bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Spinosad Tablets Administered to a Colony of 15 Indoor Cats Naturally Infested with Fleas
Authors: Cadiergues Marie-Christine , Pressanti Charline
Published: February 2014

The aims of the study were (i) to describe adult fleas distribution in a strictly indoor cat colony composed of cats with flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) and non-FAD cats and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of spinosad used alone. Skin lesions were scored according to the SCORing Feline Allergic Dermatitis lesion severity scale (SCORFAD) on days 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90. Cats were combed prior to the treatment (days 0, 30, and 60) and on days 15, 45, and 90; collected fleas were replaced on the animals. All cats received flavored spinosad tablets (Comfortis) at a dosage of 50–75 mg/kg on days 0, 30, and 60. Cats were fed immediately afterwards. On day 0, a total of 60 fleas were collected (mean: 4±4). Cats with FAD had a SCORFAD of 6, 8, 12, and 13 and harbored 0, 2, 1, and 0 fleas, respectively. Tablets were taken voluntarily by 8, 11, and 12 cats on days 0, 30, and 60, respectively. No adverse event was recorded. From day 15 to day 90, no fleas could be collected. SCORFAD was reduced by 40%, 71%, 80%, 89%, and 98% on days 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90, respectively.
Fast-Acting Sublingual Zolpidem for Middle-of-the-Night Wakefulness
Authors: Pergolizzi Joseph V. , Taylor Robert , Raffa Robert B. , Nalamachu Srinivas , Chopra Maninder
Published: February 2014

Sleep disorders (somnipathies) are conditions characterized by disruptions of sleep quality or of sleep pattern. They can involve difficulty falling asleep (prolonged sleep onset latency), difficulty staying asleep (disturbance of sleep maintenance), sleep of poor quality (unrefreshing), or combinations of these and can lead to poor health and quality of life problems. A subtype of sleep-maintenance insomnia is middle-of-the-night wakefulness, a relatively common occurrence. Zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonist, allosterically modulates an ion channel and increases the influx of Cl−, thereby dampening the effect of excitatory (sleep disrupting) input. Recently, product label changes to some zolpidem containing products have been implemented by the FDA in order to reduce the risk associated with their morning after residual side effects. A new formulation of zolpidem tartrate (Intermezzo) sublingual tablet, an approved product indicated exclusively for the treatment of middle-of-the-night wakefulness and difficulty returning to sleep, did not have its label changed. We present a short summary of its basic science and clinical attributes in light of the recent regulatory changes for zolpidem products.
Performance of Diesel Engine Using Diesel B3 Mixed with Crude Palm Oil
Authors: Namliwan Nattapong , Wongwuttanasatian Tanakorn
Published: February 2014

The objective of this study was to test the performance of diesel engine using diesel B3 mixed with crude palm oil in ratios of 95 : 5, 90 : 10, and 85 : 15, respectively, and to compare the results with diesel B3. According to the tests, they showed that the physical properties of the mixed fuel in the ratio of 95 : 5 were closest to those of diesel B3. The performance of the diesel engine that used mixed fuels had 5–17% lower torque and power than that of diesel B3. The specific fuel consumption of mixed fuels was 7–33% higher than using diesel B3. The components of gas emissions by using mixed fuel had 1.6–52% fewer amount of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and oxygen (O2) than those of diesel B3. On the other hand, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions when using mixed fuels were 10–39% higher than diesel B3. By comparing the physical properties, the performance of the engine, and the amount of gas emissions of mixed fuel, we found out that the 95 : 5 ratio by volume was a suitable ratio for agricultural diesel engine (low-speed diesel engine).
Successful Laparoscopically Assisted Transcervical Suction Evacuation of Interstitial Pregnancy following Failed Methotrexate Injection in a Community Hospital Setting
Authors: Fritz Rani B. , Rosenblum Neal , Gaither Kecia , Sherman Alonzo , McCalla Alwyn
Published: February 2014

We report on a case of a patient with an early diagnosed cornual ectopic pregnancy following failed methotrexate treatment. The patient was subsequently taken to the operating room for a laparoscopic guided transcervical suction curettage of the cornual ectopic. The surgery was successful and the patient was followed up until her urine pregnancy test was negative. We conclude that in properly selected patients, cornual ectopic pregnancy may be treated with transcervical suction curettage.
Ultrasonic‐Assisted Synthesis, Characterization, and Optical Properties of Sb Doped ZnO and Their Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Phuruangrat Anukorn , Kongpet Waipawan , Yayapao Oranuch , Kuntalue Budsabong , Thongtem Somchai , Thongtem Titipun
Published: February 2014

Sb doped ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by an ultrasonic‐assisted method. Effect of Sb dopant on the structure, morphology, and composition of as‐synthesized Sb doped ZnO nanostructures was investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All samples were identified to wurtzite hexagonal ZnO structure. UV‐visible spectra of the as‐synthesized 3% Sb doped ZnO sample exhibit broad absorption bands at around 343 nm which is blue shift of 373 nm of pure ZnO. The photocatalytic activity was tested by decolorization of methylene blue (MB) solution under UV light. After 300 min irradiation, the degradation efficiencies were 56, 90, and 95% for ZnO, 1% Sb doped ZnO, and 3% Sb doped ZnO, respectively. The 3% Sb doped ZnO shows the highest photocatalytic activity than any other samples.
Synthesis of High Surface Area Mesoporous Silica Powder Using Anionic Surfactant
Authors: Ui Sang-wook , Choi In-seok , Choi Sung-churl
Published: February 2014

Over the past several years, synthesized mesoporous nanosilica (SiO2) powders have been developed by many different methods. The methods include precipitation and microemulsion, the Stöber method, chemistry, and technology. In this study, mesoporous silica powders are synthesized by the sol-gel method. The sol-gel method obtains a high purity silica powder; however, the process yields a low percentage. Past syntheses of SiO2 powder precursors are expensive, but this study needs to find a replacement precursor for low cost alternatives. A high surface area was used to form an anion surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, which regulates the molar concentration. The particles size variability was changed by the precursor molar ratio of the sodium silicate solution with hydrochloric acid.
High Expression of Leucine Zipper-EF-Hand Containing Transmembrane Protein 1 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Liyan , Yang Yang , Liu Shuangping , Piao Longzhen , Zhang Yuan , Lin Zhenhua , Li Zhuhu
Published: February 2014

Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein and plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production and biogenesis. High expression levels of LETM1 have been correlated with numerous human malignancies. This study explored the clinicopathological significance of LETM1 expression as a prognostic determinant in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HNSCC samples from 176 patients were selected for immunohistochemical staining of LETM1 protein. Correlations between LETM1 overexpression and clinicopathological features of HNSCC were evaluated by Chi-squared tests and Fisher’s exact tests, and relationships between prognostic factors and patient survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Our results demonstrated that the strongly positive rate of LETM1 protein was 65.3% in HNSCC, which was significantly higher than in either adjacent nontumor tissue (25.0%) or normal squamous epithelia (6.7%). LETM1 overexpression correlated with poor differentiation, presence of lymph node metastasis, advanced stage, absence of chemoradiotherapy, and 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates in HNSCC. Further analysis showed that high LETM1 expression, advanced stage, and nonchemoradiotherapy were significant independent risk factors for mortality in HNSCC. In conclusion, LETM1 plays an important role in the progression of HNSCC and is an independent poor prognostic factor for HNSCC.
Determinants of CPAP Adherence in Hispanics with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Diaz-Abad Montserrat , Chatila Wissam , Lammi Matthew R. , Swift Irene , D’Alonzo Gilbert E. , Krachman Samuel L.
Published: February 2014

Purpose. We hypothesized that socioeconomic factors and a language barrier would impact adherence with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) among Hispanics with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).Methods. Patients with OSA who were prescribed CPAP for at least 1 year and completed a questionnaire evaluating demographic data, socioeconomic status, and CPAP knowledge and adherence participated in the study.Results. Seventy-nine patients (26 males;53±11 yrs; body mass index(BMI)=45±9 kg/m2) with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)33±30events/hr completed the study. Included were 25 Hispanics, 39 African Americans, and 15 Caucasians, with no difference in age, AHI, CPAP use, or BMI between the groups. While there was a difference in educational level (P=0.006), income level (P<0.001), and employment status (P=0.03) between the groups, these did not influence CPAP adherence. Instead, overall improvement in quality of life and health status and perceived benefit from CPAP influenced adherence, both for the group as a whole (P=0.03,P=0.004, andP=0.001, resp.), as well as in Hispanics (P=0.02,P=0.02,P=0.03, resp.).Conclusion. In Hispanic patients with OSA, perceived benefit with therapy, rather than socioeconomic status or a language barrier, appears to be the most important factor in determining CPAP adherence.
Carbon Nanotube Electron Sources: From Electron Beams to Energy Conversion and Optophononics
Authors: Nojeh Alireza
Published: February 2014

Carbon nanotubes have a host of properties that make them excellent candidates for electron emitters. A significant amount of research has been conducted on nanotube-based field-emitters over the past two decades, and they have been investigated for devices ranging from flat-panel displays to vacuum tubes and electron microscopes. Other electron emission mechanisms from carbon nanotubes, such as photoemission, secondary emission, and thermionic emission, have also been studied, although to a lesser degree than field-emission. This paper presents an overview of the topic, with emphasis on these less-explored mechanisms, although field-emission is also discussed. We will see that not only is electron emission from nanotubes promising for electron-source applications, but also its study could reveal unusual phenomena and open the door to new devices that are not directly related to electron beams.
Pharmacodynamics Must Inform Statistics: An Example from a Cocaine Dependence Pharmacotherapy Trial
Authors: Winhusen Theresa M. , Lewis Daniel F. , Somoza Eugene C. , Horn Paul
Published: February 2014

Background. There is no FDA-approved medication for cocaine dependence or consensus on the statistical approach for analyzing data from cocaine dependence pharmacotherapy trials. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the importance of understanding medication’s pharmacodynamics when specifying the statistical model to test its efficacy. Method. Data from a double-blind placebo controlled trial of reserpine for cocaine dependence are analyzed. Since the antihypertensive properties of reserpine are well established, blood pressure data are utilized to evaluate the ability of two statistical models, one that does not take the pharmacodynamics of reserpine into account and one that does, to detect reserpine’s antihypertensive effect. Results. The statistical model specified without regard to reserpine’s pharmacodynamics failed to find a significant medication effect for either systolic (P=0.49) or diastolic (P=0.59) blood pressure. Contrariwise, the model based on the pharmacodynamics of reserpine found a significant effect for both systolic (P=0.002) and diastolic (P=0.004) blood pressure. Conclusions. If the pharmacodynamics of a study medication are not considered when specifying statistical models, then erroneous conclusions may be reached. This trial is registered with NCT00033033.
Navigating the Challenge of Tumor Heterogeneity in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Fedele Clare , Tothill Richard W. , McArthur Grant A.
Published: February 2014

Summary: The future of cancer treatment lies in personalized strategies designed to specifically target tumorigenic cell populations present in an individual. Although recent advances in directed therapies have greatly improved patient outcomes in some cancers, intuitive drug design is proving more difficult than expected owing largely to the complexity of human cancers. Intratumoral heterogeneity, the presence of multiple genotypically and/or phenotypically distinct cell subpopulations within a single tumor, is a likely cause of drug resistance. Advances in systems biology are helping to unravel the mysteries of cancer progression. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Zhao and colleagues define a path for functional validation of computational modeling in the context of heterogeneous tumor populations and their potential for drug response and resistance. Cancer Discov; 4(2); 146–8. ©2014 AACR.

See related article by Zhao et al., p. 166
Improving Topical Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: In vitro Efficacy of a Novel Guanosine-Analog Phosphonate
Authors: Ali-von Laue C. , Zoschke C. , Do N. , Lehnen D. , Küchler S. , Mehnert W. , Blaschke T. , Kramer K.D. , Plendl J. , Weindl G. , Korting H.C. , Hoeller Obrigkeit D. , Merk H.-F. , Schäfer-Korting M.
Published: February 2014

Actinic keratosis, a frequent carcinoma in situ of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), can transform into life-threatening cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Current treatment is limited due to low complete clearance rates and asks for novel therapeutic concepts; the novel purine nucleotide analogue OxBu may be an option. In order to enhance skin penetration, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN, 136-156 nm) were produced with an OxBu entrapment efficiency of 96.5 ± 0.1%. For improved preclinical evaluation, we combined tissue engineering with clinically used keratin-18 quantification. Three doses of 10-3 mol/l OxBu, dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline as well as loaded to SLN, were effective on reconstructed NMSC. Tumour response and apoptosis induction were evaluated by an increase in caspase-cleaved fragment of keratin-18, caspase-7 activation as well as by reduced expression of matrix metallopeptidase-2 and Ki-67. OxBu efficacy was superior to equimolar 5-fluorouracil solution, and thus the drug should be subjected to the next step in preclinical evaluation.
A Meta-Analysis of Coffee Intake and Risk of Urolithiasis
Authors: Wang Shuai , Zhang Yuelong , Mao Zujie , He Xiang , Zhang Qi , Zhang Dahong
Published: February 2014

Objective: Epidemiologic studies have reported various results relating coffee to urolithiasis. A meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies was conducted to pool the relative risk (RR) estimates of the association between coffee and urolithiasis. Methods: Eligible studies were retrieved via both computer searches and review of references. We analyzed abstracted data with random effects models to obtain the summary RR estimates. A dose-response meta-analysis was performed for studies reporting categorical RR estimates for a series of exposure levels. Results: A total of 6 studies (2 cohort and 4 case-control studies) on coffee intake were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) showed a significant influence of the highest coffee consumption (OR = 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.60-0.82) on the risk of urolithiasis. Coffee exhibited an inverse dose-response relationship with urolithiasis. In stratified analysis, a significant inverse association between coffee and urolithiasis was observed in study design, geographical region and gender subgroup. Conclusions: The overall current literature suggests that coffee intake is associated with a decreased risk of urolithiasis. Further efforts should be made to clarify the underlying biological mechanisms.
Influence of the Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake and Its Aftershocks on the Response to Prophylactic Therapy with Lomerizine in Patients with Migraine in Tokyo: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ishii Masakazu , Katoh Hirotaka , Takagi Maho , Kawamura Mitsuru , Shimizu Shunichi
Published: February 2014

Background: On March 11, 2011, the Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake (magnitude 9.0) struck the eastern part of Japan. Despite being far from the epicenter of the catastrophic earthquake, the effects were strongly felt in Tokyo, and the aftershocks continued for several months. There are no reports regarding the influence of earthquakes on migraine medication. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of earthquakes on prophylactic therapy with lomerizine in patients with migraine in Tokyo. Methods: The study included patients with migraine who were admitted to outpatient clinics in Tokyo between January 2010 and July 2010 or between January 2011 and July 2011 and who were prescribed lomerizine prophylactically for headache by specialists. We investigated clinical factors from the medical records for 26 of these patients. Results: The study population included 10 patients in 2010 and 16 patients in 2011. The frequency of headaches was reduced to under 5 days/month during February in both the groups. Compared to 2010, the frequency of headaches significantly increased in 2011 in March, April and May. Conclusion: Patients with migraine were sensitive to exposure to the earthquake and their headaches worsened despite successful prophylactic treatment with lomerizine before the Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake.
Extended First-Trimester Screening Using Multiple Sonographic Markers and Maternal Serum Biochemistry: A Five-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Hsiao Ching-Hua , Cheng Po-Jen , Shaw S.W. Steven , Hsu Jenn-Jeih , Chen Ran-Chou , Tseng Yin-Jiun , Chu Woei-Chyn
Published: February 2014

Objective: To examine the performance of first-trimester screening test combining several fetal sonographic and maternal biochemical markers for major aneuploidy in a Chinese population. Methods: This was a prospective study performed over 5 years between January 2005 and December 2010 in Taiwan, with 20,586 cases that had a combination of a variety of sonographic markers and maternal serological β-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels assessed at first trimester screening between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks of gestation. The risk of aneuploidy was calculated using algorithm software developed by Fetal Medicine Foundation, London. Fetal karyotyping was performed when the prenatal screening showed a risk of 1/300 or higher. All cases were followed for fetal outcome. Results: The study population was divided into four groups according to the screening strategy performed. The combination of maternal serological biochemistry and nuchal translucency measurement had a 66.7% detection rate of trisomy 21. Addition of nasal bone status increased the detection rate of trisomy 21 to 88.2%. Inclusion of tricuspid regurgitation flow showed an 87.5% detection rate of trisomy 21. Further inclusion of ductus venosus flow increased the detection rate of trisomy 21 to 100%. Incorporating more markers greatly increased the detection rate and decreased the false-positive rate (FPR). Conclusion: Extension of first-trimester screening to include more sonographic markers greatly increased the sensitivity and decreased FPR for detection of chromosomal abnormalities. Such screening strategy is effective in clinical practice for the Chinese ethnic population.
Assessing Pharmacokinetics of Different Doses of Fosfomycin in Laboratory Rats Enables Adequate Exposure for Pharmacodynamic Models
Authors: Poeppl Wolfgang , Lingscheid Tilman , Bernitzky Dominik , Donath Oliver , Reznicek Gottfried , Zeitlinger Markus , Burgmann Heinz
Published: February 2014

Fosfomycin has been the subject of numerous pharmacodynamic in vivo models in recent years. The present study set out to determine fosfomycin pharmacokinetics in laboratory rats to enable adequate dosing regimens in future rodent models. Fosfomycin was given intraperitoneally as single doses of 75, 200 and 500 mg/kg bodyweight to 4 Sprague-Dawley rats per dose group. Blood samples were collected over 8 h and fosfomycin concentrations were determined by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Fosfomycin showed a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile indicated by a correlation of 0.99 for maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). The mean AUC0-8 after intraperitoneal administration of 75, 200 or 500 mg/kg bodyweight fosfomycin were 109.4, 387.0 and 829.1 µg·h/ml, respectively. In conclusion, a dosing regimen of 200-500 mg/kg 3 times daily is appropriate to obtain serum concentrations in laboratory rats, closely mimicking human serum concentrations over time.
Emotional Disturbance in CADASIL: Its Impact on Quality of Life and Caregiver Burden
Authors: Noh Sang-Mi , Chung Sun J. , Kim Kwang-Kuk , Kang Dong-Wha , Lim Young-Min , Kwon Sun U. , Kim Jong S.
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose: Recurrent strokes and cognitive dysfunction are the major symptoms of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). However, emotional disturbances in CADASIL patients are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate emotional disturbances in CADASIL and their impact on the patients' quality of life (QOL) and caregiver burden. Methods: From 54 patients who were diagnosed as CADASIL between January 2000 and August 2012 in the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, 23 patients were enrolled in this study. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was used for the assessment of depressive emotional disturbances (DED). For nondepressive emotional disturbances (NDED), the criteria of Kim and Choi-Kwon [Neurology 2000;54:1805-1810] were used for emotional incontinence (excessive/inappropriate expression of laughing or crying), and the modified Spielberger Trait Anger Scale was used for anger proneness (excessive/inappropriate expression of anger). Patients' QOL and caregiver burden were assessed with stroke-specific emotional QOL and the Sense of Competence Questionnaire (SCQ), respectively. Functional disability was assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS), and white matter ischemic changes and microbleeds were analyzed using brain magnetic resonance images. Results: Twelve patients (52.2%) had various emotional disturbances including DED (n = 10, 43.5%) and NDED (n = 7, 30.4%). The presence of any emotional disturbances was associated with thalamic (p = 0.012) and cortical (p = 0.037) microbleeds, mRS (p = 0.001), cognitive impairment (p = 0.002), patients' low QOL (p = 0.009) and increased caregiver burden (p = 0.002). DED was associated with multiple (≥10) microbleeds (p = 0.039), cognitive impairment (p = 0.030) and mRS (p = 0.030), and negatively influenced all domains of patients' QOL and caregiver burden. NDED was associated with cortical microbleeds (p = 0.017) and mRS (p = 0.014). Unlike DED, NDED was not associated with patients' poor QOL, except for thinking domain, but was significantly related to total SCQ and subscales 1 and 2 of SCQ (p = 0.012). Conclusions: More than half the CADASIL patients had emotional disturbances, either DED or NDED. Both are associated with patients' poor QOL and increased caregiver burden, the former more markedly than the latter. Considering that CADASIL is a progressive disease with deteriorating patients' QOL, physicians have to pay more attention to emotional problems in CADASIL patients. Treatment strategies should be investigated in this regard to improve patients' QOL and reduce caregiver burden.
The Use of Lanreotide in Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Treille S. , Bailly J.M. , Van Cauter J. , Dehout F. , Guillaume B.
Published: February 2014

The secretion of large volumes of fluid into cysts and changes in the structure and mobility of the cilia of the renal tubular epithelium can lead to nephromegaly. This in turn often causes a deterioration of kidney function and arterial hypertension. In recent clinical studies, somatostatin analogues have demonstrated efficacy in isolated polycystic liver disease and, to a lesser extent, in polycystic kidney disease. Since the publication of these clinical studies, several patients have been referred to us for somatostatin analogue treatment. Here, we report our experience with 6 patients who were treated with lanreotide autogel 120 mg every 4 weeks over 6, 12 or 18 months and were longitudinally followed using CT scans without contrast agents, to evaluate the total bilateral kidney volume. We observed a mean decrease in volume of 4%, with mild to moderate side effects.
End-Diastolic Fractional Flow Reserve
Authors: Chalyan David A. , Zhang Zhang , Takarada Shigeho , Molloi Sabee
Published: February 2014

Background—

Diastolic fractional flow reserve (dFFR) has been shown to be highly sensitive for detection of inducible myocardial ischemia. However, its reliance on measurement of left-ventricular pressure for zero-flow pressure correction, as well as manual extraction of the diastolic interval, has been its major limitation. Given previous reports of minimal zero-flow pressure at end-diastole, we compared instantaneous ECG-gated end-diastolic FFR with conventional full-cardiac cycle FFR and other diastolic indices in the porcine model.

Methods and Results—

Measurements of FFR in the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries were performed in an open-chest swine model with an external occluder device on the coronary artery used to produce varying degrees of epicardial stenosis. An ultrasound flow-probe that was placed proximal to the occluder measured absolute blood flow in ml/min, and it was used as a gold standard for FFR measurement. A total of 17 measurements at maximal hyperemia were acquired in 5 animals. Correlation coefficient between conventional mean hyperemic FFR with pressure-wire and directly measured FFR with flow-probe was 0.876 (standard error estimate=0.069;
P
<0.0001). The hyperemic end-diastolic FFR with pressure-wire correlated better with FFR measured directly with flow-probe (
r
=0.941, standard error estimate=0.050;
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

Instantaneous hyperemic ECG-gated FFR acquired at end-diastole, as compared with conventional full-cardiac cycle FFR, has an improved correlation with FFR measured directly with ultrasound flow-probe.
Age‐Dependent Sex Effects on Outcomes After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Kochilas Lazaros K. , Vinocur Jeffrey M. , Menk Jeremiah S.
Published: February 2014

Background

Sex has been linked to differential outcomes for cardiovascular disease in adults. We examined potential sex differences in outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.

Methods and Results

We retrospectively analyzed data from the
P
ediatric
C
ardiac
C
are
C
onsortium (1982–2007) by using logistic regression to evaluate the effects of sex on 30‐day within‐hospital mortality after pediatric (<18 years old) cardiac operations and its interaction with age, risk category, z‐score for weight, and surgical year for the whole cohort. Of 76 312 operations, 55% were in boys. Unadjusted mortality was similar for boys and girls (5.2% versus 5.0%,
P
=0.313), but boys were more likely to have cardiac surgery as a neonate and to have more complex operations. After adjustment, the overall test of any association between postsurgical mortality and sex was significant (
P
=0.002), but the overall test of any interaction was not (
P
=0.503). However, a potential age‐dependent sex effect on postsurgical mortality was observed among infants subjected to high‐risk operations, with girls doing worse during the first 6 months of life.

Conclusions

Patient sex has a significant effect on mortality after pediatric cardiac operations, with an increased risk of death in early infancy for girls after high‐risk cardiac operations. This age‐dependent relationship supports a sex‐related biological effect on postoperative cardiovascular stress.
Role of Preexisting Disability in Patients Treated With Intravenous Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Karlinski Michal , Kobayashi Adam , Czlonkowska Anna , Mikulik Robert , Vaclavik Daniel , Brozman Miroslav , Švigelj Viktor , Csiba Laszlo , Fekete Klara , Kõrv Janika , Demarin Vida , Vilionskis Aleksandras , Jatuzis Dalius , Krespi Yakup , Ahmed Niaz , Wahlgren Nils ,   Countries participating in SITS-EAST with national coordinators and number of cases contributed:, Mikulik Robert , Czlonkowska Anna , Brozman Miroslav , Csiba Laszlo , Kõrv Janika , Švigelj Viktor , Demarin Vida , Jatuzis Dalius , Vilionskis Aleksandras , Krespi Yakup , Shamalov Nikolay
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose—

Little is known about the effect of thrombolysis in patients with preexisting disability. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of different levels of prestroke disability on patients’ profile and outcome after intravenous thrombolysis.

Methods—

We analyzed the data of all stroke patients admitted between October 2003 and December 2011 that were contributed to the Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke–Eastern Europe (SITS-EAST) registry. Patients with no prestroke disability at all (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score, 0) were used as a reference in multivariable logistic regression.

Results—

Of 7250 patients, 5995 (82%) had prestroke mRS 0, 791 (11%) had prestroke mRS 1, 293 (4%) had prestroke mRS 2, and 171 (2%) had prestroke mRS ≥3. Compared with patients with mRS 0, all other groups were older, had more comorbidities, and more severe neurological deficit on admission. There was no clear association between preexisting disability and the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Prestroke mRS 1, 2, and ≥3 were associated with increased risk of death at 3 months (odds ratio, 1.3, 2.0, and 2.6, respectively) and lower chance of achieving favorable outcome (achieving mRS 0–2 or returning to the prestroke mRS; 0.80, 0.41, 0.59, respectively). Patients with mRS ≥3 and 2 had similar vascular profile and favorable outcome (34% versus 29%), despite higher mortality (48% versus 39%).

Conclusions—

Prestroke disability does not seem to independently increase the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after thrombolysis. Despite higher mortality, 1 in 3 previously disabled patients may return to his/her prestroke mRS. Therefore, they should not be routinely excluded from thrombolytic therapy.
Quadrant Distribution of Tropical Cyclone Inner-Core Kinematics in Relation to Environmental Shear
Authors: DeHart Jennifer C. , Houze Robert A. , Rogers Robert F.
Published: February 2014

Airborne Doppler radar data collected in tropical cyclones by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft over an 8-yr period (2003–10) are used to statistically analyze the vertical structure of tropical cyclone eyewalls with reference to the deep-layer shear. Convective evolution within the inner core conforms to patterns shown by previous studies: convection initiates downshear right, intensifies downshear left, and weakens upshear. Analysis of the vertical distribution of radar reflectivity and vertical air motion indicates the development of upper-level downdrafts in conjunction with strong convection downshear left and a maximum in frequency upshear left. Intense updrafts and downdrafts both conform to the shear asymmetry pattern. While strong updrafts occur in the eyewall, intense downdrafts show far more radial variability, particularly in the upshear-left quadrant, though they concentrate along the eyewall edges. Strong updrafts are collocated with low-level inflow and upper-level outflow superimposed on the background flow. In contrast, strong downdrafts occur in association with low-level outflow and upper-level inflow.
Nonstationarity in Intermittent Rainfall: The “Dry Drift”
Authors: Schleiss Marc , Chamoun Sabine , Berne Alexis
Published: February 2014

A particular aspect of the nonstationary nature of intermittent rainfall is investigated. It manifests itself in the fact that the average rain rate varies with the distance to the surrounding dry areas. The authors call this fundamental link between the rainfall intensity and the rainfall occurrence process the “dry drift.” Using high-resolution radar rain-rate maps and disdrometer data, they show how the dry drift affects the structure and the variability of intermittent rainfall fields. They provide a rigorous geostatistical framework to describe it and propose an extension of the concept to more general quantities like the (rain)drop size distribution.
Genesis and Development Mechanisms of a Polar Mesocyclone over the Japan Sea
Authors: Watanabe Shun-ichi I. , Niino Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

A polar mesocyclone (PMC) observed over the Japan Sea on 30 December 2010 was studied using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale numerical model with a horizontal resolution of 2 km. The numerical simulation successfully reproduced the observed life cycle of the PMC. The results of the numerical simulation suggest that the life cycle of the PMC may be divided into three stages: an early development stage, in which a number of small vortices appear in a shear zone; a late development stage, which is characterized by the merger of vortices and the formation of a few larger vortices; and a mature stage, in which only a single PMC is present. During the early development stage, vortices are generated in the shear zones of strong updrafts in discrete cumulus convection cells. In contrast, during the late development stage, the vortices develop as a result of barotropic instability in the shear zone. A cloud-free eye and spiral cloud bands accompany the mature stage of a simulated PMC. A warm core structure also forms at the center of the PMC on account of adiabatic warming associated with downdrafts. The structures in the PMC during the mature stage resemble those of a tropical cyclone. Sensitivity experiments, in which sensible and latent heat fluxes from the sea surface and condensational heating were switched on/off, demonstrate that condensational heating is critical to the development of the PMC at all stages, and that sensible and latent heat fluxes play secondary roles.
Characteristics of Initial Perturbations in the Ensemble Prediction System of the Korea Meteorological Administration
Authors: Kay Jun Kyung , Kim Hyun Mee
Published: February 2014

In this study, the initial ensemble perturbation characteristics of the new Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) ensemble prediction system (EPS), a version of the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System, were analyzed over two periods: from 1 June to 31 August 2011, and from 1 December 2011 to 29 February 2012. The KMA EPS generated the initial perturbations using the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF). The observation effect was reflected in both the transform matrix and the inflation factor of the ETKF; it reduced (increased) uncertainties in the initial perturbations in regions with dense observations via the transform matrix (inflation factor). The reduction in uncertainties is generally governed by the transform matrix but locally modulated by the inflation factor. The sea ice significantly affects the initial perturbations near the lower boundary layer. The large perturbation energy in the lower stratosphere of the tropics was related to the dominant zonal wind, whereas the perturbation energy in the upper stratosphere of the winter hemispheres was related to the dominant polar night jet. In the early time-integration stage, the initial perturbations decayed in the lower troposphere but grew rapidly in the mid- to upper troposphere. In the meridional direction, the initial perturbations grew greatest in the northern polar region and smallest in the tropics. The initial perturbations maintained a hydrostatic balance, especially during the summer in both hemispheres and during both the summer and winter in the tropics, associated with the smallest growth rates of the initial perturbations. The initial perturbations in the KMA EPS appropriately describe the uncertainties associated with atmospheric features.
Effects of Bilirubin and its Photoisomers on Direct Bilirubin Measurement Using Bilirubin Oxidase
Authors: Itoh Susumu , Kusaka Takashi , Imai Tadashi , Isobe Kenichi , Onishi Shoju
Published: February 2014

We examined the reactivity of human serum albumin-bound bilirubin and its photoisomers as substrates for a direct bilirubin assay using bilirubin oxidase. The reduction of (EZ)-cyclobilirubin reached 100% 5 min after addition of the enzyme at any pH tested (3·5–7·4) in 0·1 mol/L phosphate buffer, whereas the reduction of (ZE)-bilirubin or (ZZ)-bilirubin reached 100% only below pH 4·5 or 5·5, respectively. (ZZ)-Bilirubin and its photoisomers did not react in citrate-lactate buffer at pH 3·7. The circular dichroism spectrum of (ZZ)-bilirubin in this buffer did not show a positive Cotton effect. These results indicate that a three-dimensional structure surrounding the reaction site of bilirubin is important for the reactivity with bilirubin oxidase.
Measurement of Cardiac Troponins
Authors: Collinson Paul O , Boa Frances G , Gaze David C
Published: February 2014

The cardiac troponins form part of the regulatory mechanism for muscle contraction. Specific cardiac isoforms of cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I exist and commercially available immunoassay systems have been developed for their measurement. A large number of clinical and analytical studies have been performed and the measurement of cardiac troponins is now considered the ‘gold standard’ biochemical test for diagnosis of myocardial damage. There have been advances in understanding the development and structure of troponins and their degradation following myocardial cell necrosis. This has contributed to the understanding of the problems with current assays. Greater clinical use has also highlighted areas of analytical and clinical confusion. The assays are reviewed based on manufacturers' information, current published material as well as the authors' in-house experience.
Phylogenic Study of Denaturation of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes from Different Species by High and Low Temperature
Authors: Yoshikuni Keiko , Matsuda Takashi , Poracova Janka , Sakai Akemi , Shimada Keiko , Tabuchi Noriko , Tanishima Kiyoh
Published: February 2014

We studied the influence of storage at different temperatures on lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27; LD) isoenzymes from different tissues and different species, and analysed biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of denaturation during storage.

Isoenzymes obtained from tissue extracts of mammals, poultry, reptiles, amphibians and fish were shown to have their own denaturation ranges at low temperatures by post-treatment assays and transition temperature analysis. These ranges were between − 10 and − 20°C for most vertebrate LD isoenzymes. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that the denaturation of LD isoenzymes was probably caused by a change in the hydrophobic interactions in the molecule. At higher temperatures, LD-1 isoenzyme was more thermostable than LD-5 from the same animal species, except for rats, the LD-5 activity of which was more thermostable than the LD-1 activity.

These findings indicate that variable effects of storage of samples and reference materials at low temperatures should be considered, and that it is necessary to establish LD isoenzyme standards for animal clinical laboratory investigations.
Comparison of Serum Thyroxine, Protein-Bound Iodine and Thyroxine Iodine Methods
Authors: MacDonald J. , Hipkin L. J.
Published: February 2014

A PBI and thyroxine iodine manual method (Oxford Laboratories) have been compared with a serum thyroxine method based on competitive protein-binding. The thyroxine iodine technique appeared to be more reliable and practicable than the PBI method, except that the latter has the advantage that it can be automated. The close correlation between results from the serum thyroxineiodine and thyroxine methods makes the former a useful addition to the range of tests employed in the investigation of thyroid function.
Semiquantitative Analysis of Urinary Purines Designed to Search for Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Orrell D. H. , Haynes Gillian R. , Raine D. N.
Published: February 2014

A method of selective concentration of the minor urinary purines is described based on selective ‘adsorption on to ion-exchange resins. Methods of semi-quantitative determination of the amount of each purine present are described based on two dimensional paper chromatography followed by direct inspection under short wave ultra-violet light, by preparation of contact prints and by elution of the purine spots followed by measurement of the optical density.
Early Experience with a Highly Sensitive Bioassay for A.C.T.H.
Authors: Daly J. R. , Loveridge N. , Bitensky Lucille , Chayen J.
Published: February 2014

A new bioassay for A.C.T.H. has been devised utilising non-proliferative organ culture of segments of guinea pig adrenal. The cultured adrenal is exposed to standard or unknown A.C.T.H. and sections stained for the presence of reducing groups. The intensity of staining in the zona reticularis is measured by scanning and integrating microdensitometry and is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of A.C.T.H. in the culture medium over the range 0.0027–27 pg/ml.

Preliminary results using the assay, which greatly exceeds others in sensitivity, on human plasma are similar to those obtained with standard techniques.
Urinary Pregnanediol, Oestrogens, L.H. and F.S.H. during the Normal Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Chamberlain J. , Batchelor A. , Craig A. , Gallagher M. J.
Published: February 2014

The determination of urinary hormones is useful in the assessment of gonadal and pituitary function. For interpretation of these parameters it is essential to establish normal values. This paper describes some of the methods used and results obtained in the determination of urinary pregnanediol, oestrogens, L.H. and F.S.H. during a number of normal cycles.
Group Determination of Urinary Adrenal Steroids by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Craig A. , Chamberlain J.
Published: February 2014

Routine colorimetric methods for the determination of urinary metabolites of the adrenal cortex tend to be unspecific. The separation of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) into 11-oxy and 11-deoxy fractions has usually entailed the use of column chromatography (Morris, 1959) or differential solvent extraction (Few, 1968).

Gas liquid chromatography for the group separation of 17-OHCS was described by Murphy and West in 1966 and in 1970 Makin examined various derivatives for the separation of adrenal steroids using a column of SE-30. He found formate esters suitable and in 1972 published details of a qualitative profile of 17-oxosteroids and 17-OHCS as an aid in the diagnosis of adrenal pituitary disorders.

We have used acetate esters for the quantitative assessment of 11-oxy and 11-deoxy 17-OHCS and some of our experiences are described in this paper.
Blood Glucose Assay Using Dextrostix and a Reflectance Meter
Authors: Percy-Robb I. W. , McMaster R. S. , Harrower A. D. B. , Duncan L. J. P.
Published: February 2014

The ‘Dextrostix’-reflectance meter system for blood glucose analysis has been evaluated using a blood glucose reference method. A high degree of concordance between the two methods was obtained when analyses were performed by skilled laboratory staff on venous blood samples containing fluoride, with a 75 s contact time.

Skilled laboratory staff performed significantly better than unskilled staff. Capillary blood glucose concentrations correlated poorly with concentrations in venous blood samples taken at the same time as the capillary blood.
Comparison of an Automated Fluorimetric Method with Two Manual Methods for the Determination of Pregnancy Oestrogens
Authors: Muir G. G. , Scott P. , Ryan M. , Bone V.
Published: February 2014

Three methods of determining urinary oestrogens are compared. Manual methods are better for intermittent demand but an automated method is desirable when more than 50 analyses per week are required.
Evaporation from Serum Samples Kept in AutoAnalyzer Cups
Authors: Hall R. A.
Published: February 2014

Evaporation from the AutoAnalyzer cups is shown to be an important source of error.
Laboratory Data Processing Using an IBM 360/40
Authors: Crawhall J. C.
Published: February 2014

An off-line data processing system for a clinical chemistry laboratory serving a 1000-bedded teaching hospital is described. This system is based upon an IBM 360/40 computer and an SMA 12/60 multichannel analyser which is coupled through a Technilogger II to an automatic keypunch. This covers 30% of all the tests: data for other AutoAnalyzers has to be punched on to separate cards manually along with the patient identification. Data are matched with patient requisitions which have already been keypunched and entered into the computer. Advantages include reduction of manual transcription of data, the automatic production of two ward reports a day and a cumulative patient report daily and weekly, and automatic quality control programs. A permanent record is kept on magnetic tape.
Specific Protein Determinations Using Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Driscoll Margaret J.
Published: February 2014

The Laurell ‘rocket’ technique of immunoelectrophoresis has been used to quantitate seven specific serum proteins in a control population of SO healthy persons and in 100 hospital patients. Reference ranges have been established for each protein from data obtained from the control population. For many of the proteins variations due to age and/or sex were observed. Sex hormones, probably oestrogens, were also observed to cause variations in some of the protein concentrations. Data obtained from the hospital patients indicated that further work should prove profitable and could enable specific protein determinations to be useful, both as a diagnostic tool and in following the course of a disease.
Amylase Determination Using Insoluble Substrates
Authors: Rosalki S. B. , Tarlow D.
Published: February 2014

Three insoluble substrate amylase methods are compared. There is good correlation between the three procedures and with a saccharogenic procedure. Correlation with the starch-iodine method of Caraway is poor. Insoluble substrate methods are very suitable for the routine determination of amylase activity, and their advantages compared with saccharogenic and starch-iodine procedures are detailed.
The Accurate Assessment of LDH Isoenzyme Activity
Authors: Stott A.
Published: February 2014

Cellogel block electrophoresis has been used for the separation of LDH isoenzymes and has proved to give very reproducible results. Using this technique, an abnormal LDH isoenzyme distribution has been found in both red cells and serum in cases of megaloblastic anaemia.
Measurement of Some Sources of Variability in Colorimetric Analysis
Authors: Georges R. J.
Published: February 2014

Variability, indicated by within-batch reproducibility, was measured for direct colorimetric assays of glucose and urea at two concentrations. Separate determinations were made of variability associated with the volumetric and colorimetric stages of the analyses, allowing the actual chemical variability to be calculated. The latter forms the major portion of the total variability in both assays.