bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective parameter optimization of common land model using adaptive surrogate modeling
Authors: Gong W. , Duan Q. , Li J. , Wang C. , Di Z. , Dai Y. , Ye A. , Miao C.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Parameter specification usually has significant influence on the performance of land surface models (LSMs). However, estimating the parameters properly is a challenging task due to the following reasons: (1) LSMs usually have too many adjustable parameters (20 to 100 or even more), leading to the curse of dimensionality in the parameter input space; (2) LSMs usually have many output variables involving water/energy/carbon cycles, so that calibrating LSMs is actually a multi-objective optimization problem; (3) Regional LSMs are expensive to run, while conventional multi-objective optimization methods need a large number of model runs (typically ~105–106). It makes parameter optimization computationally prohibitive. An uncertainty quantification framework was developed to meet the aforementioned challenges, which include the following steps: (1) using parameter screening to reduce the number of adjustable parameters, (2) using surrogate models to emulate the responses of dynamic models to the variation of adjustable parameters, (3) using an adaptive strategy to improve the efficiency of surrogate modeling-based optimization; (4) using a weighting function to transfer multi-objective optimization to single-objective optimization. In this study, we demonstrate the uncertainty quantification framework on a single column application of a LSM – the Common Land Model (CoLM), and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework. The result indicate that this framework can efficiently achieve optimal parameters in a more effective way. Moreover, this result implies the possibility of calibrating other large complex dynamic models, such as regional-scale LSMs, atmospheric models and climate models.
An analytical model of the evolution of a Stokes wave and its two Benjamin–Feir sidebands on nonuniform unidirectional current
Authors: Shugan I. V. , Hwung H. H. , Yang R. Y.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. An analytical weakly nonlinear model of the Benjamin–Feir instability of a Stokes wave on nonuniform unidirectional current is presented. The model describes evolution of a Stokes wave and its two main sidebands propagating on a slowly varying steady current. In contrast to the models based on versions of the cubic Schrödinger equation, the current variations could be strong, which allows us to examine the blockage and consider substantial variations of the wave numbers and frequencies of interacting waves. The spatial scale of the current variation is assumed to have the same order as the spatial scale of the Benjamin–Feir (BF) instability. The model includes wave action conservation law and nonlinear dispersion relation for each of the wave's triad. The effect of nonuniform current, apart from linear transformation, is in the detuning of the resonant interactions, which strongly affects the nonlinear evolution of the system. The modulation instability of Stokes waves in nonuniform moving media has special properties. Interaction with countercurrent accelerates the growth of sideband modes on a short spatial scale. An increase in initial wave steepness intensifies the wave energy exchange accompanied by wave breaking dissipation, resulting in asymmetry of sideband modes and a frequency downshift with an energy transfer jump to the lower sideband mode, and depresses the higher sideband and carrier wave. Nonlinear waves may even overpass the blocking barrier produced by strong adverse current. The frequency downshift of the energy peak is permanent and the system does not revert to its initial state. We find reasonable correspondence between the results of model simulations and available experimental results for wave interaction with blocking opposing current. Large transient or freak waves with amplitude and steepness several times those of normal waves may form during temporal nonlinear focusing of the waves accompanied by energy income from sufficiently strong opposing current. We employ the model for the estimation of the maximum amplification of wave amplitudes as a function of opposing current value and compare the result obtained with recently published experimental results and modeling results obtained with the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Retrieving the availability of light in the ocean utilising spectral signatures of vibrational Raman scattering in hyper-spectral satellite measurements
Authors: Dinter T. , Rozanov V. V. , Burrows J. P. , Bracher A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The availability of light in the ocean is an important parameter for the determination of phytoplankton photosynthesis processes and primary production from satellite data. It is also a useful parameter for other applications, e.g. the determination of heat fluxes. In this study, a method was developed utilising the vibrational Raman scattering (VRS) effect of water molecules to determine the number of photons available in the ocean water, which is expressed by the depth integrated scalar irradiance E0. Radiative transfer simulations with the SCIATRAN fully coupled ocean–atmosphere radiative transfer model (RTM) show clearly the relationship of E0 with the strength of the VRS signal measured at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Taking advantage of VRS structures in hyper-spectral satellite measurements, a retrieval technique to derive E0 in the wavelength region from 390 to 444.5 nm was developed. This approach uses the weighting function differential optical absorption spectroscopy (WF-DOAS) technique, applied to TOA radiances, measured by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY). Based on the approach of Vountas et al. (2007), where the DOAS method was used to fit modelled spectra of VRS, the method was improved by using the weighting function of VRS (VRS-WF) in the DOAS fit. This was combined with a look-up table (LUT) technique, where the E0 value was obtained for each VRS satellite fit directly. The VRS-WF and the LUT were derived from calculations with the SCIATRAN RTM (Rozanov et al., 2014). RTM simulations for different chlorophyll a concentrations and illumination conditions clearly show that low fit factors of VRS retrieval results correspond to low amounts of light in the water column and vice versa. Exemplarily, 1 month of SCIAMACHY data were processed and a global map of the depth integrated scalar irradiance E0 was retrieved. Spectral structures of VRS were clearly identified in the radiance measurements of SCIAMACHY. The fitting approach led to consistent results and the WF-DOAS algorithm results of VRS correlated clearly with the chlorophyll concentration in case-I water. Comparisons of the diffuse attenuation coefficient, extracted by VRS fit results, with the established GlobColour Kd(490) product show consistent results.
Rapid revegetation by sowing seed mixtures of shrub and herbaceous species
Authors: Feng J. , Zhang C. , Zhao T. , Zhang Q.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Fast revegetation by means of sowing seed mixtures of shrub and herbaceous species is a measure to prevent bare soils from wind and water erosion. A field experiment was used to test the effect of species selection and the ratio of shrub to herbaceous species on vegetation formation and shrub growth. Results showed that herbaceous species hastened cover formation and maintained a high coverage for a longer period. However, the growth of shrubs was hindered. In the North China Plain or where the soil and climate are similar, the ratio of shrub to herbaceous seeds is proposed to be 6 : 4–7 : 3 (weight ratio). Among the herbaceous species tested, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. grows relatively slow, so it should be mixed with other fast-growing species in the practice of rapid revegetation, and a seeding density lower than 6 g m−2 is proposed when applied; Orychophragmus violaceus O. E. Schulz. wilts when the seeds are ripe, leading to a significant decrease of coverage, so other species with different phenology should be involved when it is applied; Viola philippica Car. is a good ground cover plant which grows fast and maintains a stable coverage from July to October, and a seeding density of 1.5 g m−2 is proposed for rapid revegetation. Herbaceous species have different traits. Three different types of herbs were found in our experiment: slow-growing stable species (F. arundinacea), fast-growing unstable species (O. violaceus) and fast-growing stable species (V. philippica). Shrubs, slow-growing stable species and fast-growing unstable species should not be used alone because they cannot cover the ground fast or they cannot maintain a long period of good coverage. A small seeding rate of fast-growing stable species should be used to ensure a fair coverage against erosion. Because natural environmental conditions are heterogeneous and stochastic, more species should be added to enhance the stability of plant community.
Unlocking annual firn layer water equivalents from ground-penetrating radar data on an Alpine glacier
Authors: Sold L. , Huss M. , Eichler A. , Schwikowski M. , Hoelzle M.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The spatial representation of accumulation measurements is a major limitation for current glacier mass balance monitoring approaches. Here, we present a method for estimating annual accumulation rates on a temperate Alpine glacier based on the interpretation of internal reflection horizons (IRHs) in helicopter-borne ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. For each individual GPR measurement, the signal travel time is combined with a simple model for firn densification and refreezing of meltwater. The model is calibrated at locations where GPR repeat measurements are available in two subsequent years and the densification can be tracked over time. Two 10.5 m long firn cores provide a reference for the density and chronology of firn layers. Thereby, IRHs correspond to density maxima, but not exclusively to former summer glacier surfaces. Along GPR profile sections from across the accumulation area we obtain the water equivalent (w.e.) of several annual firn layers. Because deeper IRHs could be tracked over shorter distances, the total length of analysed profile sections varies from 7.3 km for the uppermost accumulation layer (2011) to 0.1 km for the deepest (i.e. oldest) layer (2006). According to model results, refreezing accounts for 10% of the density increase over time and depth, and for 2% of the water equivalent. The strongest limitation to our method is the dependence on layer chronology assumptions. We show that GPR can be used not only to complement existing mass balance monitoring programmes on temperate glaciers but also to retrospectively extend newly initiated time series.
The Escape Plans Of Mill And Jefferson: Why The Law Must Do More For Workers
Authors: Nayak-Young Stephen
Published: May 2015

A familiar trope in both scholarly writing and folk wisdom suggests that so long as workers are free to choose from among some reasonable set of options, the law should avoid regulating these options to the greatest extent possible. In this Article, I examine the similar “escape plans” proposed by John Stuart Mill and Thomas Jefferson as putatively sufficient legal intervention to relieve the plight of wage workers. My focus differs from that of Professor Justin Schwartz, who offers, in a recent paper, a detailed and cogent discussion of the reasons why Mill’s prediction, in particular, for the “probable futurity” of workers turned out to be so inaccurate. Instead, I concentrate on the normative question whether either Mill’s or Jefferson’s proposal could have satisfied the demands of justice if it had come to pass. I conclude that no matter how attractive a given “exit option” might appear to its proponents, the law cannot, merely by making the option available to workers, sidestep its obligation to regulate wage labor and other working relationships and ensure that they are just for all concerned.
Written Notice of Cooling-Off Periods: A Forty-Year Natural Experiment in Illusory Consumer Protection and the Relative Effectiveness of Oral and Written Disclosures
Authors: Sovern Jeff
Published: May 2015

For more than forty years, a standard tool in the consumer protection toolbox has been the cooling- off period.  Federal statutes, state statutes, and federal regulations all oblige merchants to give consumers three days to rescind certain contracts.  This paper reports on a survey of businesses subject to such cooling-off periods.  The study has two principal findings. First, the respondents indicated that few consumers rescind their purchases.  Thus, the study raises doubts about whether cooling-off periods benefit consumers or whether they provide only illusory consumer protection. The article also offers speculations about why cooling-off periods have been of such little value to consumers.Second, the study found that consumers who receive both oral and written notice of their rights are more likely to avail themselves of those rights than those who receive only written notices, and that the differences are statistically significant.  Fifty-three percent of the sellers who gave only a written notice and did not speak of the buyer’s right to cancel said buyers never cancelled, nearly double the percentage for sellers who did tell buyers (27%).  Businesses that provided both oral in-person and written notices of the right to rescind were more than twice as likely to report that more than 1% of their customers cancelled contracts as those that provided only written notices.  The article also explores why oral and written notices combined were more effective than written notice alone.Finally, the survey asked respondents about the cost of cooling-off periods.   More than four-fifths of the respondents who answered the question reported that the right to cancel had cost them either nothing or very little. This contrasts with the vehement opposition of opponents of such rules when they were first adopted in the 1960s and 1970s.
Modelling tourists’ length of stay
Authors: Thrane Christer
Published: May 2015

Modelling of tourists’ length of stay (LOS) is an expanding topic of study. A common thread in this literature is the use of sophisticated statistical/econometric methods. The present study builds on and extends an article critical of the statistical craftsmanship in prior LOS modelling studies. On the basis of an updated assessment of current practice and two small-scale case studies, two main conclusions are drawn. First, the available evidence suggests that the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model produces qualitatively similar findings to much more complicated methods, such as duration and count data models. The principle of parsimony and the so-called KISS rule thus dictate that OLS regression analysis should be the preferred estimation technique in LOS modelling studies. Second, the quality of LOS modelling studies will most likely be improved by intensifying the use of the long-established tools of the trade explicated in influential econometric textbooks rather than by testing new estimation methods.
Field Trip #1 The Neves Corvo Mine and the Paleozoic Geology of Southwest Portugal
Authors: Oliveira José T. , Pacheco Nelson , Carvalho Pedro , Ferreira Alfredo
Published: May 2015

Pre and Post Meeting trips (Figures 1.1 and 1.2)

The aim of this visit is to observe and discuss stratigraphic, petrologic and structural features of selected outcrops of the Volcano Sedimentary Complex in the Neves Corvo mine vicinity. Emphasis is put on the felsic and mafic volcanic sequences exposed at the Neves Corvo-Rosario and Castro Verde Anticlines (Figure 1.3). The trip departs from the Neves Corvo mine.

This stop is behind the main ventilation raise (CPV2) of the Neves Corvo mine. The exposed shales and thinly bedded siltstones belong to the Brancanes Formation, the uppermost unit of the allochthonous suite of the Volcano Sedimentary Complex. Although weathered to yellow or gray colors (the fresh rocks are dark) it is possible to observe the bedding planes and the shale/siltstone alternations. The siltstones display graded bedding, suggesting deposition by weak turbidity currents. The shales are rich in organic matter. Fossils of Posidonia becheri and goniatites are common, indicating a Late Visean age. The cleavage trends N135, 70 NE and its attitude relative to bedding shows that the outcrop is the normal limb of a large anticline. Intersection lineation L1 plunges 101 to SE. It is worth noting that the overlying Mértola Formation turbidites of the Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group provided the same faunal association and Late Visean spores. This suggests a gradual lithological transition between the Brancanes and the Mértola Formation.

The cut to the north of the road between the mine main transformer station and the main entrance exhibits the siliceous
Iranian Clinical Nurses’ Readiness for Self-Directed Learning
Authors: Malekian Morteza , Ghiyasvandian Sharzad , Cheraghi Mohammad Ali , Hassanzadeh Akbar
Published: May 2015

INTRODUCTION: Clinical nurses are in need of being able to adapt to the ever-changing environment of clinical settings. The prerequisite for their successful adaptation is to be lifelong learners. An approach for making nurses lifelong learners is self-directed learning.

AIMS: This study was undertaken to evaluate a group of Iranian clinical nurses’ readiness for self-directed learning and its relationship with some of their personal characteristics.

METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2014. A random sample of 314 nurses working in three hospitals affiliated to Isfahan Social Security Organization, Isfahan, Iran, was recruited to complete the Fisher’s Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale.

FINDINGS: In total, 279 nurses filled the scale completely. The mean of their readiness for self-directed learning was 162.50±14.11 (120–196). The correlation of self-directed learning readiness with age, gender, marital status, and university degree was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Most nurses had great readiness for self-directed learning. Accordingly, nursing policy-makers need to develop strategies for promoting their self-directed learning. Moreover, innovative teaching methods such as problem solving and problem-based learning should be employed to prepare nurses for effectively managing the complexities of their ever-changing work environment.
Conexiones y enlaces: 270 Park Avenue por Gordon Bunshaft
Authors: Parga Vázquez Andrea
Published: May 2015

Las vías de los trenes de New York transcurren bajo Park Avenue, que resulta una calle-puente en peine con un subsuelo inesperado a la vista de los gigantescos edificios que se levantan sobre la rasante de la avenida. El Union Carbide Building, situado en el 270 Park Avenue, es una de las intervenciones que circunda la Grand Central Terminal, su incorporación al conjunto se aborda a través de la condición subterránea de la infraestructura sobre la que está fundado, de los elementos que median el encuentro al suelo y de las oficinas que lo componen. El objeto es verificar cómo Gordon Bunshaft, desde la firma Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, adecua un modelo de formas simples a la particularidad del contexto en el que se inserta, mejorando las condiciones de su inmediación. El cuidado por el vínculo entre edificio y lugar trasciende como aporte de un ejercicio en continua experimentación; que hace trasmisibles prácticas y útiles las vías abiertas por los grandes maestros.

The railways of New York pass under Park Avenue, which is a comb-shaped street-bridge with unexpected subsoil open to view of the gigantic buildings that rise above the Avenue’s ground level. The Union Carbide Building, located at 270 Park Avenue, is one of the interventions surrounding Grand Central Terminal; its joining to the whole is addressed through the underground condition of the infrastructure on which it is founded, through elements that mediate its meeting with floor, and through offices that comprise it. The goal is to verify how Gordon Bunshaft from Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, adapts a simple forms model to the particular context in which it is inserted, improving the conditions of its vicinity. The caring for the link between the building and its place transcends as input of an exercise in continuous experimentation; as it makes communicable, practical and useful the lines open by the great masters.
Diálogos entrecruzados con Carlos Ferrater
Authors: Peñín Llobell Alberto
Published: May 2015

El texto que presentamos a continuación no existe. Ante el reto de realizar una entrevista inédita, la seguridad de encontrarnos ante preguntas ya formuladas y la certeza de fundirse con las respuestas, el necesario ejercicio de distancia obliga a buscar otros mecanismos. Diez entrevistas a Carlos Ferrater sobre una misma mesa para diseccionarlas, ordenarlas y recomponerlas, como todo procedimiento científico y como la operación que un arquitecto realiza proyectando. Operar desde el  montaje del texto con el objetivo de reconstruir un discurso, hecho de retales sí, pero que persigue establecer relaciones entre preguntas y respuestas aflorando tal vez ideas inesperadas, lugares de encuentro y reagrupando enfoques distintos. Una manera de hacer no exenta de riesgo, necesaria por la propia condición de director de la revista del entrevistado, y que busca la continua reformulación de los modelos y la puesta en crisis de los apriorismos, como la arquitectura que Carlos Ferrater nos propone.
Diverse Measures Ensure Conservation Success
Authors: Qureshi Naeem
Published: May 2015

Water scarcity has cities seeking and implementing strict measures to promote conservation practices. Successful incentive initiatives offer insights on how water utilities can persuade the public to support these essential programs.
Use Best Practices to Avert Water Treatment Complacency
Authors: Martin Barb , Barsotti Michael
Published: May 2015

Drought, wildfires, storms, and other potentially serious events can significantly impact source water quality. Water treatment plant staff must be especially vigilant and prepared to maintain effective water treatment and treated water quality during such occurrences.
Distinct cortical codes and temporal dynamics for conscious and unconscious percepts
Authors: Salti Moti , Monto Simo , Charles Lucie , King Jean-Remi , Parkkonen Lauri , Dehaene Stanislas
Published: May 2015

The neural correlates of consciousness are typically sought by comparing the overall brain responses to perceived and unperceived stimuli. However, this comparison may be contaminated by non-specific attention, alerting, performance, and reporting confounds. Here, we pursue a novel approach, tracking the neuronal coding of consciously and unconsciously perceived contents while keeping behavior identical (blindsight). EEG and MEG were recorded while participants reported the spatial location and visibility of a briefly presented target. Multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated that considerable information about spatial location traverses the cortex on blindsight trials, but that starting ≈270 ms post-onset, information unique to consciously perceived stimuli, emerges in superior parietal and superior frontal regions. Conscious access appears characterized by the entry of the perceived stimulus into a series of additional brain processes, each restricted in time, while the failure of conscious access results in the breaking of this chain and a subsequent slow decay of the lingering unconscious activity.
Closing the Mad2 cycle
Authors: Musacchio Andrea
Published: May 2015

Chromosome separation is regulated by a cycle that involves a protein undergoing an unusual topological conversion.
Near‐ and mid‐infrared reflectance spectra of hydrated oxychlorine salts with implications for Mars
Authors: Hanley Jennifer , Chevrier Vincent F. , Barrows R. Scott , Swaffer Chase , Altheide Travis S.
Published: May 2015

The presence and distribution of oxychlorine salts (e.g., chlorates and perchlorates) on Mars have implications for the stability of water, most notably, that they lower the freezing temperature. To date, elemental chlorine has been measured by all lander missions, with the perchlorate ion identified at both the Phoenix and Curiosity landing sites, but detection by near‐infrared (NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) remote sensing has been limited to deposits of anhydrous chlorides. Given that oxychlorine salts can form numerous hydrated phases, we have measured their NIR and MIR reflectance spectra from 1 to 25 µm for comparison to data collected from orbiting spectrometers. Anhydrous oxychlorine salts show almost no features in the NIR, except for small bands of residual adsorbed water. However, hydrated oxychlorine salts show numerous features due to water in the NIR, specifically at ~1.4 and ~1.9 µm. Increasing the hydration state increases the depth and width of the water bands. All oxychlorine salts exhibit an additional feature at ~2.2 µm due to a Cl‐O combination or overtone feature, although it is less prominent in the hydrated perchlorate salts, likely overwhelmed by the ClO4‐H2O feature at 2.14 µm. All oxychlorine salts show features in the MIR due to the fundamental vibrations of Cl‐O longward of ~8 µm. The NIR spectral features of hydrated oxychlorine salts are similar to other hydrated salts, especially hydrated sulfates; thus, identification from orbit may be ambiguous. However by utilizing the NIR and MIR laboratory data presented here for comparison, oxychlorine salts may be detectable by orbiting spectrometers.
Estimating the fill thickness and bedrock topography in intermontane valleys using artificial neural networks
Authors: Mey Jürgen , Scherler Dirk , Zeilinger Gerold , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: May 2015

Thick sedimentary fills in intermontane valleys are common in formerly glaciated mountain ranges but difficult to quantify. Yet knowledge of the fill thickness distribution could help to estimate sediment budgets of mountain belts and to decipher the role of stored material in modulating sediment flux from the orogen to the foreland. Here we present a new approach to estimate valley fill thickness and bedrock topography based on the geometric properties of a landscape using artificial neural networks. We test the potential of this approach following a four‐tiered procedure. First, experiments with synthetic, idealized landscapes show that increasing variability in surface slopes requires successively more complex network configurations. Second, in experiments with artificially filled natural landscapes, we find that fill volumes can be estimated with an error below 20%. Third, in natural examples with valley fill surfaces that have steeply inclined slopes, such as the Unteraar and the Rhône Glaciers in the Swiss Alps, for example, the average deviation of cross‐sectional area between the measured and the modeled valley fill is 26% and 27%, respectively. Finally, application of the method to the Rhône Valley, an overdeepened glacial valley in the Swiss Alps, yields a total estimated sediment volume of 97 ± 11 km3and an average deviation of cross‐sectional area between measurements and model estimates of 21.5%. Our new method allows for rapid assessment of sediment volumes in intermontane valleys while eliminating most of the subjectivity that is typically inherent in other methods where bedrock reconstructions are based on digital elevation models.
Moisture sources and synoptic to seasonal variability of North Atlantic water vapor isotopic composition
Authors: Steen‐Larsen H. C. , Sveinbjörnsdottir A. E. , Jonsson Th. , Ritter F. , Bonne J.‐L. , Masson‐Delmotte V. , Sodemann H. , Blunier T. , Dahl‐Jensen D. , Vinther B. M.
Published: May 2015

The isotopic composition of near surface (or planetary boundary layer) water vapor on the south coast of Iceland (63.83°N, 21.47°W) has been monitored in situ between November 2011 and April 2013. The calibrated data set documents seasonal variations in the relationship between δ18O and local humidity (ppmv) and between deuterium excess and δ18O. These seasonal variations are attributed to seasonal changes in atmospheric transport. A strong linear relationship is observed between deuterium excess and atmospheric relative humidity calculated at regional sea surface temperature. Surprisingly, we find a similar relationship between deuterium excess and relative humidity as observed in the Bermuda Islands. During days with low amount of isotopic depletion (more enriched values), our data significantly deviate from the global meteoric water line. This feature can be explained by a supply of an evaporative flux into the planetary boundary layer above the ocean, which we show using a 1‐d box model. Based on the close relationship identified between moisture origin and deuterium excess, we combine deuterium excess measurements performed in Iceland and south Greenland with moisture source diagnostics based on back trajectory calculations to establish the distribution of d‐excess moisture uptake values across the North Atlantic. We map high deuterium excess in the Arctic and low deuterium excess for vapor in the subtropics and midlatitudes. This confirms the role of North Atlantic water vapor isotopes as moisture origin tracers.
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and its Applications
Authors: Hellborg Ragnar , Skog Göran , Stenström Kristina
Published: May 2015

In this overview, the technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and its applications are described. AMS is a highly sensitive method of counting atoms. It is used to detect very low concentrations of natural isotopic abundances (typically in the range between 10−12and 10−16) of both radionuclides and stable nuclides. The main advantages of AMS compared to conventional radiometric methods are the use of smaller samples (milligram and even submilligram size) and shorter measuring times (<1 h). The equipment used for AMS is almost exclusively based on the tandem accelerator, although some of the newest systems are based on a slightly different principle. The most widely used isotope studied with AMS is14C. Besides radiocarbon dating, this isotope is used in climate studies, biomedicine applications, and many other fields. Worldwide, more than 100 00014C samples are measured per year. Other isotopes studied include10Be,26Al,36Cl,41Ca,59Ni,129I, U, and Pu. Although these measurements are important, the number of samples of these other isotopes measured each year is estimated to be <10% of the number of14C samples.
The Physics of Nuclear Power from Fission and Fusion
Authors: Stacey Weston M.
Published: May 2015

The physics involved in the controlled production of nuclear power (i) by fission of heavy‐mass nuclides in neutron chain fission reactors and (ii) by fusion of light‐mass nuclides in magnetically confined plasmas are described. The state of development and remaining physics challenges are discussed for the production of nuclear power by both fission and fusion.
Direct Measurement of Raman Scattering Tensor of Orientation‐Fixed Single Iodine Molecules
Authors: Wang Dingdi , Tang Zikang
Published: May 2015

Raman spectroscopy is the most widely used noninvasive analytical technique. Apart from the fingerprint Raman frequency for identifying vibrational mode of certain functional groups, the Raman scattering tensor can also be used to determine the corresponding vibrational symmetry as well as the orientation of this functional group with respect to the rest of the molecule. For gaseous single molecules, only limited structural information can be obtained from Raman spectroscopy owing to their freely rotating and randomly oriented nature. Here, a method, for the first time, is developed to directly determine the Raman scattering tensor on orientation‐fixed single iodine molecules, which are confined inside the nano‐sized channels of zeolite AlPO4–11 (AEL) single crystal. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on a density functional theory. The optical transparency and appreciable size of the crystal facilitate the Raman exploration and the 3D manipulation. It is also demonstrated that iodine molecules' orientations are randomly distributed inside the nano‐channels of AlPO4–5 (AFI) crystal, which indicates that by carefully choosing the relevant zeolite crystal, the big family of zeolites can be utilized as directing template database for orienting a large number of guest molecules to estimate their structures by polarized Raman spectroscopy.
In Situ Formation of a Cathode–Electrolyte Interface with Enhanced Stability by Titanium Substitution for High Voltage Spinel Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hyun , Pieczonka Nicholas P. W. , Lu Peng , Liu Zhongyi , Qiao Ruimin , Yang Wanli , Tessema Misle M. , Sun Yang‐Kook , Powell Bob R.
Published: May 2015

Although LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) high‐voltage spinel is a promising candidate for a next generation cathode material, LNMO/graphite full cells experience severe capacity fading caused by degradation reactions at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and consequent active Li+ loss in the cells. In this study, it is first reported that in situ formation of a Ti–O enriched cathode/electrolyte interfacial (CEI) layer on a Ti‐substituted LiNi0.5Mn1.2Ti0.3O4 (LNMTO) spinel cathode effectively mitigates electrolyte oxidation and transition metal dissolution, which improves the Coulombic efficiency and cycle life of LNMTO/graphite full cells. The Ti–O enriched CEI layer is produced in situ during an initial cycling of LNMTO as a result of selective Mn and Ni dissolution at its surface, as evidenced by various surface characterizations using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron‐based soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The Ti–O enriched CEI has an advantage over traditional LNMO powder coatings, namely the formation of conformal CEI without compromising electronic conduction pathways between cathode particles.
Enhanced enterovirus 71 virus‐like particle yield from a new baculovirus design
Authors: Lin Shih‐Yeh , Yeh Chia‐Tsui , Li Wan‐Hua , Yu Cheng‐Ping , Lin Wen‐Chin , Yang Jyh‐Yuan , Wu Hsueh‐Ling , Hu Yu‐Chen
Published: May 2015

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in the Asia‐Pacific region. To produce the virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine, we previously constructed recombinant baculoviruses to co‐express EV71 P1 polypeptide and 3CD protease using the Bac‐to‐Bac® vector system. The recombinant baculoviruses resulted in P1 cleavage by 3CD and subsequent VLP assembly in infected insect cells, but caused either low VLP yield or excessive VLP degradation. To tackle the problems, here we explored various expression cassette designs and flashBAC GOLD™ vector system which was deficient in v‐cath and chiA genes. We found that the recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLD™ system was insufficient to improve the EV71 VLP yield. Nonetheless, BacF‐P1‐C3CD, a recombinant baculovirus constructed using the flashBAC GOLDTM system to express P1 under the polh promoter and 3CD under the CMV promoter, dramatically improved the VLP yield while alleviating the VLP degradation. Infection of High FiveTM cells with BacF‐P1‐C3CD enhanced the total and extracellular VLP yield to ≈268 and ≈171 mg/L, respectively, which enabled the release of abundant VLP into the supernatant and simplified the downstream purification. Intramuscular immunization of mice with 5 μg purified VLP induced cross‐protective humoral responses and conferred protection against lethal virus challenge. Given the significantly improved extracellular VLP yield (≈171 mg/L) and the potent immunogenicity conferred by 5 μg VLP, one liter High FiveTM culture produced ≈12,000 doses of purified vaccine, thus rendering the EV71 VLP vaccine economically viable and able to compete with inactivated virus vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2005–2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
miR‐2861 as novel HDAC5 inhibitor in CHO cells enhances productivity while maintaining product quality
Authors: Fischer Simon , Paul Albert Jesuran , Wagner Andreas , Mathias Sven , Geiss Melanie , Schandock Franziska , Domnowski Martin , Zimmermann Jörg , Handrick René , Hesse Friedemann , Otte Kerstin
Published: May 2015

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been exploited for years to improve recombinant protein expression in mammalian production cells. However, global HDAC inhibition is associated with negative effects on various cellular processes. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate gene expression in almost all eukaryotic cell types by controlling entire cellular pathways. Since miRNAs recently have gained much attention as next‐generation cell engineering tool to improve Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell factories, we were interested if miRNAs are able to specifically repress HDAC expression in CHO cells to circumvent limitations of unspecific HDAC inhibition. We discovered a novel miRNA in CHO cells, miR‐2861, which was shown to enhance productivity in various recombinant CHO cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR‐2861 might post‐transcriptionally regulate HDAC5 in CHO cells. Intriguingly, siRNA‐mediated HDAC5 suppression could be demonstrated to phenocopy pro‐productive effects of miR‐2861 in CHO cells. This supports the notion that miRNA‐induced inhibition of HDAC5 may contribute to productivity enhancing effects of miR‐2861. Furthermore, since product quality is fundamental to safety and functionality of biologics, we examined the effect of HDAC inhibition on critical product quality attributes. In contrast to unspecific HDAC inhibition using VPA, enforced expression of miR‐2861 did not negatively influence antibody aggregation or N‐glycosylation. Our findings highlight the superiority of miRNA‐mediated inhibition of specific HDACs and present miR‐2861 as novel cell engineering tool for improving CHO manufacturing cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2142–2153. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Know what to expect when preparing to give witness testimony
Authors: Conway Caroline A.
Published: May 2015

In our increasingly litigious society — especially in the realm of higher education — don't be surprised if you or one of your staff members are asked to testify as a witness in a legal proceeding, whether in court, a deposition or an administrative hearing.
Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome presenting multiple concurrent cutaneous and parotid gland neoplasms: Cytologic findings on fine‐needle sample and description of a novel mutation of the CYLD gene
Authors: Malzone Maria Gabriella , Campanile Anna Cipolletta , Losito Nunzia Simona , Longo Francesco , Perri Francesco , Caponigro Francesco , Schiavone Concetta , Ionna Franco , Maiello Francesco , Martinuzzi Claudia , Nasti Sabina , Botti Gerardo , Fulciniti Franco
Published: May 2015

Multiple dermal cylindromas and membranous basal cell adenoma of parotid gland in a 67‐year‐old woman with Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome (BSS) were examined by fine‐needle cytology. Histology, immunochemistry, and CYLD germline mutation testing were also performed. Cytomorphology and immunochemistry of the two lesions showed basaloid neoplasms, remarkably similar, composed by proliferating epithelial cells of basal type accompanied by a smaller proportion of myoepithelial cells. CYLD gene showed a novel germline splice acceptor site mutation (c.2042‐1G>C) with skipping of the entire exon 15. The occurrence of analogous tumors, dermal cylindromas, and membranous basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland, in the same patient may result from the action of a single gene on ontogenetically similar stem cells. Therefore, patients with BSS should be offered a genetic counselling for an early and correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:654–658. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous quantification of phencynonate and its active metabolite N‐demethyl phencynonate in human plasma using liquid chromatography and isotope‐dilution mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Zhengang , Xie Hui , Liu Jinbo , Wang Guangshun
Published: May 2015

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously quantify phencynonate (PCN) and its major metabolite N‐demethyl phencynonate (DM‐PCN) in human plasma. Following one‐step liquid‐liquid extraction, the analytes were separated on a reversed‐phase C18 column. Methanol and 0.02% formic acid in 10 mM ammonium acetate (62:38, v/v) was used as isocratic mobile phase at a flow‐rate of 0.3 mL/min. An API 5000 tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a Turbo IonSpray ionization source was used as the detector and was operated in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring using the transition of m/z 358.4 → m/z 156.2, m/z 344.4 → m/z 142.2, and m/z 361.3 → m/z 159.2 was performed to quantify PCN, DM‐PCN, and the internal standard (D3‐PCN), respectively. This approach showed a lower limit of quantification of 10 pg/mL and 25 pg/mL for PCN and DM‐PCN in plasma, respectively. This sensitivity was at least 50‐fold superior to previously reported ones and thus enabled the approach well applicable to low‐dose pharmacokinetic studies. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were less than 14.2 % at each QC level for both PCN and DM‐PCN. The inter‐day relative errors ranged from ‐1.9% to ‐4.9% for PCN, and from 0.6% to 6.4% for DM‐PCN. As a proof of principle, the validated method was successfully applied to simultaneous quantification of circulating PCN and DM‐PCN in healthy subjects after a single oral administration of 2 mg phencynonate hydrochloride pellet. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive Abilities Underlying Reading Accuracy, Fluency and Spelling Acquisition in Korean Hangul Learners from Grades 1 to 4: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Park Hyun‐Rin , Uno Akira
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the cognitive abilities that predict reading and spelling performance in Korean children in Grades 1 to 4, depending on expertise and reading experience. As a result, visual cognition, phonological awareness, naming speed and receptive vocabulary significantly predicted reading accuracy in children in Grades 1 and 2, whereas visual cognition, phonological awareness and rapid naming speed did not predict reading accuracy in children in higher grades. For reading, fluency, phonological awareness, rapid naming speed and receptive vocabulary were crucial abilities in children in Grades 1 to 3, whereas phonological awareness was not a significant predictor in children in Grade 4. In spelling, reading ability and receptive vocabulary were the most important abilities for accurate Hangul spelling. The results suggested that the degree of cognitive abilities required for reading and spelling changed depending on expertise and reading experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Messages

Phonological awareness and visual cognition were important for Hangul reading.

Receptive vocabulary was important in both Hangul reading and spelling.

Cognitive abilities are required for literacy changed during reading development.
Managing to avert disaster: Explaining collective resilience at an outdoor music event
Authors: Drury John , Novelli David , Stott Clifford
Published: May 2015

There is considerable evidence that psychological membership of crowds can protect people in dangerous events, although the underlying social–psychological processes have not been fully investigated. There is also evidence that those responsible for managing crowd safety view crowds as a source of psychological danger, views that may themselves impact upon crowd safety; yet, there has been little examination of how such ‘disaster myths’ operate in practice. In a study of an outdoor music event characterized as a near disaster, analysis of questionnaire survey data (N = 48) showed that social identification with the crowd predicted feeling safe directly as well as indirectly through expectations of help and trust in others in the crowd to deal with an emergency. In a second study of the same event, qualitative analysis of interviews (N = 20) and of contemporaneous archive materials showed that, in contrast to previous findings, crowd safety professionals' references to ‘mass panic’ were highly nuanced. Despite an emphasis by some safety professionals on crowd ‘disorder’, crowd participants and some of the professionals also claimed that self‐organization in the crowd prevented disaster.
“Self‐promotion”: How regulatory focus affects the pursuit of self‐interest at the expense of the group
Authors: Zaal Maarten P. , Van Laar Colette , Ståhl Tomas , Ellemers Naomi , Derks Belle
Published: May 2015

Self‐interested behavior may have positive consequences for individual group‐members, but also negatively affects the outcomes of the group when group‐level and individual‐level interests are misaligned. In two studies, we examined such self‐interested, group‐undermining behavior from the perspective of regulatory focus theory. We predicted that when individual and group interests are out of alignment, individuals under promotion focus would be more likely than individuals under prevention focus to pursue individual success at the expense of their group. Two studies provided support for this prediction. Promotion oriented individuals were more willing to act in their self‐interest (at the expense of their group) than individuals under prevention focus when self‐interested goals were not compatible with cooperation. No effect of regulatory focus on group loyalty was found when cooperation formed the only viable route to individual success. We discuss how these findings extend our understanding of the role of regulatory focus in social situations and of the practice of ensuring loyalty in contexts where individual and group goals are misaligned while cooperation is an important part of group success.
The effect of implementation intentions on transfer of training
Authors: Friedman Shlomit , Ronen Simcha
Published: May 2015

Two experiments investigated the effect of forming implementation intentions on transfer of training in two training programs. In the first experiment (N = 37), trainees who formed implementation intentions implemented active listening skills sooner, and to a greater degree, than those in the control group. In the second experiment (n = 28), conducted in the field, trainees who formed implementation intentions received a higher performance score for implementing the trained behavior compared with those in the control condition. Results from both experiments provide empirical evidence suggesting that forming implementation intentions at the end of a training program increases the likelihood of using the newly acquired skills.