bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan
Authors: Azuma Yoichi , Currie Philip J
Published: April 2011

An associated skeleton from the Kitadani quarry of the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) strata in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, represents a new genus and species of carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda). The immature specimen, which is about 4.2 m long, is well preserved and includes elements of the skull, vertebral column, front limbs, and hind limbs. The hands are relatively large and armed with strongly curved, sharp claws, suggesting that it was an active predator. Phylogenetic analysis indicates it is a basal allosauroid. An isolated astragalus from Australia may represent a closely related species.
Lift-off moraines: markers of last ice-flow directions on the Scotian Shelf
Authors: Gipp Michael R
Published: April 2011

Lift-off moraines are acoustically incoherent, subparallel ridges observed on sidescan sonograms and high-resolution reflection seismic profiles on the southeastern continental margin of Canada. They are up to 3 m high, 2080 m wide, and are commonly overlain by stratified proglacial sediments. Although little is known about them, detailed study of high-resolution seismic profiles from the Emerald Basin and the LaHave Basin, on the Scotian Shelf, show that their height:width ratio varies with the sounderseabed separation, suggesting that the ridges may be narrower than they appear. Their morphology is similar to DeGeer moraines or cross-valley moraines, which form perpendicular to ice-flow direction. As their orientations can be estimated at the intersection of seismic lines, they can be used to estimate ice-flow directions. Since proglacial sediments are draped directly over top of them, they are assumed to record the direction of last ice flow. This directional data suggests that ice retreated not only northward (to Nova Scotia), but also toward local topographic highs on the continental shelf, which acted as anchoring points for ice rises around both the Emerald and LaHave Basins. This pattern of ice-flow directions suggests that ice flowed from the high ground of banks, converging into basin deeps, suggesting that small moraines within the basins are probably of interlobate origin.
Tertiary extension in the central British Columbia Intermontane Belt: magnetic and paleomagnetic evidence from the Endako region
Authors: Lowe Carmel , Enkin Randolph J , Struik Lambertus C
Published: April 2011

New magnetic and paleomagnetic data for central British Columbia support and quantify the hypothesis that the area underwent significant Tertiary-age transtensional deformation. Paleomagnetically determined tilts in Eocene rocks indicate that four fault-bounded pits, which constitute the Endako molybdenum mine, were displaced on a series of normal (probably listric) faults that have separations of less than a kilometre. The interpretation also suggests there can be little vertical offset on the Denak West Fault, which separates the Denak East and Denak West pits. Regional paleomagnetic data indicate a predominance of easterly directed tilts to the east of the Casey Fault, but to the west a large variation in the orientation and magnitude of tilts is observed. Results at one site proximal to the Casey Fault indicate a component of dip-slip displacement on this dominantly dextral strike-slip fault. Mapped northeast- and northwest-trending faults commonly correspond to linear zones of steep magnetic gradient and near-surface magnetic sources. Several additional northwest- and northeast-trending lineaments are imaged in the magnetic data where no faults are mapped (particularly over massive and lithologically homogeneous phases of the Endako batholith). Euler deconvolution solutions confirm most such lineaments are also associated with shallow magnetic sources. In profile, they have either a fault or dyke character and are interpreted to be unmapped faults, some locally intruded by mafic dykes, which cut the region into a series of fault-bounded blocks.
Tectonique et venues volcaniques en contexte de collision, exemple du massif néogène du Siroua (Atlas Marocain) : effets combinés d'une transformante et de la suture panafricaine
Authors: Chorowicz J , Emran A , Alem E M
Published: April 2011

The Late Miocene  Early Pliocene Siroua strato-volcano is made of particular hyperalkaline rocks. It lies between the High-Atlas and the Anti-Atlas, in a collisional zone related to the continental subduction of the African plate under the Moroccan Meseta. Our field observations and analyses of SPOT, Landsat-MSS, and DEM (digital elevation model) imagery have permitted mapping of faults, joints, and volcanic edifices. The elongate shape of volcanoes and linear clusters of adjacent edifices, together with their relationships with faults, show that magma ascent was favored by tectonic crustal scale open fractures, essentially tension fractures, tail-cracks, and open faults. These fractures, together with other nonvolcanic, narrow, NNE-striking troughs, provide valuable information on the regional deformation since the Late Miocene. The shorteningextension type strain, which is responsible for the open fractures, is situated near the Azdem transform, a zone of active faults striking NNE, parallel to the convergence trend. The transform links two segments of the "Accident Sud-Atlasique," which constitute the border between the Moroccan Meseta and the African plate. The magma seems to originate from the lithospheric mantle, but asthenospheric material had previously migrated upward along the Panafrican suture zone. This mixed magma finally was transferred to the surface as a result of the onset of the open fractures prior to fault motions. The Siroua volcanic activity results from the conjunction of (1) a Panafrican suture zone and (2) a zone of open fractures due to "strike-slip" strain near a local transform inside the area of collision.
Geological and geochemical evidence for variable magmatism and tectonics in the southern Canadian Cordillera: Paleozoic to Jurassic suites, Greenwood, southern British Columbia
Authors: Dostal J , Church B N , Hoy T
Published: April 2011

The Paleozoic and early Mesozoic rocks of the Greenwood mining camp in southern British Columbia are a part of the Quesnel terrane in the eastern part of the Intermontane Belt of the Canadian Cordillera. Upper Paleozoic rocks include the Knob Hill Group composed of oceanic tholeiitic basalts (with (La/Yb)n [Formula: see text] 0.41.2), associated with deep ocean sedimentary rocks and serpentinites; the Attwood Group that comprises island-arc tholeiites (with (La/Yb)n [Formula: see text] 14 and positive εNd values), clastic sedimentary rocks and limestones; and a unit of oceanic gabbros with (La/Yb)n < 0.5. These lithologically defined units occur as tectonically emplaced slivers of oceanic crust probably produced during the closure of the Slide Mountain basin during the Permian. They are unconformably overlain by Middle Triassic calc-alkaline volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Brooklyn Group. The Brooklyn Group volcanic rocks have characteristics of mature island-arc rocks, including (La/Yb)n [Formula: see text] 2.54.5 and positive εNd values. The Paleozoic rocks are crosscut by a 200 million years old granodioritic intrusion containing zircon with an Early Proterozoic inheritance age (~2.4 Ga). By inference, southern Quesnellia may have been well offshore from the ancestral North American margin in the Mississippian, in close proximity to the margin by the Middle Triassic, and contiguous with it by the Early Jurassic. It is suggested that the complex tectonic history of extension and contraction of the southern Canadian Cordillera during the post Middle Jurassic can be extended in south-central British Columbia as far back as the upper Paleozoic.
Geochemistry and Nd isotopes of the François Lake plutonic suite, Endako batholith: host and progenitor to the Endako molybdenum camp, central British Columbia
Authors: Whalen Joseph B , Anderson Robert G , Struik Lambertus C , Villeneuve Michael E
Published: April 2011

The Endako low-F granodiorite-type porphyry Mo deposit is hosted by the Triassic to Eocene Endako batholith, which comprises five temporally distinct plutonic suites, only one of which is mineralized. Pre-mineralization suites range in composition from diorite to granodiorite. The synmineralization JurassicCretaceous François Lake suite includes two granodiorite- to monzogranite-bearing subsuites. Postmineralization phases include the Eocene Sam Ross Creek monzogranite. The batholith spans a silica range of 4480 wt.% and consists of metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, low- to high-K, I-type granitoids; the Sam Ross Creek phase is an A-type granite. Positive ε Nd(T) values (+1.1 to +7.2) indicate derivation predominately from juvenile source materials, but with variable input from an older crustal component. Evidence suggests generation of older plutonic suites in a juvenile arc-type setting and younger K-rich felsic suites via recycling of juvenile arc crust without significant mantle-derived contributions. Three distinct Mo-deposition events in the Endako camp are linked to repeated generations of oxidized, highly evolved monzogranitic phases (pre-ore dykes, aplitic Nithi and Casey intrusions) belonging to both François Lake subsuites. Late pre-ore dykes with "Casey-like" geochemical signatures, along with massive unmineralized Casey intrusions near the Endako deposit, could reflect repeated injections from an underlying magma chamber that remained molten during the youngest Mo-deposition event. A genetic link may exist between the Sam Ross Creek phase, a pluton with Climax-type granite characteristics, and Eocene kaolinite alteration in the Endako deposit. Also, potential exists for Eocene-age Climax-type Mo mineralization within the Endako mining camp.
Late 18th century drought-induced sand dune activity, Great Sand Hills, Saskatchewan
Authors: Wolfe S A , Huntley D J , David P P , Ollerhead J , Sauchyn D J , MacDonald G M
Published: April 2011

Geomorphic evidence and optical ages from seven locations indicate that widespread dune activity occurred within the last 200 years in the Great Sand Hills region of southwestern Saskatchewan. Optical ages (n = 36) define an interval of dune activity bracketed by the earliest age of back ridges in the Seward sand hills (185 ± 8 years) and the average age of stabilized dune heads (about 105 years). During this interval, parabolic dunes were active in all areas studied. These ages indicate that the most recent interval of activity was initiated about AD 1800, and continued at a level higher than present for approximately 80 years. The most likely cause of dune activation was lower-than-average precipitation (relative to 19601991 values) through the 1700s, culminating in drought in the late 1700s, as evidenced in dendroclimatic records from the Cypress Hills and from the Rocky Mountain foothills. Dunes affected by such climatically induced regional activity require many decades to restabilize. Historical observations show that dunes in this area have been restabilizing throughout the 20th century. For the southern Canadian Prairies, a region with serious concerns about the implications of global warming, this study highlights the sensitivity of sand dunes to drought and cumulative moisture stress.
Geochronological and kinematic constraints on crustal shortening and escape in a two-sided oblique-slip collisional and magmatic orogen, Paleoproterozoic Taltson magmatic zone, northeastern Alberta
Authors: McDonough Michael R , McNicoll Vicki J , Schetselaar Ernst M , Grover Timothy W
Published: April 2011

The southern Taltson magmatic zone (south of 60°N) is a composite continental magmatic arc and collisional orogen resulting from the convergence of the Buffalo Head terrane with the Archean Churchill craton. Taltson basement (ca. 3.23.0 Ga and 2.42.14 Ga) and Rutledge River supracrustal gneisses (2.132.09 Ga) were intruded by voluminous I- and S-type magmatic rocks between 1.99 and 1.92 Ga. Taltson magmatic zone was deformed by three ductile shear zones: Leland Lakes, Charles Lake, and Andrew Lake, exhibiting both strike- and dip-lineated mylonitic domains. Kinematic data for shear zones are reported at microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic (remotely sensed data) scale. We present field and UPb isotopic data (zircon and monazite) for magmatic and metamorphic rocks that constrain the timing of granulite to upper amphibolite-grade shearing in the Leland Lakes and Charles Lake (formerly Allan) shear zones to ca. 19381934 Ma. Foreland (easterly) vergent thrusting on the Andrew Lake shear zone is ca. 1932 Ma. Taltson shear zones were overprinted by widespread amphibolite- to greenschist-grade shearing, which is constrained by published 40Ar39Ar and KAr dates on hornblende and muscovite to between ca. 1900 and 1800 Ma. We propose a crustal architecture, resembling a crustal-scale asymmetric flower structure, in which the Charles Lakes shear zone formed the fundamental shear zone of a middle to lower crustal sinistral transpression system that accommodated southward escape of crust in the upper plate of an oblique continental subductioncollision zone, with shortening partitioned into synchronous outwardly vergent thrust systems to the east and west of the main shear zone.
New UPb and Ar/Ar isotopic age constraints on the timing of Eocene magmatism, Fort Fraser and Nechako River map areas, central British Columbia
Authors: Grainger Nancy C , Villeneuve Michael E , Heaman Larry M , Anderson Robert G
Published: April 2011

Twenty-three new, precise, Eocene UPb and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations for calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of the Ootsa Lake Group and associated intrusive rocks, widespread in the Nechako Plateau in central British Columbia, constrain the timing of the Eocene magmatism to 53.247.6 Ma, with a local duration of as little as 23 million years. The new dates show that magmatism in the study area is partly coeval with that responsible for the Babine Igneous Suite  Newman Volcanic Suite (5350 Ma) to the north, and for the Endako Group (5145 Ma), which overlies the Ootsa Lake Group; however, locally the three magmatic suites are distinct in age and (or) the strata record a magmatic hiatus of as much as 7.5 million years. The ages generally young from north to south (5247 Ma) along the western portion of the study area. The Babine Igneous Suite  Newman Volcanic Suite represents the oldest member of this series. However, in the east, the Ootsa Lake Group volcanic rocks are generally older (5351 Ma). The anomalously older ages may be related to the interaction of magmatism and formation of a nearby and coeval core complex, which ongoing studies show was uplifted at about the same time during the Eocene. Felsic plutonism associated with the Ootsa Lake Group occurred between 50.5 and 47.3 Ma. These plutons were emplaced in an extensional setting along north-northeast-trending faults. The new dates, stratigraphic relationships, and suggested correlations of Eocene strata in the study area with that to the west and north require a revision of the stratigraphic nomenclature for the Ootsa Lake and Endako groups.
Melting of heterogeneous mantle in a slab window environment: examples from the middle Tertiary Masset basalts, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia
Authors: Hamilton T S , Dostal J
Published: April 2011

Voluminous basalts dominate a middle Tertiary bimodal volcanic assemblage in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. These moderately enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB-)like magmas were associated with significant crustal extension related to the subduction of the PacificFarallon ridge and the initiation of a slab window environment, which persisted for 35 Ma. These asthenospheric melts were derived from a low degree of melting of a heterogeneous peridotite source mainly in the spinel stability field, as inferred from fractional melting inversion calculations. The basaltic magmas in turn gave rise to both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic strata up to 3.5 km thick in local grabens. The tholeiitic basalts resemble MORB, with rare-earth element (REE) patterns ranging from slightly depleted to enriched in light REE (LREE). The calc-alkaline basaltic andesites are enriched in LREE, but are not strongly depleted in Nb. The rocks have overlapping Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions, similar to those of intraplate basalts from the adjacent northeast Pacific seamounts and Cordillera. The difference between the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline rocks is, in part, attributed to polybaric fractional crystallization of different proportions of plagioclase to mafic minerals from a similar tholeiitic magma. This marginal-basin subalkaline volcanic sequence and its genesis describe the slab window environment for the Tertiary tectonics of the western Canadian continental margin and provide a model for older combined tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic successions.
Search for a deep-mantle component in mafic lavas using a NbYZr plot
Authors: Baksi Ajoy K
Published: April 2011

Concentrations of trace elements with bulk distribution coefficients < 1 have been utilized to discriminate between mafic magmas erupted in different tectonic settings. Herein, the NbYZr contents of mafic lavas will be utilized to pinpoint derivation from a deep-mantle source. Magmas derived from the Icelandic plume exhibit ΔNb > 0, where ΔNb = log (Nb/Y) + 1.74  1.92 log (Zr/Y) (Fitton et al. 1997), whereas melts derived from depleted sections of the mantle and the crust show ΔNb < 0. Regardless of the nature of the melting event, it was suggested the ΔNb value of magmas were essentially identical to that of the source material. Theoretical modeling of a garnet lherzolite source suggests very small partial melts may show elevated ΔNb values, yielding a spurious plumelike signature. For mafic rocks from different areas, with hypothesized hot spot derivation, ΔNb is calculated to search for a deep-mantle signature (ΔNb > 0). The signature of the Réunion hot spot, from ~650 Ma, is seen in the Deccan Traps, India, lavas from the Mascarene Plateau, and Réunion Island. The signature of the Kerguélen plume is detected in rocks from Kerguélen Island and the Ninetyeast and Broken Ridges, Indian Ocean, a few lavas from the Rajmahal province, India, but none in the Bunbury Basalt, Australia. Some rocks from continental flood basalt provinces show a hot spot component, in agreement with conclusions based on 3He/4He studies, others show ΔNb < 0, due to considerable subcontinental contamination. For lavas from Heard Island and Grand Comore, Indian Ocean, the technique pinpoints those showing a plume component. In an area of plate convergence in the Pacific Ocean, lavas with very low (<1 ppm) Nb contents, serve as a critical test for this method. Only rocks close to the Samoan hot spot show ΔNb > 0, whereas the others show the Nb depletion typical of arc-related material. In conjunction with trace-element and isotopic discriminants, this appears to be a useful tool in identifying a deep-mantle component in mafic lavas from a variety of plate tectonic settings.
Geochronology of mid-Cretaceous to Eocene magmatism, Babine porphyry copper district, central British Columbia
Authors: MacIntyre D G , Villeneuve M E
Published: April 2011

New U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar isotopic dating in the Babine porphyry copper district of central British Columbia documents three distinct magmatic events at 107104, 8578, and 5450 Ma. The earliest event involved emplacement of rhyolite domes into submarine volcanic rocks of the Rocky Ridge Formation. The rhyolite domes and related dacitic to basaltic volcanic rocks gave a UPb age of 107.9 ± 0.2 Ma and an 40Ar/39Ar age of 104.8 ± 1.2 Ma. The rhyolites, which were previously mapped as Eocene, are reinterpreted to be part of a previously unrecognized mid-Cretaceous cauldron subsidence complex. The regionally extensive Late Cretaceous magmatic event is also recognized in the Babine district and is represented by 40Ar/39Ar ages of 85.2 ± 2.8 and 78.3 ± 0.8 Ma on two Bulkley intrusions, one of which has associated porphyry copper mineralization. The final magmatic event is the most widespread and involved emplacement of the Babine intrusions and formation of numerous porphyry copper deposits including the Bell and Granisle past producers. Twenty-one new 40Ar/39Ar isotopic ages for these intrusions and coeval andesites of the Newman Formation have a narrow range from 53.6 ± 0.9 to 49.9 ± 0.6 Ma, whereas previous KAr isotopic dating had a possible range of 15 Ma. The mid-Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Eocene magmatic suites in the Babine district are interpreted to be part of a long-lived volcano-plutonic complex that was the site of periodic magmatism and porphyry copper mineralization over a 60 Ma time period. This complex may have evolved within a zone of extension (pull-apart basins) situated between dextral strike-slip faults that were active during periods of rapid oblique plate convergence.
Analyses of crustal structure from bandpass and directionally filtered potential-field data: an example from western Canada
Authors: Geiger Hugh D , Cook Frederick A
Published: April 2011

Application of bandpass and directional filtering to potential-field data in northwestern Canada allows separation of anomalies due to northwest-oriented upper crustal sources that are associated with Cordilleran structures from anomalies due to northeast-oriented lower crustal sources that are primarily associated with Precambrian Shield rocks. In northeastern British Columbia, northeast-trending lower crustal structures of the Canadian Shield as represented in the gravity patterns appear to project west of the Tintina fault  Northern Rocky Mountain Trench at about 56°N. About 400500 km farther north, the Tintina fault may penetrate into the lithospheric mantle. It is, thus, likely that the depth extent of the Tintina fault rises southward into the crust, as dextral strike-slip motion is transformed into contractional structures of the southern Cordillera.
On the possibility of anisotropic heat flow in the inner core
Authors: Secco R A , Balog P S
Published: April 2011

We consider the possibility of anisotropic heat flow in the inner core by examining the potential for anisotropic thermal conductivity of hexagonal close-packed (hcp-)Fe. Because hcp-Fe exists only at pressures above 13 GPa at room temperature, we investigate thermal conductivity anisotropy in analog material Gd by measuring the electrical conductivity and applying the WiedemannFranz Law to determine thermal conductivity (k). The electrical conductivity anisotropy of Gd was measured at pressures up to 1.4 GPa and temperatures up to 873 K in the hcp phase range. At elevated pressure, the variation with temperature of anisotropic thermal conductivity of Gd single crystal resembles the anisotropic behavior at high temperature and 1 atm observed in earlier work. The temperature range of anisotropy of thermal conductivity of Gd, where kc > ka, is extended by pressure, but the anisotropy disappears before the high temperature hcp[Formula: see text]bcc (body-centered cubic) transformation. Our results on hcp-Gd lead us to raise the question of the possibility of hcp-Fe exhibiting anisotropy of thermal conductivity. Together with the known seismic anisotropy of the inner core, and the inferred textural alignment of hcp crystals causing it, we suggest some implications that an anisotropy of thermal conductivity of hcp-Fe, and a concomitant anisotropy of inner core heat flow, could have on thermally driven core processes.
The Cheslatta Lake suite: Miocene mafic, alkaline magmatism in central British Columbia
Authors: Anderson Robert G , Resnick Jonah , Russell James K , Woodsworth G J , Villeneuve Michael E , Grainger Nancy C
Published: April 2011

New mapping, mineralogical, and geochemical studies help characterize late Tertiary primitive, alkaline, sodic basanite, alkali olivine basalt, transitional basalt, and diabase in the Nechako River, Whitesail Lake, and McLeod Lake map areas of central British Columbia and distinguish the Miocene Cheslatta Lake suite. The suite encompasses scattered erosional remnants of topographically distinct, columnar-jointed, olivine-phyric basalt and diabase volcanic necks, dykes, and associated lava flows north of the Anahim volcanic belt and west of the Pinchi Fault. Volcanic centres at Alasla Mountain and at Cutoff Creek, near Cheslatta Lake, are proposed as type areas. Olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene phenocrysts, megacrysts, and (or) xenocrysts; common ultramafic xenoliths; and rare but significant plutonic and metamorphic xenoliths are characteristic. Basanite, transitional basalt, and alkali olivine basalt groundmass contain plagioclase, clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, feldspathoid, olivine, and apatite. The Cheslatta Lake suite is characterized by its alkaline character, olivine-rich (>10 wt.%) normative mineralogy, and silica-undersaturated nature (>1 wt.% normative nepheline; hypersthene-normative rocks are uncommon). Mg numbers vary between 7242. Some samples encompass near-primitive mantle melt compositions. Cheslatta Lake suite rocks in the Nechako River area are distinguished from the underlying Eocene Endako and stratigraphically higher Neogene Chilcotin groups basaltic andesite lavas within the study area, and from the Chilcotin Group basalt in the type area south of the Anahim volcanic belt, by form, preserved thickness, phenocrystxenocryst mineralogy, amygdule abundance, included xenoliths, isotopic age, and major and incompatible, high field strength, and rare-earth trace element contents.
Historical rates of salt marsh accretion on the outer Bay of Fundy
Authors: Chmura Gail L , Helmer Laurie L , Beecher C Beth , Sunderland Elsie M
Published: April 2011

We examine rates of salt marsh accumulation in three marshes of the outer Bay of Fundy. At each marsh we selected a site in the high marsh with similar vegetation, and thus similar elevation. Accretion rates were estimated by 137Cs, 210Pb, and pollen stratigraphy to estimate rates of change over periods of 30, 100, and ~170 years, respectively. These rates are compared with records from the two closest tide gauges (Saint John, New Brunswick, and Eastport, Maine) to assess the balance of recent marsh accretion and sea-level change. Averaged marsh accretion rates have ranged from 1.3 ± 0.4 to 4.4 ± 1.6 mm·year1 over the last two centuries. Recent rates are similar to the rate of sea-level change recorded at Eastport, Maine, suggesting that they are in step with recent sea-level change but very sensitive to short-term variation in relative sea level. Based on the pollen stratigraphy in the marsh sediments, the marsh accretion rate was higher during the late 18th to early 19th century. Higher rates probably were due to local increases in relative sea level as a result of neotectonic activity and may have been enhanced by increased sediment deposition through ice rafting.
Geochemical evolution of groundwater on Saturna Island, British Columbia
Authors: Allen D M , Suchy M
Published: April 2011

A detailed geochemical study of surface waters, spring waters, and groundwaters was undertaken to examine the geochemical evolution of groundwater on Saturna Island, British Columbia. The purpose of the study was to characterize the nature and occurrence of saline waters and to provide insight on chemical processes that lead to salinization in the fractured sedimentary bedrock aquifers of this small island. Major ion chemistry shows that groundwater is recharged locally but mixes with saline waters that occur at depth or near the coast. Simple mixing is complicated by cation exchange (between calcium-rich waters and sodium-rich exchange sites offered by mudstone beds) and results in a spatially variable hydrochemical composition that is dependent on the island topography and geological framework (structural, sedimentological, and glacial), in combination with groundwater use patterns. Sodium, present at exchange sites, is speculated to be a remnant of ocean water intrusion during the Pleistocene, when the island was submerged. As a result of its high mobility and conservative nature, chloride (and sulphate) has been flushed from the shallow bedrock during a process of natural desalinization but may remain trapped in the pores and fractures at depth. Modern salt-water intrusion, brought about by increased development on the island, is now competing with natural desalinization along the coast and has left many drinking-water supplies contaminated.
Early Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Dawson Mary R
Published: April 2011

Rodents are a minor element in the Early Eocene terrestrial fauna from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island. Nevertheless, at least five taxa can be recognized, all members of the family Ischyromyidae. Two are paramyines, of which one is described as Paramys hunti, sp. nov. Three of the rodents are microparamyines, Microparamys bayi, sp. nov., and two species of the new genus Strathcona, S. minor, sp. nov., and S. major, sp. nov. The paramyines are Holarctic in distribution in the Early Eocene, but the microparamyines are known only from North America and Europe. The Arctic Microparamyinae provide the first clearly documented case for an early Cenozoic mammalian taxon having a North American origin and later dispersal into Europe across a North Atlantic terrestrial biogeographic province.
An ontogenetic perspective on locomotion in the Late Cretaceous dinosaurMaiasaura peeblesorum(Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae)
Authors: Dilkes David W
Published: April 2011

Ontogenetic growth in the forelimb and hindlimb of the dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) Two Medicine Formation of Montana is investigated by multivariate and bivariate morphometrics and the biomechanics of beam theory. Results support a hypothesis of an age-dependent selection of stance. Juveniles walked primarily as bipeds. As an individual matured, its predominant stance shifted to quadrupedality. Within the forelimb, morphometric results show a probable allometric enlargement of postural muscles, an allometric increase in the lever arms of protractor muscles, and an increased robustness of the humerus to enhance its resistance to bending stresses. In contrast, the hindlimb is characterized by a relative decrease in the resistance of the femur and tibia to bending stresses. In addition, there is an allometric enlargement of the femoral fourth trochanter and positive allometry of the lengths of metatarsals III and IV. The most likely explanation for the different growth patterns is that the hindlimb was sufficiently robust at a young age to accommodate increased postural and locomotory stresses through largely isometric growth, whereas a behavioral shift to quadrupedality in older individuals necessitated an allometric response in the forelimb. Osteological adaptations for weight-bearing in the manus include metacarpals that are united firmly with a resultant cross-sectional shape that is resistant to bending and hyperextendable joints between the metacarpals and first phalanges. It is probable that flexor muscles that attached to the caudal surface of the metacarpals reinforced the reduced carpus and lessened the likelihood of collapse during quadrupedality.
Paleomagnetic reconnaissance of early Mesozoic carbonates from Williston Lake, northeastern British Columbia, Canada: evidence for late Mesozoic remagnetization
Authors: Muttoni Giovanni , Kent Dennis V , Orchard Mike
Published: April 2011

Three classic sections of Middle and Late Triassic fossiliferous limestones cropping out around Williston Lake in British Columbia, Canada, were sampled for paleomagnetic study. The objective was to test the suitability of these units for detailed magnetobiostratigraphic study with the aim of improving the reference Triassic geomagnetic polarity time scale. The Williston Lake characteristic magnetizations differ, however, from any Triassic North America cratonic reference directions. A satisfactory agreement is found instead with Cretaceous  early Cenozoic North America cratonic reference directions. The exclusive occurrence of normal polarity suggests that remagnetization likely occurred during the Cretaceous long normal superchron. Remagnetizations may have been triggered by connate brines, which moved along aquifers of porous sandstones and carbonates in the early stages of Laramide folding.
The interplay of regional structure and emplacement mechanisms at the contact of the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia: floor-down or wall-up?
Authors: Culshaw Nicholas , Bhatnagar Pradeep
Published: April 2011

In southern Nova Scotia, the Devonian South Mountain Batholith was emplaced into metasedimentary rocks of the Cambro-Ordovician Meguma Group at ca. 370 Ma. The contact of the eastern end of the South Mountain Batholith transects at a high angle the trace of subhorizontal, upright Acadian (mid-late Devonian) folds formed in the Meguma Group. At two locations, where the contact is well exposed, there are contrasting structures in the country rocks adjacent to Acadian anticlinoria and synclinoria, respectively. Regional folds are affected by ductile deformation where anticlinoria abut the batholith but are undisturbed at the synclinoria. At the anticlinorial contacts, the metasedimentary bedding youngs towards the granite, and granite side-down shear resulted in a belt in which bedding is transposed to a new contact-parallel fabric. Deflection of linear structures that were initially horizontal in the Acadian folds (e.g., intersection lineations) illustrates the granite side-down shear. The reorientation of initially horizontal linear structures gradually diminishes as the contact is followed from the anticlinoria to the synclinoria, where the regional fold geometry is preserved right up to the contact, showing that there is no granite side-down shear in the synclinoria at the present level of erosion. Two models that potentially explain this variation in contact structure are discussed. In the first, it is explained as an artifact of emplacement of the batholith late in the growth of the Acadian folds, in which the horizontal, upright anticlinoria amplified and moved upward relative to the pluton. A shear zone was formed parallel to the contact along the thermally softened tip of the anticlinoria. The synclinoria remained fixed vertically and there was no differential movement between granite and country rock. Thus, regional structures and evidence for stoping are most widely preserved in the synclinoria, where they were not overprinted by the marginal shearing. The second model invokes floor-down emplacement of magma into folds of layered sediments with contrasting mechanical properties. The erosion surface within the synclinoria intersects slates of the Halifax Formation with mechanical properties that favour emplacement predominantly by dyking and stoping. Below the level of erosion, the stratigraphically underlying Goldenville Formation, having different mechanical properties than the Halifax, presumably is displaced downwards predominantly by ductile deformation (pure and simple shear). Within the anticlinoria, where the Goldenville Formation is exposed, the requirement of a level pluton floor necessitates that downward deflection is accompanied by relatively high ductile strains in the wall rock. A third possible model that combines features of the syntectonic and floor-down models is an obvious option.
Lower Jurassic Amaltheidae (Ammonitina) in North America: paleobiogeography and tectonic implications
Authors: Smith Paul L , Tipper Howard W , Ham David M
Published: April 2011

The amaltheids are restricted temporally to the late Pliensbachian and geographically to the northern part of the northern hemisphere. Amaltheus stokesi is the only species that occurs in all areas of North America where amaltheids are found. The craton north of the CanadaU.S.A. border yields the most diverse amaltheid fauna, including six of the seven taxa known in North America. On Quesnellia and Stikinia, there are no endemic amaltheids, and diversity is low; A. stokesi increases in abundance northwards where, in Stikinia, A. margaritatus makes rare appearances. Wrangellia, with its rich Pliensbachian Tethyan and east Pacific faunas, is almost devoid of amaltheids, but its amaltheid fauna does include two specimens of A. viligaensis, an eastern Russian species that is unknown elsewhere in North America. Cratonal amaltheid faunas have more in common with those of northwest Europe than eastern Eurasia, suggesting that the Arctic and northern North Atlantic constituted the main dispersal route. Paleobiogeographic patterns on the major allochthonous terranes argue against terrane rotation and in support of post-Pliensbachian northward displacement relative to the North American craton. In addition, the presence of western Pacific faunal elements on Wrangellia suggests a more significant longitudinal displacement relative to the craton for this terrane compared to that for Quesnellia and Stikinia. The Chilliwack terrane of southwestern British Columbia is a Pliensbachian paleobiogeographic anomaly.
The structure of the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada: new insight from geophysical data analysis
Authors: Hayward Nathan , Dehler Sonya A , Oakey Gordon N
Published: April 2011

An improved compilation of magnetic and gravity data has been interpreted in conjunction with seismic reflection profiles to provide new information about the complex structure of the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic Canada. This region was affected by plate divergence and convergence events during the Grenville and Appalachian orogenies and the opening of the Iapetus Ocean. The Anticosti Basin, which developed as a foreland basin over the margin of Laurentia, is filled with a thick succession of Cambrian to Silurian sedimentary strata. Most of the interpreted magnetic and gravity anomalies have sources within the basement rocks, which is interpreted as Grenville crust beneath much of the study area. A V-shaped zone of lower amplitude gravity and magnetic anomalies in the center of the region is associated with a slight thickening of Cambrian to Middle Ordovician sedimentary rocks over a downthrown block of anorthositic Grenville crust, with a locally lower density and magnetization. Extensional faults bordering the zone presently display 130250 m of downthrow at basement depths, increasing to the southeast, but show no disruption of strata younger than Middle Ordovician. A magnetic low 200 km to the northeast is of similar geophysical character and is associated with a similar geological structure. Numerous NE-trending normal faults associated with segmentation of the Grenville basement are manifested in the magnetic and seismic data. Related anomaly sources are also present within the overlying Ordovician calcareous and clastic rocks that were deposited during extension associated with the onset of the Taconian orogeny. Other anomalies are associated with faulting and folding of shallower strata, and seismic data indicate that some of the NE-trending faults were reactivated as thrusts towards the close of the Taconian orogeny in the Late Ordovician. The geophysical data show no evidence of significant deformation north of the western margin of Newfoundland that would be associated with later compressive events of the Acadian orogeny.
New material of Dracochelys (Eucryptodira: Sinemydidae) from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
Authors: Brinkman Donald B
Published: April 2011

A new specimen of Dracochelys bicuspis documents the lower jaws and postcranial skeleton of this taxon. A close relationship with Hangaiemys is supported by the presence of nine neural bones, with the sulcus between the fourth and fifth vertebral scute crossing the ninth neural. The two taxa differ in the contacts of the first peripheral, shape of the vertebral scutes, and pattern of fenestration of the plastron. Dracochelys differs from "Sinemys" wuerhoensis and "S. " efremovi, which also occur in the Tugulu Group, in features of the carapace, especially the arrangement of the posterior neurals and suprapygals.
The occurrence of Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis Sereno and Chow, 1988 in the Urho area, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
Authors: Brinkman Donald B , Eberth David A , Ryan M J , Chen Pei-ji
Published: April 2011

A partial specimen of Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis from the Urho locality in the Western Junggar basin, China, extends the known geographical range of P. xinjiangensis and documents the adult morphology in this species. Variation in the number of denticles on the dentary tooth crowns is documented, possibly representing a decrease in the number of denticles during growth, although a high denticle count remains a diagnostic feature of the species.
Anatomy ofSinosauropteryx primafrom Liaoning, northeastern China
Authors: Currie Philip J , Chen Pei-ji
Published: April 2011

A spectacular pair of Sinosauropteryx skeletons from JurassicCretaceous strata of Liaoning in northeastern China attracted worldwide notoriety in 1996 as the first dinosaurs covered with feather-like structures. Sinosauropteryx prima is important not only because of its integument, but also because it is a basal coelurosaur and represents an important stage in theropod evolution that is poorly understood. Coelurosauria, which includes (but is not limited to) dromaeosaurids, ornithomimosaurs, oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, and tyrannosaurids, formed the most important radiation of Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs in the Northern Hemisphere. It also includes Aves. Sinosauropteryx prima has a number of characters that were poorly preserved in known specimens of the closely related Compsognathus longipes from Europe. These include the longest tail known for any theropod and a three-fingered hand dominated by the first digit, which is longer and thicker than either of the bones of the forearm. Both specimens have a thick coat of feather-like structures, which seem to be simple branching structures. The claim that one skeleton of Sinosauropteryx has preserved the shape of the liver is unsupportable, if only because the fossil had collapsed into a single plane, which would have distorted any soft, internal organs.
STATISTICAL STUDIES ON SCAPOLITES
Authors: Middleton Gerard V.
Published: April 2011

The multivariate statistical techniques of component and factor analyses, when applied to major and trace element data presented by Shaw (1960), identify the Marialite–Meionite solid solution in scapolites and tentatively suggest the existence of an independent end-member bearing Mg and (OH). Three trace element factors suggest the groupings[Formula: see text]It is suggested that factor analysis may be a useful technique to apply to other complex mineral groups.
PERIDOTITIC INTRUSIONS NEAR QUETICO AND SHEBANDOWAN, NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
Authors: Watkinson D. H. , Irvine T. N.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of several dozen small, stock-like ultramafic to mafic igneous bodies that occur in two clusters, 50 and 75 miles west of the head of Lake Superior. One cluster, the Quetico intrusions, is dominantly hornblende peridotite, hornblendite, and feldspathic hornblendite; the other, the Shebandowan intrusions, comprises serpentinized peridotite and subordinate gabbro. Both intrude eugeosynclinal deposits and are followed by extensive granitic, and minor syenitic intrusions, and both have associated Ni–Cu sulphides containing minor Pt and Pd.The Quetico intrusions are shown to have formed by fractional crystallization of tholeiitic olivine basalt liquid, possibly carrying suspended olivine and clinopyroxene when emplaced. Crystallization was at a water partial pressure of at least 2500 bars and, thus, a depth of 5 or more miles. The Shebandowan intrusions resemble alpine-type peridotite bodies structurally but, chemically and petrographically, are more like the differentiates of stratiform mafic intrusions. Their peridotite has formed from tholeiitic magma by early fractionation of olivine; the gabbro probably represents residual magmatic liquid. Serpentinization, which is postmagmatic, apparently has not caused extensive chemical change beyond addition of H2O, O2, and some CO2, and local redistribution of lime.The rocks in the two groups of intrusions differ appreciably in Cu and Ni, and a correlation between the Cu/Ni ratios of the rocks and their respective ores is illustrated. This correlation, and the sulphur isotopic composition, both indicate derivation of the sulphides from the intrusions.
ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN GROUND TEMPERATURE AT AN OTTAWA SITE
Authors: Gold L. W.
Published: April 2011

Observations over a 5-year period at a site at Ottawa showed that the ground temperature had significant Fourier components with period [Formula: see text]and 2 years. The average annual ground temperature and amplitudes of the Fourier components of period 1 year and [Formula: see text] year underwent non-periodic fluctuations of almost 1 C degree at a depth of 10 cm. The amplitude of this fluctuation decreased with depth, and its maximum occurred later in time. There was evidence of a gradual increase in average annual ground temperature amounting to about 0.2 C degree over the 5-year period at the 610-cm depth. The significance of such small temperature changes in areas where the ground temperature is close to 0 °C is pointed out.
ANNUAL HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AT AN OTTAWA SITE
Authors: Gold L. W. , Boyd D. W.
Published: April 2011

The Fourier component of period 1 year is calculated for the net radiation, net solar radiation, incoming solar radiation, and ground heat flux from observations made at a grass-covered site in Ottawa in the 2-year period 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1962. The Fourier approximation of the evapotranspiration and sublimation loss is determined from estimates of the average mass transfer at the time of maximum in summer and minimum in winter. The approximation of the annual component of the convective transfer is obtained using the heat balance equation.During the 6-month period 1 April to 30 September about 48% of the net solar radiation was dissipated by evapotranspiration, 42% dissipated by longwave radiation, 7% dissipated by convection, and 3% was stored in the ground.
COMPOSITION OF DIABASE DYKES AT QUEMONT MINE
Authors: Campbell F. A. , Imrie A. S.
Published: April 2011

An east–west trending diabase dyke cuts a north–south dyke and therefore is clearly younger. Chemical, petrographic, and diffraction data suggest that the north–south dyke belongs to the tholeiite group and the east–west dyke to the alkali basalt group. Excess argon in pyroxene from the east–west dyke and the alkaline affinities are taken as evidence of a deeper genesis for the east–west than the north–south dyke.