bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tingginya Food Cost di Hotel
Authors: Gunawan I Made Dwiky Purna , Pambudi Bondan , Wardana Miko Andi
Published: June 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingginya food cost di Hotel The Laguna a Luxury Collection Resort And Spa. Metode yang digunakan adalah Analisis Deskriptif Kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian memberikan indikasi bahwa: 1) Pembelian bahan makanan tidak menggunakan quotation dengan tepat, pembelian cenderung memilih harga dibandingkan dengan kualitas bahan makanan. 2) Petugas receiving hanya mengecek kuantitas, kualitas bahan makanan yang datang kurang diperhatikan terutama bahan makanan yang datang dengan jumlah per krat, sehingga dapat mengganggu proses produksi dan bisa menambah biaya makanan. 3) Area kerja yang kurang bersih pada lingkungan ruang penyimpanan dan penataan bahan makanan kurang diperhatikan dari segi fungsi dan kebutuhan. 4) Bahan makanan yang akan dikeluarkan tidak tepat dikarenakan pengeluaran bahan makanan dengan satuan berat tidak ditimbang terlebih dahulu, hanya diperkirakan saja oleh pihak storekeeper dalam menyiapkan bahan makanan yang akan dikeluarkan.
 
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the high food cost at The Laguna Hotel a Luxury Collection Resort And Spa. The method used is qualitative descriptive analysis with data collection techniques interview, observation, and study documentation. The results of the study indicate that: 1) Purchase of foodstuffs does not use quotations correctly, purchases tend to choose prices compared to the quality of foodstuffs. 2) The receiving officer only checks the quantity, the quality of the incoming food items is not paid attention, especially the food items that come in the amount per box, so that it can interfere with the production process and can increase the cost of food. 3) Unclean work areas in the storage and arrangement of food ingredients are not considered in terms of functions and needs. 4) The food ingredients to be issued are not appropriate because the expenditure of food ingredients with a unit weight is not weighed in advance, it is only estimated by the storekeeper in preparing the food ingredients to be issued.
The Conquest of Piemont. The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
Authors: Kutishchev Alexander V.
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this article is to identify the features of military art as an integral part of Western European culture in the period of late feudalism using the example of a separate campaign of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The focus of the study is the military operations in Piedmont in 1704 and their reflection in the military documentation, memoirs as well as in the correspondence of Louis XIV, the French minister of war Chamillard with the French command in Piedmont and Savoy. The article examines an episode of Western European military history that has not yet been reflected in Russian historiography. It presents an interest in terms of the prospects for a comparative military-historical analysis of the era of Peter the Great and Europe on the eve of the Modern Age. The article reflects the conditionality of Western European wars by intra-dynastic conflicts and contest between the ruling monarchical houses as well as the typical features of Western European military art namely the decision-making mechanism within the framework of the so-called “cabinet” command and control, the limitation of operational goals, the positional nature of the strategy, the rejection of determinateness in favor of passive methodism, commitment to siege warfare and maneuver tactics, the growing role of military engineering and logistical support.
“Strasbourg Miracles of the Blessed Mary” and the Influence of the City Cathedral Church on Pilgrimages in Alsace in the 13th Century
Authors: Korban Leonid M. , Popova Elena A.
Published: June 2023

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the historical continuity of the cultural traditions and models of religious worship of objects of spiritual heritage in the urban habitat as well as their [traditions and models] variability depending on the particular circumstances. The purpose of the study is to identify the forms of influence of a unique place of concentration of the spiritual life namely the Strasbourg Cathedral of the Virgin Mary on the individual strategies of medieval pilgrims in the particular region. During the process of research the particular interest presents the writing “Strasbourg Miracles of the Blessed Mary” containing episodes of the miraculous events and healings which took place in the Strasbourg Cathedral church in 1280. In the process of analyzing this and other historical writings we got an overview of the pilgrims’ cultural perception of the Cathedral construction process, their religious leisure and interaction with urban dwellers and habitat. It was found that in the process of engagement between pilgrims and urban dwellers with a specific place of concentration of spiritual life (taking into account the scale of its [place] of cultural and religious significance for the region) there are seen special, exalted forms of religious activity namely public statements about the miraculous healings etc. The act of “miracle”, in its turn, becomes into a ceremony where a participant has a high social value and presents the primary interest for spectators and witnesses. Thus, the study expands the existing scientific ideas about the forms and peculiarities of the medieval Catholic piety completing their general picture by an episode of the faithful’s interaction with a unique religious object.
Pre-revolutionary Childhood in the Texts of Habib Zaini, Tatar Teacher of the Soviet Era
Authors: Gabdrafikova Liliya R.
Published: June 2023

They were representatives of the Tatar intelligentsia, born in the 1880-90s. The pre-revolutionary world with the unique urban everyday life of the early 20th century was already lost, but it occupied a central place in the Tatar memoirs of that period. Memoirs and other records of a native of the city of Troitsk, Orenburg province, teacher Habib Zaini (1890-1967) also continue this trend. In his notes, he wrote about his native city of Troitsk and its inhabitants. In the article, we analyze the materials that the author donated to the Lobachevsky Scientific Library of Kazan University in 1967 and notebooks with memories from his family archive. “Family” and “public” memoirs differed in the style of presentation, in the second version the author used formulaic expressions and famous names more often. These ego-documents allowed us to identify several dominants of the “pre-revolutionary world” of Habib Zaini: family ties, the mahalla (Muslim community) and hometown, the clash of traditions and innovations at the turn of the 19-20th centuries. Ego-documents include two layers - the mythologized world of the 1870-80s and the childhood world of the hero of the 1890s, which are united by the place of action and actors. The author of the memoirs received a special education in his family, one of his results is the creation of such a text.
Child Refugees: Among the Fulfillment of the Right to Education and State Responsibilities
Authors: Dwi Hasya Afifah
Published: June 2023

Artikel ini membahas mengenai pemenuhan hak pendidikan pengungsi anak di Indonesia dan tanggung jawab Indonesia sebagai negara peratifikasi Konvensi Hak Anak 1989. Meski hingga kini Konvensi 1951 tentang Status Pengungsi belum diratifikasi oleh Indonesia, namun pengungsi sudah sejak lama mendatangi Indonesia sebagai negara transit sebelum pengungsi ditempatkan di negara tujuan. Pengungsi yang datang ke Indonesia tidak hanya orang-orang yang sudah dewasa saja, melainkan ada juga anak-anak. Seorang pengungsi anak memiliki hak atas pendidikan, dimanapun dan tanpa memandang kebangsaan asalnya. Hak atas pendidikan bagi pengungsi anak telah diakui dalam Konvensi Hak Anak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa di dalam KHA, setiap anak yang sedang mengusahakan status pengungsi atau telah ditetapkan secara resmi sebagai pengungsi yang berada di negara peserta konvensi berhak mendapatkan hak-haknya, termasuk hak pendidikannya. Indonesia sebagai negara peserta dalam KHA memiliki tanggungjawab dalam upaya pemberian hak-hak pengungsi anak yang tertuang dalam KHA. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya tidak sepenuhnya dijalankan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia, karena terbentur oleh tidak adanya payung hukum yaitu Konvensi 1951.
STUDY OF PREVIEWING AND PREDICTING STRATEGY IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT SMP NEGERI 14 SIGI
Authors: Anggraini Windi Putri , Usman Sriati , Arid Muhammad
Published: June 2023

The Previewing and Predicting Strategy were strategy that applied by teacher in teaching reading comprehension during class. The objective of this research was to find out the implementation of Previewing and Predicting Strategy in teaching reading comprehension at SMA Negeri 14 Sigi. This research was conducted by used descriptive qualitative research were taken from the English teacher at SMA Negeri 14 Sigi as subject of the research. The data of this research was collected from the interview of the English teacher. This research was used an interview guide as the instrument of the collected data. Based  on the data obtained was concluded that in the implemented of previewing and predicting strategy in teaching reading comprehension at SMA Negeri 14 Sigi was effective. In the implementation of the previewing and predicting strategy in teaching reading comprehension, the English teacher had challenged such as: students’ lack of vocabulary, students’ difficult of text comprehend, learning material were only supported by text, time of implementation, and students’ needed of clear instruction.
ANALYSIS OF THE TEACHER’S COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH
Authors: Azizah Nur , Nadrun Nadrun
Published: June 2023

This research aims to find out the types of teacher’s communication strategies and the dominant strategy used by English teachers in teaching English at SMA Lab school Untad Palu. This research design was qualitative study, more especially descriptive qualitative approach. The subject of this research was the English teachers of SMA Lab school Untad Palu. In collecting the data, the researcher used observation and interview. The data were analyzed by using Tarone's Taxonomy. This study showed that the communication strategies used by the teacher were: 46% language switching, 27% literal translation, 14% circumlocution, 8% appealing for assistance and 6% approximation. Based on the result, the most frequent communication strategies is language switching which is found 17 times. This is due to the fact that students still have limited English knowledge, and the teacher adapts the situation by following them using a lot of L1 in order to make it easier for them to learn English. Thus, this finding may imply that English teacher is expected to use and select the effective strategies to overcome the communication problem in the classroom.
PROBLEM FACED BY THE RURAL AREA STUDENTS IN LEARNING ENGLISH SPEAKING
Authors: Basri Zarah Amelia H. , Usman Sriati , Kamaruddin Abdul , Wahyudin Wahyudin
Published: June 2023

This research focuses on students who live in rural areas in learning English speaking. The objective of the research is to find out the problems in speaking skills and to find out the causes of speaking problems in speaking skills encountered by the eighth-grade students of MTs.Muhammadiyah Tolitoli. MTs Muhammadiyah School was located in Baolan district, Tolitoli regency, in Central Sulawesi. The method of this research is qualitative research method while the sample of this research was the eighth-grade students of MTs. Muhammadiyah Tolitoli was chosen by convenience sampling. Observation, interviews, and Questionnaires were the tools of data collection. Based on the data collected from questionnaires, interviews, and observations, it was found that skill factors are the most dominant problem than knowledge factors. It was found that 80% were problems with lack of confidence, 60% were problems with less motivation, and 60 % had problems with feeling shy in learning English speaking. It is followed by the knowledge factor which means a percentage of 72% the aspect of knowledge in learning speaking, 56% pronunciation, and 52% lack of vocabulary. The causes of speaking problems encountered by the eighth-grade students of MTs. Muhammadiyah Tolitoli is inhibition, environment, and mother tongue used.
CORRELATION BETWEENREADING HABIT AND VOCABULARY MASTERY
Authors: Basampe Maya Angella , Kamaruddin Abdul , Maf'ulah Maf'ulah
Published: June 2023

The aim of this research is to find out if there is any significant correlation between reading habit and vocabulary mastery of grade eight students at SMPN 2 Lembo Raya. The researchers used correlation research design. The sample of this research was the eighth grade students of SMPN 2 Lembo Raya that consisted of 50 students. The instruments of data collection were questionnaire and vocabulary test. The technique of data analysis used Pearson Product Moment. Based on the data analysis, the result shows that the rxy was -0.077 and the t-obtained was 0.597. It means that there is no significant correlation between reading habit and vocabulary mastery because students’ reading habit has no impact on their vocabulary mastery. The reading habit that they have only in reading Indonesia text books while this research focus on English
APPLYING WEBBING STRATEGY IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION
Authors: Fatha Asriful , Sudarkam Sudarkam , Jamiludin Jamiluddin
Published: June 2023

The research aims to determine whether Applying Webbing Strategy can improve students’ reading comprehension grade Eight students of SMPN 1 Sojol. This research applied a quasi-experimental research design. The research sample was Eight D as the experimental group, which consisted of 25 students, and Eight A as the control group, which consisted of 27 students. The instrument used in collecting the data were pre-test and post-test. The treatment was given six times. The data were analyzed statistically to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test. As a result of the study, the mean score of the experimental group taught by applying webbing strategy was improved compared to the control group taught without applying webbing strategy. In other words, applying webbing strategy can improve the reading comprehension of grade eight students of SMPN 1 Sojol.
THE USE OF CROSSWORD PUZZLES TO INCREASE STUDENTS' VOCABULARY MASTERY
Authors: Ramli Ramli , Usman Sriati , Afrillia Afrillia
Published: June 2023

This research aims to determine whether the use of  Crossword Puzzles can increase Vocabulary of  SMP Alkhairaat  Tandaigi. This is research using a quasi-experimental research design. In selecting the sample, the researcher used a purposive sampling technique. The research samples were class VIII A as an experimental group and class VIII B as a control group. The instrument of data collection was divided into a pretest and a posttest. The data gathered were analyzed statistically. The results of the data analysis show that the mean score of both tests where the mean score of the experimental group improved from 63.93 to 73.33, and the control group's mean score improved from 63.17 to 68.56. The result showed that the value of t-counted (2.176) was greater than the value of the t-table (1.683) by applying a 0.05 level of significance and the degree of freedom (df) 22+21-2= 41. It could be concluded that the research hypothesis is accepted. In other words, Crossword Puzzles could increase vocabulary of grade VIII students at SMP Alkhairaat Tandaigi.
DESCRIBING TEACHERS’ STRATEGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Authors: Keo Ine Magfira M , Usman Sriati , Said Mawardin M
Published: June 2023

This is a qualitative research. Its aims are to find out teachers’ strategies in teaching English vocabulary and to identify the obstacles faced by teacher in implementing the strategies. The research method applied by researcher is qualitative. The data were taken from interview with English teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Ampana and analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The result of the research revealed some strategies applied by teacher to teach English vocabulary includes: 1) Comprehending Vocabulary through Reading and Translating Text;  2) Memorizing Vocabulary; 3) Dictionary Use. The teacher uses those strategy in increasing students’ vocabulary mastery. Based on the interview, the teacher faced some problems in teaching vocabulary. The problem derived from students, such as lack of motivation, the students sometimes feel lazy, bored and some of students become crowded in learning. They also quickly amd easily forget the vocabulary that has been learnt before because they do not practice it at home.
USE OF STUDENT CENTERED-LEARNING (SCL) TO DEVELOP STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun , Syafar Anshari
Published: June 2023

The objective of this research is to find out the effect of the Student-Centered Learning (SCL) technique to develop the speaking skill of second grade students. This research applied the experimental design of quasi-experiments. The population of this research was the second-grade students that were XI IPA 4 as experimental class and XI IPA 2 as control class. In sample selection, the research sample was selected using the convenience sampling technique to determine the sample. The data were collected through pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using t-test to compare the mean score of the pre-test and the post-test from experimental and control groups .The results showed that the mean differences in the classical abilities of the control and experimental class students were 45.1 and 49 in the pre-test, while the post-test were 61.16 and 55.29. Further analysis indicates t-counted (3.85) is greater than the t-tables (1.67)which means that the use of SCL has an impact on students’ speaking achievement. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research is accepted which means there is an improvement in their ability in speaking.
STUDY ON THE USE OF SUBSTITUTION DRILL TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING GRAMMAR
Authors: Zumrah Zumrah , Manurung Konder
Published: June 2023

This study was conducted through Library Research Design. The objectives of this study are to analyze, describe, and explain about the implementation of substitution drill technique in teaching grammar. In this study, the data described was taken from the ones conducted within 2011-2020. There are ten studies used as the data sources in this recent study. The result of descriptive data analysis showed that the implementation of substitution drill can improve the students’ ability in English , such as the ability in conditional sentence, simple present tense, past tense, continuous tense, degrees of comparison, and the ability in using auxiliary do and does. Based on the results of the implementation of substitution drill by previous researchers, it was found that most of the students on different academic levels within 2011-2020 experienced improvement on their ability in English after the implementation of substitution drill. All the secondary data sources used different procedure but in general all drill procedure are similar using the procedure by Decanay & Donald model with the following procedure: a model, a cue, and response.
The influence of networking on the profitability of communication firms
Authors: Odiwo Williams Omokhudu , Egielewa Peter Eshioke , Sanni Abdulkarim Praise , Erigbe Patience Ajirioghene , Atairet Atairet Clifford , Otsupius Anthonia Ighiebemhe , Omoluabi Ehis Taiwo , Ohioka Godwin , Odion Howardson Ayemenre
Published: June 2023

This study examined networking’s impact on Nigerian communication enterprises, focusing on Globacom Nigeria Limited. Cross-border business has created challenges and opportunities for rising and emerging economies. Globacom Nigeria Limited has always looked beyond national borders for opportunities. Due to product demand, the company seeks new changes and faces overseas competition. In undeveloped countries, there are few quantitative studies on the relationship between networking and profitability. The study is survey-based. This training involved 24,400 employees (Globacom, 2017, as cited in Odiwo, 2018). Using Freund and Williams’ (1977, as cited in Godden, 2004) sample size determination (Cochran’s formula), 243 questionnaires and oral interviews were employed to collect data. A test-and-retest sampling strategy was employed to determine the association between variables. Networking increased the profitability of Nigerian communication enterprises (R = 0.99, P = 0.000). The learning proposes organizations employ networking to promote profitability and improve organizational effectiveness (Kapian & Nasayan, 2002; Etuk & Emenyi, 2022). Nigeria’s government should give innovative methods of doing things to improve commercial opportunities.
The Pentahelix Model in the Development of Agro-Culture-Based Edutourism in the Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru Buffer Village Area (A Study in Tosari Village, Pasuruan Regency and Sapikerep Village, Probolinggo Regency)
Authors: Novy Setia Yunas  , Susanti Anik , Nadya Izana Nyimas , Widyawati Wiwit
Published: June 2023

Tosari and Sapikerep villages are two villages in the TNBTS area which are included as one of the priority areas in Indonesia. Nature tourism or agro-tourism and cultural tourism are the characteristics of the two villages. Thus, Agro-Cultural based Edutourism is one of the potential developments in the village area. The pentahelix development model is considered appropriate because it is known that the two villages collaborate with 5 roles, namely government, private sector, academia, mass media, and the community. This article is the result of research conducted for 2 months using a qualitative method with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, where research was conducted to fully describe how the pentahelix collaboration pattern occurred. As a result, the role of various actors in the pentahelix collaboration model is quite optimal. From a regulatory perspective, the central government and regional governments have shown their role where basically the two villages have become part of the tourism priority villages which in terms of infrastructure are maximally supported by the central government. As well as with regard to licensing, it is very easy to take care of development permits and public facilities that support tourism businesses and make it easier for tourists. From the private sector, many companies and investors started arriving to work together in the two villages, through their Corporate Social Responsibility pattern. On the other hand, the media also plays an important role in efforts to introduce tourism potential so that it is more widely known by tourists, while academics work together in terms of planning that is in accordance with science, as well as the active role of the community which turns out to be open and mutually willing to build villages.
Bottom-up effects and conspecific negative density dependence in a subtropical forest
Authors: Zhou Gang , Qin Yuanzhi , Petticord Daniel , Qiao Xiujuan , Jiang Mingxi
Published: June 2023

The early growth stage of plants is vital to community diversity and
community regeneration. Understandably, it is critical to explore the
mechanisms underpinning the spatial and temporal dynamic patterns of
seedling survival and growth. The Janzen–Connell hypothesis predicts
that conspecific density dependence lowers the survival of conspecific
seedlings by attracting specialist natural enemies, promoting the
recruitment and performance of heterospecific neighbors. Recent work has
underscored how this conspecific negative density dependence may be
mediated by mutualists – such as how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may
mediate the accrual of host-specific pathogens beneath the crown of
conspecific. Aboveground mutualist and enemy interactions exist as well,
however, and may provide useful insight into density dependence that are
as of yet unexplored. Using a long-term seedling demographic dataset in
a subtropical forest plot in central China, we found that a mutualist
association with ants had significant positive effects on seedling
survival, but a negative effect on seedling growth. We also confirmed
that conspecific neighborhoods had a significant negative effect on
seedling survival, confirming that the Janzen-Connell hypothesis may
influence community composition in the subtropical forest. Overall, our
findings suggested that ants and conspecific neighborhoods played
important but inverse roles on seedling survival and growth, which
indicated that ants may mediate conspecific negative density dependence
at community level to some extent.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Colombian Adults: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Velandia-Romero Myriam L. , Arturo Jhann A. , Coronel-Ruiz Carolina , Franco-Rodríguez Adriana P. , Calvo Eliana P. , Calderón-Peláez María-Angélica , López Lady S. , Gutiérrez-Barbosa Hernando , Camacho-Ortega Sigrid J. , Bernal-Cepeda Lilia J. , Delgado Félix G. , Bohórquez Sonia P. , Madroñero L. Johana , Fierro Dora E. , Siabato Jair E. , Nieto-Estrada Victor H. , Valencia-Moreno Albert , López-Acosta Oscar A. , Quevedo-Florez Leonardo A. , Castellanos Jaime
Published: June 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a
systemic infection that ranges from asymptomatic to severe respiratory
tract infections and influenza-like illness to severe disease with
respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The
leading cause of mortality for SARS-CoV-2 is respiratory failure from
ARDS. This study aimed to summarize the clinical outcomes of severe
acute respiratory infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 in 293 Colombian
adults. This retrospective study analyzed the clinical outcomes of
severe acute respiratory infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 in 293
Colombian adults. The study collected data on age, clinical
manifestations, comorbidities, radiological findings, and fatal cases.
It was found that patients over 60 years old (53%) suffered the most
severe symptoms, with frequent clinical manifestations of dyspnea
(60.6%), cough (46.3%), and changes in osmotic diuresis (29.3%).
About 55.3% of the patients had comorbidities, where cardiovascular
disease (54.9%) was the most frequent coexisting condition. Regarding
radiological findings, alveolar infiltrate and ground glass
opacifications had the biggest frequency (58.9% and 40.7%,
respectively). Fatal cases detected were 45.4%, where patients over 60
years (66.2%) were severely affected, however, adults from 40-59 years
had a 27.8% mortality rate. Tachycardia and elevated serum biomarkers
-ureic nitrogen, creatinine, D-dimer, troponin, LDH, AST, and ALT
levels- were significantly more frequent in fatal cases compared to
non-fatal patients. In conclusion, this study showed the clinical
spectrum of severe acute respiratory infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 in
Colombian adults, which is still having an active circulation and
causing severe or fatal outcomes.
Microstructure characterization of different types of chlamydospores in Duddingtonia flagrans
Authors: Wang Bo-Bo , Wang Fenghui , Li Youlei , Cai Kui-Zheng
Published: June 2023

The morphological and structural differences of different types of
chlamydospore of Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematophagous fungus, were
studied under light microscope and electron microscope to provide
reference for the biological control of parasitic nematodiasis. In this
study, D. flagrans isolate F088 dormant chlamydospore and non-dormant
chlamydospore were selected as the research objects. The structural
differences of these spores were observed by optical microscopy through
lactol cotton blue, Trypan blue and MTT staining. FUN-1, DAPI and CFW
staining were used to observe the metabolic activity, cell wall and
nucleus differences of the two types of spores under fluorescence
microscope. Ultrastructure of the two kinds of spores was observed using
scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope
(TEM). Since lacto phenol cotton blue, trypan blue staining cannot
distinguish dormant spores from dead spores, MTT assay was performed.
Fluorescence microscopy observation showed that the cytoplasmic
metabolic activity of non-dormant spores was stronger than that of
dormant spores. The nucleus of dormant spores was bright blue, and their
fluorescence was stronger than that of non-dormant spores. The cell wall
of non-dormant spores produced stronger yellow-green fluorescence than
that of dormant spores. Ultrastructural observation showed that there
were globular protuberances on the surface of the two types of spores,
but with no significant difference between them. The inner wall of
dormant spore possesses a thick zona pellucida with high electron
density which was significantly thicker than that of non-dormant spores,
and their cytoplasm is also changed. In this study, the microstructure
characteristics of dormant and non-dormant chlamydospores of D. flagrans
fungi were preliminarily clarified, suggesting that the state of cell
wall and intracellular materials were changed after spores entered to
dormancy.
Does the number or size of plant patches contribute to vegetation restoration of restoring degraded alpine steppes via grazing exclusion?
Authors: Niu Haishan , Liu Min , Zhang Jing , Kong Qian , Li Runfu , Zhu Chuanlu , Cui Xiaoyong , Wang Shiping , Wang Yanfen
Published: June 2023

Arid and semi-arid vegetation is characterized by plant patches of
different sizes, and plant cover is determined by patch size (PS) and
number of patches (NP). However, it is still unclear how PS and NP
contribute to the restoration of degraded grasslands through grazing
exclusion (GE). Transect lines were sampled in six alpine steppe
communities in Tibet in 2017 and 2018. Both PS and NP were assessed and
compared between inside and outside grazing exclosures. Our results
showed that grazing exclosures increased the mean size but decreased the
total number of plant patches. This pattern of change was common to
other species and could not be attributed to a shift in community
composition. The results suggest that the recovery of the degraded
alpine steppe is being driven by PS at the expense of NP. By promoting
the expansion of the larger patches while excluding the smaller ones, GE
led to an aggregating pattern with a higher proportion of bare ground,
potentially reducing primary productivity.
Improvement in Growth, Productivity, and Fruit Quality of Rain-Fed Sapota along with soil and moisture retention in Degraded Mahi Ravines through Soil and Moisture Saving Techniques
Authors: kakade vijay , kumar Raj , Jinger Dinesh , Morade Amrut , Dinesh Dhakshanamoorthy , Singh Gaurav , Chavan S. B. , Salunkhe Vanita , Pradhan Aliza , Reddy K. Sammi
Published: June 2023

Ravines represent an extreme form of land degradation. Soil and moisture
saving techniques (SMSTs) have been identified as effective strategies
for improving the fertility of degraded lands. Three SMSTs viz.,
intercrop of cow pea and castor on bench terrace (SCCBT) ii) bench
terrace (SBT) iii) staggered trenches on natural slope (SSTS) and iv)
sapota on natural slope (Control) were imposed to observe their impact
on Sapota yield and quality, runoff, soil loss, and soil properties
under rain-fed conditions during 2018-20. SMSTs have significantly
affected plant growth, yield and quality and soil loss-runoff in
degraded ravines. The highest tree height was observed in SBT on par
with SCCBT and SSTS, and lowest in SS. Similar trend was observed in
case canopy spread, canopy volume and collar diameter. Among the
treatments, SCCBT recorded highest yield (38.3 kg tree
) followed by SBT, SST and lowest in SS (16.8 kg
tree ). Pulp weight (55.55 g) and vitamin C (14.69
mg) was recorded higher in SCCBT and lowest in SS. SCCBT treatment
reduced runoff by 44% and it was highest in SS. Despite this SCCBT
exhibited significant higher soil loss. Terracing and trenches exhibited
remarkable effect on EC, SOC, available major nutrients (NPK) compared
to control. SCCBT and SBT treatments significantly had higher soil
moisture (%) compare to control. Hence, the cultivation of sapota after
implementing terracing and staggered trenches on natural slopes proves
to be a viable approach for effectively utilizing degraded ravines while
promoting productivity.
Immobilisation and characterisation of urease in mechanically robust silk fibroin membrane based on unidirectional nanopore dehydration
Authors: Zhang Meng , Wang Hai-yan , Zhang Yu-Qing
Published: June 2023

Silk fibroin (SF) is a good carrier for immobilised enzymes and drugs.
In this experiment, unidirectional nanopore dehydration (UND) was used
to dehydrate a regenerated SF solution containing urease in one step to
prepare a urease-immobilised SF membrane (UI-SFM). UI-SFM has high
mechanical strength and a secondary structure dominated by the Silk I
structure. The results indicated that the immobilization of urease in
UI-SFM exhibited superior enzyme recovery and stability. In order to
further improve the activity recovery rate and stability of the UI-SFM,
a more stable immobilised urease membrane (UI-SFMs) was obtained by
stretching the above UI-SFM; another urease-immobilised cross-linked SFM
(UI-SFMc) was also obtained by adding a cross-linking agent−polyethylene
glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) before UND. The thermal and storage
stability of the two enzyme membranes were significantly improved, and
their enzyme activity recovery rates reached more than 90%. After the
enzymatic reactions were repeated ten times, the activity recovery rates
of the two UI-SFMs and UI-SFMc were maintained at 92% and 88%. These
results indicate that PEGDE addition prior to UND or post-stretching
treatment for UI-SFM can make the immobilised urease activity in the SFM
more stable, which opens up new applications of UND technology in urease
immobilisation.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles and its application by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Mushtaq Suhaila , Shweta * , Kumar Harish , Kulshrestha Shobha , Teotia Satish , Singh Jai , Pandey Sunil Kumar
Published: June 2023

Zinc oxide plays an important role in the current industry due to its
special characteristics such as anti-corrosion, anti-bacteria, low
electron conductivity and excellent heat resistance. The synthesis of
Zno NPs by the sol-gel method has recently gained widespread use to
synthesize and characterize zinc oxide nanoparticles. Sol-gel method is
the simplest method and has the ability to control the particle size and
morphology through systematic monitoring of reaction parameters. ZnO
nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel method using Zinc acetate
dehydrate (Zn(CH COO) .2H
O) as a precursor and ethanol (CH
COOH) were used as a solvent, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
and distilled water were used as a medium. ZnO nanoparticles were
characterized by using XRD, EDX, FESEM, and nano-particles analyser. The
result of EDX characterization shows that the ZnO nanoparticles have
good purity with (Zinc content of- 55.38% and; Oxygen content of-
44.62%). XRD result spectrum displays mainly oxygen and zinc peaks,
which indicate the crystallinity in nature as exhibited. FESEM
micrographs show that synthesized ZnO have a rod-like structure. The
obtained ZnO nanoparticles are homogenous and consistent in size which
corresponds to the XRD result that exhibits good crystalline. ZnO
nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method in the
nano size range between 81.28 nm to 84.98 nm.
Comparison of Clinical Presentations and Disease Severity of Children Hospitalized with Influenza A and B
Authors: Eşki Aykut , Öztürk Gökçen Kartal , Çiçek Candan , Gülen Figen , Demir Esen
Published: June 2023

The impact of influenza B (FLUB) was relatively less researched than
influenza A (FLUA), because of its lower pandemic potential. We aimed to
compare the clinical presentations and disease severity between FLUA and
B. This study involved children hospitalized with
virologically-confirmed influenza between 2010-2020. The disease
severity was assessed according to admission to the intensive care unit
(ICU), mechanical ventilation requirement, length of hospital, and ICU
stay and death. FLUA and B were compared within predefined age groups
(0-2, 3-9, and 10-18 years) and in all age groups. Of 343 patients, FLUA
and B were detected in 260 (75.8%) and 83 (24.2%) children,
respectively. Headache and abdominal pain were more common in FLUB
(P<0.05). Children with FLUA were prescribed antibiotics and
antivirals 1.6 and 2.3-fold more than those with FLUB. From subgroup
analysis by age, patients between 3-9 with FLUB had a higher rate of
headache and abdominal pain; additionally, headache occurred in 5
(100%) children aged 10-18 years with FLUB and 10 (38.5%) with FLUA
(P<0.05). Children between 0-2 with FLUA were more often
admitted to ICU than those with FLUB (22.9% vs. 6.0%;
P<0.05). Eight patients with FLUA died, and one with FLUB
(P>0.05). The clinical presentation was similar between
FLUA and B, except for headache and abdominal pain, which were notably
more common in older patients with FLUB. Children aged 0-2 years with
FLUA had a significant risk for ICU admission. Higher levels of
awareness and attention should be paid to children under two years with
FLUA.
Food availability affects parental anti-predator behaviour in red kites
Authors: Sieder Samuel , Scherler Patrick , Witczak Stephanie , Tschumi Matthias , Mühlemann Tobias , Grüebler Martin
Published: June 2023

Parental investment theory proposes two non-mutually exclusive
hypotheses to explain variation in anti-predator behaviour in relation
to the age of offspring: the “reproductive value of offspring”
hypothesis and the “harm to offspring” hypothesis. The relative
importance of the two factors underlying the hypotheses, reproductive
value and harm, may change depending on environmental conditions such as
food availability. To test the relative importance of the two hypotheses
under different food conditions, we conducted a supplementary feeding
experiment in red kite (Milvus milvus) breeding pairs and used a live
eagle owl (Bubo bubo) as decoy nest predator to trigger anti-predator
behaviour. We used time-to-capture in mist nets mounted next to the
decoy predator as proxy for mobbing intensity. Under natural food
conditions we found a nearly constant mobbing intensity throughout the
entire nestling period. However, under food-enhanced conditions mobbing
intensity was reduced in parents with young nestlings and increased in
parents with old nestlings. These results suggest greater importance of
the “reproductive value of offspring” hypothesis in situations of
favourable food availability. Moreover, mobbing intensity depended on
brood size and weather conditions. The results suggest that parental
anti-predator investment increases with the reproductive value of the
brood under favourable breeding conditions, but that this pattern is
adjusted to the current context, including the vulnerability of the
brood and environmental conditions.
Sovereign Agents of Mythical and (Pseudo-)Divine Violence: Walter Benjamin and Global Biopolitical Cinema
Authors: Jeong Seung-hoon
Published: June 2023

Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s “Critique of Violence,” this paper illuminates the complexity of law and violence in global biopolitical cinema. Benjamin’s key notions (“lawmaking” and “law-preserving,” “mythical” and “divine” violence) are revisited through diverse films such as The Dark Knight series, Dogville, The Act of Killing, and Waltz with Bashir. The paper explores how the sovereign agents of killing here embody ‘pseudo-divine violence,’ posing ethical dilemmas about justice and life’s value. This analysis leads to the quest for ‘true divine violence’ without sovereign power and the sanctity of humanity believed only as potential to retain and relay.
Plato’s Sound Language against the Harm done to Language
Authors: Année Magali
Published: June 2023

“To speak in a harmful way (τὸ μὴ καλῶς λέγειν) is not only a false note towards language itself (εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο πλημμελές), it is also to infuse some evil within souls.” This worrisome statement in the Phaedo (115 e 5–7) should be considered as a key of Plato’s dialogues. But how shall we understand the harmfulness of a “false note” inside the very language thought of as having its own autonomy? Does it have to do with “stasis between names” (Cratylus 438 d 2), and if so, where to find, inside language, the “right note” capable of preventing the disaster of souls?
Psychology and Violence in Plato’s Phaedrus, Republic and Timaeus
Authors: Guigon Camille
Published: June 2023

In the Phaedrus, Plato describes the control of the epithumia by the reason as being extremely violent. The epithumia-black horse is brutalized and it becomes obedient by this brutality. The aim of this paper is to prove that this violence is not an image, but a psychological reality. Plato defends this point of view in the Timaeus, where he describes the psychophysiological process which occurs when the logos attacks the epithumia. But the Timaeus also shows that the thumos plays an important role in the realization of the rational violence.
Accounting for Alliances in Clausewitz’s Theory of War
Authors: Garard Olivia A.
Published: June 2023

Allies and alliances are deeply embedded in Clausewitz’s theory of war. Allies are a live and reactive means that may shift throughout a war. Alliances, often responsive to the balance of power, harness allies as a dynamic means. Both problematize Clausewitz’s initial, dual conception of war; they embody uncertainty and inject Politik. To account for allies and alliances entails reevaluating three fundamental Clausewitzian premises: that the defense is the stronger form of war; that the status quo has inertia; and that war has duration. Ultimately, any comprehensive view of Clausewitz’s theory of war demands the inclusion of allies and alliances.
New Histories of the World: Spenglerian Optimism
Authors: Clark Stephen R. L.
Published: June 2023

The apparently pessimistic implications of Spenglerian analysis have often appealed to others who foresaw the end of Western civilization, but Spengler himself was less discouraged. Even if no great art, music or literature could be expected in these latter days, great engineering projects were possible, and to be admired. Nor was Western (“Faustian”) Culture and Civilization the only game in town: other Cultures, like the “Magian,” had been embedded and distorted by the dominant regimes, both Classical and Western, and could still be an inspiring presence. A similarly distorted Culture might still be growing in Russia. And even when all present Cultures were exhausted there would be hope of some new, unpredictable, emergence, for which I offer some imaginable examples drawn from contemporary fantasy, as well as the abiding presence of what Spengler usually thought “pre-cultural,” or “primitive” societies.
Spengler’s The Decline of the West and Monika Maron’s Novel Artur Lanz
Authors: Engels David
Published: June 2023

For Oswald Spengler, the dwindling power of resistance against any physical or psychical threat is a typical symptom of the late stage of every civilisation. Strangely at odds with the obvious violence of the World Wars, Spengler’s predictions seem to concord oddly enough with today’s phenomenon of “post-heroism.” In the following, we will examine this question from the angle of the work of the German writer Monika Maron, whose novel Artur Lanz (2020) is not only devoted to the crisis of heroism and masculinity in the modern West, but also explicitly refers to Oswald Spengler’s The Decline of the West as a key source.
From Periodic Decline to Permanent Rebirth: Alexander Raven Thomson on Civilization, Pathology, and Violence
Authors: Phillips Rory Lawrence
Published: June 2023

Alexander Raven Thomson was a British fascist philosopher, active from 1932 to 1955. I outline Thomson’s Spenglerian views on civilization and decline. I argue that Thomson in his first book is an orthodox Spenglerian who accepts that decline is inevitable and thinks that it is morally required to destroy civilization in its final stages. I argue that this suffers from conceptual issues which may have caused Thomson’s change to a revised form of Spenglerianism, which is more authentically fascist. This authentically fascist view is then seen to fall prey into the problem inherent in the very idea of permanent rebirth.
Tropical Faustian: Nick Joaquin’s Spenglerian Imagining of Colonial History in the Post-Authoritarian Philippines
Authors: van der Wall Hidde
Published: June 2023

This article discusses how Philippine writer Nick Joaquin applied the ideas of Oswald Spengler in his historiography, notably the collection Culture and History (1988), his contribution to the post-authoritarian renegotiation of a national history fraught with colonial conflict and loss. This article argues that Joaquin adapted Spengler’s ideas, proposing the presence of a “Faustian” Filipino soul formed during the Spanish-colonial period, to a contradictory effect. It allowed him to assert a national identity that challenged the dichotomous ways in which Philippine history was conventionally conceived, but it also reintroduced Eurocentric and homogenizing schemes, reinforcing existing hegemonies in the postcolony.
Study on Protection of the Right to Health, Access to Medicines and the Construction of the Rule of Law for Medicine Patents
Authors: W Yang
Published: June 2023

The Access to Medicines is related to the basic rights of people's rights to life and health. It has been widely recognized by international conventions and has become a basic duty of the state to ensure and improve the level of citizens' access to medicines. At the same time, in the face of increasingly widespread uncertainties in modern society, building a fair and efficient legal system for medicines access is a necessary measure to promote citizens' trust in the government and maintain the legitimacy of power. In the conditions of 1.3 billion population and an unbalanced and inadequate economic development, China strives to ensure that its citizens’ medicines are economically affordable through continuous improvement of the legal system and arrangements, and to encourage local pharmaceutical companies to develop and manufacture better-quality medicines. On the premise of respecting the status of market players and property rights of pharmaceutical companies, China comprehensively uses diversified tools such as information, standards, market access, and competition law enforcement to establish a legal system for medicines accessibility from two channels: supply guarantee and price control. Particular attention is paid to the adjustment of the medical and social insurance and essential medicines systems. In recent years, China has focused on improving the pharmaceutical patent system, promoting the balanced development of local original research medicines and generic medicines, as well as the overall optimization and upgrading of the pharmaceutical industry through the protection of patent rights and appropriate restrictions. Driven by the economic and trade agreement reached between China and the United States in 2020, China's Patent Law will introduce a drug patent term extension system and a drug patent linkage system, and further improve the legal mechanism to encourage innovative activities of pharmaceutical companies.