bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the acute and chronic administration of the putative atypical antipsychotic drug Y‐931 (8‐fluoro‐12‐ (4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐6H‐[1]benzothieno[2,3b][1,5] benzodiazepine maleate) on spontaneously active rat midbrain dopamine neurons: An in vivo electrophysiological study
Authors: Minabe Yoshio , Hashimoto Kenji , Shirayama Yukihiko , Ashby Charles R.
Published: October 2003

This study examined the effect of the p.o. administration of the putative atypical antipsychotic drug Y‐931 (8‐fluoro‐12‐(4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐6H‐[1]benzothieno[2,3b][1,5] benzodiazepine maleate) on the activity of spontaneously active dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) in anesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats. This was accomplished using in vivo electrophysiology. The acute p.o. administration of Y‐931 did not significantly alter the number of spontaneously active SNC DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. A single p.o. administration of 3 and 10 mg/kg of Y‐931 significantly increased and decreased, respectively, the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. The acute administration of 3 mg/kg of Y‐931 significantly altered the firing pattern parameters for all spontaneously active SNC DA. The 3 and 10 mg/kg doses of Y‐931 significantly increased the degree of bursting and irregular activity of spontaneously active VTA and SNC DA neurons firing in a bursting pattern. The repeated p.o. administration (21 days) of 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg of Y‐931 significantly decreased the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons but had no significant effect on SNC DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. The repeated administration of Y‐931 did not significantly alter the firing pattern of all spontaneously active SNC or VTA DA neurons. Our findings indicate that the acute and chronic administration of Y‐931 significantly alters the activity of midbrain DA neurons in rats and the electrophysiological profile of chronic Y‐931 resembles that of atypical antipsychotic agents. Synapse 51:19–26, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral D‐amphetamine causes prolonged displacement of [11C]raclopride as measured by PET
Authors: Cárdenas Laura , Houle Sylvain , Kapur Shitij , Busto Usoa E.
Published: October 2003

Parenterally administered D‐amphetamine has been used as a challenge drug to release dopamine, which in turns inhibits [11C]raclopride binding to dopaminergic D2 receptors as measured using positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether orally administered D‐amphetamine would inhibit [11C]raclopride binding in a manner similar to that produced by intravenously administered D‐amphetamine. The secondary objective was to assess the timeline of these effects. Twelve healthy human volunteers participated in this study. Subjects were scanned at baseline and 2 h after D‐amphetamine administration (n = 5); at baseline, 2 and 6 h postdrug (n = 4); or at baseline, 2 and 24 h postdrug (n = 3). Orally administered D‐amphetamine caused a significant decrease in [11C]raclopride binding at 2 h (13% ± 5%). Receptor availability was still decreased at 6 h (18% ± 6%), even though physiological effects had completely returned to baseline. [11C]Raclopride binding returned to baseline at 24 h. The percentage of [11C]raclopride displacement was not correlated with plasma D‐amphetamine concentrations. In conclusion, orally administered D‐amphetamine caused a reliable and prolonged [11C]raclopride displacement, the magnitude of which is similar to that observed after intravenous administration. Possible mechanisms for the observed prolonged displacement may include persistence of intrasynaptic dopamine and/or receptor internalization. Synapse 51:27–31, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wakefulness‐inducing area in the brainstem excites warm‐sensitive and inhibits cold‐sensitive neurons in the medial preoptic area in anesthetized rats
Authors: Mallick Birendra N. , Jha Sushil K. , Islam Fakhrul
Published: October 2003

Sleep–wakefulness and body temperature are known to influence each other. The body temperature rises during wakefulness and falls during sleep. The midbrain reticular formation is one of the areas in the brainstem that induces wakefulness, while the preoptico‐anterior hypothalamic area is the main thermoregulatory center in the brain. In order to understand the neural mechanism for simultaneous regulation of these functions we hypothesized that the wakefulness area in the brainstem is likely to have an opposite influence on warm‐ and cold‐sensitive neurons in the preoptico‐anterior hypothalamic area. Hence, first, the wakefulness‐inducing area was identified in the brainstem by stimulating the site with high‐frequency rectangular wave electrical pulses (100 Hz, 100 μA, 200 μsec for 5–8 sec) in freely behaving chronically prepared experimental rats. Then, single neuronal activity from the medial preoptico‐anterior hypothalamic area was recorded and their thermosensitivity was established. Thereafter, the influence of such a confirmed wakefulness‐inducing area in the brainstem on the responsiveness of the single neuronal activity of predetermined warm‐ and cold‐sensitive neurons as well as on temperature‐insensitive neurons was studied by overlapping stimulus (1 Hz, 500 μA, 200 μsec) bound responses. It was observed that the warm‐sensitive neurons were excited and the cold‐sensitive neurons were inhibited by stimulation of the wakefulness‐inducing area in the brainstem. Most of the temperature‐insensitive neurons remained unaffected. The results confirm our hypothesis and help in understanding the mechanism of simultaneous modulation of body temperature in association with changes in wakefulness at the single neuronal level. Synapse 51:59–70, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
System training metrics and measures: A key operational effectiveness imperative
Authors: Verma Dinesh , Farr John , Johannesen Line H.
Published: October 2003

An assessment framework to make explicit the “cause and effect” relationship between design decisions and their impact on system operations, maintenance, and support is essential to influence new and upgrade program development from the longer‐term life‐cycle perspective. This becomes even more urgent with increasingly greater utilization of commercial‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) elements within information and knowledge intensive systems in the commercial (IT, Telecommunication, Banking, Finance) and aerospace domains. These architectures are often characterized by an evolving physical baseline (technology refreshment) driven by obsolescence and end‐of‐life risk considerations. The first objective of this paper is to present the concept of System Operational Effectiveness (SOE). System Operational Effectiveness serves as a generic framework for a wholistic system assessment by balancing factors pertaining to system performance, availability, process efficiency, and cost. Then, given the significance of system training costs, the results of an industry survey on system training metrics and methods are presented. This survey was conducted to help understand training metrics currently utilized within industry with a particular focus on information and knowledge intensive systems. A subsequent objective is to delineate architectural attributes that can be used to assess architectural goodness with respect to training requirements and cost. This is an ongoing research initiative and initial results from this initiative are also presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6: 238–248, 2003
Synthesizing executable models of object oriented architectures
Authors: Wagenhals Lee W. , Haider Sajjad , Levis Alexander H.
Published: October 2003

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has mandated the development of architectures to support the acquisition of systems that are interoperable and will meet the needs of military coalitions. This paper provides a general description of an architecting process based on object orientation and UML. It then provides a rationale for style constraints on the use of UML artifacts for representing DoD Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) architectures. Finally the paper describes a mapping between the UML artifacts and an executable model based on colored Petri nets that can be used for logical, behavioral, and performance evaluation of the architecture. A procedure for the conversion is also provided. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6: 266–300, 2003
UML 2 activity model support for systems engineering functional flow diagrams
Authors: Bock Conrad
Published: October 2003

This article compares Activity models of the Unified Modeling Language, version 2 (UML 2) [OMG (Object Management Group), UML 2.0 superstructure specification, August 2003, http://www.omg.org/cgi‐bin/doc?ptc/03‐08‐02], to a widely‐used systems engineering (SE) flow diagram, the Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD) [J. Long, Relationships between common graphical representations in system engineering, ViTech Corporation, 2002], and to the requirements for functional flow modeling in a systems engineering extension for UML (UML‐SE) [OMG Systems Engineering Domain Special Interest Group (SE‐DSIG), UML for systems engineering RFP, March 2003a, http://www.omg.org/cgi‐bin/doc?ad/03‐03‐41]. Issues are identified in applying UML 2 Activities to EFFBD and to satisfying UML‐SE functional flow requirements. Solutions are suggested to these issues that can be used to translate between the languages and to develop standards such as revisions to UML 2 or extensions in UML‐SE. *© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6, 249–265, 2003
Raman imaging of hemozoin within the food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites
Authors: Wood Bayden R , Langford Steven J , Cooke Brian M , Glenister Fiona K , Lim Janelle , McNaughton Don
Published: October 2003

Micro‐Raman spectra of hemozoin encapsulated within the food vacuole of a Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocyte are presented. The spectrum of hemozoin is identical to the spectrum of β‐hematin at all applied excitation wavelengths. The unexpected observation of dramatic band enhancement of A1g modes including ν4 (1374 cm−1) observed when applying 780 nm excitation enabled Raman imaging of hemozoin in the food vacuole. This unusual enhancement, resulting from excitonic coupling between linked porphyrin moieties in the extended porphyrin array, enables the investigation of hemozoin within its natural environment for the first time.
Phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase of inhibitor‐2 does not change its structure in free state
Authors: Lin Ta-Hsien , Chen Yi-Chen , Chyan Chia-lin , Tsay Li-huang , Tang Tzu Chun , Jeng Hao-Hsuan , Lin Fang-Min , Huang Hsien-bin
Published: October 2003

Inhibitor‐2 (I2) is a thermostable protein that specifically binds to the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase‐1 (PP1), resulting in the formation of the inactive holoenzyme, ATP‐Mg‐dependent phosphatase. Phosphorylation of I2 at Thr‐72 by glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) results in activation of the phosphatase, suggesting that kinase action triggers conformational change in the complex. In this paper, we characterize the effect of GSK‐3 phosphorylation on the structure of free state I2[1–172] by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and show that phosphorylation has no significant effect on its conformation. We conclude that the conformational changes of ATP‐Mg‐dependent phosphatase induced by GSK‐3 phosphorylation must depend on the interactions between PP1 and I2.
Proton transfer pathways and mechanism in bacterial reaction centers
Authors: Paddock M.L. , Feher G. , Okamura M.Y.
Published: October 2003

The focus of this minireview is to discuss the state of knowledge of the pathways and rates of proton transfer in the bacterial reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Protons involved in the light driven catalytic reduction of a quinone molecule QB to quinol QBH2 travel from the aqueous solution through well defined proton transfer pathways to the oxygen atoms of the quinone. Three main topics are discussed: (1) the pathways for proton transfer involving the residues: His‐H126, His‐H128, Asp‐L210, Asp‐M17, Asp‐L213, Ser‐L223 and Glu‐L212, which were determined by a variety of methods including the use of proton uptake inhibiting metal ions (e.g. Zn2+ and Cd2+); (2) the rate constants for proton transfer, obtained from a ‘chemical rescue’ study was determined to be 2×105 s−1 and 2×104 s−1 for the proton uptake to Glu‐L212 and QB
−
, respectively; (3) structural studies of altered proton transfer pathways in revertant RCs that lack the key amino acid Asp‐L213 show a series of structural changes that propagate toward L213 potentially allowing Glu‐H173 to participate in the proton transfer processes.
Genetic interactions among ZDS1,2, CDC37, and protein kinase CK2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bandhakavi Sricharan , McCann Richard O. , Hanna David E. , Glover Claiborne V.C.
Published: October 2003

We report here the identification of the homologous gene pair ZDS1,2 as multicopy suppressors of a temperature‐sensitive allele (cka2‐13
ts) of the CKA2 gene encoding the α′ catalytic subunit of protein kinase CK2. Overexpression of ZDS1,2 suppressed the temperature sensitivity, geldanamycin (GA) sensitivity, slow growth, and flocculation of multiple cka2 alleles and enhanced CK2 activity in vivo toward a known physiological substrate, Fpr3. Consistent with the existence of a recently described positive feedback loop between CK2 and Cdc37, overexpression of ZDS1,2 also suppressed the temperature sensitivity, abnormal morphology, and GA sensitivity of a CK2 phosphorylation‐deficient mutant of CDC37, cdc37‐S14A, as well as the GA sensitivity of a cdc37‐1 allele. A likely basis for all of these effects is our observation that ZDS1,2 overexpression enhances Cdc37 protein levels. Activation of the positive feedback loop between CK2 and Cdc37 likely contributes to the pleiotropic nature of ZDS1,2, as both CK2 and Cdc37 regulate diverse cellular functions.
Sub‐classification of response regulators using the surface characteristics of their receiver domains
Authors: Kojetin Douglas J , Thompson Richele J , Cavanagh John
Published: October 2003

The omnipresent bacterial switch known as a two‐component system is comprised of a response regulator and a sensor kinase with which it interacts. Sensor kinases have been classified and further sub‐classified into groups based on their sequence similarity, loop lengths and domain organization. Response regulators have been classified predominantly by the identity and function of their output domains. Here, comparative based homology modeling of the receiver domains of the OmpR sub‐family of response regulators in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli suggests further sub‐classification is possible. A color‐coded scale is used to show trends in surface hydrophobicity. For the OmpR receiver domains modeled these trends allow further sub‐classification. The specific surface regions used for this sub‐classification procedure correlate with clusters of residues that are important for interaction with cognate four helix bundle HisKA/Hpt domains.
Shc‐dependent pathway is redundant but dominant in MAPK cascade activation by EGF receptors: a modeling inference
Authors: Gong Yunchen , Zhao Xin
Published: October 2003

In cell signaling cascades, one stimulus often leads to various physiological functions by multiple pathways. Perturbation of one pathway by blocking or overexpressing one of its components will result in changes in multiple pathways and multiple cell functions. Thus, it is important to reveal the relative contribution of each pathway to each function in order to assess the consequence of perturbations (e.g. drug delivery). By exploring an established mathematical model, the Shc‐dependent pathway is found to be both redundant and dominant during activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Its dominance results from the majority consumption of the common precursor ((EGF‐EGFR*)2‐GAP) by this pathway. The key steps for the dominance are the binding and phosphorylation of Shc. In conclusion, cells may prefer the long Shc‐dependent pathway to the short Shc‐independent pathway.
Involvement of gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, in development and regeneration of chick sciatic nerve
Authors: Hiroi Satoshi , Tsukamoto Yasuhiro , Sasaki Fumihiko , Miki Naomasa , Taira Eiichi
Published: October 2003

We have examined the role of gicerin, an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule, in chick sciatic nerves during development and regeneration. Gicerin was expressed in the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sciatic nerves in embryos, but declined after hatching. Neurite extensions from explant cultures of the DRG were promoted on gicerin's ligands, which were inhibited by an anti‐gicerin antibody. Furthermore, gicerin expression was upregulated in the regenerating sciatic nerves, DRG and dorsal horn of the spinal cord after injury to the sciatic nerve. These results indicate that gicerin might participate in the development and regeneration of sciatic nerves.
The active site and mechanism of action of recombinant acetohydroxy acid synthase from tobacco
Authors: Yoon Moon-Young , Hwang Ji-Hyun , Choi Min-Kyung , Baek Dong-Kil , Kim Joungmok , Kim Young-Tae , Choi Jung-Do
Published: October 2003

Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is one of several enzymes that require thiamine diphosphate and a divalent cation as essential cofactors. Recently, the three‐dimensional structure of the enzyme from yeast has been determined [Pang et al., J. Mol. Biol. 317 (2002) 249–262]. While this structure sheds light on the binding of the cofactors and the reaction mechanism, the interactions between the substrates and the enzyme remain unclear. We have studied the pH dependence of kinetic parameters in order to obtain information about the chemical mechanism in the active site. Data are consistent with a mechanism in which substrate selectively catalyzed to the enzyme with an unprotonated base having a pK of 6.48, and a protonated group having a pK of 8.25 for catalysis. The temperature dependence of kinetic parameters was pH‐dependent, and the enthalpies of ionization, ΔH
ion, calculated from the slope of pK
1 and pK
2 are both pH‐independent. The solvent perturbation of kinetic parameters was pH‐dependent, and the pK
1 from the acidic side and the pK
2 from the basic side were shifted down 0.4 pH units and shifted up 0.6 units as water was replaced by 15% ethanol, respectively. The data are discussed in terms of the acid–base chemical mechanism.
Tellurite uptake by cells of the facultative phototroph Rhodobacter capsulatus is a ΔpH‐dependent process
Authors: Borsetti Francesca , Toninello Antonio , Zannoni Davide
Published: October 2003

The uptake by light‐grown cells of Rhodobacter capsulatus of the highly toxic metalloid oxyanion tellurite (TeO3
2−) was examined. We show that tellurite is rapidly taken up by illuminated cells in a process which is inhibited by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide‐p‐trifluoromethoxyphenyl‐hydrazone (FCCP) and by the K+/H+ exchanger nigericin. Notably, the light‐driven membrane potential (Δψ) is enhanced by K2TeO3≥200 μM. Further, tellurite uptake is largely insensitive to valinomycin, strongly repressed by the sulfhydryl reagent N‐ethylethylmaleimide (NEM) and competitively inhibited by phosphate. We conclude that tellurite is transported into cells by a ΔpH‐dependent, non‐electrogenic process which is likely to involve the phosphate transporter (PiT family).
Mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase mutations and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
Authors: Wang Liya , Eriksson Staffan
Published: October 2003

Mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) catalyzes the initial phosphorylation of purine deoxynucleosides. Mutations in the dGK gene leading to deficiency in dGK activity is one of the causes of severe mitochondrial DNA depletion diseases. We used site‐directed mutagenesis to introduce the clinically observed genetic alterations in the dGK gene and characterized the recombinant enzymes. The R142K enzyme had very low activity with deoxyguanosine and no activity with deoxyadenosine. The E227K mutant enzyme had unchanged K
m values for all its substrates but very low V
max values. C‐terminal truncated dGK proteins were inactive. These results may help to define the role of dGK in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) precursor synthesis.
Selection and characterisation of binders based on homodimerisation of immunoglobulin VH domains
Authors: Jin Hulin , Sepúlveda Jorge , Burrone Oscar R.
Published: October 2003

The antigen‐binding surface of antibodies is formed by the heterodimerisation of the two variable domains of the light (VL) and heavy (VH) chains. We have previously described the spontaneous formation of VH dimers (VHD) in both bacteria and mammalian cells. The self‐association of a single domain produces a homo‐VHD, in which the two identical VH domains generate a unique symmetric surface for antigen binding that is never found in the normal VL/VH antibody binding site. We developed a phagemid vector for the construction of phage display libraries in which a cysteine residue, introduced at the C‐terminus of the only VH cloned, allowed display of homo‐VHDs. Panning of the library on different proteins yielded antigen specific binders against lysozyme, glutathione S‐transferase and streptavidin. A lysozyme specific homo‐VHD was further characterised with an apparent affinity determined to be 216±6.6 nM. Importantly, the results showed that its binding activity was fully dependent on the dimerisation of both identical VH domains.
Identification of the blood group Lewisa determinant in the oviducal mucins of Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Guérardel Yann , Petit Daniel , Madigou Thierry , Guillet Brigitte , Maes Emmanuel , Maftah Abderrahman , Boujard Daniel , Strecker Gérard , Kol Ossarath
Published: October 2003

The amphibian Xenopus tropicalis appears an increasingly appealing model for both genetic and developmental biology studies, compared to the related species Xenopus laevis. Study of the glycosylation pattern of its secreted glycoproteins revealed that this species synthesizes large amounts of Lewisa epitope, whereas this motif has previously only been identified in animals within the primate lineage. The use of 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy enabled us to resolve the sequence of three Lewisa‐bearing O‐linked glycans associated with oviducal secretions, out of which one contained the novel sequence Gal(β1–3)GlcNAc(β1–6)GalNAc‐ol. These structural data suggested the emergence of an α1,4‐fucosyltransferase activity in animals outside the primate lineage. On this basis, the screening of a X. tropicalis GenBank database with human Lewis‐fucosyltransferase sequences revealed the occurrence of a putative fucosyltransferase gene that presented an unusual acceptor motif.
Copper in the silk formation process of Bombyx mori silkworm
Authors: Zhou Li , Chen Xin , Shao Zhengzhong , Zhou Ping , Knight David P. , Vollrath Fritz
Published: October 2003

Evidence is presented here that cupric ions play a part in the natural spinning of Bombyx mori silk. Proton induced X‐ray emission studies revealed that the copper content increased from the posterior part to the anterior part of silk gland, and then further increased in the silk fiber. Spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that cupric ions formed coordination complexes with silk fibroin chains while Raman spectroscopy indicated that they induced a conformation transition from random coil/helix to β‐sheet. Taken together these findings indicate that copper could play a role in the natural spinning process in silkworms.
Metabolic strategy of boar spermatozoa revealed by a metabolomic characterization
Authors: Marin Silvia , Chiang Kelly , Bassilian Sara , Lee Wai-Nang Paul , Boros Laszlo G , Fernández-Novell Josep Maria , Centelles Josep Joan , Medrano Antonio , Rodriguez-Gil Joan Enric , Cascante Marta
Published: October 2003

Metabolomic characteristics in boar spermatozoa were studied using [1,2‐13C2]glucose and mass isotopomer analysis. In boar spermatozoa, glycolysis was the main pathway of glucose utilization producing lactate/pyruvate, whereas no gluconeogenesis was seen. Slight glycogen synthesis through the direct pathway and some incorporation of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle also took place. Neither RNA ribose‐5‐phosphate nor fatty acid synthesis from glucose occurred despite the detection of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. In contrast to the known metabolic activities in dog sperm, boar spermatozoa have low levels of energy production and biosynthetic activities suggesting two different metabolic profiles for the two different phenotypes.
p15INK4b in HDAC inhibitor‐induced growth arrest
Authors: Hitomi Toshiaki , Matsuzaki Youichirou , Yokota Tomoya , Takaoka Yuuki , Sakai Toshiyuki
Published: October 2003

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors arrest human tumor cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and activate the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, p21WAF1/Cip1. However, several studies have suggested the existence of a p21WAF1/Cip1‐independent molecular pathway. We report here that HDAC inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate, activate the p15INK4b gene, a member of the INK4 gene family, through its promoter in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, we show that up‐regulation of p15INK4b by TSA is associated with cell growth inhibition of HCT116 p21 (−/−) cells. Our findings suggest that p15INK4b is one of the important molecular targets of HDAC inhibitors.
Impact of Patient Suicide on Clinicians
Authors: Collins Janet M.
Published: October 2003

Nurses who treat patients at risk for suicide are likely to have a patient commit suicide during their years of practice. The American Association of Suicidology estimates that between 5,000 and 10,000 clinicians will have this experience annually. Yet, for even the most experienced clinicians, the suicide of a patient can have a long-lasting emotional impact. Personal and professional reactions may be both frightening and humbling for clinician survivors of suicide.
Behavioral Treatment for Fear of Flying
Authors: Kormos Theresa C.
Published: October 2003

The terrorist events of September 11, 2001, indirectly brought attention to the problem of fear of flying. Specific phobias, such as fear of flying, are generally treated by exposure therapy, a form of behavior therapy. The effectiveness of behavioral treatment is supported by data collected from physiological, behavioral, and self-report measures. The relationship of these three measures to outcome are discussed in a case example of a male subject successfully treated for fear of flying with behavioral therapy.
Personal Autonomy: Development of a Nursing Outcomes Classification Label
Authors: Caldwell Carol L. , Wasson Dianne , Brighton Veronica , Dixon Lois , Anderson Mary Ann
Published: October 2003

Autonomy is defined as having control over one’s life, not being subject to the will of another, the right of self-determination, and the right to decide, or freedom of choice. An autonomous individual is protected from unwanted interference. There is a consistent theme running through the literature of nursing, medicine, and ethics that assumes that the autonomous individual is sufficiently competent to receive, understand, and make choices based on information available. Using a focus group approach, a Nursing Outcomes Classification label, a definition, and indicators were developed for personal autonomy. The definition and indicators were refined into a conceptually and clinically coherent outcome. Findings include the definition and 11 measurable indicators. Clinical relevance and utility are currently under investigation.
Hypnosis: A Useful Strategy for Symptom Relief
Authors: Valente Sharon M.
Published: October 2003

Nurses are well positioned to use hypnosis to relieve symptoms, but they may lack knowledge about its clinical effectiveness. Hypnosis can help clients alleviate anxiety, reduce arousal, control behavior, and develop control when they become upset or worried. With education and supervision, psychiatric nurses in general or advanced practice can use hypnosis to help clients achieve symptom control and improve self-esteem and self-confidence.
Depression and the Use of Conventional and Nonconventional Interventions by Rural Patients
Authors: Cuellar Norma , Cochran Shelly , Ladner Christie , Mercier Becky , Townsend Amy , Harbaugh Bonnie , Douglas Dianna
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious condition that is often ignored or overlooked by health care professionals. Improvement in the recognition, treatment, and prevention of this disease is a public health priority, especially in rural areas.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were (a) to determine if participants in rural areas from four sub-groups—patients with breast cancer, caregivers, patients with myocardial infarction, and patients who have had a stroke—were depressed, and (b) to compare and identify conventional and nonconventional interventions being implemented for depression.

DESIGN: A comparative descriptive design was used. Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Index, the authors questioned 120 participants.

RESULTS: Forty-four (37%) of the participants in this study reported depression; 70% were not being treated with antidepressants. Unemployment and marital status were significant predictors of depression. No differences among groups were identified in the treatment of depression.

CONCLUSION: Health care providers should be aware that screening and treatment for depression are necessary, especially in rural areas where isolation, poverty, and lack of mental health services are common.
Electrical neuromodulation improves myocardial perfusion and ameliorates refractory angina pectoris in patients with syndrome X: fad or future?
Authors: Jessurun G.A.J. , Hautvast R.W.M. , Tio R.A. , DeJongste M.J.L.
Published: October 2003

At present, there is no reliable antianginal drug therapy for patients with cardiac syndrome X. Therefore, the effect of electrical neuromodulation on refractory angina pectoris and myocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X was assessed. Eight patients (aged 55±7 years) with heterogeneous myocardial perfusion and no esophageal abnormalities were included. The subjects were nonresponders to antianginal drug therapy. Angina pectoris attacks and myocardial perfusion dynamics were evaluated by positron emission tomography at baseline and following 4 weeks of (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) TENS. Following TENS there was a reduction of angina pectoris episodes (baseline 20±3, TENS 3±1; p=0.012), and short acting nitroglycerin intake per week (baseline 10±3, TENS 2±1; p=0.008). The rate pressure product during the cold pressor test (CPT) was reduced during TENS (baseline , TENS ; p=0.02). Following TENS, the perfusion reserve ratio between rest and dipyridamole flow increased (baseline 1.59±0.15, TENS ; p=0.05). The coronary vascular resistance had a trend towards a reduction (baseline 0.96±0.04, TENS ; p=0.06) during CPT. This observation may suggest that neurostimulation improves angina pectoris with a concomitant improvement of myocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X.
Psychological responses to episodic chest pain
Authors: Okpa Kampadi , Morley Stephen , Hobson Anthony R , Sarkar Sanchoy , Melaine Teri , Thompson David , Aziz Qasim
Published: October 2003

Patients with chronic musculo‐skeletal pain have been profiled as ‘dysfunctional', ‘interpersonally distresseD' or ‘adaptive copers’. The relevance of these for episodic visceral pain is unknown. Our aim was to replicate conceptually the taxonomy in patients with episodic visceral pain. Patients with chest pain and gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD; n=25), coronary artery (CAD; n=20), or with chest pain but without either reflux or coronary artery disease (non‐cardiac chest pain – NCCP; n=23) were assessed using several standard affective and cognitive measures relevant to pain. Differences between the diagnostic groups were explored. K‐means cluster analysis broadly replicated the three groups found in previous research but the ‘interpersonally distresseD' group had few members. An additional cluster analysis suggested a more parsimonious solution for the sample was a two‐cluster one, which approximated to the ‘adaptive coper’ and ‘dysfunctional' profiles. Membership of both the three‐ and two‐cluster profiles was not associated with membership of specific diagnostic category.
Hypoalgesia to pressure pain in referred pain areas triggered by spatial summation of experimental muscle pain from unilateral or bilateral trapezius muscles
Authors: Ge Hong‐You , Madeleine Pascal , Wang Kelun , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: October 2003

Animal and human experimental studies have suggested the importance of spatial summation in the nociception processing and in the activation of descending inhibition. However, the relationship between the areas (size) of muscles stimulated and the recruitment of descending inhibition has not been addressed. Consequently, we tested whether bilateral versus unilateral injection of hypertonic saline into trapezius muscles caused hypoalgesia to pressure pain (pressure pain thresholds, PPTs) in the local pain areas (the trapezius muscles) and the referred pain areas (the posterolateral neck muscles). Two groups of volunteers participated. One group received a unilateral injection (one injection) and the other group bilateral injections (two injections). In the bilateral group, hypertonic saline was injected in one trapezius first, and 45 s later, while pain was still present from the first injection, a second injection was performed into the contralateral trapezius muscle. The saline‐evoked time to maximal pain was significantly shorter after the second injection than after the first injection. More subjects developed referred pain after the bilateral compared with the unilateral injection. In the referred pain areas, the PPTs 7.5 and 15 min after the second injection were significantly increased compared with the first injection, while no changes in the PPT were observed in local and referred pain areas after unilateral injection. This suggests that the induction of descending inhibition was triggered by spatial summation during the later phase of experimentally induced muscle pain. The present experimental model might be used for further investigation of descending inhibition related to the spatial characteristics of nociceptive stimuli in humans.
Ionospheric observations of F region artificial plasma turbulence, modified by powerful X‐mode radio waves
Authors: Frolov V. L. , Kagan L. M. , Sergeev E. N. , Komrakov G. P. , Bernhardt P. A. , Goldstein J. A. , Wagner L. S. , Selcher C. A. , Stubbe P.
Published: October 2003

We study the influence of additional X‐mode heating of the ionospheric plasma on the features of artificial ionospheric turbulence, induced in the ionospheric F region by O‐mode waves over the “Sura” heating facility (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia). The X heating is shown to suppress the generation of HF plasma turbulence resulting from the development of both the parametric decay and thermal parametric instabilities. Typical times of variations in the turbulence intensity change from ≤0.1 s to ∼10 s, strongly depending on the heating scheme. Aftereffects of the X heating last up to 30–60 s. We distinguish at least three types of phenomena, according to the observed typical times of the processes, and discuss possible reasons for each of them.
Tectonic signatures in centimeter‐scale velocity‐porosity relationships of Costa Rica convergent margin sediments
Authors: Gettemy G. L. , Tobin H. J.
Published: October 2003

The Costa Rica convergent margin, investigated during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 170, offers a unique opportunity to compare the tectonic effects of rapid subduction on incoming oceanic sediments to their laterally equivalent underthrust counterparts and to terrestrially derived wedge materials. Elevated pressure laboratory measurements of ultrasonic compressional and shear wave velocity, and porosity, are used to examine the importance of tectonic, lithologic, and diagenetic controls on physical and elastic properties of sediments in these three key tectonic domains. Depositional and stress path histories of the three domains, for example, can be distinguished by (1) trends of in situ velocity‐porosity (and derived measurements) correspondence and (2) the mechanical response of representative materials to isotropic consolidation. A compressional wave velocity‐porosity model, critical for the application of seismic imaging to margin‐wide physical property and mass balance estimates, is developed from the laboratory measurements and shown to be consistent with the information derived from LWD bulk density and migrated seismic reflection data. This consistency of the velocity‐porosity model over the large range of both frequency and length measurement scales is a key result, supporting the assertion that core and borehole physical property measurements can be extrapolated to larger domains. Finally, dewatering and overpressure effects, critical factors in subduction zone and fault process dynamics and increasingly common multiphase/converted wave imaging targets, are discussed in terms of laboratory‐estimated in situ compressional and shear wave velocity relationships.
Particle acceleration and coronal mass ejection driven shocks: Shocks of arbitrary strength
Authors: Rice W. K. M. , Zank G. P. , Li G.
Published: October 2003

There is substantial evidence suggesting that energetic particles observed in “gradual” solar energetic particle events are accelerated at shock waves driven out of the corona by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We present a model of particle acceleration at interplanetary shock waves, assumed to be driven by CMEs, in which the upstream wave intensity, driven by the accelerated particles, is calculated self‐consistently using the steady‐state solution to the wave growth equation. This then allows for the self‐consistent calculation of the momentum dependent spatial diffusion coefficient which ultimately governs both the acceleration and subsequent evolution of the energetic particles. The model is consequently applicable to shock waves of arbitrary strength, a significant improvement on previous models which were generally only valid for very strong shock waves. The model is able to calculate minimum and maximum particles energies as the shock propagates out into the solar wind and can determine time‐dependent downstream spectra. The spectra of particles escaping into the relatively undisturbed upstream medium is also calculated and in future will be used as input to a detailed transport model to determine upstream spectra and intensity profiles. Although we do not compare the results with any individual observations, the model is able to reproduce some of the observed features of “gradual” SEP events. The self‐consistent calculation of the upstream wave intensity will in future allow this model to be extended to consider the acceleration of particles of various charge states and masses.
Symmetric and asymmetric lithospheric extension: Relative effects of frictional‐plastic and viscous strain softening
Authors: Huismans Ritske S. , Beaumont Christopher
Published: October 2003

Strain‐dependent rheologies may play a critical role in the deformation of the lithosphere and particularly in the development of focused shear zones. We investigate the effects of strain softening on lithospheric extension using plane strain thermomechanical finite element model experiments. Parametric softening is specified as a linear decrease of the effective internal angle of friction, the effective viscosity, or both in the model rheologies. The sensitivity of deformation to the choice of softening parameters is investigated in cases where the crust is either strongly or weakly coupled to the mantle lithosphere. Results are classified according to the symmetry (S) or asymmetry (A) of the deformation of the upper and lower lithosphere during rifting. Strain softening is required for rifting asymmetry but is not always sufficient. A range of model tectonic styles occurs including pure and simple shear modes with focused shear zones. Mode selection is mostly determined by the feedback between two primary controls, the “dominant” rheology and the parametric strain‐softening mechanisms listed above. Softening of the dominant rheology promotes asymmetric extension of that part of the lithosphere controlled by the dominant rheology. Model results are consistent with the proposed primary controls and the factors that contribute to these controls. In particular, decreasing and increasing the rifting velocity can change the mode by changing the dominant rheology. Asymmetry is strongest in coupled models which include a decrease in the internal angle of friction and have low rifting velocities.
A steady state model for marine hydrate formation: Constraints on methane supply from pore water sulfate profiles
Authors: Davie M. K. , Buffett B. A.
Published: October 2003

We develop a steady state model to describe the formation of hydrate below the seafloor. The model includes the sulfate reducing zone (SRZ), which permits sulfate measurements to be used in conjunction with chloride data to better constrain the supply of methane at hydrate locations. The steady state model is applied at Ocean Drilling Program Site 997 to resolve the methane source at the Blake Ridge. Sulfate measurements rule out a shallow source of methane directly below the SRZ because the predicted sulfate concentration overestimates the measurements by a factor of 2 or more. Although a deep source of methane reproduces the main features of the sulfate and chloride data when the upward fluid velocity is 0.25 mm yr−1, the deep source fails to reproduce the increased freshening observed between 200 and 450 m below seafloor. We find that an in situ methane source (located in the lower part of the hydrate stability zone) together with an incoming methane bearing fluid at 0.23 mm yr−1 gives the best fit to both the sulfate and chloride data. In addition, the predicted sulfate profile indicates that anaerobic methane oxidation is the primary pathway of sulfate depletion at the Blake Ridge.
Geology of the Melas Chasma landing site for the Mars Exploration Rover mission
Authors: Weitz Catherine M. , Parker Timothy J. , Bulmer Mark H. , Scott Anderson F. , Grant John A.
Published: October 2003

The Melas Chasma landing site was considered a high‐priority site for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission because of the opportunity to land on and study potential layered sedimentary deposits. Though no longer considered a candidate site because of safety concerns, the site remains a scientifically interesting area that provides insight into the geologic history of Valles Marineris. Within the landing ellipse are dunes, landslide material, and unusual blocky deposits. The blocky deposits are composed of rounded blocks, some of which have meter‐scale layering, and they show evidence of ductile deformation, including bending and distortion of coherent blocks around each other. The morphologic characteristics of the blocks are unique, and they appear to have no terrestrial analogue. However, the gross morphology of these blocky deposits and their superposition on adjacent wallrock is consistent with the blocks having been transported downslope. Given the existence of other large mass failures in the area, we propose the blocky deposits may also have originated from mass movement events. The size of the blocks coupled with the distances they traveled indicates high mobility. The distances the blocks were transported and their rounded, irregular shapes suggest either water in the source material or deposition in a subaqueous environment. The source for the main blocky deposit inside the landing ellipse is considered to be the wallrock to the south, while the other two blocky deposits have source regions along the northern canyon walls. The southern wallrock of Melas Chasma contains numerous valleys not seen elsewhere in Valles Marineris. The identification of valley networks along the southern wallrock suggests that a source of water existed below the surface of the plateau and produced the valleys after intersecting the edge of the exposed canyon walls.
Review of mesospheric temperature trends
Authors: Beig G. , Keckhut P. , Lowe R. P. , Roble R. G. , Mlynczak M. G. , Scheer J. , Fomichev V. I. , Offermann D. , French W. J. R. , Shepherd M. G. , Semenov A. I. , Remsberg E. E. , She C. Y. , Lübken F. J. , Bremer J. , Clemesha B. R. , Stegman J. , Sigernes F. , Fadnavis S.
Published: October 2003

In recent times it has become increasingly clear that releases of trace gases from human activity have a potential for causing change in the upper atmosphere. However, our knowledge of systematic changes and trends in the temperature of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere is relatively limited compared to the Earth's lower atmosphere, and not much effort has been made to synthesize these results so far. In this article, a comprehensive review of long‐term trends in the temperature of the region from 50 to 100 km is made on the basis of the available up‐to‐date understanding of measurements and model calculations. An objective evaluation of the available data sets is attempted, and important uncertainly factors are discussed. Some natural variability factors, which are likely to play a role in modulating temperature trends, are also briefly touched upon. There are a growing number of experimental results centered on, or consistent with, zero temperature trend in the mesopause region (80–100 km). The most reliable data sets show no significant trend but an uncertainty of at least 2 K/decade. On the other hand, a majority of studies indicate negative trends in the lower and middle mesosphere with an amplitude of a few degrees (2–3 K) per decade. In tropical latitudes the cooling trend increases in the upper mesosphere. The most recent general circulation models indicate increased cooling closer to both poles in the middle mesosphere and a decrease in cooling toward the summer pole in the upper mesosphere. Quantitatively, the simulated cooling trend in the middle mesosphere produced only by CO2 increase is usually below the observed level. However, including other greenhouse gases and taking into account a “thermal shrinking” of the upper atmosphere result in a cooling of a few degrees per decade. This is close to the lower limit of the observed nonzero trends. In the mesopause region, recent model simulations produce trends, usually below 1 K/decade, that appear to be consistent with most observations in this region.
Scattering and guiding characteristics of waveguides with two‐dimensionally periodic walls of finite thickness
Authors: Hwang R. B. , Peng S. T.
Published: October 2003

Electromagnetic wave propagation along waveguides having two‐dimensionally (2‐D) periodic walls with finite thickness is formulated here as an exact boundary‐value problem. The dispersion relation of such a class of waveguide is systematically analyzed in terms of both phase and attenuation constants. In addition, the contour map of field components and Poynting vector are also demonstrated in this paper to verify the guiding characteristics of such a class of waveguides. In particular, the strong couplings between an incident plane wave and waveguide modes phase‐matching condition are carefully examined and are employed to identify the existence of waveguide modes.