bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Gangs in Paris: Toward a Structural Analysis
Authors: Monod Jean
Published: March 2007

In contrast with studies focused on the "delinquency" aspects of juvenile gangs, this article is based on the assumption that juvenile gangs are a normal phenomenon and that they have a particular historical significance. Juvenile subcultures, far from being pathological, re-establish a kind of cultural diversity in a world threatened with uniformization. This diversity is organized among Parisian juvenile gangs in a number of variants, both opposed and complementary to each other, which define their crucial relations with their environment, the society at large, their common past and uncertain future, and their mutual relationships.

The evolution of Parisian juvenile gangs shows that their current diversity must be related to their past common style when, in 1956, they were influenced by certain American movies. Torn between integrating tendencies, both positive (official teen-age culture) and negative (officially defined juvenile delin qtiency), and tendencies to disintegration, gangs maintain their identity mainly by strengthening, through ideology and/or behavior, the conflicts which oppose them to the legitimations of normative society.

This observation and others make it possible to reformulate the classic oppositions between subculture and social structure, individual and group, etc. The methodology here proposed suggests that, behind the arbitrary appearance of subcultural varieties, a logic operates which organizes their mutual relation ships and explains their meaning.
Evaluating Large Scale Social Service Systems in Changing Environments: The Case of Correctional Agencies
Authors: Coates Robert B. , Miller Alden D.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation research on changing social service systems has been plagued with problems attributed to a lack of the stability required for rigorous evaluation designs. The authors present an alternative concep tualization scheme and model which permits evaluation to be done in such changing environments. The authors distinguish among sets, strategies, and programs and identify a time perspective in the use of evaluative criteria that focus on client relationships both within and outside programs. The model described should Permit research teams to address system administration concerns while at the same time taking advantage of the natural changing setting for testing theoretical proposi tions.
Contending Theories of Criminal Law: Statutory Penalties Versus Public Preferences
Authors: Warr Mark , Gibbs Jack P. , Erickson Maynard L.
Published: March 2007

Consistent with the "consensus theory" of criminal law, the findings indicate substantial congruence between statutory penalties and the kinds of penalties preferred by respondents in an Arizona sample survey. Howeuer, that con gruence is largely peculiar to penalties as they apply to adult offenders. More over, when it comes to the magnitude of penalties, there is much less con gruence; and that finding lends support to the contending theory, the "conflict theory" of criminal law. Both theories are judged defective because neither accounts for enormous variation among types of crimes as to the congruence between statutory penalties and penalties preferred by the public.
Deterrent and Experiential Effects: the Problem of Causal Order in Perceptual Deterrence Research
Authors: Saltzman Linda , Paternoster Raymond , Waldo Gordon P. , Chiricos Theodore G.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the first longitudinal study to consider the relationship between perceptions of legal sanctions and self-reported criminality. The longitudinal design helps to address the problem of interpreting causal order that traditionally has troubled deterrence researchers using cross-sectional data. Self-reports of unlawful behavior (petty theft, marijuana use, payment using bad checks) over the past year are correlated both with perceptions of legal sanctions measured a year earlier (Time 1) and with perceptions of sanctions at the time of the self-reports (Time 2), for a random sample of 300 undergraduates at a large state university. The principal advantage of this method is that it affords a comparison of "deterrent" effects (perceived sanctions at Time 1 and subsequent reported behavior) with what are termed "experiential" effects (reported behavior and subsequent perceived sanctions at Time 2). The latter have been consistently treated as deterrent effects by prior researchers using cross-sectional data. For perceived certainty of arrest for generalized oth ers, the observed deterrent effect was weak and in every instance less than the experiential effect. However, perceived certainty of one's own arrest produced modest but consistent deterrent as well as experiential effects. A path analysis suggests that the deterrent effect of perceived certainty (personal or aggregate) is much weaker than once believed and the experiential effect is substantially stronger. The implications of these findings for an interactive model of de terrence are considered.
Another Look At the Effectiveness of Parole Supervision
Authors: Gottfredson Michael R. , Mitchel-Herzfeld Susan D. , Flanagan Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

This is a quasi-experimental study of the effectiveness of postrelease supervision in reducing recidivism among criminal offenders. Five-year follow-up information on three groups of inmates released from prisons in a northeastern state was examined. The three offender groups were inmates released on parole, on conditional release, and by mandatory expiration of sentence. The major findings of the study were the following: (1) The nature of the criterion variable used to assess success/failure in the community will affect the substantive con clusions of community follow-up research; the manner in which technical violations of parole and conditional release are handled is especially important; (2) the effect of supervision is dependent to a certain extent on the characteristics of offenders; and (3) overall, the effects of postrelease supervision on recidivism reduction are small. Implications for future follow-up research efforts are discussed.
Nccd Research Review : Attrition in Case Processing Is Rape Unique?
Authors: Galvin Jim , Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

In the current literature on rape, frequent reference is made to the attrition of rape cases as these move through the criminal justice system. The present study draws upon national and California secondary data, first, to establish if the hypothesized attrition occurs at key points in the justice system for rape offenses, and then, second, to determine if this attrition is unique from or similar to that experienced with other major felonies. The general conclusion is that, while there is considerable loss of rape cases between the point of initial reporting of an incident to the police and the court sentencing stage, this loss cannot be described as unique to rape. While proba bly somewhat more rape cases experience attrition in the justice system than is true for homicide, rape seems to show a level of loss comparable to robbery at most points, and certainly lower levels of loss than assault or burglary. These findings hold across time and jurisdictions.
The Relationship between Sensation Seeking and Delinquency: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: WHITE HELENE RASKIN , LABOUVIE ERICH W. , BATES MARSHA E.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 584 male and female adolescents were studied at two points in time to determine the relationship between self-reported delinquency and sensation seeking. Analyses of variance and covariance were used to test the effect of delinquency status and frequency of minor delinquent activity on sensation seeking at Time 1 and on changes in sensation seeking from Time 1 to Time 2. The results indicated that delinquency and sensation seeking are related in adolescence regardless of sex; those adolescents who are delinquent score significantly higher on the Disinhibition scale. This finding was not obtained for experience seeking. One implication of the findings is that rates of minor delinquency could be lowered by providing high sensation seekers with socially approved opportunities for meeting their sensation-seeking needs.
Beyond Hellfire: An Exploration of the Variable Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Marijuana and Alcohol Use
Authors: COCHRAN JOHN K. , AKERS RONALD L.
Published: March 2007

Since its original formulation in 1969 by Hirschi and Stark, the Hellfire hypothesis has undergone several significant revisions. This hypothesis asserts that involvement in deviant behavior is inversely related to religiosity. Early revisions of this hypothesis stressed the importance of religiosity on violations of ascetic norms over violations of secular norms. More recent revisions have stressed the interactive effects of religiosity and contextual factors such as denominational norms and aggregate religiosity. Each of these respecifications of the original Hellfire hypothesis is evaluated here with survey data on self-reported alcohol and marijuana use from a sample of 3,065 male and female adolescents in grades seven through twelve in three midwestern states. Results suggest that most of these revisions are only marginally more useful than the original formulation for explaining adolescent alcohol consumption and are largely irrelevant with regard to marijuana use. We find that the more parsimonious proposition of a direct religiosity effect alone does about as well in explaining alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents as the more complex contextual propositions.
Delinquent Samaritans: Network Structure, Social Conflict, and the Willingness to Intervene
Authors: GILLIS A. R. , HAGAN JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article challenges a common view of delinquents as asocial and amoral regarding their support of other people. Support is measured through indications of the willingness to extend assistance to persons at various social and physical distances who are victims of crime. Delinquents seem indeed to be less supportive than other juveniles of people in general. However, when the nature of intervention (direct as opposed to indirect) is taken into account in situations of conflict, delinquents show more loyalty than other juveniles to family and friends. In this respect, delinquents' loyalty is undivided, suggesting that the social cohesion of delinquents may be more particularistic and intense than the more extensive and universalistic support given by other juveniles. Contact with other delinquents is directly related to in-group loyalty and may account for part, but not all, of the relationship between it and delinquency. Further analysis reveals an important departure from an additive model: Delinquents who are involved in dyadic relationships with other delinquents are “too” loyal. The findings are interpreted in terms of Simmel's view of conflict, group structure, and group cohesion.
The Philadelphia Birth Cohort and Selective Incapacitation
Authors: BERNARD THOMAS J. , RITTI R. RICHARD
Published: March 2007

The birth cohort data from Wolfgang and colleagues' 1972 study is analyzed to determine marginal benefits (police reports and serious adjudications that would not have occurred) and marginal costs (the juvenile incarceration rate that would have resulted, as compared to present rates) if nine hypothetical incapacitation policies had been in effect at the time. None of these policies appears realistic in terms of the cost-benefit ratio.
Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Role of Social and Physical Incivilities
Authors: LaGRANGE RANDY L. , FERRARO KENNETH F. , SUPANCIC MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Scholars are paying close attention to incivilities and how they affect citizens' fear of crime. A common research finding is that neighborhood incivilities (e.g., abandoned storefronts, unkept lots, litter, noise, bench sleepers, public drunks) are often as powerful in generating feelings of fear as crime itself. The implication is that by removing the riffraff from the streets and graffiti from the walls, feelings of fear will be reduced. Moreover, community “clean-sweeps” will meet with public approval as they improve the overall quality of life in cities and neighborhoods. This article carefully examines the influence of a number of social and physical incivilities on two different reactions to crime—perceptions of risk and feelings of fear. The authors use a national data set of 1,101 randomly selected U.S. adults who have been interviewed by telephone. The data reveal significant relationships between social and physical incivility and perceptions of risk; incivility is also related to fear but less strongly so. To the extent that incivility is predictive of fear, its causal effect is mediated almost entirely through perceptions of risk to crime. This finding has received little attention to date.
Pretrial Drug-Testing Experiments in Milwaukee and Prince George's County: The Context of Implementation
Authors: GOLDKAMP JOHN S. , JONES PETER R.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the results of field experiments involving pretrial drug-testing demonstration projects undertaken in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Prince George's County, Maryland, in 1988 and 1989. As part of a six-site effort sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Assistance of the U. S. Department of Justice, the demonstration projects in these two sites sought to implement drug-testing programs at the pre-bail and pretrial release stages of the criminal process to serve as a means for deterring pretrial misconduct (i.e., failure to appear in court and rearrest for crimes during pretrial release). The underlying hypotheses of the projects tested by the field experiments were (a) that pre-bail drug testing would contribute more powerful predictive data that would allow pretrial release decisionmakers better to assess the risks posed by defendants being considered for release (over and above the power of other existing information) and (b) that pretrial drug monitoring during pretrial release would deter defendants from crime and flight better than release without drug monitoring. The experimental results reported found no evidence to support either claim. However, the article argues that experimental findings cannot be meaningfully interpreted in isolation from knowledge of the implementation context in the sites. In fact, the demonstration programs in each site experienced challenging obstacles in implementing the programs as envisaged. The need to take into account the difficulties posed by the challenges of implementing new programs in demonstration sites does not, however, undermine the strength of the findings reported. Rather, the implementation difficulties should, in themselves, be seen as important findings concerning the feasibility of such programs.
Can Violent Offenders be Distinguished from Frequent Offenders: Prediction from Childhood to Adolescence
Authors: CAPALDI DEBORAH M. , PATTERSON GERALD R.
Published: March 2007

It was predicted that violent offending at adolescence is part of a general pattern of high-rate antisocial behavior that emerges in childhood. Family characteristics, including family management practices and childhood behavior, were compared for violent adolescent arrestees and nonviolent adolescent arrestees who were matched for arrest frequency. Further, regression analyses were conducted using self-report of violent offending. Also predicted was that multiple arrestees with no arrests for violence would self-report as much violence as multiple arrestees with arrests for violence. Hypotheses were tested on an at-risk sample of males in the Oregon Youth Study (OYS), a multimethod, multiagent longitudinal study. The findings generally supported the contention that violent offenders show the same background as frequent but nonviolent offenders.
Staying the Course in Times of Change
Authors: Mora Jill Kerper
Published: March 2007

This article describes how passage of Proposition 227 (P-227), the popular California initiative restricting bilingual education, has influenced teacher preparation to authorize specialized instruction for limited English proficient students. The knowledge base for bilingual cross-cultural language and academic development teacher education is grounded in an additive acculturation model, in contrast to assimilationist philosophy, which underlies policies mandating English immersion for language minorities. Federal court rulings upholding P-227 establish a sequential program to address English language learning as well as content learning and require school districts to provide specialized instruction until language minority students reach academic parity. Legal mandates continue to require teacher education to provide effective teacher preparation programs for schooling linguistically diverse student populations. The response to P-227 by San Diego State University’s College of Education is explored to illustrate the reaffirmation of a commitment to educational equity and ongoing program development to support multicultural teaching.
A Case for Department-Based Professional Development Sites for Secondary Teacher Education
Authors: Clark Richard J. , LaLonde Donna E.
Published: March 2007

Proposals for professional development schools rarely distinguish between elementary and secondary schools. The high school department, rather than the school as a unit, may be a more appropriate and productive focus for secondary level university-school collaboration aimed at achieving the goals of the professional development school for three reasons: Initiating and managing the complexity of whole school-university collaboration may be overwhelming; the goals pursued by faculty schoolwide are different from and potentially less productive than those of dynamic departments; and departmental goals are more consistent with the collegial and content-in-context needs of beginning teachers. We use the 9-year experience of a collaborative, master's level, internship-based secondary teacher education program and especially recent collaboration with the science department of a metropolitan high school to illustrate the potential of department-based professional development sites.
Once a Dean: Some Reflections
Authors: Gardner William E.
Published: March 2007

A former dean shares observations from 15 years as dean in an ed school. The major dilemma faced by ed school deans and faculties is how to resolve the confusion over mission-should ed schools emphasize the teacher and administrator education missions to the detriment and perhaps the exclusion of the graduate and research missions? Four activities that belong on a dean's To Do list are discussed: (a) educating faculty and central administration, (b). compiling data, (c) building a development fund, and (d) hiring faculty. The author also addresses problems and prospects for deans in the 1990s.
The Limits of Supply-Side Social Democracy: Australian Labor, 1983-96
Authors: PHILLIMORE JOHN
Published: March 2007

Using an institutionalist, supply-side framework, the article describes and assesses the industrial relations reform agenda of the Australian labor movement between 1983 and 1996. Five institutional conditions for diversified quality production are identified, each of which was tackled to some extent in Australia. The article finds the strategy did not yield the benefits promised. Economic performance was average, union density fell steeply, and institutional supports for union membership and bargaining are threatened. Union misjudgments and an unfavorable historical and institutional legacy, in particular the weakness of workplace bargaining structures, explain much of the Australian situation. Furthermore, the union supply-side reform agenda needs to be placed in its proper context. Without complementary policies affecting aggregate demand, innovation and industry policies, and finance reform, supply-side intervention can have only a limited impact. Unions in a neoliberal political economy are not strong enough to force through industrial restructuring alone.
Different Learning Patterns in Self-Access
Authors: Lai Lai-kwan , Hamp-Lyons Liz
Published: March 2007

Self-access learning has recently received much attention from language practitioners, educators and linguists in the language learning field. Much emphasis has been put on the effectiveness of the self-access system. However, it is difficult to locate studies concerning the learning patterns in self-access systems.

This paper looks on two levels into the different learning patterns among university students studying in a self-access learning environment. First, it addresses the impact of the different learning patterns on language learning under self-access systems. Second, the paper discusses our research findings on the learning patterns among university students when learning in the self-access mode and proposes appropriate self-access working models to enhance language learning.
ESL Curriculum Development in Australia: Recent Trends and Debates
Authors: Burns Anne
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of curriculum developments in English as a Second Language programs in Australia over the last decade. It begins by setting these developments within the context of government policy changes. It then discusses some key areas of curriculum that have undergone sub stantial change. These include the development of competency-based and outcomes-based curriculum frameworks, criterion-based assessment, and benchmarking, and the influence of systemic-functional linguistics and genre theory on curriculum and syllabus development. Illustrations of these developments are provided from various Australian research projects that have reflected these trends.
Saying NO in English: A Sociolinguistic Lesson on Refusals
Authors: Kana Marit
Published: March 2007

This paper is a first step toward a sociolinguistically based language course. It consists of a lesson on English refusals of invitations and requests. Designed primarily for speakers of Bahasa Indonesia, it could easily be adapted for speakers of other languages. Part One is an outline of the hypothetical course of which this lesson would be a part. The lesson itself makes up Part Two.

The course would be designed for advanced students of English who have attained a 2 or 2+ rating on the U.S. Foreign Service Institute rating scale. The teacher should be a native English speaker with some knowledge of linguistics and the Indonesian language and culture. Each lesson in the syllabus would centre on a particular sociolinguistic skill, such as refusals, naming and addressing people, body language, silence, speaking to strangers, etc.

The lesson on refusals is built around a taped dialogue, which is listened to, discussed, memorized and practiced. Atten tion is focused on both the content and the style of refusals. Once the dialogue has been mastered, the students are required to alter a few of the refusal components in prescribed ways, then to construct refusals from a given detailed situation and, finally, they produce their own refusals in real-life situations.
Competence and Confidence: Reducing the Gap for Adult Learners
Authors: Sloper D.W.
Published: March 2007

There is a gap between competence possessed by students of a second language and their confidence in use of the spoken language. This paper analyses dimensions of this competence/confidence gap in the context of a training course for Indonesian English Language instructors. A number of alternative methods for developing language and particularly conversational skills are reviewed. An evaluation of their usefulness to the Indonesian language instructors is analysed, the general results being: that there is a positive correlation between Usefulness of Method and Likely Use for exclusively verbal alternative methods of teaching; and that there is a negative correlation between Usefulness of Method and Likely Use for methods which require materials preparation.

The appropriateness of teaching and learning aids is thus placed into sharp focus. A general model relating competence, confidence and teaching/learning aids is proposed as a basis for further action research.
Attitudes and Motivation Towards English: A Survey of Japanese Freshmen
Authors: Benson Malcolm J.
Published: March 2007

Over 300 freshmen in a Japanese university were surveyed to assess their attitudes towards English. In addition to a background profile addressing the student's amount of informal exposure to English, the survey asked for a self-assessment of English skills, the motivation for studying English, and the functions for which English was felt to be most useful.

The results showed students who have had little exposure to English, and whose self-rating of their own skills showed extremely low morale. Surprisingly, integrative and personal reasons for learn ing English were preferred over instrumental ones. English was seen as being useful for a selection of modern functions, but not useful for domestic and local ones. Such findings pose problems concerning the role of English language teaching at university level in Japan. It remains unclear what precise combination of regulatory control, cur riculum, methods, faculty, and texts would best achieve higher levels of motivation and achievement.
The Effects of English Language Ability on Approaches to Learning
Authors: Gow Lyn , Kember David , Chow Rosalia
Published: March 2007

The relationship between approach to learning and English lan guage ability of students in a tertiary institution in Hong Kong was examined. The Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ) developed by Biggs was used to measure students' approach to learning, with the 42 questionnaire items presented in both English and Chinese. English language ability was assessed by a scale comprising three self-rating items and two self-reported examination results. Multiple linear regression was used to relate the six sub-scales of the SPQ with the English language scale and other student background variables. Sub jects with lower ability in English language were found to be more likely to adopt a surface strategy in their learning. On the other hand, deep motivation was positively related to English language ability. Qualitative data were also collected from interviews in an ef fort to explain the mechanisms behind these observations. It is sug gested that students who are weaker in English concentrate initially on deciphering the rhetorical aspects of text so are less likely to visua lise the underlying meaning of what they are reading.
Student Perceptions, Problems and Strategies in Second Language Lecture Comprehension
Authors: Flowerdew John , Miller Lindsay
Published: March 2007

This paper adopts an ethnographic approach to the study of second language lecture comprehension. It studies a group of 30 1st year Hong Kong Chinese students listening to lectures in a B.A. TESL methods course.

Data was collected regarding the lecture comprehension experience of these students by means of questionnaires, diary studies, classroom observation, and in-depth interviews. The analysis of this data focuses on students' perceptions of the lecture experience (attitude, self-rating of comprehension level, what students look for in a lecture, etc.), their problems (speed of delivery, terminology and concepts, concentration, etc.) and the strategies they use to try to overcome these problems (pre- and post-lecture reading, peer or lecturer help, attempts to concentrate harder, note-taking, etc.).

As well as providing important information for the program in ques tion, the results of this study, it is claimed, have wider implications for both lecturers to non-natives and ESL specialists preparing students to study through the medium of English.
Problems of Thematisation in Student Writing
Authors: Hawes Thomas , Thomas Sarah
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine thematisation in student writing. Taking as our corpus one hundred essays by Malaysian students ranging from lower intermediate to advanced level, we research the proportions of the various Theme types employed, as well as thematic progression strategies. We compare the use of these in student writing with that in the British newspapers The Sun and The Times, which, we hypothesise, exhibit many characteristics of Bernstein's Restricted and Elaborated Codes, respectively, and can be considered two distinct standard sub- genres.

Furthermore, we analyse student thematisation in terms of rhetorical purpose. Varying the complexity of thematic structure, for instance, can produce minimalistic, informal text or an academic formal style. The relative proportions of Constant and Derived Progression may bring the text closer to hortatory or to analytical exposition, respectively. Using more or less Discourse Participant Themes can create an impression of outspokenness or impartiality and Marked Themes may be a measure of evaluative content in general.

Lastly, we consider problem areas in student thematisation, comparing these among the different levels, and draw pedagogical implications from the study.
Requests On E-Mail: a Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Chang Yu-Ying , Hsu Yi-Ping
Published: March 2007

This study investigates differences in request e-mails written in English by Chinese English learners and native American English speakers The results show that while Chinese English learners treat e-mail communications like either formal letters or telephone conversations, native American English speakers regard e-mail communications as closer to written memos It was also found that although the native American English speakers structure their e-mail request messages in a rather direct sequence, the linguistic forms they employ to express their requests are more indirect In contrast, the Chinese English learners structure their request messages in an indirect sequence, but the linguistic forms they use to realize their requests are more direct Given this contrast, it is not surprising that some of the request samples written by Chinese English learners were judged as very impolite by the native English speaking evaluators in this study The findings of this study thus demonstrate the importance of studying requests within the overall discourse in which they occur. Studying only the linguistic forms used in phrasing the request itself, as in the studies conducted by Blum-Kulka et al (1989), cannot provide us with a full picture of the cultural differences inherent in making requests
In Every Town and Village: Adaptive Strategies in the Communication of Krishna Consciousness in the UK, the First Thirty Years
Authors: KNOTT Kim
Published: March 2007

The raison d'être of ISKCON is the communication of the name of Krishna worldwide, ensuring that it reaches into the hearts and minds of those in every town and village. ISKCON's own intention, derived from the teachings of Chaitanya and preached unceasingly by the founder, Bhaktivedanta Swami, provides a focus for assessing the success of the movement since its arrival in England in 1968. What strategies have been adopted for achieving this objective? How have the strategies changed as ISKCON has increased its membership and support throughout the UK, and has become more established on the public religious scene? Using ISKCON's publications and ephemera, the author evaluates the shift from world-rejection to social integration, and from the desire for refuge to the more recent commitment to encounter and dialogue. Does this represent a change of message or merely the rise of new messengers?
La laïcité comme évasion idéologique: le cas du Parti Socialiste en Belgique
Authors: BASTENIER Albert
Published: March 2007

The long tradition of association that exists in Belgium between socialism and lay humanism is proving increasingly anachronistic, to such an extent that one has to wonder what the reasons might be for maintaining it, reasons that might be decidedly different from those that spontaneously come to mind. The hypothesis formulated by the author of this article is that it is at one and the same time an ideological screen for concealing the crisis in socialist thinking and a political submission of the Belgian Socialist Party to Freemasonry which is seen as a para-political society. This submission is severely hampering the party's future, in so far as it is linked to the fate of socialism in the purely instrumental form of rationality. This, in the ideological world, positions it on the margins of the arguments that it would need for conducting a real critique of a social organization pledged to the economic concept of the market.
Buddhism and the Modernization Process in Korea
Authors: SHIM Jae-ryong
Published: March 2007

During rapid social change in the wake of Korea's modernization, conservative Buddhists, especially the majority female adherents, favor a mixture of Amitabha and traditional shamanistic practices to secure secular desires. Some intellectuals and radical activists are trying to revive Buddhist consciousness to eradicate “suffering” in the name of Minjung Buddhism. Weber's assertion that religion is a key factor determining societal change needs to be used cautiously in the case of Korea. The author demonstrates that, with education level controlled, the disparity between Buddhists and Protestants holds true for those who have not received more than an elementary school education. This finding shatters the widespread supposition that Korean Protestants are somehow “more modern” than Korean Buddhists; the popular view that correlates Protestantism with modernity is clearly unwarranted in modern Korea.
Entre pluralisation et régulation du champ religieux: premiers pas vers une approche en termes de médiations pour la Suisse
Authors: BECCI Irene
Published: March 2007

Regularities identified by the author in the Swiss socio-religious sphere suggest that the “pluralization thesis” cannot fully explain the contemporary complexity of this sphere. The author discusses the implications of an alternative approach to the pluralization thesis, that is, the theory of the regulation of religion. After giving a brief presentation of four broad types of regulation theories, the author proposes a theoretical framework drawing from all four types, but differing from them by the emphasis it puts on the reintegration of the actor in the sociological analysis of religion. She thus introduces the concept of “mediating institutions”, which offers a way out of the theoretical dichotomy of pluralization versus regulation. As an example, she traces the recent evolution of church-state relationships by exploring the current discussions concerning the introduction of cultural teaching on religion into the Swiss school education system.
Das Ansteigen und Absinken des Umfanges der Mischehen von Katholiken in den Niederlanden
Authors: Van Leeuwen B.
Published: March 2007

Die hier porgelegte Studie von Pater Dr van Leeuwen O.F.M. über die Entwicklung der Mischehen in den Niederlanden stellt einen Ausschnitt dar aus den umfangreichen Untersuchungen über das Problem der Mischehen, mit denen das Katholische Institut für kirchliche Sozialforschung sich schon längerer Zeit beschäftigt. Weitere Abhandlungen über diesen äusserst bedentsamen Fragenkomplex werden folgen. Wenn wir diesen Aufsatz den verantwortlichen kirchlichen Stellen auch in Deutschland zur Kenntnis bringen, so vor allem deshalb, weil das Problem der Mischehen auch in Deutschland schon seit Jahrzehnten eine ausserordentliche Bedeutung hat und sich infolge der eittgetrete»e» und noch anhaltenden Bevölkerungsverschiebungen und -vermischungen weiter zu verschärfen scheint. Daher wird eine ähnliche Studie wie die hier für die Niederlande vorgelegte auch für Deutschland vorbereitet. Das Königsteiner Büro des Katholischen Internationalen Soziologischen Institutes hat bereits eine umfangreiche Materialsammlung über die Entwicklung der Mischehen in Deutschland zusammengetragen und wird den zuständigen kirchlichen Stellen in absehbarer Zeit eine darauf basierende Studie vorlegen können. Prof. G. H. L. ZEEGERS
Religiosité du jeune Colombien
Authors: Fermoso P.
Published: March 2007

Behind the sociological studies, it is very important in religious sociology to analyse more deeply the content, the variety and the evolution of the religious attitudes. Father P. Fermoso gives us here a survey of the methods and the results he obtained in that matter, with a sample of young men (men and women) through different cultural centers of Colombia.
L'évolution de la pratique religieuse en Allemagne après la guerre
Authors: Greinacher N.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of the help of Sunday Mass and the practice of Easter Communion considered as suffisant indications, the author brings to our attention of at least a numeric dimunuation of religious practice in Germany. Everywhere those who do practice const itute the minorities who live, he tells us "en deaspora". The author then speaks of how this dimunuation is accompanied in fact by a deepening of religious conv iction of those who do practice, and this despite the graveness of the religious crisis. He ends by giving us several sociological facts which are susceptible to throw some light on the new pastorate, which is founded on certain choices which are more personal than they were in past ages.
Problèmes méthodologiques d'une recherche sur la signification de la messe
Authors: Traullé Claude
Published: March 2007

Sociographical research has concentrated for a long time on Sunday Mass attendance. Without decrying the value to religious sociology of these many enquiries, one cannot but agree that qualitative research would be of great interest.

The Center for Socio-Religious Studies, Lille, therefore set out in 1962 to study the problem of the significance of the Mass. The aim is to enquire into the different degrees possible in participation in the Mass, the meaning attributed to it by the faithful, and the motives which induce them to practise

The author sums up the experience of two years of groping, of trials and set-backs, due mainly to methodological difficulties.
Typologie Et Modes D'Appartenance Et De Dissidence Chrétienne Dans Une Société De Tradition Catholique, Telle La Société Espagnole
Authors: Lizcano Manuel
Published: March 2007

In a traditionally closed Catholic society like Spain, the sociological problem of belonging to a religious community lies essentially in the definition of 'belonging' and of 'dissent', as opposed to the situation which exists in a religiously pluralistic society. In fact the ways of belonging, in their permanent interaction, give the structure and the definition of social reality from a socio-religious viewpoint. Among the ways of 'belonging' the author distinguishes between the 'ecclesiastical': religious oligarchical conservatism, sacramentalism, subreligious magic, Christian religious humanism and the Catholic progressives, and the 'extra ecclesiastical': individual dissent, Christian philosophical and ethical humanism. As forms of dissent in Spain the author distinguishes enlightened free mason spiritualism, middle class rationalistic materialism and Marxist-communist materialism.
Une typologie de I'intégration à I'église
Authors: Dobbelaere K.
Published: March 2007

The idea of integration is related to two different levels - cultural and structural. On the cultural level one can distinguish two further forms of integration - normative and cultural. Normative integration, which is studied in this article, is concerned with the relationship between the norms of a group and the manner in which its members behave.

Thus, on the basis of a comparison between the norms of the Church and the conduct of the Catholics who were studied, one can work out categories of members related to the degree of normative integration in the Church, i.e. to a different level of catholicity. These categories are divided according to the existing degree of conformity to or deviance from the norms of the Church. Before measuring normative integration, however, it is necessary to choose norms which are characteristic of the social system being studied (in this case the Church) and then to observe to what extent these norms determine the behaviour of members. The greater the conformity the more the member is integrated and, in our case, the higher the level of his catholicity.

In this study account has been taken of the greatest possible number of norms derived from three levels of catholicity: faith, practice - at the sacramental and cultual level - and ethic. The typology has been estab lished on this basis.

In the technical application of his typology the author has studied, in the first place, commitment to the truths of faith and participation at the sacramental and cultual level; following this he has analysed the extent to which the degree of 'participation' may correspond to a pro visional synthesis, i.e. a classification of a cross-section of the population according to the criteria used. This provisional synthesis is then taken in relation to the responses given to ethical problems and a basis is thus provided for a final elaboration of the typology.

In this way the latter is given greater depth and solidity - internally and externally - than other typologies constructed on a much smaller basis. At the same time this analysis falls within the three lines of research which G. Le Bras attributed to the sociology of religion in his recent works; and the author has brought together recent trends in American sociology - the study of religious 'orientation' as a multi-dimensional variable.
Les religions nouvelles au Japon
Authors: Murakami Shigeyoshi
Published: March 2007

The present article looks into the multiplication of the new religions in Japanese society. After having shown how these religions were first repressed and kept at the margin in Imperial Japan, the Author sets out to retrace the history of their appearance. The background of this history is furnished by Japan's economic and political evolution. Indeed the formation of these new religions appears as a reflect of the contradictions of capitalist Japanese society, a society in which they respond to an expectation and fill in a void left by the traditional religions.

The development of this religious movement is dominated essentially by three moments : the end of the first world war, the rise of fascism and militarism between the two wars, and finally the American occupation after defeat.

The majority of the new religions find their members among the middle classes of the population, among those who are the first to suffer the effects of capitalist accumulation. The Sōka Gakkai, in particular, has become a political movement professing nationalist and conservative ideas.

The common feature of these religions is their hope in a future world which they anticipate by valuing the goods of this world and by offering miraculous healings. Their doctrines are often syncretic and are nor mally expressed in simple, concrete and very accessible language which has a hold on the masses. Those adhering to these doctrines find in them material advantages as well as a solution to their psycho-social problems.

The Author concludes on the ambiguity of this movement, at one and the same time progressive by its history — which is a struggle against the established religions — and conservative by its ideology.
Organizational Aspects of a Jesus Movement Community
Authors: Simmonds Robert B. , Richardson James T. , Harder Mary W.
Published: March 2007

Cet article présente une discussion approfondie des problèmes de structuration et d'organisation du « Mouvement de Jésus », que les auteurs étudient depuis quatre ans.

Ce groupe religieux possède une ferme de cent acres avec élevage de chèvres et de porcs, des cultures de fruits et de légumes. Il commercialise du bois de chauffage et réalise de nombreuses autres activités. Il possède des moyens de transport nombreux parmi lesquels on compte un avion et deux bâteaux de pêche.

Ce groupe s'organise sur le mode de la commune et défend une interprétation littérale de la Bible. Quoique la plupart des membres ont participé à la contre-culture (drogue, alcool, relations sexuelles pré-nuptiales), leur participation au groupe semble avoir contribué à changer leur vie à cet égard. Ils ont aussi abandonné tout intérêt pour la vie politique, à l'égard de laquelle ils avaient eu antérieurement des engagements radicaux.

Le groupe existe depuis 1968. Il vit d'une certaine manière isolé de la société globale. Il y a dans le groupe une structure de pouvoir bien définie. La femme y garde un rôle traditionnel.
Les Témoins de Jéhovah dans le Nord de la France : implantation et expansion
Authors: Dericquebourg Régis
Published: March 2007

The Watch Tower movement saw considerable expansion in northern France, especially in the mining basin where it essentially recruited Polish emigrant workers, but also French workers in lesser proportions. The author attempts to retrace the history of the spread of the movement in this region and examines the causes of its unique development in France. These causes could be linked to the social conditions of this population : social and cultural change, unsatisfied expecta tions, absence of political power, a crisis of confidence in the Catholic Church. They could also be subsumed under a more global hypothesis according to which the Watch Tower movement would have constituted a substitute home- land for the emigrant Polish workers. As for the French Jehovah's Witnesses, it was seen that they partially shared the Polish workers' fate, and individual particularities had to be taken into account.
Introduction au Mouïsme
Authors: Suk-Jay Yim , Guillemoz A.
Published: March 2007

Mouism, a popular Korean religion, was spread all over Korea for a very long period and was transmitted from one generation to another by the moudangfamilies. Ever since the arrival of Buddhism in the country until recently, the upper classes despised the moudang, who underwent continual per secution. The other social groups attempted to bring about the extinction of their group, and they were relegated to one of the lowest classes of the Korean society (neither civil rights, nor education, nor any form of power). The moudang families persevere nevertheless in maintaining their traditions.

The rapid changes in the Korean society (introduction of democratic thought and abolition of the Confucian class sys tem) have given much importance to the influence of purely economic factors. As a consequence of these changes, the moudang are presently abandoning their former practices and taking up new jobs. Today the new generations are thought less and less about this traditional religious thought.
Empirical Buddhism : A Novel Aspect of Sinhalese Buddhism Made Explicit
Authors: Kalansuriya A.D.P.
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article revient sur le problème du bouddhis me singhalais tel qu'il a été abordé par P.A.S. SARAM dans le n° 1976/4 de Social Compass. Il remarque que les socio logues qui traitent du bouddhisme singhalais se réfèrent large ment à certaines formes de bouddhisme dont la définition demeure soit inexistante, soit très vague. Ces sociologues ne tiennent pas compte du « bouddhisme empirique », développe ment nouveau au sein du bouddhisme singhalais. Sans avoir compris quelle est la nature de cette tendance nouvelle, il est impossible d'élaborer un cadre conceptuel alternatif pour une analyse du bouddhisme et de la société à Sri Lanka. Le bouddhisme singhalais contemporain est une « religion en de venir », alors que le bouddhisme ancien (le dhamma) est le formalisme éthique tel qu'il a été formulé par le Bouddha. Mais on peut se demander pourquoi les sociologues, dans ce domaine, tentent d'établir une comparaison et une distinction entre le « bouddhisme ancien » et le « bouddhisme singhalais ». Il faudrait à cet égard clarifier et expliciter la logique inhérente au formalisme éthique bouddhiste.

Enfin, il faut remarquer que l'on ne peut pas ajuster un formalisme sans changer en toute logique sa structure con ceptuelle. De même, on ne peut pas étendre la portée du dhamma (formalisme) à d'autres phénomènes sans changer sa structure fondamentale. C'est pourquoi l'affirmation de Saram est inexacte. Conceptuellement, le dhamma n'a qu'un seul but : la libération devant l'angoisse.