bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso del lenguaje nativo en la enseñanza del idioma Inglés en la FAREM Estelí-UNAN Managua
Authors: Arauz Valenzuela Luis Antonio
Published: May 2020

Durante el siglo XX, discusiones y debates profesionales y metodológicos dentro de la Enseñanza del Lenguaje Ingles (ELT), asumen que el inglés es mejor enseñado y aprendido sin la utilización del idioma del estudiante. Sin embargo, esta asunción se ha ido cuestionando, y el uso de la lengua nativa del estudiante está siendo reevaluada. Existen lagunas en nuestro conocimiento y comprensión sobre la medida en qué, y cómo, el propio lenguaje del estudiante se utiliza dentro de las aulas de clase y las actitudes que presentan los profesores hacia el uso del lenguaje nativo. En el presente escrito, se abordan opiniones de estudios relacionados al tema, antecedentes y las nuevas teorías acerca de ELT. De la misma manera, se analiza el tema del método monolingüe y el método bilingüe y se comparte la experiencia docente, se ejemplifica y se compara la opinión de diversos autores para el entendimiento de tema.
Factores relacionados al rendimiento académico en estudiantes del máster en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, UNAN-Managua
Authors: Gutiérrez Gómez Ximena
Published: May 2020

Este ensayo explora el rendimiento académico, la evolución de sus definiciones por diferentes autores y los factores relacionados en estudiantes universitarios. Los factores relacionados, se encuentran planteados desde diversas disciplinas particularmente la psicología y la pedagogía. Con base al análisis de la información revisada, se concluye que el rendimiento académico es multifactorial, un indicador del desarrollo humano y un reflejo de las inequidades sociales. Como parte de la revisión se propone un Modelo Ecológico del Rendimiento Académico en estudiantes universitarios de la Maestría en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, desde cuatro dimensiones: personal, familiar, institucional y social, que incluye en cada una de ellos aspectos que no fueron abordados por los autores revisados, representando un aporte de la autora que debe ser consensuado para aplicarlo en un futuro en estudiantes de pos grado.
La historia oral como método y metodología para el estudio del periodismo radiofónico y la libertad de expresión en la región histórica de Managua 1936-1979
Authors: Calderón Ramírez Walter Jerónimo
Published: May 2020

Este artículo aborda la metodología para el estudio del “Periodismo Radiofónico y Libertad de Expresión en la región de Managua, en el período 1936-1979”, como parte de la investigación homónima de tesis del autor como parte del Doctorado en Historia con Mención en Estudios Regionales y Locales Transdisciplinarios. El objeto de estudio será analizado desde el enfoque de la historia oral como método, metodología y como técnica para comprender cómo evolucionó la comprensión del derecho a la libertad de expresión en tres emisoras de la región de Managua (Radio La Voz de la América Central, Radio Mundial y Radio Corporación) en un contexto marcado por el ascenso, apogeo y derrocamiento de la dictadura somocista. Con ello se pretende aportar a recuperar las percepciones, voces y miradas desde la memoria tanto de los periodistas y trabajadores de la radio como de las personas adultas mayores que participaron en su calidad de oyentes. El resultado de la investigación es un proceso de reconstrucción histórica de dichos acontecimientos relacionados con las subjetividades políticas y desde las personas que estuvieron directamente involucradas en estos procesos, para rescatar el recorrido vivido a través del relato oral como fuente de ese pasado vivido.
Deprivation of Everyday Life and Coping Strategies During the Crisis of the 1980s in Poland: An Analysis of Women’s First-person Narratives
Authors: Stańczak-Wiślicz Katarzyna
Published: May 2020

This article seeks to show how the economic, political, and social crisis of the 1980s in Poland was experienced, understood, survived, and managed in the micro-scale of individual households. Keeping in mind the inner dynamic of the period, I focus on the first years of the economic collapse (1980–1982), when supply shortages were extremely painful. The text contributes to the current interest in every-day life practices under communism. It intends to take a closer look at the adaptive strategies undertaken by individuals, precisely by women. It is based on the critical analysis of the first-person women’s narratives: memoirs, personal diaries and letters to the editor published in popular women’s magazines
Sovietization as an Experience of Violence: Everyday Life and its Significance During the Occupation of the Vilnius Region (1940–1941) in Józef Mackiewicz’s NovelRoad to Nowhere
Authors: Bałżewska Katarzyna
Published: May 2020

Józef Mackiewicz’s novel Road to Nowhere (1955), dissecting mechanisms of Sovietization in the Vilnius Region in 1940–1941, remains one of the most significant literary testimonies documenting the destructive impact of this process on social bonds, affinities, as well as on the landscape of these areas. The paper discusses socio-psychological aspects of the Soviet policy of violence and describes diverse human reactions toward Communist authorities, both servile and rebellious. It also examines everyday problems and concerns of Vilnius inhabitants subjected to Communist indoctrination that intruded into all spheres of their existence. In this context, the author of the article scrutinizes such issues as a clothing in the occupied country, kulak stigma, some popular Soviet beliefs and propaganda narratives, and asymmetry in the perception of notions of an occupant and a victim of the occupation. Analysis of these elements gives an insight into the lives of ordinary people in the totalitarian state and reveals the darkest sides of Stalinist repressions.
Fractures of the Coracoid Process: Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes
Authors: Galvin Joseph W. , Kang Jeansol , Ma Richard , Li Xinning
Published: May 2020

Fractures of the coracoid process are relatively rare, and current management guidelines remain unclear. Most coracoid fractures occur in conjunction with other shoulder injuries, including dislocations and fractures. Identifying coracoid fractures can be difficult because most fractures are nondisplaced and can be missed on radiographs or may be masked by other injuries. Management is largely guided by fracture location and displacement. Conservative treatment is preferred for fractures that are minimally displaced, whereas indications for surgical fixation include fractures that are displaced (>1 cm), have progressed to a painful nonunion, or are associated with the disruption of the superior shoulder suspensory complex. Although conservative treatment has been historically favored, satisfactory outcomes have been reported for both surgical and nonsurgical treatment. We provide a comprehensive review of diagnosis and management strategies for coracoid fractures.
Intellectual Capital and Company Performance: Evidence from European FinTech Companies
Authors: Izzo Filomena , Tomnyuk Viktoriia , Varavallo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

The scope of this study is to examine the impact of Intellectual Capital (IC) on the performance of European FinTech companies. Despite numerous studies conducted to measure the IC, only a few of these explore the impact of IC in dynamic and technological markets. This study intents to contribute to the existing literature by examining a completely new sample of companies that operate in the condition of Industry 4.0. This paper uses data of 12 European Fintech companies from 2016 to 2018, listed in the Dealroom global database. This research employs the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) model proposed by Pulic to measure Intellectual Capital. To obtain accounting information, the authors utilised the Amadeus Bureau van Dijk database.  
Management Styles of Special Education Schools Comparison between China and Thailand
Authors: She Lina , Amponstira Fuangfa
Published: May 2020

The objectives of this study were to study the current management style of special education schools in China and Thailand, to study the differences in the management of special education schools between China and Thailand, to provide advice for the management of special education schools in two countries. The research used an interview to collect quality data from 30 managers who manage Chinese special education schools and Thai special education schools. Content analysis was used to analyze the data.

Special education schools in China and Thailand have similar school culture management, similar administration management structure and function, similar teacher management and similar parents education management. However, there are some differences in the management of teaching instruction management, teaching material management, student management, and teaching equipment management. Compared to Chinese special education schools with Thai special education schools, the advantage of Chinese special education schools is that they can create specialized teaching material suitable for children with mental retardation. It is better to meet students’ actual needs, is more specialized and targeted, and meets the needs of students' development. The advantage of Thai special education schools is that they can provide pre-school education in all schools for children with special needs, provide critical early intervention in the early childhood of special children.
Pulmonary Oxalosis in Pulmonary Aspergillosis Syndrome
Authors: Osholowu Oluwasegun , Kak Vivek , Singh Harpreet
Published: May 2020

The presence of pulmonary oxalosis in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or biopsied tissue samples is considered pathognomonic for Aspergillus disease etiology. The finding of calcium oxalate crystals in the tissue samples infected with aspergillosis can serve as a vital diagnostic clue. Detection of calcium oxalate crystals is achievable within 24 hours by most hospital microbiology laboratories. It is much quicker than the time it takes to receive results of other tests like histopathology, sputum cultures, and aspergillus antigen assays. We present this case to emphasize the importance of pulmonary oxalosis as a crucial early diagnostic factor in pulmonary aspergillosis syndromes.
Overview of Pathologic Findings of Vaping in the Context of an Autopsy Patient With Chronic Injury
Authors: Priemer David S. , Gravenmier Curtis , Batouli Amir , Hooper Jody E.
Published: May 2020

Context.—

Electronic cigarettes are handheld devices that heat an inner liquid containing chemicals to be aerosolized and inhaled, and have become a popular alternative to conventional cigarettes. Their use, termed vaping, has been linked to severe injury, with 2711 cases of associated lung injury and 60 deaths reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at the time of writing. Published case reports and series have emerged detailing clinical and imaging characteristics of vaping-induced lung injury. However, the pathologic characteristics of these induced injuries are still being established, particularly findings occurring over time.

Objective.—

To illustrate the autopsy findings of an older patient who died of vaping-induced injury after prolonged symptomology and to provide a review of the most recent literature regarding the basic science, epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, and pathology of vaping-induced lung injury.

Data Sources.—

Autopsy case and peer-reviewed literature.

Conclusions.—

Vaping-induced lung injury has emerged as a public health issue, and this case represents a rare opportunity to evaluate this issue at autopsy. Most commonly, the injury has been attributed to tetrahydrocannabinol product use as opposed to nicotine. This case demonstrates that as today's young and relatively healthy “vapers” grow older and develop the comorbidities that come with advanced age, there is serious risk of chronic lung damage from vaping that could result in death. Further observations and studies, particularly autopsy evidence, are clearly important to understand the possible outcomes.
Primary Amyloidosis of the Genitourinary Tract
Authors: Al-Obaidy Khaleel I. , Grignon David J.
Published: May 2020

Context.—

Amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins as insoluble eosinophilic material in the extracellular tissues of the body, leading to impairment of organ function. It can be systemic or localized. Localized genitourinary tract amyloidosis is rare and can be incidentally seen; however, in some cases, it can be the only presenting disease.

Objective.—

To review the clinical presentation and pathologic findings related to primary amyloidosis of the urogenital system and highlight some of the associated pathologic findings based on our personal experience.

Data Sources.—

Published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the senior author.

Conclusions.—

Primary localized amyloidosis within the urogenital tract can present as a neoplastic process and may be clinically and radiologically considered as a mass. Awareness of primary amyloidosis by pathologists and clinicians is required for accurate diagnosis and proper patient management.
Ten Answers Every Child Welfare Agency Should Provide
Authors: Fallon Barbara , Kartusch Mark , Filippelli Joanne , Trocmé Nico , Black Tara , Chan Parlin , Sawh Praveen , Joh-Carnella Nicolette
Published: May 2020

A university-child welfare agency partnership between the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work at the University of Toronto and Highland Shores Children’s Aid (Highland Shores), a child welfare agency in Ontario, allowed for the identification and examination of ten questions to which every child welfare organization should know the answers. Using data primarily from the Ontario Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (OCANDS), members of the partnership were able to answer these key questions about the children and families served by Highland Shores and the services provided to children and families. The Ontario child welfare sector has experienced challenges in utilizing existing data sources to inform practice and policy. The results of this partnership illustrate how administrative data can be used to answer relevant, field-driven questions. Ultimately, the answers to these questions are valuable to the broader child welfare sector and can help to enhance agency accountability and improve services provided to vulnerable children and their families.
The measurement and interpretation methodology of resistivity logs affected by the Groningen effect – a Polish case study
Authors: Baudzis Stanislaw , Jarzyna Jadwiga A. , Puskarczyk Edyta
Published: May 2020

True formation resistivity Rt measurement is one of the fundamental logs in the calculation of hydrocarbon resources. That is why it is very important to have the most reliable resistivity data possible. In this paper, the various outcomes obtained by Polish well log analysts and engineers for the proper determination of hydrocarbon saturation in the Main Dolomite deposits in the Polish Lowland are presented. The long history of efforts directed to make proper exploitation decisions in wells where the Groningen effect has been observed is illustrated, starting with the standard measurement and interpretational approach, through the modified construction of a reference electrode in a Laterolog device and ending with an examination of HRLA (High-Resolution Laterolog Array) or Array Compensated Resistivity Tool) ACRt results. The processing of resistivity logs with the special Poprawki software is included.
Phylogenetic relationships in the southern African genusDrosanthemum(Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae)
Authors: Liede-Schumann Sigrid , Grimm Guido W. , Nürk Nicolai M. , Potts Alastair J. , Meve Ulrich , Hartmann Heidrun E.K.
Published: May 2020

Background

Drosanthemum, the only genus of the tribe Drosanthemeae, is widespread over the Greater Cape Floristic Region in southern Africa. With 114 recognized species,Drosanthemum,together with the highly succulent and species-rich tribe Ruschieae, constitute the ‘core ruschioids’ in Aizoaceae. WithinDrosanthemum, nine subgenera have been described based on flower and fruit morphology. Their phylogenetic relationships, however, have not yet been investigated, hampering understanding of monophyletic entities and patterns of geographic distribution.

Methods

Using chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data, we performed network- and tree-based phylogenetic analyses of 73 species ofDrosanthemumwith multiple accessions for widespread species. A well-curated, geo-referenced occurrence dataset comprising the 134 genetically analysed and 863 further accessions was used to describe the distributional ranges of intrageneric lineages and the genus as a whole.

Results

Phylogenetic inference supports nine clades withinDrosanthemum, seven of which group in two major clades, while the remaining two show ambiguous affinities. The nine clades are generally congruent to previously described subgenera withinDrosanthemum, with exceptions such as cryptic species. In-depth analyses of sequence patterns in each gene region were used to reveal phylogenetic affinities inside the retrieved clades in more detail. We observe a complex distribution pattern including widespread, species-rich clades expanding into arid habitats of the interior (subgeneraDrosanthemump.p., Vespertina, Xamera) that are genetically and morphologically diverse. In contrast, less species-rich, genetically less divergent, and morphologically unique lineages are restricted to the central Cape region and more mesic conditions (Decidua,Necopina, Ossicula, Quastea, Quadrata, Speciosa). Our results suggest that the main lineages arose from an initial rapid radiation, with subsequent diversification in some clades.
Study on Radiation Interception and Use in Some Mustard Varieties
Authors: Awal M. A. , Gani M. O.
Published: May 2020

Aim: Solar radiation is the unique source of energy which drives the photosynthesis of green plants for producing biomass to living being. Use efficiency of solar radiation to produce biomass has been quantified for many crops in field condition but no study is undertaken for mustard although it is an important oil seed crop in the world as well as in Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the radiation-use efficiency of mustard crop.

Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in the Crop Botany Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the winter season extended from November 2011 to March 2012.

Methodology: Treatments comprised six mustard varieties viz. BINAsarisha-3, BINAsarisha-4, BINAsarisha-5, BINAsarisha-6, BINAsarisha-7 and BINAsarisha-8 which were grown following standard cultivation techniques to optimize the growth and development. Radiation measurements along the growing season were carried out during solar noon on some sunny days with a Radiometer connected to a 1 m long Line Quantum Sensor.

Results: Mustard varieties showed wide variation in terms of plant height, branch number, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM) accumulation, yield components and yield and radiation interception and use. BINAsarisha-6 showed better performance on the aforesaid traits followed by BINAsarisha-7 while lower performance was observed in BINAsarisha-3 and BINAsarisha-4. The higher seed yield (2.41 t ha-1) was obtained in the BINAsarisha-6, the variety also showed higher radiation-use efficiency, RUE (3.75 g MJ-1 PAR) whereas the lower seed yield (about 2.1 t ha-1) was observed in the BINAsarisha-3 or BINAsarisha-4, the varieties also showed the lower RUE (<3 g MJ-1 PAR) which indicate that the higher accumulation of DM in BINAsarisha-6 variety as influenced by higher utilization of solar radiation effectively constitute the seed yield. The temporal RUE showed much fluctuated pattern in all the varieties and higher RUEs were observed at the later part of the crop growth. The variety BINAsarisha-6 also showed the higher seasonal mean RUE whereas BINAsarisha-4 showed the lower.

Conclusion: Mustard varieties showed wide variation in growth, yield and radiation interception and use. Higher biomass production as well as higher seed yield is associated with higher utilization of solar radiation.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf and Stem Extracts of Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce
Authors: M. H. Niranjan , . Prabhurajeshwar
Published: May 2020

In current environment increasing resistance to existing antimicrobial agents and herbal drugs are being investigated as important sources for new agents for testing various diseases related to bacterial infections. The present work is aimed at exploring the preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem extracts of Priva cordifolia belongs to family Verbenaceae. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones and glycosides. The antimicrobial activity was studied using various organisms by means of a disc diffusion method. Susceptibility of some Gram positive organisms (Bacillus substilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative organisms (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) were tested against leaf and stem extracts (water, methanol and ethanol). Among the various extracts, water stem extract was more effective (19.66±1.52 mm) and ethanol stem extract found to be less effective (1±1) against all the bacteria. It is concluded that the plant extract showed antimicrobial activity because of the presence of these phytochemicals. Further studies are recommended for drug development to treat various infectious diseases.
Study on Fire Risk Assessment Method by Considering Warehouse Characteristics
Authors: Kim Hayoung , Rie Dongho
Published: May 2020

Large spaces, such as warehouses where internal loads are stored, exhibit higher fire loads and faster fire growths than general fires. In addition, the volume of the internal load reduces the space required for the smoke to stay, thereby accelerating the decline in smoke height. To prevent fire hazards in such spaces, it is necessary to evaluate the fire risk during the design stage. However, it is difficult to evaluate various settings because the evaluation method using the existing computational fluid dynamics utilize considerable amount of time. In this study, an algorithm was developed to evaluate the internal loads by using formulas related to the existing fire risk assessment. The developed algorithm is designed to easily calculate the detection time of the detector, smoke fall time, and sprinkler operation time. This algorithm could be used to design an optimized fire protection system in the initial design stage.
A Study of Disaster Prevention and Characteristics of Landslides Triggered by the 2019 Typhoon Mitag in Samcheok
Authors: Jang Su-Jin , Lee Youn-Tae , Lee Kwang-Youn , Kim Kyoung-Nam , Lee Jin-Ho , Chun Kun-Woo
Published: May 2020

Close on the heels of the East Coast Forest Fires (ECFF) in April 2000, Samcheok in the region witnessed landslides in October 2019. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the association between forest fire and slope stability. Accordingly, survey plots were set up around the site of the landslide to investigate micro-topography, forest structure, and growth environment. The results revealed that B plots scored high on appearance and the density of trees, while A plots had high values on the H/D ratio. Further, it is important to control tree density in the restored forests because the H/D ratio, which induces slope stability, exceeds suitable values at both A and B plots, resulting in intense competition among the trees growing in the affected sites. The findings are useful for proposing a mountain management project to prevent sediment-related disasters. Moreover, they would aid in evaluating the root cohesion of trees contributing to slope stability on the east coast region of Gangwon-do, which is prone to disasters such as large-scale forest fires, heavy rains, and landslides.
Operation Techniques and Hydrological Applications of X-band Dual-polarization Radar for Monitoring Flash Flood in Metropolitan Area
Authors: Yoon Jungsoo , Hwang Seokhwan , Lee Dong-Ryul , Kang Narae
Published: May 2020

Radar is useful for monitoring flash flood in urban areas because it provides rainfall data with high spatial and temporal resolution for a wide area. In 2014, the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology introduced the first X-band dual-polarization radar in Korea and has subsequently been researching on flash floods in the metropolitan area using the rainfall data. Considering the various advantages of X-band dual-polarization radar, the Water Hazard Information Platform in Korea introduced two X-band dual-polarization radars (KRU and YSU radars) into the metropolitan area, in 2017. This study described the characteristics of KRU and YSU radars, their observation strategies, and quality control techniques. Moreover, we also assessed the hydrological applications of the X-band dual-polarization radars in the metropolitan area by analyzing three years of rainfall data from 2017 to 2019.
Study on Development of Fire Fighting Training System for Aircrafts Using Light
Authors: Choi Byeongpil
Published: May 2020

The cabin crew plays a very important role in ensuring safe flight operations and quality services. In particular, it is their responsibility to successfully implement emergency evacuations of passengers in the event of an emergency. As a result, cabin crews undergo intense emergency training. In order to support firefighter training of cabin crews, this study investigated the method of firefighter training that can be easily carried out in small spaces in the office or indoor spaces without water supplies and drainages using light as an aircraft fire suppression training device. The fire suppression training device using the light presented in this study consists of a screen part, fire extinguisher part, and control part. The flame images classified as per the fire causes are displayed on the screen by using visible light, and it is set to correspond to each fire cause. Fire extinguishing drills can be conducted using fire extinguishers that emit infrared light in a specific wavelength band.
Étude comparative de la biosynthèse des phosphatidylcholines dans les neurones et les cellules gliales du cerveau de poulet
Authors: Freysz L. , Mandel P.
Published: July 2002

The activity of CDP‐choline 1,2‐diglyceride phosphocholine transferase was studied in chick brain neurons and glial cells. The specific activity was 2.7‐fold higher in the neurons than in the glial cells. Both cell types had an optimum activity at pH 8.0.Mg2+ and Mn2+ activated the enzyme, while Ca2+ was inhibitory. CDP‐ethanolamine and CMP were competitive inhibitors. The apparent K
M of the enzyme for the CDP‐choline was found to be 0.39 × 10−4 M in the neurones and 0.17 × 10−4 M in the glial cells. This suggests the existence of isoenzymes for the CDP‐choline 1,2‐diglyceride phosphocholine transferase in chick brain.
Equilenin: a specific fluorescent probe for steroid—protein interactions in sex steroid‐binding protein
Authors: Ross J.B.Alexander , Torres Paul , Petra Philip H.
Published: July 2002

Equilenin, a naturally fluorescent steroid, has high binding affinity for human sex steroid‐binding protein (SBP). At 4°C the equilibrium association constant is ∼6 × 107 M−1. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the steroid—protein complex indicate that both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding of the 3'‐hydroxyl group of the estrogen are important in its binding to the protein. Equilenin has a substantially different 3‐dimensional spatial configuration compared with the normally bound androgens, and yet exhibits very tight binding to SBP. This suggests that SBP undergoes a conformational change to accomodate equilenin.
Targeting of antiviral drugs by coupling with protein carriers
Authors: Fiume L. , Busi C. , Mattioli A.
Published: July 2002

Side effects of antiviral drugs might be circumvented by their selective delivery into infected cells. This targeting can be obtained by conjugation of the drugs to macromolecules which are taken up specifically by the infected cells. The experiments reviewed, on this approach to antiviral chemotherapy, are mainly directed at improving the chemotherapeutic index of adenine arabinoside (ara‐A) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B by its coupling to galactosyl terminating glycoproteins.
Increased phosphorylation of a ribosomal protein during aggregation of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Juliani Maria Helena , José Carlos da Costa Maia , Maria Christina Manhães Bonato
Published: July 2002

A single ribosomal protein (M
r 32 000) becomes phosphorylated during differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. This protein is tentatively identified as the 40 S ribosomal protein S6. Phosphorylation of S6 is monitored by incorporation of 32Pi and by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. S6 is minimally phosphorylated in growing cells. Upon starvation, S6 is progressively phosphorylated, the degree of phosphorylation being maximal during the aggregation phase of the developmental cycle.
A calcium‐activated nuclease endogenous to Xenopus erythrocytes
Authors: Talwar Sandeep , Pocklington Michael J. , Maclean Norman
Published: July 2002

An endogenous nuclease is found in purified Xenopus erythrocyte nuclei. This enzyme is activated specifically by Ca2+ in the presence of which chromatin is digested into discrete fragments. Both 10 bp and 200 bp ladders are detected upon electrophoresis of DNA. This endogenous enzyme therefore resembles mammalian and chicken liver endonucleases.
The effect of fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate and AMP on the activity of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase from rat liver
Authors: Nilsson Ekdahl Kristina , Ekman Pia
Published: July 2002

Rat liver fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase was partially phosphorylated in vitro and separated into unphosphorylated and fully phosphorylated enzyme. The effects of fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate and AMP on these two enzyme forms were examined. Unphosphorylated fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase was more easily inhibited by both effectors. Fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate affected both K
0.5 and V
max, while the main effect of AMP was to lower V
max. Fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate and AMP together acted synergistically to decrease the activity of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, and since unphosphorylated and phosphorylated enzyme forms are affected differently, this might be a way to amplify the effect of phosphorylation.
Rapid identification of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates by ‘dot‐spot’ hybridization
Authors: Sanchez Daniel O. , Madrid Raul , Engel Juan C. , Frasch Alberto C.C.
Published: July 2002

The presence of isolate‐specific Trypanosoma cruzi minicircles has been shown in the kinetoplast DNA of this parasite. This led to the rapid identification of isolates and clones of trypanosomes by means of ‘dot‐spot’ hybridizations with molecularly cloned minicircle probes. Unexpectedly, whole kDNAs were also suitable as probes for this purpose, provided that filters were washed under stringent conditions. This was attributed to the presence of the above‐mentioned isolate‐specific minicircle sequences. The fact that parasites could be directly spotted onto nitrocellulose filters simplified the rapid routine screening of a large number of samples.
Amino acid sequence of a novel Kunitz‐type chymotrypsin inhibitor from hemolymph of silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori
Authors: Sasaki Takuji
Published: July 2002

The primary structure of the chymotrypsin inhibitor (SCI‐III), from larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been determined. This inhibitor seems to be a Kunitz‐type inhibitor judging from the sequence homology with the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, but has one more amino acid in the half‐cystine frame nearest the N‐terminus. The amino acid at the deduced reactive site (P1) is phenylalanine and this inhibitor is the first example of the Kunitz type that is assigned phenylalanine to its reactive site.
Effect of Mn2+ and Ca2+ on O2 evolution and on the variable fluorescence yield associated with Photosystem II in preparations of Anacystis nidulans
Authors: Pistorius Elfriede K. , Schmid Georg H.
Published: July 2002

Extraction with EDTA of lyophilized and lysozyme treated preparations of the blue‐green algae Anacystis nidulans resulted in loss of the capacity for photoevolution of O2. Reactivation was achieved by the addition of both cations: Mn2+ and Ca2+ (or to a smaller extent by Mn2+ and Sr2+). The dual requirement for Mn2+ and Ca2+ could be demonstrated when the O2 evolution under short saturating light flashes and the variable chlorophyll fluorescence associated with the reduction of the primary acceptor of Photosystem II was examined. The fluorescence experiments in addition showed that incorporation of the cations was a light dependent step, since the fluorescence rise only started after a lag period.
The effect of thiol reagents on GABA transport in rat brain synaptosomes
Authors: Troeger Melody B. , Wilson David F. , Erecińska Maria
Published: July 2002

The nature of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport has been investigated in preparations of rat brain synaptosomes using a number of thiol reagents with varying membrane permeabilities. N‐Ethylmaleimide, p‐chloromercuribenzoate and p‐chloromercuriphenylsulfonate effectively inhibited GABA transport in both directions (i.e., uptake and release) whereas 5,5′ ‐dithiobis‐2‐nitrobenzoate, mercaptopropionate and N‐nitroethylenediamine were much less effective, or ineffective, even at millimolar concentrations. For each of the thiol reagents, the inhibition profile for GABA uptake was approximately the same as that for its release. The effectiveness of the reagents indicates that there is an external, reactable SH‐group on the transporter, that the thiol reagent must be somewhat lipophilic for it to react with the SH‐group(s) and that the same synaptosomal transport system is responsible for both uptake and release of GABA.
Solubilization and partial purification of an enzyme converting 1‐aminocyclopropane‐l‐carboxylic acid to ethylene in plants
Authors: Adam Zach , Mayak Shimon
Published: July 2002

The membrane‐bound enzyme capable of catalyzing the conversion of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene can be solubilized by treatment with detergent. The non‐ionic detergent Nonidet P‐40, at an optimum concentration of 0.2% and a protein : detergent ratio of 1:2, was found to be an effective solubilizer of the conversion activity. The solubilized enzyme resembles the membrane‐bound enzyme with respect to heat sensitivity, pH dependence, Mn2
+ stimulation and Co2
+ inhibition. The enzyme can be further purified by means of ion‐exchange chromatography with 12‐fold increase in specific activity.
Isolation and primary structure of human PHI (peptide HI)
Authors: Tatemoto K. , Jörnvall H. , McDonald T.J. , Carlquist M. , Go V.L.W. , Johansson C. , Mutt V.
Published: July 2002

Human PHI
Porcine PHI
Bovine PHI
Brain peptide
Gut peptide
C‐terminal amide
VIP/PHI precursor
Inhibition of protein A24 lyase by nitrosoureas
Authors: Markussen Gunnar , Smith-Kielland Ingrid , Dornish John M.
Published: July 2002

The protein A24 content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells increased several‐fold following treatment of cell cultures with nitrosoureas, but did not increase when other alkylating agents not containing carbamoyl moieties were tested. The same nitrosoureas and, in addition, 2‐chloroethyl isocyanate inhibited an A24 lyase‐containing cytoplasmic extract in cleaving protein A24 into histone H2A and ubiquitin. It appears that carbamoylation of A24 lyase by nitrosoureas inhibits the enzyme and is responsible for the measured increases in cellular protein A24 content due to reduced turnover of this protein.
[3H]Ouabain binding and 86rubidium uptake during the dimethyl sulfoxide‐induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL‐60 cells
Authors: Ladoux A. , Geny B. , Marrec N. , Abita J.P.
Published: July 2002

When HL‐60 cells were induced to differentiate into granulocyte‐like cells by culture in the presence of 1.3% dimethyl sulfoxide, an increase in the rate of ouabain‐sensitive 86Rb transport was observed during the first 6 h followed by a constant decrease which became stable on day 4 at about 40% of control level. By contrast, the number of ouabain binding sites remained constant during the first 24 h then decreased with the same kinetics as that of the 86Rb transport rate. These results suggest that alterations in ionic fluxes, through activation of the sodium pump, are part of the early events resulting in HL‐60 cell differentiation.
Isolation of a cDNA clone for a catalytic subunit of Torpedo marmorata acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Sikorav Jean-Louis , Valletta François , Grassi Jacques , Massoulié Jean
Published: July 2002

We have constructed a cDNA library from Torpedo marmorata electric organ poly(A+) RNA in the lambda phage expression vector λgtll. This library has been screened with polyclonal anti‐acetylcholinesterase antibodies. One clone, λAChEl, produced a fusion protein which was recognized by the antibodies and which prevented the binding of native acetylcholinesterase in an enzymatic immune assay. These results indicate that λAChEl contains a cDNA insert coding for a part of a catalytic subunit of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase. The 200‐base‐pair cDNA insert hybridized to three mRNAs (14.5, 10.5 and 5.5 kb) from Torpedo electric organs. These mRNAs were also detected in Torpedo electric lobes.
X‐ray diffraction studies on the xyloglucan from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed
Authors: Taylor Iain E.P. , Atkins Edward D.T.
Published: July 2002

Oriented samples of the xyloglucan polysaccharide from tamarind seed were examined using X‐ray diffraction. Periodicities indexing on a spacing of 2.06 nm were observed along the chain direction. This value is twice that reported for cellulose and is commensurate with four β‐1,4‐linked glucose residues. Flat, ribbon‐like two‐fold helical models for the β‐1,4‐linked polyglucose backbone, with two possible schemes for decoration with xylose and galactose side groups, are proposed.
Defective synthesis of glycerophosphorylcholine in murine muscular dystrophy; the primary molecular lesion?
Authors: Infante J.P.
Published: July 2002

Activities of the rate‐limiting enzymes of the cytidine pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are negligible in differentiated mouse gastrocnemius, whereas that of the respective proposed de novo glycerophosphodiester pathways is high in this muscle. Rates of de novo glycerophosphorylcholine synthesis in dystrophic mouse gastrocnemius are about half that of the wild‐type homozygotes, whereas that of the heterozygotes is near the mean of the two homozygous groups. These results suggest that defective de novo synthesis of glycerophosphorylcholine is the primary lesion in murine dy muscular dystrophy.
Evidence for a Ca2+‐independent hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate in neuron‐like cell line NG108‐15 cells
Authors: Yano Koh , Higashida Haruhiro , Nozawa Yoshinori
Published: July 2002

The addition of bradykinin to 32Pi‐labeled neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid NG108‐15 cells caused a substantial loss of radioactivity from phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PI‐4,5‐P2). The bradykinin‐induced hydrolysis of PI‐4,5‐P2 was almost equally observed even when extracellular Ca2+ was depleted with EGTA (100μM). On the other hand, high K+ depolarization of the cells, which allows Ca2+ influx through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels, failed to induce any significant decrease in the radioactivity of PI‐4,5‐P2. These data indicate that the bradykinin‐stimulated PI‐4,5‐P2 hydrolysis in NG108‐15 cells is independent of extracellular Ca2+ and also that PI‐4,5‐P2 hydrolysis is not stimulated by an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
The reduction of cytochrome c oxidase by carbon monoxide
Authors: Brzezinski Peter , Malmström Bo G.
Published: July 2002

The rate of formation of the mixed‐valence state of cytochrome c oxidase on incubation with carbon monoxide is strongly dependent on pH, supporting the concept that CO itself is the reducing agent. The reaction is biphasic due to the presence of two different enzyme forms in the resting oxidase. The kinetics of the reaction with the major enzyme form suggests an initial rapid binding of CO in a heme pocket of the oxidized enzyme and a subsequent slow intramolecular electron transfer to the cytochrome a
3‐CuB site. Cytochrome a and CuA are not reduced even on prolonged incubation.
Immunochemical characterization of aldo‐keto reductases from human tissues
Authors: Wirth Hans-Peter , Wermuth Bendicht
Published: July 2002

Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase and carbonyl reductase constitute a family of monomeric NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductases with similar physical and chemical properties. Characterization of the enzymes from human tissues by immunotitration and an enzyme immunoassay indicated that, despite their apparent likeness, the three reductases do not cross‐react immunochemically.
Two‐electron reduction of cytochrome c oxidase triggers a conformational transition
Authors: Scholes Charles P. , Malmström Bo G.
Published: July 2002

The slow increase of a cyanide‐induced optical change at 437 nm following rapid cyanide inhibition of cytochrome oxidase has been followed as a function of the number of electrons donated from ferrocytochrome c to cytochrome a and Cu
a
. The initial rate of optical change is a parabolic function of this number. The results have been analyzed in terms of a model where addition of electrons causes a conformational transition allowing rapid cyanide binding. The binding is followed by a slow intramolecular reaction responsible for the optical change. The analysis demonstrates that only molecules with both cytochrome a and Cu
a
reduced can undergo the conformational change, which is suggested to be involved in the proton‐pump mechanism of the oxidase.
Differential effects of cadmium on cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione levels in the rat heart
Authors: Jamall Ijaz S.
Published: July 2002

In rats fed a low‐selenium diet, cytosolic GSH levels in the heart were significantly elevated when compared to rats fed a selenium‐supplemented diet. Similar results were obtained in cardiac cytosol from rats treated with either parenteral or dietary Cd. Mitochondrial GSH was not affected by cadmium in selenium‐deficient rats, However, significant elevations of mitochondrial GSH were seen in cadmium‐treated rats fed either 0.1 or 0.5 ppm selenium. The alterations in cytosolic GSH levels correlate with reductions in GSH‐Px activity reported earlier [(1987) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 87, in press]. However, levels of mitochondrial GSH did not correlate with GSH‐Px activity.
Studies on rationales for an expert system approach to the interpretation of protein sequence data Preliminary analysis of the human epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Fishleigh Robert V. , Robson Barry , Garnier Jean , Finn Paul W.
Published: July 2002

The molecular modelling of larger proteins benefits from a preliminary analysis of the sequence to identify regions of potential structural and functional importance. In this study the sequence of the epidermal growth factor receptor has been analysed using a variety of established methods and novel procedures developed for the study of weak internal and external homologies and for the use of homologous sequences in the prediction of secondary and super‐secondary structures. The procedures explored here are potentially suitable for incorporation into an expert system for the initial investigation of protein sequence data.
N6‐Substituted 9‐methyladenines: A new class of adenosine receptor antagonists
Authors: Ukena D. , Padgett W.L. , Hong O. , Daly J.W. , Daly D.T. , Olsson R.A.
Published: July 2002

A series of 15 N
6‐substituted 9‐methyladenines have been assessed as antagonists of A2‐adenosine receptor‐mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase in membranes of human platelets and rat PC12 cells and of A1‐adenosine receptor‐mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclases in membranes of rat fat cells and as inhibitors of binding of N
6‐R‐[3H]phenylisopropyladenosine to A1‐adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes. N
6 substitution can markedly increase the potency of 9‐methyladenine at A1 receptors, while having lesser effects or even decreasing potency at. A2 receptors. Effects of N
6 substituents on adenosine receptor activity of the 9‐methyladenines are reminiscent of effects of N
6 substituents on activity of adenosine, suggesting that N
6 substituted 9‐methyladenines bind to adenosine receptors in the same orientation as do N
6‐substituted adenosines. N
6‐Cyclopentyl‐9‐methyladenine with K
i values at the A1 receptors of 1.3 μM (fat cells) and 0.5 μM (brain) is at least 100‐fold more potent than 9‐methyladenine (K
i 100 μM, both receptors), while at the A2 receptors K
B values of 5 μM (platelets) and 25 μM (PC12 cells) make it 5‐fold more potent and equipotent, respectively, compared to 9‐methyladenine (K
B 24 μM, both receptors). N
6‐Cyclopentyl and several other N
6‐alkyl and N
6‐cycloalkyl analogs are selective for A1 receptors while 9‐methyladenine is the most A2 receptor selective antagonist. The N
6‐R‐ and N
6‐S‐(1‐phenyl‐2‐propyl)‐9‐methyladenines, analogous to N
6‐R‐ and N
6‐S‐phenylisopropyladenosines, exhibit stereoselectivity at both A1 and A2 receptors. Marked differences in potency of certain N
6‐substituted 9‐methyladenines at the A1 receptors of human platelets and rat PC12 cells provide evidence that these are not identical receptors.
Progressin: A novel proliferation‐sensitive and cell cycle‐regulated human protein whose rate of synthesis increases at or near the G1/S transition border of the cell cycle
Authors: Celis Julio E. , Ratz Gitte Petersen , Celis Ariana
Published: July 2002

A novel proliferation‐sensitive and cell cycle‐specific basic protein, termed progressin (M
r,=33 000), has been identified in proliferating human cells of epithelial, fibroblast and lymphoid origin. Progressin is synthesized almost exclusively during the S‐phase of transformed human amnion cells (AMA). Increased synthesis of this protein is first detected late in G1, at or near the G1/S transition border, reaches a maximum in mid to late S‐phase, and declines thereafter. Contrary to histones, progressin synthesis is not coupled to DNA replication. As expected for an S‐phase‐specific protein, no detectable synthesis of progressin was observed in non‐proliferating human MRC‐5 fibroblasts and epidermal basal keratinocytes. Elevated, but variable levels of this protein were observed in proliferating normal fibroblasts and transformed cells of fibroblast, epithelial and lymphoid origin. Taken together the above observations suggest that progressin may be a component of the common pathway leading to DNA replication and cell division.
A modified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor lacking the ‘ion channel amphipathic helices’
Authors: Roth B. , Schwendimann B. , Hughes G.J. , Tzartos S.J. , Barkas T.
Published: July 2002

Antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the ‘amphipathic helix’ of the α‐chain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) bound both to detergent‐solubilised and membrane‐bound nAChR, indicating that this region, suggested as a component of the transmembrane ion channel in one model, is not buried in the membrane. Trypsinisation of membranes prior to affinity purification yielded preparations lacking the amphipathic helices of the α‐ and β‐chains and probably also of the γ‐and δ‐chains. Such material should allow direct testing, by reconstitution experiments, of the importance of these regions for channel activity.