bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of environmental variables on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance in wild populations of Vangueria infausta
Authors: Bohrer G. , Kagan‐Zur V. , Roth‐Bejerano N. , Ward D.
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Vesicular‐arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi include among its members some of the most widespread root symbiont species. It is not known whether these fungal species show environmental or host preferences. In 13 semi‐arid savanna sites in Botswana, we found positive correlations between individual environmental factors and the abundance of VAM associations in the roots of an important host, the indigenous fruit tree Vangueria infausta (Rubiaceae). The concentration of phosphorus in the leaves of the host was positively correlated with both phosphorus in the soil and the abundance of VAM associations in its roots, indicating direct benefits to the host of this association. Abundance of VAM associations was significantly different between the studied sites and between seasons and was positively correlated with the mean annual rainfall. In addition, there was a negative correlation with phosphorus concentration in the soil. The differences between the summer and winter abundance of VAM associations were positively correlated with the density of bush cover and the amount of grazing. The apparent correlation found between the abundance of VAM in V. infausta and bush and tree community composition is presumably related to correlations between these two parameters and environmental conditions.
The coarse‐root system of mature Populus tremuloides in declining stands in Alberta, Canada
Authors: DesRochers Annie , Lieffers Victor J.
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The coarse‐root dynamics of ramets of Populus tremuloides (aspen) were investigated with respect to persistence of the original root connections (roots of parent trees from which the ramets originated), the time of establishment of new roots at the base of the stem and the fate of the communal root system after death of individual trees. Parts of the root systems of three declining stands of aspen ramets were hydraulically excavated. From each stand, sections of all structural roots were collected at the base of live and dead trees and were analysed using dendrochronology techniques. Parent roots were identified in the root system of every tree. The trees initiated new structural roots shortly after suckering. Live roots were often connected to the stump of dead and decayed trees. Grafting was common, especially at or near the stumps. Death of trees along the parent roots over time did not seem to favour the entry of significant decay, nor promote breakage of the original root connections. Instead of becoming independent of the parent root system the ramets incorporated the parent roots into their own root systems, remaining interconnected.
Sapling dynamics in a southeastern Texas floodplain forest
Authors: Hall R.B.W. , Harcombe P.A.
Published: February 2007

Abstract. How much temporal variation in recruitment, mortality and change in size class occurs in the sapling layer of mature temperate forests in the absence of large‐scale exogenous disturbance? Using 15 years of data from a flood‐plain forest in Big Thicket National Preserve, we found that year‐to‐year variation in demographic parameters was greater than we originally expected. Death rates were generally more variable than recruitment rates, and were much more variable for large saplings than for small ones. Small saplings of the 10 most common species had at least one year when they experienced two to eight times their long‐term mean recruitment and death rates. Large saplings had at least one year when they experienced three to 10 times their long‐term mean death rates and at least one year with two to seven times the long‐term mean recruitment rate. Temporal patterns in sapling death rates were related to flooding patterns, while temporal patterns in recruitment were related to the Palmer Drought Severity Index, an indicator of drought severity and soil moisture availability. We also identified apparently synchronous patterns of demographic response among less flood‐tolerant species which differed from the responses of more flood‐tolerant species. We demonstrated the effects of both climatic variation and light variation in affecting stand‐wide sapling demographics in a forest where canopy gaps are important for regeneration, and where chronic understorey disturbance favours growth over survivorship as a sapling strategy.
Effects of grazing on geophytes in Mediterranean vegetation
Authors: Noy‐Meir Imanuel , Oron Talya
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The response of geophyte species diversity and frequency of individual geophyte species to cattle grazing was measured at 68 site pairs along fences separating ungrazed from grazed grassland and woodland on different geological formations in northern Israel. Over all site pairs, geophyte species density per 4 m2 was significantly greater in grazed (2.37) than in protected (1.96) sites of the same site pair. There was considerable variation between site pairs in the magnitude and in the direction of the grazing effect. Part of this variation could be explained by differences in site altitude and in geological formation. The positive effect of grazing on geophyte diversity was lower in sites with low productivity. Of 22 geophyte taxa for which sufficient data were available, nine indicated greater frequency in grazed sites compared to only two in ungrazed sites. In 11 other taxa the response was not consistent. A positive response to grazing was most common in geophytes with narrow leaves of the Iridaceae, Liliaceae and allied families. Conservation of the entire geophyte flora in Mediterranean vegetation requires livestock grazing at moderate to high intensities in parts of the area of each community, and light or no grazing in other parts.
Nucleation and facilitation in salt pans in Mediterranean salt marshes
Authors: Rubio‐Casal A.E. , Castillo J.M. , Luque C.J. , Figueroa M.E.
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum is a perennial species acting as a primary colonizer of salt pans in Mediterranean high salt marshes. Salicornia ramosissima, an annual, occurs in salt pans under Arthrocnemum canopies and in open areas. The aim of this study was to analyse, in wild populations and a transplant experiment, how S. ramosissima population dynamics and growth are affected by A. macrostachyum. The environmental conditions within the patches of Arthrocnemum were less stressful than in the open areas, with lower radiation levels and salinity concentrations. In the inner areas of A. macrostachyum patches, density‐dependent mortality processes of S. ramosissima seedlings led to low densities of adult individuals with greater morphological development and reproductive success than in open areas. However, at the edges of Arthrocnemum patches facilitation of seedling survival favoured high densities. Environmental stress hindered development, decreased reproduction and premature death. These results are in agreement with the general theory of factors controlling vegetation distribution that biotic interactions dominate in low stress environments, while abiotic interactions dominate under harsher environmental conditions. A. macrostachyum plays an essential role in the succession in these salt pans, facilitating seed production and stimulating nucleation processes in S. ramosissima.
The effect of spring burning on competitive ranking of prairie species
Authors: Suding Katharine Nash
Published: February 2007

Abstract. A common explanation for the changes in species abundance following a fire is a shift in competitive ranking. However, experimental tests have been inconsistent and generally do not support this explanation. I examined the competitive ability of an abundant C4 grass, Andropogon gerardii, and a C3 forb, Ratibida pinnata, in a prairie remnant in northern Ohio, USA, for each of three years following a spring burn in 1996. While the abiotic environment directly influenced both species similarly, relative competitive abilities in terms of growth changed markedly: in 1996 Andropogon was less inhibited by neighbors; in 1997 both Andropogon and Ratibida had similar competitive abilities; and in 1998 Ratibida was less inhibited by neighbors. This shift in competitive response ranking paralleled the changes in relative abundance for the two species. In contrast, the effect of neighbors on survival changed markedly over time but did not differ among the two species. Thus, fire may influence species abundance through changing species competitive response ranking, at least in terms of growth.
The distribution of heath balds in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee
Authors: White Peter S. , Wilds S.P. , Stratton D.A.
Published: February 2007

Abstract. We used remote sensing and a geographic information system to model the distribution of evergreen shrub communities, called ‘heath balds’, in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee, USA. The 421 heath balds averaged 1.8 ha in size and covered 0.3% of the landscape. They reached their greatest importance on upper slopes (92% had relative slope positions > 80), convex topography (82% occurred on sites with a curvature greater than 2.6), and elevations between 1100 and 1600 m (94% of the balds). Although heath balds were found in old‐growth watersheds, the two watersheds with the greatest number of balds burned extensively after logging in the early 1900s. Bald occurrence was positively correlated with burned sites, old growth condition, and a highly acidic rock type. Heath balds showed a striking geographic pattern, with 88.1% of the area of this community found in six watersheds comprising only 35.4% of the study area. Despite similar topography, geology, and history, the eleven other watersheds had only 11.9% of the bald area while comprising 64.4% of the study area. Multivariate models showed that this community occurs on only 0.4 to 9.0% of the seemingly appropriate sites. Once established, this shrub community, with its dense evergreen canopy and thick leaf litter, is resistant to tree invasion. Both forest and shrub communities are stable on sites that are seemingly ideal for heath bald occurrence.
Rarefaction does not eliminate the species richness‐biomass relationship in calcareous blackland prairies
Authors: Forbes Sarah P. , Schauwecker Timothy , Weiher Evan
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Relationships between species richness and biomass are common, but the causes remain controversial. It has been suggested that a hump‐shaped relationship may be an artifact of few individuals in both low and high biomass samples. We used rarefaction to standardize species richness to a constant number of individuals in 99 quadrat samples from relict calcareous prairies. Animal ecologists have long used rarefaction to standardize species richness to a constant number of individuals. The expected species richness of each quadrat was determined for 10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 individual plant ramets using the EcoSim program which resampled the data in each quadrat 1000 times. Because we had few samples with biomass over 300 g/m2, our data showed a positive relationship between species richness and biomass. The relationship was largely unaffected by rarefaction. Even at the most extreme case of rarefying to 10 individual ramets, the relationship was clear. Monte Carlo covariance tests did not change the shape of the richness‐biomass relationship and significant correlations between observed species richness and rarified species richness suggest that the number of individuals had negligible effects on richness patterns. Because the data had no strong declining phase, these results may not apply to the declining phase of a humped relationship. The results are discussed with reference to other methods of standardizing species richness. Most importantly, we suggest that expressing species richness per number of individuals is inappropriate and may lead to incorrect conclusions.
Robust estimation and design procedures for the random effects model
Authors: Zhou Julie , Zhu Hongtu
Published: January 2007

The authors discuss two robust estimators for estimating variance components in the random effects model, and they obtain finite‐sample breakdown points for the estimators. Based on the finite‐sample breakdown point, they propose a criterion for selecting robust designs. With robust designs, one can get efficient and reliable estimates for variance components regardless of outliers which may happen in the experiment. The authors give examples to show the performance of robust estimators and to compare robust designs with optimal designs based on the traditional analysis of variance estimation method.
Biased sampling with right censoring: A note on sun, Cui & Tiwari (2002)
Authors: Asgharian Masoud
Published: January 2007

Sun, Cui & Tiwari (2002) studied the asymptotic behaviour of certain goodness‐of‐fit tests in the presence of biased sampling and right censoring. The author illustrates that unfortunately, an assumption made by Sun, Cui and Tiwari on the independence between failure and censoring time fails to hold in many important applications, which limits the applicability of their results.
Collective Burial in Late Prehistoric Virginia: Excavation and Analysis of the Rapidan Mound
Authors: Dunham Gary H. , Gold Debra L. , Hantman Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2007

Recent excavation and analysis of the remaining section of the endangered Rapidan Mound site (44OR1) in the central Virginia Piedmont provide new insights into a unique complex of burial mounds in the Virginia interior. Known since Thomas Jefferson's eighteenth-century description, the mounds are both earth and stone and accretional earthen mounds. Thirteen are recorded, all dating to the late prehistoric and early contact era (ca. A.D. 900-1700). Typically containing few artifacts, the accretional mounds are unusual in North America in the numbers of individuals interred, more than one thousand in at least two cases, and in the nature of the secondary, collective burial ritual that built up the mounds over centuries. Following a review of the characteristics of the mound complex, we focus on the Rapidan Mound and the analysis of the collective, secondary burial features in the mound. Precise provenience information and bioarchaeological analyses of two large and intact collective burial features provide new information on health and diet, and several lines of evidence for demographic reconstruction. Finally, we discuss the mortuary ritual conducted at the mounds within the cultural and historical context of the region.
Comments on the Mainland Origins of the Preceramic Cultures of the Greater Antilles
Authors: Callaghan Richard T.
Published: February 2007

Computer simulations are used to shed light on the probable origins of the earliest Preceramic cultures of the Greater Antilles and to understand the navigation skills necessary for island colonization. These cultures, dating to between ca. 4000 B.C. and 2000 B.C., are found on Cuba, Hispaniola, and possibly Puerto Rico. Two areas, northern South America and northern Central America, have assemblages that bear resemblance to the assemblages of the Greater Antilles, but there are important differences. Chance discovery of the Greater Antilles is possible from three areas: northern South America, northern Central America, and southern Florida. Directed voyages have a high degree of success from all three areas. However, voyages from northern South America require the least navigational skill, making it the most likely source of colonization. From northern Central America, foreknowledge of the islands appears to be required, while directed voyages from southern Florida encounter considerable risk.
Designed for Ceremony: The Cappella Paolina at the Vatican Palace
Authors: Kuntz Margaret
Published: February 2007

This article explores the renovations of the ceremonial rooms of the Vatican Palace executed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger under Pope Paul III Farnese (r. 1534-49). The focus of the investigation is the evolution of Sangallo's design for the Cappella Paolina. From the evidence it is clear that the various ceremonial and liturgical functions performed in the chapel defined the ultimate design and the strategic, yet problematic, location at the nexus of the papal palace and St. Peter's basilica. The Cappella Paolina replaced the medieval Capella parva and assumed its functions, which necessitated that the new chapel be built in an analogous form and site in order to maintain papal ceremonial continuity. A new look at documentary evidence provides a revised chronology for the construction of the main ceremonial spaces and a new sequencing and interpretation of the surviving drawings.
Drawing with Numbers: Geometry and Numeracy in Early Modern Architectural Design
Authors: Carpo Mario
Published: February 2007

Precision in building was pursued and achieved well before the rise of modern science and technology. This fact applies to the classical tradition as well as to medieval architecture, and is particularly evident in architectural drawings and design from the Italian Renaissance onward. In this essay, I trace the shift from geometry-the primary tool for quantification in classical architecture- to numeracy that characterizes Renaissance architectural theory and practice. I also address some more general aspects of the relation between technologies of quantification and the making of architectural forms.
Women and the Werkbund: Gender Politics and German Design Reform, 1907-14
Authors: Stratigakos Despina
Published: February 2007

In this article, I explore the gender of everyday design in the Werkbund discourse. The German Werkbund, an alliance of artists, critics, and business-people, sought to restore harmony to German culture through the aesthetic transformation of daily life. Analyzing new sources that introduce the voices of women and expand the category of texts hitherto used for Werkbund scholarship, I examine the role of gender in the organization's efforts to impose a new aesthetic discipline. In the first section, I address attitudes toward women as consumers, sellers, and producers of everyday commodities. Whether seeking to portray women as agents of reform or to dismiss them as lovers of kitsch, women and men in the Werkbund employed gender norms in formulating their notions of good design and in devising strategies for its implementation. In the second section, I focus on how contemporary theories of gender, and particularly the idea of a female aesthetic lack, contributed to shaping the Werkbund's central design values of quality and Sachlichkeit. In the concluding section, I track the convergence of these issues at the Haus der Frau, the women's pavilion at the 1914 Werkbund exhibition in Cologne. I discuss how the organizers of the Haus der Frau attempted to feminize Werkbund design values in their conception and presentation of female-designed spaces and objects. The pavilion's critical reception reflects deeply divided beliefs on gender and modern design. By bringing together these elements, I seek to demonstrate that the Werkbund's discipline, which promised a new spiritual and aesthetic unity in Germany, was grounded in conflicting assumptions about gender roles in modern society.
Effect of exercise on serum concentration of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Helal Ibrahim E. , Misumi Kazuhiro , Tateno Oki , Kodama Takeshi , Ishimaru Mutsuki , Yamamoto Junya , Miyakoshi Daiske , Fujiki Makoto
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate changes in serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentrations in response to exercise in horses.

Animals—15 horses in experiment 1 and 27 horses in experiment 2.

Procedures—In experiment 1, 15 Thoroughbreds free of orthopedic disease underwent a standardized exercise protocol. Running velocity and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and blood samples were collected immediately before (baseline) and 1, 5, and 24 hours after a single episode of exercise. In experiment 2, 27 horses underwent 9 stages of a training program in which each stage consisted of 4 to 8 consecutive daily workouts followed by a rest day. Blood samples were collected immediately before the first and final daily workouts in each stage. Serum COMP concentrations were measured via inhibition ELISA with a monoclonal antibody (14G4) against equine COMP.

Results—In experiment 1, mean serum COMP concentration was significantly higher than baseline 1 and 5 hours after exercise and returned to baseline concentrations 24 hours after exercise. Mean serum baseline COMP concentration increased as the velocity of running at maximum HR and at an HR of 200 beats/min increased, being significantly higher during the third and fourth exercise tests than during the first. In experiment 2, mean baseline COMP concentration at the final workout of each stage was significantly higher than that at the first workout, beginning with stage 3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum COMP concentrations changed significantly in response to exercise. Exercise may enhance movement of COMP into the circulation as well as change the basal turnover rate of COMP.
Comparison of noninvasive cardiac output measured by use of partial carbon dioxide rebreathing or the lithium dilution method in anesthetized foals
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Giguère Steeve , Morey Timothy E. , Sanchez L. Chris , Shih Andre
Published: February 2007

Objective—To compare cardiac output (CO) measured by use of the partial carbon dioxide rebreathing method (NICO) or lithium dilution method (LiDCO) in anesthetized foals.

Sample Population—Data reported in 2 other studies for 18 neonatal foals that weighed 32 to 61 kg.

Procedures—Foals were anesthetized and instrumented to measure direct blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gases, end-tidal isoflurane and carbon dioxide concentrations, and CO. Various COs were achieved by administration of dobutamine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, phenylephrine, and isoflurane to allow comparisons between LiDCO and NICO methods. Measurements were obtained in duplicate or triplicate. We allowed 2 minutes between measurements for LiDCO and 3 minutes for NICO after achieving a stable hemodynamic plane for at least 10 to 15 minutes at each CO.

Results—217 comparisons were made. Correlation (r = 0.77) was good between the 2 methods for all determinations. Mean ± SD measurements of cardiac index for all comparisons with the LiDCO and NICO methods were 138 ± 62 mL/kg/min (range, 40 to 381 mL/kg/min) and 154 ± 55 mL/kg/min (range, 54 to 358 mL/kg/min), respectively. Mean difference (bias) between LiDCO and NICO measurements was −17.3 mL/kg/min with a precision (1.96 × SD) of 114 mL/kg/min (range, −131.3 to 96.7). Mean of the differences of LiDCO and NICO measurements was 4.37 + (0.87 × NICO value).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The NICO method is a viable, noninvasive method for determination of CO in neonatal foals with normal respiratory function. It compares well with the more invasive LiDCO method.
Cardiac evaluation of anesthetized Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi)
Authors: Adin Darcy B. , Maisenbacher Herbert W. , Ojeda Nyurka , Fiorello Christine V. , Estrada Amara H. , Prosek Robert , Citino Scott B.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To determine ECG and echocardiographic measurements in healthy anesthetized Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi).

Animals—20 healthy zebras.

Procedures—Auscultation, base-apex ECG, and echocardiography were performed on anesthetized zebras.

Results—Low-grade systolic murmurs were detected in the left basilar region in 4 of 20 zebras. Evaluation of ECGs from 19 zebras revealed sinus rhythm with a predominantly negative QRS complex and a mean ± SD heart rate of 67 ± 10 beats/min. Echocardiograms of sufficient image quality were obtained for 16 zebras. Interventricular septal thickness in diastole, left ventricular chamber in diastole and systole, left atrial diameter, and left ventricular mass were significantly and moderately correlated with estimated body weight (r values ranged from 0.650 to 0.884). Detectable swirling of blood in the right and sometimes the left ventricles was detected in 9 of 16 zebras, whereas physiologic regurgitation of blood was detected for the aortic valve in 3 zebras, pulmonary valve in 2 zebras, mitral valve in 2 zebras, and tricuspid valve in 1 zebra.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study provide reference information for use in the cardiac evaluation of anesthetized Grevy's zebras.
Evaluation of a combination of sodium hypochlorite and polyhexamethylene biguanide as an egg wash for red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) to suppress or eliminate Salmonella organisms on egg surfaces and in hatchlings
Authors: Mitchell Mark A. , Adamson Trinka W. , Singleton Charles B. , Roundtree Marlana K. , Bauer Rudy W. , Acierno Mark J.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate a combination of 2 nonantibiotic microbicide compounds, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), as a treatment to suppress or eliminate Salmonella spp from red-eared slider (RES) turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) eggs and hatchlings.

Sample Population—2,738 eggs from 8 turtle farms in Louisiana.

Procedures—Eggs were randomly sorted into 3 or, when sufficient eggs were available, 4 treatment groups as follows: control, pressure-differential egg treatment with NaOCl and gentamicin, NaOCl and PHMB bath treatment, and pressure-differential egg treatment with NaOCl and PHMB. Bacterial cultures were performed from specimens of eggs and hatchlings and evaluated for Salmonella spp.

Results—RES turtle eggs treated with NaOCl and PHMB as a bath (odds ratio [OR], 0.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1 to 0.3]) or as a pressure-differential dip (OR, 0.01 [95% CI, 0.001 to 0.07]) or with gentamicin as a pressure-differential dip (OR, 0.1 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.2]) were significantly less likely to have Salmonella-positive culture results than control-group eggs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Concern over reptile-associated salmonellosis in children in the United States is so great that federal regulations prohibit the sale of turtles that are < 10.2 cm in length. Currently, turtle farms treat eggs with gentamicin solution. Although this has reduced Salmonella shedding, it has also resulted in antimicrobial resistance. Results of our study indicate that a combination of NaOCl and PHMB may be used to suppress or eliminate Salmonella spp on RES turtle eggs and in hatchlings.
In vivo evaluation of α2-adrenoceptors in cats with idiopathic cystitis
Authors: Westropp Jodi L. , Kass Philip H. , Buffington C. A. Tony
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate the in vivo response of α2-adrenoceptors to medetomidine administration in cats with feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) during periods of stress and after environmental enrichment.

Animals—13 cats with FIC and 12 healthy cats.

Procedures—Cats were subjected to an acute-onset moderate stressor for 8 days. After stress, 20 μg of medetomidine/kg was administered IM on days 1, 3, and 8. Heart rate, blood pressure, pupil diameter, respiratory rate, and level of sedation were evaluated before and after administration of the drug. After day 8, cats were moved to an enriched environment, and tests were repeated on day 35.

Results—Heart rate decreased and pupil diameter increased significantly after medetomidine administration in healthy cats, compared with cats with FIC. Cats with FIC had significantly lower respiratory rates. No significant differences in blood pressure or sedation level were found.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased plasma catecholamine concentrations during the enrichment phase, which have been reported elsewhere, may have contributed to the differences in α2-adrenoceptor responses detected in cats with FIC.
Human-directed aggression in miniature pet pigs
Authors: Tynes Valarie V. , Hart Benjamin L. , Bain Melissa J.
Published: February 2007

Objectives—To determine whether associations exist between human-directed aggression and sex, neutering status, age of weaning, the presence of other pet pigs, or the presence of environmental enrichment objects in miniature pet pigs.

Design—Internet survey.

Study Population—Responses from 222 owners of miniature pet pigs.

Procedures—Pet pig owners were requested to complete a 48-item multiple-choice and short-answer Internet survey for each pig that they presently owned.

Results—Among 222 surveys that met enrollment criteria, human-directed aggression that occurred on at least 1 occasion was reported in 64% (n = 142) and aggression that occurred once or more per month was reported in 31% (69). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of human-directed aggression among castrated males, sexually intact females, and spayed females. Ages of weaning and neutering and the presence of objects intended to serve as environmental enrichment were not associated with frequency of aggression. A significant inverse association was detected between presence of other pigs in the same household and human-directed aggression, such that 21% (20/95) of pigs that lived with at least 1 conspecific were aggressive on a frequent basis, compared with 39% (49/126) of pigs that lived with no conspecific. A similar inverse association was evident regarding aggression that occurred on at least 1 occasion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that human-directed aggression is a common problem in miniature pet pigs. The presence of a conspecific can be expected to reduce the likelihood of human-directed aggression.
Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze, Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. biomass dynamics in Lake Provala (the Vojvodina Province, Serbia)
Authors: Nikolić Ljiljana , Čobanović Katarina , Lazić Dejana
Published: February 2007

Sixty-five plant species have been found in Lake Provala (the Vojvodina Province, Serbia) and its riparian zone. Among them, three hydrophytes were dominant: Nymphoides peltata, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum. As interactions between different ecological factors, especially light, temperature and nutrient level, are of prime importance for productivity of macrophytes, we analyzed the main physical and chemical indicators of water quality in the studied location. In the vegetation period of the year 2000, the dominant hydrophytes were analyzed for biomass production dynamics in the studied aquatic ecosystem, including fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW) and ash free dry weight (AFDW). The studied plant species achieved maximum biomass production in June, with statistical differences among the species at the significance level of α = 0.05.
Blood Cell Morphology and Plasma Biochemistry of the Captive European Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis
Authors: Metin K. , Türkozan O. , Kargin F. , Basumoglu Y. K. , Taskavak E. , Koca S.
Published: February 2007

The morphological characteristics of peripheral blood cells, micronucleated erythrocytes counts and plasma biochemistry profile were examined in ten healthy captive European pond turtles Emys orbicularis. Blood samples were obtained from the caudal vein. The Wright staining method was used for the classification of the blood cells. Mature erythrocytes of captive Emys orbicularis were nucleated ellipsoidal cells (21.7 ±1.27μm × 13.2 ±1.12 μm) with pink cytoplasm. The nucleus (6.9 ± 0.78 μm × 5.4 ± 0.65 μm) was centrally located and stained dark purple. Seven different types of blood cells were determined: erythrocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and heterophils. The micronucleated erythrocyte (MNE) values were 0.0016 and 0.003 for the males and females, respectively. The MNE results were presented as the mean frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes per 1000 cells per animal. The mean plasma concentrations in the total of specimens were as follows: total protein (25 g/L), albumin (7.2 g/L), globulin (17.8 g/L), glucose (2.91 mmol/L), calcium (2.32 mmol/L), phosphorus (1.55 mmol/L), creatinine (46.85 μmol/L), urea (10.93 mmol/L) , triglycerides (0.44 mmol/L), cholesterol (1.48 mmol/L), sodium (125.76 mmol/L), potassium (3.98 mmol/L), chloride (93.94 mmol/L), iron (13.34 μmol/L) and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (2.14 μkat/L), alanine aminotransferase (0.15 μkat/L), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (2.15 U/L), amylase (8.09 μkat/L), lactate dehydrogenase (19.93 μkat/L). We found sex-dependent differences only in ALT [(0.21 μkat/L and 0.10 μkat/L for the males and females, respectively) (t = 3,107; df = 14; p < 0.05)] value in the blood biochemical profile for healthy Emys orbicularis. We suggest that the biochemical profile described in the present study may be used as a standard profile for healthy Emys orbicularis kept in captivity.
Labelling and Content Evaluation of Commercial Veterinary Probiotics
Authors: Lata J. , Juránková J. , Doubek J. , Příbramská V. , Frič P. , Dítě P. , Kolář M. , Scheer P. , Kosáková D.
Published: February 2007

The aim of our study was to evaluate the contents and labelling of five commercial probiotics marketed for veterinary administration. The information on the product was obtained from the inserted leaflet or the data on the package. Quantitative bacteriological culture was performed in all products, and isolates were identified via biochemical characteristics. Comparison of actual contents versus label claims was performed. Four products correctly provided information on expiry dates, species and quantity of bacteria per gram or kilogram of product. In one product, there was no probiotic species mentioned in the Czech text on the package. Culture examinations of all the three products containing Enterococcus faecium resulted in finding the declared quantity of bacteria. They also contained Lactobacillus sp. not mentioned in the leaflet. Culturing the mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus paracasei, we found only Bacillus subtilis in a quantity by one order lower than declared. In an incorrectly labelled product, Lactobacillus sp. was found instead of yeast species. Most commercial veterinary probiotic preparations are not accurately represented by label claims.
Arthroscopic Subtalar Arthrodesis for Symptomatic Osteoarthritis of the Hindfoot: A Prospective Study of 41 Cases
Authors: Glanzmann Michael Christoph , Sanhueza-Hernandez Roberto
Published: February 2007

Background: This prospective study evaluated the results of arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis for painful hindfoot osteoarthritis. Methods: The hypotheses were that (1) the arthroscopic technique results in a reliable fusion rate, (2) the clinical outcome is better than the open procedure and (3) complication rates are lower. Forty-one arthroscopic subtalar fusions were done in 37 consecutive symptomatic patients without hindfoot deformity between December, 1997, and May, 2003. Indications for fusion were persistent pain with reduced range of motion and impaired daily activities. Results: The average modified AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score improved from 53 (range 22 to 69) points preoperatively to 84 (range 41 to 94) points at final follow-up (average 55 months, range 24 to 89 months). Union was achieved in all cases. Radiographic progression of degeneration in the adjacent joints was observed in three patients. Conclusions: In painful hindfoot osteoarthritis the arthroscopic technique provides reliable fusion and high patient satisfaction with the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure.
The Efficacy of Oral Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Medication (NSAID) in the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized, Prospective, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Donley Brian G. , Moore Tim , Sferra James , Gozdanovic Jon , Smith Richard
Published: February 2007

Background: Plantar fasciitis frequently responds to a broad range of conservative therapies, and there is no single universally accepted way of treating this condition. Modalities commonly used include rest, ice massage, stretching of the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), corticosteroid injections, foot padding, taping, shoe modifications (steel shank and anterior rocker bottom), arch supports, heel cups, custom foot orthoses, night splints, ultrasound, and casting. To our knowledge, no prospective, randomized, placebo controlled double-blind study has evaluated the efficacy of oral NSAIDs in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis were treated with a conservative regimen that included heel-cord stretching, viscoelastic heel cups, and night splinting. They were randomly assigned to either a placebo group or an NSAID group. In the NSAID group, celecoxib was added to the treatment regimen. Results: Pain and disability mean scores improved significantly over time in both groups, although there was no statistical significance between the placebo and NSAID groups at 1, 2, or 6 months. There was a trend towards improved pain relief and disability in the NSAID group, especially in the interval between the 2 and 6-month followup. Pain improved from baseline to 6 months by a factor of 5.2 and disability by 3.8 in the NSASID group compared to 3.6 and 3.5, respectively, in the placebo group. Even though at baseline the pain and disability scores were higher in the NSAID group, the final pain and disability scores were subjectively lower in the NSAID group than in the placebo group (1.43 for pain and 1.16 for disability in the NSAID group, compared to 1.86 and 1.49, respectively, in the placebo group). Conclusions: These results provide some evidence that the use of an NSAID may increase pain relief and decrease disability in patients with plantar fasciitis when used with a conservative treatment regimen.
Treatment of Freiberg Disease with Intra-articular Dorsal Wedge Osteotomy and Absorbable Pin Fixation
Authors: Lee Sang Ki , Chung Moon Sang , Baek Goo Hyun , Oh Joo Han , Lee Young Ho , Gong Hyun Sik
Published: February 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of intra-articular dorsal wedge osteotomy and absorbable pin fixation for the treatment of Freiberg disease. Methods: From January of 1997, to July of 2003, 12 patients with symptomatic Freiberg disease had intra-articular dorsal wedge osteotomy through the affected metatarsal head fixed with absorbable polyglycolide pins. All 12 patients were women with an average age of 36 (range 16 to 59) years. The Smillie stage of necrosis ranged from II to V. Active range-of-motion exercise was allowed after 4 weeks of short-leg walking cast wear, and weightbearing on the forefoot was allowed after radiographic union was achieved. The mean followup was 45 (range 22 to 84) months. Results: Radiographically, solid healing of all osteotomies was observed at an average of 10 (range 8 to 16) weeks. There was no evidence of displacement, osteolysis, sinus formation, or progression of osteonecrosis at final followup. Pain measurement on a visual analog scale had improved significantly from an average of 8.0 to 2.3 ( p < 0.05). The range of motion of the metatarsophalangeal joint increased by a mean of 26 (range 5 to 60) degrees. All patients were satisfied with the results and would have the surgery again. Conclusions: In patients with Freiberg disease, intra-articular dorsal wedge osteotomy restores congruity of the metatarsophalangeal joint, and fixation with absorbable pins provides adequate fixation and avoids a second procedure for implant removal.
Peroneal Tendon Tears: Return to Sports after Operative Treatment
Authors: Steel Maxwell W. , DeOrio James K.
Published: February 2007

Background: Operative treatment has become the standard for peroneal tendon tears when nonoperative management fails. Successful return to sports has been reported in previous studies. We evaluated 30 patients who had operative treatment of peroneal tears. Methods: Patients who were evaluated by a questionnaire and by review of medical records, MRI, radiographs, and operative reports. Results: Nine of the 10 patients who were working outside the home were able to return to employment at the same level. A substantial number had residual symptoms, including scar tenderness (58%) and lateral ankle swelling (54%). Only 46% were able to successfully return to sports. Conclusions: Although operative treatment was very effective in allowing patients to return to work, only half of our patients were able to return to sports at an average followup of 31 months.
Alterations in Plantar Pressure with Different Walking Boot Designs
Authors: DiLiberto Frank E. , Baumhauer Judith F. , Wilding Gregory E. , Nawoczenski Deborah A.
Published: February 2007

Background: Specialized walking devices, such as total contact casts and removable walking boots, have been shown to be effective noninvasive treatment options for plantar ulcers. Attempts at improving patient compliance frequently lead to new boot designs; however, the effect of the design modifications on plantar pressures or on the contralateral limb often is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different walking-boot calf heights and rocker sole designs on regional plantar pressures, as well as, on contralateral limb loading during walking. Methods: Twenty-six subjects, 20 to 54 years of age, without foot pathology were tested using four different configurations: high calf, rocker sole (HCR); low calf, rocker sole (LCR); low calf, modified rocker sole (LCMR), and shoe. Peak pressures, pressure-time integrals, and contact areas were measured using the Novel Pedar-X insole pressure measurement system. Average peak force was calculated for the contralateral limb. Results: Greatest forefoot peak pressure reduction was found in the HCR group (37.3% reduction compared to shoe condition), followed by 31.6% and 19.8% in the LCR and LCMR groups, respectively ( p < 0.0001). Forefoot pressure-time integrals were reduced for HCR and LCR (22.1% and 21.5%, respectively) compared to the LCMR (13.0%) ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Isolated modifications in walking boot designs resulted in plantar pressure modifications. LCR and LCMR designs favorably altered plantar pressures, but of a lesser magnitude than the HCR design. If lower calf, lower sole walking boot designs are recommended because of anticipated improvement in patient compliance, healing times may be prolonged.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect Lateral Process Talar Excision on Ankle and Subtalar Joint Stability
Authors: Langer Phillip , Nickisch Florian , Spenciner David , Fleming Braden , DiGiovanni Christopher W.
Published: February 2007

Background: Recent literature reflects a substantial increase in interest surrounding lateral talar process fractures. Previous anatomic investigations discovered that excision of a 1 cm3 fracture fragment from the lateral talar process involves approximately 100% of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament origin and 10% to 15% of both the posterior and anterior talofibular ligament insertions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect that excision of this 1 cm3 fragment has on ankle and subtalar joint stability. Methods: Ten fresh-frozen cadaver lower limbs were thawed before testing and placed in a clinical stress apparatus (Model SE 20, Telos, Marburg, Germany). Radiographs were taken before and after application of a 150 N of force. Three views (lateral, anteroposterior, 30-degree Bróden) were used to asses anterior tibiotalar translation (AT), talar tilt (TT), medial talocalcaneal motion (TCM), and talocalcaneal tilt (TCT) before and after excision of the 1 cm3 fragment the lateral talar process. Results: The mean increases in AT, TT, TCM and TCT after excision of the 1 cm3 fragment were: AT = 1.0 mm ± 0.94 mm ( p = 0.0085); TT = 0.4 ± 0.52 degrees ( p = 0.0368); TCM = 1.0 mm ± 1.25 mm ( p = 0.0319); TCT = 1.2 ± 1.32 degrees ( p = 0.0181). Conclusions: Since it has been generally accepted that a 3 mm increase in AT, 3-degree increase in TT, 5-mm increase in TCM, more than 5-degree increase in TCT define instability of the ankle and subtalar joints, respectively. These results suggest that excision of a 1 cm3 fragment causes neither ankle nor subtalar instability as defined by radiographic stress examination.
A Comparative Study of Wire Fixation and Screw Fixation in Arthrodesis for the Correction of Hallux Rigidus Using an in Vitro Biomechanical Model
Authors: Faraj Adnan A. , Naraen Asheem , Twigg Peter
Published: February 2007

Background: Arthrodesis of the great toe metatarsophalangeal joint for osteoarthritis usually involves internal fixation. Ideally, the fixation method should be reproducible, leading to a high rate of fusion and minimal complications. Methods: This biomechanical study compares circumferential wire and screw fixation methods of arthrodesis. Results: The two arthrodesis models have remarkably similar limits of elastic and plastic deformation. However, in the screw, failure by permanent deformation occurs at a load six times higher than the wire. Conclusions: The use of circumferential wire fixation for osteoporotic bones in which screw purchase is poor is reasonable and for quality bone, screw fixation may be preferable.
Preparation of Oriented Aluminum Nitride Thin Films on Polyimide Films and Piezoelectric Response with High Thermal Stability and Flexibility
Authors: Akiyama M. , Morofuji Y. , Kamohara T. , Nishikubo K. , Ooishi Y. , Tsubai M. , Fukuda O. , Ueno N.
Published: February 2007

c‐Axis oriented aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films are successfully prepared on amorphous polyimide films by radiofrequency magnetron reactive sputtering at room temperature. Structural analysis shows that the AlN films have a wurtzite structure and consist of c‐axis oriented columnar grains about 100 nm wide. The full width at half maximum of the X‐ray diffraction rocking curves and piezoelectric coefficient d33 of the AlN films are 8.3° and 0.56 pC N–1, respectively. The AlN films exhibit a piezoelectric response over a wide temperature range, from –196 to 300 °C, and can measure pressure within a wide range, from pulse waves of hundreds of pascals to 40 MPa. Moreover, the sensitivity of the AlN films increases with the number of times it was folded, suggesting that we can control the sensitivity of the AlN films by changing the geometric form. These results were achieved by a combination of preparing the oriented AlN thin films on polyimide films, and sandwiching the AlN and polymer films between top and bottom electrodes, such as Pt/AlN/polyimide/Pt. They are thin (less than 10 μm), self powered, adaptable to complex contours, and available in a variety of configurations. Although AlN is a piezoelectric ceramic, the AlN films are flexible and excellent in mechanical shock resistance.
Functionally Modified Macroporous Membrane Prepared by using Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Pereira A. , Laplante F. , Chaker M. , Guay D.
Published: February 2007

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is used to deposit pure metals (Pt and Au) and a mixture of metals (Pt–Ru) at the surface of a porous aluminum anodic oxide (AAO) substrate. In the case of Pt, thick films (> 300 nm) with pore diameters larger than 150 nm (macroporous), replicating the pore structure of the underlying AAO substrate, are obtained when PLD is performed at high (> 50 eV at–1) kinetic energy (Ek) conditions. At lower Ek conditions, the characteristic structure of the AAO membrane is not discernable in the deposited film. In that case, the substrate is entirely covered by a film, the structure of which is not different from that of a Pt film deposited on a flat Si substrate under the same conditions. AAO membranes modified by macroporous Au and Pt–Ru alloy films are also prepared, demonstrating that the concept can be applied to a wide range of materials. The mechanisms responsible for the replication of the substrate pore structure in the metallic layer are discussed. These functionally modified macroporous membranes are electroactive and this aspect has been emphasized by studying the electrocatalytic properties of Pt and Pt–Ru modified macroporous membranes for CO oxidation.