bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability indicating Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of artemether and lumefantrine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form
Authors: Sukanya Bandari , Mohan Goud V , Anitha P
Published: April 2019

Ultra performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Artemether (AMT) and Lumefantrine (LFT) in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through X-bridge C18 100 x 2.1 mm, 3.5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.01N KH2PO4 (3.5pH): Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 55:45 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 0.3ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 0.01N KH2PO4. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 215nm. Retention time of AMT and LFT were found to be 0.787 min and 1.572min. %RSD of the AMT and LFT were and found to be 0.7 and 0.6 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.49% and 100.22% for AMT and LFT respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of AMT and LFT were 0.03, 0.08 and 0.095, 0.288 respectively. Regression equation of AMT is y = 19308x + 1509 and y = 36919x + 11566 of LFT. The developed method was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries.

Keywords: Artemether (AMT), Lumefantrine (LFT), Acetonitrile, UPLC.
''Eco-friendly extraction using solids'' - A novel application of mixed solvency concept
Authors: Maheshwari R.K. , Jain Shruti , Padria Anjali , Mulani Pawan , Baghel Jaydeep Singh , Maheshwari Neelesh
Published: April 2019

As per the mixed solvency concept (proposed by Dr.  R.K.  Maheshwari), each and every substance present on the earth has got solubilizing property i.e. all the liquids, gases and solids possess solubilizing power. In the mixed solvency concept, each substance is a solubilizer. We know that all the liquids (matter in liquid state at room temperature) are known as solvents. No solvent is universal solvent. We can say that all the solvents are good solvents for some solutes and bad solvents for other solutes. Similarly, all gases and solids have good solubilizing power for some solutes and bad solubilizing power for other solutes. Organic solvents have innumerous adverse effects. Such organic solvents should be replaced by other eco-friendly alternative sources. The main objective of this research work is to provide a novel idea to the researchers that solids can also be employed for extraction of active constituents from powders of roots, leaves, seeds, fruits, bark of plants etc. In the present investigation, sesame oil has been extracted  from powdered seeds of sesame using solubilizing powers of two solids, thymol and menthol using different methods. Melted thymol (temperature about 50°C), melted menthol (temperature  about  45°C) were observed to have very good solubility for sesame oil. Therefore, they were used for extraction of sesame oil. Ethanol was found to be bad solvent for sesame oil. Thymol and menthol improved the solubility of sesame oil in ethanol and helped in extraction. Thymol and menthol are easily removed at  about 80°C. Organic solvents are removed from extracts by suitable methods like heating, vacuum distillation etc. These solids (menthol and thymol) are also removable. Also, they can be recollected using suitable methods for recycling purposes.

Keywords:  Extraction, mixed solvency concept, sesame oil, menthol, thymol, eutectic liquid, solubilizer
Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Nanoemulsions: An Insight
Authors: Majeed Asmat , Bashir Rabiah , Farooq Saeema , Maqbool Mudasir
Published: April 2019

Nanoemulsions are defined as isotropic, thermodynamically stable, transparent or translucent; dispersions of oil and water stabilized by surfactant molecules (forms an interfacial film) having the droplet size of 20-500nm. Ease of preparation and scale-up, stability and increased bioavailability are features of these formulations which have attracted the attention of researchers. Its basic principle lies in its ability to spontaneously generate fine o/w microemulsion under mild agitation following dilution with aqueous phases. These conditions mimic the digestive motility in the GIT necessary to provide the agitation required for In vivo self emulsification. Unlike emulsions, self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) generates microemulsion with a narrow droplet size distribution of less than 50 nm due to which these systems have also been addressed as nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions (NE) are lipidic nanoformulations with droplet diameter in nanometer range have established tremendous attention as drug delivery formulations for lipophilic drugs due to their capability to increase solubility, permeation across biological membranes as well as their therapeutic efficiency of lipid soluble drugs due to predictable size-distribution, high drug loading and stability under biological environment. However there is still relatively narrow insight regarding preparation, characterization and applications of nanoemulsions. This limitation unfolds the premise for current review article. In this review, we attempt to explore varying intricacies, methods of preparation, characteristics, and drug delivery applications of nanoemulsions to spike interest of those contemplating a foray in this field.

Keywords: Nanoemulsions, Novel drug delivery system, increased bioavailability.
Design, development and optimization of immediate release tablet of deflazacort
Authors: Raina Binu , Shrivastava Birendra C , Bhargava Anurag , Sharma Shailesh , Sharma Abhimanyu Rai , Bajwa Prabhjot Singh
Published: April 2019

The objective of the present study was to prepare immediate release tablets (IRTs) of deflazacort by direct compression method. Two types of superdisintegrants i.e. sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and Ac-Di-sol were used in the formulation of tablets. Twelve preliminary batches were prepared by varying the concentration of superdisintegrants. It was found that formulation containing Ac-Di-Sol disintegrated in less time as compared to formulation containing sodium starch glycolate. Values of friability was found to be more in case of formulation containing Ac-Di-Sol. Attempts were also made to prepare the tablets containing superdisintegrants in combination and these resulted in the formulation with improved values of disintegration time and friability. On the basis of preliminary studies optimization of IRT was done employing 32 full factorial design using design expert 7. The optimized batch of IRTs showed friability and disintegration time values of 0.598 and 64.17±3.50 respectively. It was also found that 96.26±1.82% of drug was released within 5 min.

Keywords: Immediate release tablets, deflazacort, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sodium starch glycolate, Ac-Di-Sol, 32 full factorial design
Pharmacological assessments of polyphenolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus leaves in rodent model of parkinson’s disease
Authors: Mangrulkar Shubhada , Chaple Dinesh
Published: April 2019

Parkinson's disease (PD) is amongst the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Natural compounds, especially the polyphenols have gained great interest as potential therapeutic agents in recent research. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of polyphenolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus (C. Citratus) leaves in animal models of PD. In the given study PD was induced by administration of reserpine (5 mg/kg/day, i.p for 5 consecutive days), haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.), in experimental animals. The symptoms of PD such as tremors, akinesia, rigidity and catalepsy were evaluated. Ethanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CC) in doses of 100, 200 & 400mg/kg were administered per oral (PO). The L-dopa and carbidopa (30 mg/kg, PO) combination was used as a positive standard drug.  Behavioural studies such as locomotor activity were performed. In catalepsy model, there is significant reduction in catalepsy duration in CC (100, 200, 400mg/kg) treated group as compared to the haloperidol group. In reserpine model, there is significant decrease of muscular rigidity, tremors, and akinesia in groups treated with CC (100, 200, 400mg/kg) dose dependently. Thus, the present study suggests the beneficial role of C. citratus leaves polyphenolic extract in treatment of parkinsonian like symptoms.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; catalepsy test; haloperidol; reserpine, rotarod test, polyphenols, Cymbopogon citratus
Insight into DNA Methylation
Authors: Shu Yachun
Published: April 2019

NA
Nanoparticles for treatment of Cancer
Authors: Xu Shu
Published: April 2019

NA
QTsome for therapeutic delivery of miRNA for cancer
Authors: Wu Zhenggang
Published: April 2019

NA
The ancient, Present and Future Prospects of Tongue Manifestation
Authors: Ma Yu-Hui , Li Lin-Feng , Wu Hao-Nan , Zhang Yu-Xuan , Zhang Yu , Liang Yu-Rong
Published: April 2019

Tongue inspection with a long history is one of the most distinctive methods in diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The emergence and improvement of tongue inspection theory is the crystallization of countless ancient medical doctors' wisdom. We should combine the theory of tongue inspection and modern technology and interchange TCM and western medicine, which is conducive to clinical research and promotes the objective development of tongue inspection, achieving the inheritance of TCM and creating TCM of our time.

Keywords: tongue inspection; ancient; modern; future prospects
Evaluation of hair growth promoting activity of petroleum ether extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. on Wistar Albino rats
Authors: Omhare Namrata , Sahu Pratibha , Gautam Shailee , Jain Nidhi
Published: April 2019

In present investigation was carried out to screening of hair growth promoting potentiality of petroleum ether extract of Abrus precatorius leaf. Preliminary chemical tests and TLC analysis revealed the presence flavonoids and saponins. Hair growth promoting activity of petroleum ether of Abrus precatorius was screened by considering different parameters which included time taken for covering bald patch, length of hair produced, percentage of hair follicles in anagen and telogen phases, time of hair growth initiation and completion and level of minerals in blood. The petroleum ether extract of Abrus precatorius showed a very good hair growth promoting activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg which was comparable to that of 2% minoxidil. After 30 days of treatment with test and standard drugs it was observed that, time taken for covering the bald patch, hair growth initiation and completion time and quantitative hair growth were found to be comparable to that of the standard drug. An increase in percentage of hair follicles turning from telogen phase to anagen phase was noted. The control treated group of animals showed poor hair growth for all the parameters.

Keywords: Abrus precatorius Linn, Anagen, Catagen, Telogen, Minoxidil
Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Lamiaceae): A review
Authors: Prashith Kekuda T.R. , Dhanya Shree V.S. , Saema Noorain G.K. , Sahana B.K. , Raghavendra H.L.
Published: April 2019

Ethnobotany is the scientific study concerned with the study of relationship between plants and man, in particular, how people use their traditional knowledge with respect to utilization of plant resources for their wellbeing. Plants have been extensively used since time immemorial as an indispensible source such as food, fodder, medicine, dyes, flavoring agents and for construction purposes. The genus Clerodendrum is one of the largest plant genera, belongs to the family Lamiaceae and encompasses herbs, shrubs and trees distributed worldwide. Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (synonym Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.) is one among the important species of the genus Clerodendrum. In the present review, we discuss the traditional (ethnobotanical) uses and pharmacological activities displayed by C. infortunatum. An extensive literature survey revealed that various parts of C. infortunatum are used traditionally by various indigenous communities as green salad, as an ingredient in local wine and to treat ailments or disorders such as headache, toothache, rheumatism, swelling, skin diseases, fever, diabetes, malaria, burns, tumor and epilepsy. Literatures revealed various pharmacological properties exhibited by the plant such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, wound healing, antivenom, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities. 

Keywords: Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Lamiaceae, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities
Evaluation of plasma zinc and copper in patient with chronic renal failure in Khartoum State - Sudan
Authors: Elmukashfi Salman Taha Ahmed , Saeed Abdelwahab Abdien , Hassan Mutaz Ibrahim
Published: April 2019

The kidney is complex vital organs, and has many functions. The main function it‘s removal of toxic and excess  substancesfrom the plasma, if there is any defect in the kidney like renal failure can disrupt  this function. The aim of this study was to determine the level of Zinc and Copper in Sudanese patient with chronic renal failure. This study was designed as case control, which includes 100 blood samples, a 60 from these sample were collected from patient with chronic renal failure and 40 samples were collected from health individual as control group and the sample is collected by using sterile disposable syringes and separated by centrifuge. Carried out in Ribat University Hospital in Khartoum state, during period from March to June 2018. And the plasma levels of zinc and copper determined by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer (OPERATOR’S MANUAL January 2003 VER 3.94 C), and the obtained results were analyzed by SPSS. The result of this study showed that there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the plasma levels of zinc and copper in patient with chronic renal failure compared to the control subjects. The mean of plasma Zn was 0.3mg/l in test group and 0.7mg/l in control group with p. value of 0.002 and the mean of plasma Copper was 0.5mg/l in test group and 0.7mg/l in control group with p. value of 0.019. Also the study showed the gender and age of the patient, also the duration of the disease have no effect on the plasma level of zinc and copper (p 0.05). The study concludes that the plasma level of zinc and copper are low in patient with chronic renal failure. And the gender and age of the patient also the duration of disease have no significant effect on the plasma level of zinc and copper.

Keywords: Chronic Renal Failure, Zinc, Copper, Sudanese
Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity of dragon blood resin extract
Authors: Saxena Gaurav , Mittal Abhilasha , Siddiqui Abdul Wadood
Published: April 2019

Draceana cinnabari (Dracaenaceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of wounds, leucorrhea, fractures, and diarrhoea. Herein, we performed a pre-clinical safety evaluation of extract of Draceana  cinnabari resin on Spradgue Dawley rats. Toxicological codicil of the extract was carried out following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, with minor changes. DC resin methanol extract administered to the rats by oral gavage at 50, 500, 1500, and 2500 mg/kg body weight daily up to 28 days to male and female rats. Herbal extract could most likely be very much endured up to the dose 2000 mg/kg body weight and could be named Category 4. Oral toxicity studies confirm that Draceana  cinnabari has no therapy-related demise or toxic signs on rats. Therefore, the resin, ought to be suitably considered for additional research for its medicinal and therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords: Dracaenaceae, DC extract, Resin, Acute toxicity, Sub Chronic Toxicity
Evaluation of Drug-diet interaction between Psidium guajava (Guava) fruit and Metoclopramide
Authors: Amadi Cecilia Nwadiuto , Aghalibe Patience Onyinye
Published: April 2019

Studies have showed that phytochemicals present in fruit juices alter the oral bioavailability of drugs by inhibition of metabolising enzymes and transport proteins. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Psidium guajava on the oral exposure of metoclopramide in rabbits. Pharmacokinetic parameters of metoclopramide were determined in rabbits following an oral (0.5mg/kg) administration of metoclopramide in the presence and absence of Psidium guajava (5mL/kg, given orally). Compared to the control group given metoclopramide alone, the combined use of Psidium guajava increased the oral exposure (AUC) of metoclopramide by 13% with a corresponding 177 % increase in Cmax and half-life (71%).  Furthermore, Tmax decreased from 2h to 1h which might have contributed to the elevated plasma drug concentration in the first two hours in the presence of Psidium guajava. There was a significant increase in Cmax (177%) and Ka (207%) which could be attributed to enhanced absorption via inhibition of P-gp resulting to increased bioavailability of the drug. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in elimination rate (88%) and a decrease in clearance rate (17%) attributable to inhibitor of P450 enzymes (CYP2D6) by the phytochemical constituents. Psidium guajava enhanced the oral exposure of metoclopramide in rabbits likely by the inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux during the intestinal absorption and inhibition of P450 enzyme system during metabolism, suggesting that the combined use of Psidium guajava or Psidium guajava-containing diet with metoclopramide may require close monitoring for potential drug–diet interactions.

Keywords: metoclopramide, Psidium guajava, diet–drug interaction, P-glycoprotein, P450 enzymes.
Fortification role of Curcumin against renal and testicular toxicity of synthetic food dye brilliant blue in rats
Authors: Mohamed Eman , Abo-laila Ibrahim , Masoud Marwa Ashour
Published: April 2019

Increasing awareness has been lately paid to the toxicity of synthetic additives used in food. The main aim of this study was to survey the renal and testicular toxicity of synthetic food dye brilliant blue. Administration of the BB changed body and relative organs weights, serum creatinine, urea (BUN), uric acid and serum FSH, LH, testosterone levels. This study proved that BB induced oxidative damage as manifested by significant increase in Lipid peroxidation with disorganization in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, protein carbonyl and reactive oxygen species content. Histopathological changes include: infiltration and vacuolation in kidney. In addition; degeneration and necrosis of spermatogoneal cells lining seminiferous tubules in testis. Furthermore; BB induced appotosis via activation of casp-3. Administration of curcumin with BB attenuated the cytotoxic effects of brilliant blue on kidney and testis tissues and reducing apoptotic cell death as well as improved the redox status of kidney and testis.

Keywords:  Brilliant blue dye, Curcumin, Kidney, Testis, Histopathology, Rats.
Potential benefits of phytochemicals for treatment of hyperpigmentation
Authors: Kaur Harsimran , Afsana , , Aggarwal Geeta , Nagpal Manju
Published: April 2019

UV radiation (UV) is considered as a complete carcinogen as it is both a mutagen and a non-specific damaging agent. It is the most important risk factor for skin cancer and many other skin disorders like Hyperpigmentation. There is a need of long-term topical skin care treatments (both cosmetic and cosmeceutical) to address problems associated with hyperpigmentation. Synthetic depigmenting agents, such as hydroquinone, mequinol, although highly effective, can raise several safety concerns (for example, ochronosis, cataract, impaired wound healing, desquamation, and other local or systemic side effects) with long-term exposure. The benefits of phytochemicals and natural extracts offer opportunities to develop new formulations to treat pigmentation problems. Cosmeceuticals are topical cosmetic-pharmaceutical preparations containing active ingredients which improve the appearance of skin. Among cosmeceuticals, the phytochemicals have been known to have a multitude of cellular actions for various dermatological diseases. Plant-derived compounds and their effectiveness in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders (Melasma) are discussed.

Keywords: UV radiation, Hyperpigmentation, Phytochemicals, Cosmeceuticals
Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles through various methods using different precursors
Authors: Singh Richa
Published: April 2019

Now a day there has been exponential increase in interest in developing nanoparticles for novel drug delivery system. Nanoparticles provide many advantages over conventional drug delivery system like improved pharmacokinetic property; enhance bioavailability, smaller drug dose required for the treatment. Recently solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) materialized as novel approach to oral and parenteral drug delivery system. SLN possess a solid lipid core that can solubilise lipophilic drug. Lipid core was stabilised by using surfactant (emulsifier). SLN can be prepared by using various precursors like emulsion, micro emulsion, and SLM can be prepared by using lipid coated microcrystal. These precursors further proceed to obtain particles of desired size and shape by making use of various techniques and equipment’s. Each precursor show benefits along with some limitations.

Keywords: solid lipid nanoparticles, SLN precursors, membrane contractor, spray dry and congealing, GAMA.
Linagliptin loaded Solid-SMEEDS for enhanced solubility and dissolution: Formulation development and optimization by D-optimal design
Authors: Patel Madhubhai M , Patel Rahulkumar J
Published: April 2019

The aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate solid self-micro emulsifying drug-delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) to improve solubility and dissolution profile of Linagliptin. Solubility of Linagliptin in different oils, surfactants and co-surfactants was assessed and optimizations of pseudo-ternary plots were also carried out for preparation of liquid SMEDDS. D-optimal design mixture was used in the optimization of Linagliptin loaded liquid SMEEDS. The optimized SMEEDS were characterized for globule size, zeta potential, dilution stability, transmittance, pH and in-vitro release profile. The morphology of the Linagliptin SMEEDS was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Among the different silicates, Nusillin US2 was used as the solid carrier/absorbent to formulate S-SMEEDS of Linagliptin. Improved in-vitro dissolution profile of optimized formulation was observed, resulting in multifold improvement in the absorption profile of Linagliptin as compared with pure drug. In a nutshell, this optimized S-SMEDD formulation holds great promise for enhancement of its physiochemical and biological attributes.

Keywords: Linagliptin, Solid Self-micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, D-optimal design, Zeta-potential, Transmission Electron Microscopy
Pharmacological Activity of a Polyherbal Formulation by Haemoglobin Glycosylation Assay
Authors: Chauhan Bhupendra , Ali Zulphikar , Naseer Md. Arif , Singh Ranjit
Published: April 2019

Present study involves the development of a polyherbal formulation by using four different herbs i.e. Chirata (Swertia chiratia), Haldi (Curcuma longa), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestre), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Gokharu (Pedalium murex), Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Jammun (Syzygium cumini), relating to antidiabetic activity. Freshly collected and authenticated herbs were characterized by studying its morphological and pharmacognostic character. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of the formulation was determined by in vitro haemoglobin glycosylation assay and H2O2 radical scavenging method respectively. In the above study it was found that ethanolic extract of polyherbal formulation possess promising antidiabetic and antioxidant activity which can be consider for further biological investigation.

Keywords: polyherbal formulation, Swertia chiratia, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Gymnema sylvestre, Withania somnifera, Pedalium murex, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Syzygium cumini
Superdisintegrant: crucial elements for mouth dissolving tablets
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Kumari Annu
Published: April 2019

Mouth dissolving tablets have gained more popularity among solid oral dosage forms. They perform better than conventional tablets because of its ease of administration and patient’s compliance. It facilitates water less administration and rapid onset of action. It also helps in improving oral bioavailability. The fast disintegration followed by dissolution leads to quick therapeutic activity makes these tablets superior over available tablets and capsules. Disintegration is an important key step for any solid dosage forms to show its pharmacologic effect as any solid dosage forms should disperse into its fine particles from which it is prepared. In mouth dissolving tablets superdisintegrants are incorporated in right amount for quick disintegration with improved bioavailability. Based on the source various types of superdisintegrants are available. They are synthetic, semi-synthetic, natural, and co-processed.  In this review, main emphasis is given on different types of superdisintegrants used in mouth dissolving tablets, their mechanisms and applications.

Keywords: Superdisintegrants, Mouth dissolving, Disintegration, Bioavailability
Ayuvedic approach in Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC): A case study
Authors: Gupta Deepika , Joshi R. K. , Padhar Bharat , Agrahari Rajesh
Published: April 2019

Despite of countless facilities and highly developed technologies for the treatment of diseases in modern medical science, there are many diseases which has no medical cure other than prophylactic treatment while the disease is progressing and needs organ transplant in last stage, one such disease is Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC). A 65 year old female patient presenting with pain in upper abdomen (Udarshool), decrease appetite (Agnimandhyata), weakness (Daurbalyata), distension of abdomen (Kuchheradmanam), bilateral mild pedal edema (Ubhaypaad-shoth), itching (Kandu), muscular and bony pain (Mansasthishool) diagnosed as Yakritpleehodar Roga, a subtype of Udar roga was brought to Hospital National Institute of Ayurveda, Jorawarsingh Gate, Jaipur, Rajasthan. The patient was treated on the basis of Ayurvedic principles of treatment of Udar roga. According to Ayurveda, the principle of treatment of Udar roga includes Nitya Virechan (purgation), Agnideepan (increasing appetite), Yakituttejan (stimulation of Liver), Mutra Virechan (diuresis) and Ksheer Prayoga (use of milk as diet) for Balprapti (increasing strength of patient). Appreciable result were observed in the form of decreased abdominal pain, decreased abdominal girth, decreased pedal edema, decreased weakness, decreased  muscular and bone pain, increased appetite, decrease in fibrotic changes of Liver, resolution of Ascites, decrease in size of Spleen along with significant improvement in other laboratory investigations.

Keywords- Ksheer Prayoga, Jalodar, Primary Biliary Cholangitis, Udar roga, Yakritpleehodar Roga.
In-Vitro antiurolithiatic activity of aqueous extract Pavonia lasiopetala
Authors: Ramprasad R. , Nilsha Anil , Hameed S. Shahul , Shifama Junuha M R , Venkateshan N.
Published: April 2019

Background: Upto date, the scientific documentation regarding in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity of has been reported, although it has not reported for in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity up till now.

Objective: To explore anti-urolithiatic activities of Pavonia lasiopetala leaves extract by utilizing different in-vitro models.

Material and Methods: Aqueous extract of Pavonia lasiopetala fresh leaves was prepared and arranged in the different concentrations. Homogenous precipitation method was used to prepare artificial stones such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate and semi-permeable membrane of eggs was used as dissolution bags. Dissolution models were incubated in 72 hrs and after that, the entire content in dissolution bags was estimated spectrophotometrically. The inhibitory activity of Pavonia lasiopetala leaves extract on the nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals and the rate of aggregation in calcium oxalate crystals was determined by spectrophotometric assay. Results: In dissolution models, the extract of Pavonia lasiopetala has greater capability to dissolve calcium oxalate while Cystone standard has shown better demineralization for calcium phosphate rather than extract of Pavonia lasiopetala. Cystone exhibited strongly inhibitory action in the nucleation assay rather than aggregation assay. The extract of Pavonia lasiopetala exhibited inhibitory action in both of nucleation and aggregation assays to significant level. 

Discussion: Correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo studies may be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of litholysis process and to reveal phytochemicals of the extract responsible for dissolving or disintegrating renal calculi.

Conclusion: Pavonia lasiopetala extract exhibited significant in-vitro anti-urolithiatic activity.

Keywords: Pavonia lasiopetala, spectrophotometrically, in-vitro antiurolithiatic.
The Chemical constituents in essential oils of Pterocarpus soyauxii leaf, leaf stalk and stem bark
Authors: Moronkola Dorcas Olufunke , Oladapo Timilehin Peter , Adegbenro Fuhad Opeyemi , Ogunbanjo Oluwadamilare Oluwatimilehin , Olayinka Kehinde Ololade
Published: April 2019

The Nigerian essential oils of fresh Pterocapus soyauxii leaf, leaf stalk and stem bark were isolated by hydro-distillation using the adapted all glass Clevenger’s apparatus designed to British Pharmacopeia specifications. Chemical compositions of the plant parts were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS).

The leaf essential oil contained 12 compounds, out of which 10 were identified accounting for 93.91% of it. Leafstalk oil had 20 major compounds, which were characterised; they constitute 95.47% of the oil. 11 compounds make up 78.61% of stem bark oil, out of which 7 were characterised, responsible for 76.30% of it.

Prominent compounds in the leaf oil were cembrene (43.59%), a monocyclic diterpenoid, eremophilene (29.72%), and azulene derivatives (6.62%), which are polycyclic aromatic compounds. Leaf stalk oil was dominated by hexadecane (32.97%), cis- and trans- β-ocimene (11.60 and 7.74% respectively) and heptanol (8.39%). Major compounds in stem bark oil were neophytadiene (22.11%), 2-heptanol (19.27%) and 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecene-1-ol (14.35%). Other prominent compounds in the stem bark oil are 4-propyl-cyclohexene (4.83%), 3-Eicosyne (7.63%), 3,7,11-trimethyl-14-(1-methylethyl-[S-(E,Z,E,E)]-1,3,6,10-cyclodecatetraene (5.10%) and methyl-Z-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoate (3.01%).

Notable compounds of biological importance and in appreciable amounts in the oils include phytol (6.93%), squalene (1.14%) and ambrial (1.97%). Fragmentation patterns in the mass spectrum of some unidentified compounds are also presented which are unique features of the oils.

Interesting classes of compounds in the three oils include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, naphthalenes, alcohols and hydrocarbons.
Evaluation of preliminary phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and antioxidant profile of Ocimum kilimandscharicum
Authors: Saxena Gaurav , Mittal Abhilasha , Siddiqui Abdul Wadood
Published: April 2019

Nature has offered us diverse curative herbs having with powerful antioxidant phytochemicals. Ocimum (Lamiaceae) is a notable source of volatile oils and flavouring agents in general and primarily of eugenol, methyl eugenol, linalool, methyl chavicol, etc. Karpoora Thulasi is a member of this genus; nevertheless, not much literature has been reported on its safety and antioxidant potential. In this investigation, we did a pre-clinical safety assessment of concentrate of O. kilimandscharicum on Sprague Dawley rodents. Toxicological concordat of the O. kilimandscharicum concentrate was carried out following OECD guidelines 423. Further, to verify the traditional efficacy and elucidate the mechanism, the present study compared in-vitro antioxidant activity of the plant by DPPH, ABTS and Hydroxyl radical scavenging method using ascorbic acid as the standard. In acute oral toxicity, no treatment-related death or toxic signs were observed. Moreover, the study revealed that the O. kilimandscharicum extract could be well tolerated up to the dose 2000 mg/kg body weight and could be classified as Category 5. Moreover, ABTS free radical activity of the extract was 79.2148 while that of DDPH Inhibition potential was found to be 70.72758. Our findings present substantiation that the crude extracts of O. kilimandscharicum is a likely source of natural antioxidants, and this justified its long-established uses.

 Keywords: Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Acute Toxicity, In-vitro Antioxidant Activity DPPH, ABTS
Fixed dose combination products as Oro-dispersible tablets: A review
Authors: Chandrasekaran Gothainayaki , Rajalakshmi A.N.
Published: April 2019

A fixed-dose combination (FDC) drug is a one that includes two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) combined in a single dosage form, which is manufactured and distributed in fixed doses [1]. It increases patient compliance by reducing the no. of medications that a patient has to take especially for geriatric and pediatric patients. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms containing a medicinal substance or active ingredient that rapidly disintegrates upon contact with saliva, typically within 30 s, eliminating the need for swallowing. It also increases patient compliance by reducing the swallowing problems faced by the patients especially for geriatric and pediatric patients. This review is about combining the techniques of both FDC and ODT formulations which promises to have a wide range of advantages to pediatric and geriatric populations, institutionalized and psychiatric patients, those suffering from nausea and vomiting, and individuals with lack of access to water. In spite of these advantages rarely do we find FDC-ODT products in our commercial market, this review aims at analyzing all the aspects of FDC and ODT formulations thereby forming the foundation for further studies.

Keywords: Fixed-dose combinations, Orally disintegrating tablets, Patient compliance.
Preparation and characterization of azathioprine microspheres for colon specific delivery
Authors: Gonekar Rinku , Kori Mohan Lal
Published: April 2019

The objective of the present study is to develop colon targeted drug delivery system using dextrin (polysaccharide) as a carrier for Azathioprine.  Microspheres containing azathioprine, dextrin and various excipients were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. The prepared microsphere were evaluated by different methods parameters like particle size,  drug entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, shape and surface morphology  and in vitro drug release study. Drug release profile was evaluated in simulated gastric, intestinal fluid and simulated colonic fluid. Best formulation was decided on the basis drug release profile in simulated gastric, intestinal fluid and simulated colonic fluid. In dextrin based microspheres, dextrin as a carrier was found to be suitable for targeting of Azathioprine for local action in the site of colon. Dextrin microspheres released 95-99% of azathioprine in simulated colonic fluid with 4% human fecal matter solution. The results of in-vitro studies of the azathioprine microspheres indicate that for colon targeting dextrin are suitable carriers to deliver the drug specifically in the colonic region. Dextrin based azathoprine microspheres showed no significance change in particle size and % residual upon storage at 5 ± 3ºC, 25 ± 2ºC/60 ± 5% RH (room temperature) and 40 ± 2ºC/75 ±5%RH humidity for three months.

Keywords: azathioprine, microsphere, dextrin, colon specific drug delivery.
Warm-e-Lauztain (Tonsillitis): Diagnosis and Management with reference to Unani System of Medicine
Authors: AZIZ ABDUL , MANNAN ABDUL , AKHTAR MD. WASI , AZIZ YASMEEN
Published: April 2019

Warm-e-Lauztain (Tonsillitis) being very common clinical condition affecting mostly the school going children is the one of the important reason to visit a doctor frequently. Diagnostic features and findings on clinical examination are described very clearly in classical texts of Unani medicine, e.g.  if the tonsillitis is caused due to abnormality of khilt-e-dam (humour sanguine), it is expressed by severe pain in the throat, fever, redness of eyes and face, sweetish taste in mouth etc.; if it is due to khilt-e-safra (humour bile), then it is characterized by severe pain in the throat, difficulty in the swelling, high grade fever, dryness, paleness of face; if there is imbalance in khilt-e-balgham (humour phlegm), there will be soft whitish swollen tonsils associated with paresis and softness of the tongue; tonsillitis due to the abnormality in khilt-e-sauda (humour black bile) exhibit hard swelling of tonsils encroached into the tongue and surrounding tissues. On examination, if there is much congestion and redness on the tonsils or it is black in colure and hard in consistency then surgical procedure should be avoided. Always first emphasis should be given for medical treatment, if it fails then opt surgical management. When the acute inflammation (warm-e-haar) has been subsided and the base of swelling is soft and thin, than it is suitable time for tonsillectomy. Surgical procedure is also described by Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi and others in detail. Therefore it may be concluded that scholars of Unani medicine were much aware about the signs & symptoms of chronic tonsillitis; they were able to diagnose the disease clinically and were expert enough to assess the condition, whether requiring medical management or surgical intervention. Surgeons of that time knew clear-cut indications and contraindications for surgical intervention along with the procedure of tonsillectomy

Keywords: Warm-e-lauztain, Tonsillitis, Unani classical, Treatment, surgery
A brief review on Kollidon
Authors: Jagtap Pratik Suresh , Tagad Rupesh Rawsaheb , Shendge Raosaheb Sopanrao
Published: April 2019

Polyvinylpyrrolidone includes soluble and insoluble grades; soluble grades are synthesised by the mechanism of polymerization, the free radical polymerization into water by using hydrogen peroxide as an initiator, the mechanism which terminates the polymerisation reaction makes it probable to produce soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone of about any molecular weight. Cross-linked polymer shows yield through popcorn polymerisation of an N-vinylpyrrolidone which gets insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone. Kollidon is in the market as a brand name for polyvinylpyrrolidone, kollidon family now is a set of common excipients based on polyvinylpyrrolidone for use in pharmaceutical industry. They have a great variety of applications in an oral formulation; the functions of oral formulation encompass fast disintegration, sustain drug release, solubility, bioavailability enhancement, and stabilize the active ingredient. Kollidon containing a mixture of polyvinyl acetate plus povidone are generally used in the formation of sustained release formulation. Owing to their high molecular weight, are recognized as a suitable vehicle for producing sustained release drug delivery system. In this review paper, applications of different grades of kollidon are organized in the form of tables and reviewed critically. Current literature of patents on kollidon based formulations is also presented.
Formulation and evaluation of multipurpose herbal cream
Authors: DHYANI ARCHANA , Chander Vikas , Singh Nardev
Published: April 2019

Herbal cosmetics are the preparations used to improve the individual appearance. The aim of the present study was to prepare the herbal cream for the use of moistening, nourishing and cure of various disease of the skin. Different crude drugs like Aloe barbadensis (Aloe Vera leaves), Azadirachta Indica (Neem-leaves), Curcuma  longa  (Turmeric-rhizomes) and Emblica Officinali (Amla) are used to formulate the cream. The selection of ingredients based on the different medicinal properties of the agents.The cream is subjected to various evaluation parameters.

Keywords: Cosmetics, herbal cream, Turmeric, Neem, Aloe Vera
Nano-cuprous oxide enhances seed germination and seedling growth in Lycopersicum esculentum plants
Authors: S Ananda , G Shobha , KS Shashidhara , Mahadimane Vishwaprakash
Published: April 2019

This study was carried out to determine the influence of cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) biosynthesised from leaf extracts of Flacourtia montana on the tomato Lycioersicum esculentum seed germination, seedling growth and vigour index. Here we examined the promotory and phytotoxic effect of Cu2O NPs (0-160ppm) on tomato seeds resulted in dosage dependent response. The highest germination percentage (95%) was observed at 20ppm Cu2O NPs, however, above 20ppm Cu2O NPs, there is a reduction in the seed germination. The tomato seedlings showed increased root and shoot elongation up to 20ppm Cu2O NPs concentration, further increase in NPs concentration caused the negative effect on plants growth and development. The leaf pigments showed increasing trend in tomato plants after treatment with Cu2O NPs up to 20ppm as compared to control. Phytotoxicity of Cu2O NPs in tomato seedlings demonstrated by lower contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid pigments. The study of effect on antioxidant enzymes showed increases in activity with increase in Cu2O NPs concentration for two enzymes, Super oxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) out of five enzymes treated. High antioxidant activity of enzymes is followed by the increased lipid peroxidation and decrease in free radical scavenging activity by the DPPH. The activity of Catalase, Pheny Alanine Aminolyase and Poly Phenol Oxidase enzymes were found to increase up to 20ppm as compared to control and above this, all three enzymes showed decrease in activity. Uptake of Cu2O NPs nanoparticle by tomato seedlings was confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

 Key words: Nano-Cuprous Oxide, Flacourtia montana, Tomato, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation
Tukhm Khashkhaash (Poppy Seeds): A Unani drug of multitudinous potential
Authors: Chaudhary Shahid Shah , Aslam Mohd , Siddiqui Aisha
Published: April 2019

Tukhm Khashkhaash is the seeds of Papaver somniferum belonging to the family Papaveraceae. The description of Poppy seeds is mentioned in various classical Unani books. Renowned Unani scholar Avicenna had also described poppy seeds in his famous book “The Canon of Medicine”. He wrote that Tukhme Khashkhaash safaid are the small white seeds obtained from the capsule of white poppy plant. The seeds which are obtained before the incision of capsules for the extraction of opium are considered to be of best quality. They are used since centuries for treating various ailments like diarrhea, dysentery, cough, premature ejaculation, chronic cough, insomnia and skin disorders as well as a nutritive food. Their antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic and hypoglycemic potential have also proved on scientific basis. In this review an effort have been made to collect the disseminated information and summarize the available data of the said drug.
In-vitro assessment of CYP3A4 and CYPC29 inhibition potential of Lupeol using human liver microsomes
Authors: KHATAL LAXMAN DATTU , More Harinath
Published: April 2019

Background: Lupeol is a dietary triterpene, possesses numerous biological activities. Lupeol is currently under development for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. The aim of present study was to determine the potential inhibitory effect of Lupeol on cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isozymes) activities in human liver microsomes (HLM).

Methods:  The inhibition studies were conducted using testosterone 6β-hydroxylase (CYP3A4), and diclofenac 4’-Hydroxylase (CYP2C9) activity assay using positive control Ketoconazole and Sulphaphenazole, respectively. Inhibition study was performed by incubating lupeol (0 to 20 μM) with human liver microsomes, and the metabolite formation was analyzed by liquid chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Results: Luepol did not inhibit CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isozymes mediated activities in human liver microsomes up to a maximum tested concentration of 20µM based on solubility under tested invitro conditions.

Conclusions: Lupeol is not an inhibitor of the CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isozymes. IC50 is greater than highest tested concentration as well as physiological concentration, where effect was measured with confidence. Therefore, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions are unlikely to occur between Lupeol and co-administered substrates of these CYP isozymes. Looking at the spectrum of biological activities and CYP inhibition potential of Lupeol; Lupeol can be used as adjuvant/ chemotherapy agent/ chemopreventive agent in therapy.

Keywords: Lupeol, HLM, CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, Inhibition, herb–drug interactions
Preparation and characterization of Starch–Urea–Borate: A new floating polymer
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Chowdary K.P.R.
Published: April 2019

In recent years considerable attention has been focused on the development of new drug delivery systems known as controlled release drug delivery systems. Such interest is based largely on the fact that the controlled release products have established and retained place in the market based on their uniqueness and their clinical advantages in the practices of medicine. The major types of controlled release systems include matrix tablets, floating tablets, swellable tablets,  coated beads, microcapsules and microspheres, mucoadhesive systems, ion exchange resin complexes, osmotic pressure controlled release systems, transdermal systems etc. The principle of floating tablets offers a simple and practical approach to achieve increased gastric residence time to enhance the bioavailability and to obtain controlled release. Floating tablets are designed based on gas generating principle. Design of floating tablets needs a strong matrix forming polymer. Several polymers such as various viscosity grades of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), Carbopol 934P, Eudragit RL, calcium alginate, chitosan, xanthan gum, guar gum, ethyl cellulose etc., have been used in the design of floating tablets of various active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Though these polymers are available for floating tablets, there is a continued need to develop new, effective and efficient polymers for controlled release floating tablets.The overall objective of the investigation is to develop new, efficient and safe polymer as floating matrix former for floating systems.

Keywords: Floating, Matrix, Polymers, Starch-urea-borate.