bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterity
Authors: Overgaard Søren , Henriksen Mads Gram
Published: December 2017

Alterity examines a key notion in phenomenology, viz. that of otherness or alterity, and distinguishes between a broad and a narrow definition of alterity. Broadly understood, “alterity” refers to anything that eludes or transcends a subject’s grasp. Narrowly understood, it refers exclusively to another agent, subjectivity or mind, or what is experienced as such. The chapter outlines classical and contemporary phenomenological analyses of experiences of alterity in the narrow sense of the term. It considers analyses of normal experiences of alterity found in the philosophical literature—focusing in particular on Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, and Levinas—as well as analyses of pathological experiences of alterity described in phenomenological psychopathology, such as auditory verbal hallucinations. Finally, it suggests that “radical alterity” is a central feature of the phenomenology of schizophrenia.
Introduction
Authors: Cahn Naomi
Published: December 2017

The Introduction provides an overview of the Handbook, setting out the major themes addressed by expert authors. It offers a brief history of the gendered experiences of conflict, then describes the major parts of the Handbook and provides a chapter-by-chapter overview. It argues that the Handbook’s breadth of coverage shows how gender is found everywhere in the practice of war and its aftermath. It sets out the usefulness of the Handbook to practitioners, scholars, and students throughout the world by offering a one-stop volume that focuses on the gendered construction of conflict and its multifaceted intersecting dimensions of security, international law, and international institutions.
Participation and Protection
Authors: Goetz Anne Marie , Jenkins Rob
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the political and institutional factors behind the implementation of UN Security Council resolution 1325. It illuminates two elements of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Agenda: participation and protection. It argues that despite the WPS Agenda’s efforts, women continue to remain underrepresented in peace negotiations and post-conflict political settlements. Further, by concentrating solely on protecting women from sexual violence, and neglecting an analysis of gender inequality and its contribution to conflict-propensity, the WPS Agenda perpetuates a protectionist narrative. This is due to opposition to the participation agenda from developing country member-states, a lack of accountability systems, and a lack of a powerful advocate within the UN bureaucratic system. The chapter concludes with suggestions for a recently formed working group under resolution 2242 to utilize, in order to better enable women’s participation in peace and security processes.
A Genealogy of the Centrality of Sexual Violence to Gender and Conflict
Authors: Engle Karen
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the two dominant understandings of sexual violence in conflict: that it is the predominant and paradigmatic concern at the nexus of gender and conflict, and that it is a tactic of war that is fueled by impunity. The chapter deconstructs the United Nations’ approaches to sexual violence in conflict and the increasingly penal response to sexual violence. It then tracks the roots of dominant understandings related to sexual violence to the women’s human rights movements of the early 1990s. The chapter concludes with critiques of sexual violence portrayals and the assumption that peace occurs in the absence of sexual violence. It also critiques the carceral response to sexual violence, which has problematically allied feminists with the police and neoliberal restructuring.
Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security Agenda
Authors: Patten Pramilla
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the application of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) to conflict and post-conflict contexts as detailed in General Recommendation 30. It examines the implications of CEDAW and General Recommendation 30 on gender-based violence, the trafficking of women, the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, women’s participation, and women’s access to health, education, employment, and justice. It also focuses on CEDAW’s reporting procedure, and suggests that this tool be utilized more effectively to address women’s situations in conflict and post-conflict situations. The chapter also examines the Optional Protocol to CEDAW as an accountability tool. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of CEDAW acting in synergy with the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda.
Advancing Justice and Making Amends Through Reparations
Authors: Kalla Kristin
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the development of reparations in international humanitarian and international criminal law. It then highlights the tension between judicial reparations and the harms that victims experience in conflict, particularly gendered harms such as sexual violence and discrimination against women. It demonstrates the importance of incorporating gender analyses into reparations programs and practice to fully redress victims’ needs and rights. It argues that reparations programs should acknowledge the challenges that victims of sexual and gender-based violence face, which may impact their participation in reparation proceedings. It also argues that reparations programs should focus on rectifying structural injustice to ensure gender atrocities are not repeated.
Conflict, Displacement, and Refugees
Authors: Hovil Lucy
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the treatment of gender within the forced migration context. It addresses the gendered harms that occur through displacement and the gendered consequences for individuals, families and communities of displacement. It critiques the international community’s response to entrenched gender problems when responding to the plight of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), and addresses the marginalization of gender as a relevant framework of analysis and practice for refugees and IDP’s. It shows the strengths as well as the fundamental flaws of existing gender analyses in refugee policy. The chapter suggests that a more comprehensive gender-sensitive approach can shift the paradigm of refugee protection more broadly, leading to greater protection for men and women fleeing persecution.
Risk and Resilience
Authors: Ng Lauren C. , Betancourt Theresa S.
Published: December 2017

Acknowledging that combat is not the primary cause of death or disability for civilians during armed conflict, this chapter outlines various ways female civilians experience harm or health risks in conflict. The chapter covers threats to safety and security; access to health care; family and community connections; and education and economic security (the “SAFE model”). Particular attention is given to risks related to the destruction of housing, reduced access to clean water, famine and malnutrition, infectious diseases, reproductive health, sexual violence, forced displacement, mental health, and widowhood. The chapter provides examples from a variety of conflict settings. It closes with a call for post-conflict reconstruction efforts to be informed by recognition of the unique, non-combat harms faced by women.
Women, Peace Negotiations, and Peace Agreements
Authors: Bell Christine
Published: December 2017

Peace agreements, seeking to end conflict and establish a road map for the future, have significant effects on women’s lives, yet historically women have been absent from peace processes. This chapter examines obstacles that often limit women’s involvement in peace negotiations, despite the creation of an international framework that supports the inclusion of women in such processes. The chapter reviews the pragmatic opportunities and challenges for women in the pre-negotiation stage, the framework development/substantive stage, and the implementation/renegotiation stage. Among the challenges addressed are issues of access and power within negotiating spaces. The chapter describes instances where women have successfully participated in peace negotiations, and offers three directions for future growth: further involvement of women in negotiations; using a gender perspective in all aspects of the substantive agreement; and developing a long-term commitment to sustaining peace.
Women’s Organizations and Peace Initiatives
Authors: Tripp Aili Mari
Published: December 2017

Women’s peace movements in the post–Cold War era frequently share three common characteristics: a grassroots and local focus due to exclusion from formal peace negotiations; an early and sustained commitment to bridging differences between factions; and the use of international and regional pressures to create success on the local level. This chapter reviews each of these characteristics through case studies. Examples from Sri Lanka, Somalia, and Nepal illustrate the successes and challenges of grassroots or local peace movements led by women. Peace processes in Burundi, led by women activists, exemplify a commitment to unity across ethnic lines. The chapter concludes with examples from Liberia and Sierra Leone, demonstrating the efficacy of international and regional organizations supporting local peace movements.
Sri Lanka
Authors: Satkunanathan Ambika
Published: December 2017

Since the end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka in 2009, the government has used national security concerns to legitimize ongoing human rights violations and an increasing militarized society. This chapter examines how this militarization impacts Sri Lankan women. It begins with an overview of the status of women during and after the conflict. It describes Sri Lankan militarization, including the physical presence of military members, military involvement in civil society and commercial activities, and military influence in the education system. The chapter explores the gendered impacts of such militarization, ranging from a fear of sexual violence to the weakening of community trust and political activity in light of extensive surveillance programs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the various strategies used by women to survive and retain agency in this militarized context.
Reenactment as Racialized Scandal
Authors: Kraut Anthea
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the 2011 controversy surrounding African-American pop music star Beyoncé’s music video “Countdown,” in which she “borrowed” portions of two works by Belgian avant-garde choreographer Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker, as an example of what Rebecca Schneider refers to as the “scandal of unrestricted circulation and exchange.” Approached as reenactment, Beyoncé’s alleged plagiarism of De Keersmaeker brings to the fore certain issues that have been less discussed in other analyses of “reperformance,” particularly questions of how race structures the anxieties and gaps that reenactment produces. The chapter argues that even as Beyoncé’s unauthorized reproduction of De Keersmaeker inverts the deeply entrenched pattern of white modern and postmodern artists taking from non-white movement practices, the response to “Countdown” demonstrates the persistence of racially tinged anxieties about who is authorized to reenact what.
Quito-Brussels
Authors: Barba Fabian
Published: December 2017

This text is grounded in Barba’s lived experience as a dancer trained in Quito and Brussels. He begins by examining an instance in which a dance is said to look old-fashioned even though it has been recently created. When this judgment occurs across continental boundaries, Barba notes that from a Eurocentric and historicist perspective, working outside the parameters of the so-called centers for contemporary dance can be perceived as traveling back in time. This dismissal of a particular dance, or even of an entire dance tradition, as not really contemporary when identified from within the borders of European modernity is examined and questioned. To navigate through the varied hetero-temporalities enacted in and through different geo-cultural locations, the concepts of historicism (Dipesh Chakrabarty), denial of coevalness (Johannes Fabian), and temporal discrimination (Rolando Vázquez) are applied to this situation of dance and danced reenactment.
Not Made by Hand, or Arm, or Leg
Authors: Jakovljević Branislav
Published: December 2017

In this chapter, the author takes the gesture as a basic building element of Happenings, seen as a precursor of live performance of the final decades of the twentieth century, such as body art and postmodern dance. Building on a comparison with nineteenth-century Kopienkritik, Jakovljević argues that recent theories of reenactment are inseparable from the modernist idea of uniqueness. Arguing against the political economy of originality, the author suggests that gesture in Happenings does not “originate” from a privileged source but from a complex intersection of forces, the artist being just one of them. If a Happening repeats, it is often something that has never existed as an aesthetic object, idea, or act.
Pedagogic In(ter)ventions
Authors: Hardt Yvonne
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates how working with Yvonne Rainer’s “Continuous Project–Altered Daily” in a dance educational setting gears the attention toward the importance of context, corporeal and group knowledge, and the specific skills of reenacting the scores of performances of avant-garde dance. Thus, the chapter not only allows for a wider theorization of working with the past as a performative practice, but also rereads common interpretations of Rainer’s work that so far have predominantly focused on the anti-institutional aspects; thus the chapter focuses on revealing the productive, highly cooperative, and performative knowledge that was also constitutive for Rainer’s creation processes and improvisation-based performances.
A Proposition for Reenactment
Authors: Soussloff Catherine
Published: December 2017

The chapter provides an examination of how the photographs by Stan Douglas use disco—the discotheque as a place, disco as the music that is played and heard in that place, and disco dancing as the social dance form that occurs in that place—and the rebel insurgency in Angola to suggest that fictional reenactments address an alternative approach to the false separation of history from time. A close reading of the photographs finds associative congruencies between African fighters, the Afro-beat of disco music, and the African-American roots of disco culture; between dressing for war and dressing up (including masking and cross-dressing) for disco; between the theater of war and the theatrics of disco dancing; between the homosocial behaviors on view in Angola and the homosexual roots of disco culture.
Virtue Jurisprudence
Authors: Cimino Chapin
Published: December 2017

Recently, legal scholars have brought renewed attention to the question of what modern law may have to learn from Aristotle specifically, and from virtue ethics generally. This new virtue jurisprudence movement is situated in the debate over normative legal theory, yet it has taken on a decidedly practical question: What would happen if virtue ethics were transplanted into normative legal theory? This chapter offers a taxonomy of the new literature along two different axes. The first axis identifies three different impacts of analyzing law through the lens of virtue jurisprudence). The second axis demonstrates two different ways of applying virtue jurisprudence. These include a substantive application (proposing law reforms to include more “virtuous” standards), and a procedural, or process-based, application (examining how law affects an individual’s own efforts to realize a good life, where the individual is responsible for her own habits, behaviors, and choices to that end).
Environmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Kawall Jason
Published: December 2017

Environmental virtue ethics is among the most fruitful and influential applications of virtue ethics. This chapter considers the attractions of a virtue-based approach to environmental ethics in particular, before examining how we come to identify environmental virtues and vices. Following consideration of representative environmental virtues (humility and courage), and vices (arrogance and inattention), the chapter turns to a consideration of objections to environmental virtue ethics. While many of these objections are readily answerable, they suggest that greater attention must be paid to political virtues, and to the role of institutions and social structures in shaping possibilities for acquiring and acting upon environmental virtues. There are also significant epistemic worries concerning the ability to identify environmental virtues and exemplars. The chapter closes with a consideration of ways in which appeals to psychology and the social sciences might enrich and enhance environmental virtue ethics, and help to overcome its remaining epistemic problems.
Virtue from the Perspective of Psychology
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: December 2017

It seems as if virtue, previously expunged from psychological vocabularies, is making a comeback. Yet various misgivings persist in psychological circles about a virtue-based agenda, and the rhetoric about a new flourishing ecumenism between philosophy and social science in this field may be premature, as explained in section I of this chapter. Section II aims to bring to the fore some of the remaining psychological misgivings. Section III goes on to categorize the recent surge of interest in virtue within psychology by way of a taxonomy of different levels of engagement with virtue constructs. Section IV moves the spotlight to potential psychological inputs into conceptual understandings of virtue and to residual philosophical doubts about that enterprise. The chapter closes in section V with a prognosis of what the future may hold in store for virtue from the perspective of psychology.
Sentimentalist Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Slote Michael , Battaly Heather
Published: December 2017

Virtue ethics and virtue epistemology have been reviving in recent decades. There are currently two main competing branches of virtue ethics: the neo-Aristotelian and the sentimentalist or neo-Humean. But the two main forms of virtue epistemology, reliabilism and responsibilism, both take inspiration from Aristotle: the former from his work on intellectual virtue, the latter from his work on ethical virtue. In neither case is Hume in the picture, but we hope to show the reader that virtue epistemology in fact has a lot to learn from Hume and from sentimentalism. Here, we explore an alternative to both reliabilism and responsibilism: personalism. Personalism recognizes two categories of epistemic virtues that have been undervalued by reliabilists and responsibilists. It recognizes natural epistemic virtues that operate at the level of the person, and acquired epistemic virtues for which the agent herself is not responsible.
Contemporary Consequentialist Theories of Virtue
Authors: Bradley Ben
Published: December 2017

Virtue consequentialism is the view that whether a character trait is a virtue or a vice depends on the value of its consequences. This chapter first briefly traces the historical development of virtue consequentialism from John Locke through G. E. Moore and spells out the different ways in which the view has been formulated. It is argued that the best version of virtue consequentialism is a scalar, contrastive version according to which there are no absolute facts about which character traits are virtues. The chapter then examines arguments in favor of virtue consequentialism by Julia Driver, such as the argument that there are virtues of ignorance, and arguments against by Michael Slote, Robert Adams, and Todd Calder.
Islamic Virtue Ethics
Authors: Bucar Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes Islamic virtue ethics through the exemplary figure, Abu ‘Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad Miskawayh (932–1030) and his influential work, The Refinement of Character (Tahdhid al-akhlaq). Miskawayh’s understanding of virtue is an example of cultural assimilation, especially of Greek philosophy, Islamic theology, and Sufism. Miskawayh’s theory of virtue ethics is described through his theological adoption of Greek ethics, view of moral anthropology, enumeration of specific virtues, and discussion of happiness. Finally, three ambiguities within Miskawayh’s theory of virtue are explored: individual versus social dimensions of ethics, the body’s role in the cultivation of character, and the grounding of virtue in a theory of mysticism.
Slapstick Against Stereotypes in South Sudan’s Cymbeline
Authors: Elfman Rose
Published: December 2017

The South Sudan Theatre Company (SSTC) brought its Juba Arabic translation of Cymbeline to the Globe to Globe Festival in London in 2012 amid expectations that the production would represent the country’s recent independence struggle. Associating the African country with violent conflict while representing Shakespeare as a force for peace, the advance publicity for the production repeated neocolonial tropes that stereotypically inform both entities. The production itself, however, presented a very different version of both ‘Shakespeare’ and ‘Africa’. Instead of depicting a bloody war that yields to reconciliation only after great suffering, the SSTC retold Cymbeline as a melodramatic, slapstick comedy. The production’s playfulness opened a space for the company to deflect, redirect, and expose to question the very process of constructing knowledge. The obligation to represent South Sudan therefore became an opportunity to challenge the structures of thought undergirding stereotypes about the country and the African continent.
Reverie of a Shakespearean Walker
Authors: Conkie Robert
Published: December 2017

This chapter is about walking to, from, and during Shakespearean performance. It argues that this walking enhances the way a production matters for its various audience members. The first half of the chapter details several productions the author walked to and from in and around the inner city of Melbourne, and the second half details immersive and site-specific productions where walking was an integral part of the theatrical experience itself. It is argued that this walking offers an embodied and spatialized practice of (and for) engagement and reflection, both intellectual and affective, and that not just the text, but also the context, is imbued with renewed vigour. The chapter, therefore, celebrates both an incredible diversity of Shakespearean productions within a very short time frame and within a confined geography and also the various Melbourne locations and journeys that the productions encompass and enhance.
‘Nobody’s Perfect’
Authors: Crowl Samuel
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the differing impact of the transvestite on stage and film. Its primary focus is on Sven Gade’s 1920 silent film Hamlet, starring the Danish film star Asta Nielsen as the prince, and Julie Taymor’s 2010 film The Tempest, with Helen Mirren reimagining Prospero and Prospera. The nine decades between the two films measure the course of several generations of technical and social progress. Further, their exemplary use of cross-dressing and gender-bending serve yet again to show larger historical crossings between Shakespeare’s generation and our own. Gade’s Hamlet serves as a defining historical moment for cross-dressing and gender-bending in filmed Shakespeare. Taymor’s Tempest provides a similar occasion for a contemporary audience—but with two important differences. Because Gade’s Hamlet is silent, visuals necessarily dominate text, whereas in Taymor’s Tempest visuals and text take on an integral balance and mutual reinforcement.
‘Victim of Improvisation’ in Latin America
Authors: Modenessi Alfredo Michel
Published: December 2017

The history of Shakespeare in Latin America spans roughly the same two hundred years as the region’s independent life. Throughout, his works have been the object of performance, translation, and adaptation more than of academic study and discussion. This essay offers a comprehensive framework for application to future work on the subject of Shakespeare performance in Latin America. The chief theoretical tools undepinning the essay are Haroldo de Campos and Silviano Santiago’s elaborations on ‘transcreation’, ‘cultural anthropophagy’, and ‘in-betweenness’. To outline significant common factors among Shakespeare performances in Latin America’s twenty Spanish-speaking nations, the chapter discusses two examples in depth: the first, a simple but powerful Mexican adaptation called Mendoza (2011); the second, an Italian documentary of a Cuban performance called Shakespeare in Avana: Altri Romeo, Altre Giuliette (2010). These analyses suggest the strengths of other Latin American acts of performance based on the complex phenomenon called Shakespeare.
Verbal and Visual Representations in Modern Japanese Shakespeare Productions
Authors: Suematsu Michiko
Published: December 2017

Despite growing interest in Asian Shakespeare performances, the intercultural strategy of Asian Shakespeare has largely been discussed from a scenographic perspective due to its powerful visual representations that transcend cultural boundaries. This chapter aims to correct the overemphasis on visual representation in critical assessment of Japanese Shakespeare performances by discussing, first, the presence of language in Yukio Ninagawa’s Shakespeare productions, and, second, the characteristic use of dramatic texts in productions by the Ku Na’uka Theatre Company, Mansai Nomura, and the Shakespeare for Children Company, which each demonstrate bold and unique modes of engagement with the text. The chapter finally discusses whether or not there is a uniquely Japanese theatrical response to the text and, if so, what cultural factors lie behind it.
Shakespearean Technicity
Authors: Worthen W.B.
Published: December 2017

One dimension of contemporary Shakespeare, and of contemporary theatre more widely, is its involvement in technicity: the critique of the relation between notions of technology and the human. Taking Annie Dorsen’s A Piece of Work—an ‘algorithmic’ performance of Hamlet—as touchstone, this chapter explores the relationship between acting, print, digital textuality, and code in the fashioning of the contemporary technology of Shakespearean theatre, a theatre—like all theatre, perhaps—that enacts a principle of deformance with regard to literary notions of the drama. Literalizing a vision of text-driven performance, A Piece of Work marks the interplay between textuality and acting as technologies within a theatre undergoing constant technological transformation.
Dialectical Shakespeare
Authors: Hartley Andrew James
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers ways to empower actors and audiences through 'a brand of performance pedagogy advanced by Dorothy Heathcote called ‘process drama’, which approaches a text (in this case, Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew) not by staging a single reading but by presenting multiple critical approaches in a single presentation as a way of demonstrating the script’s malleability while also generating ownership and critical engagement within the cast and the audience. The chapter details the methodology involved, centring on a college production which toured area high schools, thereby making educators of the student actors, and it underscores what worked best and what might work better. It assumes the essential foreignness of Shakespeare to many students, a foreignness which is steeped in class as well as history, and considers how the charged politics of an unfamiliar play can become urgently immediate through a reciprocal system of rehearsal and performance.
Experimental Shakespeare
Authors: Bennett Susan
Published: December 2017

‘Experimental Shakespeare’ considers the various meanings of ‘experimental’ as it has been attributed to productions of the plays in the last fifty years. It looks at innovation in performance style as well as the criticism these stage practices have inspired. In addition, the chapter considers the emergence and popularity of a ‘global’ Shakespeare and how audiences engage non-English-language and postcolonial productions in diverse cultural markets. Finally, it looks at the idea of original practices productions in replica theatre buildings and considers what effects are produced by claims to an authentic Shakespearean performance practice. Each of these traditions of ‘experimental’ Shakespeare contributes to the ongoing cultural and economic impact of the playwright and his work.
Ancient Fiji
Authors: Cochrane Ethan E.
Published: December 2017

Like the other archipelagos of Remote Oceania, Fiji was colonized by Lapita voyagers approximately 1000 b.c. Over the subsequent three millennia, Fijian populations underwent considerable change, resulting in the unique cultural, biological, and linguistic characteristics that differentiate Fiji from populations in both Polynesia to the east and Melanesia to the west. This essay summarizes the Lapita archaeology of the archipelago and later culture history including change in ceramic horizons, the spatial scale of interaction within the archipelago, and potential migrations into Fiji from other island groups. The rise of Fijian chiefdoms is also examined with these polities closely linked to increasing competition, fortifications, and defendable agricultural resources. Finally, artifactual, linguistic, and biological data characterizing Fijian populations are examined, and it is concluded that the generalization of Fiji as “not quite Melanesian, not quite Polynesian” can best be explained within a cultural transmission framework that separates analogous and homologous similarity.
The Archaeology of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Authors: Hunt Terry L. , Lipo Carl
Published: December 2017

The public and scholarly fascination with Rapa Nui or Easter Island has stimulated research on this isolated island since the late nineteenth century. In the last twenty years such research has contributed greatly to knowledge of the archaeological record, as well as prehistoric agriculture, community structure, settlement patterns, and the carving and transport of roughly 1,000 anthropomorphic statues or moai. Although the popularized story of Rapa Nui is one of self-inflicted population devastation through destruction of the environment—ecocide—this research suggests that decentralized social systems, including those related to moai carving, and innovative subsistence practices within a marginal environment contributed to the ultimate survival of the Rapa Nui people.
Newton and Locke
Authors: Anstey Peter R.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the friendship and mutual interests of Isaac Newton and the English philosopher John Locke. It is structured around their common interests in chymistry, theology, and natural philosophy. Newton and Locke were both friends of the leading chymist Robert Boyle and much of their correspondence regarding chymistry revolves around him. Their discussions in theology focused on (what we now call) textual criticism of biblical texts that had implications for the doctrine of the Trinity. It is their common interest in natural philosophy, however, that is the most interesting and revealing facet of their relationship. This began with Locke’s review of Newton’s Principia in 1688 and is in evidence in Locke’s Essay and other writings as he came to terms with the Newtonian achievement. Locke’s philosophy, in turn, seems to have influenced Newton, though there is only meagre evidence for this in Newton’s writings.
The Question of Middle English Romance
Authors: McDonald Nicola
Published: December 2017

This article explores the question of Middle English romance. Literal questions, variously rudimentary, enigmatic, preposterous, provide the impetus for understanding the genre as fundamentally interrogative. The first section takes seriously the genre’s didactic claims, detailing English romance’s learned preoccupations and its preoccupation with learning. Yet, even as the romances promote authorized, socially sanctioned kinds of knowledge, the second section proposes that the very dynamic of inquiry simultaneously offers the romance reader the opportunity to interrogate that knowledge. The questioning that is indispensable to medieval practices of education is, it demonstrates, inseparable from romance’s classic form, the quest. Where the first two sections range widely across the corpus, the third turns to the questions that animate just one romance, the Erle of Tolous, which, it argues, invite readers to interrogate what it is they think they know. The search for orientation gives way, here as elsewhere, to radical disorientation.
The Dancing Queen
Authors: Jola Corinne , Calmeiro Luis
Published: December 2017

Dance is a social, creative form of human activity impacting on wellbeing through emotional involvement in active or passive participation at all levels of mastery. Dance as a physical activity can potentially improve health physiologically, psychologically, and socially. Despite a recent surge in dance-related research, the authors believe that this area of human behaviour is still relatively unexplored. Here, therefore, they examine possible mechanisms that may contribute to the ‘feel-good effect’ of dance participation by emphasizing its positive as well as its potentially detrimental effects, taking the physical activity literature as a starting point. They address biochemical, brain neurotransmitters, cognitive–neuroscientific, and psychological mechanisms that are thought to explain the impact of physical activity in wellbeing, and discuss functional and structural brain changes that are linked to participation in dance. They conclude by highlighting the need to increase research to better recognize the potential risks and benefits of dance in improving health and wellbeing.
Creative Dance in Schools
Authors: Oliver Sue , Konold Monika , Larek Christina
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers how creative dance for personal and social wellbeing can fulfil curriculum needs at various educational levels, how it is provided in two contexts—regions of Scotland and Germany—and what implications there are for policy making and teacher training. The authors discuss how cognitive engagement in the task of creating dances has the potential to challenge pupils in a unique, multidimensional way. Thought is given to how it affects self-image and feelings of self-worth, and to the cultural criteria which permeate the formal curricula in both settings. The value of the creative process and the performance outcome is viewed from the teachers’ and pupils’ perspectives through personal accounts, viewed in an interpretive framework and supported by educational theory. They are presented in a way which reflects shared understanding of the place of personal wellbeing in these contemporary educational contexts, despite—or aided by—legislation.
The BodyMind Approach
Authors: Payne Helen
Published: December 2017

The BodyMind Approach (TBMA) is discussed in the light of common features such as insecure attachment and alexithymia found in the large patient population with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) which appears worldwide. TBMA is unique in appealing to patients who are psychologically minded and those with a physical explanatory model. Clinical outcomes derived from standardized instruments measuring benefits of the group treatment so far suggest that it may be of significant benefit to patients; for example, in self-managed care, improved wellbeing and functioning, reduced anxiety/depression, and symptom distress. Furthermore, it is possible that TBMA can provide immediate cost savings, amassing year on year, and increasing patient and GP treatment choice where there is currently none for the majority of symptoms apart from pain relief. TBMA is affordable and effective, and delivers much-needed savings in both primary and secondary care.
A Greater Fullness of Life
Authors: Huxley Michael , Burt Ramsay
Published: December 2017

Although there was no explicit discourse about dance and wellbeing during the early decades of the twentieth century, modern dance artists and educators were nevertheless considering this topic in ways that contributed to twenty-first-century discussions. Hanya Holm, Doris Humphrey, Diana Jordan, and Mary Wigman—key figures in dance performance and education in Germany, Britain, and the United States during this period—each argued in different ways that dance was more than just a form of healthy exercise because it responded to deeper needs and enabled a greater fullness of life. Close analysis of Wigman’s solo Pastorale (1929) reveals the way by which dance at the time expressed individual wellbeing through presenting the self as a vibrant human being. Humphrey’s group work New Dance (1935) used dynamic movement to bring individuals together into a group, showing how the individual’s sense of wellbeing contributed to the greater good of society as a whole.
Dance Movement Therapy, Student Learning, and Wellbeing in Special Education
Authors: Mullane Sue , Dunphy Kim
Published: December 2017

Dance movement therapy (DMT) is often applied to advance the education and development of children with special needs and intellectual disabilities. However, the relationship between DMT and contemporary educational theory—particularly the recently acknowledged link between learning and wellbeing—has not yet been properly explicated. This chapter addresses this issue by examining how DMT programmes in special education can contribute to student wellbeing and, therefore, learning. The practice of creative educational dance, the philosophy underpinning existential phenomenology, and influential ideas from education on relational learning and constructivist pedagogies, are discussed with regard to the way they inform dance movement therapy for this client group. A detailed example of a dance movement therapy programme in a special developmental school in Melbourne, Australia, illustrates the theoretical material.
Cultivating the Felt Sense of Wellbeing
Authors: Keogh Anna Fiona , Davis Joan
Published: December 2017

In this chapter the authors, as somatic, dance and movement educators and practitioners, ask what wellbeing feels like. How do we know we are feeling well? How can one teach students or clients to have an awareness of their own experience of wellbeing? Specifically, the authors discuss the concept of ‘felt sense’ and why it can be beneficial for somatic, dance and movement educators and practitioners to develop this awareness in themselves and in students and clients. The authors then explore how one can cultivate a felt sense of wellbeing. The enquiry is informed by the experiences of students and facilitators of ORIGINS, a somatically-based training, approved by the International Somatic Movement Education and Therapy Association (ISMETA), based on the developmental and evolutionary process from preconception to standing developed by Joan Davis. The first author is a student on the training programme, involved in documenting the development of the programme.
Dual Enrollment Nursing Partnerships: Steps to Successful Implementation
Authors: Bopp Audrey J. , Einhellig Katrina
Published: December 2017

This article discusses the planning and implementation of a dual enrollment initiative between an associate degree and baccalaureate nursing program. This type of endeavor offers an advantage to nursing students by allowing them to enroll concurrently in both academic programs, avoiding academic breaks and creating a streamlined educational progression toward the BSN degree. Dual enrollment programs are a transformational way to meet Institute of Medicine recommendations for increasing the number of BSN-prepared nurses while strengthening ties between associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs.
The Interaction of Depressive Symptoms and Hazardous Drinking in Relation to Tobacco Craving Among Treatment Seeking Depressed Smokers: Sex Differences
Authors: Rodríguez-Cano Rubén , López-Durán Ana , Paulus Daniel J. , Martínez-Vispo Carmela , Fernández del Río Elena , Becoña Elisardo , Zvolensky Michael J.
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

The present study sought to address whether there is sex effect in the interactive effect between depressive symptoms and hazardous drinking in the prediction of smoking craving after cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation treatment among those with at least mild depression.

Methods:

Participants (n = 114, mean age 42.0, SD = 9.73, 64% women) were treatment-seeking smokers who attended 6 weekly 1-hour sessions involving psychological treatment for cessation. Participants reported depressive symptoms and alcohol use at baseline and reported craving at baseline and after treatment.

Results:

Results indicated that there was a statistically significant 3-way interaction (depression by alcohol use by sex) for smoking craving (B = −0.30, standard error [SE] = 0.14, P = 0.042) and appetitive craving (B = −.21, SE = 0.09, P = 0.031), but not negative reinforcement craving. The form of the significant interactions indicted that higher levels of depressive symptoms and alcohol use were related to greater levels of craving at the end of treatment only among men.

Conclusions:

The current findings provide novel empirical evidence suggesting that there is a clinically relevant interplay between depressive symptoms and alcohol use regarding general craving and appetitive craving among male treatment-seeking smokers. Although the present results should be replicated in larger samples, this type of research can inform the development of sex-specific interventions for smoking cessation.
Financial Impact of Colorectal Cancer and Its Consequences: Associations Between Cancer-Related Financial Stress and Strain and Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Sharp Linda , O’Leary Eamonn , O’Ceilleachair Alan , Skally Mairead , Hanly Paul
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:

The financial impact and consequences of cancer on the lives of survivors remain poorly understood. This is especially true for colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE:

We investigated objective cancer-related financial stress, subjective cancer-related financial strain, and their association with health-related quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors.

DESIGN:

This was a cross-sectional postal survey.

SETTINGS:

The study was conducted in Ireland, which has a mixed public–private healthcare system.

PATIENTS:

Colorectal cancer survivors, diagnosed 6 to 37 months prior, were identified from the population-based National Cancer Registry.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Cancer-related financial stress was assessed as impact of cancer on household ability to make ends meet and cancer-related financial strain by feelings about household financial situation since cancer diagnosis. Health-related quality of life was based on European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 global health status. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between financial stress and strain and low health-related quality of life (lowest quartile, score ≤50).

RESULTS:

A total of 493 survivors participated. Overall, 41% reported cancer-related financial stress and 39% cancer-related financial strain; 32% reported both financial stress and financial strain. After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical variables, the odds of low health-related quality of life were significantly higher in those who reported cancer-related financial stress postdiagnosis compared with those who reported no change in financial stress postcancer (OR = 2.54 (95% CI, 1.62–3.99)). The odds of low health-related quality of life were also significantly higher in those with worse financial strain postdiagnosis (OR =1.73 (95% CI, 1.09–2.72)). The OR for those with both cancer-related financial stress and financial strain was 2.59 (95% CI, 1.59–4.22).

LIMITATIONS:

Survey responders were younger, on average, than nonresponders. Responders and nonresponders may have differed in cancer-related financial stress and strain or health-related quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS:

Four in 10 colorectal cancer survivors reported an adverse financial impact of cancer. Cancer-related financial stress and strain were significantly associated with low health-related quality of life. To inform support strategies, additional research is needed to better understand how both objective and subjective financial distress influence survivors’ health-related quality of life. See Video Abstract
http://links.lww.com/DCR/A447.
Multimodal Prehabilitation Programs as a Bundle of Care in Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bolshinsky Vladimir , Li Michael H.-G. , Ismail Hilmy , Burbury Kate , Riedel Bernhard , Heriot Alexander
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:

Prehabilitation reflects a proactive process of preoperative optimization undertaken between cancer diagnosis and definitive surgical treatment, with the intent of improving physiological capacity to withstand the major insult of surgery. Prehabilitation before GI cancer surgery is currently not widely adopted, and most research has focused on unimodal interventions such as exercise therapy, nutritional supplementation, and hematinic optimization. A review of the existing literature was undertaken to investigate the impact of multimodal prehabilitation programs as a “bundle of care.”

DATA SOURCE:

A systematic literature search was performed utilizing Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cinahl, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases.

STUDY SELECTION:

The quality of studies was assessed by using the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias (randomized trials) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment scale (cohort studies).

INTERVENTION:

Studies were chosen that involved pre-operative optimization of patients before GI cancer surgery.

MAIN OUTCOMES:

The primary outcome measured was the impact of prehabilitation programs on preoperative fitness and postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS:

Of the 544 studies identified, 20 were included in the qualitative analysis. Two trials investigated the impact of multimodal prehabilitation (exercise, nutritional supplementation, anxiety management). Trials exploring prehabilitation with unimodal interventions included impact of exercise therapy (7 trials), impact of preoperative iron replacement (5 trials), nutritional optimization (5 trials), and impact of preoperative smoking cessation (2 trials). Compliance within the identified studies was variable (range: 16%–100%).

LIMITATIONS:

There is a lack of adequately powered trials that utilize objective risk stratification and uniform end points. As such, a meta-analysis was not performed because of the heterogeneity in study design.

CONCLUSION:

Although small studies are supportive of multimodal interventions, there are insufficient data to make a conclusion about the integration of prehabilitation in GI cancer surgery as a bundle of care. Larger, prospective trials, utilizing uniform objective risk stratification and structured interventions, with predefined clinical and health economic end points, are required before definitive value can be assigned to prehabilitation programs.