bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The global trope and urban redevelopment: the American experience
Authors: Wilson D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This paper examines a new "political opportunity structure" in United States Rust Belt cities – globalization – currently being used by redevelopment governances. An investigation of two cities reveals that this discourse ("the global trope") has helped to produce a new socio-spatial polarization in US cities. Globalization here is now not merely a new reality, but also a powerful rhetorical device whose invoking is proving to be a potent political tool for capital in its drive to transform cities. At this rhetoric's core, a supposed new hyper-competitive reality makes Rust Belt cities easily discardable as places of investment. These once-enclosed containers of "the economic", in the rhetoric, have recently become leaky landscapes rife with a potential for economic hemorrhaging. Against this supposed reality, cities are portrayed as beset by a kind of accumulation disorder that now haunts them. Through this, the new governmentality's dominant contours – a proposed shock treatment of re-regulation – is rationalized. This generates a new uneven development across US cities that marginalizes low-income African-American communities.
Relating weak layer and slab properties to snow slope stability
Authors: Schweizer J. , Reuter B.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Snow slope stability evaluation requires considering weak layer as well as slab properties – and in particular their interaction. We developed a stability index from snow micro-penetrometer measurements and compared it to 129 concurrent point observations with the compression test (CT). The index considers the SMP-derived micro-structural strength and the additional load which depends on the hardness of the surface layers. The new quantitative measure of stability discriminated well between point observations rated as either "poor" or "fair" (CT < 19) and those rated as "good" (CT ≥ 19). However, discrimination power within the intermediate range was low. We then applied the index to gridded snow micro-penetrometer measurements from 11 snow slopes to explore the spatial structure and possibly relate it to slope stability. Stability distributions on the 11 slopes reflected various possible strength and load (stress) distributions that naturally can occur. Their relation to slope stability was poor possibly because the index does not consider crack propagation. Hence, the relation between spatial patterns of point stability and slope stability remains elusive. Whereas this is the first attempt of a truly quantitative measure of stability, future developments should consider a better reference of stability and incorporate a measure of crack propagation.
Flow separation of intermediate water in the lees of sills off Taiwan from seismic observations
Authors: Tang Q. S. , Sun L. T. , Li J. B. , Liu C. S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Flow separation can occur when a stratified flow passes over an obstacle. Previous studies concerning flow separation are mostly observed in the shallow water regions, e.g., fjord, driven by tidal flows. In this study, a novel view of flow separations of the intermediate water over the Hengchun Ridge and Ryukyu Arc off Taiwan is firstly reported using seismic oceanography by reprocessing the seismic data from two cruises 97306 and EW9509 in 2001 and 1995, respectively. Both seismic images show that water masses are separated by internal interfaces detached from sill crests. Over the Hengchun Ridge, it was previously considered that the intermediate water flowed out of the South China Sea into the Hengchun Trough. Flow separation occurred at the lee-side of the ridge forming a continuous interface > 15 km between the intermediate and deep water at 900 m depth. This interface suggests that (1) mean flow of the intermediate water always flowed eastward and (2) no lee wave was generated or radiated even during a spring ebb tide. Near the East Taiwan Channel, the only major passage of the Kuroshio into the Okinawa Trough, flow separation occurred when the Kuroshio intermediate water flowed over the Ryukyu Arc at 500 m depth. The separation interface is nearly horizontal and extends > 25 km from the sill break to the trough. Parameter estimations and morphologic comparisons show that both separation cases are neither boundary-layer separation nor post-wave separation. Model data from OFES (Ocean General Circulation Model For the Earth Simulator) reveal dense pools existing downstream of the sill crests. We propose that a density-forced flow separation mechanism could be responsible for the observed flow separations and absence of lee waves in this study.
Tracing glacier changes since the 1960s on the south slope of Mt. Everest (central Southern Himalaya) using optical satellite imagery
Authors: Thakuri S. , Salerno F. , Smiraglia C. , Bolch T. , D'Agata C. , Viviano G. , Tartari G.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This contribution examines glacier changes on the south side of Mt. Everest from 1962 to 2011 considering five intermediate periods using optical satellite imagery. The investigated glaciers cover ~ 400 km2 and present among the largest debris coverage (32%) and the highest elevations (5720 m) of the world. We found an overall surface area loss of 13.0 ± 3.1% (median 0.42 ± 0.06 % a−1), an upward shift of 182 ± 22 m (3.7 ± 0.5 m a−1) in snow-line altitude (SLA), a terminus retreat of 403 ± 9 m (median 6.1 ± 0.2 m a−1), and an increase of 17.6 ± 3.1% (median 0.20 ± 0.06% a−1) in debris coverage between 1962 and 2011. The recession process of glaciers has been relentlessly continuous over the past 50 years. Moreover, we observed that (i) glaciers that have increased the debris coverage have experienced a reduced termini retreat (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Furthermore, more negative mass balances (i.e., upward shift of SLA) induce increases of debris coverage (r = 0.79, p < 0.001); (ii) since early 1990s, we observed a slight but statistically insignificant acceleration of the surface area loss (0.35 ± 0.13% a−1 in 1962–1992 vs 0.43 ± 0.25% a−1 in 1992–2011), but an significant upward shift of SLA which increased almost three times (2.2 ± 0.8 m a−1 in 1962–1992 vs 6.1 ± 1.4 m a−1 in 1992–2011). However, the accelerated shrinkage in recent decades (both in terms of surface area loss and SLA shift) has only significantly affected glaciers with the largest sizes (> 10 km2), presenting accumulation zones at higher elevations (r = 0.61, p < 0.001) and along the preferable south–north direction of the monsoons. Moreover, the largest glaciers present median upward shifts of the SLA (220 m) that are nearly double than that of the smallest (119 m); this finding leads to a hypothesis that Mt. Everest glaciers are shrinking, not only due to warming temperatures, but also as a result of weakening Asian monsoons registered over the last few decades. We conclude that the shrinkage of the glaciers in south of Mt. Everest is less than that of others in the western and eastern Himalaya and southern and eastern Tibetan Plateau. Their position in higher elevations have likely reduced the impact of warming on these glaciers, but have not been excluded from a relentlessly continuous and slow recession process over the past 50 years.
Ecological boundaries: a derivative of ecological entities
Authors: Kolasa J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Defining ecological boundary as an outer envelope of an ecological entity such as an individual, colony, population, community, an ecosystem, or any other discernible unit provides methodological benefits and should thus enhance existing perspectives and research protocols. I argue that, because boundaries are features of entities, the first step in investigation of boundary structure and properties should involve identification of the entity the presumed boundary of interest belongs to. I use a general perspective where ecological systems are parts of a larger system and themselves are made of subsystems (or entities). Such a general hierarchy of ecological objects offers guidance as to how boundaries can be found for specific systems, and how their investigations might lead to reliable and generalizable insights. In particular, it may help in (a) categorizing types of boundaries based on mechanisms leading to formation of entities; (b) deciding what is and what is not a boundary by clarifying the nature of discontinuities seen in nature (e.g., sharp habitat transitions or weak separation of entities); (c) assisting in selecting fruitful resolution at which boundaries are examined; (d) approaching boundaries in complex, nested systems; and (e) deciding what criteria to use in answering questions about a particular boundary type. To facilitate the above I provide general criteria one may use for identifying ecological entities. Such criteria should assist in focusing on boundaries appropriate for a given research question. Finally, where advancing the theoretical framework for ecological boundaries is concerned, the diversity of boundary types will be better served when reorganized in relation to the concept of entity as discussed below.
Economic Valuation of Tourism Destination Image
Authors: Carballo María M. , Araña Jorge E. , León Carmelo J. , Moreno-Gil Sergio
Published: July 2014

This paper develops a novel methodology for estimating the value of destination image, which incorporates two principal advantages over the methods used to date. First, it allows tourism destination image to be assessed in economic terms, so a formal cost–benefit analysis can be executed to ascertain whether or not a specific marketing action should be implemented. Second, it enables a disentangling of the economic assessment of tourist destination image in terms of destination attributes. This can be used to design marketing actions aimed at optimizing marketing efforts to enhance a destination's image.
Mercado global de carbono e governança global do clima: desafios e oportunidades
Authors: Farias Luana Das Graças Queiróz , Ventura Andrea Cardoso , Paiva Danielle Soares , Gomes Guineverre Alvarez Machado de Melo , Andrade José Célio Silveira
Published: July 2014

A mudança climática tem sido um desafio à diplomacia internacional e à Governança Ambiental Global (GAG), demandando um esforço coletivo entre governos, mercado e sociedade civil no sentido de buscar alternativas possíveis à mitigação e/ou adaptação ao fenômeno. Até o momento, a maior parte destas estratégias está focada em instrumentos de mercado, operacionalizados no âmbito do mercado global de carbono. Parte integrante de pesquisa científica interdisciplinar e multi-institucional sobre Governança Global do Clima (GGC) e mercado global de carbono, coordenada pela Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), o presente artigo discute as oportunidades e os desafios do mercado global de carbono como mecanismo de GGC. Para tanto, é realizada ampla revisão bibliográfica e documental sobre o mercado de carbono como instrumento de GGC, visando contribuir para as reflexões e tomadas de decisão para sua maior eficiência no pós-Kyoto. Infere-se, portanto, que os mercados nas vertentes regulado e voluntário não vêm sendo utilizados de forma a alcançar a eficácia que o problema das mudanças climáticas requer, embora tenham ocorrido avanços no número de projetos de redução de Gases Efeito Estufa (GEE), principalmente entre os países em desenvolvimento.
Configuração da imagem do conceito de produtos ecologicamente corretos
Authors: De Toni Deonir , Larentis Fabiano , Mattia Adilene Alvares , Milan Gabriel Sperandio
Published: July 2014

As imagens enquanto representações mentais são capazes de direcionar o comportamento das pessoas. Neste sentido, a compreensão de como são configuradas as imagens de produtos ecologicamente corretos é uma forma de melhor direcionar ações de comunicação que visem promover o consumo consciente destes produtos no mercado. Produtos ecologicamente corretos podem ser definidos como produtos que geram menos impacto ao meio ambiente que outros produtos similares. Geralmente são produtos fabricados com matérias-primas renováveis, são recicláveis, biodegradáveis, duráveis e são geralmente fabricados de forma sustentável. A partir do Método de Configuração de Imagem (MCI), foram entrevistadas 339 pessoas, sendo que 207 são estudantes de graduação e 132 são trabalhadores do setor produtivo com até o ensino médio completo. A partir da análise de conteúdo das respostas dos entrevistados, observa-se que o conceito de produtos ecologicamente corretos está fundamentalmente ligado a produtos saudáveis, sem agrotóxicos, sustentáveis e recicláveis, que preservam o meio ambiente e são capazes de proporcionar um futuro melhor e bem-estar à humanidade. No que tange à multidimensionalidade da imagem, os resultados indicam que as principais dimensões que formam o conceito são a simbólica, associada mais à consciência ambiental, e a funcional, ligada diretamente a produtos que consomem menos energia e saudáveis, com 44% e 28% das citações mais frequentes e salientes, respectivamente. No entanto, na comparação entre os grupos pesquisados, a dimensão funcional apresentou percentuais maiores para os trabalhadores na comparação com os estudantes. A partir do método proposto e dos resultados alcançados, é possível entender melhor como um conceito de um objeto pesquisado se configura e, com base nisso, direcionar estratégias e ações de comunicação que visem à promoção destes produtos como forma de melhorar a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente.
O uso do conhecimento ecológico tradicional de pescadores no diagnóstico dos recursos pesqueiros em áreas de implantação de grandes empreendimentos
Authors: Doria Carolina Rodrigues da Costa , Lima Maria Alice Leite , Santos Ariel Rodrigues do , Brasil de Souza Suelen Tacieane , Simão Maria Olívia De Albuquerque Ribeiro , Carvalho Adriana Rosa
Published: July 2014

A determinação e o monitoramento de impactos de grandes empreendimentos na Amazônia são limitados pela ausência de dados ambientais pretéritos. O presente estudo avalia o uso do Conhecimento Ecológico Tradicional (CET) dos pescadores do médio rio Madeira sobre as espécies comerciais, na geração do conhecimento para monitoramento de grandes empreendimentos hidrelétricos na Amazônia. Foram realizadas reuniões com grupos de pescadores (5 a 10), em sete pontos do Programa de monitoramento pesqueiro da Santo Antônio Energia (SAE), entre abril e dezembro/2009. As reuniões seguiram roteiro semiestruturado a fim de registrar o CET sobre sete variáveis biológicas e a metodologia de mapas mentais para construção de cenários sobre a pesca atual e futura frente à implantação de dois grandes empreendimentos na bacia do Rio Madeira. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as comunidades apresentaram um conhecimento amplo sobre as principais espécies exploradas na região pela pesca comercial, sendo estes resultados confirmados, em grande parte dos casos (cerca de 70%),pela informação científica. Este estudo confirma o refinado conhecimento do pescador sobre a biologia das espécies que ele explora e sugere que o CET pode ser utilizado para obtenção de dados biológicos e para a construção de cenários para a atividade pesqueira, bases para o manejo adaptativo na fase de monitoramento dos empreendimentos, bem como para o planejamento de políticas de gestão pesqueira na região.
Utilização de ferramentas livres para gestão territorial do nexo água e energia
Authors: Dias Renata Saviato , Silva Andressa Crystina Coutinho da , Fracaro Cristiane , Bley Junior Cícero Jaime
Published: July 2014

A situação das águas e sua gestão são circunstâncias essenciais para o desenvolvimento econômico, sendo então fundamental a promoção de soluções e ferramentas de auxílio à gestão. Tais ferramentas caracterizam o território e qualificam os entes água e energia a fim de que se concilie esse importante nexo, envolvendo conhecimentos, tecnologia, política e aspectos sociais e econômicos. O Centro Internacional de Hidroinformática é referência em informática aplicada à gestão de recursos hídricos, trabalhando a gestão territorial com tecnologias livres de geoprocessamento e SIG. O CIH realiza o registro de informação em bases de dados geográficas e os apresenta em mapas interativos por meio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas – SIG – na web, como demonstrado para a bacia hidrográfica do São Francisco Verdadeiro, case do Centro. O desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação geográfica aplicada à gestão territorial utilizando geotecnologias livres possibilita soluções de manipulação dos dados geográficos para auxílio na tomada de decisão, com o benefício da replicação em qualquer realidade por seu uso livre e universal.
Developing Renewable Energy: Comparative Scenarios and Public Policy Perspectives from some Latin American Countries
Authors: Lardizabal Claudia Cecilia , Rosales Ismene , Pasqual Janaina Camile , Herrera Gricelda , Mejia Sandra , Cancino Mariel Álvarez
Published: July 2014

A matriz energética dos países da América Latina e Caribe tem um dos maiores índices de energias renováveis, quando comparada à de outras regiões do mundo. No entanto, até 2009, cerca de três quartos de sua estrutura correspondia a combustíveis fósseis, com a maioria dos países sendo importadores líquidos destes combustíveis. Esta situação marca a dependência da região dos efeitos das mudanças nas commodities energéticas. Sendo assim, a oportunidade está no maior uso de fontes renováveis de energia, que contribuem para a segurança energética do país e representam benefícios ambientais significativos. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer uma análise comparativa dos cenários energéticos atuais de seis países da América Latina (México, Honduras, Nicarágua, Brasil, Equador e Chile), a fim de avaliar as políticas, os programas e as estratégias implementadas na busca da maior participação das energias renováveis. Considerando a importância do nexo água-energia, realizou-se uma comparação de dados qualitativos, considerando o consumo de energia, emissões de CO2, PIB e retiradas de água por país. Os autores concluíram que, apesar das limitações tecnológicas e financeiras, todos os países envolvidos estão se movendo para a transformação de uma matriz baseada em combustíveis fósseis para uma matriz com bases renováveis. Este processo pode ser visto como resultado de políticas claras e estratégias que foram definidas, que incluem (mas não estão limitadas) a definição de regras de preços, preços preferenciais para a eletricidade gerada por meio de tecnologias de energia renovável e incentivos formulados para incentivar a produção de biocombustíveis.
Parks and Preservation Trees, Upsizing Challenge Pipe‐Bursting Project
Authors: Torres Sarah
Published: July 2014

Texas Trinity River Authority pushes pipe‐bursting limits, upsizing a 24‐in. reinforced concrete sewer pipe to 34‐in. PE 4710, and saves a precious landscape.
What Best Practices Improve Workplace Safety?
Authors: Jacobs Mike
Published: July 2014

Workers are injured or killed at workplaces across North America every day. The best way to prevent such losses is to develop a solid, working accident prevention program. Systematically reviewing workplace operations, establishing correct job procedures, and ensuring all employees are properly trained can help prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Capacity of the Nearby Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Red for the Prediction of some Properties of Burned Soils in a Semi-Arid Area of Western Algeria
Authors: Borsali Amine Habib  , Bénabdéli Khéloufi  , Gros Raphaël
Published: July 2014

The forestry sector in Algeria is confronted for the years 1965 to a resurgence of the fires that destroy averaged 48 000 ha per year, or 12% of forest areas. As a result of repeated fires, a pyrophyte vegetation develops on degraded soils and from which the spontaneous regeneration of forest stands and reforestation are very difficult. The Algerian forest sustainable management must therefore be informed by an assessment of the physico-chemical quality of burned soils and the vulnerability of microbial activities in this disturbance Any rehabilitation or regeneration of the burned forest ecosystems program must take into consideration the impact of the fires on the ground [1] and therefore evaluate a large number of soil properties [2]. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of spectroscopy in the near infra-red to predict the time since the last fire and burned some microbiological characteristics of soil. This study is interested in the pine forests of the Algerian semi arid floor Aleppo pines. Promising results have shown a prediction rather senssible of the time since the last fire. The advantages of the SPIR are many. This method is fast, inexpensive and non-destructive.
Grafting of Cellulose Extracted from Kenaf Using Xanthate Method
Authors: Sherif M.A.S. Keshk
Published: July 2014

Mass spectra of reconstructed ion chromatogram (MRIC) technique are used to follow up the grafting copolymerization of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VP), 1-vinyl-3-anisylidine-2-pyrrolidinone (VAP) and ethylmethacrylate (EMA) and cellulose extracted from kenaf using xanthate method. Grafting is carried out under ionic and/or free radical mechanism conditions. Factors affecting grafting yield such as temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration, liquor ratio, carbon disulfide concentration, monomer and grafting time have been studied.
Some Current Developments in Brazilian Sociology of Crime: Towards a Criminology?
Authors: Freitas Renan de , Ribeiro Ludmila
Published: July 2014

This paper discusses the directions taken by sociology of crime in Brazil ever since its appearance, in the dawn of the 1970s, as well as the factors that prevented the development of a true criminology in the country, similar to that already found in North America. It is herein argued that while, on the one hand, Brazilian sociology was indeed able to develop an agenda of research on the processes that account for the criminalization of poorer segments of the population, on the other hand, for not having paid due attention to an entire consolidated body of knowledge available in order countries, it failed to explain rises and declines in criminality rates, and likewise failed to prescribe effective related public policies.
A Brief History of Prohibition and Treatment Solutions for Substance Abusers
Authors: Duncan David F. , Nicholson Thomas , White John B. , Ellis-Griffith Gregory
Published: July 2014

The predominant policy of prohibition (i.e. “War on Drugs”) emerged in the early Twentieth Century. It has been expanded on since that time to become the primary thrust of drug policy in almost every nation today. We will examine how this came about and the ways in which it has contributed to the maltreatment of substance abuse disorders.
Financial Supervision and Bank Profitability: Evidence from East Asia
Authors: Raz Arisyi F. , Irawan Christopher , Indra Tamarind P. , Darisman Riki
Published: July 2014

The growing fragility of the financial system has led to the increasing importance of financial supervision's role. In particular, the financial supervision regime is expected to promote bank performance and maintain financial stability. Unfortunately, studies on the relationship between banking supervisory regimes and bank performance are still limited. To address this issue, this paper focuses on the following four aspects of banking supervision:(i) the structure of supervisory frameworks, (ii) the independence of supervisory institutions (iii) the scope of supervisory role; and (iv) the authority of central banks in the banking sector. We use country-specific data for seven East-Asian countries and data for 39 individual banks in those countries over the period of 2006â€“2011 to examine how different financial supervision regimes in the region influence bank performance. The results show strong evidence that the existence of a single bank supervisor, instead of multiple, will enhance bank profitability. Mean while, there is a mixed result regarding the role of central bank independence in improving bank profitability. Furthermore, the authority of central banks in the banking sector and the scope of bank supervision do not show strong relationship with bank performance.
Los retos de las nuevas formas de explotación publicitaria en la financiación de la prensa digital
Authors: Maestro Espínola Lidia , García Santamaría José Vicente , Fernandez-Beaumont José
Published: July 2014

La financiación de la prensa, afectada por la distribución gratuita digital, y la reducción en la venta de ejemplares impresos están modificando las formas de explotación de los recursos publicitarios. Los cambios que ha introducido Internet en los comportamientos de la audiencia y la búsqueda de un modelo de negocio rentable implican también una profunda modificación en los procesos de comercialización y optimización de la gestión publicitaria; al mismo tiempo que las aplicaciones tecnológicas permiten significativas mejoras en la segmentación de audiencias. La supervivencia de las ediciones on line de los diarios de referencia pivota necesariamente sobre un modelo de ingresos provenientes de la publicidad, reproduciendo de esta manera los mismos condicionantes que sobre la preagenda mediática tienen sus ediciones impresas. Por otra parte, muchos de los pure player españoles, aunque lleven funcionando ya unos cuantos años o sean de irrupción reciente en este mercado basan todas sus expectativas de facturación en la publicidad online y, en algunos casos concretos, en un modelo mixto que combine publicidad con suscripciones. La hipótesis central de la investigación es que la viabilidad de los modelos de ingresos de la prensa digital dependen de la mejora de los sistemas de gestión publicitaria, llevados a cabo por los agencias y por los medios.
De la pantonera al hashtag. Evoluciones profesionales como consecuencia de la adaptación a los medios digitales
Authors: Torres Alfredo
Published: July 2014

Artículo de la sección Tribuna: investigación y profesión.
Publicidad y Branded Entertainment: interactividad y otros códigos de entretenimiento
Authors: De Assis Furtado Juliana
Published: July 2014

En esta segunda década del siglo XXI, las nuevas tecnologías y los nuevos medios de comunicación han formado parte de la vida común. Encontramos un individuo siempre en línea, lo cual supone también un nuevo consumidor, que participa, produce contenido y requiere algo a cambio de su atención. En este escenario, destacamos el formato Branded Entertainment, con el cual muchas marcas han ofrecido al público experiencias entretenidas, con carácter de narrativa y de juego. En la búsqueda de la estructura de esas experiencias, observamos en este trabajo cómo se comporta uno de sus elementos esenciales, la interactividad, identificando sus tipos, el papel que el consumidor asume y los niveles interactivos alcanzados. Además, consideramos como variables los códigos textuales, verbales y visuales de las piezas, esclareciendo como la elección de ciertos elementos y la ausencia de otros influye en la construcción de un mensaje entretenido. Fueron seleccionadas dos campañas: la inglesa «Dip Desperado», de Doritos, y la brasileña «Red Bull Street Art View», de Red Bull. El resultado de este estudio inicial se ajusta a nuestra hipótesis: el enfoque del mensaje en campañas entretenidas no está en el objeto a ser vendido. Elementos tradicionales son sustituidos por una orientación hacia el consumidor y, de esa manera, el público es llevado a concluir algo por sí mismo sobre aquella marca o producto. Y si tal conclusión es positiva, entonces, deberíamos considerar un nuevo tipo de persuasión: la persuasión entretenida.
El caso MoviStar en medios: ¿cumple la tendencia transmedia?
Authors: López Trigo Reig María , Puchalt López María
Published: July 2014

El interés del tema que se trata en este artículo es el cambio y evolución que se observa, al estudiar la comunicación publicitaria de los últimos tiempos, un cambio del lenguaje debido a la revolución tecnológica, al desarrollo de nuevos canales y medios, y a la implicación de los ciudadanos en este desarrollo tecnológico. La adaptación a este nuevo entorno será clave para el éxito de las estrategias de medios de los anunciantes. Al analizar la estrategia de medios de la empresa Movistar utilizando el análisis de contenido se pretende ver si existe un cambio en la planificación de medios en España.
Andrew Lang’s “Literary Plagiarism”: Reading Material and the Material of Literature
Authors: Henville Letitia
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the metaphors used in Andrew Lang’s 1887 Longman’s Magazine article “Literary Plagiarism,” arguing that Lang repeatedly describes ideas as if they are objects in order to frame the late-nineteenth-century plagiarism debate as a discussion of the best use of materials. Lang’s slippage between abstract, intangible ideas and “the material of literature” (833) enabled him to circumvent a discussion about access to publishing networks. This paper suggests that this episode exposes a concrete historical backstory for recent developments in thing theory, and suggests that the latter recapitulates in a philosophical register debates about the economics of literary publishing taking place in the late nineteenth century.
A National Study of Teaching and Assessing Writing in Canadian Middle Grades Classrooms
Authors: Peterson Shelley Stagg , McClay Jill
Published: July 2014

This article reports comprehensive findings from a national study of the teaching and assessment of writing in classrooms across ten Canadian provinces and two of three territories. Through interviews with 216 grade 4-8 teachers and observations and interviews in 22 classrooms (1 to 3 classrooms in each province), we gathered information about participating middle-grade teachers’ goals, and the practices and resources (including computers and multi-media, parents and community resources) that they use to teach and assess writing. The strengths and challenges that they identify in teaching writing and assessing writing, and the people who have most greatly influenced their writing instruction provide additional information on which we base implications for teacher education and professional development initiatives.
Les difficultés des élèves du primaire en mathématiques, quelle perspective d’interprétation privilégier ?
Authors: Rajotte Thomas , Giroux Jacinthe , Voyer Dominic
Published: July 2014

Cette recherche vise un approfondissement des connaissances concernant les difficultés d’apprentissage en mathématiques. Selon la littérature, deux perspectives permettent d’interpréter ces difficultés. La première perspective attribue les difficultés en mathématiques aux caractéristiques intrinsèques à l’élève, tandis que la seconde considère ces difficultés comme étant la résultante de l’interaction entre l’élève et le système didactique. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’éprouver la portée de ces perspectives. Pour ce faire, nous avons comparé les calculs relationnels des élèves à risque (N = 106) et des élèves tout-venant (N = 416). Nous avons aussi dégagé l’influence relative aux caractéristiques des problèmes et à l’appartenance à un milieu scolaire. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que les difficultés d’apprentissage en mathématiques devraient être interprétées en fonction de la seconde perspective.
Un canevas d’item pour évaluer la compétence d’investigation scientifique en laboratoire
Authors: Dionne Eric
Published: July 2014

L’évaluation des compétences scientifiques chez les élèves du secondaire (12-16 ans) présente des défis importants, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’instrumentation. Cet article présente des propositions à caractère méthodologique permettant de développer et d’administrer des situations d’évaluation (SE) de la compétence d’investigation scientifique dans un contexte à enjeux critiques comme c’est le cas, par exemple, en évaluation sommative ou certificative. Ces propositions s’appuient sur les postulats de l’approche par compétence, l’approche préconisée dans plusieurs systèmes éducatifs nord-américains et européens.
Revenge of the Beta Boys: Opting out as an exercise in masculinity
Authors: Walker Alicia
Published: July 2014

This study examines the factors influencing underachieving boys on a high-performing high school campus. Unlike the “laddishness” often seen in studies of underachievement among boys, the boys in this study were quiet, unobtrusive, and compliant within the classroom. Using qualitative interviews and observations conducted over a one-year period, the study showed the formation of student identities in response to the hegemonic masculinity of the “golden boy” portrayed by the popular boys on campus, which included high academic performance. The boys constructed an alternate masculinity, the Beta Boy, designed to demonstrate superior intellect through eschewing in-class work and homework but performing particularly well on tests.
On Writing Notes in the Field: Interrogating positionality, emotion, participation and ethics
Authors: Thompson Jennifer A.
Published: July 2014

Fieldnotes help researchers document research activities and position themselves in the field, invariably constructing the research, the researcher and the knowledges produced. Yet the process of how fieldnotes are produced often remains invisible. These “Notes from the Field” explore one doctoral student’s experiences writing fieldnotes. Interrogated here are some of the tensions that emerged writing fieldnotes in relation to positionality and emotion, as well as regarding participation and ethics.
LARP7 suppresses P-TEFb activity to inhibit breast cancer progression and metastasis
Authors: Ji Xiaodan , Lu Huasong , Zhou Qiang , Luo Kunxin
Published: July 2014

Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II is essential for gene expression during cell growth and differentiation. The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) stimulates transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating Pol II and antagonizing negative elongation factors. A reservoir of P-TEFb is sequestered in the inactive 7SK snRNP where 7SK snRNA and the La-related protein LARP7 are required for the integrity of this complex. Here, we show that P-TEFb activity is important for the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer progression. Decreased levels of LARP7 and 7SK snRNA redistribute P-TEFb to the transcriptionally active super elongation complex, resulting in P-TEFb activation and increased transcription of EMT transcription factors, including Slug, FOXC2, ZEB2, and Twist1, to promote breast cancer EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Our data provide the first demonstration that the transcription elongation machinery plays a key role in promoting breast cancer progression by directly controlling the expression of upstream EMT regulators.
Barriers to, Facilitators of, and Interventions to Support Treat‐to‐Target Implementation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gossec Laure , Bessette Louis , Xavier Ricardo M. , Favalli Ennio G. , Östör Andrew , Buch Maya H.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Treat‐to‐target is recommended in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but its implementation is suboptimal. We aimed to identify interventional strategies targeted at improving treat‐to‐target implementation in RA by systematically reviewing published evidence on barriers to, facilitators of, and interventions to support treat‐to‐target implementation.

Methods

Systematic and scoping literature searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, Derwent Drug File, Embase, EMCare, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and SciSearch were conducted to identify barriers/facilitators and interventions relating to treat‐to‐target implementation in RA. The quality of included studies was assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists. Data related to barriers/facilitators and interventions were extracted, grouped, and summarized descriptively, and a narrative synthesis was generated.

Results

In total, 146 articles were analyzed, of which 123 (84%) included ≥50% of the items assessed by CASP checklists. Of the 146 studies, 76 evaluated treat‐to‐target barriers and facilitators, from which 329 relevant statements were identified and regrouped into 18 target areas, including health care professional (HCP) or patient knowledge or perceptions; patient‐HCP communication or alignment; and time or resources. Overall, 56 interventions were identified from 70 studies across the 18 target areas; 54% addressed disease activity or patient‐reported outcome assessments. Of the 56 interventions identified, 36 improved treat‐to‐target implementation and/or patient outcomes in RA.

Conclusion

Despite long‐established treat‐to‐target recommendations, there remain many barriers to its implementation. Interventions to improve treat‐to‐target should be developed further and assessed, with a particular focus on tailoring them to individual countries, regions, and health care settings.
Nano‐Enabled Intracellular Bursting of Calcium and Retinoic Acid Regulates Dopaminergic Neuronal Differentiation of NSCs for Parkinson's Disease Therapy
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Liu Qi , Zhou Wenjuan , Zhao Tiantian , Shi Jiapei , Ren Na , Wang Jingang , Shan Fengjuan , Wang Hongli , Wang Jie , Sun Chunhui , Wang Zenan , Hao Aijun , Liu Hong , Wang Shuping
Published: August 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy offers promise for replacing these neurons and restoring neural function. However, directing NSCs to become dopaminergic neurons is challenging. Retinoic acid (RA) is a potential regulator, but its insolubility in water limits its use in PD therapy. Herein, nanonizing RA with calcium acetate to create calcium‐retinoic acid nanoparticles (Ca‐RA NPs) is proposed. These nanoparticles can be internalized by NSCs and then dissociated in the acidic environment of lysosomes to lead to a burst of Ca2+ and RA. In vitro results showed that the intracellular bursting of Ca2+ and RA accelerated neuronal differentiation and maturation by 5–10 days compared to spontaneous NSC differentiation. Importantly, Ca‐RA NPs uniquely directed NSCs to dopaminergic neurons, involving the interaction between the calcium ion‐mediated MAPK signaling pathway and the RA‐mediated RA signaling pathway. Animal experiments further validated the efficacy of Ca‐RA‐coated NSCs in restoring motor and cognitive functions in PD mice by rapidly forming dopaminergic neural circuits. Given that both RA and calcium acetate are approved by the FDA, this strategy has the potential for translation into a clinical treatment approach for stem cell therapy of PD.
Self‐Assembly of Biocompatible Core‐Shell Nanocapsules with Tunable Surface Functionality by Microfluidics for Enhanced Drug Delivery
Authors: Yang Ze , Xie Yuting , Song Jinyuan , Liu Rongrong , Chen Jingyi , Weitz David A , Sheng Jianpeng , Liang Tingbo , Chen Dong
Published: August 2024

Nanocarriers are essential for targeted and enhanced drug delivery. However, the use of toxic solvent and the complex of chemical functionalization have seriously limited their clinical translation. Here, a one‐step strategy is developed to direct the self‐assembly of biocompatible core‐shell nanocapsules with tunable surface functionality by microfluidics. Upon rapid mixing and solvent exchange of ethanol with water in a microfluidic device, drug, oil, polymer, and polymer‐PEG‐function co‐precipitate and self‐assemble into core‐shell nanocapsules with desired surface functionality as driven by energy minimization. The prepared PCL‐PEG‐FA core‐shell nanocapsules demonstrate a high encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity and exhibit excellent tumor‐targeting drug delivery performances both in vitro and in vivo via the binding of functional group on the nanocapsule surface with corresponding receptor on the tumor cell membrane. The immune activation in the tumor microenvironment is investigated in detail by flow cytometry and multiplex immunohistochemistry staining to reveal the underlying mechanism for enhanced anti‐tumor performances. The developed strategy is green, facile, versatile, scalable and offers a promising platform for the design of advanced nanocarriers with hierarchical structure and desired function for enhanced drug delivery.
Atomic Interface Engineering‐Mediated Metallene Nanozyme Boosts Efficient Photothermal Catalytic Tumor‐Specific Therapy
Authors: Wu Jiandong , Jiao Dongxu , Liu Qihui , Tian Bin , Liu Tao , Wu Qiong , Nan Yu , Chang Xin , Jiang Shan , Yang Qi , Cui Xiaoqiang , Chen Fangfang
Published: August 2024

Tumor microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanozymes‐based catalytic therapy shows great potential in combating malignant tumor. However, their biological application still suffers from deficient catalytic activity. Herein, the MoOx‐Rh metallene nanozyme demonstrates highly efficient multiple enzymatic catalytic activities, where MoOx species atomically dispersed on Rh metallene surface. The resulting structures enable MoOx‐Rh metallene with maximally exposed active oxide‐metallene interface and more atoms sites around interface can be well finely regulated. Results of experiment and density functional theory (DFT) simulations support the notion that atomic interface structure facilitates multiple enzyme‐like reactions. As a TME‐responsive nanozyme, MoOx‐Rh metallene exhibits remarkable therapeutic effect of tumor due to intrinsic near‐infrared photothermal effect and laser‐enhanced multiple enzymatic catalytic activities. This study illustrates the great promise of atomic interface engineering strategy in tumor catalytic therapy.
The Guardian of Vision: Intelligent Bacteriophage‐Based Eyedrops for Clinical Multidrug‐Resistant Ocular Surface Infections
Authors: Chen Luojia , Wu Ming‐Yu , Chen Si‐Ling , Hu Rui , Wang Yifei , Zeng Weijuan , Feng Shun , Ke Min , Wang Lianrong , Chen Shi , Gu Meijia
Published: August 2024

Clinical multidrug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR‐PA) is the leading cause of refractory bacterial keratitis (BK). However, the reported BK treatment methods lack biosecurity and bioavailability, which usually causes irreversible visual impairment and even blindness. Herein, for BK caused by clinically isolated MDR‐PA infection, armed phages are modularized with the type I photosensitizer (PS) ACR‐DMT, and an intelligent phage eyedrop is developed for combined phagotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). These eyedrops maximize the advantages of bacteriophages and ACR‐DMT, enabling more robust and specific targeting killing of MDR‐PA under low oxygen‐dependence, penetrating and disrupting biofilms, and efficiently preventing biofilm reformation. Altering the biofilm and immune microenvironments alleviates inflammation noninvasively, promotes corneal healing without scar formation, protects ocular tissues, restores visual function, and prevents long‐term discomfort and pain. This strategy exhibits strong scalability, enables at‐home treatment of ocular surface infections with great patient compliance and a favorable prognosis, and has significant potential for clinical application.
Stabilizing Interlayer Repulsion in Layered Sodium‐Ion Oxide Cathodes via Hierarchical Layer Modification
Authors: Liu Xiangsi , Yuan Chen , Zheng Xingyu , Cheng Gangya , Qian Hui , Zheng Bizhu , Lu Xingyu , Yang Yao , Zhu Yizhou , Xiang Yuxuan
Published: August 2024

Layered sodium‐ion oxides hold considerable promise in achieving high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries. However, the notorious phase transformation during charging, attributed to increased O2−─O2− repulsion, results in substantial performance decay. Here, a hierarchical layer modification strategy is proposed to stabilize interlayer repulsion. During desodiation, migrated Li+ from the transition metal layer and anchored Ca2+ in sodium sites maintain the cationic content within the sodium layer. Meanwhile, partial oxygen substitution by fluorine and the involvement of oxygen in redox reactions increase the average valence of the oxygen layer. This sustained cation presence and elevated anion valence collectively mitigate increasing O2−─O2− repulsion during sodium extraction, enabling the Na0.61Ca0.05[Li0.1Ni0.23Mn0.67]O1.95F0.05 (NCLNMOF) cathode to retain a pure P2‐type structure across a wide voltage range. Unexpected insights reveal the interplay between different doping elements: the robust Li─F bonds and Ca2+ steric effects suppressing Li+ loss. The NCLNMOF electrode exhibits 82.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles and a high‐rate capability of 94 mAh g−1 at 1600 mA g−1, demonstrating the efficacy of hierarchical layer modification for high‐performance layered oxide cathodes.
Unveiling the Stability of Proper Polyethyleneimine‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composites‐Derived Chemiresistive CO2 Sensors
Authors: Liu Tianyi , Lang Kening , Patel Rishi J. , Robledo Christopher J. , Boeser Nickolas , Eldredge Rebecca L. , Padilla Daniel J. , Nelson Marriana , Landorf Christopher W. , Kayastha Vijaya , Zhu Jiadeng
Published: August 2024

Branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), consisting of numerous imine groups, is employed for CO2 gas detection, attributed to the interaction between imine groups and CO2. Incorporating functionalized carbon nanotubes (f‐CNTs) into PEI developed in recent years has remarkably enhanced sensor performance. However, the active characteristic of imine groups makes the sensor susceptible to aging. In this research, the aging of PEIs with different molecular weights is systematically studied and compared along with their thermal stability and structure migration under various conditions, explored using thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, an ink composed of high‐molecular‐weight PEI and f‐CNTs is successfully developed, which shows outstanding printability according to its rheology results. The stability of the ink is assessed by a Turbiscan analyzer and compared with the ink composed of low‐molecular‐weight PEI. The ink with high‐molecular‐weight PEI is utilized to prepare CO2 sensors via screen printing, which are then tested by in‐house‐built electronics. The sensors achieve a detection range of 300–2000 ppm CO2, which could indicate robust sensing performance even after 40 continuous testing cycles. It should be noted that the resultant sensors have realized a wider measurement range and superior stability than other reported PEI/CNT‐based CO2 sensors, further facilitating their practical applications.
Canopy closure, yield, and quality under heterogeneous plant spacing in sunflower
Authors: Olson Neil A. , Trostle Calvin , Meyer Ronald , Hulke Brent S.
Published: August 2024

Deviation from uniform target plant population density in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production may negatively affect canopy closure, yield, and grain quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant density heterogeneity on yield, quality, and canopy closure in confectionery and oilseed sunflowers. Field experiments consisted of fixed differences in the number of skips/doubles per plot while maintaining equal total number of plants, and stand gaps with proportional decreasing plant counts. These were conducted in Minnesota, Texas, and Colorado, USA. Experiments revealed that yield was occasionally influenced by heterogeneity, with more uniform stand density yielding higher; however, substantial changes in uniformity of plant density often resulted in no differences in yield. Confectionery sunflowers compensated for yield losses in thinner stands mainly by producing larger seeds (observed range of 0.1%–46.2% of seeds over a 9.53 mm sieve), while oilseed sunflowers increased seed production per head (as shown by invariable test weight across treatments within environments). Plants that were unharvestable for any cause (most often due to head rot disease or lodging) were more prevalent in less uniform stands, and faster canopy closure was achieved in uniformly spaced plants. Although sunflower is very resilient to stand uniformity issues, these findings underscore the importance of uniform sunflower plant spacing for effective weed suppression and crop performance and highlight the need for further research into sunflower yield compensation mechanisms.