bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary and conclusions
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Among the 47 options reviewed in this book, most show some evidence of effectiveness in at least one country, but the evidence is less than definitive for many others, either because the interventions are ineffective, or the research is inadequate. Unfortunately, policies that have shown little or no evidence of effectiveness continue to be the preferred options of many countries and international organizations. The evidence reviewed in this book supports two overarching conclusions. First, an integrated and balanced approach to evidence-informed drug policy is more likely to benefit the public good than uncoordinated efforts to reduce drug supply and demand. Second, by shifting the emphasis toward a public health approach, it may be possible to reduce the extent of illicit drug use, prevent the escalation of new epidemics, and avoid the unintended consequences arising from the marginalization of drug users through severe criminal penalties.
Uncertainty in Macroeconomic Modelling
Authors: Haldane Andrew G.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores how we might deal with the prevalence of disequilibria and radical uncertainty in complex economic systems, and examines the potential of agent-based models as a tool for helping us understand the dynamics of these systems and the impact of policy interventions.
Brutus and His Mirrors (Brutus10.4–6, 13.7–10, 29.2–3, 40.7–8)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

This chapter and the next look at the Life of Brutus. This chapter looks at all the passages in the Life which display rhythmic density by the criteria given in ch. 3. Notably, they do not appear at the peaks of action—such as Caesar’s assassination or Brutus’ suicide; rather they involve moments of comparison and reflection. Three of them confront Brutus with Cassius, a central comparative concern internal to the Life: an explicit and sustained comparison of character, and two scenes of interaction, including a point where Brutus looks back on his own life. The other moment confronts Brutus with his brave wife, Porcia. Two of the passages also involve comparison with another vital figure of the Life, the Younger Cato. One of the passages is closely similar to the later Appian, and shows us Plutarch reshaping a source
The Fall of the Crassi (Crassus23.7–24.3, 25.12–14, 26.6–9, 30.2–5)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

The Battle of Carrhae gives Plutarch his real opportunity to rival Thucydides on Sicily: a striking example of the second Life outdoing the first. The Life of Crassus is marked by dense passages which are particularly prolonged and amassed. They involve a moment of greatness for Crassus which outdoes a similar moment for Nicias (see ch. 13); it presents direct speech, after the death of Crassus’ son. These especially heightened passages in the Life form an arc, from initial terror at the Parthians, to noble death and acceptance of death; but the detail complicates this structure. The comparison of father and son is also important to the design; so too ethnography and Plutarch’s treatment of the Parthians. Cassius Dio’s later non-rhythmic account provides a foil.
Antigonus and the Athenians Change Their Tunes (Demetrius28, 29.4, 30.2–31.1)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

This passage shows a different handling of a major battle, the Battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus Monophthalmus dies and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes is defeated. Plutarch does not greatly use rhythmic density to enhance the brief treatment of the battle. Instead he exploits rhythmic density to portray changes, under the pressure of the event, in Antigonus’ mindset and in the relationship of father and son, and to advance an ethical story on political power and insight. Demetrius is brought to understand the psychological reality behind the Athenians’ glorification of him; Plutarch expands the thought politically and philosophically. The effect of the battle, before and after, is what matters, not the battle; comparison, change, and philosophy are involved in the rhythmic heightening.
The Deaths of King and Kindred (Agis16.6–17.5, 17.9–18.3; 19.5–21.1)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

A catastrophe in Hellenistic Sparta is portrayed in rhythmic passages that contrast with each other. The comparisons involved in and between both are intricate, within a particularly complex comparative structure, where two Spartan kings, Agis and Cleomenes, are compared with two Roman nobiles, Ti. and C. Gracchus. The king Cleombrotus is compared with Agis and with his own wife; Agis’ death is made part of a structure in which the most important figure is his mother. The accounts gain more force from rhetoric, multiple characterization, and perversion of legality and the constitution. Rhythm creates a powerful narrative; if the source is Phylarchus, the source is unrhythmic. The passages have been underestimated through scorn for Pylarchus and under-appreciation of Plutarch’s rhythmic writing.
Conclusion
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

Form, on the most detailed level, turns out to be inextricably connected with expression, meaning, and larger structure. Perhaps modern scholars underestimate form, as is apparent from the greater importance of metre in ancient conceptions of poetic genre. Rhythm plays an important part in building up the worlds of the rhythmic narrative writing that has been considered. At climactic moments of Chariton, rhythm intensifies the supremacy of love in the erotic scheme of values; in the moments of Plutarch, it helps the presentation of a broader scheme of values, where politics is not simply set aside, but where the individual can transcend powerlessness and death. Philosophy, comparison, the evolution and unpredictability of people are presented the more forcefully through passages heightened by rhythm; rhythm as elsewhere marks meaning and expresses thought. The greatness of Plutarch’s writing emerges much more strongly when we start to read him rhythmically.
The Dynamics of the Regulation of Labour in Developing and Developed Countries since 1960
Authors: Campos Nauro F. , Nugent Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2018

Labour market liberalization is certainly one of the most important structural reforms but it is also one of the least well-understood. In part, this is because empirical evidence is largely confined to OECD countries and to the post-1990 period. This chapter introduces a new index of labour market regulation rigidity covering 140 countries from 1960 to 2005. We find that trade liberalization and development level are more powerful explanations for the dynamics of labour market reform than the more conventional ‘legal origins’. We also find that the rigidity of employment protection legislation reduces income inequality but its effects on economic growth are ambiguous.
Services Market Liberalization, Economic Governance, and Trade Agreements
Authors: Fiorini Matteo , Hoekman Bernard
Published: August 2018

Recent research on the interaction between services trade and investment restrictions and the quality of economic regulation has shown that the productivity growth benefits from liberalization depend importantly on the quality of economic governance. We provide quantitative estimates of the extent of potential downstream productivity gains from services liberalization for EU countries and how these are conditional on domestic economic governance performance; we discuss several dimensions of the state of play in the EU with respect to implementation of the Services Directive and realization of the Single Market objective. We argue that more attention should be given to the design of services trade agreements in improving economic governance, and make several suggestions how this could be done.
Conclusion
Authors: Campos Nauro F. , Grauwe Paul De , Ji Yuemei
Published: August 2018

Structural reform policies move like the business cycle. There are moments when these are implemented with great fervour and others when they are put on the back burner or even dismantled. After the global financial crisis, and in particular the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, many countries were forced by creditor countries or were self-imposed to apply deep reforms to their product markets and especially to their labour markets. Now that Europe is recovering, the pressure to implement structural reforms has abated....
The Harmonic Oscillator
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the harmonic oscillator, which is a model ubiquitous to all branches of physics. The harmonic oscillator is a system with well-known solutions and has been fully investigated since it was first developed by Robert Hooke in the seventeenth century. These factors ensure that the harmonic oscillator is as relevant to a swinging pendulum as it is to a quantum field. Due to the importance of this model, the chapter investigates its dynamical properties, including the superposition principle in solutions, and construct a probability density function in a single dimension. The chapter also discusses Hooke’s law, modes and the Morse potential. In addition, in an exercise, the chapter introduces series solutions to ordinary differential equations.
Coordinates & Constraints
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This short chapter introduces constraints, generalised coordinates and the various spaces of Lagrangian mechanics. Analytical mechanics concerns itself with scalar quantities of a dynamic system, namely the potential and kinetic energies of the particle; this approach is in opposition to Newton’s method of vectorial mechanics, which relies upon defining the position of the particle in three-dimensional space, and the forces acting upon it. The chapter serves as an informal, non-mathematical introduction to differential geometry concepts that describe the configuration space and velocity phase space as a manifold and a tangent, respectively. The distinction between holonomic and non-holonomic constraints is discussed, as are isoperimetric constraints, configuration manifolds, generalised velocity and tangent bundles. The chapter also introduces constraint submanifolds, in an intuitive, graphic format.
The Stationary Action Principle
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This crucial chapter focuses on the stationary action principle. It introduces Lagrangian mechanics, using first-order variational calculus to derive the Euler–Lagrange equation, and the inverse problem is described. The chapter then considers the Ostrogradsky equation and discusses the properties of the extrema using the second-order variation to the action. It then discusses the difference between action functions (of Dirichlet boundary conditions) and action functionals of the extremal path. The different types of boundary conditions (Dirichlet vs Neumann) are elucidated. Topics discussed include Hessian conditions, Douglas’s theorem, the Jacobi last multiplier, Helmholtz conditions, Noether-type variation and Frenet–Serret frames, as well as concepts such as on shell and off shell. Actions of non-continuous extremals are examined using Weierstrass–Erdmann corner conditions, and the action principle is written in the most general form as the Hamilton–Suslov principle. Important applications of the Euler–Lagrange formulation are highlighted, including protein folding.
The Hamiltonian & Phase Space
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the Hamiltonian and phase space. Hamilton’s equations can be derived in several ways; this chapter follows two pathways to arrive at the same result, thus giving insight into the motivation for forming these equations. The importance of deriving the same result in several ways is that it shows that, in physics, there are often several mathematical avenues to go down and that approaching a problem with, say, the calculus of variations can be entirely as valid as using a differential equation approach. The chapter extends the arenas of classical mechanics to include the cotangent bundle momentum phase space in addition to the tangent bundle and configuration manifold, and discusses conjugate momentum. It also introduces the Hamiltonian as the Legendre transform of the Lagrangian and compares it to the Jacobi energy function.
Hamilton’s Principle in Phase Space
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter derives Hamilton’s equations using the Legendre transform and the definition of the Hamiltonian function. While, in the Newtonian formalism, conservation laws were rather difficult to tease out, the Lagrangian formalism revolutionised the way of looking at them; however, the Hamiltonian formalism is perhaps even simpler than the Lagrangian formalism, making it straightforward to identify conservation laws and the symmetries of the system associated with each conserved property. In this chapter, the Hamiltonian is treated as being explicitly dependent on time, as this form is more general and will lead to an important relation that, although not an equation of motion, is still useful to discuss. The chapter also introduces Routhian mechanics as a symplectic reduction technique, using integrals of the motion.
Canonical & Gauge Transformations
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the Hamilton–Jacobi formulation is discussed in two parts: from a generating function perspective and as a variational principle. The Poincaré–Cartan 1-form is derived and solutions to the Hamilton–Jacobi equations are discussed. The canonical action is examined in a fashion similar to that used for analysis in previous chapters. The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is then shown to parallel the eikonal equation of wave mechanics. The chapter discusses Hamilton’s principal function, the time-independent Hamilton–Jacobi equation, Hamilton’s characteristic function, the rectification theorem, the Maupertius action principle and the Hamilton–Jacobi variational problem. The chapter also discusses integral surfaces, complete integral hypersurfaces, completely separable solutions, the Arnold–Liouville integrability theorem, general integrals, the Cauchy problem and de Broglie–Bohm mechanics. In addition, an interdisciplinary example of medical imaging is detailed.
Near-Integrable Systems
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter extends the now familiar Lagrangian formulation to a field theory and covers elementary material in this new setting. The motion of systems with a very large number of degrees of freedom makes it necessary to specify an almost infinite number of discrete coordinates. It is possible to simplify the situation by taking the continuum limit, which replaces the individual coordinates with a continuous function that describes a displacement field, which assigns a displacement vector to each position the system could occupy relative to an equilibrium configuration. The field thus takes a point in the spacetime manifold and assigns it a value corresponding to whatever the field represents. In this chapter, many interdisciplinary examples are solved and pedagogical models are discussed. The chapter also discusses Lagrange density, the Lagrange field equation, instantons, the Klein–Gordon equation, Fourier transforms and the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
Classical Electromagnetism
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Noether’s theorem as a classical field theory is presented and the properties of variations are again discussed for fields (i.e. field variations, space variations, time variations, spacetime variations), resulting in the Noether condition. Quasisymmetries and spontaneous symmetry breaking are discussed, as well as local symmetry and global symmetry. Following these definitions, Noether’s first theorem and Noether’s second theorem are developed. The classical Schrödinger field is investigated and the key equations of classical mechanics are summarised into a single Lagrangian. Symmetry properties of the field action and equations of motion are then compared. The chapter discusses the energy–momentum tensor, the Klein–Utiyama theorem, the Liouville equation and the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. It also discusses material science, special orthogonal groups and complex scalar fields.
Matrices
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter looks at the calculus of a function of two or more variables, which is the subject of partial differentiation. The partial derivative of a function is the rate of change of the function with respect to the distance in the direction of a particular coordinate axis and is symbolised with the sign ∂. The chapter spends time on the implicit function theorem, since it is relied upon heavily elsewhere in the text. Lagrange multipliers are used to solve constrained optimisation problems. Topics include critical points, the product rule, the chain rule, directional derivatives, hypersurfaces and Taylor’s theorem. In addition, the chapter discusses Jacobian matrices, the inverse function theorem, gradients, level sets and Hessian matrices.
Legendre Transforms
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter introduces vector calculus to the reader from the very basics to a level appropriate for studying classical mechanics. However, it provides only the necessary vector calculus required to understand some of the operations perform in the text and perhaps support self-learning in more advanced topics, so the analysis is not be definitive. The chapter begins by examining the axioms of vector algebra, vector multiplication and vector differentiation, and then tackles the gradient, divergence and curl and other elements of vector integration. Topics discussed include contour integrals, the continuity equation, the Kronecker delta and the Levi-Civita symbol. Particular care is taken to explain every mathematical relation used in the main text, leaving no stone unturned!
Calculus of Variations
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an introduction to linear algebra. Classical mechanics is best understood in the language of differential geometry, which itself requires a working knowledge of the key concepts in linear algebra. This chapter walks through the required knowledge from this broad discipline and guides the reader towards the goal of the next chapter, differential geometry. Topics discussed include vector spaces, linear maps, basis sets, cobases, inner products, tensors, wedge products and exterior algebra, as well as the axioms of vector space geometry. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of Grassmann variables, which tend to crop up when classical fermionic fields are defined.
Siblings and Salvation
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

The Protestant Reformation often created divisions within families as well as in the nation at large, making religion an essential dimension of sibling relationships in this period. The chapter opens with the role of older children in the religious upbringing of younger siblings, especially in puritan and Nonconformist families where even very young children sometimes imbibed the spiritual zeal of their parents. Devout adults often felt it their duty to awaken or convert more worldly siblings. The chapter then examines the role of siblings in the survival of the persecuted Catholic community, whether in reclaiming lost sheep, sheltering missionary priests, or dabbling in conspiracy. A similar pattern among persecuted Nonconformists in the Restoration period was reflected in emotional and practical support and solidarity. The chapter ends with a contrasting phenomenon: the ability of blood ties to outweigh denominational differences within families.
Critical International Theory
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2018

Whether inspired by the Frankfurt School or Antonio Gramsci, the impact of critical theory on the study of international relations has grown considerably since its advent in the early 1980s. This book offers the first intellectual history of critical international theory. Richard Devetak approaches this history by locating its emergence in the rising prestige of theory and the theoretical persona. As theory’s prestige rose in the discipline of international relations it opened the way for normative and metatheoretical reconsiderations of the discipline and the world. The book traces the lines of intellectual inheritance through the Frankfurt School to the Enlightenment, German idealism, and historical materialism, to reveal the construction of a particular kind of intellectual persona: the critical international theorist who has mastered reflexive, dialectical forms of social philosophy. In addition to the extensive treatment of critical theory’s reception and development in international relations, the book recovers a rival form of theory that originates outside the usual inheritance of critical international theory in Renaissance humanism and the civil Enlightenment. This historical mode of theorising was intended to combat metaphysical encroachments on politics and international relations and to prioritise the mundane demands of civil government over the self-reflective demands of dialectical social philosophies. By proposing contextualist intellectual history as a form of critical theory, Critical International Theory: An Intellectual History defends a mode of historical critique that refuses the normative temptations to project present conceptions onto an alien past, and to abstract from the offices of civil government.
Revisiting the Sources of Critical International Theory
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2018

This chapter revisits the intellectual resources marshalled by critical international theory. It starts with the Frankfurt School and Max Horkheimer’s distinction between two conceptions of theory—critical and traditional. The chapter then turns to extended discussions of German idealism and historical materialism—in particular, Kant, Hegel, and Marx—to outline the normative and dialectical forms of social philosophy inherited by the Frankfurt School. Arising out of Kant’s transcendental philosophy was a form of critique concerned with the epistemic conditions under which the reasoning subject attains a pure intelligence detached from experience. This provided the context in which Hegel and Marx introduced their dialectical social theories. The chapter’s final section revisits the Kantian Enlightenment, which has exerted such an important influence over critical international theory. Running through the chapter is the transformative role critical philosophy plays in restoring freedom and reason to the world.
How to Learn about Aesthetics and Morality through Acquaintance and Deference
Authors: Lord Errol
Published: August 2018

There are parallel debates in metaethics and aesthetics about the rational merits of deferring to others about ethics and aesthetics. In both areas it is common to think that there is something amiss about deference. A popular explanation of this in aesthetics appeals to the importance of aesthetic acquaintance. This kind of explanation has not been explored much in ethics. This chapter defends a unified account of what is amiss about ethical and aesthetic deference. According to this account, deference is a non-ideal way of thinking about ethics and aesthetics because it does not allow us to possess the full range of reasons provided by the ethical and aesthetic facts. It has this feature because it does not acquaint us with ethical and aesthetic facts. It is argued further that despite this defect, there is no general obligation not to defer. The upshot is a moderate optimism about ethical and aesthetic deference.
Moral Uncertainty and Value Comparison
Authors: Hicks Amelia
Published: August 2018

Several philosophers have recently argued that decision-theoretic frameworks for rational choice under risk fail to provide prescriptions for choice in cases of moral uncertainty. They conclude that there are no rational norms that are “sensitive” to a decision maker’s moral uncertainty. But this chapter argues that one sometimes has a rational obligation to take one’s moral uncertainty into account in the course of moral deliberation. It first provides positive motivation for the view that one’s moral beliefs can affect what it is rational for one to choose. It then addresses the problem of value comparison, according to which one cannot determine the expected moral value of one’s actions. The chapter argues that we should not infer from the problem of value comparison that there are no rational norms governing choice under moral uncertainty.
The Authority of Formality
Authors: Woods Jack
Published: August 2018

Etiquette and other merely formal normative standards like legality, honor, and rules of games are taken less seriously than they should be. While these standards are not intrinsically reason-providing (or “substantive”) in the way morality is often taken to be, they also play an important role in our practical lives: we collectively treat them as important for assessing the behavior of ourselves and others and as licensing particular forms of sanction for violations. This chapter develops a novel account of the normativity of formal standards where the role they play in our practical lives explains a distinctive kind of reason to obey them. We have this kind of reason to be polite because etiquette is important to us. We also have this kind of reason to be moral because morality is important to us. This parallel suggests that the importance we assign to morality is insufficient to justify it being substantive.
Authoritatively Normative Concepts
Authors: McPherson Tristram
Published: August 2018

This chapter offers an analysis of the authoritatively normative concept PRACTICAL OUGHT that appeals to the constitutive norms for the activity of non-arbitrary selection. It argues that this analysis permits an attractive and substantive explanation of what the distinctive normative authority of this concept amounts to, while also explaining why a clear statement of what such authority amounts to has been so elusive in the recent literature. The account given is contrasted with more familiar constitutivist theories, and briefly shows how it answers “schmagency”-style objections to constitutivist explanations of normativity. Finally, the chapter explains how the account offered here can help realists, error theorist, and fictionalists address central challenges to their views.
Aperiodic Crystals
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

Until the 1970s all materials studied consisted of periodic arrays of unit cells, or were amorphous. In the following decades a new class of solid state matter, called aperiodic crystals, has been found. It is a long-range ordered structure, but without lattice periodicity. It is found in a wide range of materials: organic and inorganic compounds, minerals (including a substantial portion of the earth’s crust), and metallic alloys, under various pressures and temperatures. Because of the lack of periodicity the usual techniques for the study of structure and physical properties no longer work, and new techniques have to be developed. This book deals with the characterization of the structure, the structure determination, and the study of the physical properties, especially the dynamical and electronic properties of aperiodic crystals. The treatment is based on a description in a space with more dimensions than three, the so-called superspace. This allows us to generalize the standard crystallography and to look differently at the dynamics. The three main classes of aperiodic crystals, modulated phases, incommensurate composites, and quasicrystals are treated from a unified point of view which stresses the similarities of the various systems. The book assumes as a prerequisite a knowledge of the fundamental techniques of crystallography and the theory of condensed matter, and covers the literature at the forefront of the field.
Influence of the ICESCR in Latin America
Authors: Pinto Mónica , Sigal Martín
Published: August 2018

The influence of the ICESCR in Latin America is significant, since countries in the region have increasingly incorporated ESCR into their legal systems during the last three decades. Several national constitutions contain such rights, and domestic courts have growingly recognized their justiciability. Also, ESCR have entailed new collective procedures and discussions about access to justice and the role of the judiciary. While the great majority of Latin American States have adopted a regional instrument dealing with ESCR, the delay between its adoption and entry into force allowed the ICESCR to decisively influence the regional bodies. Notwithstanding the robust normative incorporation of ESCR into domestic legal systems, the region is marked by poverty, inequality, and basic ESCR deprivation, which shows a failure to translate legal advances into a reduction of social injustice. The huge gap between legal recognition of rights and their implementation is a central challenge to be addressed.
The Influence of the Two Covenants on States Parties Across Regions
Authors: Besson Samantha
Published: August 2018

As a companion to the five regional reports in this volume, this chapter’s aim is a double one: first, to bring the comparison up to the regional level, and second, to analyse the international and domestic institutions, procedures, and mechanisms that affect how international human rights instruments influence domestic law. The chapter is therefore both a study in comparative international human rights law and a contribution to its methodology. Its structure is four-pronged. The first section clarifies the aim, object, and method of the comparison. The second section presents a comparative assessment of the Covenants’ domestic influence across regions and develops a grid of comparative analysis. The third section addresses the authority of the Committees’ interpretations of the Covenants, relying on a bottom-up comparative law argument. The fourth section discusses the role of human rights comparison and of regional human rights law in enhancing the legitimacy of the Committees’ future interpretations.
Lying and Insincerity
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This book is a comprehensive study of lying and insincere language use. Part I is dedicated to developing an account of insincerity qua linguistic phenomenon. It provides a detailed theory of the distinction between lying and ways of speaking insincerely without lying, as well as accounting for the relation between lying and deceiving. A novel theory of assertion in terms of a notion of what is said defined relative to questions under discussion is used to underpin the analysis of lying and insincerity throughout the book. The framework is applied to various kinds of insincere speech, including false implicature, bullshitting, and forms of misleading with presuppositions, prosodic focus, and different types of semantic incompleteness. Part II discusses the relation between what is communicated and the speaker’s attitudes involved in insincere language use. It develops a view on which insincerity is a shallow phenomenon in the sense that whether or not a speaker is being insincere depends on the speaker’s conscious attitudes, rather than on deeper, unconscious attitudes or motivations. An account of a range of ways of speaking while being indifferent toward what one communicates is developed, and the phenomenon of bullshitting is distinguished from lying and other forms of insincerity. This includes insincere uses of language beyond the realm of declarative sentences. The book gives an account of insincere uses of interrogative, imperative, and exclamative utterances.
Shallow Insincerity
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues for a shallow conception of insincerity. It argues that whether an utterance is insincere depends on the speaker’s conscious attitudes toward what is communicated as well as on his or her conscious intentions in making the utterance. Various ways of speaking spontaneously and of speaking without thinking are considered. A broad characterization of insincerity for declarative utterances is set out, according to which a declarative utterance is when it is made without a conscious intention to contribute an answer to a question under discussion that corresponds to one’s conscious attitudes, while avoiding communicating false information in the process.
A God to Contend With
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: August 2018

This chapter is concerned with ways in which God shows love toward people whose relationships with God are intensely conflicted. It seeks to establish three conclusions: that the theophany at the end of the biblical book of Job presents God as providing a tender loving response to Job that takes his grievances seriously and puts him on a path toward a repaired relationship with God; that those very signs of God’s love for Job and concern for his grievances—in particular, God’s authorization of lament and protest—are part of a broader pattern in the biblical portrayal of God’s relationship with Israel; and that the fact that God is portrayed in these ways constitutes a positive sign—available to anyone who has access to these portrayals—that God is generally concerned with human grievances against God. The chapter concludes by explaining how these conclusions bear on the problem of divine hiddenness.
Creation
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter, ‘Creation: Primal Sociality’, outlines how Bonhoeffer develops a doctrine of creation (the primal state) as a basis for constructively engaging social theory. This doctrine provides Bonhoeffer with a space within which to draw in concepts and insights from existing social theory, without thereby granting these concepts and insights general applicability (i.e. validity apart from an account of reality in terms of the dialectic of creation, sin, and reconciliation). A doctrine of creation provides Bonhoeffer with a space to begin to develop Christian social-philosophical concepts (e.g. ‘person’, ‘relation’, etc.) and sociological concepts (e.g. ‘community’ [Gemeinschaft], ‘society’ [Gesellschaft], etc.), all of which will prove integral for his ecclesiology or account of the church. In this chapter, it is further argued that Bonhoeffer is involved in a nuanced and careful corrective of existing sociology and its normative anthropological assumptions, especially as represented by Ferdinand Tönnies and Ernst Troeltsch.
The Fall
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores how Bonhoeffer develops and deepens his theological engagement with social theory in his hamartiology or doctrine of sin. Bonhoeffer is clear that the fall into sin has radically disrupted and overturned primal social relations and formations (of the kind outlined in his chapter on creation). With the fall, the kinds of persons and relations evident in the primal state are replaced with sinful individuals who wilfully pursue their own isolation and solitude. Moreover, this chapter shows how Bonhoeffer, in critical dialogue with Augustine, draws in and reworks the social-philosophical concept of the ‘collective person’ to provide an account of how sin might be understood as simultaneously universal and personal. For Bonhoeffer, sin is universal in a way that makes individual acts of sin inevitable, but without thereby undermining the culpability of individuals for their sinful acts.
The Concrete Community
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter, ‘The Concrete Community’, turns to and examines Bonhoeffer’s emphasis on the empirical or existing church. For Bonhoeffer, the church is established by God only as an existing community or empirical entity. In developing and deepening this insight, Bonhoeffer again draws upon his earlier engagement with social theory. In particular, the chapter indicates how he relies upon the social-philosophical concept of objective spirit. This concept allows him to attend to the church in its concrete forms and functions (i.e. preaching and the sacraments). Moreover, this concept allows him to reflect on what kind of social formation the existing church is. Accordingly, the chapter examines what is at stake with Bonhoeffer’s claim in Sanctorum Communio that the church presents a distinct sociological type.
Individual Sources of Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa M.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines individual-level factors that may influence legitimacy beliefs towards global governance institutions. The chapter surveys the full breadth of existing political science research in order to chart a forward course for empirical studies of individual-level sources of legitimacy beliefs. The chapter’s threefold core argument maintains, first, that global governance scholarship needs to build on previous insights on legitimacy beliefs from comparative politics and social psychology. Second, research on beliefs in the legitimacy of global governance institutions needs to look comparatively across countries, institutions, issue areas, social groups, and time. Third, future research on sources of legitimacy in global governance can acquire better measures through the use of large-scale surveys and survey experiments.
Legitimation and Delegitimation in Global Governance
Authors: Bäckstrand Karin , Söderbaum Fredrik
Published: August 2018

This chapter develops a comprehensive typology for empirical analysis of legitimation and delegitimation practices in global governance. The framework is novel in three respects. First, while earlier literature has primarily studied legitimation, this classification encompasses both legitimation and delegitimation practices. Second, while most previous research has examined top-down legitimation practices by global governance institutions and their member states, this typology includes also bottom-up legitimation and delegitimation practices from various societal actors. Third, the framework captures a full variety of legitimation and delegitimation practices, classified in the chapter as being discursive, institutional, and behavioral in character. The chapter further identifies factors that may prompt variation in the kinds of (de)legitimation practices that different actors might adopt.
Consequences of Legitimacy in Global Governance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans
Published: August 2018

This chapter outlines a new research agenda on the consequences of legitimacy for the effectiveness of global governance institutions. The chapter sets the stage for systematic investigation of this issue by disaggregating consequences into empirically observable components and by outlining a research strategy to study these different impacts. Specifically, the chapter highlights four sequential types of consequences, relating to: (a) the resources committed to an institution; (b) the scale of policy output produced by an institution; (c) the actor compliance with an institution’s policies; and (d) the problem-solving effectiveness of the institution. The chapter illustrates the empirical fruitfulness of new quantitative measurements of legitimacy crisis, and argues for its usefulness to test effects of legitimacy in global governance.
Effects of Legitimacy Crises in Complex Global Governance
Authors: Zelli Fariborz
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the consequences of legitimacy in view of the growing institutional complexity of global governance. Global governance institutions do not operate as autonomous entities, but are entwined in dense patchworks of institutions with partly overlapping and competing mandates. The chapter suggests potential causal consequences of the legitimacy of a global governance institution for the institutional complexity of its issue field. Specifically, the analytical framework set out in the chapter theorizes the consequences of legitimacy crises for three dimensions of institutional complexity: the degree of complexity of the institutional architecture, the effectiveness of the institution within this architecture, and the modes of governance used by the institution to navigate this architecture. The chapter illustrates the potential of this framework with examples relating to climate change, energy, and trade governance.
Temporal patterns
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

Beginning in the Far East over 2000 years ago the discussion in this chapter charts the movement of species found in contemporary urban environments around the globe. A city is dependent on trade for the resources required by the inhabitants to live and work. Some items of trade are plants and animals, and over time, many species have been introduced intentionally, and many others unintentionally (perhaps as a result of hitching a lift in or on items being traded between countries and continents) to become part of the urban flora and fauna. All the time that such global dispersal has been occurring, some floral and faunal species originally present in an urban area have become locally extinct. These processes of invasion and extinction are controlled by filters and process, and there are certain traits, the possession of which is seemingly beneficial to organisms in urban environments.
Physiological and behavioural changes
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

Faced with novel environments animals adapt their genotypes, phenotypes, and behaviours in many different ways. This chapter focuses on birds, as these have been the most intensely studied animal group with regard to their adaptability to urban environments. Examples of adaptions include animals that change colour or size. Adaptations to the noisy urban environments cause changes to the amplitude, frequency, and timing of songs. Then a discussion of the impact of one of the most fundamental environmental shifts resulting from urbanization: the use of artificial lights at night (ALAN) and how animals adapt to a phenomenon that has no precursor in the history of the planet. The final section of the chapter is an examination of evolutionary traps: what they are and how they might be avoided.
Machiavelli’s Prince and the Concept of Tyranny
Authors: Pedullà Gabriele
Published: August 2018

This chapter concludes the volume with an examination of Machiavelli as a theorist who enacted a willful and radical break with the past, yet endorsed most of his predecessors’ tenets. It begins with Machiavelli’s provocative omission of the term ‘tyrant’—in favor of the euphemism ‘new prince’—and his reassessment of ‘tyrannical’ behaviors as princely prudence. These maneuvers earned Machiavelli the ire of generations of commentators, yet the chapter argues that they misread him. Rather than denying the existence of pragmatically and morally evil lords, Machiavelli redraws the boundary between them and good rulers. Instrumental in this is his concept of glory, which can only be recognized retrospectively as it reveals itself in the fullness of time. Thus, Machiavelli implies, it is impossible to know for certain whether a present ruler is a good prince or a tyrant.
“So Full of Novelties”
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the environment of theological experimentation and improvisation that emerged in radical puritan circles during the early 1640s. This environment was fostered by the same stationers responsible for the period’s most extreme and daring works of political propaganda (examined in previous chapters). These publishers generated a stream of unlicensed tracts, which articulated and dispersed heterodox opinions, including antinomianism, anabaptism, mortalism, and forms of “egalitarian redistributionism” which hinted at a redistribution of economic resources. These opinions are subjected to analysis, and the chapter seeks to illuminate the breakdown of Calvinist theological orthodoxy that took place during the early 1640s. Finally, the chapter examines the passage, in June 1643, of parliament’s Licensing Ordinance, which imposed a new system of censorship, and which was now turned against some committed parliamentarians, provoking controversy within the coalition.
Supremacy in the Commons
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

The creation of the New Model Army in 1645 brought unprecedented polarization to parliament’s cause. Common ground between “presbyterians” and “independents” eroded and, increasingly, Roundheads were driven into competing camps. This polarization was exacerbated by the polemical interventions of the most extreme independents, most notably the clique associated with Richard Overton’s secret press. The resulting political battles were conducted using the full range of techniques and practices outlined in previous chapters. Parliamentary maneuver was complemented by grass-roots mobilization, including petitioning, co-optation of the city government, sermons and countermeasures, rumors, street placarding, and calculated print campaigns, hinting at significant transformations in the conduct of political life. Paradoxically, these conflicts worsened with parliament’s victory at Naseby, as the competing sides gathered strength to struggle over the final settlement. The chapter concludes by examining the political rise of John Lilburne, with his controversial claims for the supremacy of the House of Commons.
The Realm of Criminal Law
Authors: Duff R. A
Published: August 2018

We are said to face a crisis of over-criminalization: our criminal law has become chaotic, unprincipled, and over-expansive. This book proposes a normative theory of criminal law, and of criminalization, that shows how criminal law could be ordered, principled, and restrained​. The theory is based on an account of criminal law as a distinctive legal practice that functions to define a set of public wrongs, and to call to formal public account those who commit such wrongs; an account of the role that such a practice can play in a democratic republic of free and equal citizens; and an account of the central features of such a political community, and of the way in which it constitutes its civil order. Criminal law plays an important, but limited, role in such a political community in protecting, but also partly constituting, its civil order. On the basis of this account, we can see how such a political community will decide what kinds of conduct should be criminalized—not by applying one or more of the substantive master principles that theorists have offered, but by considering which kinds of conduct fall within its public realm (as distinct from the private realms that are not the polity’s business), and which kinds of wrong within that realm require this distinctive kind of response (rather than one of the other kinds of available response). The outcome of such a deliberative process will probably be a more limited, and a more rational and principled, criminal law.
Civil Order and the Public Realm
Authors: Duff R A
Published: August 2018

This chapter offers an account of the practice of civic life: of the ‘public realm’, within which criminal law operates as public law. ‘Civil order’, the normative ordering of the polity’s life, is central to this public realm: it is structured by the values through which a polity constitutes itself; it can be partly defined by a written constitution, but is also implicit in the polity’s institutions and practices. A conception of civil order depends on a normative distinction between the ‘public’ and the ‘private’: we must attend to different public–private distinctions. We must also attend to the preconditions of civil order: what kinds of shared understanding are necessary; what can be said to dissenters? Given a conception of a polity’s civil order, and its public realm, we can understand a ‘public wrong’ as a wrong that falls within that public realm, and violates that civil order.