bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Distinctiveness of Jewish Voting
Authors: Sonenshein Raphael J. , Valentino Nicholas A.
Published: July 2003

The apparent persistence of Jewish liberalism contradicts the belief that upward economic mobility leads to political conservatism among immigrant groups. However, some have suggested that Jews are losing their political distinctiveness from non-Jewish whites. The authors analyzed the 1993 Los Angeles mayoral election. A near majority of Jews voted against the liberal candidate and for the moderate Republican candidate, yet Jews and non-Jewish whites differed markedly on partisan and ideological dimensions. Although Jews may not always vote for liberal candidates, major political differences between Jews and non-Jewish whites remain. Jews continue to resist the general trend of other European immigrant groups to “become white.”
Does Locational Choice Matter?
Authors: Guhathakurta Subhrajit , Mushkatel Alvin H.
Published: July 2003

The authors examine the locational patterns of three subsidized housing programs—conventional project-based, section 8 assisted rental, and shelter plus care supported housing for the severely mentally ill and homeless—in Phoenix, Arizona. They demonstrate that these programs are reinforcing the existing concentrations of the three types of subsidized housing in some Phoenix neighborhoods. The findings for Phoenix suggest that voucher and certificate policies designed to deconcentrate the poor are not achieving some of their major objectives. Indeed, the policies pursued by different providers of subsidized housing may cumulatively lead to increasing concentrations of all such housing in tracts that are already compromised by concentrations of the urban poor.
Hospitality and Violence
Authors: Newman Harvey K.
Published: July 2003

During 1974 and 1975, Atlanta was one of the top convention cities in the United States, but the city was also known as the nation’s “murder capital.” The contradiction in the discourse on hospitality and violence is the focus of this research. The discussion of hospitality by business leaders and elected officials was used to unify support for growth, but a separate discourse on violence had unfortunate ethical consequences. This discourse tended to divide whites from blacks and suburban dwellers from central-city residents. Little effort was made to seek common ground in the discourse on hospitality and violence.
Obduracy and Urban Sociotechnical Change
Authors: Hommels Anique
Published: July 2003

Although cities are considered to be dynamic places, it may be difficult to make significant adjustments in the design of cities: Once built, cities become obdurate, immobile, and fixed. Drawing on recent research in the field of science, technology, and society studies on the obduracy of technological objects, a case study of large-scale urban redesign of the city center of the Dutch city Utrecht is analyzed: Hoog Catharijne. Using Bijker’s concept of technological frame, the problem of obduracy in this redesign process is analyzed.
The Changing Face of Urban Bureaucracy
Authors: Kerr Brinck , Miller Will , Reid Margaret
Published: July 2003

The authors examine changes over time in 65 multiethnic U.S. cities to test hypotheses about (1) job distribution among ethnic groups and (2) interethnic employment competition. Compared to blacks and non-Latino whites, Latinos experience the lowest levels of representation in both managerial and nonmanagerial jobs. The authors uncover patterns of competition between blacks and Latinos for managerial positions, but the majority of observed competition is between traditionally disadvantaged ethnic groups and non-Latino whites. Competition between blacks and Latinos for managerial jobs is most likely to occur in departments with redistributive policy commitments. The authors find a pervasive pattern of Latino gains and black losses for nonmanagerial positions, but they argue that the pattern should not be interpreted as evidence for interethnic employment competition.
Can Regionalism Save Poor Cities?
Authors: Kantor Paul
Published: July 2003

Regional governmental intervention is frequently advocated as a solution to the problems of poor cities. The regional reform model is examined in light of Glasgow’s experience. It suggests that this approach became a trap for Glasgow and contributed to the city’s spiral of decline. The findings indicate that the reform model is seriously flawed by economic determinism and ignores regional political dynamics. In particular, it conflates abstract notions of regional economic interdependence with policy prescriptions to aid cities, and it neglects powerful institutional political pressures that bias regional officials against equity considerations that might favor central cities. These forces are not likely to be peculiar only to Glasgow.
Are Fragmentation and Sprawl Interlinked?
Authors: Razin Eran , Rosentraub Mark
Published: July 2003

The association between municipal fragmentation and suburban sprawl is examined, based on a cross-sectional analysis of all U.S. and Canadian metropolitan areas with more than 500,000 residents in the 1990s. Results reveal that this association is rather weak but significant and is sustained even when the less fragmented and more compact Canadian metropolitan areas are excluded from the analysis. The impact of residential sprawl on fragmentation is significant, but fragmentation does not predict sprawl. Low levels of fragmentation do not guarantee compact development, but lack of excessive fragmentation might be a precondition for compact development in North America.
Urban Spatial form and Policy Outcomes in Public Agencies
Authors: Boschken Herman L.
Published: July 2003

Bias or disproportional emphasis in an agency’s pattern of policy outcomes always raises questions of accountability and has been the subject of countless studies. For urban agencies, past research has been driven by causal theses having either a socioeconomic or a political perspective. However, a powerful thesis receiving little attention in policy making is the concept of urban spatial form. The author develops hypotheses about spatial form’s impact on skewing agency outcomes and tests them alongside conventional rival theses using regression analysis on 42 U.S. transit agencies. Results indicate that urban form is at least as important in explaining policy bias as socioeconomic and political considerations.
Urban Physical Development in Transition to Market
Authors: Zhu Jieming
Published: July 2003

China’s economic reforms have introduced market forces to the domain of urban construction. A market is seemingly evolving to the extent that urban development in China appears to resemble that in the capitalist economies. Once controlled by central plans, urbanization is starting a new chapter in a traditionally rural society. Nevertheless, determined by the gradualist nature of transformation, many old institutions still remain effective. A new framework is formulated along with interactions between new and old institutions. Unique urban development in transition has emerged with the coexistence of plan and market, which makes the transition toward market uncertain. Establishment of a market system is compromised by the remaining plan factors.
Corporate Philanthropy in the New Urban Economy
Authors: Nevarez Leonard
Published: July 2003

Does corporate philanthropy by software, entertainment, and tourism firms sustain the urban business community’s hegemony in urban politics? Software and entertainment depend on local resources but not ones that involve the business community and promote philanthropy to the traditional community charities. Tourism depends on local markets and environmental amenities, which promote philanthropy to traditional charities and collaborations with environmental groups, the traditional urban business community’s “enemy.” Overall, the three sectors’ philanthropy and advocacy collaborations with environmental nonprofits and higher educational institutions erode the cohesion of urban business communities and weaken the traditional urban business community’s control over civic resources.
Branding Cities
Authors: Greenberg Miriam
Published: July 2003

The author traces the emergence over the past 30 years of a new media genre in U.S. cities: the urban lifestyle magazine. With the shift in the primary role of U.S. cities from production sites to consumption spaces after World War II, these magazines facilitated the branding of consumeroriented urban imaginaries. Using New York Magazine, Atlanta Magazine, and Los Angeles Magazine as examples, the author shows how these “branded cities” changed over time, discursively reflecting and contributing to the socioeconomic restructuring of their namesake cities and the formation of a new urban middle-class niche market.
Building Community Capacity
Authors: Chaskin Robert J.
Published: July 2003

The notion of community capacity building is both explicit and pervasive in the rhetoric, missions, and activities of a broad range of contemporary community development efforts. However, there is limited clarity about the meaning of capacity and capacity building at the neighbor-hood level. The author suggests a definitional framework for understanding and promoting community capacity, explores the attempt to operationalize a capacity-building agenda through the examination of two contrasting case studies within a multisite comprehensive community initiative (CCI), and suggests some possible next steps toward building community capacity through social change efforts such as CCIs.
Governing Nonprofits and Local Political Processes
Authors: Hula Richard C. , Jackson-Elmoore Cynthia
Published: July 2003

In recent years, we have witnessed an increase in the role and influence of nonprofit organizations in local and regional policy decisions. Often, these organizations assume a quasi-govern-mental role in pursuit of their missions. Roles of coalition builder and policy initiator/formulator join more traditional roles of service provider and policy advocate. These emerging roles forge new relationships between the nonprofit, for-profit, and public sectors. In Detroit, there is evidence that nonprofit organizations such as New Detroit and Detroit Renaissance can play a role in redefining the local political agenda. Yet that role is severely limited if such organizations are not tied to public authority.
Whither Metropolitan Governance?
Authors: Norris Donald F.
Published: July 2003

The author examines the issue of metropolitan governance without metropolitan government through an in-depth case study of two English conurbations, the West Midlands and Greater Manchester, 10 years after the abolition of their metropolitan governments. The author addresses whether metropolitan governance has occurred since the abolition of the metropolitan governments in these areas or whether any other mechanisms developed that substituted for metropolitan governance. Although the local governments in these conurbations cooperate with one another when they are required (by the British central government) to do so and in matters of joint convenience, the author found that true regional governance did not result. If metropolitan governance without metropolitan governments does not occur in a unitary state such as Great Britain, it is unlikely to occur in the United States, where there is greater governmental fragmentation and historically stronger local government autonomy.
Civic Capacity and Urban Education
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: July 2003

In 1993, a team of political scientists launched an 11-city study of school reform, centering on the concept of civic capacity. In the field of urban education, the 11-city study found places ranging from those with low levels of civic capacity in which diffuse and scattered concerns never became focused and synergistic to those with relatively high levels of civic capacity in which key actors came together in concerted action. Community leaders develop civic capacity to respond to major community-wide problems with a high potential for controversy. An ever-present potential for conflict means that a spirit of cooperation can quickly erode, and civic capacity differs from micro versions of social capital. To be lasting, civic capacity needs an institutional foundation for interaction among elites and a “grassroots” base through which ordinary citizens are engaged.
The Subdistricting of Cities
Authors: Baer Susan E. , Marando Vincent L.
Published: July 2003

Applying the polycentric model to the urban core, the authors first examine how the polycentric model may be applied to an increasing number of large cities that are using subdistricts to provide supplemental public services that district residents desire such as security, sanitation (garbage collection), and economic development. They next analyze the recent creation of the Charles Village Community Benefits District in Baltimore, Maryland, as an empirical example and briefly discuss this subdistrict’s positive impacts. The article concludes with some observations on the implications of subdistricts for equitable and efficient service delivery.
Looking for Regionalism in All the Wrong Places
Authors: Pastor Manuel
Published: July 2003

The new regionalism tends to emphasize the commonalities of central cities and their suburbs. Los Angeles County has surprisingly minor differences between central city and suburb—leading one to wonder why municipal alliances across jurisdictional lines have not been more prominent. The author tackles this anomaly by breaking L.A. County into 58 different areas and tracking demographic and economic change between 1970 and 1990. The analysis suggests that there are important differences in the ethnic and economic dynamics of various subregions. As a result, “smart-growth” politics may have less salience in Los Angeles than would an alternative regionalism rooted in community-based movements and organizations.
Race and the Tourist Bubble in Downtown Atlanta
Authors: Newman Harvey K.
Published: July 2003

Early in the twentieth century, Atlanta’s business and political leaders worked in partnership to develop the components of a tourist bubble. Using the urban renewal program, the city’s leaders enlarged and updated this downtown tourist space. Despite racial change at city hall, numerous projects continued to expand the area devoted to consumption and spectacle at the expense of the city’s black residents.
Citizens’ Views on Urban Revitalization
Authors: Orr Marion , West Darrell M.
Published: July 2003

Renaissance cities have been widely discussed in the literature on urban development. However, despite scholarly interest in this subject, there has been little systematic research on how citizens feel about so-called “hot” cities and the factors that go into citizen conclusions that a city is doing well. In this paper, we use data from a survey of residents of Providence, Rhode Island and review the political and economic history of the area to assess what affects public opinion about city success, quality of life, and downtown improvement. Our analysis demonstrates that on dimensions such as moving in the right direction, satisfaction with specific services such as police protection is important to public assessments. In other areas, though, such as quality of life, factors such as race relations, street repairs, and political leadership matter more. We conclude with suggestions about what cities that wish to be seen as having “turned the corner” must do in order to bring citizens around to that viewpoint.
Tiebout Sorting and Selective Satisfaction with Urban Public Services
Authors: Kelleher Christine , Lowery David
Published: July 2003

A key implication of the Tiebout model concerns variation in satisfaction within urban areas, with Tiebout arguing that fragmented settings should better match varied tastes with varied services, thereby producing less variance than would be observed under a consolidating government providing standardized service. But Tiebout’s expectations might be satisfied for only a subset of salient services. Alternatively, the social stratification/government inequality thesis suggests that preferences are not especially varied, but access to housing markets is, leading to greater variations in satisfaction under fragmented governments. The authors test these expectations with matched comparisons of variations in mean satisfaction levels for 11 local services in consolidated and fragmented settings and find strong support for the last view.
The Development of Counties as Municipal Governments
Authors: Hoene Christopher , Baldassare Mark , Shires Michael
Published: July 2003

Counties in the twenty-first century are enigmatic hybrids of state and local government. Behaving sometimes as agents of state government, sometimes as county governments, and increasingly as municipal governments, urban counties are becoming more relevant as deliverers of urban services. Studies of county government have long recognized two roles of counties: as service delivery arms of state government and as local governments. More recently, analyses of county activities have pointed to increasing involvement in the delivery of services typically left to cities, particularly in urbanized areas. The rise of counties’ municipal services role deserves greater attention. Using a two-year, in-depth analysis of Los Angeles County, the authors examine the extent to which L.A. County has increased its municipal presence. They find that this municipal, or urban, services role comprises a significant portion of Los Angeles County’s activities and takes several distinct forms.
Redlining Redux
Authors: Immergluck Dan
Published: July 2003

There has been a growing body of evidence indicating race-based discrimination in small business lending. However, very little research has examined potential geographic redlining effects. This article measures small businesslending flows to neighborhoods in the Philadelphia metro politan area. It advances previous work by measuring differential credit flows while accounting for variations in the credit scores of small firms. Black tracts receive fewer loans after accounting for firm density, firm size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local firms. The findings suggest that federal bank regulators should expand small business lending data to include racial characteristics and application information, in part to help identify potentially discriminating lenders for further investigation. Also, Community Reinvestment Act regulations should pay more attention to the distribution of small business loans, by both race and income of neighborhood.
Decentralization of Atlanta’s Convention Business
Authors: Newman Harvey K.
Published: July 2003

Urban scholars have long noted the importance of the convention business in the economic development of the downtown areas in U.S. cities. This article examines the decentralization of the convention business to Atlanta’s suburbs since 1980. The process of decentralization has resulted in a competition for meetings that pits one suburban convention submarket against another and against downtown in a multicentered metropolitan region. The spread of Atlanta’s convention business to the suburbs has implications for both scholars and practitioners.
Institutions and Reform
Authors: Ruhil Anirudh V.S. , Schneider Mark , Teske Paul , Ji Byung-Moon
Published: July 2003

During the past few years, a new wave of reform has been launched under the rubric of reinventing government. Yet, despite the hype, little is known about the extent to which reinventing government is a reality across the country. The authors undertake a systematic analysis of reform activity in a large sample of suburban municipalities and find low rates of adoption of current reforms. Although a number of identifiable and theoretically important institutional constraints inhibit reform activity, city manager leadership appears to be critical for overcoming the impediments to efficient governance.
An Equilibrium Model of Tax Abatement
Authors: Byrnes Patricia , Marvel Mary K. , Sridhar Kala
Published: July 2003

The model of tax abatements includes taxing district and firm characteristics to explain a locality’s abatement generosity. The community-level characteristics are for the school district in the enterprise zone that grants the tax abatement. Firm characteristics include the size, credit rating, number of newly created and/or retained jobs, and the quality of the jobs. Generosity of abatements is measured by the percentage of taxes abated. Firms that had credit ratings showing them to be more suitable risks fared better in negotiations; those that brought newly created jobs garnered more generous abatements; and those that promised retained jobs in the negotiation fared less well.
Mayoral Perceptions of Developmental and Redistributive Policies
Authors: Saiz Martin
Published: July 2003

The validity of Peterson’s policy typology, outlined in City Limits (1981), is dependent on the assumption that local government decision makers understand and order public policies in specific ways. Using confirmatory factor analysis of international survey data on mayoral public policy spending preferences from the Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation Project, the authors find that the categories of redistributive and developmental policies are more than creations of deductive reasoning. The spending preferences of mayors in selected industrial democracies conform to the structure and order as specified in Peterson’s theory.
Cities and Consumption Spaces
Authors: Mullins Patrick , Natalier Kristin , Smith Philip , Smeaton Belinda
Published: July 2003

The authors explore the sociospatial relationship that exists between where households reside and consumption spaces: places specially built or redeveloped for people who visit to buy and consume within these locations the fun goods and services on sale. Consumption spaces are categorized here according to the opportunities they provide for stimulating the senses, and focusing empirically on the Australian city of Brisbane, they were found to be disproportionately concentrated in a community ringing the central business district. This community contained about one-quarter of the metropolitan area’s 1.5 million residents, and it was characterized by nontraditional households, high socioeconomic status, and a significant ethnic presence.
Opposition to Housing
Authors: Pendall Rolf
Published: July 2003

Whether new housing is government assisted or market rate, it can face opposition from established residents. Some observers contend that such opposition arises from “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) sentiments. The author uses research on controversies in the residential development approvals process in the San Francisco Bay Area to develop insights on whether this characterization is justified. He finds that people give many reasons for their opposition to new houses; some are related to their effects on people next door. Quantitative analysis suggests that projects generating NIMBY protests are distinct from projects that generate other kinds of protests, especially those against growth more generally.
A Note on the Influence of African Heritage on Segregation
Authors: Freeman Lance
Published: July 2003

The African heritage hypothesis posits that the substantial African ancestry of Puerto Ricans explains why this group is less segregated from African-Americans than non-Hispanic whites. This pattern is unlike that of other Hispanic groups, who have been found to be highly segregated from African-Americans but modestly segregated from whites. The research presented here shows that Dominicans, another Hispanic group with substantial African ancestry, are also less segregated from African-Americans than whites. Dominicans, therefore, also appear to be conforming to the African heritage thesis by residing in neighborhoods with greater proximity to African-Americans than whites.
The Political and Demographic Predictors of Candidate Emergence in City Council Elections
Authors: Krebs Timothy B.
Published: July 2003

Legislative scholars have shown that candidates emerge when political conditions are most favorable. The topic of candidate emergence in city council elections is addressed using data collected on all 50 of Chicago’s wards from 1979 to 1995. The results show that wards with open seats or vulnerable incumbents on the ballot generally have a larger and more politically experienced crop of candidates than other wards. The findings also reveal that wards with higher concentrations of black residents have significantly larger and more politically experienced candidate pools than wards with fewer blacks. Explanations for these findings are discussed.
Who’s Setting the Postdevolution Agenda in Northern Ireland?
Authors: Fawcett Liz
Published: July 2003

The literature on international trends in political communication suggests that governments and political parties around the world have been modernizing and professionalizing their media relations operations. The key characteristics of a successful “modern” communications strategy are centralization, coordination, efficiency, and responsiveness. This article examines the extent to which those trends have permeated the parties and the new devolved administration in Northern Ireland. Much of the relevant literature has suggested that the government has generally set the media agenda in Northern Ireland. However, this article presents findings that indicate that it is the more radical of the main nationalist and unionist parties in Northern Ireland that have been most successful in modernizing their approach to political communication since devolution. The article draws parallels between the evolution of media relations in the parties in question—Sinn Féin and the Democratic Unionist Party—and the modernizing of political communication within New Labour in Britain. The article also compares the media machine of the Northern Ireland Executive to that of another devolved administration in the United Kingdom, the Scottish Executive. It finds that the Scottish Executive has gone further in professionalizing its approach to media relations.
Another Look at the Evolution of Material Structures
Authors: Binz Ernst , Elżanowski Marek Z.
Published: July 2003

The evolution of a distribution of material inhomogeneities is investigated by analyzing the evolution of the corresponding material connection. Some general relations describing how the deformation of a material G-structure modifies the material connection associated with it are derived. These relations are then analyzed for different material isotropy groups.
Forests, Floods, and the Environmental State in China
Authors: Lang Graeme
Published: July 2003

Deforestation continues in developing countries, despite predictions of ruinous consequences in the 21st century. The state is a poor protector of the environment in most of these countries but is the only agency able to deal with many of the causes of deforestation. This article focuses on the most striking example of state action against deforestation among the developing countries in the world during the past two decades—the ban on logging by the central government of China following the massive floods in 1998. River floods are more devastating in China than anywhere else in the world. This case provides a good opportunity to study state responses to environmental crisis. It illuminates the conditions under which central governments can act forcefully to conserve natural resources in the face of the determination of regional and local actors and authorities to exploit their resources intensively in the drive for economic development.
Ecotopia, Sustainability, and Vision
Authors: de Geus Marius
Published: July 2003

The object of this article is to explore whether ecological utopias are capable of providing a useful contribution to our quest for an ecologically responsible future and a sustainable society and, if so, in what specific ways. The author develops a model of ecological utopias as a distant point of orientation, or as a “navigational compass.” In this model, ecotopias may influence the course of concrete decision making in the direction of a future sustainable society. After an analysis of the current social debate in western Europe on sustainable development, it is argued that ecological utopias can help us to “monitor” environmental problems and that they provide “inspiration” for a cleaner society. Ecotopias also allow us to imagine a “virtual reality” of a possible ecologically stable society and are a justifiable means of visionary imagery of a better future.
An International Perspective on Aging and the End of Life
Authors: Mathiason John R.
Published: July 2003

Globally, the population is aging. In 2000, approximately 10% of the world’s population was older than 60 years old. By 2050, 21.1% will be older than 60. The issues now confronting the United States and other developed nations will emerge for other nations as their populations age, demographics change, and populations become more urban. In the next 50 years, we will see three worlds of aging—those of the developed nations, the developing nations, and the nations whose economies are in transition. Each world will face unique challenges and also offer insights into the best ways to care for those at the end of life.
A Future Vision of Innovative and Expanded Community Involvement in End of Life Care
Authors: Christopher Myra J.
Published: July 2003

Research has clearly identified that Americans do not die well. Many die alone, isolated and in pain in hospitals. Improvements will come only with greater individual and societal commitment. One way to ensure change is through expanded community involvement in end of life care reform. The Community-State Partnerships to Improve End-of-Life Care are serving as a model for building community awareness and involvement. Home health is in an opportune position to take a leadership role in reform by convening community coalitions and by bringing the home health philosophy and perspective to these coalitions.
Developing and Utilizing End of Life Nursing Competencies
Authors: Smith Shirley Ann
Published: July 2003

Competent and appropriate care at the end of life is dismal in the United States. It has not been included in health care focus or professional education. It is time for nurses to change this with the adoption of end of life nursing competencies. The competencies should relate to palliative care philosophy, be comprehensive and measurable, and have a plan for implementation. Facets of implementing competency assessment include time frames, educational activities, evaluation plan, and use of documentation tools.
Toward a Multicultural Ecology
Authors: Ivakhiv Adrian
Published: July 2003

The debate between realists and constructivists has polarized environmental scholarship in recent years. Situating this debate within the longstanding modernist tradition of categorically distinguishing “nature” from “culture,” and the natural sciences from the social sciences and humanities, this article suggests that we need to find a non-dualistic space for rethinking cultural-ecological relations. Such a space has been articulated by actor-network theory (ANT), but this theory leaves significant gaps in its understanding of agency and of macro forces. To fill in these gaps, the author draws on perspectives that theorize perception and agency as embodied, animate, and ecologically embedded and that theorize macro forces as discursively shaped and causally multidirectional and multiscalar. The author proposes the concept of multicultural ecology as a way of articulating the indivisibility of nature and culture and the multiplicity of cultural-ecological practices, and suggests a normative dimension by which such practices can be compared and evaluated.
Evaluation of Variables to Characterize Respiratory Periodicity during Sleep in Older Adults
Authors: Carlson Barbara Waag , Neelon Virginia J.
Published: July 2003

Reliable markers of early neurological decline might guide interventions to prevent or reverse cognitive decline in older adults. Because cognitive decline is associated with hypoxemia during sleep, the authors examined 3 respiratory periodicity variables in 5 older adults. Subjects were monitored overnight using standard polysomnography. From the inductance band signal, the authors calculated the variability in duration of breathing cycles measured by standard deviation of interbreath intervals (sdIBI), frequency of breathing cycles measured by standard deviation of interbreath frequencies (sdIBF), and amplitude of breathing cycles measured by standard deviation of breathing cycle amplitudes (sdAMP). Logistic regression analysis and kappa coefficients identified variables that reliably detected 5-minute segments having central or obstructive apneas or body movements. An sdIBF 4.5 cpm identified body movements (sensitivity= 0.96, specificity = 0.96, kappa = 0.90). An sdIBI > 1.2 seconds identified central apneas (sensitivity = 0.86, specificity = 0.99, kappa= 0.86), and an sdIBI 1.68 seconds identified segments with 3 central apneas (sensitivity = 0.90, specificity = 0.89, kappa = 0.89). An sdAMP 0.1 V and an sdIBF 1.5 cpm identified obstructive apneas (kappa = 0.91). Data support the potential of these variables to identify central and obstructive apneas and to classify individuals according to different patterns of respiratory periodicity.
Functional versus Fractional Oxygen Saturation Readings: Bias and Agreement Using Simulated Solutions and Adult Blood
Authors: Shiao Shyang-Yun Pamela
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the bias and agreement between functional oxygen saturation (SO2) and fractional oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) using simulated quality control (QC) solutions and adult blood. Using a hemoximeter, 5 analysts performed at least 5 tests each on QC solutions with 3 different hemoglobin (Hb) levels and on adult blood samples of various oxygen saturation levels representing venous or arterial samples. Bias and the limits of agreement were determined using the technique of Bland and Altman. Using QC solutions with low, normal, and high Hb levels, the bias for SO2 against HbO2 was 20.82 0.50 (n = 66), 19.14 0.56 (n = 81), and 19.59 0.43 (n = 79), respectively, with SO2 reading consistently higher. The correlation between SO2 and HbO2 was –0.49, –0.69, and –0.68, respectively. Using adult blood, the bias for SO2 against HbO2 was 1.29 0.48 for venous samples (n = 62) and 1.9 0.19 for fully oxygenated samples (n = 36), and the correlation between SO2 and HbO2 was 1.0 and 0.68, respectively. These findings suggest that the consistency between the measurements of SO2 and HbO2 may be dependent on hemoglobin levels and oxygenation status. Thus, caution is warranted when assuming that the measurements of SO2 and HbO2 are interchangeable.
Curtailing Tobacco Use Among Youth: Evaluation of Project 4-Health
Authors: D’Onofrio Carol N. , Moskowitz Joel M. , Braverman Marc T.
Published: July 2003

This article reports the development and evaluation of Project 4-Health, a theory-driven, research-based program to prevent tobacco use among youth enrolled in 4-H clubs throughout California. Additional goals were to involve youth in discouraging others’tobacco use and to develop youth leadership for tobacco control. To assess program effectiveness, 72 clubs were matched and randomly assigned to the program or control condition. Of 1,853 eligible club members, 88.6% completed the pretest. Of these, 79.5% completed a posttest 4 months after conclusion of program delivery, and 77.6% completed a second posttest 2 years later. Short-term effects were found on 7 of 24 outcome measures, indicating changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intention, but not in social influence variables or behaviors. No long-term effects were observed. Discussion considers how the challenges of designing, delivering, and evaluating the intervention influenced results and implications for preventing tobacco use through community-based youth groups.
School Climate, Observed Risky Behaviors, and Victimization as Predictors of High School Students’ Fear and Judgments of School Violence as a Problem
Authors: Astor Ron Avi , Benbenishty Rami , Zeira Anat , Vinokur Amiram
Published: July 2003

The primary aim of this study is to explore how school-related variables predict high school students’subjective judgements of school violence. Using a nationally representative sample (Israel) of 3,518 high school-aged youth, this study tested the hypotheses that (a) students’personal fear of attending school due to violence and (b) students’ assessment of a school violence problem are best understood as separate conceptual constructs. The findings support the proposition that student fear of attending school and assessments of school violence as a problem are influenced by different types of school-related variables. Student fear of attending school due to violence was directly related to experiences of personal victimization by students and school staff. In contrast with fear, students’judgements of their schools’overall violence problem were directly associated with the variables of school climate, observed risk behaviors, and personal victimization. Implications for policy, theory, and future research are highlighted.
Management and Governance Processes in Community Health Coalitions: A Procedural Justice Perspective
Authors: Weiner Bryan J. , Alexander Jeffrey A. , Shortell Stephen M.
Published: July 2003

Community-based coalitions are a popular strategy for promoting community health despite the fact that coalitions often fail to achieve measurable results. Using a procedural justice framework, this study seeks to advance knowledge about the relationship between coalition governance and management processes and indicators of coalition functioning. Member survey data from 25 coalitions participating in the Community Care Network Demonstration Program were analyzed using two-stage least squares regression. Results show that personal influence in decision making, decision process clarity, and collaborative conflict resolution were significantly associated with procedural fairness perceptions. Procedural fairness perceptions, in turn, were positively associated with member satisfaction with coalition decisions, but not personal engagement in the coalition or organizational integration of coalition goals and activities. Personal influence in decision making and collaborative conflict resolution also exhibited direct relationships with all three indicators of coalition functioning examined in the study.
Service Equity, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: From Transaction-Specific to Cumulative Evaluations
Authors: Olsen Line Lervik , Johnson Michael D.
Published: July 2003

Perceived equity is a key psychological reaction to the value that a service company provides. Yet equity research has focused on a customer’s satisfaction with relatively well-defined service episodes or transactions. The authors argue and show that equity plays a very different role in affecting customer loyalty as one moves from transaction-specific to cumulative evaluations. Whereas equity is an important driver of transaction-specific satisfaction, equity is more of a postsatisfaction evaluation when modeling cumulative satisfaction. The research also demonstrates the superiority of cumulative evaluations toward explaining service loyalty and providing a balanced view of loyalty drivers. The results have important implications for how equity, satisfaction, and loyalty are modeled and managed in a service context.
What Is the True Value of a Lost Customer?
Authors: Hogan John E. , Lemon Katherine N. , Libai Barak
Published: July 2003

Customer profitability models have evolved into an important strategic tool for marketers in recent years. Traditional customer profitability models implicitly assume that customers can be valued in isolation from one another and that social interactions can be ignored. The authors show that these conventional models may be inappropriate for markets involving new products or services because they fail to account for the social effects (e.g., word of mouth and imitation) that can influence future customer acquisitions. They show how the impact of a lost customer on the profitability of the firm depends on (a) whether the customer defects to a competing firm or disadopts the technology altogether and (b) when the customer disadopts the technology—distinctions often overlooked in conventional models. The results demonstrate how the value of a lost customer changes throughout the product life cycle, showing that the loss of an early adopter costs the firm much more than the loss of a later adopter.
Policing Diversity: Themes and Concerns from the Recent British Experience
Authors: Rowe Michael
Published: July 2003

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the recent development of the notion of “policing diversity” in England and Wales. In addition to outlining why policing diversity has become a preeminent theme in current debates about policing, the article explores central conceptual issues and argues that it does represent a fundamental break with long-standing notions such as “policing by consent.” However, it argues that, taken to its logical conclusions, the concept might raise serious problems for the police service.
Developing Police Management Training in Post-Soviet Societies: Understanding the Context and Setting the Agenda
Authors: Beck Adrian , Barko Vadym , Tatarenko Alina
Published: July 2003

This article presents survey data from research carried out as part of a broader project aiming to develop management training for senior officers in the Ukrainian police. Findings, which are based on data about the experiences, attitudes, and priorities of currently serving police officers, are used to highlight the key areas on which future curriculum development might be focused. To date, most training for Ukrainian police managers has been weighted too heavily toward learning the law rather than developing the skills and competencies necessary to manage people effectively. It is argued that as a consequence of such differences, overseas assistance should be firmly grounded in detailed local research in order to fully understand the context within which it takes place.
The Effect of Work Environment on Levels of Police Cynicism: A Comparative Study
Authors: Bennett Richard R. , Schmitt Erica L.
Published: July 2003

The police are popularly characterized as the “thin blue line,” a cynical group alienated from their administration and the community they serve. Cynicism is seen as arising out of the conflict between what constables are expected to do by their administration and what they can realistically be expected to accomplish in the field. In this study, the authors develop an explanatory model using eight constructs from the cynicism literature and three constructs relating to the constables' working environment. Data for the analysis of the model are obtained from police archives, a survey of constables, and 9 months of field observation. The findings suggest that the model does not adequately account for variations in level of cynicism. Analysis of the observational data suggests that the inclusion of variables tapping the organization's internal and external political environments would provide substantial insight into constables'cynicism.
Analysis and Optimization of Foam-Reinforced Web Core Composite Sandwich Panels Under In-Plane Compressive Loads
Authors: Aimmanee Sontipee , Vinson Jack R.
Published: July 2003

This paper presents the analysis and optimization of sandwich plates simply supported on all four edges with a foam-reinforced web core subjected to inplane compressive loads. Due to many failure modes of this kind of sandwich structure such as overall instability of the sandwich as a whole, face plate instability, face wrinkling and instability of the webs, the analysis of each mode is investigated and discussed in order to understand the physical behaviors of the whole structure and its components. Then, the sandwich plate subjected to a uniaxial compressive load is optimized for the minimum weight by taking into account the above four failure criteria. The “weakest link in the chain” concept is used, by which each of these assumed independent failure modes occurs at the same buckling stress in order to attain the minimum weight. Additionally, for any given set of materials, the optimum face thickness, web component thickness, web core component spacing, core depth, and foam core modulus for any values of in-plane compressive loads is evaluated analytically. A factor of merit is derived for the special cases of the same orthotropic and isotropic face and web materials. Thus, the best material can be selected, or a rational compromise can be made between weight savings and cost.
Mechanical Properties and Fracture Characterization of Cross-Linked PVC Foams
Authors: Viana Gilmer M. , Carlsson Leif A.
Published: July 2003

The tensile stress-strain response and fracture behavior of cross-linked PVC foams have been characterized over a range of foam densities from 36 to 400 kg/m3. The foams were found to be nearly isotropic. Young’s modulus, yield strength and fracture toughness data were compared to micro-structural relations derived for open and closed-cell foams. The failure process and stress strain response were indicative of brittle material behavior. Short gage length tension specimens bonded to aluminum loading blocks showed a tensile strength that increased with decreasing gage length as a result of improved support of the cell-walls of the foam under constrained lateral deformation. The plastic zone size for each of the fracture specimens, estimated from the von Mises yield criterion, was small indicating quasi-brittle failure. Testing of scaled single edged notch bend (SENB) fracture specimens revealed a toughness that decreases with decreasing specimen size.
Mode Mixity and Crack Tip Yield Zones in TSD Sandwich Specimens with PVC Foam Core
Authors: Viana Gilmer M. , Carlsson Leif A.
Published: July 2003

In an effort to examine the relation between core fracture toughness and face/core debond toughness, fracture mechanics analysis was conducted on core and debond fracture specimens. H30, H80, H100, H200 and R400 PVC foam cores were examined. Stress intensity factors and size of the plastic zone around the crack tip in foam core Single-Edge Notch Bend (SENB), and Tilted Sandwich Debond (TSD) specimens with foam core were estimated from the elastic displacement and stress fields near the crack tip. Analysis of the influence of core thickness and crack depth on the plastic zone size was performed on TSD specimens with H100 and R400 cores. It was found that the crack loading in the TSD specimen is essentially mode I, and that shear loading is not a factor explaining the higher debond than core toughness. At onset of fracture, the plastic zone height in the TSD specimen is much larger than that in a corresponding foam SENB specimen. It is believed that the plastic zone enlargement is a major factor explaining the elevation of debond toughness over the core toughness.
Evaluating the Benefits from Health Research and Development Centres
Authors: Hanney Steve , Packwood Tim , Buxton Martin
Published: July 2003

The most appropriate criteria and the best approach for evaluating centres concerned with research into health and health services, are matters of academic and policy debate. There is interest in assessing the impact made by research on policy and practice as well as using more traditional peer review of the knowledge produced. In this context the article describes the development of a multidimensional categorization of benefits, or payback, from research and development (R&D) and a model for conducting evaluations of impact. This categorization and model were used during an assessment of two R&D centres funded by a regional office of the National Health Service in the UK. The acceptability of such an approach is discussed in the light of relevant proposals from other authors, changes in the nature of knowledge production and the consequent role of multiple stakeholders.