bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible mussel‐inspired hydrogel for transparent wearable strain sensors: Investigation of mechanical, physical properties, self‐healing, and electrical conductivity
Authors: Mirzaei Ghazaleh , Mirzaei Akbar , Javanshir Shahrzad
Published: July 2024

Nowadays, flexible hydrogels with electrical conductivity have become extremely helpful with broad application scenarios in electronic membranes in human–machine boundaries. However, a design approach to adjust and ameliorate conductivity, mechanical strength, transparency, self‐healing, and good adhesion remains a challenge. One of these strategies is mussels‐mimicking adhesive hydrogels, presenting strong adhesion. Here, we aim to meet the challenge by pursuing a mussel‐inspired design approach, which leads to the formation of a transparent, self‐healing, adhesive, and electrically conductive hydrogel from dopamine (DA), pyrrole (Py), acrylamide (AM), functionalized iron, and copper ions as an advanced electronic sensor. The transparent hydrogels were prepared using a sonication polymerization method. The results have shown that hydrogels containing copper or iron have conductivity (12 × 10−4 or 27 × 10−4 S/cm), mechanical strength (11.2 or 18.4 kPa), elongation at break (EB: 652.231% or 660.198%) and gauge factors (GF: 3.04679, 2.93513). Also, hydrogels can maintain their conductivity if they are twisted or stretched. Self‐healing behavior, swelling, and water‐induced shape memory effect (SME) due to hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions were observed. The behavior of this hydrogel as wearable sensors in integration with different body tissues such as finger, wrist, breathing, and frown was investigated. The obtained hydrogels showed high sensitivity in different areas of the body, fast response time in the strain range of 0%–%500, and high adhesion and transparency.
The thawing process in gentamicin and polyethylene glycol hydrogel: The impact of selected parameters on the calculation of activation energy using the methods of Belichmaer and Duswalt
Authors: Talik Przemysław , Lalik Krzysztof
Published: July 2024

The subject of the research conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was hydrated mixtures of polyethylene glycol and gentamicin (GEN) in a 1:1 (w/w) ratio. In this way, a system with a particularly high ability to form hydrogen bonds was created. It was postulated that studying the effective activation energy (EA) of the thawing process of diverse hydrated polymer mixtures will indirectly allow for an attempt to assess the distribution of water molecules in the examined material in future studies. This article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of selected parameters on the calculation of EA using the Belichmaer and Duswalt methods. The research focused on assessing how the interpolation method affects the accuracy of results obtained from these techniques. The interpolation method was analyzed in terms of its ability to accurately replicate experimental data. By evaluating the impact of the number of points from the DSC curve used in linear interpolation, a standard deviation from the average value of EA was obtained, respectively: 2.4% for the Belichmaer method and 1.9% for the Duswalt method. The article also shows that by using both methods simultaneously, it is possible to detect the moment when additional endothermic and exothermic reaction activity becomes present in the reaction curve. This allowed for the avoidance of the depletion error. Computer modeling and simulations were used to compare the effectiveness of both techniques in various scenarios. The results showed that the choice of interpolation method and taking into account the depletion error significantly affect the accuracy of calculating EA. The computed activation energy via Duswalt method was EA = 363.32 kJ mol−1 with a standard deviation of 7.07 kJ mol−1 and using the Belichmaer method the EA was 364.81 kJ mol−1, with a standard deviation of 9.10 kJ mol−1.
Comparative study of pure and mixed phase sulfurized‐carbon black in battery cathodes for lithium sulfur batteries
Authors: Sahoo Surjit , Chatterjee Debayan , Majumder Subhasish Basu , Raihan Kh M Asif , LaCroix Brice , Das Suprem R.
Published: July 2024

Lithium‐sulfur battery (LSB) chemistry is regarded as one of the most promising contenders for powering next‐generation electronics, including electric vehicles. This is due to its high theoretical capacity, the use of inexpensive and environmentally friendly materials, and its alignment with climate‐smart manufacturing principles. Sulfur, the electroactive element in LSBs, undergoes lithiation to form a series of polysulfides, each contributing to the battery's energy density. However, this chemistry encounters several challenges, particularly concerning the stability of sulfur. Recent studies have shown that the presence of a full gamma phase of sulfur in an LSB cathode significantly enhances the capacity and overall cell performance. However, despite the advantages of cathodes with gamma sulfur, the characteristics of LSBs with mixed crystal phases of sulfur (alpha, beta, and gamma) have not been extensively studied. In this context, we developed a simple and cost‐effective synthesis method to produce both single‐phase (alpha) and mixed‐phase sulfur (primarily a mixture of alpha and gamma, with a trace of beta) and conducted their detailed physical and electrochemical characterization for use as electroactive cathode materials in LSBs. The cells fabricated using sulfur‐carbon black as the cathode delivered a specific capacity of approximately 640 mAh/g at a current density of 275 mA/g, demonstrating excellent cyclic stability over 50 cycles with a capacity retention of around 97%. This performance is superior to that of the sulfur‐baked carbon black composite cathode, which achieved 440 mAh/g at the same current density.
Mid‐Infrared Optoelectronic Waveguide Devices with 2D Materials
Authors: Qi Liqiang , Xu Tianping , Xing Zhengkun , Chen Si , Zhang Zunyue , Liu Tiegen , Cheng Zhenzhou
Published: July 2024

Mid‐infrared (Mid‐IR) integrated optics has tremendous applications in spectroscopic sensing, imaging, and ranging. Compared with visible light and near‐IR wavelengths, the study of mid‐IR photonic integrated devices is limited due to the need for more suitable materials and designs for constructing high‐performance on‐chip optoelectronic devices. Integrating emerging 2D materials with novel waveguide devices opens an avenue to boost the development of high‐performance optoelectronic waveguide devices operating in the mid‐IR wavelength range. This review summarizes the previous progress, current status, and future trends in exploring mid‐IR optoelectronic waveguide devices with 2D materials. Specifically, the authors focus on the research efforts of developing passive photonic devices, modulators, photodetectors, and light sources. Then, the challenges and prospects in this area are discussed. The paper provides a valuable reference for researchers in infrared physics, optoelectronics, integrated optics, material science, sensing, and spectroscopy.
A juvenile pleurosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Tithonian of the Mörnsheim Formation, Germany
Authors: Beccari Victor , Villa Andrea , Jones Marc E. H. , Ferreira Gabriel S. , Glaw Frank , Rauhut Oliver W. M.
Published: July 2024

Late Jurassic rhynchocephalians from the Solnhofen Archipelago have been known for almost two centuries. The number of specimens and taxa is constantly increasing, but little is known about the ontogeny of these animals. The well‐documented marine taxon Pleurosaurus is one of such cases. With over 15 described (and many more undescribed) specimens, there were no unambiguous juveniles so far. Some authors have argued that Acrosaurus, another common component of the Solnhofen Archipelago herpetofauna, might represent an early ontogenetic stage of Pleurosaurus, but the lack of proper descriptions for this taxon makes this assignment tentative, at best. Here, we describe the first unambiguous post‐hatchling juvenile of Pleurosaurus and tentatively attribute it to Pleurosaurus cf. P. ginsburgi. The new specimen comes from the Lower Tithonian of the Mörnsheim Formation, Germany. This specimen is small, disarticulated, and incomplete, but preserves several of its craniomandibular bones and presacral vertebrae. It shares with Pleurosaurus a set of diagnostic features, such as an elongated and triangular skull, a low anterior flange in its dentition, and an elongated axial skeleton. It can be identified as a juvenile due to the presence of an unworn dentition, well‐spaced posteriormost dentary teeth, a large gap between the last teeth and the coronoid process of the dentary, and poorly ossified vertebrae with unfused neural arches. Acrosaurus shares many anatomical features with both this specimen and Pleurosaurus, which could indicate that the two genera are indeed synonyms. The early ontogenetic stage inferred for the new Pleurosaurus specimen argues for an even earlier ontogenetic placement for specimens referred to Acrosaurus, the latter possibly pertaining to hatchlings.
Improving the Efficiency of Luminescent Zn(II)‐Modified N‐Doped GOQD Nanomaterials in Parkinson's Disease Treatment: A Theoretical Mechanistic Framework Exploring Doping Effect
Authors: Biswas Sneha , Chowdhury Tania , Banerjee Soumadip , Dutta Koushik , Das Abhijit K. , Das Debasis
Published: July 2024

Levodopa, a widely prescribed drug in Parkinson's disease treatment, stands as the foremost prodrug of dopamine. An affordable self‐testing kit is utilized to monitor levodopa content in anti‐parkinson drugs in human serum. A photoluminescent trinuclear Zn(II) complex [Zn3(L)2(κ1‐OAc)2(κ2‐OAc)2] has been synthesized, which cleaves into mononuclear ZC in aqueous solution. ZC was found to detect L‐Dopa in Tris‐HCl buffer, exhibiting a moderate decrease in PL‐emission. The real‐life utility of the ZC probe is limited, for its lower sensitivity (LOD 35.3 μM) and separation challenges. Therefore, an interface between homogeneous and heterogeneous supports has been explored, leading to the strategic development of NGOZC, where ZC was grafted onto NGOQD (Graphene oxide quantum dots). This material enables naked‐ eye detection under both ambient and UV light with color change from bright cyan to green, followed by dark. The nitrogen doping effect was investigated by several comparative investigations involving the synthesis of ZC‐grafted GOQD, leading to enhanced quenching performance. Steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence titration study, morphological analysis, and computational calculations have been performed to get insights into the sensing mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, this as‐synthesized NGOZC (LOD 1.78 nM) represents a promising strategy and platform for applications in biosensors, especially for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Study on the enhanced efficacy mechanism of vinegar‐processed Cyperus rotundus in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea
Authors: Wang Fengxia , Qian Qi , Feng Yu , Zhang Dongge , Wang Xinguo , Niu Liying
Published: July 2024

The enhanced efficacy of vinegar‐processed Cyperus rotundus (VCR) in treating primary dysmenorrhea (PD) has been observed. However, the active components and potential mechanisms of synergy are still unclear. The objective of this study was to develop a method that combines bionic technology, plant metabolomics and network pharmacology to discover the active components and potential mechanisms underlying the enhanced therapeutic effects of VCR for PD. Vinegar processing alters the flavor of C. rotundus, leading to changes in its properties. The acidic nature of vinegar enhances the selectivity of the medicine toward the liver, thereby improving its ability to soothe the liver, regulate qi and provide pain relief. Through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis, 30 key differential components between raw C. rotundus and VCR have been screened and identified. These differential components primarily exert their therapeutic effects in treating PD by modulating targets such as interleukin‐6, TNF, TP53 and PTGS2, as well as pathways including the estrogen signaling pathway, ovarian steroidogenesis, the TNF signaling pathway and the HIF‐1 signaling pathway. The findings of this study serve as a reference for the application of VCR in compound formulas and clinic practiceal. Furthermore, the methodology employed in this study provides research insights for the processing of other Chinese medicines.
A simple and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method combined with fluorescence detection for bioanalysis of scopoletin in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kim Taeyoung , Han Dong‐Gyun , Yoon In‐Soo
Published: July 2024

Scopoletin, a coumarin class natural phytoalexin, is present in medicinal plants such as noni (Morinda citrifolia). It exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti‐hyperuricemic, and anti‐inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to develop a novel HPLC‐fluorescence (HPLC‐FL) method for the quantitative analysis of scopoletin in the plasma and to investigate its pharmacokinetics in rats. Sample preparation involved a methanol‐based protein precipitation method, and chromatographic separation was conducted using a C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase composed of water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The eluent was detected using an FL detector set to optimized excitation/emission wavelengths of 337/453 nm. Method validation encompassed assessments of selectivity, linearity (1–500 ng/mL), precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability in accordance with the prevailing Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. The developed method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study in rats. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first application of a simple and sensitive HPLC‐FL method for the quantification of scopoletin in a pharmacokinetic study. This method offers a promising alternative for preclinical pharmacokinetic investigations with appropriate modifications and validations and holds potential for clinical applications.
Phytochemical profile and pharmacological potential of Withania somnifera whole plant extracts
Authors: Sher Ayaz Ali , Iqbal Arshad , Adil Muhammad , Shah Zamarud , Butt Zahid Ali , Ullah Sami , Nafees Muhammad , Sohni Saima
Published: July 2024

Withania somnifera belongs to the family Solanaceae, commonly called ashwagandha, and is traditionally used as an astringent, hepatoprotective and antioxidant, and as a treatment for rheumatism. Therefore the current study aimed to explore the dichloromethane fraction of W. somnifera whole plant (DCFWS) and ethyl acetate fraction of W. somnifera (EAFWS) using gas chromatoghraphy–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and to find the acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential along with spasmolytic activity. The GC–MS‐detected phytochemicals were 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl), hexadecanoic acid, 1‐nonadecene and 11‐octadecenoic acid. The DCFWS and EAFWS exhibited acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential with significant inhibitory concentration values. The acute toxicity results of both fractions showed high toxicity, causing emesis at 0.5 g and both emesis and diarrhea at 1 g/kg. Both fractions exhibited significant (p ≤ 0.01) laxative activity against metronidazole (7 mg/kg) and loperamide hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) induced constipation. Both DCFWS (66.8 ± 3.85%) and EAFWS (58.58 ± 3.28%) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased charcoal movement compared with distal water (43.93 ± 4.34%). Similarly the effect of DCFWS on KCl‐induced (80 mm) contraction was more significant as compared with EAFWS. It was concluded that the plant can be used in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases such as constipation. Furthermore, additional work is required in the future to determine the bioactive compounds that act as therapeutic agents in W. somnifera.
Chief executive officer narcissism, power and sustainable development goals reporting: An empirical analysis
Authors: Awuah Benjamin , Elbardan Hany , Yazdifar Hassan
Published: July 2024

Grounded in both agency and upper echelons perspectives, this paper examines the effects of chief executive officer (CEO) narcissism and power on corporate reporting on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We theorise that CEOs' narcissistic tendencies and power will influence their firms' SDGs engagement and reporting practices. We also examine whether SDGs reporting affects firm performance. Based on a sample of FTSE 100 companies for the period 2018–2022, we test our ideas using generalised estimating equations. The results show that CEO narcissism is positively related to SDGs reporting; however, this effect is weaker in firms led by older narcissistic CEOs. Further, CEO power is negatively associated with SDGs reporting, suggesting that firms led by powerful CEOs are reluctant to integrate the SDGs. Finally, corporate SDGs reporting lacks any value‐enhancing effect on firm performance, supporting the symbolic perspective of sustainability management. Our results contribute to the literature on SDGs accounting and enrich our understanding of the underlying dynamics shaping corporate disclosure practices.
TP53 and KMT2D mutations associated with worse prognosis in peripheral T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Wang Lingling , Yang Lei , Guan Fangshu , Chen Jing , Cheng Yuexin , Miao Yuqing , He Jingsong , Cai Zhen , Huang He , Zhao Yi
Published: July 2024

There are limited studies on mutation profiling for Peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL) in the Chinese population. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and genetic landscape of 66 newly diagnosed Chinese patients. Targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for tissues from these patients. At least one mutation was detected in 60 (90.9%) patients, with a median number of 3 (0–7) mutations, and 32 (48.5%) cases detected with more than 4 mutations. The genes with higher mutation frequencies were TET2, RHOA, DNMT3A, IDH2, TP53, STAT3, and KMT2D respectively. When mutant genes are classified by functional group, the most prevalent mutations are related to epigenetics and signal transduction. IPI ≥2, PIT ≥2, and failure to achieve partial remission (PR) were factors for inferior progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis showed TP53 was an adverse factor for PFS (HR, 3.523; 95% CI, 1.262–9.835; p = 0.016), and KMT2D was an adverse factor for OS (HR, 10.097; 95% CI, 1.000–101.953; p = 0.048). Mutation profiling could help differentiate distinct types of PTCL and serve as a useful tool for determining treatment options and prognoses.
Frontal person image generation based on arbitrary‐view human images
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Yuqing , Chen Lufei , Yin Baocai , Sun Yongliang
Published: July 2024

Frontal person images contain the richest detailed features of humans, which can effectively assist in behavioral recognition, virtual dress fitting and other applications. While many remarkable networks are devoted to the person image generation task, most of them need accurate target poses as the network inputs. However, the target pose annotation is difficult and time‐consuming. In this work, we proposed a first frontal person image generation network based on the proposed anchor pose set and the generative adversarial network. Specifically, our method first classify a rough frontal pose to the input human image based on the proposed anchor pose set, and regress all key points of the rough frontal pose to estimate an accurate frontal pose. Then, we consider the estimated frontal pose as the target pose, and construct a two‐stream generator based on the generative adversarial network to update the person's shape and appearance feature in a crossing way and generate a realistic frontal person image. Experiments on the challenging CMU Panoptic dataset show that our method can generate realistic frontal images from arbitrary‐view human images.
The Exploration of Nanozymes for Biosensing of Pathological States Tailored to Clinical Theranostics
Authors: Khan Abdul Sayeed , Sahu Sudhir Kumar , Dash Santosh Kumar , Mishra Tankadhar , Padhan Amiya Ranjan , Padhan Damodar , Dash Sribatsa Lanchhana , Sarangi Manoj Kumar
Published: July 2024

The nanozymes (NZs) are the artificial catalyst deployed for biosensing with their uniqueness (high robustness, surface tenability, inexpensive, and stability) for obtaining a better response/miniaturization of the varied sensors than their traditional ancestors. Nowadays, nanomaterials with their broadened scale such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), and metals/metal oxides are widely engaged in generating NZ‐based biosensors (BS). Diverse strategies like fluorescent, colorimetric, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and electrochemical sensing principles were implemented for signal transduction of NZs. Despite broad advantages, numerous encounters (like specificity, feasibility, stability, and issues in scale‐up) are affecting the potentialities of NZs‐based BS, and thus need prior attention for a promising exploration for a revolutionary outcome in advanced theranostics. This review includes different types of NZs, and the progress of numerous NZs tailored bio‐sensing techniques in detecting abundant bio analytes for theranostic purposes. Further, the discussion highlighted some recent challenges along with their progressive way of possibly overcoming followed by commercial outbreaks.
Crude oil removal from water: Influence of organic phase composition and mineral content
Authors: Rintoul Ignacio , Uldry Thomas , Hunkeler David
Published: July 2024

The effect of organic and inorganic compounds, commonly present in the mineralogy of crude oil and/or added in the washing processes of extracted crude, on the removal efficiency of emulsified oils present in waste washing waters was investigated by means of flocculation. Approximately 90% of the emulsified oil could be removed using an anionic flocculant, providing a residual turbidity below 100 NTU. The yield depended on the nature of the organic and inorganic components present. The higher the chain length of the main organic component, the greater the flocculant concentration required to remove the oil. Several components had an effect of emulsification (e.g., octane, decane), some of which rendered de‐oiling process completely ineffective (e.g., naphthenic acids). Aliphatics were the most difficult to eliminate, requiring flocculant levels in the 200–300 ppm range. This is in contrast to 75–100 ppm levels which were required to remove bi‐ and poly‐cyclic aromatics. Heavy oils were more difficult to remove than light oils. There was a strong effect of the pH of the aqueous phase. The optimum was pH = 2.0. Virtually all inorganic compounds reduced the efficiency of removing oil from water when spiked at 1%. The only exception was sodium carbonate which acted as a de‐emulsifier. Monovalent salts have a minor effect on de‐oiling, with efficiencies remaining at 80%. Divalent chlorides reduced the de‐oiling efficiency to 70% while sulphates had a more severe influence. The de‐oiling efficiency was lowered substantially with the addition of clays, zinc, cadmium, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, and dibenyhlthiophene.
Parameter optimization of the simulated moving bed system based on the IMOSCSO algorithm
Authors: Chen Yuhuan , Li Ling
Published: July 2024

The optimization of operating parameters for the simulated moving bed (SMB) is complex. A parameter optimization method for the SMB system was proposed based on the improved multi‐objective sand cat swarm optimization (IMOSCSO) algorithm. The multi‐objective sand cat swarm optimization (MOSCSO) algorithm integrated the update and selection mechanism of the repository in the multi‐objective algorithm. Three strategies were proposed to improve the traditional MOSCSO algorithm for increased population diversity, global search capability, and convergence speed. First, the cubic chaotic map was used to initialize the population, which improved the uniformity of the population distribution. Second, including a variable spiral search strategy in the prey search phase enabled the sand cat swarm to explore more search paths to adjust its position. Third, the convergence speed was enhanced by incorporating the alert mechanism of the sparrow search algorithm. The improved algorithm was tested with standard test functions. The IMOSCSO algorithm outperformed other algorithms in terms of convergence and accuracy. Finally, the IMOSCSO algorithm optimized the system parameters of the SMB, demonstrating its practical applications.
Computational haemodynamics for pulmonary valve replacement by means of a reduced fluid‐structure interaction model
Authors: Criseo Elisabetta , Fumagalli Ivan , Quarteroni Alfio , Marianeschi Stefano Maria , Vergara Christian
Published: July 2024

Pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) consists of substituting a patient's original valve with a prosthetic one, primarily addressing pulmonary valve insufficiency, which is crucially relevant in Tetralogy of Fallot repairment. While extensive clinical and computational literature on aortic and mitral valve replacements is available, PVR's post‐procedural haemodynamics in the pulmonary artery and the impact of prosthetic valve dynamics remain significantly understudied. Addressing this gap, we introduce a reduced Fluid–Structure Interaction (rFSI) model, applied for the first time to the pulmonary valve. This model couples a three‐dimensional computational representation of pulmonary artery haemodynamics with a one‐degree‐of‐freedom model to account for valve structural mechanics. Through this approach, we analyse patient‐specific haemodynamics pre and post PVR. Patient‐specific geometries, reconstructed from CT scans, are virtually equipped with a template valve geometry. Boundary conditions for the model are established using a lumped‐parameter model, fine‐tuned based on clinical patient data. Our model accurately reproduces patient‐specific haemodynamic changes across different scenarios: pre‐PVR, six months post‐PVR, and a follow‐up condition after a decade. It effectively demonstrates the impact of valve implantation on sustaining the diastolic pressure gradient across the valve. The numerical results indicate that our valve model is able to reproduce overall physiological and/or pathological conditions, as preliminary assessed on two different patients. This promising approach provides insights into post‐PVR haemodynamics and prosthetic valve effects, shedding light on potential implications for patient‐specific outcomes.
Deciphering Pyramidanes: A Quantum Chemical Topology Approach
Authors: Vidal Lucía , Barrena‐Espés Daniel , Echeverría Jorge , Munárriz Julen , Pendás Ángel Martín
Published: July 2024

C[C4H4], the simplest compound of the [4]‐pyramidane family, has so far eluded experimental characterization, although several of its analogs, E[C4(SiMe3)4] in which the E apex atom is a tetrel group element, have been successfully prepared. The non‐classical bonding mode of E, similar to that found in propellanes, has prompted a considerable number of theoretical studies to unravel the nature of the apex‐base interaction. Here, we contribute to this knowledge by analyzing the electron localization function (ELF) and classical QTAIM descriptors; as well the statistical distribution of electrons in atomic regions by means of the so‐called electron distribution functions (EDFs), calculation of multicenter indices (MCI) as aromaticity descriptors and by performing orbital invariant energy decompositions with the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) approach on a series of E[C4(SiMe3)4] compounds. We find that the bonding evolves from covalent to electrostatic as E changes from C to Pb, with an anomaly when E=Si, which is shown to be the most charged moiety, compatible with an aromatic [C4(SiMe3)4]2− scaffold in the pyramidane base.
Solanidine Metabolites as Diet‐Derived Biomarkers of CYP2D6‐Mediated Tamoxifen Metabolism in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Medwid Samantha , Schwarz Ute I. , Choi Yun‐Hee , Keller Denise , Ross Cameron , Kim Richard B.
Published: July 2024

Tamoxifen is an important antiestrogen for the treatment of hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer and undergoes bioactivation by CYP2D6 to its active metabolite endoxifen. Genetic variation in CYP2D6 has been linked to endoxifen levels during tamoxifen therapy. Recent studies have suggested solanidine, a glycoalkaloid phytochemical in potatoes, undergoes CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism to 4‐OH‐solanidine (m/z 414) and 3,4‐seco‐solanidine‐3,4‐dioic acid (SSDA; m/z 444). Using a retrospective cohort of 1,032 breast cancer patients on tamoxifen therapy, we examined the association of solanidine metabolites with CYP2D6 activity and its correlation with tamoxifen metabolism. Solanidine, 4‐OH‐solanidine, or SSDA was detected in 99.7% (N = 1,029) of plasma samples. Decreased solanidine metabolite ratios were found in CYP2D6 intermediate and poor metabolizers (P < 0.0001). Patients on CYP2D6 strong inhibitors had a 77.6% and 94.2% decrease in 4‐OH‐solandine/solanidine (P < 0.0001) and SSDA/solanidine (P < 0.0001), respectively. The ratio of endoxifen to tamoxifen was highly correlated with both 4‐OH‐solandine/solanidine (ρ = 0.3207, P < 0.0001) and SSDA/solanidine (ρ = 0.5022, P < 0.0001) ratios. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine that 4‐OH‐solanidine/solanidine and SSDA/solanidine ratios below 2.1 and 0.8, respectively, predicted endoxifen concentrations of <16 nM. In conclusion, solanidine, 4‐OH‐solanidine, and SSDA are diet‐derived biomarkers of CYP2D6 activity. Moreover, in patients on tamoxifen therapy, 4‐OH‐solanidine/solanidine and SSDA/solanidine predicted endoxifen levels including the inhibitory effects of concomitantly prescribed CYP2D6‐interacting medications. Accordingly, 4‐OH‐solanidine/solanidine or SSDA/solanidine ratio has the potential to be particularly useful prior to initiation of tamoxifen or for determining the impact of CYP2D6 drug interactions, as well as prior to switching from an aromatase inhibitor to tamoxifen.
Enrichment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)–Degrading Strictly Anaerobic Sulfate‐Reducing Cultures from Contaminated Soil and Sediment
Authors: Dhar Kartik , Venkateswarlu Kadiyala , Megharaj Mallavarapu
Published: July 2024

Sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are crucial players in global biogeochemical cycling and some have been implicated in the anaerobic biodegradation of organic pollutants, including recalcitrant and hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Obtaining PAH‐degrading SRB cultures for laboratories is of paramount importance in the development of the young field of anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs. SRB grow exceptionally slowly on PAH substrates and are highly sensitive to oxygen. Consequently, enrichment and maintenance of PAH‐degrading SRB cultures and characterization of the biodegradation process remain a tedious and formidable task, especially for new researchers. To address these technical constraints, we have developed robust and effective protocols for obtaining and characterizing PAH‐degrading SRB cultures. In this set of protocols, we describe step‐by‐step procedures for preparing inocula from contaminated soil or sediment, preparing anoxic medium, establishing enrichment cultures with PAHs as substrates under completely anaerobic sulfate‐reducing conditions, successive culture transfers to obtain highly enriched cultures, rapid verification of the viability of SRB in slow‐growing cultures, assessment of PAH degradation by extracting residuals using organic solvent and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and spectrophotometric determination of sulfate and sulfide in miniaturized, medium‐throughput format. These protocols are expected to serve as a comprehensive manual for obtaining and characterizing PAH‐degrading sulfate‐reducing cultures. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Obtaining PAH‐degrading strictly anaerobic sulfate‐reducing enrichment cultures from contaminated soil and sediment

Support Protocol 1: Operation and maintenance of an anaerobic workstation

Support Protocol 2: Setup of gas purging systems for preparing anoxic solutions

Support Protocol 3: Verification of viability in slow‐growing SRB enrichment cultures

Support Protocol 4: Extraction of genomic DNA from low‐biomass cultures

Basic Protocol 2: Extraction of residual PAH from liquid culture and analysis by GC‐MS

Basic Protocol 3: Spectrophotometric determination of sulfate concentration in SRB cultures

Basic Protocol 4: Spectrophotometric determination of sulfide concentrations in SRB cultures by the methylene blue method

Alternate Protocol: Spectrophotometric determination of sulfide concentrations in SRB cultures by the colloidal copper sulfide method
All‐in‐All: Dead Lithium‐Ion Battery to Active Lithium‐Ion Capacitor
Authors: Manohar Akshay , Viswanathan Aranganathan , Lee Yun‐Sung , Aravindan Vanchiappan
Published: July 2024

Here, we have developed lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) with all the components, except the electrolyte solution, effectively recycled from the spent Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Hybrid capacitors, such as LICs, are potential breakthroughs in electrochemical energy storage devices, where most research is focused. These devices can simultaneously guarantee high energy and power by hybridizing battery‐type and capacitive‐type electrodes with two different reaction mechanisms. We have successfully upcycled the graphite, current collector, separator, etc., from the spent LIBs to fabricate a high‐performance LIC. Our LIC consists of recovered graphite (RG) coated over recovered copper foil as an anode, recycled polypropylene as the separator, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesized from RG as the cathode. The RG half‐cell exhibited an excellent specific capacity of 302 mAh g−1 even after 75 charge‐discharge cycles with a coulombic efficiency of >99 %. The Li/rGO displayed remarkable cycling performance for over 1000 cycles with high stability and reversibility. Subsequently, the pre‐lithiated RG (p‐RG) electrode is paired with the rGO electrode under the balanced loading conditions to construct LIC, rGO/p‐RG, delivering a maximum energy density of 185 Wh kg−1 with ultra‐long durability of more than 10,000 cycles. The possibility of LIC under different climatic conditions is also explored, and its remarkable performance under various temperature conditions is worth mentioning.
Graphene‐Based Material Supports for Ni− and Ru− Catalysts in CO2 Hydrogenation: Ruling out Performances and Impurity Role
Authors: Ebrahim Atakoohi Sina , Riani Paola , Spennati Elena , Savio Letizia , Vattuone Luca , De Maron Jacopo , Garbarino Gabriella
Published: July 2024

Laboratory‐prepared Gnp using molten salt, commercial Gnp and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been characterized and utilized as support for CO2 hydrogenation catalysts. Ni− and Ru− catalysts supported over Gnp, commercial Gnp and rGO have been deeply characterized at different stages using Raman, IR, XRD, FE‐SEM‐EDXS, SEM‐EDXS, XPS, and TEM, also addressing carbon loss before reaction and evolved species, thus allowing a better comprehension of the produced materials. Ni and Ru/rGO were inactive while Gnp‐supported ones were active. Ru has been found almost completely selective toward reverse Water Gas Shift to CO, approaching the forecasted thermodynamic equilibrium at 723 K, in the tested conditions (YCO~55 %), with an apparent activation energy in the range of 70–90 kJ/mol. Exhaust catalysts pointed out the presence of sulfur partially linked to the carbon matrix and partially producing the corresponding metal sulfide with the detection of surface oxidized species in the cationic form and adsorbed species as well. The metal‐based nanoparticles displayed a quite narrow size distribution, confirming the promising behavior of these catalytic systems for CO2 utilization.
In‐Situ Formation of a LiF‐Rich Interphase for Graphite Anode Operated at Low Temperatures
Authors: Yin Yue , Liu Gaohong , Peng Yu , Fang Zhong , Dong Xiaoli
Published: July 2024

Inorganic LiF is generally a desirable component in solid electrolyte interface (SEI) for graphite anode due to its electronic insulation, low Li+ diffusion barrier, high modulus and good chemical stability. Herein, fluorinated carbon (CFx) was incorporated into graphite material, which exhibited a high discharge potential prior to electrolyte decomposition and in‐situ formed a crystalline LiF‐based SEI with improved Li+ diffusion rate. The optimized graphite anode therefore demonstrated a fast‐charging capability with 124 mAh g−1 at high rate of 8 C and a remarkable capacity retention of 83.8 % at the low temperature of −30 °C compared to that at 25 °C. Furthermore, the optimized graphite|LiFePO4 full cell exhibited a significantly high discharge capacity of 109 mAh g−1 at −30 °C, corresponding to a notable 77.3 % room‐temperature capacity retention. These findings highlight a facile strategy to attain a LiF‐rich SEI for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
Efficacy of Eating Disorder Focused Family Therapy for Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Austin A. , Anderson A. G. , Lee J. , Vander Steen H. , Savard C. , Bergmann C. , Singh M. , Devoe D. , Gorrell S. , Patten S. , Le Grange D. , Dimitropoulos G.
Published: July 2024

Objective

To systematically review and evaluate the efficacy of eating disorder focused family therapy (FT‐ED) in comparison to all other forms of psychotherapy for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. A secondary aim is to assess the relative efficacy of different variations of FT‐ED (e.g., shorter vs. longer dose, parent‐focused).

Methods

A search with relevant terms was systematically conducted on four databases. Twenty‐three publications across 18 randomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria. Outcomes of interest included variables related to weight, eating psychopathology, and remission status. Study quality was assessed, and data were extracted by two independent researchers.

Results

Adolescents receiving FT‐ED gained significantly more weight by the end of treatment in comparison to those receiving individual psychotherapy. FT‐ED that was delivered just to parents or to parents and child separately offered preferable weight outcomes and rates of recovery at the end of treatment in comparison to conjoint FT‐ED. No other outcomes tested in the meta‐analysis were statistically significant at the end of treatment or follow‐up.

Discussion

Currently available data suggest the use of FT‐ED in its conjoint or separated/parent focused format is the best outpatient treatment option for adolescents with anorexia nervosa when immediate weight gain is paramount. The variability of outcome measurement, including the tools used and timepoints chosen, limit comparison among no more than a handful of studies. The field would benefit from the standardization of measurement and reporting guidelines for future clinical trials.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO number: CRD42023396263.
On the scaling of river network biogeochemical function
Authors: Bertuzzo Enrico
Published: July 2024

River networks play a fundamental biogeochemical role in the Earth system by transporting and processing materials from terrestrial to ocean ecosystems. The cumulative biogeochemical function of a watershed of area can broadly be referred to as the total processing rate of material performed by its river network. An important recent research, conducted through network simulations, has revealed that the biogeochemical function of rivers can scale superlinearly with the area under certain scenarios. This finding has significant implications for the role of river networks in regional and global biogeochemical cycles. Here, we demonstrate how such scaling can be derived analytically by combining the power law distribution of drainage area, the universal fractal signature of river networks and the scaling of channel hydraulic geometry, utilising the theory of finite‐size scaling. The results enable the discrimination between linear and superlinear behaviours, as well as the calculation of the exact exponent based on parameters that define how the biogeochemical function and the river width change with river drainage area. Furthermore, we investigate the difference between the scaling of the biogeochemical function with the area of the watershed and with the area of a region drained by multiple river networks, emphasising the implications for upscaling efforts.
The sunflower sea star reduces grazing rates of purple sea urchins dependent upon urchin starvation state
Authors: Whippo Ross , Gravem Sarah , Porter‐Hughes Ethan , Galloway Aaron W. E.
Published: July 2024

Ecosystem function is maintained in part by direct species interactions, but indirect interactions and non‐consumptive effects may be of equal ecological importance. Along the west coast of North America, the recent population collapse of the predatory sunflower sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides has been implicated in the proliferation of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and a concurrent decline in kelp canopy cover in several locales. Recent work began to quantify the predation rates effects (i.e., direct consumptive effects) of Pycnopodia on sea urchins that may lead to density‐mediated indirect effects on kelp. However, the importance of non‐consumptive effects on urchin behavior and the possible trait‐mediated indirect effects of Pycnopodia on kelp are not well understood. This leaves a critical gap in our knowledge about how these predators may be controlling grazer populations and, indirectly, primary production by macroalgae in nearshore habitats. We measured the non‐consumptive behavioral effects of Pycnopodia on S. purpuratus in the laboratory including grazing rates, feeding behavior, and movement of starved versus fed urchins, the latter simulating urchin metabolic conditions within urchin barrens. We found that the presence of a waterborne Pycnopodia cue reduced the grazing rate of fed urchins by 50% over short (~24 h) time scales. In contrast, starved urchins consumed kelp and did not exhibit an escape response in the presence of a Pycnopodia cue. This study highlights a trait‐mediated indirect interaction between Pycnopodia, S. purpuratus, and kelp, showing how the urchin response to a predator cue may differ based on urchin metabolic conditions or ecosystem state, and helps clarify the positive role of Pycnopodia on kelp forest health.
Invasive shrubs differentially alter autumnal activity for three common small‐mammal species
Authors: Connolly Brian , Zirbel Chad R. , Keller Carson , Fuka Mark , Orrock John L.
Published: July 2024

Seasonal variation in animal activity influences fitness and the intensity of ecological interactions (e.g., competition, predation), yet aspects of global change in the Anthropocene may catalyze shifts in seasonal activity. Invasive plants are components of global change and can modify animal daily activity, but their influence on animal seasonal activity is less understood. We examined how invasive woody shrubs (Autumn olive [Elaeagnus umbellata] and Amur honeysuckle [Lonicera maackii]) affect seasonal activity of three common small‐mammal species by coupling experimental shrub removal with autumnal camera trapping for two consecutive years at six paired forest sites (total 12 plots). Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) foraged more, and foraging was observed at least 20 days longer, in shrub‐invaded forests. White‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) foraged more in invaded than cleared plots in one study year, but P. leucopus autumn activity timing did not differ between shrub‐removal treatments. Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) activity displayed year‐specific responses to shrub removal suggesting intraannual cues (e.g., temperature) structure S. niger autumnal activity. Our work highlights how plant invasions can have species‐specific effects on seasonal animal activity, may modify the timing of physiological processes (e.g., torpor), and could generate variation in animal‐mediated interactions such as seed dispersal or granivory.
Performance of dual‐chamber oscillating water column device under irregular incident waves using Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes model
Authors: Koley Santanu , Krishnan Parothidil Anjusree , Ray Amya Ranjan , Krasovsky Artem
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze the hydrodynamic performance and efficiency of a dual‐chamber oscillating water column (OWC) device. For the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) incident waves spectrum, a two dimensional numerical wave tank is employed with nonlinear Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations model along with the standard turbulence model. The free surface elevation is measured using the volume of fluid method. The numerical simulation demonstrates the streamline and velocity vector profiles throughout an entire pressure fluctuation cycle inside the chambers of the given OWC device. Further, investigation is carried out to analyze the impact of pressure drop and air flow rate through the orifice of the dual‐chamber OWC device on the power generation. Moreover, the power spectral density analysis of the free surface elevation is provided to know the variation of the parameters in the frequency domain. These results demonstrate that the effectiveness of the dual‐chamber OWC device is more near the significant wave height  m.
Development of a Spherical High‐Pressure Tank for Hydrogen Storage in Mobile and Stationary Applications
Authors: Ost Lucas , Seidlitz Holger , Ulke‐Winter Lars , Kuke Felix
Published: July 2024

In the sub‐project Mukran of the BMBF‐funded flagship project TransHyDE, spherical and nearly spherical‐shaped (isotensoids with short cylindrical spacer) high‐pressure tanks are developed for hydrogen storage. This article presents the planned work of the Chair of Polymer‐based Lightweight Design at the BTU Cottbus–Senftenberg and the research division PYCO at the Fraunhofer IAP. The research topics include the fiber‐compatible design of the liners, the rule‐based optimization of the layer structure of the load‐bearing overwrap made of carbon fiber‐reinforced plastic, the development of a fiber placement strategy, and the integration of the tanks into a frame as a mobile storage solution.
The inhibition activity on tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase, and lipase of Musa balbisiana parts grown in Vietnam
Authors: Hoang Thi Ngoc Nhon , Ho Le Bao Ngoc , Nguyen Kim Nhat Nguyet , Dong Thi Anh Dao , Le Thi Hong Anh
Published: July 2024

Musa balbisiana Colla plant belongs to the Musaceae family, which is well‐known for its nutritional and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the anti‐xanthine oxidase, anti‐lipase, and anti‐tyrosinase activities of samples of corm, pseudostem, inflorescence, fruit, peel, and seed of M. balbisiana. The results show that seed performed the highest capacity in the inhibition of three investigated enzymes, with IC50 values of 290.25 μg/mL (anti‐tyrosinase), 141.51 μg/mL (anti‐xanthine oxidase), and 25.66 μg/mL (anti‐lipase). In addition, while fruit showed better performance in anti‐lipase inhibition (IC50: 32.72 μg/mL), corm pointed out higher capability on anti‐xanthine oxidase (IC50: 160.67 μg/mL) and anti‐tyrosinase (IC50: 334.43 μg/mL). The data show the high potential of the application of M. balbisiana parts in medical aesthetics, dietary supplements, or medicine. This is the first report to systematically present the biological activities of all parts of M. balbisiana grown in Vietnam.