bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of optical quality and distinct macular thickness in femtosecond laser-assisted versus phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Jinling , Qin Miaomiao , Miao Jianguo , Chen Wei , Huang Yemeng , Wu Jian , Guan Yu , Guan Huaijin
Published: February 2020

Background

Optical quality and macular thickness changing optical quality is rarely reported after femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). In current research, we evaluated optical quality recovery and distinct macular thickness changes after FLACS and phacoemulsification cataract surgery (PCS).

Methods

A total of 100 cataract patients (100 eyes) were included (50 eyes for the FLACS group and 50 eyes for the PCS group). Modulation transfer function (MTF), point spread function (PSF) and dysfunctional lens index (DLI) were measured by a ray-tracing aberrometer (iTrace). Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were also assessed pre-operation,1 week and 1 month after surgery. The MTF values at spatial frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cycles/degree (c/d) were selected. We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess the macular thickness of different regions pre-operatively and1month after the surgery.

Results

In PCS group, we found the statistically significant differences between pre-operation and post-operation in DLI (p < 0.0001), PSF (strehl ratio, SR) (p = 0.027) and MTF (p = 0.028), but not intraocular pressure (IOP) (p = 0.857). The differences between pre-operation and post-operation for DLI (p = 0.031), SR (p = 0.01) and IOP (p = 0.03), but not MTF (p = 0.128) were also found in FLACS group. The differences were statistically significant when the spatial frequencies were at 5, 10 and 25 (p = 0.013, 0.031 and 0.048) between pre-operation and post-operation in PCS group but not FLACS group at 1 month. In PCS group, we found the differences between pre-operation and post-operation in nasal inter macular ring thickness (NIMRT) (p = 0.03), foveal volume (FV) (p = 0.034) and average retinal thickness (ART) (p = 0.025) but not FLACS group at 1 month.

Conclusion

FLACS is safe that did not cause significant increase of macular thickness in current study. However, it also cannot produce better optical quality. In contrast, PCS can produce macular thickness changes, but better optical quality recovery. The slightly retinal change may not affect optical quality.
Maternal mortality by socio-demographic characteristics and cause of death in South Africa: 2007–2015
Authors: Bomela Nolunkcwe J.
Published: February 2020

Background

South Africa’s maternal mortality ratio remains high although it has substantially declined in the past few years. Numerous studies undertaken in South Africa on maternal mortality have not paid much attention to how the causes are distributed in different socio-demographic groups. This study assesses and analyses the causes of maternal mortality according to sociodemographic factors in South Africa.

Methods

The causes of maternal deaths were assessed with respect to age, province, place of death, occupation, education and marital status. Data were obtained from the vital registration database of Statistics South Africa. About 14,892 maternal deaths of women from 9 to 55 years of age were analysed using frequency tables, cross-tabulations and logistic regression. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), by year, age group, and province for the years 2007–2015 was calculated.

Results

The 2007–2015 MMR was 139.3 deaths per 100,000 live births (10,687,687 total live births). The year 2009 had the highest MMR during this period. Specific province MMR for three triennia (2007–2009; 2010–2012; 2013–2015) shows that the Free State province had the highest MMR (297.9/100000 live births; 214.6/100000 live births; 159/100000 live births) throughout this period. MMR increased with age. Although the contribution of the direct causes of death (10603) was more than double the contribution of indirect causes (4289) maternal mortality showed a steady decline during this period.

Conclusions

The study shows evidence of variations in the causes of death among different socio-demographic subgroups. These variations indicate that more attention has to be given to the role played by socio-demographic factors in maternal mortality.
A registry based analysis of the patient reported outcome after surgery for trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Wilcke Maria , Roginski Martin , Åström Mikael , Arner Marianne
Published: February 2020

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate patient reported outcome measures (PROM) before and after trapeziectomy with or without ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition for trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis with special focus on possible differences due to gender, age and surgical method.

Methods

Data from the Swedish quality registry for hand surgery (HAKIR) was analyzed preoperatively, 3 months and 1 year postoperatively for 1850 patients (mean age 63 years, 79% women).

Results

One year postoperatively, mean pain at rest was reduced from 50 to 12 of maximum 100. However, pain on load and weakness had not abated to the same extent (mean 30 and 34 of 100, respectively). The mean improvement in PROM did not differ between age groups or gender. The result was similar after trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (86% of the patients) and simple trapeziectomy but few patients were operated with the latter method.

Conclusion

Pain on load and weakness remains to some extent 1 year after surgery for trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis. The result is similar after trapeziectomy with or without ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition and the same improvement can be expected after surgery regardless of age and gender.
Development and validation of the General Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (GRAS) in patients attending physical therapy clinics for musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Naqvi Atta Abbas , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Naqvi Syed Baqir Shyum , Shakeel Sadia , Zia Madiha , Fatima Mustajab , Iffat Wajiha , Khan Irfanullah , Jahangir Amnah , Nadir Muhammad Nehal
Published: February 2020

Background

Non-adherence to physical therapy ranges from 14 to 70%. This could adversely affect physical functioning and requires careful monitoring. Studies that describe designing and validation of adherence measuring scales are scant. There is a growing need to formulate adherence measures for this population. The aim was to develop and validate a novel tool named as the General Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (GRAS) to measure adherence to physical therapy treatment in Pakistani patients attending rehabilitation clinics for musculoskeletal disorders.

Methods

A month-long study was conducted in patients attending physical therapy sessions at clinics in two tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. It was done using block randomization technique. Sample size was calculated based on item-to-respondent ratio of 1:20. The GRAS was developed and validated using content validity, factor analyses, known group validity, and sensitivity analysis. Receiver operator curve analysis was used to determine cut-off value. Reliability and internal consistency were measured using test-retest method. Data was analyzed through IBM SPSS version 23. The study was ethically approved (IRB-NOV:15).

Results

A total of 300 responses were gathered. The response rate was 92%. The final version of GRAS contained 8 items and had a content validity index of 0.89. Sampling adequacy was satisfactory, (KMO 0.7, Bartlett’s test p-value< 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 3-factor model that was fixed and confirmed at a 2-factor model. Incremental fit indices, i.e., normed fit index, comparative fit index and Tucker Lewis index, were reported > 0.95 while absolute fit index of root mean square of error of approximation was < 0.03. These values indicated a good model fit. The value for Cronbach (α) was 0.63 while it was 0.77 for McDonald’s (ω), i.e., acceptable. Test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.88, p < 0.01. Education level was observed to affect adherence (p < 0.01). A cut-off value of 12 was identified. The sensitivity and accuracy of the scale was 95%, and its specificity was 91%.

Conclusion

The scale was validated in this study with satisfactory results. The availability of this tool would enhance monitoring for adherence as well as help clinicians and therapists address potential areas that may act as determinants of non-adherence.
Prevalence of and factors associated with low Back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain in Bashkortostan, Russia: the Ural Eye and Medical Study
Authors: Bikbov Mukharram M. , Kazakbaeva Gyulli M. , Zainullin Rinat M. , Salavatova Venera F. , Gilmanshin Timur R. , Arslangareeva Inga I. , Nikitin Nikolai A. , Mukhamadieva Svetlana R. , Yakupova Dilya F. , Panda-Jonas Songhomitra , Khikmatullin Renat I. , Aminev Said K. , Nuriev Ildar F. , Zaynetdinov Artur F. , Uzianbaeva Yulia V. , Jonas Jost B.
Published: February 2020

Background

Back pain and neck pain are leading causes of the burden of disease worldwide, while information about their prevalence in Russia is missing.

Methods

The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in a rural and urban region in Bashkortostan/Russia. As part of a detailed systematic examination, we assessed the prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain in an interview with standardized questions in 5397 study participants (mean age:58.6 ± 10.6 years;range:40–94 years).

Results

The mean prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain was 2912/5397 (54.0%;95% confidence interval (CI):52.6,55.3), 1271/5397 (23.6%;95%CI:22.4,24.7), and 1570/5397 (29.1%;95%CI:27.9,30.3), respectively. A higher prevalence of low back pain was associated with females (P = 0.04;odds ratio (OR):1.14;95%CI:1.004,1.30), younger age (P < 0.001;OR:0.99;95%CI:0.98,0.99), higher body mass index (P = 0.002;OR:1.02;95%CI:1.01,1.03), lower frequency of vigorous activities during leisure time (P = 0.001;OR:0.79;95%CI:0.69,0.90), more time spent sitting and reclining (P = 0.03;OR:1.00;95%CI:1.00,1.00), higher serum concentration of high-density lipoproteins (P = 0.004;OR:1.10;95%CI:1.03,1.18), higher prothrombin index (P = 0.003;OR:1.01;95%CI:1.003,1.01), higher prevalence of a history of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.004;OR:1.23;95%CI:1.07,1.42), falls (P < 0.004;OR:1.71;95%CI:1.45,2.00), bone fractures (P = 0.01;OR:1.18;95% CI:1.03,1.34), unconsciousness (P < 0.001;OR:1.78;95%CI:1.40,2.25), osteoarthritis (P < 0.001;OR:2.76;95%CI:2.34,3.26), iron-deficiency anemia (P < 0.001;OR:1.87;95%CI:1.41,2.50), and thyroid disorder (P = 0.004;OR:1.37;95%CI:1.10,1.70), fewer days of vegetable intake (P < 0.001;OR:0.89;95%CI:0.85,0.93), smaller amounts of salt intake (P = 0.008;OR:0.97;95%CI:0.94,0.99), higher anxiety score (P < 0.001;OR:1.05;95%CI:1.03,1.06), and in women, history of menopause (P = 0.02;OR:1.36;95%CI:1.05,1.75). The prevalence of thoracic spine pain and neck pain showed similar associations.

Conclusions

In a Russian population, the prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain (54.0, 23.6 and 29.1%, respectively) were correlated with parameters such as the female sex, younger age, higher body mass index, higher anxiety score, higher prevalence of a history of cardiovascular disease, lower frequency of vigorous activities and more time spent sitting or reclining. These data may be of interest for assessing the burden of back and neck pain in Russia as part of the global burden of disease.
Updates on malaria incidence and profile in Malaysia from 2013 to 2017
Authors: Hussin Narwani , Lim Yvonne Ai-Lian , Goh Pik Pin , William Timothy , Jelip Jenarun , Mudin Rose Nani
Published: February 2020

Background

To date, most of the recent publications on malaria in Malaysia were conducted in Sabah, East Malaysia focusing on the emergence of Plasmodium knowlesi. This analysis aims to describe the incidence, mortality and case fatality rate of malaria caused by all Plasmodium species between Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) over a 5-year period (2013–2017).

Methods

This is a secondary data review of all diagnosed and reported malaria confirmed cases notified to the Ministry of Health, Malaysia between January 2013 and December 2017.

Results

From 2013 to 2017, a total of 16,500 malaria cases were notified in Malaysia. The cases were mainly contributed from Sabah (7150; 43.3%) and Sarawak (5684; 34.4%). Majority of the patients were male (13,552; 82.1%). The most common age group in Peninsular Malaysia was 20 to 29 years (1286; 35.1%), while Sabah and Sarawak reported highest number of malaria cases in age group of 30 to 39 years (2776; 21.6%). The top two races with malaria in Sabah and Sarawak were Bumiputera Sabah (5613; 43.7%) and Bumiputera Sarawak (4512; 35.1%), whereas other ethnic group (1232; 33.6%) and Malays (1025; 28.0%) were the two most common races in Peninsular Malaysia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the commonest species in Sabah and Sarawak (9902; 77.1%), while there were more Plasmodium vivax cases (1548; 42.2%) in Peninsular Malaysia. The overall average incidence rate, mortality rate and case fatality rates for malaria from 2013 to 2017 in Malaysia were 0.106/1000, 0.030/100,000 and 0.27%, respectively. Sarawak reported the highest average incidence rate of 0.420/1000 population followed by Sabah (0.383/1000). Other states in Peninsular Malaysia reported below the national average incidence rate with less than 0.100/1000.

Conclusions

There were different trends and characteristics of notified malaria cases in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah and Sarawak. They provide useful information to modify current prevention and control measures so that they are customised to the peculiarities of disease patterns in the two regions in order to successfully achieve the pre-elimination of human-only species in the near future.
G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor activation upregulates interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia: implications for neuronal self-defense
Authors: Bai Ning , Zhang Quanguang , Zhang Wenli , Liu Bin , Yang Fang , Brann Darrell , Wang Ruimin
Published: February 2020

Background

G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) is a novel membrane-associated estrogen receptor that can induce rapid kinase signaling in various cells. Activation of GPER can prevent hippocampal neuronal cell death following transient global cerebral ischemia (GCI), although the mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we sought to address whether GPER activation exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects in the rat hippocampus after GCI as a potential mechanism to limit neuronal cell death.

Methods

GCI was induced by four-vessel occlusion in ovariectomized female SD rats. Specific agonist G1 or antagonist G36 of GPER was administrated using minipump, and antisense oligonucleotide (AS) of interleukin-1β receptor antagonist (IL1RA) was administrated using brain infusion kit. Protein expression of IL1RA, NF-κB-P65, phosphorylation of CREB (p-CREB), Bcl2, cleaved caspase 3, and microglial markers Iba1, CD11b, as well as inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase 1, and Cle-IL1β in the hippocampal CA1 region were investigated by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis. The Duolink II in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) was performed to detect the interaction between NLRP3 and ASC. Immunofluorescent staining for NeuN and TUNEL analysis were used to analyze neuronal survival and apoptosis, respectively. We performed Barnes maze and Novel object tests to compare the cognitive function of the rats.

Results

The results showed that G1 attenuated GCI-induced elevation of Iba1 and CD11b in the hippocampal CA1 region at 14 days of reperfusion, and this effect was blocked by G36. G1 treatment also markedly decreased expression of the NLRP3-ASC-caspase 1 inflammasome and IL1β activation, as well as downstream NF-κB signaling, the effects reversed by G36 administration. Intriguingly, G1 caused a robust elevation in neurons of a well-known endogenous anti-inflammatory factor IL1RA, which was reversed by G36 treatment. G1 also enhanced p-CREB level in the hippocampus, a transcription factor known to enhance expression of IL1RA. Finally, in vivo IL1RA-AS abolished the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-apoptotic effects of G1 after GCI and reversed the cognitive-enhancing effects of G1 at 14 days after GCI.

Conclusions

Taken together, the current results suggest that GPER preserves cognitive function following GCI in part by exerting anti-inflammatory effects and enhancing the defense mechanism of neurons by upregulating IL1RA.
Visualization of internal 3D structure of small live seed on germination by laboratory-based X-ray microscopy with phase contrast computed tomography
Authors: Kunishima Naoki , Takeda Yoshihiro , Hirose Raita , Kalasová Dominika , Šalplachta Jakub , Omote Kazuhiko
Published: February 2020

Background

The visualization of internal 3D-structure of tissues at micron resolutions without staining by contrast reagents is desirable in plant researches, and it can be achieved by an X-ray computed tomography (CT) with a phase-retrieval technique. Recently, a laboratory-based X-ray microscope adopting the phase contrast CT was developed as a powerful tool for the observation of weakly absorbing biological samples. Here we report the observation of unstained pansy seeds using the laboratory-based X-ray phase-contrast CT.

Results

A live pansy seed within 2 mm in size was simply mounted inside a plastic tube and irradiated by in-house X-rays to collect projection images using a laboratory-based X-ray microscope. The phase-retrieval technique was applied to enhance contrasts in the projection images. In addition to a dry seed, wet seeds on germination with the poorer contrasts were tried. The phase-retrieved tomograms from both the dry and the wet seeds revealed a cellular level of spatial resolutions that were enough to resolve cells in the seeds, and provided enough contrasts to delineate the boundary of embryos manually. The manual segmentation allowed a 3D rendering of embryos at three different stages in the germination, which visualized an overall morphological change of the embryo upon germination as well as a spatial arrangement of cells inside the embryo.

Conclusions

Our results confirmed an availability of the laboratory-based X-ray phase-contrast CT for a 3D-structural study on the development of small seeds. The present method may provide a unique way to observe live plant tissues at micron resolutions without structural perturbations due to the sample preparation.
Comprehensive comparison and applications of different sections in investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels
Authors: Xu Ahui , Wei Cunxu
Published: February 2020

This review summarizes the main applications of different sections and some improved sectioning methods in investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels. Thick sections of developing kernels prepared by free-hand and sliding microtome-aided sectioning method can be employed to elucidate tissue anatomy and histochemistry. The thin sections of mature kernels prepared by ultramicrotome-aided sectioning method can exhibit the micromorphology of starch granules when stained with iodine solution. The paraffin sections of developing kernels can exhibit the tissue anatomy of kernel, the accumulation of storage substances, and the location of protein and gene transcripts with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. The semithin resin sections can clearly exhibit the morphology of cells, starch granules, and protein bodies in kernel, but the sections prepared with different resins have various advantages and disadvantages for research investigating the morphology and histochemistry of cereal kernels. The improved methods of free-hand sectioning and ultramicrotome-aided sectioning of mature kernels are suitable for investigating the morphology of starch granules in a large number of samples in a short time. The modified method for preparing resin sections of whole kernels can be employed to determine the morphology and distribution of cells, starch granules, and storage protein in mature, developing, germinated, and cooked kernels in situ. This review could help researchers choose appropriate sections for investigating the microstructure and histochemistry of cereal kernels according to their study objectives.
A metabolic exploration of the protective effect of Ligusticum wallichii on IL-1β-injured mouse chondrocytes
Authors: Wei Zhiqiang , Dong Chunjiao , Guan Liping , Wang Yafei , Huang Jianghai , Wen Xinzhu
Published: February 2020

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a metabolic disorder and able to be relieved by traditional Chinese medicines. However, the effect of Ligusticum wallichii on OA is unknown.

Methods

Cytokine IL-1β and L. wallichii extracts were used to stimulate the primary mouse chondrocytes. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability. The mRNA and protein level of each gene were test by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The rate of apoptotic cell was measured by flow cytometry. GC/MS-based metabolomics was utilized to characterize the variation of metabolome.

Results

Here, we found that L. wallichii attenuated the IL-1β-induced apoptosis, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in mouse chondrocytes. Then we used GC/MS-based metabolomics to characterize the variation of metabolomes. The established metabolic profile of mouse chondrocytes showed that the abundance of most metabolites (n = 40) altered by IL-1β stimulation could be repressed by L. wallichii treatment. Multivariate data analysis identified that cholesterol, linoleic acid, hexadecandioic acid, proline, l-valine, l-leucine, pyruvate, palmitic acid, and proline are the most key biomarkers for understanding the metabolic role of L. wallichii in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Further pathway analysis using these metabolites enriched fourteen metabolic pathways, which were dramatically changed in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes and capable of being reprogrammed by L. wallichii incubation. These enriched pathways were involved in carbon metabolisms, fatty acid biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolisms.

Conclusions

These findings provide potential clues that metabolic strategies are linked to protective mechanisms of L. wallichii treatment in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes and emphasize the importance of metabolic strategies against inflammatory responses in OA development.
Compound heterozygous IFT140 variants in two Polish families with Sensenbrenner syndrome and early onset end-stage renal disease
Authors: Walczak-Sztulpa Joanna , Posmyk Renata , Bukowska-Olech Ewelina M. , Wawrocka Anna , Jamsheer Aleksander , Oud Machteld M. , Schmidts Miriam , Arts Heleen H. , Latos-Bielenska Anna , Wasilewska Anna
Published: February 2020

Background

Sensenbrenner syndrome, which is also known as cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED), is a rare, autosomal recessive ciliary chondrodysplasia characterized by a variety of clinical features including a distinctive craniofacial appearance as well as skeletal, ectodermal, liver and renal anomalies. Progressive renal disease can be life-threatening in this condition. CED is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Currently, variants in any of six genes (IFT122, WDR35, IFT140, IFT43, IFT52 and WDR19) have been associated with this syndrome. All of these genes encode proteins essential for intraflagellar transport (IFT) a process that is required for cilium assembly, maintenance and function. Intra- and interfamilial clinical variability has been reported in CED, which is consistent with CED’s genetic heterogeneity and is indicative of genetic background effects.

Results

Two male CED patients from two unrelated Polish families were included in this study. Clinical assessment revealed distinctive clinical features of Sensenbrenner syndrome, such as dolichocephaly, shortening of long bones and early onset renal failure. Ectodermal anomalies also included thin hair, short and thin nails, and small teeth in both patients. Next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were performed in order to determine the underlying genetic cause of the disorder using whole exome sequencing (WES) for patient 1 and a custom NGS-based panel for patient 2. Subsequent qPCR and duplex PCR analysis were conducted for both patients. Genetic analyses identified compound heterozygous variants in the IFT140 gene in both affected individuals. Both patients harbored a tandem duplication variant p.Tyr1152_Thr1394dup on one allele. In addition, a novel missense variant, p.(Leu109Pro), and a previously described p.(Gly522Glu) variant were identified in the second allele in patients 1 and 2, respectively. Segregation analysis of the variants was consistent with the expected autosomal recessive disease inheritance pattern. Both patients had severe renal failure requiring kidney transplantation in early childhood.

Conclusion

The finding of compound heterozygous IFT140 mutations in two unrelated CED patients provide further evidence that IFT140 gene mutations are associated with this syndrome. Our studies confirm that IFT140 changes in patients with CED are associated with early onset end-stage renal disease. Moreover, this report expands our knowledge of the clinical- and molecular genetics of Sensenbrenner syndrome and it highlights the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in the care of CED patients.
Retroperitoneal lymphatic malformation in a dog
Authors: Driessen Floor , Cushing Tim , Baines Stephen John
Published: February 2020

Background

Lymphatic vascular malformations are rare findings in canine patients with six reports available in veterinary literature. Retroperitoneal cystic lymphatic malformations have not been described previously in canine patients and neither has the use of immunohistochemistry to determine their origin, i.e. vascular versus lymphatic.

Case presentation

An 8-year-old neutered female Cocker spaniel was referred for pollakiuria, dysuria and a painful abdomen. Computed tomography scanning of the abdomen showed a fluid filled structure adjacent to the urinary bladder. During surgical exploration, a thin walled cystic structure with sero-haemorrhagic fluid was found, extending from the retroperitoneal space into the abdomen. The mass was excised and submitted for histopathology, revealing a cystic mass lined by a fibrovascular capsule within the retroperitoneal/mesenteric adipose tissue. The inner surface of the cyst was lined by a single layer of bland, flattened spindle cells. Intramural blood vessels were well differentiated, with perivascular haemorrhage. On recurrence 11 months later, the mass was excised for the second time and a PleuralPort (Norfolk Animal products) was placed. Fifteen months after initial presentation, progression occurred with haemorrhagic fluid in the cystic space, pleural- and abdominal cavities and the owners opted for euthanasia. Histopathology and positive immunohistochemistry for lymphatic markers lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1 (LYVE-1) and prospero homeobox protein-1 (PROX-1) confirmed a lymphatic vascular origin of the cystic structure.

Conclusions

To our experience, a definitive diagnosis of retroperitoneal cystic malformation of lymphatic origin could be done only by combining the clinical presentation, advanced imaging, histopathology and LYVE-1 and PROX-1 immunohistochemistry. This is the first report of a vascular malformation in a dog where immunohistochemistry was used to make a final diagnosis. A lymphatic malformation, even if rare, should be added on the list of the differential diagnosis in a patient with a retroperitoneal cystic structure containing serohaemorrhagic fluid. Results of this case report can aid in diagnosis of future cases, however, further studies on therapy and management are needed to provide additional information about optimal treatment of these patients.
Model-based PEEP titration versus standard practice in mechanical ventilation: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kim Kyeong Tae , Morton Sophie , Howe Sarah , Chiew Yeong Shiong , Knopp Jennifer L. , Docherty Paul , Pretty Christopher , Desaive Thomas , Benyo Balazs , Szlavecz Akos , Moeller Knut , Shaw Geoffrey M. , Chase J. Geoffrey
Published: February 2020

Background

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at minimum respiratory elastance during mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may improve patient care and outcome. The Clinical utilisation of respiratory elastance (CURE) trial is a two-arm, randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the performance of PEEP selected at an objective, model-based minimal respiratory system elastance in patients with ARDS.

Methods and design

The CURE RCT compares two groups of patients requiring invasive MV with a partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio ≤ 200; one criterion of the Berlin consensus definition of moderate (≤ 200) or severe (≤ 100) ARDS. All patients are ventilated using pressure controlled (bi-level) ventilation with tidal volume = 6–8 ml/kg. Patients randomised to the control group will have PEEP selected per standard practice (SPV). Patients randomised to the intervention will have PEEP selected based on a minimal elastance using a model-based computerised method. The CURE RCT is a single-centre trial in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Christchurch hospital, New Zealand, with a target sample size of 320 patients over a maximum of 3 years. The primary outcome is the area under the curve (AUC) ratio of arterial blood oxygenation to the fraction of inspired oxygen over time. Secondary outcomes include length of time of MV, ventilator-free days (VFD) up to 28 days, ICU and hospital length of stay, AUC of oxygen saturation (SpO2)/FiO2 during MV, number of desaturation events (SpO2 < 88%), changes in respiratory mechanics and chest x-ray index scores, rescue therapies (prone positioning, nitric oxide use, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and hospital and 90-day mortality.

Discussion

The CURE RCT is the first trial comparing significant clinical outcomes in patients with ARDS in whom PEEP is selected at minimum elastance using an objective model-based method able to quantify and consider both inter-patient and intra-patient variability. CURE aims to demonstrate the hypothesized benefit of patient-specific PEEP and attest to the significance of real-time monitoring and decision-support for MV in the critical care environment.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12614001069640. Registered on 22 September 2014.

(https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366838&isReview=true) The CURE RCT clinical protocol and data usage has been granted by the New Zealand South Regional Ethics Committee (Reference number: 14/STH/132).
Biochemical routes for uptake and conversion of xylose by microorganisms
Authors: Zhao Zhe , Xian Mo , Liu Min , Zhao Guang
Published: February 2020

Xylose is a major component of lignocellulose and the second most abundant sugar present in nature. Efficient utilization of xylose is required for the development of economically viable processes to produce biofuels and chemicals from biomass. However, there are still some bottlenecks in the bioconversion of xylose, including the fact that some microorganisms cannot assimilate xylose naturally and that the uptake and metabolism of xylose are inhibited by glucose, which is usually present with xylose in lignocellulose hydrolysate. To overcome these issues, numerous efforts have been made to discover, characterize, and engineer the transporters and enzymes involved in xylose utilization to relieve glucose inhibition and to develop recombinant microorganisms to produce fuels and chemicals from xylose. Here we describe a recent advancement focusing on xylose-utilizing pathways, biosynthesis of chemicals from xylose, and engineering strategies used to improve the conversion efficiency of xylose.
Identification and characterization of ERV-W-like sequences in Platyrrhini species provides new insights into the evolutionary history of ERV-W in primates
Authors: Grandi Nicole , Pisano Maria Paola , Demurtas Martina , Blomberg Jonas , Magiorkinis Gkikas , Mayer Jens , Tramontano Enzo
Published: February 2020

Background

Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) constitute approximately 8% of every human genome and are relics of ancestral infections that affected the germ line cells. The ERV-W group contributed to primate physiology by providing an envelope protein (Syncytin-1) that has been adopted for placenta development in hominoids. Expression of Human ERV-W (HERV-W) sequences is investigated for a pathological role in various human diseases.

Results

We previously characterized ERV-W group genomic sequences in human and non-human Catarrhini species. We now investigated ERV-W-like sequences in the parvorder Platyrrhini, especially regarding two species with complete genome assemblies, namely marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis). We identified in both species proviral sequences, annotated as ERV1–1 in respective genome assemblies, sharing high sequence similarities with Catarrhini ERV-W. A total of 130 relatively intact proviruses from the genomes of marmoset and squirrel monkey were characterized regarding their structural and evolutionarily relationships with Catarrhini ERV-W elements. Platyrrhini ERV-W sequences share several structural features with Catarrhini ERV-W elements and are closely related phylogenetically with the latter as well as with other ERV-W-related gammaretrovirus-like ERVs. The ERV-W group colonized Platyrrhini primates of both Callitrichidae and Atelidae lineages, with provirus formations having occurred mostly between 25 and 15 mya. Two LTR subgroups were associated with monophyletic proviral bodies. A pre-gag region appears to be a sequence feature common to the ERV-W group: it harbors a putative intron sequence that is missing in some ERV-W loci, holding a putative ORF as well. The presence of a long pre-gag portion was confirmed among all gammaretroviral ERV analyzed, suggesting a role in the latter biology. It is noteworthy that, contrary to Catarrhini ERV-W, there was no evidence of L1-mediated mobilization for Platyrrhini ERV-W sequences.

Conclusions

Our data establish that ERV-W is not exclusive to Catarrhini primates but colonized both parvorders of Simiiformes, providing further insight into the evolution of ERV-W and the colonization of primate genomes.
Foot self-care behavior and its predictors in diabetic patients in Indonesia
Authors: Sari Yunita , Upoyo Arif Setyo , Isworo Atyanti , Taufik Agis , Sumeru Annas , Anandari Dian , Sutrisna Eman
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Previous studies have shown that diabetic foot ulcers are principally associated with improper foot self-care. Since appropriate foot self-care is essential to prevent diabetic foot-ulcers, any factors which can predict foot self-care behavior should be identified. However, until now, foot self-care behavior data and predictors of foot-care behavior in Indonesia remain unclear since such studies on Indonesian diabetic patients is very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate foot self-care behavior and to identify its predictors in Indonesia. The design of this study was cross-sectional. Cluster sampling was used, involving 546 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients registered in 22 primary healthcare centers. The questionnaires used in this study included the Diabetes Distress Scale, Beck Depression Inventory II, Family APGAR, Foot-Care Knowledge and Modified Diabetic Foot Care Behaviors.

Results

Foot self-care behavior and knowledge about foot care were poor. The predictors of foot self-care behavior were age, educational level, diabetes distress, family support, and knowledge. It needs the program to improve foot self-care knowledge and the program to reduce the diabetes distress in Indonesian diabetic patients. In performing of these programs, families should be involved to improve the support toward foot self-care behavior in patients.
Mechanical factors tune the sensitivity of mdx muscle to eccentric strength loss and its protection by antioxidant and calcium modulators
Authors: Lindsay Angus , Baumann Cory W. , Rebbeck Robyn T. , Yuen Samantha L. , Southern William M. , Hodges James S. , Cornea Razvan L. , Thomas David D. , Ervasti James M. , Lowe Dawn A.
Published: February 2020

Background

Dystrophin deficiency sensitizes skeletal muscle of mice to eccentric contraction (ECC)-induced strength loss. ECC protocols distinguish dystrophin-deficient from healthy, wild type muscle, and test the efficacy of therapeutics for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, given the large lab-to-lab variability in ECC-induced strength loss of dystrophin-deficient mouse skeletal muscle (10–95%), mechanical factors of the contraction likely impact the degree of loss. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which mechanical variables impact sensitivity of dystrophin-deficient mouse skeletal muscle to ECC.

Methods

We completed ex vivo and in vivo muscle preparations of the dystrophin-deficientmdxmouse and designed ECC protocols within physiological ranges of contractile parameters (length change, velocity, contraction duration, and stimulation frequencies). To determine whether these contractile parameters affected known factors associated with ECC-induced strength loss, we measured sarcolemmal damage after ECC as well as strength loss in the presence of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and small molecule calcium modulators that increase SERCA activity (DS-11966966 and CDN1163) or lower calcium leak from the ryanodine receptor (Chloroxine and Myricetin).

Results

The magnitude of length change, work, and stimulation duration ex vivo and in vivo of an ECC were the most important determinants of strength loss inmdxmuscle. Passive lengthening and submaximal stimulations did not induce strength loss.We further showed that sarcolemmal permeability was associated with muscle length change, but it only accounted for a minimal fraction (21%) of the total strength loss (70%). The magnitude of length change also significantly influenced the degree to which NAC and small molecule calcium modulators protected against ECC-induced strength loss.

Conclusions

These results indicate that ECC-induced strength loss ofmdxskeletal muscle is dependent on the mechanical properties of the contraction and thatmdxmuscle is insensitive to ECC at submaximal stimulation frequencies. Rigorous design of ECC protocols is critical for effective use of strength loss as a readout in evaluating potential therapeutics for muscular dystrophy.
Methanogenic biodegradation of C9 to C12n-alkanes initiated by Smithella via fumarate addition mechanism
Authors: Ji Jia-Heng , Zhou Lei , Mbadinga Serge Maurice , Irfan Muhammad , Liu Yi-Fan , Pan Pan , Qi Zhen-Zhen , Chen Jing , Liu Jin-Feng , Yang Shi-Zhong , Gu Ji-Dong , Mu Bo-Zhong
Published: February 2020

In the present study, a methanogenic alkane-degrading (a mixture of C9 to C12n-alkanes) culture enriched from production water of a low-temperature oil reservoir was established and assessed. Significant methane production was detected in the alkane-amended enrichment cultures compared with alkane-free controls over an incubation period of 1 year. At the end of the incubation, fumarate addition metabolites (C9 to C12 alkylsuccinates) and assA genes (encoding the alpha subunit of alkylsuccinate synthase) were detected only in the alkane-amended enrichment cultures. Microbial community analysis showed that putative syntrophic n-alkane degraders (Smithella) capable of initiating n-alkanes by fumarate addition mechanism were enriched in the alkane-amended enrichment cultures. In addition, both hydrogenotrophic (Methanocalculus) and acetoclastic (Methanothrix) methanogens were also observed. Our results provide further evidence that alkanes can be activated by addition to fumarate under methanogenic conditions.
An empirical retrospect of the impacts of government expenditures on economic growth: new evidence from the Nigerian economy
Authors: Onifade Stephen Taiwo , Çevik Savaş , Erdoğan Savaş , Asongu Simplice , Bekun Festus Victor
Published: February 2020

The impacts of public expenditures on economic growth have been revisited in this paper with respect to capital expenditure, recurrent expenditure and the government fiscal expansion in line with support for the budgetary allocations to various sectors in the context of the Nigerian economy. Pesaran’s ARDL approach has been applied to carry out the impact analysis using annual time-series data from 1981 to 2017. Empirical findings support the existence of a level relationship between public spending indicators and economic growth in Nigeria. Incisively, recurrent expenditures of government were found to be significantly impacting on economic growth in a negative way while the positive impacts of public capital expenditures were not significant to economic growth over the period of the study. Further results from the Granger Causality Test reveal that fiscal expansion of the government that is hinged on debt financing is strongly granger causing public expenditures and domestic investment with the latter also Granger causing real growth in the economy. We, therefore, provide some important policy recommendations following the results of the empirical analysis.
On the simultaneous openness hypothesis: FDI, trade and TFP dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Asongu Simplice A. , Nnanna Joseph , Acha-Anyi Paul N.
Published: February 2020

This study assesses the simultaneous openness hypothesis that trade modulates foreign direct investment (FDI) to induce positive net effects on total factor productivity (TFP) dynamics. Twenty-five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and data for the period 1980 to 2014 are used. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. First, trade imports modulate FDI to overwhelmingly induce positive net effects on TFP, real TFP growth, welfare TFP and real welfare TFP. Second, with exceptions on TFP and welfare TFP where net effects are both positive and negative, trade exports modulate FDI to overwhelmingly induce positive net effects on real TFP growth and welfare real TFP. In summary, the tested hypothesis is valid for the most part. Policy implications are discussed.
Linking belowground microbial network changes to different tolerance level towards Verticillium wilt of olive
Authors: Fernández-González Antonio J. , Cardoni Martina , Gómez-Lama Cabanás Carmen , Valverde-Corredor Antonio , Villadas Pablo J. , Fernández-López Manuel , Mercado-Blanco Jesús
Published: February 2020

Background

Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) is caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant/resistant olive cultivars. Knowledge on the olive-associated microbiome and its potential relationship with tolerance to biotic constraints is almost null. The aims of this work are (1) to describe the structure, functionality, and co-occurrence interactions of the belowground (root endosphere and rhizosphere) microbial communities of two olive cultivars qualified as tolerant (Frantoio) and susceptible (Picual) to VWO, and (2) to assess whether these communities contribute to their differential disease susceptibility level.

Results

Minor differences in alpha and beta diversities of root-associated microbiota were detected between olive cultivars regardless of whether they were inoculated or not with the defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in taxonomic composition of non-inoculated plants’ communities, “Frantoio” showing a higher abundance of beneficial genera in contrast to “Picual” that exhibited major abundance of potential deleterious genera. Upon inoculation with V. dahliae, significant changes at taxonomic level were found mostly in Picual plants. Relevant topological alterations were observed in microbial communities’ co-occurrence interactions after inoculation, both at structural and functional level, and in the positive/negative edges ratio. In the root endosphere, Frantoio communities switched to highly connected and low modularized networks, while Picual communities showed a sharply different behavior. In the rhizosphere, V. dahliae only irrupted in the microbial networks of Picual plants.

Conclusions

The belowground microbial communities of the two olive cultivars are very similar and pathogen introduction did not provoke significant alterations in their structure and functionality. However, notable differences were found in their networks in response to the inoculation. This phenomenon was more evident in the root endosphere communities. Thus, a correlation between modifications in the microbial networks of this microhabitat and susceptibility/tolerance to a soilborne pathogen was found. Moreover, V. dahliae irruption in the Picual microbial networks suggests a stronger impact on the belowground microbial communities of this cultivar upon inoculation. Our results suggest that changes in the co-occurrence interactions may explain, at least partially, the differential VWO susceptibility of the tested olive cultivars.
Correction to: A sliding mode contact electrification based triboelectric‑electromagnetic hybrid generator for small‑scale biomechanical energy harvesting
Authors: Vivekananthan Venkateswaran , Kim Woo Joong , Alluri Nagamalleswara Rao , Purusothaman Yuvasree , Abisegapriyan K. S. , Kim Sang-Jae
Published: February 2020

Unfrotunately, the original version of the article [1] contained an error in Funding section. It has been brought to our attention by the authors that the funding year was inadvertently published as 2019, instead it should be 2018. The correct Funding section is given below.
Aqueous deficiency is a contributor to evaporation-related dry eye disease
Authors: McMonnies Charles W.
Published: February 2020

Dry eye disease aetiologies can be classified dichotomously into aqueous deficient and evaporative types although many cases involve combinations of both. Differential diagnosis can be confounded by some features of dry eye disease being common to both aetiologies. For example, short tear break-up times are prime diagnostic findings of tear instability due to lipid and/or mucin deficiencies, but thin tear layers in aqueous deficient eyes also shorten tear break-up times, even at normal range rates of evaporation in eyes without lipid and/or mucin deficiencies. Because tear instability and short tear film break-up times due to thin tear layers can be independent of lipid and/or mucin deficiency, aqueous deficiency can be another form of evaporation-related dry eye. Conversely, tear layers which are thickened by punctal occlusion can be less susceptible to tear break-up. An inflamed lacrimal gland producing reduced quantities of warmer tears can be a basis for thin tear layers and tear instability demonstrated by shorter tear break-up times. Commonly used clinical tests for aqueous deficiency can be unreliable and less sensitive. Consequently, failure to detect or confirm aqueous deficiency as a contributor to short tear break-up times could result in too much weight being given to a diagnosis of meibomian gland deficiency. Less successful treatment outcomes may be a consequence of failing to detect aqueous deficiency. Refining disease classification by considering aqueous deficiency as a contributor to, or even a form of evaporation-related dry eye, could be the basis for more comprehensive and appropriate treatment strategies. For example, some treatment methods for evaporation-related dry eye might be appropriate for aqueous and mucin-deficient as well as lipid-deficient dry eyes. Anti-inflammatory treatment for the lacrimal gland as well as the conjunctiva, may result in increased aqueous production, reduced tear temperature, tear instability and evaporation rates as well as lower osmolarity.