bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Tourism and its Ethical Foundations
Authors: Minnaert Lynn , Maitland Robert , Miller Graham
Published: May 2008

Although social tourism has been seen in a number of countries as having potential to counter social exclusion, formulating a definition for the term is difficult. "Social tourism" is used to describe a variety of initiatives for a variety of different social groups. These range from
holidays for children from low-income backgrounds, through improving accessibility in hotels, to offering ecological holidays. This article discusses the definitions of "social tourism," distinguishing host-related and visitor-related forms, and aims to clarify its potential value in combating
social exclusion. It does so by examining the ethical values underlying the way social tourism is defined and suggesting a theoretical framework for the effects of social tourism. Some ethical views of society place an a priori moral duty on the stronger strata to support the weaker. Others
do not judge the support of the weaker strata as an a priori dominant ethical principle, and judge the welfare of the state by the opportunity of all its strata. Ethical positions that see stronger strata as having a moral duty to support the weaker are more likely to be supportive toward
both host-related and visitor-related social tourism. Those that do not will probably support host-related social tourism, but will support visitor-related social tourism, if publicly funded, only if it can demonstrate benefits for the whole of society. In Western liberal democracies where
this is a prevailing view, visitor-related social tourism might justify public expenditure as a potential tool to combat social exclusion. It can be seen as a merit good if it improves excluded peoples' handicapping characteristics, through, for example, beneficial effects in health, self-esteem,
and improvement of family relationships. However, there is little research to test its effectiveness in achieving these outcomes. Further research is required to evaluate whether social tourism can have a significant role in combating social exclusion, and thus justify support from public
expenditure.
Disabled Access and Heritage Attractions
Authors: Goodall Brian
Published: May 2008

In a UK context, the importance of heritage tourism, the potential of the disabled market, and government policies concerning tourism, social inclusion, and the historic environment provide the setting within which access improvements at heritage attractions for disabled visitors are
studied. At issue is how disabled access and conservation can be reconciled. The stakeholders range from the central actors, the disabled tourists and the heritage tourism service providers, through to the gatekeeper and lobby players in the conservation, disability, and tourism contexts.
The critical power structures are identified. Changes to the historic environment are managed through the conservation planning system in which disability interests are not formally represented. Recent disability discrimination legislation has not altered this balance of power, and is a source
of uncertainty over the access standards that should apply to heritage attractions. An evaluation of progress in implementing access improvements at heritage attractions reveals the limited extent of improvements undertaken to date. Consideration is given not only to physical access but also
to alternative methods (intellectual access) of providing the heritage tourism service. In conclusion, the situation is examined from three perspectives. From the disabled tourists' perspective, choice of heritage attractions to visit remains restricted compared to that of nondisabled tourists.
The lack of consultation with disabled stakeholders in the access improvements decision-making process is discussed, including the acceptability of alternative methods of service delivery to disabled tourists. The uncertainties facing heritage tourism service providers arising from the disability
discrimination legislation are considered but, to ensure a more balanced recognition of disability interests, both conservation planning and disability discrimination legislation need to be amended, adjusting the roles of the legislative gatekeepers.
Informal Care, Leisure and Leisure Travel: A UK Perspective
Authors: Hunter-Jones Philippa
Published: May 2008

Previous research, focusing upon the travel behavior of care recipients, established that leisure travel has an important contribution to make to well-being. Personal health, social effectiveness, personal identity, and regaining independence were each highlighted as benefits of tourism
participation. Such work focused specifically upon the circumstances of cancer patients, and highlighted a number of gaps in current understanding of the ill-health and holiday-taking relationship. Arising from the research, a further hidden population was identified: the caregiver. The significance,
opportunities, and support available for holiday-taking for those in an informal caregiving role were suggested to suffer at least equal neglect. This article focuses upon the caregiving population, particularly from a UK perspective. Drawing from disparate pockets of health, social care,
and tourism research, it attempts to explain the complicated meaning of informal care, and outlines the different schools of thought regarding the role of respite care in contemporary society. Presenting the health benefits, both physical and psychological, of leisure participation, the case
for enabling participation for marginalized populations such as caregivers is developed. The complexity of enabling such participation is explored through specific reference to leisure travel. Contested terminology, complicated emotions, and a poorly supported consumer provide an insight into
the holiday-taking challenges caregivers face. The article concludes by outlining a future research agenda that includes the need to increase choice for caregivers alongside combating the apathy of both the tourism industry and society towards this population.
Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: The Case for Indigenous Enterprise Development in Kenya
Authors: Manyara Geoffrey , Jones Eleri , Botterill David
Published: May 2008

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) asserts tourism as a vehicle for economic development and poverty alleviation (EDPA) in developing countries. Among EDPA strategies, WTO highlights small enterprise development, stressing government support in such development. Tourism in Kenya is
foreign owned, so economic benefits leak from the local economy. It emphasizes safari/coastal products and exploits the southern and coastal regions in an anachronistic and colonial model of tourism development. A new, postcolonial model of tourism development involving small indigenous enterprises
and promoting cultural products to new markets would seem an obvious vehicle for EDPA in Kenya. Thus, Kenya's capacity to promote the development of indigenous enterprises is of interest. This study of 12 indigenously owned Kenyan tourism enterprises and six support organizations explores
the challenges to tourism entrepreneurship in Kenya. The 12 enterprises fall into three categories: community-based enterprises (CBEs), and formal and informal individually owned enterprises (IOEs). Formal IOE managers had independent means and were well educated and appropriately experienced
through public sector careers to deal with bureaucracy. CBEs (community initiatives offering products/services based on the natural environment) employed competent managers to address skills gaps. CBEs provide paths for skills development while raising community tourism awareness. However,
community tourism development is externally driven, often by nongovernmental organizations, and can be regarded as a form of neocolonialism. Kenya's draft National Tourism Policy favors the development of CBEs as a way to enhance linkage. This article concludes that formalizing tourism enterprises
in Kenya would require significant government investment in support mechanisms to provide sustainable tourism development opportunities for Kenyan communities.
Analyzing Printed Media Travelogues: Means and Purposes with Reference to Framing Destination Image
Authors: Pan Steve , Ryan Chris
Published: May 2008

Travelogues have long been recognized as a useful resource for travel literature, destination image creation and promotion, geography learning, and tourism education. However, the selection criteria and analytical framework of travelogues are under-researched. Image creation is itself
a product of framing (i.e., selection and emphasis of certain attributes while omitting others). Therefore, it is important for stakeholders to understand this framing process in order to gain an in-depth and objective appreciation of destination image formation. As a conceptual framework,
this article proposes criteria for analyzing travelogues published in newspapers and magazines that are supposed to create favorable destination imagery while simultaneously providing readers with information about destination attributes through vicarious travel. It also presents a framework
to aid extraction of objective and balanced information from travelogues that may be of use to destination marketing organizations. Excerpts from 200 travel stories are used to explain the analytical results.
Developing Tourism Products in the Primary Attraction Shadow
Authors: Flognfeldt Thor
Published: May 2008

This article examines the activity and attraction usage patterns of en route traveling tourists in sparsely populated areas in Northern Europe. Several studies have documented that en route travelers are driving long distances close to every day, and that they spend little time on most
stop sites. The choice of where to stop seems partly to be based on information of primary attractions and partly the stops are made by impulse. A common belief among both local developers and many consultants is that adding new attractions to a site will keep tourists staying in the area
for a longer time, and hence spending more money. Consequently, there has been a rapid growth of new attractions like small museums, commercial information centers, and thematic attractions. Money for such investment has been available in abundance in Norway, and "positive" market analyses
have been easy to obtain. After some time, however, many of these attractions fail or need additional financial support to survive. The developers then claim for more marketing money, often showing that other attractions in the region have higher visitor numbers, and that new investment is
needed for survival. The aim of this article is to try to explain why some attractions fail to get a sufficient number of paying visitors, even after additional investment and "improved marketing." The study is based on models and data from both en route surveys and a sample of attractions
built or expanded in the 1990s. The article will also discuss some alternative ways of examining markets and developing strategies to make attraction products more sustainable, based on structured information of tourist flows and studies of actual attractions behavior along routes.
Rethinking Globalization Theory in Tourism
Authors: Munar Ana Maria
Published: May 2008

Globalization has become the most popular term in social sciences since the beginning of the 21st century. The phenomenon is suffering under the paradox of inclusiveness and it is becoming clouded and useless. An effort to structure and focus on the meaning of the term is a necessity.
The former debate between globalists and antiglobalists has shown to be a misleading one, and it is being surpassed by the study of three theoretical tendencies and approaches to the phenomenon: the hyperglobalist, the traditionalist, and the transformationalist. All three approaches can be
seen in the understanding of tourism today. The first two have a methodological problem as they are rooted in the methodologies of nationalism as well as on a preconception of the global world. The transformationalist approach to globalization is to be applied as the theoretical frame of globalization
and tourism, used in a dialogic and systemic way of understanding tourism development and tourists as today's global citizens.
See Australia and Die: Shifting Discourses About Gray Nomads
Authors: Holloway Donell
Published: May 2008

Caravan (or RV) exploration of Australia has been a feature of the domestic travel industry for many decades and, for the most part, this practice has been driven by generations of retired Australians. Previously referred to as SADs (See Australia and Die), these retirees are now (commonly)
known as gray nomads. Largely ignored over the years as a group worthy of serious academic research, gray nomads have recently become a topic of social comment and celebration within Australia. This article discusses changing discourses about gray nomads and how these reflect a change in the
discursive context in which aging—in general—is discussed. Gray nomads are now considered paragons of a "positive aging" lifestyle, traveling Australia's outback and coastlines in, what is now considered, an age-defying zest for adventure and challenge. This "positive aging" construction
is often used in the promotion of caravan and mobile home sales, and senior drive-tourism. This article argues that the championing and heroization of gray nomads may, on the one hand, help reinforce messages and meanings that resist negative notions of aging. On the other hand—given
that these images are one of only a handful of widely promulgated "positive aging" narratives—they may also construct a generally monocultural and well-to-do image of what is required to age in an exciting way. Given that these new messages present a narrow set of images, arguably they
do not represent the diversity, capacities, or interests of all seniors—or alternative models of aging successfully.
Acculturation, Travel, Lifestyle, and Tourist Behavior: A Study of Korean Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Lee Sun Hee , Cox Carmen
Published: May 2008

While tourism research has already considered the specific travel behaviors and preferences of people from different cultures (e.g., Hispanics, Chinese, etc.), there has not been as much emphasis placed on understanding how the travel behaviors of people may change when they migrate
to another country. Despite the growth of migrant populations in many countries throughout the world, studies have tended to look at the behavior of travelers from a particular country (e.g., all Australians) without considering how acculturation experienced by migrants (e.g., Koreans who
immigrate to Australia) may alter their travel behaviors. This study focuses on the travel behavior and lifestyles of Korean immigrants in Australia and examines the influence of acculturation on their travel lifestyle. A survey of Korean immigrants in Australia was conducted to explore the
relationship between the degree of acculturation experienced by respondents and their travel lifestyle preferences, specifically related to their attitudes and opinions towards travel as well as their travel interests. Cluster analysis identified four distinct groups of Korean immigrants,
based on their travel lifestyles, referred to as "Korean socializers & sports seekers," "relaxation seekers," "cultural & entertainment seekers," and "FIT travel enthusiasts." Results suggest that respondents who were more acculturated significantly differed in their travel lifestyle
from those who were less acculturated. The study conclusions suggest ways that tourism marketers can better understand ethnic minorities and develop suitable products and services to meet the needs of these markets.
The "Postmodernization" of a Mythical Event: Naga Fireballs on the Mekong River
Authors: Cohen Erik
Published: May 2008

Fireballs, allegedly shot from the Mekong River in northwestern Thailand by a mythical serpent known as Naga, recently became the focus of a major festival that attracts many (mainly domestic) tourist pilgrims. The popularity of the phenomenon engendered public controversy over the
alleged origins of the fireballs. According to the master narrative, the fireballs are launched by the serpent in order to greet the return of Lord Buddha from heaven at the end of Buddhist Lent. There are two alternative accounts: that the balls are a natural phenomenon, or that they are
man made. These accounts represent a threat to belief in the supernatural origins of the fireballs, as well as to vested economic interests in the phenomenon. This article shows how a postmodern approach, which denies an exclusive modernist scientific explanation for the fireballs and permits
a multiplicity of truths, could help reduce the tensions produced by the controversy. The fire ball phenomenon raises questions for the anthropology of tourism concerning the "authenticity" of allegedly supernatural phenomena.
Film-Induced Tourism in Asia: A Case Study of Korean Television Drama and Female Viewers' Motivation to Visit Korea
Authors: Chan Brenda
Published: May 2008

Film-induced tourism refers to visits to a destination or attraction as a result of it being featured on television, film, or video. An important part of tourism marketing in Korea is the promotion of filming locations of Korean television soap operas as tourist attractions, because
Korean television dramas enjoy immense popularity in Asia. Based on focus group interviews with Singaporean women who are avid viewers of Korean TV dramas, this article examines how emotions and experiences in watching Korean TV dramas motivate viewers to visit Korea. It also explores the
mediatized gaze of female viewers-turned-tourists and how their actual tourist experiences in Korea influence their subsequent consumption of Korean TV dramas. Responses from the focus group participants were divided between those who were motivated by the TV dramas and those who were interested
in visiting Korea for other reasons. For the former, the primary pull factor of beautiful scenery in the settings of the various Korean dramas was usually combined with the push factor of seeking to validate or confirm the landscapes and architecture that one had seen in the TV dramas. It
was found that visiting Korea did not necessarily lead to interest in viewing Korean TV dramas, but participants who had a positive tour experience in Korea were more likely to be interested in Korean TV dramas upon returning home. As the participants indicated a preference for natural scenery
(used as a backdrop for scenes in the TV dramas) over film sets, the author cautions against the overcommercialization and artificiality in the packaging of filming locations.
The Carnival Dances of Tlaxcala: An Authentic Folklore Spectacle Waiting for Tourist Promotion
Authors: Valdez M. Raúl
Published: May 2008

Tourism is a powerful modifying agent for the life schemes, traditions, uses, habits, and value systems of both travelers and host populations. Growing tendencies of tourist flows are motivated by cultural reasons, focusing on the discovery of all the kinds of historic and artistic
manifestations that constitute a human cultural legacy. The carnival dances of Tlaxcala can be considered as authentic expressions of the ideological identity of this place because they represent emblematic elements of its history, popular traditions, and values. For the cultural tourist,
the carnival dances of Tlaxcala represent wonderful ways to access to an exotic universe of colors, rhythms, and movements that show the beauties of an unknown world. Furthermore, aside from their sociological and cultural importance, the carnival dances of Tlaxcala can also be an important
source of tourist flows because they represent an important and beautiful reason to visit Mexico. In this context, the carnival dances of Tlaxcala represent a beautiful folkloric attraction that, as a core cultural product, is still waiting for an appropriately and carefully designed promotional
program that can contribute to social and economic development of the central region of Mexico's Tlaxcala State.
Novel Insights into the Identity Changes among Backpackers
Authors: Pearce Philip L. , Maoz Darya
Published: May 2008

Studies of contemporary fiction represents another pathway in the representations and understanding of the challenges confronting sets of young budget travelers. Six popular novels about backpackers, three written in English and three in Hebrew, form the canon of information used in
this analysis of identity and motivational concerns of backpackers. By using the tools of discourse analysis and a search for thematic commonalities and directed by the recommended good practices in using these techniques, the novels were found to highlight the centrality of relationships,
drug use and, to a lesser extent, danger and violence. Additionally the importance of inactivity and an understanding of doing nothing were also highlighted. These themes link to, extend, and potentially direct current social science research about this specific travel group.
Ethnicity, Heritage, and Visitor Attractions: Singapore's Taman Warisan Melayu
Authors: Henderson Joan
Published: May 2008

The subject of the article is a new heritage center in Singapore, incorporating a museum, which is dedicated to the Malays who represent one of the country's various ethnic groups. Museum exhibits and narratives are discussed within the wider context of sociocultural and political conditions
and forces, the interpretation and presentation of material shown to reflect these influences. Such visitor attractions are seen to serve a number of purposes and can be harnessed to the task of nation building in relatively young countries of mixed ethnicity, a function which has hegemonic
implications. The discussion is based on an analysis of published data and fieldwork at the site.
Farewell Countercultural Wanderer? Dress and Styles in South Asian Backpacking
Authors: Hottola Petri
Published: May 2008

The word “backpacker” produces a particular image in our minds, and is often thought of as a countercultural wanderer dressed in “ethnic” styles. Over time, backpacking has progressively widened its sociocultural base and “drifters” are being consigned
to the margins. The transition has only been acknowledged recently, though the seeds of the change were planted decades ago. Previously unpublished research on the dress and styles of 112 backpackers, collected during the 1990s, provided insights into the changes that have occurred in South
Asia. On the “beaten track” of international travel, it can be difficult to separate backpackers from conventional tourists if one relies on their appearance. While alternative developments are also occurring, “mainstream” backpacking appears to be increasingly conformist
with its new styles and interests.
“I Decided to Invest in My Kids' Memories”: Family Vacations, Memories, and the Social Construction of the Family
Authors: Shaw Susan M. , Havitz Mark E. , Delemere Fern M.
Published: May 2008

This article explores the cultural significance of family vacations and the role that these vacations play in the social construction of the family. Based on a series of semistructured interviews with members of families living in Ontario, Canada, the article examines the meanings and
experiences associated with family vacations for parents of school aged children. Family vacations were seen as a form of escape from the pressures of everyday life, even though they involved organizational and emotional work, especially for mothers. Family vacations were valued as an opportunity
for family togetherness and for improving patterns of family communication. Of particular importance was the long-term goal of creating memories that would enhance family cohesion and construct and support a positive sense of family. The findings indicate that the cultural meanings associated
with family vacations, at least for these Canadian families, may be different in some important ways from other forms of tourism.
MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS OF LOCAL RESIDENTS TO ATTEND THE AARDKLOP NATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL
Authors: VAN ZYL CINÁ , BOTHA CHRISTEL
Published: May 2008

The city of Potchefstroom in South Africa hosts the annual Aardklop National Arts Festival. The first festival in 1998 attracted 25,000 visitors, increasing to 60,000 in its second year and to over 100,000 by 2001. This festival is one of 79 festivals held in South Africa annually. As
visitors can attend other national and international festivals, the goals of the study included determining the motivational factors that push and pull the local residents of Potchefstroom to attend and participate in the festival, the festival activities they enjoy most, and also the
situational inhibitors discouraging them from attending the festival. A nonrandom sampling method—quota sampling—was used for selecting local residents, using a map of Potchefstroom to identify all of its residential areas. Households were randomly selected. The quota sample contained
an equal number of respondents from the high and lower socioeconomic areas, and equal numbers of men and women in three age groups (screening questions excluded those who did not fit the criteria). As little research has been done so far on the pull factors motivating local residents, the findings
may assist festival organizers with strategies for marketing and communication, and in considering the needs of the host community that plays such a pivotal role in the sustainability of a festival.
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH ISSUES IN DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL TOURIST MARKETS FOR CULTURAL EVENTS
Authors: KAY PANDORA
Published: May 2008

Cross-cultural issues and research are fundamental to much tourism marketing and especially to developing international tourist markets for cultural events and festivals. With increasing globalization aided by developments in travel and information technology, growing international tourist
markets present potentially significant and increasing market opportunities for cultural events throughout the world. In an increasingly competitive marketplace, in order to attract tourist markets, events and festivals need an understanding of these markets and the relevant marketing theories,
practices, and strategies. Understanding tourists' motivation and behavior is essential to identifying attractive tourist market segments in the first instance and then to developing appropriate marketing strategies to attract these segments. Within this environment, the importance of
cross-cultural issues and research to tourism marketing and the development of tourist markets are apparent, and yet cross-cultural tourism research to date has been limited. Cross-cultural tourism research in relation to cultural events is even more limited. Cross-cultural tourism marketing
research also presents some unique challenges, numerous environmental and methodological problems, and associated costs. These numerous problems, challenges, and costs may in their own right prevent cross-cultural issues and problems from being investigated. Some of these problems can also make the
results of some of the existing cross-cultural research suspect. Such problems could well account for the limited amount of cross-cultural tourism marketing research that has been undertaken, even though the potential benefits from such research can be great. This article examines the use and
application of cross-cultural tourism research by cultural events. It also outlines some of the unique challenges, issues, and problems that need to be addressed in future cross-cultural tourism marketing research to improve its application, use, and findings, and ensure the benefits outweigh the
costs.
INTRODUCTION FESTIVAL TOURISM: PRODUCING, TRANSLATING, AND CONSUMING EXPRESSIONS OF CULTURE(S)
Authors: Robinson M. , Picard D. , Long P.
Published: May 2008

Festivals are commonly thought of as occasions that bring together and (re)interpret various symbolic elements of social existence of a group or community, with the effect of re-creating social relations and the symbolic foundations underpinning everyday life (Turner, 1969). The experience
of so-called ``local'' and ``ethnic'' festivals has also become an important part of ``cultural tourism'' and hence of the international system of economic exchange and communication operated by tourism (Appadurai, 1996). However, many festivals are not constructed around distinctively ``local''
and/or ``ethnic'' sign patterns. Generic and socially decontextualised—``placeless''—festival forms are increasingly being invented and scheduled with a main purpose of attracting tourist audiences, as well as catering for various types of communities.
ATTITUDES OF RESIDENTS AND TOURISTS TOWARDS THE USE OF URBAN HISTORIC SITES FOR FESTIVAL EVENTS
Authors: GABR HISHAM S.
Published: May 2008

Historical sites in the City of Dubai have recently been used for events during the city's popular tourist attraction, the annual winter Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF). This article investigates the possibility of productive and sustainable use of historical sites for events during the DSF,
while preserving the heritage, integrity, and fragile built environment of these sites. The aim of this development strategy is to attract more visitors, to attract special types of tourists, to promote cultural experiences, and to enhance the market economy. Representative samples of residents and
potential tourists were surveyed to assess their attitudes towards possible uses of historic sites. Among the factors studied in the survey are consumer acceptance of the idea of exploiting historic sites for festival events, perceived meanings of the preservation of historic buildings, suggestions
for kinds of possible use, and opinions on strategies use. The results of the study could assist the Historical Building Section of the Dubai Municipality to decide appropriate uses of the historic sites that are under their jurisdiction. Moreover, the findings should serve architects and help
developers to understand development needs and requirements that support sustainable goals of environmentally sensitive and culturally rich historic sites.
TRINIDAD CARNIVAL: FESTIVAL TOURISM AND CULTURAL INDUSTRY
Authors: NURSE KEITH
Published: May 2008

The Trinidad Carnival is one of the most well-known festivals in the Americas along with the famous Rio Carnival in Brazil and the Mardi Gras in New Orleans. The value of the Trinidad Carnival in terms of its artistic excellence and affirmation of cultural identity are well documented.
However, the economic contribution of the festival has received less than due attention. This article analyses the economic impact of the Trinidad Carnival on the tourism and cultural industries as well as on the wider economy. It involves an evaluation of the direct economic contribution of the
festival's foreign exchange earnings and export of goods and services in sectors such as the hotel, airline, and cultural industries. The analysis will specifically look at tourist arrivals, visitor expenditures, and hotel occupancy rates. It uses the findings of visitor exit surveys for a 5-year
period to estimate the contribution of visitor expenditures. The economic impact assessment involves a cost—benefit evaluation and an analysis of the division of costs and surpluses.
TOURIST CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR INTEREST IN ATTENDING FESTIVALS AND EVENTS: AN ANGLOPHONE/FRANCOPHONE CASE STUDY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Authors: L\SC\E\R\BLANC MARC
Published: May 2008

In 2001, the Province of New Brunswick, Canada, undertook a survey of 4990 tourists. Among those, 1101 (22%) were interested in participating in local festivals and special events. Using the data provided in this survey, the purpose of this article was to examine the other interests
and travel motivations and behaviors of this group and to outline any differences between French- and English-speaking respondents. The proportion of Francophones interested in local festivals and special events was 19% compared with 23% for their Anglophone counterparts. With regards
to travel behavior, both Francophones and Anglophones put ``customer service'' as their top priority. While there were differences in the motivation and behavior between the two groups, this was marginal. The article suggests that we require a greater understanding of tourists as attendees of
festivals and events and that recognizing the cultural backgrounds of the audience is increasingly important.
The 20th Greek Festival of Sydney: A Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Spiropoulos Spiros , Gargalianos Dimitris , Sotiriadou Kalliopi
Published: May 2008

In response to the demand for the adoption of a corporate culture by not-for-profit festivals, festival organizations increasingly identify strategic planning process and stakeholder management as crucial components for successful events. The purpose of this article is to present a
framework developed for categorizing ethnic festivals stakeholders from a functional role (i.e., marketing, administration, and production) and an ethnic origin (i.e., Greek, Greek-Australian, and non-Greek origin) orientated perspective. The proposed framework was developed and applied to
the 20th Greek Festival of Sydney (GFS), which was held in 2002, by identifying, categorizing, and examining the role of its stakeholders in the management and delivery of the event. The identification of the type of stakeholders, the ways they influence the GFS organization, and the strategic
implications that derived from their involvement are addressed. The methodology utilized to develop the stakeholder framework was qualitative in nature. It combined triangulated data that derived from a number of interviews with representatives from the GFS administration, participant observations,
and content analysis of internal documents and reports. The GFS stakeholder analysis offered an understanding of the several marketing-, administration-, and production-related strategic implications to the organization and running of the festival, such as the impact on its content, participants,
and future development. The proposed framework derives from the GFS case study, yet it has the potential to be used for the examination of stakeholders' strategic implications to other ethnic festivals.
Impacts of Terrorism-Related Safety and Security Measures at a Major Sport Event
Authors: Taylor Tracy , Toohey Kristine
Published: May 2008

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, major sport event organizers have had to grapple with a range of associated impacts, including increased security costs and changed stakeholder expectations. Event organizers have acted to realize a balance between effective
risk management measures that offer appropriate security while not unduly deterring from spectators' enjoyment of the event. To better understand the post 9/11 sport event environment and attendee reactions, we surveyed 2003 Rugby World Cup attendees on aspects related to terrorism, risk,
safety and security. We found that the majority of attendees felt safe and indicated that the security measures in place neither enhanced nor detracted from their level of enjoyment. A substantial proportion of event attendees were either openly defiant about terrorism or dismissive of any
threat to their security. Implications for event managers are discussed.
Sociodemographics and Visiting Patterns of Arts Festivals in South Africa
Authors: Saayman Andrea , Saayman Melville
Published: May 2008

Event organizers strive towards growth in visitor numbers and income generation, in order to maximize the value of the festival. This article analyses the sociodemographics of three major arts festivals in the Republic of South Africa and attempts to show the complex relationship among
sociodemographics and the visiting patterns of three arts festivals, held in different locations. The aim is to determine the sociodemographic profile of a typical "high-spending" and "show-attending" festival-goer (festino), and the methodology to achieve this aim includes the use of logit
and probit regressions. The analysis identifies the aspects of sociodemographics pertaining to arts festivals that are dominant. The latter can then be used to develop a market profile of visitors and therefore a marketing plan.
Impact Analysis of a Tourism Festival on Tourists Destination Images
Authors: Boo Soyoung , Busser James A.
Published: May 2008

There are few empirical studies on the contribution of tourism festivals toward destination image improvement. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of a planned festival, which was organized by local government to attract tourists, to the improvement of destination
image. Image differences before and after the visit, between festival participants and nonparticipants, between festival recognition and non-recognition groups, between information request and nonrequest groups were analyzed. The results showed that the tourism festival in this study did not
contribute to a positive image formation for festival participants. The study further found that the festival's quality and promotion were related to negative image change. Longitudinal research on the contribution of festivals toward positive image improvement is needed in the future.
Towards an International Event Management Body of Knowledge (EMBOK)
Authors: Silvers Julia Rutherford , Bowdin Glenn A. J. , O'Toole William J. , Nelson Kathleen Beard
Published: May 2008

There is increasing global interest in the requirements necessary to practice the complex and responsibility-laden business of event management as evidenced by the growth of the number of academic, credentialing, knowledge transfer, and qualification standards programs focusing on the field in place and in development around the world. Educators, regulators, associations, and practitioners are seeking to create and improve curriculums, reduce risk, employ best practices, and achieve recognition as a legitimate profession. This article presents an overview of the current status of the knowledge systems supporting the event management industry and offers a framework for an international event management body of knowledge (EMBOK) that may facilitate the ability to map, define, and align current event management standards consistent with the needs of a global event management environment.
Implications of Climate Change for Outdoor Event Planning: A Case Study of Three Special Events in Canada's National Capital Region
Authors: Jones Brenda , Scott Daniel , Khaled Halim Abi
Published: May 2008

Weather and climate play an important role in the success of many outdoor special events, including the quality of visitor experiences. In spite of the growing importance of event tourism to many communities in Canada and the US, research examining the influence of current weather and
climate on event planning, or event tourism more broadly, is very limited. Consequently, the potential implications of climate change for event planning and tourism has yet to be explored. This article presents the findings of the first known assessment of climate change on event tourism in
North America. A case study of Canada's National Capital Region was used to better understand the current impact of weather and climate on three high-profile outdoor events planned by the National Capital Commission (NCC) (Winterlude, the Canadian Tulip Festival, and Canada Day celebrations),
and to assess the potential impact of climate change on the NCC's long-term event planning. Climate change is projected to have a meaningful impact on the success of some special events by altering the ability of the NCC to maintain ice-based attractions (skating on the Rideau Canal Skateway),
changing tulip phenology to cause a mismatch with current Festival dates, and increasing the need for heat emergency planning during Canada Day. Possible adaptation strategies to respond to the challenges of climate change are also discussed, as are some general implications for event management.
Managing Personnel in Major Sport Event Organizations: What Strategies are Required?
Authors: Hanlon Clare , Stewart Bob
Published: May 2008

In Australia, the state of Victoria has been successful in securing many major sport events. Examples of such events annually conducted in Victoria are the Australian Open Tennis Championships, the Australian Formula One Grand Prix, The Melbourne Cup, and the Australian Football League
Grand Final. Apart from these annual events, Victoria has also been successful in conducting the Bledisloe (rugby) Cup, the 2002 World Yachting Championship, the 2002 World Master Games, and the 2005 Deaflympics. Victoria was also successful in its bids to host the 2006 Commonwealth Games
and the 2007 World Swimming Championship. These events have also attracted large audiences, which in part are the result of the efficient management of the organizations that coordinate these events. However, this begs the question: What underpinned the operation of such organizations, and
were tailored or sport-specific practices incorporated for managing personnel? The purpose of this article is to explore the management processes of two major sport events, and examine the extent to which tailored or sport-specific management practices for personnel were incorporated by each
of the major sport event managers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with managers from two event organizations—the Australian Tennis Open and the Australian Grand Prix Corporation—and supporting documentation was gathered to verify issues raised in the interviews. The findings
revealed two distinctive types of practices. First, a number of systematic and tailored practices were used to manage personnel in each of these major sport event organizations. On the other hand, there were instances where guidance was lacking, and personnel were left to interpret detailed
induction manuals with little supervision. As a result, many inconsistent practices were performed and personnel often felt alienated from the management team. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that more detailed documentation and guidance be utilized to manage the variety of
personnel during the life cycle of major sport events.
Measuring Motivation to Volunteer for Special Events
Authors: Monga Manjit
Published: May 2008

Special event organizations (SEOs) are formed and operate in a different environment. Due to the increasing scale and complexities of special events combined with financial constraints, these organizations are typically reliant on unpaid volunteer labor for a large number of activities
during the event. The purpose of this article is to develop a measurement scale for motivation to volunteer for special events, which is a relatively unexplored area. It first explores several fundamental aspects of the complexities of the relationship between the volunteer and the employers
of volunteer labor. It then presents a five-dimensional model to better understand the motivations of special event volunteers as measured by a 26-item scale developed on the basis of literature on special events and motivation to volunteer (MTV). The scale is tested in a survey and the findings
are presented.
The Politics of City Imaging: A Case Study of the MTV Europe Music Awards Edinburgh 03
Authors: Reid Gavin
Published: May 2008

In November 2003 the city of Edinburgh hosted the MTV Europe Music Awards. This article discusses the event's contribution to Edinburgh's reimaging and local involvement. After outlining links between cultural events and contemporary urban policy, an in-depth case study charts the evolution
of the MTV Europe Awards Edinburgh 03 and how it became embroiled in local political realities. The event became politicized because MTV was given £750 thousand public subsidy to part-fund the show's temporary structure and the outside broadcast costs of a simultaneous live concert in
Edinburgh's city center Princes Street Gardens. Officials argued that, beyond the local economic benefit—estimated initially at £4 million—this was justified as the event offered extensive local inclusion and unique promotional opportunities that would give the city's conservative
image a contemporary edge. They believed Edinburgh's reimaging as an exciting short-break destination would occur because of the association with A-list celebrities and MTV's innovative marketing that connected with the global traveling, yet elusive, "MTV generation." MTV found Edinburgh an
ideal city as its experienced events team eased production of their complex "live" television show, while its young people and iconic place features gave the show a distinctive narrative. The article's key finding is that MTV's desire for these place features to reimage their television show
meant the event primarily benefited them and the local tourist industry. MTV happily fostered local involvement—creating memorable moments for participants—but their celebrity and place focus meant their voices were often marginalized. This was accentuated because the local newspaper,
part of a group often critical of public sector organizers, emphasized: the event's cost and disruption, the inappropriate actions of public officials, and MTV's ticket allocation to corporate clients.
The Attributes, Consequences, and Values Associated With Event Sport Tourists' Behavior: A Means–End Chain Approach
Authors: Chen Po-Ju
Published: May 2008

A phenomenological study was conducted to investigate event sport tourists' behavior and experiences. Members of a sport fan club were invited to participate in this study. The laddering technique was used in the interviews for discovering participants' cognitive structures. The findings were presented on Hierarchy Value Maps that depicted relationships between attributes, consequences, and values in a means–end hierarchy. This study found that the study participants were highly involved event sport tourists. Personal balance and socialization were the essential parts of experiences that participants were seeking. Thus, event sport tourists can obtain personally relevant goals (consequences and values) through various means (traveling and socializing) that allow them to watch competitions and participate in related social events. The study findings contribute to the understanding of event sport tourists' behavior and the development of marketing strategies.
Motivations of Young People for Visiting Wine Festivals
Authors: Dodd Tim , Yuan Jingxue , Adams Charlie , Kolyesnikova Natalia
Published: May 2008

This article investigates the motivations of young visitors (35 years old and under) at two wine festivals in Texas and Indiana. Fourteen motivational items were identified in which tasting wine, being entertained, and being with friends were perceived to be important motives for young
visitors. In addition, differences were compared between the young and older visitors. Young people were found to attach more importance to enjoying entertainment, finding thrills and excitement, and being with friends. Interestingly, young visitors also viewed tasting wine more importantly
than their older counterparts. The findings are discussed in comparison with those of the extant literature on event motivations and young visitors to wineries. Practical implications of the study's findings are presented.