bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On certain matrix algebras related to quasi-Toeplitz matrices
Authors: Bini Dario A. , Meini Beatrice
Published: June 2024

Let $$A_\alpha $$

A
α

be the semi-infinite tridiagonal matrix having subdiagonal and superdiagonal unit entries, $$(A_\alpha )_{11}=\alpha $$

(

A
α

)

11

=
α

, where $$\alpha \in \mathbb C$$

α
∈
C

, and zero elsewhere. A basis $$\{P_0,P_1,P_2,\ldots \}$$

{

P
0

,

P
1

,

P
2

,
…
}

of the linear space $$\mathcal {P}_\alpha $$

P
α

spanned by the powers of $$A_\alpha $$

A
α

is determined, where $$P_0=I$$

P
0

=
I

, $$P_n=T_n+H_n$$

P
n

=

T
n

+

H
n

, $$T_n$$

T
n

is the symmetric Toeplitz matrix having ones in the nth super- and sub-diagonal, zeros elsewhere, and $$H_n$$

H
n

is the Hankel matrix with first row $$[\theta \alpha ^{n-2}, \theta \alpha ^{n-3}, \ldots , \theta , \alpha , 0, \ldots ]$$

[
θ

α

n
-
2

,
θ

α

n
-
3

,
…
,
θ
,
α
,
0
,
…
]

, where $$\theta =\alpha ^2-1$$

θ
=

α
2

-
1

. The set $$\mathcal {P}_\alpha $$

P
α

is an algebra, and for $$\alpha \in \{-1,0,1\}$$

α
∈
{
-
1
,
0
,
1
}

, $$H_n$$

H
n

has only one nonzero anti-diagonal. This fact is exploited to provide a better representation of symmetric quasi-Toeplitz matrices $$\mathcal{Q}\mathcal{T}_S$$

Q

T
S

, where, instead of representing a generic matrix $$A\in \mathcal{Q}\mathcal{T}_S$$

A
∈
Q

T
S

as $$A=T+K$$

A
=
T
+
K

, where T is Toeplitz and K is compact, it is represented as $$A=P+H$$

A
=
P
+
H

, where $$P\in \mathcal {P}_\alpha $$

P
∈

P
α

and H is compact. It is shown experimentally that the matrix arithmetic obtained this way is much more effective than that implemented in the toolbox of Numer. Algo. 81(2):741–769, 2019.
Teachers’ perspectives on pay incentives in England: performance evaluation in a context of high-stakes accountability
Authors: Proudfoot Kevin
Published: June 2024

This article examines a national policy of performance-related pay for teachers in the educational context of England, as understood in relation to the concept of New Public Management. Using a mixed methods approach employing surveys and in-depth interviews, the article considers the perspectives of working teachers, thus engaging directly with those who might be incentivized (or disincentivized) by performance pay. Significant implications for the broader international policy context are drawn in terms of teachers’ complex and problematic attitudes towards incentivization, particularly when performance pay is located within a wider agenda of New Public Management.
The political economy of the original “Thucydides’ Trap”: a conflict economics perspective on the Peloponnesian war
Authors: Tridimas George
Published: June 2024

The Peloponnesian War, 431–404, between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta was a long, destructive war ending with the total surrender of Athens. Scholars of Thucydides, the ancient historian of the conflict, have dwelt on two different explanations of the causes of the War. First, the “Thucydides’ Trap”, which argues that Sparta’s fear of the growing power of Athens rendered peace arrangements non-credible and made war inevitable. Second, the unwise leadership, which blames key political leaders for their erroneous judgments in the affairs of the state. Using the perspective of the economics of conflict the present study questions both views. It argues that the non-credibility of peace is at best an incomplete explanation of the conflict, and the unwise leadership hypothesis requires a systematic account of the factors affecting leaders to choose war. Noting that the clash between Sparta and Athens had started earlier, in 460, the study shows that its causes related to calculations of material and non-material benefits from victory, perceptions of the probability of military success, problems of domestic political accountability, and the valuation of the future. Importantly, it also shows that the role of these factors differed significantly at the different phases of the extended conflict.
Mesoporous magnetic biochar derived from common reed (Phragmites australis) for rapid and efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous media
Authors: Mortada Wael Ibrahim , Ghaith Mahmoud Mohsen , Khedr Nada Elsayed , Ellethy Mostafa Ibrahim , Mohsen Alaa Waleed , Shafik Amira Labib
Published: June 2024

A novel mesoporous magnetic biochar (MBC) was prepared, using a randomly growing plant, i.e., common reed, as an exporter of carbon, and applied for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The prepared sorbent was characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, saturation magnetization, pH of point of zero charges (pHPZC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained MBC has a specific surface area of 94.2 m2 g−1and a pore radius of 4.1 nm, a pore volume of 0.252 cm3 g−1, a saturation magnetization of 0.786 emu g−1, and a pHPZCof 6.2. Batch adsorption experiments were used to study the impact of the physicochemical factors involved in the adsorption process. The findings revealed that MB removal by MBC was achieved optimally at pH 8.0, sorbent dosage of 1.0 g L−1, and contact time of 30 min. At these conditions, the maximum adsorption was 353.4 mg g−1. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm indicated that the Langmuir pattern matched well with the experimental data, compared to the Freindlich model. The ∆Gwas − 6.7, − 7.1, and − 7.5 kJ mol−1, at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively, indicating a spontaneous process. The values of ∆Hand ∆Swere 5.71 kJ mol−1and 41.6 J mol−1 K−1, respectively, suggesting endothermic and the interaction between MB and MBC is van der Waals type. The absorbent was regenerated and reused for four cycles after elution with 0.1 mol L−1of HCl. This study concluded that the magnetic biochar generated from common reed has tremendous promise in the practical use of removing MB from wastewater.

Graphic Abstract
Soil bacterial activity and functional diversity as indicators of recultivation of alkaline settlements of a ‘Solvay’ process
Authors: Siwek Paweł , Jaźwa Małgorzata , Niklińska Maria , Klimek Beata
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Many industries continuously produce large volumes of alkaline residues. After recultivation, former landfills can be an important element providing ecosystem services in highly urbanised areas.

Materials and methods

We studied the relationship between vegetation and soil bacterial characteristics using Biolog® ECO plates on recultivated areas of the Solvay heaps, and participation of invasive species in plant community in progressive succession.

Results and discussion

Bacterial activity and functional diversity indices were correlated with soil physicochemical properties (soil organic matter content, water holding capacity, total phosphorus content, and soil pH). Plots with a higher total number of vascular plant species, including forest floor species, and a higher Shannon–Wiener index of vegetation diversity H'plant, were characterised by a higher amino acid utilisation by soil bacteria. Soil bacteria CLPP (community-level physiological profiles) were most influenced by soil physical and chemical properties, but also by the proportion of invasive species in the total number of plant species. In conclusion, soil physical and chemical properties dominate vegetation characteristics in shaping the functional diversity of soil bacteria. Invasive species may be an influential component of ecosystems during spontaneous succession of degraded soils.
Geometric Representation of Classes of Concave Functions and Duality
Authors: Ivanov Grigory , Werner Elisabeth M.
Published: June 2024

Using a natural representation of a 1/s-concave function on $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$

R

d

as a convex set in $${\mathbb {R}}^{d+1},$$

R

d
+
1

,

we derive a simple formula for the integral of its s-polar. This leads to convexity properties of the integral of the s-polar function with respect to the center of polarity. In particular, we prove that the reciprocal of the integral of the polar function of a log-concave function is log-concave as a function of the center of polarity. Also, we define the Santaló regions for s-concave and log-concave functions and generalize the Santaló inequality for them in the case the origin is not the Santaló point.
Tracing culinary practices in the western provinces of the Roman Empire using Organic Residue Analysis
Authors: Baniou Theoni , Suryanarayan Akshyeta , Livarda Alexandra , Romaní Sala Núria , Moraleda-Cibrián Nuria , Villanueva Joan , Rodrigo Requena Esther
Published: June 2024

This study aims at reconstructing foodways in the north-east (NE) of the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on lipid residue analysis of utilitarian vessels and using as case studies the sites of Puig Castellar of Biosca (180–120 BCE) and Guissona (120 BCE-third century CE). In total, fifty vessel fragments of different types and origins were analysed with techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). As some vessel fragments were recovered from waterlogged contexts, they had excellent lipid preservation, which enabled the detection of various compounds that are rarely reported in archaeological contexts in Iberia. Analyses revealed both animal and plant products in the vessels, suggested that a variety of food resources was consumed, and that vessels had multiple uses. The detection of levoglucosan in some extracts, along with other heat markers, further suggested the presence of cellulose or starchy products in contact with fire as well as the heating of animal fats. Combined with available bioarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies from both sites, the analyses indicated a continuity in diet across the time periods during which the sites were occupied. Some differences were also observed, including the possible use of tubers until the first century CE. The results are then contextualised and compared with other available organic residue studies from the Roman Iberian Peninsula. The study demonstrates how the combination of multiple bioarchaeological proxies and biomolecular approaches can provide a holistic means to approach Roman foodways.
Optimizing Grain Zinc Biofortification in Bread Wheat: Innovative Fertilization Strategies for Field Conditions
Authors: Akca Hanife , Taban Suleyman
Published: June 2024

Zinc deficiency in humans is of worldwide concern. The aim of this study is to enrich grains with Zn through soil application at different doses and foliar application from various sources. For this purpose, two independent field experiments have been conducted. In Experiment I, Zn (ZnSO4.7H2O) was applied through soil as basal and top dressing. The treatments were Zn0: control, Zn1: 5 kg Zn ha−1 as basal, Zn2: 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 as basal and 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 as top dressing and Zn3: 5 kg Zn ha−1 as top dressing. In Experiment II, Zn was applied as foliar from different sources (ZnSO4.7H2O, Zn-Methionine, Zn-Polyol and Zn-EDTA) at different growth stages with or without urea. In both experiments, Zn concentration in the grain and leaves of wheat and grain yield increased while phytic acid and PA/Zn molar ratio decreased due to soil or foliar Zn application. It was determined that the application of ZnSO4.7H2O in the soil at the top dressing period in Experiment I and the application of ZnSO4.7H2O and Zn-Methionine forms together with urea in Experiment II were effective methods in increasing grain yield and grain Zn concentration. The application of ZnSO4.7H2O from both soil and foliar sources, especially in combination with urea, has proven to be highly effective in the Zn biofortification of wheat grains. It is possible to assert that the use of ZnSO4.7H2O, which is cost-effective compared to other sources, could contribute significantly to enhancing zinc nutrition in humans.
Lime Hempcrete Composites Based on Unfired Binders. A Review
Authors: Haik Rotem , Peled Alva , Meir Isaac A.
Published: June 2024

Hempcrete has emerged as a viable and environmentally sound building material based on hemp lime mixture, whose properties render it a low Embodied Energy and Carbon (EE and EC) building material. Additionally, it allows a hempcrete building to achieve low Operational Energy and Carbon (OE and OC) by moderating indoor temperature and relative humidity fluctuations through the year with minimal auxiliary heating or cooling. Hemp shives used in hempcrete are a waste product, yet lime is an energy intensive material. This paper summarizes a research project the purpose of which was to investigate the possibility of substituting the lime in hempcrete with unfired binders, in part of whole, thus lowering the EE and EC of the mixture even further. Results of this research have shown that this is possible without compromising any of the traditional hempcrete properties, e.g., compressive strength and insulating value. A comprehensive Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) and Life Cycle Carbon Analysis (LCCA) has shown total energy requirements for a prototypical building’s lifespan (50 years) to be between ~ 50–10% of an identical building with conventional materials, and total carbon emissions to be respectively ~ 50–10%.
Pahlavi Iran's Relations with Africa
Authors: Steele Robert
Published: June 2024

This book presents the first comprehensive study of Iran's complex relationship with Africa during the late Pahlavi era. While many studies of Iran's foreign relations during the Cold War present Iranian policy as fully aligned with the United States, Robert Steele reveals Iran as an independent actor capable of forging its own path, and shows that Africa was central to Iran's economic policy and security strategy during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Africa was where the shah sought allies to balance the radicalism of Nasser, often through Iranian aid, customers for Iranian oil and potential sources of uranium. Bolstered by the British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in 1971 and the oil price hike of 1973, Steele also shows how the shah saw an opportunity for his Iran to play a leading role in the Indian Ocean, revealing the central place of Africa in Iran's global strategy.
Direct extraction of lithium from ores by electrochemical leaching
Authors: Zhang Hanrui , Han Ying , Lai Jianwei , Wolf Joseph , Lei Zhen , Yang Yang , Shi Feifei
Published: June 2024

With the rapid increase in lithium consumption for electric vehicle applications, its price soared during the past decade. To secure a reliable and cost-effective supply chain, it is critical to unlock alternative lithium extraction resources beyond conventional brine. In this study, we develop an electrochemical method to directly leach lithium from α-phase spodumene. We find the H2O2 promoter can significantly reduce the leaching potential by facilitating the electron transfer and changing the reaction path. Upon leaching, β-phase spodumene shows a typical phase transformation to HAlSi2O6, while leached α-phase remains its original crystal phase with a lattice shrinkage. To demonstrate the scale-up potential of electrochemical leaching, we design a catalyst-modified high-throughput current collector for high loading of suspended spodumene, achieving a leaching current of 18 mA and a leaching efficiency of 92.2%. Electrochemical leaching will revolutionize traditional leaching and recycling processes by minimizing the environmental footprint and energy consumption.
Atom-level interaction design between amines and support for achieving efficient and stable CO2 capture
Authors: Sun Xin , Shen Xuehua , Wang Hao , Yan Feng , Hua Jiali , Li Guanghuan , Zhang Zuotai
Published: June 2024

Amine-functionalized adsorbents offer substantial potential for CO2 capture owing to their selectivity and diverse application scenarios. However, their effectiveness is hindered by low efficiency and unstable cyclic performance. Here we introduce an amine-support system designed to achieve efficient and stable CO2 capture. Through atom-level design, each polyethyleneimine (PEI) molecule is precisely impregnated into the cage-like pore of MIL–101(Cr), forming stable composites via strong coordination with unsaturated Cr acid sites within the crystal lattice. The resulting adsorbent demonstrates a low regeneration energy (39.6 kJ/molCO2), excellent cyclic stability (0.18% decay per cycle under dry CO2 regeneration), high CO2 adsorption capacity (4.0 mmol/g), and rapid adsorption kinetics (15 min for saturation at 30 °C). These properties stem from the unique electron-level interaction between the amine and the support, effectively preventing carbamate products’ dehydration. This work presents a feasible and promising cost-effective and sustainable CO2 capture strategy.
Potential pandemic risk of circulating swine H1N2 influenza viruses
Authors: Le Sage Valerie , Rockey Nicole C. , French Andrea J. , McBride Ryan , McCarthy Kevin R. , Rigatti Lora H. , Shephard Meredith J. , Jones Jennifer E. , Walter Sydney G. , Doyle Joshua D. , Xu Lingqing , Barbeau Dominique J. , Wang Shengyang , Frizzell Sheila A. , Myerburg Michael M. , Paulson James C. , McElroy Anita K. , Anderson Tavis K. , Vincent Baker Amy L. , Lakdawala Seema S.
Published: June 2024

Influenza A viruses in swine have considerable genetic diversity and continue to pose a pandemic threat to humans due to a potential lack of population level immunity. Here we describe a pipeline to characterize and triage influenza viruses for their pandemic risk and examine the pandemic potential of two widespread swine origin viruses. Our analysis reveals that a panel of human sera collected from healthy adults in 2020 has no cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against a α-H1 clade strain (α-swH1N2) but do against a γ-H1 clade strain. The α-swH1N2 virus replicates efficiently in human airway cultures and exhibits phenotypic signatures similar to the human H1N1 pandemic strain from 2009 (H1N1pdm09). Furthermore, α-swH1N2 is capable of efficient airborne transmission to both naïve ferrets and ferrets with prior seasonal influenza immunity. Ferrets with H1N1pdm09 pre-existing immunity show reduced α-swH1N2 viral shedding and less severe disease signs. Despite this, H1N1pdm09-immune ferrets that became infected via the air can still onward transmit α-swH1N2 with an efficiency of 50%. These results indicate that this α-swH1N2 strain has a higher pandemic potential, but a moderate level of impact since there is reduced replication fitness and pathology in animals with prior immunity.
Global impacts of marine heatwaves on coastal foundation species
Authors: Smith Kathryn E. , Aubin Margot , Burrows Michael T. , Filbee-Dexter Karen , Hobday Alistair J. , Holbrook Neil J. , King Nathan G. , Moore Pippa J. , Sen Gupta Alex , Thomsen Mads , Wernberg Thomas , Wilson Edward , Smale Dan A.
Published: June 2024

With increasingly intense marine heatwaves affecting nearshore regions, foundation species are coming under increasing stress. To better understand their impacts, we examine responses of critical, habitat-forming foundation species (macroalgae, seagrass, corals) to marine heatwaves in 1322 shallow coastal areas located across 85 marine ecoregions. We find compelling evidence that intense, summer marine heatwaves play a significant role in the decline of foundation species globally. Critically, detrimental effects increase towards species warm-range edges and over time. We also identify several ecoregions where foundation species don’t respond to marine heatwaves, suggestive of some resilience to warming events. Cumulative marine heatwave intensity, absolute temperature, and location within a species’ range are key factors mediating impacts. Our results suggest many coastal ecosystems are losing foundation species, potentially impacting associated biodiversity, ecological function, and ecosystem services provision. Understanding relationships between marine heatwaves and foundation species offers the potential to predict impacts that are critical for developing management and adaptation approaches.
Controlled switching thiocarbonylthio end-groups enables interconvertible radical and cationic single-unit monomer insertions and RAFT polymerizations
Authors: He Wei , Tao Wei , Wei Ze , Tong Guoming , Liu Xiaojuan , Tan Jiajia , Yang Sheng , Hu Jinming , Liu Guhuan , Yang Ronghua
Published: June 2024

To emulate the ordered arrangement of monomer units found in natural macromolecules, single-unit monomer insertion (SUMI) have emerged as a potent technique for synthesizing sequence-controlled vinyl polymers. Specifically, numerous applications necessitate vinyl polymers encompassing both radically and cationically polymerizable monomers, posing a formidable challenge due to the distinct thiocarbonylthio end-groups required for efficient control over radical and cationic SUMIs. Herein, we present a breakthrough in the form of interconvertible radical and cationic SUMIs achieved through the manipulation of thiocarbonylthio end-groups. The transition from a trithiocarbonate (for radical SUMI) to a dithiocarbamate (for cationic SUMI) is successfully accomplished via a radical-promoted reaction with bis(thiocarbonyl) disulfide. Conversely, the reverse transformation utilizes the reaction between dithiocarbamate and bistrithiocarbonate disulfide under a cationic mechanism. Employing this strategy, we demonstrate a series of synthetic examples featuring discrete oligomers containing acrylate, maleimide, vinyl ether, and styrene, compositions unattainable through the SUMI of a single mechanism alone.
SLAM-family receptors promote resolution of ILC2-mediated inflammation
Authors: Wang Yuande , Quan Yuhe , He Junming , Chen Shasha , Dong Zhongjun
Published: June 2024

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) initiate early allergic inflammation in the lung, but the factors that promote subsequent resolution of type 2 inflammation and prevent prolonged ILC2 activation are not fully known. Here we show that SLAM-family receptors (SFR) play essential roles in this process. We demonstrate dynamic expression of several SFRs on ILC2s during papain-induced type 2 immunity in mice. SFR deficiency exacerbates ILC2-driven eosinophil infiltration in the lung, and results in a significant increase in IL-13 production by ILC2s exclusively in mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), leading to increased dendritic cell (DC) and TH2 cell numbers. In MLNs, we observe more frequent interaction between ILC2s and bystander T cells, with T cell-expressed SFRs (especially SLAMF3 and SLAMF5) acting as self-ligands to suppress IL-13 production by ILC2s. Mechanistically, homotypic engagement of SFRs at the interface between ILC2s and T cells delivers inhibitory signaling primarily mediated by SHIP-1. This prevents activation of NF-κB, driven by IL-7 and IL-33, two major drivers of ILC2-mediated type 2 immunity. Thus, our study shows that an ILC2-DC-TH2 regulatory axis may promote the resolution of pulmonary type 2 immune responses, and highlights SLAMF3/SLAMF5 as potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating type 2 immunity.
Natural variation in BnaA07.MKK9 confers resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot in oilseed rape
Authors: Lin Li , Zhang Xingrui , Fan Jialin , Li Jiawei , Ren Sichao , Gu Xin , Li Panpan , Xu Meiling , Xu Jingyi , Lei Wenjing , Liu Dongxiao , Sun Qinfu , Cai Guangqin , Yang Qing-Yong , Wang Youping , Wu Jian
Published: June 2024

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most devastating diseases for several major oil-producing crops. Despite its impact, the genetic basis of SSR resistance in plants remains poorly understood. Here, through a genome-wide association study, we identify a key gene, BnaA07. MKK9, that encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase that confers SSR resistance in oilseed rape. Our functional analyses reveal that BnaA07.MKK9 interacts with BnaC03.MPK3 and BnaC03.MPK6 and phosphorylates them at the TEY activation motif, triggering a signaling cascade that initiates biosynthesis of ethylene, camalexin, and indole glucosinolates, and promotes accumulation of H2O2 and the hypersensitive response, ultimately conferring resistance. Furthermore, variations in the coding sequence of BnaA07.MKK9 alter its kinase activity and improve SSR resistance by ~30% in cultivars carrying the advantageous haplotype. These findings enhance our understanding of SSR resistance and may help engineer novel diversity for future breeding of oilseed rape.
A Data Set of Synthetic Utterances for Computational Personality Analysis
Authors: Neuman Yair , Cohen Yochai
Published: June 2024

The computational analysis of human personality has mainly focused on the Big Five personality theory, and the psychodynamic approach is almost nonexistent despite its rich theoretical grounding and relevance to various tasks. Here, we provide a data set of 4972 synthetic utterances corresponding with five personality dimensions described by the psychodynamic approach: depressive, obsessive, paranoid, narcissistic, and anti-social psychopathic. The utterances have been generated through AI with a deep theoretical orientation that motivated the design of prompts for GPT-4. The dataset has been validated through 14 tests, and it may be relevant for the computational study of human personality and the design of authentic persona in digital domains, from gaming to the artistic generation of movie characters.
Estimating the energy consumption for residential buildings in semiarid and arid desert climate using artificial intelligence
Authors: Wefki Hossam , Khallaf Rana , Ebid Ahmed M.
Published: June 2024

This research aims to develop predictive models to estimate building energy accurately. Three commonly used artificial intelligence techniques were chosen to develop a new building energy estimation model. The chosen techniques are Genetic Programming (GP), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR). Sixteen energy efficiency measures were collected and used in designing and evaluating the proposed models, which include building dimensions, orientation, envelope construction materials properties, window-to-wall ratio, heating and cooling set points, and glass properties. The performance of the developed models was evaluated in terms of the RMS, R2, and MAPE. The results showed that the EPR model is the most accurate and practical model with an error percent of 2%. Additionally, the energy consumption was found to be mainly governed by three factors which dominate 87% of the impact; which are building size, Solar Heating Glass Coefficient (SHGC), and the target inside temperature in summer.
Shrinking sizes of trout and salamanders are unexplained by climate warming alone
Authors: Arismendi Ivan , Gregory Stanley V. , Bateman Douglas S. , Penaluna Brooke E.
Published: June 2024

Decreases in body sizes of animals related to recent climate warming can affect population persistence and stability. However, direct observations of average sizes over time and their interrelationships with underlying density-dependent and density-independent processes remain poorly understood owing to the lack of appropriate long-term datasets. We measured body size of two species common to headwater streams in coastal and Cascades ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest of North America over multiple decades, comparing old-growth and managed forests. We found consistent decreases in median length of Coastal Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, but a coexisting species, the Coastal Giant Salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus, appears to be more resilient to size changes over time. Based on observed trends, adult trout have decreased in length by 6–13% over the last 30 years. Length decreased more in larger compared to smaller animals, suggesting that these effects reflect changes in growth trajectories. Results from a model-selection approach that included hydroclimatic and biological information as covariates in one of our study ecoregions demonstrated that stream temperature alone did not explain observed length reductions. Rather, a combination of density-dependent (animal abundances) and local density-independent factors (temperature, habitat, and streamflow) explained observed patterns of size. Continued decreases in size could lead to trophic cascades, biodiversity loss, or in extreme cases, species extirpation. However, the intricate links between density-independent and density-dependent factors in controlling population-level processes in streams need further attention.
Cervical cancer screening and vaccination acceptability and attitudes among Arab American women in Southeastern Michigan: a qualitative study
Authors: Khoja Lilah , Torres Heidi G. , Hak Layla , Aljebori Manar , Phung Minh Tung , Sakleh Andrea , Stiffler Matthew , Tariq Madiha , Pearce Celeste Leigh
Published: June 2024

Among Arab-American women in Michigan, rates of cervical cancer screening are lower than those in non-Hispanic White and Black women in the state. A deep understanding of the Arab community’s perspective on cervical cancer screening is needed to address the disparity in rates across populations in Michigan. Arab and Chaldean women across Michigan were invited to participate in Zoom-based focus groups to understand the attitudes, acceptability, and barriers of cervical cancer screening among this population. Four focus groups with a total of 19 women aged 30 to 61 were conducted. The focus groups were conducted in English, Arabic, or both languages. The guided discussion was focused on knowledge of cervical cancer and Human papillomavirus (HPV) and its transmission, attitudes towards HPV vaccination, and attitudes towards cervical cancer screening. HPV self-sampling as an alternative to traditional provider-based screening was specifically discussed as this has been proposed as a way to increase screening in hard-to-reach populations. The conversations revealed insights related to barriers at the individual and community levels for screening and vaccination, attitudes towards preventive health care including screening, a need for accessible women’s health literature, and health education. The women also discussed vaccine hesitancy related to HPV and COVID-19, suggesting a need for targeted community interventions.
Evaluation of machine learning models for predicting TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of air contaminants
Authors: Javed Muhammad Faisal , Shahab Muhammad Zubair , Asif Usama , Najeh Taoufik , Aslam Fahid , Ali Mujahid , Khan Inamullah
Published: June 2024

The escalation of global urbanization and industrial expansion has resulted in an increase in the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Evaluating the effectiveness of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in photocatalytic degradation through traditional methods is resource-intensive and complex due to the detailed photocatalyst structures and the wide range of contaminants. Therefore in this study, recent advancements in machine learning (ML) are used to offer data-driven approach using thirteen machine learning techniques namely XG Boost (XGB), decision tree (DT), lasso Regression (LR2), support vector regression (SVR), adaBoost (AB), voting Regressor (VR), CatBoost (CB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), gradient boost (GB), random Forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), ridge regression (RR), linear regression (LR1) to address the problem of estimation of TiO2 photocatalytic degradation rate of air contaminants. The models are developed using literature data and different methodical tools are used to evaluate the developed ML models. XGB, DT and LR2 models have high R2 values of 0.93, 0.926 and 0.926 in training and 0.936, 0.924 and 0.924 in test phase. While ANN, RR and LR models have lowest R2 values of 0.70, 0.56 and 0.40 in training and 0.62, 0.63 and 0.31 in test phase respectively. XGB, DT and LR2 have low MAE and RMSE values of 0.450 min-1/cm2, 0.494 min-1/cm2 and 0.49 min-1/cm2 for RMSE and 0.263 min-1/cm2, 0.285 min-1/cm2 and 0.29 min-1/cm2 for MAE in test stage. XGB, DT, and LR2 have 93% percent errors within 20% error range in training phase. XGB has 92% and DT, and LR2 have 94% errors with 20% range in test phase. XGB, DT, LR2 models remained the highest performing models and XGB is the most robust and effective in predictions. Feature importances reveal the role of input parameters in prediction made by developed ML models. Dosage, humidity, UV light intensity remain important experimental factors. This study will impact positively in providing efficient models to estimate photocatalytic degradation rate of air contaminants using TiO2.
SCG5 and MITF may be novel markers of copper metabolism immunorelevance in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhuang Xianbo , Xia Yitong , Liu Yingli , Guo Tingting , Xia Zhangyong , Wang Zheng , Zhang Guifeng
Published: June 2024

The slow-developing neurological disorder Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has no recognized etiology. A bioinformatics investigation verified copper metabolism indicators for AD development. GEO contributed AD-related datasets GSE1297 and GSE5281. Differential expression analysis and WGCNA confirmed biomarker candidate genes. Each immune cell type in AD and control samples was scored using single sample gene set enrichment analysis. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) grouping, and expression analysis between control and AD samples discovered copper metabolism indicators that impacted AD progression. We test clinical samples and cellular function to ensure study correctness. Biomarker-targeting miRNAs and lncRNAs were predicted by starBase. Trust website anticipated biomarker-targeting transcription factors. In the end, Cytoscape constructed the TF/miRNA-mRNA and lncRNA-miRNA networks. The DGIdb database predicted biomarker-targeted drugs. We identified 57 differentially expressed copper metabolism-related genes (DE-CMRGs). Next, fourteen copper metabolism indicators impacting AD progression were identified: CCK, ATP6V1E1, SYT1, LDHA, PAM, HPRT1, SCG5, ATP6V1D, GOT1, NFKBIA, SPHK1, MITF, BRCA1, and CD38. A TF/miRNA-mRNA regulation network was then established with two miRNAs (hsa-miR-34a-5p and 34c-5p), six TFs (NFKB1, RELA, MYC, HIF1A, JUN, and SP1), and four biomarkers. The DGIdb database contained 171 drugs targeting ten copper metabolism-relevant biomarkers (BRCA1, MITF, NFKBIA, CD38, CCK2, HPRT1, SPHK1, LDHA, SCG5, and SYT1). Copper metabolism biomarkers CCK, ATP6V1E1, SYT1, LDHA, PAM, HPRT1, SCG5, ATP6V1D, GOT1, NFKBIA, SPHK1, MITF, BRCA1, and CD38 alter AD progression, laying the groundwork for disease pathophysiology and novel AD diagnostic and treatment.
Formulation of plant-based meat alternatives and its optimization by experimental design using response surface methodology
Authors: Devi T. Archana , Rahul R. , Joshua H. Melvin , Naveen N. , Karthik Pothiyappan
Published: June 2024

The trend of adopting plant-based foods as a substitute for meat is on the rise due to their nutritional benefits.
Thermo-optics of gilded hollow-core fibers
Authors: Kolchanov Denis S. , Machnev Andrey , Blank Alexandra , Barhom Hani , Zhu Liangquan , Lin Qijing , Inberg Alexandra , Rusimova Kristina R. , Mikhailova Mariia A. , Gumennik Alexander , Salgals Toms , Bobrovs Vjačeslavs , Valev Ventsislav K. , Mosley Peter J. , Ginzburg Pavel
Published: June 2024

Gilded hollow-core fibers, embedded with gold nanoparticles, offer a unique combination of efficient optical transmission and surface heating, enabling applications in light-driven catalysis and improved laser-ignition in internal combustion engines.
Synthesis of alcohols: streamlined C1 to Cn hydroxyalkylation through photoredox catalysis
Authors: Pasca Francesco , Gelato Yuri , Andresini Michael , Romanazzi Giuseppe , Degennaro Leonardo , Colella Marco , Luisi Renzo
Published: June 2024

Naturally occurring and readily available α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs) are utilized as platforms for visible light-mediated oxidative CO2-extrusion furnishing α-hydroxy radicals proved to be versatile C1 to Cn hydroxyalkylating agents.
A knowledge distillation strategy for enhancing the adversarial robustness of lightweight automatic modulation classification models
Authors: Xu Fanghao , Wang Chao , Liang Jiakai , Zuo Chenyang , Yue Keqiang , Li Wenjun
Published: June 2024

Automatic modulation classification models based on deep learning models are at risk of being interfered by adversarial attacks. In an adversarial attack, the attacker causes the classification model to misclassify the received signal by adding carefully crafted adversarial interference to the transmitted signal. Based on the requirements of efficient computing and edge deployment, a lightweight automatic modulation classification model is proposed. Considering that the lightweight automatic modulation classification model is more susceptible to interference from adversarial attacks and that adversarial training of the lightweight auto‐modulation classification model fails to achieve the desired results, an adversarial attack defense system for the lightweight automatic modulation classification model is further proposed, which can enhance the robustness when subjected to adversarial attacks. The defense method aims to transfer the adversarial robustness from a trained large automatic modulation classification model to a lightweight model through the technique of adversarial robust distillation. The proposed method exhibits better adversarial robustness than current defense techniques in feature fusion based automatic modulation classification models in white box attack scenarios.
Chinese Approach to Global Climate Governance: From Concept to Practice
Authors: Liu Jingyuan
Published: June 2024

As one of the founding members of the United Nations, China has been actively promoting the process of global governance. In 2012, China proposed the concept of global governance of «a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind», aiming to promote the development of global governance system in a more fair and reasonable direction. The view on global climate governance is one of the five elements of the concept of «a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind». The theoretical and methodological underpinnings of this study are many approaches, theories, and methods from political science and related scientific fields, which give this work its interdisciplinary nature. Mainly geopolitical approach, method of comparison and method of comparison. In its long-term participation in global climate governance, China has formed a unique concept of global climate governance that focuses on win-win cooperation, fairness and reasonableness. China has made contributions to global public health governance. It helps enhance China’s voice and influence in the field of global climate governance. China’s view on global climate governance not only guides the practice of China’s participation in global climate governance, but also has great significance for the construction and future development of the current global climate governance mechanism. In the post-Paris Agreement era, it is possible for China to continue to promote and even lead the formulation and implementation of specific rules for the United Nations climate negotiations, and to make greater contributions to the construction of the global climate governance mechanism.
Digitalisation and sustainable employment as a factor of agricultural development
Authors: Tonkikh Natalia , Markova Tatiana , Kamarova Tatiana
Published: June 2024

In recent years, the attention of researchers has focused on sustainable development issues in labour and employment. Of particular concern are the negative trends of unsustainable employment in the agricultural sector. The study aims to conduct a comparative assessment of the sustainability of digital and non-digital forms of employment in agriculture. The empirical basis was a nationwide sociological survey of citizens (N = 3,890) conducted in June – September 2023. The results revealed a difference in employment conditions between two segments of agricultural workers: ‘digital’ and ‘non-digital’. Those working in the digital segment are more likely to be satisfied with their working conditions, have higher labour income and more flexible working hours. The results obtained allow us to formulate the hypothesis that digital employment is more sustainable than non-digital employment. It is concluded that it is viable to implement a set of measures aimed at increasing the sustainability and attractiveness of work in agriculture through the transformation of working conditions, the system of professional training, attraction and retention of personnel. Digital workers can act as drivers of current and future transformations in agricultural industry, so it is essential to promote a systematic increase in the sustainability of their employment.
Assessing the Impact: Escalating Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Their Effects
Authors: Akhmieva Roza , Vagapova Aina , Gumaev Islam
Published: June 2024

This paper explores the consequences of rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global ecosystems and human well-being. It examines the diverse effects of GHG emissions on climate change, biodiversity, public health, and socio-economic systems, drawing on current research and data. The interconnected nature of these impacts underscores the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies. By analyzing these dynamics, this study highlights the complex challenges posed by GHG emissions and emphasizes the critical importance of coordinated action at local, national, and international levels to address this escalating crisis. It underscores the imperative of implementing sustainable practices and policies to mitigate the adverse effects of GHG emissions and safeguard the future of the planet and its inhabitants.
Biological diversity of the theriofauna of the Kyrgyz-Ata State Nature Park and optimization of ways of their protection as the basis for sustainable development
Authors: Abdykaarov Abdimannap , Stamaliev Kutmanaly , Matkerimova Fatima , Dzhenbaev Bekmamat , Kulbaev Abdusattar
Published: June 2024

This article presents the results of a theriological study of the Kyrgyz-Ata State Nature Park for 2020-2022, where 31 species of mammals were identified: 3 species of Insectivora, 4 species of Chiroptera, 9 species of Carnivora, 2 species of Artiodactyla, 11 species of Rodentia and 2 species of Lagomarpha. Of the 10 species of the Rodentia order, the abundance of 8 species of rodents was determined using the “trap-day” method, where two species dominate, i.e. of the total number of animals, Microtus juldaschi accounted for 28.8±3.22 and Apodemus sylvaticus -27.8±3.18. The landscape distribution of mouse-like rodents has been studied, with the highest abundance of mouse-like rodents observed in juniper forests, accounting for 36.36±3.41% of all 6 biotopes. Of the total 31 species of mammals in this park, only 4 species (Martes foina, Lynx lynx, Uncia uncia and Hystrix indica) are listed in the Red Book of Kyrgyzstan. Also, in recent years there has been a reduction in the number of Capra sibirica and Sus scrofa throughout the Turkestan-Alay Range, although the park's report indicates that their numbers are increasing. The reasons for the reduction in the species composition and population of mammals, especially representatives of the two orders (Carnivora and Artiodactyla), are: excessive grazing, intensive logging in the past, illegal hunting, expansion of arable land in buffer zones, increasing numbers of tourists, and others. To optimize the protection of biodiversity, we consider it important to expand the park's territories, especially the reserve zone, and implement a special reserve regime to preserve the diversity of mammals; to activate the scientific and nature conservation activities of the park.
The role of parasites in ecological diversity and its dynamics in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Raimkulov Kursanbek , Fedorova Svetlana , Sharsheeva Baken , Kadyrova Bubaim , Dzhantaeva Gulmira
Published: June 2024

This article examines the role of parasites in ecological diversity and their impact on ecosystem dynamics in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR). The research shows that parasites play an important role in maintaining the balance in nature and influence the species diversity of the region. Data on the interaction of parasites with animals and their impact on ecosystem health are presented. The analysis allows us to understand the mechanisms of interaction between parasites and the environment and propose measures to maintain ecological balance in the region. An analysis of the epidemiological situation of parasitosis in the Kyrgyz Republic for the period from 2008 to 2022 was also carried out. There is a trend of increasing incidence of diseases, with the nine most common nosological forms including enterobiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, hymenolepiasis, teniarinosis, teniasis, dicroceliasis, fascioliasis, and trichocephaliasis. The average long-term incidence rate was 34.5 per 1000 individuals examined, with the minimum recorded in 2008 (32.6) and the maximum in 2012 (38.4).
Ecological problems of modern cities: Searching for the solutions
Authors: Koshueva Kairatgul Baatyrbekovna , Zhumabayeva Taasilkan Toktomamatovna
Published: June 2024

In recent years, cities have been faced with environmental problems. In this regard, the Concept of Environmental Safety of the Kyrgyz Republic was adopted. As we know, an increase in the number of vehicles, the use of coal resources in private buildings and government enterprises leads to an increase in the of air pollution level and environmental deterioration. In addition, city residents use more consumer goods, contributing into the air, water and soil pollution. In this regard, our research is aimed at studying the possibilities of improving the environmental situation of cities by landscape gardening.
Market research for pig breeding in the Russian Federation
Authors: Shaibakova Lyudmila , Gromova Natalia , Kurdyumov Alexander
Published: June 2024

The article examines the features and problems of economic activity in pig breeding. Trends in the development of the world pork market and its role in the life of the world community are evaluated. The Russian market of pork producers is analyzed, sales leaders and the efficiency of their activities are determined. According to the level of economic concentration, this market is defined as a market of perfect competition, in which large businesses are in the best economic position, and small businesses are subject to financial instability and self-liquidation. The market for pig breeding in the Sverdlovsk region is studied, as a special region of Russia, which is strategically important and has a developed scientific and industrial potential. A conclusion is made about the existence of a monopolistic competition market, in which a large producer - JSC “Pig Complex “Uralsky” operates, as well as about the exit from the market of manufacturers that cannot withstand competition. The main results of the study are to obtain information on the state of the market for pig breeding, as well as to identify the main problems and challenges faced by pig breeding organizations in the context of global changes and sanctions policy.