bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Chemistry of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung
Published: May 2008

This chapter covers the structural chemistry of Groups 1 and 2 elements, except hydrogen. For Group 1 metals, special attention is paid to the oxides, lithium nitride, inorganic alkali metal complexes, methyllithium compounds, π-complexes of lithium, sodium and potassium, alkalides and electrides, etc. For the Group 2 metals, the coverage includes their complexes, nitrides, low-valent oxides and nitrides, polymeric chains, Grignard reagents, metallocenes, etc. The chapter concludes with a section on the alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures.
Structural Chemistry of Group 15 Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on nitrogen, including the N2 molecule, all-nitrogen ions, dinitrogen complexes, nitrogen oxides and hydrides, etc. A significant portion of the chapter is devoted to the structural chemistry of phosphorus, consisting of sections on elemental phosphorus and Pn groups, the bonding types and coordination geometry of phosphorus, phosphorus-nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon compounds, etc. The chapter concludes with a section on the structural chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, discussing their stereochemistry, clusters, and the intermolecular interactions in organoantimony and organobismuth compounds.
Structural Chemistry of Rare-Earth Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung
Published: May 2008

This chapter begins with a description of the characteristic properties of the lanthanide elements, including their metallic and ionic radii (lanthanide contraction), crystal structures, oxidation states, electronic states, and magnetic properties. Their oxides and halides, and the coordination geometry of their cations are discussed. The section on organometallic compounds of the lanthanides is mainly concerned with those with cyclic organic ligands such as benzene, cyclopentadienyl, or cyclooctatetraenyl groups. The chapter concludes with a section on the reduction chemistry of the +2 oxidation state.
The Protean Ass
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This book provides a comprehensive account of the reception of The Golden Ass (or Metamorphoses) of Apuleius, the only work of Latin prose fiction worthy of the name of ‘novel’ to survive intact from the ancient world. Apuleius' 2nd-century account of the curious young man who is changed into a donkey following an affair with a witch's slave-girl, and undergoes a series of adventures (involving robbery, adultery, buggery, and bestiality) before a divine vision transforms him into a disciple of the goddess Isis, has delighted, perplexed, and inspired readers as diverse as St Augustine, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton. This book traces readers' responses to the novel from the 3rd to the 17th centuries in North Africa, Italy, France, Germany, and England.
Introduction
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of debates concerning The Golden Ass. It then explains that the growth in the study of ancient prose fiction has grown enormously as the narrative sophistication and hermeneutic complexity of these texts have become more generally recognized.
1 The Metamorphoses of Apuleius: From Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the Metamorphoses of Apuleius from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. From Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages various strategies to accommodate, within a Christian culture, the pagan pantheon of classical Greece and Rome evolved. Apuleius was not only born into the Christian era but, as an educated philosopher, in a position to embrace or reject Christian Truth. In the Metamorphoses, he could actually be seen to be advocating an Egyptian cult which, at the beginning of the first millennium, was one of Christianity's strongest rivals.
3 Asinus Redivivus: The Recovery of The Golden Ass
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the rediscovery of The Golden Ass. Evidence of first-hand acquaintance with The Golden Ass exists from the beginning of the trecento. By the middle of the 14th century, copies are in the hands of the leading humanists Petrarch and Boccaccio. By the end of the century, Psyche has been re-enthroned in the Genealogia, and The Golden Ass is on its way to becoming part of the common property of the Italian Renaissance.
The Inky Ass: Apuleius in the Age of Print (1469–1500)
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the printing of Apuleius' works. In 1464, two German clerics, Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, arrived at the Benedictine monastery of Santa Scolastica in Subiaco, 47 miles to the east of Rome. What made these new arrivals unique was their baggage. They brought with them items that had never been used before in Italy: cases of movable type, that marvel of 15th-century German ingenuity which had transformed the familiar technology of agricultural extraction (the screw-press) into an engine of reproduction. In 1469, the editio princeps of Apuleius' works appeared (without commentary) in Rome, the colophon being dated 28 February. The folio was edited by Sweynheim and Pannartz's corrector, the Bishop of Aleria (in Corsica), Giovanni Andrea de Bussi (Johannes Andreas de Buxis), and dedicated to no less a personage than Pope Paul II (1464-71) who had appointed him papal librarian in 1467.
6 The Academical Ass: Apuleius and the Northern Renaissance
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores Apuleian influences in the Renaissance. It is argued that controversy was the common denominator of Apuleian influences in the Renaissance. Platonists used Apuleius in their struggle with the Aristotelians; he became a focal point in the bitter debates over Latin prose-style; and he was featured prominently in discussions of the function and value of fiction. The debate over imitative models was no frigid academic exercise — it was a battle to establish the very fabric of intellectual discourse, spoken as well as written. Language is fundamental to thought; style is inextricably linked with character; and Apuleianism was regarded as much as amoral and political threat as an aesthetic one. The decline in Latinity that produced Apuleius is linked by the polemicists with the decay of classical civilization itself; and the contemporary threat to Ciceronian orthodoxy posed by the resurgence of Apuleianism is made analogous.
10 Psyche's Daughter: Pleasure and The Faerie Queene
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses Apuleian influences in The Faerie Queene. It argues that Spenser used different parts of The Golden Ass in various ways and with varying degrees of success. Meroë and Pamphile contributed to the pool of attributes from which Duessa and Acrasia emerged, and the combination of Homeric, Italian, and Apuleian elements was, by and large, an effective one. The account of Psyche's fall supplied a screen behind which Una could be clothed in the human colours that strict allegory would deny her, while Apuleius' description of her exile and her responses to trials and adversity provided a backdrop against which the virtues both of Una and Guyon could be measured. But it is when Spenser — in Muiopotmos as well as in The Faerie Queene — makes explicit reference to ‘Cupid and Psyche’ that the difficulties really begin.
Epilogue
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This epilogue begins with a brief discussion of the topics not covered in the preceding chapters. It then describes how Apuleius continues to exert his influence well beyond Milton in England. It also contends that many of the poetic and pictorial effusions inspired by ‘Cupid and Psyche’ have been bland, trite, or insipid.
1 Introduction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

The introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the definition and measurement of satisfaction. It defines satisfaction questions, the income-evaluation question, domain satisfaction, and general satisfaction. It discusses the similarity and difference between satisfaction and the ordinal utility concept. The chapter ends with an overview of the chapters included in the book and their findings.
3 Domain Satisfactions
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter applies the methodology introduced for analysing financial satisfaction to various other domains of life such as health, employment, housing, and marriage. The analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey and the British Household Panel Survey.
6 Males, Females, and Households
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines gender differences in satisfactions, based on surveys of British and German household panels. It is shown that answers to subjective questions by partners living in the same household are very similar and correlated. This is particularly true for satisfactions with respect to health, leisure, and jobs. It is also shown that the unobservable characteristics that influence one domain satisfaction are correlated with the ones that influence another domain satisfaction.
7 The Impact of Past and Future on Present Satisfaction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the theory that the individual's current satisfaction will depend on his or her own past experience and expected future. The study assumes that both the past and the future have an effect, and that the impact distribution is described by a mass-density function on the time axis. Estimates of this function show that its position and shape depend on age and other individual variables. The young and elderly place more weight on the past, while those in mid-life give more weight to the future.
8 The Influence of the Reference Group on our Norms
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the premise that in addition to lifetime experiences, an individual's reference group will have an impact on his or her norms and behaviour. Two cases are considered. In the first case, the person's reference group is known, such as people of the same age, education, and job type. In the second case, the person's reference group is not known beforehand, and the reference group is estimated based on the person's norms on income. The reference group is described by a social-filter model, which assigns much weight to persons who are ‘nearby’ and less to those ‘far away’, socially speaking.
9 Health and Subjective Well‐Being
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the possibility of measuring the effects of specific diseases on health and quality of life. Two methods have made this possible. The first is the satisfaction model developed in Chapter 4, which allows for the assessment of money values equivalent to the losses in well-being caused by illness. The second method is based on a new quality adjusted life year concept, which provides an intuitively plausible tool that is easy to interpret and cheap in terms of data collection.
10 The Effects of Climate on Welfare and Well‐Being—External Effects
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the effects of climate on welfare and well-being. Climate is shown to be a multidimensional phenomenon with complex effects on financial satisfaction and general satisfaction. This case is considered a particular instance of a more general problem: how to estimate the effect of an externality in terms of satisfaction and of monetary compensations in order to neutralize externality differences. Most external effects are neither completely internalized nor completely non-compensated through market income and prices. This method makes it possible to assess in how far the externality is compensated and what is the size of residual effects.
11 HOW to Find Compensations For Aircraft Noise Nuisance
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the monetary compensation needed to neutralize aircraft noise for households living around the main airport in Amsterdam. It is shown that housing costs in Amsterdam, due to the prevailing housing market disequilibrium, do not react to the level of prevailing aircraft noise, which implies that the housing prices and rents do not completely internalize the external effect caused by noise. Satisfaction analysis linked with an official aircraft noise zip-code differentiated database makes it possible to assess the monetary compensation, needed in order to neutralize aircraft noise. A differentiation is made between houses that are noise-insulated and those that are not.
13 Subjective Income Inequalities
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter presents a concept of subjective income inequality based on an extension of the objective income concept. Income satisfaction inequality differs from established measures of inequality using individual perceptions as the basis for making incomes comparable. Traditional measures of inequality introduce subjectivism via intuition by, for instance, imposing OECD-family equivalence scales or by choosing a specific welfare function specification. The introduction of income satisfaction does not imply that the objective measurement should be replaced by subjective concepts, but only that both the objective and subjective approach are complementary to each other.
15 Poverty
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the poverty phenomenon, distinguishing between the status of objective poverty and the subjective feeling of poverty. It is argued that defining objective poverty in terms of a minimum income or ‘basic needs’ runs the risk that some people who are officially declared to be ‘poor’ do not actually feel poor and vice versa.
Introduction
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: May 2008

This Introduction outlines the purpose of the book, namely to study a very important but neglected aspect of the Oxford Movement. The student of the Oxford Movement is very familiar with the concept of ethos. The book's contention is that in the language of the Tractarians, ethos is a concept rich in consequences, involving a complex theory of religious knowledge which deeply influenced the genesis and development of the Oxford Movement. The Introduction talks about the genesis of the book and outlines the chapters in turn.
2 Genesis and Nature of the Oxford Movement
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: May 2008

This chapter approaches the character and identity of the Oxford Movement from an assessment of how far it might be considered a ‘revival’. The need for reform-revival in the early 19th century Anglican Church was a topic much under discussion both at the time and continues being a subject of debate in recent historiography. The present study helps to define the distinctive character of the Movement and to clarify its position in respect to other parties within the Church of England. From this survey it becomes apparent that the Tractarians saw the ‘revival’ as emerging from an ethos wholly different from that which had so far been prevalent.
4 Ethos and Development
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the role ethos played in the genesis of Newman's theory of development. It begins with an analysis of Wood's theory of doctrinal development, and Newman's and Manning's negative response to it. The chapter tries to trace the intellectual difficulties and tensions Newman faced before his acceptance of doctrinal development, and shows how the concept of ethos contributed to the solution of those objections and to the formulation of his theory.
5 Ethos, History, and Religious Parties
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: May 2008

This chapter considers how far ethos determined the Tractarian stance towards the Reformers, the English Reformation, Church parties (Evangelical and High Church), and the Church of England itself. It also studies the Oxford Movement's historical analysis and predictions about how a defective ethos (Evangelical or High Church) leads toward rationalism, and later to infidelity. It ends with a study of the controversy about the arguments in favour or against remaining in the Church of England.
Introduction
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This introductory chapter focuses on Grelling's heterologicality paradox and on Russell's paradox for properties, and surveys the possible strategies for solving them. It also considers objections to given solutions to the paradoxes that they ‘change the meaning of’ key terms.
Self‐Reference and Tarski's Theorem
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea that there is an indefinitely extensible class of truth predicates, and of axiomatic characterization of truth as opposed to explicit definition.
Adding a Conditional? Curry and Lukasiewicz
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the Lukasiewicz continuum-valued semantics as a way of improving upon the Kleene semantics as the basis for an account of truth. It is shown that it gives a very nice treatment of the paradoxes within a quantifier-free fragment of the language, but that it breaks down when quantifiers are added. This account will nonetheless serve as something of a model for the view to be advocated later, and so a number of issues that will arise later are discussed here. These include the Curry paradox, the meaning of semantic values, and the notion of determinate truth.
Interlude on Vagueness, and the Paradoxes of König and Berry
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses vagueness and its possible connection to the semantic paradoxes, with particular reference to the continuum-valued semantics. Focus is put on higher order vagueness and whether it ultimately collapses. A connection is drawn between the König and Berry paradoxes and a version of the Sorites paradox. The role of a classical meta-theory for a non-classical language is discussed, which is important for undercutting a certain kind of ‘revenge argument’.
Are Supervaluational and Revision Theories Self‐Undermining?
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter is concerned with the extent to which supervaluation and revision theories can declare that their rules all preserve truth. The extent varies from one such theory to another, but none can do so entirely, and many actually declare some of their rules not to be truth-preserving. The question is raised whether this makes the theories ‘self-undermining’, and a reason is given why it doesn't. Connections to Gödel's second incompleteness theorem are drawn.
Intersubstitutivity and the Purpose of Truth
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter investigates the importance of the intersubstitutivity of True(p) with p, which has to be abandoned in all classical-logic theories. It concedes that minor exceptions to intersubstitutivity (‘harmless gaps’) can be accommodated with little effect on truth serving its purposes, but argues that the failures of intersubstitutivity in gap and glut solutions to the paradoxes are far more serious. It also argues that while weakly classical theories do slightly better than gap and glut theories in this regard, it is only slightly.
Stratified and Contextual Theories
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter investigates stratified theories of truth, in both uncontextualized and contextualized variants, both ‘finely stratified’ theories like Tarski's and ‘coarsely stratified’ theories that build upon fixed point constructions. It is argued that the coarsely stratified theories have less advantage over the finely stratified than they initially appear to, and also that the usual kinds of stratified theories (whether contextualized or not) don't in the end have an advantage over unstratified. An alternative kind of stratified theory is then considered, which in a sense ‘reverses’ the Tarski hierarchy. This is shown to yield a better theory, but is best thought of not as involving ‘levels of truth’ but ‘levels of determinateness’.
An Introduction to Paraconsistent Dialetheism
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter introduces ‘dialetheic’ approaches, according to which Liar sentences are both true and false, indeed both true and not true. (Some contradictions are accepted.) Dialetheism provides another way (in addition to restricting excluded middle) to retain the Intersubstitutivity Principle, but some who believe in dialetheism (such as Priest) prefer to give up the Intersubstitutivity Principle. The rationales for going one way or the other on this, the topic of gluts and gaps, and the relation to the classical glut theories of Chapter 8 are discussed.
Some Dialetheic Theories
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter surveys a number of dialetheic theories, pointing out some difficulties with each. The theories differ over the kind of conditionals they contain. The dialetheic theory that in some ways does best among those now known is based on the semantics of Chapters 16 and 17; however, it is somewhat unsatisfactory in not allowing reasoning by cases. But there is no clear reason to rule out the possibility of better dialetheic theories in the future.
2 Explaining the Data
Authors: Burda Michael C. , Hamermesh Daniel S. , Weil Philippe
Published: May 2008

This chapter offers a variety of explanations for some of the facts discovered in Chapter 1. Of particular interest is the male-female differences in the amount of total work — market work plus household production. A theory of the mechanisms by which social norms can affect sex roles in market and non-market productive activities is developed. The chapter then proceeds to consider the welfare implications of coordinating non-market activities within a local or national economy and develops a model that helps to explain some of the findings in Chapter 1 on the timing of market work.
4 Reduction of Working Time and Employment
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the theoretical underpinnings of the effects of work-sharing on employment. The analysis proceeds as follows: Section 4.2 is devoted to an analysis of labour demand when the firm chooses the number of jobs and hours. The interactions between employers' choice and workers' choice over hours, employment, and wages are studied in Section 4.3. Finally Section 4.4 provides some concluding comments. It is shown that compulsory reductions in standard hours can increase employment only in very special circumstances that are very rarely met in the real world. Cross-country differences in working time can be related to differences in institutions and cultures. Although imperfect competition may imply that state regulation of hours is required, this does not mean that systematic reductions in standard hours can improve employment or welfare.
5 Working Time Developments in Germany
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André
Published: May 2008

The length of the standard workweek has been a contentious topic in Germany over the past thirty years. In the 1980s and 1990s, trade unions reached agreements to reduce normal hours, in order to raise employment. This chapter begins with an overview of the institutional context and the development of normal hours worked in Germany. Section 5.3 provides a review of the econometric evidence for Germany on the impact of reductions in standard hours on employment and wages. Section 5.4 shows that reductions in standard hours were accompanied by various forms of flexible working-time arrangements. Section 5.5 describes some well-known examples of firms which have increased normal hours and simultaneously pronounced working hours, employment, wages job guarantees. Section 5.6 presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between changes in standard hours and employment (and labor productivity) growth. Section 5.7 presents some concluding remarks.
8 Work‐Sharing, Part‐Time Employment, and Childcare
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André
Published: May 2008

This chapter gives an overview of how work-sharing was implemented in the Netherlands. It shows that its employment effects were limited. However, work-sharing in the early 1980s was responsible for an unprecedented level of part-time employment in the Netherlands. This chapter is organized as follows. First, it discusses how work-sharing was implemented in the Netherlands. It then discusses the employment effects of work-sharing, especially regardng part-time employment. The influence of public policy and social values on labour force participation is considered.
Educating William: Belfast, Glasgow, and Cambridge
Authors: Craik Alex D. D.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the early education of William Thomson. It covers the influence of his father James Thomson in his education, his experiences at Glasgow College, at Cambridge University, and preparation for the Glasgow chair.
On the Early Work of William Thomson: Mathematical Physics and Methodology in the 1840s
Authors: Grattan-Guinness I.
Published: May 2008

This chapter reviews the early works of William Thomson. Thomson began to publish exceptionally early, in 1841, while still in his late teens; and a steady stream of papers came from him thereafter. Most of them in the 1840s concerned heat diffusion, electricity, or magnetism, and related mathematical methods such as the Fourier series and potential theory. These papers manifest a procedure of working by analogy in which methods were taken from one topic and adapted for use in another one.
James Thomson and the Culture of a Victorian Engineer
Authors: Bowler Peter
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on William Thomson's brother, James. James Thomson was primarily an engineer. He was the second Professor of Engineering at Queen's College, Belfast, serving from 1857 to 1873, at which point he left to take up the Chair of Engineering at Glasgow. James and William Thomson collaborated actively in the studies of thermodynamics which made the latter's reputation, and James made important studies in other areas of physics bearing on the engineering problems he encountered in the course of his work.
Fifty‐Eight Years of Friendship: Kelvin and Stokes
Authors: Wood Alastair
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the friendship between Sir G. G. Stokes and Kelvin. Kelvin was Stokes's principal correspondent over a period of fifty-six years. The correspondence between the two provide valuable insight not only into the research and research methods of two giants of 19th-century British science, but also into the day-to-day running of Cambridge and Glasgow Universities and of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh at a critical time in their histories. The family backgrounds and formative influences of Kelvin and Stokes, their life in Cambridge, their early research correspondence, professorships, marriages, and political activities are discussed.
Concepts and Models of the Magnetic Field
Authors: Roche John
Published: May 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of Thomson's scientific style. It then discusses his early heuristic analogies in electrostatics, guiding mechanical model for electromagnetism, his ‘positive’ theory of magnetism, theory of electromagnetic energy, vortex atoms, and electromagnetic theory of light.
Kelvin on Atoms and Molecules
Authors: Garber Elizabeth
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on Lord Kelvin's works on atoms and molecules. He published his first paper on the subject in 1861 and his last in 1907. His first foray into atoms and molecules was to estimate their size. His investigation of molecular models, his opposition to kinetic theory, his introduction of gyrostatic molecules, studies on electrons and radioactivity, and lectures at Johns Hopkins University are discussed.
Kelvin and the Development of Science in Meiji Japan
Authors: Latimer Colin
Published: May 2008

The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the Meiji restoration) and he and his entourage transferred the capital from Kyoto to Edo / Tokyo (Edo was renamed Tokyo) in September 1868. The new and globally ambitious Meiji government quickly realized the importance of science and technology. A major problem was the shortage of teachers capable of teaching advanced courses. So Japanese sought Kelvin's involvement in the appointment of teaching staff. This chapter discusses Kelvin's protégés in Tokyo and Japanese scholars in Glasgow.
Kelvin and Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Penrose Oliver
Published: May 2008

Kelvin played a big part in the development of statistical mechanics, both for equilibrium and non-equilibrium. This chapter reviews these developments, taking a particular interest in Kelvin's own contributions. Topics covered include Kelvin and thermoelectricity, gas modeled as a collection of molecules, the reversibility paradox, mathematical probability models, and Boltzmann's equations.
Kelvin—The Legacy
Authors: Whitaker Andrew
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the legacy of Lord Kelvin. A century after his death, Kelvin's name is also associated with the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics, and several other effects, in particular the Joule-Kelvin effect. His substantial contributions to the development of physics during the 19th century, and his influence on the education of physicists, the application of physics, and the interactions between physicists and the political and service establishments are discussed.
Hinton and the Origins of Disjunctivism
Authors: Snowdon Paul
Published: May 2008

This chapter investigates the central argument of Hinton's book Experiences. Hinton is credited with being the originator of disjunctivism, but his own writings are neglected. It is suggested that the idea of disjunctivism pre-dates Hinton's writings, but his achievement was being the first to focus on perception-illusion disjunctions, and to employ that kind of statement in an argument against a certain view of experience. It is argued that his account of them is not open to some objections that have been brought in the past, but it remains, in some respects, questionable. His main employment of them in an argument against the common element hypothesis is also questionable, but it is argued that he is right to object to that hypothesis on one central conception of it. It is hard to determine what his attitude is to that hypothesis on another conception, and that uncertainty represents the main mystery about his view.
Either/Or
Authors: Byrne Alex , Logue Heather
Published: May 2008

This chapter surveys the varieties of disjunctivism concerning perceptual experience. Disjunctivism comes in two main flavours: metaphysical and epistemological. Metaphysical disjunctivism is the view usually associated with the disjunctivist label. After some initial discussion of (metaphysical) disjunctivism, epistemological disjunctivism is explained. The rest of the chapter is solely concerned with explaining and assessing metaphysical disjunctivism, a theory of the nature of perceptual experience. The main conclusion is that although there is considerable insight in the vicinity, metaphysical disjunctivism is false.
Disjunctivism about Visual Experience
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores an approach to visual experience known as ‘disjunctivism’. Section 1 lays out a conception of visual experience focused on two charged aspects of the phenomenon: its conscious portrayal of the world, and its perceptual contact with the world. Section 2 lays out the backbone of disjunctivism and relates it to that conception of visual experience. Section 3 lays out a range of disjunctive positions and shows how they share the backbone. Section 4 canvasses major motivations for disjunctivism and shows how they confer a dialectical advantage on one version of the approach. Sections 5 and 6 sketch that version, explore its details, and show how they can be used to rebut criticism found in the literature. Section 7 presents new worries for the view. Section 8 explores a pure kind of disjunctivism — one which avoids these worries — sketching when it counts as well motivated.
Perceptual‐Recognitional Abilities and Perceptual Knowledge
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: May 2008

This chapter presents a conception of recognitional abilities and perceptual-discriminative abilities to make sense of how perceptual experiences make it possible to have cognitive contact with objects and facts. It is argued that accepting the emerging view does not commit one to the claim that perceptual experiences are essentially relational, as they are conceived to be in disjunctivist theories. The discussion explores some implications for the theory of knowledge in general. In particular, it considers how we can shed light on the nature of knowledge if we do not aim to provide a conceptual analysis of knowledge in terms of true belief plus something else. Consideration is also given to how best to make sense of the practical value that knowledge has.
2 Metaphor and Disclosure
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines how poets have found in metaphor an obvious point of contact with religion, despite the tendency of so many theologians and believers to seek reduction to the literal. It explores the rich, often hidden potential of metaphor to establish hitherto unperceived connections, then more specifically at how divine presence is mediated through them. It concludes with some thoughts on the deleterious consequences of modern reductionism.
3 Hymns and Psalms
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores how the music of worship recalls, renews, or initiates experience and it looks at the contribution that metaphor and symbol make. It begins by offering some reflections on the historical background to our present situation. It then focuses on the issues raised by imagery that goes beyond explicit biblical precedent (including what criteria might be applied in our own day), the question of match between music and words, and, finally, the range of experience to which such writing might appeal.
6 Enactment in Music
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the tradition of liturgical and choral music. It begins by considering the medieval situation and the ideals on which it operated. It then examines the attempt to reform the principles under which Gregorian chant and polyphony were sung (the latter in the 16th century, both in the 19th), before going on to examine how Protestant and Catholic traditions interacted to produce the situation we now find ourselves in. Finally, it considers what kind of contribution the Church might expect from such music today.
Making Italy:Terra Italia
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the evolution of ‘Italy’ itself. It identifies the Pyrrhic Wars as a key turning point in the evolution of the concept of Italy in the middle republic. An example of terra Italia is presented, which comes from a discussion of Pyrrhos' invasion in Aulus Gellius. It is argued that as propaganda, terra Italia may have originated in the decades following the battle of Sentinum, redolent of an ideological unity in the face of foreign foes (Epirote, Punic, or Gallic). Its technical sense, denoting non-Gallic Italy, may have first appeared as Rome began to acquire spheres of interest in Sicily, Sardinia, and the Po valley, leading to the need to differentiate overseas territories from those of the Italian alliance.
2 Roman Italy: The Second Century
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the legal and institutional evidence for what Roman Italy looked like, and how it operated in the late 2nd century bc. It considers the way in which the ager Romanus was articulated in terms of settlement, and the juridical taxonomies which underpinned those territorial divisions; how the various communities behaved, and how they related to Rome, and she to them. It is argued that far from being able to ‘colour in’, the whole map of that part of Italy enfranchised after the Social War as a nice patchwork of coloniae and municipia, we are instead faced with an Italy in which unmunicipalized ‘blank areas’ remained, for reasons of policy, inertia, or decay, in some cases for decades, even until the Augustan period.
Allies: Latins and Italians in the Second Century
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

Roman influence in Italy was the result of her entrenched position of power after the expulsion of Hannibal and defeat of Carthage. This chapter examines the impact on Latins and Italian socii. The Bacchanalian crisis, how non-Romans may have been affected by the agrarian legislation of 111 bc, citizenship, the character of Roman hegemony, and pre-Social War-leges are discussed.
Municipalization and the Politics of Enfranchisement of Italy
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

The municipalization following the Social War must be understood within the context of the political atmosphere in which it emerged, and the major public discourses of the time: the admission and absorption of the new citizens into the Roman res publica, and the closely related struggle for domination between the Marian/Cinnan group and that of Sulla and his adherents. This chapter examines the ‘Italian question’ between the end of the Social War and the dictatorship of Sulla. It argues that this period marks the beginning of the municipalization of those communities enfranchised as a result of the Social War.
The Simple Quattuorvirate (‘Nude Dictus’)
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

The most important identifying features of the vast majority of the municipia created after the Social War was their unique new magistracy, the quattuorvirate. This chapter examines all thirty-six attestations of the quattuorvirate nude dictus. While the quattuorvirate is not the sum of the changes represented by municipalization, it does have important things to tell us about what sorts of municipia Rome was trying to create after the Social War and why; it has the additional advantage of being widely represented in its major manifestations.
7 ‘Quattuoruiri Iure Dicundo’
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on attestations of the quattuorvirate iure dicundo. The magistracy is recorded at Tibur; Setia, Signia, Sora, Aquinum, and Interamna Lirenas; Cales; Aeclanum and Beneventum; Potentia and Volcei; Vibo Valentia; Brundisium and Luceria; Alba Fucens; Marruvium; Clusium, Volsinii, Vulci, and Volaterrae; Ocriculum, Interamna Nahars, Spoletium, Hispellum, Asisium, and Sassina; Placentia and Aquileia. Tibur has already furnished us with three inscriptions. It now provides us with two cases of the quattuorvirate i. d. Q37, known only through MS copies, constitutes one long line, and thus would seem to have been cut into an architrave. There is no way of knowing if anything was carved on adjacent blocks and is now lost.
9 The Duovirate
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the duovirate, the other magistracy found in municipia created after the Social War. Although the duovirate appears after the Social War, it is found as often in citizen communities whose incorporation predates the conflict as it is in new citizen communities. In the former group, it seems to be more or less a continuation of the two-praetor magistracy found before the Social War; but analysis of its presence in the new citizen communities requires careful thought before an explanation can be suggested. All attestations of the duovirate are considered, since the two groups cannot and should not be considered independently. While it can be suggested to within half a decade the date of the introduction of the quattuorvirate, that of the first appearance of the duovirate is anything but clear. The chapter attempts to provide at least a partial answer to this problem.
The Form of Greek Landscape
Authors: Güthenke Constanze
Published: May 2008

Moving beyond the conclusion of recent studies that place is symbolic and culturally constructed, this chapter historicizes those insights and traces them back to the central position of nature as landscape in post-Kantian and Romantic aesthetics. Here, landscape is thought extraordinarily suitable to embody universal concepts, among them that of freedom in particular. Nature is closely linked to questions of subjectivity and autonomy, and the use of nature imagery takes its premises from that same cluster of questions. An outline of the enabling form of Hellenism and the Romantic landscape of Greece leads on to the wider and far-reaching question of the ideal and its material representation. From this perspective, some of the consequences for literary representation of the emergence of the Greek state become clear.
‘I love this land of Greece above all else. It has the colour of my heart’: The Greek Landscape of the German Soul
Authors: Güthenke Constanze
Published: May 2008

The second chapter asks how, through aesthetic discourse, Greek reality (material, geographical, climatic) signified as a foil for individual and national reflection. It first examines examples of real and fictive travel-writings in (European) circulation around 1800, including some rare German accounts of Greece by, for example, Bartholdy and von Halem, which have so far not received any scholarly attention. This is followed by an analysis of Hölderlin's novel Hyperion, or the Greek Hermit (1797/1799). Often neglected in favour of his poetry, Hölderlin's poetic novel is a central text to introduce the landscape of contemporary Greece, as an ambivalent mediator between antiquity and modernity, into the act of writing on German national identity.
Analytic Justification
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: May 2008

It is largely because of the anticipated a priori status of analytic truths that philosophers have been interested in analyticity, but the existence of a priori justification is itself a difficult topic. This chapter explores the epistemological significance of analyticity. It examines three theories of analytic justification, (while remaining neutral about whether or not that analytic justification can be considered a kind of a priori justification), and uses the failures of the first two to motivate acceptance of the third.
China's Telecommunications Revolution
Authors: Harwit Eric
Published: May 2008

China's telecommunications industry has seen revolutionary transformation and growth over the past three decades. Chinese Internet users number more than 150 million, and the PRC expects to quickly pass the US in total numbers of connected citizens. The number of mobile and fixed-line telephone users soared from a mere 2 million in 1980 to a total of more than 800 million in 2007 — the country took the number one rank in the world in the number of telephones. China has been the most successful developing nation in history for spreading telecommunications access at an unparalleled rapid pace. This book tells how China conducted its remarkable ‘telecommunications revolution’. It examines both corporate and government policy to get citizens connected to both voice and data networks. It looks at the potential challenges to the one-party government when citizens get this access. And it considers the new opportunities for networking now offered the people of one of the world's fastest growing economies. The book is based on the author's fieldwork conducted in several Chinese cities, as well as extensive archival research. It focuses on key issues such as building and running the country's Internet, mobile phone company rivalry, foreign investment in the sector, and telecommunications in China's vibrant city of Shanghai. It also considers the country's internal ‘digital divide’, and questions how equitable the telecommunications revolution has been. Finally, it examines the ways the PRC's entry to the World Trade Organization will shape the future course of telecommunications growth.
4 China's Internet and Government Policy
Authors: Harwit Eric
Published: May 2008

This chapter considers several dimensions of China's Internet. It begins by examining other national models of Internet development. It then assesses the Chinese government's role in building and managing the network, introducing Internet service companies, and overseeing the growth of mainly private content providers. While the chapter considers issues of censorship and control in a way similar to earlier studies noted above, it also highlights the dilemma the government faces of larger economic benefit in the face of potential political challenges. It details major developments in e-commerce from the 1990s to the mid-2000s. The chapter also notes the evolving demographics of network users, and assesses how ‘netizen’ profiles shaped usage patterns. It concludes that despite a desire to control Internet content, the government was firm in its intent to see the network expand and become an important part of the Chinese economy and society.
5 Building the Network: The Role of Telecommunications Equipment Companies
Authors: Harwit Eric
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the country's telecommunications equipment manufacturing industries, and assesses the way industrial policy shaped them. It considers both Chinese and foreign-invested companies, as well as state-owned and private domestic corporations. It includes case studies of several key companies — such as Alcatel Shanghai Bell, Huawei, and ZTE — to see how well they have satisfied domestic needs, whether the companies have achieved technological advances, and how competitive they are in the international marketplace. The chapter uses some of the more traditional tools of assessing industries, taking into account sales profits and losses, and the impact of China's WTO entry on industries that have been both shielded from international competition, and benefited from foreign direct investment. It concludes that, overall, the government played a significant and positive role in shaping the industrial sector.
8 Industrial Policy and Lessons of the Telecommunications Revolution
Authors: Harwit Eric
Published: May 2008

This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should heed if they target key sectors for focused state economic policy intervention. Governments should avoid breeding corrupt practices, limit economic isolation from foreign investment, and encourage some forms of global competition. The chapter argues that if the area chosen for state intervention is well considered, competition is encouraged, and global economic forces are skillfully harnessed, other nations can emulate the equivalent of China's telecommunications revolution in a broad array of economic sectors.
4 Tomorrow's Hunger: A Framework for Analysing Vulnerability to Food Security
Authors: Løvendal Christian Romer , Knowles Marco
Published: May 2008

Whilst traditional food security analysis offers an ex post view on who the food insecure are and why they are so, looking at food insecurity from a vulnerability perspective provides a dynamic and forward looking way of analysing causes, and more importantly options for reducing food insecurity. This can help improve policy responses to food insecurity. The chapter expands a standard food security analytical framework by including risks and the ability at different levels to manage these risks to reduce the probability of people being food insecure in the future. It looks at how different shocks can impact on availability, access and utilization and, using a twin-track approach, identify policy options for reducing vulnerability.