bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialogue on Dialogue on Dialogic Pedagogy
Authors: Sullivan Paul
Published: October 2014

It appears that in September, 2011, Rome experienced much more than a dialogue on dialogic pedagogy but a gladiatorial clash of personalities and ideas. Heat, we are told, was generated (above, p.1) and in the dissipation of this heat on to the page, even the reader gets hot and flushed. We are told that arguments “fail” (above, p.16); that terms “are not clearly defined” (p.21), breakthroughs in classification (e.g. epistemological dialogical pedagogy) are tackled and dragged down to personal eccentricities “his so-called epistemological dialogical pedagogy” (p.22), politeness tries to get a grip periodically, “I agree. But maybe I agree with Kiyo only to a point” but shouting (e.g. capital letters/underlining terms – e.g. “NOT the exclusive practice” (p.26)) and assertions take over. Accusation fly - sometimes to the point of legal charges “I charge the Epistemological Pedagogical Dialogue II with...” (p.29).
How Large is the Owner-Renter Divide in Energy Efficient Technology? Evidence from an OECD Cross-section
Authors: B. Krishnamurthy Chandra Kiran , Kristrom Bengt
Published: October 2014

When the agent making an investment decision is different from the one bearing the costs of the decision, the outcome (energy usage, here) is socially sub-optimal, a scenario known in the energy efficient technology case as “split incentive” effect. Using a sample of households (from a survey conducted in 2011) from 11 OECD countries, this paper investigates the magnitude of the “split incentive” effect between home occupants who are owners and those who are renters. A wide variety of energy-related “technologies” are considered: appliances, energy efficient bulbs, insulation, heat thermostat, solar panels, ground source heat pumps and wind turbines. Mean difference in patterns of access to these technologies are consistent with the “split incentives” hypothesis. Regression results suggest that, even after controlling for the sizeable differences in observed characteristics, owners are substantially more likely to have access to energy efficient appliances and to better insulation as well as to heat thermostats. For relatively immobile investments such as wind turbines and ground source heat pumps, we find no differences between owners and renters.
De mythe van de terugtrekkende overheid: een verhaal over Europese idealen en erotische tekorten
Authors: Ossewaarde Ringo
Published: October 2014

The myth of governmental retreat

In this paper it is argued that the discourse on the retreating government is a story about mobilizing executive power deemed necessary for enforcing a neoliberal worldview. The intellectual discourse about the retreating government, the argument goes, develops as a radical and neoliberal critique of the Keynesian planning and organization of the enlightenment – an organization that is above all expressed in the postwar welfare state. The Dutch policy discourse, by contrast, is of a practical nature: it is about the organization of the government retreat. In the reconstruction of the policy discourse, as it is manifest in leading policy documents of the Dutch central government, it is observed that this discourse has emancipated from the intellectual discourse. The policy discourse of the retreating government has developed into a financial management discourse, free from European ideals.
Veelvormige veelfrontenoorlog
Authors: Schillemans Thomas
Published: October 2014

Mixed findings: The Dutch state 1994-2012

Many authors have claimed that the role of the Dutch government, and other governments, is changing. The overarching consensus is that states are now retreating after decades of expansion. This paper investigates, on the basis of a secondary analysis of existing data, whether, where and how the Dutch state can be said to be retreating. This leads to mixed findings: four different analyses of the ‘state of the state’. The first tale, focusing on macro financial indicators, suggests ‘stability’. The second tale, focusing on net changes in expenses, depicts further expansion, particularly in the domain of health care. The third tale, focusing on policy intentions, sees a retreat indeed. And the fourth tale would suggest that it is merely about a reorganization of the state itself.
Speaking truth to power
Authors: Bekker Roel
Published: October 2014

Speaking truth to power

In this contribution the author, who himself had a long and distinguished career as a top civil servant, reflects on civil servants advising their ministers. This process of ‘speaking truth to power’ can have its own challenges and dilemmas. The author discusses them based on recent cases and relevant developments in the Netherlands. He also proposes several recommendations on how to readjust the relationship between politicians and civil servants in their light.
The Relativistic Screened Coulomb plus Ringed-Shaped-Like Potential via Shape-Invariance Approach
Authors: Ikot Akpan Ndem , Hassanabadi Hassan , Obong Hillary Patrick , Chad-Umoren Yehuwdah
Published: October 2014

The bound-state solutions of the Dirac equation for the screened Coulomb potential plus a ringshaped- like potential are determined using supersymmetry quantum mechanics and invariance method for arbitrary angular momentum state J. In the calculations, a proper approximate scheme for the centrifugal term is proposed and the un-normalized eigenfunctions are obtained in terms of the hypergeometric functions.
Classification, benchmarking, and hydroeconomic modeling of nonresidential water users
Authors: Morales Miguel A. , Heaney James P.
Published: October 2014

The US Environmental Protection Agency and the Water Research Foundation have identified the development of a standardized method for classifying and benchmarking nonresidential water users as a major research need. The methodology proposed in this article uses water utility billing data spatially linked to property‐appraisal and business data to arrive at a detailed description of how nonresidential customers use water. Property‐appraisal and business databases are available nationwide and provide an extensive, standardized classification scheme through the North American Industry Classification System, along with data on building area, number of employees, and annual sales as measures of size that can be used to develop water use benchmarks. Additionally, this methodology allows coefficients for water use per dollar of economic activity to be developed and incorporated into hydroeconomic models and other tools used to model the interaction between water use and the economy. For this analysis, data on 4,622 nonresidential parcels in Austin, Texas, were used.
Water storage and gravity for urban sustainability and climate readiness
Authors: Polenghi‐Gross Isabella , Sabol Stacy A. , Ritchie Steven R. , Norton Michael R.
Published: October 2014

The water sector is facing significant challenges worldwide as a result of climate change. Drinking water utilities need to incorporate climate considerations into long‐term planning and management; they need to become climate ready. Aging water infrastructure, high costs for maintenance and treatment, increasingly stringent environmental regulations, and inadequate funding are all obstacles to achieving water utilities' goals. Two effective features of a sustainable drinking water supply are water storage and elevation. Water storage enhances water supply sustainability, and elevation enables the earth's gravity to drive water and produce hydroelectric power naturally and inexpensively. This article reviews a case study of a successful century‐old water system characterized by a large reservoir for storing high‐quality mountain water and by gravity‐driven water transmission; the focus is on the Hetch Hetchy Regional Water System in California, with a comparison with similar reservoirs in the United States and Europe.
Algerian hedgehog (Atelerix algirus Lereboullet, 1842) habitat selection at the northern limit of its range
Authors: García-Rodríguez Sergi , Puig-Montserrat Xavier
Published: October 2014

The Algerian hedgehog is an endemic, Mediterranean, insectivorous mammal which inhabits North Africa, the Eastern Iberian Peninsula, the Canary and Balearic Islands and several Mediterranean islands. Given evidence of population declines coupled with the limited information available on this species, studies are needed to contribute to a better understanding of this hedgehog. With this aim, and in particular to understand biological aspects as well as those of habitat selection, 14 Algerian hedgehogs were radio tracked in the species’ northern limit of distribution, (Baix Llobregat, a coastal district lying a few kilometres south of Barcelona City) between 2007 and 2010. The results showed that Algerian hedgehogs positively selected open grass areas and scrubs, and used fields when available, while rejecting forest and urban areas. No evidence for sex or age related patterns emerged from the data regarding home range size and overlap between individuals, although adult males have larger home ranges and move longer distances per hour than females.
Seasonal morphodynamic classification of beaches in Necochea municipality, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Authors: Merlotto Alejandra , Bértola Germán Ricardo , Piccolo María Cintia
Published: October 2014

The seasonal morphodynamic classification of Necochea and Quequén beaches (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) was determined. Based on 102 seasonal beach profiles and sediment sampling between February 2006 and December 2009, variations in morphology and sediment budgets of five beaches were studied. According to the dimensionless fall parameter and the relative tide range, the beaches were classified depending on their modal morphodynamic state. In Quequén, beaches presented intermediate and reflective states, whereas in Necochea they presented dissipative states. The Iribarren number showed that plunging and spilling breakers predominated in Quequén and Necochea, respectively. In winter, the beaches became more dissipative, while in summer-autumn they were more reflective. This general behavior agrees with the erosion/accretion cycles. Beach profile variability was higher in Quequén. These results have been used to elaborate the coastal management program of the area.
Ontogenetic distribution of Callinectes ornatus (Decapoda, Portunoidea) in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Segura de Andrade Luciana , Fransozo Vívian , Cobo Valter José , Castilho Antônio Leão , Bertini Giovana , Fransozo Adilson
Published: October 2014

The spatial and seasonal distribution of different demographic groups of the swimming crab Callinectes ornatus was analyzed with respect to its population biology in three bays (Ubatumirim, Ubatuba, and Mar Virado) in southeastern Brazil. In each bay, monthly sampling was performed during two years along six transects, established at 5, 10, 15, and 20 m depth (parallel to the beach line), in a wave-sheltered area (7.5 m depth), and at an exposed site (10 m depth). Total abundance of crabs was similar among the bays. The presence of immature individuals, adult females, and breeding females was positively correlated with the bottom and surface temperatures, whereas adult males showed an opposite trend with respect to these factors. Immature and smaller individuals were most abundant along the sheltered and shallower transects. Males were more abundant along the shallower transects, and females at 15 and 20 m. This study revealed that different demographic groups occupy the habitat in different ways, according to local features. In general, southeastern Brazil offers a range of conditions that favor reproduction and consequently the maintenance and growth of the local population of C. ornatus, contributing to the relatively high abundance of the species in this coastal area.
Evaluation of nitrogen sources in the Urias lagoon system, Gulf of California, based on stable isotopes in macroalgae
Authors: Ochoa Izaguirre María Julia , Soto-Jiménez Martín Federico
Published: October 2014

The concentrations of chemical forms of nitrogen (N) and their isotopic composition in the water column and the δ15N signals in 738 samples of macroalgae collected during one year across the Urías lagoon system (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico) were analyzed in order to study the N sources. The δ15N-macroalgae premise is that they register and integrate the variability of N and may provide time-integrated information about N pollution. To validate this premise, we applied two models to predict the isotopic variability of N available in the water column (δ15N-DIN): one is based on a physical mixing balance of N sources (simple model), and the second includes the effects of the biogeochemical processes on the signals (coupled model, CM). Both models showed significant R2, but CM better explained the δ15N-DIN variability. The relation between δ15N-DINCM and δ15N-macroalgae also showed a good fit, although lower than expected and with higher dispersion. The multiple N sources and co-occurring biogeochemical reactions, which produce a mixture of chemical species of N and of their isotopic compositions, as well as the high diversity of species (45) explained the elevated variability and lack of fit. Even so, δ15N in macroalgae is the most useful available tool to quantify the relative contributions of N to ecosystems from different sources. Based on Bayesian isotopic mixing models, the main anthropogenic sources of N to the Urías lagoonal system were domestic effluents (50%), atmospheric deposition (24%), and seafood processing plant effluents (21%), and to a lesser extent, aquaculture effluents (3%), agriculture runoff (1%), and oceanic N (1%).
Cu, Pb, and Zn content in sediments and benthic organisms from San Jorge Bay (northern Chile): Accumulation and biotransference in subtidal coastal systems
Authors: Valdés Jorge , Guinez Marcos , Castillo Alexis , Vega Sue Ellen
Published: October 2014

The concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn was measured in order to evaluate their sediment enrichment and probable biomagnification trends in benthic trophic chains of the coastal zone of San Jorge Bay (northern Chile). The mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb were 103.6, 72.6, and 38.6 mg kg–1, respectively, in sediments and 28.3, 32.5, and 21.9 mg kg–1, respectively, in organisms. The geoaccumulation index indicated that sectors with industrial activities show some degree of metal enrichment; however, Zn and Pb contents have diminished in recent years, probably as a consequence of the closing of storage facilities for these minerals in the coastal zone of the bay. Evidence of biomagnification was observed in three of the seven coastal sectors studied, and herbivorous and carnivorous species showed the highest transfer factors of these metals. The results of this work suggest a high temporal variability of metal content in sediments and benthic organisms, which can be explained by changes in natural and anthropic factors that control the sources and accumulation of these metals in the coastal area of San Jorge Bay.
Chlorophyll-a patterns and mixing processes in the Yucatan Basin, Caribbean Sea
Authors: Pérez-Santos Ivan , Schneider Wolfgang , Valle-Levinson Arnoldo , Garcés-Vargas José , Soto Inia , Montoya-Sánchez Raúl , Melo González Nelson , Müller-Karger Frank
Published: October 2014

Daily images collected with the MODIS sensor on the NASA Aqua satellite were used to describe chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations before, during, and after synoptic-scale meteorological pulses in the Yucatan Basin, Caribbean Sea. The relative influence of vertical diffusive and vertical advective transport on mixing of the near surface layer was quantified with wind data from the QuikSCAT satellite. Computation of vertical density eddy diffusivity and gradient Richardson numbers was done with data from the three-dimensional MERCATOR model. The model evidenced the importance of vertical shear (i.e., vertical diffusive processes) in generating mixing during autumn and winter (2007–2009). During moderate meteorological pulses (e.g., cold fronts, easterly tropical waves, and low-pressure systems with wind speeds of 9–15 m s–1 sustained over 2 days), mixing caused by diffusive transport (eddy viscosity of 10 × 10–3 m2 s–1) was at least one order of magnitude higher than upward advective mixing (0.3 × 10–3 m2 s–1). During the passage of hurricanes Ivan (September 2004) and Wilma (October 2005), upward advective mixing (5–7 m2 s–1) dominated mixing of the upper water column and was nearly four orders of magnitude higher than during moderate meteorological events. Background chl-a concentrations of 0.03–0.08 mg m–3 were observed during the July–October period. During synoptic weather pulses, three different patterns in the chl-a concentrations were observed: first, chl-a concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 0.12 mg m–3 followed moderate meteorological pulses; second, higher regional chl-a concentrations (0.5–2.0 mg m–3) followed the passage of hurricanes; and third, the formation of filaments showing apparent high chl-a (0.3–1.5 mg m–3) south of Cuba, possibly caused by freshwater discharge from land. The changes in chlorophyll patterns following meteorological events illustrate typical patterns of connectivity among different parts of the Yucatan Basin.
Primary Porcine Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cell Isolation and Culture
Authors: Patabendige Adjanie , Abbott N. Joan
Published: October 2014

Cell culture models of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) are useful tools to study the functionality of the BBB in health and disease. Several good in vitro BBB models are available from different species. However, most brain endothelial cells lose some of their in vivo BBB phenotype in culture. Porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs) tend to retain most of their in vivo BBB characteristics and usually give higher transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER, representing functional well‐developed tight junctions) compared to brain endothelial cells from other species. The protocol described in this unit gives detailed instructions for isolation and culture of PBECs from fresh porcine brains. This porcine BBB model generates high TEER without the need for co‐culture with astrocytes. However, astrocyte‐derived factors can be introduced to the system through the use of astrocyte‐conditioned medium or co‐culture with astrocytes, which may be necessary for further enhancing the BBB phenotype for certain complex studies. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 69:3.27.1‐3.27.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining Object Location and Object Recognition Memory in Mice
Authors: Vogel‐Ciernia Annie , Wood Marcelo A.
Published: October 2014

This unit is designed to provide sufficient instruction for the setup and execution of tests for object location and object recognition in adult mice. This task is ideally suited for the study of a variety of mouse models that examine disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. By altering several key parameters, the experimenter can investigate short‐term or long‐term memory and look for either memory impairments or enhancements. Object location and object recognition memory tasks rely on a rodent's innate preference for novelty, and can be conducted sequentially in the same cohort of animals. These two tasks avoid the inherent stress induced with other common measures of rodent memory such as fear conditioning and the Morris water maze. This protocol covers detailed instructions on conducting both tasks, as well as key points concerning data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 69:8.31.1‐8.31.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spatial and seasonal variability of the air‐sea equilibration timescale of carbon dioxide
Authors: Jones Daniel C. , Ito Takamitsu , Takano Yohei , Hsu Wei‐Ching
Published: October 2014

The exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and the atmosphere tends to bring waters within the mixed layer toward equilibrium by reducing the partial pressure gradient across the air‐water interface. However, the equilibration process is not instantaneous; in general, there is a lag between forcing and response. The timescale of air‐sea equilibration depends on several factors involving the depth of the mixed layer, wind speed, and carbonate chemistry. We use a suite of observational data sets to generate climatological and seasonal composite maps of the air‐sea equilibration timescale. The relaxation timescale exhibits considerable spatial and seasonal variations that are largely set by changes in mixed layer depth and wind speed. The net effect is dominated by the mixed layer depth; the gas exchange velocity and carbonate chemistry parameters only provide partial compensation. Broadly speaking, the adjustment timescale tends to increase with latitude. We compare the observationally derived air‐sea gas exchange timescale with a model‐derived surface residence time and a data‐derived horizontal transport timescale, which allows us to define two nondimensional metrics of equilibration efficiency. These parameters highlight the tropics, subtropics, and northern North Atlantic as regions of inefficient air‐sea equilibration where carbon anomalies are relatively likely to persist. The efficiency parameters presented here can serve as simple tools for understanding the large‐scale persistence of air‐sea disequilibrium of CO2 in both observations and models.
Tropical wetlands: A missing link in the global carbon cycle?
Authors: Sjögersten Sofie , Black Colin R. , Evers Stephanie , Hoyos‐Santillan Jorge , Wright Emma L. , Turner Benjamin L.
Published: October 2014

Tropical wetlands are not included in Earth system models, despite being an important source of methane (CH4) and contributing a large fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry in the tropics. This review identifies a remarkable lack of data on the carbon balance and gas fluxes from undisturbed tropical wetlands, which limits the ability of global change models to make accurate predictions about future climate. We show that the available data on in situ carbon gas fluxes in undisturbed forested tropical wetlands indicate marked spatial and temporal variability in CO2and CH4emissions, with exceptionally large fluxes in Southeast Asia and the Neotropics. By upscaling short‐term measurements, we calculate that approximately 90 ± 77 Tg CH4year−1and 4540 ± 1480 Tg CO2year−1are released from tropical wetlands globally. CH4fluxes are greater from mineral than organic soils, whereas CO2fluxes do not differ between soil types. The high CO2and CH4emissions are mirrored by high rates of net primary productivity and litter decay. Net ecosystem productivity was estimated to be greater in peat‐forming wetlands than on mineral soils, but the available data are insufficient to construct reliable carbon balances or estimate gas fluxes at regional scales. We conclude that there is an urgent need for systematic data on carbon dynamics in tropical wetlands to provide a robust understanding of how they differ from well‐studied northern wetlands and allow incorporation of tropical wetlands into global climate change models.
Eruptive history and magmatic stability of Erebus volcano, Antarctica: Insights from englacial tephra
Authors: Iverson Nels A. , Kyle Philip R. , Dunbar Nelia W. , McIntosh William C. , Pearce Nicholas J. G.
Published: October 2014

A tephrostratigraphy of the active Antarctic Erebus volcano was determined from englacial tephra on the ice‐covered flanks of Erebus and an adjacent volcano. The tephra are used to reconstruct the eruptive history and magmatic evolution of Erebus. More fine‐grained and blocky particles define tephra formed in phreatomagmatic eruptions and larger fluidal shards are characteristic of magmatic eruptions and in some cases both eruptive types are identified in a single mixed tephra. The eruptions forming the mixed tephra likely started as phreatomagmatic eruptions which transitioned into Strombolian eruptions as the nonmagmatic water source was exhausted. We reconstructed the eruptive history of Erebus using the tephra layers stratigraphic position, 40Ar/39Ar ages, shard morphology, and grain size. Major and trace element analyses of individual glass shards were measured by electron probe microanalysis and LA‐ICP‐MS. Trachybasalt, trachyte, and phonolite tephra were identified. All phonolitic tephra are Erebus‐derived with compositions similar to volcanic bombs erupted from Erebus over the past 40 years. The tephra show that Erebus magma has not significantly changed for 40 ka. The uniformity of the glass chemical composition implies that the phonolite magma has crystallized in the same manner without change throughout the late Quaternary, suggesting long‐term stability of the Erebus magmatic system. Trachyte and trachybasalt tephra were likely erupted from Marie Byrd Land and the McMurdo Sound area, respectively. The trachytic tephra can be regionally correlated and could provide an important time‐stratigraphic marker in Antarctic ice cores.
Quantifying temporal variations in landslide‐driven sediment production by reconstructing paleolandscapes using tephrochronology and lidar: Waipaoa River, New Zealand
Authors: Cerovski‐Darriau Corina , Roering Joshua J. , Marden Michael , Palmer Alan S. , Bilderback Eric L.
Published: October 2014

Hillslope response to climate‐driven fluvial incision controls sediment export and relief generation in most mountainous settings. Following the shift to a warmer, wetter climate after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (∼18 ka), the Waipaoa River (New Zealand) rapidly incised up to 120 meters, leaving perched, low‐relief hillslopes unadjusted to that base level fall. In the Mangataikapua—a 16.5 km2 tributary principally composed of weak mélange—pervasive post‐LGM landslides responded to >50 m of fluvial incision by sculpting and denuding >99% of the catchment. By reconstructing LGM and younger paleosurfaces from tephra identified by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and lidar‐derived surface roughness, we estimate the volume, timing, and distribution of hillslope destabilization in the Mangataikapua and the relative contribution of landslide‐prone terrain to post‐LGM landscape evolution. We calculate volume change between four paleosurfaces constrained by tephra age (Rerewhakaaitu, 17.5 ka; Rotoma, 9.4 ka; Whakatane, 5.5 ka; and Waimihia, 3.4 ka). From the paleosurface reconstructions, we calculate the total post‐LGM hillslope sediment contribution from the Mangataikapua catchment to be 0.5 ± 0.06 (s.d.) km3, which equates to a subcatchment averaged erosion rate of ∼1.6 mm yr−1. This is double the previous hillslope volume when normalized by study area, demonstrating that landslide‐prone catchments disproportionately contribute to the terrestrial post‐LGM sediment budget. Finally, we observe particularly rapid post‐Waimihia erosion rates, likely impacted by human settlement.
Peculiar features of ionospheric F3 layer during prolonged solar minimum (2007–2009)
Authors: Nayak C. K. , Yadav V. , Kakad B. , Sripathi S. , Emperumal K. , Pant T. K. , Bhattacharyya A. , Jin Shuanggen
Published: October 2014

We present the seasonal and local time occurrence of ionospheric F3 layer over Tirunelveli (geographic longitude 77.8°E, geographic latitude 8.7°N, dip 0.7°) during extremely low and prolonged solar activity period (2007–2009). Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde observations from this station are used in the present study. We find that the occurrence of F3 layer is nearly 3 times higher during 2009 (∼ 48%) as compared to that during 2007 (∼16%). The increase of this order just within the low solar activity period is unusual. In earlier studies similar increase in F3 occurrence has been reported when solar activity changes from high (F10.7=182) to low (F10.7=72). The other important feature is the presence of postnoon F3 layers which are observed dominantly during summer solstice of 2009. Such occurrence of postnoon F3 layers was nearly absent during summer solstice of the previous solar minimum (1996) over nearby dip equatorial station Trivandrum. We take equatorial electrojet (EEJ) as a proxy for eastward electric field. It is noticed that the EEJ strength and the maximum rate of change of EEJ are higher for F3 days as compared to those on non‐F3 days. We find that the peak occurrence of prenoon F3 layer closely coincides with the time of maximum rate of change of EEJ. It is in general accordance with the theory proposed by Balan et al. (1998) that suggests the formation of F3 through vertically upward E × B drift in presence of equatorward neutral wind. The present study reveals that the rate of change of eastward electric field (dE/dt) as well plays an important role in the formation of F3 layer.
Initial measurements of O‐ion and He‐ion decay rates observed from the Van Allen probes RBSPICE instrument
Authors: Gerrard Andrew , Lanzerotti Louis , Gkioulidou Matina , Mitchell Donald , Manweiler Jerry , Bortnik Jacob , Keika Kunihiro
Published: October 2014

H‐ion (∼45 keV to ∼600 keV), He‐ion (∼65 keV to ∼520 keV), and O‐ion (∼140 keV to ∼1130 keV) integral flux measurements, from the Radiation Belt Storm Probe Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument aboard the Van Allan Probes spacecraft B, are reported. These abundance data form a cohesive picture of ring current ions during the first 9 months of measurements. Furthermore, the data presented herein are used to show injection characteristics via the He‐ion/H‐ion abundance ratio and the O‐ion/H‐ion abundance ratio. Of unique interest to ring current dynamics are the spatial‐temporal decay characteristics of the two injected populations. We observe that He‐ions decay more quickly at lower L shells, on the order of ∼0.8 day at L shells of 3–4, and decay more slowly with higher L shell, on the order of ∼1.7 days at L shells of 5–6. Conversely, O‐ions decay very rapidly (∼1.5 h) across all L shells. The He‐ion decay time are consistent with previously measured and calculated lifetimes associated with charge exchange. The O‐ion decay time is much faster than predicted and is attributed to the inclusion of higher‐energy (> 500 keV) O‐ions in our decay rate estimation. We note that these measurements demonstrate a compelling need for calculation of high‐energy O‐ion loss rates, which have not been adequately studied in the literature to date.
Peak scaling method to measure temperatures in the laser‐heated diamond anvil cell and application to the thermal conductivity of MgO
Authors: Rainey E. S. G. , Kavner A.
Published: October 2014

We test and characterize a new method to measure 2‐D radial temperature distributions in the laser‐heated diamond anvil cell using comparisons against real and synthetic data. We show that this method (1) incorporates an inexpensive and robust design for laser‐heated diamond cell temperature measurements, (2) yields precise measurements of radial temperature distributions of laser‐heated samples, and (3) can be used in conjunction with numerical models to measure the pressure and temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of materials. We apply the method to determine the high‐pressure, high‐temperature thermal conductivity of MgO.
Initial results of LF sensor network for lightning observation and characteristics of lightning emission in LF band
Authors: Yoshida Satoru , Wu Ting , Ushio Tomoo , Kusunoki Kenichi , Nakamura Yoshitaka
Published: October 2014

We have been developing an LF sensor network called Broadband Observation network for Lightning and Thunderstorm (BOLT), to image the structure of lightning discharges in 3D using time of arrival (TOA) technique. This paper documents initial results and characteristics of BOLT source locations for further understanding of LF radiation associated with lightning. Theoretical reduced Chi‐square distribution fitted to BOLT observation data indicates a root mean square (rms) timing error of about 200 ns for each sensor. Monte Carlo simulations of BOLT indicate that at an altitude of 5000 m the standard deviations for horizontal differences between a known source and a location that the BOLT algorithm produces are less than 200 m, and vertical differences are less than 400 m in most of the network. Furthermore, comparison of BOLT and VHF source locations arriving at the same site within 5 µs indicates that the average difference for elevation direction is 0.73° with a standard deviation of 3.64°, and that for the azimuth direction is 0.58° with a standard deviation of 1.98°. Lightning flash processes of intracloud (IC) and cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes, including preliminary breakdown pulses, negative leaders, breakdown in the negative charge region (NCR), and an attempted leader, are well imaged by BOLT. Normalized amplitudes in E‐field change waveform of BOLT sources associated with negative leaders and breakdown occurred in the NCR do not have significant difference, implying that most BOLT sources in the NCR might be associated with negative recoil leaders.
A climatological analysis of high‐precipitation events in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, and associated large‐scale atmospheric conditions
Authors: Welker Christoph , Martius Olivia , Froidevaux Paul , Reijmer Carleen H. , Fischer Hubertus
Published: October 2014

The link between high precipitation in Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica, and the large‐scale atmospheric circulation is investigated using ERA‐Interim data for 1979–2009. High‐precipitation events are analyzed at Halvfarryggen situated in the coastal region of DML and at Kohnen Station located in its interior. This study further includes a comprehensive comparison of high precipitation in ERA‐Interim with precipitation data from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) and snow accumulation measurements from automatic weather stations (AWSs), with the limitations of such a comparison being discussed. The ERA‐Interim and AMPS precipitation data agree very well. However, the correspondence between high precipitation in ERA‐Interim and high snow accumulation at the AWSs is relatively weak. High‐precipitation events at both Halvfarryggen and Kohnen are typically associated with amplified upper level waves. This large‐scale atmospheric flow pattern is preceded by the downstream development of a Rossby wave train from the eastern South Pacific several days before the precipitation event. At the surface, a cyclone located over the Weddell Sea is the main synoptic ingredient for high precipitation both at Halvfarryggen and at Kohnen. A blocking anticyclone downstream is not a requirement for high precipitation per se, but a larger share of blocking occurrences during the highest‐precipitation days in DML suggests that these blocks strengthen the vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) into DML. A strong link between high precipitation and the IVT perpendicular to the local orography suggests that IVT could be used as a “proxy” for high precipitation, in particular over DML's interior.
Modeling hydraulic redistribution and ecosystem response to droughts over the Amazon basin using Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4)
Authors: Yan Binyan , Dickinson Robert E.
Published: October 2014

Hydraulic redistribution is the process of soil water transport through the low‐resistance pathway provided by plant roots. It has been observed in field studies and proposed to be one of the processes that enable the Amazon rainforest to resist periodical dry spells without experiencing water limitations. How and to what extent hydraulic redistribution may increase vegetation resistance to longer or more severe droughts than seasonal dryness have not been investigated yet, which is the focus of this study. The artificially prolonged drought produced by the rainfall exclusion experiment is used as an example of long drought, and the 2005 drought is used as a severe drought. The parameterization of hydraulic redistribution proposed by Ryel et al. (2002) was incorporated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). Three paired numerical experiments were conducted, one set using the default model (CTL) and the other using the model with considerations of hydraulic redistribution (HR). Results show that the vegetation response (including evapotranspiration, biomass, and leaf area index (LAI)) to dryness of all the three types is better captured with hydraulic redistribution incorporated. Plants are more resistant to dryness when hydraulic redistribution increases plant water availability and thus facilitates their growth. When a drought is long lasting, the vegetation response is delayed by hydraulic redistribution. Therefore, if a drought ends earlier than permanent damage is made, the magnitude of vegetation response will be lowered by this mechanism, i.e., the vegetation will be more resistant to dryness.
The intensification of northern component deepwater formation during the mid‐Pleistocene climate transition
Authors: Poirier Robert K. , Billups Katharina
Published: October 2014

We reconstruct mid‐Pleistocene (marine isotope stages (MISs) 13–18) deepwater hydrography at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1063 (4583 m water depth, subtropical North Atlantic) using benthic foraminiferal stable isotope records. These new records complete an ~900 kyr long stratigraphy spanning MISs 8–29 (~250–1030 Ka) when combined with previously published records from Site 1063. The results indicate a change in the circulation regime of the abyssal subtropical North Atlantic during MIS 17. Prior to MIS 17, no significant glacial or interglacial δ13C gradients are evident between Site 1063 and the deep South Atlantic. After MIS 17, interglacial intervals at Site 1063 are characterized by δ13C values that consistently approach those recorded in the deep North Atlantic. Comparing Site 1063 δ13C values to 26 additional published records throughout the entire Atlantic basin supports the idea that this δ13C increase is unique to the deep North Atlantic. After MIS 17, the basin‐wide influence of higher δ13C values suggests an increased relative flux of northern sourced bottom waters during interglacial periods. The timing of northern sourced water influence at Site 1063 is consistent with the timing of a shift in the orientation of the Arctic Front. Thus, this shift may signify a link between the northward penetration of relatively warm, saline surface waters into the Norwegian‐Greenland Seas stimulating deep convection. Our findings fit well with the model of Imbrie et al. (1993) for the importance of the Nordic heat pump in establishing strong 100 kyr cyclicity in late Pleistocene glacial cycles.
On the relevance of two‐dimensional models for radiation of statistical sources in stratified media
Authors: Epstein Ariel , Tessler Nir , Einziger Pinchas D.
Published: October 2014

We present analytical closed‐form expressions for the radiation patterns of 2‐D line sources and 3‐D point dipoles embedded in a general multilayered configuration. While the former are simplified model sources, used as a preliminary analytical step to reduce derivation complexity, the latter have been shown experimentally to reproduce the electromagnetic behavior of many elementary statistical sources. By decomposing the sources to current elements generating pure transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) polarized radiation, we arrive at a unified format for the radiation pattern expression for all sources considered. Analyzing the common 1‐D (characteristic) Green's function, we show that the normalized TE‐polarized emission of model 2‐D electric line sources reproduces exactly the measured TE‐polarized radiation of statistical (3‐D) dipoles with random in‐plane orientation; the connection between the TM‐polarized emission of the two species is discussed, and physical interpretation is provided via the unified expression. These results specify the precise relations between the 2‐D and 3‐D models, providing intuition as well as guidelines for proper usage of simplified 2‐D results for analysis of realistic 3‐D statistical configurations.
A phase 2, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of siltuximab (anti‐IL‐6 mAb) and bortezomib versus bortezomib alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Orlowski Robert Z. , Gercheva Liana , Williams Cathy , Sutherland Heather , Robak Tadeusz , Masszi Tamás , Goranova‐Marinova Vesselina , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Cavenagh James D. , Špička Ivan , Maiolino Angelo , Suvorov Alexander , Bladé Joan , Samoylova Olga , Puchalski Thomas A. , Reddy Manjula , Bandekar Rajesh , van de Velde Helgi , Xie Hong , Rossi Jean‐Franςois
Published: October 2014

We compared the safety and efficacy of siltuximab (S), an anti‐interleukin‐6 chimeric monoclonal antibody, plus bortezomib (B) with placebo (plc) + B in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in a randomized phase 2 study. Siltuximab was given by 6 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks. On progression, B was discontinued and high‐dose dexamethasone could be added to S/plc. Response and progression‐free survival (PFS) were analyzed pre‐dexamethasone by European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) criteria. For the 281 randomized patients, median PFS for S + B and plc + B was 8.0 and 7.6 months (HR 0.869, P = 0.345), overall response rate was 55 versus 47% (P = 0.213), complete response rate was 11 versus 7%, and median overall survival (OS) was 30.8 versus 36.8 months (HR 1.353, P = 0.103). Sustained suppression of C‐reactive protein, a marker reflective of inhibition of interleukin‐6 activity, was seen with S + B. Siltuximab did not affect B pharmacokinetics. Siltuximab/placebo discontinuation (75 versus 66%), grade ≥3 neutropenia (49 versus 29%), thrombocytopenia (48 versus 34%), and all‐grade infections (62 versus 49%) occurred more frequently with S + B. The addition of siltuximab to bortezomib did not appear to improve PFS or OS despite a numerical increase in response rate in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am. J. Hematol. 90:42–49, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cooking increases net energy gain from a lipid‐rich food
Authors: Groopman Emily E. , Carmody Rachel N. , Wrangham Richard W.
Published: October 2014

Starch, protein, and lipid are three major sources of calories in the human diet. The unique and universal human practice of cooking has been demonstrated to increase the energy gained from foods rich in starch or protein. Yet no studies have tested whether cooking has equivalent effects on the energy gained from lipid‐rich foods. Using mice as a model, we addressed this question by examining the impact of cooking on the energy gained from peanuts, a lipid‐rich oilseed, and compared this impact against that of nonthermal processing (blending). We found that cooking consistently increased the energy gained per calorie, whereas blending had no detectable energetic benefits. Assessment of fecal fat excretion showed increases in lipid digestibility when peanuts were cooked, and examination of diet microstructure revealed concomitant alterations to the integrity of cell walls and the oleosin layer of proteins that otherwise shield lipids from digestive lipases. Both effects were consistent with the greater energy gain observed with cooking. Our findings highlight the importance of cooking in increasing dietary energy returns for humans, both past and present. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:11–18, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The timing of spheno‐occipital fusion in hominoids
Authors: Balolia Katharine L.
Published: October 2014

The degree of spheno‐occipital fusion has been used to assign a relative age to dentally mature hominoid cranial specimens. However, a recent study of captive individuals (Poe: Am J Phys Anthropol 144 (2011) 162–165) concluded that fusion of the spheno‐occipital suture in great ape taxa is of little utility for aging dentally mature individuals. In this contribution, I use dentally mature samples of extant hominoid taxa (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and Hylobates lar) to investigate a) the temporal relationship between spheno‐occipital fusion and dental maturity, b) whether there is an association between the degree of spheno‐occipital fusion and relative age, c) whether there are differences in relative timing of spheno‐occipital fusion between taxa, and d) whether there are sex differences in the relative timing of spheno‐occipital fusion. Results suggest that a) a substantial proportion of dentally mature wild‐shot chimpanzee, gorilla and orang‐utans have unfused or partially fused spheno‐occipital synchondoses, b) there is an association between the degree of spheno‐occipital fusion and age, c) there are interspecific differences in the timing of spheno‐occipital fusion, and d) there are significant sex differences in spheno‐occipital fusion in chimpanzees, orang‐utans and gibbons. Thus, contrary to previous work, degree of spheno‐occipital fusion is a potentially useful indicator of relative maturity, especially in great ape taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:135–140, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steuerung einer Elektronentransferreaktion an einer Metalloberfläche durch Manipulation der Bewegung und Orientierung der Reaktanten
Authors: Bartels Nils , Krüger Bastian C. , Auerbach Daniel J. , Wodtke Alec M. , Schäfer Tim
Published: October 2014

Stößt ein NO‐Molekül mit der Oberfläche eines Gold‐Einkristalls, kann das Molekül Schwingungsenergie an die Oberfläche abgeben oder Energie in Form von Schwingungsenergie aufnehmen. Diese Energieübertragung erfolgt über einen Elektronentransferprozess. Durch die Entwicklung neuer Methoden im Bereich des optischen Pumpens und zur Orientierung von Molekülen können jetzt alle wichtigen Freiheitsgrade für diesen Elektronentransferprozess kontrolliert werden. Dadurch erhalten wir tiefen Einblick in die Funktionsweise der Elektronentransferreaktion und demonstrieren, wie diese beeinflusst werden kann. Es zeigt sich, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Elektronentransfer mit zunehmender Translations‐ und Schwingungsenergie sowie mit geeigneter Orientierung ansteigt. Wenn die Schwingungsenergie allerdings sehr hoch ist, wird die Translationsenergie unwichtig, und auch die Orientierung in Bezug auf die Oberfläche verliert an Bedeutung. Das Zusammenspiel aller drei Kontrollparameter kann anhand einfacher Modellpotentiale verstanden werden.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of O6‐Corona[3]arene[3]tetrazines
Authors: Guo Qing‐Hui , Fu Zhan‐Da , Zhao Liang , Wang Mei‐Xiang
Published: October 2014

O6‐Corona[3]arene[3]tetraazines, a new class of macrocyclic compounds, were synthesized efficiently in a one‐pot reaction from the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between 1,4‐dihydroxybenzene derivatives and 3,6‐dichlorotetrazine in warm acetonitrile. In the crystalline structure, the resulting macrocycles adopt highly symmetric structures of a regular hexagonal cavity with all bridging oxygen atoms and tetrazine rings located on the same plane with phenylene units orthogonally orientated. The constitutional aromatic rings are able to rotate around the macrocyclic annulus, depending on the steric effect of the substituents and temperature, in solution. The electron‐deficient nature revealed by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and characteristic absorbances at a visible region show the O6‐corona[3]arene[3]tetrazines to be suitable macrocyclic receptors for electron‐rich guests.