bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Downregulation of Homeodomain‐Interacting Protein Kinase‐2 Contributes to Bladder Cancer Metastasis by Regulating Wnt Signaling
Authors: Tan Mingyue , Gong Hua , Zeng Yigang , Tao Le , Wang Jun , Jiang Juntao , Xu Dongliang , Bao Erdun , Qiu Jianxin , Liu Zhihong
Published: May 2014

Homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase‐2 (Hipk2) has been shown to have important regulatory roles in cancer biology, such as cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell invasion. However, the contributions of Hipk2 to bladder cancer metastasis remain largely unknown. In the current study, we assayed the expression level of Hipk2 in bladder cancer tissues by real‐time PCR, and defined its biological functions. We found that Hipk2 levels were downregulated in most bladder cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and Hipk2 levels were remarkably decreased in metastasized tumor tissues when compared with primary tumors. SiRNA‐mediated Hipk2 silencing increased bladder cancer cell invasion. Hipk2 knockdown resulted in decrease of E‐cadherin expression and increase of N‐cadherin and fibronectin expression, indicated that epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced. We further demonstrated that Hipk2 knockdown induced Wnt signaling activation and β‐catenin nuclear localization. Finally, we confirmed that Hipk2 inhibition promoted EMT and subsequent cell invasion, at least in part by activating Wnt signaling. These data suggest an important role of Hipk2 in regulating metastasis of bladder cancer and implicate the potential application of Hipk2 in bladder cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1762–1767, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
mTORC1 Is Involved in Hypoxia‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Through the Activation of Notch3
Authors: Wang Wang , Liu Jie , Ma Aiping , Miao Ran , Jin Yuling , Zhang Hongbing , Xu Kaifeng , Wang Chen , Wang Jun
Published: May 2014

Hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a clinical syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Both the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the Notch3 signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in HPH; however, it is unknown whether there is a connection between these two signaling pathways in HPH. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between mTOR and Notch3 in HPH. After treatment with 10% O2 for 4 weeks, male C57BL/6 mice developed HPH with gradually increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI), and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling accompanied by the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and Notch3 in the lung tissue and pulmonary arterioles. Pretreatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin not only alleviated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling but also suppressed hypoxia‐induced mTORC1 and Notch3 activation. Prophylactic N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐L‐alanyl]‐S‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester (DAPT) administration, a Notch signaling inhibitor, protected against the effects of hypoxia. These in vivo data were confirmed by in vitro experiments on human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) exposed to 3% O2. Furthermore, overexpression of Notch3 intracellular domain partially abrogated the inhibitory effects of rapamycin on human PASMC proliferation. These data indicate that both mTORC1 and Notch3 signaling are involved in HPH and the downstream effects of mTORC1 activation in HPH are partially dependent on the activation of Notch3 signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 2117–2125, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) Isoform Genes Is Controlled by PGC‐1α Through Different Transcription Factors
Authors: Gavaldà‐Navarro Aleix , Villena Josep A. , Planavila Anna , Viñas Octavi , Mampel Teresa
Published: May 2014

Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) isoforms are mitochondrial proteins encoded by nuclear DNA that catalyze the exchange of ATP generated in the mitochondria for ADP produced in the cytosol. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the transcriptional coactivator PGC‐1α (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ [PPAR‐γ] coactivator 1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, in the regulation of the expression of ANT isoform genes and to identify the transcription factors involved. We found that PGC‐1α overexpression induced the expression of all ANT human and mouse isoforms but to different degrees. The transcription factor ERRα was involved in PGC‐1α‐induced expression of all human ANT isoforms (hANT1‐3) in HeLa cells as well as in the regulation of mouse isoforms (mANT1‐2) in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, even though ANT isoforms have important physiological differences and are regulated in a tissue‐specific manner. In addition to ERRα, PPARδ and mTOR pathways were involved in the induction of mANT1‐2 by PGC‐1α in C2C12 myotubes, while PPARγ was involved in PGC‐1α‐regulation of mANT1‐2 in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the regulation of mANT genes by PGC‐1α was also observed in vivo in knockout mouse models lacking PGC‐1α. In summary, our results show that the regulation of genes encoding ANT isoforms is controlled by PGC‐1α through different transcription factors depending on cell type. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 2126–2136, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Efficient Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Pyrazole[3,4‐b]thieno[2,3‐e]pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Yao Chang‐Sheng , Lu Ke , Song Bin , Liu Bin , Li Tuan‐Jie , Yu Chen‐Xia
Published: May 2014

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of pyrazole[3,4‐b]thieno[2,3‐e]pyridine derivatives via the sequence of three‐component, catalyst‐free, and solvent‐free condensation and oxidation was described. The products feature a donor‐π‐conjugated acceptor fluorescent activity system, and the fluorescence emission wavelength was measured in methanol. Some products were fluorescent in solution emitting at blue light (λem = 430–505 nm).
Gender Differences in the Associations of PTSD Symptom Clusters With Relationship Distress in U.S. Vietnam Veterans and Their Partners
Authors: Renshaw Keith D. , Campbell Sarah B. , Meis Laura , Erbes Christopher
Published: May 2014

Research has consistently linked symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with relationship distress in combat veterans and their partners. Studies of specific clusters of PTSD symptoms indicate that symptoms of emotional numbing/withdrawal (now referred to as negative alterations in cognition and mood) are more strongly linked with relationship distress than other symptom clusters. These findings, however, are based predominantly on samples of male veterans. Given the increasing numbers of female veterans, research on potential gender differences in these associations is needed. The present study examined gender differences in the multivariate associations of PTSD symptom clusters with relationship distress in 465 opposite‐sex couples (375 with male veterans and 90 with female veterans) from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Comparisons of nested path models revealed that emotional numbing/withdrawal symptoms were associated with relationship distress in both types of couples. The strength of this association, however, was stronger for female veterans (b = .46) and female partners (b = .28), compared to male veterans (b = .38) and male partners (b = .26). Results suggest that couples‐based interventions (e.g., psychoeducation regarding emotional numbing symptoms as part of PTSD) are particularly important for both female partners of male veterans and female veterans themselves.
Identification of Aurora‐A Inhibitors by Ligand and Structure‐Based Virtual Screening
Authors: Morshed Mohammad Neaz
Published: May 2014

Aurora kinase A has been identified as one of the most attractive targets for cancer therapy because of its critical role in the regulation of the cell cycle. In order to identify active compounds with structural diversity we performed virtual screening. 3D‐QSAR pharmacophore models were developed and the best model was used as a query for screening the databases. Ligand and structure‐based virtual screening protocol was conducted sequentially by applying the common feature pharmacophore and molecular docking to discover potent Aurora‐A inhibitors. A total of eighty‐eight compounds were selected for the in vitro activities against various human cancer cell lines (DU145 and HT29). Considering the activity data, we have identified seven compounds to be considered for the next step, among which four compounds had high inhibition rate (above 50 %) at 10 µM with GI50 lower than 10 µM. Based on the cell line and enzyme assay (Aurora‐A & B) result, these four compounds were used as template/query molecule for similarity search. The best result was obtained for similarity hit SH3. It had IC50 of 0.578 and 11.77 µM for Aurora‐A and B respectively, which implies 20‐fold selectivity over Aurora‐B. The hits obtained from this screening scheme could be potential drug candidates after further optimization.
Investigating and Predicting how Biology Changes Molecules and Their Properties
Authors: Tyzack Jonathan D. , Glen Robert C.
Published: May 2014

Most molecules are transformed and transported by specific metabolising enzymes and transporters resulting in changes in their bioactivities, pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. This is a key consideration in the design of drugs. Ideally, when medicines have performed their task, they need to fade away gracefully, and not introduce unexpected or untoward biological effects. Some examples of predictive metabolism, transport and interesting design considerations of drugs are described.
Optimizing perfectly matched layers in discrete contexts
Authors: Modave A. , Delhez E. , Geuzaine C.
Published: May 2014

Perfectly matched layers (PMLs) are widely used for the numerical simulation of wave‐like problems defined on large or infinite spatial domains. However, for both time‐dependent and time‐harmonic cases, their performance critically depends on the so‐called absorption function. This paper deals with the choice of this function when classical numerical methods are used (based on finite differences, finite volumes, continuous finite elements and discontinuous finite elements). After reviewing the properties of the PMLs at the continuous level, we analyze how they are altered by the different spatial discretizations. In the light of these results, different shapes of absorption function are optimized and compared by means of both one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional representative time‐dependent cases. This study highlights the advantages of the so‐called shifted hyperbolic function, which is efficient in all cases and does not require the tuning of a free parameter, by contrast with the widely used polynomial functions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupation‐based Assessments and Treatments of Trigger Finger: A Survey of Occupational Therapists from Israel and the United States
Authors: Langer Danit , Luria Shai , Maeir Adina , Erez Asnat
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to describe the reported evaluation and treatment methods commonly administered by occupational therapy (OT) specialists in hand therapy for patients with trigger finger (TF).

Sixty‐one therapists from Israel and the United States completed an electronic survey.

Sixty‐nine per cent of the therapists reported evaluating TF symptoms (body function level) as part of their assessment protocol; however, only 25% reported the use of occupation‐based measures for the assessment of people with TF. All therapists reported using orthoses to treat TF, yet significant differences were found between the groups regarding the frequency of using physical agent modalities, exercise and activity modifications.

The results of the study point to the limited use of occupation‐based assessments and to a lack of consensus regarding treatment guidelines for TF. The study is limited by a restricted sample size and a low response rate from US therapists, which warrant caution in generalization of the findings. Further research is needed to study the broad implications of TF in order to inform the assessment of TF in OT and to establish the foundations for future treatment efficacy studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of various water immersions on mechanical properties of roselle fiber–vinyl ester composites
Authors: Manickam Chinnappan , Kumar Jagadisan , Athijayamani Ayyanar , Easter Samuel Jebaraj
Published: May 2014

In the present communication, the effect of water absorptions on mechanical properties of roselle fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites prepared by wet hand lay‐up method was studied. Water absorption tests were conducted by immersing composite specimens into three different water environments, namely distilled water, ground water, and sea water, which were at room temperature, for a period of 10 days. The water absorption behavior of composite was found to follow a non‐Fickian behavior. The maximum water absorption percent and diffusion coefficient were determined from the obtained water absorption curves. The scanning electron microscopy was used for the fractographic studies on the fractured surface of composite. The results show that composites exposed to sea water environment absorb more water absorption percent than that of other water environments. It was observed that the water absorption percent increased with increasing fiber loading. Mechanical properties of dry composite specimens were compared with wet composite specimens. Mechanical properties were found to decrease with an increasing percentage of water uptakes. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1638–1646, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Phosphoproteome profiles of the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinerea during exponential growth in axenic cultures
Authors: Davanture Marlène , Dumur Jérôme , Bataillé‐Simoneau Nelly , Campion Claire , Valot Benoît , Zivy Michel , Simoneau Philippe , Fillinger Sabine
Published: May 2014

This study describes the gel‐free phosphoproteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinerea grown in vitro under nonlimiting conditions. Using a combination of strong cation exchange and IMAC prior to LC‐MS, we identified over 1350 phosphopeptides per fungus representing over 800 phosphoproteins. The preferred phosphorylation sites were found on serine (>80%) and threonine (>15%), whereas phosphorylated tyrosine residues were found at less than 1% in A. brassicicola and at a slightly higher ratio in B. cinerea (1.5%). Biological processes represented principally among the phoshoproteins were those involved in response and transduction of stimuli as well as in regulation of cellular and metabolic processes. Most known elements of signal transduction were found in the datasets of both fungi. This study also revealed unexpected phosphorylation sites in histidine kinases, a category overrepresented in filamentous ascomycetes compared to yeast.
The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange database with identifier PXD000817 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000817).
The Implications of Monitoring Frequency for Describing Riverine Water Quality Regimes
Authors: Sergeant C. J. , Nagorski S.
Published: May 2014

Strategies to characterize water quality vary widely, but regulatory approaches mainly consider single‐value thresholds for individual parameters (e.g. minimum dissolved oxygen concentration). Distributions of parameter values across multiple temporal and spatial scales, commonly referred to as regimes, add greater context and interpretability to point measurements. Although uncommon among monitoring programmes, continuous water quality data collected at high frequency (e.g. hourly) can characterize waterbody health more accurately than infrequent point measurements. We used multivariate analysis to describe water quality regimes based on hourly measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance and water temperature from three divergent stream types in Southeast Alaska national parks. We also assessed whether less frequent measurements drawn from the original hourly data set resulted in similar water quality regime descriptions. The monthly means and standard deviations of the four water quality parameters created ordinations with interpretable, stream‐specific environmental gradients. Procrustean analysis revealed that ordination results were strikingly similar across all temporal monitoring frequencies. Univariate medians and distributions of weekly, twice monthly and monthly measurements were similar across all parameters, but hourly monitoring was necessary to accurately characterize extreme values. These analyses demonstrated the ability of commonly collected water quality parameters to define unique physical–chemical properties across regional stream types and present scientists with common analytical tools to determine appropriate monitoring scales for accurately characterizing water quality regimes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Merkle tree‐based wormhole attack avoidance mechanism in low power and lossy network based networks
Authors: Idris Khan Faraz , Shon Taeshik , Lee Taekkyeun , Kim Ki‐Hyung
Published: May 2014

Smart metering application has received a lot of attention from the research community lately. Usually, low power and lossy network runs on routing protocol for low power and lossy networks protocol, which constructs a directed acyclic graph structure for its normal operation. In this paper, we devise a wormhole attack scenario in such a network. Furthermore, we propose a Merkle tree‐based authentication mechanism, which runs on the notion of constructing a tree of hashed security information. We analyze the approach by formulating the wormhole attack scenario as a graph theoretic problem and show the effectiveness of the proposed Merkle tree‐based approach for authenticating communications. Furthermore, we perform simulations in network simulator 2 to observe the network performance by adopting a Merkle tree‐based approach to prevent from disrupting the links, and we observe better throughput, reduction in jitter, and end‐to‐end delay as compared with scenarios with wormhole attacks and no avoidance mechanism. In the end, we take a step toward optimizing the performance of the mechanism by proposing an effective tree traversal algorithm, which works on the notion of electing nodes as a root in a large scale network from where a Merkle tree will be originated. The mechanism with the traversal algorithm assists in managing the authentication in a huge network, which is broken down into many trees avoiding wormhole attacks in the network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulk Micromachining of Si by Metal‐assisted Chemical Etching
Authors: Kim Sang‐Mi , Khang Dahl‐Young
Published: May 2014

Bulk micromachining of Si is demonstrated by the well‐known metal‐assisted chemical etching (MaCE). Si microstructures, having lateral dimension from 5 μm up to millimeters, are successfully sculpted deeply into Si substrate, as deep as >100 μm. The key ingredient of this success is found to be the optimizations of catalyst metal type and its morphology. Combining the respective advantages of Ag and Au in the MaCE as a Ag/Au bilayer configuration leads to quite stable etch reaction upon a prolonged etch duration up to >5 h. Further, the permeable nature of the optimized Ag/Au bilayer metal catalyst enables the etching of pattern features having very large lateral dimension. Problems such as the generation of micro/nanostructures and chemical attacks on the top of pattern surface are successfully overcome by process optimizations such as post‐partum sonication treatment and etchant formulation control. The method can also be successful to vertical micromachining of Si substrate having other crystal orientations than Si(100), such as Si(110) and Si(111). The simple, easy, and low‐cost nature of present approach may be a great help in bulk micromachining of Si for various applications such as microelectromechanical system (MEMS), micro total analysis system (μTAS), and so forth.
New Energy Saving Technology for Producing Hadfield Steel to High Gouging Applications
Authors: El Fawkhry Mohamed Kamal , Fathy Ayman Mohamed , Eissa Mamdouh Mahmoud
Published: May 2014

The ladle treatment technique for molten Hadfield steel was utilized by using four groups of CaSi inoculants and Mg metal in order to exclude the most hard‐control conventional heat treatment process. The effect of ladle treatment on the morphology of Cementite networks, hardness, impact strength, and wear abrasion resistance were investigated. The SEM indicates that cementite is dispersed throughout the austenite matrix in a new eutectic. This eutectic grows on heterogeneous nuclei either SiO2 or MgS. Impact strength of modified as cast Hadfield steel exceeds the as heat‐treated steel. The wear abrasion resistance of modified steel is 350% in excess of the conventional Hadfield steel.
Printable solar cells
Authors: Ito Seigo
Published: May 2014

Printable solar cells attract academic and industrial interests because solar cells should be cost‐effective systems and have to be fabricated by non‐vacuum methods such as screen printing, doctor blading, spin coating, spray deposition, and electrochemical deposition. In order to be a cost‐effective solar system, the solar cells neither include expensive (indium) and toxic materials (cadmium and mercury) nor expensive processes such as chemical vapor deposition and sputtering. Similar to printed solar cells, many types of solar cells have been investigated in the past two decades: organic, dye‐sensitized solar cells, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, organic thin‐film photovoltaic cells, and so on. Now, the photoenergy conversion efficiencies of printed solar cells have been improved by more than 10% with the efforts of scientists. In this review, prominent progress has been presented for the future of our society. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:51–73. doi: 10.1002/wene.112

This article is categorized under:

Photovoltaics > Science and Materials

Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy
Description of sub‐ and superharmonic motion in rotor‐stator contact using Fourier series
Authors: Alber O. , Mahner M.
Published: May 2014

This paper deals with the description of steady‐state sub‐ and superharmonic motion in rotor‐stator contact using truncated complex Fourier series. Two different approaches are presented with different stages of simplification. In particular, a kinematic contact condition describing continuous contact is used. The multi‐harmonic balance method is applied to solve the differential algebraic system of equations. A further simplification is implemented which uses the triangular inequality to approximate the nonlinear term in the kinematic contact condition. The Fourier coefficients of the nonlinear term are calculated using an integral expression. Reasonable initial values of the Fourier coefficients for the numerical solution are obtained by a hybrid approach. Results show good agreement with calculations by direct numerical integration using a pseudo‐linear viscoelastic contact model.
Tobermolite effects on methane removal activity and microbial community of a lab-scale soil biocover
Authors: Moon Kyung-Eun , Lee Eun-Hee , Kim Tae Gwan , Cho Kyung-Suk
Published: May 2014

Three identical lab-scale biocovers were packed with an engineered soil (BC 1), tobermolite only (BC 2), and a mixture of the soil and tobermolite (BC 3), and were operated at an inlet load of 338–400 g-CH4 m−2 d−1 and a space velocity of 0.12 h−1. The methane removal capacity was 293 ± 47 g-CH4 m−2 d−1 in steady state in the BC 3, which was significantly higher than those in the BC 1 and BC 2 (106 ± 24 and 114 ± 48 g-CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively). Quantitative PCR indicated that bacterial and methanotrophic densities (6.62–6.78 × 107 16S rDNA gene copy number g-dry sample−1 and 1.37–2.23 × 107  pmoA gene copy number g-dry sample−1 in the BC 1 and BC 3, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the BC 2. Ribosomal tag pyrosequencing showed that methanotrophs comprised approximately 60 % of the bacterial community in the BC 2 and BC 3, while they only comprised 43 % in the BC 1. The engineered soil favored the growth of total bacteria including methanotrophs, while the presence of tobermolite enhanced the relative abundance of methanotrophs, resulting in an improved habitat for methanotrophs as well as greater methane mitigation performance in the mixture. Moreover, a batch experiment indicated that the soil and tobermolite mixture could display a stable methane oxidation level over wide temperature (20–40 °C, at least 38 μmol g-dry sample−1 h−1) and pH (5–8, at least 61 μmol g-dry sample−1 h−1) ranges. In conclusion, the soil and tobermolite mixture is promising for methane mitigation.
Morphometric Analysis of the Association of Primary Shoulder Reconstruction Procedures with Scapular Growth in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Paralysis Patients
Authors: Terzis Julia K. , Karypidis Dimitrios , Mendoza Ricardo , Kokkalis Zinon T. , Diawara Norou
Published: May 2014

Background

Obstetric brachial plexus paralysis (OBPP) has been associated with shoulder deformities, scapular growth, and shoulder function impairment. The absence of balanced muscular forces acting on the scapula has been considered responsible for scapula dysplasia and impaired growth as compared with the normal side. Scapula growth impairment may also lead to shoulder and upper extremity dysfunction. This study aims at showing the association of primary nerve reconstruction with the restoration of scapular bone growth potential.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 73 patients with OBPP who underwent primary shoulder reconstruction. Patients were categorized for assessment and analysis into group A, global paralysis; group B, Erb's palsy; and group C, Erb's palsy with C7 root involvement. Scapular posteroanterior and lateral X-rays were obtained in which four scapula dimensions were manually measured. The growth discrepancy depending on the applied treatment was investigated.

Results

The highest improvement was noted in scapular height in the Erb's palsy group who underwent simultaneous neurotization of the suprascapular and axillary nerves. The oblique axis was more improved in the Erb's palsy group while both big and small widths were more improved in the Erb's palsy with C7 root involvement group in patients who underwent concomitant neurotization of the suprascapular and the axillary nerves. Functional improvement correlated positively with growth improvement in all groups and scapular dimensions.

Conclusion

Scapula growth and shoulder function improvement were higher in patients with Erb's palsy. Simultaneous axillary and suprascapular nerve neurotization provided the best outcome in both functional and growth restoration.
Cell Proliferation and Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in a Cell Line From Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii)
Authors: Scholefield Andrew M. , Schuller Kathryn A.
Published: May 2014

Southern bluefin tuna (SBT, Thunnus maccoyii) aquaculture is a highly valuable industry, but research on these fish is hampered by strict catch quotas and the limited success of captive breeding. To address these limitations, we have developed a SBT cell line (SBT‐E1) and here we report on fatty acid metabolism in this cell line. The SBT‐E1 cells proliferated well in standard Leibovitz's L‐15 cell culture medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) as the source of fatty acids. Decreasing the FBS concentration decreased the cell proliferation. Addition of the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) or linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n‐6) to the cell culture medium had little effect on the proliferation of the cells, whereas addition of the long‐chain PUFA (LC‐PUFA) arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) significantly reduced the proliferation of the cells, especially at higher concentrations and especially for DHA. Addition of vitamin E to the culture medium overcame this effect, suggesting that it was due to oxidative stress. The fatty acid profiles of the total lipid from the cells reflected those of the respective culture media with little evidence for desaturation or elongation of any of the fatty acids. The only exceptions were EPA and ARA, which showed substantial elongation to 22:5n‐3 and 22:4n‐6, respectively, and DHA, which was significantly enriched in the cells compared with the culture medium. The results are discussed in light of the dietary PUFA requirements of SBT in the wild and in aquaculture.
Prevalence and pattern of upper limb involvement in cerebral palsy
Authors: Makki Daoud , Duodu J. , Nixon Matthew
Published: May 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of upper limb involvement in children with cerebral palsy (CP), how this relates to function and how well these problems are recognised and treated.

Methods

One hundred consecutive patients with CP attending non-hand-related clinics were assessed. Function was assessed according to the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS), the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and the ABILHAND-Kids system, and correlated to age and pattern of upper limb involvement. Patients were examined for contractures in the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. Concerns about the appearance of the hand were also assessed in older children.

Results

Overall, 83 % of patients had upper limb involvement, 36 % had a demonstrable contracture and 69 % had reduced hand control. The most common contracture patterns were the thumb in palm with clasp hand, shoulder adduction with internal rotation and wrist flexion with pronation. The thumb in palm with clasp hand pattern was associated with the greatest functional disability, followed by wrist flexion with pronation. Single contractures such as elbow flexion caused significant disability, whereas swan-neck contractures were, by far, less debilitating. Children aged 12 years and older had more concerns about the appearance of their hand. The ABILHAND score was strongly correlated to both the GMFCS and the MACS score.

Conclusion

Different patterns of upper limb involvement exist in CP and some have a significant impact on function and cause cosmetic concerns that should not be underestimated, particularly in older children.
Domainal Petrofabric Analysis of Micaceous Quartzite using EBSD Data: Role of Muscovite in LPO Evolution of Quartz
Authors: Renjith A. R. , Mamtani Manish A.
Published: May 2014

Lattice Preferred Orientation (LPO) of quartz and muscovite are measured in a micaceous quartzite using SEM based Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The measurements were done in a thin section prepared parallel to the K1K3 plane of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) ellipsoid, which is equivalent to the XZ plane of the strain ellipsoid. Bulk data from the sample reveal that quartz c-axis develop an oblique single girdle LPO pattern indicating a dextral sense of shear. A similar pattern is produced by poles to the basal planes (001) of muscovite, which implies that muscovite controls the LPO of quartz in the rock. Petrofabric analysis of quartz is performed in domains viz. (I) not containing muscovite, (II) between two muscovite grains, and (III) rim of quartz grains around a muscovite grain. Quartz LPO pattern in Domain-III is noted to be similar to the bulk LPO recorded from the whole sample, thus confirming that muscovite was critical in textural evolution of the rock. The study thus establishes that a minor mineral phase in a rock can control the LPO of the major mineral phase, thus playing a significant role in development of bulk texture of the rock. The advantages of domainal petrofabric analysis in evaluation of slip systems in minerals in different parts of a rock, and vorticity quantification are discussed.
Lithospheric Structure below Transantarctic Mountain using Receiver Function Analysis of TAMSEIS Data
Authors: Kumar P. , Talukdar Karabi , Sen Mrinal K.
Published: May 2014

The lithospheric structure of Antarctica has been investigated from P- (PRF) and S- receiver functions (SRF) using the seismological data from Trans-Antarctic Mountain Seismic Experiment (TAMSEIS). For the stations deployed on the thick ice sheet, estimation of crustal parameters from PRF may be erroneous as the Moho conversions may interfere with the reverberations within the thick ice sheet. However, the free surface multiples are well observed in PRF. On the other hand, in SRFs, the primary conversions of interest and multiples are separated by the mother S-phase. Therefore, it is advantageous to interpret PRF and SRF jointly for the regions where we have thick low velocity layer at the top such as ice or sediments. The crustal structure and corresponding parameters have already been estimated by various workers, but here we interpret the PRF and SRF jointly to minimize the ambiguity and map the lithospheric architecture below TAM. Our analysis reveals that the average crustal thickness beneath the east Antarctica craton is ∼44 km with Vp/Vs ranging between ∼1.7 and 1.9. Below Trans-Antarctic Mountain (TAM), the average crustal thickness is ∼36 km with higher Vp/Vs of ∼1.8-2.0. The rift and the volcanic affected coastal region show erratic depths and Vp/ Vs, primarily due to the absence of either primary conversion or multiples in the receiver functions. A small number of stations far from the volcano show that the crust is thinnest (∼26 to 34 km thick) in the coastal part. The contribution of this study is the mapping of the lithospheric configuration, not done so far using SRF. The SRF section along a profile spanning E-, W-Antarctica and TAM reveals that the lithospheric thickness in the coast is ∼80 km and below TAM it is ∼120 km. In the central thick ice cover region, the lithosphere thickens upto ∼150 km towards Vostok highlands. The most intriguing feature in our SRF section is that the crust and lithosphere are shallow below TAM compared to the E-Antarctica. Further, we observe a mid-lithospheric low velocity layer confined mostly below TAM, suggesting that the thermal buoyancy could be the prime cause for the upliftment of TAM.
Application of Disjunctive Kriging for Estimating Economic Grade Distribution in an Iron Ore Deposit: A Case Study of the Choghart North Anomaly, Iran
Authors: Daya Ali Akbar
Published: May 2014

Most significant iron ore deposits in Iran are located in Central Iran Zone. These deposits belong to the Bafq mining district. The Bafq mining district is located in the Early Cambrian Kashmar-Kerman volcanic arc of Central Iran. Linear estimation of regionalized variables (for example by inverse distance weighting or ordinary Kriging) results in relatively high estimation variances, i.e. the estimates have very low precision. Assessment of project economics (or other critical decision making) based on linear estimation is therefore risky. Non-linear estimation methods like disjunctive kriging perform better and the lower estimation variance allows less risky economic decision-making. Another advantage of disjunctive kriging is that it allows estimation of functions of the primary variable, which here is the grade (Fe %) of the ore. In particular it permits estimation of indicator functions defined using thresholds on the primary variable. This paper is devoted to application of disjunctive kriging method in Choghart North Anomaly iron ore deposit in Central Iran, Yazd province, Iran. In this study, the Fe concentration of Choghart North Anomaly iron ore deposit was modelled and estimated. The exploration data consists of borehole samples measuring the Fe concentration. A Gaussian isofactorial model is fitted to these data and disjunctive kriging was used to estimate the regionalized variable (Fe %) at unsampled locations and to assess the probabilities that the actual concentrations exceed a threshold value at a given location. Consequently a three dimensional model of probability of exceeding a threshold value and the estimated value are provided by disjunctive kriging to divide the ore into an economic and uneconomic part on the basis of estimation of indicator functions using thresholds grades defined on point support. The tools and concepts are complemented by a set of computer programs that are applied to the case study. The study showed that disjunctive kriging can be applied successfully for modeling the grade of an ore deposit. Results showed that the correlation between the estimated value and real value at locations close to each other is 81.9%.
A Method and a GUI based JAVA Code for Interactive Gravity Modeling of Strike Limited Listric Fault Sources with Arbitrary Density-depth Variations
Authors: Chakravarthi V. , Sastry S. Rajeswara , Kumar M. Pramod
Published: May 2014

A method coupled with a GUI based computer program, FRGMLSTRK, coded in JAVA, has been developed to interactively model the gravity anomalies of strike-limited listric fault sources where the detached hanging wall of the structure consists of several geologic formations that have different densities and thicknesses. The program is simple and user friendly in the sense that it allows interactive model construction and modification, the display of fault geometry, depth and the densities of various sub-surface formations, and real-time computation of the gravity anomalies arising from the model. The non-planar fault planes are analytically constructed by fitting a polynomial function of arbitrary but specific degree to a set of points selected on the fault plane by means of a few mouse clicks in the structure panel of the graphical layout. Further, input parameters pertaining to depths and densities of formations can be specified by means of mouse clicks in respective panels. Subsequent changes in these parameters can be realized by simple drag and drop mouse operations. The modeled gravity anomalies are automatically updated and displayed whenever changes are made to: (i) the geometry of the fault plane; (ii) depths of density interfaces; and (iii) densities of formations. These changes can be made either independently or in combination. In addition to displaying the results in graphical form, the code also generates the output in ASCII format. The applicability of the code is demonstrated with both a simple synthetic model and real-world gravity anomalies from the margin of the Chintalpudi sub-basin in India.
Prevalence of sleep disorders by sex and ethnicity among older adolescents and emerging adults: Relations to daytime functioning, working memory and mental health☆
Authors: Petrov Megan E. , Lichstein Kenneth L. , Baldwin Carol M.
Published: May 2014

The study determined the prevalence of sleep disorders by ethnicity and sex, and related daytime functioning, working memory, and mental health among older adolescent to emerging adult college students. Participants were U.S.A. undergraduates (N = 1684), aged 17–25, recruited from 2010 to 2011. Participants completed online questionnaires for all variables. Overall, 36.0% of the sample screened positive for sleep disorders with insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder being the most prevalent. Women reported more insomnia and daytime impairment. African–Americans reported more early morning awakenings and less daytime impairment. Students with insomnia symptoms or restless legs syndrome tended to have lower working memory capacities. Students with nightmares or parasomnias had greater odds for mental disorders. In an older adolescent to emerging adult college student sample, sleep disorders may be a common source of sleep disturbance and impairment. Certain sleep disorders may be associated with lower working memory capacity and poor mental health.
Medical eligibility, contraceptive choice, and intrauterine device acceptance among HIV‐infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy in Lilongwe, Malawi
Authors: Haddad Lisa B. , Feldacker Caryl , Jamieson Denise J. , Tweya Hannock , Cwiak Carrie , Bryant Amy G. , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Chaweza Thomas , Mlundira Linly , Kachale Fanny , Stuart Gretchen S. , Hoffman Irving , Phiri Sam
Published: May 2014

Objective

To determine medical eligibility for contraceptive use, contraceptive preference, and acceptance of a copper intrauterine device (IUD) among a cohort of HIV‐infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

All HIV‐infected women who received ART and sought contraceptive services at the Lighthouse clinic, an integrated HIV/ART clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi, between August and December 2010 were invited to participate in a structured interview. Eligibility and preference for the following contraceptive methods were assessed: combined hormonal contraceptives, progestogen‐only pills, copper IUD, injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and contraceptive implants.

Results

The final sample included 281 women; five were pregnant. The remaining 276 women were eligible for at least three contraceptive methods, with 242 (87.7%) eligible for all five methods evaluated. After counseling, 163 (58.0%) selected DMPA and 98 (34.9%) selected an IUD as their preferred contraceptive method. Regardless of their method of choice, 222 (79.0%) women agreed to have an IUD placed on the same day.

Conclusion

Most methods of contraception are safe for use by HIV‐infected women. Approximately 80% of the women were willing to receive an IUD. Efforts must be made to increase education about, and access to, long‐acting reversible methods that may be acceptable and appropriate contraceptive options for HIV‐infected women.
CIRCULARITY IN SOUNDNESS AND COMPLETENESS
Authors: KAYE RICHARD
Published: May 2014

We raise an issue of circularity in the argument for the completeness of first-order logic. An analysis of the problem sheds light on the development of mathematics, and suggests other possible directions for foundational research.
THE POWER OF MERCY IN BIBLICAL LAW
Authors: Welker Michael
Published: May 2014

Biblical law is a complex concept that contains several distinct legal currents. In an effort to explore the interplay of these currents, this article first focuses on the overlap between the biblical law of God and the strictly legal regulations of the Old Testament. It then unpacks the principles and inner rationalities of what is termed “archaic law” and shows that this law is connected with regulations that could be termed “mercy laws” and with cultic regulations. By extrapolating the normative dynamics between these three codes of the law, the article exposes the enormous moral, religious, and legal influence of biblical law in general and of the mercy code in particular. In this way, the article reveals a backbone of our occidental culture. The interdependence of justice and mercy drives societies and cultures to search for (humane) justice in a deep and truth-bound way and, further, to routinize social care and welfare beyond the boundaries of families and tribal relations. The article finally illuminates both commonalities and differences between mercy and a deep and encompassing understanding of love.
ON A PROBLEM OF P. HALL FOR ENGEL WORDS II
Authors: RUSSO FRANCESCO G.
Published: May 2014

The present paper is related to some recent studies in Abdollahi and Russo [‘On a problem of P. Hall for Engel words’,Arch. Math. (Basel) 97(2011), 407–412] and Fernández-Alcoberet al. [‘A note on conciseness of Engel words’,Comm. Algebra 40(2012), 2570–2576] on the position of the$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}n$-Engel marginal subgroup$E^*_n(G)$of a group$G$, when$n=3,4$. Describing the size of$E^*_n(G)$for$n=3,4$, we show some generalisations of classical results on the partial margins of$E^*_3(G)$and$E^*_4(G)$.
Effects of seasonal acclimation on cold tolerance and biochemical status of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, last instar larvae
Authors: Heydari M. , Izadi H.
Published: May 2014

The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, a pest of Punica granatum, overwinters as a larva. In this study, physiological changes, water content, cold hardiness and supercooling points (SCPs) in relation to ambient temperature in the overwintering period (October to March) and changes of these factors between diapausing (February) and non-diapausing (September) larvae were studied. Pupae that were derived from diapausing larvae (April) and  from non-diapausing larvae (August) were also compared. Total body sugar, lipid and protein contents increased with decrease in the temperature and reached the highest levels (12.82, 1.99 and 6.11 mg g−1 body weight, respectively) in February, but glycogen content decreased and reached the lowest level (1.12 mg g−1 body weight) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, and pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae. Trehalose and myo-inositol contents increased during diapause and reached the highest levels (0.50 and 0.07 mg g−1 body weight, respectively) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, but the differences between pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae were not significant. The SCP of diapausing larvae (−17.3 °C) was significantly lower than in the non-diapausing larvae (−12.0 °C). SCP decreased gradually in autumn and reached the lowest level in the middle of winter. Changes of cold hardiness were inversely proportional to SCP changes. The lowest levels of water (65%) and weight (43.13 mg) were recorded in January and March, respectively. Most probably, lipids play a role as energy reserve, and low-molecular weight carbohydrates and polyols provide cryoprotection for overwintering larvae of the carob moth. Since the overwintering larvae die at temperatures above the SCP, the carob moth larvae were found to be a chill-intolerant insect.
Bribe Payments and Innovation in Developing Countries: Are Innovating Firms Disproportionately Affected?
Authors: Ayyagari Meghana , Demirgüç-Kunt Asli , Maksimovic Vojislav
Published: May 2014

Innovating firms pay more bribes than noninnovators across 25,000 firms in 57 countries. The difference is larger in countries with more bureaucratic regulation and weaker governance. Innovators that pay bribes do not receive better services and do not have greater propensity to engage in other illegal activities such as tax evasion. Thus, innovators are more likely to be victims of corruption than perpetrators. Our findings point to the challenges facing entrepreneurs in developing countries and are consistent with the view that rent seeking by government officials unlike private criminal activity is more likely to target innovators.
Solvency Constraint, Underdiversification, and Idiosyncratic Risks
Authors: Liu Hong
Published: May 2014

Contrary to the prediction of the standard portfolio diversification theory, many investors place a large fraction of their stock investment in a small number of stocks. I show that underdiversification may be caused by solvency requirements. My model predicts that for quite general preferences and return distributions: (1) underdiversification decreases in discretionary wealth; and (2) expected return and covariance determine which stocks to invest in, but variance, higher moments, and Sharpe ratio do not matter for this choice. In addition, a less-diversified stock portfolio has a higher expected return, a higher volatility, and a higher skewness, and idiosyncratic risks are priced.