bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NGHIÊN CỨU TÁI SINH CHỒI IN VITRO CÂY DƯA LƯỚI (Cucumis melo L.)
Authors: Hà Trần Thị Triêu , Hằng Lã Thị Thu , Thủy Dương Thanh
Published: June 2022

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện để xây dựng quy trình tái sinh chồi cây dưa lưới in vitro từ các loại mô của cây dưa lưới mới nảy mầm. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, thời gian thích hợp để khử trùng hạt dưa lưới bằng dung dịch H2O2 15% là 9 phút với tỷ lệ mẫu sạch là 80%, tỷ lệ hạt sống và sạch nảy mầm là 100%. Mô lá, cuống lá và đốt thân của cây in vitro nảy mầm từ hạt có khả năng cảm ứng phát sinh hình thái cao hơn lá mầm, trụ dưới lá mầm và chồi đỉnh. Môi trường thích hợp để tạo mô sẹo từ phiến lá và cuống lá là môi trường cơ bản có bổ sung 0,3 mg/L NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) hoặc 0,3 mg/L IBA (indole-3 butyric acid) với tỷ lệ tạo mô sẹo đạt từ 80% - 100%. Môi trường cơ bản có bổ sung 0,5 mg/L BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) và 0,1 mg/L NAA là môi trường thích hợp nhất cho quá trình cảm ứng tạo chồi từ mô sẹo, tỷ lệ tạo chồi là 100% với số chồi/mẫu là 4,3 chồi. Môi trường nuôi cấy cơ bản bổ sung 0,6 mg/L BAP hoặc 0,3 mg/L kinetin là môi trường thích hợp nhất để tái sinh chồi trực tiếp từ đốt thân, tỷ lệ tạo chồi là 100%, số chồi tạo thành lần lượt là 2,2 chồi/mẫu và 1,93 chồi/mẫu.
ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MÀNG BỌC NANOCHITOSAN NHẰM KÉO DÀI THỜI HẠN SỬ DỤNG CỦA TRỨNG GÀ TƯƠI
Authors: Long Lê Thanh , Tiên Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ , Hương Hoàng Thị Diệu
Published: June 2022

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của màng bọc nanochitosan với các nồng độ khác nhau đến chất lượng trứng gà tươi dựa vào các biến đổi cảm quan và chất lượng bên trong trứng trong 30 ngày ở nhiệt độ thường. Mẫu trứng bọc màng nanochitosan nồng độ 0,4% có khả năng duy trì hạng chất lượng ở mức A đến 15 ngày sau khi đẻ. Trong khi đó, mẫu trứng gà tươi không bọc màng biến đổi chất lượng rất nhanh từ hạng AA xuống hạng B chỉ sau 5 ngày bảo quản ở nhiệt độ thường. Đồng thời các chỉ tiêu chất lượng khác (HHKL, HU, YI, pH lòng trắng, biến đổi hàm lượng NH3 trong trứng) đều có biến đổi lớn hơn so với trứng có xử lý bọc màng nanochitosan khi bảo quản ở nhiệt độ thường. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã chứng tỏ màng bao nanochitosan có khả năng kéo dài thời gian bảo quản trứng gà tươi.
ĐA HÌNH EXON 5 CỦA GEN THỤ THỂ PROLACTIN VÀ INTRON 1 CỦA GEN HORMONE SINH TRƯỞNG Ở GÀ RI LAI ĐƯỢC NUÔI TẠI THỪA THIÊN HUẾ
Authors: Thủy Nguyễn Thanh , Quân Lê Viết , Châu Hồ Lê Quỳnh , Hải Dương Thanh , Hương Dương Thị , Thuận Phan Thị Duy
Published: June 2022

Gen thụ thể Prolactin (PRLR) và gen hormone sinh trưởng (GH) được xem là những gen ứng cử về tiềm năng di truyền để nâng cao năng suất đẻ trứng ở gia cầm. Nghiên cứu này được tiến hành nhằm xác định đa hình các nucleotide tại vị trí exon 5 gen PRLR và intron 1 gen GH của gà Ri lai bằng kỹ thuật PCR-RFLP. Tổng số 30 mẫu máu của gà Ri lai ở giai đoạn đẻ trứng đã được thu thập từ 10 nông hộ ở các huyện Quảng Điền và Phong Điền, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế để phân tích đa hình gen. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, ở gà Ri lai, đa hình intron 1 gen GH xuất hiện 3 kiểu gen là AA, AB và BB. Kiểu gen AA của đa hình intron 1 gen GH xuất hiện với tần số thấp (0,07), trong khi đó kiểu gen BB xuất hiện với tần số cao (0,53). Tại vị trí exon 5 gen PRLR không phát hiện tính đa hình (100% mẫu máu của gà Ri lai nghiên cứu đều mang kiểu gen AA). Các kết quả này là cơ sở để tiếp tục nghiên cứu về mối quan hệ giữa tính đa hình tại các vị trí exon 5gen PRLR và intron 1 gen GH với các đặc điểm kiểu hình của gà Ri lai nhằm chọn lọc những quần thể gà có năng suất trứng cao.
ĐÁNH GIÁ CÁC YẾU TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN CÂY BA KÍCH TÍM (Morinda officinalis How.) NUÔI CẤY MÔ TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH THUẦN DƯỠNG Ở GIAI ĐOẠN VƯỜN ƯƠM
Authors: Hùng Lê Thái , Hà Hồ Thanh , Cường Phạm , Đức Trần Minh , Hiếu Huỳnh Kim
Published: June 2022

Ba kích tím (Morinda officinalis How.) là cây có giá trị dược liệu cao nên được trồng trong những năm gần đây. Việc thuần dưỡng cây nuôi cấy mô thành công góp phần cung cấp nguồn cây giống chất lượng tốt cho sản xuất. Các thí nghiệm về ảnh hưởng của thành phần giá thể, độ che sáng, loại phân và liều lượng bón đến tỷ lệ sống, sinh trưởng và phẩm chất của cây con được triển khai tại Trung tâm thực hành và nghiên cứu Lâm nghiệp Hương Vân, Trường Đại học Nông Lâm, Đại học Huế. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng cây con ba kích tím nuôi cấy mô được thuần dưỡng ở giai đoạn vườn ươm sử dụng công thức giá thể ruột bầu với 85% đất phù sa + 15% phân chuồng hoai mục, độ che sáng 50% và sử dụng phân hữu cơ vi sinh bón thúc với liều lượng 300 g/m2 bầu, sau 6 tháng đạt chiều cao 22,40 ± 1,41 cm, đường kính gốc 1,90 ± 0,06 mm, số lá ≥ 11,46 ± 0,53 lá/cây, tỷ lệ sống 86,1% và 87,1% cây đạt tiêu chuẩn xuất vườn. Kết quả nghiên cứu này có ý nghĩa khoa học và thực tiễn trong việc thuần dưỡng cây giống nuôi cấy mô ở giai đoạn vườn ươm, góp phần tạo ra nguồn giống đủ phục vụ cho công tác trồng, phát triển bền vững cây ba kích.
MỘT SỐ ĐẶC ĐIỂM HÌNH THÁI, SINH HỌC VÀ SINH THÁI CỦA LOÀI HOÀNG LIÊN GAI (Berberis julianae C.K. Schneid) Ở VƯỜN QUỐC GIA HOÀNG LIÊN, LÀO CAI
Authors: Anh Bùi Tuấn , Tú Trần Văn , Trang Ngô Thị Minh
Published: June 2022

Hoàng liên gai (Berberis julianae C.K. Schneid) thuộc họ Berberidaceae là một loài cây thuốc có giá trị cao. Thân, rễ Hoàng liên gai chứa nhiều hợp chất alkaloid, trong đó chủ yếu là berberin. Loài này được ghi nhận có phân bố tự nhiên tại thị xã Sa Pa, tỉnh Lào Cai, đã và đang bị khai thác mạnh dẫn đến bị đe dọa nghiêm trọng trong tự nhiên, đã được đưa vào Sách đỏ Việt Nam, năm 2007 ở mức EN; Nhằm xây dựng cơ sở dữ liệu cho việc bảo tồn và sử dụng hợp lý loài Hoàng liên gai ở Việt Nam, bài báo này bổ sung một số đặc điểm sinh học và sinh thái của loài Hoàng liên gai. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy Hoàng liên gai là loài cây bụi, có khả năng chống chịu sâu bệnh hại, chịu nhiệt tốt; xác định mật độ loài Hoàng liên gai là 365 - 380 cá thể/ha, sinh trưởng tốt ngoài tự nhiên ở độ cao 1.400 - 1.700m với giới hạn sinh thái (nhiệt độ, độ ẩm, ánh sáng,…) rất rộng.
NGHIÊN CỨU TỔNG HỢP NANO BẠC SỬ DỤNG DỊCH CHIẾT TỪ CỦ NGHỆ TƯƠI (Curcuma Longa L.) VÀ KHẢO SÁT KHẢ NĂNG KHÁNG KHUẨN Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
Authors: Bảo Võ Văn Quốc , Anh Lê Thị Kim , Nga Nguyễn Thị Phương
Published: June 2022

Công nghệ nano xanh có những ứng dụng đáng kể trong các lĩnh vực khoa học nông nghiệp-thực phẩm. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi tổng hợp các hạt nano bạc từ tiền chất là AgNO3, sử dụng dịch chiết từ củ nghệ tươi làm tác nhân khử và alginate như là chất hoạt động bề mặt. Sự hình thành các hạt nano bạc được quan sát bằng sự thay đổi màu sắc của hỗn hợp phản ứng từ vàng nhạt sang nâu đỏ. Các hạt nano bạc tổng hợp được khảo sát bằng cách sử dụng quang phổ UV-Vis, phân tích TEM và SEM. Kết quả đo phổ UV-Vis cho thấy đỉnh hấp thụ cực đại trong khoảng 416 nm. Phân tích TEM và SEM khẳng định các hạt nano bạc tổng hợp có dạng hình cầu với kích thước hạt khoảng (10 - 45) nm khi sử dụng 20 mL dịch chiết củ nghệ tươi. Các hạt nano bạc được tổng hợp từ dịch chiết củ nghệ tươi đã ức chế hiệu quả sự phát triển của vi khuẩn V. parahaemolyticus. Hoạt động diệt khuẩn của các hạt nano bạc đối với V. parahaemolyticus được thể hiện qua đường kính vòng kháng khuẩn từ 6,84 đến 16,70 mm tương ứng nồng độ khảo sát từ 6,25 đến 200 ppm.
Memorial de epidemias
Authors: Neubarth Fernando
Published: June 2022

De los recuerdos de la formación como estudiante de medicina, el relato de una paciente, una mujer octogenaria, negra, pequeña, muy vivaz y comunicativa. A instancias del profesor de neurología se complació en contarnos lo que le había sucedido durante sus días de la Española en Porto Alegre.
Memorial de epidemias
Authors: Neubarth Fernando
Published: June 2022

Das lembranças da formação como estudante de Medicina, o relato de uma paciente, senhora octogenária, preta, miúda, magrinha, muito vivaz e comunicativa. Comprazia-se a nos contar, instigada pelo professor de neurologia, o que tinha lhe acontecido nos tempos da Espanhola em Porto Alegre.
3-D Classification of Agricultural Areas of Turkey using Mammalian Livestock Existence
Authors: KURNAZ Burcu , YÜKSEL Hüseyin Mert , ONDER Hasan , TIRINK Cem
Published: June 2022

Animal production is valuable importance for human being and countries in terms of both economic and human nutrition. To increase the value of benefits from the livestock sector, there are many attempts to make policies. In this study, 26 different agricultural areas of Turkey according to their agricultural properties were clustered by using mammalian livestock existence such as cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goat and horse. For this aim 3-D clustering was applied using R software with FactoMineR and factoextra packages. The results showed that the number of 26 agricultural areas were clustered in four clusters. TR83 area including Samsun, Tokat, Çorum and Amasya cities was formed in a cluster lonely. The second cluster included agricultural areas of TRA2, TRC2 and TRB2 that these areas consist of the cities Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan, Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Van, Muş, Bitlis and Hakkari. TRC3, TR62 and TR61 agricultural areas formed the third cluster including the cities of Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt, Adana, Mersin, Antalya, Isparta and Burdur. The other agricultural areas were included in the fourth cluster. These results are also important for traders' financial and human capital and trading practices such as the use of brokers and regular suppliers and customers had varying effects on margins and costs of animal trade. It is also amenable to public policy to improve the market environment and marketing efficiency.
Dynamics of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the professionally homogeneous group of people over a two-year period of COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Pomelova VG , Bychenkova TA , Bekman NI , Osin NS , Ishkov YuN , Styazhkin KK
Published: June 2022

It is important to control the levels of specific IgG against SARS-CoV-2 to ensure the timely monitoring of immunity in patients with COVID-19. Yet it is unclear what antibody levels protect against new infection and how long the protection is maintained. The study was aimed to assess the dynamic changes in the levels of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 by the two-year controlled observation. Healthy individuals (n = 70), COVID-19 survivors (n = 42), and people vaccinated with Sputnik V (n = 43) were enrolled. They were followed-up from April 2020 to April 2022. Serum IgG levels were defined (n = 312) using immunochip and the commercially available test system. Significance of differences was estimated using the Mann–Whitney U test for р ≤ 0.05. IgG levels in the disease survivors (median 97.1; 95% CI: 80–162 BAU/mL) and vaccinated individuals (103.1; 78–139 BAU/mL) were significantly higher than in healthy people (4.3; 4.1–4.5 BAU/mL). Intensity of immune response significantly increased after vaccination of the disease survivors (up to 1023; 657–1191 BAU/mL) or administration of booster dose to vaccinated individuals (413; 213–545 BAU/mL). In elderly convalescents (60+), IgG levels were significantly higher, and in vaccinated people these were significantly lower, than in people under the age of 60. IgG levels decreased faster in vaccinated individuals (after 3–4 months), than in the disease survivors, and stabilized at <100 BAU/mL in 60% of subjects within 5–9 months. Thus, intensity and duration of immune response in COVID-19 survivors and vaccinated people vary significantly depending on age, observation period, and additional vaccinations/revaccinations. Three cases of infection after full vaccination were reported over the entire follow-up period, including infection in a patient having a history of the disease and subsequent vaccination.
The Public Sector Accountant in Budgeting Process by Commitment: Making Budgets Real For Innovative Management System and Improved Employees’ Performance in 21st Century Developing Economies
Authors:   Department of Accounting, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria, Usen Paul Dr. Umo,
Published: June 2022

A public sector accountant occupies a conspicuous position in the management system of public sector institutions. If there is anything that makes the position of an accountant felt in any public sector setting, it is the budget. The view of human nature held by a public sector accountant and his preferred style of leadership (authoritarian or humanistic) will determine to a great extent the nature of a budget. Employees in public sector institutions will react negatively to the authoritarian accountant budget but in an organization where the budget maker (accountant) is humanistic, organizational effectiveness is achieved. While conceding the fact that certain public sector settings may require a certain element of authoritarian budgetary system, the writer of this paper submits that the commitment of all levels of the organization in setting their budget goals produces better results as far as the effectiveness and efficiency of budgetary system are concerned. The unconcerned attitude of public sector accountants towards current researches in budgetary theory and practice, the falling standard of work morale and motivation, the declining trend of performance standards in public sector institutions, the magnitude of corruption and consequential economic depression in many developing economies have raised serious concern. The writer of this paper asserts: In the public sector of a developing economy (such as Nigeria), budgeting by commitment is admittedly a cure. Committing the employees in the budgeting process will make the budget real. It will harness the budgetary system, trigger budget acceptance, boost work morale and motivation, secure the goals-loop, strengthen interpersonal trust and shared feeling of confidence among organizational participants and ultimately steer the efforts of all organizational members towards improved performance. But these benefits do not automatically arise from the budgeting process. They must be worked for.
Adherence to Contraceptive Use Guidelines and Preconception Advice in a Diabetes Clinic
Authors:   WMO at THQ Ahmadpur Sial, Nisar Sadaf
Published: June 2022

Background: Women with diabetes have more complications during pregnancy. Contraceptive advice to prevent unplanned pregnancy is of utmost importance for them. Maintenance of strict glycaemic control is essential to have a positive outcome in pregnancy and proper care. Preconception care and counselling to help pregnancy planning is thus essential. Aim: To assess whether proper education regarding importance of contraceptive use, preconception care and advice is being imparted to female diabetics according to NICE guidelines Method: This is a proposed monocentric retrospective clinical audit to evaluate adherence of a diabetes clinic to NICE guidelines regarding education and advice on contraceptive use and preconception care. The three criteria being assessed include documentation of patient’s intentions regarding contraceptive use and pregnancy at each visit with the diabetes care team; offering patients intending to get pregnant a structured education programme as soon as possible; and preconception care and advice being imparted to patients wanting to try for pregnancy before discontinuing contraception. Two patient cohorts, each consisting of 50 patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion parameters for the respective criteria will be made. Data collection will be done by the diabetologist, the diabetes specialist nurse and the practice nurse at St. June’s Diabetes Clinic. Data will be collected by accessing previous records of patients from 01 January 2021 to 31 December 2021. Data will be compiled as a percentage and compared with the standard. Conclusion: Improved patient-staff communication is the key point to improve compliance with NICE guidelines regarding these standards.
Depression: Current Scenario with reference to India
Authors: Luthra Megha
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Depression is an illness characterized by persistent sadness and a loss of interest in activities that you normally enjoy, accompanied by an inability to carry out daily activities, for at least two weeks. In addition, people with depression normally have several of the following symptoms: Loss of energy, Change in appetite, Sleeping more or less, Anxiety, Reduced concentration, Indecisiveness, Restlessness, Feelings of worthlessness, Guilt or hopelessness, Thoughts of self-harm or suicide, (WHO World Health Day Campaign Essentials)
Inequalities in nutritional status among under five children in Haryana state, India: Role of social determinants
Authors: Prinja Shankar , Sharma Atul , Tripathy Jaya Prasad , Rana Saroj Kumar , Aggarwal Arun Kumar , Dalpath Suresh Kumar
Published: June 2022

Background: Under-nutrition is a major cause of ill health and childhood mortality in India. So far, little attempt has been made to assess whether improvements in nutritional status have masked widening socioeconomic inequalities or produced slower progress among the poor and the disadvantaged. Aims & objective: We undertook this study to estimate the burden of under-nutrition among children less than five years in four districts of Haryana and explore the inequalities in rates of malnutrition across different social and economic groups. Material & Methods: A community based cross-sectional survey was carried out in four districts of Haryana namely Ambala, Karnal, Panchkula and Yamunanagar. Multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select 2763 children under 5 years of age. Standard anthropometric methods were used. Rates of underweight (WAZ ? -2 z-score), wasting (WHZ ? -2 z-score) and stunting (HAZ ? -2 z-score) were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine risk factors and evaluate inequalities across population by social and economic sub-groups. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in four districts of Haryana was 37.4%, 38.2% and 16.4% respectively. Similarly, 12.7%, 13.2% and 3.5% of under-weight children were severely underweight, stunted and wasted respectively. Age of the child, social group and wealth status were significant predictors of malnutrition. The odds of underweight and stunting increased among the poorest by 2.3 and 1.8 times respectively as compared to the richest category. Conclusion: There is persistent problem of under-nutrition in Haryana mostly among the poor, uneducated, and among children of women who do not take ANC care/ breastfeed. Actions on social determinants need urgent prioritization.
Primary immunization coverage among Migrant children in the age group of 12 to 23 months in Sriperumbudur Taluk, Kanchipuram District
Authors: Dutta Ruma , Dekal Priyadharshini , Jain Timsi , Jeyapal Dinesh Raja , Sivakumar Krithiga , Ramachandran Anuradha
Published: June 2022

Background: Migrants carry with them a burden of health risks and public health implications due to their poverty, unequal access to social benefits including health care services like immunization. Aims & Objectives: To describe the socio-demographic profile and the primary immunization status of migrant children in the age group 12 to 23 months and also identify the various factors related to immunization failure if any in Sriperumbudur Taluk, Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu. Material & Methods: A community based cross sectional descriptive study was done among 173 migrant children in the age group of 12 to 23 months from 12 construction sites in the study area between July 2016 – September 2016. The data was collected using a pre-designed, structured questionnaire. Results: The age group of mothers varied from 18-39yrs. About 46 (26.6%) mothers were illiterate. Majority of the children 159 (91.9%) had a birth certificate. Almost all 171 (98.8%) children were having immunization card. Only one child was found to be partially immunized. Lack of time was found to be the reason for not taking the child for immunization. All others 172 (99.4%) were fully immunized. Conclusion: Awareness should be created among migrant workers regarding importance of immunization through regular health education activities.
The difference in intervention of sexual abuse prevention by two variance professions on primary school children in Padang
Authors: Neherta Meri , Machmud Rizanda , Damayanti Rita , Afrizal .
Published: June 2022

Background: The number of primary school children that become victims of sexual abuse are always increasing year by year. Aims & Objectives: This study evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for sexual abuse prevention on knowledge and assertiveness behaviour of primary school age children, which were committed by two different professions, namely nurses and teachers. Material & Methods: The study method was a quantitative with quasi-experimental design types of non-equivalent control group design. The population in this study were all primary school children in the city of Padang, consist of 91,966 children, with total sample of 1,112 children. Measurement of the knowledge and behaviour of children was performed 4 times total, then followed by statistical tests with GLM Repeated Measures. Results: Mean and standard deviation values from knowledge of nurses intervention group: p1(3,37; +1,37), p2(4,62; +1,72), p3(4,97; +1,53), p4(5,52; +1,20). Mean and standard deviation value from the group’s assertiveness: s1(24,44; +4,20), s2(28,66; +2,58), s3(31,38; +1,50), s4(32,80; +2,115) with p value =0,00. While the Mean and standard deviation values from knowledge of teacher’s intervention group: p1(3,21; +1,30), p2 (3,83; +1,14), p3(4,01; +0,99), p4(4,53; +0,875). Mean and standard deviation value from the group’s assertiveness: s1(24,47; +4,38), s2(27,56; +3,65), s3(27,34; +4,40), s4(29,90; +2,87) with p value =0,00. Scores difference between the nurses intervention group with teachers intervention group is 0.73 points for knowledge and 2.00 points for assertiveness behaviour. Conclusion: Intervention model that conducted by nurses is the best model. It is recommended that this model can be used as a model for primary prevention of sexual abuse against primary school age children.
EBM: Methodical and Moral Dilemma
Authors: Kishore Surekha , Joshi Ankur
Published: June 2022

“Science replaces private prejudice with public, verifiable evidence.” ? Richard Dawkins.

 This statement by Dawkins inherits the essence of Evidence Based Medicine (EMB) which is relatively a new paradigm of clinical practice and inherently associated with the quest of lifelong-learning. EBM stands on three fundamental pillars- systematical appraisal of literature blended with expertise opinion and preferences(values) of patients for achieving optimization in decision making for a patient. All the three factors are assumed to act in coherence and not in dominance /isolation in an ideal scenario. However, as idealism is an optimistic illusion we have to accept the pragmatism in the perspective of current practices and operational strategies in EBM. This editorial is an attempt to explore and generate an insight as the consequence of the so –called realistic approach.
Tobacco Cessation in India
Authors: Satyanarayana Labani , Asthana Smita , Mohan Sumedha , Popli Gourav
Published: June 2022

Tobacco use is the most common cause of non-communicable disease related morbidity and mortality worldwide despite being preventable. Almost fifty percent or more than seven million tobacco users get killed each year and about 13 percent of them are non-smokers being exposed to second hand smoke (1). According to the recent National family health survey (NFHS-4) study for the year 2015-16, there were 38.9% men who use any kind of tobacco in urban while 48% in rural areas of India. On the other hand, 4.4% of women in urban and 8.1% in rural use any kind of tobacco. Prevalence of tobacco use in the ages of 13-15 among boys was 19% and girls 8.3 % according to global youth tobacco survey of 2009. The tobacco dependence was considered as disease by the international classification of diseases (ICD 10). Proportion of tobacco related cancers in comparison to all other cancers were reported to be as high as 25% in men and 18% in women (2).
Health Problems of the International Travellers Visiting Agra City
Authors: Mehto Amit Kumar , Misra Sunil Kumar , Chaudhary Shailendra Singh , Singh Geetu
Published: June 2022

Background: International travel to India is on the rise and the travellers comprise a diverse group of individuals in terms of their country of origin, preferences and risk taking behaviour. Different environment coupled with all other factors makes them more vulnerable to health problems. Aims & Objectives: To find out the health problems faced by the international travellers visiting Agra City, their perception and the factors associated with them. Material & Methods: Cross – sectional study design was used and International travellers in the age group 15 to 65 years were recruited from prominent tourist places and train stations of Agra, which was sometimes during their tour and just before their departure respectively. Data collection was carried out for a period of six months i.e. from November 2015 to April 2016.Results: Out of the total 422 study subjects, 208 (48.2%) faced one or more health problems. Primary purpose of visit (religious, educational, visiting friends and relatives) and the duration of visit (more than two weeks) were found to be significantly associated with a negative health outcome. Diarrhoea (131, 63%), fever (87, 41.8%) and respiratory problems (50, 24%) were the most frequent problems and many of them had more than one problem. A majority of the participants perceived the risk of health problems to be high and more than half of the them reported having experienced culture shock (57.4%). Conclusions: There may be a need for a travel clinic at the destination. The benefit of such a new offer must be validated.
Focused Group Discussion of urban ASHA workers regarding their workrelated issues
Authors: Brahmbhatt Mansi M , Sheth Jay K
Published: June 2022

Background: Urban ASHA workers bridge the gap between the Urban Health system and urban poor to provide accessible, affordable, accountable, reliable & effective primary health care.  Amis & Objectives: To identify work related problems faced by urban ASHA workers and to seek suggestions for their work-related issues. Settings and Design: FGD of Urban ASHA workers posted at Urban Health Centres of Ahmedabad. Methods and Material: Random sampling was used to select two UHCs and 8 Urban ASHA workers from both the UHCs for conducting FGDs. Statistical analysis used: interview transcribing. Results: Service gave them satisfaction, Salary did not!!! Some of the other important issues related to their work include transportation, cooperation from community, environmental issues & extended working hours. Conclusions: The problems identified and suggestions received needs to be taken seriously, addressed promptly and timely to improve service delivery.
Expenditure pattern on diabetes care: A Community based longitudinal study in resettlement colony of East Delhi
Authors: Thakur Archana , Ray Tapas Kumar , Goel Manish Kumar
Published: June 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the expensive diseases in the world. The cost of care in diabetes is high mainly because of its chronic nature and complications. Moreover, it affects economically productive section of society. But studies on economic impact of diabetes are very limited in India. The present aims to estimate the annual out of pocket expenditure of diabetic care among diabetics living in an underprivileged community of East Delhi. Methodology: A community based one year longitudinal study was conducted in Kalyanpuri area of East Delhi. All the diabetes patients (consecutive sampling) aged more than 25 years and who were the permanent residents of Kalyanpuri, attending the Diabetic Clinic of Lal Bahadur Shastri Hospital in November-December 2014were selected for the study. A pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule was used as study tool. Each subject was followed up 3 monthly from January 2015-December 2015. Both direct and indirect expenditure were estimated. Results: Total 153 study subjects were selected out of which 2 migrated and 1 died. So, data from 150 study subjects were collected and analyzed. The Mean and median annual expenditure was Rs. 8,958 ±11,704 and Rs. 4,443 respectively. The mean per capita annual direct expenditure was estimated to be Rs 6,821 ± 9,832 and mean annual indirect expenditure was Rs. 2,137 ± 5,622. Inpatient treatment and medicine are two major heads of expenditure. Conclusion: Expenditure on diabetes care among diabetes patients living in underprivileged community was considerably high despite of having well-functioning government hospital in vicinity of study area.
Providers perceptions on postpartum IUCD as an option of postpartum family planning services in India
Authors: Asif Rashmi , Balasubramaniam Sudharsanam Manni , Das Saswati , Joshi Naresh Chandra , Kumar Somesh , Sood Bulbul
Published: June 2022

Background: With high unmet need for family planning in postpartum period new methods like postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) can reduce the gap between demand and supply. Role of providers is critical in facilitating a client’s decision to choose an appropriate contraceptive method during her postpartum status. Aims & Objectives: To assess the role of providers in facilitating client’s decision to choose an appropriate contraceptive method during her postpartum status. Material & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted as a multi-centric post-training PPIUCD follow up study of providers in eight states of India. From February 2012 to July 2012, 124 PPIUCD trained providers of sixteen hospitals were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire after informed consent. The providers were interviewed for their perceptions on timing and benefits of family planning counseling, procedure ease, side effects and complications of PPIUCD and their perception of client satisfaction of the method. Proportions and mean (SD) were calculated. Results: 66 doctors, 42 nurses and 16 counselors were interviewed. 95% providers felt IUCD is a suitable method for postpartum women. According to 94% doctors, 55% nurses and 88% counselors, antenatal period was the most preferred period for counselling clients. 89% doctors and 69% nurses felt that ideal time of insertion was immediately after delivery of placenta and most preferred Kelly’s placental forceps for insertion. Expulsion was the commonest perceived complication. More than 70% providers felt that clients were satisfied with their decision of choosing PPIUCD as a method with reasons. Conclusions: The results of this descriptive study on providers’ perceptions for IUCD use during the postpartum period showed a positive inclination of the interviewed PPIUCD trained doctors, nurses and counselors towards the method which will help improve access and availability to this service
Place and type of delivery along with assistance during delivery among women residing in a village in South Delhi: Low performance pocket within a high performing state
Authors: Pardeshi Geeta , Roy Neelam , Verma Anita , Ranjan Sneha , Kishore Jugal
Published: June 2022

Background: Various initiatives have been taken under the National Health Mission to improve coverage of institutional deliveries. Yet there are disparities in the proportion of institutional deliveries between states. A high proportion of non-institutional deliveries was noted in a village under PHC Fatehpur Beri in South Delhi. Aims and Objectives: To study the place, assistance and type of deliveries in this village during the years 2007 to 2016 which is the period when several initiatives were taken up to promote institutional deliveries. Material & Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kharak village under PHC, Fatehpur Beri in which data on place and year of delivery, assistance during delivery, type and outcome of deliveries in the period 2007 to 2016 were collected. In analysis, the data for two five year periods were compared using Fishers exact test and odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Trends were assessed by using Mantel-Haenszel test. Changes in the delivery characteristics of two consecutive deliveries were assessed. Results: Of the 312 deliveries, 106 (34%) were institutional deliveries out of which 98 (92%) were in public hospitals. A total of 113 (36%) were assisted by doctors and nurses 44 (14%) were caesarean section deliveries. The proportion of institutional deliveries had increased significantly from 23% in the years 2007-2012 to 42 % in the period 2012 to 2016. [X2=11.76, df=1, p=0.001, OR=2.37(1.44-3.91)]. The proportion of women assisted by trained health professionals during the deliveries also showed a significant rise from 26% to 44% between these time periods. [X2=11.39, df =1, p=0.001, OR=2.3(1.41-3.75)] There was no significant difference in the proportion of caesarean section deliveries between the two study periods. [X2=0.167, df=1, p=0.683, OR=0.87(0.46-1.66)]. There was a significant increase in the proportion of institutional deliveries over the ten year period from 23% to 56% [X2=17.84, df=1, p=0.00]. Conclusion: There are pockets of poor performance on institutional deliveries within high performing states. There is increasing trend in institutional deliveries and assistance by trained health professional in the village but there is huge scope to improve the coverage to match the state and national figures. There is a need to identify the challenges and customize interventions to address them in such pockets
Published research studies conducted amongst Indian medical undergraduate students: Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Sachdeva Sandeep , Sachdev T R , Sachdeva Ruchi , Dwivedi Nidhi , Taneja Neha
Published: June 2022

Objective: Evaluation of published original research conducted amongst Indian medical undergraduate students. Methodology: A systematic review was undertaken using keywords “MBBS students” or “medical students” or “health students” or “university students” and “India” through search engines, PUBMED and Google scholar. Considering feasibility, time frame of published original research article was restricted to one-year only i.e. 2016. Research domain, research design, author and other bibliometric details of research manuscript were captured using check-list and analysis carried out using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 99 suitable original research articles were identified under certain criteria and considered in present analysis. With regard to thematic research domain, highest, 29 (29.2%) articles were related to teaching and learning process followed by 13 (13.1%) to mental health (depression, anxiety, sleep, spirituality) of students; 07 (7.0%) were based on physical fitness/ exercise/yoga; and substance abuse (6.0%) amongst medical students etc. Nearly, 86 (86.8%) of articles were cross-sectional descriptive based studies while 13 (13.1%) had intervention based research design. A total of 34 (34.3%) research articles could be labeled as “KAP” (knowledge, attitude and practice) survey. Department wise detail of corresponding author was largely dominated by faculty from pre and para-clinical departments. Highest was community medicine in (35.3%) articles, pharmacology (23.2%), physiology (17.1%), microbiology (6.0%), and biochemistry (4.0%) etc. The studies covered an average sample size of 188.8 MBBS students (20-360, range); 57.5% of research article covered students from only one professional year. However, in 42 (42.4%) articles there was no further mention of gender based sample information. Out of all the references used in research articles, only 57.3% were of recent (2005-2015) origin while the rest were from older time-frame. Conclusion: A systematic evaluation of published original research articles conducted upon MBBS undergraduate students studying in Indian medical colleges was undertaken, probably first of its kind in India. In conclusion, diverse topics of research have been conducted by the teaching faculties and this study provides the over-view of the same
Tobacco use among drivers and conductors in Western Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Parashari Aditya , Ahmad Shahid , Asthana Smita , Saxena Saumya
Published: June 2022

Background: Tobacco use is the leading global cause of preventable death. There is estimation that three quarters of these deaths will be in low and middle income countries. Very few studies were available on the tobacco habit of transport staff from India. Aims and Objectives: Prevalence of habits for various tobacco products and initiating/ quitting patterns of these habits in Drivers and conductors. Material and Methods: Cross sectional survey was conducted on the staff of drivers conductors, technicians of government bus depot. Out of total 903 staff 702 could be contacted and surveyed. Results: The mean age was 36.4 ± 10.3 years. The mean age of initiation was 10-15 years. This have very high rate (77.9%) of tobacco and alcohol use. As a single habit chewing was more popular compared to smoking followed by alcohol. More than half of the chewers consume more than 4 pkts (20-25 grams in weight) of Gutka per day an even 30 to 40 pkts of Gutka consumption in a single day was reported by some staff. Addiction was a common feature for tobacco habit in this community for tobacco use (97%). Peer group pressure was the most important single cause of initiation of tobacco habits. Nearly half (44.3%) tobacco users want to quit the habit. Most common symptoms which tobacco users have were burning sensation in stomach or acidity. Conclusions: Repeated awareness programmes about the ill effect of tobacco and counselling/ de-addiction programmes are very much needed from the transport department and government are needed to improve the situation
Prevalence and biosocial determinants of Potentially Malignant Disorders of Oral Soft Tissue in slum population of Western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Agrawal Renu , Misra Sunil Kumar , Prakash Gyan
Published: June 2022

Background: Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which accounts for over thirty per cent of all cancers reported in the country and oral cancer control is quickly becoming a global health priority. Early diagnosis is the most important single factor in combating oral cancer and improving the survival rate. Aim and objectives: To find out the prevalence of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) of oral soft tissues in above 15 years age population and to find the biosocial determinants of PMDs of oral soft tissues. Material & Methods: Community based, cross sectional study, carried out in a randomly selected urban slum area of Agra, among 1254 individuals of more than 15 years of age. The individuals were interviewed, and oral cavity was examined to detect the PMDs of oral soft tissues. Results: The prevalence of PMDs of oral soft tissues was found 16.45%. Prevalence of sub mucosal fibrosis (SMF) is 10.61% followed by leukoplakia (5.11%) and erythroplakia 0.72%. Prevalence of PMDs in males is 23.22% which is much higher than females 8.24%. Prevalence of SMF is much higher in illiterates 19.01%. Unemployed individuals showed lower prevalence of PMDs i.e. 14.73% in comparison to semiskilled laborers 47.56%. PMD prevalence is higher in lower social classes 17.55%. Conclusion: Prevalence of PMDs is higher in males and illiterates. PMDs of oral soft tissues showed statistically significant increase in prevalence with advancing age. Statistically significantly lower prevalence is found in unemployed and housewives. Prevalence is high among laborers and lower social classes.
Clinico-epidemiological profile of trauma victims in a tertiary care hospital in rural setting of Central Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Singh Naresh Pal , Singh Ramit Chandra , Singh Vikas , Jain Pankaj K , Gupta Poonam , Singh Anamika
Published: June 2022

Background: In the present scenario of unprecedented population growth and development in India, we are also facing tremendous increase in cases of trauma victims and this burden is not only in economic terms, but also has significant physical, mental and social impacts. Aim and objectives: To determine the clinic-epidemiological profile and treatment outcome of trauma victims in a tertiary care hospital in rural setting. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional hospital based study was carried out on 700 trauma victims reporting the hospital at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences in Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh for a duration of one and half year i.e. from January, 2015 to June, 2016. A clinico-epidemiological profile of the study subjects including specific details like mechanism and type of injuries, interval of presentation of trauma victims to the hospital and treatment outcome of the injury was recorded. The data was analysed using spss software 21st version. Results: Study revealed that nearly two-thirds (63.43%) of the studied trauma victims were in the 10-40 years of age-group with three-fourth of them being males (75.57%). Road traffic accident was the most common mechanism of injury (68.86%). Majority (88.0%) of trauma victims needed admission for management of injuries. Conclusion: Road Traffic Accident (RTA) is the major form of trauma received by the people and that too in majority by the youths hence proper behaviour change communication and health education regarding safety measures to prevent trauma should be provided to the youths.
The willingness for using mobile phone for health education among women caregivers of under 5 children in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi, India
Authors: Basu Saurav , Garg Suneela , Kumar Rajesh , Shukla Anshul
Published: June 2022

Background: The delivery of health education through mobile phones either through voice calls or text messages (mHealth) provide valuable opportunities for bridging gaps in maternal and child healthcare in resource constrained settings. Aims & Objectives: The objective of the present study was to assess willingness to receive m-Health services among women caregivers of under-5 children. Material & Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study in an urban resettlement colony of North East District of Delhi during the period from September’ 2016 to Feb’ 2017.  We enrolled 201 adult women up to 35 years of age who were active caregiver of at-least one under 5 child in their familial household. Results: The mean age of the women was 26.4 and mean years of schooling was 10.1 years. Nearly three-fourth (73.2%) could read text messages (SMS) while more than a third (36.8%) were using mobile internet services. The willingness to receive mHealth services for health promotion was affirmed by 157 (78.2%) subjects but it was significantly lower in women with low educational attainment. Conclusion: There exists a strong unmet need for mHealth services among young women caregivers of under 5 children. However, bridging the digital divide is a key challenge towards advancing mHealth for all.
Bioavailability & absorption of Iron and Anemia
Authors: Kapil Radhika
Published: June 2022

Humans derive iron from their everyday diet, predominantly from plant foods and the rest from foods of animal origin. Iron is found in food as either haem or non-haem iron.  Haem iron, which is about up to 40 per cent of the iron in meat, poultry, and fish, is well absorbed.  All the iron in plants (fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts) is in the form of non-haem iron and is relatively poorly absorbed. Non-haem iron contributes about 90-95 per cent of total daily iron in vegan diets. In western countries,the intake of haem iron from meat and meat products accounts for bulk of the dietary iron. The haem iron consumption is minimal in developing countries with majority obtaining non-haem iron from cereals, pulses, vegetables and fruits'. The diets is plagued by low iron content and poor absorption. Major sources of non-haem iron are plant foods. The iron is chemically diverse, ranging from simple iron oxides and salts to more complex organic chelates such as hydroxyphosphates in phytoferritin(1).
Do We Need to Change the Outlook?
Authors: Kishore Surekha
Published: June 2022

Family Medicine is a complex branch by virtue of its nature. Broad in its perspective, it involves high proportion of poorly differentiated problems along with overlapping biological, psychological, and social factors.(1) EBM (Evidence Based Medicine) which originated in second half of 19th century, roused greater interest among health professionals especially during last decade (1). With time as medical knowledge grew, EBM was internationally accepted as gold standard for decision-making and standard for medical practice. It facilitated clinicians in providing up-to-date scientific evidence which in combination with clinical expertise was utilized in medical practice to achieve best possible outcomes (2). Evidence-based practice guidelines and EBM approaches are recognized as the core of today’s scientific thinking with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) being regarded as fundamental research response of EBM for healthcare (3). However, the most troubling aspect of EBM is that it provides the restricted view of evidence. As advocated since 1990s, it was based on the notion that medical practice was subjective and evidence should rather be prioritized on hierarchical system. To promote greater reliance on published literature, RCTs were introduced as a powerful tool for measuring effectiveness and safety of treatments. It argued that clinical judgment and mechanistic reasoning are less reliable forms of evidence in medicine (4,5). Despite EBM era, they still continues to exert influence, resulting in confusion and controversy.
Magnitude of depression and its determinants among older persons in urban community of Agra
Authors: Singh Anshumali , Kaushal Suneel Kumar , Misra Sunil Kumar , Agrawal Renu , Sinha Vishal
Published: June 2022

Background: With increasing life expectancy people are living longer but they are not necessarily healthier than before. Nearly a quarter (23%) of the overall global burden of death and illness is in people aged over 60, and much of this burden is attributable to long-term illness like non-communicable diseases and mental health problems. Aims & Objectives: Aim of the study the magnitude of depression among elderly population of Agra. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of depression in elderly population of Agra. 2. To study the factors associated with depression among elderly population of Agra. Material and Methods: This study was conducted among 355 elderly in urban Agra. Data was collected by house to house visit using pre-designed and pre-tested schedule. Geriatric depression scale (GDS-30) was used to assess the burden of depression in study population.  Results: The mean age of the study participants was 68.05 years. Depression was found in 50.1% among study population and 15.5% had severe depression. Depression was more among the Illiterates, Muslims, financial dependents, those who were suffering from chronic disease/s, encountered a stressor in the last 6 months, less religious, not living with partner or suffered elderly abuse.  Conclusion: High burden of depression was found among the victims of elderly abuse. Stressful life events and absence of spouse were found to be significant risk factors for depression. To deal with these factors we suggest a link worker Geriatric Age Social Health Agent (G-ASHA) to act as a link between family, community and authorities.