bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Institutional Investors
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

You are a casual investor in the stock market who does not do much research on individual stocks. One day, two of your friends give you their suggestions on which stock you should buy. The first friend is a casual investor, just like you. The other friend is the head of the research division of a big pension fund. You know both friends are equally smart but you can take advice from only one of them. We guess that you will probably pick the stock recommended by the friend working for the pension fund. Why? You think this friend knows more about the stock he or she recommends.
Diversification versus Focus
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

In a room full of REIT managers, all that is needed to start a heated debate is for someone to say, “Should we concentrate or diversify our investments?” Indeed, all practitioners and academics alike have strong views on this issue and those on each side seem to have good theoretical justifications for the positions they hold. The best way to end the argument would seem to be the use of empirical evidence; yet, although there are some empirical studies on the issue, the results are mixed.
REIT Security Offerings
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

Investors in initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stocks in the United States earned, on average, about an 18% return on the first day of trading during the 1970-2000 period. Recent examples from the Internet industry show an even higher price jump on the first day-as high as 697 .5% for VA Linux, which went public in December 1999. However, if you are an investor in the REIT IPO market, do not get too excited when you are allocated some REIT IPO shares. The average price increase of these shares on the first trading day was only 0.21% during the 1970-2000 period.
The Predictability of the REIT Stock Market
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

The idea that security prices might follow consistent, predictable patterns that would lead to profitable stock-trading strategies is one that has fascinated investors since securities exchanges were first invented. An investor can become very rich very quickly if he or she is able to earn an aboveaverage profit consistently by simply using public information and a selfdevised profitable trading strategy. Indeed, to devise a profitable trading strategy is the dream of every investor, including REIT investors.
The Future of REITs
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

The REIT concept that was first introduced to public investors in the early 1960s has changed significantly over the past 40 years. During this period of evolution, REIT managers have become more seasoned and REITs themselves have become more structured. Security analysts and pension fund managers are paying more attention to REITs as their capitalization and trading volume have grown. These changes have caused Wall Street to recognize REITs as an increasingly important asset class that warrants greater attention.
Introduction
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In January 1942, Ed Peterson, an African American from Chicago, wrote a letter to the Chicago Defender. With America’s wartime propaganda machine glorifying the nation’s past, Peterson was irritated that this past so often ignored African Americans. Instead, thrifty, hard-working European immigrants supposedly made America—settling its untamed wilderness, laboring in its factories, and farming and peopling its vast frontier. “One would imagine,” wrote Peterson, “that the colored race never did any thing to build up the country.” Moreover, he argued, European immigrants arrived in the United States with privileges that most African Americans could only dream of:

The immigrants had all the advantages of coming to the open American white freedom while Negroes had to continue in bondage, at least of thought—for a long while due to the prejudices of the native whites. The immigrant was given encouragement and in time full opportunity to share in the social life of the whites anywhere. ... The white immigrant found his unions and his white congressional politician. . . . The white immigrant finds his way to the top social ranks, though at one time he was a pal of the colored youths who might have lived in his neighborhood. Friends in childhood, in maturity the white one lives in the quiet, healthful suburbs, while the colored one lives in the dusty, dirty restricted neighborhood and can never leave it.
Early Italian Chicago
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century Chicago was the quintessential boom town. When incorporated in 1833, it was a lonely, swampy outpost of several hundred people located where a small river ran into Lake Michigan. No more than fifty years later, it was one of the largest cities and most important manufacturing and commercial centers in the world. With jobs aplenty in any number of industries—steel, clothing, timber, packing, mail-order, railroads—workers flocked to the city from all over the United States, much of Europe, and, at different times, parts of Asia and Latin America. As a result, the city’s population exploded, going from just over 100,000 in 1860 to over ten times that number thirty years later. By 1920, Chicago had just over 2.7 million inhabitants, making it the second most populous city in America and one of the largest in the world. And while roughly an equal share of native-born Americans and immigrants made Chicago’s spectacular growth possible, the city increasingly became a foreign-born Mecca during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By 1900, immigrants and their children constituted almost 80 percent of Chicago’s inhabitants.
Riot and Relations
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1929, the Chicago Evening Post wrote a glowing, fullpage tribute to the city’s Italian population. It praised “Our Modern Romans” for being the “sons of the men who founded the empire of Caesar . . . [and who] carried the conquering eagles over all Gaul, and across the sea to Ultima Thule.” The newspaper was equally impressed with Italians’ more recent success in Chicago—their speedy assimilation, strong work ethic, and impressive social mobility. Offered as proof positive of the first of these virtues was the following statement: “Today it does not matter whether his [an Italian’s] neighbors are Irish, Germans or Swedes. It is very seldom that he inquires who are the owners of adjacent property, so long as they belong to the Caucasian race.”

This chapter examines neighborhood relations in Chicago between the Color Riot of 1919 and the mid-1930s, a period when the first wave of African-American and Mexican migration (i.e., non-”Caucasians”) arrived during and after World War I, and when, because of restriction laws, Italian immigration effectively ended and more stable Chicago communities emerged. On the one hand, the Evening Post’s observation was accurate.
The Duty to Use the Safest Procreative Method Available
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

A few years ago, Italian authorities shut down a Florentine sperm bank that was selling the sperm of a man infected with hepatitis C and genital herpes. Because his diseases were transmissible through his sperm, the failure to exclude him had risked the health of both the women inseminated with his sperm and the children so conceived. A few months ago, a similar incident occurred in California involving the failure to screen out a donor with a family history of polycystic kidney disease.’ It seems self-evident that management practices like these threaten the welfare of future children. Failure to screen donors inflicts unnecessary suffering.
Treatments Too Dangerous to Use Even as a Last Resort
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have explored situations in which patients and clinics either intentionally or accidentally take an unnecessarily risky route to reproduction. In some situations, however, even the safest available procedure may be too dangerous. This chapter asks whether there are some circumstances in which the risks associated with a particular technique are so serious that the technique should never be used, even if no safer alternative exists.’ Consider, for example, the future reproductive method that so entrances the media and the politicians-cloning. Cloning is likely to remain dangerous for many years. That is one reason why Japan and the European Union have outlawed its use. These prohibitions beg the question of how dangerous a reproductive technology must be before it is too risky to use at all, even as a treatment of last resort.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

ICSI was developed as a treatment for male infertility. It helps men whose sperm are unable to reach and penetrate their wives’ eggs. To overcome that problem, infertility clinics retrieve an egg from the wife and inject it with one of the husband’s sperm:’ thus the name “intracytoplasmic sperm injection” (ICSI). Critics fear that the children who are conceived using this technique will have high birth-defect rates because the procedure defeats the natural process for culling defective sperm.
It’s Not Just Growing Pains
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

This is a guide to the common causes of bone, joint, muscle, and arthritis pain in childhood for both parents and professionals. This book will help parents and their physicians understand what is causing children to have pain, how to make sure they have the proper diagnosis, how to understand the blood tests and other diagnostic procedures being done, and how to make sure they get the best possible results for their children. Chapters include coverage on pain in different areas of the body, sports injuries, juvenile arthritis, Lyme disease, fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Kawasaki disease, dermatomyositis, osteoporosis, and more. Dr. Lehman also discusses medications and alternative treatments, all written in a clear style easily accessible to the non-professional.
Uveitis: Eye Complications of Juvenile Arthritis and Related Conditions
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Virginia was a nine-year-old girl who had pauciarticular onset JA. Her arthritis began when she was two years old but came under good control with medication. She had a flare-up of arthritis in her knee at six that was easily controlled. Because she was antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive, her family had her eyes checked every three months, as recommended. There were never problems with her eyes. Shortly after her eighth birthday, her parents separated and Virginia moved out of state with her mother. Her father brought her in for a routine check of her arthritis when she returned to visit him two years later. Virginia said she was doing fine and had had no problems with her arthritis. However, when I went to examine her I could not see into her right eye. It was quickly apparent she could not see out of the eye. When asked, she admitted she had slowly noted decreasing vision with the right eye, but she had not said anything because she did not want to upset her mother. Her mother had had too many other things on her mind after the divorce and had not arranged for a new ophthalmologist to monitor Virginia. By the time I discovered the problem, the vision in the right eye could not be saved.
Spondyloarthropathies: Enthesitis-associated Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Fifteen-year-old Samantha initially began to complain of hip pain after a skiing accident. When repeated evaluations of her injury were negative, she was told the hip was “bruised.” Although she improved with physical therapy, the family became concerned when she awoke a few months later with pain in the opposite hip. A family friend assured them these were all the symptoms of Lyme disease. However, visits to several doctors confirmed that all of her tests for Lyme disease were negative. Samantha began experiencing intermittent pain in both hips and occasional knee pain. When she went for long car rides, she could barely get out of the car. When she did, she walked like “a little old lady” for ten to fifteen minutes until she loosened up. She was diagnosed with fibromyalgia by an adult rheumatologist. On physical examination, she was tender in several fingers. She nearly jumped off the table when I tapped on her sacroiliac joints. She had pain in the tendons around her knees and in her ankles.
Lyme Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Frankie was a delightful twelve-year-old who loved to play sports. Halfway through football season, he began to complain of knee pains. When his symptoms didn’t improve, he was taken to his pediatrician. At first the pediatrician thought Frankie simply “twisted it.” When Frankie was unable to continue football because the knee was swollen and painful, he was referred to an orthopedist. Three months later Frankie continued to have pain in the knee that prevented him from playing sports. With activity the knee often became swollen but would improve over a week to ten days. He was sent to me to treat his “JRA.” The father was sure he had been tested for Lyme disease, but careful review of the records revealed that the test had never been done. The orthopedist was sure the pediatrician had checked, and the pediatrician was sure the orthopedist had. When I did the Lyme test, it was strongly positive and Frankie improved dramatically when we treated him with antibiotics.
Scleroderma
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Scleroderma is a broad term that simply means “hard skin.” A variety of different diseases are grouped together under this diagnosis. The focal (or localized) forms of scleroderma are often mild and may not require any treatment. In contrast, progressive systemic sclerosis (also called diffuse scleroderma) is a life-threatening disease typically involving the heart, lungs, and other organs. Often when a family contacts me it is because they were told the child had scleroderma. They have no idea whether the child has a severe or mild form. Fortunately, the mild forms of scleroderma are far more common than the severe ones.
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Hillary was a delightful four-year-old. She had a younger sister who was just beginning to walk when the family noticed that Hillary was asking to be carried and holding on much more often than she had previously. Her family thought this was a reaction to the increased attention given to her sister. But the next month she became increasingly “difficult.” She often refused to walk and had tantrums if her family would not carry her. Hillary’s bedroom was on the second floor. Although she would come downstairs in the morning, she insisted on being carried up to bed every night. One morning she wanted a doll from her bedroom but refused to go up the stairs to get it. The family could not understand why she was getting so lazy. Over the next few weeks they noted she was holding on to the stair rail with both hands when coming down the steps and seemed to be falling unexpectedly. Concerned, the family brought her to the pediatrician. On examination she was weak and could hardly get up from a chair. She could not get up off the floor without assistance, and even when she was given help getting started, she needed to push herself up the front of her legs to rise to a standing position (this is called a positive Gower sign). Laboratory evaluation revealed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated muscle enzymes, and elevated liver enzymes. She was referred for evaluation.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Charlotte was twenty-one years old when I first met her. She had been cared for by another rheumatologist for many years, but was referred to my hospital because of her need for joint replacement surgery. She was diagnosed with juvenile arthritis at the age of twelve years and treated with corticosteroids when her disease did not respond to NSAIDs. She felt much better with the corticosteroids and was able to attend school and go on to college. During the college years, Charlotte was away from home and managed her own medications. Although she was officially on a low dose of corticosteroids, Charlotte freely admitted that when she felt stiff or sore she would take extra. Charlotte completed college with honors and planned to go on to graduate school. However, she had fallen and broken her hip. X rays revealed that the hip had broken because her bones were so weak. Further evaluation revealed that she had weak bones throughout her body. Over the next few years she suffered multiple fractures with even the slightest injury. She continues with multiple operations, and because of her many problems she has never been able to attend graduate school.
Introduction
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Marvlieu Hall, a college-educated African-American woman in her thirties, lives with her family in a nearly all-black neighborhood of Queens in New York City. She attends an all-black church at which her husband is the pastor, and she is active in Jack & Jill, an African-American social organization. Joan Dauria, a white woman of Greek descent, lived until recently in Westport, Connecticut, an overwhelmingly white suburb. Her family, her neighborhood, her church congregation, and her social circle in Westport is entirely white. It is hard to see how the daily lives of Marvlieu and Joan would ever intersect. But they did. Marvlieu and Joan met several years ago at work and became good friends. Their friendship began in the hours they spent together each working day. But it did not end there. Although both have changed jobs and Joan has moved across the country, she and Marvlieu still visit each other and talk regularly.
Situating the Workplace in Civil Society
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Having articulated in general terms what workplace connectedness does for a diverse democratic society, I want to sort out some discrete but related threads of the argument and link them to some old and new lines of thought about the role of associational life in a democracy. It will be useful, albeit conventional, to begin with Alexis de Tocqueville’s elucidation of the role of associations in the early American republic. For Tocqueville’s account contains the seeds of several modern strands of thought about the functions of associational life in a democratic society: democratic deliberation, social capital formation, civic skills, and social integration.

In his justly celebrated study of democracy in America, Tocqueville marveled at the rich collective life among the avowedly individualistic Americans. He was struck by the proliferation of voluntary political, social, and economic associations through which they engaged in a constant quest for collective self-improvement and prosperity:
Compulsion, Connectedness, and the Constitution of the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

To claim for workplace associations a more central role in democratic society, one must confront two distinguishing features of the workplace, both traceable to its firm footing in the market: First, workplaces are subject to pervasive regulation; they lack the autonomy from the state that civil society institutions need, on some accounts, to perform their crucial functions. Second, workplace relations are often undemocratic, unfree, and permeated by elements of economic coercion and power that are radically at odds with the egalitarian principles that must prevail—again, on some accounts—in the institutions of civil society.

These objections, and my response to them, go to the heart of the unique role of workplace relations in civil society. For it has become apparent that both the regulability of the workplace and the presence of economic pressure and authority play an ambiguous but largely constructive role in the cultivation of socially valuable workplace associations.
Conclusion
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Recall Tocqueville’s most profound observation about the virtues of association: “Feelings and ideas are renewed, the heart enlarged, and the understanding developed only by the reciprocal action of men one upon another.” “Reciprocal action” through collective activity not only fosters particular relationships and usable ties but also more diffuse and generalized feelings of empathy and under­ standing, of connectedness and being-in-this-togetherness among citizens. This diffuse sense of connectedness operates as a soft form of social capital, for it fosters the ability and willingness to support and carry out projects for the common good. It also contributes to the quality of public discourse and democratic deliberation, for deliberation among citizens who care about each others’ well­ being is more likely to produce understanding, compromise, and progress to ward solutions to social problems. But the value of connectedness as such, and especially the role of economic associations in fostering connectedness, hear kens to an older tradition in social theory—one that has mostly receded from public view and that deserves to be refurbished and updated in light of more recent commitments to intergroup equality and integration in the workplace. That has been my objective here.
Managing Financial Services Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters of this book have provided the setting for M&A transactions in the financial sector: where they fit in the value-chain of financial services, the factual flow of deals, and their impact on the industry. The chapters have also detailed the underlying concepts and rationale regarding gains and losses with respect to market share and profitability. These considerations ought to determine strategic positioning, “doing the right thing,” a strategic approach that provides good prospects for sustained financial performance. But even if a strategic plan is well conceived, it equally needs to be well executed, thus “doing the thing right.”
The Special Problem of IT Integration
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Information technology (IT) systems form the core of today’s financial institutions and underpin their ability to compete in a rapidly changing environment. Consequently, integration of information technology has become a focal point of the mergers and acquisitions process in the financial services sector. Sometimes considered largely a “technical” issue, IT integration has proved to be a double-edged sword. IT is often a key source of synergies that can add to the credibility of an M&A transaction. But IT integration can also be an exceedingly frustrating and timeconsuming process that can not only endanger anticipated cost advantages but also erode the trust of shareholders, customers, employees and other stakeholders.
Why do women have menopause?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi
Published: November 2023

Menopause is the result of an inevitable decline in ovarian function. The term usually denotes the completion of a full year without a menstrual period. As menopause approaches, the ovaries decrease in size as virtually all the egg-containing ovarian follicles are lost due to a process called atresia. Estrogen production diminishes, and cycles tend to become shorter and more erratic. Menopause follows this last phase of the life cycle of the ovary which starts early in fetal life when the gland mobilizes the resources it will later need to assure egg and hormone production throughout a woman’s reproductive years. The link between deterioration of ovarian function and menopause is the fall in estrogen production. Estrogen is not only important for maintaining reproductive function, but it is a key hormone in maintaining bone density and for protecting against other physical and mental health disorders associated with aging. Sleep disturbances, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and urinary incontinence are all conditions associated with estrogen fluctuation or deprivation. Osteoporosis, thinning of the bones, is a life-threatening condition for postmenopausal women. The onset of menopause, in other words, has many more health-related implications for women than simply the loss of reproductive capacity.
Risk–benefit ratio: Making the choice
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi
Published: November 2023

One of my patients commented as we discussed continuing her hormone therapy that whenever there are press stories about hazards of menopause treatments, cancer or otherwise, they usually related to the very medicines I was prescribing for her. I reminded her that medical articles conveying good news are rarely considered newsworthy, so she is not going to read about them in the morning paper and that nonprescription therapies unregulated by the FDA are not subjected to rigorous trial or testing, so there are rarely findings, good or bad, to write news stories about. Under these ground rules, it is a self-fulfilling prophecy that if there is a story about HT in the lay press, it is going to be scary. There has been no shortage of attention given to the risks and benefits of HT. Here is a list of the studies funded by the National Institutes of Health and others in the recent years. Their titles describe the long list of subjects that have been studied. HERS (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study) HERS II (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study) WEST (Women’s Estrogen for Stroke Trial)
Questions about menopause
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi
Published: November 2023

Women have menopause because their ovaries cease functioning. Estrogen and progesterone production by the ovaries becomes erratic, and the total amounts of hormones produced dramatically decrease. The uterine lining depends on estrogen and progesterone for the monthly buildup leading to menstruation, so when these ovarian hormones are no longer present, the menstrual flow no longer occurs. Periods usually become irregular at first, but they can cease abruptly.
Philosophies
Authors: Mccormmach Russell
Published: November 2023

Influential as he was in his lifetime, Locke dominated the intellectual life of the next century to an even greater degree. Certain of his teachings are germane to our topic. According to Locke, the mind perceives the world indirectly, through “ideas,” and the powers of bodies to produce ideas in the mind he calls “qualities.” Ideas of size, shape, solidity, number, and motion are simple ideas of “primary” qualities; they belong to material bodies, they have an objective existence. By contrast, “secondary” qualities such as taste, smell, color, sound, and heat do not reside in the bodies themselves but are powers that arise from the primary qualities and depend on the mind for their existence. Although the distinction between primary and secondary qualities did not originate with Locke, it was commonly identified with him, and his formulation of it had significance for natural philosophy. Cavendish’s mathematical theory of heat was Lockean in that it explained heat, a secondary quality, as a power arising from a primary quality of matter, motion.
The Question
Authors: Mccormmach Russell
Published: November 2023

As he did heat, Cavendish interpreted light in Newton’s way: light is a body consisting of particles emitted from luminous bodies at a known velocity. To find its vis viva, he looked to Michell’s experiment with a light-mill. From the observed speed of rotation of the vane and other details of the experiment, and from the assumption that light is perfectly reflected from the copper of the vane, he calculated the momentum and vis viva of sunlight falling each second on one and a half square feet of surface. Translating this result into its mechanical effect, he showed that the rate of vis viva of sunlight falling on that surface exceeds the work done by two horses, two horsepower. By his theory, this very considerable mechanical power imparted by sunlight has an exact heat equivalence: if the same quantity of light were to be absorbed instead of reflected, the equivalent heat would register on the thermometer. Upon this reasoning, Cavendish proposed two experiments on sunlight, with the intention of carrying them out himself.
Why do dialects and creoles differ from standard language?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo
Published: November 2023

Misunderstandings of dialect diversity and of creoles have led to common claims that some languages are deficient, revealing carelessness or even stupidity. Indeed, language discrimination is tolerated by people who would never tolerate discriminatory remarks based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or many other characteristics. The goal of this chapter is to understand what dialects and creoles are, so that such misconceptions can be erased. Along the way we will face an astonishing fact about creoles, one that has been pivotal in the understanding of the human mind.
Introduction
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

As the day broke one morning a thousand years ago, the sun’s rays drifted westward across the Pacific. Coming to the offshore islands of Asia, the light shone on the spires of countless Buddhist temples, pagodas, and colossal statues of a serene-faced Buddha dotting the hillsides and cities of Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Burma. In Central Java, at Borobodur, the world’s largest humanmade monument sat on a hilltop amidst the lush green landscape of rice fields stretching to volcanic mountains. This magnificent temple, which had taken decades and thousands of artists and workers to build, was covered with spectacular carvings of the teachings of the Buddha, an Indian sage who lived many centuries earlier and thousands of miles west of Java. Borobodur and other Buddhist temples were some of the most obvious testimonies to the increasing connections between distant societies that eventually resulted in the links and interdependence, often described by the term “globalization,” in our contemporary world. The Buddhist temples erected in the first millennium ce as well as the Islamic mosques and Christian churches that were built in Southeast Asia in the middle of the second millennium ce accompanied the spread of traders, ideas, technologies, and adventurers. The increasing connections between distant peoples and cultures meant that the world would never again be the same.
The Kingdoms of the Golden Age, ca. 800—1400
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

Around 900 an Arab trader named Abu Dulaf arrived at the port of Kalah on Malaya’s west coast. He wrote in his travel accounts that the city was “very great, with strong walls, numerous gardens and abundant springs. I found there a tin-mine such as does not exist in any other part of the world.”1 Arab traders had begun visiting Southeast Asian ports in the seventh century in search of tin and agricultural products to sell all over the Eastern Hemisphere. Kalah is even mentioned in one of the major works of Arab literature, The Thousand and One Nights, as “a great empire bordering on India, in which there are mines of tin, groves of bamboo and excellent camphor[for perfumes].”2 The green lands and blue waters were attracting the world’s attention, with the sea becoming a link rather than a barrier. Nor were the blue waters that Abu Dulaf traveled significant only to coastal states, because most Southeast Asians benefited from maritime trade and also depended on the muddy rivers for survival. Before modern times most inland trade was carried out along rivers, in fact. The era from around 800 to 1400 can be viewed, as it has been by many Southeast Asians, as a “Golden Age” in politics, economic prosperity, and cultural development.
Christians, Spices, and Western Expansion, 1500—1750
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

In 1509 five unknown but well-armed ships, each with a banner bearing a cross and full of strange, menacing pale-skinned men, lowered anchor off Melaka. The local people were curious about, but also wary of, these Portuguese in their uncomfortable-looking clothes. As the Malay Annals recorded: “The Portuguese saw that Melaka was magnificent, and its port was exceedingly crowded. The people gathered around to see what the foreigners looked like, and they were all surprised by their appearance. But these Portuguese are people who know nothing of manners.” The fame of Melaka as a treasure trove of Asian luxury goods had reached Europe. For a century the Portuguese had been seeking a sea route to the Orient around Africa. As one of their greatest explorers, Vasco da Gama, put it, they sought “Christians and Spices,” meaning allies against Islam and the valuable products of Southeast Asia. The Portuguese voyages inaugurated a new era of European activity in Southeast Asia and eventually led to the colonization of most of the region.
Don Tyler: Shared Values—The Prerequisite for Knowledge Sharing and Creation
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L .
Published: November 2023

The role of values in knowledge generation and transfer is often over looked and underappreciated. An organization’s underlying values will either support or disrupt its effectiveness in achieving its goals. If the leadership acts from one set of values, the middle management from another, and the line workers from a third set of values, the dissonance in values will undermine the best-intentioned and-financed effort. While technology and methodology are enablers as well, it is how the values align in an enterprise that will determine if knowledge is shared and used for de sired outcomes. This is as true in a small, single-site organization as it is in global, extended enterprises.
Sentencing Reform “Reform” through Sentencing Information Systems
Authors: Miller Marc L
Published: November 2023

Norval Morris often quotes an eminent nineteenth-century English politician who, when asked about proposals for parliamentary reform, responded, “Reform, reform. Don’t talk to me about reform. We are in enough trouble already.” Sentencing has undergone more reform over the past several decades than any other area of criminal justice, and perhaps as much reform as any area of the law. Indeed, one way to describe sentencing reform over the past half century is that law came to sentencing—an idea framed in the title of Marvin Frankel’s famous speech and book, Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order (Frankel 1973).
The Lower Respiratory Organs
Authors: Seaver Laurie H
Published: November 2023

The lower respiratory organs consist of the larynx (including the epiglottis), trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The diaphragm, al- though not a respiratory tract organ per se, is included here because malformations of this organ impact the developing respiratory tract. The frequency of congenital lung and airway anomalies is reported to comprise approximately 7–19% of all congenital mal- formations, although this may be an underestimate since some malformations are asymptomatic or delayed in presentation. The malformations discussed in this chapter are presented because they frequently come to the attention of those interested in the field of birth defects, because they impact prenatal, perinatal, or neonatal management, or because they are frequently associated with other respiratory tract and nonrespiratory tract malformations.
Facial Bones
Authors: Gripp Karen , Escobar Luis Fernando
Published: November 2023

Humans are very adept at recognizing one another. This ability is largely based on the identification of faces. The uniqueness of each human face, with the possible exception of monozygotic twins, allows for identification and recognition of an individual with deeper implications in human interaction and, more impor- tant, in social functioning. The recognition of an individual face, whose combination of features is remembered as belonging to a certain person, may be compared to the recognition of a syndrome diagnosis based on certain characteristics of the facial structures. The shape of individual facial structures can be recognized, but the combination of findings may lead to the identification of a facial “gestalt” that may be associated with a genetic syndrome.
Upper Gastrointestinal System
Authors: Hoyme H Eugene
Published: November 2023

Advances in molecular biology increasingly have provided insights into mechanisms of intestinal morphogenesis. In addition, rapid progress has been made in identifying genes that regulate gastrointestinal development. Genes directing initial formation of the endoderm as well as organ-specific patterning have been identified. Signaling pathways that regulate the overall right-left asymmetry of the gastrointestinal tract and epithelial/ mesenchymal interactions have been clarified.
An Unfinished and Unfishable World: Self-Esteem, the Achievement Ethic, and the Call to Heroism
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Within our contradiction-riddled world, we confront an acute di lemma, a dilemma stemming from the frustrations of our human condition. We exist in a physical body destined for the ash heap, while our spirit craves a different destiny, that is, eternal life. Rationally, we recognize there is no hope that our bodies can live forever, so we reach instead for symbolic immortality: living on in the minds of future generations. To be worthy of such symbolic immortality, we know, we must do or be something that exceeds the limits of ordinary human achievement, something truly heroic. An Albert Einstein, a Marie Curie, a William Shakespeare, an Abraham Lincoln, a Martin Luther King, Jr., a Susan B. Anthony, a Mohandas K. Gandhi-all continue to have a powerful presence for generations unborn during their lifetimes.
Pushing Nontoxic Leaders Over the Line
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we’ll meet three varieties of followers-benign followers, the leader’s entourage, and malevolent followers-whose actions and needs can push nontoxic leaders over the line. These three types of followers can help to sustain established toxic leaders as well, but that is not our interest here.
what are our choices? how can we deal with toxic leaders?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

The challenge of this book has been twofold: first, to understand why we follow toxic leaders, and second, to determine how to free ourselves from their grasp, be it bare-knuckled or suede-gloved. This chapter focuses on the second of those concerns: how and what we, as individuals and groups, can do both to avoid seduction and to stand up to toxic leadership.
Looking into the Void Zero Copula in the Creole Mesolect
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

In their investigations of the copula in English-based creole continua of the Caribbean in the 1970s, various scholars documented that the copula in these creoles manifested itself in a wide range of forms according to (1) type of following complement and (2) level ofregister within the continuum (Stewart 1969, Bickerton 1973, Fasold 1976, Holm 1984, Rickford 1979, Baugh 1980). Among various patterns replicated in several studies of various creoles, it was shown that when preceding an NP, the copula is manifested overtly in the basilect (as do, na, or a), as well as in the upper mesolect and acrolect (as the standard English-modeled iz or waz), but as zero in the lower mesolect. These studies have sparked fruitful debates on issues such as the nature of polylectal competence, targeted language change, and the creole origins of African-American Vernacular English (henceforth AAVE).
Shareholder Value, Corporate Governance, and Corporate Performance: A Post-Enron Reassessment of the Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Blair Margaret M
Published: November 2023

The first two years of the 21st century have been a sobering time for scholars and policymakers interested in corporate governance. As recently as two years ago, leading corporate scholars were prepared to declare that history was over in the on going debate about what corporate governance systems produce the best long-term out-comes for society. Yale law professor Henry Hansmann and Harvard law professor Reinier Kraakman (2000) told us that the evidence was in, and that Anglo-Saxon-style market capitalism and shareholder primacy had proven itself to be the only system that could produce sustained economic growth.
Portfolio Investment in Emerging Markets: An Investor’s Perspective
Authors: Johnston Michael J
Published: November 2023

The issue of corporate governance reform in emerging markets has recently become one of the most discussed topics in financial circles. It’s understandable that today’s academics, business people, investors, economists, and policymakers are eager to help emerging markets improve their standards of corporate governance. The most up-to-date research has shown that, particularly in emerging-market nations, improvements in corporate governance can lead to much greater equity valuation for individual countries. Since access to capital is a significant factor in growth, better corporate governance standards may play a significant role in helping the world’s newest market economies realize their full economic potential.
Corporate Governance: Responsibilities of Fund Managers and Institutional Investors
Authors: Mobius Mark
Published: November 2023

The term corporate governance has come to mean many things to many people. To some it concerns the behavior of corporations in their community regarding the environment, treatment of child labor in developing countries, and so on. To investors, fund managers, and investment managers, it has a very specific meaning: how companies treat shareholders, particularly minority shareholders. We, as investors, are less concerned about the relationship and interaction amongst managers, board directors, employees, clients, and the community at large and more interested in the relationship between the company and its shareholders.
Corporate Governance in Mainland China: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Neoh Anthony
Published: November 2023

The essential question facing corporate governance in developed economies is whether a board of directors can be expected to devise and operate a system of management of the affairs of a corporation so as to protect the interests of all internal actors (such as shareholders and employees) and external actors (such as creditors and the public interest). Implicit in this question is the concept of a separate corporate existence; in other words, the existence of a corporation as a separate body capable of acting in its own right, separate from the providers of capital, who enjoy equal protection under the law. This implicit assumption is one that has only recently arrived in mainland of China, which explains why ideas of corporate governance formed in developed economies do not readily find direct application in the mainland economy.
Corporate Values, Enterprise Risk, and the Board
Authors: Phillips Michael J
Published: November 2023

When it comes to the state of world capitalism, something is rotten. Some assert that all the pistons in the economic engine are working; that this is all to do with the bursting of the tech bubble and the inevitable excesses associated with a long bull market. Others shout from the side streets that the global markets are keeping the small person down, catapulting the rich, the greedy, and the amoral to dizzier heights of wealth. Naturally, there is no easy answer. What can be said, however, is this: there is a well-reported crisis of world capitalism under way. We cannot hold a meeting of international business leaders without demonstrators in the streets outside. The leaders of some of our largest corporations are accused of abuse of their office for personal gain.
The History of English and Sources of English Vocabulary
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at the major historical events that have shaped the English language. We pay special attention to the development of our native Germanic vocabulary and to the forces that introduced massive numbers of foreign elements, especially from Latin, Greek, and French. The richness of this combination makes English vocabulary distinctive among the languages that originated in Europe.
Morphology: Analyzing Complex Words
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R
Published: November 2023

By and large, the words we deal with in this course are complex. Unlike such simplex words as eat, pray, cone, and people, complex words are built from two or more morphological components (also called constituents or simply parts), as the following list illustrates: From such examples we can see that there is no simple relation between sounds and morphological components. A component is often a syllable, but even a one-syllable word may have more than one component (warmth), and sometimes a component has more than one syllable (elephant). Something is clearly going on here beyond merely counting syllables or sounds.
That Man As Lawyer
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

While Roosevelt was labeled a Wall Street lawyer at the time of his debut in politics as a New York State senator, it is plain that he was born for politics, not for the law. I doubt if he ever liked the drudgery and detail of the law, and he was always impatient of the slow and exacting judicial process.

His attitude toward the law and the lawyers was indicated by his preference in 1931 for Raymond Moley, a political scientist, rather than a lawyer, as head of the New York commission to investigate the administration of justice. It was also clear when the Walter-Logan bill1 was passed by Congress in 1940 and he asked me to prepare a veto message. There were many defects of a rather technical character in the bill. It carried some unintended consequences. I outlined these in a letter to him and he attached it to his veto message. But the message itself spoke strongly in favor of the administrative process as against the more legalistic rules applied in judicial review. The Walter-Logan bill represented the way lawyers felt about administrative agencies. Congress had gone to extremes and would have destroyed the administrative process. All of this was gone over with Roosevelt carefully and the veto message reflected his own attitude.
Fischer Black on Valuation: The CAPM in General Equilibrium
Authors: Lehmann Bruce N
Published: November 2023

Sitting before me is a copy of A Bibliography of Finance by Richard Brealey and Helen Edwards, which lists 12,037 papers on financial economics published in approximately 120 journals sorted into 40 subject areas. It lists 26 papers written by Fischer Black, covering 14 of those categories. Several papers could have easily been sorted into eight additional subject areas, bringing Black’s coverage up to 22 categories. Papers by Fischer published after 1989, those omitted from the bibliography because they were published as book chapters, and his two books increase the coverage to 29 subject areas. Perusal of my incomplete copies of his two self-published series of papers entitled Fischer Black on Markets and Fischer Black on Options adds three more categories for a grand total of 32. The eight uncovered subject areas are (1) social responsibility, (2) new securities issues, (3) splits and stock dividends, (4) leasing and project finance, (5) working capital, (6) mergers and corporate restructuring, (7) regulated industries, and (8) other speculative markets. I am sure I have overlooked work by Fischer devoted to some of these topics as well, particularly the last three areas.