bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Mild Process for Chemical Fixation of CO2 to 4‐Methylene‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Xu Jingxiu , Zhao Jinwu , Jia Zhenbin , Zhang Jianhe
Published: July 2011

Fixation of CO2 can be achieved by the cycloaddition reaction with propargylic alcohols and primary aliphatic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Oxazolones and Related Heterocycles Through an SN1 Reaction.
Authors: Alba Andrea‐Nekane R. , Calbet Teresa , Font‐Bardia Merce , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: July 2011

TFA catalyzes the alkylation of oxazolones, oxindoles, benzofuranones, and pyrazolones by carbocations generated in situ from alcohols (II) or (XIII), to give the corresponding derivatives bearing a quaternary carbon center.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New 2‐Benzoxazolinone Derivatives as Potential Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Therapy of Alzheimer′s Disease.
Authors: Szymanski P. , Janik A. , Zurek E. , Mikiciuk‐Olasik E.
Published: July 2011

All the new 2‐benzoxazolinone derivatives (I) (7 examples) exhibit inhibitory activity towards acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones to Alkylidene Malonates: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Isoxazolidines.
Authors: Chen Donghui , Wang Zhen , Li Jiangting , Yang Zhigang , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: July 2011

The title reaction is not sensitive to air or moisture and features a simple procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Arylmethyl‐5‐phenylimidazolidine‐2,4‐dione (or 5‐Arylmethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2‐thioxoimidazolidin‐4‐one) from Chalcone Oxides under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Xu Xiao‐Ya , Yin Ying
Published: July 2011

Substituted chalcone oxides (I) react with urea or thiourea (II) under ultrasound irradiation to give imidazolidinones (III) in good yields and in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Anodic Formation of 3,6‐Diaryl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles and 2(3‐Aryl‐5‐methyl‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazol‐1‐yl)‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles.
Authors: Batanero Belen , Saez Rebeca , Barba Fructuoso
Published: July 2011

Ferric chloride‐mediated oxidation of bis(hydrazones) (I) provides access towards a mixture of thiadiazoles (II) and triazoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated δ‐Lactones from Vinyl Tellurides.
Authors: Oliveira Juliana M. , Freitas Juliano C. R. , Comasseto Joao Valdir , Menezes Paulo Henrique
Published: July 2011

The (Z)‐Tips‐protected telluride (I) is used as a starting material for the copper‐mediated reaction with epoxides and the following deprotection yielding the (Z)‐diols [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Carbon Transfer in Gold Catalysis: Synthesis of Substituted Chromones.
Authors: Renault Jacques , Qian Zhao , Uriac Philippe , Gouault Nicolas
Published: July 2011

The novel process proceeds via addition of an alkyne moiety to an intramolecular ether functionality followed by carbodemetalation to yield the chromone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Cycloaddition of Phthalic Anhydrides with 1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Fujiwara Kyohei , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: July 2011

The title reaction realizes a facile divergent synthesis of the dihydroisocoumarins (III), (V), (VII), and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: A Fast‐Responsive Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Gold Ions in Water and Synthetic Products.
Authors: Yuan Lin , Lin Weiying , Yang Yueting , Song Jizeng
Published: July 2011

A fast responsive fluorescent gold ion probe based on the unexpected gold ion‐mediated hydrolysis of acylsemicarbazide (III) to the corresponding carboxylic acid is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Arylpyridines and ‐pyrimidines by Domino [4 + 2]/Retro [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Electron‐Rich Dienes with Alkynylpyridines and ‐pyrimidines.
Authors: Abid Obaid‐ur‐Rahman , Nawaz Muhammad , Ibad Muhammad Farooq , Khera Rasheed Ahmad , Iaroshenko Viktor , Langer Peter
Published: July 2011

The reactions proceed by formation of a bridged cycloadduct and subsequent thermal extrusion of ethylene.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of 2,6‐Dialkyl‐3,5‐dialkoxycarbonyl‐4‐ (3‐aryl‐1‐phenyl‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)pyridines Using TPAP/NMO as a Catalyst under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Murugan R. , Ramamoorthy K. , Sundarrajan S. , Ramakrishna S.
Published: July 2011

The reaction is not sensitive to the electronic and sterical effects of the substituents on the pyrazolyl rings and affords the products with excellent yields.Substrate (V) with the substituent bearing a methylthio‐group is oxidized to yield the methylsulfonyl pyridine derivative (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: Spiro‐Heterocyclization of 1‐H‐Pyrrole‐2,3‐dione at the Treatment with 3‐Arylamino‐1H‐inden‐1‐ones.
Authors: Dmitriev M. V. , Silaichev P. S. , Aliev Z. G. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: July 2011

The desired products (III) are purified by mere filtration.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Pyridinylcarbonylpyrimidines Against Melanoma Cell Line.
Authors: Ahn Hyemi , Lee Jun A. , Kim Hwan , Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee So Ha , Sim Taebo , Hah Jung‐Mi , Kim Dong Jin , Yoo Kyung Ho
Published: July 2011

Title compounds (Ia)—(Ic) exhibit superior antiproliferative activities against A375 human melanoma cell line compared to the reference drug Sorafenib.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of (4‐Arylpiperazinyl)piperidines as Nonpeptide BACE 1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Boja Poojary , Won SunWoo , Suh Dong Hoon , Chu Jeonghyun , Park Woo Kyu , Lim Hee‐Jong
Published: July 2011

New (4‐arylpiperazinyl)piperidines (I) and (II) have promising in vitro potency as nonpeptide BACE 1 inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Reactions of 1,1,1‐Trichloro(trifluoro)‐3‐nitrobut‐2‐enes with 2‐Morpholinoalk‐1‐enes.
Authors: Korotaev Vladislav Yu. , Barkov Alexey Yu. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Kodess Mikhail I. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya.
Published: July 2011

Sufficiently stable oxazine N‐oxides (III) are formed under kinetic control from (E)‐1,1,1‐trihalomethyl‐3‐nitrobut‐2‐enes (I) and enamine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Access to Dibenzo[b,e]oxepines by a Lewis Acid Catalyzed Tandem Reaction.
Authors: Reddy Chada R. , Ramesh Palacherla , Rao Nagavaram N. , Ali Saiyed A.
Published: July 2011

The title compounds are prepared by two strategies using inexpensive catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and SAR of Novel Benzoxaboroles as a New Class of β‐Lactamase Inhibitors.
Authors: Xia Yi , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

A new class of benzoxaborole β‐lactamase inhibitors is designed and synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Stereoselective Approach to Tetrasubstituted (E)‐β‐Hydroxy Silyl Enol Ethers by Addition of Aryl‐Substituted Oxiranyl Anions to Acylsilanes.
Authors: Wang Cheng , Gan Zubao , Lu Ji , Wu Xia , Song Zhenlei
Published: July 2011

A sequential addition/1,2‐Brook rearrangement/epoxide‐opening process allows the synthesis of the desired synthons.
ChemInform Abstract: A Reaction‐Based Chromogenic and Fluorescent Chemodosimeter for Fluoride Anions
Authors: Fu Li , Jiang Feng‐Lei , Fortin Daniel , Harvey Pierre D. , Liu Yi
Published: July 2011

design and synthesis of the new BODIPY dye (I), which appears to be a highly selective, sensitive and fast chromogenic and fluorescent chemodosimeter for fluorides
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl Hydrogen (1‐Aminoalkyl)phosphonates.
Authors: Khomutov Radii M. , Khurs Elena N. , Osipova Tatyana I.
Published: July 2011

Addition of hypophosphorous acid to aldoximes (I) affords aminoalkyl phosphinic acids (II) which on treatment with bromine in the appropriate alcohol give aminoalkyl phosphonates (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Oligothiophene‐Based Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs): Anchoring Group Effects on Molecular Properties and Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Miyazaki Eigo , Okanishi Takashi , Suzuki Yuki , Ishine Nozomi , Mori Hiroki , Takimiya Kazuo , Harima Yutaka
Published: July 2011

synthesis of dyes with a cyanoacrylic acid anchor and comparison with related dyes having a carboxylic acid anchor
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Conversion from 3‐Vinyl‐ to 3‐Formyl‐chlorophyll Derivatives.
Authors: Oba Toru , Uda Yuki , Matsuda Kohei , Fukusumi Takanori , Ito Satoshi , Hiratani Kazuhisa , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: July 2011

The C3‐vinyl group of chlorophyll derivative (I) is converted into an aldehyde by a novel one‐pot reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Expedient Method for the Synthesis of 11C‐Labeled α‐Aminoisobutyric Acid: A Tumor Imaging Agent Potentially Useful for Cancer Diagnosis.
Authors: Kato Koichi , Tsuji Atsushi B. , Saga Tsuneo , Zhang Ming‐Rong
Published: July 2011

Different approaches to 11C‐labeled α‐aminoisobutyric acid (IV) are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel Alkaloids from the Stem of Saprosma hainanense and Their Cytotoxic Activities in vitro.
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Guang‐Ying , Han Chang‐Ri , Yuan Yuan , Yang Biao , Zhang Yuan , Wang Jing , Zhong Xiu‐Qiong , Huang Xin
Published: July 2011

Isolation and structure elucidation for two novel alkaloids, saprosmine A (Ia) and saprosmine B (Ib), are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Regio‐ and Stereoisomers of Highly Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Substituted Cyclopentanes.
Authors: Kiss Lorand , Forro Enikoe , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: July 2011

Various triazole functionalized cyclopentanes are synthesized as potential carbocyclic nucleoside analogues via an azide—alkyne click‐chemistry strategy.
ChemInform Abstract: Biological Evaluation of Phenolic Constituents from the Trunk of Berberis koreana.
Authors: Kim Ki Hyun , Moon Eunjung , Choi Sang Un , Kim Sun Yeou , Lee Kang Ro
Published: July 2011

A bioassay‐guided fractionation of title plant parts results in isolation and identification of a new sesquilignan (I), named berbikonol, along with other known lignan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Invasion Inhibitors of Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 Cells from the Rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar: Structures of Phenylbutanoids, Cassumunols.
Authors: Matsuda Hisashi , Nakamura Seikou , Iwami Junko , Li Xuezheng , Pongpiriyadacha Yutana , Nakai Megumi , Kubo Miwa , Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: July 2011

Eight new phenylbutanoids cassumunols A‐H (I)—(IV) are isolated along with 30 known constituents from the rhizomes of the Thai ginger relative Zingiber cassumunar.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Quinoline Derivative with Cytotoxic Activity from Streptomyces sp. Neau50.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Jing , Gong Dian‐Liang , Wang Ji‐Dong , Zhang Ji , Liu Chong‐Xi , Xiang Wen‐Sheng
Published: July 2011

Compound (I) is isolated as novel quinoline derivative from the endophytic title strain.
ChemInform Abstract: A Selective Chromogenic Chemosensor for Carboxylate Salt Recognition.
Authors: Piatek Piotr
Published: July 2011

The receptor (I) binds in a cooperative fashion to both a potassium cation and a carboxylate anion.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Non‐Peptide, Small Molecule Antagonists of α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Novel Analgesics for the Treatment of Neuropathic and Tonic Inflammatory Pain.
Authors: Zheng Guangrong , Zhang Zhenfa , Dowell Cheryl , Wala Elzbieta , Dwoskin Linda P. , Holtman Joseph R. , McIntosh J. Michael , Crooks Peter A.
Published: July 2011

A series of azaaromatic quaternary ammonium analogues, e.g. (I) and (II), is discovered as potent and selective α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Non‐Glucoside SGLT2 Inhibitors.
Authors: Li An‐Rong , Zhang Jian , Greenberg Joanne , Lee TaeWeon , Liu Jiwen
Published: July 2011

A series of benzooxazinones are synthesized as sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1‐[2‐Cyano‐3,12‐dioxooleana‐1,9(11)‐dien‐28‐oyl]‐4‐ethynylimidazole. A Novel and Highly Potent Antiinflammatory and Cytoprotective Agent.
Authors: Honda Tadashi , Dinkova‐Kostava Albena T. , David Emilie , Padegimas Eric M. , Sundararajan Chitra , Visnick Melean , Bumeister Ron , Wigley W. Christian
Published: July 2011

A small series of new N‐acyl(acetylenic)imidazole analogues (I) is synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding the Defect Chemistry of Oxide Nanoparticles for Creating New Functionalities: A Critical Review
Authors: Li Guang She , Li Li Ping , Zheng Jing
Published: July 2011

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Evolution from Water Catalyzed by Mononuclear Aquaruthenium Complexes
Authors: Yoshida Masaki , Masaoka Shigeyuki , Sakai Ken
Published: July 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H/C—X Coupling Methodologies Mediated by Pd/Cu or Cu. An Examination of the Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Findings
Authors: De Ornellas Sara , Storr Thomas E. , Williams Thomas J. , Baumann Christoph G. , Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: July 2011

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Sulfuric Acid (SSA), an Efficient and Heterogeneous Catalyst for Organic Transformations
Authors: Baghernejad Bita
Published: July 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Copper, Silver and Gold Complexes in Catalysis
Authors: Marion Nicolas
Published: July 2011

Review: 207 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction to N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Stereoelectronic Parameters
Authors: Jahnke Mareike C. , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: July 2011

Review: 298 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of (D)‐C‐Mannopyranosides
Authors: Choumane Mariam , Banchet Aline , Probst Nicolas , Gerard Stephane , Ple Karen , Haudrechy Arnaud
Published: July 2011

Review: 278 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Conversion of Carbohydrates. State of the Art and Outlook
Authors: Richel Aurore , Laurent Pascal , Wathelet Bernard , Wathelet Jean‐Paul , Paquot Michel
Published: July 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Protecting Groups in Carbohydrate Chemistry
Authors: Codee Jeroen D. C. , Ali Asghar , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A.
Published: July 2011

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosyl Donors in “Unusual” Conformations — Influence on Reactivity and Selectivity
Authors: Pedersen Christian M. , Marinescu Lavinia G. , Bols Mikael
Published: July 2011

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzylic Organometals via Reductive Metalation Procedures
Authors: Azzena Ugo , Dettori Giovanna , Pisano Luisa
Published: July 2011

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles via Electrophilic Cyclization of Alkynes Containing Heteroatom
Authors: Godoi Benhur , Schumacher Ricardo F. , Zeni Gilson
Published: July 2011

Review: 231 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Propargylation
Authors: Ding Chang‐Hua , Hou Xue‐Long
Published: July 2011

Review: 215 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligands that Store and Release Electrons During Catalysis.
Authors: Dzik Wojciech I. , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar , Reek Joost N. H. , de Bruin Bas
Published: July 2011

Review: development of cheap catalysts for the C—C coupling based on abundant first‐row transition metals which are given a noble character by redox‐active ligands, exemplified by a cobalt‐mediated Negishi‐type cross‐coupling; 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Gewald Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Huang Yijun , Doemling Alexander
Published: July 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of β‐Alkylpyrroles.
Authors: Tsuchimoto Terushisa
Published: July 2011

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Arylation of Imines Using Organoboron Reagents: An Approach to Chiral Arylamines
Authors: Marques Carolina S. , Burke Anthony J.
Published: July 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Assessing Possibilities and Limits for Solar Cells
Authors: Nayak Pabitra K. , Bisquert Juan , Cahen David
Published: July 2011

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Biodegradable Polymers and Enzymes in Stabilization and Surface Functionalization.
Authors: Virkutyte Jurate , Varma Rajender S.
Published: July 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Autotrophic Nitrogen‐Removing Biofilms on Porous and Non‐Porous Membranes
Authors: Celmer‐Repin Dominika , Hwang Jong Hyuk , Cicek Nazim , Oleszkiewicz Jan A.
Published: July 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Aspects of Water‐Holding in Meat
Authors: Puolanne E. , Halonen Marjo
Published: July 2011

Review: 130 refs.
Extracellular inhibitors, repellents, and semaphorin/plexin/MICAL‐mediated actin filament disassembly
Authors: Hung Ruei‐Jiun , Terman Jonathan R.
Published: July 2011

Multiple extracellular signals have been identified that regulate actin dynamics within motile cells, but how these instructive cues present on the cell surface exert their precise effects on the internal actin cytoskeleton is still poorly understood. One particularly interesting class of these cues is a group of extracellular proteins that negatively alter the movement of cells and their processes. Over the years, these types of events have been described using a variety of terms and herein we provide an overview of inhibitory/repulsive cellular phenomena and highlight the largest known protein family of repulsive extracellular cues, the Semaphorins. Specifically, the Semaphorins (Semas) utilize Plexin cell‐surface receptors to dramatically collapse the actin cytoskeleton and we summarize what is known of the direct molecular and biochemical mechanisms of Sema‐triggered actin filament (F‐actin) disassembly. We also discuss new observations from our lab that reveal that the multidomain oxidoreductase (Redox) enzyme Molecule Interacting with CasL (MICAL), an important mediator of Sema/Plexin repulsion, is a novel F‐actin disassembly factor. Our results indicate that MICAL triggers Sema/Plexin‐mediated reorganization of the F‐actin cytoskeleton and suggest a role for specific Redox signaling events in regulating actin dynamics. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved outcomes associated with higher surgery rates for older patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Gray Stacy W. , Landrum Mary Beth , Lamont Elizabeth B. , McNeil Barbara J. , Jaklitsch Michael T. , Keating Nancy L.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although surgery offers the greatest chance of a cure for patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), older and sicker patients often fail to undergo resection. The benefits of surgery in older patients and patients with multiple comorbidities are uncertain.

METHODS:

The authors identified a national cohort of 17,638 Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥66 years living in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) areas who were diagnosed with stage I or II NSCLC during 2001 to 2005. Areas with high and low rates of curative surgery for early stage lung cancer were compared to estimate the effectiveness of surgery in older and sicker patients. Logistic regression models were used to assess mortality according to the quintile of area‐level surgery rates, adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS:

Less than 63% of patients underwent surgery in low‐surgery areas, whereas >79% underwent surgery in high‐surgery areas. High‐surgery areas operated on more patients of advanced age and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than low‐surgery areas. The adjusted all‐cause 1 year mortality was 18% in high‐surgery areas versus 22.8% in low‐surgery areas (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86‐0.93) for each 10% increase in the surgery rate).The 1‐year lung‐cancer‐specific mortality similarly was lower in high‐surgery areas (12%) versus low‐surgery areas (16.9%; adjusted OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82‐0.91) for each 10% increase in the surgery rate.

CONCLUSIONS:

Higher rates of surgery for stage I/II NSCLC were associated with improved survival, even when older patients and sicker patients underwent resection. The authors concluded that more work is needed to identify and reduce barriers to surgery for early stage NSCLC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Breast cancers presenting luminal B subtype features show higher discordant human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 results between immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Park Seho , Park Hyung Seok , Koo Ja Seung , Yang Woo Ick , Kim Seung Il , Park Byeong‐Woo
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

The aims of this study were to compare human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) results between immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes according to their results.

METHODS:

Using consecutive tissue microarrays, IHC and FISH were performed as guidelines in 950 invasive breast cancers treated between November 1999 and August 2005. Characteristics and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed using a chi‐square test, the Kaplan‐Meier method, and Cox's model.

RESULTS:

FISH‐positivity was observed in 2.6%, 4.8%, 28.1%, and 93.8% of IHC 0, 1+, 2+, and 3+, respectively, and the concordance rate between the 2 assays was 95.5%. IHC‐positive or FISH‐positive cases were associated with poorer differentiation, negative expression of hormone receptors, and higher proliferative index. Among IHC‐equivocal or IHC‐negative patients, positive FISH was negatively associated with survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. Among IHC‐negative patients, tumors showing luminal B subtype features such as estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive, grade II/III, and high Ki‐67 presented discordantly high FISH‐positivity. Among IHC‐positive cases, FISH was not related to outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

The result of FISH is significantly related to prognosis of patients with IHC‐negative or IHC‐equivocal result. Therefore, FISH should be performed in IHC‐equivocal cases. FISH assay might be considered for a selected group of patients with IHC‐negative tumors showing luminal B subtype features of ER‐positive, grade II/III, and high Ki‐67 expression. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Effect of metformin on survival outcomes in diabetic patients with triple receptor‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Bayraktar Soley , Hernadez‐Aya Leonel F. , Lei Xiudong , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Litton Jennifer K. , Hsu Limin , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Gonzalez‐Angulo Ana M.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Recent observational studies have shown that metformin use in diabetic patients decreases both cancer incidence and mortality. Metformin use is also independently predictive of pathologic complete response. In the current study, the authors explored the association between metformin use and survival outcomes in patients with triple receptor‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) who were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.

METHODS:

The Breast Cancer Management System database of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center identified 1448 women who received adjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC between 1995 and 2007. Patients were categorized by diabetes status and metformin use. The Kaplan‐Meier product‐limit method was used to calculate distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine the association between metformin use and survival outcomes.

RESULTS:

The study cohort was comprised of 63 diabetic patients receiving treatment with metformin, 67 diabetic patients not receiving metformin, and 1318 nondiabetic patients. Patients in the diabetic groups tended to be older (P = .005); more diabetic patients were postmenopausal (P = .0007), black (P = .0001), and obese (P < .0001). At a median follow‐up of 62 months, there were no significant differences with regard to 5‐year DMFS (P = .23), RFS (P = .38), and OS (P = .58) between the 3 groups. Compared with the metformin group, patients who did not receive metformin (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.87‐3.06 [P = .13]) and nondiabetic patients (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.97‐2.71 [P = .06]) tended to have a higher risk of distant metastases.

CONCLUSIONS:

The findings of the current study suggest that metformin use during adjuvant chemotherapy does not significantly impact survival outcomes in diabetic patients with TNBC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Peripheral nerve graft with immunosuppression modifies gene expression in axotomized CNS neurons
Authors: Murray Marion , Santi Lauren , Monaghan Rebecca , Houle John D. , Barr Gordon A.
Published: July 2011

Adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons do not regenerate severed axons unaided but may regenerate axons into apposed predegenerated peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs). We examined gene expression by using microarray technology in laser‐dissected lateral vestibular (LV) neurons whose axons were severed by a lateral hemisection at C3 (HX) and in lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) neurons that were hemisected at C3 and that received immunosuppression with cyclosporine A (CsA) and a predegenerated PNG (termed I‐PNG) into the lesion site. The results provide an expression analysis of temporal changes that occur in LVN neurons in nonregenerative and potentially regenerative states and over a period of 42 days. Axotomy alone resulted in a prolonged change in regulation of probe sets, with more being upregulated than downregulated. Apposition of a PNG with immunosuppression muted gene expression overall. Axotomized neurons (HX) upregulated genes commonly associated with axonal growth, whereas axotomized neurons whose axons were apposed to the PNG showed diminished expression of many of these genes but greater expression of genes related to energy production. The results suggest that axotomized LVN neurons express many genes thought to be associated with regeneration to a greater extent than LVN neurons that are apposed to a PNG. Thus the LVN neurons remain in a regenerative state following axotomy but the conditions provided by the I‐PNG appear to be neuroprotective, preserving or enhancing mitochondrial activity, which may provide required energy for regeneration. We speculate that the graft also enables sufficient axonal synthesis of cytoskeletal components to allow axonal growth without marked increase in expression of genes normally associated with regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3433–3455, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kisspeptin neurons co‐express met‐enkephalin and galanin in the rostral periventricular region of the female mouse hypothalamus
Authors: Porteous Robert , Petersen Sandra L. , Yeo Shel Hwa , Bhattarai Janardhan P. , Ciofi Philippe , D'anglemont de Tassigny Xavier , Colledge William H. , Caraty Alain , Herbison Allan E.
Published: July 2011

It is now well established that the kisspeptin neurons of the hypothalamus play a key role in regulating the activity of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The population of kisspeptin neurons residing in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V), encompassing the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and periventricular preoptic nuclei (PVpo), are implicated in the generation of the preovulatory GnRH surge mechanism and puberty onset in female rodents. The present study examined whether these kisspeptin neurons may express other neuropeptides in the adult female mouse. Initially, the distribution of galanin, neurotensin, met‐enkephalin (mENK), and cholecystokinin (CCK)‐immunoreactive cells was determined within the RP3V of colchicine‐treated mice. Subsequent experiments, using a new kisspeptin‐10 antibody raised in sheep, examined the relationship of these neuropeptides to kisspeptin neurons. No evidence was found for expression of neurotensin or CCK by RP3V kisspeptin neurons, but subpopulations of kisspeptin neurons were observed to express galanin and mENK. Dual‐labeled RP3V kisspeptin/galanin cells represented 7% of all kisspeptin and 21% of all galanin neurons whereas dual‐labeled kisspeptin/mENK cells represented 28–38% of kisspeptin neurons and 58–68% of the mENK population, depending on location within the AVPV or PVpo. Kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus were also found to express galanin but not mENK. These observations indicate that, like the kisspeptin population of the arcuate nucleus, kisspeptin neurons in the RP3V also co‐express a range of neuropeptides. This pattern of co‐expression should greatly increase the dynamic range with which kisspeptin neurons can modulate the activity of their afferent neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3456–3469, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and experimental evidence supports the continuum of the central extended amygdala and a mutiple embryonic origin of its principal neurons
Authors: Bupesh Munisamy , Abellán Antonio , Medina Loreta
Published: July 2011

The central extended amygdala is the major output center for telencephalic control of ingestion, fear responses, stress, and anxiety. In spite of the abundant data supporting the similarity in neurochemistry, connections, and function along the extended amygdala, embryological support for this continuum is lacking. By using a combination of in vitro migration assays, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining, here we show that its major components, including central amygdala and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), are mosaics formed by different proportions of dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)‐, ventral LGE‐, and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)‐derived principal neurons. The dorsal LGE produces Pax6‐expressing neurons that primarily populate lateral parts of the central extended amygdala, including the capsular and part of lateral central amygdala, but also produces a few cells for the lateral BST. Based on correlation with preproenkephalin, many of these cells are likely enkephalinergic. The ventral LGE produces Islet1‐expressing neurons that populate primarily the central and medial parts of the central amygdala but also produces numerous neurons for the lateral BST. Correlation with corticotropin‐releasing factor suggests that these neurons express this neuropeptide. The MGE produces the majority of neurons of the lateral BST, but its ventrocaudal subdivision also produces an important subpopulation of projection neurons containing somatostatin for medial aspects of the central amygdala. Thus, distinct principal neurons originate in different embryonic domains, but the same domains contribute neurons to most subdivisions of the central extended amygdala, which may explain the similarity in neurochemistry and connections along the corridor. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3507–3531, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel type of complex ganglion cell in rabbit retina
Authors: Sivyer Benjamin , Venkataramani Sowmya , Taylor W. Rowland , Vaney David I.
Published: July 2011

The 15–20 physiological types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be grouped according to whether they fire to increased illumination in the receptive‐field center (ON cells), decreased illumination (OFF cells), or both (ON‐OFF cells). The diversity of RGCs has been best described in the rabbit retina, which has three types of ON‐OFF RGCs with complex receptive‐field properties: the ON‐OFF direction‐selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), the local edge detectors, and the uniformity detectors. Here we describe a novel type of bistratified ON‐OFF RGC that has not been described in either physiological or morphological studies of rabbit RGCs. These cells stratify in the ON and OFF sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, branching at about 30% and 60% depth, between the ON and OFF arbors of the bistratified DSGCs. Similar to the ON‐OFF DSGCs, these cells respond with transient firing to both bright and dark spots flashed in the receptive field but, unlike the DSGCs, they show no directional preference for moving stimuli. We have termed these cells “transient ON‐OFF” RGCs. Area‐response measurements show that both the ON and the OFF spike responses have an antagonistic receptive‐field organization, but with different spatial extents. Voltage‐clamp recordings reveal transient excitatory inputs at light ON and light OFF; this excitation is strongly suppressed by surround stimulation, which also elicits direct inhibitory inputs to the cells at light ON and light OFF. Thus the receptive‐field organization is mediated both within the presynaptic circuitry and by direct feed‐forward inhibition. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3128–3138, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear factor one X regulates the development of multiple cellular populations in the postnatal cerebellum
Authors: Piper Michael , Harris Lachlan , Barry Guy , Heng Yee Hsieh Evelyn , Plachez Celine , Gronostajski Richard M. , Richards Linda J.
Published: July 2011

Development of the cerebellum involves the coordinated proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and integration of cells from multiple neuronal and glial lineages. In rodent models, much of this occurs in the early postnatal period. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this phase of cerebellar development remains incomplete. Here, we address the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor one X (NFIX), in postnatal development of the cerebellum. NFIX is expressed by progenitor cells within the external granular layer and by cerebellar granule neurons within the internal granule layer. Using NFIX−/− mice, we demonstrate that the development of cerebellar granule neurons and Purkinje cells within the postnatal cerebellum is delayed in the absence of this transcription factor. Furthermore, the differentiation of mature glia within the cerebellum, such as Bergmann glia, is also significantly delayed in the absence of NFIX. Collectively, the expression pattern of NFIX, coupled with the delays in the differentiation of multiple cell populations of the developing cerebellum in NFIX−/− mice, suggest a central role for NFIX in the regulation of cerebellar development, highlighting the importance of this gene for the maturation of this key structure. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3532–3548, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brainstem galanin‐synthesizing neurons are differentially activated by chemoreceptor stimuli and represent a subpopulation of respiratory neurons
Authors: Spirovski Darko , Li Qun , Pilowsky Paul M.
Published: July 2011

The ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM) of the brainstem contains neurochemically heterogeneous neurons that have a critical role in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. Previous anatomical studies have shown the existence of galanin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata, but a detailed characterization is lacking. In this study, we demonstrate three populations of preprogalanin mRNA (PPG)‐expressing neurons in the VLM of the adult, male Sprague‐Dawley rat: a retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) group, a group in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG), and a subpopulation of A1 neurons. PPG+ neurons express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) only in the A1 region of the VLM, where approximately 56% of PPG+ neurons contain TH (79 ± 14; n = 4). PPG+ neurons do not express vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT) in the VLM (n = 3). However, 33% of PPG+ neurons contain neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK1R) in the rVRG (126 ± 12; n = 12), accounting for ∼28% of all NK1R+ neurons in the region. Retrogradely transported cholera toxin B injected into the thoracic spinal cord (T1) revealed that bulbospinal PPG+ neurons are present in the rVRG (n = 3; ∼26% of PPG+ neurons). PPG+ neurons in the RTN and locus coeruleus are selectively activated (Fos) following 2 hours of exposure to hypercapnia, but not by hypoxia. Neurons in the A1, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsomedial hypothalamus are activated by both chemoreceptor stimuli. The results suggest that PPG+ neurons represent a population of brainstem neurons that play a critical and differential role in the chemoreflex responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurosensory and neuromuscular organization in tube feet of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Agca Cavit , Elhajj Milad C. , Klein William H. , Venuti Judith M.
Published: July 2011

Several behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that all classes of echinoderms, including Echinoidia, the class to which sea urchins belong, are photosensitive and exhibit complex behavioral responses to light or changes in light intensity. However, no discrete photosensitive structure has been identified in sea urchins. The purpose of this study was to provide new insights into eye evolution by determining whether distinct photosensory structures are present in adult sea urchins. Recently, we showed that the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome contains orthologs of many mammalian retinal genes and that these genes are expressed in tube feet, suggesting the presence of photoreceptor neurons. To determine whether this is so, we identified several features of tube feet that relate to a possible invertebrate phototransduction system. We show that rhabdomeric opsin is expressed severalfold higher within the disk region of the tube feet and is the most abundant opsin. Immunostaining identified βIII‐tubulin‐expressing cells at the periphery of disk in the vicinity of the synaptotagmin‐expressing nerve fibers. We also showed that Pax6 expression in the disk was restricted to the periphery, where small clusters of putative sensory neurons reside. Our results reveal neuromuscular organization of the tube foot neuromuscular system. They further support earlier studies suggesting the presence of a photosensory system in tube feet. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3566–3579, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of mouse subplate cells with identified projection targets changes with age
Authors: Hoerder‐Suabedissen Anna , Molnár Zoltán
Published: July 2011

During embryonic and early postnatal development subplate neurons integrate into the developing intra‐ and extracortical circuitry in a dynamic fashion. They extend long‐range projections to adjacent cortical regions, the contralateral hemisphere through the corpus callosum, and to subcortical structures through the internal capsule. Here we studied the developmental changes of the somatodendritic morphology of subplate neurons with specified projection target in the mouse. To do so we used carbocyanine dye tracing from the callosum, the internal capsule, or the primary somatosensory cortex. The morphology of subplate cells with projections to any of these targets is very diverse and includes pyramidal, multipolar, and neurogliaform cells. Here we demonstrate that a subpopulation of subplate cells in the mouse cortex undergoes significant changes in somatodendritic morphology during the critical period for experimental modification of the cytoarchitectonic development of the barrel cortex. Between P2 and P7 the mean maximal extent of the primary dendrite decreases significantly for subplate cells with an axon projecting through the internal capsule. Moreover, at P2 some subplate cells extend a primary dendrite to the marginal zone, whereas all dendrites of P7 subplate cells end in or below layer 4. Additionally, by tracing connections from multiple targets with different carbocyanine dyes we identified subplate cells with multiple long‐range projections. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters type 1 and 2 in sensory and autonomic neurons innervating the mouse colorectum
Authors: Brumovsky Pablo R. , Robinson David R. , La Jun‐Ho , Seroogy Kim B. , Lundgren Kerstin H. , Albers Kathryn M. , Kiyatkin Michael E. , Seal Rebecca P. , Edwards Robert H. , Watanabe Masahiko , Hökfelt Tomas , Gebhart G.F.
Published: July 2011

Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) have been extensively studied in various neuronal systems, but their expression in visceral sensory and autonomic neurons remains to be analyzed in detail. Here we studied VGLUTs type 1 and 2 (VGLUT1and VGLUT2, respectively) in neurons innervating the mouse colorectum. Lumbosacral and thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG), lumbar sympathetic chain (LSC), and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons innervating the colorectum of BALB/C mice were retrogradely traced with Fast Blue, dissected, and processed for immunohistochemistry. Tissue from additional naïve mice was included. Previously characterized antibodies against VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) were used. Riboprobe in situ hybridization, using probes against VGLUT1and VGLUT2, was also performed. Most colorectal DRG neurons expressed VGLUT2and often colocalized with CGRP. A smaller percentage of neurons expressed VGLUT1. VGLUT2‐immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the MPG were rare. Abundant VGLUT2‐IR nerves were detected in all layers of the colorectum; VGLUT1‐IR nerves were sparse. A subpopulation of myenteric plexus neurons expressed VGLUT2 protein and mRNA, but VGLUT1 mRNA was undetectable. In conclusion, we show 1) that most colorectal DRG neurons express VGLUT2, and to a lesser extent, VGLUT1; 2) abundance of VGLUT2‐IR fibers innervating colorectum; and 3) a subpopulation of myenteric plexus neurons expressing VGLUT2. Altogether, our data suggests a role for VGLUT2in colorectal glutamatergic neurotransmission, potentially influencing colorectal sensitivity and motility. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3346–3366, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of glutamatergic innervation of the mouse dorsal raphe nucleus using array tomography
Authors: Soiza‐Reilly Mariano , Commons Kathryn G.
Published: July 2011

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) containing neurons located in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) comprise the main source of forebrain 5‐HT and regulate emotional states in normal and pathological conditions including affective disorders. However, there are many features of the local circuit architecture within the DR that remain poorly understood. DR neurons receive glutamatergic innervation from different brain areas that selectively express three different types of the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT). In this study we used a new high‐resolution imaging technique, array tomography, to quantitatively analyze the glutamatergic innervation of the mouse DR. In the same volumetric images, we studied the distribution of five antigens: VGLUT1, VGLUT2, VGLUT3, the postsynaptic protein PSD‐95, and a marker for 5‐HT cells, the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPOH). We found that all three populations of glutamatergic boutons are present in the DR; however, the density of paired association between VGLUT2 boutons and PSD‐95 was ≈2‐fold higher than that of either VGLUT1‐ or VGLUT3‐PSD‐95 pairs. In addition, VGLUT2‐PSD‐95 pairs were more commonly found associated with 5‐HT cells than the other VGLUT types. These data support a prominent contribution of glutamate axons expressing VGLUT2 to the excitatory drive of DR neurons. The current study also emphasizes the use of array tomography as a quantitative approach to understand the fine molecular architecture of microcircuits in a well‐preserved neuroanatomical context. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3802‐3814, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experience report: porting the MG‐RAST rapid metagenomics analysis pipeline to the cloud
Authors: Wilke Andreas , Wilkening Jared , Glass Elizabeth M. , Desai Narayan L. , Meyer Folker
Published: July 2011

Existing applications in computational biology typically favor a local cluster based integrated computational platform. We present a lessons learned type report for scaling up an existing metagenomics application that outgrew the available local cluster hardware. In our example, removing a number of assumptions linked to tight integration allowed to expand beyond one administrative domain, increase the number and type of machines available for the application, and also improved scaling properties of the application. The assumptions made in designing the computational client make it well suitable for deployment as a virtual machine inside a cloud. This paper discusses the decision process and describes the suitability of deploying various bioinformatics computations to distributed heterogeneous machines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation and evaluation of a self‐organizing artificial hormone system to assign time‐dependent tasks
Authors: Pacher Mathias , Brinkschulte Uwe
Published: July 2011

We present a new method to assign tasks, which are connected by time dependencies within a heterogeneous environment, (e.g., several resources communicating with each other). Our approach for task distribution uses an artificial hormone system, which is self‐organizing and able to meet real‐time constraints. Several enhancements to the artificial hormone system have been made, such as partial suppressing of tasks and distributed task termination.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth morphology of gypsum in the presence of copolymers
Authors: Montagnino D. , Costa E. , Massaro F. R. , Artioli G. , Aquilano D.
Published: July 2011

Gypsum is the most abundant natural sulphate, and in industrial application it plays an important role in gypsum based binders. Furthermore, it plays a critical role in the hydration of Portland cement, and then gypsum is one of the most important cement additive. In this paper we investigated the role of two commercial polymeric additives in modifying the crystal habits and size of gypsum, growth in aqueous solution. These two additives belong to the categories of acrylic polymers and they are known only by their commercial names of SP1 and SP3. We found that these substances can act as shape modifiers mainly at concentration over 0.04% by weight, with a shortening in the elongation of gypsum crystal and some change in the characters of {001} form, from stepped to flat, due to a change in the growth mechanism. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural investigation and electronic band transitions of nanostructured TiO2 thin films
Authors: Sebnem Cetin S. , Corekci S. , Cakmak M. , Ozcelik S.
Published: July 2011

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film was deposited on n‐Si (100) substrate by reactive DC magnetron sputtering system at 250 °C temperature. The deposited film was thermally treated for 3 h in the range of 400‐1000 °C by conventional thermal annealing (CTA) in air atmosphere. The effects of the annealing temperature on the structural and morphological properties of the films were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. XRD measurements show that the rutile phase is the dominant crystalline phase for the film annealed at 800 °C. According to AFM results, the increased grain sizes indicate that the annealing improves the crystalline quality of the TiO2 film. In addition, the formation of the interfacial SiO2 layer between TiO2 film and Si substrate was evaluated by the transmittance spectra obtained with FTIR spectrometer. The electronic band transitions of as‐deposited and annealed films were also studied by using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at room temperature. The results show that the dislocation density and microstrain in the film were decreased by increasing annealing temperature for both anatase and rutile phases. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)