bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sampling Theory
Authors: Hankin David , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Kenneth B.
Published: December 2019

We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
Basic concepts
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides a conceptual, visual and non-quantitative presentation of the basic principles of sampling theory which are developed in formal quantitative fashion in subsequent chapters. Included are summaries of (a) basic terminology used throughout the text (population, sample, estimator, estimate), (b) components of a sampling strategy (sampling frame, sampling design, estimator), (c) properties of estimators (bias, sampling variance, mean square error), and (d) sampling distribution of an estimator. Simple or familiar settings are used to illustrate the differences between simple frames (listings of population units from which a sample of units is selected) and complex frames (sampling units consist of groupings of population units), and to illustrate the different components of a sampling strategy. A bullseye target with associated dart throws is used to distinguish the important estimator properties of bias, sampling variance, and mean square error. The performances of randomized sampling procedures and purposive or judgment selection of “representative samples” are contrasted using two examples: (1) an historical contrast of estimated abundance of Oregon coastal coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) based on purposive representative reach surveys and on stratified random surveys, and (2) a repeatable classroom exercise pitting judgment sampling against simple random sampling for estimation of mean weight in a population of agates collected from northern California beaches.
Equal probability sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents a formal quantitative treatment of material covered conceptually in Chapter 2, all with respect to equal probability with replacement (SWR) and without replacement selection simple random sampling, (SRS) of samples of size n from a finite population of size N. Small sample space examples are used to illustrate unbiasedness of mean-per-unit estimators of the mean, total and proportion of the target variable, y, for SWR and SRS. Explicit formulas for sampling variance indicate how estimator uncertainty depends on finite population variance, sample size and sampling fraction. Measures of the relative performance of alternative sampling strategies (relative precision, relative efficiency, net relative efficiency) are introduced and applied to mean-per-unit estimators used for the SWR and SRS selection methods. Normality of the sampling distribution of the SRS mean-per-unit estimator depends on sample size but also on the shape of the distribution of the target variable, y, values over the finite population units. Normality of the sampling distribution is required to justify construction of valid 95% confidence intervals that may be constructed around sample estimates based on unbiased estimates of sampling variance. Methods to calculate sample size to achieve accuracy objectives are presented. Additional topics include Bernoulli sampling (a without replacement selection scheme for which sample size is a random variable), the Rao–Blackwell theorem (which allows improvement of estimators that are based on selection methods which may result in repeated selection of the same units), oversampling and nonresponse.
Single-stage cluster sampling: Clusters of equal size
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

Similar to strata, population units may instead be grouped into clusters. Usually, units within clusters are geographically or genetically close to one another—all households on a city block, individuals within a single family. In (single-stage) equal size cluster sampling, the total population consists of N clusters, with equal numbers of population units within each cluster. A sample of n clusters is selected by SRS, y values of all population units within clusters are measured, and an unbiased estimator of the population mean is the simple average of cluster means in the sample. An ANOVA sum of squares partition can be used to show that this strategy will outperform SRS with mean-per-unit estimation whenever the mean square between clusters is less than the finite population variance. This means that it is desirable for clusters to have similar means but a great deal of variability within clusters, a contrast with the desirable characteristics of strata (little variability within strata, substantial difference between stratum means). Many methods of collection of samples in fisheries (seines, nets) and wildlife (mist nets, live traps) involve collection of individuals as clusters. Unfortunately, clusters (e.g., human families) often consist of closely related or similar individuals. Because within cluster variation is often relatively low, it is often advantageous and cost-effective to instead adopt two-stage cluster sampling (considered in Chapter 9) for which only a sample of units within each selected cluster are examined, thereby allowing more clusters to be examined for the same total survey cost.
Multi-phase sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

Attention is restricted to two-phase or double sampling. A large first-phase sample is used to generate a very good estimate of the mean or total of an auxiliary variable, x, which is relatively cheap to measure. Then, a second-phase sample is selected, usually from the first-phase sample, and both auxiliary and target variables are measured in selected second-phase population units. Two-phase ratio or regression estimators can be used effectively in this context. Errors of estimation reflect first-phase uncertainty in the mean or total of the auxiliary variable, and second-phase errors reflect the nature of the relation and correlation between auxiliary and target variables. Accuracy of the two-phase estimator of a proportion depends on sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity is the probability that a unit possessing a trait (y = 1) will be correctly classified as such whenever the auxiliary variable, x, has value 1, whereas specificity is the probability that a unit not possessing a trait (y = 0) will be correctly classified as such whenever the auxiliary variable, x, has value 0. Optimal allocation results for estimation of means, totals, and proportions allow the most cost-effective allocation of total sampling effort to the first- and second-phases. In double sampling with stratification, a large first-phase sample estimates stratum weights, a second-phase sample estimates stratum means, and a stratified estimator gives an estimate of the overall population mean or total.
Spatially balanced sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

In many ecological and natural resource settings, there may be a high degree of spatial structure or pattern to the distribution of target variable values across the landscape. For example, the number of trees per hectare killed by a bark beetle infestation may be exceptionally high in one region of a national forest and near zero elsewhere. In such circumstances it may be highly desirable or even required that a sample survey directed at estimation of total tree mortality across a forest be based on selection of random locations that have good spatial balance, i.e., locations are well spread over the landscape with relatively even distances between them. A simple random sample cannot guarantee good spatial balance. We present two methods that have been proposed for selection of spatially balanced samples: GRTS (Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified Sampling) and BAS (Balanced Acceptance Sampling). Selection of samples using the GRTS approach involves a complicated series of sequential steps that allows generation of spatially balanced samples selected from finite populations or from infinite study areas. Selection of samples using BAS relies on the Halton sequence, is conceptually simpler, and produces samples that generally have better spatial balance than those produced by GRTS. Both approaches rely on use of software that is available in the R statistical/programming environment. Estimation relies on the Horvitz–Thompson estimator. Illustrative examples of running the SPSURVEY software package (used for GRTS) and links to the SDraw package (used for BAS) are provided at http://global.oup.com/uk/companion/hankin.
Solidarity and Compliance
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses how sixteenth-century Scottish court poets and English translators showed deference towards Du Bartas’ example. Thomas Hudson, John Stewart of Baldynneis, William Fowler, and other poets at James’ court expressed their admiration for Du Bartas’ verse but did not seek to emulate him. The scholar, ambassador, and poet Adriaan Damman composed a Latin translation of Sepmaine that was circulated among continental friends in manuscript, and in a revised print edition to promote James’ reputation abroad. We also see how Du Bartas’ first translators in London, aware of his Scottish connections, also complied with James’ vision of Du Bartas’ significance.
Surfactants in systems with oil and water, including microemulsions
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

The solubilization of small amounts of nonpolar oil by surfactant micelles was described in Chapter 9. In the present chapter surfactant behaviour in systems (such as emulsions) that contain comparable amounts of water and oil are considered. Above the critical aggregation concentration surfactant distribution between the oil and water is partly determined by the preferred curvature of the aggregates present, although surfactant ‘monomer’ distribution is unrelated to where the aggregates reside. The formation of microemulsion droplets in so-called Winsor systems is described, as are the concomitant changes in oil/water interfacial tension, which become ultralow and pass through a minimum. Microemulsion droplets, like micelles, are dynamic structures, and aspects of drop dynamics are introduced. In the Appendix some methods for the determination of the size of microemulsion droplets, including conventional and dynamic light scattering and small angle neutron scattering, are described.
Particles in monolayers and thin liquid films
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Small particles can adsorb strongly at fluid interfaces and form monolayers which can be studied using a Langmuir trough. For sufficiently large particles the monolayers can be viewed microscopically. The driving force for particle adsorption is the concomitant removal of fluid/fluid interface. For very small adsorbed particles, the free energy of forming the three-phase contact line around particles (hence the line tension) may also contribute significantly to the free energy of adsorption. Adsorption can be enhanced by having areas of particle surface with different wettability (Janus particles). Monolayers have structures dependent on lateral interactions between particles; for particles at the oil/water interface, electrical repulsion through oil is often the dominant interaction, which can give rise to highly ordered monolayers. Adsorbed particles can either inhibit or facilitate the formation of stable thin liquid films, depending on particle wettability.
City-Size Distributions in a Quasi-Open Economy: The India Evidence
Authors: Mathur Om Prakash
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines India’s urbanization and urban system. It shows that urbanization in India continues to be driven by natural increase and reclassification of rural settlements into urban, with rural-to-urban migration playing, at best, a modest role in the urbanization process. Recent economy-wide shifts including higher economic growth have made little impact on either the pace or the structure of urbanization, which continues to be dominated by a large number of small towns and a small number of large cities. India’s urban system displays neither primacy nor does it conform to the rank-size distribution. Upper-tail cities are not large enough to fit into the rank-size distribution and the populations of the lower end are smaller than the predicted values, raising questions about their capacity to generate scale and agglomeration economies. Marked variations are observed in urban systems across states. This chapter emphasizes the need for further research to help understand the urban systems of India’s federal structure.
Migration in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Lu Ming , Xia Yiran
Published: December 2019

This chapter summarizes the characteristics of migration in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) after its reforms and opening up. Rapid urbanization in the PRC has resulted from recent decades of intense rural–urban migration. The scale of migration increased rapidly and long-term migration is the main characteristic. The population characteristics of migration are determined not only by a personal decision, but also a joint decision within households to send members with comparative advantages in manufacturing and services, usually male and young, to work in cities. Coastal regions where manufacturing and services are better developed, especially big cities, are the major destinations. The aspiration for higher incomes and better job opportunities is the major force that drives migration, while public services and urban amenities also partly account for population flows. However, in the PRC there are still major institutional barriers—especially the Hukou system and related segmentation in the urban labour market, social security, and public services access—that hinder rural–urban and interregional migration. Facing the challenges of fast urbanization and growing urban diseases, local governments still rely on the current system to control the population flow into large cities. Controlling population growth using discriminative policies will lead to more social problems. Policymakers should reconsider the way to achieve efficient and harmonious urbanization by shifting to more pro-market policies and reducing the migration costs embedded in institutional constraints
Rural-to-Urban Migration and the Urban Labour Market: the Case of India
Authors: Mitra Arup
Published: December 2019

In relation to urbanization, findings suggest that the unemployment rate after migration tends to decline. States with higher urbanization levels reveal a larger increase in regular wage employment after migration. With an increase in city size, the migration rate rises mainly because employment prospects are better in large cities due to agglomeration effects. Migration, urban informal sector employment, and the proportion of the Scheduled Caste population in urban and rural areas are all positively associated, suggesting that the socially backward groups are more likely to migrate from rural areas and get absorbed in the urban informal sector. This pattern is accompanied by a decline in the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas: even the urban informal sector activities are able to provide relatively better job opportunities and higher living standards.
Foreign Direct Investment, Capital Flows, and Urbanization: the Case of China
Authors: Liu Dan
Published: December 2019

With a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) made great achievements in urbanization during the three decades since the reforms and opening-up policies were implemented. This chapter investigates the trends and patterns in FDI and domestic capital flows, and their roles in the process of urbanization. The big picture in capital flows in the PRC is that both FDI and private domestic capital concentrate on the coastal areas, while government transfers flow mostly to the middle and western regions. At the same time, under more favourable government policies, both FDI and private capital are moving to the middle and west. It has been found that FDI affects the speed and pattern of urbanization by creating more jobs and affecting the extent and direction of migration.
Infrastructure in China
Authors: Li Zhigang
Published: December 2019

The recent experience of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) suggests an intertwined relationship between infrastructure investment, urbanization, and economic growth. This chapter analyses infrastructure-related institutions and the interrelation between infrastructure and urbanization. It addresses the following issues: What is the relationship between infrastructure, growth, and urbanization? How efficient have investment and financing been for infrastructure construction? How can we evaluate the performance of infrastructure development? How and to what extent should the government be involved in infrastructure construction? Although the current infrastructure investment system is still distorted by local governments’ incentives and decisions, there is no evidence of overinvestment in infrastructure at the aggregate level. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that the marginal return to infrastructure investment in the PRC has been rapidly declining. Hence, it is urgent for policymakers to reform the existing system to base their investment decisions on the economic returns to infrastructure.
Metabotropic signal transduction
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Metabotropic signal transduction” is the fourth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and reviews the structure and function of G-protein cascades, which are essential components of transduction in many sensory receptors. G-protein cascades are found throughout the body and are responsible for mediating the effects of many hormones and synaptic transmitters in the CNS. The chapter describes the components of these cascades, including G-protein-coupled receptors, heterotrimeric G proteins, effector molecules, and second messengers including calcium. It then describes the special properties of channels gated by second messengers, including cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels, which were first discovered in sensory receptors. It concludes with a description of transduction in the lizard parietal eye, where a single cell type can respond to light in two different ways.
Hearing and hair cells
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Hearing and hair cells” is the sixth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and begins with hearing in insects, describing the anatomy and physiology of tympanal organs and Johnston’s organ. It reviews the literature on vertebrate hair cells, which are the sensory receptors of the inner ear. It begins with the anatomy of hair cells and then describes tip links, hair cell transduction proteins, and our present understanding of the nature and identity of the mechanoreceptive channels, including the role of channel gating in bundle stiffness and adaptation of hair cells. A review is given of the anatomy and physiology of the organs of the lateral line, the vestibular system, and the cochlea, together with a description of endolymph and the endocochlear potential, outer hair cells and tuning in mammals, and the role of electrical resonance in tuning in the turtle basilar papilla.
Chemoreception and the sense of smell
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Chemoreception and the sense of smell” is the seventh chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and begins with a general description of chemoreception, including chemotaxis in bacteria. It then describes olfaction in insects, including new discoveries of the nature of insect receptor proteins and the coding of olfaction in insects. It proceeds to review olfaction in vertebrates, beginning with the primary olfactory epithelium. It describes olfactory receptor proteins, the mechanism of olfactory transduction, and pathways of desensitization and adaptation. The basis of coding in the principal olfactory epithelium is described together with the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory bulb. A final section is provided on the accessory olfactory system and vomeronasal organ, including a description of receptor proteins, transduction cascades, and wiring to the accessory olfactory bulbs.
Drawing faults
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Faults are commonly encountered during geology fieldwork and are frequently the subjects of sketches in the field. This chapter introduces simple field sketches using faults as an example. It considers how best to draw faults in the field and the important features of these structures to record. Two worked examples of field sketches are given and focus on the techniques employed to draw their geometries accurately. The rules introduced in Chapter 2 are revisited, as are the techniques of blocking-in, adding key features, and the importance of labels and scale. Both simple faults and complex fault zones are considered in the chapter. Common mistakes made in geological sketches are also described.
Drawing sedimentary outcrops
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Sedimentary rocks are the commonest rocks found on the surface of the Earth’s crust and record much of the history of both our planet and life on Earth. This chapter describes how to draw outcrops of sedimentary rocks in the field and the most important features of these rocks to record and describe. The stratigraphy and interpretation of sedimentary rocks is also considered in the chapter and includes a description of common sedimentary structures. The use of sedimentary facies in evaluation of depositional environment is introduced. Five worked examples of field sketches of sedimentary outcrops are given to illustrate how to make accurate and detailed observations of sediments. Examples include how to draw unconformities, sedimentary structures, lithologies, and graphic logs.
Bodies
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

Against a growing consensus that Descartes was a closet monist committed to the idea that the divisions between bodies were either modal or phenomenal, this chapter argues that Descartes held to the doctrine of actual parts and real distinctions within a plurality of extended substances. Four arguments for the monistic reading are addressed and arguments both textual and conceptual advanced for a pluralist reading. These four arguments for monism are: the argument from the incoherence of infinitely divisible substances; the argument from the absence of substantial forms; the argument against individuation by motion; and the argument from the unreality of motion. Contrary to this trend, we argue that if the concept of body is to serve the purposes of a finite Cartesian physics, there had better be real divisions between individual bodies or extended substances. Alternative interpretations of those passages which seem to suggest otherwise are advanced.
Automata
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

Automata or “self-moving things” occupy a unique place in Descartes’ worldview. Lacking souls, their internal principle of motion must be accounted for wholly in mechanistic terms. Starting from the form of mechanical explanation engineers use to explain the inner workings of artificial automata—the clocks, mills, and fountain automata of his youthful experience—Descartes proceeds to argue that the same model of explanation is suitable for explaining how animals, plants, and the human body—automata made by God—operate. With these most complex organic systems demystified, Descartes hoped to have demonstrated the universality of mechanism as a science of (non-rational) nature. His recognition of the distinctiveness of such complex systems raises puzzles for what has seemed to many a commitment to a reductionist physics. Automata require special modes of explanation (specifically, functional) and appear to satisfy conditions of identity and persistence that are distinct from those that pertain to the substances composing them. This chapter advances an interpretation according to which Descartes’ notion of true and immutable natures can help to make sense of the special status afforded to automata in his philosophy.
Systems and Functions
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

Descartes’ reliance on functional analyses to understand automata has struck many critics as deeply problematic, particularly in light of his rejection of the necessity of ends or final causes in physics. This chapter examines how important answering this question was to Descartes to avoid falling into the trap of vitalism, on the one side, and a materialist reduction of human nature, on the other. It advances a non-teleological analysis of “function” that steers a middle course between teleological/normative accounts and naïvely causal accounts that identify functions in terms of what they contribute to the complex causal capacities of a system. Causal functional analyses are accused of begging the question on the identity of the system to whose capacities they contribute. Drawing on an examination of how Descartes uses the notion of “function” in biological contexts and how it relates to a concept of work, implicit in his physics, it is argued that his notion of “function” is neither teleological nor causal in the standard sense, although it represents an extension of the causal approach. Descartes thus makes a unique and lasting contribution to debates about the notion of function and its place in a mechanical physics.
The State of the Union
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

The union of mind and body in Descartes’ philosophy is the paradigm example of a whole that is more than the sum of its parts. Despite being composed of radically distinct kinds of substance, it has a unified nature of its own. It too is an ens per se not an ens per accidens and the subject of unique modes—sensations, passions and volitions terminating in movements of the body. It is argued that for neither Descartes’ interlocutors nor us need the terminology of “unio substantialis” entail that the mind-body union is a substance. Nor do we need to suppose that Descartes’ only interest in the union is in its phenomenology—that is, in the distinctively embodied experience we enjoy “in this life.” It is argued that the union belongs in Descartes’ theory of wholes and parts, as much a part of his metaphysics as it is of his phenomenology.
Foreign Judgments
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the items of private international law of foreign judgments covered in part by a number of European regulations and other instruments prior to Exit Day. These are the Brussels I Regulation 44/2001 and the recast Brussels I Regulation 1215/2012; the 1988 Lugano Convention and the 2007 Lugano II Convention; the 1968 Brussels Convention as amended from time to time; and a number of minor Regulations such as the European Enforcement Order Regulation 805/2004. According to the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 479, on Exit Day these instruments are revoked or, in the case of the Conventions given effect by the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, as amended, repealed. The gap will be filled by the rules of the common law, or by the provisions of a bilateral Convention made under the Foreign Judgements (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933 (or in the case of Cyprus and Malta, presumably by registration under the Administration of Justice Act 1920).
The Lex Fori
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines of the role of the lex fori in English private international law before proceeding to examine the rules of the conflict of laws applicable in an English court. Issues for which the rules of the conflict of laws select the lex fori as the law to be applied include grounds for the dissolution (as distinct from nullity) of marriage, even if the marriage has little or nothing to do with the United Kingdom; or settlement of the distribution of assets in an insolvency even though there may be significant overseas elements. Where the rules of the conflict of laws select a foreign law, its application, even though it is proved to the satisfaction of the court, may be disrupted or derailed by a provision of the lex fori instead. The remainder of the chapter covers procedural issues; penal, revenue, and public laws; and public policy.
Contractual Obligations
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the law on contractual obligations. On Exit Day, and unless any further legislative provision is made, the provisions of EU law set out in the Rome I Regulation, Regulation 593/2008, will be retained as the law of the United Kingdom. The adjustments necessary to allow the Rome I Regulation to operate as English private international law are made by the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations and Non-Contractual Obligations (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 834: these adjustments are of no substantial importance. It follows that it is possible to refer in this chapter to the Rome I Regulation without needing to draw attention to its status as EU legislation (as it was prior to Exit Day) or as retained EU legislation (as it is on and after Exit Day).
Non-Contractual Obligations
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the law on non-contractual obligations. On Exit Day, and unless any further legislative provision is made, the provisions of EU law set out in the Rome II Regulation, Regulation 864/2007, will be retained as the law of the United Kingdom. The adjustments necessary to allow the Rome II Regulation to operate as English private international law are made by the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations and Non-Contractual Obligations (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 834: these adjustments are of no substantial importance. It follows that it is possible to refer in this chapter to the Rome II Regulation without needing to draw attention to its status as EU legislation (as it was prior to Exit Day) or as retained EU legislation (as it is on and after Exit Day).
Corporations
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the private international law of insolvency and bankruptcy. Prior to Exit Day, the private international law of insolvency and bankruptcy was covered in part by two European Regulations: the Insolvency Regulation 1346/2000, and the recast Insolvency Regulation 2015/848. According to the Insolvency (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 146, a fragment of Regulation 2015/848 is retained as English law, but otherwise it is not retained as English law. The principal effect of this is that the court will continue to have jurisdiction to open insolvency proceedings when the debtor’s centre of main interests is in the United Kingdom. Otherwise Part 1 of the Schedule to SI 2019 No 146 provides that the recast Insolvency Regulation shall not have effect in the United Kingdom. Consequential amendment is made to secondary legislation. Transitional provisions are made to provide for the continued application of the Regulations after Exit Day in the case of insolvency proceedings opened before Exit Day.
Strengthening Hope for the Greatest Things
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A.
Published: December 2019

Aquinas reinterprets Aristotle with a view to showing that it is Jesus Christ who is the perfect exemplar of magnanimity, as of all the virtues. The acquired virtue of magnanimity, which strengthens persons in the hope of obtaining the greatest goods, is to be understood through the infused virtue of hope. Natural reason grasps virtue, rather than honour, as the greatest good, but the theological virtue of hope stretches out to nothing less than God. Just as Christ’s exemplary public benefaction is made possible by his perfect union with God, so ordinary Christian virtue is made possible by receiving a grace that likewise directs Christ’s followers beyond their own good to that of enemies and needy neighbours. Aristotle’s magnanimous man is thereby stretched almost beyond recognition, while remaining unequivocally the one worthy of the greatest honour.
Magnanimity and Modernity
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter chronicles the approaches to magnanimity taken by three key Enlightenment theorists, David Hume, Adam Smith, and John Witherspoon. United in their concern to defend the modern relevance of magnanimity, these thinkers differed in how they approached two central questions: the standard by which magnanimity is measured, and the need to ensure that goodness and greatness coincide. Hume’s relative understanding of greatness of mind created problems which Smith sought to redress by introducing the concept of ‘absolute perfection’ as the touchstone for judgements about magnanimity and moral judgements more broadly. Against the apparent tension between magnanimity and Christian values, John Witherspoon set out to recover the virtue on specifically Christian terms. Taking Smith’s solution one step further, he identified the standard of absolute perfection with God, with merit conceived as conformity with God’s will and the desire for worldly honour displaced by a desire for worthiness of God’s esteem.
A Composite Portrait of a True American Philosophy on Magnanimity
Authors: Corsa Andrew J. , Schliesser Eric
Published: December 2019

This chapter offers a composite portrait of the concept of magnanimity in nineteenth-century America, focusing on Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. A composite portrait, as a method in the history of philosophy, is designed to bring out characteristic features of a group’s philosophizing in order to illuminate features that may still resonate in today’s philosophy. Compared to more standard methods in the historiography of philosophy, the construction of a composite portrait de-privileges the views of individual authors. These American philosophers saw the virtue of magnanimity as a remedy for a number of modern ills. They suggest that the best sort of magnanimity is acquired by adopting the correct relation to the natural world, including new forms of inquiry, or by adopting a life of voluntary poverty.Â Magnanimous individuals are critics of capitalism and offer themselves as exemplars of a better, experimental life.
Inventing the Novel
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

Bakhtin as a philosopher and a student of the novel is intent upon the novel’s role in the history of consciousness. His project fails if he is wrong about the dialogic nature of consciousness or the cultural centrality of the novel as the only discourse that can model human consciousness and its intersubjective character. Inventing the Novel is an argument in four stages: the Introduction surveys Bakhtin’s life and his theoretical work in the 1920s, which grounded his work on the novel, as investigated in following chapters. Chapter 1 sketches Bakhtin’s view of literary history as an agonistic dialogue of genres, concluding with his claim that the novel originates as a new way of evaluating time. Chapter 2 explores Bakhtin’s theory of chronotopes: how do forms of time and space in ancient fiction delimit the possible representation of the human? Chapter 3 assesses Bakhtin’s poetics of genre in his account of Menippean satire as crucial in the history of the novel. Chapter 4 uses Petronius to address the prosaics of the novel, exploring Bakhtin’s account of how novelists of “the second stylistic line” orchestrate the babble of voices expressive of an era into “a microcosm of heteroglossia,” focusing it through the consciousness of characters “on the boundary” between I and thou. Insofar as this analysis succeeds, it evinces the truth of Bakhtin’s claim that the role of Petronius’s Satyrica in the history of the novel is “immense.”
Mapping Time and Space in Ancient Fiction
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

This chapter aims at a Bakhtinian account that does justice to the insight of Ian Watt that a new form emerged in eighteenth-century fiction, reflected in the term “novel”. However, this development was hardly unprecedented: novelistic fiction had already appeared at least twice, in Renaissance Spain and the Roman empire. Various eighteenth-century English novels are canonical examples of the genre, but their genealogy can be traced back to antiquity, illuminating what distinguishes novelistic discourse and what is or is not modern about it. Ancient examples of novelistic fiction (e.g., Apuleius and Petronius) can be generically distinguished from Greek romance. Novelistic fiction has been invented more than once, and its earliest examples provide interesting precedents for what have been considered among the modern novel’s distinguishing features—such as contemporaneity and certain kinds of realism.
Epilogue
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

The epilogue rounds out the argument of the volume by considering the declining cultural authority of the novel, the value of history versus the history of the arts, Bakhtin’s most famous aphorism, the concept of great time, and the explanatory power of Bakhtin’s approach to the novel as a distinct form of discourse.
On Some Reactions to “Kant’s Tragic Problem”
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

Nietzsche describes “Kant’s tragic problem” as a matter of making things seem “relative” and thereby giving art a “new dignity.” What Nietzsche means by “tragedy” here is not a matter of pain or ethical conflict but rather the impact of modern science and Kant’s Critical philosophy, which teaches that our theoretical knowledge is limited in principle to phenomena and does not reach unconditioned reality. This is not a form of skepticism or nihilism, but it does imply that the search for such knowledge can be considered secondary to other human interests. This chapter argues that this position also fits well the outlook of the aesthetic approach of Kant and the Early German Romantics. To make this case, it argues against suggestions, coming from a Hegelian direction, by Frederick Beiser and Robert Pippin, that the Kantian aesthetics and Romantic philosophy are overly subjective.
Introduction
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

The moral error theory—i.e. moral judgements attempt to describe a reality that does not exist, and as a consequence those judgements are systematically mistaken—and the argument from analogy—the argument for thinking that morality is systematically mistaken in this way—are introduced. Interest in the argument from analogy is motivated by situating it within recent trends in both moral philosophy and epistemology. A roadmap for the book is provided. The conclusion of the book is outlined: it is that the argument from analogy fails. It is not inferred from this that the moral error theory is true. The arguments do not lead to this conclusion. But the book does claim that—for now at least—we do not know that the argument from analogy is false.
Beyond Animal Rights
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

This chapter sets out the philosophical context for current debates in animal ethics, including abolitionist versions of animal rights that are against all forms of animal use, including animal experimentation and agriculture. The author argues that while a more muted version of animal rights is more convincing, rights language has proved inadequate to the modest task of shifting to more humane treatments of other animals. There are also theoretical problems associated with the use of rights language that itself is premised on a particular approach to social justice. Utilitarian advocates following Peter Singer do not fare much better in that his liberationist agenda is ethically ambiguous by his association of speciesism with racist and even sexist views. This approach could just as easily diminish women and those of colour, or deny human dignity, all of which have a strong political and social agenda, rather than elevating concern for other animals. Even anti-speciesism still relies on a comparative approach that begins by widening the moral world of humans to sentient others, even while, ironically perhaps, denying the special significance of the human species. Christine Korsgaard has made the most convincing case so far for rehabilitating Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative so that it is extended to other animals. Rather more promising is the largely theoretical approach of Peter Scott’s argument for postnatural right and Cynthia Willett’s interspecies ethics to begin to map out the multispecies frameworks.
Wild Justice, Justice as Virtue, and Natural Law
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins to link the earlier discussion on the evolution of justice with debates about what justice as a human virtue means and in relationship with different varieties of natural law ethics. How far are accounts of human justice as a virtue of the will still reasonable in an evolutionary age or where contemporary psychological studies deny the presence of the will? Should theologians and philosophers insist on an objective as well as a subjective account of natural law in spite of strong evolutionary and philosophical objections? What is the relationship between reason and revelation in classic accounts of justice as virtue and how might this compare with an evolutionary or systems approach? This chapter explores theoretical scientific frameworks in systems theory and argues that a modest version of natural law could be viewed as a normative aspect of a complex system. More recently, understanding the earth as a single Earth System that has planetary boundaries has gained traction in current debates on the Anthropocene. The author argues that this approach is the culmination of the turn to systems theory in science. Adopting the Earth System as a paradigm has profound ethical implications for humans and other creaturely kinds. Therefore, a discussion of the tensions that come to the surface in navigating a scientific and theistic account is not overlooked. While natural law also has a rich history in positive law, the thoughts of Jean Porter and Thomas Aquinas are drawn on to recover a scholastic version of natural law that is theistic, rather than stripped to its Aristotelian bones.
Domestication—Including Animals in Building Virtue
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

In this chapter, an alternative understanding of justice is provided, one that bears on indigenous views as connected closely with restoration of relationships. The case is also made for the virtues of compassion, wisdom, and justice to be essential in consideration of how individuals are related to each other in a multispecies community. All three were likely to have been important in the evolution of cooperation that eventually led to domestication and, engaging with the work of Tim Ingold, the author argues against those who claim that the movement from hunting to domestication was necessarily a step back in human-animal relationships. Comparative examples from the domestication of bees and the domestication of horses is used together with studies of horse-human psychology in Western contexts in comparison with some ethnographic work by Marcus Baynes-Rock with Oremo communities in Ethiopia. Also explored are indigenous traditions on the domestication of wolves, dingos, and the evolution of dog domestication. While the link between compassion for humans and that towards other animals has a rich and ancient history, including biblical traditions, there is some resistance to the ethical importance of compassion for other animals. These objections are considered before arguing that both love and compassion are important, if not exclusive, elements in building a theoretical ground for animal ethics.
Capability Theory, Just Institutions, and Communitarian Conscience
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

This chapter starts to move towards a political theory that, by taking multispecies context seriously, considers communitarianism as the most reasonable starting point over utilitarian or other alternative approaches. Drawing on Martha Nussbaum, the author develops and refines her political theory of justice through her communitarian approach in a way that attempts to take into account interaction and entanglements with other species. Nussbaum’s approach, which draws on capabilities in community, is more inclusive and holistic compared with procedural theories of justice such as that of John Rawls, but it still lacks a robust means to integrate love and compassion with justice. Classic theological approaches provide such an ontological basis, but remain vulnerable in the face of ethical naturalism. Yet an evolutionary naturalistic ethic also flounders given the ambiguity of human history with other animals. The work of Paul Riceour is discussed as his theories contribute to the overall thesis of this book, namely, that the goal of a multispecies ethics needs to include the idea of living well in and for others in just institutions, but broaden out his view so that it is inclusive of other animal kinds.