bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and electrical properties of barium titanate based solid solution nanocube assembly films
Authors: Mimura Ken-ichi , Kato Kazumi
Published: September 2016

Ba(Zr
x
,Ti1−

x
)O3 nanocubes (BZT
x
NCs) of 15 nm size were synthesized by a hydrothermal method with Ti and Zr aqueous compounds and a surfactant at the Zr contents (x) of 0.1 and 0.2. An individual BZT0.2 NC is a high-quality single crystal without any voids. The elemental mapping of a BZT0.2 NC showed a homogeneous Zr distribution in the NC. BZT
x
NC assembly films were fabricated by a dip-coating method. BZT
x
NC assemblies after heat treatment at 850 °C formed joined interfaces between the NCs. Raman spectra appearing at approximately 305 and 250 cm−1 in the BT NC assembly merged into a single band around 288 cm−1 in the BZT0.2 NC assembly. These results indicate that Zr ions substituted a portion of Ti sites homogeneously. Relaxor-like piezoresponse properties of BZT
x
NC assemblies were obtained by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The BZT0.1 NC assembly had a high saturation d
33-PFM value of 42 pm/V.
Advanced capacitor technology based on two-dimensional nanosheets
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jun , Osada Minoru , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: September 2016

As electronics continue to decrease in size, new classes of materials are necessary to continue this downsizing trend. Of particular importance is the development of high-performance capacitors based on dielectric films. Ultrathin high-k dielectrics are expected to be key to future applications. Recently, we have developed new high-k nanodielectrics based on molecularly thin oxide nanosheets [Ti0.87O2, Ti2NbO7, (Ca,Sr)2Nb3O10]. Newly developed nanosheets exhibited the highest permittivity (εr > 100) ever realized in all known dielectrics in the ultrathin region (<10 nm). In this review, we present recent progress in dielectric nanosheets, highlighting emerging functionalities in capacitor applications.
Arts-based Research Processes in ECEC: Examples from Preparing and Conducting a Data Collection
Authors: Vist Torill
Published: September 2016

In this methodological article, different concepts and possibilities related to how arts-based research processes can contribute in the early phases of ECEC research will be presented and discussed. Despite a setback of art subjects in Norwegian ECEC and early childhood teacher’s education, the field of arts still plays an important role, and is expected to be research-based. Thus, there should be a need for an aesthetical and arts-based dimension in researching ECEC, not only in the subject matter, but also in the method, context, outcome and dissemination. The article focuses on methodological issues in the question development/design phase and the data collection phase, exemplified by the author’s own experiences in arts-based research processes. These processes include participation in dance and music performance as thinking or reflection tools in research, and an arts-based interview method. Some narrative writing processes will also be commented upon. Theoretically, the article primarily leans upon Barone and Eisner’s arts-based research and Irwin and Springgay’s a/r/tography.
Genetic structure and diversity of the selfing model grassBrachypodium stacei(Poaceae) in Western Mediterranean: out of the Iberian Peninsula and into the islands
Authors: Shiposha Valeriia , Catalán Pilar , Olonova Marina , Marques Isabel
Published: September 2016

Annual Mediterranean species of the genusBrachypodiumare promising model plants for energy crops since their selfing nature and short-life cycles are an advantage in breeding programs. The false brome,B. distachyon, has already been sequenced and new genomic initiatives have triggered the de-novo genome sequencing of its close relatives such asB. stacei, a species that was until recently mistaken forB. distachyon. However, the success of these initiatives hinges on detailed knowledge about the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations for the effective use of germplasm in a breeding program. Understanding population genetic diversity and genetic structure is also an important prerequisite for designing effective experimental populations for genomic wide studies. However, population genetic data are still limited inB. stacei. We therefore selected and amplified 10 nuclear microsatellite markers to depict patterns of population structure and genetic variation among 181 individuals from 19 populations ofB. staceioccurring in its predominant range, the western Mediterranean area: mainland Iberian Peninsula, continental Balearic Islands and oceanic Canary Islands. Our genetic results support the occurrence of a predominant selfing system with extremely high levels of homozygosity across the analyzed populations. Despite the low level of genetic variation found, two different genetic clusters were retrieved, one clustering all SE Iberian mainland populations and the island of Minorca and another one grouping all S Iberian mainland populations, the Canary Islands and all Majorcan populations except one that clustered with the former group. These results, together with a high sharing of alleles (89%) suggest different colonization routes from the mainland Iberian Peninsula into the islands. A recent colonization scenario could explain the relatively low levels of genetic diversity and low number of alleles found in the Canary Islands populations while older colonization events are hypothesized to explain the high genetic diversity values found in the Majorcan populations. Our study provides widely applicable information about geographical patterns of genetic variation inB. stacei. Among others, the genetic pattern and the existence of local alleles will need to be adequately reflected in the germplasm collection ofB. staceifor efficient genome wide association studies.
The substructure of a flux transfer event observed by the MMS spacecraft
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Sibeck D. G. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. J. , Gershman D. , Avanov L. , Paterson W. R. , Dorelli J. C. , Ergun R. E. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Mauk B. , Cohen I. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L.
Published: September 2016

On 15 August 2015, MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale mission), skimming the dusk magnetopause, detected an isolated region of an increased magnetic strength and bipolar Bn, indicating a flux transfer event (FTE). The four spacecraft in a tetrahedron allowed for investigations of the shape and motion of the FTE. In particular, high‐resolution particle data facilitated our exploration of FTE substructures and their magnetic connectivity inside and surrounding the FTE. Combined field and plasma observations suggest that the core fields are open, magnetically connected to the northern magnetosphere from which high‐energy particles leak; ion “D” distributions characterize the axis of flux ropes that carry old‐opened field lines; counterstreaming electrons superposed by parallel‐heated components populate the periphery surrounding the FTE; and the interface between the core and draped regions contains a separatrix of newly opened magnetic field lines that emanate from the X line above the FTE.
Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor determines intracellular Ca2+ concentration in Trypanosoma cruzi throughout its life cycle
Authors: Hashimoto Muneaki , Doi Motomichi , Kurebayashi Nagomi , Furukawa Koji , Hirawake‐Mogi Hiroko , Ohmiya Yoshihiro , Sakurai Takashi , Mita Toshihiro , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Nara Takeshi
Published: September 2016

Regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is vital for eukaryotic organisms. Recently, we identified a Ca2+ channel (TcIP3R) associated with intracellular Ca2+ stores in Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic protist that causes Chagas disease. In this study, we measured [Ca2+]i during the parasite life cycle and determined whether TcIP3R is involved in the observed variations. Parasites expressing R‐GECO1, a red fluorescent, genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator for optical imaging that fluoresces when bound to Ca2+, were produced. Using these R‐GECO1‐expressing parasites to measure [Ca2+]i, we found that the [Ca2+]i in epimastigotes was significantly higher than that in trypomastigotes and lower than that in amastigotes, and we observed a positive correlation between TcIP3R mRNA expression and [Ca2+]i during the parasite life cycle both in vitro and in vivo. We also generated R‐GECO1‐expressing parasites with TcIP3R expression levels that were approximately 65% of wild‐type (wt) levels (SKO parasites), and [Ca2+]i in the wt and SKO parasites was compared. The [Ca2+]i in SKO parasites was reduced to approximately 50–65% of that in wt parasites. These results show that TcIP3R is the determinant of [Ca2+]i in T. cruzi. Since Ca2+ signaling is vital for these parasites, TcIP3R is a promising drug target for Chagas disease.
The Nitrogenase FeMo‐Cofactor Precursor Formed by NifB Protein: A Diamagnetic Cluster Containing Eight Iron Atoms
Authors: Guo Yisong , Echavarri‐Erasun Carlos , Demuez Marie , Jiménez‐Vicente Emilio , Bominaar Emile L. , Rubio Luis M.
Published: September 2016

The biological activation of N2 occurs at the FeMo‐cofactor, a 7Fe–9S–Mo–C–homocitrate cluster. FeMo‐cofactor formation involves assembly of a Fe6–8–SX–C core precursor, NifB‐co, which occurs on the NifB protein. Characterization of NifB‐co in NifB is complicated by the dynamic nature of the assembly process and the presence of a permanent [4Fe–4S] cluster associated with the radical SAM chemistry for generating the central carbide. We have used the physiological carrier protein, NifX, which has been proposed to bind NifB‐co and deliver it to the NifEN protein, upon which FeMo‐cofactor assembly is ultimately completed. Preparation of NifX in a fully NifB‐co‐loaded form provided an opportunity for Mössbauer analysis of NifB‐co. The results indicate that NifB‐co is a diamagnetic (S=0) 8‐Fe cluster, containing two spectroscopically distinct Fe sites that appear in a 3:1 ratio. DFT analysis of the 57Fe electric hyperfine interactions deduced from the Mössbauer analysis suggests that NifB‐co is either a 4Fe2+–4Fe3+ or 6Fe2+–2Fe3+ cluster having valence‐delocalized states.
A reduced‐form model for pricing defaultable bonds and credit default swaps with stochastic recovery
Authors: Pan Jian , Xiao Qingxian
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a reduced‐form model for pricing defaultable bonds and credit default swaps (CDSs) with stochastic recovery, where the recovery risk is coupled with the default intensity, while the default intensity is described by a stochastic differential equation. Closed‐form pricing formulae for defaultable bonds and CDSs are obtained by applying variable change techniques and partial differential equation approaches. The closed‐form pricing formulae can provide valuable assistance in analyzing certain complications associated with portfolio management and hedging analysis. Finally, numerical experiments are provided to illustrate how the recovery parameters and intensity parameters affect the credit spread of a defaultable bond and the swap premium of a CDS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer using the magnetic technique
Authors: Zada A , Peek M C L , Ahmed M , Anninga B , Baker R , Kusakabe M , Sekino M , Klaase J M , ten Haken B , Douek M
Published: September 2016

Background

The standard for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), the dual technique (radiolabelled tracer and blue dye), has several drawbacks. A novel magnetic technique without these drawbacks has been evaluated in a number of clinical trials. It uses a magnetic tracer and a handheld magnetometer to identify and excise sentinel lymph nodes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the performance and utility of the magnetic in comparison to the standard technique.

Methods

MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane online literature databases were used to identify all original articles evaluating the magnetic technique for SLNB published up to April 2016. Studies were included if they were prospectively conducted clinical trials comparing the magnetic with the standard technique for SLNB in patients with breast cancer.

Results

Seven studies were included. The magnetic technique was non-inferior to the standard technique (z = 3·87, P < 0·001), at a 2 per cent non-inferiority margin. The mean identification rates for the standard and magnetic techniques were 96·8 (range 94·2–99·0) and 97·1 (94·4–98·0) per cent respectively (risk difference (RD) 0·00, 95 per cent c.i. –0·01 to 0·01; P = 0·690). The total lymph node retrieval was significantly higher with the magnetic compared with the standard technique: 2113 (1·9 per patient) versus 2000 (1·8 per patient) (RD 0·05, 0·03 to 0·06; P = 0·003). False-negative rates were 10·9 (range 6–22) per cent for the standard technique and 8·4 (2–22) per cent for the magnetic technique (RD 0·03, 0·00 to 0·06; P = 0·551). The mean discordance rate was 3·9 (range 1·7–6·9) per cent.

Conclusion

The magnetic technique for SLNB is non-inferior to the standard technique, with a high identification rate but with a significantly higher lymph node retrieval rate.
Pre‐menstrual period: Do women really consume more?
Authors: Pastore Cristina Maria de Aguiar , Francisco‐Maffezzolli Eliane Cristine , da Silva Wesley Vieira , Baptista Paulo de Paula
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate female consumption behavior during the different menstrual cycle phases, regarding impulsivity, regret, willingness to pay, and purchase intention for hedonic and utilitarian products. This paper focuses on the gap between literary theory and common sense beliefs. A survey was conducted to 405 women. The results revealed no idiosyncrasy in behavior during the different cycle phases. Impulsive behavior explains the perception of regret; however, hormonal changes throughout the month could not support this correlation, which suggests the reported behavior to be different from the actual one. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxic and Anti‐inflammatory Sesquiterpenes from Ainsliaea henryi
Authors: Zeng Ren‐Tao , Dong Xue‐Yun , Fang Xing , Yang Niao , Shi Zhi‐Ran , Zhuo Zhi‐Guo , Shen Yun‐Heng , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: September 2016

Three new sesquiterpenoids, 4α‐hydroxyeudesm‐11(13)‐en‐12‐yl 3‐methylbutanoate (1), diaspanolide E (2), and (13α)‐germacra‐1(10),4‐dien‐12,8α‐olid‐15‐oic acid (3), along with eight known sesquiterpenoids (4 – 11), were isolated from the aerial parts of Ainsliaea henryi. The chemical structures of compounds 1 – 3 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (1D‐, 2D‐NMR, MS and HR/MS). All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Compound 10 exhibited significantly inhibition against NO release with an IC50 value of 6.54 ± 0.16 μm. Also, all isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against three human tumor cell lines A549, MGC803, and HCT116, among which compound 5 significantly inhibited the proliferation of MGC803 cell lines with an IC50 value of 2.2 ± 0.2 μm.
Antibiotic Potency against E. coli Is Enhanced by Channel‐Forming Alkyl Lariat Ethers
Authors: Negin Saeedeh , Patel Mohit B. , Gokel Michael R. , Meisel Joseph W. , Gokel George W.
Published: September 2016

Several N,N′‐bis(n‐alkyl‐4,13‐diaza[18]crown‐6) lariat ethers were found to significantly enhance the potency of rifampicin and tetracycline, but not erythromycin and kanamycin, against the non‐pathogenic DH5α and K‐12 strains of Escherichia coli when administered at levels below their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The enhancements in antibiotic potency observed for the lariat ethers ranged from three‐ to 20‐fold, depending on the strain of E. coli, the antibiotic, and the lengths of the alkyl chains attached at the macroring nitrogen atoms. The dialkyl lariat ethers, previously thought to only be cation carriers, formed well‐behaved, ion‐conducting pores in soybean asolectin membranes, as judged by planar bilayer conductance measurements. The ability of lariat ethers to form stable pores, which appeared to be aggregated, depended in part on alkyl chain length and in part on the composition of the bilayer membrane in which they were studied.
Creating Accessible Active Sites in Hierarchical MFI Zeolites for Low‐Temperature Acid Catalysis
Authors: Erigoni Andrea , Newland Stephanie H. , Paul Geo , Marchese Leonardo , Raja Robert , Gianotti Enrica
Published: September 2016

A versatile desilication design strategy for the creation of hierarchical H–ZSM‐5 zeolite catalysts with different Si/Al ratios has been demonstrated. The nature, strength, and the accessibility of the acid sites after the alkaline treatment was elucidated by employing a range of physico‐chemical characterization tools; notably probe‐based FTIR spectroscopy along with Solid State (SS) MAS NMR spectroscopy. In addition, structural and textural properties of the hierarchical zeolites were also explored and compared to their corresponding microporous analogues. CO was used to probe the acidic properties of the hierarchical zeolites with the concomitant deployment of a bulky molecular probe, 2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine (collidine), which is too large to access the micropores, to specifically investigate the enhanced accessibility of the active sites. The hierarchical zeolites were evaluated in the industrially relevant, acid‐catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanoneoxime to ϵ‐caprolactam, the precursor for Nylon‐6, in liquid phase and at low temperatures. The catalytic findings with the hierarchical catalysts reveal a significant enhancement in the production of ϵ‐caprolactam, compared with the parent microporous H–ZSM‐5 zeolite, thereby highlighting the merits of our design approach in facilitating enhanced diffusion and mass transfer.
Crystal Dynamics in Multi‐stimuli‐Responsive Entangled Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kanoo Prakash , Haldar Ritesh , Reddy Sandeep K. , Hazra Arpan , Bonakala Satyanarayana , Matsuda Ryotaro , Kitagawa Susumu , Balasubramanian Sundaram , Maji Tapas Kumar
Published: September 2016

An understanding of solid‐state crystal dynamics or flexibility in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) showing multiple structural changes is highly demanding for the design of materials with potential applications in sensing and recognition. However, entangled MOFs showing such flexible behavior pose a great challenge in terms of extracting information on their dynamics because of their poor single‐crystallinity. In this article, detailed experimental studies on a twofold entangled MOF (f‐MOF‐1) are reported, which unveil its structural response toward external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and guest molecules. The crystallographic study shows multiple structural changes in f‐MOF‐1, by which the 3 D net deforms and slides upon guest removal. Two distinct desolvated phases, that is, f‐MOF‐1 a and f‐MOF‐1 b, could be isolated; the former is a metastable one and transformable to the latter phase upon heating. The two phases show different gated CO2 adsorption profiles. DFT‐based calculations provide an insight into the selective and gated adsorption behavior with CO2 of f‐MOF‐1 b. The gate‐opening threshold pressure of CO2 adsorption can be tuned strategically by changing the chemical functionality of the linker from ethanylene (−CH2−CH2−) in f‐MOF‐1 to an azo (−N=N−) functionality in an analogous MOF, f‐MOF‐2. The modulation of functionality has an indirect influence on the gate‐opening pressure owing to the difference in inter‐net interaction. The framework of f‐MOF‐1 is highly responsive toward CO2 gas molecules, and these results are supported by DFT calculations.
High incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular enlargement and moderate left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Zhao Shuang , Chen Keping , Su Yangang , Hua Wei , Yang Jiefu , Chen Silin , Liang Zhaoguang , Xu Wei , Zhang Shu
Published: September 2016

Background

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35% is the cutoff value used to identify patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death. However, whether patients who have moderate left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular enlargement (LVE) have a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and cardiac death is unclear.

Hypothesis

Patients with moderate left ventricular dysfunction and LVE may have a high risk of VAs.

Methods

This study retrospectively analyzed the data of 853 patients who have an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator/cardiac resynchronization therapy cardioverter‐defibrillator equipped with home monitoring. The patients were divided into 4 groups: group A, 35% < LVEF ≤ 45% and left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension (LVEDD) ≥60 mm; group B, LVEF ≤35% and LVEDD <60 mm; group C, 35% < LVEF ≤ 45% and LVEDD <60 mm; and group D, LVEF ≤35% and LVEDD ≥60 mm.

Results

During a mean follow‐up period of 30 ± 13 months, 324 patients (38%) experienced VAs and 125 patients (14.7%) experienced cardiac death. Based on multivariate Cox regression modeling, group A had an increased risk of VAs (A vs B, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.563, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.029‐2.375, P = 0.036; A vs C, HR: 1.661, 95% CI: 1.204‐2.294, P = 0.002) and cardiac death (A vs B, HR: 1.845, 95% CI: 1.013‐3.356; A vs C, HR: 2.041, 95% CI: 1.136‐3.731, P = 0.021).

Conclusions

Patients with moderate left ventricular dysfunction and LVE have a high risk of VAs and cardiac death.
Heart failure and risk of dementia: a Danish nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Adelborg Kasper , Horváth‐Puhó Erzsébet , Ording Anne , Pedersen Lars , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Henderson Victor W.
Published: September 2016

Aims

The association between heart failure and dementia remains unclear. We assessed the risk of dementia among patients with heart failure and members of a general population comparison cohort.

Methods and results

Individual‐level data from Danish medical registries were linked in this nationwide population‐based cohort study comparing patients with a first‐time hospitalization for heart failure between 1980 and 2012 and a year of birth‐, sex‐, and calendar year‐matched comparison cohort from the general population. Stratified Cox regression analysis was used to compute 1–35‐year hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of all‐cause dementia and, secondarily, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other dementias. Analyses included 324 418 heart failure patients and 1 622 079 individuals from the general population (median age 77 years, 52% male). Compared with the general population cohort, risk of all‐cause dementia was increased among heart failure patients [adjusted HR 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–1.24]. The associations were stronger in men and in heart failure patients under age 70. Heart failure patients had higher risks of vascular dementia (adjusted HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.40–1.59) and other dementias (adjusted HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.26–1.34) than members of the general population cohort. Heart failure was not associated with Alzheimer's disease (adjusted HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96–1.04).

Conclusion

Heart failure was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause dementia. Heart failure may represent a risk factor for dementia, but not necessarily for Alzheimer's disease.
Synthesis, Structure and Solution Studies on Mixed Aryl/Alkyl Lithium Zincates
Authors: Roberts Andrew J. , Kennedy Alan R. , McLellan Ross , Robertson Stuart D. , Hevia Eva
Published: September 2016

Novel homo‐ and heteroleptic lithium zincates have been prepared by cocomplexation reactions of Zn(CH2SiMe3)2 and PhLi in low‐polarity hydrocarbon solvents. X‐ray crystallographic studies of products obtained by reacting the organometallic reagents in benzene or toluene yield the novel solvent‐free solid‐state arrangement [Li4Zn3Ph5(CH2SiMe3)5]⋡ (1). Combining Zn(CH2SiMe3)2 and PhLi in hexane in the presence of the polydentate N‐donors PMDETA (N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) or TMEDA (N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) reveals monomeric heteroleptic [(PMDETA)LiZn(CH2SiMe3)2Ph] (2) and homoleptic [(TMEDA)LiZn(CH2SiMe3)3] (3), the result of a disproportionation process, respectively. NMR spectroscopic studies suggest that 2 and 3 retain their discrete contacted ion‐pair solid‐state structures in benzene solution. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopic studies of 2 in [D8]THF reveal a complex equilibrium also including [LiZn(CH2SiMe3)3], [LiZn(CH2SiMe3)Ph2] and [LiZnPh3], an equilibrium process analogous to that of 1 in THF. This study further highlights the complexity of these reactions, which at first would appear simple.
A Brønsted Acid–Primary Amine as a Synergistic Catalyst for Stereoselective Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Reddy P. Sreekanth , Shruthi Kodambahalli S. , Madhavachary R. , Reddy P. V. Govardhana
Published: September 2016

Herein, we present the Brønsted‐acid‐controlled, primary‐amine‐catalyzed stereoselective asymmetric synthesis of druglike six‐membered spirooxindoles from simple aliphatic substrates through a Barbas [4+2]‐cycloaddition reaction by using 2‐aminobuta‐1,3‐diene catalysis under ambient conditions.
Radiation‐Hard and Ultralightweight Polycrystalline Cadmium Telluride Thin‐Film Solar Cells for Space Applications
Authors: Yang Gwangseok , Cho Eun Woo , Hwang Yun Jeong , Min Byoung Koun , Kang Yoonmook , Kim Donghwan , Kim Jihyun
Published: September 2016

Achieving high‐specific‐power and radiation hardness of solar cells is of great importance to perform tasks and achieve duration in space. Therefore, we investigated the proton irradiation resistance of ultralightweight CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells having high specific power values. High‐energy proton beams (15 MeV) with doses ranging from 1×1012 to 1×1015 cm−2 were used, equivalent to more than 2000 years in low Earth orbit. Although 70 % decrease in cell conversion efficiency was observed after proton irradiation with dose of 1×1015 cm−2, it still maintained the photovoltaic performance. The specific power of the fabricated cell decreased from 358 W kg−1 to 109 W kg−1 after proton irradiation (dose=1×1015 cm−2), which is still comparable to specific powers of other types of solar cells. Our work indicated that reduction of short circuit current is a major factor of deterioration of the cell performance under the high energy proton irradiation. This work revealed that our lightweight CdS/CdTe solar cells have significant potential for the use in space applications: reduction of launch cost by achieving high specific power and assurance of durability over prolonged space missions.
α‐d‐Glucofuranose and α‐d‐allofuranose diacetonides and silyl ether of α‐d‐glucofuranose diacetonide in dithiophosphorylation reactions
Authors: Nizamov Ilyas S. , Nikitin Yevgeniy N. , Nizamov Ilnar D. , Belov Timur G. , Voloshina Alexandra D. , Batyeva Elvira S. , Cherkasov Rafael A.
Published: September 2016

α‐d‐Glucofuranose and α‐d‐allofuranose diacetonides react with 2,4‐diorganyl 1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfides to form optically active dithiophosphonates in 78–81% yields, which are transformed into the corresponding ammonium salts in 90–97% yields by the treatment of n‐hexadecylamine. The S‐silyldithiophosphonate was prepared in 93% yield by the reaction of 2,4‐bis(butoxyphenyl) 1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide with silyl ether of α‐d‐glucofuranose diacetonide. One of the salts obtained possesses antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538‐P.
Superacid‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts phosphination of 2‐hydroxybiphenyls with phosphorus trichloride
Authors: Ito Takatoshi , Iwai Toshiyuki , Nakai Takeo , Mihara Masatoshi , Mizuno Takumi , Ohno Toshinobu , Ishikawa Akira , Kobayashi Jun‐ichi
Published: September 2016

Cyclic phosphorus compounds, 6H‐dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin‐6‐oxide derivatives, were efficiently synthesized by the Friedel–Crafts reaction of 2‐hydroxybiphenyls with phosphorus trichloride in the presence of superacids, especially trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) as a catalyst. TfOH was investigated for the first time as an effective catalyst for the aromatic phosphination of 2‐hydroxybiphenyls.
Synthesis, characterization, and quantitative structure–activity relationship studies of bioactive dehydroacetic acid and amino ether Schiff base complexes
Authors: Devi Jai , Devi Suman , Kumar Ashwani
Published: September 2016

Structural aspects of organosilicon(IV) and organotin(IV) complexes with dehydroacetic acid and amino ether Schiff base ligand have been described with the help of elemental analyses, conductance measurements, UV–Vis, infrared, multinuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction studies. Analysis of data suggested that the Schiff base provides two bidentate NO domains and was coordinated to silicon and tin moiety through the imine nitrogen and hydroxyl oxygen atom. Complexes were found to be nonelectrolytic and monomeric in nature. The thermal decomposition for tin compounds occurred in two steps and resulted into the formation of pure SnO2 as end product. The in vitro biological effects of the synthesized compounds were tested against two Gram‐positive and two Gram‐negative bacteria. The results of biological activity showed that all the complexes have enhanced activity as compared with the corresponding ligand, and compounds 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 17 were more potent than the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Compound 17 exhibited best antibacterial activity with lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value and maximum zone of inhibition. Further, quantitative structure–activity relationship studies pointed out that more stable compound were more active as antibacterial agents.
Correlation between antibodies to bisphenol A, its target enzyme protein disulfide isomerase and antibodies to neuron‐specific antigens
Authors: Kharrazian Datis , Vojdani Aristo
Published: September 2016

Evidence continues to increase linking autoimmunity and other complex diseases to the chemicals commonly found in our environment. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic monomer used widely in many forms, from food containers to toys, medical products and many others. The potential for BPA to participate as a triggering agent for autoimmune diseases is likely due to its known immunological influences. The goal of this research was to determine if immune reactivity to BPA has any correlation with neurological antibodies. BPA binds to a target enzyme called protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are neuronal antigens that are target sites for neuroinflammation and neuroautoimmunity. We determined the co‐occurrence of anti‐MBP and anti‐MOG antibodies with antibodies made against BPA bound to human serum albumin in 100 healthy human subjects. Correlation between BPA to PDI, BPA to MOG, BPA to MBP, PDI to MBP and PDI to MOG were all highly statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The outcome of our study suggests that immune reactivity to BPA‐human serum albumin and PDI has a high degree of statistical significance with substantial correlation with both MBP and MOG antibody levels. This suggests that BPA may be a trigger for the production of antibodies against PDI, MBP and MOG. Immune reactivity to BPA bound to human tissue proteins may be a contributing factor to neurological autoimmune disorders. Further research is needed to determine the exact relationship of these antibodies with neuroautoimmunities. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effects of Abaloparatide-SC on Fractures and Bone Mineral Density in Subgroups of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis and Varying Baseline Risk Factors
Authors: Cosman Felicia , Hattersley Gary , Hu Ming-yi , Williams Gregory C , Fitzpatrick Lorraine A , Black Dennis M
Published: September 2016

Abaloparatide-SC is a novel 34–amino acid peptide created to be a potent and selective activator of the parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR1) signaling pathway. In the Abaloparatide Comparator Trial in Vertebral Endpoints (ACTIVE) Phase 3 trial (NCT01343004), abaloparatide reduced new morphometric vertebral fractures by 86% compared with placebo (p < 0.001) and nonvertebral fractures by 43% (p = 0.049) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Abaloparatide-SC increased bone mineral density (BMD) 3.4% at the total hip, 2.9% at the femoral neck, and 9.2% at the lumbar spine at 18 months (all p < 0.001 versus placebo). The analysis reported here was designed to evaluate whether fracture risk reductions and BMD accrual were consistent across different levels of baseline risk. Risk factor subgroups were predefined categorically for BMD T-score of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck (≤–2.5 versus >–2.5 and ≤–3.0 versus >–3.0), history of nonvertebral fracture (yes versus no), prevalent vertebral fracture (yes versus no), and age (<65 versus 65 to <75 versus ≥75 years) at baseline. Forest plots show that there were no clinically meaningful interactions between any of the baseline risk factors and the treatment effect of abaloparatide-SC on new morphometric vertebral fractures, nonvertebral fractures, or BMD increases. Abaloparatide provides protection against fractures consistently across a wide variety of ages and baseline risks, including those with and without prior fractures, and it has potential utility for a broad group of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Examining the Psychological Effect of Rape Acknowledgment: The Interaction of Acknowledgment Status and Ambivalent Sexism
Authors: Wilson Laura C. , Miller Katherine E. , Leheney Emma K. , Ballman Alesha D. , Scarpa Angela
Published: September 2016

Objective

Although the majority of rape survivors do not label their experiences as rape (i.e., unacknowledged rape), the literature is mixed in terms of how this affects survivors’ psychological functioning. To elucidate the discrepancies, the present study examined the interaction between rape acknowledgement and ambivalent sexism in relation to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.

Method

The analyzed sample included 128 female rape survivors who were drawn from a larger college sample of 1,595 participants. The participants completed measures of sexual assault experiences, ambivalent sexism, and depression and PTSD symptoms.

Results

The results supported a significant interaction between acknowledgement status and benevolent sexism in relation to both depression and PTSD symptoms. Conversely, the present study failed to find support for an interaction between acknowledgment status and hostile sexism.

Conclusion

The clinical implications suggest that rather than seeing acknowledging rape as essential to the recovery process, clinicians should assess for and take into account other factors that may contribute to psychological functioning. Additionally, the findings support that more complex models of trauma recovery should be investigated with the goal of working toward a more comprehensive understanding of the longitudinal process of rape acknowledgment.
Variability of lysozyme and lactoferrin bioactive protein concentrations in equine milk in relation to LYZ and LTF gene polymorphisms and expression
Authors: Cieslak Jakub , Wodas Lukasz , Borowska Alicja , Sadoch Jan , Pawlak Piotr , Puppel Kamila , Kuczynska Beata , Mackowski Mariusz
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Equine milk is considered to be an interesting product for human nutrition, mainly owing to its low allergenicity and significant amounts of bioactive proteins, including lysozyme (LYZ) and lactoferrin (LTF). The present study assessed the effect of genetic factors on LYZ and LTF concentration variability in mare's milk.

RESULTS

Significant effects of horse breed and lactation stage on milk LYZ and LTF contents were observed. The highest level of LTF and the lowest concentration of LYZ were recorded for the Polish Warmblood Horse breed. The highest amounts of both proteins were found for the earliest investigated time point of lactation (5th week). Altogether 13 (nine novel) polymorphisms were found in the 5′‐flanking regions of both genes, but they showed no significant relationship with milk LYZ and LTF contents. Several associations were found between selected SNPs and the LYZ gene relative transcript level.

CONCLUSION

While the present study indicated the existence of intra‐ and interbreed variability of LYZ and LTF contents in mare's milk, this variation is rather unrelated to the 5′‐flanking variants of genes encoding both proteins. This study is a good introduction for broader investigations focused on the genetic background for variability of bioactive protein contents in mare's milk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
One‐Pot Automated Synthesis of Quasi Triblock Copolymers for Self‐Healing Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels
Authors: Voorhaar Lenny , De Meyer Bernhard , Du Prez Filip , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: September 2016

The preparation of physically crosslinked hydrogels from quasi ABA‐triblock copolymers with a water‐soluble middle block and hydrophobic end groups is reported. The hydrophilic monomer N‐acryloylmorpholine is copolymerized with hydrophobic isobornyl acrylate via a one‐pot sequential monomer addition through reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization in an automated parallel synthesizer, allowing systematic variation of polymer chain length and hydrophobic–hydrophilic ratio. Hydrophobic interactions between the outer blocks cause them to phase‐separate into larger hydrophobic domains in water, forming physical crosslinks between the polymers. The resulting hydrogels are studied using rheology and their self‐healing ability after large strain damage is shown.

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INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE BULLYHARM: THE BULLYING, HARASSMENT, AND AGGRESSION RECEIPT MEASURE
Authors: Hall William J.
Published: September 2016

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of the Bullying, Harassment, and Aggression Receipt Measure (BullyHARM). The development of the BullyHARM involved a number of steps and methods, including a literature review, expert review, cognitive testing, readability testing, data collection from a large sample, reliability testing, and confirmatory factor analysis. A sample of 275 middle school students was used to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the BullyHARM, which consists of 22 items and six subscales: physical bullying, verbal bullying, social/relational bullying, cyber‐bullying, property bullying, and sexual bullying. First‐order and second‐order factor models were evaluated. Results demonstrate that the first‐order factor model had superior fit. Results of reliability testing indicate that the BullyHARM scale and subscales have very good internal consistency reliability. Findings indicate that the BullyHARM has good properties regarding content validation and respondent‐related validation, and is a promising instrument for measuring bullying victimization in school.
Accurate computation of moist available potential energy with the Munkres algorithm
Authors: Stansifer Eric M. , O'Gorman Paul A. , Holt Jareth I.
Published: September 2016

The moist available potential energy (MAPE) of a domain of air is defined as the maximum amount of kinetic energy that can be released through reversible adiabatic motions of its air parcels. The MAPE can be calculated using a parcel‐moving algorithm that finds the minimum enthalpy state for a given set of thermodynamic assumptions. However, the parcel‐moving algorithms proposed previously do not always find the minimum enthalpy state. In this article, we apply the Munkres algorithm to find the exact minimum enthalpy state and compare this exact algorithm with four inexact algorithms, including a new divide‐and‐conquer algorithm. The divide‐and‐conquer algorithm performs well in practice, while being simpler and faster than the Munkres algorithm, and it is recommended for future calculation of MAPE when the exact result is not required.
Conventional Analysis with Categorical Data from a Statistically Designed Experiment
Authors: Goh T. N.
Published: September 2016

Insights are offered on the interpretation of results of analysis of designed experiments with response expressed on a nominal or ordinal scale, in terms of formulation of a cause‐and‐effect mathematical model as well as the subsequent choice of factor settings for a future desired response. As generic design of experiments software packages are based on procedures of parametric statistics, the inherent limitations peculiar to the analysis of categorical data by such software packages are illustrated by a numerical example for the benefit of non‐statisticians among quality practitioners. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Provably secure biometric‐based user authentication and key agreement scheme in cloud computing
Authors: Wazid Mohammad , Das Ashok Kumar , Kumari Saru , Li Xiong , Wu Fan
Published: September 2016

Cloud computing, the conjoin of many types of computing, has made a great impact on the life of everyone. People from anywhere can access the different cloud‐based services by using the Internet. A user, who wants to access some cloud‐based service, needs to register himself/herself to an authority (service provider), and after that, he/she can use the service. To access the service, each user needs to authenticate to that particular cloud server. Several user authentication schemes for cloud computing have been presented but mostly have limitations/drawbacks as they are prone to various known attacks, such as privileged insider, user and server impersonation, and strong reply attacks, and they also have lack of functionality features. Moreover, these schemes do not provide efficient password change phase. In order to overcome these drawbacks, we propose a new provably secure biometric‐based user authentication and key agreement scheme for cloud computing. The proposed scheme overcomes the weaknesses of the existing schemes and supports extra functionality features including user anonymity and efficient password and biometric update phase for multi‐server environment. The careful formal security analysis under standard model and informal security analysis and the simulation results for formal security verification using the most acceptable AVISPA tool show that the proposed scheme is secure against various known possible attacks. The analysis of computation and communication overheads of our scheme depicts its efficiency over other related existing schemes, and thus, the proposed scheme is suitable for the cloud computing environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red deer mediate spatial and temporal plant heterogeneity in boreal forests
Authors: Lilleeng Marte Synnøve , Hegland Stein Joar , Rydgren Knut , Moe Stein R.
Published: September 2016

Selective herbivory can influence both spatial and temporal vegetation heterogeneity. For example, many northern European populations of free‐ranging ungulates have reached unprecedented levels, which can influence plant species turnover, long‐term maintenance of biodiversity and the subsequent stability of boreal ecosystems. However, the mechanisms by which large herbivores affect spatial and temporal vegetation heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here, we combined a 10‐year exclusion experiment with a herbivore intensity gradient to investigate how red deer (Cervus elaphus) acts as a driver of temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the understory of a boreal forest. We measured the two dimensions of heterogeneity as temporal and spatial species turnover. We found that temporal heterogeneity was positively related to herbivory intensity, and we found a similar trend for spatial heterogeneity. Removing red deer (exclosure) from our study system caused a distinct shift in species composition, both spatially (slow response) and temporally (quick response). Vegetation from which red deer had been excluded for 10 years showed the highest spatial heterogeneity, suggesting that the most stable forest understory will occur where there are no large herbivores. However, excluding red deer resulted in lower species diversity and greater dominance by a low number of plant species. If both stable but species rich ecosystems are the management goal, these findings suggest that naturally fluctuating, but moderate red deer densities should be sustained.
Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Pancreas—a Case Report and a Comprehensive Review
Authors: Søreide Jon Arne , Undersrud Erling Sandøy , Al-Saiddi Mohammed S. S. , Tholfsen Tore , Søreide Kjetil
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Primary mesenchymal tumors of the pancreas are rare, with leiomyosarcomas the most encountered entities among the pancreatic sarcomas. With few exceptions, single case reports published over the last six decades constitute the entire scientific literature on this topic. Thus, evidence regarding clinical decision-making is scant.

Methods

Based on a case report and an extensive literature search in PubMed, we discuss the clinical aspects and current management of this rare malignancy.

Results

We identified only two papers with more than a single case presentation; these institutional patient series were limited to five and nine patients. Additionally, a few papers sought to summarize the individual case reports published in the English and/or Chinese language. The clinical presentation is rather non-specific. Moreover, modern imaging modalities are insufficiently accurate to diagnose leiomyosarcoma of the pancreas. Treatment goals include a complete resection with free margins. Proper morphologic examination using immunohistochemistry and the application of a grading system are clinically important for prognostication. The efficacy of adjuvant treatments has not been established.

Conclusion

Primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare, and the scientific literature is primarily based on single case reports. Conclusions on management and prognosis should be drawn with caution. A multidisciplinary team consultation is warranted to discuss a thorough individual treatment plan based on the available scientific literature, despite its low evidence level.
MYH9-related disorder, a probable May-Hegglin anomaly case series
Authors: Kamath Vandana , Gnanasekaran Kiruthiga Kala , Mammen Joy
Published: September 2016

Objective/background:

May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA) is a rare familial bleeding disorder characterized by a triad of thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and Döhle-like inclusion bodies within the leukocytes. The clinical spectrum as well as the pathophysiology of this entity is not well defined. The objective of this work is to present a series of three cases of MHA diagnosed in our hospital, where the patients presented with variable bleeding manifestations, thrombocytopenia, and giant platelets.

Materials and Methods:

We studied three cases of possible MHA. In addition to the clinical examination, complete hemogram, and peripheral blood smear examination, these patients were also subjected to coagulation studies. Although bleeding symptoms varied among these patients, platelet aggregation tests with various agonists showed a normal response.

Results:

Consistent findings of this entity noted in our patients were mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and Döhle-like inclusions within the leukocytes.

Conclusion:

A diagnosis of MHA could be made based on a thorough peripheral blood smear examination, which also helps to avoid a misdiagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia.