bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ICES (Intraoperative Stereotactic Computed Tomography-Guided Endoscopic Surgery) for Brain Hemorrhage
Authors: Vespa Paul , Hanley Daniel , Betz Joshua , Hoffer Alan , Engh Johnathan , Carter Robert , Nakaji Peter , Ogilvy Chris , Jallo Jack , Selman Warren , Bistran-Hall Amanda , Lane Karen , McBee Nichol , Saver Jeffery , Thompson Richard E. , Martin Neil
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease without a proven therapy to improve long-term outcome. Considerable controversy about the role of surgery remains. Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery for ICH offers the potential of improved neurological outcome.

Methods—

We tested the hypothesis that intraoperative computerized tomographic image–guided endoscopic surgery is safe and effectively removes the majority of the hematoma rapidly. A prospective randomized controlled study was performed on 20 subjects (14 surgical and 4 medical) with primary ICH of >20 mL volume within 48 hours of ICH onset. We prospectively used a contemporaneous medical control cohort (n=36) from the MISTIE trial (Minimally Invasive Surgery and r-tPA for ICH Evacuation). We evaluated surgical safety and neurological outcomes at 6 months and 1 year.

Results—

The intraoperative computerized tomographic image–guided endoscopic surgery procedure resulted in immediate reduction of hemorrhagic volume by 68±21.6% (interquartile range 59–84.5) within 29 hours of hemorrhage onset. Surgery was successfully completed in all cases, with a mean operative time of 1.9 hours (interquartile range 1.5–2.2 hours). One surgically related bleed occurred peri-operatively, but no patient met surgical safety stopping threshold end points for intraoperative hemorrhage, infection, or death. The surgical intervention group had a greater percentage of patients with good neurological outcome (modified Rankin scale score 0–3) at 180 and 365 days as compared with medical control subjects (42.9% versus 23.7%;
P
=0.19).

Conclusions—

Early computerized tomographic image–guided endoscopic surgery is a safe and effective method to remove acute intracerebral hematomas, with a potential to enhance neurological recovery.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00224770.
Substantial Progress Yet Significant Opportunity for Improvement in Stroke Care in China
Authors: Li Zixiao , Wang Chunjuan , Zhao Xingquan , Liu Liping , Wang Chunxue , Li Hao , Shen Haipeng , Liang Li , Bettger Janet , Yang Qing , Wang David , Wang Anxin , Pan Yuesong , Jiang Yong , Yang Xiaomeng , Zhang Changqing , Fonarow Gregg C. , Schwamm Lee H. , Hu Bo , Peterson Eric D. , Xian Ying , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is a leading cause of death in China. Yet the adherence to guideline-recommended ischemic stroke performance metrics in the past decade has been previously shown to be suboptimal. Since then, several nationwide stroke quality management initiatives have been conducted in China. We sought to determine whether adherence had improved since then.

Methods—

Data were obtained from the 2 phases of China National Stroke Registries, which included 131 hospitals (12 173 patients with acute ischemic stroke) in China National Stroke Registries phase 1 from 2007 to 2008 versus 219 hospitals (19 604 patients) in China National Stroke Registries phase 2 from 2012 to 2013. Multiple regression models were developed to evaluate the difference in adherence to performance measure between the 2 study periods.

Results—

The overall quality of care has improved over time, as reflected by the higher composite score of 0.76 in 2012 to 2013 versus 0.63 in 2007 to 2008. Nine of 13 individual performance metrics improved. However, there were no significant improvements in the rates of intravenous thrombolytic therapy and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. After multivariate analysis, there remained a significant 1.17-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.14–1.21) increase in the odds of delivering evidence-based performance metrics in the more recent time periods versus older data. The performance metrics with the most significantly increased odds included stroke education, dysphagia screening, smoking cessation, and antithrombotics at discharge.

Conclusions—

Adherence to stroke performance metrics has increased over time, but significant opportunities remain for further improvement. Continuous stroke quality improvement program should be developed as a national priority in China.
Proclus on the Forms of Attributes
Authors: Kobec Alberto
Published: October 2016

Atin Parmenidem3.826.19-827.18, within the context of a discussion concerning the extent of the world of Forms, Proclus addresses the problem of the Forms of attributes. He admits of Forms of substantial attributes, however denies the existence of Forms corresponding to mere accidental attributes. In the last lines of the passage, he contends that we should also posit Forms of figure and number. These opaque lines have been neglected in previous scholarship, with the sole exception of the recent Budé edition of the text, where it is argued that since figures and numbers cannot be conceived of as attributes, the paragraph is thus out of place as it stands. This article aims to show that such an interpretation is mistaken and that the paragraph indeed belongs to the discussion of the Forms of attributes insofar as figures and numbers are regarded here as attributes—more precisely, as substantial attributes.
Reading Fiction with Lucian. Fakes, Freaks and Hyperreality, written by ní Mheallaigh, K.
Authors: von Möllendorff Peter
Published: October 2016

Karen ní Mheallaigh takes a large-scale look not only on Lucian, but on imperial literature and culture as a whole, proposing that there is a large and omnipresent interest in what Umberto Eco has called ‘hyperreality’: to give torsi, fragments, relics and all that seems to count in constituting cultural tradition, a new, splendent and overwhelmingly ‘real’ allure by making perfect copies, fakes. Evidently there must be, then, a strong intellectual occupation with questions about both the status of reality and fictionality and the ‘making of’, i. e. ‘mimesis’, as a way of dealing with the past, of controlling and reshaping it. Ní Mheallaigh particularly reflects on implicit and motivic ways of addressing such questions in literary and scientific texts. There emerges a postmodern openness of meaning and an epistemological fascination by materiality of media, as well as by the status of readers. The following review article tries to recapitulate the main positions of the book and to challenge some of them.
Numerical Sayings in the Literatures of the Ancient Near East, in the Bible, in the Book of Ben-Sira and in Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Pasternak Ariel-Ram , Yona Shamir
Published: October 2016

This paper follows the use of numbers from the Bible and Ancient Near Eastern literature, through the book of Ben-Sira, and ultimately to the Rabbinic literature. We show that the Rabbis were familiar with the Biblical use of numbers as rhetorical devices and used numbers in the same ways that the Bible did.
A Tibetan Herbal Formula Understood from a Phytotherapeutical Perspective of tcm
Authors: Ploberger Florian
Published: October 2016

In this article I aim to describe the Tibetan formula Padma 28 from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine (tcm) phytotherapy as practised in Europe. As a biomedical physician and tcm practitioner, familiar also with traditional Tibetan medicine (ttm), I would like to underline that these two Asian medical systems are on one hand fundamentally different based on culturally distinct concepts and practices of health and illness, including different body images. On the other hand, they can be, and in fact are, correlated with each other in practice via their shared specific materia medica. This article represents a first attempt at establishing an understanding via translation, by relating distinct ttm and tcm efficacies as well as my own personal tasting of the single ingredients of the Tibetan formula Padma 28. tcm terminology translated into English is relatively well established and may provide a lingua franca, other than predominant biomedicine, for communication about Tibetan and Chinese prescriptions, and about individual plants. From a tcm perspective, Padma 28 has an overall neutral or slightly cool temperature effect and an acrid, bitter, and slightly aromatic taste. This formula can be used to promote the movement of qi and blood in a mild way without injuring the yin. Furthermore, it strengthens the spleen qi and spleen yang. Responding to the regulatory context in Europe, certain ingredients in this Tibetan formula have been left out and substituted by others—a practice that is regarded as common in tcm formulations.
Safety Net—The Construction of Biomedical Safety in the Global ‘Traditional Medicine’ Discourse
Authors: Kadetz Paul
Published: October 2016

This paper examines the social construction of the World Health Organization’s normative discourse of the safety of ‘traditional medicines’. The findings presented are based on archival research, a review of the literature, discourse analysis ofwhodocuments, semi-structured interviews with pertinent stakeholders, and participant experience at the Western Pacific Region Office of thewho. This discourse of safety can be traced to the rise and global dominance of scientific medicine over plural health care and the construction of biomedical expertise. This paper argues that biomedicine’s global hegemony and construction of a dominant discourse of safety was, at least in part, influenced by the American Medical Association, The Flexner Report, The Rockefeller Foundation, the League of Nations Health Organization, the World Health Organization, and thewho’s adoption of traditional Chinese medicine as a template for health care integration. This network of stakeholders influenced the construction and dissemination of the global biomedical discourse of safety and the purported ‘safe’ control, regulation, and integration of non-biomedical practices and practitioners via biomedical expertise.
Promoting Chinese Herbal Drugs through Regulatory Globalisation
Authors: Kuo Wen-Hua
Published: October 2016

This study explores the social dynamics in promoting traditional Chinese medicine (tcm) drugs by making them acceptable to biomedical markets. It investigates the Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine (cgcm), an organisation based in Hong Kong in pursuit of advancing tcm, and traces the development of the herbal formula phy906, a Chinese herbal product intensively discussed at the cgcm that has been tested according to the us Food and Drug Administration’s regulation for approval. Departing from accounts on the organisation’s success that focus either on its scientific approach or its leader Yung-chi Cheng, this paper argues that it was the synergy between the cgcm and the pursuit of approval for phy906 that contributed to the regulatory globalisation of tcm. In this process, not only organisations like the cgcm are required to streamline efforts for producing globalised tcm; also researchers are needed who, with cultural commitment, seek for transforming tcm to meet biomedical indications.
Learning to Labour 2.0
Authors: Zhongxuan Lin
Published: October 2016

Based on three years of participant observation on Macau’s main online forums and 163 fieldwork interviews, this paper proposes some possible answers to the question of how internet users in Macau have become immaterial and affective labourers. More specifically: how internet users are seemingly voluntarily but fundamentally compulsorily involved and articulated into the production process, which individualizes the exploitation of informational capitalism; how affect has become a force of self-valorization that can reward the labour itself by embodying feeling in the form of and for the purpose of expressing and sharing feeling; and how relation has become an unintentional intentionality that emerges from a bidirectional process of production. The inquiry into these concrete questions focuses on the complex dynamics of the transforming process through which internet users become immaterial and affective labour, rather than taking the concept for granted as a consequence and necessary fait accompli.
Black Bondspeople, White Masters and Mistresses, and the Americanization of the Upper Mississippi River Lead District
Authors: Stinson Jennifer Kirsten
Published: October 2016

African Americans inhabited a multicultural spectrum of bondage and resistance in the antebellum Illinois-Wisconsin lead district. Contests between early Upper Mississippi River Valley Native American, French, and British inhabitants first forced bondspeople into the lead country. There, overlapping US and French practices of bondage and lengthy race-based indentures made a mockery of the Northwest Ordinance that forbade slavery, consigning black men and women to outright slavery at worst or a liminal, limited freedom at best. Bondage fractured families and imposed arduous mining and domestic labor upon African Americans. Simultaneously, it underpinned white Americans’ bids for supremacy in the region, making elite masculinity, protecting whiteness, promoting political advancement, and civilizing the “wilderness” in the process. In response to the miseries inflicted upon them, bondspeople pursued courtroom resistance and sought extralegal respite through religion and within military culture. Too often, their efforts yielded disappointment or devastation. Freedom eluded most until 1850.
The Price You Pay
Authors: Roitman Jessica V.
Published: October 2016

Planters and colonial officials throughout the Caribbean feared the consequences of emancipation in the nineteenth century, especially after the British abolished slavery in 1834. Concerns were particularly strong among the planters and colonial officials of the Dutch Leeward islands of St. Maarten, Saba, and St. Eustatius, as their geographical location left them vulnerable to the decisions of neighboring imperial powers. As early as 1825, when British law prohibited the extradition of foreign runaway slaves from their colonies, freedom was just a short boat ride away for the enslaved population of the Dutch islands, leading to worries that their islands would quickly become depopulated of their laborers. These fears were ultimately unfounded, however. As this article shows, the majority of slaves of the Dutch Leeward islands chose to either stay home or, after sojourning in another place, decided to return to their homes.
A new name and a new combination for Syzygium (Myrtaceae) from tropical Africa
Authors: BYNG JAMES W. , SNOW NEIL
Published: October 2016

A new name, Syzygium chimanimaniense, and a new combination, S. subcordatum, are provided for two poorly known montane African species. Diagnostic characters, distributions, specimens examined, and illustrations are provided for the two species for the first time. In addition, Syzygium micklethwaitii subsp. subcordatum var. dryas is synonymised with S. subcordatum, based on field and herbarium observations.
Pycnandra longiflora (Sapotaceae) a species believed to be extinct, rediscovered in New Caledonia
Authors: MUNZINGER JÉRÔME , SWENSON ULF
Published: October 2016

Pycnandra longiflora (Sapotaceae) belongs to the largest endemic genus in New Caledonia. It is only known from the type collection made in 1861–67 at the obscure locality “Gatope”. Relocation of this species has been of high priority for more than a decade, but without success. Pycnandra longiflora was therefore recently declared extinct. However, a population was recently discovered near a mining site at Onajiele, in the Ouazangou-Taom massif, and it is revealed that P. longiflora has the most spectacular flowers in the entire genus, being large and bicoloured in red and yellow. A thorough description is here outlined and we propose a preliminary IUCN status as Critically Endangered.
A review of the Geocoridae of Mexico (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea), with descriptions of four new species, new distributional records, and a key to the known subfamilies, tribes, genera and species
Authors: BRAILOVSKY HARRY
Published: October 2016

The family Geocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea) from Mexico is revised. Two subfamilies, one tribe, four genera, and fifteen species are treated in detail and descriptions or redescriptions are provided for all. Four new species of Geocoris are described: G. cervantesi (from Baja California), G. coahuilensis (from Coahuila), G. nuevoleonensis (from Nuevo Leon), and G. signoretae (from Aguascalientes, Hidalgo, and Puebla). The subspecies Geocoris thoracicus wickhami (Montandon) is considered a junior synonym of the nominal species G. thoracicus (Fieber). Key to subfamilies, tribes, genera and species recorded from Mexico are included. New distributional records for all of the previously known species are added. Isthmocoris slevini (Van Duzee) and I. tristis (Stål) are recorded for the first time from Mexico. Notes on the biology of most of the species are included. Color dorsal habitus photos, as well as drawings of the paramere, are included to aid in the identification of the species.
First description of larval stages of Aleochara pseudochrysorroa Caron, Mise & Klimaszewski, 2008
Authors: SILVA MAYCON R. DA , ZARBIN PAULO H. G.
Published: October 2016

Aleochara pseudochryssoroa is an abundant species near Centro Politécnico UFPR (Federal University of Paraná), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. This species can easily be collected in animal carcasses being an important fly regulator in this area. The adults of Aleochara prey on fly larvae, while the immature stages of Aleochara are parasitoids of fly pupae. The larvae studied here, were reared from adults of A. pseudochrysorroa collected in Curitiba, Paraná state, Brazil in animal carcasses. The immature specimens obtained were cleared and studied in glycerin in order to describe all immature stages. In this work, we describe and illustrate for the first time all larval instars of Aleochara pseudochryssoroa.
A new species of symbiotic palaemonid shrimp of the genus Pseudocoutierea Holthuis, 1951 (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, with an updated key for the identification of species of the genus
Authors: RAMOS-TAFUR GABRIEL E. , LEMAITRE RAFAEL
Published: October 2016

A new species of symbiotic palaemonid shrimp of the genus Pseudocoutierea Holthuis, 1951, is described based on a specimen collected in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, off the southwest coast of Florida. Pseudocoutierea stephanieae sp. nov., is the seventh known in this genus, and morphologically most similar to P. antillensis Chace, 1972, and P. conchae Criales, 1981, from the western Atlantic, and P. elegans Holthuis, 1952, from the eastern Pacific, all sharing an expanded rostral base or eaves that terminate supra-distally in an acute tooth. This new species can be separated by: the presence of an epigastric knob or tubercle on the anterior mid-dorsal third of the carapace, which is absent in all other congeneric species; the shape of the pterygostomial sinus, which is shallow in this new species, whereas it is deep and well defined in all other congeneric species. An updated dichotomous key to species of Pseudocoutierea is presented.
A new species of Timnewia García Aldrete (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae), from Brazil
Authors: NETO ALBERTO MOREIRA DA SILVA , ALDRETE ALFONSO N. GARCÍA , RAFAEL JOSÉ ALBERTINO
Published: October 2016

A new species of Timnewia from the Brazilian state of Roraima, is here described and illustrated. It differs from T. greeni (New) in details of the forewing and in hypandrium and phallosome morphology.
Covariation of Finite-Amplitude Wave Activity and the Zonal-Mean Flow in the Midlatitude Troposphere. Part II: Eddy Forcing Spectra and the Periodic Behavior in the Southern Hemisphere Summer
Authors: Wang Lei , Nakamura Noboru
Published: October 2016

Previously, in Part I of this study, the authors used latitude-by-latitude budgets of the vertically integrated finite-amplitude wave activity (FAWA) to describe the covariation of the zonal-mean state and eddy amplitude. In the austral summer within 40°–55°S, FAWA exhibits a marked 20–30-day periodicity driven mainly by the low-level meridional eddy heat flux, consistent with the recently identified baroclinic annular mode (BAM).

The present article examines the spectra of eddy heat flux that produce the periodic behavior in the Southern Hemisphere storm track. Analysis of the ERA-Interim product reveals that the 20–30-day periodicity in raw FAWA and eddy heat flux is particularly robust during the warm season. A dry GCM is shown to reproduce qualitatively BAM-like eddy heat flux spectra if the zonal-mean state resembles that of the austral summer and if the surface thermal damping is sufficiently strong. The observed eddy heat flux cospectra in summer contain a few dominant frequencies for each of the energy-containing zonal wavenumbers (4–6). The corresponding Fourier modes are heat transporting but neutral, with slightly different meridional structures. As these modes travel at different phase speeds they interfere with each other and produce an amplitude modulation to the eddy heat flux with a periodicity consistent with the BAM. The meridionally confined baroclinic zone in the mean state of the austral summer provides a waveguide that directs the mode propagation and interference along the latitude circle. However, the processes that give rise to the quasi-discrete Fourier modes remain to be identified.
Three Strategies for the Critical Use of Statistical Methods in Psychological Research
Authors: Campitelli Guillermo , Macbeth Guillermo , Ospina Raydonal , Marmolejo-Ramos Fernando
Published: October 2016

We present three strategies to replace the null hypothesis statistical significance testing approach in psychological research: (1) visual representation of cognitive processes and predictions, (2) visual representation of data distributions and choice of the appropriate distribution for analysis, and (3) model comparison. The three strategies have been proposed earlier, so we do not claim originality. Here we propose to combine the three strategies and use them not only as analytical and reporting tools but also to guide the design of research. The first strategy involves a visual representation of the cognitive processes involved in solving the task at hand in the form of a theory or model together with a representation of a pattern of predictions for each condition. The second approach is the GAMLSS approach, which consists of providing a visual representation of distributions to fit the data, and choosing the best distribution that fits the raw data for further analyses. The third strategy is the model comparison approach, which compares the model of the researcher with alternative models. We present a worked example in the field of reasoning, in which we follow the three strategies.
Influence of urbanity on perception of mental illness stigma: a population based study in urban and rural Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Ta Thi Minh Tam , Zieger Aron , Schomerus Georg , Cao Tien Duc , Dettling Michael , Do Xuan Tinh , Mungee Aditya , Diefenbacher Albert , Angermeyer Matthias C , Hahn Eric
Published: October 2016

Background and Aims:

To examine, for the first time in Vietnam, whether urbanity of respondents among other socio-demographic factors affects the public perception of stigma attached to persons with mental illness in Hanoi.

Methods:

A general population-based survey was carried out in 2013 in the greater Hanoi area. The perception of stigma attached to people with mental illness was elicited using Link’s perceived discrimination and devaluation scale (PDDS) carried out in Vietnamese language. The survey sample ( n = 806) was stratified for gender, urban/rural location, age, household size and marital status, in accordance with the 2013 Vietnamese census.

Results:

Comparing the total score of the PDDS and its single items, we found less perceived stigma and discrimination among the rural population of Hanoi and in respondents who reported religious attainment to either Buddhism or Christianity. Logistic regression analyses found no significant influences of gender, age, household size or marital status regarding the perceived stigma toward persons with mental illness.

Conclusion:

Less negative perception of stigma attached to persons with mental illness that was observed among the rural population in the Hanoi area may be interpreted in the light of possibly more demanding living conditions in modern urban Vietnam with less opportunities for mentally ill patients and points toward a dynamic interaction with rapidly changing living conditions in Asian megacities.
Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status on Risk-Adjusted Readmission Rates
Authors: Martsolf Grant R. , Barrett Marguerite L. , Weiss Audrey J. , Washington Raynard , Steiner Claudia A. , Mehrotra Ateev , Coffey Rosanna M.
Published: October 2016

Under the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), hospitals with excess readmissions for select conditions and procedures are penalized. However, readmission rates are not risk adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity. We examined how adding SES and race/ethnicity to the CMS risk-adjustment algorithm would affect hospitals’ excess readmission ratios and potential penalties under the HRRP. For each HRRP measure, we compared excess readmission ratios with and without SES and race/ethnicity included in the CMS standard risk-adjustment algorithm and estimated the resulting effects on overall penalties across a number of hospital characteristics. For the 5 HRRP measures (heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, and total hip or knee arthroplasty), we used data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s State Inpatient Databases for 2011-2012 to calculate the excess readmission ratio with and without SES and race/ethnicity included in the model. With these ratios, we estimated the impact on HRRP penalties and found that risk adjusting for SES and race/ethnicity would affect Medicare payments for 83.8% of hospitals. The effect on the size of HRRP penalties ranged from −14.4% to 25.6%, but the impact on overall Medicare base payments was small—ranging from −0.09% to 0.06%. Including SES and race/ethnicity in the calculation had a disproportionately favorable effect on safety-net and rural hospitals. Any financial effects on hospitals and on the Medicare program of adding SES and race/ethnicity to the HRRP risk-adjustment calculation likely would be small.
Tourism Forecasting Performance Considering the Instability of Demand Elasticities
Authors: Smeral Egon
Published: October 2016

This study highlights that accounting for the fact that tourism elasticities do not remain stable is crucial for forecasting situations. We demonstrate that approaches with constant elasticity assumptions might lead to substantial forecasting failures, especially in periods characterized by major economic fluctuations and changes in the macroeconomic environment. Therefore, in the course of distinct business cycles, we have to take into account that different price and income effects are to be expected. The main reasons why income elasticity may vary across the business cycle include loss aversion, liquidity constraints, and precautionary savings. By analyzing smooth transition autoregressive models and time-varying parameter approaches, we demonstrate that elasticities may vary as a result of structural changes in consumer behavior and/or policy regime shifts. Income elasticities may also change in the medium term in line with the worsening of the macroeconomic environment and indicate that tourism is no longer a luxury good.
A situation analysis of clinical psychology services in South Africa’s public rural primary care settings
Authors: De Kock Johannes H , Pillay Basil J
Published: October 2016

The goal of our study was to provide a situation analysis of clinical psychology services in South Africa’s public rural primary healthcare sector. In this setting, the treatment gap between human resources for and the burden of disease for mental illness is as high as 85%. The majority of South Africa’s mental health specialists – clinical psychologists and psychiatrists – practice in the country’s urban and peri-urban private sector. At the advent of South Africa’s democracy, public clinical psychological services were negligible, and the country is still facing challenges in providing human resources. The study was based on the analysis of both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected by interviewing the heads of 160 public hospitals classified as rural by the Department of Health, while secondary data comprised a literature review. The number of clinical psychologists working in the public sector indicated a substantial growth over the last 20 years, while the number employed and/or doing out-reach to public rural primary healthcare areas shows a shortfall. Clinical psychology’s numbers, however, compare favourably to that of other mental health specialists in public rural primary healthcare settings. Since the National Mental Health Summit of 2012, strategies have been implemented to improve access to mental health care. In clinical psychology’s case relating to human resources, these strategies have showed encouraging results with a substantial amount of participating institutions reporting that clinical psychologists form a part of their proposed future staff establishment.
Police Officers’ Trust in Their Agency: Does Self-Legitimacy Protect Against Supervisor Procedural Injustice?
Authors: Wolfe Scott E. , Nix Justin
Published: October 2016

We examined whether police officer self-legitimacy moderates the effect of supervisor procedural injustice on organizational trust. Data from a sample of sheriff’s deputies ( N = 510) were used to test this question. Results from multivariate models showed that (a) supervisor procedural injustice was associated with less organizational trust among deputies, (b) self-legitimacy was positively associated with trust in the agency, and (c) self-legitimacy conditioned the effect of procedural injustice on organizational trust. These findings advance the literature in several ways. First, this study provides one of the first empirical examinations of organizational trust—a concept widely studied in the business-related literature—in a police agency context. The findings suggested that supervisor procedural injustice and officer self-legitimacy are key correlates of trust in a police agency. Second, the results further underscore the importance of self-legitimacy by revealing that it can serve as a protective factor against negative experiences within the organization.
Wide discrepancies in activated clotting times measured by two devices were detected for a patient with lupus anticoagulant in a cardiac surgery
Authors: Miyazawa Keika , Otsuka Yuji , Ishiguro Yoshiki
Published: October 2016

Introduction:

For a patient with lupus anticoagulant (LA), activated coagulation time (ACT) was measured with two different types of devices (HEMOCHRON® 801 and HEMOCHRON® Jr).

Case Report:

ACTs during heparinization measured with the HEMOCHRON® 801 were over the range of measurement, while those with the HEMOCHRON® Jr. reflected an almost normal response to heparin.

Discussion:

The phospholipid contained in an activating agent of the HEMOCHRON® Jr was suggested to have counteracted the effect of LA.

Conclusion:

It was indicated that the coagulation status for LA-positive patients might be better assessed by ACT measured with phospholipid in an activating agent, although careful interpretation is required.
Supervised Injectable Heroin: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Bell James , Waal Rob van der , Strang John
Published: October 2016

Background:

Six recent randomised control trials (RCTs) have suggested that supervised injectable heroin (SIH) can be effective in patients who persist in street heroin use during methadone treatment. However, short-term randomised control trials have limitations in assessing the effectiveness of treatments for addictive disorders, which are chronic and relapsing disorders of motivation. These RCTs particularly fail to capture the process of the SIH treatment and the diversity of influence and change over time.

Method:

This narrative review is based on the analysis of published data. Conclusions are drawn from a process of reflection informed by experience in delivering one of the published trials, subsequent experiences in varying the way SIH is delivered, and through consideration of possible mechanisms of action of SIH.

Observations:

Many long-term, socially marginalised and demoralised people who are addicted to heroin experience few rewards from the stability afforded by methadone treatment. Supervised injected heroin is sufficiently reinforcing for many of these individuals to attend daily and participate in highly structured treatment. With an adequate daily dose of supervised methadone to avoid withdrawal dysphoria, occasional diamorphine injections—not necessarily twice daily, or even every day—is enough to hold people in treatment. Participation was associated with reduced amounts of non-prescribed drug use, a gradual change in self-image and attitude, and for some subjects, a movement towards social reintegration and eventual withdrawal from SIH.

Conclusions:

Prescribed heroin is sufficiently motivating to hold a proportion of recidivist addicts in long-term treatment. Participation in structured treatment provides respite from compulsive drug use, and a proportion of subjects develop sufficient rewards from social reintegration to successfully withdraw from treatment. Such change, when it occurs, is slow and stuttering.
Energy and Protein Delivery in Overweight and Obese Children in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Martinez Enid E. , Ariagno Katelyn A. , Stenquist Nicole , Anderson Daniela , Muñoz Eliana , Mehta Nilesh M.
Published: October 2016

Background: Early and optimal energy and protein delivery have been associated with improved clinical outcomes in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Overweight and obese children in the PICU may be at risk for suboptimal macronutrient delivery; we aimed to describe macronutrient delivery in this cohort. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of PICU patients ages 2–21 years, with body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile and >48 hours stay. Nutrition variables were extracted regarding nutrition screening and assessment, energy and protein prescription, and delivery. Results: Data from 83 patient encounters for 52 eligible patients (52% male; median age 9.6 [5–15] years) were included. The study cohort had a longer median PICU length of stay (8 vs 5 days, P < .0001) and increased mortality rate (6/83 vs 182/5572, P = .045) than concurrent PICU patient encounters. Detailed nutrition assessment was documented for 60% (50/83) of patient encounters. Energy expenditure was estimated primarily by predictive equations. Stress factor >1.0 was applied in 44% (22/50). Median energy delivered as a percentage of estimated requirements by the Schofield equation was 34.6% on day 3. Median protein delivered as a percentage of recommended intake was 22.1% on day 3. Conclusions: The study cohort had suboptimal nutrition assessments and macronutrient delivery during their PICU course. Mortality and duration of PICU stay were greater when compared with the general PICU population. Nutrition assessment, indirect calorimetry‐guided energy prescriptions, and optimizing the delivery of energy and protein must be emphasized in this cohort. The impact of these practices on clinical outcomes must be investigated.
Analysis of the effect and mechanism of microwave curing on the chemical shrinkage of epoxy resins
Authors: Wu Xiaochun , Li Yingguang , Li Nanya , Zhou Jing , Hao Xiaozhong
Published: October 2016

The microwave cure–induced chemical shrinkage of epoxy resins in composite materials was researched in this article. Four kinds of epoxy resins were cured using the microwave and thermal heating process. An improved device containing fiber Bragg grating sensors was applied to accurately measure the chemical shrinkage–induced linear strains in those samples. Experimental results indicated that the chemical shrinkage of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/polyetheramine (PEA) and tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenylmethane/4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone epoxy resins was significantly reduced by microwave curing, and the reductions about 37.1 and 38.4% were achieved compared with the thermal-cured counterparts. However, the chemical shrinkage of the thermal- and microwave-cured samples was almost the same for DGEBA/methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and DGEBA/dicyandiamide epoxies. In order to analyze the influencing mechanism of microwaves on the chemical shrinkage, the chemical structure of various samples was characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the free volume was measured by positron annihilation lifetime spectrometer. It was found that microwaves can greatly decrease the contents of hydroxyl groups in epoxy resins, leading to the reduction of the chemical shrinkage. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of both microwave- and thermal-cured DGEBA/PEA epoxies were studied, and the results showed that the microwave-cured specimens have a higher impact strength but a lower tensile strength.
Preparation and characterization of new aromatic poly(ether ester)s bearing cardo xanthene groups
Authors: Gao Chao , Wei Mei-Hong , Liu Xiao-Ling , Huang Zhen-Zhong , Sheng Shou-Ri
Published: October 2016

A series of new aromatic poly(ether ester)s containing cardo xanthene groups were synthesized by phase transfer–catalyzed interfacial polycondensation of three cardo bisphenols such as 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)xanthene, 9,9-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)xanthene, and 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)xanthene with terephthaloyl chloride and isophthaloyl chloride. Inherent viscosities and number average molecular weights of the polymers were in the range 0.56–0.80 dL g−1 and 30,300–36,200, respectively. The resulting poly(ether ester)s exhibited high glass transition temperatures ranged from 208°C to 274°C, and their 10% weight loss temperatures were in the range of 440–458°C with char yields above 45% at 600°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. All the poly(ether ester)s were amorphous and readily soluble in organic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, meta-cresol, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at room temperature and could be cast into tough, transparent, and flexible films with tensile strengths of 68.2–86.8 MPa, elongations at break of 2–3%, and tensile moduli of 5.7–7.8 GPa.
Public understanding of One Health messages: The role of temporal framing
Authors: Roh Sungjong , Rickard Laura N. , McComas Katherine A. , Decker Daniel J.
Published: October 2016

Building on research in motivated reasoning and framing in science communication, we examine how messages that vary attribution of responsibility (human vs animal) and temporal orientation (now vs in the next 10 years) for wildlife disease risk influence individuals’ conservation intentions. We conducted a randomized experiment with a nationally representative sample of US adults ( N = 355), which revealed that for people low in biospheric concern, messages that highlighted both human responsibility for and the imminent nature of the risk failed to enhance conservation intentions compared with messages highlighting animal responsibility. However, when messages highlighting human responsibility placed the risk in a temporally distal frame, conservation intentions increased among people low in biospheric concern. We assess the underlying mechanism of this effect and discuss the value of temporal framing in overcoming motivated skepticism to improve science communication.
COMMUTER BRIDGE
Authors: Merlone Ugo , Romano Angelo
Published: October 2016

Background. COMMUTER BRIDGE is a n-person social dilemma game that allows participants to experience situations in which individual rationality leads to collective disaster.

Aim. Participants are asked to imagine they are commuters who must every day reach a place in the shortest possible time.

Method. The game is divided in two phases: in the first phase, participants can choose between two routes whereas in the second phase they are given a third possibility by the construction of a bridge that, paradoxically, increases traffic.

Results and conclusion. Participating in this activity will enhance understanding of social dilemmas, help discover the limitations of communications, and develop insights about personal fallacies in strategic reasoning.
Novel Use of Ranolazine as an Antiarrhythmic Agent in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: White C. Michael , Nguyen Elaine
Published: October 2016

Objective: To review the limitations of current antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation (AF) and discuss the rationale and clinical trials supporting the use of ranolazine in AF. Data Sources: MEDLINE was searched from 1980 to September 2016 using the terms ranolazine, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery bypass grafting, and valve surgery. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language studies and reviews assessing antiarrhythmic drugs, including ranolazine, were incorporated. Data Synthesis: The use of ranolazine monotherapy has been evaluated in 2 clinical trials. In the RAFFAELLO trial, higher doses of ranolazine showed a trend toward lower AF recurrence versus placebo ( P = 0.053), but further evidence is needed to support its use as a sole therapeutic agent. Ranolazine has shown utility in a limited number of studies as an adjunctive agent, which is critical for those in whom standard therapy is inadequate or the adverse event profile precludes optimized standard therapy. In the HARMONY trial, ranolazine 750 mg and dronedarone 225 mg twice daily reduced the AF burden by 59.1% from baseline ( P = 0.008 vs placebo). In a trial by Koskinas and colleagues, patients receiving ranolazine 1500 mg once and intravenous amiodarone had a higher conversion rate than those receiving amiodarone alone ( P = 0.024). There are also promising studies for the prevention and treatment of post–cardiothoracic surgery AF, which require further investigation. Conclusions: Ranolazine’s pharmacological properties and available evidence suggest potential for its use in AF.
The real cost of training health professionals in Australia: it costs as much to build a dietician workforce as a dental workforce
Authors: Segal Leonie , Marsh Claire , Heyes Rob
Published: October 2016

Objectives

We explored the real cost of training the workforce in a range of primary health care professions in Australia with a focus on the impact of retention to contribute to the debate on how best to achieve the optimal health workforce mix.

Methods

The cost to train an entry-level health professional across 12 disciplines was derived from university fees, payment for clinical placements and, where relevant, cost of internship, adjusted for student drop-out. Census data were used to identify the number of qualified professionals working in their profession over a working life and to model expected years of practice by discipline. Data were combined to estimate the mean cost of training a health professional per year of service in their occupation.

Results

General medical graduates were the most expensive to train at $451,000 per completing student and a mean cost of $18,400 per year of practice (expected 24.5 years in general practice), while dentistry also had a high training cost of $352,180 but an estimated costs of $11,140 per year of practice (based on an expected 31.6 years in practice). Training costs are similar for dieticians and podiatrists, but because of differential workforce retention (mean 14.9 vs 31.5 years), the cost of training per year of clinical practice is twice as high for dieticians ($10,300 vs. $5200), only 8% lower than that for dentistry.

Conclusions

Return on investment in training across professions is highly variable, with expected time in the profession as important as the direct training cost. These results can indicate where increased retention and/or attracting trained professionals to return to practice should be the focus of any supply expansion versus increasing the student cohort.
A distributed adaptive local searching algorithm for wireless sensor network localization
Authors: Hernández Oscar Osvaldo Saldaña , Cota-Ruiz Juan , Gonzalez-Landaeta Rafael , Sifuentes Ernesto
Published: October 2016

The location of sensors represents a relevant attribute in wireless sensor networks. In this article, we propose a distributed range-based localization algorithm for wireless sensor network. The algorithm is mainly based on an adaptively local circular searching area where each unknown sensor must find inside a position that minimizes the error distance with neighboring sensors using a local function. The new position of a sensor is broadcast to neighboring sensors allowing collaboratively to other sensors re-estimate their new positions. The iterative process is repeated until a stopping criterion is reached. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, and results indicate that the approach overcomes the other methods in both accuracy and time of convergence.
Physical properties of lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets
Authors: Chono Sumio , Nakamura Katsuki , Matsui Megumi
Published: October 2016

Here we examined the physical properties of one branded and five generic lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets (formulations A and B, C, D, E, and F, respectively), including their hydrophilia and tablet strength and the strength required to push the tablets out of a press through package. The wetting time of formulation F (38 ± 4 s) was approximately 1.5–2.7 fold of that of formulations A, B, C, D, and E (25 ± 2, 14 ± 1, 14 ± 1, 16 ± 1, and 22 ± 1 s, respectively). Formulations B, C, D, E, and F had hardness (>3 kgf) and friability (<1%) that could endure impact and vibration of the manufacturing process and transporting. However, formulation A did not have enough tablet strength. The press through package pushing out strength of formulation C (34.4 ± 3.0 N) was approximately 1.2–1.7 fold of that of formulations A, B, D, E, and F (20.1 ± 1.8, 29.7 ± 1.3, 28.0 ± 1.8, 22.3 ± 2.3, and 24.2 ± 2.1 N, respectively). These findings indicate that the physical properties of lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets, such as their hydrophilia, tablet strength, and press through package pushing out strength, differ between formulations. This study provides useful information for selecting lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets individually suitable for each patient.