bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTECTION OF THE EYES WITH OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS DURING GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: SCHMIDT PETER , BØGGILD‐MADSEN NIELS B.
Published: May 2009

In a double blind trial 47 anaesthetized patients were given eye protection with the paraffin‐based neutral eye ointment Ph. Nord. 63 in one eye and the water‐based Methyl cellulose (MC) 4% in the other. Twenty‐four hours later the eyes were vital‐stained with rose bengal/fluorescein. No unintended effects of the ointments were found and no injury to the eyes were seen. Compared with the paraffin‐based ointment the MC ointment produced a more firm adhesion of the eyelids. A water‐based 4% MC ointment is therefore, as alternative to the fat‐based neutral eye ointment.
CORNEAL FRAGILITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SENSITIVITY
Authors: MILLODOT MICHEL , O'LEARY DANIEL J.
Published: May 2009

Corneal fragility threshold (CDT) was measured in 45 people and compared with their corneal sensitivity (CTT). It was found that the 2 parameters were well correlated (+0.73). It is suggested that corneal damage as evinced by staining is the pre‐requisite to sensation as in almost all subjects no feelings were aroused at a pressure corresponding to CDT. It is also shown that previous suprathreshold stimulation influences CTT measurements. No significant difference in corneal fragility were found between males and females or between blue and brown eyes, although the samples were rather small. In the center of the cornea fragility was much greater than at the periphery.
INITIAL AND LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF METOPROLOL AND TIMOLOL ON THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: ALM ALBERT , WICKSTRÖM CARL PETER , TÖRNQUIST PER
Published: May 2009

The effect of 3% metoprolol and 0.5% timolol eye drops on the intraocular pressure (IOP) was compared in healthy subjects. The effect of a single dose was determined up to 48 h after administration of the drug before and after 2 weeks' treatment twice daily with the test drug. The study was performed as a randomized, double‐masked cross‐over study. Both drugs caused significant reductions in IOP with a maximal effect 2 to 8 h after administration of the drug. Timolol reduced the mean IOP from 14.8 to 10.7 mmHg after 2 h. The corresponding figures for metoprolol were 14.1 and 11.5 mmHg. There was no clear cut effect in the untreated eye for either drug. The effect of one drop timolol lasted for at least 48 h. The duration of one drop metoprolol was 36 h, but there was a marked reduction of the effect between 8 and 12 h after administration of the drug. Both drugs caused a smaller pressure reduction when the effect of one eye drop was followed for 48 h after two weeks' treatment compared to the initial response. This “escape” was of the same order for both drugs. It has been concluded that the composition of metoprolol eye drops used in the present study is less efficient than timolol as an ocular hypotensive agent.
TIMOLOL AND METOPROLOL. A DIURNAL STUDY OF THE OCULAR AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS IN GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

A comparison of the diurnal effects of timolol 0.5% and metoprolol 3.0% eye drops on the intraocular pressure, blood pressure and heart rate in 10 glaucoma patients was performed in a double‐masked cross‐over study. Both agents produced a significant ocular hypotensive effect for more than 12 h. Timolol appeared to be more potent after 4 and 7 h. No significant difference in hypotensive action was present between timolol and metoprolol 1, 12 and 24 h after treatment. The mean arterial pressure was significantly lowered after I and 4 h with timolol and after 1 h during metoprolol therapy. Both agents reduced the heart rate after 1 h. Measurements of plasma concentration of ocular applied timolol and metoprolol showed in 4 patients levels of plasma timolol high enough to induce minimal systemic beta‐blockade.
AQUEOUS HUMOUR AND PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN TAPETO‐RETINAL DEGENERATIONS
Authors: EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

The concentration of 18 amino acids and related compounds has been determined in plasma and aqueous humour in 17 patients with tapeto‐retinal degenerations, among them 10 patients with retinitis pigmentosa. When compared with a previously obtained reference series of 40 patients abnormal aqueous concentrations (Caq) were found for taurine, glutamine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, α‐ANBA and cystine. As regards the plasma concentrations (Cpl) only glutamic acid and α‐ANBA showed abnormal values. Several of the substances showing abnormal concentrations are possible neurotransmittors or inhibitors. The results suggest that aqueous humour analysis will be a useful way of studying retinal degenerations.
PTERYGIUM, THE DOMINANT EYE AND THE HABIT OF CLOSING ONE EYE IN SUNLIGHT
Authors: JENSEN OLE LUND
Published: May 2009

Based on findings in 21 patients with pterygium and 22 normal controls a theory is proposed that pterygium develops initially in the dominant eye. In 13 patients with unilateral pterygium the disorder in 13 was located in the dominant eye. The visual response to intense sunlight of the 21 control subjects confirmed the clinical observation that the non‐dominant eye is closed and the dominant eye held open in people facing the sun. These results might explain why pterygium usually occurs first in the dominant eye. A genetic pre‐disposition for the disorder is likely.
ONE‐MONTH CROSSOVER TRIAL COMPARING THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE CONTROL OF 3.4% PILOPLEX TWICE DAILY WITH 2.0% PILOCARPINE FOUR TIMES DAILY
Authors: DUZMAN EFRAIM , QUINN CAROL A. , WARMAN ALBERTO , WARMAN ROBERTO
Published: May 2009

A one‐month crossover trial comparing Piloplex 3.4% b.i.d. with pilocarpine 2.0% q.i.d. was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the 2 drugs in reducing the intraocular pressure of ocular hypertensive and open‐angle glaucoma in subjects previously controlled with pilocarpine 2.0%. For both groups the mean IOP increased slightly from baseline with pilocarpine and decreased significantly from baseline with Piloplex. The side effects of both treatments were minor. Piloplex and pilocarpine treatment were both associated with eye dryness; Piloplex was associated with lacrimation in 2 subjects. This controlled study showed that Piloplex 3.4% b.i.d. was more effective than pilocarpine 2% q.i.d. in lowering intraocular pressure.
PREOPERATIVE TIMOLOL AND OCULAR COMPRESSION IN CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: MIETTINEN RAUNO , AIRAKSINEN P. JUHANI , PIHLAJANIEMI RAIMO , PUHAKKA KAIJA
Published: May 2009

The intraocular pressure (IOP) reducing effect of topical timolol with digital ocular compression for the prevention of vitreous loss in cataract surgery was compared with the effect of combined acetazolamide‐mannitol pre‐medication with digital compression. In the timolol group of 30 patients the mean IOP reduced from 11.4 mmHg before the compression to 8.2 mmHg after it. In the acetazolamide‐mannitol group of 29 patients the mean IOPs were 10.9 and 5.6 mmHg, respectively. The reduction of IOP was statistically highly significant in both groups. There was no case of vitreous loss and the post‐operative healing was uncomplicated in both groups of patients. The application of timolol was easy and time saving, but acetazolamide‐mannitol pre‐medication created deeper hypotony after ocular compression, which was probably due to the vitreous reducing effect of mannitol.
ASSOCIATION OF OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE WITH FAMILIAL ACUTE ANTERIOR UVEITIS
Authors: SAARI K. M. , SOLJA J. , VIRRANKOSKI T. , FREY H. , SEPPÄNEN S. , KOSKIMIES S.
Published: May 2009

In a family with 3 cases of acute anterior uveitis (AAU) the proband had 13 episodes of recurrent AAU associated 4 times with severe, throbbing ipsilateral headache. During one such episode he had an oculomotor palsy, hyper‐aesthesia of the cornea, and lack of spontaneous pulsations of the central retinal vein in the eye with AAU. An oculomotor palsy occurred twice intermittently between the AAU episodes. Carotid and vertebral angiographies confirmed the diagnosis of ophthalmoplegic migraine. Prostaglandins liberated by trauma, AAU, or other inflammation may be involved as mediators in ophthalmoplegic migraine attacks. All 3 patients with AAU had sacroiliitis and seronegative polyarthritis. One of their siblings had polyarthritis and one incomplete Reiter's disease. All of them were HLA‐B27 positive whereas one healthy sibling was HLA‐B27 negative. These findings support the hypothesis that HLA‐B27 itself or a pleiotropic HLA‐B27 linked gene predisposes the carrier to AAU, sacroiliitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reither's disease.
ON THE MICROWAVE EXPOSURE
Authors: CASTRÉN JORMA , LAUTEALA LAURI , ANTERE ELMO , AHO JUHANI , TORVI KAI
Published: May 2009

During the last decades the use of microwaves has been common in the industry, medicine, household and armed forces. According to the literature microwaves may especially cause lens opacities and other serious health disturbances. The authors of this paper examined 121 radar workers, but nothing was found which could be connected to microwaves. For example, the amount of lens opacities had correlation only to the age of the patients, but not to the exposure time of microwaves. The exposure duration varied from 0 to 28 years and the age of the patients between 18 and 59 years.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN REFRACTION ERRORS UP TO THE AGE OF 15
Authors: KRAUSE ULF , KRAUSE KAISA , RANTAKALLIO PAULA
Published: May 2009

A health inquiry concerning vision and corrective lenses at the age of 14 was carried out in a northern Finland series about 12 000 children followed up since birth. Data were obtained from more than 99% of cases. 34% of the girls and 18% of the boys had corrective lenses. 55% of the study population were living in the province of Oulu, and the ophthalmological records of these children were analysed (N 1939). The ophthalmological records covered 67% of the children with lenses in the province of Oulu. 71% of the girls with lenses, and 66% of the boys had these for myopia, both myopia and hyperopia were less common among the boys, but the cases were more pronounced. The children with lenses were on average taller and heavier and the myopic children had a better mean ability at school.
CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS IN PATIENTS WITH RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: WINTHER JENS
Published: May 2009

Central corneal thickness was measured in 20 patients with retinal detachment and in an age‐matched control group. Central corneal thickness was significantly lower in the detachment eye and the contralateral eye. It is hypothetically suggested that the thin central cornea and the retinal detachment are ocular manifestations on a generalized connective tissue defect.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSOSTIGMINE ON THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN RABBITS
Authors: BRODWALL JON
Published: May 2009

The effect of eserine on the IOP on conscious rabbits has been measured with a pneumatic tonometer. The IOP has been recorded to increase 29.4% which is statistically significant.
CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANT MELANOMA:
Authors: LUBIN JANE R. , GRAGOUDAS EVANGELOS S. , ALBERT DANIEL M.
Published: May 2009

Subretinal neovascularization observed over an elevated, pigmented choroidal lesion is usually considered evidence in favour of the benign nature of that lesion, a nevus. Histologic verification of malignant melanoma with choroidal neovascularization has never appeared in the literature. In this report, we present a case of subretinal neovascularization documented by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and histology in an eye containing a malignant choroidal melanoma.
VARIATIONS IN CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

Variations in central corneal thickness during the first year of hard, hydro‐philic or silicone lens wear are reported. The mean corneal swelling after 1/2, 3 and 6 months was 4.7‐3.0% in the first 2 groups (P < 0.001 ‐P = 0.005), but only 1.3‐0.8% in the latter group (P = 0.011 ‐ 0.050). These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001 ‐ P = 0.046) and are ascribed to a higher oxygen tension under the silicone lenses. An over‐all reduction of corneal oedema was noted after 1/2 month (P = 0.025). One year after lens fitting a similar and not significant corneal swelling was found in the 3 lens groups. In addition to an initial ‘osmotic’ adaptation our results indicate that a further corneal adaptation to hard and hydrophilic lenses may take place between 6 and 12 months after lens fitting. Development of lens intolerance was not correlated to the degree of corneal oedema after 1/2 month of lens wear.
PATTERN‐REVERSAL ELECTRORETINOGRAMS IN SQUINT AMBLYOPIA, ARTIFICIAL ANISOMETROPIA AND SIMULATED ECCENTRIC FIXATION
Authors: PERSSON HANS E. , WANGER PETER
Published: May 2009

Pattern‐reversal electroretinograms were recorded in 10 normals and 10 adult patients with squint amblyopia (visual acuity 0.3 or less). The effects of artificial anisometropia and simulated eccentric fixation were tested in normals. The pattern‐reversal ERG amplitude was reduced linearly with increased defo‐cusing (0 to + 3 D). A significant amplitude reduction was observed when defocusing amounted to + 1 D. The amplitudes were not reduced below the range of normal variability at 4° of simulated eccentric fixation. In the amblyopic patients, refractive errors were corrected. None had eccentric fixation of more than 4°. Yet, the pattern‐reversal ERGs were lower in all amblyopic eyes compared with the opposite normal eyes. The difference in amplitude means was statistically significant. The finding supports the view that retinal function is impaired in human squint amblyopia.
FLUORESCEIN IN HUMAN PLASMA IN VIVO
Authors: LUND‐ANDERSEN HENRIK , KROGSAA BENT , JENSEN PETER KOCH
Published: May 2009

In connection with corpus vitreum fluorophotometric examinations fluorescein was injected iv and fluorescein in the blood stream was studied with respect to protein binding and elimination kinetics. It was shown by ultrafiltration that in blood obtained during the examination most of the fluorescein was protein bound, and only a minor fraction (10–20%) was free in the water phase. While the free fraction was approximately constant over a wide concentration range when studied in vitro the free fraction increased by a factor of about 2 during a 2 h examination period in vivo. The curve describing the elimination of fluorescein from blood showed a polyexponential decline course. The area under this curve showed only a small variation for the same normal person examined 3 times over a period of 6 months. The area under the bolus has a magnitude, which is 30–40% of that under the rest of the curve.
THE GLAUCOMA POPULATION IN GOTHENBURG
Authors: POPOVIC̀ VALADISLAV
Published: May 2009

A compilation of the records of all registered glaucoma patients in Gothenburg in the year of 1976 was analysed for the prevalence of glaucoma, the age distribution, the sex distribution, the presence of unilateral or bilateral disorder, and the age of onset of glaucoma. The glaucoma population consisted of 2776 individuals making and overall prevalence of 0.63%. There was no sex difference when comparison was made within each age group. A marked rise in prevalence was found in older age groups. Some problems in analysing and comparing mass data are discussed. A sample of this glaucoma population will be selected for further detailed investigation.
PRIMARY CALCAREOUS CORNEAL DYSTROPHY
Authors: HENRIKSEN EVA
Published: May 2009

A case is presented of very rare primary calcareous corneal dystrophy of the Axenfeld type with spontaneous onset. To begin with the lesion was circumscript, later developing into a subepithelial annular sclerosis in both corneas by a process of peeling. There were no underlying opthalmological diseases, no general complaints, and no laboratory basis for disturbance in calcium metabolism.
DO SEX, ETHNIC ORIGIN OR ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MYOPIA?
Authors: SHAPIRO AMIRAM , STOLLMAN EUGENE B. , MERIN SAUL
Published: May 2009

The degree of myopia was investigated in males and females from the same ethnic group who were raised in the same environment, in subjects from the same origin who were raised in extremely different environments, and in subjects coming from different ethnic groups. No statistically significant differences were found between these groups. Most probably the degree of myopia is not influenced just by sex or ethnic origin or environmental conditions.
A HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF IRIDOCAPSULAR INTRAOCULAR LENS ON THE IRIS
Authors: VERESS BÉLA , BARKMAN YNGVE
Published: May 2009

A Binkhorst iridocapsular intraocular lens was implanted into an eye of a patient after an extracapsular cataract extraction. The patient died 4 months after surgery of gastric cancer. The eye was obtained for histopathologic examination at the autopsy. The superior loop was inside the residual capsular bag causing no damage to the iris and ciliary body. The inferior loop, however, was found outside the capsular sac and caused depression of the iris tissue but neither inflammation nor scarring of the iris had developed. These findings emphasize the importance of the location of iridocapsular intraocular lenses which can cause mechanical damage to the supporting tissues if the loops are not placed inside the capsular bag.
OUTCOME OF CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

The degree rehabilitation obtained by cataract surgery was evaluated by visual acuity and by Visual Functioning Index, which measures the patients' ability of performance of every‐day tasks that are dependent on vision. Examinations and Index‐scoring were done pre‐ and post‐operatively and at one year follow‐up in a non‐selected, consecutive series of 114 cataract patients. 82% of the patients obtained a final visual acuity of 0.5 or more. Index scoring at follow‐up was significantly improved and indicated that 74% had achieved normal or near‐normal visual functioning. Furthermore, we compared visual functioning in monaphakics and biaphakics. Remarkably we found that basic visual functioning as measured by the Index seems to equally good in the 2 groups except for the statistically significant better ability for selftransportation in biaphakics. The biaphakic patients, however, were much more satisfied with the outcome than monaphakic. It seems likely that basic visual functioning is gained by first eye surgery and that the more delicate visual functioning and a subjective ‘vision‐comfort’ is the effect of second eye surgery.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE CENTRAL VISUAL FIELD IN CHRONIC GLAUCOMA CASES
Authors: HOLMIN CATHARINA , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

90 glaucoma cases (160 eyes) with field defects in at least one eye have been subjected to automatic perimetry on at least 5 occasions. The condition of the fields is summarized in single numbers. Regression analysis has been applied to series of such performance numbers. The trend of the development of the field defect is represented by the regression coefficient. The frequency distribution of the coefficients in groups based on references to age, sex, intraocular pressure, exfoliations, haemorrhages and therapy illustrates the possible importance or insignificance of these factors to the decay. The need for several consecutive examinations to establish with some significance a progression of field defects is demonstrated.
CHANGES IN THE JUXTAPAPILLARY RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SODIUM IODATE
Authors: FLAGE TOR
Published: May 2009

The effect of an intravenous injection of sodium iodate on the retinal pigment epithelium immediately surrounding the optic nerve head has been investigated using horseradish peroxidase as a morphological tracer. A sodium iodate injection leads to a necrotic reaction of practically the complete retinal pigment epithelium. The juxtapapillary pigment epithelium, however, showed only attenuation and depigmentation without any necrotic reaction 4 and 12 days after the injection. Twenty‐six days following the injection the epithelium had almost normalized. The result of this study thus demonstrates a noteworthy resistance of the juxtapapillary retinal pigment epithelium against the sodium iodate effect. At no stage was there a clear indication of a breakdown of the permeability barrier constituted by the juxtapapillary retinal pigment epithelium. Horseradish peroxidase moved into the peripapillary sensory retina by lateral diffusion from the surrounding retina and diffused into the optic nerve head proper, confirming the presence of a diffusional pathway through the Kuhnt intermediary tissue.
EFFECTS OF PANCREATIC ISLET IMPLANTATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF RETINAL CAPILLARIES IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC MICE
Authors: NAESER PETER , ANDERSSON ARNE
Published: May 2009

Intrasplenic implantation of syngeneic islets normalized the hyperglycaemia of alloxan‐diabetic mice irrespective of whether the implantation was performed 2 weeks or 4 months after the induction of diabetes. Islet implantation soon after the onset of diabetes prevented the development of retinal capillary disease as evidenced by a normal ratio between endothelial cells and pericytes. The increase of the cell count ratio (endothelial cells/pericytes) induced by long‐term diabetes could not, however, be restored by islet implantation. The present results further underline the importance of optimal treatment for prevention of diabetic retinopathy.
CLINDAMYCIN AND SULPHONAMIDES IN THE TREATMENT OF OCULAR TEXOPLASMOSIS
Authors: GULDSTEN HARALD
Published: May 2009

Eight patients with active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were treated with clindamycin and a triple sulphonamide combination for a period of up to 6 weeks. In addition systemic prednisone was administered when the optic nerve or the macula was involved (6 of the 8 cases). In all cases we observed clinical improvement within 2 weeks. Visual acuity improved in all cases. Side effects of the treatment were observed in 2 cases. The follow‐up period ranged from 8 to 22 months.
THE EFFECT OF THE PROSTAGLANDIN‐INHIBITOR NAPROXEN ON THE ENDOTHELIAL CELL‐LOSS AFTER CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: BO NIELSEN CARSTEN
Published: May 2009

The influence of the anti‐inflammatory, prostaglandin‐inhibitor naproxen on the endothelial cell‐loss after cataract‐surgery was studied. Twenty‐six patients received the drug, and 27 comprised a control group. The cell‐loss, estimated one year after surgery, was found to be significantly lower in the naproxentreated group than in the control group.
OCULAR SURFACE DRYING AND TEAR FILM OSMOLARITY IN THYROID EYE DISEASE
Authors: GILBARD JEFFREY P. , FARRIS R. LINSY
Published: May 2009

Five factors potentially associated with corneal exposure ‐ palpebral fissure width, exophthalmos, blink rate, lagophthalmos, and lid lag ‐ were evaluated in 17 patients with Graves' disease to determine which were associated with ocular surface damage. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increased palpebral fissure width and increased blink rate were both significant predictors of ocular surface damage (as measured by rose Bengal staining). Tear osmolarity and tear film break‐up time were measured to determine the type of drying mechanism involved in thyroid eye disease. All eyes examined except one had blink rates adequate to prevent dry‐spot formation. Fourteen of 33 eyes had abnormally high tear osmolarity. Increasing palpebral fissure width and increasing blink rate were both significant predictors of elevated osmolarity in tears obtained from the inferior marginal tear strip. We suspect that increased palpebral fissure width accelerates tear film evaporation, thus increasing tear film osmolarity with resultant ocular surface damage.
VISUAL ASSESSMENT WITH PREFERENTIAL LOOKING TECHNIQUES IN MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN:Short Communication
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , AXELSSON ANNETTE , ANDERSSON GUNNEL
Published: May 2009

An operant preferential looking technique was successfully used for testing of visual acuity in mentally retarded children with visual dysfunction.
SERUM ALBUMIN, SERUM ANTIPROTEASES AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTE NEUTRAL COLLAGENOLYTIC PROTEASE IN THE TEAR FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH CORNEAL ULCERS
Authors: PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

Using a micro‐electroimmune assay, the concentration of polymorphonuclear leucocyte neutral collagenolytic protease, serum‐albumin, α‐1‐antitrypsin and α‐2‐macroglobulin were measured in the tear fluid from 18 eyes of 16 patients with severe, melting corneal ulcers. By this method, PML‐c‐ase was the first time detected in tear fluid. All proteins normalized during healing of the ulcer. The findings are indicative of an important role for PML‐proteases in the degradation of the corneal stroma, and of a regulative effect of the serum antiproteases leaking into the tear fluid from inflamed conjunctival vessels.
HISTOPATHOLOGY IN BOTRYOMYCOSIS‐LIKE PANOPHTHALMITIS DUE TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. A LIGHT MICROSCOPIC AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY:A Case Report
Authors: ANDERSEN S. RY , WILKE K.
Published: May 2009

A Swedish farmer's wife aged 46 developed a unilateral panophthalmitis 6 weeks after a visit to Gambia in Africa. Vitreous puncture revealed growth of Staphylococcus aureus, but in spite of adequate treatment the eye had to be enucleated 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Gram‐positive microorganisms in botryomycosis‐like granules in the vitreal abscesses were at first suspected to be Histoplasma capsulatum. Electron microscopic examination revealed microorganisms, consistent with staphylococci. There was extensive proliferation of mesosomes, most probably due to the intense treatment. The poor nutrition and slow resorbtion of the dead microorganisms from the avascular vitreous did possibly also play a part in the proliferation of the mesosomes.
TOXIC OCULAR EFFECTS OF TWO FIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS
Authors: TEXTORIUS OLA , STENKULA STAFFAN
Published: May 2009

The toxic effects on rabbit eyes of 2 intravitreally injected fibrinolytic substances at different concentrations were studied with repeated clinical observations and registrations of the DC ERG. The fellow, control eye of each animal was injected with saline. Urokinase (Ukidan®, Serono) (13 rabbits) initially produced aqueous flare (64%), iris hyperaemia (36%) vitreous opacities (27%) and small retinal haemorrhages (18%). 2–3 months after the injection cataract (50%), vitreous opacities (25%) and retinal changes (13%) were observed. The highest dose (10000 Ploug units) caused reduction of the ERG b‐wave, as a sign of retinal toxicity. Tissue activator (D‐44, Centre d'immunologie et de biologie Pierre Fabre) (10 rabbits) produced marked aqueous flare (initially 100%, after 2 weeks 50%) and pronounced, persistent vitreous opacities (25% after 2–3 months). At the late stage corneal blood vessels (38%) and cataract (38%) were also found, but only in eyes injected with the highest dose (1000 units), which was retinotoxic as judged by the ERG (reduced b‐ and c‐waves).
THE RETINAL TOXICITY OF BEFUNOLOL AND OTHER ADRENERGIC BETA‐BLOCKING AGENTS: INHIBITION OF PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF CULTURED RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: MATSUDA HARUKO , YOSHIMURA NAGAHISA , MATSUMURA MIYO , HONDA YOSHIHITO
Published: May 2009

Effects of befunolol and other beta‐blocking agents on the phagocytosis of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE cells) from the chick embryo were investigated. Toxicity was evaluated as an ability of RPE cell phagocytosis of polystylene latex spheres (PS). After an incubation with beta‐blockers, PS was added to the medium. The phagocytic reaction was terminated, and particle numbers in RPE cells were counted under an oil immersion microscope. Incubation with befunolol in a range of concentration of 10‐9‐ 10‐3 M resulted in a time‐ and dose‐dependent inhibition of phagocytosis. Incubation with 10‐6 M befunolol inhibited phagocytic activity down to 60% of control. The same mode of action was observed in other beta‐blockers. The inhibitory effect of befunolol at 10‐4 M or lower concentrations was reversible, while incubation with 10‐3 M for 24 h was irreversible.
REACTIVE LESIONS AT THE CHORIO‐RETINAL JUNCTION: An Experimental Study
Authors: NICOLAISSEN B.
Published: May 2009

Addition of increased amounts of serum and a protein (peroxidase from horseradish) to the culture medium caused structural alterations in previously confluent cultures composed of cells from the human retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. The alterations consisted in the formation of bi‐ and multi‐layered strands, plaques and nodular structures and in the detachment of cells with formation of nude areas. These alterations resemble the frequently observed reactive alterations at the chorio‐retinal junction in eyes with inflammation, trauma, retinal detachment and certain degenerative disease processes as the senile disciform macula degeneration.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER , BACH ELSA
Published: May 2009

A Danish data source was examined to determine age and sex specific rates of diabetes and glaucoma in a large cataract extracted population. Comparisons with population rates were done. An excess prevalence of diabetes in the cataract population below 70 years was found. For cataract extracted males and females below the age of 40 years, the diabetes prevalence was 15 to 25 times the prevalence in a general population. This prevalence excess decreases with age to normal levels at 75 years of age. Furthermore, we found higher relative frequencies of diabetes among cataract extracted females than among males. Mean age at time of surgery was significantly lower for the diabetic cataract patients. Also for primary glaucoma, an excess prevalence was found in the cataract population. For cataract extracted males and females aged 40 to 49 years the glaucoma frequency was 4–5 times the frequency in a general population. This excess relative frequency decreases with age. The glaucomatous cataract patients have a higher mean age at the time of cataract surgery. A large number of factors seems to contribute to the excess frequencies of diabetes and glaucoma found in the cataract extracted population.
ACCOMMODATION AS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF LOW‐LUMINANCE MYOPIA
Authors: EPSTEIN DANIEL
Published: May 2009

Low‐luminance myopia of subjects with one normal eye and one aphakic eye was measured with a laser optometer. Low‐luminance myopia was registered in the normal eyes, but no such myopia could be found in the aphakic eyes. The same subjects' aphakic eyes were further tested with miotic and dilated pupils. Miosis or mydriasis did not significantly alter the results as compared with measurements obtained with normal pupil size. These results would appear to be the first direct experimental evidence that accommodation is the primary cause of low‐luminance myopia.
POSTERIOR POLYMORPHOUS CORNEAL DYSTROPHY OF SCHLICHTING
Authors: HANSEN TOM EGGERT
Published: May 2009

Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy of Schlichting was studied in 4 families. Nine persons were found with the typical lesions. Two families suggested a dominant mode of inheritance, in one of these with a penetrance less than 100%. There were 2 sporadic cases. No corneal oedema was present, and the central corneal thickness showed normal values, which means that the corneal endothelium in this dystrophy is able to maintain a normal hydrated cornea.
PREVALENCE OF EPISCLERAL AND SUBCONJUNCTIVAL LIPID DEPOSITS IN ESKIMOS
Authors: NORN MOGENS S.
Published: May 2009

Slit lamp examinations of 340 Eskimos in Greenland revealed lipid deposits in 12%. The prevalence was significantly lower than in a Copenhagen series of Caucasians (45% out of 689 subjects) recorded for 10‐year age groups. The numbers of lipid deposits seemed to be equal in lipid‐positive subjects of the 2 ethnic groups, but the globules were more often localized temporally and more rarely superiorly in Eskimos than in Caucasians. The relatively rare occurrence of lipid deposits in Eskimos may possibly be due to the special composition of lipids on the blood and the rare occurrence of arteriosclerosis in Eskimos.
CORNEAL CRYSTALLINE DEPOSITS IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Authors: HØISEN HARALD , RINGVOLD AMUND , KILDAHL‐ANDERSEN ODD
Published: May 2009

A 70‐year‐old man with a seronegative rheumatoid arthritis showed some peculiar lamellar crystalline deposits mainly at the Descement/endothelial level in both eyes. Serum protein analysis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy with increased amounts of IgG and K‐light chains along with traces of the latter in the urine. Corneal biopsy was not available, but electron microscopy of the conjunctival specimen demonstrated crystalline deposits within the endoplasmic reticulum of plasma cells lying within the connective tissue. This material is supposed to be of protein nature. It seems reasonable that the conjunctival deposits are identical to those seen in the cornea by slit‐lamp examination, and it is also suggested that they represents paraprotein aggregates. After treatment with melphalan (Alkeran®) and prednisone systemically, the corneal deposits decreased over a period of 9 months with corresponding improvement of the visual acuity.
CHANGES IN PRESSURE PULSE AMPLITUDES OF NORMOTENSIVE DIABETIC EYES AFTER PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION
Authors: SCHIØDTE S. N.
Published: May 2009

Among 40 diabetic patients with normal intraocular pressures, a comparison of a long term (half a year) pressure pulse amplitude (IOPA) lowering effect of attempted equivalent monocular panretinal xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation was made from measurements in 32 patients. For the bilateral simultaneous IOPA recordings the applanating suction cups were used. IOPA recordings with identical IOP levels of treated eye and control eye were aimed at, and this experimental condition was obtained in 23/40 pairs of eyes before treatment and in 21/40 and 19/40 pairs of eyes after 1 and 6 months, respectively. The long term IOPA lowering effect of treatments with the xenon arc as well as the argon laser was approximately 20%, that is averagely 0.25–0.50 mmHg. The present investigations demonstrated a long term reduction of the IOPA of the same magnitude as the previous reported short term (one month). The retrobulbar anaesthesia had no significant influence on the result and there were no changes in the ocular rigidity.
PROGNOSTIC PARAMETERS IN PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY
Authors: SCHERFIG ERIK , EDMUND JENS , TINNING STEEN , KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

Based on a period of introduction with the vitrectomy technic the visual acuity results in 143 consecutive cases performed between 1976 and 1980 are related to the anamnestic information, the pre‐, per‐ and post‐operative findings. In this introductional period the patients referred had longstanding retinovitreal changes, and, because of lack of prognostic parameters, all patients were offered surgery regardless of the observed pathology. All vitrectomies were carried out with the Klöti macrostripper and diathermy unit, without any additional intrumentation. From the results of these early cases, we have changed our surgical method to a three‐port entrance with a separate infusion canula, a separate fiberoptic illumination and an interchange between vitrector, automatic scissors, hook, stilleto, vacuo needle, forceps and intra‐vitreous photocoagulation through a third port. Diabetics should be offered vitrectomy if vitreous haemorrhages last for more than 3 months. Vitrectomy is considered useless or contraindicated in diabetics with lack of light perception or light projection, neovascular glaucoma, extinguished visual evoked potential. Only an improvement in the peripheral vision can be expected in diabetics with macular detachment. In rhegmatogenous detachment cases with intravitreal traction, vitreous operations should be performed only where intraretinal or retroretinal changes do not prevent mobilization or unfolding of the retina. Traumatic vitreoretinal disorders should be operated upon early
THE EOG IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: PINCKERS A. , BROEKHUYSE R. M.
Published: May 2009

In untreated rheumatoid arthritis 20% of the patients has a EOG Lp/Dt ratio lower than the lower 5% limit calculated for normal patients. The EOG is more often disturbed in a long‐standing chloroquin‐induced retinopathy than in the acute phase of intoxication, the reason being progression from a maculopathy to a tapeto‐retinal degeneration. The subnormal EOG in rheumatoid arthritis might be due to an auto‐immune process against rhodopsin and uveal pigment. Withdrawal of synthetical antimalarial agents in cases suspected of an early drug‐induced retinopathy based on EOG subnormality may enhance the underlying rheumatoid process thus causing a further decrease of the EOG. The EOG therefore is not a method of choice in detecting an early chloroquin‐induced retinopathy.
A COMPARISON OF TWO HOROPTER CRITERIA
Authors: READING R. W. , SMOLEK MICHAEL K. , TANLAMAI THEANCHAI
Published: May 2009

Both the binocular nonius and classical nonius criteria were applied to a group of subjects in order to compare the resulting horopters. Results indicated that monocular visual directions shifted along with changing binocular disparities when using the binocular nonius technique. This method constitutes a modification of the frontal plane criterion, since binocular portions still can be set equidistant to the fixation object. Comparing equidistance (binocular nonius) with equidirection (nonius) indicated that the 2 loci were essentially the same. Shifts in the nonius horopter induced by a small overall magnifier could not be predicted for 2 out of 7 subjects; one of these with aniseikonia and the other with intermittent exotropia. Irregularities in all horopter data could be accounted for by shifts in the vergence angles during the experiment.
CONTACT LENS WEAR IN AN ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINATED WITH METAL PARTICLES
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , LINDH HANS , ANDERSSON LENNART
Published: May 2009

Ten subjects wearing soft contact lenses on a daily basis and working in an environment moderately contaminated with metal particles were followed for an average of 24 months. There were no signs of ocular damage and no history of eye irritation. Some contact lenses showed occasional brownish excavations, representing earlier lesions from burning particles, the lens thus having protected the cornea. Very few metal particles were seen on the lens when still on the eye and extremely few when studying removed lenses in light microscopy. Apparently particles were eliminated fairly easily be the tear fluid, by blinking and by daily cleaning. Atom absorption analysis of worn lenses showed only nanogram amounts of metal, not dissimilar to those in lenses worn by office employees. The lenses did not need to be replaced more often than for a group of office employees. Soft contact lenses apparently may be worn without damaging the eye in an environment moderately contaminated with metal particles, provided the lenses are properly cleaned. Contact lenses allow closer Fitting of protective goggles compared to glasses; which is advantageous.
USE OF THE IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TO IDU
Authors: SAKATA HIROSHI , YOSHIDA HIDETO , HIYAMA NOBORU , KONDO HIDEAKI , HIRAKAWA YUJI , IWAMOTO TOSHIYUKI
Published: May 2009

We applied the direct immunoperoxidase method to estimate the susceptibility to IDU of 17 strains of the virus which were isolated from the patients with active epithelial lesions of herpetic keratitis. All the strains were found to be sensitive below the IDU concentration of 5 μg/ml. The findings obtained by this method were in good agreement with those by the fluorescent antibody technique. The present method is specific and simple. It offers clear‐cut interpretation and a permanent record of the results.
A STUDY OF INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS IN NEWBORN AND YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: MØLGAARD INGE‐LISE , NIELSEN PEDER BO , KÆRN JANE
Published: May 2009

Chlamydia trachomatis were cultured from the conjunctiva of 8 newborn babies and 4 young adults' (age 20–30 years) affected with acute or therapy‐resistant chronic conjunctivitis. The newborn had acute purulent conjunctivitis noticed 4 to 12 days after birth. Five of them had been treated with topical chloramphenicol without effect before the diagnosis was made. They responded well to topical tetracycline ointment, but 3 relapsed. Two developed chronic conjunctivitis and respiratory tract infection, one under long time topical chloramphenicol treatment. The adults had a chronic, in 3 unilateral, conjunctivitis with pronounced follicularly (3) or papillary (1) conjunctival hypertrophy. Different degrees of pseudoptosis, micropannus and corneal infiltrates (in 3) were noticed. In the tear fluid, the quantitative pipette method revealed inflammation shown by neutrophilic granulocytes and lymphocytes with an appreciable predominance of the former in the newborn, while less so in the adults. In the newborn the diagnosis was easily made by culture and by demonstrating inclusions bodies in Giemsa‐stained conjunctival scrapings. In the adults the methods were less sensitive. A negative response to one culture does not preclude chlamydial infection.
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY OF MALIGNANT MELANOMAS OF THE CHOROID
Authors: ALSBIRK K. E. , HALABURT H.
Published: May 2009

Twelve histologically verified choroidal melanomas, 15 normal fellow eyes and 4 simulating lesions (vitreous haemorrhage, choroidal haemorrhage, retinal detachment and choroidal detachment) were CT‐scanned before and after intravenous contrast media (maximal attenuation in the tumours were estimated from a computerized curve corresponding to a line placed from the center of the eye, through the tumour to the outside of the bulb). The melanomas showed significantly higher precontrast attenuation (54 HU) than the control eyes (17 HU) measured in symmetrical points. Enhancement was registrated in all the tumours (mean = 22 HU, P<0.01), but not in the control eyes. Among the simulating lesions, the retinal detachment enhanced after contrast. Indications for CT‐scan of intraocular processes are diagnostic doubt in opaque media and suspected extrabulbar extension. A patient with verified, disciform organised subretinal haemorrhage scanned after the primary series showed contrast enhancement comparable to the malignant melanoma series. Also ‘CT‐positive’ tumour eyes have to be observed over a period.
SPONTANEOUS HYPHAEMA FROM PERSISTENT REMNANT OF THE PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
Authors: BRUSINI PAOLO , BELTRAME GIORGIO
Published: May 2009

A spontaneous unilateral hyphaema in a 75‐year‐old woman, due to bleeding from iris vessels, a remnant of the pupillary membrane, was observed. Hyphaema was completely resorbed after 24 h. Fluorescein angiography showed the presence of a blood circulation in the anomalous vessels and a diffusion of fluorescein from saccular dilatations on the inferior vessel.
VISUAL RECOVERY AFTER TREATMENT FOR PITUITARY ADENOMA
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

Visual functions were studied pre‐ and post‐operatively in 128 patients treated for pituitary adenoma with operations by intracranial (89 patients) or transsphenoidal approach (39 patients). Most patients were given post‐operative irradiation. Follow‐up was 6 months or more. Visual field defects were seen pre‐operatively in 85% of the patients operated intracranially and in 36% of the patients operated transsphenoidally. Visual acuity was reduced, at least in one eye, in 64% of the patients in the former group and in 26% of the latter group. Additional diagnostic information was obtained from recordings of visually evoked cortical potentials. After intracranial operations visual acuity was normalized or improved in 65 % and visual fields in 82 % of the patients with pre‐operative visual defects. After transsphenoidal operations the corresponding values were 56% and 92%. A detailed analysis of the visual acuity showed that eyes with optic atrophy pre‐operatively improved to a very limited extent. Other pre‐operative ophthalmological disturbances were of much less prognostic significance. Improvement of vision was often gradual and could continue for more than a year after treatment. Even if visual acuity and visual fields had been completely restored, visually evoked cortical potentials could remain impaired, indicating that evoked potentials might be a very sensitive test for the evaluation of visual recovery.
MANAGEMENT OF JUVENILE DISCIFORM LESIONS OF THE MACULA
Authors: LAATIKAINEN LEILA , JUHANEN LEENA
Published: May 2009

Fourteen eyes with a juvenile disciform lesion of unknown aetiology in the macula were followed up for 1–6 years. Eyes with inflammatory signs, pre‐existing chorioretinal scars in the macula, or myopia of more than ‐ 5.0 dioptres were not included. Seven eyes in which the subretinal neovascular membrane was within 200 μ from the foveola were followed‐up without treatment. Of these, in 4 the new vessels underwent regression, and the result was good central vision in 3, whereas in 3 eyes the lesion progressed. Seven eyes were treated with photocoagulation: 5 with argon, 2 with krypton laser. In the treated eyes, the neovascular membrane was 200–500 μ from the foveola. New vessels were occluded by photocoagulation in 6 eyes. In the 3 treated eyes in which the new vessels were 350 μ or more from the foveola, the visual acuity improved or remained good (0.8‐1.0), whereas in the remaining 4 the vision deteriorated. In the eyes with good initial result the vision has remained stable in spite of remarkable late pigmentary changes in and around the scar.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC BIOMETRY IN CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: TARKKANEN AHTI , UUSITALO RISTO , MIANOWICZ JERZY
Published: May 2009

Method ‘A’ ultrasonographic biometry was perfomed on 23 patients with congenital glaucoma. The axial lengths of these eyes were significantly greater as compared to the 7 fellow eyes with normal intraocular pressures of the same patients and 10 eyes of 5 patients with megalocornea of the same age. Some of the borderline cases showed an increase of axial length during follow‐up not attributable to normal growth. After successful surgery an early decrease of the axial length up to 0.8 mm could be seen. The change occurred in post‐equatorial measurements. It is concluded that ultrasonographic biometry is a very valuable additional technique for the diagnosis and postoperative follow‐up of congenital glaucomas.
EIGHT YEARS EXPERIENCE WITH THE WORST MEDALLION TWO LOOP LENS
Authors: KRAUSE ULF
Published: May 2009

282 cataract patients were operated and a Worst Medallion 2‐loop pseudophakos was implanted. The material consisted of 154 males, 128 females, mean age 58.8 years, range 3–88 years. 200 had senile, 35 pre‐senile, 31 traumatic and 16 some other type of cataract. 247 were intracapsular, 35 extracapsular extractions. 87.6% of all cases had a vision of ≥ 0.5; if 8 cases with non‐implant dependent complications are excluded, the rate is 90.1%. The following complications were observed: one bullous keratopathy (0.4%) and 5 local corneopathies (1.8%), 9 cases of uveitis (3.2%) of them 2 hypopyon, I vitritis and 6 anterior uveitis, 19 cystoid macular oedema (6.7%) and 10 retinal detachments (3.5%). Subluxation was the most common complication, 28 cases (9.9%), and broken sutures were seen in 15 eyes (5.3%). Secondary glaucoma was observed in 2 cases (0.7%), 3 cases (1.1%) needed secondary surgery. The complication rate is similar to that of conventional cataract extraction given in the literature.