bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persepsi Orang Tua terhadap Pembelajaran Daring di Masa Pandemi Covid 19 dari Peningkatan Jumlah Siswa Jenjang Usia Dini di Lembaga Pendidikan Nonformal “Smart Center Indonesia”
Authors: Dodi Sutrisno
Published: March 2022

The number of Early Age students at the Non-formal Education Institution "Smart Center Indonesia" during the Covid 19 pandemic increased by 58.92%, from this data it raises a big question mark for researchers how is the perception of parents towards online learning during the Covid 19 Pandemic so that the number of students has increased. student enrollment drastically. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method from the results of parental interview data which aims to examine parents' perceptions of online learning during the Covid 19 pandemic from the increase in the number of early age students in non-formal education institutions "Smart Center Indonesia". The result is that from 5 respondents, it was found that the perception of parents who were worried about online learning during the covid 19 pandemic, thus increasing the number of early age students in non-formal education institutions "smart center Indonesia". cannot pass into the best elementary school according to parents, worried that the child will not be able to follow the learning process at the next level, namely the elementary school level.

 

Jumlah siswa jenjang Usia Dini di Lembaga Pendidikan Nonformal “Smart Center Indonesia” selama pandemi Covid 19 mengalami peningkatan sebesar 58,92%, dari data ini menimbulkan tanda tanya besar bagi peneliti bagaimana persepsi orang tua terhadap pembelajaran daring dimasa Pandemik Covid 19 sehingga mengalami peningkatan jumlah pendaftaran siswa secara drastis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dari hasil data wawancara orangtua yang bertujuan meneliti persepsi orang tua terhadap pembelajaran daring dimasa pandemi Covid 19 dari peningkatan jumlah siswa jenjang usia dini di lembaga pendidikan nonformal “Smart Center Indonesia”. Hasilnya terdapat Dari 5 responden didapatkan persepsi orang tua yang khawatir terhadap pembelajaran daring dimasa pandemi covid 19 sehingga meningkatkan jumlah siswa jenjang usia dini di lembaga pendidikan nonformal “smart center indonesia”.Persepsi kekhawatiran itu adalah  khawatir terhadap hasil belajar anak yang tidak maksimal, khawatir anak tidak dapat lulus masuk di sekolah dasar yang terbaik menurut orang tua, khawatir anak tidak dapat mengikuti proses pembelajaran dijenjang berikutnya yaitu jenjang sekolah dasar.
Spatial analysis and data mining of urban trees
Authors: O. C. Pacheco Gabriel , A. Davis Clodoveu
Published: March 2022

Tree coverage in urban spaces is a theme of great importance for current societies, given all the benefits that green spaces provide to the population, especially in large cities. Trees fulfill a very important role to ensure quality of urban living and urban environmental quality, and as a result trees are considered to be an element of urban infrastructure. In spite of the recognition of the importance of tree coverage, events in which a street tree falls or needs to be preventively cut down are quite frequent, damaging property and causing disturbances in the routine of the population. From a rich dataset on urban trees for the city of Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil), this paper proposes contributions towards the identification and solution of problems related to tree coverage, with special emphasis on felled trees. Data mining techniques are employed in search of consistent patterns, expressed as association rules or temporal sequences, that are related to felling events. We also show a VGI tool to updating and expanding the original dataset.
Das biosoziale Konfliktverständnis – eine neue Perspektive zum Umgang mit der ökologischen Krise
Authors: Schulte-Kellinghaus Raphael , Maier Charlotte
Published: March 2022

Der Beitrag präsentiert einen Ausschnitt der Ergebnisse der Masterarbeit »Interspezifische Mediation: Beteiligung nichtmenschlicher Akteurinnen an Konfliktlösungsverfahren«, die an der Europa-Universität Viadrina eingereicht wurde. Er betont die Vorteile der Erweiterung des Konfliktverständnisses vom sozialen hin zum biosozialen Konflikt. Eine Beteiligung der Tier- und Umwelt für einen umfassenden Interessenausgleich kann neue Umgangsformen mit der ökologischen Krise eröffnen. Das Potenzial der Mediation soll mithilfe von interspezifischer Empathie nutzbar gemacht werden.
Promotion of Cognitive Function Maintenance Exercises in the Community: “Brain Wakawaka Club” Activities to Keep the Brain Young
Authors: Kouno Mitsunobu , Kawaguchi Tomoko , Yoshitake Masashi , Sakano Naoki
Published: March 2022

According to estimates by the Japanese Cabinet Office, there will be approximately 6.02 million elderly people with dementia in 2020, and the prevalence of dementia among those age 65 years and above will be very high at 16.7%. Therefore, it is important to prevent dementia in local communities. However, even though exercises for physical strength maintenance are conducted in many local communities, there are very few exercises to prevent declines in cognitive function. Thus, the “Brain Wakawaka Club” makes tours to local communities with the students of the Department of Occupational Therapy, and conducts cognitive function evaluation and maintenance exercises for elderly people. This activity is expected to contribute to the prevention of dementia among the elderly in the community.
Multi-Criteria Land Suitability Analysis for Agriculture Using AHP and Remote Sensing Data of Northern Region India
Authors: Ali Khan Mujahid , Ahmad Rizwan , Hasan Khan Haris
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to identify adequate agricultural sites in Punjab’s Northern region India district (India). This research employed the “Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)” approach, which is extensively used in land use appropriateness studies. Great soil type, land use, land cover, soil moisture, slope, aspect, elevation, drainage, geology, and geomorphology were all incorporated into the application. The ranks of influencing criteria were calculated using expert judgments and correlation analysis, while the weights were determined using a pairwise comparison matrix. The scores for sub-parameters with internal variations in the criteria assigned based on field work and published norms. The study area is considered to be highly appropriate for agricultural production in 41.2% (39044.28 ha), moderately suitable in 14.3% (13498.76 ha), and marginally suitable in 4.2% (3993 ha). Furthermore, it was discovered that 1.9% of the land is now unfit for agricultural production (1766.6 ha), while 38.4% of the area is permanently unsuitable (36372.6 ha). The following facts were also discovered to be important in achieving these results: a large portion (approximately 45%) of the study area is covered with forests, built-up areas, and water bodies, the soil depth is insufficient for agricultural production, the slope in the study area is quite steep, and thus the erosion degree is high.
Center Stir Zone Investigations of Dissimilar AA6082, AA2014 and AA7075 Welds
Authors: Thilagham K.T. , Muthukumaran S.
Published: March 2022

The study compares the mechanical and metallurgical properties of AA6082, AA2014, and AA7075 dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum 6 mm plates. The alloys AA2014 and AA7075 are aerospace grade, whereas AA6082 is structural grade. The AA6082/AA7075, AA6082/AA2014, and AA2014/AA7075 joints were formed with optimized parameters of 2° tilt angle, 900 rpm rotational speed, and 80 mm/min feed rate with a constant axial force of 20 kN. Then, to investigate the stir zone properties of the joints, the tensile strength, microstructural, and hardness variations across the weld were revealed. Despite the fact that the strength of each joint was varied, the fine grain in the stir zone across the weld and advancing side weld/HAZ failure in tensile failure were studied for all welds. Further EBSD analysis revealed fine grains for the formation of its center stir zone due to dynamic recovery recrystallization during welding.
The Efficiency of Polynomial Regression Algorithms and Pearson Correlation (r) in Visualizing and Forecasting Weather Change Scenarios
Authors: Weslati Okba , Bouaziz Samir , Moncef Serbaji Mohamed
Published: March 2022

In this chapter, we will discuss the application of Python using the polynomial regression approach for weather forecasting. We will also evoke the role of Pearson correlation in modifying the trend of climate forecast. The weather data were processed via Aqua Crop by introducing daily climate observations. Accordingly, the software outputs are: reference evapotranspiration, maximum and minimum temperature, and precipitation. Additionally, we focused on the interference of the input data on the efficiency of predicting climate change scenarios. For that matter, we used this machine learning algorithm for two case studies, depending on the type of input data. As a result, we found that the outcome of polynomial regression was very sensitive to those input factors.
Does the Interaction between ICT Diffusion and Economic Growth Reduce CO2 Emissions? An ARDL Approach
Authors: Yahyaoui Ismahene
Published: March 2022

In recent years, information and communication technology (ICT) and its impact on economic growth and CO2 emission has become a hot topic of debate; however, little research has been conducted regarding the impact of the interaction between ICT and economic growth on CO2 emission. The study tries to evaluate empirically the impact of ICT and economic growth on CO2 emissions of Tunisia and Morocco for the period 1980–2018, based on the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) analysis. Findings demonstrate that ICT and economic growth affect positively and significantly the CO2 emissions in the short and long term in both Tunisia and Morocco; however, the direct and positive effect of economic growth on CO2 emissions can be ameliorated by introducing the interaction between ICT and economic growth. The Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test reveals that bi-directional causality is running between economic growth and CO2 emissions in both countries. On the other hand, our obtained results express that there is a unidirectional causality running from ICT to CO2 emissions in both countries. So, the promotion of ICT can be considered one of the important strategies introduced to mitigate CO2 emissions. Then, introducing green ICT projects in various sectors of an economy is a better choice for policy makers to decrease the CO2 emissions.
Green Stormwater Infrastructure in the Context of the European Green Deal Policy
Authors: Kılıç Taşeli Başak
Published: March 2022

It is thought that this section will make an important contribution to the literature and at least reflect the strong link between green stormwater infrastructure and the European Green Deal Policy to the readers. The European Green Deal has targets covering many different sectors, including construction, biodiversity, energy, transportation, and food, which include the enactment of new laws on green rainwater infrastructure. Green stormwater infrastructure not only controls stormwater volume and timing but also supports the benefits ecosystems bring to us. Stormwater is defined as rainwater or melted snow runoff from streets, lawns, and other areas. When rainstorm water is absorbed into the soil, it is filtered and eventually replenishes aquifers or flows into streams and rivers. Runoff carries sediments, nutrients, or other pollutants into water sources that degrade water quality, threaten drinking water supplies, and complicate water treatment processes. When drought concentrates pollutants, it can further limit dilution, making worse conditions. In order to prevent the problems caused by inefficient rainwater management systems, green infrastructure applications that mimic natural habitats, absorb excess water, and help protect water while preserving water quality have gained importance in recent years.
The Influence of Shoe and Cleat Type on Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Youth Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Gdovin Jacob R. , Wade Chip , Luginsland Lauren A. , Williams Charles C. , Galloway Riley , Garner John C.
Published: March 2022

Background: Baseball pitching is a dynamic movement where the lower extremities generate and sequentially transfer energy to the upper extremities to maximize ball velocity. The need for lower body muscular strength to produce adequate push-off and landing forces has been documented; however, the influence footwear and surface inclination has on muscle activation remains unknown. Objectives: Determine how pitching in molded cleats and turf shoes from a pitching mound and flat ground affects stride-leg muscle activation in youth baseball pitchers while determining percent activation during each pitching phase. Methods: Cross – sectional study analyzing mean muscle activity and percent activation of the vastus medialis, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius on the stride-leg of 11 youth baseball pitchers when pitching fastballs. Results: Footwear did not significantly alter vastus medialis or semitendinosus muscle activation (P 0.05). The turf shoe x pitching mound interaction elicited significantly (P 0.05) greater mean muscle activity in the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior from stride foot contact to maximum glenohumeral internal rotation. Molded cleats produced greater activation levels in the tibialis anterior on flat ground from stride foot contact (0.374 ± 0.176 mV) to ball release (0.469 ± 0.150 mV). Conclusion: Findings suggest footwear significantly alters the activity level of the ankle stabilizing musculature. Youth baseball pitchers and coaches should be cognizant of what footwear is worn on a pitching surface. Maximal activation of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius can ensure the stride leg is adequately stabilized to absorb the momentum generated by trail leg.
Ras‐effector interactions, the problem of specificity
Authors: Wittinghofer A. , Herrmann C.
Published: July 2002

Ras plays the role of a molecular switch in many cellular signalling pathways. The Raf‐kinase has been identified as the direct target molecule of Ras in mammalian cells. However, in recent reports other proteins have been characterised as putative Ras effectors which have neither a functional nor a structural relationship to each other. In addition it has been shown that also other members of the Ras family like Rap and R‐Ras can interact with some of these proteins. To address the problem of specificity and of biological relevance of the interactions, they have to be carefully quantified and the cellular localisation of the proteins involved taken into account.
Cytoskeletal elements in migrating and tentacle‐integrated nematocytes of a marine hydrozoan
Authors: Golz R.
Published: July 2002

Summary— Actively migrating nematocytes of the marine polyp Stauridiosarsia producta are converted into completely immotile cells as soon as they become integrated in the ectodermal tissue of the tentacles. Immunocytochemical and electron microscopical methods revealed that cytoskeletal elements composed of actin, tubulin, centrin and a still unidentified protein are interwoven within the complete cell. While the organization of the sensory pole of the nematocyte, containing the cnidocil complex, the pseudovillar system and the distal half of a microtubular basket surrounding the nematocyst, is not affected by the transition from a motile to an immotile cell, the cytoskeletal elements in the basal portion of the cell are re‐organized. Thus, the basolateral cytoplasm of migrating cells contains less organized microtubular arrays and bundles of about 10 nm‐thick filaments. In the tentacle‐integrated state, the 10‐nm filaments are concentrated within a stalk‐like foot which is stabilized by some rigid microtubular arrays derived from the microtubular basket. By elongation of the microtubular basket towards the cellular basis, the nematocyst becomes indirectly anchored at the mesoglea. As indicated by pharmacological treatments, the stiffness of the stalk depends on its microtubular content only.
Disability Income Insurance and the Individual
Authors: Cox Larry A.
Published: July 2002

In this article, both institutional and research literature pertaining to disability income insurance issues is reviewed from the perspective of the individual. Primary issues include the nature of the risk, the quantity of purchase decision, the choice of product, and the selection of supplier. An ultimate objective is to provide the reader with the foundation necessary to initiate future research efforts focusing on disability-related loss exposures. Potential areas for future research are suggested.
Association of human transferrin receptor with GABARAP
Authors: Green Frank , O'Hare Thomas , Blackwell Aaron , Enns Caroline A
Published: July 2002

A yeast two‐hybrid screen identified a specific interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of transferrin receptor (TfR) and GABARAP, a 14 kDa protein that binds to the γ2 subunit of neuronal GABAA receptors. The specificity of the TfR–GABARAP interaction was demonstrated by in vitro binding assays with purified proteins and by co‐immunoprecipitation of GABARAP with endogenous TfR from HeLa cell lysates. Replacement of the YTRF internalization motif with ATRA within the cytoplasmic domain of TfR reduced interaction with GABARAP in the yeast two‐hybrid screen and in vitro binding assays. The intracellular location of GABARAP using chimeric GABARAP–GFP showed that the majority of GABARAP was located in perinuclear vesicles. Our results show that GABARAP plays a more general role outside the confines of neuronal cells and GABAA receptors.
From the Editor Vol 8 No 3
Authors: Lahey Karen Eilers
Published: July 2002

NA
Effects of Increased Impeller Power in a Production‐Scale Aspergillusoryzae Fermentation
Authors: Li Zheng Jian , Shukla Vivek , Wenger Kevin S. , Fordyce Andrew P. , Pedersen Annemarie Gade , Marten Mark R.
Published: July 2002

The goal in this study was to determine how increased impeller power affects enzyme expression in large‐scale (80 m3), fed‐batch Aspergillus oryzae fermentations. An approximate 50% increase in average impeller power was achieved by increasing impeller diameter approximately 10%, while operating at slightly reduced speed. Measured decreases in terminal (95%) mixing time show increased power improved bulk mixing. However, batches operated at increased power had lower recombinant enzyme productivity. Biomass assays and image analysis tests showed no significant difference between “high power” and control batches, suggesting that slower growth, altered morphology, or increased hyphal fragmentation were not the cause of reduced productivity. Off‐line tests on the shear‐thinning, highly viscous broth show oxygen limitation occurred after transport through the air‐liquid interface and imply the limitation may involve bulk mixing. Specifically, oxygen transfer may be limited to a small zone surrounding each impeller. When this is the case, oxygen mass transfer will be determined by both impeller shear and fluid circulation, which have been characterized with the energy dissipation/circulation function (EDCF). EDCF values during control fermentations were approximately constant at 25 kW m −3 s−1, while EDCF values during “high power” batches fell linearly from 40 to 15 kW m −3 s−1. The point at which “high power” EDCF values drop below those in control fermentations corresponds almost exactly with the point at which product titer stops increasing. Thus, our findings suggest oxygen mass transfer was less efficient during the latter half of “high power” fermentations because of reductions in impeller speed and subsequent decreases in EDCF values. This observation has clear implications during the scale‐up of viscous fungal fermentations, implying that not only is the level of impeller power important, but also relevant is how this power is applied.
Antibacterial activity of 15‐residue lactoferricin derivatives
Authors: Strøm Morten B. , Svendsen John S. , Rekdal Øystein
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Lactoferricins are a class of antibacterial peptides isolated after gastric‐pepsin digest of the mammalian iron‐chelating‐protein lactoferrin. For investigation of antibacterial activity, we prepared short synthetic derivatives of bovine, human, caprine, murine and porcine lactoferricins with 15‐amino‐acid residues of high sequence homology. The peptides corresponded to amino‐acid residues 17–31 of the mature bovine lactoferrin. Only the bovine and caprine derivatives displayed measurable antibacterial activity, with the bovine one having a minimal inhibitory concentration of 24 µm and being 10 times more active than the caprine one against Escherichia coli. An alanine‐scan of the bovine lactoferricin derivative was performed to identify specific amino acids that were important for the antibacterial activity. We found that neither of the two tryptophan residues (Trp 6 and Trp 8) present in the bovine lactoferricin derivative could be replaced by alanine without a major loss of antibacterial activity. The other lactoferricin derivatives tested contained only one tryptophan residue (Trp 6). Modified human, caprine and porcine lactoferricin derivatives containing two tryptophan residues (Trp 6 and Trp 8) displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 74, 174 and 219 µm, respectively, which represented up to a six‐fold increase in antibacterial activity. The alanine‐scan also revealed that the antibacterial activity was increased when acetamidomethyl‐protected cysteine and unprotected glutamine (Cys 3 and Gln 7) were replaced with alanine. Only the bovine lactoferricin derivative and a few of its alanine‐modified derivatives displayed measurable activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
Consistency of histopathological reporting of laryngeal dysplasia
Authors: McLaren K M , Burnett R A , Goodlad J R , Howatson S R , Lang S , Lee F D , Lessells A M , Ogston S , Robertson A J , Simpson J G , Smith G D , Tavadia H B , Walker (the Scottish Pathology Consistency Group) F
Published: July 2002

Aims

Clinical management of premalignant and malignant lesions of the larynx is dependent on histopathological evaluation. The Scottish Pathology Consistency Group assessed interobserver variation in the evaluation of laryngeal dysplasia.

Methods and results

One hundred laryngeal biopsies ranging from normal to invasive carcinoma were assessed. The overall Kappa result of 0.32 was disappointing. However, agreement on those categories which dictate significantly different management was more favourable. The Kappa figure for mild dysplasia versus severe dysplasia/CIS was 0.7, the Kappa figure for mild dysplasia versus severe dysplasia/CIS and invasive carcinoma was 0.77. The Kappa figure for mild and moderate dysplasia versus severe dysplasia/CIS and invasive carcinoma was 0.57. An attempt to use a two grade system gave a Kappa figure of 0.52.

Conclusions

Our group had a satisfactory agreement on the distinction of mild from severe dysplasia and on microinvasive carcinoma without any discussion as to histopathological criteria to be used. Clinical management — review endoscopy, repeat cord stripping, radiotherapy and laryngectomy — is in general dependent on histological assessment. Thus the agreement on categories which underpin clinical management is reassuring. However, assessment of moderate dysplasia remains problematic. An attempt to utilize a two grade system — low grade from high grade dysplasia/CIS — may have merit. The implications of the terminology used must be agreed among pathologists and clinicians working closely within clinicopathological cancer groups.
The effects of NMDA‐induced retrohippocampal lesions on performance of four spatial memory tasks known to be sensitive to hippocampal damage in the rat
Authors: Pouzet B. , Welzl H. , Gubler M. K. , Broersen L. , Veenman C. L. , Feldon J. , Rawlins J. N. P. , Yee B. K.
Published: July 2002

Four separate cohorts of rats were employed to examine the effects of cytotoxic retrohippocampal lesions in four spatial memory tasks which are known to be sensitive to direct hippocampal damage and/or fornix‐fimbria lesions in the rat. Selective retrohippocampal lesions were made by means of multiple intracerebral infusions of NMDA centred on the entorhinal cortex bilaterally. Cell damage typically extended from the lateral entorhinal area to the distal ventral subiculum. Experiment 1 demonstrated that retrohippocampal lesions spared the acquisition of a reference memory task in the Morris water maze, in which the animals learned to escape from the water by swimming to a submerged platform in a fixed location. In the subsequent transfer test, when the escape platform was removed, rats with retrohippocampal lesions tended to spend less time searching in the appropriate quadrant compared to controls. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the lesions also spared the acquisition of a working memory version of the water maze task in which the location of the escape platform was varied between days. In experiment 3, both reference and working memory were assessed using an eight‐arm radial maze in which the same four arms were constantly baited between trials. In the initial acquisition, reference memory but not working memory was affected by the lesions. During subsequent reversal learning in which previously baited arms were now no longer baited and vice versa, lesioned animals made significantly more reference memory errors as well as working memory errors. In experiment 4, spatial working memory was assessed in a delayed matching‐to‐position task conducted in a two‐lever operant chamber. There was no evidence for any impairment in rats with retrohippocampal lesions in this task.

 The present study demonstrated that unlike direct hippocampal damage, retrohippocampal cell loss did not lead to a general impairment in spatial learning, implying that the integrity of the retrohippocampus and/or its interconnection with the hippocampal formation is not critical for normal hippocampal‐dependent spatial learning and memory. This outcome is surprising for a number of current hippocampal theories, and suggests that other cortical as well as subcortical inputs to the hippocampus might be of more importance, and further raises the question regarding the functional significance of the retrohippocampal region.

Introduction
Countryside Biogeography of Moths in a Fragmented Landscape: Biodiversity in Native and Agricultural Habitats
Authors: Ricketts Taylor H. , Daily Gretchen C. , Ehrlich Paul R. , Fay John P.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Studies of fragmented landscapes, especially in the tropics, have traditionally focused on the native fragments themselves, ignoring species distributions in surrounding agricultural or other human‐dominated areas. We sampled moth species richness within a 227‐ha forest fragment and in four surrounding agricultural habitats (coffee, shade coffee, pasture, and mixed farms) in southern Costa Rica. We found no significant difference in moth species richness or abundance among agricultural habitats, but agricultural sites within 1 km of the forest fragment had significantly higher richness and abundance than sites farther than 3.5 km from the fragment. In addition, species composition differed significantly between distance classes ( but not among agricultural habitats), with near sites more similar to forest than far sites. These results suggest that (1) different agricultural production regimes in this region may offer similar habitat elements and thus may not differ substantially in their capacities to support native moth populations and (2) that the majority of moths may utilize both native and agricultural habitats and move frequently between them, forming “halos” of relatively high species richness and abundance around forest fragments. Correlations between species richness and the amount of nearby forest cover, measured over circles of various radii around the sites, suggest that halos extend approximately 1.0–1.4 km from the forest edge. The extent of these halos likely differs among taxa and may influence their ability to survive in fragmented landscapes.
Persistence of Racial Disparities in Advance Care Plan Documents Among Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Degenholtz Howard B. , Arnold Robert A. , Meisel Alan , Lave Judith R.
Published: July 2002

This paper analyzes the association between race and the presence of advance care plan documents (living wills, do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, and do not hospitalize (DNH) orders) in nursing home residents. We conducted secondary analysis of publicly available survey data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey—Nursing Home Component, a nationally representative survey of nursing home residents in the United States. There were 3,747 participants in the survey, weighted to represent 1.56 million nursing home residents in the United States. We found that 20% of U.S. nursing home residents in 1996 had documentation of living wills, 48% had DNR orders, and 4% had DNH orders. African Americans are about one‐third as likely as Caucasians to have living wills and one‐fifth as likely as Caucasians to have DNR orders; Hispanics are about one‐third as likely as Caucasians to have DNR orders and just as likely as Caucasians to have living wills. In conclusion, we found that the presence of advance care plans is related to race, even after controlling for health and other demographic factors. These findings call attention to an area where further research is needed to determine whether residents' (and their families') preferences are being elicited and documented.
Psychological predictors of the effectiveness of radiofrequency lesioning of the cervical spinal dorsal ganglion (RF‐DRG)
Authors: Samwel Han , Slappendel Robert , Crul Ben J.P. , Voerman Victor F.
Published: July 2002

In this study, 54 patients suffering from chronic cervicobrachialgia (mean pain duration 7 years) were treated with radiofrequency lesioning of the cervical spinal dorsal root ganglion (RF‐DRG). The aim of the study was to investigate whether psychological variables would be predictive for the changes in pain intensity after medical treatment. The following psychological aspects were measured: pain cognitions, negative self‐efficacy and catastrophizing, physical and psychosocial dysfunction, and overall distress. The level of catastrophizing before treatment appeared to predict 10% of the changes in pain intensity after treatment. Changes in pain intensity after RF‐DRG were positively correlated with changes in psychosocial dysfunction and negative self‐efficacy.
A Role for Trigonelline During Imbibition and Germination of Coffee Seeds
Authors: Shimizu M. M. , Mazzafera P.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Trigonelline was investigated as an NAD reserve during germination of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds. Seeds were germinated on filter paper moistened with water or in agar and the endogenous content of trigonelline, nicotinic acid and NAD investigated in the endosperm, embryo and germination medium. Seeds were also fed with [carboxyl‐14C]trigonelline and the distribution of the radioactivity in these compounds was investigated. In addition, trigonelline demethylase was detected in coffee for the first time, showing a Km of 1.13 mM. The activity increased with germination. These data clearly show that in seeds there is a significant conversion of trigonelline to NAD, although a concomitant biosynthesis of the alkaloid is also observed. It is concluded that trigonelline is indeed a reserve molecule for NAD biosynthesis but this function may be limited to the very early stages of germination or restricted to specific tissues, such as the embryo.
Picosecond switching induced by saturable absorption in a nonlinear directional coupler
Authors: Finlayson N. , Banyai W. C. , Wright E. M. , Seaton C. T. , Stegeman G. I. , Cullen T. J. , Ironside C. N.
Published: July 2002

Fluence-induced changes in absorption of a semiconductor-doped-glass directional coupler have resulted in nonlinear optical switching on a picosecond time scale. The functional dependence on the incident fluence confirms that the switching is dominated by absorption saturation.
Field-effect mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene)
Authors: Assadi A. , Svensson C. , Willander M. , Inganäs O.
Published: July 2002

A field-effect transistor structure is used to study the transport properties of the soluble conductive polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene). We have measured conductance, mobility, and carrier concentration in undoped polymer thin films. The field-effect mobility was found to be 10−5–10−4 cm2/V s at room temperature. The mobility decreases with increased temperature. The change is only partly reversible. Possible transport models are discussed.
Defect reduction effects in GaAs on Si substrates by thermal annealing
Authors: Yamaguchi Masafumi , Yamamoto Akio , Tachikawa Masami , Itoh Yoshio , Sugo Mitsuru
Published: July 2002

High quality GaAs films with dislocation densities of 2–3×106 cm−2 on (100) Si substrates have been obtained by thermal cycle growth using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. Significant reduction effects of dislocation density in the GaAs layers on Si have been analyzed by a simple model, in which annihilation and coalescence of dislocations are assumed to be caused by dislocation movement under thermal stress. Relaxation of thermal stress in the GaAs films on Si during thermal annealing has also been observed.
Electronic probe measurements of pulsed copper ablation at 248 nm
Authors: von Gutfeld R. J. , Dreyfus R. W.
Published: July 2002

We have used a single wire probe to measure time of flight velocities for copper photoablated with a 248 nm pulsed excimer laser. For the range of fluences, 1.6–12 J/cm2, we find copper ion velocities in the range of 1–2×106 cm/s. We have used Langmuir probe theory to determine ion densities and electron temperatures as a function of fluence and target-probe separation. Results are consistent with recent kinetic and photoablated plasma theories.
Long-range order in InAsSb
Authors: Jen H. R. , Ma K. Y. , Stringfellow G. B.
Published: July 2002

For the first time, {111} ordering (CuPt type) has been observed in InAs1−xSbx alloys in a wide compositional range from x=0.22 to 0.88. The order-induced spots show the highest intensity for x≊0.5 samples and the lowest intensity toward each binary end compound. Only two of the four variants are formed during growth. In some areas the degree of order for these two variants is equal, and in other areas one variant dominates.
New family of thallium cuprate superconductors not containing calcium or barium: TlSrn+1−xLnxCunO2n+3+δ (Ln=La, Pr, or Nd)
Authors: Ganguli A. K. , Manivannan V. , Sood A. K. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: July 2002

The first two members of the new TlSrn+1−xLnxCunO2n+3+δ (Ln=La, Pr, or Nd) series of superconducting cuprates possessing 1021 and 1122 type structures are described. The n=1 (1021) members with Tcs around 40 K have electrons or holes as the majority charge carriers depending on x. The n=2 (1122) cuprate (Ln=Pr or Nd) shows a Tc in the 80–90 K range.
Nature of Pb in superconducting cuprates containing lead: A Pb L3 x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy study
Authors: Kulkarni G. U. , Sankar G. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: July 2002

X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy studies show that Pb in superconducting Tl0.5Pb0.5CaSr2Cu2O7+δ is essentially in the 4+ state while it is in the 2+ state in Pb2Sr2Ca1−xLnxCu3O8+δ.
Large-signal picosecond response of InGaAs/InP quantum well lasers with an intracavity loss modulator
Authors: Dykaar D. R. , Berthold K. , Levi A. F. J. , Tanbun-Ek T. , Logan R. A.
Published: July 2002

Single and multiple quantum well laser diodes operating at 1.5 μm are fabricated incorporating an intracavity electroabsorptive loss modulator. Absorption in the diode laser cavity is modulated by a femtosecond dye laser used to generate picosecond electrical transients. Two types of electrical excitation are provided to the modulator: a pulse, using an integrated PIN photodiode and a step, using an integrated photoconductive switch. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) for 100% laser modulation is 53 ps. Direct excitation of the loss segment resulted in pulse widths of 38 ps FWHM and 100% modulation.
Transverse mode characteristics of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Chang-Hasnain C. J. , Orenstein M. , Von Lehmen A. , Florez L. T. , Harbison J. P. , Stoffel N. G.
Published: July 2002

Transverse mode characteristics of vertical cavity surface-emitting (VC-SE) lasers are described. The mode structure is investigated as a function of the transverse dimension for proton-implanted gain-guided VC-SE lasers. A comparison is made to an air-post index-guided structure. The lasing modes and the evolution of the modes with increasing drive current for the VC-SE lasers are observed to be highly analogous to those of the edge-emitting lasers. Broad-area gain-guided lasers lase in the fundamental TEM00 mode near threshold. At higher currents, high-order modes are successively excited. A 5 μm square proton-implanted gain-guided VC-SE laser emits a single mode. On the other hand, an air-post index-guided SE laser, due to the large index difference between the laser and the cladding, emits multiple transverse modes. Moreover, we show that the gain-guided VC-SE lasers exhibit better device characteristics than the air-post index-guided lasers.
SiO2 thin-film deposition by excimer laser ablation from SiO target in oxygen atmosphere
Authors: Fogarassy E. , Fuchs C. , Slaoui A. , Stoquert J. P.
Published: July 2002

Silicon dioxide thin films are deposited, for the first time, by reactive laser ablation from a silicon monoxide target in oxygen atmosphere, with a high-power pulsed ArF (λ=193 nm) excimer laser. The specific influence of oxygen in the chamber during the laser processing on the stoichiometry and final properties of the oxide films deposited at ambient temperature is demonstrated.
Enhanced carrier confinement effect by the multiquantum barrier in 660 nm GaInP/AlInP visible lasers
Authors: Kishino K. , Kikuchi A. , Kaneko Y. , Nomura I.
Published: July 2002

Multiquantum barriers (MQBs) were introduced into 660 nm GaInP/AlInP lasers with superlattice confinement (SLC) layers, resulting in drastic improvements in lasing performance. Lowest threshold current densities (840 A/cm2) and highest room-temperature values for T0 (167 K) ever reported for 660–680 nm range lasers with bulk active layers were achieved. High-temperature characteristics of the threshold current densities were measured in order to investigate the enhanced carrier confinement effect of MQBs and to estimate the excess nonradiative recombination current component. From the temperature dependence on the excess current density, the activation energies E0 of nonradiative processes were estimated to be 0.45 eV for MQB-SLC lasers, and 0.26 eV for conventional SLC lasers without MQB. The increase of E0 demonstrates the enhanced heterobarrier effect by MQBs.
Observation of highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing (≳1 THz) in an InGaAsP multiple quantum well laser
Authors: Murata S. , Tomita A. , Shimizu J. , Kitamura M. , Suzuki A.
Published: July 2002

Highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) in the pump-probe detuning region of more than 1 THz has been observed in an InGaAsP multiple quantum well laser for the first time. Each of the probe and signal frequencies is closed to cavity resonance modes for the pump laser and those outputs are enhanced. The highly NDFWM process is based on a mechanism whose response time is less than 0.2 ps.
Modulation of carrier distributions in delta-doped quantum wells
Authors: Shih Y. C. , Streetman B. G.
Published: July 2002

We present the modulation effect of carrier distributions in δ-doped quantum wells (QWs). For identical Si or Be dopant distributions, the carrier distributions are significantly affected by the confinement of QWs having different thicknesses. For both types of carrier we find a QW thickness for maximum confinement, with thicker or thinner wells resulting in less confinement. An extremely narrow capacitance-voltage profile with a full width at half maximum of 5 Å is observed in Be δ-doped AlGaAs/GaAs QWs of width 50 Å. The sheet conductivities determined from Hall measurements also exhibit strong dependence on the spatial distribution of carriers. The modulation effects are mainly governed by the subband energy levels and the spatial extent of the carrier wave functions. Photoluminescence spectra reflect the rise of the Fermi energy caused by enhanced confinement of carriers by QWs.
Semiconductor ring lasers with reflection output couplers
Authors: Hohimer J. P. , Hadley G. R. , Vawter G. A.
Published: July 2002

We report circular-cavity semiconductor ring lasers with 45° reflection output couplers that increase the lasing output power and slope efficiency twofold compared to lasers with Y-junction output couplers. These devices emit more than 3.5 mW of cw single-frequency output power at 100 mA ring current with slope efficiencies of 0.07 W/A. The increased output power and reduced spontaneous emission improve single-frequency side-mode rejection by up to 10 dB (to nearly 32 dB).
Thermal and ambient-induced deflections of scanning force microscope cantilevers
Authors: Thundat T. , Warmack R. J. , Chen G. Y. , Allison D. P.
Published: July 2002

The deflection of scanning force microscope cantilevers, metal coated on one side, is significantly influenced by both thermal heating and variations in relative humidity. For constant relative humidity, the deflection of the cantilever drifts due to laser heating and eventually reaches a steady-state value. For a thermally stabilized cantilever, the deflection varies linearly with relative humidity. Exposure to other vapors, such as mercury, changes the inherent deflection of the cantilever. Relative amounts of adsorbates on the cantilever can be estimated from shifts in the cantilever resonance frequency with picogram mass resolution. The cantilever deflection as well as changes in resonance frequency due to vapor adsorption can be used as basis for novel chemical sensors.
Secondary electron emission enhancement and defect contrast from diamond following exposure to atomic hydrogen
Authors: Malta D. P. , Posthill J. B. , Humphreys T. P. , Thomas R. E. , Fountain G. G. , Rudder R. A. , Hudson G. C. , Mantini M. J. , Markunas R. J.
Published: July 2002

Polished nominal (100) surfaces of four types of diamonds were exposed to atomic hydrogen by hot filament cracking of H2 gas or by immersion in a H2 plasma discharge. Both types IIa and IIb (100) diamond surfaces exhibited the following characteristic changes: (a) secondary electron (SE) yield increased by a factor of ∼30 as measured in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), (b) near-surface, nontopographical defects were observable directly using the conventional SE mode of the SEM, (c) surface conductance increased by up to 10 orders of magnitude. These changes were observed only weakly in nitrogen-containing types Ia and Ib diamonds.
Thin-film dc SQUID gradiometer using a single YBa2Cu3O7−x layer
Authors: Zakosarenko V. , Schmidl F. , Schneidewind H. , Dörrer L. , Seidel P.
Published: July 2002

A dc SQUID gradiometer with a large effective pickup area using only a single YBa2Cu3O7−x layer and step-edge Josephson junctions on SrTiO3 substrate has been prepared. The planar gradiometer consists of two loops coupled directly to a small area SQUID in the center of the structure. The main advantage in comparison to magnetometers is the possibility of direct measurements in a magnetically unshielded environment. At 77 K without bias reversal technique we obtain a white noise level of about 4.5×10−5 Φ0 Hz−1/2 or 8×10−13 T cm−1 Hz−1/2 down to 10 Hz. At 1 Hz noise increases up to 6×10−12 T cm−1 Hz−1/2.
Atomic modification of an Si(111)7×7 surface with adsorbed chlorine atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: Baba Masakazu , Matsui Shinji
Published: July 2002

A scanning tunneling microscope is used to modify a Si(111)7×7 surface structure with adsorbed chlorine atoms. One Si adatom at the center site is extracted from the surface by field evaporation and the other atom is moved by field-induced diffusion. This modification is caused by the coordinated breaking of bonds and the moving of adatoms to their adjacent areas as the result of Cl chemical reactivity.
Time-to-digital converter with an analog interpolation circuit
Authors: Kostamovaara Juha , Myllylä Risto
Published: July 2002

The construction and capability of a time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented. The TDC consists of a 100-MHz clock and an analog interpolation circuit composed of two time-to-amplitude converters for the time fractions between the start pulse and the next clock pulse but one and the stop pulse and the next clock pulse but one, respectively. The difference between the time fractions is digitized with an analog-to-digital converter, and the output of this plus the main counters roughly digitizing the time interval to be measured are then summed to give the final result. The channel width, single-shot accuracy, and measurement range of the TDC are about 40 ps, 80 ps (FWHM), and 2.5 μs, respectively. The effects of the averaging of the measurement results on the resolution and accuracy of the device are measured and discussed. The temperature stability of the interpolation circuit is better than 3 ps/°C. The TDC combines the good single-shot accuracy of time-to-amplitude conversion with the long measurement range of the direct counting method and is thus believed to be well suited for time-of-flight laser range-finding measurements in industrial applications.
Scanning tunneling microscope for low temperature, high magnetic field, and spatially resolved spectroscopy
Authors: Fein A. P. , Kirtley J. R. , Feenstra R. M.
Published: July 2002

A scanning tunneling microscope capable of operating at low temperatures, T=400 mK, and in high magnetic fields, B=8 T, is described. Accompanying electronics, under the control of an IBM PC/AT, provide routine spatially resolved spectroscopy, allowing characterization of properties such as superconducting energy gaps and local density of states on the surface. Data are presented to illustrate the usefulness of spatially resolved spectroscopy at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields.
Technique for shaping scanning tunneling microscope tips
Authors: Bryant P. J. , Kim H. S. , Zheng Y. C. , Yang R.
Published: July 2002

Two innovations have been applied to improve a method developed earlier for the production of field-ion tips. The new technique produces sharper, smaller tips with low-aspect ratio shanks to fulfill the specific needs of scanning tunneling microscopy.
Multichannel scintillator probe for energetic electron measurements
Authors: Hokin S. A. , Stek P. C.
Published: July 2002

A compact multichannel scintillator probe is described, which has been used to make spectral measurements of energetic electron end-loss (E∼400 keV) from an electron cyclotron resonance-heated mirror plasma. The probe utilizes entrance foils of various thicknesses for energy discrimination, and photomultiplier tubes that are used in current mode with linear amplifiers for fast response (Δt∼0.1 μs) or logarithmic amplifiers for wide dynamic range (10−8–10−4 A). The probe is used to obtain spectra in the energy range 10–500 keV, and is sensitive to power densities above 0.1 mW/cm2. The energy dependence of the response of a low-energy channel (sensitive to electrons above 10 keV) has been measured, and agrees very well with a calculation of the foil discrimination. Calibration results and sample data from the mirror plasma experiment are presented. Uses other than the measurement of electron end-loss in mirror experiments include measurement of runaway electron populations at the edge of tokamak plasmas and direction-sensitive measurement of high-energy electron populations in tokamak plasmas with lower hybrid current drive.