bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building a Ni3S2 nanotube array and investigating its application as an electrode for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Li Dan , Li Xiuwan , Hou Xiaoyi , Sun Xiaolei , Liu Boli , He Deyan
Published: June 2014

Novel Ni3S2 nanotubes array were prepared on nickel foam as anodes of lithium-ion batteries with improved electrochemical performance.
Engineering the specificity of trehalose phosphorylase as a general strategy for the production of glycosyl phosphates
Authors: Chen Chao , Van der Borght Jef , De Vreese Rob , D'hooghe Matthias , Soetaert Wim , Desmet Tom
Published: June 2014

A variant of trehalose phosphorylase was created that displays a modified specificity and can be used for the anomeric phosphorylation of galactose in a two-step process.
Between porphyrins and phthalocyanines: 10,20-diaryl-5,15-tetrabenzodiazaporphyrins
Authors: Andrianov D. S. , Rybakov V. B. , Cheprakov A. V.
Published: June 2014

meso-Diaryl derivatives of tetrabenzo[opp]diazaporphyrins, a transitional system between phthalocyanines and tetrabenzoporphyrins, are made available by a simple procedure involving Curtius rearrangement of α,α′-bis(azidocarbonyl)dibenzodipyrromethenes.
Synthesis of monolayer platinum nanosheets
Authors: Funatsu A. , Tateishi H. , Hatakeyama K. , Fukunaga Y. , Taniguchi T. , Koinuma M. , Matsuura H. , Matsumoto Y.
Published: June 2014

Platinum (Pt) nanosheets were developed by exfoliating layered platinum oxide. Moreover, we succeeded in synthesizing monolayer Pt nanosheets for the first time by adjusting the conditions for reduction. Monolayer Pt nanosheets were highly active in oxygen reduction reaction.
The direct synthesis of N-alkylated amides via a tandem hydration/N-alkylation reaction from nitriles, aldoximes and alcohols
Authors: Wang Nana , Zou Xiaoyuan , Ma Juan , Li Feng
Published: June 2014

A novel strategy for the direct synthesis of N-alkylated amides from nitriles, aldoximes and alcohols was proposed and accomplished in the presence of a Cp*Ir complex.
Facile heterogenization of a cobalt catalyst via graphene adsorption: robust and versatile dihydrogen production systems
Authors: Eady Shawn C. , Peczonczyk Sabrina L. , Maldonado Stephen , Lehnert Nicolai
Published: June 2014

A heterogeneous dihydrogen (H2) production system has been attained by simply soaking electrodes made from electro-deposited graphene on FTO plated glass in solutions of a cobalt bis(dithiolate) compound.
The construction of rigid supramolecular polymers in water through the self-assembly of rod-like monomers and cucurbit[8]uril
Authors: Lin Feng , Zhan Tian-Guang , Zhou Tian-You , Zhang Kang-Da , Li Guang-Yu , Wu Jian , Zhao Xin
Published: June 2014

Two types of stick-like supramolecular polymers possessing rigid backbones have been fabricated through the self-assembly of rod-like monomers and cucurbit[8]uril in water.
Conjugated microporous polytriphenylamine networks
Authors: Liao Yaozu , Weber Jens , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: June 2014

Conjugated microporous polytriphenylamine networks with surface areas of 530 m2 g−1 were synthesized via Buchwald–Hartwig coupling, resulting in high CO2 uptake (up to 6.5 wt%) and CO2–N2 selectivity (75) at 1 bar and 303 K.
The synthesis and structure of [Zn(TEMPO)2]2 and [Zn(μ-H)(μ2-η1:η1-TEMPO)]6
Authors: Jochmann Phillip , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: June 2014

The commercially available radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy) reacts with [ZnCp*2] (1) to yield the homoleptic compound [Zn(TEMPO)2]2 (2) through coupling of two Cp* radicals. Compound 1 reacts with H2 to afford the hydride complex [Zn(μ-H)(μ2-η1-η1-TEMPO)]6 (3) featuring a planar Zn6H6 ring in the solid state.
[3+3] annulation of allylic phosphoryl-stabilized carbanions/phosphorus ylides and vinyl azides: a practice strategy for synthesis of polyfunctionalized anilines
Authors: Liu Shen , Chen Wenteng , Luo Jing , Yu Yongping
Published: June 2014

Tandem Michael addition and Witting or Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination initiated [3+3] annulation between vinyl azides and allylic phosphorus ylides or allylic phosphoryl-stabilized carbanions has been developed.
An efficient synthetic route to stable bis(carbene)borylenes [(L1)(L2)BH]
Authors: Ruiz David A. , Melaimi Mohand , Bertrand Guy
Published: June 2014

Two unsymmetrically substituted bis(carbene)borylene adducts [(L1)(L2)BH] and a radical cation [(L1)(L2)BH˙+, X−] are prepared by two- and one-electron reduction, respectively.
Pd-Catalyzed ring-opening cross-coupling of cyclopropenes with aryl iodides
Authors: Zhang Hang , Wang Bo , Wang Kang , Xie Guojun , Li Changkun , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: June 2014

A palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of cyclopropenes with aryl iodides affords 1,3-butadiene products in good yields.
Weak hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds instead of strong N–H⋯O bonds of a tricyclic [1,2,4,5]-tetrazine derivative. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, theoretical calculations and Hirshfeld surface analysis
Authors: Owczarek Magdalena , Majerz Irena , Jakubas Ryszard
Published: June 2014

Experimental (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and theoretical (AIM, DFT, NBO, Hirshfeld surface) studies have been performed to elucidate intermolecular interactions of anhydrous C8H16N4O2and its monohydrated analog.
Syntheses, structures and luminescent properties of six divalent metal terephthalate coordination polymers based on three new flexible bis(imidazole) ligands
Authors: Yuan Wei-Guan , Xiong Fang , Zhang Hong-Ling , Tang Wei , Zhang Shu-Fang , He Zhan , Jing Lin-Hai , Qin Da-Bin
Published: June 2014

Six coordination polymers based on terephthalate and one of three bis(imidazole) ligands are reported.
Crystallization of ZrO2-nucleated MgO/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses – a TEM study
Authors: Patzig Christian , Dittmer Marc , Gawronski Antje , Höche Thomas , Rüssel Christian
Published: June 2014

Hypotheses concerning possible crystallization mechanisms in nanocrystal-bearing MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–ZrO2 glass-ceramics, analyzed with XRD and analytical TEM techniques, are discussed.
Constructing various metal–organic frameworks by mixed pyridine–acylamide and carboxylate ligands: ring-like or helical building blocks
Authors: Zhang Xiao-min , Ning Yang , Meng Li-na , Li Jian-qiang , Luo Ming-biao , Luo Feng
Published: June 2014

To some extent, this work has demonstrated the coordination affinity of the L ligand and gives us some understanding of how to direct the next syntheses of L-based compounds.
The surface chemistry of NOx on mackinawite (FeS) surfaces: a DFT-D2 study
Authors: Dzade N. Y. , Roldan A. , de Leeuw N. H.
Published: June 2014

The potential catalytic properties of iron sulfide mackinawite are explored for the adsorption, activation and decomposition of environmentally important NOx molecules. The NOx species interact weakly with the energetically most (001) surface, but adsorb strongly onto the (011), (100) and (111) surfaces, preferentially at Fe sites via charge donation.
New avenues in the directed deprotometallation of aromatics: recent advances in directed cupration
Authors: Harford Philip J. , Peel Andrew J. , Chevallier Floris , Takita Ryo , Mongin Florence , Uchiyama Masanobu , Wheatley Andrew E. H.
Published: June 2014

Advances in directed aromatic deprotometallation are reported in the context of recent developments in our understanding of lithium cuprates.
Transformations of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes exposed to UVC (254 nm) irradiation
Authors: Bitter Julie L. , Yang Jin , Beigzadeh Milani Somayeh , Jafvert Chad T. , Fairbrother D. Howard
Published: June 2014

Motivated by the ability of UVC radiation to destroy harmful pathogens in drinking and waste water treatment plants, we have investigated the effect of 254 nm (UVC) radiation on the physical and chemical properties of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube (O-MWCNT) suspensions.
Lasing of Tamm states in highly efficient organic devices based on small-molecule organic semiconductors
Authors: Brückner R. , Lyssenko V. G. , Hofmann S. , Leo K.
Published: June 2014

We discuss approaches to increase the light outcoupling efficiency in organic microcavity (MC) lasers and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We find that the introduction of metals into the cavities leads to additional Tamm-plasmon polariton modes, while the corrugation of metal contacts, such as perforated μ-size holes or a periodic array of metal stripes, leads to 2D confinement of the cavity modes, which in turn reduces the lasing threshold in MCs. Furthermore, we elucidate light loss mechanisms in OLEDs and reveal how external dielectric layers and periodic gratings can be used to enhance outcoupling from the OLED cavity.
The EGFR demonstrates linear signal transmission
Authors: Oyarzún Diego A. , Bramhall Jo L. , López-Caamal Fernando , Richards Frances M. , Jodrell Duncan I. , Krippendorff Ben-Fillippo
Published: June 2014

Using mathematical modelling and quantitative imaging, we demonstrate that the epidermal growth factor receptor is linearly transmitting extracellular information encoded in ligand concentrations into intracellular signals.
Tri- and tetrafluoropropionamides derived from chiral secondary amines – synthesis and the conformational studies
Authors: Bilska-Markowska Monika , Rapp Magdalena , Siodła Tomasz , Katrusiak Andrzej , Hoffmann Marcin , Koroniak Henryk
Published: June 2014

The trifluoromethyl group placed in the α position to the CO group impacts the conformation around F–C–CO bond.
Probing the self-aggregation behavior and counter ion distribution of a copper surfactant complex
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Gupta Sakshi , Mehta Surinder K. , Imai Yosuke , Takiue Takanori , Matsubara Hiroki , Aratono Makoto
Published: June 2014

The aggregation behavior of the metallosurfactant is pointing towards negative adsorption of metal ions at the micelle surface and surface adsorbed film.
Bifunctional Au@Pt core–shell nanostructures for in situ monitoring of catalytic reactions by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Bao Zhi Yong , Lei Dang Yuan , Jiang Ruibin , Liu Xin , Dai Jiyan , Wang Jianfang , Chan Helen L. W. , Tsang Yuen Hong
Published: June 2014

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy using bifunctional Au@Pt core–shell nanostructures can monitor the catalytic reaction dynamics in real time.
The molecular mechanism of fullerene-inhibited aggregation of Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide fragment
Authors: Xie Luogang , Luo Yin , Lin Dongdong , Xi Wenhui , Yang Xinju , Wei Guanghong
Published: June 2014

A combined simulation and experiment study demonstrates that fullerenes inhibit the β-sheet formation of Aβ(16–22) and fullerene hexagonal rings play a significant role on the inhibitory effect.
Effect of fullerenol surface chemistry on nanoparticle binding-induced protein misfolding
Authors: Radic Slaven , Nedumpully-Govindan Praveen , Chen Ran , Salonen Emppu , Brown Jared M. , Ke Pu Chun , Ding Feng
Published: June 2014

Fullerene and its derivatives with different surface chemistry have great potential in biomedical applications.
Intelligent layered nanoflare: “lab-on-a-nanoparticle” for multiple DNA logic gate operations and efficient intracellular delivery
Authors: Yang Bin , Zhang Xiao-Bing , Kang Li-Ping , Huang Zhi-Mei , Shen Guo-Li , Yu Ru-Qin , Tan Weihong
Published: June 2014

A novel DNA nanodevice, termed intelligent layered nanoflare, was developed to scale up DNA logic gates in a parallel design.
Total synthesis of gonytolides C and G, lachnone C, and formal synthesis of blennolide C and diversonol
Authors: Sudhakar Gangarajula , Bayya Shruthi , Kadam Vilas D. , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu
Published: June 2014

The total syntheses of gonytolide C and related compounds have been accomplished from the aldol reaction between acetophenone derived from orcinol and butyrolactone containing ketone, followed by the diastereoselective intramolecular cyclization.
Light-stimulated mechanically switchable, photopatternable cellulose nanocomposites
Authors: Biyani Mahesh V. , Jorfi Mehdi , Weder Christoph , Foster E. Johan
Published: June 2014

We report light-responsive, mechanically switchable, photopatternable nanocomposites based on benzophenone-derivatized cellulose nanocrystals (Bp-CNCs).
DDQ: the chlorinating reagent and oxidant for the ligand-directed ortho-chlorination of 2-arylpyridines
Authors: Zhang Qian , Yang Fan , Wu Yangjie
Published: June 2014

Dual roles: DDQ behaved as both the chlorinating reagent and oxidant in palladium-catalyzed ligand-directed ortho-chlorination of 2-arylpyridines.
Microwave irradiated synthesis of 2-bromo(chloro)indoles via intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromo(chloro)vinyl)anilines in the presence of TBAF under metal-free conditions
Authors: Wang Min , Li Pinhua , Chen Wei , Wang Lei
Published: June 2014

2-Bromo(chloro)indoles were readily prepared through TBAF-promoted intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromo(chloro)vinyl)anilines in excellent yields under metal-free and microwave irradiation conditions.
Construction and screening of 2-aryl benzimidazole library identifies a new antifouling and antifungal agent
Authors: Majik Mahesh S. , Tilvi Supriya , Mascarenhas Stacey , Kumar Vikash , Chatterjee Amrita , Banerjee Mainak
Published: June 2014

Library of 2-aryl benzimidazole core inspired from marine natural products, is identified and synthesized to explore antifouling/antifungal properties for the first time. Our results reveal that the 2-aryl substituent on the benzimidazole core had strong impact on their biological profile.
Synthesis of gold nanoparticles within silica monoliths through irradiation techniques using Au(i) and Au(iii) precursors
Authors: Tonelli Matteo , Turrell Sylvia , Cristini-Robbe Odile , El Hamzaoui Hicham , Capoen Bruno , Bouazaoui Mohamed , Gazzano Massimo , Cassani Maria Cristina
Published: June 2014

Spherical, well dispersed and small (6–60 nm) gold nanoparticles (GNPs) within mesoporous silica matrices have been prepared with different irradiation techniques and using two different gold precursors: (Ph3P)AuCl and [nBu4N]AuCl4.
Synthesis and physical properties of new layered silicates based on ionic liquids: improvement of thermal stability, mechanical behaviour and water permeability of PBAT nanocomposites
Authors: Livi Sébastien , Sar Gabriela , Bugatti Valeria , Espuche Eliane , Duchet-Rumeau Jannick
Published: June 2014

Ionic liquids based on tetraalkylphosphonium and dialkyl imidazolium cations with long alkyl chains have been investigated as new surfactant agents for cationic exchange of lamellar silicates.
Microwave assisted organocatalytic synthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in a monophasic green solvent system
Authors: Pawar Hitesh , Lali Arvind
Published: June 2014

Monophasic microwave assisted dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) catalyzed byp-toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA) was studied in non-aqueous organic solvents.
Trapping of the putative 1,2-dinitrosoarene intermediate of benzofuroxan tautomerization by coordination at ruthenium and exploration of its redox non-innocence
Authors: Chan Siu-Chung , England Jason , Wieghardt Karl , Wong Chun-Yuen
Published: June 2014

The N,N′-coordinated 1,2-dinitrosoarenes represent a new class of redox-active bidentate ligand.
Quenched microemulsions: a new route to proton conductors
Authors: Noirjean Cecile , Testard Fabienne , Jestin Jacques , Taché Olivier , Dejugnat Christophe , Carriere David
Published: June 2014

Fatty acid-based microemulsions stabilised with a proton-conducting film either crystallise or undergo a thermal transition without structural modification.
Disclination lines at homogeneous and heterogeneous colloids immersed in a chiral liquid crystal
Authors: Melle Michael , Schlotthauer Sergej , Hall Carol K. , Diaz-Herrera Enrique , Schoen Martin
Published: June 2014

In the present work we perform Monte Carlo simulations in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble to study defect topologies formed in a cholesteric liquid crystal due to the presence of a spherical colloidal particle.
Insitu coating of nitrogen-doped graphene-like nanosheets on silicon as a stable anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Mi Hongwei , Li Yongliang , Zhu Peiyang , Chai Xiaoyan , Sun Lingna , Zhuo Haitao , Zhang Qianling , He Chuanxin , Liu Jianhong
Published: June 2014

Si nanoparticles are coated with nitrogen-doped graphene-like nanosheets by a facile one-step carbon-thermal method, and the coated Si anode displays high initial coulombic efficiency.
Site-selected synthesis of novel Ag@AgCl nanoframes with efficient visible light induced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Han Changcun , Ge Lei , Chen Changfeng , Li Yujing , Zhao Zhen , Xiao Xinlai , Li Zhiliang , Zhang Junlong
Published: June 2014

Novel Ag@AgCl nanoframes with efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity are developed via a site-selected growth process, and Ag nanoparticles play a key role as photocatalysts.
A facile phase transformation method for the preparation of 3D flower-like β-Ni(OH)2/GO/CNTs composite with excellent supercapacitor performance
Authors: Ma Xiaowei , Liu Jiwei , Liang Chongyun , Gong Xiwen , Che Renchao
Published: June 2014

3D flower-like β-Ni(OH)2/GO/CNTs composite prepared via facile phase transformation method exhibited high specific capacitance (96% of theoretical pseudocapacitance at 2 A g−1) and good cycling performance.
Rational design of hybrid dye-sensitized solar cells composed of double-layered photoanodes with enhanced power conversion efficiency
Authors: Zhang Xiaodan , Liao Wenming , Mu Wei , Zheng Dajiang , Zhou Yusheng , Xue Bailiang , Liu Wei , Lin Zhiqun , Deng Yulin
Published: June 2014

A uniquely structured dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated by assembling two photoanodes and one counter electrode in a single compartment.
Biomimetic polyurethanes in nano and regenerative medicine
Authors: Sartori Susanna , Chiono Valeria , Tonda-Turo Chiara , Mattu Clara , Gianluca Ciardelli
Published: June 2014

Nature's inspiration is a promising tool to design new biomaterials especially for frontier technological areas such as tissue engineering and nanomedicine.
Water-based synthesis and processing of novel biodegradable elastomers for medical applications
Authors: Hsu Shan-hui , Hung Kun-Che , Lin Ying-Yi , Su Chiu-Hun , Yeh Hsi-Yi , Jeng U-Ser , Lu Chun-Yi , Dai Shenghong A. , Fu Wei-En , Lin Jui-Che
Published: June 2014

Novel biodegradable nanoelastomers are synthesized. They can self-assemble and generate morphologies in nanometric, micrometric, or bulk scale with tunable properties. They are smart biodegradable materials with potential applications.
Recent advances in upscalable wet methods and ink formulations for printed electronics
Authors: Aleeva Yana , Pignataro Bruno
Published: June 2014

Advances in upscalable wet methods and ink formulations have improved the properties of printed molecular thin films along with the performance of printed electronic devices.
Simulation and prediction of the thermal sintering behavior for a silver nanoparticle ink based on experimental input
Authors: Wünscher Sebastian , Rasp Tobias , Grouchko Michael , Kamyshny Alexander , Paulus Renzo M. , Perelaer Jolke , Kraft Torsten , Magdassi Shlomo , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2014

A silver nanoparticle ink was studied for its thermal sintering behavior using simulations and experiments. The experiments at 175 °C were used as input for a model, from which the sintering results at other temperatures were predicted.
Hydrogen-bonded supercoil self-assembly from achiral molecular components with light-driven supramolecular chirality
Authors: Wang Yangyang , Zhou Deyan , Li Haining , Li Ruiru , Zhong Yueyao , Sun Xuan , Sun Xun
Published: June 2014

Supercoils self-assembled from two achiral molecular hydrogen-bonded components have been studied for in-depth understanding of the structure and functionality of this chiral supramolecular association.
Size controlled synthesis of carbon quantum dots using hydride reducing agents
Authors: Linehan Keith , Doyle Hugh
Published: June 2014

Highly luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are synthesized at room temperature by hydride reduction of carbon tetrachloride within inverse micelles.
Studying the influence of triplet deactivation on the singlet–triplet inter-conversion in intra-molecular charge-transfer fluorescence-based OLEDs by magneto-electroluminescence
Authors: Peng Qiming , Li Aiwu , Fan Yunxia , Chen Ping , Li Feng
Published: June 2014

The singlet–triplet inter-conversion in CT fluorescent materials is a dynamic process, and the deactivation rates of singlet and triplet determine the direction of the conversion.
Sensorless initial rotor position identification for non‐salient permanent magnet synchronous motors based on dynamic reluctance difference
Authors: Zhaobin Huang , Linru You , Zhaodong Wang
Published: June 2014

Due to the equivalence between the d‐axis and q‐axis static reluctance in non‐salient permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), the traditional saliency‐tracking self‐sensing strategies appear powerless for rotor position identification. However, the nonlinear magnet saturation characteristic results in much larger d‐axis dynamic reluctance than that in q‐axis, then two novel methods based on the dynamic reluctance difference are proposed for sensorless initial rotor position detection. In the high frequency rotating voltage injection method, the positive‐sequence and negative‐sequence second‐harmonic carrier current components are used to estimate two pre‐angles simultaneity and separately, where the final estimated rotor position is calculated with the offset angle caused by q‐axis dynamic reluctance eliminated. In the high frequency pulsating voltage injection method, the cosine second‐harmonic carrier current component contains rotor position and magnet polarity information. The position signal is employed to estimate the possible pre‐angles from three symmetrical and equidistant initial estimated angles respectively, where the pre‐angle with the largest and negative polarity signal is the final estimated rotor position. Both methods can accomplish the rotor position estimation without an additional polarity detecting process. The simulation and confirmatory experimental results on a surface‐mounted PMSM demonstrated the proposed methods can estimate initial position reliably and fast at standstill.
Single‐stage, single‐phase, ac–dc buck–boost converter for low‐voltage applications
Authors: Abdelsalam Ibrahim , Adam Grain P , Holliday Derrick , Williams Barry W
Published: June 2014

The suitability of a single‐stage ac–dc buck–boost converter for low‐voltage applications is investigated. In‐depth discussion and analysis of the converter's operating principle, basic relationships that govern converter steady‐state operation and details of the necessary control structures needed to comply with the grid code are provided. The validity of the proposed system is confirmed using power system computer aided design (PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC (EMTDC) simulations, and is substantiated experimentally. The buck–boost converter under investigation has good dynamic performance in both buck and boost modes, and ensures near unity input power factor over the full operating range, whilst having fewer devices and passive elements than other published versions of the buck–boost converter.
Nonstabilised Azomethine Ylids from N-Oxides: Unravelling the Deprotonation of N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide
Authors: Mirzayans Paul Malek , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Williams Craig M.
Published: June 2014

Nonstabilised azomethine ylids (NAYs) are useful 1,3-dipoles, but their synthetic applications are restricted by the high temperatures often needed for their generation, and by an incomplete understanding of the effect of heteroatoms in cyclic systems. We have examined the behaviour of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) as a NAY precursor in the Roussi reaction (low-temperature reaction of an N-oxide with strong base). The choice of base is critical to achieving cycloadduct formation. We report synthetic and computational (density functional theory) investigations of the products obtained with different bases and their mechanisms of formation.
Perennial pasture grasses—an historical review of their introduction, use and development for southern Australia
Authors: Reed K. F. M.
Published: June 2014

The development and use of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Darbysh.) in the high-rainfall zone and the wheat–sheep zone is reviewed through the pastoral era of extensive grazing (from European settlement to ~1930), the expansive era of pasture improvement (1930–80) and in the modern era. Their adoption, in conjunction with inoculated clover seed, rose steadily in specifically Australian systems of animal production, designed with an appreciation of the environment, and aided by technical developments such as single-disc and aerial spreaders for mineral fertiliser, chemical fallowing and direct-drilling. These species remain vital contributors to the competitive productivity of Australia’s cattle and sheep industries. Perennial ryegrass (~6 Mha by 1994) and cocksfoot emerged as the most important after a wide range of species was introduced through the 19th Century; many of these became naturalised. Regional strains of perennial ryegrass were subsequently selected for commercialisation in Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. In the modern era, persistent ecotypes were harnessed to breed persistent cultivars. Vision to both improve grass persistence and extend the area of adaptation encouraged the adoption of phalaris (~2.7 Mha by 2009) and, to a lesser extent, early-flowering types of cocksfoot and tall fescue, particularly for the marginal-rainfall, wheat–sheep zone. The sowing of grass and clover seed expanded after the wide adoption of superphosphate, which became recognised as essential for correcting the severe deficiency of soil phosphorus and nitrogen associated with ancient, intensely weathered soils. The initial and dramatic response of clover to superphosphate increased farm revenue, so fostering a phase in which perennial grasses could be successfully sown, due to having the benefit of (biologically fixed) nitrogen. The influence of European practice, agricultural societies, the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, CSIRO, universities, state Departments of Agriculture, collaborative arrangements and individuals that nurtured and managed pasture technology, plant breeding, cultivar registration and evaluation are outlined. Future considerations emerging from the review include monitoring the national pasture inventory, promotion of the great potential for increasing livestock carrying capacity, cultivar discrimination and information, relevance of models, and national coordination of collaborative research.
The endocannabinoid 2-AG controls skeletal muscle cell differentiation via CB1 receptor-dependent inhibition of K
v
7 channels
Authors: Iannotti Fabio A. , Silvestri Cristoforo , Mazzarella Enrico , Martella Andrea , Calvigioni Daniela , Piscitelli Fabiana , Ambrosino Paolo , Petrosino Stefania , Czifra Gabriella , Bíró Tamás , Harkany Tibor , Taglialatela Maurizio , Di Marzo Vincenzo
Published: June 2014

Significance

Although CB1 cannabinoid receptors control skeletal muscle insulin signaling, little is known of their role in muscle formation during differentiation from myoblasts to myotubes. The voltage-dependent K
v
7 K
+
channels, which are tonically activated by the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), instead activate myotube formation. We found that the levels of the endogenous CB1 agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol are decreased during murine myoblast differentiation into myotubes, whereas CB1 expression is up-regulated. CB1 activation inhibits myotube formation. This effect is exerted by reducing PIP2 binding to K
v
7.4, which represents the K
v
7 subunit responsible for the pro-myogenic effects. Accordingly, CB1 activation inhibits K
v
7.4-mediated currents in transfected CHO cells. The endocannabinoid system might thus play a role in skeletal muscle dystrophies.
Topologically protected states in one-dimensional continuous systems and Dirac points
Authors: Fefferman Charles L. , Lee-Thorp James P. , Weinstein Michael I.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Topological insulators (TIs) have been a topic of intense study in recent years. When appropriately interfaced with other structures, TIs possess robust edge states, which persist in the presence of localized interface perturbations. Therefore, TIs are ideal for the transfer or storage of energy or information. The prevalent analyses of TIs involve idealized discrete tight-binding models. We present a rigorous study of a class of continuum models, for which we prove the emergence of topologically protected edge states. These states are bifurcations at linear band crossings (Dirac points) of localized modes. The bifurcation is induced by the 0-energy eigenmode of a class of one-dimensional Dirac equations.
The Endemic Copepod Calanus pacificus californicus as a Potential Vector of White Spot Syndrome Virus
Authors: Mendoza-Cano Fernando , Sánchez-Paz Arturo , Terán-Díaz Berenice , Galván-Alvarez Diego , Encinas-García Trinidad , Enríquez-Espinoza Tania , Hernández-López Jorge
Published: June 2014

The susceptibility of the endemic copepod Calanus pacificus californicus to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was established by the temporal analysis of WSSV VP28 transcripts by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The copepods were collected from a shrimp pond located in Bahia de Kino Sonora, Mexico, and challenged per os with WSSV by a virus–phytoplankton adhesion route. Samples were collected at 0, 24, 48 and 84 h postinoculation (hpi). The VP28 transcripts were not detected at early stages (0 and 24 hpi); however, some transcript accumulation was observed at 48 hpi and gradually increased until 84 hpi. Thus, these results clearly show that the copepod C. pacificus californicus is susceptible to WSSV infection and that it may be a potential vector for the dispersal of WSSV. However, further studies are still needed to correlate the epidemiological outbreaks of WSSV with the presence of copepods in shrimp ponds.

Received May 22, 2013; accepted October 2, 2013.
Relationship between Permeability Glycoprotein (P-gp) Gene Expression and Enrofloxacin Metabolism in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Hu Kun , Cheng Gang , Zhang Haixin , Wang Huicong , Ruan Jiming , Chen Li , Fang Wenhong , Yang Xianle
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) gene expression on enrofloxacin (ENR) metabolism in aquatic animals. Nile Tilapia Oreochomis niloticus were fed different doses of ENR ranging from 0 to 80 mg/kg. The P-gp gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at indicated time points after drug administration. Drug metabolism was determined by HPLC. The P-gp gene expression in liver and kidney was greatly enhanced 30 min after ENR administration at 40 mg/kg, peaked 3 h after drug administration, and then gradually decreased. Thirty minutes after a single oral administration of ENR (0, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg), the P-gp gene expression increased in a dose-dependent manner. The P-gp gene expression levels in the kidney were significantly higher than those in the liver. Additionally, the metabolic rate of ENR in kidney was more rapid than that in liver. Furthermore, a close correlation was found between P-gp gene expression and ENR concentrations. These results suggest that P-gp may be involved in the ENR metabolism process in Nile Tilapia, providing a novel model for the potential utility of gene expression and drug metabolism studies in aquatic animals.

Received July 9, 2013; accepted October 17, 2013
Investigation of the Link between Broodstock Infection, Vertical Transmission, and Prevalence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in Eggs and Progeny of Rainbow Trout and Coho Salmon
Authors: Long Amy , Call Douglas R. , Cain Kenneth D.
Published: June 2014

The etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), Flavobacterium psychrophilum, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Outbreaks of BCWD can result in significant losses in salmonid aquaculture. Reduction of outbreaks in fry may be possible through implementation of a management strategy in which progeny of heavily infected broodstock are culled from the general population. Diagnostic assays to quantify F. psychrophilum concentrations in tissue samples and confirm presence of the bacterium in ovarian fluid have been previously validated. In the current study, these assays were used to screen 60 female Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and 60 female Coho Salmon O. kisutch broodstock at two aquaculture facilities. Eyed eggs from 10 female broodstock (five fish from each facility) exhibiting graded levels of infection were transferred to the University of Idaho and monitored through early life stages for the presence of F. psychrophilum. Female Rainbow Trout broodstock were not positive for F. psychrophilum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and prevalence was low in these progeny. However, ELISA optical density values for kidney correlated to F. psychrophilum prevalence in progeny (r = 0.938, P < 0.05) of Coho Salmon. Nested PCR on ovarian fluid was not a reliable indicator of vertical transmission in either species as broodstock ovarian fluid results did not correlate to F. psychrophilum prevalence in eyed eggs. Further research with these assays is necessary; however, results from this study indicate that broodstock screening may be a potential tool for evaluating F. psychrophilum infection levels, which could become an important component for disease management.

Received December 19, 2012; accepted December 8, 2013
Comparative Susceptibility of Channel Catfish, Blue Catfish, and their Hybrid Cross to Experimental Challenge with Bolbophorus damnificus (Digenea: Bolbophoridae) Cercariae
Authors: Griffin Matt J. , Reichley Stephen R. , Khoo Lester H. , Ware Cynthia , Greenway Terrence E. , Mischke Charles C. , Wise David J.
Published: June 2014

The digenetic trematode Bolbophorus damnificus has been implicated in significant losses in catfish aquaculture since the late 1990s. The complex life cycle sequentially involves the American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, the marsh rams horn snail Planorbella trivolvis, and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Research supports anecdotal reports from the industry, suggesting that the hybrid of Channel Catfish×Blue Catfish I. furcatus is less susceptible to disease agents that have been historically prohibitive to Channel Catfish production, namely the gram-negative bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare, as well as the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri. This current research compared the susceptibility of Channel Catfish, Blue Catfish, and their hybrid cross to an experimental challenge by B. damnificus. Fish were exposed to 0, 100, 200, and 400 B. damnificus cercariae per fish, and the numbers of metacercariae per fish were determined 14 d postchallenge. Metacercariae were recovered from all challenged fish. There were no significant differences among fish groups challenged with the same dose, suggesting Channel and Blue Catfish and their hybrid are comparably susceptible to B. damnificus infection. As such, it is recommended that producers raising hybrid catfish remain diligent in controlling populations of the snail intermediate host to prevent production losses attributed to B. damnificus, especially when loafing pelicans have been observed at the aquaculture operation.

Received October 22, 2013; accepted January 5, 2014
Susceptibility of Fish and Turtles to Three Ranaviruses Isolated from Different Ectothermic Vertebrate Classes
Authors: Brenes Roberto , Miller Debra L. , Waltzek Thomas. B. , Wilkes Rebecca P. , Tucker Jennifer L. , Chaney Jordan C. , Hardman Rebecca H. , Brand Mabre D. , Huether Rebecca R. , Gray Matthew J.
Published: June 2014

Ranaviruses have been associated with mortality of lower vertebrates around the world. Frog virus 3 (FV3)-like ranaviruses have been isolated from different ectothermic vertebrate classes; however, few studies have demonstrated whether this pathogen can be transmitted among classes. Using FV3-like ranaviruses isolated from the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina carolina, and Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, we tested for the occurrence of interclass transmission (i.e., infection) and host susceptibility (i.e., percent mortality) for five juvenile fish and three juvenile turtle species exposed to each of these isolates. Exposure was administered via water bath (103 PFU/mL) for 3 d and survival was monitored for 28 d. Florida softshell turtles Apalone ferox experienced no mortality, but 10% and 20% of individuals became infected by the turtle and fish isolate, respectively. Similarly, 5% of Mississippi map turtles Graptemys pseudogeographica kohni were subclinically infected with the turtle isolate at the end of the experiment. Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus experienced 5% mortality when exposed to the turtle isolate, while Western Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis experienced 10% mortality when exposed to the turtle and amphibian isolates and 5% mortality when exposed to the fish isolate. Our results demonstrated that interclass transmission of FV3-like ranaviruses is possible. Although substantial mortality did not occur in our experiments, the occurrence of low mortality and subclinical infections suggest that fish and aquatic turtles may function as reservoirs for FV3-like ranaviruses. Additionally, our study is the first to report transmission of FV3-like ranaviruses between fish and chelonians.

Received October 22, 2013; accepted January 8, 2014.
Structure of measures in Lipschitz differentiability spaces
Authors: Bate David
Published: June 2014

We prove the equivalence of two seemingly very different ways of generalising Rademacher’s theorem to metric measure spaces. One such generalisation is based upon the notion of forming partial derivatives along a very rich structure of Lipschitz curves in a way analogous to the differentiability theory of Euclidean spaces. This approach to differentiability in this generality appears here for the first time and by examining this structure further, we naturally arrive to several descriptions of Lipschitz differentiability spaces.
Next maSigPro: updating maSigPro bioconductor package for RNA-seq time series
Authors: Nueda María José , Tarazona Sonia , Conesa Ana
Published: June 2014

Motivation: The widespread adoption of RNA-seq to quantitatively measure gene expression has increased the scope of sequencing experimental designs to include time-course experiments. maSigPro is an R package specifically suited for the analysis of time-course gene expression data, which was developed originally for microarrays and hence was limited in its application to count data.

Results: We have updated maSigPro to support RNA-seq time series analysis by introducing generalized linear models in the algorithm to support the modeling of count data while maintaining the traditional functionalities of the package. We show a good performance of the maSigPro-GLM method in several simulated time-course scenarios and in a real experimental dataset.

Availability and implementation: The package is freely available under the LGPL license from the Bioconductor Web site ( http://bioconductor.org ).

Contact:  mj.nueda@ua.es or aconesa@cipf.es
RAREMETAL: fast and powerful meta-analysis for rare variants
Authors: Feng Shuang , Liu Dajiang , Zhan Xiaowei , Wing Mary Kate , Abecasis Gonçalo R.
Published: June 2014

Summary: RAREMETAL is a computationally efficient tool for meta-analysis of rare variants genotyped using sequencing or arrays. RAREMETAL facilitates analyses of individual studies, accommodates a variety of input file formats, handles related and unrelated individuals, executes both single variant and burden tests and performs conditional association analyses.

Availability and implementation:  http://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/RAREMETAL for executables, source code, documentation and tutorial.

Contact:  sfengsph@umich.edu or goncalo@umich.edu
PePr: a peak-calling prioritization pipeline to identify consistent or differential peaks from replicated ChIP-Seq data
Authors: Zhang Yanxiao , Lin Yu-Hsuan , Johnson Timothy D. , Rozek Laura S. , Sartor Maureen A.
Published: June 2014

Motivation: ChIP-Seq is the standard method to identify genome-wide DNA-binding sites for transcription factors (TFs) and histone modifications. There is a growing need to analyze experiments with biological replicates, especially for epigenomic experiments where variation among biological samples can be substantial. However, tools that can perform group comparisons are currently lacking.

Results: We present a peak-calling prioritization pipeline (PePr) for identifying consistent or differential binding sites in ChIP-Seq experiments with biological replicates. PePr models read counts across the genome among biological samples with a negative binomial distribution and uses a local variance estimation method, ranking consistent or differential binding sites more favorably than sites with greater variability. We compared PePr with commonly used and recently proposed approaches on eight TF datasets and show that PePr uniquely identifies consistent regions with enriched read counts, high motif occurrence rate and known characteristics of TF binding based on visual inspection. For histone modification data with broadly enriched regions, PePr identified differential regions that are consistent within groups and outperformed other methods in scaling False Discovery Rate (FDR) analysis.

Availability and implementation:  http://code.google.com/p/pepr-chip-seq/ .

Contact : sartorma@umich.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mirsynergy: detecting synergistic miRNA regulatory modules by overlapping neighbourhood expansion
Authors: Li Yue , Liang Cheng , Wong Ka-Chun , Luo Jiawei , Zhang Zhaolei
Published: June 2014

Motivation: Identification of microRNA regulatory modules (MiRMs) will aid deciphering aberrant transcriptional regulatory network in cancer but is computationally challenging. Existing methods are stochastic or require a fixed number of regulatory modules.

Results: We propose Mirsynergy, an efficient deterministic overlapping clustering algorithm adapted from a recently developed framework. Mirsynergy operates in two stages: it first forms MiRMs based on co-occurring microRNA (miRNA) targets and then expands each MiRM by greedily including (excluding) mRNAs into (from) the MiRM to maximize the synergy score, which is a function of miRNA–mRNA and gene–gene interactions. Using expression data for ovarian, breast and thyroid cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we compared Mirsynergy with internal controls and existing methods. Mirsynergy-MiRMs exhibit significantly higher functional enrichment and more coherent miRNA–mRNA expression anti-correlation. Based on Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, we proposed several prognostically promising MiRMs and envisioned their utility in cancer research.

Availability and implementation: Mirsynergy is implemented/available as an R/Bioconductor package at www.cs.utoronto.ca/∼yueli/Mirsynergy.html

Contact:  yueli@cs.toronto.edu ; zhaolei.zhang@utoronto.ca

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Properties of age compositions and mortality estimates derived from cohort slicing of length data
Authors: Ailloud Lisa E. , Smith Matthew W. , Then Amy Y. , Omori Kristen L. , Ralph Gina M. , Hoenig John M.
Published: June 2014

Cohort slicing can be used to obtain catch-at-age data from length frequency distributions when directly measured age data are unavailable. The procedure systematically underestimates the relative abundance of the youngest age groups and overestimates abundance at older ages. Cohort-sliced catch-at-age data can be used to estimate total mortality rate (Z) using a regression estimator or the Chapman–Robson estimator for right truncated data. However, the effect of cohort slicing on accuracy and precision of resulting Z estimates remains to be determined. We used Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the per cent bias and per cent root mean square error of the unweighted regression, weighted regression, and Chapman–Robson mortality estimators applied to cohort-sliced data. Incompletely recruited age groups were truncated from the cohort-sliced catch-at-age data using previously established recommendations and a variety of plus groups was used to combine older age groups. The sensitivity of the results to a range of plausible biological combinations of Z, growth parameters, recruitment variability, and length-at-age error was tested. Our simulation shows that cohort slicing can work well in some cases and poorly in others. Overall, plus group selection was more important in high K scenarios than it was in low K scenarios. Surprisingly, defining the plus group to start at a high age worked well in some cases, although length and age are poorly correlated for old ages. No one estimator was uniformly superior; we therefore provide recommendations concerning the appropriate estimator and plus group to use, depending on the parameters characterizing the stock. We further recommend that simulations be performed to determine exactly which plus group would be most appropriate given the scenario at hand.
How the Brain Moves the Eyes
Authors: Wray Shirley H.
Published: June 2014

discusses the brain’s visual architecture for directing and controlling of eye movements:the striate, frontal and parietal cortical areas; and the eye movements themselves—saccades, smooth pursuit, and vergence. The susceptibility to disorders of these systems is illustrated in four detailed cases that follow disease progression from initial symptoms and signs to diagnosis and treatment. The case studies and video displays include a patient with Pick’s disease (frontotemporal dementia), another with Alzheimer’s dementia, and two examples of rare saccadic syndromes, one a patient with the slow saccade syndrome due to progressive supranuclear palsy and one with selective saccadic palsy following cardiac surgery.
Vertical Gaze and Syndromes of the Midbrain
Authors: Wray Shirley H.
Published: June 2014

reviews the architecture of the midbrain and extensively discusses the linkage of specific diagnostic signs to areas of the midbrain. Paralysis of up- and downgaze, pretectal pupils, eyelid and vergence disorders are among the signs discussed. Here again, case studies and video displays allow detailed presentations of patient history, analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of a range of disorders characterized by supranuclear vertical gaze paralysis: the pretectal syndrome, the Sylvian aqueduct syndrome, syndromes of the top of the basilar artery, and a rare case of supranuclear paralysis of downgaze with clinicopathological correlation. A short section on vergence disorders covers paralysis of convergence, the third “Parinaud” sign, convergence retraction nystagmus, pretectal pseudobobbing, and oculogyric crises.
Oscillopsia, Nystagmus, Saccadic Oscillations, and Intrusions
Authors: Wray Shirley H.
Published: June 2014

Nystagmus, defined as an involuntary repetitive, rhythmic to-and-fro movement of the eyes initiated by a slow drift that shifts an image off the fovea, is discussed in detail. The steps to take in evaluating nystagmus are emphasized , including the importance of close observation with the patient supine, prone, and lying on either side Central vestibular nystagmus due to disease of the central nervous system is covered fully and case studies include patients with upbeat nystagmus and with acquired pendular nystagmus.. When a saccadic eye movement takes the eye away from fixation (saccadic intrusion), a variety of saccadic oscillations can occur, in particular multidirectional saccades without an intersaccadic interval, which is diagnostic of opsoclonus; ocular flutter; or the two oscillations combined. . Two paraneoplastic syndromes illustrate these disorders , a case of ocular flutter associated with paraneoplastic encephalitis and cancer of the lung, and an infant with opsoclonus as the herald syndrome of a neuroblastoma.