bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recycler l'histoire de la décolonisation: Fiction et lieux de mémoire
Authors: Brière Eloise A
Published: May 2007

In French West and Equatorial Africa, the transition from colony to independent nation was preceded by various forms of resistance ranging from the Dakar-Niger railroad strikes to the full-blown armed resistance of the Union des Populations du Cameroun. As independence proceeded, the memory of such resistance was silenced, particularly in light of the neocolonial ties that linked France to her former colonies. This article shows that in the absence of recognition of anticolonial resistance at the institutional level after 1960, writers and filmmakers became the creators of postcolonial national narratives that included the "lieux de mémoire" omitted from the official national narratives.
Identity Politics and Political Perception in the European Settlement of Tunisia: The French Colony versus the Italian Colony
Authors: Choate Mark I
Published: May 2007

L'occupation française de Tunis a lancé une confrontation démographique pour le futur de la « colonie européenne » de Tunisie. Le gouvernement italien gardait des espoirs impérialistes pour la Tunisie, et la déjà grande population ita-lienne émigrée continuait à grandir. Les ministres italiens appelaient cette communauté une « colonie » italienne, pas politique, mais culturelle et démographique. Paris et Rome se sont rapprochés en 1896, mais les Français en Tunisie continuaient à manifester une xénophobie anti-sicilien et anti-italien contre cette colonie et à exiger l'assimilation des Italiens en Tunisie. La colonie voisine de l'Algérie était une colonie de peuplement, mais le peuplement européen de Tunisie devenait italien, pas français! Cet essai fournit de nouvelles perspectives sur les catégories traditionnelles de la colonie, du colonisé et du colonisateur.
Le sport colonial à Madagascar (1896-1939)
Authors: Combeau-Mari Evelyne
Published: May 2007

Modern sports, invented and codified in the public schools of nineteenth-century England, emerged as a new educational model reserved for male elites. To proponents of social Darwinism, sports provided a useful aid to colonial expansion. Once adopted in France, sporting activities migrated to the French colonies under the impetus of the military. This article analyzes the paradoxical cultural transfer of modern sports to the French colony of Madagascar. Imported with the troops of General Galliéni in 1896, sports became genuinely popular in Madagascar after the First World War due to traditional enthusiasm for corporal fighting. Rugby, initially used to enhance military preparation, was perceived by young Malagasies as an interesting space to express solidarity and identity. By the end of the 1930s, the high-plateau Protestant elites monopolized sports to prepare for national emancipation.
The Saint-Domingue Refugees and the Preservation of Gallic Culture in Early American New Orleans
Authors: Dessens Nathalie
Published: May 2007

Cet article étudie l'importante communauté venue de Saint-Domingue réfugiée en Louisiane dans les vingt ans entourant l'achat du territoire par les États-Unis. A cette période cruciale de l'histoire de la Louisiane, ces réfugiés ont grandement aidé la communauté francophone à maintenir son héritage face à l'américanisation culturelle et linguistique qui découlait naturellement de cette transaction. Ce sont les manifestations de cette participation et les raisons de leur poids qui sont examinées ici.
Lost Boys: "Abandoned" Eurasian Children and the Management of the Racial Topography in Colonial Indochina, 1939-1945
Authors: Firpo Christina E
Published: May 2007

De 1939 à 1945, le gouvernement colonial français en Indochine s'inquiète de plus en plus de la population d'enfants eurasiens « abandonnés » : les enfants abandonnés par un père français et vivant avec une mère vietnamienne dans un milieu vietnamien. Cet article analyse la politique coloniale qui consiste à enlever de force ces enfants « abandonnés » de leur mère, à les placer dans des orphelinats français pour apprendre la culture française et à les intégrer éventuellement à la société coloniale blanche. Nous concluons que le gouvernement colonial a mené cette politique envers les enfants eurasiens « abandonnés » dans le contexte d'une politique coloniale plus large visant à manipuler la démographie raciale de l'Indochine.
Grand patronat colonial français et domination blanche au tournant des indépendances
Authors: Hodeir Catherine
Published: May 2007

In the 1960s, leaders of French big business employed a low-skilled labor force from France's former overseas possessions in conditions that did not favor integration. During the previous two decades, French business leaders in the colonies had been confronted with the independence movement. How did they handle the new relationships between former colonizers and colonized? Did they ultimately reinforce or on the contrary attenuate tensions between North and South? Can we speak of continuity or of rupture? This article examines the opinions and behavior of French colonial big-business leaders: their view of men and women from the former colonies, their recommendations for a new economic policy, their human resources practices, and their relationships with the new national elites of now independent states.
Filles d'Acadie, Femmes de Louisbourg: Acadian Women and French Colonial Society in Eighteenth-Century Louisbourg
Authors: Jonah Anne Marie Lane , Tait Elizabeth
Published: May 2007

Cet article examine un groupe de femmes nées en Acadie (Nouvelle-Écosse) qui, ayant épousé des officiers coloniaux français, sont forcées par la conquête anglaise à quitter la colonie, voyager en France, et par la suite, s'établir dans la nouvelle colonie française de l'île Royale (Cap-Breton). Le rôle joué par le genre, la classe sociale et l'identité coloniale dans le processus de transition qui a amené ces femmes de l'Acadie à Louisbourg, ville capitale de l'Île Royale, sera évalué. Cette étude, basée sur les registres coloniaux français et l'inventaire après décès d'une des femmes, remet en question l'idée préconçue des femmes d'élite de Louisbourg comme étant aristocratiques et métropolitaines. De plus, elle remet en question le portrait de la société acadienne d'avant 1755 comme étant sans classes sociales. Ce groupe d'Acadiennes formait la base d'un réseau social à l'Île Royale dont l'importance s'étendait aux relations entre cette colonie et les Acadiens en terre britannique.
Pêcheurs-engagés à Terre Neuve sous le Régime français, 1688-1713
Authors: Landry Nicolas
Published: May 2007

This article aims to analyze the working conditions of hired fishermen at Plaisance, Newfoundland, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The archival sources come from the notarial documents of La Rochelle and Plaisance. Generally speaking, we can conclude that there were minor differences in the working conditions of workers in the dry fishery versus those of the wet fishery.
Organisons-nous! Racial Antagonism and Vietnamese Economic Nationalism in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Lessard Micheline R
Published: May 2007

En 1919, certains membres de la communauté vietnamienne de Saïgon décidèrent d'entamer un boycott des biens et des commerces chinois en guise de protestation contre ce qu'ils croyaient être les méthodes déloyales et le monopole exercé par ces commerçants chinois. Très vite ce boycott se transforma en un mouvement plus général de nationalisme économique vietnamien, mouvement qui fut encouragé surtout par une petite élite urbaine, vietnamienne. Le boycott fut promu surtout dans les pages de la presse vietnamienne de Saïgon, dont La Tribune indigène en particulier, et s'exprima en de termes très xénophobes.
Priests into Frenchmen? Breton Missionaries in Côte d'Ivoire, 1896-1918
Authors: White Owen, Dr
Published: May 2007

Cet article propose que le débat sur la position de la périphérie rurale en ce qui concerne ses relations avec l'état moderne français avant la Grande Guerre puisse profiter d'un regard plus profond sur les réalités coloniales. Par une étude des missionnaires catholiques bretons à la Côte d'Ivoire cet article tient à souligner comment la situation coloniale entraînait un engagement des Français d'origine rurale dans les buts de l'état français républicain.
Du Sénégal aux Antilles: Gaspard-Théodore Mollien en Haiti, 1825-1831
Authors: Brière Jean-François
Published: May 2007

Gaspard-Théodore Mollien, famous for his exploration of the upper Senegal River at age 22 in 1818, later joined the French Foreign Service. He became vice-consul in Cap Haïtien in 1825 and sent long reports to Paris describing life in the young republic. Although a royalist, he felt compelled to laud the unique historical experiment that Haitian independence represented. In 1828, he became consul general of France in Port-au-Prince, and was very much involved in the negotiations between France and Haiti regarding the payment of the indemnity for former French plantations owners that had been imposed by France in 1825. His position having changed, his attitude changed too. He became a forceful defender of French interests against the Haitian government's resistance to paying the indemnity.
Intimacy and Form: James on Hawthorne's Charm
Authors: Matheson Neill
Published: May 2007

James's early work Hawthorne (1879) offers an alternative model for formalism, in which an openly interested reader negotiates an affectively invested relation to the text, through a range of identifications and disidentifications with an imagined authorial subject. James outlines a critical project addressing as its central object of analysis Hawthorne's charm, an elusive quality that is neither simply an objective formal property nor a subjective impression. James's identificatory reading of Hawthorne's charm is finally concerned with imagining a sustainable position within an unresponsive culture, in ways that might encourage us to revalue the reader's intimate, imaginative engagement with the text.
Frontispieces and Other Ruins: Portraits of the Author in Henry James's New York Edition
Authors: Stougaard-Nielsen Jakob
Published: May 2007

This article explores three "apparitions" of the author-figure in the paratexts (frontispieces and prefaces) of Henry James's New York Edition. These "portraits of the author" are discussed with references to recent authorship studies and studies in the history and function of frontispiece illustrations of the author. The article concludes that James's "self-portraits" within his "collected edition" should be interpreted in the context of visual techniques of nineteenth-century culture (architecture, silhouettes, and photography), visual techniques that figure prominently in James's redefinitions of the author's relation to his past self and life's work. As such, the article proposes that Henry James's New York Edition suggests a new "mode of reading" the relationship between outward forms and interior substances, which cannot be disregarded in interpretations of James's late works.
Re-exposing the Jamesian Child: The Paradox of Children's Privacy
Authors: Pearson Maeve
Published: May 2007

This article surveys the tensions in James's representation of childhood, from his novels of the 1880s to his later autobiographical works, between his belief in the necessity of privacy to enable the child to secure and develop a sense of individual personhood and the potential risk of privation incurred by the complete dissociation of childhood from the broader arena of human life. Central to this account is his delineation of the challenge provoked by the emergence of a modern, publicized, yet nevertheless "obscure" child figure and the process of demonization she seems to incur for thwarting a more treasured ideal of the transparently innocent child.
The Wings of The Dove: An Unproduced Film Script (1949)
Authors: Raw Laurence
Published: May 2007

This article examines an unpublished film script for The Wings of the Dove, written by Robert Stevenson and commissioned by David O. Selznick in 1949. The article discusses how James's text was deliberately reshaped as a vehicle for one of Selznick's contract actresses–Ingrid Bergman, Jennifer Jones–and subsequently discusses how Stevenson incorporated elements commonly found in women's films of the '40s. It will also show how the novel is rewritten so that the main focus of attention centers on the romantic triangle of Milly, Kate and Densher–a characteristic convention of many women's films of the period.
Witnessing the Invisible: Narrative Mediation in The Princess Casamassima
Authors: Stivers David
Published: May 2007

This article addresses the difficulties of witnessing dramatized within The Princess Casamassima. Although James offers the novel as a glimpse of the London poor and the conspirators, we find that little is seen of them. Instead, we must watch as others fail to gain full access to these same "mysteries." I examine Hyacinth's struggle to see and satisfyingly narrate his experience in relation to the similar activities of Rosy, the Princess, and the conspirators. I suggest that the rupture between observation and narration is a central feature of James's own exploration of the narrative form of the novel.
Livelihoods, Mining and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Bury Jeffrey Todd
Published: May 2007

This paper explores the relationships between Andean Peru's new mineral-based neoliberal political economy, protests against transnational mining corporations and the transformation of livelihoods taking place in the region. It evaluates how new transnational mining operations are dramatically altering livelihood resources in two case-study areas of the Peruvian Andes and in what ways they are linked to community mobilizations against mining operations. The paper argues that the utilization of frameworks based on resources and livelihoods can contribute to analyses of the spatial relationships between transnational mining corporations and local livelihood transformation. Through a comparative case study of two peasant protests that began in late 1999 and continue today in the Cordillera Huayhuash and Cajamarca, the paper illustrates how transnational mining corporations are transforming the environmental, social and economic contexts for livelihoods in the region and how these changes are linked to household engagement in protests against mining operations. Resumen Este estudio explora la relación entre la nueva economía política neoliberal del Perú, las protestas contra corporaciones mineras transnacionales y la transformación de los medios de subsistencia que tienen lugar en la región. Evalúa como las nuevas operaciones de la minería transnacional están alterando estos medios en dos áreas-caso en los Andes peruanos y de que manera están relacionadas con las movilizaciones comunitarias contrarias a las operaciones mineras. El autor argumenta cómo el uso de marcos basados en recursos y sustentos podría contribuir al análisis de las relaciones espaciales entre las corporaciones mineras transnacionales y la transformación del sustento local. A través de un estudio comparativo de dos protestas campesinas que comenzaron en el año 1999 y se continúan hasta hoy día en la cordillera Huayhuash y Cajamarca, el estudio muestra como tales corporaciones están transformando los contextos ambientales y socio-económicos de los medios de subsistencia dentro la región.
Naturaleza y sociedad desde la perspectiva de la cocina tradicional mexicana: género, adaptación y resistencia
Authors: Christie Maria Elisa
Published: May 2007

This article is based primarily on qualitative research carried out in Central Mexico during 2000-2001. The intent is to present a novel approach to the traditional Mexican kitchen, as well as some perspectives on nature/society relations from that space, relating these to various central themes in Laura Esquivel's novel, Like water for chocolate. The research explores gender, nature and cultural identity issues in the everyday life of women in three semi-urban communities—Xochimilco, Ocotepec, and Tetecala—with roots in prehispanic Nahuatl culture. Despite constant transformations in landscapes and lifestyles as a result of local and global pressures over time, food remains a site of cultural resistance, and kitchens a place where women's knowledge is transmitted to younger generations. Kitchenspace it is at once the center of the household and, in times of traditional celebrations, the center of community life. It is a privileged site of cultural reproduction. Resumen Este artículo se basa principalmente en una investigación cualitativa que se llevó a cabo en el valle de México durante los años 2000-2001. La intención es presentar una aproximación novedosa a la cocina tradicional mexicana, así como algunas perspectivas sobre las relaciones sociedad/naturaleza desde ese espacio, relacionando éstos con varios temas centrales en la novela Como agua para chocolate de Laura Esquivel. La investigación explora cuestiones de género, naturaleza e identidad cultural en la experiencia de vida cotidiana de varias mujeres en tres comunidades semi-urbanas—Xochimilco, Ocotepec y Tetecala—con raíces en la cultura nahua prehispánica. A pesar de las constantes transformaciones en los paisajes y los estilos de vida como resultado de las presiones tanto locales como globales a través del tiempo, la comida se mantiene como un sitio de resistencia cultural y la cocina un espacio donde los conocimientos culturales se transmiten de mujer en mujer a las nuevas generaciones. La cocina es a la vez el centro del hogar y, en tiempos de celebraciones tradicionales, el centro de la comunidad. Es un lugar privilegiado para la reproducción cultural.
Names for Manihot esculenta: Geographical Variations and Lexical Clarification
Authors: Gade Daniel W.
Published: May 2007

This study elucidates the derivations, distensions and distortions of the names for a major world crop domesticated in tropical America. In addition to the several Latin binomials, English speakers have used one or mare of six vernacular terms far this plant. Two of these words are straight borrowings (yuca from Spanish, mandioca from Portuguese and Spanish); one (yucca) implies and causes interference with an entirely different group of plants in the genus Yucca and two are conflated meanings that originally referred to manioc products (cassava and tapioca). All things considered, manioc is the one hest name for this plant in English. By taking a critical approach to nomenclature geographers and others can add precision and clarity to communication about phenomena within their general domain. Resumen Se plantea en este artículo las derivaciones, distensiones y distorsiones de los nombres de un cultivote importancia mundial domesticado en América tropical. Además del binario latino en evolución, seis términos vernáculos se sirven en inglés corriente: a) dos entre ellos son préstamos directos ('yuca' del castellano; 'mandioca' del portugués y castellano); b) uno ('yucca') confunde el cultivo del raíz comestible con plantas distintas en el género Yucca; y c) dos más entre ello tienen un significado referente a productos derivados ('cassava' tirado de casabe; tapioca). Considerando toda la terminología, 'manioc' queda como el denominativo en inglés lo más idóneo y adecuado para esta planta. Se invoca aquí la prioridad en nomenclatura, pues la lengua inglesa, sobrecargada con un léxico desmedido, no cumple su vocación universal con tales obfuscamientos.
Floodplain Styles of the Lower Pánuco Basin, Mexico
Authors: Hudson Paul F.
Published: May 2007

Floodplains exhibit a variety of styles because of the dominance of specific fluvial processes. This study examines the spatial diversity of floodplain styles in the lower Pánuco basin, a large river system that drains east-central Mexico and empties into the Gulf of Mexico at Tampico, Tamaulipas. Changes in mean stream power (W m-2) and surficial floodplain environments are considered for distinct valley segments. Valley width and channel width increase downstream, although lithologic controls result in the floodplain width being highly variable. Mean stream power decreases from 375 (W m-2) in the Río Moctezuma valley in the upper portions of the coastal plain, to 14 (W m-2) in the lower reaches of the Río Pánuco. Channel deposits are more significant to floodplain construction in the upper coastal plain. In the lower Moctezuma the valley width abruptly increases and floodplain gradient decreases, which results in a more diverse suite of floodplain deposits. In the lower Pánuco valley overbank processes characterize the floodplain, which is manifest as wide natural levees and large backswamp basins. Resumen Las llanuras de inundación presentan una variedad de estilos de acuerdo con los específicos procesos fluviales. Este estudio examina la diversidad espacial de los estilos de la llanura de inundación dentro la cuenca baja del río Pánuco, un sistema fluvial grande de drenaje del centro-este de México que sale al Golfo de México cerca Tampico, Tamaulipas. Cambios en el poder medio de la corriente (W -2) y la superficie de la llanura de inundación son analizados en distintos sectores del valle. La anchura del valle y del canal del río aumentan río abajo, aunque los controles litológicos resultan en una anchura muy variable. El poder medio de la corriente se disminuye de 375 (W -2) en el valle del río Moctezuma, río arriba, a 14 (W -2) en los tramos bajos del río Pánuco. Los depósitos del canal son más importantes en la construcción de la llanura de inundación en la planicie costanera superior. En el río Moctezuma abajo la anchura del valle se amplia abruptamente y el declive de la llanura se disminuye, lo que trae como resultado una serie de depósitos aun más diversa. En el río Pánuco abajo, la llanura de inundación se caracteriza por los procesos "overbank", (inundación), que se manifiestan como anchos diques y cuencas pantanosas.
Life-Time and Recent Migration to Bolívar State, Venezuela, 1990: The Effect of the Guayana Program
Authors: Ravuri Evelyn D
Published: May 2007

In 1959, the Venezuelan government erected a new industrial city, Ciudad Guayana, in the Southeastern State of Bolívar. The purpose of the city was to divert potential migrants from the already overcrowded Caracas Metropolitan Region. Using regression Analysis, this paper examines recent migration flows (1981-1990) to each of the ten municipios in the State of Bolívar to determine if the aggregate characteristics pertaining to the migrant's origin state were significantly different for migrants who selected Caroní municipio (the location of Ciudad Guayana) and the other nine municipios in Bolívar. Results indicated that distance was the most important variable for recent immigrants to Caroní as well as for the other three municipios which together form the northern frontier of Bolívar State. The most important predictor variable for the remaining municipios was total population of the origin state. Although Caroní was more successful in attracting recent migrants than any of the other municipios, the characteristics pertaining to the origin states of these migrants do not differ significantly from other municipios, suggesting that the growth pole was not successful in drawing migrants from the capital region as originally intended.
Of Iron and Irony: Starling Lawrence's The Lightning Keeper
Authors: Cohen Emily Jane
Published: May 2007

This review essay of Starling Lawrence's The Lightning Keeper asks whether it is possible to write a straightforward epic in praise of good old-fashioned American industry and ingenuity in our jaded present. Cohen reflects on the novel's blurring of history and fiction and on the author's decision to present both himself and his fictional narrator as historians. What seems to be at stake is the re-enchantment of modernity. The book's unusual incorporation of real and fake archival material as supportive apparatus occasions a discussion of what kind of relationship we can have to the technological marvels of yesteryear: awe-filled, ironic, nostalgic, or some amorphous and unsatisfactory blend of all three?
Broken Metaphor: The Master-Slave Analogy in Technical Literature
Authors: Eglash Ron
Published: May 2007

The use of the term "master-slave" is currently quite common in technical descriptions of control relation between two devices: automotive clutch and brake systems (master cylinder, slave cylinder), clocks, flip-flop circuits, computer drives, radio transmitters, and others. This essay describes the history of its technical use, dating from its origin in 1904, and the various relations between its technical usage and its racialized social connotations. We then examine various hypotheses for why a morally objectionable analogy became so popular, comments by African American engineers both for and against its continued usage, and some recommendations for altering its usage in the future.
War, Peace, and Nonweapons Technology: The Japanese National Railways and Products of Defeat, 1880s-1950s
Authors: Nishiyama Takashi
Published: May 2007

This article examines the impact of war and peace on common technologies of daily life, such as passenger rail cars in Japan from the 1880s to 1950s. It highlights the roles of two groups of actors in the transition from wooden cars to steel after the military defeat in 1945: ordinary railway passengers capitalizing on reconfigured power relationships in society, and former military engineers reconfiguring the engineering culture. The successful shift from wood to steel in the Japanese National Railways provides a case study of how and why nonweapons technology could become adaptable, accommodating, and innovative after war.
Street Rivals: Jaywalking and the Invention of the Motor Age Street
Authors: Norton Peter D
Published: May 2007

Before the American city could be physically reconstructed to accommodate automobiles, its streets had to be socially reconstructed as places where cars belong. Until then, streets were regarded as public spaces, where practices that endangered or obstructed others (including pedestrians) were disreputable. Motorists' claim to street space was therefore fragile, subject to restrictions that threatened to negate the advantages of car ownership. Epithets—especially joy rider—reflected and reinforced the prevailing social construction of the street. Automotive interest groups (motordom) recognized this obstacle and organized in the teens and 1920s to overcome it. One tool in this effort was jaywalker. Motordom discovered this obscure colloquialism in the teens, reinvented it, and introduced it to the millions. It ridiculed once-respectable street uses and cast doubt on pedestrians' legitimacy in most of the street. Though many pedestrians resented and resisted the term and its connotations, motordom's campaign was a substantial success.
Charles Sheeler: Across Media (review)
Authors: Pohlad Mark B. (Mark Borner)
Published: May 2007

The exhibit Charles Sheeler: Across Media, held at the Art Institute of Chicago between October and January, 2007, demonstrates how this important American modernist (1883–1965) rendered urban and industrial subjects in drawing, painting, photography and film. Originally mounted at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, it is the first show devoted equally to Sheeler's paintings and photography and to their interaction in his art making. Like the accompanying catalogue of the same name by Charles Brock (University of California Press), the exhibit is organized around the themes of cross-media dialogue, industry, and later works.
A Sense of Place: Donald Worster's Dust Bowl
Authors: Stine Jeffrey K
Published: May 2007

This retrospective review of Donald Worster's 1979 prize-winning history, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s, explores the book's lasting contributions to the fields of environmental history, Western history, agricultural history, and the history of technology. It highlights Worster's emphasis on capitalism as a mediating force between nature and culture and between technology and the environment, as well as its role in handicapping natural resources reform efforts on the Great Plains, especially those proposed by soil conservationists, agronomists, and ecologists during the New Deal.
The problem with the Paleozoic
Authors: Peters Shanan E.
Published: May 2007

Unfossiliferous marine sedimentary rocks of Phanerozoic age are known to all field-oriented paleontologists. These troublesome units are often encountered in the field, perhaps cursed roundly for a moment or two, and usually shrugged off in pursuit of the next fossiliferous interval. Paleontologists tend not to discuss barren units, and they rarely publish on the absence of a fauna from what appears to be unaltered marine rock. But aren't barren marine sediments revealing something important about their paleoenvironment and possibly about the paleoenvironments of conformably adjacent fossil-bearing units? Shouldn't paleontologists be just as interested in knowing the locations and ages of unfossiliferous sediments as they are fossiliferous strata?
The Underreporting Gap in Aggressive Incidents From Geriatric Patients Against Certified Nursing Assistants
Authors: Snyder Lori Anderson , Chen Peter Y. , Vacha-Haase Tammi
Published: May 2007

Staff in the health care industry experience workplace aggression at a much higher rate than the general workforce. However, a large proportion of aggressive incidents go unreported, and the source of many of these incidents is patients. This study investigates aggressive incidents from patients against certified nursing assistants (CNAs; n = 76) in a sample of six geriatric care facilities. The results indicate that CNAs experienced a median of 26 aggressive incidents over the course of the 2-week study and that approximately 95% of these incidents were not reported to the facility. The present study also empirically examines reasons why nursing staff decide to report incidents. Finally, this study reveals that the experience of aggression from patients is related to subsequent organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and intent to leave the job.
Child Maltreatment, Revictimization, and Violent Behavior
Authors: Hosser Daniela , Raddatz Stefan , Windzio Michael
Published: May 2007

The study investigates the cumulative impact of child maltreatment and victimization in adolescence on violent behavior in young adulthood in a nonclinical high-risk sample. The sample consists of 1,526 incarcerated young men (14 to 24 years) who were interviewed with standardized instruments during their prison term. Violent and nonviolent offenders with and without repeated victimization experiences throughout the life cycle were compared. Results show that child maltreatment doubles the risk for violent victimization in adolescence. Repeated victimization experiences in adolescence heighten the risk for later violent offending. This is the case for officially registered violence and self-reported violent behavior. In addition, child maltreatment increased the probability of self-reported violence as well. However, the interaction effect of victimization in childhood and victimization in early adolescence counteracted the main effects. Being repeatedly victimized throughout the early life cycle slightly reduced the probability of being a frequent offender.
The Evolving Role of Care Management in Integrated Models of Care
Authors: McGeehan Susan K. , Applebaum Robert
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study is to better understand care management in integrated models of service delivery. Semistructured interviews were conducted with state- and program-level administrators and care managers from nursing and social work disciplines in eight programs providing integrated care. The professionals interviewed discussed the benefits and difficulties associated with providing care management to a population with a wide range of needs, issues related to interfacing with different health care professionals, and the overall purpose of the care manager role. The findings suggest a need to unify the purpose of care management in programs, that educational and training efforts for care managers need to be examined more closely, and that there is a need for future research to focus on the value of comprehensive care management in a medical model of care.
Bacterial Species in Subgingival Plaque and Oral Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Brennan Renee M. , Genco Robert J. , Wilding Gregory E. , Hovey Kathleen M. , Trevisan Maurizio , Wactawski‐Wende Jean
Published: May 2007

Background: Oral bacteria are widely recognized in the etiology of periodontal disease. We investigated the prevalence of subgingival bacterial infection with eight species, tested associations between infection and oral bone loss, and assessed potential confounding factors and effect modifiers of those associations in a large community‐based cohort of postmenopausal women.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study of oral health and osteoporosis in 1,256 postmenopausal women recruited from the Buffalo, New York Women's Health Initiative Observational Study was conducted. Standardized dental radiographs were used to measure alveolar crestal height (ACH). Subgingival plaque samples were taken, and the presence of eight bacterial species was assessed by indirect immunofluorescent microscopy in each participant.

Results: The most prevalent infection was Streptococcus sanguis (59.5%), followed by Prevotella intermedia (43.4%), Tannerella forsythensis (37.9%), Capnocytophaga sp. (36.9%), Eubacterium saburreum (32.7%), Campylobacter rectus (17.4%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (15.1%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (14.2%). Infections with P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, P. intermedia, and C. rectus were associated with an increased likelihood of having oral bone loss as measured by ACH, even after adjustment for age, smoking, and income. The body mass index (BMI) was a modifier of this association. Overweight women with T. forsythensis infection were more likely to have oral bone loss (OR = 3.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.08 to 5.46) than normal weight (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.98) or obese (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.72 to 2.20) women with T. forsythensis infection.

Conclusions: The prevalence of specific bacterial infections was determined for a large group of postmenopausal women. Those with infection were more likely to have oral bone loss. Further studies should investigate potential modifying effects of BMI and/or inflammatory factors.
Inter‐Implant Bone Height Changes in Anterior Maxillary Immediate and Non‐Immediate Adjacent Dental Implants
Authors: Kupershmidt Irit , Levin Liran , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah
Published: May 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate inter‐implant bone crest height changes between immediate and non‐immediate dental implants placed in the anterior maxillary region.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on consecutively treated patients requiring at least two adjacent implants in the anterior maxillary region that were placed in the same operation during 1994 to 2004. Files of 45 healthy patients reporting 200 implants were reviewed. Age, gender, smoking status, and implant characteristics (coating and dimensions) were recorded. Inter‐implant bone measurements were taken on two panoramic radiographs from each patient: one after implant placement and the other at the last follow‐up. The distance between adjacent implants was measured at the implant–abutment interface (implant platform).

Results: Overall, 130 inter‐implant gaps were found. Follow‐up ranged from 8 to 146 months. Two‐tailed Pearson correlation tests revealed a negative correlation between inter‐implant distance and bone loss (P = 0.036). Mean peak‐crest bone loss for immediate implants was higher than for delayed implants (P = 0.026). There was more bone loss when hydroxyapatite (HA)‐coated implants were used, although no statistical significance was observed. No statistically significant difference was found between the different locations in the anterior maxilla. No correlation was found between patient's age, smoking habits, and bone loss or between follow‐up time and bone loss.

Conclusions: A negative correlation was found between inter‐implant distance and bone loss at the inter‐implant bone crest in the anterior maxillary region. Bone loss was small in this study cohort.
Periodontal Tissue Response to Coverage of Root Cavities Restored With Resin Materials: A Histomorphometric Study in Dogs
Authors: Martins Thiago M. , Bosco Alvaro F. , Nóbrega Fernando J.O. , Nagata Maria J.H. , Garcia Valdir G. , Fucini Stephen E.
Published: May 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to histomorphometrically evaluate the response of periodontal tissues covering Class V resin restorations in dogs.

Methods: After raising a mucoperiosteal flap, bony defects measuring 5 × 5 mm were created on the buccal aspect of the canines of five dogs followed by cavity preparations on the root surface measuring 3 × 3 × 1 mm. Before repositioning the flap to cover the bone defect, the cavities were restored with composite resin (CR) or resin‐modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) or were left unrestored as control (C). The dogs were euthanized 90 days after surgery. Specimens comprising the tooth and periodontal tissues were removed, processed routinely, cut into longitudinal serial sections in the buccolingual direction, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Masson's trichrome. The most central sections were selected for histomorphometric analysis.

Results: Histomorphometric analysis revealed apical migration of epithelial tissue onto the restorative materials (RMGIC and CR). The C group presented significantly longer connective tissue attachment (P <0.05) than the RMGIC and CR groups and significantly higher bone regeneration (P <0.05) compared to the RMGIC group. Histologically, the cervical third (CT) of all groups had the most marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate.

Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the restorative materials used exhibit biocompatibility; however, both materials interfered with the development of new bone and the connective tissue attachment process.
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Non‐Surgical Treatment of Aggressive Periodontitis: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Study
Authors: de Oliveira Rafael R. , Schwartz‐Filho Humberto O. , Novaes Arthur B. , Taba Mário
Published: May 2007

Background: The treatment of aggressive periodontitis has always presented a challenge for clinicians, but there are no established protocols and guidelines for the efficient control of the disease.

Methods: Ten patients with a clinical diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis were treated in a split‐mouth design study to either photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a laser source with a wavelength of 690 nm associated with a phenothiazine photosensitizer or scaling and root planing (SRP) with hand instruments. Clinical assessment of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and relative clinical attachment level (RCAL) were made at baseline and 3 months after treatment with an automated periodontal probe.

Results: Initially, the PI was 1.0 ± 0.5 in both groups. At the 3‐month evaluation, the plaque scores were reduced and remained low throughout the study. A significant reduction of GI and BOP occurred in both groups after 3 months (P <0.05). The mean PD decreased in the PDT group from 4.92 ± 1.61 mm at baseline to 3.49 ± 0.98 mm after 3 months (P <0.05) and in SRP group from 4.92 ± 1.14 mm at baseline to 3.98 ± 1.76 mm after 3 months (P <0.05). The mean RCAL decreased in the PDT group from 9.93 ± 2.10 mm at baseline to 8.74 ± 2.12 mm after 3 months (P <0.05), and in the SRP group, from 10.53 ± 2.30 mm at baseline to 9.01 ± 3.05 mm after 3 months.

Conclusion: PDT and SRP showed similar clinical results in the non‐surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis.
Disparities in Infant Mortality: What’s Genetics Got to Do With It?
Authors: David Richard , Collins James
Published: May 2007

Since 1950, dramatic advances in human genetics have occurred, racial disparities in infant mortality have widened, and the United States’ international ranking in infant mortality has deteriorated. The quest for a “preterm birth gene” to explain racial differences is now under way.

Scores of papers linking polymorphisms to preterm birth have appeared in the past few years. Is this strategy likely to reduce racial disparities? We reviewed broad epidemiological patterns that call this approach into question.

Overall patterns of racial disparities in mortality and secular changes in rates of prematurity as well as birth-weight patterns in infants of African immigrant populations contradict the genetic theory of race and point toward social mechanisms. We postulate that a causal link to class disparities in health exists.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physician Distrust in the United States
Authors: Armstrong Katrina , Ravenell Karima L. , McMurphy Suzanne , Putt Mary
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We examined the racial/ethnic and geographic variation in distrust of physicians in the United States.

Methods. We obtained data from the Community Tracking Study, analyzing 20 sites where at least 5% of the population was Hispanic and 5% was Black.

Results. In univariate analyses, Blacks and Hispanics reported higher levels of physician distrust than did Whites. Multivariate analyses, however, suggested a complex interaction among sociodemographic variables, city of residence, race/ethnicity, and distrust of physician. In general, lower socioeconomic status (defined as lower income, lower education, and no health insurance) was associated with higher levels of distrust, with men generally reporting more distrust than women. But the strength of these effects was modified by race/ethnicity. We present examples of individual cities in which Blacks reported consistently higher mean levels of distrust than did Whites, consistently lower mean levels of distrust than did Whites, or a mixed relationship dependent on socioeconomic status. In the same cities, Hispanics reported either consistently higher mean levels of distrust relative to Whites or a mixed relationship.

Conclusions. Racial/ethnic differences in physician distrust are less uniform than previously hypothesized, with substantial geographic and individual variation present.
Approval of Syringe Exchange Programs in California: Results From a Local Approach to HIV Prevention
Authors: Bluthenthal Ricky N. , Heinzerling Keith G. , Anderson Rachel , Flynn Neil M. , Kral Alex H.
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We studied the effect of local approval of syringe exchange programs in California (through Assembly AB136) on program availability and performance.

Methods. We determined the number of active syringe exchange programs in California by conducting Internet searches and obtaining information from the state and from local programs. To track changes in program availability and performance between 2000 and 2002, we interviewed 24 program directors annually for 3 years about program characteristics, syringe exchange policies, law enforcement contact, and other issues. We conducted multivariate analyses to determine whether AB136 approval status was associated with changes in performance.

Results. Fifteen local governments (13 counties and 2 cities) enacted the new law by 2002, and operating syringe exchange programs increased from 24 to 35. The proportion of these programs that were not locally approved declined from 54% to 40%. No new approved programs were started in high-need counties. Total syringes exchanged increased by more than 1 million per year, average annual budgets increased by more than 50%, and police harassment of the program volunteers, clients, and operators declined. Improvements at approved syringe exchange programs accounted for these changes.

Conclusions. Statewide approval and funding appears necessary to further syringe exchange availability in California.
On the determination of lead in wine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Karadjova Irina , Cvetković Julijana , Stafilov Trajče , Arpadjan Sonja
Published: May 2007

The parameters of analytical procedures developed for direct ETAAS determination of Pb in wine are discussed. Atomic absorption spectrometers based on transversal and longitudinal Zeeman effect, wall and integrated platform atomization with two main approaches: (i) measurements in the presence of modifier and (ii) measurements without using any modifier are compared. The optimal temperature programs are defined according to the pre-treatment and atomization curves constructed in the presence of different types of wines. For all investigated instrumental systems, 1:1 dilution of wine sample with 0.2 mol L−1 HNO3 is recommended. Matrix interferences observed, call for standard addition calibration method for Pb quantification in wines. The detection limit (3σ) achieved for wine diluted in the ratio of 1:1 varied from 0.8 to 1.9 μg L−1 depending on the instrument used. The relative standard deviation for the concentration range of 10 to 80 μg L−1 Pb in wine is typically between 4–8%. The accuracy of the analytical procedures recommended was confirmed by comparing the results obtained with those found for wine samples previously digested with HNO3-H2O2 mixture, by added/found method and by parallel analysis using different instruments. A total of 66 wine samples from different regions of Macedonia were analyzed.
Naturschutz in den USA: der Kokardenspecht Picoides borealis Vieill. und sein Lebensraum | Conservation biology in the USA: the redcockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis Vieill.) and its habitat
Authors: Schiegg Karin , Pasinelli Gilberto
Published: May 2007

The basis for the protection of species was already laid in the USA in 1973, aiming to consistently protect endangered species and their habitats and to prosecute violations of the law. Using the example of the highly endangered redcockaded woodpecker, which lives exclusively in the pine savannas of the south-east, we show the positive and negative consequences of the protection efforts over the past 30 years. Finally, we compare the possibilities of extensive species and biotope protection in Switzerland and discuss them within the framework of the Swiss legal regulations.
Autochthon oder allochthon? Ein molekulargenetischer Ansatz am Beispiel der Eichen (Quercus spp.) in der Schweiz | Autochthon or allochthon? A molecular genetic method of determination using oak (Quercus spp.) in Switzerland as an example
Authors: Mátyás Gábor , Bonfils Patrick , Sperisen Christoph
Published: May 2007

Autochthonous forests are considered to be valuable genetic resources, and their conservation is incorporated into many national forest programmes. The methods applied so far often do not allow to distinguish between autochthonous and allochthonous stands. Therefore, alternative methods are needed. In this study, we analyse spatial patterns of variation of chloroplast DNA to estimate the extent of the human influence on oak stands in Switzerland.
Post-consumer wood in environmental decision-support tools
Authors: Werner Frank , Althaus Hans-Jörg , Richter Klaus
Published: May 2007

Environmental decision-support tools, such as life cycle assessment or material flow analysis, only support the decision-making process if, in addition to the causalities of the systems under study, their role within sustainable development is adequately depicted. This article outlines the basis of the two requirements for post-consumer wood in Switzerland.