bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Nitrophenolic Explosives by Using Nanospheres of a Tetraphenylethylene Macrocycle Displaying Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Feng Hai‐Tao , Zheng Yan‐Song
Published: November 2013

A tetraphenylethylene (TPE) Schiff‐base macrocycle showing an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) effect has been synthesized, which could aggregate into nanospheres and emit yellow fluorescence in aqueous media. By virtue of its AIE effect, the macrocycle showed a sensitive and selective response to 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP) and 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) among a number of nitroaromatic compounds, which could be used to detect TNP and DNP at nanomolar levels. Moreover, it exhibited a superamplified quenching effect with DNP but not with TNP, providing a possible means of discriminating these two compounds. In comparison with open‐chain TPE Schiff‐bases, the cavity of the macrocycle is essential for the selectivity for DNP over TNP. In addition, quantitative analyses of both DNP and TNP in real water samples and qualitative detection of these two analytes in the solid state by the macrocycle have been tested. The reliability of the quantitative analysis has been confirmed by HPLC. Our findings demonstrate that the TPE Schiff‐base macrocycle has great potential as an excellent sensor for DNP and TNP.
Morphological Phase Diagram of Biocatalytically Active Ceria Nanostructures as a Function of Processing Variables and Their Properties
Authors: Sakthivel Tamilselvan , Das Soumen , Kumar Amit , Reid David L. , Gupta Ankur , Sayle Dean C. , Seal Sudipta
Published: November 2013

Invited for this month’s cover is the group of Dr. Sudipta Seal from University of Central Florida, USA and a collaborator from the University of Kent, UK. The cover picture shows a morphological phase diagram of CeO2 indicating regions of nanoparticle nanorods and nanocube formation after certain time periods of hydrothermal treatment. Read the full text of the article at page 1446.
The Experience of Cognitive Impairment in People with Psychosis
Authors: Wood Helen , Cupitt Caroline , Lavender Tony
Published: November 2013

Cognitive impairment has been widely studied in people with psychosis. However, research is lacking into the subjective experience of cognitive impairment, its impact and ways in which individuals cope. This study aimed to provide an account of the experience of cognitive impairment in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, including what difficulties people experience, how these difficulties are understood, how people respond to these difficulties and how they perceive others' views of these difficulties. A semi‐structured interview was carried out with eight participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia focusing on participants' experiences of difficulties with cognitive functioning. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse interview transcripts. Experience of cognitive impairment was understood in terms of six master themes: impaired controlled thinking, physical sensations and impaired movement, explanations for the impairment and comparisons to the past, managing the impairment, how others see the impairment and anticipating the future. This study is the first rigorous qualitative study of the subjective experience of cognitive impairment in people with psychosis, and it provides greater context for empirical findings. The results have significant implications for clinical psychology, including education about cognitive difficulties and the importance of cognitive functioning to formulation. New areas for research include coping strategies in relation to functioning and future perspectives, ascertaining staff understanding of cognitive impairment, and reflective conversation style as an intervention for metacognitive difficulties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Difficulties with cognitive functioning should be considered in clinical practitioners' formulations of clients' difficulties in the context of psychosis.

Services should consider providing service user and carer education about cognitive impairment in psychosis.

Staff may need further training in order to support people with psychosis who have difficulties with cognitive functioning.
Adaxial–abaxial polarity: The developmental basis of leaf shape diversity
Authors: Fukushima Kenji , Hasebe Mitsuyasu
Published: November 2013

Leaves of flowering plants are diverse in shape. Part of this morphological diversity can be attributed to differences in spatiotemporal regulation of polarity in the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) sides of developing leaves. In a leaf primordium, antagonistic interactions between polarity determinants specify the adaxial and abaxial domains in a mutually exclusive manner. The patterning of those domains is critical for leaf morphogenesis. In this review, we first summarize the gene networks regulating adaxial–abaxial polarity in conventional bifacial leaves and then discuss how patterning is modified in different leaf type categories. genesis 52:1–18, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. Genesis Published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder and substance use disorder: a new heuristic
Authors: Cuzen Natalie L. , Stein Dan J. , Lochner Christine , Fineberg Naomi A.
Published: November 2013

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder share several aspects of phenomenology and may be underpinned by a common mechanism with compulsivity at the core. Despite this overlap, the two disorders show a variable pattern of comorbidity. Here, we review the current evidence for comorbidity across clinical and epidemiological studies, and propose a new heuristic for substance use comorbidity in OCD, based on a hypothetical threshold of OCD severity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired neural drive in patients with low back pain
Authors: Chiou S.Y. , Shih Y.F. , Chou L.W. , McGregor A.H. , Strutton P.H.
Published: November 2013

Background

Control of trunk movement relies on the integration between central neuronal circuits and peripheral skeletomuscular activities and it can be altered by pain. There is increasing evidence that there are deficits within the central nervous system controlling the trunk muscles in people with low back pain (LBP). However, it is unclear how LBP impacts upon neural drive to back muscles at different levels of voluntary contraction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate if neural drive is impaired in these patients.

Methods

Seventeen patients with LBP and 11 healthy controls were recruited. Bilateral electromyographic (EMG) recordings were obtained from the erector spinae (ES) muscles at two vertebral levels (T12 and L4). Participants performed a series of brief isometric back extensions (50–100% maximum voluntary contraction – MVC), during which transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered. The size of the evoked (superimposed) twitch was measured using dynamometry.

Results

The size of the superimposed twitch decreased linearly with increasing contraction strength in the controls; however, this linear relationship was not observed in the patients. Additionally, patients had larger superimposed twitches and longer time‐to‐peak amplitudes during MVCs than those observed in controls. Furthermore, patients had lower MVC and root‐mean‐square EMG activity of ES muscles during MVCs.

Conclusions

A decline of central neural drive to the back muscles at high level of voluntary contraction was observed in patients with LBP. These results suggest that it might be pertinent to include neuromuscular facilitation programmes and therapeutic exercise utilizing high voluntary contractions for patients with LBP.
Regulation of Hepatic Drug Transporter Activity and Expression by Organochlorine Pesticides
Authors: Bucher Simon , Le Vee Marc , Jouan Elodie , Fardel Olivier
Published: November 2013

Organochlorine (OC) pesticides constitute a major class of persistent and toxic organic pollutants, known to modulate drug‐detoxifying enzymes. In the present study, OCs were demonstrated to also alter the activity and expression of human hepatic drug transporters. Activity of the sinusoidal influx transporter OCT1 (organic cation transporter 1) was thus inhibited by endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor, lindane, and dieldrine, but not by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers, whereas those of the canalicular efflux pumps MRP2 (multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2) and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) were blocked by endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor, and chlordecone; this latter OC additionally inhibited the multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1)/P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) activity. OCs, except endosulfan, were next found to induce MDR1/P‐gp and MRP2 mRNA expressions in hepatoma HepaRG cells; some of them also upregulated BCRP. By contrast, expression of sinusoidal transporters was not impaired (organic anion‐transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP2B1) or was downregulated (sodium taurocholate co‐transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and OCT1). Such regulations of drug transporter activity and expression, depending on the respective nature of OCs and transporters, may contribute to the toxicity of OC pesticides.
Prenatal diagnosis of omphalopagus conjoined twins with shared megacystis
Authors: Bravo Coral , Sanjuan Cristina , Gámez Francisco , Pérez Ricardo , De León‐Luis Juan
Published: November 2013

Conjoined twins are a very rare complication of monozygotic pregnancies, with thoraco‐omphalopagus twins being the most common presentation. Prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly can be achieved in the early first trimester. The areas of union between the embryos and the presence of associated malformations should be carefully evaluated for parent counseling. We report a case of omphalopagus conjoined twins with shared megacystis and discuss the ultrasound findings and management of these cases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:360–362, 2014
Diagnosis of sirenomelia in the first trimester
Authors: Singh Chanchal , Lodha Pooja , Arora Deepshikha , Prabhu Sharma Akshatha , Kaul Anita
Published: November 2013

Sirenomelia or “mermaid syndrome” is a rare congenital abnormality with an incidence of 1 in 60,000. We report a case diagnosed in the first trimester using two‐dimensional, three‐dimensional, and color Doppler ultrasound. With increasing emphasis on early diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, this case highlights the importance of looking for anomalies in the first trimester itself. In fact, the diagnosis of sirenomelia should be easier in the first trimester as severe oligohydramnios in later gestation hampers vision. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:355–359, 2014
Assessing Information Literacy Skills Demonstrated in an Engineering Design Task
Authors: Wertz Ruth E. H. , Purzer Şenay , Fosmire Michael J. , Cardella Monica E.
Published: November 2013

Background

Practicing engineers must continuously renew their knowledge and skills in order to remain competitive in the field. Yet, recent studies have found very little improvement in engineering graduates' lifelong learning skills. Research on information literacy, a critical component of lifelong learning, in technical fields is limited.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study sought to evaluate the information skills of first‐year engineering students. Specifically, it investigated the extent to which students gather information from a variety of sources and from high‐quality sources, use gathered information to support an argument, and document information sources.

Design/Method

This study used content analysis of memos written by teams of engineering students. A random sample of 40 memos, selected from a pool of 263, was coded using InfoSEAD, a structured coding protocol developed for this study.

Results

Overall, 82% of the sources used were Web resources, of which 12% were of high quality. From the information threads that could be traced to the original source, 68% were relevant and used appropriately. Due to documentation errors in the memos, 28% of the sources cited could not be classified, and 57% of the information threads identified could not be traced to the original source.

Conclusions

Student teams mostly relied on Web resources, but their documentation skills were weak. When students did successfully document information, it was generally done appropriately.
Engineering Design‐Based Science, Science Content Performance, and Science Attitudes in Elementary School
Authors: Bethke Wendell Kristen , Rogers Chris
Published: November 2013

Background

New learning standards call for engineering instruction to be incorporated into elementary education, yet engineering experiences must not detract from quality science instruction. Previous research at the secondary level has found engineering design to be a supportive context for science learning. Designing functional artifacts may ground children's exploration of scientific concepts; engineering design may contextualize science learning.

Purpose

Our research investigated whether an engineering design‐based curriculum changed elementary student science attitudes and science content knowledge in four domains.

Design/Method

In the first year of the efficacy study, 12 elementary teachers taught science with their school or district's status quo curriculum. In the second year, they taught the same science content with a new engineering design‐based curriculum that incorporated LEGO™ design challenges. In both years, students completed pre‐ and post‐tests on science content and attitudinal surveys.

Results

The increase in science content performance from pre‐ to post‐test was significantly greater for the LEGO engineering students than for the status quo students, but there was minimal difference in the science attitudes of the two student groups.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that engineering design‐based science curriculum units may support elementary students' science content knowledge, while helping students learn to design, construct, and test solutions to engineering problems. Because students using either curriculum had similarly positive attitudes toward science, our research suggests that the benefit of engineering design for science learning cannot be attributed simply to the positive science attitudes that may result from the use of novel materials or methods.
Quality in Interpretive Engineering Education Research: Reflections on an Example Study
Authors: Walther Joachim , Sochacka Nicola W. , Kellam Nadia N.
Published: November 2013

Background

The emerging discipline of engineering education research is increasingly embracing a diverse range of interpretive research methods, whose adoption is characterized by a lack of coherent ways to conceptualize, communicate, and judge the quality of interpretive inquiries. Yet fields that have traditionally employed these methods do not offer a consensus about research quality.

Purpose

This article presents reflections on challenges to research quality in an example interpretive engineering education study, and offers a quality framework that emerged from this study as a coherent, discipline‐specific view on interpretive research quality.

Design/Method

Analysis of the prior study of engineering students' competency formation by the author(s) is combined with a synthesis of the literature from the broad intellectual traditions of the interpretive paradigm to inform the development of a theoretical framework of research quality.

Results

Drawing on the engineering metaphor of quality management, we propose a systematic, process‐oriented framework of research quality along two dimensions: a process model locates quality strategies throughout the research process, and a typology systemizes fundamental aspects of validation (theoretical, procedural, communicative, and pragmatic) and the concept of process reliability to explicate quality strategies in their fundamental contribution to substantiating knowledge claims.

Conclusion

The quality framework provides a way to develop and demonstrate overall research quality in the interpretive inquiry by shifting attention away from assessing the research quality of a final product. Rather, the framework provides guidance to systematically document and explicitly demonstrate quality considerations throughout the entire research process.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐3‐Carbohydrazide and Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine Derivatives
Authors: Bhavsar Dinesh C. , Nikam Prashant S. , Gangurde Sachin A. , Toche Raghunath B.
Published: November 2013

5‐Amino‐4‐formyl pyrazole carboxylate gave facile reactions with malononitrile, hydrazine, and ketones in the presence of piperidine furnished substituted pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolones. The pyridazine sulfonamides were obtained by the reaction of 5‐chloro 4‐formyl pyrazole carboxylate with sulfonamide derivatives.
Synthesis Through Three‐Component Reactions Catalyzed by FeCl3 of Fused Pyridocoumarins as Inhibitors of Lipid Peroxidation
Authors: Symeonidis Theodoros S. , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra J. , Litinas Konstantinos E.
Published: November 2013

2,4‐Diphenyl substituted fused pyridocoumarins have been synthesized by one‐pot three‐component domino reactions of aminocoumarins, benzaldehyde, and phenylacetylene by using FeCl3 (10%) as catalyst under reflux or MW irradiation. The new compounds were tested as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. The 7,9‐diphenyl‐2H‐pyrano[2,3‐g]quinolin‐2‐one presents interesting results and could serve as lead compound.
Temporalis fascia transplant for vocal fold scar and sulcus vocalis
Authors: Pitman Michael J. , Rubino Shaina M. , Cooper Amy L.
Published: November 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate vocal outcomes in 10 patients 1 year after autologous transplantation of temporalis fascia into Reinke's space (ATFV) for vocal fold scar and sulcus vocalis.

Study Design

Retrospective, clinical case series.

Methods

Subjective and objective evaluation was performed 12 months after surgery using laryngovideostroboscopy (LVS) in all patients, the Voice Handicap Index‐10 (VHI‐10) in seven patients, GRBAS (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain) scale in nine patients, and noise‐to‐harmonics ratio (NHR), phonatory range (PR) and maximum phonation time (MPT) in six patients.

Results

LVS improved in all but one patient. A significant decrease was noted in the GRBAS subscales grade, roughness, asthenia, and strain (P < .05). Breathiness was almost significant, with a P value of .052. There was an average decrease in the VHI‐10 of 8.14 (P = .032). NHR, MPT, and PR did not statistically improve.

Conclusions

ATFV for vocal fold scar and sulcus vocalis results in significant subjective vocal improvement that persists at least 1 year after surgery.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 124:1653–1658, 2014
One‐Pot Synthesis of Glycopolymer‐Porphyrin Conjugate as Photosensitizer for Targeted Cancer Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Lu Jiawei , Zhang Weidong , Yuan Lin , Ma Wenjuan , Li Xiao , Lu Wei , Zhao Yun , Chen Gaojian
Published: November 2013

One‐pot system combining multi‐reactions is used to synthesize novel porphyrin‐glycopolymer conjugates. Sodium mercury amalgam is used to catalyze the reactions: 1) reduction of RAFT polymerized poly(2‐(methacrylamido) glucopyranose) (PMAG), 2) converting protoporphyrin to protoporphyrinogen, 3) thiol‐ene coupling reaction of PMAG and protoporphyrinogen. The product is oxidized in the same pot to generate the final porphyrin‐PMAG conjugates. The resulting conjugates are characterized by NMR, GPC, UV‐Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Glycoparticles (≈200 nm) bearing glucose units are formed by dissolving the conjugates in water. Glycoparticles show enhanced binding ability toward Con A, bind K562 cells efficiently and kill these cells under light irradiation in dose and light treatment length dependent manners, illustrating the potential biological applications of the conjugates as photosensitizer for cancer imaging and photodynamic therapy.
A Facile Strategy to Fabricate Thermoresponsive Polymer Functionalized CdTe/ZnS Quantum Dots: Assemblies and Optical Properties
Authors: Liu Bingxin , Tong Cuiyan , Feng Lijuan , Wang Chunyu , He Yao , Lü Changli
Published: November 2013

Novel thermoresponsive CdTe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) decorated with a copolymer ligand (CPL) containing 8‐hydroxyquinoline and NIPAM units are prepared through coordinate bonding in aqueous solution. The dependence of the morphology and optical properties of the QDs/CPL assemblies formed via coordinate bonding on the experimental conditions is studied. The coordinate induced self‐assemblies are observed by controlling the molar ratio of QDs and CPL. The self‐organized structure of QDs/CPL proceeds through a first step of QDs‐chains, followed by a necklace‐like single annular chain, and subsequently increases its annular chain structure, forming a network. The CPL functionalized QDs can emit multiple colors from the cooperating interaction between the inherent emission (606 nm) of the QDs and the surface‐coordinated emission (517 nm) of the CPL complex formed on the QD surface. For QDs‐CPL systems, both Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and a high rate of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) are simultaneous, the latter mainly contributing to PL quenching. The thermoresponsive QDs/CPL assemblies also exhibit dual reversible PL properties between the inherent emission of QDs and surface‐coordinated emission.

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Electron photodetachment dissociation for structural characterization of synthetic and bio‐polymer anions
Authors: Antoine Rodolphe , Lemoine Jérôme , Dugourd Philippe
Published: November 2013

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS‐MS) is a generic term evoking techniques dedicated to structural analysis, detection or quantification of molecules based on dissociation of a precursor ion into fragments. Searching for the most informative fragmentation patterns has led to the development of a vast array of activation modes that offer complementary ion reactivity and dissociation pathways. Collisional activation of ions using atoms, molecules or surface resulting in unimolecular dissociation of activated ions still plays a key role in tandem mass spectrometry. The discovery of electron capture dissociation (ECD) and then the development of other electron‐ion or ion/ion reaction methods, constituted a significant breakthrough, especially for structural analysis of large biomolecules. Similarly, photon activation opened promising new frontiers in ion fragmentation owing to the ability of tightly controlled internal energy deposition and easy implementation on commercial instruments. Ion activation by photons includes slow heating methods such as infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) and black‐body infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) and higher energy methods like ultra‐violet photodissociation (UVPD) and electron photo detachment dissociation (EPD). EPD occurs after UV irradiation of multiply negatively charged ions resulting in the formation of oxidized radical anions. The present paper reviews the hypothesis regarding the mechanisms of electron photo‐detachment, radical formation and direct or activated dissociation pathways that support the observation of odd and even electron product ions. Finally, the value of EPD as a complementary structural analysis tool is illustrated through selected examples of synthetic polymers, oligonucleotides, polypeptides, lipids, and polysaccharides. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 33: 501–522, 2014.
Falling film flow of a viscoelastic fluid along a wall
Authors: Miao Ling , Wu Wei‐Tao , Aubry Nadine , Massoudi Mehrdad
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we study the heat transfer in the fully developed flow of a viscoelastic fluid, a slag layer, down a vertical wall. A new constitutive relation for the stress tensor of this fluid is proposed, where the viscosity depends on the volume fraction, temperature, and shear rate. For the heat flux vector, we assume the Fourier's law of conduction with a constant thermal conductivity. The model is also capable of exhibiting normal stress effects. The governing equations are non‐dimensionalized and numerically solved to study the effects of various dimensionless parameters on the velocity, temperature, and volume fraction. The effect of the exponent in the Reynolds viscosity model is also discussed. The different cases of shear‐thinning and shear‐thickening, cooling and heating, are compared and discussed. The results indicate that the viscous dissipation and radiation (at the free surface) cause the temperature to be higher inside the flow domain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A class of second‐order differential operators with eigenparameter‐dependent boundary and transmission conditions
Authors: Şen Erdoğan
Published: November 2013

In this study, we investigate a Sturm–Liouville type problem with eigenparameter‐dependent boundary conditions and eigenparameter‐dependent transmission conditions. By establishing a new self‐adjoint operator A associated with the problem, we construct fundamental solutions and obtain asymptotic formulae for its eigenvalues and fundamental solutions. Also we investigate some properties of its spectrum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health conditions and quality of life in survivors of childhood acute myeloid leukemia comparing post remission chemotherapy to BMT: A report from the children's oncology group
Authors: Schultz Kris Ann P. , Chen Lu , Chen Zhengjia , Kawashima Toana , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Woods William G. , Nicholson H. Stacy , Neglia Joseph P.
Published: November 2013

Background

Therapy for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has historically included chemotherapy with or without autologous bone marrow transplant (autoBMT) or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloBMT). We sought to compare health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQOL) outcomes between these treatment groups.

Procedure

Five‐year survivors of AML diagnosed before age 21 and enrolled and treated from 1979 to 1995 on one of 4 national protocols were interviewed. These survivors or proxy caregivers completed a health questionnaire and an HRQOL measure.

Results

Of 180 survivors, 100 were treated with chemotherapy only, 26 with chemotherapy followed by autoBMT, and 54 with chemotherapy followed by alloBMT. Median age at interview was 20 years (range 8–39). Twenty‐one percent reported a severe or life‐threatening chronic health condition (chemotherapy‐only 16% vs. autoBMT 21% vs. alloBMT 33%; P = 0.02 for chemotherapy‐only vs. alloBMT). Nearly all (95%) reported excellent, very good or good health. Reports of cancer‐related pain and anxiety did not vary between groups. HRQOL scores among 136 participants ≥14 years of age were similar among groups and to the normative population, though alloBMT survivors had a lower physical mean summary score (49.1 alloBMT vs. 52.2 chemotherapy‐only; P = 0.03). Multivariate analyses showed the presence of severe chronic health conditions to be a strong predictor of physical but not mental mean summary scores.

Conclusions

Overall HRQOL scores were similar among treatment groups, although survivors reporting more health conditions or cancer‐related pain had diminished HRQOL. Attention to chronic health conditions and management of cancer‐related pain may improve QOL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:729–736. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atomic layer deposition of scandium‐based oxides
Authors: Nyns Laura , Lisoni Judit G. , Van den Bosch Geert , Van Elshocht Sven , Van Houdt Jan
Published: November 2013

GdxSc2−xO3 and AlxSc2−xO3 have been investigated as potential high‐k intergate dielectric (IGD) in planar NAND flash technology, such as hybrid floating gate (HFG). We have examined the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Sc2O3, GdxSc2−xO3, and AlxSc2−xO3 on Si using Sc(MeCp)3, Gd(iPrCp)3, TMA, and H2O as precursors. The composition of GdxSc2−xO3 and AlxSc2−xO3 ranged from 4% to 76% Gd and from 7% to 66% Al, respectively. All compositions show linear growth behavior. While pure Sc2O3 is crystalline as‐deposited, the layer becomes amorphous once ∼20% of Al is added. The (222) reflection of the cubic phase is also seen for GdxSc2−xO3 with less than 9% Gd. The bandgap of as‐deposited GdxSc2−xO3 decreases with increasing Gd content while the opposite trend is observed for AlxSc2−xO3. A k‐value of ∼21 can be obtained for GdxSc2−xO3 with approximately 26–52% Gd, irrespective of the Gd content. For AlxSc2−xO3 on the other hand, a maximum k‐value of ∼19 is achieved with ∼48% Al. Although the k‐value of AlxSc2−xO3 is lower than that of GdxSc2−xO3, its large breakdown field makes this material more suitable for HFG flash applications.
β‐Sitosterol Enhances Cellular Glutathione Redox Cycling by Reactive Oxygen Species Generated From Mitochondrial Respiration: Protection Against Oxidant Injury in H9c2 Cells and Rat Hearts
Authors: Wong Hoi Shan , Chen Na , Leong Pou Kuan , Ko Kam Ming
Published: November 2013

Herba Cistanches (Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma) is a ‘Yang‐invigorating’ tonic herb in Chinese medicine. Preliminary chemical analysis indicated that β‐sitosterol (BS) is one of the chemical constituents in an active fraction of Herba Cistanches. To investigate whether BS is an active ingredient of Herba Cistanches, the effects of BS on H9c2 cells and rat hearts were examined. The results indicated that BS stimulated the mitochondrial ATP generation capacity in H9c2 cells, which was associated with the increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. BS also stimulated mitochondrial state 3 and state 4 respiration, with the resultant decrease in coupling efficiency. BS produced an up‐regulation of cellular glutathione redox cycling and protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. However, the protective effect of BS against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury was seen in female but not male rats ex vivo. The cardioprotection afforded by BS was likely mediated by an up‐regulation of mitochondrial glutathione redox cycling in female rat hearts. In conclusion, the ensemble of results suggests that BS is an active ingredient of Herba Cistanches. The gender‐dependent effect of BS on myocardial protection will further be investigated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Simpler Puzzle of Ground
Authors: Krämer Stephan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

Metaphysical grounding is standardly taken to be irreflexive: nothing grounds itself. Kit Fine has presented some puzzles that appear to contradict this principle. I construct a particularly simple variant of those puzzles that is independent of several of the assumptions required by Fine, instead employing quantification into sentence position. Various possible responses to Fine’s puzzles thus turn out to apply only in a restricted range of cases.
Intentionalism about Moods
Authors: Mendelovici Angela ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

According to intentionalism, phenomenal properties are identical to, supervenient on, or determined by representational properties. Intentionalism faces a special challenge when it comes to accounting for the phenomenal character of moods. First, it seems that no intentionalist treatment of moods can capture their apparently undirected phenomenology. Second, it seems that even if we can come up with a viable intentionalist account of moods, we would not be able to motivate it in some of the same kinds of ways that intentionalism about other kinds of states can be motivated. In this article, I respond to both challenges: First, I propose a novel intentionalist treatment of moods on which they represent unbound affective properties. Then, I argue that this view is indirectly supported by the same kinds of considerations that directly support intentionalism about other mental states.
Abstraction Relations Need Not Be Reflexive
Authors: Payne Jonathan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

Neo-Fregeans such as Bob Hale and Crispin Wright seek a foundation of mathematics based on abstraction principles. These are sentences involving a relation called the abstraction relation. It is usually assumed that abstraction relations must be equivalence relations, so reflexive, symmetric and transitive. In this article I argue that abstraction relations need not be reflexive. I furthermore give an application of non-reflexive abstraction relations to restricted abstraction principles.
Neutrino mixing and masses from a minimum principle
Authors: Alonso R. , Gavela M. B. , Isidori G. , Maiani L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract

We analyze the structure of quark and lepton mass matrices under the hypothesis that they are determined from a minimum principle applied to a generic potential invariant under the [SU(3)]5 ⊗
$ \mathcal{O} $
(3) flavor symmetry, acting on Standard Model fermions and right-handed neutrinos. Unlike the quark case, we show that hierarchical masses for charged leptons are naturally accompanied by degenerate Majorana neutrinos with one mixing angle close to maximal, a second potentially large, a third one necessarily small, and one maximal relative Majorana phase. Adding small perturbations the predicted structure for the neutrino mass matrix is in excellent agreement with present observations and could be tested in the near future via neutrino-less double beta decay and cosmological measurements. The generalization of these results to arbitrary sew-saw models is also discussed.
Dietary triheptanoin rescues oligodendrocyte loss, dysmyelination and motor function in the nur7 mouse model of Canavan disease
Authors: Francis Jeremy S. , Markov Vladimir , Leone Paola
Published: November 2013

The inherited pediatric leukodystrophy Canavan disease is characterized by dysmyelination and severe spongiform degeneration, and is currently refractory to treatment. A definitive understanding of core disease mechanisms is lacking, but pathology is believed to result at least in part compromised fatty acid synthesis during myelination. Recent evidence generated in an animal model suggests that the breakdown of N‐acetylaspartate metabolism in CD results in a heightened coupling of fatty acid synthesis to oligodendrocyte oxidative metabolism during the early stages of myelination, thereby causing acute oxidative stress. We present here the results of a dietary intervention designed to support oxidative integrity during developmental myelination in the nur7 mouse model of Canavan disease. Provision of the odd carbon triglyceride triheptanoin to neonatal nur7 mice reduced oxidative stress, promoted long‐term oligodendrocyte survival, and increased myelin in the brain. Improvements in oligodendrocyte survival and myelination were associated with a highly significant reduction in spongiform degeneration and improved motor function in triheptanoin treated mice. Initiation of triheptanoin treatment in older animals resulted in markedly more modest effects on these same pathological indices, indicating a window of therapeutic intervention that corresponds with developmental myelination. These results support the targeting of oxidative integrity at early stages of Canavan disease, and provide a foundation for the clinical development of a non‐invasive dietary triheptanoin treatment regimen.
The effect of a daily quiz (TOPday) on self-confidence, enthusiasm, and test
results for biomechanics
Authors: Tanck Esther , Maessen Martijn F. H. , Hannink Gerjon , Van Kuppeveld Sascha M. H. F. , Bolhuis Sanneke , Kooloos Jan G. M.
Published: November 2013

Many students in Biomedical Sciences have difficulty understanding biomechanics.
In a second-year course, biomechanics is taught in the first week and examined at the
end of the fourth week. Knowledge is retained longer if the subject material is
repeated. However, how does one encourage students to repeat the subject matter? For
this study, we developed ‘two opportunities to practice per day (TOPday)’, consisting of
multiple-choice questions on biomechanics with immediate feedback, which were sent via
e-mail. We investigated the effect of TOPday on self-confidence, enthusiasm, and test
results for biomechanics. All second-year students (n = 95) received a TOPday of
biomechanics on every regular course day with increasing difficulty during the course.
At the end of the course, a non-anonymous questionnaire was conducted. The students were
asked how many TOPday questions they completed (0–6 questions [group A]; 7–18 questions
[group B]; 19–24 questions [group C]). Other questions included the appreciation for
TOPday, and increase (no/yes) in self-confidence and enthusiasm for biomechanics.
Seventy-eight students participated in the examination and completed the questionnaire.
The appreciation for TOPday in group A (n = 14), B (n = 23) and C (n = 41) was 7.0 (95 %
CI 6.5–7.5), 7.4 (95 % CI 7.0–7.8), and 7.9 (95 % CI 7.6–8.1), respectively (p < 0.01
between A and C).
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Laser Safety
Authors: Castelluccio Donna
Published: November 2013

Lasers used in the OR pose many risks to both patients and personnel. AORN's “Recommended practices for laser safety in perioperative practice settings” identifies the potential hazards associated with laser use, such as eye damage and fire‐ and smoke‐related injuries. The practice recommendations are intended to be used as a guide for establishing best practices in the workplace and to give perioperative nurses strategies for implementing the recommended safety measures. A laser safety program should include measures to control access to laser use areas; protect staff members and patients from exposure to the laser beam; provide staff members and patients with the appropriate safety eyewear for use in the laser use area; and protect staff members and patients from surgical smoke, electrical, and fire hazards. Measures such as using a safety checklist or creating a laser cart can help perioperative nurses successfully incorporate the practice recommendations. Patient scenarios are included as examples of how to use the document in real‐life situations.
Linear stability analysis of wind turbine wakes performed on wind tunnel measurements
Authors: Iungo G. V. , Viola F. , Camarri S. , Porté-Agel F. , Gallaire F.
Published: November 2013

Wind tunnel measurements were performed for the wake produced by a three-bladed wind turbine immersed in uniform flow. These tests show the presence of a vorticity structure in the near-wake region mainly oriented along the streamwise direction, which is denoted as the hub vortex. The hub vortex is characterized by oscillations with frequencies lower than that connected to the rotational velocity of the rotor, which previous works have ascribed to wake meandering. This phenomenon consists of transversal oscillations of the wind turbine wake, which might be excited by the vortex shedding from the rotor disc acting as a bluff body. In this work, temporal and spatial linear stability analyses of a wind turbine wake are performed on a base flow obtained with time-averaged wind tunnel velocity measurements. This study shows that the low-frequency spectral component detected experimentally matches the most amplified frequency of the counter-winding single-helix mode downstream of the wind turbine. Then, simultaneous hot-wire measurements confirm the presence of a helicoidal unstable mode of the hub vortex with a streamwise wavenumber roughly equal to that predicted from the linear stability analysis.
Tension distribution shaping via reconfigurable attachment in planar mobile cable robots
Authors: Zhou Xiaobo , Jun Seung-kook , Krovi Venkat
Published: November 2013

Traditional cable robots derive their manipulation capabilities using spooling winches at fixed base locations. In our previous work, we examined enhancing manipulation capabilities of cable robots by the addition of base mobility to spooling winches (allowing a group of mobile robots to cooperatively manipulate a payload using cables). Base mobility facilitated the regulation of the tension-direction (via active coordination of mobile bases) and allowed for better conditioning of the wrench-feasible workspace. In this paper we explore putting idler pulleys on the payload attachment as alternate means to simplify the design and enable practical deployment. We examine analysis of the system using ellipse geometry and develop a virtual cable-subsystem formulation (which also facilitates subsumption into the previously developed mobile cable robot analysis framework). We also seek improvement of the tension distribution by utilizing configuration space redundancy to shape the tension null space. This tension distribution shaping is implemented in the form of a tension factor optimization problem over the workspace and explored via both simulation and experimental studies.
Mobile robot navigation with a self-paced brain–computer interface based on high-frequency SSVEP
Authors: Diez Pablo F. , Mut Vicente A. , Laciar Eric , Perona Enrique M. Avila
Published: November 2013

A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a system for commanding a device by means of brain signals without having to move any muscle. One kind of BCI is based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP), which are evoked visual cortex responses elicited by a twinkling light source. Stimuli can produce visual fatigue; however, it has been well established that high-frequency SSVEP (>30 Hz) does not. In this paper, a mobile robot is remotely navigated into an office environment by means of an asynchronous high-frequency SSVEP-based BCI along with the image of a video camera. This BCI uses only three electroencephalographic channels and a simple processing signal method. The robot velocity control and the avoidance obstacle algorithms are also herein described. Seven volunteers were able to drive the mobile robot towards two different places. They had to evade desks and shelves, pass through a doorway and navigate in a corridor. The system was designed so as to allow the subject to move about without restrictions, since he/she had full robot movement's control. It was concluded that the developed system allows for remote mobile robot navigation in real indoor environments using brain signals. The proposed system is easy to use and does not require any special training. The user's visual fatigue is reduced because high-frequency stimulation is employed and, furthermore, the user gazes at the stimulus only when a command must be sent to the robot.
Economics without history: objections to the rights hypothesis
Authors: JONES ERIC L.
Published: November 2013

Reasons are given for doubting the currently fashionable thesis that economic growth and industrialisation in the case of England derived from establishing secure property rights after 1688. Customary and public rights remained at risk. Ancient arrangements often persisted far into Victorian times. Detailed evidence is presented of survivals and of illiquid features in the land market. Evidence is also given of endemic disputes over enclosure and tithes. Unlike some European countries, England failed to establish a land registry. Limited transactions probably reflected unwillingness to risk litigation. That unsatisfactory property rights did not, however, stifle growth is tribute to the underlying power of the market.
Developmental trajectory from early responses to transgressions to future antisocial behavior: Evidence for the role of the parent–child relationship from two longitudinal studies
Authors: Kim Sanghag , Kochanska Grazyna , Boldt Lea J. , Nordling Jamie Koenig , O'Bleness Jessica J.
Published: November 2013

Parent–child relationships are critical in development, but much remains to be learned about the mechanisms of their impact. We examined the early parent–child relationship as a moderator of the developmental trajectory from children's affective and behavioral responses to transgressions to future antisocial, externalizing behavior problems in the Family Study (102 community mothers, fathers, and infants, followed through age 8) and the Play Study (186 low-income, diverse mothers and toddlers, followed for 10 months). The relationship quality was indexed by attachment security in the Family Study and maternal responsiveness in the Play Study. Responses to transgressions (tense discomfort and reparation) were observed in laboratory mishaps wherein children believed they had damaged a valued object. Antisocial outcomes were rated by parents. In both studies, early relationships moderated the future developmental trajectory: diminished tense discomfort predicted more antisocial outcomes, but only in insecure or unresponsive relationships. That risk was defused in secure or responsive relationships. Moderated mediation analyses in the Family Study indicated that the links between diminished tense discomfort and future antisocial behavior in insecure parent–child dyads were mediated by stronger discipline pressure from parents. By indirectly influencing future developmental sequelae, early relationships may increase or decrease the probability that the parent–child dyad will embark on a path toward antisocial outcomes.
Development of autobiographical memory in children with autism spectrum disorders: Deficits, gains, and predictors of performance
Authors: Goddard Lorna , Dritschel Barbara , Robinson Sally , Howlin Patricia
Published: November 2013

Autobiographical memory (AM) was assessed in 63 children (aged 8–17 years) with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compared with 63 typically developing children matched for age, gender, IQ, and verbal ability. A range of methodologies was employed for eliciting past experience with particular focus on the ability to recall (a) specific events, (b) the recent and remote past, and (c) semantic versus episodic memories across different lifetime periods. Results indicated that the ASD group manifested difficulties in retrieving specific memories to word cues and had poorer access to the remote past. Deficits were found in the context of intact recent memory and preserved general memory abilities, with some impairment of visual memory. Problems in retrieving episodic and semantic AMs across the life span were also evident. Qualitative analysis of memory reports suggested that the ASD group was less likely to refer to emotion in their remote memories but more likely to describe emotions in their recent memories. Important predictors of AM performance in the ASD group were central executive abilities, in particular cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency.
Dysphagia: implications for older people
Authors: Miller N , Patterson J
Published: November 2013

Dysphagia represents a salient concern in many conditions prevalent in older people. There are direct implications for morbidity and mortality. The importance of recognizing and managing dysphagia in hospital and the community also extends to psychosocial impact and quality of life, as well as health, economic and ethical-legal issues. This review outlines reasons for the importance of recognizing and treating dysphagia. It then proceeds to look at recent developments in our understanding of the nature, assessment and management of dysphagia in older people. Whilst there are well-established practices in assessment and management, ongoing work continues to challenge the validity and reliability of many methods. These concerns are covered and directions for future developments highlighted.