bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat shock response of Babesia divergens and identification of the hsp70 as an immunodominant early antigen during ox, gerbil and human babesiosis
Authors: Carcy Bernard , Précigout Eric , Valentin Alexis , Gorenflot André , Reese Robert T. , Schrével Joseph
Published: April 2003

Summary— Using antisera (α‐R and α‐C7Ag) directed against the conserved Gly‐Gly‐Met‐Pro‐epitope of the hsp70 family, a single antigen was identified in the human Babesia divergens Rouen 1987 isolate by Western immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments. This B divergens hsp70 is highly conserved as shown by the analysis of five other geographical B divergens isolates from different hosts (human and bovine). Indirect immunofluorescence assay performed on the asexual intraerythrocytic stages showed that the hsp70 is mainly cytoplasmic and stage‐independent. Heat‐shock experiments, with 20 min incubation at 40°C followed by a 10 to 50 min shift to 37°C in the presence of [35S]‐methionine, led to an increase of two hsp of 85 and 70 kDa while protein synthesis in general decreased within 10 min. Immunoprecipitations of [35S]‐methionine radiolabelled proteins with human, ox and gerbil antisera raised against various B divergens isolates, showed the presence of a B divergens 70 kDa protein which was demonstrated to be a hsp70 by coupling immunoblotting assays with α‐C7Ag serum on the same immunoprecipitated material. During human babesiosis, the B divergens hsp70 appears as an early antigen during the acute phase. These results are in agreement with the use of the B divergens hsp70 as an essential valence antigen in an anti‐babesiosis vaccine.
Growth inhibition and the regulation of cyclic AMP by the triphenylethylene anti‐estrogen tamoxifen in the quail oviduct
Authors: Fanidi Abdallah , Pageaux Jean‐François , Courion Catherine , Fayard Jean‐Michel , Laugier Christian
Published: April 2003

Summary— The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulation of cAMP by tamoxifen in quail oviduct. A single injection of tamoxifen to immature female quails induced a transient activation of adenylate cyclase. Enzyme activity began to increase 3 h after the injection, peaked at 6 h and then dropped to control level at 12 h. The same time‐response curves were observed following the injection of estradiol benzoate or estradiol benzoate + tamoxifen. Moreover, adenylcyclase exhibited the same sensitivity to exogenous activators (guanylylimidodiphosphate and forskolin) in the different treated groups. Phosphodiesterase activity was left unchanged during the prereplicative period and cAMP concentration was significantly increased at 6 h (+ 44.3%). Then, cAMP concentration continued to increase (+ 73.8% at 24 h) while cAMP phosphodi esterase and adenylcyclase activities remained at control levels. Injected concurrently with estradiol benzoate, tamoxifen completely inhibited the growth promoting effect of estradiol. Tamoxifen also inhibited the activation of adenylcyclase and cAMP phosphodiesterase induced by the hormone alone during the proliferative phase of the tissue. Moreover, the combined treatment led to a sustained elevation of cAMP in the oviduct, whereas estradiol benzoate alone decreased the level of cAMP. These results and those of our previous studies showing a significant correlation between the growth inhibitory potency of triphenylethylene derivatives in vivo and their efficiency to inhibit calmodulin‐dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase in vitro, strongly suggest that the differential regulation of cAMP levels by estradiol and tamoxifen is essential for the growth promoting or growth inhibiting activities of these molecules.
The Cauchy problem for the Schrödinger equation in dimension three with concentrated nonlinearity
Authors: Dell'Antonio Gianfausto , Figari Rodolfo , Teta Alessandro , Adami Riccardo
Published: April 2003

We consider the Schrödinger equation in

\mathbb{R}^{3}

with nonlinearity concentrated in a finite set of points. We formulate the problem in the space of finite energy

V

, which is strictly larger than the standard

H^1

-space due to the specific singularity exhibited by the solutions. We prove local existence and, for a repulsive or weakly attractive nonlinearity, also global existence of the solutions.

On considère l’équation de Schrödinger avec une nonlinéarité concentrée en un nombre fini de points. On formule le problème dans l’espace

V

d’énergie finie, qui contient strictement l’espace standard

H^1

, à cause de la singularité spécifique des solutions. On prouve des résultats d’existence locale et même, pour une nonlinéarité répulsive ou faiblement attractive, l’existence globale des solutions.
The Panics of 1854 and 1857: A View from the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank
Authors: Ó Gráda Cormac , White Eugene N.
Published: April 2003

Using records of individual depositors' accounts, this article provides a detailed microeconomic analysis of two banking panics. The panics of 1854 and 1857 were not characterized by an immediate mass panic of depositors and had important time dimensions. We examine depositor behavior using a hazard model. Contagion was the key factor in 1854 but it created only a local panic. The 1857 panic began with runs by businessmen and banking sophisticates followed by less informed depositors. Evidence suggests that this panic was driven by informational shocks in the face of asymmetric information about the true condition of bank portfolios.
The Professions in Early Modern England, 1450–1800. By Rosemary O'Day. Harlow: Longman, 2000. Pp. xi, 334. 19.99, paper.
Authors: Prest Wilfrid
Published: April 2003

To review a work which cites one's name in both acknowledgments and text is probably imprudent and quite possibly unethical. On the other hand, a rigorous self-denying ordinance would have drastic implications for the viability of academic book reviewing. Further justification for proceeding in the present instance is that Professor O'Day's references to my own work are not wholly one-sided, either praise or criticism. The following assessment of her latest book will seek to adopt an equally balanced—if not “professional”—approach.
The Effects of Competition: Cartel Policy and the Evolution of Strategy and Structure in British Industry. By George Symeonidis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pp. x, 542. $55.00.
Authors: Broadberry Stephen
Published: April 2003

This book provides a detailed investigation of the impact of the 1956 Restrictive Trade Practices Act on the intensity of competition in the United Kingdom. In my experience, American economists are usually traumatized to discover that the 1956 Act allowed firms to register restrictive trade agreements, including explicit schemes to fix prices and that by the end of 1959, firms had registered 2,240 agreements in the clear expectation that the newly established Restrictive Practices Court would take a relaxed view about these restrictions on competition. In fact, the Court generally took a tough pro-competition stance and after a few landmark cases where restrictive agreements were judged to be against the public interest, many of the registered agreements were abandoned voluntarily or modified substantially. This episode thus provides the raw material for assessing the impact of an intensification of competition on economic performance. George Symeonidis uses the theoretical framework of John Sutton to assess the effects of this intensification of competition. The main focus is on the upshot for concentration, although the effects on advertising intensity, innovation, and profitability are also considered. Disappointingly, perhaps, there is no discussion of the effects on productivity.
Sugar and Society in China: Peasants, Technology, and the World Market. By Sucheta Mazumdar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. Pp. xx, 657. $49.50.
Authors: Benedict Carol
Published: April 2003

This thoroughly researched history of sugar in Qing China (1644–1911) was published at a fortuitous time. After nearly two decades of “China-centered” history, scholars are again situating China within a global context. In the early 1980s, when Sucheta Mazumdar began her research, many scholars were turning away from questions relating to China's contact with the outside world in order to concentrate on developments within China. Reacting against an established body of scholarship that portrayed late imperial China as technologically stagnant, isolated, and impervious to change, historians set out to document the myriad social, political, and economic transformations underway in China prior to the “Western impact” (Paul Cohen. Discovering History in China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984). The new comparativists build upon these insights. With a wealth of local and regional histories to draw upon, they are now returning to the old question of why China failed to experience its own self-induced industrial revolution (See, for example, the recent exchange of views in the Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 2 [May 2002]: 501–662). Published on the upstroke of this reinvigorated debate, this book combines “China-centered” and comparative approaches to analyze why China, “universally acknowledged to be one of the most developed economies up through the mid-eighteenth century, paused in this development in the nineteenth” (p. 10).
Selling Yellowstone: Capitalism and the Construction of Nature. By Mark Daniel Barringer. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. viii, 238. $29.95.
Authors: Fleck Robert K.
Published: April 2003

In this well written book, Mark Barringer provides an interesting and detailed history of commercial enterprises in Yellowstone National Park. The book has great value to scholars concerned with the management of public lands, the roles that interest groups (park employees, concessioners, tourists, and environmentalists) have played in the history of Yellowstone, and the difficulties in designing contracts for the private provision of goods and services on public lands.
Regulating Railroad Innovation: Business, Technology, and Politics in America, 1840–1920. By Steven W. Usselman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 398. $65.00 cloth; $25.00, paper.
Authors: Aldrich Mark
Published: April 2003

As its title suggests, the focus of this work is on the process and context of railroad innovation rather than its economic causes and consequences. The book reflects a wide reading in both primary and relevant secondary sources and the author's extensive use of the corporate records of the Pennsylvania and Burlington railroads.
Investing For Middle America: John Elliot Tappan And The Origins Of American Express Financial Advisors. By Kenneth Lipartito and Carol Heher Peters. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. x, 268. $27.95.
Authors: Chabot Benjamin
Published: April 2003

In this enjoyable work, Kenneth Lipartito and Carol Peters share with us the story of John Elliot Tappan, a Minneapolis lawyer who brought financial innovation to the American heartland. In an era before mutual funds, money market accounts, and in many locations safe diversified savings banks, Tappan saw the need for a safe, small denomination, financial instrument for middle-class savers. The result was Investors Syndicate and its “face-value” certificate, a combination of zero-coupon bond and term life insurance that savers of modest means could purchase in small installments. By providing the small investor with a safe means of saving a small amount each month, Investors Syndicate (latter IDS and American Express Financial Advisors) would grow into one of the nations financial behemoths. Along the way, Tappan and his company would overcome financial panic, depression, war, epidemic, and corrupt postal inspectors (the federal regulators of the day).
Monetary Standards in the Periphery: Paper, Silver and Gold, 1854–1933. Edited by Pablo Martin Acena and Jaime Reis. London: Macmillan, 2000. Pp. 264.
Authors: Flandreau Marc
Published: April 2003

This conference volume brings together a collection of papers dealing with the monetary arrangements of "peripheral" countries in the later part of the nineteenth century, with occasional excursions in the interwar years. It comprises an introduction (written by the two editors plus Agustin Llona Rodriguez) and six chapters. These chapters cover respectively the experience of six Latin countries: three are European and three are Latin American. The three European experiences are dealt with by Giuseppe Tattara (Italy), Jaime Reis (Portugal), and Pablo Martin Acena (Spain). The chapters dealing with Latin American countries are written by Winston Fritsch and Gustavo H. B. Franco (Brazil), Agustin Llona Rodriguez (Chile), and Jose Antonio Ocampo (Colombia).
Early Globalization and the Economic Development of the United States and Brazil. By John DeWitt. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. Pp. 178.
Authors: Frank Zephyr
Published: April 2003

The author of this ambitious volume tackles the question: why is the United States rich and Brazil poor? Given the importance of the question and the promising comparative approach, readers of this JOURNAL will be tempted to look into John DeWitt's book. Unfortunately, they are likely to be disappointed. The author claims that internal and external factors combined to generate growth in the United States and to breed underdevelopment in Brazil. The external factors hinge on the purported unfairness of the international system. Brazil, according to DeWitt, was “a weak state that could be treated like a palooka and pummeled with impunity” (p. 113). The internal factors of growth or backwardness adduced in the book are based on a series of case studies of regions or industries, such as coastal towns or whaling, along with generalizations about plantation economics. Although there are many useful insights sprinkled throughout the book, the methodology and bibliography are confused and outdated: there are no time series or statistical tests employed in the text; quantitative data are few and almost entirely descriptive; and no mention is made of recent publications emphasizing institutions and factor endowments as sources of economic divergence between the United States and Latin America. In particular, it is troubling that no mention is made in the text or bibliography to Stephen Haber's edited volume, How Latin America Fell Behind (Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1997). This omission prevents DeWitt from addressing the standard text in the literature and severely detracts from the volume's credibility.
The Gendered Biopolitics of Marriage and Immigration: A Study of Pre-1949 Chinese Immigrants in Thailand
Authors: Jiemin Bao
Published: April 2003

This first attempt to include women in the pre-1949 history of Chinese immigration to Thailand examines the dialectical relationship between immigration and marital practices through a gender lens. It is argued that labour immigration is not simply an economic endeavour, but rather a complex process of cultural production in which Thai and Chinese regimes compete to produce gendered citizens.
Hinson, Glenn, Fire in my bones: Transcendence
and the Holy Spirit in African American gospel. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press. 2000, Pp. x + 408. Pb. $24.95.
Authors: Wharry Cheryl
Published: April 2003

Glenn Hinson, in Fire in my bones,
creatively and accurately captures the essence of Holy Spirit
influence on belief and experience among members of the
“spirit-filled” or “sanctified” African
American community. Much ethnographic work tends to highlight
researchers' analytical and supposedly “objective”
reports of observed behavior; Hinson, however, takes an ingenious
phenomenological approach in which the lived selves of sanctified
members are presented through their own individual voices.
To the author's credit, attempts to “shape” or
refine participants' expressions, observations, analyses,
summaries, and so on do not appear in this work.
Camille C. O'Reilly (ed.), Language, ethnicity
and the state. Vol. 1, Minority languages in the European
Union. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. v–x, 183; and
Camille C. O'Reilly (ed.), Language, ethnicity and the
state. Vol. 2, Minority languages in Eastern Europe post-1989.
Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. v–xii, 228.
Authors: Tsitsipis Lukas D.
Published: April 2003

This is an exceptionally interesting collective
work put together by Camille C. O'Reilly in two volumes,
the first focusing on minority languages and problems of nation
and ethnicity in western Europe, and particularly in the European
Union (EU), and the second taking as its main focus languages
and nationalizing discourses in eastern Europe. A large part
of the discussion in vol. 2 concentrates on issues related to
the fate and ongoing processes of nation formation, citizenship,
linguistic ideologies, and minority languages in the successor
states of the former Soviet Union. In both volumes, some chapters
focus more narrowly on language, whereas others give emphasis
to macro processes of a political nature. And, of course, no
article in the collection is indifferent to the politics of
minoritization, ethnic-national boundaries, and the restructuring
of the European national map as a whole. Thus, variation in
theme and method of analysis should be considered as a positive
element of this endeavor, even though the overall treatment
is neither exhaustive nor radically critical, as I will argue
below.
Deborah House, Language shift among the Navajos:
Identity politics and cultural continuity. Tucson: University
of Arizona Press, 2002. Hb $35.00.
Authors: Field Margaret
Published: April 2003

This book is an important and useful contribution
to the literature on language shift, especially for readers
interested in this issue in American Indian communities. House
focuses on discrepancies between public discourse about what
it means to be a Navajo person and “undiscussed, yet highly
visible, linguistic and behavioral practices” –
that is, between conscious, discursive ideology and more
unconscious, behavioral ideology as revealed through social
practice. She challenges the widespread claim in the Navajo
community for the existence of Navajo cultural homogeneity,
arguing that although such essentializing discourse may have
political, economic, and spiritual motivations, it is also
unrealistic and complicates efforts to reverse language shift.
Ceil Lucas, Robert Bayley, & Clayton Valli,
in collaboration with Mary Rose, Alyssa Wulf, Paul Dudis, Susan
Schatz, & Laura Sanheim, Sociolinguistic variation in
American Sign Language. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University
Press, 2001. Pp. xvii, 237, appendices, index. Hb $55.00.
Authors: Senghas Richard J.
Published: April 2003

Sociolinguistic variation in American
Sign Language is the successful result of applying
sociolinguistic theory and methodology originally developed
for spoken languages to American Sign Language (ASL). The product
of several years of study conducted by a team of researchers,
this book is more than just an exercise; both expected and
unexpected findings are presented, thereby confirming and advancing
the sociolinguistics of signed languages in particular and of
language in general. Lucas and Valli bring to this work extensive
experience with sign language linguistics; they are joined by
Bayley, who is known for his work on Tejano English and Spanish
variation among immigrants of Mexican descent. The statistical
findings provide the necessary bridge between context and
environment, on the one hand, and internal constraints, on the
other, to explain the range of variation represented at
phonological, syntactic, and lexical levels in ASL. Explicitly
building on Weinrich, Labov & Herzog's notion of
orderly heterogeneity (14, 193–94; cf. Weinrich,
Labov & Herzog 1968), the book provides useful examples
and analysis for sign language linguists, and it would do well
as a source for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses
where materials beyond a primer of sociolinguistics are needed.
For those more established in the field, the authors respectfully
(and graciously) challenge several frequently cited findings
concerning variation in ASL, such as Woodward & DeSantis'
(1977) claims about negative incorporation and Liddell &
Johnson's (1989) explanations for phonological variation
in forms of the sign deaf.
Pictures, propositions, and primitives in the head
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: April 2003

Data from neuropsychology do not support the idea that the primary visual cortex necessarily displays internal visual images. However, the choice of formats used in human cognition is not restricted to depictive or descriptive representations. Nestled between pictures and propositions, primitive spatial schemas with simple analog features extracted from pictorial scenes may play a subtle but wide role in cognition.
Loss of visual imagery: Neuropsychological evidence in search for a theory
Authors: Goldenberg Georg
Published: April 2003

Observations on patients who lost visual imagery after brain damage call into question the notion that the knowledge subserving visual imagery is “tacit.” Dissociations between deficient imagery and preserved recognition of objects suggest that imagery is exclusively based on explicit knowledge, whereas retrieval of “tacit” visual knowledge is bound to the presence of the object and the task of recognizing it.
Mental imagery during sleep
Authors: Gottesmann Claude
Published: April 2003

The descriptive “null” hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that during dreaming sleep stage, the primary visual cortex is deactivated as compared with other sleep stages.
Visual imagery and geometric enthymeme: The example of Euclid I.1
Authors: Niall Keith K.
Published: April 2003

Students of geometry do not prove Euclid's first theorem by examining an accompanying diagram, or by visualizing the construction of a figure. The original proof of Euclid's first theorem is incomplete, and this gap in logic is undetected by visual imagination. While cognition involves truth values, vision does not: the notions of inference and proof are foreign to vision.
Neural representation of sensory data
Authors: Polimeni Jonathan , Schwartz Eric
Published: April 2003

In the target article Pylyshyn revives the spectre of the “little green man,” arguing for a largely symbolic representation of visual imagery. To clarify this problem, we provide precise definitions of the key term “picture,” present some examples of our definition, and outline an information-theoretic analysis suggesting that the problem of addressing data in the brain requires a partially analogue and partially symbolic solution. This is made concrete in the ventral stream of object recognition, from V1 to IT cortex.
Altruism is a form of self-control
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: April 2003

Some commentators have argued that all particular altruistic acts are directly caused by or reinforced by an internal emotional state. Others argue that rewards obtained by one person might reinforce another person's altruistic act. Yet others argue that all altruistic acts are reinforced by social reciprocation. There are logical and empirical problems with all of these conceptions. The best explanation of altruistic acts is that – though they are themselves not reinforced (either immediately, or delayed, or conditionally, or internally) – they are, like self-controlled acts, part of a pattern of overt behavior that is either extrinsically reinforced or intrinsically reinforcing.
THE ROOTS AND RATIONALE OF SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: April 2003

Two related themes have dominated discussions about the Left
in advanced industrial democracies in recent years. The first
is that an increasingly integrated world economy is creating
a fundamentally new situation for leaders and publics, imposing
burdens and constraining choices. You can either opt out of
the system and languish, or put on what New York Times
columnist Thomas Friedman has called neoliberalism's
“Golden Straightjacket”—at which point “two
things tend to happen: your economy grows and your politics
shrinks.” The second is that traditional social democracy
has played itself out as a political ideology, creating a vacuum
that can and should be filled by some new progressive movement with
greater contemporary relevance. For example, Ralf Dahrendorf has argued
that “socialism is dead, and … none of its variants
can be revived,” while Anthony Giddens has written that
reformist socialism has become “defensive” and perhaps
even “moribund.”
AFTER SOCIALISM: MUTUALISM AND A PROGRESSIVE MARKET STRATEGY
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: April 2003

I undertake three tasks in this exploratory essay. First, I
examine some of the lessons of recent history concerning the
relation between socialism, markets, and liberal democracy.
Second, I lay out the basic theoretical building-blocks of an
alternative to both socialism and laissez-faire that I call
“mutualism.” Finally, I draw some conclusions for
public policy and practice, in the form of what I call a
“progressive market strategy.” A brief conclusion
ponders the question, What's left of socialism?
Decision theory and the rationality of further deliberation
Authors: Douven Igor
Published: April 2003

Bayesian decision theory operates under the fiction that in any decision-making situation the agent is simply given the options from which he is to choose. It thereby sets aside some characteristics of the decision-making situation that are pre-analytically of vital concern to the verdict on the agent's eventual decision. In this paper it is shown that and how these characteristics can be accommodated within a still recognizably Bayesian account of rational agency.
THE INSPECTION PARADOX
Authors: Ross Sheldon M.
Published: April 2003

We relate two variants of the inspection paradox by showing
that both represent the length of a renewal interval that contains
a chosen point, the difference being in the way that point is
chosen. We show, in both cases, that the length of the interval
is likelihood ratio larger than that of an ordinary renewal
interval.
MONUMENT 65
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan
Published: April 2003

Monument 65, thus far the largest sculpture discovered
from the almost completely destroyed site of Kaminaljuyu,
has much to tell us about the enigma of this ancient city.
Carvings on two sides of the flat tablet resonate with the
most sacred concepts of the “Miraflores” people
of Late Preclassic Kaminaljuyu. Partly because of the highly
problematical picture further field archaeology can provide
of Kaminaljuyu—a picture already problematical—but
also because of the inherent value of a comparative orientation,
I employ an explicitly comparative approach in order to
speculate about the ideology encoded on the monument. According
to such a comparative perspective, the depictions identify
Kaminaljuyu rulers as conventional world- or cosmos-creators
and sustainers, functions realized by the sacrifices of
royal proxy victims or “twins” of the ruler.
The captive scenes, shown on Side A, represent the duality
of rulership expressed in a twinship of first, immortal
“priest” or administrator—the ruler in
his religious role—sacrificing a victim representing
a first ideal man or “king,” and, by virtue
of this, representing the ever-dying or magical fertility
of the polity. On Side B, the creation seems to be manifested
or metaphorized by the axis mundi.
ANÁLISIS HISTÓRICO Y ARQUEOLÓGICO DEL
ASENTAMIENTO COLONIAL DE TECOH (ESTADO DE YUCATÁN,
MÉXICO), SIGLO XVI
Authors: Targa Juan García
Published: April 2003

Las construcciones que forman parte del asentamiento
prehispánico y colonial de Tecoh se encuentran ubicadas
parcialmente en el municipio de Sitilpech y también
dentro de la hacienda Yokdzonot (Figura 1). En el Atlas
Arqueológico de Yucatán (Garza Tarragona
y Kurjack 1980:122) aparece identificado con el número
21 dentro de la Hoja 16Q-d(8) y se encuadra dentro de los
asentamientos de Rango IV de su tipología. Este
grupo viene definido de la siguiente forma: “se caracterizan
por una gran variedad. En ellos se encuentran desde conjuntos
aislados de dos o tres plataformas hasta asentamientos de
amplia extensión y numerosas estructuras, pero con
muy poca arquitectura monumental” (Garza Tarragona
y Kurjack 1980:37).
AN ANALYSIS OF ROADS LISTED IN COLONIAL DICTIONARIES AND THEIR
RELEVANCE TO PRE-HISPANIC LINEAR FEATURES IN THE YUCATAN PENINSULA
Authors: Bolles David , Folan William J.
Published: April 2003

The archaeological evidence for pre-Columbian roadways in the
northern Mayan area is well documented. These range from broad
intracity causeways and long, raised intercity roadways to small
local pathways. In the colonial Mayan–Spanish and
Spanish–Mayan dictionaries written by Franciscan friars
in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries there
are various references to roadways. These references were located
through a computer-aided search through the dictionaries.
Supplementing these references is the information given in various
documents written by Franciscan historians, as well as the variety
of documents written by the Maya. This information was also
located through searches in computerized versions of these
documents. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate these
references to determine how the information in them can be used
to broaden our understanding of Mayan roadways, culture, and
society.
ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF EPIGRAPHIC, GEOGRAPHIC, AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA, WITH A DROUGHT-BASED EXPLANATION FOR THE
CLASSIC MAYA COLLAPSE
Authors: Robichaux Hubert R.
Published: April 2003

The demographic and cultural Collapse of the ancient lowland
Maya civilization in the ninth century A.D. has long
been of fascination to both scholars and the general public.
A large number of hypotheses has been offered to explain this
event. Evidence derived from several independent lines of
investigation during the 1990s indicates the time of the Maya
Collapse was one in which severe drought conditions prevailed
over much of the lowlands. Drought is now considered a potential
primary causal factor for the Collapse. This paper cites some
of the evidence for the presence of drought conditions at the
time of the Collapse and then considers the degree to which
a drought-based explanation for the Collapse is compatible with
what is currently known about the Collapse's occurrence.
There are problematic aspects to the temporal and spatial
development of the Collapse that suggest that the Terminal
Classic-period drought did not constitute a single, overwhelming
blow that rendered collapse inevitable. It is suggested, instead,
that culture-historical events and ecological factors interplayed
with the Terminal Classic-period drought in such a way as to
render the Collapse possible.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Fowler William R.
Published: April 2003

This issue's special section presents three
papers with important new data on the Formative-period
village of K'axob, Belize. Until very recently, our
knowledge of Formative Mesoamerican villages has been heavily
weighted toward that of the highlands (Flannery 1976).
These papers on K'axob go a long way toward redressing
that imbalance.
WHAT'S IN A NAME
Authors: Hewitt Erika A.
Published: April 2003

Three Maya women served as documented rulers during
the Classic period. The expressions of their names and
titles, unlike those of all of their contemporaries, share
a unique syntactic variation throughout Mayan hieroglyphic
inscriptions: their systematic lack of feminine prefixes.
In addition to this variation, the bestowing of the na
bate warrior title upon other exceptionally prominent
Maya women suggests that women of extraordinary status
in Classic-period Maya society were “masculinized,”
or granted male attributes, in order to accommodate their
sharing of status or occupancy of roles that were traditionally
masculine. Since some male rulers were similarly portrayed
with certain feminine traits, it is suggested that the
Classic Maya concept of gender was based on a complementary,
or balanced, relationship of masculine and feminine. The
projection of one gender's traits onto individuals
of another sex indicates that gender was not polar but
rather inclusive and reciprocal, such that characteristics
could be adopted and utilized by members of both sexes
in order to make them suitable for specific roles.
Status, ecology, behaviour and conservation of Raso Lark Alauda razae
Authors: Donald Paul F. , De Ponte Marta , Pitta Groz Maria J. , Taylor Roy
Published: April 2003

In October 2001, the world population of Raso Lark Alauda razae, confined to the uninhabited, arid islet of Raso in the Cape Verde Islands, was estimated at between 128 and 138 birds, of which 61–66% were males. The biased sex ratio was confirmed by standardized observations of randomly selected birds. The male-dominated sex ratio may result from differences in bill morphology and feeding methods. The males spent much time digging for the bulbs of the nutsedge Cyperus bulbosus, whereas females were seen to dig far less frequently. These differences may have been due to significant sexual differences in bill size. Both sexes also took a range of invertebrate prey, particularly lepidopteran larvae. Unpaired males showed differences in behaviour to paired males, particularly with respect to song flight length. Measurement of museum skins suggested significant seasonal changes in bill size, possibly related to changes in diet or feeding methods. Bill sizes in both sexes were highly variable, but significantly more variable in males. Nest predation, almost certainly by a near-endemic gecko, was extremely high, Mayfield estimates suggesting a nest survival rate of less than 5% between the onset of laying and the end of incubation. Cats and dogs were thought to be absent, although analysis of droppings shows that both have been present in the recent past. Analysis of historical data shows a strong correlation between population size and rainfall, and numbers of birds have fallen to extremely low levels during droughts. The conservation of the species is discussed in the light of these findings.
Lessons from a Bygone Medical Ethics Program
Authors: ANONYMOUS
Published: April 2003

Ethicists in American medical schools feel increasingly
discouraged these days. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s,
society's enthusiasm for teaching about medical ethics
flourished as new medical technologies posed new ethical
perplexities. Americans eagerly sought ethics advice and looked
to medical schools to provide it. As the sites where many of
the new technologies were developed and future physicians were
trained, medical schools were the logical place for medical
ethicists to work and teach. A few schools recognized
society's need and instituted explicit medical ethics
teaching—allocating funds, hiring ethicists, creating
departments, and trumpeting their accomplishments. But most
schools responded to the need with indifference or even hostility.
They distrusted outside “experts” and feared a zealous
reform movement aimed at the character or practices of modern
medicine. Yet even those schools were forced to create ethics
programs to meet powerful accreditation requirements adopted around
1990. Complying reluctantly, these schools allocated few personnel
and minimal budgets. The resulting programs struggled.
Abstracts of Note: The Bioethics Literature
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: April 2003

This section is meant to be a mutual effort. If you find an
article you think should be abstracted in this section, do not
be bashful—submit it for consideration to Kenneth V. Iserson
care of CQ. If you do not like the editorial comments, this
will give you an opportunity to respond in the letters section.
Your input is desired and anticipated.
Age and gender interactions on verbal memory performance
Authors: KRAMER JOEL H. , YAFFE KRISTINE , LENGENFELDER JEANNE , DELIS DEAN C.
Published: April 2003

Age and gender effects on verbal episodic memory are well
established. However, the possibility of interactions between
age and gender has been raised by studies linking estrogen and
verbal memory performance, and by research suggesting gender
differences in age-related cortical atrophy. We evaluated whether
age by gender interactions in verbal memory were present. Subjects
within three years of the median age of menopause were excluded
from a large cohort of normal subjects, resulting in a younger
sample (16–47 years) of 288 men and 285 women, and an
older sample (55–89 years) of 201 men and 245 women. All
subjects were administered the CVLT-2, a multiple-trial
list-learning task. Verbal memory was negatively correlated
with age for younger men, older men, and older women, but not
for younger women. Multivariate analyses indicated age by gender
interactions on memory for the younger group but not the older
group. Results indicate that verbal memory declines with age
for younger men but not younger women, whereas both older men
and older women show age-related declines. These findings are
consistent with hypotheses linking estrogen and verbal memory
performance, and with imaging data suggesting that age-related
hippocampal atrophy is found in younger men but not younger
women. The role of estrogen on cognition in normal aging warrants
further study. (JINS, 2003, 9, 97–102.)
ROBUSTNESS OF ADAPTIVE EXPECTATIONS AS AN EQUILIBRIUM SELECTION DEVICE
Authors: Van Zandt Timothy , Lettau Martin
Published: April 2003

Dynamic models in which agents' behavior depends on expectations of future prices or other endogenous variables can have steady states that are stationary equilibria for a wide variety of expectations rules, including rational expectations. When there are multiple steady states, stability is a criterion for selecting among them as predictions of long-run outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to study how sensitive stability is to certain details of the expectations rules, in a simple OLG model with constant government debt that is financed through seigniorage. We compare simple recursive learning rules, learning rules with vanishing gain, and OLS learning, and also relate these to expectational stability. One finding is that two adaptive expectation rules that differ only in whether they use current information can have opposite stability properties.
Precipitation of Lysozyme Nanoparticles from Dimethyl Sulfoxide Using Carbon Dioxide as Antisolvent
Authors: Muhrer Gerhard , Mazzotti Marco
Published: April 2003

The protein lysozyme has been precipitated as amorphous nanoparticles from a DMSO solution using dense carbon dioxide as antisolvent, by applying the so‐called gas antisolvent recrystallization technique in a 400‐mL precipitator. The objective is to investigate the possibility of tuning the particle properties by changing the key process parameters, namely, antisolvent addition rate, initial solute concentration, and temperature. It is shown that none of these operating parameters has a major effect on the average particle size or the particle size distribution. The former is mostly between 200 and 300 nm and exhibits no evident trend. The latter is always unimodal and rather narrow and exhibits increasing agglomeration at higher temperature and initial solute concentration. Up to 75% of the protein activity measured in the starting crystalline material is retained by the precipitated amorphous nanoparticles. The present experimental results compare well with data about the same system obtained in a different experimental setup, which were previously reported in the literature, thus pointing at the reproducibility and robustness of GAS antisolvent recrystallization. Moreover, these are consistent with the theoretical understanding of gas antisolvent recrystallization as achieved by using a recently developed model of the process.
Predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in Norwegian U.N. peacekeepers 7 years after service
Authors: Mehlum Lars , Weisæth Lars
Published: March 2003

A sample of 1,624 Norwegian veterans from the UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) was investigated on average 6.6 years after service, completing a questionnaire focusing on stress exposure and posttraumatic stress reactions. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (measured by the Posttraumatic Symptom Scale [PTSS‐10]) was 5% overall, but 16% in the subgroup of personnel having been prematurely repatriated from UNIFIL. Multiple regression analyses showed that the following variables made separate and significant contributions to the explained variance of the PTSS‐10: Service stress exposure, perceived lack of meaningfulness with respect to the military mission, and stressful life‐events in life after service. These factors explained 25% (overall sample) and 37% (repatriated sample) of the variation in the posttraumatic symptom score.
Partner Influences and Gender‐Related Factors Associated with Noncondom Use Among Young Adult African American Women
Authors: Wingood Gina M. , DiClemente Ralph J.
Published: March 2003

We examined the partner influences and gender‐related correlates of noncondom use among African American women. The prevalence of noncondom use was 45.3%. Women whose sexual partners were noncondom users were four times more likely to believe that asking their partner to use a condom implied he was unfaithful, three times as likely to have a partner who resisted using condoms, three times more likely to receive AFDC, twice as likely to be sexually nonassertive, three times more likely to believe that it was not difficult to find an “eligible” African American man, and three times as likely to have had one sexual partner. HIV prevention tailored towards African American women should address these partner influences and gender‐related factors.
Timing of HIV Interventions on Reductions in Sexual Risk Among Adolescents
Authors: Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Gwadz Marya , Fernandez M. Isa , Srinivasan Shobha
Published: March 2003

Examined the effectiveness of an HIV intervention program among 151 adolescents ages 13 to 24 years who were randomly assigned to (a) seven sessions of 1.5 hr each (10.5 hr); (b) three sessions of 3.5 hr each (10.5 hr); or (c) a no‐intervention condition. Using cognitive‐behavioral intervention strategies, social skills and HIV‐related beliefs, perceptions, and norms were targeted in both the three‐ and seven‐session, small‐group intervention conditions. Regression analysis indicated that over 3 months, the number of unprotected risk acts and the number of sexual partners were lower in the seven‐session condition compared to the other conditions. Factors mediating risk acts changed in a complex manner: For example, perceived vulnerability increased for those with initially lower vulnerability scores among youths in the seven‐session condition compared to others. Self‐approval of condom use was also higher for those with initially low scores in the seven‐session compared to the three‐session condition. Self‐efficacy for risk avoidance and condom use was significantly higher in the three‐session condition for those with initially low scores compared to other groups. On the role‐play measure, those with higher baseline scores in the low‐pressure situation improved significantly only in the three‐session intervention; in the high‐pressure situation, the participants reported significantly higher scores in the seven‐session intervention, and those with higher scores improved the most. Results suggest the importance of multisession HIV intervention programs to be delivered with fidelity in community settings.
Ecology, Community, and AIDS Prevention
Authors: Hobfoll Stevan E.
Published: March 2003

I explore the role that may be played by an ecological view of AIDS prevention and AIDS‐related social concerns. The study of AIDS risk behavior and interventions designed to prevent AIDS have challenged Health Psychology's typically individualistic perspective. Issues of empowerment, psychological sense of community, interpersonal ties, resources, and culture are central to an understanding of risky sexual behavior and helping people to guard themselves from the threat of AIDS. However, despite Community Psychology's historical expertise in these areas, the field has only recently become involved in AIDS prevention efforts. I outline how resource‐based, ecological theories may prove more helpful in addressing the AIDS pandemic than the individual, cognitive theories that have typically been adopted. Sexual behavior and associated risk are tied not simply to people's personal behavior and thoughts but to the likelihood of disease exposure in their ethnic group, the power and choices associated with power in that group, and the alternative means available of meeting their overall sexual, romantic, economic, and social goals. As such, AIDS research and intervention must simultaneously address the individual, social, and cultural spheres if insights that can translate to meaningful change can be expected to occur.
Factors Influencing Condom Use Among African American Women: Implications for Risk Reduction Interventions
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Eldridge Gloria D. , Reitman David , Little Connie E. , Shelby Millicent C. , Brasfield Ted L.
Published: March 2003

Examined factors associated with condom use in a community‐based sample of 423 sexually active African American women. Measures were selected to reflect the components in prevailing models of health behavior. Condom users were higher on AIDS health priority, prevention attitudes, stage of change, behavioral intentions, reported more frequent and comfortable sexual communication with partners, perceived greater partner and peer approval for condom use, and reported that peers also used condoms. Women in exclusive relationships evidenced earlier stage of change, lower intentions to use condoms, fewer peers who engaged in preventive behaviors, perceived themselves to have lower risk, and had lower rates of condom use, higher education, and family income. Women in fluid relationships were at particularly high risk, with lower rates of condom use relative to women not in a relationship and greater sexual risk for HIV. Implications for HIV‐risk reduction interventions with African American women are discussed.
Self‐Efficacy to Use Condoms in Unmarried Latino Adults
Authors: Marín Barbara Vanoss , Tschann Jeanne M. , Gómez Cynthia A. , Gregorich Steve
Published: March 2003

Measures of self‐efficacy to use condoms can clarify the barriers to condom use Latinos encounter. A 20‐item scale, that differed slightly for men and women, and was based on extensive elicitation interviews, was used in a random digit dial household survey of 1,600 unmarried Latino adults in 10 states with large Latino populations. Self‐efficacy was related to condom use for both men and women. Factor analyses revealed five correlated factors: Regular Partner, Impulse Control, Partner Resistance, STD Thoughts, and Condom Discussion. Both men and women reported lowest self‐efficacy for impulse control and using condoms with a regular partner. Less‐educated men and women had lower self‐efficacy to discuss condoms, to manage partner resistance, to use condoms with a regular partner, and to control impulses, but there were few other demographic differences in self‐efficacy. The scale can be helpful in the design and evaluation of HIV prevention.