bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Statuten des Appellations- und Syndikatsrichters in Lucca aus dem Jahr 1372 (mit Edition)
Authors: Lepsius Susanne
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Dopo la riconquista della liberta nel 1369 si poneva come uno dei primi doveri della politica di Lucca di riformulare gli Statuti cittadini. Oltre agli Statuti generali si rivolse una maggiore attenzione agli Statuti particulari relativi al sistema giudiziario. Gli Statuti per il giudice di appello, redatti nel 1372, sono piu dettagliati in confronto con la prima versione del 1331. Venivano precisate le varie istanze la cui ultima era comunque rappresentata da una corte cittadina. Era pertanto garantito anche a livello dell’organizzazione giudiziaria l’indipendenza da qualsiasi potere esterno, anche da quello dell’imperatore che del resto accordava a Lucca altri importanti privilegi. Si stabilivano poi le sanzioni per i giudici di prima istanza che avevano malgiudicato un caso o avevano tralasciato di documentare con atti scritti i processi da loro presieduti. Dall’altro lato si confermavano i piu antichi Statuti conservati relativi al giudice di sindacatura, creando un’apposita istanza a livello ordinario e regolare. Nella precisione di regolamentazione e ricchezza di dettagli tutt’e due gli Statuti sono unici esempi per l’Italia del Trecento, e per questo motivo vengono editi qui.
Der Regen, das Korn und das Salz: die Madonna di San Luca und das Wettermirakel von 1433
Authors: Bauch Martin
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Il miracoloso cambiamento del tempo, avvenuto dopo settimane di incessante pioggia nel luglio del 1433 a Bologna durante una processione della Madonna di San Luca, viene collocato ora per la prima volta in un contesto che va oltre la storia della pietà: nel presente articolo si studiano le fonti fi scali e amministrativi di Bologna per tracciare la situazione socio-economica e politica della città e del contado nella prima metà degli anni Trenta del XV secolo e per valutare l’eventuale parte avuta dalle avversità metereologiche nell’inasprire la crisi. In particolare si esaminano le carte dell’Uffi cio del Sale e della Tesoreria e la loro utilità per le ricerche storico-climatici. La ricostruzione - sulla base di fonti narrative - di eventi metereologici estremi, di epidemie e carestie, verifi catisi negli anni Trenta del XV secolo in tutta Italia, e un accenno alla situazione europea mostrano che il rischio di avversità climatiche è meno forte nell’area mediterranea che nei territori a nord delle Alpi. Infi ne si indaga il nesso causale tra precipitazioni e periodi di carestia e si tematizza la mancata considerazione di fattori naturali da parte della ricerca italiana sulla fame.
Il Fondo Friedrich Gottreich Striebel
Authors: Seifert Veronika M.
Published: April 2017

Der Beitrag hat seinen Ursprung in der Archivierung des Bestands Friedrich Gottreich Striebel. Das Archivgut, in Form eines einzigen Konvolut, bestehend aus 14 handgeschriebenen und gebundenen Heften, befasst sich mit der Herstellung von Mosaikglaspasten. Die Manuskripte wurden in den Jahren 1744-1749 von Friedrich Siegmund Striebel produziert, während er an der Seite des Chemikers, Alchemisten und Brennmeisters Alessio Mattioli arbeitete, der damals mit neuentwickelten Glaspastenrezepten einen ausschlaggebenden Beitrag zur Mosaikherstellung und damit auch zur Mosaikausschmückung des Petersdoms im Vatikan beigetragen hat. Die Leitung des Dombauarchivs des Petersdoms erwarb besagte Manuskripte 1806, um daraufhin deren Übersetzung ins Italienische zu veranlassen; vor kurzem betreute sie die Archivierung. Der Essay beschreibt die näheren Umstände, die zur Verfassung der Manuskripte führten und versucht, deren Werdegang zu rekonstruieren, ohne dabei eine Präsentation ihrer Konsistenz und Struktur sowie einen Verweis auf besondere thematische Inhalte zu unterlassen. Obwohl die Aufzeichnungen in erster Linie mit der Geschichte der Mosaikherstellung verbunden sind, beinhalten sie ebenfalls interessante Angaben, die in den Bereich der Chemie, Botanik, Mineralogie und Numismatik reichen. Die Manuskripte erweisen sich weiterhin als kostbares Zeugnis der damaligen diplomatischen Verbindungen zwischen dem Sächsisch-Kurfürstlichen Hof zu Dresden und den Repräsentanten der römischen Kurie. Diese komplexen Verknüpfungen hatten Auswirkungen im Bereich der Politik, Religion und Kunst. Die Abhandlung möchte nicht zuletzt erste Daten über das Leben und Wirken Friedrich Siegmund Striebels sammeln, der bis jetzt in der Forschung noch keine Beachtung gefunden hat, trotz seiner zwanzigjährigen Präsenz in Rom und Italien und seiner Tätigkeit als Maler, Mosaikhersteller und Unterhändler bei den Gemäldeankäufen für die Dresdner Galerie.
Konversionen und Konvertiten im faschistischen Italien zum Zeitpunkt der Rassenkampagne
Authors: Mazzini Elena
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

L’articolo descrive e discute i primi risultati di una ricerca ancora in corso relativa alla persecuzione degli ebrei cattolici da parte del fascismo dopo la promulgazione delle leggi razziali del 1938. Le fonti su cui poggia l’articolo provengono dall’Archivio storico della Segreteria di Stato della città del Vaticano e riguardano le richieste di aiuto pervenute alla Santa Sede all’indomani della legislazione antisemita promulgata dal fascismo a partire da quell’anno. Le leggi razziali colpirono non solo quegli italiani di religione ebraica ma anche coloro che, pur convertiti al cattolicesimo in anni precedenti al 1938, risultavano secondo i parametri fissati dall’antisemitismo fascista comunque ebrei. Le fonti si suddividono in due principali tipologie: un primo gruppo riguarda lettere scritte dai perseguitati che chiedevano alla Santa Sede di intervenire in loro favore in quanto cattolici; il secondo insieme di fonti è rappresentato dai dispacci e dai documenti prodotti dalla Segreteria di Stato della Santa Sede relativamente alla questione dei convertiti e alle possibili soluzioni da adottare per salvarli e al contempo cercando di non mettere a rischio gli equilibri stabilitisi con il regime. L’articolo, grazie a una documentazione inedita, avvia una prima riflessione su un tema scarsamente indagato dalla storiografia e che invece propone nuove prospettive storiche sui processi politico-religiosi riguardanti la persecuzione antiebraica e in particolar modo la situazione specifica degli ebrei cattolici.
Standortfragen
Authors: Baumeister Martin
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Il discorso relativo all’internazionalizzazione delle scienze umanistiche tedesche è uno dei punti centrali sull’attuale agenda della politica della scienza in Germania. L’autore delinea come il postulato di internazionalizzazione sia asceso, sul piano politico-scientifi co, a „obiettivo principale“ per orientare le organizzazioni tedesche di ricerca e di scambio, e in particolare per indirizzare la costruzione di uno „Spazio europeo di ricerca“. Riferendosi all’Istituto Storico Germanico di Roma, egli propone di avvalersi nei dibattiti sull’internazionalizzazione opportunamente delle esperienze pluriennali degli istituti di ricerca tedeschi all’estero per contrastare tendenze unilaterali e visioni restrittive, e di vagliare al contempo criticamente le infl uenze esercitate dalle attuali strategie e politiche dell’internazionalizzazione sul lavoro e sull’autoconcezione degli istituti all’estero.
Border studies und global history
Authors: Di Fiore Laura
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Nell’ambito dell’ampia ed eterogenea letteratura sviluppatasi in anni recenti sul tema dei confini, i confini politici hanno ricevuto un’attenzione crescente alla luce della centralità che, pur nell’epoca della globalizzazione, essi hanno mostrato e mostrano di mantenere nell’esperienza contemporanea. Oggetto di ricerca specifico dei border studies, i confini politici sono stati tuttavia poco indagati nella loro dimensione storica, dal momento che in tale campo di ricerca spiccatamente interdisciplinare la componente storiografica risulta ampiamente minoritaria. Attraverso l’analisi dei recenti sviluppi dei border studies, in particolare in ambito geografico e antropologico, il saggio mira a porre in luce le potenzialità, per un’analisi storica dei confini, di un auspicabile dialogo tra gli stessi border studies e alcuni specifici orientamenti della riflessione storiografica contemporanea. In particolare, l’articolo propone un intreccio tra alcune categorie analitiche messe a punto nell’ambito dei border studies, perlopiù dalle sue componenti antropologiche e geografiche, da un lato, e il ripensamento della spazialità al di fuori della tradizionale cornice statal-nazionale che ha contraddistinto in maniera particolare, sebbene non esclusiva, la global history, dall’altro. La proposta del saggio consiste nell’individuare nei border studies un modo tra i più innovativi di fare „storia globale“, intesa secondo un’interpretazione in linea con i più recenti e stimolanti dibattiti sviluppatisi in merito a quest’ultima.
Il calendario di lavoro di un dittatore
Authors: Osti Guerrazzi Amedeo
Published: April 2017

Der Beitrag legt erste Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts „Audienzen bei Mussolini“ vor. Im Anschluss an eine Beschreibung der benutzten Quellen, die sich im Archivio Centrale dello Stato und im Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri befi nden, wird die aus dem Projekt hervorgegangene Datenbank kurz vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird Mussolinis Arbeitsweise in ihrem Entwicklungsverlauf skizziert.
Papst wider Willen. Zur Geschichte eines Motivs
Authors: Hack Achim Thomas
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

L’articolo tratta un motivo presente per tutto il medioevo nei testi più diversi, vale a dire il rifiuto di ascendere al soglio pontificio dopo l’avvenuta elezione. Gregorio Magno se ne occupava sul piano teorico nella sua Regula pastoralis: spinto dalla sua humilitas, l’eletto sarebbe dovuto sfuggire dall’assumere l’incarico che gli era stato assegnato, ma non avrebbe dovuto persistere nel suo rifiuto più di tanto. Nonostante le motivazioni bibliche addotte da Gregorio e da altri, tale motivo è documentato già dai tempi precristiani, ad esempio nella tradizione filosofica (Platone, Cicerone) e presso gli imperatori romani a partire da Tiberio. Dall’VIII secolo in poi si trattava però non più solo di un topos letterario, ma di un rituale praticato con evidente regolarità: l’eletto cercava di sfuggire alla sua incoronazione nascondendosi, ma veniva presto rintracciato e portato „con la forza“ al Palazzo Lateranense durante una solenne processione. I papi ricorrevano inoltre spesso all’argomento dell’elezione non voluta, soprattutto quando intendevano dimostrare che non erano arrivati al soglio pontificio in modo illegittimo, ad esempio per simonia. Gregorio VII ne costituisce un esempio molto eloquente: egli presentava tutta la sua carriera come imposta dall’esterno. Nell’alto e tardo medioevo il rituale avrebbe poi trovato la sua definitiva istituzionalizzazione; negli annunci dell’avvenuta elezione, fortemente formalizzati, si sottolineava sempre l’iniziale rifiuto da parte del nuovo papa di accettarla; anzi, le stesse benedizioni impartite durante l’ordinazione ricordavano espressamente l’imposizione subita. Benedetto XVI è a tutt’oggi l’ultimo pontefice arrivato al soglio pontificio „contro la sua volontà“.
I molti volti della rappresentanza. Nuntii e procuratores alla curia di Innocenzo III
Authors: Dell’Asta Lucia
Published: April 2017

Der Beitrag handelt von der Vertretung der Petenten an der päpstlichen Kurie insbesondere unter dem Pontifikat Innozenz‘ III. und stützt sich dabei neben den Rechts- und erzählenden Quellen auf die umfangreiche, sowohl in Regestenform als im Original überlieferte Korrespondenz des Papstes. Untersucht werden die Formen und Akteure dieses Vertretungsamtes, die Art und Weise, in der es ausgefüllt wurde, und die Kompetenzen, welche die Petenten sich von den nuntii und procuratores erwarteten. Damit wird die zentrale Frage nach der unter Historiker üblichen Unterscheidung zwischen den einfachen Entsandten einerseits und den eigentlichen procuratores curiae andererseits aufgeworfen. Nach der allgemein anerkannten Überzeugung waren die letztgenannten für die konkrete Abwicklung der Anträge bei den kurialen Behörden zuständig. Nicht zuletzt dank einer Analyse der Annotationen auf der Rückseite der päpstlichen Origjnaldokumente läßt sich nunmehr zeigen, daß sich nur eine einzige Figur der Anliegen der Petenten annahm, nämlich die nuntii und procuratores, die als professionelle Dienstleister ihren jeweiligen Auftraggeber vertraten und gleichzeitig alle mit der Antragstellung verbundenen konkreten Schritte einleiteten.
Unglaubliche Genealogien: eine Neubestimmung
Authors: Bizzocchi Roberto
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Le genealogie dei popoli e delle famiglie elaborate nell’Europa di età moderna vengono prevalentemente trattate dagli studiosi in una chiave di storia politica delle idee, con lo scopo di spiegare l’utilità pratica delle opere genealogiche. Tali analisi non mettono in primo piano l’aspetto che è invece al centro di questo saggio: cioè il fatto che i discorsi genealogici sono intessuti di assurdità. Essi mescolano informazioni fededegne, o che tali possono sembrare, a notizie favolose, spesso false, talora ridicole, in una parola „incredibili“. Ciò appare tanto più interessante in quanto questi testi furono composti nei secoli in cui si svilupparono i metodi scientifici applicati alla ricerca storica. Utilizzando suggestioni proposte dall’antrologia culturale, questo saggio propone un approccio in chiave epistemologica che dia conto del significato e della credibilità dei materiali genealogici nel quadro ancora autorevole della Historia Salutis, la visione unitaria della storia dell’umanità come fusione fra eredità classica e tradizione biblica.
… uno de’ più belli e più culti paesi del Mondo. Lorenzo Casonis Berichte aus der Niederländischen Republik als Quellen der Fremdwahrnehmung
Authors: Laufs Markus
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Le lettere di Lorenzo Casoni, segretario della nunziatura al congresso di Nimega (1676-1679), destinate al segretario delle Cifre, Agostino Favoriti, sono fonti eccezionali per studiare la percezione della Repubblica delle Province Unite da parte della curia. Fino ad oggi questo tema e stato trascurato dalla storiografia. Casoni offre un quadro fondamentalmente positivo dei Paesi Bassi. Egli ricollega la stereotipata mentalita commerciale olandese, spesso vista negativamente, alla tolleranza religiosa, vedendo in quest’ultima una garanzia perché la minoranza cattolica possa esercitare la sua fede in tutta sicurezza. Inoltre apprezza l’alto grado formativo del popolo olandese. L’unica venatura fortemente negativa, inerente alla prospettiva cattolico-curiale del tempo, traspare nel fatto che avverte gli olandesi e i protestanti come una minaccia. Casoni offre un quadro semplificato della situazione politica olandese, difficile da comprendere per molti stranieri, riducendola al dualismo tra alcune citta dell’Olanda da un lato e lo statolder dall’altro. Nella presentazione della Repubblica delle Province Unite fornita da Casoni ritroviamo molti elementi dell’immagine che all’epoca gli italiani si facevano dell’impero. La sua percezione positiva e le sue relazioni pragmatiche con lo stato protestante e repubblicano si inseriscono nella politica estera svolta dalla curia durante il pontificato di Innocenzo XI e diretta a integrarsi nelle strutture dell’Europa secolare.
„Dass Gerechtigkeit und Friede sich küssen“ – Repräsentationen des Friedens im vormodernen Europa. Ein interdisziplinäres Verbundprojekt
Authors: Ehrmann-Herfort Sabine
Published: April 2017

Riassunto

Il contributo illustra il progetto interdisciplinare di cooperazione sul tema „Dass Gerechtigkeit und Friede sich kussen“ - Reprasentationen des Friedens im vormodernen Europa, che intende indagare l’eco trovata dai processi di pace durante l’eta moderna europea negli ambiti delle arti figurative e della musica, della teologia, storia e letteratura. Vi collaborano istituti, biblioteche e musei di ricerca di diverse discipline. Nella cornice del progetto (durata dal 1° luglio 2015 al 30 giugno 2018) si studiano presso la Sezione di Storia della Musica dell’Istituto Storico Germanico i topoi di rappresentazione della pace emersi nella cantata italiana e nei generi affini durante il XVII e XVIII secolo.
Il valore della memoria. Terremoti e ricostruzioni in Italia nel lungo periodo
Authors: Guidoboni Emanuela
Published: April 2017

Der Beitrag präsentiert Überlegungen zum Einfluss von Wiederaufbaumaßnahmen auf die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Italiens. Das Phänomen hat eine lange Geschichte und wird zugleich massiv unterschätzt: Vom 11. Jh. bis ins Jahr 2000 erlitten über 4800 Örtlichkeiten (Dörfer und Städte) massive Zerstörungen, denen ein umfangreicher Wiederaufbau folgte. Außer den Instandsetzungen nach den Erdbeben von 1693, 1783, 1908 und 1915 haben sich wenige historische Fallstudien mit diesen Themen auseinandergesetzt. Dabei bieten sie mehr als einen Beitrag zur Geschichte lokaler Stadtplanung; vielmehr erhellen sie die Verwaltungsund Politikgeschichte der umgebenden Territorien. Die Geschehnisse während der verschiedenen Phasen des Wiederaufbaus erlauben wie im Zeitraffer einen Einblick in die Dynamiken der Macht und Entscheidungsfindung, ihre Bedingtheit durch Grabenkämpfe und Klassenkonflikte, aber auch die Langsamkeit und Instabilität der Lösung aufgrund von bürokratischen Zankereien innerhalb der Regierung. Diese Aspekte des Herrschaftsprozesses entgehen häufig der Analyse der Historiker. Die Qualität der Rekonstruktionsarbeiten wirkt sich massiv auf die Effekte nachfolgender Erdbeben aus. Daher finden wir, gerade wenn man die Häufigkeit seismischer Ereignisse in Italien bedenkt, regelrechte Ketten von Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau (beispielsweise bereitet sich L’Aquila derzeit auf seinen sechsten Wiederaufbau seit dem 14. Jh. vor). Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau lassen eine Geschichte erkennen, die zwischen natürlichen Gegebenheiten und der vom Menschen konstruierten Umwelt changiert. Disziplinär gebundene Denkmuster und Themensetzungen müssen überwunden werden, um diese Geschichte zu erforschen, zu verstehen und um ihr breitere Bekanntheit zu verschaffen.
Sulla necessità di rendere proficua la memoria dei terremoti e sulla problematicità di trarre insegnamenti dalla loro storia. Un commento alle riflessioni di Emanuela Guidoboni
Authors: Schenk Gerrit Jasper
Published: April 2017

Der Kommentar des Beitrags von Emanuela Guidoboni versucht, grundsätzliche Voraussetzungen für und Probleme beim „Lernen aus der Geschichte“ von Naturkatastrophen zu diskutieren. Während das „Lernen aus der Geschichte“ auf Formen des Orientierungswissens beschränkt ist, verhält sich dies vor allem bei Lernvorgängen aus Erdbebenkatastrophen der Vergangenheit im Rahmen der neuen historischen Subdisziplin der „Historischen Seismologie“ anders. Hier spielen z. B. geophysikalische Vorgänge eine Rolle, die Naturgesetzen folgen und die mit einer gewissen Wahrscheinlichkeit am selben Ort wieder eintreten werden. Aus der Kartierung lange zurückliegender Schadensereignisse lässt sich z. B. ein Verfügungs-und Handlungswissen hinsichtlich des Nutzens von Bauvorschriften in gefährdeten Zonen ableiten. Allerdings unterliegt eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Wissens in Handeln wiederum kulturellen Faktoren. Über die historische Analyse lassen sich ferner folgenreiche und langfristig wirksame gesellschaftliche Dispositive (wie z. B. Risiko- versus Sicherheitsdenken), Wiederholungsstrukturen und (idealtypische) Verlaufstypen von Katastrophen identifizieren, die als selbstaufklärendes Orientierungswissen dienen können. Die Überführung dieses Wissens in das „kulturelle Gedächtnis“ Italiens im Sinne Jan Assmanns wäre vor allem hinsichtlich notwendiger politischer und sozioökonomischer Anpassungen sinnvoll.
The continuous–discrete extended Kalman filter revisited
Authors: Kulikov Gennady Yu. , Kulikova Maria V.
Published: April 2017

This paper elaborates a new approach to nonlinear filtering grounded in an accurate implementation of the continuous–discrete extended Kalman filter for estimating stochastic dynamic systems. It implies that the moment differential equations for calculation of the predicted state mean and error covariance of propagated Gaussian density are solved accurately, i.e., with negligible errors. The latter allows the total error of the extended Kalman filter to be reduced significantly and results in a new accurate continuous–discrete extended Kalman filtering method. In addition, this filter exploits the scaled local and global error controls to avoid any comparison of different physical units. The designed state estimator is compared numerically with continuous–discrete unscented and cubature Kalman filters to expose its practical efficiency. The problem of long waiting times (i.e., infrequent measurements) arisen in chemical and other engineering is also addressed.
Comparison of numerical advection schemes in two-dimensional turbulence simulation
Authors: Perezhogin Pavel A. , Glazunov Andrey V. , Mortikov Evgeny V. , Dymnikov Valentin P.
Published: April 2017

The influence of numerical approximations on statistical characteristics of modelled two-dimensional turbulence sustained by a stochastic external forcing is studied. The ability of various finite-difference and semi-Lagrangian schemes to reproduce reliably the dual energy and enstrophy cascades for coarse spatial resolution is tested. It is also studied how the requirement of preserving invariants inherent to a two-dimensional ideal fluid is important relative to numerical schemes. The results of calculations with high spatial resolution were taken as a reference solution. The choice of studied schemes was motivated by their use in atmosphere and ocean numerical models, in particular, in the Institute of Numerical Mathematics climate model (INMCM) and semi-Lagrangian absolute vorticity (SLAV) model of medium-range weather forecast. The importance of conservation laws for integral vorticity and enstrophy is revealed in the numerical experiments with a small-scale external forcing.
Statement and study of some inverse problems in modelling of hydrophysical fields for water areas with ‘liquid’ boundaries
Authors: Agoshkov Valery I.
Published: April 2017

In the present paper we formulate and study a class of inverse problems related to the mathematical simulation of hydrophysical fields in water areas (seas and oceans) in the presence of ‘liquid’ (‘open’) boundaries. Some algorithms for numerical solution of this class of problems are proposed. The base of these algorithms is formed by the variational data assimilation procedures.
Splitting schemes with respect to physical processes for double-porosity poroelasticity problems
Authors: Kolesov Alexander E. , Vabishchevich Petr N.
Published: April 2017

We consider unsteady poroelasticity problem in fractured porous medium within the classical Barenblatt double-porosity model. For numerical solution of double-porosity poroelasticity problems we construct splitting schemes with respect to physical processes, where transition to a new time level is associated with solving separate problem for the displacements and fluid pressures in pores and fractures. The stability of schemes is achieved by switching to three-level explicit-implicit difference scheme with some of the terms in the system of equations taken from the lower time level and by choosing a weight parameter used as a regularization parameter. The computational algorithm is based on the finite element approximation in space. The investigation of stability of splitting schemes is based on the general stability (well-posedness) theory of operator-difference schemes. A priori estimates for proposed splitting schemes and the standard two-level scheme are provided. The accuracy and stability of considered schemes are demonstrated by numerical experiments.
Computational models of filtration gas combustion
Authors: Laevsky Yuri M. , Nosova Tatyana A.
Published: April 2017

A multidimensional model of filtration gas combustion is presented. The model is based on the system of conservation laws of ‘temperature – heat flow’, ‘mass–diffusive flow’ types with introducing the concept of total enthalpy flow. Results of numerical experiments are presented for the one- and two-dimensional problems for different conditions and parameters.
Die Effizienz von Zuteilungsmechanismen bei Flächenzertifikaten zwischen Versteigerung und Grandfathering – experimentelle Evidenz
Authors: Proeger Till , Meub Lukas , Bizer Kilian , Henger Ralph
Published: April 2017

Die Einführung handelbarer Flächenzertifikate wird als Regulierungsinstrument zur Reduktion des Flächenverbrauchs in Deutschland diskutiert. Bislang fehlen jedoch empirische Studien zur Untersuchung der Wohlfahrts- und Umverteilungswirkung eines solchen cap & trade Systems. Insbesondere die Frage nach der Effizienz verschiedener Mechanismen der Primärallokation von Zertifikaten ist politisch relevant, aber bisher nicht untersucht. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert daher anhand eines ökonomischen Laborexperiments, das ein Zertifikatsystem zur Flächenverbrauchsreduktion simuliert, die Auswirkungen von drei Primärallokationsmechanismen: einer vollständigen Gratiszuteilung, einer ausschließlichen Versteigerung und einer hälftigen Aufteilung von Gratiszuteilung und Versteigerung. Es zeigt sich, dass ein Auktionsmechanismus die Effizienz und Stabilität des Zertifikatsystems senkt. Zertifikatpreise weisen eine höhere Volatilität auf und es bestehen stärker als durch die Theorie zu erwartende Umverteilungseffekte zu Gunsten des Auktionators. Persistente Preisunterschiede zwischen Auktion und innerkommunalem Handel verhindern eine effiziente Allokation der Zertifikate. Während das Zertifikatsystem insgesamt bei einer Gratiszuteilung einen hohen Effizienzgrad erreicht, führt ein Auktionsmechanismus zu Ineffizienzen, Unsicherheit und starken Umverteilungswirkungen. Aus wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht unterstützen diese Ergebnisse eine Gratis-Zuteilung innerhalb eines Systems handelbarer Flächenzertifikate.
Confrontations in the New World: Grete Weil's Happy, sagte der Onkel (1968)
Authors: Nussbaum Laureen
Published: April 2017

In her essay “Travel Writing and Gender,” the British scholar Susan Bassnett makes two  points that are relevant in analyzing Grete Weil’s travel tales, Happy, sagte der Onkel (Happy, Said My Uncle). Bassnett remarks that “increasingly in the twentieth century, male and female travelers have written self-reflexive texts that defy easy categorization as autobiography, memoir, or travel account.” This observation certainly holds true for Grete Weil’s slim volume, and so does Bassnett’s gender-specific assertion that there is a “strand of women’s travel writing that has grown in importance in the twentieth century: the journey that leads to greater self-awareness and takes the reader simultaneously on that journey.
Comparison Between Unilateral and Bilateral Plyometric Training on Single- and Double-Leg Jumping Performance and Strength
Authors: Bogdanis Gregory C. , Tsoukos Athanasios , Kaloheri Olga , Terzis Gerasimos , Veligekas Panagiotis , Brown Lee E.
Published: April 2017

Bogdanis, GC, Tsoukos, A, Kaloheri, O, Terzis, G, Veligekas, P, and Brown, LE. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance and strength. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 633–640, 2019—This study compared the effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance, maximal strength, and rate of force development (RFD). Fifteen moderately trained subjects were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (U, n = 7) or bilateral group (B, n = 8). Both groups performed maximal effort plyometric leg exercises 2 times per week for 6 weeks. The B group performed all exercises with both legs, whereas the U group performed half the repetitions with each leg, so that total exercise volume was the same. Jumping performance was assessed by countermovement jumps (CMJs) and drop jumps (DJs), whereas maximal isometric leg press strength and RFD were measured before and after training for each leg separately and both legs together. Countermovement jump improvement with both legs was not significantly different between U (12.1 ± 7.2%) and B (11.0 ± 5.5%) groups. However, the sum of right- and left-leg CMJ only improved in the U group (19.0 ± 7.1%, p < 0.001) and was unchanged in the B group (3.4 ± 8.4%, p = 0.80). Maximal isometric leg press force with both legs was increased similarly between groups (B: 20.1 ± 6.5%, U: 19.9 ± 6.2%). However, the sum of right- and left-leg maximal force increased more in U compared with B group (23.8 ± 9.1% vs. 11.9 ± 6.2%, p = 0.009, respectively). Similarly, the sum of right- and left-leg RFD0-50 and RFD0-100 were improved only in the U group (34–36%, p < 0.01). Unilateral plyometric training was more effective at increasing both single- and double-leg jumping performance, isometric leg press maximal force, and RFD when compared with bilateral training.
Fatigue Damage Indicators Based on Plastic Deformation
Authors: Socha Grzegorz
Published: April 2017

Fatigue failure of elastic-plastic materials is the result of damage accumulation. In the initial phase, this process is controlled by plastic deformation. The standard method for the investigation of fatigue phenomena relies on counting the applied load (or strain) cycles to final failure or macro crack initiation. This method does not allow observations of fatigue damage accumulation during testing. Such observations can only be realized when a measurable physical quantity (representing damage) is selected for monitoring. Such a quantity, referred to as the damage indicator, must be proven to change in a monotonic manner with the progress of the damage. In this paper, two damage indicators will be proposed and discussed: local inelastic response and accumulated equivalent plastic strain. Local inelastic response can be referred to as the relative damage indicator when it changes in a monotonic manner during the entire life of the material. In the case of such an indicator, its actual value is compared with its initial value to estimate the amount of accumulated damage. This kind of damage indicator is useless in the case of materials exhibiting more complex behavior (e.g., initial cyclic hardening followed by softening). For such materials, accumulated equivalent plastic strain can be used as the damage indicator. This kind of indicator can be referred to as a cumulative damage indicator because it is necessary to use the cumulated value of such a quantity to estimate the amount of accumulated damage.
Low Cycle Fatigue of Cast Austenitic Steel
Authors: Wu Xijia , Quan Guangchun , Sloss Clayton
Published: April 2017

Cast austenitic stainless steel 1.4848 is used to manufacture automotive exhaust system components. Low cycle fatigue (LCF) of 1.4848 austenitic steel was investigated through strain controlled fatigue testing at strain rates of 0.02/s, 0.002/s, and 0.0002/s in the temperature range from room temperature (RT) to 900°C. Its cyclic behavior was characterized in relation to deformation mechanisms. At RT, the material behavior was rate independent and cyclically stable, which occurred by plasticity. The material exhibited significant cyclic hardening at intermediate temperatures, 400°C to 600°C, with negative strain-rate sensitivity. In this temperature range, dynamic strain aging (DSA) presumably occurred due to slip dragging solute atoms. At high temperatures, 800°C and 900°C, the material exhibited positive rate dependence in the hysteresis behavior, and the cyclic stress response tended to stabilize with increasing cycles. The high temperature behavior was presumably controlled by a combination of plasticity and dislocation-glide creep. The integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) was used to describe the deformation and life behaviors based on the identified mechanisms, which were corroborated by fractographic observations.
Establishing a Multi Laboratory Test Plan for Environmentally Assisted Fatigue
Authors: Bruchhausen Matthias , Mottershead Kevin , Hurley Caitlin , Métais Thomas , Cicero Román , Vankeerberghen Marc , Le Roux Jean-Christophe
Published: April 2017

The European project INCEFA PLUS will characterize environmental fatigue in pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions. The aim is to develop new guidelines for assessing environmental fatigue damage susceptibility of nuclear power plant (NPP) components. The consortium consists of 16 public and private organizations from across Europe. The project is structured in two phases: The first phase is an extensive fatigue testing program; in the second phase, a procedure for estimating the environmental fatigue degradation of the materials will be formulated. During the test phase, a selection of austenitic stainless steels used in NPPs will be characterized with regard to fatigue. The test matrix will focus on the effects of mean strain, strain amplitude, hold time periods, and surface roughness on fatigue life. Sensitivities to these parameters will be tested in PWR environments with additional tests in air for reference purposes. The study of hold time effects will lead to very long testing times, limiting the total number of tests. It is therefore crucial to establish a test matrix that allows the study of the principal effects of interest while taking into account the nuisance effects, such as different specimen geometries, particular material microstructures, and other laboratory-dependent factors that may not be well-controlled. Methods and considerations for establishing a single test matrix are presented in this work.
Data Processing Procedure for Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot-Welded Joints Using a Structural Stress Method
Authors: Kang Hong-Tae , Wu Xiao , Khosrovaneh Abolhassan K. , Li Zhen
Published: April 2017

The structural stress method is widely used in fatigue-life prediction of various welded joints in vehicle structures because this method is less dependent on mesh sizes in finite-element models. However, there are several parameters that define the structural stress, and extensive analysis is required to obtain an optimum structural-stress versus fatigue-life curve of the joints. This paper establishes a data-processing procedure for fatigue-life prediction of spot-welded joints using a structural stress method. The structural stress method used in this study is influenced by sheet thicknesses, joint dimensions, and stress types. These influencing parameters are optimized by a nonlinear, generalized, reduced-gradient solver. Previous fatigue test data from the Auto/Steel Partnership is reanalyzed using this proposed optimization method, and the degree of scatter in the reproduced master curve is found to be reduced compared to past results with default parameters. The estimated specimen life using this procedure correlates well with the actual life observed in the laboratory.
More Accurate Elastic Compliance Equation and Its Inverse Solution for Compact Specimens
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui
Published: April 2017

This paper reinvestigates the compliance equation used in ASTM E1820, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness, for compact tension (C(T)) specimens. It is found that the elastic compliance equation is inconsistent with that determined from the stress intensity factor (K) solution that is also used in ASTM E1820 for the same compact specimens. Because the K solution in ASTM E1820 is very accurate, as verified by different finite element analysis (FEA) results, the compliance equation in ASTM E1820 can be less accurate, making it necessary to develop a more accurate solution. Using the shooting method and an accurate FEA result of elastic compliance at a/W = 0.5, the more accurate compliance values are obtained for ASTM E1820 C(T) specimens over a wide range of a/W by integration of the accurate K solution. The inverse solution of the new compliance equation is then obtained by curve fitting. The comparison shows that the proposed compliance inverse solution can determine very accurate crack length with negligible errors.
Application of Kresidual Measurements to Fracture Toughness Evaluations
Authors: Wang Gongyao , Maciejewski Kimberly , James Mark
Published: April 2017

Residual stresses are self equilibrating internal stresses that exist in materials and structures due to a number of factors including thermal-mechanical processing, machining, forming, or welding. These stresses are of critical importance, particularly in structural materials for fatigue crack growth and fracture design, where residual stresses can bias the material property measurements, leading to either unconservative or overconservative design data. The driving force due to residual stress is referred to as the residual stress-intensity factor (Kresidual) and can be used to understand and prevent bias during material characterization for material expected to contain residual stresses. The cut compliance method can be employed to measure the Kresidual based on Schindler's method, where new crack surface area is created by electrical discharge machining (EDM). However, the cut-compliance test is destructive and, as a result, residual stress effects on a property such as fracture toughness would require two tests, one for residual stress and one for fracture toughness, along with an assumption that the residual stress is the same for both measurements. The new crack-compliance method is similar to the cut compliance method, but the new surface area is created through fatigue crack growth due to cyclic loading. The advantage of the crack-compliance method is to produce Kresidual data on the same specimen as the property data. This crack-compliance method is based on the same standard compliance data used to calculate crack length, with a simple extension of the method for calculating the Kresidual value. The method has been demonstrated in the past with good success for fatigue-crack growth, and this paper will extend the concept to fracture toughness. The approach is to apply the crack-compliance method during the precrack phase of a fracture toughness test to estimate Kresidual at the end of the precrack. Then a simple superposition model is used to correct measured fracture toughness.
Analysis of Nonproportional Multiaxial Fatigue Test Data of Various Aluminum Alloys Using a New Damage Parameter
Authors: Mei Jifa , Dong Pingsha
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a detailed investigation into nonproportional loading-induced multi–axial fatigue damage in a series of aluminum alloys using a recently developed moment of load path (MLP) model that contains a material sensitivity parameter. A generalized procedure is presented for determining material sensitivity to nonproportional load path and is demonstrated for characterizing multi–axial fatigue damage in these aluminum alloys under nonproportional loading conditions. Major findings are: (a) All of the alloys studied in this paper show a lesser degree of sensitivity to nonproportional loading when comparing structural steels recently reported by the same authors with material sensitivity parameter (α defined with respect to stress plane or αɛ as to strain plane) ranging from 0.35 to 0.5, which is much smaller than that of structural steels that were found to be around unity (i.e., α ≈ αɛ ≈ 1; (b) within the same aluminum alloy type, it is found that material sensitivity parameter (α) calculated on stress plane using stress–life test data is close to the values calculated on strain plane using strain–life data (i.e., αɛ); and (c) with the material sensitivity parameter (α or αɛ) being determined, MLP–based equivalent stress (defined on σ − √βτ plane) or equivalent strain (on ɛ − √βɛγ) are shown to be effective in correlating a large amount of multi–axial fatigue test data subjected to a varying degree of load–path nonproportionality.
Sensitivity Study on Parameters that Influence Automated Slope Determination
Authors: Graham Stephen M.
Published: April 2017

There are numerous ASTM standard test methods where force and displacement are recorded and the data analysis requires that the slope of the force-displacement record be determined. Demands for greater accuracy and the availability of computers have led to the widespread use of simple linear regression. However, computers are not good at determining what data to include in the regression, so the analyst must manually select the upper and lower limits of the regression region, thereby introducing subjectivity into the analysis. Fixed fit ranges that are often used for linear regression can lead to slope bias for data sets that exhibit curvature within the fixed range. This is particularly true for data sets that have an initial curvature or that have a small linear region. Two approaches that provide a powerful tool for examining a data set to determine the linear region are reduced displacement and analysis of residuals. The latter was incorporated into a fully automated algorithm for slope determination by analysis of residuals. This study looked at how noise, digital resolution, and sampling rate influence the determination of slope using this algorithm. Twelve synthetically generated data sets were analyzed to provide insight into how each of these data sets’ characteristics affected the resulting slope. It was determined that slope error from linear regression is a complex interaction between the shape of the data in the nonlinear regions and the data set characteristics. Noise has more effect on slope error than digital resolution over the ranges considered. The algorithm proved robust in that, even with typical noise and digital resolution, slope error in data sets with small linear regions was less than about 2 %.
Practical and Technical Challenges of the Exhaust System Fatigue Life Assessment Process at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Seitz Mark T. , Hamilton Jason D. , Voltenburg Richard K. , Luo Limin , Wei Zhigang , Rebandt Robert G.
Published: April 2017

Exhaust system durability and reliability assessments are challenging due to the inherent complexities of mechanical, thermal, and chemical interactions, and the variability associated with material properties, loading, and environment. The traditional methodology for predicting exhaust system durability and reliability was developed to provide a pragmatic, conservative, and economically viable solution—hence, the predominance of fatigue life approximations in cold or ambient conditions. Through the definition of target loading using measured field data collection, and determination of component durability capability through simple uniaxial or biaxial oscillating load bench tests, system level life assessment is possible. Exhaust system durability and reliability estimates conducted in cold conditions require that the life prediction method include a level of conservatism to account for actual field usage thermal conditions. The ability to bypass the engine out hot exhaust gas has become increasingly difficult due to the elimination of standard exhaust manifold designs. Some designs require the converter inlet pipes to be directly attached to the engine head without any exhaust manifold present. The natural progression in exhaust system durability assessment is to conduct all measurements inclusive of engine out elevated temperature conditions and to conduct component oscillating load bench testing at elevated temperatures. There are many challenges associated with the development of a robust life assessment methodology encompassing actual vehicle usage environmental conditions of an exhaust system. In this paper, work conducted to evaluate new process integration, encompassing high-temperature life assessment, is introduced. Oscillating load bench tests are conducted to develop allowable load-life curves, the methods of strain calibration for hot gages explored, and the method for conversion of load-life curves to local hot strain life curves conducted. The critical aspects of the assessment process, such as the determination of the thermal modification factor and the procedure for transforming a loading profile into a damage equivalent form at an equivalent temperature for rainflow counting, are explored. The assumptions, limitations, and viability to integrate these into the standard design and development process are evaluated.
Fatigue Studies on Impacted and Unimpacted CFRP Laminates
Authors: Prakash Raghu V. , John Mathew , Sudevan Deepika , Gianneo Andrea , Carboni Michele
Published: April 2017

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in safety-critical aerospace structures and experience low velocity impacts, which deteriorate their residual strength and residual life. This paper presents the results of damage accumulation during fatigue loading, estimated through stiffness degradation under constant amplitude and the programmed version of FALSTAFF spectrum loading (Prog FALSTAFF) of [0/90]8 and quasi isotropic CFRP laminates. The laminates are prepared by a hand lay up technique; specimens of size 250 mm by 45 mm by 4.5 mm thickness are extracted from the laminate for testing. Some of the specimens are subjected to drop impact at different input impact energies (23J, 35J, and 51J), and the fatigue response after impact loading is studied. The rate of degradation of stiffness for impacted CFRP specimens under a Prog FALSTAFF spectrum loading is less compared to constant amplitude loading. The sequence of intermediate block cycles of constant ampltiude in Prog FALSTAFF is organized either in an ascending order of magnitude, low to high (Lo Hi), or in a descending order of magnitude (Hi Lo) to study the effect of load sequencing on damage accumulation. Lo Hi sequencing results in greater damage compared to Hi Lo sequencing for all the orientations of CFRP laminates studied. In the case of unimpacted specimens, there is a marginal increase in stiffness in the early stages, followed by a drop in stiffness; the stiffness degradation rate in unimpacted specimens is much less compared to impacted specimens. Computed X ray tomography has been carried out on specimens under the following conditions: pristine; after fatigue cycling; after impact damage; and postimpact, postfatigue cycling to understand the damage progression. As an exploratory study, investigation of damage through active infrared thermography is carried out. The presence of delamination could be identified through the variable specimen cooling curves of CFRP specimens using the active thermography technique.