bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Stability and Microstructure of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics in the System La2O3-PbO-MnO-B2O3
Authors: Kashchieva Elena , Dulguerov Nikolai , Staneva Anna , Dimitriev Yanko B.
Published: March 2009

Glasses have been synthesized in the system La2O3-PbO-MnO-B2O3 varying the MnOcontent
in large compositional range between 10 and 70 mol%. Glass-ceramics containing
La0,6Pb0,4MnO3 phase have been obtained directly by melt quenching method. Transition and
crystallization temperatures have been determined by DTA. The increasing of the B2O3-content
improves the thermal stability of the glasses. By TEM analysis, different type microheterogeneous
structures have been observed in compositions rich in B2O3.
Some Physical Properties of Li2O-TiO2-TeO2 and BaO-TiO2-TeO2 Glasses
Authors: Ozdanova Jitka , Ticha Helena , Tichy Ladislav
Published: March 2009

Homogeneous yellowish and well transparent glasses (Li2O)x(TiO2)x(TeO2)1-2x and
(BaO)x(TiO2)x(TeO2)1-2x , (x = 0.075, 0.1, 0.125) were prepared from corresponding oxides (purity
99+%). For prepared glasses the optical gap values were found in the region 3.2 eV – 3.4 eV and
the temperature (T) coefficient of the optical gap (γ) varies in the narrow region 5.3×10-4 eV/K to
5.9×10-4 eV/K for 300 K < T < 580 K. Estimated values of non-linear refractive index (n2) were
found in the region n2 [m2W-1] = 2.7×10-18 – 3.5×10-18 close to n2 values for similar glasses. Raman
spectra measured indicate that connectivity of (BaO)x(TiO2)x(TeO2)1-2x network is more evolved
than that one for (Li2O)x(TiO2)x(TeO2)1-2x glasses. TiO2 most probably assists to continuous
network formation due to appearance of Te-O-Ti bridges.
Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Fe2O3-R2O3 (R=La, Gd and Tb) Thin Films Fabricated by Sputtering Method
Authors: Akamatsu Hirofumi , Murai Shunsuke , Fujita Koji , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: March 2009

Amorphous oxide thin films of Fe2O3-R2O3 (R = La, Gd and Tb) systems have been
deposited on silica glass substrates by using a radio frequency sputtering method, and magnetic
properties of the thin films have been examined. The Fe2O3-La2O3 thin films exhibit cusp-like
maxima of dc magnetic susceptibility in their temperature dependences as well as magnetic aging and
memory effects characteristic of typical spin glasses. For Fe2O3-Gd2O3 and Fe2O3-Tb2O3 systems,
magnetic moments of iron ions take part in formation of a spin glass state, as indicated by the
magnetic aging effects, while those of rare-earth ions remain to be in a paramagnetic state even at
very low temperatures.
Influence of Technological Parameters on Nanosecond Laser-Induced Surface Damage of Optical Multimode Fibers
Authors: Eberstein Markus , Mann Guido , Vogel Jens , Zoheidi M. , Krüger Jörg
Published: March 2009

High-power optical multimode fibers are essential components for materials processing
and surgery and can limit the reliability of expensive systems due to breakdown at the end faces.
The breakdown threshold of fibers is determined by intrinsic materials properties and parameters of
the technology applied. The aim of this paper is the identification of technological parameters that
are crucial for the fiber quality.
Fibers were drawn from preforms of Heraeus SWU with core material F300 and a low amount of
OH-. Both, the cladding (fluorine doped SiO2) to core diameter ratio (CCDR) and the drawing speed
were varied. CCDR values between 1.05 and 1.4 were used. Afterwards, the laser-induced damage
thresholds (LIDT) of the fibers were determined. For comparison, also samples from preforms,
which underwent different thermal treatments above the transition temperature, were tested with
respect to their damage resistivity. Single and multi pulse LIDT measurements were done in
accordance with the relevant ISO standards. Nd:YAG laser pulses with durations of 15 ns (1064 nm
wavelength) and 8.5 ns (532 nm) at a repetition rate of 10 Hz were utilized. For the fibers, LIDT
values (1-on-1, 1064 nm and 532 nm) increased with growing CCDR and with decreasing drawing
velocities.
Luminescent ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glasses and Glass Ceramics
Authors: Ehrt Doris , Vu H.T. , Herrmann A. , Völksch Günter
Published: March 2009

Glasses in the composition range in mol% 35-50 ZnO – 10-15 Al2O3 – 40-55 SiO2 were
prepared, undoped and doped with 1 x 1019 and 1 x 1020 Sm3+ per cm3 glass as luminescent species
for the visible region, especially for blue and red emission.
Phase separation occurs in glass samples with high SiO2 content. SiO2-rich droplets in a Zn2+- Al3+-
enriched matrix were formed. Sm3+ ions prefer the Zn2+-Al3+-rich glass matrix.
By thermal treatment glass samples were transformed into glass ceramics with the main crystal
phases: Zn2SiO4 (willemite), ZnAl2O4 (gahnite) and SiO2-mixed crystals. XRD, SEM and TEM
measurements were carried out. The luminescent Sm3+ ions are concentrated in the glass matrix.
Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra were recorded in the UV-VIS-region and the
time resolved emission behavior was measured by excitation with a N2-laser at 337 nm.
The glasses and glass ceramics have interesting chemical and physical properties, high Tg around
700°C, low coefficient of thermal expansion ~ 4 ppm/K, and high chemical stability.
Fluorine Containing High-Silica Glasses for Speciality Optical Fibers
Authors: Kirchhof Johannes , Unger Sonja , Knappe B.
Published: March 2009

We investigated the codoping of different high-silica glasses (GeO2 – SiO2, B2O3 – SiO2)
with fluorine with respect to the use of such glasses in actual optical fiber devices (fiber Bragg gratings,
fiber lasers and amplifiers, optical filters, etc). It could be shown that there is a strong interaction
between fluorine and the other dopants germanium and boron during gas phase deposition of
the glassy layers. The doping concentration in dependence on the experimental conditions (gas concentrations,
flow velocity, temperature) can be understood and quantitatively described on the basis
of the chemical thermodynamics (equilibrium chemistry) of the systems. This makes possible the
defined preparation of complex fiber structures in terms of refractive index profiles and multielement
distributions.
Dishwasher Corrosion of Glasses
Authors: Orhon Melek , Sökmen İlkay , Albayrak Gülçin
Published: March 2009

Dishwasher resistance of glass articles is one of the most important quality criteria for glass
tableware manufacturer. Dishwasher corrosion of glass and the resulting formation of unacceptable
appearance limits the lifetime of glass tableware in private households and even more in
professional catering business where constant replacement of glass tableware is a considerable cost
factor.
Usually glasses undergo through some reactions in an atmospheric corrosion process, which is
known as “weathering” or “warehouse effect”. This phenomenon is found to trigger the formation
of defects during dishwashing and, visible defects such as cloudiness and iridescence are formed on
the glass surface after certain dishwasher cycles depending upon the degree of the atmospheric
corrosion that has already been formed on the surface prior to washing. Consequently atmospheric
corrosion resistance is an important parameter for dishwasher resistance.
The present paper comprehensively investigates the glass corrosion behavior during dishwashing
and the effect of glass composition on improved dishwasher resistance by rendering the glass less
prone to atmospheric corrosion even under severe conditions.
Phospho-Silicate Glasses, Self-Degradable in Environment Conditions
Authors: Stoch L. , Wacławska I. , Szumera Magdalena
Published: March 2009

Glasses from the SiO2–P2O5–MgO–CaO–K2O system, hardly soluble in water, but
possessing capability of self – degradation in soil environment, were obtained. The plants can
assimilate mineral nutrients and microelements from them. The mechanism of glass degradation in
a soil was studied. It is incongruent dissolution process, analogous to weathering of magmatic rocks
and minerals grains. Amorphous silicate gel and phosphates as intermediate products of glass
structure decomposition are formed. They are dissolving gradually next. The glasses can be used as
nutrients for ecological farming and environment recultivation, reducing the disturbance of
biochemical equilibrium, connected with traditional chemical fertilizers application.
Continuous Measurement of the Dissolution Rate of Ions from Glasses
Authors: Taipale Susanne , Ek Paul , Hupa Mikko , Hupa Leena
Published: March 2009

A method for measuring the early stage ion release of glasses was developed in order to
gain information on leaching kinetics and chemical resistance of glasses in aqueous environments.
A continuous flow-through-reactor was designed in which the aqueous solution is fed through a bed
of glass particles and the dissolved ions continuously recorded with a sensitive on-line analysis
system.
Experimental parameters, such as solvent flow rate and temperature, could easily be adjusted
according to the needs. The flow-through-reactor system was tested with powdered samples of float
and lead glasses, E-glass and bioactive glasses 45S5 and 1-98, all of which showed very different
chemical durability in aqueous environments. The reactor was connected to inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and concentrations of the dissolved ions were
measured simultaneously on-line every 30-40 seconds. In this work the initial stages of ion release
were measured during the first 15 minutes of the leaching experiments at 40°C and 80°C. The
results were compared with standard water durability test of the glasses. The dissolution of the
glasses according to both methods showed similar behaviour.
Kinetics of SiO2 Nanofibres Dissolution in the Simulated Lung Environment
Authors: Brázda Lukáš , Studničková Jarmila , Exnar Petr , Helebrant Aleš
Published: March 2009

To avoid the risk of cancer or respiratory diseases, nanofibres have to biodegrade in lung fluid
when inhaled. There are two main factors affecting behaviour of the nanofibres in living tissue –
geometry of fibres and biopersistence. A dissolution rate of SiO2 nanofibres in a simulated lung
environment was tested in this work. Distilled water buffered with TRIS and HCl to pH 7.6 was
used as a simple simulated extracellular lung fluid (SLF). Fibres were tested both under the static
and dynamic conditions of the corrosive solution. Dissolution rates were calculated from both SiO2
concentration changes in solutions and weight changes of fibres during the exposition. The
dissolution rate of tested SiO2 nanofibres was at the rate limit, where fibres could be considered as
harmless for health.
Chemical Durability of Glass Thermal Insulation Fibers in Borate and Phosphate Water Solutions
Authors: Soltész Vojtech , Vicena Ivan , Chromčíková Mária , Liška Marek , Mattei Jean Marie
Published: March 2009

Glass fiber is commonly used as thermal insulation for the equipment in nuclear power
plants. In case of LOCA (Loss Of Coolant Accident), the insulation can be damaged by the jet
impact and carried to the screens of the emergency systems needed to cool the reactor. In this case,
the fibers can be strongly corroded by particular cooler solutions and their behavior under this
environment can modify the head loss of the screens. The pH value of coolant solution can be
stabilized respectively by borate or phosphate buffering systems depending of the plants. A new
type of small scale laboratory equipment allowing simultaneous study of the chemical durability of
glass fibers and hydrodynamic conditions on the glass fiber bed placed on the screen was developed
and tested. The results obtained for leaching of glass fibers in sodium borate and sodium phosphate
solutions show the significant difference between the saturation levels of Ca, Al, and Si in tested
leaching solutions. The observed difference in leaching chemistry caused significant differences in
the head loss value and its time development. This preliminary conclusion opens a new research
field to improve the NPPs but it has to be substantiated by additional records and sensitivity studies
including uncertainties analysis.
The Influence of Metal Diffusion and Interfacial Reactions on the Crystallization Behaviour of Glasses Employed in the Manufacture of Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Seals
Authors: Donald Ian W. , Metcalfe Brian L. , Gerrard Lee A.
Published: March 2009

One of the major attributes of glass-ceramics is an ability to tailor their thermal
expansion characteristics and this makes them ideal candidates for sealing to a wide variety of
metals and alloys; however, during the sealing process, reaction of diffusing metal species with
glass constituents may occur, and this can lead to the formation of undesirable phases within the
interfacial region. In addition, diffusion of metal species into the bulk glass away from the interface
may affect the overall crystallization kinetics and can result in the formation of unwanted crystalline
phases which may be detrimental to the lifetime behaviour of a seal component. This contribution
outlines and discusses the factors affecting the crystallization behaviour of glasses employed in seal
manufacture and describe methods by which undesirable reactions can be alleviated or minimized
through effective control of the process parameters and starting glass composition.
Distribution of Power Density in the Glass Melt at Different Electrode Configurations in All-Electric Furnace
Authors: Kasa Stanislav
Published: March 2009

The power density in glass melts has been studied at different arrangements of electrodes
in all-electric melting furnace. Bottom, top and plate electrodes have been arranged into the model
furnace in form of hexahedron about the edge 1m. The results of mathematical modelling showed
that there has been very narrow relationship between the distribution of power density in glass melt
and the temperature field and therefore by means of suitable arrangement of electrodes it is possible
to influence the intensity of convective currents of the glass melt. From evaluated dependencies of
power density distribution near the tips of electrodes follows that in case of rod electrodes, the
power density decreases with increasing length of the electrodes. Opposite behaviour happens at
plate electrodes because the power density distribution in the centre of the basin between electrodes
increases with increasing distance of the electrodes from the bottom of the furnace. By means of
mathematical modelling also have been evaluated the volumes of glass melt in surroundings of
electrodes where are the power densities superior to pmean (60000 W.m-3). The volumes are very
small with regard on the total volume of furnace and do not exceed the value 22%. From mentioned
follows that mathematical modelling of glass melting furnaces by means of CFD programme Fluent
gives to acceptable computational subservience to study of power density distribution in all-electric
melting furnaces.
In-Line Oxygen Sensors for the Glass Melt and the Float Bath
Authors: Laimböck Paul
Published: March 2009

In-line oxygen sensors have been developed for the glass melt and for the float bath.
Glass melt oxygen sensors are used for the continuous monitoring of the oxidation state (or redox)
of the glass melt and are very important for the control of many glass melt and glass product
properties such as radiative heat transfer, fining, foaming, forming and optical characteristics.
Too high oxygen levels in the float bath can be prevented by using both oxygen sensors in the tin
melt and the atmosphere above it. Oxygen related defects on the glass sheet surface such as dross,
tin pick-up, bloom and tin drips are reduced or even prevented. Moreover, expensive hydrogen gas
can be saved by a more effective dosage.
Chemical Reactions in a Soda-Lime Silicate Batch
Authors: Novotný František , Lošot Rostislav
Published: March 2009

Primary chemical reactions among the raw materials composing the batch give rise to
various transitory intermediate products. Their physical properties influence the character of the
glass melting process. The reaction pathway can be controlled by selecting the conditions, e.g. the
grainsize composition of raw materials or the heating rate, which will influence the efficacy of the
subsequent fining process. The present contribution describes practical technological properties of a
couple of principal reaction pathways. A relationship between the practical monitoring of the actual
glass melting process and the occurrence of peculiar chemical specimens is also mentioned.
Parallel Cooperation of Robots during Handling with Jumbo Glass Sheets
Authors: Novotný František , Horák Marcel
Published: March 2009

In the study, the mechanical behaviour of the robot, end effector – object – end effector,
robot system is analyzed in terms of external forces affecting robots and their grippers as well as
deformation forces influencing on the glass sheet through grippers provided that the robot
kinematical structure and vacuum gripping head form an absolutely rigid system. The solution
results are stress fields in the glass sheet, requirements for the robot path accuracy, and
recommendations for solving special vacuum grippers for this type of robotic handling.
Modeling of Glass Melting Process in Plasma-Fired Skull Furnace
Authors: Prokhorenko Oleg A.
Published: March 2009

The present paper describes an overview of mathematical modeling of the glass melting
process inside an open-top skull furnace having DC plasma discharge as the primary energy source.
This melting system has been developed by Plasmelt Glass Technologies LLC (Boulder, CO, USA).
A mathematical model of intensive glass melting, which is a non-stationary state process, and
corresponding software have been developed by modeling team of Laboratory of Glass Properties
LLC (LGP). This mathematical model has been created in parallel with the development of the
melting process itself. Having a fully operational pilot unit available the Plasmelt team had the
possibility to compare behavior of a real melting system with that calculated by the model. Special
attention was paid to accuracy of input data on both physical properties of glass and processing
parameters. The influence of absorption of radiation in short- and near- IR ranges (0.6 – 2.6 µm) by
the molten glass on some key process parameters (throughput and outflow molten glass
temperature) has been studied. This work has become possible because of intensive work of the
joint team: Ron Gonterman and Mike Weinstein (Plasmelt), Scott Parker (University of Colorado),
Oleg Prokhorenko, Sergey Tarakanov, Sergey Chivilikhin, Marina Chistokolova and Roman
Eroshkin (LGP) on task formulation, experimental runs, model development, testing and
verification, and physical properties studies.
The Influence of Water Present in the Batch on the Fining Process of Lead Crystal Containing More than 24 % by Weight of PbO
Authors: Rada Miroslav , Vršovský Jan
Published: March 2009

The paper deals with the effect of chemically and physically bonded water in the batch on
the fining process of lead crystal containing more than 24 wt% of PbO.The influence of water
contained in the batch that affects eventually the water content in the glass melt was investigated
under laboratory conditions from the viewpoint of its effect on the total degree of fining, the surface
tension and the glass viscosity. The role of K2O-containing raw materials characterized by different
contents in chemically bonded water as well as the effect of various water contents used for
physical batch wetting on above mentioned parameters are discussed by taking into account the
production economy and the protection of the environment at the same time.
Simulation Tools for Glass Forming Processes by Drawing
Authors: Berndhäuser Christoph , Lange Ulrich
Published: March 2009

In glass manufacturing a variety of different forming processes is used to meet product
requirements like shape and quality but also throughput and cost targets might influence the
decision for the optimal forming process. Out of these variety one can select a group of forming
processes that have in some respects similar forming principles but then also some very different
physics. The present paper focuses on similarities and differences of drawing processes and its
requirements to modeling.
Application of the TRIZ Method for Development and Evaluation of Innovations in Glass Processing for the 21st Century
Authors: Jirman Pavel , Matoušek Ivo
Published: March 2009

Improving technology and materials in glass production for the 21st century supposes
implementation of high-level innovations. These innovations are necessary not to be only
developed, produced and set up but also their qualities and perspectives need to be evaluated so that
the ratio of their application is increased. The application ratio of developed innovations lies among
1-3% at present. All stages of glass processing like melting, forming or cold working have mostly
limitations of its own further development which are necessary to be detected so that further
possibility of innovation can be predicted.
At present it is not sufficient to have only theoretic and expert knowledge of the field and IT
applications but it is necessary to know the methods of creative thinking for achievement and
application of required innovation. Understanding of the system of creative thinking makes possible
to better and faster adapt to real life practice which changes very fast.
TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) is a powerful method of creative technical
thinking which originated by studying patents and by generalization of successful process solving.
The method TRIZ makes possible to find a correct formulation of a task out of unclearly described
situation as well as to solve the newly re-formulated task by using unique strong instruments of the
TRIZ method [1].
Application of the TRIZ method is supported by a unique SW designed for collection of
information, analyses, synthesis of solutions and verification of the found solutions.
Practical examples of using the TRIZ method will be presented in the contribution on chosen
glass technologies.
Measurement and Calculation of Residual Stress in Axi-Symmetric Glass Sample Using Structural Relaxation Theory
Authors: Krečmer Norbert , Liška Marek , Chocholoušek Josef , Vrábel Peter
Published: March 2009

Consistent model including structural relaxation is necessary for correct glass stress calculation in
numerical computations of glass forming processes. Calculation of glass relaxation phenomena is
often done by combining independent empirical formula on stress relaxation (for a simple
temperature regime) and independent model of time-temperature dependence on Tool fictive
temperature, Tf. Another approach was developed and verified here. Tool-Narayanaswamy
and Moynihan/Mazurin relaxation model was adopted. Relaxation was obtained not from empirical
model, but from calculated time-temperature dependence of Tool fictive temperature (Tf), dynamic
viscosity, heat capacity and coefficient of thermal expansion. Heat conduction in a glass probe of
known temperature history, structural relaxation and stress calculation were used in one
computation scheme using Matlab. The stress of glass probe was measured using polarized light
(Senarmont method). Rather high stress computation accuracy was obtained in comparison to stress
experimental results. The applied model approach is being to be extended for application in
commercial finite element codes for modeling of glass forming processes.
The Glass Related Properties of the SIBOR® Oxidation Protective Coating on Molybdenum Alloys
Authors: Martinz Hans Peter , Nigg Brigitte , Matej Jiri , Sulik Manfred , Larcher Heike
Published: March 2009

The SIBOR® (Si-10B-2C) oxidation protective coating was applied onto molybdenumand
molybdenum – 3 wt% zirconia samples by APS (= Atmospheric Plasma Spraying) with a
subsequent heat treatment.
Then the coated samples were submitted to ramp oxidation tests with heating rates of 10°C / hour
up to a temperature of 1450°C. This procedure simulates the heating up of a glass melting tank
where SIBOR® coated parts are most frequently used.
Some of the samples which could be oxidized without any defect were then immersed in various
molten glasses to determine the dissolution rate of the SIBOR® substrate system. This simulates the
situation when the glass melting tank is filled and operated with molten glass.
SIBOR® proved to be an excellent oxidation protective coating for the molybdenum – zirconia –
material like for pure molybdenum. The coating was fairly good dissolved by opal glass and –
slightly less – by soda lime glass. With borosilicate glass a much slower interaction was found. In
all cases some discolouration and bubbles were found in the glasses after one week.
Effect of Small Glass Composition Changes on Flue Gas Emissions of Glass Furnaces
Authors: van Limpt Hans , Beerkens Ruud , van Kersbergen Marco
Published: March 2009

Relatively small changes in glass composition might have drastic consequences on the evaporation
rates of volatile glass components in glass melting furnaces. Transpiration evaporation tests have
been applied to measure the impact of minor glass composition changes on the evaporation rates of
volatile glass components in simulated furnace atmospheres. The results of these laboratory
evaporation tests were used to develop and optimize an universally applicable evaporation model to
estimate evaporation rates and dust emissions for industrial glass melt furnaces. Mass transfer
relations for the transport of volatile glass melt species into the turbulent gas phase were used to
upscale the evaporation models valid for the lab tests to applications for industrial glass furnaces.
In this paper, the impact of sulfur and chlorides on the evaporation rates of sodium and potassium
from multi-component silicate melts for industrial glass production will be demonstrated.
Ecological Silicate Glasses
Authors: Sava Bogdan Alexandru , Diaconu Adriana , Ursu Luminita Daniela , Boroica Lucica , Elisa M. , Grigorescu Cristiana Eugenia Ana , Vasiliu Ileana Cristina , Stamatin I. , Nastase F. , Nastase Claudia , Dumitru Anca
Published: March 2009

The investigated ecological glasses with no toxic compounds, such as BaO, PbO, As2O3,
As2O5, fluorine, CdS and CdSe in their composition are located in ternary and quaternary oxide
systems: ZnO-SiO2-TiO2 and SiO2-R'2O-R''O-R'''O2, where R' is Na or K, R'' is Ca or Mg and R''' is
Zr or Ti. The first system contains P2O5, ZnO and TiO2 in order to obtain opal glasses, without
fluorine compounds. The second system replaces the barium oxide and lead oxide with potassium,
magnesium, zirconium and titanium oxides, for materials like lead free crystals. The raw materials
can be replaced by silicate or borosilicate glass waste. The advantages of borosilicate glass waste
are: bringing valuable components into recipes (B2O3, CaO, Al2O3), saving raw materials and
energy, creating an ecological environment The characteristic temperatures (vitreous transition
point, low and high annealing points, softening point) and the thermal expansion coefficient of the
glass are presented. The FTIR and Raman spectroscopy provided structural data, such as
characteristic vibration maxima for silicon and titanium oxide, and revealed the role of zinc oxide in
the vitreous network. The refraction index and UV-VIS transmission are discussed.
First Principles Molecular Simulations of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass
Authors: Macháček Jan , Charvátová Soňa , Gedeon Ondrej , Liška Marek
Published: March 2009

This work aims to explore possible applications of the ab initio molecular dynamics
(MD) in modeling of the soda-lime-silica (NCS) glass and melt doped with admixtures. Preparation
of the basic glass (15.8 wt.% Na2O, 10.5 wt.% CaO, and 73.7 wt.% SiO2) by the MD simulation
from scratch is described. The structure analysis of the NCS glass is presented in the form of total
and partial radial distribution functions (RDF), coordination numbers, and fractions of Qn units. The
reasonable first neighbor distances were obtained, even if a rather small basis set of electronic wavefunctions
and softer pseudopotentials for atomic core regions were applied. All major discrepancies
in the first neighbor distances can be easily explained, and the results can be improved if needed.
The Qn distribution shows higher disproportionation of Q3 than NMR and Raman experimental
data, however, it is lower than previous classical MD simulations.
Fatigue Crack Growth Comparison between Sleeved and Non-Sleeved Pipeline
Authors: Law M. , Linton Valerie , Gamboa Erwin
Published: March 2009

A section of gas pipeline containing dormant stress corrosion cracks was removed from
service and pressure cycled, and the crack growth from fatigue was measured. Crack growth was
able to be conservatively calculated by BS7910. Parts of the pipeline section had composite repair
sleeves placed over it in order to compare fatigue crack growth of sleeved and unsleeved cracks.
Sleeved cracks consistently showed less crack growth than unsleeved cracks; this is believed to be
due to reduced hoop stresses in the pipe under the composite repair sleeve and reduced crack
opening. A simple model of the sleeve repair was developed which was consistent with the
measured strains in the pipe. The application pressure of the sleeve repair affects the amount of
stress reduction in the pipe and the amount of crack growth experienced. Two possible methods of
repair of SCC affected pipelines were validated by this work.
Mean Stress and Ratcheting Considerations in Uniaxial Fatigue under Stress Control
Authors: Kim K.S. , Kim H.S. , Lim C.B.
Published: March 2009

The fatigue life data obtained under stress control conditions with and without mean
stress are interpreted with reference to mean stress and ratcheting effects. Tests are conducted on
nickel-base super-alloy Inconel 718 at 649°C and copper alloy Elbrodur-NIB at room temperature.
The ratcheting strains at failure are obtained, and mean stress models such as the modified
Goodman equation, the Smith-Watson-Topper parameter, and the Walker parameter are evaluated.
The results are discussed in comparison for the two materials.
Adhesion Property of Copper Paste on Ceramic Radiator Fins
Authors: Zhu Xiao Yun , Long Jin Ming , Yang Xian Wan
Published: March 2009

Ceramic radiator fins were produced by screen-printing copper paste on ceramic
substrate, which could replace the traditional technique of direct bestrow copper and meet the
requirements of surface mounted technology. This method could be used to manufacture high
density, superior thin and micro-sized molectrons. The key processes were screen-printing copper
paste, sintering and electroless plating of nickel. The adhesion of copper film onto the ceramic
substrate was often reduced after the process of electroless plating of nickel, resulting in the low
quality of manufacturing. In this study, we analyzed the ceramic radiator fins which were obtained
by the screen-printing copper paste method and using scanning electron microscopy to examine the
surface and the cross-sections of copper film and Cu/Ni film. The adhesive properties of copper
film during electroless plating was studied. The corrosion resistance of copper film and sintering
glass phase on alumina substrate (96%) was also studied in an electroplating bath. The study
revealed that the glass phase of acidity of silicon, softening temperature, the interaction conjunction
between glass phase and ceramics were important factors.
Effects of Sintering Conditions on the Properties of Al2O3/Ti(C,N) Ceramics
Authors: Xiu Zhi Meng , Sun Xu Dong , Duan Kai , Hu Xiao Zhi , Li X.K.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a study on the densification and mechanical properties of
Al2O3/Ti(C,N) ceramics processed using a pressureless sintering technique. The Al2O3/Ti(C,N)
ceramics containing 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt% Ti(C,N) were sintered in the temperatures ranging from
1500 to 1750 °C and in the atmospheres of vacuum, Ar, H2 and N2. It is found that both optimum
sintering temperature and Ti(C,N) content exist, where the best densification and mechanical
properties are achieved. The Al2O3/Ti(C,N) properties will decrease when either sintering
temperature or Ti(C,N) content moves away from their optimum value. The experimental results also
demonstrate that among the four atmospheres, Ar gives best results. To improve further the
properties of Al2O3/Ti(C,N) composites, Al2O3 and Al2O3/Ti(C,N) powders have used to cover the
specimens during sintering, and experiments revealed that covering with Al2O3/Ti(C,N) powder can
significantly improve the properties of Al2O3/Ti(C,N) ceramics. Furthermore, the effects of Ti(C,N)
content and sintering conditions on densification and mechanical properties are explained in terms of
their influences on Al2O3/Ti(C,N) microstructures.
On Mechanical Properties of Metallic Glass and its Liquid Vitrification Characteristics
Authors: Jiang Min Qiang , Dai L.H.
Published: March 2009

A systematic survey of the available data such as elastic constants, density, molar mass,
and glass transition temperature of 45 metallic glasses is conducted. It is found that a critical strain
controlling the onset of plastic deformation is material-independent. However, the correlation
between elastic constants of solid glass and vitrification characteristics of its liquid does not follow
a simple linear relation, and a characteristic volume, viz. molar volume, maybe relating to the
characteristic size of a shear transformation zone (STZ), should be involved.
Effect of Boron Purity on Superconducting Properties of SiC Doped MgB2
Authors: Qu Bo , Sun Xu Dong , Xiu Zhi Meng , Kim Jung Ho , Dou Shi Xue , Liu Yinong , Duan Kai
Published: March 2009

The effect of purity of amorphous boron raw materials on properties of the hot pressed SiC
doped MgB2 superconductor was investigated. MgB2 superconductors with magnetic Jc over 106
A/cm2 and remaining Jc of 105 A/cm2 at 4.2 K and 5 T were fabricated by hot pressing using both high
purity (99.00%) and low purity (88.84%) boron powders. XRD analysis shows that purity of the
boron powders has little effect on phase component of the MgB2 samples. If the main impurity in
amorphous boron is Mg, low purity low cost boron powder is suitable as one of the raw materials for
fabricating MgB2. Particle sizes of boron has significant effect on microstructure and properties of
MgB2. Smaller boron particle size leads to smaller grain size of MgB2, higher density, higher lattice
distortion, and thus higher magnetic Jc.
Preparation of Open-Cell Alumina Ceramic Foam with Uniform Cell Structure Using Plant Seed Template
Authors: Yu Jing Yuan , Sun Xu Dong , Li Qiang , Li Xiao Dong , Liu Yinong , Duan Kai
Published: March 2009

Open-cell Al O ceramic foams with uniform cell structures and dense cell struts were
fabricated by centrifugal slip casting using the plant seeds as the templates. The rheological
characteristic of Al O slurries with up to 50 vol.% solid content was investigated. The shrinkage
matching between the Al O green compact and the plant seeds during drying was studied. The effect
of solid contents of slurries on change of green density of cell struts along the height of compacts was
analyzed. The drying and sintering schedule of Al O green cakes were studied. The results indicated
mass segregation of Al O particles with different sizes during centrifugal process was negligible for
slurries with high solid loadings with 50 vol. %. The cell struts of green bodies had high density of
63.8% TD. After sintered at 1500 °C for 2 h, the final products had dense cell struts with high sintered
density of 98.9%TD and homogeneous microstructure. The porosity and compressive strength of
sintered products was 66.5% and 5.26 MPa, respectively.
Indenter/Coating Modulus Mismatches and Load Location Effects on Contact Damage in Curved Brittle-Based Bi-Layer Structures
Authors: Qasim Tarek , Hu Xiao Zhi , Bush Mark
Published: March 2009

This paper summarizes some of the recent advances that have been made as a result of
contact damage tests on bi-layer structures containing one brittle layer on a polymeric support base.
The effects of indenter modulus (hard/soft indenters) and of the sate of loading (load location
reference to the specimen axis of symmetry) on contact damage in bi-layer systems were
investigated. Convex specimens having curvature of 12 mm inner coating diameter and 1mm thick
were produced, and loaded along the axis of symmetry and off axis at 45o using flat indenters of six
different moduli. The influence of indenter modulus on radial crack initiation and damage evolution
was examined in respect to the load location, with particular attention paid to the relevance of such
damage to lifetime-limiting failures of biomechanical layered systems. The results of this study
illustrates that the fracture behaviour of brittle layered structures is not dominated by certain
parameters. Critical loads for initiation of radial cracks are sensitive to indenter modulus (hardness)
but not sensitive to load location. Load location plays an important role in crack propagation and
subsequent damage patterns, especially at specimen margins.
The Effect of Prestress on Vibration Behavior of Structures in Impedance Method Damage Detection
Authors: Liu Xian Hua , Paurobally Roshun , Pan Jie
Published: March 2009

Structural health monitoring or damage detection has long been a research interest for its
great potential for life safety and economic benefits to the industrialized world. Structural vibration
behavior is an essential signature of the integrity of structures and hence has been used for damage
detection. Structural vibration impedance by way of piezoceramic patch excitation offers a local
damage detection technique. It has been known that temperature change has adverse effects on the
measured impedance result and can complicate the damage analysis. It is believed that one way of
temperature influence on vibration is through adding thermal prestress to the structure. Prestress
affects vibration in different ways on different structures and application problems. For the
impedance method, prestress comes not only from temperature change but also from other sources
such as wind, gravity and working load. This paper deals with prestress effects in the context of
local vibration behavior of structures. A theoretical analysis is given on how prestress affects the
vibration. Experimental impedance measurement results for piezoceramic patch excited vibration of
simple structures such as plates under prestress are presented.
Assessment of Design Codes for Large Diameter Squat Silos Using Simple Predictive FEM
Authors: Yuan Fang , Hu Yu Xia , Li Zhong Qing , Zhang Ting
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces a finite element solution for predicting the normal pressure on large
diameter squat silo wall, with the application of contact element and nonlinear model. The finite
element analysis (FEA) described in this paper is compared with the full-scale tests and Coulomb
theory and the Chinese Code. The predicted results are in good agreement with Coulomb theory,
when the top of the stored solid is horizontal; while the result of Coulomb theory is much larger than
the other solutions, when the top of the stored solid is a conical surcharge pile. The results from the
modified Rankine theory in Chinese Code are acceptable in both conditions. Finally, the effects on the
normal pressure of Young′s Modulus are also discussed.
Acoustic Emission for Tank Bottom Monitoring
Authors: Martin Gary , Dimopoulos John , Cacic John
Published: March 2009

Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is an effective tool for prioritising more
conventional non-destructive inspections of above ground tanks, either process or storage vessels.
Results obtained from AE monitoring may be assessed against an existing data bank permitting
plant management to prioritise maintenance to tanks with high active corrosion rates or leaks. AE
results may be used to extend inspection periods of tanks without leaks or active corrosion.
This paper covers the theory of AE leak detection and corrosion monitoring including some
background research into the difference between AE from corrosion and leaks. It looks at the
equipment used and provides a summary of tank test results conducted by ATTAR and other
overseas organisations as well as reviewing AE tank inspection economics.
Induction Ability of CAA and Anti-Corrosion Property of Inductively Formed Apatite/Al2O3
Authors: He Li Ping , Chen Zong Zhang , Mai Yiu Wing
Published: March 2009

Ca-containing anodic alumina (CAA) has been successfully prepared by anodizing Al
film in an alkali solution at a constant voltage and subsequently electro-depositing calcium salts
on and into porous anodic alumina. This paper studied the induction ability of Ca-containing
anodic alumina (CAA) for calcium phosphates salts by immersing CAA in a simulated body fluid
(SBF). The morphologies and compositions of the inductive coating are studied in depth using
SEM and XRD. The results show that the porous Ca-containing anodic alumina (CAA) exhibits
good induction ability of calcium phosphates in SBF. The Ca/P atomic ratio of the inductive
coating on CAA after 7 days immersion in SBF is of 1.68 and the inductive coating on CAA is
apatite. Consequently apatite /Al2O3 (anodic) composite has been obtained after apatite
inductively formed on Ca-containing anodic alumina. Tafel polarization test indicates that
apatite /Al2O3 composite has good anti-corrosion ability in simulated body environment.
Therefore, Ca-containing anodic alumina films are promising substrates for fabricating functional
coatings and its inductively formed apatite/Al2O3 composite is a promising material for hard
tissue repair applications.
Approach for Modelling Process Effects during Friction Stir Welding of Composite Extruded Profiles
Authors: Zaeh Michael F. , Schober Alexander
Published: March 2009

In the field of light weight frame structures the assurance of dimensional accuracy and the
prediction of structural properties especially during and after welding processes are of great
importance. The problem in this regard mostly arises from the used welding technique which is
characterised by complex interactions of various parameters. A simulative approach is useful in
order to predict the structural behaviour and to improve the geometrical quality of joined light
weight components after welding. As such, it contributes to reduce process adjustments in the early
stage of the product life cycle, and therefore helps to save time and costs. In this paper an approach
for modelling the innovative joining process of composite extruded profiles by friction stir welding
is presented.
Accuracy of a Flying Cutting Device
Authors: Munzinger Christian , Fleischer Jürgen , Stengel Gregor , Schneider Markus
Published: March 2009

The prototype for the flying cutting of spatially curved extrusion profiles developed as
part of the Collaborative Research Center Transregio 10 (SFB/TR 10) was tested as an integrated
part of the overall system in first test runs. The profiles resulting from this process give proof of the
potential involved in both, the novel curved profile extrusion (CPE) and the automatic supporting
and cutting device. For subsequent automated processing to become possible, however, the reliably
achievable accuracy of extruded profiles needs to be further improved. By the example of the extruded
profiles produced so far, this article discusses potential factors that may impair profile accuracy
and presents approaches and methods for the improvement of accuracy.
Bifocal Hybrid Laser Beam Welding and Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Extrusion Components
Authors: Zaeh Michael F. , Gebhard Paul , Huber Sonja , Ruhstorfer Markus
Published: March 2009

On a global market, new products are subject to rising requirements regarding strength and quality.
Simultaneously, the conservation of the environment and natural resources has become a key
priority. One approach to these demands is the weight reduction of mechanical components by
lightweight construction. The Transregional Collaborative Research Center (TR 10), funded by the
German Research Foundation (DFG), is therefore working on the “Integration of forming, cutting
and joining for the flexible production of lightweight space structures”. The use of light metals, like
aluminium and composite materials is a main part in the TR10 process chain. This paper deals with
the challenges of welding of light weight components made out of EN AW-6060. It shows the use
and potentials of two innovative joining processes, particularly suited for welding aluminium.
Especially developed for the fusion welding of aluminium components, BHLW (Bifocal Hybrid
Laser Beam Welding), combines a Nd:YAG and a high power diode laser. The paper will give
insight into the findings of the achieved results so far and line out the further proceedings with
regard to critical parameters and their effect on the overall laser welding process. For the welding of
aluminium composite materials, which play a big role in the TR10 process chain, Friction Stir
Welding (FSW) is evaluated. As a solid state joining process, it can be used for the welding of
materials that are hardly weldable with fusion welding techniques. In this paper, results of basic
experiment for the joining of reinforced aluminium and the resulting process forces are presented.
Optimization of the Die Topology in Extrusion Processes
Authors: Kloppenborg Thomas , Schikorra Marco , Rottberg Jan P. , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the results of investigations on topology optimizations in extrusion
dies. The change of material viscosity of finite elements in the numerical model is utilized to allow
or to block the material flow through the finite elements in simplified two-dimensional extrusion
models. Two different optimization procedures are presented. In the first part of the paper dead
zones in a flat and in a porthole die were improved by enhance the streamlining of the extrusion die.
In the second part an evolutionary optimization algorithm has been used to optimize the extrusion
die topology in order to reduce the difference between the strand exit velocities in a multi extrusion
process. Finally, both methods were sequentially combined.
Dynamics and Temperature Simulation in Multi-Axis Milling
Authors: Ungemach Eduard , Surmann Tobias , Zabel Andreas
Published: March 2009

Lightweight extrusion profiles with reinforcement elements are promising news in the domain of
lightweight construction. The machining of them suffers from several problems: Aside from the
question of choosing a suitable tool, feed rate, and milling strategy, an excessive rise in temperature
could lead to stress and even a distortion due to the differing thermal expansion of the
reinforcement material and the surrounding matrix material. A simulation of the milling process
could, in addition to force and collision calculations, recognize this case before manufacturing.
For certain milling applications like seal surfaces, a certain roughness of the manufactured surface
is necessary. In many other cases, a smooth surface of very high quality is desirable. Available
simulation systems usually completely lack the simulation of dynamic effects, which have a great
effect on the final surface quality, and therefore are not able to predict the resulting surface quality.
In this paper simulation methods are presented that are capable of simulating the dynamic behavior
of the tool in the milling process and the resulting flank and ground surface structures.
Additionally, a fast temperature simulation for heterogeneous workpieces with reinforcement
elements, which is based on the finite difference method and cellular automata, is introduced.