bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Claves para la participación y generación de contenido en las redes sociales: estudio de caso del Museo del Prado en Facebook.
Authors: Viñarás Abad Mónica , Cabezuelo Lorenzo Francisco
Published: November 2012

La presencia en las redes sociales, como parte de la estrategia de comunicación, es ya incuestionable para la mayoría de empresas e instituciones. El reto para estas organizaciones se centra ahora en saber cómo hay que estar y comunicar en la red. Facebook y el resto de redes nacen como un espacio para amigos y conocidos donde compartir, de una manera informal, temas de interés. En este espacio tan atípico, las redes irrumpen para romper con una comunicación tradicionalmente unidireccional.  Los museos,  que son el objeto de estudio de es trabajo, hasta el momento sólo situaban sus acciones únicamente en el campo tradicional de la comunicación institucional, un ámbito donde la información ha prevalecido por encima de la comunicación, y donde ofrecer datos ha estado por delante de otros objetivos comunicativos. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas, los museos han realizado un importante esfuerzo por sumarse e incorporar las herramientas de la comunicación 2.0 como parte de una nueva filosofía, donde el museo es un actor activo de la vida social y cultural. Así, este estudio quiere avanzar en el análisis de la comunicación que se realiza en las redes sociales desde el análisis de contenido y el diálogo, y fundamentalmente sobre dos variables: la generación de contenidos y la participación equitativa, es decir, en igualdad de condiciones para los interlocutores, una plena bidireccionalidad. Al tratarse de una investigación poco desarrollada, la metodología elegida para el análisis es el estudio del caso. A raíz de la elaboración de una plantilla de análisis de contenido específicamente creada para este caso se analiza el muro de Facebook del Museo del Prado durante quince días.
Neurocognitive Aspects of Translation
Authors: Annoni Jean-Marie , Lee-Jahnke Hannelore , Sturm Annegret
Published: November 2012

Translation is at the centre of many cognitive domains such as pedagogy, linguistic, pragmatic, neurosciences, and social cognition. This multi-domain aspect is reflected in the current models of translation. Recently, cognitive neurosciences have unraveled some brain mechanisms in the bilingualism domain, and it is quite logical to transfer such knowledge to the field of translation as well as the learning of translation. One interesting question is which non-linguistic cognitive and communicative processes are particularly involved in translation. Particularly, in translation, the author’s intentions have to be interpreted although they may not be explicitly stated in the text. These intentions have to be considered while rendering the text for the target public, a process for which it is also important to anticipate the target public’s prior knowledge of the subject and the extent to which the author’s aims and intentions have to be adapted in order to be correctly communicated in the other language. In neuroscience, being able to imagine another person’s mental state is known as having a Theory of Mind (ToM). This skill seems dissociated from the group of executive functions – though it is very dependent on the latter – and seems to rely on a large but individualized brain network. While translation is a widely investigated phenomenon at the micro-level, there is scarcely any research about the process of interpretation going on at the macro-level of text interpretation and rendering. Preliminary neuroscience experiments on the translations paradigm suggest that neurosciences can bring interesting data not only to linguistic but also to cognitive and social mechanisms of translation strategies.
Zur korpusbasierten Erforschung von Fachübersetzungen bei der Nationalen Übersetzerprüfung in Norwegen
Authors: Simonnaes Ingrid
Published: November 2012

L’objectif du présent article est d’exposer un certain nombre de données provenant de l’analyse de traductions juridiques réalisées à partir du norvégien vers l’allemand et l’anglais. La méthode employée fait appel à un corpus multilingue parallèle (TK-NHH) qui est encore en construction. Dans un premier temps, l’examen d’agrément national des traducteurs (Statsautorisert Translatøreksamen)de Norvège, d’où proviennent les textes, est présenté. Le modèle utilisé pour la constitution du corpusTK-NHHest ensuite exposé, et ses différentes applications sont discutées. Suit une analyse qualitative de deux problèmes particuliers de traduction juridique provenant du corpus : la traduction d’une expression modale et l’explicitation (pragmatique) des noms propres de phénomènes juridiques culturellement spécifiques. Les langues cibles pour ces exemples sont l’allemand et l’anglais. Le troisième problème de traduction envisagé concerne les problèmes terminologiques qui se posent lorsque le traducteur rencontre de nouveaux concepts existant dans une culture juridique mais absent dans l’autre. Dans ce dernier cas, seules les traductions en allemand ont été examinées. En conclusion, l’article souligne deux changements pour les travaux futurs avec le corpusTK-NHH.
Encoding Heteronormativity in the Target Culture: Slovenian Translations of The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Gorjanc Vojko
Published: November 2012

This article discusses how linguistic and translation norms, as evident in dictionaries, enforce the ideology of heteronormativity in Slovenia. The aim of this paper is to show how translation norms concerning homoeroticism were shaped in the translation of classical literature in Slovenia in the twentieth century. Translation norms are shaped in a certain period of time and in a certain environment among translators and others involved in translation according to social and cultural circumstances, expectations, and adaptations of topics to these expectations, in which the translation contrasts the initial norms with the norms of the target culture. At the same time, the linguistic norms of the standard language are created as a result of speakers’ continuous adaptation to a social and cultural environment, as a result of adapting to the current social ideal. It is assumed that translations contributed to creating a model of heteronormativity, which continues to characterize the Slovenian community today because of the limited number of new translations of classical works of literature. The paper concludes with a brief analysis of evidence of homosexuality in Slovenian translations of Shakespeare’sThe Merchant of Venice.
L’assurance qualité des traductions : items sélectionnés et évaluation assistée par ordinateur
Authors: Kockaert Hendrik J. , Segers Winibert
Published: November 2012

Inspiré par les critères relatifs à l’assurance qualité du réseau EMT (Master européen en traduction) ainsi que par l’importance accrue accordée à la qualité des traductions auprès des prestataires de services de traduction, le présent article vise tout d’abord à relier ces deux dimensions aux succès enregistrés par les formats d’apprentissage hybride récemment intégrés dans les programmes d’études universitaires. Il propose ensuite l’adoption d’une méthode d’évaluation des traductions à l’aide d’items sélectionnés, de manière à favoriser l’équité, l’objectivité et l’impartialité chez les évaluateurs concernés, notamment quand il s’agit d’évaluer les examens d’admission dans les institutions internationales. Parallèlement, la méthode évaluative généralement adoptée, dite analytique, est révisée en vue de l’insérer dans un outil d’assurance qualité permettant d’offrir une rétroaction identique et exhaustive à l’ensemble des candidats et des étudiants. Cette méthode analytique révisée constituera un instrument de rétroaction qui complétera les formats d’apprentissage hybride et la méthode évaluative à l’aide d’items sélectionnés.
De la traduction comme interprétation et construction. La Flamme d’amour vive de Jacques Ancet et la Llama de amor viva de Jean de la Croix
Authors: Behiels Lieve
Published: November 2012

Ce travail d’analyse traductologique prend comme objet le poème Llama de amor viva de Jean de la Croix et sa traduction Flamme d’amour vive par Jacques Ancet et utilise pour ce faire l’outillage mis au point par Kees Coster dans son livre From World to World. An Armamentarium for the Study of Poetic Discourse in Translation (2000). L’objectif du travail consiste en premier lieu à réaliser une analyse détaillée qui place au centre la traduction et qui permet de présenter de façon structurée les choix du traducteur. D’abord, nous fournirons quelques informations pertinentes à propos des textes source et cible et du traducteur extratextuel. Ensuite, conformément au parcours proposé par Coster, nous établirons, au niveau macrostructurel, un squelette sémantico-pragmatique du monde du texte de la traduction, qui servira également à dresser une ébauche du monde du texte source. Puis nous présenterons une analyse comparative des éléments microstructuraux (la syntaxe, le lexique, la prosodie, la rhétorique, l’intertextualité) afin d’observer les écarts substantiels qui s’y sont produits. Finalement, nous relierons les écarts substantiels entre texte source et texte cible au squelette sémantico-pragmatique afin d’estimer la différence au niveau macrostructurel entre le monde du texte de l’original et de la traduction. Dans notre conclusion, nous ferons une évaluation globale de l’outillage proposé par Kees Coster.
Expérience paternelle en situation de précarité socio-économique : repérage et considération des spécificités
Authors: Kettani Myriam , Euillet Séverine
Published: November 2012

Dans cette étude, 187 pères de jeunes enfants ont rempli des questionnaires évaluant le stress paternel, le sentiment de compétence paternelle, l’engagement paternel et la situation socio-économique familiale. Si les pères en situation de précarité se sentent plus stressés et moins compétents dans leur rôle paternel, ils s’engagent auprès de leurs enfants autant que les pères plus aisés. En outre, la perception de la contrainte financière s’avère centrale dans l’explication du vécu de la paternité. Au regard des résultats obtenus, des pistes d’intervention seront avancées afin de proposer à ces pères des modes de soutien et d’accompagnement socio-éducatif appropriés.
Évaluer pour mieux intervenir : évaluer les résultats et les processus pour améliorer les pratiques d’intervention auprès des familles négligentes1
Authors: Serbati Sara , Gioga Gianmaria , Milani Paola
Published: November 2012

Certaines familles sont caractérisées par un grand niveau de vulnérabilité en raison de différents facteurs tels que l’histoire personnelle et familiale, des situations de pauvreté, d’isolement social, etc. Dans ces situations, la capacité des parents à prendre soin de leur enfant peut se révéler plutôt limitée. En Italie, dans le but de soutenir ces familles vulnérables, et celles qui sont négligentes en particulier, les interventions éducatives à domicile en faveur de l’enfant et de sa famille sont fort répandues, mais elles ont très peu fait l’objet d’évaluations scientifiques rigoureuses. Dans cet article, nous présentons les résultats d’une démarche partenariale de recherche-formation-intervention d’une durée de 12 mois impliquant 12 éducateurs et 18 familles considérées comme négligentes. L’évaluation de cette démarche a ainsi permis d’identifier les facteurs clés favorables à l’adaptation de ces familles.
La réforme de la protection de la jeunesse : quand l’éducation familiale devient une course contre la montre
Authors: Goubau Dominique
Published: November 2012

La réforme de la protection de la jeunesse au Québec en 2006 a introduit dans la loi des durées maximales de placement temporaire. L’idée centrale de la réforme est de permettre aux enfants abandonnés ou en voie de l’être, de bénéficier le plus rapidement possible d’un projet de vie permanent qui leur assurera la stabilité nécessaire. Cette nouvelle approche, largement inspirée de la théorie de l’attachement, a été très bien accueillie par les intervenants. Elle représente cependant un défi, tant pour eux que pour les familles car les délais imposent à l’intervention une dimension d’urgence qu’il n’est pas toujours facile de concilier avec les autres principes de la loi.
Un partenariat québécois de recherche sociale : Familles en mouvance et dynamiques intergénérationnelles
Authors: Dandurand Renée  B. , Ouellette Françoise-Romaine
Published: November 2012

L’équipe de recherche en partenariat Familles en mouvance et dynamiques intergénérationnelles réunit des chercheurs universitaires en sciences humaines, des ministères et organismes du gouvernement du Québec et des associations provinciales du secteur de la famille. Dans une perspective sociohistorique, cet article présente le contexte sociopolitique de l’émergence et du développement de ce partenariat ainsi que la spécificité de sa visée. Sont ensuite abordées les différentes phases de son parcours depuis 1993 : la composition des équipes, la problématique et les axes de la recherche ainsi que les modalités du travail intersectoriel de transfert et de diffusion des connaissances.
Vivre l’engagement et le contre-transfert en société précaire
Authors: Furtos Jean
Published: November 2012

L’engagement, c’est se donner en gage dans une relation interhumaine, thérapeutique ou pas. C’est accepter d’être dérangé par autrui souffrant, dérangement dont le couple tranfert/contre-tranfert est l’un des paradigmes. L’auteur explore ce rapprochement à travers la manière dont il a été dérangé par la souffrance psychique d’origine sociale dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, à travers également la clinique rapprochée avec les personnes en précarité. Cela implique un mode d’être à la fois proximal et distancié.
Comment lire Simmel ?
Authors: Thouard Denis
Published: November 2012

La disponibilité de l’ensemble de l’oeuvre de Simmel permet de poser derechef la question des malentendus que le relâchement manifeste de sa forme scientifique n’a pas manqué de causer. Une telle réflexion ne se borne évidemment pas à l’aspect extérieur de ses textes, mais fournit l’occasion de s’interroger sur son style de pensée et, par là, sur l’intention fondamentale de son oeuvre, qui engage un rapport constant de la sociologie à la philosophie. On procédera ici en trois étapes. D’abord, un repérage dans le corpus s’impose pour trouver les aspects incriminés. Puis on posera la question du rapport de la forme à la carrière de Simmel, à sa pratique du séminaire ; à sa conception de la sociologie centrée sur les « formes de socialisation » ; et à la nature de l’essai, notamment en contraste avec les conceptions d’Adorno. Enfin, son rapport au langage sera interrogé, dans sa motivation philosophique, qui montre clairement pourquoi, aux yeux de Simmel, la question de la forme scientifique est secondaire par rapport au sens du problème.
Science historique et sociologie chez Georg Simmel
Authors: Hulak Florence
Published: November 2012

Cet article examine la conception simmelienne du rapport entre histoire et sociologie, afin de déterminer si elle peut nous aider à penser la spécificité épistémologique de l’histoire. Il retrace à cette fin les définitions de la science historique successivement adoptées par Simmel. Elle est d’abord conçue comme premier niveau de la connaissance dans les sciences de l’homme, puis comme science régie par un type spécifique d’a priori, celui de l’individualité. L’histoire apparaît enfin, quoiqu’il ait moins développé ce point, comme science de l’historicité des phénomènes sociaux, en tant que son objet ne se laisse pas ramener aux actions réciproques dont traite la sociologie simmelienne.
La crise de la culture face au multiculturalisme
Authors: Fitzi Gregor
Published: November 2012

Nos sociétés deviennent de plus en plus « multiculturelles ». Il s’agit d’un phénomène très présent dans les débats politiques et scientifiques, dont la définition n’est pourtant pas univoque. Communautés avec langues, religions et moeurs caractéristiques produisent différentes identités, qui se partagent bien ou mal l’espace social entre elles. Arriveront-elles à s’intégrer un jour dans une société commune ou resteront-elles toujours dans un état de conflit latent ? La crise de la culture caractérise selon Simmel la vie de l’homme moderne, qui n’arrive plus à réaliser une synthèse subjective soit des contenus objectifs de la culture soit des rôles sociaux qu’il exerce. Face à la théorie simmelienne de la culture se pose aujourd’hui la question de l’interprétation sociologique du multiculturalisme. Est-elle à voir comme une stratégie de réduction de la complexité sociale moderne ou bien comme un conflit entre « multi-communautarisme » et pluralisme sociétaire ? L’article propose une clef de lecture simmelienne de la problématique.
L’argent comme écran psychique
Authors: Deneault Alain
Published: November 2012

La Philosophie de l’argent de Georg Simmel s’enquiert autant des modalités par lesquelles les processus monétaires peuvent être pervertis que de la façon dont l’argent peut lui-même pervertir les termes d’une culture. Après avoir analysé ce que l’on peut considérer chez Simmel au titre des structures perverses contredisant la dynamique interactionniste et vitaliste, notre article en chantier vise à étudier de plus près ce qu’il en est d’une modalité sociale d’agir motivée par une culture spécifique de l’argent, soit le cynisme. Cette attitude, plus qu’une seule disposition psychologique à l’origine d’un certain rapport à l’argent, se voit conditionnée socialement par une interférence d’un média fétichisé, dans les élaborations sociologiques d’acteurs sociaux quant aux faits de valeur.
Comment l’individualité est-elle possible ?
Authors: Müller Hans-Peter , Kalinowski Isabelle
Published: November 2012

Dans ce qui va suivre, il s’agira de proposer une esquisse retraçant de manière systématique les idées majeures de Simmel relatives à cet ensemble de problématiques. Ma thèse est que le sociologue allemand a saisi avec une exceptionnelle acuité les conditions anthropologiques, structurelles et culturelles (idéelles mais aussi normatives) de l’individualité moderne. En effet, la question « Comment l’individualité est-elle possible ? » fait pendant, comme en miroir, à la question « Comment la société est-elle possible ? » Bien que Simmel n’ait pas posé la question exactement en ces termes, il a développé une réflexion systématique sur les conditions structurelles et les présupposés culturels de cet idéal moderne. La « tragédie de l’individualité », je tenterai de le montrer, résulte du hiatus entre le développement structurel, qui ouvre pour la première fois la voie à la liberté et à l’individualité modernes, et le développement culturel qui rend presque impossible, d’un point de vue moral, cette option générée d’un point de vue structurel. En termes wébériens, on pourrait dire que les « chances de vie de l’individualité » ne permettent pas de développer un « style de vie de l’individualité ».
Diversification des trajectoires familiales des Canadiens âgés de demain et conséquences prévisibles sur le réseau de soutien
Authors: Ménard France-Pascale , Le Bourdais Céline
Published: November 2012

Les transformations de la parentalité et de la conjugalité observées au cours des dernières décennies ont entraîné une diversification des parcours de vie familiaux, bouleversant par la même occasion les réseaux familiaux des Canadiens. Ces changements auront indéniablement des répercussions sur la provision d’aide aux personnes âgées dans l’avenir. S’appuyant sur les données rétrospectives de l’Enquête sociale générale de Statistique Canada de 2006 sur la famille, cet article examine au moyen de la méthode des tables à extinctions multiples les trajectoires conjugales et parentales que les Canadiens nés entre 1923 et 1972 ont suivies au cours de leur vie afin de faire ressortir les différences qui séparent les diverses cohortes de naissance et qui distinguent les hommes des femmes. Il vise à mettre en évidence l’ampleur des changements observés et à explorer, en conclusion, les conséquences qu’ils risquent d’avoir sur les réseaux de soutien des personnes âgées de demain.
Genotypic HIV‐coreceptor tropism prediction with geno2pheno [coreceptor]: differences depending on HIV‐1‐subtype
Authors: Obermeier M , Ehret R , Berg T , Braun P , Korn K , Müller H , Noah C , Stürmer M , Thielen A , Walter H , Wolf E , Kaiser R
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the study

Determination of HIV‐1 coreceptor tropism is a major prerequisite before starting treatment with a CCR5‐antagonist. While most of the patients currently under treatment with maraviroc are probably infected with HIV‐1 subtype B viruses, recently published data show differences in the distribution of coreceptor tropism in different HIV‐1 subtypes.

Methods

In a Germany‐wide project within the HIV‐GRADE society, V3‐loop sequences of 2466 isolates were analysed with geno2pheno for coreceptor tropism using a FPR cut‐off of 10%. HIV‐1 subtype was determined by using the COMET HIV subtyping tool. Sequences consisted of at least the V3 loop fragment. The ratio of CCR5 vs CXCR4 tropic viruses was calculated for each subtype. A normalized mean for all analyzed subtypes was calculated to extrapolate the overall ratio of coreceptor usage distribution. From this the expected distribution in the particular subtype was calculated and compared to the observed one. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi2 test.

Summary of Results

Most samples were classified as HIV‐1 subtype B (79%, n=1952). Other subtypes present in at least 23 samples were A1 (9.5%, n=234), C (4.8%, n=118), CRF01_AE (2.2%, n=55), G (1.6%, n=39), D (1.1%, n=27), F (0.9%, n=23). The calculated normalized mean distribution over all subtypes was 71% CCR5‐ vs. 29% CXCR4‐tropic viruses. No significant difference compared to the mean distribution could be observed for HIV‐1 subtypes B (71/29%), C (76/24%) and F (70/30%). Higher rates of CXCR4 tropic virus were detected in subtypes D (52/48%, p=0.01) and CRF01_AE (49/51%, p=0.001), while in HIV‐1 subtypes A1 (22/78%, p=0.02) and G (13/87%, p=0.02), a higher rate of CCR5‐tropic virus was observed.

Conclusions

Our analysis shows a different distribution of CCR5 and CXCR4 tropic virus in some subtypes. In contrast to other publications, we could not observe a statistically significant difference in subtype C compared to the overall mean distribution, while we could confirm a higher rate of CXCR4‐tropic virus in subtype D, as previously described. Without further data on treatment success of patients with non‐B subtypes under treatment with maraviroc, it remains unclear if subtype‐specific differences in the distribution of tropism are biased by differences in clinical variables before test or if there is a bias in the tropism interpretation system. In the latter case, individual interpretation cut‐offs for different subtypes may be necessary.
Rilpivirine/tenofovir/emtricitabine fixed‐dose combination is an efficacious and well‐tolerated “switch” regimen for patients on therapy
Authors: Ward D , Grant R
Published: November 2012

The rilpivirine/tenofovir/emtricitabine fixed‐dose combination (RTE FDC) (Complera, Eviplera) is a potent convenient, well‐tolerated antiretroviral regimen. While it is officially indicated only for treatment‐naïve patients, it is attractive for use as a regimen to switch to for patients experiencing toxicities or side effects, or who simply want a regimen with fewer pills. This is a retrospective review of patients who switched to RTE FDC from other antiretroviral regimens in a large HIV specialty private practice. 111 patients were identified who switched to RFE FDC from other regimens who had at least six months follow‐up (median 8 months). 44 were previously taking the efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine fixed‐dose combination (ETE FDC) (Atripla), 24 nevirapine with NRTIs, 16 protease‐based regimens, 10 on raltegravir with NRTIs, and 17 on various other regimens. Patients had been on therapy for a median of 6.25 years. 86 patients had an HIV PCR<20 at the time of switch, 21 had low grade positive PCRs (<400) and 4 patients switched after an interruption in therapy with viral loads of 5880–88,000. Median CD4 cell count at the time of switch was 663 (range 142–2244). 14 patients had previously failed treatment and had resistance mutations; 4 with M184V, 5 with K103N, but none with rilpivirine nor tenofovir‐specific resistance mutations. One patient discontinued RFE FDC after a single PCR of 520; all others have remained undetectable at most recent visit (91<20, 19<400). Median CD4 cell count on the most recent visit is 656. Creatinine (first visit after switch) increased by a mean of 0.04 mg/dl (0.05 in those switching from a non‐tenofovir containing regimen, 0.04 in those switching from a tenofovir containing regimen). There was no significant change in LFTs. Mean cholesterol decreased by 18 mg/dl (23 in those switching from ETE FDC, 12 from protease inhibitors, 27 from nevirapine and 2 from raltegravir). Six patients co‐infected with hepatitis B remain with an undetectable hepatitis B PCR. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire, rating their new and old regimens on a scale of one (bad) to ten (good) (Table). For appropriate patients wishing to switch their treatment regimen for toxicity, side‐effects or even just pill burden, RTE FDC is an efficacious, well tolerated, convenient alternative.

RTE FDC
Old regimen

No side effects
9.6
8.3

Ease of administration
9.5
8.6

No problem with food requirement
8.9

8.7
Raltegravir 800 mg once‐daily is efficacious in already virologically suppressed patients
Authors: Ward D , Grant R
Published: November 2012

Raltegravir is a potent, extremely well tolerated antiretroviral, and is a component of a preferred regimen in many treatment guidelines. Despite its indication as a twice‐daily (400 mg BID) drug, there has always been interest in once‐daily (800 mg QD) use of raltegravir (RTG). The “QD Merck”, however, showed a higher rate of virologic failure in subjects taking RTG QD with Truvada as opposed to twice daily (BID). This trial, however, was in treatment‐naïve patients, and the majority of virologic failures were in those with high viral loads. In patients already virologically suppressed on antiretroviral therapy a regimen including QD raltegravir is more convenient, and may still be effective for virologic suppression. This is a retrospective review of patients in a large HIV‐specialty private practice. 105 patients were identified who have been on QD RTG for at least 6 months (median 23, range 6–55 months). 70 patients were also on Truvada, 10 on Epzicom, 7 on atazanavir, and 18 on more than two additional drugs. All patients had undetectable (<200) viral loads when starting QD RTG, and had been on other treatment for a median of 117 months (range 13–276). Median CD4 count on starting QD RTG was 606 (range 154–1358). 50 patients had been previously on BID RTG for a median of 12 months; 55 started directly on a QD RTG regimen. 32 patients had a history of previous treatment failure/resistance, although mostly to drugs not included in the current regimen. All patients remain undetectable (PCR<200 copies/ml) with no treatment failures seen. In clinically stable patients already suppressed on antiretroviral therapy, including BID RTG regimens, a switch to QD RTG appears to be effective at maintaining long‐term virologic control. QD dosing is certainly more convenient, and may improve adherence.
Drivers Display Anger‐Congruent Attention to Potential Traffic Hazards
Authors: Stephens Amanda N. , Trawley Steven L. , Madigan Ruth , Groeger John A.
Published: November 2012

Previous research has suggested that angry drivers may respond differently to potential hazards. This study replicates and extends these findings. Under simulated driving conditions, two groups of drivers experienced conditions that would either increase angry mood (N = 12; men = 6) or not (control group, N = 12; men = 6). All drivers then performed a neutral drive, during which they encountered a number of traffic events not experienced in the initial drive. These included vehicles emerging from driveways into their path and jaywalking pedestrians. Subjective anger, eye‐movement behaviour and driving behaviours (speed and reaction times) were measured as drivers drove. Subjective moods (Profile of Mood States) were assessed before and after each drive. Anger‐provoked drivers reported reliably higher increases in angry mood when compared with the control group after the initial drive, and these increases remained stable across the subsequent neutral drive. During the neutral drive, anger‐provoked drivers demonstrated evidence of more heuristic style processing of potential hazards, with shorter initial gazes at less apparent hazards and longer latencies to look back at jaywalking pedestrians obscured by parked vehicles. Anger‐provoked drivers also took longer to make corrective actions to avoid potential collisions. It is concluded that anger‐provoked drivers may initially make more superficial assessments of certain driving situations and consequently underestimate the inherent risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacist‐initiated intervention trial in osteoarthritis: A multidisciplinary intervention for knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Marra Carlo A. , Cibere Jolanda , Grubisic Maja , Grindrod Kelly A. , Gastonguay Louise , Thomas Jamie M. , Embley Patrick , Colley Lindsey , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Khan Karim M. , Esdaile John M.
Published: November 2012

Objective

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a commonly undiagnosed condition and care is often not provided. Pharmacists are uniquely placed for launching a multidisciplinary intervention for knee OA.

Methods

We performed a cluster randomized controlled trial with pharmacies providing either intervention care or usual care (14 and 18 pharmacies, respectively). The intervention included a validated knee OA screening questionnaire, education, pain medication management, physiotherapy‐guided exercise, and communication with the primary care physician. Usual care consisted of an educational pamphlet. The primary outcome was the pass rate on the Arthritis Foundation's quality indicators for OA. Secondary outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lower Extremity Function Scale (LEFS), the Paper Adaptive Test‐5D (PAT‐5D), and the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3).

Results

One hundred thirty‐nine patients were assigned to the control (n = 66) and intervention (n = 73) groups. There were no differences between the groups in baseline measures. The overall quality indicator pass rate was significantly higher in the intervention arm compared to the control arm (difference of 45.2%; 95% confidence interval 34.5, 55.9). Significant improvements were observed for the intervention care group as compared to the usual care group in the WOMAC global, pain, and function scores at 3 and 6 months (all P < 0.01); the PAT‐5D daily activity scores at 3 and 6 months (both P < 0.05); the PAT‐5D pain scores at 6 months (P = 0.05); the HUI3 single‐attribute pain scores at 3 and 6 months (all P < 0.05); and the LEFS scores at 6 months (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Pharmacists can launch a multidisciplinary intervention to identify knee OA cases, improve the utilization of treatments, and improve function, pain, and quality of life.
Sex differences in assessment of obesity in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Katz Patricia P. , Yazdany Jinoos , Trupin Laura , Schmajuk Gabriela , Margaretten Mary , Barton Jennifer , Criswell Lindsey A. , Yelin Edward H.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To determine the prevalence of obesity and how accurately standard anthropometric measures identify obesity among men and women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed for 141 persons with RA (56 men and 85 women). Two anthropometric proxies of obesity (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference [WC]) were compared to a DXA‐based obesity criterion. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined optimal cut points for each anthropometric measure, relative to DXA. The association of body fat and anthropometric obesity measures with disease status and cardiovascular risk was assessed in multiple regression analyses, controlling for age and glucocorticoid use. All analyses were performed separately for men and women.

Results

A total of 20%, 32%, and 44% of women and 41%, 36%, and 80% of men were classified as obese by BMI, WC, and DXA, respectively. Cut points were identified for anthropometric measures to better approximate DXA estimates of percent body fat (BMI ≥26.1 kg/m2 for women and ≥24.7 kg/m2 for men; WC ≥83 cm for women and ≥96 cm for men). For women and men, higher percent fat was associated with poorer RA status. Anthropometric measures were more closely linked to RA status for women, but identified cardiovascular risk for both women and men.

Conclusion

A large percentage of this RA sample was overfat; DXA‐defined obesity was twice as common in men as in women. Utility of revised BMI and WC cut points compared to traditional cut points remains to be examined in prospective studies, but results suggest that lower, sex‐specific cut points may be warranted to better identify individuals at risk for poor RA and/or cardiovascular outcomes.
Learning from adaptive neural network output feedback control of uncertain ocean surface ship dynamics
Authors: Dai Shi‐Lu , Wang Min , Wang Cong , Li Liejun
Published: November 2012

This paper studies the problem of learning from adaptive neural network (NN) output feedback control of ocean surface ship without velocity measurements in uncertain dynamical environments. When only ship position and heading measurements are available for identification and control, using a high‐gain observer to estimate the unmeasurable velocities, we propose stable adaptive output feedback NN tracking control. Partial persistent excitation condition of some internal signals in the closed‐loop system is satisfied during tracking control to a recurrent reference trajectory. Under the persistent excitation condition, the proposed adaptive NN control is shown to be capable of acquiring knowledge on the uncertain ship dynamics in the stable control process and of storing the learned knowledge in memory. Subsequently, a novel NN learning control method exploiting the learned knowledge without readapting to the unknown ship dynamics is proposed to achieve closed‐loop stability and the improvement of the control performance. Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of Filamentous Nanostructures in Organic‐Inorganic Composite Thin Films Deposited by Co‐Evaporation
Authors: Donhauser Daniela , Pfannmöller Martin , Dieterle Levin , Schultheiß Katrin , Schröder Rasmus R. , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Kröger Michael
Published: November 2012

Nanostructures are important for a wide area of applications, but are very often difficult to fabricate. A novel and basic approach for controlled nanofilament growth in an organic/inorganic composite material is demonstrated. Thin films of MoO3‐doped 4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl are grown via vacuum sublimation and analyzed using advanced electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. Using electron spectroscopic imaging in the core‐loss and low‐loss regime, MoO3 agglomerations are identified for different doping concentrations. A 3D reconstruction of the thin film yielded by electron tomography reveals a filamentous structure of MoO3 within the organic matrix. These filaments are preferentially oriented along the growth direction and are only a few nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, control of the filament growth is possible by changing the substrate temperature because for composites grown on substrates cooled to 120 K MoO3 agglomeration cannot be detected.
Surface State Mediated NIR Two‐Photon Fluorescence of Iron Oxides for Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
Authors: Liao Mei‐Yi , Wu Cheng‐Ham , Lai Ping‐Shan , Yu Jiashing , Lin Hong‐Ping , Liu Tzu‐Ming , Huang Chih‐Chia
Published: November 2012

The development of fluorescent iron oxide nanomaterials is highly desired for multimodal molecular imaging. Instead of incorporating fluorescent dyes on the surface of iron oxides, a ligand‐assisted synthesis approach is developed to allow near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence in Fe3O4 nanostructures. Using a trimesic acid (TMA)/citrate‐mediated synthesis, fabricated Fe3O4 nanostructures can generate a NIR two‐photon florescence (TPF) peak around 700 nm under the excitation by a 1230‐nm femtosecond laser. By tailoring the absorption of Fe3O4 nanostructures toward NIR band, the NIR‐TPF efficiency can be greatly increased. Through internal etching, surface peeling, and ligand replacement, spectroscopic results validated that such resonantly enhanced NIR‐TPF is mediated by surface states with strong NIR‐IR absorption. This TPF signal evolution can be generalized to other iron oxide nanomaterials like magnetite nanoparticles and α‐Fe2O3 nanoplates. Using the developed fluorescent Fe3O4 nanostructures, it is demonstrated that their TPF and third harmonic generation (THG) contrast in the nonlinear optical microscopy of live cells. It is anticipated that the synthesized NIR photofunctional Fe3O4 will serve as a versatile platform for dual‐modality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as a magnet‐guided theranostic agent.
The effect of Ca on distribution of nitrogen species during coal pyrolysis in N2, CO2 and Ar atmospheres
Authors: Gu Ying , Liu Xiaowei , Zhao Bo , Liu Wenqiang , Xu Minghou
Published: November 2012

Nitrogen species distribution during coal pyrolysis with Ca addition in N2, CO2 and Ar was studied at 1000 °C using a horizontal tube furnace. In particular, the effect of Ca on the distribution of nitrogen species in N2 and CO2 atmospheres, which were closer to pyrolysis processes of conversional air and oxy‐fuel combustion in comparison with inert Ar environment, was investigated for the first time in this work. It was found that Ca has a great effect on nitrogen species distribution during both coal and demineralized coal pyrolysis; on the other hand, CO2 causes the formation of NO. Demineralization increases the formation of HCN and char nitrogen, but there is little effect on NH3 formation during pyrolysis in N2, in contrast to pyrolysis in Ar atmosphere, which decreases NH3 formation. A significant reduction in char yield was found after char gasification in CO2 at 1000 °C. With two different Ca‐based additives, i.e., (CH3COO)2Ca and Ca(OH)2, char yield decreases with the increasing amount of Ca additives in both cases. The effect of Ca on HCN and NH3 formation during pyrolysis depends on both the form of Ca and the amount of addition. In most cases, HCN and NH3 formation decreases with Ca addition in Ar, but increases in N2. Ca addition slightly promotes HCN formation during pyrolysis in CO2. There is no NH3 detected during pyrolysis in CO2 because of the reaction of NH3 and CO2 in the background. In addition, NO concentration decreases sharply with increasing the amount of Ca addition in the atmosphere of CO2, which means that Ca has an effect not only on pyrolysis, but also on gasification of char in CO2. In most cases, char nitrogen increases with Ca addition in N2 or Ar. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Robust Controller for A 3‐DOF Flexible Robot with a Time Variant Payload
Authors: Feliu Vicente , Castillo Fernando , Jaramillo Victor , Partida Gonzalo
Published: November 2012

This article describes a new control scheme designed for a three degree of freedom (3‐DOF) flexible robot. The control scheme consists of two multi variable control loops. The inner loop is the motor's position control system, while the outer loop controls the robot tip's position, thus canceling vibrations which are originated by the structural flexibility of the manipulator during movement. As it will be shown, the outer control loop is robust to payload variations. The outer loop performance is based on a perfect cancelation of the inner loop dynamics. The effects of not achieving such perfect cancelation are also studied, and rules for designing a robust controller in this case are developed. Simulations assuming different payloads have been carried out with successful results for trajectory tracking. Trajectory tracking with a variable payload is also achieved.
HIPK2: A tumour suppressor that controls DNA damage‐induced cell fate and cytokinesis
Authors: Hofmann Thomas G. , Glas Carolina , Bitomsky Nadja
Published: November 2012

In response to DNA‐damage, cells have to decide between different cell fate programmes. Activation of the tumour suppressor HIPK2 specifies the DNA damage response (DDR) and tips the cell fate balance towards an apoptotic response. HIPK2 is activated by the checkpoint kinase ATM, and triggers apoptosis through regulatory phosphorylation of a set of cellular key molecules including the tumour suppressor p53 and the anti‐apoptotic corepressor CtBP. Recent work has identified HIPK2 as a regulator of the ultimate step in cytokinesis: the abscission of the mother and daughter cells. Since proper cytokinesis is essential for genome stability and maintenance of correct ploidy, this finding sheds new light on the tumour suppressor function of HIPK2. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms coordinating HIPK2 function and discuss its emerging role as a tumour suppressor.
Simultaneous inference for several quantiles of a normal population with applications
Authors: Liu Wei , Bretz Frank , Hayter Anthony J. , Glimm Ekkehard
Published: November 2012

A common statistical problem is to make inference about the mean of a normally distributed population. While the mean and the variance are important quantities, many real problems require information on certain quantiles of the population which combine both the mean and variance. Motivated by two recent applications, we consider simultaneous inference for more than one quantile of interest. In this paper, a set of exact level simultaneous confidence intervals for several quantiles of a normally distributed population is constructed, based on a simple random sample from that population. The critical constants for achieving an exact simultaneous coverage probability can be computed efficiently using numerical quadrature involving only a one‐dimensional integral combined with standard search algorithms. The proposed methods are illustrated with an example. Several further research problems are identified.
Fiber alignment directs cell motility over chemotactic gradients
Authors: Sundararaghavan Harini G. , Saunders Randi L. , Hammer Daniel A. , Burdick Jason A.
Published: November 2012

The ability of tissue engineered scaffolds to direct cell behavior is paramount for scaffold design. Cell migration can be directed by various methods including chemical, adhesive, mechanical, and topographical cues. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method to control topography and create fibrous scaffolds similar to that found in extracellular matrix. One major hurdle is limited cell infiltration and several studies have explored methods to alter electrospun materials to increase scaffold porosity; however, uniform cell distributions within scaffolds is still limited. Towards this, we investigated the motility of HUVECs on a model system of electrospun hyaluronic acid fibers under a gradient of VEGF and found that topographical cues dominate cell motility direction. Using time‐lapse microscopy, cell aspect ratio, and migration angle were measured; cells were directed in a chemical gradient and/or on aligned electrospun fibers. Measurements of the persistence time demonstrated an additive effect of the chemical gradient and fiber alignment. However, when fibers were aligned perpendicular to a chemical gradient, cells were directed by fiber alignment and there was no effect of the chemical gradient. These results suggest that topographical cues may be more influential than chemical cues in directing cell motility and should be considered in material design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1249–1254. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of microextraction by packed sorbent and micro‐liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry as a green approach in bioanalysis
Authors: Abdel‐Rehim Abbi , Abdel‐Rehim Mohamed
Published: November 2012

In this study the use of micro‐liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (μLC‐MS/MS) was investigated in routine bioanalysis application for separation and quantification of pro‐drug AZD6319 (developed for aldezheimer treatment). Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) was used as sample clean‐up method. The focus of this study was put on the evaluation of the usability of smaller column diameters such as 1.0 and 0.3 mm instead of 2.1 mm in bioanalysis application to reduce solvent consumption and sample volumes. Solvent consumption was reduced by 80% when a 1.0 mm column was used compared with 2.1 mm column. Robustness of the micro‐columns in terms of accuracy and precision was investigated. The application of μLC‐MS/MS for the quantitative analysis of AZD6319 in plasma samples showed good selectivity, accuracy and precision. The coefficients of determination (R2) were >0.998 for all runs using plasma samples on the studied micro‐columns. The inter‐day accuracy values for quality control samples ranged from 99 to 103% and from 96 to 105% for 0.3 × 50 mm and 1.0 × 50 mm columns, respectively. The inter‐day precision values ranged from 4.0 to 9.0% and from 4.0 to 8.0% for 0.3 × 50 and 1.0 × 50 mm columns, respectively. In addition the sensitivity was increased by three times using a 1.0 mm column compared with 2.1 mm. Furthermore, robustness of the micro‐columns from different manufacturers was investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Callous–Unemotional Traits and Response to Functional Family Therapy in Adolescent Offenders
Authors: White Stuart F. , Frick Paul J. , Lawing Kathryn , Bauer Daliah
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

The current study examined whether callous–unemotional (CU) traits moderated the effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy for juvenile justice involved adolescents.

METHOD

Participants were all youths (n = 134) who had been arrested and participated in an FFT program provided in a community mental health center over a 20‐month period (mean age 15.34, 71.6% males, 59% African‐American). Parent and self‐report ratings of emotional, behavioral, and social functioning, multi‐informant ratings of treatment progress, and probation/arrest records were used as outcome indicators.

RESULTS

CU traits were associated with poorer behavioral, emotional, and social adjustment prior to treatment but they were also associated with greater improvements in adjustment over the course of treatment. CU traits were not associated with significantly lower rates of participation or higher rates of treatment dropout, and the association between CU traits and risk for violent charges decreased after treatment at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. However, CU traits were still correlated with poorer levels of adjustment post‐treatment, less perceived change over treatment by youth and their parents, and increased likelihood of violent offending during treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that FFT can lead to improvements in youth with CU traits; however, they enter treatment with a greater number of symptoms and are at higher risk for committing violence during treatment than other youth. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.