bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Nations Self-Government in Canada
Authors: Cumming Peter A. , Ginn Diana
Published: April 2008

The case law reveals the courts' willingness to uphold federal intervention in Indian government, justifying such intervention on the grounds that Congress has plenary power over Indian affairs, that a ward-guardian relationship exists between Indians and the American government, or that a particular action was political and therefore not open to review (243). Yet, courts have characterized the jurisdiction still exercised by tribal governments as flowing from retained sovereignty rather than as delegated by Congress. American tribes have been described as possessing » theoretical sovereignty and some self-governing powers« 244). These powers include determining membership, regulating probate and family matters, deciding whether to lease or surrender Indian land, allotting land to members, taxing those living on the reserve, controlling tribe assets, establishing tribal courts, and passing »municipal-type« laws (245). The Bureau of Indian Affairs still has significant powers, however. The Commissioner of the Bureau is responsible for »the management of all Indian affairs, and (for) all matters arising out of Indian relations« (246). This power can be used to disallow tribe ordinances (247). The Commissioner also controls money appropriated for the »benefit, care, and assistance of the Indians;« (248) and because of the size of the Bureau, a substantial amount of this money goes to administration (249). However, although Indian tribes in the United States are not fully self-governing, it appears that »as tribes adopt more and more American style governmental institutions ... the Bureau seems willing to permit a substantial degree of tribal government (250).
Specialization Agreements under the EEC Competition Rules; A Commentary on Regulation No. 417/85
Authors: Höög Magnus
Published: April 2008

Each case depends on its own facts. Still, the decided cases give considerable guidance to the Commission's approach to granting individual exemptions. The Commission seems to be concerned primarily with the activities of only the parties subject to the specialization agreement, not with unrelated pursuits of corporate relations of the parties94. The Commission also attributes to th especialization agreements an increase of production with a concomittent lowering of unit costs. The exclusivity will thus help to provide the necessary expanded market. The parties to the agreements discussed above are of different sizes, some have very significant shares of the markets in question. A considerable size of the parties, i.e. substantial turnover or large market shares, normally will make it more difficult to obtain an individual exemption. Still, the individual decisions make it clear that even quite substantial undertakings can obtain the benefit of an individual decision under the right circumstances. This leads to the conclusion that size per se is not a concern to the Commission. Of concern is the restrictive clauses in, to some extent, conjunction with the size. Together, the restrictive clause and the considerable size bring the agreement far within the scope of Article 85(1). That the agreement can be granted an individual exemption due to inherent advantages is another side of the coin. A significant example is Re Lightweight Papers. Once the most rigid clauses in the agreement were withdrawn, an exemption was granted no matter the huge market shares in Benelux and France (70% and 80% respectively). The existence of effective competition is the all important element. No matter the size, an exemption can be had if effective competition prevails.
Group rights, war crimes and crimes against humanity
Authors: Green Leslie C.
Published: April 2008

This article gives an overview of the doctrine, state practice and treaty provisions with respect to the protection of groups in case of war crimes and crimes against humanity to see what rules apply in the case of Bosnia Hercegovina and Somalia and whether a right of intervention or an obligation to intervene exists. The author concludes that the present laws with regard to the protection of group rights are inadequate and ineffective.
Collective claims on the human rights landscape: a Canadian view
Authors: Yalden Maxwell
Published: April 2008

This article offers some observations on the emergence of collectivist trends in the human rights movement in Canada and abroad. The author points out that one should be mindful of the distinction between group rights as a shield against normative violations or as a sword against individual or minority entitlement. The issue of collective rights has acquired a remarkable degree of legitimacy in Canada. Having recognized in 1867 the significance of group dynamics in the areas of education, language and religion for the French and English communities, the proposals for constitutional change would enshrine the same benefits for aboriginal people and minorities while underscoring the equality of men and women in all contexts. Similar trends are discerned abroad.
Balkan vortex: states, territories, and minorities
Authors: Bugajski Janusz
Published: April 2008

With the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the unravelling of centralized Communist controls, numerous points of conflict over territories, minorities, and resources were regenerated in the Balkans. In some instances, former Communist forces have adopted nationalist programs and tried to exploit social and ethnic cleavages to preserve their positions and privileges. In other cases, radical populists and ultra-nationalist groupings have endeavored to capitalize on deteriorating economic conditions and continuing political instability by deliberately exacerbating cultural, religious, regional, and nationality frictions. Simultaneously, minority communities in several countries have raised their political aspirations for cultural autonomy and territorial self-government. Such demands have, in turn, heightened tensions with majority populations and with some neighboring states concerned over the fate of their co-ethnics.
The psychology of Western European neo-racism
Authors: Harris Max , Edwards Bruce , Volkan Vamik , Anderson Thomson J.
Published: April 2008

Europe is on the verge of an unprecedented era of social, economic, and political cooperation. Yet, there is resurgent racism and xenophobia in Western Europe, and in Central and Eastern Europe many of the fragments of the old Soviet Empire have disintegrated into ethnic violence and genocidal warfare. Prejudice is the common source of this ethnic hatred, xenophobia, and racism. The Center for the Study of Mind and Human Interaction is involved in developing those concepts which will provide the links between the psychological understanding of individual human beings and how they create and sustain destructive conflict in social, political, and ethnic groups. The development of prejudice in an individual and its underlying psychological mechanisms are detailed as part of the formation of identity. The fundamental structures of prejudice are then discussed using crucial new concepts in the psychology of large group processes involved in violent group hatreds.
The Russian minority in Estonia
Authors: Wiegandt Manfred H.
Published: April 2008

This article examines the situation of the Russian minority in Estonia, focusing on legal issues. It traces back the historical reasons for the current minority problem which can be found in the demographic changes that took place after the country's annexation by the Soviet Union. The author examines the Estonian laws most relevant to the minorities and their compliance with international human rights standards. He sees the cardinal point from a legal perspective in the fact that international law basically does not restrict the sovereign right of a state to regulate its citizenship. Thus the author comes to the conclusion that Estonian laws in general do not violate international law. He points out that it would be false to reduce the problem to this legal issue and shows how the involvement of international organizations helped to mitigate a situation that could potentially lead to a violent confrontation.
Internal displacement and the conflict in Abkhazia
Authors: Mooney Erin D.
Published: April 2008

In the internal displacement crisis arising from the secessionist armed conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, ethnic Georgians are the principal victims. They have been displaced from Abkhazia by a policy of ethnic cleansing which, though perhaps not fully developed at the time of the actual displacement, has rendered the area ethnically homogeneous and certainly succeeded in ensuring that it so remains. This paper focuses on the nature and effectiveness of the international community's response to the ethnically-motivated displacement and resulting demographic manipulation. The mandate and operations of each of the relevant international actors involved, namely the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Military Observers (UNOMIG), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeepers, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), are examined to determine their protection function both separately and collectively. The constraints under which each organization must operate in this situation and concerns regarding Russia's dominance of the CIS operation for the pursuit of its own strategic interests are considered as contributing factors to the lack of effective protection for the internally displaced Georgians and those still at risk of so becoming.
Het Testament Van Jan Frans Vonck En Het Romeinse Recht (1792-1814)
Authors: Macours G.
Published: April 2008

Le 1er décembre 1792, l'avocat J.-Fr. Vonck, leader du parti démocrate lors de la révolution brabançonne et un des pères de la démocratie et du libéralisme belges, décède à Lille en exil. Il laisse quelques legs pieux aux pauvres de sa paroisse natale de Baardegem (pays d'Asse dans le comté de Brabant). En dépit de l'affirmation de J. Vercruysse (Lias IV (1977), 261-312), ces legs pécuniaires ne sont pas scrupuleusement respectés mais deviennent l'objet d'une procédure, intentée le 22 juillet 1813 par le bureau local de bienfaisance, l'héritier révolutionnaire de l'ancienne table des pauvres. En s'appuyant sur des textes justiniens: D. 22,1,34, Ulp. lib. 15 ad ed. et C. 1,45,1 et 4 (530), les administrateurs de ce bureau demandent alors la délivrance des capitaux légués, augmentés d'intérêts à compter du décès du testateur, tandis que l'héritière universelle, la soeur du défunt, ne veut payer ces intérêts qu'à partir du jour de la demande en délivrance, en accord avec l'art. 1014 CC, soit une différence d'un laps de 20 ans. En respectant le principe de non-rétroactivité (l'art. 2 CC), le juge décide la question 'd'après les principes du droit écrit, la loi du pays dans le silence des coutumes et des ordonnances'. Ce principe de non-rétroactivité, respecté scrupuleusement par le juge révolutionnaire est un des canaux pour la survivance du droit romain après l'introduction du code. En dépit de l'art. 7 de son titre préliminaire, ce code n'a pas mis fin à la force des lois romaines. Des recherches profondes de la jurisprudence des premières décennies du 19e siècle indiqueront encore beaucoup d'autres beaux exemples de la survivance du droit romain dans des formes modulées par une réception plusieurs fois séculaire.
Savigny En De Wetenschap Van Het Privaatrecht in Nederland in De Negentiende Eeuw
Authors: Kop P.C.
Published: April 2008

Savigny verkehrte brieflich mit H.W. Tydeman (Professor zu Franeker, dann Leiden), J.D. Meijer (Rechtsanwalt, dann Richter zu Amsterdam), A.C. Holtius (Professor zu Lüttich, dann Utrecht) und J. van Hall (Professor zu Amsterdam, dann Utrecht), ebenfalls mit L.A. Warnkönig (Professor zu Lüttich, Löwen und Gent), einem Schüler Hugos. Diese Korrespondenten unterrichteten Savigny über den Stand der (juristischen) Dinge in den Niederlanden, sandten ihm eigene Arbeiten oder Arbeiten ihrer Schüler und erörterten juristische Fragen. Mit Holtius hatte S. auch gute persönliche Kontakte. Die wichtigsten Vertreter Savignyschen Gedankenguts waren in Leiden der Politiker und Rechtslehrer J.R. Thorbecke, ein Schüler Eichhorns, C.J. van Assen und J. de Wal, in Utrecht Holtius, J.M.F. Birnbaum, G.W. Vreede und später J.A. Fruin, in Groningen C. Star Numan und J.H. Philipse, in Amsterdam Van Hall und Den Tex, beide Redaktoren der Bijdragen tot Regtsgeleerdheid en Wetgeving. Die schon genannten Tydeman und Meijer haben mit S. polemisiert. Direkten Einfluss erlangte S. erst mit seinem System. Zwar war die historische Methode Juristen und Politikern schon vorher durchaus geläufig, doch war sie nicht mit dem Namen Savigny verbunden. Die Kraftlinien der ausländischen Einflüsse auf die niederländische Rechtswissenschaft - Historische Schule, Pandektismus, 'l'ecole de l'exégèse' - sind bisher nicht gründlich untersucht worden. Die wichtigsten Kommentatoren stehen alle mehr oder weniger unter dem Einfluss des Pandektismus, kennen aber auch die französische Literatur gut, Savignysche Thesen (Volksgeist, Historische Entwicklung des Rechts usw.) finden sich bei ihnen als unreflektierte Wahrheit wieder. Auch im materiellen Privatrecht macht sich S's Einfluss bemerkbar (Besitz, Willensdogma).
De Brieven Van a.C. Holtius Aan F.C. Von Savigny
Authors: Kop P.C.
Published: April 2008

Adrianus Catharinus Holtius (1786-1861) war Professor zu Deventer (1816-1821), Groningen (1821-1822), Löwen (1822-1831 ) und Utrecht ( 1831-1861). Sein Lehrauftrag zu Utrecht enthielt römisches Recht, Handelsrecht und Seerecht. Er verkehrte brieflich mit Savigny vom 6. Juni 1832 bis zum 27. Oktober 1851. Nur die Holtiusbriefe sind in der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg greifbar. Ein Schreiben Savignys vom 13. Oktober 1836 ist erhalten und wird in diesem Aufsatz in ungekürzter Form abgedruckt. Die Korrespondenz umfaßt eine Vielzahl von Themen: so z.B. die Überlieferung, nach der die Pisaner die Littera Pisana 1135 in Amalfi erbeutet hätten, den Gegensatz Quiritium und Latinorum, die Begriffsbestimmung von furtum, mutuum, nexus, fructuum perceptio, civilis und naturalis possessio und die Anwesenheit Cujazischer Schriften in Frankfurt. Holtius gibt auch seinen Kommentar zu den Veröffentlichungen Savignys, wie Das Recht des Besitzes und Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Weiterhin diskutiert man über Handschriften und Kollegen, über den jämmerlichen Zustand der Gesetzgebung, der Rechtspflege und der Rechtswissenschaft, über die eigene Gesundheit usw. Holtius erweist sich als ein Rechtswissenschaftler mit internationalen Kontakten und breitem Interesse, der die Zivilrechtswissenschaft seiner Zeit noch immer für eine europäische und romanistische Wissenschaft hält.
De Zaak Van De Abandonnerende Polder En De Afschaffing Van De Waterschapsrechtspraak in 1841
Authors: Giebels Ludy
Published: April 2008

Während der Französischen Zeit (1795-1813) wurden in den Niederlanden die Strukturen für die nachmalige zentrale, regionale und örtliche Regierungsgewalt grundgelegt, insbesondere die Gewaltenteilung. Doch blieben die Wasserschaften (waterschappen) von der Neuregelung unberührt, so daß sie de facto ihre angestammten Kompetenzen behielten. Nachdem 1810 eine selbständige Gerichtsverfassung geschaffen worden war, kam die Gerichtsbarkeit der Wasserschaften unter Beschuß. Zwar wurde sie 1817 durch einen Königlichen Erlaß (Koninklijk Besluit) bestätigt, die Verfassungsmäßigkeit dieses Erlasses jedoch wurde von liberalen Politikern und Juristen heftig bestritten. 1834 wurde das Gericht der Wasserschaft Rheinland (Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland) mit einem Fall befaßt, der hohe Wellen schlug und schließlich zum Untergang dieser Sondergerichtsbarkeit führte. Der 'Binnenpolder onder Zwammerdam' war geladen worden, weil er sich weigerte weiterhin für die Unterhaltskosten einer Rheinbrücke auf-zukommen, die er jahrhundertelang getragen hatte. Der Anwalt des Beklagten, der liberale Politiker Donker Curtius, bestritt von Anfang an die Zuständigkeit des Gerichts. Der Streit wand sich dann einige Jahre lang durch die ordentlichen Gerichte, bis 1839 der Gouverneur der Provinz Südholland, in der die Wasserschaft liegt, das Vorliegen eines 'Konflikts' geltend machte. Das war ein Rechtsmittel, das der Behörde zur Verfügung stand, um Prozesse zu sistieren, in denen sie selbst Partei war. Mittlerweile waren öffentliche Meinung und Richterstand gegen das Fortbestehen einer Wasserschaftsgerichtsbarkeit mobilisiert worden. Eine wichtige Rolle spielte dabei der Widerstand gegen das selbstherrliche Regiment des Königs Wilhelm I. mit seinen Königlichen Erlassen und seiner Konfliktenregelung (Conflictenstelsel). Der Polder machte außerdem geltend, daß eine öffentlichrechtliche Wasserschaft ohne Gewaltentrennung ein Überbleibsel aus vergangenen Zeiten (Ancien Régime) war. So wurde 1841 die Gerichtsbarkeit der Wasserschaften gesetzlich abgeschafft und durch Vollstreckungskompetenzen mit Polizeizwang abgelöst.
Het Juridische Tijdschrift Gevestigd; Den Tex En Van Hall's 'Bijdragen Tot Regtsgeleerdheid En Wetgeving' (1826-1838)
Authors: Van Den Bergh G.C.J.J. , Jansen C.J.H.
Published: April 2008

After some attempts in the eighteenth century and the first decade of the nineteenth, the law review finally established itself in the Netherlands with the Bijdragen tot Regtsgeleerdheid en Wetgeving, which C.A. den Tex and J. van Hall brought out in 1826. Under different names the review existed until 1894. The review naturally reflects current legal issues in its time and offers its readers valuable yearly surveys of new legislation, court decisions and legal literature appearing in France, Germany and England. The codification process is followed critically. There is as yet no trace of legalism. Court decisions get as much attention as legislation, if not more. But that is not the main concern. The advancement of legal scholarship in the great tradition of the famous Dutch school is an important motive of the editors. Roman law and legal history are very prominent. But law-professors are not; they are out-numbered by far by learned advocates. As far as Roman law is concerned the editors hold that since it is no longer in force, it must be studied historically. One is bound no more to the canon of texts in the Corpus Juris or the doctrines well established in legal practice for ages, but historically untenable. New finds like Gaius' Institutes and the Fragmenta vaticana are welcomed and studied assiduously. The influence of Savigny and the Historical School is prominent, but criticism does not fail. The editors publicly reject the formation of schools, because these inevitably create one-sidedness.
Popularisering Van Het Recht in Nederland
Authors: Jansen C.J.H.
Published: April 2008

Seit etwa 1870 wuchs die Kritik an der niederländischen Rechtspflege. Das Recht hatte sich nach Auffassung vieler fortschrittlicher Juristen von der sozialen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und der Praxis des Lebens entfremdet, infolge einer zu weit geführten dogmatisch-juristischen Betrachtungsweise in der (Privat)Rechtswissenschaft einerseits, und eines zu lässigen Tätigwerdens des Gesetzgebers andererseits. Das Gesetz war wegen des mangelhaften Stils und der Unverständlichkeit des Textes dem Volke fast völlig fremd. Auch die richterlichen Entscheidungen werden kritisiert auf Grund ihres unergründlichen und dunklen Sprachgebrauchs, ihres Formalismus und geradezu Barbarismus. Die Problematik der Technik, der Sprache und des Stils der Rechtsprechung und der Gesetzgebung wurden ausgiebig diskutiert in 'Het Paleis van Justitie', einem populären Wochenblatt für nationale und ausländische Rechtspflege, wie auch anderswo. Die Inspiration zu diesem Thema sollte man suchen in den Werken deutscher Juristen, wie R. von Jhering, O. von Gierke und G. Beseler. Immer wieder bittet man in Nachfolge der deutschen Vorbilder um Beachtung der Sprache und der Technik der Gesetzgebung und um Aufmerksamkeit für die Prinzipien des sorgfältigen Sprachgebrauchs in richterlichen Entscheidungen. Die Bemühungen der niederländischen Juristen mit diesen Reformbestrebungen im Rechtsleben waren mehr oder weniger politisch inspiriert: Angst vor dem wachsenden Sozialismus und vor dem Abbau der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft war ein grundlegendes Motiv in der Diskussion. Gleichzeitig spielte das aufblühende Nationalgefühl eine wichtige Rolle bei den Bemühungen um die Populärisierung des Rechts: die Integration des Volkes in der Gesellschaft verlangte ein 'zugängliches' Recht.
The Development of the Uae Legal System and Unification With the Judicial System*
Authors: Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi
Published: April 2008

The process of modernising the Emirates' legal systems which started in the early 1960s essentially involved replacing the traditional system of law and justice (which was effectively governed by the Shari'a), with laws and institutions of Western inspiration. In addition, alongside the traditional Shari'a courts (which applied Shari'a law and were presided over by Shari'a-trained judges), the
The Making of Robert Boyle' s fRee Enquiry Into the Vulgarly Receiv'd nOtion of Nature (1686)
Authors: Davis Edward B. , Hunter Michael
Published: April 2008

This study throws new light on the composition of Boyle's Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Receiv'd Notion of Nature (1686); it also draws more general conclusions about Boyle's methods as an author and his links with his context. Its basis is a careful study of the extant manuscript drafts for the work, and their relationship with the published editions. Section 2 describes Boyle's characteristic method of composition from the late 1650s onwards, involving the dictation of discrete sections of text to amanuenses; it also assesses the effect this had on the structure and presentation of Boyle's writings. Section 3 considers the published text section by section and indicates which parts were written when; it also surveys unpublished draft material relating to the work. Section 4 places the work in context, considering the intellectual threats that Boyle sought to confront in it, both when he initially composed it in the 1660s and when he rewrote it c. 1680. It thus anchors him more precisely than hitherto in the intellectual debates of his day.
The Astronomers' Game: Astrology and University Culture in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Moyer Ann
Published: April 2008

The formal study of both astronomy and astrology in later medieval Europe was firmly based in the universities. Instruction in astrology is attested by the presence of an educational board game, known as the ludus astronomorum, in several university-related miscellanies of fifteenth-century English provenance. William Fulke also published an edition of the game a century later (Ouranomachia, London, 1571), which is attested in a number of Elizabethan libraries. The game serves to rehearse for its players the celestial motions and astrological principles described by Ptolemy. It also employs principles of stellar rays described by al-Kindi in his De radiis stellarum.
Die Communio Sanctorum als sozial religiöses Erlebnis
Authors: Kietzig Ottfried
Published: April 2008

Meinem Lehrer Adolf Deissmann aus Anlaß seines 100. Geburtstages am 7. 11. 1966 in dankbarer Erinnerung gewidmet.
Creatures creating creators: the potential of rhetoric
Authors: Vorster J.N.
Published: April 2008

In the current uncertainty prevailing in the social and human sciences, rhetoric has achieved epistemic status. The article proposes that a radical theory of rhetoric, following in the wake of Kenneth Burke and emphasising rhetoric as the creation and use of symbols to induce cooperation, can be of value to studies in religion.
Paradigmaveranderinge in die Bybelwetenskappe 'n Bydrae tot die gesprek tussen die Bybelwetenskappe en Sistematiese Teologie
Authors: Spangenberg I.J.J.
Published: April 2008

The impetus of this article is the response of the New Testament scholar Pieter Botha to a book entitled Bondgenoot en beeld (1991) written by the Systematic theologian Adrio König. König's reaction to Botha's discussion and critique published in one of the issues of Theologia Evangelica (1993) reveals a lack of comprehension of the issues at stake. Botha's main critique is that König does not take the Enlightenment seriously. This article commences with a short historical overview of three main paradigm switches in Biblical Studies: the Reformation, the historical-critical approach and the paradigm switch that came along with the birth of modern literary criticism. It then attempts to identify the paradigms within which Botha and König work and in the last instance discusses the main reason why they are at loggerheads. The conclusion drawn is that only theologians who work within the same paradigm can communicate meaningfully.
New Testament scholarship on the threshold of the third millennium
Authors: Kourie C.E.T.
Published: April 2008

New Testament scholarship today must needs be seen in the context of methodological plurality. Whether this fact is viewed with suspicion or with delight, there is no turning back - on the threshold of the twenty-first century we are faced with a plethora of hermeneutical methods offering insight into scripture. Our task is to see which new paradigms will best enable us to interpret the New Testament in a world vastly different from that of early Christianity. This article suggests that an 'interreligious' approach to understanding and teaching scripture be seriously considered.
Buddhist scriptures for Non-Buddhists The Pāli Canon - an overview
Authors: Clasquin M.
Published: April 2008

This article discusses the history and structure of the Pali canon (Tipiţaka). The main sections of this, the canonical scripture of Theravada Buddhism, are outlined, placed in context and displayed in diagram format. The role and history of the Pāli language are also discussed.
Kritiese realisme, die Bybel, die gereformeerde belydenisskrifte en die Christelike geloof
Authors: Spannenberg I.J.J.
Published: April 2008

A number of overviews on the Biblical Sciences in South Africa have recently appeared. This article pays special attention to the one written by F E Deist (1994) Ervaring, rede en metode in Skrifuitleg: 'n Wetenskapshistoriese ondersoek na Skrifuitleg in die Ned Geref Kerk 1840-1990. Deist identifies two epistemological traditions in the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk): naive realism and critical realism, and indicates the 'ebb and flow' of these traditions in the history of the Biblical Sciences. Since the seventies critical realism has experienced a high tide. The article discusses the effects that this high tide has for the relationship between the Biblical Sciences and Dogmatics, the Biblical Sciences and the Reformed confessions of faith, and the Biblical Sciences and the Christian religion.
Are all the commentaries on Matthew really necessary?
Authors: Engelbrecht J.
Published: April 2008

In this article three new commentaries on Matthew are discussed, namely Blomberg (1992), Hagner (1993), and Luck (1993). Different sections from the three commentaries are compared: first the Introduction, and then the commentary on two pericopes, namely Matthew 1:18-23 and Matthew 8:23-27. From the comparison a few conclusions are drawn and the necessity of the abundance of Matthean commentaries since the previous decade is questioned.
The art of characterisation in the Lukan narrative: Jesus, the disciples and the populace
Authors: Okorie A.M.
Published: April 2008

The art of characterisation in a narrative is elucidated. Characterisation is the technique by which an author fashions a convincing portrait of a person within a unified piece of writing. The relationship between characterisation and descriptive techniques such as showing and telling, verbal and non-verbal action, flat and round characters, as well as its function in the unfolding of the plot is shown. Characterisation, furthermore, proceeds by way of repetition or redundancy. The process of characterisation is finally illustrated by means of Luke's characterisation of Jesus, the disciples and the populace.
'Op soek na die ontwykende waarheid' : enkele aspekte van die funksionering van godsdiens in Patrick White se Riders in the chariot
Authors: Jacobs M.M.
Published: April 2008

In the light of the current emphasis on interdisciplinary research as well as the religious nature of the New Testament documents it becomes not only possible but also meaningful for a New Testament scholar to pay some attention to modern religious works of literature. This article looks at the way in which the religious quest is dealt with in Patrick White's 'Riders in the chariot'.
The Mediterranean concepts of honour and shame as seen in the depiction of the biblical women
Authors: Rabichev Renata
Published: April 2008

The lives of women in biblical society are often vague- the codes according to which they live are unclear. Cultural anthropology offers the potential to shed light on the everyday existence of biblical women. This article aims to demonstrate how modern Mediterranean cultural concepts of shame and honour can lend insight into the behaviour of the Old Testament women: what they strove for and what they wished to avoid.
The postmodern - Tracy, Taylor and Dōgen
Authors: du P. le Roux C.
Published: April 2008

The postmodern, as thinking of the Other, on-the-margin-along is tracked in this article in the work of Tracy, Taylor and the Japanese Zen thinker Dōgen. Out of this tracking a faint outline emerges of theological discourse in the post-age.
The characterisation of Christian missionaries in the early novels of Ngug wa Thiong'o
Authors: Hale F.
Published: April 2008

Although the early works of the eminent Kenyan novelist and dramatist Ngug wa Thiong'o have received a great amount of international critical attention since the 1960s, little has been written about his portrayal of missionaries. The present article is intended as a step towards filling that lacuna in the literary and missionary history of East Africa. The evolution of Ngug's depiction of the proliferation of Christianity in Kenya is analysed against the evolving backdrop of his political radicalisation.
Challenges facing religious education and research in Africa: the Ghana case1
Authors: Joshua Narteh Kudadjie Rev
Published: April 2008

This paper gives a sketch of religious education in Ghanaian schools from colonial and missionary times to the present. It makes some comments on the current Government policy, and advocates that religious and moral education should be given at all levels of the educational ladder. Difficulties facing religious education and the relative marginalistion of the subject are discussed, and some suggestions made to overcome them. The importance and relevance of religion in society is reiterated.
Onesimus A case study of slave conversion in early Christianity
Authors: Taylor N.H.
Published: April 2008

Scholarly interest in Onesimus has tended to focus on the history behind the letter to Philemon, the nature of Paul's request to Philemon, and the degree to which Philemon acceded to it. This study seeks to address these and other questions against the background of slavery and the religious practices of domestic slaves in the world of early Christianity. The case af Onesimus can illuminate the place of slaves in the early Church, and thereby broaden our understanding of religious conversion in early Christianity. The historical reconstruction offered here is that Onesimus sought the mediation of Paul in his dispute with Philemon. Paul seeks Onesimus's restoration to Philemon's household, and to the Christian community which gathered there. In leaving Philemon's house Onesimus had abandoned also the Christian church to which he had previously belonged, and Paul sought his reinstatement to both household and church. The study concludes with an application of Snow and Machelek's typology of the religious convert to Onesimus, as reflected in Paul's ideology as given expression in Philemon.
Critique of Canaan Banana's call to rewrite the Bible
Authors: Reed S.A.
Published: April 2008

Canaan Banana is an African liberation theologian who was prominently involved in Zimbabwe's liberation struggle. He has written an article 'The Case for a New Bible' in which he argues that the Christian Bible should be rewritten so that it can be relevant for people in postcolonial societies. Banana is concerned that there are oppressive texts in the Bible that continue to be used by people to legitimise the oppression of others. He argues that these texts should be removed. Banana is also concerned that the Bible contains revelation which relates to only one people and that religious experiences of other peoples ought to be added to the Bible. Banana has raised important concerns about the Bible which must be addressed by scholars if the Bible is to be relevant in an appropriate way for postcolonial times. Banana boldly makes a proposal to rewrite the Bible to make it relevant and authoritative. Banana has highlighted some important problems that need new and creative solutions. The present article will discuss the problems related to the Bible as seen by Banana, discuss the solutions which Banana proposes for the problems and then critique his proposals. Insights from biblical studies related to hermeneutics, biblical theology and canon formation will be used to propose other solutions to these problems.
Evangelical Spirituality: a South African Perspective
Authors: Kretzschmar Louise
Published: April 2008

This article begins by providing definitions of spirituality and evangelicalism. It then introduces the multifaceted reality of South African evangelicalism. This is necessary because of the historical complexity of the origins of evangelicalism in South Africa and because of the variety of people, churches and missionary societies which propagated an evangelical approach. It explains the differences between evangelicals and ecumenicals and goes on to distinguish between conservative, moderate and radical evangelicalism It outlines the background to the establishment of the Evangelical Alliance of South Africa (TEASA) and argues that radical evangelicalism, because of its understanding of conversion, salvation and mission, and the actions that issue from these convictions, can make a significant contribution of the transformation of church and society in South Africa today.
Transformative Orientations Among South African Youth
Authors: Van Der Ven Johannes A. , Pieterse Hendrikj C. , Dreyer Jaco S.
Published: April 2008

In this article we ask the question of to what extent a group of 538 Grade 11 students from Anglican and Catholic church-affiliated schools in the Johannesburg/Pretoria region show transformative orientations in the fields of ecology, economics and politics, and which population characteristics mark the more transformative students among them. The frame of reference is taken from Habermas's colonisation theory and the critical comment on it from the so-called culturalisation perspective. The students appear to be transformatively oriented in the ecological and economic domain, whereas their attitude towards politics is more or less ambivalent. The question of where the more transformatively oriented students may be found, what their characteristic are, and whether religion plays any role in that will be developed in the next article.
Jesus in the World of Religions a Preliminary Plotting of a Route Map
Authors: Van Den Heever Gerhard
Published: April 2008

In a comparative study the issue is raised about the relationship between the construction of the saviour-image in Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Hinduism. The historical links between these traditions are highlighted and then the article proceeds to argue that when compared, the projections of the images of Jesus and Buddha, Jesus and Zoroaster and Jesus and Krishna exhibit a high degree of similarity. In the process questions are asked about the nature of religion and the value of comparative study.
Living Between the Lines: Reading Amos 9:11-15 in Post-War Guatemala1
Authors: Carroll R M. Daniel
Published: April 2008

This article attempts to relate a literary reading from the book of Amos to the post-war situation of Guatemala. It begins by describing the precarious context of that Central American country and then presents the theoretical contributions of Nussbaum and Brueggemann to a relevant literary reading of the prophetic text. This article suggests that situating a reading in the seam between 9:10 and 9:11 can offer an opportunity to look back at the past violence as well as forward to the hope of a different tomorrow.
'Lost Tribes1 of Israel' in Africa? Some Observations On Judaising Movements in Africa, With Specific Reference To the Lemba in Southern Africa2
Authors: Le Roux Magdel
Published: April 2008

Judaism' is often adapted by groups who embrace it, then these groups are not accepted by Judaism proper. It is embraced for identity and identification (such as by the Falashas of Ethiopia). This embrace was encouraged mainly by European comparativists, often missionaries, who imposed a Jewish identity on indigenous peoples (for example the Zulu, the 'Hottentots', and the Dutch Boers), by religious shifts caused by ideological change, or simply because of a fascination with Judaism. That the Lemba have Jewish' traditions which correspond both in rite and tradition is noteworthy; there may even be genetic links with specific groups in Israel. Lemba Jewishness' resembles a syncretising pluralism, a Jewishness which they embraced to ward off the risk of losing their unique character through cultural diffusion. Lemba identity is accepted by some Jews. Final establishment of such an identity, however, remains elusive. A qualitative study of Lemba Jewish (or rather Israelite) identity underlies this article. Similarities between the ancient Israelites and African tribes should not be neglected. This phenomenon may contain an indispensable key for interpretation.
Interreligious Orientations Among South African Youth
Authors: Van Der Ven Johannes A. , Pieterse Hendrik J.C. , Dreyer Jaco S.
Published: April 2008

In this article we investigate the interreligious orientations of a sample of 538 students from Standard 9 (Grade 11) who attended Anglican and Catholic schools in the Johannesburg/Pretoria region during 1995. In the first part of the article we describe the religious diversity of South Africa. This religious diversity was neglected in the past, but due to the establishment of the first democratically elected parliament and the adoption of a new constitution, we have entered a new situation in South Africa. Despite these changes, we still face the challenge to realise the democratic vision. Against this background, we direct our attention to two questions: What are the interreligious orientations of the South African youth, and how do they evaluate these interreligious orientations? Based on theological models of the meeting between religions we conceptualised four interreligious orientations: exclusivistic, inclusivistic, relativistic and dialogic. The relativistic orientation receives empirical support, but these students do not distinguish between exclusivistic and inclusivistic interreligious orientations. An unexpected finding is the distinction between subjective and objective dialogic orientations. These students are negative towards an absolutistic (exclusivistic and inclusivistic) orientation, and favour a relativistic interreligious orientation.
Truth and Reconciliation: Irreconcilable Differences? an Ethical Evaluation of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Maclean Iain S.
Published: April 2008

This article is a theologico-ethical evaluation of the five-volume Report, published in October 1998, of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It comprises two major parts, the first a summary of the principles and political decisions that led to the formation of the commission and focusing primarily on the first volume, which deals with the TRC's mandate, method, structure and methodology, and on the fifth, which deals with the broader ethical, philosophical and religious principles which underlay that mandate. The second part is a theological and ethical evaluation which draws on the experiences of other such commissions, contemporary South African theologians and ethicists. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission is found to have begun the process of bringing truth and reconciliation together, a process that requires, in addition, constructive action by the state, civil society, particularly churches (and other religions) and individuals, as the bearers of a moral order.
Telling Sacred Stories Eersterust and the Forced Removals of the 1960S
Authors: Landman Christina
Published: April 2008

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has introduced a process in South Africa in which healing became possible through storytelling. The Research Institute for Theology and Religion (University of South Africa) has taken up the challenge of extending this process to people who, for a variety of reasons, did not have the chance to tell their stories to this commission. This introduces a new era in oral history research in South Africa in which healing, that is discontinuity, and not truth or the establishment of a continuous tradition, is the aim of research on and through storytelling. Also, the present government, by withdrawing from moral legislation, now allows for religious communities to assist civil society in the formation of a social ethos. Consequently, the aim of oral history research for the RITR has shifted from establishing the liberational and interventionary moment in storytelling to that of focusing on its religious, healing and moral subtext. This article deals exclusively with the stories of coloured people in Eersterust, a town just outside Pretoria, which focus on the forced removals of the 1960s.
What to do when confronted with corruption
Authors: Stansbury C. , Stansbury N.
Published: April 2008

If convicted of corruption, an individual may face a lengthy prison term and claims for compensation, and may find it difficult to obtain employment of any merit. Companies may suffer fines, criminal conviction, debarment, financial loss and reputational damage. While companies and individuals are becoming increasingly aware of these risks, it is often very difficult to know what to do when confronted with corruption. This article gives practical advice on what steps should be taken by companies and individuals when faced with corrupt situations.
Making CDM work—perseverance and reward
Authors: Barnard M.
Published: April 2008

This paper is an account of the 16th Joint ICE/Capita Symonds annual safety lecture, one of the prestige lectures at the Institution of Civil Engineers, given by Stephen Williams, chief construction inspector of the UK Health and Safety Executive, at the ICE on 26 September 2007.
Corporate manslaughter—be prepared
Authors: Walton D. , Drinkwater S.
Published: April 2008

According to the Statistics of Fatal Injuries 2006/2007, published by the UK Health and Safety Executive, more than 240 people were fatally injured at work in Britain last year, adding to the 40 000 people killed in commercially-related circumstances since 1966. In April 2008, the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 takes effect and will make it easier to convict organisations whose gross failure in management and organisation results in a person's death at work. All civil engineering companies must fully prepare for the new legislation or risk serious consequences.
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in the caryophyllidean cestode Wenyonia virilis Woodland, 1923, with re-assessment of flagellar rotation in Glaridacris catostomi Cooper, 1920
Authors: Miquel Jordi , Świderski Zdzisław , Mackiewicz John , Ibraheem Mohammed
Published: April 2008

The ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in Wenyonia virilis Woodland, 1923, a caryophyllaeid cestode from the silurid Nile fish Synodontis schall (Bloch et Schneider, 1801), is described by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time. Spermiogenesis follows the characteristic caryophyllidean type and is initiated by the formation of a differentiation zone. This area, delimited at its base by a ring of arching membranes and bordered by cortical microtubules, contains two centrioles associated with typical striated rootlets with a reduced intercentriolar body between them. The apical area of the differentiation zone exhibits electron-dense material that is present only during the early stages of spermiogenesis. Only one of the centrioles develops into a free flagellum that grows at an angle of >90° in relation to the cytoplasmic extension. Spermiogenesis is also characterized by a flagellar rotation and a proximodistal fusion of the flagellum with the cytoplasmic extension. The most interesting features observed in W virilis are the presence of a reduced, very narrow intercentriolar body and the unique type of flagellar rotation >90°. Results are compared with those described in two caryophyllideans, Glaridacris catostomi Cooper, 1920 and Khawia armeniaca (Cholodkovski, 1915). Contrary to the original report of Świderski and Mackiewicz (2002), that flagellar rotation has never been observed in spermiogenesis of G. catostomi, re-assessment of their description and illustrations leads us to conclude that flagellar rotation must logically occur in that species. The value of various morphological features of sperm in phylogenetic inference is discussed.
Electrosynthesis of ferrates with diamond anodes
Authors: Sáez Cristina , Rodrigo Manuel A. , Cañizares Pablo
Published: April 2008

This work is focused on the electrosynthesis of ferrates with boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anodes. These compounds are oxo‐anions of Fe(V) and Fe(VI) with a very high oxidant potential over a wide range of pHs, and with a great variety of industrial and environmental applications. It has been observed that the use of BDD electrodes can improve the results obtained by steel electrodes in the synthesis of ferrates. However, the results seem to be limited by the availability of oxidizable iron species in the reagent solution. The production yield is revealed to be strongly dependent on the iron raw material, hydroxyl anions concentration, temperature, and current density. The use of iron‐powder bed as iron‐raw material increases the availability of oxidizable‐iron species and therefore allows improving the efficiency of the electrosynthesis with BDD. Likewise, current densities over 1000 A m−2 and temperatures around 25°C guaranty high current efficiencies and ferrates concentrations. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Thermal oxidative degradation kinetics and thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified with poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Acar Işıl , Pozan Gülin Selda , Özgümüş Saadet
Published: April 2008

The thermal oxidative degradation kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) copolymers modified with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were investigated with thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The thermal properties of the modified products were also determined by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique. Waste PET (P100) obtained from postconsumer water bottles was modified with a low‐molecular‐weight PLA. The PET/PLA weight ratio was 90/10 (P90) and 50/50 (P50) in the modified samples. The thermal oxidative degradation kinetics of the modified samples was compared with those of PET (P100). The segmented block and/or random copolymer structure of the modified samples formed by a transesterification reaction between the PLA and PET units in solution and the length of the aliphatic and aromatic blocks were found to have a great effect on the degradation behavior. On the basis of the results of the degradation kinetics determined by Kissinger method, the degradation rate of the samples decreased in the order of P50 > P90 > P100, depending on the amount of PLA in the copolymer structure. However, the degradation activation energies (EA) of the samples decreased in the order of P100 > P90 > P50. It was concluded that the degradation rate and mechanism were affected significantly by the incorporation of PLA into the copolymer structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008