bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in Spatial Orientation: Critical Limits for Landmark Inaccuracies in Maps in the Context of Map Matching
Authors: Keil Julian , Edler Dennis , Dickmann Frank , Kuchinke Lars
Published: April 2022

Map information, especially volunteered geographic information (VGI) is prone to spatial inaccuracies. Due to their use as spatial reference points, spatially inaccurate landmark representations in maps might affect the ability to match maps to the represented 3D space and might compromise self-localization and orientation. Based on a map matching task in a virtual 3D environment and various degrees of spatial landmark inaccuracies in a simultaneously presented 2D map, we aimed to identify acceptable and critical values of spatial inaccuracies. Furthermore, potential effects of inaccurate semantic spatial categories were evaluated. The findings demonstrate how metric and semantic spatial inaccuracies of landmark representations affect matching of maps to the represented 3D space. Map inaccuracies corresponding to more than 10 m within 3D space and swapped landmark pictograms in a map were associated with the perception of a mismatch between maps and 3D spaces. Furthermore, the distance of landmarks to the perceiver was found to affect map matching. Spatial inaccuracies of landmark pictograms were less likely to be associated with a perceived mismatch between maps and 3D spaces when the landmarks were further away, presumably because small or moderate inaccuracies were more difficult to perceive. To reduce the identified effects of landmark inaccuracies in maps on map-matching performance, we propose to identify means to quantify the uncertainty concerning spatial landmark inaccuracies and to visually communicate this uncertainty to map users.
An efficient method for chitin production from crab shells by a natural deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Huang Wen-Can , Zhao Dandan , Xue Changhu , Mao Xiangzhao
Published: April 2022

Crab shells are an important feedstock for chitin production. However, their highly compact structure significantly limits their use for the production of chitin under mild conditions. Here, a green and efficient approach using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) to produce chitin from crab shells was developed. Its effectiveness in isolating chitin was investigated. The results showed that most proteins and minerals were removed from crab shells and the relative crystallinity of the isolated chitin reached 76%. The quality of the obtained chitin was comparable to chitin isolated by the acid–alkali method. This is the first report on a green method for efficient chitin production from crab shells. This study is expected to open new avenues for green and efficient production of chitin from crab shells.
Recent progress of quantum dots for energy storage applications
Authors: Xu Quan , Niu Yingchun , Li Jiapeng , Yang Ziji , Gao Jiajia , Ding Lan , Ni Huiqin , Zhu Peide , Liu Yinping , Tang Yaoyao , Lv Zhong-Peng , Peng Bo , Hu Travis Shihao , Zhou Hongjun , Xu Chunming
Published: April 2022

The environmental problems of global warming and fossil fuel depletion are increasingly severe, and the demand for energy conversion and storage is increasing. Ecological issues such as global warming and fossil fuel depletion are increasingly stringent, increasing energy conversion and storage needs. The rapid development of clean energy, such as solar energy, wind energy and hydrogen energy, is expected to be the key to solve the energy problem. Several excellent literature works have highlighted quantum dots in supercapacitors, lithium-sulfur batteries, and photocatalytic hydrogen production. Here, we outline the latest achievements of quantum dots and their composites materials in those energy storage applications. Moreover, we rationally analyze the shortcomings of quantum dots in energy storage and conversion, and predict the future development trend, challenges, and opportunities of quantum dots research.
Mechanisms of strengthening energy and mass transfer in microbial conversion of flue-gas-derived CO2 to biodiesel and biogas fuels
Authors: Cheng Jun , Cen Kefa
Published: April 2022

The goals of national energy security and sustainable development necessitate the role of renewable energy, of which biomass energy is an essential choice for realizing the strategic energy diversification and building a low-carbon energy system. Microbial conversion of flue-gas-derived CO2 for producing biodiesel and biogas has been considered a significant technology in new energy development. Microalgae carbon sequestration is a hot research direction for researchers. However, three fundamental problems relating to energy/mass transfer and conversion remain as follows: (1) contradictory relationship between high resistance of cell membrane micropores and high flux of flue-gas-derived CO2 limits mass transfer rate of CO2 molecules across cell membrane; (2) low biocatalytic activity of intracellular enzymes with high-concentration CO2 results in difficulties in directional carbon/hydrogen conversion; (3) competition between multiple intracellular reaction pathways and high energy barriers of target products hinder the desirable cascade energy transfer. Therefore, key scientific issues of microbial energy conversion lie in the understanding on directional carbon/hydrogen conversion and desirable cascade energy transfer. Multiple researches have established a theoretical foundation of microbial energy conversion which strengthens energy/mass transfer in microbial cells. The innovative results in previous studies have been obtained as follows: (1) Reveal mass transfer mechanism of vortex flow across cell membrane micropores. (2) Propose a strategy that directionally regulates enzyme activity. (3) Establish chain reaction pathways coupled with step changes.
Strategies and reaction systems for solar-driven CO2 reduction by water
Authors: Bian Ji , Zhang Ziqing , Liu Ye , Chen Enqi , Tang Junwang , Jing Liqiang
Published: April 2022

Solar driven CO2 conversion into high-value-added chemicals and energy-rich fuels is one of the promising strategies to tackle global warming and to address the energy-supply crisis. Even though enormous effort has been devoted to exploring all sorts of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysts, the current efficiency and more importantly selectivity to valuable chemicals are still rather moderate, thus it is desired to develop high-efficiency photocatalytic system toward CO2 reduction with excellent selectivity. In this review, fundamental aspects of photocatalytic CO2 reduction by pure water, the reaction systems and the reliable method for detection of the products are firstly described. Thereafter the recent advances of the main strategy for improving the photocatalytic CO2 reduction from the perspective of promoting the CO2 adsorption and activation, accelerating the kinetics of water oxidation, and modulating charge separation are overviewed. The prospects and challenges on precise designing heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 photoreduction are proposed at the end, indicating the significance for the further development of photocatalytic systems with high CO2 conversion efficiency and product selectivity.
Visions of innovation and politics: Israel’s AI initiatives
Authors: Paltieli Guy
Published: April 2022

This paper examines how Israel’s national AI program was created. It reviews two documents that were published as part of this national effort and analyses their vision, objectives, recommendations and ethical and regulatory frameworks. The paper argues that similar to other discussions on National AI Strategies, the Israeli case shows how national visions of innovation shape the outlook on the implementation of AI in society. Yet, it also shows how a specific and deeply-rooted ethos in Israeli culture made it choose a different course and focus on a “national program” instead of “national strategy”. The reason for choosing such a course was to maintain agility and promote innovation. But as I show in this paper, this decision bears important implications regarding ethical and regulatory issues. This, I argue, make the Israeli case unique in the growing literature on national AI strategies. I conclude by suggesting that a strategic effort is needed in Israel and argue that more stakeholders should be included within it, in order to form a shared technological vision.
Changing jobs like changing clothes: the hobo syndrome among career starters
Authors: Kerckhofs Linde , Vandenhaute Marie-Laure , Hardies Kris
Published: April 2022

The hobo syndrome (i.e., the wanderlust someone posits to frequently change employers) has a behavioural (i.e., frequent job-quitting behaviour) and an attitudinal dimension (i.e., attitudes towards frequent job-quitting). Across two studies, we examine both dimensions across 348 career starters. By doing so, we expand our understanding of Ghiselli’s hobo syndrome in two ways: (a) we explore the effect of both ‘bright’- and ‘dark’-side personality traits on each dimension of the hobo syndrome, and (b) using longitudinal research, we shed light on the role of each dimension of the hobo syndrome in predicting actual job-quitting behaviour. Data for both studies were gathered through a survey and LinkedIn. Results of regression analyses show that psychopathy is associated with both dimensions of the hobo syndrome. Conversely, openness to experience is only associated with the attitudinal dimension, while agreeableness and extraversion are only associated with the behavioural dimension. Finally, we find that only the behavioural dimension is associated with the length of tenure with the first employer, suggesting that one’s intentions to frequent job-quitting are more important in predicting one’s actual job-quitting behaviour than one’s attitudes towards frequent job-quitting.
Sports fans, wagering, and concussion knowledge: implications for injury nondisclosure
Authors: Sullivan Karen A. , Jaganathan Kannan Singaravelu , Kinmond Sally
Published: April 2022

Objective:

Athletes perceive sports fans as a source of concussion nondisclosure pressure. Sports fans are exposed to injury depictions from the media that could lead them to underestimate its seriousness. This study examined the concussion knowledge of non-sports fans, sports fans, and wagering sports fans, as knowledge is a modifiable factor that can influence injury disclosure.

Setting and participants:

A convenience sample of 443 Australian adults completed an online survey.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Main measures:

Self-rated and actual concussion knowledge (the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey; RoCKAS).

Results:

There was no significant difference in the concussion knowledge of self-identified sports (n = 157) and non-sports (n = 286) fans; but sports fans rated their knowledge as significantly higher than non-sports fans (p < .05). Wagering sports fans (n = 24) had significantly less concussion knowledge than non-wagering sports fans (η2 = .03, small effect).

Discussion:

Athletes who feel nondisclosure pressure from sports fans may be influenced by people with incomplete concussion knowledge, particularly wagering sports fans. Sports fans over-estimated their knowledge, and this could contribute to the nondisclosure pressure felt by athletes. Programmes to increase injury disclosure by athletes should take these factors into consideration.
Contract as Transfer of Ownership, Even Without Consideration
Authors: Goldford Zackary
Published: April 2022

Functionalist justifications for the consideration requirement, and the many criticisms of them, are well developed in the literature. But Peter Benson offers a different sort of justification. He argues that contracts are transfers of ownership, and he builds his transfer theory around the consideration requirement. He claims that a bilateral and mutual act is required for ownership to be transferred. Therefore, he argues that consideration is a central part of what a contract inherently is because it works to ensure that there is a bilateral and mutual relationship between the parties. In this article, I challenge this view. I accept for the sake of argument that contracts are transfers of ownership and that they must be bilateral and mutual acts. However, I argue that a sufficiently bilateral relationship can be established, even without consideration, through the acts of offer and acceptance. In doing so, I demonstrate that it is not necessary to view the doctrines of offer, acceptance, and consideration as being inextricably linked as Benson does. Moreover, drawing on insights from the civil law tradition, I show that a relationship of mutuality can be established in contracts that are not backed by consideration. Since I demonstrate that contracts can be seen as transfers of ownership even without consideration, I argue that the bulk of Benson’s transfer theory could remain intact if the consideration requirement were to be removed. Finally, I argue that, in light of recent developments in many common law jurisdictions, Benson’s transfer theory must be understood without the consideration requirement in order for it to withstand the test of time.
102 Characterization of Hub and Spoke Facilities for Study of Surgical Care within United States Health Systems
Authors: Broman Kristy K. , Ross Elizabeth , Weech-Maldonado Rob , Bhatia Smita
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: An increasing number of hospitals and provider groups are consolidating into larger health systems, which hold potential to improve access to and quality of surgical cancer care through clinical integration across sites. In order to study clinical integration, we sought to develop: METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Hospital data from the American Hospital Association were merged with data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Compendium of United States Health Systems. For each health system with more than one acute care hospital, the hospital with the highest surgical volume (inpatient and outpatient) was categorized as the hub hospital while all other hospitals were categorized as spokes. We evaluated the concentration of case volumes at hub versus spoke hospitals and compared characteristics of these hospitals and their surrounding communities using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Within 624 health systems containing 3,554 hospitals, 355 hospitals were characterized as hub hospitals and had 2,645 affiliated spoke hospitals (median 17 spokes per hub, range 2-151). Hub hospitals performed a median of 68% of all surgical cases (25th-75th percentile 44-87%) and were concentrated in metropolitan (88.5%) and urban areas (11.5%) with none in rural areas; spoke hospitals were located in metropolitan (67%), urban (28%) and rural (5%) areas. On multivariable analysis, spoke hospitals were more often located in rural and small urban counties (OR 9.49, CI 4.57-19.70) and took care of a higher percentage of patients with less than high school education (OR 1.06 for each 1% increase, CI 1.03-1.10) but with lower poverty rates (OR 0.90 for each 1% increase in % poverty, CI 0.86-0.95). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: For integrated health systems with multiple acute care hospitals, surgical volume is highest at a single hub hospital, supporting use of a hub-spoke taxonomy. Patient populations in counties with hub versus spoke hospitals differ in urban-rural location, poverty rates, and education level, which may impact access to quality care.
474 Innovative solutions to streamline data collection, exchange, and utilization in translational research
Authors: Garza Maryam Y. , Prior Fred , Sanford Joseph A. , Sexton Kevin W. , Zozus Meredith N.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To determine the utility of any standard, one must first evaluate whether or not the standard meets the needs of the use case it is meant to support. We aim to quantify data availability of the HL7 FHIR standard to support data collection for three state-based registries in a rural state and measure the potential effects on data quality and collection time. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: FHIR mapping will be performed to assess the level of HL7 FHIR standard completeness (or data element coverage) in supporting data collection for the three registries. A systematic approach, previously developed and used by Garza and Zozus, will be used to map registry data elements to corresponding HL7 FHIR standard resources. FHIR coverage will be calculated as a percentage (total data elements “Available in FHIR” vs. total data elements overall) and will be observed across different domain areas (i.e., demographics vs. medications vs. vital signs, etc.) in order to identify the domains with the least and most coverage. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Although there have been informatics solutions that relied on data exchange standards to improve data collection, none have actually evaluated the coverage of the standard for supporting the needs of clinical data registries. To address this gap, we aim to evaluate the availability of the HL7 FHIR standard to support data collection for three state-based registries. These results will provide insight into the generalizability of a FHIR-based solution to support data acquisition and processing across multiple registries and demonstrate the potential for seamless exchange of that data for secondary use in clinical and translational research. Quantifying the coverage will also be used to further advance its development in order to meet the data collection needs of state and national clinical data registries. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Registries often rely on manual abstraction of EHR data. These manual approaches have had a negative impact on data quality and cost, often due to the complexities associated with collection and mapping of the data to fit the registry model. HL7 FHIR has the potential to address these issues by automating part or all of the data collection process.
505 Assessing the Accessibility of CTSA Training Resources
Authors: Ebanks Yasheca T , Del Prado Justine , Hassan Sohaib , Ebanks Yasheca T
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The New Jersey Alliance for Clinical & Translational Science conducted an observational study of current clinical research training to establish a comprehensive infrastructure. The goal was to develop a cross training catalogue of available resources for trainees to fill gaps in their Clinical Research training. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The focus of this observational study is the evaluation of (1) available clinical research training programs, (2) training areas aligned with the Joint Task Force competency domains, (3) specific target audiences who utilize trainings offered nationally, and (4) availability of resource toolboxes. This assessment was extracted by clicking on each of the hubs Education & Training and Resources tabs. The determination of the training areas and competency skills that aligned with the JTFs eight domains was confirmed by reviewing the course description on each website. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: CTSA hub website analysis of each hub revealed that each CTSA hub region has their own regional focus on training areas targeted for specific audiences. The validation of the NJ ACTS Education and Offering Inventory study allowed authors to categorize available training programs which significantly showed that Basic Training Programs targeted 22% of Undergraduate Students, Community Engagement Training Programs targeted 15% of Early Career Faculty, Experiential Training targeted 20% of Early Career Faculty and Undergraduate Students, Scholarly & Certificate Training targeted 20.5% of Graduate Students, and Graduate/Post Graduate Programs targeted 22.5% of Graduate Students and KL2 scholars. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This information helps build the infrastructure of a National Cross-Training Resource Platform in aid to encourage trainees to take advantage of available trainings across the CTSA Consortium.
510 Independent and Combined Effectiveness of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation and Responsive Caregiving Interventions to Support Early Child Development in Southwest Guatemala
Authors: Kowalski Alysse , Black Maureen ,   RTI International
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this study is to examine the independent and combined effectiveness of a multiple micronutrient supplementation and responsive caregiving intervention on early child development in southwestern Guatemala. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a double blind, 2 x 2, cluster randomized controlled trial combining micronutrient supplementation and responsive caregiving treatments. We enrolled 309 infants (6-18 months) and 387 preschoolers (36-52 months) at nutritional risk (height-for-age z-score < -1) (51% male; 17% indigenous ethnicity; 76% of caregivers completed â‰¤ primary school). The supplementation arm received a maize-soy product fortified with 21 micronutrients for 6 months; the control was fortified with B2. The responsive caregiving intervention was adapted from the UNICEF Care for Child Development program and delivered over 6 home visits. We examined changes in early child development from baseline (2015) to endline (2017) using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III and Bracken Scales of School Readiness. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among infants, age standardized Bayley cognitive development scores declined over time in each treatment arm. Infant Bayley motor development scores significantly increased in the combined multiple micronutrient supplementation + responsive caregiving arm (â^† = 3.67 [95% CI: 0.17, 7.17], p = 0.04). Among preschoolers, school readiness decreased over time in each treatment arm. The rates of change in infant development and preschooler school readiness did not differ between treatment arms. Further analysis will explore effect modification of the intervention by pre-specified child and household factors. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Combined multiple micronutrient supplementation and responsive caregiving supported motor development while cognitive and school readiness were not impacted by the intervention. These findings will inform the effectiveness and beneficiaries of multisectoral interventions to promote early child development in adverse environments.
527 Academic Medical Center Clinical Research Professional Recruitment, Retention and Diversity
Authors: Jones Carolynn Thomas , Kolb Robert , Pullum Cherese , Carter Karen K ,   Ohio State University Shaunagh Browning4, Fitz-Gerald Meredith , Marchant Mark , Mendell Angela , Knapke Jacqueline ,   University of Cincinnati Megan Petty
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: a) Explore topics related to AMC CRP job titles, descriptions, and pre-requisites for hire b) Describe impact of COVID-19 on the AMC CRP workforce c) Discuss opportunities for improving diversity in the CRP workforce d) Discuss opportunities to enhance institutional staffing culture to retain CRP workforce METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Qualitative data from a series of workshop breakout sessions and open-text survey materials focusing on AMC CRP recruitment, retention and diversity were analyzed to inform content and recommendations for clinical research job titles and descriptions, pre-requisites, diversity, and current needs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: While certain institutions have established competency-based frameworks for job descriptions and career ladders, standardization remains generally lacking across CTSA hubs. Significant hiring needs have reached exponential proportions across hubs, unable to meet current and projected clinical research goals. Data confirmed an urgent need for closing gaps in clinical research workforce at AMCs, especially for improving diversity and equity of personnel. Improved collaboration with human resource departments, engagement with principal investigators, and overcoming both organizational and resource challenges were suggested strategies, as well as pipeline development via outreach to universities, community colleges, and high schools to raise awareness of the professional pathways for CRPs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Based on input from 130 CRP leaders at 38 CTSA hubs and 4 IDeA sites evaluating data from 23 breakout transcripts and ~92 surveys from the Collaborative Conversations Unmeeting, new opportunities emerged during the analysis. The findings will be summarized in a 2022 Synergy manuscript including best practice benchmarking recommendations.
The transition from in-person to virtual museum programing for individuals living with chronic pain – A formative evaluation
Authors: Koebner Ian J. , Chatterjee Helen J. , Witt Claudia M. , Tancredi Daniel J. , Rawal Ruchi , Weinberg Gary , Meyers Frederick J.
Published: April 2022

Museum engagement may be an effective approach for decreasing social disconnection and pain among individuals living with chronic pain. In October 2019, we launched a randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility of museum engagement for individuals living with chronic pain; the study was halted in March, 2020 due to Covid-19-related safety concerns. This paper describes the process of transitioning from in-person to virtual museum programing in order to continue the study. Virtual museum programing is a feasible option for individuals living with chronic pain that is amenable to research and which may improve accessibility, inclusivity, and scalability relative to in-person programing.
159 Community Engagement (CE) Brokers: Diversity and the Science of CE
Authors: Piechowski Patricia , Claxton Gina , Spencer Nicola , Vasile Elizabeth ,   UC Davis Health, Zender Robynn
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Since 2013, managers of community engagement (CE) programs across the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) consortium funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) have convened monthly to build connections, share knowledge, and enable collaboration. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Notable for focus on staff leadership, the CE Brokers group has been central to the ongoing success of CTSA community engagement partnerships and approaches to research. In early 2022, a survey of the 139-member group asked about their roles and responsibilities, the ways the CE Brokers network has contributed to their hubs adoption and development of best practices and innovations, resources and lessons learned, and the creation of opportunities for members to collaboratively conduct and disseminate original research, and research on the science of community engagement. The survey also asked CE Brokers if they or their community partners are part of an underrepresented community. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: These demographic data will be shared, along with analyses of data on growth of the group over time, evolving themes, and a SWOT analysis completed in 2021. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This will provide a platform to explore new avenues for the CE Brokers and their impact within the NCATS CTSA consortium, in line with the evolving direction of the clinical and translational research enterprise.
193 A CTS Team Approach to Incorporating Black Womens Conceptualization of Trust in the development of a Mindfulness Practice tool tailored for the Reproductive Provider Space
Authors: Ronke Coker Karen Awura-Adjoa ,   Co-Author and Co-Presenter Tyler Scott Nesbit
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goals of the proposed project are to 1) identify the critical components of trust required by Black Women to build a visible expression of trust within their reproductive health space, and 2) incorporate the elements of trust identified into a mindfulness-based communication tool, for reproductive health care providers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will be applying a mixed-methods approach inclusive of questionnaires and focus groups. Aim 1: Our study population consists of persons who identify as 18+ Black Women in Alachua County, Florida.Aim 2: Our Population within the reproductive health space (e.g., ob-gyn, midwives, nurse practitioners, etc…) at the University of Florida Shands Hospital. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that our results will fully engage with our Black Women in dialogues about key components of trust they want to experience and have within their reproductive space. This will inform the development of the mindfulness-based tool which will be incorporated with continuous insights with our Black Women. The proposed research project will contribute to the call for health equity. We aim to address this barrier by recognizing the agency of Black women to conceptualize trust on their terms, which we then would incorporate into applied trainings of reproductive health providers to establish trust. Health equity will take a considerable amount of social change at many levels and this study aims to better understand the process. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Structural racism and health disparities are linked with the disproportionate loss of Black women and associated negative birth outcomes. Our work will provide needed insights regarding mistrust in patient-provider relationships. Inform the development of a feasible tool challenging implicit bias in health provider spaces.
Communicative efficiency and the Principle of No Synonymy: predictability effects and the variation ofwant toandwanna
Authors: Levshina Natalia , Lorenz David
Published: April 2022

There is ample psycholinguistic evidence that speakers behave efficiently, using shorter and less effortful constructions when the meaning is more predictable, and longer and more effortful ones when it is less predictable. However, the Principle of No Synonymy requires that all formally distinct variants should also be functionally different. The question is how much two related constructions should overlap semantically and pragmatically in order to be used for the purposes of efficient communication. The case study focuses onwant to + Infinitive and its reduced variant withwanna, which have different stylistic and sociolinguistic connotations. Bayesian mixed-effects regression modelling based on the spoken part of the British National Corpus reveals a very limited effect of efficiency: predictability increases the chances of the reduced variant only in fast speech. We conclude that efficient use of more and less effortful variants is restricted when two variants are associated with different registers or styles. This paper also pursues a methodological goal regarding missing values in speech corpora. We impute missing data based on the existing values. A comparison of regression models with and without imputed values reveals similar tendencies. This means that imputation is useful for dealing with missing values in corpora.
Disputing Epidemics, Public Health, and Alternative Therapies in Latin American History
Authors: Villella Peter B.
Published: April 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

The Gray Zones of Medicine: Healers and History in Latin America. Edited by Diego Armus and Pablo F. Gómez. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021. Pp. 262. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780822946854.

Compound Remedies: Galenic Pharmacy from the Ancient Mediterranean to New Spain. By Paula S. De Vos. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 352. $50.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780822946496.

For All of Humanity: Mesoamerican and Colonial Medicine in Enlightenment Guatemala. By Martha Few. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2015. Pp. x + 304. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780816531875.

The Experiential Caribbean: Creating Knowledge and Healing in the Early Modern Atlantic. By Pablo F. Gómez. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. Pp. xix + 314. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469630878.

Plagues upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History. By Kyle Harper. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021. Pp. x + 704. $35.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780691192123.

Carving a Niche: The Medical Profession in Mexico, 1800–1870. By Luz María Hernández Sáenz. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2018. Pp. xix + 376. $38.22 paperback. ISBN: 9780773553026.

Enlightened Immunity: Mexico’s Experiments with Disease Prevention in the Age of Reason. By Paul Ramírez. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. Pp. xi + 376. $70.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781503604339.

Mexico in the Time of Cholera. By Donald Fithian Stevens. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019. Pp. ix + 328. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826360557.

An Imperative to Cure: Principles and Practice of Q’eqchi’ Maya Medicine in Belize. By James B. Waldram. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2020. Pp. xvi + 288. $84.80 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826361738.

Death Is All around Us: Corpses, Chaos, and Public Health in Porfirian Mexico City. By Jonathan M. Weber. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019. Pp. xiii + 294. $30.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781496213440.
Ecclesiastical Pressures and Language Politics: The Boundary Work of Albanian Language in the 17th-18th Centuries
Authors: Doja Albert
Published: April 2022

In this article, I examine early religious literature in the Albanian language in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which, in combination with ecclesiastical rivalries and a differential opposition to Ottoman rule, must have promoted an inherent cultural process of differentiation, especially between Greek-speaking and Albanian-speaking Orthodox Christians. In particular, I argue that the contradicting motivations of political contradistinction, Enlightenment propagation, Orthodox evangelism, ecclesiastical confrontation, and missionary counteraction lead inadvertently to a boundary work of the social reorganization of linguistic and cultural difference.
Corrigendum to “Topological complexity of real Grassmannians”
Authors: Pavešić Petar
Published: April 2022

There is a problem with the proofs of [1], Lemma 4.4 and the related Theorems 4.5, 4.8 and 4.12 regarding the computation of zero-divisor cup-length of real Grassmann manifolds ${G_k({{\mathbb {R}}}^{n})}$. The correct statements and improved estimates of the topological complexity of ${G_k({{\mathbb {R}}}^{n})}$ will appear in a separate paper by M. Radovanović [2].
Dietary ecological traits of extinct mammalian herbivores from the last glacial termination at the Pilauco Site, Chile
Authors: González-Guarda Erwin , Tornero Carlos , Petermann-Pichincura Alia , Ramírez-Pedraza Iván , Pino Mario , Corti Paulo , Cortés Leslie , Osorio Felipe , Barrientos Úrzula , Espinoza Angelo , Agustí Jordi
Published: April 2022

Stable isotopes are a powerful tool for reconstructing the past. However, environmental factors not previously considered can lead to misinterpretations. Our study presents a novel analysis of the feeding behavior of the megafauna that inhabited the Pilauco ecosystem in south-central Chile during the last glacial termination. We analyzed a suite of modern plant and animal samples from closed-canopy forests to establish an isotopic baseline with which to compare stable isotope results from fossil megafauna. Using the modern samples as a reference, the δ13C results from the Pilauco megafauna indicate feeding behaviors in forested areas. These results were then calibrated with dental calculus samples and coprolites, which suggest the coexistence of graze- and grass-dominated mixed-feeder diets. The δ15N values found in Pilauco megafauna are not consistent with modern reference data sets or with the low δ15N values of extinct proboscideans from other contemporaneous and nearby sites. Probably, the δ15N values of the Pilauco ecosystem were not primarily affected by climate, but rather by disturbance factors (e.g., grazing effect). Our results indicate that the Pilauco megafauna fed mainly on arboreal vegetation; however, non-isotopic proxies indicate that they were also eating open vegetation (e.g., herbs and grasses).
ON THE INHOMOGENEOUS VINOGRADOV SYSTEM
Authors: BRANDES JULIA , HUGHES KEVIN
Published: April 2022

We show that the system of equations
$$ \begin{align*} \sum_{i=1}^{s} (x_{i}^{\,j}-y_{i}^{\,j}) = a_{j} \quad (1 \leqslant j \leqslant k) \end{align*} $$

has appreciably fewer solutions in the subcritical range
$s < \tfrac 12k(k+1)$
than its homogeneous counterpart, provided that
$a_{\ell } \neq 0$
for some
$\ell \leqslant k-1$
. Our methods use Vinogradov’s mean value theorem in combination with a shifting argument.
COMPLEX STRUCTURES ON STRATIFIED LIE ALGEBRAS
Authors: ZHANG JUNZE
Published: April 2022

We investigate some properties of complex structures on Lie algebras. In particular, we focus on nilpotent complex structures that are characterised by suitable J-invariant ascending or descending central series,
$\mathfrak {d}^{\,j}$
and
$\mathfrak {d}_j$
, respectively. We introduce a new descending series
$\mathfrak {p}_j$
and use it to prove a new characterisation of nilpotent complex structures. We also examine whether nilpotent complex structures on stratified Lie algebras preserve the strata. We find that there exists a J-invariant stratification on a step
$2$
nilpotent Lie algebra with a complex structure.
Sex differences in the relationship between food insecurity and weight status in Brazil
Authors: Domingos Talita Barbosa , Sichieri Rosely , Salles-Costa Rosana
Published: April 2022

Obesity and undernutrition are manifestations of malnutrition that affect many people worldwide. A lack of access to food may explain the association of food insecurity (FI) with both undernutrition and obesity, but there are other factors that are specifically related to obesity. Studies have also found that FI is related to both overweight and obesity among women but not among men. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between FI and weight status among adults from a nationally representative sample of Brazil and to consider the impacts of sex. Data from the 2017–2018 Household Budget Survey (n 28 112), a national cross-sectional study, were analysed using the Brazilian Household FI Scale (EBIA) and BMI (measured in kg/m2) by individual self-reported weight and height. Associations were estimated by OR with 95 % CI considering a multinomial logistic regression model. Women with severe FI were more than twice (OR = 2·36) as likely to be underweight and had a higher frequency of obesity (OR = 1·39). Among men, severe FI status was a protective factor for overweight (OR = 0·58) and obesity (OR = 0·61). In conclusion, FI was a risk factor for underweight and obesity among women but not among men.
Exporting Uncertainty: The Impact of Brexit on Corporate America
Authors: Campello Murillo , Cortes Gustavo S. , d’Almeida Fabrício , Kankanhalli Gaurav
Published: April 2022

We show that the 2016 Brexit Referendum had multifaceted consequences for corporate America, shaping employment, investment, divestitures, R&D, and savings. The unexpected vote outcome led U.S. firms to cut jobs and investment within U.S. borders. Using establishment-level data, we document that these effects were modulated by the reversibility of capital and labor. American-based job destruction was particularly pronounced in industries with less skilled and more unionized workers. U.K.-exposed firms with less redeployable capital and high input-offshoring dependence cut investment the most. Data on the near universe of U.S. establishments also point to measurable, negative effects on establishment turnover (openings and closings). Our results demonstrate how foreign-born political uncertainty is transmitted across international borders, shaping domestic capital formation and labor allocation.
Public Attention to Gender Equality and Board Gender Diversity
Authors: Giannetti Mariassunta , Wang Tracy Yue
Published: April 2022

We document that heightened public attention to gender equality is associated with an increase in board gender diversity. Improvements in diversity are more pronounced in firms with a corporate culture that is already sympathetic to gender equality. When public attention to gender equality increases, firms reach out to a larger pool of women, such as women without industry experience or outside their network, but female director appointments do not appear to be dilutive of the board’s skills. Instead, we observe less reliance on connections for director appointments and a decrease in the propensity to appoint connected men.
Indirect Evergreening Using Related Parties: Evidence From India
Authors: Kashyap Nishant , Mahapatro Sriniwas , Tantri Prasanna
Published: April 2022

We identify a novel way of evergreening loans in India. A low-quality bank lends to a related party of an insolvent borrower, and the loan recipient transfers the funds to the insolvent borrower using internal capital markets. Incremental investments, interest rates charged, and loan delinquency rates collectively indicate evergreening. These loans are unlikely to represent arm’s length transactions or rescue of troubled related firms by stronger firms to prevent group-wide spillover effects. Indirect evergreening is less likely to be detected by regulatory audits. It has significant real consequences at the firm and industry levels.
Evaluation of in vitro methods of anthelmintic efficacy testing against Ascaridia galli
Authors: Feyera Teka , Elliott Timothy , Sharpe Brendan , Ruhnke Isabelle , Shifaw Anwar , Walkden-Brown Stephen W
Published: April 2022

To investigate methods for in vitro assessment of anthelmintic efficacy against the chicken nematode Ascaridia galli this study firstly evaluated sample preparation methods including recovery of eggs from excreta using different flotation fluids and induced larval hatching by the deshelling–centrifugation method and the glass-bead method with or without bile. It then evaluated two in vitro assays, the in-ovo larval development assay (LDA) and larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA), for anthelmintic efficacy testing against A. galli using fresh eggs and artificially hatched larvae, respectively. Four anthelmintics, thiabendazole (TBZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), levamisole (LEV) and piperazine (PIP) were employed using an A. galli isolate of known susceptibility. The results suggested that the LDA and LMIA could successfully be used to generate concentration response curves for the tested drugs. The LDA provided EC50 values for inhibition of egg embryonation of 0.084 and 0.071 μg/ml for TBZ and FBZ, respectively. In the LMIA, the values of effective concentration (EC50) of TBZ, FBZ, LEV and PIP were 105.9, 6.32, 349.9 and 6.78 × 107 nM, respectively. For such in vitro studies, a saturated sugar solution showed high egg recovery efficiency (67.8%) and yielded eggs of the highest morphological quality (98.1%) and subsequent developmental ability (93.3%). The larval hatching assays evaluated did not differ in hatching efficiency but the deshelling–centrifugation method yielded larvae that had slightly better survival rates. For final standardization of these tests and establishment of EC50 reference values, tests using isolates of A. galli of defined resistance status need to be performed.
Dam(n)ing the hills: Indigeneity, American aid, and Cold War politics in the Kaptai Dam, East Pakistan, 1957–1964
Authors: Jhala Angma D.
Published: April 2022

In the late 1950s, work began on the Kaptai hydroelectric dam, a massive project in the verdant Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), an area bordering northeast India, east Pakistan (today Bangladesh), and Burma (now Myanmar), largely populated by indigenous hill communities. At the time, the CHT was situated in newly created East Pakistan, and Kaptai had become a focal site for the development of hydroelectric power. In the process, Pakistan relied upon international networks, including global aid organizations and American multinational construction firms, to fulfil its development dreams; in return the United States found a useful ally to contain Soviet influence and the growth of communism in Asia. In the high stakes exchange of economic aid for political alliance-making, East Pakistani administrators, US State Department officials, and American corporations became inherently entwined in a shared vision of development, to the detriment of local ecologies and the indigenous peoples who lived within them. This article will explore how both the public and private sectors used the language of primitivity, wildness, and atavism to marginalize minority ‘tribal’ populations in the devastating name of development and modernity.
Metternich's Peace Management, 1840–48: Anachronism or Vision?
Authors: Pásztorová Barbora
Published: April 2022

Austrian chancellor Metternich's Europeanism is often disputed. It has been claimed that he strove only to strengthen Austrian power within the German Confederation and to establish Austrian hegemony in Central Europe, with European interests and the Concert of only secondary concern. The objective of this article is to analyze Metternich's opinions and acts during selected European crises and events between 1840 and 1848, arguing that his approach to resolving them or dealing with their consequences shows that during this period his primary objective was to maintain European peace. He wanted to achieve this by demonstrating the moral consensus of, ideally, all the great powers by abating tense nationalist sentiments, calling for the observance of international agreements and the respect of rights, adopting preventive measures, and warning against or drawing attention to possible negative consequences of the crises for peace in Europe. Metternich's attempt at preserving European peace at all costs was mainly a result of his personal experience of revolution and almost a quarter century of warfare with France. By the 1840s, however, Metternich's style of peace management was rejected as anachronistic, resulting in several military conflicts in subsequent years. Considering the events of the last century that led to European integration, however, his Europeanism deserves a more forgiving evaluation.
Aviation policy instrument choice in Europe: high flying and crash landing? Understanding policy evolutions in the Netherlands and Germany
Authors: Berker Lars E. , Böcher Michael
Published: April 2022

In the public debate on climate change in Europe, aviation transport has become a bone of contention and thus also a target of political regulation. While the actual available policy instruments, their designs and effects have been extensively studied, their political economy has remained a rather blind spot of research. Therefore, in this article we explore factors accounting for the instrument choice in aviation policy. Revealing most different evolutions in this matter, the Netherlands and Germany represent appropriately illustrative cases for a comparative exploration. Based on the Political Process-inherent Dynamics Approach, we shed light on a highly complex and limiting institutional environment for aviation policy-making and ultimately identify diverging conceptions of problem structures as well as different configurations of party competition as main explanatory factors for instrument choice and aviation policy evolution.
(Trans)National Fairy Tale and Romantic Childhood: Humperdinck'sHänsel und Gretelthrough its Parisian Reception
Authors: Coombes T. F.
Published: April 2022

Around 1900, Engelbert Humperdinck and Adelheid Wette'sHänsel und Gretelwas one of the most widely performed operas in Europe. The critical discourse prompted by its Paris premiere provides an opportunity for exploring the political dynamics of nineteenth-century fairy tales and for elucidating the piece's considerable historical significance. Although Humperdinck's opera was a prime vehicle for perpetuating Franco-German cultural competition, a prominent strand of its Parisian reception emphasised transnational commonalities linking French and German cultural heritage – an emphasis facilitated by the fairy tale's nationalist ideologies. According to some Parisian critics, the opera's wildly successful representation of childhood explained its international success. Certainly,Hänsel und Gretelembodied an influential perception of childhood that also animated late nineteenth-century French literary and political spheres. In so doing, the opera also gave musical and dramatic shape to some highly restrictive aspects of the Romantic image of the divinely protected child.