bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lesions to both somatic and affective pain pathways lead to decreased salience network connectivity
Authors: Jalon Itamar , Berger Assaf , Shofty Ben , Goldway Noam , Artzi Moran , Gurevitch Guy , Hochberg Uri , Tellem Rotem , Hendler Talma , Gonen Tal , Strauss Ido
Published: October 2022

Human pain is a salient stimulus composed of two main components: a sensory/somatic component, carrying peripheral nociceptive sensation via the spinothalamic tract and brainstem nuclei to the thalamus and then to sensory cortical regions, and an affective (suffering) component, where information from central thalamic nuclei is carried to the anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and other regions. While the sensory component processes information about stimulus location and intensity, the affective component processes information regarding pain-related expectations, motivation to reduce pain and pain unpleasantness. Unlike investigations of acute pain that are based on the introduction of real-time stimulus during brain recordings, chronic pain investigations are usually based on longitudinal and case-control studies, which are limited in their ability to infer the functional network topology of chronic pain.

In the current study, we utilized the unique opportunity to target the CNS’s pain pathways in two different hierarchical locations to establish causality between pain relief and specific connectivity changes seen within the salience and sensorimotor networks. We examined how lesions to the affective and somatic pain pathways affect resting-state network topology in cancer patients suffering from severe intractable pain. Two procedures have been employed: percutaneous cervical cordotomy (n = 15), hypothesized to disrupt the transmission of the sensory component of pain along the spinothalamic tract, or stereotactic cingulotomy (n = 7), which refers to bilateral intracranial ablation of an area in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and is known to ameliorate the affective component of pain. Both procedures led to immediate significant alleviation of experienced pain and decreased functional connectivity within the salience network. However, only the sensory procedure (cordotomy) led to decreased connectivity within the sensorimotor network. Thus, our results support the existence of two converging systems relaying experienced pain, showing that pain-related suffering can be either directly influenced by interfering with the affective pathway or indirectly influenced by interfering with the ascending spinothalamic tract.
Structural hyperconnectivity of the subthalamic area with limbic cortices underpins anxiety and impulsivity in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Temiz Gizem , Atkinson-Clement Cyril , Lau Brian , Czernecki Virginie , Bardinet Eric , Francois Chantal , Worbe Yulia , Karachi Carine
Published: October 2022

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics, which is often associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Dysfunction of basal ganglia pathways might account for the wide spectrum of symptoms in TS patients. Although psychiatric symptoms may be related to limbic networks, the specific contribution of different limbic structures remains unclear. We used tractography to investigate cortical connectivity with the striatal area (caudate, putamen, core and shell of the nucleus accumbens), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the adjacent medial subthalamic region (MSR) in 58 TS patients and 35 healthy volunteers. 82% of TS patients showed psychiatric comorbidities, with significantly higher levels of anxiety and impulsivity compared to controls. Tractography analysis revealed significantly increased limbic cortical connectivity of the left MSR with the entorhinal (BA34), insular (BA48), and temporal (BA38) cortices in TS patients compared to controls. Furthermore, we found that left insular-STN connectivity was positively correlated with impulsivity scores for all subjects and with anxiety scores for all subjects, particularly for TS. Our study highlights a heterogenous modification of limbic structure connectivity in TS, with specific abnormalities found for the subthalamic area. Abnormal connectivity with the insular cortex might underpin the higher level of impulsivity and anxiety observed in TS.
Adverse Events Following Immunization With mRNA and Viral Vector Vaccines in Individuals With Previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection From the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network
Authors: Bettinger Julie A , Irvine Michael A , Shulha Hennady P , Valiquette Louis , Muller Matthew P , Vanderkooi Otto G , Kellner James D , Top Karina A , Sadarangani Manish , McGeer Allison , Isenor Jennifer E , Marty Kimberly , Soe Phyumar , De Serres Gaston ,   for the Canadian Immunization Research Network
Published: October 2022

Background

Adults previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop short-term immunity and may have increased reactogenicity to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This prospective, multicenter, active-surveillance cohort study examined the short-term safety of COVID-19 vaccines in adults with a prior history of SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

Canadian adults vaccinated between 22 December 2020 and 27 November 2021 were sent an electronic questionnaire 7 days post–dose 1, dose 2, and dose 3 vaccination. The main outcome was health events occurring in the first 7 days after each vaccination that prevented daily activities, resulted in work absenteeism, or required a medical consultation, including hospitalization.

Results

Among 684 998 vaccinated individuals, 2.6% (18 127/684 998) reported a prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection a median of 4 (interquartile range: 2–6) months previously. After dose 1, individuals with moderate (bedridden) to severe (hospitalized) COVID-19 who received BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdox1-S vaccines had higher odds of a health event preventing daily activities, resulting in work absenteeism or requiring medical consultation (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.96 [3.67–4.28] for BNT162b2, 5.01 [4.57–5.50] for mRNA-1273, and 1.84 [1.54–2.20] for ChAdox1-S compared with no infection). Following dose 2 and 3, the greater risk associated with previous infection was also present but was attenuated compared with dose 1. For all doses, the association was lower or absent after mild or asymptomatic infection.

Conclusions

Adults with moderate or severe previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to have a health event sufficient to impact routine activities or require medical assessment in the week following each vaccine dose.
Sapovirus Infections in an Australian Community-Based Healthy Birth Cohort During the First 2 Years of Life
Authors: El-Heneidy Asmaa , Ware Robert S , Lambert Stephen B , Grimwood Keith
Published: October 2022

Background

Sapovirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. However, knowledge gaps remain in community settings. We investigated the epidemiology, disease characteristics, and healthcare use associated with sapovirus infections in Australian children during their first 2 years of life.

Methods

Children in the Brisbane-based Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort provided daily gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting/loose stools), weekly stool swabs, and healthcare data until age 2 years. Swabs were batch-tested for sapovirus using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Incidence rates and estimates of associations were calculated.

Results

Overall, 158 children returned 11 124 swabs. There were 192 sapovirus infection episodes. The incidence rate in the first 2 years of life was 0.89 infections per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI], .76–1.05), and the symptomatic incidence rate was 0.26 episodes per child-year (95% CI, .17–.37). Age ≥6 months, the fall season, and childcare attendance increased disease incidence significantly. Fifty-four of the 180 (30%) infections with linked symptom diaries were symptomatic, with 72% recording vomiting and 48% diarrhea. Prior infection reduced risk of further infections (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, .54–.81]) in the study period. Viral loads were higher and viral shedding duration was longer in symptomatic than asymptomatic children. Twenty-three (43%) symptomatic episodes required healthcare, including 6 emergency department presentations and 2 hospitalizations.

Conclusions

Sapovirus infections are common in Australian children aged 6–23 months. Efforts to reduce childhood AGE after the global rollout of rotavirus vaccines should include sapovirus where estimates of its incidence in communities will be crucial.
Racial Differences in the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease in Children
Authors: Hunt Kathryn M , Michelson Kenneth A , Balamuth Fran , Thompson Amy D , Levas Michael N , Neville Desiree N , Kharbanda Anupam B , Chapman Laura , Nigrovic Lise E ,   for Pedi Lyme Net
Published: October 2022

Black children with Lyme disease compared with children of other races were less likely to have an erythema migrans lesion diagnosed (adjusted odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, .14-.79) but more likely to have a swollen joint (adjusted odds ratio, 3.68; 95% confidence interval, 2.13-6.36) after adjustment for age and local Lyme incidence.
Increased Risk of Cancer and Mortality in a Large French Population-Based Paediatric-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease Retrospective Cohort
Authors: Dupont-Lucas Claire , Leroyer Ariane , Ley Delphine , Spyckerelle Claire , Bertrand Valérie , Turck Dominique , Savoye Guillaume , Maunoury Vincent , Guillon Nathalie , Fumery Mathurin , Sarter Hélène , Gower-Rousseau Corinne ,   EPIMAD Study Group
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

Paediatric-onset IBD [pIBD] is associated with an increased risk of cancer and mortality in adulthood. The aims of this study were to measure the incidence of cancer and mortality in patients with pIBD and identify factors associated with mortality and cancer.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease [CD] or ulcerative colitis [UC] before the age of 17 years between 1988 and 2011 in the EPIMAD registry were retrospectively followed until 2013 for cancer and 2015 for mortality. Standardized incidence [SIR] and mortality ratios [SMR] were estimated compared to the general population. Cox regression was used to compare the effect of exposures on cancer and mortality among IBD patients.

Results

We included 1344 patients [52% males, 75% CD], totalling 12 957 patient-years for cancer incidence and 18 817 patient-years for mortality. There were 14 cases of cancer [median age 27.8 years] and 15 deaths [median age 28.8 years]. The incidence of cancer and of mortality were increased compared to the general population: all-cancer SIR = 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5–4.8), SMR = 1.7 [95% CI: 1.0–2.8]. Colorectal cancer had the highest SIR and SMR: SIR = 41.2 [95% CI: 17.2–99.0], SMR = 70.4 [95% CI 22.7–218.2]. Cancer was associated with (hazard ratio [HR], 95% CI): active smoking at diagnosis [5.5, 1.8–16.5], p = 0.002; any exposure to anti-tumour necrosis factor [6.1, 1.7–22.3], p = 0.0065; and exposure to combination therapy [7.4, 1.8–29.7], p = 0.0047. Mortality was associated with extraintestinal manifestations (HR 4.9 [95% CI: 1.7–13.8], p = 0.003).

Conclusions

In this large population-based cohort, patients with pIBD had an increased risk of both cancer [2.7-fold] and mortality [1.7-fold], particularly for colorectal cancer.
Trends in the teaching of sexual and reproductive health topics and skills in required courses in secondary schools, in 38 US states between 2008 and 2018
Authors: Szucs Leigh E , Demissie Zewditu , Steiner Riley J , Brener Nancy D , Lindberg Laura , Young Emily , Rasberry Catherine N
Published: October 2022

Information about state and local education policies regarding sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, and unintended pregnancy prevention is available, yet less is known about school-level implementation of such policies. We examine trends in the percentage of US secondary schools teaching sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics in a required course in Grades 6–8 and 9–12, including healthy relationships, sexual abstinence, condoms and condoms with other contraceptive methods. We analyze representative data from 38 states across six cycles of School Health Profiles (2008–18) assessed through self-administered questionnaires completed by lead health teachers. Logistic regression models examined linear trends in the percentages of schools teaching topics for Grades 6–8 and 9–12, separately. Trends were calculated for states having representative data for at least three cycles, including 2018. During 2008–18, it was more common to have increases in teaching how to obtain condoms, correct condom use and use condoms with other contraceptive methods in Grades 6–12 than decreases. More states showed decreases in teaching abstinence in Grades 6–12 than increases. Most states had no change in teaching SRH topics across grades. Findings suggest some improvement in school-based SRH education, yet efforts are needed to improve comprehensive, developmentally appropriate content.
Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Human Papillomavirus Clearance Among Women in Senegal, West Africa
Authors: Li Zhuochen , Winer Rachel L , Ba Selly , Sy Marie Pierre , Lin John , Feng Qinghua , Gottlieb Geoffrey S , Salif Sow Papa , Kiviat Nancy B , Hawes Stephen E
Published: October 2022

Background

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with development of invasive cervical cancer.

Methods

Longitudinal data was collected from 174 Senegalese women. We employed marginal Cox proportional hazards models to examine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status (HIV positive vs HIV negative) and HIV type (HIV-1 vs HIV-2 vs dual HIV-1/HIV-2) on clearance of type-specific HPV infection. Analyses were stratified by incident versus prevalent HPV infection.

Results

Incident HPV infections in HIV-positive women were less likely to clear than those in HIV-negative women (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], .38–.94). Among HIV-positive women, HIV-2–infected women and HIV-1/2 dually infected women were more likely to clear HPV incident infections than HIV-1–infected women (HR = 1.66; 95% CI, .95–2.92 and HR = 2.17; 95% CI, 1.12–4.22, respectively). Incident HPV infections in HIV-positive women with CD4 cell count ≤500 cells/μL were less likely to clear than those in HIV-positive women with CD4 cell count >500 cells/μL (HR = 0.65; 95% CI, .42–1.01). No significant associations were observed for prevalent HPV infections.

Conclusions

HIV infection reduced the likelihood of clearance of incident HPV infection. Furthermore, among HIV-positive women, low CD4 cell count and dual HIV infection were each associated with reduced likelihood of clearance.
Serum Neutralization Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Is Heterogenic and Depends on Vaccination Regimen
Authors: Jäger Michael , Dichtl Stefanie , Bellmann-Weiler Rosa , Reindl Markus , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Wilflingseder Doris , Posch Wilfried
Published: October 2022

Omicron variants are still the dominant SARS-CoV-2 viruses worldwide, therefore determination of the level of protection from infection and severe disease is essential. Here, we investigated humoral and cellular immunity of individuals immunized by ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273 and our results show that IgG and neutralization titers wane over time. However, strongest neutralization against Omicron BA.1 and T-cell responses were detected in ChAdOx1 vaccinees 6 months after the second dose, while no long-lasting neutralization was shown against BA.2 in any cohort. Crucially, our investigation revealed that immunity against variants of concern is heterogenic and dependent on the immunization status.
Development and validation of a resazurin assay for in vitro susceptibility testing of Actinomadura madurae: a common causative agent of actinomycetoma
Authors: Abd Algaffar S O , Verbon A , Khalid S A , van de Sande W W J
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Actinomycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle and bones. With increasing resistance against commonly used treatment regimens, susceptibility testing is urgently needed.

Methods

We developed an in vitro susceptibility assay for Actinomadura madurae, one of the common causative agents of actinomycetoma, employing resazurin for endpoint reading. Using this assay, reproducible MICs were determined for the most commonly used antibacterial agents for actinomycetoma treatment. The tested antibacterial agents included trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, streptomycin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, imipenem, linezolid, penicillin G and rifampicin.

Results

Following the clinical breakpoints as stated by CLSI, 100% of the tested strains were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (MIC 0.03/0.59–1/19 mg/L), amikacin (MIC 0.0078–0.25 mg/L), doxycycline (MIC <0.25–1 mg/L) and linezolid (MIC <0.25–2 mg/L), 90% to ciprofloxacin (MIC <0.25–2 mg/L), 80% to ceftriaxone (MIC <0.5 to >64 mg/L) and imipenem (MIC <0.25–32 mg/L) and only 20% to amoxicillin (MIC <0.5 to >64 mg/L) and rifampicin (MIC 0.5 to >32 mg/L).

Conclusions

Determinations of MICs by visual readings of colour changes versus spectrophotometric readings were comparable. This convenient visual reading has the advantage of feasible implementation in endemic settings.
Modified Frailty Index is an Independent Predictor of Death in the Burn Population: A Secondary Analysis of the Transfusion Requirement in Burn Care Evaluation (TRIBE) Study
Authors: Sen Soman , Romanowski Kathleen S , Andre John A , Greenhalgh David G , Palmieri Tina L
Published: October 2022

Frailty can increase the risk of dying after suffering a severe injury. The Modified Frailty Index (MFI) was developed by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program to determine the impact of frailty on outcomes. Our aim was to correlate frailty with survival following a burn injury using the 11-item and 5-item MFI. We performed a secondary analysis of the Transfusion Requirement in Burn Care Evaluation (TRIBE) study. Data including, age, gender, medical history, extent and severity of burn injury, inhalation injury and discharge disposition was collected from the TRIBE database. The 11-item MFI (MFI-11) and 5-item MFI (MFI-5) scores were calculated for all patients in the TRIBE database. The TRIBE database included 347 patients. The mean age of subjects was 43 ± 17 years. Mean total body surface area burn (TBSA) was 38 ± 18%, and 23% had inhalation injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that both MFI-5 (OR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.11–3.11; P-value .02) and MFI-11 (OR 1.83; 95% CI: 1.18–2.8; P-value .007) were independent predictors for mortality. Additionally, MFI-11 scores that are >1 were independently associated with a markedly increased risk of dying after a burn injury (OR 2.91; 95% CI: 1.1–7.7; P-value .03). The MFI can be used to identify vulnerable burn injured patients who are at high risk of dying.
A Pilot Randomized Trial of an Obesity Prevention Program for High-Risk Infants in Primary Care
Authors: Rybak Tiffany M , Modi Avani C , Mara Constance A , Herbst Rachel B , Lauer Brea A , Burkhardt Mary Carol , Stark Lori J
Published: October 2022

Objective

Rapid infant weight gain is associated with later obesity. Novel interventions to prevent rapid infant weight gain that are accessible to infants and families are needed, especially for those at the highest risk. Our aims were to examine: (a) feasibility and acceptability of a responsive parenting intervention delivered via Integrated Behavioral Health (IBH) in pediatric primary care and (b) preliminary effects on infant weight gain from birth to 6 (post-treatment) and 9 (follow-up) months.

Methods

A parallel design, proof-of-concept randomized control trial was conducted with 65 mother–infant dyads (32 randomized to intervention, 33 randomized an IBH attention control focused on promoting healthy mental health), in which the majority identify as Black (80%) and low income (91% receiving Medicaid). Participants and assessors were masked to treatment condition. Outcomes included feasibility (enrollment), acceptability (retention and adherence), and conditional weight gain (CWG), an indicator of rapid weight gain.

Results

The intervention was feasible (90% of eligible families enrolled) and acceptable (89% of families retained), with 81% receiving ≥3 of 4 treatment sessions. A medium effect was found on CWG (d = −0.54 post-treatment, d = −0.57 follow-up), with the infants in the treatment group showing significantly lower CWG (mean = −0.27, 95% CI, −0.63, 0.09) compared to the control group (mean = 0.29, 95% CI, −0.17, 0.76) at 9 months (p = .04).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing a responsive parenting obesity prevention intervention within primary care. Delivery in pediatric primary care is advantageous for implementation and reaching at-risk populations. The preliminary effects on CWG are promising and support testing in a larger trial.
A lily membrane-associated NAC transcription factor, LlNAC014, is involved in thermotolerance via activation of the DREB2-HSFA3 module
Authors: Wu Ze , Li Ting , Xiang Jun , Teng Renda , Zhang Dehua , Teng Nianjun
Published: October 2022

The NTL (NAC with transmembrane motif 1-like) transcription factors with a conserved transmembrane motif are members of the NAC family and are important in plant development and in response to stress. However, knowledge of their regulatory pathways is scarce, especially under heat stress. Here, we cloned and identified a novel lily (Lilium longiflorum) NTL gene, LlNAC014, that increases thermotolerance. High temperature repressed LlNAC014 expression but activated its protein. LlNAC014 contained a typical transmembrane motif at its far C-terminus and was normally located on membranes, but under heat stress it entered the nucleus as a transcription factor. LlNAC014 also has a transactivation domain at its C-terminus, and its active form, LlNAC014ΔC, could function as a trans-activator in both yeast and plant cells. LlNAC014ΔC overexpression in lily and Arabidopsis increased thermotolerance, and also caused growth defects; silencing LlNAC014 in lily decreased thermotolerance. LlNAC014ΔC could constitutively activate the heat stress response by inducing the expression of heat-responsive genes, some of which were dependent on the HSF (heat stress transcription factor) pathway. Further analysis showed that LlNAC014 was a direct regulator of the DREB2-HSFA3 module, and bound to the CTT(N7)AAG element in the promoters of LlHSFA3A, LlHSFA3B, and LlDREB2B to activate their expression. Thus, LlNAC014 increased thermotolerance by sensing high temperature and translocating to the nucleus to activate the DREB2-HSFA3 module.
A Case of Massive Fetal-Maternal Hemorrhage: Lessons Learned in Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Raymond Caitlin , Grant Bradley , Zahner Christopher
Published: October 2022

The use of Rho(D) immune globulin in Rh-negative pregnant women has become standard of care, but many practicing clinicians do not know the dosing recommendations for this essential medication. In this article, we describe a case of a 15-year-old girl who presented with intrauterine fetal demise and was found to have massive fetomaternal hemorrhage. Kleihauer-Betke testing results indicated nearly 460 mL of fetal blood in the maternal circulation. The patient ultimately received 4800 µg of Rho(D) immune globulin, a dose that required close coordination with the obstetrical service and pharmacy. Although this is an unusual case of large-volume, potentially chronic, fetomaternal hemorrhage, it is also an excellent illustration of the principles for diagnosing this condition, as well as providing dosing guidelines for Rho(D) immunoglobulin to prevent alloimmunization.
Thermal conduction in clumpy discs and BLR clouds
Authors: Ayad Hussein , Samadi Maryam , Abbassi Shahram
Published: October 2022

We investigate the dynamics of clumps that coexisted with/in advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) by considering thermal conductivity. Thermal conduction can be one of the effective factors in the energy transportation of ADAFs; hence it may indirectly affect the dynamics of clumps by means of a contact force between them and their host medium. We first study the ensemble of clumps by assuming them as collisionless particles, and secondly we find the orbital motion of these clouds as individuals. For both parts, clumps are subject to the gravity of the central object and a drag force. The strong coupling between clumps and ADAF leads to equality between the average treatment of the clumps and the dynamics of their background. By employing the collisionless Boltzmann equation, we calculate the velocity dispersion of the clumps, which turns out to be approximately one order of magnitude higher than the ADAF. In fact, involving drag force in such a system causes the angular momentum of the clumps to be transported outwards by the ADAF, and hence the clouds eventually will be captured at the tidal radius. The results show that the presence of thermal conduction increases the root of the averaged radial velocity square, and this, in turn, speeds up the process of capturing the clouds through the tidal force. In the end, we focus on a typical individual cloud; the spiral orbits appear only due to the toroidal component of friction force. The parametric study again proves that the operation of thermal conduction helps in decreasing the lifetime of clumps.
Social determinants of health and the transition from advanced chronic kidney disease to kidney failure
Authors: Hundemer Gregory L , Ravani Pietro , Sood Manish M , Zimmerman Deborah , Molnar Amber O , Moorman Danielle , Oliver Matthew J , White Christine , Hiremath Swapnil , Akbari Ayub
Published: October 2022

Background

The transition from chronic kidney disease (CKD) to kidney failure is a vulnerable time for patients, with suboptimal transitions associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Whether social determinants of health are associated with suboptimal transitions is not well understood.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 1070 patients with advanced CKD who were referred to the Ottawa Hospital Multi-Care Kidney Clinic and developed kidney failure (dialysis or kidney transplantation) between 2010 and 2021. Social determinant information, including education level, employment status and marital status, was collected under routine clinic protocol. Outcomes surrounding suboptimal transition included inpatient (versus outpatient) dialysis starts, pre-emptive (versus delayed) access creation and pre-emptive kidney transplantation. We examined the association between social determinants of health and suboptimal transition outcomes using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

The mean age and estimated glomerular filtration rate were 63 years and 18 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Not having a high school degree was associated with higher odds for an inpatient dialysis start compared with having a college degree {odds ratio [OR] 1.71 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–2.69]}. Unemployment was associated with higher odds for an inpatient dialysis start [OR 1.85 (95% CI 1.18–2.92)], lower odds for pre-emptive access creation [OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.34–0.82)] and lower odds for pre-emptive kidney transplantation [OR 0.48 (95% CI 0.24–0.96)] compared with active employment. Being single was associated with higher odds for an inpatient dialysis start [OR 1.44 (95% CI 1.07–1.93)] and lower odds for pre-emptive access creation [OR 0.67 (95% CI 0.50–0.89)] compared with being married.

Conclusions

Social determinants of health, including education, employment and marital status, are associated with suboptimal transitions from CKD to kidney failure.
Lack of sufficient evidence to support a positive role of selenium status in depression: a systematic review
Authors: Santos Acsa C , Passos Anna F F , Holzbach Luciana C , Cardoso Barbara R , Santos Marta A , Coelho Alexandre S G , Cominetti Cristiane , Almeida Gessica M
Published: October 2022

Context

Globally, depression affects more than 322 million people. Studies exploring the relationship between diet and depression have revealed the benefits of certain dietary patterns and micronutrients in attenuating the symptoms of this disorder. Among these micronutrients, selenium stands out because of its multifaceted role in the brain. Objective: To assess the impact of selenium intake and status on symptoms of depression. Data Sources: A systematic search was performed in databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and gray literature (on April 6, 2021, updated on January 28, 2022), without restrictions of date, language, or study type. Data Extraction: Studies of adults (18–60 y of age) with depression or depressive symptoms were included. Data on selenium biomarkers and/or intake were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Data Analysis: Of the 10 studies included, 2 were cohorts (n = 13 983 and 3735), 3 were cross-sectional (n = 736, 7725, and 200), 1 was case-control (n = 495), and 4 were randomized controlled trials (n = 30, 11, 38, and 63). Several studies have indicated that low selenium intake or concentration may be associated with symptoms of depression. However, this association was inconsistent across the studies included in this systematic review; due to the high heterogeneity, it was not possible to perform meta-analyses. The main contributing factors to the high heterogeneity include the different methodological designs, methods for diagnosing depression, selenium assessment, and clinical conditions. Conclusion: Overall, there is insufficient evidence to support a positive role of selenium status in depression. Studies with more accurate methods and adequate assessment of selenium status are needed to better understand the role of this nutrient in depression.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021220683.
Identification of Surgeon Burnout via a Single-Item Measure
Authors: Houdmont J , Daliya P , Adiamah A , Theophilidou E , Hassard J , Lobo D N ,   East Midlands Surgical Academic Network (EMSAN) Burnout Study Group, Ahmed Jamil , Babu Victor , Baker Daryll , Bartlett David , Beckingham Ian , Bhatti Imran , Brooks Adam , Brown Steven , Burke Josh , Byrne Hannah , Chetter Ian , Cook Hannah , Coulston James , Cruddas Lucinda , Dias Richard , Dor Frank , Dube Mukul , Grant Katherine , Hammond John , Hargest Rachel , Joachim Theophilus , Joseph Annie , Kara Naveed , Karavias Dimitrios , Kotecha Sita , Kushairi Anisa , Lal Roshan , Lam Kit , Lasrado Irwin , Lee Rachel , Mann Gurminder , Mannu George , Maxwell-Armstrong Charles , McCaslin James , McDermot Frank , Miller Andrew , Miller Sarah , Morgan Jenna , Nandhra Sandip , Narayanasamy Sangara , O’Brien Patrick , Parry Laura , Peters Kizzie , Pitsika Marina , Psaltis Emmanouil , Sargen Kevin , Sarmah Panchali , Shyamsundar Murali , Reddy Chinnappa , Rollins Katie , Roslan Farah , Shalhoub Joseph , Stanislas Matt , Tan Benjamin , Tewari Nilanjana , Thomas Pradeep , Thomas Tony , Tiernan Jim , Toogood Giles , Trimble Karl , Vauhan Peter , Wheldon Luke , White Steven , White Tim , Wijetunga Imeshi , Wilson Michael , Winterborn Rebecca , Wyld Lynda , Young Lora
Published: October 2022

Background

Burnout is endemic in surgeons in the UK and linked with poor patient safety and quality of care, mental health problems, and workforce sustainability. Mechanisms are required to facilitate the efficient identification of burnout in this population. Multi-item measures of burnout may be unsuitable for this purpose owing to assessment burden, expertise required for analysis, and cost.

Aims

To determine whether surgeons in the UK reporting burnout on the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) can be reliably identified by a single-item measure of burnout.

Methods

Consultant (n = 333) and trainee (n = 217) surgeons completed the MBI and a single-item measure of burnout. We applied tests of discriminatory power to assess whether a report of high burnout on the single-item measure correctly classified MBI cases and non-cases.

Results

The single-item measure demonstrated high discriminatory power on the emotional exhaustion burnout domain: the area under the curve was excellent for consultants and trainees (0.86 and 0.80), indicating high sensitivity and specificity. On the depersonalisation domain, discrimination was acceptable for consultants (0.76) and poor for trainees (0.69). In contrast, discrimination was acceptable for trainees (0.71) and poor for consultants (0.62) on the personal accomplishment domain.

Conclusions

A single-item measure of burnout is suitable for the efficient assessment of emotional exhaustion in consultant and trainee surgeons in the UK. Administered regularly, such a measure would facilitate the early identification of at-risk surgeons and swift intervention, as well as the monitoring of group-level temporal trends to inform resource allocation to coincide with peak periods.
Fanon’s Revolutionary Rhetoric
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: October 2022

This chapter calls up the heart of Frantz Fanon: his rhetoric of revolution. Fanon’s writing was revolutionary in the fullest sense. He reported on the revolution, called for it, called us to it. He wrote of and for, before and from within the revolution. He reversed orders, he overturned conventions. He operated with particular revelatory power at three sites: the body, language, and in unsettling authority. Fanon made the body a field for the mind’s battles, the terrain on which liberation would be won. Fanon made the politics of language legible and audible. Fanon sought not simply to acquire but also to disseminate authority in language. He made authority questionable: in speech, in writing, in politics. He attempted to preserve the authority of his patients and offered authority to his readers. Fanon did this despite Sartre’s Introductions, which shaped—and distorted—Fanon for generations.
The Origins of Mythography as a Genre
Authors: Pàmias Jordi
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the origins and early development of mythography in late archaic and classical Greece. A particular form of the reception of myth, mythographical collections are one of the results of the rapid spread of alphabetic writing, particularly from the 6th century bce onward. The chapter argues that even though the words mythography and mythographer are not attested until much later, these authors were in possession of a category comparable to our “myth” understood as a type of account that belongs to a heritage from which they are separated by a gap, onto which they can cast an objective gaze. Indeed, writing was a necessary instrument for encouraging a new attitude towards tradition. And the use of written prose had lasting effects. Critical intertextuality, a text that responds dialectically to preexisting texts, is consolidated with the transcription of myths by the early mythographers. Their writings respond to the tradition since they place the canonical texts of ancient poetry on the same level as the opinion of a ordinary private individual, who expresses himself in simple, secular prose. Unlike oral transmission, which is more restricted and more suitable for the elites to be able to exercise control over the spread of information, dissemination in writing guarantees a mass circulation of the text that is less controlled and more “democratic.”
Irish Theatrical Song in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Conway Ciara
Published: October 2022

The eighteenth-century playhouse stage was a crucial site for the dissemination of Irish song, and this was especially so in the case of the theatrical works of Irish actor, dramatist, and songwriter John O’Keeffe (1747–1833), in which Irish song was a notable feature. This chapter considers the emergence of ballad opera, particularly in relation to its use of traditional song, and the use of Irish theatrical song as entr’acte entertainment and musical number on Dublin and London stages. In its closing section, the chapter turns to O’Keeffe’s first main-piece comic opera The Castle of Andalusia (1782) as a case study to evaluate how he not only disseminated Irish song via the playhouse stage but also demonstrated an empowered Irish cultural identity by challenging musical hierarchies and presenting a degree of musical equality between different kinds of cultural tradition within English comic opera.
Poetry and Performance in the Gaelic World, c.1200–c.1650
Authors: Ó Mainnín Mícheál B.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the performance of poetry in the early modern period of the Irish/Gaelic language (c.1200–c.1650). The poets do not comment explicitly on the nature of the vocal component. However, as the social context of the poetry was of great interest to contemporary observers, we consider some of these accounts before turning to issues of patronage, performance, and reception. Related genres, which have survived to some extent in oral tradition, may cast light on the vocal accompaniment of professional poetry as may later eulogy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, examples of which also survive as songs. In view of the primacy of the text for the professional poets, the musical element which accompanied court poetry may have been simple and flexible, and the number of tunes limited accordingly. Nonetheless, the vocal dimension may have played a role in some instances in bridging the gap between the written and oral traditions, and in the passing of poems from the former to the latter.
System Safety and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Dobbe Roel I. J.
Published: October 2022

This chapter formulates seven lessons for preventing harm in artificial intelligence (AI) systems based on insights from the field of system safety for software-based automation in safety-critical domains. New applications of AI across societal domains and public organizations and infrastructures come with new hazards, which lead to new forms of harm, both grave and pernicious. The chapter addresses the lack of consensus for diagnosing and eliminating new AI system hazards. For decades, the field of system safety has dealt with accidents and harm in safety-critical systems governed by varying degrees of software-based automation and decision-making. This field embraces the core assumption of systems and control that AI systems cannot be safeguarded by technical design choices on the model or algorithm alone, instead requiring an end-to-end hazard analysis and design frame that includes the context of use, impacted stakeholders, and the formal and informal institutional environment in which the system operates. Safety and other values are then inherently socio-technical and emergent system properties that require design and control measures to instantiate these across the technical, social, and institutional components of a system. This chapter honors system safety pioneer Nancy Leveson, by situating her core lessons for today’s AI system safety challenges. For every lesson, concrete tools are offered for rethinking and reorganizing the safety management of AI systems, both in design and governance. This history tells us that effective AI safety management requires transdisciplinary approaches and a shared language that allows involvement of all levels of society.
Confronting Cultural Imperialism through Indigenous Archaeology
Authors: Riggs Charles R.
Published: October 2022

Cultural imperialism remains deeply imbedded in contemporary archaeological practice and discourse, despite more than a decade of sustained decolonizing influence. This chapter attempts to highlight the importance of increasing Indigenous participation in archaeology. By focusing on ethics, cultural-resource management law, and Western interpretive frameworks in American archaeology, this chapter exposes the aforementioned cultural imperialism in its many guises. In so doing, connections are made between self-centered Eurocentric behaviors related to development and career building and the ongoing legal destruction of Indigenous places. Finally, because of the human rights implications surrounding continued research, it is suggested that archaeology’s cultural imperialism should compel not only Indigenous participation in contemporary archaeology, but some genuine self-reflection by the Anglo archaeologists who continue to dominate the discipline.
Legal Capacity in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Koyama Mark
Published: October 2022

This chapter evaluates the concept of legal capacity and assesses how it is employed in research in historical political economy. It discusses the relationship between legal capacity and state capacity, issues of measurement, and relates the concept to the wider body of research on the rule of law, governance without the state, and legal origins. It uses the concept of legal capacity to shed light on the evolution of legal institutions in medieval England and early modern France.
Historical Political Economy of Migration
Authors: Charnysh Volha
Published: October 2022

Historical political economy is well positioned to study the consequences of migration. This chapter summarizes insights from recent research in this field. To organize the findings, the discussion separates the consequences of migration for receiving and sending societies and for migrants themselves. The economic impact of international migration on receiving societies has attracted the most attention in the literature, but scholars are increasingly emphasizing the political consequences of migration and its effects on sending countries. The chapter discusses both voluntary and forced migration and emphasizes important distinctions between them. It concludes by highlighting the advantages of studying historical cases and suggesting directions for future research.
Oil and Gas
Authors: Goldthau Andreas , Sitter Nick
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the International Political Economy (IPE) scholarship in energy over the last few decades. It shows that there is a deep divide between two dominant schools of thought in IPE energy research: the liberal school and the realist school. While there is relatively little interaction between the two schools, and very few ontological or epistemological debates, some of the problems that have driven the main IPE energy research agendas increasingly blur the boundary between trade and security. Liberal energy policy debates have moved from a focus on trade to market failures related to security and climate change, while some realist scholarship increasingly incorporates trade and economic competition thanks to a shift from the geopolitics of energy to the geoeconomics of energy. The chapter outlines four broad issues that may force more engagement between the two schools, and that in any case point to how energy research may contribute to IPE as a discipline: the changing utility of power in international relations, the challenges associated with different types of global policy regimes, the rise of state-capitalist China and Russia in the context of an energy self-reliant US, and the possible trend toward a fragmented post-globalized intentional order.
Feminism
Authors: Waylen Georgina
Published: October 2022

Despite feminist International Political Economy (IPE)’s importance and vibrancy, feminist IPE scholars still point to the continuing lack of dialogue or at best a one-sided engagement between feminist and non-feminist IPE. This remains, despite the long-standing potential for interchange, particularly between feminist IPE and constructivist analyses. This chapter attempts several tasks. First, it explores (yet again) the relationship between feminist and non-feminist IPE to assess whether levels of engagement, particularly of non-feminist IPE with feminist IPE, have increased. It then tries to explain some of the patterns that we still see today. Second, the chapter outlines some key insights that have been generated by feminist IPE since its inception. The chapter argues that feminist IPE now forms a sophisticated body of work, distinguished by its inter-disciplinarity, methodological and theoretical diversity, and empirical reach, as well as its continuing refusal to be disciplined by boundaries that were noted more than two decades ago. The chapter shows that feminist IPE’s important theoretical and empirical insights can and should inform key debates in IPE, for example around social reproduction. It concludes by highlighting some exciting new theoretical developments that an intersectional feminist IPE is contributing to, as well as recent points of coalescence and convergence that offer enhanced potential for interchange between feminist and non-feminist IPE.
Ordoliberalism and Conservatism
Authors: Biebricher Thomas
Published: October 2022

Despite its undeniable liberal core, Ordoliberalism is deeply influenced by conservative thought, as it developed specifically in the German tradition. This chapter explores themes and motives that Ordoliberalism draws from or shares with (German) conservatism, These themes range from the crucial significance attributed to matters of culture and religion to the quest for a normative foundation inherent in ‘the natural’—or rather the naturalised. As will become clear, ordoliberal thought in many of its varieties draws on these genuinely conservative ideational resources, particularly, to make the normative case for its reform ideas. Finally, the controversial link between Ordoliberalism and what is referred to as ‘young conservatism’ associated with the ‘Conservative Revolution’ in Germany is analysed and discussed.
A History of Pediatric Neuropsychology
Authors: Wills Karen E. , Tupper David E.
Published: October 2022

Pediatric neuropsychology is the subspecialty of clinical neuropsychology that encompasses professional practice with children and adolescents. This chapter provides a topical, chronological, and biopsychosocial perspective, extending from Aristotle to Obama, on the confluence of cultural contexts, social policy, scientific research, training programs, clinical practice, and professional organizing that have shaped the subspecialty. Topics discussed include the changing conceptualization of how children develop and learn in relation to their environments; pediatric psychometrics and identification of children with developmental disabilities; medical conditions and brain–behavior research; professionalization of the subspecialty via education, training, and certification programs; special education, learning disabilities; and social development. Technology is noted as a driver of change in research, practice, and professional organizing. Finally, the chapter addresses the legacy and ongoing need for advocacy.