bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is One Lecture Enough? Self-Perception of Bias and Cultural Training in Medical Education
Authors: Railey Kenyon , Barnett Jacqueline
Published: July 2022

Introduction

A recognition of the importance of the sociocultural determinants of health and well-being has increased within medical education; yet there is variability in exposure and evidence of effect. The goal of this project was to assess contact with cultural humility or competency instruction prior to training, evaluate self-perception of bias, and test the effect of a single lecture on this perception.

Methods

A 17-item survey was administered to participants before and after a lecture “intervention.”

Results

Analysis revealed that 54% (n = 93) of participants received formal instruction prior to medical/graduate school. Subsequently, significant changes (p = 0.02) when comparing pretests, immediate posttests, and 8-week posttests were found in only one area, “ability to withhold judgment.” While the majority of participants reported having “bias towards certain groups” (chi-square p <0.0001), there was no statistically significant difference in improvement of self-reflection.

Discussion

A single lecture may improve personal awareness of bias but likely does not significantly affect reflection on this bias or improve self-perception of cultural competency.
Risk stratification and treatment of pulmonary embolism with intermediate-risk of mortality
Authors: Pastré Jean , Sanchis-Borja Mateo , Benlounes Manil
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

Intermediate-risk pulmonary embolisms (PE) represent a heterogeneous group at the high end of hemodynamically stable patients, characterized by a higher mortality rate. This challenging population gathers many unsolved question regarding its therapeutic management. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the literature regarding further risk stratification and treatment options in this population.

Recent findings

If anticoagulation represents the undisputed first line of treatment, some patients especially in the intermediate-high risk subgroup may necessitate or could benefit from therapeutic escalation with reperfusion therapies. This includes systemic thrombolysis (ST) or catheter-directed therapies (CDT). ST, despite its high efficacy, is not recommended in this population because of prohibitive bleeding complications. Therefore, reduced-dose ST appears to be a promising option and is actually under evaluation. CDT are percutaneous reperfusion techniques developed to acutely decrease pulmonary vascular obstruction with lower-dose or no thrombolytic agents and, thus, potentially improved safety compared to ST.

Great progress has been made in the recent years providing a wide range of therapeutic options. Optimal selection of patients who could benefit from these treatments is the key and is based on clinical, biological and radiological parameters evaluating right ventricle function and allowing accurate risk stratification. Pulmonary Embolism Response Team represents an efficient modality for therapeutic management especially in the intermediate-high risk subgroup.
Viability testing during liver preservation
Authors: Patrono Damiano , Lonati Caterina , Romagnoli Renato
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

Viability assessment is one of the main indications for machine perfusion (MP) in liver transplantation. This review summarizes the rationale, evolution and limitations of proposed viability criteria and suggests a framework for future studies.

Recent findings

Liver viability is most frequently assessed during normothermic MP by combining parameters relative to perfusate and bile composition, vascular flows and macroscopic aspect. Assessment protocols are largely heterogeneous and have significantly evolved over time, also within the same group, reflecting the ongoing evolution of the subject. Several recent preclinical studies using discarded human livers or animal models have explored other approaches to viability assessment. During hypothermic MP, perfusate flavin mononucleotide has emerged as a promising biomarker of mitochondrial injury and function. Most studies on the subject suffer from limitations, including low numbers, lack of multicenter validation, and subjective interpretation of some viability parameters.

MP adds a further element of complexity in the process of assessing the quality of a liver graft. Understanding the physiology of the parameters included in the different assessment protocols is necessary for their correct interpretation. Despite the possibility of assessing liver viability during MP, the importance of donor-recipient matching and operational variables should not be disregarded.
Tales From the Magnet® Journey
Authors: Brooks Ann Marie T.
Published: July 2022

The transformational leader and nursing trailblazer, Dr Margaret (Maggie) McClure, is interviewed in this column. Dr McClure's passion for excellence, advocacy for baccalaureate-prepared nurses, and research leadership have provided a lifetime of commitment to nursing and the Magnet® program.
Internet use and internet-based addictive behaviours during coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Kovačić Petrović Zrnka , Peraica Tina , Kozarić-Kovačić Dragica , Palavra Irena Rojnić
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

The COVID-19 outbreak profoundly influenced human lives on different levels. This narrative review aims to present recent data relating to the COVID-19 pandemic and internet use and internet-based addictive behaviours [problematic Internet use (PIU), Internet addiction, Internet gaming disorder, problem gambling or gambling disorder, social media addiction including smartphone use disorder, problematic pornography use, and compulsive buying].

Recent findings

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of Internet use and Internet-based addictive behaviours increased in all age groups. The COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures were been associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in the general population, especially among children and adolescents, which are the vulnerable groups for the development of mental disorders during the crisis. Furthermore, the fear resulting from the disease, the ‘lockdown’ measures, high levels of uncertainty regarding the future, and financial insecurity increased levels of loneliness, PIU, and Internet addiction.

Longitudinal researches focused on the negative impacts of Internet use in prolonged stress situations on mental health, vulnerable groups, and quality of life (QoL) are needed to help clinicians and policymakers to reduce adverse consequences. Prevention programs for Internet use and Internet-based addictive behaviours must be customized to meet the needs of children, adolescents, and adults. Also, treatment programs must be tailored to the needs of patients with different Internet-based addictions.
Interventions for attempted suicide
Authors: Menon Vikas , Vijayakumar Lakshmi
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

Suicide is a major, global, public health issue. Those who attempt suicide represent a high-risk subgroup for eventual death by suicide. We provide an update on emerging evidence for interventions for attempted suicide to reduce subsequent suicidal behavior.

Recent findings

Major approaches that have been examined recently include pharmacological, psychosocial, brief active contact and outreach interventions, and digitally driven interventions. Notwithstanding the limited evidence base for most of these approaches, brief contact and follow-up interventions appear to have more robust effects on reduction of repeat suicidal behavior, including attempts; such approaches may have especial significance in emergency settings because of their brevity. Digital interventions for self-harm appear promising in the short-term whereas the evidence for pharmacological and psychosocial strategies remain inconclusive.

Although current evidence supports the use of brief interventions, contact, and outreach for reducing risk of subsequent suicide attempts and suicidal behavior, there are large gaps and limitations in the evidence base related to trial design, lack of long-term efficacy data, and implementational challenges. More robustly designed long-term trials that examine integrated intervention approaches with well defined outcomes are needed to develop recommendations in this area.
An update on the epidemiology of eating disorders in Latin America: current findings and future challenges
Authors: Kolar David R. , Mebarak Moises
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

We systematically reviewed the recent literature on the epidemiology of eating disorders in Latin America.

Recent findings

Most screened articles only investigated risk for eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors. Four studies reported prevalence for eating disorders. One study reported age-standardized prevalence ranging from 0.04% [95% confidence interval, CI (0.03, 0.06)] to 0.09% [95% CI (0.07, 0.13)] for anorexia nervosa and from 0.13% [95% CI (0.08, 0.17)] to 0.27% [95% CI (0.18, 0.37)] for bulimia nervosa. Three additional studies conducted in Brazil identified a general eating disorder point-prevalence of 0.40% in children aged 6--14 years and a point-prevalence of 0.7 % [95% CI (0.34, 1.55)] for bulimia nervosa, 1.4% [95% CI (0.81, 2.43)] for binge-eating disorder and 6.2% [95% CI (3.10, 5.27)] for recurrent binge eating.

Since 2020, only few studies were published on the epidemiology of full-threshold eating disorders in Latin America. Prevalence was in a comparable range to previous findings. No studies regarding new DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses were identified, and studies investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prevalence or incidence of eating disorders in these countries are needed.
Systematic map of the most recent evidence (2010 to 2019) on ruminant production-limiting disease prevalence and associated mortality in Ethiopia
Authors: Tsouloufi Theodora K. , MacVicar Isla S. , Donnison Louise M. , Smyth Karen L. , Peters Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

Ethiopia’s livestock sector supports the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. However, despite the improvements of recent years, livestock productivity remains low due to critical constraints, including infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to collate and synthesise the published evidence on ruminant disease frequency and disease-associated mortality in Ethiopia, by identifying knowledge gaps and clusters in the literature to provide the basis for a decision-making tool. Searches on both bibliographic and organisation databases were conducted in English and were restricted to the period 2010-2019. Search results were screened for relevance at title, abstract and full text level, which identified 716 articles relevant to the research question. The systematic map revealed an increased publication output from 2012-2017, compared to 2010-2011 and 2018-2019. Most studies were conducted in Oromia, Amhara and SNNPR. A substantial body of evidence was found for trypanosomosis, ectoparasite infestation, fasciolosis, nematodiasis, echinococcosis, brucellosis and bovine brucellosis. This study suggests that despite the high output of epidemiological publications, further understanding of a considerable number of diseases is required and where evidence is abundant, synthesis of information should be carried out in order to better inform decisions on disease control priorities in the livestock sector.
Sensory deprivation triggers phenotypic adjustment of dopaminergic interneurons in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Alexandra Angelova , Marie-Catherine Tiveron , Mathieu Loizeau , Harold Cremer , Jean-Claude Platel
Published: July 2022

abstract

Olfactory sensory activity is a main factor factor controlling intergration and survival of neurons in the olfactory bulb. However, its impact on specific neuronal subtypes is unclear. Using reversible unilateral naris closure in concert with longitudinal in vivo imaging we show here that newborn GABAergic interneurons undergo significant cell death under sensory deprivation. In contrast, dopaminergic OB neurons survive under deprivation, but react with a reversible downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase expression.

long abstract

Neurogenesis persists in the mammalian subventricular zone after birth, producing various populations of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons. These include GABAergic and mixed dopaminergic/GABAergic double neurotransmitter neurons for the glomerular layer. While olfactory sensory activity is one of the main factors controlling newborn neuron integration, its effect on specific neuronal subtypes is far less clear. Here we use a reversible unilateral deprivation paradigm in combination with longitudinal in vivo imaging to characterize the behavior of newborn glomerular neurons. We find that a substantial fraction of purely GABAergic neurons die after four weeks of sensory deprivation. Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic/ GABAergic neurons show no signifficant cell death under deprivation, but react with an important decrease in TH expression levels. Importantly, this effect reverses after naris reopening, pointing to a specific adaptation of this neuron population to the level of sensory activity. We conclude that sensory deprivation induces adjustments in the excitation/inhibition balance of the OB implicating cell death and adaptation of neurotransmitter use in specific neuron types.
Activity-dependent stabilization of nascent dendritic spines requires non-enzymatic CaMKIIα function
Authors: Claiborne Nicole , Zito Karen
Published: July 2022

The outgrowth and stabilization of nascent dendritic spines are crucial processes underlying learning and memory. Most new spines retract shortly after growth; only a small subset is stabilized and integrated into the new circuit connections that support learning. New spine stabilization has been shown to rely upon activity-dependent molecular mechanisms that also contribute to long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength. Indeed, disruption of the activity-dependent targeting of the kinase CaMKIIα to the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor disrupts both LTP and activity-dependent stabilization of new spines. Yet it is not known which of CaMKIIα’s many enzymatic and structural functions are important for new spine stabilization. Here, we used two-photon imaging and photolysis of caged glutamate to monitor the activity-dependent stabilization of new dendritic spines on hippocampal CA1 neurons from mice of both sexes in conditions where CaMKIIα functional and structural interactions were altered. Surprisingly, we found that inhibiting CaMKIIα kinase activity either genetically or pharmacologically did not impair activity-dependent new spine stabilization. In contrast, shRNA knock-down of CaMKIIα abolished activity-dependent new spine stabilization, which was rescued by co-expressing shRNA-resistant CaMKIIα. Notably, overexpression of phospho-mimetic CaMKIIα-T286D, which exhibits activity-independent targeting to GluN2B, enhanced basal new spine survivorship in the absence of additional glutamatergic stimulation, even when kinase activity was disrupted. Together, our results suggest that nascent dendritic spine stabilization requires structural and scaffolding interactions mediated by CaMKIIα that are independent of its enzymatic activities.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

The stabilization of nascent dendritic spines is thought to support lasting memory of learned experiences. Here, we show that scaffolding and structural interactions, but not the enzymatic activities, of the kinase CaMKIIα are required for activity-dependent new spine stabilization. This study furthers our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes that facilitate learning and memory in the mammalian brain. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory is crucial for our ability to develop therapeutics for memory impairments associated with neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
The contribution of sex chromosome conflict to disrupted spermatogenesis in hybrid house mice
Authors: Kopania Emily E. K. , Watson Eleanor M. , Rathje Claudia C. , Skinner Benjamin M. , Ellis Peter J. I. , Larson Erica L. , Good Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2022

Incompatibilities on the sex chromosomes are important in the evolution of hybrid male sterility, but the evolutionary forces underlying this phenomenon are unclear. House mice (Mus musculus) lineages have provided powerful models for understanding the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility. X chromosome-autosome interactions cause strong incompatibilities inMus musculusF1 hybrids, but variation in sterility phenotypes suggests a more complex genetic basis. Additionally, XY chromosome conflict has resulted in rapid expansions of ampliconic genes with dosage-dependent expression that is essential to spermatogenesis. Here we evaluated the contribution of XY lineage mismatch to male fertility and stage-specific gene expression in hybrid mice. We performed backcrosses between two house mouse subspecies to generate reciprocal Y-introgression strains and used these strains to test the effects of XY mismatch in hybrids. Our transcriptome analyses of sorted spermatid cells revealed widespread overexpression of the X chromosome in sterile F1 hybrids independent of Y chromosome subspecies origin. Thus, postmeiotic overexpression of the X chromosome in sterile F1 mouse hybrids is likely a downstream consequence of disrupted meiotic X-inactivation rather than XY gene copy number imbalance. Y-chromosome introgression did result in subfertility phenotypes and disrupted expression of several autosomal genes in mice with an otherwise nonhybrid genomic background, suggesting that Y-linked incompatibilities contribute to reproductive barriers, but likely not as a direct consequence of XY conflict. Collectively, these findings suggest that rapid sex chromosome gene family evolution driven by genomic conflict has not resulted in strong male reproductive barriers between these subspecies of house mice.
Development of a versatile high-throughput mutagenesis assay with multiplexed short read NGS using DNA-barcoded supF shuttle vector library amplified in non-SOS E. coli
Authors: Kawai Hidehiko , Iwata Ren , Ebi Shungo , Sugihara Ryusei , Masuda Shogo , Fujiwara Chiho , Kimura Shingo , Kamiya Hiroyuki
Published: July 2022

A forward mutagenesis assay using the supF gene has been widely employed for the last several decades in studies addressing mutation frequencies and mutation spectra associated with various intrinsic and environmental mutagens. In this study, by using a supF shuttle vector and non-SOS-induced Escherichia coli with short read Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, we present an advanced method for the study of mutations, which is simple, versatile, and cost-effective. We demonstrate the performance of our newly developed assay via pilot experiments with UV-irradiation, the results from which emerge more relevant than expected. The NGS data obtained from samples of the indicator E. coli grown on titer plates provides mutation frequency and spectrum data, and uncovers obscure mutations that cannot be detected by a conventional supF assay. Furthermore, a very small amount of NGS data from selection plates reveals the almost full spectrum of mutations in each specimen and offers us a novel insight into the mechanisms of mutagenesis, despite them being considered already well-known. We believe that the method presented here will contribute to future opportunities for research on mutagenesis, DNA repair, and cancer.
C. elegans toxicant responses vary among genetically diverse individuals
Authors: Widmayer Samuel J. , Crombie Timothy A. , Nyaanga Joy N. , Evans Kathryn S. , Andersen Erik C.
Published: July 2022

Comprehensive chemical hazard risk evaluations require reproducible, efficient, and informative experimental workflows in tractable model systems that allow for high replication within exposure cohorts. Additionally, the genetic variability of toxicant responses among individuals in humans and mammalian models requires practically untenable sample sizes. Caenorhabditis elegans is a premier toxicology model that has revolutionized our understanding of cellular responses to environmental pollutants and boasts robust genomic resources and high levels of genetic variation across the species. In this study, we performed dose-response analysis across 23 environmental toxicants using eight C. elegans strains representative of species-wide genetic diversity. We observed substantial variation in EC10 estimates and slope parameter estimates of dose-response curves of different strains, demonstrating that genetic background is a significant driver of differential toxicant susceptibility. We also showed that, across all toxicants, at least one C. elegans strain exhibited a significantly different EC10 or slope estimate compared to the reference strain, N2 (PD1074), indicating that population-wide differences among strains are necessary to understand responses to toxicants. Moreover, we quantified the heritability of responses to each toxicant dose and observed a correlation between the dose closest to the species-agnostic EC10 estimate and the dose that exhibited the most heritable response. Taken together, these results provide robust evidence that heritable genetic variation explains differential susceptibility across an array of environmental pollutants and that genetically diverse C. elegans strains should be deployed to aid high-throughput toxicological screening efforts.
Free-Standing Multilayer Films as Growth Factor Reservoirs for Future Wound Dressing Applications
Authors: Hautmann Adrian , Kedilaya Devaki , Stojanović Sanja , Radenković Milena , Marx Christian K. , Najman Stevo , Pietzsch Markus , Mano João F. , Groth Thomas
Published: July 2022

Chronic skin wounds place a high burden on patients and health care systems. The use of angiogenic and mitogenic growth factors (GF) can facilitate the healing but GF are quickly inactivated by the wound environment if added exogenously. Here, free-standing multilayer films (FSF) are fabricated from chitosan (CHI) and alginate (ALG) as opposing polyelectrolytes in an alternating manner using layer-by-layer technique (LbL). One hundred bilayers form an about 450 µm thick, detachable free-standing film (N-FSF) that is subsequently crosslinked by either ethyl (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) combined with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (E-FSF) or genipin (G-FSF). The characterization of swelling, oxygen permeability and crosslinking density shows reduced swelling and oxygen permeability for both crosslinked films compared to N-FSF. Loading of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) into the films results in a sustained release of GF from crosslinked in comparison to N-FSF. Biocompatibility studies in vitro with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cultured underneath the films demonstrate increased cell growth and cell migration for all films with and without FGF2. Especially G-FSF loaded with FGF2 greatly increases cell proliferation and migration. In vivo biocompatibility studies by subcutaneous implantation in mice show that E-FSF causes a strong inflammatory response while G-FSF is of high biocompatibility. N-FSF also represents a biocompatible film but shows early degradation. All FSF possess antibacterial properties against gram+ and gram-bacteria demonstrated by an agar diffusion disc assay. In summary, FSF made of ALG and CHI crosslinked with genipin can act as a reservoir for the sustained release of FGF2, possessing high biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, G-FSF promotes growth and migration of HDF and has antibacterial properties which makes it an interesting candidate for bioactive wound dressings.
Exportin 1-mediated nuclear/cytoplasmic trafficking controls drug sensitivity of classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Caillot Mélody , Miloudi Hadjer , Taly Antoine , Maitre Elsa , Saule Simon , Jardin Fabrice , Sola Brigitte
Published: July 2022

Exportin 1 (XPO1) is the main nuclear export receptor that controls the subcellular trafficking and the functions of major regulatory proteins. XPO1 is overexpressed in various cancers and small inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) have been developed to inhibit XPO1. In primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), the XPO1 gene may be mutated on one nucleotide and encodes the mutant XPO1E571K. To understand the impact of mutation on protein function, we studied the response of PMBL and cHL cells to selinexor, a SINE, and ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase. XPO1 mutation renders lymphoma cells more sensitive to selinexor due to a faster degradation of mutant XPO1 compared to the wild-type. We further showed that a mistrafficking of p65 (RELA) and p52 (NFκB2) transcription factors between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments accounts for the response towards ibrutinib. XPO1 mutation may be envisaged as a biomarker of the response of PMBL and cHL cells and other B-cell hemopathies, to SINEs and drugs that target even indirectly the NFκB signaling pathway.
PhenoTrack3D: an automatic high-throughput phenotyping pipeline to track maize organs over time
Authors: Daviet Benoit , Fernandez Romain , Cabrera-Bosquet Llorenç , Pradal Christophe , Fournier Christian
Published: July 2022

Background

High-throughput phenotyping platforms allow the study of the form and function of a large number of genotypes subjected to different growing conditions (GxE). A number of image acquisition and processing pipelines have been developed to automate this process, for micro-plots in the field and for individual plants in controlled conditions. Capturing shoot development requires extracting from images both the evolution of the 3D plant architecture as a whole, and a temporal tracking of the growth of its organs.

Results

We propose PhenoTrack3D, a new pipeline to extract a 3D+t reconstruction of maize at organ level from plant images. It allows the study of plant architecture and individual organ development over time during the entire growth cycle. PhenoTrack3D improves a former method limited to 3D reconstruction at a single time point [Artzetet al., 2019] by (i) a novel stem detection method based on deep-learning and (ii) a new and original multiple sequence alignment method to perform the temporal tracking of ligulated leaves. Our method exploits both the consistent geometry of ligulated leaves over time and the unambiguous topology of the stem axis. Growing leaves are tracked afterwards with a distance-based approach. This pipeline is validated on a challenging dataset of 60 maize hybrids imaged daily from emergence to maturity in the PhenoArch platform (ca. 250,000 images). Stem tip was precisely detected over time (RMSE < 2.1cm). 97.7% and 85.3% of ligulated and growing leaves respectively were assigned to the correct rank after tracking, on 30 plants x 43 dates. The pipeline allowed to extract various development and architecture traits at organ level, with good correlation to manual observations overall, on random subsets of 10 to 355 plants.

Conclusions

We developed a novel phenotyping method based on sequence alignment and deep-learning. It allows to characterise automatically and at a high-throughput the development of maize architecture at organ level. It has been validated for hundreds of plants during the entire development cycle, showing its applicability to the GxE analyses of large maize datasets.
Orally administered niclosamide-based organic/inorganic hybrid suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Jin Geun-woo , Choi Goeun , Rejinold N. Sanoj , Piao Huiyan , Ryu Young Bae , Kwon Hyung-Jun , Lee In Chul , Choy Jin-Ho
Published: July 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious global health threat mainly due to the surging cases along with new variants of COVID-19. Though global vaccinations have indeed some effects on the virus spread, its longevity is still unknown. Therefore an orally administrable anti-viral agent against SARS-CoV-2 would be of substantial benefit in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we repurposed niclosamide (NIC), an FDA approved anthelmintic drug in to MgO, which was further coated with hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) to get the de-sired product called NIC-MgO-HPMC, which has improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 replication in the Syrian hamster model. The inhibitory effect of NIC-MgO-HPMC on SARS-CoV-2 replication leads to the prevention of inflammation as well as lung injury. These data strongly support that repurposed NIC-MgO-HPMC could be highly beneficial for controlling the ongoing pandemic thereby achieving an endemic phase.
Dietary change without caloric restriction maintains a youthful profile in ageing yeast
Authors: Horkai Dorottya , Houseley Jonathan
Published: July 2022

Caloric restriction increases lifespan and improves ageing health, but it is unknown whether these outcomes can be separated or achieved through less severe interventions. Here we show that an unrestricted galactose diet in early life minimises change during replicative ageing in budding yeast, irrespective of diet later in life. Lifespan and average mother cell division rate are comparable between glucose and galactose diets, but markers of senescence and the progressive dysregulation of gene expression observed on glucose are minimal on galactose, showing these to be associated rather than intrinsic aspects of the replicative ageing process. Respiration on galactose is critical for minimising hallmarks of ageing, and forced respiration during ageing on glucose by over-expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis factor Hap4 also has the same effect though only in a fraction of cells. This fraction maintains Hap4 activity to advanced age with low senescence and a youthful gene expression profile, whereas other cells in the same population lose Hap4 activity, undergo dramatic dysregulation of gene expression and accumulate fragments of chromosome XII (ChrXIIr), which are tightly associated with senescence. Our findings support the existence of two separable ageing trajectories in yeast. We propose that a complete shift to the healthy ageing mode can be achieved in wild-type cells through dietary change in early life without restriction.
Deep mutational scanning and massively parallel kinetics of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 functional stability
Authors: Haynes Laura M. , Huttinger Zachary M. , Yee Andrew , Kretz Colin A. , Siemieniak David R. , Lawrence Daniel A. , Ginsburg David
Published: July 2022

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily of proteins, is unique among SERPINs for exhibiting a spontaneous conformational change to a latent or inactive state. The functional half-life for this transition at physiologic temperature and pH is ~1-2 h. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this transition, we now report on the analysis of a comprehensive PAI-1 variant library expressed on filamentous phage and selected for functional stability after 48 h at 37 °C. Of the 7,201 possible single amino acid substitutions in PAI-1, we identify 439 that increase the functional stability of PAI-1 beyond that of the wild-type protein and 1,549 that retain inhibitory activity toward PAI-1’s canonical target protease (urokinase-like plasminogen activator, uPA), while exhibiting functional stability less than or equal to that of wild-type PAI-1. Missense mutations that increase PAI-1 functional stability are concentrated in highly flexible regions within the PAI-1 structure. Finally, we developed a method for simultaneously measuring the functional half-lives of hundreds of PAI-1 variants in a multiplexed, massively parallel manner, quantifying the functional half-lives for 697 single missense variants of PAI-1 by this approach. Overall, these findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying PAI-1’s latency transition and provide a database for interpreting human PAI-1 genetic variants.
Analytical description of nanowires III: regular cross sections for wurtzite structures
Authors: König Dirk , Smith Sean C.
Published: July 2022

Setting out from König & Smith [Acta Cryst. (2019), B75, 788–802; Acta Cryst. (2021), B77, 861], we present an analytic description of nominal wurtzite-structure nanowire (NWire) cross sections, focusing on the underlying geometric–crystallographic description and on the associated number theory. For NWires with diameter d
Wire[i], we predict the number of NWire atoms N
Wire[i], the bonds between these N
bnd[i] and NWire interface bonds N
IF[i] for a slab of unit-cell length, along with basic geometric variables, such as the specific length of interface facets, as well as widths, heights and total area of the cross section. These areas, the ratios of internal bonds per NWire atom, of internal-to-interface bonds and of interface bonds per NWire atom present fundamental tools to interpret any spectroscopic data which depend on the diameter and cross section shape of NWires. Our work paves the way for a fourth publication which – in analogy to König & Smith [Acta Cryst. (2022). B78, 643–664] – will provide adaptive number series to allow for arbitrary morphing of nominal w-structure NWire cross sections treated herein.
A new multidimensional approach to measuring the middle class dynamics: evidence from Morocco
Authors: Daoudim Fouzia , Bakass Fatima
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a dynamic multidimensional approach to identify the middle class and then to reliably study the structural changes that have marked it in terms of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and aspirations.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses Moroccan data from the 2007 and 2014 household expenditure surveys. The method consists in applying a factor analysis of mixed data on a set of variables inspired by Bourdieu’s concepts of social space and forms of capital, then performing a hierarchical ascending classification consolidated by the k-means clustering, along with adopting the same indicators and weighting for both years studied to ensure reliable comparison.

Findings

The classification results identified three social classes whose changing size reveals a decline of the lower class and an expansion of the upper and middle classes. Some characteristics of the middle class are becoming close to those of the upper class, like fertility behavior, while a significant gap remains between the two classes in other characteristics, like education. Moreover, middle-class perceptions reflect their downgrading, confirming that the so-called decline of the middle class is more related to feelings than to objective realities.

Originality/value

Middle class studies are generally based on a single criterion (income or consumption) with somewhat arbitrary boundaries that are often ill-suited to developing countries. This paper proposes a new dynamic multidimensional approach to overcome these problems while adopting a new technique for reliable intertemporal comparisons.
Heterogeneous deformation of friction stir welded aluminum alloy 6061 in tension and high cycle fatigue
Authors: Dai Yajun , Liu Chang , Zhan Min , Wang Xiangyu , He Chao , Wang Qingyuan
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The investigations provide a basis for the optimization of the alloy 6061-T6 friction stir welding (FSW) process to improve the mechanical properties of welded joints.

Design/methodology/approach

The local deformation of the FSW joint in tension and fatigue test were experimentally investigated by digital image correlation (DIC) technique.

Findings

The local stress-strain behaviors of the sub-regions show that the plastic strain always concentrated at the heat affected zone (HAZ) on the advancing side both in tension and high cycle fatigue and eventually leads to the final fracture. The evolution of the plastic strain at very low stress is extremely slow and accounts for most of the total fatigue life. However, the local deformation exhibits a sudden increase just before the fatigue failure.

Originality/value

Based on the experimental data, the result indicates that the HAZ is the weakest zone across the weld and the strain localization in high cycle fatigue is very harmful and unpredictable for the FSW joints.
The contagious servant leadership: exploring the role of servant leadership in leading employees to servant colleagueship
Authors: Khan Muhammad Mumtaz , Mubarik Muhammad Shujaat , Ahmed Syed Saad , Islam Tahir , Khan Essa
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper intends to ascertain whether servant leadership can trigger servant colleagueship among subordinates. Additionally, the study is set out to divulge the mediating role of self-transcendence relating servant leadership to servant colleagueship.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from the respondents in three waves that were two months apart. In the first wave, employees rated their managers' servant leadership behavior. In the second wave, employees rated their self-transcendence, and finally, they rated their colleague-directed servant behavior. The final sample size for the study was 209 employees employed in the service sector. Structural equational modeling through Smart-PLS and hierarchical regression through SPSS were used for data analysis.

Findings

The study found servant leadership to be related to self-transcendence and employees' enacted servant colleagueship. Additionally, the study found self-transcendence to mediate the relationship between servant leadership and servant colleagueship.

Originality/value

The study has established the previously unexplored mediating role of self-transcendence linking servant leadership to servant colleagueship. The study is also the first to empirically test the relationship between self-transcendence and servant colleagueship.
Management and landscape of shelterbelts contribute to butterfly and flowering plant diversity in northern Japan
Authors: Nakahama Naoyuki , Hayamizu Masato , Iwasaki Kenta , Nitta Noritoshi
Published: July 2022

A considerably large number of shelterbelts were established in Japan to increase crop yields in agricultural landscapes. Shelterbelt landscapes have multiple functions; they not only help to control wind damage but also to conserve biodiversity, including forest and grassland species. However, previous studies on biodiversity conservation in shelterbelts, and the target taxa were limited since this aspect of shelterbelts has not received much attention in Japan. This study examines the effects of shelterbelts and their regeneration on the diversity of butterflies and flowering plants in the Tokachi region of Hokkaido, Japan. Using a transect method, we compared environmental factors, butterfly, and flowering plant diversity in four habitats: inside forest, forest edge, regeneration sites, and semi‐natural grasslands which include shelterbelts and surrounding landscapes. There were significant differences in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) among habitats, with higher PAR corresponding to higher numbers of butterfly species and individuals, and flowering plant species and flowers. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling results also showed that the species composition of flowering plants and butterflies differed among habitats. In addition, indicator value analysis showed that semi‐natural grasslands and regeneration sites were characterized by endangered butterflies and their host plants. Our results indicated that shelterbelt regeneration and the surrounding environment (e.g., semi‐natural grasslands) contributed to the diversity of butterflies and flowering plants, including endangered species. Future studies evaluating the diversity of various taxa would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of shelterbelts on biodiversity conservation.
Seed germinability in the endangered Pulsatilla cernua (Ranunculaceae) following cold storage for up to 31 years
Authors: Harimoto Shota , Kataoka Hiroyuki , Kubo Masako
Published: July 2022

Pulsatilla cernua is an endangered species in Japan and its seeds are often stored for long periods. However, the shelf life of these seeds is unclear. We conducted germination tests using P. cernua seeds that had been stored in a refrigerator at approximately 6°C for up to 31 years. Germination tests were conducted at 25°C under dark conditions. We assessed seed weight, number of germinated seeds, seedling development, and time to germination over a 30‐day period for each collection year. The highest germination rate was from seeds collected in the current year (2019; 82.7%). Germination rates remained high in seeds that had been stored for up to 7 years (>46%). However, there was a marked decline in germinability after the eighth year of storage and germination was not observed in seeds that had been stored for longer than 15 years. Approximately 20% of current‐year seeds and seeds that had been stored for up to 6 years developed into seedlings, but no seedlings developed from seeds that had been stored for 7 years or longer. The germination rate and the time to germination decreased and increased, respectively, with storage time. These results show that the shelf life of P. cernua seeds in cold storage at 6°C is approximately 6 years. To facilitate the ex situ conservation of this species, the germinability of stored seeds at lower temperatures and under other germination test conditions should be explored in future studies.
Not a Priority: Infertile Women and the Symbolic Politics of IVF in 1980s Britain
Authors: Beers Laura
Published: July 2022

This article considers the early debates over state funding for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment following the birth of Louise Brown in 1978 as a lens through which to re‐evaluate attitudes towards womanhood, maternity and sexuality in 1980s Britain. The state's reluctance to devote resources to IVF reflected, in no small part, the financial imperatives on an overstretched National Health Service. Beyond financial considerations, the question of IVF funding sparked deeply gendered debates over the politics and social significance of motherhood and mothering, and the state's role in family planning and maternal and child welfare. In short, debates over IVF operated as a form of symbolic politics. Stakeholders – including patients’ advocates, women's associations, feminist activists and religious leaders – drew a clear link between the female body and the body politic and sought to articulate a policy towards both IVF treatment and infertile women more broadly that reflected their understanding of women's place within modern British society. Despite holding widely divergent views about gender, sexuality and motherhood, women's and religious groups found common ground in opposing state funding of IVF. This coalition facilitated the state's decision not to prioritise funding for IVF even as neighbouring countries, including Germany and France, embraced the procedure to help combat demographic decline.
THE INFORMAL CONSTITUTION OF STATE CENTRALITY: Governing Street Businesses in (Post‐)Pandemic Chengdu, China
Authors: Jin Yi , Zhao Yimin
Published: July 2022

As part of China's endeavour to modernize and internationalize its cities, it has repeatedly eliminated street markets and street vendors. But in the (post‐)pandemic context, regulating street businesses inclusively turned out to be an efficient way to generate jobs that has been widely promoted. This turn reveals a new pattern in China's urban governance that might contribute to rethinking the state–informality nexus. In this article we draw on observations and interviews in Chengdu and on critical discourse analyses of related government documents and news reports to suggest that there is an underlying logic of control that governs the state's new tactics for regulating street businesses. We examine three tactics—performative tactics of regulation, spatial tactics of control and temporal tactics of contingency—to uncover the state's centrality and the tactics it uses to consolidate such centrality in the name of informality. Regarding informality and state centrality as conditions for each other allows us to interrogate both the internal logic of control and its manifestations in everyday statehood. Within the informal constitution of state centrality, everyday negotiations and contestations of spatial claims eventually render the ‘ordinary state’ a hegemonic locus that shapes urban experiences and politics.
Symbolic reading of panic disorder: experience of imminent death and self alerts
Authors: de Alvarenga Maria Zelia
Published: July 2022

The author proposes a symbolic reading of panic disorder as a psychopathological emergency that currently overwhelms our society, relating to an explicit process of transformation. She understands this phenomenon as resulting from the lack of the creative feminine in people's lives, which contributes to the emergence of symptoms that are understood as alerts from the Self, which decry the danger under which the person lives. She amplifies the proposition with a symbolic reading of two great mythical moments: Oedipus' encounter with the Sphinx, and the institution of the first jury court, dramatized in the tragic play The Eumenides, by Aeschylus (Ésquilo).
Epigenetics and the return to the great mother archetype
Authors: Alvares Bíscaro Regina
Published: July 2022

Epigenetics is the study of how signals from the environment can change gene expression through the creation of molecules and chemical bonds that can last a lifetime and, therefore, determine the phenotype (the characteristics of the individual resulting from the interaction of their genotype [genes] with their environment). Research in this field began at McGill University, Canada, where it was observed that rats’ mothers who were more nurturing raised more resilient pups. Since then, many studies have been carried out with animals and humans, showing the link between epigenetic changes and the experience of the great mother archetype – with potential consequences for the emotional life of the individual and for society.
Bastard children of the avant‐garde: artistic expression in the Cubist and Abstract Expressionist movements and the psychoanalytic process
Authors: Bryon Deborah
Published: July 2022

The art movements of Cubism and Abstract Expressionism, influenced by Jung and Freud, emerged as a symbolic representation of the collective unconscious, and became an expression of the challenging times of a culture in transition. Similar to the technique of interpretation in psychoanalysis, Cubist painting was a method of demarcation, rather than an imitation of what was seen in the physical world. Also, as an expression of collective experience, the avant‐garde movement of Abstract Expressionism emerged out of Cubism. It moved away from the logical idealism of Cubism into an expression of felt experience. This paper will review the art of the avant‐garde Cubist and Abstract Expressionist movements. The psychology of the artistic process will be explored in relation to psychoanalysis and collective experience.
Bipedal migrant suitcase: container of a psyche in transition
Authors: de Chirinos Carolina A.
Published: July 2022

This article seeks to link art and archetypal psychology in the exploration of the psychic suffering of a population that has been forced to undertake a journey. It speaks of the power exercised by the collective over our psyche. I use a series of bronze sculptures called the bipedal migrant suitcase as a symbol of the migratory process, an image of the journey of those who must venture beyond the veil of the known to the unknown. A journey that addresses mysterious forces that restore the balance lost in the traveller, leading him to a destination that favours the presence of life‐or‐death forces.