bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Displacement Field for Unidirectional Off-Axis Composites in 3-Point Flexure — Part 1: Analytical Approach
Authors: Mujika F. , Mondragon I.
Published: July 2003

The displacement field of a unidirectional off-axis specimen in 3-point flexure test is obtained in a new way, by applying the Second Castigliano's theorem and the unitarial load method. The displacement field is calculated for two cases: in the first one, lift-off between specimen and fixture support occurs caused by bending-twisting coupling, and specimen is supposed to contact with the test fixture support at two diagonally opposite points. In the second case, lift-off does not occur and specimen is supposed to contact with the fixture support at four corners. The limit between two cases is established by the calculation of the critical value of the span-to-width ratio for lift-off to occur. The displacement field calculated includes shear effects and satisfies displacements compatibility and equilibrium conditions, except in the vicinity of point reactions and applied load. Neither displacement field solutions for composite plates with point boundary conditions, nor solutions based on the Second Castigliano's theorem concerning composite plates have been encountered in the literature survey.
Transverse Compressibility of a Commingled Roving
Authors: Pagé D. J. Y. S. , Bates P. J. , Bui V. T. , Bonin H. W. , Taylor D. J.
Published: July 2003

The transverse compressibility of a commingled roving composed of continuous glass and polymer fibers was measured and compared with the respective transverse compressibility of a homogeneous polymer roving and of a homogeneous glass roving. The transverse compressibility of each homogeneous roving was fitted with an existing model developed for aligned fibers. The model parameters for each of the two homogenous roving were then applied in parallel and in series to reproduce the transverse compressibility of the commingled roving. The configuration applying the homogeneous polymer and glass roving in series reproduced best the transverse compressibility of the studied commingled roving.
Trenchless Repairing of Underground Pipes Using RTM Based on the Axiomatic Design Method
Authors: Chin Woo Seok , Kwon Jae Wook , Lee Dai Gil
Published: July 2003

To overcome the problems of excavation technology for repairing damaged underground pipes, such as sewer pipes, various trenchless (excavation free or no-dig) technologies has been proposed and tried, but they have some drawbacks such as high cost and inconvenience of operation.

In this study, the rehabilitation process of underground pipes with glass fiber fabric polymer composites using Resin Transfer Molding (RTM), which overcomes the problems of present trenchless technologies has been developed through the axiomatic design approach. For the reliable and faultless operation, all the problems and situations that may occur during the real construction has been taken into account at every stage of the design process.

The developed process requires shorter operation time and lower cost with smaller and simpler operating equipments than conventional trenchless technologies. From the investigation, it has been found that the developed repair technology with appropriate process parameters determined by design axioms has many advantages over conventional methods.
The Effect of Wear Environment Temperature on the Wear Behavior and Friction Coefficient of SiCw/Al Composite
Authors: Ahn J. J , Ochiai S.
Published: July 2003

Wear and friction tests of a ring-on-disc type were performed on SiC whisker reinforced Al6061 composite (SiCw/Al) as well as Al6061 alloy matrix (AA6061) in order to clarify the difference in wear mechanism with the increase of wear environment temperature and sliding speed. The main results obtained at this work were as follows: friction coefficients of the SiCw/Al were insensitive to the variation of the wear environment temperature up to 300°C and sliding speed up to 0.48 m/s whereas the friction coefficients for the AA6061 fluctuated with variation of the wear environment temperature and sliding speed though friction coefficient of the SiCw/Al was greater than that of the A6061 due to the presence of SiC whiskers. Weight loss of the SiCw/Al, the difference of the specimen weight before and after the experiment, under the severest test condition was a half of that of the AA6061. Wear mechanism of both specimens was found to change from abrasive wear to adhesive wear at 300°C. In addition, thin surface layer, TSL, similar to mixed mechanical layer, was observed in the worn surfaces of the SiCw/Al easier than AA6061. The more the wear environment temperature increases, the wider area of the TSL in the SiCw/Al is.
Numerical Simulation of Pressure Variation and Resin Flow in Injection Pultrusion
Authors: Rahatekar S. S. , Roux J. A.
Published: July 2003

Injection pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacturing composite materials. To produce good quality parts it is essential that complete wet out of the reinforcement fibers is achieved in the injection chamber. To achieve good wet out of the fibers, the magnitude of the resin injection pressure is extremely important. The present study is focused on the effects of pull speed, fiber volume fraction, resin viscosity and compression ratio (taper) of the injection chamber on resin fiber wet out within the injection chamber for polyester-glass roving composites. The recommended injection pressures for complete wet out are predicted for a wide and comprehensive variety of processing variables; this work is novel in that it has new and comprehensive results not available in the existing literature. Darcy's law is used to model the fiber/resin system of injection pultrusion. The Gutowski [Gutowski, T.G., Morigaki, T. and Cai, Z. (1987). The Consolidation of Laminate Composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 21(7): 172-187.] permeability model is used to determine the transverse permeability and the Kozeny-Carman [Carman, P.C. (1939). Flow Through Granular Beds, Trans. Int. Chem. Eng., 15: 150-166.] model is used to predict the longitudinal permeability. The finite volume method is used to predict the resin pressure field, resin velocity field, and resin moving flow front location.
Characterization of the Effective Elastic Modulus of an Integrated Sandwich Composite
Authors: Shiah Y. C. , Huang Jin H.
Published: July 2003

In this paper, an integrated sandwich composite adopting 3-D woven fabrics as the core material is thoroughly studied for its effective elastic modulus. In spite of the extensive applications of 3-D woven sandwich composites due to their improved mechanical properties, no suitable theoretical model has been proposed to predict the elastic modulus for such composite structures in the open literature so far. For the present work, a theoretical model by means of a micromechanics approach and the rule of mixtures is proposed to predict its effective in-plane elastic modulus. To verify the veracity of our prediction, unidirectional tensile tests were also carried out to determine the effective elastic modulus. Eventually, our experimental results turn out to agree with our prediction very well.
Influence of Opposing Wave Nesting in Compression-Loaded Composites
Authors: Hale R. D. , Villa M.
Published: July 2003

Under static compression loading, large interlaminar normal and shear strains have been shown to occur as a result of layer waviness. Previous research has shown that nested (in-phase) layer waves produce roughly the same maximum interlaminar shear and normal strain values as a single wave of similar geometry. This paper addresses the influence of wavy layers that are out-of-phase, or mirrored about the neutral axis. Experimental results using moiré interferometry reveal that opposing (out-of-phase) waves also produce roughly the same maximum interlaminar shear and normal strain values as a single wave of similar geometry, while analytical predictions using finite element techniques show a trend that partially disagrees. This supports the conclusion that although mechanical performance in wavy composites will be primarily due to the amplitude of individual waves, local interactions among waves at certain separations may produce an important contribution.
General Techniques for Exploiting Periodicity and Symmetries in Micromechanics Analysis of Textile Composites
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Whitcomb John D.
Published: July 2003

General formulas for obtaining boundary conditions for micromechanics analysis of textile composites are developed based on the concept of equivalent subcell, which is the smallest region that has to be modeled. The equivalent subcell is identified by exploiting the periodicity and symmetries exhibited in the material microstructures and loading. The conventional formulas for the full unit cell of periodic structures and the formulas for the subcell are unified by introducing the “subcell vector” d and a constant vector R that accounts for the mismatch in the local displacement perturbations between two equivalent subcells. The usually lengthy derivation process required to obtain boundary conditions has been significantly simplified by shifting the effort from “deriving” to substituting the parameters established for the equivalent subcells into the formulas. The applications of these formulas are illustrated by generating boundary conditions for the smallest subcells of 4-harness satin weave and plain weave.
On the Displacement Field for Unidirectional Off-Axis Composites in 3-point Flexure - Part II: Numerical and Experimental Results
Authors: Mujika F. , De Benito A. , Mondragon I.
Published: July 2003

The displacement field calculated in Part I of this work is numerically analysed for specimens of IM7-8552 epoxy matrix based carbon fiber reinforced unidirectional composite material. Three-point tests have been performed in 5 specimens with different fiber orientation, using 10 spans for each specimen. Theoretical displacement fields obtained in Part 1 have been used for showing level curves on supports and load cylinder lines, in order to analyse the suitability of assumptions concerning boundary conditions and load application. Middle point load-displacement curve slopes obtained from displacement field equations and from Classical Laminated Beams Theory are compared with experimentally obtained results. On the other hand, in-plane shear modulus has been calculated in different ways, knowing the other elastic constants of the material and the experimental load-displacement curve slope. The agreement between numerical and experimental results is rather good in all cases.
Measurement and Prediction of Process-induced Residual Strains in Thick Wound Composite Rings
Authors: Ha Sung K. , Kim Hyung-Tae , Sung Tae-Hyun
Published: July 2003

Analytical and experimental studies are performed to investigate the process-induced residual strains within a thick wound composite ring for the flywheel energy storage system. First, an effective temperature change that equivalently describes the distribution of the residual strains is implemented into a two-dimensional stress analysis. The locations and magnitudes of the maximum radial stress and strains are then derived and the delamination indices are accordingly defined in terms of the inner and outer radius ratio and the material properties. The present method is numerically validated using the results from the cure-simulation program WINDTHICK. Thick rings are made of T300/epoxy, and the residual strains in the radial and hoop directions are measured using a split-ring method, i.e., cutting the ring in the radial direction and releasing the residual stresses. The measured residual stains are in good agreement with the analytical results. It is shown that the effective temperature change remains the same over a wide range of the ring thickness. Delaminations observed in the tests are successfully predicted using the present method, and the rings of the geometric similarity experience a delamination at the same temperature drop.
Progressive Failure Behaviors of 2D Woven Composites
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Whitcomb John D.
Published: July 2003

This paper focuses on understanding the progressive failure behavior of woven composites. Five weaves, i.e. plain, 4-, 5-, 8-harness satin and twill, are considered. Rather than developing a new progressive failure analysis approach, the focus is placed on comparing the damage behaviors of the various weaves predicted by the selected failure criterion and property degradation model. The loading conditions include uniaxial tension and compression. The discussions focus on (1) the effect of the woven architecture on the predicted progressive failure behaviors (2) the similarities and difference in the damage initiation and evolution mechanisms between the plain and satin weaves and (3) the sensitivity of the predicted progressive failure behavior to assumptions about geometric nonlinearity and the property degradation model. The results have shown that the weave architecture (i.e. weave pattern) has significant effects on the predicted progressive failure behaviors even if the composites have the same overall fiber volume fraction, tow waviness and tow cross-section. Comparisons of the damage initiation and evolution mechanisms in the plain and 4-harness satin weaves indicate significant similarities in the damage behaviors in the comparable regions for the two weaves. The results also show that the predicted response of low waviness composite, which is more commonly seen in most structural applications, is quite insensitive to the assumed property degradation model. This imposes difficulties in validating a model by comparison with test results for low waviness composites.
Finite Element Analysis of Diaphragm-type Air Springs with Fiber-reinforced Rubber Composites
Authors: Lee H. W. , Kim S. H. , Huh H. , Kim J. Y. , Jeong S. G.
Published: July 2003

This paper is concerned with deformation analysis of diaphragm-type air springs, especially an air bag which consists of nylon fiber-reinforced rubber, composite rubber linings and steel wire bead parts. The analysis has been carried out with a finite element code developed to consider the orthotropic properties of fiber-reinforced rubber lamina, geometric nonlinearity by large deformation, and contact between an air bag and a bead ring.

Five different models have been considered in the design optimization procedure in order to investigate the effect of design variables with the variation of the cord angle of an air bag. The analysis provides the hoop and the longitudinal strain distributions in an air bag as well as the variation of the outer diameter, the fold height and the vertical force with respect to the internal pressure.
Cure Behavior of Epoxy Resin-Montmorillonite-2-Ethyl-4-Methylimidazole Nanocomposite
Authors: Dazhu Chen , Pingsheng He
Published: July 2003

Understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of cure for polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites is now the interest of research. The objective of this investigation is to determine the effects of polymer-layered silicate on the cure kinetics of an epoxy resin. The cure process of epoxy resin-organo-montmorillonite (Org-MMT)-2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2,4-EMI) nanocomposite with different Org-MMT loadings was in situ monitored with a technique of dynamic torsional vibration method (DTVM) in the isothermal mode. The gel time tg and the completed cure time tc can be read directly from the isothermal cure curve, and the results show that the addition of Org-MMT reduces the tg and increases the rate of curing reaction. The apparent activation energy Ea of cure reaction was estimated by the nonequilibrium thermodynamic fluctuation theory as well. With increasing of cure temperature, the tg decreased and correspondingly, the cure rate was accelerated. In addition, the theoretical prediction was in good agreement with the experimental results obtained by DTVM.
Optimization of Ply Drop-offs in Bonded Patch to Cylindrical Shell Structures
Authors: Tong Liyong , Sun Xiannian
Published: July 2003

Ply drop-off is a technique widely used to achieve gradual thickness change in composite laminate, and it can be utilized to form boundary tapering of a composite patch bonded to a parent structure. This paper firstly presents a new adhesive element formulation with a nonneutral reference plane that takes into account the geometrical features of ply drop-off and can be applied to conduct 2.5-D simplified stress analysis of bonded repairs to curved structures. The new formulation is numerically validated by comparing results calculated using both the present formulation and a full three-dimensional finite element formulation available in commercial software. Sequential Linear Programing (SLP) method is then employed in conjunction with a fully implemented automatic mesh generation algorithm to minimize adhesive stresses, namely, the peak peel, shear or Von Mises stresses, through optimally selecting ply drop-off parameters. The objective of this paper is to ensure effective bonding between a patch and an undamaged parent shell structure via minimizing maximum stress along the boundary of adhesive layer. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate that an optimum ply drop-off in a bonded patch can dramatically reduce peak stresses in the adhesive layer, particularly the peak positive peel stress.
Some Parameters Affecting the Properties of NBR-LLDPE Blends Crosslinked with Gamma Radiation
Authors: El-Nesr E. M. , Ali A. M. , Abdel-Bary E. M.
Published: July 2003

Radiation crosslinking of NBR-LLDPE blends with different blend ratios has been carried out. It has been found that the addition of LLDPE markedly improves the mechanical properties of NBR. For instance, Young's modulus attains about 7MPa and the tensile strength attains 14MPa in the blend containing 80wt.% LLDPE, while these values do not exceed 0.5 and 2MPa for the blend containing 20wt.% LLDPE. These values depend on both blend ratio and irradiation dose. It has also been found that the soluble fraction of the samples in different solvents depends on the blend ratio and irradiation dose. The thermal characteristics of the blends using DSC showed that the two blends are incompatible with each other and the glass transition temperature of NBR is shifted to a higher temperature by increasing the radiation dose.
The Use of Carboxy Terminated Liquid Natural Rubber (CTNR) as an Adhesive in Bonding Rubber to Rigid and Non-Rigid Substrates
Authors: U. Dileep , Avirah Shanti A. , Joseph Rani
Published: July 2003

Carboxy Terminated Liquid Natural Rubber (CTNR) was prepared by photochemical reaction using maleic anhydride and masticated natural rubber (NR). The use of CTNR as an adhesive in bonding rubber to rubber and rubber to metal was studied. The peel strengths and lap shear strengths of the adherends which were bonded using CTNR were determined. The effect of using a tri isocyanate with CTNR in rubber to metal bonding was also studied. It is found that CTNR can effectively be used in bonding rubber to rubber and rubber to mild steel.
A New Recycling Technology: Compression Molding of Pulverized Rubber Waste in the Absence of Virgin Rubber
Authors: Bilgili Ecevit , Dybek Adam , Arastoopour Hamid , Bernstein Barry
Published: July 2003

Recycling of rubber waste poses a challenging environmental, economical, and social problem. In the present study, we propose a new two-stage recycling process to reuse a rubber waste. First, the granulates of the waste were pulverized into small particles using a single screw extruder in the Solid State Shear Extrusion (SSSE) process. Then, the produced powder was compression molded in the absence of virgin rubber. The slabs prepared at various molding conditions were subjected to mechanical, chemical, and microscopic tests. It is found that the slabs have high extensibility with low-medium tensile strength. Compressive creep of the powder, self-adhesion of rubber molecules, and interchange reactions of polysulfidic crosslinks are proposed as the basis of particle bonding.
A Novel Approach to Fast Net-Shape Manufacturing of Braided Epoxy Composites
Authors: Adanur Sabit , McClain Aliecia , Xu Baohua
Published: July 2003

Braiding is an efficient method of arranging fibers. Fiber orientation and placement can be precisely controlled by the braiding mechanism. Two limitations to the fast manufacturing of braided composites have been the impregnation and thermal curing process of the resin. The resin application process is limited by the nature of braiding mechanism. Thermal curing of resin has a slow heating rate, and is controlled by the heat transfer process. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel process that can be suitable for the braiding process and the fast fabrication of the products. The effect of microwave curing on the kinematics of the glass-epoxy composite system and the relations among the microwave radiation parameters (such as radiation time and power setting) and network structures are addressed. Manufacturing, testing and properties of net-shape, braided epoxy composites are given. How to carefully analyze, balance these important factors and finally find the best solution for the novel processing of braided net-shape composites is explained.
Effect of Block Position on the Dynamics of the Glass Processes in Carbonate/Styrene Triblock Copolymers, CSC and SCS
Authors: Mansour Ashraf A. , Mohamed Mona A. , Minko Sergiy
Published: July 2003

Molecular dynamics of specially prepared triblock copolymers of polystyrene and polycarbonate were studied by dielectric spectroscopy over wide ranges of frequency; 10-1 - 105 Hz and temperature; 50-200°C. Two block copolymers are used in the current investigation; carbonate-styrene-carbonate, CSC and styrene-carbonate-styrene, SCS, which have blocks with the same molecular weights but with different positions. The dielectric relaxation spectra and d.s.c scans showed that these block copolymers CSC and SCS exhibit two relaxation processes corresponding to the glass transitions of the two microseparated PS- and PC-phases. It is surprising to find that the molecular dynamics of either PS- or PC-blocks are different in CSC and SCS and also differ from the dynamics of the corresponding homopolymers with same molecular weight, i.e. the molecular dynamics of the blocks depends on their position within the chain. The results are assessed and discussed in terms of the different factors that could affect the glass transition and its dynamics for different blocks; namely: the number of free end groups per block and the morphological confinement that influence the size of the cooperative regions responsible for the glass transition.
Knowledge Creation in Professional Service Firms: Institutional Effects
Authors: Robertson Maxine , Scarbrough Harry , Swan Jacky
Published: July 2003

This article presents an analysis of institutional influences upon knowledge creation within professional service firms, whose main business is the provision of specialized consultancy. Such firms, we argue, provide an important setting for examining such influences because their survival depends on their ability to mobilize and synthesize professional bodies of knowledge. They, therefore, directly confront the constraints that institutionalized professions pose for processes of knowledge creation. By exploring the influence of the institutional context, the article extends earlier work on professional service and knowledge-intensive firms which has tended to adopt a more micro, organizational-level focus on knowledge creation and to neglect both the heterogeneous nature of knowledge and its embeddedness in institutional contexts.

A comparative analysis of two firms located in different institutional contexts (science and the law) establishes some of the major mechanisms through which professional institutions influence knowledge-creation processes. Specifically, the analysis highlights three major arenas, related to the processes of knowledge creation within organizations, in which institutional influences are seen to operate. These are: the relative work autonomy of professional groups; the means of knowledge legitimation; and the social identity formation of professional practitioners. While institutional influences were found in these different arenas across both cases, significant differences in knowledge-creating practices were also observed. These include different emphases on experimentation versus interpretation, different forms of personal networking, and significant differences in the relative importance of codifying knowledge in documentary forms. These differences are explained in terms of institutionally embedded means of legitimating knowledge across scientific and legal contexts.

In observing institutional influences on micro work practices, however, our study also highlights the role and influence of management. Specifically, in the arena of social identity, managers sought to accommodate professional norms through firm-specific arrangements, which shaped and mobilized a social identity geared toward corporate ends. Management effort thus focused on developing a collective identity, based on elitism, which was used as a means of leveraging individual creativity and expertise as an organizational resource.
Knowledge Development through Client Interaction: A Comparative Study
Authors: Fosstenløkken Siw M. , Løwendahl Bente R. , Revang Øivind
Published: July 2003

The present article extends a previously published framework for the analysis of knowledge development in professional service firms by looking deeper into the underlying dynamics of the components and processes described in the framework. This extension is based on an in-depth comparative case study of knowledge development in two professional service firms from two very different industries, namely, engineering design and communication consulting. Despite the major differences between the firms and the industries, we found some remarkable similarities in terms of how professionals perceive knowledge development at work, in particular, the emphasis on the role of sophisticated and knowledgeable clients. In this article, we elaborate on this aspect. As a result of these findings, the framework is further refined, as the areas where clients play a major role in the knowledge-development processes of professional service firms are highlighted.
Exploring Management Consulting Firms as Knowledge Systems
Authors: Werr Andreas , Stjernberg Torbjörn
Published: July 2003

This article examines the nature and the generation, dissemination and translation of knowledge in large, global management consulting organizations. The knowledge system in consulting organizations is modelled as consisting of three interacting knowledge elements: methods and tools, providing a common language and knowledge structure; cases, carrying knowledge in a narrative form; and the experience of individual consultants that is essential for the adaptation of methods, tools and cases to the specific consulting project.

A number of recent studies have characterized knowledge-management strategies as focusing on either articulate knowledge or tacit knowledge. We argue that a fruitful understanding of knowledge management in management consulting requires attention to the relations between the different elements that represent different kinds of knowledge. Based on case studies in Andersen Consulting (now Accenture) and Ernst & Young Management Consulting (now Cap Gemini Ernst & Young) these knowledge elements and the interplay between them are identified and analysed.

The main role of articulate knowledge is not to replace experience, but rather to support the generation, dissemination and use of it. A number of consequences of this conceptualization of the knowledge system are discussed in terms of the ability of the knowledge system to generate different types of learning and the complementarity of structural and individual knowledge.
The Professional Partnership: Relic or Exemplary Form of Governance?
Authors: Greenwood Royston , Empson Laura
Published: July 2003

The creation of the public corporation in the 19th century drove out the partnership as the predominant form of organizational governance. Yet, within the professional services sector, partnerships have survived and prospered. Moreover, professional services firms that chose to abandon the partnership form tended to become private rather than public corporations. Drawing upon several theories, we compare the efficiency of the partnership relative to corporate forms of governance in the context of the professional services sector. We argue that the professional partnership minimizes agency costs associated with both the private and public corporation. We also argue from tournament theory and property rights theory that partnerships have superior incentive systems for professionals in particular and knowledge workers more generally. However, drawing upon structural-contingency theory, we identify limiting conditions, which affect the relative efficiency of the partnership. We argue that the corporation, especially the private corporation, will be the preferred form of governance where the limiting conditions are prevalent. Nevertheless, we also argue that under specific conditions the partnership form of governance will persist and prosper because it remains unusually suited to the management of knowledge workers.
The Nature of Knowledge and the Entry Mode Decision
Authors: Malhotra Namrata
Published: July 2003

Previous work on the choice of mode of entry into foreign markets highlights the central role of knowledge and the attributes of knowledge in choosing an appropriate governance form for its transfer internationally. The literature suggests that protection of knowledge from the threat of opportunism posed by licensees and business partners in other contractual modes is a primary driver of the choice of mode. However, the knowledge construct itself is oversimplified in the entry mode literature and needs more explication to enable a clearer understanding of its implications for entry mode choice. In this article, I examine in depth the variety of different types of knowledge held by firms and how these relate to each other and combine to constitute a source of advantage. A qualitative case-based analysis of semi-structured interviews in firms entering foreign markets suggests that the combination of different knowledge types held by a firm is an important factor in reducing the risk of misappropriation of knowledge by business partners. This has important implications for the choice of mode of entry. When a firm's competitive advantage lies in a combination of multiple types of knowledge, especially experiential knowledge held by individuals, teams, and the organization rather than just easily codifiable and understandable basic technical knowledge, the threat of opportunism is mitigated to such a degree that it is often unimportant in mode of entry decisions. Hence, firms have greater flexibility in choosing a mode of entry than is suggested by current literature. In light of these findings, I suggest that it may be more useful to conceptualize a firm as a knowledge entity, rather than a contractual entity, for examining entry mode decisions.
Good Visions, Bad Micro-management and Ugly Ambiguity: Contradictions of (Non-)Leadership in a Knowledge-Intensive Organization
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Sveningsson Stefan
Published: July 2003

This article investigates how managers position themselves and their work in terms of leadership in a large knowledge-intensive company. The significance of contemporary discourse on leadership, practical aspects of managerial work, and ambiguity as a central dimension of organization and leadership (particularly in knowledge-intensive settings) are highlighted. We examine the presumed leadership in a company with respect to the three `moral' and `aesthetic' positions or aspects of leadership: good, bad and ugly leadership. The article shows how managers incoherently move between different positions on leadership. The study undermines some of the dominant notions of leadership, for example, the leader as a consistent essence, a centred subject with a particular orientation to work. We suggest a less comfortable view of managers aspiring to adopt, but partly failing to secure leadership identities and a coherent view of their work. Value commitments appear as disintegrated and contradictory. The study indicates a need to radically rethink dominant ideas about leadership.
Practicing Politics with Foucault and Kant
Authors: Taylor Dianna
Published: July 2003

This paper problematizes the claim that Michel Foucault's work is normatively lacking and therefore possesses only limited political relevance. While Foucault does not articulate a traditional normative framework for political activity, I argue that his work nonetheless reflects certain normative commitments to, for example, practicing freedom and improving the state of the world. I elucidate these commitments by sketching out Foucault's notion of critique as a mode of existence characterized by practices of the self, arguing that such practices possess political significance within the context of what Foucault refers to as a way of life, and analyzing points of intersection and departure between Kant's and Foucault's respective responses to the question `What is Enlightenment?' in order to clarify the connection Foucault makes between self-practices and freedom. Through this analysis I also show that Foucault reconceptualizes normative concepts such as obligation, freedom, autonomy and publicity in non-normalizing, politically compelling ways, and argue that his work opens onto a similar reconceptualization of the notion of political unity. I conclude with a preliminary investigation into the political efficacy of Foucault's ethos by discussing its relevance specifically for feminist politics.
Wittgenstein, History and Hermeneutics
Authors: Lawn Christopher
Published: July 2003

Wittgenstein's `language-games' constitute a forceful post-Cartesian, anti-foundationalist account of linguistic activity with meaning sustained across a network of customary practices or forms of life. This is a fertile picture of language but it depends upon a rigid, synchronic notion of linguistic rules and fails to account for the developmental and transformative dimensions to language. I suggest that Wittgenstein is unable to connect past to present language-games. Despite an obvious proximity of Gadamer to Wittgenstein (on the pragmatics of language) I argue that Gadamer's work on tradition, with its hermeneutical understanding of the indeterminacy of linguistic rules, exposes Wittgenstein's apparent blindness to the historical aspect of language.
Charles Taylor on Transcendence
Authors: Fraser Ian
Published: July 2003

Charles Taylor has recently stated his religious leanings as being at the core of his philosophical vision for a better society. At the heart of this vision is his emphasis on transcendence: that there is something beyond life as we know it. Some years earlier, Taylor had explicitly endorsed the work of Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch for the way he wanted to talk about the issue of transcendence; however, neither figures prominently in his recent writings. While there may be differing reasons for this omission, my main concern in this article is to show how the issue of transcendence in Benjamin's and Bloch's writings offers an interesting comparison with Taylor's work on this issue. Moreover, Benjamin and Bloch will be shown to offer ways in which Taylor can more fully express his own undeveloped articulation of transcendence through a consideration of the themes of religion, God, time and death.
Cultural Paths and Aesthetic Signs
Authors: Zuidervaart Lambert
Published: July 2003

Contemporary philosophical stances toward `artistic truth' derive from Kant's aesthetics. Whereas philosophers who share Kant's emphasis on aesthetic validity discount art's capacity for truth, philosophers who share Hegel's critique of Kant render artistic truth inaccessible. This essay proposes a critical hermeneutic account of aesthetic validity that supports a non-esoteric notion of artistic truth. Using Gadamer and Adorno to read Kant through Hegelian eyes, I reconstruct the aesthetic dimension from three polarities in modern Western societies. Then I describe aesthetic validity as an horizon of imaginative cogency governing the exploration, presentation and creative interpretation of aesthetic signs. The essay argues that aesthetic processes, so construed, are crucial to cultural pathfinding, and that aesthetic validity-claims in art talk contribute significantly to this pursuit. Aesthetic validity, cultural orientation and art talk constitute the hermeneutical matrix from which questions of artistic truth emerge.
`Best Practice' in Educational Leadership and Management
Authors: Glatter Ron , Kydd Lesley
Published: July 2003

`Best practice' is now a pervasive term and is included in the conference title. In this article we aim to promote discussion about its usefulness. We will first consider key features of practice, emphasising the significance of context at various `levels' and of the complexity and flux surrounding leadership and management. Then we will ask how particular practice can be regarded as `best'. We will refer to ideas about best practice in leadership outside education to see what lessons might be drawn. Finally we will consider the implications for `learning about best practice' particularly through professional development and research. We conclude that the concept of `best practice' should be applied more rigorously in future.
The Management and Mismanagement of Trust
Authors: Bottery Mike
Published: July 2003

There has been a growing literature on trust over the last decade. It can to some extent be located with concerns over economic productivity, and the fact that societies with cultures of trust tend to be more prosperous than those that do not. However, it can also be traced to concerns over the changing nature of organizations in a post-bureaucratic age, and to more recent widespread educational concerns over the ability of governments to trust professional educators. This article examines a number of meanings of `trust', and argues that different agendas only partially recognize these. Such failure to recognize the complexity of the term, and of the implications of this for educational policy and management, fails to fully realize the impact this has on the morale of teaching professionals, on the acceptable and effective management of schools, and on the ability of educational organizations to cope with the demands of a knowledge-based society. However, despite the obstacles, this article concludes that trust not only is beneficial to the educational enterprise, but may be an inevitable and increasing element of the relationship between governments and educators.
The Difficulties of School Governance
Authors: Robinson Viviane , Ward Lorrae , Timperley Helen
Published: July 2003

The public sector reforms broadly known as New Public Sector Management (NPM), have had a substantial impact on the way schools are governed in both England and New Zealand. One assumption of this approach is that local communities can carry out the complex responsibilities of governance in a way that serves both state and local interests. In this study, a sample of New Zealand governors, headteachers and state education officials, described the nature and frequency of the difficulties governing bodies experienced in carrying out four key governance tasks. Three main types of difficulty emerged; skill and understanding, difficulties in interaction with professionals and inadequate understanding of the governance role. The factors that sustain these difficulties are explained along with implications for the improvement of lay governance of state schools.
Distributed Leadership in Colleges
Authors: Lumby Jacky
Published: July 2003

This article on leadership in the English learning and skills sector is a development of a keynote paper presented at the BELMAS 2002 conference and forms a pair with the companion article on schools by Alma Harris. The article argues that research on colleges to date has focused on discrete levels of management/leadership and seems to be out of key with developing theories of distributed leadership emerging from schools research. It is suggested that leadership is embedded in the activities of staff and students, including delegated management, and can be understood to be both distributed and systemic. The creation and enactment of such leadership is explored by drawing on data from two research projects in England, one of which focused on general further education colleges and the other on sixth form colleges. It is argued that the distribution of tasks and responsibilities are fundamentally different in the two categories of college. The reasons for these differences indicate that the leadership which is constructed in each type of college is shaped not only by the pressures of government policies, as suggested by previous research, but also by a number of factors including the socioeconomic composition of students and the profile of staff. This article therefore suggests that leadership cannot be understood by discretely analysing the practice of particular categories of staff. Rather it can be seen as distributed in a variety of different ways and also as simultaneously systemic, flowing through and shaped by the entire community of each college.
Rethinking Strategy and Strategic Leadership in Schools
Authors: Davies Brent
Published: July 2003

This article reviews the nature of strategy and strategic leadership in schools. It moves away from traditional frameworks associated with the strategic planning movement and reconceptualizes the nature of strategy in schools. It considers how leaders can map the strategic architecture of the school and develop strategic capabilities for longer-term sustainability. It questions hierarchical models of leadership and suggests the dual approach of extending/improving current performance and making the `strategic leap' to different and higher levels of performance by `bridging the s-curve gap'. It highlights three characteristics of strategically orientated schools, suggests ways to improve the art of strategic conversations and how to build strategic intents.
Academic Mentoring
Authors: Mathews Pamela
Published: July 2003

For some time concerns have been raised that early in the 21st century there will be a crisis in Australian higher education. High levels of retirement and low levels of recruitment in institutions of higher education have been the trends for some time. Mentoring, as a workplace learning approach, could be used to address some of the problems associated with the recruitment and attrition of academic staff. This article aims to present a strategy for how mentoring, as a workplace learning approach, can be used within an academic environment and the benefits that can be expected as a result of its successful implementation. Although reference is made to the needs of Business Schools many of the principles are applicable to all branches and disciplines within higher education.
Empathy as an Interpersonal Phenomenon
Authors: Håkansson Jakob , Montgomery Henry
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to find the constituents of empathizers' and targets' experiences of empathy. We analyzed 28 empathizers' and 28 targets' narrative accounts of situations when they had experienced empathy. From both perspectives, the constituents of empathy included that (1) the empathizer understands the target's situation and emotions, (2) the target experiences one or more emotions, (3) the empathizer perceives a similarity between what the target is experiencing and something the empathizer has experienced previously, and (4) the empathizer is concerned for the target's well-being. The data suggested that actions associated with the fourth constituent - concern - make empathy an interpersonal phenomenon.
What's in a Story? The Relationship Between Narrative Completeness and Adjustment to Relationship Dissolution
Authors: Kellas Jody Koenig , Manusov Valerie
Published: July 2003

The construction of narratives has been shown to assist sufferers of emotional or traumatic events - such as the ending of relationships - in making sense of and coming to terms with the event. Despite this connection, few studies have explored how the completeness of the narratives contributes to positive outcomes. Building on research in both communication and psychology, we conceptualized a complete narrative as one that clearly and extensively (1) segmented the experience episodically/sequentially, (2) represented causes and consequences in the explained events, (3) developed characters relative to the story, (4) evoked and made sense of affect, (5) drew meaning from the events in the narrative, (6) provided a coherent narrative, and (7) attributed responsibility to the characters in the story. We collected and analyzed the break-up stories of 90 participants. We then rated the narratives to see if relationships exist between narrative completeness and adjustment to relationship dissolution as well as to the teller's role in the break-up and his or her current relationship status. In addition to the implementation of a new method for coding and analyzing narrative content, the results indicate that certain elements of completeness are more related to adjustment than are others.
`Ambiguous Loss': Managing the Dialectics of Grief Associated with Premature Birth
Authors: Golish Tamara D. , Powell Kimberly A.
Published: July 2003

This study used a dialectical framework to examine the communication of family members who experienced the ambiguous loss of a premature birth. The parents' uncertainty about their baby's prematurity was exacerbated by contradictory feelings of joy and grief, and efforts to communicate the complicated experience to family members. As the parents attempted to manage this joy-grief contradiction, they experienced other tensions of acknowledgment-denial, control-helplessness, certainty-uncertainty, and openness-closedness. The parents of premature babies underwent various grief emotions as they mourned the loss of a full-term pregnancy and feared for their child's life and health. However, they were often unable to allow themselves to feel their grief and were unsure how to communicate it because their baby was still alive. The combination of dialectical tensions thus intensified the uncertainty and pain that accompanies the ambiguous loss of a premature birth. The dialectical tensions surrounding the ambiguous loss of a premature birth and the communication strategies used to manage them are examined.
Predicting Husbands' and Wives' Retirement Satisfaction from the Emotional Qualities of Marital Interaction
Authors: Kupperbusch Cenita , Levenson Robert W. , Ebling Rachel
Published: July 2003

Retirement satisfaction was predicted from the emotional qualities of pre-retirement marital interaction in 49 male ( Mage = 63) and 31 female ( Mage = 61) retirees. In 1989, we measured physiological, behavioral, and subjective aspects of emotion while spouses discussed a conflict in their marriage. Five years later, we assessed retirement satisfaction for spouses who had retired in the intervening period. Husbands who were physiologically relaxed and affectively positive during marital interaction were happier in their subsequent retirements. Wives' retirement satisfaction was not predicted by the emotional qualities of marital interaction.