bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homoparentalité, adoption et handicap
Authors: Veuillet-Combier Claudine , Gratton Emmanuel
Published: June 2014

Ce texte interroge les enjeux intrapsychiques et intersubjectifs attachés aux bouleversements du lien de filiation quand l’enfant est porteur d’un handicap psychique et ce, plus spécifiquement et singulièrement, dans le cadre de l’adoption homoparentale. Les auteurs ont organisé leur réflexion en repérant les étapes clés qui ont marqué la temporalité d’un couple gay ayant adopté un enfant psychotique, étudiant la construction du lien familial et ses aléas. À partir de cet exemple, ils ont conclu que le caractère exceptionnel d’une configuration familiale n’entraîne pas nécessairement une exceptionnalité dans le processus de parentalité à l’œuvre.
José Pellicer y la Crónica Mozárabe de 754
Authors: Sunmer G. V.
Published: June 2014

No disponible.
An epigram of Tymnes
Authors: Giangrande Giuseppe
Published: June 2014

No disponible.
The meaning of ἀγών in epic diction
Authors: Ellsworth James D.
Published: June 2014

No disponible.
Polifemo, Sileno e le Cariti (Eur. Cycl. 578-584)
Authors: Paganelli Lenoardo
Published: June 2014

No disponible.
La descripción distribucional del sistema fonológico del latín según la gramática romana
Authors: Hernández Miguel L. A.
Published: June 2014

No disponible.
La fábula del caballo y el asno en el Libro del Arcipreste de Hita
Authors: Morreale Margarita
Published: June 2014

La fábula del caballo y el asno, que en el Libro de Juan Ruiz ocupa los vv. 237-245, ha sido objeto de algunas intervenciones textuales y glosas léxicas, principalmente en la edición de J. Corominas; sus bien documentadas notas léxicas y también la discrepancia para con su transformación de la estrofa 242, nos encaminan hacia el estudio morfosintáctico, léxico y estilístico del texto.
Morfología diacrónica del español: las fórmulas de tratamiento
Authors: Líbano Zumalacárregui Ángeles
Published: June 2014

Entendemos por fórmula de tratamiento los distintos procedimientos que emplea la primera persona, llamada también persona locutiva, para dirigirse a la segunda, su interlocutor o persona alocutiva. Dichos procedimientos toman la forma de un pronombre o sintagma nominal, simple o compuesto, y a su vez estos cumplen la función sintáctica de sujeto, por lo que se habría de considerar su relación con la persona verbal, o de complemento. Se prestará atención además a la concordancia de dichas formas con los pronombres personales átonos y con los posesivos.
Una gramática contrastiva español-alemán
Authors: López García Ángel
Published: June 2014

La publicación de esta monumental gramática contrastiva español-alemán (Nelson Cartagena y Hans-Martin Gauger, Vergleichende Grammatik Spanisch-Deutsch, 1989) puede considerarse un acontecimiento cultural de primera magnitud. Hay obras que marcan un hito en la historia de nuestra filología porque señalan un punto de inflexión en el estado de la cuestión, y otras que extraen su importancia de los contenidos que aportan cuando estos colman un vado largamente lamentado. La gramática de Nelson Cartagena y Hans-Martin Gauger responde a ambas peculiaridades.
Derecha: arabismo semántico en el v. 256d del Libro de Buen Amor
Authors: Repiso Repiso Sigfredo
Published: June 2014

Dada la interpretación que tradicionalmente se viene haciendo del término derecha, la paráfrasis del mencionado verso podría expresarse más o menos de la siguiente forma: el hombre desagradecido, para evitar devolver los favores, pone como excusa que "el bien que se le hace es debido a que es su derecho, a que tiene derecho a ello". Sin embargo, algunos editores del Libro plantean dudas y reticencias ante semejante interpretación. Esta nota supone una aproximación desde la otra vertiente: el arabismo, complemento imprescindible para el estudio de nuestra literatura medieval.
La primera aparición de la palabra impronta en castellano
Authors: Wasserstein David
Published: June 2014

Frente a lo establecido por Corominas y confirmado por Pascual, la aparición de esta palabra en castellano es posible que se remonte por lo menos hasta el año 1893.
Voces amerindias en las Relaciones de Hernán Cortés
Authors: Enguita Utrilla José M.ª
Published: June 2014

La figura de Hernán Cortés ha dado lugar a una nutrida serie de investigaciones. Sus escritos tienen un indudable interés para observar las primeras alteraciones de la lengua española al entrar en contacto con las culturas del imperio azteca; las novedades que ofrecen las tierras exploradas implican también, necesariamente, la existencia de limitaciones lingüísticas, para cuya solución uno de los procedimientos a los que recurren los colonizadores consiste en la adopción de préstamos léxicos tomados de las lenguas indígenas. Las Relaciones aportan ya la primera colección conocida de voces nahuas; además, contienen vocablos de las Antillas aplicados a las cosas de la Nueva España.
El español de los Estados Unidos: diacronía y sincronía
Authors: Alvar Manuel
Published: June 2014

Los conceptos saussureanos de diacronía y sincronía están claros y se han convertido en lugar común cuando se trata de caracterizar el pasado y el presente de cualquier lengua. Pero es necesario matizar mucho cuando intentamos estudiar la situación histórica del español en los Estados Unidos o la vida actual que allí tiene nuestra lengua. Este artículo se propone estudiar la geografía lingüística como método que da seguridad al trabajo y, sobre todo, puede mostrar una lengua asentada con cuantos avatares la hayan acosado. Quedarían pendientes otros estudios, los de sociolingüística, pero plantean cuestiones diferentes y exigen métodos distintos. Con la sociolingüística, la diacronía posiblemente no se hubiera iluminado. En estas páginas su autor deja anotadas sus encuestas personales y establecidos, desde el hoy en que trabaja, los diversos ayeres que la lengua tuvo en Estados Unidos.
Fonemas vocálicos de Puerto Rico (Análisis acústico realizado con los materiales grabados para el estudio de la norma culta de San Juan)
Authors: Vaquero María , Guerra de la Fuente Lourdes
Published: June 2014

El español antillano cuenta desde 1973 con estudios fonológicos sobre los procesos de cambios consonánticos más caracterizadores de esta zona dialectal, pero no podemos decir lo mismo respecto a los estudios del vocalismo; y no se trata de una excepción, dentro de Hispanoamérica, donde no existen trabajos destinados a identificar valores fonológicos vocálicos, a partir de muestras de habla suficientemente amplias como para ofrecer un número considerable de realizaciones fonéticas, contextos lingüísticos y variables sociales. Este trabajo, que parte de la lengua oral grabada y recogida para el estudio del habla culta de San Juan de Puerto Rico, se inscribe dentro del Proyecto de estudio del español hablado en las principales ciudades del mundo hispánico, y presenta datos sobre valores normales de las vocales de Puerto Rico en un intento de iniciar el estudio científico del vocalismo antillano, hoy por hoy conocido sólo intuitivamente.
¿Restos de la distinción /s/ /Ɵ/ en el español del Perú?
Authors: Caravedo Rocío
Published: June 2014

No disponible.
El sistema verbal en el español de la Argentina: rasgos de unidad y de diferenciación dialectal
Authors: Donni de Mirande Nélida Esther
Published: June 2014

El propósito de este estudio es exponer algunas características de las formas personales que conforman el sistema verbal en la Argentina, atendiendo a las convergencias y divergencias, a los rasgos de unidad y de diferenciación dialectal en el país. La base principal de este trabajo es el examen de aspectos del sistema tal como se nos presenta en la dilatada región que hemos llamado "litoral-pampeana", y que serán cotejados con hechos registrados en el noroeste, centro y nordeste de Argentina, gracias a investigaciones propias y de distintos estudiosos de la lengua.
Si bien en esta oportunidad ocupa un lugar destacado la variación diatópica, no olvidamos que en cada punto geográfico existen variaciones diastráticas y/o diafásicas en el uso lingüístico y que las pautas de variación en un sentido no son las mismas que en otro u otros, al menos en ciertos casos. Por lo demás, también hay diferencias diacrónicas que interesan, es decir, procesos de cambio en distintos grados de desarrollo a partir de la variación sincrónica. Aunque son más notables las variaciones fonológicas o léxicas, también existen diferencias en el plano morfosintáctico.
Acerca de la topicalidad de objeto en algunos dialectos del español
Authors: Morales Amparo
Published: June 2014

Hoy, con mayor seguridad que nunca, con el fructífero resurgimiento de la gramática funcional, que en nuestros días ha remozado con éxito la pragmática y la gramática del discurso, se corrobora que nuestras expresiones están organizadas de acuerdo con patrones que, más allá de los modelos formales, reflejan explícitamente los significados y las intenciones comunicativas de los participantes de la conversación. Se ha comprobado que, en ocasiones, una misma función comunicativa puede llevarse a cabo por diferentes estructuras sintácticas, y al revés. Analizar cómo la estructura y uso del lenguaje coexisten y se desarrollan, medir hasta qué punto el significado referencial y comunicativo del mensaje que se emite se ve afectado por cambios en la estructura formal, es, tal vez, el interés primordial de la gramática actual.
Este trabajo ofrece aquí la descripción de algunos de estos patrones sintáctico-pragmáticos del español, apoyándonos en los datos obtenidos en tres modalidades dialectales: el español de San Juan de Puerto Rico, el español porteño y el madrileño. Por encima de la interpretación que demos a los fenómenos analizados, la gran verdad es que sólo un acercamiento flexible a los hechos permite describir los rasgos particulares que configuran los patrones recurrentes de que hablábamos.
Proposiciones completivas y estructuras alternantes. Sistema y norma en el español de Corrientes (Argentina)
Authors: Kovacci Ofelia
Published: June 2014

Trabajamos sobre un corpus de habla de la provincia de Corrientes con conversaciones acerca de temas de interés antropológico o sociológico. Dentro de él aparecen espontáneamente las construcciones que nos ocupan. Se trata del sistema sintáctico-semántico formado por varias estructuras vinculables por relaciones de paráfrasis: a) las proposiciones sustantivas encabezadas con el incluyente que, tradicionalmente llamadas "completivas". Estas proposiciones se integran como sujeto, objeto, etc., en predicaciones que manifiestan la llamada "modalidad explícita". La predicación conforma el modus y la proposición es el dictum; b) las construcciones parentéticas, en las que varias clases de predicados incluyentes de a) se intercalan en el constituyente dictal o lo siguen, sin conexión sintáctica; c) los modificadores de la modalidad, en los que varias clases de predicados incluyentes de a) forman una construcción periférica; d) el llamado estilo directo, introducido por clases especificas de predicados de a). Concluimos con el examen de las normas en la construcción de las proposiciones completivas.
Development process in Africa: Poverty, politics and indigenous knowledge
Authors: Eide Arne H. , Khupe Watson , Mannan Hasheem
Published: June 2014

Background: Persons with disability run the danger of not profiting from the development process due to exclusion from basic services and opportunities. Still, the knowledge base on exclusion mechanisms is relatively weak and there is a danger that important aspects are not addressed as they are hidden behind established understandings that are not critically scrutinised.Objectives: The main purpose of this article was to highlight critical thoughts on prevailing knowledge of the relationship between disability and poverty, the policy base for addressing the rights of persons with disability, and culture as a key component in continued discrimination.Method: This article aimed at integrating three papers on the above topics presented at the 2011 African Network for Evidence-to-Action on Disability (AfriNEAD) Symposium. The researchers have therefore thoroughly examined and questioned the relationship between disability and poverty, the influence of policy on action, and the role of culture in reproducing injustice.Results: The article firstly claims that there are limitations in current data collection practice with regards to analysing the relationship between poverty and disability. Secondly, ambitions regarding inclusion of persons with disability in policy processes as well as in implementation of policies are not necessarily implemented in an optimal way. Thirdly, negative aspects of culture in discrimination and bad treatment of disabled need to be highlighted to balance the discussion on disability and culture.Conclusion: A critical view of prevailing understandings of disability and development is key to producing the knowledge necessary to eradicate poverty amongst persons with disability and other vulnerable groups. Not only do we need research that is actually designed to reveal the mechanisms behind the disability–poverty relationship, we need research that is less tied up with broad political agreements that is not necessarily reflecting the realities at ground level.
The African Network for Evidence-to-Action on Disability: A role player in the realisation of the UNCRPD in Africa
Authors: Kachaje Rachel , Dube Kudakwashe , MacLachlan Malcolm , Mji Gubela
Published: June 2014

This African Journal of Disability supplement focuses on papers presented at the third AfriNEAD Symposium in 2011. In this closing editorial, we want to give an overview of the rationale and major modes of operation of the African Network for Evidence-to-Action on Disability (AfriNEAD) with special focus on recommendations made at the 2011 AfriNEAD Symposium. AfriNEAD is guided and informed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) for its research themes. The issues that emerged from AfriNEAD 2011 ranged from children and youth with disabilities; education across the lifespan; economic empowerment; the development process in Africa; health, HIV and AIDS and community-based rehabilitation; holistic wellness; to research evidence and utilisation. Disability-related stigma, the value of emancipatory research and the need to recognise a broader scope of valid methodologies were also highlighted.
A Proposal for an Austrian Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
Authors: Hackl W.O. , Ammenwerth E. , Ranegger R.
Published: June 2014

Objective: Nursing Minimum Data Sets can be used to compare nursing care across clinical populations, settings, geographical areas, and time. NMDS can support nursing research, nursing management, and nursing politics. However, in contrast to other countries, Austria does not have a unified NMDS. The objective of this study is to identify possible data elements for an Austrian NMDS.

Methods: A two-round Delphi survey was conducted, based on a review of available NMDS, 22 expert interviews, and a focus group discussion.

Results: After reaching consensus, the experts proposed the following 56 data elements for an NMDS: six data elements concerning patient demographics, four data elements concerning data of the healthcare institution, four data elements concerning patient’s medical condition, 20 data elements concerning patient problems (nursing assessment, nursing diagnoses, risk assessment), eight data elements concerning nursing outcomes, 14 data elements concerning nursing interventions, and no additional data elements concerning nursing intensity.

Conclusion: The proposed NMDS focuses on the long-term and acute care setting. It must now be implemented and tested in the nursing practice.

Citation: Ranegger R, Hackl WO, Ammenwerth E. A proposal for an austrian nursing minimum data set (NMDS): A Delphi study. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 538–547 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-04-RA-0027
De cognitieve drie-eenheid: realiseren, interpreteren en abstraheren
Authors: Radder Hans
Published: June 2014

The article consists of three main sections, in which I successively discuss the nature and role of realization, interpretation and abstraction in experimental and observational processes. In this way, these sections address several fundamental problems in philosophy of science, ontology and epistemology, and philosophy of language. Section 1 introduces the notion of realization processes, and argues that successful realization requires causal judgments. The second section discusses the role of conceptual interpretation in experiments and observations, explains how realization and interpretation can be distinguished, and emphasizes the significance of different types and ranges of experimental and observational reproducibility. It also includes a subsection on the issue of reproducibility in contemporary social sciences and psychology. Section 3 explains how concepts are abstracted from existing realization processes, and concludes that abstraction bestows a nonlocal meaning on these extensible concepts. In addition, I discuss and criticize some rival views of abstraction and concept meaning (to wit, mentalism and localism). The article concludes with some observations on the notion of a (cognitive) trinity.

In my reply, I respond to the points raised in the six commentary papers. The following issues are addressed: the place of causality in physics (Steffen Ducheyne), perception in ordinary life (Monica Meijsing), the role of reproducibility in psychology and the social sciences (Daniël Lakens, Ruud Abma), the significance and implications of conceptual innovation (Lieven Decock), and the relationship between meaning, communication and ontology (Martin Stokhof and Michiel van Lambalgen).
Small but tough - Diminutive suffixes in seventeenth-century Dutch private letters
Authors: Nobels Judith
Published: June 2014

During the seventeenth century, the use of diminutive suffixes in Dutch was changing: the [kə] suffix was making way for the present-day Standard suffix [jə] – a transition which involved many hybrid suffixes – and the present-day substandard [i] also made its entrance. In this paper, the use of the different types of diminutives in private letters of the seventeenth-century Letters as Loot corpus will be examined for regional and social variation. This corpus consists of 595 letters – 545 of which are private – written by men and women of different social backgrounds. Its contents enable historical (socio)linguists to extensively examine seventeenth-century Dutch from the perspective of the language history ‘from below’ for the first time. However, examining the seventeenth-century diminutive suffixes is a difficult enterprise, for the various spelling forms in the letters frequently obscure the difference between the phonological types of suffixes [i] and [jə]. In order to shed new light on the history of Dutch diminutive suffixes, this paper also presents a method of analysis to categorise particular spelling forms as particular phonological types of suffixes.
Local and international perspectives on the historical sociolinguistics of Dutch
Authors: van der Wal Marijke , Vandenbussche Wim
Published: June 2014

This paper introduces the field of historical sociolinguistics and gives a brief impression of the advances made during the last three decades. Furthermore, the relationship between local and international perspectives is stressed, while discussing the papers in the present Taal & Tongval issue. Finally, new research perspectives and the importance of using original archive sources come to the fore.
Fine particulate matter source apportionment using a hybrid chemical transport and receptor model approach
Authors: Hu Y. , Balachandran S. , Pachon J. E. , Baek J. , Ivey C. , Holmes H. , Odman M. T. , Mulholland J. A. , Russell A. G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A hybrid fine particulate matter (PM2.5) source apportionment approach based on a receptor model (RM) species balance and species specific source impacts from a chemical transport model (CTM) equipped with a sensitivity analysis tool is developed to provide physically and chemically consistent relationships between source emissions and receptor impacts. This hybrid approach enhances RM results by providing initial estimates of source impacts from a much larger number of sources than are typically used in RMs, and provides source–receptor relationships for secondary species. Further, the method addresses issues of source collinearities and accounts for emissions uncertainties. We apply this hybrid approach to conduct PM2.5 source apportionment at Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) sites across the US. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations at these receptor sites were apportioned to 33 separate sources. Hybrid method results led to large changes of impacts from CTM estimates for sources such as dust, woodstoves, and other biomass-burning sources, but limited changes to others. The refinements reduced the differences between CTM-simulated and observed concentrations of individual PM2.5 species by over 98% when using a weighted least-squares error minimization. The rankings of source impacts changed from the initial estimates, further demonstrating that CTM-only results should be evaluated with observations. Assessment with RM results at six US locations showed that the hybrid results differ somewhat from commonly resolved sources. The hybrid method also resolved sources that typical RM methods do not capture without extra measurement information for unique tracers. The method can be readily applied to large domains and long (such as multi-annual) time periods to provide source impact estimates for management- and health-related studies.
Contribution of pollen to atmospheric ice nuclei concentrations
Authors: Hader J. D. , Wright T. P. , Petters M. D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Recent studies have suggested that the ice-nucleating ability of some types of pollen is derived from non-proteinaceous macromolecules. These macromolecules may become dispersed by the rupturing of the pollen grain during wetting and drying cycles in the atmosphere. If true, this mechanism might prove to be a significant source of ice nuclei (IN) concentrations when pollen is present. Here we test this hypothesis by measuring ambient IN concentrations from the beginning to the end of the 2013 pollen season in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Air samples were collected using a swirling aerosol collector twice per week and the solutions were analysed for ice nuclei activity using a droplet freezing assay. Rainwater samples were collected at times when pollen grain number concentrations were near their maximum value and analysed with the drop-freezing assay to compare the potentially enhanced IN concentrations measured near the ground with IN concentrations found aloft. Ambient ice nuclei spectra, defined as the number of ice nuclei per volume of air as a function of temperature, are inferred from the aerosol collector solutions. No general trend was observed between ambient pollen grain counts and observed IN concentrations, suggesting that ice nuclei multiplication via pollen grain rupturing and subsequent release of macromolecules was not prevalent for the pollen types and meteorological conditions typically encountered in the southeastern US. A serendipitously sampled collection after a downpour provided evidence for a rain-induced IN burst with an observed IN concentration of approximately 30 per litre, a 30-fold increase over background concentrations at −20 °C. The onset temperature of freezing for these particles was approximately −12 °C, suggesting that the ice-nucleating particles were biological in origin.
Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO2 over a ponderosa pine ecosystem: observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NOx
Authors: Min K.-E. , Pusede S. E. , Browne E. C. , LaFranchi B. W. , Cohen R. C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Exchange of NOx (NO+NO2) between the atmosphere and biosphere is important for air quality, climate change, and ecosystem nutrient dynamics. There are few direct ecosystem-scale measurements of the direction and rate of atmosphere–biosphere exchange of NOx. As a result, a complete description of the processes affecting NOx following emission from soils and/or plants as they transit from within the plant/forest canopy to the free atmosphere remains poorly constrained and debated. Here, we describe measurements of NO and NO2 fluxes and vertical concentration gradients made during the Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry EXperiment 2009. In general, during daytime we observe upward fluxes of NO and NO2 with counter-gradient fluxes of NO. We find that NOx fluxes from the forest canopy are smaller than calculated using observed flux–gradient relationships for conserved tracers and also smaller than measured soil NO emissions. We interpret these differences as primarily due to chemistry converting NOx to higher nitrogen oxides within the forest canopy, which might be part of a mechanistic explanation for the "canopy reduction factor" applied to soil NOx emissions in large-scale models.
Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of aerosols
Authors: Heald C. L. , Ridley D. A. , Kroll J. H. , Barrett S. R. H. , Cady-Pereira K. E. , Alvarado M. J. , Holmes C. D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosols, which is the instantaneous radiative impact of all atmospheric particles on the Earth's energy balance, is sometimes confused with the direct radiative forcing (DRF), which is the change in DRE from pre-industrial to present-day (not including climate feedbacks). In this study we couple a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with a radiative transfer model (RRTMG) to contrast these concepts. We estimate a global mean all-sky aerosol DRF of −0.36 Wm−2 and a DRE of −1.83 Wm−2 for 2010. Therefore, natural sources of aerosol (here including fire) affect the global energy balance over four times more than do present-day anthropogenic aerosols. If global anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and their precursors continue to decline as projected in recent scenarios due to effective pollution emission controls, the DRF will shrink (−0.22 Wm−2 for 2100). Secondary metrics, like DRE, that quantify temporal changes in both natural and anthropogenic aerosol burdens are therefore needed to quantify the total effect of aerosols on climate.
Intercomparison of Hantzsch and fiber-laser-induced-fluorescence formaldehyde measurements
Authors: Kaiser J. , Li X. , Tillmann R. , Acir I. , Holland F. , Rohrer F. , Wegener R. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Two gas-phase formaldehyde (HCHO) measurement techniques, a modified commercial wet-chemical instrument based on Hantzsch fluorimetry and a custom-built instrument based on fiber laser-induced fluorescence (FILIF), were deployed at the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) to compare the instruments' performances under a range of conditions. Thermolysis of para-HCHO and ozonolysis of 1-butene were used as HCHO sources, allowing for calculations of theoretical HCHO mixing ratios. Calculated HCHO mixing ratios are compared to measurements, and the two measurements are also compared. Experiments were repeated under dry and humid conditions (RH < 2% and RH > 60%) to investigate the possibility of a water artifact in the FILIF measurements. The ozonolysis of 1-butene also allowed for the investigation of an ozone artifact seen in some Hantzsch measurements in previous intercomparisons. Results show that under all conditions the two techniques are well correlated (R2 ≥ 0.997), and linear regression statistics show measurements agree with within stated uncertainty (15% FILIF + 5% Hantzsch). No water or ozone artifacts are identified. While a slight curvature is observed in some Hantzsch vs. FILIF regressions, the potential for variable instrument sensitivity cannot be attributed to a single instrument at this time. Measurements at low concentrations highlight the need for a secondary method for testing the purity of air used in instrument zeroing and the need for further FILIF White cell outgassing experiments.
Observation of tropospheric δD by IASI over western Siberia: comparison with a general circulation model
Authors: Pommier M. , Lacour J.-L. , Risi C. , Bréon F. M. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.-F. , Gribanov K. , Hurtmans D. , Jouzel J. , Zakharov V.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This study presents the joint H216O and HDO retrieval from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) spectra over western Siberia. IASI is an instrument on board the MetOp-A European satellite. The global coverage of the instrument and the good signal-to-noise ratio allow us to provide information on δD over this remote region. We show that IASI measurements may be used to estimate integrated δD between the surface and 3 km altitude or from 1 to 5 km depending on the thermal contrast, with observational errors lower than 4% and 7%, respectively. The retrieved data are compared to simulations from an isotopic general circulation model, LMDZ-iso for 2011. The satellite measurements and the model agree well and they reproduce well the seasonal and day-to-day variations for δD, presenting a good correlation (r up to 0.8 with the smoothed data in summer). The IASI-based retrievals also show the seasonal variation of the specific humidity in both altitude ranges.
Determining the boundaries of the auroral oval from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures – Part 1
Authors: Xiong C. , Lühr H. , Wang H. , Johnsen M. G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In this paper we present the first statistical study on auroral oval boundaries derived from small- and medium-scale field-aligned currents (FACs, < 150 km). The dynamics of both the equatorward and poleward boundaries is deduced from 10 years of CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) magnetic field data (August 2000–August 2010). The approach for detecting the boundaries from FACs works well under dark conditions. For a given activity level the boundaries form well-defined ellipses around the magnetic pole. The latitudes of the equatorward and poleward boundaries both depend, but in different ways, on magnetic activity. With increasing magnetic activity the equatorward boundary expands everywhere, while the poleward boundary shows on average no dependence on activity around midnight, which seems to be stationary at a value of about 72° Mlat. Functional relations between the latitudes of the boundaries and different magnetic activity indices have been tested. Best results for a linear dependence are derived for both boundaries with the dayside merging electric field. The other indices, like the auroral electrojet (AE) and disturbance storm time (Dst) index, also provide good linear relations but with some caveats. Toward high activity a saturation of equatorwards expansion seems to set in. The locations of the auroral boundaries are practically independent of the level of the solar EUV flux and show no dependence on season.
Wind driven changes in the ocean carbon sink
Authors: Swart N. C. , Fyfe J. C. , Saenko O. A. , Eby M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We estimate the historical ocean carbon sink over 1871 to 2010 using an ocean biogeochemical model driven with observed wind forcing. We focus on the influence of wind and mesoscale eddy changes on the net surface CO2 flux, which are most significant after 1950. The observed wind changes act to reduce the annual ocean carbon sink by 0.009 to 0.023 Pg yr−1 decade−1 over 1950 to 2010, and are consistent with previous studies covering only the latter part of the 20th century. The response of the ocean circulation and the carbon cycle to wind changes is sensitive to the parameterization of mesoscale eddies in our coarse resolution simulations. With a variable eddy transfer coefficient, eddy activity in the Southern Ocean increases in response to intensifying historical winds, partially compensating for direct wind-driven circulation changes. Thus with a variable eddy transfer coefficient the response to wind changes is about 2.5 times smaller than when using a constant coefficient. Finally, we show by comparing six reanalyses over 1980 to 2010 that estimated historical wind trends differ significantly. Through simulations forced with these reanalysis winds we show that the influence of historical wind changes on ocean carbon uptake is highly uncertain and depends on the choice of surface wind forcing product.
CH4 and N2O dynamics in the boreal forest–mire ecotone
Authors: Tupek B. , Minkkinen K. , Pumpanen J. , Vesala T. , Nikinmaa E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In spite of advances in greenhouse gas research, the spatio-temporal CH4 and N2O dynamics of boreal landscape remain challenging, e.g. we need clarification of whether the forest–mire transitions are occasional hotspots of landscape CH4 and N2O emissions during exceptionally high and low ground water level events. In our study, we tested the differences and drivers of CH4 and N2O dynamics of forest/mire types in field conditions along the soil moisture gradient of the forest–mire ecotone. Soils changed from podzols to histosols and ground water rose downslope from the depth of 10 m in upland sites to 0.1 m in mires. Yearly meteorological conditions changed from being exceptionally wet to typical and exceptionally dry for the local climate. The median fluxes measured with a static chamber technique varied from −51 to 586 μg m−2 h−1 for CH4 and from 0 to 6 μg m−2 h−1 for N2O between forest/mire types throughout the entire wet-dry period. In spite of the highly dynamic soil water fluctuations in carbon rich soils in forest–mire transitions, there were no large peak emissions in CH4 and N2O fluxes and the flux rates changed minimally between years. Methane oxidations were significantly lower in poorly drained transitions than in the well-drained uplands. Water saturated mires showed large CH4 emissions, which were reduced entirely during the exceptional summer drought period. Near zero N2O fluxes did not differ significantly between the forest/mire types probably due to their low nitrification potential. When up scaling boreal landscapes, pristine forest–mire transitions should be categorized as CH4 oxidation types and background N2O emission types instead of CH4 and N2O emission hotspots.
Components of near-surface energy balance derived from satellite soundings – Part 2: Latent heat flux
Authors: Mallick K. , Jarvis A. , Wohlfahrt G. , Kiely G. , Hirano T. , Miyata A. , Yamamoto S. , Hoffmann L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This paper introduces a relatively simple method for recovering global fields of latent heat flux. The method focuses on specifying Bowen ratio estimates through exploiting air temperature and vapour pressure measurements obtained from infra-red soundings of the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) sensor onboard the NASA-Aqua platform. Through combining these Bowen ratio retrievals with satellite surface net available energy data we have specified estimates of global surface latent heat flux at the 1° by 1° scale. These estimates were evaluated against data from 30 terrestrial tower flux sites covering a broad spectrum of biomes. Taking monthly average 13:30 h data for 2003, this revealed a relatively good agreement between the satellite and tower measurements of latent heat flux, with a pooled root mean square deviation of 79 W m−2, and no significant bias. However, this success partly arose as a product of the under specification of the AIRS Bowen ratio compensating for the under specification of the AIRS net available energy.
Concepts for benchmarking of homogenisation algorithm performance on the global scale
Authors: Willett K. , Williams C. , Jolliffe I. , Lund R. , Alexander L. , Brönniman S. , Vincent L. A. , Easterbrook S. , Venema V. , Berry D. , Warren R. , Lopardo G. , Auchmann R. , Aguilar E. , Menne M. , Gallagher C. , Hausfather Z. , Thorarinsdottir T. , Thorne P. W.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) is striving towards substantively improving our ability to robustly understand historical land surface air temperature change at all scales. A key recently completed first step has been collating all available records into a comprehensive open access, traceable and version-controlled databank. The crucial next step is to maximise the value of the collated data through a robust international framework of benchmarking and assessment for product intercomparison and uncertainty estimation. We focus on uncertainties arising from the presence of inhomogeneities in monthly surface temperature data and the varied methodological choices made by various groups in building homogeneous temperature products. The central facet of the benchmarking process is the creation of global scale synthetic analogs to the real-world database where both the "true" series and inhomogeneities are known (a luxury the real world data do not afford us). Hence algorithmic strengths and weaknesses can be meaningfully quantified and conditional inferences made about the real-world climate system. Here we discuss the necessary framework for developing an international homogenisation benchmarking system on the global scale for monthly mean temperatures. The value of this framework is critically dependent upon the number of groups taking part and so we strongly advocate involvement in the benchmarking exercise from as many data analyst groups as possible to make the best use of this substantial effort.
Pan-spectral observing system simulation experiments of shortwave reflectance and longwave radiance for climate model evaluation
Authors: Feldman D. R. , Collins W. D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Top-of-atmosphere spectrally-resolved shortwave reflectances and longwave radiances describe the evolution of the Earth's surface and atmosphere response to feedbacks in and human-induced forcings on the climate system. In order to evaluate proposed long-duration spectral measurements, we have projected 21st century changes described by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3.0) conducted for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A2 Emissions Scenario onto shortwave reflectance spectra from 0.3 to 2.5 μm and longwave radiance spectra from 5 to 50 μm at 8 nm and 1 cm−1 resolution, respectively. The radiative transfer calculations have been rigorously validated against published standards and produce complementary signals describing the climate system forcings and feedbacks. Additional demonstration experiments were performed with the MIROC5 and HadGEM2-ES models for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. The calculations contain readily distinguishable signatures of low clouds, snow/ice, aerosols, temperature gradients, and water vapour distributions. The goal of this effort is to understand both how climate change alters the spectrum of the Earth and determine whether spectral measurements enhance our detection and attribution of climate change. This effort also presents a path forward for hyperspectral measurement-model intercomparison by enabling a diverse set of comparisons between model results from coupled model intercomparisons and existing and proposed satellite instrument measurement systems.
Statistical prediction of terrestrial water storage changes in the Amazon Basin using tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies
Authors: de Linage C. , Famiglietti J. S. , Randerson J. T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Floods and droughts frequently affect the Amazon River basin, impacting transportation, agriculture, and ecosystem processes within several South American countries. Here we examine how sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies influence interannual variability of terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) in different regions within the Amazon Basin and propose a statistical modeling framework for TWSA prediction on seasonal timescales. Three simple semi-empirical models forced by a linear combination of lagged spatial averages of central Pacific and tropical North Atlantic climate indices (Niño 4 and TNAI) were calibrated against a decade-long record of 3°, monthly TWSAs observed by the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Niño 4 was the primary external forcing in the northeastern region of the Amazon Basin, whereas TNAI was dominant in central and western regions. A combined model using the two indices improved the fit significantly (p < 0.05) for at least 64% of the grid cells within the basin, compared to models forced solely with Niño 4 or TNAI. The combined model explained 66% of the observed variance in the northeastern region, 39% in the central and western region, and 43% for the Amazon Basin as a whole, with a 3-month lead time between the climate indices and the predicted TWSAs. Model performance varied seasonally: it was higher than average during the wet season in the northeastern Amazon and during the dry season in the central and western region. The predictive capability of the combined model was degraded with increasing lead times. Degradation rates were lower in the northeastern Amazon (where 49% of the variance was explained using an 8-month lead time versus 69% for a 1-month lead time) compared to the central and western Amazon (where 22% of the variance was explained at 8 months versus 43% at 1 month). These relationships may contribute to an improved understanding of the climate processes regulating the spatial patterns of flood and drought risk in South America.
Transferring the concept of minimum energy expenditure from river networks to subsurface flow patterns
Authors: Hergarten S. , Winker G. , Birk S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Principles of optimality provide an interesting alternative to modeling hydrological processes in detail on small scales. However, the concepts still seem to be on a visionary level except for the theory of minimum energy expenditure for river networks. Inspired by this approach, we present a theory of minimum energy expenditure in subsurface flow in order to obtain a better understanding of preferential flow patterns in the subsurface. The concept describes flow patterns which are optimal in the sense that they minimize the total energy expenditure at given recharge under the side condition of a given total porosity. Results are illustrated using two examples: two-dimensional flow towards a spring with a radial symmetric distribution of the porosity and dendritic flow patterns. The latter are found to be similar to river networks in their structure and, as a main result, the model predicts a power-law distribution of the spring discharges. In combination with two data sets from the Austrian Alps, this result is used for validating the model. Both data sets reveal power-law distributed spring discharges with similar scaling exponents. These are, however, slightly larger than the exponent predicted by the model. As a further result, the distributions of the residence times strongly differ between homogeneous porous media and optimized flow patterns, while the mean residence times seem to be similar in both cases.
Observing and modeling currents on the continental slope: assimilation of high frequency radar currents and hydrography profiles
Authors: Sperrevik A. K. , Christensen K. H. , Röhrs J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Assimilation of High Frequency (HF) radar current observations and CTD hydrography is performed with the 4D-Var analysis scheme implemented in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). We consider both an idealized case, with a baroclinic slope current in a periodic channel, and a realistic case for the coast of Vesterålen in Northern Norway. In the realistic case the results of the data assimilation are compared with independent data from acoustic profilers and surface drifters. Best results are obtained when background error correlation scales are small (10 km or less) and when the data assimilation window is short, i.e. about one day. Furthermore, we find that the impact of assimilating HF radar currents is generally larger than the impact of CTD hydrography, which implies that the amount of hydrographic data is insufficient to constrain the solution. Combining the HF radar currents with a few hydrographic profiles gives significantly better results, which demonstrates the importance of complementing surface observations with observations of the vertical structure of the ocean.
BrO/SO2 molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network
Authors: Lübcke P. , Bobrowski N. , Arellano S. , Galle B. , Garzón G. , Vogel L. , Platt U.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The molar ratio of BrO to SO2 is, like other halogen/sulfur ratios, a possible precursor for dynamic changes in the shallow part of a volcanic system. While the predictive significance of the BrO/SO2 ratio has not been well constrained yet, it has the major advantage that this ratio can be readily measured using the remote-sensing technique differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in the UV. While BrO/SO2 ratios have been measured during several short-term field campaigns, this article presents an algorithm that can be used to obtain long-term time series of BrO/SO2 ratios from the scanning DOAS instruments of the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) or comparable networks. Parameters of the DOAS retrieval of both trace gases are given. The influence of co-adding spectra on the retrieval error and influences of radiative transfer will be investigated. Difficulties in the evaluation of spectroscopic data from monitoring instruments in volcanic environments and possible solutions are discussed. The new algorithm is demonstrated by evaluating data from the NOVAC scanning DOAS systems at Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, encompassing almost 4 years of measurements between November 2009 and end of June 2013. This data set shows variations of the BrO/SO2 ratio several weeks prior to the eruption on 30 June 2012.
AxiSEM: broadband 3-D seismic wavefields in axisymmetric media
Authors: Nissen-Meyer T. , van Driel M. , Stähler S. C. , Hosseini K. , Hempel S. , Auer L. , Colombi A. , Fournier A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We present a methodology to compute 3-D global seismic wavefields for realistic earthquake sources in visco-elastic anisotropic media, covering applications across the observable seismic frequency band with moderate computational resources. This is accommodated by mandating axisymmetric background models that allow for a multipole expansion such that only a 2-D computational domain is needed, whereas the azimuthal third dimension is computed analytically on the fly. This dimensional collapse opens doors for storing space–time wavefields on disk that can be used to compute Fréchet sensitivity kernels for waveform tomography. We use the corresponding publicly available AxiSEM (www.axisem.info) open-source spectral-element code, demonstrate its excellent scalability on supercomputers, a diverse range of applications ranging from normal modes to small-scale lowermost mantle structures, tomographic models, and comparison with observed data, and discuss further avenues to pursue with this methodology.