bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine-tuning of post-weaning pig microbiome structure and functionality by in-feed zinc oxide and antibiotics use
Authors: Ortiz Sanjuán Juan M. , Manzanilla Edgar G. , Cabrera-Rubio Raúl , Crispie Fiona , Cotter Paul D. , Garrido Juan J. , Ekhlas Daniel , O’Neill Lorcan , Argüello Héctor
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a multifactorial disease that affects piglets after weaning, contributing to productive and economic losses. Its control includes the use of in-feed prophylactic antibiotics and therapeutic zinc oxide (ZnO), treatments that, since 2022, are no longer permitted in the European Union due to spread of antimicrobial resistance genes and pollution of soil with heavy metals. A dysbiosis in the microbiota has been suggested as a potential risk factor of PWD onset. Understanding pig’s microbiota development around weaning and its changes in response to ZnO and antibiotics is crucial to develop feasible alternatives to prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use.

Methods

This study used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to investigate the environmental and faecal microbiota on 10 farms using (Treated) or not using (ZnO-free) in-feed antibiotics and ZnO during the first 14 days post-weaning (dpw). Environmental samples from clean pens were collected at weaning day (0dpw), and faecal samples at 0, 7 and 14dpw. Diarrhoeic faecal samples were collected at 7dpw when available.

Results

The analysis of data revealed that the faecal microbiota composition and its functionality was impacted by the sampling time point (microbiota maturation after weaning) but not by the farm environment. Treatment with antibiotics and ZnO showed no effects on diversity indices while the analyses of microbiota taxonomic and functional profiles revealed increased abundance of taxa and metabolic functions associated with Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens or different species of Prevotella spp. on the Treated farms, and with Megasphaera elsdenii and Escherichia coli on the ZnO-free farms. The analysis of diarrhoea samples revealed that the treatment favoured the microbiota transition or maturation from 0dpw to 14dpw in Treated farms, resembling the composition of healthy animals, when compared to diarrhoea from ZnO-free farms, which were linked in composition to 0dpw samples.

Discussion

The results provide a comprehensive overview of the beneficial effects of ZnO and antibiotics in PWD in the microbiota transition after weaning, preventing the overgrowth of pathogens such as pathogenic E. coli and revealing the key aspects in microbiota maturation that antibiotics or ZnO alternatives should fulfil.
A pilot clinical assessment of biphasic asymmetric pulsed field ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: Chen Bingwei , Lv Chang , Cui Yingjian , Lu Chengzhi , Cai Heng , Xue Zhixiao , Xu Xinyu , Su Siying
Published: February 2024

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a new treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF), and its selective ablation characteristics give it a significant advantage in treatment. In previous cellular and animal experiments, we have demonstrated that biphasic asymmetric pulses can be used to ablate myocardial tissue. However, small-scale clinical trials are needed to test whether this approach is safe and feasible before extensive clinical trials can be performed. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is to determine the safety and feasibility of biphasic asymmetric pulses in patients with AF and is to lay the foundation for a larger clinical trial. Ablation was performed in 10 patients with AF using biphasic asymmetric pulses. Voltage mapping was performed before and after PFA operation to help us detect the change in the electrical voltage of the pulmonary veins (PV). 3-Dimensional mapping system showed continuous low potential in the ablation site, and pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was achieved in all four PV of the patients. There were no recurrences, PV stenosis, or other serious adverse events during the 12 months follow-up. The results suggest that PFA using biphasic asymmetric waveforms for patients with AF is safe, durable, and effective and that a larger clinical trial could begin.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier, ChiCTR2100051894.
Numerical study on flow characteristics in the primary side of a once-through steam generator under ocean conditions
Authors: Chen Xiting , Lu Xianghui , Gao Yaxin , Mao Yulong , Hu Yisong , Zhu Jianmin , Chen Jun
Published: February 2024

The flow characteristics of the primary side of the helical coil once-through steam generator (OTSG) have a significant impact on the safe operation of the reactor. Different from the land-based stationary working conditions, the flow of the primary side of the OTSG is influenced by sea waves and winds under ocean conditions. The rigid body motion model is used to calculate the flow of the primary side under different ocean conditions, including heeling, trimming, rolling, pitching, heaving, and combined conditions. The results show that under heeling and trimming conditions, the static pressure of the primary side is different from that under vertical conditions due to the influence of gravity, but its impact on the flow field is relatively small. Under rolling and pitching conditions, the mean flow velocity and pressure drop change periodically with the movement of the OTSG, and the smaller the sway angle, the smaller the variation amplitude of the mean flow velocity and pressure drop. Under the heaving condition, the variation amplitude of the mean flow velocity is greater than that under rolling and pitching conditions, and reverse flow occurs. Under the combined heaving and rolling condition, the mean flow velocity and pressure drop are influenced by the period and amplitude of both the two motions.
Leveraging the transcriptome to further our understanding of GWAS findings: eQTLs associated with genes related to LDL and LDL subclasses, in a cohort of African Americans
Authors: Abbas Malak , Diallo Ana , Goodney Gabriel , Gaye Amadou
Published: February 2024

Background: GWAS discoveries often pose a significant challenge in terms of understanding their underlying mechanisms. Further research, such as an integration with expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses, are required to decipher the mechanisms connecting GWAS variants to phenotypes. An eQTL analysis was conducted on genes associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and its subclasses, with the aim of pinpointing genetic variants previously implicated in GWAS studies focused on lipid-related traits. Notably, the study cohort consisted of African Americans, a population characterized by a heightened prevalence of hypercholesterolemia.

Methods: A comprehensive differential expression (DE) analysis was undertaken, with a dataset of 17,948 protein-coding mRNA transcripts extracted from the whole-blood transcriptomes of 416 samples to identify mRNA transcripts associated with LDL, with further granularity delineated between small LDL and large LDL subclasses. Subsequently, eQTL analysis was conducted with a subset of 242 samples for which whole-genome sequencing data were available to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the LDL-related mRNA transcripts. Lastly, plausible functional connections were established between the identified eQTLs and genetic variants reported in the GWAS catalogue.

Results: DE analysis revealed 1,048, 284, and 94 mRNA transcripts that exhibited differential expression in response to LDL, small LDL, and large LDL, respectively. The eQTL analysis identified a total of 9,950 significant SNP-mRNA associations involving 6,955 SNPs including a subset 101 SNPs previously documented in GWAS of LDL and LDL-related traits.

Conclusion: Through comprehensive differential expression analysis, we identified numerous mRNA transcripts responsive to LDL, small LDL, and large LDL. Subsequent eQTL analysis revealed a rich landscape of eQTL-mRNA associations, including a subset of eQTL reported in GWAS studies of LDL and related traits. The study serves as a testament to the important role of integrative genomics in unraveling the enigmatic GWAS relationships between genetic variants and the complex fabric of human traits and diseases.
Spinal HMGB1 participates in the early stages of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via microglial TLR4 and RAGE activation
Authors: Moraes Thamyris Reis , Veras Flavio Protasio , Barchuk Angel Roberto , Nogueira Ester Siqueira Caixeta , Kanashiro Alexandre , Galdino Giovane
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is one of the main adverse effects of chemotherapy treatment. At the spinal level, CINP modulation involves glial cells that upregulate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and signaling pathways, which can be activated by pro-inflammatory mediators as the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1).

Objective

To evaluate the spinal role of HMGB1 in the paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and TLR4 activation expressed in glial cells.

Methods

Male C57BL/6 Wild type and TLR4 deficient mice were used in the paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain model. The nociceptive threshold was measured using the von Frey filament test. In addition, recombinant HMGB1 was intrathecally (i.t.) injected to confirm its nociceptive potential. To evaluate the spinal participation of RAGE, TLR4, NF-kB, microglia, astrocytes, and MAPK p38 in HMGB1-mediated nociceptive effect during neuropathic pain and recombinant HMGB1-induced nociception, the drugs FPS-ZM1, LPS-RS, PDTC, minocycline, fluorocitrate, and SML0543 were respectively administrated by i.t. rout. Microglia, astrocytes, glial cells, RAGE, and TLR4 protein expression were analyzed by Western blot. ELISA immunoassay was also used to assess HMGB1, IL-1β, and TNF-α spinal levels.

Results

The pharmacological experiments demonstrated that spinal RAGE, TLR4, microglia, astrocytes, as well as MAPK p38 and NF-kB signaling are involved with HMGB1-induced nociception and paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Furthermore, HMGB1 spinal levels were increased during the early stages of neuropathic pain and associated with RAGE, TLR4 and microglial activation. RAGE and TLR4 blockade decreased spinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines during neuropathic pain.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings indicate that HMGB1 may be released during the early stages of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. This molecule activates RAGE and TLR4 receptors in spinal microglia, upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines that may contribute to neuropathic pain.
Brief research report: impact of vaccination on antibody responses and mortality from severe COVID-19
Authors: Adhikari Bindu , Bednash Joseph S. , Horowitz Jeffrey C. , Rubinstein Mark P. , Vlasova Anastasia N.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

While it is established that vaccination reduces risk of hospitalization, there is conflicting data on whether it improves outcome among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This study evaluated clinical outcomes and antibody (Ab) responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection/vaccines in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and various comorbidities.

Methods

In this single-center study, 152 adult patients were admitted to Ohio State University hospital with ARF (05/2020 – 11/2022) including 112 COVID-19-positive and 40 COVID-19-negative patients. Of the COVID-19 positive patients, 23 were vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 (Vax), and 89 were not (NVax). Of the NVax COVID-19 patients, 46 were admitted before and 43 after SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were approved. SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels were measured/analyzed based on various demographic and clinical parameters of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, total IgG4 Ab concentrations were compared between the Vax and NVax patients.

Results

While mortality rates were 36% (n=25) and 27% (n=15) for non-COVID-19 NVax and Vax patients, respectively, in COVID-19 patients mortality rates were 37% (NVax, n=89) and 70% (Vax, n=23). Among COVID-19 patients, mortality rate was significantly higher among Vax vs. NVax patients (p=0.002). The Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score (CCI) was also significantly higher among Vax vs. NVax COVID-19 patients. However, the mortality risk remained significantly higher (p=0.02) when we compared COVID-19 Vax vs. NVax patients with similar CCI score, suggesting that additional factors may increase risk of mortality. Higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 Abs were noted among survivors, suggestive of their protective role. We observed a trend for increased total IgG4 Ab, which promotes immune tolerance, in the Vax vs. NVax patients in week 3.

Conclusion

Although our cohort size is small, our results suggest that vaccination status of hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients may not be instructive in determining mortality risk. This may reflect that within the general population, those individuals at highest risk for COVID-19 mortality/immune failure are likely to be vaccinated. Importantly, the value of vaccination may be in preventing hospitalization as opposed to stratifying outcome among hospitalized patients, although our data do not address this possibility. Additional research to identify factors predictive of aberrant immunogenic responses to vaccination is warranted.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of proteomic and metabolomic alterations in anaphylaxis reactions
Authors: Gallizzi Adrienne Astrid , Heinken Almut , Guéant-Rodriguez Rosa-Maria , Guéant Jean-Louis , Safar Ramia
Published: February 2024

Background

Anaphylaxis manifests as a severe immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction initiated through the immunological activation of target B-cells by allergens, leading to the release of mediators. However, the well-known underlying pathological mechanisms do not fully explain the whole variety of clinical and immunological presentations. We performed a systemic review of proteomic and metabolomic studies and analyzed the extracted data to improve our understanding and identify potential new biomarkers of anaphylaxis.

Methods

Proteomic and metabolomic studies in both human subjects and experimental models were extracted and selected through a systematic search conducted on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to May 2023.

Results

Of 137 retrieved publications, we considered 12 for further analysis, including seven on proteome analysis and five on metabolome analysis. A meta-analysis of the four human studies identified 118 proteins with varying expression levels in at least two studies. Beside established pathways of mast cells and basophil activation, functional analysis of proteomic data revealed a significant enrichment of biological processes related to neutrophil activation and platelet degranulation and metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid and icosatetraenoic acid. The pathway analysis highlighted also the involvement of neutrophil degranulation, and platelet activation. Metabolome analysis across different models showed 13 common metabolites, including arachidonic acid, tryptophan and lysoPC(18:0) lysophosphatidylcholines.

Conclusion

Our review highlights the underestimated role of neutrophils and platelets in the pathological mechanisms of anaphylactic reactions. These findings, derived from a limited number of publications, necessitate confirmation through human studies with larger sample sizes and could contribute to the development of new biomarkers for anaphylaxis.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024506246.
ISG15/USP18/STAT2 is a molecular hub regulating IFN I-mediated control of Dengue and Zika virus replication
Authors: Espada Constanza Eleonora , da Rocha Edroaldo Lummertz , Ricciardi-Jorge Taissa , dos Santos Adara Aurea , Soares Zamira Guerra , Malaquias Greicy , Patrício Daniel Oliveira , Gonzalez Kozlova Edgar , dos Santos Paula Fernandes , Bordignon Juliano , Sanford Thomas J. , Fajardo Teodoro , Sweeney Trevor R. , Báfica André , Mansur Daniel Santos
Published: February 2024

The establishment of a virus infection is the result of the pathogen's ability to replicate in a hostile environment generated by the host's immune system. Here, we found that ISG15 restricts Dengue and Zika viruses' replication through the stabilization of its binding partner USP18. ISG15 expression was necessary to control DV replication driven by both autocrine and paracrine type one interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Moreover, USP18 competes with NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation, a major mechanism for establishment of flavivirus infection. Strikingly, reconstitution of USP18 in ISG15-deficient cells was sufficient to restore the STAT2's stability and restrict virus growth, suggesting that the IFNAR-mediated ISG15 activity is also antiviral. Our results add a novel layer of complexity in the virus/host interaction interface and suggest that NS5 has a narrow window of opportunity to degrade STAT2, therefore suppressing host's IFN-I mediated response and promoting virus replication.
NSCLC: from tumorigenesis, immune checkpoint misuse to current and future targeted therapy
Authors: Raskova Kafkova Leona , Mierzwicka Joanna M. , Chakraborty Prosenjit , Jakubec Petr , Fischer Ondrej , Skarda Jozef , Maly Petr , Raska Milan
Published: February 2024

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is largely promoted by a multistep tumorigenesis process involving various genetic and epigenetic alterations, which essentially contribute to the high incidence of mortality among patients with NSCLC. Clinical observations revealed that NSCLC also co-opts a multifaceted immune checkpoint dysregulation as an important driving factor in NSCLC progression and development. For example, a deregulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been noticed in 50-70% of NSCLC cases, primarily modulated by mutations in key oncogenes such as ALK, EGFR, KRAS, and others. Additionally, genetic association studies containing patient-specific factors and local reimbursement criteria expose/reveal mutations in EGFR/ALK/ROS/BRAF/KRAS/PD-L1 proteins to determine the suitability of available immunotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Thus, the expression of such checkpoints on tumors and immune cells is pivotal in understanding the therapeutic efficacy and has been extensively studied for NSCLC treatments. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge in NSCLC tumorigenesis, focusing on its genetic and epigenetic intricacies, immune checkpoint dysregulation, and the evolving landscape of targeted therapies. In the context of current and future therapies, we emphasize the significance of antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 interactions as the primary therapeutic strategy for immune system reactivation in NSCLC. Other approaches involving the promising potential of nanobodies, probodies, affibodies, and DARPINs targeting immune checkpoints are also described; these are under active research or clinical trials to mediate immune regulation and reduce cancer progression. This comprehensive review underscores the multifaceted nature, current state and future directions of NSCLC research and treatment.
The ACCOBAMS survey initiative: the first synoptic assessment of cetacean abundance in the Mediterranean Sea through aerial surveys
Authors: Panigada Simone , Pierantonio Nino , Araújo Hélder , David Léa , Di-Méglio Nathalie , Dorémus Ghislain , Gonzalvo Joan , Holcer Draško , Laran Sophie , Lauriano Giancarlo , Paiu Romulus-Marian , Perri Morgane , Popov Dimitar , Ridoux Vincent , Vázquez José Antonio , Cañadas Ana
Published: February 2024

The “ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative” (ASI) is a pilot programme aimed at establishing an integrated and coordinated monitoring system for cetaceans across the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic (hereafter “ACCOBAMS”) area. Conducted in coordination with Mediterranean coastal countries, it supports the implementation of European and regional policies, in particular the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Ecosystem Approach process. In summer 2018, a synoptic survey was conducted across the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area, combining visual monitoring from aircrafts with visual and passive acoustic monitoring from vessels. Species density and abundance were estimated through design-based approach in a line-transect sampling framework. Based on data arising from the aerial survey only, uncorrected design-based abundance was obtained for striped (N=426,744, CV=0.13), common (N=65,359, CV=0.4), bottlenose (N=63,333, CV=0.17), and Risso´s dolphins (N=26,006, CV=0.3), Cuvier’s beaked whales (N=2,929, CV=0.4) and long-finned pilot whales (N=5,540 CV=0.4). A merged category of either striped or common dolphins resulted in 212,828 individuals (CV=0.26). Fin whales abundance of 1,749 animals (CV=0.3) was corrected for both availability and perception biases and resulted in 3,282 (CV=0.31). The ASI survey offers an overall picture of the distribution and abundance of cetaceans throughout the Mediterranean basin, providing robust estimates to be considered as a baseline for future regional systematic monitoring programmes. The ASI survey is the first step towards establishing a long-term monitoring program across the entire ACCOBAMS area, and, as such, it sets the basis for further future basin-wide monitoring efforts using systematic, shared, coordinated and comparable methods. The information gathered will further enhance knowledge on cetacean status, facilitating the development of informed conservation and mitigation measures, as well as supporting the implementation of international obligations. Furthermore, the outcomes of this survey will support both place- and threat-based conservation efforts in the ACCOBAMS area, through the identification of Important Marine Mammal Areas and Cetacean Critical Habitats. Here the results of the ASI survey are presented and discussed alongside proposed management and conservation actions aimed at ensuring the persistence of cetacean populations in the region.
Increasing trammel mesh size reduces biomass removal, mitigates discards and increases economic revenue in artisanal fisheries
Authors: Tarantino Giulio , Motta Gregorio , D’Ambrosio Paolo , Felline Serena , Sbragaglia Valerio , Bevilacqua Stanislao , Tedesco Perla , Scordella Giuseppe , Terlizzi Antonio
Published: February 2024

Small-scale fishing plays a major role in regional economies worldwide and, with a large number of small vessels involved, it provides employment and livelihood to coastal communities. Generally recognized as more selective than other fishing practices, small-scale fishery can nevertheless be subjected to high rates of discards of both non-target species and small-sized individuals, which in turn could lead to both decreased incomes for fishers and increased depletion of fish stocks. However, if the relationship between fish size and price has long been assessed, the effect of enhanced size-selectivity of fishing gears and consequent economic gains has been little investigated. This study, set in the Porto Cesareo Marine Protected Area (Italy, Ionian Sea), aimed at testing effective strategies to improve trammel net selectivity, reducing discards and maximizing the income for fishers. Different mesh sizes (20, 22 and 24 mm) trammel nets were employed. The study consisted in 72 fishing days from July 2012 to September 2013 and each day involved experimental fishing with the three mesh sizes. A total of 16008 specimens (103 species) were collected but the analysis focused on the 18 most common species in the area for a total of 12782 individuals. Mesh size trammel nets of 20 mm and 22 mm yielded most of the biomass, 324.8 and 321.5 kg respectively, while the 24 mm mesh yielded 280.7 kg. The 24 mm mesh, even if accounted for lower income compared to the 22 mm mesh (2383.9 € vs 2590.5 €, respectively), provided significant 50% reduction of discards compared to the 20 and 22 mm mesh. The use of 24 mm mesh size was found to be an effective strategy to reduce the number of discarded organisms and, consequently, the pressure exerted on local fish stocks with associated higher revenue for fishers. The results of this study demonstrated that trammel net selectivity can improve and support conservation measures and concurrently increase profitability of local fishery.
The impact of sea ice melt on the evolution of surface pCO2 in a polar ocean basin
Authors: Yang Wei , Zhao Yu , Wu Yingxu , Chen Zijie , Gao Xiang , Lin Hongmei , Ouyang Zhangxian , Cai Weijun , Chen Liqi , Qi Di
Published: February 2024

The strong CO2 sink in Arctic Ocean plays a significant role in the global carbon budget. As a high-latitude oceanic ecosystem, the features of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux are significantly influenced by sea ice melt; however, our understanding of pCO2 evolution during sea ice melt remains limited. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of pCO2 during the progression of sea ice melt in the western Arctic Ocean based on data from two cruises conducted in 2010 and 2012. Our findings reveal substantial spatiotemporal variability in surface pCO2 on the Chukchi Sea shelf and Canada Basin, with a boundary along the shelf breaks at depths of 250-500 m isobaths. On the Chukchi Sea shelf, strong biological consumption dominates pCO2 variability. Moreover, in Canada Basin, the pCO2 dynamics are modulated by various processes. During the active sea ice melt stage before sea ice concentration decreases to 15%, biological production through photosynthetic processes and dilution of ice melt water lead to a reduction in DIC concentration and subsequent decline in pCO2. Further, these effects are counteracted by the air-sea CO2 exchange at the sea surface which tends to increase seawater DIC and subsequently elevate surface pCO2. Compared to the pCO2 reduction resulting from biological production and dilution effects, the contribution of air-sea CO2 exchange is significantly lower. The combined effects of these factors have a significant impact on reducing pCO2 during this stage. Conversely, during the post sea ice melt stage, an increase in pCO2 resulting from high temperatures and air-sea CO2 exchange outweighs its decrease caused by biological production. Their combined effects result in a prevailing increase in sea surface pCO2. We argue that enhanced air-sea CO2 uptake under high wind speeds also contributes to the high sea surface pCO2 observed in 2012, during both active sea ice melt stage and post sea ice melt stage. The present study reports, for the first time, the carbonate dynamics and pCO2 controlling processes during the active sea ice melt stage. These findings have implications for accurate estimation of air-sea CO2 fluxes and improved modeling simulations within the Arctic Ocean.
Relative effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cheng Meng-qun , Li Rong , Weng Zhi-ying , Song Gao
Published: February 2024

Objective

The rapid development of COVID-19 bivalent vaccines (BVs) has encompassed both the original virus strains and the variant strain. However, the effectiveness of BVs is largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of BVs.

Methods

Literature research was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science up until November 4, 2023. Both randomized control trials and observational studies were considered for inclusion. Pooled estimates were calculated using a random effects model. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias in cohort and case–control studies.

Results

A total of 1,174 articles were reviewed and 22 eligible studies were included. All included studies were observational (15 cohort studies, 7 case–control studies). The total number of participants was 39,673,160, and the number of people vaccinated with BVs as an intervention group was 11,585,182. Two mRNA BVs were mainly involved, including the ancestral strain and the BA.1 or BA.4–5 variants. Meta-analysis results showed, compared with the monovalent vaccines (MVs), the relative effectiveness (rVE) of the BVs in COVID-19-associated infections/symptomatic infections, illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths was 30.90% [95% confidence interval (CI), 8.43–53.37], 39.83% (95% CI, 27.34–52.32), 59.70% (95% CI, 44.08–75.32), and 72.23% (95% CI, 62.08–82.38), respectively. For those aged 50 years and older, BVs provided an additional 49.69% (95% CI, 41.44–57.94) effective protection compared with MVs. During the dominance period of the omicron XBB variant strain, BVs provided an additional 47.63% (95% CI, 27.45–67.82) effective protection compared with MVs.

Conclusion

Our findings show that the rVE of BVs in preventing COVID-19-associated infections, symptomatic infections, illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths is higher compared to MVs. Particularly for people over 50 years of age and during the Omicron variant XBB dominance phase, BVs provided superior protection. Therefore, BVs may have a broader application in the prevention and control of coronaviruses variant.
Acute macular neuroretinopathy and COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection: case report and literature review
Authors: Wang Xing , Wang Peng , Lu Jing , Ju Huan , Xie Hao , Peng Hui
Published: February 2024

Purpose

To describe a case of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) associated with COVID-19 infection and a related literature review.

Methods

A case from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University was reported that could be linked to COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a comprehensive search on PubMed, retrieving articles containing information on AMN after COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection. The key words used were ‘COVID-19’, ‘SARS-CoV-2’, ‘ophthalmic manifestations’, ‘acute macular neuroretinopathy’, and ‘paracentral scotomas’. The relevant data were extracted, charted, consolidated, and evaluated. Moreover, manual exploration of the reference lists of pertinent articles was carried out.

Results

We describe the case of a 30-year-old young woman who developed bilateral AMN one day after being infected with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2. She had severe visual impairment (20/2000 OD and 20/32 OS), and her vision recovered after taking oral corticosteroids. After reviewing the literature, we summarized 16 relevant reports and found that symptoms of AMN tend to arise 1 day to 1 month after COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Contraceptive pills and other risk factors should be avoided to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. Oral prednisone may be an effective treatment for those experiencing important vision loss.

Conclusion

Symptoms of AMN can arise 1 day to 1 month after COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ophthalmologists should remain vigilant about this disease, notably because patient characteristics may deviate from the norm.
Skin and hard surface disinfection against Candida auris – What we know today
Authors: Omardien Soraya , Teska Peter
Published: February 2024

Candida auris has emerged as a global healthcare threat, displaying resistance to important healthcare antifungal therapies. Infection prevention and control protocols have become paramount in reducing transmission of C. auris in healthcare, of which cleaning and disinfection plays an important role. Candida albicans is used as a surrogate yeast for yeasticidal claims of disinfection products, but reports have been made that sensitivity to disinfectants by C. auris differs from its surrogate. In this review, we aimed to compile the information reported for products used for skin and hard surface disinfection against C. auris in its planktonic or biofilm form. A comparison was made with other Candida species, and information were gathered from laboratory studies and observations made in healthcare settings.
The mode and timing of administrating nutritional treatment of critically ill elderly patients in intensive care units: a multicenter prospective study
Authors: Chen Wei , Peng Milin , Ye Zhiwen , Ai Yuhang , Liu Zhiyong
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Critically ill patients are more susceptible to malnutrition due to their severe illness. Moreover, elderly patients who are critically ill lack specific nutrition recommendations, with nutritional care in the intensive care units (ICUs) deplorable for the elderly. This study aims to investigate nutrition treatment and its correlation to mortality in elderly patients who are critically ill in intensive care units.

Method

A multiple-center prospective cohort study was conducted in China from 128 intensive care units (ICUs). A total of 1,238 elderly patients were included in the study from 26 April 2017. We analyzed the nutrition characteristics of elderly patients who are critically ill, including initiated timing, route, ways of enteral nutrition (EN), and feeding complications, including the adverse aspects of feeding, acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI), and feeding interruption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen out the impact of nutrition treatment on a 28-day survival prognosis of elderly patients in the ICU.

Result

A total of 1,238 patients with a median age of 76 (IQR 70–83) were enrolled in the study. The Sequential Organ Failure (SOFA) median score was 7 (interquartile range: IQR 5–10) and the median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II was 21 (IQR 16–25). The all-cause mortality score was 11.6%. The percentage of nutritional treatment initiated 24 h after ICU admission was 58%, with an EN of 34.2% and a parenteral nutrition (PN) of 16.0% in elderly patients who are critically ill. Patients who had gastrointestinal dysfunction with AGI stage from 2 to 4 were 25.2%. Compared to the survivors’ group, the non-survivors group had a lower ratio of EN delivery (57% vs. 71%; p = 0.015), a higher ratio of post-pyloric feeding (9% vs. 2%; p = 0.027), and higher frequency of feeding interrupt (24% vs. 17%, p = 0.048). Multivariable logistics regression analysis showed that patients above 76 years old with OR (odds ratio) 2.576 (95% CI, 1.127–5.889), respiratory rate > 22 beats/min, and ICU admission for 24 h were independent risk predictors of the 28-day mortality study in elderly patients who are critically ill. Similarly, other independent risk predictors of the 28-day mortality study were those with an OR of 2.385 (95%CI, 1.101–5.168), lactate >1.5 mmol/L, and ICU admission for 24 h, those with an OR of 7.004 (95%CI, 2.395–20.717) and early PN delivery within 24 h of ICU admission, and finally those with an OR of 5.401 (95%CI, 1.175–24.821) with EN delivery as reference.

Conclusion

This multi-center prospective study describes clinical characteristics, the mode and timing of nutrition treatment, frequency of AGI, and adverse effects of nutrition in elderly ICU patients. According to this survey, ICU patients with early PN delivery, older age, faster respiratory rate, and higher lactate level may experience poor prognosis.
The presence of anhedonia in individuals with subacute and chronic stroke: an exploratory cohort study
Authors: Segura Emma , Vilà-Balló Adrià , Mallorquí Aida , Porto María F. , Duarte Esther , Grau-Sánchez Jennifer , Rodríguez-Fornells Antoni
Published: February 2024

Background

Anhedonia refers to the diminished capacity to experience pleasure. It has been described both as a symptom of depression and an enduring behavioral trait that contributes its development. Specifically, in stroke patients, anhedonia has been closely linked to depression, resulting in reduced sensitivity to everyday pleasures and intrinsic motivation to engage in rehabilitation programs and maintain a healthy active lifestyle. This condition may hinder patients’ recovery, diminishing their autonomy, functioning, and quality of life.

Objective

We aimed to explore the prevalence and level of anhedonia and those variables that might be associated in patients with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke at subacute and chronic phases of the disease.

Methods

We conducted an exploratory cohort study with a sample of 125 patients with subacute and chronic stroke presenting upper-limb motor deficits. We measured participants’ level of anhedonia with four items from the Beck Depression Inventory-II that describe the symptoms of this condition: loss of pleasure, loss of interest, loss of energy, and loss of interest in sex. We also collected demographic and clinical information and evaluated motor and cognitive functions as well as levels of depression, apathy, and various mood states. The results were compared to a sample of 71 healthy participants of similar age, sex, and level of education.

Results

Stroke patients demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence (18.5–19.7%) and level of anhedonia compared to the healthy controls (4.3%), regardless of stroke phase, level of motor impairment, and other clinical variables. Furthermore, post-stroke anhedonia was associated with lower levels of motivation and higher levels of negative mood states such as fatigue and anger in the long term. Importantly, anhedonia level was superior in stroke patients than in healthy controls while controlling for confounding effects of related emotional conditions.

Conclusion

This study provides novel evidence on the prevalence, level and factors related to anhedonia post-stroke. We emphasize the importance of assessing and treating anhedonia in this population, as well as conducting large-scale cohort and longitudinal studies to test its influence on long-term functional and emotional recovery.
Biomarkers and Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jiang Yanlin , Li Yuan , Chen Xi , Zhai Rui , Peng Yaqi , Tai Ran , Zhou Congxiao , Wang Junhong
Published: February 2024

Objective

This research aims to investigate whether peripheral biomarkers might differentiate individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) from those without the condition.

Methods

A broad range of databases was searched through November 2022. This study employed a systematic literature review and subsequent meta-analysis of case-control studies that assessed the aberration of biomarkers of patients with TS and controls.

Results

A total of 81 studies were identified, out of which 60 met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Following a meticulous screening procedure to determine the feasibility of incorporating case–control studies into the meta-analysis, 13 comparisons were statistically significant [CD3+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, CD4+ T cell to CD8+ T cell ratio, NK-cell, anti-streptolysin O antibodies, anti-DNase antibodies, glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), ferritin (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), vitamin D, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Publication bias was found for anti-streptolysin O antibodies. Suggestive associations were evidenced for norsalsolinol (NSAL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and S100B.

Conclusion

In this study, we present empirical evidence substantiating the link between several peripheral biomarkers and the early diagnosis of TS. Larger and more standardized studies are necessary to replicate the observed results, elucidate the specificity of the biomarkers for TS, and evaluate their precision for use in clinical settings.
Incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of posterior circulation ischemic stroke: insights from a large multiethnic stroke database
Authors: Imam Yahia Z. , Chandra Prem , Singh Rajvir , Hakeem Ishrat , Al Sirhan Sally , Kotob Mona , Akhtar Naveed , Kamran Saadat , Al Jerdi Salman , Muhammad Ahmad , Haroon Khawaja Hasan , Hussain Suhail , Perkins Jon D. , Elalamy Osama , Alhatou Mohamed , Ali Liaquat , Abdelmoneim Mohamed S. , Joseph Sujatha , Morgan Deborah , Uy Ryan Ty , Bhutta Zain , Azad Aftab , Ayyad Ali , Elsotouhy Ahmed , Own Ahmed , Deleu Dirk
Published: February 2024

Background

Posterior cerebral circulation ischemic stroke (PCS) comprises up to 25% of all strokes. It is characterized by variable presentation, leading to misdiagnosis and morbidity and mortality. We aim to describe PCS in large multiethnic cohorts.

Methods

A retrospective review of a large national stroke database from its inception on the 1st of January 2014 till 31 December 2020. Incidence per 100,000 adult population/year, demographics, clinical features, stroke location, and outcomes were retrieved. We divided the cohort into patients from MENA (Middle East and North Africa) and others.

Results

In total, 1,571 patients were identified. The incidence of PCS was observed to be rising and ranged from 6.3 to 13.2/100,000 adult population over the study period. Men were 82.4% of the total. The mean age was 54.9 ± 12.7 years (median 54 years, IQR 46, 63). MENA patients comprised 616 (39.2%) while others were 954 (60.7%); of these, the majority (80.5%) were from South Asia. Vascular risk factors were prevalent with 1,230 (78.3%) having hypertension, 970 (61.7%) with diabetes, and 872 (55.5%) having dyslipidemia. Weakness (944, 58.8%), dizziness (801, 50.5%), and slurred speech (584, 36.2%) were the most commonly presenting symptoms. The mean National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) score was 3.8 ± 4.6 (median 3, IQR 1, 5). The overall most frequent stroke location was the distal location (568, 36.2%). The non-MENA cohort was younger, less vascularly burdened, and had more frequent proximal stroke location (p < 0.05). Dependency or death at discharge was seen in 39.5% and was associated with increasing age, and proximal and multilocation involvement; while at 90 days it was 27.4% and was associated with age, male sex, and having a MENA nationality (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In a multiethnic cohort of posterior circulation stroke patients from the MENA region and South Asia, we noted a rising incidence over time, high prevalence of vascular risk factors, and poor outcomes in older men from the MENA region. We also uncovered considerable disparities between the MENA and non-MENA groups in stroke location and outcome. These disparities are crucial factors to consider when tailoring individualized patient care plans. Further research is needed to thoroughly investigate the underlying reasons for these variations.
Causal associations between modifiable risk factors and isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: a mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zhang Ru-Yu , Li Fu-Jia , Zhang Qian , Xin Li-Hong , Huang Jing-Ying , Zhao Jie
Published: February 2024

Objectives

This Mendelian randomization (MR) study identified modifiable risk factors for isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD).

Methods

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for 29 modifiable risk factors for iRBD in discovery and replication stages were used. GWAS data for iRBD cases were obtained from the International RBD Study Group. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was primarily employed to explore causality, with supplementary analyses used to verify the robustness of IVW findings. Co-localization analysis further substantiated causal associations identified via MR. Genetic correlations between mental illness and iRBD were identified using trait covariance, linkage disequilibrium score regression, and co-localization analyses.

Results

Our study revealed causal associations between sun exposure-related factors and iRBD. Utilizing sun protection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31 [0.14, 0.69], p = 0.004), ease of sunburn (OR = 0.70 [0.57, 0.87], p = 0.001), childhood sunburn occasions (OR = 0.58 [0.39, 0.87], p = 0.008), and phototoxic dermatitis (OR = 0.78 [0.66, 0.92], p = 0.003) decreased iRBD risk. Conversely, a deep skin color increased risk (OR = 1.42 [1.04, 1.93], p = 0.026). Smoking, alcohol consumption, low education levels, and mental illness were not risk factors for iRBD. Anxiety disorders and iRBD were genetically correlated.

Conclusion

Our study does not corroborate previous findings that identified smoking, alcohol use, low education, and mental illness as risk factors for iRBD. Moreover, we found that excessive sun exposure elevates iRBD risk. These findings offer new insights for screening high-risk populations and devising preventive measures.
Association of coagulation markers with the severity of white matter hyperintensities in cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Xu Mingyuan , Li Jingjing , Xu Bu , Zheng Qin , Sun Wenjun
Published: February 2024

Background and purpose

This study aimed to explore the correlation and causal relationship between fibrinogen, D-dimer, and the severity of cerebral white matter hyperintensity (MMH).

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 120 patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) confirmed by head MRI attending the Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from August 2021 to February 2023 was performed. According to the Fazekas scale score, the patients were divided into 42 cases in the mild group, 44 cases in the moderate group, and 34 cases in the severe group. The levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer were compared among the three groups; the correlations between fibrinogen, D-dimer, and WMH severity were further analyzed; and independent risk factors for WMH severity were explored using the multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate the genetically predicted effect of fibrinogen and D-dimer on WMH.

Results

As the severity of WMH increased, the levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen also gradually increased, and the results showed a positive correlational association, with significant differences within the groups (all p < 0.05); the multivariate ordered logistic regression model showed that after adjusting for the relevant covariates, D-dimer (OR = 5.998, 95% CI 2.213–16.252, p < 0.001) and fibrinogen (OR = 9.074, 95% CI 4.054–20.311, p < 0.001) remained independent risk factors for the severity of WMH. In the MR study, the random-effect inverse variance weighted (IVW) model showed that increased levels of genetically predicted D-dimer (OR, 1.01; 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.06; p = 0.81) and fibrinogen (OR, 1.91; 95% confidence interval 0.97–3.78; p = 0.06) were not associated with increased risk of WMH. The authors did not obtain strong evidence of a direct causal relationship between D-dimer, fibrinogen, and WMH.

Conclusion

In this retrospective-based study, the authors found possible associations between D-dimer, fibrinogen, and WMH, but there was no obvious causal evidence. Further efforts are still needed to investigate the pathophysiology between D-dimer, fibrinogen, and WMH.