bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrergic neurons of the forepaw representation in the rat somatosensory and motor cortices: A quantitative study
Authors: Guimaraes Bárbara de Paula Pires Franco , Curado Marco Rocha , Nogueira‐Campos Anaelli Aparecida , Houzel Jean Christophe , Gattass Ricardo
Published: May 2021

Nitrergic neurons (NNs) are inhibitory neurons capable of releasing nitric oxide (NO) that are labeled with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase histochemistry. The rat primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices are a favorable model to investigate NN populations by comparing their morphology, since these areas share the border of forepaw representation. The distribution of the Type I NN of the forepaw representation in the S1 and M1 cortices of the rat in different laminar compartments and the morphological parameters related to the cell body and dendritic arborization were measured and compared. We observed that the neuronal density in the S1 (130 NN/mm3) was higher than the neuronal density in the M1 (119 NN/mm3). Most NN neurons were multipolar (S1 with 58%; M1 with 69%), and a minority of the NN neurons were horizontal (S1 with 6%; M1 with 12%). NN found in S1 had a higher verticality index than NN found in M1, and no significant differences were observed for the other morphological parameters. We also demonstrated significant differences in most of the morphological parameters of the NN between different cortical compartments of S1 and M1. Our results indicate that the NN of the forepaw in S1 and M1 corresponds to a neuronal population, where the functionality is independent of the different types of sensory and motor processing. However, the morphological differences found between the cortical compartments of S1 and M1, as well as the higher density of NNs found in S1, indicate that the release of NO varies between the areas.
Rotation and tillage effects on forage cropping systems productivity and resource use
Authors: Holman Johnathon D. , Obour Augustine K. , Assefa Yared
Published: May 2021

Limited information is available on what forage rotations and tillage practices increase forage productivity in the U.S. Great Plains region. The objectives of this study were to evaluate crop rotation and tillage effects on individual crop and overall system productivity. The study was conducted from 2012–2020 near Garden City, KS. The experiment was an incomplete factorial combination of four rotations and two tillage practices including sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]–sorghum (S–S) no‐till (NT), triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale ×Triticum)]/sorghum–sorghum–oat (Avena sativa L.; T/S–S–O) reduced till (RT), triticale/sorghum–sorghum–sorghum‐oat (T/S–S–S–O) NT, T/S–S–S–O RT, and triticale–sorghum–oat (T–S–O) NT. Results showed annualized forage accumulation with S–S and T/S–S–S–O (NT and RT) rotations were 31–58% greater than T/S–S–O (NT) and T–S–O (NT). Annualized water use from each rotation was in the order T/S–S–S–O (RT) = T/S–S–S–O (NT) > T/S–S–O (RT) = T/S–S–O (NT) > T–S–O (NT) = S–S (NT). Sorghum forage accumulation was 43% greater and water use was 23% greater in a nondouble crop sequence than sorghum double crop after triticale. We concluded that T/S–S–S–O (NT and RT) rotations have better crop diversity than continuous S–S (NT) and greater annualized forage productivity than T/S–S–O (NT and RT) and T–S–O (NT) rotations.
UC Irvine pilots bachelor's program for incarcerated people
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: May 2021

It's a common misconception that when a person goes to prison, they will be unlikely to rejoin society. In fact, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 95% of all those in state prisons will be released at some point. And a study commissioned by the U.S. Department of Justice found that prisoners who participated in educational opportunities while in prison were 40% less likely to return to prison once released.
Flow‐process controls on grain type distribution in an experimental turbidity current deposit: Implications for detrital signal preservation and microplastic distribution in submarine fans
Authors: Bell Daniel , Soutter Euan L. , Cumberpatch Zoë A. , Ferguson Ross A. , Spychala Yvonne T. , Kane Ian A. , Eggenhuisen Joris T.
Published: May 2021

Deep‐water depositional systems are the ultimate sink for vast quantities of terrigenous sediment, organic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants, forming valuable archives of environmental change. Our understanding of the distribution of these particles and the preservation of environmental signals, in deep‐water systems is limited due to the inaccessibility of modern systems, and the incomplete nature of ancient systems. Here, the deposit of a physically modelled turbidity current was sampled (n = 49) to determine how grain size and grain type vary spatially. The turbidity current had a sediment concentration of 17%. The sediment consisted of, by weight, 65% quartz sand (2.65 g/cm3), 17.5% silt (2.65 g/cm3), 7.5% clay (2.60 g/cm3) and 5% each of sand‐grade garnet (3.90 g/cm3) and microplastic fragments (1.50 g/cm3). The grain size and composition of each sample was determined using laser diffraction and density separation, respectively. The results show that: (a) bulk grain size coarsened axially downstream on the basin floor challenging the notion that basin floor deposits fine radially from an apex upon becoming unconfined; (b) no sample composition matched the input composition of the flow, indicating that allogenic signals can be autogenically shredded and spatially variable in sediment gravity flow deposits; and (c) microplastic fragments were concentrated in levee and lateral basin floor fringe positions; however, microplastic concentrations in these positions were lower than input, suggesting microplastics bypassed the sampled positions. These findings have implications for: (a) the development of ‘finger‐like’ geometries and facies distributions observed in modern and ancient systems; (b) interpreting environmental signals in the stratigraphic record; and (c) predicting the distribution of microplastics on the sea floor.
Prevalence and intensity of avian malaria in a quail hybrid zone
Authors: Roth Allison M. , Keiser Carl N. , Williams Judson B. , Gee Jennifer M.
Published: May 2021

Hybrid zones have been described as natural laboratories by researchers who study speciation and the various mechanisms that may affect gene flow. The evolutionary consequences of hybridization depend not only on reproductive compatibility between sympatric species, but also on factors like vulnerability to each other's predators and parasites. We examined infection patterns of the blood parasiteHaemoproteus lophortyx, a causative agent of avian malaria, at a site in the contact zone between California quail (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's quail (C. gambelii). Controlling for the potential influence of sex and year, we tested whether species identity predicted infection status and intensity. We found that infection prevalence was lower in California and hybrid quail compared with Gambel's quail. However, infected California and hybrid quail had higher infection intensities than Gambel's quail. California and hybrid quail exhibited no significant differences in prevalence or intensity of infection. These findings suggest that infection byH. lophortyxhas the potential to influence species barrier dynamics in this system; however, more work is necessary to determine the exact evolutionary consequences of this blood parasite on hybridization.
Trading off benefits and requirements: How do city networks attract cities to their voluntary environmental programmes?
Authors: Cortes Berrueta Sayel , van der Heijden Jeroen
Published: May 2021

Voluntary programmes provide city networks with a central link to their city members. These voluntary programmes provide cities with benefits (e.g., knowledge, recognition, access to resources) if they meet the city network's programme requirements. This article seeks to understand how city networks make trade‐offs between programme benefits and requirements to attract cities to the programmes they offer. We do so by analysing 55 voluntary programmes offered by 22 climate‐related city networks using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). We are particularly interested in the design of voluntary programmes that attract large numbers of participants. We find three main insights. First, programmes with a clear, single benefit are more attractive to city members than programmes with a broad range of benefits. Second, the combination of programme requirements and commitments allows city networks to target cohorts of cities based on their capacities and needs. Finally, cities are attracted to programmes that do not explicitly ask for direct results.
The Role of Pioneering Hole Transporting Materials in New Generation Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ozturk Teoman , Akman Erdi , Surucu Belkis , Dursun Huseyin , Ozkaya Veysel , Akin Seckin
Published: May 2021

Despite the impressive progresses, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employing operationally instable organic hole transporting layers (HTLs) are still far from the upscaling applications. Therefore, the development of new sustainable materials to meet the commercialization requirements is of great urgency. In addition, the high cost resulting from the complex production conditions of organic HTL materials is another limiting factor that must be overcome in the way of commercialization. Although various structures and types of HTL materials have been reported in this context, inorganic‐based materials have attracted the greatest attention both in terms of low‐cost and long‐term stability. However, inorganic HTL‐based cells have not yet reached the efficiency values of organic HTL‐based cells. In this mini Review, it is aimed to evaluate the alternative HTL materials only performing a destructive role in n‐i‐p architecture in terms of cell performance, stability, and cost. Hereof, a general evaluation of the HTL materials reported in the literature has been made and the effects of these materials on the cell performance have been elaborated and discussed.
Aerobic Liquor Washing Improves the Quality of Crude Palm Oil by Reducing Free Fatty Acids and Chloride Contents
Authors: Chew Chien Lye , Kong Pei San , Chan Eng‐Seng
Published: May 2021

The presence of free fatty acids (FFA) and chloride contents in crude palm oil is not desirable because they have an impact on oil quality and food safety. This work presents a method to reduce these compounds by washing the crude palm oil (CPO) with treated aerobic liquor (AL). The effects of process parameters on the reduction of FFA and chloride in CPO and the resultant 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2 diol ester (3‐MCPDE) formed after refining are investigated. The results show that the AL dosage, initial FFA content, mixing speed, and duration have significant influence on the reduction of FFA in the CPO. Meanwhile, the chloride content is reduced by approximately 50% regardless of the AL dosage used. Consequently, the 3‐MCPDE content in the oil after refining is up to 53% lower than that of the refined oil produced from the untreated CPO. Furthermore, an oil recovery above 97% can be achieved after the AL‐washing step. The implementation strategy of this method in the palm oil mills has also been proposed. In conclusion, an effective and sustainable method for in situ improvements of the quality and food safety of palm oil has been developed without the need for additional water or chemical.

Practical Applications: Treated aerobic liquor can be used to wash the CPO in palm oil mill for in situ reductions of FFA and chloride contents in CPO to improve the oxidative stability of CPO. The lower content of chlorides in CPO could mitigate the formation of 3‐MCPDE during refining, thus improving the food safety of palm oil. This method can readily be implemented by the industry and it is sustainable because it does not require the use of additional process water or chemical.
A low‐cost and high‐throughput benchtop cell sorter for isolating white blood cells from whole blood
Authors: Lu Xiaoguang , Tayebi Mahnoush , Ai Ye
Published: May 2021

The ability to isolate and purify white blood cells (WBCs) from mixed ensembles such as blood would benefit autologous cell‐based therapeutics as well as diagnosis of WBC disorders. Current WBCs isolation methods have the limitations of low purity or requiring complex and expensive equipment. In addition, due to the overlap in size distribution between lymphocytes (i.e., a sub‐population of WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs), it is challenging to achieve isolation of entire WBCs populations. In this work, we developed an inertial microfluidics‐based cell sorter, which enables size‐based, high‐throughput isolation, and enrichment of WBCs from RBC‐lysed whole blood. Using the developed inertial microfluidic chip, the sorting resolution is sharpened within 2 μm, which achieved separation between 3 and 5 μm diameter particles. Thus, with the present cell sorter, a full population of WBCs can be isolated from RBC‐lysed blood samples with recovery ratio of 92%, and merely 5% difference in the composition percentage of the three subpopulations of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes compared to the original sample. Furthermore, our cell sorter is designed to enable broad application of size‐based inertial cell sorting by supplying a series of microchips with different sorting cutoff size. This strategy allows us to further enrich the lymphocytes population by twofold using another microchip with a cutoff size between 10 and 15 μm. With simplicity and efficiency, our cell sorter provides a powerful platform for isolating and sorting of WBCs and also envisions broad potential sorting applications for other cell types.
Potential Solar Replacement of Hydroelectricity to Reopen Rivers: Maine as a Case Example
Authors: Sharma Shailesh , Waldman John
Published: May 2021

Hydroelectricity provides 6% of U.S. electrical power needs, but hydro-dams block migrations of both anadromous and catadromous fishes. Engineered fishways have been built to facilitate fish movements past dams, but many have performed poorly. Dam removal is an effective way of restoring dwindling migratory fish populations by allowing unrestricted pathways to their spawning areas and for the downstream migrations of post-spawning adults and juveniles. However, hydro-dam removals result in a loss of electricity production. For the replacement of energy foregone from a dam removal, various alternative energy installations are now feasible. Here, we present a one-to-one conceptual replacement of hydropower with photovoltaic (PV) outputs for large and small river systems in Maine. We estimate that the equivalent land area needed to replace 14 hydro-dams with PV panels in the Kennebec River watershed—producing an annual mean (±SE) of 1,101.7 ± 37.9 gigawatt-hours—is 950.7 ± 32.8 ha, which is equivalent to 22% of the existing reservoir area. For the Mousam River, three hydro-dams could be replaced with 0.38 ha of PV. Our results indicate that modest land areas are needed to replace hydroelectricity with PV from even heavily dammed rivers, providing a realistic and potentially highly effective conservation policy option for Maine and for elsewhere.
Processing technology optimization for tofu curded by fermented yellow whey using response surface methodology
Authors: Huang Zhanrui , He Wanying , Zhao Liangzhong , Liu Haiyu , Zhou Xiaojie
Published: May 2021

The technological applications utilized for tofu processing are diverse and complex, resulting in different yields and quality characteristics of tofu. The current study investigated the gel‐forming principle of soybean protein coagulated using fermented yellow whey (FYW) to produce tofu. The effects of several processing parameters (soybean‐to‐water ratio, boiling temperature, boiling time, and FYW content) on the yield and protein content of tofu produced by the boiling‐to‐filtering method (BFM) were studied and optimized using response surface methodology. Results indicated significant differences in yield and protein content of tofu using different processing parameters, with FYW content being the most significant (p < .05). Optimum processing parameters of the BFM were found to be: soybean‐to‐water ratio of 1:5 (kg:kg), boiling time 6.1 min, boiling temperature 105°C, and FYW content of 26%. Under optimum conditions, tofu's yield and protein content were 235.17 g/100 g and 10.60%, respectively, and these were 47.93 g/100 g and 4.16% higher than those before optimization. This study provides practical technical support and a theoretical basis for the standardized industrial production of high‐yield and high‐protein tofu.
Comparison of structural MRI brain measures between 1.5 and 3 T: Data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Buchanan Colin R. , Muñoz Maniega Susana , Valdés Hernández Maria C. , Ballerini Lucia , Barclay Gayle , Taylor Adele M. , Russ Tom C. , Tucker‐Drob Elliot M. , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Deary Ian J. , Bastin Mark E. , Cox Simon R.
Published: May 2021

Multi‐scanner MRI studies are reliant on understanding the apparent differences in imaging measures between different scanners. We provide a comprehensive analysis of T1‐weighted and diffusion MRI (dMRI) structural brain measures between a 1.5 T GE Signa Horizon HDx and a 3 T Siemens Magnetom Prisma using 91 community‐dwelling older participants (aged 82 years). Although we found considerable differences in absolute measurements (global tissue volumes were measured as ~6–11% higher and fractional anisotropy [FA] was 33% higher at 3 T than at 1.5 T), between‐scanner consistency was good to excellent for global volumetric and dMRI measures (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] range: .612–.993) and fair to good for 68 cortical regions (FreeSurfer) and cortical surface measures (mean ICC: .504–.763). Between‐scanner consistency was fair for dMRI measures of 12 major white matter tracts (mean ICC: .475–.564), and the general factors of these tracts provided excellent consistency (ICC ≥ .769). Whole‐brain structural networks provided good to excellent consistency for global metrics (ICC ≥ .612). Although consistency was poor for individual network connections (mean ICCs: .275−.280), this was driven by a large difference in network sparsity (.599 vs. .334), and consistency was improved when comparing only the connections present in every participant (mean ICCs: .533–.647). Regression‐based k‐fold cross‐validation showed that, particularly for global volumes, between‐scanner differences could be largely eliminated (R2 range .615–.991). We conclude that low granularity measures of brain structure can be reliably matched between the scanners tested, but caution is warranted when combining high granularity information from different scanners.
Cortactin expression assessment improves patient selection for a watchful waiting strategy in pT1cN0‐staged oral squamous cell carcinomas with a tumor infiltration depth below 4 mm
Authors: Boeve Koos , Mastik Mirjam F. , Slagter‐Menkema Lorian , van Dijk Boukje A. C. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M. , Witjes Max J. H. , van der Vegt Bert , Schuuring Ed
Published: May 2021

Background

In this feasibility study we aimed to evaluate the value of previously reported molecular tumor biomarkers associated with lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to optimize neck strategy selection criteria.

Methods

The association between expression of cortactin, cyclin D1, FADD, RAB25, and S100A9 and sentinel lymph node status was evaluated in a series of 87 (cT1‐2N0) patients with OSCC treated with primary resection and SLNB procedure.

Results

Tumor infiltration depth and tumor pattern of invasion were independent prognostic markers for SLN status, while none of the tumor makers showed a better prognostic value to replace SLNB as neck staging technique in the total cohort. However, in the subgroup of patients with pT1N0 OSCC, cortactin expression (OR 16.0, 95%CI 2.0–127.9) was associated with SLN classification.

Conclusions

Expression of cortactin is a promising immunohistochemical tumor marker to identify patients at low risk that may not benefit from SLNB or END.
Differences in the mass and quality of the quadriceps with age and sex and their relationships with knee extension strength
Authors: Mizuno Takafumi , Matsui Yasumoto , Tomida Makiko , Suzuki Yasuo , Nishita Yukiko , Tange Chikako , Shimokata Hiroshi , Imagama Shiro , Otsuka Rei , Arai Hidenori
Published: May 2021

Background

Although muscle quality evaluations are currently considered important for diagnosing sarcopenia, data from the general population are lacking. This study used mid‐thigh computed tomography measurements to evaluate age‐related and sex‐related differences in quadriceps femoris muscle quality and mass and their relationships with knee extension strength (KES).

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from 520 Japanese individuals (273 men and 247 women, mean age: 63.1 ± 10.6 years) were analysed. Mass and quality were assessed using quadriceps cross‐sectional areas (CSAs) and computed tomography values (CTVs), respectively. The four constituent muscles, intermuscular adipose tissue, and entire quadriceps area (total quadriceps muscles + intermuscular adipose tissue) were assessed, and the data were stratified by five age groups and sex. To evaluate age‐related decline, linear and quadratic equations were tested for fit according to the constituent muscles and sex. KES could be measured in 472 of the 520 participants (254 men and 218 women, mean age: 62.3 ± 10.3). Multiple linear regression analyses with age‐adjusted models were then used for evaluating the relationships between KES and quadriceps measurements.

Results

All muscle CSAs and CTVs showed downward trends with age (men: P < 0.001 for all; women: vastus medialis CTV, P = 0.004; others, P < 0.001); the intermuscular adipose tissue CSA did not show any trend (men: P = 0.938; women: P = 0.139), although its percentage of the entire quadriceps area showed an upward trend in both sexes (P < 0.001). Men exhibited a quadratic decline in the CSAs for the entire quadriceps area (P = 0.016), total quadriceps muscles (P = 0.021), the vastus medialis (P = 0.010) and vastus lateralis (P = 0.038), and all CTVs (rectus femoris, P = 0.044; others, P < 0.001). Women exhibited a quadratic equation in the CTV for rectus femoris (P = 0.031), but a linear decline in the other variables (P < 0.001 for all). Both the total quadriceps muscles CSA and CTV were significantly associated with KES in both sexes (P < 0.001). For each muscle, the CSAs of the vastus medialis (P < 0.001) and vastus intermedius (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with KES in men, whereas the vastus medialis CSA (P < 0.001), vastus lateralis CSA (P = 0.006), rectus femoris CSA (P = 0.020), and vastus intermedius CTV (P = 0.025) were significantly associated with KES in women

Conclusions

Age‐related quadriceps femoris changes in mass and quality differed by sex and the constituent muscles. The constituent muscles contributing to KES differed between men and women. Quadriceps CSA and CTV measurements are useful for objectively assessing age‐related and sex‐related muscle deterioration and KES.
A simple, inexpensive and multi‐scale 3‐D fluorescent test sample for optical sectioning microscopies
Authors: Olevsko Ilya , Szederkenyi Kaitlin , Corridon Jennifer , Au Aaron , Delhomme Brigitte , Bastien Thierry , Fernandes Julien , Yip Christopher , Oheim Martin , Salomon Adi
Published: May 2021

Fluorescence standards allow for quality control and for the comparison of data sets across instruments and laboratories in applications of quantitative fluorescence. For example, users of microscopy core facilities can expect a homogenous and time‐invariant illumination and an uniform detection sensitivity, which are prerequisites for imaging analysis, tracking or fluorimetric pH or Ca2+‐concentration measurements. Similarly, confirming the three‐dimensional (3‐D) resolution of optical sectioning microscopes calls for a regular calibration with a standardized point source. The test samples required for such measurements are typically different ones, they are often expensive and they depend much on the very microscope technique used. Similarly, the ever‐increasing choice among microscope techniques and geometries increases the demand for comparison across instruments. Here, we advocate and demonstrate the multiple uses of a surprisingly versatile and simple 3‐D test sample that can complement existing and much more expensive calibration samples: commercial tissue paper labeled with a fluorescent highlighter pen. We provide relevant sample characteristics and show examples ranging from the sub‐μm to cm scale, acquired on epifluorescence, confocal, image scanning, two‐photon (2P) and light‐sheet microscopes.
Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with possible association with AstraZeneca‐Oxford COVID‐19 vaccine
Authors: Al‐Ahmad Mona , Al‐Rasheed Mona , Shalaby Neveen Abo Bakr
Published: May 2021

Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is characterized by the microvascular aggregation of platelets and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia causing ischemia of multiple organs including the brain mainly and less likely the kidney and the heart. The disease is caused by severe reduction in the activity of ADAMTS 13 due to presence of inhibitory antibodies.
A scalable large‐signal model with self‐heating effect based on a hybrid‐scaling rule for GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors
Authors: Gu Siyu
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a novel hybrid‐scaling rule for GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) scalable large‐signal model with self‐heating effect is proposed. Due to the complex parasitic characteristics of large gate‐width GaN HEMT devices, nonlinear scaling rules are used to consider the dependence of the extrinsic inductances, extrinsic resistances, and thermal resistance on the gate width. In addition, a drain‐source current model and gate capacitance models are proposed to improve the accuracy of traditional Angelov model. A one stage resistor‐capacitor network is attached in the current model to characterize self‐heating effect. Therefore, a scalable large‐signal model based on a hybrid‐scaling rule is presented for the first time. Compared with traditional linear scalable model, the proposed model has a good prediction for multi‐bias S‐parameters and direct current (DC) I‐V curves of different size devices, and can also significantly improve the fitting degree of S22 parameter at high frequency. Moreover, the proposed scalable model shows a good prediction of large‐signal characteristics for large size GaN HEMT devices.
Coloration patterns of marine sponges assessed by vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Maia Lenize F. , Gonzaga Tatiani A. , Campos Mariana T. C. , Lobo‐Hajdu Gisele , Edwards Howell G. M. , de Oliveira Luiz F. C.
Published: May 2021

Sponges (phylum Porifera) are colorful filter feeding animals that harbor a large number of microorganisms in their tissue‐like structures in a symbiotic relationship. The colors exhibited by sponges implied in physiological and ecological process can be biosynthetically derived or acquired from the symbiont. In this work, the coloration pattern of nine species of sponges collected in the littoral of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, was identified by vibrational spectroscopy. An unprecedented study combining Raman and infrared spectroscopies revealed that carotenoids are responsible for the color of red‐orange, green, and blue species, while melanin was addressed to the black species. The analysis of the spectral features of Raman bands presented in both in situ and crude extracts samples showed that carotenoids may occur as a mixture of isomers or alternatively, be bonded to proteins (carotenoproteins). It is noteworthy that the carotenoid‐based pigmentation in sponges is provided by the symbionts, which may be implied to the evolutionary and ecological success of this most ancient animal. The application of vibrational spectroscopy mainly in the in situ mode can be a valuable tool in the identification of structural differentiation of carotenoids in the microbiome of sponges collected in different environments.
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus): the importance of aminopeptidases in germination under normal and heavy metals stress conditions
Authors: Kania Joanna , Krawczyk Tomasz , Gillner Danuta M
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Oilseed rape is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, crucial in the food and feed industries. Different environment and climatic conditions can influence its sustainable cultivation and crop yield. Aminopeptidases are crucial enzymes in many physiological processes in all organisms, including humans, so it is important to learn their behavior in food and feed sources. This study presents, for the first time, a detailed discussion on the importance of aminopeptidases, during the oilseed rape germination process, under standard and stress conditions.

RESULTS

During the germination of oilseed rape under standard conditions, a significant increase in aminopeptidases activity toward N‐terminal amino acids – phenylalanine (Phe), alanine (Ala), glycine (Gly), leucine (Leu), proline (Pro), methionine (Met) – was observed. The change was substrate specific, with the highest increase being observed for Gly (3.2‐fold), followed by Ala (2.9‐fold), Pro (2.5‐fold), Met (1.5‐fold), and Phe (1.3‐fold). Generally, N‐terminal Phe was preferentially cleaved. Germination under stress conditions, caused by several heavy metal ions (e.g. divalent copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead ions), negatively influenced the plants' growth and quality, but significantly enhanced the expression of genes encoding aminopeptidases (or potentially activated aminopeptidases precursors), which was related to the dramatic increase of their activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The activity/concentration of aminopeptidases in plants is adjusted to the needs at each stage of development and stress factors occurrence. The most significant increase of activity toward N‐terminal Gly and Pro proved the key role of aminopeptidases in the defense mechanisms, by supplying the plants with osmoprotectants and organic nitrogen. The results provide new concepts of oilseed rape growth and cultivation under different conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Leveraging cloud computing for improved health service delivery: Findings from public health facilities in Kisumu County, Western Kenya‐2019
Authors: Ogwel Billy , Odhiambo‐Otieno George , Otieno Gabriel , Abila James , Omore Richard
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Healthcare delivery systems across the world have been shown to fall short of the ideals of being cost‐effective and meeting pre‐established standards of quality but the problem is more pronounced in Africa. Cloud computing emerges as a platform healthcare institutions could leverage to address these shortfalls. The aim of this study was to establish the extent of cloud computing adoption and its influence on health service delivery by public health facilities in Kisumu County.

Methods

The study employed a cross‐sectional study design in one‐time data collection among facility in‐charges and health records officers from 57 public health facilities. The target population was 114 healthcare personnel and the sample size (n = 88) was computed using Yamane formula and drawn using stratified random sampling. Poisson regression was used to determine the influence of cloud computing adoption on the number of realized benefits to health service delivery.

Results

Among 80 respondents, Cloud computing had been adopted by 42 (53%) while Software‐as‐a‐Service, Platform‐as‐a‐Service and Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service implementations were at 100%, 0% and 5% among adopters, respectively. Overall, those who had adopted cloud computing realized a significantly higher number of benefits to health service delivery compared to those who had not (Incident‐rate ratio (IRR) =1.93, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [1.36‐2.72]). A significantly higher number of benefits was realized by those who had implemented Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service alongside Software‐as‐a‐Service (IRR = 2.22, 95% CI [1.15‐4.29]) and those who had implemented Software‐as‐a‐Service only (IRR = 1.89, 95% CI [1.33‐2.70]) compared to non‐adopters. We observed similar results in the stratified analysis looking at economic, operational, and functional benefits to health service delivery.

Conclusion

Cloud computing resulted in improved health service delivery with these benefits still being realized irrespective of the service implementation model deployed. The findings buttress the need for healthcare institutions to adopt cloud computing and integrate it in their operations in order to improve health service delivery.
Strategies of Alleviating Tumor Hypoxia and Enhancing Tumor Therapeutic Effect by Macromolecular Nanomaterials
Authors: Jin Zhenyu , Zhao Qingyu , Yuan Shanmei , Jiang Wei , Hu Yong
Published: May 2021

Hypoxia as one of the most prominent features in tumors, has presented negative effects on tumor therapies including photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapies, leading to the tumor regeneration and metastasis. Recently, nanomedicines have been proposed to handle the hypoxia dilemma. Some nanomedicines alleviated hypoxia to enhance the therapeutic effect, others used hypoxia‐sensitive substances to treat tumor. Among them, macromolecular nanomaterials‐based nanomedicine has attracted increased research interest. However, the complicated tumor microenvironment disturbs the practical application of macromolecular nanomaterials to deal with hypoxia. This review highlights the influence of hypoxia on tumor therapy and some new strategies of using macromolecular nanomaterials to overcome hypoxia for effective tumor therapy.
Some properties of the norm in a division quaternion algebra
Authors: Flaut Cristina , Savin Diana
Published: May 2021

In this paper we provide some applications of the norm form in some quaternion division algebras over rational field, and we give some properties of Fibonacci sequence and Fibonacci sequence in connection to quaternion elements. We provide some properties of the norm of a rational quaternion algebra, in connection to the famous Lagrange's four‐square theorem and its generalizations given by Ramanujan. Moreover, we prove some results regarding the arithmetic of integer quaternions defined on some division quaternion algebras, and we define and give properties of some special quaternions by using Fibonacci sequences.
Synthesis and thermal degradable property of novel tertiary ester‐containing four‐functional epoxy resin
Authors: Dai Tianwen , Yuan Shuaiwei , Zou Huawei , Liu Pengbo
Published: May 2021

A kind of four‐functional epoxy resin containing tertiary ester groups (FETE) was designed and synthesized by two‐step reaction: first, the nucleophilic substitution reaction between linalool and isophthaloyl chloride, and then epoxidation. The chemical structure of obtained product was determined by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Unlike traditional thermosetting epoxy resins, the cured FETE could degrade rapidly at low temperature (200–300°C). Dynamic mechanical analysis analysis showed that through copolymerization of FETE with (4,5‐epoxycyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid diglycidyl ester) epoxy resin (TDE‐85), the glass transition temperature (Tg) of copolymer system could be adjusted in the range of 136–179°C; FETE had good miscibility with TDE‐85. The thermal degradation behavior of the copolymer system was studied by theoretical calculation, thermogravimetric (TG), and TG coupled with FTIR analysis, the results showed the thermal decomposition performance of the copolymer system could be adjusted in the range of 200–400°C. The tertiary ester groups in FETE were easy to thermally degrade and caused the network skeleton of the copolymer system to collapse. The FETE would have good prospects in reworkable electronic packaging, recycling or degradable epoxy resin area.
Recycling extrusion of poly(ether‐block‐amide) thermoplastic elastomer (Pebax®): the influence of chemical and crystal change on mechanical properties
Authors: Gui Yuan , Li Yucai , Wu Xin , Feng Xinxing , Huang Guotao , Deng Jianping , Wang Cao , Pan Kai
Published: May 2021

In this work, two poly(ether‐block‐amide) thermoplastic elastomers (Pebax® 2533 and Pebax® 5533) were subjected to five extrusion cycles. We characterized the various performance changes of the two materials after injection molding, including chemical structure, crystalline properties and mechanical properties, and also analyzed the reasons for the observed changes. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows that, after repeated extrusion, free hydroxyl groups and new oxygen‐containing functional groups (carbonyl groups) were formed inside the materials. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the oxygen content of the material increased significantly. TGA shows that the thermal stability of the material was slightly improved. The elastomer melt index also increased with extrusion cycles. By analyzing the crystalline properties (DSC, XRD) of the materials, we tentatively explain the different changes in the two poly(ether‐block‐amide) thermoplastic elastomers in terms of mechanical properties. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Root vacuolar sequestration and suberization are prominent responses of Pistacia spp. rootstocks during salinity stress
Authors: Zhang Shuxiao , Quartararo Alessandra , Betz Oliver Karl , Madahhosseini Shahab , Heringer Angelo Schuabb , Le Thu , Shao Yuhang , Caruso Tiziano , Ferguson Louise , Jernstedt Judy , Wilkop Thomas , Drakakaki Georgia
Published: May 2021

Understanding the mechanisms of stress tolerance in diverse species is needed to enhance crop performance under conditions such as high salinity. Plant roots, in particular in grafted agricultural crops, can function as a boundary against external stresses in order to maintain plant fitness. However, limited information exists for salinity stress responses of woody species and their rootstocks. Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) is a tree nut crop with relatively high salinity tolerance as well as high genetic heterogeneity. In this study, we used a microscopy‐based approach to investigate the cellular and structural responses to salinity stress in the roots of two pistachio rootstocks, Pistacia integerrima (PGI) and a hybrid, P. atlantica x P. integerrima (UCB1). We analyzed root sections via fluorescence microscopy across a developmental gradient, defined by xylem development, for sodium localization and for cellular barrier differentiation via suberin deposition. Our cumulative data suggest that the salinity response in pistachio rootstock species is associated with both vacuolar sodium ion (Na+) sequestration in the root cortex and increased suberin deposition at apoplastic barriers. Furthermore, both vacuolar sequestration and suberin deposition correlate with the root developmental gradient. We observed a higher rate of Na+ vacuolar sequestration and reduced salt‐induced leaf damage in UCB1 when compared to P. integerrima. In addition, UCB1 displayed higher basal levels of suberization, in both the exodermis and endodermis, compared to P. integerrima. This difference was enhanced after salinity stress. These cellular characteristics are phenotypes that can be taken into account during screening for sodium‐mediated salinity tolerance in woody plant species.
Interactions between neuroticism and stressful life events predict response to pharmacotherapy for major depression: A CAN‐BIND 1 report
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Harkness Kate L. , Lam Raymond W. , Milev Roumen , Frey Benicio N. , Mueller Daniel J. , Uher Rudolf , Kennedy Sidney H. , Quilty Lena C.
Published: May 2021

Exposure to stressful life events and individual differences in the personality trait neuroticism are important risk factors that interact to predict major depressive disorder (MDD). Less is known about their effect on treatment response in depression. Here, we examine whether stressful life events experienced prior to and during treatment interact with neuroticism to predict response to 16‐week pharmacotherapy for MDD. Participants included 159 outpatients with MDD who were initially treated with 8 weeks of escitalopram. Those who responded to the initial treatment continued on escitalopram monotherapy, whereas non‐responders received 8 weeks of adjunctive aripiprazole. Personality was assessed using the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory, and stressful life events were assessed using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule, a rigorous contextual interview that includes independent ratings of threatening life events. High baseline neuroticism was associated with a lower likelihood of response when patients experienced one or more negative life events before treatment. Secondary analyses indicated that this effect was specific to neuroticism, and not better accounted for by its self‐criticism or negative affect facets. Our results suggest that assessing personality and stressful life events at baseline can help clinicians assess which patients will respond to antidepressant therapy and which may need treatment augmentation.
Translation, cross cultural adaptation, and construct validation of the Arabic version of the Frenchay Activities Index in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Khalil Hanan , Allataifeh Eman , Kanaan Saddam , Al‐Sharman Alham , Al Mhdawi Khader , El‐Salem Khalid
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose

Assessing functional status in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) has a major role in determining how to help patients to reach their optimal level of living independently in the community. The Frenchay Activity Index (FAI) is a commonly used scale to evaluate functional status in rehabilitation research and practice settings. The aim of this study was to translate the FAI into the standard Arabic language through the process of cross‐cultural adaptation and to explore the internal consistency and construct validity of the produced Arabic version of FAI (A‐FAI) among a sample of Arabic‐speaking PwMS.

Method

The English version of the FAI was translated into Arabic according to the published guidelines. Cronbach's α was used to assess the internal consistency of the A‐FAI, and principal factor analysis was conducted to explore the construct validity.

Results

Hundred and six subjects participated in the study. The A‐FAI has acceptable internal consistency as Cronbach's α was 0.70. The principal factor analysis revealed that the instrument has four main factors: domestic chore, leisure, hobbies, and work, rather than the original three factors scale.

Discussion

The A‐FAI has acceptable internal consistency and validity. A‐FAI provides essential information about the participation level in instrumental activities of daily living activities among PwMS speaking the Arabic language.
Non‐cancer mortality in elderly prostate cancer patients treated with combination of radical prostatectomy and external beam radiation therapy
Authors: Wenzel Mike , Würnschimmel Christoph , Chierigo Francesco , Tian Zhe , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Terrone Carlo , Saad Fred , Tilki Derya , Graefen Markus , Mandel Philipp , Kluth Luis A. , Chun Felix K. H. , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: May 2021

Background

To test for rates of other cause mortality (OCM) and cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) in elderly prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with the combination of radical prostatectomy (RP) and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) versus RP alone, since elderly PCa patients may be over‐treated.

Methods

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2004–2016), cumulative incidence plots, after propensity score matching for cT‐stage, cN‐stage, prostate specific antigen, age and biopsy Gleason score, and multivariable competing risks regression models (socioeconomic status, pathological Gleason score) addressed OCM and CSM in patients (70–79, 70–74, and 75–79 years) treated with RP and EBRT versus RP alone.

Results

Of 18,126 eligible patients aged 70–79 years, 2520 (13.9%) underwent RP and EBRT versus 15,606 (86.1%) RP alone. After propensity score matching, 10‐year OCM rates were respectively 27.9 versus 20.3% for RP and EBRT versus RP alone (p < .001), which resulted in a multivariable HR of 1.4 (p < .001). Moreover, 10‐year CSM rates were respectively 13.4 versus 5.5% for RP and EBRT versus RP alone. In subgroup analyses separately addressing 70–74 year old and 75–79 years old PCa patients, 10‐year OCM rates were 22.8 versus 16.2% and 39.5 versus 24.0% for respectively RP and EBRT versus RP alone patients (all p < .001).

Conclusion

Elderly patients treated with RP and EBRT exhibited worrisome rates of OCM. These higher than expected OCM rates question the need for combination therapy (RP and EBRT) in elderly PCa patients and indicate the need for better patient selection, when combination therapy is contemplated.
Structures of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution with dynamics: Impacts of parallel tempering simulation techniques and CHARMM36m and AMBER99SB force field parameters
Authors: Akbayrak Ibrahim Yagiz , Caglayan Sule Irem , Durdagi Serdar , Kurgan Lukasz , Uversky Vladimir N. , Ulver Burak , Dervisoğlu Havvanur , Haklidir Mehmet , Hasekioglu Orkun , Coskuner‐Weber Orkid
Published: May 2021

A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) worldwide appeared in 2019. Detailed scientific knowledge of the members of the Coronaviridae family, including the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is currently lacking. Structural studies of the MERS‐CoV proteins in the current literature are extremely limited. We present here detailed characterization of the structural properties of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. Additionally, we studied the impacts of chosen force field parameters and parallel tempering simulation techniques on the predicted structural properties of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. For this purpose, we conducted extensive Hamiltonian‐replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and Temperature‐replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations using the CHARMM36m and AMBER99SB parameters for the macro domain. This study shows that the predicted secondary structure properties including their propensities depend on the chosen simulation technique and force field parameter. We perform structural clustering based on the radius of gyration and end‐to‐end distance of MERS‐CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. We also report and analyze the residue‐level intrinsic disorder features, flexibility and secondary structure. Furthermore, we study the propensities of this macro domain for protein‐protein interactions and for the RNA and DNA binding. Overall, results are in agreement with available nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings and present more detailed insights into the structural properties of MERS CoV macro domain in aqueous solution. All in all, we present the structural properties of the aqueous MERS‐CoV macro domain using different parallel tempering simulation techniques, force field parameters and bioinformatics tools.