bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Offshore Hazardous Materials Sites GIS
Authors: Lindsay John A. , Aguirre Robert
Published: June 2009

Underwater dumpsites or hazardous material sites lie in every ocean on the earth. A geographic information system (GIS) project documents the locations and associated data of Global Offshore Hazardous Materials Sites (GOHMS) potentially posing threats to human health, safety, navigation,
commercial fishing, and the environment. Nearly 350 sites are currently in the project. This paper discusses some of the history of hazardous materials disposal and loss at sea, primarily off the United States coast between 1945 and 1970 when few guidelines existed to geographically document
an underwater site. Although not publicly distributed at present, the GOHMS GIS project is intended to add value to existing historical information by providing site investigators and responders easy access to waste stream locations and other spatial data through NOAA's Office of Response
and Restoration and the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
Science for Stewardship: Multidisciplinary Research on USS Arizona
Authors: Russell Matthew A. , Murphy Larry E. , Johnson Donald L. , Foecke Timothy J. , Morris Pamela J. , Mitchell Ralph
Published: June 2009

The National Park Service's Submerged Resources Center and USS Arizona Memorial are conducting and coordinating research directed at understanding the nature and rate of natural processes affecting the deterioration of the USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The USS Arizona
Preservation Project is designed to be multi-year, interdisciplinary and cumulative, with each element contributing to developing an overall management strategy designed to minimize environmental hazard from fuel oil release and provide the basic research required to make informed management
decisions for long-term preservation. The primary project focus is toward acquiring requisite data for understanding the complex corrosion and deterioration processes affecting Arizona's hull, both internally and externally, and modeling and predicting the nature and rate of structural
changes. This research program is designed to be a cumulative progression of multi-disciplinary investigative steps. Multiple lines of evidence are being pursued simultaneously, each directly or indirectly linked to the others and to the overall project objectives. This project is an example
of government agencies, academic institutions, military commands and private institutions working together effectively for public benefit. The USS Arizona Preservation Project is designed to serve as a model because it will have direct application to preservation and management of historical
iron and steel vessels worldwide and to intervention actions for other leaking vessels.
Undersea Pollution Threats and Trajectory Modeling
Authors: Symons Lisa , Hodges Marc K.
Published: June 2009

The National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has developed the Resources and Undersea Threats (RUST) database in an attempt to inventory and assess potential threats from underwater sources of pollution. Undersea threat information
is only the first step of several in determining the potential scope and scale of the spill trajectories that demonstrate potential to impact sensitive resources. Resource managers frequently have to make decisions based on the precautionary approach, using the best available information to
weigh alternatives without knowing for certain whether they are making the right choice. In contrast, pollution responders are generally reactionary, and response alternatives must be generated with the best available information.The Office of Response and Restoration, Hazardous Materials
Response Division (HAZMAT) has developed a spill response and planning application, Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP), which randomly samples seasonal climatology and runs hundreds of possible trajectories. These trajectories are combined to form several modes that display various types of
ocean analysis. Combining TAP modeling with the Resources and Undersea Threats database could provide marine resource managers with critical information for making planning decisions, as well as for developing preparedness and response options for inclusion in coastal Area Contingency Plans.
Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) Database: An Assessment Tool for Identifying and Evaluating Submerged Hazards within the National Marine Sanctuaries
Authors: Overfield Michael L.
Published: June 2009

Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries and throughout our country have directed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to begin to look proactively at catastrophic oil and other chemical releases from submerged sources. Integrating data from federal, state,
and private sources, the Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) database was developed to inventory and determine, through analysis, the scope of this potential threat. This paper describes the development, structural content, and data analysis tools incorporated. Although RUST was developed
initially for use by sanctuary resource protection managers, its application has relevance to the broader response community.
Abandoned Vessels: Impacts to Coral Reefs, Seagrass, and Mangroves in the U.S. Caribbean and Pacific Territories with Implications for Removal
Authors: Lord-Boring Christine , Zelo Ian J. , Nixon Zachary J.
Published: June 2009

The NOAA Abandoned Vessel Program (AVP) surveyed a subset of known abandoned/derelict vessels in sensitive habitats in 2002/2003 in U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. Vessels were surveyed to determine current and potential impacts to benthic environments, particularly coral
reef, seagrass, and mangrove habitats, and for potential navigational, pollution, and public safety hazards. In all, 180 vessels were surveyed, and the range of potential environmental implications varied. The majority of vessels surveyed in reef habitats were aground on hardbottom with low
relief and low percent coral cover, and therefore were not considered to be producing substantial environmental impacts. The few vessels that were aground on or near higher quality habitat and/or had extensive debris fields were of very high concern to the AVP and local managing agencies.
If the potential impact of these vessels is not addressed, further injury to surrounding habitats is likely. Damage to seagrass habitats also varied widely, but those vessels causing active erosion to seagrass beds, particularly when moved during storms, should also be considered a priority
for removal. Damage to mangroves were typically less substantial than to coral reefs and seagrass, but the cumulative impacts of clustered vessels that have grounded during storms in sheltered, mangrove-lined habitats should be addressed.
European Experience in Response to Potentially Polluting Shipwrecks
Authors: Girin Michel
Published: June 2009

Since hydrocarbon fuel powered engines became the norm for ships, each new casualty resulted in one more shipwreck with oil and fuel trapped in it. Some contained more potential contaminant than others—namely oil and chemical tankers. All were destined to suffer from corrosion
and to someday release their liquid pollutant. The threat posed by those potentially polluting wrecks has long been neglected. But supertanker incidents and surprise spills from forgotten wrecks brought the problem to the front pages of the media and to the agenda of decision makers.This
paper shows how consciousness of the problem took shape in Europe, and particularly in France, and how a response strategy was established as a result of actual incidents. Until now, that response strategy was limited both by cost considerations and by the capacities of the existing underwater
intervention technology. That second limiting factor has now disappeared: the successful recovery of the fuel trapped in the Prestige wreck shows that oil recovery from a wreck has become technically possible at any depth. Consequently, the only remaining limiting factor is cost, raising
the crucial question of how to identify the possible standards for weighing intervention costs against potential pollution hazards.Incidents are described, questions are raised; but no potentially polluting shipwreck records, no overall risk assessment, no specific response standards are
proposed here. Potentially polluting shipwreck records are not public. Risk assessments do not exist. Response standards are still a case-by-case matter. However, one principle is emerging from the case studies presented here. Response standards can no longer reflect only the sole views of
industry, of governments, and of their technical and legal experts. Rather, they have to account for the opinion and lobbying capacity of those who buy and elect: the consumers and the general public.
Oceans and Watersheds: Common Problems, Common Solutions
Authors: Walker Dan
Published: June 2009

In its final report, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy makes a strong case that addressing some of the most pressing coastal and marine policy issues will require developing fundamental information needed to allow policy decisions
to be made within an ecosystem-based context. Establishing an effective ocean observing system is clearly one of the most important challenges and opportunities facing the ocean science and policy community. Progress is being made in hardware development, including sensor and platform designs
and construction, as well as in data exchange and management, suggesting that a truly useful system for understanding and predicting ocean conditions is technically feasible, if given adequate resources, and lies in the near future.The Commission also points out that actions taking place
on land have profound influence on coastal environmental quality. This conclusion has significant implications for the development of information intended to support policy making, especially with regard to two of the most widely recognized coastal policy problems, nutrient pollution and land
loss. This article briefly reviews a series of coastal and watershed policy challenges endemic to a specific watershed and coastal region (i.e., the Mississippi River Basin and the northern Gulf of Mexico) to point out: i) that the interrelationship of many watershed and coastal issues is
significant, ii) that efforts to acquire adequate information to support effective marine policy decisions can benefit from similar efforts taking place in watersheds, iii) that steps should be taken to ensure that decision makers shaping marine and coastal policy have access to appropriate
watershed information, and finally, iv) that in many instances, policy making must dovetail efforts to address watershed and coastal policy issues, in order to increase the likelihood of success.
Regional Ocean Governance: A Critique of Two Recent Proposals
Authors: Hoagland Porter , Solow Andrew R.
Published: June 2009

Two recent expert panels, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy and the Pew Oceans Commission, have focused on analyzing and proposing solutions to the ocean management problems of the United States. Both panels have come up with concrete and detailed recommendations for mitigating governance
problems that have plagued this field for decades. Many of the recommendations are specific and useful, and the panels have provided a service to the nation in constructing them. In this article, we consider the sets of recommendations pertaining specifically to institutions of regional ocean
governance. Unlike the majority of recommendations, which are very helpful, we argue that the proposals from both panels for regional ocean governance are not well-developed. We formulate a critique along three lines. First, to be effective, regional institutions must be tailored to the scale
of specific problems and focused on those problems. Second, the political entities that comprise the membership of a regional institution must have tangible incentives to participate in decision making. Third, the right to use the resources of those areas of the ocean under U.S. jurisdiction
belong to the nation, not to any particular region. We conclude that the nation must pay attention to the lessons of other attempts at regional governance, otherwise it may end up with a system of management that seems simple in concept but merely symbolic in practice.
Use of Expert Systems for Optimum Maintenance of Marine Power Plants
Authors: Bob-Manuel K.D.H.
Published: June 2009

The reliability and economical operation of marine power plants depend upon the design quality, capability, and skill of the technical staff that operate the plant. The normal breakdowns of marine machinery and the frequency of planned maintenance are based mainly on the subjective
judgement of the operators who ensure that such breakdowns are minimized. To achieve such objectives, an optimum maintenance goal must be adopted using various types of computer software for expert systems with high processing speed, which have been developed to aid fault or failure diagnosis.
Such systems are at different stages of application. In this paper, a typical expert system for condition monitoring, budgeting, and spare part management to enhance the optimum management of a marine power plant is presented. The use of this technique with known models will substantially
reduce downtime and fully utilize the technical crew onboard and ashore. From the author's experience in the management of ferries, there is an optimum amount of maintenance effort for any given condition.
A Design Study of Manned Deep Submergence Research Vehicles in Japan
Authors: Ohno Dan , Shibata Yozo , Tezuka Hisao , Morihana Hideyuki , Seki Ryuichiro
Published: June 2009

This paper covers the results of a design study recently completed in Japan on manned submergence research vehicles equipped with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and/or Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs). The primary features and general overview of the vehicle designs are described,
and some of the major items to be examined in each study are introduced.At the outset of this study, the opinions of many domestic scientists and scholars were collected in order to identify the most important subjects of future scientific research in the deep ocean.This study was
carried out by the "ad hoc Committee" organized by the Japan Deep Sea Technology Association.
Satellite Data Assimilation for Improvement of Naval Undersea Capability
Authors: Chu Peter C. , Perry Michael D. , Gottshall Eric L. , Cwalina David S.
Published: June 2009

Impact of satellite data assimilation on naval undersea capability is investigated using ocean hydrographic products without and with satellite data assimilation. The former is the Navy's Global Digital Environmental Model (GDEM), providing a monthly mean; the latter is the Modular
Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) providing synoptic analyses based upon satellite data. The two environmental datasets are taken as the input into the Weapon Acoustic Preset Program to determine the suggested presets for an Mk 48 torpedo. The acoustic coverage area generated by the program
will be used as the metric to compare the two sets of outputs. The output presets were created for two different scenarios, an anti-surface warfare (ASUW) and an anti-submarine warfare (ASW); and three different depth bands, shallow, mid, and deep. After analyzing the output, it became clear
that there was a great difference in the presets for the shallow depth band, and that as depth increased, the difference between the presets decreased. Therefore, the MODAS product, and in turn the satellite data assimilation, had greatest impact in the shallow depth band. The ASW presets
also seemed to be slightly less sensitive to differences than did presets in the ASUW scenario.
Development of a Real-Time Regional Ocean Forecast System with Application to a Domain off the U.S. East Coast
Authors: Breaker Laurence C. , Rao Desiraju B. , Kelley John G.W. , Rivin Ilya
Published: June 2009

This paper discusses the needs to establish a capability to provide real-time regional ocean forecasts and the feasibility of producing them on an operational basis. Specifically, the development of a Regional Ocean Forecast System using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) as a prototype
and its application to the East Coast of the U.S. are presented. The ocean forecasts are produced using surface forcing from the Eta model, the operational mesoscale weather prediction model at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). At present, the ocean forecast model,
called the East Coast-Regional Ocean Forecast System (EC-ROFS) includes assimilation of sea surface temperatures from in situ and satellite data and sea surface height anomalies from satellite altimeters. Examples of forecast products, their evaluation, problems that arose during the
development of the system, and solutions to some of those problems are also discussed. Even though work is still in progress to improve the performance of EC-ROFS, it became clear that the forecast products which are generated can be used by marine forecasters if allowances for known model
deficiencies are taken into account. The EC-ROFS became fully operational at NCEP in March 2002, and is the first forecast system of its type to become operational in the civil sector of the United States.
A Method for Rapid Hull Form Development and Resistance Estimation of Catamarans
Authors: Anantha Subramanian V. , Joy Patrick
Published: June 2009

Catamarans are being built with higher speed capability for transportation of passengers and for other applications. The wide deck area and large transverse stability are attractive features that account for the high demand for this class of vessels. A rapid hull form development, combined
with assessment of resistance, is presented here. The hull form development is based on simple inputs for the polygon net, and using the bi-parametric bi-quintic surface in a computer-aided development scheme, a faired 3-D surface is developed. The hull volume is computed and iteratively matched
to the targeted volume. Using the developed form, a formulation based on Michell's theory for slender vessels, combining wave interference factor and viscous interference factor, is used to arrive at the total resistance of the combined hulls. The method is demonstrated for a series of 9 catamaran
forms. The forms have varied geometric ratios, but a common displacement of 180t. The method is presented as a rapid development and resistance assessment tool.
A Replacement for the Alvin Submersible
Authors: Walden Barrie B. , Brown Robert S.
Published: June 2009

The National Deep Submergence Facility (NDSF) has completed the concept development for a proposed new manned deep submergence vehicle that would replace Alvin. The new vehicle would dive deeper (6,500 meters), have improved observer and pilot viewing, a larger interior volume
with improved ergonomics, greater battery capacity with improved endurance, and less reliance on disposable weights and hazardous materials. A proposal based upon the conceptual design has been submitted to the National Science Foundation for consideration in 2004. Should this be approved,
a new manned submersible could be available for use by the world's oceanographic community early in 2008.
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program: Utilizing New Drilling Platforms for Ocean Research
Authors: Austin James A.
Published: June 2009

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) began officially on October 1, 2003, the result of a decade of planning by the international scientific community. IODP represents the first-ever multiple platform scientific ocean drilling program, building upon successful single platform
programs that began in the late 1960s. Dynamically positioned drilling vessels are being supplied by both the U.S. (riserless) and Japan (riser-equipped), while a European consortium is providing additional drilling capabilities as needed to address scientific objectives in shallow waters
and in the high Arctic. The program's decadal science plan emphasizes process-based studies of the world's seismogenic zones beneath convergent margins, the sub-seafloor biosphere, gas hydrates, long- and short-term climate changes, the genesis and evolution of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPS),
continental break-up and sedimentary basin formation, and a total penetration of the oceanic crust (the 21st Century Mohole). Central management of the program's technology will assure operational efficiencies, while at the same time providing internationally distributed access
to facilities both to store and to analyze cores. IODP is also committed to international partnerships, particularly in the installation, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of seafloor and sub-seafloor observatories.
Cabled Ocean Observatory Systems
Authors: Chave Alan D. , Waterworth Gary , Maffei Andrew R. , Massion Gene
Published: June 2009

Future studies of episodic processes in the ocean and earth will require new tools to complement traditional, ship-based, expeditionary science. This will be enabled through the construction of innovative facilities called ocean observatories which provide unprecedented amounts of power
and two-way bandwidth to access and control instrument networks in the oceans. The most capable ocean observatories are designed around a submarine fiber optic/power cable connecting one or more seafloor science nodes to the terrestrial power grid and communications backhaul. This paper defines
the top level requirements that drive cabled observatory design and the system engineering environment within which a scientifically-capable infrastructure can be implemented. Commercial high reliability submarine telecommunication technologies which will be crucial in the design of long term
cabled observatories are then reviewed. The top level architecture of a generic cabled observatory, describing the main subsystems comprising the whole and defining technological approaches to their engineering, is then described, along with some example design choices and tradeoff studies
Renewal of the Academic Research Fleet
Authors: Cowles Tim , Prince Mike
Published: June 2009

Ocean research depends upon access to the sea—whether for exploration, monitoring, or experimentation. Access to the sea by academic scientists occurs primarily through the use of research vessels in the U.S. Academic Research Fleet. As the scientific discipline of oceanography
has grown over the past several decades, our fundamental need for dependable observations of the ocean has not diminished. Research vessels continue to serve as the critical platforms for those observations, even as oceanographers expand the types and extent of observational and experimental
approaches to include systems as diverse as satellites, remotely-operated vehicles, and molecular probes. As we look at the next ten to twenty years of scientific research into ocean processes, we must consider the advanced observational and experimental capabilities that scientists will expect
from the Academic Fleet. The clear definition of those capabilities and requirements then can guide the design and construction of the next vessels in the fleet.The imminent retirements (by 2015) of over half the existing UNOLS fleet poses a significant challenge for implementation of
the several new initiatives in ocean science, including ocean observing systems, ocean drilling, and multi-disciplinary expeditionary programs. Some of these vessels could (and likely will) continue operations beyond their scheduled retirement dates, but with greater maintenance costs and
diminishing capabilities to conduct modern ocean science.The Fleet Renewal Plan, developed by the Federal Oceanographic Facilities Committee in 2001, addresses this major challenge and provides a pathway for sustaining our national capabilities for ocean research through the construction
of new Regional and Ocean Class vessels. The National Science Foundation has begun the design process for the first of the Regional Class vessels, but no funding mechanism has yet been identified for constructing the Ocean Class vessels defined by the Fleet Renewal Plan. We urge continued
strong support for full implementation of the Fleet Renewal Plan.
Autonomous Profiling Floats: Workhorse for Broad-scale Ocean Observations
Authors: Roemmich Dean , Riser Stephen , Davis Russ , Desaubies Yves
Published: June 2009

The autonomous profiling float has been a revolutionary development in oceanography, enabling global broad-scale ocean observations of temperature, salinity, velocity, and additional variables. The Argo float array applies this new technology to provide unprecedented measurements of
the global upper ocean in near real time, with no period of exclusive use. It builds on its predecessors, the upper ocean thermal networks of the 1970s to 1990s—extending the spatial domain and depth range, improving the accuracy, and adding salinity and velocity. Precision satellite
measurements of sea surface height, as made by the Jason-1 altimeter, combine with Argo data in a dynamically complementary description of sea level variability and its subsurface causes. The broad-scale Argo float array is a central element in the international infrastructure for ocean research.
A comprehensive ocean observing system can be constructed from floats, together with satellite measurements, improved measurements of air-sea fluxes, moored time-series in the tropics and other special locations, shipboard hydrography, and high resolution measurements in fronts, eddies and
boundary currents from autonomous gliders. One of the primary objectives of the observing system is to close the oceanic budgets of momentum, heat, and freshwater on seasonal and longer time-scales in order to understand the role of the ocean in the climate system.
Acoustic Sensing for Ocean Research
Authors: Howe Bruce M. , Miller James H.
Published: June 2009

Ocean observatories have the potential to examine the physical, chemical, biological, and geological parameters and processes of the ocean at time and space scales previously unexplored. Acoustics provides an efficient and cost-effective means by which these parameters and processes
can be measured and information can be communicated. Integrated acoustics systems providing navigation and communications and conducting acoustic measurements in support of science applications are, in concept, analogous to the Global Positioning System, but rely on acoustics because the ocean
is opaque to electromagnetic waves and transparent to sound. A series of nested systems is envisioned, from small- to regional- to basin-scale. A small number of acoustic sources sending coded, low power signals can service unlimited numbers of inexpensive receivers. Drifting and fixed receivers
can be tracked accurately while collecting ocean circulation and heat content data (both point and integral data), as well as ambient sound data about wind, rain, marine mammals, seismic T-phases, and anthropogenic activity. The sources can also transmit control data from users to remote instruments,
and if paired with receivers enable two-way acoustic communications links. Acoustic instrumentation that shares the acoustic spectrum completes the concept of integrated acoustics systems. The ocean observations presently in the planning and implementation stages will require these integrated
acoustics systems.
Future Directions in Ocean Remote Sensing
Authors: Schwartz Philip R.
Published: June 2009

Enormous advances in ocean science and applications have already occurred in part because of the emergence of remote sensing. This paper is an informal set of general predictions about the future of ocean remote sensing. Future directions will include changes in emphasis between equities
and the evolution of sensor technologies, and in platforms. There will be more emphasis and capability in coastal remote sensing and in applications oriented toward commerce, natural resources exploitation and environmental stewardship. There will be the operationalization and continued evolution
of special purpose ocean remote sensing satellites and of the sensor systems on weather satellite systems. This evolution will be toward both more capability and toward enabling these assets to increase the number and type of measurements from core sensors. New ocean remote sensing platforms
will emerge that are either more appropriate to emerging sensor systems or to coastal applications. These will include aircraft and geosynchronous satellite systems for LIDAR, passive microwave, and hyperspectral sensors but will also include commercial imaging satellites.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Ocean Research: Current Needs and State of the Art Technologies
Authors: Sibenac Mark , Podder Tarun , Kirkwood William , Thomas Hans
Published: June 2009

Research in the field of scientific Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) has been underway for over three decades. Much of the original work was funded by the military, and the vehicles were intended for Naval Ordnance Systems Command oceanographic needs, although the payloads were
for general scientific use. Over the last decade, several autonomous underwater vehicles have been purpose built for both the science community and industrial operations around the world. Because of the variety of mission requirements, AUV configurations and options available today are numerous.Beginning
with a brief overview of the history of AUVs for science, the paper continues with discussion of the ocean applications that are suitable to AUVs. Highlighted are some points a potential user might consider when selecting an AUV for a particular science application. An overview of several
AUVs available today has been included exploring the cross-section of capabilities offered. This leads into the emerging requirements for AUVs of the future. In conclusion, some insight is given on lessons learned by several members of the oceanographic AUV community and how these lessons
might be applicable when considering AUVs as a solution to today's intriguing oceanographic science questions.
Deepwater Mooring Designs for Ocean Observatory Science
Authors: Frye Daniel , Hamilton Andrew , Grosenbaugh Mark , Paul Walter , Chaffey Mark
Published: June 2009

Mooring systems that deliver power and data communication to sub-sea instrumentation figure prominently in future plans to build ocean observatories. Currently, this technology is immature and technological advancements need to be made before such systems are ready to be routinely implemented.
This paper describes the current state of the art in mooring systems appropriate to the deepwater ocean observatory context and outlines the technological challenges that need to be addressed in order to realize moored ocean observatories as envisioned for the next generation of ocean observing
systems.
Exploratory Study on Engineering Ceramics Pressure Hulls for Deep-Sea Submergence Services
Authors: Yano Yusuke , Takagawa Shinichi
Published: June 2009

An underwater vehicle for deep-sea operation should be as light as possible; therefore, development of premium structural materials such as titanium alloy, glass, and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) for external pressure hulls has been ongoing. Engineering ceramics is one of
the candidate materials, and the study of engineering ceramics has been underway for many years; however practical applications have been limited.The main purpose of this study is to establish the methodology of fabrication of ceramics pressure hulls for deep-sea submergence services.
As the first step, prototypes of the spherical shells were fabricated from engineering ceramics, and their local radii of curvatures and wall thickness were precisely measured. In addition to these measurements, the strain on hemispheres and their collapse strength were measured by pressure
tests in order to evaluate the relationship between spherical irregularities and collapse strength. The strength-to-weight ratios of fabricated pressure hulls were significantly higher than that of syntactic foam for deep-sea operations, therefore it is expected that engineering ceramics can
be among the promising structural materials for lightening of an underwater vehicle's body.
Airborne Lidar and Integrated Technologies for Coastal Mapping and Nautical Charting
Authors: Wozencraft Jennifer , Millar David
Published: June 2009

The state-of-the-art in airborne coastal mapping and charting technology is the Compact Hydrographic Airborne Rapid Total Survey (CHARTS) system. CHARTS is the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office program name for an Optech, Inc. SHOALS 3000T20-E. CHARTS comprises a 3 kHz bathymetric lidar,
a 20 kHz topographic lidar, a DuncanTech DT4000 high-resolution digital camera, and a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager(CASI)-1500. The integrated sensor suite has the capability to collect lidar bathymetry, lidar topography, RGB imagery, and hyperspectral imagery. Beyond these products,
the diffuse attenuation coefficient and seafloor reflectance at multiple wavelengths may be estimated by combining information from the bathymetric lidar waveform and the hyperspectral imagery.The Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) specified development
of the CHARTS system and currently manages its operations for Department of Defense customers. CHARTS data collection rate of 21 square nautical miles per survey hour enables rapid completion of large nautical charting work for the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
National Coastal Mapping Program uses CHARTS to collect engineering scale data for the entire U.S. coastline. JALBTCX continues to lead development in the field of airborne lidar and integrated technologies for coastal mapping and charting. Future research efforts include mining the individual
data sets collected by CHARTS for information beyond elevation, combining data sets to further identify physical and environmental characteristics of the coastal zone, and integrating additional complementary sensors with CHARTS.
Technologies for Global Observations of Ocean Constituents
Authors: Mineart Gary M. , Crout Richard L.
Published: June 2009

With the growing international emphasis on the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), technological advancements empowering global observations of the ocean's varied constituents are receiving increasing attention. This paper summarizes the major ocean constituents of interest
to the GEOSS member states, highlights their importance, and provides an updated review of existing and emerging observation technologies with potential to address the needs of GEOSS. With the importance of global coverage within this international framework, we emphasize space-based remote
sensing technologies.
Recent Advances in Automated Genus-specific Marine Habitat Mapping Enabled by High-resolution Multibeam Bathymetry
Authors: Iampietro Pat J. , Kvitek Rikk G. , Morris Erica
Published: June 2009

There is a great need for accurate, comprehensive maps of seafloor habitat for use in fish stock assessments, marine protected area design, and other resource management pursuits. Recent advances in acoustic remote sensing technology have made it possible to obtain high-resolution (meter
to sub-meter) digital elevation models (DEMs) of seafloor bathymetry that can rival or surpass those available for the terrestrial environment. The acquisition and processing of these data are expensive, however, requiring specialized equipment, expertise, and large amounts of both field and
laboratory effort per unit area mapped. Further, the interpretation and classification of these data into maps of habitat type is typically (and appropriately) performed only by trained experts that are familiar with both seafloor geomorphology and the nature and limitations of the data sources.
Because it is done visually, this interpretation can be very time-consuming and may yield subjective results that are not comparable from site-to-site or between individual interpreters.We applied an algorithmic terrain analysis approach to efficiently and objectively classify seafloor
habitats using the quantifiable landscape metric Topographic Position Index (TPI). We used high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, together with precisely geolocated (± 5 m) ROV observations of fish distribution, to produce a preliminary genus-specific habitat suitability model for eight
rockfish (Sebastes) species in the Del Monte shale beds of Monterey Bay, California. A high-resolution (2 m) multibeam bathymetry Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated and used to produce a derived TPI surface model using repeatable, algorithmic methods. This data layer, together
with the positions and counts by species from 229 rockfish observations (2892 total fish) was then used to create preliminary predictive models of habitat suitability and fish distribution, as well as stock estimates for the study area. A second, independent fish observation data set was used
to validate the models.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Trends and Transformations
Authors: Curtin Thomas B. , Crimmins Denise M. , Curcio Joseph , Benjamin Michael , Roper Christopher
Published: June 2009

Three examples of inter-agency cooperation utilizing current generation, individual Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are described consistent with recent recommendations of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. The first steps in transforming individual AUVs into adaptive, networked
systems are underway. To realize an affordable and deployable system, a network-class AUV must be designed with cost–size constraints not necessarily applied in developing solo AUVs. Vehicle types are suggested based on function and ocean operating regime: surface layer, interior and
bottom layer. Implications for platform, navigation and control subsystems are explored and practical formulations for autonomy and intelligence are postulated for comparing performance and judging behavior. Laws and conventions governing intelligent maritime navigation are reviewed and an
autonomous controller with conventional collision avoidance behavior is described. Network-class cost constraints can be achieved through economies of scale. Productivity and efficiency in AUV manufacturing will increase if constructive competition is maintained. Constructive strategies include
interface and operating standards. Professional societies and industry trade groups have a leadership role to play in establishing public, open standards.
Marine Environmental Genomics: New Secrets from a Mysterious Ocean
Authors: Heidelberg Karla B. , Heidelberg John F.
Published: June 2009

Ocean microbes play critical roles in ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. For a number of reasons, these organisms have been hard to study; among other characteristics, they are difficult or maybe impossible to culture. The recent application of cultivation-independent genomic
techniques to study bacterial communities has begun to fundamentally change our views of microbial ecology and function. These approaches are providing more comprehensive insights into the structure and function of natural assemblages of microbial populations. Genomics-based technologies are
revealing previously unknown groups of microorganisms and novel metabolic pathways, leading to a deeper appreciation of the fundamental genetic and potential functional diversity of ocean microbes. When evaluated in the context of observed ecosystem functions, we can begin to understand the
complex interactions of individuals and populations with their physical and chemical environment. The continuing study and interpretation of the community genomic data will require a close synergy among interdisciplinary researchers working throughout the world's ocean basins. Community genomic
approaches have and will become a powerful tool for understanding marine microbial ecology in the future.
The PEM Fuel Cell System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Tsukioka Satoshi , Aoki Taro , Yamamoto Ikuo , Yoshida Hiroshi , Hyakudome Tadahiro , Sawa Takao , Ishibasi Shojiro , Mizuno Masashi , Tahara Jyunichiro , Ishikawa Akihisa
Published: June 2009

An ocean-going autonomous underwater vehicle powered by a polymer electrode membrane fuel cell system was completed by The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. The fuel cell system generates 4kW of electric power for the control electronics and propulsion system. Hydrogen
gas is stored under low pressure in the metal hydride. Heat generated by the fuel cell is used to discharge hydrogen gas into the metal hydride. This paper presents the test results of the fuel cell, storage system and the 317km sea test.
State of the Art of HVOF Coating Investigations—A Review
Authors: Sidhu T.S. , Prakash S. , Agrawal R.D.
Published: June 2009

Corrosion, erosion and abrasion, or combinations of these mechanisms, are the main cause of degradation of materials used in marine, aircraft, waste incinerators, power generation, chemical, and paper and pulp industries. One possible way to address these problems is by applying a thin
layer of wear and corrosion resistant coatings. Due to the continuously rising cost of materials as well as increased material requirements, coating techniques have been given more importance in recent times. Among the different coatings techniques, high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying process
is a new and rapidly developing technology, which can yield high density coatings with porosity less than 1%, having high hardness and adhesion values, and good erosion, corrosion and wear resistance properties. The very high kinetic energy of the powder particles in the HVOF process results
in the deposition of high quality coatings. It is possible to obtain a coating thickness of more than 1.5 mm with careful control of cooling to reduce residual stresses. The purpose of this paper is to review the physical, mechanical, erosion-corrosion and wear properties of the HVOF coatings
and effects of deposition parameters of the process on the properties of the coatings.
Understanding the Potential Economic Impacts of Sinking Ships for SCUBA Recreation
Authors: Pendleton Linwood H.
Published: June 2009

Ships, planes, and other large structures are finding their way to the bottom of the sea along coasts in North America, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere. More and more, coastal communities and even not-for-profit organizations (e.g. the San Diego Oceans Foundation and Artificial Reef
Society of British Columbia) are actively promoting and financing "ships to reefs" projects as a means of providing new destinations for recreational SCUBA diving tourists.Creating a "ships to reef" site can be costly. The cost to prepare a ship for reefing can range from $46,000
to $2 million, depending on the size of the vessel (Hess et al., 2001). The benefits, however, can be equally large or larger. In order to get a better idea of the potential economic value of ships to reefs, I review the literature on the value of recreational diving to artificial reefs
in the United States. Using data from the literature, I estimate that potential net present value of expenditures associated with the recently placed Yukon ship to reef site in Southern California could be on the order of $46 million and the potential net present non-market value
of the sunken ship could be as high as $13 million. These estimates are within an order of magnitude of estimates based on a preliminary survey of divers at the Yukon.
Ship Component in Hull Optimization
Authors: Davey Kent
Published: June 2009

This document outlines an optimization to define the size of the components in the power train of an electric ship, specifically one appropriate for an 80 MW Destroyer. The objective is to minimize the volume of the system, including the fuel. The size, number and speed of the gas turbines,
the electric generators, and the power electronics are considered as unknowns in the analysis. At the heart of the procedure is the power mission profile. The gas turbine is by far the most important component in terms of influence on system volume. Integral to its selection is the specific
fuel consumption as a function of power and turbine size. The proposed procedure outlines a nested optimization to define both the best spread of turbines as well as the proper scheduling with load demand. Including fuel in the system volume is the key to meaningful component identification.
The optimized design has a system volume 603.5 m3 smaller than the base configuration, assuming both systems employ load scheduling among turbines. An optimized design can save as much as 600 m3.
ROV Operation from a Small Boat
Authors: Csepp David J.
Published: June 2009

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are useful tools for aquatic research, but are underutilized because of the high operational costs and limited versatility of older models. Scientifically useful ROVs were originally very expensive to purchase or lease, and costly to operate with limited
models available. With an increase in the number of models available and lower operating costs, the use of ROVs in science is steadily increasing. However, scientists may be reluctant to use this technology because of past budgetary and operational constraints, or are unaware of the lower-priced
models that are now available. There are a number of ROVs that are relatively inexpensive and can be operated without specialized teams and platforms. We describe how to greatly reduce ROV operational costs and increase versatility by operating the ROV with two to three people from a small
boat without hydraulics and in limited space. This combination can be safely used in a variety of weather conditions. For this purpose, any recreationally used personal boat is considered a small boat. We used a Phantom XTL ROV and boats (without cabins) ranging from 16 to 24 feet long; both
were chosen for low price and light weight, and had adequate features and design for safe and reliable nearshore scientific research.
Evaluation of the Northern Gulf of Mexico Littoral Initiative Model Based on the Observed Temperature and Salinity in the Mississippi Bight
Authors: Vinogradova Nadya , Vinogradov Sergey , Nechaev Dmitri , Kamenkovich Vladimir , Blumberg Alan F. , Ahsan Quamrul , Li Honghai
Published: June 2009

Temperature and salinity measurements from the Northern Gulf of Mexico Littoral Initiative (NGLI) survey during August 30 - September 14, 2000 reveal a high level of temporal and spatial variability in the Mississippi Bight. To support scientific studies using a numerical model, a three-dimensional
hydrodynamic Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Model (ECOM) is implemented in the Mississippi Bight. The ECOM is run with realistic topography, stratification and meteorological forcing to hindcast circulation on a shallow and highly variable shelf of the Mississippi Bight. The results of the model
are compared with observation to evaluate the ECOM performance on different temporal scales. Based on the area oceanography and data availability, three temporal scales are chosen for model/data comparison: fine scale (less than an hour), diurnal, and large scale (a two-week period). Limitations
of the ECOM application on each scale are discussed. The model is capable to reproduce observed water masses, describe spatial distribution of water properties, and simulate areas with high horizontal gradient such as freshwater plumes. However, delayed response to meteorological forcing,
overestimated mixing rates and uncertainties in computation of river discharges result in statistically significant bias in the simulations. Along with traditional linear correlations from all observational points and spectral analysis over the diurnal cycle, a new technique of model validation
is introduced. The technique is a new application of an existing variational interpolation method. Detailed description of the method and numerical procedure allow one to apply this technique to any oceanographic data with prescribed data variances for model/data comparison.