bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Ethanol Potentiates the Loss of Outer Hair Cells in Cisplatin‐Exposed Rats
Authors: Madnani Dilip , Li Geming , Frenz Christopher M. , Frenz Dorothy A.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of oral ethanol on cisplatin ototoxicity.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Twenty‐seven‐week‐old, female Fisher 344 rats were divided into 4 experimental groups. The animals were administered per os (PO) saline (group 1), PO ethanol (group 2), PO saline with intraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin (group 3), or PO ethanol with IP cisplatin (group 4). After 3 days, scanning electron microscopy and counts of outer auditory hair cells were performed.

RESULTS

A 2‐fold increase in outer hair cell loss was obtained in the basal cochlear turn of rats receiving concomitant cisplatin and ethanol compared with animals receiving cisplatin and saline. No hair cell loss was observed in the middle cochlear turn of any experimental group.

CONCLUSION

Our findings support potentiation of ototoxicity when cisplatin is combined with oral ethanol.

SIGNIFICANCE

Contraindications for alcohol use in cancer patients receiving cisplatin are implicated.
Immediate Gore‐Tex Sling Suspension for Management of Facial Paralysis in Head and Neck Extirpative Surgery
Authors: Skourtis Mia E. , Weber Stephen M. , Kriet J. David , Girod Douglas A. , Tsue Terance T. , Wax Mark K.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE

We sought to evaluate the functional and aesthetic outcomes of immediate facial reconstruction with a Gore‐Tex (expanded polytetrofluoroethylene) sling in irradiated patients undergoing large head and neck tumor extirpation with facial nerve resection.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

We conducted a retrospective study of 17 patients at two academic institutions who underwent extirpative surgery with immediate Gore‐Tex sling reconstruction and completed radiotherapy. Functional and aesthetic results were evaluated at three intervals.

RESULTS

All patients had excellent immediate results and good or excellent intermediate‐term results. At long‐term follow‐up, results were good to excellent in 47% and unacceptable in 35% of patients.

CONCLUSION

In irradiated patients undergoing total parotidectomy with immediate facial reconstruction using Gore‐Tex slings, early results are excellent, but there is a high incidence of major wound complications and unacceptable results in long‐term follow‐up.

SIGNIFICANCE

There is a high rate of late complications associated with immediate facial reconstruction with Gore‐Tex slings in irradiated patients.
Modeling Mechanisms of Skull Base Injury for Drivers in Motor Vehicle Collisions
Authors: Grant Jonathan R. , Rhee John S. , Pintar Frank A. , Yoganandan Narayan
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE

To develop biomechanical variable models for driver skull base injury mechanisms in motor vehicle collisions.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective database review.

METHODS

Biomechanical collision variables and safety restraint data were analyzed for Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network skull base trauma subjects enrolled during the recruitment period between 1996 and 2005.

RESULTS

For drivers satisfying inclusion criteria (n = 26), injury resulted from contact with rigid vehicle structural elements in 82%, and occurred in 50% despite both seatbelt and air bags. Eight percent used neither seatbelts nor air bags. Seventy‐two percent involved vector velocity changes greater than 30 mph. The relative morbidity of skull base injuries was also detailed.

CONCLUSION

The majority of driver skull base injuries resulted from contact with rigid vehicle structural elements in high velocity crashes. Seatbelt and air bag use could not be definitively correlated with skull base injury.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Injury mechanism models can be developed that facilitate further investigations to determine impact and scope on a national scale.
Otoplasty for Prominent Ears: A Versatile Combined Technique to Master the Shape of the Ear
Authors: Salgarello Marzia , Gasperoni Carlo , Montagnese Antonella , Farallo Eugenio
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE

We present our experience with an otoplasty technique that combines “closed” anterior scoring using the Stenström otoabrader with mattress sutures to the posterior cartilage.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

In a retrospective study, we report our experience with 135 patients operated on in the last 12 years. Some surgical principles make our procedure different from previous combination techniques: the posterior access incision is linear without skin excision; anterior scoring is performed along the entire antihelix and scapha, with care to score toward the concha at the tail of the antihelix to bring the ear lobe nearer to the mastoid; Mustarde's mattress sutures are used to stabilize the result.

RESULTS

There were no major complications and few minor complications. The aesthetic results were graded as very good or good in 95% of the cases; the rest were graded as satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONS

Our technique is versatile, gives pleasant, natural‐looking results, and has a low complication rate. It is a simple, reliable, reproducible, and easily mastered method.
Comparison of a dietary portfolio diet of cholesterol-lowering foods and a statin on LDL particle size phenotype in hypercholesterolaemic participants
Authors: Gigleux Iris , Jenkins David J. A. , Kendall Cyril W. C. , Marchie Augustine , Faulkner Dorothea A. , Wong Julia M. W. , de Souza Russell , Emam Azadeh , Parker Tina L. , Trautwein Elke A. , Lapsley Karen G. , Connelly Philip W. , Lamarche Benoît
Published: July 2007

The effect of dietv. statins on LDL particle size as a risk factor for CVD has not been examined. We compared, in the same subjects, the impact of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods and a statin on LDL size electrophoretic characteristics. Thirty-four hyperlipidaemic subjects completed three 1-month treatments as outpatients in random order: a very-low saturated fat diet (control); the same diet with 20 mg lovastatin; a dietary portfolio high in plant sterols (1 g/4200 kJ), soya proteins (21·4 g/4200 kJ), soluble fibres (9·8 g/4200 kJ) and almonds (14 g/4200 kJ). LDL electrophoretic characteristics were measured by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis of fasting plasma at 0, 2 and 4 weeks of each treatment. The reductions in plasma LDL-cholesterol levels with the dietary portfolio and with statins were comparable and were largely attributable to reductions in the estimated concentration of cholesterol within the smallest subclass of LDL (portfolio − 0·69 (se0·10) mmol/l, statin − 0·99 (se0·10) mmol/l). These were significantly greater (P < 0·01) than changes observed after the control diet ( − 0·17 (se0·08) mmol/l). Finally, baseline C-reactive protein levels were a significant predictor of the LDL size responsiveness to the dietary portfolio but not to the other treatments. The dietary portfolio, like the statin treatment, had only minor effects on several features of the LDL size phenotype, but the pronounced reduction in cholesterol levels within the small LDL fraction may provide additional cardiovascular benefit over the traditional low-fat diet of National Cholesterol Education Program Step II.
The effects of fish oil and high or low linoleic acid intake on fatty acid composition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Damsgaard Camilla T. , Frøkiær Hanne , Lauritzen Lotte
Published: July 2007

Dietary intake of 18: 2n-6 and 18: 3n-3 may affect endogenous production and incorporation ofn-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) from fish oils (FO). This double-blinded controlled 2 × 2-factorial 8-week intervention investigates the effects of high and low 18: 2n-6 intake in combination with FO-supplementation on tissue fatty acid composition. Healthy young men (n64) were randomized to capsules with FO or olive oil (control) (4·4 (2·0–5·6) ml/d) and to either sunflower oil and margarine (S/B) or rapeseed oil and a butter spread (R/K) to provide a high or a low 18: 2n-6 intake. Diet was measured by 4-d weighed dietary records at baseline, during and 8 weeks after the intervention and tissue incorporation as fatty acid composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The fat intervention gave a mean difference in the 18: 2n-6 intake of 7·3 g/d (95 % CI 4·6, 10·0) and a similar 18: 3n-3 intake in the groups. The R/K groups had a 0·2 % fatty acid (FA%) (95 % CI 0·0, 0·4,P = 0·02) higher content of 22: 5n-3 in the PBMC, a tendency of slightly higher 20: 5n-3 (P = 0·06), but no more 22: 6n-3 (P = 0·83) than the S/B groups. FO effectively raised the PBMC content of alln-3 LCPUFA (P < 0·001). The fat intervention did not markedly influence the effect of FO; the mean PBMC content ofn-3 LCPUFA was 10·3 (sem0·3) FA% in the FO+S/B group and 10·6 (sem0·2) FA% in the FO+R/K group. In conclusion, increasing the 18: 2n-6 intake did not have any pronounced effect on incorporation ofn-3 LCPUFA in PBMC, either alone or with simultaneous FO supplementation.
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Li Y. , Yang X. , Zhai F. , Kok F. J. , Zhao W. , Piao J. , Zhang J. , Cui Z. , Ma G.
Published: July 2007

Since national figures on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome among Chinese adolescents are lacking, this study aims to estimate its prevalence and distribution among Chinese youngsters. The 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey is a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Applying the criteria for US adolescents, we estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 2761 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Chinese adolescents overall was 3·7 % (10 % in US adolescents). It was 35·2 %, 23·4 % and 2·3 % among adolescents who were overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile), at risk of overweight (BMI between 85th and 95th percentile) and normal weight (BMI below the 85th percentile), respectively. Urban boys had the highest rate (5·8 %) compared with girls and rural youngsters. Among adolescents who had a BMI ≥ 85th percentile and one or two parent(s) with metabolic syndrome, the prevalence was 46·4 %. A total of 96 % of overweight adolescents had at least one and 74·1 % overweight adolescents had at least two abnormalities of metabolic syndrome. Based on these figures, it is estimated that more than three million Chinese adolescents have metabolic syndrome. Both overweight and metabolic syndrome prevalence among adolescents are still relatively low in China, but the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Chinese overweight adolescents is similar to those living in the USA.
Barabbas, the Scapegoat Ritual, and the Development of the Passion Narrative
Authors: Maclean Jennifer K. Berenson
Published: July 2007

The story of Barabbas's release by Pilate appears in all four canonical gospels (Mark 15:6–15; Matt 27:15–26; Luke 23:18–25; John 18:39–40). Although the accounts differ in some details, a fairly consistent plot line emerges: The crowd before Pilate, allowed to choose one prisoner for release, demands the release of Barabbas and the crucifixion of Jesus. There are, however, a number of puzzling aspects to this deceptively simple story, the most significant of which is the contention of the authors that there existed a custom of the governor releasing a prisoner at the Passover festival. According to Mark and Matthew, this was a Roman custom (Mark 15:6; Matt 27:15); according to John, a Jewish custom (John 18:39). Yet, no evidence for such a custom in Judea has been found. Even more tellingly, Luke's omission of such a custom, as well as his statement in Acts 25:16, shows that he thought such a custom unbelievable. This custom is also considered by some to be at odds with the portrait of Pilate gathered from Jewish literature. Roger Aus states the case most strongly: “[Pilate] never would have allowed himself to be subject to the whims of a crowd, especially an uncontrollable one which bordered on a riot.” For these reasons many scholars have concluded that while a Barabbas may have been released by Pilate, the story as we have it in the gospels is a literary creation.
A Taste of Eden: Modern Christianity and Vegetarianism
Authors: CALVERT SAMANTHA JANE
Published: July 2007

This article considers how the roots of modern vegetarianism, one of the fastest growing cultural trends in the UK and USA since the 1960s, can be found in Protestant sectarianism. Christian vegetarianism is shown to have developed in three main periods: the first during the first half of the nineteenth century and culminating in 1847 with the founding of the Vegetarian Society; the second starting in the 1890s; and the third in the 1960s. The article demonstrates that the main themes to be found in the arguments for Christian vegetarianism are humanitarianism, purity and reincarnation. It examines why these movements experienced only limited success in preaching a Christian vegetarian message and considers whether this work continues today in the work of groups of vegetarian Christians within the mainstream Churches.
Faiths, Fortunes and Feminine Duty: Charity in Parisian High Society 1880–1914
Authors: MACKNIGHT ELIZABETH C.
Published: July 2007

On 4 May 1897 more than a hundred Parisians – mostly women of high society – perished in the Charity Bazaar fire. The records of this terrible accident reveal much about the charitable practices of the nobility in France of the Third Republic. This article explores the place of religion in upper-class charity within the context of republican anticlericalism. It focuses especially on issues of inter-faith collaboration and the role of aristocratic women in supporting the work of the Catholic Church.
Allies or Merely Friends? John of Antioch and Nestorius in the Christological Controversy
Authors: FAIRBAIRN DONALD
Published: July 2007

Starting with the fact that John of Antioch and Nestorius were friends, this article asks whether they were also theological allies, as is commonly assumed. Based on an examination of a letter written by John to Nestorius in November of ad 430, as well as other pertinent letters and documents, the author concludes that the two were not on the same side theologically, but that John was unaware of how fundamentally they disagreed. The relationship between John and Nestorius is then used to help interpret the proceedings at Ephesus in ad 431, the action of John and of Cyril of Alexandria in the Reunion of 433 and the Christological controversy as a whole.
St Berardus of Marsica (d. 1130) ‘Model Gregorian Bishop’
Authors: HOWE JOHN
Published: July 2007

The ‘Gregorian Reform’ or ‘Gregorian Revolution’ is a model of top–down ecclesiastical change that assumes that local bishops suddenly became, to some extent, agents of Rome. One striking illustration of this is the portrayal of the ‘new Gregorian bishop’, based largely on Berardus of Marsica (d. 1130), presented by Pierre Toubert in his classic Structures du Latium médiéval (1973), and now reprised by Jacques Dalarun (2003). This article, employing an unedited collection of miracles, re-examines Toubert's treatment of Berardus and reveals a reforming saint who belongs less to Rome and more to his idiosyncratic cathedral of Santa Sabina.
Herbert Thorndike and the Covenant of Grace
Authors: McGIFFERT MICHAEL
Published: July 2007

Herbert Thorndike's Of the covenant of grace (1659) was the largest and last substantial word on its subject from a priest of the seventeenth-century English Church. Recasting elements of practical divinity that are commonly associated with evangelical Puritanism, attacking the error of absolute and immediate predestination by decree and shifting stress from baptism to regeneration, Thorndike defended God's honour and majesty by affirming human freedom of choice in the ordo salutis and the moral life. His argument centred in a programme of reciprocal ‘helps’ that unites Arminian synergism with the early modern scholastic concept of scientia media, God's ‘middle knowledge’.
Mating behaviour of the marine snail Littoraria flava (Mollusca:Caenogastropoda) on a boulder shore of south-east Brazil
Authors: Cardoso Ricardo Silva , Costa Diogo Silva , Loureiro Viviane Fernandes
Published: July 2007

The mating pattern of Littoraria flava, a typical grazer snail of the supralittoral zone and sometimes the midlittoral zone of boulder shores in tropical and sub-tropical regions, was examined to determine the occurrence of size-assortative mating and sexual selection on size. We also evaluated its reproductive behavioural mechanisms, as well as their implications for the evolution of the species. The population was investigated from May 2001 through April 2002, on an artificial rocky shore composed of a boulder wall at Flexeira Beach, Itacuruçá Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°56′S 43°53′W). The current study showed that: (1) copulating pairs were observed only from November through March, indicating seasonal reproduction of the population; (2) linear correlation between sizes of copulating mates were weak but significant, characterizing assortative mating by size; (3) there was sexual selection for female size, i.e. large females were favoured as mating partners over small ones; however, sexual selection on size was not observed among males; (4) there were significant positive correlations between male and female shell sizes and the copulation time; (5) there were significant differences in copulation time among different types of copulating pairs; and (6) mating females were significantly larger than non-mating females, while there were no differences between the sizes of mating and non-mating males, indicating differential sexual selection between sexes. These findings may contribute to the evolution of sexual dimorphism in this species. Male choice behaviour plausibly explains the assortative mating and sexual selection on female size of Littoraria flava. As males chose larger mates because they benefit reproductively therefore large females have increased chances of mating and fertilization (sexual selection for size). Further evidence suggests that large females are more successful than small females in carrying out mating, because large females remain in copulation for a longer time than do small females.
On particle filtration by amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)
Authors: Nielsen S.E. , Bone Q. , Bond P. , Harper G.
Published: July 2007

We show in this paper that amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) is capable of collecting sub-micron particles on its mucous filter. This is made by an endostyle in some respects simpler than those of tunicates, and that unlike the filters in tunicates, the strands of the amphioxus filter are sticky. It therefore does not act simply as a sieve.
Energy metabolism and performance of Mytilus galloprovincialis under anaerobiosis
Authors: Babarro Jose M.F. , Labarta Uxío , Reiriz María José Fernández
Published: July 2007

Intertidal individuals of Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to anaerobiosis in laboratory at 22°C and a set of biochemical metabolites and survival potential determined. Differences in survival potential between individuals emersed or kept in oxygen-free seawater were residual according to ST50 values (survival time, P[asymp ]0.05) but emersed individuals survived significantly longer when considering ST90–100 values (P<0.05). Anaerobiosis was similarly activated under both emersion and incubation in anoxic seawater after 6 h according to a seven-fold increase in succinate. Longer exposure of individuals (up to 48 h) caused succinate (and propionate) to increase but in a higher magnitude under incubation with anoxic seawater. Propionate appeared in soft tissues after 24 h of incubation in anoxic seawater and after 48 h when individuals were emersed. Glycogen was not utilized after 6 h in any case, but was progressively used with longer exposure times and in a higher magnitude under incubation in anoxic seawater (48 h). Adenylate energy charge (AEC) was highly affected by both exposure time (P<0.001) and anaerobic treatment (P<0.01). Rapid breakdown of ATP and phospho-L-arginine (PLA) did occur during the first 24 h of anaerobiosis, the latter ATP drop was accompanied by slight increase of ADP but strong increase of AMP that accumulated in a higher magnitude under incubation in anoxic seawater. Biochemical results of the present study suggested a certain degree of aerobiosis for emersed M. galloprovincialis that in turn is linked to a slight but significant longer survival performance. Most significant biochemical changes occurred during the first 24 h of oxygen deprivation, but significant differences between treatments were observed after 24–48 h. These lag differences in biochemical metabolites together with more accurate survival analyses have to be considered when investigating the energy metabolism linked to the anaerobic performance of M. galloprovincialis.
Embryology and early ontogeny of an anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris
Authors: Yasir Inayah , Qin Jian G.
Published: July 2007

The present study describes the embryonic development and early ontogeny of Amphiprion ocellaris from fertilization to post hatching. Anemonefish spontaneously spawned at 27–28°C. The newly laid eggs were orange in colour and elliptical in shape (1.8×0.8 mm). Melanin appeared as a black mass situated at the vegetal pole in mature eggs. This is rarely seen in eggs of other fish species. We documented developmental times at 27–28°C to egg activation (0.5 h), cleavage (4 h), blastula (11.5 h), gastrula (20 h), neurula (24.5 h), somite (28.5 h), turnover (72 h), blood formation (113 h) and internal ear and jaw formation (144 h). Hatching occurred 152 h after fertilization. On day 4, the eye buds were pigmented and melanophores formed on the ventral surface of the embryo. Internal ear and gill formation were completed on day 5 and coincided with movement of the opercula and pectoral fins. The mouth formed on day 6 and the digestive tract appeared on day 7. By day 10, the yolk was fully absorbed and a substantial amount of food was observed in the gut. Dark and orange pigments were dispersed and aggregated through muscle contractions by day 14, but red pigments did not appear until the fish were three months old. This study contributes to a further understanding of the embryology and the early ontogeny of damselfish and may help improve the culture of coral reef fish.
All creatures great and smaller: a study in cetacean life history energetics
Authors: Lockyer Christina
Published: July 2007

This paper reviews some specific studies of cetacean life history energetics over the past 20–30 y that include one of the largest species, the baleen fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus, the medium-sized odontocete long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, and one of the smallest marine odontocetes, the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Attention is drawn to the decrease in longevity with size and the differences in biological parameters that reflect this and affect life history strategy and energy utilization. Data from the past whaling industry in Iceland for fin whales, the Faroese ‘grindedrap’ for pilot whales, and by-catches as well as some live captive studies for harbour porpoise have been used. The studies demonstrate how information can be gathered to compile energy budgets for individuals, relying on carcase measurement and analysis, dietary investigations, biochemical analyses of tissues, and general life history studies including reproduction; as well as from monitoring living animals. The individual examples presented show how food energy storage in the form of fat can be variously important in insulation in the smallest species to controlling reproductive efficiency in large migratory species. The paper concludes by noting that an understanding of energy use in the individual can be an important input in multi-species ecosystem modelling.
Measures of hydraulic dredge efficiency and razor clam production, two aspects governing sustainability within the Scottish commercial fishery
Authors: Hauton C. , Howell T.R.W. , Atkinson R.J.A. , Moore P.G.
Published: July 2007

A study was made of the efficiency of a commercially available hydraulic dredge design in use on the west coast of Scotland and of the annual biomass production of two different razor clam (Ensis spp.) beds within the Clyde Sea area. These two parameters, viz fishing efficiency and population annual production, are fundamentally important to any proper attempt to assess the long term sustainability of a fishery. The hydraulic dredge used in this study was found to have an absolute efficiency of 90.1% when expressed in terms of the collected wet weight biomass, representing the first time that the efficiency of a hydraulic dredge of this nature has been measured rather than simply inferred from track width. This indicates that this dredge design has the potential to remove the majority of a clam population, including undersized immature individuals, within a 45 cm swath in a single tow. Annual production estimates were also made for two separate razor clam beds. One population of Ensis siliqua was located in Irvine Bay and the other two populations (one E. siliqua and one E. arcuatus) occurred in a mixed bed on Hunterston Sands. Each location was sampled quantitatively on a regular basis using the same hydraulic dredge. Dredged areas were measured by SCUBA divers so that the population densities could be calculated for each sampling event. Size-classes within each population were identified from siphonal shell breadth measurements and production estimates were calculated using a size-cohort analysis procedure designed for stocks exhibiting recruitment but that do not have separable age-classes. Production of all three populations was low during the study (1.82–18.08 g AFDW 10 m-2) as were the production/biomass estimates (0.01–0.11). These data indicate that populations of Ensis spp. on the west coast of Scotland are slow-growing and typical of K-selected species. These data highlight the conflicting pressures facing any razor clam fishery: the design of extremely efficient hydraulic gear and the slow-growth of the target species. It is clear that the future commercial exploitation of these species will need very careful management to ensure sustainability and avoid fishery over-depletion.
Antennular morphology of the cypris larvae of the mangrove barnacle Fistulobalanus albicostatus (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Balanomorpha)
Authors: Chan Benny K.K. , Leung Priscilla T.Y.
Published: July 2007

Previous studies on the ultrastructure of barnacle cypris larvae suggest that cypris morphology, especially the antennules which play a key role in selecting the final substratum for settlement, may show variations between species existing in different habitats. In the present study, the cypris morphology of the barnacle Fistulobalanus (Balanus) albicostatus, which predominantly lives on trunks of mangrove trees was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and compared with that of species from other habitats that have already been described. The antennular segments II and III of F. albicostatus each bear one post-axial seta. The third segment consists of an attachment disc surrounded by a thin cuticular velum and the fourth segment exhibits four sub-terminal setae and five terminal setae. The morphology of the cypris antennules of F. albicostatus is similar to other balanomorph barnacles which inhabit hard shores, revealing that the antennular morphology does not have diagnostic variations between species from the different intertidal habitats. The morphology of the caudal rami (used in the evaluation of the substratum microtopography), however, appears to vary among barnacles living on different substrata.
Cleaning by the occasional cleaner Diplodus argenteus (Perciformes: Sparidae) in south Brazil: why so few client species?
Authors: Krajewski João Paulo
Published: July 2007

Here I record the cleaning activity of the occasional cleaner Diplodus argenteus at rocky reefs off southern Brazil. Diplodus argenteus juveniles are referred to as occasional cleaners, but there is no further description of their cleaning activity in the literature. Only two fish species were here recorded as clients, which I hypothesize to be related to a lack of visual attractiveness of D. argenteus cleaning services.
Epibiosis on eggs and brooding care in the burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulatus (Brachyura:Varunidae): comparison between mudflats and salt marshes
Authors: Silva Paola V. , Luppi Tomás A. , Spivak Eduardo D.
Published: July 2007

Chasmagnathus granulatus is a semiterrestrial intertidal burrowing crab that inhabits both the unvegetated mudflats and the cordgrass (Spartina densiflora) salt marshes in Mar Chiquita Lagoon (Argentina), where it is considered the ecologically key species. The mass of C. granulatus eggs incubated by females is colonized by epibiotic micro-organisms and accumulates detritus. The type of epibionts that use eggs as a substrate, the infestation degree, the maternal care behaviour and the protection of the incubation chamber were compared between females living on mudflats and on Spartina-dominated areas. In both places, the epibiosis by bacteria and filamentous fungi and peritrichid colonial ciliate was significantly higher in the periphery than in the centre of the brood mass. The accumulation of detritus was higher in the periphery in mudflat females but not in salt marsh females. Moreover, the level of detritus was significantly higher in mudflat than in salt marsh females only in the periphery of the brood. The infestation level of bacteria and fungi, and peritrichids, increased throughout the embryonic development only in mudflat females. The periphery of the brood mass was significantly more contaminated in mudflat than in marsh females, while the central region of the brood mass did not differ between habitats. The pleopods were significantly more contaminated by bacteria and filamentous fungi and peritrichid colonial ciliates in premoult females than in postmoult females, independently from the collection site. The percentage of females with abnormal embryos was significantly higher in mudflats (26.7%) than in marshes (12.3%). Females with late embryos spent more time flapping the abdomen and probing the embryos with the chela. Non-ovigerous females did not perform specific maternal care activities. The volume of brood mass both in early or late stage of development is greater than that of the incubation chamber and, consequently, peripheral embryos are more exposed.
Smaller host size and monopolization of space in Patagonian scallops, Psychrochlamys patagonica, covered by the sponge Iophon proximum
Authors: López Gappa Juan , Landoni Néstor A.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study is to analyse the co-occurrence of the encrusting sponge Iophon proximum and other sessile organisms on the shells of the Patagonian scallop, Psychrochlamys patagonica, and the relationship between scallop size and the presence of this sponge. Scallops were collected from four beds distributed along the 100-m depth isobath on the continental shelf off Argentina (south-western Atlantic). Statistically significant avoidance was observed between I. proximum and all other groups of sessile invertebrates. Co-occurrence of bryozoans, foraminiferans, folliculinid ciliates, hydrozoans, octocorals and spirorbid, serpulid and sabellarid polychaetes on valves not monopolized by I. proximum produced significant clumping, which, however, almost ceased to occur when only valves without this sponge were analysed. In Patagonian beds, valves monopolized by I. proximum were significantly smaller than those in which the sponge was absent (valve height, mean ±SE, with I. proximum: 54.1 ±1.74 mm, without I. proximum: 60.4 ±0.62 mm). This is the first study to report a significantly smaller size in sponge-covered scallops compared to those without sponges.
Drilling and chipping patterns of bivalve prey predation by Hexaplex trunculus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae)
Authors: Morton Brian , Peharda M. , Harper E.M.
Published: July 2007

The predatory caenogastropod Hexaplex trunculus employed different methods to access different species of bivalve prey characterized by different shell thicknesses. Hexaplex trunculus drilled Callista chione and Venus verrucosa at their shell margins but the latter species also laterally. It also attempted to drill two species of Tapes but successfully penetrated these only after chipping the shell margin. Chipping, whereby a labral spine is forcibly pushed between the prey's valves, especially posteriorly, to break them followed by proboscis insertion, was typically applied to access the thinner shelled prey Cerastoderma glaucum whereas Modiolus barbatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis were either chipped or drilled. The pattern of M. galloprovincialis shell penetration appears related to predator and prey size. Small (40 mm shell height) H. trunculus tended to drill rather than marginally chip M. galloprovincialis. Medium sized (55 mm shell height) H. trunculus either chipped or drilled M. galloprovincialis in approximately equal proportions but also at the valve margin. Larger (70 mm shell height) H. trunculus tended to laterally drill average sized (35 mm shell length) and the biggest (65 mm shell length) M. galloprovincialis. When larger M. galloprovincialis are attacked it thus becomes increasingly more difficult for H. trunculus to chip and drill the shell margin, possibly because the periostracum is thicker here in such individuals, and the predator resorts to lateral drilling. This is possible because as the mytilid ages its surface periostracum becomes progressively eroded and thus thinner and easier to access. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified shell microstructure damage which shows that the chipping and drilling behaviours of H. trunculus result from labral spine damage and dissolutional etching, respectively, rather than mechanical radula rasping. These observations have implications for the use of such predation marks to identify the predator taxon implicated from holes in either empty Recent shells or fossil material.
Deposition of egg capsule and larval development of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the south-eastern Black Sea
Authors: Saglam H. , Duzgunes E.
Published: July 2007

Egg capsules and intracapsular embryos of Rapana venosa were studied to determine the reproductive pattern of this invader species in the south-eastern Black Sea. Egg deposition of R. venosa in the laboratory at 25°C was described. Egg laying began in mid-June, reached a peak in July and ended in late August in 1996. The total number of the egg capsules per whelk ranged between 197 and 999 (mean 575 ±41). The mean length of the egg capsules was 13.26 mm. Each capsule contained between 124 and 1090 embryos with a mean of 555 ±10. Mean larval production per rapa whelk was about 392,931 ±42,731. The mean size of eggs produced was 213.8 μm. Five different stages of intracapsular development were observed. Embryos developed without nurse eggs. Veliger larvae completed their intracapsular development and hatched in 22 days at 25°C.
Resource partitioning among early colonizing Siganus luridus and native herbivorous fish in the Mediterranean: an integrated study based on gut-content analysis and stable isotope signatures
Authors: Azzurro Ernesto , Fanelli Emanuela , Mostarda Edoardo , Catra Marcello , Andaloro Franco
Published: July 2007

The present study attempts to give timely information on the resource partitioning between the lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus and two ecological native analogues, Sarpa salpa and Sparisoma cretense. Sampling was carried out in concomitance with the first record of Siganus luridus in Linosa and fish were caught simultaneously, allowing direct comparison of diets. Gut-contents analyses provided a snapshot of the feeding habits of the three species: Siganus luridus fed on 34 taxa of benthic algae (mostly represented by Dictyota dichotoma) and a total of 27 taxa was identified in the stomach of Sarpa salpa, with the predominance of Sargassum vulgare. For the first time, a detailed picture of Sparisoma cretense diet was given (N=22 taxa of identified algae) albeit, due to the high percentage of digested food, this species was excluded from gut-content comparisons. A certain resource partitioning between Siganus luridus and Sarpa salpa was resolved on the basis of trophic indices and multivariate analyses, these latter also highlighting a more dispersed diet for Siganus luridus with respect to Sarpa salpa. Isotopic signatures were important towards defining the trophic level of the three species and particularly of Sparisoma cretense, whose gut-contents analysis was only partially informative. The values of δ15N confirmed a strictly vegetal diet for Siganus luridus and Sparisoma cretense while Sarpa salpa was significantly more enriched. According to δ13C, observed values matched the predicted ones for Siganus luridus and Sarpa salpa while both species presented less enriched δ15N values than expected.
Nesting biology and conservation of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) in Brazil, 1991/1992 to 2002/2003
Authors: da Silva Augusto Cesar C.D. , de Castilhos Jaqueline C. , Lopez Gustave G. , Barata Paulo C.R.
Published: July 2007

This article presents biological data and an assessment of the conservation of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) population nesting in the States of Sergipe and Bahia, north-eastern Brazil, between 1991/1992 and 2002/2003. Projeto TAMAR-IBAMA (the Brazilian Sea Turtle Conservation Programme) maintains seven field stations in that region to monitor nesting activity over 339 km of beach. An increasing trend was observed in the estimated number of nests per nesting season: from 252 nests in 1991/1992 to 2606 in 2002/2003, an approximately 10-fold increase in 11 years. The available data and biological knowledge suggest that TAMAR's conservation efforts may have contributed to the significant increase in olive ridley nesting in Sergipe and Bahia; that increase is not only of regional importance, but also of significance at the western Atlantic level.
REVIEW. Sex with the lights on? A review of bioluminescent sexual dimorphism in the sea
Authors: Herring Peter J.
Published: July 2007

The reflected patterns and colours of terrestrial animals often show a sexual dimorphism associated with visual display, mate recognition and selection. In the sea the structures associated with bioluminescence may also show a marked sexual dimorphism. Some apparent bioluminescent dimorphisms (e.g. differences in photophore numbers) are probably secondary functions of sexual differences in size. A role in sexual communication is much more likely where specific photophores are developed or enlarged in mature specimens of one sex only but the presence of light organs in female anglerfishes (but not in males) is complicated by a significant size dimorphism. Dimorphisms in dragonfishes and lanternfishes primarily involve the relative enlargement of particular photophores in the males. A sexual role is assumed, but the morphological differences are often small. Most male ponyfishes have enlarged light organs; behavioural observations of free-swimming animals have clearly demonstrated that the males use them to generate bioluminescent sexual signals.
Spermathecae of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus: a histological and histochemical view
Authors: Sant'Anna Bruno Sampaio , Pinheiro Marcelo Antonio Amaro , Mataqueiro Márcia , Zara Fernando José
Published: July 2007

Ucides cordatus is the most commercially important mangrove crab in Brazil. In spite of its economic importance, there are few studies of its reproduction, in particular the female reproductive system. The present study describes the histology and histochemistry of the spermathecae of U. cordatus. Adult females were caught monthly from July 2004 through June 2005, at Iguape, State of São Paulo. The crabs were anaesthetized, and their spermathecae removed and fixed in Davidson's fluid, following the histological routine for paraffin. The slides were stained with HE, xylidine Ponceau, PAS, alcian blue (pH 1.0 and 2.5), Sudan black B and picrosirius-haematoxylin. Histologically, the spermathecae possesses a capsule of conjunctive tissue, rich in collagen fibres, which surrounds the secretory columnar epithelium. In the lumen, individual sperm packets are not observed; the spermatophores are intermixed with the seminal fluid and secretions of the spermathecae itself. A large proportion of the free spermatozoids and spermatophores are arranged in homogeneous masses in the proximal part of the spermathecae. The secretion produced by the columnar epithelium appears to promote the movement of the gametes to the fertilization chamber, in a ventral position, allowing fertilization of the oocytes. Histochemically, the secretion produced by the columnar epithelium was strongly positive for neutral polysaccharides, positive for acid polysaccharides, and weakly positive for proteins and lipids. This secretion forms a glycoprotein matrix which is associated with maintenance of the spermatophores, which can remain stored for long periods.
Growth and mortality of Hepatus pudibundus (Crustacea: Calappidae) in south-western Brazil
Authors: Keunecke Karina A. , D'Incao Fernando , Fonseca Duane B.
Published: July 2007

The predatory action of the pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and Farfantepenaeus paulensis) trawling fishery in south-western Brazil affects populations of some benthic species and Hepatus pudibundus is an abundant by-catch in this fishery. Individual growth and mortality of H. pudibundus were studied by taking monthly samples for a year from the by-catch of the pink shrimp fishery in the Ubatuba region. The von Bertalanffy growth model described growth of H. pudibundus (K=2.73 y-1, CW∞=82.97 mm; K=2.62 y-1, CW∞=66.72 mm, for males and females respectively). Modal progression of the monthly average sizes was related to increasing values of relative condition index. The instantaneous coefficients of total, natural, and fishing mortality were: males, Z=7.62 y-1; M=1.80 y-1; F=5.83 y-1; females, Z=7.36 y-1; M=1.80 y-1; F=5.56 y-1. Length composition and mortality analysis suggest that H. pudibundus in the Ubatuba region might be overfished.
Population structure, fecundity and embryo loss of the sea grass shrimp Latreutes pymoeus (Decapoda: Hippolytidae) at Inhaca Island, Mozambique
Authors: Penha-Lopes Gil , Torres Paulo , Macia Adriano , Paula José
Published: July 2007

Latreutes pymoeus is a poorly studied tropical and sub-tropical shrimp species that mainly lives on sea grass beds. Samples were collected from sea grass beds of Inhaca Island, Mozambique, during August 2005 at neap/spring and low/high tides. Specimens were identified, sexed, counted and morphometric measurements were made. Ovigerous females were classified as small (carapace length (CL): 2.7–3.2 mm), medium (CL: 3.3–3.8 mm) and large (CL: 3.9–4.4 mm). Embryo masses were carefully removed from the pleopods with forceps, eggs staged and counted. On average, about 20% more males were found than females (0.64 ±0.25 and 0.56 ±0.28 ind m-2, respectively), but males were significantly smaller (2.25 ±0.32 and 2.60 ±0.47 mm CL for males and females, respectively). At 3.1 mm CL at least 50% of the females found carried embryos in the pleopods. Average (±SD) brood size increased significantly with female length (76 ±18, 133 ±64 and 205 ±61, for small, medium and large ovigerous females). The number of embryos decreased significantly over the incubation period for each size-class of the shrimp. Brood loss from embryonic Stage I to Stage IV for small, medium and large shrimp were 19.8%, 36.5% and 41.8%, respectively. Although an increase in brood loss was observed with increasing shrimp size, senescence did not seem to occur since larger shrimps carried a higher number of embryos and negative allometry was not recorded. Mean embryo volume, in the same development stage, was not significantly different among the small, medium and large shrimp, increasing significantly from 0.014 mm3 to 0.029 mm3 from the first to last embryonic stages.
Long-term monitoring of space competition among fluorescent and nonfluorescent sea anemones in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Wiedenmann Jörg , Leutenegger Alexandra , Gundel Silke , Schmitt Florian , D'Angelo Cecilia , Funke Werner
Published: July 2007

The competition for space among fluorescent and nonfluorescent Anemonia species was monitored in the Mediterranean Sea in order to see whether the fluorescent species A. sulcata var. smaragdina was a better competitor in shallow water habitats. Over a period of 11 years, A. sulcata var. smaragdina convincingly out competed the nonfluorescent A. rustica. We thereby found support for the notion that the GFP-like pigments may increase competitive ability in anthozoans.
Seasonality of sexual reproduction in three photosymbiotic Trididemnum species (Didemnidae: Ascidiacea: Tunicata) in a subtropical sea grass bed
Authors: Hirose Euichi , Kojima Aoi , Nogami Jun , Teruya Katsuya
Published: July 2007

The seasonality of sexual reproduction was studied in three photosymbiotic Trididemnum species, T. miniatum, T. clinides and T. nubilum, inhabiting the same site. In all species, the colonies lacked gonads and/or embryos during the cold season, while gonads were found in most colonies for several months in the warm season. There were some interspecific differences in the duration of the breeding season. Although water temperature is thought to be the principal factor confining sexual reproduction in these photosymbiotic ascidians, other factors, e.g. precipitation, potentially affect fecundity.
Egg clutch, sperm reservoirs and fecundity of Neorossia caroli (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from the southern Sardinian sea (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Cuccu D. , Mereu M. , Cannas R. , Follesa M.C. , Cau A. , Jereb P.
Published: July 2007

First observations on reproduction of Neorossia caroli from the southern Sardinian sea are reported, based on the analyses of an egg clutch and specimens collected by bottom trawl on sandy and muddy grounds. The egg clutch, consisting of 13 white eggs of 9 mm length with embryos at an advanced developmental stage, was found at 1200 m depth, attached to a piece of hard substrate. Adult specimens were collected in a depth range between 400 and 1600 metres. DNA sequences indicated that embryos, spermatangia and adults belonged to the same species, the carol bobtail squid, N. caroli. Fecundity analysis made on 40 females showed a variable number of eggs (20–611) in the ovaries, with the combined presence of advanced and developing oocytes, and few smooth eggs ready to be spawned in the oviducts of mature females. Several sperm reservoirs (spermatangia) were embedded in the mantle of some of the females, in the anterior ventral area overlying the oviduct.
Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India
Authors: HALL-MATTHEWS DAVID
Published: July 2007

From the 1870s onwards, debates about famine policy were central to both colonial and nationalist conceptions of the role, effectiveness and legitimacy of the state in India. Although opinions on how best to relieve famines varied, ideological opposition to a narrow laissez-faire paradigm was given short shrift in the years preceding the formulation of the Indian Famine Codes. However, specific empirical critiques of the making and implementing of famine policy were more effective. This article explores the ways in which such challenges put scientific and statistical experts within the colonial edifice at odds with those at the top of the political hierarchy, focusing on disputes over relief wages and famine mortality calculations between Sir Richard Temple and Surgeon-Major W. R. Cornish. It further examines how proto-nationalist groups and newspapers seized on the value given to statistics by the state to hold it to account for its failure to relieve famine.