bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: A comparison of two modeling approaches
Authors: Huber Kayla A. , Frazier Patricia A. , Alper Howard E. , Brackbill Robert R.
Published: January 2022

Several studies have analyzed longitudinal data on posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) from individuals who were proximal to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11) in an attempt to identify different trajectories of mental health in the years following mass trauma. The results of these studies have been heterogeneous, with researchers who used latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM) tending to identify four trajectories and those who used group‐based trajectory modeling (GBTM) identifying five to seven trajectories. Given that no study has applied both GBTM and LGMM to their data, it remains unknown which modeling approach and what number of trajectories best fit post‐9/11 PTSS data. The present study aimed to address that question by applying both LGMM and GBTM to data from the largest sample of survivors to date, comprising 37,545 New York City community members. When analyzing four waves of PTSS, reflecting participants’ mental health up to 15 years post‐9/11, LGMM fit the data better than GBTM. Our optimal solution consisted of four trajectories: low‐stable (72.2% of the sample), decreasing (12.8%), increasing (9.5%), and high‐stable (5.5%) symptoms. Covariate analyses indicated that economic factors (i.e., having a household income less than $25,000 and experiencing job loss due to 9/11) increased the odds of belonging to the high‐stable symptom trajectory group to the greatest degree, ORs = 4.93–6.08. The results suggest that providing financial support, including affordable mental health care, could be an important intervention in the wake of future mass traumatic events.
Imaginal exposure processing during Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) therapy: Examination of linguistic markers of cohesiveness
Authors: Gandelman Erin M. , Miller Steven A. , Back Sudie E.
Published: January 2022

Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) is an integrated, evidence‐based treatment that results in significant reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) severity. Emotional processing theory suggests that successful prolonged exposure–based treatments should result in more cohesive trauma narratives due to better integration and organization of trauma memory into cognitive conceptualizations of fear. Therefore, we hypothesized that language used by patients would become more cohesive over time and increased language cohesion would be related to larger reductions in PTSD and SUD outcomes. Broadly, language cohesion refers to several linguistic devices that help establish and cohere meaning throughout spoken and written discourse (e.g., increased use of transition words like “and,” “then,” and “but”). This was the first known study to examine changes in language related to both PTSD and SUD severity during COPE treatment. The sample included 28 military veterans with current comorbid PTSD/SUD enrolled in a larger COPE study. A text analysis program, Coh‐Metrix, was used to analyze language cohesiveness. No language cohesion variables significantly changed over time. Narrativity levels significantly moderated change in PTSD outcomes, = 0.11. Adversative connectives significantly moderated change in SUD outcomes, = 0.26. The findings illuminate potential processes underlying successful COPE treatment. Less use of language conveying a narrative and more use of contrast‐indicative words (e.g., but, whereas) was associated with larger reductions in PTSD and SUD outcomes during treatment. These results contribute to the extant literature on associations between trauma exposure, language, and emotional processing.
The Application of Crown‐Chin Length to Crown‐Rump Length Ratio in Predicting Fetal Skeletal Dysplasia at First Trimester
Authors: Li Yingsi , Zhou Hang , Yang Xin , Li Dongzhi , Can Liao
Published: January 2022

Objective

To examine the feasibility of using crown‐chin length (CCL) to crown‐rump length (CRL) ratio in screening for skeletal dysplasia in the first trimester.

Methods

Four hundred and eighteen singleton pregnant women were recruited and the ratio of CCL to CRL was calculated according to gestational age. Fetuses with skeletal dysplasia were collected from database in the last 10 years. The CCL/CRL ratios were then calculated and the unpaired Student's t‐test was to determine the significance of differences between normal fetuses and fetuses with skeletal dysplasia. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to show the clinical sensitivity and specificity.

Results

In 418 normal fetuses, CCL increased linearly with gestation from a mean of 20 mm at 11+0 weeks to 37 mm at 13+6 weeks (CCL [mm] = 0.51–4 CRL, R2 = 0.824, P = .000). There was also a significant linear association between fetal CCL/CRL ratio and CRL, from a mean of 0.48 at 11+0 weeks to 0.41 at 13+6 weeks (CCL/CRL = 0.63–3 CRL, R2 = 0.108, P = .000). In 154 skeletal dysplasia cases, early pregnancy ultrasound images were available in only 16 cases. The CCL/CRL ratio in 10 of 16 fetuses with skeletal dysplasia was above the 95th percentile. Using the 95th percentile as a cut‐off, the detection rate, specificity, false‐positive rate, and positive likelihood ratio are 62.5, 72.6, 5, and 17.5%, respectively.

Conclusions

Increased fetal CCL/CRL ratio at 11–14 weeks' gestation is associated with an increased risk of skeletal dysplasia and may be useful in first‐trimester screening for this condition.
Molecular dynamic simulation study of tribological mechanism of PI composites reinforced by CNTs with different orientations
Authors: Xu Mingkun , Wang Qihua , Wang Tingmei , Tao Liming , Li Song
Published: January 2022

The tribological models of polyimide (PI) reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different orientations were constructed via a molecular dynamic simulation. The variation of PI molecular chains and frictional interface properties were explored for understanding microscopic tribological mechanism of different oriented CNTs. The average friction coefficients of PI composites reinforced by X‐, Y‐, and Z‐oriented CNTs were 0.242, 0.270, and 0.243. Meanwhile, the abrasion rates of XCNT, YCNT, and ZCNT were 11.5% 34.8%, and 28.0%, respectively. The atomic concentration, interfacial temperature and shear strength of XCNT and ZCNT were higher than those of YCNT. The radial distribution function was simulated and interpreted during the friction process to determine the inherent interaction between PI molecular chains and CNTs with specific orientations.
Paradoxien beim Hören
Authors: Sieroka Norman , Uppenkamp Stefan
Published: January 2022

Die Auseinandersetzung mit auditorischen Merkwürdigkeiten und Ambiguitäten ist nicht nur unterhaltsam, sie ist auch ein wichtiger Treiber für die auditorische Grundlagenforschung. Der gleiche akustische Reiz kann tatsächlich auf unterschiedliche Weisen wahrgenommen werden. Wir hören eben nicht nur „mit den Ohren“, sondern diverse weitere physikalische, physiologische und auch kulturelle Faktoren spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Damit ergeben sich direkt auch breitere philosophische Fragestellungen beispielsweise zur Wahrnehmung – und auch der anhaltende Reiz von Musikstücken beruht an vielen Stellen auf solchen Ambiguitäten [13].
Kosmische Narben
Authors: Gottwald Manfred , Kenkmann Thomas , Reimold Wolf Uwe
Published: January 2022

Die Bildung von Einschlagkratern ist ein fundamentaler Prozess im Sonnensystem. Er dauert seit dem frühesten Beginn der Bildung der Planeten und ihrer Monde an. Auf der Erde wurde dadurch sogar die Entwicklung des Lebens beeinflusst. In den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten wurden die Vorgänge, die beim Einschlag eines extraterrestrischen Projektils ablaufen, intensiv erforscht und sind weitgehend verstanden. Durch geologische Geländearbeit wurden inzwischen etwa 200 terrestrische Impaktstrukturen identifiziert, deren Alter, Größe und Erhaltungszustand einen sehr weiten Bereich abdecken. Ein neu erschienener Atlas, basierend auf dem globalen Höhenmodel der Radarmission TanDEM‐X, beschreibt erstmals all diese Impaktstrukturen in reich illustrierter Form. Mit diesem zweibändigen Werk gibt es nun auch für unseren Heimatplaneten eine vollständige Übersicht seines Impaktinventars.
Das Atom der Erkenntnis
Authors: Udem Thomas , Taray Derya , Grinin Alexey
Published: January 2022

Neue physikalische Erkenntnisse ergeben sich aus der Beobachtung neuer Phänomene oder aus Widersprüchen zwischen Theorie und Experiment. Die 1814 von Fraunhofer beobachten Linien im Sonnenspektrum sind ein gutes Beispiel für ein neues, zu seiner Zeit unbekanntes Phänomen. Das führte zur Entwicklung des wichtigen Forschungsgebiets der Spektroskopie. Bei vermeintlichen Widersprüchen zwischen Theorie und Experiment muss zunächst sichergestellt werden, dass sowohl die Berechnungen als auch die Messungen fehlerfrei sind, beziehungsweise dass deren Unsicherheiten korrekt abgeschätzt wurden. Beim sogenannten Protonenradius‐Rätsel hatte man zunächst eine Diskrepanz zwischen Messungen am Wasserstoffatom und myonischen Wasserstoff festgestellt. Diese sind nicht mit dem Standardmodell im Einklang. Neuere Daten lassen dagegen unterschätzte experimentelle Unsicherheiten vermuten, weil die Unterschiede gleicher Messgrößen aus verschiedenen Laboren in der Größenordnung des Protonenradius‐Rätsels liegen. Die Ursache dafür sollte zunächst gefunden werden, bevor auf neue Physik jenseits des Standardmodells geschlossen werden kann.
Der facettenreiche Schatten einer Kerzenflamme
Authors: Suhr Wilfred , Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: January 2022

Bei der Projektion einer brennenden Kerze auf eine helle Wand wird das durch die Flamme und Abgasfahne der Kerze gehende Licht in unterschiedlicher Weise aus seiner ursprünglichen Richtung abgelenkt. Als Ursache dafür erweisen sich die infolge der Verbrennung auftretenden großen Temperaturdifferenzen und die damit einhergehenden Änderungen des Brechungsindexes sowie der hohe Brechungsindex des entstehenden Wachsdampfes im Flammenkern. Mit Hilfe von experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen gelingt es, im Rahmen der Strahlenoptik von der beobachtbaren Lichtablenkung auf die Verteilung des Brechungsindexes in diesem Bereich zu schließen.
Topologischer Laser mit vertikalen Resonatoren
Authors: Harder Tristan H. , Höfling Sven , Klembt Sebastian
Published: January 2022

Topologische Effekte haben die Physik in den vergangenen Jahren um eine Reihe neuer Möglichkeiten zur Kontrolle und Manipulation von Zuständen bereichert. Im Falle topologischer Isolatoren werden Ladungsträger an Ober‐ und Grenzflächen geleitet, während das Volumen isolierend ist. Eine solche topologische Leitung wurde auch auf photonische Systeme mit Verstärkung erweitert. Unserer Arbeitsgruppe an der Universität Würzburg ist es nun in Zusammenarbeit mit der Gruppe von Moti Segev am Technion in Israel sowie Forschern aus Jena und Oldenburg erstmals gelungen, eine Vielzahl vertikaler Laserresonatoren zu einem topologischen Laser zu kombinieren.
Die Höhen der subtilesten Geometrie
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: January 2022

Sie war einst eine Berühmtheit, die mit den Großen ihrer Zeit korrespondierte, und eine versierte Physikerin.
Thomas Pynchons Entropy
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: January 2022

Es gibt kaum ein physikalisches Konzept, das kulturell und literarisch so wirkmächtig war wie die durch die Entropie messbar gewordene Irreversibilität.
Stakeholders' perspective on modalities to reduce anticholinergic burden
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: January 2022

The cumulative effect of multiple drugs with anticholinergic properties that are commonly prescribed to the elderly, collectively known as anticholinergic burden (ACB), has long posed a concern for healthcare professionals. ACB has been associated with medications that include benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergic drugs, and other drugs with anticholinergic properties (e.g., antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, antispasmodics, antipsychotics, and antiparkinsonian agents). Greater ACB has been implicated in significantly increased risk of morbidity (falls, dementia, adverse cardiac events) and mortality, especially in the elderly.
Case report: Congenital extrahepatic portocaval shunt presenting as pulmonary arterial hypertension in a pregnant patient
Authors: Harlander Matevž , Badovinac Maja , Markoska Frosina , Salobir Barbara , Štupnik Tomaž , Dolenšek Marija Iča , Kern Izidor , Gorjup Vojka , Galiè Nazzareno
Published: January 2022

Congenital extrahepatic portocaval shunt (CEPS) is a rare condition in which a rare congenital vascular anomaly of the portal system is present. CEPS may manifest as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). When diagnosed and treated early, PAH can be reversible. We report a case of a previously asymptomatic woman, who manifested with severe pulmonary hypertension during pregnancy and was consequently diagnosed with CEPS. After unsuccessful medical treatment, urgent lung transplantation was done.
Effect of pulmonary hypertension on 5‐year outcome of kidney transplantation
Authors: Rabih Fadi , Holden Rhiannon L. , Vasanth Payaswini , Pastan Stephen O. , Fisher Micah R. , Trammell Aaron W.
Published: January 2022

Pulmonary hypertension affects about one in four patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and significantly increases the risk of death. Kidney transplantation is the recommended management option for patients with progressive or end‐stage kidney disease. However, the resource‐limited nature of kidney transplantation and its intensive peri‐operative and posttransplantation management motivates careful consideration of potential candidates’ medical conditions to optimally utilize available graft organs. Since pulmonary hypertension is known to increase peri‐operative morbidity and mortality among patients living with chronic kidney disease, we performed a retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of pretransplantation pulmonary hypertension on posttransplantation outcome. All patients who underwent single‐organ kidney transplantation at our center in calendar years 2010 and 2011 were identified and the presence of pulmonary hypertension was determined from pretransplantation echocardiography. Outcome was assessed at 5 years following kidney transplantation. Of 350 patients who were included, 117 (33%) had evidence of pulmonary hypertension. The risk of death, graft dysfunction, or graft failure at 5 years after kidney transplantation was higher among those with pulmonary hypertension, primarily owing to an increased risk of graft dysfunction. Importantly, in this institutional cohort of kidney transplant recipients, pretransplant pulmonary hypertension was not associated with a difference in posttransplant survival at 5 years. While institutional and regional differences in outcome can be expected, this report suggests that carefully selected patients with pulmonary hypertension receive similar long‐term benefits from kidney transplantation.
Sample size calculation in hierarchical 2×2 factorial trials with unequal cluster sizes
Authors: Tian Zizhong , Esserman Denise , Tong Guangyu , Blaha Ondrej , Dziura James , Peduzzi Peter , Li Fan
Published: January 2022

Motivated by a suicide prevention trial with hierarchical treatment allocation (cluster‐level and individual‐level treatments), we address the sample size requirements for testing the treatment effects as well as their interaction. We assume a linear mixed model, within which two types of treatment effect estimands (controlled effect and marginal effect) are defined. For each null hypothesis corresponding to an estimand, we derive sample size formulas based on large‐sample z‐approximation, and provide finite‐sample modifications based on a t‐approximation. We relax the equal cluster size assumption and express the sample size formulas as functions of the mean and coefficient of variation of cluster sizes. We show that the sample size requirement for testing the controlled effect of the cluster‐level treatment is more sensitive to cluster size variability than that for testing the controlled effect of the individual‐level treatment; the same observation holds for testing the marginal effects. In addition, we show that the sample size for testing the interaction effect is proportional to that for testing the controlled or the marginal effect of the individual‐level treatment. We conduct extensive simulations to validate the proposed sample size formulas, and find the empirical power agrees well with the predicted power for each test. Furthermore, the t‐approximations often provide better control of type I error rate with a small number of clusters. Finally, we illustrate our sample size formulas to design the motivating suicide prevention factorial trial. The proposed methods are implemented in the R package H2x2Factorial.
Contracting to (dis)incentivize? An integrative transaction‐cost approach on how contracts govern specific investments
Authors: Lo Desmond (Ho‐Fu) , Zanarone Giorgio , Ghosh Mrinal
Published: January 2022

Research Summary

Buyer–supplier collaborations are plagued by multiple frictions—haggling, non‐contractible adaptation, and resource appropriation. This article examines how contracts govern relationship‐specific investment in the face of these frictions. In our model, investment increases the value the supplier creates for the buyer ex post by adapting a component to her needs. At the same time, specific investment exposes the supplier to haggling, while providing him with knowledge needed to appropriate the buyer's preexisting resources. By muting both haggling and adaptation incentives, “closed price” contracts elicit higher investment than “open price” contracts when adaptation is unimportant, and lower investment otherwise. Moreover, an optimal price format seeks to incentivize investment when resource appropriation is unimportant, and to disincentivize investment otherwise. Our evidence on component procurement contracts supports both predictions.

Managerial Summary

This study offers new insights on how OEMs govern their collaborations with suppliers. We examine settings where the supplier invests in producing a dedicated component, and ask under which contractual form she is more/less motivated to invest. We find that “closed price” contracts decrease supplier's investment when the component has a complex interface with the OEM's product, and hence is more subject to post‐contractual adaptation. We also find that OEMs choose the contract that discourages investment when they possess unique resources that too‐closely‐involved suppliers may copy or appropriate. Managers at OEMs that possess proprietary technologies and customer bases are exposed to the appropriation downside of suppliers' dedicated investment, and will thus benefit from learning through our study how other professionals address this issue.
Long‐term outcome of a dog with surgically resected thoracic intramedullary haemangioblastoma and concurrent lumbosacral disease
Authors: Lu Hui Yu , Jerram Richard Martyn , Hoddinott Katie Leigh
Published: January 2022

A 5‐year‐old male, neutered, English Bulldog presented for acute progressive paraparesis. Neurological examination revealed a weak withdrawal reflex in the left pelvic limb and lumbosacral pain, suggestive of a L4–S3 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an incidental intramedullary mass at the T9 vertebra and L7–S1 intervertebral disc protrusion with bilateral foraminal stenosis. The dog was treated with epidural methylprednisolone. Repeat neurological examination postepidural revealed normal withdrawal reflexes and resolution of lumbosacral spinal pain. However, progressive paraparesis, thoracolumbar pain and epaxial muscle atrophy were evident. A T3–L3 myelopathy was suspected secondary to the intramedullary mass. The mass was surgically resected, and histology revealed haemangioblastoma. Neurological status improved initially, but deteriorated later due to the lumbosacral disease. The dog improved following repeat methylprednisolone epidural injection, but remained paraparetic. This case report is consistent with previous literature and provides additional information on the treatment and prognosis of spinal cord haemangioblastoma with concurrent lumbosacral disease.
First case of pithomycotoxicosis in sheep in the Netherlands
Authors: Dijkstra Eveline , Harkema Liesbeth , Vellema Piet
Published: January 2022

Pithomycotoxicosis, commonly known as facial eczema, is a hepatogenous photosensitisation in grazing ruminants caused by intake of sporidesmin‐containing spores of the saprophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum. Although this is a significant sheep disease in various countries in the world, it is rarely seen in Europe, and has been reported only once in the Netherlands, but in cattle. In October 2019, both sheep and lambs in a flock of 50 breeding sheep showed clinical signs of photosensitisation, including oedematous facial swelling, reddening of eyelids, ulcerative skin lesions, hyperpigmentation, and in some cases icteric sclerae. The combination of clinical signs, seriously elevated glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase and total bilirubin, necropsy findings, course of events, time of the year, absence of known toxic plants or mycotoxins, strongly suggest that sporidesmin was the most probable cause of this case of hepatogenous photosensitisation, which makes this the first reported case of pithomycotoxicosis in sheep in the Netherlands.
Is Peer Review Fit for Purpose?
Authors: Tight Malcolm
Published: January 2022

Peer review is endemic to judgement in higher education. It is assumed that when we need to make a judgement on the quality of something—student performance, academic employment, teaching, research and publication—then we may rely on the assessment of peers, whether they be fellow students, lecturers or more senior academics. This chapter will illustrate and challenge this assumption, and assess how ‘fit for purpose’ peer review is in twenty-first century academe. It will focus on different practices of peer review in the contemporary higher education system, it will also question how well they work, how they might be improved and what the alternatives are. The examples to be discussed include refereed journal articles, the assessment of doctoral degrees and the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF).
Peer Review in Academic Promotion of Excellent Teachers
Authors: Forsberg Eva , Levander Sara , Elmgren Maja
Published: January 2022

While research merits have long been the priority in the recognition of institutions and scholars, teaching is often downplayed, appearing as a practice of less worth in Academia. To counteract this tendency, various systems to upgrade the value of education and to promote teaching excellence have been introduced by higher education institutions on a global scale. In this chapter, we explore the values and beliefs unveiled in the promotion of academics in such a system. We employ empirical data collected from an inquiry into the promotion of distinguished university teachers at a comprehensive university in Sweden. An analysis of reviewers’ judgements and legitimations shows that the intersection between promotion, peer review, and excellent teaching affects not only the peer review process, but also the notion of the distinguished university teacher.
Peers in Systematic Review: Gate Keeping Understandings of Research in the Field
Authors: Prøitz Tine S.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the role of scholarly peers in systematic review is analysed and discussed. Peer evaluation is an essential element of quality assurance of the strictly defined methods of systematic review. The involvement of scholarly peers in the systematic review processes has similarities with traditional peer review processes in academic publishing, but also important differences. Drawing on an analysis of the functions of peers in systematic review relevant questions for all peers are raised regarding what peer work is about and what peers in varied academic contexts including systematic review are ‘gatekeepers’ of? In systematic review, peers are not only making re-judgements of already reviewed and published research but also gatekeeping the given standards, guidelines and procedures of the review method. The analysis lays a groundwork for a debate on peers in different contexts framed by different processes with different purposes, and questions whether a peer review is the same when the premise of the scholarly activity changes.
Typecasting in the Recruitment of Full Professors
Authors: Levander Sara , Forsberg Eva , Lindblad Sverker , Bjurhammer Gustaf J.
Published: January 2022

The recruitment of full professors is critical for the formation of academia. The professorship is critical not only for the prosperity of the HEIs, but especially so for the establishment, development and communication of the discipline. In this chapter, we analyze the initial step of the typecasting process in the recruitment of full professors. We use a few cases to illustrate how the intellectual and social organization of the field of education science(s) is manifested in publicly posted job advertisements. The analysis shows that the field is characterized by heterogeneity and no longer has a basis in one single discipline. New relations between research, teaching, and society can be observed, as well as a narrowing of authority of the professorship but an increase of responsibilities.
Assessing Academic Careers: The Peer Review of Professorial Candidates
Authors: Hammarfelt Björn
Published: January 2022

The reputation of an academic is dependent on their recognition among a wider community of peers, which means that the research field, rather than the institution, is the venue where careers are valued. This chapter looks at discipline specific practices for evaluating publications oeuvres in three fields; biomedicine, economics and history. The material consists of reports, written by independent referees, commissioned by Swedish universities when hiring for new professors. The approach is to study how ‘value’ is enacted with special attention to the kind of tools—judgements, indicators and metrics—that are used. The chapter concludes by relating the findings to a broader context of how academics are assessed, and the implications that such practices may have for knowledge production and careers are discussed.
Peer Review in Public Administration: The Case of the Swedish Higher Education Authority
Authors: Ers Agnes , Tegler Jerselius Kristina
Published: January 2022

The aim of this chapter is to explore the method of peer review as it has been practised within the framework of the Swedish national system for quality assurance of higher education. By highlighting and comparing examples from two reviews, 1997–1998 and 2016–2017, we want to show how the method of peer review has evolved over time and in what way has it been affected by changes made in the system. The study shows that the national system for quality assurance of higher education with peer review as a central method has changed surprisingly little in Sweden during the period studied (1995–2017). Over time, the demands for transparency, predictability and equivalence have increased, which has to some extent undermined the authority of the assessors. At the same time, it is a development which is a logical consequence of—not a break with—the coherent national system for quality assurance of higher education that was put into effect as early as the mid-1990s.
Introduction: From Autofiction to the Autofictional
Authors: Effe Alexandra , Lawlor Hannie
Published: January 2022

The introduction takes as its starting point autofiction’s continuing resistance to a consensus definition and suggests that this has to do with the ad-hoc invention of the term but also with the fact that autofictional texts tend to challenge and transform generic conventions. The chapter proposes embracing the slipperiness of the concept by purposefully extending its scope to encompass a wide range of autofictional phenomena. These include the diverse affordances of the autofictional as an aesthetic strategy and a theoretical lens and the many shapes it can take as it interacts with different forms and media. The chapter discusses the heretofore geographically and linguistically limited focus of autofiction research and advocates a more global perspective, which promises to enrich our understanding of the autofictional.
Autofiction and Shishōsetsu: Women Writers and Reinventing the Self
Authors: Kasza Justyna Weronika
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the shared characteristics, both in terms of thematic concerns and narrative structures and strategies, of autofiction and the distinct Japanese form of the I-novel, shishōsetsu. Focusing on the works of three contemporary Japanese writers, Kanai Mieko, Sagisawa Megumu, and Mizumura Minae, it examines the narrative strategies applied by female authors to redefine the self. The chapter focuses on the traits shared by shishōsetsu and autofiction: the ambiguity of first-person narratives such as the semantics of “I” within the text; the interdependence of author, narrator, and protagonist; the practices of fictionalizing the self; and the question of authorship. Exploring shishōsetsu as an autofictional form also expands the scope of existing theoretical discussions on the autofictional, which rarely take Japanese literature into consideration.
Autofiction and the Diary: The Radicalization of Autofiction in Works by Hervé Guibert and Christine Angot
Authors: Ferguson Sam
Published: January 2022

Autofiction has often been viewed as a hybrid of autobiography and the novel. This chapter argues that a new generation of writers who emerged from the 1990s onward drew heavily on the diary instead of autobiography to develop their own innovative autofictional forms and practices. Whereas some critics have argued that the diary is fundamentally attached to truth and resistant to fiction, Hervé Guibert’s Voyage avec deux enfants (“Journey with Two Children,” 1982) and Christine Angot’s Léonore, toujours (“Léonore, Always,” 1993) provide two examples of experimental writing projects where the diary provides the means for new modalities of truth and fiction, allowing the authors to adopt a new relation to their writing and the real world.
The Fictional in Autofiction
Authors: James Alison
Published: January 2022

Autofiction and theories of fiction seem to be at odds. Whereas the notion of autofiction capitalizes on a postmodern consensus regarding the fictional status of self-narration, recent theoretical approaches to fiction and fictionality have reaffirmed the distinction between fictional and nonfictional narratives. It is possible to move beyond this impasse, however, by drawing on narratological and rhetorical theories of fictionality to describe the precise forms and degrees of fictionality and fictionalization discernable in works received as autofiction. Different configurations of the fact/fiction relationship can produce various autofictional effects, and theory can help us locate sites of fictionalization and factualization within literary works. Conversely, the ambiguity and hybridity of autofictional texts serve as a useful empirical testing ground for theories of fiction and fictionality.
A Cognitive Perspective on Autofictional Writing, Texts, and Reading
Authors: Effe Alexandra , Gibbons Alison
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues for the necessity of a cognitive and holistic approach to autofiction—an approach that considers textual signposts in combination with the cognitive-affective dynamics of a text’s production and reception. On the basis of empirical data in the form of writers’ self-reports and psychological studies into the differences between fictional and factual reading modes, the chapter argues for and offers definitions of autofictional writing and autofictional reading modes. Their potential affordances and effects both for authors and readers are illustrated in relation to three works, which exhibit different degrees of fictionality: Philip Roth’s The Facts (1988), Olivia Laing’s Crudo (2018), and Ben Lerner’s 10:04 (2014).
“The Pragmatics of Autofiction”
Authors: Schmitt Arnaud
Published: January 2022

The aim of this chapter is to compare the pragmatics of autofiction in Ben Lerner’s10:04and Siri Hustvedt’sMemories of the Future, two authors who, in dissimilar but also very similar ways, use autofictional strategies to refer to their personal lives and background without playing the autobiographical game “by the rules.” Focusing on how pragmatically they both create a sense of autofiction, a distinction will be established between primary criteria and secondary ones, essential signals without which an autofictional text cannot be identified as such and “enhancers” meant to strengthen the necessary ambiguity inherent in autofictional readings.
Introduction
Authors: Lansdown Gerison , Ruggiero Roberta , Vaghri Ziba , Zermatten Jean
Published: January 2022

This publication is one of the outcomes of over a decade of work, under the auspices of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, to explore how to monitor and evaluate States Parties’ compliance with the obligations they undertook when they ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (the Convention). A full account of the project work to date has been provided in Vaghri, Krappmann, and Doek’s article ‘From the Indicators of General Comment No. 7 to GlobalChild’ (2019). Grounded in that foundational work, this book relies on that project work to provide a conceptual framing of the Convention, through the identification of the attributes of each right that provides the basis for the development of indicators against which to measure progress.
Article 5: The Right to Parental Guidance Consistent with the Evolving Capacity of the Child
Authors: Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘Governments can help, support families, plan visits by social workers. Have a closer follow-up. Children should participate in specific projects (with the presence of parents).’ (Western Europe/Other)
Article 20: Rights Concerning Children Deprived of Their Family Environment
Authors: Arkadas-Thibert Adem , Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

Children that are living without parents should be given a special support. Governments should do as much as possible to avoid sending children to orphanages. (Eastern Europe)
Article 24: The Right to Health
Authors: Whalen Christian
Published: January 2022

Article 24 reflects the perspective of the drafters that the right to health cannot be understood in narrow bio-medical terms or limited to the delivery of health services. Rather, in its reference, for example, to food, water, sanitation, and environmental dangers, it recognises the wider social and economic factors that influence and impact on the child’s state of health. Thus, the text of Article 24 sets out: a broad right to health for all children combined with a right of access to health services a priority focus on measures to address infant and child mortality, the provision of primary health care, nutritious food and clean drinking water, pre-natal and post-natal care, and preventive health care, including family planning the need for effective measures to abolish traditional practices harmful to children’s health a specific obligation on States Parties to cooperate internationally towards the realisation of the child’s right to health everywhere, having particular regard to the needs of developing countries. The right to health is a prime example of the interelatedness of child rights as it is contingent upon and informed by the realization of so many other rights guaranteed to children under the convention. This chapter analyses the child’s right to health in relation to four essential attributes. The first attribute of the child’s right to the highest attainable standard of health emphasizes what an exacting standard this human rights norm contains. Taking a social determinants of health perspective the right entails not just access to health services but programmatic supports in sanitation, transportation, education and other fields to guarantee the enjoyment of health. The second attribute focuses on the Basic minimum criteria of the right to health as reflected in Article 24(2). A third attribute is the insistence upon child health accountability mechanisms using the Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality Accountability Framework. Finally, given the wide discrepancies in enjoyment of children’s right to health across the globe, a fourth attribute focuses upon international cooperation to ensure equal access to the right to health.
Article 28: The Right to Education
Authors: Lansdown Gerison , Vaghri Ziba
Published: January 2022

‘I would tell him to fix the lower income places where these schools are … because some of the schools the cafeteria do not serve proper food for the children at lunch time and stuff.’(Latin America/Caribbean)
Article 29: The Aims of Education
Authors: Lansdown Gerison , Covell Katherine , Vaghri Ziba
Published: January 2022

‘The Ministry of Education organises trainings for teachers, to educate them how to treat children. Teachers should have exams about that.’ (Africa)
Article 37: Prohibition of Torture, Capital Punishment, and Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty
Authors: Whalen Christian
Published: January 2022

Article 37 is inspired by the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, it extends the ICCPR’s provisions to the protection of the children by: (1) imposing the prohibition of life imprisonment for children without the possibility of release; (2) demanding that detention of a child shall be used as a measure of last resort and be imposed for the shortest period of time; and (3) providing to children deprived of liberty the right to maintain contacts with their family members. Article 37 imposes a child-centred understanding of its provisions and rights. These rights extend beyond the ambit of child justice administration to all situations where children may be deprived of liberty, including, for example, child protection settings, health care settings, and immigration settings. This chapter analyses Article 37 rights in accordance with four essential attributes, as enumerated in its four constituent paragraphs: (1) the prohibition in paragraph (a) on torture or ill-treatment, specifically ruling out capital punishment and life imprisonment without parole for minors; (2) the prohibition in paragraph (b) of unlawful and arbitrary deprivations of liberty, insisting that such sanctions are a measure of last resort that must only be imposed for the shortest appropriate period; (3) the limitations on the deprivation of liberty, including the core commitment in paragraph (c) to upholding the child’s inherent dignity and right to be treated with humanity in such circumstances; and (4) the right, in paragraph (d), to minimal due process guarantees which must accompany any child’s deprivation of liberty. While youth criminal justice practice varies greatly from state to state, Articles 37 and 40 have emerged as a codification of global standards set out in the Beijing Rules and a summary prompt to the adoption of guidelines and minimum rules for the protection of children deprived of liberty and the prevention of youth crime. Article 37 should therefore be applied consistently with the recent General Comment no. 24 (2019) on Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System.
Article 13: The Right to Freedom of Expression
Authors: Lansdown Gerison , Vaghri Ziba
Published: January 2022

Government should create guidelines in schools to teach the students about the boundaries of their freedom of speech to prevent racist/sexist/harmful comments.(Asia-Pacific)
Background
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu
Published: January 2022

Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) technology is a scientific field emerged in the middle of the twentieth century with the rapid development of science and data technology. It manifests itself as the accurate sensing of abnormalities in the manufacturing process, or the health monitoring of equipment, sites, or machinery in a specific operating site. FDD includes abnormality monitoring, abnormal cause identification, and root cause location.
Probabilistic Graphical Model for Continuous Variables
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu
Published: January 2022

Most of the sampled data in complex industrial processes are sequential in time. Therefore, the traditional BN learning mechanisms have limitations on the value of probability and cannot be applied to the time series. The model established in Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-8044-1_13 is a graphical model similar to a Bayesian network, but its parameter learning method can only handle the discrete variables. This chapter aims at the probabilistic graphical model directly for the continuous process variables, which avoids the assumption of discrete or Gaussian distributions.
Simulation Platform for Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu
Published: January 2022

The previous chapters have described the mathematical principles and algorithms of multivariate statistical methods, as well as the monitoring processes when used for fault diagnosis. In order to validate the effectiveness of data-driven multivariate statistical analysis methods in the field of fault diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct the corresponding fault monitoring experiments. Therefore this chapter introduces two kinds of simulation platform, Tennessee Eastman (TE) process simulation system and fed-batch Penicillin Fermentation Process simulation system. They are widely used as test platforms for the process monitoring, fault classification, and identification of industrial process. The related experiments based on PCA, CCA, PLS, and FDA are completed on the TE simulation platforms.
Niedrige Inzidenz von SARS-CoV‑2-Infektionen bei Krankenhausmitarbeitern eines Maximalversorgers
Authors: Hupf Julian , Burkhardt Ralph , Gessner André , Maier-Stocker Constantin , Zimmermann Markus , Hanses Frank , Peterhoff David
Published: January 2022

Hintergrund

Mitarbeiter im Gesundheitswesen mit Kontakt zu COVID‑19-Patienten sind einem erhöhten Risiko einer Infektion mit SARS-CoV‑2 ausgesetzt. Ziel dieser seroepidemiologischen Studie war es, das Infektionsrisiko für Klinikmitarbeiter eines Maximalversorgers zu evaluieren.

Methodik

Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Kohortenstudie wurden von März bis Juli 2020 (1. Welle) bei unmittelbar in der Versorgung von COVID‑19-Patienten eingesetzten Mitarbeitern im Abstand von jeweils 2 Wochen serologische Untersuchungen auf Antikörper gegen SARS-CoV‑2 durchgeführt. Von Dezember 2020 bis Februar 2021 (2. Welle) fand eine erneute Untersuchung des Antikörperstatus statt.

Ergebnisse

Die Seroprävalenz von Antikörpern gegen SARS-CoV‑2 betrug am Studienende im Februar 2021 5,1 %. Die kumulative Inzidenz betrug nach einer medianen Beobachtungsdauer von 261 Tagen 3,9 %.

Schlussfolgerung

In der untersuchten Kohorte von Klinikmitarbeitern, die in der Akutversorgung von COVID‑19-Patienten eingesetzt werden, fand sich unter den angewandten Hygiene- und Schutzmaßnahmen ein niedriges und mit der Gesamtbevölkerung vergleichbares Risiko einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion.
Positionspapier Schlaganfallnachsorge der Deutschen Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft – Teil 1: Nachsorge nach einem Schlaganfall: Status quo der Versorgungsrealität und Versorgungsdefizite in Deutschland
Authors: Kaendler Stephen , Ritter Martin , Sander Dirk , Elstner Matthias , Schwarzbach Christopher , Wagner Markus , Meisel Andreas ,   Mitglieder Kommission Nachsorge der Deutschen Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft
Published: January 2022

Die Akutversorgung des Schlaganfalls in Deutschland hat ein sehr hohes Niveau, dargestellt durch die Stroke-Units. Die Erkrankung Schlaganfall hat eine Akutphase, gefolgt von einer chronischen Phase mit einem hohen und qualifizierten multi- und interprofessionellen Versorgungsbedarf. Die Deutsche Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft (DSG) hat 2020 eine Nachsorgekommission gegründet, mit dem Ziel der Darstellung der aktuellen Versorgungssituation und zur Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen für eine Verbesserung der Versorgung nach der Akutphase. In dieser Arbeit wird der Status quo ermittelt und Defizite benannt. Analysiert wurden Beiträge unterschiedlicher Beteiligter im deutschen Gesundheitswesen, dargestellt werden unterschiedliche Projekte einer Nachsorge. In Deutschland existiert kein anerkanntes strukturiertes Nachsorgekonzept für Patienten nach einem Schlaganfall. Die bestehende hausarztbasierte Versorgung ohne eine zukünftig stärkere und abgestimmte Integration der Neurologen erschwert eine leitlinien- und qualitätsgesteuerte Nachsorge. Aufgabenverteilungen sowie notwendige Ausbildungsstandards für ihre leitliniengerechte Erfüllung durch die Fachgruppen liegen nicht vor. Zu selten werden neben den medizinischen Domänen die physischen, sozialen und emotionalen Domänen durch ein multiprofessionelles Versorgungsteam beachtet. Zu diskutieren ist eine Weiterentwicklung eines regionalen Care-Management-Konzeptes. Evaluiert werden müssen die Ergebnisse und die Kosten eines Nachsorgekonzeptes vor einer breiten Anwendung.
International consensus on the use of tau PET imaging agent 18F-flortaucipir in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Tian Mei , Civelek A. Cahid , Carrio Ignasi , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Kang Keon Wook , Murakami Koji , Garibotto Valentina , Prior John O. , Barthel Henryk , Zhou Rui , Hou Haifeng , Dou Xiaofeng , Jin Chentao , Zuo Chuantao , Zhang Hong ,   Molecular Imaging-based Precision Medicine Task Group of A3 (China-Japan-Korea) Foresight Program
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Positron emission tomography (PET) with the first and only tau targeting radiotracer of 18F-flortaucipir approved by FDA has been increasingly used in depicting tau pathology deposition and distribution in patients with cognitive impairment. The goal of this international consensus is to help nuclear medicine practitioners procedurally perform 18F-flortaucipir PET imaging.

Method

A multidisciplinary task group formed by experts from various countries discussed and approved the consensus for 18F-flortaucipir PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), focusing on clinical scenarios, patient preparation, and administered activities, as well as image acquisition, processing, interpretation, and reporting.

Conclusion

This international consensus and practice guideline will help to promote the standardized use of 18F-flortaucipir PET in patients with AD. It will become an international standard for this purpose in clinical practice.