bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Prussian Blue Based Composite Film with Functionalized Organic Polymer to Construction of Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor
Authors: Derwinska Katarzyna , Miecznikowski Krzysztof , Koncki Robert , Kulesza Pawel J. , Glab Stanislaw , Malik Marcin A.
Published: December 2003

We describe and characterize an amperometric biosensor utilizing the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at a glassy carbon electrode modified with a novel composite film of Prussian Blue and polypyrrole derivative, polymerized 4(pyrrole‐1‐yl) benzoic acid, overcoated with the covalently bound glucose oxidase enzyme. The addition of a functionalized organic component to Prussian Blue permits permanent attachment of an enzyme, exhibits an overall stabilizing effect, and it seems to support fast propagation of charge within the Prussian Blue based composite film. Preliminary diagnostic experiments have been done using cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry and rotating disk volatmmetry. The rate of hydrogen peroxide reduction at the composite film in the potassium containing phosphate buffer (pH 6) is expected to be very fast because the overall process is controlled by diffusion of hydrogen peroxide in solution. The fact that the reduction of enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide proceeds at a fairly negative potential, 0 V (vs. SCE) (pH 6), makes the system largely free of common interferences (e.g., ascorbic acid or uric acid). The proposed biosensor permitted reproducible and reliable determinations of glucose in real (i.e., in pharmaceutical and food) samples also under the flow‐injection analysis conditions. The detection limit and sensitivity have been found to be on the level of 1×10−5 mol dm−3 and 0.7 μA/1 mmol dm−3 (2.5 μA/cm2/1 mmol dm−3), respectively.
Phenoxazine Functionalized, Exfoliated Graphite Based Electrodes for NADH Oxidation and Ethanol Biosensing
Authors: Ramesh P. , Sivakumar P. , Sampath S.
Published: December 2003

Exfoliated graphite (EG) particles covalently functionalized with phenoxazine‐based molecules have been used to prepare bulk‐modified electrodes. The electrodes are of two types: 1) binder‐less covalently modified EG pellets and 2) sol‐gel derived composites of silicate and modified EG particles. The covalent modification is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemistry of attached molecules has been carried out to decipher the catalytic activity of immobilized phenoxazines towards NADH oxidation. Fast response time of about 4–6 seconds and a low detection limit of 20 μM have been achieved using these electrodes. The sensor is found to yield a linear range of current response versus concentration between 0.02 and 1 mM of NADH. Biosensing in presence of alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and NAD+ shows a linear response between 1 and 13 mM and the response time for alcohol sensing is found to be 20–30 s. These electrodes are found to be very stable during operation and can be stored without any deterioration over a period of several months.
PCR‐Genosensor Rapid Test for Detecting Salmonella
Authors: Pividori M. Isabel , Merkoçi Arben , Barbé Jordi , Alegret Salvador
Published: December 2003

A PCR‐genosensor based assay for detecting the IS200 DNA sequence specific to Salmonella spp is reported. This rapid test is based on PCR, where amplicon detection is achieved electrochemically using GEC (graphite‐epoxy composite) genosensor. The amplicon is immobilized onto GEC electrodes by simple dry‐adsorption and the detection is carried out using an enzymatic labeling system. Results demonstrate that this new electrochemical genosensor fulfils the requirements desired for these devices: easy preparation – as dry‐adsorption of DNA is very simple –, robustness, sensitivity, low cost, simple use and fast response. Additionally, the assay can be produced as a kit format, increasing its commercial potentiality. Also, the electrode material can be implemented for screen‐printing procedures for the mass production of genosensors.
Rapid Amperometric Immunoassay for Escherichia coli Based on Graphite Coated Nylon Membranes
Authors: Shah Jasmin , Chemburu Sireesha , Wilkins Ebtisam , Abdel‐Hamid Ihab
Published: December 2003

An amperometric immunosensor for rapid detection of bacteria has been developed. A graphite‐coated nylon membrane serves as a support for antibody immobilization and as a working electrode. The different parameters affecting sensor preparation such as, selection of the conductive material, pore size of the nylon membrane, number of coatings and the ratios of the graphite to the binder were optimized. A “sandwich” immunoassay scheme was used and amperometric detection of captured bacteria was conducted by the electro‐reduction of iodine formed as the product of a peroxidase catalyzed reaction. This approach has been used for detection of total Escherichia coli with a low detection limit of 40 cells/mL. The developed system can be easily adapted for rapid analysis of different pathogenic microorganisms.
A transformation‐free HOC scheme for steady convection–diffusion on non‐uniform grids
Authors: Kalita Jiten C. , Dass Anoop K. , Dalal D. C.
Published: December 2003

A higher order compact (HOC) finite difference solution procedure has been proposed for the steady two‐dimensional (2D) convection–diffusion equation on non‐uniform orthogonal Cartesian grids involving no transformation from the physical space to the computational space. Effectiveness of the method is seen from the fact that for the first time, an HOC algorithm on non‐uniform grid has been extended to the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations. Apart from avoiding usual computational complexities associated with conventional transformation techniques, the method produces very accurate solutions for difficult test cases. Besides including the good features of ordinary HOC schemes, the method has the advantage of better scale resolution with smaller number of grid points, with resultant saving of memory and CPU time. Gain in time however may not be proportional to the decrease in the number of grid points as grid non‐uniformity imparts asymmetry to some of the associated matrices which otherwise would have been symmetric. The solution procedure is also highly robust as it computes complex flows such as that in the lid‐driven square cavity at high Reynolds numbers (Re), for which no HOC results have so far been seen. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A low‐dimensional description of transient shear‐thinning free‐surface flow in thin cavities, as applied to injection molding
Authors: Zhang Sheng X. , Khayat Roger E.
Published: December 2003

A spectral methodology is proposed to examine the influence of shear thinning on the transient free‐surface flow inside a three‐dimensional thin cavity. The problem is closely related to the filling stage during the injection molding process. The moving domain is mapped onto a rectangular domain at each time step of the computation. A modified pressure is introduced that is governed by the Laplace's equation. The flow field is expanded in Fourier series along the lateral direction in the mapped domain, and the Galerkin projection is used to derive the equations that govern the expansion coefficients, which are solved using a variable‐step finite‐difference scheme. This approach is valid for simple and complex cavities as illustrated for the cases of a flat plate with variable and constant thickness. It is shown that, even for highly non‐linear shear‐thinning flow, only a few modes are needed for convergence. Shear thinning generally influences the flow behaviour. However, shear thinning may enhance or prohibit the flow, depending whether the flow rate at the entrance of the cavity is fast or slow, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian trio models for association in the presence of genotyping errors
Authors: Bernardinelli L. , Berzuini C. , Seaman S. , Holmans P.
Published: December 2003

Errors in genotyping can greatly affect family‐based association studies. If a mendelian inconsistency is detected, the family is usually removed from the analysis. This reduces power, and may introduce bias. In addition, a large proportion of genotyping errors remain undetected, and these also reduce power. We present a Bayesian framework for performing association studies with SNP data on samples of trios consisting of parents with an affected offspring, while allowing for the presence of both detectable and undetectable genotyping errors. This framework also allows for the inclusion of missing genotypes. Associations between the SNP and disease were modelled in terms of the genotypic relative risks. The performances of the analysis methods were investigated under a variety of models for disease association and genotype error, looking at both power to detect association and precision of genotypic relative risk estimates. As expected, power to detect association decreased as genotyping error probability increased. Importantly, however, analyses allowing for genotyping error had similar power to standard analyses when applied to data without genotyping error. Furthermore, allowing for genotyping error yielded relative risk estimates that were approximately unbiased, together with 95% credible intervals giving approximately correct coverage. The methods were also applied to a real dataset: a sample of schizophrenia cases and their parents genotyped at SNPs in the dysbindin gene. The analysis methods presented here require no prior information on the genotyping error probabilities, and may be fitted in WinBUGS. Genet Epidemiol 26:70–80, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Has an M&A revival begun?
Authors: Edwards James B.
Published: December 2003

Some analysts believe that the long‐awaited revival of M&A activity has begun. But are they too optimistic? And what strategies
should you follow to minimize the impact of the latest M&A accounting rules? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Getting deals done in today's market
Authors: Sherman Andrew J.
Published: December 2003

The outlook for M&A is improving, but at a painfully slow pace. What are the keys to “doing the deal” in the current market?
© 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do you need in‐house dealmakers?
Authors: Frankel Michael E. S.
Published: December 2003

Strategic transactions used to be managed by outside investment bankers, partnered with a senior company executive. But today, many companies find
they can manage deals more efficiently in‐house. So, do you need a team of in‐house dealmakers? And how should you manage their
role? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beyond the closing table: M&A considerations from a banker's perspective
Authors: Roy Michael
Published: December 2003

Most potential M&A deals are evaluated from a narrow perspective—how to finance them. But this article's author—a
banker—argues that you have to do a lot more than simply strike a good deal if you want to be successful. A deal that looks good to you can
endanger your future banking relationships—and your access to future financing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Update: M&A in Latin America
Authors: Metwalli Ali M. , Tang Roger Y. W.
Published: December 2003

There was a dramatic recent slowdown in Latin America M&A activity, due to global recession and concern about financial crises in Argentina
and Brazil. Nevertheless, the authors are bullish about long‐term prospects in this area. They explain why, and take a close look at four key
countries: Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Which industries have been the most active? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Goodwill: Have new rules killed mergers?
Authors: Ketz J. Edward , Schams Puja
Published: December 2003

Goodwill can have a big impact on any M&A transaction. The authors examined recent financial statements to determine the effect of the latest
goodwill standards. While merger activity is alive and well, the economic downturn has led many firms to write down their goodwill. Were the latest
rules responsible for a decline in M&A? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New mandate: Reporting on internal controls
Authors: Rouse Robert W. , Weirich Thomas R. , Munter Paul
Published: December 2003

The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act continues to change the financial reporting landscape for publicly held companies. Public firms and their auditors
face a new mandate: Make sure internal controls exist to prevent or detect fraud. And beginning in 2004, they must report on how effective the
company's internal controls really are. This will have a big impact on internal auditors' fees. More importantly, what must you do to meet
the new requirements? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapists' adherence and competence and treatment discrimination in the NIDA Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study
Authors: Barber Jacques P. , Foltz Carol , Crits‐Christoph Paul , Chittams Jesse
Published: December 2003

The National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study was designed to assess the efficacy of four different psychosocial interventions (cognitive therapy, supportive–expressive dynamic therapy, and individual and group drug counseling) for cocaine dependence. This report addresses the treatment integrity and discriminability of the three individual treatments. Therapists' adherence and competence for all three individual treatments during early and late sessions were rated reliably by three sets of independent expert judges (one set of expert clinicians for each treatment condition). Results indicated that therapists and counselors made use of the therapeutic techniques described in their respective treatment manuals rather than those from different treatment manuals. Thus, treatments were easily discriminable by the independent judges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Psychometric properties of the Brief Life Satisfaction Scales
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Van Whitlock Rod
Published: December 2003

The development, psychometric characteristics, and clinical utility of a brief measure of life satisfaction, the Brief Life Satisfaction Scales (BLSS), are presented. Factor analysis of the 10‐item scale yielded three factors: self‐satisfaction, interpersonal satisfaction, and social role satisfaction. Reliability (internal consistency and retest) and validity (concurrent, construct, discriminant, known group, predictive, and incremental) were adequate to good. Clinical uses of the BLSS and additional studies are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Progressive muscle relaxation, yoga stretching, and ABC relaxation theory
Authors: Ghoncheh Shahyad , Smith Jonathan C.
Published: December 2003

This study compared the psychological effects of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and yoga stretching (hatha) exercises. Forty participants were randomly divided into two groups and taught PMR or yoga stretching exercises. Both groups practiced once a week for five weeks and were given the Smith Relaxation States Inventory before and after each session. As hypothesized, practitioners of PMR displayed higher levels of relaxation states (R‐States) Physical Relaxation and Disengagement at Week 4 and higher levels of Mental Quiet and Joy as a posttraining aftereffect at Week 5. Contrary to what was hypothesized, groups did not display different levels of R‐States Energized or Aware. Results suggest the value of supplementing traditional somatic conceptualizations of relaxation with the psychological approach embodied in ABC relaxation theory. Clinical and research implications are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The Diagnostic Inventory for Depression: A self‐report scale to diagnose DSM‐IV major depressive disorder
Authors: Zimmerman Mark , Sheeran Thomas , Young Diane
Published: December 2003

In this report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we describe the development and validation of the Diagnostic Inventory for Depression (DID), a new self‐report scale designed to assess the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) symptom inclusion criteria for a major depressive episode, assess psychosocial impairment due to depression, and evaluate subjective quality of life. A large sample of 626 psychiatric outpatients completed the DID and were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID). The measure's test‐retest reliability, discriminant and convergent validity, and sensitivity to clinical change were investigated. The DID subscales achieved high levels of internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. The DID was more highly correlated with another self‐report measure of depression than with measures of anxiety, substance use problems, eating disorders, and somatization, thereby supporting the convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. The DID also was highly correlated with interviewer ratings of the severity of depression and psychosocial functioning, and DID symptom severity scores were significantly different in depressed patients with mild, moderate, and severe levels of depression. The DID was a valid measure of symptom change. Finally, the DID was significantly associated with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Remembering the 1978 and 1990 task forces on self‐help therapies: A response to Gerald Rosen
Authors: Floyd Mark , McKendree‐Smith Nancy L. , Scogin Forrest R.
Published: December 2003

Gerald M. Rosen has reminded us of the contributions of two task forces that addressed self‐help therapies. The problems with self‐administered treatments that were discussed in the recent Journal of Clinical Psychology special section (Volume 59, Number 3) also were discussed by these task forces. One of the primary problems is the lack of quality control and, in particular, the fact that self‐help books without empirical support can be marketed to the public. There is not sufficient data available to reach conclusions regarding the overall impact of self‐help books. Additional research and empirical support are needed for self‐administered treatments; however, requiring such research support prior to publication would be holding self‐help books to a higher standard than is currently required for psychologists (and other therapists) providing services. Our belief is that self‐administered treatment is at least benign and potentially helpful to most consumers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
A historical note on false traumatic memories
Authors: Rosen Gerald M. , Sageman Marc , Loftus Elizabeth
Published: December 2003

Unhampered by current ethical standards and human subject committees, H. Bernheim (1889) created a false memory of a horrific traumatic event. Bernheim also demonstrated his subject's willingness to discuss the implanted memory with a representative of the law. Bernheim's work represents the first documented case of an implanted false traumatic memory, with direct relevance to contemporary debates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Quantifying clinical judgment in the assessment of adolescent psychopathology: Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Child Behavior Checklist for clinician report
Authors: Dutra Lissa , Campbell Laura , Westen Drew
Published: December 2003

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as completed by doctoral‐level clinicians in the treatment of adolescents. We asked 294 randomly selected, experienced psychiatrists and psychologists to describe a patient aged 14 to 18 in treatment for personality pathology. Clinicians completed the CBCL (parent‐report version) and measures of adaptive functioning, personality pathology, and family and developmental history, which served as criterion variables to test the validity of the CBCL as completed by clinicians. Most CBCL scales demonstrated acceptable reliability. Validity estimates were impressive, and the data revealed clinically meaningful associations between specific CBCL scale scores and developmental and family history variables. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factorial structure of the clinician‐report CBCL resembled that of the parent‐report CBCL, with the exception of a substantially lower correlation between higher order internalizing and externalizing factors. The data suggest that clinical judgment can be both reliable and valid when quantified using psychometrically sound instruments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Purification of [11C]nitromethane for use in asymmetric nitroaldol reactions
Authors: Gustavsson Sven Åke , Kato Koichi , Långström Bengt
Published: December 2003

[11C]Nitromethane was prepared by modifying previously published procedures. Nitrogen oxides contaminating the [11C]nitromethane were removed by a heated sodium carbonate plug. An asymmetric nitroaldol reaction was performed using a lanthanum–lithium–(R)‐binol (LLB) complex as catalyst. 1‐Nitro‐4‐phenylbutan‐2‐ol was produced in a reaction between [11C]nitromethane and 3‐phenyl‐propionaldehyde in 16% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) and a radiochemical yield of 23%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3,7,8‐15N3‐N1‐(β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin
Authors: Yu Hongbin , Wishnok John S. , Tannenbaum Steven R.
Published: December 2003

3,7,8‐15N3‐N1‐(β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin was synthesized from the oxidation of 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine with 2 equivalents of Ir(IV) in pH 4.5 potassium phosphate buffer. The synthesis of 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine started with bromination of 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. The resulting 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐8‐bromo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine reacted with sodium benzyloxide to afford 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐8‐benzyloxy‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. Subsequent catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐8‐benzyloxy‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine with cyclohexene and 10% Pd/C yielded 1,7,NH2‐15N3‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. Purification of 3,7,8‐15N3‐N1‐(β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin was first carried out on a C18 column and the product was further purified on a graphite column. ESI‐MS was used to confirm the identity and to determine the isotopic purity of all the labeled compounds. The isotopic purity of 3,7,8‐15N3‐N1‐(β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin was 99.4 atom% based on LC‐MS measurements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circulation dynamics of Mediterranean precipitation variability 1948–98
Authors: Dünkeloh A. , Jacobeit J.
Published: December 2003

Canonical correlation analysis is used to identify main coupled circulation–rainfall patterns and to relate recent variability and trends of Mediterranean precipitation to large‐scale circulation dynamics. Analyses are based on geopotential heights (500 and 1000 hPa levels) for the North Atlantic–European area (National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis) and on highly resolved (0.5° × 0.5° ) monthly rainfall grids (Climatic Research Unit, Norwich) selected for the Mediterranean area during the 1948–98 period. Combining monthly analyses with similar characteristics to seasonal samples yields winter (October–March), spring (April–May) and summer (June–September) types of coupled variability; a particular autumn type for the whole Mediterranean does not occur on the monthly time scale. Coupled patterns specifically linked to one or two seasons include an east Atlantic jet (EA‐Jet) related pattern for summer and a Mediterranean meridional circulation (MMC) pattern for winter and spring. The most important pattern recurring with dynamical adjustments throughout the whole year reflects the seasonal cycle of the Mediterranean oscillation (MO), which is linked (with seasonal dependence) to the Northern Hemisphere teleconnection modes of the Arctic oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). Winter rainfall trends of the recent decades marked by widespread decreases in the Mediterranean area and by opposite conditions in the southeastern part are linked to particular changes over time in several of the associated circulation patterns. Thus, different regional rainfall changes are integrated into an overall interrelation between Mediterranean rainfall patterns and large‐scale atmospheric circulation dynamics. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial variability of daily rainfall over Orissa, India, during the southwest summer monsoon season
Authors: Mohapatra M. , Mohanty U. C. , Behera S.
Published: December 2003

Southwest summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa, a state of eastern India, shows characteristic spatial and temporal variability, due to the interaction of basic westerly flow with orography and the synoptic‐scale monsoon disturbances developing over the northern Bay of Bengal and moving west‐northwestwards along the monsoon trough. The aim of this study is to find out the main features of the spatial variability of daily monsoon rainfall over Orissa and associated synoptic systems. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is a good tool to filter out the main components from any noise, and this was applied to daily monsoon rainfall (June–September) data of 31 uniformly distributed stations over a period of 20 years (1980–1999). The association of synoptic systems with significant EOFs has been confirmed by analysing daily synoptic systems over Orissa and its neighbourhood during the same period.

The first three EOFs in S‐mode may be attributed to good monsoon rainfall in association with low‐pressure systems/cyclonic circulation (LPSC), like lows, depressions, cyclonic storms and cyclonic circulation extending up to the mid‐tropospheric level over the northwest (NW) Bay/NW and the adjoining northeast (NE) Bay, over Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) and over Orissa/NW and the adjoining west central (WC) Bay. The fourth and fifth EOFs may be attributed to a weak monsoon condition being associated only with a monsoon trough without any embedded system and LPSC over the NE and the adjoining NW Bay respectively. Based on rotation of significant EOFs in T‐mode, which gives better regionalization, Orissa consists of five homogeneous regions of daily monsoon rainfall: (i) eastern Orissa, (ii) western Orissa, (iii) northwest Orissa, (iv) north Orissa and (v) northeast Orissa. Eastern Orissa gets higher rainfall than the other regions, due to LPSC over NW Bay/NW and the adjoining NE Bay, western Orissa rainfall is due to LPSC over Orissa/NW and the adjoining WC Bay; likewise, northwest Orissa rainfall is due to LPSC over GWB, north Orissa rainfall is due to LPSC over the NE and the adjoining NW Bay, and northeast Orissa rainfall is due only to a monsoon trough without any significant embedded system over Orissa and adjoining land/sea areas. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Patterns of variability in the satellite microwave sounding unit temperature record: comparison with surface and reanalysis data
Authors: Sturaro Giovanni
Published: December 2003

Principal component analysis is applied to global temperature records to study the differences in the patterns of variability between surface and troposphere. Surface, Microwave Sounding Unit (lower troposphere, channel 2 and channel 4) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis thickness data are studied in the common period 1979–2000. The patterns of variability are classified into geographical regions and compared. The series of their time coefficients are correlated to assess the existence of common and significant climate‐change signals in the form of climatic trends. The objective is to identify the physical processes determining the records' variations and the differences between the surface and the satellite records that might be related to the discrepancy in their globally averaged trend. Major differences were found in the Tropics, where the surface warming is not paralleled in any other record. The surface record has two major patterns over the Tropics, one of which is connected to El Niño–southern oscillation. Satellite variability is instead described by only one pattern, most probably deriving from the merging of the two distinct patterns found for the near‐surface records. In the eastern Antarctic a higher troposphere and lower stratosphere negative trend is found connected to ozone depletion. This signal prevails in the satellite record, despite evidence that it is confined only above 500 hPa. A pattern over Siberia is linked to the ‘Euro‐Siberian oscillation’, i.e. the change in the pressure field determining the tracks of the Atlantic storms over the area Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Spring–summer temperature reconstruction in western Norway 1734–2003: a data‐synthesis approach
Authors: Nordli P. Ø. , Lie Ø. , Nesje A. , Dahl S. O.
Published: December 2003

A series of spring–summer (April–August) temperatures was reconstructed for the period 1734–1923 for western Norway based on multi‐proxy data. For the period 1734–1842 the long‐term variations were based on terminal moraines in front of two southern Norwegian glaciers, whereas the annual variations were based on grain‐harvest data extracted from farmers' diaries. For the period 1843–1867 the spring–summer temperatures were reconstructed solely from diaries overlapping instrumental observations. All the results were incorporated into one series for the period 1734–2003 to form the Vestlandet composite series.

The reconstruction method using terminal‐moraine sequences was tested against the modern instrumental Bergen series for the periods of moraine formations in front of the glaciers. The agreement with the instrumental series was good, with the mean difference for all periods being only 0.2 °C. Analyses of decadal variations in western Norway revealed three periods of low spring–summer temperatures: around 1740, in the first decade of the 19th century, and in the 1830s. These periods are well known from historic records as periods of starvation, during which the use of bark bread became common. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of geomorphological setting on Holocene lake sediment variability, northern Swedish Lapland
Authors: Rubensdotter L. , Rosqvist G.
Published: December 2003

Comparison of catchment geomorphology and lithostratigraphical analysis of sediments in two small neighbouring alpine lakes show that the minerogenic influx into the lakes has varied significantly during the Holocene, despite similarities in environmental setting. One lake contains a homogeneous organic‐rich sediment sequence whereas the sediment of the other lake is laminated and has a higher minerogenic content. X‐ray radiographs are used to visualise lithostratigraphical structures and provide high‐resolution density data.

We find that moderate differences in geomorphology and process activity in the lakeshore region around alpine lakes can significantly affect the lake sediment composition. Minerogenic sediment accumulation rates vary strongly over time, owing to different depositional processes, which complicate temporal reconstructions. We also find that non‐glacial processes deposit minerogenic sediment layers with similar characteristics (high density, low organic content) as layers interpreted as having a glaciofluvial origin. This has implications for palaeoclimate studies based on proglacial lacustrine sediment.

Our results indicate that erosion of surface sediments in the catchments characterised the early Holocene. A low and constant minerogenic inflow indicates that stable environmental conditions (with little fluvial erosion) were established in the catchments during the middle Holocene. The variability in sediment composition increased again in the late Holocene, possibly as a result of short‐term climate fluctuations superimposed on a general climate deterioration trend. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coastal deformation between the Versilia and the Garigliano plains (Italy) since the last interglacial stage
Authors: Nisi Marco F. , Antonioli Fabrizio , Pra Giuseppe Dai , Leoni Gabriele , Silenzi Sergio
Published: December 2003

The opening of the north‐central Tyrrhenian Sea is the result of the Cretaceous–Paleogene alpine collision, which triggered a series of regional uplift, subsidence and transcurrent tectonic mechanisms along the coastal Tyrrhenian sectors of peninsular Italy. These tectonic processes, in conjunction with the effects of glacio‐ and hydro‐isostasy during the Quaternary, produced substantial crustal responses that, in some cases, reached metres in extent. In the study of coastal neotectonics, geomorphological markers of the last interglacial maximum, corresponding to marine isotope stage 5.5, are generally used to quantify the magnitude of the vertical crustal displacements that have occurred since 125 kyr. Through altimetrical, palaeoenvironmental and chronological reinterpretation of the most significant works published since 1913, combined with an additional set of data reported here, a detailed reconstruction of the shoreline displacements evident along 500 km of coast between northern Tuscany and southern Latium is presented. The reconstruction was carried out by quantifying the vertical movement since the last interglacial period and by identifying the tectonic behaviour of different coastal sectors. This has been done by carefully choosing the eustatic marker, among those available at each study site, in order to minimize the margin of error associated with the measurements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear intermolecular polarization and collision‐inducedν3Raman transition by gaseous CO2in mixture with argon
Authors: Rachet F. , Chrysos M. , Kouzov A.
Published: December 2003

Experimental collision‐induced CO2–Ar wavenumber‐resolved depolarized absolute‐unit Raman differential scattering cross‐sections,I∥, were recorded for the first time for the ν3band of carbon dioxide. By means of a novel diagrammatic technique (briefly presented), we managed to calculate the irreducible parts (r= 0, 2) of the incremental collision‐induced polarizability tensor$\Delta \hat{\alpha}^{(r)}$and to interpret the zeroth‐ and second‐order spectral moments extracted from the experiment. As was borne out from our calculations,$\Delta \hat{\alpha}^{(r)}$contains a non‐linear term never considered in any of the previous studies. The effect is produced by the second‐order non‐linear polarization of one of the colliding partners, which is polarized by the incident electromagnetic field and by the CO2dipole field oscillating at the ν3frequency. Because of the large value of the ν3transition dipole moment, the impact of the new term was found to be crucial. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
J‐aggregation visualized with two‐photon‐resonant third‐harmonic generation
Authors: Akimov D. A. , Ivanov A. A. , Alfimov M. V. , Grabchak E. P. , Shtykova A. A. , Petrov A. N. , Podshivalov A. A. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: December 2003

Third‐harmonic generation (THG) with a two‐photon‐absorption (TPA) type resonance was used to monitor the J‐aggregation of ethyl thiacarbocyanine in aqueous solution. Correlations between TPA‐resonant THG and two‐photon‐excited photoluminescence are revealed, indicating the significance of excited states for non‐linear‐optical processes in J‐aggregating solutions. Similar to Raman resonances in coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering, TPA resonances in THG allow THG enhancement to be effectively decoupled from the growth of radiation losses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of temperatures and fuel/air ratios in an ethene–air flame by dual‐pump CARS
Authors: Beyrau F. , Seeger T. , Malarski A. , Leipertz A.
Published: December 2003

The simultaneous determination of temperature and ethene, oxygen and nitrogen concentrations is demonstrated using the dual‐pump coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) technique. Temperature and relative N2/O2 concentrations were calculated from contour fitting against theoretically calculated spectra, while relative N2/C2H4 concentrations were obtained from the integrated intensity ratio, calibrated in a heated gas cell. Detailed measurements were performed in a partially premixed ethene–air co‐flowing jet flame established on a slot burner. As the two vibrational Raman modes ν2 (1623 cm−1) and ν3 (1342 cm−1) of ethene are in close vicinity of the oxygen Raman transition at 1556 cm−1, either the ν2 or the ν3 transition can be excited together with O2 using a single narrowband–broadband laser combination. Both possibilities are discussed. Additionally, nitrogen is probed for thermometry with the same broadband laser but another narrowband laser in a dual‐pump CARS approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femtosecond time‐resolved two‐photon absorption resonant four‐wave mixing in three‐dimensional spiropyran–PMMA samples
Authors: Konorov S. O. , Sidorov‐Biryukov D. A. , Bugar I. , Chorvat D. , Chorvat D. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: December 2003

The potential of four‐wave mixing with two‐photon absorption resonances for time‐resolved studies of ultrafast processes triggering photochromic transformations in three‐dimensional spiropyran–poly(methyl methacrylate) samples is demonstrated. Our experimental approach involves using 100 fs pulses of 800 nm fundamental radiation of a Ti:sapphire laser as a two‐photon absorption resonant pump and 130 fs frequency‐tunable pulses of an optical parametric amplifier as a time‐delayed probe. The use of two‐photon resonances allows strong one‐photon absorption, typical of conventional pump–probe experiments, to be avoided, giving access to any point inside a 3D photochromic sample. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature measurement in gas mixtures by femtosecond Raman‐induced polarization spectroscopy
Authors: Tran H. , Lavorel B. , Faucher O. , Saint‐Loup R. , Joubert P.
Published: December 2003

The potential of femtosecond Raman‐induced polarization spectroscopy (RIPS) for the simultaneous determination of temperature and concentrations was investigated. These measurements were related to the rotational time response of the molecular gas mixture, which was measured as a function of the pump–probe time delay. The change of the polarizability anisotropy with respect to the vibrational levels was taken into account. The results of temperature measurements in pure CO2 showed good agreement with the values obtained by a thermocouple. The RIPS technique was also applied to a CO2–N2 gas mixture to determine simultaneously temperatures and concentrations at temperatures up to 600 K. The accuracy and the feasibility of the method applied to highest temperatures are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotational time‐domain CARS in H2: departure from statistically independent collisional dephasing model
Authors: Arakcheev V. G. , Jakovlev D. V. , Morozov V. B. , Olenin A. N. , Tunkin V. G.
Published: December 2003

Time‐domain CARS was applied to study dephasing of H2 S0(0) and S0(1) rotational transitions in the density range from 0.004 to several amagat at 296 and 80 K. Dephasing of the S0(0) transition in pure H2 corresponds satisfactorily to the theoretical model of statistically independent collisional perturbations of translational and rotational molecular motions. Experimental dephasing curves of the S0(1) transition in pure H2 in the density region of the Dicke effect manifestation are steeper than the theoretical curves calculated on the basis of the statistically independent dephasing model. This departure is especially noticeable at liquid nitrogen temperature. At the same time, dephasing curves of the S0(1) transition in He as a buffer gas measured at room temperature demonstrate fairly good coincidence with the theoretical model. The departure of the experimental dephasing curves of the S0(1) transition in pure H2 from the statistically independent model can be mainly attributed to resonance collisions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density evolution of the picosecond time‐domain CARS responses from carbon dioxide gas
Authors: Morozov V. , Mochalov S. , Olenin A. , Tunkin V. , Kouzov A.
Published: December 2003

Results of a joint experimental and theoretical study of CARS transients produced by picosecond two‐color pumping of the CO2 Q‐branch at 1285 cm−1 are reported. The coherence decay patterns recorded in a wide dynamic range (3–8 decades) and in a broad gas density interval (ρ = 0.02–20 amagat) made it possible to track different channels of collision‐induced relaxation. The undertaken signal simulations account for the finite pump–probe pulse durations and also for the collision‐perturbed Doppler effect, vibrational dephasing and collisional mixing of rotational states. The last effect was tackled by applying the quantum fast‐collision model of rotational relaxation. Our recent data on the other Fermi‐dyad component at 1388 cm−1 were also simulated in the same way to derive a set of optimized relaxation rate parameters. New features revealed at low densities are ascribed to interference between the velocity and rotational relaxation channels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature measurements in combustion—not only with CARS: a look back at one aspect of the European CARS Workshop
Authors: Stricker W. , Lückerath R. , Meier U. , Meier W.
Published: December 2003

Temperature is perhaps the most important quantity in combustion research and technology. The potential and state of the art of various laser‐based diagnostics used for the determination of temperature in laboratory flames and practical combustion devices are discussed and illustrated with a few representative examples from our laboratory. The emphasis is on coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), the main topic of the European CARS Workshop in the past. As a result, CARS is today the most matured and proven technique for technical applications. In addition to CARS, however, linear laser spectroscopic methods also deliver valuable and supplementary information on temperature in combustion. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships between volatile production, fruit quality and sensory evaluation of Fuji apples stored in different atmospheres by means of multivariate analysis
Authors: Echeverría G , Fuentes MT , Graell J , López ML
Published: December 2003

Aroma compounds, quality parameters and sensory characteristics of Fuji apples were analysed after 3, 5 and 7 months of storage at 1 °C in normal air (AIR; 210 l m−3 O2/0.3 l m−3 CO2) and in controlled atmospheres with O2/CO2 ratios of 10 l m−3/10 l m−3 (ULO1), 10 l m−3/20 l m−3 (ULO2) and 30 l m−3/20 l m−3 (SCA). After storage the apples were kept at 20 °C for 1, 5 and 10 days. The components that contributed most to the characteristic aroma of Fuji apples were ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, 2‐methylbutyl acetate and hexyl acetate. The highest aroma compound production was found in ULO1 fruits after 5 months of cold storage and 1 day of shelf‐life. After 3 and 5 months of storage, ULO1 fruits showed the highest firmness after both 1 day and 10 days at 20 °C. After 7 months of storage plus 1 day at 20 °C, ULO2 fruits showed higher titratable acidity and soluble solid content; fruit firmness was also maintained throughout the shelf‐life period. Generally, background and superficial colour were not influenced by storage conditions. A statistically significant correlation was found between aroma compounds, quality parameters and sensory evaluation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Selected functional properties of waxy corn and potato starches after illumination with linearly polarised visible light
Authors: Fiedorowicz Maciej , Chaczatrian Gohar
Published: December 2003

Aqueous suspensions (30%) of waxy corn and potato starches were illuminated for 5–50 h with linearly polarised visible light (λ > 500 nm). Molecular weights (M̄w) and radii of gyration (R̄g) of the amylopectin and amylose fractions of illuminated waxy corn starch, and the amylopectin, intermediate, and amylose fractions of illuminated potato starch were measured by high‐performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection. The weight‐average molecular weight (M̄w) and radius of gyration (R̄g) of the amylopectin fraction of native waxy corn starch were 14.45 × 107 and 161.1 nm respectively. After 15 h of illumination a decrease in M̄w (5.80 × 107) and R̄g (117.6 nm) was observed. Illumination for 25 h, led to an increase in M̄w (7.60 × 107) and R̄g (134.0 nm). Further illumination, up to 50 h resulted in a slight decrease in M̄w (6.74 × 107). The molecular weight and radius of gyration of the amylopectin fraction of native potato starch were 21.30 × 107 and 207 nm respectively. Illumination for 15 h led to a decrease in M̄w (14.87 × 107) and R̄g (141.5 nm), followed by an increase in both values after 25 h (18.97 × 107, 146.6 nm) and 50 h (19.69 × 107, 207.1 nm) of illumination. Illumination influenced the swelling power, solubility, susceptibility to α‐amylolysis and X‐ray diffractogram of the starches. A varying increase in the solubility passed through a minimum after 25 h of illumination. The X‐ray diffraction pattern and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of waxy corn starch did not change, but in potato starch a gradual, illumination time‐dependent increase in the amylolysis rate took place. This effect could result from the reduction in crystallinity of the starch as indicated by the X‐ray diffraction pattern. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening and distinction of coffee brews based on headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography/principal component analysis
Authors: Rocha Sílvia , Maeztu Laura , Barros António , Cid Concepción , Coimbra Manuel A
Published: December 2003

The volatile profiles of espresso and plunger (cafetière) coffees prepared from (1) an 80:20 (w/w) blend of natural roasted Robusta and Arabica (Robusta Natural blend), (2) a 40:40:20 (w/w/w) blend of Robusta Natural blend, Robusta torrefacto roast (850 g kg−1 Robusta, 150 g kg−1 sugar) and (3) natural roasted pure Arabica were established by headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) after selection of the fibre coating (polyacrylate or polydimethylsiloxane) and the temperature and time of extraction. For the analysis of furans and indoles the polyacrylate coating proved to be more suitable; however, for the overall characterisation of the volatile composition of espresso and plunger coffees the polydimethylsiloxane coating was chosen. SPME/gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) analyses allowed the identification of 37 compounds: four aldehydes, two ketones, 11 furans, 10 pyrazines, two pyridines, three phenolic compounds, two indoles, one lactone, one ester and one benzothiazine. The volatile composition was related more to the botanical variety (Arabica or Robusta) than to the method of preparation of the brew (espresso or plunger). Furthermore, use of the variability provided solely by the GC peak areas and respective retention times, combined with principal component analysis (PCA), yielded the information necessary for discrimination. The combined technique of headspace SPME/GC/PCA, as an alternative to conventional techniques based on GC/MS, is proposed as a lower‐cost, fast and reliable technique for the screening and distinction of coffee brews. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry