bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender differences and climate zones in overweight and obesity prevalence in European elementary school children from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Prvulović Nikola , Djordjević Miodrag , Pantelić Saša
Published: September 2023

Introduction

After 2000, there are more obese than underweight people in the world. We face a rapid increase in average global warming of 1.5°C, reported as a syndemic problem of three interconnected epidemics: obesity, global warming, and undernutrition. We aimed to analyze the impact and association between global warming and obesity in children and differences by gender across Europe after 2000.

Methods

We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Embase databases. The considered population were children aged 6–14. Only cross-sectional studies that defined obesity by the IOTF cutoffs and the subjects’ place of residence, used to determine precise climate zones, were included. We assessed the prevalence of obesity and overweight using a random-effects and the Mantel–Haenszel fixed-effect method when heterogeneity was greater/lower than 50%. We did a subgroup analysis for prevalence across gender, obesity, and overweight, two decades, regions, countries, and the Köppen–Geiger climate zones. Random effects of the meta-regression were used to study the global warming impact and differences in trends across European countries by gender for both conditions separately.

Results

We identified 114 studies that included 985,971 children from 39 European countries. A significant difference between genders was in favor of obese girls 4.78 (95% CI: 3.85–5.93) versus boys 5.76% (95% CI: 5.11–6.48, p = 0.03), respectively, but not for overweight children. Most of the obese girls were in South Europe 7.51% (95% CI: 6.61–8.51) versus East Europe 2.86% (95% CI: 23–3.12), versus boys in South Europe 8.66% (95% CI: 7.68–9.74) and North Europe 3.49% (95% CI: 2.90–4.19), respectively. The “cold” Köppen–Geiger climate zone, with lowest temperatures, has the largest trend rise between two decades of 2.8% and 1.53% for obese girls and boys, and 5.31% and 1.81% for overweight girls and boys, respectively, followed by the smallest number of obese girls 3.28% (95% CI: 2.17–4.92) and boys 3.58% (95% CI: 2.39–5.33), versus the zone with the highest temperatures “hot” for girls 7.02% (95% CI: 6.30–7.82) and for boys 8.23% (95% CI: 7.55–8.96), respectively. The meta-regression proved global warming has a significant impact on the distribution of obesity and overweight across climate zones, R2 = 0.52 and R2 = 0.22. No significant gender differences, or significant interaction, was noted.

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the association between and impact of global warming on obesity. This impact increases obesity among children in Europe throughout all climate zones, and emphasizes an urgent call for further preventive methods in schools, since obesity differences continue their trend of disappearing into the future.

Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021282127, identifier: CRD42021282127.
Anticipated barriers and enablers to signing up for a weight management program after receiving an opportunistic referral from a general practitioner
Authors: Gericke Chiara , Rippy Sterling , D’Lima Danielle
Published: September 2023

Introduction

General Practitioners (GP) are advised to opportunistically refer patients with overweight or obesity to a tier 2 weight management program, but few patients sign up after receiving the referral. Signing up to a weight management program is a behaviour, as such, behaviour change interventions are needed to increase sign ups. However, no research has explored the influences on signing up after an opportunistic referral specifically.

Aim

To investigate the influences (i.e., barriers and enablers) on signing up to a tier 2 weight management service after receiving an opportunistic referral from a GP, using a theoretical framework to inform intervention development.

Method

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 residents from the London borough of Hounslow who were eligible for the service. Interview guides were informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Data were analyzed inductively using Reflexive Thematic Analysis and Coding Reliability to identify influences on signing up, before being deductively coded to the TDF and grouped into themes.

Results

Eight theoretical domains were identified as influences on signing up. Fifteen sub-themes were developed and categorized as either a barrier (5), enabler (3), or mixed (7) influence. Beliefs about Consequences was the most frequently reported influence on signing up. Beliefs that were expressed the most often include how effective the program would be, whether the program is needed to lose weight and whether the program would be compatible with their lifestyle. Leveraging Social Influences and changing patient’s Knowledge could address these beliefs and provide a potential route for Behaviour change.

Discussion

The present study provides the first insight into behavioural influences on signing up for a weight management service opportunistically using a validated theoretical framework. This study has implications for intervention development in that public health researchers can identify intervention, content and implementation options based on the findings. Interventions targeting the key domains of Knowledge, Social influences and Beliefs about consequences would likely be the most effective because of their prominence and influence on other domains.
Understanding the China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project: lessons learned from a multi-stakeholder qualitative study
Authors: Sun Zhishan , Zhou Hui , Chen Fumin , Lu Shenning , Liang Huan , Wan Erya , Tao Zecheng , Zhao Hanqing , Zhou Xiaonong , Yang Fan , Wang Duoquan , Zhang Xiaoxi
Published: September 2023

Background

Tanzania is among the countries with the highest malaria cases and deaths worldwide, where vulnerable populations have been severely affected due to poverty and weakness in health system and infrastructure. The China-Tanzania Malaria Control Project (the Project) was a two-phase global health intervention project implemented between 2015 and 2021 that aimed to transfer project-designated intervention experience in malaria elimination to the Tanzanian health system. This study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators encountered during the Project and to improve our understanding of the emerging phenomenon of South-South global health collaboration.

Methods

We conducted thematic analysis of qualitative data collected from a purposive sample of 14 participants from multiple stakeholders including project management office, project implementation agency, funding partners and external evaluators of the Project. A conceptual framework was developed to construct the interviews guides. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, crossover checked, translated into English, and analyzed with NVivo 12.0. We conducted the open coding followed by the axial coding based on the Grounded Theory to generate themes and subthemes, and identified key influencing factors that aided or hindered the malaria control in Tanzania.

Results

The findings suggested that malaria control strategies should largely be tailored due to varied socioeconomic contexts. The perceived enablers in practice include project-designated intervention experiences and technologies, professional and self-learning capabilities of the implementation team, sustainable financial assistance, and support from the international partners. The barriers include the shortage of global health talents, existing gaps to meet international standards, defects in internal communication mechanisms, inadequacy of intergovernmental dialogue, and limitations in logistical arrangements. A checklist and policy implications for China's future engagement in malaria control in resource-limited settings have been proposed.

Conclusions

The initiative of Health Silk Road has generated strong global interest in promoting development assistance in health. In the hope of generalizing the evidence-based interventions to high malaria-endemic countries in Africa, the need for China to carefully face the challenges of funding gaps and the lack of support from recipient governments remains ongoing. It is recommended that China should form an institutionalized scheme and sustainable funding pool to ensure the steady progress of development assistance in health.
Problem gambling severity in a nationally representative sample of the Israeli population: the moderating role of ethnonational affiliation
Authors: Gavriel-Fried Belle , Loewenthal Amit , Vana Noa
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Gambling is a public health concern. Problem gambling is related to a range of psycho-social risk factors including ethnonational affiliation. Israel is an insightful case to probe problem gambling, given the socio-economic marginalization of Israeli Arabs, the continued exposure of Israelis to stress and the conservative Israeli gambling market. This study aimed to estimate problem gambling severity in Israeli society, characterize the sociodemographic, environmental, mental health, and gambling-related risk factors associated with problem gambling severity, and examine the role of ethnonational affiliation (Israeli Jewish/Arab) as a moderating factor in the associations between these risk factors and problem gambling severity.

Methods

A cross-sectional study based on a representative sample of 3,244 Israelis was conducted in 2022, of whom 1,626 had gambled in the previous year. Measurements included Problem Gambling Severity Index, Gambling Behaviors, Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion, Stress, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, and sociodemographic variables.

Results

Low-risk, moderate-risk and problem gambling were reported by 16.7% of the total sample. The main risk factors for problem gambling were being an Israeli Arab, traditional, residing in a low socio-economic cluster, reporting anxiety symptoms, and higher gambling behaviors, specifically in legal/illegal online gambling. Ethnonational affiliation (Israeli Jewish/Arab) moderated the associations between gambling, illegal online gambling, and problem gambling severity. Higher neighborhood cohesion emerged as a risk factor for problem gambling solely for Israeli Arabs.

Discussion

As an excluded minority, Israeli Arabs may turn to gambling as a method to access the core republican community, thus, exposing themselves to a higher risk of developing problem gambling.
Antimicrobial resistance control activities at a tertiary hospital in a low-resource setting: an example of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Malawi
Authors: Kamalo Patrick , Iroh Tam Pui-Ying , Noniwa Thokozani , Mpanga Chikumbutso , Mulambia Chanizya , Phiri Ethwako , Kumwenda Dingase , Phillipo Ed , Lissauer Samantha , Kulapani David , Mwinjiwa Christina
Published: September 2023

Background

Addressing AMR has been most problematic in low- and middle-income countries, which lack infrastructure, diagnostic capacity, and robust data management systems, among other factors. The implementation of locally-led efforts in a low-income country to develop sustainability and build capacity for AMR control within the existing infrastructure has not been well documented.

Methods

We detail current AMR control initiatives at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, a tertiary referral government hospital in Malawi with limited resources, and present the activities accomplished to date, lessons learned, and challenges ahead.

Results

The key areas of AMR control initiatives that the group focused on included laboratory diagnostics and surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and control, pharmacy, leadership, education, and funding.

Discussion

The hospital AMR Control Working Group increased awareness, built capacity, and implemented activities around AMR control throughout the hospital, in spite of the resource limitations in this setting. Our results are based on the substantial leadership provided by the working group and committed stakeholders who have taken ownership of this process.

Conclusion

Limited resources pose a challenge to the implementation of AMR control activities in low- and middle-income countries. Leadership is central to implementation. Future efforts will need to transition the initiative from an almost fully personal commitment to one with wider engagement to ensure sustainability.
Causal effects of gut microbiota on the risk of bipolar disorder: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Xu Ran , Liu Shuo , Li Lu-yi , Zhang Ying , Luo Guang-cheng , Fang Bo-qin , Wang Xin-jun
Published: September 2023

Background

Recent studies have suggested a possible association between gut microbiota and bipolar disorder (BD). However, observational studies are limited and there are variations between the gut microbiota taxa found in different studies. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether there is a causal relationship between gut microbiota and bipolar disorder at the genetic level and to reveal trends in the effect of influential gut microbiota on the development of bipolar disorder.

Methods

We conducted a Mendelian randomisation (MR) study of summary statistics from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of gut microbiota and bipolar disorder. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the primary method of statistical analysis, while results from the MR-Egger method, weighted median, weighted mode, and MR multiplicity residuals and outliers (MR-PRESSO) tests were used for additional validation.Cochrane’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, and MR-PRESSO global test were used to test MR results for stability and reliability.

Result

We identified 13 gut microbial taxa causally associated with bipolar disorder. Betaproteobacteria, Acidaminococcaceae, Eubacterium xylanophilum group, Butyricimonas, Peptococcus, Prevotella 7, Roseburia, Terrisporobacter, Burkholderiales and Desulfovibrionales increased the risk of BD, whereas Candidatus Soleaferrea, Ruminiclostridium 5 and Victivallis decreased the risk of BD. The results of the MR analysis were shown to be reliable in the sensitivity analysis.

Conclusion

With the MR study, we analysed the causal relationship between 196 gut microbial taxa and bipolar disorder and also identified gut microbiota associated with the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Our findings provide new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of BD.
Psychosocial burden and healthcare disillusionment in recurrent UTI: a large-scale international survey of patient perspectives
Authors: Maxwell Kayleigh , Roberts Lindsey , Kramer Melissa , Price Jessica , Newlands Abigail , Finlay Katherine A.
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Recurrent UTI (rUTI) is a debilitating health condition that is associated with persistent mental, physical, and social burdens. People living with rUTI face inconsistencies in diagnostic testing and fragmented treatment pathways alongside their symptoms, which are likely to add considerably to their illness-related burdens. This study aimed to characterize the factors negatively impacting this population using the qualitative perspectives of people living with the condition.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected via free-text responses using an online survey hosted by an rUTI patient advocacy website. Female participants with self-reported rUTI (n = 1,983) described the factors that were most salient to their experience of living with the condition. Data were analyzed using a coding reliability approach to thematic analysis.

Results

Two overarching themes were identified: (1) the patient burden of rUTI, which describes the multifaceted biopsychosocial impact of the illness, and (2) healthcare disillusionment, which describes patient dissatisfaction with healthcare received, both in terms of the treatments offered and communication with healthcare professionals. The patient burden of rUTI encompassed four subordinate themes: facing ongoing uncertainty; symptom salience; sex is not simple anymore; and perceived UTI stigma. Healthcare disillusionment included three subordinate themes: discomfort with frequent antibiotic use; fragmented treatment pathways; and devalued patient perspectives.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrated that ambiguity in the diagnosis of rUTI and inconsistencies in the subsequent treatment pathway are exacerbated by poor patient–clinician communication. The extent of the female-specific burden of rUTI symptoms confirmed the harmful effects of illness-related stigma. This novel qualitative reporting of rUTI symptom burden and life impact highlights the urgent need for increased patient-centered care for those living with rUTI. More effective rUTI management could have a major impact on treatment outcomes and patient-reported psychosocial wellbeing.
Survey of reconnection signatures in auroral oval ion precipitation
Authors: Sotirelis Thomas S. , Gjerloev Jesper W. , Hairston Marc
Published: September 2023

The protons and electrons on newly reconnected field lines exhibit time-of-flight effects that have been observed and modelled on both the dayside and nightside, at both high and low altitudes. These reconnection signatures feature proton energy distributions that are cutoff toward low energy. In LEO the cutoff energy exhibits a dispersion with latitude, typically seen in the cusp on the dayside, and referred to as velocity dispersed ion structures on the nightside. Here, an automated algorithm for detecting such low-energy cutoffs in the energy spectra of precipitating ions was developed, without regard for any possible dispersion with latitude. The occurrences of LEC ion spectra were mapped over a year of DMSP observations. There are four distinct components to this map, two of which are produced by reconnection. On the dayside LEC ion spectra are seen in cusp, mantle, and open-LLBL precipitation, predominantly at sub-keV energies, as the result of dayside reconnection. On the nightside LEC ion spectra are seen at the poleward edge of the oval at supra-keV energies (usually dispersed with latitude), that indicate magnetotail reconnection. There is another supra-keV population seen on the dusk side at the equatorward edge of the oval, possibly indicating the onset of isotropy. Finally, there is a sub-keV population seen throughout the auroral oval that is thought to consist of ions accelerated out of the opposing hemisphere. The presence of the nightside reconnection signature is modulated by magnetic activity level. Superposed epoch analyses of the ionospheric flow velocity reveal flow through the open–closed boundary when reconnection signatures are present, and enhanced upflow on the dayside when reconnection signatures are present.
How intrinsically motivating are swimming instructors/lessons in the Netherlands? An observational study through the lens of self-determination theory
Authors: Minkels Carola , van der Kamp John , Beek Peter J.
Published: September 2023

Background

It is desirable that (more) children continue swimming after having completed their swimming lessons to preserve their swimming skills and water safety, and as part of an active, healthy lifestyle. This may be encouraged by stirring children's intrinsic motivation for swimming during swimming lessons. However, it is currently unknown how intrinsically motivating swimming lessons are in Western countries.

Purpose

This study examined to what extent swimming instructors in the Netherlands cater to the basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which, according to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), promote intrinsic motivation. Additionally, it examined whether an SDT-based teaching program prompts instructors to better meet these needs, and to what extent the teaching program, the education and experience of the instructor, and the group size predict the employment of SDT in swimming lessons.

Methods

A total of 128 swimming lessons given by equally many instructors were observed in the Netherlands and rated on a modified version of the SDT teaching style scale to assess autonomy, competence, and relatedness support. The swimming lessons referred to four teaching programs, one of which was explicitly based on SDT.

Results

Instructors exhibited autonomy-thwarting, weakly competence-supportive, and relatedness-supportive behaviors. The SDT-based teaching program scored higher on the provision of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in lessons. This finding was significant for autonomy. Teaching program was the only significant predictor of SDT employment by instructors.

Conclusion

Further improvement is desirable in catering to the basic needs, particularly autonomy, which can be achieved by deliberately implementing the principles of SDT into teaching programs for swimming.
Assessment of the variation in nutritional composition and safety of dried recovered food from United States households and prospects for use in chicken feed
Authors: Hill Geoff , Sayadi Azita , Gendreau Joseph D. , Tobar Zachary , Liu Yanhong , Pitesky Maurice E. , Simmons Christopher W.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

New poultry feed valorization pathways for recovered household food could be enabled by commercially available household devices that dry uneaten food material, arrest spoilage, and preserve nutrient content. However, the nutrient composition, safety, and feed incorporation potential of dried recovered household food (DRHF) is presently unknown.

Methods

Thirty-eight households spanning 31 states participated in a 4-to-6-week survey to generate and collect food residues that were dried using an in-home device. The DRHF samples were evaluated for chemical composition, digestibility of energy and amino acids, and safety to determine their potential for inclusion in chicken feed.

Results and discussion

The DRHF had average levels of 15.9% crude protein, 13.3% crude fat, and 22.6% neutral detergent fiber, and 3.18 kcal/g of nitrogen-adjusted true metabolizable energy (by dry weight). The Windows User-Friendly Feed Formulation 2.1 modeler was used to perform linear programming and develop chicken feed rations for broilers and layers that incorporated DRHF alongside conventional feed ingredients, including corn, soybean meal, dicalcium phosphate, limestone, synthetic amino acids, salt, vitamin premix, and mineral premix. The feed formulation results showed that, on average, DRHF incorporation rates of up to 33 and 37% (by weight) are predicted to avoid any nutrient deficiencies or electrolyte imbalances in the broiler and layer rations, respectively. In the broiler ration, DRHF displaced corn, soybean meal, and limestone to varying degrees, while corn, soybean meal, animal fat, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone were substantially displaced in the layer rations. Addition of vitamin premix was predicted as necessary to facilitate DRHF inclusion in the layer rations. Furthermore, foodborne pathogens, mycotoxins, and heavy metals were either absent or below United States regulatory threshold levels. Measured levels of biogenic amines and fat/oil oxidation were consistent with prior research showing compatibility with chickens. These results can inform future in vivo feeding trials to validate the use of DRHF with varying properties in poultry feed.
Production decisions and food security outcomes of smallholder’s livestock market participation: empirical evidence from Zimbabwe
Authors: Melesse Mequanint B. , Tirra Amos Nyangira , Homann-Kee Tui Sabine , Van Rooyen Andre F. , Hauser Michael
Published: September 2023

Smallholder market participation is an important pathway to improving the productivity and livelihoods of farm households. Despite several studies documenting the effect of market participation on crop production, relatively little is known about the effect of smallholder participation in livestock markets. We investigate effects of smallholder market participation on livestock production and household food security in Zimbabwe. Using survey data collected from 625 households and an instrumental variables strategy to address endogeneity concerns, we find that households participating in livestock markets are more likely to engage in market-oriented livestock production, use improved livestock inputs, and have better food security outcomes. While market participants are more likely to consider market conditions in their decisions, most farmers are needs-driven and cannot afford to adopt commercial-oriented behavior. Overall, smallholder livestock production systems respond to market incentives and can support food security strategies, particularly in drylands where crop production is risky.
Digital Twin-Based Numerical Simulation Method for Cee-Shape Cold-Formed Steel Members
Authors: Du Pengfei , Zhao Xi , Zhang Zhidong , Sun Xiaoyan , Du Gang
Published: September 2023

Cold-formed steel (CFS) structures are widely used in construction and infrastructure due to their lightweight and high-strength properties. However, their thin-walled nature makes them geometrically sensitive to compressive loading. The Digital Twin (DT)-based numerical simulation method is developed using the actual geometries of CFS shapes, which are acquired by a 3D laser scanner. The DT-based numerical simulation incorporates the reconstructed measurement point clouds into the finite element modeling, ensuring that actual geometric features are retained. A series of tests, including material and axial compression testing, are conducted to validate the modeling parameters, such as mesh sizes and boundary conditions. The advantages of the DT-based numerical simulation method are highlighted compared to the traditional CFS member numerical simulation, which incorporates only the first mode of geometric imperfection. Additionally, DT-based numerical simulations offer more accurate load capacities and deformation predictions. Moreover, the automated and validated DT-based numerical simulation demonstrates prevalence in modeling efficiency and computation effectiveness. The DT-based numerical simulation method holds potential for application in smart structural analysis, where accurate geometries derived from extensive measurement point clouds are integrated into numerical modeling.
Human Preadipocytes Differentiated under Hypoxia following PCB126 Exposure during Proliferation: Effects on Differentiation, Glucose Uptake and Adipokine Profile
Authors: El Amine Zeinab , Mauger Jean-François , Imbeault Pascal
Published: September 2023

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulation and hypoxia are two factors proposed to adversely alter adipose tissue (AT) functions in the context of excess adiposity. Studies have shown that preadipocytes exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like POPs have the greatest deleterious impact on rodent and immortalized human preadipocyte differentiation, but evidence on human preadipocytes is lacking. Additionally, hypoxia is known to strongly interfere with the dioxin-response pathway. Therefore, we tested the effects of pre-differentiation polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)126 exposure at 10 µM for 3 days and subsequent differentiation under hypoxia on human subcutaneous adipocytes (hSA) differentiation, glucose uptake and expression of selected metabolism- and inflammation-related genes. Pre-differentiation PCB126 exposure lowered the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, glucose uptake and leptin expression of mature adipocytes but had limited effects on differentiation under normoxia (21% O2). Under hypoxia (3% O2), preadipocytes ability to differentiate was significantly reduced as reflected by significant decreased lipid accumulation and downregulation of key adipocyte genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and adiponectin. Hypoxia increased glucose uptake and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression but abolished the adipocytes insulin response and GLUT4 expression. The expression of pro-inflammatory adipokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was slightly increased by both PCB126 and hypoxia, while IL-8 expression was significantly increased only following the PCB126-hypoxia sequence. These observations suggest that PCB126 does not affect human preadipocyte differentiation, but does affect the subsequent adipocytes population, as reflected by lower ATP levels and absolute glucose uptake. On the other hand, PCB126 and hypoxia exert additive effects on AT inflammation, an important player in the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Community-Based Matrix Factorization (CBMF) Approach for Enhancing Quality of Recommendations
Authors: Tokala Srilatha , Enduri Murali Krishna , Lakshmi T. Jaya , Sharma Hemlata
Published: September 2023

Matrix factorization is a long-established method employed for analyzing and extracting valuable insight recommendations from complex networks containing user ratings. The execution time and computational resources demanded by these algorithms pose limitations when confronted with large datasets. Community detection algorithms play a crucial role in identifying groups and communities within intricate networks. To overcome the challenge of extensive computing resources with matrix factorization techniques, we present a novel framework that utilizes the inherent community information of the rating network. Our proposed approach, named Community-Based Matrix Factorization (CBMF), has the following steps: (1) Model the rating network as a complex bipartite network. (2) Divide the network into communities. (3) Extract the rating matrices pertaining only to those communities and apply MF on these matrices in parallel. (4) Merge the predicted rating matrices belonging to communities and evaluate the root mean square error (RMSE). In our experimentation, we use basic MF, SVD++, and FANMF for matrix factorization, and the Louvain algorithm is used for community division. The experimental evaluation on six datasets shows that the proposed CBMF enhances the quality of recommendations in each case. In the MovieLens 100K dataset, RMSE has been reduced to 0.21 from 1.26 using SVD++ by dividing the network into 25 communities. A similar reduction in RMSE is observed for the datasets of FilmTrust, Jester, Wikilens, Good Books, and Cell Phone.
On the Nash Equilibria of a Duel with Terminal Payoffs
Authors: Kehagias Athanasios
Published: September 2023

We formulate and study a two-player duel game as a terminal payoffs stochastic game. Players P1,P2 are standing in place and, in every turn, each may shoot at the other (in other words, abstention is allowed). If Pn shoots Pm (m≠n), either they hit and kill them (with probability pn) or they miss and Pm is unaffected (with probability 1−pn). The process continues until at least one player dies; if no player ever dies, the game lasts an infinite number of turns. Each player receives a positive payoff upon killing their opponent and a negative payoff upon being killed. We show that the unique stationary equilibrium is for both players to always shoot at each other. In addition, we show that the game also possesses “cooperative” (i.e., non-shooting) non-stationary equilibria. We also discuss a certain similarity that the duel has to the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma.
Earthquakes in the Ionian Sea, Greece, Documented from Little-Known Historical Sources: AD 1513–1900
Authors: Triantafyllou Ioanna , Papadopoulos Gerassimos A.
Published: September 2023

The seismicity in the Ionian Sea region is very high. In the historical period, many earthquakes have been reported mainly since the 16th century. In this research, we investigated the historical seismicity in the Ionian Sea, emphasizing earthquakes that have been damaging or strongly felt on Zakynthos (Zante) island. A variety of information sources, which have not been utilized so far and covering the time period from AD 1513 to 1900, were collected and examined. The sources utilized included archives, short chronicles, marginal notes, diaries and official scientific bulletins. This research reveals new information for earthquakes that have remained unknown or little-known in the seismological tradition so far. In addition, new information was found for important and already known earthquake episodes, such as the 1886 large and extensively damaging earthquake in the southwestern Peloponnese and the prolonged and destructive earthquake sequence of 1893 on Zakynthos Island, as well as for the little-known damaging earthquake of 1898. Our research adds new information about the earthquake effects in both the built and natural environments and helps also to correct earthquake dates and to identify spurious events.
The Potential Use of Remote Underwater Video (RUV) to Evaluate Small-Bodied Fish Assemblages
Authors: Tweedie John B. , Cockburn Jaclyn M.H. , Villard Paul V.
Published: September 2023

Successful aquatic ecosystem conversation strategies depend on high-quality data from monitoring studies and improved habitat requirement knowledge. Remote Underwater Video (RUV) is a non-extractive alternative to capture-based techniques for studying and monitoring fish and is increasingly used in smaller channels. This study uses field observations made with waterproof Sony HDR-AS100V action cameras positioned in stream channels to determine species and population during various flow conditions across three sites within the Credit River Watershed, Ontario, Canada. Six fish species were identified, and individual fish lengths were estimated using the inverse square law to proportionally adjust size scales to fish positions relative to the camera. Successful identification and measurements were limited by turbidity, with camera placements in >6 NTU conditions (18% of all placements) resulting in at least one fish observed in the frame. With over 24 h of video recordings with 94 individual video clips, the optimal filming duration was determined to be 20–25 min. RUV surveys provide managers with useful monitoring data regarding fish present in an environment in a cost-effective and efficient manner. Additionally, as the method is largely non-invasive, RUV surveys are especially useful for studying fish behaviour, sensitive or endangered species, and working in difficult-to-access channels (e.g., shallow, faster flow).
The Interaction between the Host Genome, Epigenome, and the Gut–Skin Axis Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Pessôa Rodrigo , Clissa Patricia Bianca , Sanabani Sabri Saeed
Published: September 2023

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. It involves complex interactions among the host immune system, environmental factors (such as skin barrier dysfunction), and microbial dysbiosis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified AD risk alleles; however, the associated environmental factors remain largely unknown. Recent evidence suggests that altered microbiota composition (dysbiosis) in the skin and gut may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Examples of environmental factors that contribute to skin barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis in AD include allergens, irritants, pollution, and microbial exposure. Studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome structure in patients with AD compared to control subjects, characterized by increased abundance of Clostridium difficile and decreased abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria such as Bifidobacterium. SCFAs play a critical role in maintaining host health, and reduced SCFA production may lead to intestinal inflammation in AD patients. The specific mechanisms through which dysbiotic bacteria and their metabolites interact with the host genome and epigenome to cause autoimmunity in AD are still unknown. By understanding the combination of environmental factors, such as gut microbiota, the genetic and epigenetic determinants that are associated with the development of autoantibodies may help unravel the pathophysiology of the disease. This review aims to elucidate the interactions between the immune system, susceptibility genes, epigenetic factors, and the gut microbiome in the development of AD.
Restorative Effect of Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica Lipid Extract on Phospholipid Metabolism in Keratinocytes Exposed to UVB Radiation
Authors: Biernacki Michał , Conde Tiago , Stasiewicz Anna , Surażyński Arkadiusz , Domingues Maria Rosário , Domingues Pedro , Skrzydlewska Elżbieta
Published: September 2023

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress in skin cells, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and perturbing enzyme-mediated metabolism. This disruption is evidenced with elevated concentrations of metabolites that play important roles in the modulation of redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Thus, this research sought to determine the impacts of the lipid extract derived from the Nannochloropsis oceanica microalgae on phospholipid metabolic processes in keratinocytes subjected to UVB exposure. UVB-irradiated keratinocytes were treated with the microalgae extract. Subsequently, analyses were performed on cell lysates to ascertain the levels of phospholipid/free fatty acids (GC-FID), lipid peroxidation byproducts (GC-MS), and endocannabinoids/eicosanoids (LC-MS), as well as to measure the enzymatic activities linked with phospholipid metabolism, receptor expression, and total antioxidant status (spectrophotometric methods). The extract from N. oceanica microalgae, by diminishing the activities of enzymes involved in the synthesis of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (PLA2/COX1/2/LOX), augmented the concentrations of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely DHA and EPA. These concentrations are typically diminished due to UVB irradiation. As a consequence, there was a marked reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) and associated pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, as well as the expression of CB1/TRPV1 receptors. The microalgal extract also mitigated the increase in lipid peroxidation byproducts, specifically MDA in non-irradiated samples and 10-F4t-NeuroP in both control and post-UVB exposure. These findings indicate that the lipid extract derived from N. oceanica, by mitigating the deleterious impacts of UVB radiation on keratinocyte phospholipids, assumed a pivotal role in reinstating intracellular metabolic equilibrium.
The Mechanotransduction Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of Osteogenesis
Authors: Liu Zhaoshuo , Wang Qilin , Zhang Junyou , Qi Sihan , Duan Yingying , Li Chunyan
Published: September 2023

Bones are constantly exposed to mechanical forces from both muscles and Earth’s gravity to maintain bone homeostasis by stimulating bone formation. Mechanotransduction transforms external mechanical signals such as force, fluid flow shear, and gravity into intracellular responses to achieve force adaptation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms on the conversion from mechanical signals into bone formation has not been completely defined yet. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive and systematic description of the mechanotransduction signaling pathways induced by mechanical stimuli during osteogenesis and address the different layers of interconnections between different signaling pathways. Further exploration of mechanotransduction would benefit patients with osteoporosis, including the aging population and postmenopausal women.
Epicutaneous Sensitization to the Phytocannabinoid β-Caryophyllene Induces Pruritic Inflammation
Authors: Inan Saadet , Ward Sara J. , Baltazar Citlalli T. , Peruggia Gabrielle A. , Javed Elham , Nayak Ajay P.
Published: September 2023

In recent years, there has been increased accessibility to cannabis for recreational and medicinal use. Incidentally, there has been an increase in reports describing allergic reactions to cannabis including exacerbation of underlying asthma. Recently, multiple protein allergens were discovered in cannabis, yet these fail to explain allergic sensitization in many patients, particularly urticaria and angioedema. Cannabis has a rich chemical profile including cannabinoids and terpenes that possess immunomodulatory potential. We examined whether major cannabinoids of cannabis such as cannabidiol (CBD) and the bicyclic sesquiterpene beta-caryophyllene (β-CP) act as contact sensitizers. The repeated topical application of mice skin with β-CP at 10 mg/mL (50 µL) induced an itch response and dermatitis at 2 weeks in mice, which were sustained for the period of study. Histopathological analysis of skin tissues revealed significant edema and desquamation for β-CP at 10 mg/mL. For CBD and β-CP, we observed a dose-dependent increase in epidermal thickening with profound thickening observed for β-CP at 10 mg/mL. Significant trafficking of CD11b cells was observed in various compartments of the skin in response to treatment with β-CP in a concentration-dependent manner. Mast cell trafficking was restricted to β-CP (10 mg/mL). Mouse proteome profiler cytokine/chemokine array revealed upregulation of complement C5/5a (anaphylatoxin), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) in animals dosed with β-CP (10 mg/mL). Moreover, we observed a dose-dependent increase in serum IgE in animals dosed with β-CP. Treatment with β-CP (10 mg/mL) significantly reduced filaggrin expression, an indicator of barrier disruption. In contrast, treatment with CBD at all concentrations failed to evoke scratching and dermatitis in mice and did not result in increased serum IgE. Further, skin tissues were devoid of any remarkable features, although at 10 mg/mL CBD we did observe the accumulation of dermal CD11b cells in skin tissue sections. We also observed increased filaggrin staining in mice repeatedly dosed with CBD (10 mg/mL). Collectively, our studies indicate that repeated exposure to high concentrations of β-CP can induce dermatitis-like pathological outcomes in mice.
Knocking Out OsAAP11 to Improve Rice Grain Quality Using CRISPR/Cas9 System
Authors: Yang Yihao , Zhang Yi , Sun Zixing , Shen Ziyan , Li Youguang , Guo Yifan , Feng Yuntong , Sun Shengyuan , Guo Min , Hu Zhi , Yan Changjie
Published: September 2023

The demand for rice grain quality, particularly in terms of eating and cooking quality, is increasingly concerning at present. However, the limited availability of rice-quality-related gene resources and time-consuming and inefficient traditional breeding methods have severely hindered the pace of rice grain quality improvement. Exploring novel methods for improving rice grain quality and creating new germplasms is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. In this study, an amino-acid-transporter-encoding gene OsAAP11 (Os11g0195600) mainly expressed in endosperm was selected as the target for gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in three japonica genetic backgrounds (Wuyungeng30, Nangeng9108, and Yanggeng158, hereafter referred to as WYG30, NG9108, and YG158). We successfully obtained homozygous osaap11 mutants without transgenic insertion. Subsequently, we conducted comprehensive investigations on the agronomic traits, rice grain quality traits, and transcriptomic analysis of these mutants. The results demonstrate that loss of OsAAP11 function led to a reduced amino acid content and total protein content in grains without affecting the agronomic traits of the plants; meanwhile, it significantly increased the peak viscosity, holding viscosity, and final viscosity values during the cooking process, thereby enhancing the eating and cooking quality. This study not only provides valuable genetic resources and fundamental materials for improving rice grain quality but also provides novel technical support for the rapid enhancement of rice grain quality.
Monoclonal War: The Antibody Arsenal and Targets for Expanded Application
Authors: Rosenn Eric , Benhaim Mickael , Siegel Allison , Stein David , Leonard Joseph , Katcher Erik , Halperin Dania , Mostel Zachary
Published: September 2023

Advancements in sequencing and screening technology have made monoclonal antibodies more accessible, cost-effective, and precise. These drugs effectively target pathogens and cancer cells and even regulate metabolic pathways by focusing on specific intermediates. Monoclonal antibodies play a key role in mitigating a rise in occupation-related cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, and multidrug-resistant organisms. Here, we review the origins, mechanisms, and applications of this important drug class and explore future avenues for research.
The Effect of Lattice Misfits on the Precipitation at Dislocations: Phase-Field Crystal Simulation
Authors: Mao Hong , Zeng Changlin , Zhang Zhikang , Shuai Xiong , Tang Sai
Published: September 2023

An atomic-scale approach was employed to simulate the formation of precipitates with different lattice misfits in the early stages of the aging of supersaturated aluminum alloys. The simulation results revealed that the increase in lattice misfits could significantly promote the nucleation rate of precipitates, which results in a larger number and smaller size of the precipitates. The morphologies of the precipitates also vary with the degree of a lattice misfit. Moreover, the higher the lattice misfit, the earlier the nucleation of the second phase occurs, which can substantially inhibit the movement of dislocations. The research on the lattice misfit of precipitation can provide theoretical guidance for the design of high-strength aluminum alloys.
Exploring the Dynamic Role of Bacterial Etiology in Complicated Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Guliciuc Mădălin , Porav-Hodade Daniel , Mihailov Raul , Rebegea Laura-Florentina , Voidazan Septimiu Toader , Ghirca Veronica Maria , Maier Adrian Cornel , Marinescu Monica , Firescu Dorel
Published: September 2023

Background and Objectives. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the epidemiological characteristics of urinary tract infections (UTI) and sepsis. However, there is still a lack of relevant bacteriological features and prognostic information regarding urosepsis based on bacteriological etiology. The current study aims to evaluate the bacterial etiology of complicated UTI (cUTI) and bacterial resistance to antibiotics and whether they present an intrinsic risk of developing urosepsis. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study was performed that included 102 patients who were diagnosed with cUTI and admitted to the urology department of the “Sfântul Apostol Andrei” County Emergency Clinical Hospital (GCH) from September 2019 to May 2022. Results. A considerable number of patients, n = 41 (40.2%), were diagnosed with multi drug-resistant (MDR) infection. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was identified as the prevailing pathogen, accounting for 51 patients. Klebsiella manifested itself as the subsequent causative agent in 27 instances. The presence of Enterococcus spp. infection was documented in 13 patients, whereas Pseudomonas emerged as the etiological perpetrator in the clinical context of 8 patients. The current study found a substantial prevalence of resistance to first-line antibiotics. The overall resistance rate was 74.5% for penicillin, 58.82% for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and 49% for fluoroquinolones; cephalosporin resistance displayed an inverse correlation with antibiotic generation with fourth-generation cephalosporins exhibiting a resistance rate of 24.5%, and first-generation cephalosporins demonstrating a resistance rate of 35.29%. Conclusions. Age, comorbidities and indwelling urinary catheters are risk factors for developing MDR infections. While the intrinsic characteristics of the causative bacterial agent in cUTI may not be a risk factor for developing urosepsis, they can contribute to increased mortality risk. For empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with cUTI who are at a high risk of developing urosepsis and experiencing a potentially unfavorable clinical course, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is recommended. This may include antibiotics, such as amikacin, tigecycline, carbapenems and piperacillin–tazobactam.