bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Human Lymphocytes by Allogenic Macrophages in vitro
Authors: Kaakinen Aulikki , Hirschberg Henry
Published: July 2010

Macrophages were obtained from human peripheral blood by incubating mononuclear cells in plastic tissue culture flasks. After 1—14 days, the cells were used in mixed lymphocyte macrophage cultures. Macrophages could not, themselves, be stimulated to proliferation by allogenic cells, but stimulated allogenic lymphocytes. By the use of responding cells and stimulating macrophages from HLA‐D homozygous individuals, the HLA‐D determinants could be shown to be responsible for the stimulation of allogenic lymphocytes.
HLA Antibodies Cytotoxic only for B Lymphocytes
Authors: Richiardi P. , Diotallevi P. , Mateje T. , Carbonara A. O. , Curtoni E. S.
Published: July 2010

Of 28 unabsorbed sera from polytransfused individuals or multiparous women, which were not cytotoxic for total peripheral blood lymphocytes, 13 were found to react positively against B cell‐enriched suspensions. These 13 sera were further characterized after platelet absorption‐elution, as well as by pretreatment with turkey anti‐human‐β2 ‐microglobulin serum. Different patterns were found: five sera behaved as pure anti‐B cell reagents; four seemed to contain different antibody populations, directed against both B cell determinants and HLA‐A, ‐B or ‐C antigens; four only contained antibodies directed against HLA‐A, ‐B or ‐C specificities. Absorption experiments with purified T and B lymphocytes, showed that these last sera, although non‐cytotoxic for T cells, can be absorbed by them. It was concluded that not all sera reacting only with B lymphocytes recognize specificities absent from T cells, and that all sera should be exhaustively absorbed with platelets before being tested as anti‐B cell‐specific reagents.
Maternal Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies and Bilirubin Levels in the Postpartum Offspring
Authors: Carandina G. , DeRitis L. , Palazzi P. , Mattiuz P. L.
Published: July 2010

HLA antigens are present on immature red cells (Harris & Zervas 1969), but disappear from their surface when they become mature and enter into the circulation (Silvestre et al. 1970). Nevertheless some remnants of HLA substance may survive this antigenic switch and possibly persist on adult red cells (Morton et al. 1969, 1971, Doughty et al. 1973). A shortened survival of HLA incompatible reticulocytes has been reported when they are transfused into recipients with circulating anti‐HLA antibodies (Zervas et al. 1972). As to anti‐HLA antibodies possibly reacting with erythrocytes in cases of fetomaternal immunization, Moulinier (1970) claimed that they would potentiate any hemolytic process in newborns of Rh‐immunized women, but successive investigations failed to confirm this (Ahrons & Glavind‐Kristensen 1971, Nymand 1975). Also, Nymand (1975) found no association between lymphocytotoxic antibodies in mothers and high bilirubin levels in the umbilical cord blood collected at delivery. On the contrary, when the onset of neonatal jaundice in the postpartum offspring was monitored, newborns of mothers with lymphocytotoxins appeared to become jaundiced more frequently than expected (Reekers et al. 1975). The present study has been undertaken to investigate the relationships between complement dependent lymphocytotoxins (CdL) in the mothers and the bilirubin levels in the newborns during the first days of life.
MLC (HLA‐D) Typing: A Family Study
Authors: Jørgensen Fritz , Kristensen Tom , Lamm Lars U. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming
Published: July 2010

The genetics of five HLA—D specificities (Dw1, Dw2, Dw3, Dw4 and Dw6) have been assessed in 21 normal families with four or more children. The HLA—D traits, as defined by typing response against homozygous typing cells, normally behave as dominant characters. The data support the concept of allelic factors. The logical flaw in the basic algorithm of MLC typing (HLA—D typing), i.e. to draw positive conclusions from negative observations, has been amply reinforced in the following studies. Five assignments could not be verified genetically under the assumption of dominant traits. Homozygous lack of specific response genes is among the mechanisms proposed as a cause for the phenomenon which has not yet been fully explained. The estimated magnitude of the frequency of false assignments is approximately 10%.
Bf Types of HLA Haplotyped Individuals in an Isolated Newfoundland Population
Authors: Larsen B. , Arnason A. , Barnard J. M. , Buehler S. K. , Edwards J. H. , Marshall W. H.
Published: July 2010

Five hundred and fourteen individuals from an isolated Newfoundland population have been typed and haplotyped for HLA and Factor B (Bf locus). The Bf gene frequencies were: S 0.704, F 0.226, F1 0.052 and S1 0.018. Tracing the haplotypes backwards on the various pedigrees it was shown that 202 HLA/Bf haplotypes had been introduced into the study population. Some HLA alleles always appeared in association with particular Bf alleles and vice versa. Bf S1 had entered the population four times, always with HLA—A9, B12. Bf F1 had entered three times, always with HLA—B18. There were 17 entries of HLA—Al, B8 that had given rise to the 78 such haplotypes that were now present in the population; all were Bf S. There were 68 family units informative for Bf. They accounted for 240 children and 304 informative meioses. There were three recombinants in the HLA region but none could be shown to have occurred between the HLA—B and Bf loci.
A Study of 22 Anti‐HLA‐Aw33 Sera
Authors: Lepage V. , Dehay C. , Guillet J. , Degos L. , Colombani J.
Published: July 2010

Sera were donated by J. Dausset, C. P. Engelfriet, G. B. Ferrara, A. Govaerts, S. Hunter, V. C. Joysey, H. A. Perkins, P. Reekers, J. Vives and R. L. Walford.
Intra‐H‐2 Recombination in H‐2b/H‐2t1 Heterozygotes in the Mouse I. Four Cases of Crossing Over between the S and D Regions
Authors: Passmore Howard C. , Beisel Kirk W.
Published: July 2010

An examination of 1009 backcross animals produced from H‐2b/H‐2t1 heterozygotes resulted in the detection of four cases of intra‐H‐2 recombination. Three of the recombinants received the K region from H‐2b and the D region from the H‐2t1 parental chromosome. The fourth recombinant received a K region from the H‐2t1 parental chromosome and the D region from H‐2b. Ss typing revealed that crossing over occurred between the S and D regions of the H‐2 complex in all four cases. Three of the four recombinants were developed into inbred strains and assigned the haplotype designations H‐2i8, H‐2i9 and H‐2at1.
Serological Identification of Five HLA‐D Associated (Ia‐like) Determinants*
Authors: Albrechtsen Dagfinn , Solheim Bjarte G. , Thorsby Erik
Published: July 2010

Five antisera raised within HLA‐A and ‐B compatible, HLA‐D disparate combinations were reactive in a modified NIH microcytotoxicity test with B lymphocytes, but not with T lymphocytes from the immunizing donor, as well as with B lymphocytes from most or all donors sharing his immunizing HLA‐D phenotype. Four antisera recognized structures closely associated with the HLA‐D determinants Dw2, Dw3, Dw4 and LD 108. One serum had a broad reactivity pattern including Dw3, Dw6 and some unknown specificity(ies). In population and family studies, these B lymphocyte antigens behaved as if they were governed by one genetic locus in the B‐D region of the HLA complex. We conclude that the antisera produced by this method recognize Ia‐like antigens identical to or very closely associated with the HLA‐D determinants.
HLA Antigens in 16 Families with Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Authors: Giraldo Gaetano , Degos Laurent , Beth Elke , Gharbi Rhida M. , Day Noorbibi K. , Dastot Helene , Haus Margarete , Reboul Muriel , Schmid Michel
Published: July 2010

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disease. HLA‐A and ‐B typing was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes and platelets. Sixteen Tunisian families were typed with 37 patients and 108 relatives. Genetic transmission of the disease and of the HLA system seemed to be independent in this study. Comparison of HLA gene frequencies between (unrelated) parents of patients and a control population showed no difference, proving that there is no clear association in populations between deleterious XP genes and a particular HLA gene. However, an excess of identical HLA among pairs of diseased siblings would suggest that the disease is polymorphic and a form of the XP could be linked to HLA.
The Structure and Evolution of the HLA‐Bw4 and Bw6 Antigens
Authors: Barnstable Colin J. , Snary David , Crumpton Michael J. , Bodmer Walter F.
Published: July 2010

The HLA‐Bw4 and Bw6 antigenic determinants have been shown to co‐migrate with HLA‐B determinants on gel‐filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography, using Lens culinaris lectin and antibody against human β2 microbulin. These and other published data imply that the HLA‐Bw4 and Bw6 determinants reside on the same polypeptide chain as other HLA‐B locus determinants. The implications of this in terms of the evolution of cross reacting groups of antigens at the HLA‐B locus are discussed.
The Association of HLA‐B8 with Atrophic Thyroiditis
Authors: Moens Hilda , Barnard John M. , Bear John , Farid Nadir R.
Published: July 2010

One‐hundred‐and‐forty‐seven patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were studied with respect to HLA antigens as they related to various clinical features. HLA‐B8 was found to be significantly increased among 59 patients with atrophic thyroiditis (57% vs. 26% for controls) but was identical to controls in 88 patients with goitrous thyroiditis (26%). No relation was found in either group between B8 and thyroid autoantibody titer or, in the case of goitrous thyroiditis, the rate of progression of the disease. Thus a link seems to be established between Graves' disease and atrophic thyroiditis in that both are significantly associated with HLA‐B8. This study stresses the need to take clinical features into consideration when examining for HLA/disease associations.
Study on HLA System in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Komori Kiyotaka , Nose Yoshisuke , Inouye Hiroo , Tsuji Kimiyoshi , Nomoto Yasuo , Sakai Hideto
Published: July 2010

Forty Japanese patients with IgA nephropathy were typed for HLA—A and HLA—B using local antisera. Thirty‐seven of these patients were typed for HLA—D using homozygous cells “En”, now known to be strongly related to DRw6. Forty‐six patients with chronic hemodialysis were used as patient controls for renal disease and 115 healthy individuals were used as normal controls. The frequency of HLA‐DEn was significantly increased in 17 out of 37 patients with IgA nephropathy, (46%) (normal controls 18.3%) (P < 0.0007). Although the occurrence of HLA‐B12 was high, it was not significant, i.e. 11 out of 40 (27.5%). These results suggest that some abnormality in the genes of patients with IgA nephropathy is more closely associated with the HLA‐D region than the HLA‐A or B regions.
Strong Linkage Disequilibrium between HLA—Dw2 and BfS in Multiple Sclerosis and in the Normal Population
Authors: Stewart G. J. , Basten A. , Kirk R. L.
Published: July 2010

An increased frequency of the S allele of Properdin factor B (BfS) was found amongst 162 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with 470 normal controls. This increase was shown to be due to a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between BfS and HLA—Dw2 in 77 patients typed for both systems (Δ= 3.84%, P= .0002). The same LD was demonstrated amongst 100 normal controls (Δ= 2.24%, P= .0049) and 31 patients with idiopathic demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (IDPN). A total of 70 haplotypes with HLA‐Dw2 were encountered (40 MS, seven IDPN and 23 normal controls) and all contained BfS. In the MS patient group, a much weaker association was noted between BfS and HLA—B7 suggesting either that the Bf locus is much closer to the HLA—D than the HLA—B locus or (and) that HLA‐D and Bf products selectively interact (perhaps on the surface of B lymphocytes) with evolutionary advantage or disadvantage resulting from certain allelic combinations. Strong associations between BfS1 and HLA—Bw21 (P= .0000) and BfF1 and HLA—B18 (P= .0001), both previously reported, were confirmed in the current study. No increase in the frequency of a glyoxalase (GLO) allele was found amongst the MS patients and no LD was encountered between HLA—Dw2 and a GLO allele. The possibility that the HLA—Dw2, BfS disequilibrium has resulted from a selective advantage conferred on the general community but at the expense of increasing susceptibility to MS should be considered.
HLA—D Typing with Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines. VI. Rationale and Goals of Data Reduction
Authors: Gatti Richard A. , Kemple Kip , Schwartzmann Jeffrey , Leibold Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

This report documents various characteristics of HLA—D typing by mixed leukocyte culture reactions when lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) are substituted for peripheral blood lymphocytes as the stimulator cells. It also provides the rationale for designing the computer program described in the subsequent report. In such experiments, each donor to be HLA—D typed is stimulated with a panel of 30—50 HLA—D homozygous LCLs, each defined HLA—D allele being represented by several different human homogygous typing cells (LCT—HTCs). Variability in the strength of each donor's general response and in the strength of stimulation by each LCL—HTC makes it necessary to normalize raw data before the responses of various combinations can be compared and typing responses distinguished from non‐typing responses. The autologous response and its equivalent effect among allogeneic combinations, the so‐called “autologous‐stimulation” effect, must also be distinguished from true allogeneic responses. The latter has been accomplished by “modelling,” as described in the subsequent report. EBV‐negative donors can also be HLA—D typed by this method despite the EBV‐positivity of the LCL—HTCs. Preliminary analyses suggest that the HLA‐D alleles defined by this method appear to segregate with appropriate haplotypes in family studies.
Suppression of Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Proliferation by Antisera to HLA‐DR and Other HLA Antigens
Authors: Gatti Richard A. , Cousineau Martin , Naeim Faramarz , Leibold Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

We have observed that certain antisera to HLA antigens suppress thein vitroproliferation of lymphoblastoid cell lines. An antiserum to HLA‐B8 demonstrated suppressor activity associated with the presence of B8 antigen on the target LCLs; this activity was removed by absorptions with platelets or with B8‐positive LCLs. An antiserum to HLA—DRw7 suppressed proliferation of all six DRw7‐positive LCLs and none of 12 DRw7‐negative LCLs; this activity was removed by absorptions with three DRw7‐positive LCLs, each representing a different HLA‐D allele (i.e. Dw7, 10 and 11); it could not be removed by triple serial absorptions with platelets from multiple‐donor pools. These experiments indicate that the suppressor activity of this serum is specifically associated with antibodies to DRw7. Our model of LCL growth suppression by HLA antisera is easily manipulated and provides a definitive tool for further characterizing HLA antigens and antisera in a complement‐independent system.
HLA Antigens in Chronic Alcoholic Pancreatitis
Authors: Fauchet R. , Genetet B. , Gosselin M. , Gastard J.
Published: July 2010

HLA typing was performed in 90 unrelated patients with chronic alcohol‐associated pancreatitis. Compared with 523 healthy controls, an increased frequency was found for the HLA—B series antigen, B40 (P < 0.00041, corrected P < 0.011). The increase was slightly more pronounced in patients without pancreatic calcifications than in those with calcifications. Factors such as alcohol consumption, age of disease onset and the presence of diabetes did not affect antigen frequency distribution.
Antisera Recognising HLA‐A, ‐B and DRW Antigens Raised in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Barnstable C. J. , Snary D. , Crumpton M. J. , Balner H. , Bodmer W. F.
Published: July 2010

Rhesus monkeys were immunized with partially purified HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C and DR antigens. The resulting sera were shown to have activity against species‐specific determinants on both HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C chains and β32 microglobulin by the use of somatic cell hybrids. When this was removed by absorption, the sera showed activity against three of the four HLA‐A and ‐B antigens in the immunogen when tested on a panel of peripheral blood lymphocytes and T cells. Antibodies recognizing HLA‐DR antigens were detected by testing platelet absorbed sera on a panel of typed lymphoblastoid cell lines. After absorption to remove activity against species‐specific determinants on the HLA‐DR antigens, two cross reacting specificities were defined. One consisted of a determinant in common between HLA‐DRwl, 2 and 6 and the other a putative determinant in common between HLA‐ DRw4, and 5. The nature and significance of these cross‐reacting groups of HLA‐DR antigens is discussed in the light of current HLA‐DR serology and the nature of HLA antigens in general.
The Variability of Human Red Blood Cell Magnesium Level According to HLA Groups
Authors: Henrotte J. G.
Published: July 2010

Red blood cell Mg was measured in 351 blood donors of known HLA antigens. The level of red cell Mg is significantly lower in subjects bearing an HLA‐Bw35 allele (P > 0.001). It also varies according to the HLA‐Bw4 and Bw6 antigens of the subjects tested. These two effects seem to be independent of one another. These findings confirm the role played by genetic factors in the control of human red blood cell Mg concentrations. They are discussed in the light of the relationship between HLA groups and diseases.
Dissimilar Effects of Ultraviolet Light on HLA‐D and HLA‐DR Antigens
Authors: Slater L. M. , Murray S. , Liu J. , Hudelson B.
Published: July 2010

Since HLA‐DR antigens are closely related to HLA‐D antigens, we studied the effect of low‐dose ultraviolet irradiation on the ability of human lymphocytes to induce a proliferative response in mixed lymphocyte culture (HLA‐D) and on the serologic reactivity of B lymphocyte HLA‐DR antigens. We found (1) no alteration in the serologic definition of DR antigens despite the abrogation of the induction of proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte culture, (2) no evidence that ultraviolet light (UVL) stimulated suppressor cells contributed to the loss of allostimulation, and (3) no evidence that the abrogation of the induction of proliferative responses could be modified by increasing the number of UVL exposed lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture. These findings suggest that HLA‐D and HLA‐DR antigens are different molecularly, but are also consistent with the concept that certain active metabolic processes are required of stimulator cells for allostimulation and that these processes are UVL sensitive.
Split of HLA‐D into Two Regions α and β by a Recombination between HLA‐D and GLO. I. Study in a Family and Primed Lymphocyte Typing for Determinants Coded by the β Region
Authors: Mawas C. , Charmot D. , Mercier P.
Published: July 2010

In a family with a paternal recombinant child between HLA‐D/Dr and GLO, PLT have been raised between HLA‐A‐B‐C‐D‐DR and Bf identical sibs. Since these sibs differ only within a region (0) between HLA‐D/DR and GLO and the centromere, these PLTs allow the typing of two new determinants differing from HLA‐D/DR, possibly alleles at a new locus mapping in a region outside HLA‐D/DR. A difference limited to this (3 region can induce a weak primary and a strong secondary MLR.
Polyclonal Antibody Secretion Induced in Human Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Kunori T. , Ringden O.
Published: July 2010

Antibody secreting B cells were measured as plaque forming cells (PFC) in a hemolysis‐in‐gel assay using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) coupled SRBC as targets or protein A coupled SRBC as targets and developing antisera. Peak antibody secretion occurred on day 5 and the highest number of PFC was seen when mitomycin treated stimulator cells: responder cells were used in a ratio of 1 A. The number of PFC in MLC was not correlated to the DNA synthetic response. Antibody secretion in MLC was found to be of IgM, IgG and IgA classes. Significant numbers of PFC in MLC from blood lymphocytes were detected with the protein A technique, but not using FITC‐SRBC targets. Compared to spleen cells, fewer PFC were stimulated in blood lymphocytes. B cells alone, enriched by rosetting of T cells, did not respond by antibody secretion or DNA synthesis in MLC. When Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added to MLC an additional effect was seen on the number of PFC which may indicate that distinct B cell subpopulations are activated in MLC by LPS.
Constancy of Cross‐Reactivity Patterns in Sera of Individual Mice during the Anti‐H‐2 Response
Authors: Breuning Martijn H. , van Mourik Peter , Iványi Pavol
Published: July 2010

H‐2 alloimmunization evokes antibodies of differing cross‐reactivity patterns among individual mice of one inbred strain. We investigated whether this is due to unknown variations at the time of bleeding or whether it remains constant for an individual mouse during long‐term immunization. At various times during immunization, serum was collected from individual mice and it was tested on a panel of mouse and human lymphocytes. Sera from three donor‐recipient combinations were examined. In some sera, a broadening of the cross‐reactivity pattern occurred after prolonged immunization, but no major change in specificity was observed. We conclude that the differences in cross‐reactivity pattern among sera from individual mice remain constant during the immunization period and do not reflect variations in the condition of the animals at the time of bleeding.
HLA Antigen Distribution and HLA Haplotype Segregation in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Peña A. S. , Biemond I. , Kuiper G. , Weterman I. T. , van Leeuwen A. , Schreuder I. , van Rood J. J.
Published: July 2010

A study of the HLA—A, —B, —C, and —DR antigens in patients with Crohn's disease and controls did not reveal a significant strong association with a particular HLA antigen. A segregation analysis of parental HLA haplotypes in nine families with at least two children suffering from Crohn's disease did not show a significant deviation from the expected Mendelian segregation.
Depression of Peripheral Lymphocyte Proliferation and Hemolytic Antibody Production in Passively Enhanced Rat Renal Allograft Recipients
Authors: Smart I. J. , Boyle W. , Morris P. J.
Published: July 2010

Specific suppression of renal allograft rejection in two strain combinations of rats by passive enhancement was associated with depression of both peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and hemolytic antibody production. Variations in these responses were related to allograft survival in individual rats. In general, these studies confirm the value of monitoring both the lymphocyte proliferation and hemolytic antibody responses for the prediction of subsequent rejection, and for evaluating the efficacy of the enhancement therapy.
Antigen(s) Expressed on Cultured Cells of Various Species that Crossreact with Tumor Antigen(s)
Authors: Berczi I. , Froese G.
Published: July 2010

Antibodies eluted from a methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma (MC‐D) of strain 13 guinea pigs were examined for reactivity against 11 cultured cell lines derived from unrelated tumors and 11 cell lines originating from normal tissues of various species by radioimmunoassay. Six tumor‐derived lines of mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig and man and five “normal” cell lines of guinea pig, human and fish origin showed significant reaction.
Non‐Expression of H–Y Antigen on Mouse Red Blood Cells
Authors: Crichton D. N.
Published: July 2010

The expression of H–Y antigen on mouse red blood cells has been investigated by studying their life span in vivo. The survival of 51Cr–labeled cells from males was unaltered when transfused into isogeneic females or female mice which had rejected a male skin graft. These observations are consistent with the view that the H–Y antigen is not present on mouse erythrocytes.
Distribution of HLA Antigens in Patients with Ewing's Sarcoma
Authors: Chan Ka Wah , Rosen Gerald , Pollack Marilyn S.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐eight unrelated Caucasian patients with Ewing's sarcoma were typed for HLA–A and B locus antigens. Although no significant differences in the distribution of these antigens were found in comparison with local controls, a trend towards increases in HLA–B8 and Aw19 complex antigens was noted. Although American blacks are only rarely affected by this tumor, the two black patients we typed both had the HLA–Aw19 complex antigen, Aw31. This suggests that a disease susceptibility factor may be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA–Aw19 complex HLA antigens.
Determining Antigenic Relationships on the Basis of MLC Testing. II. Mechanical Algorithms*
Authors: Denniston Carter , Sheehy Michael J.
Published: July 2010

We describe mechanical algorithms, involving manipulations of matrices, for listing all possible antigenic relationships among individuals tested in MLC. We also describe an algorithm for determining whether an MLC result can be interpreted in line with our assumption of the preceding paper, that stimulation occurs if, and only if, the stimulator has antigen(s) foreign to the responder.
DR Typing in Australian Aborigines. An Indication for a Second Locus in the HLA—D Region Defined by Serology
Authors: Termijtelen A. , Boettcher B. , Bradley B.A. , D'Amaro J. , van Leeuwen A. , van Rood J.J.
Published: July 2010

A group of 43 Australian Aborigines was typed for HLA–DR determinants and other antigens on B cells, using pregnancy sera from Caucasoid women. The group could not be considered as random, since a selection was made for an equal number of Au antigen positive and Au antigen negative individuals

The typing results showed that the specificities DRw2, 4 and 8 were as well defined in this population as in Caucasoids, whereas the specificities DRw1, 3, 5 and 7 could not be defined. Even more interesting was the finding that a cluster of six sera, defining the local B cell specificity LB12, gave positive reactions in 41 out of 43 Aborigines.

Although LB12 is found to be highly associated with DRw1, 2 and 6 in the Caucasoid population, in 36 cases the LB12 positive Aborigines could not be demonstrated to carry the specificities DRw1 or 2. The recognition of DRw6 is difficult at the moment and for that reason its presence or absence in this material is uncertain. However, three individuals typed positive for DRw4 and 8 and for LB12 as well. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that the genes coding for LB12 and its postulated allele LB13 are separate from the genes coding for the known DR determinants. LB12 is very likely identical to the recently described determinants DC1 (Tosi & Tanigaki 1979) and MB1 (Duquesnoy et al. 1979a).
HLA Antigens and E‐Rosettes in Tetanus Patients
Authors: Bale Uma M. , Mehta M. M. , Contractor Nafisa M. , Bhatia H. M. , Dastur F. D.
Published: July 2010

One‐hundred‐and‐fifty‐four tetanus patients and 118 normal persons were typed for 27 HLA antigens of A and B loci. There was no significant difference in the frequency of any of these antigens between the normal controls and the tetanus patients. Classification of the patients into mild, moderate and severe also did not show any significant deviation in the frequency of HLA antigens from the controls.

Percentage E‐rosettes in normal individuals showed lower values among a low socioeconomic group. The values for E‐rosettes among tetanus patients were similar to those observed in low socioeconomic normal individuals.

The distribution of ABO and Rho (D) groups among the tetanus patients were not significantly different from the fequencies in the normal population.
Expression of H‐Y Antigen on Preimplantation Mouse Embryos
Authors: Epstein Charles J. , Smith Sandra , Travis Bruce
Published: July 2010

The expression of H‐Y antigen on preimplantation mouse embryos has been studied by complement dependent cytotoxicity. Embryos at the 8‐cell stage were exposed to anti‐H‐Y and complement and then scored for cell death. Overall, half of the treated embryos were killed, retarded, or contained dead cells. Of those embryos which were not affected by anti‐H‐Y, 92% were female. In control experiments, neither normal serum plus complement nor complement alone had any specific effect on male embryos. It is concluded, therefore, that the H‐Y antigen is present on preimplantation mouse embryos.
Generation of HLA‐D Specific Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) Cells and Cross‐Reactions of PLT‐Cells Primed with Homozygous Typing Cells
Authors: Morling N. , Platz P. , Ryder L. P. , Svejgaard A. , Thomsen M.
Published: July 2010

An approach for the selection of HLA‐D specific primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) cells is described. The responder cells were primed with homozygous typing cells. Reproducible extra reactions were found and were analyzed in relation to HLA‐D antigens defined by homozygous typing cells (HTC's).

The secondary response of 105 different PLT‐cell combinations generated by 29 different primary responders against 19 different homozygous typing cells of the specificities Dwl to Dw8 and the local specificity “H” were tested in secondary PLT toward 17 different homozygous typing cells and 10 heterozygous cells.

Cross‐reactions were defined as reactions equal to or higher than die lowest HLA‐D specific reaction observed. The entire experimental design and data analysis gave rise to a conservative definition of cross‐reactivity.

Two main groups of cross‐reacting HLA‐D determinants seem to exist: (i) Dwl, 3, 4, 7, and the local specificity “H”, and (ii) Dw2, 5, 6, 8, and “H”. The primary pairwise cross reactions were in group (i): Dwl‐3, Dwl‐“H”, Dw3–4, Dw3–7, Dw7‐“H”, and in group (ii): Dw2–6, Dw2–8, Dw5–8, and Dw5‐“H”.

The existence of such cross‐reactions is likely to interfere with the results of PLT‐typing and should be taken into account when attempts are made to develop HLA‐D specific PLT‐cells.
HLA‐DRw3 in Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese
Authors: Maeda H. , Takeuchi F. , Juji T. , Akanuma Y. , Kasuga M. , Lee Y.S. , Kosaka K. , Tsai S.H.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐nine juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (JOD) patients and 57 healthy Chinese were HLA‐typed in Taiwan. The incidence of HLA‐DRw3 was significantly increased in patients when compared with the control group (R.R. = 5.8, P = 0.0027). The frequencies of HLA‐B17, which showed linkage disequilibrium with DRw3, and Bw54 were increased in patients, but these increases were not significant because of the small number tested. The DR antigen associated with JOD was the same among Chinese and Caucasians, which suggested that at least one of the susceptibility genes to JOD would be commonly in linkage disequilibrium with DRw3 in the two populations.
Screening and Use of High Titered Anti–HLA–DR Sera in PHA‐Blast Complement Fixation and B‐Lymphocytotoxicity Techniques
Authors: Lepage V. , Gaudy Y. , Terrier E. , Dausset J. , Colombani J.
Published: July 2010

Screening for anti‐HLA‐DR sera was performed by complement fixation on PHA stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA‐CF), or cultured B lymphoid cell lines. Out of 1,350 sera from multiparous women, multitransfused patients, and patients transfused during extra‐corporal circulation (ECC), 219 contained anti‐HLA‐DR activity (16.2%). Anti‐HLA‐DR antibodies developed after ECC were often high titered (1:10 to 1:100). In half of these sera anti‐HLA‐A, B antibodies were weak or absent, making it possible to use them as anti‐HLA‐DR reagents without platelet absorption. Of the 219 positive sera 51 contained defined anti‐DR antibodies (20 monospecific and 31 bi‐or multispecific). The 13 best sera recognized DR1 to DR7 specificities with r values from 0.83 to 1.

Twenty‐four sera selected by CF were also studied by lymphocytotoxicity technique against peripheral blood B lymphocytes (B‐LCT). Both PHA‐CF and B‐LCT techniques gave similar results, detecting the same specificities and showing comparable sensitivity.

The advantages of CF are: easy storage of target cells at −80°C or +4°C, and fast reading. For these reasons PHA‐CF or CF on cultured B lymphoid cell lines can be proposed for large scale screening of anti‐HLA‐DR sera. The sera thus screened can be used for HLA‐DR typing either by PHA‐CF or B‐LCT.
Intra HLA–D Region Recombinant Maps HLA–DR between HLA–B and HLA–D
Authors: Sachs J. A. , Jaraquemada D. , Festenstein H.
Published: July 2010

A consanguineous family has been typed for HLA‐A, B, C, D, DR and GLO, Bf, C2 and C4 and other red cell markers. The results indicate that an expected Dw7 homozygous sibling is a “Dw1”/Dw7 recombinant, probably derived from a crossing over between DR and D on the paternal haplotypes. The anomalous typings by Dw1 HTCs of the recombinant haplotype are best explained by the likely presence of an additional Lad polymorphism which could be a serologically detectable second epitope on the same molecule as the HLA‐D determinant or in the form of two linked chains, one encoded by HLA‐D and one by another Lad gene in the HLA haplotype.
Association of Pernicious Anemia and Intrinsic Factor Antibody with HLA–D
Authors: Thomsen M. , Jørgensen F. , Brandsborg M. , Gimsing P. , Nielsen J. Lanng , Ryder L. P. , Svejgaard A.
Published: July 2010

One‐hundred‐and‐six patients with pernicious anemia were HLA–A, B, C typed by serological technique and HLA–D typed by mixed lymphocyte culture technique for the specificities HLA–Dw1–8 and the locally defined D“H”. In 13 cases, the D‐typing was unsuccessful due to technical difficulties.

HLA–A, B, C antigen frequencies did not show any significant deviation from expected values, while D typing showed increased frequencies of Dw2 and Dw5 and a possibly decreased frequency of Dw3.

The typing was compared with clinical data such as the presence of organ specific autoimmune disease in first degree relatives, presence of anemia or myelopathy at time of diagnosis and presence of antibodies towards parietal cells or intrinsic factor.

The presence of intrinsic factor antibody was associated with the presence of Dw2 and a decrease of Dw5 and possibly also with a decrease of Dw4. No associations were found for the other investigated parameters. If intrinsic factor antibodies have a pathogenetic role, our findings might reflect a heterogeneity of pernicious anemia.

These findings and the recently reported association between HLA‐DR5 and Hashimoto's disease link these two thyrogastric diseases together to form a special subgroup within the group of organspecific autoimmune diseases; the other diseases in the group have as a common denominator the frequent presence of D/DR3.
Mysteries of the Amerindians
Authors: Kostyu Donna D. , Amos D. Bernard
Published: July 2010

Several South, Central and North American Indian populations have been characterized over the past 9 years. A summary is given here. Very few major antigens have been found, namely A2, A9, A28 and Aw31 and B5, B15, Bw16, Bw35 and B40. However, several known splits of these antigens have been identified, and new variants are also likely. Immunogenetic analyses of the Amerindians should be able to provide clues both to the origins of the Amerindian cultures and migrations of early man, and also provide new insights into the antigens and the loci of the MHC.
Serum HLA Typing
Authors: Tait Brian D. , Finlay Robert I. , Simons Malcolm J.
Published: July 2010

This paper establishes that HLA antigens can be detected in serum by lymphocytotoxicity inhibition. A score system is described which enables the degree of cytotoxicity inhibition to be quantitated. The following HLA antigens have been detected: A1, A2, A3, A11, Aw24, B5, B7, B8, B27, Bw35 and B40. It has not been possible to detect HLA‐B12.
HLA Antigens and Susceptibility to Juvenile Diabetes: do Additive Relative Risks Imply Genetic Heterogeneity?*
Authors: Curie‐Cohen Martin
Published: July 2010

The relative risk of B8/B15 heterozygotes for juvenile‐onset diabetes is higher than the risk for people having B8 or B15 alone. This has been cited as evidence for genetic heterogeneity in juvenile diabetes. However, the observed relative risks are compatible with a single susceptibility allele. If disease susceptibility is recessive, for example, then an individual with two disease associated antigens is more likely to be susceptible than an individual with only one associated antigen. The relative risk for an HLA heterozygote should be intermediate between that of the respective homozygotes, so that an interaction effect of two alleles can only be supported if the heterozygote risk is significantly greater than both homozygote risks. The estimated relative risks for B8 and B15 homozygotes, based on data from four different populations, is approximately equal to the risk for B8/B15 heterozygotes. Moreover, disease manifestations which are differentially associated with B8 and B15. such as antibody production to exogenous insulin, may be due to linkage disequilibrium between HLA and other loci which are not directly related to susceptibility of juvenile diabetes. Therefore, while the susceptibility to juvenile diabetes may have several genetic forms, there is no support for distinct B8‐associated and B15‐associated forms of susceptibility.
Occurrence of HLA Types in H. Influenzae Type B Disease
Authors: Tejani Amir , Mahadevan R. , Dobias Bohdan , Nangia Bhim , Weiner Matei
Published: July 2010

We have studied 50 Caucasoid children under 7 years of age with Haemophilus influenzae b disease. Half of the patients (Group A) had invasive disease shown by positive blood and/or spinal fluid culture. The other half (Group B) had non‐invasive disease characterized by fever, nasopharyngitis, negative blood culture, and positive throat culture. Age, number of other siblings under 12 years old in the family, immune response, antibody production and genetic markers were compared in the two groups. Significant difference between the two groups was only seen in their genetic markers. HLA‐B12 was present in 52% of Group A patients as opposed to 16% in Group B patients (P<.01). HLA‐Bw40 was present in 24% of group B patients and absent in all Group A patients (P<.01). These findings would suggest that susceptibility and resistance towards developing invasive type b disease may be genetically determined.
HLA in a Selective Aldosterone Biosynthetic Defect due to Type 2 Corticosterone Methyl‐Oxidase Deficiency
Authors: Brautbar Chaim , Theodor Rachel , Sack Joseph , Levene Cyril , Dupont Bo , Levine Lenore S. , Sharon Raphael , Smaller Shoshana , Cohen Tirza , Rösler Ariel
Published: July 2010

HLA phenotypes were studied in nine Jewish families, originating from Iran, with 18 individuals affected with a selective aldosterone biosynthetic defect and 12 healthy siblings. This disorder is inherited through an autosomal recessive gene and parents were consanguineously related in eight out of nine sibships.

Family analysis showed that 18 affected individuals carried 20 different haplotypes and only two patients were homozygous for a haplotype. Yet a peak lod score of 1.128 was obtained for the recombinant fraction of 0.05 and thus linkage to HLA cannot be ruled out.
H‐2 Antigen Frequencies Among Wild Mice From Chile
Authors: Figueroa Felipe , Klein Jan
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐five wild mice (Mus musculus L.) were captured at four different localities in Chile. The mice were typed for the presence of 15 K‐, 11 D‐, 14 A‐, and two E‐region H‐2 antigens, using the complement‐antibody microcytotoxicity assay. The mice from the sample representing the largest locality had a characteristic antigenic profile distinguishing them from other mouse populations thus far studied. With respect to class I H‐2 antigens, the profile was characterized by the presence of antigens H‐2K.16, 31, 103, 19, 108, 21, 33, 26, 115, and H‐2D.4, 106, 30, 32, 111, 114, and 18 (in order of decreasing antigen frequency), and by the absence of antigens H‐2K.15, 17, 20, 113, 116 and H‐2D.2, 9, 110, and 112. The profile was, furthermore, characterized by the relatively high frequency of antigens H‐2K.16, 31, and H‐2D.4 and 106. The profile of class II antigens was also unique to the Chilean population but less conspicuously so than that of the class I antigens. Analysis of antigenic associations suggested that among the 34% blank H‐2K alleles there were at least two coding for relatively frequent but as yet unidentified K antigens. Similarly, among the 57%blanks at the H‐2D locus there were at least two frequent alleles encoding unidentified D antigens. Analysis of genetic distances suggested similarity between South American mice and mice from coastal regions of Europe.
New HLA‐D Alleles Associated with DRI and DR2
Authors: Suciu‐Foca N. , Godfrey M. , Khan R. , Woodward K. , Rohowsky C. , Reed E. , Hardy M. , Reemtsma K.
Published: July 2010

The present study describes two new HLA‐D specificities: LD13, associated with DR1, and LD14 associated with DR2. LD13 is defined by an HTC who is the bc offspring of an a: A25, B18, DR7, Dw7/b: A33, B14, DR1, Dx father, and of a c: A24, B14, DR1, Dx/d: A26, B41, DR5, Dw5 mother. This HTC was included both as a responder and as a stimulator in our cross‐reference studies of 8W HTCs. While failing to cluster with any other 8W HTC, it typed 2 of 64 panel members carrying a “blank” HLA‐D, linked to DR1. To exclude the possibility that HTC‐LD13 might be a split of Dw1, the entire family was tested with the Family Set of 8W HTCs. No typing responses to any 8W Dw1 HTCs were observed. Furthermore, checkerboard experiments between HTC‐LD 13 and 8W Dw1 HTCs showed strong reciprocal stimulation. The LD13 specificity was only found in Ashkenazi Jews and may be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA‐B14. LD14 is defined by three, SD different, HTCs deriving from the same family of Sicilian descent. The family was included in the 8th Workshop and each HTC was shown to have inherited DR2, MT1 from both parents. When tested as stimulators, on our HLA‐D reference panel, these cells were clustered in a distinct group, LD14, associated with DR2. None of the 8W HTCs appeared to belong to this cluster. The antigen frequency of LD14 is 0.03.
Relationship of HLA Phenotype to Immunoglobulin Class Present in Immune Complexes From Patients with Behçet's Syndrome
Authors: Lehner T. , Welsh K. L. , Batchelor J. R.
Published: July 2010

The immunoglobulin class of circulating immune complexes (IC) was examined in 35 patients with Behcet's syndrome (BS) according to the HLA phenotype of these patients. Cold precipitable complexes were separated and assayed by laser nephelometry and polyethylene glycol precipitable complexes were assayed by rocket immuno‐electrophoresis for IgG, IgA and C3. The results suggest that in patients with BS, HLA‐B12 is associated with an increased proportion of IgG and a decreased proportion of IgA and C3 in their immune complexes, whilst the converse was found with HLA‐B5 or DRw2. The ratio of IgA:IgG in immune complexes was therefore low in patients with HLA‐B12 but high in those with HLA‐B5 or DRw2. We suggest that a linkage may exist between HLA and gene(s) determining the immunoglobulin class, in response to antigenic stimulation or the site of antigen localization.
HLA‐A and B antigens in AKA pygmies
Authors: Muller J. Y. , Hallé L. , Jaeger G.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A and B antigens were studied in 543 AKA pygmies. The present analysis showed two characteristics of this pygmoid group: the absence of HLA‐A1, A11, B8 and Bw38 and the high frequency of Aw30, B17, B27, B37, B40 and Bw39. The strongest gametic associations were found with the haplotypes Aw30, B37 and A3, B5.
Correlations between HLA‐D/DR associated Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) defined DP‐antigens, HLA‐D and HLA‐DR antigens
Authors: Morling N. , Jakobsen B. K. , Platz P. , Ryder L. P. , Svejgaard A. , Thomsen M.
Published: July 2010

A panel of 79 individuals were typed for HLA‐D/DR associated Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) defined “DP”‐antigens, HLA‐D and HLA‐DR antigens. Typing for DP‐antigens was carried out with local PLT‐cells. HLA‐D and‐DR typing was performed with all homozygous typing cells and all DR‐antisera included in the 8th International Histocompatibility Workshop. Assignments of DP‐, HLA‐D‐and HLA‐DR‐antigens were done independently and the correlations between DP/D/DR1–8 were analyzed. The panel included random unrelated individuals, and individuals previously found to have one or no identifiable HLA‐D antigen (B). In the random group, 80% of the individuals were assigned to possess the same antigen with the 3 techniques, while this was only the case in 46% of B‐group individuals. The overall correlation coefficients, r, for the antigens HLA‐Dw/‐DR/DP1–8 were 0.95 (DP/D), 0.94 (DP/DR), and 0.89 (D/DR). There is a remarkably strong correlation between HLA‐D and‐DR typing results concerning D/DR1–8, in particular in random individuals. It is possible to select PLT‐cells that give typing results which are almost identical to those of HLA‐D and‐DR typing. When discrepant results were seen, HLA‐DR was in general “broader” than DP which in turn was broader than HLA‐D, indicating that it may be possible to split HLA‐DR/DP1–8 into more “narrow” specificities.
Homozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex is required for optimal immunogenicity of bone marrow cell allografts in irradiated rats
Authors: Rodday Pamela , Bennett Michael , Williams R. Michael
Published: July 2010

Hemopoietic histocompatibility (Hh) Genes associated with the H‐2 region control the antigenicity of hemopoietic cell grafts in the mouse. We have tested for similar genes in rats. Wistar Furth (WF, RTI) or Lewis (LEW RTI1) bone marrow cell grafts did not proliferate in spleens of lethally irradiated (WFxLEW) Fl hybrid rats as assessed by measuring the incorporation of 5‐iodo‐2’deoxyuridine—125I (IUdR) into recipient spleens 5 days after transplantation. In contrast, (WFxLEW)Fl hybrid marrow cells grew well in both WF and LEW parental strain hosts. (WFxDA)Fl or (WFxLEW)Fl hybrid rats were backcrossed to WF parental strain rats to produce progeny, either homozygous, or heterozygous for the MHC. The RTl type of 46 individual backcross progeny was determined using a 5 day mixed‐lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Correlation between RTl type and growth of marrow grafts of individual backcross rats was determined bt using each rat as a bone marrow donor for irradiated LEW hosts. Marrow grafts from rats heterozygous for RTl were accepted in all 25 cases, whereas, grafts from 19 of 21 homozygous donors were rejected by the LEW hosts. Thus, homozygosity, for Hh determinants in or near the RTl region appears to be necessary for optimal immunogenicity of bone marrow allografts.
The expression of MHC antigens by human teratocarcinoma derived cell lines
Authors: Andrews P. W. , Bronson D. L. , Wiles M. V. , Goodfellow P. N.
Published: July 2010

We have used flow microflourimetry to investigate quantitatively the expression of HLA‐A, B and C antigens, and β2 microglobulin, by cell lines derived from human teratocarcinomas. Although low levels of these cell surface molecules were expressed by all the lines examined, there was no evidence of discrete HLA‐A, B, C/β2‐microglobulin positive and negative subpopulations in any cultures. In contrast, using similar techniques, no murine embryonal carcinoma cell line was found to express the homologous H‐2 antigens. It is suggested that human embryonal carcinoma cells may differ from their mouse counterparts by expressing low levels of major histocompatibility antigens.
HLA‐A,B,C, Bf and glyoxalase I polymorphisms in a sample of the kabyle population (Algeria)
Authors: Bouali M. , Dehay C. , Benajam A. , Poirier J. C. , Degos L. , Marcelli‐Barge A.
Published: July 2010

HLA (A,B and C) gene and haplotype frequencies were determined in 44 Berber families from the Kabyle tribe. The Bf and Olo polymorphisms were also defined and the haplotypes were deduced from these family data. The main association (A1, B8, BfS; A29, B12, GIo2; Aw33, B14, BfS, GIo1; Cw5, B18, BfF1; A1, Bw17) showed the relationship between the populations from the southwest of Europe, and this population. Another association, A11 and Bw21, was found also in Twareg, which are probably of the same origin.