bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Reform, Public Opinion, and Presidential Approval in Mexico, 1988-1993
Authors: BUENDÍA JORGE
Published: March 2007

Mexicans behave according to normal economic voting rules: When economic conditions improve they support the president, and when the economy deteriorates they turn against him. Price increases have made people angry, substantially reducing presidential approval rates and eroding confidence in the success of the anti-inflation plan. Self-exonerating arguments do not seem to work in a polity in which the same party has held power since 1929. The article highlights the importance that timing has on the ability of governments to demand public support for economic reforms. Reforms have to be introduced early in the term. Otherwise, negative retrospective evaluations will weigh heavily in people's assessment of the government's ability to implement the economic program successfully. Further, if the government implementing the reforms is not a new one, it will be less able to blame problems on former governments.
Popular Perceptions of Democracy
Authors: OTTEMOELLER DAN
Published: March 2007

This essay examines the potential for liberal democracy in Uganda by analyzing four sources: (a) results of recent national elections, (b) survey data about how Ugandans define democracy, (c) survey data about Ugandans' democratic attitudes, and, in a more theoretical vein, (d) Guillermo O'Donnell's notion of “informally institutionalized” polyarchy. Most of the survey data suggest that Ugandans hold democratic attitudes that should support a liberal democratic system. However, election results, as well as a survey of popular definitions of democracy, suggest that Ugandans do not endorse the full range of values associated with liberal democracy. O'Donnell's description of informally institutionalized polyarchy as a semiliberal form of democracy aids our conceptualization of democracy in Uganda. The essay concludes that the definition of democracy is, and is likely to remain, a contested issue in Ugandan politics.
Neoliberalism and Lower-Class Voting Behavior in Peru
Authors: ROBERTS KENNETH M. , ARCE MOISÉS
Published: March 2007

It is often assumed that lower classes will resist market-oriented neoliberal reforms that impose economic austerity on popular sectors and exacerbate social inequalities. However, the Peruvian case suggests that there are contexts in which political leaders can implement market reforms while sustaining lower-class political support. Survey data and the electoral results of a 1993 constitutional referendum indicate that President Alberto Fujimori's unexpected postelectoral embrace of the neoliberal model cost him support among lower-class constituents in the short term. However, the renewal of economic growth and accelerated poverty relief funding, combined with a reduction in political violence, enabled Fujimori to win back lower-class support for his 1995 reelection. In the process, Fujimori constructed a multiclass electoral constituency that broke with Peru's previous pattern of polarized class-based voting distinctions.
Ethnic Stability and Urban Reconstruction
Authors: BOLLENS SCOTT A.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the role and influence of urban planning in ameliorating or intensifying deeply ingrained ethnic conflict. It is based on more than 70 interviews with urban professionals in Belfast (Northern Ireland) and Johannesburg (South Africa). Policy makers in Belfast have sought intergroup stability through neutral policies that protect the territorial status quo. Equity planning in post-apartheid Johannesburg seeks spatial reconstruction of a disfigured metropolis. In both cities, policy dilemmas challenge officials who are seeking to stabilize or reconstruct strife-torn cities. Hardening of Protestant-Catholic territorial identities in Belfast, which are deemed essential to urban peace, might constitute a barrier to long-term intergroup reconciliation. In Johannesburg, policy responses to crisis conditions and reliance on private economic forces may solidify rather than transcend apartheid geography. In ethnically polarized cities, a reconceptualized urban planning that is able to improve interethnic coexistence has a vital and difficult role to play in advancing and reinforcing formal peace agreements.
Coalition Formation in the European Parliament
Authors: KREPPEL AMIE , TSEBELIS GEORGE
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes coalition formation within the European Parliament (EP) under the cooperation procedure through the analysis of a random sample of 100 roll call votes. The authors find that generally, coalitions form on the basis of ideology, not nationality, although they are able to identify some national groups that occasionally vote against the majority of their party group. More interestingly, they find that the political initiative within the EP belongs to the Left and that the majorities required at different stages affect not only the outcomes of votes but also the coalitions that will form. Finally, a slight variation is found in coalition building depending on the subject matter. On the basis of these findings, the authors suggest an alternative interpretation of the conflicts between the Council and EP based on an ideological conflict about more (EP) or less (Council) regulation, as opposed to more or less integration.
Deadlocks in International Negotiations
Authors: PERSSON STEFAN
Published: March 2007

The subject of this article is how deadlocks in international negotiations may be solved. Despite the fact that deadlock is a common phenomenon in international negotiations, this subject has received little attention from negotiation theorists. This analysis, which is based on five instances of deadlocks that occurred during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, focuses on (a) the negotiating parties' attempts and ability to solve deadlocks by coercion and persuasion, package deals and fractionating, and innovations, (b) how non-controversial elements, uncertainty, vagueness, symbolic formulas and residual disagreement can be used to solve deadlocks, and (c) how the perceptions of the negotiation and the presence of internal negotiations may limit the negotiation parties' possibilities to solve deadlocks. The analysis shows that innovations that are non-controversial, in the sense that they are hard to relate to the positions of the parties in terms of concessions or retractions, may play an important role in solving deadlocks. Furthermore, it indicates that agreements that follow deadlocks are often characterized by uncertainty, vagueness, symbolic formulas and residual disagreement.
Negotiating Intractable Conflicts
Authors: ALBIN CECILIA
Published: March 2007

The dispute over the political status of Jerusalem has commonly been regarded as one of those `unresolvable' conflicts which illustrate the limits to international negotiation—problems which cannot be negotiated successfully because the parties' positions are too rigid or extreme to offer a basis for compromise and reconciliation. Under the terms of the Oslo Accords concluded between Israel and the PLO in September 1993, this most emotionally explosive and difficult core issue in the Arab-Israeli-Palestinian conflict is for the first time specifically and formally scheduled to be tackled at the negotiating table. Following a brief historical background this article analyses and applies to the case of Jerusalem a range of strategies for negotiating intractable issues. The strategies include resource expansion, compensation, issue linkage, functional division, sharing, and delegation. By focusing on creative ways of allocating functions of ownership and usage, they seek to identify and integrate the underlying core concerns of the parties rather than strike a compromise between their official positions in the conflict. A careful analysis of proposals made for Jerusalem, both official and informal, demonstrates that these strategies have already been used implicitly to a limited extent. Thus the taxonomy of strategies serves as a tool for analyzing the main features of and logic behind the great range of complex plans put forward for resolving the Jerusalem problem to date. The taxonomy also provides a basis for identifying promising components of these proposals, on which approaches for tackling Jerusalem in negotiations may successfully build. It is argued that intractable conflicts such as that over Jerusalem are best approached by using a combination of the strategies to tackle the typically core problem of sovereignty.
Interest and Identity
Authors: INGEBRITSEN CHRISTINE , LARSON SUSAN
Published: March 2007

How did Finland and Norway balance economic imperatives and the political opening provided by the end of bipolarity with the traditional desire to protect distinct national identities from the European Union? This article examines the interaction of interest and identity that led the Norwegian government to withdraw its application for European Union (EU) membership, and led the Finns to join the EU. The literature on Nordic patterns of accession to the EU often refers either to the importance of national identity or to interest-based accounts of who wins and who loses within each state. In this article, we analyze both dimensions of accession in the two Nordic states. To convince members of Finnish and Norwegian society to join the EU required political leaders to confront well-organized interest groups, with strong preferences for and against membership. However, it also involved a political process of introducing new ideas into the domestic discourse, and a redefinition of national identity. Finns were more willing to view EU membership as a way of protecting national identity, whereas Norwegians stubbornly held on to the idea of separateness from the community of European states, and were more likely to view the European Union as a threat to national identity.
Executive-Compensation Practices in the North American Lodging Industry
Authors: Cauvin Jean-Robert H.
Published: March 2007

A recent study indicates that formal procedures for the determination of executive pay are not widespread in the hospitality industry — and where they do exist, their use often seems imprecise or inappropriate.
Kosher Catering
Authors: Desser Marianna
Published: March 2007

Kosher catering involves the practice of a tradition that began more than 3,000 years ago. Set forth in the Five Books of Moses — commonly known as the Torah — the Jewish dietary laws were further defined by rabbinic scholars, whose interpretations are recorded in the Talmud. Various explanations for the existence of the dietary laws have been advanced. Most credible is the supposition that the purpose of the laws has always been multifold, reflecting hygienic, ritual, and nationalistic concerns and teaching such moral lessons as temperance, charity, thankfulness, and abstinence from cruelty. *

Today's kosher market is not limited to those who strictly observe the dietary laws, but rather consists of well-educated, upwardly mobile individuals both willing and able to pay for kosher products. The operator who taps this growing market has a decided advantage in a competitive environment.
The Futuire of the U.S. Lodging Industry and the Environment
Authors: Stipanuk David M. , Ninemeier Jack D.
Published: March 2007

Hotel managers in the U.S., international hotel managers, and hotelmanagement students were asked their extent of agreement with eight propositions regarding the lodging industry's relationship to environmental stewardship. International managers agreed more strongly than domestic managers that the lodging industry would be forced by public opinion, the market, or government to take more environmental actions. The international managers also considered it better for business to take environmental actions than did the domestic managers. Students in a Cornell University hotel course agreed more with the international managers than with domestic managers on the importance of environmental activities. Separating the students' responses by gender, however, revealed that women students were far more environmentally conscious than the men students.
Information Technology Revisited—
Authors: VanHoof Hubert B. , Verbeeten Marja J. , Combrink Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

A comparative study of technology perceptions among lodging manag-ers from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada foundgeneral agreement. Automation was least common in the United King-dom (where managers expressed the highest need for more technologyuse). Managers in all three countries were happy with technology as atool to increase operational effectiveness and to improve guest satisfac-tion, although guest-operated devices received mixed reviews. Per-ceived technology needs of small properties were significantly lowerthan those of large properties and managers of small properties ratedguest-operated devices significantly lower in usefulness than did man-agers of large properties.
Counseling Practices to Ameliorate the Effects of Discrimination and Hate Events
Authors: Dunbar Edward
Published: March 2007

A treatment model for the psychological sequelae of discrimination is illustrated via three treatment cases in which experiences of racism and gender, ethnic, or religious hostility were a primary focus of intervention. The client’s level of psychological functioning, acuity of hate victimization, and coping and identity re-formation strategies are addressed in this phase-oriented model of counseling. The five treatment phases are (1) event containment and safety, (2) assessment of client-event characteristics, (3) addressing diversity in the counseling alliance, (4) acute symptom reduction, and (5) identity recovery and re-formation. Counseling tasks with clients of hate victimization include the amelioration of acute postevent symptoms, reframing of aversive out-group attitudes, alleviating disturbance of in-group identity, and the eradication of avoidant intergroup behaviors. It is proposed that the effective treatment of victims of chronic harassment and acute hate incidents requires the integration of behavioral, cognitive, and multicultural counseling modalities.
Application of the Principles
Authors: Whiston Susan C.
Published: March 2007

This article is designed to apply the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions to the research related to career counseling and interventions. Although there is empirical support for career interventions in general, there is significant variation in effectiveness among different treatment approaches. The most effective interventions are individual career counseling and career classes, whereas workshops/structured groups and career classes are the most efficient method of providing services to the largest number of clients. Although the findings are somewhat tentative, there is preliminary support for the inclusion of five critical ingredients in all types of career interventions. Additional research, however, is needed to identify which clients benefit from which interventions under what circumstances.
Vicarious and Direct Achievement Patterns in Adulthood
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold J.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a typology of direct and vicarious achievement orientations relevant to adult problems. Direct and vicarious achievement patterns are related to sex role socialization and sex-linked occupational choice. An achievement-sexuality scoring system is described for channeling adults into traditional sex-linked occupations. Recommendations are developed for reevaluating and redesigning adult occupational and interpersonal roles which would take into account vicarious and direct achievement orientations.
The Lifetime Learning Act: Proposed Legislation
Authors: Mondale Walter F.
Published: March 2007

A multigenerational examination of learning needs is discussed in terms of proposed legislation which encourages the expansion of lifetime learning options for all citizens.
Paradoxical Interventions in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas , Milne Christopher R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of paradoxical interventions in counseling psychology and surveys the research literature to date. After a description of the historical background of paradoxical interventions, current schools of therapy using paradox are presented, including the psychotherapy of Milton Erickson, the Palo Alto group founded by Gregory Bateson, the Milan School, and the Ackerman Brief Therapy Project. The theoretical and definitional underpinnings of paradoxical interventions are then discussed,"with particular attention paid to the concept of the double bind. A categorization and description of the different paradoxical strategies is described in detail, with guidelines and caveats for the therapeutic management of paradox in counseling. The article concludes with a summary of the research on paradoxical interventions including both case studies and experimental investigations and with recommendations for future research.
Consistency of Matter
Authors: Fuhriman Addie , Burlingame Gary M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comparative analysis of individual and group psychotherapy process research. Commonalities between these to treatment formats are identified across the therapeutic dimensions of relationship, interventions, and factors. The distinctive characteristics of group treatment are explored, and conceptual implications are tendered for the practice and study, of group counseling and psychotherapy.
Time-Limited Group Therapy
Authors: Burlingame Gary M. , Fuhriman Addie
Published: March 2007

This article is a comparative review of conceptually planned short-term group treatment models. Comparisons are made regarding structure (selection, composition, pregroup orientation), time (duration, session frequency and length, group development), and therapeutic characteristics (focal themes, interventions, therapeutic factors). These dimensions were selected for analysis because of their relationship to unique issues that are raised when therapy is time-limited and occurs in a group. Implications for the clinician and researcher are conceptualized across the broad dimensions of structure, time. and therapeutic characteristics.
The Counseling Approach to the Use of Testing
Authors: Duckworth Jane
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychology, with its emphasis upon short-term developmental problem-solving, decision-making, and psychoeducational methods of helping people work with their problems (Super, 1955; Whiteley, 1984, Watkins & Campbell, 1989), has a unique approach to the use of testing. The following is a discussion of how I believe testing is used by counseling psychologists to enhance these five emphases.
Gender and Racial Issues for New Counseling Psychologists in Academia
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Carter Robert T.
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychology has begun to focus on the concerns of new professionals, but it has not addressed the concerns of women or visible racial/ethnic group members (i.e., Black, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American) as new counseling psychologists in academia. This article addresses their unique concerns and makes recommendations for new faculty members as well as for the departments that hire them. The article focuses on issues (a) for new professors in counseling psychology, (b) shared by women and visible racial/ethnic group members, and (c) experienced differently by women and visible racial/ethnic group members.
Ecocounseling Psychology
Authors: Howard George S.
Published: March 2007

A case is made for counseling psychologists to become involved in efforts to alter the trajectories of a number of disturbing human-produced ecological threats (i.e., deforestation, global warming, ozone depletion, etc.). Some reservations that counseling psychologists might have about becoming involved in ecocounseling psychology efforts are then addressed. Finally, the training, expertise, and professional values that counseling psychologists bring to the discussion of the fate of our natural environment are elaborated.
The Scientific Stature of Counseling Psychology Training Programs
Authors: Hanish Christine , Horan John J. , Keen Beth , St. Peter Carolyn Cox , Ceperich Sherry Dyche , Beasley Julie F.
Published: March 2007

Previous research examining the scientific stature of counseling psychology training programs has not attended to emerging methodological issues. Two databases (PsycLIT from 1974 to June of 1991 and the Social Science Citation Index [SSCI] from 1971 to 1991) provided publication and citation frequencies for all 488 counseling psychology faculty affiliated with all 68 currently active doctoral programs. Grand total scores from these databases were determined and then adjusted on the basis of faculty size alone, faculty age alone, and faculty size and age combined. An additional stability correction was derived by deleting the record of the most prolific (PsycLIT) or cited (SSCI) faculty member from the total scores of each program. The leading programs identified on the basis of the 11 adjusted and unadjusted measures of scientific stature are presented. An r of .70 between PsycLIT and SSCI was found.
Worldview and Change in Cross-Cultural Counseling
Authors: Trevifio Jane G.
Published: March 2007

A model for conceptualizing the change process in cross-cultural counseling is presented, using worldview as a unifying construct. Drawing from anthropology and counseling process research, key understandings regarding culture and change are combined into a coherent framework that provides guidance to counselors on how to enhance the therapeutic relationship and effectively facilitate change in a cross-cultural counseling context. After the model is outlined, its operationalization in counseling and assessment is described and illustrated Finally, it is concluded that although further research is needed worldview appears to be a viable unifying construct for understanding change within cross-cultural counseling.
The Social Cognitive Model of Counselor Training
Authors: Larson Lisa M.
Published: March 2007

This article articulates a social cognitive model of counselor training. The metaphor of a drama is used to present the model. The drama concerns the emerging efficacy of the counselor in working with clients. First, the uniqueness of the drama is described. Second, the cast of characters is presented, namely, the counselor in the major role with the supervisor and client in supporting roles. Third, the plot is developed, which involves the counselor as a human agent, constructing and regulating her or his actions while taking in feedback from the supervisor and client. Fourth, attention is given to the emergence of barriers that may derail the plot. Fifth, the intemal and extemal contexts of the drama are presented. Sixth, seven research propositions are generated to build on the current knowledge base. Finally, suggestions are provided to supervisors as they work with counselor trainees.
Graphs for Research in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Wilkinson Leland
Published: March 2007

Statistical graphics are indispensable to good scientific research. This article highlights effective graphical methods for (a) screening and cleaning data, (b) exploring and identifying models, and (c) displaying data in counseling psychology publications. The motivating principle for this presentation is that graphs are not ancillary to scientific publications. They are essential and, in some cases, sufficient expositions of results.
Divesting Status Offenses from Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
Authors: Schneider Anne Larason
Published: March 2007

Most states and locales that have sought to deinstitutionalize status offenders have restricted or prohibited secure confinement, but have permitted the juvenile court to maintain jurisdiction over status offenses. This article examines Washington state's experiences with a different deinstitutionalization strategy (divestiture of court jurisdiction). The results indicate that divestiture is successful in eliminating coercive control over status offenses, but that relabeling and discretion permits approximately half of the status offenders to be referred to court. In one area, the probability that a runaway would have delinquency charges filed and sanctions applied increased under the divestiture law. Delinquents who had a history of running away were given more severe sentences than were “pure” delinquents in both the pre- and postreform systems.
Should We Give Up Reform?
Authors: Hufstedler Shirley M.
Published: March 2007

This article is an expanded version of an address given before the 1984 Conference: “Rethinking Juvenile Justice,” sponsored by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. The article traces the evolution of the Juvenile Court and discusses the pressures placed upon the juvenile justice system at the same time it punishes, incapacitates and reforms youthful offenders. The author challenges juvenile justice planners to develop humane, cost-effective, and community-based alternatives as a means of reducing the current confusion over the proper role of the juvenile court.
The Quiet Revolution Revisited
Authors: Smith Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This article chronicles the persons and events that contributed to the rise and ultimate fall of the Probation Subsidy Program—a plan to provide financial incentives to counties to retain offenders on probation in lieu of commitments to state correctional facilities. The author also speculates about the necessary conditions to rebuild political support for liberal juvenile justice reforms.
Client Management Classification Strategies for Case Supervision
Authors: Lerner Kenneth , Arling Gary , Baird S. Christopher
Published: March 2007

This article describes the client management classification (CMC) system. CMC is a comprehensive classification approach consisting of three major components: an objectively scored structured interview; strategies for supervising different types of clients; and a case planning process that stresses practical behavioral objectives. The classification group and supervision strategies are described, stressing implications for both correctional institutions and the correctional field. Three research evaluations of CMC are presented. One survey reflects benefits to line staff, while two outcome studies demonstrate improvement in recidivism and employment.
A Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Court Responses to Drug and Alcohol Offenses
Authors: Schneider Anne L.
Published: March 2007

The traditional rehabilitation-oriented juvenile justice system handled drug and alcohol users with greater leniency than persons involved in any other kind of offense, including other status offenses. Shifts toward an accountability, “justice” orientation, such as that which occurred in Washington State, however, may be accompanied by increased sanctions for juveniles who commit these or other kinds of “victimless” offenses. I discuss pros and cons of three policy alternatives: continuing with the current system in which drug and alcohol use are categorized as misdemeanors, diverstiture of court jurisdiction, or diversion into the mental health system.
Communities, Crime, and Neighborhood Organization
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: March 2007

It is widely believed that voluntary action by neighborhood residents can play an important role in maintaining order. However, the ability of individuals to act in defense of their community is constrained by the opportunities for action that are available to them. Participation in collective efforts against crime is confined to places where the existence of local organizations makes that possible. The distribution of group activity across the metropolitan landscape thus defines the “opportunity structure” for local collective action. This article examines the impact of serious crime, the economic and social resources residents have to draw upon to deal with neighborhood problems, and their characteristic relationships with the police, upon those opportunities to participate in organized efforts to combat crime.
Are the Wages of Sin $30 an Hour? Economic Aspects of Street-Level Drug Dealing
Authors: MacCoun Robert , Reuter Peter
Published: March 2007

One hundred and eighty-six probationers in Washington, D.C., who acknowledged a recent history of drug dealing were interviewed regarding their legitimate and illegitimate activities. They reported median net earnings of $721 per month from drug sales - $2,000 per month among the 37% who reported selling drugs selling drugs on a daily basis. These figures compare with median monthly earnings of $800 from legitimate employment for the 75% who reported such earnings. Street-level drug dealing appears to be a complement to, rather than a substitute for, legitimate employment, and it appears to be less profitable than media reports would suggest.
The Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court: Does it Make a Difference?
Authors: Bishop Donna M. , Frazier Charles E. , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn , Winner Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Recidivism of 2,738 juvenile offenders who were transferred to criminal court in Florida in 1987 was compared with that of a matched sample of delinquents who were retained in the juvenile system. Recidivism was examined in terms of rates of reoffending, seriousness of reoffending, and time to failure, with appropriate adjustments made for time at risk. By every measure of recidivism employed, reoffending was greater among transfers than among the matched controls.
The Civil Forfeiture of Assets and the War on Drugs: Expanding Criminal Sanctions While Reducing Due Process Protections
Authors: Jensen Eric L. , Gerber Jurg
Published: March 2007

The War on Drugs has resulted in some of the most extensive changes in criminal justice policy since the due process revolution of the 1960s. Asset forfeiture has been used as a criminal sanction but has been camouflaged as a civil procedure, thus in effect limiting the due process rights of those accused. The state has extended its control over citizens and has simultaneously weakened the rights of individuals to protect themselves against state intrusion. The potential for excess with a civil asset forfeiture policy absent adequate due process protections render this policy unacceptable in a society based on the rule of law.
The Deterrent Effect of Prosecuting Domestic Violence Misdemeanors
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Smith Barbara E. , Nickles Laura B.
Published: March 2007

The deterrent effect of arrest on domestic violence has been well researched. Still, many experts acknowledge that the effect of arrest needs to be examined within the context of whether and how cases are prosecuted and the sanctions that are imposed. To date, however, far less effort has been placed on understanding the deterrent effects of prosecution as opposed to the deterrent effects of arrest. The authors' work analyzes rearrest as a function of court disposition in a large sample (n = 1,133) of domestic violence misdemeanor cases. The authors' results show no effect of type of disposition on rearrest within a six-month period.
`Dutch Islam': Young People, Learning and Integration
Authors: Bartels Edien
Published: March 2007

This article is based on research conducted at a Moroccan mosque and within Islamic schools in the Netherlands. The central question of the study is: how can we appreciate the separate forms of education and assistance for children provided by Muslims? Will they lead to segregation and isolation from society at large or are they in fact a strategy that is aimed towards integration, as the people involved themselves argue? By viewing such separate forms of education and assistance as a symbolic struggle and investigating how they work in the attempt of Muslims to wrest confirmation and recognition for themselves in Dutch society, it becomes clear why in `Dutch Islam' great emphasis is placed on social responsibility, particularly that which is aimed at young people and their education, and why Muslims see their own forms of education as the road to integration.
Muslim Families from Morocco in the Netherlands: Gender Dynamics and Fathers' Roles in a Context of Change
Authors: Pels Trees
Published: March 2007

Based on scholarly literature and two recent studies, this article first describes gender dynamics and fathering as they have evolved in Morocco in the premigration period and among Moroccan families since migration to the Netherlands. The article then presents data about ideals and practices of fathering among contemporary Moroccan migrants in contrast to Dutch families. While in the Netherlands the traditional ideal of role division has given way to ideals of egalitarian role sharing, Moroccans continue to adhere to an ideology of motherhood situated within a patriarchal context. However, in the actual practice of mothering and fathering the gap between Dutch and Moroccan families appears not to be as wide as dominant ideologies suggest. We have found that, in both groups, mothers are the primary caretakers and that the increasing power of Moroccan mothers is as yet hidden from the public eye.
The Myth of Gender Differences in Health: Social Structural Determinants across Adult Ages in Britain and Finland
Authors: Lahelma Eero , Arber Sara , Martikainen Pekka , Rahkonen Ossi , Silventoinen Karri
Published: March 2007

The orthodoxy that `women are sicker, but men die quicker' has increasingly been questioned. This study examines gender differences in ill-health by adult age groups in Britain and Finland. This is done by including in the analysis employment status and other determinants of gender differences in perceived health and limiting long-standing illness. Comparable representative surveys from both countries in 1994 were analysed using logistic regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that gender differences in ill-health were small in both countries. Differences by age showed no clear pattern. In Britain, however, where there are gender differences in employment participation, adjusting for employment status reversed the initial patterns of gender equality or female excess shown in the results. The female excess among those of working age relates to high morbidity among non-employed women. In Finland, where gender differences in full-time employment participation are small, adjusting for employment status had negligible impacts on the gender differences in health. The article concludes that differences in health by gender are fewer than hitherto thought, but vary between countries and by age, partly because of the different employment roles of women.
How the Law Works: Exploring the Implications of Emerging Intellectual Property Regimes for Knowledge, Economy and Society
Authors: Polster Claire
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to explore, in a broad and preliminary way, how changes in the law, in knowledge production and in the economy reciprocally shape and respond to one another. Working from selected examples, it reveals how intellectual property laws and regulations are reorganizing practices of knowledge production within and between knowledge institutions. It also addresses how scientists and their partners in industry, government and elsewhere are using or otherwise responding to legal developments as part of their strategy to advance their changing research and related economic, political and other interests and options. Following the analysis, the article discusses the wider social implications of the reciprocal transformation of knowledge production, the economy and the law and concludes with some reflections on how to respond to its more harmful effects.
Multiple Analytic Perspectives on Women's Labor in Latin America
Authors: de Oliveira Orlandina
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes five explanatory perspectives on women's economic participation in Latin American labor markets during the past three decades: (1) modernization, which selects macrostructural factors linked to the growing supply and demand for women's labor; (2) survival strategies, which focuses on household choices in the context of economic crises that lower both wages and labor demand; (3) globalization and economic restructuring, which centers on changes in the demand for labor; (4) multivariate models to quantify the relative importance of the multiple factors linked to the expansion or contraction of the demand for female labor; and (5) the gender perspective which redefines the study of women's work by introducing women's subjectivity and their role in the family.

Women's participation in labor markets is seen as determined by a variety of factors. The paper argues that owing to its broader approach, the gender perspective is that which best incorporates such variety, treating it as selective influence which depends on class position, family and individual characteristics, and male vs female conceptions of women's work. As such, it is the most successful of the five in explaining the evolution of women's participation in the labor market during the past decades.
Sociology, Extreme Environments and Social Change
Authors: Kroll-Smith Steve , Couch Stephen R. , Marshall Brent K.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, an increasing number of sociologists have recognized that when human technologies disrupt the relationship between communities and environments, both communities and environments change. This change is caused both directly, by physical changes in the environment, and indirectly, through the appraisals people make of those disruptions and the social processes those appraisals set in motion. Such a situation can be called an `extreme environment', in which the disruption between communities and the physical environment narrows the range of what people know about their physical world while simultaneously intensifying their need to protect themselves by acting on that world with imperfect knowledge.

All the articles in this issue deal in one way or another with this type of extreme environment and its social impacts. The first looks at long-term environmental disruptions as a new type of disaster. The next three examine the relationship between risk and social policy. The development of grassroots and environmental justice movements is the focus of the next two articles. The final two contributions discuss the attempts to understand the nature and impacts of technologically induced extreme environments.
Immigration and Pluralism in Urban Catholic Schools
Authors: Cattaro Gerald M.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates how Catholic schools are making the transformation from National schools in the inner city to multicultural schools as they meet the needs of these new immigrants. The conceptualization of mediating institutions will be the theoretical underpinning to a study of Catholic schools in New York City. Mediating will be used to investigation urban Catholic schools willingness to experience diversity. Mediating institutions such as schools can reduce apprehension and fear to public life, help reduce the fear of cultural stereotypes, provide a common ground, deal with the question of identity, and provide a secure environment in which tradition values and patterns of life can be expressed.
Bureaucratic Structure in Schools: Towards Redefinition and Measurement
Authors: Punch Keith F.
Published: March 2007

Some confusions among current uses of the term "bureaucratic structure" are discussed, and a rationale for definition and measurement is presented. Empirical research based on this rationale is reported, with a discussion of the factor composition of bureaucratic structure and recommendations for its use in further research.
Do Principals' Interpersonal Attitudes Agree with those of Teachers and Pupils?
Authors: Yee Albert H.
Published: March 2007

This study found that pupils' and principals' ratings of teachers lack significant relationship. Attitudes of teachers and principals toward children correlated positively, varying with the social class of the pupils.
Structural Characteristics and the Outcome of Collective Negotiations
Authors: Sarthory Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Much has been written about the "oughts" of negotiations in education but precious little empirical research has been done on the subject. In this article, the author relates certain structural characteristics of the process to the occurrence of impasse or the successful completion of negotiations.
Job Desirability of the High School Principalship: A Job Choice Theory Perspective
Authors: Pounder Diana G. , Merrill Randall J.
Published: March 2007

Many have raised concerns regarding the shortage of qualified candidates for high school principal positions. Using job choice theory as a conceptual framework, this article examines factors that influence potential candidates’ job perceptions and job intentions regarding the high school principalship. Middle school and assistant high school principals (N = 170) in one western state were surveyed regarding the influence job attributes have on their attraction to the high school principalship, their likelihood of seeking a high school principalship, and their likelihood of accepting a position if offered, resulting in an overall index of job desirability. After controlling for candidates’ expectations about being offered the position, results indicate that potential candidates’ perceptions of the high school principalship’s job desirability are significantly related to the desire to achieve and improve education (subjective factor), the additional time demands of the job (a work factor), and the salary and benefits (objective factor).
Structural and Expectancy Linkages within Schools and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Miskel Cecil , McDonald David , Bloom Susan
Published: March 2007

Based primarily on social information processing theory, two purposes guided this investigation: (1) to determine the effects of structural and expenctancy linkages on three indicators of school effectiveness and (2) to assess the stability fo these relationships during a school year. Teachers and students from 89 elementary and secondary schools participated in the study. Data were collected early in the fall semester and late in the spring semester. As a group, the structural and expectancy linkage variables were consistent predictors of the criterion variables, especially later in the school year. The findings support the social information processing model and Mintzberg's conception of professional bureaucracies.
Witches and Witchfrnding in Educational Organizations
Authors: Lutz Frank W.
Published: March 2007

Modem organizations, particularly loosely coupled education organizations, may exhibit behaviors structurally similar to those of "simple societies. " This article suggests that behaviors akin to witchfinding in preliterate societies may be used in education organizations to maintain social order and the status quo-to defeat change attempts and defeat change agents. The anthropological literature is reviewed and a generalized model produced. Case data in higher education are provided and analyzed using the witchfinding model. Possibilities for restructuring the organization in education are suggested.
Alternative Perspectives on Policy Analysis: A Response to Douglas E. Mitchell's "Educational Policy Analysis: The State of the Art"
Authors: Shapiro Jonathan Z. , Berkeley Terry R.
Published: March 2007

In the Educational Administration Quarterly, Douglas E. Mitchell presented an article on the state of the art in educationalpolicy analysis. It is argued here that Mitchell's representation of thefieldfails to reflect current literature and issues in an adequate fashion. After presenting and critically analyzing Mitchell's argument, an alternative representation of thefield, more consistent with the current literature, is offered.
Learning, Teaching, and Educational Administration: Toward a Research Agenda
Authors: Rowan Brian
Published: March 2007

Research in educational administration is criticized frequently for failing to address issues of learning and teaching in schools (Bridges, 1982; Erickson, 1979; Hoy, 1982; Murphy, 1988; Rowan, 1995). This special issue of Educational Administration Quarterly represents one attempt to improve this situation. The four articles published here link issues of learning and teaching in schools to topics frequently considered by researchers in educational administration. As a result, the articles suggest some concrete steps that can be taken to establish a larger research agenda on learning, teaching, and educational administration and provide researchers with working models of how this research might proceed.
Teaching, Learning, and School Organization: Principles of Practice and the Regularities of Schooling
Authors: Elmore Richard F.
Published: March 2007

This artick sets out a way of thinking about the connection between our ideas of best practice, school organization, and policy. It develops six principles of best practice in teaching and learning: (a) the object of teaching is to nurture understanding, (b) understanding occurs in the context of specific bodies of knowkledge, (c) understanding requires the active construction of knowledge by learners, (d) understanding requires the development of basic and higher order knowledge simultaneously, (e) learners differ substantially in what they bring to understanding specific bodies of knowledge, and (f) learning is a social, as well as an individual process. These ideas of best practice connect to organization and policy through the solution of four recurring problems, or regularities, of schooling: (a) how students are grouped for purposes of instruction, (b) how teachers' work is defined vis-l-vis groups of students, (c) how content is allocated to time, and (d) how students' progress is assessed. Translating principles of best practice into organization and policy requires changing traditional solutions to these problems.
The Validity of Administrator Performance Assessment Systems: The ADI as a Case-in-Point
Authors: Sirotnik Kenneth A. , Durden Phyllis C.
Published: March 2007

A number of administrator performance assessment centers and systems are in use or are being advocated for use for diagnosis, certification, and selection. However, the construct and predictive validity of such systems are still open to serious questions. The present study investigated both types of validity for one such system, the Administrator Diagnostic Inventory (ADI). Based on the results of this study and the review of research on performance assessment centers more generally, it is concluded that caution and a lot more research accompany the use of performance assessment systems, particularly for purposes of certification and selection.
A Program for Three-Factor Analysis of Variance Designs With Repeated Measures on Two Factors for the Ibm 1130 Computer
Authors: Abedi Jamal
Published: March 2007

This program for three-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures on two factors is based on an unweighted means analysis, permitting the use of unequal sample sizes. Each factor may be fixed or random since the program will select an appropriate error term or will calculate a quasi- F ratio. The number of possible levels of each factor is extended over those in other programs. Rounding errors are minimized.
Remarks on the Method of Paired Comparisons: the Effect of Non-Normality in Thurstone's Comparative Judgment Model
Authors: Subkoviak Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Scale values of stimulus-objects Oj (j = 1, 2 ... n) are calculated in Thurstone's comparative judgment model under the assumption that the perceived difference between each pair ( Oj, Ok), with respect to the attribute being scaled, is normally distributed across a population of subjects. The present study considered the amount of error introduced into Thurstone scale values when difference distributions are not normal. Non-normal distributions were simulated for objects O j, having known true scale values; and corresponding scale values were derived from this aberrant data. The discrepancy between true and derived scale values thus provided a measure of error. As expected, the amount of error in derived values increased as the degree of non-normality increased. However, the magnitude of error did not reach serious proportions except for distributions that were both extremely non-normal and heterogeneous in shape.