bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are all Victims Alike? The Adverse, Generalized, and Differential Impact of Crime
Authors: Lurigio Arthur J.
Published: March 2007

Samples of crime victims (burglary, robbery, felonious assault) and nonvictims were compared to examine the short-term differential and generalized effects of crime on psychological, behavioral, and attitudinal measures. Victims were more likely to report experiencing higher levels of vulnerability, fear, and symptomology, and lower levels of self-efficacy. Also, victims were more likely to engage in protective behaviors. There were fewer differences, however, among the three groups of crime victims. Burglary victims were more likely to report feeling vulnerable and fearful, while assault victims were more likely to express more negative views of the police.
An Analysis of Juvenile Correctional Treatment
Authors: Lab Steven P. , Whitehead John T.
Published: March 2007

The state of the evidence concerning correctional treatment prompts a vast array of differing opinions. One extreme position posits that “nothing works” while the other end of the continuum claims that some programs have very positive effects. The present study surveyed the professional literature appearing between 1975 and 1984 (inclusive) in order to evaluate the current state of knowledge on juvenile correctional treatment. The impact of treatment on recidivism was the primary consideration in a simple ballot-box analysis of reports published in professional journals. The results indicated that juvenile correctional treatment fared no better than in earlier reviews. In general, at least half of the studies reported negative or no impact on recidivism and many of the positive findings were based on dubious, subjective evaluations.
Girls in Jail
Authors: Chesney-Lind Meda
Published: March 2007

Evidence drawn from a variety of sources is used to construct a profile of girls held in adult jails and lockups in the United States. The data indicate that girls are more likely than boys to be held in these facilities for status offenses and minor crimes. Girls are also likely to be younger than their male counterparts and, despite their less serious offenses, they may be held almost as long as boys. The conditions of girls' confinement, and the possible consequences of these situations, are then reviewed. Chief among these problems is isolation that may result in self-destructive behavior and the possibility of sexual assault by male staff.
Sentencing Reform in Texas: Can Criminal Justice Research Inform Public Policy?
Authors: Fabelo Tony
Published: March 2007

This article reviews how criminal justice research that responds to the needs of policymakers can have a significant impact in informing and shaping public policy. It examines recent major sentencing reforms in Texas in the context of how policy research was a critical element in the development and adoption of a new sentencing system. It then argues that, for researchers to be effective in the public policy arena, they have to use judgment to synthesize massive amounts of data into a contextual framework useful for informing policymakers.
Mandatory Penalties, Victim Cooperation, and the Judicial Processing of Domestic Abuse Assault Cases
Authors: Carlson Christopher , Nidey Frank J.
Published: March 2007

In 1991, the state of Iowa instituted a mandatory 2-day jail sentence and mandatory participation in a batterers' education program for conviction of misdemeanor domestic abuse assault. This article examines the impact of mandatory penalties on case processing, convictions, and sentences in one Iowa county. This examination shows that, although those convicted of domestic abuse assault did receive greater penalties, conviction rates declined considerably. Furthermore, cases became more complex and time-consuming. Mandatory penalties produced these results by reducing the percentage of defendants who pleaded guilty and increasing the importance of the cooperation of the victim for obtaining convictions.
Response to the Victims of Domestic Violence: Analysis and Implications of the British Experience
Authors: Dwyer Diane C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the problem of domestic violence in Great Britain. Two characteristics set Great Britain apart from the United States: it has a much stronger feminist movement, and a much lower level of stranger-to-stranger violence. The lower amount of violence in the culture and the stronger feminist movement may have changed the public's willingness to engage in domestic violence and may have made the British criminal justice system more progressive in its response. Through a review of the literature and observation of the system, this study highlights the prevalence of domestic violence and the role of the British criminal justice system in processing domestic violence cases. It finds that the prevalence rate of domestic violence is quite similar to the United States, and the British system has been less progressive in its response. Explanations that point to the level of violence in a culture and the feminist movement receive little support in this analysis.
“Good Ol' Boys” and the Chair: Death Penalty Attitudes of Policy Makers in Tennessee
Authors: Whitehead John T.
Published: March 2007

This report is a summary of a survey of Tennessee chief prosecutors (district attorneys general), chief public defenders, and state legislators concerning their attitudes toward capital punishment. Global approval was compared with (1) approval when offered the options of life without parole and (2) life without parole and restitution to the victim's family. Additional items probed approval of capital punishment for specific subpopulations: juvenile, mentally ill, and mentally retarded offenders. Consistent with previous research, support for the death penalty declined when respondents were given the option of life without parole. A concluding note is offered calling for more complete research on the issue.
Understanding Public Opposition to a Separate Youth Justice System
Authors: Sprott Jane B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the frequently reported finding that the public believes that youth court sentences are too lenient and that young offenders should be processed in the adult justice system. These beliefs, along with the view that sentences for specific cases should be harsher, were all related to one another in an Ontario, Canada, survey. However, the nature of the relationship was complex, and more detailed analyses suggested that the wish to imprison young offenders was not solely a desire for more punitive responses but instead was due, in part, to perceptions that alternatives to prison were ineffective.
Estimating the Prevalence of Juvenile Custody by Race and Gender
Authors: DeComo Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This research introduces a new social indicator of the long-term probability that juveniles will be taken into state custody. Estimates of the prevalence of state custody are presented for age, sex, and race subgroups for 36 states. Subgroup comparisons of prevalence estimates reveal dramatically higher rates for minorities. Comparisons of long-term and short-term prevalence estimates are also presented.
National Profile of the Organization of State Juvenile Corrections Systems
Authors: Dedel Kelly
Published: March 2007

State juvenile correctional agencies are not identical in terms of their structure and policies, making interpretation of national custody data difficult. Without a detailed understanding of these nuances and the ability to categorize states into analogous groups, differences among state custody statistics are difficult to interpret. To address the challenges inherent in compiling national data, the National Council on Crime and Delinquency surveyed each state with regard to policies, decision-making processes, and details about the various components of the justice system, including courts, detention, commitment facilities, and aftercare, all of which have a profound effect on admission rates, offense profiles, and average lengths of stay.
Parochialism in U.S. Sentencing Policy
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: March 2007

The import/export trade in sentencing and corrections innovations between the United States and Europe is unbalanced. Humane, cost-effective sanctions such as prosecutorial fines, community service orders, and day fines have proliferated across national boundaries in Europe, but U.S. borders have proved impermeable. By contrast, American symbolic policies and rhetoric (e.g., three strikes, boot camps, truth in sentencing) have been adopted in mild forms in some English-speaking countries, but other European countries have shown no interest. The European focus on effectiveness, moderation, and humanity results in large part from constitutional arrangements that insulate sentencing and corrections policies from partisan and populist politics.
The Weak Strength of Social Control Theory
Authors: Greenberg David F.
Published: March 2007

A reanalysis of self-reported delinquency data from the Richmond Youth Survey indicates that social control theory has only limited explanatory power. The analysis confirms a prediction of strain theory, although strain theory, too, has limited explanatory power. The impact of Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency may have been due as much to its ideological appeal as to the strength of the evidence that it presented in support of social control theory.
“Hotbeds of Crime?” Crime and Public Housing in Urban Sydney
Authors: Weatherburn Don , Lind Bronwyn , Ku Simon
Published: March 2007

Public housing estates in Britain, the United States, and Australia are frequently plagued by crime problems. In Australia at least, policy debate about how to address these problems has been dominated by the view that public housing design influences crime by controlling the supply of opportunities for offending (the design hypothesis). An alternate and less frequently considered possibility is that public housing estates experience persistent crime problems simply because crime-prone individuals are (by reason of their economic and social disadvantage) more likely to be allocated to public housing (the allocation hypothesis). This article reports the results of research designed to test the two hypotheses. The results support the allocation hypothesis.
Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: March 2007

Most explanations of the unprecedented increase in American incarceration rates are inadequate. Crime rate increases, more punitive public attitudes, postmodernist angst, and cynical politics are all only part of the explanation. Those things characterize all Western countries; in some of these countries, imprisonment rates have long been stable or declining, and, where they are rising, absolute levels and rates of increase are dwarfed by those in America. The scale of the phenomenon is distinctly American. It arises partly from American moralism and partly from structural characteristics of American government that provide little insulation from emotions generated by moral panics and longterm cycles of tolerance and intolerance.
“Eyes on the Street”: The Impact of Tennessee's Emergency Cellular Telephone Program on Alcohol-Related Fatal Crashes
Authors: D'Alessio Stewart J. , Stolzenberg Lisa , Terry W. Clinton
Published: March 2007

Using longitudinal data drawn from Tennessee's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and a multiple time-series research design, the authors assessed whether an emergency cellular telephone program, established on April 1, 1995, reduced alcohol-related fatal crashes. Maximum-likelihood results revealed a 2.5 percent decline in the alcohol-related fatal crash rate on roads serviced by the program. No significant change in the monthly percentage of fatal crashes attributed to drunk drivers was observed on roads where the program was not implemented. Emergency cellular telephone programs show promise as an effective and relatively inexpensive means for improving highway safety.
Restructuring Care for the Elderly in Germany
Authors: Wegner Eldon L.
Published: March 2007

Health insurance typically falls short of meeting the needs of frail elderly and other disabled persons. In 1995, Germany began implementing new provisions in its national health insurance law to provide for long-term care assistance. Payments are available for family caregivers, community-based services and nursing homes and institutions for the disabled This article is based on interviews carried out in the autumn of 1996 with German citizens and health care, insurance company and government officials. The insurance program has created: (1) affordable access to long-term care services for frail and disabled persons; (2) a restructuring toward community-based care; (3) the emergence of hundreds of new agencies; (4) new issues concerning the quality of care by families and by home care agencies; and (5) a recognition that eligibility criteria and benefits are overly narrow for certain types of disabilities.
Introduction: Latin America - A Challenge for Sociology
Authors: Briceño-León Roberto
Published: March 2007

Since the 1980s, Latin America has experienced unprecedented violence, which expresses itself in a major increase in homicide rates. After exploring different forms of violence and discussing the impoverishment which affects the region, the authors suggest that the spread of violence and crime is influenced by forces of global and local transformation which cause that violence to transcend national boundaries while reflecting the particular characteristics of each locality's culture and social organization. Through an analysis of five related processes: (1) changes in the drug economy; (2) proliferation of firearms; (3) similarity of cultural patterns of violence; (4) generalized fear among the population; and (5) citizen support for retaliation and extralegal violence (the latter in dangerous rapid expansion), the authors conclude by asserting that the appropriation of violence and its implacable logic of escalation can only lead to reciprocal annihilation. The strengthening of the state and the restoration of the rule of law comprise the necessary alternative for defending people's integrity and regaining freedom in the city.
The Politics of Education: A View from the Perspective of the Central Office Staff
Authors: McGivney Joseph H. , Haught James M.
Published: March 2007

Does the Central Office Staff (COS) constitute groups of isolated and passive specialists or has it cornered the power market on educational policy as claimed in Gittell's studies in the late 1960's? This article explores the impact of the COS on educational decision making in a medium-sized city from an "insider's" perspective and sets forth several testable hypotheses.
The Unit and the Context of the Analysis for Research in Educational Administration
Authors: Knapp Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

A fairly common error in research in educational administration is the inappropriate choice of the unit or the context of the analysis for a given research question. The statistical treatment of data for a particular unit and a particular context is often accompanied by an interpretation of the results for a different unit or context. This paper discusses those problems, using examples from recent Educational Administration Quarterly articles, and offers some suggestions for reducing such errors in future research.
Disciplined Study of the Problems of Practice: An Alternative to Craftor Discipline-Based Educational Inquiry
Authors: Tom Alan R.
Published: March 2007

How ought a department or school of education orient itself intellectually tofoster the productive study of educational processes and institutions? This vexing question has been addressed by two fundamentally different approaches to staffing: (a) using generalists who have previously been practitioners, or (b) using specialists thoroughly grounded in one of the humanistic or social scientific disciplines. Ishall characterize thefirst alternative as the craft-based model and the second alternative as the discipline-based model. The purpose of this article is to review and critique the weaknesses of both approaches to educational inquiry and to propose a third alternative: the disciplined study of the problems of practice. Practice-based inquiry has the potential to be synthetic, context-sensitive, and normative as well as empirical. While much discussion focuses on the study of teaching, I intend this analysis to include administration also.
Meta-Analysis of Achievement Effects of Microcomputer Applications in Elementary Schools
Authors: Ryan Alice W.
Published: March 2007

This meta-analysis was undertaken to clarify existing knowledge of computer use in instruction and to provide information concerning implementation factors that would be helpful to educational administrators. A meta-analysis technique was used to synthesize the results of 40 independent studies. Variables analyzed included characteristics of students, teachers, physical settings, and instructional formats.
Professional Socialization: A Longitudinal Study of First-Time High School Principals
Authors: Parkay Forrest W. , Currie Gaylon D. , Rhodes John W.
Published: March 2007

Using a multiple-case study design, the article documents the professional socialization of 12first-time high school principals during the 3-year period following their appointment to the principalship. The analysis suggests that principals pass through five stages of professional socialization: survival, control, stability, educational leadership, and professional actualization. The article then offers a set of recommendations for supporting principals as they become socialized into the profession.
Gender and Leadership Style among School Principals: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Karau Steven J. , Johnson Blair T.
Published: March 2007

This article uses meta-analytic methods to review 50 studies that compared the leader-ship styles of principals of public schools and finds some evidence for differences between the sexes. In general, female principals scored somewhat higher than male principals on measures of task-oriented style, but there was less evidence for a sex difference on measures of interpersonally oriented style. A third aspect of leadership style, the tendency to lead democratically or autocratically, produced the largest sex difference, with female principals adopting a more democratic or participative style and a less autocratic or directive style than male principals. The implications of the findings for school administration and their consistency with research conducted in other organizational settings are discussed.
Educative Leadership: A Practical Theory
Authors: Duignan Patrick A. , Macpherson Reginald J. S.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a research project (the Educative Leadership Project) which brought together theorists and exemplary practitioners within a critically collaborative research framework to generate a "practical" theory of leadership in educational settings. A major assumption of the project directors was that theory about educational leadership could be derived from a combination of theoretical knowledge of specialist theorists and practical wisdom, derived, primarily, from the experience of exemplary practitioners. The research process of the project is described and analyzed. The research findings are presented in the form of a tentative theory of educative leadership. Some implications for practice are also highlighted
Facilitative Power and Nonstandardized Solutions to School Site Restructuring
Authors: Goldman Paul , Dunlap Diane M. , Conley David T.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how administrators and teachers in 16 schools used facilitative power to develop nonstandardized site-specific restructuring programs as part of a statewide school improvement effort. Legislatively mandated teacher leadership of site activities generated changes in the authority and accountability structures of the schools. Both principals and teachers exercised facilitative power including resource acquiring, synergy creating, monitoring, networking, information distributing, lobbying, and modeling behavior. At most sites, school visions or missions were developed collaboratively and gradually and provided collective guidance. Each of the schools had shown evidence of readiness to change before beginning its school improvement project.
A Critical Perspective on Teacher Participation in Urban Schools
Authors: Keith Novella Z.
Published: March 2007

Two discourses inform the discussion of teacher participation: one is administrative, the other participatory; the first is dominant, whereas the latter is incipient. This article apples a critical perspective to review the administrative discourse, surfacing issues it fails to address, and suggesting alteratives that lead us down the critical path. The administrative discourse draws from theories of human relations management, culture, and community building, obscuring hierarchies and power differences. In urban settings, the hierarchies that need to be addressed exist not only within the system and school, but between the school and the neighborhood The alternative, participatory discourse must expand and deepen the concept and practice of democratic participation, addressing not only teachers but students, communities, and system change. Drawing insights from the literature on worker democracy feminism, new movements, and critical educational theory, the article presents the main issues that need to be addressed to apply teacher participation to urban educational reform. These include extending the scope of participation, creating new structures, building supports and networks, and promoting democratic communities across diversity.
Middle School Climate: An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Health and Student Achievement
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Hannum John W.
Published: March 2007

Researchers and reformers have suggested that school climate is an important aspect of effective schools; however, the notion of climate is defined in a myriad of ways, is frequently nebulous, and is often merely a slogan for better schools. The current analysis uses a health metaphor to conceptualize and measure important aspects of school climate and then examines relationships between school health and student achievement in reading, writing, and mathematics in a sample of middle schools. As predicted, dimensions of organizational health were significantly related to student achievement even when the socioeconomic status of the school was controlled.
Teacher Teams: Exploring Job Characteristics and Work-Related Outcomes of Work Group Enhancement
Authors: Pounder Diana G.
Published: March 2007

This study explores how teacher teams (work group enhancement) influence teachers’ work characteristics and other work-related variables. The study uses a comparative design to test differences between teamed and nonteamed teachers on work characteristics and work-related variables suggested by Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristics model. The study results suggest that teachers whose jobs have a work group emphasis (interdisciplinary teams) report significantly higher levels of the following: (a) skill variety in their work; (b) knowledge of students (their educational characteristics, history, and personal life circumstances); (c) growth satisfaction; (d) general satisfaction; (e) professional commitment; (f) work group helpfulness and effectiveness; (g) internal work motivation; and (h) teacher efficacy than do their nonteaming counterparts. The study also reports auxiliary survey data on students’satisfaction with various aspects of a team versus a nonteam school.
An Inter-Battery Factor Analytic Approach To Linear Predictive Systems
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R.
Published: March 2007

1 A paper presented to the Conference on Current Research and Concepts related to Personnel Selection and Classification conducted by the Naval Per sonnel and Training Research Laboratory, San Diego, California, on 6-7 October 1970. Preparation of this report was supported in part by a PHS research grant No. M-10006 from the National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service.
The Factorial Validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking for a Sample of 111 Sixth-Grade Children
Authors: Plass Howard , Michael Joan J. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

A factor analysis of 30 measures of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking administered to a sample of 111 sixth-grade pupils revealed that each of the seven rotated factors described a task (content) rather than an hypothesized psychological process for which a task was scored.
The Validity of Bayesian Tailored Testing
Authors: Jensema Carl J.
Published: March 2007

There are two general ways to terminate the Bayesian tailored testing process:, according to the standard error of the estimate (S.E.E.) or according to the number of items administered. In this study tailoring was simulated with 100 Monte Carlo "examinees" for four different item banks. The estimate of ability obtained through tailoring was compared with the known true ability of each "examinee" as each S.E.E. level was reached and as each item was administered. As expected, the S.E.E. was a good index of validity regardless of the characteristics of the items. The relationship between the number of items administered and validity was shown to be dependent on the parameters of the items.
Strategic Use of Random Subsample Replication and a Coefficient of Factor Replicability
Authors: Katzenmeyer William G. , Stenner A. Jackson
Published: March 2007

The problem of demonstrating replicability of factor structure across random samples is addressed. Procedures are outlined which combine the use of random subsample replication strategies with the correlations between factor score estimates across replicate pairs to generate a coefficient of replicability and confidence intervals associated with the coefficient. Data from the national norming sample of the Self Observation Scales are used in the illustrative example.
A Computer Program to Generate Sample Correlation and Covariance Matrices
Authors: Montanelli Richard G.
Published: March 2007

Given a population-covariance matrix, this program can generate any number of sample-covariance (or correlation) matrices, based on any sample sizes. If no population matrix is input, the program generates random correlation matrices.
Analysis Techniques for Exploratory Use of the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix
Authors: Ray Michael L. , Heeler Roger M.
Published: March 2007

Methods for analyzing the multitrait-multimethod matrix are reviewed and the results of their application to a classic data set are compared. It is shown that different analysis methods can yield different validity conclusions, and that the results obtained are partly dependent on the subjective judgments of the users. It is proposed that several analysis methods should be used in tandem on each data set and their results should be examined for convergence. Multitrait-multimethod matrices should be examined in an exploratory as well as validity testing mode so as not to waste their rich data content.
Comparison of the Standard Mmpi and the Mini-Mult in a University Counseling Center
Authors: Simono R.B.
Published: March 2007

One hundred ten undergraduates were administered the standard Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory which was scored for the standard profile and for a shortened version of the same inventory. The study was designed to explore the usefulness of a short version of the MMPI in a university counseling center. Correlations were obtained between corresponding scales on both forms for males and females separately. Although Pearson product-moment correlations for both sexes were statistically significant, they were not of the magnitude to predict scale scores on one form from the other. In addition, an examination of the profiles suggested that the short version could not provide clinical data comparable to those of the standard form. Implications for further research were made.
Do These Co-Twins Really Live Together? An Assessment of the Validity of the Home Index as a Measure of Family Socio-Economic Status1
Authors: Carter-Saltzman Louise , Scarr-Salapatek Sandra , Barker William B.
Published: March 2007

In a study of 400 pairs of same-sex twins, ages 10-16, in the Philadelphia area, the Home Index was used as a measure of SES. Because there were numerous disagreements between co-twins, analyses were done of each item. The Home Index was then rescored using only the 10 items that reached a criterion level of 75% twin agreement. Two scoring methods were used on the 10-item Home Index: one treating "don't know" as equivalent to a blank (yes = 2, no = 1, don't know = 0) and the other being a variation on that scoring method by giving additional weight to "don't know" responses (yes = 2, no = 0, don't know = 1). By correlating the three scorings (the original scoring of 24 items and the two scorings of 10 items) of the Home Index with each other, with census tract data, and with five cognitive measures used in the study (Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Benton Revised Visual Retention Test, and a Paired-Associate Test), it was determined that the original Home Index was a more valid measure for white subjects than for black subjects. It could not, however, be recommended as a highly valid measure of SES in either group.
Scaling Attitude Items: a Comparison of Scalogram Analysis and Ordering Theory
Authors: Airasian Peter W. , Madaus George F. , Woods Elinor M.
Published: March 2007

The study compared an ordering-theoretic method of identifying item hierarchies with scalogram analysis in the evaluation of an eight item attitude measure. The attitude measure assessed "progressive" and "traditional" views of education. Data were collected in a survey of a random sample of 178 parents of public school children. The scalogram analysis revealed that the items did not form a unidimensional and cumulative hierarchy. The ordering-theoretic analysis identified a branched, nonlinear hierarchy which had higher reproducibility and scalability than the linear hierarchy identified by the scalogram analysis. The results support the use of ordering theory in defining item hierarchies in attitudinal measures.
Section Selection in Multi-Section Courses: Implications for the Validation and Use of Teacher Rating Forms
Authors: Leventhal Les , Abrami Philip C. , Perry Raymond P. , Breen Lawrence J.
Published: March 2007

Researchers know little about determiners of section selection in multi-section college courses. Studies on teacher evaluation and on the validity of teacher rating forms have often assumed section to section equivalence of students assigned by customary registration procedures. To investigate the section selection process, a questionnaire containing items on personal history, reasons for section selection, and sources of information about the instructor was administered to 1,188 undergraduate students in multi-section first year and advanced psychology courses. Major findings were: (1) students significantly differed across sections on biographical variables and on section selection reasons, (2) time at which class was scheduled (classtime) and teacher's reputation were the primary reasons for section choice, (3) teacher's reputation was less important than classtime for first year students, but comparable to classtime for advanced students, and (4) reports from other students and published ratings were, respectively, the first and second most frequent source of instructor reputation information.
Interrelationships Among 76 Individually-Administered Tests Intended To Represent 76 Different Structure-of-Intellect Abilities and a Standardized General Intelligence Test in a Sample of 34 Nine-Year-Old Children
Authors: Favero Jane , Dombrower Jule , Michael William B. , Richards Leo
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 34 nine-year-old children from a southern California middle-class suburban community both the scores of 76 individually administered structure-of-intellect (SOI) tests constructed or selected to duplicate exactly 76 hypothesized SOI abilities and the scores on the verbal (V), nonverbal (NV), and composite (C) scales of the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Tests (LT), Multi-Level Edition, were intercorrelated and factor analyzed to determine the extent of overlap of SOI ability measures, their degree of relationship with the LT scales, and the possible presence of second order factors among the SOI tests. Although the data revealed a range in magnitude of the 2850 correlation coefficients among the SOI measures from -.47 to .69 (median coefficient, .13), the values for the ranges and the average magnitudes of intercorrelation coefficients of SOI tests within single categories of the same operations, contents, or products dimension of the SOI model did not differ appreciably from those corresponding values and magnitudes found between categories from different SOI dimensions. In the absence of identifiable meaningful second order factors or dimensions, there was, however, the suggestion of a factor of general intellectual function in view of the high loadings of several SOI tests on the same factor as that on which the LT-V and LT-NV scales were heavily saturated. A weighted combination of eight to ten SOI ability tests could afford a potentially valid representation of the complex of functions or of the general function being measured by the LT-V and LT-NV scales.
The Predictive Validity of the Test of Auditory Perception
Authors: Schmidt Carl R. , Sabatino David A. , Foster Glen G.
Published: March 2007

Eighty-four second grade children were administered the Lorge-Thorndike Test of Cognitive Abilities (LTTCA), the Test of Auditory Perception (TAP) and, five months later, the Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and an analysis using stepwise regression indicated that performance on the TAP subtests was significantly correlated with most MAT subtest scores, especially the phonically-oriented MAT Word Analysis subtest. With the common TAP-LTTCA variance held constant, all correlation coefficients which had previously been statistically significant became non-significant except those between the TAP subtests and the MAT Word Analysis subtest. It was concluded that performance in only those aspects of an academic program most directly related to auditory perception can be predicted using the TAP.
Minority Group Status and Bias in College Admissions Criteria
Authors: Silverman Bernie I. , Barton Florence , Lyon Mark
Published: March 2007

Cleary's and Thorndike's definition of bias in college admissions criteria (ACT scores and high school percentile rank) were examined for black, white, and Jewish students. Use of the admissions criteria tended to overpredict blacks' performance, accurately predict whites' performance, and underpredict that of Jews. In light of Cleary's definition, the admissions criteria proved bias only against Jews. Employing Thorndike's definition led to similar conclusions.
Predicting Performance in the Basic Research Methods Course in Psychology
Authors: Hartley Alan A. , Hartley Joellen T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to develop a predictive equation for estimating performance in the basic course in methods of psychological research from scores on the Differential Aptitude Test reasoning scales and on the Davis Reading Test, from measures of attitudes toward issues in psychology, and from self-ratings of abilities and of expected course grade. Results showed a significant multiple correlation between performance and each of the several predictors, especially test and attitude scores. The regression equation was used to predict successfully grades earned in course sections not in the original sample.
Testing for a Priori Trends in K Independent Correlations
Authors: Levy Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

A procedure is specified for testing the significance of predicted trends in k independent correlations. An example is also provided for illustrative purposes.
CONGR: a Fortran IV Program to Compute Coefficients of Congruence for Factor Analysis
Authors: Myers Donald E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents CONGR, a FORTRAN IV program which computes either of the coefficients of congruence (psi or phi) used in comparison of factors in factor analysis. Input consists of a title card, a parameter card, variable input card(s), and data cards. Output is a non-symmetric matrix of factor coefficients. Listings of the program, results, and test data are available.
A Microcomputer Program for Matrix Multiplication Using a Tape Unit
Authors: Dreger Ralph Mason
Published: March 2007

A microcomputer program is described for multiplying two matrices as large as 41 × 42 apiece. The major advantages of using a tape drive are single entry rather than multiple entry of data elements of matrices A and B and increase of memory capabilities. The major limitation is slowness of tape search. Verbal description of logic facilitates use of the program on different brands of computers.
Home-Career Conflict Reduction Revisited: the Effect of Experimental Directions on Kois Scores for Women
Authors: Tittle Carol Kehr , Denker Elenor Rubin
Published: March 2007

The effect of experimental directions designed to reduce a home-career conflict in women's occupational choices was investigated. The Kuder Occupational Interest Survey DD was administered to randomly formed experimental and control groups. The participants in the study were 121 women considering reentry to the educational system in a community college. The finding from previous research with the Strong Vocational Interest Blank-Women that use of experimental directions would yield scores increasing the range of occupations considered and the level of interest expressed, called into question the validity of interest inventory results for women. Different item types are used in the Kuder. It was hypothesized that changing directions would not change the results. For the women in this study, experimental directions at the time of test administration did not affect the level or, in general, the diversity of occupational choices. The validity of the Kuder is not compromised with experimental directions designed to reduce home-career conflict in women's occupational choices.
Dimensions of the I-E Scale and their Relationship to Other Personality Measures
Authors: Zuckerman Miron , Gerbasi Kathleen Carrese
Published: March 2007

The 46 alternatives in the original 23-item forced-choice format of the I-E scale were administered in a Likert agree-disagree format. The intercorrelations of the 46 alternatives were subjected to a principal components analysis. A varimax rotation of four factors yielded four subscales comparable to those reported by Collins (1974): Belief in a difficult world, a just world, a politically responsive world, and a predictable world. Subjects' responses were factor scored and correlated with five measures: Skill-chance task preference, an achievement test, a political efficacy test, the Mach V scale, and a Just World scale. The pattern of correlations suggested that the difficult world factor, and to a lesser extent the predictable world factor, are relatively general in that they related to most of the five scales. The political world factor related only to (a) political efficacy and (b) Mach V (among males only), and appeared to be more specific in nature. The correlation with the Mach-V suggested that external responses to I-E political items indicated suspiciousness and anomie as well as belief in external control. The just world factor related only to the Just World Scale among males, and appeared to be somewhat inconsistent with the concept of belief in internal/external control. The correlations of the four factors with the five scales added some new meaning to the factors and suggested some ways of improving the I-E scale.
Principal-Axis Factor Analysis: a Comparison of Four Selected Computer Program Packages
Authors: Pollane Leonard P. , Schnittjer Carl J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to make analytic comparisons of four commonly available packaged computer programs which perform principal-axis factor analysis. The four programs: Statistical Analysis System (SAS, DATA-TEXT, Biomedical Computer Programs (BMDO8M), and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) were compared by running each program using the same set of data. Comparisons were tabulated according to the following criteria: (1) Manual Characteristics, (2) Data Processing Features, and (3) Statistical Analysis Characteristics. SPSS was considered to be the best overall program because of its excellent pedagogy, cost, accuracy, statistical analysis sufficiency, and output which included a graphic display of variable loadings on rotated factors as an option. However, each program had certain unique characteristics which might make it more nearly conform to the requirements of a particular situation.
A Program to Compute Point-Biserial Coefficients of Correlation
Authors: O'Grady Kevin E.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a computer program which provides point-biserial coefficients of correlation and comprehensive response analyses for tests, questionnaires, and rating scales. The program, which is written in ANSI standard FORTRAN, can be executed with as few as three control cards. Data with missing observations, and more than one data deck can be analyzed at one time.
A Flexible Statistic for Detecting a Preponderance of Short or Long Term Variation in a Series of Events
Authors: Shine Lester C.
Published: March 2007

A series of independent, normally distributed events may be arbitrarily intervalized on some a priori basis. The within interval variation is taken as a measure of short term variation in the series of events. The between interval variation is taken as a measure of long term variation in the series of events. The a priori intervalization is under the experimenter's control so that he may define short and long term variation for his own experimental situation. A conservative F statistic is developed for detecting a preponderance of short or long term variation.
The Validity of the Screening Test of Academic Readiness in Predicting Achievement in First and Second Grades
Authors: Klein Alice E.
Published: March 2007

The ability of the Screening Test of Academic Readiness (STAR) to predict academic achievement was assessed through using two samples of beginning kindergarten pupils from two successive years in a large midwest suburban school district. At the beginning of the first grade, the Stanford Early School Achievement Test (SESAT), Primary Battery II, was administered to both samples of pupils. Obtained STAR-SESAT correlations ranged from .087 to .700. In addition, the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT), Primary Battery I, was administered to one sample two years after the STAR administration, when the pupils were in the second grade. The STAR-SAT correlations ranged from .059 to .699. All but one of the 216 correlation coefficients were statistically significant. The total score on the STAR and the STAR Numbers subtest appeared to be the best predictors of academic achievement in both first and second grades.
Generalizability in Factorable Domains: "Domain Validity and Generalizability"1
Authors: McDonald Roderick P.
Published: March 2007

It is shown that if a behavior domain can be described by the common factor model with a finite number of factors, the squared correlation between the sum of a selection of items and the domain total score is actually greater than coefficient alpha. Equality is attained only if the selected items are parallel. Generalizability can be correctly assessed as a function of the item uniquenesses and the test variance.
A Correction for Loading Bias in a Principal Components Analysis
Authors: Kazelskis Richard
Published: March 2007

The Bashaw and Anderson (1967) correction for replicated errors in correlation coefficients was applied to the principal components analysis. Notable changes were found in the components in terms of the loadings and subsequently in the percentage of variance accounted for.
Careers in the Clergy: the Myth of Femininity
Authors: Simono R.B.
Published: March 2007

Forty-one undergraduate males were administered the standard Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) (Form T-399) just prior to entering a seminary sponsored by a major Protestant denomination. Earlier research had reported that the choice of a religious occupation was associated with feminine interest patterns and with personality characteristics as revealed by psychological measures. Results of the present study did not support previous findings. Although seminarians who scored high on the MF scale of the MMPI were similar to subjects in previous studies, those scoring low on the MF scale had measured interests different from those commonly attributed to this population. Implications for further research were made.
On Quantitative Rorschach Scales
Authors: Haggard Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

Two types of quantitative Rorschach scales are discussed: first, those based on the response categories of content, location, and the determinants, and second, global scales based on the S's responses to all 10 stimulus cards. Two questions were asked of the data from children, ages 7-14, reared in geographic and social isolation and their matched urban controls: "Do the two sets of scales differentiate between the two groups of children?" and "How many dimensions exist in the two sets of scales?" Five of the 22 scales based on the standard scoring categories and eight of the 15 global scales differentiate between the isolate and control groups at p < .01. Principal component analyses were used to estimate the dimensionality of each set of scales and to compare the dimensionality of the 15 global Rorschach and 11 WISC scales administered to the same Ss. Questions of the utility of statistically non-independent scales and the development of new Rorschach scales which are appropriate to the E's research interests are also discussed.
A Comparison of Three Algorithms for Item Analysis to Maximize Coefficient Alpha
Authors: Morris John D.
Published: March 2007

Three algorithms for selecting a subset of originally available items to maximize coefficient alpha, including one advanced by Serlin and Kaiser (1976), were compared on the size of the resulting alpha and computation time required with nine sets of data. Results indicated that a combination of the two alternate algorithms proposed would perform better than the Serlin-Kaiser method. The characteristics of a computer program to perform these item analyses are described.
Analysis of Time Series by Moving Averages
Authors: Krus David J. , Ceurvorst Robert W.
Published: March 2007

A program for estimation of trends in longitudinal research based on the moving average was presented and applied to a sample set of data. The program allows both standard and weighted procedures for supression of incidental variation. The effects of varying the order and weights of a moving average were discussed, along with the potential usefulness of the moving average technique for highlighting data trends.
Development of a Measure of Generalized Expectancy of Task Success
Authors: Motowidlo Stephan J.
Published: March 2007

This report describes the development of the Estimate of Self-Competence (ESC) scale. The instrument was designed to measure generalized expectancy of task success, a trait which is presumed to reflect persons' beliefs regarding their likelihood of success in task situations and which accordingly has important implications for the study of expectancy theories of task motivation. A questionnaire containing the initial pool of 99 items was administered to 131 university students. Through correlational and factor analytic procedures, 12 items were selected for the instrument. Data from another sample of university students provide evidence for its reliability (internal consistency reliability estimate of .78; test-retest estimate of .86), convergent validity (significant correlations with other measures presumed to tap the same construct), and discriminant validity (lower correlations with measures of ability).