bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Nitrosamine Exposures Contribute to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Associated Cerebellar Dysgenesis
Authors: Re Edward , Tong Ming , De la Monte Suzanne M.
Published: April 2016

Variability in the phenotypic features and severity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is not fully linked to alcohol dose. We hypothesize that FASD-type neurodevelopmental abnormalities may be caused by exposures to the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, NNK, since a high percentage of pregnant women who drink also smoke. In vitro experiments using PNET2 human cerebellar neuronal cultures examined ethanol and NNK effects on viability and mitochondrial function. Early postnatal rat cerebellar slice cultures were used to examine effects of ethanol and NNK on cerebellar histology and neuroglial and stress protein expression. Ethanol (50 mM) decreased viability and ATP content and increased mitochondrial mass, while NNK (100 uM or higher) selectively inhibited mitochondrial function. The slice culture studies demonstrated striking adverse effects of ethanol, NNK and ethanol+NNK exposures manifested by architectural disorganization of the cortex with relative reductions of internal granule cells, increases in external granule cells, and loss of Purkinje cells. Ethanol, NNK, and ethanol+NNK inhibited expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and increased levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In addition, ethanol increased activated Caspase 3, NNK decreased tau and phospho-tau, and ethanol+NNK inhibited expression of Aspartyl-beta-hydroxylase (ASPH), which mediates neuronal migration. In conclusion, ethanol and NNK were shown to exert independent but overlapping adverse effects on cerebellar cortical development, neuronal viability, function, and neuroglial protein expression. These findings support our hypothesis that NNK exposures via tobacco smoking in pregnancy can contribute to FASD-associated neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
The Main Group Elements, Fragments, Compounds and Clusters Obey the 4n Rule and Form 4n Series: They are Close relatives to Transition Metal Counterparts via the 14n Linkage
Authors: Kiremire Enos Masheija Rwantale
Published: April 2016

The paper presents numbers which were derived from 4n-based series in a matrix table. The numbers agree precisely with the total number of valence electrons surrounding the respective skeletal elements. The series approach focuses mainly on the number of skeletal elements and their respective number of valence electron content regardless of the origin of the electrons and the type of skeletal elements. For instance, any 6 skeletal elements of transition metal carbonyls surrounded by 86 valence electrons coded as (6,86), series S = 14n+2 normally adopt an octahedral geometry whereas (6,26) series S = 4n+2 for main group elements also tend to adopt an octahedral shape. The transition metal carbonyl cluster series were extensively covered in our previous articles. This paper demonstrates that the main group fragments, clusters and molecules which we normally explain by terms such as valency, valence electrons and octet rule also obey the 4n-based series. The fragments, molecules and clusters of the main group elements correspond well to those of respective transition metal clusters especially the carbonyls if the masking electrons are removed from them. Hence, the series approach is a qualitative method that acts as a unifier of some transition metal clusters with some main group elements clusters.
Simple and Multiple Relationships between Ethical Leadership, Transformational Leadership and Ethical Climate and Organizational Spirituality among the Employees of the Iran National Steel Industrial Group
Authors: Golestanipour Morteza
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to investigate the simple and multiple relationships of ethical leadership, transformational leadership, and ethical climate with organizational spirituality among the employees of the Iran National Steel Industrial Group in Ahvaz. This is a correlational study with a statistical population of all employees of an industrial organization in Ahvaz, of whom, 400 subjects were selected using the stratified random sampling method. The research instruments included ethical leadership questionnaire of Brown et al., General Transformational Leadership (GTL) questionnaire, ethical climate questionnaire of Hunt et al., and organizational spirituality questionnaire of Milliman et al., with acceptable validity and reliability. For testing the research hypotheses, the Spearman correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used. The results showed a significant relationship between ethical leadership, transformational leadership and ethical climate and organizational spirituality. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that ethical climate is the most important factor in explaining and predicting the organizational spirituality.
How the July 2014 easterly wind burst gave the 2015–2016 El Niño a head start
Authors: Levine Aaron F. Z. , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: April 2016

Following strong westerly wind bursts in boreal winter and spring of 2014, both the scientific community and the popular press were abuzz with the possibility of a major El Niño developing. However, during the boreal summer of 2014, the Bjerknes feedback failed to kick in, aided and abetted by a strong easterly wind burst. The widely anticipated major 2014–2015 El Niño event failed to materialize and even failed to qualify as an El Niño by conventional definitions. However, the boreal summer easterly wind burst had the effect of not only inhibiting the growth of the El Niño event but also preventing and then reversing the discharge of the equatorial heat content that typically occurs during the course of an El Niño event. This head start of equatorial heat content helped push the 2015–2016 El Niño event to extreme magnitude.
Isolation and identification of Enterococcus faecalis membrane proteins using membrane shaving, 1D SDS/PAGE, and mass spectrometry
Authors: Cathro Peter , McCarthy Peter , Hoffmann Peter , Zilm Peter
Published: April 2016

Enterococcus faecalis is a significant nosocomial pathogen, which is able to survive in diverse environments and resist killing with antimicrobial therapies. The expression of cell membrane proteins play an important role in how bacteria respond to environmental stress. As such, the capacity to identify and study membrane protein expression is critical to our understanding of how specific proteins influence bacterial survival. Here, we describe a combined approach to identify membrane proteins of E. faecalis ATCC V583 using membranes fractionated by either 1D SDS/PAGE or membrane shaving, coupled with LC‐ESI mass spectrometry. We identified 222 membrane‐associated proteins, which represent approximately 24% of the predicted membrane‐associated proteome: 170 were isolated using 1D SDS/PAGE and 68 with membrane shaving, with 36 proteins being common to both the techniques. Of the proteins identified by membrane shaving, 97% were membrane‐associated with the majority being integral membrane proteins (89%). Most of the proteins identified with known physiology are involved with transportation across the membrane. The combined 1D SDS/PAGE and membrane shaving approach has produced the greatest number of membrane proteins identified from E. faecalis to date. These protocols will aid future researchers investigating changes in the membrane proteome of E. faecalis by improving our understanding of how E. faecalis adapts and responds to its environment.
Addendum to Cadmium and its inorganic compounds[BAT Value Documentation, 2008]
Authors: Käfferlein H. U. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Cadmium

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated cadmium and its inorganic compounds in 2004 and cadmium was classified in Carcinogen category 1 and has been designated with “H” (skin notation). A cadmium concentration of 200 μg cadmium/g kidney seems to be the critical concentration for its nephrotoxicity (MAK Value Documentation, Greim 2004). The nephrotoxicity of cadmium represents a parameter that can be used for a recommendation in preventive occupational medicine. Based on the long half‐life of cadmium, any determination of its concentrations in urine reflects the total concentration of the metal in the body. For this reason, in 2007 a “Biologischer Leitwert” (BLW)was established for cadmium based on its nephrotoxicity after chronic exposure considering cadmium in urine to characterize the internal exposure. Available publications are described in detail. From several studies (Bernard et al. 1990, Roels et al. 1991 and 1993, Toffoletto et al. 1992, van Sittert et al. 1993, Bernard and Lauwerys 1997) it was concluded that renal tubular damage can occur above a urinary concentration of 5 μg cadmium/g creatinine which corresponds to about 7.5 μg cadmium/l urine (Geigy Scientific Tables 1981). On the basis of these data available, a BLW of 7 μg cadmium/l urine* was established. The sampling time is not fixed.
N‐Isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine [MAK Value Documentation, 2013]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of
N‐
Isopropyl‐
N′
‐phenyl‐
p‐
phenylenediamine, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Critical effects of
N‐
Isopropyl‐
N′
‐;?>phenyl‐
p‐
phenylenediamine are increased liver weights, changes in haematological parameters indicating anaemia and its skin‐sensitizing property. In oral studies no NOAEL was obtained, therefore a read‐across to the structurally analogous
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine is used. The chronic NOAEL for
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine in male rats is 2.6 mg/kg body weight based on effects on the liver which can be used to calculate a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction. This value also provides protection from irritation. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known. Damage to the embryo is unlikely if the MAK value for
N‐
Isopropyl‐
N′
‐phenyl‐
p‐
phenylenediamine is observed and the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.
N‐
Isopropyl‐
N′
‐phenyl‐
p‐
phenylenediamine is a skin sensitizer and the designation with “Sh” is confirmed. There are no data concerning the potential for respiratory sensitization. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
N‐
Isopropyl‐
N′
‐phenyl‐
p‐
phenylenediamine is regarded as not being genotoxic or carcinogenic like its analog
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine.
Ölsäure [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Oleic acid

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated oleic acid, which was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans in Carcinogen Category 3A, to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Oleic acid is irritating to the skin if applied repeatedly. It is not mutagenic in vitro; data in vivo are not available. Oleic acid showed skin tumour promoting activity in mice after initiation with 9,10‐dimethylbenzanthracene but not without initiation. In a general evaluation of the skin tumour initiation‐promotion test in mice published in 2015, the Commission concluded that substances which induce skin tumours only after initiation, but not without initiation, do not have to be classified in a carcinogen category. Therefore, the former classification of oleic acid is withdrawn. As it is not possible to derive a MAK value with the available data, oleic acid is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT values.
Tris[(2‐ oder 4‐)C9–10‐isoalkylphenyl]phosphorthioat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Tris[(2‐ or 4‐)C9–C10‐isoalkylphenyl]phosphorothioate

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the maximum concentration of tris[(2‐ or 4‐)C9–C10‐isoalkylphenyl]phosphorothioate at the work place (MAK value), considering all endpoints. Tris[(2‐ or 4‐)C9–C10‐isoalkylphenyl]phosphorothioate is a UVCB substance (substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or biological materials). It is a mixture of triphenylthiophosphates substituted with a C9‐C10 branched alkyl chain per phenyl moiety in ortho or para position.

Toxicokinetic or metabolism data as well as inhalation studies with repeated exposure are lacking. Target organs could not be determined after oral application of up to 1000 mg/kg body weight and day in a 28‐day study in rats. Because of the high molecular mass of the substance, its oral absorption is assumed to be much less than 100%. Therefore, no MAK value can be calculated from the oral NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg body weight per day and the substance is listed in Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT Values. The substance is slightly irritating to skin and eyes of rabbits. Contact sensitization was not observed in guinea pigs. Data on reproductive toxicity are only available from a read‐across substance yielding a NOAEL of 250 mg/kg body weight and day for toxicity to fertility and postnatal development in a test in rats according to OECD Test Guideline 421. The clastogenicity seen in an in vitro test could not be confirmed in vivo. There are no carcinogenicity studies. Due to the high molecular mass, skin absorption is expected not to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity.
3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenylpropionsäureoctadecylester [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Octadecyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated octadecyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Critical effects are induction of metabolizing enzymes in the liver of rats and dogs and the corresponding liver weight increase. In the view of the Commission, an elevation of the total liver cytochrome P450 content of more than 50%, or of the relative liver weight of more than 20%, should be avoided for work place chemicals. In rats, the corresponding NOAEL is 30 mg/kg body weight and day in a 14‐day gavage study. In dogs, a NAEL of 10 mg/kg body weight and day is extrapolated from the LOAEL of 31.5 mg/kg body weight and day in a 90‐day feeding study. The magnitude of these effects does not increase with time. As the irritation potency is low, the oral studies can be used to calculate a MAK value of 20 mg/m3for the inhalable fraction. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known. In a segment II study in rats, foetal weight is reduced at 500 mg/kg body weight and day with concurrent maternal toxicity. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity in mice is 1000 mg/kg body weight and day. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and thus, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Octadecyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate is not genotoxic or carcinogenic and not a contact sensitizer in humans and guinea pigs. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Mussel‐Inspired Conductive Cryogel as Cardiac Tissue Patch to Repair Myocardial Infarction by Migration of Conductive Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Leyu , Jiang Junzi , Hua Wenxi , Darabi Ali , Song Xiaoping , Song Chen , Zhong Wen , Xing Malcolm M. Q. , Qiu Xiaozhong
Published: April 2016

The engineered cardiac patch (ECP) is a promising strategy to repair infarct myocardium and restore the cardiac function. An ideal ECP should be able to mimic the primary attributes of native myocardium, which includes a high resilience, good cardiomyocyte adhesion, and synchronous contraction. Here, a mussel‐inspired dopamine crosslinker is used to integrate polypyrrole (Ppy) nanoparticles, gelatin‐methyacrylate, and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate into a cryogel form. The dopamine crosslinker and Ppy nanoparticles are coordinated to obtain optimal mechanical and superelastic properties for the ECP. The dopamine facilitates the uniform distribution of the Ppy nanoparticles, which migrate and fuse from the scaffold to the surface of the cardiomyocytes, revealing a potential mechanism for restoring infarct myocardium. The incorporated Ppy nanoparticles thus significantly enhance the functionalization of the cardiomyocytes, resulting in excellent synchronous contraction by increasing the expression of α‐actinin and CX‐43. Cardiomyocytes‐loaded ECP can improve the cardiac function in myocardial‐infarction (MI) affected rat models. The results show that the fractional shortening and ejection fraction are elevated by about 50% and that the infarct size is reduced by 42.6%. Collectively, this study highlights an effective cardiac patch based on mussel‐inspired conductive particle adhesion and a superelastic cryogel promising for the restoration of infarcted myocardium.
Slippery Liquid‐Infused Porous Surfaces that Prevent Microbial Surface Fouling and Kill Non‐Adherent Pathogens in Surrounding Media: A Controlled Release Approach
Authors: Manna Uttam , Raman Namrata , Welsh Michael A. , Zayas‐Gonzalez Yashira M. , Blackwell Helen E. , Palecek Sean P. , Lynn David M.
Published: April 2016

Many types of slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces (‘SLIPS’) can resist adhesion and colonization by microorganisms. These ‘slippery’ materials thus offer approaches to prevent fouling on commercial and industrial surfaces. However, while SLIPS can prevent fouling on surfaces to which they are applied, they can currently do little to prevent the proliferation of non‐adherent organisms. Here, multi‐functional SLIPS are reported that address this issue and expand the potential utility of these materials. The approach is based on the release of antimicrobial agents from the porous matrices used to host the infused oil phases. It is demonstrated that SLIPS fabricated from nanoporous polymer multilayers can prevent colonization and biofilm formation by four common fungal and bacterial pathogens, and that the polymer and oil phases comprising these materials can be used to sustain the release of triclosan, a model antimicrobial agent, into surrounding media. This approach improves the inherent anti‐fouling properties of these materials and endows them with the ability to kill non‐adherent pathogens. This strategy has the potential to be general; the strategies and concepts reported here will enable the design of SLIPS with improved anti‐fouling properties and open the door to new applications of slippery liquid‐infused materials that host or release other active agents.
Synthesis of Ultrathin MnS Shell on ZnS: Mn Nanorods by One‐Step Coating and Doping for MRI and Fluorescent Imaging
Authors: Zhao Yizhe , Meng Jing , Sheng Xianyong , Tian Yang
Published: April 2016

Multifunctional nanoprobes for bioimaging have attracted considerable interest in terms of their potential applications in clinical medicine and diagnosis. This article reports the fabrication of a new bifunctional nanoprobe, consisting of an ultrathin MnS shell coating on ZnS:Mn nanorods (NRs), for bioimaging in combination with fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The prepared ZnS:Mn/MnS core–shell NRs show an orange emission at 587 nm in wavelength, suggesting they are well suited for fluorescent bio‐imaging due to their large Stokes shift. After surface modification, the obtained core–shell NRs show a very high relaxivity, 9.30 mM−1s−1 at 0.47 T, in aqueous solution. This value is much higher than most Mn‐based nanocrystal contrast agents reported before. The high relaxivity is strongly related to the ultrathin thickness of the MnS shell, as well as its one‐dimensional nanostructure. The prepared bifunctional nanoprobe also shows effective fluorescent imaging in vitro and MRI enhancement in vivo, which verifies its feasibility and effectiveness.
One for Many: A Universal Reagent for Acylation Processes
Authors: Moon Hyun Kyung , Sung Gi Hyeon , Kim Bo Ram , Park Jong Keun , Yoon Yong‐Jin , Yoon Hyo Jae
Published: April 2016

This work describes acylation reactions facilitated by a type of heterocycle‐based acyl transfer agent, 2‐acyloxypyridazinone. Reactions of 2‐acyloxypyridazinone with carboxylic acids yield mixed carbonic anhydride intermediates, which are reactive and could be coupled with a wide range of substrates including acids, amines, alcohols, and thiols. The wide substrate scope, ease of operation (no additive or catalyst), storage and handling stability, and atom‐efficiency from recycling the heterocycle carrier make the reported acylating agent attractive for acylation‐based coupling reactions.

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Self‐Assembled Multilayer‐Stabilized Nickel Nanoparticle Catalyst for Ligand‐Free Cross‐Coupling Reactions: in situ Metal Nanoparticle and Nanospace Simultaneous Organization
Authors: Hoshiya Naoyuki , Fujiki Katsumasa , Taniguchi Takahisa , Honma Tetsuo , Tamenori Yusuke , Xiao Mincen , Saito Nozomi , Yokoyama Mami , Ishii Akira , Fujioka Hiromichi , Shuto Satoshi , Sato Yoshihiro , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: April 2016

We have developed a conceptually and methodologically novel self‐assembled multilayer nickel nanoparticle (NP) catalyst – sulfur‐modified gold‐supported Ni NPs (SANi) – for organic synthesis. The SANi catalyst was easily prepared through a three‐step procedure involving simultaneous in situ metal NP and nanospace organization. This unique method does not require any conventional preformed template for immobilizing and stabilizing NPs. SANi catalyzes carbon‐carbon bond‐forming cross‐coupling, Kumada coupling, and Negishi coupling reactions under ligand‐free conditions and can be used repeatedly for these reactions. Physical analysis of SANi showed that the active species in these reactions are self‐assembled multilayer zerovalent Ni NPs with a size of ∼3 nm.

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Photocatalytic Reaction of Diazo Compounds with Aldehydes
Authors: Rybicka‐Jasińska K. , Ciszewski Ł. W. , Gryko D.
Published: April 2016

Photocatalytic reactions of diazoacetates with aldehydes led to α‐alkylated carbonyl compounds instead of the expected cyclopropane derivatives. The reaction requires a dual catalytic system – photocatalysis merged with enamine‐iminium catalysis. NMR, EPR, UV/Vis, and ESI‐MS analyses provided sufficient data to corroborate the proposed radical mechanism – enamine catalysis merged with photocatalysis.

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Intercepting the Gold‐Catalysed Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement by Controlled Protodemetallation: A Regioselective Hydration of Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: Pennell Matthew N. , Kyle Michael P. , Gibson Samantha M. , Male Louise , Turner Peter G. , Grainger Richard S. , Sheppard Tom D.
Published: April 2016

The regioselective gold‐catalysed hydration of propargylic alcohols to β‐hydroxy ketones can be achieved by diverting the gold‐catalysed Meyer–Schuster rearrangement through the addition of a protic additive with a pKa of 7–9 such as p‐nitrophenol, boric acid or a boronic acid. This provides an interesting alternative to an aldol reaction when combined with the straightforward addition of an alkyne to an aldehyde or ketone. The gold‐catalysed reaction of an electron‐deficient, sterically hindered propargylic alcohol with a boronic acid led to the formation of an unusually stable cyclic boron enolate.

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Analysis of TGFBR1*6A variant in individuals evaluated for Marfan syndrome
Authors: Somers Allyson E. , Hinton Robert B. , Pilipenko Valentina , Miller Erin , Ware Stephanie M.
Published: April 2016

Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) are genetic disorders that affect connective tissue as a result of dysregulated TGF‐β signaling. MFS is most frequently caused by mutations in FBN1 whereas Loeys–Dietz syndrome results from mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. There is substantial inter‐ and intra‐familial phenotypic variability among these disorders, suggesting the presence of genetic modifiers. Previously, a polymorphism in the TGFβR1 protein termed the TGFBR1*6A allele was found to be overrepresented in patients with MFS and was identified as a low penetrance allele with suggestion as a possible modifier. To further investigate the importance of this variant, a retrospective review of genetic and phenotypic findings was conducted for 335 patients evaluated for suspicion of MFS or related disorders. In patients with a diagnosis of MFS, the presence of the TGFBR1*6A allele was not associated with phenotypic differences. Similarly, careful phenotyping of patients who carried the TGFBR1*6A allele but did not have MFS did not identify an altered frequency of specific connective tissue features. In this small cohort, the results did not reach significance to identify the TGFBR1*6A allele as a major modifier for aortic dilation, ectopia lentis, or systemic features associated with MFS or other connective tissue disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using mouse and zebrafish models to understand the etiology of developmental defects in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Authors: Kawauchi Shimako , Santos Rosaysela , Muto Akihiko , Lopez‐Burks Martha E. , Schilling Thomas F. , Lander Arthur D. , Calof Anne L.
Published: April 2016

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem birth defects disorder that affects every tissue and organ system in the body. Understanding the factors that contribute to the origins, prevalence, and severity of these developmental defects provides the most direct approach for developing screens and potential treatments for individuals with CdLS. Since the majority of cases of CdLS are caused by haploinsufficiency for NIPBL (Nipped‐B‐like, which encodes a cohesin‐associated protein), we have developed mouse and zebrafish models of CdLS by using molecular genetic tools to create Nipbl‐deficient mice and zebrafish (Nipbl+/− mice, zebrafish nipbl morphants). Studies of these vertebrate animal models have yielded novel insights into the developmental etiology and genes/gene pathways that contribute to CdLS‐associated birth defects, particularly defects of the gut, heart, craniofacial structures, nervous system, and limbs. Studies of these mouse and zebrafish CdLS models have helped clarify how deficiency for NIPBL, a protein that associates with cohesin and other transcriptional regulators in the nucleus, affects processes important to the emergence of the structural and physiological birth defects observed in CdLS: NIPBL exerts chromosome position‐specific effects on gene expression; it influences long‐range interactions between different regulatory elements of genes; and it regulates combinatorial and synergistic actions of genes in developing tissues. Our current understanding is that CdLS should be considered as not only a cohesinopathy, but also a “transcriptomopathy,” that is, a disease whose underlying etiology is the global dysregulation of gene expression throughout the organism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear arcsin‐electrodynamics and asymptotic Reissner‐Nordström black holes
Authors: Kruglov S. I.
Published: April 2016

A model of nonlinear electrodynamics with the Lagrangian density is proposed. The scale invariance and the dual invariance of electromagnetic fields are broken in the model. In the limit one comes to Maxwell's electrodynamics and the scale and dual invariances are recovered. We investigate the effect of coupling electromagnetic fields with the gravitational field. The asymptotic black hole solution is found which is similar to the Reissner‐Nordström solution. We obtain corrections to Coulomb's law and to the Reissner‐Nordström solution in the model proposed. The existence of the regular asymptotic at was demonstrated. The mass of the black hole is calculated possessing the electromagnetic origin. It was shown that there are not superluminal fluctuations and principles of causality and unitarity take place.
Positioning a Carbon–Fluorine Bond over the π Cloud of an Aromatic Ring: A Different Type of Arene Activation
Authors: Holl Maxwell Gargiulo , Struble Mark D. , Singal Prakhar , Siegler Maxime A. , Lectka Thomas
Published: April 2016

It is known that the fluoro group has only a small effect on the rates of electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Imagine instead a carbon–fluorine (C−F) bond positioned tightly over the π cloud of an aryl ring—such an orthogonal, noncovalent arrangement could instead stabilize a positively charged arene intermediate or transition state, giving rise to novel electrophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of molecule 1, containing a rigid C−F⋅⋅⋅Ar interaction that plays a prominent role in both its reaction chemistry and spectroscopy. For example, we established that the C−F⋅⋅⋅Ar interaction can bring about a >1500 fold increase in the relative rate of an aromatic nitration reaction, affording functionalization on the activated ring exclusively. Overall, these results establish fluoro as a through‐space directing/activating group that complements the traditional role of fluorine as a slightly deactivating aryl substituent in nitrations.
A Rainbow Structural‐Color Chip for Multisaccharide Recognition
Authors: Qin Meng , Huang Yu , Li Yanan , Su Meng , Chen Bingda , Sun Heng , Yong Peiyi , Ye Changqing , Li Fengyu , Song Yanlin
Published: April 2016

A critical requirement for the successful recognition of multiple analytes is the acquisition of abundant sensing information. However, for this to be achieved requires massive chemical sensors or multiplex materials, which complicates the multianalysis. Thus, there is a need to develop a strategy for the facile and efficient recognition of multiple analytes. Herein, we explore the angle‐dependent structural colors of photonic crystals to provide abundant optical information, thereby generating a rainbow‐color chip to realize the convenient recognition of multiple analytes. By simply using a multiangle analysis method, the monophotonic crystal matrix chip can differentially enhance fluorescence signals over broad spectral ranges, thereby resulting in abundant sensing information for highly efficient multiple analysis. Twelve saccharides with similar structures, as well as saccharides in different concentrations and mixtures, were successfully discriminated.
Robust H∞ Filtering and Deconvolution for Continuous Time Delay Systems Based on Game‐Theoretic Approach
Authors: You Fuqiang , Li Hui , Wang Fuli , Guan Shouping
Published: April 2016

Many dynamical systems involve not only process and measurement noise signals but also parameter uncertainty and unknown input signals. This paper aims to estimate the state and unknown input for linear continuous time‐varying systems subject to time delay in state, norm‐bounded parameter uncertainty, and a known input. Such a problem is reformulated into a two‐player differential game whose saddle point solution gives rise to one sufficient solvable condition for the estimation problem. The possible optimal estimators are obtained by solving the two coupled Riccati differential equations. We demonstrate, through two examples, how the proposed estimator is valid for estimating state and unknown input.
Thermoelectric Property of Ag‐doped ZnSb/Few‐Layer‐Graphene Composites
Authors: Choi Kwang Min , Lee Eunsil , Ko Jieun , Kim Jong‐Young , Lee Soonil , Seo Won‐Seon , Choi Soon‐Mok , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Kim Seung Joo
Published: April 2016

We have successfully synthesized the composites of Ag‐doped zinc antimonide (Ag‐ZnSb) and few‐layer‐graphene (FLG) by high‐energy‐mechanical milling and spark plasma sintering using Ag‐ZnSb ingot and FLG as raw materials. The FLG/Ag‐ZnSb shows 22%‐reduced lattice thermal conductivity by increased phonon boundary scattering due to embedded FLG. The electrical conductivity of the composites was decreased due to reduced carrier concentration, while the Seebeck coefficient of the composites was increased by electron donating effect of FLG. The maximum figure of merit,
ZT
, of 0.86 was observed at 630 K. The peak
ZT
temperature in the FLG/Ag‐ZnSb cases (~630 K) were higher than the pristine Ag‐ZnSb compound (~580 K) resulting in advantages for the higher temperature power generation.
Determination of itraconazole and its photodegradation products with kinetic evaluation by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kryczyk Agata , Żmudzki Paweł , Hubicka Urszula
Published: April 2016

A simple and reproducible UPLC‐MS/MS method for the determination of itraconazole (ITZ) and its photodegradation products formed during exposure to UV‐A radiation was developed. Chromatographic separations were carried out using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle size). The column was maintained at 40°C, and eluted under gradient conditions from 100% to 50% of eluent A over 13 min, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min−1. Eluent A was 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water; eluent B was 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The linear regression analysis for the calibration curve showed a good linear correlation over the concentration range 0.0066–0.15 mg mL−1 with determination coefficient > 0.99. The activities of some photocatalysts during degradation process of ITZ were compared. It was found that indirect photodegradation of ITZ was more effective than direct photolysis. Under our experimental conditions the photodegradation rate constant depended on the applied catalysts with catalytic activity decreasing in the following pattern: FeCl3 > TiO2/FeCl3 > TiO2. The kinetic analysis of the photodegradation data revealed that the degradation of the ITZ follows first‐order kinetics. The photodegradation products of ITZ were identified, and their fragmentation pathways, derived from MS/MS data, were proposed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTRA OF TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM DI‐μ‐FLUOROBIS(AQUADIFLUOROOXOVANADATE(IV))
Authors: BUKOVEC P. , MILICEV S. , DEMSAR A. , GOLIC L.
Published: April 2016

Der aus einer wäßrigen Lösung von VF4 und [NMe4]F isolierte Komplex (I) kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P1 mit Z=1.
ChemInform Abstract: SURFACE‐ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF METAL‐HALIDE VIBRATIONS ON SILVER AND COPPER ELECTRODES
Authors: PETTINGER B. , PHILPOTT M. R. , GORDON J. G. II
Published: April 2016

Halogenidionen spielen eine wichtige Rolle in den oberflächenverstärkten Raman‐Prozessen in elektrochemischen Umgebungen.
ChemInform Abstract: LATTICE VIBRATION SPECTRA. XXIII. IR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE SKUTTERUDITE TYPE COMPOUNDS MX3 (M = CO, RH, IR; X = P, AS, SB)
Authors: LUTZ H. D. , KLICHE G.
Published: April 2016

Die IR‐Spektren (Absorption, Reflexion) der Titelverbindungen, die; im Bereich 4000‐40 cm‐1 analysiert werden, weisen im Gegensatz zu dem sonst beobachteten Verhalten der IR‐Spektren isotyper Verbindungen von Elementen einer Gruppe des Periodensystems ungewöhnlich große Unterschiede auf.
ChemInform Abstract: SPINELS WITH SUBSTITUTED NONMETAL SUBLATTICES. VIII. X‐RAY AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, MOESSBAUER AND IR SPECTRA OF THE IRON CHROMIUM SULFIDE SELENIDE (FECR2(S1‐XSEX)4) SYSTEM
Authors: RIEDEL E. , AL‐JUANI A. , RACKWITZ R. , SOECHTIG H. +
Published: April 2016

Wie röntgenographische Untersuchungen zeigen, liegt im Titelsystem der Existenzbereich der Spinellphase im Zusammensetzungsbereich 0 x 0.3, während im Bereich 0.6 x 1.0 die monokline Cr3S4‐Struktur auftritt (Gitterparameter auch im Zweiphasengebiet).
ChemInform Abstract: INTERGRANULAR OXIDATION AND INTERNAL VOID FORMATION IN NICKEL‐40% CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Authors: SHIDA Y. , WOOD G. C. , STOTT F. H. , WHITTLE D. P. , BASTOW B. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Bildung innerer Hohlräume sowie das interkristalline Oxidationsverhalten während der Langzeitoxidation von Ni‐40.2Cr und Ni‐38Cr wird bei 1000‐1200°C in O2(1 at) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL AND INTERGRANULAR OXIDES IN NICKEL‐CHROMIUM‐ALUMINUM ALLOYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: STOTT F. H. , WOOD G. C. , SHIDA Y. , WHITTLE D. P. , BASTOW B. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Entwicklung ′ nerer Oxide, interkristalliner Oxide sowie von inneren Hohlräumen in Ni‐l 5.1 Cr‐1. A1 und Ni‐28.8Cr‐1.0A1 während Langzeitoxidation in O2 (1 at) bei 1000 und 120°C wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DECREASE IN THE ELECTRICAL SHEET RESISTANCE OF BORON AND THE FORMATION OF BORON CARBIDE BY ION IMPLANTATION OF C(+) IONS INTO BORON AND SUBSEQUENT ANNEALING
Authors: TREUTLER C. P. O. , DIENEL G. , HOMUTH K.
Published: April 2016

Implantation von Ctlonen und anschließendes Tempern bei bis zu 800°C erniedrigt den elektrischen Schichtwiderstand von amorphem B um einige Größenordnungen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THE NEW INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND RUBIDIUM GALLIUM (RBGA3)
Authors: LING R. G. , BELIN C.
Published: April 2016

Die instabile und sehr oxidationsempfindliche Titelverbindung wird aus den Elementen unter Ar bei 700°C dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DISSYMMETRIC CHROMOPHORES. 7. OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF CONJUGATED CISOID DIENES: EXPERIMENTAL‐THEORETICAL STUDY OF 5‐ALKYL‐1,3‐CYCLOHEXADIENES
Authors: LIGHTNER D. A. , BOUMAN T. D. , GAWRONSKI J. K. , GAWRONSKA K. , CHAPPUIS J. L. , CRIST B. V. , HANSEN A. E.
Published: April 2016

(+)‐Pulegon läßt sich durch Retroaldolisierung stereoselektiv in das (3R)‐Methyl‐cyclohexanon umwandeln und zum Derivat (Ia) bromieren, dessen Tosylhydrazon (Ib) durch Dehydrobromierung in das Azin (II) übergeht und mit Triethylamin zum Hydrazon (III) isomerisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYMMETRY IN SYNTHESIS. PREPARATION AND METHYLATION OF SPIRO DILACTONES
Authors: HOYE T. R. , PECK D. R. , TRUMPER P. K.
Published: April 2016

Dehydratisierung der Ketodisäuren (I) bzw. (III) mit reinem Acetylchlorid gibt die racemischen Spirodilactone (II) bzw. (IV); unter analogen Bedingungen liefert ein 1:1‐Diastereome‐ rengemisch von (V) die Spirodilactone (VIa) und (VIb) in geringer Ausb., aber im Verhältnis 1:1.
ChemInform Abstract: FLASH VACUUM THERMOLYSIS OF 1,3‐DIOXOLAN‐4‐ONES
Authors: CAMERON T. B. , EL‐KABBANI F. M. , PINNICK H. W.
Published: April 2016

Die B1itzlicht‐Vakuumpyrolyse der Dioxolanone (I) liefert Aldehyde bzw. Ketone (II)‐(V); wenn Phenylsubstituenten vorhanden sind [(Ia), (Ib)], werden auch Epoxide [(III), (V)] gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: COAL STRUCTURE CLEAVAGE MECHANISMS: SCISSION OF METHYLENE AND ETHER LINKAGES TO HYDROXYLATED RINGS
Authors: MCMILLEN D. F. , OGIER W. C. , ROSS D. S.
Published: April 2016

Zur Untersuchung der Spaltmechanismen von Kohle‐Modell‐ Verbindungen werden verschiedene Diphenylether‐ und Diphenyhnethanderivate bei 400°C zerstezt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOINDUCED ALKYLATION OF FIVE‐MEMBERED HETEROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS VIA ELECTRON‐TRANSFER REACTION: HETERODIMER CATION RADICAL INTERMEDIACY
Authors: MIZUNO K. , ISHII M. , OTSUJI Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Photoreaktion entsprechender Olefine (I) und Furane (II) in Gegenwart der Sensibilisatoren (IV) liefert die Produkte (III); neben (IIIa) bzw. (IIIc) werden auch die Bisverbindungen (V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION OF STERICALLY HINDERED IMIDAZOLINE OXIDES WHICH ARE PRECURSORS OF STABLE NITROXYL RADICALS WITH ORGANOMETALLIC REAGENTS
Authors: MARTIN V. V. , VOLODARSKII L. B. , VISHNIVETSKAYA L. A.
Published: April 2016

Vorstufen stabiler Nitroxyl‐Radikale ‐ mit metallorganischen Verbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTENDED UNSATURATED CARBENES. NOVEL SILICON, GERMANIUM, AND TIN‐FUNCTIONALIZED CUMULENES, R2C:C:C:CHMR′3 VIA INSERTION OF ALKADIENYLIDENECARBENES INTO GROUP (IV) HYDRIDES
Authors: STANG P. J. , WHITE M. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Triflate (I) wurden nach bekannter Methode dargestellt und in Gegenwart der Silane (III) mit tBuOK umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: LANTHANOIDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. 6. REDUCTION OF α‐ENONES BY SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF LANTHANOID CHLORIDES: SYNTHETIC AND MECHANISTIC ASPECTS
Authors: GEMAL A. L. , LUCHE J. L.
Published: April 2016

Lanthanid‐chloride (II) sind wirkungsvolle Katalysatoren für die regioselektive 1,2‐Reduktion von α‐Enonen wie (I) durch NaBH4 in Methanol.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATIONS WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE UNDER CONDITIONS OF PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS
Authors: LAURITZEN S. E. , ROMMING C. , SKATTEBOL L.
Published: April 2016

Die Anionen von Ketonen, Sulfonen und Estern werden von CCl4 unter Phasentransfer‐katalytischen Bedingungen α‐chloriert (Alkohole reagieren nicht); z.T. erfolgen anschließend Sekundärreaktionen: Aus den Substraten (I), (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb), (V), (VII), (IX), (XI), (XIII) bzw. (XVI) werden so die angegebenen Produkte erhalten, deren Bildungsmechanismen eingehend diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF THE THIOPHENE SERIES. 4. NITRATION OF THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES BY METAL NITRATES IN ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: CHURKIN YU. D. , PANFILOVA L. V. , LUGOVOI V. D. , BOIKAO N. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Nitrierung der ungesättigten Thienylketone (I) mit Kupfer(II)‐nitrat oder Aluminiumnitrat in Acetanhydrid führt zu Gemischen der Nitroverbindungen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ACID‐CATALYZED INTRAMOLECULAR C‐ALKYLATION REARRANGEMENTS OF βΓ‐UNSATURATED DIAZOMETHYL KETONES. A NOVEL SYNTHETIC ENTRY TO PENTALENO‐ANNULATED POLYCYCLIC SYSTEMS
Authors: SATYANARAYANA G. O. S. V. , KANJILAL P. R. , GHATAK U. R.
Published: April 2016

Das Diazomethylketon (I) cyclisiert bei Behandlung mit überschüssiger p‐Toluolsulfonsäure in quantitativer Ausbeute zu einem Gemisch der Ketone (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF (R)‐(+)‐ETHYLMETHYLPROPYLCARBINOL IN HIGH ENANTIOMERIC PURITY. A 1,3‐OXATHIANE DERIVED FROM (+)‐PULEGONE AS CHIRAL ADJUVANT
Authors: ELIEL E. L. , LYNCH J. E.
Published: April 2016

(+)‐Pulegon (I) addiert Benzylmercaptan zum Thioether (II), der mit Na/Ammoniak zum Thiol (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF 2,5‐DIHYDROTHIOPHENE SS‐DIOXIDES TO α,β‐UNSATURATED CYCLIC ANHYDRIDES. SYNTHESIS OF 10‐HYDROXYGERANIOL
Authors: WILLIAMS J. R. , LIN C.
Published: April 2016

Durch Photolyse des Dihydrothiophendioxids (I) in Gegenwart des Dicarbonsäureanhydrids (II) erhält man das Cycloaddukt (III), das nach Überführung in den Dimethylester (IV) zum Diester (V) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2,2,2‐TRIFLUOROETHANESULFONIC ACID
Authors: BUNYAGIDJ C. , PIOTROWSKA H. , ALDRIDGE M. H.
Published: April 2016

Aus 2,2,2‐Trifluorethanol (Ia) wird über die Sulfonsäureester (Ib) oder (Ic) das Thiocyanat (II) hergestellt und weiter zur Sulfonsäure (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBOCYCLIC SUGAR AMINES: SYNTHESIS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF RACEMIC α‐ AND β‐ CARBOCYCLIC RIBOFURANOSYLAMINE, CARBOCYCLIC LYXOFURANOSYLAMINE, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: KAM B. L. , OPPENHEIMER N. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Hydroxylierung des bicyclischen Lactams (I) liefert ein Diol (II), das zu den Amme‐Verbindungen (III)‐(V) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLVOLYSIS OF 1‐ADAMANTYL HALIDES: RETARDATION BY BRIDGEHEAD METHYL GROUPS
Authors: PERKINS R. , TIBBO P. , REID K. , DORNAN J.
Published: April 2016

Die Solvolyse der 1‐Halogenadamantane (I), (II) und (III) in 60 proz. Isopropanol bei 60°C wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE FUJIWARA REACTION: STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF REACTION PRODUCTS FROM BENZOTRICHLORIDE
Authors: UNO T. , OKUMURA K. , KURODA Y.
Published: April 2016

Pyridin (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Alkali mit geminalen Polyhalogenverbindungen zu stark gefärbten Verbindungen, deren Struktur am Beispiel der Umsetzung von Benzotrichlorid (II), die zu den Produkten (III) und (IV) führt, bestimmt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 1,5‐PENTANEDITHIOL WITH α‐ACETYLENIC KETONES
Authors: NAKHMANOVICH A. S. , GLOTOVA T. E. , VORONKOV M. G. , MANSUROV YU. A. , KOMAROVA T. N. , VITKOVSKII V. YU.
Published: April 2016

Durch Triethylamin katalysierte Reaktionen der Acetylene (I) mit Pentandithiol im Molverhältnis 2:1 (a,b) bzw. 1:1 (c) liefern die Bissulfide (II) und/oder die Dithiacyclooctane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME ARYLOXYPROPIONYLTHIOSEMICARBAZIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS POSSIBLE FUNGICIDES
Authors: SRIVASTAVA U. , PATHAK R. B. , BAHEL S. C.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Hydrazid (I) und den Isothiocyanaten (II) werden die Thiosemicarbazide (III) hergestellt, die in Natronlauge zu den Triazolen (IV), in Methanol zu den Oxadiazolen (V) und in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure zu den Thiadiazolen (VI) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, STEREOCHEMISTRY, AND EQUILIBRIUM RATIOS OF TRICYCLO(7.4.0.02,6)TRIDECANE STEREOISOMERS
Authors: VOROB'EVA N. S. , ZEMSKOVA Z. K. , PEKHK T. I. , PETROV AL. A.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Carbinol (III) entsteht unter der Einwirkung von 96proz. H2SO4 ein Gemisch der Cyclisierungsprodukte (IV) und (V) (angegeben sind hier wie im folgenden die Anteile am Produktgemisch).
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTION OF QUINIZARIN AND 5‐HYDROXYQUINIZARIN AT C‐2
Authors: SUTHERLAND J. K. , TOWERS P. , GREENHALGH C. W.
Published: April 2016

Acetessigsäureethylester (II) reagiert über das Carbanion mit der Verbindung (I) in unerwarteter Weise zum Keton (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATION OF 6‐METHYL‐2,7‐DIOXABICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPT‐3‐ENE IN THE PRESENCE OF ACIDS
Authors: JAROSZ S. , ZAMOJSKI A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) und 2‐Methylfuran (II) reagieren in Gegenwart von Lewissäuren zum Gemisch des Furanylethanols (III) und des Difuranylderivats (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF HALO ENOL LACTONES. MECHANISM‐BASED INACTIVATORS OF SERINE PROTEASES
Authors: KRAFFT G. A. , KATZENELLENBOGEN J. A.
Published: April 2016

Enollactone mit einem Halogensubstituenten an der Vinylgruppierung, die wirksame Inaktivatoren ("suicide inactivators") von Serin‐hydrolasen sind, werden für enzymatische Untersuchungen synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF POLYCYCLIC POLYETHERS. 1. STEREOSELECTIVITY OF THE HETEROCYCLIZATION OF Γ,Δ‐ETHYLENETETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOLS BY MERCURIC SALTS
Authors: AMOUROUX R. , CHASTRETTE F. , CHASTRETTE M.
Published: April 2016

Furfural (I) liefert über das gem.Diacetat (II) das Tetrahydrofuranaldehyd‐Derivat (III) und den entsprechenden Aldehyd (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: INDOL‐CYCLISIERUNG NACH BISCHLER IN GEGENWART VON LEWISSAEUREN
Authors: GALONS H. , GIRARDEAU J.‐F. , COMBET FARNOUX C. , MIOCQUE M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Anilinen (I) und den Chlormethylketonen (II) erhaltene Aminoketone (III) werden mit verschiedenen Friedel‐Crafts‐Katalysatoren wie HCl, AlCl3 oder ZnCl2 zu den isomeren Indolen (IV) und (V) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A SATURATED LIPID HYDROPEROXY CYCLIC PEROXIDE
Authors: FRANKEL E. N. , WEISLEDER D. , NEFF W. E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Oxidation des Mesylats von (I) mit 50 Äquival.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANALGETIC‐ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF 3,5‐PYRAZOLIDINEDIONES BEARING SMALL‐RING CYCLOALKYL GROUPS
Authors: BELLORA E. , MARAZZI‐UBERTI E. , GALLAZZI A. , DONETTI A.
Published: April 2016

Hydrazobenzol (I) wird mit Malonestern (II) zu Pyrazolidindionen (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED 4(5H)‐OXAZOLONES AND THEIR SALTS. PART 3. SYNTHESIS OF 4(5H)‐OXAZOLONIUM SALTS FROM AMIDES OF 2,4‐DIHYDROXY‐3,3‐DIMETHYLBUTANOIC ACID
Authors: LYUBKE F.‐U. , KOSULINA T. P. , KUL'NEVICH V. G.
Published: April 2016

Die Dihydroxy‐carbonsäureamide (I) reagieren mit Carbonsäureanhydriden (II) in Gegenwart von 70%iger Perchlorsäure unter Cyclisierung zu Oxazoloniumsalzen (III) und/oder (IV).