bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGGUNAAN FILTER KAPASITIF PADA RECTIFIER SATU PHASA DAN TIGA PHASA MENGGUNAKAN POWER SIMULATOR (PSIM)
Authors: Atmam Atmam
Published: November 2018

Catu daya dengan tegangan arus searah ini dihasilkan dari pengubahan tegangan AC (Alternating Current)menjadi tegangan DC (Direct Current) yang biasa disebut dengan penyearah atau rectifier. Tegangan output awal dari sebuah rectifier belum merupakan tegangan DC murni dengan bentuk gelombang berupa garis lurus melainkan memiliki riak atau ripple yang akan berpengaruh terhadap peralatan elektronika serta dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada peralatan elektronika tersebut. Tegangan output rectifier yang memiliki riak atau ripple perlu direduksi agar tidak mengganggu kerja peralatan elektronika yang tersambung dengan sumber tegangan DC tersebut. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memberikan filter diantaranya adalah filter kapasitif berupa pemasangan kapasitor pada sisi output dari rectifier satu phasa maupun rectifier tiga phasa. Dari Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh tegangan ripple untuk pemasangan filter kapasitif rectifier satu phasa dan tiga phasa sebesar 100μF/25V maka terlihat bahwa tegangan ripple rectifier tiga phasa lebih kecil yaitu 0,6241 Vpp dibandingan dengan tegangan ripple rectifier satu phasa sebesar 3,0843 Vpp. Tegangan ripple rectifier satu phasa dengan filter kapasitif sebesar 1000μF/25V adalah 0,3123 Vpp dan tegangan ripple rectifier tiga phasa filter kapasitif sebesar 1000μF/25V adalah 0,0701 Vpp sehingga tegangan ripple rectifier tiga phasa lebih kecil bila dibandingan dengan tegangan ripple rectifier satu phasa.
ANALISIS PROTEKSI RELE JARAK PADA SALURAN TRANSMISI 150 KV GARUDA SAKTI – PASIR PUTIH MENGGUNAKAN PSCAD
Authors: Asman Hari , Eteruddin Hamzah , . Arlenny
Published: November 2018

Transmisi daya listrik menggunakan saluran udara tegangan tinggi, sehingga sangat rentan terhadap gangguan karena jarak yang sangat jauh. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan keandalan sistem proteksi yang tinggi untuk mengamankan saluran udara tersebut. Untuk memenuhi keandalan tersebut, maka pada saluran transmisi perlu dilakukan pemasangan rele jarak. Objek penelitian pada saluran transmisi yang menghubungkan Gardu Induk Garuda Sakti dan Gardu Induk Pasir Putih yang dikelola oleh PT. PLN (Persero) Unit Pelayanan Transmisi Pekanbaru. Saat penelitian ini dilakukan Penghantar 150 kV Garuda Sakti – Pasir Putih belum beroperasi. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan perhitungan nilai impedansi primer dan impedansi sekunder penghantar 150 kV Garuda Sakti-Pasir Putih dengan panjang penghantar sejauh 31,16 km kemudian setting rele jarak pada zona-1, zona-2, dan zona-3, lalu disimulasikan dengan menggunakan software PSCAD. Berdasarkan analisa yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil perhitungan rele jarak di penghantar 150 kV Garuda Sakti-Pasir Putih pada zona-1 sebesar 1,0529 Ohm, zona-2 sebesar 2,2519 Ohm, dan zona-3 sebesar 3,3778 Ohm. Kemudian hasil perhitungan disimulasikan dengan menggunakan software PSCAD dan didapatkan semua gelombang impedansi gangguan berada dalam lingkaran zona yang menandakan rele jarak akan bekerja saat terjadi gangguan.
Analisa Konsumsi Energi Listrik Rumah Dengan Kendali Otomatis
Authors: Maharmi Benriwati
Published: November 2018

An automatic control of the home lights can save energy consumption, thereby reducing the cost of electricity payment. This paper aims to test the Cost Saving Energy Electricity tool with automatic control of home lighting using Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, because it has advantages that the number of input / output a lot so that the flexibility of the controlled light load can be more. The control system used a RTC (Real Time Clock) method, which has excess timer that can always be up-to-date. Also, the ACS-712 Current Sensor can measure the outflow current on the light load to be displayed by LCD and the Relay Module can control automaticly On/Off. However, problems experienced when using the On/Off switch contact manually that was turn on or off the light, which  at the different clocks due to human negligence so that the power consumption being not well controlled. Test results that have been done for a month with a maximum load of 300 Watt was obtained electric power consumption for reading on kWh meter by using cost saving energy tool of 61.4 kWh while in the manual system of 85.7 kWh. Furthermore, it got the power difference of 24.3 kWh. The value of electricity cost savings of 35.655 (TDL, Rp 1,467.28 / kWh).  Therefore, the use of cost saving energy to control home lighting automatically proved more energy efficient than the manual system using the On/Off switch.
PENGARUH PERUBAHAN KADAR AIR TERHADAP NILAI KUAT TEKAN BEBAS STABILISASI TANAH CL-ML DENGAN SEMEN
Authors: Siregar Suhaimi , Fatnanta Ferry , M Muhardi
Published: November 2018

Di Pekanbaru, terdapat jenis tanah yang diklasifikasikan tanah CL-ML yang berdasarkan grafik plastisitas cassagrande memiliki indek plastisitas antara 4% - 7%, dan batas cair antara 12% - 30%. Kondisi tanah ini rentan terhadap perubahan kadar air sehingga menyebabkan tanah mudah lembek (mencair) dimusim penghujan dan menjadi retak pada musim kemarau, keadaan ini menjadi masalah jika pembangunan jalan dilaksanakan diatasnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan semen sebagai stabilisasi secara kimia dalam upaya perbaikan akibat perubahan kadar air pada siklus basah-kering terhadap nilai kuat tekan bebas. Siklus pembasahan dilakukan dengan merendam sampel kedalam air dan pengeringan dengan dimasukkan kedalam desikator yang terjaga kelembapannya. Hasil penelitian secara umum menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik kuat tekan bebas terhadap siklus basah kering meningkat dengan penambahan semen pada tanah CL-ML.  Pada kondisi pembasahan nilai kuat tekan bebas menurun dengan meningkatnya kadar air dan kembali meningkat saat kadar air berkurang pada kondisi pengeringan
Sentra Kerajinan Tenun Riau
Authors: Sholihindra Sholihindra , Cherish Rika , Repi Repi
Published: November 2018

Kerajinan tenun songket merupakan salah satu kerajinan tradisional masyarakat Melayu Riau, yang pada zaman dahulu sering dibuat oleh anak-anak bangsawan dan hanya dipakai oleh kalangan kerajaan dalam lingkungan terbatas. Dengan perkembangan zaman yang lebih modern, kain tenun songket sudah digunakan oleh masyarakat luas. Adapun permasalahan selama ini yang dihadapi keterbatsan alat, sumber daya manusia dan pemasaran produk.  Maka diperlukan wadah berupa pusat kegiatan untuk terus melestarikan kerajinan tradisional tenun songket agar tidak punah dan perlunya memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat untuk mengenal dan mempelajari berbagai macam motif ragam hias yang digunakan dalam kerajinan tenun songket. Diharapkan untuk dapat menjadi sarana edukasi dibidang seni budaya Kerajinan tenun untuk para pelajar, mahasiswa serta masyarakat umum agar dapat membantu mengenal sejarah dan informasi tentang perkembangan kerajinan Tenun, begitu juga untuk para seniman untuk mendalami kembali pengetahuan di bidang Kerajinan Tenun ini.
Pekanbaru Indoor Recreation Centre
Authors: Sunarto Sunarto , Silva Hendri , Sudarmin Sudarmin
Published: November 2018

Rekreasi adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk penyegaran kembali jasmani dan rohani seseorang. Secara keseluruhan, rekreasi diartikan bahwa aktifitas yang dilakukan dapat memberikan kepuasan dan kegembiraan yang ditujukan bagi kepuasan jasmani dan rohani manusia. Berdasarkan sifat ruang, rekreasi dapat digolongkan menjadi rekreasi Indoor, Rekreasi Indoor yaitu suatu kegiatan rekreasi yang dilakukan dalam suatu wadah rekreasi, yang dalam wadah tersebut banyak mencakup fasilitas rekreasi dengan menggunakan atap dan dinding sehingga berwujud berupa bangunan.  Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu studi literatur, studi empiris, dan studi lapangan. Kemudian di lakukan analisis terhadap beberapa aspek yang meliputi, aspek manusia, aspek lingkungan, dan aspek bangunan. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan program besaran ruang dan konsep perancangan dengan pendekatan prinsip-prinsip perancangan arsitektur modern.
Didaktische Varianten von E-Learning vor dem Hintergrund zentraler Bildungsanliegen der Ernährungs- und Verbraucher*bildung im Kontext Globalen Lernens
Authors: Angele Claudia Maria
Published: November 2018

Didaktische Varianten von E-Learning werden im Hinblick auf zentrale Bildungsanliegen einer Ernährungs- und Verbraucher*bildung (EVB) im Kontext Globalen Lernens reflektiert. Dabei handelt es sich einerseits um den Einsatz virtueller Szenarien einer 3D-Welt als Lernszenarien in der Hochschuldidaktik und andererseits um den Einsatz einer App zur Vermeidung von Lebensmittelverschwendung im Unterricht der Sekundarstufe.
Norm-resolvent convergence in perforated domains
Authors: Cherednichenko K. , Dondl P. , Rösler F.
Published: November 2018

For several different boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin), we prove norm-resolvent convergence for the operator [Formula: see text] in the perforated domain [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], to the limit operator [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a constant depending on the choice of boundary conditions.

This is an improvement of previous results [ Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and Their Applications 31 ( 1997 ), 45–93; in: Proc. Japan Acad., 1985 ], which show strong resolvent convergence. In particular, our result implies Hausdorff convergence of the spectrum of the resolvent for the perforated domain problem.
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER MATERIALS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: FROM IMPLANTS TO ORGANS
Authors: Gomzyak V. I. , Demina V. A. , Razuvaeva E. V. , Sedush N. G. , Chvalun S. N.
Published: November 2018

Development of modern medical technologies would be impossible without the application of various materials with special properties. Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in interest in biodegradable materials for use in medicine and other areas of the national economy. In medicine, biodegradable polymers offer great potential for controlled drug delivery and wound management (e.g., adhesives, sutures and surgical meshes), for orthopedic devices (screws, pins and rods), nonwoven materials and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Among the family of biodegradable polyesters the most extensively investigated and the most widely used polymers are poly(α-hydroxyacid)s: polylactide (i.e. PLA), polyglycolide (i.e. PGA), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), polydioxanone and their copolymers. Controlling the molecular and supramolecular structure of biodegradable polymers allows tuning the physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of the materials as well as their degradation kinetics. This enables selecting the optimal composition and structure of the material for the development of a broad range of biomedical products. Introduction of various functional fillers such as calcium phosphates allows creating bioactive composite materials with improved mechanical properties. To manufacture the highly dispersed biomedical materials for regenerative medicine electrospinning and freeze-drying are employed. Varying the technological parameters of the process enables to produce materials and devices with predetermined pore sizes and various mechanical properties. In order to increase the effectiveness of a great number of drugs the perspective approach is their inclusion into nanosized polymer micelles based on amphiphilic block copolymers of lactide and ethylene oxide. Different crystallization behavior of the lactide blocks and controlled regulation of their length allows producing micelles with various sizes and morphology. In this article we have attempted to provide an overview of works that are under way in the area of biodegradable polymers research and development in our group.
TRANSFORMATION OF SHORT-CHAIN n-ALKANES UNDER TREATMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION
Authors: Torkhovsky V. N. , Antonyuk S. N. , Vorobyev S. I. , Nikolaeva M. V.
Published: November 2018

The structure and properties of oil disperse systems (ODS) are mainly determined by the presence of paraffin hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) in the crude oil and natural gas liquid. Short-chain n-alkanes (С8-С17) are part of ODS dispersion medium. Under oil refining treatment, they concentrate in the distillate fractions and influence the operation characteristics of product liquid fuels and natural gas liquid.We studied the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation on the short-chain n-alkanes. Cavitation was produced by a high pressure disintegrator DA-1. A plunger pump produced compression pressure 50 MPa. Cavitation treatment was applied three times in a row. The research object was liquid oil paraffin containing 96.5% wt. n-alkanes С9-С21 (including 95% wt. С9-С17) and 2.5% wt. isoalkanes С10-С20; the balance was a mixture of other hydrocarbons. The results of GLC demonstrated that the total conversion of initial n-alkanes С14-С17 was not high, but it grew growing constantly: after the 1st cavitation cycle - 1.4%, after the 2nd cavitation cycle - 2.7%, after the 3rd one - 3.6%. At the highest conversion, the concentration of n-alkanes C8-C13 in liquid oil paraffin increased by 28% rel., and the concentration of n-alkanes C18-C22 - by 36% rel. The information obtained allows predicting the influence of the short-chain n-alkanes present in the oil feed on alterations of its hydrocarbon and fraction composition after cavitation.
SET-THEORETIC DESCRITPION OF FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING
Authors: Burlyaeva E. V. , Burlyaev V. V. , Tsekhanovich V. S.
Published: November 2018

The technique for the formalized description of functional models of chemical manufacturing is developed. The technique is based on graph theory. The model is described as a set of oriented labeled graphs that are hierarchically organized by the decompose relationship. First we describe the conversion of a single diagram to a labeled graph, including adding new nodes and edges. The nodes of the graph correspond to boxes, borders and branching points of the arrows at the diagram. The edges of the graph correspond to the arrows at the diagram. The graph descriptions of the model of base functional relationships such as output-input, output-control, output-mechanism are represented. We develop procedures to convert the border arrows and branch arrows. Conversion of branch arrows is performed depending on changes of the labels of branches. Branching of each arrow corresponds to a subgraph including several edges and perhaps additional nodes. Oriented labeled graphs are described by set-theoretic notation that contains the labels of the edges and the roles of nodes. The hierarchy of diagrams is specified by a decompose relationship, which includes the parent chart, the child chart and the decomposed box. As an example, we present the set-theoretic description of the functional model of vinyl acetate manufacturing. The application of mathematical apparatus built within the framework of graph theory for verification and analysis of functional diagrams based on the proposed formal description is an area for further research.
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES COMPARISON OF MESO-ARYLPORPHYRINS METAL COMPLEXES AS POTENTIAL DYES FOR SOLAR CELLS
Authors: Ezhov A. V. , Vyalba F. Yu. , Zhdanova K. A. , Mironov A. F. , Zhizhin K. Yu. , Bragina N. A.
Published: November 2018

This work is dedicated to the synthesis of porphyrin metal complexes for creation of dyesensitized solar cells (DSSC). Three different dyes were synthesized - zinc complexes of porphyrins containing alkoxyl substituents: with symmetric structure (Zn-P1), as well as asymmetric (type A3B) with the introduction of a donor (Zn-P2) or an acceptor (Zn-P3) substituents via the 1,3,5-triazine fragment. The spectral characteristics of the synthesized substances are compared. For all the obtained dyes, geometry optimization and visualization of the electron density distribution were carried out using computational methods based on the density functional theory (DFT). The location of the frontier unbound molecular orbitals is more optimal when an acceptor substituent containing anchor groups is introduced via the triazine moiety. However, the use of ligands containing an anchor group simplifies the synthesis of the dye and opens up more possibilities for varying both the ligand and the introduced donor substituents. As a result, it was concluded that the spatial distribution of the dye, when applied to the electrode and, consequently, the number of its molecules per unit area of the semiconductor, can have the greatest effect on the efficiency of a cell using t he described compounds.
PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK GUANO TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI MACAM VARIETAS TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum L)
Authors: Anwar M. Darul , Kurniawan Tsani
Published: November 2018

Kebutuhan pasar buah tomat dari tahun ke tahun yang semakin meningkat tidak diikuti dengan peningkatan kemampuan produksinya. Usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi adalah dengan menggunakan varietas unggul dan pemupukan organik, salah satunya adalah pupuk guano. Penggunaan varietas unggul antara lain varietas kingkong, servo, dan booming. Tujuan  penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui  interaksi pengaruh dosis pupuk guano terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tiga macam varietas tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L) serta mengetahui pengaruh pemberian dosis pupuk guano terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tiga macam varietas tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Februari sampai Mei 2017, di CV Rejo Tani Desa Kuniran, Baron, Kecamatan Baron, Kabupaten Nganjuk dengan tekstur tanah lempung berpasir, pH tanah 6,2, ketinggian tempat 48 mdpl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) tidak terjadi interaksi antara perlakuan macam varietas dan dosis pupuk guano terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat; 2) perlakuan tunggal varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap parameter tinggi, jumlah daun tanaman umur 21, 28, dan 35 hst, jumlah cabang umur 35 hst, jumlah buah dan berat buah  panen 1- 4, jumlah buah pada varietas servo yaitu 19 sedangkan pada varietas Booming 18,77, produksi pada perlakuan varietas servo dengan dosis 600 gr sebesar 74,12812 ton/ha dan perlakuan varietas booming dengan dosis 1200 gr sebesar 44,22285 ton/ha; 3) perlakuan tunggal dosis pupuk guano berpengaruh nyata terhadap berat buah pada panen ke-3.
VIETNAM’S ECONOMY IN 2014 - 2015 RECOVERY AND TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
Authors: Nguyen Luan Van
Published: November 2018

Vietnam’s economy still coped with difficulties in 2014. However, macroeconomic indicators met or even exceeded targets. The economy had highlights which were a relatively more stable macroeconomic environment and balances of major items. The Vietnamese economy showed signs of recovery in 2014, reflected by a GDP of 5.98% against the target of 5.8% and CPI rise of 4.09% from the earlier year. It is the economic growth and well-controlled inflation rate in 2014 facilitated the stability and recovery of the economy. Nevertheless, there remained some indicators that failed to achieve the target and congestion in the economic development. The year 2015 plays animportant role in Vietnam’s economy because it is the last year of the 5- year socio-economic development plan. Only by stabilizing the macroeconomic environment, boosting manufacturing and trading activities, efficiently implementing the restructuring of the economy, changing growth model and a wide range of other tasks, successful global integration, and enhancing the competitiveness of the economy can Vietnam meet 2015’s economic development targets
VIETNAM ECONOMY SOLUTIONS FOR ESCAPING DEPRESSION AND TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Nguyen Hai Chi , Nguyen Duong Thuy
Published: November 2018

This study aims to identify and evaluate the reason for the decline of Vietnam’s economic growth in the period 2011 - 2014. The results indicate that, in addition to endogenous problems of the growth model, obsolete technology and low productivity are the main factors causing the decline. The study also offers some suggestions for Vietnam to get out of the economicdepression and reach a sustainable development.
Military crimes in the system of criminal legislation of Ukraine
Authors: Kharytonov S. О.
Published: November 2018

The system of military crimes and its signs are considered. The place of the institute of military crimes in the system of criminal legislation of Ukraine has been determined. Criteria of systematization are characterized, the relationship between the system of war crimes and other systems of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is shown.

The system of military crimes (as well as any other crimes) is important both theoretical and practical: first, it provides an opportunity to identify the most significant features inherent in military crimes; and second, due to these signs, the latter differ from each other; thirdly, the system of such crimes permits the separation of war crimes from non-military (ordinary or special-criminal), which is a prerequisite for their proper qualification, which, in turn, embodies the principle of the lawfulness of criminal law. The value of systematizing military crimes lies in their most important and stable functional relationships with various branches of law and allows for legal identification with sectoral legal systems, for example, with administrative and military law, through such logical terms as concepts, judgments and inferences.

The main purpose (function) of the existence of an institution of military crimes is, undoubtedly, the protection of social relations that arise and exist between the state and the serviceman (military and reservists) in the process of bearing them an appropriate form of military service, which consists in the professional activity of its fit for state of health and age of citizens of Ukraine, foreigners or stateless persons, connected with the defense of the state, its independence and territorial integrity. So, the totality of military crimes has all the signs of the system, which characterizes the system-forming factor – a factor that determines the origin of the system itself.
Reproducibility in Phraseology and Ornithonym Components
Authors: A. Sakhibullina Kadrie , A. Ayupova Roza , Ortiz Alvarez Maria Luisa
Published: November 2018

In any language, Phraseological units are characterized as stable reproducible units. Reproducibility is the ability to be a permanent, fixed linguistic unit that can be retrieved from the language fund as an item ready to use. Reproducibility is closely related to the stable cognitive image of fixed linguistic units. This feature of phraseological and paremiological units (P&PUs) makes them precedential texts and thus well-known for all language speakers. Considering the role of these linguistic units in mastering a foreign language, in our classes of English as a second language (ESL) we expose our students not only to P&PUs, but also to the most common models of their occasional or contextual use. In the present paper, we dealt with English P&PUs with ornithonym component. Applying Ngram model and its possibilities, we sought to detect variants of models of contextual use of analyzed P&PUs and possibilities of Ngram for a researcher.
Measuring the Financial Performance of Indonesian Banking Industry Using Risk-Based Bank Rating
Authors: Sjahrifa Cut , Daryanto Wiwiek Mardawiyah , Ananggadipa Vanya Kanyaka
Published: November 2018

A bank has an important role in every country including Indonesia. The bank is aimed at maintaining economic growth and national financial stability. This study is to measure and analyze the financial performance between Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI), Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), Bank Mandiri, and Bank Central Asia (BCA) against the national performance condition from under Bank Indonesia’s regulation No. 1 3 /1 /PBI/2 01 1 about Banks Financial Health Assessment. The data were collected from the annual report each company for the period 2012 – 2016. Furthermore, this study measure and analyze their level of financial health performance with Risk-based Bank Rating (RBBR) approach. RBBR examines NonPerforming Loan Ratio (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Current Account and Saving Account Ratio (CASA), Return on Asset (ROA), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). The result shows that those banks have a good financial performance which can be categorized into an ideal and very healthy condition. The finding results will be useful for students to deepen understanding about financial ratio and for bankers to analyze and make a strategy to improve the performance.
Causality of Product Awareness Coconut Flour Towards Future Engagement, Indonesian Market
Authors: Ong Leonnard , Rosellinny Gabriella , Augustinus Jonathan , Rianti Novia
Published: November 2018

In order to establish a future engagement of the Indonesian market in terms of coconut flour, awareness of the product is needed for the consumer decision making to purchase the product which will lead to future engagement. This study aims to examine the effects of product and awareness and consumer decision making towards future engagement in Indonesia. By employing SmartPLS, we prove that existence of product has a relatively strong negative relationship with awareness (.55); while awareness has a relatively weak relationshipwith consumer decision making to purchase a product (.37) and the decision made by customer to purchase healthy product have a relatively strong positive relationship towards engagement of the product in the future (.66). Further implications are discussed.
The Child's Right to Basic Education in Nigeria: A Commentary on the Decision in SERAP v. Nigeria
Authors: Isokpan Aisosa Jennifer , Durojaye Ebenezer
Published: November 2018

This case note focuses on the justiciability as well as the impact of corruption on the realisation of the right to basic education. Through an assessment of the decision of the ECOWAS Court in SERAP v. Nigeria, it emphasises the role of states in ensuring that corrupt activities of government officials or third parties do not affect the enjoyment of the right. It equally emphasises the role of the Nigerian courts in ensuring a justiciable right to education.
Alkaloid-Rich Crude Extracts, Fractions and Piperamide Alkaloids of Piper guineense Possess Promising Antibacterial Effects
Authors: Mgbeahuruike Eunice Ego , Fyhrquist Pia , Vuorela Heikki , Julkunen-Tiitto Riitta , Holm Yvonne
Published: November 2018

Piper guineense is a food and medicinal plant commonly used to treat infectious diseases in West-African traditional medicine. In a bid to identify new antibacterial compounds due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics, twelve extracts of P. guineense fruits and leaves, obtained by sequential extraction, as well as the piperine and piperlongumine commercial compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis were conducted to characterize and identify the compounds present in the extracts with promising antibacterial activity. The extracts, with the exception of the hot water decoctions and macerations, contained piperamide alkaloids as their main constituents. Piperine, dihydropiperine, piperylin, dihydropiperylin or piperlonguminine, dihydropiperlonguminine, wisanine, dihydrowisanine and derivatives of piperine and piperidine were identified in a hexane extract of the leaf. In addition, some new piperamide alkaloids were identified, such as a piperine and a piperidine alkaloid derivative and two unknown piperamide alkaloids. To the best of our knowledge, there are no piperamides reported in the literature with similar UVλ absorption maxima and masses. A piperamide alkaloid-rich hexane leaf extract recorded the lowest MIC of 19 µg/mL against Sarcina sp. and gave promising growth inhibitory effects against S. aureus and E. aerogenes as well, inhibiting the growth of both bacteria with a MIC of 78 µg/mL. Moreover, this is the first report of the antibacterial activity of P. guineense extracts against Sarcina sp. and E. aerogenes. Marked growth inhibition was also obtained for chloroform extracts of the leaves and fruits against P. aeruginosa with a MIC value of 78 µg/mL. Piperine and piperlongumine were active against E. aerogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, P. mirabilis and B. cereus with MIC values ranging from 39–1250 µg/mL. Notably, the water extracts, which were almost devoid of piperamide alkaloids, were not active against the bacterial strains. Our results demonstrate that P. guineense contains antibacterial alkaloids that could be relevant for the discovery of new natural antibiotics.
Enhancement of Exit Flow Uniformity by Modifying the Shape of a Gas Torch to Obtain a Uniform Temperature Distribution on a Steel Plate during Preheating
Authors: Ngo Thien Tu , Go Junho , Zhou Tianjun , Nguyen Hap Van , Lee Geun Sik
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study is to improve the exit flow uniformity of a gas torch with multiple exit holes for effective heating of a steel plate. The torch was simulated, and combustion experiments were performed for validation. Based on a basic model, three different revised models were designed and analyzed with the software ANSYS FLUENT 18.2. The flow uniformity (γ) of the velocity distribution at the multiple exit holes was investigated with the pressure drop ranging from 100 to 500 Pa. The basic model had flow uniformity ranging from 0.849 to 0.852, but the three new models had γ1 = 0.901–0.912, γ2 = 0.902–0.911, and γ3 = 0.901–0.914, respectively. The maximum percentage difference of the flow uniformity index between the three new models and the basic model was 7.3%. The basic model with nonuniform flow distribution made a temperature difference of the back side of the steel plate from the center to the edge of around 229 °C, while the modified model with uniform flow distribution had a smaller temperature difference of 90 °C. The simulation results showed good agreement with our experimental results for both the basic model and the modified model. The modified gas torch made a wider and more uniform temperature distribution on a preheated steel plate than the basic one. The results revealed that a trade-off between cost and flow uniformity, as well as the new gas torch, could be applied to a steel-plate preheating process before welding.
Antibacterial Efficacy of Commercially Available Essential Oils Tested Against Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens
Authors: Sakkas Hercules , Economou Vangelis , Gousia Panagiota , Bozidis Petros , Sakkas Vasilios A. , Petsios Stefanos , Mpekoulis George , Ilia Afrodite , Papadopoulou Chrissanthy
Published: November 2018

The potential antibacterial activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), origanum (Thymus capitatus), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils, was investigated against 29 Gram-positive bacterial strains isolated from wastewater treatment plants, clinical samples (n = 25) and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference strains (n = 4). Wild bacterial strains included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 16) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (n = 9). The antimicrobial activity of the selected oils was studied using the broth macrodilution method. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for S. aureus ranged from 0.06 to 0.5% (v/v) for origanum oil, 0.06 to 1% (v/v) for thyme oil, 0.12 to 1% (v/v) for tea tree oil, 0.25 to 4% (v/v) for basil oil and 2 to >4% (v/v) for chamomile oil. For enterococci the MIC values were significantly higher ranging from 0.25 to 1% (v/v), 0.5 to 2% (v/v), 1 to 4% (v/v), 4 to >4% (v/v) and >4% (v/v) for the above-mentioned oils, respectively. The main compounds of the tested essential oils were: estragole (Ocimum basilicum), bisabolol and trans-b-farnesene (Matricaria chamomilla), carvacrol and thymol (Thymus capitatus), terpinen-4-ol and p-cymene (Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, linalool, and p-cymene (Thymus vulgaris). Origanum essential oil yielded the best antimicrobial results followed by thyme, tea tree, and basil oil, while chamomile oil exhibited weak antibacterial properties.
Support Vector Machine Classifier for Accurate Identification of piRNA
Authors: Li Taoying , Gao Mingyue , Song Runyu , Yin Qian , Chen Yan
Published: November 2018

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is a newly identified class of small non-coding RNAs. It can combine with PIWI proteins to regulate the transcriptional gene silencing process, heterochromatin modifications, and to maintain germline and stem cell function in animals. To better understand the function of piRNA, it is imperative to improve the accuracy of identifying piRNAs. In this study, the sequence information included the single nucleotide composition, and 16 dinucleotides compositions, six physicochemical properties in RNA, the position specificities of nucleotides both in N-terminal and C-terminal, and the proportions of the similar peptide sequence of both N-terminal and C-terminal in positive and negative samples, which were used to construct the feature vector. Then, the F-Score was applied to choose an optimal single type of features. By combining these selected features, we achieved the best results on the jackknife and the 5-fold cross-validation running 10 times based on the support vector machine algorithm. Moreover, we further evaluated the stability and robustness of our new method.
Detailed Design and Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Radial-Inflow Turbine
Authors: Karimi Noughabi Amir , Sammak Shervin
Published: November 2018

Radial-inflow turbines (RI turbines) are critical components of air cycle machines (ACM), utilized in environment conditioning systems (ECS). In this work, a process is presented for the full design of a radial-inflow turbine, including volute, nozzle blade row and rotor blade row. The preliminary and detailed aerodynamic design approaches are explained in detail. A mean-line (1D) analysis method coupled with the preliminary design is employed to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of the RI turbine. Then, ANSYS CFX is used to perform unsteady 3D simulations of the designed RI turbine at design and off-design conditions to predict the aerodynamic performance of the turbine for future optimization.
Sensitivity of a Mediterranean Tropical-Like Cyclone to Physical Parameterizations
Authors: Pytharoulis Ioannis , Kartsios Stergios , Tegoulias Ioannis , Feidas Haralambos , Miglietta Mario Marcello , Matsangouras Ioannis , Karacostas Theodore
Published: November 2018

The accurate prediction of Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones, or medicanes, is an important challenge for numerical weather prediction models due to their significant adverse impact on the environment, life, and property. The aim of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of an intense medicane, which formed south of Sicily on 7 November 2014, to the microphysical, cumulus, and boundary/surface layer schemes. The non-hydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 3.7.1) is employed. A symmetric cyclone with a deep warm core, corresponding to a medicane, develops in all of the experiments, except for the one with the Thompson microphysics. There is a significant sensitivity of different aspects of the simulated medicane to the physical parameterizations. Its intensity is mainly influenced by the boundary/surface layer scheme, while its track is mainly influenced by the representation of cumulus convection, and its duration is mainly influenced by microphysical parameterization. The modification of the drag coefficient and the roughness lengths of heat and moisture seems to improve its intensity, track, and duration. The parameterization of shallow convection, with explicitly resolved deep convection, results in a weaker medicane with a shorter lifetime. An optimum combination of physical parameterizations in order to simulate all of the characteristics of the medicane does not seem to exist.
Lignin Degradation Efficiency of Chemical Pre-Treatments on Banana Rachis Destined to Bioethanol Production
Authors: Costa Stefania , Rugiero Irene , Larenas Uria Christian , Pedrini Paola , Tamburini Elena
Published: November 2018

Valuable biomass conversion processes are highly dependent on the use of effective pretreatments for lignocellulose degradation and enzymes for saccharification. Among the nowadays available treatments, chemical delignification represents a promising alternative to physical-mechanical treatments. Banana is one of the most important fruit crops around the world. After harvesting, it generates large amounts of rachis, a lignocellulosic residue, that could be used for second generation ethanol production, via saccharification and fermentation. In the present study, eight chemical pretreatments for lignin degradation (organosolv based on organic solvents, sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide, alkaline hydrogen peroxide, and some combinations thereof) have been tested on banana rachis and the effects evaluated in terms of lignin removal, material losses, and chemical composition of pretreated material. Pretreatment based on lignin oxidation have demonstrated to reach the highest delignification yield, also in terms of monosaccharides recovery. In fact, all the delignified samples were then saccharified with enzymes (cellulase and beta-glucosidase) and hydrolysis efficiency was evaluated in terms of final sugars recovery before fermentation. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) has been carried out on treated samples, in order to better understand the structural effects of delignification on lignocellulose. Active chlorine oxidations, hypochlorous acid in particular, were the best effective for lignin removal obtaining in the meanwhile the most promising cellulose-to-glucose conversion.
Model Structure Optimization for Fuel Cell Polarization Curves
Authors: Ohenoja Markku , Sorsa Aki , Leiviskä Kauko
Published: November 2018

The applications of evolutionary optimizers such as genetic algorithms, differential evolution, and various swarm optimizers to the parameter estimation of the fuel cell polarization curve models have increased. This study takes a novel approach on utilizing evolutionary optimization in fuel cell modeling. Model structure identification is performed with genetic algorithms in order to determine an optimized representation of a polarization curve model with linear model parameters. The optimization is repeated with a different set of input variables and varying model complexity. The resulted model can successfully be generalized for different fuel cells and varying operating conditions, and therefore be readily applicable to fuel cell system simulations.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a Zn(II) Coordination Polymer Based on a Difunctional Ligand Containing Triazolyl and Carboxyl Groups
Authors: Li Jia-Le , Li Wei-Dong , He Zi-Wei , Han Shuai-Shuai , Chen Shui-Sheng
Published: November 2018

A new compound, namely, [Zn(L)2]n (1) was obtained by the reaction of 2-methyl-4-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) benzoic acid (HL) with ZnSO4·7H2O, and the compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis. The linear HL ligands were deprotonated to be L− anions and act as two-connectors to link Zn2+ to form a two-dimensional (2D) lay structure with (4, 4) topology. The large vacancy of 2D framework allows another layer structure to interpenetrate, resulting in the formation of 2D + 2D → 2D parallel interpenetration in 1. The weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions, connect the adjacent 2D layers into a three-dimensional (3D) coordination polymer. The solid-state UV-visible spectroscopy and luminescent property have also been studied.
Emergence of Shear Bands in Confined Granular Systems: Singularity of the q-Statistics
Authors: Viallon-Galinier Léo , Combe Gaël , Richefeu Vincent , Picardi Faria Atman Allbens
Published: November 2018

The statistics of grain displacements probability distribution function (pdf) during the shear of a granular medium displays an unusual dependence with the shear increment upscaling as recently evinced (see “experimental validation of a nonextensive scaling law in confined granular media”). Basically, the pdf of grain displacements has clear nonextensive (q-Gaussian) features at small scales, but approaches to Gaussian characteristics at large shear window scales—the granulence effect. Here, we extend this analysis studying a larger system (more grains considered in the experimental setup), which exhibits a severe shear band fault during the macroscopic straining. We calculate the pdf of grain displacements and the dependency of the q-statistics with the shear increment. This analysis has shown a singular behavior of q at large scales, displaying a non-monotonic dependence with the shear increment. By means of an independent image analysis, we demonstrate that this singular non-monotonicity could be associated with the emergence of a shear band within the confined system. We show that the exact point where the q-value inverts its tendency coincides with the emergence of a giant percolation cluster along the system, caused by the shear band. We believe that this original approach using Statistical Mechanics tools to identify shear bands can be a very useful piece to solve the complex puzzle of the rheology of dense granular systems.
Sample Entropy of sEMG Signals at Different Stages of Rectal Cancer Treatment
Authors: Trybek Paulina , Nowakowski Michal , Salowka Jerzy , Spiechowicz Jakub , Machura Lukasz
Published: November 2018

Information theory provides a spectrum of nonlinear methods capable of grasping an internal structure of a signal together with an insight into its complex nature. In this work, we discuss the usefulness of the selected entropy techniques for a description of the information carried by the surface electromyography signals during colorectal cancer treatment. The electrical activity of the external anal sphincter can serve as a potential source of knowledge of the actual state of the patient who underwent a common surgery for rectal cancer in the form of anterior or lower anterior resection. The calculation of Sample entropy parameters has been extended to multiple time scales in terms of the Multiscale Sample Entropy. The specific values of the entropy measures and their dependence on the time scales were analyzed with regard to the time elapsed since the operation, the type of surgical treatment and also the different depths of the rectum canal. The Mann–Whitney U test and Anova Friedman statistics indicate the statistically significant differences among all of stages of treatment and for all consecutive depths of rectum area for the estimated Sample Entropy. The further analysis at the multiple time scales signify the substantial differences among compared stages of treatment in the group of patients who underwent the lower anterior resection.
Modeling and Fusing the Uncertainty of FMEA Experts Using an Entropy-Like Measure with an Application in Fault Evaluation of Aircraft Turbine Rotor Blades
Authors: Zhou Xuelian , Tang Yongchuan
Published: November 2018

As a typical tool of risk analysis in practical engineering, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) theory is a well known method for risk prediction and prevention. However, how to quantify the uncertainty of the subjective assessments from FMEA experts and aggregate the corresponding uncertainty to the classical FMEA approach still needs further study. In this paper, we argue that the subjective assessments of FMEA experts can be adopted to model the weight of each FMEA expert, which can be regarded as a data-driven method for ambiguity information modeling in FMEA method. Based on this new perspective, a modified FMEA approach is proposed, where the subjective uncertainty of FMEA experts is handled in the framework of Dempster–Shafer evidence theory (DST). In the improved FMEA approach, the ambiguity measure (AM) which is an entropy-like uncertainty measure in DST framework is applied to quantify the uncertainty degree of each FMEA expert. Then, the classical risk priority number (RPN) model is improved by aggregating an AM-based weight factor into the RPN function. A case study based on the new RPN model in aircraft turbine rotor blades verifies the applicable and useful of the proposed FMEA approach.
An Entropy-Guided Monte Carlo Tree Search Approach for Generating Optimal Container Loading Layouts
Authors: Cant Richard , Remi-Omosowon Ayodeji , Langensiepen Caroline , Lotfi Ahmad
Published: November 2018

In this paper, a novel approach to the container loading problem using a spatial entropy measure to bias a Monte Carlo Tree Search is proposed. The proposed algorithm generates layouts that achieve the goals of both fitting a constrained space and also having “consistency” or neatness that enables forklift truck drivers to apply them easily to real shipping containers loaded from one end. Three algorithms are analysed. The first is a basic Monte Carlo Tree Search, driven only by the principle of minimising the length of container that is occupied. The second is an algorithm that uses the proposed entropy measure to drive an otherwise random process. The third algorithm combines these two principles and produces superior results to either. These algorithms are then compared to a classical deterministic algorithm. It is shown that where the classical algorithm fails, the entropy-driven algorithms are still capable of providing good results in a short computational time.
Total Suspended Particle Emissions Modelling in an Industrial Boiler
Authors: Ronquillo-Lomeli Guillermo , Herrera-Ruiz Gilberto , Ríos-Moreno José Gabriel , Ramirez-Maya Irving Alfredo Alejandro , Trejo-Perea Mario
Published: November 2018

Particulate matter emission into the atmosphere is a massive-scale problem. Fossil fuel combustion is an important source of this kind of pollution. The knowledge of total suspended particle (TSP) emissions is the first step for TSP control. The formation of TSP emissions is poorly understood; therefore new approaches for TSP emissions source modelling are required. TSP modelling is a multi-variable non-linear problem that would only require basic information on boiler operation. This work reports the development of a non-linear model for TSP emissions estimation from an industrial boiler based on a one-layer neural network. Expansion polynomial basic functions combined with an orthogonal least-square and model structure selection approach were used for modelling. The model required five independent boiler variables for TSP emissions estimation. Data from the data acquisition system of a 350 MW industrial boiler were used for model development and validation. The results show that polynomial expansion basic functions are an excellent approach to solve modelling problems related to complex non-linear systems in the industry.
Designing Incidence-Angle-Targeted Anti-Cavitation Foil Profiles Using a Combination Optimization Strategy
Authors: Zhu Di , Xiao Ruofu , Tao Ran , Wang Fujun
Published: November 2018

In hydraulic machinery, the surface of the blade can get damaged by the cavitation of the leading-edge. In order to improve the cavitation performance, the anti-cavitation optimization design of blade leading-edge is conducted. A heuristic-parallel locally-terminated improved hill-climbing algorithm, which is named as the global dynamic-criterion (GDC) algorithm was proposed in this study. The leading-edge shape of NACA 0009-mod foil profile was optimized by combining the GDC algorithm, CFD prediction, Diffusion-angle Integral (DI) design method and orthogonal test. Three different optimal foil geometries were obtained for specific incidence angles that 0, 3, and 6 degrees. According to the flow field analyses, it was found that the geometric variation of the optimized foil fits the incoming flow better at the respective optimal incidence angles due to a slighter leading-edge flow separation. The pressure drops become gentler so that the cavitation performance get improved. Results show that the GDC algorithm quickly and successfully fits the target condition by parallel running with the ability against falling into local-best tarps. The −Cpmin of the optimal foils was improved especially by +11.4% and +14.5% at 3 and 6 degrees comparing with the original foil. This study provided a reference for the anti-cavitation design of hydraulic machinery blades.