bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE STABLE ALKYLATION PRODUCTS OF ORGANONITROSOHYDROXYLAMINES
Authors: George M. V. , Kierstead R. W. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

The stable alkylation products of alkyl and aryl nitrosohydroxylamines seem to exist in a hitherto unknown structure, the diimide dioxide linkage. The alternative possibility is the alkyl diazotate monoxide structure, but the latter cannot account for the pure methane evolved when the substances are treated with methyl halide Grignard reagent. The principal products of this reaction with Grignard reagents are diimide monoxides formed subsequently by addition of an equivalent of reagent with elimination of the original alkoxy group as its magnesium salt. Nitration of N-methyl-N′-phenyldiimide dioxide shows that in salt-forming media (nitric-sulphuric) the N2O2R group is electrically negative, but dipole moment studies show that it is highly degenerate. This resonance stabilization is not unexpected in view of the high stability of the diimide dioxides in acidic media.
THE SURFACE ENERGY OF TOBERMORITE
Authors: Brunauer Stephen , Kantro D. L. , Weise C. H.
Published: May 2006

The total surface energy (or surface enthalpy) of a calcium silicate hydrate, tobermorite, having the composition of Ca3Si2O7•2H2O, was determined at 23.5 °C. The tobermorite was obtained from the room-temperature hydration of tricalcium silicate, Ca3SiO5, or β-dicalcium silicate, β-Ca2SiO4, two of the most important constituents of portland cements. The hydration reactions were carried out in three different ways, and 14 preparations were obtained. For each preparation the heats of solution in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid were measured at 23.5 °C, and the surface areas were determined by the B.E.T. method, using water vapor at 25 °C as the adsorbate. The cross-sectional area of the adsorbed water molecule was taken to be 11.4 Å2. The surface energy of tobermorite at 23.5 °C was found to be 386 ± 20 ergs/cm2. It is close to the geometric mean of the surface energies of calcium hydroxide and hydrous amorphous silica, previously reported.Nitrogen adsorption did not measure the true surface area of most tobermorite preparations. This was indicated by negative surface energy values in a number of instances.
THE OXIDATION OF SOME TERMINAL-SUBSTITUTED POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS BY ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS
Authors: Hough L. , Jones J. K. N. , Mitchell D. L.
Published: May 2006

Various terminal-substituted pentitols and hexitols, which possessed either the L-lyxo- or the D-ribo-configuration at the three contiguous carbon atoms adjacent to the terminal carbon atom, were oxidized to ketoses by Acetobactersuboxydans. The terminal hydroxyl group of the polyol was replaced by -H, -OMe, -SEt, and -OAc groups; several 1,1-dithioacetal derivatives of aldoses were also tested. The preparation of 1-O-acetyl-DL-galactitol, 1-deoxy-1-S-ethyl-D-arabitol, and 6-deoxy-6-S-ethyl-L-sorbose are described. 6-Deoxy-6-S-ethyl-L-sorbose was prepared by the microbiological oxidation of 1-deoxy-1-S-ethyl-D-glucitol.
MYCOCHRYSONE: I. ISOLATION, PROPERTIES, AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Read G. , Shu P. , Vining L. C. , Haskins R. H.
Published: May 2006

Mycochrysone, an orange-red crystalline pigment, has been isolated from in vitro cultures of an inoperculate discomycetous fungus. It possesses quinonoid properties and forms a monoquinoxaline derivative. At least two phenolic or enolic groups are present, one of which is in the peri position to a quinone carbonyl. Reduction of the pigment with a zinc dust –zinc chloride mixture gives perylene, together with some hydroperylenes. The pigment shows limited antibiotic activity.
A STOPPED-FLOW MIXING DEVICE FOR THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF RAPID REACTIONS
Authors: Stewart James A. , Ouellet Ludovic
Published: May 2006

A simplified stopped-flow mixing device, which has been adapted to a Beckman DU spectrophotometer, is described. Removable storage syringes are used to inject the required solutions into the apparatus, while the operations of filling the reaction syringes, mixing the reactants, or standardization are achieved with T-bore stopcocks. Provision has been made in the design for interchangeable mixing chambers and observation cells. The temperature is controlled by circulating water through a suitable enclosure surrounding the reaction syringes. A zero-suppression method has been devised to record the extent of reaction.
REACTION OF TRICHLOROACETONITRILE WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMINES: PART II. INFRARED SPECTRA OF N-SUBSTITUTED TRICHLOROACETAMIDINES
Authors: Grivas John C. , Taurins Alfred
Published: May 2006

A correlation between the infrared absorption spectra and the structure of 13 N-mono- and N-di-substituted trichloroacetamidines is presented. N-Alkyl- and N-aryl-trichloroacetami-dines associate strongly in the liquid and solid phases, and exist only in the imino form in non-polar solvents. They can be characterized by a strong band (amidine II band) at 1510–1525 cm−1 and 1570–1580 cm−1 respectively which is attributed to the deformation vibration [Formula: see text] of the secondary amino group. The degree of association of N-substituted trichloroacetamidines changes in the following order of substitution:[Formula: see text]
QUENCHING AND VIBRATIONAL-ENERGY TRANSFER OF EXCITED IODINE MOLECULES
Authors: Stevens B.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID POTASSIUM CHLORATE BY X RAYS
Authors: Heal H. G.
Published: May 2006

Potassium chlorate irradiated with X rays has been found to contain chloride, chlorite, hypochlorite, and occluded oxygen, and probably also substantial amounts of dichlorine hexoxide and a trace of chlorine dioxide. The chlorite and hypochlorite appear to decompose during irradiation to chloride. G values are given for 25° and −196°. They vary little with temperature or dose rate.
NOTE ON THE DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLINITY INDEX OF CELLULOSE
Authors: Kouris M. , Ruck H. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS DURING ACETOLYSIS OF DERIVATIVES OF 3β,6β-DIHYDROXYALLOCHOLANIC ACID
Authors: Ziegler P.
Published: May 2006

not available
STERIC INHIBITION OF RESONANCE: IV. FURTHER SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF 9-NITROANTHRACENE AND 9,10-DINITROANTHRACENE
Authors: Trotter James
Published: May 2006

The frequencies of the NO2 symmetrical stretching vibrations, and the ultraviolet absorption spectra, of solutions of 9-nitroanthracene and 9,10-dinitroanthracene have been measured and correlated with the deviations from coplanarity and resultant resonance inhibition.
5,6-DIDEOXY-L-ARABINO-HEXOSE (5-DEOXY-5-C-METHYL-L-ARABINOSE)
Authors: Ball D. J. , Flood A. E. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

A synthesis of 5,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose (II) from methyl β-D-galactofuranoside is described.
THE REACTION OF POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE WITH THIOGLYCOLIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Henderson J. F. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The oxidation of thioglycolic acid to dithiodiglycolic acid by potassium persulphate in aqueous solution in the absence of iron did not yield reproducible results, but satisfactory data were obtained when ferrous or ferric ions were added to the system. The catalyst cycle appears to be that ferrous ion is oxidized by persulphate to ferric ion, and the ferric ion is reduced back to ferrous ion by thioglycolic acid. In the absence of persulphate, the reaction of ferric ion with thioglycolic acid in acid solution (pH < 3) was second order in both ferric ion and thioglycolic acid concentrations and was markedly inhibited by hydrogen ion.
HYDROGENOLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES: VII. METHYL β-L-ARABOPYRANOSIDE-1-C14
Authors: Francis Thomas , Perlin A. S.
Published: May 2006

Methyl β-L-arabopyranoside-1-C14 was hydrogenolyzed in the presence of copper chrome oxide catalyst at 250 °C, yielding an approximately equimolar mixture of optically inactive cis- and trans-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydropyran-C14, together with 2,3-dihydroxypentane-C14. The latter was formed by reductive ring-opening of the tetrahydropyrandiols. Ether cleavage of each of the cyclic diols afforded 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxypentane-C14 in which the tracer was distributed about equally between carbons 1 and 5. Carbon-14 in the pentanediol was distributed in a similar manner. The results show that both the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups of the original pentoside are prone to reductive cleavage, and that cis- and trans-glycol groups in the cyclic diols are formed by isomerization. They suggest that hydrogenolysis of the methoxyl group takes place initially, accompanied by isomerization, to give a mixture of tetrahydropyrantriols in which the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups have equivalent reactivity.
THE ARRANGEMENT OF BRANCHING IN AN ARABINO-XYLAN FROM WHEAT FLOUR
Authors: Ewald Constance M. , Perlin A. S.
Published: May 2006

The manner in which L-arabinofuranose branches are arranged along the xylan chain of the pentosans has been examined. The approach used was based on the fact that D-xylose units engaged in branching are resistant to periodate oxidation whereas other sugar residues are readily attacked. Selective degradation of oxidized portions of the polymer with phenyl-hydrazine or sulphurous acid enabled the isolation of fragments which corresponded to branch points in the original pentosans. D-Xylose and xylobiose were the major products obtained, and xylotriose a minor product. The results indicate that L-arabinose branches of the polysaccharide occur sometimes on isolated D-xylose residues, sometimes on two adjacent D-xylose units, less frequently on three, but not on four, five, etc., consecutive D-xylose residues along the chain.
REACTION OF TRICHLOROACETONITRILE WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMINES: PART III. STRUCTURE OF AMIDINIUM CATION IN THE LIGHT OF INFRARED STUDY
Authors: Grivas John C. , Taurins Alfred
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra of 14 trichloro- and trifluoro-acetamidine hydrochlorides were studied. It was concluded that protonation occurs at the imino nitrogen atom of the N-substituted amidines. Both nitrogens of the amidine grouping, C(=N)N, become electron-deficient due to resonance leading to the single structure (III), regardless of which of the tautomers is present in the equilibrium mixture, and of the number and type of substituents on the amidine nitrogen atoms. These findings predestine to failure any attempts to isolate the two amidine tautomers, whenever amidinium salts are involved as intermediates.
PHOTOCHEMICAL SEPARATION OF MERCURY ISOTOPES: IV. THE REACTION OF Hg2026(3P1) ATOMS, PHOTOEXCITED IN NATURAL MERCURY VAPOR, WITH METHYL CHLORIDE AND ISOPROPYL CHLORIDE
Authors: Osborn K. R. , Gunning H. E.
Published: May 2006

A detailed investigation has been made of the reaction of Hg2026(3P1) atoms, photoexcited in natural mercury vapor (HgN), with methyl chloride, at room temperature. Data are also reported on the reaction with isopropyl chloride as substrate. Hg202 enrichment in the calomel product is taken as evidence of its formation in the primary quenching reaction.Under static conditions the methyl chloride reaction was found to form calomel with the natural Hg202 abundance (29.8%). With increasing flow rate a progressive increase in Hg202 abundance was observed. Maximum enrichments were found at fast flow rates, low substrate pressures, and high values for the absorbed light intensity (IA). The most highly enriched calomel obtained in this study contained 50.4% Hg202. With increasing IA, a corresponding increase in flow rate was required to achieve maximum Hg202 enrichment. The addition of propylene or butene-1 to the methyl chloride stream was found to result in a slight decrease in Hg202 abundance over that for the pure substrate.The isotopically specific aspects of the reaction are explained in terms of the sequence:[Formula: see text]where M represents a third body, including the wall. The decrease in enrichment observed at high substrate pressures is shown to be due to Lorentz-broadening effects on the hyperfine absorption contours of HgN. The failure to obtain enrichment under static conditions is explained by the depletion in Hg202 of the HgN in the cell through reaction [1].The investigation shows that there are two primary processes operative in the mercury-6(3P1)-photosensitized decomposition of alkyl chlorides, in one of which calomel is formed. These processes presumably involve a common short-lived intermediate R—Cl—Hg.
THE MECHANISMS OF OXYMERCURATION
Authors: Abercrombie M. J. , Rodgman Alan , Bharucha K. R. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

The oxymercuration of norbornenes has been found to be acid-catalyzed, and to give oxymercurials which have a higher dipole moment and greater stability toward deoxymercuration than do their diastereomers in which the configuration of the mercuri linkage has been inverted. Since these properties can be correlated with those of the oxymercurials from norbornenedicarboxylic acids (partly published heretofore and elaborated in the present report) the configurations of which are known, it follows that the configurations of the oxymercurials from norbornene are ↑↓ (trans). But these configurations must be opposite to those of the oxymercurials from cyclohexene, cyclopentene, α-terpineol, and the geoisomeric stilbenes, the formations of which are not acid-catalyzed and the dipole moments of which are lower than those of the diastereomers inverted with respect to the mercuri linkage. The configuration of these oxymercurials must be ↓↓ (cis) and the mechanism of their formation must be different from the acid-catalyzed oxymercuration of norbornene. The mechanism for cis (↓↓) addition has previously been suggested as non-ionic. Calculation of the electric moments of these ↓↓ diastereomers shows that hindrance to group rotation must prevail. It is reasonable to attribute the relative ease with which they may be deoxymercurated to this hindrance.
OXYMERCURATION OF Δ5-[2,2,2]-BICYCLOÖCTENE
Authors: Chiu D. D. K. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

It has now been shown that an earlier assignment of configuration in which 1,4-↑↑-ethylene-Δ5-cyclohexenedicarboxylic acids and their derivatives were presumed to form with mercuric salts 5-↓-hydroxy-6-↓-anionomercuri-1,4-↑↑-ethylenecyclohexanedicarboxylic acid derivatives is incorrect. Instead 5-↓-hydroxy-6-↑-anionomercuri-1,4-↑↑-ethylenecyclohexanedicarboxylic acid derivatives are formed, similarly with the homologous 5-↓-hydroxy-6-↑-anionomercuri-1,4-methylenecyclohexane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives. This similarity is exemplified by comparable dipole moments. The exception is 5-↓-hydroxy-6-↓-chloromercuri-1,4-↑↑-methylenecyclohexane-2,3-↓↓-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, which has a configuration opposite to all of the others of these series having boat-type cyclohexane ring conformations. The exception is attributed to steric effects.
RELATIONS BETWEEN HEATS OF FORMATION FOR INORGANIC SYSTEMS
Authors: Westland A. D.
Published: May 2006

Some empirical relationships dealing with the heats of formation of crystalline compounds are interrelated. A more general relation based upon functions derived from heats of formation and applicable to dissolved species as well as crystals is described. The relation may be used as a criterion for thermal data and for estimation of heats of formation. Deviations of literature values from those predicted by the relation are discussed in the light of structural features.
EBULLIOMETRY AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF POLYMERS: PART II. BACKGROUND NOISE IN THE SMALL EBULLIOMETER
Authors: Blackmore W. R.
Published: May 2006

It is shown that the usual form of ebulliometer is subject to at least three sources of noise. Those discussed here are (1) pressure fluctuations over the boiling liquid surface, (2) the Cottrell pump, and (3) the foam which appears on many polymer solutions when maintained at the boiling point. Background noise in this, and other ebulliometers commonly employed, may be large compared to the size of the signals expected for dilute high polymer solutions. Consequently further progress in ebulliometry is dependent on the development of a new ebulliometer with a much lower background noise.
THE STRUCTURE OF AN ARABOGALACTAN FROM MONTEREY PINE (PINUS RADIATA)
Authors: Brasch D. J. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

The two major components of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Monterey pine (Pinusradiata) are an arabogalactan and a glucomannan. The arabogalactan contained L-arabinose and D-galactose in the ratio 1 to 8. The polysaccharide is highly branched in structure and contains end groups of L-arabofuranose and of D-galactopyranose. Removal of the L-arabinose residues leaves a highly ramified galactan.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 5-DEOXY-5-S-ETHYL-D-THREO-PENTULOSE
Authors: Jones J. K. N. , Mitchell D. L.
Published: May 2006

The microbiological oxidation of 1-deoxy-1-S-ethyl-D-arabitol by Acetobactersuboxydans has yielded syrupy 5-deoxy-5-S-ethyl-D-threo-pentulose from which a crystalline phenylosazone identical with the one prepared from 5-deoxy-5-S-ethyl-D-xylo-pentose was obtained. A syrupy 3,4-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-5-S-ethyl-D-threo-pentulose and its crystalline 2,5-dichlorophenyl-hydrazone were prepared.
4-NITROPYRENE
Authors: Bavin P. M. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE STREAMING BIREFRINGENCE OF CELLULOSE MICELLES: A CONFIRMATION OF THE THEORY FOR RIGID RODS
Authors: MacLennan D. F. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
GUANIDINE COMPOUNDS: III. THE PREPARATION OF TRIACETYLGUANIDINE AND ITS TRANSFORMATION WITH ALCOHOL
Authors: Greenhalgh R. , Bannard R. A. B.
Published: May 2006

Triacetylguanidine has been prepared and shown to undergo stepwise deacetylation in the presence of alcohol to guanidine acetate. Diacetylguanidine has been shown to have a m.p. 176–177° and not 166° as previously reported.
THE MERCURY-PHOTOSENSITIZED DECOMPOSITIONS OF PROPANE AND ETHANE
Authors: Back R. A.
Published: May 2006

The mercury-photosensitized decompositions of propane and ethane have been studied at pressures of 300 and 600 mm, at 24 °C, at very low conversions. Hydrogen was the only product identified and measured. The hydrogen yield fell rapidly at first, with increasing time of irradiation, and finally became constant. This behavior is attributed to the accumulation in the system of propylene or ethylene formed by the disproportionation of propyl or ethyl radicals, and the constant rate of hydrogen production finally achieved is thought to correspond to a steady-state concentration of the unsaturate. Previous values of the quantum yields of these decompositions were probably measured in this steady-state region, and must be corrected upwards.Relative values have been estimated for the various rate constants involved in this mechanism. There is some evidence that energy-rich radicals, formed by the addition of hydrogen atoms to the unsaturates, tend to disproportionate rather than dimerize.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF 1-HEXANETHIOL
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Watson Donald C.
Published: May 2006

The uncatalyzed thermal decomposition of 1-hexanethiol was studied at temperature varying from 300 to 700 °C and was observed to give 42% of olefinic hydrocarbons at 600 °C. Dialkyl sulphides were also obtained at 550 °C with a maximum yield of 13.3% at 650 °C. The effect of sulphide catalyst was investigated and nickel sulphide was found to be the most effective: at low temperature (150–450 °C) dihexylsulphide was produced and at higher temperature (450–600 °C) olefinic hydrocarbons were obtained. Very little catalytic effect was observed with molybdenum and cadmium sulphides.
A SYNTHESIS OF HARMALINE
Authors: Spenser Ian D.
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of 1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline (harmalan) and of two of its derivatives by dehydration of the corresponding 1-hydroxymethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines is described. Harmalan was also obtained by oxidative decarboxylation of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-1-carboxylic acid.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYL PYRROLES AND THEIR SALTS
Authors: Abraham R. J. , Bullock E. , Mitra S. S.
Published: May 2006

The structures of the ions formed by several alkyl pyrroles in hydrochloric acid are deduced from proton resonance spectra. Basicity values for three alkyl pyrroles are determined from ultraviolet spectra of their salts in buffer solutions. An attempt is made to estimate the basicity of other pyrroles from the variation of the—OD stretching frequency of methanol-d in solution in the pyrroles. Variations of the free and bonded NH frequencies of alkyl pyrroles are shown to be a simple function of the positions and number of the substituents.
ENTROPY PRODUCTION IN A SPONTANEOUS, ADIABATIC (NON-ISOTHERMAL) CHEMICAL REACTION
Authors: Everett D. H.
Published: May 2006

When a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously and isothermally the loss of useful work is equal to the decrease in free energy of the system. If the same reaction, supposed for example to be exothermic, occurs adiabatically the temperature rises and the system can be used as a source of heat to operate a heat engine: as heat is withdrawn the temperature of the system falls and eventually returns to its initial value. Part of the free energy of the reaction has been recovered as useful work, part lost in the spontaneous irreversible step. Expressions are derived for the loss of useful work and the entropy production in the adiabatic irreversible step, and it is shown that the work lost is equal to T0× (entropy produced) where T0 is the temperature ofthesurroundings. Some consequences of these ideas in relation to the definition of the efficiency of internal combustion engines are considered briefly.
CONFIGURATION OF GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES IN OLIGOSACCHARIDES: VIII. SYNTHESIS OF α-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL- AND α-L-RHAMNOPYRANOSYL-DISACCHARIDES BY THE KÖNIGS–KNORR REACTION
Authors: Gorin P. A. J. , Perlin A. S.
Published: May 2006

not available
CATALYTIC ACTIVATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN SOLUTION BY CHLORORHODATE(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: Harrod J. F. , Halpern J.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE REACTION OF SUCROSE WITH GLYCOL-CLEAVING OXIDANTS
Authors: Mitra A. K. , Perlin A. S.
Published: May 2006

Lead tetraacetate in acetic acid is reduced at an unusually rapid rate by sucrose, due to a vigorous preferential cleavage of the 3,4-glycol group in the D-fructofuranosyl moiety. By contrast, periodate attacks the D-glucopyranosyl unit more readily. These marked variations are exhibited also in the same solvent and, therefore, appear to be related to the characteristics of the oxidants themselves. The mechanism of the action of lead tetraacetate is discussed with reference to the stereochemistry of the D-fructofuranose unit. Selective oxidation provides a chemical method for controlled degradation of the sucrose molecule and affords products in which either the D-fructose or the D-glucose residue is modified.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS POTASSIUM OCTANOATE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Moule D. , White P. , Benson G. C.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE ACTIVITY OF A SILVER CATALYST
Authors: Echigoya E. , Amberg C. H. , Osberg G. L.
Published: May 2006

not available
HYDROGEN BONDING IN THE AMINE HYDROHALIDES: II. THE INFRARED SPECTRUM FROM 4000 TO 2200 CM−1
Authors: Brissette C. , Sandorfy C.
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra of a number of amine hydrohalides have been measured in the lithium fluoride region.Hydrogen bonding and the torsional oscillations of the [Formula: see text] groups influence these spectra characteristically. The [Formula: see text] stretching frequencies give broad or fairly broadbands. They are near 3000 cm−1 for aliphatic primary amine salts. The corresponding band lies at somewhat lower frequencies for secondary amine salts and much lower for tertiary ones. The aromatic amine hydrohalides exhibit these bands at lower frequencies than do the aliphatic amine salts of the same order. There is a shift to higher frequencies in the series hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydriodide.All these spectra contain a number of sharper bands which may or may not coincide with the hydrogen-bonded stretching bands. These are combination bands involving mainly deformation vibrations, and they shift to lower frequencies, throughout the series hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydriodide.The importance of electrical anharmonicity for the appearance of these bands is stressed.The hydrogen bonds in amine hydrohalides appear to be largely electrostatic in character.
COMPLEX COBALT PERIODATES
Authors: Lister M. W. , Yoshino Y.
Published: May 2006

A number of complex cobalt periodates have been prepared. Sodium periodatocobaltate (III) Na5H2Co(IO6)2.10H2O is obtained as green crystals when cobaltous and periodate ions react in the presence of alkaline sodium hypochlorite. Somewhat similar potassium, barium, and lanthanum salts are described. Various methods of demonstrating that the cobalt is trivalent, including the observation that sodium periodatocobaltate (III) is diamagnetic, are described. The free acid H7Co(IO6)2 can be obtained in solution, and measurements have been made on its ionization constants. Observations have been made on the stability of these compounds, and the stability constant of the periodatocobaltic ion (in alkaline solution at 60 °C) has been shown to be in the neighborhood of 1018.
A DETAILED STUDY OF THE SAMUEL–MAGEE MODEL FOR THE RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF WATER: PART II. KINETICS OF RADICAL REACTIONS IN THE TRACKS OF DENSELY IONIZING PARTICLES
Authors: Dyne P. J. , Kennedy J. M.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of recombination of H and OH radicals, formed in liquid water along the track of a densely ionizing particle in the manner suggested by Samuel and Magee, have been studied using an electronic computer. The variation in yields with track density is in good qualitative agreement with experiment. Arguments are advanced to show that the energy required to produce one effective radical pair in liquid water is about 20 ev. Discussions are presented of the effects of scavenger concentration and its depletion at the center of the track, track diameter, the value of the rate constant for the recombination of H atoms and OH radicals, and the value of G(−H2O) as a function of track density
THE RADIOLYSIS OF SOME ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Woods R. J. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

Dilute aqueous solutions of some halogen-substituted ethanols, acetaldehydes, and acetates have been irradiated with Co60 gamma rays, and the yield of acid products determined. Irradiations were carried out using air-saturated solutions and also solutions from which the air had been displaced by nitrogen or hydrogen. The acid yields are correlated with the structure of the organic compounds.
THE PHOTOLYSIS AND THE FLUORESCENCE OF PERFLUORO DIETHYL KETONE
Authors: Giacometti G. , Okabe H. , Price S. J. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

The photolysis and the fluorescence of C2F5COC2F5 have been studied at various temperatures, concentrations, and wavelengths. There is a strong dependence of the photochemical yield and to a lesser extent of the relative fluorescence yield on these factors. The reaction products are solely CO and C4F10. The fluorescence is excited by light of the wavelength region between 2537 Å and 3650 Å. The fluorescence band lies in almost the same wavelength region as that of CF3COCF3 and the relative fluorescence yield is slightly less in the higher concentration region. This behavior closely follows the pattern for CF3COCF3 and, hence, may be discussed by the same mechanism. A comparison is made of the primary photochemical reaction among fluorinated ketones.
THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF FURCELLARIA FASTIGIATA: I. ISOLATION AND PARTIAL MERCAPTOLYSIS OF A GEL-FRACTION
Authors: Painter T. J.
Published: May 2006

Addition of potassium chloride to an aqueous extract of the red alga Furcellariafastigiata precipitated a polysaccharide containing residues of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose in the approximate ratio 1.3:1. Approximately two monomer units in five bore sulphate half-ester groups. The fraction gave a single, sharp peak in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Partial mercaptolysis afforded the crystalline diethyl mercaptals of D-galactose, 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose, and 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-3,6-anhydro-D-galactose (A); the respective yields were 27%, 20%, and 42% w/w of the recovered mercaptolysate. The polysaccharide resembles κ-carregeenin.
IODINE COMPLEXES IN INERT SOLVENTS: XI. CRYOSCOPIC STUDY OF THE IODINE–NAPHTHALENE COMPLEX DISSOLVED IN CYCLOHEXANE
Authors: Maine P. A. D. de , Santiago P. J.
Published: May 2006

Here is reported cryoscopic evidence of the specific interaction between naphthalene and iodine dissolved together in cyclohexane. Cryoscopic constants accurate to within 2% are given for iodine and naphthalene dissolved separately in cyclohexane or in benzene.
DERIVATIVES OF p-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID
Authors: Fisher M. H. , Massiah T. F.
Published: May 2006

not available
A SURVEY OF AMINO ACID CONTENT OF THE UREDOSPORES OF SOME RACES OF WHEAT RUST (PUCCINIA GRAMINIS)
Authors: McKillican M. E.
Published: May 2006

The free and combined amino acids of seven samples of wheat rust were analyzed quantitatively by paper and column chromatography and compared with the amino acids present in uninfected wheat leaves. All races studied contained different proportions of free amino acids.
A TEST OF TRANSITION STATE THEORY
Authors: Pritchard G. O. , Pritchard H. O. , Miller G. H. , Dacey J. R.
Published: May 2006

not available
TRITIUM EXCHANGE BETWEEN CELLULOSE AND WATER: ACCESSIBILITY MEASUREMENTS AND EFFECTS OF CYCLIC DRYING
Authors: Lang A. R. G. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

Tritium exchange between cellulose and water vapor was used to measure the accessibilities of amylopectin, amylose, regenerated cellulose, wood pulp, bacterial and Valonia cellulose, and cellulose trinitrate using both gas counting and solid counting techniques. The results compare satisfactorily with other accessibility and crystallinity measurements.The incomplete reversibility of the exchange reaction was used to study directly changes in the accessibility of regenerated cellulose which occurred during repeated wetting and drying from water. The results indicated that a partial interchange of accessible and inaccessible regions occurs during wetting and drying.
SEPARATION OF CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES BY GAS–LIQUID PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Bishop C. T. , Cooper F. P.
Published: May 2006

Gas–liquid partition chromatography has been used to separate all of the possible tetra- and tri-O-methyl ethers of methyl α- and β-D-glucopyranoside. Anomeric methyl glycosides of each isomer were well separated except those of 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose. The six di-O-methyl-D-glucopyranoses were partially resolved as their methyl glycosides. The four possible mono-O-methyl-D-glucopyranoses were completely resolved after conversion to the corresponding mono-O-methyl-penta-O-acetyl-D-glucitols, a series of compounds which, except for the 6-O-methyl isomer, have not been reported previously. Quantitative estimations of mixtures containing varying amounts of methyl-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-β-D-xylopyranoside and methyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside showed that molar ratios of components in a mixture could be determined with a mean deviation of ±0.5 in 100.
THE ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTRA OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IONS OF DIPHENYLENE
Authors: McDowell C. A. , Rowlands J. R.
Published: May 2006

The electron spin resonance spectra of the positive and negative ions of diphenylene have been measured. It has been found that these spectra consist of five lines showing that the observed hyperfine interaction is caused by four equivalent protons. The over-all extent of the positive ion spectrum is 18 gauss compared with that of 12.9 gauss for the negative ion. The hyperfine splittings observed are 4.0 gauss and 2.75 gauss respectively.
THE KINETICS OF THE FORMATION OF THE MONO–FLUORO COMPLEX OF IRON (III) IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Pouli D. , Smith W. MacF.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of the reactions involved in the formation of the mono–fluoro complex of iron (III) in aqueous solutions have been examined spectrophotometrically at ionic strength 0.5 and over the temperature interval 0.1 to 12.1 °C. The results are interpretable on the assumption that the following two reactions contribute significantly to the rate Fe+++ + F− = FeF++ and Fe+++ + HF = FeF++ + H+, the former having a heat of activation of 22.8 ± 2.5 kcal mole−1 and an entropy of activation of 35 ± 9 cal deg−1 mole−1, the latter having a heat of activation of 8.7 ± 0.7 kcal mole−1 and an entropy of activation of −24.5 ± 3 cal deg−1 mole−1.
THEORY OF THE POLARIZATION CURVE TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING CORROSION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROTECTION
Authors: Mueller W. A.
Published: May 2006

This study of the analysis of polarization curves is based on the identification of the partial currents of the single electrochemical reactions involved. The relationship between the gradient of polarization curves and the corrosion rate in uninhibited corrosion processes is investigated. The analysis of polarization curves is explained and two methods of using polarization curves in corrosion studies are compared. The conditions for stability of the active and the passive states are specified for application in anodic and cathodic protection.
CRYSTALLINE GLYOXYLIC ACID AND ITS SODIUM–CALCIUM SALT
Authors: Eisenbraun A. A. , Purves C. B.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ENERGY OF HYDROGEN BONDING IN THE SYSTEM: ACETONE–CHLOROFORM
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Kartzmark E. M.
Published: May 2006

It is shown that(1) acetone and chloroform form a compound stable in the solid state;(2) acetone and carbon tetrachloride do not form a compound;(3) the enthalpies of mixing of acetone and chloroform and of acetone and carbon tetrachloride have been determined;(4) from these figures the energy of hydrogen bonding in the acetone–chloroform system is evaluated as 2.7 kcal ± 0.1.
A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF O2*(3Σu−) IN FLAMES
Authors: Fallon Robert J. , Tobias Irwin , Vanderslice Joseph T. , Maisch William G.
Published: May 2006

not available
NUCLEAR SHIELDING PARAMETERS FOR PROTONS IN STRONG HYDROGEN BONDS: I. ORTHOHYDROXY AZO COMPOUNDS
Authors: Reeves Leonard W.
Published: May 2006

not available
ARYLPYRIDINES: PART I. ORIENTATION IN THE REACTION OF PHENYLLITHIUM WITH SOME 3-SUBSTITUTED PYRIDINES
Authors: Abramovitch R. A. , Seng Giam Choo , Notation A. D.
Published: May 2006

The orientation of the entering phenyl substituent in the addition of phenyllithium to 3-picoline and nicotine has been studied. In the first case the main product was 3-methyl-2-phenylpyridine together with a small amount of 5-methyl-2-phenylpyridine; the ratio of the isomers being 19:1. The structure of the isomers was established by oxidation to the corresponding phenylnicotinic acids, by infrared and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of the crude mixture of isomers was effected by vapor phase chromatography. Phenylation of nicotine gave 2-phenyl- and 6-phenyl-nicotine in the ratio of 1:1. Separation of the isomers was effected by preparative vapor phase chromatography and their orientation established as above. Evidence that the 3-substituent exerts an appreciable steric effect in the end product of the addition is presented. The results are taken to mean that addition of phenyllithium, and probably of other nucleophilic reagents, to 3-substituted pyridines occurs preferentially at the 2-position but the 3-substituent, if sufficiently bulky, may exert a steric effect resulting in appreciable addition at the 6-position also.
THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF SOME URANYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Caldow G. L. , Van Cleave A. B. , Eager R. L.
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra for the di- and hexa-hydrates of uranyl nitrate, for anhydrous uranyl acetate, and for sodium zinc uranyl acetate hexahydrate have been obtained using the potassium bromide pressed disk technique. Where possible, samples were prepared by freeze-drying aqueous solutions of the appropriate compound and potassium bromide. The uranyl nitrate hydrates gave spectra with peaks characteristic of both nitrate and nitrato groups. For uranyl acetate the type of spectra obtained depended upon the ratio of uranyl acetate to potassium bromide in the freeze-dried mixture. It is postulated that, for relatively large ratios of uranyl acetate to potassium bromide, the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the acetate groups are chelated to the uranium atom. The spectrum of sodium zinc uranyl acetate hexahydrate is quite similar to that reported by Jones for sodium uranyl acetate. Using the 933 cm−1 peak, the Beer–Lambert law was obeyed for samples prepared by freeze-drying solutions containing uranyl nitrate and potassium bromide.
CONSTITUTION OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA, LAMB)
Authors: Bishop C. T. , Cooper F. P.
Published: May 2006

A hemicellulose fraction from jack pine wood has been shown to contain D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 49:17:2. The glucomannan was electrophoretically homogeneous and showed a degree of polymerization of 18–21 by three different methods of end group analysis. Methylation and hydrolysis yielded the following O-methyl ethers: 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (2.8 moles); 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 mole); 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (52 moles); 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (15.3 moles); di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 mole); di-O-methyl-D-galactose (2 moles). Lack of survival of any monosaccharides in the periodate-oxidized glucomannan showed that there was no branching through C2 or C3 of any of the units. Gas–liquid partition chromatography was used to analyze products from methylation and hydrolysis and from periodate oxidation and reduction of the polysaccharides. The results showed that the glucomannan from jack pine was composed of 1 → 4 linked β-D-mannose and β-D-glucose residues with D-galactose residues present as non-reducing terminal units. Branching, if any, must occur through C6 of units making up the polysaccharide. This structure is compared with those of glucomannans found in other soft woods.
RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF CYCLOHEXANE: II. DOSE RATE EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF CYCLOHEXENE
Authors: Dyne P. J. , Fletcher J. W.
Published: May 2006

Prolonged radiolysis of cyclohexane leads to a steady-state concentration of cyclohexene where G(cyclohexene) = 0. At concentrations greater than this steady concentration, cyclohexene is destroyed. It is shown that this steady-state concentration is a function of dose rate, varying approximately as the fourth root of the radiation intensity. A discussion of these and other observations indicates that dose rate and L.E.T. effects are observed in cyclohexane only if radical scavengers are present and that cyclohexene, a product of radiolysis, acts as a radical scavenger in irradiated cyclohexane.
O—H STRETCHING FREQUENCIES FOR SOME PHENOLS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO THE THERMODYNAMICS OF IONIZATION
Authors: Canady William J.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF SEMIQUINONE IONS: PART I. THE HYPERFINE SPLITTING DUE TO ALKOXY GROUPS
Authors: Matsunaga Y. , McDowell C. A.
Published: May 2006

The electron spin resonance absorption spectra of semiquinone ions with alkoxy groups have been examined and compared with those with substituted alkyl groups. The splitting constant for the alkoxy protons has been found to be about one-half that of alkyl protons in the corresponding free radical. Hyperfine splittings due to methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy protons have been demonstrated using the semiquinone ions formed by oxidation of alkyl gallates. The available evidence suggests that, in accounting for the hyperfine splitting due to alkyl protons, spin polarization is as important as electron delocalization.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CELLULOSE FROM THE INNER BARK OF WHITE BIRCH (BETULA PAPYRIFERA)
Authors: Mian A. Jabbar , Timell T. E.
Published: May 2006

A pectic acid, a 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan, and a cellulose have been isolated from the inner bark of white birch (Betulapapyrifera), in addition to minor amounts of other polysaccharides. The cellulose, which comprised 28% of the bark, yielded only D-glucose on hydrolysis, had a number-average degree of polymerization of 315 and, on methylation and hydrolysis, gave 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose in a mole ratio of 59:1. The O-methylcellulose had a degree of polymerization of 125, thus suggesting the possibility of branching. Direct nitration of the bark gave a nitrate in a yield corresponding to 28% cellulose in the bark. Light-scattering measurements on this derivative indicated a weight-average degree of polymerization of 7500. While the low intrinsic viscosity of this nitrate did not exclude the possibility of branching, further evidence is needed to establish the linear or non-linear nature of birch bark cellulose.
INTERACTION OF TWO PARALLEL PLATES IN A BINARY ASYMMETRICAL ELECTROLYTE I. UNIVALENT COAGULATING ION
Authors: Levine S. , Bell G. M.
Published: May 2006

The interaction of two charged plate-like parallel colloidal particles immersed in a binary asymmetrical electrolyte of valency type 1−m, where the coagulating ion is univalent, is considered. Applying the Derjaguin–Verwey–Overbeek theory of colloid stability, it is assumed that the plate surface potential is independent of the plate separation. The Stern modification in the absence of specific adsorption of the coagulating ion is also considered. It is demonstrated that as the valency m of the non-coagulating ion increases, the concentration of the coagulating ion at flocculation increases somewhat, but not to the extent predicted by Ostwald's activity coefficient rule. Application of the Stern theory reduces this trend and may even produce a decrease, with increasing m, in the coagulating ion concentration, particularly for a 1–2 electrolyte.
THE HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECT IN THE PYROLYSIS OF ETHYL-1,1,2,2-d4 ACETATE
Authors: Blades Arthur T. , Gilderson P. W.
Published: May 2006

The hydrogen isotope effect in the pyrolysis of ethyl-1,1,2,2-d4 acetate has been measured in the temperature range 442–650 °C. Making allowance for symmetry numbers in the formation of the ethylene products C2D4 and C2D3H, the isotope effect may be expressed as[Formula: see text]The data are interpreted as indicating a reaction co-ordinate in which a C—H bond is breaking, but contributions to the isotope effect from residual C—H and (or) incipient O—H vibrations, and from bending vibrations, must be included to explain the results satisfactorily.
THE SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE (SARIN) CONTAINING P32 AS TRACER ELEMENT
Authors: Reesor J. B. , Perry B. J. , Sherlock E.
Published: May 2006

Procedures are described for the safe processing of multicurie quantities of irradiated red phosphorus into isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin) having a specific activity of 250 to 300 millicuries per gram. The use of costly remote-handling equipment is avoided by suitable choice of synthetic route and apparatus design.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: THE OXIDATION OF A RICH n-PENTANE–AIR MIXTURE IN A FLOW SYSTEM
Authors: Sandler S. , Beech J. A.
Published: May 2006

A description is given of an apparatus suitable for investigations of the oxidation and decomposition reactions of volatile hydrocarbon vapors in a flow system. Most of the reaction products are analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography in a single-stage process involving a simple column-temperature programming technique. The products of the oxidation of a rich mixture of n-pentane and air in an annular reactor of Vycor over a wide temperature range are shown in detailed analysis. The products, as identified by several techniques including time-of-flight mass spectrometry and infrared spectrophotometry, include C2—C5 mono-olefins, two di-olefins, C1—C4 saturated aldehydes, an unsaturated aldehyde, and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran in addition to those usually associated with the complete oxidation of n-pentane.
THE STRUCTURE OF MONOBROMINATED ETHYL INDOLE-3-CARBOXYLATE AND THE PREPARATION OF 7-BROMOINDOLE
Authors: Leggetter B. E. , Brown R. K.
Published: May 2006

The compound reported by Majima and Kotake as ethyl 6-bromoindole-3-carboxylate, obtained from the monobromination of ethyl indole-3-carboxylate, when saponified, decarboxylated, and the product repeatedly crystallized from alcohol, actually gave a nearly equimolar mixture of 5- and 6-bromoindoles of constant melting point, 74–75°. 7-Bromoindole has been synthesized by two unambiguous routes.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM THE WOOD OF RED MAPLE (ACER RUBRUM L.)
Authors: Mian A. Jabbar , Timell T. E.
Published: May 2006

A glucomannan has been isolated from the wood of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) in a yield corresponding to 92% of the mannose residues in this wood and with a ratio of mannose to glucose of 2:1. Partial hydrolysis of the polysaccharide yielded 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-mannose, 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, and O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-(l → 4)-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-D-mannose. The methylated glucomannan on hydrolysis gave a mixture of di-O-methylhexoses, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose in a mole ratio of 7:29:13:1. The methylated polysaccharide contained 55 hexose residues per average molecule, while the corresponding value for the nitrate derivative was 67. It is concluded that the glucomannan is composed of a minimum of 70 glucose and mannose residues linked together by (1 → 4)-β-glycosidic bonds to linear molecules. The glucose residues are probably interposed between two or three contiguous mannose residues.
A RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING RANGE–ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS FOR HEAVY IONS OF KEV ENERGIES IN ALUMINUM
Authors: Davies J. A. , Friesen J. , McIntyre J. D.
Published: May 2006

A rapid technique has been developed for dissolving successive thin layers of metal from the surface of an aluminum foil: viz. electrochemical oxidation at constant voltage in aqueous ammonium citrate, followed by removal of the oxide film in a phosphoric acid – chromic oxide solution. Due to the highly protective nature of the aluminum oxide film, this two-step process enables very uniform surface layers of metal as thin as 1 μ/cm2 to be removed. The total weight of aluminum dissolved increases with the applied anodic voltage at a rate of 0.30 μg cm−1 volt−1 (approximately 11 Å per volt) over the range 0–150 volts. The technique should be sufficiently sensitive to study the depth of penetration in aluminum of radioactive ions with kinetic energies as low as a few kiloelectron volts.An approximate value for the range of Na24 recoil atoms from the Al27 (n,α) reaction was obtained. A more extensive application to range studies is given in the next paper.
THE FLUORINE RESONANCE SPECTRUM OF PERCHLORYL FLUORIDE
Authors: Brownstein S.
Published: May 2006

The first instance of observable spin–spin coupling with a chlorine nucleus is found in the fluorine resonance of perchloryl fluoride. The explanations of this, and of the very large chemical shift, are given.