bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential and Parallel Processing in Boundary Selections on One-Dimensional Pictorial Stimuli
Authors: Fried Charles , Rosenfeld Azriel , Gerstman Louis J.
Published: September 2011

Sequential and parallel scanning models were devised to predict Ss' selections of boundaries between dissimilar regions on one-dimensional film strips. The use of this type of stimulus material is justified and the method of its construction is discussed. Variations of the original film strips were employed to provide further tests of the models' predicted boundary choices. General agreement was obtained between Ss' boundary selections and those predicted by the models.
Reading Ability, Object Constancy, and Turner's Syndrome
Authors: Alexander Duane , Money John
Published: September 2011

Learning to read demands a child recognize that slight changes in the form, position, or directional orientation of objects (letters) may alter their symbolic or semantic value. It is possible that inability to recognize these changes, due to neurocognitional deficits in space-form perception and/or directional orientation, may be responsible for specific reading disability. To test this hypothesis, the Gates Reading Survey was administered to 17 patients with Turner's syndrome, a cytogenetic disorder commonly manifesting a degree of space-form blindness and directional disorientation. The reading ability of this group of patients was not deficient. Thus, when these two deficits are related to reading disability, they must be specific to the language function. This study demonstrates the usefulness of specific clinical groups in the testing of hypotheses otherwise untestable on human Ss.
The Structured-Objective Rorschach Test: A Question of Choice Frequency
Authors: Langer Philip , Hick Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Ss at Utah State University were administered the SORT in a free- (as many or as few responses per blot) and forced- (one response per triad for a total of 10 responses per blot) choice counterbalanced design. Findings indicated: (1) the internal consistency of the test was strengthened by the free-choice method and (2) there was an order-of-testing effect, with women making more responses on the free-choice which preceded the forced-choice administration.
Stability of Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Gilbert Doris C. , Hahn Judy P. , Wackwitz John H. , Martin Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Experimental investigation into the relationship between the autokinetic illusion and personality factors requires greater knowledge of the generality of the various findings on individual differences. The stability of autokinetic movement was investigated by varying several conditions: instructional set (accuracy vs illusion), light source (stationary vs moving), sex of E, number and length of trials, re-test time interval. Results for female college Ss lend support to the hypothesis that one dimension of apparent movement, length of line, is a stable individual characteristic.
Field Dependence and Memory for Incidental Material
Authors: Fitzgibbons David , Goldberger Leo , Eagle Morris
Published: September 2011

30 female Ss who had been tested for recall and recognition of social and neutral words that were presented incidentally were administered a group form of the Embedded Figures Test. Both recall and recognition of social words were found to be significantly related to field dependence. No such relationship was found for neutral words. Although field-dependent Ss performed significantly more poorly on the focal task than field-independent Ss, recall and recognition was independent of performance on the focal task. It was also found that field-dependent Ss were able to recall more social visual incidental material than neutral visual incidental material.
Pain Reactivity and Field Dependence
Authors: Sweeney Donald R. , Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

48 young males were divided into three groups based on rated intensity of pain experienced during immersion of the hand in cold water. The groups differed significantly in performance on an embedded figures task, a measure of field dependence. High pain reactivity corresponded to field independence; low pain reactivity corresponded to field dependence.
Generalizing from the Corneal Reflection Technique: A Methodological Study
Authors: Williams Leon G. , Wallen Douglas J.
Published: September 2011

The study objective was to determine how the occlusion of one eye and the restraint of head movement, restrictions commonly imposed when measuring eye movements by corneal reflection, affected the performance of a perceptual task. These restrictions did not affect the times required to find targets in a display containing 100 forms of various colors, sizes, and shapes.
Need for Approval and Simple Motor Performance
Authors: Willington Anna M. , Strickland Bonnie R.
Published: September 2011

41 male college students were administered six simple motor tasks and performance was examined in relation to need for approval as assessed by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results supported the hypothesis that Ss with high need-for-approval scores would tend to perform better than Ss less approval-motivated. Although the effect was greater for simple motor tasks than for paper and pencil tests, both high and low need-for-approval Ss appeared to maintain a stable performance level with no significant improvement or decrement over trials. These findings were discussed in relation to Crowne and Marlowe's theory of need for approval as a personality variable.
Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: III. Piecework-Payment and Time-Payment Comparisons
Authors: Toppen J. T.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 10 college male Ss were given different money reinforcement schedules in single 1-hr. work periods for each S (following a combination of “pretests” and a questionnaire, used for reasons described). The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8-in. distance. The control group was paid at a rate of 10¢ for each 1000 pulls. The test Ss were paid in advance with instructions that they had the job of working at the machine for 1 hr, if they wished (though they were required to remain in the room) and were given the maximum rate of pay ($1.50 per hour) which it was anticipated the control Ss might earn. The test Ss were told that their work “may provide information on which to base later studies.” As predicted, the control Ss showed markedly greater output (approximately 100% greater) than that obtained from Ss paid in advance, on a time basis.
Information Transmission in a Pattern Discrimination Task as a Function of Initial Task Difficulty
Authors: Coules John , Avery Donald L. , Meskil Alan
Published: September 2011

Information transmission measures were obtained with the method of absolute judgments and learning effects were evaluated as the nature of the discrimination task varied. Two experiments were conducted using regular and irregular geometric forms which were tilted in various degrees from the line of sight. In Exp. I, the judgment task increased in difficulty from large to fine differences in tilt, whereas in Exp. II the discrimination task was difficult throughout the experiment. In both experiments the task increased in difficulty because stimulus uncertainty increased. Results showed that when the demands of the task are such that early and sustained high performance is required, it is better if the observers are presented with the difficult task from the start rather than gradually increase its difficulty. Geometric forms showed significant differences in the amount of information transmitted.
An Alternative Method of Presenting the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Delacy E. A.
Published: September 2011

Two presentations of the Mueller-Lyer illusion were investigated: (a) the traditional method and (b) a method involving a slide presentation. The traditional method produced a measure of the illusion that diminished as the angle of the arrowhead increased. The slide presentation gave a similar pattern, although for every angle of arrowhead presented the amount of illusion was greater than that found with the traditional method. Ss, sophisticated about the Mueller-Lyer illusion, gave a greater reading of the illusion with slide presentation than naive Ss recorded with the traditional method.
Orientation Errors in the Memory-for-Designs Test: Tentative Findings and Recommendations
Authors: Kendall Barbara S.
Published: September 2011

A study of (a) the extent to which each of 13 MFD designs triggered production of each of four types of orientation error, and of (b) the contribution of each type to the test's diagnostic effectiveness was made. The records of 137 (among 279) adult brain-damaged and 68 (among 375) control Ss who made some type of OE revealed variations in both areas of study which are reflected in proposed optional changes in scoring standards. Horizontal and 90° rotations differentiated best between presence and absence of brain pathology, vertical reversals hardly at all, and 45° rotations held a middle position. Higher brain damage to control ratios were found for younger, better educated Ss than for those older or with fewer years of schooling. Reliability of the occurrence of OEs is reported, and their relationship to sex, age, education, and intelligence is measured.
Adaptation to Displaced Vision as a Function of Direction of Hand Movement
Authors: Lazar Gerald
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Ss adapted to prismatically displaced vision while moving their arms. The group which moved their arms vertically against a vertical target adapted more completely than a group moving their arms laterally against the same target when a trial-by-trial record was made of adaptation. However, these differences are absent when aftereffects are used as the criterion of adaptation. The findings can be interpreted to mean the background as well as the direction of hand movements is important in adaptation and that aftereffects may be a poor criterion by which to assess the effects of variables on adaptation.
Effects of Luminance Contrast Factors upon Figural Aftereffects Induced by Short Fixation Periods
Authors: Gibb Margaret , Freeman Ivan , Adam June
Published: September 2011

An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of luminance contrast factors upon the concentric circles aftereffect for very short periods of fixation. The general finding was that the immediate aftereffect increased as the luminance contrast of the inducing figure increased and decreased as the luminance contrast of the test figure increased.
Individual Differences in Free Response-Speed
Authors: Farley Frank H.
Published: September 2011

The response-speed (covertly timed) of 30 Ss on a simple printing task under unstressful conditions was correlated with their Maudsley Personality Inventory extraversion scores, Manifest Anxiety Scale scores, and need-achievement scores from the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule. Extraversion correlated –.42 ( p < .02) with log speed, the MAS correlated .11 and need-achievement –.20 (both nonsignificant).
Note on Central and Retinal Mechanisms in the Aftereffect of Seen Movement
Authors: Standing Lionel G.
Published: September 2011

A retinal origin for visual movement aftereffect is not refuted by the occurrence of interocular transfer and is supported by recent experimental results.
Response Rate and Subjective Estimates of Attitude Statements
Authors: Rambo William W. , Beaver Wesley S.
Published: September 2011

57 Ss scaled 20 statements which expressed attitudes toward labor unions. The scaling task required S to first judge to which half of a continuum, ranging from favorable to unfavorable, the statement belonged. By regulating rate of tapping a telegraph key which referred to the chosen segment of the scale, S indicated the distance between the statement and the neutral origin of the scale. The statements were also scaled by 53 Ss who followed a conventional successive-intervals procedure. An r of .94 was reported between scale values obtained from the two scaling procedures. Evidence concerning equal-interval properties and inter-rater agreement for the continuous response scale is presented.
Dimensions of Interpersonal Perception in a Meaningful Ongoing Group
Authors: Smith Kay H. , Pedersen Darhl M. , Lewis Robert E.
Published: September 2011

First-year and second-year students enrolled in the Master of Business Administration program at Brigham Young University rated all pairs of persons in their group as to their relative similarity-dissimilarity on an 8-point scale. Multidimensional scaling procedures yielded three significant dimensions for the first-year group and two for the second-year group. Correlations were then computed between the dimensions and a series of sociometric choices by Ss, personal data obtained from student files, scores on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, and teacher ratings. The dimensions obtained for the first-year group were identified as “perceived competency,” “aggressive self-interest,” and “social interest and self-understanding,” and those for the second-year group were identified as “demonstrated competency” and “group maintenance.” Differences in the dimensions between the groups and relationships of the obtained dimensions with those found in other studies were discussed.
Lateral Dominance and Reading Ability
Authors: Chakrabarti Jayanti , Barker Donald G.
Published: September 2011

A correlational analysis of reading and laterality variables revealed no significant tendency for 41 left-handed college students to be either inferior or superior to 311 right-handed male freshman students in reading achievement (vocabulary, comprehension, reading rate).
The Dramatic Sibling
Authors: Sutton-Smith Brian , Rosenberg B. G.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that because non-first-born children have less clearly structured roles than first born, they will show a greater interest in role exploration through drama. Second-born girls with an older sister (FF2), when compared with first-born girls with a younger sister (F1F), report significantly more participation in high school and college drama and are judged superior actresses by other F1F and FF2 viewing them through a one-way screen.
Relation of Training in Motor Activity to Development of Right-Left Directionality in Mentally Retarded Children: Exploratory Study
Authors: Hill Suzanne D. , McCullum Alva H. , Sceau Anthony G.
Published: September 2011

The effect of a systematic program of exercises on the development of retarded children's awareness of right-left directionality was studied. The children were oriented toward observing the use of specific body parts and directed to select willfully a specified body part in making a response. Half of the children were required to also use a directional verbal label for the body part used. Ss who did not use directional verbal labels showed as much improvement as those who did. These findings suggest that the lag in development of a concept of right-left awareness found with these retarded children was not due to a deficit in verbalization per se.
Effects of Sex, Age, Reading Ability, Socioeconomic Level, and Display Position on a Measure of Spatial Relations in Children
Authors: Davol Stephen H. , Hastings Mary Lynn
Published: September 2011

A modification of Fleishman's (1957) Response Orientation Device was given to 192 children in Grades K to 3. The predominant perceptual response of younger children decreased with age with a concomitant increase in responses to spatial relations based on an external reference point. Socioeconomic level (as represented by school) and reading group assignment, but not sex, interacted with age and were positively related to spatial development. Display alignment had a limited effect on the type of response made. The results were interpreted in terms of Piaget and Inhelder's (1956) theory of spatial development.
Effects of Transverse G-Stress on Running Memory
Authors: Ross Bruce M. , Chambers Randall M.
Published: September 2011

A 2-channel running memory task with 2 random binary series as stimuli was used to test Ss under 4 levels of transverse G-stress. No memory deficit was found at 3G. Significant memory deficit was found at 5G and 7G with still greater deficit at 9G. Most of the deficit occurred during the latter half of each 2-min. and 18-sec. stress-period. Serial-order error ranking for retained symbols was similar for both stress and non-stress performance, but stress increased error for all serial orders. However, stress vs non-stress differences were found in serial orders that included a previously correct symbol that S had to disregard. This irrelevant symbol was an important error factor in non-stress performance but not in stress performance where S curtailed the number of symbols he processed each trial.
Progressive Acquisition of Relevant Cues in Visual Pattern Discrimination by Monkeys
Authors: Dewson James H.
Published: September 2011

Three monkeys, on a self-shaping regimen, learned a 6+ vs 4– simultaneous visual pattern discrimination. The stimuli were projected randomly upon translucent panels at 2 of 16 possible locations for each trial. In tabulating all panel presses during acquisition, it is shown that decreased preference for non-illuminated (blank) panels is attended by an increased preference for both the positive and the negative stimuli. Criterion-level preference exclusively for the positive stimulus thus does not occur until a markedly increased preference for the negative stimulus is eliminated.
Shredding of Nesting Material in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Glickman Stephen E. , Fried Lisbeth , Morrison Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Experiments were conducted to determine whether the stereotyped shredding of nesting material by the Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus) is influenced by sex of S, accumulation of shredded material, or the thickness of paper provided for shredding. The first two variables did not significantly affect shredding behavior in our tests. However, in an acceptance-rejection situation, Ss showed an orderly preference for papers of increasing thickness.
“Same” “Different” Response Times with Multi-Attribute Stimulus Differences
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

S's task was to decide as quickly as possible whether two simple visual stimuli were the same or different. Stimuli varied with respect to 3 attributes: size, color, and shape. Pairs of stimuli were presented either simultaneously or in sequence. “Different” RTs varied inversely with the number of attributes with respect to which the 2 stimuli of a pair differed, d. “Same” RTs were shorter than would be expected from an extrapolation of the results with d ≥ 1 (different stimuli) to include the case of d = 0 (same stimuli). Error rates were related to d in much the same way as was RT.
Mentation during Sleep: REM and Nrem Recall Reports
Authors: Kales Anthony , Hoedemaker Frederick S. , Jacobson Allan , Kales Joyce D. , Paulson Morris J. , Wilson Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, the investigators alternated as experimental Ss, and dreaming was defined in terms which more closely approximate the general usage of the word. Rapid eye movement (REM) period awakenings produced a high percentage (81) of dream recall, whereas dream reports were infrequent (7%) following non-REM (NREM) period awakenings. Most of the NREM dream reports were obtained from Stage 2 and 3 awakenings in the last half of the night, in contrast to awakenings during the first half of the night when Stages 3 and 4 predominate. The study suggests that the motivation of S, definition of a dream, and time of night are factors strongly influencing the degree of NREM recall. The few NREM dream reports elicited were less elaborate and extensive than the usual REM dream recall.
Perceptual Characteristics of Delinquent Girls
Authors: Compton Norma H.
Published: September 2011

Delinquent and non-delinquent girls were classified into the three perceptual types of Reducer, Augmenter, or Moderate according to whether they tended subjectively to alter perceived size. Results indicated a tendency for delinquents to reduce perceived size to a greater extent than non-delinquents. No significant relationships were found between color preferences and perceptual types of delinquents; however, among non-delinquent girls Reducers scored lower on strong color value contrasts (preferring weaker figure-ground contrasts) than Moderates or Augmenters. Augmenters chose strong contrasts more often.
Field-Dependence and Locus of Control
Authors: Willoughby Robert H.
Published: September 2011

76 undergraduates were given the Hidden Figures Test (HFT) and the Adult's Locus of Evaluation and Control Scale (ALOE-C). Correlations between the HFT and the “evaluation” subscale of the ALOE-C were statistically significant, but the “control” subscale was not significantly related to performance on the HFT. A significant negative correlation between HFT score and the frequency of guessing also was found and indicated that field-dependent Ss may have been less cautious in answering HFT items than field-independent Ss. Unlike results reported by Witkin the present study showed no tendency for females to be more field-dependent than males.
An Accurate, Adjustable Double Shutter
Authors: Siegel Michael H. , Howard Edward
Published: September 2011

An accurate, adjustable double shutter and its calibration are described.
Cue Timing in a Multi-Dimensional Detection Task
Authors: Forbes S. M. , Taylor M. M. , Lindsay P. H.
Published: September 2011

The effects of pre- and post-stimulus cues on detection were studied using 2-alternative forced-choice tasks. The stimuli used were tones presented to Ss through earphones and dots presented on TV monitors. The tones varied in pitch and intensity and the dots varied in displacement both horizontally and vertically. Thus Ss could be required to make discrimination in 4 dimensions. Performance on 1-dimensional input—1-dimensional output was superior to that for 4-dimensional input—1-dimensional output even when the stimulus for which a response was required was cued 4.0 sec. before its presentation. The duration of the post-stimulus cue delay, 0.10 sec. to 4.0 sec., had no differential effect on performance levels. These results are quite different from those reported for absolute judgment tasks.
Semantics of Victory and Defeat
Authors: Henley Nancy M.
Published: September 2011

Unidimensional scales of intensity of defeat were constructed for terms taken from baseball headlines. One scale was constructed for difference between winning and losing scores and another for magnitude of the winning score. The scales were constructed by averaging scores associated with the different terms in baseball headlines. Three clusters resulted in both scales, one around words meaning small winning margin and small winning score (exemplified by edge, shade), one around medium winning margins and scores (exemplified by win, beat), and one around large winning margins and large scores (exemplified by rout, wallop).
Differences in Results of Inferential Self Measurement in Self-Concept Analysis
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that the independent measurement of the ideal-self concept and the social-self concept produces quite different results, adjective check lists were administered to two independent samples of students ( n1 = 44; n2 = 47) under varying instructions; one set to measure the ideal-basic relationship and one for measuring the social-basic relationship. The first sample ( n = 44) was administered two separate word lists with different instructions. The second sample, chosen to control for practice effect and the influence upon the results of the adjectives themselves, was administered only one of the adjective check lists, with the same instructions as those pertaining to the separate word lists administered to Sample 1. An ABBA design was used with the second sample. Results tended to confirm the hypothesis that significant distinctions exist between ideal-self and social-self perceptions.
Follow-up Study of Bender-Gestalt Reproductions by Right and Left Hemiplegic Patients
Authors: Hirschenfang Samuel , Berman Diane , Benton Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons of reproductions of Bender-Gestalt designs by 59 right hemiplegic and 80 left hemiplegic patients, confirmed earlier observations that left hemiplegics performed significantly more poorly than right hemiplegics.
Effect of Information Content and Size upon the Absolute Threshold for Movement
Authors: Dixon N. F.
Published: September 2011

From the finding that the absolute threshold for rotational movement was significantly lower for a field of randomly, as opposed to regularly, distributed black and white squares it was hypothesized that only in the case of high selective information-content fields would there be an inverse relationship between size of elements and the movement threshold. Movement thresholds, obtained for random and regular displays containing different sizes of internal element, confirmed the crucial role of selective information in determining the movement threshold but did not support the predicted size effect. This apparent paradox may be explained by the reduced confidence which Ss experience when judging the movement of random displays.
Visual Memory of Capital Letters: Multidimensional Ratio Scaling and Multidimensional Similarity
Authors: Kuennapas Teodor
Published: September 2011

The similarity of 9 capital letters, as judged on the basis of visual memory, was studied by direct multidimensional ratio scaling and by the method of similarity analysis. Three factors were isolated which were exactly the same as previously found in perception of these capitals and with nearly identical loadings.
Note on the Use of the Design Perception Cards Test in Predicting Sales Success
Authors: Colenaty Charles
Published: September 2011

Success of 22 insurance sales trainees was predicted on the basis of the Design Perception Cards test. This prediction corresponded well with later ratings of Ss' on-the-job performance and with units of sales production achieved.
Numerically Varied S-R Mapping Disorder
Authors: Weber Robert , Love William , Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

Qualitative support for the effects on learning of various degrees of S-R mapping disorder was cited to show that the way stimulus and response classes are connected or mapped together may have a strong effect on learning rate. Then to study quantitatively the S-R mapping problem a paradigm based on discrimination learning procedures was constructed. It made possible the numerical variation of S-R mapping on an order-disorder basis. The order-disorder dimension was related a priori to a linear variable for number of different correct choices and to a quadratic variable for conditional mapping uncertainty, U.(R). Mean errors were significantly related to only the quadratic component. Other results include: a closer relation between U.(R) and SDs than between U.(R) and means; unique patterns of errors within groups related to mapping structure; and a correspondence between post-experimental subjective awareness and both task structure and difficulty. Finally, among post hoc explanations of mapping effects one phrased in terms of mapping uncertainty and hypothesis storage, sampling, and generation gave the best account of obtained results.
Anisometropia and the Rod-and-Frame Task
Authors: Culver Charles M.
Published: September 2011

Ss were 77 female college freshmen. Anisometropic Ss (defined as having more than 1′ of visual angle of difference in resolving power between the two eyes as measured while viewing Orthorater stimuli binocularly) were significantly poorer in rod-and-frame performance than were isometropic Ss. Similarly, Ss with poor rod-and-frame performance were found to be anisometropic significantly more often than Ss with good rod-and-frame performance. There was no difference in rod-and-frame performance between anisometropic Ss who did or did not become isometropic when tested monocularly on the Orthorater. These results are tentatively interpreted as due to cyclophoria leading to visual suppression.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXXV. Psychological Index No. 18, 1911
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

Skills references ( n = 56) are listed alphabetically.
An Analysis of Two Random Paintings
Authors: Ross Bruce M. , Weiner Samuel G.
Published: September 2011

Two recent paintings are analyzed whose small number of constituent elements fit criteria of randomness formulated previously by having naive Ss construct random configurations.
Measurement of Informal Selection Processes
Authors: Bortner Rayman W.
Published: September 2011

When statements of formal eligibility requirements fail to account for the characteristics of institutional populations, there is a tendency to resort to speculative explanations. This study examined some methods for empirical evaluations of these speculative notions. Univariate and step-down analyses did not aid in conceptualizing informal selection processes in this study; a discriminant function analysis seemed to provide an adequate approach to a synthesis. The method was illustrated by examining definable subsamples in a VA domiciliary which were compared with a non-institutional, community sample; means of the standardization samples for the tests used provided additional reference points for comparison. For these particular subsamples from this institution, alterations in self concept appeared to provide the single unifying theme which best integrated the diverse differences among the groups.
Adaptation Effects in Central Binocular Flicker Discrimination of Brain-Damaged Subjects
Authors: Burn Julian M. , Parsons Oscar A.
Published: September 2011

The role of local adaptation in flicker discrimination of brain-damaged ( N = 16) and control ( N = 16) Ss was investigated. Male adult patient's central binocular thresholds were measured before and after visual stimulation by a coarsely flickering light (10 cps) over 20 trials. In both groups there were significantly lower thresholds after stimulation and a progressive drop in both pre- and post-stimulation thresholds over trials. However, there were no significant group interactions. The methodological, empirical, and theoretical implications of these results are noted.
Relationship between Electrical Potential of the Skin and Skin Temperature
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between electrical potential of skin (SP) and temperature of the skin (ST) in the region of the recording electrodes was investigated in 112 healthy Ss. SP between palm and ventral surface of forearm was recorded during a 1-hr. test session in which S was asked to watch for a rarely-occurring stimulus. Forearm ST and SP proved to be unrelated. The regression of SP on palm ST was statistically significant, but the low correlation suggested that, under the conditions investigated, SP and ST were largely independent.
The Vasomotor Component of the Orientation Reaction as a Correlative of Anxiety
Authors: Jackson Barrie T. , Barry W. F.
Published: September 2011

46 males were administered the IPAT Anxiety Scale and the obtained sten scores were correlated with the number of neutral auditory stimuli required to reach habituation. Habituation was defined by the absence of digital vasoconstriction (a component of the orientation reaction) to the stimuli. The Spearman rho was .788. The results were interpreted in terms of activation theory and the hypothesis was forwarded that the high arousal level of the anxious S interferes with the recording of the properties of the stimulus and thus subsequent identical stimuli are perceived as being novel.
Auditory Control of Operant Behavior in Mute Autistic Children
Authors: Hingtgen Joseph N. , Coulter Susan K.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether auditory stimuli can control operant responding in mute autistic children, 4 Ss were presented with 5 pairs of auditory stimuli. During the presentation of 1 stimulus the child was able to obtain food on a previously established fixed-ratio schedule of lever pressing, while during the presentation of the second stimulus an extinction schedule was in effect. A new set of stimuli was introduced when the preceding set was learned. 3 of the 4 children learned to discriminate four pairs of auditory stimuli within an average of 36 daily 40-min. sessions. The data indicate that some mute autistic children are capable of learning simple auditory-motor associations.
The Psychology of Memory—1965: A Bibliography
Authors: Levy C. Michael , Hartnagle Karen
Published: September 2011

255 contributions to the psychology of memory and forgetting published in 1965 are listed.
A Subjective Definition of Complexity
Authors: Day H.
Published: September 2011

64 Ss were asked to evaluate the concept of complexity along 19 semantic scales. Results showed that complexity is viewed as a positive concept demanding personal involvement by S.
Relation of Stimulus-Size to Pattern Discrimination Training for the Hooded Rat
Authors: Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed to determine the relation of pattern area, background area, and pattern-background ratio to discrimination learning in the hooded rat. In Exp. 1 (triangle-circle discrimination) and Exp. 2 (diamond-square discrimination) a 1-sq. in. pattern placed on a 4-sq. in. background resulted in faster learning and a higher level of performance than three other pattern-background combinations. It was concluded that (a) supraliminal variation in stimulus-size is related to efficiency of discrimination learning, and (b) a unique combination of an optimal pattern and background area may be more critical than pattern area, background area, or pattern-background ratio per se.
Mueller-Lyer Illusion by the Blind
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

With a specially designed apparatus of cardboard and embossed with Braille lines, 9 blind Ss, 3 born blind, 3 blinded in childhood, and 3 blinded as adults, all exhibited the haptic illusion to an extent comparable to the optical illusion of 4 normal controls, whose haptic illusion, while blindfolded, was much less pronounced and more variable. Those blinded at birth or in childhood showed a greater illusion with the preferred hand. My theory emphasizes the total impression in explaining optical and haptic Mueller-Lyer illusions.
Trail Making Performance as Related to Psychotic State, Age, Intelligence, Education and Fine Psychomotor Ability
Authors: King H. E.
Published: September 2011

Trail Making scores of normal and schizophrenic Ss are compared with measures of intellectual function, age, educational history and fine psychomotor adequacy. Defects observed among Trails scores for the abnormal group are clearly related to retardation manifest in other measured psychomotor performance, but do not relate closely to simultaneously present defects in “test-taking behaviors” nor to tests made of intellectual function.
Subjective Median Plane as a Function of Age and Source of Stimulation
Authors: Pollack Robert H. , Carter Dorothy J.
Published: September 2011

Data consistent with the sensory-tonic position were obtained from children (6 to 14 yr.) who performed a visual and a muscular task.
Compensation for Auditory Re-Arrangement following Exposure to Auditory-Tactile Discordance
Authors: Freedman Sanford J. , Wilson Lynn
Published: September 2011

15 Os presented with discordant auditory and tactile information about the location of the same object, compensated rapidly for an auditory re-arrangement when asked to point at an unseen auditory target. Unlike most perceptual compensation studies, movement by O was not permitted. It is suggested that discordance between or among different kinds of spatial information may be the condition that leads to compensation for re-arrangement.
Effects of Serial Learning on Recognition Thresholds: Check on Method
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

The author's (Rodewald, 1967) previous study was replicated using a different psychophysical procedure. Recognition thresholds were not a function of prior exposure of the stimuli or of serial position in the prior-exposure session. A difference in experimental designs between the author's studies and previous ones was discussed.
Absence of Transfer in a Family of Similar Tasks
Authors: Goldstein Mymon , Fleming Jerome M.
Published: September 2011

3 different discrimination learning tasks were designed on the basis of a new-old principle, i.e., each trial involved one “old” element also present during the preceding trial and one “new” element not present during the preceding trial. Attempts to establish transfer of training between pairs of these tasks yielded no evidence of either facilitation or interference.
A Methodological Approach for the Study of Man's Experience
Authors: Metzig Erica
Published: September 2011

On the basis of a theory by B. Schlesinger a method is described which permits direct observation and measurement of man's experience. Neurological identification of a syndrome comprising bodily and mental symptoms of fatigue led to a pilot test on aging with old, young, and fatigued Ss. The marked influence of the object, i.e., its quality and its “right” or “left” preferred orientation, was observed and led to two exclusively object-oriented studies, one applying direct viewing and one using a reticule. The former was repeated by Tent (Marburg) with confirming results. The latter now in use showed that systematic training of selected Ss could achieve about 94% agreement on spatial determinants. The method permits the development of a new kind of personality analysis, based on concepts derived from direct observation of factors of experience.
Replication Study of Responsiveness on a Simple Five-Button Pressing Task
Authors: Yensen Roy
Published: September 2011

24 Ss were used in a replication of Howarth's study of responsiveness on a 5-button pressing task. The original finding of a lack of influence of reactive inhibition in this task was confirmed. However, obtained sex differences were opposite to those reported earlier and no significant relationships between responsiveness and extraversion were revealed. Finally, this task may be useful in discriminating intensities of intrinsic motivation.
Changes in Summated Visual Potentials (Lambda Waves) during Mental Tasks Using the Stroop Test
Authors: Scott Donald F. , Hoffmann Helmut J. , Bickford Reginald G.
Published: September 2011

In normal Ss, a parietal-occipital located response (lambda wave) is evoked by scanning a printed block and word material (colored, and black and white) of the Stroop test. When this response is summated with a computer triggered by the eye movement, a highly reliable triphasic wave appears which can be subjected to accurate latency and amplitude measurements. The shortest latency of this response was observed when blocks vs words were presented, but there were no differences in latency in spite of increasing difficulty of material. This indicates that the structure of the material rather than mental activity affected the latency. Likewise, no changes were noted with colored vs black material. There was, however, a small increase in amplitude of the lambda wave response in the most difficult (word interference) task—a result that could be attributed equally to increase of muscle potentials and to the effect of mental activity.
The Harris-Goodenough and the Developmental Form Sequence with Five-Year-Old Greek Children
Authors: Georgas James G. , Papadopoulou Ellie
Published: September 2011

The Harris-Goodenough Draw-A-Man and Draw-A-Woman Tests and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Form Sequence were given to 14 female and 16 male 5-yr.-old Athenians. Retest reliabilities for the DAM, DAW, and DFS were .80, .87, and .63, respectively. Intercorrelations of .62 obtained between the DFS and DAM, .70 for DFS and DAW, .95 for DAM and DAW. The means of the Athenian sample were either equal to or slightly below American averages. No significant sex differences were found.
Changes in Performance on Wais, Trail Making Test and Finger Tapping Test Associated with Carotid Artery Surgery
Authors: Duke Robert B. , Bloor Byron M. , Nugent G. Robert , Majzoub Hisham S.
Published: September 2011

47 patients with vascular disease were divided into small vessel disease group (SVD), large vessel disease operated group (LVD-O) and large vessel disease nonoperated group (LVD-N). They were tested during their first hospitalization and at a follow-up some months later. There were no significant changes for any group on the Trail Making Test and on the Finger Tapping Test. On the WAIS the SVD made significant gains on the Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ); the LVD-O made significant gains on PIQ and FSIQ; and the LVD-N made no significant gains on any of the three scores. Dividing the LVD-O by lesion laterality, the leftside lesioned group made significant gains on PIQ and FSIQ, while the right-side lesioned group made significant gains on all three measures.
Reading Disability, Perceptual Continuity, and Phi Thresholds
Authors: Ball Thomas S. , Owens Earl P.
Published: September 2011

Birch and Kephart hold contradictory views regarding the intactness of visual form perception in disabled readers. Although Birch's techniques demonstrate form discrimination, they do not necessarily measure discrimination by means of form. To provide a critical test of Kephart's assumption regarding a qualitatively inferior perceptual process in disabled readers, a test based upon the phi phenomenon was employed. One study involved 20 disabled readers and 20 normal achievers, a second, 12 disabled readers and 12 normal achievers. The results support Birch's claim regarding the intactness of visual form discrimination in disabled readers.
Psychomotor Performance and Prognosis of Chronic Mental Patients: An Extension of the Work of Brooks and Weaver
Authors: Burstein Alvin G. , Soloff Asher , Mitchell John
Published: September 2011

Previous work dealing with the prediction of successful candidates for psychiatric rehabilitation was extended. 67 chronically ill patients who were hospitalized either at the time of the study or previously were tested on a series of psychomotor tests utilizing an apparatus introduced by Brooks and Weaver, plus an additional Pinboard. Prediction of discharge of patients hospitalized at the time of the study replicated previous results, including the finding that Pinboard scores were the most powerful single predictor. Job-finding was also predicted by the battery but with less efficiency. Psychomotor performance did not predict inpatient vs outpatient status at the time of testing. A composite score analysis suggests that the battery is a useful device for selection of candidates for psychiatric rehabilitation programs.
A Homogeneous Field for Light Adaptation
Authors: Mertens Henry W.
Published: September 2011

A light-adaptation device which creates a homogeneous field is described. It can be used easily between observations in space perception experiments to reduce sensitivity of the eyes to stray light in the experimental display and does not itself introduce extraneous cues.
Personality Study of Nocturnal Teeth-Grinders
Authors: Reding Georges R. , Zepelin Harold , Monroe Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

30 nocturnal teeth grinders (bruxists) and 30 matched controls randomly selected from a university student population were compared on the basis of histories of emotional disturbance and responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Cornell Medical Index. No significant personality differences on these tests between teeth-grinders and controls were observed.
Stimulation Seeking after Seven Days of Perceptual Deprivation
Authors: Gendreau P. E. , Freedman N. , Wilde G. J. S. , Scott G. D.
Published: September 2011

10 maximum security prison inmates underwent perceptual deprivation for 7 days. There were 10 controls. After 7 days deprivation the deprived Ss sought a lower level of visual input and about the same level of auditory input as controls which was comparable to their own pre-test behaviour. These results were discussed in terms of recent theory and research results in stimulation seeking.
Replication Study of Two Unusual Findings on the Influence of Delayed Auditory Feedback on Retention
Authors: King David J.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the accuracy of recall of connected meaningful material practiced under delayed auditory feedback with and without instructions to Ss that they would be asked to recall the material. No significant differences were found, confirming the results of a prior experiment. The relationship between retention of DAF-practiced material and voice change was insignificant, in marked contrast to a prior finding of a large and significant positive correlation.
Error, Response Time and IQ: Sex Differences in Cognitive Style of Preschool Children
Authors: Lewis Michael , Rausch Marilyn , Goldberg Susan , Dodd Cornelia
Published: September 2011

Reflectivity-impulsivity in response to task uncertainty has been suggested as an important cognitive style. The present study investigated response time (a measure of reflectivity-impulsivity), errors on a matching-figures task, and intelligence in preschool children. The results indicate that there are important and significant sex differences in preschool children's cognitive style: boys' errors were significantly correlated only with their response speed, while girls' errors only with their intelligence. These results agree with similar sex differences as observed in studies using older children.
Adaptation to Displaced Vision after Experience with Lesser Displacements
Authors: Lazar Gerald , Van Laer John
Published: September 2011

Adaptation to vision displaced by a 30 diopter prism was greatest after prior experience with a 30 diopter prism, less after experience with a 20 diopter prism, and least after experience with prisms of 10 and 20 diopters. This order was reversed when aftereffects were observed under normal vision, i.e., undistorted by prisms.
Computer Simulation of Threshold Observations by Method of Limits
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: September 2011

The results of a computer simulation of threshold observations by the method of limits are presented. Large differences were obtained among different rules underlying the method of limits, despite the fact that the underlying threshold distribution remained fixed.
Indian Students' Perceptions of Mahatma Ghandi and Their Comparable American Ideal, Abraham Lincoln
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Mohan Jitendra
Published: September 2011

Using the AVA, 93 Indian graduate students were asked to give their perceptions of Mahatma Ghandi and Abraham Lincoln. The median congruence coefficient was found to be .73. Ss perceived them both as possessing an affinity to be attracted to people. However, the consensual perception of Lincoln tended to reflect more temperamental and less stable attitudes in social activity than that of Ghandi.
Thinking Style and Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Fisher Rhoda Lee
Published: September 2011

Reflectiveness as assessed by the Conceptual Styles Test was not related to cultural deprivation or to impulsive behavior.
Effects of Repeated Listening on Connotative Meaning of Serious Music
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R. , Walters William M.
Published: September 2011

To test hypothesis that repeated listening alone increases enjoyment of serious music, 32 high school and college Ss listened to 9 selections representing different musical modes and periods for 10 days. Ss responded on 16 Semantic Differential scales. Significant increases occurred for 6 evaluative scales. Only 1 non-evaluative scale showed significant change. All works but 1 showed significant increase on at least 2 evaluative scales.