bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Leafhoppers in Grapes, 1985
Authors: Saunders Michael C. , Flanagan Patrick W.
Published: March 2022

These tests were conducted in 2 established Concord grape vineyards in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in location 1 and 3 times in location 2. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. One spray was applied in each test using a 6-gal. True-test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Spray was applied to runoff at approximately 100 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at the rate of 2 oz per 100 gal. Evaluations consisted of counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 randomly selected leaves within each plot. Pretreatment levels of leafhopper was obtained by counting nymphs on 360 leaves and 250 leaves within the study areas of test location 1 and 2 respectively.
Control of Fuller Rose Beetle in Pruned and Unpruned Citrus, 1986
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Brawner O. L. , Salazar-Marroquin J.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were evaluated for control of adult Fuller rose beetle (FRB) in a 51-year old grapefruit grove in Corona, CA. The grove was divided into 4-row blocks in which the tree skirts were alternately pruned to a 4 foot height or left unpruned over the period 15-30 Jul, prior to the application of treatments on 31 Jul. Two adjacent blocks were chosen for the pesticide trial, one skirt-pruned and the other non-pruned. Prior to skirt pruning, 5 fruit on each tree in the center 2 rows of each block were sampled for the presence of FRB egg masses under the calyx and treatments were assigned to 4-tree plots (2 x 2, within the center 2 rows of a block) based on the number of fruit infested. Each treatment was replicated in 3 plots in both the pruned and unpruned block (24 trees total). The control (untreated) was replicated in 6 plots in both blocks. Treatments were applied using a hand-gun at 450 psi, to the trunk of skirt-pruned trees (ca. 1 gal per tree), and using outside coverage to the lower 6 ft of the canopy and trunk in unpruned trees (ca. 3 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts of the number of live beetles per plot were taken by shaking foliage above a 3 x 4 ft beating cloth laid below the outside canopy in 2 random quadrants per tree (8 per plot). FRB adult emergence from the ground was monitored using ground traps in 2 adjacent untreated blocks (1 skirt-pruned, 1 not) over the period of the trial.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1986
Authors: McVay John R.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature “Schley” trees located at Rome, AL. Treatments were replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a V2 acre plot with 3 core trees and 6 border trees. Applications were made to the inside half of border trees and all sides of core trees. Data were taken from the central core tree only. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Aug. Foliar applications were made on 27 Aug using an FMC-9100 air-blast sprayer delivering 120 gal of finished spray per acre (10 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts were made 2, 7 and 14 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides for Fall Webworm Control, 1986
Authors: Miller Gary L. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated for control of fall webworm at Auburn University, AL. Pecan leaves were dipped into insecticide solutions which also contained Chevron spreader-sticker (0.5 pt/100 gal water). Leaves were allowed to air dry and were fed to larvae in ½-pt paper ice cream containers. After 2 days, freshly dipped leaves were added to corresponding containers. Fall webworms were maintained at 28°C, 14:10 L:D photoperiod, in a controlled environment. Caterpillars selected had head capsule widths of approximately 2 mm. Treatments were replicated 3 times with each replicate consisting of 4 Vi-pt containers with 5 caterpillars per containers, for a total of 60 caterpillars per treatment. Orthene was used as a standard.
Cabbage Root Aphid Control 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Cartwright B. , Edelson J. V. , Fernandez D.
Published: March 2022

'Sanibel' variety cabbage was planted 7 Oct into double-row beds with 40-inch centers at the Hoblitzelle Research and Demonstration Farm, Mercedes, Tex. Soil type was an Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plants were thinned to a 6-inch spacing on 1 Nov, and 60 lb N-32 fertilizer was side-dressed on 3 Dec. Two separate experiments were conducted, one to evaluate efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides, and one to evaluate side-dressed insecticides for control of poplar petiole gall aphids (cabbage root aphids). Experimental design for both tests was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The plots measured 2 beds by 30 ft (foliar test) or 4 beds by 30 ft (side-dress test) with a buffer row between plots. Side-dress treatments were applied on 3 Dec, and foliar sprays were begun 24 Dec. The RH-7988-treated plot received 1 foliar application, the other 2 insecticides were sprayed twice at a 7-day interval. Soil injections were applied with a liquid fertilizer applicator, and foliar sprays were discharged through a COzpowered, backpack sprayer calibrated to spray 10 gal/acre (30 psi, 4 flat-fan nozzles per plot). Efficacy was evaluated by removing the roots of 4 plants from each plot and washing them in 1 gal of water containing 1 tablespoon of CaCl. Dislodged aphids were counted as they floated to the surface of the water. Cabbage heads were harvested on 13 ft, 2 inches of row per plot to determine yield. Data were analyzed for treatment differences with ANOVA, and means were separated with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 31 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of two-25-ft-long rows bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 4, 9, 16, and 23 Sep and on 2 and 9 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct visual counts of the number of cabbage webworm (CWW), diamondback moth (DB), cabbage looper (CL), and imported cabbageworm (ICW) on 5 randomly chosen plants per treatment plot. On 13 Oct, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.
Nematodes for Controlling Melon Pests, 1987
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J.
Published: March 2022

'Magnum 45' cantaloupe were planted in raised beds at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 15 Aug. Experimental design was a randomized block with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Plots were 1 bed (80-inch centers) by 40 ft long. Two formulations of nematodes (Neoplectana carpocapsae) were used, one in the form of desiccated material and the second adsorbed on sponges. Treatments were made to plots after 3 p.m. on 24 Sep and plots were immediately irrigated. Treatments were applied using a backpack CO2- powered sprayer at 2 mph, 40 psi, and a total of 10 gal formulated material per acre. One quart of spray material for each nematode treatment was collected from a nozzle during the spray application and taken to the laboratory. Spray water collected during the application procedure was used to treat melon leaf tissue disks by dipping the disks for 1 s. Disks were then placed on filter paper in Petri dishes, and each dish was inoculated with 5 adult cucumber beetles. Beetles were held at 75°F and monitored for mortality at 24-h intervals. Dead beetles were dissected and examined for nematode presence. Cages (3 × 3 ft) were placed over the top of 1 plant per plot in the field, and 10 adult cucumber beetles were introduced into each cage. Mortality was monitored in the cages after 4 days. Additionally, 3 vines per plot outside of the cages were examined weekly, and cucumber beetles were counted and then collected. All recovered adult beetles were held at 75°F for 48 h and then dissected and examined for nematodes. Mature fruit was examined for melonworm and cucumber beetle larvae and damage on 16, 26, and 29 Oct. Root systems of 3 plants per plot were taken to the laboratory on 30 Oct and rated for cucumber beetle larval feeding damage. Data from vine and fruit surveys were averaged across all survey dates and mean number of adult beetles per vine, and melonworm larvae per fruit determined.
Control of Spider Mites on Celery, 1986
Authors: Cartwright B. , Chambers C.
Published: March 2022

Nine acaricides were tested for the control of Tetranychus spp. on celery in plots located near Mission, Tex. Each plot consisted of one 20-ft-long 2-row bed (0.0015 acre) of celery. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized design replicated 3 times. All acaricides were applied 1 Dec with a backpack-mounted CO2-powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 78 gal/acre using 2 nozzles/bed. Mite populations were assessed by using a leaf-washing technique in which 20 trifoliates/plot were washed in water with detergent and mites were filtered from the wash using a Butener funnel. Adult mites were subsequently counted under magnification. A second evaluation method was used for comparison and consisted of direct counts of motile adult mites on 5 trifoliates/plot.
Control of European Corn Borer on New Sweet Corn Varieties, 1987
Authors: Berkett L. P. , Bouton E. L.
Published: March 2022

A Windsor sandy loam field at the University of Vermont Horticultural Research Center, South Burlington, was planted on 3 Jun to 25 varieties of SE or EH type sweet corn, having elevated sugar levels, and two standard varieties. This field was used to evaluate the efficacy of Dipel 10G and Pounce 3.2EC in a multiple variety situation. Treatments were applied to 9 row plots, 52 ft long on 24-inch centers superimposed across varieties. A randomized complete block design with 3 replicates per treatment was used. Timing of treatments was based on attainment of an infestation level of 15% as determined by scouting. Initial field scouting of 100 plants, selected at 5 randomly chosen locations across the field, 20 plants/location, occurred on 13 Jul when the corn was in the whorl stage, 24-36 inches high. Further scouting was conducted on 16, 19, and 27 Jul and involved assessing the new growth on 33 plants/plot, a total of 99 plants/treatment, for larvae or damage. Insecticides were applied on 13 Jul and 20 Jul using a Solo backpack hand pumped sprayer at 30 psi or a hand crank spinner for the liquid and granular insecticides, respectively. Corn was harvested, based on maturity, over four dates, 19, 24, 26, and 31 Aug. Seven ears/variety/replicate, a total of 189 ears/treatment, were evaluated for external or internal damage. Data were analyzed using a square root transformation were appropriate.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky Sap Beetle and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J. , Harrison Thomas S. , Patton Terrance W. , Embrey Michael , Dively Galen
Published: March 2022

'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft long on 2 Jun. On 3 Jun AAtrex, (4.2 qt/acre) + Dual (3 qt/acre) + Gramoxone (3.25 qt/acre) + X-77 (16 oz/acre), was applied. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk 23 Jul and 4 days later on 27 Jul. Plots were harvested 6 Aug and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One hundred ears/treatment/replication were harvested and graded. Only the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Control of Onion Maggot, 1987
Authors: Grafius E. , Hayden J. , Davis A. , Stehr J. , Bishop B.
Published: March 2022

Two separate trials for onion maggot control were carried out in 1987 at 2 locations. The first trial was designed to evaluate tolerance of a local onion maggot population to Lorsban and was carried out near Grant, Mich. The second trial was carried out near Orangeville, Mich., with the objective of testing new compounds and application strategies against labeled standards.
Onion Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 20 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on the Tony Sacheli Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80 WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment except for those already having a fungicide. Stand counts were taken 21 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 6 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1986
Authors: Connington L. , Grafius E. , Herrington D. , Derouin K. , Bishop B. , Habbel P. , Hayden J.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 7 May at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm. Plots were 3 rows wide (34-inch spacing) by 40 ft, with 3 ft of buffer zone before the next plot. Two untreated rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks per treatment. Treatments were applied at planting, as a side-dress with fertilizer at hilling (28 May) or as weekly foliar treatments from 25 Jun to 6 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of 3 nozzles over each of the 3 rows. One nozzle was pointed down directly over the top, with the other 2 directed at the sides of the plants. Weekly insect counts (17 Jun to 5 Aug) were made from 2 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. On 10 Jul Cygon was sprayed on all plots to control potato leafhoppers. On 17 and 30 Jul the plots were rated for Colorado potato beetle damage. Yields were taken from center row of each plot on 26 and 27 Aug.
Potato Insect Control
Authors: Goh Kean S. , Gibson Roberta L. , Tingey Ward M.
Published: March 2022

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OIL VERSUS WATER AS A CARRIER IN CONTROLLED-DROPLET APPLICATION, 1987: Potato seed pieces were hand-planted 12 inches apart in a Rhinebeck silt loam field on 5 Jun at the Cornell Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville, N.Y. Each plot consisted of a 33-ft row separated by 2 skipped rows. Plots were arranged in a split-plot experimental design with 4 replications. The carriers were the main plots and the insecticides were the subplots. Carriers were either water or vegetable oil at 2 qt/acre (Landoil—90%). Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted controlled-droplet-applicator (CDA) sprayer delivering 5.2 gal/acre at 3500 rpm, 20 psi, and 2.3 mph. Due to the low population of CPB on 8 Jul, 100 field-collected third- and fourth-instar larvae were introduced per plot. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul and 4 Sept. Sampling methods and dates were as follows: (1) Colorado potato beetle (CPB): number of live adults and larvae/10 hills on 8, 12, 27 Jul; and CPB/6 ft on 6 and 13 Sept; (2) aphids: number of alate and apterous buckthorn, potato, and green peach aphids/5 compound leaves (from lower third of plant); and (3) potato leafhopper (PLH): number of adults and nymphs/5 D-vac sampling sites on 14, 22, and 29 Jul and 6 and 16 Sep. Weed control, fertilization, and other cultural practices were the same as those normally used in commercial production. Yields were taken on 10 Oct for the entire 33-ft row.
Potato Insect Control
Authors: Goh Kean S. , Tingey Ward M. , Specker Donald R.
Published: March 2022

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF CONVENTIONAL VERSUS CONTROLLED-DROPLET APPLICATION, 1986: Potato seed pieces were planted in a Rhinebeck silt loam field on 3 Jun at the Cornell Vegetable Research Farm, Freeville, N.Y. Each plot consisted of a 30-ft-long row separated by 2 skipped rows. Plots were arranged in a split-plot experimental design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted hydraulic boom sprayer with 4 hollow-cone nozzles delivering 100 gal/acre at 130 psi and with a tractor-mounted controlled-droplet-applicator (CDA) sprayer delivering 5.3 gal/acre at 3500 rpm and 20 psi. Treatments were applied on 4 Jul and 4 Aug. Sampling methods and dates were (1) Colorado potato beetle (CPB): number of live beetles/10 hills on 3, 5, and 7 Jul; number of live larvae/10 mainstems on 11, 18, and 25 Jul; (2) aphids: number/5 compound leaves (from lower third of plant) on 1, 5, 11, and 18 Aug; and (3) potato leafhopper (PLH): number/5 D-vac sampling sites on 1, 5, 11, and 18 Aug. Weed control, fertilization, and other cultural practices were the same as those normally used in commercial production.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1987
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Tyson R. , Daigle C. F.
Published: March 2022

Certified 'La Rouge' seed pieces were planted on 10 Dec in a Perrine marl soil and spaced 4 inches apart in rows that were 3 ft apart. Thirteen treatments were arranged into a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 40 ft long. Plants were fertilized with 800 lb/acre of granular fertilizer (8:20:8) at planting and an additional 1300 lb/acre of liquid fertilizer (4:4:12) during the growing season. Maneb was applied (1.5 lb [AI]/acre) weekly and Benlate 50WP was applied (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) on 2 dates to control foliar plant pathogens. Insecticide treatments were applied on 4 dates. Dyfonate was applied with a 10-ft-long Gandy applicator and incorporated into the soil with a disk harrow on 9 Dec. Thimet was applied directly to the seed pieces in the furrow at planting with a planter-mounted Gandy applicator. Postemergence applications of Vydate and Di-Syston were made on 17 Jan using fumigator knives that delivered 150 gal/acre at 3 mph directly to the root zone 8 inches off center on both sides of each hill. Thimet was applied 8 inches off center to both sides of each hill using a tractor-mounted, chain-driven Gandy applicator and incorporated into the soil with a rolling cultivator after plant emergence on 19 Jan. Vines were killed on 14 Mar with Paraquat Plus (1 qt/acre; 29.1% [AI]/acre). Two 25-ft sections of row per treatment plot were harvested on 7 Apr. Tubers were washed, graded for wireworm injury (holes less than threequarters' inch in depth), damage (holes greater than three-quarters' inch in depth), cracking, sunburn, disease, etc., and weighed fresh. Data for injury damage, sunburn, and cracking are presented as a percentage of total fresh weight/section of row. Before planting, 190 soil samples and 72 baited traps were removed to characterize the wireworm species complex in the field.
Comparing 2 Soil Systemics and 2 Foliars in 10 Regimes for Control of Pyrethroid-Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Wiersma John
Published: March 2022

The trial was located at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn. The major objective of the 1987 insecticide trials was to compare at-plant-and-time-of-emergence soil systemic treatments in dryland sites (Crookston, Minn., and Grand Forks, N. Dak.) and irrigated locations (Park Rapids and Brooten, Minn.). Soil systemic treatments were present at each site with various combinations of foliars. CPB are at least 100-fold resistant to Pydrin and 40-fold resistant to Ambush + Pounce at this location. Plots were 4 40-inch rows 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. B-size Norchip seed was planted on 5 May and planting treatments of Temik and Thimet applied over the row. The soil was a clay type, permitting granules to fall into soil openings along the planting ridge. Soil moisture was very good. Emergence treatments were applied on 29 May when potato plants were 2 inches high. Soil was cultivated over the emergence treatment. Wintering CPB adults were present in higher than normal numbers on this date. Foliars were applied on 20 and 28 Jun, 10 and 22 Jul, and 8 Aug according to an experimental plan of 1, 3, and 5 foliars. Foliars applied over the emergence soil systemic were applied 20 Jun and 8 Aug. Adult emergence from an adjacent potato plot threatened to overwhelm these studies in July (note adult defoliation column in table). Thus, we waited for modest second-generation oviposition and then treated the entire study with 0.5 lb (AI)/acre of Penncap-M on 24 Jul. Three applications of fungicide were applied independently of insecticides. Yields were taken from the center 2 plot rows, graded #1 and B-size, weighed, and recorded.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Comparing Various Foliar Insecticides with Thimet Applied At-Plant and Emergence, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

The trial was located at the Red River Valley Potato Grower research farm in Grand Forks, N. Dak. Plots were 4 40-inch rows 30 ft long replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Cut and treated Monona certified seed was planted on 14 May. The at-plant treatments were applied on 19 May on top of the planting ridge and lightly incorporated. Lay-by was applied on 14 Jun when about 15% of the plants had emerged. Adult CPB were present at this time. Foliars were applied on 21 and 29 Jun, 22 Jul, and 11 Aug. The center 2 rows of each plot were lifted, graded into # 1 and B-sizes, weighed, and recorded.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1987
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiments with fohar and systemic insecticides were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1986. The potato planting dates were 20 May for the systemic insecticide experiment and 18 May for the foliar insecticide experiment. In each experiment the 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments was sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces (75 g each) were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane F-45 (2338 ml/ha the weeks of 6 and 13 Jul; 2806 ml/ha the weeks of 20 and 27 Jul and 3, 10, and 17 Aug). Side-dress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Measured amounts of insecticide were applied on each seedpiece for the seedpiece treatments. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.95 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logI0(i + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 8.8, 7.6, and 4.4 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 16.5, 19.0 and 19.1°C.
Spray Combinations of Dipel + P-Exotoxin for Control of Fruit-Damaging Insects on Staked Tomatoes, 1987
Authors: Miller Melissa K. , Harper James D.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides used to control tomato fruitworm and tomato pinworm on tomato was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticultural Station near Cullman in northeast Alabama. 'Flordade' tomatoes were direct-seeded on 28 May. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of 1 row by 25 ft (on 60-inch centers) with an untreated buffer row included between each. Treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized, single-boom backpack sprayer fitted with a TX9 hollow-cone nozzle and operated at 40 psi. Materials were applied at a delivery rate of 23.7 gal/acre by spraying each side of the row in a circular motion. Treatments consisting of 3 rates of β-exotoxin alone, 2 rates of Dipel alone, all combinations of each, and an untreated check were made on 12, 18, and 25 Aug and 2 and 10 Sep. They were evaluated 11 Aug (pretreatment) and 1, 9, and 17 Sep. To eliminate fruit damaged before treatment from later evaluations, all fruit in each plot were examined on 17 and 24 Aug, and damaged fruit were picked and discarded. On 1, 9, and 17 Sep, 50 fruit in each plot were counted and rated for damage (no fruit removed). Duncan's multiple range means separation tests were used to compare means.
Leafminer Control on Tomato in Westcentral Florida, Fall 1986
Authors: Zoebisch Tomas G. , Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 2 Sep, 18 inches apart on 2.5-ft-wide by 6-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 23 Sep; 1, 8, 14, 21, and 30 Oct; and 4, 10, 18, and 25 Nov with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2- powered sprayer operated at 40 psi and delivering 55-150 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew). All plots were sprayed with Lannate 1.8L at 0.45 lb (AI)/100 gal on 21 Nov for control of armyworms. To control foliar diseases, all plots were sprayed with Dithane M-22 Special at 1.5 lb(AI)/acre on 7, 14, 21, and 28 Oct; tribasic copper sulfate at 4 lb (AI)/acre on 28 Oct and 21 Nov; and Bravo at 2.5 pt/acre on 7, 10, 21, and 26 Nov. On 10 Nov, the numbers of large (longer than 0.5 inch) and small (0.5 inch or shorter) leafminers were counted during a 2-minute search per plot.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Insecticide Efficacy Trials, Kansas, 1987
Authors: Pliggins Randall A. , Rice Marlin E. , Blodgett Sue L. , Evans Brian R. , Vap Sandra D.
Published: March 2022

Fifty-six plots measuring 6.1 × 9.1 m were established in an alfalfa field 5 km south of Manhattan. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made 17 Apr using a COa-pressured backpack sprayer equipped with 70-degree hollow-cone nozzles, which delivered 187 liter/ha. Alfalfa had reached 16 cm high when a late frost killed all projecting top growth. At the time of treatment the alfalfa had regrown to 13 cm; wind conditions were calm. Ten stems, along with associated alfalfa weevil larvae and pea aphids, were collected from undisturbed areas within each plot on each sample date. Samples from each plot were individually bagged and returned to the lab for examination. Sweep nets were not used to collect samples because scattered dead stems from the previous season’s alfalfa projected above the live canopy and would have hindered sampling. Pretreatment counts were taken and then repeated at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, and 21 days posttreatment. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (PC-SAS, SAS Institute 1986) with mean separation accomplished using a protected LSD procedure.
Prebloom Control of Insect Pests of Alfalfa Seed, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

Experimental trials were conducted in plots measuring 0.01 acre on a 3-yr-old ‘Hiphy’ alfalfa seed stand near Touchet, Walla Walla County, Wash. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flatfan nozzles at 19-inch spacings were used on the boom. Treatments were applied on 23 Apr, and population estimates were determined 7 and 14 days posttreatment with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Mid-Season Control of PEA Aphid on Alfalfa Seed, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Shenandoah’ alfalfa in Touchet, Walla Walla County, Wash. Plots of 0.01 acre were replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied on 24 Jun with a COa-powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi, using 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 19-inch spacings on a 4-ft boom. Samples were obtained at pretreatment and 1 and 8 Jul posttreatment with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net by taking 5 180-degree sweeps/plot. Counts for both species of lady beetles are pooled collectively as LB.
Barley Thrips Control—Trial 3, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a late-planted commercial field near Fosston, Minn. Plots were 15 × 30 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 3 times. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure in a final volume of 20 gal/acre. The stage of barley at application time (12 Jul) was mid-boot. Forty-eight-hour and 15-day posttreatment counts of nymphs plus adults were taken on 20 stems/plot. Yields were taken from 1 sq. yard/plot, and 3 sq. yard subsamples were taken from the untreated main field. For analysis, the latter were treated as randomized. Yield samples were dried and then adjusted to a standard moisture prior to comparing means.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Nyegaard Curtis
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in the untreated corner of an 80-acre commercial field 5 mi west of Hallo.-k Minn. The plot area did not include the headland and was located about 100 ft from the field edge. The soil was a clay type, quite short of moisture a planting (1 May) but very uniform for such a large trial. Individual plots were 25 × 50 ft, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete bled design. Granular insecticides were applied on 4 May using a shoulder supported grass seed spreader. Light incorporation followed. Foliars were applied oi 29 May following a 0.75-inch rainfall on 20 May, the first rainfall on this field. From 4 to 28% germination was present on 20 May but germination at folia application was a more uniform 80%. Foliars were applied with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and delivering 8 gal/acre. Damage rating and stand were recorded on each visit. Wild oat was abundant early and appeared extremely competitive with the Canola. The proportion of each plo infested by wild oat was estimated and found to be random. Adult flea beetles (FB) had disappeared by mid-June. Yields were collected by windrowing ai 18-ft swath through the center of the long axis of the plots. Following field drying, a plot combine was used to thresh a 10-ft section of the windrow fron each plot center. Yields were adjusted to a standard moisture and compared.
Control of Fall Armyworm in Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , Lo C.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of leaf-feeding damage to sweet corn seedlings by the fall armyworm. Sweet corn was planted 11 Aug in an Appling loamy coarse sand. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long and 38 inches wide, with 5-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Full-cone sprays were applied at 30 psi, directed over the whorl in a final volume of 25 gal/acre. Sprays were initiated when plants were in the 4th leaf stage at a time when 50% showed leaf feeding symptoms of 1st instar larvae. Plants were sprayed on 2, 9, and 16 Sep. On 9 and 28 Sep, all plants in each plot were rated for fall armyworm damage using the following 0-7 damage index: 0, no damage; 1, slight leaf feeding, but no indication of bud damage; 2, moderate leaf feeding, but no bud damage; 3, heavy leaf feeding and no bud damage; 4, slight to moderate feeding and slight bud damage; 5, moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage and moderate to heavy bud damage; 6, heavy leaf feeding and severe bud damage; and 7, plant virtually destroyed.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Second-Generation European Corn Borer Control in Pennsylvania, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Yocum John
Published: March 2022

Four nsecticide treatments were evaluated at the Southeastern Field Research Laboratory near Landisville, Pa., for efficacy on the second generation of ECB. Corn plots were planted on 26 May at 24,000 plants/acre. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 5 treatments was used. Corn plots were 1 rows (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft. Chemical treatments were timed by sampling egg masses to determine the period of peak egg laying. Treatments were applied on 4 Aug, approximately 1 wk after peak egg deposition. Granular applications were applied in a 7-inch band over the row using Gandy® applicators mounted on a high-clearance sprayer. Plots were evaluated on 24 Sept by dissecting 20 consecutive plants/plot (from one of the center rows) and counting .he number of surviving ECB larvae/plant. Plot yields were estimated by harvesting and weighing ears from 20 consecutive plants (from the remaining center row).
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1987
Authors: Hein G. L. , Gray M. E. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insecticide test plots were located at 4 locations. The insecticide histories of these locations are as follows: Brookings, insecticide test plots (1985), no other insecticide history; Pierre, Dyfonate (1984, 1986), no insecticide (1985, 1983); Hurley, Counter (1985-1986), Lorsban (1983-1984); Garretson, Counter (1985-1986), Furadan (1984, 1982), and Dyfonate (1983). The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m long. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. The granules were applied in a 18-cm band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Mocap was applied behind the furrow-closing wheels in an 18-cm band and incorporated with drag chains. In-furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk seed furrow openers. Seed treatments were planted with the planter by switching separate seed boxes containing the treated seed to the appropriate rows. Cultivation treatments were applied with a specially adapted cultivator equipped with Noble metering units driven by 12 V electric motors. Five roots/replicate were dug from each treatment (20-29 Jul). Roots were washed and rated for rootworm feeding damage using the Iowa 1-6 rating system.
Apple, Dilute Test of Acaricides, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Red Delicious,' both spur types planted to a spacing of 6.1 × 10.7 m. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 5.0 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree. Spray dates were as follows: 9 Apr (ECO-3187 treatments), 22 Apr (Morestan and all ABG treatments), 11 May (ABG-6162, 1081 ml/100 gal), 5 Jun (all treatments but Morestan and ABG), 16 Jun (all treatments but ECO-3187), 19 Jun (ECO-3187 treatments only), 30 Jun (all treatments but ECO-3187), 13 Jul (all treatments but ECO- 3187 and Kelthane), and 23 Jul (all treatments but ECO-3187). Morestan was applied only on 22 Apr, Savey substituted thereafter. On 13 Jul, the rate of Savey was increased from 20.3 to 42.7 g/100 gal. On 23 Jul, Savey (42.7 g/100 gal) was added to the first two ABG-6162 treatments and Kelthane 4F (406 ml/100 gal was added to the last two ABG-6162 treatments. General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Polyram, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin), and calcium chloride were made at 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster sprayer at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of the materials on the mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/ treatment. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 'Golden Delicious' apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), and 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Western Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at 2 sites in Clay County, Neb. The Experiment 1 site has been in corn since 1972; the Experiment 2 site was a trap crop of mixed-maturity corn and pumpkins in 1985. Each experiment was a split-plot design, with insecticide as the main plot and subplots (1 row) were method of application. There were 4 replications in each experiment. Rows were spaced by 30 inches and were 37 ft long. Application was made by applying granules from a V-belt seeder into the granule delivery tube mounted on the planter. Granules were directed just in front of the press wheel through a 7-inch bander. Foliar applications were made by applying granules over the plants from a V-belt seeder mounted on a cultivator. Corn rootworm damage was measured by digging 5 plants/plot (20 total) 14—18 Jul (early tassel stage), washing the soil from the roots, and rating each root on a 1-6 (Iowa) scale. The same plants were dissected and the percentage of plants infested and number of cavities caused by European corn borers were recorded.
European Corn Borer Control in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Eleven in-whorl insecticide treatments at Highland Rim Experiment Station (HRES) in Springfield, Tenn., and 12 insecticide treatments at the Tobacco Experiment Station (TES) in Greeneville were evaluated for first-brood European corn borer (ECB) control. 'Pioneer 3147' corn was planted on 15 Apr. Plots were 3 rows × 15 ft at HRES and 4 rows × 30 ft at TES. Rows were spaced 38 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys. Plant population was 44 plants/30 row-ft. At HRES, insecticides were applied on 9 Jun, when 85% of the plants were infested (average 4.1 larvae/plant) and at TES on 10 Jun, when 70% of the plants were infested (average 1.4 larvae/plant). Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed-CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 30 psi. Whorls with new damage were counted on 29 Jun at HRES and on 25 Jun at TES. Grain yield was measured on 17 Sep at HRES (14.06% moisture). Grain yield was not measured at TES. Stalk feeding counts (tunnels/10 stalks) were made on 21 Jun at HRES only. Soil type at HRES was Dixon silt loam and at TES was Minvale-Landisburg silt loam.
Adult Emergence Patterns and Insecticidal Control of Mexican Corn Rootworm in the Lower Gulf Coast Region of Texas, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Parker R. D. , Benedict J. H.
Published: March 2022

A large-plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Goliad to evaluate soil insecticides for control of Mexican corn rootworms in conventional-till corn. Corn had been planted at this test site in each of the 9 growing seasons previous to the study reported here. Seven treatments and an untreated check were compared in 6-row, 500-ft plots of corn planted 9 Mar in 38-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated check were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Using Gandy applicator boxes, soil insecticides were applied in a T-band at planting time. Edaphic conditions at planting time consisted of 21% water (by weight) in the top 4 inches of soil and a temperature of 65°F at 4 inches below soil surface. The soil type was a sandy clay loam with an organic matter content of 1.3%. Efficacy of treatments was determined by counting plants at 3 sites (13.8 ft/site) in each plot 1 month after date of planting, by collecting plants from 6 sites in each plot (1 plant/site) and rating the roots for degree of rootworm feeding damage by the Iowa State University 6-category system (1, no visible damage, to 6, 3 or more nodes destroyed), and by harvesting each plot with a commercial machine for yield analysis. Relative infestation levels of rootworms in untreated and insecticide-treated corn were determined by capturing soil-emerged adults in cages placed in each untreated and Counter-treated plot (2 cages/plot). The cages (36 × lOinches) were placed over the plants were inspected weekly for rootworm adults; plants in the cages were maintained at a height of about 16 inches.
Control of Thrips and Aphids on Seedling Cotton with Temik and Thimet, 1987
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of Temik and Thimet was evaluated at 3 rates, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, with and without Terraclor Super-X (TSX) at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Orthene 80S seed treatments, 6.4 oz (AI)/cwt, were used as controls. Test plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and were 4 rows (40- inch spacing) × 65 ft. Cotton was planted on 13 May on a commerce silt loam soil, which was fertilized before planting with 60 lb/acre of nitrogen. Test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7100 planter equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and cotton aphids was measured by washing insects from 10 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations on these pests were made on 4, 10, and 15 Jun. Data on populations are reported as the mean no./25 plants sampled across dates. Stand and skip data were recorded by counting all plants and skips 18 inches or greater on the center two rows. Yield was estimated by harvesting the two center rows with a mechanical harvester on 10 and 22 Oct.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bugs, Cotton Fleahoppers, and Beneficial Arthropods, 1987
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Micinski Steve
Published: March 2022

A large plot test was conducted on the Bill Stahls farm near Bossier City, La., to determine the relative efficacy of 8 insecticide treatments on arnished plant bugs, cotton fleahoppers, and beneficial arthropods. Treatments consisted of 10-acre plots planted on 12 and 13 May, replicated 2 times, and irranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied on 2 Jul using a John Deere 6000 high-clearance sprayer equipped with 2 TX-3 lozzles/row and calibrated to deliver 3 gal finished spray/acre. Insects were sampled with a standard insect sweep net (15 inches diam) at 2 locations in each )lot (50 sweeps at each location) on 3, 7, and 10 Jul (1, 5, and 8 days posttreatment).
Apple, Evaluation of Fenoxycarb for Tabm Control, 1987
Authors: Jacobs S. B. , Hull L. A. , Rajotte E. G.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 3-4 tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 6 replicates of alternating 'York Imperial' and 'Golden Delicious' trees. One 'York Imperial' and 'Golden Delicious' tree in the center of each plot was used for monitoring. All treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 airblast sprayer calibrated to leliver 50 gal/acre (complete spray), or 25 gal/acre, alternate-side spray, driven at 2.3 mph. The first 4 treatments were applied as complete sprays, whereas I he fifth, sixth, and seventh treatments were applied as alternate-side sprays. Dates of application were as follows: first and second treatments on 11 and 22 May, 20 and 29 Jul; third and fourth treatments on 1 and 15 Jun, 29 Jul, and 13 Aug; the fifth, sixth, and seventh treatments 1, 8, 15, and 22 Jun, 29 Jul, 7, 13, and 20 Aug. On 3 Jun an alternate-side application of Lannate 1.8L (710 ml/acre) was applied to all plots to control periodical cicada. Phosphamidon SEC (237 ml/acre) was applied as alternate side applications to all treatments on 6, 13, and 23 Jun and 10 Jul to control aphids. Vydate 2L (710 ml/acre) plus Carzol 92SP (227 g/acre) and Plictran 50WP (680 g/acre) were applied on 10 and 17 Jul, respectively, as alternate-side sprays to control mites. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride were applied to all treatments. Effect of treatments on ERM was evaluted by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree ('York Imperial' only), 150 leaves/treatment. Effect of treatments on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on TABM was assessed by scoring for injury all apples on the center 'Golden Delicious' and 'York Imperial' trees at harvest and on all drops up to harvest. Pest pressure was moderate.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1986
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied as dilute sprays (120-140 gal/acre) to 22-yr-old apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 6 replications (trees) per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 500 psi on the following dates: 18 Apr (tight cluster/pink [TC/P]), 24 Apr (pink [P]), 7 May (petal fall [PF]), 23 May (first cover [IC]) and 10 Jul. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed from the leaves onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Apple, Pest Control with Igrs, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Timing and rates of 2 IGRs were evaluated for control of major apple pests and effect on phytophagous and phytoseiid mites. Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 20-yr-old apple trees. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 trees of each variety) in a randomized block. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied when necessary. Guthion cover sprays were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bulletin 1072). The IGRs were applied from 150 to 250 DD earlier than Guthion to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg laying. At mid-season (8 Jul) and at harvest (8 Oct), 100 fruit/treatment (25/tree) were inspected for insect damage. In addition, leaves were sampled twice during the season to evaluate mite populations and at harvest to evaluate WTLM and WALH (100 leaves/treatment; 25/ tree).