bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Ankle Block versus Anatomical Landmark Guided Ankle Block in Minor Ankle and Foot Surgeries
Authors: Nawaz Anjum Muhammad , Mufti Wajeeha , Shah Yasser Athar , Ali Irfan
Published: January 2022

Background: Regional anesthesia has increasingly expanded its role in perioperative care of patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. The use of regional anesthesia has been widely implemented among anesthesiologists and pain providers. Multiple approaches for sephanous nerve blockade have been used including nerve stimulation, anatomical landmarks and ultrasound. It has been observed in previous studies that USG ankle block is more successful as compared to conventional anatomical landmark guided nerve block; so this study was planned to get precise and reliable results regarding both techniques in our local population. Objective: To compare the methods of surgical anesthesia of Ultrasound-guided ankle block versus conventional anatomic landmark-guided techniques in lower limb surgery under regional anesthesia. Materials and methods: This randomized control was carried out at Department of Anesthesia Mayo Hospital Lahore. After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria 50 patients (25 in each group ) were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using lottery method. Group A patients underwent USG ankle block while group B patients underwent conventional anatomic landmark guided ankle block. Results: Mean age of patients was 46.96±11.578 years; 40(80%) patients were male and 10(20%) patients were females. Successful anesthesia was achieved in 42 (84%) patients; in which in USG block group the successful anesthesia was achieved in 22(88%) patients and in ALG block group successful anesthesia was achieved in 20(80%) patients (p value =0.702) Conclusion : Findings of this study conclude that both techniques have statistically insignificant difference in terms of success rate , however USG ankle block for surgical anesthesia showed higher success rate as compared to anatomic landmark guided technique in lower limb surgery under regional anesthesia. Keywords: Ultrasound-guided Ankle Block, Anatomic Landmark-guided Ankle Block, Lower limb surgery.
Impact of Mesioangular Mandibular Impacted 3rd Molar on Peridontal Health of Adjacent Tooth
Authors: Nazir Samar , Khan Nousheen , Khan Athar , Noor Asif , Jabeen Naima
Published: January 2022

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the impact of mesioangular mandibular 3rd molar impaction on periodontal health of adjacent tooth in patients. Study Design: Retrospective/observational study Place and Duration: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MMDC Multan, during from Oct 2020 to September 2021. Methods: Total of seventy patients of both genders was presented in this study. Detailed demographic data of enrolled cases age, sex, body mass index, symptoms and complications were recorded after taking informed written consent. All the patients had mesioangular impactions of mandibular third molars. The impaction depth, relationship with ramus, and angulation of 70 IMTMs and their association with 2nd molar distal caries and root resorption, pathological states, and closeness to the mandibular canal were assessed on panoramic radiographs. Pell and Gregory classification was used to determine position of impacted third molar. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of IMTM's position on the related complications (credible interval for Bayesian models). Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed p-value 0.05. SPSS 24.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results: There were 42 (60%) males and 28 (40%) females with mean BMI 23.13±6.46 kg/m2. Most of patients 31 (44.3%) were aged between 20-35 years. Mean attachment level was 3.03±2.34 and probing depth was 3.34±3.35. Caries, pain and swelling were the most common symptoms found among cases. Distal second molar root caries 21 (30%) and pocket formation 17(24.3%) were the most common pathologies. As per histological findings periapical inflammation was majority found in 37 (52.9%) cases followed by dental follicle in 19 (27.1%) and cyst in 11 (15.7%). Conclusion: In this study, we found that the impacted mandibular third molar was most linked with distal second molar root caries and the creation of a pocket between the impacted tooth and the second molar tooth. The most common pathology associated with the impacted molar was distal second molar root caries and the creation of a pocket between the affected tooth and the second molar. Keywords: Mesioangular, Impacted mandibular third molar, Pathology, Complication
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Healthcare Providers Regarding Infection Control at Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Uzair Muhammad , Khalid Umar , Shahbaz Muhammad , Khan Nehal , Ali Niaz , Sher Falk , Rehman Mufti Zohaib ur , Yaseen Kashaf , Ahmad Iftikhar , Muhammad Noor
Published: January 2022

Background: Nosocomial infections are the major cause of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Pakistan. Standard precautions; based on good self-care practices, adequate knowledge and positive attitude can decrease the consequences of nosocomial infections. Objective: The objective of the study is to know about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of health care providers regarding infection control in Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. Method: This was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. In the health care providers we included doctors, nurses, pathologists and paramedics. Convenient sampling technique was used. After taking informed consent, the adopted questionnaires were filled from participants regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices about infection control. Results: Out of total 88 health-care workers, 44.3 % were male and 55.7% were females. On average, 83% of the participants are knowledgeable about the mode of transmission of infectious diseases while 96.6% of the participants responded that transmission based precautions help in infection control however, 98.9% of the respondents say PPE and following of standard precautions play a vital role in infection control. On average, 56% of health care workers say that there is a lack of PPE and 92% of HCWs wash their hands before and after the procedure. The overall use of PPE was 80.7 % however 75 % of the HCWs did the practice of recapping the needles after using. Conclusion: The overall knowledge, attitude and practices of the responding health care providers were good. Keywords: Knowledge; Attitude; Practices; Nosocomial infection
Old Norse gods in contemporary Norwegian novels
Authors: Visovan Cristina
Published: January 2022

Old Norse mythology is one of the most prolific fields in modern times. From a scholarly renewed interest to a more popular based reception, the old myths and gods seem to have been revived. The following article deals with the representation and role of two of the Old Norse gods, Odin and Ty, in contemporary Norwegian literature. It discusses in a comparative way the image of the Old Norse gods as presented by the written sources about the Viking mythology, The Poetic Edda and The Prose Edda, and by the contemporary novels that have them as main characters. Contemporary problems that trouble the Norwegian society seem to find their expression in literature where the old gods are presented as driven by anger and a desire to take revenge, either because they have lost their power or because they are led by a sense of duty, integrity and doing what is right. In the so called age of globalization, the Norwegian writers that use Old Norse mythology as inspiration seem to be themselves driven by a feeling of nostalgia after a time when the society was more homogenous or by a desire to promote and live by the Viking values
Kurumsal Haberleşme Sistemi
Authors: ÇOBANOĞLU Tolgahan , AKÇAY Muammer
Published: January 2022

Günümüzde birçok işletme kendi kurumsal ağını oluşturarak bu ağ üzerinden haberleşme sistemlerini kurmakta ve çalışanları ile bu sistemler üzerinden haberleşmektedir. Bilgi güvenliğinin son derece önem kazandığı günümüz çağında işletmeler çalışanları ile iletişimlerini kendi yönetimi ve denetiminde olan platformlar üzerinden gerçekleştirme ihtiyacı duymaktadır. Bu alanda işletmelere sunulan üçüncü parti yazılımlar, kurumsal nitelikte olmaktan ziyade kurumlar için yönetim ve denetimin yapılamayacağı bir paket halinde sunulmaktadır. Bu durum da işletmeye ait bilgi ve belgelerin üçüncü kişilerin eline geçebilme ihtimali oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma, aynı işletmede çalışanların kendi aralarında güvenli bir şekilde bilgi ve belge paylaşımı yapabilmelerini sağlamakta, yönetim ve denetiminin tamamen işletme tarafından yapılabilme imkânı sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın cep telefonları ve kişisel bilgisayarlar üzerinde çalışabilecek şekilde tasarlanması da ayrıca kullanıcılara platformdan bağımsız kullanabilmeleri sağlanmıştır.
ԷԼԵԿՏՐԱԷՆԵՐԳԵՏԻԿԱԿԱՆ ՄԵԾԱԾԱԽ ՇՈՒԿԱՅՈՒՄ ԿԻՐԱՌՎՈՂ ՄՐՑԱԿՑԱՅԻՆ ՄԵԽԱՆԻԶՄՆԵՐԻ ԱՐԴՅՈՒՆԱՎԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԳՆԱՀԱՏՈՒՄԸ (ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՕՐԻՆԱԿՈՎ)/THE EFFICUENCYASSESSMENT OF APPLYING COMPETITIVE MECHANISMS IN THE WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY MARKET
(ON THE ARMENIAN EXPERIENCE)/ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОНКУРЕНТНЫХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ НА ОПТОВОМ РЫНКЕ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ
(НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ)
Authors: Shahbazyan Khachik
Published: January 2022

In the given article, the methodology for estimating the economic effect of market participants as a result of the liberalization of the wholesale market is considered and the efficiency of transitional models of the wholesale electricity market is analyzed.
The basic pricing models of the bilateral contracts have been set up, and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the process of liberalization of the electricity wholesale market are analyzed.
Sales Volume, Operating Cost and its Effect on Profitability (Study on Listed Companies in The Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2017-2020)
Authors: Padriyansyah Padriyansyah , Rachmat Ryan Al , Pratiwi Trie Sartika
Published: January 2022

This study is associative research that uses more than one independent variable to determine the relationship between the variables studied, namely sales volume, operating costs, and profitability. The data used are in the form of company profit and loss financial statements, which were obtained from the Indonesian stock exchange website www.IDX.co.id. The population used is the annual financial statements published for 4 periods 2017-2020 as many as 16 companies. The sample in this study is in the form of annual financial statements (profit and loss statements) for the 2017-2020 period as many as 10 companies (40 samples) according to the sampling criteria. The results obtained, Sales Volume and Operational Costs affect Profitability as evidenced by the results of Fount 6.827 > Fable of 3.250 with a significant level of 0.003. While partially Sales Volume affects Profitability as evidenced by the results of count of 2,980 and table of 2,026 with a significant value of 0.005, and also Operational Costs affect Profitability as evidenced by a count of -3.599 and table of 2.026 with a significance value of 0.001
KAZAKİSTAN’DA “MANEVİ CANLANMA”: TÜRK HALKLARININ BİRLİĞİ İDEALİ
Authors: HEKİMOĞLU Vecihi Sefa Fuat , TULEKOVA Mereke , BEKENOVA Fariza
Published: January 2022

Sovyetler Birliği’nin 1991 yılında dağılmasının ardından bağımsızlığına kavuşan 5 Türk devletinden biri olan Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti, egemenliğinin ilk günlerinden itibaren kurucu cumhurbaşkanı Nursultan Nazarbayev’in önderliğinde ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel alanda gelişim yolunda önemli girişimlerde bulunmuştur.

Hiç şüphe yok ki, yaklaşık 70 yıl süren Sovyet egemenliği, diğer Türk devletlerinde olduğu gibi Kazakistan’da da manevi alanda büyük yıkıma sebep olmuştu. Buna bağlı olarak Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazak halkının tarihi köklerine yeniden dönmesi konusuna büyük önem vermiş ve Kazakistan’da Manevi Canlanma projesini uygulamaya koymuştur. Bu bağlamda, kültürün önemli unsurları olan “dil ve din” konuları üzerinde özel olarak durulmuştur. Kazak tarihinin olduğu gibi Kazak dilinin de kökenlerinin Hun ve Göktürkler dönemine kadar ulaştığı bir gerçektir. Nursultan Nazarbayev, Türk kültür tarihinin en önemli miraslarından olan Orun Kitabelerinin, Kazak Türklerinin de tarihinin bir parçası olduğunun bilincindedir. Kazakistan’da manevi canlanma programı ile Kazak toplumunun modernleşmesini amaçlayan Nursultan Nazarbayev, bu hedefe ulaşılabilmesi için ulusal bilincin de kuvvetli bir şekilde uyanmış olmasının şart olduğunu dile getirmişti. Bunun için Kazak halkının tarihinden gelen manevi değerlerin korunması gereklidir. Nursultan Nazarbayev’e göre, kökeni Hunlar ve Göktürklere kadar dayanan ve günümüzde Kazak halkının köklerinde bulunan bu erdemler yeniden canlandırılmalıdır.

Kazak yazılı kültürünün Göktürkler çağına kadar ulaştığını belirten Nursultan Nazarbayev, Manevi Canlanma ile birlikte aynı soydan gelen kardeş Türk devletleri ile iş birliğinin kurulabilmesi için dil konusunun, dolayısıyla da ortak alfabenin kaçınılmaz bir gereklilik olduğunu savunmuştur. Göktürklerin büyük devlet adamı Tonyukuk tarafından temelleri attığı düşünülen “Ebedi Ülke” fikrini yeniden canlandırmayı amaç edinmiş olan Nazarbayev, Kazak halkına; Rus, Ukraynalı ve Belarus gibi Slav soylu ulusların kullanmakta oldukları Kiril alfabesinin değil, kardeş Türk halklarının kullandığı Latin alfabesine geçmenin bir ihtiyaç olduğunu belirtmiştir.

Kazakistan Cumhuriyetinin kurucu cumhurbaşkanı Nursultan Nazarbayev, “Tarih Tolkınında / Tarihin Akışında” adlı eserinde, alfabe birliğinden öte, bağımsız Türk devletleri arasında ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel alanlarda kurulacak olan Orta Asya Birliği’nin, bu devletlerin kültürel benzerliklerinin hakkıyla kavranması sayesinde daha da güçlü hale gelecekleri hususunda şüphe olmadığını yazmıştır.
39 NUMARALI KALEBEND DEFTERİNE GÖRE OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE SUÇ VE CEZA (1830-1834)
Authors: DOĞAN Cuma
Published: January 2022

Osmanlı Devleti’nde defter tutma geleneği XV.yüzyıla kadar uzanmaktadır. Osmanlı arşivinde bulunan Divân-ı Hümâyûn kataloğundaki defterler, şüphesiz araştırmacılar için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu defter serilerinden birisi de kalebent defterleridir. Kalebent defterleri, Divân-ı Hümâyûn’dan verilen cezaların kaydının tutulduğu defterlerdir. Bu defterler, başlangıç olarak XVII.yüzyılda tutulmaya başlanmış olup, XVIII.yüzyıldan itibaren de yaygınlaşmıştır. Kalebent, sürgün, kürek, palankabent, prangabentlik gibi cezalara çarptırılan mahkumlar bu defterlere kaydedilmekteydi. Osmanlı şer’i hukuk terminolojisinde cezalar, had, kısas ve ta’zir olmak üzere üç kısma ayrılmaktadır. İncelediğimiz defter içerisinde yer alan kalebent, nefy (sürgün), manastır-bent ve kürek cezaları tâ’zir cezaları kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir. Ta’zir cezaları, uygulanması yöneticilerin takdirine bırakılan cezalar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu cezaların uygulanmasındaki temel amaç, kamu düzenini bozan şahısların tehlikesiz hale gelmesini sağlayarak, kamu yönetimini yeniden tesis etmektir. Kalebent defterlerinde yer alan suç fiiline yönelik verilen cezalarda belli bir ceza süresi söz konusu olmadığından, ıslah-ı nefs ibaresi çerçevesinde cezalar sonlandırılmıştır. Devlet, suç işleyen şahısları denetim mekanizması altında tutarak terbiye etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 1830-1834 yılları arasında tutulan 39 numaralı kalebent defteri içerisinde yer alan suç ve ceza türlerini saptayarak, suçluların tahliye ediliş sürecini değerlendirmektir.
What Shall We Call Each Other? Part Two: The Issue of Self-designation in the Johanine Letters and Revelation
Authors: Trebilco Paul
Published: January 2022

This paper discusses the ‘self-designations’ for their readers which were used by the Johannine Letters and Revelation. The key terms used in the Johannine Letters are ‘brother and sister’ and ‘children of God’ and in Revelation ‘saints’ and ‘servants’. It is argued that in the case of the Pastorals (drawing on our earlier discussion in Part One) and the Johannine Letters these designations are also being used by the readers, whereas the ‘world-shaping’ nature of John’s work means that we cannot say that the key terms that he adopts in order to refer to his readers were currently being used by them. Following these discussions, conclusions are reached with regard to early Christian communities and how they perceived their identity.
Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (Rev. 1:1): The Climax of John’s Prophecy?
Authors: Jauhiainen Marko
Published: January 2022

This article argues that interpreters of the book of Revelation have not paid sufficient attention to the way the introductory phrase Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ) is qualified in 1:1: the ἀποκάλυψις concerns ‘what must take place soon’, as ‘shown’ to John by an angel. A critique of the traditional position is followed by an evaluation of Richard Bauckham’s proposal that ἀποκάλυψις refers to the contents of the little scroll in ch. 10. The article ends with an alternative reading of the data: the clues provided by John in 1:1 regarding the ἀποκάλυψις suggest that it is primarily found in the climax of the book, i.e., the visions of the destruction of Babylon and her replacement by the New Jerusalem (17:1-19:10; 21:9-22:9).
The Two Asses of Zechariah 9:9 in Matthew 21
Authors: Instone-Brewer David
Published: January 2022

Matthew appears to depart from the Synoptics, Johannine tradition and from common sense when he gives Jesus two asses to ride on for his grand entrance into Jerusalem. Most commentators have assumed that Matthew misunderstood the meaning of the parallelism in Zechariah 9:9, which caused him to create another animal to enable Jesus to fulfil the prophecy. It will be suggested here that Matthew understood the concept of parallelism, but that he did not believe that Scripture should be interpreted in that way. This is in line with rabbinic thought of the first century which rejected the concept of parallelism in Scripture.
Q Review
Authors: Head Peter M. , Williams P. J.
Published: January 2022

This review article focuses on recent treatments of Q, the sayings source widely believed to stand behind the common material in Matthew and Luke (the double tradition). We begin with some recent works against the Q hypothesis, before examining the work of the International Q Project, including their Critical Edition of Q and Kloppenborg Verbin’s Excavating Q. We then turn to a more detailed treatment of Casey’s Aramaic Approach to Q, which seeks to reconstruct the original Aramaic text of material common to Matthew and Luke. Discussion of these works suggests that contrary to the claims implicit in several studies it is not possible to reconstruct the actual wording of Q in either Greek or Aramaic with any confidence.
How May We Speak of God? A Reconsideration of the Nature of Biblical Theology
Authors: Moberly R. W. L.
Published: January 2022

If theological interpretation of Scripture is to be renewed, it is necessary initially to acknowledge the strength of objections to theological interpretation in the 19th century when the modern paradigm of historical criticism was established; Pusey’s messianic interpretation of Haggai 2:7 serves as a case study. Late 20th century work in hermeneutics changes the frame of reference within which the task should be conceived, though its potential has not yet been fully utilized by biblical scholars; Preuss’s discussion of revelation in his Old Testament Theology serves as a case study. Finally, the divine self-revelation in Exodus 34:6–7 is seen to provide rules for, and constraints upon, truthful speech about God; and if the biblical text itself is to be understood as revelatory then the work of the interpreter needs ultimately to be understood as an act of prayer.
Was Evangelicalism Created by the Enlightenment?
Authors: Williams Garry J.
Published: January 2022

David Bebbington has published a number of influential works arguing that Evangelicalism was created by the Enlightenment. He claims that the new and distinctively Evangelical activism of the 1730s was only possible because of a novel doctrine of assurance. This doctrine was in turn born of the dependence of John Wesley and Jonathan Edwards on Enlightenment epistemology. The following article questions this claim and thus seeks to re-open the case for the identity of Evangelicalism with the Reformation and Puritanism.
Feminist Hermeneutics and Evangelical Concerns: The Rape of Dinah as a Case Study
Authors: Parry Robin
Published: January 2022

The article begins by outlining the challenge feminist hermeneutics poses for traditional notions of biblical authority. Genesis 34 is set out as a case study for displaying feminist interpretations that read with the narrator but against patriarchal interpreters and those which read against the narrator himself. I argue that a ‘high view’ of Scripture can accommodate many of the concerns raised by feminist critics of biblical narrative. It is, however, maintained that an evangelical hermeneutic will not easily be able to endorse an interpretation that stands over against the stance of a biblical narrator.
Early Traces of the Book of Daniel
Authors: Beckwith Roger
Published: January 2022

In three intertestamental works, dating from before the time when the Book of Daniel is commonly supposed to have been written, a knowledge of the book seems to be reflected. We were formerly dependent on translations of these works, which made such an inference less certain, but we now have access to sufficient parts of the original to confirm that the translations are reliable. We also have a clearer idea now when one of the works (the Book of Watchers) was written.
The Exception Phrases: Except πορνεία, Including πορνεία or Excluding πορνεία? (Matthew 5:32; 19:9)
Authors: Guenther Allen R.
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the Matthean ‘exception clauses’ to determine whether they should be interpreted inclusively (‘if a man divorces his wife even though she has not been unfaithful’), exceptively (‘if a man divorces his wife, except if she has been unfaithful’), or exclusively (‘if a man divorces his wife—πορνεία is a separate issue’). In this grammatical study the author draws on a broad sample of classical and Koine texts from which he concludes that παρεκτός in Matthew 5:32 should, on syntactic grounds, be read as marking an exception, whereas in the later account (μὴ ἐπὶ, Mt.19:9) Matthew presents Jesus as excluding the matter of πορνεία. The enigma of the meaning of πορνεία, however will not go away. The author then summarises his reasons for interpreting πορνεία as incestuous relationships and marriages
The Eschatology of the Warning in Hebrews 10:26-31
Authors: Gleason Randall C.
Published: January 2022

The absence of NT damnation terminology in Hebrews calls into question the widely held assumption that the author’s purpose was to warn his readers of eternal judgement. Furthermore, to limit the warnings to a distant future judgement overlooks its nearness and diminishes its relevance to the first-century audience facing the dangers arising from the first Jewish revolt. There are many clues throughout the epistle that point to the physical threat posed by the coming Roman invasion to those Christians who lapsed back into Judaism. These clues point immediately to the destruction of Palestine, the city of Jerusalem and the Temple. These conclusions are confirmed by a close examination of the OT texts cited or alluded to in Hebrews 10:26–31. Rather than eternal destruction, the OT examples warn of physical judgement coming upon Israel because of covenant unfaithfulness. If they sought refuge in Judaism, the readers could suffer the same fate of the Jewish rebels by the Romans. However, the readers could avoid God’s wrath coming upon the Jewish nation by holding firm to their confession, bearing the reproach of Christ outside the camp (13:13), and looking to the heavenly city instead of Jerusalem now under the sentence of destruction (13:14).
Paul’s Conversion and Luke’s Portrayal of Character in Acts 8-10
Authors: Kern Philip H.
Published: January 2022

Luke’s portrait of Saul shows him to lack a right relationship with God. This is accomplished in part by contrasting the pre-conversion Saul with Stephen, the Ethiopian eunuch, and Cornelius. After his experience on the Damascus road, Paul is portrayed in ways that resemble Stephen and Peter, while Bar Jesus and the Philippian gaoler, who clearly oppose God and Christianity, are portrayed in ways that recall the earlier portrait of Saul and inform how we are to understand him pre-conversion. Thus Luke connects opposition to the church with opposition to God, and shows that Saul, in opposing the former, was an enemy of the latter. By showing the change from an enemy to one who himself suffers for the gospel, Luke indicates that Paul has entered into a relationship with God. This suggests, furthermore, that Paul joined an already established movement.
Context Matters: Paul’s Use of Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians 3:12
Authors: Willitts Joel
Published: January 2022

Galatians 3:10–14 is arguably one of the most difficult passages in all of the Pauline letters. The varied interpretations can be organised into three approaches that currently dominate the exegetical landscape: law/gospel antithesis, apocalyptic fulfilment and redemptive historical. All three approaches, however, have overlooked the reuse of the Leviticus 18:5 clause, ‘the one who does these things will live by them’ (Gal. 3:12b), in later Jewish interpretative tradition. This interpretative tradition may be a useful source in our attempt to grasp Paul’s argument in Galatians 3:10–14. This essay sets out to: (1) investigate the Leviticus 18:5 clause in the Jewish interpretative

tradition, and (2) offer a fresh reading of Galatians 3:10–14 within a redemptive historical/exile–restoration framework.
1 Thessalonians 2:14-16 and the Church in Jerusalem
Authors: Bockmuehl Markus
Published: January 2022

Decades of interpretative controversy have failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of what Judaean events, if any, might have occasioned St Paul’s bitter invective in 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16. After re-examining the familiar arguments by B.A. Pearson and others for a non-Pauline interpolation, this study questions the widespread assumption that Jewish persecution of Christians cannot be substantiated prior to the first Jewish War. Rehearsing the evidence for hostile measures against Jewish believers c. AD 36 and again under Agrippa I in 41/42, the argument turns to the neglected suggestion by the sixth-century chronicler Malalas of Antioch that a further persecution of the Jerusalem church took place ‘in the eighth year of Claudius’ (AD 48/49). Such a course of events during the notorious procuratorship of Ventidius Cumanus would shed light not only on 1 Thessalonians 2, but possibly also on the setting of Galatians. In any case, both Josephus and rabbinic literature indicate that the death of Agrippa I was widely perceived as the beginning of a disastrous downturn in Jewish fortunes, to which Paul may be alluding in v. 17. Ironically, a number of these points were familiar to scholars in the 18th and 19th centuries, but seem since then to have been forgotten.
The Implied Ethics of the Fourth Gospel: A Reinterpretation of the Decalogue
Authors: Kanagaraj Jey J.
Published: January 2022

Despite the lack of explicit and detailed ethical teachings in the Fourth Gospel, it seems that the Jewish ethics embodied in the Decalogue undergird John’s presentation of the Gospel. The words ‘keep my commandments’, used by Jesus in the Fourth Gospel, give us the key for understanding the implied ethics of the Fourth Gospel. An analysis of John’s Gospel shows that its author reflects the Decalogue in various parts of the Gospel. We have evidence that John reinterprets the commandments positively and redemptively by focussing on Jesus as the one who fulfils the commandments and who enables those who believe in him to fulfil them. Such an interpretation of Yahweh’s commandments, which can be identified as Jesus’ commandments in the Gospel, cannot simply be dismissed as accidental but rather reflects a conscious reinterpretation of the Law.
The Strands of Wisdom Tradition in the Intertestamental Judaism: Origins, Developments and Characteristics
Authors: Bennema Cornelis
Published: January 2022

The Jewish wisdom corpus tends to receive a different treatment from OT and NT scholars. Whereas OT scholars tend to shy away from any schematisation due to the complexity of the wisdom tradition, NT scholars do not always perceive sufficiently the distinctions within the wisdom material. This article will attempt to create a balance between these two positions. We will elucidate the intertestamental Jewish sapiential tradition, and identify four strands—the Torah-centred, the Spirit-centred, the Apocalyptic and the Qumranian wisdom tradition—which are rooted in the OT. Moreover, this article will show the origins, developments and main characteristics of these four strands of Jewish wisdom tradition.
1 Corinthians 7 in the Light of the Graeco-Roman Marriage and Divorce Papyri
Authors: Instone-Brewer David
Published: January 2022

The language and social background of 1 Corinthians 7 are compared with that of the Greek and Latin marriage and divorce papyri. These papyri are found to be particularly useful for illuminating the issue of divorce-by-separation, which Paul appears to be combating in vv. 10-15. They also give insights into Paul’s unusual use of ἀφίημι for ‘divorce’, and the curious absence of teaching about remarriage in this chapter. Paul is found to have a positive approach to marriage, emphasising the commitment it involves, while warning that bringing up a family was difficult at the present time of famine.
2 Samuel 8
Authors: Good Robert M.
Published: January 2022

2 Samuel 8 may reflect an inscription or text contemporary with the reign of King David. It has a number of features that could be explained if an inscription lay behind the biblical text, the most striking of which is its repetitive naming of the monarch, paralleling Darius’ Behistun Inscription.
Shining the Lamp: The Rhetoric of 2 Samuel 5-24
Authors: Firth David G.
Published: January 2022

2 Samuel 5–24 is here read as a literary unit that covers the whole of the reign of David over Israel and Judah. It is argued that there is an intentional rhetorical pattern that is evident in the literary structure of these chapters, and that the aim of the whole section is to suggest a positive assessment of the whole of David’s reign. This assessment is directed towards the exiles, offering hope because of the continuing validity of the promises to David.
The Theology of the Cross as Theology of the Trinity: A Critique of Jürgen Moltmann’s Staurocentric Trinitarianism
Authors: Jowers Dennis W.
Published: January 2022

Jürgen Moltmann consistently portrays Christ’s death and resurrection as a deadly dialectic between Father, Son, and Spirit which, in his view, constitutes the decisive revelation of the divine Trinity. The idea of the Trinity which Moltmann derives from these events, however, undermines central doctrines of Christianity: specifically, the permanence of God’s triunity; his impassibility and immutability; and the distinction between Christ’s two natures. By denying these doctrines, Moltmann defeats his efforts to restore the Trinity to the centre of Christian theology and to construct a theodicy adequate to the dispute between Christianity and protest atheism.
Yesterday, Today, Forever: Time, Times, Eternity in Biblical Perspective
Authors: Blocher Henri
Published: January 2022

The topic of time and eternity in relation to God is fraught with difficulties. Whatever hints there are from biblical language of Scripture’s teaching, they need to be supplemented by a more global and theological use of Scripture. The philological-exegetical arguments for the ‘classical’ view, which entails the antithesis of time and eternity, go in each case a little beyond what the evidence clearly warrants. Sober considerations prompt us to look for an alternative to pure timelessness, but not to go to the opposite extreme. Scripture witnesses both to God’s unchangeable possession of his unbounded life and to the authentic renewal of his grace every morning, a renewal that appears to hold a true meaning for God himself.
Some Recently Published NT Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: An Overview and Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Head Peter M.
Published: January 2022

Seventeen newly published manuscripts of the Greek New Testament (comprising a new portion of P77 as well as P100-P115) are introduced and then discussed individually, with special attention to two groups of manuscripts: seven of Matthew and four of John. The material offers important new evidence on a range of text-critical issues and three passages are discussed (Mt. 23:38; Jn. 1:34; Rev. 13:18).
The Price of Internal Consistency?
Authors: Strange Daniel
Published: January 2022

Clark Pinnock has attempted to reconcile divine sovereignty with human freedom by suggesting that any future based on human decisions is logically unknowable. God knows all that can be known, which does not include future human decisions, but he is omnicompetent and thus able to bring about his ultimate goals. This paper applies the three tests proposed by David Ciocchi to decide whether Pinnock’s solution is internally consistent, exegetically sound and intuitively acceptable.
The Critical and Dogmatic Agenda of Albert Schweitzer’s The Quest of the Historical Jesus
Authors: Gathercole S. J.
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to explore the twofold agenda of Schweitzer’s The Quest for the Historical Jesus. The first element is well-known and obvious: Schweitzer’s intention to put to death the ‘liberal German’ Jesus and to reinstate the true historical Jesus whose preaching and actions were wholly eschatological in orientation. The second element lies below the surface, and this article argues that Schweitzer structured the book around Reimarus, Strauss, Weiss and himself, as they aim to show the impossibility of maintaining Jesus’ own dogmatic construction of eschatology in the modern era. It is also demonstrated (against some current understandings) that Schweitzer’s reconstruction of Jesus’ eschatology does not simply involve Jesus’ belief in the end of the space-time universe.
Haggai: Master Rhetorician
Authors: Boda M. J.
Published: January 2022

Although the prophet among the Book of the Twelve with the fewest words, save Jonah, Haggai takes his place among the prophetic tradition as one of its greatest rhetoricians. Utilising historical critical techniques, past scholars have often explained literary features in Haggai as evidence of the compilation of various sources and forms. This article reconsiders this evidence and argues that the same evidence reveals creative rhetorical technique. Several instances of this technique are explored and this study reveals the prophet’s sensitivity to influence the intended audience, creativity to sustain the audience’s interest and delay tactics to produce greater impact on the audience. Some of the trends identified are traced to the prophetic tradition in general, others to the Persian Period prophetic tradition, while others are seen as unique to this book.
Spirituality in offering a peace offering
Authors: Kiuchi Nobuyoshi
Published: January 2022

Study of the symbolic meaning of the offerings in Leviticus has been hampered by the fact that the text rarely spells out the significance of the rituals or rites. This study proposes an approach to the text of Leviticus that, taking the peace offering as an example, investigates the motive of the offerer. On the basis of explicit references in Leviticus 7:12 and 7:16 to three kinds of motive it is argued that Leviticus 3 has the purpose of turning the Israelites to the Lord, and that the shedding of blood symbolises the atonement for general sinfulness. This leads to the conclusion that the motive or purpose of an offerer and the ritual are inseparable, and that the prescriptive text of Leviticus 3 itself assumes that the inner motive of an offerer must be expressed outwardly in making a peace offering.
‘Trust in the Lord’: Hezekiah, Kings and Isaiah
Authors: Olley John W.
Published: January 2022

The Hezekiah narrative (2 Kings 18-20 // Isaiah 36-39) is unique in the Former Prophets in its repeated use of בָטַח trust, rely on’. An exploration of the context and content of חַטָּב in the narrative and elsewhere in Isaiah, Psalms, Proverbs and other prophetic literature points to a consistent pattern of true and false grounds for ‘trust’. In particular there is no basis in the ‘inviolability of Zion’. The drama of the narrative is sharper in the context of Isaiah and may have been shaped soon after Sennacherib’s death, with possible wisdom influence. At the same time, the redactor of Kings has seen ‘trust’ as a key feature in Hezekiah’s reign. The relevance of the narrative to readers of the canonical Kings and Isaiah is also considered. There is significance for all in the worship of YHWH alone together with humble obedience. It is his honour that is affirmed among the nations.
Paul, eschatology and the Augustan age of grace
Authors: Harrison J. R.
Published: January 2022

This article proposes that Paul worked on two cultural fronts in describing the reign of grace (Rom. 5:12-21) and the new creation (Rom. 8:18-39). Paul’s references to the ‘two ages’, the fall of Adam and the new creation, were fundamental to Jewish apocalyptic eschatology. However, Paul’s language of grace in Romans 5, with its emphasis on excess and abundance, would have evoked imperial associations. In the first century, the eschatological age of Augustus marked a watershed in beneficence. Paul’s point to the Roman Christians was plain: Christ’s grace surpassed the very best the Caesars had to offer.
Ecclesiastes and the end of wisdom
Authors: Shields Martin A.
Published: January 2022

Many readers of Ecclesiastes have contrived to discover orthodox meaning for the words of Qohelet. An examination of two such readings reveals the shortcomings of both and paves the way for an alternative understanding of the book. Close analysis of the epilogue reveals that, although partially favourable towards Qohelet himself, the epilogist is unequivocally critical of the sages as a group. It appears that the epilogist may thus have employed Qohelet’s words in order to reveal the failure of the sages and warn their prospective students to adhere to the commands of God. The book of Ecclesiastes thus functions as a tract designed to discredit the wisdom movement, using the sage Qohelet’s own words in order to do so.
Marriage and Sexual Fidelity in the Papyri, Plutarch and Paul
Authors: Peterman G. W.
Published: January 2022

A well known double standard existed in the Roman perspective on sexuality within marriage: extra-marital sex is expected for men (within reason) but wholly condemned for women. Although pockets of dissent are evident, this double standard is generally accepted at all levels of society, being seen in papyri and in literary sources. If a married Roman couple were converted to Christianity, significant changes would need to take place because Paul teaches sexual equality within marriage.
Hebrews 6:4-8: A socio-rhetorical investigation (Part 2)
Authors: DeSilva David A.
Published: January 2022

The first part of this essay established the importance of patron-client roles and expectations for the argument being advanced in Hebrews 6:4-8. Having been privileged to receive such gifts from God, the addressees could not now respond in such a way as would bring dishonor on their patron. Such a course would not only be unjust, but also ultimately disastrous. This second part now considers the ideological texture of the passage, particularly how the author re-engineers the parameters within which the hearers are to consider what will be advantageous for them. The real danger to their safety comes not from perseverance with a marginalized group, but from disloyalty to the patron-client bond God has formed with them. The author thus significantly advances his agenda of motivating perseverance to the end of the journey begun at their conversion and baptism. Finally, the theological debates concerning Heb 6:4-8 are critiqued in light of the social context of patronage: ‘eternal security’ and ‘impossibility of restoration’ are both seen to be positions that ultimately transgress the dynamics of a carefully nuanced system
Puberty or Passion? The Referent of ΥΠΕΡΑΚΜΟΣ in 1 Corinthians 7:36
Authors: Winter Bruce W.
Published: January 2022

The word ὑπέρακμος has a male as opposed to female referent and should be translated ‘full of sexual passion’. It is based on a survey of this term in ancient literature and the verb ἀσχημονέω (to behave unseemly) in the preceding clause. It is further re-enforced by the grammatical constructions following the particles εἰ and ἐάν (if), the role of καὶ οὕτως (and thus it is bound to happen) in the following statement, the meanings of θέλημα (sexual desire) and ἀνάγκη (sexual necessity) in verse 37 and the Greek word for ‘past one’s prime’, i.e.,παρακμή.
Reading the Old Testament in Postmodern Times
Authors: Bartholomew Craig.
Published: January 2022

This article explores the impact of postmodernism on Old Testament studies by looking at the recent proposals of Rendtorff, Brueggemann and Clines. Rendtorff discerns a crisis in Old Testament studies with the demise of the Wellhausenian paradigm. He argues for a methodological pluralism in the present. Brueggemann stresses the epistemological shift that postmodernism entails and argues for a hermeneutic that funds postmodern imagination. Clines welcomes the pluralism of postmodernism and articulates a consumer hermeneutic while favouring ideological critique of the Bible. This article argues that some form of metanarrative shaping one’s hermeneutic is inevitable and that at its best postmodernism re-opens the debate about a religiously shaped hermeneutic.
1 Corinthians 7:6-7: A Caveat and a Framework for the ‘Sayings’ in 7:8-24
Authors: Winter Bruce W.
Published: January 2022

It is the case that, with verbs of saying, the neuter demonstrative pronoun (‘this’) often introduces the subordinate clause with an implied ‘that’ (as in, ‘I say this, [that]…’ We contend that this same construction in 1 Corinthians 7:6 helps to unlock the pattern of Paul’s thought in 1 Corinthians 7:8-24. 1 Corinthians 7:6 does not refer to the contents of 7:1-5, but emphatically to 7:7a where δέ assumes an adverbial role of ‘rather’ in Paul’s caveat. With the strong adversative ‘but’ (ἀλλά) in 7:7b he acknowledges that either singleness or marriage is a divine gift and then proceed to discuss aspects of these gifts and callings of God in 7:8-24
An ‘Extraordinary Fact’: Torah and Temple and the Contours of the Hebrew Canon, Part 1
Authors: Dempster Stephen
Published: January 2022

Recent studies on the final form of the Hebrew Bible suggest that it is not a literary and historical accident but rather the result of deliberate editorial activity. The present study concludes that transitional texts at the major boundaries of the canon demonstrate an extraordinary awareness of canon and provide it with the hermeneutical framework of Torah and Temple. Part 1 reviews the relevant literature, describes the methodology to be used and applies that methodology to the first major section of the Hebrew Bible, the Torah. This text begins and ends with the paramount importance of the Word of God and the presence of God.
The Interplay of the Present and Future in the Kingdom of God (Luke 19:11-44)
Authors: Guy Laurie
Published: January 2022

The article argues that Luke has crafted Luke 19:11-44 to signal presentness as well as futurity in relation to the kingdom of God. The temporal reference of the parable in Luke 19:12-27 is not to be governed by verse 11 alone. Material in Luke 19:12-27 that is not in the equivalent Matthean parable has significant literary connection with subsequent material in verses 28-44. This subsequent material highlights the presentness of Jesus’ kingship. What this shows is that Luke has subtly but carefully presented the kingdom of God as both present and future in the section under discussion.
‘Refresh the Hearts of the Saints’: A Unique Pauline Context?
Authors: Clarke Andrew D.
Published: January 2022

Some four times in the Pauline corpus the verb ἀναπαύω is used together with the noun πνεῦμα or σπλάγχνα in the sense of ‘refresh the heart’. Through a comparison of Greek literary and non-literary sources it seems that, although each of these words is common enough, their combination in this way is particularly unusual in or before the first century AD. It would appear, therefore, that the Pauline use of the complete phrase may well, at the time, have offered a unique usage. Similarities between the four Pauline contexts shed light on Paul’s usage: ‘refreshing the hearts of the saints’ is to be seen as a positive Christian action which is highly commended by the apostle and could cross traditional social barriers.
Baptism, Catechism, and the Eclipse of Jesus’ Teaching in Early Christianity
Authors: Kreider Alan
Published: January 2022

Which should come first: baptism or teaching? Evidence from the first six centuries indicates that Christians began by giving priority to baptism and then, after the period from the Didache through Augustine in which catechism preceded baptism, they returned to the former order. The early Christians practised intensive catechism. They sought to resocialise pagans into a lifestyle, often rooted in the teachings of Jesus, which was practised by believers. In the fourth and fifth centuries, many catechists came to focus upon belief rather than behaviour, and the teachings of Jesus were increasingly marginalised. After the sixth century, catechism largely disappeared.
‘Appoint the Despised as Judges!’ (1 Corinthians 6:4)
Authors: Kinman Brent
Published: January 2022

The most recent critical editions of the New Testament along with a majority of modern commentators do no believe the apostle Paul calls for the appointment of Christian arbiters in 1 Corinthians 6:4. Drawing attention to the cultural and legal situation of Corinth, and to certain features of Greek grammar, this essay argues that Paul indeed calls for the ‘despised’ Christians in Corinth to be made arbiters should lawsuits arise.
Three Weddings and a Divorce: God’s Covenant with Israel, Judah and the Church
Authors: Instone-Brewer David
Published: January 2022

God is described in the Old Testament as married to Israel and Judah, and in the New Testament the church is described as the Bride of Christ. The marriage to Israel ended in divorce and the marriage to Judah suffered a period of separation. Paul suggests that this marriage ended when Christ died, in order that Christ would be free to marry the Church with a better marriage covenant. These marriage covenants are detailed by several authors in the Old and New Testaments. These several accounts are consistent with each other and demonstrate that God subjects himself to his own law in the matter of marriage and divorce.
Genesis 4:17-24: A Case-Study in Eisegesis
Authors: Paul Maarten J.
Published: January 2022

This article summarises both ancient and modern interpretations of Genesis 4:17- 24, paying particular attention to the relatively unknown Jewish exegesis of this pericope. Usually there is a relation between the social and cultural position of the exegete and his positive or negative view of the technical achievements of Cain and his posterity. After a long period of negative interpretation, Calvin is the first to establish another outlook. In this century the discussion between J. Gabriel and C. Westermann reveals many motifs.