bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of neural crest cell fate by the retinoic acid and Pparg signalling pathways
Authors: Li Nan , Kelsh Robert N. , Croucher Peter , Roehl Henry H.
Published: January 2010

Although the regulation of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells has been studied for some time, very little is known about what regulates their appearance in discrete regions of the embryo. Here we show that, as in other vertebrates, zebrafish osteoblasts and adipocytes originate in part from cephalic neural crest (CNC) precursors. We investigated the roles that the retinoic acid (RA) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) pathways play in vivo and found that both pathways act on CNC to direct adipocyte differentiation at the expense of osteoblast formation. In addition, we identify two distinct roles for RA in the osteoblast lineage: an early role in blocking the recruitment of osteoblasts and a later role in mature osteoblasts to promote bone matrix synthesis. These findings might help to increase our understanding of skeletal and obesity-related diseases and aid in the development of stem cell-based regenerative therapies.
An investigation of wet steam flow in a 300 MW direct air-cooling steam turbine. Part 3: Heterogeneous/homogeneous condensation
Authors: Cai X , Niu F , Ning T , Wu G , Song Y
Published: January 2010

Steam condensation in steam turbines is a complex problem and its process is still not clear. To investigate the condensation process in the steam turbine, measurements were carried out with an optical/pneumatic probe in a 300 MW direct air-cooling steam turbine by changing the backpressure from 42 to 24 kPa. The thermodynamic states of the exhaust steam were changed from superheat to wet steam too. The existence of heterogeneous condensation was demonstrated by the actual measurement results. The process of condensation in the steam turbine was found to be from heterogeneous condensation, to heterogeneous/homogeneous condensation and then to homogeneous condensation. The mean diameter of droplets formed by both condensations is completely different. During the transition stage from heterogeneous condensation to homogeneous condensation, all parameters have huge oscillation. Flow parameters of steam are strongly related to the condensation.
Investigations on the power losses and thermal behaviour of rolling element bearings
Authors: Pouly F , Changenet C , Ville F , Velex P , Damiens B
Published: January 2010

Temperature levels and distributions in rolling element bearings (REBs) depend on many parameters such as load, rotational speed, lubricant, etc. In this context, the understanding of power loss and heat generation mechanisms is a major issue especially for REBs operating at high speeds, since they largely control the component behaviour, its capacity to operate at high temperatures, and ultimately its integrity. It is commonly accepted that the power losses in high-speed bearings can be divided into (a) sliding friction losses in the contacts between the rolling elements and races, (b) sliding friction losses (Couette flow) at the cage/race and cage/rolling elements contacts, (c) oil churning losses for splash and dip lubrication. However, there is no general agreement about two other sources namely rolling friction and drag forces, but it seems that whatever the chosen model be the resulting total power losses are equivalent.

In the present study, a thermal network approach is presented in order to estimate the temperatures at different locations within a thrust angular ball bearing. Several power loss distributions inside the REBs are considered and their influences on different power losses and on temperatures along with the important role of the oil—air mixture are highlighted.
Effects of load and sliding velocity on abrasive wear of Lantana camara fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composite
Authors: Deo C , Acharya S K
Published: January 2010

In this study, the abrasive wear behaviour of a locally available Lantana camara fibre (LCF)-reinforced epoxy composite was investigated. The wear behaviour was studied using a pin-on-disc apparatus against 400 grit size abrasive paper. All the tests were carried out at room temperature under 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 N normal loads and three sliding velocities (0.157, 0.314, and 0.47 m/s). The effect of fibre content, normal load, and sliding velocity on the abrasive wear properties of composites was investigated. The results show that the wear behaviour of pure epoxy improved considerably with the incorporation of LCF. It is also found that the abrasive wear of the composite is more sensitive to normal load than the sliding velocity. The maximum wear reduction for the composite was obtained for 40 wt% fibre content. The worn surface morphologies were examined by a scanning electron microscope and the wear mechanism was also discussed.
Nonparametric predictive inference for competing risks
Authors: Maturi T A , Coolen-Schrijner P , Coolen F P A
Published: January 2010

In reliability, failure data often correspond to competing risks, where several failure modes can cause a unit to fail. This paper presents nonparametric predictive inference (NPI) for competing risks data, assuming that the different failure modes are independent. NPI is a statistical approach based on few assumptions, with inferences strongly based on data and with uncertainty quantified via lower and upper probabilities. The focus is on the lower and upper probabilities for the event that a future unit will fail due to a specific failure mode. The paper illustrates the effect of grouping different failure modes together, and some special cases and features are discussed. It is also shown that NPI can easily deal with competing risks data resulting from experiments with progressive censoring. Furthermore, new formulae are presented for the NPI lower and upper survival functions.
Significant influence of the design of the rowing ergometer on elite athlete kinematics
Authors: Hislop S , Cummins K , Bull A M J , McGregor A H
Published: January 2010

Rowing injuries and performance have been attributed to the kinematics and kinetics of ergometer rowing. The aim of this study was to investigate these parameters on two commonly used rowing ergometers: one with a fixed-head design and one with a floating-head design. Using electromagnetic motion sensors and load cells, the kinematics and kinetics of ten elite male athletes (mean age, 22.8±3.5 years) rowing on the two different ergometers were assessed. This revealed that the floating-head design produced a greater stroke length ( p<0.05) but higher stroke rate ( p<0.01) for the same rowing intensity. This was combined with significantly different rowing kinematics in which the fixed head had greater anterior pelvic rotation ( p<0.05) and greater femoral flexion ( p<0.05). The implications of these changes with respect to injury require further interpretation through a mathematical model. Since a full analysis comparing rowing kinematics on water with rowing ergometers has not been made here, no conclusions regarding which ergometer simulates rowing on water can be made.
Decrease of initial CD4+ T-cell counts at the time of diagnosis of HIV infection in Korea; 1988–2006
Authors: Kee M-K , Lee J-H , Kim G J , Choi B-S , Hong K-J , Lee J-S , Kim S S
Published: January 2010

The aim of the study was to evaluate the trends of initial CD4+ T-cell counts (CD4+) at HIV diagnoses and to identify the factors influencing the annual changes of CD4+ cell counts in Korea during 1988–2006. As a retrospective study, 2613 individuals (≥15 years at diagnosis, their CD4+ counts were measured within six months) were selected from all 4580 HIV-infected Koreans diagnosed between 1985 and 2006. The mean CD4+ cell counts in all the selected individuals was 312 cells/mm3, and this value decreased significantly by 20.3 cells/mm3/year over the 19 year study period. Men had lower CD4+ cell count than women by 22.7 cells/mm3, and age at HIV diagnosis had an inverse relationship with CD4+ cell counts of 23.5 cells/mm3 lower per 10 years advancing age. Cases diagnosed in hospitals showed CD4+ cell count levels 33.9 cells/mm3 lower than public institutions by 33.9 cells/mm3. Gender and age seemed to affect trends of CD4+ count; however the institution where cases were diagnosed had the strongest effect on decreasing CD4+ cell counts. The results suggest that HIV diagnoses in recent years are being made in later stages of HIV infection and that it is imperative to develop more efficient programmes for early HIV diagnosis to prevent transmission.
An assessment of risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS among young female garment workers in Bangladesh
Authors: Sayem A M
Published: January 2010

This study attempted to assess the risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS among female garment workers aged 15–24 years. A total of 300 garment workers in Dhaka city were assessed with a semi-structured interview. Their knowledge of HIV/AIDS was moderate with high rates of misperception regarding modes of transmission. Further, symptoms of possible sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as genital ulcer disease and vaginal discharge were prevalent, and risk behaviours such as low use of condoms, multiple sex partners and drug abuse were also found. Logistic regression identified that women who sourced information through radio/television, health service providers or friends had higher age at first intercourse and higher HIV/AIDS knowledge scores and were more likely to use condoms. Those who gained information through radio/televison or health service providers and those who abused drugs were more likely to have sex with multiple sex partners, while information gained through health service providers, and higher HIV/AIDS knowledge were protective against drug abuse, whereas sex with multiple partners was a predictor of drug abuse. We conclude that in Bangladesh, female garment workers are at risk of HIV/AIDS due to low education, lack of knowledge, STIs and risky behaviour.
Establishment of an HIV/sexually transmitted disease programme and prevalence of infection among incarcerated men in Jamaica
Authors: Andrinopoulos K , Kerrigan D , Figueroa J P , Reese R , Gaydos C A , Bennett L , Bloomfield B , Plunkett L , Maru C , Ellen J M
Published: January 2010

The goal of this study is to describe the establishment of an HIV testing and treatment programme in the Jamaican correctional system and to estimate the prevalence of HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) among adult incarcerated men in this country. A demonstration project was implemented by the Jamaican Department of Correctional Services and Ministry of Health in the nation's largest correctional centre. All inmates were offered HIV and syphilis testing, and a subset was offered chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis testing. Cross-sectional data from the project were reviewed to determine the prevalence and correlates of HIV/STD. HIV test acceptance was 63% for voluntary testers ( n = 1200). The prevalence of HIV was 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33–4.64) ( n = 1017) and the prevalence syphilis was 0.7% (95% CI 0.29–1.49) ( n = 967). Among the subset tested ( n = 396) the prevalence of chlamydia was 2.5% (95% CI 1.22–4.49) and for trichomoniasis it was 1.8% (95% CI 0.01–3.60), but no cases of gonorrhoea were detected ( n = 396). The prevalence of HIV was significantly higher at 25% (95% CI 13.64–39.60) for persons located in a separate section where individuals labelled as men who have sex with men (MSM) are separated. HIV/STD testing is important and feasible in Jamaica. A special focus should be placed on providing services to inmates labelled as MSM. Other Caribbean nations may also benefit from similar programmes.
HIV stigma, disclosure and psychosocial distress among Thai youth living with HIV
Authors: Rongkavilit C , Wright K , Chen X , Naar-King S , Chuenyam T , Phanuphak P
Published: January 2010

The objective of the present paper is to assess stigma and to create an abbreviated 12-item Stigma Scale based on the 40-item Berger's Stigma Scale for Thai youth living with HIV (TYLH). TYLH aged 16–25 years answered the 40-item Stigma Scale and the questionnaires on mental health, social support, quality of life and alcohol/substance use. Sixty-two (88.6%) of 70 TYLH reported at least one person knowing their serostatus. Men having sex with men were more likely to disclose the diagnosis to friends (43.9% versus 6.1%, P < 0.01) and less likely to disclose to families (47.6% versus 91.8%, P < 0.01). Women were more likely to disclose to families (90.2% versus 62.1%, P < 0.01) and less likely to disclose to friends (7.3% versus 31%, P < 0.05). The 12-item Stigma Scale was reliable (Cronbach's α, 0.75) and highly correlated with the 40-item scale ( r = 0.846, P < 0.01). Half of TYLH had mental health problems. The 12-item Stigma Scale score was significantly associated with mental health problems ( β = 0.21, P < 0.05). Public attitudes towards HIV were associated with poorer quality of life ( β = −1.41, P < 0.01) and mental health problems ( β = 1.18, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the12-item Stigma Scale was reliable for TYLH. Increasing public understanding and education could reduce stigma and improve mental health and quality of life in TYLH.
Comparative evaluation of the INNO-LIA syphilis score and the MarDx Treponema pallidum immunoglobulin G Marblot test assays for the serological diagnosis of syphilis
Authors: Lam T K , Lau H Y , Lee Y P , Fung S M , Leung W L , Kam K M
Published: January 2010

We evaluated the performance of two immunoblot assays: the INNO-LIA Syphilis Score (LIA) and the MarDx T. pallidum IgG Marblot Test (TWB), as compared with that of the Murex ICE Syphilis enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the Serodia Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) assay and the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-abs) assay, for the serological diagnosis of syphilis using serum samples of 135 attendees of the social hygiene clinics of the Department of Health in Hong Kong newly diagnosed with syphilis and provided with clinical stages (39 in primary, 20 in secondary, 18 in early latent and 58 in latent of unknown duration) and of 43 normal healthy subjects between October and December 2004. The differences in the overall sensitivities of the LIA assay and the EIA/TPPA/FTA-abs assays were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05) whereas the overall sensitivity of the TWB assay was significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than the overall sensitivities of the EIA, the TPPA and the FTA-abs assays. The LIA assay had an overall sensitivity of 94.1% (95% CI 88.7–97.0%) whereas the TWB assay 65.2% (95% CI 56.8–72.7%). Both the LIA and the TWB assays have a specificity of 100%. When consensus results were derived from the most predominant results of the EIA, the TPPA and the FTA-abs assays, the LIA assay had a positive agreement with the consensus results of 98.5% (95% CI 94.5–99.6%) whereas the TWB assay 68.2% (95% CI 59.8–75.6%). Therefore, the LIA assay performed significantly better ( P < 0.05) than the TWB assay. The LIA assay can be considered to be a valid alternative confirmatory test for the serological diagnosis of syphilis.
Expanded postexposure prophylaxis for simultaneous multiple source HIV exposure in a health-care worker
Authors: Baraboutis I G , Papastamopoulos V , Georgiou O , Samarkos M , Vrionis E , Kotsianopoulou M , Skoutelis A T
Published: January 2010

We report an extreme case of high-grade needlestick exposure of a health-care worker to serum from multiple HIV-infected patients after trying to prematurely remove the respective tubes from an automated biochemical analyser. After review of the medical records of the eight source patients, we offered the health-care worker an expanded postexposure prophylaxis regimen including the entry inhibitor enfuvirtide. She refused to take subcutaneous injections, so we recommended the use of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir. She completed therapy without problems and periodic evaluation for HIV transmission up to nine months after the incident was negative.
It's not all swine flu…are we missing opportunities to diagnose primary HIV infection in patients with flu symptoms?
Authors: Dosekun O , Kober C , Richardson D , Parkhouse A , Fisher M
Published: January 2010

The advantages of diagnosis of primary HIV infection (PHI) for the individual and public health are well documented. However, symptoms of HIV seroconversion are often not recognized by health-care professionals. Also, symptomatic patients themselves often do not present to health-care services. With the emergence of H1N1 infection, many patients with flu-like symptoms are seeking medical advice. Currently in the UK, the management of H1N1 is in the treatment phase, that is, patients are diagnosed and treated for H1N1 influenza based on clinical observation rather than laboratory testing. Symptoms of H1N1 infection are often similar to those of PHI. We present two cases of men who have sex with men from Brighton, UK presenting to general practice and accident and emergency with flu-like symptoms. Both were initially diagnosed on clinical grounds with H1N1 infection and treated empirically with antivirals but were later confirmed to, in fact, have symptomatic PHI. It is important in high-risk patients with flu symptoms attributed to swine flu infection, that PHI is also considered and excluded.
The RNA strands of the plus and minus polarities of peach latent mosaic viroid fold into different structures
Authors: Dubé Audrey , Baumstark Tilman , Bisaillon Martin , Perreault Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2010

It is believed that peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) strands of both the plus and minus polarities fold into similar secondary and tertiary structures. In order to verify this hypothesis, the behavior of both strands in three biophysical assays was examined. PLMVd transcripts of plus and minus polarity were found to exhibit distinct electrophoretic mobility properties under native conditions, to precipitate differently in the presence of lithium chloride, and to possess variable thermal denaturation profiles. Subsequently, the structure of PLMVd transcripts of minus polarity was elucidated by biochemical methods, thereby permitting comparison to the known structure of the plus polarity. Specifically, enzymatic probing, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and ribonuclease H hydrolysis were performed in order to resolve the secondary structure of the minus polarity. The left domains of the strands of both polarities appear to be similar, while the right domain exhibited several differences even though they both adopted a branched structure. The pseudoknot P8 formed in the plus strand seemed not formed in the minus strands. The structural differences between the two polarities might have important implications in various steps of the PLMVd life cycle.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in Chinese Patients
Authors: Chen Yan , Han Tao , Iqbal Javeed , Irons Richard , Chan Wing C. , Zhu Xiongzeng , Fu Kai
Published: January 2010

In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), BCL2 expression usually correlates with the t(14;18) (q32;q21) in germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype and with gain/amplification of chromosome 18q21 in the activated B cell–like subtype. Studies have suggested that the GCB subtype is less common in Chinese than in Western populations. We studied 124 Chinese DLBCL cases using immunohistochemical, conventional cytogenetics, and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. A cohort of 114 well-characterized DLBCL cases from Western populations was also analyzed for comparison. Lower incidences of the GCB subtype (P = .0001) and the t(14;18) translocation (P = .0001) were present in Chinese cases. However, BCL2 overexpression was more frequent in Chinese compared with Western cases (P = .0054). BCL2 expression was associated with gain of chromosome 18/18q in the Chinese and Western cohorts. More interestingly, BCL2 expression was associated with gain of chromosome 3/3q in Chinese DLBCL cases, whereas this association was less significant in Western cases.
Collection of Blood Specimens by Venipuncture for Plasma-Based Coagulation Assays
Authors: Raijmakers Maarten T.M. , Menting Carolien H.F. , Vader Huib L. , van der Graaf Fedde
Published: January 2010

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recently abandoned its recommendation for drawing a discard tube when performing a prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Because there is currently no evidence that a discard tube is necessary for more specialized coagulation assays, we studied the need for a discard tube for some of these tests. Blood was obtained from 88 subjects in 2 subsequent citrate tubes. Platelet-free plasma was tested for PT, APTT, antithrombin, protein C, and factors II, V, VIII, IX, and X. Difference and bias between tubes were tested using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and Bland-Altman plots. For only APTT, antithrombin, and protein C was a small, statistically significant mean bias found (0.5 seconds; P = .001; −0.7%, P = .002; and −0.8%, P < .0001, respectively), but the bias of individual samples was not clinically relevant. This was also true for the other parameters tested. The recent CLSI recommendation that a discard tube is not necessary for PT/INR and APTT can be extended to include more specialized plasma-based coagulation assays as identified in this study.
Clinical, Immunophenotypic, and Genetic Characterization of Small Lymphocyte–Like Plasma Cell Myeloma
Authors: Heerema-McKenney Amy , Waldron James , Hughes Steven , Zhan Fenghuang , Sawyer Jeffery , Barlogie Bart , Shaughnessy John D.
Published: January 2010

We reviewed bone marrow studies from 351 multiple myeloma (MM) cases, selecting 12 cases (3.4%) with predominantly small lymphocyte–like morphologic features resembling B-cell lymphoma, and correlated their genetic and clinical features. All exhibited a diffuse interstitial pattern of marrow involvement. Small lymphocyte–like plasma cells were all CD45– with bright CD38 and CD138 expression and CD20 expression in 5 cases. No case had an increase in bone marrow B lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Of 12 cases, 9 were classified as the CD-2 molecular class by gene expression profiling (GEP). The 29 CD-2 class cases with (n = 9) and without (n = 20) small lymphocyte–like features could not be discerned from one another using global GEP. Event-free, but not overall, survival was significantly better in cases with small lymphocyte–like features among those sharing the CD-2 subtype. Small lymphocyte–like MM is a rare, morphologically challenging variant distinguished from B-cell lymphoma by lack of CD45 and presence of CD138 and the clinical presentation of MM. Most cases share a common GEP signature dominated by hyperexpression of cyclin D1 or cyclin D3 genes, with increased expression of the B-cell genes CD20 and VPREB3.
Use of the Cell-Dyn Sapphire Hematology Analyzer for Automated Counting of Blood Cells in Body Fluids
Authors: De Smet Dieter , Van Moer Guy , Martens Geert A. , Nanos Nikolaos , Smet Lutgarde , Jochmans Kristin , De Waele Marc
Published: January 2010

The enumeration and identification of blood cells in body fluids offers important information for the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. Manual microscopic methods (hemacytometer total cell count and cytocentrifuged differential count) have inherent analytic and economic disadvantages but are still considered the “gold standard” methods. We evaluated the analytic and clinical performance of the Cell-Dyn Sapphire hematology analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics Division, Santa Clara, CA) for automated blood cell counting and leukocyte differential counting in cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluid (peritoneal and pleural fluid), and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis fluid, and we compared the performance with the respective manual methods. In the present article, we describe its applicability for the distinct body fluids, and we highlight limitations and caveats.
Microbial community shifts in sequencing batch reactors for azo dye treatment
Authors: Tan Liang , Qu Yuanyuan , Zhou Jiti , Ma Fang , Li Ang
Published: January 2010

Microbial community structures in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for azo dye wastewater treatment were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Effects of dye concentration and salinity were investigated for the decolorization of both reactive brilliant red K-2G and KE-3B. The results showed that the microbial community exhibited high color removal efficiency with high concentration of K-2G (1100 mg/l) and moderate KE-3B (400 mg/l), respectively. Under high-salt conditions, decolorization of KE-3B was partially inhibited, while little effect was observed on decolorization of K-2G. The results of similarity analysis demonstrated that the DGGE banding patterns of microbial communities in K-2G and KE-3B decolorization systems were clustered into two independent groups. And it was suggested that the microbial diversities shifted proportionally with the decolorization rates for both dyes. The similarity index (Cs) of the bacterial communities under higher-salt conditions was more than those cultured with lower salinity. It was also found that microbial diversities turned out to be more abundant for both dyes with the increase of NaCl concentration. These results suggested that not only the stability but also the adequate dynamics and diversity of the microbial community structure are important for the stable performance of the SBRs treating hyper-salinity azo dye wastewater.
«Maché an Mas-la!» Ethnographie de l’usage symbolique du corps «charnel» dans le carnaval guadeloupéen
Authors: Pruneau Jérôme , Melyon-Reinette Stéphanie , Agnès Danielle
Published: January 2010

En Guadeloupe, les usages culturels du corps dans la marche épousent des formes particulières lorsqu’ils deviennent, par la transformation des corps en performances artistique et sportive, un vecteur symbolique de la revendication à travers les déboulés . Planifiés sur toute la période carnavalesque, ces déboulés surgissent là où on ne les attend pas, dans un tumulte impressionnant pour traduire on larel è on lèspri . Le tambour ou Boula scande les pas qui martèlent le sol. Le corps devient l’instrument obéissant à des thèmes dont le symbolisme est partagé entre les membres du groupe à partir de quelques fondamentaux locaux: lakoula , misik a Senjan , le Gwo-Ka . Une fois transformé, matérialisé comme support d’expression, le corps sert l’idéologie. Qu’ils soient gros, maigres, grands, petits, hommes, femmes ou enfants, les corps maquillés souffrent dans l’effort collectif, mais se transcendent dans l’unité à la conquête d’un territorie, tentative d’une inscription au sol génératrice d’une construction identitaire. Il s’agit de découvrir par le regard ethnographique, en suivant les pas de ces corps anonymés, une expression singulière dún corps matériel, charnel, au service d’une revendication collective qui se fait et se construit dans et par l’usage corporel.
The Informal Communication Network Built by Domingo del Monte from Havana Between 1824 and 1845
Authors: Aguilera Manzano José M.
Published: January 2010

Cette recherche vise à étudier les moyens de communication développés par Domingo del Monte et le cercle d’auteurs qui l’entouraient durant la transition de l’Ancien Régime au libéralisme. Leur objectif était d’étendre leur projet politique et culturel depuis La Havane, à travers l’île de Cuba et la Péninsule Ibérique. Ce groupe, composé d’intellectuels et de membres de l’oligarchie sucrière, désirait obtenir une position plus avantageuse pour l’île de Cuba dans le cadre de l’État libéral espagnol tout au long de la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Or comme conséquence de la censure, cette faction n’a pas pu utiliser le discours politique à cette fin; elle s’est servie en revanche de la littérature comme un moyen alternatif d’exprimer ses idées politiques.
Estudio de opinión sobre la transportación en Vieques, Puerto Rico
Authors: Fabián Ana M.
Published: January 2010

Les frontières maritimes produisent une discontinuité territoriale entre Porto Rico et l’île/municipalité de Vieques. Cette discontinuité a eu des répercussions sur la dégradation des services fournis à ses habitants. Les besoins liés à ces services ont déclenché une discussion et un débat sur les problèmes de communication en général et des liaisons maritimes entre les deux îles en particulier. Pendant des décennies, les habitants de Vieques ont manifesté leur insatisfaction quotidienne avec ces liaisons maritimes. Historiquement, différents acteurs sociaux on fait de multiples démarches officielles et officieuses pour trouver une solution à ces problèmes. En ce sens, d’autres moyens de transports ont été envisagés: la construction d’un pont entre les deux îles et le développement de routes maritimes plus courtes. Ce sondage a été conçu pour connaître l’avis des habitants de Vieques sur la question. Pour recueillir ces données, un questionnaire a été distribué dans ses quartiers. Les militants des différents quartiers on participé activement à la conception et au développement du questionnaire en question. Cet article décrit le processus de recueil des données et présente les résultats du sondage.
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y la intelectualidad reformista cubana. Raza, blanqueamiento e identidad cultural en Sab
Authors: Gomariz José
Published: January 2010

Le roman Sab de Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda apporte une importante contribution au discours sur le patriarcat et l’esclavage des personnes d’origine africaine à Cuba. Cependant, Sab n’est pas un texte abolitionniste: le discours racial correspond plutôt aux attentes de la culture dominante blanche. Cet article situe le récit d’Avellaneda dans le cadre du projet socio-culturel des réformistes Créoles qui ont favorisé l’abolition progressive de l’esclavage, avec compensation financière pour les propriétaires d’esclaves, la transition d’une main d’oeuvre esclave au salariat libre, et surtout, le blanchissement de la société cubaine.
La Amistad de Cuba: Ramón Ferrer, contrabando de esclavos, captividad y modernidad atlántica
Authors: Zeuske Michael , Martínez Orlando García
Published: January 2010

Basé sur de nouveaux documents des Archives Nationales de Cuba, cet article traite d’une nouvelle perspective quant aux dimensions cubaines et atlantiques de l’affaire « Amistad ». Ces dimensions s’avèrent différentes des interprétations traditionnelles. Dans ce contexte, ces nouveaux matériaux provenant de la Havane, New Haven, Londres, Lisbonne, Madrid, Arenys de Mar et Praia au Cap Vert, montrent l’histoire de la vraie vie du capitaine catalan assassiné lors de la rébellion des captifs de la goélette Amistad en 1839.

L’auteur présente le capitaine Ramón Ferrer en tant que propriétaire non seulement d’un petit navire caboteur mais aussi de deux ou trois bateaux (parmi lesquels un bateau moderne, le Vapor Principeño ). Ces bateaux étaient exploités dans le transport côtier aussi bien que dans la contrebande en Afrique. Ferrer et ses partenaires ont mis à profit les gains de cet immense commerce atlantique pour cumuler de nouveaux capitaux. Ensuite, ils ont investi dans le sucre, les esclaves à Cuba ainsi que dans les technologies modernes des chemins de fer et les bateaux à vapeur.
El discurso de Caliban, o de la filosofía en el Caribe
Authors: García Félix Valdés
Published: January 2010

Cet article appelle à la réflexion concernant la philosophie dans les îles de la Caraïbe, au-delà des barrières linguistiques, des influences culturelles et des « frontières impériales » existantes dans la région. Face à la tradition euro-occidentale et la conception traditionnelle de la philosophie elle-même – c’est-à-dire, la « pensée prédominante » renforcée par les voyages de Christophe Colomb, l’esclavage et le colonialisme – surgit une nouvelle pensée philosophique. Elle présente une réalité antillaise partagée en termes de thèmes, de concepts et de théories autour d’une réalité historique et spécifique, des expériences et de la vie des peuples de cette région, qui ne succombèrent jamais à l’indulgence binaire du conquérant. Notre article vise à montrer le besoin de faire abstraction de la perspective coloniale qui prédomine dans la philosophie et qui cache le travail de réflexion dans les îles antillaises. En effet, dans certaines îles, la fin de la colonisation n’a pas limité la portée culturelle et symbolique du contexte colonial moderne dans les domaines politique, culturel, idéologique, intersubjectif et philosophique. Nous mettons en avant l’œuvre philosophique de Frantz Fanon, étroitement liée à la pratique et à la transformation révolutionnaire, paradigmatiques de la pensée antillaise.
Nevisian Women’s Gender Consciousness: Content and Sources
Authors: Rollins Judith
Published: January 2010

Cet article présente les inquiétudes portant sur le rôle des femmes néviciennes d’aujourd’hui et les facteurs qui ont provoquées. Au travers d’une étude des tendances les plus importantes de l’historie de Nevis et de l’examen des idées et des expériences de la vie de quarante personnes interviewées, cette étude cherche à comprendre comment les inégalités des rôles de l’homme et de la femme ont évolué, comment les Néviciens contemporains perçoivent ces inégalités et ce que ces perceptions indiquent au sujet des origines du rôle de l’homme et celui de la femme dans la societé névicienne. L’article conclut (1) que les inquiétudes les plus importantes chez la femme Névicienne à l’heure actuelle sont la prédominance des bas salaires, l’insuffisance du soutien financier et émotif de la part des pères, la violence envers les femmes et les jeunes filles, la discrimination des sexes au niveau de l’emploi (en particulier dans le secteur privé), l’absence de femmes en politique et les effets sociaux négatifs du tourisme; et (2) que les facteurs principiaux qui contribuent à la prise de conscience contemporaine des injustices entre hommes et femmes sont la participation des femmes à l’émigration pour le travail qui a commencé au cours des années 50, l’amélioration de l’économie de Nevis depuis 1991 et l’influence du mouvement des troits internationaux des femmes (par le biais à la fois de la participation de Saint Kitts-Nevis à des organismes internationaux —en particulier, les Nations Unies— et de l’exposition individuelle des Néviciens au discours international sur les questions concernant les femmes).
The Empty Space in Structure: Theories of the Zero from Gauthiot to Deleuze
Authors: Diehl Catharine
Published: January 2010

Through an historical investigation of the concept of the zero from Gauthiot to Deleuze, this paper examines a peculiar object, the signifying nothing. Saussure founds his science of linguistics on the claim that the opposition between something and nothing provides the minimal condition for the existence of language. What is this nothing and how can it be recognized? What can account for the zero—as structuralist linguists call a marked nothing—in language? The essay first considers linguists’ responses to these problems, before turning to later redeployments of the zero as the index for the fundamental questions raised by the structuralist project as such.
The Marriage of Bhāvanā and King Best: A Sixteenth-Century South Indian Theory of Imagination
Authors: Shulman David
Published: January 2010

In sixteenth-century South India, the notion of the imagination was strongly thematized as perhaps the defining aspect of the human mind. We examine one striking example, an allegorical play called the Bhāvanā-puruṣottama (“The Marriage of Imagination and King Best”) by Ratnakheta Srinivasa Dīkṣita. Here we see a king searching frantically for his own imagination, the young woman Bhāvanā with whom he is in love, while she, for her part, is absorbed in the uneven and rather frustrating processes of imagining him. The two lovers could be said mutually to determine one another’s existence. On the other hand, imagination, for this poet, is not a matter of discovering something new but of perceiving something that is already there and, by perceiving it, enhancing or intensifying its presence and its activity. At the same time, the imagination focuses on singularities, however elusive: in this period, the general faculty of imagination has become a highly personal matter.
The Essay, in Theory
Authors: Lennon Brian
Published: January 2010

This article proposes for the figure or cipher of “essayism” three critical homologies: (a) as a name for the effect or intensity of “theory” in US literary-critical and scholarly research practice; (b) as the object of a sometimes sincere and sometimes malicious mourning, in pronouncements of theory’s death; (c) as a mark of the indiscipline of “creative writing,” understood as a space into which English studies and US literary studies have diverted the disruptively writerly energies of imported Continental thought.
Alternative Modernities and Medieval Indian Literature: The Oriya Lakshmi Purana as Radical Pedagogy
Authors: Mohanty Satya P.
Published: January 2010

Focusing on the sixteenth-century Oriya Lakshmi Purana by Balaram Das, this essay shows how distinctly “modern” values are being explored and elaborated in this religious poem. Das’s narrative develops the notion of a self-critical individuality that is distinct from—rather than merely embedded in—the dominant social structure and its patriarchal and caste-based value system. The LP provides a feminist and anticaste critique of patriarchal behavior and defends the value of the work done by women and others who are socially marginalized. This literary-critical analysis is a contribution to contemporary scholarship on “alternative” or “precolonial” modernities, especially in the Indian context.
In Odradek’s World: Bare Life and Historical Materialism in Agamben and Benjamin
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: January 2010

This essay reconstructs Agamben’s theory of bare life as an example of an affirmative biopolitics, a politics of life that lies beyond sovereignty. The essay shows that his account of bare life constitutes a reworking of four central motifs found in Marx’s historical materialism: the facticity of alienated existence, the fetishism of commodities, the profanity of bourgeois society, and the nihilism of revolution. Agamben’s renewal of historical materialism explicitly turns on an innovative and controversial synthesis of Benjamin and Heidegger. This essay argues that such a synthesis relies, implicitly, on the negative dialectics developed by Adorno. If correct, this interpretation suggests a way of understanding Agamben’s political thought as a particularly radical and consequent continuation of the project of critical theory.
Defining the Right Side of Virtue: Crowd Narratives, the Newspaper, and the Lee-Mercer Dispute in Rhetorical Perspective
Authors: Haskell Alexander B.
Published: January 2010

This essay uses a minor controversy that played out in the pages of the Virginia Gazettes in 1766 and 1767 to explore the way in which the newspaper complicated an age-old question in Anglo-American monarchical-republican politics: Which was more important in attesting to (even determining) the virtue of gentleman politicians, the approbation of fellow gentlemen or that of the people at large? At this early moment in the newspaper's history, the question could remain testily unresolved. But the very fact that the newspaper helped open up the question made this medium a distinctly complicated arena for competing politicians.
The Printer and the "Peasant": Benjamin Franklin and Pierre-André Gargaz, Two Philosophers in Search of Peace
Authors: Cohn Ellen R.
Published: January 2010

As Franklin was trying to launch peace negotiations with Great Britain in the spring of 1782, an ex-convict named Pierre-André Gargaz brought him a plan for how to secure perpetual peace in Europe through a union of nations ruled by a representative council. Franklin had the treatise printed on his private press. This article traces the enduring relationship between these two "philosophes," analyzes the evolution of Gargaz's ideas and suggests Franklin's influence on them, discusses the establishment and purpose of Franklin's press at Passy, and demonstrates how this meeting changed Franklin's view of himself as an independent printer under the ancien régime.
Liberation Technology: Black Printed Protest in the Age of Franklin
Authors: Newman Richard S.
Published: January 2010

Although many scholars still view the nineteenth century as the decisive moment in the development of black print culture, I argue that the eighteenth century witnessed the first major shift in African American literary stylings. Formerly spoken of and for by white masters, politicians, and ministers, early black writers utilized a variety of printed forms—from poetry to pamphlets—to claim their own voices in an emerging trans-Atlantic public sphere. Indeed, by connecting literary emancipation of black voices to the broader aims of abolitionism, early black writers made print media an integral part of racial reform movements well beyond the Age of Franklin.
Reading and Radicalization: Print, Politics, and the American Revolution
Authors: Slauter Eric
Published: January 2010

Although prerevolutionary politicians worried about radicalized colonial readers, postrevolutionary historians often treated reading and printing as effects rather than as causes of the American Revolution. This essay reconsiders relations of print to politics by focusing on political reprinting and by examining the production and consumption of a cheap pamphlet of Locke's Second Treatise issued by Boston printers in 1773. Rather than asking if books make revolutions (or which books), scholars should balance the best-selling pamphlets against the worst, should consider the role of prerevolutionary tracts during and after Independence, and should attend more closely to the marketing of revolution.
The Revolution in Popular Publications: The Almanac and New England Primer , 1750-1800
Authors: Spero Patrick
Published: January 2010

This article explores the almanac and The New England Primer , two of the most popular publications in the British Atlantic world during the era of the American Revolution. It looks first at the print history of the almanac to show how almanacs were shaped by local print traditions and conditions and then demonstrates how location affected the politicization of the almanac's content in Philadelphia and Boston during the Revolution. The article ends with an examination of The New England Primer , with a particular focus on changes to its content in the early republic. The print histories of these two publications reveal the fragmented nature of the British Atlantic world of print, and how this fragmentation continued to inform print in the new nation.
Between Script and Specie: Cadwallader Colden's Printing Method and the Production of Permanent, Correct Knowledge
Authors: Dixon John
Published: January 2010

Around 1740 the New York statesman and scholar Cadwallader Colden designed a new method to print long-lasting, accurate books. This essay analyzes Colden's invention and his more general effort at reforming the book trade in the historical context of eighteenth-century concerns about paper currency and the construction of false value. By also examining why Colden's plan failed to convince trans-Atlantic publishers such as Benjamin Franklin and William Strahan, this article stresses the contingent and contested nature of print in the mid-eighteenth century.
"[Those with] Great Abilities Have Not Always the Best Information": How Franklin's Transatlantic Book-Trade and Scientific Networks Interacted, ca. 1730–1757
Authors: Wrightson Nick
Published: January 2010

This article establishes the importance of overlapping modes of reputation making in Benjamin Franklin's mutually reinforcing careers as naturalist and printer (ca. 1730–57). It reevaluates the key trans-Atlantic relationships on which Franklin relied and demonstrates the interdependence of Franklin's objectives and those of his colleagues in determining their shared social progress. Finally, it explores the changing perceptions of British Atlantic society within the communities in which Franklin participated. In doing so it illustrates how the experience of belonging to particular Anglo-American social networks directly shaped members' attitudes toward nation and empire.
New Conclusions on the Conclusive
Authors: Alexander Ronelle , Zhobov Vladimir
Published: January 2010

The renarrated mood, sometimes called the “evidential”, is an innovation in Bulgarian grammar. Although it is primarily expressed with inherited forms, it includes one innovative form, a participle built on the imperfect stem of the verb. Prescriptive grammars of the socialist period stated that this participle could be used only in the meaning “renarrated”, and only without auxiliaries in the 3rd person. In the face of ample evidence that the participle is indeed used in a perfect-like compound form (i.e., with 3rd person auxiliaries), several grammarians proposed in the 1980s that this perfect-like form carried inferential meaning and should be termed the “conclusive mood”. This paper claims that the form in question is currently taking on a different, much broader meaning than either of these, and that this meaning, roughly defined as “generalized durative action in the past” is rapidly gaining acceptability among the younger generation.
Vernacular Writing and Sociolinguistic Change in the Texas Czech Community
Authors: Eckert Eva , Hannan Kevin
Published: January 2010

This study examines the issue of language variation as characterizing the usage of an immigrant community in diaspora, specifically the Texas Czech community. It is demonstrated that the immigrants’ language usage was rich and multifaceted, and that their language played a defining role in the maintenance and redefinition of ethnic and national identity. Specific features of language planning and language ideology of the Czechs and Moravians living in Texas are identified and discussed, chiefly as formulated in their press.
Linguistic Ideologies, Economies, and Technologies in the Language Culture of Contemporary Russia (1987–2008)
Authors: Gorham Michael S.
Published: January 2010

In this article I outline a theoretical and methodological framework for pursing a comprehensive study of the dominant issues and trends of Russian language culture from the Perestroika era through the present day. My chief claim is that the general shape, tone, and trajectory of a language culture will change over time and depend largely on the interdependence of three driving forces: language ideologies, economies, and technologies. To illustrate and substantiate this working hypothesis I examine both secondary theoretical sources and concrete case studies from the language culture of contemporary Russia (1987–2008).
Dialects, Migrations, and Ethnic Rivalries: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: Greenberg Robert D.
Published: January 2010

This article investigates the interface between dialect, ethnic identity, and political developments in the rural communities of Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the cultural and linguistic differences among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims have been most pronounced. On the basis of a fresh reanalysis of linguistic data which have previously been cited in the literature to aggrandize the differences, it is argued that the claims of Bosnia’s Serb, Croat, and Bosniak communities for separate identities based on the criteria of language are dubious, and that the language differences are relatively minor. It is further suggested that only certain key ethnolinguistic markers have been used to construct the notion of separate linguistic identities there.