bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Acceleration and Deceleration Rates for Two-Lane Rural Highways Using Global Positioning System Data
Authors: Malaghan Vinayak , Pawar Digvijay S. , Dia Hussein
Published: April 2021

Several past studies developed acceleration/deceleration rate models as a function of a single explanatory variable. Most of them were spot speed studies with speeds measured at specific locations on curves (usually midpoint of the curve) and tangents to determine acceleration and deceleration rates. Fewer studies adopted an estimated value of 0.85 m/s2 for both deceleration and acceleration rates while approaching and departing curves, respectively. In this study, instrumented vehicles with a high-end GPS (global positioning system) device were used to collect the continuous speed profile data for two-lane rural highways. The speed profiles were used to locate the speeds at the beginning and end of deceleration/acceleration on the successive road geometric elements to calculate the deceleration/acceleration rate. The influence of different geometric design variables on the acceleration/deceleration rate was analysed to develop regression models. This study also inspeced the assumption of constant operating speed on the horizontal curve. The study results indicated that mean operating speeds measured at the point of curvature (PC) or point of tangency (PT), the midpoint of curve (MC), and the end of deceleration in curve were statistically different. Acceleration/deceleration rates as a function of different geometric variables improved the accuracy of models. This was evident from model validation and comparison with existing models in the literature. The results of this study highlight the significance of using continuous speed profile data to locate the beginning and end of deceleration/acceleration and considering different geometric variables to calibrate acceleration/deceleration rate models.
Article Review on Vectran-Super Fiber from Thermotropic Crystals of Rigid-Rod Polymer
Authors: limeneh Derseh Yilie , Yilma Kelem Tiessasie
Published: April 2021

According to the economic and environmental perspective, multifilament Vectran, yarn spun from liquid crystal polymer, is important because of its quite simple processing during spinning in a wide range of injection moulding, extrusion moulding, and melt spinning. Vectran fiber is an aromatic polyester spun from a liquid crystal polymer in a melt extrusion process. This process orients the molecules along the fiber axis, resulting in a high tenacity fiber, and Vectran melts at 330°C. Heat treatment can improve and vary the tensile strength of Vectran fiber. On average, tensile strength for Vectran is 26 grams/denier (grouped as a high tenacity grade) and the strength of the fiber is maintained after several flexing and bending actions. Abrasion resistance of Vectran is even higher than a similarly sized aramid yarn. In addition, the original dimensions are maintained under variance of temperature with negligible creep and shrinkage. Vectran fiber, characterized by its golden color, high strength and modulus, thermal stability at high temperatures, low creep, and good chemical stability, can be used in many various industries starting from ropes and cables to profound sea survey and military products.
Insights of Outcome after Resection of Small Nonfunctioning Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Tumors
Authors: Figueira Estela Regina Ramos , Ribeiro Julia Fray , Ribeiro Thiago Costa , Jureidini Ricardo , Namur Guilherme Naccache , Costa Thiago Nogueira , Bacchella Telesforo , Cecconello Ivan
Published: April 2021

Background. The incidence of small nonfunctioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors (NF-PNETs) has been increasing systematically in the last few decades. Surgical resection was once considered the treatment of choice but has been questioned in the direction of a more conservative approach for selected patients. Our aim was to analyze the outcome of surgical resection of small (≤3cm) NF-PNETs. Methods. We retrospectively evaluated 14 patients with sporadic NF-PNETs who underwent pancreatic resection. Data were collected from patients’ medical records. Results. Of the 14 patients included, 35.71% were men, and the average age was

52.36
±
20.36

years. Comorbidities were present in 92.86% of the cases. The incidence of postoperative complications was 42.86%, the 30-day mortality was zero, and the length of follow-up was

3.31
±
3.0

years. The results of pathological evaluations revealed WHO grade I in 42.86% of cases, II in 21.43%, and neuroendocrine carcinoma in 35.71%. The median tumor size was 1.85cm (range, 0.5–3cm), and 2 cases had synchronous metastasis. The median TNM stage was IIa (range, I–IV). The disease-free and patient survival rates were 87.5% and 100% at 3 years and 43.75% and 75% at 10 years, respectively. The tumor pathological grade was significantly higher in head tumors than body-tail tumors, but there were no differences with respect to tumor size and TNM staging. Conclusion. A surgical approach to treat small sporadic NF-PNETs is safe with low mortality and high patient survival. Based on these data, small pancreatic head tumors can be more aggressive, suggesting that surgical resection is still the best option to treat small nonfunctioning PNETS. Thus, conservative treatment should be indicated very cautiously for only cases with absolute contraindications for surgery.
Design of Aviation High Impedance Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
Authors: Wu Shitao , Chen Qingguang , Li Qing , Liu Xiangsheng , Zhang Hailin , Lin Li
Published: April 2021

Permanent magnet generator is one of the key components of a three-stage electrically excited brushless synchronous motor, with a main function to provide excitation power for the main exciter and driving power for the controller. In order to improve the reliability and safety of the operation of the three-stage electrically excited brushless synchronous motor, the permanent magnet generator is required to provide sufficient power under all operating conditions and to have low short-circuit current when its own short-circuit fault occurs, so that the generator will not be burnt out due to overheating. Thus, power characteristic and high impedance characteristic are the key goals of designing a permanent magnet generator. In this paper, the fractional slot concentrated winding was adopted to calculate and analyze the electromagnetic properties of permanent magnet generators with different rotor structures, and the optimal design was obtained. A prototype was manufactured to conduct related experiments on the electromagnetic properties. The results demonstrated that the experimental data are basically consistent with the simulation data, and the permanent magnet generator can meet the design requirements for power and high impedance characteristics, with a high power density.
Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: Koslow Matthew , Maleki-Fischbach Mehrnaz , Keith Rebecca C.
Published: April 2021

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with connective tissue diseases (CTDs) is highly heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and course. The diagnosis and management of CTD-ILD require a multidisciplinary approach involving, at minimum, a rheumatologist, a pulmonologist, and a radiologist. Close monitoring of patients with CTD-ILD is important to enable early detection of disease progression and inform decisions regarding the initiation or escalation of pharmacotherapy. In the absence of guidelines regarding how CTD-ILDs should be treated, clinicians face difficult decisions on when to use immunosuppressant and anti-fibrotic therapies. The importance of a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to the diagnosis and management of CTD-ILD is highlighted in the three case studies that we describe in this article.
Assessment of Airborne Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Shahrekord Hospitals
Authors: Jalili Davood , Dehghani MohamadHadi , Fadaei Abdolmajid , Alimohammadi Mahmood
Published: April 2021

This paper presents information about airborne microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in the indoor air of two hospitals (Kashani and Hajar) in the city of Shahrekord, Iran. The settle plate technique using open Petri dishes containing different culture media was employed to collect a sample and using Quick Take 30 Sample Pump three days per week for a period of 8 weeks. Standard microbiological methods were employed for the identification of bacterial and fungal isolates. The results showed that the concentration of bacteria in the study area ranged from 0 to 70 cfu/plate/h, while the concentration of fungi was 0 to 280 cfu/plate/h. Also, 12 bacterial and 3 fungal species were isolated and identified with varying frequencies of occurrence, including Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia Citrobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella, while the fungal genera isolated included Yeast, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium. While the bacterial isolates Staphylococcus aureus (20.50%) and Pseudomonas (9.10%) were the most predominant airborne bacteria, yeast (22.70%) and Penicillium (20.50%) were the most frequently isolated fungal species. The population of microorganisms was the highest during the afternoon. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the microbial loads of the two hospitals at

P
<
0.05

. The generated data underline the usefulness of monitoring the air quality of the indoor hospital.
Bayesian Estimations under the Weighted LINEX Loss Function Based on Upper Record Values
Authors: Al-Duais Fuad S.
Published: April 2021

The essential objective of this research is to develop a linear exponential (LINEX) loss function to estimate the parameters and reliability function of the Weibull distribution (WD) based on upper record values when both shape and scale parameters are unknown. We perform this by merging a weight into LINEX to produce a new loss function called the weighted linear exponential (WLINEX) loss function. Then, we utilized WLINEX to derive the parameters and reliability function of the WD. Next, we compared the performance of the proposed method (WLINEX) in this work with Bayesian estimation using the LINEX loss function, Bayesian estimation using the squared‐error (SEL) loss function, and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The evaluation depended on the difference between the estimated parameters and the parameters of completed data. The results revealed that the proposed method is the best for estimating parameters and has good performance for estimating reliability.
Innovación Abierta y Eco-Innovación: Capacidades dinámicas para mejorar el desempeño de las PYMEs.
Authors: Valdez-Juárez Luis Enrique , Castillo Vergara Mauricio
Published: April 2021

Que las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs) puedan ser competitivas no es un desafío sencillo, hay una serie de limitaciones que deben sobrellevar. Por eso, estudiamos un conjunto de 684 PYMEs de México utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, para determinar qué efectos tiene en el desempeño corporativo el desarrollar capacidades de innovación abierta y eco-innovación.
The Transcription Factor SLUG Uncouples Pancreatic Cancer Progression from the RAF–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 Pathway
Authors: Bilal Faiz , Arenas Enrique J. , Pedersen Kim , Martínez-Sabadell Alex , Nabet Behnam , Guruceaga Elizabeth , Vicent Silvestre , Tabernero Josep , Macarulla Teresa , Arribas Joaquín
Published: April 2021

Activating mutations in some isoforms of RAS or RAF are drivers of a substantial proportion of cancers. The main Raf effector, MEK1/2, can be targeted with several highly specific inhibitors. The clinical activity of these inhibitors seems to be mixed, showing efficacy against mutant BRAF-driven tumors but not KRAS-driven tumors, such as pancreatic adenocarcinomas. To improve our understanding of this context-dependent efficacy, we generated pancreatic cancer cells resistant to MEK1/2 inhibition, which were also resistant to KRAS and ERK1/2 inhibitors. Compared with parental cells, inhibitor-resistant cells showed several phenotypic changes including increased metastatic ability in vivo. The transcription factor SLUG, which is known to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, was identified as the key factor responsible for both resistance to MEK1/2 inhibition and increased metastasis. Slug, but not similar transcription factors, predicted poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients and induced the transition to a cellular phenotype in which cell-cycle progression becomes independent of the KRAS–RAF–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 pathway. SLUG was targeted using two independent strategies: (i) inhibition of the MEK5–ERK5 pathway, which is responsible for upregulation of SLUG upon MEK1/2 inhibition, and (ii) direct PROTAC-mediated degradation. Both strategies were efficacious in preclinical pancreatic cancer models, paving the path for the development of more effective therapies against pancreatic cancer.

Significance:

This study demonstrates that SLUG confers resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors in pancreatic cancer by uncoupling tumor progression from KRAS–RAF–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 signaling, providing new therapeutic opportunities.
Longitudinal Study of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate among Chinese Adults
Authors: Li Junjuan , Cui Liufu , Zhang Xinyuan , Hou Jinhong , Wang Aitian , Wu Yuntao , Huang Jinjie , Zhou Jing , Ma Yihan , Gao Jingli , Wu Shouling
Published: April 2021

Background and Objectives: Studies on the association between arterial stiffness and kidney function have generated inconsistent results. Whether arterial stiffness is linked to decline in renal function warrants further study. This study aimed to investigate the association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and longitudinal change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among Chinese adults. Methods: In this longitudinal study, 8,264 participants in a community-based cohort had baPWV measured in 2010–2011 and were followed in subsequent surveys through to 2016. During each survey visit, fasting blood samples were collected for serum creatinine and eGFR was calculated. Participants were divided into 5 groups (Q1-Q5) by baPWV quintile. The association between baPWV and longitudinal changes in eGFR was assessed using generalized estimating equation models. Results: A total of 8,045 participants were included in the final analysis. The average age was 54 ± 12 years (age range 24–97 years), and mean eGFR was 93.0 ± 18.6 mL/min/1.73 m2. There was an inverse linear association between baseline baPWV and eGFR change rate (p < 0.001). Compared with Q1 (lowest) group, the mean differences and 95% CI in eGFR decrease rate among Q2–Q5 groups were −0.23 (−0.62, 0.16), −0.67 (−1.06, −0.28), −1.11 (−1.50, −0.72), and −1.30 (−1.69, −0.92) mL/min/1.73 m2 per year, respectively, after adjustment for age, gender, and other potential confounders (p trend < 0.0001). For each 100 cm/s increase in baPWV at baseline, the fully adjusted mean difference in eGFR decrease rate was −0.14 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (95% CI −0.18, −0.10; p < 0.0001). Compared with participants with baPWV < 1,400 cm/s, the fully adjusted mean difference in eGFR decrease rate was −0.92 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (95% CI −1.18, −0.66) for those with baPWV ≥ 1,400 cm/s (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Participants with a higher baPWV at baseline had a greater decrease in eGFR over time. Future studies could examine the relationship between baPWV and decline in renal function in higher risk cohorts, and its potential role in targeting reno-protective interventions to those who may benefit from them most.
Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes in Renal Transplant Recipients: An Update
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodríguez Ana Elena , Porrini Esteban , Hornum Mads , Donate-Correa Javier , Morales-Febles Raúl , Khemlani Ramchand Simran , Molina Lima María Xixiang , Torres Armando
Published: April 2021

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a frequent and relevant complication after renal transplantation: it affects 20–30% of renal transplant recipients and increases the risk for cardiovascular and infectious events. Thus, understanding pathogenesis of PTDM would help limiting its consequences. In this review, we analyse novel aspects of PTDM, based on studies of the last decade, such as the clinical evolution of PTDM, early and late, the reversibility rate, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, including pre-transplant metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance (IR) and the interaction between these factors and immunosuppressive medications. Also, we discuss novel pathogenic factors, in particular the role of β-cell function in an environment of IR and common pathways between pre-existing cell damage and tacrolimus-induced toxicity. The relevant role of prediabetes in the pathogenesis of PTDM and cardiovascular disease is also addressed. Finally, current evidence on PTDM treatment is discussed.
Scalp Rosacea: Rethinking Peripilar Scaling
Authors: Vázquez-Herrera Norma Elizabeth , Zamora-Benze Diana Miroslava , Garza-Chapa Juana Irma , Rodríguez-Baca Angélica Beatriz , Tosti Antonella
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Scalp rosacea is scarcely reported in the literature, but it is probably not uncommon. Trichoscopic findings have not been specifically established for this entity. Case Presentation: We report 4 cases of chronic scalp rosacea with trichoscopic evidence of peripilar scaling that resolved without scarring after treatment. Discussion/Conclusion: Chronic and persistent inflammation around the isthmus produced in scalp rosacea may form peripilar scaling resembling that found in lichen planopilaris.
Signaling Control of Mucociliary Epithelia: Stem Cells, Cell Fates, and the Plasticity of Cell Identity in Development and Disease
Authors: Walentek Peter
Published: April 2021

Mucociliary epithelia are composed of multiciliated, secretory, and stem cells and line various organs in vertebrates such as the respiratory tract. By means of mucociliary clearance, those epithelia provide a first line of defense against inhaled particles and pathogens. Mucociliary clearance relies on the correct composition of cell types, that is, the proper balance of ciliated and secretory cells. A failure to generate and to maintain correct cell type composition and function results in impaired clearance and high risk to infections, such as in congenital diseases (e.g., ciliopathies) as well as in acquired diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While it remains incompletely resolved how precisely cell types are specified and maintained in development and disease, many studies have revealed important mechanisms regarding the signaling control in mucociliary cell types in various species. Those studies not only provided insights into the signaling contribution to organ development and regeneration but also highlighted the remarkable plasticity of cell identity encountered in mucociliary maintenance, including frequent trans-differentiation events during homeostasis and specifically in disease. This review will summarize major findings and provide perspectives regarding the future of mucociliary research and the treatment of chronic airway diseases associated with tissue remodeling.
Human Oral Mucosal Stem Cells Reduce Anastomotic Leak in an Animal Model of Colonic Surgery
Authors: Kent Ilan , Jahansouz Cyrus , Ghuman Amandeep , Shpitz Baruch , Kidron Debora , Yaffe Victoria , Abu El-Naaj Imad , Araidy Shareef , Reina Luciana , Pitaru Sandu , Wexner Steven David , Avital Shmuel
Published: April 2021

Background: Anastomotic leak is regarded as one of the most feared complications of bowel surgery; avoiding leaks is a major priority. Attempts to reduce or eliminate leaks have included alternate anastomotic techniques. Human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSC) are self-renewing and expandable cells derived from buccal mucosa. Studies have shown that hOMSC can accelerate tissue regeneration and wound healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether hOMSC can decrease anastomotic leak rates in a murine model of colon surgery. Methods: Two experiments were performed. In the first study, mice underwent colonic anastomosis using five interrupted sutures. hOMSC (n = 7) or normal saline (NS; n = 17) was injected into the colon wall at the site of the anastomosis. To evaluate whether hOMSC can impact anastomotic healing, the model was stressed by repeating the first experiment, reducing the number of sutures used for the construction of the anastomosis from five to four. Either hOMSC (n = 8) or NS (n = 20) was injected at the anastomosis. All mice that survived were sacrificed on postoperative day 7. Anastomotic leak rate, mortality, daily weight, and daily wellness scores were compared. Results: In the five-suture anastomosis, there were no differences in anastomotic leak rate, mortality, or daily weight. Mice that received hOMSC had significantly higher wellness scores on postoperative day 2 (p < 0.05). In the four-suture anastomosis, there was a significant decrease in leak rate (70% [NS] vs. 25% [hOMSC], p = 0.029) and higher wellness scores in mice that received hOMSC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that injecting hOMSC at the colonic anastomosis can potentially reduce anastomotic leak and improve postoperative wellness in a murine model of colon surgery.
The Effects of the Lockdown during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption Behavior in Germany
Authors: Koopmann Anne , Georgiadou Ekaterini , Reinhard Iris , Müller Astrid , Lemenager Tagrid , Kiefer Falk , Hillemacher Thomas
Published: April 2021

Background: Similar to other countries, the government of Germany has implemented various restrictions of social life in March 2020 to slow the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This results in millions of people being isolated for long periods, which may increase feelings of worry and anxiety. As the consumption of alcohol and tobacco is an often used dysfunctional strategy to cope with such feelings, these restrictions might cause an increase of consumption. Already at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned that increased alcohol consumption during the lockdown can increase the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in the future. However, up to now little is known about the changes in alcohol-drinking behavior and tobacco smoking in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: To address this theme, we investigated the changes in alcohol and tobacco consumption in the German population aged between 18 and 80 years via an online survey. Results: In total, 3,245 persons participated in the survey; 35.5% of them reported an increase in drinking during the lockdown (42.9% did not change their drinking behavior, 21.3% drank less, and 0.3% started drinking). The odds of consuming more alcohol during lockdown were associated with middle age, higher subjective stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a lower agreement with the importance of the restrictions, and consuming alcohol more than once per week before the lockdown. Also, 45.8% of the participants increased their smoking during the lockdown. The odds of smoking more during lockdown were associated with higher subjective stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: These findings suggest that it is important to start campaigns to inform the general population about potential long-term effects of increased alcohol and tobacco consumption and to raise the health-care professionals’ awareness of this topic.
C-Reactive Protein for Prediction or Early Detection of Pre-Eclampsia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hamadeh Rola , Mohsen Amani , Kobeissy Firas , Karouni Ali , Akoum Hikmat
Published: April 2021

Objective: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a serious disease of pregnancy and one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality for both the mother and baby. This systematic review aims to detect the role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) in the detection of PE. Methods: Thirty-four articles published between 2001 and 2019 were included in this review. The articles were extracted from OVID Medline and Embase. The study designs of these articles are randomized controlled, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies evaluating CRP as a marker to predict or early diagnose PE. The quality assessment of these articles is made by the modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Meta-analysis was not done because of clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Results: A positive association between CRP levels and the development of PE was confirmed in 18 studies. This positive effect was addressed in patients with normal BMI (<25 kg/m2) in 3 studies and in overweight patients in 2 studies. One study addressed this positive association in patients with a BMI ranging between 28 and 31 kg/m2. Three studies determined a cutoff level of CRP above which a significant risk of PE development should be suspected. These levels ranged between 7 and 15 mg/L. Conclusion: CRP is a promising cost-effective biomarker that may be used in the prediction of PE. A CRP level higher than 15 mg/L may suggest initiation of low-dose aspirin in low-risk pregnancies.
Orthostatic Blood Pressure Recovery Measured Using a Sphygmomanometer Is Not Associated with Physical Performance or Number of Falls in Geriatric Outpatients
Authors: Mol Arjen , Blom Marieke Esmé Charlotte , van den Bosch Danique Johanna , Van Wezel Richard Jack Anton , Meskers Carel G.M. , Maier Andrea B.
Published: April 2021

Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) and impaired OH recovery derived from beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP) measurements are associated with detrimental clinical outcome, but the clinical relevance of OH recovery assessed using the widely available sphygmomanometer is still unclear. Method: 635 geriatric outpatients underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment, including orthostatic BP measurements using a sphygmomanometer, during supine rest and 1 and 3 min after standing up and assessment of physical performance (i.e., the timed up and go test and the Short Physical Performance Battery) and the number of falls in the past year. The association between BP recovery, defined as BP at 3 min minus BP at 1 min after standing up, with physical performance and falls was assessed using regression analyses, adjusting for age and sex, both in the entire cohort and after stratifying for the presence of OH at 1 min after standing up. Results: BP recovery was not associated with physical performance or number of falls, neither in the entire cohort, nor in subpopulations with or without OH. Conclusion: The clinical relevance of BP recovery between 1 and 3 min after standing up could not be demonstrated. The results suggest that sphygmomanometer measurements have an inadequate time resolution to record the clinically relevant dynamics of orthostatic BP recovery.
Difference in Insulin Resistance Assessment between European Union and Non-European Union Obesity Treatment Centers (ESPE Obesity Working Group Insulin Resistance Project)
Authors: Chaychenko Tetyana , Argente Jesús , Spiliotis Bessie E. , Wabitsch Martin , Marcus Claude
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The obesity epidemic has become one of the most important public health issues of modern times. Impaired insulin sensitivity seems to be the cornerstone of multiple obesity related comorbidities. However, there is no accepted definition of impaired insulin sensitivity. Objective: We hypothesize that assessment of insulin resistance differs between centers. Methods: The ESPE Obesity Working Group (ESPE ObWG) Scientific Committee developed a questionnaire with a focus on the routine practices of assessment of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which was distributed through Google Docs platform to the clinicians and researchers from the current ESPE ObWG database (n = 73). Sixty-one complete responses (84% response rate) from clinicians and researchers were analyzed: 32 from European Union (EU) centers (representatives of 14 countries) and 29 from Non-EU centers (representatives from 10 countries). Standard statistics were used for the data analysis. Results: The majority of respondents considered insulin resistance (IR) as a clinical tool (85.2%) rather than a research instrument. For the purpose of IR assessment EU specialists prefer analysis of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, whereas non-EU ones mainly use Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR; p = 0.032). There was no exact cutoff for the HOMA-IR in either EU or non-EU centers. A variety of OGTT time points and substances measured per local protocol were reported. Clinicians normally analyzed blood glucose (88.52% of centers) and insulin (67.21%, mainly in EU centers, p = 0.0051). Furthermore, most participants (70.5%) considered OGTT insulin levels as a more sensitive parameter of IR than glucose. Meanwhile, approximately two-thirds (63.9%) of the centers did not use any cutoffs for the insulin response to the glucose load. Conclusions: Since there is no standard for the IR evaluation and uniform accepted indication of performing, an OGTT the assessment of insulin sensitivity varies between EU and non-EU centers. A widely accepted standardized protocol is needed to allow comparison between centers.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Kilani Adnan , Werner Jens U. , Lang Gerhard K. , Lang Gabriele E.
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To characterize preretinal neovascularizations (NV) and their corresponding branching routes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and compare the findings with fluorescein angiography (FA). Methods: In patients with PDR, angiograms were acquired with spectral-domain OCTA (CIRRUS 5000, OCTA AngioPlexTMCarl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.) and FA (Zeiss FF450PlusIR fundus camera or Spectralis HRA-OCT SLO, Heidelberg Engineering Inc.) and were consecutively evaluated. Neovascularization of the disc (NVD) and neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) were analyzed with 6 × 6 and 8 × 8 mm OCTA flow images and B-scans with flow registration. Segmentations of the vitreoretinal interface (VRI) and superficial retina were performed for analysis. Two independent investigators examined OCTA findings and compared them to corresponding FA. Results: Forty-two eyes of 30 patients with PDR were analyzed. A total of 76 NV with their corresponding proliferation routes were visualized and characterized, with 55 (72.4%) proliferating along the posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM), 14 (18.4%) along the epiretinal membrane, and 7 (9.2%) along the fibrovascular membrane. The posterior vitreous was partially detached in 37 of 42 eyes (88.1%), completely detached in 1 of 42 eyes (2.4%), and adherent in 1 of 42 eyes (2.4%). In 38 of 42 cases, OCTA was superior (n = 23) or equivalent (n = 15) to FA in detecting NV and provided a more detailed information of the neovascular vessels. In 4 of 42 study eyes, OCTA was inferior to FA. Conclusions: OCTA is a useful tool to detect NV in PDR. In comparison to FA, OCTA has the advantages that it is noninvasive and the image capture takes only seconds. We were able to identify all NV and characterize their corresponding proliferation routes in the VRI, the superficial retina slab, or the B-scan with flow registration. Through evading the masking effect of dye leakage in FA, OCTA is capable of better visualization of NV. FA, however, remains essential for the detection of all NV, since OCTA supplies a smaller detection field. Additionally, we identified the PHM as the main proliferating route of diabetic NV (72.4%), marking it as an important structure for sprouting vessels in neoangiogenesis in PDR.
Observations on butterflies of non-protected areas of Titabar, Assam, India
Authors: Konwar Abhijit , Bortamuly Manashi
Published: April 2021

This paper depicts the result of two years study from 2014 to 2016 in non-protected areas on butterflies of Titabar (26.588 N & 94.187 E), Assam, India.  During the study period, a total of 158 species of butterflies distributed in six families were recorded, out of which 29 belong to the family Hesperiidae, 17 to Pieridae, 11 to Papilionidae, 38 to Lycaenidae, two to Riodinidae, and 61 to Nymphalidae.  Fourteen ‘rare’ species were recorded during the survey as per Evans (1932) such as Athyma ranga, Arhopala paraganesa, Caltoris cormasa, and Appias nero.  This indicates the importance of the study and the need for conservation of butterflies of non-protected area of Titabar subdivision in upper Assam.
Feeding ecology of Walia Ibex Capra walie (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
Authors: Ejigu D. , Bekele A. , Powell L.
Published: April 2021

Walia Ibex Capra walie is an endemic and endangered species residing in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia.  It has shifted its range within the Park in the last decade, and in this study our main objective was to provide information on their feeding ecology to inform recovery goals.  We used a scan sampling method to collect foraging information during October 2009 to November 2011.  Our observations suggest a diverse diet of more than 28 species of grasses, forbs, and shrubs.  The most commonly used plants were Festuca sp., Lobelia rhynchopetalum, Helichrysum citrispinum, and Helichrysum horridum.  Walia Ibex were active in feeding before and after mid-day, and time spent feeding was the highest compared with other diurnal activities.  The percentage of time spent feeding on major plant species did not differ between wet and dry seasons (p> 0.05).  Walia Ibex, however, tended to spend more time browsing than grazing.  The generalist nature of foraging behaviour in Walia Ibex most likely contributes to complaints from the local people who witness Walia Ibex raiding crops cultivated in and around the Park.  Thus, the contribution of crop raiding to the shifts in the species’ range towards higher altitudes at Sebatminch within Simien Mountains National Park emphasizes the need to consider foraging ecology as community-based conservation efforts are developed to support Walia Ibex in the Park.
Legumes (Angiosperms: Fabaceae) of Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India
Authors: Dalavi Jagdish , Pujar Ramesh , Kambale Sharad , Jadhav-Rathod Varsha , Yadav Shrirang
Published: April 2021

Fabaceae Lindl. or Leguminosae is one of the largest families of Angiosperms.  Due to adaptability in various climatic conditions, members of the family Fabaceae are worldwide in their distribution.  Globally, Fabaceae is represented by 770 genera and 19,500 taxa.  Bagalkot is one of the largest districts of northern Karnataka and falls under the Deccan Peninsular region of India.  The study area (Bagalkot District) is a rain shadow region and remains dry and hot throughout year.  During floristic analysis of the District the authors recorded 157 species of legumes, which is communicated here in relation to habitat, life forms, distribution, classification and their importance.
Avian diversity in a fragmented landscape of central Indian forests (Bhopal Forest Circle)
Authors: Kumar Amit , Dubey Yogesh , Edgaonkar Advait
Published: April 2021

With increasing fragmentation of natural areas and a dramatic reduction of forest cover in several parts of the world, quantifying the impact of such changes on species richness and community dynamics has been a subject of much concern.  Therefore, this study intends to assess avifaunal biodiversity in fragmented forests.  Forest patches between the sizes of 10ha and 700ha were identified in Bhopal Forest Circle (BFC), which covers the Vindhyan plateau.  Forest patches were classified based on their size and degree of isolation.  A sample of 21 forest fragments was selected using proportional sampling.  Bird surveys were conducted using the point count method at each site.  Three replicates were taken at each site.  Avian species richness of each patch was calculated.  The results suggest that species richness is positively associated with the size of the forest patches.  Larger forest patches such as Binapur (166ha, Chao 1= 73), Sayar (107ha, Chao 1= 78) and Kalyanpura (133ha, Chao 1= 80) had relatively high species richness, except for patches including Narsinghgarh (393ha, Chao 1= 28) and Singota (184ha, Chao 1= 45) with high levels of anthropogenic disturbance.  Smaller forest patches were found to have fewer bird species, although small forest patches with lesser degrees of anthropogenic disturbance such as Lalghati (99ha, Chao 1 = 62), Lasudli (16ha, Chao 1 = 65), Ghot (36ha, Chao 1 = 53), and Nasipur (23ha, Chao 1 =52) were more diverse than other patches.  These patches were more protected due to being sacred groves (Lalghati and Lasudli) or under private ownership (Ghot and Nasipur).  A total of 131 bird species were recorded from all the sampled forest patches.  These results suggest that forest patches embedded in an agrarian landscape play a vital role in conserving biodiversity, hence conservation efforts should also be focused on these forest fragments.
Sodium Sensitivity, Sodium Resistance, and Incidence of Hypertension: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study of Dietary Sodium Intervention
Authors: He Jiang , Huang Jian-Feng , Li Changwei , Chen Jing , Lu Xiangfeng , Chen Ji-Chun , He Hua , Li Jian-Xin , Cao Jie , Chen Chung-Shiuan , Bazzano Lydia A. , Hu Dongsheng , Kelly Tanika N. , Gu Dong-Feng
Published: April 2021

Cross-sectional studies have reported that high sodium sensitivity is more common among individuals with hypertension. Experimental studies have also reported various animal models with sodium-resistant hypertension. It is unknown, however, whether sodium sensitivity and resistance precede the development of hypertension. We conducted a feeding study, including a 7-day low-sodium diet (1180 mg/day) followed by a 7-day high-sodium diet (7081 mg/day), among 1718 Chinese adults with blood pressure (BP) <140/90 mm Hg. We longitudinally followed them over an average of 7.4 years. Three BP measurements and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion were obtained on each of 3 days during baseline observation, low-sodium and high-sodium interventions, and 2 follow-up studies. Three trajectories of BP responses to dietary sodium intake were identified using latent trajectory analysis. Mean (SD) changes in systolic BP were −13.7 (5.5), −4.9 (3.0), and 2.4 (3.0) mm Hg during the low-sodium intervention and 11.2 (5.3), 4.4 (4.1), and −0.2 (4.1) mm Hg during the high-sodium intervention (
P
<0.001 for group differences) in high sodium-sensitive, moderate sodium-sensitive, and sodium-resistant groups, respectively. Compared with individuals with moderate sodium sensitivity, multiple-adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for incident hypertension were 1.43 (1.03–1.98) for those with high sodium sensitivity and 1.43 (1.03–1.99) for those with sodium resistance (
P
=0.006 for nonlinear trend). Furthermore, a J-shaped association between systolic BP responses to sodium intake and incident hypertension was identified (
P
<0.001). Similar results were observed for diastolic BP. Our study indicates that individuals with either high sodium sensitivity or sodium resistance are at an increased risk for developing hypertension.
What Mister Rogers can teach us about teaching
Authors: Vogt Gabrielle , Monroe Ann
Published: April 2021

Whom can educators look to as an exemplar of kind and compassionate teaching? Gabrielle Vogt and Ann Monroe explore the life and work of Fred Rogers as an unconventional teacher. By focusing on relationships, treating each child as unique, honoring children’s emotions, and communicating a positive message, Rogers showed care for children and their development. The authors encourage teachers to follow his example to create an environment that addresses children’s emotional needs and well-being.
Bookshelf: Kappan authors on their favorite reads
Authors: Kim Robert
Published: April 2021

In this monthly column, Kappan authors discuss books and articles that have informed their views on education. Robert Kim recommends Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning by Cathy Park Hong, Sarah Pazer recommends the multi-author Manifesto for Teaching Online, and Thomas Hatch recommends Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform by David Tyack and Larry Cuban.
Structure optimization of gasket based on orthogonal experiment and NSGA-II
Authors: Dong Yi , Liu Jianmin , Liu Yanbin , LI Huaying , Zhang Shaoliang , Hu Xuesong , Zhang Xiaoming
Published: April 2021

With the aim of enhancing both reliability and fatigue life of gasket, this study combines finite element analysis, orthogonal experimental design, dynamically-guided multi-objective optimization, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elitist strategy to optimize the geometric parameters of the cylinder gasket. The finite element method was used to analyze the temperature field, thermal-mechanical coupling stress field, and deformation of cylinder gasket. The calculation results were experimentally validated by measured temperature data, and comparison results show that the maximum error between calculated value and experiment value is 7.1%, which is acceptable in engineering problems. Based on above results and orthogonal experiment design method, the effects of five factors, including diameter of combustion chamber circle, diameter of coolant flow hole, length of the insulation zone between third and fourth cylinders, thickness of gasket, and bolt preload, on three indexes: temperature, stress, and deformation of gasket, were examined in depth. Through the variance analysis of the results, three important factors were identified to proceed later calculation. The dynamically guided multi-objective optimization strategy and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm were effectively used and combined to determine the optimal geometric parameters of cylinder gasket. Furthermore, calculation results suggest that temperature, stress, and deformation of the optimized cylinder gasket have been improved by 27.88 K, 16.84 MPa, and 0.0542 mm, respectively when compared with the origin object, which shows the excellent performance of gasket optimization and effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategy.
Every tribe and nation: A demographic study of the Fellowship of European International Churches
Authors: Gryskiewicz Anthony J , Gryskiewicz Anna K , Gollery Tomas
Published: April 2021

International churches in Europe are growing. Yet there is concern that the European international churches only attract immigrants and refugees, not Europeans. In a first-of-its-kind study, the authors examined the demographics of the Fellowship of European International Churches. It is the largest network of international Pentecostal churches in Europe. The authors found it to be incredibly diverse, with 152 nationalities represented in the international churches. Europeans from various countries made up 27% of the population within the Fellowship of European International Churches, and 61% of the churches reported the presence of refugees. The authors conclude their study by offering suggestions on how European churches can better engage refugees and immigrants by examining the international churches’ praxis.
Interoperability in electronic records managements systems: An evaluation of the universities in Ankara
Authors: Dişli Meltem , Külcü Özgür
Published: April 2021

In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the electronic records management systems (ERMS) used in universities in the context of interoperability from a technical and organizational perspective. For this purpose, a survey was applied to the administrative staff of universities in Ankara, Turkey and 104 people participated in the survey. In the light of the data obtained, it was concluded that the records management procedures in universities are carried out in a distributed manner and are not gathered under a single unit. Official correspondence between institutions in universities is mostly carried out by registered electronic mail (REM). It was determined that while there are not many legal and technical obstacles to the interoperability of electronic records management systems, there are more organizational and administrative problems. Within the scope of the results, some suggestions have been made to university administrators and system developers. The study may guide universities in the transition and development stages to ERMS.
Systematic Review of Interventions Designed to Teach Imitation to Young Children With Disabilities
Authors: Ledford Jennifer R. , Windsor Sienna A.
Published: April 2021

This review was designed to characterize current intervention research for increasing imitation for young children with disabilities. We identified 34 unique sources including assessments of different types of massed trial and embedded trial interventions. Across intervention types, when evaluated via the Single Case Analysis and Review Framework (SCARF), positive outcomes were more likely to occur when dependent variables were primary (i.e., not secondary to another dependent variable) and context-bound (i.e., collected during intervention sessions). When only primary variables from high-quality studies were considered, embedded trials more often resulted in functional relationships. Recommendations for practice include using cues, prompts, and rewards for imitation; teaching imitation to toddlers; attending to imitation function; and teaching imitation in varied contexts.
Serum interleukin-30 level in patients with psoriasis and its correlation with psoriasis severity: a case-control study
Authors: Omar Nergez Sabah , Long Xinxin , Xian Jiayi , Afewerky Henok Kessete , Hussain Saeed Ghulam , Peng Xuebiao
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To examine the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-30 in patients with psoriasis and evaluate the correlations with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI).

Methods

Serum was collected from 26 patients with psoriasis and 26 healthy controls in a case–control setting, and the level of IL-30 was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis of the IL-30 levels among groups and further correlation analyses of IL-30 levels with PASI scores were performed.

Results

A significant increase in the level of IL-30 in patients with psoriasis compared with healthy controls was observed. In addition, a positive correlation between the IL-30 concentration and PASI scores was found in patients with psoriasis.

Conclusion

IL-30 is presumably involved in the proliferation of epidermal cells during the development of psoriasis. Further studies with a larger number of participants are required to comprehensively elucidate the biological roles of IL-30 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Rho Loop: A Novel Approach for Correcting Unfavorably Rotated Bilateral Teeth
Authors: Talwar Aditya , Bawaskar Naval , Bhat Shweta R.
Published: April 2021

Rectangular loops have been advocated for correcting severely malaligned teeth due to their simplicity and range of activation. This article describes a novel design of two rectangular loops used for correcting the bilaterally malaligned teeth without using the molars as anchor tooth. The present Rho loop offers an alternative for improving the position and angulation of severely malaligned bilateral teeth.