bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La sensibilité au pays du froid : les Lumières et le sentimentalisme russe
Authors: Fraanje Maarten
Published: July 2011

Чувствительность в холодном севере : русское просвещение и сентиментализм

Русский сентиментализм имеет свои специфические национальные особенности. Понятие «чувствительность» связывалось авторами русского сентиментализма с спецификой национального характера, национальной истории, и общественного устройства. Можно выделить несколько аспектов. Во-первых, авторам русского сентиментализма приходилось опровергать современные стереотипные представления о русском человеке, как тупой и лишен чувствительности. Во-вторых, авторы русского сентиментализма осознавали себя служителями петровских реформ и рассматривали насаждение чувствительности в России как часть русского просвещения. К тому же, чувствительность считалась признаком нового человека, показателем его душевного развития. В этом качестве она могла служить основанием для притязаний на социальное отличие, независимое от сословной принадлежности человека. Меритократический идеал петровской Табели о рангах перетолковывался в духе сентиментального утопизма. Также понятие «чувствительность» связывалось с сознанием, что русская культура молода: благодаря просвещению чувств, недавно появилась в России литература, и ее начало положили чувствительные писатели.
Le sentimentalisme russe et la franc-maçonnerie
Authors: Kochetkova Natalia
Published: July 2011

Russian Sentimentalism and Freemasonry

The spreading of Sentimentalism in Russia coincides with a period of great activity in Masonic lodges, notably the one made up of the circle formed around N. I. Novikov during the years 1770-1780. In spite of their divergences with Freemasons, writers such as M. N. Murav'ev, N. M. Karamzin or A. N. Radiščev felt their profound moral influence. Ail these men were interested in the same issues (the attention paid to 'the inner man', the celebration of friendship — this 'sacred union of souls' — , the pursuit of happiness). Freemasonry and Sentimentalism constitute two separate worlds, which maintained close contacts but did not merge and sometimes conflicted while being sources of mutual enrichment.
N. M. Karamzin traducteur et interprète des Contes moraux de J.-F. Marmontel et de S. F. de Genlis
Authors: Kafanova Olga
Published: July 2011

Н. М. Карамзин переводчики и интерпретатор Contes moraux Ж. Ф. Мармонтеля и С. Ф. Жанлис

В статье исследуется влияние французской «нравоучительной сказки» («conte moral») на становление H. M. Карамзина - переводчика и прозаика.

Хорошей лабораторией выработки сентименталистской стилистики для Карамзина стали его ранние переводы из цикла С. Ф. Жанлис (S. F. de Genlis) les Veillées du château. В еще большей мере на развитие поэтики сентименталистской повести оказали воздействие переводы Карамзина из сборника Ж. Ф. Мармонтеля (J.-F. Marmontel) Nouveaux contes moraux. Русский вариант Мармонтелевых повестей предлагал типологию любовных коллизий и новый язык любви. «Школа» Мармонтеля проявилась для Карамзина также в разработке жанрово-стилистических особенностей повести, отразилась в создании образа чувствительного рассказчика-повествователя и типологии чувствительного героя.

Анализ переводов из Мармонтеля и Жанлис позволяет проследить процесс формирования «психологизированного» языка карамзинской прозы и вместе с тем определить инновационные элементы, внесенные Карамзиным и ставшие приметой русского сентиментализма.
Nikolaj Karamzin et la pensée linguistique de son temps
Authors: Breuillard Jean
Published: July 2011

Nikolaj Karamzin’s Linguistic Thought

It is a commonplace to say that French prose influenced the stylistic reform which led to the 'new Russian style' [novyj slog] defined and critized by Admiral A. S. Šiškov as early as 1803. In comparison the strictly theoretical sources of the Karamzinian reform have been largely ignored, except in V. V. Vinogradov and V. D. Levin's works — still relevant today — and particularly in B. A. Uspenskij's work, published in 1985, Fragments of Literary Russian History in the 18th and Early 19th Centuries : Karamzin's Linguistic Programme and Its Historical Roots, which studies the link between Karamzinism and French preciosity (Vaugelas in particular). This paper intends to show that Karamzin was influenced by linguists and philosophers much closer to his own time. Studying Karamzin within the framework of the linguistic thinking of his time, it shows that sensualism, the underlying philosophy behind sentimentalist aesthetics, also represents the theoretical basis of sentimental writing.
Du rococo au sentimentalisme : les trois premiers recueils poétiques de Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin (1749/1750-1807)
Authors: Fieguth Rolf
Published: July 2011

From Rococo to Sentimentalism : The First Three "Lyrical Cycles" by Franciszek Dionizy Knjaźnin (1749/1750-1807)

Franciszek Dionizy Knjaźnin, a virtuoso of versification and verbal paradox, a remarkable translator and adapter of ancient poetry, deserves attention as a master in the arrangement of his poetry books. The study analyses his transition from Rococo to Sentimentalism by comparing the composition of his enormous poetry book Erotica (1779), a 'lyrical cycle' much in the Petrarquist tradition, to the ordering of texts in his poetry collection Amusements and Little Loves and in his 'lyrical cycle' Orpheus' Laments on Eurydice (both in the volume Poems 1783). The author found that both of these sentimentalist poem sequences are more or less derived from rococo Erotica. Amusements are given their sentimentalist turn less by textual modifications than by some important reductions in the overall arrangement of poems. We see a drastic reduction of the collection's size (from 371 poems in 10 books in Erotica to 74 poems in 3 books in Amusements); a reduction of intertextuality and metapoetical autoreferentiality (Sentimentalism prefers not to expose its artistic procedures); and a reduction of the variety of lyrical genres in favour of a clear domination of the idyll. Furthermore, Amusements do no longer constitute a 'lyrical cycle', since the highly complex web of quasi-narrative threads in Erotica has disappeared. Nevertheless, the three books of Amusements show a movement in tonality from slight euphoria to moderate scepticism in eroticis, but also to serious patriotic didacticism whose connection with Sentimentalism will live a long period in Polish literature. Noteworthy in the last part of Amusements are the 'motivic hints' (death motifs) to the directly following Orpheus' Laments. These consist of 24 poems ('laments') and form a fully developed 'lyrical cycle'. They are sentimentalist in their 'simple' quasi- narrative outline, in their pastoral modesty restraining the sublime of the Orpheus-Eurydice theme, and above ail in a most remarkable lyrical 'tonelessness' and 'colourlessness' in expressing the moods of mourning, despair and depression.
Les politiques langagières en ex-Yougoslavie
Authors: Škiljan Dubravko
Published: July 2011

Language Policies in Former Yugoslavia

In this article the language policy of former Yugoslavia is compared to language policies of the newly constituted states on its territory. The comparison is made through the grid composed of four different typological classifications of language policies (those introduced by Calvet, Phillipson and Skutnabb-Kangas, Fishman, and Kloss), and the conclusion is that, in spite of the proclaimed goals of democratization, nationalistic politics, as ideologically determined as the former language policy was, but in the opposite sense, produced a general deterioration of the state of linguistic rights as well as of the communicative practice.
L'engrenage de la désillusion : l'alliance franco-polonaise au moment de l'heure de vérité
Authors: Drweski Bruno
Published: July 2011

The Big Disillusion : the French-Polish Alliance in September 1939

The Polish defeat of September 1939 had different causes. The question of the German responsibility is well known, such as the Polish incapacity to win the war. The role played by the USSR after the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact has also been largely exposed. But the reasons for the basically inactive diplomatic and then military comportment of both the United Kingdom and France during the August-September 1939 crisis have been very rarely analysed. This situation explains to a certain extent why the war became possible and why USSR acted as it did. We are now in a position to observe the events of 1939 without being submitted to the pressures coming from the political situation as it was after 1939 and 1945.
Французская поэзия в Bесах(В. Брюсов и Рeнe Гиль)
Authors: Doubrovkine Roman
Published: July 2011

La poésie française dans la Balance (Vesy) : Valerii Brioussov et René Ghil

Dans son article, Roman Doubrovkine s'attache à décrire la collaboration du poète René Ghil à la célèbre revue que Valerij Brjusov avait fondée à Moscou en 1904. René Ghil, inventeur d'une poésie qui se disait « scientifique », s'était taillé, en France, la réputation d'un missionaire cherchant à faire école dans un esprit sectaire. Il se spécialisa pour la Balance dans la recension de nouveautés poétiques ; il y devint également l'auteur fécond d'un ensemble d'articles ayant valeur de manifeste, intitulés « Lettres sur la poésie française ». Afin de réaliser des ambitions frustrées et faussant la perspective à dessein, il parvint, grâce à ses écrits, à créer l'illusion d'un important groupement d'auteurs français (le plus souvent des inconnus et des débutants) en les propulsant à l'avant-scène de la poésie moderne. Il imposa ainsi, en matière de littérature, sa propre échelle de valeurs, qui n'avait que peu à voir avec les hiérarchies admises par la critique parisienne. Paradoxalement, bien qu'adversaire déclaré du symbolisme français, René Ghil fut le principal correspondant étranger, six années durant, de l'éminente revue du symbolisme russe. C'est ainsi que la Balance, peu après sa naissance, se mit à déformer la réalité de la poésie française contemporaine et passa sous silence ou détracta les écrivains les plus remarquables de l'époque symboliste.
Gogol', Melville et le « romantisme de la désillusion »
Authors: Géry Catherine
Published: July 2011

Гоголь, Мелвилл и «романтизм разочарования»

В творчестве Николая Гоголя и Германна Мелвилла можно заметить целый ряд смущающих тематических и стилистических совпадений. И тому, и другому пришлось иметь дело с двойным наследством: национальной литературой на стадии становления и европейским наследием, одновременно неизбежным и слишком громоздким, что привело к выработке «эстетики несущественного». Шинель и Писец Бартлби, Мертвые души и Мошенник свидетельствуют о том, что Лукач называл «романтизмом разочарования», и выводят персонажей с проблематичной и изменчивой идентичностью. Акакий Акакиевич и Бартлби с одной стороны, Чичиков и Великий Мошенник с другой обнажают нарративные, структурные и онтологические механизмы романтической вселенной обоих авторов: нестабильность и двусмысленность нарративного дискурса, формальную инфляцию, придающую их стилю барочные черты, разоблачение пустоты и бессодержательности мира и населяющих его существ. История этих двух искателей абсолюта, какими были Гоголь и Мелвилл, показывает также, что скрещение американского трансцендентализма и русского мессианизма с романтизмом разочарования, порожденным неврозами европейской литературы, неизменно приводит к констатации собственного бессилия и к молчанию.
Mitrofan Petrovič Beljaev (1836-1904), mécène de la musique russe
Authors: Melani Pascale
Published: July 2011

сочинение камерного жанра. М. П. Беляев также основатель Попечительного совета для поощрения русских композиторов; он оставил завещание, по которому свыше полумиллиона рублей пожертвовал на русскую музыку.
Encore sur la conjonction russe a to
Authors: Inkova-Manzotti Olga
Published: July 2011

Again About the Russian Conjunction a to

This article aims to prove that the functionment of the Russian conjunction a to can receive a unifíed description, based on a semantic nucleus common to all its usually recognized employments. The conjunction would always refer – thanks to the properties of its components : conjunction a and pronoun to – to a discourse universe w"alt", opened by the tacite proposition – p which is extracted from the left context, so that the proposition q which follows a to should be true in w"alt". The conjunction thus correlates the propositions p and q which are true in alternative discourse universes. The variate uses of a to could then be an effect of the diversity of its semantic components, still this diversity always obeys to a general constraint posed by a to on p and q: their belonging to alternative discourse universes.
Characterization of protein adsorption onto FePt nanoparticles using dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Maffre Pauline , Nienhaus Karin , Amin Faheem , Parak Wolfgang J , Nienhaus G Ulrich
Published: July 2011

Using dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we have analyzed the adsorption of three human blood serum proteins, namely serum albumin, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein E4, onto polymer-coated, fluorescently labeled FePt nanoparticles (~12 nm diameter) carrying negatively charged carboxyl groups on their surface. For all three proteins, a step-wise increase in hydrodynamic radius with protein concentration was observed, strongly suggesting the formation of protein monolayers that enclose the nanoparticles. Consistent with this interpretation, the absolute increase in hydrodynamic radius can be correlated with the molecular shapes of the proteins known from X-ray crystallography and solution experiments, indicating that the proteins bind on the nanoparticles in specific orientations. The equilibrium dissociation coefficients, measuring the affinity of the proteins to the nanoparticles, were observed to differ by almost four orders of magnitude. These variations can be understood in terms of the electrostatic properties of the proteins. From structure-based calculations of the surface potentials, positively charged patches of different extents can be revealed, through which the proteins interact electrostatically with the negatively charged nanoparticle surfaces.
Influence of water on the properties of an Au/Mpy/Pd metal/molecule/metal junction
Authors: Kučera Jan , Groß Axel
Published: July 2011

The geometric and electronic structure of the metal–molecule interface in metal/molecule/metal junctions is of great interest since it affects the functionality of such units in possible nanoelectronic devices. We have investigated the interaction between water and a palladium monolayer of a Au(111)/4-mercaptopyridine/Pd junction by means of DFT calculations. A relatively strong bond between water and the palladium monolayer of the Au/Mpy/Pd complex is observed via a one-fold bond between the oxygen atom of the water molecule and a Pd atom. An isolated H2O molecule adsorbs preferentially in a flat-lying geometry on top of a palladium atom that is at the same time also bound to the nitrogen atom of a Mpy molecule of the underlying self-assembled monolayer. The electronic structure of these Pd atoms is considerably modified which is reflected in a reduced local density of states at the Fermi energy. At higher coverages, water can be arranged in a hexagonal ice-like bilayer structure in analogy to water on bulk metal surfaces, but with a much stronger binding which is dominated by O–Pd bonds.
The Effectiveness of Electrical and Electronic Waste Recycling and Its Implications To Green Building: Empirical Studies in India and Switzerland
Authors: Tam Vivian W. Y.
Published: July 2011

The life of consumer electrical and electronic (E&E) devices is relatively short, and decreasing as a result of rapid changes in equipment features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete E&E equipment. Even though there are conventional disposal methods for E&E waste, these methods have disadvantages from both economic and environmental viewpoints. This paper examines the existing recycling situations and collection methods of E&E waste in India and Switzerland. Questionnaire survey, interview discussions and case studies are conducted. Their E&E waste scenario and technologies applied for E&E waste are investigated. It is found that India performs better in E&E intensity per service unit and employment potentials, while Switzerland performs better in occupational hazards and emissions of toxics. Recommendations to improve the existing E&E waste recycling situations and its implications to green building are also given.
Assessing The Job Creation Potential of Energy Conservation Investments
Authors: Kibert Charles J , Fobair Richard , Sullivan James
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a model for assessing the job creation potential of energy conservation investments resulting from construction related installation activities. It also addresses indirect job creation in manufacturing resulting from the purchase of energy conservation related equipment and materials. The model is based on construction estimating techniques and is designed to be flexible for the purpose of addressing job creation due to a wide variety of energy conservation investments. It uses a reverse estimating technique that begins with the scale of the energy conservation investment and then backs out the contractor's profit and overhead and then the cost of equipment/materials. Next, the model allocates the labor portion of the investment based on loaded labor rates and typical crew make-up. The input variables, including worker skill level, allocation of worker time per skill level, regional effects on job creation, rate of pay, and worker benefits, can be modified for the purpose of fine-tuning the model for geographic region and specific energy conservation programs. Outputs from the model include construction job creation and manufacturing job creation.
The Mind, Body & Spirits Inspired Dining Organic Restaurant
Authors: Kelly Edward J , Tinker Robert R
Published: July 2011

The new Mind, Body & Spirits Inspired Dining Organic Restaurant, located at 301 S. Main Street in downtown Rochester, MI, opened in November of 2008. It is located on the southwest corner of S. Main Street and W. Third Street. It is housed in an existing two-story brick building with a full basement and has a New Greenhouse / Kitchen / Restrooms / Dining Deck Addition located in the former rear parking lot area to the west.
Index and Engineering Properties of Oregon Cob
Authors: Pullen Quinn M , Scholz Todd V
Published: July 2011

Cob is an earthen building material comprised of sand, clay, straw, and water used for millennia to construct dwellings. Although cob construction largely died out during the nineteenth century, it is experiencing a revival in England and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Little scientific research has investigated the engineering properties of cob, knowledge of which is important for modern-day design practices and code requirements. Researchers at Oregon State University investigated six different Oregon cob mixtures using a series of standard soils and concrete tests adapted for this material. The objectives were to characterize the constituents, to establish estimates for the magnitude of, and degree of variability in, the mixture properties, and to develop correlations between the engineering properties and mixture composition. Results indicated low to moderate variation in basic mixture properties (i.e., unit weight, moisture content, and sand equivalent), moderate variation in strength properties, and high variation in the elastic modulus. Several reasonable correlations were found between shrinkage, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and sand equivalent and between flexural strength and fiber tensile strength.
Lentivector Prime and Vaccinia Virus Vector Boost Generate High-Quality CD8 Memory T Cells and Prevent Autochthonous Mouse Melanoma
Authors: Xiao Haiyan , Peng Yibing , Hong Yuan , Liu Yanjun , Guo Z. Sheng , Bartlett David L. , Fu Ning , He Yukai
Published: July 2011

Most cancer vaccines, to date, fail to control established tumors. However, their application in preventing tumors is another question that is understudied. In the current study, we investigated the CD8 memory T cell responses of lentivector (lv) immunization and its potential to prevent melanoma using both transplantable B16 tumor and autochthonous melanoma models. We found that lv-expressing xenogenic human gp100 could induce potent CD8 responses that cross-react with mouse gp100. Importantly, the lv-primed CD8 response consisted of a high number of memory precursors and could be further increased by recombinant vaccinia virus vector (vv) boost, resulting in enhanced CD8 memory response. These long-lasting CD8 memory T cells played a critical role in immune surveillance and could rapidly respond and expand after sensing B16 tumor cells to prevent tumor establishment. Although CD8 response plays a dominant role after lv immunization, both CD4 and CD8 T cells are responsible for the immune prevention. In addition, we surprisingly found that CD4 help was not only critical for generating primary CD8 responses, but also important for secondary CD8 responses of vv boost. CD4 depletion prior to lv prime or prior to vv boost substantially reduced the magnitude of secondary CD8 effector and memory responses, and severely compromised the effect of cancer immune prevention. More importantly, the CD8 memory response from lv-vv prime-boost immunization could effectively prevent autochthonous melanoma in tumor-prone transgenic mice, providing a strong evidence that lv-vv prime-boost strategy is an effective approach for cancer immune prevention.
Identification of New SRF Binding Sites in Genes Modulated by SRF Over-Expression in Mouse Hearts
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Azhar Gohar , Helms Scott , Burton Brian , Huang Chris , Zhong Ying , Gu Xuesong , Fang Hong , Tong Weida , Wei Jeanne Y.
Published: July 2011

Background

To identify in vivo new cardiac binding sites of serum response factor (SRF) in genes and to study the response of these genes to mild over-expression of SRF, we employed a cardiac-specific, transgenic mouse model, with mild over-expression of SRF (Mild-O SRF Tg).

Methodology

Microarray experiments were performed on hearts of Mild-O-SRF Tg at 6 months of age. We identified 207 genes that are important for cardiac function that were differentially expressed in vivo. Among them the promoter region of 192 genes had SRF binding motifs, the classic CArG or CArG-like (CArG-L) elements. Fifty-one of the 56 genes with classic SRF binding sites had not been previously reported. These SRF-modulated genes were grouped into 12 categories based on their function. It was observed that genes associated with cardiac energy metabolism shifted toward that of carbohydrate metabolism and away from that of fatty acid metabolism. The expression of genes that are involved in transcription and ion regulation were decreased, but expression of cytoskeletal genes was significantly increased. Using public databases of mouse models of hemodynamic stress (GEO database), we also found that similar altered expression of the SRF-modulated genes occurred in these hearts with cardiac ischemia or aortic constriction as well.

Conclusion and significance

SRF-modulated genes are actively regulated under various physiological and pathological conditions. We have discovered that a large number of cardiac genes have classic SRF binding sites and were significantly modulated in the Mild-O-SRF Tg mouse hearts. Hence, the mild elevation of SRF protein in the heart that is observed during typical adult aging may have a major impact on many SRF-modulated genes, thereby affecting Cardiac structure and performance. The results from our study could help to enhance our understanding of SRF regulation of cellular processes in the aged heart.
Trajetórias de acesso ao mundo da escrita: relevância das práticas não escolares de letramento para o letramento escolar
Authors: Kleiman Angela B.
Published: July 2011

Utilizando uma concepção sócio-histórica do letramento, que se opõe a umaconcepção instrumental dos usos da escrita (STREET, 1984; KLEIMAN, 1995), este artigo discute aspectos do letramento escolar, apontando algumas implicações dessa concepção para o ensino e a pesquisa. São apresentadas duas linhas de pesquisa desenvolvidas no grupo de pesquisa Letramento do Professor: a que tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento, análise e documentação de ‘projetos de letramento e seus efeitos no letramento escolar e a que focaliza práticas de letramento locais e seus impactos nas identidades de líderes e agentes comunitários. Ambas visam a contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas de ensino favoráveis aos alunos socialmente mais vulneráveis, cujo acesso ao mundo da escrita encontra múltiplos obstáculos.
Simulated enhancement of ENSO-related rainfall variability due to Australian dust
Authors: Rotstayn L. D. , Collier M. A. , Mitchell R. M. , Qin Y. , Campbell S. K. , Dravitzki S. M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Australian dust emissions are highly episodic, and this may increase the importance of Australian dust as a climate feedback agent. We compare two 160-year coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations of modern-day climate using the CSIRO Mark 3.6 global climate model (GCM). The first run (DUST) includes an interactive treatment of mineral dust and its direct radiative effects. The second run (NODUST) is otherwise identical, but has the Australian dust source set to zero. We focus on the austral spring season, when the correlation between rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is strongest over Australia. The ENSO-rainfall relationship over eastern Australia is stronger in the DUST run: dry (El Niño) years tend to be drier, and wet (La Niña) years wetter. The amplification of ENSO-related rainfall variability over eastern Australia represents an improvement relative to observations. The effect is driven by ENSO-related anomalies in radiative forcing by Australian dust over the south-west Pacific Ocean; these anomalies increase (decrease) surface evaporation in La Niña (El Niño) years. Some of this moisture is advected towards eastern Australia, where increased (decreased) moisture convergence in La Niña (El Niño) years increases the amplitude of ENSO-related rainfall variability. The modulation of surface evaporation by dust over the south-west Pacific occurs via surface radiative forcing and dust-induced stabilisation of the boundary layer. The results suggest that (1) a realistic treatment of Australian dust may be necessary for accurate simulation of the ENSO-rainfall relationship over Australia, and (2) radiative feedbacks involving dust may be important for understanding natural rainfall variability over Australia.
Modeling the climate impact of road transport, maritime shipping and aviation over the period 1860–2100 with an AOGCM
Authors: Olivié D. J. L. , Cariolle D. , Teyssèdre H. , Salas D. , Voldoire A. , Clark H. , Saint-Martin D. , Michou M. , Karcher F. , Balkanski Y. , Gauss M. , Dessens O. , Koffi B. , Sausen R.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. For the period 1860–2100 (SRES scenario A1B for 2000–2100), the impact of road transport, maritime shipping and aviation on climate is studied using an Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM). In addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from these transport sectors, most of their non-CO2 emissions are also taken into account, i.e., the forcing from ozone, methane, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, CFC-12 and HFC-134a from air conditioning systems in cars, and contrails. For the year 2000, the CO2 emissions from all sectors together induce a global annual-mean surface air temperature increase of around 0.1 K. In 2100, the CO2 emissions from road transport induce a global mean warming of 0.3 K, while shipping and aviation each contribute 0.1 K. For road transport, the non-CO2 impact is largest between 2000 and 2050 (of the order of 0.1 K) becoming smaller at the end of the 21st century. The non-CO2 impact from shipping is negative, reaching −0.1 K between 2050 and 2100, while for aviation it is positive and its estimate varies between 0 and 0.15 K in 2100. The largest changes in sea-level from thermal expansion in 2000 are 1.6 mm for the CO2 emissions from road transport, and around −3 mm from the non-CO2 effects of shipping. In 2100, sea-level rises by 18 mm due to the CO2 emissions from road transport and by 4.6 mm due to shipping or aviation CO2 emissions. Non-CO2 changes are of the order of 1 mm for road transport, −6.6 mm for shipping, and the estimate for aviation varies between −1.2 and 4.3 mm. When focusing on the geographical distribution, the non-CO2 impact from road transport and shipping on the surface air temperature is only slightly stronger in northern than in southern mid-latitudes, while the impact from aviation can be a factor of 5 stronger in the northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. Further it is observed that most of the impacts are more pronounced at high latitudes, and that the non-CO2 emissions from aviation strongly impact the NAO index. The impacts on the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and the Niño3.4 index are also quantified.
Rates of global temperature change during the past millennium
Authors: Shen C. , Wang W.-C. , Zeng G. , Peng Y. , Xu Y.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We examine the characteristics (amplitude and phase) of the temporal variation in the rates of global-mean surface temperature change during the past millennium. The study was conducted by applying 20-, 30-, and 50-yr sliding windows to the observations of recent century and reconstructions of earlier times. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of the 20th century within the context of the millennium as well as their sensitivity to the low frequency variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and time scales. On 20-yr time scale, comparable rates to that of the 20th century in both amplitude and phase occur in earlier nine centuries. The peak in the amplitude of rates in the 20th century on 30-yr time scale, although is not the largest during the past millennium, but is the most persistent. On 50-yr time scale, the 20th century warming rates are the highest and the most persistent during the past millennium. The results also indicate that although the SST variability does not affect much the amplitude of the rates, but the phases is quite different, thus highlighting the importance of the role of oceans in affecting the rates. We also analyzed the characteristics from global climate model (1000–1999 AD) simulations with different climate (solar, volcanic, and greenhouse gases) forcing. Except for the one driven by the solar forcing, other forcing simulates similar amplitudes as the observed ones. However, only greenhouse gases (GHG) forcing can reproduce the persistent high warming rates of the 20th century.
A novel explicit approach to model bromide and pesticide transport in connected soil structures
Authors: Klaus J. , Zehe E.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The present study tests whether an explicit treatment of worm burrows and tile drains as connected structures is feasible for simulating water flow, bromide and pesticide transport in structured heterogeneous soils at hillslope scale. The essence is to represent worm burrows as morphologically connected paths of low flow resistance in a hillslope model. A recent Monte Carlo study (Klaus and Zehe, 2010, Hydrological Processes, 24, p. 1595–1609) revealed that this approach allowed successful reproduction of tile drain event discharge recorded during an irrigation experiment at a tile drained field site. However, several "hillslope architectures" that were all consistent with the available extensive data base allowed a good reproduction of tile drain flow response. Our second objective was thus to find out whether this "equifinality" in spatial model setups may be reduced when including bromide tracer data in the model falsification process. We thus simulated transport of bromide for the 13 spatial model setups that performed best with respect to reproduce tile drain event discharge, without any further calibration. All model setups allowed a very good prediction of the temporal dynamics of cumulated bromide leaching into the tile drain, while only four of them matched the accumulated water balance and accumulated bromide loss into the tile drain. The number of behavioural model architectures could thus be reduced to four. One of those setups was used for simulating transport of Isoproturon, using different parameter combinations to characterise adsorption according to the Footprint data base. Simulations could, however, only reproduce the observed leaching behaviour, when we allowed for retardation coefficients that were very close to one.
Simple physics-based models of compensatory plant water uptake: concepts and eco-hydrological consequences
Authors: Jarvis N. J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Many land surface schemes and simulation models of plant growth designed for practical use employ simple empirical sub-models of root water uptake that cannot adequately reflect the critical role water uptake from sparsely rooted deep subsoil plays in meeting atmospheric transpiration demand in water-limited environments, especially in the presence of shallow groundwater. A failure to account for this so-called "compensatory" water uptake may have serious consequences for both local and global modeling of water and energy fluxes, carbon balances and climate. Some purely empirical compensatory root water uptake models have been proposed, but they are of limited use in global modeling exercises since their parameters cannot be related to measurable soil and vegetation properties. Parsimonious physics-based models of uptake compensation have been developed that require no more parameters than empirical approaches. These models are described and compared from a conceptual point of view and some aspects of their behavior, including the phenomenon of hydraulic lift, are illustrated with the help of example simulations. These analyses demonstrate that the degree of compensation is a function of soil capillarity and the ratio of total effective root length to potential transpiration. Thus, uptake compensation increases as root to leaf area ratios increase, since potential transpiration depends on leaf area. Results of "scenario" simulations for two case studies, one at the local scale (riparian vegetation growing above shallow water tables in seasonally dry or arid climates) and one at a global scale (water balances across an aridity gradient in the continental USA), are presented to illustrate biases in model predictions that arise when water uptake compensation is neglected. In the first case, it is shown that only a compensated model can match the strong relationships between water table depth and leaf area and transpiration observed in riparian forest ecosystems, where sparse roots in the capillary fringe contribute a significant proportion of the water uptake during extended dry periods. The results of the second case study suggest that uncompensated models may give biased estimates of long-term evapotranspiration at the continental scale. In the example presented here, the uncompensated model underestimated total evapotranspiration by 5–7% in climates of intermediate aridity, while the ratio of transpiration to evaporation was also smaller than for the compensated model, especially in arid climates. It is concluded that the parsimonious physics-based model concepts described here may be useful in the context of eco-hydrological modeling at local, regional and global scales.
Fluoride in ash leachates: environmental implications at Popocatépetl volcano, central Mexico
Authors: Armienta M. A. , De la Cruz-Reyna S. , Cruz O. , Ceniceros N. , Aguayo A. , Marin M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Ash emitted by volcanic eruptions, even of moderate magnitude, may affect the environment and the health of humans and animals through different mechanisms at distances significantly larger than those indicated in the volcanic hazard maps. One such mechanism is the high capacity of ash to transport toxic volatiles like fluoride, as soluble condensates on the particles' surface. The mobilization and hazards related to volcanic fluoride are discussed based on the data obtained during the recent activity of Popocatépetl volcano in Central Mexico.
Using spectral analysis to detect singular events such as jerks in the geomagnetic field time series
Authors: Duka B. , De Santis A. , Mandea M. , Isac A. , Qamili E.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. In this study we have applied two spectral techniques in terms of Fourier and wavelet analysis to geomagnetic field time series and compared the results with those obtained from analogous analyses to synthetic data. Then, an algorithm has been proposed to detect the geomagnetic jerks in time series, mainly being considered by the Eastern component secular variation. Applying such analysis to time series generated from global models has allowed us to depict the most important space-time features of the geomagnetic jerks on global scale, since the beginning of XXth century. Finally, a spherical harmonic analysis of the secular acceleration power spectrum has been computed since 1960 to 2000, bringing new insights in understanding these rapid changes of the geomagnetic field and their origin.
Atypical Steatocystoma Multiplex with Calcification
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Hasibur , Islam Muhammad Saiful , Ansari Nazma Parvin
Published: July 2011

A 60-year-old male reported to us with an atypical case of giant steatocystoma multiplex in the scrotum with calcification. There was no family history of similar lesions. Yellowish, creamy material was expressed from a nodule during punch biopsy. The diagnosis was based on clinical as well as histological findings. Successful surgical excision was done to cure the case without any complications.
A Fast Fractal Video Coding Algorithm Using Cross-Hexagon Search for Block Motion Estimation
Authors: Belloulata Kamel , Zhu Shiping , Wang Zaikuo
Published: July 2011

We propose a novel fractal video coding method using fast block-matching motion estimation to overcome the drawback of the time-consuming character in the fractal coding. As fractal encoding essentially spends most time on the search for the best-matching block in a large domain pool, search patterns and the center-biased characteristics of motion vector distribution have large impact on both search speed and quality of block motion estimation. In this paper, firstly, we propose a new hexagon search algorithm (NHEXS), and, secondly, we ameliorate, by using this NHEXS, the traditional CPM/NCIM, which is based on Fisher's quadtree partition. This NHEXS uses two cross-shaped search patterns as the first two initial steps and large/small hexagon-shaped patterns as the subsequent steps for fast block motion estimation (BME). NHEXS employs halfway stop technique to achieve significant speedup on sequences with stationary and quasistationary blocks. To further reduce the computational complexity, NHEXS employs modified partial distortion criterion (MPDC). Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm spends less encoding time and achieves higher compression ratio and compression quality compared with the traditional CPM/NCIM method.
Multifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol)s
Authors: Obermeier Boris , Wurm Frederik , Mangold Christine , Frey Holger
Published: July 2011

In the rapidly evolving multidisciplinary field of polymer therapeutics, tailored polymer structures represent the key constituent to explore and harvest the potential of bioactive macromolecular hybrid structures. In light of the recent developments for anticancer drug conjugates, multifunctional polymers are becoming ever more relevant as drug carriers. However, the potentially best suited polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is unfavorable owing to its limited functionality. Therefore, multifunctional linear copolymers (mf‐PEGs) based on ethylene oxide (EO) and appropriate epoxide comonomers are attracting increased attention. Precisely engineered via living anionic polymerization and defined with state‐of‐the‐art characterization techniques—for example real‐time 1H NMR spectroscopy monitoring of the EO polymerization kinetics—this emerging class of polymers embodies a powerful platform for bio‐ and drug conjugation.
Preparation and characterization of an epoxy resin modified by a combination of MDI‐based polyurethane and montmorillonite
Authors: Kostrzewa Marcin , Hausnerova Berenika , Bakar Mohamed , Pająk Karolina
Published: July 2011

The present work investigates the modification of epoxy resin by using a combination of nanoclay (montmorillonite—Cloisite 30B) and a liquid polymeric modifier (polyurethane). Polyurethane was obtained from 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polydiols with different molecular weight: polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and polyoxypropylene diols with molecular weight 1000 g/mol and 2000 g/mol. The impact strength, the critical stress intensity factor as well as the flexural strength were evaluated as functions of modifiers content. The obtained results showed that hybrid composites exhibit enhanced mechanical properties without significant changes of the glass transition temperature. FTIR analysis showed that chemical reactions took place between the hydroxyl groups of epoxy resin and the isocyanate groups of polyurethane, explaining an improvement of the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. However, XRD results demonstrated the formation of an exfoliated structure for the hybrid compositions with both polyurethane and montmorillonite. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
PET/PA nanocomposite blends with improved gas barrier properties: Effect of processing conditions
Authors: Donadi S. , Modesti M. , Lorenzetti A. , Besco S.
Published: July 2011

The aim of this research is to develop nanocomposite polyethylene terephthalate‐polyamide blends (PET/MXD6 blends) with low oxygen permeability. Particular attention has been paid to the relation between barrier properties and the processing route adopted and therefore four different strategies were considered. Mechanical characterization shows that clay may effectively act as reinforcing filler in PET/MXD6 blends. Morphological characterization shows the strong effect of the processing strategy on clay dispersion and its distribution between the PET and polyamide phases. Barrier properties of PET/MXD6 nanocomposite blends are enhanced with respect to neat PET polymer as well as PET/MXD6 blends. The significant effect of processing techniques on barrier properties is also revealed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Effect of different metallic hydroxides on flame‐retardant properties of low density polyethylene/melamine polyphosphate/starch composites
Authors: Gao Huliang , Hu Shan , Han Hongchang , Zhang Jun
Published: July 2011

The flame retardancy of synthesized melamine polyphosphate (MPP) in combination with starch (ST) and different metallic hydroxides was investigated in low density polyethylene (LDPE) by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test. The results indicated that the LOI value of composite comprising Al(OH)3(ATH) was higher than those of composites at the same additive loading with Mg(OH)2(MH)or Fe(OH)3(FH), which increased from 22 to 27%. And the composite comprising ATH passed V1 rating without causing molten drops. In addition, thermostability and morphology were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results demonstrated that the crystallization of the composites remained unaffected after the incorporation of metallic hydroxide. The thermal degradation behavior of LDPE composites and the morphology of residual charred layer were changed. It also can be concluded that there was a synergy between certain metallic hydroxide and MPP after analyzing the residual charred layer using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
ARGET ATRP of acrylonitrile with ionic liquid as reaction medium and FeBr3/isophthalic acid as catalyst system
Authors: Chen Hou , Wang Chunhua , Liu Delong , Wang Min , Ji Chunnuan
Published: July 2011

Atom transfer radical polymerization using activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET ATRP) of acrylonitrile with FeBr3 and isophthalic acid (IA) as catalyst and ligand, ascorbic acid (VC) as reducing agent, and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as initiator was approached for the first time in the presence of air in 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C12mim][BF4]), 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C8mim][BF4]), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4]). The rate of polymerization in [C12mim][BF4] was considerably faster than in [C8mim][BF4] and [C4mim][BF4]. With an increase of VC concentration, both the monomer conversion and the molecular weight distribution showed a trend of increase. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with higher molecular weight at 166,250 and broader distribution at 1.34 was successfully prepared with PAN as macroinitiator via ARGET ATRP in [C12mim][BF4] in the presence of air. The resultant polyacrylonitrile fibers were obtained with the fineness at 1.15 dtex and the tenacity at 6.24 cN dtex−1. Additionally, it was shown that [C12mim][BF4] could be recycled and reused after simple purification and had no effect on the living nature of polymerization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nano and submicrometric fibers of poly(D,L‐lactide) obtained by solution blow spinning: Process and solution variables
Authors: Oliveira Juliano E. , Moraes Eduardo A. , Costa Rodrigo G. F. , Afonso André S. , Mattoso Luiz H. C. , Orts William J. , Medeiros Eliton S.
Published: July 2011

Nano and submicrometric fibers of poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLLA or PLA) were spun from solutions using a solution blow spinning (SBS) apparatus. Fiber morphology and diameter were investigated by scanning electron microscopy as a function of polymer concentration, feed rate, and air pressure. A more systematic understanding of the SBS process parameters was obtained, and a quantitative relationship between these parameters and average fiber diameter was established by design of experiments and response surface methodology. It was observed that polymer concentration played an important role in fiber diameter, which ranges from 70 to 2000 nm, and its distribution. Lower polymer concentration tended to increase the formation of bead‐on‐string structures, whereas smooth fibers were formed at higher concentrations. Fiber diameter tended to increase with polymer concentration and decrease with feed rate. Based on these results, optimal conditions could be obtained for solution‐blow spun fibers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Synthesis and photochromic properties of naphthopyran polymer containing photocrosslinkable coumarin moiety
Authors: Xie Bingjie , Wang Guang , Zhao Xiancai
Published: July 2011

Naphthopyran homopolymer and copolymer containing coumarin in side chain were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. Their photochromic properties were investigated using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and their decoloration kinetics in films was quantified by biexponential fitting of their photochromic decoloration curves after UV irradiation. The results showed that the photochromism and photocrosslinking occurred simultaneously under UV irradiation, and the photocrosslinking of coumarin reduced the decoloration rate of naphthopyran. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.