bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of Taiwan Topography on the Predictability of Typhoon Morakot’s Record-Breaking Rainfall: A High-Resolution Ensemble Simulation
Authors: Fang Xingqin , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Wang Anyu
Published: October 2011

In this study, the impacts of Taiwan topography on the extreme rainfall of Typhoon Morakot and the predictability of this rainfall are examined with a high-resolution (4 km) ensemble simulation using the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW). Ensemble prediction with realistic topography reproduces salient features of orographic precipitation. The 24- and 96-h accumulated rainfall amount and distribution from the ensemble mean compare reasonably well with the observed precipitation. When the terrain of Taiwan is removed, the rainfall distribution is markedly changed, suggesting the importance of the orography in determining the rainfall structure. Moreover, the peak 96-h rainfall amount is reduced to less than 20%, and the total rainfall amount over southern Taiwan is reduced to less than 60% of the experiments with Taiwan topography. Further analysis indicates that Taiwan’s topography substantially increases the variability of rainfall prediction. Analysis uncertainties as reflected in the perturbed initial state of the ensemble are amplified due to orographic influences on the typhoon circulation. As a result, significant variability occurs in the storm track, timing, and location of landfall, and storm intensities, which in turn, increases the rainfall variability. These results suggest that accurate prediction of heavy precipitation at a specific location and at high temporal resolution for an event such as Typhoon Morakot over Taiwan is extremely challenging. The forecasting of such an event would benefit from probabilistic prediction provided by a high-resolution mesoscale ensemble forecast system.
Estimating Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Infrared Image Data
Authors: Piñeros Miguel F. , Ritchie Elizabeth A. , Tyo J. Scott
Published: October 2011

This paper describes results from a near-real-time objective technique for estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones from satellite infrared imagery in the North Atlantic Ocean basin. The technique quantifies the level of organization or axisymmetry of the infrared cloud signature of a tropical cyclone as an indirect measurement of its maximum wind speed. The final maximum wind speed calculated by the technique is an independent estimate of tropical cyclone intensity. Seventy-eight tropical cyclones from the 2004–09 seasons are used both to train and to test independently the intensity estimation technique. Two independent tests are performed to test the ability of the technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity accurately. The best results from these tests have a root-mean-square intensity error of between 13 and 15 kt (where 1 kt ≈ 0.5 m s−1) for the two test sets.
An efficient trajectory-clustering algorithm based on an index tree
Authors: Yuan Guan , Xia Shixiong , Zhang Lei , Zhou Yong , Ji Cheng
Published: October 2011

With the development of location-based services, such as the Global Positioning System and Radio Frequency Identification, a great deal of trajectory data can be collected. Therefore, how to mine knowledge from these data has become an attractive topic. In this paper, we propose an efficient trajectory-clustering algorithm based on an index tree. Firstly, an index tree is proposed to store trajectories and their similarity matrix, with which trajectories can be retrieved efficiently; secondly, a new conception of trajectory structure is introduced to analyse both the internal and external features of trajectories; then, trajectories are partitioned into trajectory segments according to their corners; furthermore, the similarity between every trajectory segment pairs is compared by presenting the structural similarity function; finally, trajectory segments are grouped into different clusters according to their location in the different levels of the index tree. Experimental results on real data sets demonstrate not only the efficiency and effectiveness of our algorithm, but also the great flexibility that feature sensitivity can be adjusted by different parameters, and the cluster results are more practically significant.
The Dark Side of Development in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Hieu P. , Pham Huyen T.
Published: October 2011

Vietnam has become an attractive destination for foreign investors looking to maximize economic gains due to an increasingly young and educated population, a fast growing middle class, political stability, low labor cost, and loose operational standards. The inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has brought many positive outcomes to Vietnam, but its dark side is beginning to emerge. This article discusses one of the negative aspects of FDI-driven economic development in Vietnam through a high-profile, ongoing scandal involving Vedan, a Taiwanese company caught in the poisoning of the Thi Vai river. The authors provide implications for policy making and future research.
Neurologic Complications of 2009 Influenza-A H1N1 Infection in Children
Authors: Farooq Osman , Faden Howard S. , Cohen Michael E. , Ramanathan Murali , Barrett Helen , Farkas Mark K. , Langan Thomas J. , Yeh E. Ann
Published: October 2011

Little is known about the neurologic complications of the 2009 Influenza-A H1N1 epidemic in children. We present a retrospective analysis of children evaluated at a tertiary children’s hospital who tested positive for H1N1 with neurologic complications. A total of 164 children tested positive for H1N1. Thirty-one of these patients (19%) were evaluated and discharged from the emergency department. Thirty-nine (24%) were treated in the intensive care unit, the remaining 94 (57%) were treated in medical in-patient units. Six subjects died (3.7%). Neurologic complications identified included headache, encephalitis, polyneuropathy, seizures, and malignant hyperthermia. The rate of neurologic complications in this cohort of patients who tested positive for H1N1 was 19%. The incidence of serious neurologic complications was 3%, with another 3% of patients who experienced rapid clinical deterioration and subsequently died. Our observation of neurologic complications associated with 2009 influenza-A H1N1 epidemic suggests the need for clinical vigilance during future influenza epidemics.
Cascading Crises: The Crisis-Policy Nexus and the Restructuring of the US Housing Finance System
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox
Published: October 2011

Scholars currently debate the causes and consequences of the financial, housing foreclosure, and economic crises that are spreading globally to transform cities and international relations. This article develops the heuristic device crisis-policy nexus to identify and explain the policy drivers of the subprime mortgage crisis. I argue that the generation and regulation of capital flows through state policies systematically produces and exacerbates crisis tendencies – the accumulation of capital is associated with the accumulation of crises. Against conventional forms of Marxist theorizing, this article suggests that the metamorphosis of the subprime mortgage crisis into the global financial crisis reflects sociopolitical contradictions of previous state policies, and not the contradictions of capitalist accumulation per se.
The Specter of Racism in the 2005–6 Immigration Debate: Preserving Racial Group Position
Authors: Dietrich David R.
Published: October 2011

In the heated debate regarding ‘illegal immigration’ in the US, arguments and accusations have abounded regarding economics, citizenship, criminality, and culture, but race has remained conspicuously sidelined in public discussion. I argue that race is in fact central to the debate on immigration, both by those opposed to any legalization of undocumented workers in the US and those who favor a temporary worker (‘work visa’) program. In this article, I examine how both anti-immigration and pro-work-visa groups framed the immigration debate as reported in newspaper articles in the particularly contentious period from December 2005 to November 2006. I performed a content analysis of three newspapers representing three different regions and three differing histories of immigration: the Chicago Tribune, the Houston Chronicle, and the Raleigh News & Observer. Using Blumer’s group position theory, I examine the patterns within the discussion for evidence of preservation of racial group position on the part of both anti-immigration and pro-work visa advocates.
Particle image velocimetry study of the impinging height effect on an overexpanded supersonic impinging free jet at Ma = 1.754. Part 1: global coherent structure
Authors: Xu J L , Lin C F , Sha J
Published: October 2011

Results of an experimental study of an overexpanded axisymmetric supersonic impinging jet at Mach 1.754 with particle image velocimetry (PIV) are presented in this article. The focus of Part I is on the influence of the impinging height on the global coherent flow structure, while in Part II the detailed velocity magnitude, both axial and radial, as well as the position variation of the plate shock will be presented. The PIV results clearly demonstrate the formation of the stagnation bubble as well as the presence of the recirculating flow in it. When the impinging height reaches five times the nozzle exit diameter, the stagnation bubble disappears, which is thought to be the result of the increase in the thickness of the shear layer of the main jet and consequently the decrease in the difference of the stagnation pressure between the centre of the stagnation zone and the impinging point of the main jet shear layer. The comparison between instantaneous and mean PIV measurements demonstrates that there exists highly unsteady behaviour of the impinging jet. The shock wave structure and the unsteady entraining vortex of the nozzle jet and the wall jet are all clearly recorded by PIV. All these results are crucial to understand the effects of the impinging height on the global flowfield coherent structure of the overexpanded axisymmetric supersonic jet impingement.
Aerodynamic coupling model development and autopilot design for highly manoeuvring skid-to-turn missiles
Authors: Kim S-H , Kim Y-S , Lee Y-I , Tahk M-J
Published: October 2011

This article describes the aerodynamic coupling modelling problem and autopilot design method of highly manoeuvring skid-to-turn missiles. A well-defined linearized aerodynamic model of flight vehicle is necessary to design high-performance flight control system. Especially, in the case of missile with high angle of attack and large aerodynamic coupling effect, a linearized model used for the flight control system design plays an important role in determining the stability and performance of the overall system. Also, the partial derivatives of aerodynamic coefficients being used to derive the linearized model represent the primary characteristics that determine the stability of the control system. In this article, the calculation method of aerodynamic derivatives and autopilot design method which reflects the coupling effects of highly manoeuvrable missiles is proposed. First, two different calculation methods of aerodynamic derivatives are suggested. Also, the strength and weakness of each method are analysed. Also, it is explained that the calculation method of aerodynamic derivatives using the alpha–beta constant method is more reasonable than bank constant method for highly manoeuvrable missiles with severe coupling effects. In this case, the effective autopilot design approach is to directly apply the control schemes for multi-input multi-output systems. The suggested method is applied to the derivation of linearized aerodynamic coupling model for skid-to-turn missile which has heavy aerodynamic coupling due to high manoeuvrability. For validation of the suggested model, the autopilot design processes for a generic surface-to-air missile are performed. Non-linear simulation results are given to show that the proposed modelling method reflects the motion characteristics of non-linear missile system. In order to improve the performance of autopilot, the autopilot implementation procedures using the online gain calculation scheme are also discussed briefly.
Palliative Care and Support for Persons with HIV/AIDS in 7 African Countries
Authors: Alexander Carla S. , Memiah Peter , Henley Yvonne B. , Kaiza-Kangalawe Angela , Shumbusho Anna Joyce , Obiefune Michael , Enejoh Victor , Stanis-Ezeobi Winifred , Eze Charity , Odion Ehekhaye , Akpenna Donald , Effiong Amana , Miriti Kenneth , Aduda Samson , Oko John , Melaku Gebremedhin D. , Baribwira Cyprien , Umutesi Hassina , Shimabale Mope , Mugisa Emmanuel , Amoroso Anthony
Published: October 2011

To combat morbidity and mortality from the worldwide epidemic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the United States Congress implemented a President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in 30 resource-limited countries to integrate combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for both prevention and cure. Over 35% of eligible persons have been successfully treated. Initial legislation cited palliative care as an essential aspect of this plan but overall health strengthening became critical to sustainability of programing and funding priorities shifted to assure staffing for care delivery sites; laboratory and pharmaceutical infrastructure; data collection and reporting; and financial management as individual countries are being encouraged to assume control of in-country funding. Given infrastructure requisites, individual care delivery beyond ART management alone has received minimal funding yet care remains necessary for durable viral suppression and overall quality of life for individuals. Technical assistance staff of one implementing partner representing seven African countries met to clarify domains of palliative care compared with the substituted term “care and support” to understand potential gaps in on-going HIV care. They prioritized care needs as: 1) mental health (depression and other mood disorders); 2) communication skills (age-appropriate disclosure of HIV status); 3) support of care-providers (stress management for sustainability of a skilled HIV workforce); 4) Tied Priorities: symptom management in opportunistic infections; end-of-life care; spiritual history-taking; and 5) Tied Priorities: attention to grief-related needs of patients, their families and staff; and management of HIV co-morbidities. This process can inform health policy as funding transitions to new priorities.
The Effects of Reiki Therapy on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Attending a Day Oncology and Infusion Services Unit
Authors: Birocco Nadia , Guillame Camilla , Storto Silvana , Ritorto Giuliana , Catino Cristiana , Gir Nisha , Balestra Lucia , Tealdi Giancarla , Orecchia Cristina , Vito Giovanna De , Giaretto Lorena , Donadio Michela , Bertetto Oscar , Schena Marina , Ciuffreda Libero
Published: October 2011

Reiki is a system of natural healing techniques administered by laying of hands and transferring energy from the Reiki practitioner to the recipient. We investigated the role of Reiki in the management of anxiety, pain and global wellness in cancer patients. Building on the results of a pilot project conducted between 2003 and 2005 by a volunteer association at our hospital, a wider, 3-year study was conducted at the same center. The volunteer Reiki practitioners received 2 years of theory and practical training. The study population was 118 patients (67 women and 51 men; mean age, 55 years) with cancer at any stage and receiving any kind of chemotherapy. Before each session, the nurses collected the patient's personal data and clinical history. Pain and anxiety were evaluated according to a numeric rating scale by the Reiki practitioners. Each session lasted about 30 min; pain and anxiety scores were recorded using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), together with a description of the physical feelings the patients perceived during the session. All 118 patients received at least 1 Reiki treatment (total number, 238). In the subgroup of 22 patients who underwent the full cycle of 4 treatments, the mean VAS anxiety score decreased from 6.77 to 2.28 ( P <.000001) and the mean VAS pain score from 4.4 to 2.32 ( P = .091). Overall, the sessions were felt helpful in improving well-being, relaxation, pain relief, sleep quality and reducing anxiety. Offering Reiki therapy in hospitals could respond to patients' physical and emotional needs.
Experience of Services as a Key Outcome in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Care
Authors: Foley Geraldine , Timonen Virpi , Hardiman Orla
Published: October 2011

People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) frequently express dissatisfaction with services. Patient satisfaction with services in ALS care is not always measured and service user perspectives are not usually included when evaluating the outcomes of care. There is a lack of consensus on what constitutes satisfaction for patients in ALS care. To date, health care professionals’ conceptualization of outcomes in ALS care has excluded measures of patient satisfaction with services. Exploring the context of the ALS service user experience of care will identify a conceptual framework that will include the domains of satisfaction with care for patients with ALS. An instrument that draws on the ALS patient perspective of services, developed on the basis of qualitative investigation, should be used to measure satisfaction with services.
Characteristics and Behavioral Outcomes for Youth in Group Care and Family-Based Care
Authors: James Sigrid , Roesch Scott , Zhang Jin Jin
Published: October 2011

This study aimed to answer two questions: (a) Given expected differences in children who are placed in group care compared to those in family-based settings, is it possible to match children on baseline characteristics? (b) Are there differences in behavioral outcomes for youth with episodes in group care versus those in family-based care? Using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, the study sample included 1,191 children with episodes in out-of-home care ( n = 254 youth with group care episodes; n = 937 youth with episodes in family-based care and no group care). Conditioning variables were identified, which distinguished between the two groups of youth. Using propensity score matching, all youth placed into group care were matched on the propensity score with family-based care youth. Behavioral outcomes at 36 months, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist, were compared for the matched sample. Of the total 254 youth with group care episodes, 157 could be matched to youth with episodes in family-based care. No significant differences remained between the two groups in the matched sample, and findings revealed no significant differences in longitudinal behavioral outcomes.
Predicting Reading Comprehension on the Internet
Authors: Coiro Julie
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the extent to which new reading comprehension proficiencies may be required when adolescents read for information on the Internet. Seventh graders ( N = 109) selected from a stratified random sample of diverse middle school students completed a survey of topic-specific prior knowledge and parallel scenario-based measures of online reading comprehension. Standardized reading comprehension scores were also collected. Results indicated performance on one measure of online reading comprehension accounted for a significant amount of unique variance in performance on a second measure of online reading comprehension after controlling for standardized test scores of offline reading comprehension and topic-specific prior knowledge. Furthermore, there was an interaction between prior knowledge and online reading comprehension, such that higher levels of online reading comprehension skills may help compensate for lower levels of topic-specific prior knowledge when adolescents are asked to locate, critically evaluate, synthesize, and communicate information using the Internet. The author discusses a series of alternative interpretations of the data as well as their implications for literacy theory and research.
What Matters Most in Distinguished Literacy Teacher Education Programs?
Authors: Lacina Jan , Block Cathy Collins
Published: October 2011

This study is a research collaborative conducted with multiple sites to examine the programmatic features within six literacy teacher education programs that have received the Certificate of Distinction of the International Reading Association (IRA). The objectives were to identify the features that were most highly ranked by internal and external experts and to delineate specific examples of how the features were actualized. A classical Delphi method was applied, and participants included leading literacy faculty members at each of the six institutions, the internal experts ( n = 18), and members of program review teams identified by IRA, the external experts ( n = 3). Analyses of results revealed that 14 programmatic features ranked higher in value than others at a statistically significant level. The study found that the internal and external literacy teacher education experts agreed on the most highly valued programmatic factors. These include the importance of relevant field experiences, the development of teacher candidates’ abilities to teach and assess children through a wide variety of instructional strategies and assessment instruments, and ways to integrate literacy and language strategies throughout the curriculum.
Actigraph Estimates of the Sleep of Australian Midwives
Authors: Tremaine Rebecca , Dorrian Jillian , Paterson Jessica , Neall Annabelle , Piggott Ellie , Grech Carol , Pincombe Jan
Published: October 2011

Midwives often work night and rotating shift schedules, which can lead to sleep disturbances, increased fatigue, and greater likelihood of accidents or errors. This study investigated the sleep of midwives ( n = 17) in an Australian metropolitan hospital. Midwives completed work and sleep logbooks and wore wrist actigraphs for 28 days. Midwives worked combinations of morning, afternoon, and/or night shifts on constant ( n = 6) or rotating schedules ( n = 11). They obtained less than recommended amounts of sleep, getting only 6–7 hr per 24-hr period. Morning shifts were associated with the lowest sleep durations, lowest subjective sleep quality, and highest postsleep fatigue ratings. Despite the significantly higher amount of wake after sleep onset (51 min), the sleep before afternoon shifts had significantly lower postsleep fatigue ratings and was rated as significantly higher quality than sleep before other shifts or days off. Those who were married or living with a partner reported significantly more sleep and lower postsleep fatigue than those who were separated or divorced ( p < .05). Seventy-one percent of midwives took naps, primarily before night shifts, with nearly 40% of nightshifts preceded by a nap. Average nap durations were nearly 1.5 hr. Midwives reported feeling moderately to very physically or mentally exhausted on 22–50% of all shifts and days off. Exhaustion was most common on night shift. This study suggests that midwives may be suffering from chronic sleep loss and as a consequence may be at risk of impairments in functioning that accompany fatigue.
Marketing remote destinations: A case study of the Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Buultjens Jeremy , Wilde Simon , Crummy Mark
Published: October 2011

It is accepted that effective marketing is an important feature of successful tourism destinations and is necessary in order to promote tourism growth. Effective marketing is even more important for remote destinations since these destinations have extra challenges to overcome such as accessibility and tourists’ perceptions of inferior infrastructure. This article presents findings from a study that examined Tourism Northern Territory’s approach to marketing and how stakeholders in three destinations viewed this approach. Stakeholders suggested that Tourism NT’s ‘destination’ approach to marketing the Territory, when viewed against the previously employed generic ‘whole of Territory’ marketing methodology, provided a more appropriate positioning tool for their region, and by extension, provided local tourism stakeholders with a greater connection with the marketing division of Tourism Northern Territory. However, these positive conclusions were tempered by some perceived failings.
Factors related to a clinically silent peri-procedural drop in hemoglobin with coronary and peripheral vascular interventions
Authors: Jaffery Zehra , White Christopher J , Collins Tyrone J , Grise Mark A , Jenkins J Stephen , McMullan Paul W , Patel Rajan A , Reilly John P , Thornton Stanley N , Ramee Stephen R
Published: October 2011

Clinically evident and subclinical peri-procedural bleeding following interventional therapies are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The risk factors for clinically evident bleeding have been well described. Despite the well-documented association of adverse outcomes for patients with a subclinical peri-procedural hemoglobin drop, the clinical predictors have not yet been defined. We identified 1176 consecutive patients with a subclinical drop in hemoglobin (fall of ≥ 1 g/dl in patients without clinical bleeding) following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and peripheral vascular interventions (PVI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. A subclinical peri-procedural hemoglobin drop ≥ 1 g/dl was identified in 41% (400/972) of PCI and in 49% (213/435) of PVI. More than one access site predicted a higher risk of a subclinical drop in hemoglobin in both groups. A body mass index ≥ 30 predicted a lower risk of a subclinical drop in hemoglobin in both groups. For PCI, creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min was associated with a higher risk of a subclinical drop in hemoglobin. In conclusion, clinically silent peri-procedural hemoglobin fall ≥ 1 g/dl is common in patients undergoing both coronary and peripheral percutaneous intervention. Predictors identified in our study will need prospective validation.
Evaluation of trans sodium crocetinate on safety and exercise performance in patients with peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication
Authors: Mohler Emile R , Gainer John L , Whitten Kim , Eraso Luis H , Thanaporn Porama Koy , Bauer Timothy
Published: October 2011

Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC) is a synthetic carotenoid that improves the diffusion of oxygen in animal models of ischemia/hypoxia. This study evaluated multiple doses of TSC in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and hypothesized that a preliminary dose–response relationship could be identified on peak walking time (PWT). Forty-eight patients with symptomatic PAD and an ankle–brachial index < 0.90 were included, while critical limb ischemia, recent revascularization, and exercise limited by symptoms other than claudication were exclusionary. Patients were randomized to placebo or eight dosing levels of TSC ranging from 0.25 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg given intravenously once daily for 5 days. Subjects were tested on a graded treadmill protocol to claudication-limited PWT with the change to Day 5 as primary. A cubic regression was fit to detect a pre-specified inverted U-shaped dose–response relationship (65% power). Patient-reported walking distance from the Walking Impairment Questionnaire was a secondary endpoint. Adverse events were not predominant on any drug dose relative to placebo. Changes in PWT demonstrated a cubic trend for dose ( p = 0.07, r = 0.39, r2 = 0.15) with morphologic signals of benefit at doses above 1.00 mg/kg after both the first and fifth dosing days. Similar improvements occurred with the walking distance score at doses above 1.00 mg/kg. In conclusion, TSC was safe and well tolerated at all doses. Notable signals of benefit were observed at higher doses for both PWT and patient-perceived walking distance. These results support a phase II study to define the optimal dose for longer-term therapy with TSC. Clinical Trial Registration – URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00725881
(Pro)renin receptor: another member of the system controlled by angiotensin II?
Authors: Pereira Luciana G , Arnoni Carine P , Maquigussa Edgar , Cristovam Priscila C , Dreyfuss Juliana , Boim Mirian A
Published: October 2011

The prorenin receptor [(P)RR] is upregulated in the diabetic kidney and has been implicated in the high glucose (HG)-induced overproduction of profibrotic molecules by mesangial cells (MCs), which is mediated by ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The regulation of (P)RR gene transcription and the mechanisms by which HG increases (P)RR gene expression are not fully understood. Because intracellular levels of angiotensin II (AngII) are increased in MCs stimulated with HG, we used this in vitro system to evaluate the possible role of AngII in (P)RR gene expression and function by comparing the effects of AT1 receptor blockers (losartan or candesartan) and (P)RR mRNA silencing (siRNA) in human MCs (HMCs) stimulated with HG. HG induced an increase in (P)RR and fibronectin expression and in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These effects were completely reversed by (P)RR siRNA and losartan but not by candesartan (an angiotensin receptor blocker that, in contrast to losartan, blocks AT1 receptor internalization). These results suggest that (P)RR gene activity may be controlled by intracellular AngII and that HG-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and fibronectin overproduction are primarily induced by (P)RR activation. This relationship between AngII and (P)RR may constitute an additional pathway of MC dysfunction in response to HG stimulation.
The synthetic color sense of Pipilotti Rist, or, Deleuzian color theory for electronic media art
Authors: Kane Carolyn L.
Published: October 2011

Electronic artist Pipilotti Rist’s colorful and sensuous video installations enliven the new media landscape and offer a fresh paradigm for conceptualizing color in electronic media art. This article traverses this landscape in Rist’s work by way of Gilles Deleuze’s equally unique and idiosyncratic color theory. While Deleuze articulated his color theory in terms specific to painting, his theory was nonetheless structured out of analogies to inorganic, electronic, and synthetic, machine systems, and thus it is highly compatible for discussions of color in electronic aesthetics. This article explicates Deleuze’s argument that color is a form of haptic sensation that is not nostalgic, nor purely meaningless, but rather offers fresh affects, erotics, and sensorial possibilities that balance meaning and chaos, and affect and logic. The article concludes that the much-needed continuation of color philosophy within new media art is broached through Rist’s synthetic, yet lively artwork.
Photographer autonomy and images of resistance: the case of South Africa during the 1980s
Authors: Saayman Hattingh Heidi M. , Gaede Rolf J.
Published: October 2011

This article examines the praxis of prominent photographers who were professionally active during the 1980s in South Africa, based on 26 personal interviews. The authors look at issues concerning practitioner autonomy, or the photographer’s freedom to make independent communication-related choices while working within social documentary or photojournalism genres. The data suggest that the majority of photographers operated on the level of strategic social actions with low levels of practitioner autonomy, using photography in the first instance as a ‘weapon’ in the fight against apartheid, actively forming collectives to assist with the distribution of resistance images internationally. In contrast, those photographers who opted to operate primarily as independent social commentators remained in the minority.
Even if you say it three ways, it still doesn’t mean it’s true: The pervasiveness of heteronormativity in early childhood education
Authors: Gunn Alexandra C
Published: October 2011

Heteronormativity, the concept that heterosexual sexuality is an institutionalized norm and a superior and privileged standard, is held firm when discourses of gender, sexualities and family form converge. In a study of heteronormative discourses in the context of early childhood education, teachers shared accounts of practices where genders, sexualities and family form were troubled and troubling. An analysis of these showed the repetitive distribution of the statement, heterosexuality is/as normal, and therefore illuminated the pervasiveness of heteronormativity in work with young children and families. This article makes visible the ways heteronormativity is achieved in early childhood education along these trajectories and asks, in whose interests is the (hetero)norm being preserved?
Listening to the City
Authors: White Carolyne J. , Makris Molly Vollman , Lizaire-Duff Sandy
Published: October 2011

People talk in generalities about Newark, New Jersey, as an immigrant city, a dangerous city, a city on the verge of a renaissance. People talk about Newark’s Historic James Street Commons Neighborhood as unique, diverse, and even privileged. The current mayor proclaims that Newark’s revival will shock the world. The authors ask what kind of revival and in whose interests? Drawing upon the legacy of theatre and social critique, the authors create a dramatic mosaic format to illuminate a community research project that explores, confronts, and challenges these generalities from the particular perspectives of 27 residents of the neighborhood. With the assistance of 12 Rutgers University doctoral students, the authors invite you to respectfully listen to this city.
Motor Vehicle Safety During Pregnancy
Authors: Vladutiu Catherine J. , Weiss Harold B.
Published: October 2011

Motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy are the leading cause of traumatic fetal mortality and serious maternal injury, morbidity, and mortality in the United States, injuring approximately 92 500 pregnant women each year. Little is known about the circumstances surrounding these crash events and the maternal characteristics that may increase women’s vulnerability to crash-related injuries during pregnancy. Even less is known about the effects of crashes on fetal outcomes. Crash simulation studies using female anthropomorphic test devices and computational models have been conducted to better understand the mechanisms of maternal and fetal injuries and death resulting from motor vehicle crashes. In addition, several case reports describing maternal and fetal outcomes following crashes have been published in the literature. Only a few population-based studies have explored the association between motor vehicle crashes and adverse maternal and/or fetal outcomes, and even fewer have examined the effectiveness of seat belts and/or airbags in reducing the risk of these outcomes. This article reviews what is presently known about motor vehicle crashes during pregnancy, their effects on maternal and fetal outcomes, and the role of vehicle safety devices and other safety approaches in mitigating the occurrence and severity of maternal crashes and subsequent injuries. In addition, this article suggests interventions targeted toward the prevention of crashes during pregnancy.
A Heuristic for Developing Transdiagnostic Models of Psychopathology
Authors: Nolen-Hoeksema Susan , Watkins Edward R.
Published: October 2011

Transdiagnostic models of psychopathology are increasingly prominent because they focus on fundamental processes underlying multiple disorders, help to explain comorbidity among disorders, and may lead to more effective assessment and treatment of disorders. Current transdiagnostic models, however, have difficulty simultaneously explaining the mechanisms by which a transdiagnostic risk factor leads to multiple disorders (i.e., multifinality) and why one individual with a particular transdiagnostic risk factor develops one set of symptoms while another with the same transdiagnostic risk factor develops another set of symptoms (i.e., divergent trajectories). In this article, we propose a heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models that can guide theorists in explicating how a transdiagnostic risk factor results in both multifinality and divergent trajectories. We also (a) describe different levels of transdiagnostic factors and their relative theoretical and clinical usefulness, (b) suggest the types of mechanisms by which factors at 1 level may be related to factors at other levels, and (c) suggest the types of moderating factors that may determine whether a transdiagnostic factor leads to certain specific disorders or symptoms and not others. We illustrate this heuristic using research on rumination, a process for which there is evidence it is a transdiagnostic risk factor.
Cognitive Bias Modification
Authors: Hertel Paula T. , Mathews Andrew
Published: October 2011

Research conducted within the general paradigm of cognitive bias modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, the authors examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. The techniques and goals of CBM research are compared with other approaches to understanding cognition–emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and, more generally, about causal relationships between cognitive processing and emotion.
Unstable vibration in centreless grinding: Part 2. Graphical method
Authors: Pearce T R A , Stone B J
Published: October 2011

The authors demonstrated in a previous paper that in centreless grinding geometric instability and chatter were essentially the same phenomenon. In this paper a graphical approach developed for metal cutting is extended to centreless grinding with the aim of explaining certain earlier findings. It has been shown that the additional force components in centreless grinding allow chatter to occur at frequencies well below the natural frequency and give rise to roundness errors previously considered as geometric instability. These additional force components also explain why a flexible wheel does not improve stability in centreless grinding. Furthermore, it has been shown that the higher resultant force with centreless grinding results in a lower minimum stable width compared with conventional cylindrical grinding.
Legitimacy, Power and Subversion
Authors: Pati Biswamoy
Published: October 2011

This article explores the diversities involved with the process of power and legitimacy and highlights its interactive and dynamic characteristics. What is rather well known is the way the colonial state and the internal ruling classes (viz., princes and zamindars) devised rituals to legitimise their rule. Thus, these ranged from the associations that were sought to be established with ‘cults’, myths and caste to practices involving complex, ritualised negotiations with the adivasi (tribal)/outcaste population. However, what is normally not taken into account by historians is the way the common people re-worked some of these practices to not only undermine the position of the ruling classes but even challenge and attempt to subvert their dominance. Besides being intimately asso-ciated with the day-to-day survival strategies of the poor, some of these had long-term implications since they were distinctly associated with popular anti-colonial/feudal aspirations.
Acquired STAT4 deficiency as a consequence of cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Lupov Ivan P. , Voiles Larry , Han Ling , Schwartz Allysia , De La Rosa Manuel , Oza Kinnari , Pelloso David , Sahu Ravi P. , Travers Jeffrey B. , Robertson Michael J. , Chang Hua-Chen
Published: October 2011

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor that is activated by IL-12 signaling and promotes Th1-cell differentiation and IFN-γ production. Defective IFN-γ production because of STAT4 mRNA and protein deficiency occurs after autologous stem cell transplantation for lymphoma. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of STAT4 deficiency in lymphoma patients. The tumor-bearing state is not responsible, because STAT4 levels were not significantly different in PBMCs obtained from healthy control subjects compared with those from lymphoma patients before treatment. STAT4 protein levels were significantly decreased in PBMCs and T cells obtained from lymphoma patients after standard-dose chemotherapy. Furthermore, treatment of control PBMC cultures or a natural killer cell line with chemotherapy drugs in vitro also resulted in reduced STAT4 protein and diminished, IL-12–induced IFN-γ production. Translation of STAT4 protein was not impaired in chemotherapy-treated cells, whereas the STAT4 protein half-life was significantly reduced. Chemotherapy drugs promoted the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of STAT4. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib reversed chemotherapy-induced STAT4 deficiency and defective IFN-γ production. We conclude that acquired STAT4 deficiency in lymphoma patients is a consequence of treatment with chemotherapy, results that have important implications for the design of optimal immunotherapy for lymphoma.
CD73-generated extracellular adenosine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia creates local conditions counteracting drug-induced cell death
Authors: Serra Sara , Horenstein Alberto L. , Vaisitti Tiziana , Brusa Davide , Rossi Davide , Laurenti Luca , D'Arena Giovanni , Coscia Marta , Tripodo Claudio , Inghirami Giorgio , Robson Simon C. , Gaidano Gianluca , Malavasi Fabio , Deaglio Silvia
Published: October 2011

Extracellular adenosine (ADO), generated from ATP or ADP through the concerted action of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73, elicits autocrine and paracrine effects mediated by type 1 purinergic receptors. We have tested whether the expression of CD39 and CD73 by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells activates an adenosinergic axis affecting growth and survival. By immunohistochemistry, CD39 is widely expressed in CLL lymph nodes, whereas CD73 is restricted to proliferation centers. CD73 expression is highest on Ki-67+ CLL cells, adjacent to T lymphocytes, and is further localized to perivascular areas. CD39+/CD73+ CLL cells generate ADO from ADP in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In peripheral blood, CD73 expression occurs in 97/299 (32%) CLL patients and pairs with CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. CD73-generated extracellular ADO activates type 1 purinergic A2A receptors that are constitutively expressed by CLL cells and that are further elevated in proliferating neoplastic cells. Activation of the ADO receptors increases cytoplasmic cAMP levels, inhibiting chemotaxis and limiting spontaneous drug-induced apoptosis of CLL cells. These data are consistent with the existence of an autocrine adenosinergic loop, and support engraftment of leukemic cells in growth-favorable niches, while simultaneously protecting from the action of chemotherapeutic agents.
Trends in Quality-Adjusted Skill Premia in the United States, 1960–2000
Authors: Carneiro Pedro , Lee Sokbae
Published: October 2011

This paper presents new evidence that increases in college enrollment lead to a decline in the average quality of college graduates between 1960 and 2000, resulting in a decrease of 6 percentage points in the college premium. A standard demand and supply framework can qualitatively account for the trend in the college and age premia over this period, but substantial quantitative adjustments are needed to account for changes in quality. (JEL I23, J24, J31)
Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya
Authors: Duflo Esther , Kremer Michael , Robinson Jonathan
Published: October 2011

We model farmers as facing small fixed costs of purchasing fertilizer and assume some are stochastically present biased and not fully sophisticated about this bias. Such farmers may procrastinate, postponing fertilizer purchases until later periods, when they may be too impatient to purchase fertilizer. Consistent with the model, many farmers in Western Kenya fail to take advantage of apparently profitable fertilizer investments, but they do invest in response to small, time-limited discounts on the cost of acquiring fertilizer (free delivery) just after harvest. Calibration suggests that this policy can yield higher welfare than either laissez-faire policies or heavy subsidies. (JEL Q13, Q12, Q16, Q18)
Aggregation and the PPP Puzzle in a Sticky-Price Model
Authors: Carvalho Carlos , Nechio Fernanda
Published: October 2011

We study the purchasing power parity (PPP) puzzle in a multisector, two-country, sticky-price model. Sectors differ in the extent of price stickiness, leading to heterogeneous sectoral real exchange rate dynamics. Deviations from PPP are more volatile and persistent than in an otherwise identical one-sector world economy with the same average frequency of price changes. Under the empirical distribution of price stickiness of the US economy, the model produces PPP deviations with a half-life of 39 months. We provide a structural interpretation of the approaches found in the empirical literature on aggregation and PPP, and reconcile its apparently conflicting findings. (JEL F31, G31)
Bayesian Persuasion
Authors: Kamenica Emir , Gentzkow Matthew
Published: October 2011

When is it possible for one person to persuade another to change her action? We consider a symmetric information model where a sender chooses a signal to reveal to a receiver, who then takes a noncontractible action that affects the welfare of both players. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a signal that strictly benefits the sender. We characterize sender-optimal signals. We examine comparative statics with respect to the alignment of the sender's and the receiver's preferences. Finally, we apply our results to persuasion by litigators, lobbyists, and salespeople. (JEL D72, D82, D83, K40, M31)
The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities
Authors: Duranton Gilles , Turner Matthew A
Published: October 2011

We investigate the effect of lane kilometers of roads on vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) in US cities. VKT increases proportionately to roadway lane kilometers for interstate highways and probably slightly less rapidly for other types of roads. The sources for this extra VKT are increases in driving by current residents, increases in commercial traffic, and migration. Increasing lane kilometers for one type of road diverts little traffic from other types of road. We find no evidence that the provision of public transportation affects VKT. We conclude that increased provision of roads or public transit is unlikely to relieve congestion. (JEL R41, R48)
Clearing the Air? The Effects of Gasoline Content Regulation on Air Quality
Authors: Auffhammer Maximilian , Kellogg Ryan
Published: October 2011

This paper examines whether US gasoline content regulations, which impose substantial costs on consumers, have successfully reduced ozone pollution. We take advantage of spatial and temporal variation in the regulations' implementation to show that federal gasoline standards, which allow refiners flexibility in choosing a compliance mechanism, did not improve air quality. This outcome occurred because minimizing the cost of compliance does not reduce emissions of those compounds most prone to forming ozone. In California, however, we find that precisely targeted, inflexible regulations requiring the removal of particularly harmful compounds significantly improved air quality. (JEL L51, L71, L78, Q53, Q58)