bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pelatihan dan pendampingan pembuatan media pembelajaran berbasis multimedia interaktif
Authors: Hartono Hartono , Lesmana Chandra , Permana Ryan , Matsun Matsun
Published: March 2019

[Bahasa]: Program PKM  ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan: (1) keterampilan guru merancang dan mengembangkan media pembelajaran berbasis multimedia interaktif; (2) keterampilan guru dalam pelaksanaan pelatihan dan respon guru SMP N 8 Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya  melalui kegiatan ini yang meliputi penggunaan media pembelajaran berbasis multimedia interaktif. Metode yang digunakan adalah adalah metode deskrptif. Langkah-langkah yang digunakan yaitu sosialisasi, ceramah, latihan dan pendampingan, evaluasi. Pelaksanaan dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali pertemuan, dimana pertemuan pertama berupa penyajian materi, dan dilanjutkan dengan pendampingan pembuatan media hingga selesai, dan terakhir dilakukan evaluasi berupa peserta mempresentasikan media yang telah dibuat dan respon peserta terhadap pelatihan melalui pengisian angket. Hasil yang diperoleh peserta dapat membuat media pembelajaran berbasis multimedia interaktif menggunakan software sothink swf easy. Hasil respon peserta  melalui wawancara diperoleh hasil 100% peserta memberikan respon positif terhadap pernyataan positif yang dimintai tanggapan. Selain itu, 75% peserta memberikan saran untuk terus melaksanakan kegiatan pelatihan ini secara berkala.

Kata Kunci: media, multimedia, interaktif

[English]: The purposes of this community service program are to improve: (1) teacher skills in designing and developing interactive multimedia-based learning media; (2) the skills of teachers in the implementation of training and response of teachers in Sungai Nap Middle School 8 N Kubu Raya District through this activity which includes the use of interactive multimedia-based learning media. The method used is descriptive method. The steps used are socialization, lecture, training and mentoring, evaluation. The implementation was carried out in the five meetings. The first meeting was in the form of material presentation, and continued with assistance in making the media to completion, and finally an evaluation in the form of participants presenting the media that had been made and participants' responses to the training through filling out questionnaires. The results obtained by participants can make interactive multimedia-based learning media using Sothink Swf easy software. The results of the participants' responses through interviews showed that 100% of participants responded positively to the positive statements asked for responses. In addition, 75% of participants gave suggestions to continue to carry out these training activities regularly.

Keywords: media, multimedia, interactive
The Effects of Using Some Different Types of Learning Automata on Presentation of Adaptive Neighbor-Based and Energy Efficient Topology Control Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Shafeie Shekufeh , Meybodi M. R.
Published: March 2019

The high number of nodes and dynamic and periodic topological changes, as well as constraints in the physical size of nodes, energy resources, and power of processing are some characteristics of sensor networks that make them different from other networks. One method to overcome these constraints is topology control with the aim of reducing energy consumption and increasing the network’s capacity, which has the most influence on the network’s efficiency, especially in terms of energy consumption and lifetime. In  consideration of learning  Automata’s abilities, such as low computational load and adaptability to changes via low environmental feedbacks, in this paper, neighbor-based topology control protocols based on learning Automata have been proposed somehow that all nodes are equipped with Automata. The nodes try to adapt their selected actions with required conditions for creating a connected and energy efficient network by selecting the best radio range for themselves. This approach finally forms a proper topology, and in this way it lowers the network’s energy consumption in its lifetime. The exclusive characteristic of these methods is the high number of transmission ranges that each node can select as transmission radius. In the first proposed protocol, a P-model environment is used for learning phase, but in the second proposed protocol, a Q-model environment is applied. Simulation results show favorite functionality of proposed protocols in comparison with some other similar protocols from topology control point of view, as well as high improvement of achieved results for the Q-model environment.
Flower Pollination Algorithm for Adaptive Beamforming of Phased Array Antennas
Authors: Sallam Tarek Abdel Rahman , Abdel-Rahman Adel Bedair , Alghoniemy Masoud , Kawasaki Zen
Published: March 2019

This paper introduces the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) as an optimization technique suitable for adaptive beamforming of phased array antennas. The FPA is a new nature-inspired evolutionary computation algorithm that is based on pollinating behaviour of flowering plants. Unlike the other nature-inspired algorithms, the FPA has fewer tuning parameters to fit into different optimization problems. The FPA is used to compute the complex beamforming weights of the phased array antenna. In order to exhibit the robustness of the new technique, the FPA has been applied to a uniform linear array antenna with diﬀerent array sizes. The results reveal that the FPA leads to the optimum Wiener weights in each array size with less number of iterations compared with two other evolutionary optimization algorithms namely, particle swarm optimization and cuckoo search.
ON A LESS CUMBERSOME METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF LINDLEY DISTRIBUTION BY ORDER STATISTICS
Authors: Irshad M. R. , Maya R.
Published: March 2019

In this article, we have derived suitable U-statistics from a sample of any size exceeding a specified integer to estimate the location and scale parameters of Lindley distribution without the evaluation of means, variances and co-variances of order statistics of an equivalent sample size arising from the corresponding standard form of distribution. The exact variances of the estimators have been also obtained.
BAYESIAN SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN ELDERLY CHINESE PEOPLE USING A STAR MODEL
Authors: Gao Ping , Hasegawa Hikaru
Published: March 2019

Chronic diseases have become important factors affecting the health of elderly Chinese people. Because the prevalence of chronic diseases varies among the provinces, it is necessary to understand the spatial effects on these diseases, as well as their relationships with potential risk factors. This study applies a structured additive regression model and the R2BayesX package to conduct a Bayesian analysis. The data are taken from the 2000, 2006, and 2010 Chinese Urban and Rural Elderly Population Surveys. The findings are as follows: (1) the following covariates have considerable effects on chronic diseases in general, and on specific chronic diseases (hypertension and heart disease) (in descending order): census register (rural or urban), gender, smoking, drinking, province, time, age, cultural activities, years of education, and sports activities; (2) the effect of marital status is negligible; (3) province is a critical factor, with the highest spatial effect appearing in two types of provinces: economically developed provinces, and economically backward provinces; and (4) time also has considerable effects. Based on these findings, the government should further strengthen its investment in rural areas and economically backward provinces as a cost-effective intervention, and should educate the population on the harmful effects of smoking and drinking alcohol on health.
LINDLEY PARETO DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Zeghdoudi Halim , Nouara Lazri , Yahia Djabrane
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we introduce a new Lindley Pareto distribution, which offers a more flexible model for modelling lifetime data. Some of its mathematical properties like density function, cumulative distribution, mode, mean, variance, and Shannon entropy are established. A simulation study is carried out to examine the bias and mean square error of the maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown parameters. Three real data sets are fitted to illustrate the importance and the flexibility of the proposed distribution.
IS POLAND BECOMING NORDIC? CHANGING TRENDS IN HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURES IN POLAND AND FINLAND WITH THE EMPHASIS ON PEOPLE LIVING ALONE
Authors: Ala-Karvia Urszula , Hozer-Koćmiel Marta , Misiak-Kwit Sandra , Staszko Barbara
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the household structure and its dynamics between post-economic-transformation Poland and Scandinavian-welfare-state Finland, with a focus on one-person households (OPH). Based on the literature, two research hypotheses were formulated: (H1) strong differences in the household structure in Finland and Poland still occur, and (H2) the share of one-person households is at very different levels in the two countries. However, due to the globally growing popularity of solo living, the difference is diminishing. Finally, an estimate was made for the time when the shares of one-person households will be equal in both countries if the changing trends from 2005–2015 stay the same.

The first research hypothesis was proven to be correct. Small, one- or two-person households dominate the household structure in Finland, while in Poland the household structure by size was considerably more balanced. The second hypothesis was confirmed only partially. The share of OPH among all the households in 2015 was significantly larger in Finland (42%) than in Poland (24%). However, the difference between the countries was not diminishing. The share in Finland is increasing, while it is decreasing in Poland. This allowed the assumption that if the changing trends from the studied period are maintained, the shares of OPH in the two countries will not equalize, but will instead grow further apart. An estimate was made that in 2030 46% of Finnish households and 22% of Polish households will be one-person households.
Unravelling pro-poor water services: what does it mean and why is it so popular?
Authors: Boakye-Ansah Akosua Sarpong , Schwartz Klaas , Zwarteveen Margreet
Published: March 2019

In dealing with the challenge of providing water services to urban low-income areas, the concept of ‘pro-poor water services’ is popular in the policy literature. Based on an extensive literature review, this article examines the relation between the implementation of pro-poor water services and the equity of access. Pro-poor water services comprise a set of technological, financial and organisational measures employed by utilities in developing countries to improve service provision to low-income areas. In practice, the combination of low-cost technologies which limit consumption, measures to enforce payment for services, and the use of community-based and private suppliers, means that pro-poor service often entails the utility delegating part of the responsibilities, costs and risks of providing services to those living in low-income areas. Indeed, it is by partially withdrawing from these areas that utilities succeed in reconciling the objective of improving service delivery with the realisation of their commercial objectives. Our analysis shows that in implementing pro-poor service delivery strategies, there is a risk that concerns about cost recovery and risk reduction on the part of the utility prevail over those about the quantity, quality and affordability of the service for the poor.
A Comparison of PCB Congener Distributions in Two Point-Source Contaminated Lakes and One Uncontaminated Lake in Ontario
Authors: Macdonald C. R. , Metcalfe C. D.
Published: March 2019

PCB congener accumulation in biota and sediments involves several processes, including physical factors characterized by octanol-water partition coefficients and water solubility, and chemical factors which are influenced by the degree of chlorination and the substitution pattern of the individual congeners. The present study was conducted to determine if PCB congeners are distributed in a consistent pattern in two lakes known to have received point-source contamination with PCBs, and a control lake with no known point source. Samples of 4 groups of biota, water and sediment indicated that each lake had a unique pattern of congener distribution which was probably related to the source of the contamination. A comparison of total and individual PCB congener concentrations within each study lake showed that no one species consistently contained the highest residues of PCBs. Smallmouth bass had the highest concentration of PCBs in Rice lake while yellow perch was highest in Lakes Clear and Scugog. Sediments contained lower concentrations of PCBs than biota and did not show enrichment of higher chlorinated congeners, despite having high organic carbon content. Within the contaminated lakes, young-of-the-year (YOY) and older yellow perch had the same congener pattern, and there was no significant difference in their PCB concentration. This indicates that equilibrium concentrations of PCBs are established rapidly in the young fish and that all congeners equilibrate at the same rate.
Virus Inactivation in Water Supplies
Authors: Vajdic Ann H.
Published: March 2019

A great deal of evidence has been collected over the last decade or so (Clarke & Kabler (1964) & Lamb et al (1964)), indicating that current methods of sewage and water treatment are largely inadequate to cause inactivation of viruses; these viruses would comprise mainly those of human intestinal origin. For example, Sproul and his co-workers (1967) have calculated that wastewaters can contain seven thousand viruses per litre; if a 90% reduction is assumed to occur during activated sludge treatment and a further 99% reduction upon chlorination, there could still remain as many as seven to seventy viruses per litre in plant effluent, which level is hazardous. Other forms of sewage treatment which may be employed, such as lagooning (Malherbe and Coetzee (1965)), are even less efficient with respect to virus inactivation.
“Electronic Particle Sizing as a Means of Measuring Production in a Eutrophic Lake”
Authors: Robinson Gordon G.C. , Brown Dennis J.
Published: March 2019

A model “B” Coulter Counter with “J” plotter was used to determine the total volume of particulate matter and autotrophic and heterotrophic increments in particle volume in a small eutrophic lake, south of Lake Manitoba. Such increments were converted to more meaningful carbon values.
Behaviour of Mechanically Blended Return-Sludge in Absence of Substrate
Authors: Bokil Shyam D. , Bewtra Jatinder K.
Published: March 2019

Nine sets of batch experiments, each of ten to twelve days duration, were conducted in the laboratory on return-sludge samples collected from activated sludge treatment plant at Windsor. The thickened sludge samples were blended daily in a waring blender and were continuously aerated in twelve-litres capacity jars. Parallel runs were made on control sludge samples which were not blended. Amongst the parameters varied were the speed and frequency of blending and the aeration rate. The effects of these variables on progressive bio-degradation of volatile suspended solids and the settling characteristics of the sludge were determined. Blended sludge showed significant improvement in the rate of bio-degradation and its settling characteristics as compared to the control unblended sludge
Chemical and Bacteriological Studies of the Speed River System
Authors: Patel D.N. , Johnston R.A.
Published: March 2019

The Speed River arises from relatively uncontaminated sources and passes through forested, agricultural, urban and industrial areas. Fourteen stations were selected on the Speed and Eramosa Rivers and samples were collected about twenty four times at all stations from March 1968 to February 1969. Nineteen chemical, physical and bacteriological parameters were chosen.

Marked effects of seasons on the river were observed. The urban area with population of 53,682 appeared to contribute much more pollution than 200 square miles of rural area. The annual contribution per capita of total nitrogen and orthophosphate as P for the urban area was 14 lb and 0.962 lb respectively, the B.O.D. was higher than 4 ppm where domestic wastes were being discharged and gradually decreased as the river flowed down stream. The concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate in and below the city were score than minimum requirement for algal growth. during summer the coliform counts were higher than 2,400/100 ml at all stations except downstream from Rockwood. In and below the city of Guelph counts were very high.
Iron Phosphate and Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Grikis A. , Cornwall G.M.
Published: March 2019

This research was undertaken in order to clarify some of the apparent inconsistencies in the literature concerning the fate of phosphates in iron phosphate sludges during anaerobic digestion.

Three anaerobic batch reactors were started and acclimatized to a feed of waste activated sludge. While one digester was maintained as a control, with a feed of only biological sludge, the other two digesters were loaded with different mixtures of biological sludge and iron phosphate sludge. When the digesters had stabilized with respect to influent and effluent total phosphorus, critical measurements of all the phosphorus fractions were made.

The soluble phosphorus in the control digester remained the same from the influent to the effluent. This observation seems to contradict the expected increase in soluble phosphates during the anaerobic digestion process.

When the activated sludge was mixed with the ferric phosphate sludge, it was observed that a reduction in soluble phosphorus took place. After this combined biological-chemical sludge had been digested anaerobically, an increase in the soluble phosphorus concentration, to a level roughly equivalent to that in the biological component of the influent, was observed.
Activated Carbon from Wastes
Authors: Gallop R.A. , Cansfield P.E. , Vlaovic M. , Hydamaka A. , Rastogi R.
Published: March 2019

Work in our laboratory and elsewhere, has shown that many common organic wastes, such as straw, grain, fruit, pits, nut-shells, seed-hulls, other fibrous plant residues, wood, cardboard and newspaper can be used as fuel and substrates, for the production of commercially useful charcoals, including activated carbons for direct environmental protection, or through reclamation of wastes to high degrees of purity, before re-use or discharge.

This topic will be reviewed, including work on activated carbons, its use in rapid physico-chemical cyclic reclamation and re-use systems, for biological wastes, particularly those from food processing industries, and other feasibilities for its use in environmental pollution abatement
Residual Organics Following Biological Treatment
Authors: Murphy K.L. , Sedivy M.J. , Vigers G.A.
Published: March 2019

Laboratory studies have indicated filterable carbon in measurable concentrations remaining after extended periods of biological treatment. These studies followed the disappearance of several pure substrates; glucose, glutamic acid, starch, and phenol in a batch system through the biological action of acclimated micro-organisms and monitored the presence of residual filterable carbon. The concentration of the residual organic matter has been related to the type and concentration of substrate and to the concentration of micro-organisms present. The presence of these materials indicate that even with simple compounds complete removal of organics by biological treatment is not possible.
Phosphorus Balance: Field Studies of Two Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors: Radley J.E. , Heinke G.W.
Published: March 2019

Removal of phosphates from wastewater will become an important requirement in the near future in order to arrest the eutrophication of our surface water supplies. Present day treatment plants are inefficient in removing phosphates. Additions of new and deletions or changes in existing processes will be required. Knowledge of the concentration and type of phosphorus compound in all streams of a conventional biological treatment plant will be required to make effective and economical changes.

This work attempts a mass balance on phosphorus on unit operations of two activated sludge plants: The North Toronto Sewage Treatment Plant and the Penetanguishene Sewage Treatment Plant. Preliminary field studies were carried out over several weeks to establish background information on phosphorus concentration and type at each plant. From this information, the number of sampling streams, timing of sampling, and accuracy and precision of phosphate and flow measurements for short, in-depth, phosphorus studies on each plant was made. Two 2–3 day surveys were made at each plant. The data are presented in the form of phosphorus mass balances on important unit operations as well as on the entire plant. Balances were found to be within the combined experimental error of sampling, analytical technique, and flow measurement. Major phosphate streams in decreasing order are the return sludge, raw influent, primary sludge and digestor supernatant. Present phosphorus reduction is about 20–30%, as expected for biological treatment. The possible effect of operational changes and additions of phosphorus removal process is discussed.
Kinetic Study of an Industrial Waste Containing a Non-Biodegradable Fraction
Authors: Davis E. , Goos G.
Published: March 2019

A study was undertaken which was primarily concerned with the use of batch tests to investigate the kinetic behaviour of a high strength industrial waste which contained a non-biodegradable fraction and to determine the kinetic parameters, maximum specific growth rate, umax, saturation constant, Ks, and cell yield, Y. Substrate for the experiments was obtained from the effluent of a forest products industry manufacturing millboard. Bacterial cells were obtained from a heterogeneous culture of organisms acclimatized to this substrate. Samples were withdrawn periodically and analysed, using organic carbon as a parameter, to study the organism growth and substrate removal patterns. Data analysis based on the Monod equation, u = umax S/(Ks + S), performed after values of specific growth rate, u, specific decay rate, kd, organism growth rate, dX/dt, and substrate removal rate, dS/dt, were obtained and the initial substrate concentrations were corrected for the ultimate non-biodegradable fraction, produced values for the desired kinetic parameters. The activation energy, E, calculated from the van’t Hoff-Arrhenius relationship was found to be 15,160 calories per mole. The corresponding Streeter-Phelps coefficient, Θ, was found to be 1.095. Observations indicated that the organic matter in the substrate was removed initially by adsorption, and then a first-order removal rate. At the higher temperatures the initial first-order removal rate was ultimately replaced by a second and slower first-order removal rate. This overall condition could be approximated by the use of a single second-order removal rate.

This investigation indicated that relatively simple and economical batch shaker flask studies can be successfully used to determine kinetic parameters for a complex industrial waste undergoing biological degradation by a heterogeneous population of organisms.
Cadmium and Zinc Toxicity and Synergism to Floating Aquatic Plants
Authors: Hutchinson T.C. , Czyrska Halina
Published: March 2019

Floating aquatic plants have been used in a study of the uptake, toxicity and synergism of cadmium and zinc. Both of the species used were found to accumulate the metals, from even very low levels in solution. Cadmium at 0.01 p.p.m. had an inhibitory effect on growth; and 0.1 p.p.m. was enough to cause death. A concentration factor of up to 9500 times occurred; with clear implications of potential food chain effects. Interspecific competition was found to be a further factor influencing metal toxicity. In natural ‘field’ situations, biological competition is the norm. Cadmium and zinc acted synergistically together. Zinc markedly increased the inhibitory effect of cadmium, even though it was itself stimulatory. The presence of one metal also increased the uptake of the other The ecological implications are discussed.
A Study of Pollution Loadings From Urban Runoff
Authors: Hartt James P.
Published: March 2019

Very few urban storm water runoff studies have produced quantitative pollutional loadings and those that have cover a narrow range of parameters. This study produced qualitative values ranges of values and mean values on a seasonal and annual basis for nineteen physical chemical and bacteriological parameters. In addition the rainfall and runoff quantities were recorded and thence the quantities of the pollutants in pounds per acre per season were determined. Although the concentration of a pollutant at a given point in time is meaningful the total quantity produced is in many cases more meaningful when total pollutional loads reaching a receiving water are needed. Such information has been available for some time with respect to treatment plant and industrial waste effluents. However with respect to urban storm runoff the information is very sketchy. It is in answer to such a need that this research was conducted.
A Performance Study of Aerobic Sludge Digestion
Authors: Hogg K.S. , Ganczarczyk J.
Published: March 2019

The aerobic sludge digestion system at the sewage treatment plant at Dunnville, Ontario was designed as a one-stage aeration process (by means of the Inka system) of moderately concentrated excess activated sludge (less than 1 percent of TS), followed by continuous sludge thickening and sludge drying lagoons for the final dewatering of the digestion product.

An evaluation of this system was conducted in the summer of 1972. It included the study of sludge and supernatant characteristics, phosphorus balance and an economical comparison of the costs associated with this type of aerobic digestion and anaerobic sludge digestion for similar size (about 1.7 IMGD) activated sludge process plants.

Results of the investigations disclosed that the aerobic digester with sludge loading of about 0.03 lb VS/cu ft/day and an average hydraulic detention time of only 9.2 days, operated satisfactorily at the summer climatic conditions of Southern Ontario. This process, however, could not be judged on the basis of volatile solids reduction, which proved to be only equal to 6 percent. This phenomenon was probably due to the solubility in water of a part of the mineral constituents of the sludge under the process conditions. The change in the sludge specific oxygen uptake rates from 8.9 to 2.75 mg 02/gVSS/hr at 25°C, was a more reliable indicator of the digested sludge characteristics. Supernatant quality (average COD of 170 mg/l and SS of 110 mg/l) and the dewaterability of the digested sludge (average resistance to filtration equal to 0.86 x 1013 m/kg) provided additional information of the digester’s performance.
Disposal of Alum Sludge to the Existing Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Hsu Deh Yuan
Published: March 2019

For finding the practicability of discharging water treatment plant sludge into the municipal sewer, the effects of synthetic aluminum hydroxide floc on several major units in an activated sludge wastewater treatment process were studied.

It was found that the crucial effects were the increase in sludge production, either in the primary settling tank or in the secondary settling tank, and the retardation of the digestibility of the wasted sludge. The treatment efficiency, in terms of the quality of the treated wastewater, however, was improved. No toxic effects were found in the study of the functions of organic matter removal and the nitrification of activated sludge with the addition of aluminium hydroxide up to 300 mg Al/1 to the mixed liquor. The dewatering property of the wastewater sludge was improved with the addition of this chemical floc.

Two processes are suggested. One is to discharge alum. sludge into the sewer at a suitable rate and the other is to discharge the water treatment wastes into a thickener in the wastewater treatment plant. The concentrated underflow can be mixed with the regular digested sludge for dewatering while the supernatant can be discharged either to the primary settling tank or to the aeration tank.
Comparative Studies of the Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Phytoplankton and Their Synergistic Interactions
Authors: Hutchinson T.C.
Published: March 2019

Comparative studies have been made of the relative toxicities, in solution, of the metals cadmium, copper, cobalt, lead, mercury, silver, selenium, barium, and nickel to algae (phytoplankton). Several of these' metals have been considered potential pollutants in water bodies and one, copper, is used extensively as an algicide. Toxicity tests were performed under controlled conditions using growth as an indication of algal-metal response. Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Haematoaoacus and Chlamydomonas have been used as test species. Both the metals and the species differed markedly in their response. Silver was found to be the most toxic metal overall, inhibiting growth of Chlorella at levels of 0.005 ppm. Mercury and cadmium were also highly toxic to Chlorella i.e. 0.1 ppm Cu inhibited growth. Selenium, nickel and cobalt were somewhat less toxic, although inhibition and death of one or more species occurred at 0.1-5.0 ppm, whilst lead was apparently non-toxic at the levels used. Haematococcus was generally a good deal more resistant than other species. The response to increasing metal concentration was either a gradual diminution of growth or a drastic fall above a threshold level. This response was metal specific. Copper and nickel were found to act synergistically each enhancing the other's toxicity, but selenium was found to reduce the toxicity of cadmium thus showing metal antagonism. Potential ecological consequences are discussed.
The Effects of Aluminum Sludge From Water Purification on Municipal Primary Sewage Treatment
Authors: O’Blenis J. D. , Warriner T.R.
Published: March 2019

The current widespread practice of disposal of water filtration plant wastes by direct discharge to receiving waters is coming under critical review by regulatory agencies. Among the alternatives for management of these wastes is the possibility of disposal to sanitary sewer systems. Since a recent nation-wide survey had established alum sludge as the most common waste generated by filtration plants, research was initiated to study the effects of water plant alum sludge on primary sewage treatment. A pilot primary sewage treatment plant was constructed and operated with a raw sewage feed of five litres per minute. A laboratory jar test program was conducted to supplement pilot plant operation.

Sludges from two different water purification plants were tested along with alum and combinations of alum and water purification plant sludge for their effects on the removal of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphates. The data showed jar testing to be a good indicator of pilot plant performance. Suspended solids, COD and phosphate removal efficiencies were improved by the addition of the sludges. The phosphate removal capacity of water treatment plant alum sludge was approximately the same as that reported for aluminum hydroxide, or about 1/7 to 1/9 of that determined for alum (as Aluminum). Recycling of the sludges improved phosphate removal performance.
Removal of Phenol in Wastewater by Wet Air Oxidation
Authors: Pruden B.B. , Ferguson D.R.
Published: March 2019

The Wet Air Oxidation process was developed by F.J. Zimmermann for removing suspended solids from waste waters, notably waste water from pulp mills. The basic idea behind the process is to combine the waste stream and air under suitable conditions so that liquid water is present. In theory waste organic is oxidized to CO2 and water, and thus removed by conversion to a harmless gas. In practice there are problems with incomplete combustion and tar formation especially in the oxidation of phenol. This project was undertaken to try and resolve these problems. Furthermore, specifications in the literature are for mixed reactors, which have financial disadvantages due to mixer sealing problems. This study is part 1 of a two part study to investigate unmixed reactors for the job of Wet Air Oxidation.

The study was made in an unmixed reactor at temperatures of 200 and 250°C Pressure was varied from 800 to 2200 psi, and residence times from 0.25 to 2 hours. Phenol feed concentration was either 1400 or 3000 mg/L for all runs. Conversions of over 99% were achieved for conditions at the highest pressure and either temperature.
A Water Quality Economic Index
Authors: Keilani W. M. , Peters P. H. , Reynolds P. J.
Published: March 2019

A methodology is presented for producing a water quality economic index which will provide information on the direction and the amount of change in water quality on a regional and a national basis. It will be useful for evaluation of water quality trends and for economic decision making regarding preventive measures and treatment programs.

The methodology set out gives the statistical and mathematical models, supported by tables, for the different steps in calculating the indices. Two sample indices derived from actual and estimated data are also given. The methodology utilizes an adaptation of Laspeyre’s weighted aggregative formula which employs base year weights for construction of indices.

Five water quality parameters are assigned to each of twelve water uses. Each parameter value, measured at the actual or potential point of use, is rated between a “desired objective” of 0 and a “maximum permissible level” of 100.

Each parameter is then given a relative weight out of a total weight of unity to reflect its importance to the use. Relative economic weights for all uses are derived by means of a damage coefficient. Segments of the index are combined where parameters are common to more than one use, and a bivariate use and parameter economic index is constructed. A set of subgroup bivariate indices by both use and individual parameters is also produced to allow for quality trend evaluation.
Applying Probabilistic Water Quality Standards in River Basin Water Quality Optimization Models
Authors: Bayer M. B.
Published: March 2019

This paper describes a method of applying probabilistic DO (dissolved oxygen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) standards in river basin water quality models. Maximum likelihood estimators for the DO and BOD concentrations variances for each reach are used to obtain a lower bound for BOD so that the probability of violating specified DO and BOD standards is less than Θ per cent in any reach. These boundary values for DO and BOD concentrations are incorporated into a nonlinear water quality optimization model for finding the minimum cost set of wastewater treatment plant efficiencies required to meet DO and BOD standards. The method also provides the minimum DO concentration and the maximum BOD concentration which may be expected to occur 1-Θ of the time for any reach.
Acid Shield Lakes in the Sudbury Ontario Region
Authors: Conroy N. , Jeffries D.S. , Kramer J.R.
Published: March 2019

The chemistry of fifty lakes in the Sudbury, Ontario region was studied by float equipped aeroplane in August, 1973. Conductivity, alkalinity, chlorophyll a, NO3, PO4, SiO2, SO4, F, Cl, Br, Ca, Mg, Na, K were measured as well as “labile” metals. Conductivity ranged from 28 to 264 umho cm−1 with a distinct bimodal distribution related to the presence or absence of calcareous material.

Twenty-nine percent of the study lakes showed pH’s <5.5, a value below which reproductive success of fish is questionable.

A calcite saturation index (CSI) was defined to predict lakes with low pH, lakes susceptible to pH depression, and lakes with sufficient buffering to provide protection against pH depression from atmospheric fallout.

Twelve (24%) of the study lakes have CSI’s that make them critically acid and an additional fifteen lakes (30%) are susceptible to pH depression with continued atmospheric loading.

The program utilizing a field laboratory and a float plane was low cost and permitted maximum data collection in the time available. Further, the rapid return of data in the field allowed ongoing verification and modification of the program.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Utilizing Discarded Automotive Tires
Authors: Netzer A. , Wilkinson P.
Published: March 2019

Discarded rubber tires, a monumental solid waste problem, may provide the answer to another environmental problem - the removal of trace metals from wastewaters.

Experiments indicated that used rubber tires will remove trace metals from aqueous solutions by reaction with the various constituents of the rubber tire. Aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc solutions were investigated and greater than 99.5% removal for most of the metals by treatment with discarded automotive tires was found.
Cyanide Destruction in Mine Waste Water
Authors: Rosehart R.G. , Chu R.
Published: March 2019

Cyanide, heavy metals and dissolved arsenic are typically found in the effluent from gold extraction plants. The waste solutions are usually basic and if the cyanide is removed or destroyed, the heavy metals and arsenic will co-precipitate. This paper describes the characteristics of such wastes in relationship to the processes involved. Potential techniques to minimize the volume of effluent discharged and several chemical oxidation techniques for the destruction of both free and complexed cyanide are discussed.
An Attempt to Locate the Sources of Phosphorus in Residential Streams
Authors: La Valle Placido
Published: March 2019

A random sample of 24 urban residential watersheds was selected, and stream water specimens taken from these watersheds were analyzed for total phosphorus content. The mean total phosphorus concentrations of these residential stream samples were correlated with the following variables: 1) rainfall phosphorus content; 2) weight of phosphorus in detergents consumed per month; 3) mean weight of phosphorus in fertilizers applied per lot annually; 4) per cent watershed households connected to city sewers, an index of household sanitary system type. Statistically significant relationships were noted between stream total phosphorus content, mean weight of phosphorus, rainfall phosphorus content, and per cent homes connected to city sewers. In a multiple regression study, garden fertilizer use, rainfall phosphorus content, and per cent homes connected to city sewers accounted for 81 per cent of the variation in stream total phosphorus concentrations.
Resistance of Lignosulfonate-NH4 to Degradation by a Thermophilic Fungus, Aspergillus SP
Authors: Suzuki F. , Kosaric N. , Zajic J. E.
Published: March 2019

Biodegradation of lignosulfonate-NH4 was tested under thermophilic conditions. A fungus, an Aspergillus sp., was cultivated in 2.0 or 3.0% lignosulfonate solutions in tap water at 45°C. Good growth of fungus was observed; however, the degradation of the lignosulfonate was quite limited within the 7 day test period used. In general the amounts of lignosulfonate utilized varied from 10–15% of the extent of biodegradation and the comparative results are reported.
Chemical Treatment of a Potato Waste Effluent
Authors: Landine R. C. , Ghauri A. M.
Published: March 2019

Polishing of effluents from wastewater treatment plants is inevitable in order to prevent biological overloading of lakes and rivers.

This paper concerns a laboratory investigation of chemical coagulation as a means of improving the effluent from a plastic media, biofiltration plant treating a potato wastewater.

Several coagulants and coagulant-aids were tried. Coagulant dosages of 50 to 100 ppm were sufficient to produce satisfactory results when the quality of the raw effluent was good while 200 to 600 ppm of coagulants were needed in some instances.

Sludge generation was studied and the sludge was found to be voluminous and sometimes floatation problems were experienced.

Median efficiencies achieved were 48, 46, 56, 6 3 and 25% for the removal of BOD, COD, SS, P and N respectively. Therefore, moderate removals of pollutants were possible at moderate to high chemical dosages.

The difficulty of successful chemical treatment of this non-highly-stabilized starch waste effluent was confirmed.
Wet Air Oxidation of Some Ontario Sludges (Chemical)
Authors: Hudgins R. R. , Silveston P. L.
Published: March 2019

A study was made of the wet air oxidation of eight Ontario sludges containing phosphates. Sludges were obtained from primary or secondary clarifiers in which lime, ferric chloride, or alum had been used to precipitate phosphates. A further set of sludges from the same plants which did not contain these chemical additives were used for comparison purposes. Sludges were oxidized at temperatures up to 550°F in a rocking autoclave; total carbon and total organic carbon values were measured in samples withdrawn during oxidation. Selected total phosphate and orthophosphate analyses were made on both chemical and non-chemical sludges. Oxidation of the sludges is readily obtained. Wet air oxidation reduced the stabilization of phosphates in chemical sludges, although this was not always the case in non-chemical sludges.
Flocculation of Waste Waters from Petroleum Refineries
Authors: Hade André , Elcabetz Acher
Published: March 2019

Waste waters from petroleum refineries can be considered as a ternary-like system, the components of which have been characterized. They are: the alkaline liquor, the hydrocarbon rich oil in suspension and the silica rich solid also in suspension.

The parameters controlling the destabilization and the flocculation of these suspensions have been studied by light transmittance and electrophoretic mobility. Rate of flocculation, critical coagulation concentration (CCC) , critical restabilization concentration and optimum flocculation conditions have been determined for different combinations of added polyelectrolytes and/or simple electrolytes. Among eleven different polyelectrolytes, four of the cationic type were selected for their property to flocculate the suspension. It has been shown that an excess of polyelectrolyte brings about the restabilization of the particules. No flocculation has been observed for any of the anionic polymers tested.

Simple electrolytes are found to obey the Schulze-Hardy rule in their flocculation capacity. Various combinations of a polyelectrolyte with a simple salt lead to a lower CCC together with a broader concentration range between destabilization and restabilization. It is concluded that this binary suspension behaved essentially like a classical lyophobic sol.
Testing, Treating and Disposal of Oil and Gas Well Waste Water Sumps
Authors: Shaw D. R.
Published: March 2019

This paper is written in order to illustrate the problem of drilling sump fluid disposal and the method of approach which has made it possible to alleviate this problem in Alberta.

The process of drilling an oil or gas well customarily generates a considerable volume of waste water (three of four million gallons could be generated by a single deep well). This water, if liberated incautiously, can have an adverse impact upon the environment.
Oil Removal from Refinery Wastes by Air Flotation
Authors: Volesky B. , Agathos S.
Published: March 2019

Air flotation as a physical separation process for removing oily products and suspended solid matter from refinery wastewaters achieves removal efficiencies from 65% to more than 90%. Demonstrated capacity of the process for COD and BOD removal ranges up to 90%. With addition of flotation and flocculation aid chemicals better performance is achieved. Current results are presented and critically reviewed. It appears that the pressure dissolved-air flotation system employing recycle-flow operation can produce effluent containing consistently less than 15 p.p.m. of oil and suspended solids. Its performance and capacity of handling overload situations makes it superior to the conventional flocculation-sedimentation technique.

Oil removal limitations of the process and current research trends are stressed including an electro-flotation technique. Some aspects of process optimization are also discussed.
Stormwater Storage in Residential Subdivisions
Authors: Ahearn P.A. , Henry J.G.
Published: March 2019

The effectiveness of incorporating storage in storm drainage systems was investigated for a residential subdivision of 100 acres under development in Southern Ontario. The types of storage examined were flat roofs, on-site storage of roof runoff, catch basin storage and holding reservoirs. A runoff model, which computes complete sewer hydrographs from given rainfall intensity-time patterns, was used to determine the storm sewer flow hydrograph at the subdivision outfall for a 2-year design storm. The effects of different storage methods on the outflow hydrograph were tested. Holding reservoirs can be utilized to make peak flows as small as desired, but with corresponding increases in storage volumes. The other local storage methods provided peak flow reductions of about 30 per cent, but the operational reliability of these methods needs to be established.
Removal of Residual Nutrients and Chemical Additives From Secondary Sewage by Reverse osmosis
Authors: Johnston H. Kirk , Lim H.S.
Published: March 2019

The suitability of reverse osmosis as a renovation technique for the treatment of municipal wastewaters has been assessed. Cellulose acetate membranes capable of 70% and 90% NaCl rejections were employed in both laboratory and pilot plant studies to evaluate the efficiency of this technique in removing the residual precipitant chemicals generally employed in phosphorus removal programs (iron chloride, alum, and lime) and the nutrients (phosphates, nitrates and ammonia) characteristic of municipal wastewaters.

Secondary sewage and raw sewage as well as prepared nutrient solutions were employed in the course of this program. Both laboratory and pilot plant studies indicated consistently outstanding removal efficiencies for the species examined, almost independent of the nature of the waste solutions being treated. Permeation of the purified effluent was subject to significant reductions due to membrane fouling. This characteristic was most pronounced for the more permeable (less selective) membranes. Routine chemical and physical cleanings enable satisfactory flux levels to be maintained, thereby suggesting that reverse osmosis may become a viable municipal waste treatment technique.