bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of 5-amino-5′-chloro-6-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-8-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-7,3′-indolin]-2′-one including an unknown solvent molecule
Authors: Nagalakshmi R. A. , Suresh J. , Sivakumar S. , Kumar R. Ranjith , Lakshman P. L. Nilantha
Published: August 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H15Cl2N5O4, contains two independent molecules (AandB) having similar conformations. The amine (NH2) group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the benzoyl group, giving anS(6) ring motif in both molecules. The central six-membered rings adopt sofa conformations and the imidazole rings are planar (r.m.s deviations = 0.0150 and 0.0166 Å). The pyridine and imidazole rings are inclined to one another by 3.54 (1) and 3.03 (1)° in moleculesAandB, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along theaaxis which encloseR22(16) ring motifs. The rings are linked by weak N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions forming sheets lying parallel to (001). A region of disordered electron density, most probably disordered solvent molecules, occupying voids ofca753 Å3for an electron count of 260, was treated using the SQUEEZE routine inPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155]. Their formula mass and unit-cell characteristics were not taken into account during refinement.
Crystal structure of poly[aqua[μ-1,1′-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl)di-1H-imidazole](μ-naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylato)nickel(II)]
Authors: Zou Hengye , Qi Yanjuan
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, [Ni(C12H6O4)(C21H18N4)(H2O)]n, the NiIIcation is coordinated by three carboxylate O atoms of two naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylate anions, one water molecule and two N atoms of two 1,1′-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl)di-1H-imidazole (DFDI) ligands, giving rise to a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The NiIIions are linked by the DFDI ligands into chains, which are further connected by the carboxylate anions into double chains that elongate in the theb-axis direction. These double chains are linked by centrosymmetric pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to (10-1). The asymmetric unit consists of one crystallographically independent NiIIcation, one carboxylate and one DFDI ligand, as well as of one water molecule, all of them located in general positions.
Relative substituent orientation in the structure ofcis-3-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxamide
Authors: Zeller Matthias , Warneke Jonas , Azov Vladimir
Published: August 2014

The structure of the title compound, C14H15ClN2O4, prepared by reaction of a methacryloyl dimer with nitroaniline, was determined to establish the relative substituent orientation on the cyclopentanone ring. In agreement with an earlier proposed reaction mechanism, the amide group and the methyl group adjacent to the chloro substituent adopt equatorial positions and relativecisorientation, whereas the Cl substituent itself and the methyl group adjacent to the amide have axial orientations relative to the mean plane of the five-membered ring. The conformation of the molecule is stabilized by one classical N—H...O (2.18 Å) and one non-classical C—H...O (2.23 Å) hydrogen bond, each possessing anS(6) graph-set motif. The crystal packing is defined by several non-classical intramolecular hydrogen bonds, as well as by partial stacking of the aromatic rings.
Partially coherent X-ray wavefront propagation simulations including grazing-incidence focusing optics
Authors: Canestrari Niccolo , Chubar Oleg , Reininger Ruben
Published: August 2014

X-ray beamlines in modern synchrotron radiation sources make extensive use of grazing-incidence reflective optics, in particular Kirkpatrick–Baez elliptical mirror systems. These systems can focus the incoming X-rays down to nanometer-scale spot sizes while maintaining relatively large acceptance apertures and high flux in the focused radiation spots. In low-emittance storage rings and in free-electron lasers such systems are used with partially or even nearly fully coherent X-ray beams and often target diffraction-limited resolution. Therefore, their accurate simulation and modeling has to be performed within the framework of wave optics. Here the implementation and benchmarking of a wave-optics method for the simulation of grazing-incidence mirrors based on the local stationary-phase approximation or, in other words, the local propagation of the radiation electric field along geometrical rays, is described. The proposed method is CPU-efficient and fully compatible with the numerical methods of Fourier optics. It has been implemented in theSynchrotron Radiation Workshop(SRW) computer code and extensively tested against the geometrical ray-tracing codeSHADOW. The test simulations have been performed for cases without and with diffraction at mirror apertures, including cases where the grazing-incidence mirrors can be hardly approximated by ideal lenses. Good agreement between theSRWandSHADOWsimulation results is observed in the cases without diffraction. The differences between the simulation results obtained by the two codes in diffraction-dominated cases for illumination with fully or partially coherent radiation are analyzed and interpreted. The application of the new method for the simulation of wavefront propagation through a high-resolution X-ray microspectroscopy beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA) is demonstrated.
Fixed‐Term Parliaments and the Challenges for Governments and the Civil Service: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: SCHLEITER PETRA , ISSAR SUKRITI
Published: August 2014

The Fixed‐term Parliaments Act significantly reduces the powers of the Prime Minister to manage the risk of government termination and to time elections to his or her party's advantage. In this paper we ask how the Act is likely to change the way in which governments terminate, their durability and opportunities for planning in government and departments. In answering these questions we draw on quantitative comparative evidence from other European countries that operate with fixed‐term parliaments. Our analysis suggests that fixing the parliamentary term can be expected to convert some opportunistically called elections into regular elections and to stabilise governments toward the end of the parliamentary term. But the Act is also likely to have unanticipated consequences in increasing governments’ vulnerability to failure before they reach the final sessions of Parliament. We explore these unanticipated consequences and outline their implications for governing style and Civil Service planning.
Radiological predictors of cytoreductive outcomes in patients with advanced ovarian cancer
Authors: Borley J , Wilhelm‐Benartzi C , Yazbek J , Williamson R , Bharwani N , Stewart V , Carson I , Hird E , McIndoe A , Farthing A , Blagden S , Ghaem‐Maghami S
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess site of disease on preoperative computed tomography (CT) to predict surgical debulking in patients with ovarian cancer.

Design

Two‐phase retrospective cohort study.

Setting

West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, UK.

Population

Women with stage 3 or 4, ovarian, fallopian or primary peritoneal cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery.

Methods

Preoperative CT images were reviewed by experienced radiologists to assess the presence or absence of disease at predetermined sites. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression models determined sites of disease which were significantly associated with surgical outcomes in the test (n = 111) and validation (n = 70) sets.

Main outcome measures

Sensitivity and specificity of CT in predicting surgical outcome.

Results

Stepwise logistic regression identified that the presence of lung metastasis, pleural effusion, deposits on the large‐bowel mesentery and small‐bowel mesentery, and infrarenal para‐aortic nodes were associated with debulking status. Logistic regression determined a surgical predictive score which was able to significantly predict suboptimal debulking (n = 94, P = 0.0001) with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.749 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.652, 0.846) and a sensitivity of 69.2%, specificity of 71.4%, positive predictive value of 75.0% and negative predictive value of 65.2%. These results remained significant in a recent validation set. There was a significant difference in residual disease volume in the test and validation sets (P < 0.001) in keeping with improved optimal debulking rates.

Conclusions

The presence of disease at some sites on preoperative CT scan is significantly associated with suboptimal debulking and may be an indication for a change in surgical planning.
Water and temperature relations of soil Actinobacteria
Authors: Stevenson Andrew , Hallsworth John E.
Published: August 2014

Actinobacteria perform essential functions within soils, and are dependent on available water to do so. We determined the water‐activity (aw) limits for cell division of Streptomyces albidoflavus, Streptomyces rectiviolaceus, Micromonospora grisea and Micromonospora (JCM 3050) over a range of temperatures, using culture media supplemented with a biologically permissive solute (glycerol). Each species grew optimally at 0.998 aw (control; no added glycerol) and growth rates were near‐optimal in the range 0.971–0.974 (1 M glycerol) at permissive temperatures. Each was capable of cell division at 0.916–0.924 aw (2 M glycerol), but only S. albidoflavus grew at 0.895 or 0.897 aw (3 M glycerol, at 30 and 37°C respectively). For S. albidoflavus, however, no growth occurred on media at ≤ 0.870 (4 M glycerol) during the 40‐day assessment period, regardless of temperature, and a theoretical limit of 0.877 aw was derived by extrapolation of growth curves. This level of solute tolerance is high for non‐halophilic bacteria, but is consistent with reported limits for the growth and metabolic activities of soil microbes. The limit, within the range 0.895–0.870 aw, is very much inferior to those for obligately halophilic bacteria and extremely halophilic or xerophilic fungi, and is inconsistent with earlier reports of cell division at 0.500 aw. These findings are discussed in relation to planetary protection policy for space exploration and the microbiology of arid soils.
Trees, branches and (square) roots: why evolutionary relatedness is not linearly related to functional distance
Authors: Letten Andrew D. , Cornwell William K.
Published: August 2014

An increasingly popular practice in community ecology is to use the evolutionary distance among interacting species as a proxy for their overall functional similarity.

At the core of this approach is the implicit, yet poorly recognized, assumption that trait dissimilarity increases linearly with divergence time, that is all evolutionary time is considered equal. However, given a classic Brownian model of trait evolution, we show that the expected functional displacement of any two taxa is more appropriately represented as a linear function of time's square root.

In light of this mismatch between theory and methodology, we argue that current methods at the interface of ecology and evolutionary biology often greatly overweight deep time relative to recent time.

An easy solution to this weighting problem is a square root transformation of the phylogenetic distance matrix. Using simulated models of trait evolution and community assembly, we show that this transformation yields considerably higher statistical power, with improvements in 92% of trials. This methodological update is likely to improve our understanding of the connection between evolutionary relatedness and contemporary ecological processes.
Exposure to rufinamide and risks of CNS adverse events in drug‐resistant epilepsy: a meta‐analysis of randomized, placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Alsaad Abdulaziz M. S. , Koren Gideon
Published: August 2014

Aim

Epilepsy is a complex disease necessitating continuous development of new therapeutic strategies to encounter drug‐resistant cases. Among new adjuvant antiepileptic drugs, rufinamide is structurally distinct from other antiepileptic drugs. It is used to treat partial‐onset seizures and seizures associated with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in adult and children. To date, there has been no attempt to evaluate systematically the risks of adverse events with rufinamide.

Methods

We performed a quantitative risk analysis of central nervous system (CNS) adverse events of rufinamide from all randomized, double‐blind, add‐on, placebo‐controlled trials. The meta‐analysis was undertaken with fixed effects models.

Results

Of the 886 publications reviewed, 99 papers were retrieved and five articles met the inclusion criteria. One thousand two hundred and fifty‐two patients were included. Our study showed that exposure to rufinamide was associated with a significant increase in risk of somnolence [relative ratio (RR) 1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33, 2.62; P = 0.0003], dizziness (RR 2.66; 95% CI 2.00, 3.55; P = 0.00001), fatigue (RR 2.14; 95% CI 1.57, 2.91; P = 0.01) and headache (RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.02, 1.59, P = 0.03). In addition, exposure to rufinamide was associated with higher treatment discontinuation rates as compared with placebo (RR 2.65; 95% CI 1.74, 4.03; P = 0.00001).

Conclusions

The risk of CNS adverse events appears to be increased in patients exposed to rufinamide as well as the treatment discontinuation rates. However, although statistical associations were significant, additional long term safety studies are required to confirm the clinical significance of these findings, as most reports described only mild and moderate adverse events.
Does Deregulation Work? Reassessing the Unemployment Effects of Employment Protection
Authors: Avdagic Sabina
Published: August 2014

Using new data, this article examines the effect of employment protection legislation (EPL) on aggregate and youth unemployment in advanced economies and Central and Eastern Europe during 1980–2009. The results offer no clear support for the argument that EPL is a cause of unemployment. Although EPL reaches statistical significance at conventional levels in some models, the results are sensitive to small changes in the sample or the use of alternative estimators. While the analysis suggests some scope for complementary reforms of EPL and the tax wedge in tackling youth unemployment, the findings on the whole indicate that government efforts to tackle unemployment by deregulating EPL alone may well be futile.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bisphosphonate Compound Labeled with 99mTc(CO)3+
Authors: Şenocak Kamile , Teksöz Serap , İçhedef Çiğdem , Uçar Eser
Published: August 2014

In this study, radiolabeling of a bisphosphonate, alendronate (Alendronate sodium), was performed with the help of a bifunctional chelating agent. For that purpose, DTPA‐NHS (Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dianhydride‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide) was synthesized with an esterification between DTPA and NHS. Combining the DTPA‐NHS ester with alendronate yields the DTPA‐Alendronate compound. The structure of synthesized compound was analyzed by 1H/13C/31P‐NMR and HPLC. After then, the labeling with [99mTc(CO)3]+ core of synthesized compound was provided. Performing quality controls of newly synthesized [99mTc(CO)3‐DTPA‐Alendronate] complex with thin layer radiochromatography (TLRC) and high‐performance liquid radiochromatography (HPLRC), the labeling yield was found as 99%. It was observed that the compound conserves its stability for 24 h in serum media. Biodistribution of the radiolabeled complex was performed on Wistar Albino rats to determine radiopharmaceutical potential of the [99mTc(CO)3‐DTPA‐Alendronate] complex. It is thought that the data gained from this study will contribute to the development of complexes with bisphosphonate.
Interactive Diffraction from Biological Nanostructures
Authors: Dhillon D. S. , Teyssier J. , Single M. , Gaponenko I. , Milinkovitch M. C. , Zwicker M.
Published: August 2014

We describe a technique for interactive rendering of diffraction effects produced by biological nanostructures, such as snake skin surface gratings. Our approach uses imagery from atomic force microscopy that accurately captures the geometry of the nanostructures responsible for structural colouration, that is, colouration due to wave interference, in a variety of animals. We develop a rendering technique that constructs bidirectional reflection distribution functions (BRDFs) directly from the measured data and leverages pre‐computation to achieve interactive performance. We demonstrate results of our approach using various shapes of the surface grating nanostructures. Finally, we evaluate the accuracy of our pre‐computation‐based technique and compare to a reference BRDF construction technique
Example‐Based Materials in Laplace–Beltrami Shape Space
Authors: Zhu Fei , Li Sheng , Wang Guoping
Published: August 2014

We present a novel method for flexible and efficient simulation of example‐based elastic deformation. The geometry of all input shapes is projected into a common shape space spanned by the Laplace–Beltrami eigenfunctions. The eigenfunctions are coupled to be compatible across shapes. Shape representation in the common shape space is scale‐invariant and topology‐independent. The limitation of previous example‐based approaches is circumvented that all examples must have identical topology with the simulated object. Additionally, our method allows examples that are arbitrary in size, similar but not identical in shape with the object. We interpolate the examples via a weighted‐energy minimization to find the target configuration that guides the object to desired deformation. Large deformation between examples is handled by a physically plausible energy metric. This optimization is efficient as the eigenfunctions are pre‐computed and the problem dimension is small. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach with animation results and performance analysis.
Healing of a xenogeneic collagen matrix for keratinized tissue augmentation
Authors: Vignoletti Fabio , Nuñez Javier , de Sanctis Francesco , Lopez Monica , Caffesse Raul , Sanz Mariano
Published: August 2014

Aim

To evaluate histologically the healing of a xenogeneic collagen matrix (CM) used to augment the width of keratinized tissue around teeth.

Materials and methods

The gingiva on the buccal aspect of mandibular and maxillary premolars was surgically excised on 12 minipigs. After 1 month of plaque accumulation, the resulting defects were randomly treated by a periosteal retention procedure (control site) or by placing a collagen matrix after an apically repositioned flap (CM) (test site). Clinical and histological outcomes were evaluated at 1, 4 and at 12 weeks.

Results

Clinically, no gain of keratinized tissue was noted in either group. Histometrically, the thickness of the gingival unit was significantly higher in the test group at 1 month, although these differences were not significant at 3 months. There was a tendency in the test group towards less bone resorption (0.7 mm) and apical displacement (0.5 mm) of the gingival margin at 3 months.

Conclusions

The tested CM demonstrated uneventful healing, being resorbed within the surrounding tissues in absence of significant inflammation. When compared with periosteal retention alone, the CM group attained similar clinical and histological outcomes.
Do you See what I See? Signaling Effects of Gender and Firm Characteristics on Financing Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Eddleston Kimberly A. , Ladge Jamie J. , Mitteness Cheryl , Balachandra Lakshmi
Published: August 2014

In this study, we examine whether female entrepreneurs are held to a different standard than male entrepreneurs in obtaining financing from banks. To test this idea, we draw from the literature on signaling theory to propose that characteristics specific to the firm and the entrepreneur act as a means to communicate (i.e., signal) the inherent quality of the venture and thus impact the amount of capital the entrepreneur is able to obtain. We then explore the moderating role of gender based on gender role congruity theory to argue that capital providers reward the business characteristics of male and female entrepreneurs differently to the disadvantage of women.
Modeling the impact of climate variability on Black Sea anchovy recruitment and production
Authors: Güraslan Ceren , Fach Bettina A. , Oguz Temel
Published: August 2014

The connection of climate variability with anchovy spawning and recruitment in the Black Sea in particular, and other ecosystems in general, was studied using a two‐way coupled lower trophic level and anchovy bioenergetics model. Climate variability was represented by a 50‐yr time series of daily temperature and vertical mixing rates with stochastic variations. Temperature was found to be the dominant factor influencing early life stages and hence population dynamics of Black Sea anchovy as marked by a high correlation of anchovy egg production and recruitment success in response to changes in temperature. Each decrease of 2°C in summer mean temperatures resulted in a delay in the timing of egg production of between 12 and 19 days. Water temperatures in the spawning season had a greater influence than the number of available spawning females on the intensity of egg production. Anchovy recruitment was similarly influenced by temperature, with decreased temperatures resulting in a significant delay in the onset of peak recruitment during the fall by 21–38 days. Also, recruitment numbers in December decreased by about 20% with decreasing temperatures. The impact of temperature on production was slightly diminished by the impact of vertical mixing. The strong linkage of climate variability with anchovy spawning and recruitment has an important prediction potential for short‐term anchovy stock estimations, which may serve fisheries management purposes.
Potassium kinetics during hemodialysis
Authors: Agar Baris U. , Culleton Bruce F. , Fluck Richard , Leypoldt John K.
Published: August 2014

Hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients is associated with high mortality, but prescription of low dialysate potassium concentrations to decrease serum potassium levels is associated with a high incidence of sudden cardiac arrest or sudden death. Improved clinical outcomes for these patients may be possible if rapid and substantial intradialysis decreases in serum potassium concentration can be avoided while maintaining adequate potassium removal. Data from kinetic modeling sessions during the HEMO Study of the dependence of serum potassium concentration on time during hemodialysis treatments and 30 minutes postdialysis were evaluated using a pseudo one‐compartment model. Kinetic estimates of potassium mobilization clearance (KM) and predialysis central distribution volume (Vpre) were determined in 551 hemodialysis patients. The studied patients were 58.8 ± 14.4 years of age with predialysis body weight of 72.1 ± 15.1 kg; 306 (55.4%) of the patients were female and 337 (61.2%) were black. KM and Vpre for all patients were non‐normally distributed with values of 158 (111, 235) (median [interquartile range]) mL/min and 15.6 (11.4, 22.8) L, respectively. KM was independent of dialysate potassium concentration (P > 0.2), but Vpre was lower at higher dialysate potassium concentration (R = −0.188, P < 0.001). For patients with dialysate potassium concentration between 1.6 and 2.5 mEq/L (N = 437), multiple linear regression of KM and Vpre demonstrated positive association with predialysis body weight and negative association with predialysis serum potassium concentration. Potassium kinetics during hemodialysis can be described using a pseudo one‐compartment model.
Small bowel obstruction due to an unconjugated ursodeoxycholic acid enterolith following living donor liver transplantation: Report of a case
Authors: Mukai Shoichiro , Onoe Takashi , Tashiro Hirotaka , Ohdan Hideki
Published: August 2014

We report an unusual case of small bowel obstruction due to an ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) enterolith that occurred 7 years after liver transplantation. A 70‐year‐old man had undergone multiple operations, including a living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and hepaticojejunostomy. Four years after the LDLT, cholestasis developed, for which oral UDCA was administrated. Seven years after the LDLT, he was admitted to our hospital because of pneumonia; intestinal obstruction occurred following its resolution. A radiographic contrast study and computed tomographic scan indicated a movable mass as the cause of the ileus, suggesting a giant stone. We were unable to observe or remove the stone by double balloon enteroscopy owing to the presence of severe adhesion; thus, we surgically removed the mass. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. He was discharged 20 days after the operation. An infrared spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the stone was a true enterolith, primarily composed of unconjugated UDCA. An ileus caused by a true enterolith is a rare clinical complication of LDLT. Nevertheless, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstructions in liver transplant recipients with Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomies and/or bowel stasis.
Effectiveness of prostaglandin E1 in patients with mixed arterial and venous ulcers of the lower limbs
Authors: De Caridi Giovanni , Massara Mafalda , Stilo Francesco , Spinelli Francesco , Grande Raffaele , Butrico Lucia , de Franciscis Stefano , Serra Raffaele
Published: August 2014

Mixed arterial and venous ulcers of the lower limbs are present in around 15–30% of patients with chronic venous ulcers (CVUs) and are considered difficult‐to‐heal wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the treatment of mixed arterial and venous ulcers of the lower limbs with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion. This study was carried out in 48 consecutive patients. Patients who showed intolerability to PGE1, and patients with peripheral neuropathy, blood or systemic diseases, malignancy and acute wound infections or necrotic tissue on the wound bed were excluded. The patients were separated at random into two main groups: group I (25 patients) received standard treatment and PGE1 infusion. Group II (23 patients) received only standard treatment. Pre‐treatment data indicated the area of ulceration. The number of healed ulcers and the variation in the area of ulceration were considered as endpoints. The endpoints were noticed after 120 days from the beginning of treatment. Healing occurred in 80% of limbs of group I and in 52·2% of limbs of group II patients. The average reduction in area was 92% versus 60% in patients of group I and II, respectively. During the whole treatment period, the incidence of adverse events was 8% in group I: there was one case of headache and one case of headache and hypotension combined. No side effects were recorded in patients of group II. In conclusion, PGE1 infusion is a determinant in the reduction of the healing time of mixed ulcers of the lower limbs.
Understanding patient‐to‐worker violence in hospitals: a qualitative analysis of documented incident reports
Authors: Arnetz Judith E. , Hamblin Lydia , Essenmacher Lynnette , Upfal Mark J. , Ager Joel , Luborsky Mark
Published: August 2014

Aim

To explore catalysts to, and circumstances surrounding, patient‐to‐worker violent incidents recorded by employees in a hospital system database.

Background

Violence by patients towards healthcare workers (Type II workplace violence) is a significant occupational hazard in hospitals worldwide. Studies to date have failed to investigate its root causes due to a lack of empirical research based on documented episodes of patient violence.

Design

Qualitative content analysis.

Methods

Content analysis was conducted on the total sample of 214 Type II incidents documented in 2011 by employees of an American hospital system with a centralized reporting system.

Findings

The majority of incidents were reported by nurses (39·8%), security staff (15·9%) and nurse assistants (14·4%). Three distinct themes were identified from the analysis: Patient Behaviour, Patient Care and Situational Events. Specific causes of violence related to Patient Behaviour were cognitive impairment and demanding to leave. Catalysts related to patient care were the use of needles, patient pain/discomfort and physical transfers of patients. Situational factors included the use/presence of restraints; transitions in the care process; intervening to protect patients and/or staff; and redirecting patients.

Conclusions

Identifying catalysts and situations involved in patient violence in hospitals informs administrators about potential targets for intervention. Hospital staff can be trained to recognize these specific risk factors for patient violence and can be educated in how to best mitigate or prevent the most common forms of violent behaviour. A social–ecological model can be adapted to the hospital setting as a framework for prevention of patient violence towards staff.
Blister‐inducing antibodies target multiple epitopes on collagen VII in mice
Authors: Csorba Kinga , Chiriac Mircea Teodor , Florea Florina , Ghinia Miruna Georgiana , Licarete Emilia , Rados Andreea , Sas Alexandra , Vuta Vlad , Sitaru Cassian
Published: August 2014

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of mucous membranes and the skin caused by autoantibodies against collagen VII. In silico and wet laboratory epitope mapping studies revealed numerous distinct epitopes recognized by EBA patients' autoantibodies within the non‐collagenous (NC)1 and NC2 domains of collagen VII. However, the distribution of pathogenic epitopes on collagen VII has not yet been described. In this study, we therefore performed an in vivo functional epitope mapping of pathogenic autoantibodies in experimental EBA. Animals (n = 10/group) immunized against fragments of the NC1 and NC2 domains of collagen VII or injected with antibodies generated against the same fragments developed to different extent experimental EBA. Our results demonstrate that antibodies targeting multiple, distinct epitopes distributed over the entire NC1, but not NC2 domain of collagen VII induce blistering skin disease in vivo. Our present findings have crucial implications for the development of antigen‐specific B‐ and T cell‐targeted therapies in EBA.
Th17 can regulate silica‐induced lung inflammation through an IL‐1β‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Song Laiyu , Weng Dong , Dai Wujing , Tang Wen , Chen Shi , Li Chao , Chen Ying , Liu Fangwei , Chen Jie
Published: August 2014

Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust and characterized by lung inflammation and fibrosis. Interleukin (IL)‐1β is induced by silica and functions as the key pro‐inflammatory cytokine in this process. The Th17 response, which is induced by IL‐1β, has been reported very important in chronic human lung inflammatory diseases. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of IL‐1β and IL‐17 in silicosis, we used anakinra and an anti‐IL‐17 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to block the receptor of IL‐1β (IL‐RI) and IL‐17, respectively, in a mouse model of silicosis. We observed increased IL‐1β expression and an enhanced Th17 response after silica instillation. Treatment with an IL‐1 type I receptor (IL‐1RI) antagonist anakinra substantially decreased silica‐induced lung inflammation and the Th17 response. Lung inflammation and the accumulation of inflammatory cells were attenuated in the IL‐17‐neutralized silicosis group. IL‐17 may promote lung inflammation by modulating the differentiation of Th1 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and by regulating the production of IL‐22 and IL‐1β during the lung inflammation of silicosis. Silica may induce IL‐1β production from alveolar macrophages and promote inflammation by initiating a Th17 response via an IL‐1β/IL‐1RI‐dependent mechanism. The Th17 response could induce lung inflammation during the pathogenesis of silicosis by regulating the homoeostasis of the Th immune responses and affecting the production of IL‐22 and IL‐1β. This study describes a potentially important inflammatory mechanism of silicosis that may bring about novel therapies for this inflammatory and fibrotic disease.
Integration without Representation? The European Parliament and the Reform of Economic Governance in the EU
Authors: Rittberger Berthold
Published: August 2014

While the Lisbon Treaty has been heralded as victory for the European Parliament, the crisis‐related reforms of the European Union's economic governance regime are commonly being considered to have empowered governments and supranational institutions – such as the Commission and ECB – at the expense of the EP and national parliaments. This article argues that the picture is more nuanced than suggested by the conventional wisdom: legitimacy‐seeking and interinstitutional bargaining arguments, which have been applied effectively to account for the expansion of the EP's power in the past, highlight the conditions under which the EP's struggle for more institutional power is either met with success (as in the case of the single supervisory mechanism) or faces virtually insurmountable obstacles (as in the case of the Troika and the European Stability Mechanism).
Hepatitis B virus infection and metabolic syndrome: Fact or fiction?
Authors: Wang Chia‐Chi , Tseng Tai‐Chung , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: August 2014

Although hepatitis C virus infection is known to be linked with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis, the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and metabolic factors remains unclear. HBV infection is a health problem worldwide, especially in endemic regions such as Asia and Africa. It induces liver decompensation, cirrhosis, hepatocellualr carcinoma, and premature mortality. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome continues to increase in parallel with the epidemic of obesity, which is closely associated with the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or even cancer. The systemic review shows that chronic HBV infection protects against instead of promotes fatty liver. The mechanism is possibly due to a lower frequency of dyslipidemia profile in patients with chronic HBV infection. The association of HBV with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and the risk of arteriosclerosis is still inconclusive. In addition, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome may accelerate the progression of liver disease in patients with chronic HBV infection and synergistically induce cirrhosis or even hepatocellualr carcinoma development.
Irritable bowel syndrome: A comparison of subtypes
Authors: Rey de Castro Nicolas G , Miller Vivien , Carruthers Helen R , Whorwell Peter J
Published: August 2014

Background and Aim

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is traditionally divided into subtypes depending on the bowel habit abnormality, but there is little clarity in the literature about whether these subtypes differ symptomatically or psychologically. Furthermore, there are conflicting reports on the relationship between symptom severity and psychological status. The aim of this study was to address these issues in a large cohort of patients defined by bowel habit.

Methods

One thousand IBS patients were divided into diarrhea (IBS‐D), constipation (IBS‐C), and mixed (IBS‐M) bowel habit subtypes and completed a series of validated questionnaires capturing symptom severity, non‐colonic symptomatology (somatization), quality of life, and anxiety or depression levels. Comparisons were made using SPSS version 20.

Results

There were no significant differences between the three subtypes with respect to symptom severity, abdominal pain intensity, non‐colonic symptomatology, quality of life, and anxiety or depression scores (all Ps > 0.05). In addition, there was only a small but statistically significant correlation between IBS symptom severity and both anxiety or depression, as well as quality of life (highest r = 0.34), while the relationship between somatization and disease severity was moderate (r = 0.42).

Conclusion

This study suggests that there are no differences in the symptom profiles and anxiety or depression scores between different subtypes of IBS. In addition, anxiety and depression do not appear to be strongly associated with symptom severity, although this does not exclude the possible interplay between these and other psychological drivers of severity, such as poor coping skills.
‘It's made all of us bond since that course…’ – a qualitative study of service users' experiences of a CBT anger management group intervention
Authors: MacMahon P. , Stenfert Kroese B. , Jahoda A. , Stimpson A. , Rose N. , Rose J. , Townson J. , Hood K. , Willner P.
Published: August 2014

Background

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) are rarely asked about their experiences as users of psychological services and little is known about the views of clients withIDwho have undergone cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This study aimed to gather the views of adults withIDwho had recently taken part in a cluster randomised control trial (RCT) of a staff‐delivered manualisedCBTanger management group intervention.

Method

A qualitative method, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), was employed and eleven participants were interviewed. The interviews took place after the intervention, within two weeks of the end of the group, to gain an understanding of service users' experiences of participating in aCBTgroup.

Results

IPAof the interview transcripts indicated that the intervention was experienced as effective and enjoyable and a number of themes were identified including: ‘the importance of relationships’, ‘a new me’, ‘new and improved relationships’, ‘presenting myself in a positive light’ and ‘what the group didn't change’.

Conclusions

The results will be discussed in the context of applying groupCBTfor adults withIDand implications for service development.
Intercultural ‘Traffique’ in Fulke Greville's Mustapha
Authors: Röder Katrin
Published: August 2014

Recent research in the field of early modern representations of the Islamic world has shown that the conceptions of Self and Other in the early modern period were more ambiguous and fluid than in later Orientalist discourse. This article seeks to place Fulke Greville's tragedy Mustapha (published in 1609 and in 1633 in different versions) in the context of critical discussions about English representations of Muslims and the Islamic world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and shows that it contributes to the great variety of portrayals of Muslims in early modern English drama. Jonathan Burton has commented on the tragedy's expression of religious and political tolerance and has explained it mainly as an ‘accident of the story’ (Burton, Traffic and Turning 193). This article probes into this ‘accident of the story’ and explores the source material, which was available to Greville. It demonstrates that Greville's nuanced portrayal of Muslims is the outcome of his creative appropriation of his sources and of contemporary representations of Muslims and the Ottoman Empire, especially of its practices of power. In the following, Mustapha is not discussed primarily with regard to its representation of morally depraved or admirable Muslims because these categories over‐simplify the varied portrayal of Muslims in early modern English drama in general. Instead, this article shows that the significance of Greville's appropriation of his source material for the tragedy as a whole lies in his discussion of the political and philosophical implications of an event in Ottoman history. The following analysis seeks to demonstrate that this discussion resists aesthetic as well as political closure.
China and the English Enlightenment: Literature, Aesthetics, and Commerce
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: August 2014

China played a crucial role in the transformation of English ideas of civilization, enlightenment, and aesthetics during the 18th century. Well into the century, China served two crucial and imaginary roles for British readers: it offered the fantasy of both an insatiable market for British exports and an inexhaustible storehouse of luxury goods (from tea to textiles) that could be paid for by exports rather than silver bullion. Such idealizations of China, however, began to corrode over the course of the 18th century as porcelain, silk, tea, and other commodities became markers of a culturally feminized chinoiserie for novelists like Daniel Defoe. As tastes changed and chinoiserie began to fall out of favor, it still continued to mark changing aesthetic attitudes and changing perceptions of social, gender, and national identity. By the late 18th century, British accounts of the Canton trade became important sites for debating cultural difference and philosophical enlightenment for theorists from Adam Smith to Karl Marx.
Linking oxygen availability with membrane potential maintenance and K+ retention of barley roots: implications for waterlogging stress tolerance
Authors: ZENG FANRONG , KONNERUP DENNIS , SHABALA LANA , ZHOU MEIXUE , COLMER TIMOTHY DAVID , ZHANG GUOPING , SHABALA SERGEY
Published: August 2014

Oxygen deprivation is a key determinant of root growth and functioning under waterlogging. In this work, changes in net K+ flux and membrane potential (MP) of root cells were measured from elongation and mature zones of two barley varieties under hypoxia and anoxia conditions in the medium, and as influenced by ability to transport O2 from the shoot. We show that O2 deprivation results in an immediate K+ loss from roots, in a tissue‐ and time‐specific manner, affecting root K+ homeostasis. Both anoxia and hypoxia induced transient membrane depolarization; the extent of this depolarization varied depending on severity of O2 stress and was less pronounced in a waterlogging‐tolerant variety. Intact roots of barley were capable of maintaining H+‐pumping activity under hypoxic conditions while disrupting O2 transport from shoot to root resulted in more pronounced membrane depolarization under O2‐limited conditions and in anoxia a rapid loss of the cell viability. It is concluded that the ability of root cells to maintain MP and cytosolic K+ homeostasis is central to plant performance under waterlogging, and efficient O2 transport from the shoot may enable operation of the plasma membrane H+‐ATPase in roots even under conditions of severe O2 limitation in the soil solution.
Microbial Community Composition in a Rehabilitated Bauxite Residue Disposal Area: A Case Study for Improving Microbial Community Composition
Authors: Courtney Ronan , Harris Jim A. , Pawlett Mark
Published: August 2014

The chemical composition of rehabilitated Bauxite Residue Disposal Areas (BRDA) remains the primary indicator of rehabilitation success, with little consideration of microbial community development. We investigated links between the chemical and microbial components of rehabilitated residue at the Aughinish Alumina BRDA (Ireland). Rehabilitated was compared to unamended residue and to an analogy reference soil from unmanaged grassland within the refinery boundary. Bauxite residue comprised of areas with 1, 11, and 12 years following rehabilitation establishment, and gypsum applied at 45 and 90 t/ha. The unamended residue was typical of bauxite residues with high pH (10), sodicity (exchangeable sodium percentage [ESP]‐79), exchangeable sodium (19 cmol/kg), salinity (electrical conductivity [EC] 2.6 mS/cm), and low/negligible nutrient content, microbial biomass (71 µg‐C/g), and fungal phospholipid fatty acid (PLF). Microbial biomass increased 10‐fold with only 1 year of rehabilitation. Gypsum application rate had no effect on microbial biomass. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) demonstrated the emergence of distinct microbial community dependent on rehabilitation time and gypsum application rates. Changes of PLFA profiles were correlated (multiple regressions analysis) to shifts in residue chemical properties (sodicity, organic C, total C, total N, salinity, Mg). An increase of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi fatty acid (16:1ω5) with reducing pH has implications on rehabilitation practices. The microbial characteristics of the rehabilitated residue were approaching that of a soil from an unmanaged reference site adjacent to the working site. Gypsum affected PLFA properties, and thereby application has implications for rehabilitation success. For successful ecosystem reconstruction, it is critical that rehabilitation practices consider microbial development.
Poor women and parish public health in sixteenth‐century London
Authors: Munkhoff Richelle
Published: August 2014

While there is much excellent scholarship on the topics of poor relief and plague management in England, less attention has been paid to how they function together, especially given that they were housed in the same administrative unit of the parish. This article focuses on one key area of overlap: the medical labour performed by poor women as nurses or ‘keepers’ for their neighbours and as ‘searchers’ for epidemiological purposes in the period 1560–1600. Examining primarily parish records, such as churchwardens’ account books and vestry minutes, I make a three‐fold argument: first, women's labour became systematized as part of charitable parish care, as keeping duties rose to the level of visible economic exchange; second, the labour of keeping provided the foundation for the development of women's roles as plague searchers; and third, together those roles indicate a deliberate structure implemented in London to confront issues of public health (poverty, vagrancy, epidemics) that is worth considering in its own right.
Class Dismissed: Putting Social Class on the Critical Psychological Agenda
Authors: Day Katy , Rickett Bridgette , Woolhouse Maxine
Published: August 2014

Despite persuasive arguments pertaining to the importance of social class in the shaping of human life, this has and continues to be neglected within psychological research. Using primarily a UK focus, we begin by outlining some of the ways in which ‘mainstream’ psychology typically conceptualises class (e.g. socio‐economic status) and argue that such an approach has a number of detrimental implications, for example, neglecting structural inequalities and oppression and ‘othering’ the working class. We then present a selection of ‘critical’ and feminist‐informed research on social class which, we argue, offers a more holistic and sophisticated understanding of class and, in particular, draws attention to the complexities involved in how people experience, understand and construct class, classed identities and class transitions. Further, such work provides insight into the many ways in which people reproduce, re‐work and resist classed discourse in everyday contexts such as the home, work place and beyond. However, we acknowledge the need for investigation into how those with more economic power justify class privilege and discursively protect and maintain their status.
Implicit and Explicit Evaluation: A Brief Review of the Associative–Propositional Evaluation Model
Authors: Gawronski Bertram , Bodenhausen Galen V.
Published: August 2014

A central theme in contemporary psychology is the distinction between implicit and explicit evaluation. Research has shown various dissociations between the two kinds of evaluations, including different antecedents, different consequences, and discrepant evaluations of the same object. The current article provides a brief review of the associative–propositional evaluation (APE) model, which accounts for these dissociations by conceptualizing implicit and explicit evaluations as the behavioral outcomes of two functionally distinct, yet mutually interacting, mental processes. Whereas implicit evaluations are assumed to be the outcome of associative processes, explicit evaluations are conceptualized as the outcome of propositional processes. Associative processes determine the activation of mental contents on the basis of feature similarity and spatiotemporal contiguity; propositional processes involve the validation of activated mental contents on the basis of cognitive consistency. The APE model includes specific assumptions about mutual interactions between the two processes, implying precise predictions about converging versus diverging patterns of implicit and explicit evaluation.