bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verbal and Nonverbal Metaphor With Children in Counseling
Authors: Chesley Gayle L. , Gillett Dodie A. , Wagner William G.
Published: December 2011

The metaphor is typically viewed as a verbal form of expression in traditional talk therapies. However, this definition excludes nonverbal metaphors that children use when they express themselves through play. In this article, the authors examine the use of therapeutic metaphors, both verbal and nonverbal, with children. The roles of the child, counselor, and family in treatment are discussed, along with the benefits and limitations of using therapeutic metaphors with children. The use of quantitative, qualitative, and integrated methods for studying children's use of verbal and nonverbal metaphors in counseling is also examined.
Adherence to Asian Cultural Values and Cultural Fit in Korean American Undergraduates' Help‐Seeking Attitudes
Authors: Gloria Alberta M. , Castellanos Jeanett , Park Yong Sue , Kim Daniel
Published: December 2011

Differences in and relationships of Asian cultural values, cultural congruity, perception of the university environment, and help‐seeking attitudes for 1st‐and 2nd‐generation Korean American undergraduates (N = 228) were examined. Women reported significantly higher cultural congruity and more positive help‐seeking attitudes than did men. Asian values adherence negatively predicted help‐seeking attitudes for women and 2nd‐generation students only. Implications for Korean American undergraduate support services are discussed, and suggestions are presented for future research.
Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Among International Students
Authors: Sümer Seda , Poyrazli Senel , Grahame Kamini
Published: December 2011

The role of gender, age, race/ethnicity, length of stay, social support, and proficiency in English in the variance in depression and anxiety among international students revealed that social support was a significant predictor of depression and anxiety among international students. Age significantly contributed to the variance in anxiety, and self‐rated English proficiency uniquely contributed to the variance in both depression and anxiety. Latino/a students had significantly higher levels of depression than did Asian students.
Adolescent Readiness for Change and the Working Alliance in Counseling
Authors: Fitzpatrick Marilyn R. , Irannejad Shahrzad
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the relationship between readiness for change and the quality of the working alliance of adolescents (ages 14–18 years) and their counselors. As predicted, clients who were more ready for change had more positive alliances, particularly with respect to goal and task collaboration. There was also a trend toward the association of the maintenance or postchange stage with a weakened bond.
Examining Discrepancies Between Actual and Preferred Practice of School Counselors
Authors: Scarborough Janna L. , Culbreth John R.
Published: December 2011

This study of elementary, middle, and high school counselors (N = 361) investigated the discrepancies, and the factors predictive of the discrepancies, between the actual practice and preferred practice in interventions associated with a comprehensive, developmental school counseling program. Results indicated that school counselors preferred to spend their time in accord with best practice. Subsequently, selected professional, employment, self‐efficacy, and school climate variables were found to predict differences between actual and preferred practice.
Best Practices in the Multidisciplinary Assessment of Emotional Disturbances: A Primer for Counselors
Authors: Rudy Heidi L. , Levinson Edward M.
Published: December 2011

Emotional and behavioral difficulties often interfere with children's acquisition of academic, career, and social skills. Counselors assume an important role in the mandated multidisciplinary evaluation of children with emotional disturbance (ED), but the field lacks a standard battery of assessment procedures for working with children who have ED. The authors review the current issues related to students with ED, describe instruments and procedures used to assess ED, and discuss the counselor's role in the assessment process.
Real Scenarios and Complementary Lectures: A Classroom Training Approach to Increase Counselor Awareness, Knowledge, and Skill
Authors: Brinson Jesse A. , Brew Leah , Denby Ramona
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to describe a classroom approach for training counseling students in the area of cross‐cultural competence. The authors describe real scenarios that form the foundation for an intensive classroom discussion and lecture format regarding cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills.
Mind–Body Medicine and the Art of Self‐Care: Teaching Mindfulness to Counseling Students Through Yoga, Meditation, and Qigong
Authors: Schure Marc B. , Christopher John , Christopher Suzanne
Published: December 2011

A 4‐year qualitative study examined the influence of teaching hatha yoga, meditation, and qigong to counseling graduate students. Participants in the 15‐week, 3‐credit mindfulness‐based stress reduction course reported positive physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, and interpersonal changes and substantial effects on their counseling skills and therapeutic relationships. Students expressed different preferences for and experiences with the 3 mindfulness practices. Most students reported intentions of integrating mindfulness practices into their future profession.
Role Overload, Job Satisfaction, Leisure Satisfaction, and Psychological Health Among Employed Women
Authors: Pearson Quinn M.
Published: December 2011

Role overload, job satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, and psychological health were measured for 155 women who were employed full time. Role overload was negatively correlated with psychological health, job satisfaction, and leisure satisfaction. Job satisfaction and leisure satisfaction were positively correlated with psychological health. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that role overload was the strongest predictor of psychological health and that job satisfaction and leisure satisfaction, respectively, added significantly to the prediction equation.
The Influence of Culture, Self‐Reported Multicultural Counseling Competence, and Shifting Standards of Judgment on Perceptions of Family Functioning of White Family Counselors
Authors: Gushue George V. , Constantine Madonna G. , Sciarra Daniel T.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the perceptions of 163 White family counselors who reported their overall impressions of family functioning in response to a fictitious case report. On the intake summary, the family was identified as either Latino or White. Aside from the names used for family members, the cases were identical. Participants assigned significantly higher (i.e., healthier) ratings to the Latino family as compared with the White family. However, this effect was moderated by self‐reported multicultural counseling knowledge and awareness. Implications of the findings are discussed.
ACA Advocacy Competencies: Social Justice Advocacy at the Client/Student Level
Authors: Ratts Manivong J. , Hutchins A. Michael
Published: December 2011

There is a rise in calls for counselors to be advocates for social justice. Counselors can meet the growing need to expand their roles to include advocacy by using the ACA (American Counseling Association) Advocacy Competencies (J. A. Lewis, M. S. Arnold, R. House, & R. L. Toporek, 2002). This article operationalizes the client/student level of the competencies and explores implications for the profession.
The Adolescent Mattering Experience: Gender Variations in Perceived Mattering, Anxiety, and Depression
Authors: Dixon Andrea L. , Scheidegger Corey , McWhirter J. Jeffries
Published: December 2011

Individuals who perceive that they matter to others are likely to experience lower anxiety and depression levels. The effects of young adolescents' perceived mattering on their anxiety and depression levels were examined. Results indicated that female adolescents reported lower anxiety levels but greater depression levels than did male adolescents, perceived mattering was inversely related to adolescents' anxiety and depression levels, and the associations between mattering and anxiety and between mattering and depression varied by gender.
Counselor Bilingual Ability, Counselor Ethnicity, Acculturation, and Mexican Americans' Perceived Counselor Credibility
Authors: Ramos‐Sánchez Lucila
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effects of counselor bilingual ability and counselor ethnicity on client‐perceived counselor credibility and cultural competence. Participants were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions created by crossing counselor ethnicity with counselor language. No significant differences were found. Regarding rank ordering of the conditions, the European American bilingual counselor was perceived to be more culturally competent than were the Mexican American bilingual counselors. Findings underscore the importance of bilingualism for European American counselors when working with bilingual Mexican American clients.
Bystanders' Reactions to Witnessing Repetitive Abuse Experiences
Authors: Janson Gregory R. , Carney JoLynn V. , Hazler Richard J. , Oh Insoo
Published: December 2011

The Impact of Event Scale—Revised (D. S. Weiss &C. R. Marmar, 1997) was used to obtain self‐reported trauma levels from 587 young adults recalling childhood or adolescence experiences as witnesses to common forms of repetitive abuse defined as bullying. Mean participant scores were in a range suggesting potential need for clinical assessment at the time these events occurred. Multiple regression analysis identified significant predictors of distress levels, with intensity of abuse being the strongest. Additional results and implications of findings are discussed.
Breast Cancer Survivors Coping with Lymphedema: What all Counselors Need to Know
Authors: Heppner P. Paul , Tierney Candece Glauser , Wang Yu‐Wei , Armer Jane M. , Whitlow Natalie M. , Reynolds Alysia
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to promote greater understanding among counselors and other helping professionals regarding the stressors associated with lymphedema, how women cope with the stressors, and the role of social support. An intensive qualitative study was conducted; data were analyzed using a consensual qualitative research approach. The results suggest that coping with lymphedema is complex and pervasive. Implications for counselors who work with cancer survivors who experience lymphedema are discussed.
Developmental Science and Counseling
Authors: Geidner James M.
Published: December 2011

Developmental counseling is a promising model integrating theory and practice. A. E. Ivey's (2000; A. E. Ivey & O. F. Goncalves, 1988) work is discussed as a template for proposing a more comprehensive developmental perspective. Where A. E. Ivey's model renders a case for cognition, the current article encompasses other developmental systems driving cognitive processes, such as attachment, self, and affect. A developmental systems theory is advanced as one possible solution to the limitations of available models. Application to case vignettes and a rethinking of style shift are offered.
Religious Identity and Cultural Diversity: Exploring the Relationships Between Religious Identity, Sexism, Homophobia, and Multicultural Competence
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Schlosser Lewis Z. , Levitt Dana Heller
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors present the results from a national study investigating the relationships between religious identity, sexism, homophobia, and multicultural competence. Participants were 111 randomly sampled counseling professionals and graduate students. The results indicated a relationship between religious identity and various aspects of valuing cultural diversity, including sexism, homophobia, and multicultural competence. Implications of the role of religion and religious identity in counseling are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.
An Examination of Burnout Among School Counselors Guided by Stress‐Strain‐Coping Theory
Authors: Wilkerson Kevin
Published: December 2011

The Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Educators Survey (MBI‐ES; C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter, 1996) was used to examine burnout among professional school counselors (N = 198). Guided by stress‐srain‐coping theory, final hierarchical regression models accounted for 49% of the variation on the Emotional Exhaustion scale, 27% on the Depersonalization scale, and 36% on the Personal Accomplishment scale. Numerous individual stress and coping variables significantly predicted burnout among school counselors in the multivariate context.
Counseling Expectations Among Students in an Opportunity Program: Dispositional and Cultural Influences
Authors: Winograd Greta , Tryon Georgiana Shick
Published: December 2011

College students (N = 102) from African American and Latino backgrounds who participated in an opportunity program completed H. E. A. Tinsley's (1982) Expectations About Counseling‐Brief Form (EAC‐B) and measures of self‐esteem, attributional style, problem‐solving appraisal, acculturation, and cultural congruity. Lower self‐esteem and a more depressive attributional style were linked to lower counseling expectations. All 3 dispositional variables were more strongly related to counseling expectations among students reporting higher levels of immersion in their ethnic group of origin. Implications for help‐seeking and the counseling relationship are discussed.
Applying Critical Consciousness: Culturally Competent Disaster Response Outcomes
Authors: Goodman Rachael D. , West‐Olatunji Cirecie A.
Published: December 2011

The authors explored the use of critical consciousness as a training tool to provide effective, culturally competent disaster response counseling services to disaster‐affected communities. The results are presented of a qualitative study evaluating the outcomes for participants in a disaster response outreach project serving residents of post‐Katrina New Orleans. Participants demonstrated increased personal and cultural awareness and also constructed new knowledge related to counseling outreach competencies.
Work‐Family Conflict and Career Development Theories: A Search for Helping Strategies
Authors: Slan‐Jerusalim Rebecca , Chen Charles P.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the connection between the work‐family conflict literature and some career development and counseling theories, attempting to use theoretical tenets for the development of effective helping interventions. The focus is on female workers' experience of work‐family conflict, given that this group is more exposed to and negatively affected by such conflict in their personal and vocational lives. Career counseling implications are discussed in an effort to identify more effective helping and coping strategies.
Engaging Clients, Families, and Communities as Partners in Mental Health
Authors: Bryan Julia
Published: December 2011

Counselors are being called on to reach beyond the office and clinic to partner with clients, their families, and communities to address mental health and social problems. Counselors need models of collaboration that guide them in building transformative client‐family‐community partnerships. W. J. Doherty and T. J. Mendenhall (2006) presented a model of community‐based collaboration in their article Citizen Health Care: A Model for Engaging Patients, Families, and Communities as Co‐Producers of Health. After reviewing their article, an analysis of a university‐community partnership is used to frame the discussion of the model's implications for counselors and counselor education programs.
School Counselor Accountability: The Path to Social Justice and Systemic Change
Authors: Dahir Carol A. , Stone Carolyn B.
Published: December 2011

Expectations run high that accountability for student outcomes will continue to drive the education agenda with reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965). School counselors have also recognized the imperative to connect their work to school improvement goals. This article discusses action research undertaken by school counselors who used data‐informed practice to align counseling programs with the accountability expectations of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (2002) and the American School Counselor Association (2003, 2005) National Model.
Faces of the Future: School Counselors as Cultural Mediators
Authors: Portman Tarrell Awe Agahe
Published: December 2011

Twenty years ago, futurists examined the changing role of the school counselor and forecasted what the 21st‐century school counselor would need to know. This article forecasts the future of school counseling in the next 20 years by focusing on expected diversity of K‐12 students. Speculation on student enrollment based on projected trends and extrapolated data is used to describe the professional knowledge, awareness, and skills school counselors will need to touch the lives of the students of the future.
Contemporary Fears of Children and Adolescents: Coping and Resiliency in the 21st Century
Authors: Burnham Joy J.
Published: December 2011

This study was prompted by the continual exposure of youth to disasters (e.g., 9/11, Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, school violence) and the call for revisions in fear assessments to reflect contemporary fears. Fears of 1,033 students in Grades 2–12 were examined using the American Fear Survey Schedule for Children (J. J. Burnham, 2005). Results indicated that new fears have emerged in the 21st century, alerting counselors to consider preventative and intervention activities to address contemporary fears.
Chaos Theory as a Model for Life Transitions Counseling: Nonlinear Dynamics and Life's Changes
Authors: Bussolari Cori J. , Goodell Judith A.
Published: December 2011

Chaos theory is presented for counselors working with clients experiencing life transitions. It is proposed as a model that considers disorder, unpredictability, and lack of control as normal parts of transition processes. Nonlinear constructs from physics are adapted for use in counseling. The model provides a method clients can use to reconstruct their own alternative life narratives, a framework in which life stories are understood, and a means to facilitate cocreation of adaptive interventions.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory: A Bridge for the Research‐Practice Gap in Counseling
Authors: Murray Christine E.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a diffusion of innovation theory‐based framework for addressing the gap between research and practice in the counseling profession. The author describes the nature of the research‐practice gap and presents an overview of diffusion of innovation theory. On the basis of the application of several major postulates of diffusion of innovation theory to the research‐practice gap, several theory‐based research practices and questions are proposed.
Counseling in the República Bolivariana de Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela)
Authors: Montilla R. Esteban , Smith Robert L.
Published: December 2011

Counseling is an emerging profession in Latin America that offers people an opportunity to voice pain, exercise power, authentically connect with others, and experience healing within the community. Counseling reflects collaborative efforts between consultant and consultee who come together to reach mutual healing and growth through the use of indigenous and integrated approaches. Counseling in Venezuela includes using holistic assessment models and emancipating healing modalities centered on people's resilience, sense of hope, and community resources.
Workaholism, Health, and Self‐Acceptance
Authors: Chamberlin Christine M. , Zhang Naijian
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationships between workaholism, perceived parental workaholism, self‐acceptance, psychological well‐being, and physical symptoms among 347 college students. Statistically significant relationships were found between college students' perceived parental workaholism and their own workaholism. Also, relationships between workaholism, self‐acceptance, psychological well‐being, and physical symptoms were discovered. Students with higher perceptions of parental workaholism reported lower levels of psychological well‐being, lower levels of self‐acceptance, and more physical health complaints. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Investigation of Ethnic Self‐Labeling in the Latina Population: Implications for Counselors and Counselor Educators
Authors: Malott Krista M.
Published: December 2011

Using a qualitative approach, the author explored the process of ethnic label selection, change, and the meaning assigned to ethnic labels. Ten women of Mexican descent participated in semistructured, in‐depth interviews. Phenomenological analysis of the data revealed several themes, including the importance of family, ancestral traditions, and cultural traits; label as identity; and labels as complex and dynamic. Factors that influenced label choice, meaning, and change; implications for counselors and counselor educators; and limitations and suggestions for future research were addressed.
Wellness: A Review of Theory and Measurement for Counselors
Authors: Roscoe Lauren J.
Published: December 2011

Wellness is considered the paradigm of counseling and development (J. E. Myers, 1991, 1992). However, researchers have failed to agree on a definition or on the dimensional structure of wellness. Furthermore, existing quantitative wellness instruments are inadequate for capturing the complexity of wellness. The author reviews wellness theory and proposes an integrated definition of the construct. Existing wellness assessment instruments are explored along with advancements in research, theory, and measurement. Finally, implications for counseling and assessment are addressed.
Use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 With Persons Diagnosed With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hayes Danielle , Granello Darcy Haag
Published: December 2011

Counselors who assess persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 (MMPI‐2; T. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) may find scale elevations on Scales 1, 2, 3, and 8. These elevations may be due, at least in part, to specific questions on the MMPI‐2 that assess physiological or neurological symptoms that are common in MS. Researchers have identified specific questions that have overlap between psychological and physiological symptoms and created neurocorrections that can be used, along with a thorough clinical interview, to more accurately assess persons with MS.
Metaphor as an Instrument for Orchestrating Change in Counselor Training and the Counseling Process
Authors: Robert Tracey , Kelly Virginia A.
Published: December 2011

The authors explore the use of metaphors as a training tool for beginning counselors for enhancing client case conceptualization, counselor‐client relationships, and intervention strategies. The history of the use of metaphors in counseling, several definitions, and a case study are presented. The authors discuss intentional use of metaphors with students in training and with clients. How to introduce the use of metaphors into counselor training and practice is also included.
A Narrative Approach to Supporting Students Diagnosed With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lambie Glenn W. , Milsom Amy
Published: December 2011

Students diagnosed with learning disabilities experience many challenges that school counselors may address through narrative therapy. Narrative therapy is a postmodern, social constructionist approach based on the theoretical construct that individuals create their notions of truth and meaning of life through interpretive stories. This article identifies potential challenges students diagnosed with learning disabilities encounter, provides an orientation to narrative therapy, and offers a case example illustrating the application of narrative therapy with this client population.
Inner Subjective Experiences and Social Constructionism: A Response to Rudes and Guterman (2007)
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

In an earlier article, the author argued that there had been a devaluation of inner subjective experiences by the counseling profession over the last several decades (J. T. Hansen, 2005). In their reply to this article, J. Rudes and J. T. Guterman (2007) advocated for a social constructionist position for the counseling profession. In the current article, 2 fundamental premises that are inherent in the reply of J. Rudes and J. T. Guterman are examined. Disagreements with 1 of these premises are elaborated, and implications for the counseling profession are discussed.
The Unstructured Clinical Interview
Authors: Jones Karyn Dayle
Published: December 2011

In mental health, family, and community counseling settings, master's‐level counselors engage in unstructured clinical interviewing to develop diagnoses based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Although counselors receive education about diagnosis and the DSM classification system, the majority of them are not specifically trained in clinical interviewing. This article provides information about using the unstructured clinical interview to make a DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis for adult clients with Axis I and Axis II disorders.
The School Counselor's Role in School Dropout Prevention
Authors: White Susan Williams , Kelly F. Donald
Published: December 2011

The role of the school counselor has undergone numerous revisions over the past few decades. The current emphasis on accountability and academic performance of students has forced counselors to scrutinize their role in promoting students' academic success and school completion. In this article, the authors review the problem of school dropout from the school counselor's perspective and offer guidelines for how school counselors can deliver empirically supported strategies to address this problem as part of their comprehensive guidance programs.
Using a Multicultural Framework to Assess Supervisees' Perceptions of Culturally Competent Supervision
Authors: Ancis Julie R. , Marshall Doreen S.
Published: December 2011

Multicultural competency has been identified as essential to effective and ethical practice, particularly in the area of trainee supervision. Yet little is known about how multicultural issues are addressed in the supervision process. Counseling and psychology trainees who indicated a high degree of interest in multicultural issues were interviewed about their supervisory experiences to assess their perceptions of culturally competent supervision. Constant comparative methodology was used to analyze the data. Limitations and implications for research are discussed.
Nontenured Assistant Professors as American Counseling Association Division Presidents: The New Look of Leadership in Counseling
Authors: Gibson Donna M. , Dollarhide Colette T. , McCallum Leah J.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the lived experiences of 6 nontenured assistant professors who were serving or had recently served as presidents‐elect or presidents of American Counseling Association divisions. The participants described their motivation for serving in these capacities and shared the experiences of serving while faced with the traditional expectations of scholarship at their universities. Implications are provided for future research and training specific to leadership and professionalization in the counseling profession.
Spirituality and Religiosity: Factors Affecting Wellness Among Low‐Income, Rural Women
Authors: Gill Carman S. , Minton Casey A. Barrio , Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

A study including measures of spirituality, religiosity, and wellness was conducted to identify coping strategies for the multiple challenges to wellness faced by low‐income, rural women. Total spirituality and religiosity accounted for 39% of the variance in wellness, with purpose and meaning in life, unifying interconnectedness, and private religious practices composing the main contributions. Implications for counselors working with these women are discussed, as is the need for further research.
The Black Student Experience at Predominantly White Colleges: Implications for School and College Counselors
Authors: Guiffrida Douglas A. , Douthit Kathryn Z.
Published: December 2011

Research from higher education and cultural studies that has examined the Black college student experience at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) is presented to assist counselors in understanding how Black college students' relationships with faculty, family, friends from home, and peers in Black student organizations can become assets or liabilities to their academic achievement and persistence. Implications are provided for assisting counselors in preparing Black students for, and supporting them while attending, PWIs.
Enhancing Reflective Practice in Multicultural Counseling Through Cultural Auditing
Authors: Collins Sandra , Arthur Nancy , Wong‐Wylie Gina
Published: December 2011

Counselors work in an increasingly complex cultural milieu where every encounter with a client must be considered multicultural in nature. Reflective practice is a central component of professional competence and necessarily involves attention to culture. The cultural auditing model provides an effective and flexible reflective process for enhancing multicultural counseling. The 13 steps in the model are detailed with probes and questions to guide counselor reflection. A case example illuminates the principles involved.
Empathy: An Integral Model in the Counseling Process
Authors: Clark Arthur J.
Published: December 2011

Expanding on a framework introduced by Carl Rogers, an integral model of empathy in counseling uses empathic understanding through 3 ways of knowing: Subjective empathy enables a counselor to momentarily experience what it is like to be a client, interpersonal empathy relates to understanding a client's phenomenological experiencing, and objective empathy uses reputable knowledge sources outside of a client's frame of reference. Across the counseling process, empathy is integral to treatment strategies and interventions.
College Adjustment and Subjective Well‐Being When Coping With a Family Member's Illness
Authors: Schmidt Christa K. , Welsh Anne C.
Published: December 2011

Individuals coping with the chronic or terminal illness of a family member are presented with a unique challenge that may influence their adjustment and overall well‐being. This study investigated variables that relate to college adjustment and subjective well‐being, including attachment, social support, coping, and illness‐related constructs, in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 171) faced with this family crisis. The findings and counseling implications for this group are discussed.
An Emergent Theory of Gatekeeping Practices in Counselor Education
Authors: Ziomek‐Daigle Jolie , Christensen Teresa M.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes findings from a qualitative study involving 8 counselor educators who taught in master's programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Data analysis revealed an emergent theory of gatekeeping practices that includes 4 phases: preadmission, postadmission, remediation plan, and remediation outcome. The authors detail each phase and relate this process to counselor education. They outline implications of the findings for standards proposed by CACREP (2009) and American Counseling Association (2005) guidelines and offer suggestions for future research.
Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Help for an Eating Disorder: The Role of Stigma and Anticipated Outcomes
Authors: Hackler Ashley H. , Vogel David L. , Wade Nathaniel G.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between self‐stigma, anticipated risks and benefits associated with seeking counseling, and attitudes toward seeking counseling among college students with disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. The results of hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that self‐stigma and the anticipated risks and benefits significantly predicted attitudes toward counseling for people with disordered eating. In addition, self‐stigma had a stronger relationship with men's attitudes toward counseling than with women's, and anticipated benefits had a stronger relationship with women's attitudes toward counseling than with men's.
The ABCs of CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy): Evidence‐Based Approaches to Child Anxiety in Public School Settings
Authors: Miller Lynn D. , Short Christina , Garland E. Jane , Clark Sandra
Published: December 2011

This study evaluated a locally developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) intervention program in a public elementary school. In the prevention approach, 118 children were randomly assigned either to an 8‐week intervention or to a waitlist control. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the manualized CBT intervention did not reduce symptoms of anxiety on either self‐reports or parent reports of anxiety symptoms in the general school population. Challenges to translational efforts to public school settings are discussed.
Client Perceptions of Pretreatment Change
Authors: Kindsvatter Aaron , Osborn Cynthia J. , Bubenzer Donald , Duba Jill D.
Published: December 2011

The authors suggest that when counselors have a rich understanding of pretreatment changes, they are better able to assist clients in capitalizing on such changes. The current study examined client perceptions of pretreatment changes. Thirty‐six clients completed Q‐sorts pertaining to pretreatment changes they experienced. Four factors pertaining to client perceptions of pretreatment change emerged from the study: problem legitimacy, spiritual resources, ambivalence, and hope. Clinical implications for working with the different pretreatment changes that emerged from this study are discussed.
Evaluation of a Career Development Skills Intervention With Adolescents Living in an Inner City
Authors: Turner Sherri L. , Conkel Julia L.
Published: December 2011

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention with adolescents living in an inner city that was based on the Integrative Contextual Model of Career Development (Lapan, 2004). Adolescent participants reported greater efficacy and positive self‐attributions and greater skills in person‐environment fit; social, prosocial, and work readiness; the garnering of emotional and instrumental support; and self‐regulated learning. Adolescents who participated in a more traditional career counseling model only reported greater emotional support than did adolescents not receiving career counseling.
Relationship of Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, and Psychological Well‐Being Among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Americans
Authors: Chae Mark H. , Foley Pamela F.
Published: December 2011

The current investigation examined the relationship of ethnic identity, acculturation, and psychological functioning among 334 Chinese, Japanese, and Korean American participants. Multiple regression analyses revealed that ethnic identity and acculturation differentially predicted well‐being on the basis of ethnic group membership. Results also indicated that a bicultural worldview was positively associated with psychological well‐being. Implications for counseling and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Exploring Self‐Injury Through a Relational Cultural Lens
Authors: Trepal Heather C.
Published: December 2011

In this article, self‐injurious behaviors are examined through the conceptual framework of relational cultural theory (RCT). As an emerging theoretical approach that takes into account the importance of relationships and relational goals, it is suggested that RCT be used in conjunction with mainstream approaches to treat self‐injury.
Metaphoric Stories in Supervision of Internship: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Sommer Carol A. , Ward Janice E. , Scofield Thomas
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a qualitative study that explored how the use of stories in supervision may contribute to self‐reflection in master's‐level counseling interns. Interns from 2 universities participated in facilitated discussions of 3 fairy tales throughout a semester. The analysis of storied discussions revealed 3 themes related to supervisee experience: recurring cycles of highs and lows, balancing external and internal influences, and struggles with self‐awareness. Suggestions for practice and future research are included.
The Trajectory of Counseling in China: Past, Present, and Future Trends
Authors: Lim Soh‐Leong , Lim Ben Kock Hong , Michael Rand , Cai Rainbow , Schock Cheryl K.
Published: December 2011

This article surveys the past, present, and future trends of counseling in China. Historically, mental health problems were addressed within the family. Currently, psychotherapy from trained practitioners is available on a limited basis, at least in urban settings. The challenge of mental health in China is tremendous, and the efforts to meet that challenge are encouraging. The authors recommend that in the future, prevention and intervention services be offered that are ecosystemic, strengths‐based, and culturally appropriate.
Professional Counseling in Romania: An Introduction
Authors: Szilagyi Andreea , Paredes Daniel M.
Published: December 2011

The formalization and professionalization processes in Romania resemble the early history of counseling in the United States, where development initially took place in the educational and career/vocational sectors. Brief accounts of the relationship between select periods in Romanian history and access to education and career/vocational support services are presented to provide a context for present‐day counseling activities. Information on the development of counseling in Romania, current practices, and future opportunities are presented as well.
Counseling in Italy
Authors: Remley Theodore P. , Bacchini Eugenio , Krieg Paul
Published: December 2011

The counseling profession in Italy is in an early stage of development. No university preparation programs exist, and counselors are not employed in schools. Counselors maintain private practices, work in agencies, and are employed by the government. Counselors receive their preparation in Italy from professional associations in programs that include 450 to 500 hours of instruction. The social and political climate in Italy suggests that the profession of counseling will continue to develop.
The Path from Identity Commitments to Adjustment: Motivational Underpinnings and Mediating Mechanisms
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Schwartz Seth J. , Soenens Bart , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Goossens Luc
Published: December 2011

The present study focused on motivational underpinnings of identity commitments and mediating mechanisms underlying their effects on well‐being and distress in a sample of college freshmen (N = 399). Using a path model in a structural equation modeling approach, the authors found that causality orientations appeared to serve as motivational antecedents of identity commitments. Identity integration mediated the pathway from identity commitments to adjustment (i.e., well‐being and absence of distress). Suggestions for future research and implications for counseling are provided.
Troubled Ruminations about Parents: Conceptualization and Validation with Emerging Adults
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Finley Gordon E.
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to introduce the construct of troubled ruminations about parents and to develop a brief screening instrument. An ethnically diverse sample of 1,376 university students completed the instrument and other measures of psychosocial functioning. Troubled ruminations about mothers and fathers were related to self‐esteem, life satisfaction, psychological distress, and romantic relationship problems, and less strongly to purpose in life, friendship quality, and friendships satisfaction. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
Cognitive Complexity Among Practicing Counselors: How Thinking Changes with Experience
Authors: Granello Darcy Haag
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether years of experience in the counseling profession can help predict levels of cognitive complexity among practicing counselors. Results of a regression equation found that counselors with more years in the counseling profession had higher levels of cognitive complexity, with highest degree obtained in the counseling profession also contributing to the prediction equation. Years as a practicing counselor, age, gender, and race did not contribute significantly to the equation.
Filial Therapy and Hispanic Values: Common Ground for Culturally Sensitive Helping
Authors: Garza Yvonne , Watts Richard E.
Published: December 2011

Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing minority group in the United States, and numerous and varied interested constituencies stress that preventive intervention with Hispanic families is imperative. Filial therapy as an intervention and prevention counseling approach shows promise as an effective way to help these families. This article explores some of the constructs of filial therapy, specifically regarding ways they interface with important social and cultural values of Hispanic families.
Strength in the Face of Adversity: Resilience Strategies of Transgender Individuals
Authors: Singh Anneliese A. , Hays Danica G. , Watson Laurel S.
Published: December 2011

This phenomenological inquiry explored the lived experiences of resilience of 21 transgender individuals. Through individual semistructured interviews (3 interviews each with 5 participants) and 1 focus group interview (16 participants), the authors identified 5 common resiliency themes (evolving a self‐generated definition of self, embracing self‐worth, awareness of oppression, connection with a supportive community, and cultivating hope for the future) and 2 variant themes (social activism and being a positive role model for others). Future practice and research directions are discussed.
What Is Missing in Counseling Research? Reporting Missing Data
Authors: Sterner William R.
Published: December 2011

Missing data have long been problematic in quantitative research. Despite the statistical and methodological advances made over the past 3 decades, counseling researchers fail to provide adequate information on this phenomenon. Interpreting the complex statistical procedures and esoteric language seems to be a contributing factor. An overview of missing data and remediation procedures is provided. A systematic approach to addressing missing data along with reporting suggestions is presented.
Posttraumatic Stress in U.S. Marines: The Role of Unit Cohesion and Combat Exposure
Authors: Armistead‐Jehle Patrick , Johnston Scott L. , Wade Nathaniel G. , Ecklund Christofer J.
Published: December 2011

Combat exposure is a consistent predictor of posttraumatic stress (PTS). Understanding factors that might buffer the effects of combat exposure is crucial for helping service members weather the stress of war. In a study of U.S. Marines returning from Iraq, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that unit cohesion and combat exposure predicted PTS, depression, and anger. Furthermore, results indicated that unit cohesion may be an important buffer, possibly limiting the development of PTS and depression following combat exposure.
Counselor Professional Identity: Findings and Implications for Counseling and Interprofessional Collaboration
Authors: Mellin Elizabeth A. , Hunt Brandon , Nichols Lindsey M.
Published: December 2011

This exploratory, qualitative study examined the professional identity of 238 practicing counselors and how they perceived counseling as distinct from psychology and social work. Participants' professional identities seemed to be grounded in a developmental, prevention, and wellness orientation toward helping. Participants also seemed to embrace a unified professional identity. Psychology was perceived as emphasizing testing and social work as focusing on systemic issues. Findings and implications for the counseling profession and interprofessional collaboration are discussed.
Counselors', Rehabilitation Providers', and Teachers' Perceptions of Mental and Physical Disabilities
Authors: Thomas Chippewa M. , Curtis Rebecca S. , Shippen Margaret E.
Published: December 2011

The diversity perceptions of human service professionals may be critical indicators of effective service provision. Specifically, this study explored the disability perceptions of counselors, rehabilitation providers, and teachers (N = 172) enrolled in a large, southeastern university. A 76% response rate was achieved in the study, indicating clear differences by human service providers' preparation area and perceptions of disability type. Implications for preparation and future research are discussed.
A Content Analysis of LGBTQ Qualitative Research in Counseling: A Ten‐Year Review
Authors: Singh Anneliese A. , Shelton Kimber
Published: December 2011

This content analysis examines the qualitative methodology used in counseling research with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) issues published over the last 10 years (1998–2008) in 4 counseling and counseling psychology journals (Journal of Counseling & Development, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Journal of LGBT Issues In Counseling, and The Counseling Psychologist). LGBTQ qualitative investigations in counseling research continue to be rare. Recommendations to increase the trustworthiness and scope of future LGBTQ counseling research are provided.
Play Therapy in Elementary Schools: A Best Practice for Improving Academic Achievement
Authors: Blanco Pedro J. , Ray Dee C.
Published: December 2011

This pilot study of 1st graders who are academically at risk examined the effectiveness of child‐centered play therapy (CCPT). The experimental group received biweekly, 30‐minute play therapy sessions for 8 weeks. Findings indicated that these 1st graders participating in CCPT (n = 21) demonstrated a statistically significant increase on the Early Achievement Composite of the Young Children's Achievement Test (Hresko, Peak, Herron, & Bridges, 2000) when compared with children in the control group (n = 20). Results support using CCPT as an intervention for academic achievement.
Meta‐Analysis: A Systematic Method for Synthesizing Counseling Research
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Li Peiwei
Published: December 2011

The authors provide a template for counseling researchers who are interested in quantitatively aggregating research findings. Meta‐analytic studies can provide relevant information to the counseling field by systematically synthesizing studies performed by researchers from diverse fields. Methodologically sound meta‐analyses require careful planning, diligent literature searches, detailed coding of study information, and knowledge of meta‐analytic approaches to statistical analyses. The authors provide steps to guide counseling researchers in conducting meta‐analytic reviews.
Publishing Qualitative Research in Counseling Journals
Authors: Hunt Brandon
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on the essential elements to be included when developing a qualitative study and preparing the findings for publication. Using the sections typically found in a qualitative article, the author describes content relevant to each section, with additional suggestions for publishing qualitative research.
Publishing Ethical Research: A Step‐by‐Step Overview
Authors: Wester Kelly L.
Published: December 2011

To publish ethical research, one must conduct research responsibly, making ethical choices from the inception of the research idea and throughout the research process. Conducting and publishing ethical research is important because of the impact the results will have on the counseling profession. Steps to consider are discussed.