bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Асимптотика приближения непрерывных периодических функций линейными средними их рядов Фурье
Authors: Trigub Roald Mikhailovich
Published: May 2020

В статье получена асимптотическая формула для приближения индивидуальных периодических функций линейными средними рядов Фурье с погрешностью $\omega_{2m}(f;{1}/{n})$, $m\in\mathbb{N}$. Эта формула применима к средним Рисса, Гаусса-Вейерштрасса, Пикара и др. Результат является новым даже для средних арифметических частных сумм Фурье. Затем эта формула применена для определения асимптотики приближения одного класса функций. Случай положительных интегральных сверточных операторов рассмотрен отдельно.
Библиография: 24 наименования.
THE PREVALENCE OF PERFORMANCE-RELATED PAY: A 23-COUNTRY EXAMINATION
Authors: Fulya AYDINLI KULAK  , Sevgi ELMAS ATAY
Published: May 2020

This study intends to determine the current situation regarding the prevalence of pay for performance systems established for managers. Examining performance-related pay, we focus on individual, team and organizational performance and explore how widespread several pay components are in 23 countries. The research consists of the firm-level data of 5217 large companies from 23 countries from the Cranfield Network on Comparative Human Resource Management database. The data has been presented descriptively via frequencies and percentages and then analyzed via cluster analysis. In this way, diverging country clusters have been determined regarding the prevalence of pay for performance. Findings show that individual bonus is the most frequently used variable pay component provided to managers in general. Following that, paying for organizational performance is highly prevalent, whereas team-based bonuses are rarely used as a whole. On the other hand, long term incentives are rarely used except profit sharing. The results are descriptive in nature. This study addresses how widespread performance-related pay in various countries. Evidence regarding the use and prevalence of pay for performance systems across countries is quite limited. So this research, reflecting the current scene regarding variable pay in various countries, contributes to current literature by presenting recent comparable data.
Turkish Pre-Service Teachers' Experiences with Contemporary Technology Games and Perceptions About Teaching with Instructional Games
Authors: Korkmaz Ummugulsum , Yutrtseven Avci Zeynep
Published: May 2020

The present study investigates pre-service teachers' experience about playing technology games and their opinions about using contemporary technology to play games as an instructional tool. The participants are 272 pre-service teachers from a university in Middle Anatolia. The present study used mixed methods. The data was collected through an online survey that was created by the authors. The survey contains demographic questions about the participants` gender, major, whether they play technology games or not, and questions about which technology games they play, their opinions about using technology (IWBs and tablets) to play games for instruction, and for which instructional purposes they plan using technology to play games. Following research questions were investigated for the current study: 1. Whether pre-service teachers play technology games or not? If yes, which technology games they play? 2. Whether pre-service teachers plan to use interactive white boards and tablets that were distributed by the government under FATIH project to play technology games for educational purposes? 3. Whether pre-teachers' opinions about using the IWBs and tablets to play instructional games associated with their gender and playing technology games? 4. For which instructional purposes pre-service teachers plan to use IWBs and tablets to play instructional games? For the second and third questions descriptive statistics and crosstabs were conducted. For the first and fourth questions content analysis was applied. Fifty-four percent (n=148) of the pre-service teachers agreed to use the IWBs and tablets to play technology games for educational purposes while 46% (n=124) did not. There is no statistically significant association between gender and plans using the IWBs and tablets to play instructional games. There was a statistically significant association between who Playing Technology Games and Plans Using IWBs and Tablets to Play Instructional Games. Pre-service teachers who play technology games reported higher scores than the ones who do not play technology games. The participants suggested that using IWBs and tablets to play games would make learning fun and easy. The study has implications for teacher education and K-12 education policy. The present study also adds to the knowledge of whether the Y-generation pre-service teachers find the recent technology games useful for education or not.
Relación entre precios y consumo de productos de origen pecuario en Costa Rica
Authors: Segovia Antonio
Published: May 2020

Se reconoce que el sector agropecuario es una importante actividad económica en el país debido a que garantiza la alimentación de la población (Sepsa, 2015). En el 2014 contribuye con un 8,66% del PIB, mientras que el subsector pecuario representa el 30,4% del total del sector agropecuario (Sepsa, 2015).
Corfoga (2015) y Sepsa (2015), indican que los productos comestibles de origen pecuario tienen un gran reconocimiento y aceptación por el consumidor por su alto valor biológico, gran dinamismo y una constante expansión, producto del crecimiento poblacional, por cambios en la estructura socio-económica y por otros factores que afectan directa o indirectamente las necesidades de consumo.
Existe el interés de entender cual es el comportamiento de la relación entre precio de los productos pecuarios y las cantidades de consumo de carne de res, pollo, leche y huevos per-capita en la población costarricense, debido a la relevancia que tiene en la economía del país la actividad pecuaria y así determinar sus implicaciones.
El presente trabajo es un estudio de la relación del comportamiento de los precios de productos pecuarios como la carne, el pollo, la leche y los huevos sobre su consumo per capita en la población costarricense en los últimos cuatro años en el período comprendido del 2012 a junio del 2015. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el grado de correlación entre ambas variables para determinar sus implicaciones en la industria. Se sigue una metodología de recolección de datos a partir de los sistemas de información de distintas instituciones de la industria agropecuaria. El estudio determina una relación negativa inversa entre las variables precios promedio (variable independiente) y consumo de los distintos productos (variable dependiente) y se concluye y acepta la hipótesis de investigación, que dice que el comportamiento en el consumo de carne de res, leche, carne de pollo y huevos es afectado por incrementos en los precios de los distintos productos. Se determina que en el período 2012 al 2015 el comportamiento en el consumo ha variado según el tipo de producto.
Salarios y empleo en la política económica de Costa Rica
Authors: Virginia Sandoval Ana
Published: May 2020

El ecofemenismo es un movimiento que aparece en los años setenta, pero es hasta los noventa, que se ha dado a conocer como una conexión entre el feminismo y la ecología, resaltando la relación de las mujeres con el medio ambiente o la naturaleza. Contiene las corrientes de pensamiento que critican las desigualdades salariales y el incremento en el desempleo. El presente estudio utiliza el método de revisión de literatura sobre las argumentaciones realizadas por las exponentes de la teoría ecofeminista correlacionadas con la política salarial y el empleo costarricense. Costa
Rica al igual que muchos países del contexto mundial, sigue presentando en el siglo XXI condiciones disímiles en contra de las mujeres. De ahí la necesidad de contrastar la información salarial y de empleo en el último quinquenio con la teoría ecofeminista.
Se encuentra que se mantienen las críticas realizadas por el ecofeminismo sobre las diferencias salariales y de acceso al trabajo que ellas denuncian. Esta situación se convierte en un empobrecimiento y baja calidad de vida que deteriora la naturaleza.
Se concluye con la inclusión de la estructura de un diseño de investigación aplicando el método de encuesta sobre el análisis de la situación actual de la correlación eofeminismo, política salarial y desempleo en una institución descentralizada del sector público costarricense.
Análisis de la competitividad en la productividad de la actividad pecuaria costarricense del 2011 al 2014
Authors: Segovia Sáenz Antonio
Published: May 2020

La competitividad se fundamenta en la capacidad de una cadena agroalimentaria para mantener y mejorar su participación en el mercado, para beneficio de la sociedad (Chavarría, Sepúlveda y Rojas, 2002). Sin embargo, existe variación en el nivel de competitividad en empresas del sector pecuario nacional. El presente trabajo es un estudio de la competitividad de la productividad en el sector pecuario del 2011 al 2014. El objetivo de la investigación es caracterizar factores que inciden en la competitividad de la productividad de carne y leche, y determinar el grado de correlación entre las variables. Se definen como variables independientes la población animal, los precios, el uso de la tierra y la alimentación, y como variable dependiente la productividad. El estudio determina una relación fuerte entre el efecto de la población animal y los precios sobre la competitividad de la productividad de este sector, no así con la variable consumo de alimento balanceado. Se acepta la hipótesis de investigación que dice que al aumentar los factores técnicos y económicos, aumenta la productividad. En el caso de los alimentos balanceados, se rechaza la hipótesis. No se encuentra una diferencia significativa en la competitividad de la productividad de carne entre países centroamericanos. Se desarrolla un modelo competitivo a partir de los datos de seis empresas lácteas. El modelo competitivo permite realizar una clasificación de empresas de acuerdo a su nivel de competitividad con base en distintos indicadores.
ETHNIC RELATIONS IN MULTI-ETHNIC MALAYSIA
Authors: Soomro Naureen Nazar , Memon Aslam Pervez
Published: May 2020

The Malaysian society, one of the successful and managed multi-ethnic societies, is replete of imbalances and there still underlie the racial and ethnic disproportions in geographical dwellings, educational and professional fields, and economic and political roles. The modern racial relation in Malaysia is the legacy of pre-colonial and colonial period of history dating back to fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The unstable demographic balance, the unrestricted immigration policy or the policy of divide and rule by the colonial masters contributed besides other reasons toward the troubled relations between ethnic communities of Malaysia- Malays, Chinese, Indians, and others. But the way the respective Malaysian governments have managed such sour relationship in their socio-economic and political spheres is the lesson that all multiethnic states can learn from.
WOMEN’S RIGHTS, POLITICS AND LAWS IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Khan Mohammad Abu Tayyub
Published: May 2020

Women’s legal rights are one of the most significant determinants of their status. In Bangladesh, a series of laws ensuring women’s rights have proven largely ineffective in promoting their positions. The prime reasons for this are: dirtier politics, the ineffective implementation of women rights laws, the traditional and cultural negative views about women’s rights, the absence of an accountable and transparent government, the expensive and time consuming judicial process, the lack of an efficient judiciary, and other socio-economic reasons. The core theme of this essay concentrates on the ineffective enforcement of laws with the objective to promote protection of women’s rights by recommending remedies to flaws in prevailing laws in Bangladesh. Recommendations are made by reference to comparative and international practices. The primary arguments developed throughout this essay are: (i) the protection of women’s rights is imperative to improve their status (ii) the legislative, administrative and judicial efforts dealing with women’s rights; and (iii) improvements in those effortsto better protect women’s rights. This study examines laws regarding women’s employment and political participation and the laws on dowry. It also explores the ways laws have been structured and enforced in Bangladesh, and how law can be an effective means of women’s pursuit of rights.
POPPER’S MORAL INDIVIDUALISM AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR REASONABLE DIALOGUE: FOCUS ON HACOHEN’S AND O’HEAR’S INQUIRY OF POPPER’S ETHICS
Authors: Muhammad Ateeq
Published: May 2020

It is said that the social conflicts and disputes can be resolved by dialogue between opposing groups. Karl popper argues that if social conflicts are resolved with the authoritarian attitude that our arguments are conclusive then this attitude imposes its opinion and hence it cannot provide the ground for reasonable dialogue. Karl Popper rejects authoritarian attitude on the basis of his critique of absolute knowledge. He believes in fallibility of knowledge. He thinks that if  disagreementsare resolved with an attitude that our arguments are rational but are not conclusive then this attitude is ready to be convinced by other. Hence it can provide the ground for reasonable dialogue. Popper is of the view that an attitude is moral as it believes in equality of men. Hacohen and O’Hear critically examine Popper’s fallibilism. They identify a problem that fallibilism ultimately leads Popper to anti-foundationalism which makes ethics purely individualistic. In this paper I focus on this problem and workout how Popper’s moral individualism is inadequate for possibility of reasonable dialogue.
HARDY AS A MODERN NOVELIST
Authors: Manzoor Saima
Published: May 2020

Hardy is the last of the Victorian and one of the most popular novelists of England. He, being an author of unique endowments, was not much esteemed in his life time. Hardy became the victim of stereotypical criticism and was badly ostracized by the ecclesiastical circles and the critics of his time as they merely focused on the depressing features of his fiction. This paper intends to reveal certain aspects of his work which remained neglected for a long time. The present study is designed to focus on those characteristics of his work which win the title of a modern novelist for him. Hardy was quite conscious of the shifting environment around him at the vogue of industrialization that left profound marks on his meditative temperament. His depiction of the 19th century scenario is dominated with clash and collision between innovation and tradition. His art deals with twofold aspects of modernity exposing the sanguine and gloomy consequences of modernity. Owing to such an approach of the writer he is regarded as a social realist and one of the earliest of the modern novelists. Hardy poignantly observes the pathetic condition of the labourers, on one hand, and the modern mechanical advancements, one the other, which were of little benefit for the common man in society. The current study is designed to focus upon his approach to the modern developments in the broad context of social and political changes. Hardy is a modern novelist as he concentrates on the current issues such as gender, class, social and psychological disorders, etc. He is a supporter of class and female liberation.
ATTACHMENT OR ALOOFNESS AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL: ANALYZING G- LOCALIZATION OF SPACE SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEVEL IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Sadruddin Munir Moosa
Published: May 2020

This research is conducted to identify the inclusion of the concepts of space science in the textbooks, and to unveil its contribution in thrusting interest of youth towards this opportunistic field in Pakistan. The methodology is based on Quantitative Research Paradigm. Quantitative content analysis is carried out, which is triangulated with a brief survey. Two textbooks (Social Studies and Science Grade IX) are selected, whereas survey is taken from 2400 secondary level students, selected through convenience sampling. Findings notified inclusion of concepts as spineless and theoretical in the textbooks at primary level and also lack practical component. Furthermore, books at secondary level have limited content addressing in-depth concepts. Through quantitative survey it is revealed that besides conventional fields, students preferred opting for emerging fields (chi-square=523.47), yet majority did not show their interest towards space science. They also highlighted that the concepts are either not learnt or have no idea about its inclusion (chi-square= 60.73). Researcher suggests improving the overall content of science and social studies books and introducing space science education as a subject. Furthermore, HEC should provide academic perks for adopting profession in emerging fields. Awareness sessions and counseling of students in this regard would be highly favorable.
EXPERIENCING STREET HARASSMENT AND FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION
Authors: Ali Saima Masoom Ali , Naz Neelam
Published: May 2020

The debate in acknowledging street harassment as an existing social problem renders research necessary on the topic. Street harassment is said to occur when it takes place in a public setting and is initiated by a stranger. Through this correlation research, we aimed to establish the relationship between experiencing street harassment and fear of victimization. A positive correlation between the experience of street harassment and fear of victimization was hypothesized and a positive correlation between street harassment and negative reaction to harassment was also hypothesized. Additionally, the most recurring type of public harassing behaviors was identified as well. Two self report questionnaires were administered; A gender based harassment scale assessing the frequency of 8 harassing behaviors which ranged on a likert scale from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always) and a modified version of The Fear of Crime survey measuring fear of victimization. These questionnaires were administered to a sample of 250 females recruited via convenient sampling technique that had experienced street harassment previously. Percentages, mode and Pearson’s Product correlation were used to statistically analyze data. Results showed a significant, weak positive correlation between street harassment and fear of victimization (r=.216, p<0.01) and a moderate positive correlation between experiencing street harassment and negative reaction towards harassment (r=.404, p<0.01). The most frequent harassing behavior was being stared in a manner that made the victims uncomfortable with 98% of participants experiencing it, followed by 83.5% of the participants experiencing non-verbal sounds. Through this research, we were able to conclude street harassment does have negative implications for women.
E-GOVERNANCE MECHANISM IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Ahmed Mughees
Published: May 2020

The e-government (short form of electronic government) is a new term which is about the process for decision making and implementing through modern technology. E government refers to improve the efficiency, ensure the accountability, transparency effectiveness of government through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is in this context, the study of e-government has become very important in the literature of social sciences, administrative sciences and public policy studies. In the present scenario, e-government is already in its second decade. More or less all countries around the world are introducing the e-government as a tool for reducing cost, saving time, improving social services and increasing efficiency and effectiveness of public sector. E-government is a comparatively new concept in Pakistan. However, being a developing country, it is facing serious problems regarding adoption of e-government in public services delivery. The underlying aim of this study is to analyze the issues related to electronic governance while focusing on the challenges hindering informed decision making and good governance in Pakistan.
IMPACT OF SELF-EFFICACY ON RETENTION BEHAVIOR OF FRESHMAN IN UNIVERSITIES IN KARACHI
Authors: Raza Nosheen , Parveen Kauser
Published: May 2020

Student retention is an important concern for higher education institutions. The present study tested self-efficacy variable to examine the impact of personal ability of freshmen in their decision to stay in the institution of higher education. The data was collected from both public and private sector universities in Karachi. A survey method was used to collect the data from 645 students from public and private sector universities. The data was analyses on IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The result showed that self-efficacy have a strong influence on intention of freshmen to stay in the same university. The impact of self-efficacy was the same for both public and private sector universities. It was recommended to include self-efficacy as a factor in retention studies
THE IMPACT OF INDIAN DRAMAS ON LANGUAGE IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Khanum Masroor , Khan Kausar Rahmati
Published: May 2020

This study investigates the Impact of Indian Dramas on Language in Pakistan through survey methodology. A questionnaire was used as a tool of data collection. In this research the researcher recorded the opinion of people about the Impact of Indian Dramas on Language. Researcher recorded the gender, age group, educational background, social status, habits of watching Indian dramas and their impacts on language of people and children. This research was done on both the gender. Results show that Indian media has some effects on language and people use Hindi phrases and words intentionally or unintentionally.
AN OVERVIEW OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAWS ENFORCED IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Hayat Muhammad Khalid
Published: May 2020

This research paper examines the foreign investment laws and procedure of Pakistan and their role in protection of foreign investment in Pakistan. These laws are untapped area of research and one cannot find any specific research tracing the legal development in this highly specialized field. So far Pakistan has 48 BITs enforced with different countries and has also signed ICSID Convention, which is promulgated locally through Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act, 2011 incorporating the Convention in the schedule to ease the difficulty of foreign investors to enforce the awards rendered under auspices of ICSID in the territory of Pakistan. Under this research, an attempt has been made to study prevalent foreign investment laws and its trends in Pakistan. Though Pakistan has significantly improved its foreign investment regime by introducing new investor’s friendly laws like, Special Economic Zones Act, 2011 and Investment Policy, 2013 etc., apart from its previous legislation on the subject, yet this regime needs more improvement and updating. Extensive overview of all existing foreign investment laws were carried out in this research. Fair and Equitable Treatment, Expropriation and other factors affecting foreign investment laws are the areas, which need to be taken care of by policy maker in the existing foreign investment laws of Pakistan. With these aims, it is hoped that this research paper would be a humble contribution in the literature on the subject.
LINGUISTIC VACUUM PREVALENT IN MARGIN/CENTRE POLEMIC
Authors: Riaz Sadia , Khan Farhan Ebadat Yar
Published: May 2020

The research paper addresses the unresolved linguistic vacuum that accounts for the authorial and fictional abrogation and appropriation of language in Lessing’s works. This research paper attempts to take a holistic view of these implications. Lessing has used a number of methods to overcome this inadequacy and the abrogation and appropriation of language thus seen is clearly evident in her novel The Grass is Singing. The concepts of hegemony of language by the colonizers and their control over the means of communications as well as the attempts to liberate the language by the blacks were seen in the novel. In order to analyze the post-colonial aspects of the novel, one has to keep in mind the colonial features that were seen in The Grass is Singing. Thus, the process of abrogation and appropriation will be seen through the fictional characters of Mary and Moses. With these characters Lessing highlights the larger reality of the center-margin, colonizer-colonized relation in the novel. Natives on acquiring control over the Language and the ability to control the means of communication then reveal the hollowness of the colonial ideas based on oppression and exploitation of the indigenous people.
ENLIGHTENED MODERATION UNDER PERVEZ MUSHARRAF REGIME
Authors: Aziz Afshan , Khalid Tanweer
Published: May 2020

Pervez Musharraf was the thirteenth Chief of the Army staff (COAS) and tenth president of Pakistan. In October 1999, he took over as a Chief Executive of Pakistan by dismissing then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Military takeover was savored by the people of Pakistan due to bad governance of democratic Governments. Unlike the former dictator Gen Zia ul Haq, Gen. Pervez Musharraf gave the impression of being secular and liberal. He was an ardent admirer of Mustafa Kamal Ataturk and wanted to establish Turkish Model of democracy in Pakistan. To delink Islam from extremism and fundamentalism, he introduced the strategy of “enlightened moderation” which has been discussed in this paper. Many Pakistanis welcomed his policy of “enlightened moderation” and even OIC acknowledged his approach. He worked sincerely to uplift the status of women in the society. He also led the army in the war against terrorism and launched operation against militants who were challenging the writ of the Government. The economy of Pakistan was at its peak and poverty graph was declining in Pakistan during his period when many sociological changes in the country took place.
NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY AND ROLE OF MEDIA
Authors: Qadri Muhammad Ahmed , Umer Naseem
Published: May 2020

This article is an effort to reflect the role of media required to be played in the proper implementation of national youth policy in Pakistan. During a time of emergent numbers of problems and inadequate resources, Pakistan consider that the essence of promising future is to prepare youth to take on responsibilities and be socially, economically and politically empowered. But of course, for this huge mission a detail strategic plan and proper implementation is required that links framework and action plans for all youth and relevant stakeholders. While there are many other stakeholders connected with national youth policy, media is one stakeholder in this article, drawing our most attention. As the world is now moving towards globalization, we have witnessed the era of emerging trends. For example today the focus is more on knowledge based economies and social and economic networking, technology has been changed and is growing with the fast pace. This resulted in some different eco and social challenges. All around the globe, youth is actively involved in policy making because they know the growing challenges and changing environment better than the other age related segments. Considering the above point in mind, the author feels if the potential of youth is properly harnessed like in other countries, then this can bring a socio-economic revolution in Pakistan. On the contrary, if youth issues and ideas are not taken into consideration while policy making, this may result into one of the biggest challenge for the management in Pakistan in future. The young minds are needed to be shaped in a manner that they can live a better life with promising future and can benefit the whole society. With the ever changing circumstances, the growth and change in economy is constant. The rules and regulations regarding youth policies are needed to be implemented at national as well as provincial level, otherwise the nation has to face the serious outcomes in longer run. The increasing joblessness, among educated and uneducated youth will have negative impact on both economic and social life at individual and national level. The competition in economy is growing tough, far more educated youth now takes job for which they are overqualified. On the other hand, uneducated people can’t seem to move up in the lifestyle ladder. This causes social disintegration, which results in poverty aggravation. This requires all related stakeholders to be responsible in implementation of youth policy across the nation.
MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF HUMAN AND SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Rizvi Hasan Askari
Published: May 2020

The role of state in the contemporary global system is greatly shaped by its inner or domestic strength that include economic resilience, socio-political harmony and a stable constitutional political order. These attributes cannot be achieved by a state unless it assigns the highest priority to human and societal development and promotion of egalitarian socio-economic arrangements that provide equal opportunities to all citizens irrespective of ethnicity, language, religion, caste, region or gender. The focus is on transforming human resources into human capital through education, learning of technology and skills, and health care. There is now a greater emphasis on good governance and a fair and transparent political management and delivery of basic services to the society. This covers policy making and implementation regarding a host of key issues. It is also important to ensure that the fruits of economic growth are fairly distributed in the society. The state must work towards removing socio-economic inequities and disparities among people and regions. This paper examines the major factors responsible for the growing emphasis in state policy on human and social development as well as the historical evolution of this change. It is argued that the political developments in the 1990s and later contributed most in creating a global awareness about human and societal developments. These include, inter alia, the end of the Cold War, the collapse of some states, the rise of religious and cultural extremism and terrorism and the efforts of the various organs and agencies of the United Nations to promote human development and social stability. The paper also identifies the major obstacles in the developing countries, especially in Pakistan, to socio-economic development and distributive justice.
SECTARIAN MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN: ORIGINS AND THREATS TO INTEGRITY
Authors: Azeem Muhammad , `Ahmed Naeem
Published: May 2020

For the last three decades or so, Pakistan has been a severe victim of sectarian violence. Although the roots of sectarian violence in the Pakistani society could be traced to various political developments in the country and the region, such as, Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization process, Iranian Revolution and the anti-Soviet Afghan war, during the late 1970s, the dangerous phase of sectarian menace began after the 9/11 incident when the domestic sectarian militant organizations established their links with international terrorist groups, e.g., Al-Qaeda and then the self-styled Islamic State (IS), and started playing the role of a facilitator as well as becoming the part of global Jihadism. Against this background, the paper analyzes the origins of sectarianism in Pakistan and threats which it poses to the integrity of the country. In the concluding analysis, the paper argues that the violent extremist ideology that creates ideologically-motivated committed terrorists may be countered if Pakistan reorients its strategic policies vis-à-vis its eastern and western neighbors – India and Afghanistan – by discouraging the use of proxies for pursuing its strategic interests in the region.
CYBER TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC STATE
Authors: Iqbal Zaheema , Iqbal Khurram
Published: May 2020

In today’s postmodern world with the latest and top notch internet technologies in the market, if it has become easy and accessible for everyone to communicate with others sitting at the other corner of the world, it has also given rise to the cybercrimes including cyber terro rism which has not only provided grave threats to the whole world but also posed a question of whether with the manipulation of cyber space, cyber terrorists can damage or destroy the physical infrastructure of its target. Owing to easy access to everyone and strong damage done as compared to traditional terrorism, today terrorists are relying on cyber terrorism as well. The Islamic State (IS) has emerged as one of the brutal and violent terrorist organization s which hired cyber experts and manipulated cyber space to the extent that today they are most active and professional cyber users’ terrorist organization of the world. The main focus of the paper is to highlight the basic definition of cyber terrorism, how often it is different from traditional terrorism, use of cyber terrorism, how cyber terrorism can be manipulated through various latest tools and techniques and how Islamic State (ISIS) is using cyber space to spread its message.
RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI
Authors: Nasreen Shagufta , Manzoor Asma
Published: May 2020

Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.
ANALYSIS OF CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY OF BUILDING OF HARMONIOUS WORLD; RELEVANCE FOR PAKISTAN
Authors: Ishaque Waseem , Sheikh Saima
Published: May 2020

China, a lofty nation of 5000 years of uninterrupted civilization, world’s second largest economy, a nation of huge land mass and vibrant 1.3 billion populations with permanent seat in United Nation’s Security Council is steadfast on the road of peaceful development. Despite foreign aggressions, humiliations and occupations, Chinese nation never demonstrated revengeful attitude and instead adopted a submissive and non- confrontational approach to buy time for national cohesion, economic and infrastructure development and making the country stronger. The consistent and rapid industrialization has enabled China to maintain over 9% growth rate which brought rich dividends for China and is now termed as economic super power and world’s manufacturing industry. This all can be attributed to consistent pragmatic foreign policy and unique blend of relevant to all and friend of all with mutual accommodation and peaceful coexistence. Pakistan and China are termed as Iron Brothers, therefore, Pakistan can accrue many dividends from rising status of China. This research article critically examines evolution of China’s foreign policy and draws relevance for Pakistan with suggested course of actions to make more dynamic and pragmatic foreign policy. The views and analysis expressed in this article are author’s own.
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY AND PERSONALITY: AN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Authors: Ali Amena Zehra , Khan Bushra , Siddiqui Maryam
Published: May 2020

Academic dishonesty that involves the use of any prohibited means for gaining unfair advantage academically has become a global problem in educational institutions. Limited studies have been conducted to explore the significance of personality with reference to academic misconduct. The present study was conducted to find out the different personality correlates as well as predictors of Academic Dishonesty. For this purpose 232 students of undergraduate and graduate courses from different faculties of University of Karachi, Pakistan, with ages ranging between 18-35 years (`X =21.55, SD = 2.44) participated in the study. Big Five Inventory (BFI-44)1 was used to measure personality and English version of Academic Dishonesty Tendency Scale2 was used to measure academic dishonesty. Also five questions were developed to measure one more dimension of academic dishonesty which has been observed in local universities i.e., the tendency towards influencing teachers. For statistical analysis, correlation and regression analysis were conducted. Some personality types were found to be associated, and predictors of different dimensions of academic dishonesty.
IMPACT OF TRUMP POLICIES ON US-EU PARTNERSHIP IN CURRENT AND PROJECTED TIMEFRAME
Authors: Majeed Fareeha
Published: May 2020

After the American elections of 2016, an upset occurred with the victory of Donald Trump as the president of United States of America. From day one, he was in lime light due to his controversial polices and extremist behaviour towards Muslims and other countries of the world. Similarly, he had a very odd behaviour towards European Union and its member countries or in other words it would be accurate to say that he wanted to demolish European Union. In current scenario, EU is facing multidimensional problems in the form refugee crisis from many parts of the world, Russian aggressive policies towards EU, ethnic movements in Europe, and above all critical elections in Italy, France and the Netherlands. Currently, it seems that the whole Europe is at stake and all these circumstances are leading EU towards a huge crisis. It seems that EU is facing the most difficult time period since its emergence. Critics are clearly indicating that EU could only survive with the active participation of France and Germany and that Europe needs serious changes by hearing the voice of the people and can gain its strength back by solving the major issues such as immigration problems and increased terrorism.
CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MARRIED WOMEN: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO KARACHI CITY
Authors: Sultan Saba , Yaseen Muhammad , Shahzaman
Published: May 2020

The aim and objective of this study is to analyse the causes of domestic violence against married women in Pakistan providing a complete picture of understanding on the phenomenon. This study was conducted in Safoora Goth, Karachi one of the oldest residential centre of Karachi where all local ethnic groups and class of people are inhabited. The factors included in the study were various reasons of domestic violence, nature of domestic violence, types of domestic violence, separation, and feeling of deprivation, husband drug addiction, partner violence, family system, family economic, ages of women and all other such related causes regarding domestic violence. The universe of the study was Safoora Goth, Karachi. The calculated sample size was 313 respondents in which researcher selected simple random sampling technique. The tool for the data collection was a questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested statistically among 5 hypotheses all have gotten accepted and showed the result as there are various causes of domestic violence. Thus, the researcher concluded that family system, family income and husband drug addiction are related to the domestic violence in a great deal.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RECOVERY AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS IN KARACHI
Authors: Huma Zill-e , Siddiqui Fakharul Huda
Published: May 2020

The present study is aim to discuss the gender differences in recovery and Quality of life among schizophrenic patients of Asghar Psychiatric hospital Karachi. A sample of 70 patients including male (n=39) and female (n=31) was selected. Only patients with schizophrenia in recovery were selected in study purpose. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. All patients were screened using Demographic sheets, RAS-DS (Recovery Assessment scale- Domains and stages)and WHOQOL-BRIEF (WHO Quality of life Scale) to be administered to the sample. The result of the study indicated that significant differences of recovery score among male and female respondents were found. Female patients were higher scores of recovery with regards to all domains of RAS-DS and the males showed significantly better quality of life with regards to all domains: Physical health (88%), Psychological health (82%), Environment (89%) and Social relations (69%) than females.
DEPRESSION IN WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN IN PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Zeab Fareda , Ali Uzma
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the difference of depression between working and non-working women of Pakistan. The sample comprised of 250 (125 working, 125 non-working) women. The target group’s age range was between 28 to 45 years. The women were selected from different organizations and areas of Karachi, Pakistan through purposive sampling technique. After taking the permission from authorities and informed consent from the participant demographic forms were filled then in order to measure the depression, Lovibond and Lovibond DASS Scale (1995) was administered, individually. Descriptive statistics and t-test for independent mean were used to analyze the data through Statistical Package Social Science Version 12(SPSS V 12). It was hypothesized that ’’the working-women will score lower on the variable of Depression ascompared to non-working women. The findings show that non-working women scored higher on the scale of depression than working-women in Pakistan. The Mean score of the age was (M =34.126) and the standard deviation was (SD=4.129). The Mean score of Depression of Non-working women was 14.28 and the Mean score of Depression of working women was10.26. The scores depict the lower level of depression in working women compared to non-working women.
FUTURE OF REBALANCING POLICY UNDER TRUMP: A CASE FOR CONTINUITY
Authors: Chughtai Younis , Iqbal Khurram
Published: May 2020

Trump’s foreign policy outlook and his rhetorical predispositions suggest that the American foreign policy is about to undergo drastic changes in terms of substance matter of policy. The arrival of Trump at the helm of affairs has built a conventional perception of gradual American retreat from the Obama’s rebalancing policy and its pacific-centric outlook. Any abrupt change in this policy of rebalancing will have serious repercussions for the regional economic, political and security architecture designed by America since world-war II. In this context, Offensive Realism, that takes system level variables as the primary determinants of foreign policy of great powers, offers a valuable framework to understand and explain the future course of Obama’s policy of rebalancing under the incumbent administration. To this end, this article is aimed at delving into the theoretical and historical reservoirs related to the US foreign policy along with the current practices of Trump administration to test the claims of continuity or transformation in the US foreign policy of rebalancing in the Asia Pacific region. This article asserts that Obama’s rebalancing policy would continue in the future with certain tactical adjustments related to the implementation of policy.
MENTAL HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM EXPOSURES AMONG YOUTH IN PAKISTANI SOCIETY
Authors: Rafi Sadia , Ali Mumtaz , Nawaz Irfan
Published: May 2020

This study examines the mental health consequences of terrorism exposures among youth in Pakistani society. Using Taaro Yamni formula to draw the sample, research approached 399 youth aged 15-24 years. As a research tool, Impact of Event Scale (IESR) was used with slight modifications. Using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 21and Stata v. 20, a multinomial model was applied to explore the relation between different variables. The major findings of the study are that a person who has personal exposure to terrorist attack is the worst affected and the person who was informed by someone is least affected to constant threat to terrorism. Thus, it is suggested that terrorism is threatening mental health of youth therefore counter terrorism policies should be extended to social dimensions. Moreover, severe impacts should be taken into consideration and devise a mechanism to provide counseling services to the victims free of cost. it is imperative to explore the impacts of terrorism on other groups of society including children, and women etc.
ORGANISED CRIME IN PAKISTAN: A CRIMINOLOGICAL STUDY OF MONEY LAUNDERING
Authors: Ahmed Shaikh Tahseen , Muhammad Burfat Fateh
Published: May 2020

Organised crime is chameleonic in nature. It is transnational, dynamic, overlapped criminal activities and pervasive in nature. In the same way, money laundering is the predicate offence and it is naturally linked to other organised crimes. After the cold war, this nexus culminated during the occurrence of 9/11 in particular which was a lethal combination of money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF). This combination is currently being experienced by Pakistan; where various terrorist groups are involved with direct and indirect support of proceeds from drug trafficking, assassination, land grabbing, arms smuggling and various other organised crimes routing through the abusage of financial and non-financial channels and support to terrorism. This has left serious socio-politico and economic consequences in the south Asian region and global as well. The researcher found very limited evidence of money laundering characteristics in the existing research literature on Pakistan. Thus to carry out research work on the subject was need of the hour in Pakistan. This led the researcher to find out root causes and existing weaknesses at the regime’s end in countering financial crime and financing of terrorism.
DISTURBED EATING ATTITUDES AMONG MALE AND FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Nida  , Masoom Ali Saima
Published: May 2020

Present study compared disturbed eating attitudes among male and female university students. For which it as postulated that female university students would have more disturbed eating attitudes as compare to male students. For that reason 200 males and 200 female university students from various universities of Karachi were incorporated in the study. Their age ranged from 19 to 25. Participants after verbal and written covenantfrom the heads of their institution were asked to fill the respondents’ profile form to gather the participant’s demographic information, followed by Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) which was used to know ones disturbed eating ways. For statistical evaluation t-test was applied, which specified that male university students experience more disturbed eating attitudes compare to female learners. This clears that distressed eating attempts are not limited to females, but is now affecting males as well. Thus to avert its budding prevalence, teaching institutions should supervise its amassed risks in their students and stimulate them to healthy lines of eating.