bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observational Data: Overview and Fundamentals
Authors: Basu Sarbani , Chaplin William J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers some of the fundamentals associated with the basic datasets from which the asteroseismic and other intrinsic stellar parameters are extracted (usually lightcurves of photometric observations or time series of Doppler velocity observations). In particular, the chapter looks at how the observational technique affects the amplitudes of the observed oscillations. It also introduces the other intrinsic stellar signals that manifest in the data, specifically those due to granulation (signatures of near-surface convection) and magnetic activity. The chapter's aim is to familiarize the reader with the basic content of the typical data and lay some important groundwork for the detailed presentations that follow in the next two chapters.
Observational Data: Detailed Characteristics in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Basu Sarbani , Chaplin William J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter details the frequency-domain properties of observational data on stars. It is from the analysis of the frequency spectrum of the observations that the asteroseismic parameters are usually extracted. The chapter looks at each of the intrinsic stellar contributions in turn, always with an eye to how each must be handled in the asteroseismic analysis. It also considers the impact on the analysis of gaps in the data. In performing the analyses, this chapter begins by covering practical fundamentals associated with estimation of the frequency spectra, which underpin everything that follows. In addition, this chapter will be making use of Fourier transforms in studying the data.
History and Economics
Authors: Kumekawa Ian
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter takes a brief look into the life and career of Arthur Cecil Pigou, as an economist and as a historical figure. Pigou lived through at least two periods of radical transition in the economic discipline. During the first, in the early 1900s, he was a pioneer, a new breed of economist who helped usher out the age of political economy and usher in that of economic science. As this new discipline spread throughout Britain, Europe, and the United States, Pigou's work was adopted as part of the new orthodoxy of economic thought that increasingly was leveraged by national governments. But in the subsequent period of transformation in the 1930s, Pigou found himself in an entirely different position. During this time, though he was an established “giant” of his field, the contours of his discipline were swiftly becoming unfamiliar to him.
Beginnings
Authors: Kumekawa Ian
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes Pigou's formative years. Born to Clarence Pigou and Nora Lees in 1877, Pigou spent the first year of his life at Beachlands and later went to school at Harrow at the age of 13. He then went on to King's College, Cambridge, and became attached to the circle of Oscar Browning, one of the chief historical reformers favoring the study of history as an end in itself. While Pigou had already begun to read economic texts as early as his Harrow years, he experienced a turning point during his second year in King's after an encounter with Alfred Marshall. The result was that Pigou was personally plucked from the study of history and mentored by the greatest economist then working in Britain.
Bearing Fruit as Well as Light
Authors: Kumekawa Ian
Published: May 2018

This chapter takes a look at Pigou's welfare economics, particularly through his most famous work, Wealth and Welfare, which began circulating in 1912. This book marked the formal start of Pigou's work on the economics of welfare and, arguably, the birth of the field of welfare economics. Pigou's welfare economics was concerned with analyzing and correcting imperfections in the market that resulted in suboptimal levels of societal wellbeing. This premise—the idea that the market was not self-regulating—meant that much of the ameliorative potential of Pigou's welfare economics depended on the actions of a competent administrator located outside the market. Amid a surging public respect for science and a burgeoning pressure for government to take a more active role in the economy, Pigou's work not only made a major theoretical contribution, it was also able to provide a rigorous justification for state action at a propitious time.
Cycles of Disruptive Fixation
Authors: Sims Christo
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the emergence of the Downtown School for Design, Media, and Technology within the context of historical cycles of purportedly disruptive educational reform in the United States. It considers how reformers' inability to remedy the social and political problems with which education has repeatedly and increasingly been tasked—which reformers also recurrently promise to fix—help produce conditions in which both crises in education and calls for disruptive remedies can recurrently arise. Against this historical backdrop, the chapter shows how particular cycles of disruptive fixation occurred as the Downtown School's designers and reformers responded to calls for disruption by engaging in problematization and rendering technical processes.
Spatial Fixations
Authors: Sims Christo
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines what spatial fixations that arose through designers' processes of problematizing and rendering technical excluded and how they fared once the Downtown School for Design, Media, and Technology became operational. It considers how forces that were excluded by educational reformers' fixations overflowed the project once it was launched. More specifically, it shows how fixation limited and distorted the ways that reformers imagined space. The chapter contrasts reformers' imaginings of connected but circumscribed “learning environments” with the ways that parents and caregivers helped construct and connect socially differentiated spaces for their children. It also explores racialized and classed geographies of New York City in relation to spatial fixations as well as the relationship between spatial fixations and school choice.
Community Fixations
Authors: Sims Christo
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how powerful factions of the local community—in this case privileged parents of the Downtown School for Design, Media, and Technology—can wrest a philanthropic intervention and steer it toward their own ends and how reformers are compelled to acquiesce to these demands. As part of reformers' community fixations, parents and educators were imagined as connectable to each other in unprecedented ways thanks to recent advances in information and communication technologies, although the reformers also planned to offer more conventional mechanisms for parental involvement, such as the Parent–Teacher Association (PTA). The chapter first considers how parents were involved in community fixations at the Downtown School and how their hysteria about bullying and threats of exit fueled reformers' fears of an imminent collapse of their philanthropic project before discussing idealizations and conditions of community involvement as they relate to community fixations.
America in Italy
Authors: Körner Axel
Published: May 2018

This book examines the influence of the American political experience on the imagination of Italian political thinkers between the late eighteenth century and the unification of Italy in the 1860s. The book shows how Italian political thought was shaped by debates about the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution, but it focuses on the important distinction that while European interest in developments across the Atlantic was keen, this attention was not blind admiration. Rather, America became a sounding board for the critical assessment of societal changes at home. Many Italians did not think the United States had lessons to teach them and often concluded that life across the Atlantic was not just different but in many respects also objectionable. In America, utopia and dystopia seemed to live side by side, and Italian references to the United States were frequently in support of progressive or reactionary causes. Political thinkers including Cesare Balbo, Carlo Cattaneo, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Antonio Rosmini Serbati used the United States to shed light on the course of their nation's political resurgence. Concepts from Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Giambattista Vico served to evaluate what Italians discovered about America. Ideas about American “domestic manners” were reflected and conveyed through works of ballet, literature, opera, and satire. Transcending boundaries between intellectual and cultural history, this is the first book-length examination of the influence of America's political formation on modern Italian political thought.
Introduction
Authors: Körner Axel
Published: May 2018

This book examines the extent to which the United States' political experience influenced the political thought and imagination of the Risorgimento during the period 1763–1865. Drawing on various source materials such as early Italian histories of the American Republic, parliamentary documents, memoirs, and correspondence, the book shows how abstract political ideas were reflected in Italy's wider cultural imagination from the end of the Seven Years' War in the early 1760s to the American Civil War a century later, which coincided with the Unification of Italy under the crown of Savoy. It argues that Italian ideas of the United States during the period of the Risorgimento were not blind admiration for American political experiments. Instead, Italians engaged with what they knew about the early Republic in relation to their own constitutional history, as well as to a whole range of different European experiences.
Haciendas and Plantations
Authors: Olsson Tore C.
Published: May 2018

Seeking to illustrate the unacknowledged footprints of the rural New Deal on 1930s' agrarismo, this chapter follows two intersecting avenues of exchange. First, it explores how the architects of Mexico's land reform sought guidance and inspiration in the New Deal's evolving program of rural social transformation. This exchange was at once formal and informal, practical and symbolic. It manifested itself in countless Mexican bureaucratic requests for New Deal publications, circulars, and bulletins, but also in the direct solicitation of US personnel to staff key Cardenista projects. Second, it considers the New Dealer in Mexico whose sympathies and solidarity contributed most significantly to the success of the Cardenista program: the US ambassador to Mexico from 1933 to 1942, Josephus Daniels.
Rockefeller Rural Development
Authors: Olsson Tore C.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the Rockefeller philanthropies' winding road into Mexico, beginning at the dawn of the twentieth century and culminating in the establishment of the Mexican Agricultural Program in 1943. The chapter opens with the General Education Board's early and quixotic attempt to overcome rural poverty in the US Cotton Belt, exploring the competing visions that fractured its campaign. Measured by its lofty rhetoric, that program was undeniably a failure. Still, during the agrarian ferment of the 1930s, an unexpected alliance of US southern reformers—led notably by ambassador to Mexico Josephus Daniels—pushed the Rockefeller Foundation to replicate its earlier efforts in Mexico. By 1943, when the foundation formally partnered with the Mexican government to work in agricultural reform, that push would reach its successful climax.
The Science and the Art
Authors: Ocejo Richard E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes how workers in all kinds of occupations have an “occupational aesthetic,” or an idea of right and wrong in how their job should be done, what the products and services should look like, and what the results should be. It is what makes every worker in any occupation an artist, at some level. The workers in each of these occupations are no different. Their sense of right and wrong is deeply rooted in the cultural repertoires of their niche jobs. A sense of craft and craftsmanship is central to the cultural repertoires these workers enact. This sense is a conscious focus on the technical aspects of their work, bundled with the cultural knowledge they learn and communicate.
Service Teaching
Authors: Ocejo Richard E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how all bartenders, barbers, and butchers face a dilemma when someone first walks into their businesses. They do not know exactly what consumers want out of their experience, but they need to find out to do their jobs. Some retail workers, like cashiers, play a passive role in a consumer's shopping experience. And often these workers have a script, which their employer (such as a large corporation) mandates they follow. But bartenders, barbers, and butcher shop workers in general are far more interactive. They all come face-to-face with customers and clients, and the interaction influences what the consumer gets and how the experience goes.
Getting the Job
Authors: Ocejo Richard E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how doing the job for workers in each of these occupations—bartenders, barbers, butchers—includes displaying confidence while performing tasks. Confident behavior serves as the ideal representation of the various elements in the cultural repertoires: the combination of technical, social, and communication skills, cultural knowledge that marks their specialized profession and industry, and a work ethic that guides their approach to the job. The code guides their practices and interactions in the workplace, and displaying confidence characterizes a successful skilled performance. In some cases people already possess elements of these repertoires before they first start working in the job, but rarely all of them.
Outcomes, Implications, and Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Ocejo Richard E.
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter reviews the alternative paths for how workers are dealing with conditions of the precarious new economy. They are entering common occupations in everyday workplaces that people do not normally think of as knowledge-based or culturally relevant, and transforming them into high-end, quality jobs that fuse mental and manual labor and that people with other work opportunities see as viable career options. These workers experience manual labor as meaningful and even fun through the enactment of a set of cultural repertoires that allow for physical, bodily labor, challenging mental problem-solving, cultural understanding, and interpersonal communication. The jobs also require the confident performance of each of these work practices in concert, not independently of the others.
Boundaries and Movement
Authors: Frymer Paul
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the process of American territorial expansion and settlement to the Mississippi River between the American Revolution (and even further back into British times) up until 1840. During the course of this settlement, the thirteen seaside states increased to twenty-six. This was a time when the federal government first asserted authority over the public land. The chapter first considers how early statesmen asserted sovereignty over Native Americans before discussing the issue of boundary lines between the federal government and the Indians, how the government mobilized populations for compact settlement in strategically important areas of the frontier, and how the government assumed a monopoly over the public domain and used its authority to restrain population movements. It shows that federal land policies were used by national officials to avoid being stretched too thin while maintaining strength through compactness.
“I Do Not Like London or Anything That Is in It”
Authors: Sorensen Janet
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that provincial writers strategically deployed the obscurity that arose in representations of supposedly sentimental and familiar, yet also spatially remote, tongues. For the new genres that provincial writers developed, particularly print dialogues, they often left in place a frustrating opacity that haunts even the most intensely glossed texts. Sometimes invoking the language of English liberty, they critiqued what they saw as metropolitan incursions into provincial virtue. Ultimately, however, these writers reconstructed neither national nor provincial language communities but provisional and ephemeral social connections, reminding readers that languages create social bodies only intermittently and in part through opacity itself.
Provincial Languages and a Vernacular out of Time
Authors: Sorensen Janet
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how provincial languages posed not only the strangeness of one's spatially remote compatriots in the present day but also the strangeness of English-speaking generations of the past—or of the vulgar, as emblem of the past writ large. In tracking the turn to history, the chapter reveals complex temporal terms of anachronism and related images of spectrality, images that saturated the accounts of “popular antiquities,” which often included discussions of provincial languages. Provincial writers, aware of the anachronizing characterizations of their tongues, often responded with surprising parodies, pointing to the absurdity of notions of fixed, unchanging provincial languages and highlighting the eerie terms of such models of national connection.
Our Tars
Authors: Sorensen Janet
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the significance of eighteenth-century particularizing representations of maritime language. One key means of situating seamen in representations of their language in dictionaries, accounts of voyages, novels, poems, and songs was to depict primarily maritime technical language, a specialized argot naming ships' parts and aspects of the craft of sailing. The obscurity of this language of the “common people” who found themselves manning the ships of Britain's blue-water empire was by turns figured as the language of virtual witness, as comic, as sentimental, and even as sublime. Moreover, this language might have bestowed a sense of identity on the ship and its crew, and that language, in all its obscurity, was described as British.
Introduction
Authors: Graham Carol
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book considers the extent to which the American Dream—and the right to the pursuit of happiness—is equally available to all citizens today. Building on the author's research on well-being and on mobility and opportunity in countries around the world, the book explore the linkages between the distribution of income, attitudes about inequality and future mobility, and well-being in the United States, and also provides some comparisons with other countries and regions. This scholarship is distinct from existing work on inequality in its focus on the well-being–beliefs channel and its implications for individual choices about the future.
The High Costs of Being Poor in the Land of the Dream
Authors: Graham Carol
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on what it means to be poor in the United States and how poverty affects expectations about the future. It explores patterns in optimism across different racial and socioeconomic cohorts. For example, it identifies surprising differences, with poor blacks and Hispanics being much more optimistic about the future than poor whites. These differential levels of optimism can result in very different discount rates across individuals, with those with less faith in the future far more likely to live in the moment, focused on the day to day, and less likely to make investments in their own and their children's future. The most vivid example of these differential levels of optimism—and the extreme desperation among some cohorts—is the increase in mortality rates due to preventable causes, such as suicide and opioid addiction. The chapter also examines the extent to which these patterns are mediated by stress and inequality.
The French Design
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the ideas emerging at the end of the mercantilist era in France that served and celebrated agriculture, the diversely productive farms, rather than merchants and manufacturers. As mercantilist era came to a close, a combination of economic, political and intellectual forces set France ideologically apart from the rest of Europe. Merchant capitalism, an artisan class, and factory establishments had also appeared in France. Paris had become a city of merchants and their suppliers and workmen. Agriculture in France was more than an occupation; it was a way of life. The chapter considers the emergence of a group who called themselves Physiocrats or Les Économistes in France during the period in question, focusing on their views regarding the concepts of natural law and the produit net, mercantilism, class structure, and price determination.
The New World of Adam Smith
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Adam Smith's theories during the Industrial Revolution, which came to England and southern Scotland in the last third of the eighteenth century. During the Industrial Revolution, the workers who previously had been producing goods in their cottages or food and wool on their farms moved to the factories and the factory towns. Merchants began to invest their capital in factories and machinery or in the far from munificent wages that kept alive the workers. This change was made possible by the industrialist, whose orientation was to the production of goods, rather than their purchase or sale. The chapter discusses Smith's views on a variety of subjects, which he articulated in the Wealth of Nations, including borrowing, capitalism, free trade, competition, credit, distribution, innovation, justice, labor, manufacturing, merchants, monopolies, political economy, prices, production and productivity, profit, public policy, rent, standard of living, and value.
The License for Financial Devastation
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role of large corporations in financial devastation that has become especially severe in the years of contentment. Central to the economics of contentment is the general commitment to laissez faire. This is an attitude, the belief that it is in the nature of things, and especially of economic life, that all works out for the best in the end. However, there are forces under the broad and benign cover of laissez faire and the specific license of the market that ruin the very institutions comprising the system, such as the business firms. The chapter considers how large corporations contribute to financial devastation, focusing on the adverse effects of mergers and acquisitions. More specifically, it explores how mergers and acquisitions lead to self-destruction of the culture of contentment. It also discusses the savings and loan scandal of the 1980s as an exercise in financial devastation.
The Military Nexus, II
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the position of independent power enjoyed by the military in many countries, especially in the Third World. It begins with a discussion of what may be called the autonomous power of great organization, a power that acts with particular force in the case of the military establishment. It then considers two primary constraints on organization power in economic life: external authority over what is produced —in civilian life, the ultimate decision of consumers; and the flow of purchasing power—in economic terms, the effective demand—that is available for the purchase of the good or service. It also explores the emergence of a largely autonomous military establishment standing above and apart from democratic control, along with the series of foreign ventures designed ostensibly to prevent Communism from spreading but with the further purpose of justifying the expanding role of the military by providing a presumed enemy.
Money
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth , Galbraith James K.
Published: May 2018

This book discusses the history of money. It considers what most shaped the development of money (as in the case of the Bank of England), the forces contending for control of money (as in the case of the struggle between Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle), and what contributed most to our present understanding of money (as in the work of John Maynard Keynes and the recent history). This chapter considers changes in attitudes toward money, showing that they proceed in long cyclical swings. When money is bad, people want it to be better. When it is good, they think of other things. People who are experiencing inflation yearn for stable money and those who are accepting the discipline and the costs of stability come to accept the risks of inflation. This cycle teaches us that nothing, not even inflation, is permanent.
The Fall
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth , Galbraith James K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the end of the international gold standard during World War I. The creation of the Federal Reserve System—with its idea of centralized banking carried out by twelve central banks—ended the United States's long struggle to perfect a sensible, conservative monetary system. Everywhere in the industrial countries money of whatever kind was now exchangeable, without pretense or delay, into gold. The chapter considers how the major industrial participants—Germany, France, Britain, Austria—suspended specie payments and went off the gold standard when World War I broke out; the dumping of securities on the New York market in the first nervous days of the war; the shutdown of the New York Stock Exchange; and how the United States eventually abandoned the gold standard. The increase in whole prices in the United States during all the war years is also discussed.
The Self-Inflicted Wounds
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth , Galbraith James K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the negative consequences of Britain's return to the gold standard in 1925 and the stock market speculation in the United States in the late 1920s. In Britain, as elsewhere, prices fell in 1920 and 1921 as the wartime shortages were overcome, the budget was brought back under control, and the boom came to an end. Unemployment, which had been negligible in the preceding years, rose to 12.6 percent of the labor force in 1921. The chapter considers Winston Churchill's justification of Britain's decision to restore the pound to its prewar gold content of 123.27 grains of fine gold, its old exchange rate of $4.87, John Maynard Keynes's case against Churchill, and the stock market crash of October 1929 in the United States after the Federal Reserve Board had issued a warning against banks's use of Federal Reserve funds to finance speculation.
Good Years: The Preparation
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth , Galbraith James K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the fiscal and monetary achievements of the period between 1948 and 1967. These two decades were without panic, crisis, depression or more than minor recession. It was during these years that the term “Gross National Product” (GNP) was coined for the first time. Unemployment was low, there was no appreciable inflation, and the wholesale price index rose from 82.8 in 1948 to 100 in 1967. The chapter considers one idea and two institutions that were cited as the major factors for the achievements of these years: Keynesian fiscal policy, the Bretton Woods agreements, and the Employment Act (1946). It also discusses further influence that now became decisive for the advance of John Maynard Keynes's ideas: the calculations of national income, national product, and their components.
Where It Went
Authors: Galbraith John Kenneth , Galbraith James K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the economic policy of the Nixon administration. The good years of economic management in the United States ended with the Vietnam war. Wartime spending and resulting demand put pressure on prices. In later years the economists of the Nixon administration attributed the increasingly serious inflation to the fiscal disorder they had inherited. However, the fiscal position inherited by the Nixon administration was remarkably sound, while the price movements were not especially alarming. The chapter considers Richard M. Nixon's anti-inflation policies, focusing on his initial decision to freeze all wages and prices, with the exception of farm prices and a few others, as well as his liberalization of the budget and reduce taxes. It also discusses the effect of monetary policy on price increases and unemployment.
Introduction: Matching Models in Economics
Authors: Chiappori Pierre-André
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers two related puzzles that are directly related to family formation (and dissolution) and to intrafamily allocation: the first deals with the increase in inequality in the United States in recent decades, and the second has to do with some remarkable trends in gender-specific demand for higher education. In addition, it also describes the main features of matching models, including a frictionless environment and notion of transfers, with particular emphasis on nontransferable utility, transferable utility, and imperfectly transferable utility. Finally, it discusses existing models of household behavior, such as the unitary model, the collective model, and noncooperative models, as well as bargaining models of the household. An overview of the book's content is also presented.
Matching under Imperfectly Transferable Utility
Authors: Chiappori Pierre-André
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers matching models under imperfectly transferable utility (ITU). Some of the techniques used in the transferable utility (TU) case can be extended to an ITU framework; for example, the Spence-Mirrlees condition, which is sufficient for positive assortative matching (PAM), can be generalized to the ITU case. Furthermore, individual utilities may be recovered (up to a constant, as in the TU case), using techniques which are essentially similar to their TU counterpart. After providing an overview of the basic notions and theoretical framework of matching under ITU, the chapter discusses the recovery of individual utilities, PAM, and econometrics of ITU. It also presents two examples of applications of ITU techniques, one dealing with matching on wages and the other with endogenous Pareto weights.
Rituals of Reconciliation
Authors: Farneth Molly
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes Hegel's alternative to domination. It compares the relationship between the lord and bondsman in the famous struggle for recognition to the relationship between the wicked and judging consciousnesses near the end of the Phenomenology of Spirit. In the latter section, the two individuals' conflict is transformed into a relationship of reciprocal recognition through their practices of confession and forgiveness. The chapter illustrates the structure of the relationship of reciprocal recognition as one of reciprocal authority and accountability, and shows how this relationship emerges from the sacramental practices of confession and forgiveness. The chapter also shows how, for Hegel, the desire for recognition and, thus, for domination, is essential to human personhood.
Commitment, Conversation, and Contestation
Authors: Farneth Molly
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the relationship between religion and philosophy. It responds to the worry that Hegel's claims about authority collapse into a naturalist view of norms and normativity that is incompatible with respect for religious difference. The chapter engages with the work of contemporary Christian theologians concerned with the nature of authority, and argues for the relevance of the Hegelian account to these concerns. While the Hegelian standpoint is at odds with some religious views, it embraces a set of practices for engaging with one another across such differences and disagreements. The chapter also outlines what it means to be committed to a belief, practice, or form of life and how, on this account, conflicts are to be confronted and, at times, resolved.
The Cyclic Prisoners
Authors: Winkler Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes two recent prisoner puzzles (really they are problems in an area of computer science known as “distributed computing”), which show that prisoners in almost complete isolation from one another can nonetheless communicate a great deal. The first is the bit-passing in prison puzzle, where the warden asks an unknown number of prisoners to write down a bit (that is, a 0 or 1), which will then be redistributed to the prisoners according to some cyclic permutation. The second is the firing squad, a variation of the first problem, in which the prisoners have a bound on their number but do not know when the protocol begins. In anticipation of capture, you must provide a protocol to your compatriots, before anyone is captured.
The History and Future of Logic Puzzles
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: May 2018

This chapter first considers the history of logic puzzles through the contributions of Lewis Carroll and Raymond Smullyan. These two figures are united not only by their love of logic, but also by their conviction that puzzles provide an accessible gateway into the deep ideas of the subject. Their puzzles depend on what philosophers typically refer to as “classical logic.” Although mathematical historians generally credit Aristotle with being the first to undertake the study of logic in a systematic manner, the first to present logic explicitly for recreational purposes was Carroll. Smullyan is the most significant among the authors who have explored the recreational possibilities of propositional logic. The remainder of the chapter considers a possible future development of logic puzzles by investigating puzzles based on nonclassical logics.
Frenicle’s 880 Magic Squares
Authors: Conway John , Norton Simon , Ryba Alex
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses magic squares. A magic square of order n is an arrangement of the numbers from 1 to n
2 in an n × n array so that the two diagonals and all the rows and columns have the same sum. This sum is called the magic constant. Bernard Frenicle de Bessy's work on magic squares appears in two papers published in the book Divers ouvrages de mathematique et de physique par Messieurs de l'Academie Royale des Sciences. In his first paper, “Des Quarrez ou Tables Magiques,” Frenicle quotes a rule for constructing magic squares of odd order. However, Frenicle is more famous for his second paper, “Table Generale des Quarrez de Quatres,” in which he enumerates the 880 magic squares of order four. His enumeration has been repeated many times. These later enumerations they have confirmed the remarkable fact that he was correct.
A Triangle Has Eight Vertices But Only One Center
Authors: Guy Richard K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the nine-point circle. Every triangle has a nine-point circle associated with it. This circle, however, is better referred to as the Central Circle. The nine points are the midpoints of the edges, the feet of the altitudes, and the midpoints of the segments joining the vertices to the orthocenter. The vertices and the orthocenter should have equal status. This is because each of the four points is the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the other three. The configuration of the three vertices and their orthocenter is referred to as orthocentric quadrangle. The chapter also describes a variety of amusing topics from Euclidean geometry.
The Color Cubes Puzzle with Two and Three Colors
Authors: Berkove Ethan , Cervantes-Nava David , Condon Daniel , Eickemeyer Andrew , Katz Rachel , Schulman Michael J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes a puzzle related to a classic problem first posed by English mathematician Percy MacMahon. MacMahon Given a palette of six colors, a 6-color cube is one where each face is one color and all six colors appear on some face. It is a straightforward counting argument to show that there are exactly thirty distinct 6-color cubes up to rigid isometry. MacMahon introduced this set of cubes and posed a number of questions about it. The most natural one—and the motivating problem for this chapter—was whether one could take twenty-seven cubes from the set and build a 3 × 3 × 3 cube where each face was one color. The chapter first provides background and terminology, including the coloring condition and a description of a useful partial order on cubes. It then applies these tools to solve the 2-color case, the 3-color problem, and the problem for frames of all sizes.
Tangled Tangles
Authors: Demaine Erik D. , Demaine Martin L. , Hesterberg Adam , Liu Quanquan , Taylor Ron , Uehara Ryuhei
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers a topological manipulable toy known as a Tangle. Tangle can be twisted and turned in a variety of different ways, producing different geometric configurations. Some of these configurations lie in three-dimensional space, while others may be flattened into planar shapes. The toy consists of several curved, quarter-circle pieces fit together at rotational/twist joints. Each quarter-circle piece can be rotated about either of the two joints that connect it to its two neighboring pieces. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 defines notations and conventions. Section 2 describes the two classes of moves considered in evaluating planar Tangles and their reachable configurations. Section 3 presents examples of planar Tangles that are locked or rigid under our specified set of moves. Section 4 presents the two Tangle fonts and Section 5 concludes with some open questions.
Numerically Balanced Dice
Authors: Bosch Robert , Fathauer Robert , Segerman Henry
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses integer programming to find numerically balanced, twenty-sided dice (d20s). On most commercially available d20s, the numbers on opposite sides sum to 21. The chapter begins with a brief thought experiment in an attempt to explain why do die manufacturers do this. It then suggests that the opposite numbers convention is a form of “numerical balancing” that serves to promote fairness, giving die manufacturers a way of hedging against the possibility that their d20s are not perfectly formed regular isocahedra. Are there additional measures that they could take? Is it possible to make d20s that are even more numerically balanced?
A TROUBLE-some Simulation
Authors: Dietz Geoffrey D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies the board game, Pop-O-Matic Trouble by Hasbro, which has been a kid favorite for decades. Beyond the beloved “pop-o-matic bubble,” a dome-encased die that cannot be lost or swallowed, the game has had lasting appeal to younger children and parents, since it requires choices and allows the players to interact with one another. The chapter investigates to what degree these choices impact the game, specifically the winner of the game and the length of the game. It presents a C++ program that simulates games of Trouble for two to four players, sitting in various positions and employing various tactics during the game. The results of the simulations clearly show that Trouble is a game of more than just luck. There are good and poor strategies in the game, and tactics used during the game can significantly affect the probability of winning and the mean length of the game.
Multinational War is Hard
Authors: Weed Jonathan
Published: May 2018

War is a card game so simple that only a child could love it. In this game, the deck is divided into piles, one for each player. At the beginning of each round, each player reveals the top card of her deck. Then, whoever has the best card wins all the revealed cards and places them at the bottom of her deck. War is usually played between two players, but this chapter considers a multiplayer version, called Multinational War. The game works exactly as it does with two players, except it tends to take longer. The tools of computational complexity are used to analyze the questions: Does War have any interesting strategic properties? Is there genuinely a game to play? The chapter establishes that finding the best strategy in Multinational War is a hard problem, and shows that, in this sense, playing Multinational War strategically is at least as hard as playing other classic games.
A Convert’s Tale
Authors: Mintzker Yair
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the life of Christoph David Bernard, a university lecturer with a problematic past who met Oppenheimer on the eve of the execution and composed what is surely the most dramatic account of Oppenheimer in his last days. The question of its factual veracity aside, Bernard's story contains a profound theological truth and is furthermore key to deciphering many of the other testimonies during Oppenheimer's trial. However, there are good reasons to doubt the veracity of many aspects of Bernard's account of his meetings with Oppenheimer. The Tübingen lecturer wrote it in a highly stylized manner, and his main purpose was not to tell the truth, but to make a claim about himself (Bernard) and his relationship with the wider society around him.
Coping and Compliance
Authors: Finkel Evgeny
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines coping and compliance as Jewish survival strategies during the Holocaust. “Coping” means confronting a danger and trying to survive while staying put, without leaving one's community or country; collaborating with the perpetrators; or resisting the perpetrators. However, coping does not mean submissiveness and passivity. It typically requires breaking rules and laws by engaging in black market transactions, smuggling and bribing, theft, or taking various legal or illegal actions to improve one's chances for survival. “Compliance” is an extreme version of coping, defined as acting according to the rules and guidelines prescribed by the authorities without taking active steps to change one's situation. The chapter shows that coping by Jews in Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok consisted mainly of a combination of three tactics: securing employment in a needed industry, obtaining food, and preparing a hideout.
Conclusions
Authors: Finkel Evgeny
Published: May 2018

This book has shown that there can be a political science of the Holocaust by analyzing one of the most overlooked aspects of the Holocaust: variation in Jewish victims' individual and collective behavior. At the individual level, the book has outlined a new typology of victims' survival strategies: cooperation and collaboration, coping and compliance, evasion, and resistance. This typology has been applied to Jewish behavior in Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok. The comparison of these three Jewish ghettos illustrates several patterns; for example, knowledge and information about Nazi policies played a role in the Jews' choice of behaviors. This concluding chapter considers some of the theoretical and policy-relevant implications of this book's findings. It also argues that the insights of social sciences can be integrated into Holocaust research and that the Holocaust can be used to develop new arguments and refine existing frameworks.
The Social Geography of Migration and Preferences
Authors: Dancygier Rafaela M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the preference landscape that parties confront when they contemplate inclusion strategies. In essence, parties face a minority electorate whose preferences and attributes present them with an uneasy ideological fit, but whose votes can swing elections. The chapter then argues that disagreements over social values and norms between non-Muslims and Muslims are greatest where parties face the strongest inclusion pressures, namely in vote-rich neighborhoods in urban areas. Additionally, these areas are most likely to raise conflicts over economic resources, thereby intensifying inclusion dilemmas. The chapter reviews the processes that have led to this preference distribution, explaining how selection mechanisms of the migration process, available housing stock, and enclave formation have served to replicate in Europe's cities the social networks and norms that structure communal life in the sending towns and villages.
Vote-Based Inclusion and the Transformation of Electoral Politics
Authors: Dancygier Rafaela M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies candidate selection and election outcomes in English municipalities. It confirms that parties are primarily interested in pursuing votes and think about the ideological repercussion later. In England, ward-level elections allow one to get a sense of how the distribution of Muslim and non-Muslim preferences affects parties' calculations of the anticipated gains and losses that they associate with Muslim inclusion. Studying thousands of ward elections over time, the chapter demonstrates that these calculations significantly influence parties' inclusion decisions. Parties are less likely to put Muslim candidates on the ticket in wards where they anticipate a considerable non-Muslim backlash. However, once the size of the Muslim electorate reaches a critical threshold, inclusion chances rise substantially.
Religious Parity versus Gender Parity
Authors: Dancygier Rafaela M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on another consequence that emerges when parties' primary concern is to maximize votes: balancing religious parity with gender parity. A salient concern, voiced across the political spectrum, is that multicultural inclusion empowers conservative male community leaders at the expense of women. Different inclusion goals should be associated with different outcomes with respect to gender and religious parity. When parties are mainly interested in symbolic inclusion, they will select Muslim candidates who can signal to non-Muslim voters that they are well-integrated and abide by the norms and values of the majority population. The simplest way for parties to assess how candidates fare on this score is to look at their gender: just by virtue of running for office, Muslim women signal that they are not bound by conservative, patriarchal constraints in ways that men—even if they shared the same belief system—cannot.
States of Nature
Authors: Wagner Bryan
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis' standard interpretation of the tar baby story. Recurring themes in this interpretation include the affirmative emphasis on the independent culture of the slave quarters, construed as a counterbalance to the deadening routine of suffering and exploitation; the idea that stories like the tar baby were designed to instruct slaves in the methods necessary for survival, encouraging caution and modeling tactics of deception and misdirection; and the suggestion that there is nothing “distant and abstract” about the tar baby, as the story is grounded in everyday existence. This interpretation extends to twentieth-century folklore anthologies describing the vicarious satisfaction that slaves found by identifying with the underdog in trickster stories.
The Plural of Us
Authors: Costello Bonnie
Published: May 2018

This is the first book to focus on the poet's use of the first-person plural voice—poetry's “we.” Closely exploring the work of W. H. Auden, the book uncovers the trove of thought and feeling carried in this small word. While lyric has long been associated with inwardness and a voice saying “I,” “we” has hardly been noticed, even though it has appeared throughout the history of poetry. Reading for this pronoun in its variety and ambiguity, the book's author explores the communal function of poetry—the reasons, risks, and rewards of the first-person plural. The author adopts a taxonomic approach to her subject, considering “we” from its most constricted to its fully unbounded forms. The author also takes a historical perspective, following Auden's interest in the full range of “the human pluralities” in a time of particular pressure for and against the collective. Examples from many other poets—including Walt Whitman, T. S. Eliot, Elizabeth Bishop, and Wallace Stevens—arise throughout the book, and the final chapter offers a consideration of how contemporary writers find form for what George Oppen called “the meaning of being numerous.” Connecting insights to philosophy of language and to recent work in concepts of community, the book shows how poetry raises vital questions—literary and social—about how we speak of our togetherness.