bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Levels on Performance of Local and Exotic Pigs
Authors: Ilori J. O. , Adegbola A. A. , Adeyanju S. A. , Omole T. A.
Published: March 2021

AN experiment involving 30 Local and 30 Large White pigs was conducted to study the effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on rate and efficiency of gain, carcass and bone characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Rate and efficiency of gain and carcass quality were not significantly different among local pigs fed varying levels of calcium and phosphorus when the same calcium; phos-phorus (Ca : P) ratio was maintained at all dietary levels. In contrast, exotic pigs receiving similar diets had a significant improvement in rate of gain. Dietary calcium and phosphorus levels affected metacarpal length, weight and also metacarpal and turbinate ash in both breeds. Growth rate and carcass quality of local pigs were however, lower than those of exotic pigs on similar diets .
PLASMA ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE VALUES IN WEANLING PIGS AS INFLUENCED BY DIETARY CALCIUM : PHOSPHORUS RATIO AND CESTRUM DIURNUM INGESTION
Authors: Kasali O. B.
Published: March 2021

Twenty Yorkshire piglets, weaned at approximately 4 weeks of age were used in this study designed to study the variation in the plasma alkaline phosphatase levels as influenced by dietary calcium and phosphorus and 3% Cestrum diurnum ingestion. Plasma alkaline phosphatase values decreased significantly in the pigs fed either normal calcium: phosphorus or low calcium: high phosphorus diets supplemented with 3% C. diurnum. The decrease in the enzyme values was attributed to the observed histological lesion of retarded osteocytic osteolysis and chondrolysis due to the direct toxic action of C. diurnum factor(s) on resorbing osteocytes.
PATHOLOGY OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) OUTBREAD IN CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS IN IBADAN
Authors: Ikede B. O. , Onyekweodiri E. O
Published: March 2021

The death of 18 calves (mostly of exotic breeds) during an outbreak of FMD (SAT-2) was attributed to sever heart lesions consisting of nonsuppurative myo cardial degeneration, haemorrhage and calcification. Mouth and feet lesions were also present. In adult cattle as well as sheep and pigs, mortality was very low and was attributed mainly to some other concurrent or secondary conditions. In view of the unusual susceptibility of exotic cattle (especially calves) it is suggested that extra precautionary measures be taken against FMD when pregnant cows are imported to enzootic areas.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE LEVELS OF SOME CHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL COMPONENTS IN THE BLOOD OF WHITE FULANI COWS IN WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Olusanya S. K.
Published: March 2021

Haematological and some biochemical determinations were made on the blood of six White Fulani heifers monthly for a period of twelve months in order to investigate any normal seasonal variations in the levels of some of these components. It was found that packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red cell count values were higher during the relatively dry months of the year than the wet months. These changes can possibly be explained by change in the water content of the serum since body water content would decrease with decrease in haemoconcentration. Total leucocyte count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and total serum protein tended to increase during the rains and were lower in the dry months, while there were no appreciable seasonal differences observed in the levels of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, inorganic phosphorus and calcium. However, mean corpuscular volume appeared to increase with increasing age
THE COCCIDIAN SPECIES PARASITIZING THE DOMESTIC GOAT IN NIGERIA
Authors: Alonge D. O.
Published: March 2021

Nine fully recognized and described species of coccidia in goats and also one species not previously described are identified. Size shape, colour, sporulation time, morphology of unsporulated oocysts were the criteria for species identification 30 out of 36 faecal sample were positive form single or mixed infections with 3 samples being pure infections of single species. The unidentified species has a low occurrence and probably is not of importance in clinical coccidiosis in goats. The sporulation time for different species is found to be directly related to the size of the oocysts. As most species sporulate within 48 hours, daily removal of faecal materials form goat pens is recommended
RELATIONSHIP OF SKIN MEASUREMENTS AND MILK PRODUCTION LEVELS IN CATTLE BREEDS MAINTAINED IN THE TROPICS
Authors: Amakiri S. F.
Published: March 2021

The relationship between mean skin thickness or hair follicle depth of the skin from the midside (12th rib) area and milk production levels of pure Friesian (Holstein)cattle breeds, their ¾ and 7/8 crosses with White Fulani zebu, and pure White Fulanis, maintained in South-Western Nigeria were studied. A strongly positive linear correlation (r = 0.9), significant at 1% level was found between skin thickness and hair follicle depth, and milk production levels in these breeds. The results indicate that for cows maintained in a hot humid tropical environment, comparative midside skin thickness and hair follicle depth could be used as indices of the milk production potential of cows. It could be a useful field tool for selection of cows for milk production when considered along with other characteristics
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF PIGS IN NIGERIA
Authors: Dfde T. I. , Steinbach J.
Published: March 2021

The beneficial effects of the use of Al and the stage of development in pigs in Nigeria were reviewed. A method for the training of the boars to mount an artificial dummy sow for the collection of semen for an AI programme has been modified for the Nigerian situation was adopted and perfected for this purpose. The normal procedure for the evaluation of semen samples have been used as one of the various methods for the selection of desirable sires for an AI programme
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF NIGERIAN AND EXOTIC POULTRY BREEDS
Authors: Egbunike G. N. , Oluyemi J. A.
Published: March 2021

THE study involved 48 adult cocks from four breeds namely, White Rock (WR), Rhode Island Red (RIR), White Leghorn (WL) and Nigerian indigenous breed (NIB). They weighed between 1 -26kg at the beginning of the experiment. The WR cock had the heaviest paired testis Weight (25.06g) while NIB had the lightest (16.549). These weights accounted for 1.04% and 1.22% of the liveweight respectively while the specific gravity of the testis from these two breeds was 1.048. The volume (0.63ml vs 0.33ml) and progressive motility of the spermatozoa (63.34 vs 58.12%) were highest in the WR and lowest in the NIB while sperm concentration (3.03 vt 2.43 x 10') was highest also in the WR but lowest in the WL. These semen characteristics were significantly influenced by breed and time of ejaculation except with the volume in which the time effect was Insignificant. The WR semen had the lowest sperm abnormalities (10.13% while RIR had the highest (13.14%). The results however Indicate that the WR cocks ejaculated the largest quantity and best quality semen, followed in order by RIR, NIB and WL
PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF BROILER CHICKENS IN THE TROPICS
Authors: Njike M. C. , Ndife L. I.
Published: March 2021

An experimental design consisting of four or three protein levels and three energy levels were used to determine the optimum protein and energy requirements for starting broilers (0-6) weeks of age and finishing broilers (6-10) weeks of age. For the starting phase, four protein levels (20, 23, 24 and 26%) and three energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg) were employed, while in the finishing phase three protein levels (18, 20 and 22%) and the same three energy levels as in the starting phase were used. In the two experiments growth rate and feed efficiency improved as protein level increased. The 3000 Keal ME/kg energy level appeared to be the best for maximal growth. Of the four protein levels used for the starting phase, the minimum required for growth was clearly shown to be 23% while 20% was minimum required for the finishing phase. The results of the present studies indicate that the following minimal protein and metabolizable energy levels were required for broiler chicks in the tropics: 23–24% protein with energy level of 2800-3000 Kcal ME/kg for the starting phrase and 20% protein and energy level of 2800 - 3000 Kcal ME/kg for the finishing phase.
OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FOUR GENO- TYPES OF LOCAL AND EXOTIC GROWER PULLETS IN THE HUMID TROPICS
Authors: Obioha F. C. , Asuquo B. O. , Igbo E. O.
Published: March 2021

TWENTY four dietary combinations of metabolisable energy (ME) levels 2,6-3.2 Mcal/kg and protein levels 14-22%, were fed to equal numbers of 4 genotypes of local x exotic chickens in 2 experiments, to identify the optimum diet for growth under tropical conditions. The diet with ME 3.0 Mcal/Kg and 18% protein proved the most ade­quate in promoting maximum biological and economic efficiency for growing pullets 8.20 weeks old. Feed consumption was depressed by ME values above 3.0 Mcal/kg (P<0.005) but not by 2.6-3.0 Mcal/kg ME values. Body weights at 140 days wre significantly correlated with protein levels but negatively with age at first egg. High protein levels accelerated sexual maturity but the correlation was not significant. The local male x exotic female cross exhibited high heterosis and was equal to or better than the exotic, while its reciprocal cross was nearly as poor as the local, in overall performance. Both groups showed slight indications of dietary specifici­ty but not enough evidence of separate dietary re­quirements.
EFEKTIVITAS KUNYIT (Curcuma domestica) SEBAGAI PEREDUKSI FORMALIN PADA TAHU
Authors: Berlian Zainal , Pane Elfira Rosa , Hartati Sri
Published: March 2021

The use of formalin increasingly widely circulated among sellers tahu, because nature tahu easily broken then the sellers know much use out using formalin. Turmeric has active compounds that issaponin. It can be used to minimize the presence of formaldehyde in tahu This study used tahu immersed in 5% formalin solution added a solution of turmeric. The research carried on in the Laboratory of the Polytechnic Palembang Health Nutrition Department. Determination of formaldehyde using a spectrophotometer test. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a model of Factorial three factors, namely soaking treatment (60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes) giving a solution of Turmeric (0 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %) and storage factor (0, 24, 48, 72 hours). The parameters used are formaldehyde levels and organoleptic test. These results indicate that treatment of soaking time did not significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde in tahu that F count -0.022 smaller than F table 6.94. Treatment addition of turmeric solution concentration does not significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde at 0.864 tahu that F count is smaller than F table 3.16. The storage time treatment also did not significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde in tahu that F count -11.16 smaller than 2.73. However, the interaction between the immersion treatment, turmeric solution concentration and storage time significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde in the tahu, namely 282.16 F count larger than F table 1.75. And the results of organoleptic able to change the texture of aroma and color in tahu with decreasing levels of formaldehyde in tahu. In this study, formaldehyde levels lowest in 90 minutes soaking treatment, the concentration of 20 % deposit 72 hours .
PENERAPAN FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM UNTUK DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT TELINGA, HIDUNG DAN TENGGOROKAN BERBASIS ANDROID
Authors: Mansuri Mansuri , Kartika Rury Retno
Published: March 2021

Meningkatnya perkembangan teknologi saat ini, salah satunya teknologi mobile atau smartphone, hal ini tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa kehidupan manusia dengan perangkat mobile sudah melekat. Dengan adanya sistem operasi dalam smartphone, salah satunya sistem operasi android yang digunakan oleh teknologi mobile yang dapat membantu pekerjaan manusia Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang aplikasi sistem pakar diagnose penyakit THT berbasis android dengan metode Fuzzy Logic. Dengan aplikasi ini dapat memeberikan informasi lebih cepat untuk mengetahui maslah yang terjadi pada bagian telinga, hidung, dan tenggorokan. Aplikasi ini juga dapat memberikan solusi yang terbaik dalam menentukan penanganan sesuai dengan diagnosa yang telah diketahui. Dengan adanya aplikasi ini pengguna layaknya seperti berhadapan dengan dokter langsung, jadi pengguna bisa mendapatkan penanganan yang lebih cepat tanpa harus memakan waktu untuk menemui dokter
Measurement report: Spatial variations in ionic chemistry and water-stable isotopes in the snowpack on glaciers across Svalbard during the 2015–2016 snow accumulation season
Authors: Barbaro Elena , Koziol Krystyna , Björkman Mats P. , Vega Carmen P. , Zdanowicz Christian , Martma Tonu , Gallet Jean-Charles , Kępski Daniel , Larose Catherine , Luks Bartłomiej , Tolle Florian , Schuler Thomas V. , Uszczyk Aleksander , Spolaor Andrea
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The Svalbard archipelago, located at the Arctic sea-ice edge between 74 and 81∘ N, is ∼60 % covered by glaciers. The region experiences rapid variations in atmospheric flow during the snow season (from late September to May) and can be affected by air advected from both lower and higher latitudes, which likely impact the chemical composition of snowfall. While long-term changes in Svalbard snow chemistry have been documented in ice cores drilled from two high-elevation glaciers, the spatial variability of the snowpack composition across Svalbard is comparatively poorly understood. Here, we report the results of the most comprehensive seasonal snow chemistry survey to date, carried out in April 2016 across 22 sites on seven glaciers across the archipelago. At each glacier, three snowpits were sampled along the altitudinal profiles and the collected samples were analysed for major ions (Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, NH4+, SO42-, Br−, Cl−, and NO3-) and stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H). The main aims were to investigate the natural and anthropogenic processes influencing the snowpack and to better understand the influence of atmospheric aerosol transport and deposition patterns on the snow chemical composition. The snow deposited in the southern region of Svalbard is characterized by the highest total ionic loads, mainly attributed to sea-salt particles. Both NO3- and NH4+ in the seasonal snowpack reflect secondary aerosol formation and post-depositional changes, resulting in very different spatial deposition patterns: NO3- has its highest loading in north-western Spitsbergen and NH4+ in the south-west. The Br− enrichment in snow is highest in north-eastern glacier sites closest to areas of extensive sea-ice coverage. Spatial correlation patterns between Na+ and δ18O suggest that the influence of long-range transport of aerosols on snow chemistry is proportionally greater above 600–700 m a.s.l.
Are there memory effects on greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4) following grassland restoration?
Authors: Merbold Lutz , Decock Charlotte , Eugster Werner , Fuchs Kathrin , Wolf Benjamin , Buchmann Nina , Hörtnagl Lukas
Published: March 2021

Abstract. A 5-year greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange study of the three major gas
species (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from an intensively managed
permanent grassland in Switzerland is presented. Measurements comprise 2 years (2010 and 2011) of manual static chamber measurements of CH4 and
N2O, 5 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurements
(CO2–H2O – 2010–2014), and 3 years (2012–2014) of EC
measurement of CH4 and N2O. Intensive grassland management
included both regular and sporadic management activities. Regular management
practices encompassed mowing (three to five cuts per year) with subsequent organic
fertilizer amendments and occasional grazing, whereas sporadic management
activities comprised grazing or similar activities. The primary objective of
our measurements was to compare pre-plowing to post-plowing GHG exchange
and to identify potential memory effects of such a substantial disturbance
on GHG exchange and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) gains and losses. In order to
include measurements carried out with different observation techniques, we
tested two different measurement techniques jointly in 2013, namely the
manual static chamber approach and the eddy covariance technique for
N2O, to quantify the GHG exchange from the observed grassland site. Our results showed that there were no memory effects on N2O and
CH4 emissions after plowing, whereas the CO2 uptake of the site
considerably increased when compared to pre-restoration years. In detail,
we observed large losses of CO2 and N2O during the year of
restoration. In contrast, the grassland acted as a carbon sink under usual
management, i.e., the time periods 2010–2011 and 2013–2014. Enhanced
emissions and emission peaks of N2O (defined as exceeding background
emissions 0.21 ± 0.55 nmol m−2 s−1 (SE = 0.02) for
at least 2 sequential days and the 7 d moving average exceeding
background emissions) were observed for almost 7 continuous months after
restoration as well as following organic fertilizer applications during all
years. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEECO2) showed a common
pattern of increased uptake of CO2 in spring and reduced uptake in late
fall. NEECO2 dropped to zero and became positive after each harvest
event. Methane (CH4) exchange fluctuated around zero during all years.
Overall, CH4 exchange was of negligible importance for both the GHG
budget and the carbon budget of the site. Our results stress the inclusion of grassland restoration events when
providing cumulative sums of C sequestration potential and/or global
warming potential (GWP). Consequently, this study further highlights the
need for continuous long-term GHG exchange observations as well as for the
implementation of our findings into biogeochemical process models to track
potential GHG mitigation objectives as well as to predict future GHG
emission scenarios reliably.
Impact of moderate energetic ﬁne-scale dynamics on the
phytoplankton community structure in the western Mediterranean
Sea
Authors: Tzortzis Roxane , Doglioli Andrea M. , Barrillon Stéphanie , Petrenko Anne A. , d'Ovidio Francesco , Izard Lloyd , Thyssen Melilotus , Pascual Ananda , Barceló-Llull Bàrbara , Cyr Frédéric , Tedetti Marc , Bhairy Nagib , Garreau Pierre , Dumas Franck , Gregori Gérald
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Model simulations and remote sensing observations show that ocean dynamics at fine scales (1–100 km in space, day–weeks in time) strongly influence the distribution of phytoplankton. However, only few in situ samplings have been performed and most of them in boundary currents which may not be representative of less energetic regions. The PROTEVSMED-SWOT cruise took place in the moderately energetic waters of the western Mediterranean Sea, in the southern region of the Balearic Islands. Taking advantage of near-real time satellite information, a sampling strategy was defined in order to cross a frontal zone separating different water masses. Multi-parametric in situ sensors mounted on the vessel, on a towed fish and on an ocean glider were used to sample at high spatial resolution both physical and biogeochemical variables. A particular attention was put in adapting the sampling route, in order to also estimate the vertical velocities in the frontal area. Such a strategy was successful in sampling quasi-synoptically an oceanic area characterized by the presence of a narrow front with an associated vertical circulation. A multiparametric statistical analysis of the collected data identifies two water masses characterized by different abundances of several phytoplankton cytometric functional groups, as well as different contents in chlorophyll a and O2. Our study shows that the Lagrangian fronts induced by the fine-scale circulation, even if much weaker than the fronts occurring in boundary current systems, maintain a strong structuring effect on phytoplankton community by segregating different taxa at the surface.
Diverging responses of high-latitude CO2 and CH4 emissions in idealized climate change scenarios
Authors: de Vrese Philipp , Stacke Tobias , Kleinen Thomas , Brovkin Victor
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The present study investigates the response of the high-latitude carbon cycle
to changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in idealized
climate change scenarios. To this end we use an adapted version of JSBACH –
the land surface component of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth
System Model (MPI-ESM) – that accounts for the organic matter stored in the
permafrost-affected soils of the high northern latitudes. The model is run
under different climate scenarios that assume an increase in GHG
concentrations, based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5 and the
Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, which peaks in the years 2025, 2050,
2075 or 2100, respectively. The peaks are followed by a decrease in
atmospheric GHGs that returns the concentrations to the levels at the
beginning of the 21st century, reversing the imposed climate change. We show
that the soil CO2 emissions exhibit an almost linear dependence on the
global mean surface temperatures that are simulated for the different climate
scenarios. Here, each degree of warming increases the fluxes by, very roughly,
50 % of their initial value, while each degree of cooling decreases them
correspondingly. However, the linear dependence does not mean that the
processes governing the soil CO2 emissions are fully reversible on
short timescales but rather that two strongly hysteretic factors offset each
other – namely the net primary productivity and the availability of formerly
frozen soil organic matter. In contrast, the soil methane emissions show a
less pronounced increase with rising temperatures, and they are consistently
lower after the peak in the GHG concentrations than prior to it. Here, the net
fluxes could even become negative, and we find that methane emissions will play
only a minor role in the northern high-latitude contribution to global
warming, even when considering the high global warming potential of the
gas. Finally, we find that at a global mean temperature of roughly
1.75 K (±0.5 K) above pre-industrial levels the high-latitude ecosystem turns from a CO2 sink into a source of atmospheric
carbon, with the net fluxes into the atmosphere increasing substantially with
rising atmospheric GHG concentrations. This is very different from scenario
simulations with the standard version of the MPI-ESM, in which the region
continues to take up atmospheric CO2 throughout the entire 21st
century, confirming that the omission of permafrost-related processes and the
organic matter stored in the frozen soils leads to a fundamental
misrepresentation of the carbon dynamics in the Arctic.
A Educação Especial como campo acadêmico no Brasil: fontes de pesquisa
Authors: Casagrande Rosana de Castro
Published: March 2021

his article aimed to indicate the main sources of research used to explore the constitution of the academic field of Special Education. A set of 13 research sources was organized, divided between the three moments that resulted in the academic constitution process of Special Education: 1. Background; 2. Constituent; and 3. Expansion. Based on the concept of Pierre Bourdieu’s field, on authors from the field of Special Education and on authors dealing with the institutionalization of academic fields, it was obtained as results: a) The texts that circulated in Journals on Education and the training of teachers characterized the sources on the theoretical field of Special Education; b) The sources of the constituent moment pointed to the 1960s as the starting point of the academic field, through the offer of the first courses focused on Special Education at the Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, until the emergence in 1989, of the Work group GT15 of the National Association of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Education - ANPEd; and c) The moment of expansion of the field was evidenced by the sources, from the 1990s, with the development of the inclusive movement, to the present day. Expansion of research is necessary to strengthen this field.
Inquéritos policiais: tipos de violência contra as mulheres
Authors: Albuquerque Iara Maribondo , Rosas Torres Ana Raquel , Álvaro Estramiana José Luis , Garrido Luque Alicia , Pereira Rodrigues Dayane Mirelly
Published: March 2021

Neste trabalho, de cunho descritivo-exploratório, analisamos inquéritos policiais abertos na Delegacia Especializada de Atendimento à Mulher (DEAM) de um município do Nordeste Brasileiro buscando investigar as configurações que a violência contra a mulher pode assumir. Analisamos 100 inquéritos dos anos de 2015, 2016 e 2017 (N=300). Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise textual realizada com auxílio do Software IRAMUTEQ. Em síntese, os resultados aqui encontrados mostram que não há um perfil específico da mulher vítima de violência e que seus agressores são, majoritariamente, homens conhecidos por elas. Além disso, há uma prevalência das violências psicológica e física e é possível observar uma associação entre o álcool e outras drogas e a violência por elas sofrida. Por fim, este estudo traz subsídios para maiores discussões sobre esse tema e sobre a necessidade da elaboração de métodos mais eficazes de intervenção em casos de violência contra a mulher.
The importance of data revisions for statistical inference
Authors: Ziembińska Paulina
Published: March 2021

The aim of the study is a quantitative analysis of revisions conducted by means of a new, real-time macroeconomic dataset for Poland, designed on the basis of the Statistical bulletin (Biuletyn statystyczny) published by Statistics Poland, covering the period from as early as 1995 until 2017. Polish data have positively verified a number of hypotheses concerning the impact of data revisions on the modelling process. Procedures assessing the properties of time series can yield widely discrepant results, depending on the extent to which the applied data have been revised. A comparison of the fitted ARIMA models for series of initial and final data demonstrates that the fitted models are similar for the majority of variables. In the cases where the form of the model is identical for both series, the coefficients retain their scale and sign. Most differences between coefficients result from a different structure of the fitted model, which causes differences in the autoregressive structure and can have a considerable impact on the ex ante inference. A prognostic experiment confirmed these observations. For a large number of variables, the total impact of revisions on the forecasting process exceeds 10%. Extreme cases, where the impact goes beyond 100%, or situations where data have a direct impact on the forecast sign, are also relatively frequent. Taking these results into account by forecasters could significantly improve the quality of their predictions. The forecast horizon has a minor impact on these conclusions. The article is a continuation of the author's work from 2017.
Assessment of Effectiveness of 15 Weeks of Physical Therapy on Biplanar Ankle Mobility, Gait and Pain Level in Patients Following Operative Repair of the Achilles Tendon
Authors: Sikorski Łukasz , Czamara Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Background. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of 15 weeks of physical therapy on biplanar ankle mobility, gait and pain level in patients following operative repair of the Achilles tendon.
Material and methods. The study enrolled two groups of patients; a group of men (n=40) after operative repair of the Achilles tendon, who underwent 15 weeks of postoperative physiotherapy (Group I) and a group of men (n=40) without Achilles tendon injury (Group II). The ranges of motion for supination, pronation, plantar and dorsiflexion of the foot were measured in both groups. The ankle and shin circumferences were also measured. 10-meter unassisted walking, the Thom­son test results and pain according to a VAS scale were assessed. In Group I the tests were carried out after 5 and 20 weeks following open Achilles tendon repair. A test for dependent samples was used to compare within-group statistics and the ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were used for between-group comparison.
Results. After 15 weeks of postoperative physical therapy, the patients in Group I had regained the ability to walk unassisted, all measured ranges of motion had improved significantly (from p=0.0001 to p=0.001), the ankle circumference on the operated side had decreased (p=0.002) and no pain was reported. However, the between-group comparison showed persistent, significantly decreased values of supination and plantar flexion on the operated side (p=0.001).
Conclusions. 1. 15 weeks of postoperative physical therapy after open Achilles tendon repair restored painless function of the ankle joint and unassisted walking. 2. Despite a significant improvement in the range of motion, supination and plantar flexion of the foot on the operated side were not fully restored.
Comparison of Bone Mineral Density at Hip and Lumbar Spine in Patients with Femoral Neck Fractures and Pertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Chewakidakarn Chulin , Yuenyongviwat Varah
Published: March 2021

Background. Geriatric hip fractures, including femoral neck and pertrochanteric fractures, are common nowadays, which is related to increasing numbers of elderly people worldwide. Osteoporosis is an important risk factor associated with hip fractures. This study aimed to describe the association of hip fractures and osteoporosis at different BMD measurement sites and determine any differences between these two types of hip fracture.
Material and methods. A retrospective study conducted in a university hospital in the south of Thailand enrolled 223 patients aged over 50 years with low-energy trauma hip fractures. Each patient had undergone dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) within 2 weeks of injury. T-scores were recorded for the total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine areas and classified as normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis according to WHO osteoporosis diagnostic criteria.
Results. The highest proportion of T-scores in the osteoporotic range were registered at the femoral neck (68.6%) compared to total hip (52.9%) and lumbar spine (47.7%). At least 31.4% of patients were in the non-osteoporotic range. No significant differences were found at all sites of BMD measurement between the two types of fracture.
Conclusions. 1. At least 1/3 of patients with geriatric hip fractures had their T-scores in the normal to oste­ope­nic range. 2. BMD in different areas is not different between types of hip fractures.
The Study of the Structural, Morphological, and Mechanical Characteristics of the Laser-Irradiated Aluminium Targets
Authors: SHAHID Wajeehah , SHAHID Samiah , ZAHEER UD DIN Syed , WANG Wentao , CHENG Wei
Published: March 2021

Aluminium samples are irradiated using a continuous-wave diode laser in a laboratory environment to study the effect on its surface, structural, and mechanical properties. The exposed samples are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometer for the surface and structural morphology, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic analysis unveils the realization of micrometer grain size, exfoliational sputtering, and crater production. The diffractometric x-ray analysis reveals the grain size, d-spacing, and dislocation line density of the targeted samples. The hardness of the samples as a function of exposure time is investigated using the micro Vickers hardness tester to perceive the mechanical properties. An increase in micro-hardness is observed with the increase in the exposure time.
From Decentring Agenda to Decentring Application. An Illustrative Case of Decentring the EU’s Human Rights and Democracy Country Strategies
Authors: Taufar Patrik
Published: March 2021

In recent years the international landscape has undergone major shifts and deep transformations. These facts are mirrored in the academic literature introducing concepts of Global International Relations, pluralization of agency and norms contestation. Particularly, European studies is now confronted with a challenging task to contribute to the identification, analysis and further outline of the appropriate strategies for the EU in this new complex and more demanding reality. One of the latest conceptual attempts proposes solutions which ‘make sense of our multipolar order and…reconstitute European agency in a non-European world’ arrived in the package of the so-called ‘Decentring agenda’ (Nikolaïdis & Fisher Onar 2013). Recently authors have delivered on the operationalization of the decentring agenda into various spheres of scientific inquiry dealing with European affairs (Keukeleire & Lecocq, 2018). This article aims to further extend the reach of decentring, specifically towards practical application of decentring in strategic policy planning and policymaking. The EU’s External Human Rights Policy (EHRP) is a particularly sensitive subject calling for the application of the decentring approach. Particularly in this paper, decentring is demonstrated and illustratively applied on the very basic, direct and strategic level of Human Rights and Democracy Country Strategies (HRDCS). It intends to fill the small but crucial gap between academic conceptual work, which is still not fully in touch with practical application, and the demand from the side of policymakers who lack time for study and ‘translation’ of conceptual innovations stemming from political theory and political science into their daily practice.
Soon the Sentence Sign
Authors: Hoenig David M. ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: March 2021

Does artificial intelligence have a place in jurisprudence and justice? Are there jobs where you would prefer AI to be in charge? Should the expense of trial (vs accepting a plea offer) be a factor in determining the punishment for a crime? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Jason lives on a remote planet colony and has been arrested for hitting a fellow bar patron over the head with a beer bottle. The arresting officer gives him a choice. He can sit in jail and wait for the rotating judge to come through in a few months, or he can use Judicial Suite 3.7.1 and save everyone the time and trouble of a real judge in a court hearing. Jason accepts the use of the AI judge and is offered the choice of various AI lawyers to represent him. He is unable to decide which AI lawyer he wants to have represent him so he decides to plead guilty and allow the AI judge matrix to determine his punishment. The AI judge reviews the case and issues Jason a fine and therapy. Jason emerges from the “court room” and sees his arresting officer waiting for him. She informs him she had a bet with her fellow officer on if he would use the software or not. She won the bet.
Echo
Authors: Glover Jenna ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: March 2021

What rights should sentient AI beings be given? What rights to work, technology, or gatherings should AI being be granted? Should AI be allowed the choice to commit suicide? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Martha dies. She wakes up three years later with her consciousness put into the body of an android. She did not ask for this, it simply happened. She is forced to accept that Martha is dead, and that she must live out her new life as Echo. As an android, she has limited rights. She cannot see her former family or friends. She can only work for minimum wage. She cannot interact with any technology. She cannot go to the same location more than twice in a week. She cannot meet other androids for prolonged periods of time. She is not even allowed to terminate her own existence. Her only friend is a journalist who is trying to get the “android story” out. He does this by using an override switch that paralyzes Echo and allows him to download her complete data set since her inception.
Generative and Perceptive Models of Volition
Authors: Razeev Danil N. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

In recent decades, scientists and philosophers have developed several naturalistic theories of consciousness, in which they try to work out some theoretical foundations for a satisfactory solution to the problem of voluntary acts, in particular the genesis of voluntary bodily movements. From the author’s point of view, depending on which concept of consciousness scientists rely on in their empirical studies of voluntary movements, volition can be understood either as a generative act or as a perceptual act. The first part of the article shows that nowadays there are two competing philosophical and scientific models of volition: the generative model (dualistic and casualistic types) and the perceptual model (strong and weak types). The second part of the article deals with some experimental data from cognitive psychology and neuroscience related to the study of voluntary movements and concludes that they are in favor of the perceptive model of volition.
Alexius Meinong's Extraontology
Authors: Seliverstov Vladimir V. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The notion of Ausersein/outbeing, proposed by Alexius Meinong, was for a long time in the shadow of the principle of the Ausersein of a pure object, which made it possible to make non-existent objects part of a judgment. This principle was adopted by many followers of Meinong within the framework of analytical philosophy, but the very concept of Ausersein was almost totally ignored. When it’s become an object of research, there appeared several interpretations of it. It was interpreted either as a way of describing the ontological status of non-existent objects, or as a basic property of all objects without exception. Dale Jacquette suggests interpreting Ausersein as extraontology, i.e. a metasemantic category that includes all items. In this article, we will analyse the arguments of modern interpreters of this notion and try to find out which interpretation is most correct.
From Modernization to Greening
Authors: Gerasimova Irina A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the problem of complex relationships between the two leading areas of scientific, technical and socio-cultural development – modernization and greening. The emergence of new general scientific methodologies and interdisciplinary types of knowledge is largely due to the release of human demiurgic activity to the planetary level. A new interdisciplinary area of research is gaining momentum – geoecology. Natural and socio-humanitarian sciences are involved in the study of geoecological problems. In social epistemology, the problem of interaction between science, technology and society goes to the global level. Philosophical concepts of nature constitute the prerequisites for scientific paradigms, which in the era of global crisis and transformations of public consciousness are multiple and compete with each other. The ideas of scientific vitalism find expression in the life sciences and environmental sciences. Scientific and public discussions on the problems of the new climate regime, pandemic and other global challenges actively influence the formation of new modes of “collective thinking”, involving science, engineering, geopolitics, business, society and culture. Author makes a conclusion about the formation of the methodologies of the ecogeosystem approach, in which living beings, humans, natural environments, the planet as a whole and the surrounding space are considered as open, interacting systems. The common interests of the people of the Earth form a new type of community – geosociality. Humanity is facing a radical value choice – unlimited modernization or reasonable greening? Ideal of a common world or egoism of elites? A turn to an effective ecological worldview is possible only in the context of transformations of public consciousness, restoration of the rights of humanitarian culture and the advanced development o fenvironmentally friendly design.
Ethical Reading of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Authors: Rodin Kirill A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The hundred-year history of interpretations of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus we examine in the article through a gradual approach (through the refusal of researchers from obviously erroneous interpretations) to an ethical (or metaphilosophical) reading of the work. The latter explains Wittgenstein’s unambiguous indication of ethical meaning as the main meaning of the Tractatus and consistently reconciles various parts of the work (ontology, figurative theory of meaning, rejection of the theory of types and logical constants, etc.) with the latest so-called ethical and mystical statements of the Tractatus and with demanding silence. An ethical (metaphilosophical) reading explains the continuing influence and relevance of the Tractatus and is presented in the article as a necessary condition for understanding the continuity between the works of early and late Wittgenstein.
Logical Positivism, Wittgenstein and Ethical Value of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Authors: Surovtsev Valeriy A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The problem of interconnection of L. Wittgenstein and logical positivism is considered. It is proved that mutual influence did not exist and could not exist due to dissimilarities between the tasks proposed in the “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus” and the goals that are basic for the representatives of the Vienna Circle. But the difference between the tasks and the goals does not diminish the value of the philosophy of early Wittgenstein, if even his philosophy cannot be interpreted from the point of view of the Unified Science. But the ethical value of the “Tractatus” is problematic too. It does not contain any positive decisions for the humanities.
Kant’s Religion as a Response to the Pantheism Controversy
Authors: Head Jonathan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

This paper places Kant’s Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason within the historical context of the pantheism controversy between Mendelssohn and Jacobi. I argue that reading Religion with this context in mind shines new light upon passages connected with the need for a moral archetype and prototype in the form of Christ, as well as various comments upon the relation between Christianity and Judaism. Within this new viewpoint, we can also see Religion as ultimately concerned with promoting Christianity, broadly understood, as the most appropriate historical vehicle for the promulgation of rational religion, and thus as a cornerstone of the Enlightenment project.
Person and Spirit
Authors: Tullius William ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

Much of Edith Stein’s work on personhood is influenced by Max Scheler’s ethically focused Christian personalism. But Stein’s own treatment of the ethical implications of personalism is not yet well studied. While the ethical theme is visible early on, it is not until the 1930s that the implicitly Christian dimension of her personalism became explicit. Stein mined her Christian personalism for its ethical and pedagogical implications on the topic of self-formation. This paper reviews the lines of development of Stein’s Christian personalism and examines its centrality for a concept of ethical education.
Big Brother Goes to School
Authors: Jenkins Ryan , Rentz Zachary I. , Abney Keith ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

Few sectors are more affected by COVID-19 than higher education. There is growing recognition that reopening the densely populated communities of higher education will require surveillance technologies, but many of these technologies pose threats to the privacy of the very students, faculty, and staff they are meant to protect. The authors have a history of working with our institution’s governing bodies to provide ethical guidance on the use of technologies, especially including those with significant implications for privacy. Here, we draw on that experience to provide guidelines for using surveillance technologies to reopen college campuses safely and responsibly, even under the specter of covid. We aim to generalize our recommendations, so they are sensitive to the practical realities and constraints that universities face.
¿Quién demonios es U2?
Authors: Roig Antoni
Published: March 2021

El pasado 9 de septiembre, durante el evento especial de Apple en Cupertino, California, para presentar el iPhone 6, asistimos a un momento inesperado y de consecuencias también inesperadas. Sobre el escenario, Tim Cook (CEO de Apple) y Bono (‘CEO’ de la legendaria banda de rock U2, que ofreció una breve actuación), iniciaron un diálogo distendido durante el cual el cantante invitó a Cook a enviar su nuevos disco, Songs of Innocence, en aquel mismo momento, automáticamente y de forma gratuita a los centenares de millones de usuarios de iTunes. Y así se hizo. Un momento histórico que parecía destinado a cambiar el rumbo de la industria musical. Pero quizás no como esperaban.
Cine y sueños
Authors: Sánchez-Navarro Jordi
Published: March 2021

Alfred Hitchcock dejó numerosas frases para la posteridad, no en vano es considerado uno de los grandes maestros de la historia del cine. Su influencia puede rastrearse en todo el cine posterior y sus perlas de sabiduría se citan con reverencia. Sobre su relación con el público de sus películas, Hitchcock intentaba aplicar un principio muy claro: al público, decía, “dale placer, el mismo que obtiene cuando despierta de una pesadilla”.
La red en lucha: queremos más por menos
Authors: Aranda Dani
Published: March 2021

Internet es una infraestructura que sustenta una porción cada vez más importante de nuestra cotidianidad. El mundo digital es, para unos, una oportunidad de cambio y transformación social, cultural, económica y política y, para otros, un nuevo entorno donde reproducir los antiguos miedos y avaricias del tradicional mundo analógico.
Sobre selfies e investigación: algunas consideraciones metodológicas
Authors: San Cornelio Gemma
Published: March 2021

El selfie está de moda. Bueno, sí, como casi todos los temas sobre los que escribimos en esta revista. Vamos a reconocerlo de entrada: hay un punto de esnobismo entre los investigadores en comunicación y ciencias sociales; nos gusta estar a la última y entender los diferentes fenómenos sociales. Tanto es así que nos lanzamos enseguida a la piscina para abordar los temas candentes. Esto lo pude observar en el pasado congreso de ECREA 2014 (la asociación europea de investigación y docencia en comunicación), por ejemplo, en relación a las presentaciones sobre big data, donde los proyectos desarrollados están, en su mayoría, más en el plano de la reflexión sobre el objeto de estudio que en el de los resultados. Algo similar sucede con el fenómeno del selfie.
Entre lo perdurable y lo efímero al alcance de la mano
Authors: Martínez Martínez Silvia
Published: March 2021

Tradicionalmente, en periodismo, el tiempo y el espacio han sido importantes condicionantes en la labor informativa. Más allá del ciclo productivo del sector comunicativo convencional, marcado por la periodicidad del medio, la distribución también quedaba sujeta a limitaciones geográficas. La propia emisión y publicación de contenidos es medida en términos temporales o espaciales. La irrupción de la Red ha diluido estas barreras ampliando las posibilidades de la profesión periodística y aumentando las opciones de publicación de los contenidos. No obstante, como se verá, esta mayor apertura no ha estado exenta de riesgos para el desempeño de la labor informativa.
Límites de la belleza irreal en publicidad
Authors: Vilajoana Alejandre Sandra
Published: March 2021

En los últimos meses, tres campañas publicitarias han reabierto la polémica en el Reino Unido sobre el abuso de las técnicas de retoque de imágenes en anuncios de productos cosméticos. ¿Vulneran también la legislación española estas campañas? ¿Qué sentido tiene y, sobre todo, qué consecuencias conlleva el uso (¡y abuso!) del retoque digital en publicidad?