bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shema as Paradigm (Dt. 6:4–9). The Bible, Education, and the Quest for Development in Contemporary Ghana
Authors: Mensah Michael Kodzo
Published: October 2023

It has been sixty-five years since Ghana, the first black African country south of the Sahara, gained independence from colonial rule. Since then, Ghana can boast of an educational system, which has churned out hundreds of thousands of graduates over the years. Despite these achievements, the country remains poor, raising questions about whether its educational system is fit for purpose. Meanwhile, the moral fibre of society seems to be crumbling with corruption, threatening to thwart any gains made since independence. Given the fact that over 70% of Ghanaians profess Christianity, and the Church’s active involvement in education, a resolution of the problem cannot exclude a religious and hence a biblical dimension. This paper, using the distinct interest approach of African Biblical Hermeneutics, argues that Deuteronomy 6:4–9 contains a paradigm for transformative education applicable to the challenges Ghana faces. It demonstrates that the instructions to love YHWH with the whole heart, the whole soul, and the whole might, relate to an education that creatively engages the intellectual faculty, one that is holistic and oriented towards the common good. These are necessary ingredients for the transformation and development of society and equally underscore the role of biblical discourse in building a future for Africa. Keywords: Shema, Deuteronomy 6:4–9, African Biblical Hermeneutics, Education, Development, Ghana
Surviving Multiple Pandemics. Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 among the Elderly in Botswana: A Call for a Holistic Pastoral Approach
Authors: Madigele Tshenolo , Tshelametse Ronald
Published: October 2023

Amid the COVID-19 and HIV and AIDS crises, elderly people have been identified as the most affected and at-risk population group. This paper uses existing studies and research from different disciplines to explore the socio-economic impact of these multiple pandemics among the elderly in Botswana. We propose an elderly-inclined Holistic Pastoral Care intervention in surviving multiple pandemics. The intervention incorporates the inclusion of older people on pandemic outbreaks emergency task forces or other inter-agency platforms and coordination mechanisms at the national level. The paper further calls for deliberate and intentional socio-economic equality and attention for the greatest benefit of the elderly people. In conclusion, the paper recommends to all stakeholders, sustainable, socio-economic, Inclusive Holistic Pastoral Care in favour and targeting the elderly for long-term survival of these Multiple Pandemics of COVID-19 and HIV and AIDS. Keywords: COVID-19, HIV and AIDS, The Elderly, Socio-Economic Impact, Holistic Pastoral Approach
Association of Maternal Factors with hyperbilirubinaemia in Newborns at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Navi Mumbai, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sonawane Vijay Baburao , Kotrashetti Veeranna , Gupta Samarth , Bunde Saili
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns is a common and serious condition, and it is also one of the most common causes of neonatal readmission to the hospital. It is challenging to diagnose or predict the onset of hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns. Therefore, identifying neonates with maternal risk factors is useful for early prediction of hyperbilirubinaemia, enabling effective management and prevention of complications such as acute bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and its association with various maternal risk factors such as parity, maternal diseases, blood group incompatibility, mode of delivery, etc. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from December 2021 to December 2022. A total of 500 healthy full-term neonates and their mothers were screened. Neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia during follow-up were evaluated. Data on maternal factors (e.g., parity, maternal diseases, polyhydramnios, premature rupture of membranes, ABO and Rh incompatibility) were collected, and their association with neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia was assessed. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Chi-square test to determine prevalence and significance. Results: Out of the 500 babies studied, 95 had serum total bilirubin levels beyond the acceptable normal level of 13 mg/dL at 72 hours of life. The prevalence of hyperbilirubinaemia was 19%. Among the 95 babies, 40 (42.1%) were born to primigravida mothers, while 55 (57.9%) were born to multigravida mothers. In the present study, the authors observed that out of the 26 mothers suffering from hypothyroidism, 14 babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Similarly, out of the 24 mothers with preeclampsia, eight babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Furthermore, out of the 15 mothers with diabetes mellitus, six babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Additionally, out of the 11 mothers with polyhydramnios, two babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia, and out of the 10 mothers with Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM), one baby developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Among the 208 male neonates, 58 developed hyperbilirubinaemia, while among the 292 female neonates, 37 developed hyperbilirubinaemia. ABO incompatibility was seen in 23 (24.2%) neonates, and Rh incompatibility was seen in 3 (3.2%) neonates, both of which were identified as important risk factors. A higher incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia was observed in neonates born via Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) compared to normal vaginal delivery. Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia was 19%. Male babies, babies born via LSCS, those with ABO incompatibility, and mothers with hypothyroidism were significantly more prone to develop hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates.
Pesticides and Biopesticides Use in Market Gardening in Ouagadouou, Burkina Faso
Authors: Ouédraogo Lassané , Compaoré Souleymane , Bazongo Patrice , Kiendrebeogo Martin
Published: October 2023

This study aims to identify the pesticides and biopesticides used in market gardening in the outskirts of Ouagadougou in order to raise awareness among producers and populations. A semi-structured survey was conducted among 96 market gardeners on the use of pesticides and biopesticides in market garden production. Descriptive analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6 software. GC/MS analysis was performed to search for pesticide residues on the two most widely grown vegetables according to the survey results. The chemical compounds were studied using the WILLEY-CH 1992, NIST 2004 and PEST database libraries. According to this study, men represented 54.17% and women 45.83% of market gardening activity. The main crops encountered in the sites were lettuce (17%), cabbage (15%), eggplant (12%), onion (11%) and tomato (10%). Twenty-eight (28) pesticides were identified; two (2) were very dangerous, of which 18 were moderately dangerous, seven were less dangerous and one product was not classified according to the WHO classification. Nine (09) families of pesticides have been identified; the most important was pyrethroid (30%). More than half of market gardeners did not respect the dose prescribed (57%) on the labels. A large number of market gardeners (70%) respected the persistence time. The results also indicate eight biopesticide formulations and two complex formulations identified. No hazardous pesticides were detected in the two most widely grown vegetables, lettuce and cabbage.

Market gardening on the outskirts of cities requires constant monitoring and supervision to reduce health and environmental risks.
Carryover Effect of Green Manure, FYM and N-Fertilization on the Succeeding Wheat in Rice-wheat Cropping System
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Singh R.  , Manhas S. S.
Published: October 2023

The present study was carried out Punjab Agricultural University, Regional   Research Station, Gurdaspur, Punjab (India) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three factors. Main plots contain three organic fertilizers treatments, sub plot contains three nitrogen levels and sub-sub plots contain three nitrogen application stage. Plant height of succeeding wheat crop grown after basmati rice was affected non-significantly by organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers applied to basmati rice during both the years. The number of tillers and dry matter accumulation significant affected during both the years. Greater values were obtained with FYM application @ 15 t ha-1 which was significantly similar to green manuring but significantly higher than control during both the years. The various nitrogen doses and nitrogen application stages failed to significantly influence number of tillers and dry matter accumulation of succeeding wheat crop. In case of number of effective tillers and grains per spike, the maximum values were obtained with FYM. It was at par with green manuring but significantly higher than. The nitrogen doses and nitrogen application stages had non-significant effect on both these parameters. The organic fertilizers had statistical significant effect on straw and grain yield of wheat crop. The highest straw and grain yields were obtained with application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 which was significantly higher than control but statistically at par with green manuring during both the years. The harvest index was non-significant for all the treatments. The total NPK uptake in wheat was significantly affected by the organic fertilizers. Highest uptake of NPK in grain and straw was observed with FYM application which was at par with green manuring but significantly higher than control during both the years.
Recent Advances and Prospects for Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.) Plant Propagation Techniques
Authors: Singh Krishan Kumar , Rani Deepa
Published: October 2023

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is a recently introduced super fruit in India, gaining popularity both in rural and urban areas because of its attractive colour, delicious taste, and high nutritive and medicinal values. It is adaptable to humid as well as semi-arid tropical and subtropical conditions. The growing acceptance of this fruit along with its enormous medicinal and antioxidant properties has increased the demand for its cultivation followed by quality planting materials in the desired quantity. Propagation of Dragon fruit can be done by both micropropagation sexual via seeds and asexual methods via stem cuttings, grafting, and micropropagation. In this review, attempts have been made to cover various fruit propagation methods along with other related crop features about which there is relatively scanty information. The assessment also attempted to highlight the prospective propagation locations for dragon fruit, which calls for additional study to produce more information and advance crop propagation methods.
Mapping the Land Suitability Rating of Arabica Coffee Crops: A Geographical Indication Factor-Based Approach
Authors: Chairuddin Zulkarnain , Isra Nur , Khaerunnisa
Published: October 2023

Aims: To map land suitability ratings and organoleptic characteristics of arabica coffee using physical and human dimension attributes constructed from geographical indication components.

Study Design: The study was designed in an integrated manner, using a quantitative approach integrated with a qualitative-descriptive approach and supported by field surveys.

Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in 3 sub-districts within the scope of Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, at altitudes > 800 m.asl., between February 2021 and August 2022.

Methodology: The method for determining the observation location point is on-screen digitization based on the land cover class seen with satellite imagery. Ground truth implementation, 16 location points were determined with their respective geographical coordinate positions. To analyze soil properties and characteristics, 41 samples were obtained: An organoleptic test of coffee beans, as many as 3 samples representing the sub-district area.

Results: Mapping using physical dimensions in the West Sinjai area resulted in a moderate land suitability rating with an area of 6,976.46 ha; the Sinjai Borong area obtained a less suitable rating of 7,530.32 ha and a moderate rating of 1,457.17 ha, the Central Sinjai area obtained a less suitable rating of 822.16 ha, and a moderate rating of 1,586.47 ha. The compilation of physical and human dimensions in the West Sinjai area shows a moderate rating of 1,057.97 ha and a suitable rating of 5,918.49 ha, Sinjai Borong produces a moderate rating of 8,821.48 ha and a suitable rating of 166.01 ha, Central Sinjai obtained land suitability with a moderate rating of 986.55 ha and a suitable rating of 1,422.08 ha. West Sinjai and Central Sinjai have an organoleptic score of 88.50, with a more specific floral aroma than Sinjai Borong.

Conclusion: Mapping the land suitability ranking of arabica coffee plants using physical and human dimensions provides clear and logical results.
New AI Tools Must Have Health Equity in Their DNA
Authors: Hswen Yulin , Voelker Rebecca
Published: October 2023

In this Medical News interview, Kedar S. Mate, MD, president and chief executive officer of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, discusses patient safety and health care equity in the development of clinical AI tools.
Concordance of a High Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Among Relatives
Authors: Reeskamp Laurens F. , Tromp Tycho R. , Patel Aniruddh P. , Ibrahim Shirin , Trinder Mark , Haidermota Sara , Hovingh G. Kees , Stroes Erik S. G. , Natarajan Pradeep , Khera Amit V.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) concentrations are a highly heritable and potential causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Recent consensus statements by the European Atherosclerosis Society and American Heart Association recommend screening of relatives of individuals with high Lp(a) concentrations, but the expected yield of this approach has not been quantified in large populations.

Objective

To measure the prevalence of high Lp(a) concentrations among first- and second-degree relatives of individuals with high Lp(a) concentrations compared with unrelated participants.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional analysis, pairs of first-degree (n = 19 899) and second-degree (n = 9715) relatives with measured Lp(a) levels from the UK Biobank study and random pairs of unrelated individuals (n = 184 764) were compared. Data for this study were collected from March 2006 to August 2010 and analyzed from December 2021 to August 2023.

Exposure

Serum Lp(a) levels, with a high Lp(a) level defined as at least 125 nmol/L.

Main Outcome and Measure

Concordance of clinically relevant high Lp(a) levels in first- and second-degree relatives of index participants with high Lp(a) levels.

Results

A total of 52 418 participants were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 57.3 [8.0] years; 29 825 [56.9%] women). Levels of Lp(a) were correlated among pairs of first-degree (Spearman ρ = 0.45;P < .001) and second-degree (Spearman ρ = 0.22;P < .001) relatives. A total of 1607 of 3420 (47.0% [95% CI, 45.3%-48.7%]) first-degree and 514 of 1614 (31.8% [95% CI, 29.6%-34.2%]) second-degree relatives of index participants with high Lp(a) levels also had elevated concentrations compared with 4974 of 30 258 (16.4% [95% CI, 16.0%-16.9%]) pairs of unrelated individuals. The concordance in high Lp(a) levels was generally consistent among subgroups (eg, those with prior ASCVD, postmenopausal women, and statin users). The odds ratios for relatives to have high Lp(a) levels if their index relative had a high Lp(a) level compared with those whose index relatives did not have high Lp(a) levels were 7.4 (95% CI, 6.8-8.1) for first-degree relatives and 3.0 (95% CI, 2.7-3.4) for second-degree relatives.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that the yield of cascade screening of first-degree relatives of individuals with high Lp(a) levels is over 40%. These findings support recent recommendations to use this approach to identify additional individuals at ASCVD risk based on Lp(a) concentrations.
Factors Important to Older Adults Who Disagree With a Deprescribing Recommendation
Authors: Weir Kristie Rebecca , Shang Jenny , Choi Jae , Rana Ruchi , Vordenberg Sarah E.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Little is known about why older adults decline deprescribing recommendations, primarily because interventional studies rarely capture the reasons.

Objective

To examine factors important to older adults who disagree with a deprescribing recommendation given by a primary care physician to a hypothetical patient experiencing polypharmacy.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This online, vignette-based survey study was conducted from December 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, with participants 65 years or older in the United Kingdom, the US, Australia, and the Netherlands. The primary outcome of the main study was disagreement with a deprescribing recommendation. A content analysis was subsequently conducted of the free-text reasons provided by participants who strongly disagreed or disagreed with deprescribing. Data were analyzed from August 22, 2022, to February 12, 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Attitudes, beliefs, fears, and recommended actions of older adults in response to deprescribing recommendations.

Results

Of the 899 participants included in the analysis, the mean (SD) age was 71.5 (4.9) years; 456 participants (50.7%) were men. Attitudes, beliefs, and fears reported by participants included doubts about deprescribing (361 [40.2%]), valuing medications (139 [15.5%]), and a preference to avoid change (132 [14.7%]). Valuing medications was reported more commonly among participants who strongly disagreed compared with those who disagreed with deprescribing (48 of 205 [23.4%] vs 91 of 694 [13.1%], respectively; P < .001) or had personal experience with the same medication class as the vignette compared with no experience (93 of 517 [18.0%] vs 46 of 318 [12.1%], respectively; P = .02). Participants shared that improved communication (225 [25.0%]), alternative strategies (138 [15.4%]), and consideration of medication preferences (137 [15.2%]) may increase their agreement with deprescribing. Participants who disagreed compared with those who strongly disagreed were more interested in additional communication (196 [28.2%] vs 29 [14.2%], respectively; P < .001), alternative strategies (117 [16.9%] vs 21 [10.2%], respectively; P = .02), or consideration of medication preferences (122 [17.6%] vs 15 [7.3%], respectively; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this survey study, older adults who disagreed with a deprescribing recommendation were more interested in additional communication, alternative strategies, or consideration of medication preferences compared with those who strongly disagreed. These findings suggest that identifying the degree of disagreement with deprescribing could be used to tailor patient-centered communication about deprescribing in older adults.
Lego‐Like Model Reconfigurable and Transparent Stretchable Strain Sensor for Wearable and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jo Hyeongjin , Song Yujun , Lee Danbi , Kang Youn‐Jung , Ahn Jungho , Song Ji‐Hyeon
Published: October 2023

Stretchable sensors that utilize machine‐assisted printing techniques afford significant benefits in terms of both bulk and output uniformities. These sensors have found extensive utility across diverse fields, such as wearables, robotics, and biomedical applications. However, existing printed sensor systems, once printed, are limited in their model variations and are heavily dependent on passive materials owing to their substrate‐bound nature. In this study, a printed sensor that utilizes a substrate–sensor isolation strategy is reported, thereby allowing size and design reconfigurability and a Lego‐like assembly. This approach enables device customization through post‐design modifications of specific sensing targets. The electrohydrodynamic printing process is utilized for sensor production, offering a high electrical bias between the substrate and nozzle during printing; this enables in situ dipole alignment, eliminating the need for a separate poling process. The mechanical and electrical stabilities of the sensors are assessed by cyclic testing at 50% strain for 1200 cycles. To illustrate the practical applications of these sensor models, sensors are implemented in wearable and in vivo biomedical applications.
RaT race: A standardized open‐access education resource provides a structured resident‐as‐teacher experience
Authors: Jordan Jaime , Amen Amanda , Do Anh Khoa , Osborne Anwar , Weygandt Paul Logan , Moore Kristen Grabow
Published: October 2023

Objectives

There is no unified approach for training residents to be teachers. Foundations of Emergency Medicine (FoEM) is a national program that provides free resident education in emergency medicine (EM) utilizing small‐group, case‐based instruction delivered by individual program faculty and residents. This study seeks to explore the FoEM resident‐as‐teacher (RaT) experience.

Methods

We conducted a mixed‐methods study of FoEM faculty site leaders and resident teachers in 2022. Site leaders completed an online survey consisting of multiple‐choice, completion, and free‐response items. We calculated descriptive statistics and applied a thematic qualitative analysis to free‐response items. We conducted semistructured interviews with resident teachers. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a thematic approach with a constructivist–interpretivist paradigm.

Results

A total of 133 of 180 (74%) site leaders completed the survey and 11 resident teachers were interviewed. Forty‐nine (37%) programs utilize resident instructors. The frequency of residents teaching and degree of faculty supervision varied. Commonly identified advantages include reinforcement of core content for resident teachers (44/49), structured format (35/49), and reduced need for faculty instructors (30/49). The most commonly identified challenges include variable instruction by residents (33/49) and challenge to providing feedback on teaching (20/49). Resident teachers identified benefits including strengthening residency community, improved EM knowledge, and greater teaching skills. For nearly all resident participants, FoEM RaT impacted their career goals by affirming their interest in teaching.

Conclusions

The FoEM curricular model appears to be a valuable and feasible method to incorporate a RaT experience into EM residency training programs.
Polymeric ultralong organic phosphorescence with excellent humidity and temperature resistance via hydrophobic effect
Authors: Li Zhongyu , Fu Kexin , Deng Huangjun , Nie Kaixuan , Pan Zhe , Mao Zhu , Zhao Juan , Li Gang , Zhu Pengli , Chi Zhenguo , Sun Rong
Published: October 2023

Polymeric ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) with persistent emission is of great importance in practical applications. However, achieving good water‐resistance for long‐term environmental stability is a formidable challenge. In this contribution, through tailoring the alkyl‐chain length of the hardeners and emitters, polymeric UOPs with varying crosslinking density and hydrophobic effect were obtained. Notably, all the polymers show no obvious decrease in UOP emission after high temperature‐humidity test (85°C/85% relative humidity for 7 days). Detailed investigations demonstrate that the rigid covalent crosslinking networks suppress the quenching of triplet excitons while the hydrophobic microenvironment affords good water/moisture‐resistance ability. Moreover, the polymers with superior processability are successfully applied as optical coatings, prepreg, and afterglow displays. With this work, we provide a new strategy to promote the long‐term stability of polymeric UOP materials in high‐temperature‐humidity conditions.
Vissers‐Bodmer syndrome caused by a novel de novo CNOT1 frameshift variant
Authors: Wu Tingting , Chen Xi , Zhang Xingxing
Published: October 2023

Vissers‐Bodmer Syndrome (VIBOS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by variants in the CNOT1 gene. It is characterized by systemic developmental and language‐motor delay, intellectual disabilities, growth and behavioral abnormalities, hypotonia, and distal skeletal defects, such as deformities of the hands and feet. This syndrome becomes evident during infancy and can display a highly variable phenotype. Thirty‐nine individuals with heterozygous de novo CNOT1 variants were first reported in 2019. Herein, we report a child with VIBOS who exhibited delayed motor development for over 4 years, along with hypotonia and atypical facial features. Notably, the patient developed short stature as the primary characteristic without any intellectual disability or organic nervous system lesions. Genetic testing revealed a de novo base duplication variant in exon 5 of the CNOT1 gene, NM_016284.5(CNOT1):c.316_317dup(p.Pro107Serfs*10). Importantly, the pathogenicity of this specific variant has not been reported in relevant literature. This study reports a new variant, thereby enriching the variant spectrum of CNOT1 associated with VIBOS, and contributes to the genetic counseling of affected families.
1,5‐X Insertions of Free Alkylidene Carbenes: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Zhou Yi , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: October 2023

1,5‐X insertions of alkylidene carbenes are powerful methods to construct five‐membered carbocycles and heterocycles, but the mechanisms of these 1,5‐X insertions of alkylidene carbenes remain unclear (concerted or stepwise?). Here we disclose different mechanisms of 1,5‐X insertions of free alkylidene carbenes based on DFT calculations. Except for the 1,5 S−H insertion, all 1,5‐X insertions proceed through stepwise processes via forming ylide intermediates. However, subsequent 1,2 rearrangements of ylides occur through different mechanisms. The formal 1,5 O−H/N−H insertion except S−H insertion happens through deprotonation rather than insertion reaction, while other pathways including nucleophilic substitution, 2,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement, and homolysis of O−C bond are invoked in various 1,5 O−C insertions. The competition between 1,5‐X insertions and other side reactions (such as 1,2 migration, dealkylation) has been discussed to answer why the target insertion products were not obtained in some cases.
Selective Encapsulation and Chiral Induction of C60 and C70 Fullerenes by Axially Chiral Porous Aromatic Cages
Authors: Kou Junning , Wu Qi , Cui Dongxu , Geng Yun , Zhang Kunhao , Zhang Min , Zang Hongying , Wang Xinlong , Su Zhongmin , Sun Chunyi
Published: October 2023

Chiral induction has been an important topic in chemistry, not only for its relevance in understanding the mysterious phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking in nature but also due to its critical implications in medicine and the chiral industry. The induced chirality of fullerenes by host–guest interactions has been rarely reported, mainly attributed to their chiral resistance from high symmetry and challenges in their accessibility. Herein, we report two new pairs of chiral porous aromatic cages (PAC), R‐PAC‐2, S‐PAC‐2 (with Br substituents) and R‐PAC‐3, S‐PAC‐3 (with CH3 substituents) enantiomers. PAC‐2, rather than PAC‐3, achieves fullerene encapsulation and selective binding of C70 over C60 in fullerene carbon soot. More significantly, the occurrence of chiral induction between R‐PAC‐2, S‐PAC‐2 and fullerenes is confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and the intense CD signal within the absorption region of fullerenes. DFT calculations reveal the contribution of electrostatic effects originating from face‐to‐face arene‐fullerene interactions dominate C70 selectivity and elucidate the substituent effect on fullerene encapsulation. The disturbance from the differential interactions between fullerene and surrounding chiral cages on the intrinsic highly symmetric electronic structure of fullerene could be the primary reason accounting for the induced chirality of fullerene.
The Synthesis of a Multiple D–A Conjugated Macrocycle and Its Application in Organic Photovoltaic
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Huotian , Liang Songting , Wang Tong , He Siqing , Hu Yunbin , Zhang Rui , Ning Haoqing , Ren Jie , Bakulin Artem , Gao Feng , Yuan Jun , Zou Yingping
Published: October 2023

As a novel class of materials, D–A conjugated macrocycles hold significant promise for chemical science. However, their potential in photovoltaic remains largely untapped due to the complexity of introducing multiple donor and acceptor moieties into the design and synthesis of cyclic π‐conjugated molecules. Here, we report a multiple D–A ring‐like conjugated molecule (RCM) via the coupling of dimer molecule DBTP‐C3 as a template and thiophenes in high yields. RCM exhibits a narrow optical gap (1.33 eV) and excellent thermal stability, and shows a remarkable photoluminescence yield (ΦPL) of 11.1 % in solution, much higher than non‐cyclic analogues. Organic solar cell (OSC) constructed with RCM as electron acceptor shows efficient charge separation at donor‐acceptor band offsets and achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.2 %‐approximately fourfold higher than macrocycle‐based OSCs reported so far. This is partly due to low non‐radiative voltage loss down to 0.20 eV and a high electroluminescence yield (ΦEL) of 4×10−4. Our findings emphasize the potential of D–A cyclic conjugated molecules in advancing organic photovoltaic technology.
Asymmetric N‐Alkylation of 1H‐Indoles via Carbene Insertion Reaction
Authors: Peng Quanxin , Huang Meirong , Xu Guangyang , Zhu Yan , Shao Ying , Tang Shengbiao , Zhang Xinhao , Sun Jiangtao
Published: October 2023

An intermolecular enantioselective N‐alkylation reaction of 1H‐indoles has been developed by cooperative rhodium and chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed N−H bond insertion reaction. N‐Alkyl indoles with newly formed stereocenter adjacent to the indole nitrogen atom are produced in good yields (up to 95 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). Importantly, both α‐aryl and α‐alkyl diazoacetates are tolerated, which is extremely rare in asymmetric X−H (X=N, O, S et al.) and C−H insertion reactions. With this method, only 0.1 mol % of rhodium catalyst and 2.5 mol % of chiral phosphoric acid are required to complete the conversion as well as achieve the high enantioselectivity. Computational studies reveal the cooperative relay of rhodium and chiral phosphoric acid, and the origin of the chemo and stereoselectivity.
Numerical investigations on the effect of bubble injection on heat transfer of natural convection in laminar flows
Authors: Lei Yuan , Pang Mingjun
Published: October 2023

It was found that the injection of bubbles into liquid can effectively improve heat transfer efficiency, so it is important for industrial applications to investigate the effect of bubble injection on heat transfer. The effect of bubble injection on natural convective heat transfer in steady laminar flows in a vertical channel is investigated using the volume of fluid (VOF) method, and the effects of bubble diameter, Eötvös number (Eo), bubble arrangement, and bubble distance from a hot wall on the heat transfer between the hot wall and liquid are studied, respectively. The results show that bubble injection can effectively improve the heat transfer between the hot wall and liquid; an increase in bubble diameter and Eo can improve the enhancement effect of heat transfer and can expand the enhancement area of heat transfer; the closer to the hot wall a bubble is, the better the enhancement of heat transfer is; and the spacing and arrangement of bubbles also have important effects on the heat transfer between the hot wall and liquid. The comparison shows that the enhancement of heat transfer is the best for the vertical arrangement of double bubbles, which increases the local heat transfer coefficient by 3.2 times. The enhancement of heat transfer generated by bubble injection is related to the degree of disturbance of the local liquid phase caused by bubble injection. The more strongly the local liquid is disturbed, the thinner the local temperature boundary layer becomes, and the better the enhancement of heat transfer is.
A Redox‐neutral Nickel‐catalysed Sulfonylation of (Hetero)aryl Boronic Acids with 2‐Chlorothiazoles
Authors: Zhang Honglei , Zhu Haibo , Zhang Yingying , Ren Gaowen , Fang Weiwei , Fan Qiangwen , Xie Zongbo
Published: October 2023

A redox‐neutral nickel‐catalysed sulfonylation for arylsulfone synthesis was developed. (Hetero)aryl boronic acids reacted with potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5) and readily available 2‐chlorothiazoles in the presence of air‐stable Ni(OTf)2 and 4,4‐di‐tert‐butyl bipyridine (dtbpy) as a commercially available ligand to produce the corresponding 2‐sulfonylthiazoles in moderate to excellent yields. This practical protocol tolerates a wide range of substrates including boronic acids and 2‐chloro(benzo)thiazoles without additional bases, allowing the direct synthesis of functional arylsulfones.
Über die Adsorption von hochmolekularen Stoffen aus der Lösung
Authors: Jenckel E. , Rumbach B.
Published: October 2023

Die Adsorption aus den Lösungen von Polystyrol, Polymethacrylsäuremethylester und Polyvinylchlorid in einigen Lösungsmitteln an Adsorbern mit bestimmbarer Oberfläche (Aluminiumgrieß, Seesand, Glaswolle) und außerdem an Aktivkohle wurde bei 25° und 50° bestimmt. Es wird zum Teil sehr viel mehr adsorbiert, als einer monomolekularen Schicht entsprechen würde. Die Adsorption ist bei 50° manchmal höher als bei 25°, wozu eine Erklärung versucht wird. Weitere Versuche mit sorgfältig fraktionierten Polymeren zeigen, daß längere Ketten langsamer, aber schließlich zu einem größeren Betrage adsorbiert werden als kürzere Ketten.
Der Einfluß der Schwerkraft auf die kritischen Erscheinungen
Authors: Baehr H. D.
Published: October 2023

Wegen der hohen Kompressibilität der Materie im kritischen Zustand verursacht die Schwerkraft beträchtliche Dichtedifferenzen in verschiedenen Höhen eines Versuchsrohrs. Hierdurch werden die Messungen in der Umgebung des kritischen Punkts verfälscht. Die Größe der durch die Schwerkraft hervorgerufenen Effekte wird in allgemein gültiger Form berechnet und in bester Übereinstimmung mit neuesten Meßergebnissen gefunden. Die Bedeutung des Schwerkrafteinflusses für die verschiedenen Theorien des kritischen Zustands wird erörtert.
Über die Initiierung kugelförmiger Detonationswellen in Gasgemischen
Authors: Freiwald Heinz , Ude Hans
Published: October 2023

Entgegen der bisherigen Kenntnis, daß eine Detonationswelle beim Übertreten aus einem engeren in ein weiteres Rohr verlischt, wird an Gemischen von Acetylen, O2 und N2 sowie von Propan, O2 und N2 gezeigt, daß sich eine in einem Rohr laufende Detonation am Rohrende kugelförmig im Raum ausbreitet. Die Grenzen der Zusammensetzung für diesen Übergang werden angegeben.

Ferner werden kugelförmige Detonationswellen in Acetylen‐O2‐N2‐Gemischen verschiedener Zusammensetzung durch einen elektrischen Funken gezündet, wobei der Übergang von einer Verbrennung zur instabilen Detonation bzw. stabilen Detonation beobachtet wird.
Neue Ergebnisse bei der Elektrolyse fester metallischer Phasen
Authors: Wever H. , Seith W.
Published: October 2023

Bei der Elektrolyse der festen β‐Phase im System Cu‐Al konnten wir neben der schon bekannten Relativüberführung eine gemeinsame Überführung beider Partner zur Anode feststellen. Im Gegensatz dazu erfolgt bei der jetzt neu untersuchten μ‐Phase die gemeinsame Überführung zur Kathode. Da die β‐Phase ein Elektronen‐, die μ‐Phase dagegen ein Defektelektronenleiter ist, liegt es nahe, einen Zusammenhang zwischen Leitungsmechanismus und Überführung zu sehen. Wir nehmen als vorläufige Erklärung der gemeinsamen Überführung eine bevorzugte Wechselwirkung zwischen Ladungsträgern und fehlgeordneten, d.h. beweglichen Gitterbausteinen an.

In der β‐Phase wird gezeigt, daß die Größe der gemeinsamen Überführung mit steigender Stromdichte abnimmt.
Über den Einfluß von Gasen auf den Sperrschichtphotoeffekt organischer Farbstoffe
Authors: Meier Hans
Published: October 2023

Die Einwirkung von O2, N2, H2, CO2 und Luft auf den Sperrschichtphotoeffekt organischer Farbstoffe ergab, daß vor allem O2 und H2 die „aktive Grenzschicht”︁ aufbauen. Daneben beeinflussen diese Gase auch den primären lichtelektrischen Effekt: An einem Teil der Farbstoffe wird er um so größer, je kleiner der Gasdruck ist, bei den anderen fördert dagegen zunehmender Gasdruck die Lichtelektrizität.
Über die Wechselwirkung von Elektrolytlösungen und γ‐Al2O3 1. Mitteilung
Authors: Fischer Werner , Kulling Achim
Published: October 2023

Die Chromatograhie von Elektrolytlösungen an γ‐Al2O3 ist ein komplexer Vorgang. Es werden einerseits Kationen und Anionen aus der Lösung in einander äquivalenten Beträgen adsorbiert, die unter günstigen Verhältnissen durch Wasser wieder eluiert werden können. Andererseits tritt zusätzlich in vielen Fällen ein Austausch von Al3+‐Ionen des Adsorbens gegen Kationen des angewendeten Elektrolyten ein. Sofern das Adsorbens ‐ wie die für chromatographische Zwecke üblichen Präparate ‐ Natrium enthält, tauscht auch dieses gegen Kationen der Lösung aus, und zwar sehr weitgehend. Die durch Austausch gebundenen Kationen sind durch Wasser nicht wieder eluierbar. Die Verdrängung eines gebundenen Kations durch ein anderes, stärker adsorbierbares Kation erfolgt nur allmählich und unvollständig, wahrscheinlich deshalb, weil die Festigkeit, mit der eine Ionensorte an den einzelnen Haftstellen des Adsorbens gebunden wird, eine große Varationsbreite aufweist. Aus diesen Gründen kann man im allgemeinen mittels Ionen‐Chromatographie an γ‐Al2O3 keine quantitativen Trennungen erzielen.
Über die Wechselwirkung von Elektrolytlösungen und γ‐Al2O3 4. Mitteilung: Entwicklung einer formalen Ionenaustauschtheorie [1] für die Adsorption von Elektrolyten aus wäßriger Lösung
Authors: Umland Fritz
Published: October 2023

Adsorptionsvorgänge zwischen wäßrigen Salzlösungen und geeigneten, insbesondere oxydischen Adsorbentien können unter Voraussetzung von Elektroneutralität beider Phasen formal als ein über das Ionenprodukt des Wassers gekoppelter doppelter Austausch von H+‐Ionen gegen Metallkationen und von OH−‐Ionen gegen Säurerestanionen dargestellt werden. Diese Annahme genügt zur Ableitung von Austauschregeln und Isothermengleichungen für die Ionenadsorption, die mit den vorwiegend an Aluminiumoxyd als Adsorbens gewonnenen Ergebnissen in qualitativer Hinsicht gut übereinstimmen. Die Theorie vermag auch über mögliche Sekundärreaktionen, den Adsorptionsverlauf an „saurem”︁ Aluminiumoxyd oder an mit Metallkationen vorbeladenen Adsorbentien und anderen bisher nicht oder unbefriedigend gedeuteten Adsorptionsvorgängen qualitativ richtige Aussagen zu machen, so daß ihre Voraussetzung wohl in erster Näherung als richtig angesehen werden darf. Sie ist nach ihrer Anlage unabhängig von der Natur des Adsorbens und irgendwelchen speziellen molekulartheoretischen Vorstellungen, die aber kurz diskutiert werden. Nach dieser Theorie sind Ablauf und Richtung des Reaktionsgeschehens durch das Größenverhältnis der relativen Haftfestigkeits‐konstanten der beteiligten Kationen und Anionen zueinander festgelegt.
Anwendung der Bindungstheorie in der anorganischen Chemie
Authors: Hartmann H.
Published: October 2023

Die anorganische Chemie ist das klassische Gebiet der Anwendung des von Kossel entwickelten elektrostatischen Bildes zur Beschreibung chemischer Bindungsverhältnisse.

Von der neueren quantenmechanischen Theorie ist die anorganische Chemie vor allem durch die Arbeiten von Sidgwick und Pauling beeinflußt worden, nach deren Auffassung Komplexverbindungen wesentlich kovalenten Charakter besitzen sollten. Über diesen Stand hinausgehend, sind in den letzten Jahren bindungstheoretische Gesichtspunkte vor allem in zwei Bereichen erfolgreich angewendet worden.

In der anorganischen Komplexchemie hat sich herausgestellt, daß auf der Grundlage der alten elektrovalenten Vorstellungen von Magnus die Absorptionsspektren so weitgehend analysiert werden können, daß hier in wenigen Jahren ein großes neues Teilgebiet der Molekülspektroskopie entstanden ist. Außerdem ist gezeigt worden, daß auch die magnetischen Eigenschaften der Komplexverbindungen, die vor allem die Paulingsche Auffassung zu stützen scheinen, im Rahmen des elektrovalenten Modells im wesentlichen verstanden werden können. Damit wurde eine alte Vermutung von van Vleck bestätigt.

Im Bereich der Ionengitter hat Krebs zeigen können, daß die Mitbeteiligung kovalenter Strukturen sterische Effekte bedingt, die auf andere Weise nicht einfach verstanden werden können.

Der Zusammenhang der neuen Entwicklungen mit dem Variationsprinzip der Quantentheorie wird diskutiert.
Über die Beeinflussung der Stärke einer Bindung durch benachbarte Atomgruppen
Authors: Szabó Z. G.
Published: October 2023

Wird zwischen zwei Atomen eine chemische Bindung hergestellt, so ist die Stärke dieser Bindung außer von ihrem eigenen Charakter auch von der Zahl und Art der noch mit diesen Bindungsatomen verknüpften Atome oder Atomgruppen abhängig. Diese Beeinflussung der Bindungsstärke durch die benachbarten Molekülteile kann numerisch unter Anwendung des Postulates berechnet werden, daß die benachbarten Atome oder Atomgruppen die Bindungsstärke der betrachteten Bindung um einen von den anderen Partnern unabhängigen und für jedes Atom bzw. jede Atomgruppe konstanten Betrag beeinflussen. Der numerische Wert dieser Beeinflussung wird durch die Dekremente der Atome bzw. Atomgruppen wiedergegeben.

Die Beeinflussung der Bindungsstärke ist eine weitgehend unmittelbare Wirkung; denn dasjenige Atom, das sich direkt an die in Frage stehende Bindung anschließt, übt auf diese die größte Wirkung aus. Diese Methode ermöglicht in einem beliebigen Molekül die Berechnung der Bindungsstärke einer beliebigen Bindung.
Die chemische Reaktion im Braunsteinelement
Authors: Neumann Kurt , Fink Walter
Published: October 2023

Elektrolytisch auf Platin‐ und Graphitelektroden abgeschiedene Kunstbraunsteine verschiedener Zusammensetzung werden in Leclanché‐Elementen entladen und die Entladungsprodukte chemisch und röntgeno‐graphisch untersucht. Durch Analyse von teilweise entladenen Schichten werden die Mengenänderungen der drei Wertigkeitsstufen (Mn4+, Mn3+ und Mn2+) im Verlauf der Entladung einzeln verfolgt. Auf Grund der Befunde wird eine vorläufige Deutung des Reaktionsverlaufs versucht.
Ultrarotspektren der Additionsverbindungen mit Metallhalogeniden
Authors: Terenin A. , Filimonow W. , Bystrow D.
Published: October 2023

Ultrarot‐Absorptionsspektren der Molekülverbindungen von NO, Acetonitril, Pyridin, Cyclohexen, Di‐äthyläther, Aceton und Methanol mit AlBr3, AlCl3 und SnCl4 wurden im Gebiet von 8000 bis 700 cm−1 vermessen. Dabei wurden für bestimmte Bindungen der addierten organischen Moleküle und für NO erhebliche Änderungen der Schwingungsfrequenzen festgestellt. Diese Änderungen werden in Beziehung gesetzt zu dem Elektronenakzeptorcharakter der erwähnten Metallhalogenide. Sie lassen Schlüsse zu auf die Additionsstelle der Metallhalogenide an den Donatormolekülen.
Dielektrische Messungen an normalem Dibutyläther
Authors: Mecke R. , Specht H.
Published: October 2023

Es wurde n‐Dibutyläther auf seine Eigenschaften als Eichsubstanz für DK‐Meßzellen untersucht und seine Dielektrizitätskonstante (DK) bei 20 °C zu 3,0830 ± 0,0003 bestimmt. Dichtemessungen ergaben eine Abweichung (+ 0,002) von früheren Messungen, die nur durch eine größere Reinheit unserer Probe zu erklären ist. Ferner wurde das Dipolmoment nach zwei verschiedenen Methoden zu 1,18 D ermittelt. Dabei lieferte die Onsagersche Theorie die bessere Übereinstimmung mit dem in der Literatur angegebenen Gaswert.
Geschmolzenes Antimon(III)‐bromid als ionisierendes Lösungsmittel und das Verhalten darin gelöster Substanzen. II
Authors: Jander Gerhart , Weis Josef
Published: October 2023

Der Ablauf neutralisationsanaloger Umsetzungen zwischen basenanalogen Bromiden und säurenanalogen Verbindungen im Solvens SbBr3 wird durch die Konduktometrie und durch präparative Untersuchungen an zahlreichen Beispielen nachgewiesen. Charakteristischer Vorgang bei solchen Umsetzungen ist die Vereinigung solvenseigener lonen SbBr+2 und Br−(solv.) zu schwach dissoziiertem SbBr3. Daneben entstehen Salze, die löslich sind oder unlöslich ausfallen, z.B.

Einige wenige Bromide zeigen amphoteres Verhalten im Lösungsmittel SbBr3. Sie setzen sich sowohl mit stärkeren Säurenanalogen als auch mit starken Basenanalogen unter Salzbildung um.

Der Vorgang der Solvolyse ist im Lösungsmittel Antimonbromid sehr häufig zu beobachten. Einige Solvolysereaktionen werden näher untersucht.
Vanadinspinelle als Valenzhalbleiter
Authors: Reuter Bertold , Jaskowsky Jörg , Riedel Erwin
Published: October 2023

An gesinterten Preßkörpern aus Magnesium‐Vanadin(III)‐Spinell MgV2O4, Magnesium‐Vanadin(IV)‐Spinell Mg2VO4, den entsprechenden Kobalt‐Vanadinspinellen CoV2O4 und Co2VO4 und aus Mischkristallen zwischen MgV2O4 und Mg2VO4 sowie zwischen CoV2O4 und Co2VO4 wurden Leitfähigkeitsmessungen im Temperaturbereich zwischen Zimmertemperatur und etwa 400 °C ausgeführt.

Dabei zeigte sich, daß im System MgV2O4 — Mg2VO4 die Leitfähigkeit der reinen Komponenten sehr gering ist. Sie liegt im Bereich von 10−4 Ω−1 · cm−1. Bei den Mischkristallen ist ein starker Anstieg der Leitfähigkeit zu beobachten, der auf Valenzhalbleitung durch Elektronenaustausch zwischen V3+‐ und V4+‐Ionen auf Oktaederplätzen des Spinellgitters zurückzuführen ist. Das Leitfähigkeitsmaximum mit 0,9 Ω−1 · cm−1 liegt bei einer durchschnittlichen Oxydationsstufe des Vanadins von 3,12, entsprechend einem Verhältnis V3+:V4+ = 7,3:1. Die Abweichung des Maximums von der zu erwartenden Lage bei einem Verhältnis V3+:V4+ = 1:1 wird auf den Einfluß der Mg2+‐Ionen auf den Oktaederplätzen zurückgeführt. Im System CoV2O4 — Co2VO4 nimmt dagegen die spezifische Leitfähigkeit vom Co2VO4 mit 4 · 10−3 Ω−1 · cm−1 bis zum CoV2O4 mit 5 Ω−1 · cm−1 stetig zu. Der hohe Leitfähigkeitswert des CoV2O4 ist nur zu verstehen, wenn man annimmt, daß bei der Bildung dieses Spinells Redoxreaktionen zwischen Co2+‐ und V3+‐Ionen stattfinden, die zu verschieden geladenen Vanadinionen auf den Oktaederplätzen des Spinellgitters führen und dadurch die Voraussetzung für Valenzhalbleitung schaffen.
Farbe und Konstitution bei anorganischen Feststoffen. III Die Lichtabsorption des dreiwertigen Chroms
Authors: Schmitz‐Du Mont O. , Reinen Dirk
Published: October 2023

Es wird die Lichtabsorption von oktaedrisch koordiniertem Cr3+ nach isomorphem Einbau in oxydische Wirtsgitter untersucht. Als Wirtsgitter dienten MgAl2O4, Al2O3 sowie die Perowskite LaAlO3, LaGaO3 und YAlO3. Eine Aufweitung des Wirtsgitters durch isomorphen Einbau steigender Mengen von Cr3+ oder Ga3+ an Stelle von Al3+ bewirkt eine Rotverschiebung der beiden Hauptabsorptionsbanden, bedingt durch eine parallel gehende Schwächung des Kristallfeldes am Ort des farbgebenden Cr3+. Anzeichen dafür, daß eine Verzerrung des Koordinationsoktaeders mit Cr3+ als Koordinationszentrum ebenfalls eine Rotverschiebung der beiden Absorptionsbanden zur Folge hat, sind vorhanden.
Zum Mechanismus der elektrolytischen Chromabscheidung durch Reduktion von Chromsäure
Authors: Käppel M. , Gerischer H.
Published: October 2023

Die elektrolytische Chromabscheidung aus wäßrigen Chromsäurelösungen wurde mit Hilfe der potentio‐statischen Methode untersucht.

Durch nichtstationäre Messungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die oxydischen Deckschichten, die bei der Chromsäurereduktion durch kathodische Polarisation entstehen, direkt elektrochemisch weiter reduziert werden können.

Für die Chromabscheidung wird ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, bei dem der letzte Schritt in der Reduktion einer monomolekularen oxydischen Deckschicht zum metallischen Chrom besteht. Die Wirkung der “Fremdanionen” beruht vor allem darauf, daß sie durch eine parallel ablaufende Auflösungsreaktion das Dickenwachstum der Oxydschicht verhindern. Zugleich inhibieren die Anionen die H2‐Entwicklung und erhöhen entsprechend die Stromausbeute für die Chromabscheidung. Es wird gezeigt, daß der vorgeschlagene Reaktionsmechanismus die wesentlichen Befunde zu erklären vermag.