bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorido(pyridine-κN)bis[2-(quinolin-2-yl)phenyl-κ2
C
1,N]iridium(III) monohydrate
Authors: Li Cheng , Dong Xiao-Qing , Wang Quan , Ren Chun-Xia , Ding Yu-Qiang
Published: August 2008

In the neutral mononuclear iridium(III) title complex, [Ir(C15H10N)2Cl(C5H5N)]·H2O, the Ir atom is coordinated by two N atoms and two C atoms from two 2-(quinolin-2-yl)phenyl ligands, one N atom from a pyridine ligand and one Cl atom in an octahedral geometry.
{μ-6,6′-Dimethoxy-2,2′-[propane-1,3-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenolato}trinitratocopper(II)europium(III)
Authors: Xing Jing-Chun , Wang Jing-Hua , Yan Peng-Fei , Li Guang-Ming
Published: August 2008

In the title complex, [CuEu(C19H20N2O4)(NO3)3], the CuII ion is four-coordinated in a square-planar geometry by two O atoms and two N atoms of the deprotonated Schiff base. The EuIII atom is ten-coordinate, chelated by three nitrate groups and linked to the four O atoms of the deprotonated Schiff base.
Ethyl 1'-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenoxy-4-phenylazetidin-1-yl]-1,3-dioxo-2′,3′,5′,6′,7′,7a′-hexahydroindan-2-spiro-3′-1′H-pyrrolizine-2′-carboxylate
Authors: Kamala E. Theboral Sugi , Nirmala S. , Sudha L. , Arumugam N. , Raghunathan R.
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, C34H32N2O7, the methyl group and methylene H atoms of the ethoxycarbonyl substituent are disordered over two positions with site occupancy factors for the major and minor conformers of 0.594 (8) and 0.406 (8), respectively. The unsubstituted ring of the pyrrolizine ring system exhibits a twist conformation, the other an envelope conformation. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked through C—H...O hydrogen bonds; intramolecular C—H...O interactions are also observed.
{μ-6,6′-Dimethoxy-2,2′-[propane-1,3-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenolato}dimethanoltrinitratonickel(II)lanthanum(III) methanol disolvate
Authors: Liu Fei
Published: August 2008

In the title dinuclear complex, [NiLa(C19H20N2O4)(NO3)3(CH3OH)2]·2CH3OH, the NiII ion is coordinated by two O atoms and two N atoms of a Schiff base ligand and by two O atoms of two methanol ligands, forming a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The LaIII ion is coordinated by six O atoms from three chelating nitrate ligands and four O atoms from the Schiff base ligand, forming a distorted bicapped square-antiprismatic environment. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H—O hydrogen bonds connect complex molecules and methanol solvent molecules, forming a two-dimensional network.
(E)-4-Chloro-N′-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide
Authors: Yang De-Suo
Published: August 2008

The molecule of the title compound, C15H13ClN2O2, displays a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 15.1 (3)°. A strong intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked through intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along [101].
(E)-4-Chloro-N′-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide
Authors: Yang De-Suo
Published: August 2008

The molecule of the title compound, C14H11ClN2O2, displays a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 12.8 (3)°. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked through intermolecular O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional network.
Diaquabis(4-bromobenzoato-κO)bis(N,N′-diethylnicotinamide-κN
1)zinc(II)
Authors: Öztürk Aslı , Hökelek Tuncer , Özbek Fureya Elif , Necefoğlu Hacali
Published: August 2008

The title compound, [Zn(C7H4BrO2)2(C10H14N2O)2(H2O)2], is a monomeric complex with the ZnII atom lying on an inversion center. It contains two 4-bromobenzoate, two diethylnicotinamide ligands and two water molecules, all of which are monodentate. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the Zn atom form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the distorted octahedral geometry is completed by two N atoms in the axial positions. The methyl group of one of the ethyl groups is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of ca 0.65 and 0.35. The two aromatic rings are oriented at an angle of 77.22 (14)°. In the crystal structure, O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along the a axis.
3-Ethyl-6-{1-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]ethyl}-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Jebas Samuel Robinson , Sujith K. V. , Patil P. S. , Kalluraya B.
Published: August 2008

In the molecule of the title compound, C17H22N4S, the triazolothiadiazole ring system is essentially planar and forms a dihedral angle of 74.34 (6)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into chains running along the b axis by C—H...π interactions; adjacent chains are cross-linked via C—H...N hydrogen bonds and short S...N contacts [3.2694 (14) and 3.2953 (14) Å].
cis-3-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
Authors: Hu Yu , Sun XiaoXia , Guo Ying , Yao Hua
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C12H21NO4, a γ-aminobutyric acid derivative, crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a strand. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond is also observed.
Dichlorido(5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2
N,N′)zinc(II)
Authors: Khalighi Aida , Ahmadi Roya , Amani Vahid , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: August 2008

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [ZnCl2(C12H12N2)], contains two independent molecules. The ZnII atoms are four-coordinated in distorted tetrahedral configurations by two N atoms from 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine and two terminal Cl atoms. In the crystal structure, intermolecular C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds link the molecules. There are C—H...π contacts between the methyl groups and the pyridine and five-membered rings containing ZnII atoms; π–π contacts also exist between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.665 (5) and 3.674 (5) Å].
(2E,3E)-3-(Pyrazin-2-yloxyimino)butan-2-one oxime
Authors: Chen Ju Na , Yang Lin Yan
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, C8H10N4O2, all non-H atoms are nearly coplanar [maximum deviation 0.1256 (16) Å for the methyl C furthest from the ring]. Intermolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds link adjacent molecules into a one-dimensional zigzag chain along the c axis. There is also a weak π–π stacking interaction between neighbouring pyrazine rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 4.0432 (15) Å.
Tetraethylammonium tricarbonylchlorido(isoquinoline-1-carboxylato-κ2
N,O)technetate(I)
Authors: Schmalle Helmut W. , Alberto Roger
Published: August 2008

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C8H20N)[Tc(C10H6NO2)Cl(CO)3], consists of two crystallographically independent technetium complexes related via a pseudo-inversion centre and two tetraethylammonium cations. The Tc atoms have slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometries, and they are linked with the cations by intermolecular C—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen-bonding contacts, forming two-dimensional columns, which lie approximately parallel to (001) in the crystal structure. The isochinolate (isoquinoline-1-carboxylate) ligands link the columns by partial π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance 4.3733 (11) Å], forming a three-dimensional network structure.
Hexakis(2-amino-4-methylpyridine-κN
1)dioxidohexa-μ4-sulfido-hexacopper(I)divanadium(V)
Authors: Yu Zhang , Tang Guodong , Zhao Jianying , Jiang Zhengjing
Published: August 2008

The title compound, [Cu6V2O2S6(C6H8N2)6], is constructed from six CuS3N and two VOS3 distorted tetrahedra, forming an octanuclear V/S/Cu cluster with C

i
symmetry. The geometry around the V atoms is slightly distorted tetrahedral, while there are large distortions from ideal tetrahedral geometry for the Cu atoms. Adjacent metal–metal distances range from 2.693 (1) to 2.772 (10) Å, indicating weak metal–metal interactions in the cluster.
Diethyl N,N′-(p-phenylene)dioxamate
Authors: Yang Wei , Liu Xiaoyu
Published: August 2008

In the crystal structure, the molecule of the title compound, C14H16N2O6, is located on an inversion centre. The amide –NHCO– plane makes a dihedral angle of 34.08 (9)° with the benzene ring. The molecules are connected via intermolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network parallel to the bc plane. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond is also observed.
Tetraethyl 2,2′-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-p-phenylenedimethylene)dipropanoate
Authors: Xi Haitao , Gao Yajun , Sun Xiaoqiang , Meng Qi , Jiang Yan
Published: August 2008

In the molecule of the title compound, C22H26F4O8, a crystallographic inversion centre is located at the centroid of the benzene ring. C—H...F and C—H...O intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed as well as an intermolecular C—H...O interaction.
(E)-N′-Benzylidene-p-toluenesulfonohydrazide
Authors: Mehrabi Hossein , Kia Reza , Hassanzadeh Ali , Ghobadi Samaneh , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, C14H14N2O2S, a novel sulfonamide derivative, an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond generates an S(5) ring motif. The molecule adopts a twisted E configuration around the C=N bond. An intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates an R
2
2(8) ring motif. The dihedral angle between the rings is 85.37 (9)°. The H atoms of the methyl group have rotational disorder with refined site occupancies of ca 0.63/0.37. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link neighbouring molecules into dimers which stack along the a axis with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.8856 (10) Å.
4,4′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-[1,1′-(propane-1,3-diyldinitrilo)diethylidyne]diphenol
Authors: Yeap Chin Sing , Kia Reza , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: August 2008

The title Schiff base compound, C23H30N2O2, has crystallographic twofold rotation symmetry. An intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond forms a six-membered ring, producing an S(6) ring motif. The imino group is coplanar with the benzene ring. The two benzene rings are almost perpendicular to each other, making a dihedral angle of 87.38 (4)°. In the crystal structure, neighbouring molecules are linked along the c axis by weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds and are further packed into columns along the b axis, forming sheets which are parallel to the bc plane.
2-{[4-(Phenyldiazenyl)phenyl]iminomethyl}phenol
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Kia Reza , Schiffers Stefanie , Moghadam Majid , Raithby Paul R.
Published: August 2008

The molecule of the title compound, C19H15N3O, is approximately planar and displays a trans configuration with respect to the C=N and N=N double bonds. An intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. The dihedral angles between the hydroxyphenyl ring and the phenyl and benzene rings are 4.31 (8) and 6.60 (8)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings linked by the azo group is 2.70 (8)°. The imino group is coplanar with the hydroxyphenyl ring, as shown by the C—C—C—N torsion angle of −1.8 (2)°. The azo group is disordered over two position with refined site-occupancy factors of ca 0.87/0.13. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked together by intermolecular C—H...O interactions along the c axis and also are packed as one-dimensional extended chains down the b axis.
catena-Poly[[[diaquacopper(II)]-bis[μ-1,1′-(butane-1,4-diyl)diimidazole-κ2
N
3:N
3′]] dinitrate]
Authors: Wang Xiao-Feng , Wang Jin-Feng , Liu Xiao-Yang
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, {[Cu(C10H14N4)2(H2O)2](NO3)2}
n
, the CuII ion lies on an inversion center and is six-coordinated in an octahedral environment by four N atoms from four different 1,1′-butane-1,4-diyldiimidazole ligands and two O atoms from the two water molecules. Bridging by the ligands results in a ribbon structure. Adjacent ribbons are linked to the nitrate anions via O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming layers. One nitrate O atom is disordered equally over two positions.
(4R)-4-[(1R)-1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]pyrrolidin-2-one
Authors: Blaser Adrian , Boyd Peter D. W.
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C14H19NO3, was obtained as one of the two isomers of a Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction of (1S)-1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-4-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one. The absolute stereochemistry of this isomer was determined from the known stereochemistry (R) at the bridge C atom between the phenyl and pyrrolidine rings. The molecules form one-dimensional tapes along the b axis via hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl O atom and the alcohol groups of neighbouring molecules. These assemble into sheets via interdigitative stacking of the phenyl rings and C—H...O interactions.
3-Benzyloxypyridin-2-amine
Authors: Lin De-Jun , Sun Yu , Li Zhong-Shu , Sun Bai-Wang
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, C12H12N2O, the dihedral angle between the planes of the pyridine and phenyl rings plane is 35.94 (12)°. In the crystal structure, centrosymmetrically related molecules are linked by a pair of N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer with an R
2
2(8) ring motif. In addition, there is an intramolecular N—H...O interaction.
5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid
Authors: Lin Jin Rui , Yao Ji Yuan , Zhao Hong
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C10H9N3O2, was synthesized from azidobenzene and ethyl acetylacetate. A pair of hydrogen bonds [2.617 (2) Å] interconnects a pair of the carboxyl groups, forming an R
2
2(8) inversion dimer, a frequent motif in carboxylic acids. In the title structure, the bonding H atom in the aforementioned O—H...O hydrogen bond is significantly shifted towards the acceptor O atom [the donor and acceptor O—H distances are 1.25 (4) and 1.38 (4) Å, respectively]. A plot of the O...O versus O—H distances in compounds with paired carboxyl groups shows that the title structure belongs to the group of structures with abnormally long O—H distances with regard to the O...O contacts. The displacement of the bonding H atom towards the centre of the hydrogen bond is concomitant with more equal C—O bonding distances in the carboxyl group.
3,5-Dimethyl-1-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)-5-[(2-pyridylcarbonyl)hydrazino]-2-pyrazoline methanol hemisolvate
Authors: Chen Yuting , Yang Hua , Li Dacheng , Wang Daqi
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C17H18N6O2·0.5CH3OH, exists in the double keto form and adopts a highly puckered geometry, stabilized by intramolecular N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds. Intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid separation = 3.654 (1) Å] assemble the molecules into chains running in the [111] direction. The methanol solvent molecule is disordered over two sites related by inversion and forms a bifurcated O—H...(N,O) hydrogen bond.
2-[(3-Bromophenyl)iminomethyl]phenol
Authors: Ren Xiao-Yan , Jian Fang-Fang
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C13H10BrNO, was prepared by reaction of 3-bromoaniline with 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde at 377 K. The molecular structure and packing are stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen-bond interaction.
4-Nitrophenyl naphthalene-1-sulfonate
Authors: Vennila Jasmine P. , Kavitha Helen P. , Thiruvadigal D. John , Venkatraman B. R. , Manivannan V.
Published: August 2008

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C16H11NO5S, the plane of the naphthalene ring system forms a dihedral angle of 63.39 (8)° with the benzene ring. The nitro group makes a dihedral angle of 10.73 (16)° with the benzene ring. Weak intra- and intermolecular C—H...O interactions are observed.
Tris[μ-2,2′-(azinodimethylidyne)diphenolato-κ4
O,N:N′,O′]diiron(III) tetrahydrofuran tetrasolvate
Authors: Wang Jinglin , Liu Bin , Yang Binsheng
Published: August 2008

In the title binuclear iron(III) complex, [Fe2(C14H10N2O2)3]·4C4H8O or [Fe2(salda)3]·4THF [H2salda = 2,2′-(azinidimethylene)diphenolate and THF is tetrahydrofuran], the ligand possesses a rotationally flexible single N—N bond. Three dinucleating O,N:N′,O′-donor ligands provide three diazine (=N—N=) bridges between the metal ions, yielding a binuclear triple helicate structure with crystallographic C
2 symmetry, the rotation axis bisecting one N—N bond.
4,4′-[Butane-1,4-diylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]dibenzonitrile
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Kia Reza , Kargar Hadi
Published: August 2008

The title Schiff base compound, C20H18N4, lies across a crystallographic inversion centre and adopts E configurations with respect to the C=N bonds. The asymmetric unit of the compound is composed of one half-molecule. The imino group is coplanar with the benzene ring. Within the molecule, the planar units are parallel but extend in opposite directions from the methylene bridge. In the crystal structure, neighbouring molecules are linked together by weak intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the cyano N atoms. These form ten-membered rings, generating R
2
2(10) ring motifs, and link the molecules along the c axis.
Apolipoprotein‐B subclasses as acceptors of cholesteryl esters transferred by CETP
Authors: Lee D. M. , Alaupovic P. , Knight‐Gibson C. , Bagdade J. D.
Published: August 2008

Background  Five apolipoprotein (apo)‐defined apoB‐containing lipoprotein (Lp) subclasses designated LpB, LpB:C, LpB:E, LpB:C:E and LpA‐II:B:C:D:E are present in human plasma. This study was to determine whether these subclasses functioned equally as acceptors of cholesteryl esters (CE) transferred from high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) by CE transfer protein in healthy subjects with normal and mildly increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels.

Materials and methods  After 4 h incubation of plasma from 14 subjects at 37 °C, apoB‐containing lipoproteins were separated from HDL by heparin‐Mn++ precipitation and fractionated by immunochemical methods into these five subclasses. The neutral lipid (NL) composition for each subclass was measured by gas chromatography (GC) and compared between 0 h and 4 h. A subclass was considered to be a CE acceptor if its CE content increased more than 5% at 4 h and a non‐acceptor if no change was observed.

Results  Employing the above definition, TG‐rich LpB:C and LpB:E + LpB:C:E functioned as CE acceptors and TG‐poor LpB and LpA‐II:B:C:D:E as non‐acceptors. Both LpB:C and LpB:E + LpB:C:E could only actively accept CE as long as they retained their TG‐rich character and displayed neutral lipid profiles similar to those of very low‐density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL). When, as a result of lipolysis their TG content dropped below 25%, they ceased to function as CE acceptors. In subjects with elevated plasma TG, LpB:C was the dominant CE acceptor, a condition that may have pro‐atherogenic consequences.

Conclusions  Among the apoB‐containing particles, LpB:C and LpB:C:E + LpB:E functioned as CE acceptors while LpB and LpA‐II:B:C:D:E did not.
Haemate®P von Willebrand factor/factor VIII concentrate: 25 years of clinical experience
Authors: SCHRAMM W.
Published: August 2008

Summary. Although von Willebrand disease (VWD) has a very long history, our understanding and treatment of the bleeding disorder has only evolved during the past 50 years or so. It was not until the 1920s that VWD was first recognized as a disease separate from that of classical haemophilia. It then took another 30 years before the first effective treatment was developed. Since then, the medical management of VWD has evolved considerably, but not without its ups and downs. One of the key milestones in the evolution of the treatment of VWD was the development of Haemate®P/Humate‐P®(CSL Behring) – the first virus‐inactivated factor VIII plasma product. For 25 years, this concentrate has demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy and safety for patients with VWD and for those with haemophilia. This article provides an historical overview of the early landmark efforts to ensure a safe plasma‐derived replacement product and outlines the clinical evolution in the use of Haemate®P.
Function of von Willebrand factor in haemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: REININGER A. J.
Published: August 2008

Summary.  The physiological protection against bleeding is secured by platelet adhesion to the site of injury and sealing of the defect. The first step involves the arrest of platelets that have adhered to subendothelial structures, primarily collagen, at the site of injury. Under conditions of low shear rates, platelet adhesion to the damaged vessel wall is mediated by several proteins, including von Willebrand factor (VWF). However, under conditions of high shear, aggregation occurs only in the presence of soluble VWF. In solution, VWF becomes immobilized via its A3 domain on the fibrillar collagen of the vessel wall and acts as an intermediary between collagen and the platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα), which is the only platelet receptor that does not require prior activation for bond formation. After GPIbα binds to the A1 domain of its main ligand VWF, further activation of the platelet via intracellular signalling occurs, allowing other receptors to engage VWF and collagen and thereby reinforcing permanent adhesion. On this first layer of adherent platelets, soluble VWF binds and uncoils, thereby attracting more platelets. Platelet interaction with immobilized and soluble VWF may also generate platelet‐derived microparticles that exhibit pro‐coagulant activity. Full growth of a multilayered platelet aggregate comprises binding of the platelet receptor integrin αIIbβ3 to VWF and fibrinogen. In addition, the surface of the activated platelets accelerates the coagulation cascade, which, by its end product fibrin, stabilizes the growing platelet thrombus. This article summarizes the characteristics and role of VWF in the coagulation cascade.
Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease subtypes: implications for treatment
Authors: BUDDE U.
Published: August 2008

Summary.  von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a complex congenital bleeding disorder that is characterized by different quantitative and/or qualitative defects in von Willebrand factor (VWF). The diagnosis of VWD remains a challenge to the treating physician because of clinical and laboratory variability; many patients are oligosymptomatic and no single laboratory test is entirely diagnostic. Thus, a combination of patient medical history as well as several laboratory tests must be utilized to accurately diagnose and characterize the disease. The introduction of molecular techniques in the last two decades has greatly improved the ability to characterize the genetic variants of the disease. In contrast, however, progress in improving methods to classify the disease phenotype has been much slower. The current ‘gold standard’ for classifying VWD is the evaluation of VWF multimers, which enables the different types and subtypes of the disease to be discriminated. However, this method is technically demanding, not easy to standardize, and has not improved considerably over the last 25 years. This article reviews the current methods used to diagnose and characterize VWD and issues in the treatment of this complex disease.
Geological history and oceanography of the Indo‐Malay Archipelago shape the genetic population structure in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
Authors: TIMM JANNE , KOCHZIUS MARC
Published: August 2008

Like many fishes on coral reefs, the false clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, has a life history with two different phases: adults are strongly site attached, whereas larvae are planktonic. Therefore, the larvae have the potential to disperse, but the degree of dispersal potential depends primarily on the period of the larval stage, which is only 8–12 days in A. ocellaris. In this study, we investigated the genetic population structure and gene flow in A. ocellaris across the Indo‐Malay Archipelago by analysing a fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Population genetic analysis, using amova, revealed a significant and high overall ΦST‐value of 0.241 (P < 0.001), clearly showing limited gene flow. Haplotype network analysis detected eight distinct clades corresponding mainly to different geographical areas, which were most probably separated during sea level low stands in the Pleistocene. The distribution of the clades among the different populations indicated slow partial re‐mixing mainly in the central region of the archipelago. Major surface currents seem to facilitate larval dispersal, indicated by higher connectivity along major surface currents in the region (e.g. Indonesian Throughflow). Four main groups were found by the hierarchical amova within the archipelago. These different genetic lineages should be managed and protected as separate ornamental fishery stocks and resource contributing to the genetic diversity of the area. Regarding the high diversity and the differentiation among areas within the Indo‐Malay Archipelago of A. ocellaris populations, the centre‐of‐origin theory is supported to be the main mechanism by which the high biodiversity evolved in this area.
Histoplasma capsulatum secreted γ‐glutamyltransferase reduces iron by generating an efficient ferric reductant
Authors: Zarnowski Robert , Cooper Kendal G. , Brunold Laura Schmitt , Calaycay Jimmy , Woods Jon P.
Published: August 2008

The intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) resides in mammalian macrophages and causes respiratory and systemic disease. Iron limitation is an important host antimicrobial defence, and iron acquisition is critical for microbial pathogenesis. Hc displays several iron acquisition mechanisms, including secreted glutathione‐dependent ferric reductase activity (GSH‐FeR). We purified this enzyme from culture supernatant and identified a novel extracellular iron reduction strategy involving γ‐glutamyltransferase (Ggt1) activity. The 320 kDa complex was composed of glycosylated protein subunits of about 50 and 37 kDa. The purified enzyme exhibited γ‐glutamyl transfer activity as well as iron reduction activity in the presence of glutathione. We cloned and manipulated expression of the encoding gene. Overexpression or RNAi silencing affected both GGT and GSH‐FeR activities concurrently. Enzyme inhibition experiments showed that the activity is complex and involves two reactions. First, Ggt1 initiates enzymatic breakdown of GSH by cleavage of the γ‐glutamyl bond and release of cysteinylglycine. Second, the thiol group of the released dipeptide reduces ferric to ferrous iron. A combination of kinetic properties of both reactions resulted in efficient iron reduction over a broad pH range. Our findings provide novel insight into Hc iron acquisition strategies and reveal a unique aspect of Ggt1 function in this dimorphic mycopathogen.
A small SOS‐induced toxin is targeted against the inner membrane in Escherichia coli
Authors: Unoson Cecilia , Wagner E. Gerhart H.
Published: August 2008

We previously reported on an SOS‐induced toxin, TisB, in Escherichia coli and its regulation by the RNA antitoxin IstR‐1. Here, we addressed the mode of action of TisB. By placing the tisB reading frame downstream of a controllable promoter on a plasmid, toxicity could be analysed in the absence of the global SOS response. Upon induction of TisB, cell growth was inhibited and plating efficiency decreased rapidly. The onset of toxicity correlated with a drastic decrease in transcription, translation and replication rates. Cellular RNA was degraded, but in vitro experiments showed that TisB did not affect translation or transcription directly. Thus, these effects are downstream consequences of membrane damage: TisB is predicted to be hydrophobic and membrane spanning, and Western analyses demonstrated that this peptide was strictly localized to the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. Membrane damage and cell killing under tisB multicopy expression are also seen by live/death staining and the formation of ghost cells. This is reminiscent of another toxin, Hok of plasmid R1, which also targets the membrane. The biological significance of the istR/tisB locus is still elusive; deletion of the entire locus gave no fitness phenotype in competition experiments.
Calcium efflux is essential for bacterial survival in the eukaryotic host
Authors: Rosch Jason W. , Sublett Jack , Gao Geli , Wang Yong‐Dong , Tuomanen Elaine I.
Published: August 2008

In dynamic environments, intracellular homeostasis is maintained by transport systems found in all cells. While bacterial influx systems for essential trace cations are known to contribute to pathogenesis, efflux systems have been characterized mainly in contaminated environmental sites. We describe that the high calcium concentrations in the normal human host were toxic to pneumococci and that bacterial survival in vivo depended on CaxP, the first Ca2+ exporter reported in bacteria. CaxP homologues were found in the eukaryotic sacroplasmic reticulum and in many bacterial genomes. A caxP− mutant accumulated intracellular calcium, a state that was used to reveal signalling networks responsive to changes in intracellular calcium concentration. Chemical inhibition of CaxP was bacteriostatic in physiological calcium concentrations, suggesting a new antibiotic target uncovered under conditions in the eukaryotic host.
A cytochrome c containing nitrate reductase plays a role in electron transport for denitrification in Thermus thermophilus without involvement of the bc respiratory complex
Authors: Cava Felipe , Zafra Olga , Berenguer José
Published: August 2008

The bc1 respiratory complex III constitutes a key energy‐conserving respiratory electron transporter between complex I (type I NADH dehydrogenase) and II (succinate dehydrogenase) and the final nitrogen oxide reductases (Nir, Nor and Nos) in most denitrifying bacteria. However, we show that the expression of complex III from Thermus thermophilus is repressed under denitrification, and that its role as electron transporter is replaced by an unusual nitrate reductase (Nar) that contains a periplasmic cytochrome c (NarC). Several lines of evidence support this conclusion: (i) nitrite and NO are as effective signals as nitrate for the induction of Nar; (ii) narC mutants are defective in anaerobic growth with nitrite, NO and N2O; (iii) such mutants present decreased NADH oxidation coupled to these electron acceptors; and (iv) complementation assays of the mutants reveal that the membrane‐distal heme c of NarC was necessary for anaerobic growth with nitrite, whereas the membrane‐proximal heme c was not. Finally, we show evidence to support that Nrc, the main NADH oxidative activity in denitrification, interacts with Nar through their respective membrane subunits. Thus, we propose the existence of a Nrc‐Nar respiratory super‐complex that is required for the development of the whole denitrification pathway in T. thermophilus.
Corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist blocks colonic hypersensitivity induced by a combination of inflammation and repetitive colorectal distension
Authors: Saito‐nakaya K. , Hasegawa R. , Nagura Y. , Ito H. , Fukudo S.
Published: August 2008

Abstract  Gastroenteritis is one of the risk factors for developing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the precise mechanism of postinfectious IBS is still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of previous inflammation and repetitive colorectal distention (CRD) makes the colon hypersensitive and that treatment with a corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRH‐R1) antagonist blocks this colonic hypersensitivity. Rats were pretreated with vehicle or 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) 6 weeks before CRD. For the CRD experiment, the colorectum was distended once a day for six consecutive days. The CRH‐R1 antagonist (CP‐154,526, 20 mg kg−1) or vehicle was injected subcutaneously 30 min before CRD. Visceral perception was quantified as visceromotor response (VMR) using an electromyograph. For histological examination, the rats were killed on the last day of CRD experiment, and haematoxylin and eosin‐staining of colon segments was performed. Although from the first to the third day of CRD, VMRs increased in both the vehicle‐treated rats and TNBS‐treated rats, they were significantly higher in TNBS‐treated rats than those in vehicle‐treated controls. On the fifth day of CRD, however, VMRs in the vehicle‐treated rats were significantly greater than those in TNBS‐treated rats. Pretreatment of rats with CP‐154,526 significantly attenuated the increase in VMR induced by repetitive CRD with previous inflammation. Finally, we found that repetitive CRD and repetitive CRD after colitis induced visceral inflammation. These results indicate that a combination of previous inflammation and repetitive CRD induces visceral hypersensitivity and that a CRH‐R1 antagonist attenuates this response in rats.
Discriminating tastes: self‐selection of macronutrients in two populations of grasshoppers
Authors: FIELDING DENNIS J. , DEFOLIART LINDA S.
Published: August 2008

Abstract The capacity to self‐select an optimal balance of macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) is studied in two populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes F. (Orthoptera: Acrididae). One population derives from the subarctic (interior of Alaska) and the other from the temperate zone (Idaho, U.S.A.). Over the duration of the fourth and fifth stadia, Alaskan grasshoppers consistently self‐select a diet centred on a 0.90 ratio of protein : carbohydrate, whereas protein and carbohydrate intake by the Idaho grasshoppers is contingent on the particular food choices presented to them. When restricted to imbalanced diets, the Alaskan grasshoppers develop more rapidly than the Idaho grasshoppers, regardless of diet composition. The Idaho grasshoppers also have a greater amount of lipid than the Alaskan grasshoppers across all diets. Performance measures (body mass, survival, developmental times) are more sensitive to dietary imbalances in the Alaskan grasshoppers than in the Idaho grasshoppers. When fed diets with low, but balanced, proportions of protein and carbohydrate, grasshoppers of both populations are able to increase consumption to compensate for the low concentration of nutrients. The results suggest that demographic responses of insects to changes in host plant quality, such as may result from climate change, may differ among populations within a species.
The cost of living slowly: metabolism, Q10 and repeatability in a South American harvestman
Authors: LARDIES MARCO A. , NAYA DANIEL E. , BERRIOS PATRICIA , BOZINOVIC FRANCISCO
Published: August 2008

Abstract Resources are usually considered to be limited in caves and underground habitats. Therefore, lower metabolic rates of ectotherms in these environments should be advantageous. The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the common harvestman Pachylus paessleri Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones) is determined at two ambient temperatures. Repeatability of SMR is estimated by two methods: (i) product–moment correlation on residuals of body mass and (ii) variance components. Estimations of the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate (individual Q10). SMR of P. paessleri at 20 °C show a mean of 19.01 ± 6.04 and 14.99 ± 3.64 μL CO2 h−1 for males and females, respectively. Thermal sensitivity of SMR is 2.11 ± 0.23 with a substantial coefficient of variation of 26.7%. In males, residuals of CO2 release are significantly repeatable (rp = 0.61) between measurements realized 5 months apart, which reflects the consistency of this trait over time. As typical soil inhabitants, the harvestman P. paessleri present a lower metabolic rate in comparison with arthropods of similar body mass (e.g. arachnids). Although the coefficient of thermal sensitivity is within of the range reported for arthropods inhabiting Mediterranean zones, it is lower than expected for an organism with such a low SMR. This appears to be the first report of repeatability of metabolic rate in a harvestman species.
Adipokinetic hormone functions that are not associated with insect flight
Authors: KODRÍK DALIBOR
Published: August 2008

Abstract This review deals with some lesser known functions of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs), specifically those that are not associated directly with flight activity. The data summarized and discussed relate to AKHs in insects that have lost the ability to fly and use exclusively and/or mostly walking for their locomotion; and to activation of pathways that do not lead directly to production and subsequent rapid consumption of energy, but help the insect to combat stress situations. Emphasis is placed on AKH‐stimulated walking activities in Pyrrhocoris apterus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Periplaneta americana and Drosophila mellanogaster; diel fluctuations in AKH activities; the actions of AKH in alternative stress situations in which infection, toxins and other kinds of stressors interact; and the role of AKHs in anabolic processes and egg production. Possible mechanisms of action are proposed when justified by available knowledge.
Spatial vision in binocular and monocular common field grasshoppers (Chorthippus brunneus)
Authors: KRAL KARL
Published: August 2008

Abstract The ability of the common field grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus to discriminate between different distances under binocular and monocular stimulus conditions is investigated based upon the peering‐jump behaviour. The results show that information obtained from only one eye is sufficient for the grasshopper to determine the jump direction and distance. However, information obtained from both eyes is advantageous for relative distance determination. It is hypothesized that the motion parallax signals from the left and right eye may be summed, thus improving performance. There is no behavioural evidence of a more complex correlation of the information from the two eyes.
Vibration‐mediated territoriality in the warty birch caterpillar Drepana bilineata
Authors: BOWEN JACLYN L. , MAHONY SHANNON J. , MASON ANDREW C. , YACK JAYNE E.
Published: August 2008

Abstract The warty birch caterpillar Drepana bilineata produces two distinct types of vibrational signals (mandible drumming and anal scraping) during interactions with conspecifics. Vibrational signalling is characterized using standard and high‐speed videography synchronized with laser‐doppler vibrometry, and behavioural experiments test the hypothesis that signalling functions to advertise occupancy of birch (Betula) leaves. Drumming involves raising the head and striking the leaf with the sharp edges of the open mandibles. Anal scraping involves dragging a pair of specialized oar‐shaped setae against the leaf surface. Staged encounters between leaf residents and conspecific intruders result in the resident signalling, with rates increasing as the intruder moves closer. Intruders signal significantly less often than residents. Conflicts are typically resolved within a few minutes, with the resident winning in 61% of the trials, and the intruder winning in 6%. Contests that last more than 30 min are deemed ‘ties’ and comprise the remaining 33% of trials. The results support the hypothesis that vibrational signals function to advertise leaf occupancy. Vibrational communication is believed to be widespread in Drepanoidea caterpillars, but has only been described in two species to date: D. bilineata (present study) and Drepana arcuata. It is proposed that differences in territorial behaviour and signalling between these species are related to their relative investments in silk leaf mats and shelters. The proximate and ultimate bases for the evolution of vibrational communication in caterpillars are discussed.
Effects of relative humidity on cocoon formation and survival in the braconid wasp Cotesia glomerata
Authors: TAGAWA JUN , SATOH YASUKO
Published: August 2008

Abstract The effects of relative humidity (RH) on cocoon formation and survival in the braconid parasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are investigated under various humidity conditions (50, 75, 90, 95 and 100% RH) at 20 °C and under an LD 16 : 8 h photoperiod. The mortality rate at the time of egression from hosts under 100% RH is significantly higher than for other RHs. Cocoon clusters formed at 100% RH spread significantly more than those formed at 50, 75, or 90% RH. Developmental periods differ significantly among RHs under which wasps developed. The mean period from the egression from hosts to adult emergence is 8.7 days when developed at 50–95% RHs, and 8.0 days at 100% RH. The emergence rates of C. glomerata that are maintained under the same humidity conditions after egression from hosts are not significantly different among RHs. However, emergence rates from cocoons that are transferred from 100% RH to 50 and 75% RH are < 70%, although the rates are > 90% in most cases. Some wasps do not emerge from cocoons: more than 60% die after adult eclosion at all RHs; the relative frequency of adult deaths is approximately 90% at 50% RH. Relative humidity influences the cluster and cocoon status strongly: both good clusters and cocoons are formed at low RHs. Emergence rates from cocoons of different ranks are significantly different: the rates of low‐rank cocoons are low at low RHs. The survival of C. glomerata is affected strongly by RH through cocoon formation.
Haplotype divergence in Beta vulgaris and microsynteny with sequenced plant genomes
Authors: Dohm Juliane C. , Lange Cornelia , Reinhardt Richard , Himmelbauer Heinz
Published: August 2008

We characterized two overlapping sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones representing different haplotypes. A total of 254 kbp of the genomic sequence was determined, of which the two BACs share 92 kbp. Eleven of 15 genes discovered in the sequenced interval locate to the overlap region. The haplotypes differ in exons by 1% (nucleotide level) and in non‐coding regions by 9% (6% mismatches, 3% gaps; alignable regions only). Large indels or high sequence divergence comprised 11% of either sequence. Of such indels, 68 and 45%, respectively, could be attributed to haplotype‐specific integration of transposable elements. We identified novel repeat candidates by comparing the two BAC sequences to a set of genomic sugar beet sequences. Synteny was found with Arabidopsis chromosome 1 (At1), At2 and At4, Medicago chromosome 7, Vitis chromosome 15 and paralogous regions on poplar chromosomes II and XIV.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Infection Process of Cercospora henningsii on Cassava Leaves
Authors: Babu Ahmed M. , Philip Tomy , Kariappa Bolacaranda K. , Kamble Chandrakanth K.
Published: August 2008

Germination, penetration and sporulation of Cercospora henningsii (Allesch.) on cassava leaves were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Conidia started to germinate 9 h postinoculation producing one to two germ tubes. The germ tubes entered the leaf tissue through the abaxial surface by direct penetration of the epidermis without forming appressoria. The cassava leaf is characterized by its papillose epidermis on the abaxial surface. The penetrations occurred at smooth areas of the leaf epidermis between the papillae. The germ tubes did not enter stomata even when they passed over stomatal openings. Leaf spots started to appear 9 days after the inoculation (dpi), and the emergence of conidia occurred 14 dpi. The symptoms appeared first on the abaxial leaf surface, followed 2 days later on the adaxial. Conidia emerged in clusters through ruptured epidermis on both sides of the leaves. Conidia emerged also through the epidermal papillae and the leaf veins. Even though small groups of conidia emerged through stomata also, emergence through stomata appeared to be random rather than a preferred route. Each conidium was born on a short conidiophore with a swollen base.
Low levels of awareness, vaccine coverage, and the need for boosters among health care workers in tertiary care hospitals in India
Authors: Sukriti  , Pati Nirupma Trehan , Sethi Ankur , Agrawal Kireet , Agrawal Kamal , Kumar Gollapudi Tharun , Kumar Manoj , Kaanan Anjur Tupil , Sarin Shiv Kumar
Published: August 2008

Background and Aim:  The risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection through exposure to blood or its products is highest amongst health care workers (HCWs). Despite potential risks, a proportion of HCWs never get vaccinated. India is second to China in the numbers of people with chronic HBV. This study aimed to investigate the vaccination practices and the prevalence of HBV infection in HCWs in India.

Methods:  A total of 2162 HCWs were screened for the presence of serological markers of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Occult HBV infection was tested by detection of HBV‐DNA for surface and core regions by nested polymerase chain reaction in HBsAg‐negative and IgG anti‐hepatitis core antigen–positive subjects.

Results:  Only 1198 (55.4%) of the 2162 HCWs screened had been vaccinated; and 964 (44.6%) were not vaccination‐status conscious; of these HCWs, 600 (27.7%) had never been vaccinated and 364 (16.4%) were unaware of their vaccination status. Protective (> 10 IU/mL) anti‐hepatitis B surface (anti‐HBs) antigen titers were seen in only 61.7%. The anti‐HBs titers were found to be lower with the passage of time; the median anti‐HBs titers in subjects who were vaccinated > 10 years ago were significantly lower than those who had been vaccinated < 5 years ago (P < 0.001). One percent of HCWs were HBsAg‐positive, and 24.7% of 700 HCWs screened had past exposure (IgG‐anti‐HBc‐positive). Occult HBV was detected in 5% of 120 positive subjects with past exposure; all had anti‐HBs titers > 10 IU/mL.

Conclusions:  Even today, 28% HCWs in India are unvaccinated and 17% are unaware of their vaccination status. This data suggests that use of hepatitis B immune globulin be mandatory in needle‐pricked HCWs in India, and that implementation of awareness strategies is urgent. Since the anti‐HBs titers decline in a fair proportion, there is justification for giving a booster dose of vaccine 10 years after primary vaccination to HCWs in India.
Myomectomy during pregnancy: A feasible option
Authors: Bhatla Neerja , Dash Biswa Bhushan , Kriplani Alka , Agarwal Nutan
Published: August 2008

Myomectomy is rarely performed during an ongoing pregnancy because of fear of pregnancy loss and the risk of uncontrolled hemorrhage necessitating hysterectomy. Even now, few cases are performed during pregnancy and most cases have been performed at the time of Cesarean section. A case of successful myomectomy performed in the second trimester for a large subserous fibroid, weighing 3900 g and causing severe pressure symptoms and subacute intestinal obstruction, is described. The pregnancy continued uneventfully until term.
Critical ischemic time for the rat ovary: Experimental study evaluating early histopathologic changes
Authors: Coskun Ayhan , Coban Yusuf Kenan , Ciralik Harun
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present study was to determine a critical ischemic time for ovary in an experimental study in rats. An experimental model using slip‐knot tying of all ovarian arteries and veins in cycling female rats was developed. Rat ovaries were tied using the technique through an explorative laparotomy. Complete ischemia times of 1, 2 and 3 h were used for the study. At the end of the ischemic times, the ovaries were harvested following 1 h of reperfusion. Histology indicated a gradually increased congestion correlating with the respective increased ischemic times. According to the present findings 2 h complete ischemia yields a significant injury. The model used in the present study may be used for complete ischemia–reperfusion injury of the rat ovary.