bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The active living gender’s gap challenge: 2013–2017 Eurobarometers physical inactivity data show constant higher prevalence in women with no progress towards global reduction goals
Authors: Mayo X. , Liguori G. , Iglesias-Soler E. , Copeland R. J. , Clavel San Emeterio I. , Lowe A. , del Villar F. , Jimenez A.
Published: December 2019

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers physical inactivity (PIA) as a critical noncommunicable factor for disease and mortality, affecting more women than men. In 2013, the WHO set a 10% reduction of the PIA prevalence, with the goal to be reached by 2025. Changes in the 2013–2017 period of physical inactivity prevalence in the 28 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to track the progress in achieving WHO 2025 target.

Methods

In 2013 and 2017 EU Special Eurobarometers, the physical activity levels reported by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire of 53,607 adults were analyzed. Data were considered as a whole sample and country-by-country. A χ2 test was used to analyze the physical inactivity prevalence (%) between countries, analyzing women and men together and separately. Additionally, PIA prevalence was analyzed between years (2013–2017) for the overall EU sample and within-country using a Z-Score for two population proportions.

Results

The PIA prevalence increased between 2013 and 2017 for the overall EU sample (p <  0.001), and for women (p = 0.04) and men (p < 0.001) separately. Data showed a higher PIA prevalence in women versus men during both years (p <  0.001). When separately considering changes in PIA by gender, only Belgium’s women and Luxembourg’s men showed a reduction in PIA prevalence. Increases in PIA prevalence over time were observed in women from Austria, Croatia, Germany, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Romania, and Slovakia and in men from Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain.

Conclusions

PIA prevalence showed an overall increase across the EU and for both women and men between 2013 and 2017, with higher rates of PIA reported for women versus men during both years. PIA prevalence was reduced in only Belgium’s women and Luxembourg’s men. Our data indicate a limited gender-sensible approach while tacking PIA prevalence with no progress reaching global voluntary reductions of PIA for 2025.
Physician’s knowledge and opinions on human papillomavirus vaccination: a cross-sectional study, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Anfinan Nisreen M.
Published: December 2019

Background

In a transition period of prevention strategy against HPV infection and cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia, it becomes necessary to appraise physicians’ preparedness to undertake the inherent actions and responsibilities, by evaluating their knowledge and opinions regarding HPV infection and vaccine.

Methods

A cross-sectional study carried out between Jan 2017 and Nov 2018, included 2000 physicians working in 21 public centers from the five regions of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess physicians’ perception about HPV infection prevalence (1 item), knowledge about HPV infection and vaccine (9 items), and opinions and attitudes toward vaccine (4 items). A knowledge score (range 0–9) was calculated and adequate knowledge was assumed for a score ≥ median. Factors associated with opinions and attitudes were explored and multivariate regression was used to analyze independent factors of inadequate knowledge (score < median).

Results

Majority of the participants replied correctly to all knowledge questions, and 63.0% perceived HPV infection as a frequently encountered infection. Median knowledge score was 8 and 62.0% had adequate knowledge (score ≥ 8). Inadequate knowledge was independently associated with Saudi nationality (OR = 1.51, p = 0.003), practice level (resident: OR = 3.53, p < 0.001; junior OR = 1.67, p = 0.002), and non Ob-Gyne specialty (OR = 5.40, p < 0.001); in addition to disparities across region and age. Among the participants, 7.6% were immunized and 41.2% accepted to receive the vaccine, while majority were favorable to have their children vaccinated (77.6%) and to include HPV vaccine in the local immunization program (69.6%). Self-perceived underexposure to HPV infection (58.5%), lack of knowledge about the vaccine (21.1%) and being sexually inactive (14.7%) were the most frequently reported reasons for refusing the vaccine. Overall negative attitude regarding vaccine was typically associated with male, older, Saudi, senior consultant in other than Ob/Gyn specialty. Inadequate knowledge level as well as lowly perceived prevalence of HPV infection were associated with less favorable attitude to vaccination.

Conclusions

More specific educational interventions are warranted to trigger physicians’ active engagement in the fight against HPV infection and cervical cancer. Such interventions should demystify the HPV vaccine by exposing its efficacy, availability and safety, along with providing practical information about the vaccination procedure and goals to achieve successful prevention strategy.
Rapid evaluation for health and social care innovations: challenges for “quick wins” using interrupted time series
Authors: McCarthy Andrew , McMeekin Peter , Haining Shona , Bainbridge Lesley , Laing Claire , Gray Joanne
Published: December 2019

Background

Rapid evaluation was at the heart of National Health Service England’s evaluation strategy of the new models of care vanguard programme. This was to facilitate the scale and spread of successful models of care throughout the health & social care system. The aim of this paper is to compare the findings of the two evaluations of the Enhanced health in Care Homes (EHCH) vanguard in Gateshead, one using a smaller data set for rapidity and one using a larger longitudinal data set and to investigate the implications of the use of rapid evaluations using interrupted time series (ITS) methods.

Methods

A quasi-experimental design study in the form of an ITS was used to evaluate the impact of the vanguard on secondary care use. Two different models are presented differing by timeframes only. The short-term model consisted of data for 11 months data pre and 20 months post vanguard. The long-term model consisted of data for 23 months pre and 34 months post vanguard.

Results

The cost consequences, including the cost of running the EHCH vanguard, were estimated using both a single tariff non-elective admissions methodology and a tariff per bed day methodology. The short-term model estimated a monthly cost increase of £73,408 using a single tariff methodology. When using a tariff per bed day, there was an estimated monthly cost increase of £14,315.

The long-term model had, using a single tariff for non-elective admissions, an overall cost increase of £7576 per month. However, when using a tariff per bed-days, there was an estimated monthly cost reduction of £57,168.

Conclusions

Although it is acknowledged that there is often a need for rapid evaluations in order to identify “quick wins” and to expedite learning within health and social care systems, we conclude that this may not be appropriate for quasi-experimental designs estimating effect using ITS for complex interventions. Our analyses suggests that care must be taken when conducting and interpreting the results of short-term evaluations using ITS methods, as they may produce misleading results and may lead to a misallocation of resources.
Emergence of colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains isolated from cancer patients
Authors: Zafer Mai M. , El-Mahallawy Hadir A. , Abdulhak Asmaa , Amin Magdy A. , Al-Agamy Mohamed H. , Radwan Hesham H.
Published: December 2019

Background

Colistin resistance is mainly driven by alterations in the Gram-negative outer membrane lipopolysaccharides and is caused, in most cases, by mutations in mgrB gene. However, the recent emergence of plasmid-encoded colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae strains represents a serious threat to global public health. In this paper we have investigated the rates of colistin resistance and the underlying mechanisms in 450 Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates obtained from cancer patients in Egypt.

Methods

Colistin susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, by broth microdilution, and by E-test. The mcr-1, mcr-2 and mgrB genes were detected by PCR and then sequenced. Clonal diversity in colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae was evaluated by multilocus sequence typing.

Results

Forty (8.8%) colistin-resistant isolates, including 22 K. pneumoniae and 18 E. coli, were isolated over 18 months. Of these, 50% were carbapenem-resistant, out of which nine were blaOXA-48 and seven blaNDM-1 positive. The mechanisms of colistin resistance could be revealed only in three of the 40 resistant strains, being represented by mcr-1 in one blaNDM-1-positive E. coli strain and in one K. pneumoniae ST11 and by mgrB mutations, detected in one K. pneumoniae isolate. None of the studied isolates harbored mcr-2.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate a high frequency of colistin resistance in enterobacterial strains isolated from cancer patients, but a low prevalence of the most well known resistance mechanisms.
Leptin, resistin and visfatin as useful predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bawah Ahmed Tijani , Seini Mohammed Mustapha , Abaka-Yawason Albert , Alidu Huseini , Nanga Salifu
Published: December 2019

Background

Lipids and adipokines including leptin, resistin and visfatin play various roles in the pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). This study was aimed at determining whether serum leptin, resistin and visfatin are significantly altered during the first trimester of pregnancies that subsequently develop GDM and whether such changes are useful in predicting the disease.

Methods

This was a case-case control study which compared first trimester biochemical and anthropometric parameters in 70 pregnant women who subsequently developed GDM and 70 pregnant women without GDM at the Volta Regional Hospital, Ho, Ghana. Lipid profile and some selected adipokines were analyzed and first trimester body mass index (BMI) was determined.

Results

There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in leptin, resistin, and visfatin as well as significant dyslipidemia among those with GDM compared to those without GDM. Furthermore, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves (AUCs) for leptin, resistin and visfatin were; 0.812, 0.836 and 0.799 respectively. Increased first trimester leptin (OR = 1.166; CI = 1.104–1.233; p < 0.0001), resistin (p < 0.0001) and visfatin (p < 0.0001) were associated with GDM.

Conclusion

Hyperleptinemia, hyperesistinemia and hypervisfatinemia precede GDM and can serve as good predictive indices for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Integrating omics for a better understanding of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a step towards personalized medicine
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Garand Mathieu , Al Khodor Souhaila
Published: December 2019

Background

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifactorial chronic disease. Understanding only one aspect of IBD pathogenesis does not reflect the complex nature of IBD nor will it improve its clinical management. Therefore, it is vital to dissect the interactions between the different players in IBD pathogenesis in order to understand the biology of the disease and enhance its clinical outcomes.

Aims

To provide an overview of the available omics data used to assess the potential mechanisms through which various players are contributing to IBD pathogenesis and propose a precision medicine model to fill the current knowledge gap in IBD.

Results

Several studies have reported microbial dysbiosis, immune and metabolic dysregulation in IBD patients, however, this data is not sufficient to create signatures that can differentiate between the disease subtypes or between disease relapse and remission.

Conclusions

We summarized the current knowledge in the application of omics in IBD patients, and we showed that the current knowledge gap in IBD hinders the improvements of clinical decision for treatment as well as the prediction of disease relapse. We propose one way to fill this gap by implementing integrative analysis of various omics datasets generated from one patient at a single time point.
Ischemia reperfusion injury promotes recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in fatty liver via ALOX12-12HETE-GPR31 signaling axis
Authors: Yang Faji , Zhang Yuheng , Ren Haozhen , Wang Jinglin , Shang Longcheng , Liu Yang , Zhu Wei , Shi Xiaolei
Published: December 2019

Background

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) has been shown to increase the risk of tumor recurrence after liver surgery. Also, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased HCC recurrence. ALOX12–12-HETE pathway is activated both in liver IRI and NASH. Also, ALOX12–12-HETE has been shown to mediate tumorigenesis and progression. Therefore, our study aims to investigate whether the ALOX12–12-HETE-GPR31 pathway involved in IRI induced HCC recurrence in NAFLD.

Methods

HCC mouse model was used to mimic the HCC recurrence in NAFLD. Western Blot, qPCR, Elisa and Immunofluorescence analysis were conducted to evaluate the changes of multiple signaling pathways during HCC recurrence, including ALOX12–12-HETE axis, EMT, MMPs and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. We also measured the expression and functional changes of GPR31 by siRNA.

Results

ALOX12–12-HETE pathway was activated in liver IRI and its activation was further enhanced in NAFLD, which induced more severe HCC recurrence in fatty livers than normal livers. Inhibition of ALOX12–12-HETE by ML355 reduced the HCC recurrence in fatty livers. In vitro studies showed that 12-HETE increased the expression of GPR31 and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and matrix metalloprotein (MMPs) by activating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of GPR31 in cancer cells inhibited the HCC recurrence in NAFLD.

Conclusions

ALOX12–12-HETE-GPR31 played an important role in HCC recurrence and might be a potential therapeutic target to reduce HCC recurrence after surgery in fatty livers.
Metformin in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanism, preclinical and clinical aspects
Authors: Kamarudin Muhamad Noor Alfarizal , Sarker Md. Moklesur Rahman , Zhou Jin-Rong , Parhar Ishwar
Published: December 2019

Growing evidence showed the increased prevalence of cancer incidents, particularly colorectal cancer, among type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. Antidiabetic medications such as, insulin, sulfonylureas, dipeptyl peptidase (DPP) 4 inhibitors and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLP-1) analogues increased the additional risk of different cancers to diabetic patients. Conversely, metformin has drawn attention among physicians and researchers since its use as antidiabetic drug exhibited beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of cancer in diabetic patients as well as an independent anticancer drug. This review aims to provide the comprehensive information on the use of metformin at preclinical and clinical stages among colorectal cancer patients. We highlight the efficacy of metformin as an anti-proliferative, chemopreventive, apoptosis inducing agent, adjuvant, and radio-chemosensitizer in various colorectal cancer models. This multifarious effects of metformin is largely attributed to its capability in modulating upstream and downstream molecular targets involved in apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle, oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, the review highlights metformin intake and colorectal cancer risk based on different clinical and epidemiologic results from different gender and specific population background among diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The improved understanding of metformin as a potential chemotherapeutic drug or as neo-adjuvant will provide better information for it to be used globally as an affordable, well-tolerated, and effective anticancer agent for colorectal cancer.
Water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions and childhood diarrhea in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study
Authors: Soboksa Negasa Eshete , Hailu Abebe Beyene , Gari Sirak Robele , Alemu Bezatu Mengistie
Published: December 2019

Background

Diarrhea is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects children in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Most of the diseases can be prevented through safe drinking water supply and provision of basic sanitation and hygiene. However, there is a paucity of information on childhood diarrhea related to interventions in kebeles (smallest administrative structure) where community-led total sanitation (CLTS) implemented and not implemented (non-CLTS). Thus, the aim of this study was to assess and compare the association of water supply, sanitation and hygiene interventions, and childhood diarrhea in CLTS implemented and non-implemented kebeles.

Method

A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Kersa and Omo Nada districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia from July 22 to August 9, 2018. Systematically selected 756 households with under-5 children were included in the study. Data were collected through interview using structured questionnaires. Water samples were collected in nonreactive borosilicate glass bottles. The binary logistic regression model was used; variables with a p value < 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with childhood diarrhea.

Results

The prevalence of childhood diarrhea in the past 2 weeks was 17.7% (95% CI: 13.9–21.5) in CLTS kebeles and 22.0% (95% CI: 17.8–26.2) in non-CLTS kebeles. The occurrence of childhood diarrhea, increased among children whose families did not treat drinking water at home compared to those who treated in both CLTS (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.02–05.98) and non-CLTS (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 0.82–4.78) kebeles. About 96% of households in CLTS and 91% of households in non-CLTS kebeles had pit latrine with and without superstructure. Children from families that used water and soap to wash their hands were 76% less likely to have diarrhea in CLTS kebeles (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.31–1.88) and 54% less likely to have diarrhea in non-CLTS kebeles (AOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.17–1.72) when compared to children from families who used only water. The odds of having diarrhea was 1.63 times higher among children whose families live in CLTS non-implemented kebeles compared to those children whose families live in CLTS implemented kebeles (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.98–2.68).

Conclusions

No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of childhood diarrhea between CLTS and non-CLTS kebeles.
Does Interim PET Scan After 2 Cycles of ABVD Predict Outcome in Hodgkin Lymphoma? Real-World Evidence
Authors: Seshachalam Arun , Karpurmath Shashidhar V. , Rathnam Krishnakumar , Raman S. Ganapathi , Janarthinakani Murugesan , Prasad Krishna , Patil Channappa , Anoop Parameswaran , Reddy Neelesh , Anumula Satish Kumar , Roopa Sirigeri Prabhakar , Golamari Krishna Reddy , Danthala Madhav , Gunari Prasad , Malipatil Basawantrao , Rangarajan Bharath , Udupa Karthik S. , Nandennavar Manjunath , Niraimathi Kesavan , Shewade Hemant Deepak
Published: December 2019

PURPOSE

Escalated BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) improves overall survival (OS) in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) relative to ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) therapy. However, the associated higher cost and toxicity discourage clinicians from prescribing it. Identifying high-risk patients and administering escalated BEACOPP remains an effective strategy. We assessed the significance of interim positron emission tomography (iPET) scan after 2 cycles (iPET2) in identifying this high-risk subset.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This cohort study used secondary data from 12 tertiary care centers in South India gathered over 10 years (2008-2018). OS, event-free survival (EFS), determinants of EFS, and complete response (CR) in iPET2 were assessed.

RESULTS

The study included 409 patients with HL (mean age, 34.5 years; male/female ratio, 1.4:1). The median duration of follow-up was 2.8 years. Of 409 patients, 63% underwent PET-based staging and 37% underwent computerized tomography (CT) staging. Stage IV (28.9%) and bone involvement (9.2%) were seen more often with PET than with CT staging (9.2% and 2%, respectively). Among 171 patients with iPET2 results, 24% did not achieve CR, and no factors were significantly associated. The 5-year EFS and OS rates of the entire cohort were 78% and 97%, respectively. The 5-year EFS and OS rates of patients with CR on iPET2 were 90% and 99%, respectively, whereas these were 65% and 100%, respectively, for patients not achieving CR. On univariable analysis, sex, stage, and iPET2 response significantly predicted inferior EFS. On multivariate analysis, only iPET2 response significantly predicted EFS ( P < .000).

CONCLUSION

Our study supports the use of PET for staging and iPET2 for response assessment. Nonachievement of CR on iPET2 indicates unfavorable outcome, and such patients may benefit from more intensive treatment.
Transcription Factor Enrichment Analysis in Enhancers Identifies EZH2 as a Susceptibility Gene for Osteoporosis
Authors: Li Meng , Yao Shi , Duan Yuan-Yuan , Zhang Yu-Jie , Guo Yan , Niu Hui-Min , Dong Shan-Shan , Qiu Yu-Sheng , Yang Tie-Lin
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with osteoporosis. Most of these SNPs are noncoding variants and could be mapped to enhancers. Transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in gene regulation via enhancers harboring these SNPs; thus, we aimed to identify common regulatory TFs binding to enhancers associated with osteoporosis.

Methods

We first annotated all the osteoporosis-related SNPs identified by GWASs to enhancers and conducted TF enrichment analyses to identify common TFs binding to osteoporosis-associated enhancers. We further conducted genetic association analyses between the identified TFs and bone mineral density (BMD) in a Han Chinese population.

Results

After functional annotation, a total of 5081 osteoporosis-related SNPs were mapped to enhancers. TF enrichment analyses identified 2 significant TFs after multiple testing adjustments, which are EZH2 (Padj = .028) and NRSF (Padj = .038). We also found 1 SNP, rs111851041, in EZH2 was significantly associated with BMD both at the hip and spine after multiple testing adjustments (hip BMD: P = 4.32 × 10–4; spine BMD: P = 2.72 × 10–3). The expression of EZH2 decreased significantly from 12 to 48 hours of osteogenic differentiation. And functional validation showed that EZH2 was associated with osteoporosis-related phenotypes in knockout mice.

Conclusions

By conducting TF enrichment analyses, we identified EZH2 as a common TF binding to osteoporosis-associated enhancers, and EZH2 was also associated with BMD in a Chinese population. EZH2 is functionally related to bone phenotypes. The identified gene could provide new insight into osteoporosis pathophysiology and highlight opportunities for future clinical and pharmacological research on osteoporosis.
Intracellular organization in cell polarity – placing organelles into the polarity loop
Authors: Vaidžiulytė Kotryna , Coppey Mathieu , Schauer Kristine
Published: December 2019

Many studies have investigated the processes that support polarity establishment and maintenance in cells. On the one hand, polarity complexes at the cell cortex and their downstream signaling pathways have been assigned as major regulators of polarity. On the other hand, intracellular organelles and their polarized trafficking routes have emerged as important components of polarity. In this Review, we argue that rather than trying to identify the prime ‘culprit’, now it is time to consider all these players as a collective. We highlight that understanding the intimate coordination between the polarized cell cortex and the intracellular compass that is defined by organelle positioning is essential to capture the concept of polarity. After briefly reviewing how polarity emerges from a dynamic maintenance of cellular asymmetries, we highlight how intracellular organelles and their associated trafficking routes provide diverse feedback for dynamic cell polarity maintenance. We argue that the asymmetric organelle compass is an indispensable element of the polarity network.
Energy compensation and received echo level dynamics in CF bats during active target approaches
Authors: Stidsholt Laura , Müller Rolf , Beedholm Kristian , Hui Ma , Johnson Mark , Madsen Peter Teglberg
Published: December 2019

Bats have been reported to adjust the energy of their outgoing vocalizations to target range (R) in a logarithmic fashion close to 20log10(R) which has been interpreted as providing one-way compensation for increasing echo levels during target approaches. However, it remains unknown how species using high frequency calls, which are strongly affected by absorption, adjust their vocal outputs during approaches to point-targets. We hypothesized that such species should compensate less than the 20log10(R) model predicts at longer distances and more at shorter distances due to the significant influence of absorption at longer ranges. Using a microphone array and an acoustic recording tag, we show that the output adjustments of two Hipposideros pratti and one H. armiger do not decrease logarithmically during approaches to different sized targets. Consequently, received echo levels increase dramatically early in the approach phase with near constant output levels, but level off late in the approach phase due to substantial output reductions. To improve echo-to-noise ratio, we suggest that bats using higher frequency vocalizations compensate less at longer ranges, where they are strongly affected by absorption. Close to the target, they decrease their output levels dramatically to mitigate reception of very high echo levels. This strategy maintains received echo levels between 6 to 40 dB re 20µPa2s across different target sizes. The bats partially compensated for target size, but not in a one-to-one dB fashion, showing that these bats do not seek to stabilize perceived echo levels, but may instead use them to gauge target size.
Oxygenation properties of hemoglobin and the evolutionary origins of isoform multiplicity in an amphibious air-breathing fish, the blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)
Authors: Storz Jay F. , Natarajan Chandrasekhar , Grouleff Magnus K. , Vandewege Michael , Hoffmann Federico G. , You Xinxin , Venkatesh Byrappa , Fago Angela
Published: December 2019

Among the numerous lineages of teleost fish that have independently transitioned from obligate water-breathing to facultative air-breathing, evolved properties of hemoglobin (Hb)-O2 transport may have been shaped by the prevalence and severity of aquatic hypoxia (which influences the extent to which fish are compelled to switch to aerial respiration) as well as the anatomical design of air-breathing structures and the cardiovascular system. Here we examine the structure and function of Hbs in an amphibious, facultative air-breathing fish, the blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris). We also characterized the genomic organization of the globin gene clusters of the species and we integrated phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses to unravel the duplicative history of the genes that encode the subunits of structurally distinct mudskipper Hb isoforms (isoHbs). The B. pectinirostris isoHbs exhibit high intrinsic O2-affinities, similar to those of hypoxia-tolerant, water-breathing teleosts, and remarkably large Bohr effects. Genomic analysis of conserved synteny revealed that the genes that encode the α-type subunits of the two main adult isoHbs are members of paralogous gene clusters that represent products of the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. Experiments revealed no appreciable difference in the oxygenation properties of co-expressed isoHbs in spite of extensive amino acid divergence between the alternative α-chain subunit isoforms. It therefore appears that the ability to switch between aquatic and aerial respiration does not necessarily require a division of labor between functionally distinct isoHbs with specialized oxygenation properties.
MRI perfusion in patients with stable chest-pain
Authors: van Assen Marly , Kuijpers Dirk Jan , Schwitter Juerg
Published: December 2019

Perfusion-cardiovascular MR (CMR) imaging has been shown to reliably identify patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD), who are at risk for future cardiac events and thus, allows for guiding therapy including revascularizations. Accordingly, it is an ideal test to exclude prognostically relevant coronary artery disease. Several guidelines, such as the ESC guidelines, currently recommend CMR as non-invasive testing in patients with stable chest pain. CMR has as an advantage over the more conventional pathways as it lacks radiation and it potentially reduces costs.
ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ ДЕТЕЙ, ЗАНИМАЮЩИХСЯ ПО ТЕХНОЛОГИИ «МЕНТАЛЬНАЯ АРИФМЕТИКА»
Authors: Vostretsova N. S.
Published: December 2019

В статье рассмотрена технология «Ментальная арифметика» для развития детей России (методика Smartykids), описаны результаты корреляционного анализа на констатирующем и контрольном этапах эксперимента.
СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ АДАПТАЦИЯ ДЕТЕЙ-МИГРАНТОВ В ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЕ
Authors: Usheva T. F. , Munkoeva N. A.
Published: December 2019

В данной статье рассматриваются педагогические задачи современного общества в процессе адаптации детей-мигрантов, психолого-педагогические особенности детей – мигрантов в общеобразовательной школе.
Utility of ICD Codes for Stress Cardiomyopathy in Hospital Administrative Databases: What Do They Signify?
Authors: Bhat Anusha G , White Kevin , Gobeil Kyle , Lagu Tara , Lindenauer Peter K , Pack Quinn R
Published: December 2019

Prior studies of stress cardiomyopathy (SCM) have used International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes to identify patients in administrative databases without evaluating the validity of these codes. Between 2010 and 2016, we identified 592 patients discharged with a first known principal or secondary ICD code for SCM in our medical system. On chart review, 580 charts had a diagnosis of SCM (positive predictive value 98%; 95% CI: 96.4‐98.8), although 38 (6.4%) did not have active clinical manifestations of SCM during the hospitalization. Moreover, only 66.8% underwent cardiac catheterization and 91.5% underwent echocardiography. These findings suggest that, although all but a few hospitalized patients with an ICD code for SCM had a diagnosis of SCM, some of these were chronic cases, and numerous patients with a new diagnosis of SCM did not undergo a complete diagnostic workup. Researchers should be mindful of these limitations in future studies involving administrative databases.
A human rights perspective on the use of social media by the ambulance services
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: December 2019

Social media use on behalf of ambulance services by paramedics, student paramedics and ancillary staff—‘corporate tweeting’, as it has become known—has in recent times been the subject of much debate in the paramedic profession. It has been argued that social media use is an unstoppable tide and a necessary means of imparting information to members of the public about the work the ambulance service performs. Conversely, others have argued that by tweeting about their patients, the ambulance service is breaching a fundamental code of professional ethics due to the use of confidential patient data. This article explores the UK legal framework of privacy and confidence in the healthcare context, from a human rights perspective, and seeks to demonstrate that some corporate tweeting has breached not only ethical standards, but may also have crossed the line into unlawfulness owing to the public nature of the organisations involved, and their legal duty to protect the human rights of their service users.
Taking their first steps as student paramedics
Authors: Springett Lily , Sofield Katy , Pilling Laura
Published: December 2019

In this special education issue of the Journal of Paramedic Practice, we hear from three students who have just started their journey into paramedic education at Edge Hill University. Lily Springett, who feels like she's in a game of snakes and ladders, Katy Sofield, who finds herself in a whirlwind of anatomy, skills and theory, and Laura Pilling, who is preparing her thermal socks and sweets for placement, offer three diverse perspectives on what it has been like to take their first steps as student paramedics
The Caladrius (1200–1300)
Authors: Mallinson Tom
Published: December 2019

Thirteenth century paintings from the libraries of Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753) and Robert Harley (1661–1724).
Research Roundup
Authors: Paterson Ruth
Published: December 2019

Ruth Paterson provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to prescribing practitioners. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided
Human immunodeficiency virus: A review into treatment
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: December 2019

With World AIDS day taking place on the 1 December, this article looks at the progress made in the treatment of HIV. While there is currently no cure for HIV, there are now a number of effective support systems as well as prescription medications, which can help to manage the condition. This article examines the different factors that must be considered when prescribing to treat HIV, including epidemiological data and social determinants, as well as the treatments available, and the aims when prescribing different drug options. Under appropriate care, those living with HIV can continue to live healthy lives, if monitored and managed correctly,.
Steroid-induced diabetes in cancer patients
Authors: Dinn Gemma
Published: December 2019

Cancer and its treatments commonly require steroids to manage their side effects. Steroids increase blood glucose levels, causing new hyperglycaemia in patients with no known history of diabetes, termed steroid-induced diabetes mellitus (SIDM). This paper explores SIDM in cancer patients, identifying areas that could influence positive changes in current and future practice in its management and discuss their impact on practice in an outpatient setting. This paper concludes that active encouragement from staff can lead to an improved patient experience, as well as developing patient-led decisions and promoting self-managment
Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Nanocomposite Nanofibers
Authors: Zhang Y.Z. , Li Q. , Yi B.C. , Su B. , EI-Turki A.
Published: December 2019

Developing nanofillers incorporated polymer nanofibers (i.e., nanocomposite nanofibers) is an effective approach to achieve functionality and efficiency in nanomaterials applications. In this paper, spindle- or needle-shaped hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles with sizes of ca. 100 x 30 nm were synthesized by a wet chemical method. HA-incorporated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanocomposite nanofibers were then successfully fabricated via electrospinning aqueous solutions of HA/PEO blends with varied HA contents. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope observations indicated that if higher HA loadings (e.g., 30%, 50%) were involved, the resultant fiber morphology would be affected by occurring HA aggregates along the fiber axis. The HA nanoparticles were found to aggregate discretely forming raisin-like morphology with their long axis in alignment with the fiber direction. XRD and FTIR results provide evidence of molecular interactions between the nanocrystal HA and PEO, likely because of the formation of hydrogen bondings. With this, it is believed that further development of current HA/PEO nanocomposite nanofibers, biologically mimicking the basic building blocks of the natural bone, may lead to potential applications in repairing hard tissues like bone as well as in developing efficient optoelectronic nanodevices.
Cemented versus uncemented hip implant fixation
Authors: Konan Sujith , Abdel Matthew P. , Haddad Fares S.
Published: December 2019

There is continued debate as to whether cemented or cementless implants should be utilized in particular cases based upon chronological age. This debate has been rekindled in the UK and other countries by directives mandating certain forms of acetabular and femoral component fixation based exclusively on the chronological age of the patient. This editorial focuses on the literature-based arguments to support the use of cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA), while addressing potential concerns surrounding safety and cost-effectiveness.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res. 2019;8(12):604–607.
A randomized clinical trial of nasogastric tube insertion in intubated patient: comparison between finger method and reverse Sellick maneuver
Authors: Rahendra  , Tantri Aida Rosita , Mangkuwerdojo Liliana
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND Finger method is a new simple technique of nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion for intubated patients which only requires the practitioner’s own fingers. This study was aimed to compare the feasibility of finger method and the standard reverse Sellick maneuver in NGT insertion for intubated patients.

METHODS This was a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial that included 210 patients aged 18–65 years old who were intubated under general anesthesia and needed NGT insertion. Initially, subjects were randomly allocated by the third party into two groups: subjects who had NGT insertion with finger method and those with reverse Sellick maneuver. Success rate of NGT insertion at the first attempt, duration of the procedure, and complication rate of blood spots were all recorded. Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney analysis were used to analyze the data.

RESULTS Success rate of NGT insertion at the first attempt in finger method group was higher in comparison with reverse Sellick maneuver group (81.6% versus 60%, respectively, p = 0.002). Likewise, the median of NGT insertion duration was longer in finger group compared to reverse Sellick maneuver group (13 sec versus 12 sec, respectively, p < 0.001) but it was not clinically significant. Moreover, the complication rate of blood spots found during the procedure was lower in subjects with finger method than with reverse Sellick maneuver (10.7% versus 28%, respectively, p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS Using finger method was more feasible than reverse Sellick maneuvers in NGT insertion.
Safety profile of Td vaccination in Indonesian pregnant women: a post-marketing surveillance study
Authors: Satari Hindra Irawan , Puspita Mita , Sundoro Julitasari , Andrijono  , Syafriyal  , Sari Rini Mulia , Bachtiar Novilia Sjafri , Hadinegoro Sri Rezeki
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND The Indonesian Expanded Program of Immunization has implemented tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccination to replace the tetanus toxoid vaccine in pregnant women since the year 2016. Td vaccine is administered to protect against diphtheria and tetanus to the mother and her baby as well. This prospective study was conducted to assess the adverse reactions after Td immunization; besides, a retrospective study was conducted to observe the presence of severe local reaction (Arthus reaction), premature birth, and low birth weight history in the medical records of pregnant women who had received Td immunization in the past year.

METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted in 200 pregnant women. Local reactions and systemic events occurring within 28 days after immunization were recorded in the diary card and were confirmed by the health worker in the follow-up visit. A retrospective study was also conducted to evaluate 750 medical records of pregnant women who had received Td immunization. The study was conducted fromSeptember 2017 to January 2018. The study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03383653.

RESULTS In 185 pregnant women who completed the study, the most common local reaction was pain, occurring in 33.5% of subjects within 24 hours after vaccination. Fever, other systemic reactions, and serious adverse events were not reported during the observation. In the retrospective study, 647 medical records were validated. No Arthus reaction was observed. The prevalence of premature birth was 1.24%, and that of low birth weight was 2.63%, which were below the normal rates.

CONCLUSIONS Td vaccination in pregnant women was safe and well-tolerated.
Sending Federal Fiscal Power Back to the States: Federal Block Grants and the Value of State Legislative Offices
Authors: Mixon Franklin G. , Ladner James A.
Published: December 2019

The paper examines a consequence of the legislative agenda established by the 1994 Republican «Contract with America» (CWA). Through its myriad of block grant programs, the 104th and 105th Congresses which succeeded the CWA would work to increase discretionary public resources across the country by sending federal taxation revenues back to the 50 states. Such an action predictably leads to an increase in die value of holding state-wide legislative office according to public choice theory, and would therefore be expected to lead to an increase in the number of candidates for these offices. This study generates Parks regression results for various equations using state-wide House elections data before and after 1994 to support this contention.
100  Gb/s (4 × 25  Gb/s) real-time coherent UDWDM-PON with a large power budget
Authors: Luo Ming , Wu Danyu , Li Weizhong , Zeng Tao , Zhou Lei , Meng Lingheng , Li Xiang , Yu Shaohua
Published: December 2019

We propose a 100-Gb/s coherent ultra-dense wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (UDWDM-PON) structure with a large power budget by placing an erbium-doped fiber amplifier at the optical line terminal side for amplification of optical signals in both the uplink and downlink. Then we experimentally demonstrate a real-time

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coherent UDWDM-PON at 12.5-GHz spacing over 50-km standard single-mode optical fiber. A high sampling rate analog-to-digital converter is designed for the 25-Gb/s real-time coherent optical module. Experimental results show that 100-Gb/s bidirectional transmission can be realized. The downlink power budget can be more than 44 dB, which can support more than 1000 users based on the proposed structure. The effects of several parameters have also been investigated in the experimental demonstration. The 24-h real-time performance evaluation for bidirectional transmission is conducted to prove the feasibility of real-time field-programmable gate array based transceivers in the proposed UDWDM-PON structure. An off-line experimental demonstration is also conducted to verify the feasibility of burst-mode operation in the uplink.
Terahertz tunable filter and modulator based on magneto plasmon in transverse magnetized InSb
Authors: Li Tengfei , Fan Fei , Ji Yunyun , Tan Zhiyu , Mu Qianyi , Chang Shengjiang
Published: December 2019

The transverse magneto-optical (MO) effect of InSb has been theoretically and experimentally investigated in the terahertz (THz) regime. The calculated photonic band structure and experimental measurements show that a unique circularly polarized magneto plasmon mode, and a linearly polarized transverse magnetic mode can be sensitively manipulated by a weak magnetic field. Moreover, these results indicate that transverse magnetized InSb can be used as a THz tunable high-pass filter and a MO modulator. The cutoff frequency of the filter can be broadly tuned from 0.4 to 0.8 THz when the magnetic field changes from 0 to 0.22 T, and the modulation depth of 20 dB can be obtained. This research has significance for the deep understanding to the THz MO effect of InSb and promotes the development of THz MO devices.
All-optical control of pattern dynamics generated by Airy beams
Authors: Drouzi Lamyae , Maufay Jordan , Sciamanna Marc , Wolfersberger Delphine , Marsal Nicolas
Published: December 2019

We study a pattern-forming system driven by two counterpropagating 2D Airy beams in a nonlinear single feedback configuration. When increasing the Airy beam intensity, modulation instability takes place but with several successive instability thresholds that correspond to destabilization of the different Airy beam satellite lobes. Most importantly, the self-organization is accompanied by a natural drifting dynamics related to the intrinsic acceleration of the Airy beam. The drifting dynamics is controlled by the parameters of the Airy beam itself, once generated. Numerical simulations reproduce the experimental findings.
Optical damage thresholds of microstructures made by laser three-dimensional nanolithography
Authors: Butkutė Agnė , Čekanavičius Laurynas , Rimšelis Gabrielius , Gailevičius Darius , Mizeikis Vygantas , Melninkaitis Andrius , Baldacchini Tommaso , Jonušauskas Linas , Malinauskas Mangirdas
Published: December 2019

Direct laser writing based on non-linear three-dimensional nanolithography (also known as 3D laser lithography, 3DLL) is a powerful technology to manufacture polymeric micro-optical components. However, practical applications of these elements are limited due to the lack of knowledge about their optical resilience and durability. In this Letter, we employ 3DLL for the fabrication of bulk (i.e., fully filled) and woodpile structures out of different photopolymers. We then characterize them using the S-on-1 laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) measurements. In this way, quantitative data of LIDT values can be collected. Furthermore, this method permits to gather damage morphologies. The results presented demonstrate that LIDT values depend on the material and the geometry of the structure. Bulk non-photosensitized hybrid organic/inorganic photopolymer SZ2080 structures are found to be the most resilient with a damage threshold being

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Phase-shifted modal interferometers for high-accuracy optical fiber sensing
Authors: Villatoro Joel
Published: December 2019

The use of two separated, compact modal interferometers (MIs) with an adequate phase shift is proposed for precision optical fiber sensing. The output spectrum of interferometers with such features is a well-defined peak. Changes in the wavelength position or amplitude of the peak caused by a measurand can be detected with high precision. The advantages of phase-shifted interferometers for optical sensing include sensitivity enhancement, easy implementation, simple interrogation, and compactness, among others. The concept is demonstrated by placing two supermode interferometers in series that were built with multicore fiber to sense vibrations with low frequencies and low amplitudes. The sensing architecture proposed here can also be implemented with other types of optical fiber interferometers, and the advantages mentioned above can be achieved.