bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The parameter-level performance of covariance matrix conditioning in cosmic microwave background data analyses
Authors: Balkenhol L , Reichardt C L
Published: March 2022

Empirical estimates of the band power covariance matrix are commonly used in cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum analyses. While this approach easily captures correlations in the data, noise in the resulting covariance estimate can systematically bias the parameter fitting. Conditioning the estimated covariance matrix, by applying prior information on the shape of the eigenvectors, can reduce these biases and ensure the recovery of robust parameter constraints. In this work, we use simulations to benchmark the performance of four different conditioning schemes, motivated by contemporary CMB analyses. The simulated surveys measure the TT, TE, and EE power spectra over the angular multipole range 300 ≤ ℓ ≤ 3500 in Δℓ = 50 wide bins, for temperature map-noise levels of 10, 6.4, and $2\, \mu$K arcmin. We divide the survey data into Nreal = 30, 50, or 100 uniform subsets. We show the results of different conditioning schemes on the errors in the covariance estimate, and how these uncertainties on the covariance matrix propagate to the best-fitting parameters and parameter uncertainties. The most significant effect we find is an additional scatter in the best-fitting point, beyond what is expected from the data likelihood. For a minimal conditioning strategy, Nreal = 30, and a temperature map-noise level of 10$\, \mu$K arcmin, we find the uncertainty on the recovered best-fitting parameter to be ×1.3 larger than the apparent posterior width from the likelihood (×1.2 larger than the uncertainty when the true covariance is used). Stronger priors on the covariance matrix reduce the misestimation of parameter uncertainties to $\lt 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. As expected, empirical estimates perform better with higher Nreal, ameliorating the adverse effects on parameter constraints.
New ephemerides of outer planetary satellites
Authors: Emelyanov N V , Varfolomeev M I , Lainey V
Published: March 2022

Ephemerides of planetary satellites require regular updates to take into account new observations of the satellites. Such revision has been all the more necessary in the case of outer planetary satellites, since a number of new moons have been discovered recently. Thus, we present updated versions of the ephemerides of the outer planetary satellites. The problem and the methodology for estimating ephemeris accuracy are discussed. Comparison with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ephemerides proves that the accuracy depends largely on the distribution of the observations. We give examples where, for a few satellites, the O−C residuals increase sharply at time intervals lying significantly beyond the time interval of observations used to generate the ephemerides. This fact alone indicates that there is an urgent need for new observations. Besides the ephemerides of moons, which can be accessed online via the MULTI-SAT server, we provide orbital parameters for the recently discovered faint satellites of Jupiter and Saturn. The problems discussed in this work are important for planning space observations of the outer satellites by future space missions like the European Space Agency (ESA) JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Europa Clipper missions.
A search for planetary companions around 800 pulsars from the Jodrell Bank pulsar timing programme
Authors: Niţu Iuliana C , Keith Michael J , Stappers Ben W , Lyne Andrew G , Mickaliger Mitchell B
Published: March 2022

We have searched for planetary companions around 800 pulsars monitored at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, with both circular and eccentric orbits of periods between 20 d and 17 yr and inclination-dependent planetary masses from 10−4 to $100\, \mathrm{M}_{\oplus }$. Using a Bayesian framework, we simultaneously model pulsar timing parameters and a stationary noise process with a power-law power spectral density. We put limits on the projected masses of any planetary companions, which reach as low as 1/100th of the mass of the Moon ($\sim 10^{-4}\, \mathrm{M}_{\oplus }$). We find that two-thirds of our pulsars are highly unlikely to host any companions above $2-8\, \mathrm{M}_{\oplus }$. Our results imply that fewer than $0.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of pulsars could host terrestrial planets as large as those known to orbit PSR B1257+12 ($\sim 4\, \mathrm{M}_{\oplus }$); however, the smaller planet in this system ($\sim 0.02\, \mathrm{M}_{\oplus }$) would be undetectable in $95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of our sample, hidden by both instrumental and intrinsic noise processes, although it is not clear whether such tiny planets could exist in isolation. We detect significant periodicities in 15 pulsars; however, we find that intrinsic quasi-periodic magnetospheric effects can mimic the influence of a planet, and for the majority of these cases we believe this to be the origin of the detected periodicity. Notably, we find that the highly periodic oscillations in PSR B0144+59 are correlated with changes in the pulse profile and therefore can be attributed to magnetospheric effects. We believe the most plausible candidate for planetary companions in our sample is PSR J2007+3120.
Associations of Daily Versus Nondaily Smoking, Tobacco-Related Risk Perception, and Cancer Diagnosis Among Adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Authors: Land Stephanie R , Baker Laura , Bachand Jacqueline , Twesten Jenny , Kaufman Annette R , Reyes-Guzman Carolyn M
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Nondaily smoking has become increasingly common among cigarette smokers. Our objective was to determine whether current daily versus nondaily smoking differed by tobacco-related risk perceptions (TRRPs), demographic factors, and cancer history.

Methods

Participants were all adults in Waves 1–3 of the longitudinal cohort Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study who were current smokers at Wave 3 (N = 8307). The primary analysis was weighted logistic regression of daily versus nondaily smoking at Wave 3. TRRP measures were cigarette harm perception, worry that tobacco products will damage one’s health, belief that smoking cigarettes causes [lung/bladder/mouth/liver] cancer, and nondaily cigarette harm perception (Likert-type scale). Other measures included demographic factors, other tobacco product use, minor at time of first cigarette, and cancer survivor status (yes/no).

Results

Among current smokers, daily versus nondaily smoking was significantly associated with being a minor at time of first cigarette (OR = 1.54, p < .001), TRRPs (OR = 0.83, p < .001; OR = 1.40, p < .001; and OR = 1.17, p = .009 [harm perception, worry, and nondaily cigarette harm perception, respectively]), and interaction between cancer survivor status and belief that smoking causes cancer (p < .001). TRRPs among current smokers did not differ significantly between cancer survivors and respondents without a cancer history.

Conclusions

Respondents with lower harm perception, higher worry, and higher nondaily cigarette harm perception were more likely to be daily versus nondaily smokers. Respondents with higher belief that smoking causes cancer or who were cancer survivors were less likely to be daily (versus nondaily) smokers compared to respondents with low belief and no cancer history.

Implications

This study is unique in that it examined associations of smoking cigarettes daily versus nondaily with tobacco-related risk perceptions and cancer survivorship—comparing cancer survivors to those without a cancer history. Given the increasing prevalence of nondaily smoking as compared with daily smoking in the general population, and the prognostic significance of smoking after cancer diagnosis, these findings fill a clinically important gap in the literature and provide a foundation for further research.
Beliefs and Characteristics Associated With Believing Nicotine Causes Cancer: A Descriptive Analysis to Inform Corrective Message Content and Priority Audiences
Authors: Weiger Caitlin , Moran Meghan Bridgid , Kennedy Ryan David , Limaye Rupali , Cohen Joanna
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Many cigarette smokers want to quit but have not. Switching to noncombustible products can reduce disease risk, but misperceptions that nicotine causes cancer might impact relative harm perceptions about noncombustible products and considering switching. Identifying which smokers are most likely to hold this misperception and associated beliefs can inform the content of and priority audiences for corrective messaging.

Methods

Bivariable log binomial models were run on a sample of 9,013 adult established smokers from Wave 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health. Post hoc testing identified groups and beliefs associated with significantly higher-than-average prevalence of the misperception.

Results

About 61.2% of smokers believe nicotine causes cancer or don’t know. Non-Hispanic Black (PR: 2.09) and Hispanic (PR: 1.73) smokers, as well as those making under $10,000 a year (PR: 1.36) had significantly higher-than-average prevalence of the misperception. Smokers who had recently used ENDS or smokeless tobacco had significantly lower-than-average prevalence of the misperception (PR: 0.70 and 0.63, respectively). Prevalence of nicotine misperceptions was significantly higher-than-average among those who recognized all ten smoking-caused diseases (PR: 1.34), believed additive-free cigarettes were more harmful than regular cigarettes (PR: 1.71), or did not report subjective norms supporting noncombustible use (PR: 1.05).

Conclusion

High perceived threat of tobacco may be overgeneralized to nicotine. High prevalence of the misperception among Non-Hispanic Black and low-income smokers is concerning, considering existing health disparities. Messaging should attempt to correct the misperception that nicotine causes cancer. Inferential reasoning after message exposure should assess accuracy of relative harm perceptions.

Implications

The current study supports the need for corrective messaging to address the misperception that nicotine causes cancer. Identifying that nicotine misperceptions are associated with higher harm perceptions about tobacco suggests that there may be unintended consequences of high perceived harm of tobacco that need to be addressed. As nicotine misperceptions are significantly more prevalent among those already at higher risk of tobacco caused diseases, care should be taken to ensure equity in message dissemination.
The Radical Civil Rights Movement: The Highlander Folk School and the Legacies of the Left in Cold War America
Authors: Slate Nico
Published: March 2022

In the spring of 1965, hundreds of billboards arose across the American South purporting to show Dr Martin Luther King Jr at a ‘Communist training school’. By tracing the history of that infamous image, this article examines how civil rights activists fought against racist propaganda, and argues that the legacies of the American Left remained vital to the civil rights movement despite Cold War repression. At the centre of this story is the Highlander Folk School, an integrated institution in the hills of Tennessee, at which the photo was taken. Highlander’s democratic approach to education created a space in which Leftist ideas and strategies could coalesce, a space that stood in sharp contrast to both the fantasy of a ‘Communist training school’ and the anti-communist segregationists who propagated that fantasy. Both in the content of its workshops and the manner in which they were organized, Highlander preserved the heritage of the American Left in ways that help to explain how many civil rights activists came to reject Communism and the Red Scare, to embrace civil liberties and economic justice, and to respect local traditions of African American resistance and expansive anti-colonial solidarities.
Olivine Melt Inclusion Constraints on Some Intensive Properties of Subvolcanic Crystal Mushes and Their Evolution through Boundary Layer Fractionation in Northern Japan
Authors: Brahm R , Zellmer G F , Kuritani T , Sakamoto N , Yurimoto H , Nakagawa M , Sato E
Published: March 2022

Magma differentiation in arc settings has usually been attributed to an interplay of processes (fractional crystallization, assimilation, and magma mixing). Homogeneous fractional crystallization has been widely used to model the magmatic evolution of volcanic systems in arc settings due to its simplicity, even though boundary layer fractionation (BLF) has been proposed as a preponderant process of differentiation in hydrous magmatic systems. Both models produce distinct compositional paths and the application of the wrong model yields erroneous estimates of parameters like pressure–temperature-H2O conditions and primary melt compositions. Melt inclusion (MI) populations corrected for post-entrapment processes have the potential to help discriminate between these two types of fractional crystallization, as their compositions are not affected by crystal accumulation and should capture the magmatic evolution as crystallization occurs. In this study, olivine-hosted MIs are used to assess the differentiation trends of basic arc magmas in northern Japan. Differentiation trends from five arc volcanic systems in northern Japan show that BLF is ubiquitous. Homogeneous fractionation models are unable to explain the liquid lines of descent of minor elements, like TiO2 and P2O5. To reproduce these differentiation trends, the presence of accessory phases like titanomagnetite or apatite are required, which in many cases are not equilibrated by the melt or need to be fractionated in amounts that are incompatible with homogeneous fractionation. The prevalence of BLF in all studied arc magmas of northern Japan indicates that solidification fronts are key environments in the crustal evolution of some hydrous subduction zone magmas.
FvWRKY48 binds to the pectate lyase FvPLA promoter to control fruit softening in Fragaria vesca
Authors: Zhang Wei-Wei , Zhao Shuai-Qi , Gu Si , Cao Xiao-Yan , Zhang Yu , Niu Jun-Fang , Liu Lu , Li An-Ran , Jia Wen-Suo , Qi Bao-Xiu , Xing Yu
Published: March 2022

The regulatory mechanisms that link WRKY gene expression to fruit ripening are largely unknown. Using transgenic approaches, we showed that a WRKY gene from wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca), FvWRKY48, may be involved in fruit softening and ripening. We showed that FvWRKY48 is localized to the nucleus and that degradation of the pectin cell wall polymer homogalacturonan, which is present in the middle lamella and tricellular junction zones of the fruit, was greater in FvWRKY48-OE (overexpressing) fruits than in empty vector (EV)-transformed fruits and less substantial in FvWRKY48-RNAi (RNA interference) fruits. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the expression of pectate lyase A (FvPLA) was significantly downregulated in the FvWRKY48-RNAi receptacle. We determined that FvWRKY48 bound to the FvPLA promoter via a W-box element through yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments, and β-glucosidase activity assays suggested that this binding promotes pectate lyase activity. In addition, softening and pectin degradation were more intense in FvPLA-OE fruit than in EV fruit, and the middle lamella and tricellular junction zones were denser in FvPLA-RNAi fruit than in EV fruit. We speculated that FvWRKY48 maybe increase the expression of FvPLA, resulting in pectin degradation and fruit softening.
Coupling freedom from disease principles and early warning from wastewater surveillance to improve health security
Authors: Larsen David A , Collins Mary B , Du Qian , Hill Dustin , Insaf Tabassum Z , Kilaru Pruthvi , Kmush Brittany L , Middleton Frank , Stamm Abigail , Wilder Maxwell L , Zeng Teng , Green Hyatt
Published: March 2022

Infectious disease surveillance is vitally important to maintaining health security, but these efforts are challenged by the pace at which new pathogens emerge. Wastewater surveillance can rapidly obtain population-level estimates of disease transmission, and we leverage freedom from disease principles to make use of nondetection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater to estimate the probability that a community is free from SARS-CoV-2 transmission. From wastewater surveillance of 24 treatment plants across upstate New York from May through December of 2020, trends in the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater correlate with trends in COVID-19 incidence and test positivity (⍴ > 0.5), with the greatest correlation observed for active cases and a 3-day lead time between wastewater sample date and clinical test date. No COVID-19 cases were reported 35% of the time the week of a nondetection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Compared to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention levels of transmission risk, transmission risk was low (no community spared) 50% of the time following nondetection, and transmission risk was moderate or lower (low community spread) 92% of the time following nondetection. Wastewater surveillance can demonstrate the geographic extent of the transmission of emerging pathogens, confirming that transmission risk is either absent or low and alerting of an increase in transmission. If a statewide wastewater surveillance platform had been in place prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers would have been able to complement the representative nature of wastewater samples to individual testing, likely resulting in more precise public health interventions and policies.
Comparing Likelihood Ratios to Understand Genome-Wide Variation in Phylogenetic Support
Authors: Mount Genevieve G , Brown Jeremy M
Published: March 2022

Genomic data have only sometimes brought resolution to the tree of life. Large phylogenomic studies can reach conflicting conclusions about important relationships, with mutually exclusive hypotheses receiving strong support. Reconciling such differences requires a detailed understanding of how phylogenetic signal varies among data sets. Two complementary strategies for better understanding phylogenomic conflicts are to examine support on a locus-by-locus basis and use support values that capture a larger range of variation in phylogenetic information, such as likelihood ratios. Likelihood ratios can be calculated using either maximum or marginal likelihoods. Despite being conceptually similar, differences in how these ratios are calculated and interpreted have not been closely examined in phylogenomics. Here, we compare the behavior of maximum and marginal likelihood ratios when evaluating alternate resolutions of recalcitrant relationships among major squamate lineages. We find that these ratios are broadly correlated between loci, but the correlation is driven by extreme values. As a consequence, the proportion of loci that support a hypothesis can change depending on which ratio is used and whether smaller values are discarded. In addition, maximum likelihood ratios frequently exhibit identical support for alternate hypotheses, making conflict resolution a challenge. We find surprising support for a sister relationship between snakes and iguanians across four different phylogenomic data sets in contrast to previous empirical studies. [Bayes factors; likelihood ratios; marginal likelihood; maximum likelihood; phylogenomics; squamates.]
Student-Led Initiatives and Advocacy in Academic Medicine: Empowering the Leaders of Tomorrow
Authors: Forrest Lala L. , Geraghty Joseph R.
Published: March 2022

Trainees’ value as effective leaders within academic medicine has been increasingly recognized. From their perspective as adult learners who enter medical education from diverse backgrounds, trainees offer significant value to the teaching, learning, and practice of medicine. As such, trainees have developed and led various successful initiatives throughout academic medicine. In this Invited Commentary, 2 medical students with national leadership roles provide their perspectives on how student-led initiatives and advocacy can help push academic medicine forward. The authors first provide an overview of the success of student-led initiatives throughout medical education as evidenced by the Trainee-Authored Letters to the Editor in this issue, highlighting the unique contributions and perspectives of trainees in the development and implementation of new initiatives or ways of thinking. Although trainees add value to many areas in academic medicine, here the authors highlight 4 current areas that align with Association of American Medical Colleges priorities: (1) public health emergencies including the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) equity, inclusion, and diversity; (3) wellness and resilience amongst trainees and health care providers; and (4) recent changes to the United States Medical Licensing Examination and the transition to residency. By sharing their experiences with student-led initiatives within each of these domains, the authors provide lessons learned and discuss successes and obstacles encountered along the way. Overall, there is a critical need for increased engagement of trainees in medical education. Empowering trainees now ensures the academic medicine leaders of tomorrow are prepared to face the challenges that await them.
Outcomes of Locking Plate Fixation With Spine Cage for Unstable Proximal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients
Authors: Cui Xueliang , Li Yanan , Chen Hui
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To compare the clinical and radiological results of locking plate fixation with and without spine cage for the treatment of unstable proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients.

Design:

Retrospective study.

Setting:

Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:

A total of 62 patients with a mean age of 72.68 (60–88) years were included. Thirty-nine patients were treated with only a locking compression plate (LCP group), whereas 23 patients were treated with a locking compression plate and a spine cage (SC group). The mean follow-up was 32.26 (24–46) months.

Main outcome measures:

Radiological outcomes were assessed using the humeral head height and neck–shaft angle. The clinical results were evaluated using a visual analog scale for pain, the Constant–Murley score, the American Shoulder and Elbow score, and shoulder range of motion.

Results:

The average radiological changes in the humeral head height and neck–shaft angle were significantly higher in the LCP group than in the SC group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The final outcome scores were lower in the LCP group than in the SC group (Constant–Murley score of 73.26 vs. 78.91 [P = 0.028] and American Shoulder and Elbow score of 72.36 vs. 78.57 [P = 0.011]). The SC group showed better forward elevation (P = 0.005) and abduction (P = 0.001); however, no significant differences were observed for shoulder external or internal rotation. The number of complications was higher in the LCP group (38.5%) than in the SC group (13.0%) (P = 0.033).

Conclusions:

For unstable proximal humeral fractures with medial comminution in elderly patients, locking plate with an SC is a reasonable option to ensure satisfactory results and lower the postoperative complications.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Statistical Literacy in the Orthopaedic Trauma Population
Authors: Carlile Catherine R. , Rees Andrew , Boyce Robert H. , Mitchell Phillip M.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To evaluate the baseline level and demographic predictors of statistical literacy in orthopaedic patients who sustained traumatic injuries.

Design:

Prospective observational.

Setting:

Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:

One hundred ninety-eight patients presenting to the orthopaedic trauma clinic.

Intervention:

Berlin Numeracy Test (BNT) and General Health Numeracy Test-6 (GHNT-6).

Results:

When assessed using the BNT, 67% of patients had results that placed them into the lowest quartile of objective numeracy skills. Only 3.5% of patients had results that scored in the top quartile. Our multivariate ordinal regression model demonstrated lower education level (P = 0.01), and older age (P = 0.03) were significant predictors of poor performance on the BNT. The mean score on the GHNT-6 was 36% (SD 30%).

Conclusions:

In a cohort of traumatically injured patients, poor statistical literacy was common, occurring in more than two-thirds of patient surveyed. Older age and lower levels of education were predictive of poor BNT performance and should be considered when discussing surgical options, associated risks, and likelihood of potential complications.
Nurses' Acceptance of and Satisfaction With the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Electronic Information System in Emergency Departments and Critical Care Units
Authors: Chang Hui-Ying , Lai Pei-Fang , Jiang Jiin-Ling
Published: March 2022

Emergency and critical care nurses perform an important role in documenting the resuscitation process. However, paper-based recording is labor intensive and complex and may result in incorrect recording of important parameters, which suggests the need for an appropriate electronic information system for emergency care. This cross-sectional descriptive study explores emergency and critical care nurses' acceptance of, and satisfaction with, the newly developed advanced cardiac life support electronic information system and examines whether paper-based recording and electronic recording approaches differ in the completeness of resuscitation records. Data were collected through a self-designed structured questionnaire and a retrospective review of medical records. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent sample t test, and one-way analysis of variance. The results indicated that novice nurses were more satisfied with the electronic information system than others. Emergency care nurses were significantly more satisfied than medical and surgical ICU nurses. The electronic information system improved the completeness of resuscitation recording by 23.5%, compared with the paper-based recording approach. Emergency and critical care nurses have a moderate to high degree of acceptance of, and satisfaction with, electronic information systems.
Therapeutic developments in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
Authors: Shi Yiwen , Fan Jiangao
Published: March 2022

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide, bringing risk of multiorgan disfunctions including cardiovascular events, complications of cirrhosis, and even malignance. In terms of health burden management, screening patients with high risk of MAFLD and providing individual comprehensive treatment is critical. Although there are numerous agents entering clinical trials for MAFLD treatment every year, there is still no effective approved drug. The nomenclature of MAFLD highlighted the concomitant metabolic disorders and obesity. MAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes had higher risk of developing liver cirrhosis and cancer, and would benefit from anti-hyperglycemic agents; overweight and obese patients may benefit more from weight loss therapies; for patients with metabolic syndrome, individual comprehensive management is needed to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. In this review, we introduced the current status and advances of the treatment of MAFLD based on weight loss, improving insulin resistance, and management of cardiometabolic disorders, in order to provide individualized therapy approaches for patients with MAFLD.
Acquired Reactive Perforating Collagenosis Occurring in Association With Nonred Ink Tattoo
Authors: Grube Vanden L. , Safeer Laraib Z. , Hafeez Farhaan
Published: March 2022

Perforating dermatosis is a group of skin conditions in which there is transdermal elimination of collagen, elastic fibers, or other dermal connective tissue. Perforating dermatosis can be genetic or acquired, known as acquired perforating dermatosis (APD). When collagen is the primary extruded material in acquired cases, the disease is designated as acquired reactive perforating collagenosis (RPC). We report a case of acquired RPC occurring in a new tattoo. One week after having a new tattoo placed on the left forearm, a 38-year-old gentleman presented to the emergency room with pruritic, crusted plaques and erosions in the regions of red and green inks of the tattoo. Histopathologic examination of the biopsy revealed an ulceration with transepidermal elimination of collagen bundles accompanied by basophilic debris, scattered dermal tattoo pigment, and a superficial to deep perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with scattered neutrophils and eosinophils. There have been 2 reported cases of tattoo-associated RPC, both in association with red tattoo ink. This present case is the first reported APD to occur in association with nonred tattoo ink. This case reaffirms the conclusions of others in recognizing APD as a potential tattoo-associated complication.
Hydrogen Sulfide Diminishes Activation of Adventitial Fibroblasts Through the Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fission
Authors: Lu Zhao-Yang , Guo Chun-Ling , Yang Bin , Yao Yao , Yang Zhuo-Jing , Gong Yu-Xin , Yang Jing-Yao , Dong Wen-Yuan , Yang Jun , Yang Hai-Bing , Liu Hui-Min , Li Bao
Published: March 2022

Activation of adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) on vascular injury contributes to vascular remodeling. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signal molecule, modulates various cardiovascular functions. The aim of this study was to explore whether exogenous H2S ameliorates transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)–induced activation of AFs and, if so, to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Immunofluorescent staining and western blot were used to determine the expression of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin. The proliferation and migration of AFs were performed by using cell counting Kit-8 and transwell assay, respectively. The mitochondrial morphology was assessed by using MitoTracker Red staining. The activation of signaling pathway was evaluated by western blot. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by MitoSOX and JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide) staining. Our study demonstrated exogenous H2S treatment dramatically suppressed TGF-β1–induced AF proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transition by blockage of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)–mediated mitochondrial fission and regulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, exogenous H2S reversed TGF-β1–induced mitochondrial fission and AF activation by modulating Rho-associated protein kinase 1–dependent phosphorylation of Drp1. In conclusion, our results suggested that exogenous H2S attenuates TGF-β1–induced AF activation through suppression of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in a Rho-associated protein kinase 1–dependent fashion.
Repeatability of Corneal Hysteresis Measurements in Glaucoma Patients During Routine Follow Up and After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Zehavi-Dorin Tzukit , Kutzscher Anne E. , Badr Mai , Mora Marta , Shyu Yennie , Porco Travis C. , Stamper Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Précis:

Corneal hysteresis (CH) measurements are relatively stable during routine follow up of glaucoma patients over an intermediate time frame. Cataract surgery does not change the CH significantly after an average follow up of 6 months.

Purpose:

The aim was to assess the repeatability of CH measurements in glaucoma patients over time, during routine follow up and after cataract surgery.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective analysis of patients records in a glaucoma clinic where routine measurements by the Ocular Response Analyzer were done. Patients with at least 2 CH measurements were included. Repeatability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results:

A total of 164 eyes (87 patients) were included. Twenty-eight of them had measurements before and after cataract surgery with mean follow up time of 29.64±9.63 weeks. There was no evidence for a difference in CH between the before and after cataract surgery measurements (ICC=0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.89). In the remaining 136 eyes, without any surgical treatment between measurements, there was moderate agreement among the repeated CH measurements (ICC=0.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.82) with mean time of 32.06±25.32 weeks between first and last measurement.

Conclusion:

CH measurements in glaucoma patients were repeatable over a 6-month period during routine follow up or following cataract surgery. These findings suggest that the intraocular pressure reduction following cataract surgery is unlikely to be because of a change in this biomechanical property.
The Relationship Between eHealth Literacy and Self-Efficacy Levels in Midwifery Students Receiving Distance Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: SÖGÜT Seda , CANGÖL Eda , DOLU İlknur
Published: March 2022

Background

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic period, most university courses in Turkey have been taught via distance education. Beyond knowledge of digital technologies, self-efficacy is known to affect the learning motivation and learning goals of students.

Purpose

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between eHealth literacy and self-efficacy levels in midwifery students receiving distance education during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The research data were collected using a literature-based questionnaire developed by the researchers, the eHealth Literacy Scale for Adolescents, and the Online Technologies Self-Efficacy Scale. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0, with values of p < .05 considered to be significant.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic on a sample of 578 female midwifery students. Snowball sampling method was used for data collection using an online questionnaire.

Results

On the basis of the results, eHealth literacy and self-efficacy levels were relatively low in students who were 20 years old or below, who were in their first year, who were from low-income families, who spent less than an hour a day on the Internet, who had a low level of satisfaction with distance education, and who wanted to continue taking theoretical courses via distance education. In addition, self-efficacy related to online technologies was shown to be relatively low in students who found Internet services to be expensive, who had Internet connection problems, and who preferred asynchronous courses. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between eHealth literacy and self-efficacy levels for online education.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice

In the context of distance education, integrating the teaching/promotion of self-efficacy with regard to eHealth literacy and online technologies into midwifery education curriculum should better enable midwives to increase the quality of healthcare they provide and improve patient safety.
Concussions and Injuries in Sledge Hockey: Grassroots to Elite Participation
Authors: Sobry Alexandra J. , Kolstad Ash T. , Janzen Leticia , Black Amanda M. , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To examine injury (including concussion) rates, location, type, mechanisms, and risk factors in sledge hockey players.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Sledge hockey players, worldwide, across all levels of play.

Participants:

Sledge hockey players (ages ≥14 years) who played in the 2019 to 2020 season were recruited through email, social media, and word of mouth communication.

Assessment of Risk Factors:

Participant characteristics (eg, age, sex, disability) were examined as potential injury risk factors.

Main Outcome Measures:

Injury rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) examining potential risk factors were reported based on univariate Poisson regression analyses. Injury proportions by type, location, and mechanism were described.

Results:

Ninety-two players initiated the survey, and 77 (83.7%) provided some injury information. Forty-seven injuries included 16 concussions in 9 of 77 players (11.7%) and 31 non-concussion injuries in 20 of 77 players (26.0%) were reported. The overall IR was 13.2 injuries/1000 athlete-exposures [95% confidence interval (CI); 9.6-17.6]. The game IR (28.4 injuries/1000 game-exposures, 95% CI; 18.6-41.7) was higher than practice IR (4.4 injuries/1000 practice-exposures, 95% CI; 2.2-7.9) (IRR = 6.5, 95% CI; 3.1-14.5). The most common injury locations were the head (34.0%), wrist/hand (14.8%), and shoulder (10.6%). The most common significant injury types were concussion (36.2%) and bone fracture (8.5%). Body checking was the primary mechanism for injuries caused by contact with another player (42.1%) Age, sex, disability, and level of play were not found as injury risk factors.

Conclusions:

Concussions and upper extremity injuries were the most common sledge hockey injuries reported, with body checking being the most common mechanism. This research will inform development of prevention strategies in sledge hockey.
Guideline for Children With Cancer Receiving General Anesthesia for Procedures and Imaging
Authors: Devine Kaitlin J. , Diorio Caroline , Richman Sarah A. , Henderson Alicia A. , Oranges Katelyn , Armideo Erin , Kolb Michelle S. , Freedman Jason L. , Aplenc Richard , Fisher Michael J. , Minturn Jane E. , Olson Timothy , Bagatell Rochelle , Barakat Lamia , Croy Colleen , Mauro Jane , Vitlip Lisa , Acord Michael R. , Mattei Peter , Johnson Victoria K. , Devine Conor M. , Pasquariello Caroline , Reilly Anne F.
Published: March 2022

Children with cancer and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation frequently require anesthesia for imaging as well as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures from diagnosis through follow-up. Due to their underlying disease and side effects of chemotherapy and radiation, they are at risk for complications during this time, yet no published guideline exists for preanesthesia preparation. A comprehensive literature review served as the basis for discussions among our multidisciplinary panel of oncologists, anesthesiologists, nurse practitioners, clinical pharmacists, pediatric psychologists, surgeons and child life specialists at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Due to limited literature available, this panel created an expert consensus guideline addressing anesthesia preparation for this population.
A Case of Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome Without the Characteristic Physical Features That Was Diagnosed After the Development of a Fifth Cancer
Authors: Katayama Daisuke , Inoue Akiko , Kayatani Rishu , Urabe Keisuke , Suzuki Ryo , Takitani Kimitaka , Yoshida Masanori , Kato Motohiro , Ashida Akira
Published: March 2022

We present a case of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) in a patient who developed medulloblastoma, osteosarcoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, basal cell carcinoma, and odontogenic keratocyst by the age of 19 years. He had no known family history and no characteristic physical features of GGS. A frameshift mutation in the PTCH1 gene was found in the oral mucosa as a low-frequency mosaicism, basal cell carcinoma, and normal skin by whole exome sequencing of cancer susceptibility genes. Setting a therapeutic strategy with regard to second cancer development is important for pediatric cancer patients who have a background of cancer predisposition. Advances in comprehensive multigenetic analysis are anticipated to aid in developing such a strategy.
Intracranial Bleeding as a Major Problem Among Neonates With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation After the Introduction of Recombinant Thrombomodulin
Authors: Taguchi Yosuke , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Nagano Nobuhiko , Fuwa Kazumasa , Morioka Ichiro
Published: March 2022

A standard treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation in neonates has not yet been established. We analyzed the outcomes of 23 neonates who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation due to infection or asphyxia between 2004 and 2017. The overall survival rate was 95.7% on day 28 after anticoagulant therapy. In contrast, the bleeding-free survival rate was 69.6% (95% confidence interval, 53.1%-91.2%). Of the 6 neonates with intracranial bleeding, 2 developed neurological sequelae. The current study showed that intracranial bleeding remained a major problem in the early 2000s, despite the introduction of a new anticoagulant drug, recombinant thrombomodulin, at our institution since 2009.
Solitary Lymph Node Metastasis From a Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Thoracic Vertebra Revealed on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Xiao Liu , Li Yuhao , Li Lin
Published: March 2022

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) of bone are rare. It is mainly located in the appendicular skeleton. The lung is the most common site of metastasis. Solitary lymph node metastasis is very rare. Herein, we report the imaging findings of MPNST in the first thoracic vertebra with lymph node metastasis in the left axillary region. On FDG PET/CT, these lesions had intense FDG uptake. This case highlights that solitary lytic thoracic vertebral lesion with intense FDG accumulation should regard MPNST as a differential diagnosis and that FDG PET/CT has an important role in the initial staging of MPNST.
The American College of Gastroenterology's 2021 Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines
Authors: Morrow Linda , Greenwald Beverly
Published: March 2022

Colorectal cancer ranks third for both men and women as the most common cause of cancer death in the United States. Screening allows for removal of polyps before they turn to cancer or by identifying early-stage colorectal cancers, which are most treatable. The American College of Gastroenterology recently released an update of their 2009 recommendations, which includes average risk individuals between ages 45 and 49 years due to the increased incidence of early-onset colorectal cancers. They consider screening two types of screening options: (1) one-step colonoscopy, which is both diagnostic and therapeutic and (2) two-step options, all of which require a follow-up colonoscopy when the first step is positive. They added the recommendation of daily aspirin for some people aged 50 to 69 years. However, the recommendations for screening remain the same when people do take aspirin. They recommend endoscopists measure cecal intubation rates, adenoma detection rates, and withdrawal times to reduce postcolonoscopy cancers due to missed lesions. They also propose strategies to promote screening adherence and suggest health systems adopt them. These are important updates of which the gastroenterology nurse should be aware and assist with their implementation.
Candidate Biomarkers for Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Odum James D. , Standage Steve , Alder Matthew , Zingarelli Basilia , Devarajan Prasad , Wong Hector R.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a frequent complication of sepsis, yet the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SA-AKI are incompletely understood. PERSEVERE is a clinically validated serum biomarker panel with high sensitivity in predicting mortality from sepsis, and recent evidence suggests it can also predict severe, persistent SA-AKI at day 3 of hospitalization among septic children. We developed a murine model of PERSEVERE (mPERSEVERE) to further interrogate the sepsis-related biological underpinnings of SA-AKI using candidate biomarkers within mPERSEVERE.

Methods:

Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice underwent induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). mPERSEVERE biomarkers were collected at 8-hours and kidneys were harvested at 24-hours post-CLP Classification and regression tree analysis (CART) was used to generate a SA-AKI predictive model. Kidney gene expression levels of candidate biomarkers were quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

Thirty- five mice underwent CLP Among mice identified by mPERSEVERE as high-risk for mortality, 70% developed SA-AKI at 24-hours compared to 22% of low-risk mice. CART analysis identified two mPERSEVERE biomarkers—C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)—as most predictive for SA-AKI with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.90. In mice that developed SA-AKI, renal expression of KC was significantly increased compared to mice without SA-AKI (p 
= 0.013), whereas no difference was seen in renal expression of CCL3 in mice with SA-AKI vs. no SA-AKI. KC and CCL3 localized to renal tubule epithelial cells as opposed to infiltrating immune cells by immunohistochemistry.

Conclusions:

The combination of plasma CCL3+KC can predict SA-AKI development in mice at 24-hours following CLP Of these two biomarkers, only renal expression of KC is increased in mice with SA-AKI. Further studies are required to determine if KC directly contributes to the underlying pathobiology of SA-AKI.
Targeted Regional Optimization in Action: Dose-dependent End-organ Ischemic Injury with Partial Aortic Occlusion in the Setting of Ongoing Liver Hemorrhage
Authors: Ronaldi Alley E. , Lauria Alexis L. , Paterson Jeanette E. , Kersey Alexander J. , Leung Lai Yee , Burmeister David M. , Baer David G. , White Paul W. , Rasmussen Todd E. , White Joseph M.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Targeted regional optimization (TRO) describes partial resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta strategy that allows for controlled distal perfusion to balance hemostasis and tissue perfusion. This study characterized hemodynamics at specific targeted distal flow rates in a swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage to determine if precise TRO by volume was possible.

Methods:

Anesthetized swine were subjected to liver laceration and randomized into TRO at distal flows of 300 mL/min (n = 8), 500 mL/min (n = 8), or 700 mL/min (n = 8). After 90 min, the animals received damage control packing and were monitored for 6 h. Hemodynamic parameters were measured continuously, and hematology and serologic labs obtained at predetermined intervals.

Results:

During TRO, the average percent deviation from the targeted flow was lower than 15.9% for all cohorts. Average renal flow rates were significantly different across all cohorts during TRO phase (P < 0.0001; TRO300 = 63.1 ± 1.2; TRO500 = 133.70 ± 1.93; TRO700 = 109.3 ± 2.0), with the TRO700 cohort having less renal flow than TRO500. The TRO500 and TRO700 average renal flow rates inverted during the intensive care unit phase (P < 0.0001; TRO300 = 86.20 ± 0.40; TRO500 = 148.50 ± 1.45; TRO700 = 181.1 ± 0.70). There was higher blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium in the TRO300 cohort at the end of the experiment, but no difference in lactate or pH between cohorts.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated technical feasibility of TRO as a strategy to improve outcomes after prolonged periods of aortic occlusion and resuscitation in the setting of ongoing solid organ hemorrhage. A dose-dependent ischemic end-organ injury occurs beginning with partial aortic occlusion that progresses through the critical care phase, with exaggerated effect on renal function.