bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of synaptophysin‐positive boutons on lumbar motor neurons innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the SOD1G93A G1H transgenic mouse model of ALS
Authors: Zang Da Wei , Lopes Elizabeth C. , Cheema Surindar S.
Published: January 2005

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common form of motor neuron disease (MND) that involves both upper and lower nervous systems. In the SOD1G93A G1H transgenic mouse, a widely used animal model of human ALS, a significant pathology is linked to the degeneration of lower motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord and brainstem. In the current study, the number of presynaptic boutons immunoreactive for synaptophysin was estimated on retrogradely labeled soma and proximal dendrites of α and γ motor neurons innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle. No changes were detected on both soma and proximal dendrites at postnatal day 60 (P60) of α and γ motor neurons. By P90 and P120, however, α motor neuron soma had a reduction of 14 and 33% and a dendritic reduction of 19 and 36%, respectively. By P90 and P120, γ motor neuron soma had a reduction of 17 and 41% and a dendritic reduction of 19 and 35%, respectively. This study shows that levels of afferent innervation significantly decreased on surviving α and γ motor neurons that innervate the medial gastrocnemius muscle. This finding suggests that the loss of motor neurons and the decrease of synaptophysin in the remaining motor neurons could lead to functional motor deficits, which may contribute significantly to the progression of ALS/MND. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dehydroascorbic acid prevents oxidative cell death through a glutathione pathway in primary astrocytes
Authors: Kim Eun Joo , Park Yong Gou , Baik Eun Joo , Jung Se Jung , Won Ran , Nahm Taik Sang , Lee Bae Hwan
Published: January 2005

Ascorbic acid (AA) is a well‐known antioxidant. It also has pro‐oxidant effects, however, in the presence of free transition metals. Because of the pro‐oxidant effects of AA, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), an oxidized form of AA, has been used as a substitute for AA. DHA has been shown recently to have a protective effect in an experimental stroke model. This study was carried out to determine if DHA has different effects from AA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative cell death in primary astrocytes. DHA was found to prevent cell death and reverse mitochondrial dysfunction after exposure to H2O2. DHA significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities 1 hr after H2O2 exposure. Moreover, DHA not only reversed the decrease in the glutathione (GSH) levels, but also significantly enhanced it by stimulating the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) 15 hr after H2O2 exposure. DHA also reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after H2O2 exposure. In contrast, AA accelerated H2O2‐induced cell death. To determine if the pro‐oxidant effect of AA is related to iron, the effect of AA on cell death was examined using an iron chelator, desferrioxamine. Even though co‐pretreatment with AA and desferrioxamine could abrogate the aggravating effects of AA on H2O2‐induced cell death at early stages, it could not prevent H2O2‐induced cell death over a 24‐hr period. These results suggest that DHA has distinct effects from AA and prevent H2O2‐induced cell death by increasing the GSH levels mediated by the GPx and GR activities and PPP. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth‐associated protein‐43 is degraded via the ubiquitin‐proteasome system
Authors: De Moliner K.L. , Wolfson M.L. , Perrone Bizzozero N. , Adamo A.M.
Published: January 2005

Growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) is a phosphoprotein whose expression in neurons is related to the initial establishment and remodeling of neural connections. GAP‐43 gene expression is known to be regulated at both the transcriptional and the postranscriptional levels. However, very little is known about the cellular mechanism involved in the degradation of this protein. Ubiquitin (Ub) is well known for its role in targeting cytoplasmic proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) consists of a conserved cascade of three enzymatic components that attach Ub covalently to various substrates and control the degradation of protein involved in several important cellular processes. In this study, we investigated the degradation of GAP‐43 in transfected NIH 3T3 cells and neuronal cultures. We found that the proteasome inhibitors, lactacystin and MG132 increased the cellular GAP‐43 level, leading to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated forms of this protein in transfected cells and that the Ub‐proteasome pathway is also involved in the turnover of this protein in neurons. We conclude based on our findings that GAP‐43 is a substrate of the UPS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An increase in intracellular free calcium ions by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a single cultured rat cortical astrocyte
Authors: Oikawa Hirotaka , Nakamichi Noritaka , Kambe Yuki , Ogura Masato , Yoneda Yukio
Published: January 2005

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are composed of an assembly between at least seven alpha (α2–α7, α9) and three beta (β2–β4) subunits in mammals. The addition of 50 mM KCl or 1 mM nicotine immediately increased the number of cells with high fluorescence intensity in rat cortical astrocytes on fluo‐3 fluorescence measurement. Nicotine was effective at increasing the fluorescence intensity in astrocytes cultured for 2 days after replating, but not in those used 1 or 5 days after replating, without markedly affecting the cellular viability irrespective of the exposure period. Nicotine markedly increased the fluorescence intensity in a concentration‐dependent manner at a concentration range of 10–100 μM in cultured astrocytes when analyzed on a responsive single cell. In these responsive single cells, the increase by nicotine was significantly prevented by the heteromeric α4/β2 subtype antagonist dihydro‐β‐erythroidine and the homomeric α7 subtype antagonist methyllycaconitine, as well as by nifedipine and EGTA but not thapsigargin. Methyllycaconitine failed to inhibit further the increase by nicotine in the presence of nifedipine, however, whereas the expression of mRNA was seen for all mammalian neuronal nAChR subunits in cultured rat cortical astrocytes as well as neurons. These results suggest that nicotine may increase intracellular free Ca2+ through the influx of extracellular Ca2+ across L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels rather than Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, in a manner related to the α4/β2 and/or α7 nAChR channels functionally expressed in cultured rat cortical astrocytes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deglaciation of the Irish Sea Basin: a critique of the glaciomarine hypothesis
Authors: McCarroll Danny
Published: January 2005

The glaciomarine model for deglaciation of the Irish Sea basin suggests that the weight of ice at the last glacial maximum was sufficient to raise relative sea‐levels far above their present height, destabilising the ice margin and causing rapid deglaciation. Glacigenic deposits throughout the basin have been interpreted as glaciomarine. The six main lines of evidence on which the hypothesis rests (sedimentology, deformation structures, delta deposits, marine fauna, amino‐acid ratios and radiocarbon dates) are reviewed critically. The sedimentological interpretation of many sections has been challenged and it is argued that subglacial sediments are common rather than rare and that there is widespread evidence of glaciotectonism. Density‐driven deformation associated with waterlain sediments is rare and occurs where water was ponded locally. Sand and gravel deposits interpreted as Gilbert‐type deltas are similarly the result of local ponding or occur where glaciers from different source areas uncoupled. They do not record past sea‐levels and the ad hoc theory of ‘piano‐key tectonics’ is not required to explain the irregular pattern of altitudes. The cold‐water foraminifers interpreted as in situ are regarded as reworked from Irish Sea sediments that accumulated during much of the late Quaternary, when the basin was cold and shallow with reduced salinities. Amino‐acid age estimates used in support of the glaciomarine model are regarded as unreliable. Radiocarbon dates from distinctive foraminiferal assemblages in northeast Ireland show that glaciomarine sediments do occur above present sea‐level, but they are restricted to low altitudes in the north of the basin and record a rise rather than a fall in sea‐level. It is suggested here that the oldest dates, around 17 000 yr BP, record the first Late Devensian (Weichselian) marine inundation above present sea‐level. This accords with the pattern but not the detail of recent models of sea‐level change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subglacial bedform geomorphology of the Irish Ice Sheet reveals major configuration changes during growth and decay
Authors: Clark Chris D. , Meehan Robert T.
Published: January 2005

The belated realisation that ribbed (Rogen) moraines form such an integral part of Irish geomorphology, and the piecemeal approach to previous drumlin mapping, is probably responsible for the highly contrasting views of palaeoflow patterns of the Irish Ice Sheet. Using a high resolution (25 m) digital elevation model we present morphological maps of a large part (100 × 100 km) of the so‐called ‘Drumlin Belt’ of north central Ireland. The landforms comprise mostly ribbed moraine much larger than found elsewhere (up to 16 km in length), which in places are superimposed on each other. Contrary to most prior assessments we find the bedform record to contain numerous and overlapping episodes of bed formation (ribbed moraine, drumlins and crag‐and‐tails) that provide a palimpsest record of changing flow geometries. These demonstrate an ice sheet with a centre of mass and flow geometry that changed during growth and decay.

Using distinctive flow patterns and relative age relationships between them we reconstruct ice sheet evolution into four phases during a single glacial cycle. In phase 1 (early in the glacial cycle), Scottish and local ice coalesced to form a northeast‐centred Irish Ice Sheet. As it grew its centre of mass migrated southwards, culminating in a major N–S divide positioned down the east of Ireland (phase 2, ca. Last Glacial Maximum). During retreat, the centre of mass migrated at least 120 km northwards and became established in northwest Ireland and at this point a dramatic bedforming event produced one of the world's largest and most contiguous ribbed moraine fields (phase 3). Final deglaciation is thought to be by fragmentation into many topographically controlled minor ice‐caps (phase 4). Rather than any dramatic or unexpected behaviour, the reconstructed phases indicate a relatively predictable pattern of ice sheet growth and decay with changes in centres of mass, and does not require major readvances or ice‐stream events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glaciomarine deposition around the Irish Sea basin: some problems and solutions
Authors: Knight Jasper
Published: January 2005

Reconstructing the depositional processes and setting (marine or terrestrial depositional environment) of late Devensian age glacigenic sediments around the Irish Sea basin (ISB) is critical for developing an all‐embracing and consistent glacial model that can account for all observed field evidence. Identifying episodes of marine and terrestrial glacial deposition from field data is considered the first step in achieving this goal. Criteria for distinguishing marine and terrestrial glacial environments in the ISB include the geomorphology, sedimentology and faunal content (biofacies) of the associated deposits.

Exposures of glacigenic sediments around the ISB are very diverse in terms of their morphosedimentary characteristics and associated biofacies, and thus inferred depositional processes and setting. Possible reasons for the diverse geological record include the differing geometry of eastern and western ISB coasts, time‐transgressive ice retreat, and differential land rebound effects as a result of forebulge collapse and neotectonics. Poor geochronometric control on ice sheet events has not helped the correlation of ISB events with glacial and climatic events elsewhere. Future investigations of glacial sites around the ISB should use an integrated methodological approach involving a range of geomorphological, sedimentary and biofacies data, and dating control where possible. This will help in developing a more precise and holistic late Devensian glacial model that is constrained rigorously by field geological evidence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sea‐level change in the Irish Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum: constraints from isostatic modelling
Authors: Lambeck Kurt , Purcell Anthony P.
Published: January 2005

Models of glacio‐hydroisostatic sea‐level change have been published for the British Isles that are broadly consistent with the observational evidence, as well as with glaciological constraints. It has been argued, however, that the models fail to represent sea‐level change along the Irish Sea margins and in southern Ireland for the post‐deglaciation period. The argument rests on the interpretation of the depositional environment of the elevated ‘Irish Sea Drift’ on both sides of the Irish Sea: whether this is terrestrial or glaciomarine. The isostatic models for the British Isles are consistent with the former interpretation in that sea‐levels on either side of the Irish Sea, south of about the Isle of Man, are not predicted to have risen above present sea‐level at any time since the deglaciation of the Irish Sea. This implies that ice over both the Irish Sea and Ireland was relatively thin (ca. 600–700 m over Ireland). If the glaciomarine interpretation of the elevated Irish Sea Drift is correct, then the maximum ice thickness over central and southern Ireland would have to reach 2000 m, exceeding that over Scotland. Furthermore, for the resulting sea‐level change to be consistent with the Holocene evidence, this thick ice sheet could not have extended to the eastern side of the Irish Sea. Nor could it have been very thick at its northern and western limits. If such an ice model is extreme and incompatible with glaciological observations then the alternative is to accept the interpretation of the Irish Sea Drift as terrestrial in origin. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Devensian glacigenic sedimentation and landscape evolution in the Cardigan area of southwest Wales
Authors: Hambrey Michael J. , Davies Jeremy R. , Glasser Neil F. , Waters Richard A. , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Wilby Philip R. , Wilson David , Etienne James L.
Published: January 2005

The depositional processes associated with late Devensian ice in areas bordering the Irish Sea basin have been the subject of considerable debate. Among the key areas around the Irish Sea, southwest Wales occupies a particularly crucial position because it is here that ice flowing from the north impinged upon the coast orthogonally and encroached inland. Two main hypotheses have emerged concerning deglaciation of the Irish Sea basin. The traditional hypothesis holds that sedimentation was ice‐marginal or subglacial, whereas an alternative hypothesis that emerged in the 1980s argued that sedimentation was glaciomarine. Southwest Wales is well‐placed to contribute to this debate. However, few detailed sedimentological studies, linked to topography, have been made previously in order to reconstruct glacial environments in this area. In this paper, evidence is presented from four boreholes drilled recently in the Cardigan area, combined with data from coastal and inland exposures in the lower Teifi valley and adjacent areas. A complex history of glaciation has emerged: (i) subglacial drainage channel formation in pre‐Devensian time, (ii) deposition of iron‐cemented breccias and conglomerates possibly during the last interglacial (or in the early/mid‐Devensian interstadial), (iii) late Devensian ice advance across the region, during which a glaciolacustrine sequence over 75 m thick accumulated, within a glacial lake known as Llyn Teifi, (iv) a second high‐level glaciolacustrine succession formed near Llandudoch, (v) outside the Teifi valley, ice‐marginal, subglacial and glaciofluvial sediments were also laid down, providing a near‐continuous cover of drift throughout the area. Glacial advance was characterized by reworking, deformation and sometimes erosion of the underlying sediments. The glaciomarine hypothesis is thus rejected for southwest Wales. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy of insect nuclear polyhedrosis virus
Authors: Bao Pei‐Di , Huang Tian‐Quan , Liu Xin‐Ming , Wu Tie‐Qiao
Published: January 2005

The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of polydrin of Trabala vishnou nuclear polyhedrosis virus (sample 1) and polydrin of Dendrolimus punctatus nuclear polyhedrosis virus (sample 2) adsorbed in silver hydrosol were investigated. The features in the adsorption mode, enhancement character and mechanism of the SERS spectra of these two samples were compared and are discussed. It was found that the molecules of sample 1 adsorbed on the silver surface through carboxyl and amino groups, and the molecules of sample 2 through the sulfur atom and also carboxyl and amino groups. The chemisorption of the molecules of both samples and their short‐range character indicate that the molecular mechanism is the primary enhancement in the SERS spectra of molecules of these two insect viruses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Raman spectra of Cr3O8 and Cr2O5
Authors: Maslar J. E. , Hurst W. S. , Vanderah T. A. , Levin I.
Published: January 2005

The Raman spectra of polycrystalline Cr3O8 and Cr2O5 powders were measured. The powders were prepared by thermal decomposition of CrO3 under flowing oxygen. Their composition was verified with x‐ray diffraction. Raman spectra were excited with both 514.5 and 647.1 nm radiation. The spectral intensities were corrected for wavelength‐dependent instrumental response. Tentative peak descriptions were made by comparison of the Cr3O8 and Cr2O5 spectra with reported spectra of crystalline chromium oxides. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of nickel on hydroxyapatite crystallization
Authors: Guerra‐López J. , Pomés R. , Védova C. O. Della , Viña R. , Punte G.
Published: January 2005

The influence of Ni on the crystallinity and thermal stability of calcium–nickel hydroxyapatite solid solutions was studied by x‐ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and thermal and chemical analysis. The data reported confirm the assumption that nickel produces a reduction in the degree of crystallinity and a decrease in thermal stability of the synthesized materials. The effect of nickel on calcium Hydroxyapatite (CaHap) crystallization is similar to that exhibited by Mg and Zn. However, in this case, the substituent influence is not limited to the crystal surface and it was possible to determine its incorporation into the CaHap structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐destructive analysis of paintings using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy with fibre optics
Authors: Vandenabeele Peter , Verpoort Francis , Moens Luc
Published: January 2005

In recent decades, Raman spectroscopy has attracted increasing attention in the field of art investigation. Inorganic and organic pigments and also binding media and varnishes can be identified in various objects of art. Instead of sampling the artefacts, Raman spectroscopy, being a non‐destructive method, can be used for the direct analysis of small artefacts and gemstones. Larger artefacts, such as paintings, are not so easily examined without sampling. Therefore, the possibilities of fibre optics Fourier transform (FT) Raman analysis of paintings were explored in this work. The pigments in several paintings could be identified, even though most of these were covered with a varnish layer. The laser beam was focused through the varnish and the Raman signal of the pigments was detected. Results are presented for the fibre optics FT‐Raman investigation of paintings by Lucebert, Degas, de Chirico and Magritte. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS‐active sites on various copper substrates
Authors: Siemes C. , Bruckbauer A. , Goussev A. , Otto A. , Sinther M. , Pucci A.
Published: January 2005

The wavenumbers of the Raman bands of ethylene adsorbed on Cu in ultra‐high vacuum depend on the surface structure of the copper substrate. Thus it is possible to differentiate between ethylene adsorbed at Cu(110) sites, Cu(111) sites and surface defect sites of unknown configuration. These latter are the ‘SERS‐active sites.’ Only when these sites are annealed does the distance dependence of SERS follow the expectations from the electromagnetic model of SERS. In the presence of the SERS‐active sites, also the signal of ethylene at (111) sites shows a ‘first layer effect.’ Ethylene adsorbed on cold‐deposited copper films shows strong infrared absorption at the same wavenumber as the ethylene at SERS‐active sites in Raman scattering, irrespective of the Raman–infrared exclusion rule for the free centrosymmetric ethylene molecule. This raises the possibility that SERS‐active sites are also infrared‐active sites. The SERS‐active sites at stepped Cu surfaces decorated by 3 nm of cold‐deposited copper anneal below 200 K, whereas they prevail beyond 400 K on Cu island films. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensities of the vibrational spectra of siliceous zeolites by molecular dynamics calculations. II—Raman spectra
Authors: Bornhauser P. , Bougeard D.
Published: January 2005

Three models based on electro‐optical parameters were tested for the calculation of the Raman intensities of the vibrational modes deduced from (molecular dynamics) calculations on four siliceous zeolites: sodalite, faujasite, zeolite A and silicalite. The best results were obtained from the electro‐optical model containing three parameters: the derivatives of the longitudinal and transversal polarizabilities of the SiO bond with respect to the SiO bond length and the anisotropy of the polarizability tensor of the SiO bond. These parameters permit the reproduction of the relative intensities over the whole wavenumber range. The bond stretching range over 700 cm−1 is driven by the first two parameters, whereas the equilibrium anisotropy participates significantly in the very low wavenumber region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of KNbW2O9 hexagonal tungsten bronze
Authors: Maczka M. , Hanuza J. , Kojima S. , Majchrowski A. , van der Maas J. H.
Published: January 2005

Raman and IR studies were performed for the first time for a single crystal of KNbW2O9 belonging to the novel class of valence‐balanced compounds crystallizing in the structure of hexagonal tungsten bronze and exhibiting ferroelectric properties. The observed vibrational modes were assigned to the respective motions of atoms in the unit cell. The observation of weak bands above 900 cm−1 was explained as a result of partial vacancy of W atoms in the hexagonal framework leading to the formation of terminal —WO bonds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and theoretical vibrational spectroscopic study on symmetric and asymmetric halo‐bridged complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II)
Authors: Kessenich E. , Schulz A. , Severin K.
Published: January 2005

The symmetric chloro‐bridged complexes [(Et3P)2PtCl(µ‐Cl)]2, [(Et3P)2Pt(µ‐Cl)]22+ and [(C3H5)Pd(µ‐Cl)]2 and the asymmetric complexes [(C3H5)Pd(µ‐Cl)2Pt(PEt3)2]+ and [(C3H5)Pd(µ‐Cl)2Pt(PEt3)Cl] were studied by means of vibrational spectroscopy (infrared, Raman) and computational chemistry. Assignments of all normal modes associated with skeletal stretching are suggested and their displacement vectors are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance Raman spectra of deuterated cis‐stilbene
Authors: Baranović Goran
Published: January 2005

Resonance Raman intensities of perdeuterated cis‐stilbene were measured using excitation at 266 nm. For the six analysed bands at 1612, 1564, 1537, 1372, 1325 and 958 cm−1, no large changes in intensity distribution relative to the parent compound were found in accordance with the scrambling coefficients showing that the corresponding modes ν7, ν8, ν9, ν10, ν11 and ν15 of d12‐cis‐stilbene have all of the Raman activity. The S1 equilibrium geometry and vibrational force field for cis‐stilbene were calculated at the CIS/6–31G(d) level and the vibrational assignment for the parent compound and some of its symmetrically substituted isotopomers is considered. The obtained excited‐state geometry distortions are large, preventing the use of a simple displacement equation for relative Raman intensities. Therefore, in their determination the gradients of the S1 state, potential energy surfaces calculated at the ground‐state geometry were also used. Even in its simplest form this approach reproduces the experiment fairly reasonably. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sb‐induced size effects in ZnO nanocrystallites
Authors: Zuo Jian , Xu Cunyi , Zhang Lihua , Xu Baokun , Wu Ruo
Published: January 2005

Sb‐doped ZnO nanocrystallites of average grain size about 10 nm were made by using the citrate method. Raman spectra of the Sb‐doped ZnO nanocrystallites at room temperature are reported. Shifts and broadening of the Raman peak with Sb increasing content were observed and it was found that the intensity of a new Raman peak increased at the same time. These effects are similar to finite size effects in ZnO nanocrystallites. It was found for the first time that the size effects are induced by the presence of Sb in the matrix. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence of furosine in honeys
Authors: Villamiel Mar , del Castillo M Dolores , Corzo Nieves , Olano Agustín
Published: January 2005

Nineteen commercial samples (with a shelf‐life of 2 years) and two artisanal samples (freshly collected and stored for 1 year respectively) of Spanish honeys were analysed for pH, protein content and furosine content. Most of the samples had pH values and protein contents within the limits reported in the literature. The presence of furosine was confirmed by comparison of its retention time with that of a furosine standard and by HPLC–MS. The level of furosine in the samples studied ranged from 4.32 to 13.62 g kg−1 protein. The lowest furosine value was observed in the freshly collected artisanal sample. Heat treatment under severe conditions (90 °C for up to 135 min) increased the furosine content from 4.43 to 14.38 g kg−1 protein. The results show that furosine seems to be a promising indicator to detect overheating during honey manufacture.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidative and antimutagenic activities and polyphenol content of pesticide‐free and organically cultivated green vegetables using water‐soluble chitosan as a soil modifier and leaf surface spray
Authors: Ren Huifeng , Endo Hideaki , Hayashi Tetsuhito
Published: January 2005

Five green vegetables (qing‐gen‐cai, Chinese Cabbage, spinach, Welsh onion and green pepper) commonly used in our daily diet were analysed to determine their antioxidative and antimutagenic activities and chemical content of polyphenols. We obtained pesticide‐free and organically cultivated (O) vegetables using water‐soluble chitosan as a soil modifier and leaf surface spray (as an alternative natural insecticide) in order to investigate biofunctions induced or enhanced by such specialised cultivation practices. In addition, we purchased the same varieties of vegetables cultivated on an adjacent farm in the conventional manner (C) using pesticides and chemical fertilisers in order to examine the differences in biological activities and distribution of constituents responsible for such activities. The antioxidative activity shown by O vegetables was 120% times higher than that shown by C vegetables in the case of spinach and 20–50% higher in the case of Welsh onion, Chinese cabbage and qing‐gen‐cai. In comparison with C vegetables, the antimutagenic activity shown by O vegetables was higher against 4‐nitroquinoline oxide (4NQO) in qing‐gen‐cai, Chinese cabbage and Welsh onion, against benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in all five vegetables, against 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ) in qing‐gen‐cai, Chinese cabbage and green pepper and against 3‐amino‐1‐methyl‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole acetate (Trp‐P‐2) in spinach only. Among all green vegetable juices tested for flavonoid composition, quercitrin, caffeic acid and baicalein in O vegetables were detected in concentrations 1.3–10.4 times higher than those found in C vegetables, suggesting the influence of different cultivation practices.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Contribution of polyphenols to the oxidative stability of virgin olive oil
Authors: Gutiérrez F , Arnaud T , Garrido A
Published: January 2005

Stability, polyphenol, orthodiphenol, tocopherol, oleic/linoleic ratio, chlorophyll, carotenoid, peroxide and acidity values, K232, K270 and overall sensory score of virgin olive oils from Hojiblanca and Picual cultivars were determined during two consecutive seasons. Changes due to cultivar and season were evaluated, correlations between the changes were studied and their contribution to stability was investigated by multiple regression techniques. Removal of polyphenols from the original samples without altering other antioxidant components has permitted estimating, for the first time, the contribution of these compounds to virgin olive oil. Approximately 50% of the stability is contributed by polyphenols.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Acetyldiaminobutanoic acid, a potential lathyrogenic amino acid in leaves of Acacia angustissima
Authors: Reed Jess D , Gebre‐Mariam Girma , Robinson Christopher J , Hanson Jean , Odenyo Agnes , Treichel Paul M
Published: January 2005

Acacia angustissima has potential in agroforestry systems for forage production in tropical environments. However, feeding trials indicate that the leaves are potentially toxic. Signs of toxicity in sheep are similar to those presented by sheep fed flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) hay which contains a high concentration of the non‐protein amino acid 2,4‐diaminobutanoic acid (DABA). Cation exchange chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NMR were used to isolate and identify the non‐protein amino acid in A angustissima leaves. A quantitative HPLC method was used to determine the content of the non‐protein amino acid in leaves from 20 accessions. The non‐protein amino acid was identified as 4‐N‐acetyl‐2,4‐diaminobutanoic acid (ADAB), previously reported to occur in seeds. The average and range in ADAB content were 16.8 and 10.6–25.4 mg g−1 respectively. This content of ADAB is higher than the levels of DABA in flatpea hay that are toxic to sheep.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs and broilers fed diets containing micronised barley, ground barley, wheat and maize
Authors: Yin Yu‐Long , Baidoo Samuel K , Boychuk J L L , Simmins Howard H
Published: January 2005

Two swine starter/grower/finisher trials utilising 216 24‐day‐old pigs and one 40‐day broiler growth trial utilising 1920 1‐day‐old chicks were conducted to determine the influence of dietary micronised dehulled barley (MDB) as a replacement for hulled barley (HB), wheat (W) and maize (M) on live performance, carcass and meat measurements, organ weights (swine), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) level (swine) and intestinal digesta viscosity (broilers). Dehulling and micronising the barley reduced crude protein by 20%, neutral detergent fibre by 17% and amino acids by varying amounts. Replacing M or W with MDB in swine diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on any measured parameter, with the exception of decreased PUN (P  = 0.03) when MDB replaced 100% of W. Broilers fed W, M or HB generally had similar live performance, carcass traits and digesta viscosity, with the exception of reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain and average daily feed intake for HB during the first 20 days of the trial. However, broilers fed MDB had slightly reduced (P  = 0.05) live performance during each phase of the trial and greatly increased (P  = 0.01) digesta viscosity. Addition of a commercial enzyme product to the diets reversed the reduced performance and increased the digesta viscosity of the MDB diet, but generally had no influence in the W, M and HB diets. These results suggest that MDB can be utilised in swine diets without affecting performance, but that reduced performance may result from its use in broiler diets.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutritional assessment of protein from beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) processed at different pH values, in growing rats
Authors: Nestares Teresa , Barrionuevo Mercedes , Urbano Gloria , López‐Frías Magdalena
Published: January 2005

The effect of the commonly used processing techniques of soaking (at different pH values) and cooking on the digestive and metabolic utilisation of protein from common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in growing rats was studied. Before the cooking step, beans were soaked in solutions of pH 2.6, 5.3 or 8.4. Analyses of beans soaked at moderately acid pH (5.3) showed a significant increase in essential amino acids, especially cysteine. Food intake and growth indices were also dependent on pH. All indices were better in animals fed with beans soaked in a basic pH solution than when an acid soaking solution was used. In contrast with the findings expected on the basis of the chemical analysis of protein composition of the food, the worst results for food intake and growth were found in rats fed with beans soaked at pH 5.3. There were no significant differences in apparent digestibility coefficient between different groups of animals. The highest metabolic utilisation of protein (balance) was found in animals fed with beans soaked in a basic solution; however, the values were insufficient to account for the faster rate of growth in this group. The better growth rate was probably due to the improved utilisation of carbohydrates in beans soaked in the basic pH (8.4) solution.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The response of proline metabolism to nitrogen deficiency in pods and seeds of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L cv Strike) plants
Authors: Sánchez Esteban , Ruiz Juan Manuel , Romero Luis
Published: January 2005

The objective of the present work was to determine the impact of nitrogen deficiency on proline metabolism in order to use this amino acid as a bioindicator of the N status of the pods and seeds of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L cv Strike) plants. We also identify the pathway of proline synthesis which is favoured under our experimental conditions. N was applied to the nutrient solution in the form of NH4NO3 at 1.45 mM (N1), 2.90 mM (N2) and 5.80 mM (N3, optimal level). Our results indicate that N deficiency is characterised by a decline in proline accumulation in both the pod and the seed, fundamentally because proline degradation is encouraged by stimulation of the enzyme proline dehydrogenase under these conditions. However, although the enzymes in charge of proline biosynthesis (ornithine‐δ‐aminotransferase and Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase) vary in behaviour depending on the N status, this amino acid appeared to be synthesised mainly by the enzyme ornithine‐δ‐aminotransferase, suggesting predominance of the ornithine pathway over the glutamine pathway. Finally, under our experimental conditions, proline can be regarded as a good indicator of N deficiency, particularly in the seeds of French bean plants.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Protective effects of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a derived from green tea (Camellia sinensis) on p‐nonylphenol‐induced cell growth inhibition and oxygen radical generation in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Authors: Okai Yasuji , Higashi‐Okai Kiyoka
Published: January 2005

We recently reported that the endocrine disruptor p‐nonylphenol (NP) caused suppressive effects on cell growth and cellular respiration in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and that these effects were associated with NP‐induced oxygen radical generation (Okai Y et al, FEMS Microbiol Lett 185:65–70 (2000)). In the present study we found preventive effects of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and pheophytin a from green tea (Camellia sinensis) on NP‐induced inhibition of cell growth and cellular respiration in yeast. Their preventive activities were much higher than those of a synthetic sodium–copper salt form of chlorophyll, chlorophyllin. These pigments also prevented NP‐induced oxygen radical generation in yeast cells, showing suppressive activities proportional to their preventive activities against inhibition of cell growth and cellular respiration. The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of protective activity of photosynthetic pigments against endocrine disruptor‐induced harmful effects.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymic peeling of Indian grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
Authors: Prakash S , Singhal R S , Kulkarni P R
Published: January 2005

The tough nature of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peel and its close adherence to the inner fruit sections limit the industrial processing of grapefruit. Two commercial peeling enzymes coded as ‘Brand A’ and ‘Brand B’ were studied for enzymic peeling of Indian grapefruit by vacuum infusion. The peeling process was optimised with respect to process parameters such as scalding time, enzyme concentration, vacuum infusion time and incubation time.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of heating conditions and starch on the storage modulus of Russet Burbank and Yukon Gold potatoes
Authors: Bu‐Contreras Renan , Rao M A
Published: January 2005

The storage modulus of Russet Burbank (RB) and Yukon Gold (YG) potato discs (13.3 mm × 4.5 mm) was measured continuously during heating in water at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C for 120 min using a dynamic mechanical analyser with a heating stage. The starch content of YG potatoes was higher than that of RB potatoes, but the raw starch granule size distribution of both varieties was similar. RB samples had the highest storage modulus values (25% higher than raw tissue) when heated in 60 °C water for 35 min. Image analysis revealed that the perimeters of starch granules in the potato samples increased by about 50% during heating for 30 min at 60 °C. Heating temperature and time and starch content influenced the storage modulus.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensory and chemical changes in Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon wines during storage in bottles at different temperatures
Authors: Sivertsen Hanne K , Figenschou Erik , Nicolaysen Frithjof , Risvik Einar
Published: January 2005

Two Chilean wines made from the Cabernet Sauvignon grape were stored in bottles at four different temperatures for a period of 44 months. During storage they were evaluated by sensory descriptive and chemical analyses. Different sensory profiles were obtained for the wines stored at the different temperatures. Smaller differences were found in the profiles of the two wines stored at the same temperatures. Wines were stored at different temperatures to determine if it was possible to predict the shelf‐life of wines stored at optimal temperatures. This was not achieved in this study. Partial least squares regression was used to examine possible relationships between the chemical and sensory descriptive data.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Chelation and reduction of iron by chicken muscle protein digests: the role of sulphhydryl groups
Authors: Vattem Dhiraj A , Seth Anahita , Mahoney Raymond R
Published: January 2005

The role of sulphhydryls in the chelation and reduction of iron by digests of chicken muscle was investigated. The salt‐soluble (DSSP) and myofibrillar (DSIP) proteins were extracted from chicken muscle and digested with pepsin/pancreatin, and the digests were then incubated with ferric iron. The DSIP digest bound twice as much iron as the DSSP digest; about half the bound iron was ferrous. Iron binding was accompanied by a 74% drop in free sulphhydryls in the DSSP digest and a 72% drop in the DSIP digest. Modification of sulphhydryls in the digests by either oxygen, N‐ethylmaleimide or p‐chloromercuribenzoate led to a loss of ∼90% in reactive sulphhydryl groups and was accompanied by losses in iron binding which averaged 79% for DSSP and 67% for DSIP. Losses in ferrous bound iron were proportional to the loss in total bound iron. It was concluded that for the muscle protein fractions, sulphhydryl residues are the principal component responsible for iron binding, but that other residues may play a minor role.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of fermentation time on texture and microstructure of pickled carrots
Authors: Llorca Empar , Puig Ana , Hernando Isabel , Salvador Ana , Fiszman Susana M , Lluch Ma Angeles
Published: January 2005

A study was made of the effect of pickling on the texture of carrots. Five different devices and tests were applied: puncture with needle, penetration with sphere or cylinder, texture profile analysis (TPA) and Warner–Bratzler knife. Phloem and xylem areas of samples were tested separately when possible. The results indicated a considerable difference in texture between unprocessed and 1 day pickled carrots. Some of the tests were able to discriminate between phloem and xylem in the samples. None of the tests applied was able to detect differences in texture between samples taken after 1 day of pickling and samples taken at any other point in the pickling process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed structural differences between phloem and xylem which reflected corresponding differences in texture. Some penetration of salt could be seen after 1 day of the pickling process, and a massive penetration of salt at the end of it.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro inhibition of α‐chymotryptic activity by phenolic compounds
Authors: Rohn Sascha , Rawel Harshadrai M , Pietruschinski Nadine , Kroll Jürgen
Published: January 2005

α‐Chymotrypsin was modified by covalent attachment of selected phenolic and related compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, quinic acid, m‐/o‐/p‐dihydroxybenzene and p‐benzoquinone) at pH 9. The derivatives formed were characterised in terms of their activity and selected physicochemical properties. In vitro experiments showed that the proteolytic digestion of food proteins with α‐chymotrypsin derivatives was adversely affected. This decrease depended on the reactivity of the phenolic and related substances tested as well as on the kind of substrate applied. The derivatisation was accompanied by a reduction in the amount of free lysine and tryptophan residues. Moreover, the solubility of the derivatives decreased over a broad pH range, with a parallel increase in the hydrophobicity. The isoelectric point was shifted to a lower pH value, and formation of high‐molecular‐weight fractions was documented by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes of volatiles in soy sauce‐stewed pork during cold storage and reheating
Authors: Liu Tai‐Ti , Yang Tsung‐Shi , Wu Chung‐May
Published: January 2005

Pork, soy sauce, and pork in soy sauce were cooked separately for 4 h; their volatiles were isolated, analysed and compared. Many of the volatiles reported to be present in pork or soy sauce were lost, and some volatiles identified in this research were generated from precursors in pork and soy sauce during cooking. Water‐boiled pork and soy sauce‐stewed pork were prepared and stored at 4 °C; they were reheated daily and stored again at 4 °C for 10 days. During storage the amount of compounds containing sulphur, such as dimethyl trisulphide and thialdine, was higher in the water‐boiled pork than in the soy sauce‐stewed pork. 3,5‐Dimethyl‐trans‐1,2,4‐trithiolane was found only in the soy sauce‐stewed pork. Significantly more aldehydes produced from lipid oxidation, such as hexanal, 2,4‐decadienal and 2‐undecenal, were present in the water‐boiled pork than in the soy sauce‐stewed pork during storage. These aldehydes reached a maximum quantity at day 6 of storage. In contrast, the soy sauce‐stewed pork contained more hexadecanal, octadecanal and 9‐octadecenal than the water‐boiled pork.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effectiveness of an ultrafiltration device for use with the enzyme‐hydrolysed protein method for determining endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid excretion in the pig
Authors: Hodgkinson Suzanne M , Moughan Paul J
Published: January 2005

The aim of the work was to perform an in vitro study to determine the effectiveness of Centriprep‐10 concentrator devices for use with the enzyme‐hydrolysed protein method for the determination of endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows. Different amounts of enzyme‐hydrolysed casein (EHC) were added to tubes containing digesta collected from pigs that had received a protein‐free diet for 5–8 days. The samples were centrifuged and then ultrafiltered using Centriprep‐10 concentrators. The precipitate from the centrifugation step was added to the retentate from the ultrafiltration, and this material was analysed for nitrogen and amino acids. The ultrafiltrates were also analysed for nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen that was deemed to have originated from the EHC and remained in the precipitate plus retentate fraction of digesta after processing, expressed as a percentage of the total amount of nitrogen added to the tubes as EHC, ranged from 1.0 to 5.0%. The overall mean amounts of amino acid in the precipitate plus retentate fractions originating from the EHC, expressed as a percentage of the amino acids added to the tubes as EHC, ranged from 2.4 to 5.8%. The results demonstrate that with Centriprep‐10 concentrators there is a less than complete separation of nitrogen and amino acids originating from EHC from endogenous material in digesta, but for most amino acids this is unlikely to be due to binding of the amino acids to digesta. The incomplete separation of EHC from the endogenous fraction of digesta by Centriprep‐10 concentrators may lead to a small overestimation (approximately 2%) of endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Content of bioactive compounds in pungent spice red pepper (paprika) as affected by ripening and genotype
Authors: Gnayfeed M H , Daood H G , Biacs P A , Alcaraz C F
Published: January 2005

This work was conducted to investigate changes in the bioactive nutrient content of hot (pungent) paprika as a function of ripening in four of the most important varieties cultivated in Hungary. For the quantitative determination, recent liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were applied. Forty carotenoids were separated, with β‐carotene and lutein of interest from the biological point of view. The major component of vitamin E was α‐tocopherol. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were the dominant pungency principles. As for vitamin C components, only ascorbic acid could be detected and determined. The results indicated that all the examined compounds were at low level in the mature green fruits, and the onset of climacteric ripening caused their content to grow. In accord with the advance in ripening, carotenoids were being formed even at the overripening stage, while tocopherols, capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid reached their maximum level at the colour break or red stage and then declined. The highest values with regard to carotenoids were estimated in SZ‐178 and F0‐3 cultivars. The best retention of ascorbic acid was found in SZ‐178, which contained 4.86 mg g−1 dry matter in the dry pods. On the other hand, retention of α‐tocopherol during ripening and natural drying was found to depend on variety. The highest value for vitamin E was recorded in SZ‐178 followed by K‐V2, which contained the highest level of α‐tocopherol at the red stage of ripening.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry