bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-649-173905-R01 Competency in the Pipeline Industry an Industry Survey
Authors: Steele Kelly , Sahney Reena
Published: August 2023

An industry survey was established to understand perceived baseline competency requirements for a number of areas within the pipeline industry (across the entire pipeline lifecycle) and to identify gaps within the industry. An online survey was designed, implemented, and distributed to PRCI members, including both operating and service companies. Survey questions were developed across the lifecycle of a role (i.e., job requirements, screening, hiring, and ongoing competency management) based on the components of competency (i.e., theoretical knowledge, technical and non-technical skills, experience, and behavior). Findings from analysis of the survey data can be used to mature industry-wide competency by developing a road map to close identified gaps in defining requirements.
PR-201-183830-R01 Evaluating Low Field MFL in Measuring Loading Conditions at Branch Connections - Phase 2
Authors: Vyvial Brent
Published: August 2023

Unsupported branch connections or branch connections under loads due to unstable support conditions can be an integrity threat and potential failure location in pipelines. No industry accepted method currently exists to assist operators in identifying problematic branch connections in a measurably-reliable way. Low field magnetic flux leakage (LF-MFL) offers one potential method to identify stressed sections of pipeline. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the ability of LF-MFL in-line inspection (ILI) technology to characterize loading conditions around branch connections and to validate the use of LF-MFL ILI to identify stressed branch connections. The results of this work will provide operators with guidance for using LF-MFL ILI tools to identify integrity threats.
PR-000-073850-R02 Development of an ILI Performance Test Loop for Liquid Coupled Technologies
Authors: McNealy Richard , Deeb Hans
Published: August 2023

This document outlines the 2016 and 2017 efforts to build a flow loop designed for evaluating the

performance of pipeline inspection technologies that operate in a liquid coupled environment. This

document includes documentation on the design of the facility and the associated controls. Operating

procedures are also outlined.
PR-244-173856-WEB ILI Crack Tool Reliability and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Koduru Smitha
Published: August 2023

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

11:00 a.m. ET

PRESENTER: Smitha Koduru, PhD, C-FER Technologies

HOST: Steven Bott, Enbridge

MODERATOR: John Lynk, PRCI

CLICK THE DOWNLOAD/BUY BUTTON TO ACCESS TO THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Join the PRCI Integrity and Inspection Technical Committee as they present an expansion of previous PRCI research related to ILI performance data. The new research has been expanded to include experience with UT and EMAT in-line inspection data aligned with in-the-ditch NDE results. Also included are improved statistical characterization of crack inline inspection performance; increasing the reliable application of crack ILI to manage cracking and SCC recommendations for in-the-ditch NDE; and information collected to maximize the ability of operators to measure crack ILI performance.

Learning outcomes/benefits of attending this webinar:

- Learn about the data sets featured in the industry-wide database for crack features identified with in-line inspection tools (ILI) and/or field non-destructive examination (NDE).

- Know the influence of pipe attributes, such as seam weld type, and NDE performance on the crack detection and sizing performance assessment of ILI tools

- Understand the methods required to use data from multiple ILI runs and field measurements for increased confidence in crack detection and sizing

- Recognize the value of collecting full crack profile data for integrity management

Who should attend?

- Integrity personnel, analyst, engineers and management

- Inline inspection vendor personnel

Recommended pre-reading: PR-244-173856-R01 In-line Inspection Crack Tool Reliability and Performance Evaluation

Not able to attend? Register anyway to automatically receive a link to the webinar recording to view on-demand at your convenience.

Attendance is limited to the first 500 registrants to join the webinar. All remaining registrants will receive a link to view the webinar recording.

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.

Please click here to view more webinars that may be of interest to you!
PR-405-163602-WEB AC Criteria and Coupons
Authors: Baete Christophe
Published: August 2023

Presented Tuesday, October 29, 2019

PRESENTER: Christophe Baete, Elsyca Inc.

HOST: Len Krissa, Enbridge

MODERATOR: Laurie Perry, PRCI

CLICK THE DOWNLOAD/BUY BUTTON TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Join the PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee as they present research results from multiple projects related to AC induced interference and corrosion on pipelines. The webinar will discuss the research results and their potential impact on international codes and standards.

Expected benefits/learning outcomes:

� Validation of NACE24124 and ISO18086 standards of AC corrosion risk assessment based on real-world pipeline cases

� Learning exceptions and limitations of the current standards and proposed refinement of the codes

� Field procedure development for External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) of AC corrosion anomalies

� Benchmarking and validating commercial AC coupons and probes for AC corrosion monitoring

Target audience:

� Pipeline corrosion personnel

� Pipeline integrity management personnel

Recommended Pre-reading:

PR-405-113604-R01 Develop a New Unique AC Corrosion CP Mitigation Criterion (EC-6-2)

PR-405-153600-R01 Validation of the AC Corrosion Criteria Based on Real-World Pipeline Measurements (EC-6-2A)

PR-405-163602-R01 Evaluation of AC Corrosion Coupons for Monitoring Applications (EC-6-7)

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.
PR-312-18209-E01 Methane Emissions from Compressors in Transmission and Storage Subpart W Sources
Authors: McGrath Tom , Coulson Wendy , McCarthy James
Published: August 2023

This white paper provides a step-by-step review of the methodology and data sources for development of compressor methane emission factors (EFs), and develops updated EFs based on Subpart W compressor measurement and leak survey data. The methodology is analogous to that used in a previous GRI/EPA Methane Emissions Study. In all cases, updated T and S compressor emission factors are lower than historical emission factors, and significantly lower in some cases. The updated emission factors provide a current best-estimate of T and S compressors emissions, and can be used to update emission estimates in the EPA Annual GHG Inventory Report, and to provide an alternative method for the annual estimate of compressor emissions for Subpart W.
NPR199201A Comparison of AGAsound II Calculations Vs. Measurement Results
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

A comparison of measured vs. predicted results at two different compressor facilities.
PR453-174503-R04 River-X Software Modernization
Authors: Abdolmaleki Kourosh
Published: August 2023

This build of the software includes has incorporated all the comments from PRCI members. The main items added include:

- Upgrades with additional information added to the user manual

- Addition of Theory manual

- finxing typos, units, ... in the software user interface

- improving generation of the reports
PR667-183902-Z01 Pipeline Assessment Tool for Human Factors (PATH) Users Guide
Authors: Atwood Dennis
Published: August 2023

This guide has been developed to provide instructions for using the Excel based "Pipeline Assessment Tool for Human Factors (PATH)". This guide provides: Concise instructions on how to use the PATH tool to evaluate actual performance against human factors objectives, examples of when the PATH tool will be most useful and background on development of the PATH tool. The user's guide provides understanding and example for implementation and use of the tool for internal assessments. This Excel Tool is based upon the results in the final report from the DP-3-2 project
PR-186-184509-R01 Guideline for Erosional Velocity
Authors: Eckert Richard
Published: August 2023

A guideline to determine erosional velocity limits for liquid hydrocarbon transmission pipelines was developed based on a multi-analytical probabilistic approach that integrated results from two erosional models: DNV GL RP-O501 and University of Tulsa SPPS v5.3. The guideline uses a simple classification tree model as first approach to provide conservative erosional velocities with a minimum amount of input data. The guideline also presents an alternative probabilistic approach for determining erosional velocities when the classification tree cannot be used, e.g., when there is too much data uncertainty or the erosional velocity limit (which is highly conservative) is lower than the current or expected liquid velocity in the pipeline.

The database table is available for download. The link is https://www.prci.org/Research/DesignMaterialsConstruction/DMCProjects/FLOW-1-2/142187/181060.aspx

This report has a related webinar.
PR-352-16603-Z02 Multi-Vendor USM Test and Calibration Database
Authors: Rans Richard
Published: August 2023

Data collection protocols and a common database have been developed to ensure complete and consistent collection of ultrasonic meter (USM) calibration data, logs files and documentation of test piping layout. By using an Excel input table spreadsheet, with instructions on how to organize the collected data, users can easily input data from multiple types of ultrasonic meters. The database retains the original calibration and log file data and processes the test results into standardized velocity and speed of sound reports. This organization supports reporting the original meter specific log file data and diagnostics as well as common velocity/speed of sound analysis of the test results. As the database of test results grows over time, additional comparative and what if analysis of the test results will provide insight into ultrasonic meter measurement capabilities.

This report describes the database design and data processing data flow. It is targeted at IT professionals who will install, operate and maintain the database.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-276-184501-R01 Toughness Specification to Avoid Brittle Fracture in New Linepipe Steels
Authors: Wilkowski Gery
Published: August 2023

Historically, Charpy test results have been used for assessing linepipe steels for fitness-for-service or new pipeline design, and the linepipe steels should be chosen such that the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature of the steel is below the minimum design service temperature. The transition temperature is typically much different for crack initiation versus crack propagation. This study focused on the transition temperature for fracture initiation which is important for liquid as well as high-energy lines. However, in recent studies, different behavior between vintage and newer steels has been noticed for the fracture initiation transition temperature relative to Charpy data. Even the fracture surface appearance in the Charpy test is much different for vintage steels than for newer steels. To investigate the above issues, the objectives of the current project were set to: a) determine if the fracture initiation transition temperature for new linepipe steels is similar to that in older steels, and how to predict it better if Charpy data are insufficient; and b) understand if the Charpy energy requirement for API 5L PSL-2 linepipe is always adequate to ensure ductile fracture initiation at the Charpy test temperature. In this project, the transition temperature behaviors of three linepipe steels from the Charpy test data, results from drop-weight tests to determine the nil-ductility temperature or DWT-NDT, and findings from more sophisticated fracture tests such as single-edge-notched tension [SEN(T)] that is representative of surface-cracked pipe behavior, and compact tension [C(T)] specimen tests that are representative of through-wall-cracked pipe behavior were determined. The report summarizes the key findings of the project for newer steels and attempts to contrast fracture initiation behavior in vintage versus newer linepipe steels.
PR-562-184500-R01 Feasibility Study of Piggable Plug Technologies for Onshore Pressure Isolation
Authors: Alexander Chris
Published: August 2023

Pipeline isolation tools from three different manufacturers were evaluated using full-scale testing and numerical modeling to evaluate stresses generated in 24-inch diameter pipe material considering tool-induced loads and internal pressure. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted to calculate stresses and strains considering different pipe sizes, material grades, and internal pressures. The FEA results were used to generate a user-friendly parametric tool that was validated with measurements made using strain gauges installed on the test spools. The program demonstrated that the isolation tools are an effective means for isolating pressures without inducing excessive levels of stress or damage to the internal pipe surfaces.
PR-685-184506-R05 Fluvial Geomorphology Equations and Mechanics
Authors: Budzich Jeffrey
Published: August 2023

Channel hydrology, hydraulics, and sediment composition are key variables to calculating vertical and horizontal channel movement. A variety of methods are available for estimating channel bed scour, bank erosion, and channel migration with fewer available to predict avulsion potential. These methods vary in complexity from simplified empirical and theoretical equations to complex multi-dimensional models that may be used to understand potential hydrotechnical threats to pipelines and other structures. Furthermore, there are a variety of publicly available resources of relevant information to enhance pipeline operators' development and implementation of an effective water crossing program. The public resources include the United States Geological Survey, the National Weather Service within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Federal Emergency Management Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the Government of Canada.
PR-003-9523-R01 Evaluation of the Benefits of Hydrotesting Gas-Transmissions Pipelines
Authors: Leis Brian , Rudland D , Eiber Robert
Published: August 2023

This report presents an assessment of the effectiveness of a hydrotest in exposing defects in new and existing onshore and offshore pipelines. The study includes an assessment of the type and size of flaws that testing can and cannot identify through pressure testing for new lines and retesting for existing lines.

The study included an assessment of gas (air, nitrogen, methane, etc.) versus water pressure testing to assess leak tightness involved comparing the detectability of flaws based on gas pressure testing at either the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) or up to 80 percent of specified minimum yield stress (SMYS) and water testing at pressures from 90 through 110 percent of SMYS.

The study includes some evaluation of alternatives to preservice hydrotesting as the impact of hydrotesting based on the toughness of the pipe steel.
PR-686-183908-R01 InSAR Monitoring of Pipeline Geohazards in Vegetated and Very Large Non-Vegetated Areas
Authors: Down Murray
Published: August 2023

Located on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains, a 14-inch diameter pipeline runs from Kenova to Columbus carrying gasoline and distillates and a 24-inch diameter pipeline runs from Owensboro to Catlettsburg carrying crude products. In 2014, ground movement was identified along the pipeline corridor in an area that was primarily dominated by vegetation. Displacement events similar to this, whether known or unknown have the potential to compromise pipeline integrity. The Appalachian Mountain region is almost entirely classed as high landslide susceptibility by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and are crossed by numerous transmission pipelines and gathering lines.

The Permian Basin located in West Texas is an area of known subtle ground displacement with the potential for larger scale sinkhole development. The area also has extensive multi-operator pipeline networks. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has successfully been used to monitor ground heave and subsidence due to drilling activity in the Permian Basin.

Using InSAR, 3vGeomatics has performed a proof of concept on the effectiveness, reliability, and precision of using L-band SAR satellites for InSAR monitoring of vegetated areas and C-band satellites for monitoring in non-vegetated areas. The InSAR displacement estimates are compared to ground truth data including differential light detection and ranging (LiDAR), in-line-inspection, and ground survey measurements. The goal of this project is to operationalize ongoing InSAR monitoring programs for pipeline networks in vegetated areas and very large non-vegetated areas for operating members.

This project has a related webinar.
PR-652-195104-R01 Development of Heavy Wall ILI Test Samples
Authors: Alexander Chris , Denowh Chantz
Published: August 2023

Guidance is needed for the pipeline industry's in-line inspection (ILI) technologies as current industry practices address mainly thin-wall pipe specifications as well as spool and defect design. Heavy-wall pipe is mostly found in subsea applications where the predominant threats are internal; however, external defects cannot be discounted. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensing technologies for heavy-wall pipe often have very different specs for examining external versus internal features.

The end uses for ILI technologies in the heavy-wall subsea applications often put a premium on low limits of detection for purposes of gauging time-dependent growth of internal wall loss rather than for fitness for service assessments. The test samples associated with the current study considers both. The seven categories from the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF), with an emphasis on external integrity condition performance, do not address the reasons pipeline operators may require project-specific, large-scale testing in advance of deployment.

Prior PRCI projects have proposed and tested the effects of metal loss fabrication methods on intelligent pig detection and discrimination performance on "standard" pipe wall schedules. Relevance of prior POF style metal loss shapes and severities have gaps with respect to qualifying ILI performance to serve fitness for purpose and corrosion growth purposes. There is a need to provide guidance for the design of ILI test samples to serve both training and blind qualification purposes. For this reason, PRCI commissioned the SPIM-1-6 project, which is the focus of the current document.
PR-312-18208-E01 Statistical Technique for Estimating NOx Emissions from Infrequently Operated Units
Authors: Panek Jeffrey , Huth Adrian , McCarthy James , Krol Alan
Published: August 2023

This white paper presents a new approach for modeling emission inputs for dispersion modeling assessments. The approach is a paradigm shift from the current practice, which requires the simulation of source emissions by including all sources operating simultaneously for every hour during the year. This longstanding overly conservative approach does not adequately represent source emissions in some cases, especially from infrequent, non-continuously operated sources.
NG-18-28-R01 Burst Tests of Two Pad-Reinforced Branch Connections in High Yield Strength Run Pipe
Authors: Redabaugh E.C. , Kiefner J.F. , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

The objective of the work was to evaluate the applicability of B31.8 rules for fabricated branch connections in high-yield-strength grades of run pipe.
NX-32-R01 Use of Pipelines as a Communication Transmission Media
Authors: Rife Wayne E.
Published: August 2023

Presents the results of a survey of possible methods of communication and telecontrol by using the existing underground gas pipeline.
PR-171-419-R01 Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Nixon J.H.
Published: August 2023

Describes the development of pulsed metal arc welding methods for pipeline welding.
NG-18-16-R01 The Bauschinger Effect in Line Pipe Steel After Multiple Strain Reversals
Authors: Williams D. N.
Published: August 2023

This investigation was conducted to determine whether the Bauschinger effect following multiple strain increments of varying magnitude and direction could be predicted from knowledge of the Eauschinger effect following unidirectional strain.
NG-18-901-R01 Experimental Data from American Gas Association Line Pipe Program
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Compilation of both full-scale test results and laboratory fracture test data on line pipe from 16 heats of steel, 8 heats of X-52, 6 heats of X-60 columbium, 1 heat of X-60 vanadium, and I heat of X-90 quenched and tempered material.
NG-18-07-R01 Yielding Model with Focus on Yield-Point Phenomena of Iron and Related BCC Materials
Authors: Hahn George
Published: August 2023

The objective of the work was to devise a general but quantitative treatment of plastic flow - one that can be used to describe the response of steel just ahead of a fastmoving crack. A treatment based on the fundamental mechanism of flow was developed. As detailed in this report and in a shorter report to follow, the approach, new to metals, accurately reflects various forms of yield behavior characteristic of mild steel.
NG-18-23-R01 Fabricated Branch Connections in High Yield Strength Run Pipe
Authors: Rodabaugh E. C. , Duffy A.R. , Atterbury T. J.
Published: August 2023

The primary objective of this report is to evaluate the applicability of the present rules in USAS B31.8-1968 to fabricated, pad, or saddle-reinforced branch connections in high-yield-strength grades of run pipe. Service experience and test data are reviewed. The implications of tests on pipe with a crack therein with respect to fabricated branch connections are discussed.
PR-201-084504-R01 Long-Term Composite Repair Study - Burst Test
Authors: Sheets Colton
Published: August 2023

Stress Engineering Services, Inc. (SES) was contracted by Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) to perform a study examining the long-term performance of composite repairs used for pipeline applications. The project reported here (PRCI study MATR-3-4 Long-term Composite Repair Study) included the installation of commercially available composite repair systems on pipe samples with regions of machined wall loss having depths of up to 75% of the pipe wall-thickness. Samples were fabricated using 12.75-inch x 0.375-inch, Grade X42 pipe material with each having a machined wall loss defect installed at one of three depths (40%, 60%, or 75% of pipe wall thickness). Following fabrication, the corrosion areas were reinforced with composite repairs and buried in the ground for up to ten years. The study sought to answer the question: how does the performance of a composite repair change over an extended period (up to 10 years) when subjected to environmental conditions representative of those encountered during pipeline operation? The composite repair systems were sourced from 13 different manufacturers and were installed on over 180 pipe samples prior to burial. Of these 13 reinforcement systems, four were tested to the end of the designated 10-year hold period. All samples underwent hydrostatic and periodic cyclic pressure testing while buried. Three unreinforced test samples, one of each wall loss depth, were burst at the onset of the study to provide baseline comparisons.
NG-18-08-R01 Survey of the Problem of Fatigue Damage to Line Pipe in Railroad Transit
Authors: Rodabaugh E. C. , Atterbury T. J. , McClure G. M.
Published: August 2023

The report covers the information gained through discussions with pipe manufacturers, previous field failure investigations, and other reports and information made available. Good insight into the important factors that affect the possibility of fatigue damage during shipment was gained. Knowledge now available, although not complete, is sufficient to provide some guidelines to minimize transit damage and thus, we are recommending that a supplement to the AAR rules for loading pipe be prepared.
NG-18-13-R02 A Study of the Effect of Manufacturing Variables on the Properties of Line-Pipe Steels - 1966
Authors: Boulger F. , Hansen w.
Published: August 2023

This is the third phase report on this project. Previous phase reports contained information on the effects of certain manufacturing variables on the strength and fracture toughness of line-pipe steels made in the laboratory. Since the previous reports, additional steels have been melted and evaluated. Also, additional variables have been looked at. The report presents results obtained in 1964 and 1965, and, where possible, attempts to tie together all information obtained for any one variable. Principal variables discussed in the report are (1) prestraining and accelerating aging, (2) plate thickness, (3) aluminum nitride-bearing steels, (4) interrupted rolling practice, (4) heat treating, (5) reproducibility of heats and Charpy properties, and (6) drop-weight tear tests of laboratory steels.
TR-97-2 Foundation Guidelines
Authors: Smalley A.J. , Pantermuehl P.J.
Published: August 2023

These guidelines provide guidance to engineers responsible for installing or repamng the foundations of reciprocating compressors. If followed, the guidance should help assure an installation with a long life of trouble-free service. They address, in particular, mechanical integrity of the compressor/foundation installation, with emphasis on design of mounts, anchor bolts, and foundation block to carry the required dynamic loads. They defer to existing texts on vibration engineering for foundation blocks on their soil.
PR-316-17200-R02 A Study of the Effects of Liquid Contamination on Seal Performance
Authors: Rimpel Aaron , McCleney Amy
Published: August 2023

Liquid contamination in dry gas seals (DGS) can come from a variety of sources, including lube oil carryover and liquid dropout, due to the Joule-Thompson effect across the seal faces, which can cause DGS failure. The physical effect of liquids on DGS performance is a topic of limited understanding, and conflicting theories exist regarding liquid-induced failure mechanisms. While tests have been performed on DGS test rigs (primarily by seal OEMs), very little testing or analysis has been specifically aimed at studying the heat generation behind DGS behavior following liquid injection, and test results or conclusions have not been published for use in the industry. Therefore, this study develops a test rig and presents test results of a DGS in dry nitrogen at different supply pressures up to 1,000 psi, then intentionally introduce a liquid (light oil, up to ~3% liquid mass fraction) to measure any difference in performance that might indicate a possible failure mechanism. It was found that continuous injection of oil caused a distinct 2-8% increase in torque but no significant effect on seal temperature for the brief durations tested. In contrast, multiphase CFD predictions predicted generally higher torque values, in nitrogen only and with similar levels of oil injection than experiments, and a 3-6% increase in stationary ring temperatures. To the authors' knowledge, the CFD modeling approach used is a first of its kind for trying to study liquid contamination effects in a DGS, and further work is proposed to improve comparisons to the test data.

This is research performed by the Gas Machinery Research Council with cofunding by PRCI.
PR-208-9208-R01 The Influence of Pipeline Coating on the Criteria for Cathodic Protection
Authors: Barlo Thomas J , Zdunek Alan D
Published: August 2023

The objective of the research was to determine whether, and if so by how much, the present criteria for cathodic protection of bare steel are changed when an anticorrosion coating is present on the steel surface.
WINMOP-R03 Performance of Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

The objective of the project was to validate existing pipeline integrity prediction models through field testing multiple pipelines, validate the performance of in-line instrumentation through smart pig runs, and finally, to assess the actual integrity of aging damaged and defective pipelines. The objectives were accomplished by the testing of aging out-of-service lines using "smart pigs", followed by hydrotesting of the lines to failure, recovery of the failed sections, and determination of the pipeline characteristics in the vicinity of the failed sections (failure analysis).

One objective of the project was to validate the dented, gouged, and corroded pipeline burst strength prediction models currently in existence, such as ASME B31-G, R-Streng, and DNV 99 for pipelines. Another model was being developed as a joint international project sponsored by the U. S. Minerals Management Service, Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), and Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP) titled RAM PIPE REQUAL and an associated JIP identified as PIMPIS (Pipeline Inspection, Maintenance, and Performance Information System), this would be tested and validated as well.

The validation was provided by hydrotesting in-situ pipelines to failure. Sustained and rapidly applied hydro-pressures were used to investigate the effects of delayed and dynamic pressure related failures. After testing, the pipelines were scheduled for decommissioning; with the failed sections located, and brought to the laboratory for testing and analysis. Class A predictions were made before the pipelines were hydrotested to failure based on results from in-line instrumentation (instrumented) and from knowledge of the pipeline products and other characteristics (not instrumented). Based on the results from the testing, the analytical models were to be revised to provide improved agreement between the measured and predicted burst pressures.

Since the pipelines were inspected with smart pigs before the hydro-tests, it was possible to compare the smart-pig data gathered during pig runs to the actual condition of the pipeline. This was accomplished by recovering sections of the pipeline that were identified by the pig as having pits or metal-loss areas. Reviewed pipeline decommissioning inventory and selected a pipeline candidate.

The specific scope of work included:

� Selected pipelines for testing.

� Conducted field tests with an instrumented pig to determine pipeline denting, gouging and corrosion conditions.

� Used existing analytical models to determine burst strength for both instrumented and non-instrumented pipelines.

� Hydrotested the selected pipelines to failure (sustained and rapidly applied pressures).

� Located and retrieve failed sections and other sections identified as problem spots by the "smart-pig."

� Compared "smart pig" data to actual pipeline condition.

� Analyzed the failed sections to determine their physical and material characteristics.

� Revised the analytical models to provide improved agreements between predicted and measured burst pressures.
L41074 Short Term NO2 Concentrations Integrated Model Development
Authors: Kuhlman Michael
Published: August 2023

The exhaust from the engines used to power natural gas compressors used in the transmission pipeline system contains nitrogen oxides (NOx) at concentrations of a few hundred to several thousand parts per million (ppm).

The emission height is generally low (7-18 meters) so that under some conditions high NOx concentrations might exist at ground level downwind of the station fence line. These gases (NO and N02J play a key role in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere.

This work discusses methods and models to estimate NO2 concentrations around compressor facilities.
NX-37-R04 A Digital Computer Program for the Simulation of Gas Pipeline Network Dynamics
Authors: Distefano Dr. G. Paul Distefano
Published: August 2023

Outlines the development of PIPETRN IV to perform pipeline transient flow modeling.
PR-015-19602-R01 Water in Oil Meter Technology Testing
Authors: McCleney Amy
Published: August 2023

Water-cut meters measure the water content in a crude-oil stream and can use different sensor technologies and approaches to achieve this measurement. Each of these technology types has advantages and limitations for use in certain operating conditions. Current industry knowledge about the performance and limitations of the different technology meters for measuring a wide range of water cuts has not been extensively quantified. This testing effort was initiated to determine the stability and accuracy of different water-cut meters by flowing a crude-oil stream of water content through these meters. The performance of the different water-cut meters were assessed at a constant 100-gpm flow rate, two sweeps of water-cut ranges from 0% to 5% and 0% to 20%, and two different crude oils. To provide a reference water content, fluid samples were manually drawn from the flow loop upstream of the meters for each test point following API MPMS Ch. 8.1 (2019). The fluid samples were handled and mixed in accordance with API MPMS Ch. 8.3 (2019), and were assessed using two different analysis methods: a Karl Fisher Titration method using ASTM D4928 (2018) for the nominal 0% to 5% water-cut tests, and a centrifuge method using ASTM D4007 (2016) for the nominal 0% to 20% water-cut tests. The results from this testing effort will allow the PRCI members to assess the accuracy and stability of different water-cut meters and to select a water-cut metering technology that is most compatible with their operating conditions.
PR-106-521-R02 Pipe Collapse under Combined Axial Tension and External Pressure
Authors: Badcock C.D. , Madhavan R.
Published: August 2023

This report documents the work accomplished during the course of a three year period. The main objective of this study was to investigate the collapse of thick-walled tubes under combined axial tension and pressure. A combined analytic and experimental approach was adopted. The D/t range of interest was 10-40.

A number of collapse tests were conducted using small diameter tubing. Careful measurements of geometrical and material parameters were carried out before each collapse test. Tension-pressure collapse envelopes were obtained for tubes of different D/t. Collapse tests involving different loading paths as well as initially ovalized tubes were carried out. Specimen of lower DIt values tested at very high tensile loads showed a lack of collapse failure within the load-displacement capability of the setup.
NX-32-R02 Use of Pipe Lines as a Communication Media
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the potential of using pipelines as a medium for electronic communications.
L52287 Pre-Construction Drillability Assessment for Horizontal Directional Drilling in Rock
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Construction contractors often claim extra compensation associated with horizontally directionally drilled (HDD) pipeline installations is needed when drilling in rock. These claims result from HDD contractors' allegations that rock properties experienced during construction are significantly different from the properties on which the contractors' bids were based.

This report provides information and recommendations that improve exploration and testing methods for assessing the drillability of rock to be encountered on HDD pipeline installations. These improvements will lead to a better understanding of rock drillability which will in turn lead to more accurate bid prices and more effective drilling plans. Pipeline installation costs will be reduced by reducing claims for extra work, improving contractor efficiency, and decreasing risk associated with HDD installations in rock. This report also addresses contractual considerations and alternate dispute resolution.
DTPH56-15-H-CAAP06 Mitigating Pipeline Corrosion using a Smart Thermal Spraying Coating System
Authors: Arnold Joshua , Winnie Harold
Published: August 2023

PHMSA research report evaluating thermal spray coatings as a method to control pipeline corrosion.
DTPH56-05-T-004 Consolidated Research and Development for Pipeline Safety
Authors: Wood Ian , Jelen Deborah
Published: August 2023

PHMSA report.

Evaluates small unmanned air vehicles for monitoring pipeline encroachment.
EPRG-MSB-R01 Effect of Mean Stress on the Fatigue Behaviour of Gas Transmission Pipes
Authors: Knoop M.F. , Mannucci G. , Marewski U. , Owen R. , Steiner M. , Wolver G. , Zarea M.
Published: August 2023

Assess if the effect of mean stress should be included in fatigue criteria to enhance fatigue models, specifically DIN 2413.
NY-34-R01 The Relationship of Upstream Flow Distortion and Accuracy of Orifice Meters
Authors: Beitler S.R.
Published: August 2023

Assess the effect of 'non-standard' velocity distributions upstream of an orifice meter upon the accuracy of the meter.
PR-106-512-R01 Pipe Collapse under Bending and External Pressure (BEPICO) Computer Program Manual
Authors: Corona E. , Shaw P. K. , Kyriakides S.
Published: August 2023

A description of the BEPICO computer program to estimate the potential for pipe collapse under bending and external pressure. Includes source code in FORTRAN.
GRI-98-0367.1 Development of the B31.8 Code and Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations
Authors: Shires Theresa M. , Harrison Matthew R.
Published: August 2023

This report documents the intentions and founding principles of the ASME B3 l .8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems Codes and the Pipeline Safety Regulations (Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 192). Two meetings were held with distinguished pipeline experts and the first directors of the Office of Pipeline Safety to provide background information on the development of the Codes and Regulations. The focus of this effort was natural gas transmission pipeline operations. This report also addresses five major topics of interest to the U.S. transmission pipeline industry: establishing the threshold for operating pressure, class location areas, valve spacing, inspection frequencies, and public communications. Through an understanding of the Code and regulatory foundations, the pipeline industry can more effectively interpret and apply the requirements and recommendations to today's natural gas pipelines. In addition, the industry can use this information to support continued public benefit, improved safety, and industry growth.
NR199001 Assessment of Research on Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipeline
Authors: Thompson N.G. , Lawson K.M. , Beavers J.A. , Garrity K.C.
Published: August 2023

The specific objectives of this review program were:

(1) to examine the effects that various research investigations have had on the state-of-the-art for cathodic protection in the gas pipeline industry and to define directions of future investigations, and,

(2) to provide a convenient, comprehensive report that documents and summarizes the accomplishments of research projects conducted by both PRC and outside organizations relating to the specific research goals of the Corrosion Supervisory Committee.
JTM13-CCP Collapse of Corroded Pipelines
Authors: Chen Qishi , Zhou Joe , DeGeer Duane , Bjornoy Ola , Verley Richard
Published: August 2023

This paper presents preliminary numerical and experimental results obtained in an attempt to develop practical, reliability-based local buckling and collapse criteria for onshore and offshore pipelines that have experienced some form of metal-loss corrosion. The project was carried out in three phases involving finite element analysis, large-scale testing, and development of design criteria using reliability methodology. This paper summarizes the first two phases of this project including a characterization of corrosion defects, an assessment of the sensitivity of corrosion features based on finite element predictions, and test results of full-scale line pipe specimens.
NG-18-40-R01 A Model for Unstable Shear Crack Propagation in Pipes Containing Gas Pressure
Authors: Hahn G.H. , Sarrate M. , Kanninen M. F. , Rosenfield A. R.
Published: August 2023

A tentative analysis of an unstable shear crack propagating axially in the wall of a long pipe under gas pressure is developed. Six processes known to be associated with crack propagation are treated numerically: (1) axial decompression of the gas, (2) bulging of the pipe wall, (3) radial decompression of the gas, (4) local stress and strain intensification at the crack tip, (5) plastic deformation, and (6) ductile cracking. The treatment is quasi-static; dynamic effects in the pipe wall are ignored. Because the numerical descriptions included in the model are approximate and incomplete, several variants of the basic model are examined.

The response of the model is evaluated for different line pressures, geometries, and material properties and compared with full-scale test data for 100% shear cracks. A wide range of speeds can be calculated for the limits within which the system parameters are specified including the speeds observed in practice. The bulging and decompression characteristics of the model cause the crack speed to be relatively insensitive to line pressure. Yet the calculated crack speeds are influenced by yield strength and toughness of the material. The model does not provide for nonaxial crack paths, nor does it adequately describe crack-arrest possibilities. The paper represents the first step in the analysis of a complex
PR-138-162-R05 Test Method for Adhesive Bond Strength of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings on Pipe
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Describes a test method for establishing the adhesive bond strength of mill applied fusion bond epoxy coatings.
PR-3-823-R01 Remote Field Eddy Current Detection of Stress-Corrosion Cracks
Authors: Nestleroth Dr. J. Bruce
Published: August 2023

The feasibility of detecting stress-corrosion cracks (SCC) using the Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) technique was demonstrated. The RFEC technique interrogates the entire thickness of the pipe and is applicable for in-line inspection. If it can be shown that the RFEC technique is effective in detecting SCC, then the technique is an ideal method for detecting the defects of interest.

A defect detection model is proposed for explaining the mechanism for crack detection. For axially orientated, closed cracks, such as SCC, the conventional defect detection model proved to be too simplistic and not applicable. Therefore, a new detection model that examines the flow of circumferential eddy currents was developed based on experimental results. This model, though not rigorous, provides a general understanding of the applicability of the RFEC technique for finding SCC.

The data from the cracks and various artificial defects are presented in three formats: isometric projections, pseudocolor images, and line-of-sight data. Though only two cracks were found, the experimental results correlate well with the circumferential eddy current theory. A theoretical analysis of the effects of motion on the output signal of the receiver is presented. This analysis indicates that the inspection speed of simple implementations may be limited to a few miles per hour.
DTPH56-15-H-CAP02 Understanding and Mitigating the Threat of AC Induced Corrosion on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Lillard Scott
Published: August 2023

Explores new methods for assessing the threat of AC corrosion on buried pipelines. The results from this project will improve indirect inspection methods for assessing the impact of induced AC currents on pipeline corrosion rates and could be used for national and international standards. To accomplish this goal the project has three thrust areas: laboratory studies, industrial test facility benchmarking, and in-service pipeline validation. Previous work in our lab has shown that the magnitude of interfacial capacitance of the corroding metal is a key parameter in determining the AC corrosion rate. As such we will investigate the interfacial capacitance that develops on pipeline steel as a function of corrosion product build-up (scaling) and soil properties such as, resistivity, mineral content, and pH. In addition, we will conduct exploratory studies to determine the susceptibility of pipeline steel to environmental fracture during exposure to AC. Results from these tests will be benchmarked in experiments conducted in industrial pipeline testing facilities at Mears Integrity and Marathon Petroleum. Finally, we will validate the project by collecting indirect inspection data on an in-service pipeline in a transmission line right-of-way owned by Marathon. These data will be used as input to an AC Risk Algorithm to prioritize direct inspection of the pipeline. If permissible, the section of the pipeline identified as being at the greatest risk will be assessed using direct inspection.
PR-18-900-R01 Development of Automatic Inspection System for Underground Gas Pipelines
Authors: Flora John H. , Randall Milton D.
Published: August 2023

An experimental study to investigate the potential of a multi-frequency eddy current technique in detecting defects in steel pipelines. This feasibility study is the first of a three-phase program for the development of an inspection pig for gas pipelines.
SIR-03-066 ECDA-ILI Demonstration Project - ECDA Protocol
Authors: Chaney Craig
Published: August 2023

A protocol developed is to help assure that the Pipeline Research Council International ECDA-ILI Demonstration Project (Project) receives the correct and sufficient data to successfully conduct the analyses and meet the Project objectives. Its focus is primarily limited to assuring the collection of the appropriate data for the Project analyses. It does not provide all the requirements and tasks necessary for an Operator to be consistent with NACE RP 0502 and will be insufficient as a stand-alone procedure for conducting ECDA's.
NG-18-145-R01 Evaluation of an X70 Low-Carbon Bainitic-Steel Pipe
Authors: Williams D. N. , Maxey W.A.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the material properties of low-carbon bainitic-steel pipe with microalloying of titanium and boron in high manganese steel. Strain aging and stepwise hydrogen-induced cracking were also evaluated.
PR-156-636-R01 Storage Tank Management - A Regulatory and Technical Update
Authors: Edington Ronald J.
Published: August 2023

Reviews new regulations circa 1988 for underground storage tank owners and operators to assume greater responsibility for leak detection, closure reporting, and inventory management. Tank installations will be under more strict design, construction, and compatibility standards.
PR-15-174-R01 Measurement of Misalignment and Temperature Distribution for an Operating Compressor
Authors: Smalley Anthony J.
Published: August 2023

This report presents the data obtained during recent tests on a Clark HBA-8 compressor unit at Transco Refugio Station 20. The data includes vertical and horizontal distortion of the frame as measured by laser targets attached to the frame; internal relative displacements between frame and bearings; and temperatures at 14 locations on compressor and foundation block. The variation of these quantities with time is presented in a series of plots for two startups. The first startup covered a day of running followed by 4 days of cooldown; the second startup covered 52 hours of running. Some preliminary observations are made on trends to be seen in the data.