bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pupil dynamics: A potential proxy of neural preparation for goal‐directed eye movement
Authors: Pandey Pragya , Ray Supriya
Published: September 2021

The pupils reflexively constrict or dilate to regulate the influx of light on the retinae. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is susceptible to many non‐visual cognitive processes including covert orientation of attention and planning rapid saccadic eye movement. The frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC), which also send projections to the PLR pathway, are two important areas in primate's brain for planning saccade and orientation of attention. The saccadic reaction time (SRT) and the rate of increase in activity of movement neurons in these areas are inversely correlated. This study addressed how pupil dynamics, activity in the FEF and SC and SRT are related in a saccadic decision‐making task. The rate of visually evoked pupil constriction was found inversely related to SRT. This was further verified by simulating a homeomorphic biomechanical model of pupillary muscle plants, wherein we projected signals similar to build‐up activity in the FEF and SC to the parasympathetic (constriction) and sympathetic (dilation) division of the PLR pathway, respectively. A striking similarity between simulated and observed dynamics of pupil constriction suggests that PLR is a potential proxy of saccade planning by movement neurons in the FEF and SC. Indistinguishable pupil dynamics when planned saccades were elicited versus when they were cancelled eliminated the possibility that the obligatory pre‐saccadic shift of attention alone influenced the rate of pupil constriction. Our study envisages a mechanism of how the oculomotor system influences the autonomic activity in an attempt to timely minimize saccadic visual transients by regulating the influx of light.
Background white noise and speech facilitate visual working memory
Authors: Han Sizhu , Zhu Ruizhen , Ku Yixuan
Published: September 2021

In contrast to background white noise, the detrimental effects of background speech on verbal working memory (WM) were often explained by speech interference in the same verbal modality. Yet, those results were confounded with potential differences between arousal levels induced by speech and white noise. To address the role of arousal, in the present study, we minimized the verbal interference by using a visual WM task to test the influence of background speech or white noise. Electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded simultaneously to indicate participants' arousal levels. Results showed that both background speech and white noise significantly improved visual WM performance, which further correlated with individuals' changes of EDA signals. Taken together, our results suggest that background sounds of both speech and white noise facilitate visual WM by raising the arousal level.
Evolutionary legacies in contemporary tetrapod imperilment
Authors: Greenberg Dan A. , Pyron R. Alexander , Johnson Liam G. W. , Upham Nathan S. , Jetz Walter , Mooers Arne Ø.
Published: September 2021

The Tree of Life will be irrevocably reshaped as anthropogenic extinctions continue to unfold. Theory suggests that lineage evolutionary dynamics, such as age since origination, historical extinction filters and speciation rates, have influenced ancient extinction patterns – but whether these factors also contribute to modern extinction risk is largely unknown. We examine evolutionary legacies in contemporary extinction risk for over 4000 genera, representing ~30,000 species, from the major tetrapod groups: amphibians, birds, turtles and crocodiles, squamate reptiles and mammals. We find consistent support for the hypothesis that extinction risk is elevated in lineages with higher recent speciation rates. We subsequently test, and find modest support for, a primary mechanism driving this pattern: that rapidly diversifying clades predominantly comprise range‐restricted, and extinction‐prone, species. These evolutionary patterns in current imperilment may have important consequences for how we manage the erosion of biological diversity across the Tree of Life.
Too simple models may predict the island rule for the wrong reasons
Authors: Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. , Meiri Shai , Hortal Joaquin , Santos Ana M. C. , Raia Pasquale
Published: September 2021

Biddick & Burns (2021) proposed a null/neutral model that reproduces the island rule as a product of random drift. We agree that it is unnecessary to assume adaptive processes driving island dwarfing or gigantism, but several flaws make their approach unrealistic and thus unsuitable as a stochastic model for evolutionary size changes.
Exploring the causal inference of migraine on stroke: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Lee Keon‐Joo , Lee Soo Ji , Bae Hee‐Joon , Sung Joohon
Published: September 2021

Background and purpose

Previous observational studies have reported that patients with migraine have an increased risk of stroke. We explored whether migraine has a causal effect on stroke using a two‐sample Mendelian randomization approach.

Methods

Genetic instruments were selected from large genome‐wide association studies of migraine and stroke. A two‐sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed, along with sensitivity analysis. We used migraine subtypes (any migraine, migraine with aura, migraine without aura) as risk factors and stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke as outcomes for this analysis. Ischemic stroke subtypes were also included to explore the underlying pathogenesis linking migraine to stroke.

Results

Migraine did not show any association with stroke (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87–1.03), ischemic stroke (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.85–1.02), or hemorrhagic stroke (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.84–1.91), suggesting that the observed association may not be causal. Neither migraine with aura nor without aura showed causal relationship with outcomes. The sensitivity analysis supported the results of the primary analysis. Regarding ischemic stroke subtypes, migraine seemed to have a negative association with large‐artery atherosclerosis (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68–0.95), whereas associations with small‐vessel occlusion or cardioembolism were not evident.

Conclusions

Contrary to previous observational studies, we were unable to find any causal relationship between migraine and stroke. However, the suggested negative association of migraine in large‐artery atherosclerosis warrants further research.
Soticlestat, a novel cholesterol 24‐hydroxylase inhibitor, reduces seizures and premature death in Dravet syndrome mice
Authors: Hawkins Nicole A. , Jurado Manuel , Thaxton Tyler T. , Duarte Samantha E. , Barse Levi , Tatsukawa Tetsuya , Yamakawa Kazuhiro , Nishi Toshiya , Kondo Shinichi , Miyamoto Maki , Abrahams Brett S. , During Matthew J. , Kearney Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

Objective

Dravet syndrome is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) most often caused by de novo pathogenic variants inSCN1A. Individuals with Dravet syndrome rarely achieve seizure control and have significantly elevated risk for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Heterozygous deletion ofScn1ain mice (Scn1a+/−) recapitulates several core phenotypes, including temperature‐dependent and spontaneous seizures, SUDEP, and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore,Scn1a+/−mice exhibit a similar clinical response to standard anticonvulsants. Cholesterol 24‐hydroxlase (CH24H) is a brain‐specific enzyme responsible for cholesterol catabolism. Recent research has indicated the therapeutic potential of CH24H inhibition for diseases associated with neural excitation, including seizures.

Methods

In this study, the novel compound soticlestat, a CH24H inhibitor, was administered toScn1a+/−mice to investigate its ability to improve Dravet‐like phenotypes in this preclinical model.

Results

Soticlestat treatment reduced seizure burden, protected against hyperthermia‐induced seizures, and completely prevented SUDEP inScn1a+/−mice. Video–electroencephalography (EEG) analysis confirmed the ability of soticlestat to reduce occurrence of electroclinical seizures.

Significance

This study demonstrates that soticlestat‐mediated inhibition of CH24H provides therapeutic benefit for the treatment of Dravet syndrome in mice and has the potential for treatment of DEEs.
Evolution of a Field: Personal Histories in Conflict Resolution. Edited by Howard Gadlin and Nancy A. Welsh
Authors: Saposnek Donald T.
Published: September 2021

This book review of Evolution of a Field: Personal Histories in Conflict Resolution, co‐edited by Howard Gadlin and Nancy A. Welsh, presents an overview, with snippets of personal and autobiographical material, of this penetrating collection that comprises the “personal stories” of 23 leading practitioners and scholars in the field of conflict resolution. The editors asked the authors to reflectively tell their stories about what factors led to their interest in conflict resolution, how their career paths flowed, what pleasures their journey gave them, and what they have learned. Organized into 23 chapters and four themes that emerged from the stories, this book is an inspirational contribution to our field.
Born into Porn But Rescued by Thorn: The Demand for Tech Companies to Scan and Search For Child Sexual Abuse Images
Authors: Gurriell MaryJane
Published: September 2021

As the internet continues to evolve, perpetrators responsible for disseminating child sexual abuse material (“CSAM”) online have learned to adapt. These illicit photos and videos continue to circulate at an uncontrollable rate due to technology companies' lack of action in regulating their platforms. Despite efforts to increase resources and implement necessary measures to curb this issue, approaches across companies are inconsistent, unilateral and often concealed. This Note proposes a modification of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act to alter the definition of the “good faith” standard, which in turn will require all interactive computer service providers to introduce a detection software to their platforms which will actively scan and ultimately delete all CSAM.
Bacterial flavoprotein monooxygenase YxeK salvages toxic S‐(2‐succino)‐adducts via oxygenolytic C–S bond cleavage
Authors: Matthews Arne , Schönfelder Julia , Lagies Simon , Schleicher Erik , Kammerer Bernd , Ellis Holly R. , Stull Frederick , Teufel Robin
Published: September 2021

Thiol‐containing nucleophiles such as cysteine react spontaneously with the citric acid cycle intermediate fumarate to form S‐(2‐succino)‐adducts. In Bacillus subtilis, a salvaging pathway encoded by the yxe operon has recently been identified for the detoxification and exploitation of these compounds as sulfur sources. This route involves acetylation of S‐(2‐succino)cysteine to N‐acetyl‐2‐succinocysteine, which is presumably converted to oxaloacetate and N‐acetylcysteine, before a final deacetylation step affords cysteine. The critical oxidative cleavage of the C–S bond of N‐acetyl‐S‐(2‐succino)cysteine was proposed to depend on the predicted flavoprotein monooxygenase YxeK. Here, we characterize YxeK and verify its role in S‐(2‐succino)‐adduct detoxification and sulfur metabolism. Detailed biochemical and mechanistic investigation of YxeK including 18O‐isotope‐labeling experiments, homology modeling, substrate specificity tests, site‐directed mutagenesis, and (pre‐)steady‐state kinetics provides insight into the enzyme’s mechanism of action, which may involve a noncanonical flavin‐N5‐peroxide species for C–S bond oxygenolysis.
Targeting adaptive cellular responses to mitochondrial bioenergetic deficiencies in human disease
Authors: Bennett Christopher F. , Ronayne Conor T. , Puigserver Pere
Published: September 2021

Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a central contributor to human disease. Oxidative metabolism at the mitochondrial respiratory chain produces ATP and is intricately tied to redox homeostasis and biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic stress arising from genetic mutations in mitochondrial genes and environmental factors such as malnutrition or overnutrition is perceived by the cell and leads to adaptive and maladaptive responses that can underlie pathology. Here, we will outline cellular sensors that react to alterations in energy production, organellar redox, and metabolites stemming from mitochondrial disease (MD) mutations. MD is a heterogeneous group of disorders primarily defined by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation from nuclear or mitochondrial‐encoded gene mutations. Preclinical therapies that improve fitness of MD mouse models have been recently identified. Targeting metabolic/energetic deficiencies, maladaptive signaling processes, and hyper‐oxygenation of tissues are all strategies aside from direct genetic approaches that hold therapeutic promise. A further mechanistic understanding of these curative processes as well as the identification of novel targets will significantly impact mitochondrial biology and disease research.
Src family kinases (SFKs): critical regulators of microglial homeostatic functions and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases
Authors: Portugal Camila C. , Almeida Tiago O. , Socodato Renato , Relvas João B.
Published: September 2021

c‐Src was the first protein kinase to be described as capable of phosphorylating tyrosine residues. Subsequent identification of other tyrosine‐phosphorylating protein kinases with a similar structure to c‐Src gave rise to the concept of Src family kinases (SFKs). Microglia are the resident innate immune cell population of the CNS. Under physiological conditions, microglia actively participate in brain tissue homeostasis, continuously patrolling the neuronal parenchyma and exerting neuroprotective actions. Activation of pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptors induces microglial proliferation, migration toward pathological foci, phagocytosis, and changes in gene expression, concurrent with the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. A significant body of literature shows that SFK stimulation positively associates with microglial activation and neuropathological conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here, we review essential microglial homeostatic functions regulated by SFKs, including phagocytosis, environmental sensing, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. In addition, we discuss the potential of SFK modulation for microglial homeostasis in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Vegetation responses to climate extremes recorded by remotely sensed atmospheric formaldehyde
Authors: Morfopoulos Catherine , Müller Jean‐François , Stavrakou Trissevgeni , Bauwens Maite , De Smedt Isabelle , Friedlingstein Pierre , Prentice Iain Colin , Regnier Pierre
Published: September 2021

Accurate monitoring of vegetation stress is required for better modelling and forecasting of primary production, in a world where heatwaves and droughts are expected to become increasingly prevalent. Variability in formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations in the troposphere is dominated by local emissions of short‐lived biogenic (BVOC) and pyrogenic volatile organic compounds. BVOCs are emitted by plants in a rapid protective response to abiotic stress, mediated by the energetic status of leaves (the excess of reducing power when photosynthetic light and dark reactions are decoupled, as occurs when stomata close in response to water stress). Emissions also increase exponentially with leaf temperature. New analytical methods for the detection of spatiotemporally contiguous extremes in remote‐sensing data are applied here to satellite‐derived atmospheric HCHO columns. BVOC emissions are shown to play a central role in the formation of the largest positive HCHO anomalies. Although vegetation stress can be captured by various remotely sensed quantities, spaceborne HCHO emerges as the most consistent recorder of vegetation responses to the largest climate extremes, especially in forested regions.
Influence of presintering temperature on magnesium aluminate spinel transparent ceramics fabricated by solid‐state reactive sintering
Authors: Jing Yanqiu , Liu Qiang , Mao Xinyu , Su Sha , Li Xiaoying , Liu Xin , Xie Tengfei , Li Jiang
Published: September 2021

Transparent magnesium aluminate spinel (MgO·1.1Al2O3) ceramics were successfully prepared by the solid‐state reactive sintering method using commercial γ‐Al2O3 and MgO powders as raw material. The extra alumina compared with stoichiometric spinel was found efficient to improve the optical quality of transparent spinel ceramics. The influence of presintering temperature on the phase formation, densification process, microstructure evolution, and optical quality of MgO·1.1Al2O3 was systematically investigated. The α‐Al2O3 phase was found in the ceramics calcined at 800°C. With the calcination temperature exceeding 1000°C, the magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics were all pure spinel phase. The density increased from 3.05 to 3.53 g/cm3 and the average grain size increased from 0.5 to 1.9 μm with the increase of presintering temperature from 1450°C to 1600°C. The transparent MgO·1.1Al2O3 ceramic sample presintered at 1550°C for 3 h and hot isostatic pressing posttreated at 1600°C for 3 h showed the best in‐line transmittance of 86.5% at 1100 nm and 84.3% at 800 nm.
The effect of CaCO3 in the formation of carbon nanotubes via electrolysis of molten Li2CO3/CaCO3 mixtures
Authors: Arcaro Sabrina , Guaglianoni Waleska , Alves Annelise Kopp , Bergmann Carlos Pérez
Published: September 2021

The development of new technologies to reduce emissions and capture or store CO2 emitted into the atmosphere is constantly expanding. In this sense, the electrolytic synthesis in molten carbonates enables converting CO2 into carbonaceous materials with economic value. The detailed study of the synthesis parameters allows the control of the product properties. Most studies in this area use lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) as an electrolyte. However, it is expensive and may limit the effective application. In this work, the effect of electrolyte composition and synthesis time was investigated. The amount of Li2CO3 used was reduced. For this, Li2CO3 (95, 90, and 85 wt%) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (5, 10, and 15 wt%) mixtures were employed as electrolytes. The electrolysis was conducted at 1 A for different times (1, 2, or 4 h). Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess the properties of the obtained carbon nanomaterials. The results showed that it was possible to obtain multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with diameter in the range of 53 ± 4 to 117 ± 8 nm. The CNTs with smaller diameters (53 ± 4 nm) and fewer defects (ID/IG = .67) were obtained for the electrolyte containing 10% of CaCO3 and synthesis time of 2 h.
Comparative study of reactive and nonreactive spark plasma sintering routes for the production of TaB2‐TaC composites
Authors: Kaplan Akarsu Melis , Akin Ipek , Sahin Filiz , Goller Gultekin
Published: September 2021

The influence of two different spark plasma sintering (SPS)‐based processing routes (i.e., reactive SPS [RSPS] and nonreactive SPS) on the properties of TaB2‐TaC composites was investigated. Ta2O5 and B4C powders were used as starting materials in the RSPS method, and synthesis and densification of TaB2‐TaC composites were accomplished in a facile single step. The effect of sintering temperature and time on the microstructure and densification of the in‐situ RSPS were investigated. The obtained results were compared with nonreactive spark plasma sintered TaB2‐TaC composites. The highest densification (∼99.5%) was achieved for the TaB2‐TaC composite with 6.64 vol.% TaC after reactive sintering at 1550°C under 40 MPa with a 5 min holding time. Although lower SPS temperature was used in the RSPS method, better densification and higher Vickers hardness were obtained compared to the nonreactive SPS. While platelet‐shaped TaC formation was observed in both processes, the average grain size was smaller in the RSPS method. On the other hand, no significant difference was detected in the oxidation behavior of the composites produced by RSPS and nonreactive SPS.
Preparation and properties of porous Al5BO9 for high‐temperature wave‐transparent and thermal insulating applications
Authors: Ren Yixiao , Dai Fu‐Zhi , Xiang Huimin , Sun Yinjie , Zhou Yanchun
Published: September 2021

Porous Al5BO9 is a promising high‐temperature wave‐transparent material. However, method for the preparation of this material is not readily available. Herein, porous Al5BO9 ceramics with controlled porosity and small volume shrinkage are successfully prepared by using Al2O3 and B2O3 as starting materials without pore formers. The SEM and pore size distribution studies show that the as‐prepared porous Al5BO9 ceramics exhibit a uniform pore structure and a narrow pore size distribution. Intriguingly, simply adjusting the densities of the green bodies, the density and porosity of the porous Al5BO9 ceramics can be controlled. The pore‐forming mechanism is presumed to be a combination of boron oxide volatilization during the high‐temperature synthesis and lap of elongated grains. Porous Al5BO9 ceramics have good high‐temperature stability, which can maintain dimensional and composition stability up to 1673 K. The compressive strength can reach 211 MPa at 32.4% porosity and the dielectric constant can be as low as 3.02 at 43.2% porosity. In addition, the dielectric constant and loss tangent keep almost unchanged with temperature.
Structure and mechanical properties of pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12) glass: Effect of high pressure
Authors: Buchner Silvio , Balzaretti Naira Maria , Ferreira Eduardo B. , Tsuchida Jefferson Esquina , Kulbieda Felipe R. , Zanotto Edgar D.
Published: September 2021

The effect of high pressure and/or high temperature on the structure and mechanical properties of pyrope glass (Mg3Al2Si3O12) was investigated. The local structure of the glass was characterized by the total pair distribution functions derived from synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. The short‐range order of the Si–O and Al–O pairs was not affected by densificationat 8 Gpa at room temperature. Small irreversible changes were observed in the intermediate range order of the glass, reflected in increasing density from 2.74 to 2.78 g/cm3, hardness from 8.1 to 8.7 GPa, and elastic modulus from 86 to 99 GPa. Thermal treatment of the parent glass at atmospheric pressure induced the crystallization of forsterite and cordierite, while thermal treatment in situ at 8 Gpa induced the crystallization of the cubic phase of pyrope, with density of 3.54 g/cm3, hardness of 16.4 Gpa, and elastic modulus of 195 GPa. This study helps to understand the effect of high pressure on geologically important materials and provides valuable insights for designing and manufacturing new glass‐ceramics containing metastable phases with improved properties.
Consumers’ motivations for adopting a vegan diet: A mixed‐methods approach
Authors: Ghaffari Mahsa , Rodrigo Padmali Gawri Kumari , Ekinci Yuksel , Pino Giovanni
Published: September 2021

The adoption of a vegan diet might have public, health, and environmental benefits; however, still little is known about veganism as the majority of studies on dietary lifestyles have focused on vegetarianism. Hence, in order to address this gap, the present study adopted a sequential and mixed (qualitative; quantitative) research approach based on laddering interviews (n = 20) and a survey (n = 400) to validate the motives for adopting a vegan diet. The results identified seven motives: economic, ethical, health‐related, hedonic, animal empathy, respect for animal rights, and personal accountability. Three motives in particular—(i.e., animal empathy, accountability, and animal rights) appear to be the key determinants of consumer’s self‐identification as vegan‐oriented individuals. The study found five attributes (price, nutritious, freshness; tasty, eco/animal friendly ingredients) of vegan products associated with the afore‐mentioned motives. Food marketers and policy makers could highlight such attributes to encourage the adoption of a vegan diet.
A prospective cohort of patients with common scabies treated with 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion as monotherapy: EPIGALE study
Authors: Caumes Eric , Marty Marc , Cadot Michel , Boulanger Patrick , Rousseaux Chantal , Petit Antoine
Published: September 2021

Background

In addition to general measures, pharmacological treatment is the basis of the management of scabies. No recent data in real‐life are available on the efficacy and safety of 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion for skin application administered as monotherapy.

Method

This prospective, multicenter, French observational study comprised a registry and a prospective cohort with a follow‐up at 28 days and a telephone call at week 12. To participate in the registry, patients had to be over 1 month old, ambulatory, presenting common, nonhyperkeratotic, untreated scabies. To be included in the cohort, patients had to be included in the registry and treated with two applications of 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion 8 days apart. The primary endpoint was cure at day 28.

Results

Of the 186 patients included in the registry, 116 were included in the cohort. Fourteen patients were included in the cohort without being included in the registry, which led to a total of 130 patients in the cohort. At day 28, 119/130 (91.5%; 95% CI 85.4–95.6%) were clinically cured. The cure was confirmed by dermoscopy in 44/47 patients (93%). Among the 130 patients, the cure rate was 82% at week 12. Of the 119 patients cured at day 28, the rate of cure at week 12 was 89.9%.

Conclusion

In real life, two applications of 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion 8 days apart provides high cure rates in patients with common scabies.
Atopic dermatitis in adults: a population‐based study in Finland
Authors: Kiiski Ville , Salava Alexander , Susitaival Päivikki , Barnhill Satu , Remitz Anita , Heliovaara Markku
Published: September 2021

Background

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased, but studies in adult or elderly populations are sparse.

Methods

We investigated 12‐month and lifetime prevalences of AD in the Finnish adult population ≥30 years of age and analyzed living environment factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle‐related factors, and serum vitamin D levels for their associations with AD in a national health examination survey.

Results

The lifetime prevalence was 21.9% and 12‐month prevalence 10.1%. The highest prevalence (lifetime 28.6%, 12‐month 15.4%) was seen in subjects 30‐39 years of age. Prevalence decreased with age. Subjects with highly educated parents were more likely to have active AD, though there was no effect of higher education in subjects themselves. Younger age and being an ex‐smoker were associated with active AD. Female sex and daily smoking increased the risk in subjects 30‐49 years of age. There was no dose–response relationship to serum vitamin D levels and no association with the living environment.

Conclusions

Our data show that the number of adult patients with atopic dermatitis has grown and prevalence numbers of AD in Finnish adults are among the highest reported. Together with the aging of the society, the burden of AD is not limited to childhood.
Anti‐inflammation of bioactive compounds from ethanolic extracts of edible bamboo mushroom (Dictyophora indusiata) as functional health promoting food ingredients
Authors: Ruksiriwanich Warintorn , Khantham Chiranan , Linsaenkart Pichchapa , Chaitep Tanakarn , Rachtanapun Pornchai , Jantanasakulwong Kittisak , Phimolsiripol Yuthana , Režek Jambrak Anet , Nazir Yasir , Yooin Wipawadee , Sommano Sarana Rose , Jantrawut Pensak , Sainakham Mathukorn , Tocharus Jiraporn , Mingmalairak Salin , Sringarm Korawan
Published: September 2021

The edible bamboo mushroom Dictyophora indusiata, which is rich in food nutrients and has medicinal values, has been investigated for nutrition compositional analysis. Then, three parts (whole mushroom: WE; peel and green mixture: PGE; and core: CE) were determined for antioxidant, MMP‐2 inhibition, and anti‐inflammatory properties. WE depicted the highest bioactive contents among others. The CE and WE with non‐cytotoxic effect on fibroblasts gave high MMP‐2 inhibitory activity (44.93% and 30.32%, respectively), compared with l‐ascorbic acid (50.65%). For the anti‐inflammatory activity, all D. indusiata extracts significantly inhibited the nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α secretion compared with the LPS treatment in all‐time intervals (P < 0.05). Moreover, WE extract containing various bioactive compounds (polyphenolic, monosaccharide, mucopolysaccharide, allantoin, and alkaloid contents) showed similar anti‐inflammatory activity to the standard diclofenac. It can be concluded that WE could be served as functional food ingredients and potential to be health‐promoting products.
Inhibitory effect of CaCl2 and carboxymethyl chitosan coating on the after‐ripening of Korla fragrant pears in cold storage
Authors: Wang Zhentao , Tang Yurong , Liu Yang , Zhang Hong , Zhang Yongcheng , Lan Haipeng
Published: September 2021

Korla fragrant pears were treated with CaCl2 and carboxymethyl chitosan coating (CC), while distilled water was used as control (CK) to clarify the effects of CaCl2 and CC treatments on the after‐ripening of Korla fragrant pears in cold storage. The results showed that the CaCl2 and CC treatments could maintain the balance of cell wall components and active oxygen metabolism, reduce membrane lipid peroxidation and damage, and delay and reduce the respiratory and physiological activity intensity, thus delaying the consumption of nutrients in the Korla pear during cold storage and preserving fruit storage quality. Compared with the CK group, both CaCl2 and CC treatments could effectively delay after‐ripening and reduce the intensity of physiological activity. Furthermore, the combination of CaCl2 and CC treatment groups yielded better results than the CaCl2 or CC treatments alone.
Recent advances in gelatine and chitosan complex material for practical food preservation application
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Ding Fuyuan , Ma Liang , Zhang Yuhao
Published: September 2021

Both gelatine and chitosan are safe, odourless, edible, biodegradable, biocompatible, cost‐efficient and commercially available biopolymers, which promotes the possibility of forming complex. Many factors, including origin, molecular weight, deacetylation degree, pH, salts, concentration, temperature, active materials, modifiers, etc., could impose effect on the process of producing gelatine‐chitosan complex. The formed gelatine‐chitosan complex has excellent physicochemical properties such as antibacterial property and antioxidant property, and could effectively preserve practical food (such as meat, vegetables and fruits). This article comprehensively reviews recent advances in factors affecting the complex forming process and practical food preservation application of gelatine‐chitosan complex. It aims to provide an overview of the value of gelatine‐chitosan complex as an effective preservation alternative in food technology.
A review of online reactions to game‐based assessment mobile applications
Authors: al‐Qallawi Sherif , Raghavan Mukhunth
Published: September 2021

This paper takes an exploratory approach to analyze reactions to game‐based assessments (GBAs) by examining users' reviews of GBA mobile applications. In this study, we explore 3146 user reviews and 1253 comments from 10 GBA applications found on the two most popular mobile application distribution platforms using a natural language processing tool. Findings suggest that candidates generally perceive GBAs as novel and have varying reactions to specific game, assessment, and application elements. As this study contributes to the limited body of research available on candidates' reactions to GBA mobile applications, findings and research directions are discussed to expand our understanding of this growing area of assessment.
Influenza hospitalizations during childhood in children born preterm
Authors: Hauge Siri H. , de Blasio Birgitte Freiesleben , Håberg Siri E. , Oakley Laura
Published: September 2021

Objective

The objective is to determine if children born preterm were at increased risk of influenza hospitalization up to age five.

Methods

National registry data on all children born in Norway between 2008 and 2011 were used in Cox regression models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for influenza hospitalizations up to age five in children born preterm (<37 pregnancy weeks). HRs were also estimated separately for very preterm (<32 weeks), early term (37–38 weeks), and post‐term (≥42 weeks) children.

Results

Among 238,628 children born in Norway from January 2008 to December 2011, 15,086 (6.3%) were born preterm. There were 754 (0.3%) children hospitalized with influenza before age five. The rate of hospitalizations in children born preterm was 13.8 per 10,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI] [11.3, 16.7]), and 5.9 per 10,000 person‐years (95% CI [5.5, 6.4]) in children born at term (≥37 weeks). Children born preterm had a higher risk of influenza hospitalization before age 5: aHR 2.33 (95% CI [1.85, 2.93]). The risk increased with decreasing gestational age and was highest among those born extremely/very preterm; aHR 4.07 (95% CI [2.63, 6.31]). Compared with children born at 40–41 weeks, children born early term also had an elevated risk of influenza hospitalization; aHR (37 weeks) 1.89 (95% CI [1.43, 2.50]), aHR (38 weeks) 1.43 (95% CI [1.15, 1.78]).

Conclusion

Children born preterm had a higher risk of influenza hospitalizations before age five. An elevated risk was also present among children born at an early term. Children born preterm could benefit from influenza vaccinations.
Analysis of socio‐economic spending and human capital development nexus in Nigeria
Authors: Madueme Stella. I. , Orji Anthony , Johnson Idongesit Friday , Anthony‐Orji Onyinye I.
Published: September 2021

This study examines the impact of Economic and Social Sector Expenditures on Human Capital Development in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model was applied in the analysis. The results reveal that the lagged values of government economic expenditure, student – teachefr ratio, external aid and per capita income impact significantly and positively on current level of development in human capital, while, government social expenditure, inflation, current value of student – teacher ratio and lagged value of external aid show a negative relationship with human capital development. In view of the above findings, the study recommends that social expenditure should be given more serious attention, while adequate measure should be taken to ensure that economic expenditure yield its preferred results. The study concludes that resources should be properly channeled (and monitored) to areas of expenditure that would boost human capital development in Nigeria.
A novel nano interface for particulate‐reinforced titanium matrix composites
Authors: Chen Hao , Gui Zhenzhen , Wang Xinyun , Gao Xianhui , Liu Dejian
Published: September 2021

The WC/W2C eutectic reinforecement was applied to suppress the formation of interfacial reaction layer TiC in titanium matrix composites due to the lower interfacial reactivity between W2C and Ti. W solid solution interface was successfully produced at the WC/Ti interface, while the most readily formed compact reaction layer TiC was completely delimitated. Such W solid solution interface is more effective to transfer stress from the matrix to the particles than that of the TiC layer. Decohesion of the W interface was never occurred.
Phase evolution and chemical stability of Nd‐doped Y3Fe5O12 waste forms synthesized in molten salt at a low temperature
Authors: Zhang Shengtai , Xu Baoliang , Cheng Jingkai , Luo Shilin , Ding Yi , Ji Shiyin , Duan Tao , Ma Jianjun , Jiang Cairong
Published: September 2021

Molten salt provides a fast mass transfer and nucleation process, so the ceramic solid solution for immobilization of high‐level nuclear waste (HLW) can be synthesized at lower temperatures. The chemical stability in the process of interaction with groundwater determines the ability of the matrix phase to prevent radionuclides from entering the biosphere. Nd‐doped Y3Fe5O12 ceramics were prepared by the molten salt method at different sintering temperatures (1000℃, 1100℃, 1200℃) and different m (eutectic salt): m (oxide) ratios (2:1, 3:1, 4:1). The sintered ceramic is Y3‐xNdxFe5O12, where x is the solubility of Nd in YIG. The results show that the optimum mass ratio of molten salt to oxide is 3:1. The solubility of Nd in garnet is 33.3 mol% (x = 1.1) and 56.7 mol% (x = 1.6) at 1100℃ and 1200℃, respectively. In the neutral medium, Nd does not transfer to the liquid phase. Acid leaching promotes the strong dissolution of the garnet matrix. In this case, the leaching rate of Nd from ceramics to the liquid phase is two to three orders of magnitude higher than that in a neutral medium. The experimental results suggest that garnet matrices can reliably immobilize actinides in subsurface repositories.
Toward homogenous AlN via reaction of Al nanoparticles with N2 and NH3: Reactive molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Song Liang , Mei Zheng , Xu Si‐Yu , Zhao Feng‐Qi , Ju Xue‐Hai
Published: September 2021

In this study, reactive molecular dynamics simulations were implemented to study the initial events in synthesizing AlN via aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) with N2/NH3. The dissolution and diffusion behavior of N and H atoms in ANPs is elaborated. Without sufficient N2 supply and lower temperatures (below 2000 K), AlN nucleates and grows in an island shape, and the phase separation occurs through N atoms diffusion. The increase in N2 density accelerates the dissolution of N atoms through the nitride film to the core. In the NH3 atmosphere, H atoms generated by the cleavage of NH3 on ANPs surface dominate inward penetration, while N atoms are at a disadvantage in competition. ANPs have a large number of internal stress and form interwoven dislocations in the combustion. The number and distribution of dislocations are affected by temperatures and reaction time. ANPs not only expand in volume but also have local voids generated by hot spots at high temperatures. In the analysis of ANPs/NH3 species, the instability of the N‐H bond causes aluminum‐containing substances to spill out. Furthermore, N2 atmosphere together with a small amount of NH3 can loosen the nitride film and promote the diffusion of N atoms into the ANPs core. A homogeneous AlN could be tuned and fabricated under an optimal ratio of N2/NH3 (∼6:1).
Compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction among emergency nurses: A path analysis
Authors: Yu Hairong , Gui Li
Published: September 2021

Aims

To verify a hypothesized model of the relationships between compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction, as well as their influencing factors and consequences, among emergency nurses.

Design

A descriptive, cross‐sectional design.

Methods

A hypothesized model was proposed on the basis of the current literature. A convenience sample was conducted of nurses working in the emergency departments of six hospitals in Shanghai, China, from July to September 2020. A total of 445 valid data points were collected using various self‐designed and well‐validated instruments. Descriptive statistics and correlations were computed, and a path analysis was used to assess model fitness and to investigate direct and indirect effects.

Results

The final model reported a desirable fit with significant paths. Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue directly and inversely affected burnout, and compassion satisfaction positively influenced compassion fatigue. Perceived social support directly improved compassion satisfaction and protected against compassion fatigue. Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue directly affected mental health, and burnout directly influenced physical health. Compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction had complicated effects on turnover intention.

Conclusion

Emergency nurses’ compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue may be two coexisting constructs, and both affect burnout. Perceived social support acts as a protector of the three dimensions, and their effects on health status and turnover intention can be significant and complicated.

Impact

Emergency nurses may experience high levels of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue simultaneously, which can help to explain why compassion fatigue did not directly increase emergency nurses’ turnover intention. The direct effects of compassion fatigue and burnout on emergency nurses’ health status and working engagement were significantly different. Support from significant others, professional psychological intervention and emergency nursing system reforms are required to tackle emergency nurses’ compassion fatigue and burnout and improve their compassion satisfaction.
Parental perspectives on research for Down syndrome
Authors: White Amanda Nicole , Chevette Marly , Hillerstrom Hampus , Esbensen Anna
Published: September 2021

Background

Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder associated with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research to improve health care outcomes in Down syndrome lags significantly behind other disease categories. Among these reasons are funding, recruitment and availability of research studies being conducted.

Methods

We surveyed 228 parents of individuals with Down syndrome to understand their perceptions of research, study design, how they seek out information and topics they would like to see researched.

Results

Parents with children 18 years and younger responded to our survey. Parents indicated their willingness to participate in research (72%), yet few have (36%). Parents identified barriers to participation, research they feel would help their child, and interests in seeing new therapies and drug studies.

Conclusion

These findings identify recommendations and insights from parents on future research agendas, studies and recruitment strategies that may help researchers improve outcomes for individuals with Down syndrome.
Timing of syncope in ictal asystole as a guide when considering pacemaker implantation
Authors: van Westrhenen Anouk , Shmuely Sharon , Surges Rainer , Diehl Beate , Friedman Daniel , Leijten Frans S. S. , van Hoey Smith Jorien , Benditt David G. , van Dijk J. Gert , Thijs Roland D.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

In patients with ictal asystole (IA) both cardioinhibition and vasodepression may contribute to syncopal loss of consciousness. We investigated the temporal relationship between onset of asystole and development of syncope in IA, to estimate the frequency with which pacemaker therapy, by preventing severe bradycardia, may diminish syncope risk.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, we searched video‐EEG databases for individuals with focal seizures and IA (asystole ≥ 3 s preceded by heart rate deceleration) and assessed the durations of asystole and syncope and their temporal relationship. Syncope was evaluated using both video observations (loss of muscle tone) and EEG (generalized slowing/flattening). We assumed that asystole starting ≤3 s before syncope onset, or after syncope began, could not have been the dominant cause.

Results

We identified 38 seizures with IA from 29 individuals (17 males; median age: 41 years). Syncope occurred in 22/38 seizures with IA and was more frequent in those with longer IA duration (median duration: 20 [range: 5–32] vs. 5 [range: 3–9] s; p < .001) and those with the patient seated vs. supine (79% vs. 46%; p = .049). IA onset always preceded syncope. In 20/22 seizures (91%), IA preceded syncope by >3 s. Thus, in only two instances was vasodepression rather than cardioinhibition the dominant presumptive syncope triggering mechanism.

Conclusions

In IA, cardioinhibition played an important role in most seizure‐induced syncopal events, thereby favoring the potential utility of pacemaker implantation in patients with difficult to suppress IA.
Impact of self‐monitoring of salt intake by salt meter in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial (SMAL‐SALT)
Authors: Wiriyatanakorn Sirichai , Mukdadilok Anucha , Kantachuvesiri Surasak , Mekhora Chusana , Yingchoncharoen Teerapat
Published: September 2021

Salt intake over reference level would result in elevated blood pressure (BP) and long‐term morbidity. Salt meter is a device used to detect sodium content in daily food. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of salt‐meter addition to dietary education. The authors conducted a randomized‐controlled trial in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled BP (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg). Patients were randomized to receive salt meter plus dietary education (group A) or education only (group B), and followed up for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in 24‐h urinary sodium excretion. Changes in BP, salt taste sensitivity, cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) were also analyzed. There were total number of 90 patients who had complete follow‐up, 45 in each group. Mean age was 62.9 years and 53% were females. Mean baseline 24‐h urine sodium was 151.6 mmol/24 h and mean SBP and DBP were 152.8 and 83.4 mmHg, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between two groups. At 8 weeks, mean change in urine sodium were –31.83 mmol/24 h and 0.36 mmol/24 h in group A and group B, respectively (p = .006). Mean decrease in BP were SBP, 14.44 versus 8.22 mmHg (p = .030), and DBP 5.53 versus 1.93 mmHg (p = .032). The salt sensitivity was improved more in group A. There was no different between change in CAVI. From this study, salt meter in conjunction with dietary education, for self‐monitoring of salt intake is superior to education alone in hypertensive patients, and provided better blood pressure control. Salt meter should be considered in uncontrolled hypertensive patients.
Simple derivation of skeletal muscle from human pluripotent stem cells using temperature‐sensitive Sendai virus vector
Authors: Tan Ghee Wan , Kondo Takayuki , Imamura Keiko , Suga Mika , Enami Takako , Nagahashi Ayako , Tsukita Kayoko , Inoue Ikuyo , Kawaguchi Jitsutaro , Shu Tsugumine , Inoue Haruhisa
Published: September 2021

Human pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types including skeletal muscles (SkM), and they are applied to regenerative medicine or in vitro modelling for intractable diseases. A simple differentiation method is required for SkM cells to accelerate neuromuscular disease studies. Here, we established a simple method to convert human pluripotent stem cells into SkM cells by using temperature‐sensitive Sendai virus (SeV) vector encoding myoblast determination protein 1 (SeV‐Myod1), a myogenic master transcription factor. SeV‐Myod1 treatment converted human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into SkM cells, which expressed SkM markers including myosin heavy chain (MHC). We then removed the SeV vector by temporal treatment at a high temperature of 38℃, which also accelerated mesodermal differentiation, and found that SkM cells exhibited fibre‐like morphology. Finally, after removal of the residual human ESCs by pluripotent stem cell‐targeting delivery of cytotoxic compound, we generated SkM cells with 80% MHC positivity and responsiveness to electrical stimulation. This simple method for myogenic differentiation was applicable to human‐induced pluripotent stem cells and will be beneficial for investigations of disease mechanisms and drug discovery in the future.