bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A on Toxin Activity
Authors: Shimamura Yuko , Utsumi Mio , Hirai Chikako , Kurokawa Ami , Kan Toshiyuki , Ohashi Norio , Masuda Shuichi
Published: April 2020

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) functions both as superantigens that stimulate non-specific T cell proliferation as well as potent gastrointestinal toxins. We previously reported that (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) binds to SEA. Therefore, the ability of EGCG to inhibit SEA toxin activity was examined. As a result, EGCG significantly decreased SEA-induced expression and production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). In addition, EGCG inhibited SEA-induced spleen cell proliferation. To investigate the role of the galloyl group in EGCG on SEA cytotoxicity in more detail, the effect of the binding of a hydroxyl group at position 3 of the galloyl group in EGCG to SEA on SEA cytotoxicity was examined using two methylated EGCG. SEA cytotoxicity was significantly controlled in both (−)-3′′-Me-EGCG and (−)-4′′-Me-EGCG. These results suggest that EGCG inhibits toxic activity via direct interaction with SEA or without any interaction with SEA. The binding affinity between SEA and EGCG under in vivo conditions was examined using a model solution. Although after treatment under acidic and alkaline conditions, the presence of protein and the digestive tract model solution, EGCG still interacted with SEA. Our studies are the first to demonstrate the effect of the binding of EGCG to SEA on toxin activity.
Synthesis and Evaluation of [18F]FEtLos and [18F]AMBF3Los as Novel 18F-Labelled Losartan Derivatives for Molecular Imaging of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors
Authors: Sahylí Ortega Pijeira Martha , Sérgio Gonçalves Nunes Paulo , Nascimento dos Santos Sofia , Zhang Zhengxing , Pérez Nario Arian , Araujo Perini Efrain , Miguel Turato Walter , Rodríguez Riera Zalua , Chammas Roger , H. Elsinga Philip , Lin Kuo-Shyan , Carvalho Ivone , Soares Bernardes Emerson
Published: April 2020

Losartan is widely used in clinics to treat cardiovascular related diseases by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1Rs), which regulate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Therefore, monitoring the physiological and pathological biodistribution of AT1R using positron emission tomography (PET) might be a valuable tool to assess the functionality of RAS. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two novel losartan derivatives PET tracers, [18F]fluoroethyl-losartan ([18F]FEtLos) and [18F]ammoniomethyltrifluoroborate-losartan ([18F]AMBF3Los). [18F]FEtLos was radiolabeled by 18F-fluoroalkylation of losartan potassium using the prosthetic group 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate; whereas [18F]AMBF3Los was prepared following an one-step 18F-19F isotopic exchange reaction, in an overall yield of 2.7 ± 0.9% and 11 ± 4%, respectively, with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Binding competition assays in AT1R-expressing membranes showed that AMBF3Los presented an almost equivalent binding affinity (Ki 7.9 nM) as the cold reference Losartan (Ki 1.5 nM), unlike FEtLos (Ki 2000 nM). In vitro and in vivo assays showed that [18F]AMBF3Los displayed a good binding affinity for AT1R-overexpressing CHO cells and was able to specifically bind to renal AT1R. Hence, our data demonstrate [18F]AMBF3Los as a new tool for PET imaging of AT1R with possible applications for the diagnosis of cardiovascular, inflammatory and cancer diseases.
Target Identification Using Homopharma and Network-Based Methods for Predicting Compounds Against Dengue Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Hengphasatporn Kowit , Plaimas Kitiporn , Suratanee Apichat , Wongsriphisant Peemapat , Yang Jinn-Moon , Shigeta Yasuteru , Chavasiri Warinthorn , Boonyasuppayakorn Siwaporn , Rungrotmongkol Thanyada
Published: April 2020

Drug target prediction is an important method for drug discovery and design, can disclose the potential inhibitory effect of active compounds, and is particularly relevant to many diseases that have the potential to kill, such as dengue, but lack any healing agent. An antiviral drug is urgently required for dengue treatment. Some potential antiviral agents are still in the process of drug discovery, but the development of more effective active molecules is in critical demand. Herein, we aimed to provide an efficient technique for target prediction using homopharma and network-based methods, which is reliable and expeditious to hunt for the possible human targets of three phenolic lipids (anarcardic acid, cardol, and cardanol) related to dengue viral (DENV) infection as a case study. Using several databases, the similarity search and network-based analyses were applied on the three phenolic lipids resulting in the identification of seven possible targets as follows. Based on protein annotation, three phenolic lipids may interrupt or disturb the human proteins, namely KAT5, GAPDH, ACTB, and HSP90AA1, whose biological functions have been previously reported to be involved with viruses in the family Flaviviridae. In addition, these phenolic lipids might inhibit the mechanism of the viral proteins: NS3, NS5, and E proteins. The DENV and human proteins obtained from this study could be potential targets for further molecular optimization on compounds with a phenolic lipid core structure in anti-dengue drug discovery. As such, this pipeline could be a valuable tool to identify possible targets of active compounds.
Novel Approach to Sample Preconcentration by Solvent Evaporation in Flow Analysis
Authors: Paluch Justyna , Kozak Joanna , Wieczorek Marcin , Woźniakiewicz Michał , Gołąb Małgorzata , Półtorak Ewelina , Kalinowski Sławomir , Kościelniak Paweł
Published: April 2020

A preconcentration module operated in flow mode and integrated with a sequential injection system with spectrophotometric detection was developed. Using the system, preconcentration was performed in continuous mode and was based on a membraneless evaporation process under diminished pressure. The parameters of the proposed system were optimized and the system was tested on the example of the spectrophotometric determination of Cr(III). The preconcentration effectiveness was determined using the signal enhancement factor. In the optimized conditions for Cr(III), it was possible to obtain the signal enhancement factors of around 10 (SD: 0.9, n = 4) and determine Cr(III) with precision and intermediate precision of 8.4 and 5.1% (CV), respectively. Depending on the initial sample volume, signal enhancement factor values of about 20 were achieved. Applicability of the developed preconcentration system was verified in combination with the capillary electrophoresis method with spectrophotometric detection on the example of determination of Zn in certified reference materials of drinking water and wastewater. Taking into account the enhancement factor of 10, a detection limit of 0.025 mg L−1 was obtained for Zn determination. Zn was determined with precision less than 6% (CV) and the results were consistent with the certified values.
First-Principles Study of Nitrogen Adsorption and Dissociation on PuH2 (111) Surface
Authors: Wang Changshui , Zhang Kai , Song Peng , Hu Xiaofei , Mu Jinglin , Miao Zhichao , Zhou Jin , He Hui
Published: April 2020

Plutonium mononitride is one of the main fuels for Generation IV reactors and can be prepared from nitrogenation of plutonium hydride. We investigated the adsorption and dissociation of nitrogen on PuH2 (111) surface to elaborate the initial stage of nitrogenation. The adsorption energies varied greatly with respect to the adsorption sites and orientations of the adsorbed molecule. The nitrogen exhibited preferential adsorption above the ccp site, where the molecular nitrogen was nearly parallel to the PuH2 surface and pointed to the nearest Pu atom. The orbital hybridization and the electrostatic attraction between the Pu and N weakened the N-N bond in the adsorbed molecule. The mechanism of the dissociation process was investigated within transition state theory, and the analysis of the activation barrier indicated that dissociation of nitrogen is not the rate-determining step of nitrogenation. These findings can contribute to a better understanding of the nuclear fuel cycle.
Potential Synergy between Spores of Metarhizium anisopliae and Plant Secondary Metabolite, 1-Chlorooctadecane for Effective Natural Acaricide Development
Authors: Hussain Abid , AlJabr Ahmed Mohammed
Published: April 2020

Date palm dust mites are important pests severely infesting valuable nutritious fruits (dates) of date palm. In search of an alternative to acaricides, joint action of Metarhizium anisopliae EBCL 02049 spores and 1-Chlorooctadecane was evaluated as a potential candidate for the management of Oligonychus afrasiaticus through natural products. In this regard, in vitro tests were performed to evaluate the interaction of M. anisopliae spores with multiple doses of 1-Chlorooctadecane (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 mg/mL). Compatibility bioassay results evidenced from vegetative growth (77.7–84.40 mm), sporulation (5.50–7.30 × 106 spores/mL), and germination (96.70–98.20%), revealed that all the tested doses are compatible (biological index > 82) with the spores of M. anisopliae. The impact of combined treatment of spores with 1-Chlorooctadecane in different proportions (Scheme I, II, III, and IV) compared to their sole application against O. afrasiaticus was evaluated by concentration–mortality response bioassays. Results showed that all the combined treatments revealed high mortality compared to the sole application, which showed relatively slow mortality response over time. Toxicity recorded from Scheme IV combinations (80% 1-Chlorooctadecane: 20% Spores), exhibited strong synergistic interaction (joint toxicity = 713). Furthermore, potent interactions have overcome the host antioxidant defense at the final stage of infection by tremendously reducing catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities. These experiments demonstrated fungal–toxin joint synergistic interaction as a promising date palm dust mite management option.
Electrospun Fibre Webs Templated Synthesis of Mineral Scaffolds Based on Calcium Phosphates and Barium Titanate
Authors: Busuioc Cristina , Olaret Elena , Stancu Izabela-Cristina , Nicoara Adrian-Ionut , Jinga Sorin-Ion
Published: April 2020

The current work focuses on the development of mineral scaffolds with complex composition and controlled morphology by using a polymeric template in the form of nonwoven fibre webs fabricated through electrospinning. By a cross-linking process, gelatine fibres stable in aqueous solutions were achieved, these being further subjected to a loading step with two types of mineral phases: calcium phosphates deposited by chemical reaction and barium titanate nanoparticles as decoration on the previously achieved structures. Thus, hybrid materials were obtained and subsequently processed in terms of freeze-drying and heat treating with the purpose of burning the template and consolidating the mineral part as potential bone implants with improved biological response by external stimulation. The results confirmed the tunable morphology, as well as the considerable applicability of both as-prepared and final samples for the development of medical devices, which encourages the continuation of research in the direction of assessing the synergistic contribution of barium titanate domains polarisation/magnetisation by external applied fields.
Nanostructured Polyelectrolyte Complexes Based on Water-Soluble Thiacalix[4]Arene and Pillar[5]Arene: Self-Assembly in Micelleplexes and Polyplexes at Packaging DNA
Authors: Yakimova Luidmila S. , Nugmanova Aigul R. , Mostovaya Olga A. , Vavilova Alena A. , Shurpik Dmitriy N. , Mukhametzyanov Timur A. , Stoikov Ivan I.
Published: April 2020

Controlling the self-assembly of polyfunctional compounds in interpolyelectrolyte aggregates is an extremely challenging task. The use of macrocyclic compounds offers new opportunities in design of a new generation of mixed nanoparticles. This approach allows creating aggregates with multivalent molecular recognition, improved binding efficiency and selectivity. In this paper, we reported a straightforward approach to the synthesis of interpolyelectrolytes by co-assembling of the thiacalix[4]arene with four negatively charged functional groups on the one side of macrocycle, and pillar[5]arene with 10 ammonium groups located on both sides. Nanostructured polyelectrolyte complexes show effective packaging of high-molecular DNA from calf thymus. The interaction of co-interpolyelectrolytes with the DNA is completely different from the interaction of the pillar[5]arene with the DNA. Two different complexes with DNA, i.e., micelleplex- and polyplex-type, were formed. The DNA in both cases preserved its secondary structure in native B form without distorting helicity. The presented approach provides important advantage for the design of effective biomolecular gene delivery systems.
The Study of Correlation between Serum Vitamin D3 Concentrations and HBV DNA Levels and Immune Response in Chronic Hepatitis Patients
Authors: Ko Wang-Sheng , Yang Yen-Ping , Shen Fang-Ping , Wu Mu-Chen , Shih Chia-Ju , Lu Mei-Chun , Yan Yuan-Horng , Chiou Ya-Ling
Published: April 2020

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a common chronic disease. Previous studies have shown a link between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3) concentration and liver disease. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been attributed to the inappropriate functioning of cell-mediated immunity. However, the effects of vitamin D3, immune cell, and HBeAg status on HBV viral load in CHB patients are still unclear. We investigated the relationship between the serum concentration of vitamin D3, percentage of immune cells in peripheral blood, and the HBV viral load of CHB patients. Sixty CHB patients were recruited, and their blood samples were collected and analyzed. Vitamin D level was measured using a chemiluminescence assay. A level of 30 ng/mL or above was defined as a vitamin D3 sufficiency. We assigned vitamin D3 status as either normal (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (20–30 ng/mL), or deficient (<20 ng/mL). T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte surface markers in peripheral blood were detected using flow cytometry. The factors associated with HBV viral load were analyzed using univariate and multivariate-adjusted models. The mean serum vitamin D3 concentration in the subjects was 20.9 ± 5.6 ng/mL. Up to 88.3% of the patients were either deficient in or had insufficient vitamin D3. The gender, BMI, hepatitis B surface antigen levels, and ALT levels were significantly related to serum vitamin D3 levels. Serum vitamin D3 concentration, HBe status, HBs levels, ALT, and AST levels showed a statistically significant correlation with the HBV DNA levels. Serum vitamin D3 concentrations and hepatitis B surface antigen levels were strongly correlated with HBV DNA levels. Vitamin D3 levels were significantly associated with CD19 numbers (β:−6.2, 95% CI: −10.5). In multivariate analysis, vitamin D3 levels in the deficient and insufficient groups, and the CD8, HBeAg, and WBC counts were significantly associated with HBV DNA levels. In the immune tolerance phase of HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection, vitamin D3 may be a modulator of immune function via CD8, CD19, and HBV DNA.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gluten-Related Disorders
Authors: Usai-Satta Paolo , Bassotti Gabrio , Bellini Massimo , Oppia Francesco , Lai Mariantonia , Cabras Francesco
Published: April 2020

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is frequently associated with celiac disease (CD) and nonceliac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGS/NCWS), but epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects are still unclear. Furthermore, a gluten-free diet (GFD) can positively influence IBS symptoms. Methods: A comprehensive online search for IBS related to CD, NCGS and GFD was made using the Pubmed, Medline and Cochrane databases. Results: Although a systematic screening for CD in IBS is not recommended, CD prevalence can be increased in diarrhea-predominant IBS patients. On the other hand, IBS symptoms can be persistent in treated CD patients, and their prevalence tends to decrease on a GFD. IBS symptoms may overlap and be similar to those associated to nonceliac gluten and/or wheat sensitivity. Increased gut permeability could explain the gluten/wheat effects in IBS patients. Finally, a GFD could improve symptoms in a subgroup of IBS patients. Conclusions: The possible interplay between IBS and gluten-related disorders represents a scientifically and clinically challenging issue. Further studies are needed to confirm these data and better clarify the involved pathophysiological mechanisms.
Lactic Acid Fermentation of Cereals and Pseudocereals: Ancient Nutritional Biotechnologies with Modern Applications
Authors: Petrova Penka , Petrov Kaloyan
Published: April 2020

Grains are a substantial source of macronutrients and energy for humans. Lactic acid (LA) fermentation is the oldest and most popular way to improve the functionality, nutritional value, taste, appearance and safety of cereal foods and reduce the energy required for cooking. This literature review discusses lactic acid fermentation of the most commonly used cereals and pseudocereals by examination of the microbiological and biochemical fundamentals of the process. The study provides a critical overview of the indispensable participation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the production of many traditional, ethnic, ancient and modern fermented cereals and beverages, as the analysed literature covers 40 years. The results reveal that the functional aspects of LAB fermented foods are due to significant molecular changes in macronutrients during LA fermentation. Through the action of a vast microbial enzymatic pool, LAB form a broad spectrum of volatile compounds, bioactive peptides and oligosaccharides with prebiotic potential. Modern applications of this ancient bioprocess include the industrial production of probiotic sourdough, fortified pasta, cereal beverages and “boutique” pseudocereal bread. These goods are very promising in broadening the daily menu of consumers with special nutritional needs.
Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential
Authors: Rojo-Poveda Olga , Barbosa-Pereira Letricia , Zeppa Giuseppe , Stévigny Caroline
Published: April 2020

Cocoa bean shells (CBS) are one of the main by-products from the transformation of cocoa beans, representing 10%‒17% of the total cocoa bean weight. Hence, their disposal could lead to environmental and economic issues. As CBS could be a source of nutrients and interesting compounds, such as fiber (around 50% w/w), cocoa volatile compounds, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and a large spectrum of polyphenols, CBS may be a valuable ingredient/additive for innovative and functional foods. In fact, the valorization of food by-products within the frame of a circular economy is becoming crucial due to economic and environmental reasons. The aim of this review is to look over the chemical and nutritional composition of CBS and to revise the several uses that have been proposed in order to valorize this by-product for food, livestock feed, or industrial usages, but also for different medical applications. A special focus will be directed to studies that have reported the biofunctional potential of CBS for human health, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, or neuroprotective activities, benefits for the cardiovascular system, or an anti-inflammatory capacity.
Beneficial Effect of Mildly Pasteurized Whey Protein on Intestinal Integrity and Innate Defense in Preterm and Near-Term Piglets
Authors: Navis Marit , Muncan Vanesa , Sangild Per Torp , Møller Willumsen Line , Koelink Pim J. , Wildenberg Manon E. , Abrahamse Evan , Thymann Thomas , van Elburg Ruurd M. , Renes Ingrid B.
Published: April 2020

Background. The human digestive tract is structurally mature at birth, yet maturation of gut functions such as digestion and mucosal barrier continues for the next 1–2 years. Human milk and infant milk formulas (IMF) seem to impact maturation of these gut functions differently, which is at least partially related to high temperature processing of IMF causing loss of bioactive proteins and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Both loss of protein bioactivity and formation of AGEs depend on heating temperature and time. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of mildly pasteurized whey protein concentrate (MP-WPC) compared to extensively heated WPC (EH-WPC) on gut maturation in a piglet model hypersensitive to enteral nutrition. Methods. WPC was obtained by cold filtration and mildly pasteurized (73 °C, 30 s) or extensively heat treated (73 °C, 30 s + 80 °C, 6 min). Preterm (~90% gestation) and near-term piglets (~96% gestation) received enteral nutrition based on MP-WPC or EH-WPC for five days. Macroscopic and histologic lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract were evaluated and intestinal responses were further assessed by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and enzyme activity analysis. Results. A diet based on MP-WPC limited epithelial intestinal damage and improved colonic integrity compared to EH-WPC. MP-WPC dampened colonic IL1-β, IL-8 and TNF-α expression and lowered T-cell influx in both preterm and near-term piglets. Anti-microbial defense as measured by neutrophil influx in the colon was only observed in near-term piglets, correlated with histological damage and was reduced by MP-WPC. Moreover, MP-WPC stimulated iALP activity in the colonic epithelium and increased differentiation into enteroendocrine cells compared to EH-WPC. Conclusions. Compared to extensively heated WPC, a formula based on mildly pasteurized WPC limits gut inflammation and stimulates gut maturation in preterm and near-term piglets and might therefore also be beneficial for preterm and (near) term infants.
Iron Status in Elderly Women Impacts Myostatin, Adiponectin and Osteocalcin Levels Induced by Nordic Walking Training
Authors: Kortas Jakub , Ziemann Ewa , Juszczak Dariusz , Micielska Katarzyna , Kozłowska Marta , Prusik Katarzyna , Prusik Krzysztof , Antosiewicz Jedrzej
Published: April 2020

Impaired iron metabolism is associated with increased risk of many morbidities. Exercise was shown to have a beneficial role; however, the mechanism is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between exerkines and iron metabolism in elderly women before and after 12 weeks of Nordic Walking (NW) training. Exerkines like myostatin, adiponectin, and osteocalcin have been shown to have several positive effects on metabolism. Thirty-six post-menopausal women (66 ± 5 years old, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to a NW intervention group (n = 18; body mass, 68.8 ± 11.37 kg; fat, 23.43 ± 7.5 kg; free fat mass, 45.37 ± 5.92 kg) or a control group (n = 18; body mass, 68.34 ± 11.81 kg; fat, 23.61 ± 10.03 kg; free fat mass, 44.73 ± 3.9 kg). The training was performed three times a week for 12 weeks, with the intensity adjusted to 70% of the individual maximum ability. Before and one day after the 12-weeks intervention, performance indices were assessed using a senior fitness test. Blood samples (5 mL) were obtained from the participants between 7 and 8 AM, following an overnight fast, at baseline and one day immediately after the 12-week training program. A significant and large time × group interaction was observed for iron (NW: 98.6 ± 26.68 to 76.1 ± 15.31; CON: 100.6 ± 25.37 to 99.1 ± 27.2; p = 0.01; η p 2 = 0.21), myostatin (NW: 4.42 ± 1.97 to 3.83 ± 1.52; CON: 4.11 ± 0.95 to 4.84 ± 1.19; p = 0.00; η p 2 = 0.62), adiponectin (NW: 12.0 ± 9.46 to 14.6 ± 10.64; CON: 12.8 ± 8.99 to 11.9 ± 8.53; p = 0.00; η p 2 = 0.58), and osteocalcin (NW: 38.9 ± 26.04 to 41.6 ± 25.09; CON: 37.1 ± 33.2 to 37.2 ± 32.29; p = 0.03; η p 2 = 0.13). Furthermore, we have observed the correlations: basal ferritin levels were inversely correlated with changes in myostatin (r = −0.51, p = 0.05), change in adiponectin, and change in serum iron (r = −0.45, p = 0.05), basal iron, and osteocalcin after training (r = -0.55, p = 0.04). These findings indicate that iron modulates NW training-induced changes in exerkine levels.
Effects of Cabbage-Apple Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM on Lipid Profile Improvement and Obesity Amelioration in Rats
Authors: Park Sihoon , Son Hee-Kyoung , Chang Hae-Choon , Lee Jae-Joon
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to investigate the potential of cabbage-apple juice, fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM isolated from kimchi, to protect against obesity and dyslipidemia that are induced by a high-fat diet in a rat model. Male rats were fed a modified AIN-93M high-fat diet (HFD), the same diet supplemented with non-fermented cabbage-apple juice, or the same diet supplemented with fermented cabbage-apple juice for eight weeks. In the HFD-fermented cabbage- apple juice administered groups the following parameters decreased: body weight, liver and white fat pad weights, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, insulin, glucose and leptin levels, TG levels, while HDL-C and adiponectin levels in serum increased as compared with the HFD group. The HFD-fed rats that were supplemented with fermented cabbage-apple juice exhibited significantly lower fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and malic enzyme gene expression levels when compared to the exclusively HFD-fed rats. The anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects were marginally greater in the fermented juice administered group than in the non-fermented juice administered group. These results suggest that cabbage-apple juice—especially fermented cabbage-apple juice—might have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism dysfunction and obesity-related abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary for analyzing the biochemical regulatory mechanisms of fermented juice for obesity amelioration and lipid metabolic homeostasis.
Polymorphism of CLOCK Gene rs3749474 as a Modulator of the Circadian Evening Carbohydrate Intake Impact on Nutritional Status in an Adult Sample
Authors: Camblor Murube Marina , Borregon-Rivilla Elena , Colmenarejo Gonzalo , Aguilar-Aguilar Elena , Martínez J. Alfredo , Ramírez De Molina Ana , Reglero Guillermo , Loria-Kohen Viviana
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of energy intake and macronutrients consumption throughout the day, and how its effect on nutritional status can be modulated by the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism of the CLOCK gene in the Cantoblanco Platform for Nutritional Genomics (“GENYAL Platform”). This cross-sectional study was carried out on 898 volunteers between 18 and 69 years old (65.5% women). Anthropometric measurements, social issues and health, dietary, biochemical, genetic, and physical activity data were collected. Subsequently, 21 statistical interaction models were designed to predict the body mass index (BMI) considering seven dietary variables analyzed by three genetic models (adjusted by age, sex, and physical activity). The average BMI was 26.9 ± 4.65 kg/m2, 62.14% presented an excess weight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). A significant interaction was observed between the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism and the evening carbohydrate intake (% of the total daily energy intake [%TEI]) (adjusted p = 0.046), when predicting the BMI. Participants carrying TT/CT genotype showed a positive association between the evening carbohydrate intake (%TEI) and BMI (β = 0.3379, 95% CI = (0.1689,0.5080)) and (β = 0.1529, 95% CI = (−0.0164,0.3227)), respectively, whereas the wild type allele (CC) showed a negative association (β = −0.0321, 95% CI = (−0.1505,0.0862)). No significant interaction with the remaining model variables was identified. New dietary strategies may be implemented to schedule the circadian distribution of macronutrients according to the genotype. Clinical Trial number: NCT04067921.
The Different Relationship between Homocysteine and Uric Acid Levels with Respect to the MTHFR C677T Polymorphism According to Gender in Patients with Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Kim Hee-Jin , Sohn Il Woong , Kim Young Seo , Jun Jae-Bum
Published: April 2020

In an elderly population with cognitive impairment, we investigated the association between serum uric acid (sUA) and serum homocysteine (sHcy), known risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. We also investigated the potential effect of the C677T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) to the sUA level in different dementia types. Participants underwent a battery of tests including measurements of sUA, sHcy, folic acid, and vitamin B12 as well as genotyping of the MTHFR locus. Data from 861 subjects (597 females to 264 males) were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects with hyperhomocysteinemia had lower serum folic acid and vitamin B12 and higher sUA than those with normal sHcy. sUA was significantly associated with serum creatinine, HbA1c, and sHcy regardless of gender. The TT genotype was found to be associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in both genders (p = 0.001). The levels of hyperlipidemia, sHcy, and sUA differed according to dementia subtypes. High sUA were associated with hyperhomocystenemia in TT genotype only in dementia with vascular lesion. This study reveals that sUA is positively associated with sHcy. We speculate that the two markers synergistically increase cerebrovascular burden and suggested that dietary intervention for sUA and sHcy would be helpful for cognitive decline with vascular lesion.
The Combination Effect of Aspalathin and Phenylpyruvic Acid-2-O-β-d-glucoside from Rooibos against Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiac Damage: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Dludla Phiwayinkosi V. , Muller Christo J. F. , Louw Johan , Mazibuko-Mbeje Sithandiwe E. , Tiano Luca , Silvestri Sonia , Orlando Patrick , Marcheggiani Fabio , Cirilli Ilenia , Chellan Nireshni , Ghoor Samira , Nkambule Bongani B. , Essop M. Faadiel , Huisamen Barbara , Johnson Rabia
Published: April 2020

Recent evidence shows that rooibos compounds, aspalathin and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-d-glucoside (PPAG), can independently protect cardiomyocytes from hyperglycemia-related reactive oxygen species (ROS). While aspalathin shows more potency by enhancing intracellular antioxidant defenses, PPAG acts more as an anti-apoptotic agent. Thus, to further understand the protective capabilities of these compounds against hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage, their combinatory effect was investigated and compared to metformin. An in vitro model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to chronic glucose concentrations was employed to study the impact of such compounds on hyperglycemia-induced damage. Here, high glucose exposure impaired myocardial substrate utilization by abnormally enhancing free fatty acid oxidation while concomitantly suppressing glucose oxidation. This was paralleled by altered expression of genes involved in energy metabolism including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα). The combination treatment improved myocardial substrate metabolism, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and attenuated various markers for oxidative stress including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and glutathione content. It also showed a much-improved effect by ameliorating DNA damage when compared to metformin. The current study demonstrates that rooibos compounds offer unique cardioprotective properties against hyperglycemia-induced and potentially against diabetes-induced cardiac damage. These data also support further exploration of rooibos compounds to better assess the cardioprotective effects of different bioactive compound combinations.
The Relationship of Nutritional Energy and Macronutrient Intake with Pregnancy Outcomes in Czech Pregnant Women
Authors: Najpaverova Simona , Kovarik Miroslav , Kacerovsky Marian , Zadak Zdenek , Hronek Miloslav
Published: April 2020

Maternal nutrition and metabolism play important roles for the well-being of both mother and fetus during pregnancy. This longitudinal study brings an original evaluation of the relationship between the nutritional energy and macronutrients intake (NEMI) and pregnancy outcomes and an assessment of the changes in such intake over the previous ten years. Sixty-five healthy Czech pregnant women were examined in three pregnancy periods (1st: 17th–27th; 2nd: 28th–35th; 3rd: 36th–38th gestational weeks). Results of 7-day dietary records were analyzed using NutriDan software. Energy intake decreased from 30.0 kcal/kg to 25.0 kcal/kg during pregnancy. The data also showed a decrease in macronutrients intake (p < 0.0001) with the advancing stage of pregnancy. Positive correlations were demonstrated between NEMI and birth weight (r = 0.410, p < 0.001). In the second pregnancy period, NEMI (excluding carbohydrates) positively associated with neonatal birth length (p < 0.01) and negatively with duration of birth (p < 0.05). An increased NEMI in the last period of pregnancy shortened the length of pregnancy.
Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies
Authors: Plaza-Diaz Julio , Pastor-Villaescusa Belén , Rueda-Robles Ascensión , Abadia-Molina Francisco , Ruiz-Ojeda Francisco Javier
Published: April 2020

Sweeteners that are a hundred thousand times sweeter than sucrose are being consumed as sugar substitutes. The effects of sweeteners on gut microbiota composition have not been completely elucidated yet, and numerous gaps related to the effects of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) on health still remain. The NNS aspartame and acesulfame-K do not interact with the colonic microbiota, and, as a result, potentially expected shifts in the gut microbiota are relatively limited, although acesulfame-K intake increases Firmicutes and depletes Akkermansia muciniphila populations. On the other hand, saccharin and sucralose provoke changes in the gut microbiota populations, while no health effects, either positive or negative, have been described; hence, further studies are needed to clarify these observations. Steviol glycosides might directly interact with the intestinal microbiota and need bacteria for their metabolization, thus they could potentially alter the bacterial population. Finally, the effects of polyols, which are sugar alcohols that can reach the colonic microbiota, are not completely understood; polyols have some prebiotics properties, with laxative effects, especially in patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome. In this review, we aimed to update the current evidence about sweeteners’ effects on and their plausible biological interactions with the gut microbiota.
Human Milk Feeding and Preterm Infants’ Growth and Body Composition: A Literature Review
Authors: Cerasani Jacopo , Ceroni Federica , De Cosmi Valentina , Mazzocchi Alessandra , Morniroli Daniela , Roggero Paola , Mosca Fabio , Agostoni Carlo , Giannì Maria Lorella
Published: April 2020

Preterm infants may show a higher risk of adverse health outcomes, such as the development of metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment. The most recent evidence highlights that nutrition, body composition development, and early postnatal growth may play a role in the programming of these processes. Human milk feeding has been recommended as the natural feeding for preterm infants and as a cost-effective strategy for reducing disease and economic burden. Considering that the postnatal growth retardation and aberrant body composition shown by preterm infants at the time of hospital discharge still remain important issues, we performed a literature review, aiming to provide an update about the effect of human milk feeding on these processes. On the basis of our findings, human milk feeding in preterm infants, although related to a slower weight gain than formula feeding, is associated with a better recovery of body composition through the promotion of fat-free mass deposition, which may ultimately lead to better metabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Promotion and support of human milk feeding should be considered a priority in preterm infants’ care.
The Role of Apoptin in Chicken Anemia Virus Replication
Authors: Feng Cynthia , Liang Yingke , Teodoro Jose G.
Published: April 2020

Apoptin is the Vp3 protein of chicken anemia virus (CAV), which infects the thymocytes and erythroblasts in young chickens, causing chicken infectious anemia and immunosuppression. Apoptin is highly studied for its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in human tumor cells and, thus, is a protein of interest in anti-tumor therapy. CAV apoptin is known to localize to different subcellular compartments in transformed and non-transformed cells, depending on the DNA damage response, and the phosphorylation of several identified threonine residues. In addition, apoptin interacts with molecular machinery such as the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to inhibit the cell cycle and induce arrest in G2/M phase. While these functions of apoptin contribute to the tumor-selective effect of the protein, they also provide an important fundamental framework to apoptin’s role in viral infection, pathogenesis, and propagation. Here, we reviewed how the regulation, localization, and functions of apoptin contribute to the viral life cycle and postulated its importance in efficient replication of CAV. A model of the molecular biology of infection is critical to informing our understanding of CAV and other related animal viruses that threaten the agricultural industry.
In Vivo Antimicrobial and Wound-Healing Activity of Resveratrol, Dihydroquercetin, and Dihydromyricetin against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans
Authors: Shevelev Alexei B. , La Porta Nicola , Isakova Elena P. , Martens Stefan , Biryukova Yulia K. , Belous Alexander S. , Sivokhin Dmitrii A. , Trubnikova Elena V. , Zylkova Marina V. , Belyakova Alla V. , Smirnova Maria S. , Deryabina Yulia I.
Published: April 2020

An increase in the spread of antibiotic-resistant opportunistic microorganisms causes serious problems in the treatment of purulent infections, burns, and trophic ulcers. We tested the antimicrobial activity in vivo of three polyphenols, Resveratrol, Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin), and Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin) from Norway spruce bark to promote the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans from wounds. Purulent infection was modelled on wounds in rats infected with suspensions containing 109 CFU (colony-forming unit)/mL of pathogens. The wound area was treated daily with solutions of the polyphenols or placebo for 14 days after the beginning of the treatment. The animals were examined daily, and each stage of the wound healing (inflammation, granulation, and maturation (marginal epithelialisation) was documented. The planimetric analysis of the wound recovery percentage was performed on the 3rd, 10th, and 14th day after the start of curing. Then, one echelon (three or four animals from each subgroup) was withdrawn from the experiment on days 3 (three animals), 10 (three animals), and 14 (four animals) for microscopy analysis of cytological composition of their wound defects by microscopy and microbiological analysis of their contamination with pathogens. Our results show that they are also able to suppress mast cell infiltration and stimulate lymphocyte and macrophage (monocyte) infiltration into the wound. Resveratrol stimulated the replacement of the scar with normal tissue (with a clear boundary between the dermis and epidermis) and the restoration of hair follicles. Resveratrol turned out to be significantly better than some commercial antimicrobial (Levomecol) and antifungal (Clotrimazole) ointments and can be proposed as a promising drug for topical use for the treatment of trophic ulcers and burns.
Effect of Sugars on Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity
Authors: Marziali Giacomo , Marangoni Antonella , Foschi Claudio , Re Maria Carla , Calonghi Natalia
Published: April 2020

Background. Previous works suggest that sugars can have a beneficial effect on C. trachomatis (CT) survival and virulence. In this study, we investigated the effect of different sugars on CT infectivity, elucidating some of the molecular mechanisms behind CT-sugar interaction. Methods. CT infectivity was investigated on HeLa cells after 2 hour-incubation of elementary bodies (EBs) with glucose, sucrose, or mannitol solutions (0.5, 2.5, 5.0 mM). The effect of sugars on EB membrane fluidity was investigated by fluorescence anisotropy measurement, whereas the changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure were examined by cytofluorimetric analysis. By means of a Western blot, we explored the phosphorylation state of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in HeLa cells infected with EBs pre-incubated with sugars. Results. All sugar solutions significantly increased CT infectivity on epithelial cells, acting directly on the EB structure. Sugars induced a significant increase of EB membrane fluidity, leading to changes in LPS membrane exposure. Especially after incubation with sucrose and mannitol, EBs led to a higher FAK phosphorylation, enhancing the activation of anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals in the host cells. Conclusions. Sugars can increase CT infectivity and virulence, by modulating the expression/exposure of chlamydial membrane ligands. Further in-depth studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved.
Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept
Authors: Chauhan Ravendra P. , Dessie Zelalem G. , Noreddin Ayman , El Zowalaty Mohamed E.
Published: April 2020

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
Risk Assessment of African Swine Fever Virus Exposure to Sus scrofa in Japan Via Pork Products Brought in Air Passengers’ Luggage
Authors: Ito Satoshi , Bosch Jaime , Jurado Cristina , Sánchez-Vizcaíno José Manuel , Isoda Norikazu
Published: April 2020

In recent years, African swine fever (ASF) has become prevalent in many areas, including Asia. The repeated detection of the ASF virus (ASFV) genome in pork products brought in air passenger’s luggage (PPAP) was also reported from Japanese airports. In the present study, the risk of ASFV exposure to susceptible hosts in Japan via three different pathways was assessed. Two quantitative stochastic risk assessment models were built to estimate the annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs, which could be attributed to foreign job trainees or foreign tourists. A semi-quantitative stochastic model was built to assess the risk of ASFV exposure to wild boar caused by foreign tourists. The overall mean annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs via PPAP carried by foreign job trainees was 0.169 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.000–0.600], whereas that by foreign tourists was 0.050 [95% CI: 0.000–0.214], corresponding to approximately one introduction every 5.9 and 20 years, respectively. The risk of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs was dispersed over the country, whereas that of wild boar was generally higher in the western part of Japan, indicating that the characteristics of the potential ASF risk in each prefecture were varied.
Prevention and Control of Legionella and Pseudomonas spp. Colonization in Dental Units
Authors: Tuvo Benedetta , Totaro Michele , Cristina Maria Luisa , Spagnolo Anna Maria , Di Cave David , Profeti Sara , Baggiani Angelo , Privitera Gaetano , Casini Beatrice
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Dental Unit Waterlines (DUWLs) have shown to be a source of Legionella infection. We report the experience of different dental healthcare settings where a risk management plan was implemented. Materials and methods: In a Hospital Odontostomatology Clinic (HOC) and three Private Dental Clinics (PDCs) housing 13 and six dental units (DUs), respectively, an assessment checklist was applied to evaluate staff compliance with guideline recommendations. DUWLs microbial parameters were investigated before and after the application of corrective actions. Results: In the HOC a poor adherence to good practices was demonstrated, whereas protocols were carefully applied in PDCs. L. pneumophila sg 2–15 was isolated in 31% (4/13) and 33% (2/6) of DUs in HOC and PDCs, respectively, mainly from handpieces (32%, 6/19) with counts >102 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/L), often associated with P. aeruginosa (68%, 13/19). The shock disinfection with 3% v/v hydrogen peroxide (HP) showed a limited effect, with a recolonization period of about 4 weeks. Legionella was eradicated only after 6% v/v HP shock disinfection and filters-installation, whilst P. aeruginosa after the third shock disinfection with a solution of 4% v/v HP and biodegradable surfactants. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the presence and persistence of microbial contamination within the DUWLs, which required strict adherence to control measures and the choice of effective disinfectants.
Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antidiabetic Activities of Leaves and Stems of Uapaca bojeri Bail. (EUPHORBIACEAE), an Endemic Plant of Madagascar
Authors: Razafindrakoto Zoarilala Rinah , Donno Dario , Tombozara Nantenaina , Andriamaniraka Harilala , Andrianjara Charles , Ramanitrahasimbola David , Beccaro Gabriele Loris
Published: April 2020

Uapaca bojeri is an endemic Malagasy plant used by the local population. This work aimed to evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of the methanol extracts of U. bojeri leaves and stems and to report their total phenolic content and the bioactive compound content by HPLC methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. An in vivo carrageenan-induced paw oedema and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice were used for anti-inflammatory activity evaluation. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in mice to evaluate antidiabetic activity. The total bioactive compound content of leaves was higher than that of stems. Stem methanol extract inhibited the free radical DPPH more than the leaf methanol extract. Leaf methanol extract inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the carrageenan-induced paw oedema more than the stem extract, but their inhibition of the pain symptoms caused an acetic acid-induced decrease similar to the number of writhes in the dose-dependent case. The leaf and stem methanol extracts significantly reduced blood glucose levels after 30 min of glucose loading in mice compared to the control group blood glucose reduction. The presence of several bioactive compounds in U. bojeri contributed to the different biological activities, but isolation and identification of these bioactive molecules are necessary to confirm these pharmacological properties.