bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEMANTIC AND NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS FOR CHATBOTS TO ENHANCE ONLINE STORE CUSTOMER SERVICE
Authors: Afandi Yosi , Maskur Maskur , Fiernaningsih Nilawati , Fauzi Ahmad
Published: January 2024

Since customer support is time-limited, chatbot programs can assist potential online store visitors before they make a purchase. The general public cannot always answer inquiries or respond to customer requests. Virtual customer support allows potential customers to contact vendors regarding products they wish to purchase. This technology is very helpful in providing quick and accurate answers to various customer concerns and issues. The study focuses on the online retail environment where customer support is crucial for potential buyers before making a purchase. The Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) and Semantic Ontology were used by A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Internet Linguistic Computer Agency) to develop an AI chatbot application. There are no online stores that use virtual customer service (chatbots) for customer support, so Batik Cloth, an application that offers batik textiles for sale in Malang, was chosen as the online store chatbot application for this study. Creating a chatbot with semantic capabilities involves using ontologies to process queries with more precise meaning. It achieves 92% accuracy for 15 types of relevant queries and responses, followed by 10 frequently asked questions as answers. Created by a potential buyer. Virtual customer support systems (chatbots) can respond to queries with similar terms or meanings by employing ontologies and semantics to deliver answers that fit the queries.
Using Mean Oxidation Number of Organic Carbons to Quantify Buswell’s Equation
Authors: Yuen Pong Kau , Lau Cheng Man Diana
Published: January 2024

Buswell’s equation can represent anaerobic digestion. The overall stoichiometric chemical equation is important for the counting of biomethane and theoretical biochemical methane potential. Although the concept of oxidation number of organic carbons has been applied in organic chemistry and biochemistry, the relationship between mean oxidation number of organic carbons and quantity of biomethane has not been studied. This article uses the H-atom method as a balancing tool to build a Buswell’s model which can help understand the redox nature of organic compounds and establish the mathematical relationships among the stoichiometric coefficients of Buswell’s equation, elemental composition of organic compound, and mean oxidation number of organic carbons. By using mean oxidation number of organic carbons as a metric, the mathematical equations for the counting of biomethane and theoretical biochemical methane potential are attained. The parameters of Buswell’s equation can also be quantified by any given structural formula of an organic compound.
An Analysis of the Concept of Water in Secondary School Biology Textbooks
Authors: Dikmenli Musa , Ozkan Vedat Kadir , Kilic Selda , Cardak Osman
Published: January 2024

As a result of human beings' activities to dominate nature and transform it for their own benefit as they continue to advance in science and technology, environmental problems such as climate change have become the biggest threat faced by the biosphere in the current century. One of the biggest problems of humanity today is the scarcity of water resources. It is important to reveal the meanings attributed to the concept of water in biology textbooks in order to identify and eliminate the deficiencies or gaps between the concepts related to the subject. The main purpose of this study is to analyze how the concept of water is presented in secondary school biology textbooks. In line with this purpose, answers to the following questions were sought: What biological concepts is water associated with in biology textbooks and how often is it used? Under which categories can the concept of water be classified in biology textbooks? In the study, document analysis was conducted on four biology textbooks published by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in high schools in the 2023-2024 academic year. A qualitative methodology based on inductive logic was used to analyze the data. How water is emphasized in biology textbooks was discussed, and categories were developed to conceptualize explanations about water. These categories were: water as a substance in the structure of organisms, water as a habitat for organisms, water as a substance involved in chemical reactions, water as a human health factor, water as an essential requirement for organisms, water as an environmental problem factor and water as a scarcity factor. According to the results of the textbook content analysis, it was seen that the relationships between water and health concepts in the category of water as a human health factor were well structured. In the study, it was seen that the concept of water was presented in accordance with the target achievements in line with the secondary school biology course curriculum and that the key concepts were given literally. However, it was revealed that the concept of water in textbooks should be structured according to the principles of the systems thinking approach.
The Reflections of the “Stop Climate Change Digital Game” on Primary School Students' Learning about Climate Change
Authors: Idil Sahin , Kocak Orkun
Published: January 2024

Climate change and its effects are impacting our world more and more with each passing day. For this reason, we must ensure that our children, as the society of the future, grow up as individuals with high environmental awareness, being aware of climate change and its effects. The aim of this study is to inform students about the subject of climate change and to educate them as individuals with climate change literacy. In this context, a digital game about climate change and its effects was developed for primary school students. A qualitative research method and techniques were adapted in this research. Interview, observation, and document analysis techniques were used to ensure variety in data acquisition in the research. The study was conducted in the 2022 spring semester during the science courses. It was conducted at an urban primary school in Ankara. 22 fourth grade students were participated as control group and 23 fourth grade students were participated as treatment group in the study. It was determined that the students enjoyed this game, called Stop Climate Change; they had fun and simultaneously learned about concepts related to climate change.
Using Nonparametric Procedure to Develop an OCMT Estimator for Big Data Linear Regression Model with Application Chemical Pollution in the Tigris River
Authors: Salih Ahmed , Hmood Munaf
Published: January 2024

Chemical pollution is a very important issue that people suffer from and it often affects the nature of health of society and the future of the health of future generations. Consequently, it must be considered in order to discover suitable models and find descriptions to predict the performance of it in the forthcoming years. Chemical pollution data in Iraq take a great scope and manifold sources and kinds, which brands it as Big Data that need to be studied using novel statistical methods. The research object on using Proposed Nonparametric Procedure NP Method to develop an (OCMT) test procedure to estimate parameters of linear regression model with large size of data (Big Data) which comprises many indicators associated with chemical pollution and profoundly have an effect on the life of the Iraqi people. The SICA estimator were chosen to analyze data and the MSE were used to make a comparison between the two methods and we determine that NP estimator is more effective than the other estimators under Big Data circumstances.
Choose Best Formula for Lindley Distribution for Modeling of Rainfall Data in Iraq in 2020
Authors: Shebib Hanaa , Jaafar Zahraa , Ali Bashar
Published: January 2024

In this article, we will used vary formulas of Lindley distribution which are two parameter Lindley distribution under mixture parameter p= ( b)/( b+a ) , two parameter Lindley distribution under mixture parameter P=ba/(ba+1 ) , and two parameter Lindley distribution under mixture parameter p= ( b)/( b+a ) by shrinkage negative exponential and negative gamma distribution for fitting rainfall data in Iraq by estimating the parameters of these distribution by using maximum likelihood method and comparing among distributions by using Akaike's test, Bayes Akaike's test , Consistent Bayes Akaike's test, and Hannan-Quinn information Criterion. We concluded that the two parameter Lindley distribution for fitting rainfall data is and two parameter Lindley distribution under mixture parameter p=( b)/( b+a ) by shrinkage negative exponential and negative gamma distribution. There is a high probability of a decrease in the amount of rainfall in Iraq within the framework of the fitting distribution.
Changes since the Nineteenth Century to the Estuary-Barrier Complexes of North County Dublin
Authors: Mulrennan Monica E.
Published: January 2024

Over the past 150 years, two estuary-barrier complexes on the north Dublin coastline have undergone considerable morphological changes. These include a reduction in the size of the estuaries, and estuary mouths, and the accretion of beach sediments and foredune ridges around the distal or southern ends of the barriers. Increased estuarine reclamation, and the construction of the Dublin to Belfast Railway across one of the estuaries, has reduced the volume of the tidal prism and weakened the ebb and flood currents, requiring an adjustment in the dimensions of the tidal channels and estuary mouths. Disruption of the tidal regime has led to substantial hydrodynamic and morphological changes, the southward extension of the barriers representing an attempt to restore the hydraulic equilibrium of these estuary/barrier complexes by reducing the cross section of the estuary mouth. Subsequent adjustments to these changes, combined with increasing recreational pressure, have been responsible for recent degradation and shoreline recession at the northern end of the barriers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of change currently operating along this coastline is essential to its effective management.
Reviews of Books
Authors: Tyrrell J. G. , Breathnach Proinnsias , Andrews J. H. , Brady Joe
Published: January 2024

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN IRELAND, edited by J. Feehan. Dublin: The Environmental Institute, University College Dublin, 1992. 620pp. IR£28.00. ISBN 1 870089 76 6. Reviewed by J. G. TyrrellLANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND LANGUAGE SHIFT AS STRATEGIES OF SOCIAL REPRODUCTION: IRISH IN THE CORCA DHUIBHNE GAELTACHT 1926–86, by Pádraig Ó Riagáin. Dublin: Institúid Teangaeolaeíochta Éireann, Research Report 17,1992.168pp. IR£10.00. ISBN 0-946452-79-2. Reviewed by Proinnsias BreathnachAN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF IRELAND, edited by B.J. Graham and L.J. Proudfoot. London: Academic Press, 1993. 454 pp. £24.95 stg. ISBN 0-12-294881-5; WATERFORD HISTORY AND SOCIETY: INTERDISCIPLINARY ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF AN IRISH COUNTY, edited by William Nolan and Thomas P. Power. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1992. 754pp. IR£37.00. ISBN 0 906602 20 3. Reviewed by J. H. AndrewsDUBLIN – THE SHAPING OF A CAPITAL, by Andrew MacLaran. London:Belhaven Press, 1993. 242pp. IR£35.00. ISBN: 1-85293-166-3. Reviewed by Joe Brady
Reviews of Maps and Mapping
Authors: Ferguson Paul
Published: January 2024

ORDNANCE SURVEY OF IRELAND 1:20,000 MAP OF GREATER DUBLIN, 15th Popular edition. Dublin: Ordnance Survey of Ireland, 1992. IR£3.40; DUBLIN CITY MAP, Scale 1:5,000 and 1,20,000. Dublin and Tokyo: ERA-Maptec Ltd. and Shobunsha Publications, 1992. IR£4.80. Reviewed by Paul Ferguson
Changes in Footpath Degradation 1983–1992: a study of the Brandy Pad, Mourne Mountains
Authors: Ferris T. M.C. , Lowther K. A. , Smith B. J.
Published: January 2024

Footpath degradation is assessed by comparison of surveys carried out in 1983 and 1992 along the principal cross mountain path - the Brandy Pad. Measurements show that overall path width has generally increased, as have the number of subsidiary tracks and the extent of bare ground. Greatest changes occurred where path width was initially narrow, suggesting that there are maximum widths (wiihin the constraints exercised by local terrain) beyond which walkers will no longer seek detours by establishing new paths.
Reviews of Books
Authors: Andrews J. H. , Walsh James , Davies Mary , Brady Joe , Daultrey Stu
Published: January 2024

CULTURE IN IRELAND – REGIONS: IDENTITY AND POWER, edited by Prionsias O Drisceoil. Proceedings of the Cultures of Ireland Group Conference, 27-29 November, 1992. Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast, 242 pp. IR£4.95. ISBN 085389 476 0. Reviewed by J.H. ANDREWS.RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN IRELAND – A CHALLENGE FOR THE 1990s, edited by Michael Murray and John Greer, Aldershot: Avebury, 1993. 268pp.£35.00sig. ISBN 1 85628 408 5. Reviewed by JAMES WALSH.FROM DUN DELCA TO DUNDALK: THE TOPOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF A MEDIEVAL FRONTIER TOWN A.D. c.1187-1700, by Paul Gosling. County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society, 1993. [130pp]. IR£5.95.ISBN 0 9521456 0 X. Reviewed by MARY DAVIES.BUILDING ON THE PAST: URBAN CHANGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY, by Douglas Hyde. Dublin: Environmental Institute, University College Dublin, 1993. 125pp. IR£12.00. ISBN 1 898473 02 1. Reviewed by JOE BRADY.WATER QUALITY IN IRELAND 1987–1990: (1) Part One: General Assessment, by K J.Clabby, J. Lucey, M.L. McGarrigle, J.J. Bowman, P.J. Flanagan and P.F. Toner. 94pp+5 Appendices [199p]. ISBN 1 85053 180 3; (2) Part Two: River quality data, edited by I'.J. Flanagan and P.F. Larkin. 509pp. ISBN 185053158 7; (3) Map: River Quality 1987–1990, compiled by KJ. Clabby, J. Lucey and M.L. McGarrigle. Dublin: Environmental Research Unit, 1992. IR£30.00 the set. Reviewed by STU DAULTREY.
Sustainability in Irish Agriculture
Authors: Culleton Noel , Tunney Hubert , Coulter Brian
Published: January 2024

Recent decades have seen increasing intensification in Irish agriculture, resulting in some degradation of natural resources. Concerns resulting from this have led to a current emphasis on sustainable agriculture which is a food production and distribution system that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to do likewise. In a soil fertility context, sustainable agriculture entails the maintenance of the balance between nutrients being removed by crops or animal produce and nutrient inputs from fertilisers and nutrient recycling. Phosphorus and nitrogen are key elements in agricultural productivity, but if used to excess can lead to pollution of rivers and lakes, and require greater monitoring, as well as close attention to rates and times of application. An integral part of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy is the increased emphasis on environmental conservation through measures aimed at integrating environmental and agricultural policy. ‘Towards Sustainability’. the European Union (EU) Fifth Action programme on the environment includes sustainable agriculture as one of its aims. In an Irish context, sustainable agriculture implies that the fabric of rural communities should be sustained, and this is not happening. It is unlikely that Irish livestock numbers can be increased in the foreseeable future to utilise the national area of grassland to its capacity and it is therefore crucial that alternatives to grassland farming be found. The role of forestry is discussed in this context.
Clear Island (Oileán Chléire) in 1958: a Study in Geolinguistic Transition
Authors: Hindley Reg
Published: January 2024

Clear Island lies remote in relation to mainland Ireland but has been sensitive to the influence of the major transatlantic sea routes which pass it. Remoteness helped to preserve it as a last outpost of the Irish language but eventually combined with maritime influences and increasingly sharp awareness of outside opportunities to enhance the role and status of English. Emigration and male employment abroad played major parts in subverting Irish but relatively minor inward movements were also significant in the onset and progress of linguistic anglicization, which set in much earlier than the advent of the modern mass media.
Cruising in the North-West of Ireland: An Expanding Tourism Development Opportunity
Authors: Guyer Claire , Pollard John
Published: January 2024

The lakes and waterways of north-west Ireland provide a vital resource in a region lacking a strong economic base. The development opportunities of the cruising industry in the region have been much strengthened by the reopening of the Shannon-Erne Waterway combined with the peace initiatives of 1994. This paper presents a review of cruising on Lough Erne and the new waterway from the perspective of visitors, and comments on prospects for the future. The study is based on a visitor survey conducted during the summer of 1994. and captured the visitor response to the cruising experience and to the natural and built environment. Although some deficiencies in service provision are pin-pointed, the general reaction is extremely positive. Environmental quality is high, and a strong basis for development is present so that, with proper management, there is every chance of success in achieving the elusive combination of both sustainability of tourism and improvement in economic conditions.
Residential Urban Renewal Schemes, Dublin 1986–1994
Authors: Prunty Jacinta
Published: January 2024

The inauguration of tax-driven urban renewal schemes in designated areas of Dublin's inner city in the period June 1986–July 1994 led to a remarkable surge in apartment building. Areas which had seen practically no private residential construction this century have within a few years become home to large numbers of mostly young, single, professional people and students. This study examines the context within which this development took place, the policy instruments which were used, the liming of development, and the distribution, scale and character of developments. It also examines the role of the various agents of change, most notably Dublin Corporation, and the principal developers and estate agents. The paper seeks to critically assess the significance of these tax-driven urban renewal schemes in terms of the built fabric, morphology and social make-up of the inner city. The area of Francis Street/Patrick Street is used as a case study.
Social protest in late nineteenth-century Irish towns — the House League movement
Authors: Graham Brian , Hood Susan
Published: January 2024

Despite the volume of research into the land question and its role in the evolution of nationalist politics in later nineteenth-century Ireland, the related dimension of urban protest has been neglected. This paper addresses one particular aspect of this latter phenomenon, the House League movement which was first established in Longford town in 1885 as a conscious attempt. in an urban context, to emulate the Land League's protest against evictions and rack-renting. The paper examines the curious spatial evolution of the movement. Despite the ubiquity of town tenant grievances throughout Ireland. House Leagues developed only in cattle grazing regions with relatively well developed markel town networks, nationalist in political complexion and badly affected by the economic downturn of the mid-1880s. In seeking an explanation for this distribution, the social composition, motivations and tactics of House Leagues are also discussed. It is concluded that, although only a short-term and regionally confined movement. House Leagues reflected the growing consciousness among town tenants in late nineteenth-century Ireland that their interests had been neglected in the fusion of the land question with nationalist politics.
An Appreciation
Authors: Haughton Joe , Sweeney John , Nolan Willie , Brady Joe
Published: January 2024

Joy Tivy, 1924–1995Barbara Miller, 1927–1996
Reviews of Books
Authors: Buttimer Anne , Duffy P. J. , Hourihan Kevin , Cinnéide Micheál Ó
Published: January 2024

IRELAND AND THE ATLANTIC HERITAGE: SELECTED WRITINGS, by Emyr Estyn Evans. Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1996. 268pp. IR£18.95. ISBN 1-874675-48-1.Reviewed by Anne ButtimerALL IRELAND IS IN AND ABOUT RATHKEALE, by Patrick J. O'Connor. Newcastle West: Oireacht na Mumhan Books, 1996. 207pp. IR£20.00. ISBN 0 9512184 7 6. Reviewed by P.J. DuffyETHNIC RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION IN BELFAST, by Paul Doherty and Michael A. Poole. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster, 1995. 116pp. £6.00stg. ISBN 1-85923-023-7. Reviewed by Kevin HourihanREGIONAL POLICY, A Report by a Regional Policy Advisory Group to Forfas. Shannon: Shannon Development, 1996. 132pp. No ISBN. Reviewed by Micheál Ó Cinnéide
The Problems of Taxation-Induced Inner-City Housing Development - Dublin's Recipe for Success?
Authors: MacLaran Andrew , Murphy Laurence
Published: January 2024

In an attempt to foster inner-city regeneration, the Irish government's Urban Renewal Act and Finance Act of 1986 provided significant tax incentives to inner-city property owners and investors. The generous nature of these incentives has induced an apartment boom in Dublin which contrasts strongly with the city's long history of inner area decline. Commentators focusing on the dramatic market response to these incentives have suggested that the ‘Dublin experience’ provides a template for renewal policies elsewhere and suggest that the scheme has the potential for revitalising inner-city home ownership. Such analysis pays scant regard to the long-term implications of the incentives and the generic problems associated with area-based renewal packages. A review of the consequences of earlier incentives used to expand home ownership in Ireland, plus an analysis of current institutional behaviour and residents' perceptions, highlight the potential longer-term problems facing this market.
Frank Mitchell (1912-1997) Some Memories in Appreciation
Authors: Davies Gordon L. Herries
Published: January 2024

N/A
The Dundalk Premier Public Utility Society
Authors: McManus Ruth
Published: January 2024

Public utility societies played an important, but relatively unstudied, role in housing development in Ireland in this century. Whilst an earlier paper looked at their operation in Dublin, the focus of this paper is on the Premier Public Utility Society in Dundalk which built houses in the early 1930s. The paper examines the structure of the Society and its role as a housing provider to the working classes. It drew on the Dublin experience with public utility societies for its methods of operation. The provision of adequate finance was one of the major issues which the society had to address. This impinged on its ability and willingness to provide housing for the poorer classes. It is argued that the Dundalk society is typical of many societies of the period.
Water movement in a structured soil in the south-east of Ireland: preliminary evidence for preferential flow
Authors: Ryan Michael
Published: January 2024

A study was carried out on a structured soil in the south-east of Ireland to investigate How patterns of water in soil. Dissolved Acid Red dye was allowed infiltrate the soil from the surface. Thereafter the dyed soil profiles were exposed and the pattern of movement of the dye was recorded. Infiltration measurements, under tension, were also undertaken on the same soil at several soil depths and these were compared with tensionless infiltration. The results provided preliminary evidence for preferential How in the soil. Nitrate leaching data, from a grazing study, tended to confirm the results. The importance of preferential How with regard to movement of manures and chemicals towards groundwater, which will depend on the timing of the application of those substances and the occurrence of significant rainfall events is discussed. Soils having physical characteristics conducive to preferential flow are illustrated.
The Inter-organisational Relationships in Irish Tourism: the example of Lough Derg
Authors: Griffin Kevin A.
Published: January 2024

The data presented in this paper are drawn from research work carried out by the author into the operation and organisation of Irish tourism at a local level. In carrying out this work 104 tourism operators were surveyed in detail in order to assess their altitudes and opinions on a number of issues. The two dominant themes which emerged from this research were the highly varied nature of the tourism operations and the multitude of service providers with whom they interact. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate this diversity of Inter-organisational Relationships (IORs) and to propose an organisational structure which may aid in minimising such complexities.
Reviews of Books
Authors: Parker A. J.
Published: January 2024

PERSPECTIVES ON CORK, edited by Barry Brunt and Kevin Hourihan. Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publication No. 10, 1998. ISBN 0-9524406-I-X.
Bluffs, Bays and Pools in the medieval Liffey at Dublin
Authors: De Courcy John W.
Published: January 2024

The course of the river Liffey in Dublin city is not straight. Between Mellowes (Queen Maeve) Bridge and East Link Bridge there are two deviations: one to the north and one to the south. This paper examines these deviations and seeks their origin in the bluffs, bays and pools of the river in medieval times. Locations are suggested for these features.
Leaching of Nitrate-N (NO3-N) from cropped and fallow soil - a lysimeter study with ambient and imposed rainfall regimes
Authors: Ryan Michael , Sherwood Marie , Fanning Aidan
Published: January 2024

A three-year investigation into the effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates and rainfall on nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching from spring barley and Fallow was carried out in a lysimeter unit. The soil was well drained, moderately deep and similar to soils used to grow cereals in Ireland. Levels of fertiliser N applied were in the range 0-120kg per ha with rainfall amounts varying from 90 to 159 percent of ambient. The Fallow treatment resulted in large removals of N in the drainage water with high concentrations of NO3-N. The load of N removed in the water draining from the barley crop was, in general terms, related to drainage volume (R2=~0.7) while NO3-N concentrations, where N was applied, were inversely related to drainage volume (R2=0.6). Mean NO3-N concentration in drainage water from barley receiving fertiliser N was >MAC in two years out of three. The relative importance of the results to the designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.
Dublin's changing tourism geography
Authors: McManus Ruth
Published: January 2024

This paper considers the changes which have been experienced by Dublin's tourist industry over the past decade, placing them within a national and international context. Within a context of increasing tourist numbers and revenue, it asks whether Dublin's tourism geography has also changed? Looking specifically at hotels, it considers recent developments, their nature and location, particularly in terms of the impact of urban renewal incentives. It also considers the location of Dublin's major tourist attractions and questions the extent to which locational diversification can occur. The implications of these changes for a sustainable tourism industry in Dublin into the future are considered.
The morphology and palaeohydrology of a submerged glaciofluvial channel emerging from Waterford Harbour onto the nearshore continental shelf of the Celtic Sea
Authors: Gallagher Colman
Published: January 2024

The results of an acoustic geophysical survey of the seabed off Waterford Harbour are presented. The survey revealed a probable submerged palaeochannel extending from the mouth of Waterford Harbour to the south-west for 22 km and to a depth of 56 m below present sea level. Palaeomeander geometry and inferred sedimentology indicate that the palaeochannel was adjusted to discharges up to several orders of magnitude greater than those of the present. Together, these characteristics imply that the palaeochannel was probably formed by proglacial discharges of meltwater during a period of low sea level.
Identifying dimensions of urban social change in Dublin- 1986 to 1996
Authors: Kitchen Peter
Published: January 2024

Since the mid 1980s, Ireland has been subjected to significant social, economic and demographic change. The transformation was especially apparent in Dublin, the country's largest and most prominent urban centre. The paper employs small area statistics from the 1986 and 1996 censuses and adopts a factorial ecological approach to investigate the nature and geography of urban social change in the Dublin urban region. Four principal axes or dimensions of change were identified: 'Family status', 'Socio-economic status', 'Demographic change', and 'Seniors/Retirement'. While the study found that overall, the Dublin urban region was characterised by stability between 1986 and 1996, a number of significant spatial variations of change were evident in the four Local Authority Areas under study, particularly in Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown and South Dublin. The paper also proposes several avenues for further research including an update of urban social change using data from the 2002 Census of Population when it becomes available.
A mid-Holocene alluvial deposit beneath blanket peat in the Upper Liffey Valley, county Wicklow, Ireland
Authors: Thorp Martin , Glanville Peter
Published: January 2024

A 750m section on a hillside in the upper Liffey Valley, county Wicklow has exposed a small valley buried beneath blanket peat. The section shows two alluvial sequences underlain by a stone line over regional till and weathered granite. 14C dates from wood in the sediments indicate that the older alluvium formed between 4950-4550 cal. BP and the younger between 3470-3000 cal. BP. Wood in the basal layer of the overlying peat yielded a date of 2310-2150 cal. BP. The younger alluvium shows the effects of soil paludification prior to the peat expansion and dated pollen analyses elsewhere in the upper catchment show that blanket peat began spreading over most areas above 350m after 4000-3600 BP. The buried valley contributed sediments to the mid-Holocene floodplains in the upper Liffey valley prior to the extension of blanket peat.
Review of books
Authors: Breathnach Proinnsias
Published: January 2024

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES AND LIFEWAYS: SCALE AND APPROPRIATENESS, edited by Anne Buttimer. Cork: Cork University Press, 2001. xxii + 398pp. ISBN 1–85918–336–0.
Where the boys are- teenagers, masculinity and a sense of place
Authors: Curtin Aoife , Linehan Denis
Published: January 2024

Recent research on the social and gendered geographies of children and young people is filled with new insights into the social and cultural conditions under which their presence in urban space is moderated and their identity constructed. This study seeks to contribute to this research area, by exploring the ways in which teenage boys acquire and maintain a particularly gendered sense of place. The paper demonstrates that this sense of place is regulated by the support structures of all male schooling, by patriarchal family structures, and through the marshalling of the boundaries of heterosexuality amongst the boy's peer group. The paper concludes that due consideration of these issues needs to be evaluated if the experience of teenagers in urban space is to be effectively understood by social geographers.
Review of books
Authors: Royle Stephen A. , Sweeney John , Horner Arnold , Davies Anna R. , Mills Gerald
Published: January 2024

DUBLIN THROUGH SPACE AND TIME (c. 900–1900), edited by Joseph Brady and Anngret Simms. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001. 393pp. ISBN 1–85182–610–6 hbk, 1–85182–641–6 pbkWEATHER & WARFARE: A CLIMATIC HISTORY OF THE 1798 REBELLION by John Tyrrell. Cork: The Collins Press, 2001. 208pp. ISBN 1–898256–04–7.THE NATIONAL SPATIAL STRATEGY: INDICATIONS FOR THE WAY AHEAD, Public Consultation Paper issued by the Department of the Environment, Dublin, September 2001. 33pp. No price. No ISBN.CONSERVING THE EMERALD TIGER: THE POLITICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION IN IRELAND, by George Taylor. Galway: Arlen House. 2001. 178pp. ISBN 1–903631–13–0AGRO‐METEOROLOGICAL MODELLING: PRINCIPLES, DATA AND APPLICATIONS, edited by Nicholas M. Holden. Dublin: Agmet Joint Working Group on Applied Meteorology. 2001. 254pp. ISBN 0–951155–17–2.
Climate change in Ireland‐ recent trends in temperature and precipitation
Authors: McElwain Laura , Sweeney John
Published: January 2024

This paper presents an assessment of indicators of climate change in Ireland over the past century. Trends are examined in order to determine the magnitude and direction of ongoing climate change. Although detection of a trend is difficult due to the influence of the North Atlantic Ocean, it is concluded that Irish climate is following similar trajectories to those predicted by global climate models. Climatic variables investigated included the key temperature and precipitation data series from the Irish synoptic station network. Analysis of the Irish mean temperature records indicates an increase similar to global trends, particularly with reference to early twentieth century wanning and, more importantly, rapid warming in the 1990s. Similarly, analysis of precipitation change support the findings of the United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIPS) with evidence of a trend towards winter increases in the north west of the country and summer decreases in the south east. Secondary climate indicators such as frequency of 'hot' and 'cold' days were found to reveal more variable trends.
Integrating land-use planning and transportation- policy formulation in the Belfast Metropolitan Area
Authors: McEldowney Malachy , Scott Mark , Smyth Austin
Published: January 2024

Much of the interest in sustainable cities relates to the inexorable rise in the demand for car travel and the contribution that certain urban forms and land-use relationships can make to reducing energy consumption. Indeed, this demand is fuelled more by increased spatial separation of homes and workplaces, shops and schools than by any rise in trip making. This paper evaluates recent efforts to integrate land-use planning and transportation policy in the Belfast Metropolitan Area by reviewing the policy formulation process at both a regional and city scale. The paper suggests that considerable progress has been made in integrating these two areas of public policy, both institutionally and conceptually. However, concerns are expressed that the rhetoric of sustainability may prove difficult to translate into implementation, leading to a further dislocation of land-use and transportation.
'I don't relax until I'm home' Women's fear of violent crime in public space in Cork
Authors: Coakley Liam
Published: January 2024

Cork women's fear of violent crime is found to have a strong spatial expression but it is also seen to be variable with social context. Patterns of Fear of Violent Crime (FOVC) in the city centre are outlined and some social complexities are considered. A conceptualisation of passive and reactionary FOVC is not favoured. Rather, following Koskela's (1997) consideration of 'bold women', consideration is given to whether these patterns may point to a more proactive negotiation of such feelings in context.
Geomorphic evidence for patterns of late Midlandian ice advance and retreat in the Omagh Basin
Authors: Knight Jasper
Published: January 2024

Field mapping of late Midlandian-age glacial landforms in the Omagh Basin, north-central Ireland, reveals complex and superimposed bedform patterns. On the basis of this field evidence, stages of glaciation and regional-scale ice retreat are reconstructed. Bedform patterns suggest that (1) bedform shaping took place in several temporally-distinct phases within the overall late Midlandian glacial cycle; and (2) ice centres were mobile and changed their basal thermal and hydraulic characteristics throughout the glaciation.
Historical geographies of a colonised world: the renegotiation of New English colonialism in early modern urban Ireland, c. 1600-10
Authors: McCarthy Mark
Published: January 2024

Following the defeat of the Irish at the Battle of Kinsale (1601), the English Crown's authority prevailed over most of Ireland and the loyalty of colonial outposts such as Cork no longer needed to be buttressed significantly. This paper examines the geopolitical environment of early seventeenth-century Ireland, by providing a case study of the renegotiation and strengthening of English colonial power from c. 1600-10 in an Irish urban space, namely the city of Cork. In examining the role of New English colonialism in forging the character of the early modem city of Cork from c. 1600-10, the wider military considerations related to New English imperial expansion at the time will be considered. A synthesis will also be provided of the resistance of the Cork citizens to the colonial strategies of the English Crown and Government in the early 1600s, as exemplified by the outbreak (and subsequent repression) of the 'Recusant Revolt' in 1603, when the citizens of the city refused to proclaim James I as King of England. The stronger colonial presence that manifested itself in the aftermath of the suppressed 'Recusant Revolt' is evident in a number of ways. Such strategies included the introduction by the colonial power of a policy of severe religious repression (predicated on a philosophy of English cultural supremacy) and a military strategy of locating garrisons at fortifications. These were accompanied by economic strategies that eroded Cork's charter liberties in 1608 (whereby the Crown took back the duties of poundage, tonnage and petty customs which were collected in the port).
Reviews of maps and mapping
Authors: Brady Joe , O'keefe Tadhg , Horner Arnold
Published: January 2024

Irish Historic Towns Atlas, no. 12, Belfast, part I to 1840 by Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. Royle. Published by the Royal Irish Academy in association with Belfast City Council 30 euro / £20. ISBN 0–9543855–0–0.DUBLIN c.840 TO c.1540: THE MEDIEVAL TOWN IN THE MODERN CITY, by H.B. Clarke. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, Irish Historic Towns Atlas. 15pp. booklet + 1 map (on a base of OJS. 1:2500 Dublin Sheet 18.XI (1939). 2nd edition, 2002. [euro]10.00. ISBN 1 874045 99 2.DONEGAL COUNTY ATLAS/ATLAS CONDAE 2001, produced by Donegal County Development Board. Donegal County Council, 2001. 91 maps. No price.
Our first sixty years: one editor remembers
Authors: Davies Gordon L. Herries
Published: January 2024

2004 sees the sixtieth anniversary of Irish Geography. A former Editor of thejournal here remembers some of the events associated with the journal's earlieryears.
Labouring towards the space to belong: Place and identity in Northern Ireland
Authors: Reid Bryonie
Published: January 2024

The concept of belonging in place acquires particular intricacy in the context of Northern Ireland, where strong territorial imperatives come into intimate conflict.  This paper aims to unfold some of the complexities of imagining the province as a place, and the difficulties involved in claiming belonging there, drawing attention to the apparently ongoing refusal to share the ownership of spaces. Theories attempting to resolve this conflict from cultural and political perspectives will be examined, in addition to looking at practices at various levels of community which evidence different understandings of place and belonging. Some aspire to revision of established myths, others aspire to operate beneath or beyond these myths, and each are successful to varying degrees. The intention is not to suggest that these practices are a solution to Northern Ireland's sectarian geography, but rather to recognise that despite the predominantly defensive attitudes to place and belonging, fallible but important efforts are being made to revise or open out this thinking.
The geography of Irish voter turnout: A case study of the 2002 General Election
Authors: Kavanagh Adrian , Mills Gerald , Sinnott Richard
Published: January 2024

Turnout' is a key measure of participation in the democratic process. Specifically, it measures the proportion of eligible voters that turns out to vote on election day. Low (or declining) turnout rates are a cause of concern and are often taken as a measure of disaffection with the political decision-making process. In Ireland, turnout in the 2002 general election confirmed a downward trend in voter participation and represented the lowest turnout since the foundation of the State. However, turnout rates vary markedly across the State. Until recently, it was not possible to examine turnout at a sufficiently detailed geographical scale to allow systematic analysis of the potential causes of such variations. This paper reports on a joint project, involving the Geary Institute, UCD and the National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA), NUI Maynooth, that is undertaking a comprehensive analysis of turnout in the 2002 general election at the lowest possible level of aggregation. Here, a cartographic description and introductory analysis is presented that includes the first ever electoral-district-level map of turnout. The resulting geographical patterns are generally coherent and explicable and provide important pointers for future research. In an unanticipated finding, this map shows that the phenomenon of low turnout in urban areas occurs beyond the main cities and their suburbanised hinterlands and shows up as a characteristic of most provincial towns.
What is worth conserving in the urban environment? Temporal shifts in cultural attitudes towards the built heritage in Ireland
Authors: Negussie Elene
Published: January 2024

Buildings and built structures can be seen as physical assemblages of materials such as bricks, mortar, concrete, glass, etc. However, they can also be endowed with meaning and value, something which changes over time. This value can be endowed with, for example, architectural, historical, economic, tourist, social and cultural meaning. This paper is concerned with conservation of the built heritage in an Irish urban context, with particular reference to Dublin City, and explores cultural value judgements on what is worth conserving in the urban environment and how this has changed over time. Such value judgements have been traced, for example, in the types of structure that have been afforded legal protection status by the State or local authorities. This question is explored in the context of cultural geography's approach to understanding the significance of people's values and ideas in shaping the built environment.
Representing multiple Irish heritage(s): A case study of the Ulster‐American Folk Park
Authors: Kelly Catherine , Laoire Caitríona Ní
Published: January 2024

An important element of cultural identity is its [re]presentation in the public realm. Museums and heritage centres are concerned with presenting elements of national/regional/local cultures to their audiences and, therefore, make value judgements concerning the interpretation and representation of the past. This in itself is a complex process, which becomes even more difficult in spaces of contested heritage and multiple possible representations. This research addresses the above issues and utilises a unique case study within Northern Ireland to examine issues of heritage and representation. A critical analysis of the Ulster American Folk Park (UAFP) was undertaken by bringing together a heterogeneous group of visitors at the site (in this instance final year students from universities north and south of the border). This paper outlines the ways in which this mixed visitor group reacted to the UAFP's representation of migration histories and the ways in which they dealt with the issues of nationality, cultural identity, and authenticity that were raised. The approach was both useful and innovative, facilitating an open discourse on often difficult, politically and geographically sensitive issues. Linking theoretically complex themes concerning cultural identities with pedagogic good practice, informed curatorship and applied policy formulation would be enormously beneficial to cultural sector research.
The reclamation of the Shannon Estuary inter‐tidal flats: A case study of the Clare Slobland Reclamation Company
Authors: Hickey Kieran , Healy Michael
Published: January 2024

Extensive reclamation of the sloblands in the Shannon estuary have been undertaken over hundreds of years but particularly in the mid to late 1800s. There is extensive documentary evidence of the various reclamation schemes that were undertaken. The Clare Slobland Reclamation Company attempted to reclaim a very large section of the Fergus sub-estuary of the Shannon but ultimately failed, despite enormous expenditure. A smaller less ambitious reclamation in the same area was completed afterwards by the Fergus Reclamation Company. The financing, legislation, scale and chronology of the Clare Slobland Reclamation Scheme is outlined along with the difficulties it faced and the eventual causes of its failure are examined. In addition the entitlements of the company and their associated responsibilities are outlined and these show the extent of the powers they had to change and alter the landscape.
Articulating perceptions of rural and urban ‐ the use of semantic scales
Authors: Mahon Marie
Published: January 2024

Places in the urban fringe, at the interface between the 'urban' and the 'rural', permit the study of the processes of change that arise from interaction between the two spheres. Any study of such places involves a consideration of what constitutes the 'rural', itself the subject of ongoing debate. When undertaken from the perspective of those residing in such places, the most suitable approach to eliciting and analysing their observations and perceptions must also be assessed. This article presents the methodology and findings of a section of research conducted in three urban fringe areas in the West of Ireland. The principal objective of the research was to contribute to the study and understanding of places situated in the urban fringe, particularly in the context of rapid economic and social change taking place therein. The specific focus upon the direct accounts of residents as the basis for establishing these understandings and perceptions, including those relating to rural and urban, is discussed. The use of a semantic differential scaling technique as part of this approach is explored.
The application of the Ecological Footprint in two Irish urban areas: Limerick and Belfast
Authors: Walsh Conor , McLoone Annabel , O'Regan Bernadette , Moles Richard , Curry Robin
Published: January 2024

The ecological footprint is now a widely accepted indicator of sustainable development. Footprinting translates resource consumption into the land area required to sustain it, and allows for an average per capita footprint for a region or nation to be compared with the global average. This paper reports on a project in which footprints were calculated for two Irish cities, namely Belfast in Northern Ireland and Limerick in the Republic of Ireland for the year 2001. As is frequently the case at sub-national scale, data quality and availability were often problematic, and in general data gaps were filled by means of population proxies or national averages. A range of methods was applied to convert resource flows to land areas. Both footprints suggest that the lifestyles of citizens of the cities use several times more land than their global share, as has been found for other cities.