bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Electronics with Advanced 3D X-ray Imaging Techniques, Nanoscale Tomography, and Deep Learning
Authors: Villarraga-Gómez Herminso , Crosby Kyle , Terada Masako , Rad Mansoureh Norouzi
Published: August 2024

This paper presents advanced workflows that combine 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM), nanoscale tomography, and deep learning (DL) to generate a detailed visualization of the interior of electronic devices and assemblies to enable the study of internal components for failure analysis (FA). Newly developed techniques, such as the integration of DL-based algorithms for 3D image reconstruction to improve scan quality through increased contrast and denoising, are also discussed in this article. In addition, a DL-based tool called DeepScout is presented. DeepScout uses 3D XRM scans in targeted regions of interest as training data for upscaling high-resolution in a low-resolution dataset, of a wider field of view, using a neural network model. Ultimately, these workflows can be run independently or complementary to other multiscale correlative microscopy evaluations, e.g., electron microscopy, and they will provide valuable insights into the inner workings of electronic packages and integrated circuits at multiple length scales, from macroscopic features on electronic devices (i.e., hundreds of mm) to microscopic details in electronic components (in the tens of nm). Understanding advanced electronic systems through X-ray imaging and machine learning—perhaps complemented with some additional correlative microscopy investigations—can speed development time, increase cost efficiency, and simplify FA and quality inspection of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and electronic devices assembled with new emerging technologies.
Field report: ambulance service in Ukraine during weaponized conflict
Authors: Thielmann Beatrice , Zavgorodnii Igor , Schwarze Robin , Zabashta Victor
Published: August 2024

Crises require changes to established structures, and this also applies to ambulance services. This case report addresses the Ukrainian ambulance service and the changes resulting from the armed conflict in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the activities of the ambulance service of the Kharkiv region, the second-largest city in Ukraine. Kharkiv is still under heavy fire.
Applying Pascal’s Wager to Procreation
Authors: Blackshaw Bruce P.
Published: August 2024

Pascal’s wager uses decision theory to argue that it is rational to attempt to nurture belief in God, based on the expected utility of believing (infinite happiness) compared to not believing (at best, only finite happiness). A belief in an eternal conscious torment in hell (infinite suffering) for non-believers makes the differences in expected utility even more apparent, strengthening the argument. Similar reasoning can also be used to calculate the expected moral value of actions, including procreation. Under theism, if possible future children might suffer eternal conscious torment, the expected moral value of procreation is extremely negative. This implies that theists have a moral obligation not to procreate, which for most theists, entails a moral obligation to be celibate or to undergo sterilisation surgery.
Unveiling the invisible: first discovery of micro- and nanoplastic size segregation in indoor commercial markets using a cascade impactor
Authors: Bhat Mansoor Ahmad , Gaga Eftade O.
Published: August 2024

Micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) may enter the human body through food, drink, and air. Scientists have mainly focused on the first two routes, but little is known about the third. A cascade impactor having a size range of (> 2.5, 1.0–2.5, 0.50–1.0, 0.25–0.50, and < 0.25 μm) was used to study the size segregation of MNPs in different indoor commercial markets. The morphological characterization showed the presence of fibers, fragments, films, lines, foam, and pellets with different colors. Three hundred-seven particles were scanned for chemical description under Micro-Raman analysis, and 247 were identified and categorized into 52 MNPs . The standard MNPs found in the samples were PTFE, PE, PP, HDPE, PA, LDPE, and PAM. The SEM-EDX analysis showed that C, O, and F had the highest weight% among all elements seen, while C, O, F, Mg, and Al were the common elements. These MNPs are small enough to get inhaled easily. MNPs in these indoor environments showed vast sources that emit these polymeric particles and have harmful human health impacts, particularly on the employees working there. So, there is a need to take the necessary measures to minimize the release of these MNPs in these indoor environments and their impacts on human health.
Introduction to Topical Collection: Changing Values and Energy Systems
Authors: Alleblas Joost , Melnyk Anna , van de Poel Ibo
Published: August 2024

This paper is the introduction to a topical collection on “Changing Values and Energy Systems” that consists of six contributions that examine instances of value change regarding the design, use and operation of energy systems. This introduction discusses the need to consider values in the energy transition. It examines conceptions of value and value change and how values can be addressed in the design of energy systems. Value change in the context of energy and energy systems is a topic that has recently gained traction. Current, and past, energy transitions often focus on a limited range of values, such as sustainability, while leaving other salient values, such as energy democracy, or energy justice, out of the picture. Furthermore, these values become entrenched in the design of these systems: it is hard for stakeholders to address new concerns and values in the use and operation of these systems, leading to further costly transitions and systems’ overhaul. To remedy this issue, value change in the context of energy systems needs to be better understood. We also need to think about further requirements for the governance, institutional and engineering design of energy systems to accommodate future value change. Openness, transparency, adaptiveness, flexibility and modularity emerge as new requirements within the current energy transition that need further exploration and scrutiny.
Das Modellprojekt ‚FSJ Pflege‘ im Fokus
Authors: Feyer Natascha Jessica
Published: August 2024

Die Ansätze und Arbeitsweisen der Jugendsozialarbeit können eine Möglichkeit sein, die Exklusivität und die Zugangsbarrieren von Jugendfreiwilligendiensten zu verringern. Das Modellprojekt „FSJ Pflege“ versucht durch diese Verknüpfung, junge Menschen, die bisher im FSJ unterrepräsentiert sind, für ein FSJ und den Pflegebereich zu begeistern.
Hydrogeochemical and rare earth element properties of geothermal waters and the use of abandoned oil wells in Diyarbakır
Authors: Şener Mehmet Furkan
Published: August 2024

Türkiye is one of the most tectonically active regions in the world. Diyarbakır, which was chosen as the study area, is located in the south-eastern Anatolian region of Türkiye and also in the south of the Bitlis-Zagros Suture Zone (BZSZ). Some of the geothermal resources in Diyarbakır are actively exploited. The temperature of Çermik geothermal waters was recorded at 40–51 °C by MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration) between 2010 and 2014. However, subsequent measurements conducted following the Kahramanmaraş earthquake (Mw: 7.7 on 6 February 2023) revealed that the surface temperature of geothermal fluids had increased to between 52 and 56 °C. Previous studies have indicated that there are also many abandoned oil wells in the region where the wellhead temperatures are around 107 °C. As a result of hydrogeochemical analyses, deep circulating geothermal waters such as Çermik have Na-HCO3 composition, while shallow circulating and mixed cold surface waters such as Çınar, Bismil and Sur have Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 composition. According to the chalcedony geothermometer results, the reservoir temperatures in the study area vary between 90 °C and 173 °C. REY (Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium) results show that geothermal fluids in the study area have negative cerium (Ce), europium (Eu) and yttrium (Y) anomalies. The negative Ce anomaly indicates that the colder aquifers are close to oxygen-rich surface waters and thermal fluids interact with Karacadağ volcanic rocks. Eu anomalies in groundwater are controlled by preferential mobilisation of Eu2+ during water-rock interaction compared to Eu3+, and negative Eu anomalies indicate leakage of geothermal fluids from granites. The Y/Ho values of the thermal fluids in the study area are between 30 and 40. This value is due to the active contribution of fluorine during the mobilisation of REY as a fluoride or fluorocarbonate ligand complex, causing Y to behave as a heavy pseudolanthanide. δ18O and δ2H isotope values show that the geothermal waters in the study area are of meteoric origin. The obtained results reveal that Diyarbakir province has a geothermal potential and usage potential can be increased by using the abandoned oil wells.
Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Parameters for Optimum Horizontal Well Spacing in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Helmy Ahmed G. , Salem Said K. , Elnoby Mohsen
Published: August 2024

Three-dimensional reservoir simulation models were developed to perform different simulation runs which aim to get an estimate for the optimal well productivity in such unconventional very low permeability reservoirs. It will take into consideration the limitations, uncertainties and capabilities of each parameter like matrix permeability, hydraulic fracturing spacing, half-length, height and conductivity to get an enhanced estimate of the optimal production ultimate recovery by using the uncertainty analysis. Hydraulic fracturing parameters with reservoir data were used to estimate the optimum well spacing distance between the horizontal wells in tight oil reservoirs. The estimated recovery factor and production forecasting using the reservoir simulation with its capabilities to get computational cases with different combinations will get the optimal well count with optimum economic evaluation. Different reservoir modeling scenarios were built with various arrangements of affecting factors. Characterizing hydraulic fracture parameters, such as fracture spacing, fracture height, fracture half-length and fracture conductivity, are studied by setting different ranges per parameter and results were investigated by comparing the oil production rate trends and total cumulative oil production after a ten-year lifetime. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the different hydraulic fracturing parameters by setting different ranges and setting the objective function to be the cumulative oil production. A complete statistical analysis for the results from the simulation runs using response surface analysis including Morris’s method and Sobol method which is a variance-based analysis was carried out. This study sensitivity analyses shed light on the long-term production behavior of tight oil reservoirs. The findings indicate that the most important parameters that influence the performance of such tight reservoirs are those related to fracture half-length and fracture height, fracture conductivity and matrix permeability. A general production trend analysis and comparisons are run for various well spacings with different numbers of wells per 100 acres (40.4687 ha). Because of their quick rates of decline, unconventional reservoirs typically favor high initial rates. Furthermore, drilling and fracturing procedures are expensive. As a result, it is crucial to quantify these fracture parameters using different data to optimize the fracture design for both single and many wells using economic analysis. The impact of the oil price and the other operational costs required for various instances will be considered in an economic evaluation based on a new well spacing optimization process. The net present value was calculated for several cases by changing the number of wells (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 wells), and showed that the optimum well spacing is 300 feet (91.44 m) per 100 acres (40.4687 ha) for a tight oil reservoir.
Comprehensive Overview on the Present State and Evolution of Global Warming, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gasses and Renewable Energy
Authors: Bilgili Mehmet , Tumse Sergen , Nar Sude
Published: August 2024

The impact of the climate and environmental problems experienced in the world with the Industrial Revolution has prominently begun to be felt today, and the consequences of climate change on the environment and public health have now become visible. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities, which is the main cause of global climate change, caused the global surface temperature to be 1.1 °C higher between 2011 and 2020 compared to 1850–1900. In parallel with this global problem, the transition to clean energy has increased significantly with Russia's invasion of Ukraine, more aggressive energy and climate policies, technological developments, and increasing concerns about energy security. In this study, global climate change indicators, including land and sea surface air temperatures, sea level rise, sea ice extent, ocean heat content, surface humidity, and total column water vapor, are reviewed and updated in parallel with a comprehensive analysis of the progress in renewable energy. The results showed that if no measures are taken to reduce human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, the global average temperature will increase further in the coming years and the negative effects of other climate parameters will be felt even more. It has been emphasized that limiting human-induced global warming requires renewable and sustainable energy sources and net zero CO2 emissions and that the simultaneous adoption of emission reduction and adaptation strategies will be the most effective economic and technical solution to the global warming problem.
Fractional boundary value problems and elastic sticky brownian motions
Authors: D’Ovidio Mirko
Published: August 2024

We extend the results obtained in [14] by introducing a new class of boundary value problems involving non-local dynamic boundary conditions. We focus on the problem to find a solution to a local problem on a domain $$\varOmega $$
Ω
with non-local dynamic conditions on the boundary $$\partial \varOmega $$

∂
Ω

. Due to the pioneering nature of the present research, we propose here the apparently simple case of $$\varOmega =(0, \infty )$$

Ω
=
(
0
,
∞
)

with boundary $$\{0\}$$

{
0
}

of zero Lebesgue measure. Our results turn out to be instructive for the general case of boundary with positive (finite) Borel measures. Moreover, in our view, we bring new light to dynamic boundary value problems and the probabilistic description of the associated models.
On the existence and uniqueness of the solution to multifractional stochastic delay differential equation
Authors: Bouguetof Khaoula , Mezdoud Zaineb , Kebiri Omar , Hartmann Carsten
Published: August 2024

In this paper we study existence and uniqueness of solution stochastic differential equations involving fractional integrals driven by Riemann-Liouville multifractional Brownian motion and a standard Brownian. Then, we obtain approximate numerical solution of our problem and colon cancer chemotherapy effect model are presented to confirm our results. We show that considering time dependent Hurst parameters play an important role to get more realistic results.
Impact and management of integrated dysphagia rehabilitation within cardiac care programs for older patients with cardiovascular disease
Authors: Obata Hiroaki , Izumi Tohru , Ishizuka Mitsuo , Yamaguchi Kenji , Hao Naohito , Yagihara Nobue , Abe Satoru , Watanabe Hiroshi , Inomata Takayuki , Makita Shigeru , Fujimoto Shigeru
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study assessed the characteristics, management, and outcomes of dysphagia rehabilitation in older patients with CVD in a super-aged society, highlighting the need for comprehensive management strategies in community hospital settings. It aimed to uncover valuable insights into the benefits of integrating dysphagia rehabilitation with cardiac care in patient management.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of patients with CVD aged ≥ 65 years who were admitted to Niigata Minami Hospital between January 2019 and December 2021. We focused on patients requiring dysphagia rehabilitation and assessing the effects of these interventions on recovery.

Results

The study included 732 participants with an average age of 86.0 ± 7.8 years, of whom 41.9% were male. Approximately 55.1% required dysphagia rehabilitation. Dysphagia rehabilitation significantly improved oral caloric intake and BMI in patients who underwent rehabilitation, and these improvements were comparable to those in patients who did not require dysphagia rehabilitation. Significant enhancement in the ADL of patients was observed at discharge. Patients who required dysphagia rehabilitation also had longer hospital stays and were more likely to be discharged to nursing facilities.

Conclusion

Dysphagia is common in older patients with CVD, and dysphagia rehabilitation positively affects the maintenance of nutritional status and helps patients achieve ADL independence at discharge. This study highlights the importance of integrating dysphagia rehabilitation into ordinary cardiac rehabilitation programs for older patients with CVD to improve their QOL.
Digital intermediaries in pandemic times: social media and the role of bots in communicating emotions and stress about Coronavirus
Authors: Elayan Suzanne , Sykora Martin
Published: August 2024

COVID-19 impacted citizens around the globe physically, economically, socially, or emotionally. In the first 2 years of its emergence, the virus dominated media in offline and online conversations. While fear was a justifiable emotion; were online discussions deliberately fuelling it? Concerns over the prominent negativity and mis/disinformation on social media grew, as people relied on social media more than ever before. This study examines expressions of stress and emotions used by bots on what was formerly known as Twitter. We collected 5.6 million tweets using the term “Coronavirus” over two months in the early stages of the pandemic. Out of 77,432 active users, we found that over 15% were bots while 48% of highly active accounts displayed bot-like behaviour. We provide evidence of how bots and humans used language relating to stress, fear and sadness; observing substantially higher prevalence of stress and fear messages being re-tweeted by bots over human accounts. We postulate, social media is an emotion-driven attention information market that is open to “automated” manipulation, where attention and engagement are its primary currency. This observation has practical implications, especially online discussions with heightened emotions like stress and fear may be amplified by bots, influencing public perception and sentiment.
Charting a Path Forward for the International Journal on Networked and Distributed Computing
Authors: Dazzi Patrizio
Published: August 2024

The International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing has been pioneering research that advances our understanding of networked and distributed computing. As the newly appointed Editor-in-Chief, in this editorial, I articulate my vision for the future of the journal, emphasizing its commitment to maintaining rigorous standards while embracing technological advancements. Key areas of focus will be extended to include the Quantum Internet, Serverless Computing, Distributed Intelligence, the convergence of HPC and Cloud Continuum, and sustainable computing practices. Innovative initiatives, such as enhancing the editorial board, forging strategic research partnerships, and, possibly, expanding article types, are introduced to elevate the journal’s impact and relevance. The feasibility of establishing an ad hoc periodic series of works realized in collaboration with key researchers in the different fields, focused on recent trends, findings, and technological roadmaps will be investigated. The rigorous editorial process that characterizes the journal, aimed at ensuring academic integrity and transparency, will not be affected.
Improving Subsurface Soil Moisture Estimation Using a 2‐Dimensional Data Assimilation Framework Incorporated With a Dual State‐Parameter Scheme
Authors: Liao Dehai , Niu Jun , Du Taisheng , Kang Shaozhong
Published: August 2024

Accurate subsurface soil moisture (SM) estimation is critical for vegetation growth, drought monitoring, and climate change mitigation, yet remains a significant challenge. Previous data assimilation (DA) approaches are limited to only surface SM assimilation. In this study, we utilized the proxy subsurface SM estimated via the exponential filter method (ExpF) as another assimilation variable in our 2‐dimensional DA. Meanwhile, the dual updating DA scheme was implemented to simultaneously update model parameters and states. The two DA pathways were incorporated into the proposed framework (DA_1E_D), which enhanced the subsurface SM accuracy, with the effects of 2‐dimensional assimilation being more significant. Under 2‐dimensional DA, the information transfer between layers was more accurately characterized, leading to overall improvements with unbiased root‐mean‐square error (ubRMSE) reductions of 0.015 and 0.005 m3 · m−3, and Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) increases of 0.248 and 0.067 for surface and subsurface SM, respectively, across five SM networks. The soil thickness (d2) and hydraulic conductivity exponent (expt2) are the most influential parameters affecting subsurface SM dynamics through model propagation. DA_1E_D also outperformed ExpF in subsurface SM accuracy, particularly in SM networks with weak surface‐subsurface correlation, achieving an average ubRMSE reduction of 0.003 m3 · m−3 and an average KGE increase of 0.202. It was also applied to Soil Moisture Active Passive data at regional scale, demonstrating significant improvements. The model surface‐subsurface SM coupling was adjusted toward the actual coupling after subsurface assimilation and dual updating. This study may provide new insights into the diagnosis and refinements of the model representation of surface‐subsurface processes.
The Foxo1-YAP-Notch1 axis reprograms STING-mediated innate immunity in NASH progression
Authors: Xu Dongwei , Qu Xiaoye , Yang Tao , Sheng Mingwei , Bian Xiyun , Zhan Yongqiang , Tian Yizhu , Lin Yuanbang , Jin Yuting , Wang Xiao , Ke Michael , Jiang Longfeng , Li Changyong , Xia Qiang , Farmer Douglas G. , Ke Bibo
Published: August 2024

Innate immune activation is critical for initiating hepatic inflammation during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. However, the mechanisms by which immunoregulatory molecules recognize lipogenic, fibrotic, and inflammatory signals remain unclear. Here, we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced oxidative stress activates Foxo1, YAP, and Notch1 signaling in hepatic macrophages. Macrophage Foxo1 deficiency (Foxo1M-KO) ameliorated hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis, with reduced STING, TBK1, and NF-κB activation in HFD-challenged livers. However, Foxo1 and YAP double knockout (Foxo1/YAPM-DKO) or Foxo1 and Notch1 double knockout (Foxo1/Notch1M-DKO) promoted STING function and exacerbated HFD-induced liver injury. Interestingly, Foxo1M-KO strongly reduced TGF-β1 release from palmitic acid (PA)- and oleic acid (OA)-stimulated Kupffer cells and decreased Col1α1, CCL2, and Timp1 expression but increased MMP1 expression in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) after coculture with Kupffer cells. Notably, PA and OA challenge in Kupffer cells augmented LIMD1 and LATS1 colocalization and interaction, which induced YAP nuclear translocation. Foxo1M-KO activated PGC-1α and increased nuclear YAP activity, modulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and in situ RNA hybridization, we found that NICD colocalizes with YAP and targets Mb21d1 (cGAS), while YAP functions as a novel coactivator of the NICD, which is crucial for reprogramming STING function in NASH progression. These findings highlight the importance of the macrophage Foxo1–YAP–Notch1 axis as a key molecular regulator that controls lipid metabolism, inflammation, and innate immunity in NASH.
Clinical relevance of brain MRI changes in primary central nervous system lymphoma after high-dose-chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Beer Sina A. , Möhle Robert , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Merle David A. , Ernemann Ulrike , Richter Vivien , Lengerke Claudia
Published: August 2024

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a potentially curable disease, but affected patients often struggle in everyday life due to disease- and therapy-associated sequelae. High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT) is the standard consolidation therapy, replacing whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) amongst others due to less long-term cognitive decline. Nevertheless, white matter lesions (WML) are common findings in brain MRI after HDC/ASCT, but their clinical significance remains underexplored. Here, we correlate WML and brain atrophy with neuropsychological and quality-of-life evaluations collected post-treatment. We found that a significant part of PNCSL long-term survivors develop a high WML burden after HDC/ASCT, but we fail to associate them with specific patient or therapy characteristics. Intriguingly, even a high WML burden does not seem to affect QoL, basic neurocognition testing or performance status negatively. These results contrast findings in previous neuroimaging studies on healthy and cancer patients.
Chairside learning on undergraduate clinics: general dental and human disease themes
Authors: Atkin Philip A. , Khan Anum , Simms Melanie L.
Published: August 2024

Introduction Chairside teaching is an important part of dental undergraduate clinical education. Bedside teaching is well-reported in relation to undergraduate medicine but few publications relate to undergraduate dentistry.

Aims and objectives To investigate the experience and benefits from chairside teaching/learning in the clinical years of a five-year dental programme in a UK university. We asked about general dental topic learning as well as human disease (HD) learning.

Materials and methods An online survey gathered dental students' opinions on their recognition, knowledge and experience of chairside teaching/learning. We asked about clinics and clinicians and where they gained most from chairside teaching/learning. We encouraged free-text responses.

Results Altogether, 127 students took part (62% response). Response rates approximated 60% for all three years. In total, 93% felt that chairside teaching/learning helped to a moderate/great extent for general dental topics and 73% felt that chairside teaching/learning helped to a moderate/great extent for HD topics. Free-text comments revealed students valued chairside teaching/learning and from which grade/level of staff they learned most.

Discussion and conclusion Chairside teaching/learning is largely unreported and unrecognised in undergraduate education. Although not formally timetabled, enthusiastic staff with enough time to engage in chairside teaching can have a positive impact on student learning.
Integrative single-cell RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics analyses reveal diverse apoptosis-related gene expression profiles in EGFR-mutated lung cancer
Authors: Izumi Motohiro , Fujii Masanori , Kobayashi Ikei S. , Ho Vivian , Kashima Yukie , Udagawa Hibiki , Costa Daniel B. , Kobayashi Susumu S.
Published: August 2024

In EGFR-mutated lung cancer, the duration of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is limited by the development of acquired drug resistance. Despite the crucial role played by apoptosis-related genes in tumor cell survival, how their expression changes as resistance to EGFR-TKIs emerges remains unclear. Here, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of apoptosis-related genes, including BCL-2 and IAP family members, using single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST). scRNA-seq of EGFR-mutated lung cancer cell lines captures changes in apoptosis-related gene expression following EGFR-TKI treatment, most notably BCL2L1 upregulation. scRNA-seq of EGFR-mutated lung cancer patient samples also reveals high BCL2L1 expression, specifically in tumor cells, while MCL1 expression is lower in tumors compared to non-tumor cells. ST analysis of specimens from transgenic mice with EGFR-driven lung cancer indicates spatial heterogeneity of tumors and corroborates scRNA-seq findings. Genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of BCL2L1/BCL-XL overcome or delay EGFR-TKI resistance. Overall, our findings indicate that BCL2L1/BCL-XL expression is important for tumor cell survival as EGFR-TKI resistance emerges.
Hydrogel crosslinking modulates macrophages, fibroblasts, and their communication, during wound healing
Authors: Butenko Sergei , Nagalla Raji R. , Guerrero-Juarez Christian F. , Palomba Francesco , David Li-Mor , Nguyen Ronald Q. , Gay Denise , Almet Axel A. , Digman Michelle A. , Nie Qing , Scumpia Philip O. , Plikus Maksim V. , Liu Wendy F.
Published: August 2024

Biomaterial wound dressings, such as hydrogels, interact with host cells to regulate tissue repair. This study investigates how crosslinking of gelatin-based hydrogels influences immune and stromal cell behavior and wound healing in female mice. We observe that softer, lightly crosslinked hydrogels promote greater cellular infiltration and result in smaller scars compared to stiffer, heavily crosslinked hydrogels. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we further show that heavily crosslinked hydrogels increase inflammation and lead to the formation of a distinct macrophage subpopulation exhibiting signs of oxidative activity and cell fusion. Conversely, lightly crosslinked hydrogels are more readily taken up by macrophages and integrated within the tissue. The physical properties differentially affect macrophage and fibroblast interactions, with heavily crosslinked hydrogels promoting pro-fibrotic fibroblast activity that drives macrophage fusion through RANKL signaling. These findings suggest that tuning the physical properties of hydrogels can guide cellular responses and improve healing, offering insights for designing better biomaterials for wound treatment.
Axion topology in photonic crystal domain walls
Authors: Devescovi Chiara , Morales-Pérez Antonio , Hwang Yoonseok , García-Díez Mikel , Robredo Iñigo , Luis Mañes Juan , Bradlyn Barry , García-Etxarri Aitzol , Vergniory Maia G.
Published: August 2024

Axion insulators are 3D magnetic topological insulators supporting hinge states and quantized magnetoelectric effects, recently proposed for detecting dark-matter axionic particles via their axionic excitations. Beyond theoretical interest, obtaining a photonic counterpart of axion insulators offers potential for advancing magnetically-tunable photonic devices and axion haloscopes based on axion-photon conversion. This work proposes an axionic 3D phase within a photonic setup. By building inversion-symmetric domain-walls in gyrotropic photonic crystals, we bind chiral modes on inversion-related hinges, ultimately leading to the realization of an axionic channel of light. These states propagate embedded in a 3D structure, thus protected from radiation in the continuum. Employing a small external gyromagnetic bias, we transition across different axionic mode configurations, enabling effective topological switching of chiral photonic fibers. While demonstrating the possibility of realizing axion photonic crystals within state-of-the-art gyrotropic setups, we propose a general scheme for rendering axion topology at domain walls of Weyl semimetals.
Robust consistent single quantum dot strong coupling in plasmonic nanocavities
Authors: Hu Shu , Huang Junyang , Arul Rakesh , Sánchez-Iglesias Ana , Xiong Yuling , Liz-Marzán Luis M. , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: August 2024

Strong coupling between a single quantum emitter and an optical cavity (at rate Ω) accesses fundamental quantum optics and provides an essential building block for photonic quantum technologies. However, the minimum mode volume of conventional dielectric cavities restricts their operation to cryogenic temperature for strong coupling. Here we harness surface self-assembly to make deterministic strong coupling at room temperature using CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) in nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPoM) plasmonic nanocavities. We achieve a fabrication yield of ~70% for single QD strong coupling by optimizing their size and nano-assembly. A clear and reliable Rabi splitting is observed both in the scattering of each nanocavity and their photoluminescence, which are however not equal. Integrating these quantum elements with electrical pumping allows demonstration of strong coupling in their electroluminescence. This advance provides a straightforward way to achieve practical quantum devices at room temperature, and opens up exploration of their nonlinear, electrical, and quantum correlation properties.
Multi-layered heterochromatin interaction as a switch for DIM2-mediated DNA methylation
Authors: Shao Zengyu , Lu Jiuwei , Khudaverdyan Nelli , Song Jikui
Published: August 2024

Functional crosstalk between DNA methylation, histone H3 lysine-9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is essential for proper heterochromatin assembly and genome stability. However, how repressive chromatin cues guide DNA methyltransferases for region-specific DNA methylation remains largely unknown. Here, we report structure-function characterizations of DNA methyltransferase Defective-In-Methylation-2 (DIM2) in Neurospora. The DNA methylation activity of DIM2 requires the presence of both H3K9me3 and HP1. Our structural study reveals a bipartite DIM2-HP1 interaction, leading to a disorder-to-order transition of the DIM2 target-recognition domain that is essential for substrate binding. Furthermore, the structure of DIM2-HP1-H3K9me3-DNA complex reveals a substrate-binding mechanism distinct from that for its mammalian orthologue DNMT1. In addition, the dual recognition of H3K9me3 peptide by the DIM2 RFTS and BAH1 domains allosterically impacts the DIM2-substrate binding, thereby controlling DIM2-mediated DNA methylation. Together, this study uncovers how multiple heterochromatin factors coordinately orchestrate an activity-switching mechanism for region-specific DNA methylation.
Introducing IsoMad, a compilation of isotopic datasets for Madagascar
Authors: Hixon Sean W. , Fernandes Ricardo , Andriamahaihavana Antonin , Baden Andrea L. , Blanco Marina B. , Caulier Guillaume , Dammhahn Melanie , Eeckhaut Igor , Eppley Timothy M. , Frédérich Bruno , Ganzhorn Jörg U. , Garbaras Andrius , Gibson Dean , Goodman Steven M. , Irwin Mitchell , Kelley Elizabeth A. , Michel Loïc N. , Lepoint Gilles , Loudon James E. , Mittelheiser Laurent , Rakotondranary Jacques , Rasamisoa Delaïd C. , Rasolofonirina Richard , Ratovonamana Yedidya , Razafindramanana Josia , Reisdorff Christoph , Sponheimer Matt , Terrana Lucas , Vasey Natalie , Crowley Brooke E.
Published: August 2024

We present the first open-access, island-wide isotopic database (IsoMad) for modern biologically relevant materials collected on Madagascar within the past 150 years from both terrestrial and nearshore marine environments. Isotopic research on the island has increasingly helped with biological studies of endemic organisms, including evaluating foraging niches and investigating factors that affect the spatial distribution and abundance of species. The IsoMad database should facilitate future work by making it easy for researchers to access existing data (even for those who are relatively unfamiliar with the literature) and identify both research gaps and opportunities for using various isotope systems to answer research questions. We also hope that this database will encourage full data reporting in future publications.
Phenotypic variation in 1,100 provenances of Picea abies measured over 50 years on 33 German trial sites
Authors: Liepe Katharina J. , Rieckmann Christoph A. , Mittelberg Hannah S. , Liesebach Mirko
Published: August 2024

We present a database of Norway spruce phenotypic traits measured over a period of 51 years in provenance trials planted across western Germany. These trials are part of the ‘Inventory Provenance Test 1964/68 with Norway spruce’ (IPTNS) that tested a total of 1,100 provenances collected across Europe, both from the species natural and artificial range. Phenotypic traits (first height, later diameter at breast height, survival) were recorded at 33 trial sites of 100 provenances, each a subsample from the entire collection area that represents an approximately comparable climate space. The dataset contains 424,781 records of the same 65,518 trees ranging from age 7 to 51. Overall, it captures the considerable genetic and phenotypic intraspecific variation present in Norway spruce and should be of interest to various fields including quantitative genetics, ecology, biogeography and the adaptive management of forests.
Performance of machine learning algorithms for lung cancer prediction: a comparative approach
Authors: Maurya Satya Prakash , Sisodia Pushpendra Singh , Mishra Rahul , singh Devesh Pratap
Published: August 2024

Due to the excessive growth of PM 2.5 in aerosol, the cases of lung cancer are increasing rapidly and are most severe among other types as the highest mortality rate. In most of the cases, lung cancer is detected with least symptoms at its later stage. Hence, clinical records may play a vital role to diagnose this disease at the correct stage for suitable medication to cure it. To detect lung cancer an accurate prediction method is needed which is significantly reliable. In the digital clinical record era with advancement in computing algorithms including machine learning techniques opens an opportunity to ease the process. Various machine learning algorithms may be applied over realistic clinical data but the predictive power is yet to be comprehended for accurate results. This paper envisages to compare twelve potential machine learning algorithms over clinical data with eleven symptoms of lung cancer along with two major habits of patients to predict a positive case accurately. The result has been found based on classification and heat map correlation. K-Nearest Neighbor Model and Bernoulli Naive Bayes Model are found most significant methods for early lung cancer prediction.
Ventriculoatrial shunt remains a safe surgical alternative for hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bue Enrico Lo , Morello Alberto , Bellomo Jacopo , Bradaschia Leonardo , Lacatena Filippo , Colonna Stefano , Fiumefreddo Alessandro , Stieglitz Lennart , Regli Luca , Lanotte Michele Maria , Garbossa Diego , Cofano Fabio
Published: August 2024

Hydrocephalus is a commonly encountered pathology in the neurosurgical practice. Since the first permanent ventriculo-subarachnoid-subgaleal shunt described by Mikulicz in 1893, there were multiple attempts to find solutions for draining the excess production/less reabsorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain. Nowadays, the most common technique is the ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), whereas the ventriculoatrial shunt (VAS) is applied only in some rare conditions. To date there are still no specific guidelines or strong evidence in literature that guide the surgeon in the choice between the two methods, and the decision usually relies on the confidence and expertise of the surgeon. Considering the lack of established recommendations, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these two shunting techniques. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). No chronological limits of study publications were included. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies, and reports of case series with at least five patients per group and reporting data on comparison between VAS and VPS techniques were eligible for inclusion. Nine studies reporting 3197 patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified and included in the quantitative synthesis. The risk of shunt dysfunction/obstruction was significantly lower in the VAS group [odds ratio (OR) 0.49, 95%-CI 0.34–0.70, I2 0%]. The risk of infection was not significantly different between the two groups (OR 1.02, 95%-CI 0.59–1.74, I2 0%). The risk of revision was not significantly different between the two groups; however, the heterogeneity between the studies was significant (OR 0.73, 95%-CI 0.36–1.49, I2 91%). Additionally, the risk of death was not significantly different between the two groups; however, the heterogeneity between the studies was high (OR 1.93, 95%-CI 0.81–4.62, I2 64%). VAS remains a safe surgical alternative for hydrocephalus. The results of this study highlight a lower risk of shunt dysfunction/obstruction variable in the VAS group, with no significant statistical differences regarding the occurrence of at least one infection-related complication. In consequence, the choice between these two techniques must be tailored to the specific characteristics of the patient.

Protocol Registration: The review protocol was registered and published in Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO) website with registration number: CRD42023479365.
The analysis of different types of anorectal abscesses was conducted using the MRI 3D reconstruction technique
Authors: Ma Xutao , Li Yikun , Xu Siming , Wang Bo , Wang Chen
Published: August 2024

It has not yet been proven whether sepsis affects the tissue around the anal canal. To address this issue, we established three-dimensional models for various types of anorectal abscesses and utilize 3D reconstruction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans to assess the extent of muscle damage caused by anorectal abscesses. Patients diagnosed with anorectal abscess, selected from January 2019 to January 2022 underwent pre- and post-operative scanning of pelvic floor and perianal tissues. The aforementioned structures were segmented for the reconstruction of a three-dimensional visual model and measurement of volumes for the abscess as well as the internal and external sphincters and levator ani muscle. The study included a total of 42 patients. Three-dimensional visualization models were created for different types of anorectal abscesses, including perianal, intersphincteric, ischiorectal, and supralevator abscesses. No statistically significant differences were observed in the volume of the internal sphincter, external sphincter, and levator ani muscle between pre- and post-operative patients. The 3D model of anorectal abscess, reconstructed from MRI data, offers a precise and direct visualization of the anatomical structures associated with various types of anorectal abscesses. The infection did not result in any damage to the internal and external anal sphincter and levator ani muscle.
Hard X-ray inverse Compton scattering at photon energy of 87.5 keV
Authors: Sakai Yusuke , Babzien Marcus , Fedurin Mikhail , Kusche Karl , Williams Oliver , Fukasawa Atsushi , Naranjo Brian , Murokh Alex , Agustsson Ronald , Simmonds Andrew , Jacob Paul , Stenby George , Malone Robert , Polyanskiy Mikhail , Pogorelsky Igor , Palmer Mark , Rosenzweig James
Published: August 2024

Production of hard X-ray via inverse Compton scattering at photon energies below 100 keV range aimed at potential applications in medicine and material research is reported. Experiments have been performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Accelerator Test Facility, employing the counter collision of a 70 MeV, 0.3 nC electron beam with a near infra-red Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength) pulse containing ~ 100 mJ in a single shot basis. The radiation distribution of the scattered photon beam is assessed to be sufficiently quasi monochromatic to produce clear contrast from the Au K- edge at 80.7 keV.
Characteristics, therapy, and outcome of rare functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Authors: Albers Max B. , Sevcik Martina , Wiese Dominik , Manoharan Jerena , Rinke Anja , Jesinghaus Moritz , Bartsch Detlef K.
Published: August 2024

Functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms other than insulinomas and gastrinomas (rf-pNENs) are exceptionally rare tumours. Thus, their characteristics and long-term prognosis have not been well defined. This article aims to present data and experience from a single institution concerning this topic. Twelve of 216 (5.5%) patients with pNENs operated between 2002 and 2022 in the ENETS Centre of Excellence Marburg had rf-pNENs and their data were retrospectively analysed. We identified three vasoactive intestinal polypeptide producing pNENs, four glucagonomas and five calcitoninomas. The tumour could be visualised by preoperative imaging in all 12 patients, and six patients had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. The tumour was located in the pancreatic tail in nine patients and the median tumour size was 82 (range 12–220) mm. Eleven patients underwent tumour resections (two robotic, nine conventional), nine of which were R0. After a median follow-up of 75 (range 1–247) months, six patients were alive, five of whom had no evidence of disease. All patients who remained disease-free had an initial R0 resection of the primary tumour and no initial liver involvement. This study sheds light on the distinct characteristics and outcomes of these exceedingly rare tumours, offering insights for improved understanding and management.
Fabrication of multifunctional ZnO@tannic acid nanoparticles embedded in chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol blend packaging film
Authors: Sultan Maha , Youssef Ahmed , Baseer Rasha A.
Published: August 2024

The current study explores biodegradable packaging materials that have high food quality assurance, as food deterioration is mostly caused by UV degradation and oxidation, which can result in bad flavor and nutrition shortages. Thus, new multifunctional zinc oxide nanoparticles/tannic acid (ZnO@TA) with antioxidant and antibacterial activities were incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CH) composite films with different ratios (1%, 3%, and 5% based on the total dry weight of the film) via a solution blending method in a neutral aqueous solution. Additionally, ZnO nanoparticles have unique antibacterial mechanisms through the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may lead to intensify pathogen resistance to conventional antibacterial agents. Thus, minimizing the negative effects caused by excessive levels of ROS may be possible by developing unique, multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles with antioxidant potential via coordination bond between tannic acid and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO@TA). ZnO@TA nanoparticles were examined using Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of the incorporation of ZnO@TA nanoparticles on the barrier, mechanical, thermal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV blocking characteristics of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (ZnO@TA@CH/PVA) films was investigated. The lowest water vapor and oxygen permeability and the maximum antioxidant capacity% are 31.98 ± 1.68 g mm/m2 kPa day, 0.144 ± 5.03 × 10–2 c.c/m2.day, and 69.35 ± 1.6%, respectively, which are related to ZnO@TA(50)@CH/PVA. Furthermore, ZnO@TA(50)@CH/PVA film exhibits the maximum UV shielding capacity of UVB (99.994). ZnO@TA(50) @PVA/CH films displayed better tensile strength and Young`s modulus of 48.72 ± 0.23 MPa and 2163.46 ± 61.4 MPa, respectively, than the other film formulations. However, elongation % at break exhibited the most reduced value of 19.62 ± 2.3%. ZnO@TA@CH/PVA film exhibits the largest inhibition zones of 11 ± 1.0, 12.3 ± 0.57, and 13.6 ± 0.57 mm againstStaphylococcus aureus,Aspergillus flavus, andCandida albicans, respectively. In accordance with these results, ZnO@TA@CH/PVA films could be utilized for food preservation for the long-term.