bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Digital Analysis System to Evaluate Peanut Maturity
Authors: Colvin B. C. , Rowland D. L. , Ferrell J. A. , Faircloth W. H.
Published: November 2013

The profile color class method developed by Williams and Drexler in 1981 for the prediction of peanut harvest has proven to be a relative description of peanut maturity and is currently used by growers. However, the method requires the subjective visual classification of pods based on the development of color in the mesocarp layer of the hull which naturally introduces variability and possible error in maturity prediction based solely on observer bias. A Digital Image Model (DIM) was developed to eliminate subjectivity in pod color classification. The DIM is a method in which a scanned image of pod mesocarp colors is analyzed using a color definition algorithm. The final output of the DIM is a ratio of pixel color classes. To develop the DIM, replicated plots were established in Florida in 2010 and 2011 and sequentially harvested starting at 120 days after planting (DAP) and then progressing at wk intervals through 155 DAP. At harvest, yield and grade were evaluated for each plot and pod samples were collected for color classification by a single observer using the current profile board method. These same pod samples were then imaged and analyzed with the DIM method. The percentage of black and brown pods (mature pods) classified by the profile board and the DIM method were evaluated to determine the overall performance of the DIM in comparison to the profile board. The DIM method was successful in predicting the percentage of black and brown pods similarly to the profile board in both years with R2 0.63 to 0.82 with images acquired from the saddle region of the pod. There was more variability in matching the DIM prediction to the profile board when imaging pods from random regions, with R2 0.19 to 0.82. The goal of this research was to develop an imaging system that could be accessed by growers, consultants, and extension agents for objective analysis and prediction of peanut maturity.
Nox Gene Expression and Cytochemical Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide in Polyporus umbellatus Sclerotial Formation
Authors: Xing Yong-Mei , Chen Juan , Song Chao , Liu Ying-Ying , Guo Shun-Xing , Wang Chun-Lan
Published: November 2013

The effect of temperature shift on Polyporus umbellatus sclerotial development was investigated. Micromorphology of the sclerotia was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytochemical localization of H2O2 expressed as CeCl3 deposition at the subcellular level was observed by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nox gene expression in sclerotia and mycelia was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) specific activities increased during sclerotial development and decreased after the antioxidant diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) was used. Results indicated that the temperature shift treatment induced P. umbellatus sclerotial formation. Compared with the mycelia, the Nox gene was respectively upregulated by 10.577-, 30.984- and 25.469-fold in the sclerotia of SI, SD and SM stages respectively. During the sclerotial formation, H2O2 accumulation was observed in the cell walls or around the organelle membranes of the mycelial cells. The antioxidant DPI decreased the generation of H2O2 in mycelial cells. The specific activity of SOD and CAT levels was decreased significantly by DPI. The activity of the two antioxidant enzymes in the mycelia increased much more during sclerotial formation (p < 0.05). Oxidative stress was closely associated with sclerotial development in P. umbellatus induced by temperature shift treatment.
A Mathematic Model That Describes Modes of MdSGHV Transmission within House Fly Populations
Authors: Vallejo Celeste , Lee Jo , Keesling James , Geden Christopher , Lietze Verena-Ulrike , Boucias Drion
Published: November 2013

In this paper it is proposed that one potential component by which the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) infects individual flies is through cuticular damage. Breaks in the cuticle allow entry of the virus into the hemocoel causing the infection. Male flies typically have a higher rate of infection and a higher rate of cuticular damage than females. A model for the transmission of MdSGHV was formulated assuming several potential and recognized means of transmission. The model yields results that are in agreement with field data that measured the infection rate in house flies on dairy farms in Florida. The results from this model indicate that MdSGHV will be maintained at a stable rate within house fly populations and support the future use of MdSGHV as a birth control agent in house fly management.
A Novel Bioinformatics Strategy to Analyze Microbial Big Sequence Data for Efficient Knowledge Discovery: Batch-Learning Self-Organizing Map (BLSOM)
Authors: Iwasaki Yuki , Abe Takashi , Wada Kennosuke , Wada Yoshiko , Ikemura Toshimichi
Published: November 2013

With the remarkable increase of genomic sequence data of microorganisms, novel tools are needed for comprehensive analyses of the big sequence data available. The self-organizing map (SOM) is an effective tool for clustering and visualizing high-dimensional data, such as oligonucleotide composition on one map. By modifying the conventional SOM, we developed batch-learning SOM (BLSOM), which allowed classification of sequence fragments (e.g., 1 kb) according to phylotypes, solely depending on oligonucleotide composition. Metagenomics studies of uncultivable microorganisms in clinical and environmental samples should allow extensive surveys of genes important in life sciences. BLSOM is most suitable for phylogenetic assignment of metagenomic sequences, because fragmental sequences can be clustered according to phylotypes, solely depending on oligonucleotide composition. We first constructed oligonucleotide BLSOMs for all available sequences from genomes of known species, and by mapping metagenomic sequences on these large-scale BLSOMs, we can predict phylotypes of individual metagenomic sequences, revealing a microbial community structure of uncultured microorganisms, including viruses. BLSOM has shown that influenza viruses isolated from humans and birds clearly differ in oligonucleotide composition. Based on this host-dependent oligonucleotide composition, we have proposed strategies for predicting directional changes of virus sequences and for surveilling potentially hazardous strains when introduced into humans from non-human sources.
El síndrome de Saint-Domingue. Percepciones y sensibilidades de la Revolución Haitiana en el Gran Caribe (1791-1814)
Authors: Gómez Alejandro E.
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT - The fear towards Haiti is a recurrent subject in the Caribbean historiography dealing with the Era of Revolutions. This has been defined as the fear felt by the white people, members of the region's proslavery societies, contemplating the possibility of loosing their proprieties or being killed by rebellious black men, as it happened to others like them during the revolution in Haiti. In this article, this phenomenon is taken into consideration as being an integral part of a wider spectre of signs in which different expressions of «anxiety», generated by the situation itself, are obvious. According to the «logic of fear», we have defined this manifestations as a whole as a syndrome due to their common «traumatic» origin associated with the events in Saint-Domingue. In the same way, the scale of analysis widens towards the Great Caribbean (specially taking into consideration Cuba's, Jamaica's, Virginia's and Venezuela's cases) in order to supply this study with a richer survey of different ethno social realities, conceived through comparison.
Alvaro Mutis: la historia sin ilusiones
Authors: De Roux Rodolfo
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACT - In spite of his vision of History as a magma which moves and advances without a specific aim, Alvaro Mutis feeds his thoughts about human bondage by evocating historical facts and characters which express his «phobias and philias», such as they're analyzed in this article.
Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga: Judgment on the Appeal Against the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 21 November 2012 (Int’l Crim. CT.)
Authors: Koh Steven Arrigg
Published: November 2013

The Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the case of Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga held that a Trial Chamber, during the deliberations stage of trial proceedings, may, pursuant to Regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court (Regulation 55), give notice of a possible modification of the legal characterization of the facts in its final Judgment, so long as the trial remains fair. This Introductory Note will provide background on the Katanga case and Regulation 55, summarize the Appeals Chamber’s Judgment, and discuss the implications of this ruling.
Vitamin E Profiles and Triacylglycerol Molecular Species of Colored Rice Bran Cultivars at Different Degree of Milling
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Kanamori Mika , Yoshida Naoko , Sakamoto Yuka , Kuriyama Isoko , Mizushina Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study was to evalute the tocochromanol distributions, lipid components and molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG) in three colored rice bran cultivars. The dominant tocochromanol were gama-tocotrienol, alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol with smaller amounts of gama-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and delta-tocotrienol. These lipids comprised mainly TAG (78.0-81.6 wt%), free fatty acids (FFA: 5.6-8.8 wt%), and phospholipids (PL: 6.3-7.0 wt%), while other components were present in minor proportions (0.4-2.3 wt%). Sixteen different TAG molecular species were detected and quantified by successive applications of AgNO3-TLC and GC. The major TAG molecular species were SM2 (6.1-9.8%), S2D (4.8-7.3%)?M3 (16.4-18.7%), SMD (6.2-9.2%), SD2 (6.5-9.5%), SMT (6.3-7.7%), M2D (12.3-15.5%.), MD2 (8.4-10.4%), SDT (4.3-5.4%) and D3 (10.2-15.2%) (where S, M, D, and T denote saturated FA, monoene, diene, and triene, respectively). The results showed that colored rice bran lipids contain large amounts of nutraceutical with proven positive health effects.
Using KenKen to Build Reasoning Skills
Authors: Reiter Harold B. , Thornton John , Vennebush G. Patrick
Published: November 2013

Through KenKen puzzles, students can explore parity, counting, subsets, and various problem-solving strategies.
Autobiographical Memory Functions Served by Multiple Event Types
Authors: Waters Theodore E. A. , Bauer Patricia J. , Fivush Robyn
Published: November 2013

Autobiographical memories are thought to serve three basic functions: self‐definition, social connection, and directing future behavior. Previous research suggests that the function a memory comes to serve may differ by the type of event recalled (e.g., single unique events vs. repeated or recurring events). In two studies, we compared memories for different event types on function served. Results from Study 1 suggest that narratives of single events serve more of a self and directive function compared with recurring events, whereas recurring events serve more of a social function. Extended events, however, were high on all three functions. Study 2 specifically examined single and recurring events. Results replicated and extended Study 1 using both narrative coding and questionnaire measures. Implications of the examination of multiple event types and functional approaches to autobiographical memory for understanding links between experiences and psychological outcomes are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Organometallic Inhibitor for the Human Repair Enzyme 7,8‐Dihydro‐8‐oxoguanosine Triphosphatase
Authors: Streib Manuel , Kräling Katja , Richter Kristin , Xie Xiulan , Steuber Holger , Meggers Eric
Published: November 2013

The probe‐based discovery of the first small‐molecule inhibitor of the repair enzyme 8‐oxo‐dGTPase (MTH1) is presented, which is an unconventional cyclometalated ruthenium half‐sandwich complex. The organometallic inhibitor with low‐nanomolar activity displays astonishing specificity, as verified in tests with an extended panel of protein kinases and other ATP binding proteins. The binding of the organometallic inhibitor to MTH1 is investigated by protein crystallography.
Investigating the behavior of visually impaired users for multi‐session search tasks
Authors: Gooda Sahib Nuzhah , Tombros Anastasios , Stockman Tony
Published: November 2013

Multi‐session search tasks are complex and span more than one web session. Such tasks are challenging because searchers must keep track of their search progress and the information they encounter across sessions. Multi‐session tasks can be cognitively taxing for visually impaired users because the lack of persistence of screen readers causes the load on working memory to be high. In this article, we first discuss the habitual behavior of visually impaired participants for multi‐session tasks when using popular search interfaces. We then present the evaluation of a search interface developed to support complex information seeking for visually impaired users. The user evaluation was structured in two sessions to simulate a multi‐session task. Thus, we discuss the strategies observed among participants to resume the search, to review previously encountered information, and to satisfy their evolved information need. We also compare the information‐seeking behavior across the two sessions and examine how the proposed interface supports participants for multi‐session tasks. Findings from this evaluation contribute to our understanding of the information‐seeking behavior of visually impaired users and have implications for the design of tools to support searchers to manage and make sense of information during multi‐session search tasks.
Optical and structural characterization of CdS/ZnS and CdS:Cu2+/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Murugadoss G. , Kumar M. Rajesh
Published: November 2013

Core‐shell CdS/ZnS (Zn 0.025‒0.125 M) and CdS:Cu2+(1%)/ZnS nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a chemical method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR TEM), photoluminescence (PL) and UV/Visible (UV/Vis) techniques were used to characterize the novel CdS/ZnS and CdS:Cu2+/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles. All absorption peaks of the synthesized samples were highly blue‐shifted from the bulk CdS and ZnS. Very narrow and symmetric PL emission was observed in the yellow region for core–shell CdS/ZnS. Furthermore, the PL emission of CdS/ZnS was tuned into orange region by incorporate the Cu ion into the core CdS lattice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug‐induced reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with ALK‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer treated with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib
Authors: Brosnan Evelyn M. , Weickhardt Andrew J. , Lu Xian , Maxon Delee A. , Barón Anna E. , Chonchol Michel , Camidge D. Ross
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

To the best of the authors' knowledge, the renal side effects of crizotinib have not been investigated previously.

METHODS

The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine‐based prediction equation during the first 12 weeks of crizotinib therapy and after crizotinib but before the introduction of any further systemic therapy.

RESULTS

A total of 38 patients with stage IV anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer who were treated with crizotinib were identified. The mean eGFR decreased by 23.9% compared with baseline (P < .0001; 95% confidence interval, 21.3%‐26.6%), with the majority of the decrease occurring within the first 2 weeks of therapy. Clinical history and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios did not suggest prerenal causes. The objective response rate among evaluable patients (n = 27) was 41%. Tumor shrinkage was not correlated with changes in eGFR (correlation coefficient, −0.052; P = .798). Among the 16 patients for whom data after treatment with crizotinib were available, recovery to within 84% of the baseline eGFR occurred in all patients. After adjusting for the number of scans with intravenous contrast and the use of known nephrotoxic drugs, the issue of whether a patient was on or off crizotinib treatment was found to be significantly associated with changes in eGFR (P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

As assessed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration prediction equation, eGFR is reduced by treatment with crizotinib, but the majority of patients will recover their eGFR after the cessation of therapy. The early onset, size of the change, minimal cumulative effect, and rapid reversibility raise the possibility that this may be a pharmacological and/or tubular creatinine secretion effect rather than a direct nephrotoxic effect. Increased vigilance with regard to the concomitant use of renally cleared medications or nephrotoxic agents should be considered for patients receiving crizotinib and, when eGFR is reduced, additional renal investigations should be undertaken. Cancer 2014;120:664–674. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
No improvement noted in overall or cause‐specific survival for men presenting with metastatic prostate cancer over a 20‐year period
Authors: Wu Jennifer N. , Fish Kari M. , Evans Christopher P. , deVere White Ralph W. , Dall'Era Marc A.
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer mortality in the United States has declined by nearly 40% over the last 25 years. However, to the authors' knowledge, the contribution of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening for the early detection of prostate cancer remains unclear and controversial. In the current study, the authors attempted to determine whether improvements in survival over time among patients with metastatic prostate cancer have contributed to the decline in mortality.

METHODS

Men aged ≥ 45 years who presented with de novo metastatic prostate cancer from 1988 to 2009 were identified within the California Cancer Registry. Overall survival and disease‐specific survival were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. A multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed to adjust for different distributions of variables between groups.

RESULTS

A total of 19,336 men presented with de novo metastatic prostate cancer during the study period. On multivariate analysis, overall survival was found to be better for men diagnosed from 1988 through 1992 and 1993 through 1998 than for men diagnosed in the most recent era (hazards ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.72‐0.85 [P < .001] and HR, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.74‐0.86 [P < .001]). There was no improvement in disease‐specific survival observed when comparing the most contemporary men (those diagnosed between 2004 and 2009) with those diagnosed between 1988 and 1997.

CONCLUSIONS

In this analysis of men presenting with de novo metastatic prostate cancer, no consistent improvement in overall or disease‐specific survival could be demonstrated over time. These data suggest that improvements in survival for patients with advanced disease have not contributed substantially to the observed drop in prostate cancer mortality over the PSA era and that stage migration secondary to PSA screening plays a more prominent role. Cancer 2014;120:818–823. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Allelic specificity of Ube3a Expression In The Mouse Brain During Postnatal Development
Authors: Judson Matthew C. , Sosa‐Pagan Jason O. , Del Cid Wilmer A. , Han Ji Eun , Philpot Benjamin D.
Published: November 2013

Genetic alterations of the maternal UBE3A allele result in Angelman syndrome (AS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe developmental delay, lack of speech, and difficulty with movement and balance. The combined effects of maternal UBE3A mutation and cell type–specific epigenetic silencing of paternal UBE3A are hypothesized to result in a complete loss of functional UBE3A protein in neurons. However, the allelic specificity of UBE3A expression in neurons and other cell types in the brain has yet to be characterized throughout development, including the early postnatal period when AS phenotypes emerge. Here we define maternal and paternal allele‐specific Ube3a protein expression throughout postnatal brain development in the mouse, a species that exhibits orthologous epigenetic silencing of paternal Ube3a in neurons and AS‐like behavioral phenotypes subsequent to maternal Ube3a deletion. We find that neurons downregulate paternal Ube3a protein expression as they mature and, with the exception of neurons born from postnatal stem cell niches, do not express detectable paternal Ube3a beyond the first postnatal week. By contrast, neurons express maternal Ube3a throughout postnatal development, during which time localization of the protein becomes increasingly nuclear. Unlike neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrotyes biallelically express Ube3a. Notably, mature oligodendrocytes emerge as the predominant Ube3a‐expressing glial cell type in the cortex and white matter tracts during postnatal development. These findings demonstrate the spatiotemporal characteristics of allele‐specific Ube3a expression in key brain cell types, thereby improving our understanding of the developmental parameters of paternal Ube3a silencing and the cellular basis of AS. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1874–1896, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Verification of computational models of cardiac electro‐physiology
Authors: Pathmanathan Pras , Gray Richard A.
Published: November 2013

For computational models of cardiac activity to be used in safety‐critical clinical decision‐making, thorough and rigorous testing of the accuracy of predictions is required. The field of ‘verification, validation and uncertainty quantification’ has been developed to evaluate the credibility of computational predictions. The first stage, verification, is the evaluation of how well computational software correctly solves the underlying mathematical equations. The aim of this paper is to introduce novel methods for verifying multi‐cellular electro‐physiological solvers, a crucial first stage for solvers to be used with confidence in clinical applications. We define 1D–3D model problems with exact solutions for each of the monodomain, bidomain, and bidomain‐with‐perfusing‐bath formulations of cardiac electro‐physiology, which allow for the first time the testing of cardiac solvers against exact errors on fully coupled problems in all dimensions. These problems are carefully constructed so that they can be easily run using a general solver and can be used to greatly increase confidence that an implementation is correct, which we illustrate by testing one major solver, ‘Chaste’, on the problems. We then perform case studies on calculation verification (also known as solution verification) for two specific applications. We conclude by making several recommendations regarding verification in cardiac modelling. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blue‐to‐Orange Color‐Tunable Laser Emission from Tailored Boron‐Dipyrromethene Dyes
Authors: Esnal Ixone , Valois‐Escamilla Ismael , Gómez‐Durán César F. A. , Urías‐Benavides Arlette , Betancourt‐Mendiola María L. , López‐Arbeloa Iñigo , Bañuelos Jorge , García‐Moreno Inmaculada , Costela Angel , Peña‐Cabrera Eduardo
Published: November 2013

A series of meso‐substituted boron‐bipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes are synthesized and their laser and photophysical properties systematically studied. Laser emission covering a wide visible spectral region (from blue to orange) is obtained by just changing the electron donor character of the heteroatom at position 8. The additional presence of methyl groups at positions 3 and 5 results in dyes with a photostability similar to that of the unsubstituted dye but with much improved efficiency. Correlation of the lasing properties of the different dyes to their photophysical properties provides inklings to define synthetic strategies of new BODIPY dyes with enhanced efficiency and modulated wavelength emission over the visible spectral region.
Evaluation of peripheral blood microsampling techniques in combination with liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of drug pharmacokinetics in clinical studies
Authors: Rincón Juan P. , Meesters Roland J. W.
Published: November 2013

New bioanalytical assays were developed, validated, and applied in a clinical study for quantitative measurement of acetaminophen concentrations in blood and plasma samples. Furthermore, after validation, the bioanalytical assays were used for determination of pharmacokinetics within a group of six healthy male human volunteers after admission of a single oral dose of 500 mg of acetaminophen. Quantitative analyses were done by means of liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry and blood samples were collected at various sampling time points using different peripheral blood microsampling techniques. Post‐dose peripheral collected blood samples were applied for the preparation of dry blood spots, dried matrix on paper discs, and peripheral plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined were clearance (Cl), area under the curve (AUC), volume of distribution (Vd), peak concentration (Cmax), time of occurrence of peak concentration (Tmax) and half‐life time (T½). Observed pharmacokinetic values were not statistically (ANOVA) different compared to in literature reported values based on venous blood collection. The present pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of peripheral blood microsampling techniques in combination with quantitative liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of pharmacokinetics in clinical studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A shared mechanism of defense against predators and parasites: chitin regulation and its implications for life‐history theory
Authors: Beckerman Andrew P. , de Roij Job , Dennis Stuart R. , Little Tom J.
Published: November 2013

Defenses against predators and parasites offer excellent illustrations of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Despite vast knowledge about such induced defenses, they have been studied largely in isolation, which is surprising, given that predation and parasitism are ubiquitous and act simultaneously in the wild. This raises the possibility that victims must trade‐off responses to predation versus parasitism. Here, we propose that arthropod responses to predators and parasites will commonly be based on the endocrine regulation of chitin synthesis and degradation. The proposal is compelling because many inducible defenses are centered on temporal or spatial modifications of chitin‐rich structures. Moreover, we show how the chitin synthesis pathway ends in a split to carapace or gut chitin, and how this form of molecular regulation can be incorporated into theory on life‐history trade‐offs, specifically the Y‐model. Our hypothesis thus spans several biological scales to address advice from Stearns that “Endocrine mechanisms may prove to be only the tip of an iceberg of physiological mechanisms that modulate the expression of genetic covariance”.
Legitimation of Certifying Partnerships in the Global Market Place
Authors: Glasbergen Pieter
Published: November 2013

One of the main themes in the debate about global governance through private certifying partnerships regards their legitimacy. This paper argues that the main categories used in this debate – input and output legitimacy – largely result in a normative assessment, which does not help much with understanding better the practices of legitimating processes. As an addition to the literature focusing on legitimacy as a state of affair, this paper studies legitimacy as a dynamic process of change. To analyse these legitimation processes the paper suggests an approach based on the legitimacy challenges that the arrangements need to handle given the functions that they aim to fulfil. This approach is applied in a study of four frontrunner cases in different categories of certifying arrangements. The analysis reveals some of the drivers of legitimating processes and their relationships. It also shows the relative importance of procedural and substantive predetermined criteria to understand legitimacy issues of private regulation in the global market place. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals: Scaffolds for Heterocycle Molecular Diversity
Authors: Wang Kai‐Min , Yan Sheng‐Jiao , Lin Jun
Published: November 2013

Heterocyclic ketene aminals (HKAs) have proven to be a class of fascinating and versatile synthetic building blocks for use in the construction of heterocyclic or fused heterocyclic compounds. The bicyclic, tricyclic, and tetracyclic nitrogen‐containing analogues with HKA skeleton widely exist in natural and synthetic drugs. To understand and to master the reaction properties of HKAs and to construct other new fused heterocycles in the future, it is very important and necessary to investigate HKAs. This review covers the relevant contributions of the last twenty years with respect to the developments and applications of HKAs, categorized by reaction type.
Bundle streaming service: design, implementation and performance evaluation
Authors: Lenas Sotirios‐Angelos , Burleigh Scott C. , Tsaoussidis Vassilis
Published: November 2013

We present bundle streaming service (BSS), a communication framework that allows for reliable data streaming over delay/disruptive tolerant networks. BSS improves the reception and storage of data streams through the application of sophisticated forwarding tactics and the exploitation of inherent delay/disruptive tolerant networking (DTN) architecture features. The proposed framework, which targets easy configuration and deployment, comprises two elements: a bundle forwarder and a software library. Both elements were implemented as part of the interplanetary overlay network DTN platform. Using European Space Agency's DTN testbed, we experimentally evaluate BSS performance across a wide range of network scenarios. Based on these emulation results, we discuss the associated performance trade‐offs along with potential improvement opportunities and demonstrate BSS's suitability for both terrestrial and space environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrochemical Determination of Indium in Uranium‐Indium Alloys: Part I (0.2–6 wt% of In)
Authors: Held Sima , Schoenfeld Irena
Published: November 2013

The method provides for the determination of indium in uranium‐indium alloys in the concentration range 0.2 – 6 wt% of indium. Hydrochloric acid solutions of the sample are excited by the “copper spark” technique and the intensity ratios of the analytical lines: In I 4101.77A and U II 4090.14A are determined photometrically and related to the concentration of indium. The coefficient of variation of a single determination of indium concentration is about 10% in the concentration range 0.5–6 wt% of indium, and about 17% for lower concentrations. The limit of detection is 0.1 wt% of indium.
10‐Phenyl‐Dibenz [B,F] Oxepin and — Dibenzo [B,F] Thiepin
Authors: Bergmann E.D. , Rabinovitz M.
Published: November 2013

By a method of ring enlargement, 10‐phenyl‐dibenz [b,f] oxepin and 10‐phenyl‐dibenzo [b,f] thiepin have been prepared from suitable derivatives of xanthene and thioxanthene, respectively.
Studies in Syntheses of Steroid Metabolites. I.
Authors: Harnik M.
Published: November 2013

Several approaches to the synthesis of 3α, 11β‐dihydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐17‐one (Vila) and 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐11,17‐dione (XIIa) are discussed. The preferred route involves selective sodium borohydride reduction of 5α‐androstane‐3,11,17‐trione (V) to 3β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androstane‐11,17‐dione (VIa) and solvolysis of its tosylate (VIc) to afford a mixture of the ketoalcohol (XIIa) and the olefin (VIIIb). The latter is then converted, through the ketals (XIb) and (XIIIb), into the diolone (VIIa).
Studies on the Mechanism of the Inhibitory Effect of Ethidium Bromide on Purine Nucleotide Metabolism
Authors: Razin A. , Mager J.
Published: November 2013

The potent tryponocidal drug, ethidium bromide was found to exert an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of ribonucleotides from preformed purines in rabbit red blood cells. The inhibition was much more pronounced with reticulocytes than with mature erythrocytes. The same compound showed little if any effect on the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides in reticulocytes.

The major biochemical lesion induced by ethidium bromide was reflected in a decline of the intracellular ATP content. The ATP decay was attributable to the deleterious action of the drug on the mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. The preferential blockage of the nucleotide formation from exogenously supplied purines appears to be determined by the high demand of this system for ATP supply owing to its vigorous activity contrasting with the slow rate of the de novo biosynthetic pathway.

Our data do not support the hypothesis of Kandaswamy and Henderson (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 61: 86, 1962) postulating the separate existence and metabolism of two biosynthetically distinct pools of purine ribonucleotides.
π‐Complexes of Phenylborazines with Tetracyanoethylene
Authors: Muszkat K. A. , Kirson B.
Published: November 2013

The π‐complexes formed by tetracyanoethylene with several phenylborazines were investigated by the spectrophotometric method. The charge transfer band frequencies were compared with those of the tetracyanoethylene complexes of hexamethylborazine and of appropriately substituted benzene derivatives. Steric and electronic effects on the frequencies are discussed.
Microheterometric Method for the Determination of Vanadium with 5,7‐Diiodo‐8‐Hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Gancz M.
Published: November 2013

A quick and precise method is given for the heterometric determination of 0.13‐0.2 mg vanadium in 20ml solution, with 5, 7‐diiodo‐8‐hydroxyquinoline (diiodooxine). Large amounts of Ca, Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Al, Pb, U, Zr do not Interfere with the determination of vanadium. The titration is carried out in 5–8 minutes and the maximum error is about 1%.
16‐Isopropylidene‐6‐Hydroxyequilenin Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Harnik M. , Danieli N.
Published: November 2013

An unknown product previously obtained was now shown to have the structure (III) by hydrogenation and determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet and mass spectra. Final proof was obtained by an independent synthesis.
ω‐Alkyl‐ω‐Nitroacetophenones
Authors: Seter (Strumza) J.
Published: November 2013

Nitroketones of the formula Ar. CO. CHR. NO2 are best obtained by chromic acid oxidation of the easily accessible corresponding nitroalcohols. The nitroketones form stable salts with secondary amines.

A series of ω‐nitro‐ω‐(2‐furfurylidene) ‐ acetophenones has been synthesized.

The infrared spectra of the new compounds prepared have been determined and are discussed.
Synthesis of Potential Analgesics
Authors: Welner S. , Ginsburg D.
Published: November 2013

A number of tertiary amines containing suitably situated quaternary carbon atoms has been synthesized. Parmacological testing has shown them to be inactive as analgesics.
The Radiolytic Isomerization of Stilbene in Solid Systems
Authors: Fischer E. , Fischer Gabriella , Stein G.
Published: November 2013

The γ‐ray induced trans → cis isomerization of stilbene was investigated in solutions in the frozen organic solvents benzene, toluene, naphthalene, dibenzyl, and cyclohexane, and compared with fluid solutions in the same solvents, at appropriate temperatures. In dilute (up to 10−3M) solutions in benzene isomerization takes place in the frozen system at a higher rate than in the corresponding fluid system, with the ratio between these rates increasing with decreasing stilbene concentration. These results indicate that energy transfer in frozen benzene, and to stilbene embedded in it, takes place by a more efficient mechanism than the diffusional one operative in fluid solutions. It is suggested that singlet or triplet excitons are responsible for energy transfer within the microcrystals of the frozen benzene, and to stilbene molecules situated in specific (possibly surface) sites. At stilbene concentrations in the range 5 × 10−5 to 10−1M G(trans → cis) in the frozen solutions is approximately constant (≃ 0.7), corresponding to G(excited stilbene) ≃ 1.4. This result is compatible with a mechanism involving efficient “harvesting” of all triplet benzene molecules in the solid under these conditions. Dilute solutions in toluene behave in a similar way, but no radiolytic isomerization takes place in solutions in solid naphthalene or dibenzyl, and also not in solid trans stilbene.
Particle Size and Optical Properties of Montmorillonite in Suspension
Authors: Banin A. , Lahav N.
Published: November 2013

The light absorption spectra of monoionic montmorillonite suspensions with Li, Na, K, Rb, NH4, Cs, Mg, Ca and Ba as adsorbed ions were studied in the wavelength range 200–800 mμ. Theoretical analysis of the spectra showed that in the visible range, only scattering is responsible for light intensity attenuation. The scattering was found to depend on the type of adsorbed ion and to increase systematically along the series from Li to Ba. This was attributed to increased particle size of the clay caused by parallel plate condensation to form tactoids. A geometrical model of a montmorillonite tactoid was assumed. The general dependence of the properties of such tactoids, and of their suspensions, on the number of plates per tactoid was formulated. Using the measured values of light absorbance index, and the theoretical model, the relative sizes, measured by the number of plates per tactoid, in the different ionic forms were calculated. The relative sizes thus estimated were found to agree favorably with relative sizes calculated from negative adsorption surface area measurements.

A typical peak of specific light absorption was observed at 240–245 mμ, for both the suspensions and their clay‐free supernatant solutions. Though the compound responsible for this peak is unidentified yet, its quantity in the various suspensions could be roughly estimated. The quantity was found to be negatively correlated with the relative size of the tactoid.

It was concluded that the average particle size of montmorillonite in suspension markedly and systematically depends on the type of adsorbed ion. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Size and Shape of Montmorillonite Particles Saturated with Na/Ca Ions (Inferred from Viscosity and Optical Measurements)
Authors: Shainberg I. , Otoh H.
Published: November 2013

The viscosity and light transmittance of montmorillonite suspensions saturated with Na+, Ca++ and known mixtures of these ions in the adsorbed phase were investigated. Introduction of a small fraction of Na+ (10% – 15%) into the exchange complex of Ca—clay, does not result in the breakdown of the tactoids. The breakdown of the tactoids occurred when the equivalent fraction of Na increased from 0.2 to 0.5. Montmorillonite clay saturated with 50% calcium (and less) exists as single platelets. Combining the structural data with an equilibrium equation based on the diffuse double layer theory indicates that when tactoids are formed, demixing occurred by which Na+ ions are concentrated on the external surfaces of the tactoids and Ca++ ions on the internal surfaces.
The Strength of the Hydrogen Bond in Long‐Chain Normal Aliphatic Amine Salts
Authors: Kertes A. S. , Gutmann H. , Levy O. , Markovits G.
Published: November 2013

Chloride, bromide, nitrate, perchlorate, bisulfate, tetrachloro‐ and tetra‐bromo ferrate salts of a number of normal long‐chain (eight or more carbon atoms per chain) aliphatic primary, secondary and tertiary amines were prepared in solid crystalline form and their infrared spectra recorded at 25°C as mulls in Nujol and as KBr pellets. Hydrogen bonding in all these salts was shown to exist by the shift of the N‐H stretching frequency. With a common proton donor the magnitude of Δ v was found to vary with the nature of the anion. A closely linear relationship between Δv and the ionic radii and the proton affinity of the anions has been observed. From this relationship the ionic radii of FeCl4− and FeBr4− have been estimated. The chain length has apparently no effect on the hydrogen bond strength, contrary to the effect reported for low molecular weight (four or less carbon atoms per chain) amine salts.
Aristolochic Acid‐I in the Swallowtail ButterflyPachlioptera Aristolochiae(Fabr.) (Papilionidae)
Authors: Euw J. V. , Reichstein T. , Rothschild Miriam
Published: November 2013

The isolation of aristolochic acid‐I from Pachlioptera aristolochiae (Fabr.) is described. About 0.1 mg is present in each butterfly. The larvae feed exlusively on plants of the family Aristolochiaceae and presumably ingest the acid which is stored and carried through the pupal stage to the adult insect.
Sorption of Aniline by Montmorillonite
Authors: Yariv S. , Heller Lisa , Sofer Z. , Bodenheimer W.
Published: November 2013

Sorption of aniline by montmorillonite was studied by infra‐red, X‐ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis methods. The amount of aniline sorbed and the type of bonding depend upon the interlayer cations: anilinium, H+‐ and Al3+‐ give anilinium aniline ions, NH44‐ammonium aniline ions, alkalis and alkaline earths except Cs are bonded to aniline through water bridges and transition metal cations are coordinated to aniline partly directly and partly through water bridges. Sorption does not occur in the complete absence of water.
20th Farkas Memorial Lecture Recent Progress in the Study of Transient Chemical Intermediates
Authors: Porter G.
Published: November 2013

Recent studies of aromatic free radicals and electronically excited states using flash photolytic techniques in the microsecond and nanosecond ranges are reviewed. The technique and applications of laser flash photolysis are discussed.
Cross‐Relaxation Effects in the Far Infrared Spectrum of Ammonia
Authors: Lightman A.
Published: November 2013

Line overlapping measurements are reported in the inversion doublets of far infrared rotational lines of ammonia gas, demonstrating the effect of cross‐relaxation. Values are obtained of linwidth parameters for the components and cross‐relaxation rates in several rotational lines broadened by nitrogen.
Raman Spectra of 5d Transition Metal Hexafluorides in the Vapor State
Authors: Claassen H. H. , Selig H.
Published: November 2013

Raman spectra of WF6, ReFe, OsF6, IrF6 and PtF6 have been obtained in the gaseous state with laser excitation. Except for OsF6, frequencies of the three fundamentals of each hexafluoride agree with those obtained either from Raman spectra of liquids or derived from infrared combination bands. A few overtones have been observed for the first time. Some of the subtle features predicted for OsF6 and ReF6 and attributed to dynamic Jahn‐Teller coupling seem to be much weaker than previously supposed.
Co‐Precipitation of Divalent Cations with KCl or NaCl and the Heterogeneous Nuclei Mechanism of Growth
Authors: Glasner A. , Skurnik‐Sarig S. , Zidon M.
Published: November 2013

Potassium chloride and sodium chloride were recrystallized in fractions. Crystallization was effected either by cooling a saturated solution or by isothermal evaporation at reduced pressure. In both cases the active cations (Pb2+or Cd2+) in the co‐precipitate can be replaced by non‐active cations or anions in consequent fractions of the salt crystallized. The phenomenon is attributed to heterogeneous nucleation; the active cations readily form impurity centred nuclei as soon as supersaturation is produced in the solution. The non‐active ions are slow to nucleate. Co‐precipitation is the result of crystal growth by impurity centred macro‐nuclei.
Homogeneous Sulfonation of Styrene‐Divinylbenzene Copolymers with Oleum in Organic Solvents
Authors: Freeman D. H. , Goldstein S. , Schmuckler Gabriella
Published: November 2013

In order to obtain homogeneously sulfonated cation exchangers, the copolymers were sulfonated by oleum in a mixture of methylene‐chloride and nitromethane. The influences of the chemical interaction and of the diffusion process on the kinetic behavior of these systems were investigated, and it was shown that raising the temperature of the sulfonation mixture markedly increases the chemical reaction rate, while the effect on the diffusion is small. A curve‐fitting technique was used for the interpretation of the degree‐of‐sulfonation‐vs.‐time curves. These investigations served as guidelines for the subsequent preparation of homogeneous highly sulfonated copolymers.
Synthetic Peptides Related to Horse Heart Cytochrome C II. Peptides Corresponding to Positions 50–56
Authors: Wolman Y. , Ladkany D. , Frankel M.
Published: November 2013

Synthesis is described of a series of peptide derivatives which corresponds to positions 50–56 in the primary structure of horse heart Cytochrome C. The preparation of the protected heptapeptide: t‐butyl t‐butyloxycarbonyl‐β‐benzyl‐L‐aspartyl‐L‐analyl‐L‐asparaginyl‐ϵ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐L‐asparaginyl‐ϵ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysylglycinate is described.
Pulsed dye laser and intralesional bleomycin for the treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous warts
Authors: Dobson Joelle S. , Harland Christopher C.
Published: November 2013

Background

Viral warts are a common ailment. Clinicians often combine multiple treatments to boost efficacy. One such novel combination is pulsed dye laser with bleomycin intralesionally (PDL + BI), described for the successful treatment of single hand warts.

Objective

To evaluate PDL + BI for the treatment of poor prognosis hand and foot warts.

Study Design/Patients and Methods

This 4‐year retrospective case series examined the efficacy of PDL + BI used consecutively on patients whose warts were treated with this modality alone. PDL 595 nm was used in stacking mode to achieve hemorrhagic blistering prior to intralesional bleomycin (1 mg/ml normal saline).

Results

Twenty cases (65% male, age 13–62, mean age 42) were identified. Two (10%) were immunocompromised. Twenty five percent of warts affected hands, 55% feet, 20% both. Thirty five percent were solitary >1 cm2, 40% were multiple or mosaic verucae. The mean duration was 5.1 years (0.5–15). Seventy five percent received local anesthetic. Mean number of treatments was two. Post‐operative pain varied from none to severe, sometimes causing difficulty in walking. Blistering and crusting disappeared after 17 days (range 7–42). Outcome had a mean follow‐up of 24 months (3–53) with 60% complete response, 15% partial, 25% no response. Mean satisfaction level was 7 (range 0–10, 10 highest). Outcome was better with local anesthetic (complete response 75%) as it permitted more aggressive treatment. Patients that had both anesthetic and repeat treatment sessions experienced 92% complete response.

Conclusion

PDL + BI offers a novel method for treatment of recalcitrant warts, but local anesthetic and repeat treatments are recommended. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:112–116, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐Delivery of Oxaliplatin and Demethylcantharidin via a Polymer–Drug Conjugate
Authors: Wang Enhui , Xiong Hejian , Zhou Dongfang , Xie Zhigang , Huang Yubin , Jing Xiabin , Sun Xinhua
Published: November 2013

A Pt (IV) complex which combined the bioactivities of both oxaliplatin and demethylcantharidin (DMC) is synthesized and delivered by a polymer–drug conjugate for combination chemotherapy. Oxaliplatin is released from the polymer–drug conjugate within cancer cell by reduction to attack nuclear DNA, while a dose of DMC is also hydrolyzed subsequently to block DNA damage‐induced defense mechanisms by serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition. In vitro evaluation shows that the polymer–drug conjugate with dual modes of action upon cancer cells displays higher cytotoxicity against SKOV‐3 cells than that of free drugs. This enhanced cytotoxicity is attributed to the synergistic effect between oxaliplatin and DMC, as well as the effective intracellular internalization of the micelles observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging.