bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP OF MOTHER'S KNOWLEDGE WITH EARLY BREASTFEEDING FOR BABIES IN SIALAMAN VILLAGE, SIPIROK DISTRICT, TAPANULI SELATAN REGENCY IN 2020
Authors: MKM Masnawati
Published: September 2022

Giving complementary foods with breast milk too early in infants aged less than six months can have an impact on the baby's health, including flatulence, diarrhea, constipation and even food allergies, the cause of this is the baby's digestive system is not ready to receive food other than breast milk, causing a reaction in the baby's digestive system. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between mother's knowledge and early complementary feeding to infants in Sialaman village, Sipirok district, Tapanuli Selatan regency in 2021. This study was a correlation analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The population is all mothers who have babies totaling 44 people and all of them are used as samples. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between mother's knowledge and early complementary feeding to infants with p value = 0.002 < = 0.05. For mothers who have babies aged < 6 months to give only breast milk and give complementary foods appropriately and avoid giving formula milk and other food/drinks. For mothers who have babies aged > 6 months to give the right complementary foods with breast milk to the baby. It is recommended to health workers to be more active in providing health education to the community, especially to mothers who have babies about exclusive breastfeeding and giving the right complementary foods with breast milk to babies.
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN, DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DAN PERAN PETUGAS KESEHATAN DENGAN PENERAPAN INISIASI MENYUSU DINI PADA IBU POST PARTUM DI RSUD PANYABUNGAN
Authors: Dewi Sri Sartika Sari
Published: September 2022

Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD) is a process let baby with his own instinct to breastfeed soon in one hour after birth, together with contact between baby's skin with mother's skin. Health worker support play a role in implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding but still a lot found a health worker less supportive or motivate and does not facilitate implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding at the time of delivery and not optimal commitment from health workers to apply Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in newborns. The purpose of this research To know health support relationship with the implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding to maternity at Panyabungan Hospital, This Type of Research using an observational analytical survey design with a cross sectional approach.The population of this research is all spontaneous postpartum mothers at Panyabungan Hospital during the month of May to July 2021 as many as 109 people. Where is the research sample as many as 52 respondents by accidental sampling method. Statistic test results with chi square obtained p-value = 0.000 which means there is a relationship health support with Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD). Conclusion There is a relationship health support on the implementation of IMD to maternity at Panyabungan Hospital in 2021. The Suggestions Results of this study can be added as reference material to add insight for health workers and postpartum mothers.
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG TEKNIK MENYUSUI DENGAN KEADAAN PUTING SUSU LECET DI KELURAHAN HAJORAN KECAMATAN PANDAN KABUPATEN TAPANULI TENGAH
Authors: Habibah Nursalmah
Published: September 2022

ABSTRAK
Masalah yang sering terjadi pada ibu menyusui merupakan kurangnya pengetahuan ibu tentang teknik menyusui yang tidak benar sehingga mengakibatkan lecet pada puting susu, dimana bayi tidak mengisap puting sampai ke areola payudara. Puting susu lecet bisa disembuhkan dengan sendirinya dalam waktu kurang lebih dari 24 jam. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk adalah mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan ibu tentang teknik menyusui dengan keadaan puting susu lecet di Kelurahan Hajoran Kecamatan Pandan Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah Tahun 2020. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif. Desain penelitian menggunakan survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dan sampel berjumlah 35 orang. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik total sampling. Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji Chi-Square. Hasil Penelitian bahwa adanya hubungan pengetahuan ibu tentang teknik menyusui dengan keadaan puting susu lecet dengan nilai p= 0,042 (p < 0,05) pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% maka Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak yang berarti ada hubungan pengetahuan ibu tentang teknik menyusui dengan keadaan puting susu lecet. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan kepada ibu nifas melakukan teknik menyusui yang benar, supaya keadaan putting susu lecet teratasi. Diharapkan ibu mencari informasi melalui bidan atau dengan media lainnya tentang teknik menyusui.
 Kata Kunci  : Teknik Menyusui, Puting Susu Lecet
 ABSTRAK
The problem that often occurs in breastfeeding mothers is the lack of knowledge of the mother about improper breastfeeding techniques resulting in blisters on the nipples, where the baby does not suck the nipple up to the breast areola. Blistered nipples can heal by themselves in less than 24 hours. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mother's knowledge of breastfeeding techniques and the condition of sore nipples in Hajoran Village, Pandan District, Tapanuli Tengah Regency in 2020. This type of research is quantitative research. The research design used analytic survey with cross sectional approach. Population and sample amounted to 35 people. Sampling in this study using total sampling technique. The analysis used is the Chi-Square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between the mother's knowledge of breastfeeding techniques and the condition of the nipple blisters with a value of p = 0.042 (p <0.05) at the 95% confidence level, then Ha was accepted and H0 was rejected, which means there was a relationship between the mother's knowledge of breastfeeding techniques and the condition of the nipple blistered milk. The results of this study are expected for postpartum mothers to carry out correct breastfeeding techniques, so that the condition of the blisters is resolved. It is hoped that mothers seek information through midwives or other media regarding breastfeeding techniques.
 Keywords: Breastfeeding Technique, Blistered Nipple
Highly supercooled riming and unusual triple-frequency radar signatures over McMurdo Station, Antarctica
Authors: Tridon Frederic , Silber Israel , Battaglia Alessandro , Kneifel Stefan , Fridlind Ann , Kalogeras Petros , Dhillon Ranvir
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Riming of ice crystals by supercooled water droplets is an efficient ice growth process, but its basic properties are still poorly known. While it has been shown to contribute significantly to surface precipitation at mid-latitudes, little is known about its occurrence at high latitudes. In Antarctica, two competing effects can influence the occurrence of riming: (i) the scarcity of supercooled liquid water clouds due to the extremely low tropospheric temperatures and (ii) the low aerosol concentration, which may lead to the formation of fewer and larger supercooled drops potentially resulting in an enhanced riming efficiency. In this work, by exploiting the deployment of an unprecedented number of multiwavelength remote sensing systems (including triple-frequency radar measurements) in West Antarctica, during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) field campaign, we evaluate the riming incidence at McMurdo Station and find that riming occurs at much lower temperatures when compared to previous results in the mid-latitudes. This suggests the possible occurrence of a common atmospheric state over Antarctica that includes a rather stable atmosphere inhibiting turbulent mixing, and a high riming efficiency driven by large cloud droplets. We then focus on a peculiar case study featuring a persistent layer with a particularly pronounced riming signature in triple-frequency radar data but only a relatively modest amount of supercooled liquid water. In-depth analysis of the radar observations suggests that such signatures can only be explained by the combined effects of moderately rimed aggregates or similarly shaped florid polycrystals and a narrow particle size distribution (PSD). Simulations of this case study performed with a one-dimensional bin model indicate that similar triple-frequency radar observations can be reproduced when narrow PSDs are simulated. Such narrow PSDs can in turn be explained by two key factors: (i) the presence of a shallow homogeneous droplet or humidified aerosol freezing layer aloft seeding an underlying supercooled liquid layer, and (ii) the absence of turbulent mixing throughout a stable polar atmosphere that sustains narrow PSDs, as hydrometeors grow from the nucleation region aloft to ice particles of several millimeters in size, by vapor deposition and then riming.
Measurement Report: Long-range transport and fate of DMS-oxidation products in the free troposphere derived from observations at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes
Authors: Scholz Wiebke , Shen Jiali , Aliaga Diego , Wu Cheng , Carbone Samara , Moreno Isabel , Zha Qiaozhi , Huang Wei , Heikkinen Liine , Jaffrezo Jean Luc , Uzu Gaelle , Partoll Eva , Leiminger Markus , Velarde Fernando , Laj Paolo , Ginot Patrick , Artaxo Paolo , Wiedensohler Alfred , Kulmala Markku , Mohr Claudia , Andrade Marcos , Sinclair Victoria , Bianchi Federico , Hansel Armin
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the primary natural contributor to the atmospheric sulfur burden. Observations concerning the fate of DMS oxidation products after long-range transport in the remote free troposphere are, however, sparse. Here we present quantitative chemical ionization mass spectrometric measurements of DMS and its oxidation products H2SO4, MSA, DMSO, DMSO2, MSIA, MTF, CH3S(O)2OOH and CH3SOH in the gas-phase as well as measurements of the sulfate and methane- sulfonate aerosol mass fractions at the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes located at 5240 m above sea level (a.s.l.). DMS and DMS oxidation products are brought to the Andean high-altitude station by Pacific air masses during the dry season after convective lifting over the remote Pacific ocean to 6000–8000 m a.s.l. and subsequent long-range transport in the free troposphere (FT). Most of the DMS reaching the station is already converted to the rather unreactive sulfur reservoirs dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) in the gas phase and methanesulfonate (MS−) in the particle phase, which carried nearly equal amounts of sulfur to the station. The particulate sulfate at Chacaltaya is however dominated by regional volcanic emissions during the time of the measurement and not significantly affected by the marine air masses. In one of the FT events, even some DMS was observed next to reactive intermediates such as methyl thioformate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methane sulfinic acid. Also for this event, backtrajectory calculations show, that the air masses came from above the ocean (distance >330 km) with no local sur- face contacts. This study demonstrates the potential impact of marine DMS emissions on the availability of sulfur-containing vapors in the remote free troposphere far away from the ocean.
A signal processing-based interpretation of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency
Authors: Duc Le , Sawada Yohei
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) is a widely used score in hydrology but is not common in the other environmental sciences. One of the reasons for its unpopularity is that its scientific meaning is somehow unclear in the literature. This study attempts to establish a solid foundation for NSE from the viewpoint of signal progressing. Thus, a forecast is viewed as a received signal containing a wanted signal (observations) contaminated by an unwanted signal (noise). This view underlines an important role of the error model between forecasts and observations. By assuming an additive error model, it is easy to point out that NSE is equivalent to an important quantity in signal processing: the signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, NSE and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) are shown to be equivalent, at least when there are no biases, in the sense that they measure the relative magnitude of the power of noise to the power of variation of observations. The scientific meaning of NSE explains why it is reasonable to choose NSE=0 as the boundary between skilful and unskilful forecasts in practice, and this has no relation with the benchmark forecast that is equal to the mean of observations. Corresponding to NSE=0, the critical values of KGE is given approximately by 0.5. In the general cases, when the additive error model is replaced by a mixed adaptive-multiplicative error model, the traditional NSE is shown not to be a well-defined notion. Therefore, an extension of NSE is derived, which only requires to divide the traditional noise-to-signal ratio by the multiplicative factor. This has a practical implication: if the multiplicative factor is not considered, the traditional NSE and KGE underestimate (overestimate) the generalized ones when the multiplicative factor is greater (smaller) than one. In particular, the benchmark forecast turns out to be the worst forecast under the view of the generalized NSE.
Radar Blackouts at Mars: Evidence for a low altitude ionisation layer
Authors: Lester Mark , Sanchez-Cano Beatriz , Joyce Simon , Meggi Dikshita , Opgenoorth Hermann , Lillis Robert , Witasse Olivier , Orosei Roberto , Cartacci Marco
Published: September 2022

Radars in orbit around Mars such as MARSIS on Mars Express and SHARAD on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter provide evidence for the nature of the surface and some sub-surface layers.  We have now extended our earlier work, which has indicated solar energetic particles are responsible for the attenuation of the reflected MARSIS and SHARAD radar signals from the surface of Mars, often resulting in radar blackouts. The MARSIS instrument also operates in a topside sounding mode, the Advanced Ionospheric Sounder AIS mode), which also receives surface reflections and we now investigate the impact of the solar energetic particles on the surface reflection during ionospheric sounding observations made by MARSIS. We present observations during two intervals in December 2014 and in September 2017. MARSIS AIS was making observations on the nightside as Mars Express moved towards periapsis and then towards the dayside. The nightside AIS observations clearly demonstrate a similar loss of the surface signal to that seen in the MARSIS sub-surface mode. In addition there is evidence of a reflection from the enhanced layer created by the electrons which is responsible for the attenuation in the signal. The critical frequency is of order 1 MHz, which is equivalent to a peak electron density of order 1010 m-3, at an altitude of about 100 km. These characteristics are similar to our previous modelling work of the impact of the solar energetic electrons.

 
A view into the deep interior of Mars from nutation measured by InSight RISE
Authors: Rivoldini Attilio , Le Maistre Sébastien , Caldiero Alfonso , Yseboodt Marie , Baland Rose-Marie , Beuthe Mikael , Van Hoolst Tim , Dehant Veronique , Folkner William , Buccino Dustin , Kahan Daniel , Marty Jean-Charles , Antonangeli Daniele , Badro James , Drilleau Melanie , Konopliv Alex , Peters Marie-Julie , Plesa Ana-Catalina , Samuel Henri , Tosi Nicola ,   InSight/RISE team
Published: September 2022

We report the results of more than 2 years of monitoring the rotation of Mars with the RISE instrument on InSight. Small periodic variations of the spin axis orientation, called nutations, can be extracted from the Doppler data with enough precision to identify the influence of the Martian fluid core. For the first time for a planetary body other than the Earth, we can measure the period of the Free Core Nutation (FCN), which is a rotational normal mode arising from the misalignment of the rotation axes of the core and mantle. In this way, we confirm the liquid state of the core and estimate its moment of inertia as well as its size. 

The FCN period depends on the dynamical flattening of the core and on its ability to deform. Since the shape and gravity field of Mars deviate significantly from those of a uniformly rotating fluid body, deviations from that state can also be expected for the core. Models accounting for the dynamical shape of Mars can thus be tested by comparing core shape predictions to nutation constraints. The observed FCN period can be accounted for by interior models having a very thick lithosphere loaded by degree-two mass anomalies at the bottom. 

The combination of nutation data and interior structure modeling allows us to deduce the radius of the core and to constrain its density, and thus, to address the nature and abundance of light elements alloyed to iron. The inferred core radius agrees with previous estimates based on geodesy and seismic data. The large fraction of light elements required to match the core density implies that its liquidus is significantly lower than the expected core temperature, making the presence of an inner core highly unlikely. Besides, the existence of an inner core would lead to an additional rotational normal mode the signature of which has not been detected in the RISE data. 
Participation Trends and Geographical Diversity in Earth and Space Science
Authors: Illyés András , Opitz Andrea , Heward Anita
Published: September 2022

The EU-funded Europlanet 2024 Research Infrastructure (RI) project, together with the Europlanet Society, aims to build a diverse and inclusive European – and global – network of planetary scientists and space industry participants. It focuses on raising awareness of the existing prejudices and convinces decision-makers that the European planetary community can be more effective if we include people from the under-represented states better. This inclusion leads to more effective collaborations, a higher level of motivation and a wider range of viewpoints.

However, the global difficulties of the last few years are also strongly reflected in this area. The issue for the entire Europlanet community is that many conferences have been cancelled, the resources have dwindled and the opportunities seem to be shrinking – the under-represented states and their institutes are even more affected. The Widening Participation Task of Europlanet 2024 RI aims to proactively raise awareness and facilitate cooperation with individuals and institutions from under-represented states through workshops and meetings. But without workshops and meetings the options are very limited, new solutions need to be found.

Trends in participation data amid the aforementioned challenges have been analyzed. Data of geoscience (EGU, IUGG), planetary (EPSC) and solar-terrestrial science conferences (ESWW, ESPM) are investigated. The aim of this study is to better understand the situation and find the most appropriate response. Particular attention is paid to early career researchers, whose position seems to have improved in recent years.

Europlanet 2024 RI has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 871149.
Martian Meteoric Mg+: Atmospheric Distribution and Variability from MAVEN/IUVS
Authors: Crismani Matteo , Tyo Robert , Schneider Nicholas , Plane John , Feng Wuhu , Carrillo-Sanchez Juan-Diego , Villanueva Geronimo , Jain Sonal , Deighan Justin
Published: September 2022

Since the discovery of atmospheric Mg+ at Mars in 2015 by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, there have been almost continuous observations of this meteoric ion layer in a variety of seasons, local times, and latitudes. Here we present the most comprehensive set of observations of the persistent metal ion layer at Mars, constructing the first grand composite maps of a metallic ion species. These maps demonstrate that Mg+ appears in almost all conditions when illuminated, with peak values varying between 100 and 500 cm-3, dependent on season and local time. There exists significant latitudinal variation within a given season, indicating that Mg+ is not simply an inert tracer, but instead may be influenced by the meteoric input distribution and/or atmospheric dynamics and chemistry. Geographic maps of latitude and longitude indicate that Mg+ may be influenced by atmospheric tides, and there is no apparent correlation with remnant crustal magnetic fields. This work also presents counter-intuitive results, such as a reduction of Mg+ ions in the northern hemisphere during Northern Winter in an apparent correlation with dust aerosols.
Iron Depletion in Silicates of Saturn’s Main Rings
Authors: Linti Simon , Hsu Hsiang-Wen , Fischer Christian , Trieloff Mario , Hillier Jon , Schmidt Juergen , Postberg Frank
Published: September 2022

Measurements during the final phase of the Cassini mission revealed the composition of individual dust particles, ejected by micrometeoroid impacts from Saturn’s main rings. These measurements were conducted with the in situ time-of-flight mass spectrometer of the Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) [1] during the close planet encounters of the Grand Finale Orbits from April to September of 2017.

Here we present the compositional analysis of silicate bearing nanoparticles (about 20–100 nm in radius), that, according to our dynamical models [2], are ejected mainly from the B and C rings by micrometeoroid impacts. With an observed ice-to-silicate particle ratio of 2:1 [2], we see a much higher silicate abundance in these ring segments, compared to values constrained by remote sensing techniques [3,4,5].

In order to assess the elemental composition of individual particles, application of a deconvolution technique to the CDA mass spectra is required. This technique is based on an approach to constrain the composition of Interstellar Dust Particles (ISDs), also detected with CDA [6]. After application of the deconvolution and Relative Sensitivity Factors (RSFs) [7], elemental abundances for the individual particles are derived.

We find Mg, Si and Ca similar to cosmic abundances (ISD and CI chondritic). Fe, however, is significantly depleted, for the Fe/Mg ratio on average by a factor of 2.3 compared to cosmic abundances. This observation contrasts with Fe-rich (≈ 5 w.r.t. cosmic abundances) exogenous material (IDPs), observed in the Saturnian system by CDA [8]. This drastic discrepancy in composition between ring silicates and IDPs at Saturn seems difficult to reconcile with IDPs being the main factor in polluting and darkening the rings over time [4,5,9,10]. We review several scenarios, how these compositional differences could be explained.

 

 

References

[1] R. Srama et al. (2004), Space Science Reviews 114, 465–518.

[2] H.-W. Hsu et al. (2018), Science 362.

[3] E. Epstein et al. (1984), Icarus 58, 403–411.

[4] Zhang et al. (2017a), Icarus 281, 297–321.

[5] Zhang et al. (2017b), Icarus 294, 14–42.

[6] N. Altobelli et al. (2016), Science 352, 312–318.

[7] K. Fiege et al. (2014), Icarus 241, 336–345.

[8] C. Fischer et al. (2022), this conference.

[9] J. Cuzzi and P. Estrada (1998), Icarus 132, 1–35.

[10] J. Cuzzi et al. (2009), Springer, Dordrecht, 459–509.
The scenic tour of the Venusian subsolar magnetosheath by BepiColombo
Authors: Persson Moa ,   The BepiColombo Venus flyby #2 team
Published: September 2022

As Venus lacks an intrinsic magnetic field, such as Earth’s, and crustal magnetic fields, such as Mars’, its conductive ionosphere interacts directly with the solar wind, and an induced magnetosphere is created. Therefore, the Venusian magnetosheath is one of the few examples of a gas-dynamics dominated interaction region in the solar system. Measurements of this region can help us investigate the energy transfer from the solar wind to the ionosphere of non-magnetised bodies and properties of stagnated flow near the subsolar point, without complications from magnetic fields of planetary origin.

Even though several missions have visited Venus, none of them have been able to provide high time resolution plasma particle measurements of the subsolar magnetosheath. With the 2nd Venus flyby by BepiColombo on August 10th 2021, we had the rare opportunity to make a complete tour of the Venusian magnetosheath, using measurements from several plasma instruments onboard, as the flyby passed from the nightside flank towards the stagnation region near the subsolar point and out through a quasi-perpendicular bow shock. The observations were made during the extremely rare opportunity when the Solar Orbiter spacecraft was located upstream and could provide complementary solar wind observations, which showed very stable solar wind conditions during the scenic tour. This meant that we had the chance to, for the first time, probe the full spatial structure of the Venusian magnetosheath, without large temporal variation induced by solar wind fluctuations.

Part of this work is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 871149.
Characterizing exoplanetary atmospheres with SPIRou
Authors: Masson Adrien , Vinatier Sandrine , Bezard Bruno , Team Atmospherix
Published: September 2022

Ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy allows us to probe the chemical composition and atmospheric dynamics of hot jupiters through the Cross-Correlation Function method. This requires however careful data processing and development of analysis tools in order to extract such a faint exoplanetary signal from the overwhelming telluric and stellar contributions. With a high spectral resolution power of 70,000 and a large continuous spectral range between 0.9 and 2.5 microns, the near-infrared spectro-polarimeter SPIRou on the CFHT is a powerful instrument for exoplanet atmosphere characterization since its first light in 2018. I will present our analysis of SPIRou primary transit observations of some short-period exoplanets. Preliminary results regarding the detection of the metastable He triplet and molecules in the hot jupiters HD 189733b and HD 20458b, the warm neptunes GJ 3470b and Au Mic b, the mini neptune GJ 1214b, the hot neptune WASP-127b, and the warm saturn WASP-69b, will be presented.

Figure 1: Cross correlation between observed and synthetic spectra of HD189733b (expressed in S/N ratio) calculated over a grid of velocity parameters Kp (radial velocity semi-amplitude) and V0 (additional Doppler shift of atmospheric lines at mid-transit). The correlation is maximum at the expected position in this parameter space [1]. The model spectra include water vapor as the only molecular absorber.

References :

[1] Boucher, A., Darveau-Bernier, A., Pelletier, S., Lafrenière, D., Artigau, E., et al., (2021). Characterizing Exoplanetary Atmospheres at High Resolution with SPIRou: Detection of Water on HD 189733 b. The Astronomical Journal, American Astronomical Society, 162 (6), pp.233.
Turbulence Models for Titan Exploration
Authors: Lorenz Ralph
Published: September 2022

Engineering development of future Titan missions demands a specification of winds and gusts. Despite the very austere Huygens data on which to base such a specification, fundamental scaling principles allow the adaptation of empirical terrestrial descriptions for both discrete gusts and continuous turbulence. The principal factors driving these are the mean wind, the depth of the planetary boundary layer, and convective forcing : in the absence of strong mean wind, the gusts are driven by thermal vortices ('dust devils') which have a thermodynamic limit. 

A succinct formulation of turbulence, yielding a Dryden spectrum (-2 power law) is developed with a  random-walk (AR(1)) model, that can be implemented with a few lines of code  (Lorenz, R.,  Planetary and Space Science, 214, 105459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2022.105459). This spectrum is nearly the same as the Von Karman/Kolmogorov (-5/3 power law).

The history of turbulence specifications, and the models being developed for Dragonfly and for an update to the Titan-GRAM statistical modeling package, and their validation with in-situ data, are described.
Ancient Alluvial Plains at Oxia Planum, Mars
Authors: Davis Joel , Balme Matthew , Fawdon Peter , Grindrod Peter , Favaro Elena , Banham Steven
Published: September 2022

The geologic origin of the ancient, phyllosilicate-rich bedrock at Oxia Planum, Mars, the landing site of ESA’s ExoMars rover, is unknown. The phyllosilicates record ancient aqueous processes, but the processes that formed the host bedrock remain elusive. Here, we use high-resolution orbital image and topographic datasets (HiRISE, CTX, CaSSIS) to investigate and characterize fluvial sinuous ridges (FSRs), found across the Oxia Planum region. The FSRs form segments up to 70 km long, with sub-horizontal layering commonly exposed in ridge margins. Some FSRs comprise multi-story ridge systems; many are embedded within and are being exhumed from the phyllosilicate-rich bedrock. We interpret the FSRs as deposits of ancient, episodically active, alluvial river systems (channel-belt and overbank deposits) at Oxia Planum. Thus, the phyllosilicate-rich bedrock was formed at least partly by ancient alluvial rivers, active across the wider region. Our alluvial hypothesis does not exclude other sources of sediment playing a role in building the terrain as well. Future exploration by ExoMars can verify this interpretation and provides an opportunity to investigate some of the oldest river deposits in the Solar System.
The science of Mars today for the scientists of Mars tomorrow
Authors: Muñoz Olga , Lefever Karolien , García Emilio , Guirado Daniel , Lamort Lucie , Fratta Stephanie , Picialli Arianna , Jardiel Teresa , Kalb Nathalie , Vandaele Ann C
Published: September 2022

RoadMap (ROle of and impAct of Dust and clouds in the Martian AtmosPhere: from lab to space)
is a H2020 project led by a consortium of European scientific institutions which aims to improve
our multidisciplinary understanding of the Martian atmosphere. The topics investigated by
RoadMap will ensure that a large public will be reached and questions related to life emergence and
space exploration will be addressed. The key audiences for our project are the scientific and
education community, the specialized public, the general public (including students) and the media;
local and national geographical groups.
Raising awareness about Mars, Space Exploration, Solar System and ESA activities among
teachers, students and general public is an important objective of the RoadMap Communication,
Education and Public Outreach plan. We will present some of the EPO activities/tools developed in
RoadMAp. Such is the case e.g. of Mars in a box an educational project aiming to introduce
European secondary school students to fundamental science through cutting-edge research on Mars.
Mars in a box combines the classic "experiment box" format with the power of online applications
and the excitement of accessing, visualising and managing scientific data from cutting-edge space
missions and ground-based laboratories, as well as the possibility of contacting professional
researchers in the field of planetary science.
The RoadMap consortium is composed of the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
(BIRA-IASB, Belgium), Aarhus University (AU, Denmark), the Duisburg & Essen
University (UDE, Germany), the Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV-CSIC, Spain), and the
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC, Spain) belonging to the Spanish Research
Council (CSIC).
Predicting the optical performance of the Ariel Telescope using PAOS
Authors: Bocchieri Andrea , Mugnai Lorenzo V. , Pascale Enzo
Published: September 2022

The Ariel Space Mission is the M4 mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision program and will observe a large and diverse sample of exoplanetary atmospheres in the visible to the near-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Assessing the impact of diffraction, aberrations, and related systematics on the Ariel optical performance before having a system-level measurement is paramount to ensuring that the optical quality, complexity, costs, and risks are not too high. 

Several codes offer Physical Optics Propagation (POP) calculations, although generally, they are not easily customizable, e.g., for Monte Carlo simulations, are not free access and publicly available, or have technical limitations such as not providing support for refractive elements. 

PAOS, the Physical Ariel Optics Simulator, is an end-to-end Physical Optics Propagation (POP) model of the Ariel telescope and subsystems. PAOS implements Fresnel diffraction in the near and far fields to simulate the propagation of the complex electromagnetic wavefront through the Ariel optical chain and deliver the realistic PSFs vs. lambda at the intermediate and focal planes.

PAOS is written with a full Python 3 stack and comes with an installer, documented examples, and an exhaustive guide. PAOS is meant to be easy to use, generic and versatile for POP simulations of optical systems other than Ariel’s, thanks to its generic input system and built-in GUI providing a seamless user interface and simulations. 
Galactic Cosmic Rays at Mars and Venus: Temporal Variations from Hours to Decades Measured as the Background Signal of Onboard Micro-Channel Plates
Authors: Futaana Yoshifumi , Shimoyama Manabu , Wieser Martin , Karlsson Stefan , Andersson Herman , Nilsson Hans , Wang Xiao-Dong , Fedorov Andrey , Andre Nicolas , Holmstrom Mats , Barabash Stas
Published: September 2022

A Micro-Channel Plate (MCP) is a widely used component for counting particles in space. Using the background counts of MCPs on Mars Express and Venus Express orbiters operated over 17 years and 8 years, respectively, we investigate the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) characteristics in the inner solar system. The MCP background counts at Mars and Venus on a solar cycle time scale exhibit clear anti-correlation to the sunspot number. We conclude that the measured MCP background contain the GCR information. The GCR characteristics measured using the MCP background at Mars show features that are consistent with the ground-based measurement in solar cycle 24. The time lag between the sunspot number and the MCP background at Mars is found ~9 months. The shorter-term background data recorded along the orbits (with a time scale of several hours) also show evident depletion of the background counts due to the absorption of the GCR particles by the planets. Thanks to the visible planetary size change along an orbit, the GCR contribution to the MCP background can be separated from the internal contribution due to the β-decay. Our statistical analysis of the GCR absorption signatures at Mars implies that the effective absorption size of Mars for the GCR particles have a >100 km larger radius than the solid Martian body.
Radial anisotropy from surface-wave observation in Mars
Authors: Xu Zongbo , Stutzmann Eleonore , Lognonné Philippe , Schimmel Martin , Montagner Jean-Paul , Kawamura Taichi
Published: September 2022

NASA’s mission, InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport), has been conducting seismic observation since January 2019  (Banerdt et al. 2020; Lognonné et al. 2020; Giardini et al. 2020). Recently InSight has recorded a magnitude-5 event, S1222a, and in the seismic recording, Mars Quake Service identifies both Rayleigh and Love waves. Based on the two surface waves, we study the Martian subsurface radial anisotropy. We measure the group and phase velocities of the two surface waves (Figure 1), and then apply Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion to the measurement. Inversion of the Rayleigh- and Love-wave velocities provides the 1D Sv- and Sh-wave velocity models (Vsv and Vsh), respectively. The difference between Vsv and Vsh indicates the radial anisotropy distribution in depth and aids us in investigating the geological structure and/or mineralogy of the Martian subsurface.

Figure 1. The Rayleigh- and Love-wave group and phase velocity measurement (black trends) of S1222a. The Rayleigh-wave measurement is from the vertical (Z) and radial (R) component data; the Love-wave measurement is from the transverse component (T). Our group and phase velocity measurement algorithms are from Bensen et al. (2007) and Yao et al. (2006), respectively. The multiple trends in the phase-velocity subplots are due to the cycle skipping in the phase-velocity measurement.

References:

Bensen, G. D., et al. "Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements." Geophysical journal international 169.3 (2007): 1239-1260.

Banerdt, W. Bruce, et al. "Initial results from the InSight mission on Mars." Nature Geoscience 13.3 (2020): 183-189.

Giardini, Domenico, et al. "The seismicity of Mars." Nature Geoscience 13.3 (2020): 205-212.

Lognonné, Philippe, et al. "Constraints on the shallow elastic and anelastic structure of Mars from InSight seismic data." Nature Geoscience 13.3 (2020): 213-220.

Yao, Huajian, Robert D. van Der Hilst, and Maarten V. De Hoop. "Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis—I. Phase velocity maps." Geophysical Journal International 166.2 (2006): 732-744.
Performance evaluation of GPM IMERG precipitation over the tropical oceans
Authors: Pradhan Rajani Kumar , Markonis Yannis
Published: September 2022

A major proportion of the global precipitation falls at the tropical oceans. Nonetheless, due to the lack of in-situ precipitation measurements, studies over the ocean and so over the tropical oceans remain limited. Among others, the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is currently one of the best satellite estimates and has been widely applied in various research applications.  However, its performance over the ocean, and specifically, over the tropical oceans is yet to be known.  Thus, in this study, we quantitatively evaluate the IMERG V06 Early, Late and Final products using along-track shipboard data (OceanRain dataset) and in-situ data (buoy observations from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array; GTMBA) across the tropical oceans. The GTMBA data involve the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) in the Pacific, the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA), and the Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) in the Indian Ocean. We examine the IMERG error characterization and bias distribution across the daily, monthly, and seasonal scales over the tropical oceans. Subsequently, we investigate the IMERG performance for light and extreme precipitation, both in terms of intensity and frequency. The evaluation of the IMERG data with OceanRain and buoys constitute both point-area and grid-grid based approaches. The categorical indices, which used to evaluate the detection capability of IMERG include the Probability of Detection (POD), the False Alarm Ratio (FAS) and the Critical Success Index (CSI). This study will bring out important information for the user community, the GPM ground validation group, and algorithm developers regarding the IMERG performances and thus its applicability over an ‘untraditional’ region such as oceans.

 

Key words: GPM, IMERG, Precipitation, OceanRain, Buoys, Remote sensing
A process-based multivariate framework for reservoir safety evaluation for Slovakia
Authors: Valent Peter , Liová Anna , Hlavčová Kamila , Kohnová Silvia , Bacigál Tomáš , Výleta Roman , Szolgay Ján
Published: September 2022

Changing climate and changes in watersheds raise questions about the safety of flood control structures. Evaluating the present safety of past designs where storage was involved requires the entire hydrograph or, at least, the flood peak-volume-shape estimates related to the present or future conditions. Therefore, studying the relationships between these quantities is exciting both from the scientific hydrological and engineering points of view. The statistical analysis of flood peaks and volumes in engineering hydrology practice was often dealt with in a multivariate frequency framework. However, examining the interplay of climatic and catchment processes in influencing the probabilities of flood wave peaks, volumes and shapes is a challenging problem for safety evaluation of flood control structures. The proposed framework for Slovakia is based on the inclusion of climatic and hydrologic controls on the flood peak-volume-wave shape relationships and their statistical models. Rather than examining the safety based on a single control flood wave, a scheme was proposed allowing us to arrive at a set of control flood waves with associated probabilistic parameters. These permit to study of several aspects of reservoir safety (hydrologic, hydraulic and geotechnical). The concept is based on flood events assigned to the prevailing flood process types in the region with discernible flood-peak-volume-shape relationships. A set of process representative flood waves is created by base-flow separation. The joint probability distribution of peaks and volumes is copula-based, which are selected by a process-based approach. Besides that, process characteristic wave shapes are scaled to a set of dimensionless shapes. These allow selecting a dimensionless control flood wave shape according to an empirical shape quantile. Finally, a set of control flood waves is constructed by combining volumes conditioned on peaks and associated with shapes of given quantiles. That provides a good variety of control waves for assessing the safety of water structures under extreme situations in a probabilistic and process-based framework in typical risks of failure scenarios.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under Contract No. APVV-20-0374 and the VEGA Grant Agency No. 1/0782/21.
A multi-objective parameterization of StorAge Selection functions based on stable isotopes sampled at the catchment outlet and in trees to constrain water age estimations for runoff and evapotranspiration fluxes
Authors: Sprenger Matthias , Llorens Pilar , Gallart Francesc , Benettin Paolo , Allen Scott , Latron Jérôme
Published: September 2022

It is important to understand how precipitation is stored in catchments, released via evapotranspiration (ET), or recharges aquifers and streams. We investigated this partitioning of precipitation using stable isotopes of water (2H and 18O) at the Can Vila catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees mountains. The isotope data covered four years, comprising >550 rainfall and >980 stream water samples. They were complemented by fortnightly plant-water-isotope data sampled over eight months. The isotope data were used to quantify how long it takes for water to become evapotranspiration or discharged as streamflow, using StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. We calibrated the SAS functions using a conventional approach, fitting the model solely to stream water isotope data, as well as a multi-objective calibration approach, in which the model was simultaneously fitted to tree-xylem-water isotope data.

Our results showed that the conventional calibration approach was not able to adequately simulate the observed xylem isotope ratios. However, the SAS model was capable of adequately simulating both observed streamwater and xylem water isotope ratios, if those xylem water isotope observations were used in calibration. This multi-objective-calibration approach led to a more constrained parameter space, facilitating parameter value identification. The model was tested on a segment of data reserved for validation, showing a Kling-Gupta Efficiency of 0.72, compared to the 0.83 observed during in the calibration period.

The water age dynamics inferred from the model calibrated using the conventional approach differed substantially from those inferred from the multi-objective-calibration model. The latter suggested that the water supplying evapotranspiration is much older (median age 150-300 days) than what was suggested by the former (median age 50-200 days). Regardless, the modeling results support recent findings in ecohydrological field studies that highlighted both subsurface heterogeneity of water storage and fluxes and the use of relatively old water by trees. We contextualized the SAS-derived water ages by also using young-water-fraction and endmember-splitting approaches, which respectively also showed the contribution of young water to streamflow was variable but sensitive to runoff rates, and that ET was largely sourced by winter precipitation, that must have resided in the subsurface across seasons.  
Dominant discharge periodicities and their attenuation in rivers of Sweden
Authors: Elenius Maria , Lindström Göran
Published: September 2022

Hydropower regulations may significantly increase the variability of flow when compared with the natural hydrological regime to which river ecosystems have evolved over long time periods. This can be detrimental for river habitats and for many organisms. Attenuation of the variability in rivers improves ecological status at some distance downstream of the introduced variability. Being able to accurately estimate this distance is critical for the evaluation of ecological status. The attenuation of introduced flow variability has only been studied previously for specific rivers, and the dominant mechanisms have not been analyzed in detail. In this work, the attenuation rate and its important drivers is studied for regulated rivers in all of Sweden by comparing the results of hydrological and hydrodynamic models with observations. We performed Fourier transformation of flow time series from the Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) model, an extracted model representing only river processes, the diffusion wave equation, and from observed flow at several hundred stations. The reduction of the amplitudes along rivers was then analysed.

In many regulated rivers in Sweden, flow variability of periodicity 7 days is dominant among periods varying from a couple of days up to one month. The analysis further shows that variability with periodicity days to months typically attenuate with an exponential rate that is largest for short periods. Attenuation of these periods is mainly driven by processes within rivers, as opposed to catchment features such as the distribution of rain or soil properties. Further, rivers in regulated systems often resemble cascades with long stretches of rivers with low gradients in elevation between the dams. The associated attenuation in these “lake-alike” rivers can be well described by hydrological simulations with HYPE using a simple linear attenuation box. In contrast, the sometimes-used diffusion wave equation is often unable to replicate the observed attenuation here. Our work supports the assessment of ecological status and management decisions by improving the estimates of distances required for attenuation, and provides important insights on attenuation processes. Further, the analysis of dominant modes can be used to parameterize short-term regulations in hydrological simulations to improve their forecast skills.