bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision Analysis and Risk Models for Land Development Affecting Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Thekdi Shital A. , Lambert James H.
Published: November 2011

Coordination and layering of models to identify risks in complex systems such as large‐scale infrastructure of energy, water, and transportation is of current interest across application domains. Such infrastructures are increasingly vulnerable to adjacent commercial and residential land development. Land development can compromise the performance of essential infrastructure systems and increase the costs of maintaining or increasing performance. A risk‐informed approach to this topic would be useful to avoid surprise, regret, and the need for costly remedies. This article develops a layering and coordination of models for risk management of land development affecting infrastructure systems. The layers are: system identification, expert elicitation, predictive modeling, comparison of investment alternatives, and implications of current decisions for future options. The modeling layers share a focus on observable factors that most contribute to volatility of land development and land use. The relevant data and expert evidence include current and forecasted growth in population and employment, conservation and preservation rules, land topography and geometries, real estate assessments, market and economic conditions, and other factors. The approach integrates to a decision framework of strategic considerations based on assessing risk, cost, and opportunity in order to prioritize needs and potential remedies that mitigate impacts of land development to the infrastructure systems. The approach is demonstrated for a 5,700‐mile multimodal transportation system adjacent to 60,000 tracts of potential land development.
Classic Mitral Valve Prolapse Causes Enlargement in Left Ventricle Even in the Absence of Significant Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Yiginer Omer , Keser Nurgül , Ozmen Namik , Tokatli Alptug , Kardesoglu Ejder , Isilak Zafer , Uz Omer , Uzun Mehmet
Published: November 2011

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether left ventricular size was increased in patients with classic bileaflet mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in the absence of significant mitral regurgitation (MR). Method: Patients with classic bileaflet MVP were included as the case group. Two different control groups were established. The first control group was composed of the patients with mild MR caused by the reasons except MVP. The second control group consisted of healthy individuals whose echocardiograms were normal. The patients with moderate or severe MR and having abnormality in the other valves were excluded. Results: There were 20 patients in each group. Systolic and diastolic diameters and volumes of left ventricle (LV) in the MVP group were significantly higher than those in the control groups. In 10 of the patients in the MVP group, LV internal diastolic diameter (LVIDD) values were measured as ≥5.7 cm, whereas increased LVIDD value was detected in only one patient in the other two control groups. There was a significant difference in terms of the presence of increased LVIDD values between the MVP group and the control groups. Despite this enlargement in the LV dimension, the LV ejection fractions were found similar in all groups. Furthermore, it was found that the lengths of both anterior and posterior mitral leaflets in MVP group were significantly higher than those in the control groups. Conclusion: The LV diameters and volumes of patients with classic bileaflet MVP were found to be increased even in the absence of significant MR. These results need to be supported by large‐scale clinical studies. (Echocardiography 2012;29:123‐129)
Cor Triatriatum Dextro Iatrogenica: An Unusual Complication of Atrial Septal Defect Closure Device
Authors: Lodha Ankur , Haran Mehandi , Enakpene Evbu , Sadiq Adnan , Shani Jacob
Published: November 2011

We present a case of a rare complication of atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure causing cor triatriatum dextro iatrogenica. A 29‐year‐old female presented with sudden onset dysarthria and ataxia and was found to have basilar and thalamic infarcts. Further evaluation using transthoracic echocardiography revealed an ASD which was repaired using the Gore HELEX septal occluder. Transesophageal echocardiography done after 2 months of ASD closure revealed an interesting finding termed cor triatriatum dextro iatrogenica. We briefly describe the case and discuss the relevant literature. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E45‐E47)
Assessment of Left Ventricular Mechanical Dyssynchrony Using Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography: A Comparative Study to Doppler Tissue Imaging
Authors: Samir Rania , Tawfik Mazen , El Missiri Ahmed M. , El Shahid Ghada , Maaty Mervat Aboul , El Sayed Maiy
Published: November 2011

Purpose: To assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) using real time three‐dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) and comparing it with the different dyssynchrony indices derived from Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for the same patient. Methods: The study included 60 consecutive patients who were considered candidates for CRT, i.e., having ejection fraction ≤35%, NYHA class III or ambulatory class IV, QRS duration ≥120 msec, on optimal pharmacological therapy. Apical RT3DE full volumes were obtained and analyzed to generate the systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI‐16), which is the standard deviation of the time to minimal systolic volume of the 16 segments of LV. Color‐coded DTI was performed for the three standard apical views with estimation of the mechanical dyssynchrony index (12 Ts‐SD), which is the standard deviation of the time to peak systolic velocity at 12 segments of LV. Results: SDI‐16 was 10.96 ± 3.9% (cutoff value: 8.3%), while Ts‐SD was 38 ± 10.2 msec (cutoff value: 32.6 msec). The concordance rate for both indices was 75%; however, there was no correlation between both indices (r = 0.14, P = 0.3). SDI‐16 showed good correlation with QRS duration (r = 0.45, P < 0.001) and inverse correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated by RT3DE (r =−0.37, P = 0.004), while 12 Ts‐SD index showed no correlation with QRS duration (r =−0.0082, P = 0.51) or 2D LVEF (r =−0.26, P = 0.84). Conclusions: RT3DE can quantify LVMD by providing the SDI‐16 and it may prove to be more useful than DTI as it shows increasing dyssynchrony with increased QRS duration and decreased LVEF. (Echocardiography 2012;29:173‐181)
Cardiomyocytes generated from CPVTD307H patients are arrhythmogenic in response to β‐adrenergic stimulation
Authors: Novak Atara , Barad Lili , Zeevi‐Levin Naama , Shick Revital , Shtrichman Ronit , Lorber Avraham , Itskovitz‐Eldor Joseph , Binah Ofer
Published: November 2011

Sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular arrhythmias is a disastrous event, especially when it occurs in young individuals. Among the five major arrhythmogenic disorders occurring in the absence of a structural heart disease is catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), which is a highly lethal form of inherited arrhythmias. Our study focuses on the autosomal recessive form of the disease caused by the missense mutation D307H in the cardiac calsequestrin gene, CASQ2. Because CASQ2 is a key player in excitation contraction coupling, the derangements in intracellular Ca2+ handling may cause delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs), which constitute the mechanism underlying CPVT. To investigate catecholamine‐induced arrhythmias in the CASQ2 mutated cells, we generated for the first time CPVT‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming fibroblasts from skin biopsies of two patients, and demonstrated that the iPSCs carry the CASQ2 mutation. Next, iPSCs were differentiated to cardiomyocytes (iPSCs‐CMs), which expressed the mutant CASQ2 protein. The major findings were that the β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused in CPVT iPSCs‐CMs (but not in the control cardiomyocytes) DADs, oscillatory arrhythmic prepotentials, after‐contractions and diastolic [Ca2+]i rise. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that compared with control iPSCs‐CMs, CPVT iPSCs‐CMs displayed a more immature phenotype with less organized myofibrils, enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae and reduced number of caveolae. In summary, our results demonstrate that the patient‐specific mutated cardiomyocytes can be used to study the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying CPVT.
Pancreatic cancer tumour initiating cells: the molecular regulation and therapeutic values
Authors: Ni Xiaoling , Long Jiang , Cen Putao , Chen Leon , Yang Jingxuan , Li Min
Published: November 2011

Introduction

Surface markers of pancreatic TICs

Signalling pathways in pancreatic TICs

Function of microRNAs in TICs regulation, self‐renewal and differentiation

New therapies targeting the deregulated pathways and miRNAs to treat TICs in pancreatic cancer

Conclusion

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive solid tumour characterized by its local invasion, early metastasis and resistance to standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Tumour initiating cells (TICs) are not only capable of self‐renewal and differentiation, but also play an important role in multi‐drug resistance, and thus become a popular topic in cancer research especially in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we summarize the current progress of TICs in tumourigenesis, various newly identified surface markers of pancreatic TICs, and the signalling pathways such as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, sonic hedgehog and Notch that regulate TICs. We also discuss the role which microRNA plays in TICs as well as its application in TIC‐targeted therapy along with other approaches.
The role of dorsal root ganglia activation and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Frost Emma E. , Begum Farhana , Vora Parvez , Au Kelvin , Gong Yuewen , MacNeil Brian , Pillai Prakash , Namaka Mike
Published: November 2011

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by focal destruction of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. The exact mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the disease are unknown. Many studies have shown that MS is predominantly an autoimmune disease with an inflammatory phase followed by a demyelinating phase. Recent studies alongside current treatment strategies, including glatiramer acetate, have revealed a potential role for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in MS. However, the exact role of BDNF is not fully understood. We used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS in adolescent female Lewis rats to identify the role of BDNF in disease progression. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were harvested for protein and gene expression analysis every 3 days post‐disease induction (pdi) up to 15 days. We show significant increases in BDNF protein and gene expression in the DRG of EAE animals at 12 dpi, which correlates with peak neurological disability. BDNF protein expression in the spinal cord was significantly increased at 12 dpi, and maintained at 15 dpi. However, there was no significant change in mRNA levels. We show evidence for the anterograde transport of BDNF protein from the DRG to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via the dorsal roots. Increased levels of BDNF within the DRG and spinal cord in EAE may facilitate myelin repair and neuroprotection in the CNS. The anterograde transport of DRG‐derived BDNF to the spinal cord may have potential implications in facilitating central myelin repair and neuroprotection.
A Single β Adaptin Contributes to AP1 and AP2 Complexes and Clathrin Function in Dictyostelium
Authors: Thomas Sosa R. , Weber Michelle M. , Wen Yujia , O'Halloran Theresa J.
Published: November 2011

The assembly of clathrin‐coated vesicles is important for numerous cellular processes, including nutrient uptake and membrane organization. Important contributors to clathrin assembly are four tetrameric assembly proteins, also called adaptor proteins (APs), each of which contains a β subunit. We identified a single β subunit, named β1/2, that contributes to both the AP1 and AP2 complexes of Dictyostelium. Disruption of the gene encoding β1/2 resulted in severe defects in growth, cytokinesis and development. Additionally, cells lacking β1/2 displayed profound osmoregulatory defects including the absence of contractile vacuoles and mislocalization of contractile vacuole markers. The phenotypes of β1/2 null cells were most similar to previously described phenotypes of clathrin and AP1 mutants, supporting a particularly important contribution of AP1 to clathrin pathways in Dictyostelium cells. The absence of β1/2 in cells led to significant reductions in the protein amounts of the medium‐sized subunits of the AP1 and AP2 complexes, establishing a role for the β subunit in the stability of the medium subunits. Dictyostelium β1/2 could resemble a common ancestor of the more specialized β1 and β2 subunits of the vertebrate AP complexes. Our results support the essential contribution of a single β subunit to the stability and function of AP1 and AP2 in a simple eukaryote.
Strategies to reduce exposure of fumonisins from complementary foods in rural Tanzania
Authors: Kimanya Martin E. , De Meulenaer Bruno , Van Camp John , Baert Katleen , Kolsteren Patrick
Published: November 2011

Feeding infants with maize can expose them to fumonisin mycotoxins. We assessed fumonisin exposure from complementary foods in rural Tanzania and determined strategies to reduce the exposure. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in four villages of Tarakea division, Northern Tanzania. We used a repeat 24‐hour dietary recall to collect data of maize consumption as complementary food for 254 infants aged 6–8 months. Fumonisin concentrations in the maize were also estimated. Fumonisin exposure was assessed using @riskanalysis software. With the software, several maximum fumonisin contamination and maize consumption patterns were combined in order to determine effective strategies for minimizing fumonisin exposure. Of the infants, 89% consumed maize at amounts up to 158 g/person/day (mean; 43 g/person/day ± 28). The maize was contaminated with fumonisins at levels up to 3201 µg kg−1. Risk of fumonisin intake above the provisional maximum tolerable daily limit of 2 µg kg−1body weight was 15% (95% confidence interval; 10–19). The risk was minimized when the maximum contamination was set at 150 µg kg−1. The risk was also minimized when the maximum consumption was set at 20 g/child/day while keeping the maximum contamination at the European Union (EU) maximum tolerated limit (MTL) of 1000 µg kg−1. Considering the economical and technological limitations of adopting good agricultural practices in rural Tanzania, it is practically difficult to reduce contamination in maize to 150 µg kg−1. We suggest adoption of the EU MTL of 1000 µg kg−1for fumonisins in maize and reduction, by replacement with another cereal, of the maize component in complementary foods to a maximum intake of 20 g/child/day.
Bound by Children: Intermittent Cohabitation and Living Together Apart
Authors: Cross‐Barnet Caitlin , Cherlin Andrew , Burton Linda
Published: November 2011

In this article, we examine variations in low‐income mothers' patterns of intermittent cohabitation and the voluntary and involuntary nature of these unions. Intermittent cohabitation involves couples living together and separating in repeating cycles. Using Three‐City Study ethnographic data, we identified 45 low‐income mothers involved in these arrangements, 18 of whom resided with their children's fathers occasionally while saying that they were not in a cohabiting relationship. We term such relationships living together apart (LTA). Data analysis revealed that distinct patterns of voluntary and involuntary separations and reunifications characterized intermittent cohabitation and LTA and that these relationships were shaped by the bonds that shared parenting created and the economic needs of both parents. We argue that these dimensions may explain some disparate accounts of cohabitation status in low‐income populations. They also demonstrate previously unexplored diversity in cohabiting relationships and suggest further questioning contemporary definitions of families.
Reconsidering the “Good Divorce”
Authors: Amato Paul R. , Kane Jennifer B. , James Spencer
Published: November 2011

This study attempted to assess the notion that a “good divorce” protects children from the potential negative consequences of marital dissolution. A cluster analysis of data on postdivorce parenting from 944 families resulted in three groups: cooperative coparenting, parallel parenting, and single parenting. Children in the cooperative coparenting (good divorce) cluster had the smallest number of behavior problems and the closest ties to their fathers. Nevertheless, children in this cluster did not score significantly better than other children on 10 additional outcomes. These findings provide only modest support for the good divorce hypothesis.
Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory
Authors: Hindrichs Cheryl
Published: November 2011

In contrast to the well‐established body of criticism on early modernism in 20th‐century literature, late modernism has only belatedly appeared in the critical discourse. This article presents a survey of criticism on thirties writing and writing between the World Wars in order to suggest that the early success of Auden Generation criticism narrowed the scope of the critical field. Since the late 1990s, a critical reassessment of writing between the late twenties and late forties has facilitated the emergence of late modernism. Combining cultural and historical assessment with attention to the period’s plurality of aesthetics, these contributions are vital to the theorization of late modernism beyond the dyadic model of the Auden Generation and to an analysis of late modernism that examines the conceptual work these texts perform in relation to modernist and postmodernist modalities. Drawing together the approaches of recent theorists of late modernism, this article concludes by offering an alternative framework for mapping a plurality of late modernist writers, one that examines late modernist poetics in relation to historical contexts.
Auden, Translation, Betrayal: Radical Poetics and Translation from Old English
Authors: Remein Daniel C
Published: November 2011

This essay addresses the state of the translation of poetry from Anglo‐Saxon and Old English in Anglo‐Saxon and Old English studies. As an alternative to a conservative tendency in the state of translation from Old English the essay points to the usefulness of thinking about Old English poetry and its translation from the position of the more radical moments of 20th and 21st century poetics. Translation from Old English poetry tends to result in or follow the direction of dominant and conservative poetics. The essay first examines this conservative tendency as it can be made legible by relatively recent theoretical languages from translation theory with reference to deconstruction. The essay then turns to a philologically minded reading of W. H. Auden’s poem sometimes titled ‘The Secret Agent’ in its relation to the Old English poem called Wulf and Eadwacer as an example of a way to conceive of translating the medieval more broadly and radically. In the case of Auden’s poem, to employ or even to think a more radical poetics of translating Old English would demand a willingness to queerly compromise the bounds of the proper, to learn from and follow not only dominant and conservative poetics but also modern and contemporary avant‐garde and experimental poetics. The essay outlines the possibility of translating the medieval as a betrayal of globally hegemonic modern English, allowing the medieval to infiltrate the present.
Protocatechuic Aldehyde Protects against Experimental Sepsis In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Xu Yong , Jiang Wang‐Lin , Zhang Shu‐Ping , Zhu Hai‐Bo , Hou Jian
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are associated with the pathophysiology of sepsis. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) on an experimental model of sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats and to elucidate the potential mechanism in the cultured murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PA blocked TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB phosphorylation and decreased HMGB1 expression. Septic rats received doses of 50 mg of PA alone or plus Imipenem by intravenous bolus injection into the tail vein. The results showed that PA reduced serum levels of HMGB1 and triggering the receptor expressed on myeloid cells, it attenuated myeloperoxidase in the lung, liver and small intestine, while it up‐regulated serum level of IL‐10. Meanwhile, PA alone or plus Imipenem reduced CLP‐induced lethality in septic rats. These data indicate that the anti‐septic effect of PA is mediated by decreasing local and systemic levels of a wide spectrum of inflammatory mediators. The protective effects of PA might block the inflammatory cascades through HMGB1 and NF‐κB signalling pathway. Our studies enhance the case for the use of PA in sepsis, and PA therefore seems promising in the treatment of sepsis in human beings.
Lust for Salt in the Western Amazon
Authors: Dudley Robert , Kaspari Michael , Yanoviak Stephen P.
Published: November 2011

Although the use of mineral licks by diverse Amazonian birds and mammals is well‐known, the ultimate motivation for such behavior remains unclear. As aerosol deposition of salts declines with distance from oceanic sources, lick visitation in the western Amazon can be explained by demand for sodium, given the low concentration of this micronutrient in the plant tissues consumed by these taxa. Sodium limitation also influences ant foraging behavior, and impinges on ecosystem rates of carbon cycling. The biogeographical context of sodium availability has been largely overlooked, but has substantial pantropical implications for herbivore and decomposer performance in inland rain forests.

Abstract in Spanish is available in the online version of this article.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LEXICON FOR BEEF FLAVOR IN INTACT MUSCLE
Authors: ADHIKARI KOUSHIK , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR , MILLER RHONDA , VÁZQUEZ‐ARAÚJO LAURA , BHUMIRATANA NATNICHA , PHILIP CHRISLY
Published: November 2011

A lexicon describing the flavor characteristics of beef across different cuts, grades, and cooking temperatures and methods was developed. Four major cuts of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quality grade beef were cooked to five endpoint temperatures using braising, broiling (oven broiling and electric charbroiling), roasting and grilling (indoor and outdoor grilling). Six highly trained panelists identified and defined a total of 38 aroma and flavor characteristics in 176 beef samples. Beef identity, brown/roasted, bloody/serumy, metallic, fat‐like, overall sweet, sour aromatics and five tastes were present in practically all samples. Other attributes were present only in certain samples, depending on either the sample group or the cooking method/endpoint temperature combination used. This lexicon potentially offers the beef industry a standard tool to identify and quantify flavor attributes as impacted by temperature, cooking method, aging process, storage time, diet regime, packaging, USDA quality grades, etc.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Until now, the beef industry's main focus has been to assess beef tenderness and juiciness, with an emphasis on ways to improve beef texture. Meat companies and academic institutions have been using the 1995 American Meat Science Association guidelines to assess the flavor of beef, which are not comprehensive. Recent work has focused on flavor, and the industry needs a standardized flavor lexicon that can be used for many projects. It is important for the industry to be able to systematically identify and quantify flavor attributes that drive consumer acceptance.
A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Early Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke with Atorvastatin and Irbesartan
Authors: Beer Christopher , Blacker David , Bynevelt Michael , Hankey Graeme J. , Puddey Ian B.
Published: November 2011

Background

Cholesterol and blood pressure lowering therapies are effective in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.

Aim

To determine whether 30 days of treatment with atorvastatin, or irbesartan, initiated within 96 h of symptom onset improves recovery from acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

Eighty-one patients with acute ischemic stroke participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of atorvastatin (80 mg) vs. placebo, and/or irbesartan (150 mg) vs. placebo. Fifty-two patients (randomized 53 ± 22 h after onset of symptoms) completed the 30-day primary outcome follow-up.

Results

The primary outcome, maximal brain infarct size at days 3 and 30 measured by perfusion computed tomography, was not significantly altered by random assignment to irbesartan (1088 (IQR 216, 2594) mm2 at day 3, compared with 398 (144, 2053) mm2 among the placebo group, P=0·79 controlling for baseline values; and 822 (159, 1717) mm2 at day 30, cf 280 (76, 1330) mm2; P=0·63); or atorvastatin (454 (107, 1765) mm2 cf 825 (265, 2509) mm2 at day 3; P=0·33; and 462 (43, 1399) mm2 cf 280 (128, 1559) mm2 at day 30, P=0·79). There were no other significant differences among the treatment groups with the exception of: • high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, which were lower in the irbesartan treatment group at day 30 (mean difference 12·6 mg/L; 95% CI: −25·1, −0·1; P=0·048); and • the mean cerebral blood flow in the affected cerebral hemisphere at 30 days after stroke, which was significantly reduced by random assignment to irbesartan compared with placebo in both the affected cerebral hemisphere (−7·5 mL/100 mL/min (95% CI: −1·7 to −13·4, P=0·01)) and in the unaffected hemisphere (−7·3 mL/100 mL/min (95% CI: −1·3, −13·4; P=0·02)). Atorvastatin therapy was well tolerated, but irbesartan therapy was associated with an increased rate of withdrawal from therapy ( n=10 (29%), compared with n=3 (9%) who withdrew from placebo, P=0·04).

Conclusions

Treatment with atorvastatin and irbesartan, initiated on day 3 after acute ischemic stroke, did not appear to substantially modify infarct growth.
At the Nexus of Science and Religion: UFO Religions
Authors: Zeller Benjamin E.
Published: November 2011

The modern period has witnessed a rise of religious interest in extraterrestrial life and visitations, which although dating back to the 18th century, culminated during the 20th century in the emergence of the ‘UFO religions’. This article highlights the manner in which the founders and members of unidentified flying object (UFO) religions have sought to operate at the nexus of science and religion in the modern world. The article first considers definitional questions and explains the origin of the concept of UFOs, ufology, and UFO religions. The article then traces the history of the development and rise of several of these religions, providing case studies of the major UFO religions and religious movements. Finally, the article considers recent scholarship and research issues involving UFO religions.
Opium, Idols and Revolution: Marx and Engels on Religion
Authors: Boer Roland
Published: November 2011

This article is a critical survey and reappraisal of Marx and Engels’s work on religion.
Globalization and Theology
Authors: Raschke Carl
Published: November 2011

The buzzword “globalization” has dominated academic discussions in philosophy and the social sciences for almost a quarter century now. But what do, or should, theologians have to say? This article first explores the controversy over the general meaning of the term “globalization”, then discusses the somewhat recent historical tendency of theologians to contribute largely in a reticent or reactive way to the debates, and finally outlines three strategies by which leaders in the field have productively engaged and which chart a significant future for the field. Such strategies reflect involvement in debates about global justice with specific attention to climate change, money and international finance, and the emergent idea of a new “cosmopolitanism”. At the same time, in light of current global social economic sea changes, such as the decline of the hegemony of the West and the growing political influence of “developing world” nations, theologians are beginning to realize that old‐style liberalism and self‐condemnatory moralizing about the West’s exploitations of the world’s peoples and resources needs to be replaced with a sense of a multi‐cultural and transnational common purpose in facing the common threats to our entire humanity.
Auxiliary Verb Constructions (and Other Complex Predicate Types): A Functional–Constructional Overview
Authors: Anderson Gregory D. S.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents an overview of a typology of auxiliary verb constructions (AVCs) and other complex predicate types. A brief semantic, inflectional and diachronic or developmental typology of AVCs is proposed. This includes an overview and exemplification of the basic functional semantic contrasts expressed by AVCs, as well as how inflectional categories are distributed throughout the sub‐types of constructions attested. How AVCs differ from other common sub‐types of complex predicate such as serial verb constructions or light verb constructions is exemplified, and more minor or tradition‐specific terms are also discussed in brief. The varied sources for the development of AVCs are cursorily introduced and how such constructions further develop into complex verb forms once grammaticalized is briefly discussed. Thus, the study discusses the full grammaticalization path that such structures follow, from lexical verb construction to AVC to verb plus affix forms. An extensive bibliography is also included.
Diversity of Chlamydomonas Channelrhodopsins
Authors: Hou Sing‐Yi , Govorunova Elena G. , Ntefidou Maria , Lane C. Elizabeth , Spudich Elena N. , Sineshchekov Oleg A. , Spudich John L.
Published: November 2011

Channelrhodopsins act as photoreceptors for control of motility behavior in flagellates and are widely used as genetically targeted tools to optically manipulate the membrane potential of specific cell populations (“optogenetics”). The first two channelrhodopsins were obtained from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR1 and CrChR2). By homology cloning we identified three new channelrhodopsin sequences from the same genus, CaChR1, CyChR1 and CraChR2, from C. augustae, C. yellowstonensis and C. raudensis, respectively. CaChR1 and CyChR1 were functionally expressed in HEK293 cells, where they acted as light‐gated ion channels similar to CrChR1. However, both, which are similar to each other, differed from CrChR1 in current kinetics, inactivation, light intensity dependence, spectral sensitivity and dependence on the external pH. These results show that extensive channelrhodopsin diversity exists even within the same genus, Chlamydomonas. The maximal spectral sensitivity of CaChR1 was at 520 nm at pH 7.4, about 40 nm redshifted as compared to that of CrChR1 under the same conditions. CaChR1 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and exhibited an absorption spectrum identical to the action spectrum of CaChR1‐generated photocurrents. The redshifted spectra and the lack of fast inactivation in CaChR1‐ and CyChR1‐generated currents are features desirable for optogenetics applications.
Social Negativity and Health: Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Authors: Brooks Kathryn P. , Dunkel Schetter Christine
Published: November 2011

The goal of this review paper is to identify conceptual and measurement issues in the study of social negativity and health in order to foster development of research on this important topic. We begin by discussing how the negative side of social ties has been conceptualized and by identifying features of the underlying construct. Next, we review selected evidence on the effects of social negativity on physiology, self‐reported health, morbidity, and mortality. We end by highlighting unresolved questions and presenting recommendations for how the field should move forward.
Social Equality and the Mobilization of the Law
Authors: Portillo Shannon
Published: November 2011

Sociolegal scholars refer to the invocation of law or rules during a dispute as the mobilization of law. Most studies of the mobilization of law focus on the mobilization of law by people in non‐official capacities, particularly by persons of relatively low social status or in positions of social disadvantage. Early studies debated the effectiveness of court‐centered strategies for social justice, examining whether real social change could be achieved through formal judicial means. Scholars now largely agree that law can be effectively mobilized for social change through both direct formal legal action and the indirect radiating effects of legal mobilization. This is because the influence of law goes beyond the courtroom; rights consciousness and legal mobilization help to transform culture and understandings of social status and power. Currently scholars are turning their attention to the mobilization of law within organizations such as schools and workplaces and the mobilization of rights talk and justice talk in unofficial arenas domestically and internationally.
Religion: Faith in the Age of Reason
Authors: GREGORY JEREMY
Published: November 2011

This essay reviews some of the key developments in research into religion since JECS was founded in 1978. In the late 1970s the dominant paradigm was to view the eighteenth century as the Age of Reason, whose principal characteristic was a secularising Enlightenment. Since then the Enlightenment itself has been reconceptualised, and scholars are more alive to the positive relationship between the Enlightenment and religion. Moreover, religion is now viewed as being crucial to politics, questions of national identity and cultural matters – in short, as being more vital to the eighteenth century in 2011 than it was in 1978.
German Studies: Where is the Aufklärung now?
Authors: WHALEY JOACHIM
Published: November 2011

Some commentators have recently suggested that research into the Aufklärung is currently in decline, or at least no longer as exciting as it was in the ‘heroic’ age that began in the 1960s, when German scholars rediscovered the Aufklärung as a source of inspiration for the present. This essay examines the development of Aufklärung studies since the 1960s and suggests that they are characterised by continuity and change rather than decline.
Russian Studies: New Synergies
Authors: KAHN ANDREW
Published: November 2011

This survey traces a set of interrelated trends that characterise current scholarly approaches to the literary culture of the Russian Enlightenment. These include the impact of New Historicism on discussions of court literature and ritual, the relation between literary producers and consumers, and the different models of authorial careers that arise and lead to diverse models of classicism as well as different lyric practices. The article also draws attention to important new editions and works of reference that are providing tools in the ongoing discussion of how the eighteenth century understood the modernising project of the Enlightenment.
Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan
Authors: Ohira Hiromasa , Takahashi Atsushi
Published: November 2011

While a certain international consensus has been reached regarding the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), there are some unique clinical characteristics of AIH in Japan. For diagnosis of AIH using the new simplified criteria proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group, it is necessary to re‐evaluate the antibody titer determined by using HEp‐2 cells, which are widely used in Japan, and the finding of emperipolesis in liver histology, although the criteria are useful for rapid identification of AIH in routine clinical practice. The use of azathioprine as first‐line therapy for AIH is limited in Japan because the drug is not covered by the Japanese national health insurance. Concomitant use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to reduce corticosteroids and use of UDCA as monotherapy are therefore considered promising. Moreover, a relatively good survival rate has been reported in patients who developed AIH‐induced acute liver failure and underwent living‐donor liver transplantation. Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of AIH in Japan are described in this report with a review of recent findings.
A JUVENILE‐ADULT DISCRETE‐TIME PRODUCTION MODEL OF EXPLOITED FISHERY SYSTEMS
Authors: LI NIANPENG , YAKUBU ABDUL‐AZIZ
Published: November 2011

Abstract.  Previous mathematical modeling of the population dynamics of Georges Bank Atlantic cod fishery employed discrete‐time models without age‐structure. To make use of a much wider variety of data on fisheries and fish stocks than was possible with an unstructured model, we introduce a juvenile‐adult age‐structured production exploited fishery model with a very general recruitment function. We use the age‐structured model to study the interaction between fish exploitation levels and recruitment dynamics. As case studies, we use our model results and historical fish population data from Georges Bank to investigate the impact of recent harvesting levels on the sustainability of cod fishery. We show that a constant harvesting policy with the same harvesting rate of 2007 would lead to the recovery and sustainability of Georges Bank cod fishery.
Scanning electron microscope‐cathodoluminescence (SEM‐CL) imaging of planar deformation features and tectonic deformation lamellae in quartz
Authors: HAMERS M. F. , DRURY M. R.
Published: November 2011

Abstract– Planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz are essential proof for the correct identification of meteorite impact structures and related ejecta layers, but can be confused with tectonic deformation lamellae. The only completely reliable method to demonstrate the shock origin of suspected (sub‐) planar microstructures, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations, is costly and time consuming. We have used a cathodoluminescence (CL) detector attached to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to image both PDFs and tectonic deformation lamellae in quartz to demonstrate the potential of a simple method to identify PDFs and define characteristics that allow their distinction from tectonic deformation lamellae. In both limited wavelength grayscale and composite color SEM‐CL images, PDFs are easily identified. They are straight, narrow, well‐defined features, whereas tectonic deformation lamellae are thicker, slightly curved, and there is often no clear boundary between lamella and host quartz. Composite color images reveal two types of CL behavior in PDFs: either they emit a red to infrared CL signal or they are nonluminescent. The color of the CL signal emitted by tectonic deformation lamellae ranges from blue to red. For comparison, we also imaged several shocked quartz grains at cryogenic temperature. In most cases, the PDF characteristics in cryo‐CL images do not differ significantly from those in images recorded at room temperature. We conclude that SEM‐CL imaging, especially when color composites are used, provides a promising, practical, low cost, and nondestructive method to distinguish between PDFs and tectonic lamellae, even when the simplest CL techniques available are used.
Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Motions (VIM) of a Large-Volume Semi-Submersible Platform
Authors: Gonc¸alves Rodolfo T. , Rosetti Guilherme F. , Fujarra Andre´ L. C. , Nishimoto Kazuo , Oliveira Allan C.
Published: November 2011

A great deal of work has been developed on the spar and monocolumn vortex-induced motion (VIM) issue. However, there are very few published works concerning VIM of semi-submersible platforms, partly due to the fact that VIM studies for this type of platform recently became interesting particularly due to the increasing semi-submersible dimensions (columns diameter and height. In this context, a meticulous experimental study on VIM for this type of platform concept is presented here. Model test experiments were performed to check the influence of many factors on VIM, such as different headings and hull appendages. The results comply with in-line, cross-flow and yaw motion amplitudes, as well as with combined motions in the XY plane.
Modeling of an Oscillating Water Column on the Floating Foundation WindFloat
Authors: Aubault Alexia , Alves Marco , Sarmento Anto´nio , Roddier Dominique , Peiffer Antoine
Published: November 2011

This paper summarizes the theory behind the modeling that was performed to incorporate an oscillating-water-column type Wave energy Converter (WEC) into the WindFloat hull. The WindFloat is a floating structure supporting a very large (>5MW) wind turbine. By adding a WEC to the structure, the overall economic cost of the project can be improved by sharing both mooring and power infrastructure. A numerical model was developed using the diffraction-radiation code WAMIT and assuming as PTO equipment, a generic wells turbine. It is important to model the turbine accurately, to understand the power capacity of the device. Details on the modeling of the system are discussed and numerical results and compared against experiments as a validation of the model. The effect of coupling between the floating foundation of the WindFloat and the OWC is investigated thoroughly.
Ship Motions From Unsteady Maneuvering in Two-Dimensional Waves: Part I—Numerical Simulations
Authors: Lin Ray-Qing , Klamo Joseph T.
Published: November 2011

Numerically simulating the six-degrees-of-freedom response motions of a ship executing an unsteady maneuver in a two-dimensional wave environment is one of the most challenging tasks in seakeeping. Mathematical difficulties may occur for several reasons. For example, the rapid change in encounter frequencies may cause a numerical dynamics imbalance. Furthermore, in order to predict the ship’s track (ship heading) accurately, the rudder forces and two-dimensional drift forces must be predicted accurately; otherwise, erroneously predicted headings can ultimately lead to obtaining entirely different ship motions. To overcome these problems, we added a well-behaved, pre-conditional iterative method into the hybrid flow-based, fully-nonlinear ship motion model, DiSSEL (Digital, Self-consistent Ship Experimental Laboratory), in a two-dimensional wave environment. DiSSEL includes two components: a ship-wave interactions model (Lin et al., 2005[1], Lin and Kuang, 2006[2]), and a solid body motions interactions model (Lin and Kuang 2010[3]). The rudder and appendage forces (Lin et al, 2010[4]) are included in the solid body motions component. This refined model is able to overcome the mathematical dynamics imbalance when the encounter frequency rapidly changes as well as accurately calculate the forces on the hull and rudders. Finally the simulations of ship response motions at various relative headings and at various forward speeds in a two-dimensional seaway will be benchmarked against experimental model data for the test cases.
An Experimental Investigation Into the Pull-Out Capacity of Suction Caissons in Sand
Authors: Kakasoltani Siamak , Zeinoddini Mostafa , Abdi Mahmoud R. , Arabzadeh Hamid
Published: November 2011

The pull-out performance of conventional suction caissons (with upright walls) has been previously investigated by a number of researchers. However, less attention has been formerly paid to tapered suction caissons. This paper reports some results from an experimental investigation into the pull-out performance of tapered suction caissons. The 1g experiments have been carried out on eight small scale suction caissons. Four specimens have had upright walls while the other four had a positive wall slope of 10%. The caissons have been installed in a soil tank containing very fine saturated silty sand. The caissons have then been subjected to vertical pull-out loads with different speeds. The effects of variations in soil density and pull-out rate on the pull-out capacities have also been investigated. In general, tapered caissons have been noticed to present enhanced pull-out capacities as compared to those from their equivalent upright caissons. The enhancement rate has been found to be more significant in suction caissons with higher aspect ratios. With both upright and tapered caissons the pull-out capacity increases by an increase in the pull-out rate. The pull-out rate effects are more significant with upright caissons in comparison to the corresponding tapered caissons. The density effects, however, are more significant with tapered caissons as compared to their equivalent upright caissons.
Assessing the Dynamic Stability of an Offshore Supply Vessel
Authors: Shigunov Vladimir , el Moctar Ould , Schellin Thomas E. , Kaufmann Jan , Stute Rasmus
Published: November 2011

The dynamic stability was investigated of a typical offshore service vessel operating under stability critical operating conditions. Excessive roll motions and relative motions at the stern were studied for two loading conditions for ship speeds ranging from zero to the design speed. A linear frequency-domain seakeeping analysis was followed by nonlinear time-domain simulations of ship motions in waves. Based on results from these methods, critical scenarios were selected and simulated using finite-volume solvers of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations to understand the phenomena related to dynamically unstable ship motions as well as to confirm the results of the simpler analysis methods. Results revealed the possibility of excessive roll motions and water run-up on deck; counter measures such as a ship-specific operational guidance are discussed.
Fluid-Structure Energy Transfer of a Tensioned Beam Subject to Vortex-Induced Vibrations in Shear Flow
Authors: Bourguet Remi , Triantafyllou Michael S. , Tognarelli Michael , Beynet Pierre
Published: November 2011

The fluid-structure energy transfer of a tensioned beam of length to diameter ratio 200, subject to vortex-induced vibrations in linear shear flow, is investigated by means of direct numerical simulation at three Reynolds numbers, from 110 to 1,100. In both the in-line and cross-flow directions, the high-wavenumber structural responses are characterized by mixed standing-traveling wave patterns. The spanwise zones where the flow provides energy to excite the structural vibrations are located mainly within the region of high current where the lock-in condition is established, i.e. where vortex shedding and cross-flow vibration frequencies coincide. However, the energy input is not uniform across the entire lock-in region. This can be related to observed changes from counterclockwise to clockwise structural orbits. The energy transfer is also impacted by the possible occurrence of multi-frequency vibrations.
Hydrodynamic Performance of a Deep-Vee Hull Form Catamaran in Regular Waves
Authors: Bashir Musa B. , Tao Longbin , Atlar Mehmet , Dow Robert S.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents the results of experiments carried out to determine the motion/seakeeping behavior of a deep-vee hull form catamaran in regular sea condition. A deep-vee catamaran model for the Newcastle University’s new RV replacing the old RV Bernicia was used for the motion measurements. The experiments were performed in the university’s towing tank. The results obtained were validated using a 3D panel method in frequency domain. A comparison of these results with the motion characteristics of the NPL (National Physical Laboratory) round bilge hullform based catamaran of similar geometrical properties revealed that the deep-vee hull forms possess significantly better seakeeping capabilities than a round bilge hull form.