Bénin, son importance pour les popu- lations locales reste peu documentée. L’étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer les connaissances endogènes, la valeur d’usage et l’importance économique de l’espèce pour les  populations locales. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et éco- nomiques ont été conduites auprès de 606 personnes réparties dans 13 groupes socioculturels du Sud-Bénin. Des para- mètres ethnobotaniques (fréquence de citation, valeur d’usage ethnobotanique) et économique (revenu moyen réalisé) ont été calculés, et leur significativité éprou- vée par l’ajustement de modèles linéaires généralisés et le test de Kruskal et Wallis. Les résultats ont montré que S. dulcificum était bien connu des populations locales du Sud-Bénin (100 % des enquêtés), qui le cultivaient notamment dans les jardins de case. Toutes les parties de la plante étaient utilisées à des fins médicinales, alimentaires et spirituelles. Les connais- sances et la valeur d’usage de la plante variaient entre les groupes socioculturels du Sud-Bénin, avec un gradient décrois- sant Est-Ouest. Les connaissances et la valeur d’usage variaient suivant le sexe, l’âge et le domaine d’activité, les connais- sances étant concentrées au niveau des hommes, des adultes et personnes âgées, et des praticiens de la médecine tradition- nelle. L’évaluation économique a révélé un circuit de commercialisation relativement court. Le faible revenu moyen réalisé sur la vente des fruits (environ 28 USD par an et par commerçant) illustre la faible valeur économique de l’espèce qui constitue une ressource de subsistance en déclin. La conservation et la valorisation optimale de l’espèce nécessiteront des investigations sur les plans nutritionnel, phytochimique et pharmaceutique, phénologique, mor- phologique et génétique, le développe- ment d’une sylviculture,  l’intégration  de la plante dans les politiques formelles de conservation, et enfin le développement d’une chaîne de valeurs à travers la mise en place d’une véritable filière.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDING STRUCTURE OF HOTEL DAFAM LOTUS JEMBER BY USING MOMENT RESISTING FRAME AND ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME
Authors: Kurniawan Reza , Nurtanto Dwi , Hayu Gati Annisa
Published: May 2020

Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) is one of several types of braces that can be used in steel building. EBF has a good stiffness and ductility to withstand earthquake load. In EBF itself there are 3 types of links, namely: Long Link, Intermediate Link, and Short Link. Meanwhile, MRF of Moment resisting Frame is a structural system where the beams and columns are connected rigidly. MRF has a good ductility in accepting load even it has no lateral braces installed. In this research the Dafam Lotus Jember hotel consisting of 10 floors with total height of 33,6 m is modeled as a MRF system structure and steel structure equipped with EBF short link. The objective of this research is to compare the effectiveness of EBF and MRF in terms of displacement, axial force, shear force, and moment occurring in buildings. The modeling results show that EBF with short link has smaller displacement value compared to MRF. The difference between the two is 86,99%. In terms of axial force, shear force, and moment, EBF has smaller values than MRF. The differences are 79,76%, 53,91%, and 10,48% respectively. These results indicate that EBF has better capacity compared to MRF.

Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki tingkat intensitas kegempaan yang tinggi. Ini menjadikan Indonesia tidak terhindarkan dari dampak negatif yang akan ditimbulkan oleh gempa bumi, yaitu menyebabkan kerusakan insfrastruktur fisik. Peraturan gempa SNI 03-1726-2012 membahas mengenai bresing sebagai salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk menangani masalah gempa. Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) adalah salah satu jenis bresing yang memiliki kekakuan dan daktilitas yang baik jika dibandingkan dengan Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF) yang hanya memiliki kekakuan yang baik. Selain itu terdapat pula Moment Resisting Frame (MRF) yaitu salah satu sistem struktur yang memiliki sifat daktail. Melihat permasalahan yang ada, maka pembahasan ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas dari EBF menggunakan short link dengan MRF apabila diaplikasikan pada bangunan Hotel Dafam Lotus Jember 10 lantai yang memiliki tinggi 33,6 m. Adapun efektivitas yang dibadingkan disini adalah nilai story displacement dan gaya dalam (momen, gaya geser, dan gaya aksial) yang terjadi. Hasil analisa dengan bantuan program analisa struktur menunjukkan bahwa EBF menggunakan short link memiliki nilai yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan MRF dalam menerima beban yang bekerja. Dari segi story displacement, selisih prosentasenya adalah 86,99% sedangkan untuk gaya dalam yang meliputi momen, gaya geser, dan gaya aksial, selisihnya secara berturut-urut adalah 79,76%, 53,91% dan 10,48%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa EBF menggunakan short link lebih efektif jika dibandingkan dengan MRF.
EXPANSIVE SOILS STABILIZATION WITH ADDITIONAL SAND (CASE STUDY : JATILUHUR HAMLET, GLGAH AGUNG VILLAGE, PURWOHARJO SUB-DISTRICT, BANYUWANGI DISTRICT)
Authors: Ridwansyah Muhammad Ari , Ma'ruf Mokhamad Farid , Putra Paksitya Purnama
Published: May 2020

Expansive soil is one of the global problems in the field of construction. In the United States, the estimated cost of damage to buildings and infrastructure due to expansive soils reaches $ 15 million per year (Far & Flint, 2016). While in the hamlet Jatiluhur, Glagahagung village, District Purwoharjo, Banyuwangi district expansive soils much damage the walls and floors of residences. Damage caused by this type of soil has high shrunken properties. In order to reduce these properties stabilization needs to be done. Stabilization in this research uses sand as the stabilizer. The addition of sand aims to reduce the ratio of clay cohesion properties, increase density values, reduce the potential for soil development and reduce soil permeability. The sand content used for stabilization is 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. From the test results obtained the original soil has a liquid limit of 90.86%, plastic limit of 36.97% and plasticity index of 53.89%. Under the USCS classification system, the original soil belongs to the category of high plastic clay soil. From several classifications of the expansive soil development potential, the original soil is included in the ground with a high level of development. While the result of mixed soil testing is found that the greater the level of sand can reduce the properties of plasticity, moisture content, and soil development.

Tanah ekspansif di desa Glagahagung, Kecamatan Purwoharjo, Kabupaten Banyuwangi banyak merusak dinding dan lantai rumah warga. Kerusakan diakibatkan karena tanah jenis ini memiliki sifat kembang susut tinggi. Guna mengurangi sifat tersebut perlu dilakukan stabilisasi. Stabilisasi dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pasir sebagai stabilitator. Penambahan pasir bertujuan untuk mengurangi rasio sifat kohesi lempung, meningkatkan nilai kepadatan, mengurangi potensi pengembangan tanah dan menurunkan permeabilitas tanah. Kadar pasir yang digunakan untuk stabilisasi sebesar 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% dan 35%. Dari hasil pengujian didapat tanah asli memiliki batas cair sebesar 90,86%, batas plastis sebesar 36,97% dan indeks plastisitas sebesar 53,89%. Berdasarkan sistem klasifikasi USCS, tanah asli termasuk dalam kategori tanah lempung plastisitas tinggi. Dari beberapa klasifikasi mengenai potensi pengembangan tanah ekspansif, tanah asli termasuk ke dalam tanah dengan tingkat pengembangan tinggi. Sedangkan hasil dari pengujian tanah campuran didapatkan bahwa semakin besar kadar pasir dapat mengurangi sifat plastisitas, kadar air, dan pengembangan tanah.
PAVEMENT DESIGN THICKNESS OF GEMPOL – PASURUAN TOLL ROAD STA 13+900 UNTIL STA 20+900 USING PAVEMENT DESIGN MANUAL 2017
Authors: Wahidaturrohmah Kamila , Hasanuddin Akhmad , Kriswardhana Willy
Published: May 2020

Gempol – Pasuruan toll road from STA 13+900 until STA 20+500, is one of the packages of the Trans Java Toll Road. This toll road was built to facilitate access to land transportation in the Java region. It has 6,6 km with a width of 4,6 meters on the right side and 4,6 meters on the left side section, each consisting of 2 lanes in 1 direction. The method used to design the pavement thickness is Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2017. From the calculation results, knowing that the traffic volume is 3.165.089 ESA4 so that two types of pavement chosen, namely rigid pavement and flexible pavement. The calculation results of flexible pavement construction obtained a 40 mm AC WC, 60 mm AC BC, 80 mm AC Base 80, 380 mm grade-A aggregate foundation, 450 mm grade B aggregate foundation thickness, with a cost of discounted life cycle 413.515.845.291,70 rupiahs. For rigid, continuous without reinforced pavement with 290 mm plate thickness, 100 mm lean concrete, using tie bar (threaded) BJTU 24 length 70 cm D16 and dowel (plain) length 45 cm D36, with discounted life cycle cost is 398.732.419.535 rupiahs. So the type of pavement based on the lowest discounted life cycle cost is using the rigid pavement.

Jalan Tol Gempol – Pasuruan STA 13+900 s/d STA 20+500 merupakan salah satu paket Jalan Tol Trans Jawa yang dibangun untuk mempermudah akses transportasi darat di wilayah Jawa, sepanjang 6,6 km dengan lebar jalan 4,6 meter ruas kanan dan 4,6 meter ruas kiri masing-masing terdiri dari 2 lajur 1 arah. Metode yang digunakan untuk perencanaan tebal perkerasan adalah Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan Tahun 2017. Dari hasil perhitungan diketahui volume lalu lintas 3.165.089 ESA4 sehingga dipilih dua jenis perkerasan yaitu perkerasan kaku dan perkerasan lentur. Hasil perhitungan konstruksi perkerasan lentur diperoleh tebal AC WC 40 mm, tebal AC BC 60 mm, tebal AC Base 80 mm, tebal Lapis Pondasi Agregat kelas A 380 mm, dan tebal Lapis Pondasi Agregat kelas B 450 mm, dengan nilai discounted life cycle cost Rp. 413.515.845.291,70. Untuk perkerasan kaku bersambung tanpa tulangan dengan tebal pelat beton 290 mm, tebal lean concrete 100 mm, menggunakan tie bar (ulir) BJTU 24 panjang 70 cm D16 dan dowel (polos) panjang 45 cm D36, dengan nilai discounted life cycle cost adalah Rp. 398.732.419.535. Sehingga jenis perkerasan berdasarkan nilai discounted life cycle cost terendah adalah menggunakan perkerasan kaku.
DESIGN OF PONDOK NONGKO BRIDGE BANYUWANGI USING BOX GIRDER
Authors: Nuur Arifa An , Koesoemawati Dewi Junita , Wahyuningtyas Winda Tri
Published: May 2020

Pondok Nongko bridge is a bridge that connects between Sukojati and Pondok Nongko villages in Kabat district Banyuwangi regency. This research aims to design the Pondok Nongko bridge by using a box girder as the main structure. This bridge is designed 50 m long, which consists of tidal flow in which each wide is 3,5 meters. The main structure of the Pondok Nongko bridge is redesign using precast prestressed concrete box girder, while the selected prestress method is the post-tension method. The basic planning refers to the SNI T-12-2004 and the calculation of load based on SNI 1725-2016. According to the calculation result, it is known the main girder is using precast concrete box girder as high as 2,5 m with 2,5 m span using four cable type 5-4 super wire strands of ASTM-A-416-06 grade 270. The pedestrian barrier consists of two pipes using circular hollow sections profile Ø 139,8 mm BJ-37, WF 200.200.8.12 steel column with 500 height, and reinforced concrete parapet with 25 cm thickness and 50 cm height. The landing plate uses steel with a size of 10x10x1 cm using bolt 8 Ø 10 mm. Protostar slab uses reinforced concrete with 25 cm thickness. The total loss of prestressing is 15,439 %. Therefore, this bridge has 53,585 mm ↓ deflection.

Jembatan Pondok Nongko adalah jembatan penghubung Desa Sukojati dan Desa Pondok Nongko yang berada di Kecamatan Kabat, Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Jembatan Pondok Nongko ini akan direncanakan dengan bentang 50 meter yang terdiri dari 2 lajur 2 arah dengan lebar lajur per arahnya 3,5 meter. Struktur atas Jembatan Pondok Nongko akan direncanakan menggunakan box girder pracetak beton pratekan sementara metode prategang menggunakan metode pascatarik (post-tension method). Dasar-dasar perencanaan yang digunakan mengacu pada peraturan perencanaan struktur beton untuk jembatan SNI T-12- 2004 dan pembebanan jembatan SNI 1725-2016. Berdasarkan perencanaan yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh gelagar utama yang digunakan adalah precast concrete box girder setinggi 2,5 m dengan panjang span 2,5 m dan menggunakan 4 tendon jenis 5-43 wire super strands ASTM-A-416-06 grade 270. Sandaran terdri dari dua buah pipa sandaran menggunakan profil circular hollow sections Ø 139,8 mm BJ 37, tiang sandaran mengunakan profil baja WF 200.200.8.12 setinggi 50 cm dan dinding sandaran menggunakan beton bertulang dengan tebal 25 cm setinggi 50 cm. Plat landas direncanakan menggunakan plat baja dengan ukuran 10x10x1 cm dengan menggunakan 8 baut Ø 10 mm. Trotoar menggunakan beton bertulang dengan tebal 25cm. Kehilangan prategang yang terjadi adalah 15,239 %. Sementara, lendutan total yang terjadi 53,535 mm ↓.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRATEGY OF TEMPORAL STREET REPAIRS TO VEHICLE OPERATION COSTS (CASE STUDY: CANDIPURO HIGHWAY, LUMAJANG)
Authors: Maghfiroh Rizqi Eka Faiqatul , Hasanuddin Akhmad , Sukmawati Sri
Published: May 2020

Candipuro highway, Candipuro District, Lumajang Regency is a road section which is passed by sand loaded trucks so that this road receives excessive loads. It can be seen from the presence of perforation damages, hair cracks, longitudinal and transverse cracks, edge cracks and polished aggregate. The damages on the road can disrupt the comfort and safety of drivers and affect to Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC). There is 2 maintenance method used in this research. The first method was an analysis of routine roadwork strategies once a year and second method every 3 years for 9 years to find out the most efficient cost for roadwork and operating cost for vehicles. ND Lea Consultant which focused on the aspect of pavement was used as the method for Vehicle Operating Cost. An economic feasibility analysis was used to determine the appropriate strategy using which strategy has a cheaper fee. The results of the calculation of routine roadwork every 1 year during 9 years were Rp3.459.436.869,42 and periodic roadwork 3 years for 9 years was Rp5.021.403.850,96. The total operating cost of car vehicles due to routine maintenance once a year during 9 years was Rp4.391.248.161,16 and periodic maintenance for 3 years during the 9 years was Rp4.391.248.161,16. Therefore, the efficient handling strategy was routine maintenance once a year. It was because this alternative has cheaper than periodic maintenance.

Ruas Jalan Raya Candipuro, Kecamatan Candipuro Kabupaten Lumajang merupakan ruas jalan yang dilewati truck pengangkut pasir sehingga ruas jalan ini menerima beban berlebih. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari adanya kerusakan berlubang, retak rambut, retak memanjang dan melintang, retak tepi dan pelepasan butiran. Kerusakan jalan dapat mengganggu kenyamanan maupun keselamatan pengendara dan dapat mempengaruhi Biaya Operasi Kendaraan (BOK). Terdapat 2 metode perbaikan jalan pada penelitian ini, metode pertama adalah secara rutin setiap 1 tahun sekali dan metode kedua secara berkala setiap 3 tahun sekali selama 9 tahun untuk mengetahui biaya yang paling efisien untuk perbaikan jalan serta biaya operasi terhadap kendaraan. Metode untuk Biaya Operasi Kendaraan menggunakan ND Lea Consultant yang menitikberatkan pada aspek perkerasan jalan. Analisa kelayakan ekonomi digunakan untuk penentuan stategi yang sesuai dengan memilih biaya yang paling kecil, sehingga efisien dari segi biaya. Hasil dari perhitungan untuk perbaikan jalan secara rutin setiap 1 tahun sekali selama 9 tahun adalah Rp3.459.436.869,42 dan perbaikan jalan secara berkala 3 tahun sekali selama 9 tahun adalah Rp5.021.403.850,96. Total Biaya Operasi Kendaraan mobil akibat pemeliharaan rutin 1 tahun sekali selama 9 tahun adalah Rp4.391.248.161,16 dan pemeliharaan berkala 3 tahun sekali selama 9 tahun adalah Rp4.941.996.380,06. Strategi penanganan yang efektif adalah pemeliharaan rutin 1 tahun sekali, karena alternatif ini memiliki biaya yang lebih kecil daripada pemeliharaan berkala.
THE SERVICE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MADIUN TRAIN STATION
Authors: Navitasari Silfi Galuh , Hasanuddin Akhmad , Hayati Nunung Nuring , Sulistyono Sonya
Published: May 2020

Transportation is a community’s needs at this time. In the development of transportation, transportation modes which is developing as a solution problems of time efficiency, safety, transportation capacity, and estimate costs for the population of Indonesia. For the population of Indonesia, especially the people in Madiun, railway facilities are transportation modes that energy saved and have a better level of safety than other transportation. This study discusses safety, security, reliability, convenience, simplicity, and equality of SPM which is consist of physical variables indicator, reliability, response, empathy, and concern. The research sample was participants in the departure place at Madiun Train Station. The samples did by random sampling method. Data collection uses a questionnaire which distributed directly for 400 questionnaires. Analysis method uses the Important Performance Analysis (IPA) method with validity testing using Bivariate Pearson (Product Moment Pearson) and reliability testing using Cronbach Alpha (ɑ) statistical test. The results of service quality and facility performance researches showed 94.44% of availability and 88.89% of fulfilment at Madiun Station according to PM.48 of 2015. Whereas the results of conformity and gap researches showed the assessment integrity accordance to concerns and expectations of the highest GAP service users - 0.90 according to variable indicator.

Transportasi merupakan kebutuhan masyarakat pada saat ini. Dalam perkembangan transportasi, moda transportasi yang berkembang sebagai solusi permasalahan tentang efisiensi waktu, keselamatan, kapasitas penumpang, dan estimasi biaya bagi penduduk Indonesia. Bagi penduduk Indonesia khususnya masyarakat di Madiun, sarana kereta api adalah moda transportasi yang hemat energi dan tingkat keselamatan yang lebih baik dibandingkan transportasi lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji keselamatan, keamanan, kehandalan, kenyamanan, kemudahan, dan kesetaraan terhadap SPM berupa indikator variabel fisik, keandalan, tanggapan, empati, dan peduli. Sampel penelitian ini adalah penumpang pemberangkatan di Stasiun Madiun. Sampel dilakukan dengan metode acak. Pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner yang disebarkan secara langsung sebanyak 400 kuesioner. Metode analisis menggunakan metode Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) dengan uji validitas menggunakan Bivariate Pearson (Product Moment Pearson) dan uji reliabilitas menggunakan uji statistic Cronbach Alpha (ɑ). Hasil penelitian kualitas kinerja pelayanan dan fasilitas menunjukkan ketersediaan sebesar 94,44 % dan keterpenuhan sebesar 88,89 % di Stasiun Madiun sesuai PM.48 Tahun 2015. Sedangkan, hasil penelitian kesesuaian dan kesenjangan menunjukkan bobot penilaian sesuai kepentingan dan harapan pengguna jasa senilai GAP tertinggi -0,90 sesuai indikator variabel.
Présentation
Authors: Pouliquen H.
Published: May 2020

En aquaculture, l’apparition d’une maladie infectieuse, qu’elle soit émergente ou non, est associée à des conditions zootechniques et environnementales données. En outre, l’épidémiologie d’une telle maladie, est souvent difficile à appréhender, notamment en matière d’espèces sensibles, de vecteurs animaux ou d’effets environnementaux.

Ce numéro spécial de la Revue INRA Productions Animales rassemble au travers d’articles synthétiques, les informations les plus récentes en terme d’outils de diagnostic, d’émergence, d’épidémiologie et de modélisation des maladies infectieuses aquacoles. Par ailleurs, il fait le point sur les principales mesures de gestion du risque d’apparition de ces maladies, principalement la vaccination, la sélection génétique et l’usage de prébiotiques, probiotiques et peptides antimicrobiens.

Ce numéro est en vente (16 €) auprès des Editions Quae

Editions Quae, c/o INRA, RD 10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
Émergence des maladies infectieuses animales et humaines
Authors: PEPIN M. , BOIREAU P. , BOUE F. , CASTRIC J. , CLIQUET F. , DOUZAL Y. , JESTIN A. , MOUTOU F. , ZIENTARA S.
Published: May 2020

Les maladies infectieuses émergentes, qu’elles soient animales, humaines ou zoonotiques, sont devenues une composante essentielle dans le paysage sanitaire mondial. Qu’elles soient inconnues jusqu’alors pour les vraies émergences ou simplement qu’elles réapparaissent après plusieurs années voire des décennies de silence dans le cas des réémergences, les maladies infectieuses émergentes ou réémergentes sont caractérisées par une augmentation brutale de leur incidence et par une incertitude sur l’ampleur du phénomène. Dans cette revue, les conditions de l’émergence sont présentées et hiérarchisées en fonction des connaissances actuelles, selon que ces conditions soient liées à l’environnement, à l’hôte (ou les hôtes) ou à l’agent infectieux lui-même. Deux exemples sont présentés pour illustrer le propos : d’une part une maladie humaine nouvelle, le SRAS avec un ou des réservoirs animaux et une maladie strictement animale, la fièvre catarrhale ovine ou bluetongue apparue récemment en Europe. Face à ces émergences ou réémergences, les différents acteurs, chercheurs et autorités sanitaires, doivent s’organiser y compris au niveau mondial afin de prévenir ou au mieux de bien se préparer à ces émergences de maladies infectieuses.
Émergence des maladies chez les poissons et les mollusques : le cas des bactéries lactiques
Authors: DOUET D.G.
Published: May 2020

Certaines bactéries lactiques sont des agents pathogènes redoutés de la filière piscicole. La lactococcose, en particulier, constitue une bonne illustration de maladie émergente, dont la gestion a été plus ou moins heureuse selon les pays. Si certains outils diagnostiques performants sont désormais disponibles, il convient toutefois de se préoccuper davantage des mesures de traitement et de prophylaxie, et de mobiliser les compétences internationales sur le sujet.
La vaccination chez les poissons d’élevage
Authors: QUENTEL C. , BREMONT M. , POULIQUEN H.
Published: May 2020

Les poissons, tout au moins les téléostéens, sont dotés d’un système immunitaire proche de celui des vertébrés supérieurs. Il est composé de deux systèmes majeurs, le système inné ou non spécifique et le système acquis, spécifique du pathogène. Les poissons sont capables de reconnaître un antigène et de développer une réponse immunitaire spécifique. Il est donc possible de les vacciner. Les poissons peuvent être immunisés selon plusieurs voies, l’injection, la balnéation et l’administration orale. Différents types de vaccins existent : des vaccins inactivés, qui sont pour l’essentiel des vaccins anti-bactériens produits par fermentation des bactéries suivie d’une inactivation au formol, des vaccins vivants atténués qui, dans un premier temps, ont été surtout étudiés vis-à-vis des maladies virales afin d’essayer de pallier la déficience des vaccins tués. Bien qu’efficaces par balnéation, ils ne sont pas commercialisés car incompatibles avec les stratégies de contrôle à la fois vétérinaire et environnemental. Enfin, avec le développement de la biologie moléculaire de nouveaux types de vaccins sont en cours d’élaboration chez les poissons comme les vaccins recombinants sub-unitaires dont l’efficacité n’a cependant pas été démontrée. Par contre, les résultats avec les vaccins à ADN sont très prometteurs et ces derniers devraient dans un avenir proche permettre d’optimiser la vaccination chez les poissons.
Variabilité génétique de la réponse aux organismes pathogènes : un outil pour améliorer la santé des mollusques et poissons d’élevage
Authors: QUILLET E. , BOUDRY P. , LAPEGUE S.
Published: May 2020

L’amélioration de la santé des cheptels est une composante essentielle du développement durable des filières aquacoles. La sélection d’animaux résistants aux différents organismes pathogènes rencontrés en élevage est une des stratégies possibles, complémentaire des approches prophylactiques, médicamenteuses ou vaccinales qui sont parfois difficiles à mettre en œuvre. L’analyse de la littérature scientifique permet en effet de conclure qu’il existe, dans les espèces et populations de mollusques et de poissons, une variabilité génétique de la résistance potentiellement exploitable par sélection. Les conditions d’exploitation de ce potentiel sont analysées. Pour des caractères complexes comme la résistance aux maladies, la mise au point de «marqueurs» susceptibles de fournir de l’information sur la valeur génétique des individus sans recourir à l’épreuve par le pathogène serait une aide précieuse pour mettre la sélection en pratique. Les travaux et perspectives dans ce domaine sont présentés, et leurs répercussions sur les stratégies possibles d’amélioration génétique discutées dans le contexte des filières aquacoles françaises.
Risk of Human-to-Wildlife Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Gryseels Sophie , De Bruyn Luc , Gyselings Ralf , Calvignac-Spencer Sébastien , Leendertz Fabian , Leirs Herwig
Published: May 2020

It has been a long time since the world has experienced a pandemic with such a rapid devastating impact as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The causative agent, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is further unusual in that it appears capable of infecting many different mammal species. As a significant proportion of people worldwide are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and may spread the infection unknowingly before symptoms occur or without any symptoms ever occurring, there is a non-negligible risk of humans spreading SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife, in particular mammals. Because of SARS-CoV-2’s evolutionary origins in bats and reports of humans transmitting the virus to pets and zoo animals, regulations for prevention of human-to-animal transmission have so far focused mostly on these animal groups. Here, we summarize recent studies and reports that show that a wide range of distantly related mammals are likely susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that susceptibility or resistance to the virus is in general not predictable, or only to some extent, by phylogenetic proximity to known susceptible or resistant hosts. In the absence of solid evidence on the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility/resistance for each of the >5,500 mammal species, we argue that sanitary precautions should be taken when interacting with any mammal species in the wild. Preventing human-to-wildlife SARS-CoV-2 transmission is important for protecting these (sometimes endangered) animals from disease, but also to avoid establishment of novel SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs in wild animals. The risk of repeated re-infection of humans from such a wildlife reservoir could severely hamper SARS-CoV-2 control efforts. For wildlife fieldworkers interacting directly or indirectly with mammals, we recommend sanitary precautions such as physical distancing, wearing face masks and gloves, and frequent decontamination, which are very similar to regulations currently imposed to prevent transmission among humans.
COVID-19 Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis Overview
Authors: Zayed Rania , Omran Dalia , Zayed Abeer
Published: May 2020

COVID-19 was identified in Wuhan, China in in December 2019, and rapidly spread worldwide, being declared global pandemic one month later on 30 January 2020. Since its emergence, COVID-19 has raised global concerns associated with drastic measures that were never adopted in any previous outbreak, to contain the situation as early as possible. The 2019 novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) or SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. 2019-nCoV genetic sequence was rapidly identified within few days since the first reported cases and RT-PCR kits became available for COVID-19 diagnosis. However, RT-PCR diagnosis carries a risk of false-negative results, therefore additional serologic test are needed. The most important approach in the battle against COVID-19 is rapid diagnosis of suspicious cases, timely therapeutic intervention and isolation to avoid community spread. In this review, we summarize the clinical scenario that raises suspicion of COVID-19 and available laboratory diagnostics.
The Main Risk Factors for the Number of Serious or Critical Cases of Covid-19: How is the Health of Brazilians?
Authors: Fernandes Haniel
Published: May 2020

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) have been a major public health concern worldwide, especially diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, in addition to obesity, which is even more worrying when the subject involves the covid-19 pandemic, because such incidences correlate with the need for intensive care units, including the possibility of death of the patient. Therefore, for countries with the highest numbers of critical cases, it is important to assess the incidence of these diseases to guide the public that most needs guidance on public policies for social isolation.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to mitigate immune dysregulation and coagulopathy in COVID-19
Authors: Desbarats Julie
Published: May 2020

Although most cases of COVID-19 are paucisymptomatic, severe disease is characterized by immune dysregulation, with a decreased type I interferon response, increased inflammatory indicators, surging IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα suggestive of cytokine storm, progressive lymphopenia, and abnormal blood clotting. Factors determining susceptibility to severe disease are poorly understood, although mortality correlates with increasing age and co-morbidities including diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) tends to be insufficient in populations particularly vulnerable to COVID-19, including the elderly, the institutionalized, and people with diabetes and CVD, and PLP becomes further depleted during infection and inflammation. In turn, low PLP results in immune imbalance, as PLP is an essential cofactor in pathways regulating cytokine production, in particular type I interferons and IL-6, and in lymphocyte trafficking and endothelial integrity. Furthermore, normalizing PLP levels attenuates abnormalities in platelet aggregation and clot formation. Finally, PLP insufficiency induces excess secretion of renin and angiotensin, and hypertension. In inflammatory disease, pharmacological doses of PLP decrease circulating TNFα, IL-6 and D-dimer, and animal studies demonstrate that supplemental PLP shortens the duration and severity of viral pneumonia. Severe COVID-19 manifests as an imbalance in the immune response and the clotting system. Pharmacological PLP supplementation may therefore mitigate COVID-19 symptoms by alleviating both the immune suppression underlying viral spread and the pathological hypersecretion of inflammatory cytokines, as well as directly bolstering endothelial integrity and preventing hypercoagulability.
Quantum Physics, Quantum Biology, Quantum Medicine?
Authors: Bullon Pedro
Published: May 2020

The leading cause and foremost reason for mortality and morbidity in the world is a group known as Noncommunicable Diseases. The best approach to treat them is to evaluate and control the risk factors. There are shared by all these diseases leading to the existence of some meeting points behind all of them. There should be some key to acquire conditions that modify the cells homeostasis and impaired the cell physiology developing different diseases. Physics try to explain the nature of the phenomena that surround us, at first, at the level of our macroscopic perception. Quantum physics studied the atomic and subatomic particles and revolutionized the reality perception with paradoxical and weird concepts. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle established that it is not possible to determine the two characteristic properties of particles with accuracy; measurement affects the system and change it. Subatomic particles have a wave-particle duality that could be in a coherence statement, also can pass through high-energy barriers. Two subatomic particles are entangled, something happening over here can have an instantaneous effect over there, no matter how far away there are. All these concepts have tried to apply to biology and life sciences, especially when classical physics fails to give an accurate description. Quantum biology is behind photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, enzyme activity, the sense of smell, animal migration, heredity's fidelity, and consciousness. We can apply all these concepts to diseases pathogeny. So, we describe quantum phenomena in oxidative stress, calcification, signal transduction, vitamin D production, cancer mutations, and microbiome induced pathology. I want to propose that medicine also can be explained by applying quantum physics concepts. It is a new, hard to believe, and an incredible path to be built, but we need to open the treatment options to our patients with new perspectives.
Joint Space Redundancy Resolution of Serial Link Manipulator: An Inverse Kinematics and Continuum Structure Numerical Approach
Authors: Jain Toshit , Kumar Jain Jinesh , Roy Debanik
Published: May 2020

Automatic control to any of robot manipulators, some kind of issues are being observed. A numerical method for solution generation to the inverse kinematics problem of redundant robotic manipulators is presented to obtain the smoothest algorithm as possible, leading to a robust iterative method. After the primary objective of the reachability of end-effectors to the target point is achieved, the aim is set to resolve the redundant degrees of freedom of redundant manipulator. This method is numerically stable since it converges to the correct answer with virtually any initial approximation, and it is not sensitive to the singular configurations of the manipulator. In addition, this technique is computationally effective and able to apply for serial manipulators with any DOF applications. A planar 3R-DOF serial link redundant manipulator is considered as exemplar problem for solving. Also, the continuum approach for resolving more complex structure with variable DoF is illustrated here and their brief applicability to support surgeries and adaptive use of artificial linkage moments is also calculated.
Body Mass Index (BMI) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Living Systematic Review
Authors: Soriano Jose M. , González Aránzazu , Soler Carla , Catalá-Gregori Ana I. , Merino-Torres J. Francisco
Published: May 2020

On March 11, 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review focuses on where the body mass index (BMI) value can be used as a tool to evaluate the risk of development and/or aggravation of this disease. Databases were used to search studies published up to April 18, 2020. In total, 4285 articles and other scientific literature were found, and twelve articles were included in this systematic review. The mean BMI value of severe COVID-19 patients ranged from 24.5 to 33.4 kg/m2, versus 22.0 to 24.3 kg/m2 for non-severe patients Articles using the terms obesity or overweight, without indicating the BMI value, in these patients were common, but this is not useful as the nutritional status, when not defined by this index, is confusing due to the classification being different in the West compared to among,, Asian and Korean criteria-based adults. Furthermore, the use of BMI is important during this pandemic, as it should be applied to nutritional support therapy during hospitalization of infected patients, as well as being considered in the home confinement population.
COVID19: A Natural Language Processing and Ontology Oriented Temporal Case-Based Framework for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus
Authors: Oyelade Olaide Nathaniel , Ezugwu Absalom E.
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). At the time of conducting this study, it had recorded over 1.6million cases while more than 105,000 have died due to it, with these figures rising on a daily basis across the globe. The burden of this highly contagious respiratory disease is that it presents itself in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patterns in those already infected, thereby leading to an exponential rise in the number of contractions of the disease and fatalities. It is therefore crucial to expedite the process of early detection and diagnosis of the disease across the world. The case-based reasoning (CBR) model is an effective paradigm that allows for the utilization of cases’ specific knowledge previously experienced, concrete problem situations or specific patient cases for solving new cases. This study therefore aims to leverage the very rich database of cases of COVID-19 to interpret and solve new cases even at their early stage to the advanced stage. The approach adopted in this study employs a natural language processing (NLP) technique to parse records of cases and thereafter formalize each case which is represented as a mini-ontology file. The formalized case is therefore parsed into a CBR model to allow for classification of the case into positive or negative to COVID-19. Meanwhile, feature extraction for each case is done by classifying tokens extracted by the NLP approach into special, temporal and thematic classes before encoding them using an ontology modeling method. The CBR model therefore leverages on the formalized features to compute the similarity of the new case with extracted similar cases from the archive of the CBR model. The proposed framework was populated with 68 cases obtained from the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM) repository. Results obtained revealed that the proposed approach leverages on locations (spatial) and time (temporal) of contagion to successfully detect cases even in their early stages of two days onward before the incubation period of fourteen days. The proposed framework achieved an accuracy of 97.10%, sensitivity of 0.98 and specificity of .066. The study found that the proposed model can assist physicians to easily diagnose and isolate cases, thereby minimizing the rate of contagion and reducing false diagnosis as observed in some parts of the globe.
Compressive Sampling with Multiple Bits Spread Spectrum-Based Data Hiding
Authors: Budiman Gelar , Suksmono Andriyan Bayu , Danudirdjo Donny
Published: May 2020

We propose a novel data hiding method in an audio host with a compressive sampling technique. An over-complete dictionary represents a group of the watermark. Each row of the dictionary is a Hadamard sequence representing multiple bits of the watermark. Then, the singular values of segment-based host audio in a diagonal matrix multiply by the over-complete dictionary producing a lower size matrix. At the same time, we embed the watermark into the compressed audio. In the detector, we detect the watermark and reconstruct the audio. This proposed method offers not only hiding the information but also compressing the audio host. The application of the proposed method is a broadcast monitoring and biomedical signal recording. We can mark and secure the signal content by hiding the watermark inside the signal while we compress the signal for memory efficiency. We evaluate the performance in terms of payload, compression ratio, audio quality, and watermark quality. The proposed method can hide the data imperceptibly, in range 729-5292 bps with compression ratio 1.47-4.84 and perfect detected watermark.
The Timeline of a Pandemic: Have We Learned Anything in 102 Years?
Authors: Green Gemma , Afzal Irrum , Radha Sarkhell
Published: May 2020

George Satayana stated that “those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it”. As our UK “good outcome” death toll of 20,000 from coronavirus (SARS CoV -2/ COVID -19) in 2020 has sadly been surpassed; never has a phrase been more pertinent. The last major pandemic on a similar scale to COVID-19 is “Spanish Flu” from 1918. We aim to delineate the timeline of events in response to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic and compare this to the timeline of COVID 19 response, given that the NHS and WHO have since both been long established. In the last 102 years many changes have occurred. Health services across the world have significantly improved, with the advent of mechanical ventilation and antimicrobial treatments. Vaccination programmes against common pathogens have prevented many large-scale disease threats, however novel illnesses have also emerged. Worldwide communication through the Internet and many agencies including the World Health Organisation has improved, and the awareness and surveillance of disease is more prominent. Despite advances in healthcare and communication, the national and international timeline for public health intervention in the current COVID pandemic in comparison to the Spanish flu pandemic of more than 100 years ago is virtually identical. The World Health Organisation operates to promote global health and prevent spread of disease, with this in mind; should the WHO have intervened earlier?​ We need to learn quickly from this pandemic and improve planning for the future.
Modeling an Inverted Pendulum via Differential Equations and Reinforcement Learning Techniques
Authors: Sharma Siddharth
Published: May 2020

The prevalence of differential equations as a mathematical technique has refined the fields of control theory and constrained optimization due to the newfound ability to accurately model chaotic, unbalanced systems. However, in recent research, systems are increasingly more nonlinear and difficult to model using Differential Equations only. Thus, a newer technique is to use policy iteration and Reinforcement Learning, techniques that center around an action and reward sequence for a controller. Reinforcement Learning (RL) can be applied to control theory problems since a system can robustly apply RL in a dynamic environment such as the cartpole system (an inverted pendulum). This solution successfully avoids use of PID or other dynamics optimization systems, in favor of a more robust, reward-based control mechanism. This paper applies RL and Q-Learning to the classic cartpole problem, while also discussing the mathematical background and differential equations which are used to model the aforementioned system.
Impact on Mobility and Environmental Data of COVID-19 Lockdown on Florence Area
Authors: Badii Claudio , Bellini Pierfrancesco , Bilotta Stefano , Bologna Daniele , Cenni Daniele , Difino Angelo , Ipsaro Palesi Alessandro , Mitolo Nicola , Nesi Paolo , Pantaleo Gianni , Paoli Irene , Paolucci Michela , Soderi Mirco
Published: May 2020

According to the changed operative conditions due to lockdown and successive reopening a number of facts can be analysed. The main effects have been detected on: mobility, environment, social media and people flows. While in this first report only mobility, transport and environment are reported. The analysis performed identified a strong reduction of the mobility and transport activities, and in the pollutants. The mobility reduction has been assessed to be quite coherent with respect to what has been described by Google Global mobility report. On the other hand, in this paper a number of additional aspects have been put in evidence providing detailed aspects on mobility and parking that allowed us to better analyze the impact of the reopening on an eventual revamping of the infection. To this end, the collected data from the field have been compared from those of google and some considerations with respect to the Imperial college Report 20 have been derived. For the pollutant aspects, a relevant reduction on most of them has been measured and rationales are reported.
An Empirical Model of Submicrocrystalline Structure Formation and Hardening upon Severe Plastic Deformation in Iron
Authors: Degtyarev Mikhail I. , Chashchukhina Tatiana I. , Voronova Lyudmila M. , Patselov Alexander M. , Pilyugin Vitaliy P. , Talantsev Evgueni F.
Published: May 2020

The evolution of metals micro/nano-structure upon severe plastic deformation (SPD) is still far to be theoretically explained, while experimental datasets are persistently growing for several decades. Major problem associated with understanding of SPD is related to a fact that the latter is a synergetic product of several competing physical effects which alter the material micro/nano-structure. In attempt to find deformational boundaries, where predominantly one mechanism determines the micro/nano-structure, in this paper we propose a continuous piecewise model for the analysis of experiments on material hardness vs strain of SPD processed materials. The novelty of this approach lies in its ability to find, as free-fitting parameters, the strain breakpoints which separate different micro/nano-structure modes generated upon SPD process. The model is applied to analyse experimental data for polycrystalline samples of pure iron and two distinctive strain breakpoints are revealed with good accuracies. This finding is in a good agreement with our earlier results on TEM microscopy studies on pure iron polycrystals after SPD treatment.