bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and Characterization of Bromocriptine Mesylate as Liquid Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Authors: Hussein Zainab A. , A. Rajab Nawal
Published: December 2018

Bromocriptine mesylate is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with potent dopaminergic activity, used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease (PD), hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and type 2 diabetes ,the oral bioavailability is  approximately 6%, therefore aim  its  prepare and evaluate bromocriptine mesylate  as liquid self nano emulsifying drug delivery system to enhance its solubility , dissolution and stability . Solubility study was made in different vehicles to select the best excipients for dissolving bromocriptine mesylate. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 ratios of surfactant and co-surfactant, four formulations were prepared using various concentrations of castor oil, tween 80 and ethanol. All prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size distribution, polydispersity index, drug content, thermodynamic stability, dispersibility and emulsification time, robustness to dilution and in vitro drug dissolution. It was found that release rate and extent for all prepared formulations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than plain drug powder. from the study, it was concluded that self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a promising approach to improve solubility, dissolution, and stability of bromocriptine mesylate.
Wire Cooling Curve Analysis
Authors: Luo Xinmin , Totten George E.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the cooling process and related transformation behavior of steel wires during patenting to identify a physical metallurgical basis for the development of nontoxic alternatives to molten lead for wire patenting. It describes the materials required, the procedures, and the results of cooling curve analysis. The article schematically summarizes the cooling behaviors of the various cooling media and the microstructure of the pearlite transformation in a lead bath.
Residual Stresses and Distortion in Quenched and Tempered Steels
Authors: Schwenk M. , Hoffmeister J. , Schulze V.
Published: December 2018

In the case of steels, heat treatment plays a fundamental role because no other process step can manipulate the microstructure in order to fulfill such a wide variety of possible in-service conditions. This article addresses heat treatment with regard to hardening and subsequent tempering of steel components in order to optimize tribological properties. It focuses on the heat treatment of tempering and bearing steels and on volume changes that take place due to phase transformations. Plastic deformations that occur due to shrinking and phase transformation are also discussed. The article also describes the generation of thermal, transformation, and hardening residual stresses.
Distortion Engineering
Authors: Clausen B. , Lübben T. , Rentsch R.
Published: December 2018

This article presents the three levels of investigations of distortion engineering. On Level 1, the parameters and variables influencing distortion in every manufacturing step must be identified. More than 200 parameters can affect distortion. The design of experiments approach allows for the investigation of larger numbers of parameters by a limited number of samples, and can be structured into system analysis, test strategy, test procedure, and test evaluation. Level 2 focuses on understanding the distortion mechanisms by using the concept of distortion potential and its carriers. Distortion engineering aims to compensate distortion using the so-called compensation potential (Level 3). Level 3 discusses the measures to improve homogeneity, and respectively the symmetry, of the carriers of the distortion potential. The article also discusses the compensation of the resulting size and shape changes of the existing asymmetries by well-directed insertions of additional inhomogeneity/asymmetries in one or more of the distributions of the carriers.
Steel Decarburization—Mechanisms, Models, Prevention, Correction, and Effects on Component Life
Authors: Wright Roger N.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the mechanisms, models, prevention, correction, and effects associated with decarburization inherited from semi-finished product processing prior to induction heating. It discusses the diffusion of carbon in austenitic iron, which has a face-centered cubic crystal structure that provides an interstitial path for the migration of the relatively small carbon atoms. The article describes the evolution of steel microstructure with progressive decarburization (in air) to a steady-state carbon gradient using an iron-iron carbide phase diagram. It provides useful information on the impact of alloying on vulnerability to decarburization, and the impact of decarburization on the mechanical properties of steels and cast irons. The article also describes the technological operations that potentially cause decarburization and the practical implications for induction hardening.
Problems Associated with Heat Treating
Authors: Canale Lauralice C.F. , Vatavuk Jan , Totten George E. , Luo Xinmin
Published: December 2018

Of the various thermal processing methods for steel, heat treating has the greatest overall impact on control of residual stress and on dimensional control. This article provides an overview of the effects of material- and process-related parameters on the various types of failures observed during and after heat treating of quenched and tempered steels. It describes phase transformations of steels during heating, cooling of steel with and without metallurgical transformation, and the formation of high-temperature transformation products on the surface of a carburized part. The article illustrates the use of carbon restoration on decarburized spring steels. Different geometric models for carbide formation are shown schematically. The article also describes the different microstructural features such as grain size, microcracks, microsegregation, and banding.
Heat Treating and Properties of Ductile Iron
Authors: Hayrynen K.
Published: December 2018

Ductile cast irons are heat treated to create matrix microstructures and associated mechanical properties not readily obtained in the as-cast condition. This article provides a detailed account of the general characteristics of ductile irons. It discusses the most important heat treatments of ductile irons, namely, stress relieving, austenitizing, annealing, normalizing, quenching, martempering, austempering, and surface hardening. The article elucidates the effects of these heat treatments on the mechanical properties of the ductile irons.
Simulation of Steels Prone to Quench Cracking
Authors: Arimoto K.
Published: December 2018

Quench cracking is a brittle fracture phenomenon, and its occurrence depends not only on the stress changes but also on the mechanical characteristics of metals. Simulation of quenching processes has become possible in the analysis of quench cracking. This article commences with a discussion on the studies conducted to determine the origin of quench cracks, and then describes various test procedures for determining the susceptibility of quench cracking. It provides a description of the brittle fracture in terms of fracture mechanics and fracture toughness of quenched metals, and discusses the effects of impurities, hydrogen, and surface roughness on cracking. The article exemplifies simulation works applied to several successful cracking tests on cylindrical and complex-shaped steel parts.
Heat Treating of Precipitation-Hardenable Stainless Steels and Iron-Base Superalloys
Authors: Li Lin
Published: December 2018

Precipitation hardening is a hardening mechanism found in various steels and alloy systems, such as nickel-, cobalt-, titanium-, copper-, and iron-base alloys. This article provides a brief description of precipitation hardening process, furnace equipment, surface-related problems, and protective atmospheres used in heat treatment of iron-base precipitation-hardenable (PH) superalloys. It focuses on various factors to be considered in heat treating of PH stainless steels: cleaning prior to heat treatment, furnace atmospheres, time-temperature cycles, variations in cycles, and scale removal after heat treatment. The article describes the mechanical properties, solution treatment, and aging treatment for many martensitic PH alloys, including: Alloy 17-4 PH, Alloy 13-8 Mo, Alloy 15-5 PH, Custom 450, and Custom 455; as well as semiaustenitic PH stainless steels such as Alloy 17-7 PH, Alloy PH 15-7 Mo, AM-350, Pyromet 350, AM-355, and Pyromet 355; austenitic PH stainless steel, A-286; cast PH stainless steels; and iron-nickel PH superalloys.
Heat Treating of Mold Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Tool Steels
Authors: Mesquita Rafael Agnelli , Schneider Reinhold , Gonçalves Cristiane Sales
Published: December 2018

This article provides a discussion on heat treating practices, namely, carburizing, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, and nitriding for various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels. It details the characteristics of various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels, including type P20, type P20Mod, AISI type 420, and AISI type 440B.
Distortion in Tool Steels
Authors: Schneider Reinhold , Mesquita Rafael , Schützenhöfer Wolfgang
Published: December 2018

Distortion, encompassing all irreversible dimensional changes, is of two main types: size distortion and shape distortion. This article provides an overview of the nature and causes of distortion and discusses the process and material aspects of distortion specific to steels and tool steels. It also discusses the prediction of distortion and residual stresses by heat treatment simulation for optimizing production processes. The advantages and limitations of heat treatment simulation are also described.
Heat Treating of Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Fritz James D.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on the metallurgy of austenitic stainless steels, and the formation of their intermediate phases (Sigma, Chi, and Laves). It discusses sensitization, a major problem associated with the austenitics, and solutions to avoid the problem. The article describes heat treatments applied to austenitic stainless steels, namely, soaking for homogenization and preparation for hot working; annealing to remove the effects of cold work and to put alloying elements into solid solution; and stress relieving. It provides information on the stabilizing anneal process, which is conducted on stabilized alloys, and discusses the metallurgical characteristics of austenitic stainless steels that may affect the selection of a stress-relieving treatment and prevention of stress corrosion by stress relieving. The article also discusses the heat treatments applied to duplex stainless steels, which involve soaking and annealing, achieving the austenite-ferrite balance, precipitation of intermetallics, and alpha prime precipitation.
Heat Flow in Fusion Welding
Authors: Tsai Chon L. , Tso Chin M.
Published: December 2018

During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source cause physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformation, and transient thermal stress and metal movement. This article presents an analysis of heat flow in the fusion welding process. The primary objective of welding heat flow modeling is to provide a mathematical tool for thermal data analysis, design iterations, or the systematic investigation of the thermal characteristics of any welding parameters. The article addresses analytical heat-flow solutions and their practical applications. It describes the effects of material property and welding condition on the temperature distribution of weldments. The thermal properties of selected engineering materials are provided in a table.
Power Sources for Welding
Authors: Grist F. James , Farrell William , Lawrence Glen S.
Published: December 2018

Power sources are apparatuses that are used to supply current and voltages that are suitable for particular welding processes. This article describes power sources for arc welding, resistance welding, and electron-beam welding. The more-common welding processes that use constant-current and constant-voltage power sources are listed in a table. The article describes the open-circuit voltage characteristics and power source control methods. The control methods employ either pulse width modulation (PWM) or frequency modulation (FM).
Fundamentals of Weld Solidification
Authors: Solomon Harvey D.
Published: December 2018

The process of solidification is the same in all cases, whether it is the freezing of water on a windshield or in a freezer or the solidification of metal in a casting or in the weld that joins two solids. This article discusses the solidification of alloy welds and provides a comparison of casting and welding solidification. The constitutional supercooling model for describing weld solidification is presented because it qualitatively describes the evolution of different weld microstructures. The article describes the welding rate effect on weld pool shape and microstructure, as well as the nonequilibrium effects.
Nature and Behavior of Fluxes Used for Welding
Authors: Olson D.L. , Liu S. , Frost R.H. , Edwards G.R. , Fleming D.A.
Published: December 2018

Fluxes are added to the welding environment to improve arc stability, to provide a slag, to add alloying elements, and to refine the weld pool. This article describes the effect of oxygen that directly reacts with alloying elements to alter their effective role by reducing hardenability, promoting porosity, and producing inclusions. It proposes basicity index for welding as a measure of expected weld metal cleanliness and mechanical properties. The article discusses alloy modification in terms of slipping and binding agents, slag formation, and slag detachability. It reviews the types of fluxes for different arc welding processes, such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), and submerged arc welding (SAW).
Flux-Cored Arc Welding
Authors: Meyer David W.
Published: December 2018

In the flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) process, the heat for welding is produced by an electric arc between a continuous filler metal electrode and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages and applications of the FCAW process. It schematically illustrates the semiautomatic FCAW equipment used in the gas-shielded FCAW process. The article discusses the manufacture of flux-cored electrodes and the classification of electrodes, such as carbon and low-alloy steel electrodes, stainless steel electrodes, and nickel-base electrodes. The functions of common core ingredients in FCAW electrodes are listed in a table.
Upset Welding
Authors: Kanne W.R.
Published: December 2018

Upset welding (UW) is a resistance welding process utilizing both heat and deformation to form a weld. A wide variety of shapes and materials can be joined using upset welding in either a single-pulse or continuous mode. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of upset welding, as well as the types of welds. The advantages include speed, ease of control, fewer defects, enhanced weld properties, simplicity of equipment, less-strict composition requirements, and ability to join difficult-to-weld materials. The article reviews the role of a homopolar generator as an alternative method for supplying the electrical current for upset welding.
Oxyfuel Gas Welding
Authors: Ballis William
Published: December 2018

Oxyfuel gas welding (OFW) is a manual process in which the metal surfaces to be joined are melted progressively by heat from a gas flame, with or without a filler metal. This article discusses the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of OFW. It describes the role of gases, such as oxygen, acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and proprietary gases, in OFW. The article discusses the important elements of an OFW system, such as gas storage facilities, pressure regulators, hoses, torches, related safety devices, and accessories. It describes the sequence for setting up a positive-pressure welding outfit. The article provides information on forehand welding and backhand welding, as well as various joints used. It concludes with a discussion on repairs and alterations, as well as the safety aspects.
Friction Welding
Authors: Tsang Schillings
Published: December 2018

Friction welding (FRW) can be divided into two major process variations: direct-drive or continuous-drive FRW and inertia-drive FRW. This article describes direct-drive FRW variables such as rotational speed, duration of rotation, and axial force and inertia-drive FRW variables such as flywheel mass, rotational speed, and axial force. It lists the advantages and limitations of FRW and provides a brief description on categories of applications of FRW such as batch and jobbing work and mass production. A table of process parameters of direct-drive FRW systems relative to inertia-drive FRW systems is also provided.
Radial Friction Welding
Authors: Nicholas E.D.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on radial friction welding, which adopts the principle of rotating and compressing a solid ring around two stationary pipe. The process evolution of this welding is illustrated. The article also examines the equipment used and operating steps. It also illustrates a prototype of radial friction-welding machine and concludes with a discussion on applications that would be suitable for radial friction welding.
Ultrasonic Welding
Authors: Devine Janet
Published: December 2018

This article begins with a discussion on the advantages and limitation of ultrasonic welding (USW). It describes variations of the USW process which can produce different weld geometries. These variations are helpful in producing spot welds, line welds, continuous seam welds, ring welds, and microelectronic welds. The article provides information on the functions of USW personnel and describes the special conditions in USW which include the condition of the surface, the use of an interlayer, and the control of resonance. It concludes with a description on the weld quality, the influencing factors, surface appearance and deformation, and metallographic examination.
Dip Brazing
Authors: Peter Daryl D.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the dip brazing process and the principal types of furnaces used for molten-salt-bath dip-brazing applications. It provides information on equipment maintenance, which is divided into temperature control, control of the liquid, and maintenance of the vessel. The article presents the typical salts used for molten-salt dip brazing of carbon and low-alloy steels with selected filler metals in tabular form. It concludes with information on dip brazing of stainless steels, cast irons, and aluminum alloys and safety precautions of the process.
Induction Soldering
Authors: Vianco Paul T.
Published: December 2018

This article describes resistivity effects and Curie temperature effects on coupling efficiency during induction heating in the soldering operation. It discusses the effects of workpiece geometry during the induction heating. The practices associated with the use of preplaced solder are reviewed. The article provides useful information on setup parameters and safety concerns for the use of induction heating.
Influence of Welding on Steel Weldment Soundness
Authors: Lesnewich A.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the common defects associated with arc welds in the weld metal and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the plate. These defects include porosity, incomplete fusion, hot cracks, lamellar tearing, undercut, rollover, and inclusions. The article details hydrogen-induced cracking and its mechanism as well as the control measures. It provides information on measurement of hydrogen in weld metal and presents a table that contain information on effect of welding processes and electrodes on hydrogen levels in welds.
Selection of Wrought Martensitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Davis J.R.
Published: December 2018

This article describes general welding characteristics such as weld microstructure and weldability. The correlations of preheating and postweld heat treatment practices with carbon contents and welding characteristics of martensitic stainless steels are reviewed. The article contains a table that lists the electrodes and welding rods suitable for use as filler metals in the welding of martensitic stainless steels. It provides specific arc welding procedural recommendations for the commonly welded martensitic stainless steels. Martensitic stainless steel joining methods such as laser-and electron-beam welding, resistance welding, flash welding, and friction welding, are discussed.
Selection of Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Brooks John A. , Lippold John C.
Published: December 2018

Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure that is maintained over a wide range of temperatures. This article reviews the compositions of standard and nonstandard austenitic stainless steels. It summarizes the important aspects of solidification behavior and microstructural evolution that dictate weld-metal ferrite content and morphology. The article describes weld defect formation, namely, solidification cracking, heat-affected zone liquation cracking, weld-metal liquation cracking, copper contamination cracking, ductility dip cracking, and weld porosity. It discusses four general types of corrosive attack: intergranular attack, stress-corrosion cracking, pitting and crevice corrosion, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. The article concludes with information on weld thermal treatments such as preheat and interpass heat treatments and postweld heat treatment.
Selection and Weldability of Advanced Titanium-Base Alloys
Authors: Phillips David H.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the physical metallurgy and weldability of four families of titanium-base alloys, namely, near-alpha alloy, alpha-beta alloy, near-beta, or metastable-beta alloy, and titanium based intermetallics that include alpha-2, gamma, and orthorhombic systems.
Selection and Weldability of Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Martukanitz Richard P.
Published: December 2018

Aluminum alloys, particularly the heat-treatable alloys, are sensitive to weld cracking. Anticipation of these characteristics and general knowledge of these materials assist in selection of suitable method for welding heat-treatable aluminum alloys. This article provides a general description of the metallurgy, characteristics, and applications of heat-treatable aluminum alloys and a detailed discussion on the characteristics of heat-treatable aluminum alloys, their resulting impact on the weld quality and property, along with the methods of avoiding or reducing the impacts. The impact created in the weld quality includes crack sensitivity, liquation cracking, porosity, and heat-affected zone degradation. The article provides an overview of filler alloy selection for reducing weld crack sensitivity and increasing weld strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance in the welds of heat-treatable aluminum alloys.
Selection of Nickel, Nickel-Copper, Nickel-Chromium, and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys
Authors: Tillack Donald J.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the general welding characteristics and metallurgical welding considerations that play an important function during the welding of nickel, nickel-copper, nickel-chromium, and nickel-chromium-iron alloys.
Hardfacing, Weld Cladding, and Dissimilar Metal Joining
Authors: Davis J.R.
Published: December 2018

Hardfacing is a form of surfacing that is applied for the purpose of reducing wear, abrasion, impact, erosion, galling, or cavitation. This article describes the deposition of hardfacing alloys by oxyfuel welding, various arc welding methods, laser welding, and thermal spray processes. It discusses the categories of hardfacing alloy, such as build-up alloys, metal-to-metal wear alloys, metal-to-earth abrasion alloys, tungsten carbides, and nonferrous alloys. A summary of the selection guide for hardfacing alloys is presented in a table. The article describes the procedures for stainless steel weld cladding and the factors influencing joint integrity in dissimilar metal joining. It concludes with a discussion on joining carbon and low-alloy steels to various dissimilar materials (both ferrous and nonferrous) by arc welding.
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Laser-Beam Welding
Authors: Mazumder J.
Published: December 2018

Laser-beam welding (LBW) is a joining process that produces coalescence of material with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surface to be welded. This article describes the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW process. It reviews the individual process variables that influence procedure development of the LBW process. Joint design and special practices related to LBW are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the use of consumables and special welding practices.
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Ultrasonic Welding
Authors: Devine Janet
Published: December 2018

Ultrasonic welding (USW) is effectively used to join both similar and dissimilar metals with lap-joint welds. This article describes procedure considerations for the ultrasonic welding of specific material types. It reviews difficult-to-weld alloys, such as carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels, and stainless steel, and provides information on the applications of weldable alloys such as aluminum alloys and copper alloys. The article concludes with a discussion on welding of dissimilar metal (nonferrous-to-nonferrous) combinations and its applications.
Brazing of Cast Irons and Carbon Steels
Authors: Severin Ann
Published: December 2018

Cast irons and carbon steels are brazeable materials, although the brazeability of cast iron is lower than that of carbon steel. The article provides a detailed discussion on the brazeability of different types of cast iron (malleable iron, ductile iron, and gray iron), carbon steels, and dissimilar metals. It describes the factors considered in the selection of filler-metal for cast iron and carbon steel brazing, such as temperature and environment, brazed joint design, heat source, and heat-treatment requirements. The article also discusses the basic considerations in cleaning and fixturing procedures, filler metal and flux/atmosphere feeding procedures, and the heating methods of cast iron and carbon steel brazing.
Mechanical Cutting for Weld Preparation
Authors:   ASM Committee on Mechanical Cutting for Welding Preparation, Soisson Lance R. , Cable Chris , Cremisio Richard S. , Dvorak Chuck , Dvorak Jim , Laepple Gerhard , Whalen John R.
Published: December 2018

Mechanical cutting methods are widely used by the metal fabrication industry. This article introduces the welding fabricator to some of the mechanical equipment used to shape or prepare metals for welding. The most prevalent equipment used for mechanical cutting includes shears, iron workers, nibblers, and band saws. The article provides details on each of these.
Brazeability and Solderability of Engineering Materials
Authors: Brandi S.D. , Liu S. , Indacochea J.E. , Xu R.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the factors considered in the analysis of brazeability and solderability of engineering materials. These are the wetting and spreading behavior, joint mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, metallurgical considerations, and residual stress levels. It discusses the application of brazed and soldered joints in sophisticated mechanical assemblies, such as aerospace equipment, chemical reactors, electronic packaging, nuclear applications, and heat exchangers. The article also provides a detailed discussion on the joining process characteristics of different types of engineering materials considered in the selection of a brazing process. The engineering materials include low-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and tool steels; cast irons; aluminum alloys; copper and copper alloys; nickel-base alloys; heat-resistant alloys; titanium and titanium alloys; refractory metals; cobalt-base alloys; and ceramic materials.
Glossary of Terms: Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
Authors:   American Welding Society Committee on Definitions and Symbols
Published: December 2018

This article presents a glossary of terms related to welding. The terms are arranged in the conventional dictionary letter-by-letter alphabetical sequence.
Voltammetry
Authors: Crow D.R.
Published: December 2018

Voltammetry is the study of the current voltage relationships observed when electroactive species in solution are subject to oxidation or reduction at electrodes under carefully controlled conditions. This article describes the basic principle of voltammetry performed using the dropping mercury electrode (polarography). It discusses the various methods of voltammetry, namely, linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and stripping voltammetry that are carried out with different electrode material. The article also explores the modern instrumentation and developments achieved in voltammetry, and provides an outline of additional data, such as values of the formation, or stability, and constants of complexes formed by shifting the half-wave potential, which can be obtained by voltammetry. Additionally, the article provides a brief account of the applications of voltammetry.
Electron Spin Resonance
Authors: Poole Charles P. , Farach Horatio A.
Published: December 2018

Electron spin resonance (ESR), or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), is an analytical technique that can extract a great deal of information from any material containing unpaired electrons. This article explains how ESR works and where it applies in materials characterization. It describes a typical ESR spectrometer and explains how to tune it to optimize critical electromagnetic interactions in the test sample. It also identifies compounds and elements most suited for ESR analysis and explains how to extract supplementary information from test samples based on the time it takes electrons to return to equilibrium from their resonant state. Two of the most common methods for measuring this relaxation time are presented as are several application examples.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Bennett L.H. , Swartzendruber L.J.
Published: December 2018

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a form of radio frequency spectroscopy based on interactions between nuclear magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole moments and an applied magnetic field or electric-field gradient. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of nuclear magnetic resonance with emphasis on nuclei properties, the basic equation of nuclear magnetic resonance, the classical theory of nuclear magnetization, line broadening, and measurement sensitivity. It describes the pulse-echo method for observing NMR. The article provides useful information on ferromagnetic nuclear resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance, and illustrates the experimental arrangement of NMR with a block diagram. It also presents several application examples.
X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Techniques
Authors: Prevey Paul S.
Published: December 2018

In x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, the strain in the crystal lattice is measured, and the residual stress producing the strain is calculated, assuming a linear elastic distortion of the crystal lattice. This article provides a detailed account of the plane stress elastic model, and describes the most common methods of x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, namely, single-angle and two angle techniques. It elaborates the major steps involved in x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement, explaining the possible sources of error in stress measurement. The article also outlines the applications of x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement with examples.
Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Romig A.D.
Published: December 2018

Analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) is unique among materials characterization techniques as it enables essentially the simultaneous examination of microstructural features through high-resolution imaging and the acquisition of chemical and crystallographic information from small regions of the specimen. This article illustrates the effectiveness of the technique in solving materials problems. The first section of the article provides information on analytical electron microscope (AEM) and its basic operational characteristics as well as on electron optics, electron beam/specimen interactions and the generation of a signal, signal detectors, electron diffraction, imaging, x-ray microanalysis, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and sample preparation. The second section consists of 12 examples, each illustrating a specific type of materials problem that can be solved, at least in part, with AEM.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Verhoeven John D.
Published: December 2018

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown various significant improvements since it first became available in 1965. These improvements include enhanced resolution, dependability, ease of operation, and reduction in size and cost. This article provides a detailed account of the instrumentation and principles of SEM, broadly explaining its capabilities in resolution and depth of field imaging. It describes three additional functions of SEM, including the use of channeling patterns to evaluate the crystallographic orientation of micron-sized regions; use of backscattered detectors to reveal grain boundaries on unetched samples and domain boundaries in ferromagnetic alloys; and the use of voltage contrast, electron beam-induced currents, and cathodoluminescence for the characterization and failure analysis of semiconductor devices. The article compares the features of SEM with that of scanning Auger microscopes, and lists the applications and limitations of SEM.
Low-Energy Electron Diffraction
Authors: Lagally Max G.
Published: December 2018

Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article describes the principles of diffraction from surfaces, and elucidates the method of sample preparation to achieve diffraction patterns. The article describes the limitations of surface sensitive electron diffraction and discusses the applications of LEED with examples.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Lumsden J.B.
Published: December 2018

This article provides a detailed account of the principles, instrumentation,and applications of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a technique used for elemental and compositional analysis of surfaces and thin films. It reviews the nomenclature of energy states and sensitivity of electrons at the surface that are capable of producing peaks in XPS. Additionally, it presents information on the instrumentation and the preparation and mounting of samples for XPS analysis. The article explains qualitative analysis, namely, measuring of shifts in the binding energy of core electrons, multiplet splitting, and the Auger parameter; and quantitative analysis such as depth analysis carried out using XPS. It also discusses the applications of XPS with examples.
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry
Authors: Chu Wei-Kan
Published: December 2018

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is a major materials characterization technique that can provide information in a short analysis time. It is used for quantitative compositional analysis of thin films, layered structures, or bulk materials and to measure surface impurities of heavy elements on substrates of lighter elements. This article focuses on RBS and its principles, such as collision kinematics, scattering cross section, and energy loss. It describes the channeling effect and the operation of the RBS equipment. The article also provides information on the applications of RBS.
Ураження ендотелію при гострих інфекційних захворюваннях у дітей та його оцінка за біомаркером E-селектином
Authors: Yevtushenko V. V. , Kramarov S. O. , Shadrin V. O. , Zarkodonets L. V.
Published: December 2018

Проведено пілотне дослідження біомаркера ураження ендотелію Е-селектину у 55 дітей з гострими інфекційними захворюваннями різної етіології. Показник Е-селектину достовірно корелював з інфекційно-токсичним шоком (Rpb = 0,35; Р = 0,003) та маркером запального процесу, С-реактивним білком (R = 0,43; Р = 0,001). Рівень Е-селектину не мав достовірного зв’язку з віком пацієнтів (R = –0,197; Р = 0,369), статтю хворих (Rpb = 0,08; Р = 0,585), лікуванням у відділенні інтенсивної терапії (Rpb = 0,13; Р = 0,203), проведенням штучної вентиляції легень (Rpb = 0,27; Р = 0,208), тривалістю стаціонарного лікування (R = 0,043; Р = 0,845), рівнями лактатдегідрогенази у сироватці крові (R = –0,09; Р = 0,49), лактату (R = –0,015; Р = 0,945) та лейкоцитів крові (R = 0,153; Р = 0,475).
Проблемні питання призначення та проведення судово-медичної експертизи при ятрогенних злочинах
Authors: Grynko L. P. , Grynko P. O. , Teremetsky V. I. , Batrin O. V.
Published: December 2018

Розглянуто проблемні питання, що виникають при призначенні та проведенні судово-медичної експертизи якості надання медичної допомоги при розслідуванні ятрогенних злочинів. Виявлено проблеми, які мають місце під час розслідування ятрогенних злочинів, і типові недоліки слідчих при призначенні судово-медичної експертизи.
REGULARITIES OF GEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION FORMATION OFUNDERGROUND ICE AND DEPOSITS ON THE NORTH OF THE GYDAN PENINSULA
Authors: Butakov V. I. , Tikhonravova Ya. V. , Slagoda E. A.
Published: December 2018

The study of underground ice and frozen soils on the north of the Gydan Peninsula was made in 2016. The article is devoted to the results of the study. The granulometric and geochemical composition of the frozen deposits, the hydrochemical composition of the underground ice were determined. The interrelation between the composition and genesis of ice, with accumulation and freezing conditions of deposits was identified.
SELECTION OF THE OPTIMAL RESERVOIR OPENING TECHNOLOGYIN DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS: A STUDY OF THE PK1-3 FORMATION AT THE VOSTOCHNO-MESSOYAKHSKOYE OIL FIELD
Authors: Kovalenko I. V. , Sokhoshko S. K. , Podchuvalova E. A.
Published: December 2018

The article is devoted to choosing of optimal well technology for PK1-3 formation development of the the Vostochno-Messoyakhskoye oil field in the geological uncertainty condition. The formation has some features. On the one hand there are a gas cap and underlying water in the formation, which require usage of horizontal wells, but on the other hand there is a high dissection of the vertical section, which requires technologies to increase the coverage of reserves drainage in vertical direction. The different scenarios of geology were modelled: different length of geological bodies, different values of sandstone and permeability. Considered technologies are horizontal wells, multilateral wells and wells with technology «fishbone».Applying a comprehensive technical and economic assessment to propose optimal design of wells for different geological zones, to determine the optimal corridor of high-tech wells between the rows of injection wells, the optimal number of lateral well branches and the optimal design of the well with technology of «fishbone».
ULUSLARARASI ADALETİN AHLAKİ TEMELLERİ
Authors: KOCAOĞLU Mehmet
Published: December 2018

Siyaset

felsefesinde adalet kavramını domestik bağlamda inceleyen kapsamlı bir tartışma

mevcuttur. Fakat son zamanlarda adalet kavramı, uluslararası bağlamda da yoğun

şekilde tartışılan bir araştırma nesnesine dönüşmüştür. Bu makalenin temel

amacı, siyaset felsefesi literatüründeki uluslararası adalet teorilerinden ve

bu teorilere yöneltilen eleştirilerden hareketle bir uluslararası adalet

teorisinin geçerli ahlaki temellerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışmada, uluslararası

adaletin ahlaki temelleri olarak kabul edilen ulusal egemenlik, yardım etme

ödevi, zarar ilkesi analitik bir perspektifle incelendikten sonra insan hakları

ve özgürlükleri temeli üzerinde bir uluslararası adalet teorisini inşa etmenin

mümkün olduğu ileri sürülmektedir.
The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act: Challenges and Promises for Public Health
Authors: Sharif Behjat
Published: December 2018

The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 (SACPA), also known as Proposition 36,
became effective on July 1, 2001. It allows certain nonviolent drug offenders into community-based drug
treatment programs instead of incarceration. Funds have been allocated to the California counties for
implementation of the law over a five year period. The program involves the cooperation and
collaboration of professionals and agencies within the state’s two social service systems: criminal justice
and public health. Initial evaluation indicates SACPA’s effectiveness in reducing jail and prison
populations, saving funds, and providing drug treatment to a large number of SACPA recipients. The
implementation process has faced a number of challenges that must be resolved to ensure Californians’
trust that treatment is more effective than punishment of drug abusers. The purpose of this paper is to
provide an overview of the SACPA initiative and present an analysis of its benefits and challenges.
Additionally, suggestions are made for health educators’ intervention to ensure effectiveness of SACPA
programs in improving public health
Comparison of JMS Products
Authors: P. Xavier Jeba , P. Mercy , Mary J. Arockia
Published: December 2018

Before the introduction of Java Messaging Service API (JMS),developers had to absorb the complex branded APIs of each specific messaging server from different supplier and this made creating messaging applications hard and gave rise to minor transportability. Additionally, messaging servers from different suppliers were not interoperable and ended in supplier limitations. JMS API is not a product but it is a Java specification for messaging middleware from Sun and its partners. JMS defines an enterprise messaging Java API that enables creating business applications effortlessly that can interchange business data and events not occurring at the same time and reliably in a supplier doubting manner. The messaging server suppliers offer the service provider interface that assists the standard JMS API. There are quite a lot of suppliers producing messaging products which promote JMS API and choosing a certain messaging product needs to evaluate the merits and demerits of the product.
DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR HYGIENIC PRODUCT COMPANY : INDUSTRIAL TACTILE SENSORY PANEL ANALYSIS IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: RAHMA Tilouche , SOUMAYA Sayeb , NAİMA Hallab , MOHAMED Ben Hassen
Published: December 2018

In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in hygienic product, and particularly in baby diaper. Those products are very complex structures, they are mostly constituted from wood pulp, superabsorbent material, and polymer derived nonwoven materials. This can engender a difficult assessment of comfort parameter and specifically the touch.

The main goal of this work is dedicated to nonwoven fabric hand touch analysis and the formation of a group of professional testers to provide the required product quality check. In fact, this study is conducted in collaboration with an industrial partner. The creation of professional testers for the assessment of hygienic product can be a valuable tool to predict consumers’ needs and satisfaction.The remainder of this paper is organized into four section: section I describes the sample preparation environment, which involves test room and assessment booth. Section II outlines the recruitment of five panelist after an interview and a selection test. Section III is devoted to the descriptors selection; that is, the selection of a set of terms required for properly identifying the non-woven fabric to be used in the hygienic product. This involves both qualitative and quantitative filtration. This filtration leads to shortlisting the descriptors and assessment techniques. Section III describes the first training sessions of panelists. Lastly, section four summarizes the final list of attributes and assessment techniques and adopted references for each selected descriptor.
Effect of Bentonite Addition on Geotechnical Properties of Oil-Contaminated Sandy Soil
Authors: Mohammadi Amirhossein , Ebadi Taghi , Ahmadi Mehrdad
Published: December 2018

Oil and its derivatives not only change the chemical and biological properties of the soils, but also affect their geotechnical properties. Effects of oil contamination on a sandy soil which mixed with bentonite was assessed in terms of compaction, shear strength, and consolidation behavior. The experiments were carried out by polluting dry sandy soil with 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% w/w crude oil at different bentonite contents (0, 5, 10, 15, 20% w/w). Results of compaction tests indicated that at a fixed bentonite content, with increasing crude oil content, the maximum dry density increases, while the optimum water content decreases. Similarly, at a fixed contaminant content, increasing the bentonite content in the soil leads to increase in soil maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content. Moreover, direct shear tests revealed that at a specific bentonite content, higher contamination concentration causes lower internal friction angle. The effect of oil content on the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and void ratio of soils with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent bentonite contents was studied. The results of consolidation tests indicated that at a fixed bentonite content Cv has an overall increasing pattern which is in its maximum amount at 5% oil content.
Conservation of the Church and the Friary of "Santa Maria degli Angeli" in Atella (Potenza, Italy)
Authors: Lembo Filiberto , Marino Francesco Paolo Rosario , Cancellara Carmela
Published: December 2018

Built at the end of XV century and re-built in XVIII, as a consequence of many earthquakes, englobing the precious portal of a previous church of XIII, the complex set up by the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and the Friary of Minor Friars, expropriated by the unitary Italian State after 1860 and sold to private peoples, had a destiny common to many similar buildings in the south of Italy, becoming farm and agricultural products‘ warehouse. Struck again by the earthquake of 1980, it has been the object of partial safeguard works, but is now abandoned and in ruin. Because of its strategic position, in a context very rich of environmental and historical-cultural goods, it could be easily restored and intended to be a youth hotel, fulfilling an investment of great value for the development of the regional culture and economy. Research done through the careful architectural and technological survey of existing building and the design of low-technology works of conservational reconstruction and structural-functional update, demonstrates the feasibility of hypothesis and its sustainability.
Dez regras práticas para a terapia com corticoides nas doenças inflamatórias em adultos
Authors: Neves Fabricio Souza
Published: December 2018

Corticosteroides (ou corticoides) são fármacos muito utilizados na prática clínica. Uma de suas principais aplicações é no tratamento de doenças de natureza inflamatória ou autoimune, em que são capazes de aliviar a dor, preservar a função de órgãos vitais e até salvar a vida de pacientes graves. No entanto, seu uso também está associado ao risco de efeitos adversos também graves. Por esses motivos, ter destreza em sua prescrição e manejo dos efeitos adversos é uma competência essencial ao clínico. Para facilitar essa tarefa, este artigo resume conceitos de farmacologia, fisiologia e clínica em relação ao uso de corticoides para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias e autoimunes em pacientes adultos, na forma de dez regras práticas.