bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis in a real‐life setting: a French retrospective cohort study
Authors: Condé S. , Moisset X. , Pereira B. , Zuel M. , Colamarino R. , Maillet‐Vioud M. , Lauxerois M. , Taithe F. , Clavelou P. ,   the Réseau NeuroSEP Auvergne
Published: October 2018

Background and purpose

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and teriflunomide are approved oral disease‐modifying treatments for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Phase 3 trials established these agents to be effective and generally well tolerated, although comparative efficacy and discontinuation rates are still unknown. The aim of this study was to assess real‐world efficacy and discontinuation of DMF and teriflunomide in patients with relapsing‐remitting MS.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study was carried out in a French administrative region between March 2014 and July 2017. Patients who were followed by private or hospital neurologists were included. Efficacy and tolerance of the two treatments were assessed and compared by multivariate analysis, considering the duration of MS, annualized relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale score at treatment initiation, treatment duration, type of prescriber and tobacco use.

Results

We identified 189 DMF‐ and 157 teriflunomide‐treated patients who had been treated for 22 ± 10 months. After correction for confounders, DMF more efficiently reduced the annualized relapse rate after 2 years than teriflunomide (0.06 vs. 0.21; P = 0.03). DMF‐treated patients had more clinical and biological adverse events, resulting in a higher rate of treatment discontinuation (28% vs. 12%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

In this retrospective cohort study, DMF demonstrated significantly better efficacy over 2 years than teriflunomide, but tolerance to teriflunomide was better.
Structure of a glutamine donor mimicking inhibitory peptide shaped by the catalytic cleft of microbial transglutaminase
Authors: Juettner Norbert E. , Schmelz Stefan , Kraemer Andreas , Knapp Stefan , Becker Bastian , Kolmar Harald , Scrima Andrea , Fuchsbauer Hans‐Lothar
Published: October 2018

The protein cross‐linking enzyme transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis (MTG) is frequently used to modify therapeutic proteins. In order to reveal the binding mode of glutamine donor substrates, we have now crystallized MTG covalently linked to large inhibitory peptides. A series of peptide structures were examined but DIPIGSKMTG, which was chloroacetylated at serine, was the only inhibitory molecule that resulted in an interpretable density map. We found that, besides the warhead (modified Ser6), Ile4 and Gly5 of the inhibitory peptide occupy the tight but extended hydrophobic bottom of the MTG‐binding cleft. Both termini of the peptide protrude along the cleft walls almost perpendicular to the bottom of the extended cleft. This peptide model suggests a zipper‐like cross‐linking mechanism of self‐assembled substrate proteins by MTG.
Albatross/FBF1 contributes to both centriole duplication and centrosome separation
Authors: Inoko Akihito , Yano Tomoki , Miyamoto Tatsuo , Matsuura Shinya , Kiyono Tohru , Goshima Naoki , Inagaki Masaki , Hayashi Yuko
Published: October 2018

The centrosome is a small but important organelle that participates in centriole duplication, spindle formation, and ciliogenesis. Each event is regulated by key enzymatic reactions, but how these processes are integrated remains unknown. Recent studies have reported that ciliogenesis is controlled by distal appendage proteins such as FBF1, also known as Albatross. However, the precise role of Albatross in the centrosome cycle, including centriole duplication and centrosome separation, remains to be determined. Here, we report a novel function for Albatross at the proximal ends of centrioles. Using Albatross monospecific antibodies, full‐length constructs, and siRNAs for rescue experiments, we found that Albatross mediates centriole duplication by recruiting HsSAS‐6, a cartwheel protein of centrioles. Moreover, Albatross participates in centrosome separation during mitosis by recruiting Plk1 to residue S348 of Albatross after its phosphorylation. Taken together, our results show that Albatross is a novel protein that spatiotemporally integrates different aspects of centrosome function, namely ciliogenesis, centriole duplication, and centrosome separation.
The Hunted: UDHR and Africans with Albinism
Authors: Nkrumah Bright
Published: October 2018

Across Africa, persons with albinism continue to be the main casualties of occult killings, yet very little intervention is provided by states to safeguard them from their persecutors. The year 2018 commemorates the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which entreats governments to protect their citizens from such brutalities. Whereas the Declaration has inspired the adoption of many (international and regional) human rights treaties, all declaring protection for the rights of persons with albinism, it is evident that this group is yet to reap the fruit of the human rights revolution triggered by the UDHR over the last seven decades. The article argues that, although African governments remain the primary custodians of Africans with albinism, the burden of violence often visited on this group constitutes “persecution” under the UDHR and therefore the international community has a role to play in safeguarding this group.
Speaking up or staying silent in bullying situations: the significance of management control
Authors: MacMahon Juliet , O'Sullivan Michelle , Murphy Caroline , Ryan Lorraine , MacCurtain Sarah
Published: October 2018

A frequent prescription for providing voice for employees with respect to bullying is a policy supported by a procedural complaint mechanism. Yet research points to a pervasiveness of employee silence in workplaces in situations of workplace bullying. We examine the efficacy of workplace bullying procedures as a voice mechanism for employees in countering bullying and explore the role of management in shaping employee propensity to speak out against bullying utilising procedures. In doing so, we advance knowledge on workplace bullying by using an industrial relations perspective and placing employer control as a conceptual lens. Based on a large survey of nurses in Ireland, the findings demonstrate that managerial actions have significant influence on employees' propensity to utilise bullying procedures. The findings also provide some empirical support for the premise that management seek to use bullying behaviours to constrain employees' contestation of management decision making.
Effects of homozygosity on sex determination in zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Delomas Thomas A. , Dabrowski Konrad
Published: October 2018

Gynogenetic zebrafish Danio rerio were obtained by activating D. rerio oocytes with UV irradiated common carp Cyprinus carpio sperm and then applying one of four different shocks [two (early) meiotic and two (late) mitotic shocks]. Gynogens produced by three of the shocks survived to maturity. All adult gynogens (n = 52) except one were found to be male. There was no difference in growth rate between the biparental controls and gynogens produced through the most effective shock, thereby eliminating growth rate as a possible cause of the skewed sex ratio. Gynogen males had reduced fertility compared to biparental controls, with about half of gynogens being unable to reproduce through natural spawning (all controls reproduced successfully). Gynogen males that did reproduce gave lower fertilization rates compared with controls. This demonstrates the negative effects of increased homozygosity on male reproductive function. Families sired by meiotic gynogen males were more likely to be female biased (33% of families) compared with families sired by biparental control males (11%). In addition to confirming the polygenic nature of sex determination in D. rerio, these observations suggest that recessive or over‐dominant male‐determining alleles are present in domesticated D. rerio populations.
Effect of convective, infrared and microwave heating on drying rates, mass transfer characteristics, milling quality and microstructure of steam gelatinized Paddy
Authors: Behera Gitanjali , Sutar Parag Prakash
Published: October 2018

Paddy (var. Sworn Masuri) was dried by hot air (50 °C), infrared hot air (4,185 W m−2 radiation intensity and 40 °C) and microwave rotary drum (0.37, 0.78, and 1.23 kW kg−1 power density) to evaluate the most suitable method of drying. Before drying, the paddy grains were soaked in water (60 °C, 6 h) followed by steaming (200 kPa, 10 min) to gelatinize the starch. The drying rate constants, apparent moisture diffusivity (Da), convective mass transfer coefficient (hm), head rice yield (HRY) and the broken percentage were estimated. The X‐ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of starch granules and outer husk of the dried paddy were carried out. Microwave rotary drum drying (MWD) was found to be faster as compared to hot air drying (HAD) and infrared hot air drying (IRHD). The hm in MWD was found to be 90.76–97.01% higher than HAD and 33.33–78.44% higher than IRHD. The HRY and specific energy consumption in MWD were, respectively, 5.87% and 89.16% lower than HAD. The microwave dried rice showed the lowest crystallinity percentage. The SEM of rice starch obtained by MWD showed cracks and fissures whereas IRHD induced microstructural changes only in paddy husk.

Practical applications

Rice is a staple food of 90% Asian population. The parboiled paddy is dried in the open sun (2–3 days) and by hot air (6–9 h) on farms and in the rice industry. These are highly laborious and time‐consuming methods. Therefore, the study was undertaken from industry suggestion to develop a cost‐effective microwave‐assisted drying method for parboiled paddy. The microwave rotary drum drying was found to give similar quality rice compared to hot air with a 90% reduction in specific energy consumption. Therefore, traditional open sun and hot air drying can be replaced by microwave rotary drum to save expenses towards the capital costs, energy, labor, and grain handling.
Satisfaction and Technology Evaluation of a Telehealth Robotic Program to Optimize Healthy Independent Living for Older Adults
Authors: Bakas Tamilyn , Sampsel Debi , Israel Jahmeel , Chamnikar Ameya , Ellard Angela , Clark John Greer , Ulrich Megan Gresham , Vanderelst Dieter
Published: October 2018

Background and Purpose

With the growth in the aging population, and shortage of primary care providers, telehealth programs are needed to optimize healthy independent living for older adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a nurse‐led intervention program delivered through a telepresence robot to promote healthy lifestyles and address chronic illness management among older adults living independently in a retirement community. Telepresence robots provide two‐way video‐mediated communication with remote in‐home navigation.

Design and Methods

Satisfaction and technology evaluation ratings of the Telehealth Community Health Assistance Team (T‐CHAT) program, as well as qualitative data from open‐ended questions, were obtained from 26 older adults and 7 nurse practitioner students.

Findings

On a scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, satisfaction ratings were positive for usefulness (M = 3.90), ease of use (M = 4.16), and acceptability (M = 4.06). Technology evaluation ratings were high for all sessions (M = 4.35). Older adults and nurse practitioner students were highly complementary of the program. Areas for improvement were identified.

Conclusions

The T‐CHAT program demonstrated high ratings for satisfaction (usefulness, ease of use, acceptability) and for evaluation of the telepresence robot technology. Further refinement of the T‐CHAT program is warranted, as is testing outcomes of this potentially viable mode of healthcare delivery.

Clinical Relevance

Robotics is the wave of the future and provides an innovative mode of delivery to address health promotion and chronic illness management in older adults. Satisfaction and technology evaluation of robotic technology is paramount prior to implementation of such programs into practice.
Conflict, Complicity, and Challenges: Reflections on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Health Sector Hearing
Authors: Wildschut Glenda , Mayers Pat M.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This article describes the work of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in examining the role of the health sector in human rights violations in the protracted conflicts during apartheid.

Organizing Construct

The enabling legislation contained in the Promotion of National Healing and Reconciliation Act of 1995 allowed for in‐depth examination of violations and complicity in human rights abuses. We provide an overview of the process of the public hearings, soliciting submissions, examining evidence of abuse, personal testimony of conflict in situations of dual accountability, and ultimately the recommendations made by the TRC. The article also outlines the responses of various health professional training institutions to the TRC's recommendations, the implementation of university health and human rights courses, and some current challenges post‐TRC.

Conclusions

The health sector hearings of the TRC provided a window into the structural unequal access, racial discrimination, prejudice, and abuse in the health services under the apartheid regime. Examination of past violations perpetrated by an abusive regime and by those such as health workers operating in such a system is imperative to ensure that these abuses are not repeated in the future.

Clinical Relevance

In delivering comprehensive, compassionate, and ethical care, healthcare professionals have accountability to respect and promote the human rights of their patients. Training in human rights and its relationship to health should be incorporated into all health professional programs.
Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis
Authors: de Souza Junior Paulo , Santos Lucas Mucci Richter Pereira dos , Viotto‐Souza Wilson , de Carvalho Natan da Cruz , Souza Erick Candiota , Kasper Carlos Benhur , Abidu‐Figueiredo Marcelo , Santos André Luiz Quagliatto
Published: October 2018

The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross‐sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.
When do Dynamic Capabilities Lead to Competitive Advantage? The Importance of Strategic Fit
Authors: Fainshmidt Stav , Wenger Lucas , Pezeshkan Amir , Mallon Mark R.
Published: October 2018

Recent studies suggest the relationship between dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage may be jointly affected by organizational and environmental factors. We enrich this nascent perspective by developing a configurational theoretical framework – underpinned by the mechanism of strategic fit – wherein dynamic capabilities lead to a competitive advantage when they support a strategic orientation appropriate for the levels of dynamism and munificence in the environment. Results of a fuzzy‐set Qualitative Comparative Analysis using primary data show that dynamic capabilities lead to a competitive advantage in dynamic, munificent environments by enabling the combination of differentiation and low‐cost orientations. In stable, non‐munificent environments, dynamic capabilities are effective in support of a low‐cost orientation. The central insight of this study is that the relationship between dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage is contingent upon the strategic fit between organizational and environmental factors, contributing to a more rigorous and configurational dynamic capabilities view.
How do Scientists Contribute to the Performance of Innovative Start‐ups? An Imprinting Perspective on Open Innovation
Authors: Hahn Davide , Minola Tommaso , Eddleston Kimberly A.
Published: October 2018

Our study illustrates how scientists contribute to the performance of innovative start‐ups through an analysis of 211 Italian start‐ups with and without scientist founders. Building upon imprinting theory, we hypothesize and find that scientists provide an advantage to innovative start‐ups to the extent that they stimulate open innovation (i.e., search breadth and depth). However, for this to effectively occur, the involvement of multiple scientist founders is needed, so that their career imprints internalized in the lab are successfully transferred to the start‐up. Moreover, if the start‐up embraces business practices (i.e., strategic planning) or departs from scientific logics (i.e., pursuing non‐commercial goals), scientists’ contribution is further increased. Therefore, our study illustrates how the scientist career imprint can provide an advantage to innovative start‐ups with multiple scientists, but also how it can act as a rigidity if the start‐up does not pursue strategic planning or emphasizes non‐commercial goals.
Structure and correlates of interpersonal problems and sensitivities
Authors: Hopwood Christopher J. , Good Evan W.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Interpersonal dysfunction is an important marker of individual differences in personality and well‐being. Existing research on interpersonal dysfunction focuses primarily on the problematic behaviors of individuals without considering how sensitivity to others’ behavior impacts functioning. In this study, we test the structure and correlates of a model of relationship dysfunction that integrates the problems individuals bring to relationships with their sensitivities to others’ behavior. We specifically examine the conjoint structure of interpersonal problems and sensitivities using a circumplex framework and associations between dimensions derived from this structure and personality, well‐being, attachment, and response style variables.

Method

We evaluated competing measurement models and examined validity correlations of interpersonal problems and sensitivities in two samples (Study 1: N = 955; 79.2% women; Mage = 19.43; Study 2: N = 1,005; 72.1% women; Mage = 19.77).

Results

Six factors capturing general (nonspecific problems and sensitivities) and stylistic (warmth and dominance for both problems and sensitivities) variation in interpersonal dysfunction were empirically distinguishable and provided incremental information about external criteria.

Conclusions

Results support problems and sensitivities as overlapping but distinct sources of information about interpersonal dysfunction, and they specifically suggest an integrative six‐factor model with considerable potential for future research.
Melatonin protects against paraquat‐induced damage during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes
Authors: Pang Yun‐Wei , Jiang Xiao‐Long , Wang Ya‐Chun , Wang Yang‐Yang , Hao Hai‐Sheng , Zhao Shan‐Jiang , Du Wei‐Hua , Zhao Xue‐Ming , Wang Lin , Zhu Hua‐Bin
Published: October 2018

Paraquat (PQ), a broad‐spectrum agricultural pesticide, causes cellular toxicity by increasing oxidative stress levels in various biological systems, including the reproductive system. PQ exposure causes embryotoxicity and reduces the developmental abilities of embryos. However, there is little information regarding the toxic effects of PQ on oocyte maturation. In this study, we studied the toxic effects of PQ exposure and the effects of melatonin on PQ‐induced damage in bovine oocytes. PQ exposure disrupted nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, which was manifested as decreased cumulus cell expansion, reduced first polar body extrusion, and abnormal distribution patterns of cortical granules and mitochondria. In addition, PQ treatment severely disrupted the ability of the resulted in vitro‐produced embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, PQ exposure significantly increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and early apoptotic rate, and decreased the glutathione (GSH) level, antioxidative CAT and GPx4 mRNA, and apoptotic‐related Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio. These results indicated that PQ causes reproductive toxicity in bovine oocytes. Melatonin application resulted in significant protection against the toxic effects of PQ in PQ‐exposed oocytes. The mechanisms underlying the role of melatonin included the inhibition of PQ‐induced p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and restoration of abnormal trimethyl‐histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and trimethyl‐histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) levels. These results reveal that melatonin serves as a powerful agent against experimental PQ‐induced toxicity during bovine oocyte maturation and could form a basis for further studies to develop therapeutic strategies against PQ poisoning.
From the Vagrancy Law Regime to the Carceral State
Authors: Agee Christopher Lowen
Published: October 2018

The recent burst of scholarship on policing in 1960s America has produced two literatures that have often spoken past one another. One literature has taken a presentist perspective and has found in the 1960s the roots of the current carceral state. A second literature has characterized the 1960s as a period in which a century-old policing system collapsed. This essay uses Risa Goluboff's Vagrant Nation to tie these two literatures together, arguing that the terms on which Papachristou (1972) tore down the “vagrancy law regime” prompted and channeled the growth of the carceral state. The elimination of vagrancy law encouraged the state to expand the institutional and political reach of the police, ultimately helping produce a police power that was more intractable.
GEMS, hydrated chondritic IDPs, CI‐matrix material: Sources of water in 81P/comet Wild 2
Authors: Rietmeijer Frans J. M.
Published: October 2018

So far there is no conclusive evidence for water in the nucleus of 81P/comet Wild 2. Recently magnetite in collected Wild 2 samples was cited as proxy evidence for parent body aqueous alteration in this comet (Hicks et al. ). A potentional source for water of hydration would be layer silicates but unfortunately there is no record, neither texturally nor chemically, for hydrated layer silicates that survived hypervelocity impact in the Wild 2 samples. This paper reports large vesicles in the matrix of allocation C2044,2,41,2,5 from a volatile‐rich type B/C Stardust track. These vesicles were probably caused by boiling water that were generated when hydrated Wild 2 silicates impacted the near‐surface silica aerogel layer. Potential water sources were partially and fully hydrated GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) and CI carbonaceous chondrite materials among the earliest dusts that experienced hydration and icy‐body formation and long‐range transport and mixing with materials from across the solar system.
Compound‐specific carbon isotope compositions of aldehydes and ketones in the Murchison meteorite
Authors: Simkus Danielle N. , Aponte José C. , Hilts Robert W. , Elsila Jamie E. , Herd Christopher D. K.
Published: October 2018

Compound‐specific carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) of meteoritic organic compounds can be used to elucidate the abiotic chemical reactions involved in their synthesis. The soluble organic content of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite has been extensively investigated over the years, with a focus on the origins of amino acids and the potential role of Strecker‐cyanohydrin synthesis in the early solar system. Previous δ13C investigations have targeted α‐amino acid and α‐hydroxy acid Strecker products and reactant HCN; however, δ13C values for meteoritic aldehydes and ketones (Strecker precursors) have not yet been reported. As such, the distribution of aldehydes and ketones in the cosmos and their role in prebiotic reactions have not been fully investigated. Here, we have applied an optimized O‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) derivatization procedure to the extraction, identification, and δ13C analysis of carbonyl compounds in the Murchison meteorite. A suite of aldehydes and ketones, dominated by acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and acetone, were detected in the sample. δ13C values, ranging from −10.0‰ to +66.4‰, were more 13C‐depleted than would be expected for aldehydes and ketones derived from the interstellar medium, based on interstellar 12C/13C ratios. These relatively 13C‐depleted values suggest that chemical processes taking place in asteroid parent bodies (e.g., oxidation of the IOM) may provide a secondary source of aldehydes and ketones in the solar system. Comparisons between δ13C compositions of meteoritic aldehydes and ketones and other organic compound classes were used to evaluate potential structural relationships and associated reactions, including Strecker synthesis and alteration‐driven chemical pathways.
Campo del Cielo: A Campo by any other name
Authors: Wasson John T.
Published: October 2018

A sample of Campo del Cielo with any other name would have the same composition. During the last three decades, our instrumental neutron activation analyses (INAA) of many supposedly new iron meteorites have shown an anomalously large fraction to have compositions within the compositional field of the IAB‐MG iron Campo del Cielo. A plot of Ir versus Au provides the best discrimination; only two independent‐fall irons found after 1980 with good recovery documentation fall within the 90% contour ellipse around the centroid of this Campo field, and one of these is from Antarctica. Now (early 2018) a total of 36 other irons attributed to other geographical locations have compositions that cannot be resolved from the Campo compositional field. Because it is possible that some of these are actually independent falls, the Meteoritical Society Nomenclature Committee has chosen to assign about half these meteorites Nova XXX names used for meteorites whose discovery localities are not adequately documented. However, for Campo‐like irons with too little information (e.g., total weight not known) or for which no adequately large type specimens are available, the decision is to call them Campos with the working name used during the UCLA analysis. In the UCLA Meteorite Collection, they are cataloged together with the documented Campos.
Rare, metal micrometeorites from the Indian Ocean
Authors: Shyam Prasad M. , Rudraswami N. G. , De Araujo Agnelo Alexandre , Khedekar V. D.
Published: October 2018

Metal in various forms is common in almost all meteorites but considerably rare among micrometeorites. We report here the discovery of two metal micrometeorites, i.e., (1) an awaruite grain similar to those found in the metal nodules of CV chondrites and (2) a metal micrometeorite of kamacite composition enclosing inclusions of chromite and merrillite. This micrometeorite appears to be a fragment of H5/L5 chondrite. These metal micrometeorites add to the inventory of solar system materials that are accreted by the Earth in microscopic form. They also strengthen the argument that a large proportion of material accreted by the Earth that survives atmospheric entry is from asteroidal sources.
Competition between DivIVA and the nucleoid for ParA binding promotes segrosome separation and modulates mycobacterial cell elongation
Authors: Pióro Monika , Małecki Tomasz , Portas Magda , Magierowska Izabela , Trojanowski Damian , Sherratt David , Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska Jolanta , Ginda Katarzyna , Jakimowicz Dagmara
Published: October 2018

Although mycobacteria are rod shaped and divide by simple binary fission, their cell cycle exhibits unusual features: unequal cell division producing daughter cells that elongate with different velocities, as well as asymmetric chromosome segregation and positioning throughout the cell cycle. As in other bacteria, mycobacterial chromosomes are segregated by pair of proteins, ParA and ParB. ParA is an ATPase that interacts with nucleoprotein ParB complexes – segrosomes and non‐specifically binds the nucleoid. Uniquely in mycobacteria, ParA interacts with a polar protein DivIVA (Wag31), responsible for asymmetric cell elongation, however the biological role of this interaction remained unknown. We hypothesised that this interaction plays a critical role in coordinating chromosome segregation with cell elongation. Using a set of ParA mutants, we determined that disruption of ParA‐DNA binding enhanced the interaction between ParA and DivIVA, indicating a competition between the nucleoid and DivIVA for ParA binding. Having identified the ParA mutation that disrupts its recruitment to DivIVA, we found that it led to inefficient segrosomes separation and increased the cell elongation rate. Our results suggest that ParA modulates DivIVA activity. Thus, we demonstrate that the ParA‐DivIVA interaction facilitates chromosome segregation and modulates cell elongation.
An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants
Authors: Huang Guiyan , Liu Zhirou , Gu Biao , Zhao Hong , Jia Jinbu , Fan Guangjin , Meng Yuling , Du Yu , Shan Weixing
Published: October 2018

RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen–plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of a P. parasitica RXLR effector gene, PPTG00121 (PpE4), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection. Live cell imaging of P. parasitica transformants expressing a full‐length PpE4 (E4FL)‐mCherry protein indicated that PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection. Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4‐silenced lines. Furthermore, the expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica. These results indicate that PpE4 contributes to pathogen infection. Finally, heterologous expression experiments showed that PpE4 triggers non‐specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana. Virus‐induced gene silencing assays revealed that PpE4‐induced cell death is dependent on HSP90, NPK and SGT1, suggesting that PpE4 is recognized by the plant immune system. In conclusion, PpE4 is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. parasitica and recognized by a wide range of host plants.
Fine‐tuning of RBOHF activity is achieved by differential phosphorylation and Ca2+ binding
Authors: Han Jian‐Pu , Köster Philipp , Drerup Maria M. , Scholz Martin , Li Shizhen , Edel Kai H. , Hashimoto Kenji , Kuchitsu Kazuyuki , Hippler Michael , Kudla Jörg
Published: October 2018

RBOHF from Arabidopsis thaliana represents a multifunctional NADPH oxidase regulating biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, developmental processes and guard cell aperture. The molecular components and mechanisms determining RBOHF activity remain to be elucidated.

Here we combined protein interaction studies, biochemical and genetic approaches, and pathway reconstitution analyses to identify and characterize proteins that confer RBOHF regulation and elucidated mechanisms that adjust RBOHF activity.

While the Ca2+ sensor‐activated kinases CIPK11 and CIPK26 constitute alternative paths for RBOHF activation, the combined activity of CIPKs and the kinase open stomata 1 (OST1) triggers complementary activation of this NADPH oxidase, which is efficiently counteracted through dephosphorylation by the phosphatase ABI1. Within RBOHF, several distinct phosphorylation sites (p‐sites) in the N‐terminus of RBOHF appear to contribute individually to activity regulation.

These findings identify RBOHF as a convergence point targeted by a complex regulatory network of kinases and phosphatases. We propose that this allows for fine‐tuning of plant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by RBOHF in response to different stimuli and in diverse physiological processes.
Improving the utilization of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest prevention (Improve SCA) in developing countries: Clinical characteristics and reasons for implantation refusal
Authors: Singh Balbir , Zhang Shu , Ching Chi‐Keong , Huang Dejia , Liu Yen‐Bin , Rodriguez Diego A. , Hussin Azlan , Kim Young‐Hoon , Chasnoits Alexandr Robertovich , Cerkvenik Jeffrey , Muckala Katy A. , Cheng Alan
Published: October 2018

Background

Despite available evidence that implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) reduce all‐cause mortality among patients at risk for sudden cardiac death, utilization of ICDs is low especially in developing countries.

Objective

To summarize reasons for ICD or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator implant refusal by patients at risk for sudden cardiac arrest (Improve SCA) in developing countries.

Methods

Primary prevention (PP) and secondary prevention (SP) patients from countries where ICD use is low were enrolled. PP patients with additional risk factors (syncope, ejection fraction < 25%, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia [NSVT], or frequent premature ventricular complexes) were further categorized as “1.5 PP patients.” Candidates who declined implantation were asked for reasons for refusal. Baseline factors that may have influenced the implant decision were examined using logistic regression.

Results

Among 3892 patients, the implant refusal rate was 46.5% among PP patients (n = 2700), and 10.3% among SP patients (n = 1192). The most common refusal reason was inability to pay for the device (53.8%), followed by not believing in the benefits of the ICD (19.4%). Among PP ICD candidates, those with no syncope, no NSVT, no premature ventricular contractions, shorter QRS duration, no atrial arrhythmias, and no left bundle branch block were more likely to refuse implant. Among SP candidates, a history of cardiovascular surgery and no sinus node dysfunction were significant predictors of ICD refusal. Additionally, countries had significant differences in patient refusal rates among PP and SP groups.

Conclusion

Implant refusal among PP patients is high in many countries. Increased reimbursement and better awareness of the benefits of an ICD could increase their utilization.
Modeling leaf CO2 assimilation and Photosystem II photochemistry from chlorophyll fluorescence and the photochemical reflectance index
Authors: Hikosaka Kouki , Noda Hibiki M.
Published: October 2018

We present a simple model to assess the quantum yield of photochemistry (ΦP) and CO2 assimilation rate from two parameters that are detectable by remote sensing: chlorophyll (chl) fluorescence and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI). ΦP is expressed as a simple function of the chl fluorescence yield (ΦF) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ): ΦP = 1–bΦF(1 + NPQ). Because NPQ is known to be related with PRI, ΦP can be remotely assessed from solar‐induced fluorescence and the PRI. The CO2 assimilation rate can be assessed from the estimated ΦP value with either the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), or parameters of the stomatal conductance model. The model was applied to experimental data obtained for Chenopodium album leaves under various environmental conditions and was able to successfully predict ΦF values and the CO2 assimilation rate. The present model will improve the accuracy of assessments of gas exchange rates and primary productivity by remote sensing.
Allergic contact dermatitis to slime: The epidemic of isothiazolinone allergy encompasses school glue
Authors: Zhang Amy J. , Boyd Anne H. , Asch Sarah , Warshaw Erin M.
Published: October 2018

The slime craze is all the rage among tweens. Slime is a homemade stretchy play material created by mixing together household items such as school glue, borax, shaving cream, and contact lens solution. We present a case of allergic contact dermatitis secondary to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) in school glue used to make slime; mass spectroscopy confirmed MCI/MI in the patient's glue. Clinicians should be aware of slime as an emerging source of MCI/MI contact allergy.
Solitary plaque on the leg of a child: A report of two cases and a brief review of acral pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma of children and unilesional mycosis fungoides
Authors: Evans Megan S. , Burkhart Craig N. , Bowers Edith V. , Culpepper Keliegh S. , Googe Paul B. , Magro Cynthia M.
Published: October 2018

Acral pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma of children (APACHE) and unilesional mycosis fungoides (MF) are two rare dermatoses in the pediatric population which may have overlapping clinical and histopathologic features, making differentiation between these two diagnoses difficult. We present two similar cases of a solitary plaque on the thigh of a child, one representing APACHE and the other representing unilesional MF with granulomatous features, and we provide a brief overview of the clinical and histopathologic features of APACHE and unilesional MF.
Multifocal congenital pyogenic granuloma successfully treated with oral propranolol
Authors: Alharbi Mana , Eber Ariel E. , Perper Marina , ALFalah Maisa , Al‐Khenaizan Sultan , Alomair Ibrahim A. , Alfuraih Abdulkareem , Nouri Keyvan , Cho‐Vega Jeong Hee
Published: October 2018

Disseminated congenital pyogenic granuloma (DCPG) is an uncommon condition. Individual lesions of DCPG share clinical and histologic similarities with infantile hemangioma (IH); endothelial glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‐1), which is highly expressed in IH but generally not in pyogenic granulomas (PG), is an important diagnostic tool. Treatment for DCPG remains difficult. We describe a case of DCPG effectively treated with propranolol.
Prescribing isotretinoin for transgender youth: A pledge for more inclusive care
Authors: Boos Markus D. , Ginsberg Brian A. , Peebles Jon Klint
Published: October 2018

As the transgender community has become increasingly visible in public life, a greater awareness of this group's unique health needs and obstacles to optimal medical care has developed. Unfortunately, transgender youth face multiple barriers within the health care system, including access to equitable and gender‐affirming care. As dermatologists who care for children and adolescents, we must be aware of the challenges facing transgender youth and work to correct the disparities that exist for this vulnerable group. An initial step in supporting our transgender patients is to advocate for changes to the iPLEDGE system for prescribing isotretinoin (and other Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy systems), specifically requesting a change to its gender‐binary categorization model that compromises an individual's right to self‐identify. By promoting a gender‐neutral patient categorization that is based instead upon reproductive potential, a simple change to the iPLEDGE program allows us to safely treat all of our patients requiring isotretinoin, while preserving our transgender patients’ rights to self‐determination and self‐identification.
High expression of ovarian cancer immunoreactive antigen domain containing 2 (OCIAD2) is associated with poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sakashita Mai , Sakashita Shingo , Murata Yoshihiko , Shiba‐Ishii Aya , Kim Yunjung , Matsuoka Ryota , Nakano Noriyuki , Sato Yukio , Noguchi Masayuki
Published: October 2018

The clinicopathological implications of ovarian cancer immunoreactive antigen domain containing 2 (OCIAD2) in lung adenocarcinoma were investigated. The expression of OCIAD2 in 191 surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas was examined using immunohistochemistry. OCIAD2 expression was quantified using the H‐score and dichotomized as high or low. High OCIAD2 protein expression was significantly correlated with vascular invasion (P = 0.0018), lymphatic permeation (P = 0.049), T factor (P = 0.0024), and pathological stage (P = 0.0003). High OCIAD2 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (n = 191, P = 0.0325). In peripheral‐type lung adenocarcinomas (n = 161), high OCIAD2 expression was significantly associated with both poorer OS (P = 0.0214) and poorer disease‐free survival (P = 0.0496). Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) showed weaker OCIAD2 expression than invasive adenocarcinoma. Among small adenocarcinomas measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension classified according to the Noguchi's classification (n = 79), invasive adenocarcinomas showed significantly higher OCIAD2 expression than non‐invasive adenocarcinomas (P = 0.0007). Interestingly, OCIAD2 was expressed heterogeneously even within a tumor, and its expression was higher in areas of invasion than in areas of in situ spread. Our results suggest that OCIAD2 could be a useful prognostic biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma.
Nature and Genesis of the Xiaobeigou Fluorite Deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes
Authors: Pei Qiuming , Zhang Shouting , Hayashi Ken‐ichiro , Wang Liang , Cao Huawen , Zhao Yu , Hu Xinkai , Song Kairui , Chao Weiwei
Published: October 2018

The recently discovered Xiaobeigou fluorite deposit is situated in the southern part of the Southern Great Xing'an Range metallogenic belt. Fluorite‐bearing veins are rather common over the whole area. So far, 11 mineralized veins have been delineated at the Xiaobeigou deposit. Orebodies of the deposit are mainly hosted in Permian and Jurassic volcano‐sedimentary rocks. The orebodies in this mining district exhibit a well‐developed vertical zonation: from top to bottom, the orebodies can be divided into upper, central, and lower zones. The central zone is the most important part for mining operations, and it shows lateral zonation of fluorite mineralization. Rare earth element (REE) contents of the investigated samples are relatively low (less than 30.2 ppm). Furthermore, the REE contents of the fluorite grains from early to late ore stages exhibit a decreasing trend. All the fluorite samples show no or slightly positive Eu anomalies. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are distinguished in the quartz and fluorite samples, including pure‐liquid single‐phase (PL‐type), liquid‐rich two‐phase (L‐Type), and vapor‐rich two‐phase (V‐type) FIs. The FIs hosted in early‐stage quartz were homogenized at 159.5–260.7°C (mainly 160–240°C); their salinities range from 0.18 to 1.22 wt.% NaCl eqv. The FIs hosted in early‐stage fluorite yield slightly lower homogenization temperatures of 144.4–266.8°C (peaking at 140–220°C), which correspond to salinities of 0.18–0.88 wt.% NaCl eqv. Homogenization temperatures and salinities for the late stage are 132.5–245.8°C (mainly 160–180°C) and 0.18–1.40 wt.% NaCl eqv., respectively. Laser Raman spectroscopy of FIs shows that both the vapor and liquid compositions of the inclusions are dominated by H2O. The H–O isotopic compositions at Xiaobeigou suggest that the ore‐forming fluids are predominantly of meteoric water origin. The Xiaobeigou deposit can be classified as a typical low‐temperature hydrothermal vein‐type fluorite deposit. Combined with regional data, we infer that the fluorite mineralization occurred during the Late Mesozoic in an extensional setting.
Childhood Experiences and Intergroup Biases among Children
Authors: Skinner Allison L. , Meltzoff Andrew N.
Published: October 2018

Children show signs of intergroup biases from early in development, and evidence suggests that these biases increase through middle childhood. Here we critically review and synthesize the literature on the different types of childhood experiences that have been associated with increases or decreases in childhood intergroup bias. Based on the review, one type of childhood experience stands out as being reliably associated with increased intergroup bias over multiple studies—specific overt messages communicating intergroup conflict with, or negativity from, other groups. Three types of childhood experiences were found to be reliably associated with reduced intergroup bias: (a) structured intergroup contact, (b) explicit education about prejudice, and (c) imagined contact with members of other groups. We highlight the social and policy implications of this work and delineate specific experiences and interventions that might be helpful in ameliorating childhood intergroup biases. We also highlight developmental issues concerning the ways that interventions need to vary to be maximally effective at different ages. Finally, recommendations are offered on key factors to incorporate in childhood intergroup bias interventions, as well as what to avoid when attempting to design such programs due to negative (unintended) consequences. This review attempts to integrate state‐of‐the‐art findings from developmental psychology with principles and theories in social psychology that derive from work with adults.
13 Reasons Why Not: A Methodological and Meta‐Analytic Review of Evidence Regarding Suicide Contagion by Fictional Media
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J.
Published: October 2018

Background

For decades, policymakers and suicide prevention advocates have questioned whether exposure to media with suicide themes, whether television, movies, or music, could increase suicide risk among youth. To date, no clear picture has emerged, with data inconsistent

Aims

To access whether current evidence can support concerns that fictional media increases risk of viewer suicidal ideation.

Materials & Methods

Two broad forms of data consider the issue, namely society‐level aggregate data, and data from smaller correlational and experimental studies. The current article examined the evidence for suicide contagion by fictional media with a methodological and meta‐analytic review.

Results

Results suggest that current data do not support the theory that suicide contagion by fictional media occurs.

Discussion

In addition to lack of consistency in current research results, widespread methodological concerns limit confidence in conclusions from many studies. A commitment to better methods and open science is warranted.

Conclusion

It is recommended that individuals exercise caution in public statements linking suicide‐themed fictional media to suicide contagion as data may not be able to support such claims.