bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
#1319 “Peritoneal volume influence on bedside ultrasound or point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) volume assessment in peritoneal dialysis patients”
Authors: Rincón María Muñiz , Barbieri Diego , López de la Manzanara Pérez Virginia , Ortiz Cristina Riaza , López Rómulo Katsu Loayza , Fernández Carlos Fernández , Herrero José , Sánchez-Fructuoso Ana I
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

To study the variations in hydrosaline overload ultrasound parameters using PoCUS in PD patients with full and drained peritoneum and their correlation with clinical parameters.

Method

PoCUS and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements were performed on included patients with a full peritoneum. After drainage, a new PoCUS and a bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were conducted.

Results

Seventeen patients were included: 70.6% male, mean age 66 ± 9.5 years. 65% had hydrosaline overload >1L as assessed by BIA. The mean IAP was 15 ± 3.9 mmHg.

The maximum diameter of the IVC with full and drained peritoneum was 1.44 ± 0.35 cm and 1.53 ± 0.4 cm, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.179). The % collapsibility of IVC with full and drained peritoneum was 49 ± 23% and 47 ± 13%, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.58).

Kerley B-lines with full peritoneum were 1.3 ± 1.5, and with drained peritoneum were 0.71 ± 1.16, with this difference approaching statistical significance (p = 0.063).

The same analyses in subgroups of patients with volume overload by BIA (OH>1 or OH/ECW>15%) did not show significant differences.

In the correlation analysis of variables, IAP and peritoneal dialysis fluid volume per m2 of body surface did not correlate with the diameters or collapsibility of IVC with full or drained peritoneum. The degree of overhydration by OH (L) correlated with IVC collapsibility with drained peritoneum (Spearman ρ = −0.43; p = 0.08), as did the overhydration by OH/ECW (Spearman ρ = −0.61; p = 0.02). These correlations disappeared with full peritoneum (p > 0.05).

The same correlation analyses were performed in subgroups of patients with volume overload by BIA (OH>1L or OH/ECW>15%) and were not significant with either full or drained peritoneum.

Conclusion

We did not find significant differences in the ultrasound volume overload parameters with full vs. drained peritoneum in PD patients. However, indirect data indicate a lower sensitivity of PoCUS to hydrosaline overload with a full peritoneum.
#573 Development of a model for simultaneous normothermic perfusion in porcine kidney grafts
Authors: Navez Margaux , Coelho Tiago Pinto , El Karouni Walid , Erpicum Pauline , Vandermeulen Morgan , Lagny Marc-Gilbert , Gilbo Nicholas , Thierry Gabriel , Delanaye Pierre , Cavalier Etienne , Jouret François , Detry Olivier
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

In recent years, DCD or ECD deceased donors have been increasingly used in kidney transplantation as a partial response to the deceased donor shortage, leading to a suboptimal quality of kidney grafts. There is a need for developing better kidney graft preservation methods, such as hypo- or normo- thermic machine perfusion. Machine perfusion might provide the unique opportunity to directly treat the perfused kidney grafts to improve their quality and to decrease ischemia/reperfusion injury during transplantation. Our aim was to develop a pig model of simultaneous normothermic perfusion of both kidneys procured from the same donor and to compare the assessment of renal function through the injection of creatinine and iohexol.

Method

Under general anaesthesia, the donor pigs (n = 5) were euthanized by exsanguination and the blood was recovered using a cell-saving system. Both kidneys (n = 10) were submitted to 30 min of warm and a 2-hour cold ischemia period, before being perfused for 6 hrs at 37°C. Kidney perfusion started and run in parallel using 2 independents, modified extracorporeal machines. Urine production, arterial blood gas exchange, and perfusion parameters (flow, pressure, resistance) were monitored and compared. Creatinine and iohexol were added to the perfusate of both machines to assess renal function.

Results

A parallel evolution of blood parameters in both perfusions was observed. By maintaining a constant perfusion pressure of 70 mmHg, flow rates increased to 100 mL/min. Despite variations in urinary excretion, creatinine and iohexol clearances remained comparable, demonstrating a parallel kidney function.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we established a model of parallel and simultaneous normothermic perfusion of pig kidneys, and for the first time, we demonstrated the utility of iohexol measurements for improved functional assessment in an isolated perfusion model. After randomization of the grafts, this model will be used for testing innovative therapies as MSC during perfusion, both in swine kidneys and human discarded grafts, using the contralateral kidney as a paired control.
#717 Recipient/donor characteristics and immunosuppression impact eGFR creatinine and creatinine-cystatin c equations in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Harmacek Dusan , Weidmann Lukas , Lopez Kai Castrezana , Rho Elena , George Britta , von Moos Seraina , Schachtner Thomas
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Previous studies have shown substantial heterogeneity in the performance of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations when applied to kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The impact of transplantation-related characteristics on eGFR equations based on creatinine (eGFRcr) compared with creatinine and cystatin C (eGFRcr-cys), however, remains insufficiently studied.

Method

We analyzed 596 KTRs transplanted at the University Hospital Zurich. The accuracies of four eGFRcr equations (CKD-EPI 2009 and 2021, EKFC 2021, KRS-GFR 2023) were compared with three eGFRcr-cys (CKD-EPI 2012 and 2021, EKFC 2023), and evaluated across a detailed range of transplantation-related variables. Performances were assessed using bias, P30, P20 and correct classification (CC). Multivariate analysis identified transplantation-related characteristics independently associated with a smaller or greater difference between eGFRcr and eGFRcr-cys equations.

Results

Based on eGFRcr-cys CKD-EPI 2012 as the reference, CKD-EPI 2021 (P30: 77.0%, P20: 56.4%, CC: 56.4%) and KRS-GFR 2023 (P30: 80.2%, P20: 64.9%, CC: 60.1%) had lower performance, while EKFC 2021 (P30: 88.6%, P20: 75.8%, CC: 66.8%), and CKD-EPI 2009 (P30: 87.1%, P20: 70.3%, CC: 64.6%) showed higher performance. Belatacept use was associated with a smaller difference between eGFRcr CKD-EPI 2009 and eGFRcr-cys CKD-EPI 2012 (OR 3.295, 1.605-6.764, p = 0.001), while a higher donor BMI was associated with a greater difference between eGFRcr KRS-GFR 2023 and eGFRcr-cys CKD-EPI 2012 (OR 1.077, 1.001-1.158, p = 0.046).

Conclusion

More recent eGFRcr equations do not overcome the limitations of non-GFR determinants of creatinine in KTRs, however European equations seem to be equally feasible in transplanted patients. Transplantation-related characteristics of the recipient, donor, and immunosuppressive medication affect the differences between eGFRcr and eGFRcr-cys, which needs attention in clinical practice.
#2681 Impact of sharing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels with Kidney Transplant Recipients on adherence to preventive measures and incidence of COVID-19
Authors: Bouwmans Pim , Sanders Jan-Stephan F , Hilbrands Luuk , Reinders Marlies , Bemelman Frederike , Abrahams Alferso , De Vries Aiko , Brandts Lloyd , Vervoort Hanneke , Gansevoort Ronald , Hemmelder Marc , Messchendorp Lianne
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Preventive measures are effective against COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). We analysed whether sharing the antibody level after COVID-19 vaccination with these patients is associated with a change in adherence to preventive measures and if so, with the incidence of COVID-19.

Method

We included adult KTR who participated in the Long-term Efficacy and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 (LESS CoV-2) cohort study. Anti-RBD IgG levels were measured using ELISA (Sanquin, Amsterdam) one month after the third COVID-19 vaccination. Adherence to nine preventive measures was self-reported on a 5-point Likert scale, before and after the antibody level was shared. Based on their antibody level, patients were classified as high-responders (>300 BAU/mL), low-responders (50-300 BAU/mL), or non-responders (<50 BAU/mL) to COVID-19 vaccination. Information about incidence of COVID-19 was collected until 6 months after sharing the antibody level. For analysis, we calculated average adherence to all preventive measures with a range from 1 to 5. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess an association between change of adherence and incidence of COVID-19.

Results

We included 1928 KTR, of whom 1058 high-responders, 548 low-responders, and 322 non-responders. After sharing antibody levels, adherence to preventive measures decreased in the total population (before: 4.11 [3.60-4.44] versus after: 4.00 [3.23-4.44], p < 0.001). This change of adherence was more pronounced in high-responders than in low- and non-responders (0.21 ± 0.68, 0.11 ± 0.56, and 0.14 ± 0.56 respectively, p = 0.02). During follow-up, COVID-19 was diagnosed in 627 of 1928 KTR (33%). In high-responders, the incidence of COVID-19 was higher in patients with decreased adherence compared to patients with increased adherence (decreased: 196 of 617 [32%] versus increased: 114 of 441 [26%], p = 0.04). The change of adherence in high-responders was associated with COVID-19 (OR 0.73 per unit increase [0.60-0.89], p = 0.002), but not after correction for confounding (aOR: 0.86 [0.68-1.07], p = 0.2).

Conclusion

Sharing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels with KTR was associated with a decrease in adherence to preventive measures, especially in KTR with a high antibody response to vaccination. In these high-responders, the risk of COVID-19 increased with decreasing adherence to preventive measures. This was not observed in low- or non-responders. Sharing antibody levels with KTR influences adherence to preventive measures and risk of COVID-19, and therefore requires careful communication.
#1275 Post-transplant renal anaemia: a call to action from a national study in routine clinical practice
Authors: Portoles Jose , Crespo Marta , Rodrigo Emilio , Calabuig Maria Asuncion Sancho , Montero Nuria , Blanca María Auxiliadora Mazuecos , Dalmau Alex Gutierrez , Pascual Julio
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Post-transplant anaemia (PTA) is common, frequently unnoticed and carries associated risks. Current guidelines consider the same treatment recommendations and goals for these patients as for chronic kidney disease-non dialysis (CKD-NDD). Previous reports demonstrated low awareness and management that could improve. Aims: To describe current anaemia management, goals, and adherence to guidelines in a representative sample of kidney transplant (KT) recipients.

Method

Retrospective nationwide multicentre study including patients from 8 KT hospitals. Nephrologists collected demographics, comorbidities, KT data and immunosuppressive therapy and data related to anaemia management (laboratory values, previously prescribed treatments, and subsequent adjustments) from electronic medical records. We classified as early anaemia that within the first 6 months. The European statement on KDIGO guidelines was the reference for definitions, drug prescriptions and targets.

Results

We included 297 recipients with PTA aged 62.8 y (SD 13.6) and 60% male. They had received a graft from donors after cardiac death or brain death) (61.6%. 31.1% respectively) a median of 2.5 years [0.5-8.7] before. A total of 158 patients were on treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) and the distribution of haemoglobin (Hb) and iron are summarized in Table 1. Among 110 patients on ESA treatment but without iron prescription, 44 had an indication to receive iron and 30 of them had absolute iron deficiency (ID).

Only 39/158 patients exceeded the ESA resistance index (ERI) limit, and this condition was more frequent in early PTA (26.1 vs 9.2%). Absolute or functional ID accounted for the majority of ESA resistance (28.2 vs 17.1; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Hemoglobin levels in these patients are within the upper KDIGO. Iron therapy continues to be underused (especially intravenous), while iron deficiency and prior events explain most of ESA hyporesponsiveness. We identify missed opportunities for accurate prescription targeting and adherence to guidelines.
#738 Blood type mismatch between donor and recipient is a risk factor for BK viremia one year after kidney transplantation
Authors: Bielopolski Dana
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Kidney transplanted recipients are at increased risk of infections, including BK virus, for which there is no specific treatment. Current prevention strategies include surveillance and risk stratification. We sought to estimate the contribution of non-identical but compatible (mismatched) ABO blood types to the risk of BKV viremia.

Method

A retrospective single-center study was conducted in kidney transplant recipients between 1/1/2011 and 1/12/2021. The primary outcome was viremia (>10,000 copies per ml in two consecutive measurements at least one week apart) during the first year following transplantation. The secondary outcome was the time to BK viremia. We created a multivariate model using stepwise forward regression to assess the risk of viremia.

Results

During the study period, there were 1244 transplantations, with 1084 performed between donors and recipients with identical blood types (BT). Grafts were received from a living donor in 787 (63.3%) cases, 158 (98.8%) of which were in the mismatched BT group, and 629 (58%) were in the control group. There were 78 episodes of significant BK viremia within the first year post-transplantation, with 60 (5.5%) occurring in the matched BT recipients and 18 (11.3%) in the mismatched BT group (OR 2.16, p = 0.006). Among grafts from living donors during the first year following transplantation, there were 47 (6%) cases of viremia, with 29 (4.6%) in the matched BT group and 18 (11.4%) in the mismatched BT group (OR 2.22, p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk of BKV viremia in the living donor group increased in the presence of mismatched BT (OR = 2.75, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The association between donor and recipient BT mismatch and BKV viremia was demonstrated for the first time. Mismatched BT recipients experienced higher rates of BKV viremia compared to identical BT recipients. This might be a preventable risk factor that should guide clinicians in organ procurement.
#1836 Post-transplant evolution of kidney grafts from expanded criteria donors with diabetes
Authors: Singh Arshdeep Singh , Lopez Juan Manuel Cazorla , Fernández Florentino Villanego , Garcia Teresa , Chavez Cristhian Orellana , Vigara Luis Alberto , Alonso Marta , Amaro José Manuel , Castro Pablo , Blanca María Auxiliadora Mazuecos
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

The increase in the number of potential kidney transplant (KT) recipients has led to efforts to increase the donor pool, including organs from expanded criteria donors (ECD) with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, doubts persist about their viability, especially with DM donors.

Our aim is to analyze the post-transplant evolution of KT patients who have received kidney grafts from ECD with or without DM.

Method

Retrospective observational study of KT who received ECD kidney graft in our center between January 2014 and November 2023. We divided KT patients into two groups based on donor DM; ECD with DM and ECD without DM. We analyzed baseline characteristics and post-KT evolution. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed using Cox regression (SPSS Statistics 29.0).

Results

During the study period, 161 patients received grafts from ECD at our center. Pre-implant biopsies were performed on all grafts, with 15 discarded due to high histological score. Of these, 13 (86%) were diabetic donors (p < 0.001). The mean age of donors was 66 years, and that of recipients was 61. Forty-three (26%) KT recipients had a diabetic donor. Clinical characteristics of patients are reflected in Table 1.

Conclusion

Donors with DM showed adequate survival in our experience, similar to that of other ECD. This may be due to a more stringent pre-transplant clinical selection or pre-KT histological assessment. The development of new techniques is necessary to more precisely asses the viability of these grafts pre-KT, allowing for an increased utilization.
Effect of Nuts on Anthropometric and Glycemic Indexes and Blood Pressure in Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Bersch-Ferreira Ângela C , Weschenfelder Camila , Waclawovsky Gustavo , da Silva Lucas R , Stein Elana , Machado Rachel H V , Figueiro Mabel F , Suzumura Erica A , Santos Renato H N , Duarte Graziela Biude Silva , Rogero Marcelo M , de Abreu-Silva Erlon O , Cavalcanti Alexandre B , Marcadenti Aline
Published: May 2024

Context

Nut-enriched diets have a positive impact on cardiovascular risk factors, such as body mass, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. However, studies in individuals undergoing secondary cardiovascular prevention show controversial results.

Objective

This systematic review with meta-analysis assessed the effect of nut supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, and blood pressure indices in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as well as the frequency of adverse events.

Data Sources

Six databases were used for the search—PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual da Saude), Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov—until February 2023, with no language restrictions.

Data Extraction

The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions methodology and the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Setting/design) strategy were used. Seven independent reviewers were involved in data extraction and resolution of disagreements. Certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system.

Data Analysis

From 5187 records identified, 6 publications containing data referring to 5 randomized clinical trials (n = 436) were included in the final analyses. The nuts evaluated were almonds, pecans, Brazil nuts, and mixed nuts, with portions that varied between 5 g and 85 g (median: 30 g/day). The intervention period varied between 6 and 12 weeks. The nuts had no effect on fasting glucose and anthropometric indices, although the certainty of the evidence for most of these outcomes was low or very low. They also had no effect on systolic (mean difference [MD]: -1.16 mmHg [95% CI, -5.68 to 3.35], I2 = 0%—moderate certainty of evidence) or diastolic (MD: 0.10 mmHg [95% CI, -2.30 to 2.51], I2 = 0%—high certainty of evidence) blood pressure. It was not possible to aggregate data on adverse events.

Conclusion

Nut supplementation had no effect on blood pressure, fasting glucose, or anthropometric profile in the context of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020163456.
High Rates of Missed HIV Testing Among Oral PrEP Users in the United States From 2018–2021: A National Assessment on Compliance With HIV Testing Recommendations of the CDC PrEP Guidelines
Authors: Baron Jason , Tchelidze Tamar , LaBrot Benjamin , Yao Joseph , Mayer Kenneth H , Kuritzkes Daniel , Robinson Nicole , Patel Rupa R
Published: May 2024

Background

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends HIV testing every 3 months in oral PrEP users. We performed a national assessment of HIV testing compliance among oral PrEP users.

Methods

We analyzed 408 910 PrEP prescriptions issued to 39 809 PrEP users using a national insurance claims database that contained commercial and Medicaid claims. We identified PrEP use based on pharmacy claims and outpatient diagnostic coding. We evaluated the percentage of PrEP prescription refills without HIV testing (identified by CPT codes) within the prior 3, 6, and 12 months using time to event methods. We performed subgroup and multivariate analyses by age, gender, race, insurance type, and geography.

Results

Of 39 809 persons, 36 197 were commercially insured, 3612 were Medicaid-insured, and 96% identified as male; the median age (interquartile range) was 34 (29–44) years, and the Medicaid-insured PrEP users were 24% Black/African American, 44% White, and 9% Hispanic/Latinx. Within the prior 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, the percentage of PrEP prescription fills in individuals without HIV Ag/Ab testing was 34.3% (95% CI, 34.2%–34.5%), 23.8% (95% CI, 23.7%–23.9%), and 16.6% (95% CI, 16.4%–16.7%), and the percentage without any type of HIV test was 25.8% (95% CI, 25.6%–25.9%), 14.6% (95% CI, 14.5%–14.7%), and 7.8% (95% CI, 7.7%–7.9%).

Conclusions

Approximately 1 in 3 oral PrEP prescriptions were filled in persons who had not received an HIV Ag/Ab test within the prior 3 months, with evidence of health disparities. These findings inform clinical PrEP monitoring efforts and compliance with national HIV testing guidance to monitor PrEP users.
Forgiveness and the Modern Constitution: Derrida’s Perjury & Pardon
Authors: de Ville Jacques
Published: May 2024

The recently published two volumes of Derrida’s Perjury & Pardon seminars are interesting from a legal perspective, among others, because of Derrida’s comments there on the preamble and certain sections of the South African Constitution. The present article enquires specifically into the implications of Derrida’s analysis in the Perjury & Pardon seminars for constitutional interpretation, more specifically, by seeking answers to the question what it means to confess or to seek forgiveness for past crimes, as well as to refer to God in a constitution. With reference to Derrida’s seminars, it is contended that such a confession or request for forgiveness should be read as not only relating to determined crimes, but also to the unforgiveable crime of being-there, for existence. It is further contended that the reference to God in a constitution is to be read as pointing to what Derrida refers to as ‘the impossible’, that is, to impossible grace, unconditional forgiveness. In conclusion, it is contended that the modern constitution per definition includes such a confession or request for forgiveness, as well as a trace of the impossible, the latter which provides an indication of the scope of state responsibility.
Introduction
Authors: Kane Brian
Published: May 2024

Standards are crucial to the performance of jazz, but they present a philosophical problem that has not been adequately solved. Undergoing constant transformation, substitution, and alteration, they still manage to preserve their identity across a wide variety of performances. In the introduction to this book, the philosophical problem of the standard is described. In addition, the basic layout of the book’s argument is presented: Part I of the book treats of the philosophical issues concerning the standard as a musical work; Part II considers the social and historical conditions by which the phenomenon of the standard emerged. While one part considers the ontology of standards, the other part considers the auditory culture of the standard. But the two parts mutually support one another. The reader is encouraged to understand jazz standards as a case study in the mutually constitutive relationship of ontology and auditory culture.
Nomination
Authors: Kane Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the concept of musical nomination, the second of two key processes involved in the emergence of a standard from a network of musical performances. Nomination is the act of giving a work or a performance a name. Names create associations between performances, placing two distinct performances into a single network. Unlike musical replications, they make associations without any appeal to morphology. By considering replication and nomination in tandem, this chapter offers an analytic and philosophical framework for discussing the identity and individuation of musical works. The utility of this framework is in its ability to account for ambiguous cases such as contrafacts and revisions. Through two case studies—one on Charlie Parker’s performances and contrafacts of “Embraceable You,” and the other on John Coltrane’s “Impressions”—this chapter demonstrates that consideration of both replication nomination is required when accounting for the ontology of jazz standards.
Conflict
Authors: Schofield John
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 discusses conflict and the wicked implications that this has for those affected by it. It emphasises the dilemma of the need to address post-war reconstruction versus the need to support people in other ways, particularly those displaced by conflict. The chapter discusses how archaeologists are well placed to deal with heritage related to conflict because of their deep-time perspective and the social emphasis that their work entails. The chapter defines types of conflict and how heritage organizations have engaged with its implications. The work of scholars who have addressed conflict as a wicked problem is discussed along with examples of ways that conflict sites have been recognized as heritage sites. Examples are presented of small wins whereby archaeological or heritage projects have helpfully engaged with the repercussions of conflicts in a variety of ways. The closing example concerns refugees and how archaeologists have engaged with these communities to support their well-being.
The World’s Evils Are Logically Incompatible with God’s Existence
Authors: Sterba James
Published: May 2024

Sterba begins with a fourfold classification of all the goods that God could provide and sets out three necessary moral prevention requirements that are exceptionless minimal components of the Pauline Principle. He applies these requirements to his classification of the goods that God could provide. He concludes that any God that exists would have to be in widespread violation of these moral evil prevention requirements and so could not be the God of traditional theism. The God of traditional theism should have prevented the horrendous evil consequences of immoral actions, but not other evil consequences for which we would have complete responsibility so as not to be in a moral kindergarten. Sterba also discusses natural evil, distinguishes between an ethics before creation and an ethics after creation, and considers the possibility of a God who is good but not morally good or is limited with respect to goodness and/or power.
Response to Swinburne
Authors: Sterba James
Published: May 2024

Sterba first briefly restates his argument that the God of traditional theism is logically incompatible with all the evil in the world. He responds to Swinburne’s objections to that argument, including the two counterexamples that Swinburne raises to the premises of that argument. Sterba then turns to a consideration of Swinburne’s own argument in defence of the God of traditional theism and shows that given Swinburne’s own normative premises, the God of traditional theism is logically incompatible with all the evil in the world. Finally, Sterba claims that it was only because he was working in moral and political philosophy that he was able to come up with exceptionless, minimal components of the Pauline Principle that are necessary requirements of morality and utilize categories from political philosophy to consider all the goods with which God could provide us in order to construct the Mackie-style argument that he defends in this book.
Family-centred music therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
Authors: Ettenberger Mark , Haslbeck Friederike , Ullsten Alexandra
Published: May 2024

Chapter 9 introduces and discusses family-centred music therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Having an infant hospitalised can be a stressful and traumatic life event for many parents, including impaired parental mental health and difficulties in continuing the emerging parent–infant relationship. Family-centred music therapy offers individually tailored, evidence-based, and parent-led musical experiences in the context of a therapeutic relationship. The chapter explores the rationale of family-centred music therapy in the NICU, its objectives, results from current and past research, and some music therapeutic experiences drawing on the authors’ work in Latin America, Central Europe, and Scandinavia. The chapter aims to provide readers with knowledge about the therapeutic use of music in the NICU and to make accessible education strategies for parents and staff regarding the application of music during and after infant hospitalisation.
Group music-making with families affected by Zika virus in Brazil
Authors: Lisboa Tânia , Santiago Diana , Fonte Vera , Shaughnessy Caitlin , Perkins Rosie
Published: May 2024

Chapter 12 explores how music-making can promote wellbeing for mothers of children affected by the Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil. An outbreak of ZIKV in 2015 had profound effects on children and families in the Northeast of Brazil, where hundreds of children exposed to the virus in utero were born with severe microcephaly, developmental delays, physical disabilities, and special educational needs, now classified under the term congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). This chapter introduces a six-week programme of group online music-making that was developed and run for mothers and their children with CZS, alongside interviews and video observations of music sessions. The learnings of the project are explored through two exploratory vignettes, highlighting the important role of music in everyday life and its potential to support some of the psychosocial needs of families affected by CZS.
Activism and the Shaping of Sexual Politics
Authors: Rusterholz Caroline
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on the way that Brook members shaped reproductive politics, the alliances they formed, and the lobby strategies they developed to expand the provision of contraception for young people over time. The chapter focuses on the microcosm of advocacy for contraception, which saw Brook members individuals navigating between different health charities and organizations such as the Family Planning Association, the Abortion Law Reform Association, the Birth Control Trust, and Pregnancy Advisory Services. It then moves to address the ways Brook member dealt with issues around fundings. Finally, it explores the various key sexual health policies that Brook fought or helped to implement over the years.
Counselling Young People Towards Sexual Maturity
Authors: Rusterholz Caroline
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 looks at the content and evolution of counselling services. It explores what Brook members defined as the key components and values underpinning counselling. It argues that Brook pioneered a new form of counselling where trust, confidentiality, and a non-judgmental attitude (at least in front of the client) were paramount elements. It then moves on to analyse in detail the three types of counselling offered in the centres. By looking closely at the content of the sexual counselling and medical guidance, it identifies norms around a model of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ sexual behaviours and how these norms were class-based and racialized. In addition, the chapter looks at the methods prescribed to the patients and what they were told about ‘responsible’ sexual behaviours.
The Framework of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Wadham John , Mountfield Helen , Desai Raj , Hannett Sarah , Jones Jessica , Mitchell Eleanor , Wills Aidan
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a summary of the effects of the Human Rights Act and its status as a statute of special constitutional significance. The chapter examines the key provisions of the Act and how these provisions have been interpreted and applied by the domestic courts. This includes the definition and interpretation of Convention rights (s 2) and the so-called 'mirror principle'; the duty to interpret legislation compatibly with Convention rights (s 3); the making of declarations of incompatibility (s 4); the requirement on ministers to make statements of compatibility in respect of Bills (s 19); the duty on public authorities to act compatibly with Convention rights and the associated definition of a public authority (s 6); and judicial remedies (ss 7 and 8). The chapter also discusses the interplay between these provisions and the relationship between the Human Rights Act and the common law.
Beyond the Domestic Courts: Taking a Case to Strasbourg
Authors: Wadham John , Mountfield Helen , Desai Raj , Hannett Sarah , Jones Jessica , Mitchell Eleanor , Wills Aidan
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how to take a case to the European Court of Human Rights. It looks first at the structure and jurisdiction of the Court, before going on to examine the issues involved in making an application to the Court, including rules on urgent cases, interim measures, and the Court’s case priorities. The chapter discusses strict admissibility rules, who can claim to be a victim of a violation of the ECHR, who is the respondent, and the limitations on a state’s jurisdiction. Amongst many other issues, it also discusses the need to exhaust of domestic remedies and examines the strict four-month time limit for applications. The chapter also considers advisory opinions from Court, as well considering how cases in Strasbourg are funded. Finally, the chapter looks at the implementation and enforcement of judgments, both for the applicant and in terms of any consequential systemic change by the Committee of Ministers and its staff.
The Fundamentals of Reasons
Authors: Schroeder Mark , Howard Nathan
Published: May 2024

The concept of a reason is now unavoidable in many areas of contemporary philosophy. Central theses in ethics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of action, and the philosophy of the emotions, among others, have come to be framed in terms of reasons. And yet, despite their centrality, theorists seem to take inconsistent things for granted about how reasons work, what kinds of things can be reasons, what reasons favor, and more. Somehow reasons have come to be both indispensable and impenetrable. The Fundamentals of Reasons offers a comprehensive introduction to contemporary discussions of normative reasons in philosophy. Focusing on the twin roles of reasons in explanation and deliberation, the book not only emphasizes what has made reasons central across philosophy but it also explores why philosophers have such incompatible pictures about what reasons are and how they work. Working from the inside out, Howard and Schroeder identify contentious assumptions about not only the internal structure of reasons but also their relationship to other important concepts, and then show how these contentious assumptions shape the many downstream applications of reasons in ethics, epistemology, political philosophy, and beyond. The Fundamentals of Reasons’ mildly opinionated exploration of key questions about the significance and nature of reasons helps navigate the sprawling contemporary discussion of why reasons seem important and what their import, ultimately, is.
Structure
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter completes our survey of the internal structure of the ‘reason’ relation by considering different views about other possible relata of the normative ‘reason’ relation. The idea that ‘reason’ claims are all relative to weights is considered and rejected. Several motivations are considered for the idea that ‘reason’ claims are all relative to questions or contrast classes. And the possibility that ‘reason’ claims are relative to ends or objectives is motivated and contrasted with the dual-aspect theory of the substance of reasons. Philosophical consequences of the answers to these questions for reductive metaethical naturalism and other topics are discussed.
Objective and Subjective Reasons
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter opens Part 2: Province of the book, which moves outward from the internal workings of reasons and explores the relationships between reasons and other closely related concepts. In this chapter we explore the relationship between objective and subjective reasons. The idea that objective and subjective reasons correspond to two distinct dimensions of normative assessment is introduced, as well as the framework of thinking of subjective reasons as imposing some perspective. Two components of the perspective behind subjective reasons are distinguished—the mind-to-world, and the world-to-mind. And the relative priority of objective and subjective reasons is explored, focusing on obstacles both to the view that subjective reasons are analyzable in terms of objective reasons, and the contrary view that objective reasons are analyzable in terms of subjective reasons. Both of these views are contrasted with the much-less-appreciated common core account, on which both objective and subjective reasons are analyzable in terms of a common core.
What Can Analyze Reasons?
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter continues our task in Part 3 of considering the place for reasons in normative theory more broadly by considering what other normative properties or relations we can or should use to analyze reasons. Special attention is paid throughout to the constraint set by the relationship between our answer to this question and whatever answer we give to the question from Chapter 9 about what we should use reasons to analyze. Telic analyses of reasons in terms of the promotion of desires or values are considered and problems raised about the connection between these ideas and the debate between consequentialism and deontology as well as arguments for metaethical relativism and the error theory. Non-telic analysis of reasons in terms of ‘good’ are introduced, and the idea that normative reasons are in some sense good motivating reasons is explored in greater detail and connected to the Reasoning View from Chapter 8. Questions are raised about various formulations of the Reasoning View that put pressure on whether it must appeal to something that looks like reasons.
Weights
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter continues our task in Part 3 of considering the place of reasons in normative theory more broadly. In this chapter we consider some of the complications that arise in thinking about how reasons weigh against one another in determining or explaining what we ought to do. The chapter takes up what we call the epiphenomenal challenge, a worry that once we see that what does the work in the competition of reasons against one another, we can see that all that matters is the weights of reasons, and reasons themselves wash out of the explanation as epiphenomenal. The connection between this challenge and the view that it is the mass noun, rather than the count noun, use of ‘reason’ that is central is explored, and an alternative picture is tentatively explored that might provide one kind of answer to the epiphenomenal challenge.
Introduction
Authors: Weir Allison
Published: May 2024

This book re-encounters and reconstructs a tradition of Indigenous relational freedom as a distinctive political conception of freedom: a mode of engagement and participation in social and political relations with an infinite range of strange and diverse beings perceived as free agents in interdependent relations in a shared world. Written from a settler perspective, the book argues that decolonization, for all of us, depends upon revaluing Indigenous philosophies of relational freedom. Drawing on work by John Borrows, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, and many others, this Introduction sketches the central arguments and outlines the chapters: Noninterference, Nondomination, and Colonial Unknowing: Mis-encounters with Indigenous Relational Freedom; For Love of the World: Relational Freedom as Love of Land; Dancing Resistance, Re-creating the World: Philoxenic Relational Freedom; Freedom and Love: A Speculative Genealogy; Colonial Unknowing and Heterogeneous Relationalities: Alternative Formations of Power, Knowledge, and Freedom; Indigenous Feminisms and Relational Rights; Critical Theory and the Spirit of Freedom.
Noninterference, Nondomination, and Colonial Unknowing
Authors: Weir Allison
Published: May 2024

Hobbes’s formulation of freedom as noninterference inaugurated a long tradition of colonial unknowing that can be traced through contract theories as well as republican and critical theories: the definition of freedom through a disavowal of relations to Indigenous peoples. For the early American settlers, Indigenous peoples were exemplars of unprecedented freedoms that were both idealized and feared. This chapter traces conceptions of freedom rooted in misperceptions of Indigenous freedoms and argues for dialogical re-encounters among Western and Indigenous understandings of freedom. Engaging with work by a range of theorists, including Dennis McPherson and Douglas Rabb, Lorraine Mayer, John Borrows, Robert A. Williams Jr., Robert Nichols, Donald Grinde and Bruce Johansen, Patricia Monture, Leanne Simpson, Iris Young, Philip Pettit, and Quentin Skinner, this chapter elucidates Indigenous relational freedom as a political theory and practice of freedom in interdependent relations, drawing together individual autonomy, democratic governance, national sovereignty, and resurgent politics of decolonization.
Colonial Unknowing and Heterogeneous Relationalities
Authors: Weir Allison
Published: May 2024

Colonial unknowing works to delegitimize Indigenous claims to land by disavowing philosophies and political systems of relation to land as alternative formations of knowledge, power, and freedom. If colonization is dependent on a disavowal of legitimate claims to land, then it is tied also to dismissal and rejection of the philosophies and politics of rooted relationality that ground those claims. This chapter addresses misperceptions of Indigenous philosophies of relation to land as essentialist affirmations of fixed and homogeneous traditions. Against these misperceptions, Indigenous critical theories formulate relations to land in philosophies and politics of heterogeneous relationalities and rooted dynamisms. This chapter takes up formulations of heterogeneous relationalities in interrelated theories of knowledge, freedom, self-identity, collective identity, and political governance, to argue that a polycentric understanding of knowledge as dispersed among interdependent beings and an understanding of freedom as participation in relations of interdependence support a radically democratic coalitional politics of decolonization.
Indigenous Feminisms and Relational Rights
Authors: Weir Allison
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers the struggles of Indigenous women against the violation of their rights to participate in the governance of their communities in Canada, to argue that Indigenous women have formulated unique conceptions of relational rights. The systematic disempowerment of Indigenous women has been central to the colonial strategy of erosion of Indigenous relations to land. Against the liberal feminist position that individual rights and gender equality rights must supersede Indigenous claims to collective self-determination, and against the Indigenous antifeminist position that individual and gender equality rights undermine collective self-determination, and defying the opposition between Indigenous resurgence and rights politics, Indigenous women’s movements have mobilized unique formulations of rights rooted in principles of Indigenous relationality. This chapter draws on work by Joanne Barker, Kiera Ladner, Rauna Kuokkanen, Sharon McIvor, Bonita Lawrence, Joyce Green, Patricia Monture, the Native Women’s Association of Canada, the Women’s Earth Alliance, and Native Youth Sexual Health Network.
States of Health for Bioethics
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

U.S. states vary starkly on basic measures of health, from infant mortality to life expectancy. States also differ significantly on views about abortion, decision-making at life’s end, access to health care, and the respective roles of states and the federal government with respect to health care and public health. The constitutional structure in the United States enumerates powers to be exercised at the federal level but leaves responsibility for public health and the regulation of health care principally to the states. Nonetheless, ethical disagreements do not neatly track state lines. Bioethics has paid insufficient attention to differences in views about health or to the political structures within which they occur.
The Federal Government, the States, and Health Inequalities
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

The U.S. federal government pays for health care for over one-third of the U.S. population. Through its spending power, the federal government also imposes ethical standards: requirements to provide emergency care, to inform patients about advance directives, and to protect confidentiality of health information. It also severely restricts the use of federal funds for abortions. To date, it has not enticed states with almost a third of the U.S. population to expand their Medicaid programs. Nearly one-half of Americans receive health insurance from their employers, and federal law strips away the ability of states to regulate employer health plans. States, therefore, have been largely ineffective in addressing health care costs or expanding access to health care. If justice requires access to at least a minimum of health care, the United States thus may have one of the less desirable of federalist worlds. Affordable Care Act, Medicare, Medicaid, Spending Power, commerce clause, ERISA, EMTALA, pay or play
Intimate Partner Violence and Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Olson Kelly Browe
Published: May 2024

This chapter will help practitioners understand the complexities of using family dispute resolution (FDR) processes with families who have experienced some form of intimate partner violence (IPV). It includes an overview of IPV and a brief discussion of the history of domestic violence within the context of dispute resolution processes, including the gaps between law, social science, and practice. It discusses how the presence and echoes of domestic violence in a relationship may impact the parties’ abilities to effectively negotiate with each other throughout the continuum of dispute resolution processes. It recommends that cases that involve coercive control should not be mediated and that other cases impacted by domestic violence should be conducted with additional safeguards. The chapter will also describe the importance of screening, including several screening tools that are helpful for mediators and other FDR professionals to use throughout the life of a family law case. Finally, it will address the impact of IPV on additional FDR processes and online dispute resolution and the need for more IPV training and education for all FDR professionals.
Working With Clients With High-Conflict Personalities
Authors: Eddy Bill
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains some of the dynamics of high-conflict personalities in family law matters and why they need a different approach by dispute resolution professionals, and several problem-solving tools are offered. High-conflict personalities present in family disputes with repeated patterns of dysfunctional interpersonal behavior that often overlap with personality disorders. Understanding these disorders can assist family dispute resolution (FDR) professionals while working with high-conflict clients in resolving their cases out of court. These methods include not trying to give high-conflict clients insight into themselves, not over-emphasizing the past, and avoiding emotional escalations. Tools include a calming method (EAR Statements) and a four-step decision-making process which includes a three-step method for respectfully making and responding to proposals. By engaging the parents in such problem-solving tasks, they generally remain more calm, get credit for their own decisions, and appear more likely to follow them.