bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opera After the Zero Hour
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

Opera after the Zero Hour argues that newly composed opera in West Germany after World War II was a site for the renegotiation of musical traditions during an era in which tradition had become politically fraught. The idea of the “Zero Hour,” which put a rhetorical caesura between National Socialism and postwar occupied and divided Germany, was belied by significant continuities with earlier periods and by repeated efforts at conservative restoration. Opera’s social, aesthetic, and political value systems made it an essential piece of this cultural ethos. Its conservatism was creative and multifaceted, and composers who wrote new operas developed a range of strategies to make opera modern while still drawing on the conventions of the genre. Different historical reference points and approaches to operatic tradition are exemplified through five case studies of works premiered in the first two postwar decades on the stages of West Germany. For these operas, this book presents source studies, close reading, and reviews as constellations to illuminate the politicized artistic environment that influenced both their creation and their reception. The argument also draws on historical information and the archives of German opera houses to contextualize new opera within institutions. Works written for postwar West German opera companies could be nuanced in their conception of and relationship to historic and modern ideas of what opera should be, and the reception of these works reveals tensions between particular interpretations of tradition, operaticism, and the future of opera.
Placement and Displacement
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the historical and institutional basis for the West German renewal of opera in the postwar period. The chapter presents narratives of individuals involved in the creation of opera to contextualize opera’s restoration after 1945. Significant personnel continuity in the operatic ecosystem before, during, and after the Third Reich meant that the postwar opera industry was populated by men and women whose recent experiences included National Socialist ideology, military service, Allied bombing, the loss of family members, displacement, hunger, forced labor, imprisonment, and denazification. The chapter also sketches the institutional basis of contemporary opera, discussing seven opera companies and surveying the position of new and recent works within the postwar repertoire. From this survey, we see how the production of new operas enhanced companies’ prestige and was motivated by a perceived duty to promote modern composers, to challenge audiences, and to advance opera as a living art form.
Italy, Atonally
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

In König Hirsch, Henze imagined operatic tradition primarily as an Italian inheritance consisting of vocal beauty, formal artificiality, and emotional expression. König Hirsch mediated Henze’s experiences living and listening in Italy through the musical modernism in which he had been trained immediately following the war. Tributes to conventional operaticism included stylized incantations, moments of hysterical coloratura, a villainous Credo, and several instances of folk-music pastiche. A close reading of Henze’s characterization of the musician figure Checco, who expresses himself partly through diegetic “Neapolitan” song, shows the collision between Henze’s modernism and his newfound italianità. The opera’s arias later became emblems of the opera’s expressive excesses; the conductor of the premiere, Hermann Scherchen, subjected them to severe cuts, setting off a fight over the artistic status of traditions of vocalism and emotion that ensured Henze’s definitive break with the avant-garde.
The Opera Underneath
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

Orff’s Oedipus der Tyrann recapitulated two cultural traditions simultaneously: first, the drive for opera to return to the imagined purity of ancient tragedy, and second, a German obsession with the Greeks. Setting Friedrich Hölderlin’s translation of Sophocles word for word in a declamatory vocal style with minimal, percussive accompaniment, Oedipus der Tyrann was estranged from opera and ascetic to the extent that some critics heard it as “an opera without music.” Orff eschewed intuition and operaticism, believing that a stripped-down approach would give him access to the universality of experience the classics had often represented for German culture. But the Germans’ Greeks were less apolitical and universal than Orff wanted to believe, and Orff inherited not only the elemental strengths of the “Greeks” but also the baggage of previous German appropriations of antiquity, from idealist philhellenism to the more recent nationalist reception of Greek culture during the Third Reich.
Epilogue
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

The Epilogue cites the famous 1967 interview with Pierre Boulez in Der Spiegel, notoriously titled “Blow up the Opera Houses,” to understand the fraught status of modern opera from the postwar period up to the present day. A conflict between the principles of modernism and the canonical idea of opera persists even as more recent composers have found increasingly innovative forms for contemporary opera to take. If musicologists want to fully account for opera’s significance as a public and civic art form, opera history must incorporate not only radical advancements in the genre but also its more moderate and conservative manifestations.
Cabinets, Ministers, and Gender
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan
Published: September 2019

Cabinets, Ministers, and Gender explores why men have been more likely than women to be appointed to cabinet, why gendered patterns of appointment vary cross-nationally, and why, over time, women’s inclusion in cabinets has grown significantly. The book is innovative in conceiving of cabinet formation as a gendered process governed by rules that empower and constrain presidents and prime ministers as selectors of cabinet ministers, and rules that prescribe, prohibit, and permit a range of criteria (experiential, affiliational, and representational) that qualify individuals for inclusion in cabinet. Focusing on seven country cases (Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States) using three data sets—elite interviews, media data, and autobiographies—the book reveals the complex sets of rules governing cabinet formation in each country and demonstrates their gendered effects. The book shows how different types of rules empower and constrain selectors, and how these rules interact to create different opportunities and obstacles for women’s cabinet inclusion. The findings demonstrate how institutional change emerges from a complex iterative process through which political actors interpret and exploit ambiguity in rules to deviate from past practices of appointing mostly male cabinets. These selectors help to develop new rules about women’s inclusion, which constrain future leaders in assembling their cabinet. The authors coin the term “concrete floor” to capture the process by which minimum levels for women’s cabinet inclusion are established and become locked in over time, explaining how competing rules for cabinet appointments, changing norms, and women’s mobilization in political parties shape outcomes.
Article 103 of the UN Charter and Security Council Authorizations
Authors: Kolb Robert
Published: September 2019

This article reviews various arguments relatively to the question whether the priority of obligations under the UN Charter as provided for in Article 103 of that instrument can be extended to action undertaken on the basis of Security Council authorizations according to Chapter VII of the Charter. The conclusion is that Article 103 can be applied to some conflicts between an action authorized by the Security Council and obligations under other treaties, in the perspective of a teleological, evolutionary and practice-oriented interpretation, which does not stop at the text of Article 103.
Age of Iron
Authors: Dueck Colin
Published: September 2019

Age of Iron attempts to describe the past, present, and possible future of conservative nationalism in American foreign policy. It argues that a kind of conservative US nationalism long predates the Trump presidency, and goes back to the American founding. Different aspects of conservative American nationalism have been incorporated into the Republican Party from its creation. Every Republican president since Theodore Roosevelt has tried to balance elements of this tradition with global US foreign policy priorities. Donald Trump was able to win his party’s nomination and rise to the presidency in part by challenging liberal internationalist assumptions. Yet in practice, he too has combined nationalist assumptions with global US foreign policy priorities. The long-term trend within the Republican party, predating Trump, is toward political populism, cultural conservatism, and white working-class voters—and this has international implications. Republican foreign policy nationalism is not about to disappear. The book concludes with recommendations for US foreign policy, based upon an understanding that the optimism of the post–Cold War quarter-century is over.
A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

As Constantine’s interests shifted eastward following his defeat of Licinius in 324 CE, he invested heavily in two cities. On the one hand, Constantinople, ancient Byzantion, was a city without a significant history that needed to resonate as the capital of an empire. Jerusalem, on the other hand, was a city with too much history, but without a visible Christian presence. Both cities were desperately in need of makeovers to situate them politically, religiously, and ideologically at the heart of Constantine’s evolving concept of empire.
Secular Architecture
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

The two centuries following Constantine’s foundation saw the expansion of Constantinople, with palaces, fora, harbors, aqueducts, cisterns, and an impressive system of fortifications. Justinian’s new foundation of Caričin Grad (Iustiniana Prima) gives some sense of the continuity of Late Antique urban planning principles; Resafa (Sergiopolis) was provided with a new set of fortifications and ceremonial spaces; Ephesus demonstrates the urban continuity of long-established cities. Housing types and fortifications follow long-established practices.
The Basilica Transformed
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

A unique achievement in the history of architecture and the major monument of Byzantine architecture requires detailed analysis to understand its historical context, planning principles, structural systems, aesthetics, and symbolism. The Great Church was designed quickly—as some unresolved design features and structural flaws reveal—but it was intended to be unique in form and scale, meant to symbolize the dominion of the emperor Justinian, as his army reconquered lost territories in the East and West and in North Africa.
Constantinople as an Architectural Center
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

As Constantinople emerged from the Transitional Period, it continued to be a major center for architectural developments, although it stood as the capital of a changed empire. From a purely practical perspective, it was perhaps the only urban center with the scale, income, and patronage to maintain architectural workshops as a fixed part of the workforce. Constantinople also benefitted from architectural developments in its hinterland, notably the monastic centers in Bithynia. As the major entrepôt of the era, Constantinople and its architecture must be understood from an international perspective of import and export, its workshops adopting, adapting, developing, and disseminating architectural forms from across the empire.
The Difficult Thirteenth Century
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

A map of the thirteenth-century Mediterranean is almost impossible to draw, with an ever-shifting balance of power and an increasing number of players, as well as cultural interchanges across often hostile frontiers, and this may be reflected in the complexities in the architecture, with new forms developed from heterogeneous sources and cultural interchange between Byzantines, Crusaders, Seljuks, and Armenians. Complexity was not simply the result of cultural interchange or hybridity; rather, it seems to have been an aesthetic choice—one that resonated locally. While betraying larger concerns and associations of the period, the distinctive architectural forms had a special meaning to a regional audience.
Plato on Laughter and Moral Harm
Authors: Trivigno Franco V.
Published: September 2019

Despite the prevalence of laughter in the dialogues, Plato’s explicit theorizing about laughter is mainly critical. This chapter examines exactly Plato’s views on the moral harmfulness of laughter, as expressed in his three distinct analyses: in Republic 3, Socrates argues that powerful laughter provokes a powerful change in character; in Republic 10, Socrates charges that comedy tempts even decent people to laugh at inappropriate jokes, thus strengthening the lower part of one’s soul; and in the Philebus, Socrates gives a definition of “the ridiculous” in terms of self-ignorance, and he provides an analysis of “derisive laughter,” on which it indulges an unjust emotion, phthonos (“envy” or “malice”). The chapter argues that these criticisms are mutually supporting and aimed at specific kinds of laughter, and then, turning to the Laws, provides an analysis of ethically appropriate laughter and lays out the educational benefits of comedy.
Humor as Philosophical Subversion
Authors: Bett Richard
Published: September 2019

Positive philosophical projects and humor do not generally go together. When humor is used, it is often to draw attention to where one might go wrong: someone or something is made fun of. This point is first illustrated with cases in Aristotle. But if this is a major function of humor in philosophy, it offers special opportunities to those whose entire approach to philosophy is critical rather than constructive—those who are suspicious of the whole project of philosophy. This chapter examines a number of instances of this subversive form of humor in philosophy. For the reason just stated, it concentrates on the ancient Greek skeptics, both Academic and Pyrrhonian, with a particular focus on Sextus Empiricus, the only Greek skeptic of whom we have complete works. But Stoics and Epicureans (and, in passing, Plato) also receive some attention, and there are occasional comparisons with examples in more recent philosophy (Nietzsche and Gettier).
Clues to Human Creativity
Authors: Stagg Charlotte , Wiggins Geraint A.
Published: September 2019

Creativity is one of the defining features of humanity. However, the mechanisms involved in the generation of novel and interesting ideas are not, at least from this perspective, extensively studied. Creativity as a property is easily (if subjectively) identified but notoriously hard to do define. One aspect on which most definitions agree is the necessity for domain knowledge: to be significantly creative in an area of endeavor, one needs knowledge of that area. Such a need entails the involvement of human memory and learning as a precursor to creative activity. In this chapter, the authors discuss the relationship between memory and creativity, looking at the potential for mathematical models and empirical study to elucidate the connections between them.
Creativity of the Dream and Sleep State
Authors: Stickgold Robert
Published: September 2019

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep that evolved in part to provide a privileged time in each day when the brain is disconnected from sensory input and freed of intentional, directed thought. The neurochemistry and neurophysiology of the brain during REM sleep is optimized for the exploration of normally ignored connections and associations within the brain’s vast repertoire of stored information. This includes changes in the activity of dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and medial orbital frontal cortices and the hippocampus, and reductions in norepinephrine and increases in acetylcholine in the cortex. This exploration of normally weak associations is critical to the creative process, and REM sleep can thus be considered a period of unbridled creativity. Much of this creative process is reflected in the content of dreams. Even without waking dream recall, changes within associative networks produced by the brain mechanisms of dream construction can leave these brain networks—and the individual—primed for reactivation at a later time, leading to the “discovery” of creative insights. Some, but not all, of these brain changes are also seen during periods of quiet rest with activation of the default mode network (DMN). When active, this network can likewise provide a state of enhanced creativity. Nevertheless, REM sleep and dreaming provide a protected two hours every day when creative processes run at full speed.
Using Neuroscience to Image the Creative Brain
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C.
Published: September 2019

The nature and sources of creativity have intrigued people for many years. During the early phases of this effort, people relied on anecdotal or historical accounts, but in the twentieth century the emphasis shifted to empirical studies. Assuming that high intelligence (“genius”) was associated with creativity, investigators relied on IQ tests to select subjects for study. In the mid-twentieth century the emphasis shifted to custom-designed tests that assessed more specific components of creative thinking. With the development of neuroscientific methods and neuroimaging, the emphasis has shifted to include methods that directly measure brain activity, based on the assumption that creative ideas are the product of brain activity.
Emotional Foundations of Creativity
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: September 2019

Emotion in the brain generated by subcortical brain circuits provides the foundation for creativity. Creativity is ultimately a higher brain process that is grounded in a variety of primal affective states of mind, mainly of the emotional variety. Of these emotional systems, the brain’s SEEKING system, arises from the medial forebrain bundle, which connects many regions of the lower brainstem and midbrain to the many higher regions of the brain, with especially rich innervation of the medial frontal cortex. This system, often known for prompting curiosity and exploration and giving rewards, is probably the most important brain engine for creativity. Animals share this core, primary emotional system with humans, despite the evolution of massive neocortices that are distinct for human creativity. But there are no intrinsic urges for creativity in the cortex itself. From an affective neuroscience perspective, the study of the emotional system in animal models can significantly serve for understanding the motivational sources of creativity in humans.
An Interview with Richard Powers
Authors: Nalbantian Suzanne
Published: September 2019

Richard Powers gives an exclusive interview about his creative process in novel-writing, drawn from the experience of writing twelve novels to date. Powers brings neuroscience and technology into his fiction writing for the twenty-first century. This is especially seen in his novel The Echo Maker, which shows how fiction can represent different aspects of human consciousness. Power’s artistic process is capsulated in a metaphor of “lock and key.” The “triggering stimulus” is the key to the endless possibility of insight. That trigger is less important than the techniques to keep the creative process unfolding—in the case of the novel, chapter by chapter, sentence by sentence, word to word. Along with the initial idea of inspiration, there is the repeated course of corrections along the way, which are “micro” inspirations. A flow state is needed that retains looseness in the progress of creativity. Thoughts and emotions are woven together, as Antonio Damasio has explained, in creativity, and this applies, says Powers, to creative writing. Memory is used in a creative way, reactivated, as shown in novels like Three Farmers, Plowing the Dark, and Galatea 2.2. This interview shows how the overlap between science and art can be demonstrated in the creative process.
Mr. Bernstein Goes to Tokyo
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: September 2019

Leonard Bernstein’s first Japan tour with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 was shaped by the politics of the Cold War. The US government’s interest was manifested in the sponsorship of the tour by the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), while Japan eagerly hosted the tour as part of the commemoration of the five hundredth anniversary of the city of Tokyo. The participation of emerging star Seiji Ozawa as Bernstein’s assistant conductor added special meaning for the Japanese audience. The tour was the much awaited occasion for Kazuko Amano to meet Bernstein in person for the first time.
The Return of Two Maestros
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: September 2019

In 1970, Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic returned to Japan for the second tour, again with Seiji Ozawa. The tour was organized partly in conjunction with the Osaka Expo ’70, symbolizing Japan’s rapid rise as an economic power and the expansion of the classical music fan base in the nation. Seiji Ozawa, now an international maestro in his own right, led the tour along with Bernstein and conducted Toru Takemitsu’s November Steps. During the tour, Kazuko Amano and her family enjoyed their second encounter with Bernstein, but her joyful time was cut short by her domestic obligations.
The Last Japan Tour
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: September 2019

In conjunction with the Pacific Music Festival, Bernstein was also leading the tour of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) and had scheduled performances in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka after leaving Sapporo. After a successful concert at Suntory Hall, however, Bernstein’s health worsened. The decision was made to fly him home immediately, leaving the remaining concerts to Michael Tilson Thomas and Eiji Oue. Hashimoto saw Bernstein off at the airport and, as was instructed by the maestro, looked after the conductors for the remainder of the tour. In early October, Bernstein announced his retirement from conducting, upon which Kazuko Amano sent a message of grave concern. Bernstein passed away on October 14, 1990.
On the Origins of Hezbollah
Authors: Daher Aurélie
Published: September 2019

The groups from which Hezbollah's first members emerged are more varied than is generally asserted. Their interconnecting points and decision centers are embodied in persons other than the actors cited in the official versions. Hezbollah's appearance in the early 1980s was in fact the result of the merging of two militant Islamic networks that had developed in different regions of the country. In Beirut, they were quietist; their effort consisted essentially of setting in motion a religious renewal of society, focused on current events in the Lebanese—but also the national or global—world of the Shiite clerics. In the Bekaa, the action already consisted of mobilization favoring armed resistance, with reliance at all times on Islamic values. It follows that these two types of Shiite Islamic militancy, one cultural, the other inspiring resistance, would react in different ways to the events that shook Lebanon during the transitions of the 1970s and 1980s.
Escalation, Collapse, and Temporary Status Quo
Authors: Daher Aurélie
Published: September 2019

The reverberations from Israeli news in Lebanon after the 2006 war, the repeated violations of Lebanese sovereignty by Tel Aviv's troops, the Israeli threats and psychological warfare, are one series of elements that will positively impact the Shiite mobilization around Hezbollah's cause.
Though the showdown with the government, affairs of March 14th, the battle over the reconstruction, the quarrel over an International Tribunal, the presidential election, the debate over a united government and the dangerous rise of confessionalist, anti-Shiite discourse, Hezbollah's military intervention on Beirut's streets in May 2008 widened the gap between itself and its local adversaries, using them to secure the loyalty of its own followers.
Domestication
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

After surveying early-modern gold extraction and export from the New World, this chapter discusses the contrasts Britons developed between their own and Iberia’s encounters with gold during the three centuries after the Conquest, as well as their relief at never being subjected to the temptation of possessing gold-bearing colonies. Such efforts paralleled the way they thought about the many other commodities they imported from exotic climes. In all these cases, a process of domestication converted a barbaric substance into a signifier of civilization. Throughout the century after 1750, Britons tirelessly debated the boundaries between gold’s productive, unproductive, and corrosive uses, all the while pondering what exactly rendered it so valuable.
Coinages
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

“Coinages” emphasizes the irony that gold coins recurrently needed to be weighed by consumers despite bearing stamps that attested to their legal weight. As guineas (and then sovereigns, from 1817), gold embodied the coin of the realm, and in the process divided society between those who could or could not afford to carry them in their pockets or store them in their bank. Before 1800, employers and landed elites almost exclusively comprised the former class, while the vast majority of the population struggled to find small change; after a twenty-year hiatus in which paper money mostly replaced gold, sovereigns made their debut in 1817, with a wider circulation that reflected rising standards of living. Although gold coins mainly signified economic power, social status sometimes appeared around the edges: for instance, in the survival of guineas after 1820 as the preferred denomination of doctors and lawyers.
Devotion
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

“Devotion” examines British critiques of excessive adornment in non-Protestant churches and temples. Most typically, these accounts interpreted religious ornament as the initial, and hence most infantile, stage in the evolution of gold’s various possible uses. Britons documented instances of gilded idolatry in cathedrals from Mexico City to Moscow—and in all cases, half-excused the plunder of such treasures. They confirmed the backward devotional uses of gold abroad by pointing to their own pre-Reformation past. While recollections of British churches before Henry VIII widened the gap between Catholic and Protestant uses of gold, however, they also betrayed nostalgia for a more glorious era—especially among Anglicans who edged closer to Catholicism in the 1830s and in the profusion of town and county histories that appeared after 1780, many of which lamented the absence of adornment in their (now-Anglican) cathedrals.
Graven Images
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

Issues of status and class appeared with new twists when gold took the form of ancient coins and modern medals. The discovery of buried gold often pitted working-class finders, whose rational response was to melt their finds down for the bullion content, against educated collectors, who were appalled by such disregard for history and aesthetics. Gold medals, for their part, measured merit among the closed ranks of aristocratic politicians, sportsmen, students, and men of science, often in explicit contrast to cash awards doled out to people of less status or means. These graven images conjured nonmonetary (and, consequently, controversial) value by enabling Britons to discover their forebears, broadcast their erudition, or locate themselves in posterity.
Before the Gold Rush
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

“Before the Gold Rush” recounts British efforts to find new sources of gold in order to enable the smooth functioning of the newly restored gold standard after 1820. Their first port of call was Latin America, where mining had declined during Napoleon’s occupation of Iberia; despite substantial investment by British speculators, this sector never regained its prior prominence as a world leader in gold yields. Instead Russia picked up that baton, yielding nearly half of the world’s total output by the early 1840s. Although Britons welcomed the new gold, they did so warily, owing to that country’s status as their leading national rival. Such concerns prompted them to hedge their bets by prospecting for gold (without much success) in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia—parts of the world that were all conveniently in the process of passing under direct British rule.
The Novel in the Era of Plessy
Authors: Holbo Christine
Published: September 2019

The transformation of literary realism in the late nineteenth century took place within the context of a categorical shift in American social epistemologies. The first chapter presents an interdisciplinary, generational portrait of this shift by examining a set of key texts from the years 1896–98 as summaries of the reconstruction of law, literature, and philosophy since the Civil War. Two important works by the James brothers, philosopher William James’s “The Sentiment of Rationality” and Henry James’s What Maisie Knew, demonstrate how the relationship between “sentiment” and “rationality” had been transformed. By attacking the nineteenth century’s trust in the emotions alongside its belief in a transcendent concept of reason, William and Henry James made a case for a new kind of moral imagination grounded in the uncertainty of the emotions and the unknowability of other selves. While the James brothers greeted the collapse of the sentimental paradigm as an emancipatory moment for individuals and for the novel itself, the lawyer and novelist Albion Tourgée saw it as imperiling the ability of Americans to speak, write, or think about freedom. Best known as Homer Plessy’s lawyer in Plessy v. Ferguson, Tourgée was also the most passionate defender of the emancipatory role of the sentimental novel. Exploring Tourgée’s opposition to pluralistic relativism in his brief on behalf of Homer Plessy and his literary analysis of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, this chapter explores the opposition between the Jameses’ celebratory vision of epistemological perspectivalism and Tourgée’s defense of sentimental reason.
Perfect Knowledge
Authors: Holbo Christine
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines Helen Hunt Jackson as an exemplary figure for the Reconstruction generation of American writers. Nurtured on the sympathetic universalism animating the antebellum realism of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Jackson collided with the limits of this model at the moment of its triumph. A successful novelist and poet, Jackson became, in the 1870s, an activist for Native American rights. Working across a variety of genres—travel writing published in prestigious magazines such as The Century, the legal history A Century of Dishonor, and the novel Ramona—Jackson attempted to supplement sentimental modes of universalist appeal with legal arguments appropriate to the United States in the era of the Fourteenth Amendment and picturesque representational strategies appealing to a generation increasingly interested in racial, regional, and gender difference. Tracing out Jackson’s affiliation with a variety of contemporary writers, including Mark Twain, Albion Tourgée, and Henry James, this chapter shows how these writings engaged her in a generational rebellion against the high political moralism of the prewar generation. The “sentimental fools,” “sentimental tourists,” and “mugwump aesthetes” of postbellum literature rejected and transformed the sentimental tradition in ways that prepared the ground for a literary field defined by the paired ideals of autonomous literary experimentalism and authentic, pluralistic cultural expression. This chapter argues that Ramona, in its attempt to compromise between sentimentalism and the new epistemological and aesthetic particularity, must be read as an allegory of public agency in an age of violent territorial expansion and divided fields of discourse.
A Double-Barreled Novel
Authors: Holbo Christine
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, the most celebrated novel of the late nineteenth century, as the most completely realized example of the perspectival realism of the Reconstruction generation. Addressing Twain’s relationship with Howells and considering the way Twain’s absorption of the categories of the “sentimental fool” and the practices of mugwump aestheticism fed into his approach as a novelist, this chapter reads Huckleberry Finn as an allegory of the irreducible complexity of emancipation. This reading overturns traditional readings of the novel that celebrate Huck’s raft as a space of utopian freedom. It also offers an alternative to the dilemmas encountered by readers who have confronted the novel’s minstrelized depiction of the escaped slave Jim. What Twain called his “double-barreled” novel must be read for the way the possibilities of emancipation are hidden in plain sight, obscured by symbols of freedom such as the raft. Written in an age of renewed federalism even as it looks back at the antebellum world, Huckleberry Finn invites the reader to consider the possibility that the multiplicity of jurisdictions and overlapping, nonunified character of the U.S. legal system might represent a route toward emancipation in a world in which, absent a uniform law, no community could represent true justice.
Superpower Symbolic Osama Bin Laden and Millennial Discontent
Authors: Prestholdt Jeremy
Published: September 2019

This chapter charts the uses of Osama bin Laden's image in the first decade of the twenty-first century, a period marked by the 9/11 terrorist attacks, US military interventions, and growing resistance to global inequalities. More than any other iconic figure to emerge in the new millennium, Osama bin Laden provided a symbol for popular frustrations with the neoliberal world order in the global South. In the early 2000s people in multiple world regions used bin Laden iconography to articulate a sense of marginalization and demands for systemic change. However, few of those who wore bin Laden T-shirts subscribed to his beliefs or endorsed his tactics. Many simply perceived bin Laden as a figurative "superpower" that symbolically approximated the United States. To account for this interpretation, this chapter concentrates on the urban environments of coastal Kenya, where some young people represented various grievances through bin Laden iconography. In an effort to explain why they did so, this chapter highlights acute feelings of alienation within religious and ethnic minority communities along Kenya's Indian Ocean coast. It shows how some Kenyans perceived their experiences of marginality as part of a larger system of repression that bin Laden's actions appeared to address..
Rabbit's Blues
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

The book explores the career of Johnny Hodges, at one time one of the most famous saxophone players in the world. He was closely identified with Duke Ellington’s orchestra, playing with that seminal jazz group for nearly four decades, with only a four-year break in the early 1950s, when he led a band of his own. Just a few years after his death, however, he would be largely forgotten and his style considered passé. The book details why Hodges deserves reconsideration: he helped codify the vocabulary and syntax of his instrument in a jazz context, drawing inspiration from Sidney Bechet and Louis Armstrong, but adding stylistic touches of his own and keeping the Ellington band anchored in the African American tradition of the blues. He recorded with the giants of his day—Billie Holiday, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Teddy Wilson, and John Coltrane. With Wild Bill Davis, he invented the organ-sax combo. Hodges was one of Ellington’s leading composing lieutenants, serving as an inexhaustible source of riffs that Ellington frequently fashioned into longer works. He may even have a partial claim to the first rock ‘n’ roll song, as his group’s “Castle Rock” was recorded the same day as the earliest recording date for “Rocket 88.” Johnny Hodges’s story is an atypical jazz history; a taciturn and undemonstrative man who lived a quiet life, never succumbing to drink or drugs, he nonetheless created some of the most romantic music of the twentieth century.
The Brooklyn Steelband Movement
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 chronicles the rise of steelbands on Eastern Parkway and the establishment of WIADCA’s Brooklyn Panorama steelband competition during the 1970s and 1980s. These bands were extensions of Trinidad’s steelband movement that afforded Brooklyn’s migrants, now far from home, the opportunity to re-experience their native culture. The uptick in post-1965 Caribbean migration to Brooklyn led to the influx of skilled steelband players, arrangers, and tuners with years of experience with the Trinidad bands. The transnational flow of steel pan players and musical practices was relatively unidirectional in the early years of Brooklyn Carnival, as Trinidadian musicians, arrangers, and tuners regularly visited Brooklyn and helped shape the emerging steelband scene. New York’s complex multiethnic political landscape served as a backdrop for WIADCA’s struggle to deploy various Carnival expressions, particularly steelband and calypso music, in hopes of uniting Brooklyn’s diverse island populations under a single pan-Caribbean banner, while also encouraging greater social integration of Caribbean culture into mainstream urban society.
J’Ouvert in Brooklyn
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

Chapter 8 describes the emergence of Brooklyn’s J’Ouvert celebration in the 1990s. With its steelband and percussion-only policy, which strictly forbade deejays and amplified bands, J’Ouvert reflected a conscious attempt to preserve and revitalize older Carnival musical practices as forms of cultural heritage in response to their near disappearance from the more commercial Eastern Parkway parade. This chapter will flesh out the emergence of Brooklyn J’Ouvert, focusing on how a group of Trinidadian migrants revived a century-old celebration to create an event that appeared to some to actually be “more authentic” than what was going on back in Trinidad at the time. It is an extraordinary story of cultural revitalization within Brooklyn’s Caribbean community. Brooklyn J’Ouvert was derived from its parent Trinidad celebration, but like many diasporic expressions, it took on a life of its own.
Flow in Rap Music: Sources of Confusion and a Strategy for Clarity
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell
Published: September 2019

Artists, fans, critics, and scholars define “flow” in rap music in a variety of ways. Among the disputes are the proper scope of flow and the musical features that comprise it. This chapter begins by examining several sources of confusion: the many meanings of flow in rap lyrics, the proffered equivalence of flow with the purely musical musical, and the debate as to whether a theory of flow ought to describe or prescribe expressive practice. The chapter then identifies which features constitute flow by examining instances where artists call out flow within their lyrics, specifically when they announce in the midst of a verse that the flow has “flipped” or changed. This result is a definition of flow that arises not from what scholars say flow is, but what artists do when they (flip the) flow.
A Corpus for Rap Music Analysis
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell
Published: September 2019

Over the course of his writing, Leonard B. Meyer distinguished between two kinds of music analysis: style analysis, which identifies the “rules of the game” operating in a collection of music, and critical analysis, which seeks to explain the choices of artists by identifying the range of possibilities they confront at each moment and interpreting the path they take. This chapter prepares for the critical analysis of flow in rap music by constructing a corpus of rap verses, taking care to document and maintain rap’s chronological, geographical, and stylistic diversity. The chapter also describes how primary constituents of flow (text, rhythm, and phrase) are digitally represented in the corpus.
Flow and Free Rhythm in Talib Kweli
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell
Published: September 2019

Throughout his career, Talib Kweli has been called an “off-beat rapper.” Despite that highly derogatory comment, this chapter connects Kweli’s non-alignment with the underlying beat to earlier Afro-diasporic rhythmic practices. Kweli’s voice moves away from the beat through four distinct processes: phase shifting, swinging, tempo shifting, and deceleration. The last of these, while a hallmark of the rhythm of speech, has little relationship to the rhythm of music with a mechanically regulated beat. By documenting the non-alignment between flow and beat in a particular track (“Get By”), the chapter shows the novel way in which Kweli inserts rupture into the flows of his verses, extending the aesthetic values of hip hop into the rhythms of his flow itself.
Subjugated Histories and Affective Resistance
Authors: Aguayo Angela J.
Published: September 2019

Starting in the early 1970s, many documentaries began addressing the shifting cultural climate surrounding the issue of abortion in the United States. While some consideration has been given to how abortion has been represented on television and in motion pictures, scant attention has been paid to how the documentary genre has forged the public space for this controversial issue. This chapter briefly maps and assesses how feminists have documented and utilized the documentary genre to recover women’s history and reclaim public space for reproductive justice and the failures to accomplish these aims as access to reproductive care continues to erode. The chapter tracks how women, engaged in feminist struggle, create documentary commons specific to the collision between lived experience and social expectations. The chapter focuses particularly on a moment in 2005 when Third Wave feminist and activist filmmakers attempted to engage abortion politics through the documentary confessional mode. Tracking the move from public confession to representations of an escalating and violent antichoice movement brings the struggle into sharper focus. Analysis of these documentaries and their parallel activist interventions includes interviews with three directors, archival material, and ethnographic research.
The Term Gṛhastha and the (Pre)history of the Householder
Authors: Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates the words for “householder” in Vedic and early Dharma texts, pointing out that the standard word for “householder” in the latter, Sanskrit gṛhastha, is not found in previous texts. This suggests that it is a new coinage to cover a new conceptual role. It further appears that the term was a Sanskritized borrowing from Middle Indo-Aryan, where its Middle Indo Aryan equivalent is found in the Aśokan inscriptions and in early Buddhist texts.
Gṛhastha in Aśoka’s Classification of Religious People
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: September 2019

Aśoka in his inscriptions (3rd century bce) uses the term pāṣaṇḍa to refer to organized religious groups, prominent among whose members were the homeless ascetics (pravrajita). He also refers to people who “stayed at home” (gṛhastha), juxtaposing this term to the two preceding ones. Aśoka’s gṛhastha householder is clearly a person dedicated to holiness, just as the ascetic. It is also probable that the pāṣaṇḍa groups contained both ascetics and householders either as members or in some kind of less formal affiliation. It is from this usage of the term that gṛhastha entered the Brahmanical vocabulary—especially within the newly created theological classification of the four āśramas—and became the central figure in the new genre of literature, Dharmaśāstra, that was invented probably around the third or fourth century bce.
Gṛhastha, Āśrama, and the Origin of Dharmaśāstra
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter proposes a new theory on the origin of the āśrama system and of the literature of Dharmaśāstra. The distinction between gṛhastha and pravrajita, given in the Aśokan inscriptions and figuring prominently in the āśrama system, indicates that this system owes its origin to that initial distinction within the Brahmanical communities called pāṣaṇḍa by Aśoka. The chapter further proposes that the origin of the Dharmaśāstras may also be found in the gṛhastha-centered theology of Brahmanism. While the proponents of the āśramas envisage these four modes of life as being equal and open to all, the Dharmaśāstras themselves focus on the householder and his religious and social obligations.
The Householder in Early Dharmaśāstra Literature
Authors: Brick David
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a historical and philological analysis of the Brahmanical householder as he is portrayed in the early Dharmaśāstra literature and also in the Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali. Specifically, it focuses on the precise meanings, connotations, and usages of the various terms employed by these texts to denote a householder or married man. It ends by listing the various terms for householder used by early Dharmaśāstra texts in their probable order of introduction to the dharma tradition; presenting succinctly the precise meanings or range of meanings of these words; and providing brief histories of their usage within early Dharmaśāstra.
Householders, Holy and Otherwise, in the Nı̄ti and Kāma Literature
Authors: McClish Mark
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the use of terms for the “householder” in the extant nīti (statecraft) and kāma (erotics) texts of the classical period. It examines the word gṛhastha (“householder”), its synonyms gṛhamedhin, gṛhāśramin, and gṛhin, and its derivative gārhasthya (“householdership”). The chapter looks also at three other words for the “householder,” namely gṛhapatika, gṛhasvāmin, and kuṭumbin, which among these texts occur only in the Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya. The gṛhastha, as the holy householder depicted in the āśrama system, sits on the margins of both statecraft and erotics as technical disciplines. It is pertinent only to what might be considered the ideological framework in which the technical heart of each tradition is embedded.
Householders and Housewives in Early Kāvya Literature
Authors: Dezső Csaba
Published: September 2019

Early Buddhist kāvya contrasts the hassled life of a householder with the peaceful life of a forest hermit: the former is devoid of tranquility and therefore militates against striving for liberation from saṃsāra. Those householders, however, who lead an exemplary life can make at least the first steps on the road leading to mokṣa. Early Prakrit kāvya brings not so much the householder but the housewife into focus, beside the figure of the wealthy landowner. In Kālidāsa’s works both household life and renunciation have their appointed time and role, exemplified by the model kings of the Solar Dynasty.