bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: De Novo Ligand Design to Partially Flexible Active Sites: Application of the ReFlex Algorithm to Carboxypeptidase A, Acetylcholinesterase, and the Estrogen Receptor.
Authors: Firth‐Clark Stuart , Kirton Stewart B. , Willems Henriette M. G. , Williams Anthony
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of 1‐Aminocycohexane Carboxylic Acid to Protein Nanostructure Computer Design.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Ropero Francisco , Zanuy David , Casanovas Jordi , Nussinov Ruth , Aleman Carlos
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Pd—Rh (Aluminum—Palladium—Rhodium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Co—Si (Aluminum—Cobalt—Silicon)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Issues in Nanomagnetism
Authors: Bader S. D. , Buchanan K. S. , Chung S.‐H. , Guslienko K. Y. , Hoffmann A. , Ji Yi , Novosad V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropentalene Mesomeric Betaines of Type C: Progress Since the Early 1980s
Authors: Moderhack Dietrich
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Solid‐Phase Synthesis Techniques for the Preparation of Peptide—Metal Complex Conjugates
Authors: Dirscherl Georg , Koenig Burkhard
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Present Status in the Chemistry of Hexuronic Acids Found in Glycosaminoglycans and Their Mimetic Azasugars Analogues
Authors: Hassan Hammed H. A. M.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the C‐13 Side‐Chain of Taxol
Authors: Borah Jagat C. , Boruwa Joshodeep , Barua Nabin C.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation and Functionalization of Benzylic Derivatives by Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Liegault Benoit , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Bruneau Christian
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Organofluorine Chemistry. An Introduction to the C—F Bond
Authors: O'Hagan David
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Naphthalene Diimides
Authors: Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Jani Chintan H. , Langford Steven J.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions in the Conjugated “ene—ene—yne” Manifold: Five‐Membered Ring Fragmentation and Ring Formation via Coarctate/Pseudocoarctate Mechanisms
Authors: Shirtcliff Laura D. , McClintock Sean P. , Haley Michael M.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Base Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Beutner Gregory L.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Three‐Component Grignard—Barbier‐Type Reactions
Authors: Kouznetsov Vladimir V. , Vargas Mendez Leonor Yamile
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinoline, Quinazoline and Acridone Alkaloids
Authors: Michael Joseph P.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamics of the Photoexcited Electron at the Chromophore‐Semiconductor Interface
Authors: Prezhdo Oleg V. , Duncan Walter R. , Prezhdo Victor V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Phosphate Fertilizers and By‐Products in Soils
Authors: Hedley Mike , McLaughlin Mike
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Density Functionals with Broad Applicability in Chemistry
Authors: Zhao Yan , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Do We Need Asymmetric Organocatalysis?
Authors: Dalko Peter I.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental and Computational NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of Silyl‐Substituted Carbocations
Authors: Siehl Hans‐Ullrich
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Kiyose Kazuki , Kojima Hirotatsu , Nagano Tetsuo
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Thermogravimetrische Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Porensystems bei der einstufigen Teilvergasung von Biomasse
Authors: Gómez A. , Klose W. , Rincón S.
Published: April 2008

Die Entstehung und Entwicklung des Porensystems während der einstufigen Teilvergasung von Ölpalmschalen mit Wasserdampf werden im Hinblick auf die Aktivkohleherstellung in einer Thermowaage im Gramm‐Maßstab untersucht. Bei der einstufigen Aktivierung von Biomasse erfolgt die Pyrolyse und die folgende Teilvergasung des Pyrolysats räumlich im selben Reaktor. Die Ölpalmschalen sind in großen Mengen in Asien und Lateinamerika verfügbar und eignen sich gut für die Aktivkohleherstellung.
Simulation der Partikelschichtablösung unter Beachtung transienter kinetischer Effekte
Authors: Zhang Q. , Schmidt E.
Published: April 2008

Die Ausbildung von mehr oder weniger fragilen Partikelschichten auf Sammelflächen ist bei vielen Verfahren der Partikeltechnik in der Mechanischen Verfahrenstechnik unvermeidlich. Diese Schichten müssen in der Regel periodisch entfernt werden, um die Funktionstüchtigkeit des jeweiligen Apparates bzw. Bauteiles aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Beanspruchungsart, die Adhäsion zwischen der Partikelschicht und der Sammelfläche und die Kohäsion zwischen den Partikeln selbst sind bei der Regenerierung wichtige Einflussfaktoren. Die Ablösung der Partikelschicht ist bezüglich Zeit und Ort extrem unstationär. In diesem Artikel wird ein Modell mit Simulationsergebnissen vorgestellt, das erstmalig die Partikelschichtablösung unter Beachtung transienter kinetischer Effekte beschreibt.
Einfluss eines 90°‐Rohrbogens in einer technischen Rohrleitung auf reaktive Strömungen
Authors: Lohrer C. , Hahn M. , Arndt D. , Grätz R.
Published: April 2008

Bereits einfache Rohreinbauten wie 90°‐Rohrbögen erhöhen den Turbulenzgrad einer Strömung signifikant. Bei Explosionsversuchen von Propan/Luft‐Gemischen in einer DN150‐Rohrleitung mit einem 90°‐Rohrbogen wurden sowohl stark beschleunigte Deflagrationen als auch Detonationen mit maximalen Explosionsdrücken von über 65 bar (abs.) beobachtet.
Modelluntersuchungen zur Restentgasung von Kunststoffschmelzen mit gasförmigen Schleppmitteln in einem statischen Entgasungsapparat – 1. Teil: Modellierung des Wachstums eines geschlossenzelligen Polymerschaums
Authors: Piesche M. , Nonnenmacher S. , Schütz S.
Published: April 2008

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entspannungsverdampfung mit Hilfe gasförmiger Schleppmittel in einem statischen Entgasungsapparat theoretisch und experimentell untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Beschreibung des druck‐ und diffusionsbedingten Wachstums eines Polymerschaums. Hierzu wird im ersten Teil des Beitrags ein mathematisch‐physikalisches Modell vorgestellt. Grundlage des Modells ist die Unterteilung der strömungsmechanischen Vorgänge in zwei zeitlich aufeinanderfolgende Modellphasen Kugelschaum und Polyederschaum. Beide Modellphasen unterscheiden sich durch die Gestalt der Blasenformen und die damit verbundene räumliche Verteilung der Flüssigkeit um die Blasen. Das Schaumwachstum wird durch die Lösung problemspezifischer Erhaltungsgleichungen für Masse, Impuls und Energie berechnet. Eingebunden sind Simulationsrechnungen für das schwer zu entgasende Stoffsystem Polystyrol/Styrol unter praxisrelevanten Aufbereitungsbedingungen. Die Simulationen zeigen generell einen schnellen Verlauf der Entgasung durch den Schleppmitteleinsatz und das resultierende Aufschäumen, wobei dem Verlauf des Umgebungsdrucks und der eingesetzten Schleppmittelmenge große Bedeutung zukommen. Die elastischen Eigenschaften wirken sich im untersuchten Fallbeispiel nicht auf die Entgasung aus.
Gravimetrische Messungen von Transportkoeffizienten von n‐Alkanen am 5A‐Zeolith
Authors: Möller A. , Staudt R.
Published: April 2008

Eine wichtige und häufig angewandte Methode zur Trennung gasförmiger Produktmischungen sowie der Reinigung von Gasströmen von Verunreinigungen mit niedrigen Konzentrationen ist die Adsorption an porösen, zeolithischen Feststoffen. Die durch Adsorptionsvorgänge nutzbare Separation von Gasgemischen kann durch sterischen Ausschluss, einen kinetischen oder einen thermodynamischen Effekt entstehen. Daher sind sowohl die Sorptionsgleichgewichte als auch die Dynamik von Sorptionsvorgängen gasförmiger Kohlenwasserstoffe an Zeolithen für die adsorptive Stofftrennung und die heterogene Katalyse von großem Interesse. Es wurden Sorptionskinetiken von n‐Alkanen an 5A‐Zeolithen (|Ca2+4,56Na+2,88|[Al12Si12O48]‐LTA‐5A) gravimetrisch bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen gemessen. Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Messung kinetischer Kenngrößen.
Luminal fluid tonicity regulates airway ciliary beating by altering membrane stretch and intracellular calcium
Authors: Horváth György , Sorscher Eric J.
Published: April 2008

The coordinated, directional beating of airway cilia drives airway mucociliary clearance. Here we explore the hypothesis that airway surface liquid osmolarity is a key regulator of ciliary beating. Cilia in freshly isolated human and murine airways visualized with streaming video‐microscopy exhibited a reciprocal dependence on a physiological range of luminal fluid osmolarities, across the entire range of ciliary activity (0–20 beats per sec). Increasing osmolarity slowed or completely abrogated, while lower osmolarity dramatically stimulated ciliary beating. In parallel, epithelial cell height and importantly, intracellular calcium levels (as judged by fluorescence imaging) also changed. Moreover, ciliary beating was stimulated by isosmotic solutions containing membrane permeant osmolytes, suggesting that cell size and membrane stretch (governed by apical fluid tonicity), rather than osmolarity itself, contribute to the activation. These findings shed light on the pathophysiology of diseases of mucociliary clearance such as cystic fibrosis and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human βIII tubulin
Authors: Joe Patrick A. , Banerjee Asok , Ludueña Richard F.
Published: April 2008

Tubulin is the target for some very powerful anti‐mitotic and anti‐tumor drugs. The βIII tubulin isotype is found in very few normal tissues, but is often found in tumors, where it has been implicated in resistance to anti‐tumor drugs. The βIII isotype occurs in fish, amphibians, birds and mammals and its unique features are highly conserved in evolution. One of these features is the replacement of cys239 by ser239. Cys239 is unusual in being highly sensitive to oxidation; in fact, oxidation of this residue inhibits microtubule assembly. The βIII isotype also has a very unusual cys124, where other β isotypes have ser/ala124. The striking conservation in βIII of vertebrates strongly suggests that cys124 and ser239 play functional roles. We have prepared the C124S and S239C mutants of βIII and tested their effects on the functional properties of tubulin. We have found that both the βIII C124S and βIII S239C mutants bind colchicine less well than does wild‐type αβIII, and also make transfected HeLa cells more resistant to colchicine. However, the double mutant, βIII C124S/S239C, binds colchicine still less well than do either of the single mutants, but in contrast to the former, the double mutant increases the cells' sensitivity to colchicine. Our results indicate that the roles that these residues play in colchicine binding and microtubule integrity are far more complex than previously imagined and that the specific residues at which βIII differs from the other isotypes act collectively to keep βIII in a functional conformation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Structure–Activity Relationships of 3‐Aryl‐1H‐quinolin‐4‐ones
Authors: Xiao Zhu‐Ping , Li Huan‐Qiu , Shi Lei , Lv Peng‐Cheng , Song Zhong‐Cheng , Zhu Hai‐Liang
Published: April 2008

The antiproliferative activities of 36 3‐aryl‐1H‐quinolin‐4‐ones were determined against two cancer cell lines (Hep G2 and KB) in vitro. The results indicate that most of these compounds show good cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, but no cytotoxicity against a human normal cell line (L02). The positive control compounds genistein and 5‐fluorouracil show no selectivity at inhibiting the growth of the above three cell lines. Generally, compounds that bear a halogen atom at the 8 position and a methoxy group at the 3′ position exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity toward human cancer cell lines. Electron‐withdrawing substituents at the 6 position decrease the antiproliferative activity significantly. We also put forward a pharmacophore model for 3‐aryl‐4‐quinolinones binding with epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases (EGFR PTK). Out of the 36 synthetic compounds, 34 are reported for the first time.
Osmium Carbonyl Clusters: A New Class of Apoptosis Inducing Agents
Authors: Kong Kien Voon , Leong Weng Kee , Ng Swee Phyaw , Nguyen Thanh Hung , Lim Lina H. K.
Published: April 2008

Osmium carbonyl clusters, especially the cluster [Os3(CO)10(NCCH3)2], were found to be active against four cancer cell lines, namely, ER+ breast carcinoma (MCF‐7), ER− breast carcinoma (MDA‐MB‐231), metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma (SW620), and hepatocarcinoma (Hep G2). The mode of action was studied in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines by a number of morphological and apoptosis assays, all of which pointed to the induction of apoptosis.
The Transition from pH Waves to Iodine Waves in the Iodate/Sulfite/Thiosulfate Reaction–Diffusion System
Authors: Gao Qingyu , Xie Rongyong
Published: April 2008

Nonlinear spatial temporal behavior of the iodate/thiosulfate/sulfite reaction is investigated both in a stirred and spatially extended media. In accord with the temporal dynamics in the homogeneous media, both propagating fronts and target patterns are achieved in the spatially extended medium. On increasing the iodate concentration the system evolves from exhibiting propagating fronts to circular waves and then shows target patterns and finally the iodine waves. Influences of concentrations of sulfite, thiosulfate and acid on the reaction kinetics and pattern formation are also investigated systematically, and transitions from pH waves to iodine waves can be achieved via adjusting the concentration of the three species. The propagation velocities of pH and iodine waves are understood with the quadratic and cubic autocatalysis of proton and iodide respectively.
Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Micro‐ and Nano‐Crystalline CoSn Electrode Materials
Authors: Alcántara Ricardo , Rodríguez Inés , Tirado José Luis
Published: April 2008

Nanocrystalline CoSn with an average crystallite size of 19 nm is obtained at 265 °C by following a one‐pot method. The structural and electrochemical properties of nano‐CoSn are compared to those of micro‐CoSn (319 nm) obtained at 500 °C. Micro‐CoSn has specific capacities below 100 mAhg−1, but very stable cycling behavior. In contrast, nano‐CoSn exhibits reversible specific capacities of over ca. 400 mAhg−1in the first cycles, depending on the cycling conditions. The crystalline structure of micro‐CoSn is preserved after electrochemical reaction with lithium. Nano‐CoSn becomes amorphous upon cycling and a modified 119Sn Mössbauer spectrum corresponding to a LiCoSn nano‐alloy is observed.
Immobilization of Cobalt(II) Schiff Base Complexes on Polystyrene Resin and a Study of Their Catalytic Activity for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Jain Suman , Reiser Oliver
Published: April 2008

The copper‐catalyzed [3+2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition and the Staudinger ligation are readily applicable and highly efficient for the immobilization of cobalt Schiff base complexes onto polystyrene resins. Stepwise synthesis of polymer‐bound Schiff bases followed by their subsequent complexation with metal ions were successfully carried out. Direct covalent attachment of preformed homogeneous cobalt Schiff base complexes to the resins was also possible. The catalytic efficiency of the so‐prepared polystyrene‐bound cobalt Schiff bases was studied for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds using molecular oxygen as oxidant. The immobilized complexes were highly efficient and even more reactive than the corresponding homogenous analogues, thus affording better yields of oxidized products within shorter reaction times. The supported catalysts could easily be recovered from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused for subsequent experiments with consistent catalytic activity.
Building it up and taking it down: The regulation of vertebrate ciliogenesis
Authors: Santos Nicole , Reiter Jeremy F.
Published: April 2008

Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells, and function in sensation and signaling during both development and adult tissue homeostasis. Mounting evidence links ciliary defects with a wide variety of diseases, underscoring the importance of understanding how these dynamic organelles are assembled and maintained. However, despite their physiological and clinical relevance, the logic and machinery that regulate ciliogenesis remain largely enigmatic. Here, we summarize emerging data that connect the assembly and disassembly of the primary cilium to cell cycle progression and we examine how determinants of cell architecture, including the planar cell polarity pathway, may regulate ciliogenesis. Additionally, identification of the genes underlying diverse ciliopathies in human patients is shedding light on the regulation of the formation of this complex organelle. Developmental Dynamics 237:1972–1981, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between delta‐like and proneural bHLH genes during chick retinal development
Authors: Nelson Branden R. , Reh Thomas A.
Published: April 2008

Notch signaling in the retina maintains a pool of progenitor cells throughout retinogenesis. However, two Notch‐ligands from the Delta‐like gene family, Dll1 and Dll4, are present in the developing retina. To understand their relationship, we characterized Dll1 and Dll4 expression with respect to proliferating progenitor cells and newborn neurons in the chick retina. Dll4 matched the pattern of neural differentiation. By contrast, Dll1 was primarily expressed in progenitor cells. We compared Dll1 and Dll4 kinetic profiles with that of the transiently up‐regulated cascade of proneural basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) genes after synchronized progenitor cell differentiation, which suggested a potential role for Ascl1 in the regulation of Delta‐like genes. Gain‐of‐function assays demonstrate that Ascl1 does influence Delta‐like gene expression and Notch signaling activity. These data suggest that multiple sources of Notch signaling from newborn neurons and progenitors themselves coordinate retinal histogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 237:1565–1580, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Verification tests and insulation design method of cold dielectric superconducting cable
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Takahashi Toshihiro , Pokamoto Tatsuki , Ishii Noboru , Mukoyama Shin‐Ichi , Kimura Akio
Published: April 2008

A High‐Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable has a bulk power transmission capacity as a candidate for the replacement of aged cables and/or for the increase of the power transmission capacity, and its diameter is preferred to be smaller than the inner diameter of the duct for the existing cables. To reduce the diameter of HTS cable, the cold dielectric (CD)‐type electrical insulation in which a cable core is immersed into liquid nitrogen (LN2) should be adopted, and the thickness of its electrical insulation layer has to be optimized. Since a partial discharge (PD) in the electrical insulation layer of the CD‐type HTS cable is considered as a major cause for the aging of the insulation layer, PD‐free design must be adopted for the CD‐type HTS cable.

This paper describes a design method for the electrical insulation layer of the CD‐type HTS cable adopting the PD‐free design under AC stress, based on the experimental results such as a PD inception stress (PDIE), an impulse breakdown stress, and PD extinction characteristics under AC stress superimposed with an impulse stress. Moreover, the proposed design method was applied to a 500‐m HTS cable and was verified by a field test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 25–36, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20512
Sterilization of E. coli by underwater pulsed streamer discharges in a continuous flow system
Authors: Fudamoto Taisuke , Namihira Takao , Katsuki Sunao , Akiyama Hidenori , Imakubo Tomofumi , Majima Takashi
Published: April 2008

Underwater pulsed streamer discharges using a wire‐to‐cylinder electrode contained in a 42‐mm‐diameter glass tube were investigated with respect to its spatial spread associated with voltage waveforms. A discharge reactor with a continuous flow system was employed to sterilize E. coli suspended in saline water (10 mS/m). The discharge electrode consisted of a 0.1‐mm‐diameter metal wire for the high voltage and a mesh cylinder for the ground electrode. Tens of disk‐shaped discharges emerged from the wire electrode and propagated toward the cylinder as long as the voltage lasted. The spatial expanse of the discharge was proportional to the cube of the pulse duration and to the amplitude of the voltage. The sterilization experiment showed that the survival ratio of bacteria over discharges was proportional to the average number of the exposures to the discharges while in the reactor. The minimum ratio of surviving bacteria was only 15% under 130 exposures, which corresponds to an energy expenditure of 35 J/ml. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(1): 1–7, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20554
A study on modeling methodology of oligopolistic virtual market and its application into resource allocation problem
Authors: Kaihara Toshiya , Fujii Susumu
Published: April 2008

Recently, manufacturing systems have become large scale and complex. The social scientific approach is one of the promising methods to facilitate effective operation for the resource allocation problems in manufacturing systems, since the approach takes an analogy of social systems which are optimal and robust in nature. In this paper, the authors first propose a modeling methodology for an oligopolistic virtual market, and develop an oligopolistic virtual market as an experimental model. Then they clarify several important characteristics of the oligopolistic virtual market by computer simulation experiments, and try to apply the proposed method into a utility computing operational problem to validate its effectiveness into resource allocation problems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(1): 77–85, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20628
High‐speed planning method for cooperative logistics networks using mixed integer programming model and dummy load
Authors: Onoyama Takashi , Kubota Sen , Maekawa Takuya , Komoda Norihisa
Published: April 2008

Adequate response performance is required for the planning of a cooperative logistic network covering multiple enterprises, because this process needs a human expert's evaluation from many aspects. To satisfy this requirement, we propose an accurate model based on mixed integer programming for optimizing cooperative logistics networks where “round transportation” exists together with “depot transportation” including lower limit constraints of loading ratio for round transportation vehicles. Furthermore, to achieve interactive response performance, a dummy load is introduced into the model instead of integer variables. The experimental result shows the proposed method obtains an accurate solution within interactive response time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 64–70, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20662
Estimation of treatment effects under combined sampling and experimental designs
Authors: Smith Christina D. , Johnson Dallas E.
Published: April 2008

Over the years, sampling and experimental design have developed independently with little mutual compatibility. However, many studies do (or should) involve both a sampling design and an experimental design. For example, a polluted site may be exhaustively partitioned into area plots, a random sample of plots selected, and the selected plots randomly assigned to three clean‐up regimens. An established estimator that combines sampling and experimental design is presented and its development explained. Properties of this estimator will be derived and some applications of the estimator will be examined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐parametric estimation for aggregated functional data for electric load monitoring
Authors: Dias Ronaldo , Garcia Nancy L. , Martarelli Angelo
Published: April 2008

In this work we address the problem of estimating mean and covariance curves when the available sample consists of aggregated functional data. Consider a population divided into sub‐populations for which one wants to estimate the mean (typology) and covariance curves for each sub‐population. However, it is not possible (or too expensive) to obtain sample curves for single individuals. The available data are collective curves, sum of curves of different subsets of individuals belonging to the sub‐populations. We propose an estimation method based on B‐splines expansion. This method is consistent and simulation studies suggest that the proposed mean estimator is suitable even with very few replications. This problem was motivated by a real problem concerning the efficient distribution of electric energy in Southeast Brazil. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the effects of ultrafine particulate matter while accounting for human exposure
Authors: REICH B. J. , Fuentes Montserrat , Burke Janet
Published: April 2008

Particulate matter (PM) has been associated with mortality in several epidemiological studies. The US EPA currently regulates PM10 and PM2.5 (mass concentration of particles with diameter less than 10 and 2.5 µm, respectively), but it is not clear which size of particles are most responsible for adverse heath outcomes. A current hypothesis is that ultrafine particles with diameter less than 0.1 µm are particularly harmful because their small size allows them to deeply penetrate the lungs. This paper investigates the association between exposure to particles of varying diameter and daily mortality. We propose a new dynamic factor analysis model to relate the ambient concentrations of several sizes of particles with diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.40 µm with mortality. We introduce a Bayesian model that converts ambient concentrations into simulated personal exposure using the EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulator, and relates simulated exposure with mortality. Using new data from Fresno, CA, we find that the 4‐day lag of particles with diameter between 0.02 and 0.08 µm is associated with mortality. This is consistent with the small particles hypothesis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution of Voronoi cells generated by Southern California earthquake epicenters
Authors: Schoenberg Frederic Paik , Barr Christopher , Seo Jungju
Published: April 2008

The cells of Voronoi diagrams generated by epicentral locations of Southern California earthquakes are inspected. The tapered Pareto distribution is shown to fit quite well to the distribution of cell areas and perimeters. This same distribution, which has been used to model the distribution of seismic moments, is also a close approximation to the empirical distributions of times and distances between successive earthquakes for the same catalog of Southern California events. Verification is performed using a variety of different windows and sub‐sampling procedures in order to confirm that the results are not an artifact of the particular parameters of the selected earthquake catalog. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quantal statistical isobologram model to identify joint action for chemical mixtures
Authors: Chen D. G.
Published: April 2008

The isobologram model is a commonly used and powerful graphical and statistical tool for analyzing the joint action for simple chemical mixtures. Substantial research has been done for the quantitative response and the amount of research in the qualitative framework is minuscule. In this paper, isobologram model is proposed to analyze the joint action of chemical mixtures for quantal dose‐response relationship based on the generalized linear model technique to estimate the associated parameters by the maximum likelihood estimation and then to be used to construct the isobologram so that the joint action from the chemicals can be identified both by the isobologram and the statistical inference for interaction parameter. A real dataset is used to illustrate the application of the developed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple confidence intervals for lognormal means and their differences with environmental applications
Authors: Zou G. Y. , Huo Cindy Yan , Taleban Julia
Published: April 2008

The lognormal distribution has frequently been applied to approximate environmental data, with inference focusing on arithmetic means. Confidence interval estimation involving lognormal means in small to moderate sample sizes has received much attention over the years without a simple procedure in sight. We therefore propose a closed‐form procedure for constructing confidence intervals for a lognormal mean and a difference between two lognormal means. The advantage of our procedure is that it only requires confidence limits for a normal mean and variance. The results of a numerical study show that our method performs as well as the generalized confidence interval (GCI) approach, which relies completely on computer simulation. Two real datasets are used to illustrate the methodology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instability investigation of cantilevered seacliffs
Authors: Young Adam P. , Ashford Scott A.
Published: April 2008

Wave action is a fundamental mechanism in seacliff erosion, whereby wave undercutting creates an unstable cantilevered seacliff profile and can lead to large catastrophic cliff failures, thus threatening coastal infrastructure. This study investigated the instability of two such failures that occurred in Solana Beach, California, by combining terrestrial LIDAR scanning, cantilever beam theory and finite element analysis. Each landslide was detected by evaluating the surface change between subsequent high resolution digital terrain models derived from terrestrial LIDAR data. The dimensions of failed cantilever masses were determined using the surface change measurements and then incorporated into failure stress analysis. Superimposing stress distributions computed from elastic cantilever beam theory and finite element modeling provided a method to back‐calculate the maximum developed tensile and shear stresses along each failure plane. The results of the stress superposition revealed that the bending stresses caused by the cantilevered load contributed the majority of stress leading to collapse. Both shear and tensile failure modes were investigated as potential cliff failure mechanisms by using a comparison of the back‐calculated failure stresses to material strengths found in laboratory testing. Based on the results of this research, the tensile strength of the cliff material was exceeded at both locations, thus causing the cliffs to collapse in tension. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining and measuring braiding intensity
Authors: Egozi Roey , Ashmore Peter
Published: April 2008

Geomorphological studies of braided rivers still lack a consistent measurement of the complexity of the braided pattern. Several simple indices have been proposed and two (channel count and total sinuosity) are the most commonly applied. For none of these indices has there been an assessment of the sampling requirements and there has been no systematic study of the equivalence of the indices to each other and their sensitivity to river stage. Resolution of these issues is essential for progress in studies of braided morphology and dynamics at the scale of the channel network.

A series of experiments was run using small‐scale physical models of braided rivers in a 3 m ∞ 20 m flume. Sampling criteria for braid indices and their comparability were assessed using constant‐discharge experiments. Sample hydrographs were run to assess the effect of flow variability.

Reach lengths of at least 10 times the average wetted width are needed to measure braid indices with precision of the order of 20% of the mean. Inherent variability in channel pattern makes it difficult to achieve greater precision. Channel count indices need a minimum of 10 cross‐sections spaced no further apart than the average wetted width of the river. Several of the braid indices, including total sinuosity, give very similar numerical values but they differ substantially from channel‐count index values. Consequently, functional relationships between channel pattern and, for example, discharge, are sensitive to the choice of braid index. Braid indices are sensitive to river stage and the highest values typically occur below peak flows of a diurnal (melt‐water) hydrograph in pro‐glacial rivers. There is no general relationship with stage that would allow data from rivers at different relative stage to be compared. At present, channel count indices give the best combination of rapid measurement, precision, and range of sources from which measurements can be reliably made. They can also be related directly to bar theory for braided pattern development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historic and contemporary sediment transfer in an upland Pennine catchment, UK
Authors: Holliday V. J. , Warburton J. , Higgitt D. L.
Published: April 2008

A sediment budget for an upland catchment–reservoir system at Burnhope Reservoir, North Pennines, UK has been developed. This provides a framework for quantifying historic and contemporary sediment yields and drainage basin response to disturbance from climate change and human activities in the recent past. Bathymetric survey, core sampling, 137Cs dating and aerial photographs have been used to assess sediment accumulation in the reservoir. The average reservoir sedimentation rate is 1·24 cm yr−1 (annual sediment yield 33·3 t km−2 yr−1 ± 10%, trap efficiency 92%). Mean annual reservoir sedimentation over the 67 year period has been estimated at 592 t ± 10%. Inputs of suspended sediment from direct catchwater streams account for 54% of sediment supply to the budget (best estimate yield of 318 t yr−1 ± 129%), while those from actively eroding reservoir shorelines contribute 328 t yr−1 ± 92%. Sediment yield estimates from stream monitoring and reservoir sedimentation are an order of magnitude lower than those reported from South Pennine reservoirs of comparable drainage basin area. Analysis of historical rainfall series for the catchment shows fluctuations in winter and summer rainfall patterns over the past 62 years. From 1976 to 1998 there has been a diverging trend between winter and summer rainfall, with a large increase in winter and a gradual decrease in summer totals. Periods of maximum variation occur during the summer drought events of the late 1970s, early 1980s and mid‐1990s. Analysis of the particle size of core sediments highlights abrupt increases in sand‐sized particles in the top 20 cm of the core. Based on the 137Cs chronology, these layers were deposited from the late 1970s onwards and relate to these diverging rainfall records and rapidly fluctuating reservoir levels. This provides evidence of potential sediment reworking within the reservoir by rapid water‐level rise after drought. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Code‐aided simplified receiver design in downlink MC‐CDMA communication system with transmit diversity
Authors: Wu Wei‐Chiang
Published: April 2008

In this paper, we propose a code‐aided optimum receiver and exploit transmit diversity in downlink multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) system to provide a receiving scheme that is robust to fading channel. Our first emphasis is on designing a blind (without knowing the undesired users' signature sequences) MC‐CDMA mobile receiver that can suppress the multiple access interference (MAI) and combine the desired signal stemmed from all the transmitting antennas. The matched filter (MF) receiver, though simple in structure, suffers from the near‐far problem and is severely degraded by MAI. The minimum‐output‐energy (MOE) receiver, though alleviates the problems of the MF receiver, is with computational complexity and suffers from severe performance degradation due to channel estimation error in practical environment. Thereby, we propose a spreading codes selection rule that enables the simple MF receiver to achieve optimum performance regardless of the variation of channel parameters. Moreover, we develop two blind (without requiring training sequences) algorithms to estimate the composite multiple‐inputs‐single‐output (MISO) channel impulse response (IR). Furthermore, we deduce that the complexity of the channel estimator can be extensively reduced for the code‐aided optimum receiver. Simulation results demonstrate significant gain by employing the proposed codes selection rule and transmit diversity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced detection of genetic association of hypertensive heart disease by analysis of latent phenotypes
Authors: Charles Gu C. , Flores Hubert R. , de las Fuentes Lisa , Dávila‐Román Victor G.
Published: April 2008

Hypertension and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) are inter‐related phenotypes frequently observed with other comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia, which probably reflect the complex gene‐gene and/or gene‐environment interactions resulting in HHD. The complexity of HHD led us to examine intermediate phenotypes (e.g., echocardiographically‐derived measures) for simpler clues to the genetic underpinnings of the disease. We applied the method of independent component analysis to a prospective study of the metabolic predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy and extracted latent traits of HHD from panels of multi‐dimensional anthropomorphic, hemodynamic echocardiographic and metabolic data. Based on the latent trait values, classification of subjects into different risk groups for HHD captured meaningful subtypes of the disease as reflected in the distributions of primary clinical indicators. Furthermore, we detected genetic associations of the latent HHD traits with single nucleotide polymorphisms in three candidate genes in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors complex, for which no significant association was found with the original clinical indicators of HHD. Consensus analysis of the results from repeated independent component analysis runs showed satisfactory robustness and estimated about 3–4 separate unseen sources for the observed HHD‐related outcomes. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orphan drug legislation: lessons for neglected tropical diseases
Authors: Villa Stefano , Compagni Amelia , Reich Michael R.
Published: April 2008

In the last 20 years, orphan drug legislation (ODL) has been adopted in several countries around the world (USA, Japan, Australia, and the European Union) and has successfully promoted R&D investments to develop new pharmaceutical products for the treatment of rare diseases. Without these incentives, many life‐saving new drugs would have not been developed and produced.

For economic reasons, the development of medicines for the treatment of diseases prevalent in the developing world (or tropical diseases) is lagging behind. Among several factors, the low average per‐capita income makes pharmaceutical markets in developing countries appear relatively unprofitable and therefore unattractive for R&D‐oriented companies.

The case of ODL may offer some useful insights and perspectives for the fight against neglected tropical diseases. First, the measures used in ODL may also be effective in boosting R&D for neglected tropical diseases, if appropriately adapted to this market. Second, small‐sized companies, which have played a successful role in the development of orphan drugs for rare diseases, may also represent a good business strategy for the case of tropical diseases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.