bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes alters vascular mechanotransduction: pressure-induced regulation of mitogen activated protein kinases in the rat inferior vena cava
Authors: Rice Kevin M , Desai Devashish H , Kakarla Sunil K , Katta Anjaiah , Preston Deborah L , Wehner Paulette , Blough Eric R
Published: September 2006

Background

Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for increased vein graft failure after bypass surgery. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) underlying vessel attrition in this population remain largely unexplored. Recent reports have suggested that the pathological remodeling of vein grafts may be mediated by mechanically-induced activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and the MAPK-related induction of caspase-3 activity. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that diabetes may be associated with alterations in how veins "sense" and "respond" to altered mechanical loading.

Methods

Inferior venae cavae (IVC) from the non-diabetic lean (LNZ) and the diabetic obese (OSXZ) Zucker rats were isolated and incubated ex vivo under basal or pressurized conditions (120 mmHg). Protein expression, basal activation and the ability of increased pressure to activate MAPK pathways and apoptosis-related signaling was evaluated by immunoblot analysis.

Results

Immunoblot analyses revealed differential expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs in the IVCs of diabetic rats as compared to non-diabetic rats. In particular, the expression and basal phosphorylation of p38β- (52.3 ± 11.8%; 45.8 ± 18.2%), JNK 1- (21.5 ± 9.3%; 19.4 ± 11.6%) and JNK3-MAPK (16.8 ± 3.3%; 29.5 ± 17.6%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the diabetic vena cava. An acute increase in IVC intraluminal pressure failed to increase the phosphorylation of ERK1-, JNK-2, or any of the p38-MAPKs in the diabetic obese Zucker rats. Also, IVC loading in the LNZ led to a 276.0 ± 36.0% and 85.8 ± 25.1% (P < 0.05) increase in the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9, respectively, with no effect on these molecules in the OSXZ. No differences were found in the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 between groups. However, basal expression levels of Akt, phospho-Akt, PTEN, phospho-PTEN and phospho-Bad were higher in the diabetic venae cavae (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

These data suggest that diabetes is associated with significant alteration in the ability of the vena cava to activate MAPK- and apoptosis-related signaling. Whether these changes are associated with the increased vein graft attrition seen in the diabetic population will require further investigation.
Multiplatform genome-wide identification and modeling of functional human estrogen receptor binding sites
Authors: Vega Vinsensius B , Lin Chin-Yo , Lai Koon Siew , Li Kong Say , Xie Min , Su Xiaodi , Teh Huey Fang , Thomsen Jane S , Li Yeo Ai , Sung Wing Kin , Bourque Guillaume , Liu Edison T
Published: September 2006

Background

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) impart specificity to cellular transcriptional responses and have largely been defined by consensus motifs derived from a handful of validated sites. The low specificity of the computational predictions of TFBSs has been attributed to ubiquity of the motifs and the relaxed sequence requirements for binding. We posited that the inadequacy is due to limited input of empirically verified sites, and demonstrated a multiplatform approach to constructing a robust model.

Results

Using the TFBS for the estrogen receptor (ER)α (estrogen response element [ERE]) as a model system, we extracted EREs from multiple molecular and genomic platforms whose binding to ERα has been experimentally confirmed or rejected. In silico analyses revealed significant sequence information flanking the standard binding consensus, discriminating ERE-like sequences that bind ERα from those that are nonbinders. We extended the ERE consensus by three bases, bearing a terminal G at the third position 3' and an initiator C at the third position 5', which were further validated using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Our functional human ERE prediction algorithm (h-ERE) outperformed existing predictive algorithms and produced fewer than 5% false negatives upon experimental validation.

Conclusion

Building upon a larger experimentally validated ERE set, the h-ERE algorithm is able to demarcate better the universe of ERE-like sequences that are potential ER binders. Only 14% of the predicted optimal binding sites were utilized under the experimental conditions employed, pointing to other selective criteria not related to EREs. Other factors, in addition to primary nucleotide sequence, will ultimately determine binding site selection.
N-terminal proteolytic processing by cathepsin G converts RANTES/CCL5 and related analogs into a truncated 4-68 variant
Authors: Lim Jean K , Lu Wuyuan , Hartley Oliver , DeVico Anthony L
Published: September 2006

N-terminal proteolytic processing modulates the biological activity and receptor specificity of RANTES/CCL5. Previously, we showed that an unidentified protease associated with monocytes and neutrophils digests RANTES into a variant lacking three N-terminal residues (4-68 RANTES). This variant binds CCR5 but exhibits lower chemotactic and antiviral activities than unprocessed RANTES. In this study, we characterize cathepsin G as the enzyme responsible for this processing. Cell-mediated production of the 4-68 variant was abrogated by Eglin C, a leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G inhibitor, but not by the elastase inhibitor elastatinal. Further, anti-cathepsin G antibodies abrogated RANTES digestion in neutrophil cultures. In accordance, reagent cathepsin G specifically digested recombinant RANTES into the 4-68 variant. AOP-RANTES and Met-RANTES were also converted into the 4-68 variant upon exposure to cathepsin G or neutrophils, while PSC-RANTES was resistant to such cleavage. Similarly, macaque cervicovaginal lavage samples digested Met-RANTES and AOP-RANTES, but not PSC-RANTES, into the 4-68 variant and this processing was also inhibited by anti-cathepsin G antibodies. These findings suggest that cathepsin G mediates a novel pathway for regulating RANTES activity and may be relevant to the role of RANTES and its analogs in preventing HIV infection.
Resolution of inflammation by retrograde chemotaxis of neutrophils in transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Mathias Jonathan R , Perrin Benjamin J , Liu Ting-Xi , Kanki John , Look A Thomas , Huttenlocher Anna
Published: September 2006

Neutrophil chemotaxis to sites of inflammation is a critical process during normal immune responses to tissue injury and infection and pathological immune responses leading to chronic inflammation. Although progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that promote neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissue, the mechanisms that regulate the resolution phase of the inflammatory response have remained relatively elusive. To define the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation in vivo, we have developed a novel transgenic zebrafish in which the neutrophils express GFP under control of the myeloperoxidase promoter (zMPO:GFP). Tissue injury induces a robust, inflammatory response, which is characterized by the rapid chemotaxis of neutrophils to the wound site. In vivo time-lapse imaging shows that neutrophils subsequently display directed retrograde chemotaxis back toward the vasculature. These findings implicate retrograde chemotaxis as a novel mechanism that regulates the resolution phase of the inflammatory response. The zMPO:GFP zebrafish provides unique insight into the mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated inflammation and thereby offers opportunities to identify new regulators of the inflammatory response in vivo.
Implementing cognitive services in community pharmacy: a review of facilitators used in practice change
Authors: Roberts Alison S , Benrimoj S I (Charlie) , Chen Timothy F , Williams Kylie A , Aslani Parisa
Published: September 2006

Objective

To investigate facilitators of change in community pharmacy and their use in the implementation of cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS).

Method

Relevant literature published in English was identified through searches of online databases (no date limits), texts, conference proceedings, and bibliographies of identified literature. Literature that involved a discussion of facilitators of community pharmacy practice change in relation to the implementation and/or delivery of CPS was selected for review. Some of the identified studies were conceptual in nature, and although they were selected in the same way as the empirical research papers, were not able to be critically reviewed in an equivalent manner. A narrative, rather than systematic review, was considered more appropriate.

Key findings

The identified facilitators exist at two levels: the individual (e.g. knowledge) and the organisation (e.g. pharmacy layout). Few studies identified or measured facilitators drawn from experience, with many based on the views of researchers or participants in the studies, in reaction to identified barriers to CPS implementation. Purposive sampling was common in the reviewed studies, limiting the generalisability of the findings.

Conclusion

Although a number of facilitators have been identified in the literature, it appears that little consideration has been given to how they can best be used in practice to accelerate CPS implementation. Identifying facilitators at both individual and organisational levels is important, and future research should focus not only on their identification in representative populations, but on how they should be incorporated into programmes for CPS delivery.
Response of community pharmacists to the presentation of back pain: a simulated patient study
Authors: Chua Siew Siang , Ramachandran Claire Devi , Paraidathathu Thomas T
Published: September 2006

Objective

To assess the response of community pharmacists to the presentation of back pain.

Method

The researcher posed as a customer to obtain medication for back pain for her grandfather, and the consultations were recorded in a pretested data collection form.

Setting

The study was conducted in 100 randomly selected community pharmacies located within the Klang Valley in Malaysia. This includes Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia and its surrounding suburban areas.

Key findings

In 85% of the consultations, pharmacists asked at least one question before recommending a treatment. The patient's medical history was the most frequently asked question by the pharmacists (60%). In general, a median of only five counselling elements were addressed by the pharmacists out of 13 recommended. The most common element of counselling addressed was the route of administration (98%), followed by the frequency and dose to be taken (92% and 88%, respectively). None of the pharmacists asked the ‘customer’ whether she required any further information. The number of counselling elements addressed was significantly associated with the age of the pharmacist, duration of consultation and the types of medication recommended (P < 0.05). Most of the pharmacists (88%) recommended at least an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for the treatment of acute back pain. Diclofenac was the most commonly recommended medication for back pain (55% of consultations), followed by meloxicam (15%). The cost of treatment for back pain ranged from RM2.00 to RM38.00 with a median of RM10.00.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that the extent of information gathering and counselling varied among community pharmacists in Malaysia and that in general, this appeared to be suboptimal. Professional bodies such as the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society should create awareness among pharmacists regarding their responsibility to counsel patients or their caregivers.
Factors influencing Australian community pharmacists' willingness to participate in research projects - an exploratory study
Authors: Saini B , Brillant M , Filipovska J , Gelgor L , Mitchell B , Rose G , Smith L
Published: September 2006

Objective

To identify the factors influencing Australian community pharmacists' willingness to participate in research projects and their attitudes towards research.

Method

A mixed-method survey instrument comprising demographics, previous participation in research, and perceptions about participation in research was mailed to 267 community pharmacists in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. An analysis of variance test was used to identify similarities and differences between research- and non-research-active respondents. Bivariate correlations and partial least squares (PLS) regression analyses were used to identify barriers and facilitators to research participation.

Key findings

The overall response rate to the survey was 40%. Of these, 70% were classified as previous research participants (PRP), and 30% were classified as non-previous research participants (NPRP). Both groups had mostly favourable attitudes towards research; however, the results revealed several differences between the PRP and NPRP groups. Three items were identified as key facilitators to participation in research for both PRP and NPRP groups - having an interest in the research topic; believing that the research will benefit the customer; and a belief that community pharmacy research is important. Lack of time, either real or perceived, was identified as a key barrier to participation in research for both the PRP and NPRP groups.

Conclusion

Researchers should take into account pharmacists' previous research experience when recruiting pharmacists into research projects. In the case of pharmacists with research experience, emphasis should be on promoting factors that facilitate participation. In the case of pharmacists with little research experience, emphasis should be on reducing barriers to participation.
Evaluation of website medicines information content, in comparison with official patient information
Authors: Sidhu Harpreet , Raynor D K , Knapp Peter
Published: September 2006

Objective

To evaluate the content and presentation of websites accessed by the public for information about two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and naproxen. To assess the accuracy and completeness of website content compared with official patient leaflets, and assess the quality of presentation of each site.

Setting

Medicines are the most frequent intervention in healthcare, and people need appropriate information to use them safely and effectively. There is evidence that the leaflets supplied with medicines do not meet peoples' needs. There are many websites containing medicines information, but it is not known how the content compares with the official information.

Method

The search words ‘Brufen’ and then ‘Naprosyn’ were used in the Google search engine. We identified the first 10 sites containing information comparable to that in conventional medicines leaflets (more than 100 words and at least three of five categories of information). Each site was scored for presence and accuracy of each point of information included in official leaflets. Each site was also scored for quality of presentation, assessing 10 attributes (scored 1–3).

Key findings

We found 7 Brufen and 10 Naprosyn sites meeting the inclusion criteria and the mean score for completeness of information was 50% (range 23–79%). Eight inaccuracies were found in 7 out of the 17 sites. Four had significant potential clinical impact (all relating to dose) and four were minor in significance. The overall mean score for website presentation was 77%.

Conclusion

Compared to official leaflets, information found on websites generally contained about half the total amount of pieces of information. There were a small number of inaccuracies related to dose, which are potentially dangerous. The websites scored well overall for quality of presentation. The two overall highest-scoring websites were a manufacturer's site and one aimed at health professionals.
Determinants of medication adherence in hypertensive patients: an application of self-efficacy and the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Bane Catherine , Hughe Carmel M , McElnay James C
Published: September 2006

Objective

The study aimed to identify the determinants of medication adherence in a population of hypertensive outpatients. The principle objective of the present study was to determine the utility of self-efficacy and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in predicting adherence with antihypertensive medication.

Setting

An outpatient hypertension clinic at the Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland.

Method

Outpatients who had attended the hypertension clinic on at least one previous occasion were invited to participate in the study. Participants completed a questionnaire incorporating measures of adherence with medication, medical and sociodemographic factors, together with measures of self-efficacy and the TPB. There were no specific study exclusion criteria.

Key findings

A total of 139 participants took part in the study; 20.9% of the participants reported non-adherence with their prescribed antihypertensive medication. A statistically significant difference in self-efficacy scores between the adherent and non-adherent groups was revealed by a Mann-Whitney test, with adherent patients perceiving higher levels of self-efficacy. Regression analysis with the TPB variables revealed that adherence was predicted by intentions and subjective norms, with 41% of the variance explained. Intention was predicted by attitudes and perceived behavioural control, with 61.9% of the variance explained.

Conclusion

The present study provides support for the use of self-efficacy and the TPB in predicting medication adherence; however, further research is required on the application of the TBP in the prediction of health behaviour. These findings have implications for the design of adherence-enhancing interventions.
Description of a multifaceted strategy for recruiting general practitioners and community pharmacists to talk about medication errors
Authors: Howard Rachel L , Avery Anthony J , Bissell Paul
Published: September 2006

Objective

To describe the use of a multifaceted strategy for recruiting general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists to talk about medication errors which have resulted in preventable drug-related admissions to hospital. This is a potentially sensitive subject with medicolegal implications.

Setting

Four primary care trusts and one teaching hospital in the UK.

Method

Letters were mailed to community pharmacists and general practitioners asking for provisional consent to be interviewed and permission to contact them again should a patient be admitted to hospital as a result of a medication error. In addition, GPs were asked for permission to approach their patients should they be admitted to hospital. A multifaceted approach to recruitment was used including gaining support for the study from professional defence agencies and local champions.

Key findings

Eighty-five percent (310/385) of GPs and 62% (93/149) of community pharmacists responded to the letters. Eighty-five percent (266/310) of GPs who responded and 81% (75/93) of community pharmacists who responded gave provisional consent to participate in interviews. All GPs (14 out of 14) and community pharmacists (10 out of 10) who were subsequently asked to participate, when patients were admitted to hospital, agreed to be interviewed.

Conclusion

The multifaceted approach to recruitment was associated with an impressive response when asking healthcare professionals to be interviewed about medication errors which have resulted in preventable drug-related morbidity.
Treatment of infection: a cross-sectional survey of antibiotic drug utilisation in the Ramallah district of Palestine
Authors: Khatib R , McCaig D , Giacaman R
Published: September 2006

Objective

To characterise the use of antibiotics in outpatients treated for infection in the Ramallah district of Palestine.

Setting

A purposive sample of general and specialist outpatient clinics in the public and private sector in Ramallah.

Method

A prospective, cross-sectional survey over 3 months (February-May 2000) of patients diagnosed with infection, conducted through questionnaires to treating physicians (n = 25) and patients (n = 575).

Key findings

Infection associated with the respiratory tract was the most common type of infection diagnosed, accounting for over 80% of all infections, followed by urinary tract infection and otitis media (14% and 10%, respectively). Amoxicillin was the antibiotic prescribed most often, prescribed for 44% of all patients and for infection of all types and across all age groups. A wide variety of other antibiotics was prescribed, and in the private sector there was more use of newer, more expensive antibiotics. Antibiotic use was rated as appropriate in only 35% of patients, with inappropriate prescribing largely resulting from inappropriate indication (73%) and to a lesser extent choice of drug (17%) or cost (9%). Duration of therapy was seldom specified by the prescriber and depended on pack size dispensed. Seventy-six per cent of patients followed up at 1 week had recovered partially or completely, but lack of compliance was noted in 30%.

Conclusions

There was considerable evidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics, including prescribing for likely self-limiting or non-bacterial infection and failure to specify duration of therapy. A number of patients failed to complete the course. Strategies to promote optimal antibiotic use should be targeted initially to respiratory tract infection, and both physicians and patients require educational input. The community pharmacist can play a lead role on account of both drug expertise and ability to advise health professionals and patients.
Exploration of two risk scenarios in non-prescription medicine purchases
Authors: Emmerton Lynne M
Published: September 2006

Objective

There is increasing focus on quality supply and use of medicines in the community. This study aimed to quantify and describe people's non-prescription medicine purchasing behaviour for two scenarios in which consumers are considered to be at higher risk of inappropriate medicine use.

Setting

Fifteen community pharmacies in South-East Queensland, Australia.

Method

Each pharmacy hosted a researcher to survey all available eligible customers of non-prescription medicines over a 5-day period in August 2004. Researchers also noted whether medicine-related consultations occurred. In the case of non-response, observational data were recorded, where possible with validation by the salesperson. Two theoretical risk scenarios were proposed and examined in the data.

Key findings

A total of 3017 purchases were recorded, with customers of 77.8% of observed purchases participating in the survey. Overall, 85.4% of the purchases were made with some form of product-related communication. The first risk scenario identified that 10 of 799 sales (1.3%) to customers who had not intended to buy a particular brand resulted in self-selection of a medicine that they had not purchased before, with no consultation in the pharmacy. The second scenario identified that 326 of 1886 sales (17.3%) to customers who intended to buy a particular brand did result in purchase of that brand, but without consultation by a staff member.

Conclusion

The vast majority of purchases were made with some form of communication with a staff member to assist in product selection and/or appropriate use. Although risk was theoretically present in these scenarios, actual harm cannot be ascertained without consumer follow-up. Pharmacy staff are encouraged to be aware of opportunities to become involved in product choice and advice with sales.
Public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding antibiotics: does five years make a difference?
Authors: Osborne David , Sinclair Hazel
Published: September 2006

Objective

To compare patient knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding antibiotic use between 2000 and 2005.

Method

Postal survey to 400 patients in March-April 2005.

Setting

Two general medical practices in Grampian, UK.

Key findings

There was a 64% response rate; 90% had experience of antibiotic use and 96% were happy to take antibiotics when necessary; 75% felt we should be more careful about how we use antibiotics. Compared to 2000, fewer patients indicated that most infections clear up by themselves without the need for antibiotics (48% versus 59%, P = 0.031). Fewer of those who experienced at least one respiratory tract infection (RTI) in the review period had consulted a doctor (2005, 14% versus 2000, 23%), and fewer consultations resulted in an antibiotic being prescribed (55% versus 75%). Fewer patients now agreed that telephone helplines for advice on RTIs are a good idea (42% versus 54%, P = 0.009), while more felt that people should make more use of their local pharmacist for advice on treatments for RTI and that they, themselves, would consult a pharmacist. On advice (from doctors, pharmacists or advertisements) on the management of RTI, fewer patients now cited: drink fluids (48% versus 68%, P = 0.023); rest (35% versus 54%, P = 0.012); take paracetamol (35% versus 50% P = 0.028); while more cited: self-medicate (non-paracetamol) (32% versus 15%, P = 0.004); let infection run its course (11% versus 5%, P = 0.027).

Conclusions

Antibiotic use remains a concern for many patients; however, almost all would take antibiotics when necessary. Fewer patients now consult a doctor about a RTI, and fewer consultations lead to an antibiotic being prescribed. Patients are increasingly positive about pharmacist advice but less keen on telephone helplines. A further local health education initiative should be considered to remind patients of strategies for the self-management of RTI.
A systematic, ligation-based approach to study RNA modifications
Authors: Saikia Mridusmita , Dai Qing , Decatur Wayne A. , Fournier Maurille J. , Piccirilli Joseph A. , Pan Tao
Published: September 2006

Over 100 different chemical types of modifications have been identified in thousands of sites in tRNAs, rRNAs, mRNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and other RNAs. Some modifications are highly conserved, while others are more specialized. They include methylation of bases and the ribose backbone, rotation, and reduction of uridine, base deamination, elaborate addition of ring structures, carbohydrate moieties, and more. We have developed a systematic approach to detect and quantify the extent of known RNA modifications. The method is based on the enzymatic ligation of oligonucleotides using the modified or unmodified RNA as the template. The efficiency of ligation is very sensitive to the presence and the type of modifications. First, two oligo pairs for each type of modification are identified. One pair greatly prefers ligation using the unmodified RNA template over the modified RNA template or vice versa. The other pair has equal reactivity with unmodified and modified RNA. Second, separate ligations with each of the two oligo pairs and the total RNA mixture are performed to detect the presence or absence of modifications. Multiple modification sites can be examined in the same ligation reaction. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated for three 2′O-methyl modification sites in yeast rRNA.
Early Surgical Outcomes in 5-Year-Old Patients with Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Clark S. A. , Atack N. E. , Ewings P. , Hathorn I. S. , Mercer N. S. G.
Published: September 2006

Objective:

To assess the surgical outcome of 5-year-old subjects with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate who had been operated on by a single surgeon.

Design:

Retrospective consecutive outcome study.

Setting:

The cleft lip and palate center at Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, U.K.

Participants:

All patients born with unilateral cleft lip and palate between May 1992 and April 1998 were identified and their study models were located.

Main Outcome Measures:

The reasons for failing to obtain study models were recorded. The “test” study models were combined randomly with a “gold standard” set of study models to give a group of 53 for assessment purposes. These study models were assessed twice by two examiners independently using the 5-Year-Olds’ Index. The weighted kappa (κ) statistic and components of variance were used to establish the levels of agreement within and between examiners, as well as between the gold standard and the examiners.

Results:

Thirty sets of study models out of a possible 43 were located. The most common reason for not obtaining records was poor cooperation. More than 50% of study models were assessed as being good outcomes (Index groups 1 and 2), whereas fewer than 20% of the records were evaluated as being poor outcomes (Index groups 4 and 5). There was good inter- and intraexaminer agreement and agreement with the gold standard values.

Conclusion:

Study model collection in this age group can be difficult due to patient cooperation.
Overview Paper: Intelligent color imaging*
Authors: Kotera Hiroaki
Published: September 2006

Abstract—With the 600th anniversary of Johann Gutenberg's birth in 2000 A.D., we should look back at the historical significance of letterpress technology and take a step forward into the new age of color imaging. Currently, digital‐imaging technology plays a leading role in visual communications, but meets severe challenges to satisfy human vision. It is essential to consider what human vision “sees” in order to capture, store, transmit, and reproduce a truly realistic image just as human vision. Advances not only in high‐precision and high‐definition digital media but also in intelligent image‐processing technologies will be helpful in producing more aesthetic and pleasant imaging. This paper briefly introduces “intelligent” processing towards that goal by using region‐based spatially variant, and scene‐referred approaches.
Effect of DLP projector white channel on perceptual gamut
Authors: Heckaman Rodney L. , Fairchild Mark D.
Published: September 2006

Abstract— The effect of white‐channel enhancement as implemented in the Texas Instrument DLP™ digital projector technology is evaluated theoretically using both the CIELAB and the CIECAM02 color appearance models and experimentally through psychophysical testing using real images. Both theory and test results confirm a compression of perceptual gamut in both chroma and colorfulness as a result of the added white channel. Hence, while this technology is ideal for viewing graphics and text under ambient conference‐room conditions where lightness contrast is important, it is necessarily less than ideal for viewing images or in home‐theater environments where color is important.
Electro‐optical transfer function preferences for LCD TVs: The effect of display brightness and surround illumination on preferred gamma
Authors: Laird Justin , Montag Ethan D.
Published: September 2006

Abstract— Recent commercial liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) televisions are larger and brighter than traditional televisions, thus impacting the viewing conditions in which they are viewed. These changes in viewing conditions may require different electro‐optical transfer functions (EOTFs) for LCD TVs than those for conventional TVs. Here, the way various EOTFs affect the preferred image quality of test images with changes in brightness and surround illumination conditions are examined. The first method used a gain, offset, and gamma (GOG) function with a range of gamma values, and the second method altered the intrinsic EOTFs. Image preference for the simulated EOTFs was determined using a paired‐comparison experiment for ten images. The first experiment took place in a darkened room at two display luminance levels. The results indicated that a gamma of 1.6 was most preferred overall although more so at a lower screen luminance level. In a second experiment, the procedure was repeated with a dim surround of 10% of the display's white point. With this surround, preference for a gamma value of around 1.6 at both screen luminance levels was more enhanced. These results indicated that image preference for different EOTFs is dependent on display luminance and that this dependence is maintained with a dim surround.
Effect of image size on the color appearance of image reproductions using colorimetrically calibrated LCD and DLP displays
Authors: Nezamabadi Mahdi , Berns Roy S.
Published: September 2006

Abstract— Archiving images of cultural heritage based on spectral imaging techniques is an active research area in imaging science. Original and reproduced art are usually viewed under quite different viewing conditions. One of the interesting differences in viewing condition is size difference. This leads to different surrounds and adaptation states. In order to investigate the effect of size in color perception of rendered images, a visual experiment was conducted using a colorimetrically characterized digital projector and LCD. An image was rendered and projected on the screen. The same image was processed using various algorithms followed by rendering for the LCD. These LCD rendered images, by definition, were considerably smaller than the projected image. Using a paired‐comparison method, the effect of image size was investigated using a colorimetric image of Georges Seurat's, “Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte — 1884.” The image rendered for an LCD with a linear increase in lightness resulted in a closer match to the image projected on screen than an original colorimetrically rendered image and was perceived as a more accurate reproduction than the majority of algorithms tested.
Contrast effect in evaluating the sense of presence for wide displays
Authors: Masaoka Kenichiro , Emoto Masaki , Sugawara Masayuki , Nojiri Yuji
Published: September 2006

Abstract— To evaluate the relationship between visual angle and the sense of presence for wide displays, two experiments were conducted in which the visual angle (ranging from 30 to 100°) was manipulated as a between‐ and within‐subjects factor, respectively. Two‐hundred subjects participated in both experiments. In the within‐subjects evaluation, presence scores increased as the visual angle widened, while those in the between‐subjects evaluation did not increase significantly for a wide visual angle. It can be concluded that “contrast effect,” i.e., a bias caused by comparing different visual angles, greatly affects the ratings of sense of presence.
Threshold‐voltage‐compensation methods for AMOLED pixel and analog buffer circuits
Authors: Chen Bo‐Ting , Tai Ya‐Hsiang , Wei Ying‐Jyun , Tsai Chun‐Chien , Huang Chun‐Yao , Kuo Yu‐Ju , Cheng Huang‐Chung
Published: September 2006

Abstract— New pixel‐circuit designs for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diodes (AMOLEDs) and a new analog buffer circuit for the integrated data‐driver circuit of active‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (AMLCDs) and AMOLEDs, based on low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon thin‐film transistors (LTPS‐TFTs), were proposed and verified by SPICE simulation and measured results. Threshold‐voltage‐compensation pixel circuits consisting of LTPS‐TFTs, an additional control signal line, and a storage capacitor were used to enhance display‐image uniformity. A diode‐connected concept is used to calibrate the threshold‐voltage variation of the driving TFT in an AMOLED pixel circuit. An active load is added and a calibration operation is applied to study the influences on the analog buffer circuit. The proposed circuits are shown to be capable of minimizing the variation from the device characteristics through the simulation and measured results.
Development of a liquid crystal with fine‐pitch light‐source display (LFD) using an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED)
Authors: Koma Norio , Takemoto Manabu , Tanase Kenji , Mameno Kazunobu
Published: September 2006

Abstract—A novel display system, refered to as an LFD (liquid crystal with fine‐pitch light‐source display) is proposed. In an LFD, an auxiliary light source patterned with a fine pitch is attached to a reflective liquid‐crystal display (LCD), and a light shield is formed on the observer's side of the light source. A vertical‐alignment LCD (VA‐LCD) is attached as the reflective LCD, and an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) is attached as the fine‐pitch light source. An LFD can produce bright, high‐contrast images under any ambient light. A test sample was built and its display characteristics confirmed.
Evaluation of chiral dopants for LCD applications
Authors: Bauer Monika , Boeffel Christine , Kuschel Frank , Zaschke Horst
Published: September 2006

Abstract— A large number of new synthesized as well as known chiral dopants with respect to their helical twisting power (HTP), the phase stability of cholesteric solution prepared by doping nematic LC mixtures, the host dependence of the chiral induction, and the photostability has been examined. The evaluation led to the result that only few compounds fulfill the stringent application requirements of LCD manufacturing, especially with reference to bistable cholesteric devices.
Analysis and reduction of dark zone in ultra‐thin wedge‐plate displays
Authors: Cheng Yi‐Kai , Chung Sen‐Nien , Chern Jyh‐Long
Published: September 2006

Abstract— A wedge plate can be used as the screen of a display, and the thickness of the display can be incredibly thin. In this paper, a basic formula for ray tracing in such a wedge plate is deduced. The fundamental limitation on the display quality of a wedge plate is explored, and the formation of a dark zone on the display screen is analyzed and verified numerically. Experimental exploration and confirmation of one 14‐in. acrylic wedge plate with a white‐light‐emitting diode is also provided. Two approaches to eliminate the dark zone are proposed, and the corresponding numerical demonstration of a 52‐in. wedge‐plate display is also shown.
Design of a dual‐f‐number illumination system and its application to DMD™ projection displays
Authors: Cheng Chu‐Ming , Chern Jyh‐Long
Published: September 2006

Abstract— A dual‐f/# optical system is evaluated and considered for illumination. Étendue theory has been employed to increase the optical throughput and collection efficiency. A classical Cooke triplet with a dual f/# is included for illustration. As a demonstration of the potential application to projection displays, an elliptically shaped illumination‐pupil system is proposed to increase the optical collection efficiency in the DMD™ (Digital Micromirror Device™)‐based projection system. With a dual‐f/# configuration, this design can eliminate the f/2.4 constraint that was caused by the light‐steering action of the narrow ±12° tilt angles on the DMD™. The percentage of increase in the optical collection efficiency is 6.2% in the dual f/2.0 × f/2.4 optical projection system by using ray‐tracing simulation. This method enables a lower than f/2.4 optical design with a high brightness and an adequate contrast ratio in the DMD™‐based projectors.
Pollen‐Mediated Gene Flow from Kentucky Bluegrass under Cultivated Field Conditions
Authors: Johnson Paul G. , Larson Steve R. , Anderton Amy L. , Patterson Jason T. , Cattani Douglas J. , Nelson Eric K.
Published: September 2006

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), one of the most commonly grown turfgrasses in temperate regions, is being developed for possible commercial release with transgenic traits. The use of this technology raises risk assessment questions because P. pratensis is perennial, often apomictic, competitive in many habitats, and hybridizes with other Poa To further understand the potential environmental impact of a transgenic P. pratensis, we measured intra‐ and interspecific pollen‐mediated gene flow in field conditions from P. pratensis to other Poa We used a wagon‐wheel design with a glyphosate (N‐phosphono methyl‐glycine) resistant P. pratensis as a pollen donor and a pollen receptor plot at 0 m and plots at 13 and 53 m along six equally spaced vectors. Each receptor plot included accessions from 25 Poa species. Seedlings from the receptor plants were screened for resistance to glyphosate and potential hybrids verified by PCR and genomic fingerprinting. Hybrids were found with P. arachnifera Torrey, P. interior Rydb., P. pratensis × P. secunda J. Presl, and three other P. pratensis entries, but did not occur with P. annua L., P. palustris L., P. trivialis L., or P. compressa L., among other species. Overall hybrid frequency was 0.048% and hybrid frequency at the 0‐m distance was 0.53%. While apomixis in receptor plants and pollen competition likely reduced the number of hybrids, gene flow did occur but at low frequency and over short distances.
An Integrated Web Resource for Cotton
Authors: Gingle Alan R. , Yang Hongyu , Chee Peng W. , May O. Lloyd , Rong Junkang , Bowman Daryl T. , Lubbers Edward L. , Day J. LaDon , Paterson Andrew H.
Published: September 2006

“The Cotton Diversity Database” (http://cotton.agtec.uga.edu) is a Web resource for cotton (Gossypium spp.) phenotypic and genomic data. A primary goal for this resource is to provide both a useful management tool for breeders and other applied scientists and a research tool for genetic and genomic scientists. The resource contains four interface suites that include displays for each of the available phenotypic or genomic data types. These display suites are accessible via the genotype portal, a search interface that allows users to begin with a cotton accession and obtain all available data. The phenotypic data displays include graphical views of overall cultivar performance with means and between group standard deviations indicated in an easy‐to‐interpret graphical manner for common trial measures such as lint yield, micronaire, etc. The genomic data displays include interactive graphical views of genetic map and diversity data types. Genetic map data is displayed in both traditional linear and two‐dimensional comparative dot plot formats. Genetic diversity data is displayed in an interactive tree‐based format showing degrees of similarity among genotypes. The data are stored in Oracle relational database (RDBMS) schemas containing tables and views for data storage, auto‐calculated statistics and display parameters. The searchable RDBMS provides flexibility for a wide range of query and search options as well as integration paths amongst the various data types.
Genotype and Environment Effects on Adhesive Shear Strength in Soybean‐Based Adhesives
Authors: Stoll Maria E. , Schapaugh William T. , Zutara M. Silvina , Hu Jie , Sun X. Susan
Published: September 2006

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] adhesives developed from seed protein provide a safe, renewable alternative to petroleum‐based adhesives. The quality of many products made from soybean seed components is influenced by genotype and environment. Research has not addressed genotype and environment effects on adhesive quality. The objective of this study was to determine if genotype and environment affect adhesive shear strength in soybean. Twenty‐two genotypes were grown in replicated plots at six Kansas locations over 2 yr. Protein was isolated from ground seed harvested from each plot. A protein‐water mixture was used to glue wood boards together. Shear strength, the force needed to pull the wood apart, was measured. Shear strength means, averaged over all six environments, ranged from 3.71 to 3.22 MPa for the genotype producing the strongest and weakest adhesives, respectively. PI437401 had significantly less mean shear strength than did the twelve top‐ranked genotypes in the test. Environment and genotype by environment effects on shear strength were not significant. Significant shear strength differences found among entries indicate that genotype should be a consideration when developing soybean‐based adhesives.
Removal of Apical Dominant Shoot for Disease Resistance Screening Increases Seed Yield of Container‐Grown Plants
Authors: Maas Andrea L. , Dashiell Kenton E. , Melouk Hassan A.
Published: September 2006

Host plant resistance is generally included as a means of mitigating production losses in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Testing methods which do not impact yield are of particular value in the development of cultivars. The objectives of this research were to determine the viable seed yield of container‐grown peanut plants and the impact of removing the apical dominant shoot on seed set, for use in disease testing. Two resistant cultivars, Tamspan 90 and Southwest Runner, and two susceptible cultivars, Okrun and Flavor Runner 458, were crossed in a diallel to produce F1 seed. A total of 191 F1 plants were evaluated in the greenhouse under two treatments, apical shoot removed or not removed, in 2003 to 2005. The mean seed set of the control group (apical shoot not removed) was 12 seed per plant compared with 15 seed per plant when the apical shoot was removed.
Genetic and Molecular Analysis of High Gamma‐Tocopherol Content in Sunflower
Authors: García‐Moreno María J. , Vera‐Ruiz Elsa M. , Fernández‐Martínez José M. , Velasco Leonardo , Pérez‐Vich Begoña
Published: September 2006

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds contain alpha‐tocopherol as the major tocopherol derivative, which accounts for more than 900 g kg−1 total tocopherols. However, four sources of high gamma‐tocopherol content (>850 g kg−1) have been developed. First studies on the lines LG‐17 and T2100 concluded that the trait in both lines was determined by recessive alleles at the Tph2 locus. The objectives of the present research were (i) to conduct an allelic study on the other two lines, IAST‐1 and IAST‐540, (ii) to identify markers linked to the Tph2 gene, and (iii) to map this gene. Plants of T2100 were crossed with plants of the other three lines, which resulted in F1 and F2 populations with uniformly high gamma‐tocopherol content in the seeds, indicating the presence of tph2 alleles in the four lines. Genetic mapping of the Tph2 gene was conducted with an F2 population from the cross between CAS‐12, with standard tocopherol profile, and IAST‐540. F2 seeds segregated following a 3 low to 1 high gamma‐tocopherol ratio. Bulked segregant analysis identified two simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers on linkage group (LG) 8 linked to Tph2. A large linkage group was constructed by genotyping additional markers. Tph2 mapped between markers ORS312 (3.6 cM proximal) and ORS599 (1.9 cM distal). The availability of closely linked PCR‐based markers and the location of the Tph2 gene on the sunflower genetic map will be useful for marker‐assisted selection and further characterization of tocopherol biosynthesis in sunflower seeds.
Improving Lives: 50 Years of Crop Breeding, Genetics, and Cytology (C‐1)
Authors: Baenziger P. S. , Russell W. K. , Graef G. L. , Campbell B. T.
Published: September 2006

During the past 50 yr, we have witnessed a revolution in the science of plant breeding, genetics, and cytology, and its impact on human lives (e.g., the Green Revolution). Because of increased productivity, breeding objectives evolved from predominantly improving yield to include greater quality and value‐added traits. The discovery of the chemical nature of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), coupled with Mendelian genetics led to the refinement of quantitative genetics, the robust use of molecular markers, and transgenic crop plants. Cytogenetics elucidated the physical structure of chromosomes, aided trait and molecular mapping, and greatly enhanced the exploitation of genetic variation from wild relatives, as have transgenes and mutations. The fundamental process of selection has been improved by a better understanding of gene action, when to select, and better methods to select plants and analyze their relationship to the environments in which they grow. Single‐seed descent plant breeding methods were popularized and evolved to doubled haploid breeding. Plant breeding, genetics, and cytology remain impact sciences that will continue to improve lives as part of the Evergreen Revolution.