bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-speed X-ray imaging pixel array detector for synchrotron bunch isolation
Authors: Philipp Hugh T. , Tate Mark W. , Purohit Prafull , Shanks Katherine S. , Weiss Joel T. , Gruner Sol M.
Published: January 2016

A wide-dynamic-range imaging X-ray detector designed for recording successive frames at rates up to 10 MHz is described. X-ray imaging with frame rates of up to 6.5 MHz have been experimentally verified. The pixel design allows for up to 8–12 frames to be stored internally at high speed before readout, which occurs at a 1 kHz frame rate. An additional mode of operation allows the integration capacitors to be re-addressed repeatedly before readout which can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of cyclical processes. This detector, along with modern storage ring sources which provide short (10–100 ps) and intense X-ray pulses at megahertz rates, opens new avenues for the study of rapid structural changes in materials. The detector consists of hybridized modules, each of which is comprised of a 500 µm-thick silicon X-ray sensor solder bump-bonded, pixel by pixel, to an application-specific integrated circuit. The format of each module is 128 × 128 pixels with a pixel pitch of 150 µm. In the prototype detector described here, the three-side buttable modules are tiled in a 3 × 2 array with a full format of 256 × 384 pixels. The characteristics, operation, testing and application of the detector are detailed.
Image guidance protocol for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy
Authors: Pelliccia Daniele , Poole Christopher M. , Livingstone Jayde , Stevenson Andrew W. , Smyth Lloyd M. L. , Rogers Peter A. W. , Haüsermann Daniel , Crosbie Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2016

The protocol for image-guided microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) developed for the Australian Synchrotron's Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) is described. The protocol has been designed for the small-animal MRT station of IMBL to enable future preclinical trials on rodents. The image guidance procedure allows for low-dose monochromatic imaging at 50 keV and subsequent semi-automated sample alignment in 3D with sub-100 µm accuracy. Following the alignment, a beamline operation mode change is performed and the relevant beamline components are automatically aligned for the treatment (pink) beam to be delivered on the sample. Here, the small-animal MRT station, the parameters and procedures for the image guidance protocol, as well as the experimental imaging results using phantoms are described. Furthermore, the experimental validation of the protocol using 3D PRESAGE®dosimeters is reported. It is demonstrated that the sample alignment is maintained after the mode change and the treatment can be delivered within the same spatial accuracy of 100 µm. The results indicate that the proposed approach is viable for preclinical trials of small-animal MRT.
Transmission X-ray scattering as a probe for complex liquid-surface structures
Authors: Fukuto Masafumi , Yang Lin , Nykypanchuk Dmytro , Kuzmenko Ivan
Published: January 2016

The need for functional materials calls for increasing complexity in self-assembly systems. As a result, the ability to probe both local structure and heterogeneities, such as phase-coexistence and domain morphologies, has become increasingly important to controlling self-assembly processes, including those at liquid surfaces. The traditional X-ray scattering methods for liquid surfaces, such as specular reflectivity and grazing-incidence diffraction, are not well suited to spatially resolving lateral heterogeneities due to large illuminated footprint. A possible alternative approach is to use scanning transmission X-ray scattering to simultaneously probe local intermolecular structures and heterogeneous domain morphologies on liquid surfaces. To test the feasibility of this approach, transmission small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (TSAXS/TWAXS) studies of Langmuir films formed on water meniscus against a vertically immersed hydrophilic Si substrate were recently carried out. First-order diffraction rings were observed in TSAXS patterns from a monolayer of hexagonally packed gold nanoparticles and in TWAXS patterns from a monolayer of fluorinated fatty acids, both as a Langmuir monolayer on water meniscus and as a Langmuir–Blodgett monolayer on the substrate. The patterns taken at multiple spots have been analyzed to extract the shape of the meniscus surface and the ordered-monolayer coverage as a function of spot position. These results, together with continual improvement in the brightness and spot size of X-ray beams available at synchrotron facilities, support the possibility of using scanning-probe TSAXS/TWAXS to characterize heterogeneous structures at liquid surfaces.
Frequency and characteristics of acne‐related post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation
Authors: Abad‐Casintahan Flordeliz , Chow Steven Kim Weng , Goh Chee Leok , Kubba Raj , Hayashi Nobukazu , Noppakun Nopadon , See JoAnn , Suh Dae Hun , Xiang Li Hong Flora , Kang Sewon ,   the Asian Acne Board
Published: January 2016

In patients with darker skin types (Fitzpatrick phototypes III–VI), acne is often accompanied by post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Further, acne‐related pigmentation can pose a greater concern for the patient than the acne lesions. There has been little formal study of this acne‐related PIH. Recently, the Asian Acne Board – an international group of dermatologists with interest in acne research – made a preliminary evaluation of the frequency and characteristics of PIH in seven Asian countries. A total of 324 sequential acne subjects were evaluated for the presence of PIH. The majority (80.2%) of subjects had mild to moderate acne and there were more females than males (63.0% vs 37.0%). In this population of patients consulting a dermatologist for acne, 58.2% (188/324) had PIH. The results also showed that pigmentation problems are often long lasting: at least 1 year for more than half of subjects and 5 years or longer in 22.3%. In accordance with our clinical experience, patients reported that PIH is quite bothersome, often as bothersome or more so than the acne itself and sometimes more problematic. Excoriation was commonly reported by patients, and may represent a modifiable risk factor that could potentially be improved by patient education.
Various diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis (AD): A proposal of Reliable Estimation of Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood (REACH) criteria, a novel questionnaire‐based diagnostic tool for AD
Authors: Lee Seung‐Chul ,   Committee of Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association for REACH
Published: January 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous disease that manifests with a wide variety of clinical symptoms and signs. Due to the lack of definitive biomarkers for AD, it is very difficult to set up standard diagnostic criteria for AD which cover the entire spectrum of AD patients. Various instruments have been proposed for AD diagnosis, and they can be classified into a hospital setting or a community setting. From the preventive medicine viewpoint, questionnaire‐based diagnostic criteria in a community setting are important to detect and manage childhood AD patients properly. In this article, various diagnostic criteria for AD in hospital and community settings will be reviewed. Additionally, the Reliable Estimation of Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood (REACH), a new full questionnaire‐based diagnostic tool for childhood AD, will be reviewed.
COMADRE: a global data base of animal demography
Authors: Salguero‐Gómez Roberto , Jones Owen R. , Archer C. Ruth , Bein Christoph , de Buhr Hendrik , Farack Claudia , Gottschalk Fränce , Hartmann Alexander , Henning Anne , Hoppe Gabriel , Römer Gesa , Ruoff Tara , Sommer Veronika , Wille Julia , Voigt Jakob , Zeh Stefan , Vieregg Dirk , Buckley Yvonne M. , Che‐Castaldo Judy , Hodgson David , Scheuerlein Alexander , Caswell Hal , Vaupel James W.
Published: January 2016

The open‐data scientific philosophy is being widely adopted and proving to promote considerable progress in ecology and evolution. Open‐data global data bases now exist on animal migration, species distribution, conservation status, etc. However, a gap exists for data on population dynamics spanning the rich diversity of the animal kingdom world‐wide. This information is fundamental to our understanding of the conditions that have shaped variation in animal life histories and their relationships with the environment, as well as the determinants of invasion and extinction.

Matrix population models (MPMs) are among the most widely used demographic tools by animal ecologists. MPMs project population dynamics based on the reproduction, survival and development of individuals in a population over their life cycle. The outputs from MPMs have direct biological interpretations, facilitating comparisons among animal species as different as Caenorhabditis elegans, Loxodonta africana and Homo sapiens.

Thousands of animal demographic records exist in the form of MPMs, but they are dispersed throughout the literature, rendering comparative analyses difficult. Here, we introduce the COMADRE Animal Matrix Database, an open‐data online repository, which in its version 1.0.0 contains data on 345 species world‐wide, from 402 studies with a total of 1625 population projection matrices. COMADRE also contains ancillary information (e.g. ecoregion, taxonomy, biogeography, etc.) that facilitates interpretation of the numerous demographic metrics that can be derived from its MPMs. We provide R code to some of these examples.

Synthesis: We introduce the COMADRE Animal Matrix Database, a resource for animal demography. Its open‐data nature, together with its ancillary information, will facilitate comparative analysis, as will the growing availability of databases focusing on other aspects of the rich animal diversity, and tools to query and combine them. Through future frequent updates of COMADRE, and its integration with other online resources, we encourage animal ecologists to tackle global ecological and evolutionary questions with unprecedented sample size.
Bioclimatic envelope models predict a decrease in tropical forest carbon stocks with climate change in Madagascar
Authors: Vieilledent Ghislain , Gardi Oliver , Grinand Clovis , Burren Christian , Andriamanjato Mamitiana , Camara Christian , Gardner Charlie J. , Glass Leah , Rasolohery Andriambolantsoa , Rakoto Ratsimba Harifidy , Gond Valéry , Rakotoarijaona Jean‐Roger
Published: January 2016

Recent studies have underlined the importance of climatic variables in determining tree height and biomass in tropical forests. Nonetheless, the effects of climate on tropical forest carbon stocks remain uncertain. In particular, the application of process‐based dynamic global vegetation models has led to contrasting conclusions regarding the potential impact of climate change on tropical forest carbon storage.

Using a correlative approach based on a bioclimatic envelope model and data from 1771 forest plots inventoried during the period 1996–2013 in Madagascar over a large climatic gradient, we show that temperature seasonality, annual precipitation and mean annual temperature are key variables in determining forest above‐ground carbon density.

Taking into account the explicative climate variables, we obtained an accurate (R2 = 70% and RMSE = 40 Mg ha−1) forest carbon map for Madagascar at 250 m resolution for the year 2010. This national map was more accurate than previously published global carbon maps (R2 ≤ 26% and RMSE ≥ 63 Mg ha−1).

Combining our model with the climatic projections for Madagascar from 7 IPCC CMIP5 global climate models following the RCP 8.5, we forecast an average forest carbon stock loss of 17% (range: 7–24%) by the year 2080. For comparison, a spatially homogeneous deforestation of 0.5% per year on the same period would lead to a loss of 30% of the forest carbon stock.

Synthesis. Our study shows that climate change is likely to induce a decrease in tropical forest carbon stocks. This loss could be due to a decrease in the average tree size and to shifts in tree species distribution, with the selection of small‐statured species. In Madagascar, climate‐induced carbon emissions might be, at least, of the same order of magnitude as emissions associated with anthropogenic deforestation.
People, plants, place, and rules: the Nagoya Protocol in pacific island countries
Authors: Robinson Daniel F. , Forsyth Miranda
Published: January 2016

This paper considers the rules informing the use of plants and associated knowledges in the Pacific, particularly Vanuatu, in the context of the introduction into the Pacific region of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Nagoya Protocol, which entered into force in October 2014, brings both new international regulatory dimensions and new recognition and re‐framing of local and customary levels of regulation over genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Whilst generally seen as a positive step to protect genetic resources and traditional knowledge from misappropriation, at an implementation level the Nagoya Protocol gives rise to a range of issues. These issues go to the heart of questions about power, agency, and resource allocation, the bounded nature of communities and their relationship with land or sea; the fluidity and dynamism of customary law; challenges stemming from multiples sites of agency and the potentials of pluralism in many respects. We explore these issues with specific reference to some examples in Vanuatu, the Cook Islands and Samoa.
Isoflavone Profiles and Kinetic Changes during Ultra‐High Temperature Processing of Soymilk
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chang Sam K.C.
Published: January 2016

Isoflavone profile is greatly affected by heating process. However, kinetic analyses of isoflavone conversion and degradation using a continuous industry processing method have never been characterized. In this study, Proto soybean was soaked and blanched at 80 °C for 2 min and then processed into soymilk, which underwent UHT (ultra‐high temperature) at 135 to 150 °C for 10 to 50 s with a pilot plant‐scale Microthermics processor. The isoflavone profile was determined at different time/temperature combinations. The results showed that all isoflavone forms exhibited distinct changing patterns over time. In the soymilk under UHT conditions, the degradation (disappearance) of malonyldaizin and malonylgenistin exhibited first‐order kinetics with activation energies of 59 and 84 kj/mole, respectively. At all UHT temperatures, malonylgenistin showed higher rate constants than malonyldaidzin. However, malonylglycitin changed irregularly under these UHT temperatures. The increase of genistin, daidzin, glycitein and acetlydaidzin during heating demonstrated zero‐order kinetics and the rate constants increased with temperature except for the conditions of 145 to 150 °C for 50 s. Overall, genistein series exhibited higher stability than daidzein series. Under all UHT conditions, total isoflavone decreased from 12% to 24%.
Emergency Department‐based Opioid Harm Reduction: Moving Physicians From Willing to Doing
Authors: Samuels Elizabeth A. , Dwyer Kristin , Mello Michael J. , Baird Janette , Kellogg Adam R. , Bernstein Edward
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Develop and internally validate a survey tool to assess emergency department (ED) physician attitudes, clinical practice, and willingness to perform opiate harm reduction (OHR) interventions and to identify barriers and facilitators in translating willingness to action.

Methods

This study was an anonymous, Web‐based survey based on the Theory of Planned Behavior of ED physicians at three tertiary referral centers. Construction and internal validation of scaled questions was assessed through principal component and Cronbach's alpha analyses. Stepwise linear regression was conducted to measure impact of physician knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and self‐efficacy on willingness to perform OHR interventions including opioid overdose education; naloxone prescribing; and referral to naloxone, methadone, and syringe access programs.

Results

A total of 200 of 278 (71.9%) physicians completed the survey. Principal component analysis yielded five components: attitude, confidence, self‐efficacy, professional impact factors, and personal impact factors. Overall, respondents were willing to perform OHR interventions, but few actually do. Willingness was correlated with attitude, confidence, and self‐efficacy (R2 = 0.50); however, overall physicians lacked confidence (mean = 3.06 of 5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.94 to 3.18]). Knowledge, time, training, and institutional support were all prohibitive barriers. Physicians reported that research evidence, professional organization recommendations, and opinions of ED leaders would strongly influence a change in their clinical practice to incorporate OHR interventions (mean = 4.25 of 5, 95% CI = 4.18 to 4.32).

Conclusions

Compared to prior studies, emergency medicine physicians had increased willingness to perform OHR interventions, but there remains a disparity between willingness and clinical practice. Influential factors that may move physicians from “willing” to “doing” include dissemination of supportive research evidence; professional organization endorsement; ED leadership opinion; and addressing time, knowledge, and institutional barriers.
Obese children experience more extremity fractures than nonobese children and are significantly more likely to die from traumatic injuries
Authors: Kim Seung‐Ju , Ahn Joonghyun , Kim Hyung Kook , Kim Jong Hun
Published: January 2016

Two of the most prevalent problems children facing worldwide are injuries and obesity. We conducted a systematic review of published studies that evaluated the effects of obesity on children with traumatic injuries. Six studies published between 2006 and 2014 were identified, comprising a total of 4594 children: 867 were obese and 3727 were not. Obese children were 25% more likely to have extremity fractures than nonobese children (p = 0.003), and their mortality rate was significantly higher at 4.7% versus 2.8% (p = 0.026).

Conclusion

Our review showed that obese children were more likely to have extremity fractures and die of traumatic injuries than nonobese children.
Validity of immunohistochemistry method in predicting HER‐2 gene status and association of clinicopathological variables with it in invasive breast cancer patients
Authors: Gheybi Mohammad Kazzem , Baradaran Azar , Mohajeri Mohammad Reza , Ostovar Afshin , Hajalikhani Parvaneh , Farrokhi Shokrollah
Published: January 2016

Human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 is an important and prognostic factors and one of the most targeted proteins in breast cancer's therapy. There is no globally accepted method for determining its status. Here, we aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemistry method validity in predicting HER‐2 status by Fluorescence in situ hybridization method and investigate some clinicopathological variables association with HER‐2 amplification. A total of 190 HER‐2 2+ and 3+ by immunohistochemistry (IHC) invasive breast cancer cases were enrolled in this study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed for these cases using FDA criteria and the association between clinicopathological variables and HER‐2 status evaluated. Study consisted of 190 invasive breast cancer patients (160 HER‐2 2+ and 30 HER‐2 3+). HER‐2 FISH amplification according to FDA criteria was found 27.5% (44/160 patients) in HER‐2 2+ patients and 83.3% (25/30 patients) in HER‐2 3+ patients. Tumors with HER‐2 amplification were more likely to be ER‐negative (51.0% vs 31.2%, p = 0.013) and PR‐negative (52.9% vs 27.0%, p < 0.001). This study showed that immunohistochemistry is not a good method for evaluating HER‐2 status and decision‐making about trastuzumab therapy even with 3+ score patients. However, this result may not be too strong for IHC 3+ cases due to the limited number of these patients in this study.
Who gets antidotes? choosing the chosen few
Authors: Buckley Nicholas A. , Dawson Andrew H. , Juurlink David N. , Isbister Geoffrey K.
Published: January 2016

An understanding of mechanisms, potential benefits and risks of antidotes is essential for clinicians who manage poisoned patients. Of the dozens of antidotes currently available, only a few are regularly used. These include activated charcoal, acetylcysteine, naloxone, sodium bicarbonate, atropine, flumazenil, therapeutic antibodies and various vitamins. Even then, most are used in a minority of poisonings. There is little randomized trial evidence to support the use of most antidotes. Consequently, decisions about when to use them are often based on a mechanistic understanding of the poisoning and the expected influence of the antidote on the patient's clinical course. For some antidotes, such as atropine and insulin, the doses employed can be orders of magnitude higher than standard dosing. Importantly, most poisoned patients who reach hospital can recover with supportive care alone. In low risk patients, the routine use of even low risk antidotes such as activated charcoal is unwarranted. In more serious poisonings, decisions regarding antidote use are generally guided by a risk/benefit assessment based on low quality evidence.
iRPD—A framework for guiding design‐based research for iPad apps
Authors: Kucirkova Natalia
Published: January 2016

The last 5 years have been marked by an explosion of tablet and smartphone applications designed for young children and several calls to encourage educational researchers to engage in children's app research. This paper presents a novel prospect for educational researchers: to collaboratively research, implement and produce iPad apps for educational purposes. Based on the author's own research as well as that of others, an original framework “Research,Practice andDesign framework” (iRPD) for guiding such collaborative efforts is provided, along with five key principles: triple collaboration, shared epistemology, awareness of affordances and interconnected social factors, and child‐centred pedagogy. The novel affordances of collaboratively produced iPad apps for educational design‐based research are outlined, along with several examples of how such an engagement might enrich educational research and the app landscape.
A ‘Problem of Fairness’ in the Making: The Transformation of Public Services from the Perspective of Postal Workers
Authors: Flecker Jörg , Schultheis Franz , Vogel Berthold
Published: January 2016

During the last two decades public administration and public services have undergone profound changes with far‐reaching impacts on employment relations and working conditions. The paper presents the perceptions and lived experiences of workers affected by liberalization and privatization of public services. In doing so it focuses on workers’ ideas of fairness and dignity at work using the concepts of distribution, recognition and the public ethos of the common good and linking them to fundamental principles of justice. It is argued that the perception of inequalities as fair, while it is shaped by custom, is also being socially constructed during far‐reaching changes. The analysis is based on a series of qualitative interviews conducted in Austria, Germany and Switzerland with postal‐service workers, a sector well suited for the analysis because of the far‐reaching changes in terms of market regulation, ownership of organizations, labour regulation, employment and working conditions.
Latent Class Analysis for Developmental Research
Authors: Lanza Stephanie T. , Cooper Brittany R.
Published: January 2016

In this article, we consider the broad applicability of latent class analysis (LCA) and related approaches to advance research on child development. First, we describe the role of person‐centered methods such as LCA in developmental research, and review prior applications of LCA to the study of development and related areas of research. Then we present practical considerations when applying LCA in developmental research, including model selection and statistical power. Finally, we introduce several recent methodological innovations in LCA, including causal inference in LCA, predicting a distal outcome from LC membership, and LC moderation (in which LCA quantifies multidimensional moderators of effects in observational and experimental studies), and we discuss their potential to advance developmental science. We conclude with suggestions for ongoing developmental research using LCA.
Depression or anxiety in adult twins is associated with asthma diagnosis but not with offspring asthma
Authors: Tedner S. G. , Lundholm C. , Olsson H. , Almqvist C.
Published: January 2016

Background

Asthma is common in both children and adults in the Western world, just like anxiety and depression. While some research has revealed that these diseases might share important environmental and pathophysiological aspects, the exact mechanisms still remain unclear.

Objective

To study the correlation firstly between depression or anxiety and asthma diagnosis in adult twins and secondly the association between parental depression or anxiety and offspring asthma in children of twins.

Methods

In total, 24 685 adult twins aged 20–47 years were interviewed or completed a Web‐based questionnaire and their children were identified through the Multi‐Generation Register. Asthma diagnosis was obtained from the Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register. Assessment of depression and anxiety was obtained from questionnaires using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from DSM‐IV. The association between depression or anxiety and asthma was analyzed with logistic regression adjusting for confounders in twins and offspring. To address genetic and familial environmental confounding, we performed a cotwin analysis using disease‐discordant twin pairs.

Results

We found an association between asthma and CES‐D, major depression and GAD, for example adjusted OR for major depression and register‐based asthma 1.56 (1.36–1.79). Most of the point estimates remained in the co‐twin control analysis, indicating that the association was likely not due to genetic or familial environmental factors. There was no association between parental depression and/or anxiety and asthma diagnosis in the offspring which implies lack of genetic confounding.

Conclusions

We found an association between own asthma diagnosis and anxiety or depression, but not with offspring asthma. Our results indicate that the associations were not due to confounding from genes or environment shared by the twins.
Challenges in interdisciplinary weight management in primary care: lessons learned from the 5As Team study
Authors: Asselin J. , Osunlana A. M. , Ogunleye A. A. , Sharma A. M. , Campbell‐Scherer D.
Published: January 2016

Increasingly, research is directed at advancing methods to address obesity management in primary care. In this paper we describe the role of interdisciplinary collaboration, or lack thereof, in patient weight management within 12 teams in a large primary care network in Alberta, Canada. Qualitative data for the present analysis were derived from the 5As Team (5AsT) trial, a mixed‐method randomized control trial of a 6‐month participatory, team‐based educational intervention aimed at improving the quality and quantity of obesity management encounters in primary care practice. Participants (n = 29) included in this analysis are healthcare providers supporting chronic disease management in 12 family practice clinics randomized to the intervention arm of the 5AsT trial including mental healthcare workers (n = 7), registered dietitians (n = 7), registered nurses or nurse practitioners (n = 15). Participants were part of a 6‐month intervention consisting of 12 biweekly learning sessions aimed at increasing provider knowledge and confidence in addressing patient weight management. Qualitative methods included interviews, structured field notes and logs. Four common themes of importance in the ability of healthcare providers to address weight with patients within an interdisciplinary care team emerged, (i) Availability; (ii) Referrals; (iii) Role perception and (iv) Messaging. However, we find that what was key to our participants was not that these issues be uniformly agreed upon by all team members, but rather that communication and clinic relationships support their continued negotiation. Our study shows that firm clinic relationships and deliberate communication strategies are the foundation of interdisciplinary care in weight management. Furthermore, there is a clear need for shared messaging concerning obesity and its treatment between members of interdisciplinary teams.
Prediction of neuromotor outcome in infants born preterm at 11 years of age using volumetric neonatal magnetic resonance imaging and neurological examinations
Authors: Setänen Sirkku , Lehtonen Liisa , Parkkola Riitta , Aho Karoliina , Haataja Leena ,   the PIPARI Study Group
Published: January 2016

Aim

To study the prognostic value of volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term equivalent age (TEA) and neurological examinations at TEA and at 2 years of corrected age for long‐term neuromotor outcome in infants born very preterm.

Method

A total of 98 infants born very preterm were included. Structural and volumetric brain MRI and the Dubowitz neurologic examination were done at TEA. The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) was performed at 2 years of corrected age. The Touwen examination was used for the assessment of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) at the age of 11 years.

Results

Of all children (median birthweight 1083g [quartiles 820, 1300]; gestational age 28 5/7wks [26 4/7, 30 2/7]), 41 had simple MND, 11 had complex MND (cMND), and eight had cerebral palsy (CP). The negative and positive predictive value of structural brain MRI for cMND or CP was 88% and 50% respectively. Reduced volumes of total brain tissue, frontal lobes, basal ganglia and thalami, and cerebellum associated with cMND or CP. The results of the Dubowitz neurologic examination and the HINE correlated with the Touwen examination.

Interpretation

Structural and volumetric MRI at TEA and structured neurological examinations predict long‐term neuromotor outcome in infants born preterm.
First finding of larviposition in Calliphora loewi from an island relict forest
Authors: Prado e Castro Catarina , Szpila Krzysztof , Rego Carla , Boieiro Mário , Serrano Artur R. M.
Published: January 2016

Larviposition is widespread in blowflies, but among Calliphora species this behavior has seldom been described. The evidence of larviposition in C. loewi is here reported for the first time and discussed in relation with other blowfly species exhibiting the same behavior. The blowfly C. loewi is considered oviparous but surprisingly, female specimens from Madeira Island (Portugal) were found to carry few large larvae (one to three larvae up to 5.1 mm in size) in the ovipositor and abdomen. The finding of larviposition behavior in C. loewi from Madeira Island is at present enigmatic and further studies are needed to clarify the reproductive biology of this species.
Heart rate variability in untreated newly diagnosed temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence for ictal sympathetic dysregulation
Authors: Romigi Andrea , Albanese Maria , Placidi Fabio , Izzi Francesca , Mercuri Nicola B. , Marchi Angela , Liguori Claudio , Campagna Nicoletta , Duggento Andrea , Canichella Antonio , Ricciardo Rizzo Giada , Guerrisi Maria , Marciani Maria G. , Toschi Nicola
Published: January 2016

Objective

To compare heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in newly diagnosed and untreated temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) between the interictal, preictal, ictal, and postictal states.

Methods

HRV parameters were extracted from single‐lead electrocardiography data collected during video–electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from 14 patients with newly diagnosed TLE in a resting, awake, and supine state. HRV parameters in the time and frequency domains included low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), standard deviation of all consecutive R wave intervals (SDNN), and square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent R wave intervals (RMSSD). Cardiovagal index (CVI), cardiosympathetic index (CSI), and approximate entropy (ApEn) were also studied.

Results

Frequency domain analysis showed significantly higher preictal, ictal, and postictal LF/HF ratio compared to the interictal state. Similarly, the LF component increased progressively and was significantly higher during the ictal state compared to interictal and preictal states. RR interval values were lower in the ictal state compared to basal and preictal states and in the postictal state compared to the preictal state. Interictal RMSSD was significantly higher compared to all other states, and ictal SDNN was significantly higher compared to all other states. Ictal CSI was significantly higher compared to preictal and interictal states, whereas preictal CVI was lower than in basal and ictal states. In addition, ictal ApEn was significantly lower than interictal and preictal ApEn. Interictal CVI was lower in left TLE compared to right TLE. In addition, in left TLE, ictal CVI was higher than interictal CVI, whereas in right TLE, CVI was lower in the preictal state compared to all other states.

Significance

Our data suggest an ictal sympathetic overdrive with partial recovery in the postictal state. Higher sympathetic tone and vagal tone imbalance may induce early autonomic dysfunction and increase cardiovascular risk in patients affected by TLE.
Effects of selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on depressive‐ and impulsive‐like behaviors and on monoamine transmission in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Kumar Udaya , Medel‐Matus Jesus‐Servando , Redwine Hannah M. , Shin Don , Hensler Julie G. , Sankar Raman , Mazarati Andrey
Published: January 2016

Objective

Examine therapeutic potential of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NERI) in an animal model of comorbidity between epilepsy, depression‐like, and impulsive‐like impairments.

Methods

Epilepsy was induced in male Wistar rats by LiCl and pilocarpine. An SSRI fluoxetine (FLX), and an NERI reboxetine (RBX) were administered either alone or as a combination over 1 week. Depressive‐like and impulsive‐like behaviors were examined using the forced swim test. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry was used to analyze serotonergic transmission in the raphe nucleus (RN)–prefrontal cortex (PFC) pathway, and noradrenergic transmission in locus coeruleus (LC)‐PFC, and LC‐RN projections. Monoamine levels in PFC were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Functional capacities of 5‐HT1A receptors and α2A adrenoreceptors in PFC were analyzed by autoradiography.

Results

Epileptic rats showed behavioral signs of depression and hyperimpulsivity, suppressed serotonergic and noradrenergic tones, decreased levels of serotonin (5‐HT), and norepinephrine (NE); 5‐HT1A receptor and α2A adrenoreceptors functions remained intact. FLX failed to improve behavioral deficits, but effectively raised 5‐HT level and marginally improved RN‐PFC serotonergic transmission. RBX reversed impulsive‐like behavior, normalized content of NE and noradrenergic tone in LC‐PFC and LC‐RN. FLX‐RBX combination fully reversed depressive‐like behavior, and normalized RN‐PFC serotonergic transmission. None of the treatment modified the function of 5‐HT and NE receptors.

Significance

Depressive‐ and impulsive‐like behaviors in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy stem respectively from dysfunctions of serotonergic and noradrenergic ascending pathways. At the same time, epilepsy‐associated depression is SSRI resistant. The finding that an SSRI‐NERI combination exerts antidepressant effect, along with RBX‐induced improvement of LC‐RN noradrenergic transmission point toward the involvement of LC‐RN noradrenergic input in enabling therapeutic potential of FLX. Medications that improve serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission, such as serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors may be effective in treating epilepsy‐associated SSRI‐resistant depression, as well as concurrent depression and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Swift thermal reaction norm evolution in a key marine phytoplankton species
Authors: Listmann Luisa , LeRoch Maxime , Schlüter Lothar , Thomas Mridul K. , Reusch Thorsten B. H.
Published: January 2016

Temperature has a profound effect on the species composition and physiology of marine phytoplankton, a polyphyletic group of microbes responsible for half of global primary production. Here, we ask whether and how thermal reaction norms in a key calcifying species, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, change as a result of 2.5 years of experimental evolution to a temperature ≈2°C below its upper thermal limit. Replicate experimental populations derived from a single genotype isolated from Norwegian coastal waters were grown at two temperatures for 2.5 years before assessing thermal responses at 6 temperatures ranging from 15 to 26°C, with pCO2 (400/1100/2200 μatm) as a fully factorial additional factor. The two selection temperatures (15°/26.3°C) led to a marked divergence of thermal reaction norms. Optimal growth temperatures were 0.7°C higher in experimental populations selected at 26.3°C than those selected at 15.0°C. An additional negative effect of high pCO2 on maximal growth rate (8% decrease relative to lowest level) was observed. Finally, the maximum persistence temperature (Tmax) differed by 1–3°C between experimental treatments, as a result of an interaction between pCO2 and the temperature selection. Taken together, we demonstrate that several attributes of thermal reaction norms in phytoplankton may change faster than the predicted progression of ocean warming.
Young adults’ consideration of their food choices a propos consequences for their future health
Authors: Fisher Hennie , Erasmus Alet C. , Viljoen Annemarie T.
Published: January 2016

Many researchers have devoted much time and effort to explain the undesirable health outcomes associated with an excessive intake of certain types of fast foods. Particularly vulnerable, are young adults who move out of their parents' homes to live on their own, and then begin to rely on the multitude of so‐called “food away from home” options which are convenient, available and even desirable in their social circles. This study investigated young adults' consideration of the consequences of their consumption of food eaten away from home due to concern about unacceptable habitual behaviour that might negatively affect their future households. The survey involved 395 young adults up to 25 years of age who completed a structured questionnaire which relied on an established Consideration of Future Consequences scale. Data analysis involved exploratory factor analysis, t‐tests and Anova. Findings revealed some concern about the immediate consequences of respondents' fast food consumption, but concern about the future consequences seemed rather distant in their minds. Although significant differences were confirmed within gender and among population groups with regard to immediate concern about their fast food consumption, the means were nevertheless low throughout indicating that much needs to be done to sensitize young people about every day food consumption that might have dire consequences for their future health.
Monetary emissions trading mechanisms
Authors: Monnet Cyril , Temzelides Ted
Published: January 2016

Trade in permits has been proposed, and in some cases implemented, as a tool to reduce pollution. We use a dynamic framework from monetary theory to model permits. We derive properties of optimal permits trading mechanisms under private information concerning the firms’ tendency to pollute. When the firms’ capital vintage is fixed, both emissions taxes and trade in permits can support the first‐best. Both policies, however, can fail to achieve efficiency if firms endogenously choose their composition of capital stock across clean and dirty vintages. If permit requirements and taxes depend on the firms’ vintage composition, in addition to ex post emissions, both policies can support efficiency. In both setups, the banking of notes is not necessary and may even break this equivalence in favor of taxes.
Unit vector games
Authors: Savani Rahul , von Stengel Bernhard
Published: January 2016

McLennan and Tourky showed that “imitation games” provide a new view of the computation of Nash equilibria of bimatrix games with the Lemke–Howson algorithm. In an imitation game, the payoff matrix of one of the players is the identity matrix. We study the more general “unit vector games,” which are already known, where the payoff matrix of one player is composed of unit vectors. Our main application is a simplification of the construction by Savani and von Stengel of bimatrix games where two basic equilibrium‐finding algorithms take exponentially many steps: the Lemke–Howson algorithm, and support enumeration.
The market for liars: Reputation and auditor honesty
Authors: McLennan Andrew , Park In‐Uck
Published: January 2016

We model the coexistence of two types of financial auditors who have identical technology but different reputation: “reputable” auditors refuse bribes offered by clients for fear of losing reputation, while “disreputable” auditors accept bribes because even persistent refusal will not create an improved reputation. Such an equilibrium may fail to exist because competition among reputable auditors drives fees below the level at which refusing bribes is optimal. Sustaining such an equilibrium requires both that entry into the reputable segment is impossible or unprofitable, and also that the reputable segment is prevented from expanding past the point where the equilibrium collapses.
Positive beliefs and privacy concerns shape the future for the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record
Authors: Lehnbom E. C. , Douglas H. E. , Makeham M. A. B.
Published: January 2016

The uptake of the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record (PCEHR) has been slowly building momentum in Australia. The purpose of the PCEHR is to collect clinically important information from multiple healthcare providers to provide a secure electronic record to patients and their authorised healthcare providers that will ultimately enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. Reasons for the slow uptake of the PCEHR and future directions to improve its usefulness is discussed later.
Placental involvement by non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in a Crohn disease patient on long‐term thiopurine therapy
Authors: Chen G. , Crispin P. , Cherian M. , Dahlstrom J. E. , Sethna F. F. , Kaye G. , Pavli P. , Subramaniam K.
Published: January 2016

We report the first published case of aggressive diffuse large B‐cell (non‐Hodgkin) lymphoma in a 35‐year‐old pregnant woman who had Crohn disease and was taking long‐term thiopurine therapy: the patient developed placental insufficiency, and there was intrauterine fetal death.
Diamondback moth performance and preference for leaves of Brassica oleracea of different ages and strata
Authors: Moreira L. F. , Teixeira N. C. , Santos N. A. , Valim J. O. S. , Maurício R. M. , Guedes R. N. C. , Oliveira M. G. A. , Campos W. G.
Published: January 2016

The preference–performance hypothesis predicts that moth behaviour links plant variations with caterpillar attack and distribution, and the plant‐age hypothesis states that specialist herbivores are more successful in exploring younger plant tissue. We integrated these predictions to investigate underlying mechanisms by which moths and caterpillars of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) track and exploit within‐plant variability of leaf age and stratification. We measured leaf proteins, glucosinolates and fibre, as well as larval choice, developmental performance, and moth oviposition preference with regard to leaf age classes (young, mature and senescent) of three varieties (collard, cauliflower and cabbage) of the main host plant Brassica oleracea L. Larvae consistently fit the prediction that specialist herbivores prefer and perform better on young, upper leaves that have the highest protein level, despite the highest content of defence compounds. Conversely, moths laid more eggs on fibrous and less nutritious leaves from the lower and senescent stratum. We argue that the leaf stratification of host plants imposes conflicting selective pressures concerning offspring feeding and protection on adult females. If egg mortality is catastrophic on the upper nutritious leaves in a particular microclimatic context (e.g. sun, heat, winds, drought or rain‐washing), then oviposition preference will remain for the suboptimal lower and senescent leaves. The ability of larvae to spread upwards over the plant to access the more nutritious leaf stratum is critical when eggs are preferentially laid on the protective low‐quality leaves.
Anguilla anguilla intestinal immune response to natural infection with Contracaecum rudolphii A larvae
Authors: Dezfuli B S , Manera M , Bosi G , DePasquale J A , D'Amelio S , Castaldelli G , Giari L
Published: January 2016

The European eel, Anguilla anguilla, is a major warm‐water fish species cultured in North and South Europe. Seventy‐one A. anguilla collected between 2010 and 2015 from the Comacchio lagoons were examined. Fish were infected and damaged by larvae (L3) of the nematode Contracaecum rudolphii A, which were encapsulated within the thickness of the intestinal wall and within the external visceral peritoneum (serosa). Conspicuous granulomas, visible at sites of infection, were arranged in a trilayer, formed by a series of concentric whorls. The cells involved in the immune response and their distribution in the granuloma layers were assessed by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural techniques. The outer part of the granuloma contained macrophages, macrophage aggregates, and mast cells (MCs) scattered among fibroblasts. This layer was vascularized, with degranulation of MCs occurring in close proximity to the capillaries. The middle layer was rich in MCs and fibroblasts. The inner layer, closest to the parasite larva, consisted mainly of dark epithelioid cells, some of which were necrotic. Non‐necrotic epithelioid cells formed desmosomes between themselves or with fibroblasts. Within the granulomas, numerous cells of different types were positive to proliferative cell nuclear antigen antibody, indicating a high degree of cellular proliferation around the larvae.