bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Human and Microbial Salivary Proteomes in Children Offers Insights on the Molecular Pathogenesis of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization
Authors: Pappa Eftychia , Vastardis Heleni , Makridakis Manousos , Zoidakis Jerome , Vougas Konstantinos , Stamatakis George , Samiotaki Martina , Rahiotis Christos
Published: August 2022

Molar incisor hypomineralization is a complex developmental enamel defect that affects the permanent dentition of children with significant functional and aesthetic implications. Saliva is an ideal diagnostic tool and ensures patients’ compliance by diminishing the discomfort especially in pediatric population. Lately, salivary proteome analysis has progressively evolved in various biomedical disciplines. As changes in saliva composition are associated with oral diseases, it is reasonable to assume that the saliva proteome of MIH-affected children might be altered compared to healthy children. This study analyzed the human and microbial salivary proteome in children with MIH in order to identify salivary markers indicative of the pathology. The conducted proteomic analysis generated a comprehensive dataset comprising a total of 1515 high confidence identifications and revealed a clear discrimination between the two groups. Statistical comparison identified 142 differentially expressed proteins, while the pathway analysis indicated deregulation of inflammation, immune response mechanisms, and defense response to bacteria in MIH patients. Bacterial proteome analysis showed a lower diversity for the microbial species, which highlights the dysbiotic environment established in the MIH pathology.
Role of Cytokines, Chemokines and IFN-γ+ IL-17+ Double-Positive CD4+ T Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Dias de Sousa Marlos Aureliano , Desidério Chamberttan Souza , da Silva Catarino Jonatas , Trevisan Rafael Obata , Alves da Silva Djalma Alexandre , Rocha Vinicius Ferreira Resende , Bovi Weslley Guimarães , Timoteo Rodolfo Pessato , Bonatti Renata Cristina Franzon , da Silva Alex Eduardo , Fernandez Alfredo Leboreiro , Sales-Campos Helioswilton , Rodrigues Junior Virmondes , da Silva Marcos Vinicius , de Oliveira Carlo José Freire
Published: August 2022

Multiple sclerosis is mediated by self-reactive myelin T and B cells that lead to axonal and myelin damage. The immune response in multiple sclerosis involves the participation of CD4+ T cells that produce cytokines and chemokines. This participation is important to find markers for the diagnosis and progression of the disease. In our work, we evaluated the profile of cytokines and chemokines, as well as the production of double positive CD4+ T cells for the production of IFNγ IL-17 in patients with multiple sclerosis, at different stages of the disease and undergoing different treatments. We found that relapsing–remitting patients had a significant increase in IL-12 production. About IL-5, its production showed significantly higher levels in secondarily progressive patients when compared to relapsing–remitting patients. IFN-γ production by PBMCs from secondarily progressive patients showed significantly higher levels. This group also had a higher percentage of CD4+ IFNγ+ IL-17+ T cells. The combination of changes in certain cytokines and chemokines together with the presence of IFNγ+ IL-17+ double positive lymphocytes can be used to better understand the clinical forms of the disease and its progression.
Unbiased In Silico Analysis of Gene Expression Pinpoints Circulating miRNAs Targeting KIAA1324, a New Gene Drastically Downregulated in Ovarian Endometriosis
Authors: Abo Carole , Biquard Louise , Girardet Laura , Chouzenoux Sandrine , Just Pierre-Alexandre , Chapron Charles , Vaiman Daniel , Borghese Bruno
Published: August 2022

Objective: To identify circulating miRNAs associated with ovarian endometriosis (OMA), and to analyze candidate genes targeted by these miRNAs. Methods: Putative regulating miRNAs were identified through an original bioinformatics approach. We first queried the miRWalk 2.0 database to collect putative miRNA targets. Then, we matched it to a transcriptomic dataset of OMA. Moving from gene expression in the tissue to possible alterations in the patient plasma, a selection of these miRNAs was quantified by qRT-PCR in plasma samples from 93 patients with isolated OMA and 95 patients surgically checked as free from endometriosis. Then, we characterized the genes regulated by more than one miRNA and validated them by immunohistochemistry and transfection experiments on endometrial cell primary cultures obtained from endometrial biopsies of 10 women with and without endometriosis with miRNA mimics. Stromal and epithelial cells were isolated and cultured separately and gene expression levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Results: Eight miRNAs were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Two of them were overexpressed in plasma from OMA patients: let-7b-5p and miR-92a-3p (p < 0.005). Three miRNAs, let-7b and miR-92a-3p, and miR-93-5p potentially targeted KIAA1324, an estrogen-responsive gene and one of the most downregulated genes in OMA. Transfection experiments with mimics of these two miRNAs showed a strong decrease in KIAA1324 expression, up to 40%. Immunohistochemistry revealed a moderate-to-intense staining for KIAA1324 in the eutopic endometrium and a faint-to-moderate staining in the ectopic endometrium for half of the samples, which is concordant with the transcriptomic data. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results suggested that KIAA1324 might be involved in endometriosis through the downregulating action of two circulating miRNAs. As these miRNAs were found to be overexpressed, their quantification in plasma could provide a tool for an early diagnosis of endometriosis.
Identification of Key Genes and Pathways in Genotoxic Stress Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Results of Whole Transcriptome Sequencing
Authors: Sinitsky Maxim , Sinitskaya Anna , Shishkova Daria , Tupikin Alexey , Asanov Maxim , Khutornaya Maria , Kabilov Marsel , Ponasenko Anastasia
Published: August 2022

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial disfunction underlying the atherogenesis can be triggered by genotoxic stress in endothelial cells. In the presented research whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of human coronary artery (HCAEC) and internal thoracic artery (HITAEC) endothelial cells in vitro exposed to 500 ng/mL mitomycin C (treatment group) or 0.9% NaCl (control group) was performed. Resulting to bioinformatic analysis, 56 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 6 downregulated DEGs with absolute fold change ≥ 2 and FDR p-value < 0.05 were selected in HCAEC exposed to mitomycin C compared to the control group; in HITAEC only one upregulated DEG was found. According to Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, DEGs in HCAEC were classified into 25 functional groups of biological processes, while in HITAEC we found no statistically significant (FDR p-value < 0.05) groups. The four largest groups containing more than 50% DEGs (“signal transduction”, “response to stimulus”, “biological regulation”, and “regulation of biological process”) were identified. Finally, candidate DEGs and pathways underlying the genotoxic stress induced endothelial disfunction have been discovered that could improve our understanding of fundamental basis of atherogenesis and help to justification of genotoxic stress as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis.
The Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Pregnancy in Wilson’s Disease: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Litwin Tomasz , Bembenek Jan , Antos Agnieszka , Kurkowska-Jastrzębska Iwona , Przybyłkowski Adam , Skowrońska Marta , Smoliński Łukasz , Członkowska Anna
Published: August 2022

Wilson’s disease (WD) is a rare, treatable genetic disorder with multi-organ symptoms related mainly to copper accumulation. Most patients become aware of the disease as young adults, thus knowledge on fertility, pregnancy course and outcome is very important both for patients and physicians. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with WD. This systematic literature review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were identified by searching the PubMed database (up to 12 January 2022) and by screening reference lists. We found 49 publications, including 13 retrospective studies and 36 series and case reports on pregnancy outcomes in WD patients. In total, descriptions of 449 pregnant women with 822 pregnancies were retrieved. Successful deliveries were achieved in 78.3% (644/822) of all pregnancies. Spontaneous abortions were observed in 21.7% (178/822) of pregnancies, more frequently in patients who were untreated 68.6% (96/140). Analyzing maternal outcome, 2.2% (18/822) of pregnancies were associated with the aggravation of neurological symptoms. Symptoms of hepatic deterioration were observed in 4.6% (38/822) of cases. These were usually transient and recovered after pregnancy; however, death due to liver failure was observed in 0.2% (2/822) of cases. Birth defects occurred in 4.7% (39/822) of pregnancies. The available meta-analysis showed statistically significant positive associations between anti-copper treatment and pregnancy outcome. Our results document the significance of anti-copper treatment as the main factor leading to successful pregnancy, as well as positive outcomes for women with WD.
Bioinformatics: From NGS Data to Biological Complexity in Variant Detection and Oncological Clinical Practice
Authors: Dotolo Serena , Esposito Abate Riziero , Roma Cristin , Guido Davide , Preziosi Alessia , Tropea Beatrice , Palluzzi Fernando , Giacò Luciano , Normanno Nicola
Published: August 2022

The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques for variant detection has become increasingly important in clinical research and in clinical practice in oncology. Many cancer patients are currently being treated in clinical practice or in clinical trials with drugs directed against specific genomic alterations. In this scenario, the development of reliable and reproducible bioinformatics tools is essential to derive information on the molecular characteristics of each patient’s tumor from the NGS data. The development of bioinformatics pipelines based on the use of machine learning and statistical methods is even more relevant for the determination of complex biomarkers. In this review, we describe some important technologies, computational algorithms and models that can be applied to NGS data from Whole Genome to Targeted Sequencing, to address the problem of finding complex cancer-associated biomarkers. In addition, we explore the future perspectives and challenges faced by bioinformatics for precision medicine both at a molecular and clinical level, with a focus on an emerging complex biomarker such as homologous recombination deficiency (HRD).
Paracrine ADP Ribosyl Cyclase-Mediated Regulation of Biological Processes
Authors: Astigiano Cecilia , Benzi Andrea , Laugieri Maria Elena , Piacente Francesco , Sturla Laura , Guida Lucrezia , Bruzzone Santina , De Flora Antonio
Published: August 2022

ADP-ribosyl cyclases (ADPRCs) catalyze the synthesis of the Ca2+-active second messengers Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and ADP-ribose (ADPR) from NAD+ as well as nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP+) from NADP+. The best characterized ADPRC in mammals is CD38, a single-pass transmembrane protein with two opposite membrane orientations. The first identified form, type II CD38, is a glycosylated ectoenzyme, while type III CD38 has its active site in the cytosol. The ectoenzymatic nature of type II CD38 raised long ago the question of a topological paradox concerning the access of the intracellular NAD+ substrate to the extracellular active site and of extracellular cADPR product to its intracellular receptors, ryanodine (RyR) channels. Two different transporters, equilibrative connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels for NAD+ and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) for cADPR, proved to mediate cell-autonomous trafficking of both nucleotides. Here, we discussed how type II CD38, Cx43 and CNTs also play a role in mediating several paracrine processes where an ADPRC+ cell supplies a neighboring CNT-and RyR-expressing cell with cADPR. Recently, type II CD38 was shown to start an ectoenzymatic sequence of reactions from NAD+/ADPR to the strong immunosuppressant adenosine; this paracrine effect represents a major mechanism of acquired resistance of several tumors to immune checkpoint therapy.
Association of the Gelatinase B/Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) Gene Haplotype in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in the Pediatric Egyptian Population
Authors: Attia Zeinab R. , Zedan Mohamed M. , Mutawi Thuraya M. , Saad Entsar A. , Abd El Azeem Rania A. , El Basuni Mohamed A.
Published: August 2022

Permanent systemic inflammation is a defining feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which affects multiple organs. Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an essential protease investigated in inflammation that has been linked to SLE. The study’s objective was to investigate the relationship between the rs3918249 T/C and rs17576 A/G SNPs in the MMP-9 gene with SLE. The study was conducted with 100 SLE cases and 100 age/sex-matched healthy individuals. TaqManTM SNP was used for genotyping by real time PCR on the Artus Rotor-Gene Qiagen equipment. Haplotypes (TG: OR = 0.226, 95% CI = 0.119–0.429) and (CA: OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.2206–0.631), both with a p-value < 0.001 were substantially linked to a lower incidence of SLE. Conversely, the risk of SLE was not associated with the individual SNPs studied. The haplotype analysis was more significant than the SNP analysis and may correlate with the decreased risk of SLE in children and adolescents in Egypt.
Double-Inlet Left Ventricle
Authors: Rao P. Syamasundar
Published: August 2022

Double-inlet left ventricle (DILV) is most frequent among univentricular atrioventricular connections. In DILV, there is a single functioning ventricle, most commonly with left ventricular structure. This chamber receives both atrioventricular valves and is connected to an outlet chamber with morphologic features of the right ventricle. The great vessels are often transposed, and pulmonary stenosis is seen in two-thirds of patients. The anatomy and pathophysiology can be defined by echo-Doppler studies with a rare need for other imaging studies. The management is mostly related to the nature of associated heart defects and the degree of pathophysiological abnormality. When the infants present initially, treatment to address the hemodynamic issues is undertaken. Subsequently, these babies need staged total cavo-pulmonary connection, i.e., the Fontan procedure which is undertaken in three stages; these stages are described in this review. The existence of inter-stage mortality and post-Fontan complications is recognized and was reviewed. The paper concludes that DILV can be successfully diagnosed with echo-Doppler studies and this heart anomaly can be effectively treated with the currently prevailing medical, catheter interventional, and surgical treatment practices.
A Review and Taxonomy on Fault Analysis in Transmission Power Systems
Authors: Al Mtawa Yaser , Haque Anwar , Halabi Talal
Published: August 2022

Enhancing resiliency in a power grid system is one of the core mandates of electrical distribution companies to provide high-level service. The power resiliency research community has proposed numerous schemes, to detect, classify, and localize fault events. However, the literature still lacks a comprehensive taxonomy of these schemes which can help advance future research. This study aims to provide a compact yet comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art solutions to fault analysis in transmission power systems. We discuss fault types and several fault-analysis methodologies adopted by relevant research works, propose a novel framework to classify these works, and highlight their strengths and limitations. We anticipate that this brief review would be helpful as a literature review and benefit the research community in choosing suitable techniques for fault analysis.
Structural, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties and Magnetoresistance of Monovalent K-Substituted La0.7Ba0.3−xKxMnO3 (x = 0 and 0.04) Manganite
Authors: Zahrin Amirah , Azhar Nurul Atiqah , Ibrahim Norazila , Mohamed Zakiah
Published: August 2022

The effects of K+ substitution at the Ba-site on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties and magnetoresistance (MR) of La0.7Ba0.3−xKxMnO3 (x = 0 and 0.04) manganites prepared via the solid-state method were investigated. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data confirmed that both samples were crystallized in the rhombohedral structure with the R3c¯ space group. In addition, the unit cell volume, V, and the average grain size also increased with K+ ions. Magnetization versus applied field (M–H) measurement was carried out, and the saturation magnetization (Ms) was found to increase from 1.81 μB/f.u. (x = 0) to 4.11 μB /f.u. (x = 0.04), implying that K+ ions strengthened the ferromagnetic (FM) interaction. Furthermore, the metal–insulator transition temperature, TMI, increased from 257 K (x = 0) to 271 K (x = 0.04). The observed behaviour may be related to the enhancement of double-exchange (DE) interaction due to the increase in Mn-O-Mn bond angle and electronic bandwidth (W), favouring the increasing rate of the eg electron hopping process. The fitting of the electrical resistivity data in the metallic region describes the significance of residual resistivity, electron–electron and electron–magnon scattering processes to elucidate the electronic transport properties. Within the insulating region, variable range hopping (VRH) and small polaron hopping (SPH) models are proposed to describe the conduction mechanism.
The Specific Properties of Phusang Hot Spring Water: Safety and Benefits
Authors: Duangjit Sureewan , Somsuwan Buntom , Inpeng Somchai , Buddhisa Surachat , Bumrungthai Sureewan
Published: August 2022

Phusang warm pond or Phusang hot spring (Thailand) has a temperature of approximately 36–38 °C and may be suitable for bacterial growth. However, data on the microbiota and effectiveness of this water remain obscure. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of Phusang hot spring water by clarifying the microorganisms and viral pathogens present. Cytotoxicity, irritation, liposome uptake, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated. The levels of trace elements such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr) were confirmed. Phusang hot spring water was nontoxic to L-929 cells and HDFa cells and was nonirritating to human phototypes I to IV at 48 h. The antimicrobial effects of Phusang hot spring water on S.aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis and E. coli were not detected using the agar well diffusion assay. Phusang hot spring water decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression at 24 h compared with (PBS) and untreated controls, as measured using semi qRT–PCR and ELISA. Phusang hot spring water combined with curcumin-loaded liposomes exerted antiaging effects, suggesting their benefits for application in cosmetic products. The bacteriophage families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae and Podoviridae were detected, but not HPV or EBV. Trace elements such as Na and Ca were present. Therefore, the importance of this study is that Phusang hot spring water exerts anti-inflammatory effects via IL-6, is nontoxic and nonirritating, and might be used for balneotherapy or as a cosmetic ingredient under sterile conditions.
The Impact of Government Expenditure in Agriculture and Other Selected Variables on the Value of Agricultural Production in South Africa (1983–2019): Vector Autoregressive Approach
Authors: Ngobeni Etian , Muchopa Chiedza L.
Published: August 2022

South African agriculture has the potential to stimulate growth in other economic sectors, but dwindling budgetary allocations to agriculture over time and the nature of other impacting factors on the value of agricultural production have not received much attention in recent times. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of government expenditure in agriculture, annual average rainfall, consumer price index, food import value, and population on the value of agricultural production with a specific focus on government expenditure in agriculture for the period 1983 to 2019. Using the Johansen cointegration test, the results reveal that there is a long-run relationship among the variables. The Granger causality test results suggest that government expenditure in agriculture does not Granger cause the value of agricultural production. However, the two variables are linked through other variables in the model, such that an increase in government expenditure in agriculture, average annual rainfall, and population were shown to ultimately increase the value of agricultural production based on vector autoregressive (VAR) model analysis. In contrast, an increase in the consumer price index and food import value is detrimental to the value of agricultural production. These studies’ findings have policy implications for increased government expenditure.
Exploratory Analysis of Blockchain Platforms in Supply Chain Management
Authors: Keresztes Éva Réka , Kovács Ildikó , Horváth Annamária , Zimányi Krisztina
Published: August 2022

The spread of blockchain technology is gaining ground worldwide, including in the supply chain and logistics sector. Its proliferation is expected to transform supply chains. Academic research is needed to investigate the reasons for and barriers to adoption. The objective of this study is to explore the blockchain (BC) platform and its inputs as technological solutions. In addition, the application of blockchain technology in managing supply chain (SC) business processes like shipment tracking, authenticity, and identification is also a focus of research. This research was carried out in three ways to explore the issue. Expert interviews were used to develop a research framework for the comparative analysis of BC platforms to find out the benefits and the barriers of blockchain adoption. In association with the diffusion of the technology, a qualitative comparative analysis was applied to benchmark blockchain platform providers. We analysed the blockchain-supply chain market by component, provider, type, and the conditions of usage. As part of this research, the Forbes TOP 50 companies were analysed by business area, country of origin, application area, and benefits in order to see in which area they applied blockchain technology and what improvements they have achieved. The results revealed that blockchain use in supply chains of selected industries has outstanding benefits of transparency, trustworthiness, traceability, and cost efficiencies which give businesses an advantage in terms of implementation costs, technology needs, human resources, legal environments, volatile costs, and security. In the supply chain, Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum are the most widely used blockchain platforms. For practical implication, the application and benefits of BC in SC were analysed, and the results indicate the traceability, sustainability-related, cost, and time-saving benefits.
Predicting At-Risk Students in an Online Flipped Anatomy Course Using Learning Analytics
Authors: Bayazit Alper , Apaydin Nihal , Gonullu Ipek
Published: August 2022

When using the flipped classroom method, students are required to come to the lesson after having prepared the basic concepts. Thus, the effectiveness of the lecture depends on the students’ preparation. With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it has become difficult to examine student preparations and to predict student course failures with limiting variables. Learning analytics can overcome this limitation. In this study, we aimed to develop a predictive model for at-risk students who are at risk of failing their final exam in an introductory anatomy course. In a five-week online flipped anatomy course, students’ weekly interaction metrics, quiz scores, and pretest scores were used to design a predictive model. We also compared the performances of different machine learning algorithms. According to the results, the Naïve Bayes algorithm showed the best performance for predicting student grades with an overall classification accuracy of 68% and with at-risk prediction accuracy of 71%. These results can be used as a traffic light project wherein the “at-risk” group will receive the red light, and thus, will require more effort to engage with the content and they might need to solve the quiz tests after an individual study period.
Deep Learning Model of Sleep EEG Signal by Using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network Encoding and Decoding
Authors: Fu Ziyang , Huang Chen , Zhang Li , Wang Shihui , Zhang Yan
Published: August 2022

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a signal commonly used for detecting brain activity and diagnosing sleep disorders. Manual sleep stage scoring is a time-consuming task, and extracting information from the EEG signal is difficult because of the non-linear dependencies of time series. To solve the aforementioned problems, in this study, a deep learning model of sleep EEG signal was developed using bidirectional recurrent neural network (BiRNN) encoding and decoding. First, the input signal was denoised using the wavelet threshold method. Next, feature extraction in the time and frequency domains was realized using a convolutional neural network to expand the scope of feature extraction and preserve the original EEG feature information to the maximum extent possible. Finally, the time-series information was mined using the encoding–decoding module of the BiRNN, and the automatic discrimination of the sleep staging of the EEG signal was realized using the SoftMax function. The model was cross-validated using Fpz-Cz single-channel EEG signals from the Sleep-EDF dataset for 19 nights, and the results demonstrated that the proposed model can achieve a high recognition rate and stability.
The Detection Algorithm Based on the Short Time Delay for Three-Phase Unbalanced Voltage Sag
Authors: Hao Xiaohong , Wang Yangtao , Sun Shuaizheng , Jiang Shan , Liu Yan
Published: August 2022

To improve the detection speed of the three-phase unbalanced voltage sag, the traditional αβ/dq transformation algorithm can be applied. However, in this algorithm, the virtual quadrature voltage signal (VQVS) needs to be accurately constructed in the αβ coordination system. Then, the information of the voltage jump can be achieved by the αβ/dq transformation. However, the traditional algorithm for constructing the VQVS introduces the harmonic component, so that the detection speed and accuracy is low. To solve the problem, this article modifies the algorithm and presents a new algorithm based on the combination of the short time delay (STD) and the positive- and negative-sequence transformation (PNST) algorithm. The STD algorithm and its construction are firstly detailed. Then, the extraction step and performance of the PNST are given. Since the STD algorithm can avoid harmonic properties, voltage sag signal can be quickly obtained by analyzing the positive and negative sequence component derived from the PNST algorithm. The proposed algorithm is compared with two alternatives already proposed in the literature in terms of detection time. Finally, simulation and experimental results validate the validity of the proposed algorithm.
Hydrogen–Natural Gas Blending in Distribution Systems—An Energy, Economic, and Environmental Assessment
Authors: Neacsa Adrian , Eparu Cristian Nicolae , Stoica Doru Bogdan
Published: August 2022

Taking into account the international policies in the field of environmental protection in the world in general, and in the European Union in particular, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and primarily of carbon dioxide, has become one of the most important objectives. This can be obtained through various renewable energy sources and non-polluting technologies, such as the mixing of hydrogen and natural gas. Combining hydrogen with natural gas is an emerging trend in the energy industry and represents one of the most important changes in the efforts to achieve extensive decarbonisation. The importance of this article consists of carrying out a techno-economic study based on the simulation of annual consumptions regarding the construction and use of production capacities for hydrogen to be used in mixtures with natural gas in various percentages in the distribution network of an important operator in Romania. In order to obtain relevant results, natural gas was treated as a mixture of real gases with a known composition as defined in the chromatographic bulletin. The survey presents a case study for the injection of 5%, 10%, and 20% hydrogen in the natural gas distribution system of Bucharest, the largest city in Romania. In addition to conducting this techno-economic study, the implications for final consumers of this technical solution in reducing greenhouse gas emissions—mainly those of carbon dioxide from combustion—are also presented.
Rural Households’ Perceptions of the Adoption of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaics in Vhembe District, South Africa
Authors: Chidembo Ranganai , Francis Joseph , Kativhu Simbarashe
Published: August 2022

Rooftop solar photovoltaics have the potential to successfully electrify rural and scattered communities worldwide. However, access to clean, high-quality, reliable and affordable energy remains elusive for several households in rural areas of the developing world. To fully comprehend, unpack and proffer meaningful solutions to this mismatch, energy sources in use and types in areas where rural electrification through solar home systems are profiled. Furthermore, grassroot communities’ perceptions of rooftop solar photovoltaics (PVs) was explored. A case study design was adopted. Thirty (30) households were purposively sampled from three selected villages. Their perceptions on the adoption of solar photovoltaic home systems were analysed qualitatively using Atlas ti 8 software. Thematic network analysis was pursued. Households in the chosen villages use grid connections, paraffin, solar PV, firewood and candles to meet their energy needs. The chosen villages used energy for water heating, refrigeration, cooking, illumination, space heating, entertainment and ironing at the household level. In general, the participating households perceived solar PVs as a relatively cheap, easy-to-use, environmentally friendly alternative energy, and did not demand regular payments once installed. However, there was a discerning perception that solar was a weak technology that could not be relied on because it produces an inferior quality of energy, could be easily stolen and needed high capital investment beyond the reach of many consumers. The results obtained in this study highlight that the solar home system (SHS) rollout should be sensitive to rural communities’ financial situations and be innovative in that low-income households are included. In addition, there is a need for a robust awareness programme that highlights the energy availability, reliability, quality, cost effectiveness and legal, health and safety benefits of the SHS to the rural families in the district.
An Experimental Analysis and ANN Based Parameter Optimization of the Influence of Microalgae Spirulina Blends on CI Engine Attributes
Authors: Kumar S. Charan , Thakur Amit Kumar , Aseer J. Ronald , Natarajan Sendhil Kumar , Singh Rajesh , Priyadarshi Neeraj , Twala Bhekisipho
Published: August 2022

In this present investigation, emittance and performance attributes of a diesel engine using micro-algae spirulina blended biodiesel mixtures of various concentrations (20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%, and 100%) were evaluated. An optimization model was also developed using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to characterize the experimental parameters. Experimental findings demonstrated significant improvement in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) using varied blends. Furthermore, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is decreased gradually for biodiesel blends as compared to diesel. Micro-algae spirulina blends have shown lower concentrations of NOX and HC while increasing CO2 relative to pure diesel. To develop the model, three sets of optimizers, namely, adam, nadam, and adagrad, along with activation functions, such as sigmoid, softmax, and relu, were selected. The results revealed that sigmoid activation function with adam learning optimizer by using 32 hidden layer neurons has given the least value of mean squared error (MSE). Hence, the ANN approach was proven to be capable of predicting engine attributes with a least mean squared error of 0.00013, 0.00060, 0.00021, 0.00011, and 0.00104 for NOX, HC, CO2, brake thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption, respectively. The Artificial Neural Network approach is capable of predicting CI engine attributes with accuracy and ease of investigation.
Simple Mathematical and Simulink Model of Stepper Motor
Authors: Iqteit Nassim A. , Yahya Khalid , Makahleh Firas M. , Attar Hani , Amer Ayman , Solyman Ahmed Amin Ahmed , Qudaimat Ahmad , Tamizi Khaled
Published: August 2022

This paper presents a simple mathematical and Simulink model of a two-phase hybrid stepper motor, where ignoring the permeance space harmonics of the hybrid stepper motor is regarded as the main physical assumption in this article. Moreover, the dq transformation method is adopted as the main mathematical approach for the derivation of the proposed model, where simple voltages, currents, and torque equations are obtained and used to build the proposed Simulink and circuit model of the stepper motor. The validity and the effectiveness of the proposed model are examined by comparing its results with the results collected from the Simulink model in the library of Matlab. The obtained simulation results showed that the proposed model achieved a high simplicity and high accuracy when compared with conventional models.
Stock Assessment of Six Sciaenidae Species in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh Water Using a Length-Based Bayesian Biomass (LBB) Method
Authors: Sultana Rokeya , Liu Qun , Schneider Petra , Al-Mamun Md. Abdullah , Mamun Al , Tazim Md. Farhan , Mozumder Mohammad Mojibul Hoque , Parvej Mohammed Rashed , Shamsuzzaman Md. Mostafa
Published: August 2022

Six most abundant and commercially valuable croakers (Sciaenidae) stocks in the coastal water of Bangladesh were evaluated using a length-based Bayesian Biomass (LBB) approach. The ratios B/B0 (current relative biomass) were smaller than the BMSY/B0 in five of the six stocks. For the six estimated populations, two (Otolithes ruber and Pterotolithus maculatus) are grossly overfished, one (Otolithoides pama) is overfished, two (Johnius belangerii and Panna heterolepis) are slightly overfished, and only donkey croaker (Pennahia anea) is in the healthy (B/B0 > BMSY/B0) status. Furthermore, the optimal length at first capture (Lc_opt) was higher than the length at first capture (Lc) in four populations, indicating growth overfishing, suggesting that increasing mesh size would benefit the catch and biomass. Findings from the present study confirm the declining trend of fisheries resources, particularly the croaker species in the BoB, Bangladesh coastal water. Management strategies (such as effort control, choosing the appropriate mesh size, total allowable catch limit, identify and enhance protection of the feeding, breeding, and nursery ground, etc.) should be taken for the sustainable management and recovery of the country’s marine fishing resources, particularly the valuable croaker species.
Reduced Hypoxia Tolerance and Altered Gill Morphology at Elevated Temperatures May Limit the Survival of Tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) under Global Warming
Authors: Zhou Yan , Zhang Yanjie , Wei Shang , Li Wei , Li Wenhao , Wu Zhichao , Jiang Shouwen , Lu Ying , Xu Qianghua , Chen Liangbiao
Published: August 2022

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important food fishes in global aquaculture. The optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is 27–30 °C; however, in some Asian breeding areas, such as south China, water temperatures in summer frequently exceed 35 °C for several days. Potential effects of long-term exposure to high temperatures on the survival and metabolism of tilapia are unclear. In this study, genetically improved farmed tilapia, age six weeks, were exposed to water temperatures of 28, 32, and 36 °C for 15 weeks. Mean survival rates and tolerance to hypoxia were significantly reduced, and respiratory rates were increased in fish reared at 36 °C, compared to the 28 and 32 °C treatments (p < 0.05). Partial temperature compensation for routine metabolic rates was observed after 15 weeks at 36 °C. Gill morphology changes in the 36 °C treatment included curling of the lamellae and hyperplasia of the filament end, which became more pronounced after acute hypoxia (0.2 mg/L O2). Transcriptomics demonstrated that expression of numerous genes related to aerobic metabolism was altered in the 36 °C treatment, including down-regulation of nine genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In summary, high temperature affected tilapia gill morphology, reduced hypoxia tolerance, and inhibited aerobic metabolism, thus ultimately threatening tilapia viability and survival.
Toxic Effects of Arsenic in Commercially Important Fish Rohu Carp, Labeo rohita of Bangladesh
Authors: Rabbane Md. Golam , Kabir Md. Alamgir , Habibullah-Al-Mamun Md. , Mustafa Md. Ghulam
Published: August 2022

This study was designed to elucidate the effects of arsenic (As) on the morpho-behavior, growth development and molecular mechanisms of a commercially important fish, rohu carp, Labeo rohita, in Bangladesh. Fish fry with an average weight of 387.5 ± 169.25 mg and an average length of 3.35 ± 0.37 cm were collected from a local hatchery in Mymensingh, Bangladesh and acclimatized for a week in the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka before starting the exposure with arsenic. Fishes were exposed for a period of 14 days with three treatments of NaAsO2, namely treatment 1(T1)—2.5 mg/L; treatment 2 (T2)—15 mg/L; and treatment 3 (T3)—30 mg/L, along with a control (C)—0.0 mg/L, with three replicates. These concentrations were determined based on the LC50 value for 96 h measured for this experiment. This study revealed remarkable morphological abnormalities and deformities in arsenic-exposed rohu carp. In fish exposed to 30 mg/L, caudal fin erosion was a frequent deformity. There was no significant difference in RNA:DNA ratio among the treatments. The overall weight of fish was decreased as the concentration of arsenic was increased. The T3 fish had a statistically significant negative weight gain (−0.05 ± 0.07 g), but the other treatments (T1 and T2) and control fish had no significant weight gain. Different types of histopathological changes were observed in the gills and intestines of arsenic-treated fish. Necrosis and severe damages were found in the secondary lamellae of gills at the highest arsenic concentration (30 mg/L). Epithelial lifting, irregular shape and damages in the gill raker were also observed in the primary lamellae of the gills for the same treatment. In this study, the expression of heat shock protein (HSP 60) and metallothionein (MT) genes was assessed by qPCR, and these genes were upregulated in different treatments compared to controls. The findings of the present study suggest that arsenic pollution significantly changes the morphology, behavior, growth, development, histopathology and molecular mechanisms of this economically important fish, rohu carp, in Bangladesh.
Fruitomics: The Importance of Combining Sensory and Chemical Analyses in Assessing Cold Storage Responses of Six Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Cultivars
Authors: Muto Antonella , Christofides Sarah R. , Sirangelo Tiziana Maria , Bartella Lucia , Muller Carsten , Di Donna Leonardo , Muzzalupo Innocenzo , Bruno Leonardo , Ferrante Antonio , Chiappetta Adriana A. C. , Bitonti Maria Beatrice , Rogers Hilary J. , Spadafora Natasha Damiana
Published: August 2022

Cold storage is used to extend peach commercial life, but can affect quality. Quality changes are assessed through the content of nutritionally relevant compounds, aroma, physical characters and/or sensorially. Here, six peach and nectarine cultivars were sampled at commercial harvest and after 7 days of 1 °C storage. A trained panel was used to evaluate sensorial characters, while carotenoids, phenolics, vitamin C, total sugars, and qualitative traits including firmness, titrable acidity and soluble solid content were integrated with volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis previously reported. The different analyses reveal interesting patterns of correlation, and the six cultivars responded differently to cold storage. Sensory parameters were correlated with 64 VOCs and seven intrinsic characters. Acidity, firmness, and 10 VOCs were strongly negatively correlated with harmony and sweetness, but positively correlated with bitterness, astringency, and crunchiness. In contrast, Brix, b-carotene, and six VOCs were positively correlated with harmony and sweetness.
Encapsulation of Rich-Carotenoids Extract from Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) Byproduct by a Combination of Spray Drying and Spray Chilling
Authors: Pinho Lorena Silva , de Lima Priscilla Magalhães , de Sá Samuel Henrique Gomes , Chen Da , Campanella Osvaldo H. , da Costa Rodrigues Christianne Elisabete , Favaro-Trindade Carmen Sílvia
Published: August 2022

Guaraná byproducts are rich in carotenoids, featuring strong antioxidant capacity and health-promoting benefits. However, these compounds are highly susceptible to oxidation and isomerization, which limits their applications in foods. This research aimed to encapsulate the carotenoid-rich extract from reddish guaraná peels by spray drying (SD), chilling (SC), and their combination (SDC) using gum arabic and vegetable fat as carriers. The carotenoid-rich extract was analyzed as a control, and the formulations were prepared with the following core–carrier ratios: SD20 (20:80), SD25 (25:75), SD33 (33:67), SC20 (20:80), SC30 (30:70), SC40 (40:60), SDC10 (10:90), and SDC20 (20:80). The physicochemical properties of the formed microparticles were characterized, and their storage stability was evaluated over 90 days. Water activity of microparticles formed during the SD process increased during storage, whereas those formed by SC and SDC processes showed no changes in water activity. The formed microparticles exhibited color variation and size increase over time. Carotenoid degradation of the microparticles was described by zero-order kinetics for most treatments. Considering the higher carotenoid content and its stability, the optimum formulation for each process was selected to further analysis. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the spherical shape and absence of cracks on the microparticle surface, as well as size heterogeneity. SD increased the stability to oxidation of the carotenoid-rich extract by at least 52-fold, SC by threefold, and SDC by 545-fold. Analysis of the thermophysical properties suggested that the carrier and the process of encapsulation influence the powder’s thermal resistance. Water sorption data of the SDC microparticles depended on the blend of the carrier agents used in the process. Carotenoid encapsulation via an innovative combination of spray drying and spray chilling processes offers technological benefits, which could be applied as a promising alternative to protect valuable bioactive compounds.
Antibacterial Effect of Eugenol on Shigella flexneri and Its Mechanism
Authors: Bai Xiangyang , Li Xuejiao , Liu Xue , Xing Zeyu , Su Ruiying , Wang Yutang , Xia Xiaodong , Shi Chao
Published: August 2022

Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri), which can be found in food and the environment, is a widespread food-borne pathogen that causes human diarrhea termed “shigellosis”. In this study, eugenol, a natural active substance, was investigated for its antibacterial activity against Sh. flexneri. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of eugenol against Sh. flexneri ATCC 12022 was 0.5 and 0.8 mg/mL. The growth curves and inhibitory effect in LB broth, PBS, vegetable juice, and minced pork showed that eugenol had a good activity against Sh. flexneri. Research findings indicated the superoxide dismutase activity of Sh. flexneri was inhibited after eugenol treatment, resulting in concentrations of intracellular reactive oxygen species and an increase in malondialdehyde. The flow cytometry analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy results revealed obvious damage to cell membrane integrity and changes in the morphology of Sh. flexneri. In addition, the intracellular ATP concentration leaked from 0.5 μM to below 0.05 μM and the membrane potential showed a concentration-dependent depolarization after eugenol treatment. In summary, eugenol exerted strong antibacterial activity and has the potential to control Sh. flexneri in the food industry.
Synthesis and Applications of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogels
Authors: Zhang Wenliang , Liu Yining , Xuan Yang , Zhang Shubiao
Published: August 2022

Hydrogels are basic materials widely used in various fields, especially in biological engineering and medical imaging. Hydrogels consist of a hydrophilic three-dimensional polymer network that rapidly expands in water and can hold a large volume of water in its swelling state without dissolving. These characteristics have rendered hydrogels the material of choice in drug delivery applications. In particular, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels have attracted considerable research attention for the development of safe drug delivery carriers because of their non-toxicity, good biodegradability, good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Aiming to inspire future research in this field, this review focuses on the current preparation methods and applications of CMC gels and highlights future lines of research for the further development of diverse applications.
The Investigation of Compacting Cement Systems for Studying the Fundamental Process of Cement Gel Formation
Authors: Beskopylny Alexey N. , Stel’makh Sergey A. , Shcherban’ Evgenii M. , Mailyan Levon R. , Meskhi Besarion , Beskopylny Nikita , El’shaeva Diana , Kotenko Maria
Published: August 2022

Fundamental knowledge of the processes of cement gel formation for new generation concretes is a scientific deficit. Studies aimed at the formation of a cement gel for standard vibrated concrete research, and especially for centrifugally compacted concrete, are of interest because the structure of this concrete differs significantly from the structure of standard vibrated concrete. This article aims to study the fundamental dependencies of the theoretical and practical values that occur during compaction using vibration, as well as the centrifugal force of new emerging concrete structures. New theoretical findings about the processes of cement gel formation for three technologies were developed: vibrating, centrifuging, and vibrocentrifuging of concrete; the fundamental difference in gel formation has been determined, the main physical and chemical processes were described, and a significant effect of technology on the gel formation process was established. The influence of indirect characteristics based on the processes of cement gel formation, rheological properties of concrete mixtures, water squeezing processes, and the ratio between the liquid and solid phases in the mixture was evaluated. The process of formation of cement gel for centrifugally compacted cement systems was studied and graphical dependences were constructed, giving answers to the mechanism of interaction according to the principle “composition-rheological characteristics-structure-properties of concrete”. The quantitative aspect of the achieved result is expressed in the increase in the indicators demonstrated by centrifuged and especially vibrocentrifuged samples compared to vibrated ones. Additionally, in terms of strength indicators, vibrocentrifuged samples demonstrated an increase from 22% to 32%, depending on the type of strength, and the rheological characteristics of concrete mixes differed by 80% and 300% in terms of delamination.