bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy is Safe and Efficient when Performed on Early Adolescents with Adult-Sized Tools
Authors: Ali Ajrab , Aziz Wajahat , Memon Amanullah , Shaikh Ubedullah
Published: February 2023

Aim: To report our experience of percutaneous nephtrolithotomy using adult size instruments in young adolescents. Study design: Retrospective case series Place and duration of study: Department of Urology, Isra University Hospital Hyderabad between 1st January 2006 and December 2016, Methodology: Twenty five adolescents underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy were enrolled. The records of patients between the ages of 10 and 15 years underwent percutaneous nephtrolithotomy at our institute was examined. The percutaneous nephtrolithotomy was performed using a 24-Frnephroscope. Stone burden and location were reviewed. Stone clearance was reviewed after the surgery. Renal units with ≤4mm residual stone on postoperative imaging were considered stone free. Results: Mean age of patients was 12±2 yrs. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotomy (ESWL) was required in 4 patients and one patient had retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for residual stones. The total percentage of stones removed was 84% (21/25). One patient in our group had factor VII deficiency, another had a kidney with a horseshoe shape, and a third had post-pyelolithotomy residual stones. Three patients needed blood transfusions, and one patient experienced transitory urine leakage for more than 12 hours. There were no complications that required medical or surgical attention. Conclusion: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in young adolescents is safe and effective. Adult size instruments can be used safely for percutaneous nephtrolithromy in this group of patients. Keywords: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), Adolescents, Nephrolithiasis
Primera visita canónica al Monasterio Santa Catalina de Siena
Authors: Arancibia José María
Published: February 2023

Don Julián de Cortázar fue el tercer Obispo de la diócesis del Tucumán, creada en 1570, con sede en Santiago del Estero. Su antecesor el Obispo Fernando Trejo y Sanabria había autorizado en 1613 la fundación del Monasterio Santa Catalina de Sena, realizada en Córdoba por Leonor de Tejeda y algunas jóvenes, sin experiencia de vida consagrada. Estos orígenes de vida eclesial y monástica en las recientes ciudades de América, despiertan notable interés. A poco de llegar, el Obispo Cortázar hizo la Visita canónica al Monasterio (1619), iniciando una larga recorrida por su extensa y necesitada diócesis. El artículo describe esa primera visita en su contexto histórico y menciona los temas incluidos en el Auto. Por la situación dada entonces, surgieron enseguida varias cuestiones que las fuentes relatan: reacción de las monjas por la Visita y su inquietud por el singular origen del Monasterio; preocupaciones del Obispo por la Regla teresiana adoptada por monjas dominicas y por la influencia de los frailes de la Orden. El trabajo presenta los datos principales de acuerdo con esas fuentes, y procura echar luz sobre su interpretación, que no resulta fácil, pero que señalan un interesante camino para futuras investigaciones.
La iglesia propia.
Authors: Di Stefano Roberto
Published: February 2023

El artículo estudia los patronatos laicales del actual interior argentino en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Explica qué mecanismos debían ponerse en funcionamiento para fundar un patronato, analiza el rol de los patronos en el entramado eclesiástico y vincula la paulatina desaparición de esas instituciones con el proceso de secularización, la construcción del Estado y las transformaciones que experimentó el catolicismo en el siglo XIX.
Religión, política y turismo
Authors: Ramón Solans Francisco Javier
Published: February 2023

El artículo aborda el terreno casi inexplorado de las relaciones entre las fiestas patronales, secularización y turismo. Para analizar dichas cuestiones, me centraré en las fiestas patronales del Pilar en Zaragoza así como las peregrinaciones regionales anuales que durante el primer tercio del siglo XX se realizaron a subasílica en conmemoración de la coronación de la imagen del Pilar en 1905. La modernización de ambos festejos produjo un efecto paradójico. La insistencia tanto de una parte del catolicismo local como del Ayuntamiento en modernizar ambos festejos conllevó a la larga una progresiva desvinculación de la  celebración misma del marco propiamente religioso- devocional. Sin embargo, a su vez, esta renovación ilustró los límites de un proceso secularizador que fue incapaz de romper unaidentidad local/regional de matriz religiosa.
Teorías, modelos y estrategias de desarrollo en América Latina y El Caribe. Períodos presidenciales: Jamil Mahuad, Gustavo Noboa
Authors:   Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador., MARTÍNEZ HINOJOSA ROBERTO MARCELO , ORELLANA INTRIAGO CARLOS ENRIQUE ,   Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador., SOTO GALARZA BORIS IVÁN ,   Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Published: February 2023

Ecuador es un país suramericano en vías de desarrollo que durante años ha tenido cambios sustanciales en las gestiones de gobierno los cuales han dado como consecuencia que muchos de los habitantes sean beneficiados y otros desmejorados, de acuerdo con la posición de cada uno. El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer los cambios que ocurrieron durante la gestión presidencial de Jamil Mahuad (1998-2000), Gustavo Noboa (2000-2003), los cuales fueron los líderes del gobierno en periodos trascendentales para el Ecuador. El estudio que se presenta se enmarco en el diseño documental, de manera que se realizo una revisión de tesis, investigaciones previas contemporáneas con el tiempo de desarrollo de los presidentes referidos. Se encontró como resultados de la revisión documental, que los dos presidentes tomaron medidas económicas similares ambas caracterizadas por distinguir la dolarización y apoyar tal aspecto y las consecuencias de la misma.
Pedí manos y llegaron mujeres: Situación jurídica de las trabajadoras domésticas nicaragüenses en Costa Rica
Authors: Romero Alvarado José Daniel
Published: February 2023

En la presente investigación se analiza desde una perspectiva crítica la situación que enfrentan las mujeres nicaragüenses trabajadoras domésticas migrantes en Costa Rica. Sus vivencias reflejan serios conflictos que rodean los esfuerzos orientados a la ejecución de articulaciones teóricas y prácticas entre la condición de ser mujer migrante y trabajadora doméstica. El estudio se realizó recolectando información jurídica de la legislación costarricense para combinarla con investigaciones especializadas sobre el trabajo doméstico y anécdotas (en su mayoría) de las trabajadoras domésticas nicaragüenses migrantes en Costa Rica afiliadas a ASTRADOMES (Asociación de Trabajadoras Domésticas en Costa Rica). Dichas vivencias permiten visibilizar las vulneraciones de los derechos fundamentales y laborales que atraviesa este sector en su integración social y laboral.
Hubungan Kepemimpinan, Kompensasi dan Kompetensi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Toserba Yogya Sukabumi
Authors: Fariati Wieke Tsanya
Published: February 2023

This research is intended to evaluate and measure the relationship of leadership, compensation, and competency with performance. The research object is health agency in Sukabumi, West Java. There are 95 persons as staffs onhealth agency.Respondents were recruited from this population using stratified random sampling. As variables are latent in nature,questionnaire was used as research instrument. Further, data collected was analyzed using regression equation by deployed SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science)software. Result indicates that leadership, competency, and compensation aresignificantly influence staff performance. The correlation of leadership with staff performance is 0.102. The correlationbetween compensation and staff performance is 0.104. And the last, the correlation between competency and staff performance is 0.13. It is also shown that leadership, compensation, and competency can explain staff performance variation as much as 48.8%.
The Relationship between Empathic Deficits and Risk of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Liu Renxuan
Published: February 2023

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) account for 2-3% of the overall population, jeopardizing society by violating the laws, mistreating others with disregard, and even more severe attacks. Though with abundant research investigating the etiology of ASPD, empathy, as a critical feature of people with ASPD, has been neglected. Empathy, broadly referring to the ability to perceive others’ feelings and thoughts, plays a vital role in social interactions. Lack of empathy might lead to less prosocial functions and reinforce antisocial behaviors. Hence, the present review sorted the previous studies regarding the relationship between empathetic traits and the development of antisocial personality disorder from the aspects of different dimensions of empathy, direct causation, and neural activity. In general, one dimension of empathy—empathetic concern was found related to the formation of ASPD. Prosociality and parental behaviors are indirectly related to ASPD by affecting empathetic abilities. Innate empathy deficit in toddlerhood also accounts for the ASPD. From the neural aspect, activities in the amygdala, anterior insula, and connectivity between the bilateral amygdala and PCC and precuneus are found to correlate with ASPD while processing emotional cues. Though the relationship between empathy and ASPD is determined, future investigation should focus on other empathy dimensions, detailed findings for different levels of CU traits, and better reliability through assessment. In general, this review might contribute to the prevention and intervention of ASPD by attaching more importance to empathetic traits and parental guidance.
The Effects of Acute Stress Reaction on Trauma-Related Symptoms and Relevant Factors
Authors: Zhao Yinqi
Published: February 2023

Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) and trauma can take a very serious toll on a person. It can affect their social functioning and daily life. It is important to study ASR and trauma and their associated factors. In the case of ASR, it can make a person less productive. Plus, it is not merely people who developed ASR are affected. There is also a relationship between the degree of witnessing ASR in a teammate and the probability of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The most effective way to regulate and mitigate the effects of ASR onset and trauma are resilience and social support, especially from friends and colleagues. Studies have found that being more socially supported leads to greater resilience, which can lead to better recovery from trauma and an increased level of well-being. People's subjective judgments and the way they handle traumatic events also influence ASR and the severity of trauma. If people are more positive about the future, the severity of trauma can be reduced. People who deal with things more positively, such as revisiting the event and accepting it positively, have a greater chance to recover from trauma. Relevant psychological training and interventions beforehand can also reduce the incidence of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). This paper can provide some directions to future intervention research and practice for children and adults in need.
Feminism in Chinese Cultural Entertainment Industry: A Case Study of Script Homicide Industry
Authors: Huang Huang
Published: February 2023

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China's economy has been developing daily, especially the tertiary industry represented by the entertainment industry, which has seen tremendous growth. At the same time, with more and more women engaged in various social jobs, their social status has also improved, but the localization of feminism has been difficult. This paper will use the method of multiple case analyses to explore the possibility of using the entertainment industry to promote feminism. The Script Homicide industry will represent first; this paper selected three representative case reductions of the script, analyses its propaganda and the method and effect of feminism, secondly from three cases to analyze the Script Homicide propaganda methods, and finally from the standard promotion methods of Script Homicide industry summed up the general logic is suitable for the entertainment industry. Through this study, we can better understand the theoretical basis of the publicity role played by the entertainment industry and how to help feminism to publicize to achieve the goal of localization.
The Origin of Morality: From Behavioral Synchronization to Moral Norm Internalization
Authors: Yang Yijun
Published: February 2023

The origin of human morality has always been a myth that draws the interest of research. Not until the flourish of the comparative approach to studying nonhuman social animals and infants did our understanding of morality start to develop. By reviewing the studies employed in this approach, the present review presents the first comprehensive synthesis of the evolved infrastructures that allow the acquisition and internalization of moral norms, with an expositional novelty that pictures the continuum of the origin of morality. By making phylogenetic and ontogenetic comparisons, the Nature-versus-Nurture debate surrounding morality is resolved: culturalization scaffolds the internalization of moral norms; while the evolutionary adaptations for prosociality and cooperation provide the biological basis that makes this internalization process possible. Hence, on the one hand, humans are not unique in possessing the evolved mechanisms that facilitate cooperation. On the other hand, however, humans excel other social animals in sharing and reading intention, seeking fairness, and creating and maintaining moral norms. Together, the reviewed evidence in the field of evolutionary psychology supports that morality is indeed a collection of both biological and cultural adaptations that facilitate cooperation and solve the problems occurred when cooperating.
Internet use influences digital empathy: a survey on Chinese young adults
Authors: Sun Zhefeng
Published: February 2023

With the development of science and technology, the Internet occupies more time in daily lives and changed our life from all aspects. Empathy, an important factor for human interaction that is usually considered to improve socializing, is also affected by Internet use. By surveying 193 Chinese adults about their online habits and empathy levels through Davis Empathy scale. We found that the time spent surfing on the Internet, especially the time spent on entertainment, is positively correlated with digital empathy, while playing video games negatively affect people's empathy ability.
The Set Theory and the Description of Infinity: the Nature of Infinity Perceived from Metaphysics and Ontology
Authors: Wu Hongbo
Published: February 2023

Infinity is possibly one of the most complicated conceptions confronting mathematics and philosophy. People could always conceive it via intuition, but find it hard to describe in the logical realm. In the 19th century, German mathematician Cantor proposed the set theory, for the first time, people could use mathematical tools to explain the nature of infinity. However, such an explanation still lies on the axiomatic foundation, which does not directly fit our intuition about infinity. Therefore, this study will attempt to establish a 'bridge' between the infinity that fits intuition and the infinity that is described by set theory, hence arguing why the set theory could describe infinity universally in the senses of metaphysics and ontology.
Analysis of the changes of the military system in the late Roman Republic and the reasons behind them
Authors: Lei Kaiyuan
Published: February 2023

The military is essential for Rome to develop from a small city-state in central Italy into a vast empire spanning three continents in history. However, due to the defeat of the war, social contradictions, the shortage of troops, and the expansion of the Empire’s territory, the old military system that the Romans were proud of was questioned. The Romans urgently needed military reform to meet the growing country. Compared with the old civil military service system, the reformed conscription system has more sources of soldiers, more powerful fighting capacity, longer service time, more Roman troops, and more systematic militarization management. The military reform of Marius was a change that Rome had to make. At that time, the Roman Republic was unstable, and the severe land annexation in Rome led to middle- and lower-class civilians having to rely on the nobles to survive. As more and more civilians attached to nobles, fewer and fewer wealthy civilians could meet the conditions for joining the army. At the same time, the territory of the Roman Republic is not limited to the Italian peninsula. Once invincible on the Italian peninsula, the military system and tactics are no longer advanced enough. Roma needs to change their tactics and system to defeat those strong opponents.
Gender Stereotypes of Male Preschool Teachers: Taking the Investigation of Changsha International Kindergarten as an Example
Authors: Deng Xinqiao , Tang Ying , Wang Leyang , Zhou Feng
Published: February 2023

While abundant research has been carried out on gender stereotypes faced by teachers in pursuing their careers, inadequate attention has been paid to male kindergarten teachers’ dilemmas. This study uses semi-structured interviews with male teachers in an international kindergarten in Changsha to explore the male teachers’ experiences. Through investigation and analysis, the study's findings reveal the reasons for working in kindergartens, low job satisfaction among male kindergarten teachers, gender prejudice against this group, and specific problems foreign teachers face in the job market. This paper aims to raise people’s awareness of the situation of male kindergarten teachers in China and reduce prejudice towards this group. This paper also gives suggestions for improving their job satisfaction and career development: creating a favorable social environment, improving the interpersonal skills of male kindergarten teachers, and enlarging the job market for male kindergarten teachers.
Academic Performance in Transition to Online Distance Learning: An Assessment from Prior Academic Performance Across Subjects
Authors: Shen Yang
Published: February 2023

Online distance learning (ODL) has spread worldwide in all levels of education, and academic performance is a frequently mentioned topic in the research of ODL. This research focuses on the impact of students’ prior academic performance in different subjects on their academic performance in the context of transition from a traditional class to online distance learning. The participants are students from a key public high school in China. They took a traditional in-person class in their twelfth grade first semester and took ODL in twelfth grade second semester. Positive and strong Spearman and Pearson Correlation (~0.8) is found between student’s academic performance during traditional class and student’s academic performance during ODL; positive and weak Spearman and Pearson Correlation (~0.4) is found between student’s academic performance during traditional class and the change of student’s academic performance through the transition from the traditional class to ODL, indicating a positive correlation between prior academic achievement and later performance. Linear regression fitting is applied to the student’s academic performance during traditional class and the student’s academic performance during ODL, the results have shown that the prior academic performance represents by cumulative exam have a good prediction of the later academic performance in both traditional class and ODL context.
Social Media and Its Impact: Individuals and Society
Authors: Ye Tszyu
Published: February 2023

Social media nowadays is a massive topic for people to discuss, and it is even starting to occupy people’s lives. Many people would see social media as a widespread technique that helps them to relax and search for information. Still, not many would think that it would be a marketing strategy or political skill and would harm people’s mental health in a certain way. However, these are the adverse effects social media would bring to individuals and society without people realizing it. Social media would not only cause addiction, which is one of the few things that people recognize as the negative impact of social media, but it would also cause low self-esteem because people commonly try to find a feeling of importance on the internet, but when things go to a different direction, it will hurt their self-esteem in multiple ways. More uncommonly, advertising companies or politicians would usually use data collecting companies to help them manipulate people’s behavior and use it to make companies’ brand and politicians more influential and use strategies to make themselves seem more trustworthy on social media. This essay is aimed to show how social media is starting to impact individuals and society by using the way of literature review.
Social Media Overuse and Anxiety among Chinese University Students: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress
Authors: Liu Yaolin
Published: February 2023

With the development of social media applications, the use of social media is increasing among college students. Previous research has demonstrated the negative impacts of social media overuse on students' mental health. While social media overuse has been regarded as a potential cause for anxiety, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether perceived stress mediated the relationship between social media overuse and anxiety. 358 Chinese college students completed anonymous questionnaires. These questionnaires measured social media usage, perceived stress, and anxiety. The results showed that (1) social media overuse positively predicts stress and anxiety; (2) no gender difference was found in the correlations between social media overuse, perceived stress and anxiety (3) perceived stress partially mediated the association between social media overuse and anxiety. This study can improve our understanding of how social media overuse relates with students’ well-being.
Internet Addiction and Phone Dependence: Measurements, Influencing factors, and Effects
Authors: Hu Jingjie
Published: February 2023

The article begins with a definition and assessment of phone dependence and Internet addiction. After going into detail about the causes of these addictions, the article goes into detail about the effects of phone dependence from both a mental and physical standpoint. The damage to the headache and eye issues are really common for long-term phone users. Moreover, even though the use of phones does good to mental health problems, especially social anxiety issues, phone dependence will get harder to reduce, which will cause other problems. The end of this review concludes with two research directions on phone reliance: how to lessen phone dependence and how to lessen the headache and social anxiety effects brought on by phones while maintaining the positive critical contribution of phones to humans.
The Increased Reliance on Social Media During COVID-19 Affects Individuals’ Mental Well-being
Authors: Bi Ruoxu
Published: February 2023

With the surging development of technology and the omnipresence of online platforms, investigating how social media applications influences individuals’ mental well-being has become a major research area for many researchers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, policies limited face-to-face contacts, and individuals are more prone to choose social media as an alternative to relationship maintenance and informational exchange. The purpose of this paper is to examine the negative effects that growing reliance on social media during the COVID-19 epidemic has on individuals’ mental health. An overall negative association has been supported by previous empirical evidence, suggesting an increased use of social media would impair individuals’ mental well-being, including increased depressive symptoms and anxiety, decreased level of self-esteem and so on. Moreover, social comparison as well as passive social media use are two fundamental mechanisms that underlie such negative influence. Specifically, during the epidemic, increased reliance on social media use had caused an uptick in passive social media use and social comparison, resulting in an increased feeling of frustration, anxiety, depressive symptoms, stress, and fear. While such impact is exacerbated during the epidemic. This paper provides a reference for research in related fields.
The Status and Role of the Primary People's Court in the Judicial Reform Pilot
Authors: Feng Wenxuan
Published: February 2023

With the development of society, China's judicial policies have been improving and reforming, in the process of judicial reform, it is necessary to study and investigate the people's courts at all levels, so in order to be more relevant to the reality of justice, it is necessary to carry out pilot work in different courts, primary people's courts are more grassroots, which encountered many problems, for the entire judicial reform also plays a very important role. The problems encountered by the lower people's courts are very important to the overall judicial reform. This paper focuses on the status and role of the lower people's courts in the pilot judicial reform.
A Comparative Study of College Entrance Examination between China and the UK
Authors: Mai Zhuoyan
Published: February 2023

The reform of China's new college entrance examination (CEE) is one of the key topics of current research. Some researchers found that there is still a gap between the ideal and the reality of the current CEE reform, but there is still a lack of unified explanation for the details. Therefore, this paper elaborates on the mode of CEE in China and the UK, advantages and disadvantages of CEE reform between China and the UK, and the orientation of China’s CEE reform and the UK’s CEE reform. By comparing the CEE in China and the UK, this study finds that there are still many deficiencies in the implementation of the reform of the national CEE in China. For instance, the problem of inadequate instructional resources in the shift system, students do not have absolute autonomy in choosing subjects and so on. The CEE in China can take lessons from the UK’s CEE in terms of the selection of examination subjects, composition of the CEE, and the implementation of “shift system” on the premise of meeting China's actual conditions, and constantly improve the reform of the national CEE in China.
The Influence of Mothers’ Educational Level on Children’s Comprehensive Quality
Authors: Yu Siyang
Published: February 2023

The relations between mothers and children have always been tight. The education level of women is closely related to their nurturing concepts and behaviors, and it influences not only the individual development of their offspring but also the entire population’s quality of humankind. While mothers’ education has always been in the spotlight, previous research has left a gap in a comprehensive analysis of the impact of mothers’ education level on their children. Therefore, this paper tries to determine the influence of a mother’s education level on the comprehensive quality of children before adulthood from an overall picture. In light of the status quo of mothers’ education as well as the relevant previous research in this field, this paper approaches the subject by analyzing the effect on the comprehensive quality of children in three dimensions, respectively. Firstly, with regard to physical quality, mothers’ education level strengthens the prevention and treatment of illness and diseases and also fosters a healthier living lifestyle for children. Secondly, based on the theoretical framework of psychological suzhi, mothers’ education level benefits the development of children’s cognitive quality, individuality quality, and adaptability quality. Thirdly, children’s science and cultural literacy are affected by educated mothers. In conclusion, mothers with higher educational attainment can promote the comprehensive quality of their children and help support the sustainable development of society.
Contingency and Historical Inevitability in the Development of the Qin Dynasty
Authors: Guo Yanzi
Published: February 2023

The history of the Qin dynasty is highly contingent and inevitable, with many historical events occurring with a strong sense of fatalism and sometimes quite inexorably. The rise of the Qin dynasty began with the reappointment of Shang Yang by King Xiao of Qin. It was a fortuitous decision, but the encouragement of agriculture and the emphasis on the army met the requirements of historical development. King Huiwen of Qin continued to follow Shang Yang’s changes and expanded Qin’s lands, and Qin continued to grow stronger. For various reasons, Ying Zheng, the later emperor Qin Shi Huang, also ascended to the throne and unified the other six states by defeating six other states one after another. The cause of unification would have been accomplished by the Qin or other state by contingency, but the unification of the late Warring States was inevitable. However, after the establishment of the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang made significant mistakes in the political and cultural policies, and the empire soon fell. It was inevitable that tyranny would lead to the state’s downfall, but the end of the dynasty in just 15 years was somewhat contingent.
The Impact of Individual Differences and Personality on Obedience
Authors: Hwang Jacky JoonHyung
Published: February 2023

In this research paper, I will explore and examine studies on obedience within psychology, using the OCEAN personality scale to determine whether there is a correlation between personality and the level of obedience displayed by individuals. This topic is relevant in psychology because it has numerous practical applications that can assist teachers and counselors in developing strategies for early identification of disobedience or students who are overly compliant, helping the youth to which if unmonitored can increase their likelihood of gangs and unlawful acts. Aside from the classic Stanley Milgram studies and subsequent sets of studies, there has not been a great deal of research on obedience and its relationship to interpersonal personalities. I assess and correlate a variety of previous studies to determine whether a correlation exists. Results show that people with specific OCEAN scale traits, such as agreeableness and conscientiousness, have a correlation with obedience, where initially these attributes are viewed favorably by society, but under the wrong influence, they are more susceptible to being controlled.
Emotional Labour and Misogyny: a general look at gender differences among teachers in Chinese high schools
Authors: Li Shihui , Liu Xiyu , Wang Xincan , Zhao Yinshen
Published: February 2023

Emotional labour and misogyny have been studied in the gender field for decades. Numerous studies focused on the association of the two subjects and education industry in the western world respectively, while little research of such topics has been done in the eastern world context. This study took a step to examine the gender differences of high school teachers’ emotional labour in mainland China by reviewing previous literature and conducting interviews with teachers and students at a school located southeast China. The result found that misogyny is an essential factor causing different emotional labour contents between genders. Yet the consequences of this difference can be both positive and negative due to the varying types of emotional labour, and the detailed impacts are discussed. This study results also suggested that improvements of gender equality in classrooms, especially regarding teachers’ emotional labour, are crucial and urgent to be made for both teachers’ well-beings and students’ learning quality.
The Effects of Achievement Emotions and Cognitive Appraisals on Self-Regulated Learning behaviors in Online Learning
Authors: Dai Ying
Published: February 2023

The impact of achievement emotions and cognitive appraisals on students' learning behavior in the online environment has received less attention in this area. This study intends to examine the relationships between several distinct emotions related to achievement situations (boredom, anxiety, and frustration) and the strategies of self-regulated learning (elaboration and metacognition) during online courses. 109 university students in China who had experienced an online course were investigated, and the results revealed that elaboration and metacognition were negatively predicted by the negative deactivating emotion of boredom. Moreover, anxiety positively predicted the metacognition significantly. Surprisingly, frustration was found to be have a negative effect on metacognition which is not consistent with the control-value theory.
Exploring Addiction Mechanism of Different Game Types
Authors: Guan Jinyu , Chen Tiancheng
Published: February 2023

Video game addiction is a term that describes games that dominate a person most of the time. However, the degree of addiction and the amount of time spent playing vary from one type of game to another. So this literature review will explore the mechanism of addiction in terms of different game types, analyzing the relationship between the causes of game addiction in terms of 3 models (dopamine, operant conditioning, and feeling-state theory). In order to figure out what the most attractive type of game is, This is done by classifying all kinds of games into 10 categories and creating a ranking list for all games from 5 different websites. Those websites are chosen randomly from the search engines such as Google and Bing. The results are based on prior studies that looked into the causes of game addiction in each category and analyzed those games by three models. The results suggest that the mechanism of video game addiction varies between games.
From Labels to Humiliation: Generation of Discrimination and Resilience in the Obese Population
Authors: Li Yuantong
Published: February 2023

Obesity discrimination, stigma, and biases toward the obese population have always been a toxic yet common phenomenon in contemporary society. The obese population, in many cases, is naturally held at a disadvantage, both stereotypically and social-structurally. Therefore, to seek possible solutions to reduce such toxicity and help the victims of obesity discrimination build up resilience, the researcher aimed to find behind such a phenomenon, psychologically and socially. Data and research results from previous studies are collected and intergraded to reference references in finding specific reasons for obesity discrimination. Meanwhile, another online survey is put out to collect the latest data regarding the same issues and also as a potential comparison. Lastly, the researcher interviews 50 adult victims of obesity discrimination to gain first-hand stories from the victims’ views regarding this social issue and therefore pursue a more comprehensive understanding of it. The research found that the primary reasons behind obesity discrimination are the overly enhanced endorsement of slender bodies from famous figures, which also coincides with the social identity theory.
How Schools Influence the Socialization Process of Sexual Minorities: Manifestations, Causes, and Effectiveness
Authors: Shi Yihao , Wu Fei , Wu Zhilin , Zhang Quanwei
Published: February 2023

With the development and progress of society and ideology, almost all countries show increasing concern and acceptance for sexual minorities. However, the social pressure borne by sexual minorities should not be underestimated, especially in schools, workplaces, and other places. LGBT teenagers are under tremendous pressure, and traditional schools' education and school climate often regard them as minorities or even freaks. The mental health of adolescents is also a critical issue. Therefore, our research studied how schools affect the socialization process of sexual minority youth groups: performance, causes, and effectiveness. This research idea is divided into four steps. First, it should clarify the relevant concepts of moral socialization and self-stigmatization of LGBTQ. Secondly, finding out the negative and positive factors in school and the specific performance of these factors' influence on teenagers' cognition and behaviors. Next, think about how to create a proper climate for sexual minorities. Finally, proposing a feasible solution. Our research not only recognizes the impacts and importance of schools on sexual minorities but also knows how to help sexual minorities integrate into society through schools in practical applications, breaking through the limitations of traditional themes and filling the gap in this study.
Influence of Parental Rearing Style on the College Students' Psychological Resilience
Authors: Chen Shumin
Published: February 2023

Psychological resilience is a new concept emerging with the development of psychology. It is defined by Conner as an individual's ability to resist pressure and is an important indicator for the treatment of anxiety, depression and stress response. According to the current model of resilience, parenting style is an important influencing factor. However, most studies have focused on teenagers and young children and less on college students. College students are at a stage of maturing self-awareness where qualities such as psychological resilience are further developed. Therefore, this study regarded college students as the research object, using literature analysis to explore the relationship between parental rearing style and college students' psychological resilience. This can not only expand the research scope of parental rearing style and psychological resilience in theory but also have certain practical significance for personality education and willpower cultivation of college students, and to a certain extent, provide reference and reference for psychological counselling work in colleges and universities and psychological counselling units.
Factors Contributing to Issues with Mental Health among Chinese High School Pupils
Authors: Li Ruihan
Published: February 2023

The mental health of youth is one of the most famous research issues worldwide. The mental health issues that mainland Chinese high school students suffer seem to be mostly ignored. Despite the fact that high school kids are an important cohort, past research included samples of learners in elementary and middle schools, rendering it challenging to present a complete picture of high school pupils' mental health. Researchers have identified a number of factors, including changes in the body's hormones, adjustments in life circumstances, and shifts in relationships, as causes of mental health issues in children during adolescence. However, there is a lack of explanation for the causes of psychological changes in Chinese adolescents during their high school years and the solutions to these mental health problems during this period. Therefore, this paper focuses on analyzing the root problems of high schoolers in China's co - occurring disorders, a special group of adolescents, and proposes corresponding solutions to these causes. The analysis reveals that the lack of awareness and solutions to provisions with schizophrenia among pupils and parents neglect of their children's mental health status due to excessive academic pressure are the two main causes of mental health problems among high school students. Therefore, it would be beneficial for students to exercise daily and for parents to pay attention to their children's psychological changes and give them the right guidance to alleviate their mental health problems.
The Implementation of Sex Education for Secondary School Students in China
Authors: Liu Mingxuan , Niu Yiyi , Tang Jialu , Xu Chujin
Published: February 2023

In this study, 200 questionnaires and structured interview samples were collected nationwide from students, parents, and teachers in three perspectives: personal identification information, personal experience of sex education and the level of knowledge about sex education. The data from the questionnaires and the results of the structured interviews were combined to analyze and summaries the general characteristics of the current situation of sex education among high school students: high school students, their parents and teachers are to a large extent aware of the importance of sex education and are eager to obtain relevant knowledge through the school, but the knowledge provided by the school is often limited and does not fully meet the needs of high school students; the sources of sex knowledge for high school students are mainly The attitude of high school students towards sex-related topics has changed considerably from the previous surveys conducted by scholars, with most of them being able to face up to their own physiological demands and discuss sex-related topics with others openly; however, even so, the vast majority of respondents still think that sex education is not being implemented, and the sex education curriculum is far from the national standard. Even so, most respondents still believe that sex education is not being implemented and that the curriculum is nowhere near the level required by the state. The reasons for the current situation of sex education include: school reasons, the concept of sex education has not kept pace with the quality of education, the lack of professional resources for sex education teachers and sex education materials in schools; family reasons, some parents have old-fashioned ideas, lack of correct understanding of sex education, do not attach enough importance to sex education, parents generally lack comprehensive scientific knowledge of sex, parents and children lack of communication; social reasons, the government lacks regulation of undesirable cultural factors and the relevant policies are not comprehensive.
PISA’s Impact on China’s education policy
Authors: Xu Zilu
Published: February 2023

This article analyzes PISA’s impact on China’s education policy. This is done by analyzing the reports related to PISA released by the ministry of education of the Republic of China. This study aims to demonstrate how Chinese government utilizes the PISA result to support the previous dicisions about education policy or to identifies problems existing in the national education system? The analysis shows that PISA mainly impact China’s education policy in five ways: (1) PISA is considered as an external but legitimate barometer to measure the national education system (2) PISA is used as a reference to make technical improvement to the national educational system (3) PISA is used to generate evidence for existing policies. (4) PISA is used to find out future required development in the national education system. (5) PISA is helping to create a new international identity for the country which is one of the main goals of the ongoing educational reform. Thus, the analysis shows that the PISA result is used to support some existing policies and to improve the country’s political situation. However, it does have a substantial impact on the national educational policy, especially in the assessment area.
The Unique Role of Father Involvement in Child Socioemotional Development
Authors: Zhong Yiqing
Published: February 2023

The role of fathers in the modern households has significantly changed, prompting scholarly interest in the uniqueness of paternal influences. The early childhood development literature is thereby no longer limited to focus solely on the effects of maternal behaviors. In particular, father involvement is regarded to have distinct mechanisms of influence on children's early social-emotional development that relatively independent of motherhood. However, there is not even a consistent definition of father involvement yet, and the current literature has received little attention within the pathways of how its influence on early childhood development. To bridge this gap, this paper aims to explore aspects of father involvement and the mechanisms of its impact on children's social-emotional behavior. Grounded on attachment theory and activation relationship theory, this paper presents that father involvement can build high-quality father-child attachments both through sensitive affection engagement and the challenges and activations that common in physical play, thus having a unique impact on children's social-emotional behavior that is different from that of their mothers. This paper can serve as an inspiration for future directions in father involvement research and has potential practical implications for policymakers and families with newborns. There remains ambiguities and gaps in the research on the parenting literature, such as there are very few studies have yet considered the dynamic and reciprocal nature of the father-child relationship, which need to be addressed by future research.
Factors Affecting Father Involvement in Parenting and Solutions
Authors: Han Yuxuan , Liu Keyu , Xie Yi
Published: February 2023

This review mainly summarizes the influencing factors of fathers' involvement conducted by predecessors and puts forward relevant feasible countermeasures. Based on previous research, the influencing factors are concluded by many aspects, which can be mainly summarized in the following three levels: father characteristics, children characteristics and family factors. It can be specified into father’s socioeconomic status, child’s gender differences, maternal gatekeeping in father involvement, distribution of family power, and family type. It is worth noting that the father's efforts, the influence of other family members, marital relationship, social concepts inherent in the social environment, relevant national policies, and school cooperation will affect the final result of father involvement. Therefore, to truly increase father involvement in childcare, all parties need to recognize that this is not the father's personal business but need to work together to improve the situation. In response to this, we have proposed relevant feasible countermeasures for all parties.
Reinforcement Learning Inspired by Psychology and Neuroscience
Authors: Wu Hongkun
Published: February 2023

Decision-making is a crucial intelligence shared by animals and humans and it helps them to act in an intricate environment to seek rewards and avoid punishments. Psychologists first became interested in this ability and studied the conditional behavioral problems associated with it, then these studies have further led to the need for unified quantitative explanation models, among which Reinforcement learning is still the most convincing and data-backed model today. The model itself, in turn, facilitates research in neuroscience. In this paper, the researcher first introduces the original framework of reinforcement learning and the potential neural correlates to it. Then the paper reviews new developments in reinforcement learning algorithms that address the limitations of the original model as well as variants further inspired by neuroscience. Finally, the study highlights some new directions for future research. This study focuses on the evolution of reinforcement learning algorithms inspired by neuroscience, shows the relationship of mutual promotion and common development between reinforcement Learning and neuroscience, and clarifies some concerns for future exploration.