bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obtaining informed consent in veterinary clinical trials mini review
Authors: Frederick Carol E.
Published: June 2024

In September 2023 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released draft guidance for comment about how informed client consent for companion animal clinical trials should be obtained. This guidance has the potential to substantially change how informed consent documents are written and presented to clients in the veterinary community. It provides specifics not only about how to obtain informed consent from owners but also the timeframe within which consent should be obtained, the formatting and language in the consent forms, and details on elements that are required to be in these consent forms. These changes will involve additional efforts by investigators to ensure compliance yet might lead to increased owner compliance and higher enrollment in clinical studies with subsequent benefits for all.
Evaluation of Piriformis Syndrome in Patients with Low Back Pain Reporting to Public Medical Teaching Institutes in Peshawar
Authors: Haleem Farhan , Yasmin Aqsa , Khan Fizah Mahnoor , Kashif Muhammad , Jamshed Maria , Jaffar Muhammad
Published: June 2024

Background: Piriformis Syndrome is a condition in which damage to the piriformis muscle causes pain in buttock and leg. Robinson described the syndrome as having six key characteristics. Before 1934, it was considered that the sciatica can be caused by impingement of sciatic nerve in pelvic, but new diagnostic technology suggests that it can also be caused by distal foraminal entrapment and Piriformis Syndrome. Piriformis syndrome is underrated and mostly neglected by clinician though it can be a cause of low back pain.
Objectives: To evaluate the piriformis syndrome in patients complaining of low back pain.
Methods: This study was carried out at three different Public Medical Teaching Institutes. Duration of study was 6 months i.e., from March 2018 to August 2018. Sample size of the study was 337 and four different physical tests were performed on patients for diagnosis of Piriformis syndrome.
Results: Piriformis Syndrome was diagnosed among 111(32.9%) study participants among which 56 were male and 55 were females.
Conclusion: Every third patient of low back pain was diagnosed with Piriformis Syndrome. Male to female ratio of Piriformis Syndrome was 1:3.
Role of Physical Therapy in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gul Sameera , Huda Hafiza Noor-ul- , Sherazi Misha Raza
Published: June 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic, is an infectious condition caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) , which has caused an increased number of hospitalizations worldwide. People infected with COVID-19 experience a variation in symptoms including cough, fever, muscle pain, fatigue, tiredness, and shortness of breath. Approximately 14% of patients experience a severe form of COVID-19 and thus requiring hospitalization, and 5% of patients require admission to an ICU. Effective screening of infected patients is necessary for early detection and the proper treatment and care of the patient. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and antigen-antibody tests are the screening methods for virus detection. The sample is taken either from the nasopharynx or the throat. Since the vaccine for the treatment of coronavirus is under production, supportive management is recommended for minimizing symptoms. Social distancing, hand hygiene, and wearing face masks are preventive measures against this virus. Rehabilitative and physical therapy interventions have a significant impact on patients in resolving problems associated with breathing and for active mobilization to improve quality of life. This literature review sought to determine the effects of COVID-19 and to discuss what is known regarding the role of Physical Therapy on COVID-19 patients.
Severity of central sensitization in patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: Pervaiz Rameesha , Faisal Somia , Safdar Nabeela , Saleem Fiza , Asim Hafiz Muhammad
Published: June 2024

Background: Low back pain develops into Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) due to the contribution of various psychosocial factors in approximately 10-20% of all patients. CLBP is classified into three groups namely neuropathic, nociceptive and central sensitization (CS). CS results in pain due to hyper-responsive nociceptive neurons and recruitment of sub-threshold or normal stimuli.
Objective: To determine the frequency of central sensitization in patients with chronic low back pain
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 388 patients with CLBP, aged between 18 to 44 years, using non-probability convenient sampling. Patients were recruited from Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital, whereas, adults with a history of spinal surgery within the last 12 months, use of NSAIDs/analgesics, and coexisting neurological, respiratory, cardiac, or rheumatic disorder were excluded. The participants were requested to fill the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) questionnaire which has a test-retest reliability of 0.817.
Results: Out of 388 participants, 22.7% (n=88) of the participants demonstrated subclinical central sensitization. Mild central sensitization was reported by 33.0% (n=128) participants, 20.6% (n=80) demonstrated moderate central sensitization scores on the CSI. Whereas, severe central sensitization was found in 13.4% (n=52) participants and 10.3% (n=40) of the participants reported extreme central sensitization category based on their scores on the CSI.
Conclusion: Mild central sensitization was reported frequently among patients with chronic low back pain.
Association of forward head posture with neck pain, cervicogenic headache, neuropathy, and neck mobility among university students: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Basharat Ayesha , Qamar Muhammad Mustafa , Afzal Hamna , Gondal Kirran Sikandar , Tanveer Shanza , Saleem Tubaa
Published: June 2024

Background: With the rising popularity of media devices, frequent users often exhibit poor habitual neck posture and suffer from a forward head deformity that may lead to neck and upper limb dysfunctions.
Objective: To determine the association of forward head posture (FHP), neck pain, cervicogenic headache, neuropathy, and neck mobility among university students.
Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted on students. There were four hundred participants in this study who were divided into two groups, Group 1's (G1) study hour was >6hrs and Group 2's (G2) study hour was <6hrs. The craniovertebral angle was measured by using a mobile app Photogrammetry Maneuver to evaluate head neck alignment. A digital camera of 12 megapascals was placed approximately 5 feet away from the participant. The camera's height was adjusted parallel to the participant's shoulder level, and they were asked to stand in their anatomical posture barefooted. Outcomes were measured as headache, local tenderness, neuropathy and range of motion associated with FHP. Data was collected through questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 23.
Results: There was significant association of duration of study with forward head posture (P<0.05). A strong positive correlation was found between forward head posture neck pain (r=0.78), cervicogenic headache (r=0.54), and neuropathy (r=0.29). Students also presented with decreased cervical range of motion.
Conclusion: Students with prolonged study hours suffered more from forward head posture, neck pain, headache, hypomobility and neuropathy as compared to students with less study duration.
Bumping along: Healthcare students' perspectives on interprofessional education
Authors: Iftikhar Tayyeba , Ghassan Ayesha , Shukr Irfan , Inam Shazia
Published: June 2024

Background: Global regulatory bodies and the PM&DC (Pakistan Medical and Dental Council) share a competency framework that emphasizes the importance of graduates being effective communicators and collaborators in the healthcare system to achieve positive patient outcomes. However, due to unclear roles, conflicting power dynamics, and varying educational qualifications among healthcare professionals, effective interprofessional teamwork is often not realized, leading to suboptimal outcomes.
Objective: To evaluate the attitudes and readiness of healthcare students towards inter-professional education.
Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2020 by utilizing a prevalidated inventory called the Readiness of Interprofessional learning scale (RIPLS) to assess the readiness of students in healthcare programs. Data was collected using Google Forms, and the Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed to compare perceptions among the four groups.
Results: 157 students completed the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 58%. All four groups demonstrated high readiness for mutual learning (mean rank=78.78) although physiotherapy students had higher scores (mean rank=79.36) compared to the other groups, while nursing students had the lowest scores (mean rank=77.92).
Conclusion: The positive attitude of students towards interprofessional education and collaboration highlights the need for integration with other healthcare disciplines at both the curricular and co-curricular levels. Clinical case studies, problem-based learning, and simulations can be effective methods for fostering students' understanding of each profession's role.
The frequency of dizziness among mild to moderate traumatic brain injury patient
Authors: Ahmad Maham , Safdar Nabeela , Salik Sumbal , Faisal Somia , Tabassum Muhammad Nouman , Munawar Raheel
Published: June 2024

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading factors of disability and death in population after any vehicle accident. Dizziness is one of the common complaints caused by TBI affecting their normal activities of life.
Objective: To determine the frequency of dizziness in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury patients.
Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 78 patients, after receiving ethical permission from University. The sample was collected through nonprobability convenience sampling technique. The patients were selected according to the designed inclusion criteria in which male and female patients of 20 to 60 years of age with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury having GCS score of 9-15 were enrolled in the study. The dizziness handicap inventory was used for assessment of dizziness. The data was analyzed using software of SPSS version 26 in which frequency and percentage were determined.
Results: Among 78 patients, 44.23±12.42 was the mean age, 57.7% were male and 42.3% were female. Furthermore, 11.5% were mildly handicapped, 47.4% were moderately handicapped and 41% were severely handicapped due to dizziness.
Conclusion: It was concluded that dizziness is highly prevalent among mild to moderate TBI patients that made them moderate to severely handicap in performing their normal activities of life.
Design and Implementation of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Air Load Simulation System for Testing Aerospace Actuators
Authors: Dell’Amico Alessandro
Published: June 2024

This paper presents the design and implementation of the hardware and control strategies of an electrohydraulic air load simulation system for testing aerospace actuators. The system is part of an Iron Bird, which is an energy management research platform developed in collaboration between Saab AB and Linköping University. The purpose of the air load system is to provide realistic forces on the test object through the integration of a flight simulator for full mission evaluation. The challenge with electrohydraulic force control is tackled by increasing the hydraulic capacitance from increased load cylinder dead volumes, together with a feed-forward link based on accurate modelling of the test object and load system by adopting an optimisation routine to find model parameters. The system is implemented for both an electromechanical and servohydraulic actuator as test objects with different performance requirements. The control design is based on nonlinear and linear modelling of the system, and experimental test data are used to tune the models. Finally, test results of the air load system prove its force-tracking performance.
Lesion Distribution in the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Region of 341 Horses Using Standing Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Schiavo Stefano , Beccati Francesca , Pokora Rachel , Lin Szu Ting , Milmine Rebecca C. , Bak Lars , Peter Vanessa G. , Murray Rachel C.
Published: June 2024

Pain localised to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) region represents a frequent cause of lameness in sport horses, and standing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these regions is increasingly being acquired. This multicentre retrospective study describes the ranges of abnormalities identified on standing MRI of the MCP/MTP region and compares patterns of abnormalities between forelimbs, hindlimbs and different sports disciplines. In total, 341 MRI reports were reviewed. Subchondral bone plate irregularities, condylar and proximal phalanx pathologies were frequently identified with subchondral bone defect, sclerosis and increased intensity on STIR images often described. Medial pathology was frequently identified in the forelimbs, and more lateral pathology was reported in the hindlimbs, which could potentially reflect differences in the loading patterns. Significant differences in MRI findings were found between different sports activities, with MCP/MTP bone pathology occurring more frequently in MRI reports from race and endurance horses and MCP/MTP soft tissue injuries being reported more frequently in dressage and show-jumping horses, particularly in the suspensory apparatus, including the distal sesamoidean ligaments. The findings of this study identify patterns of MCP/MTP abnormalities detected using standing MRI, with differences seen between forelimbs and hindlimbs and between different sports disciplines.
Impact of Parenteral Maternal Supplementation with Trace Minerals and Vitamins on Neonatal Calf Antioxidant System and Growth in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Miqueo Evangelina , Mattioli Guillermo A. , Moore Dadin P. , Bilbao María G. , Moran Karen D. , Relling Alejandro E.
Published: June 2024

Oxidative stress may affect new born calves due to high stress suffered around birth. We hypothesized that maternal supplementation with micronutrients and vitamins in late gestation enhance the neonatal calf’s antioxidant system, decreasing the occurrence and duration of diarrhea, and improving growth from birth through weaning. To test this hypothesis, 80 multiparous cows were cluster-assigned to treatment groups. Treated group (TG) cows received mineral and vitamin supplementation while control group (CG) cows received saline solution. Feed intake and fecal score were measured daily until the ninth week. Weight and body measurements were registered weekly, and blood samples were collected from postpartum cows and calves after birth and at 7, 14, and 63 days of life. Although CG calves had greater fecal scores (p = 0.01), diarrhea characteristics did not differ. Calves in the TG showed greater starter intake (p = 0.04). Feed efficiency showed a trend with treatment-age interaction (p = 0.06). Calves in the CG had wider hips in the first week (p = 0.03), but not by the ninth week. Total antioxidant status, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and haptoglobin did not differ between treatment groups. Serum metabolites showed no differences. Supplementation did not impact calf antioxidant system or growth in the first two months.
Prevalence Study of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeons in Northeastern Beijing and Experimental Model of Trichomoniasis in White King Squabs Measuring In Situ Apoptosis and Immune Factors in Crop and Esophagus
Authors: Ni Aixin , Li Yunlei , Isa Adamu Mani , Wang Panlin , Shi Lei , Fan Jing , Ge Pingzhuang , Jiang Linlin , Sun Yanyan , Ma Hui , Chen Jilan
Published: June 2024

Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) is a flagellated protozoan and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, or canker, in birds. In the current study, the prevalence of T. gallinae was firstly investigated in five breeds. According to the results of the prevalence study, White King pigeons were selected as the experimental animals. A total of 135 White King squabs at one day of age were randomly divided into two groups and raised in separate isolators. The challenged group (N = 100) was challenged intranasally with 5 × 106 parasites/mL of the T. gallinae strain, and the control group (N = 35) was intranasally administered medium of equivalent volume. At 1, 2, 3 and 5 days post infection (DPIs), the crops and esophagi were collected for RNA extraction and formaldehyde fixation. The results showed that prevalence of T. gallinae in the five breeds ranged from 27.13% (White Carneau) to 43.14% (White King). After the challenge, mild microscopic lesions were observed in both tissues. Apoptosis rates were higher in the challenged group than in the control group at 2 and 5 DPIs in the crop and at 1, 2 and 7 DPIs in the esophagus. For both tissues, relative expression of IL-1β increased dramatically at the beginning and decreased at 5 DPIs, and TGF-β increased stably in the challenged group.
Advancements in Dairy Research: Exploring Nutritional Strategies, Enhancing Raw Milk Quality and Innovations—Unveiling the Topic “New Insights into Milk 2.0”
Authors: Priyashantha Hasitha , Vidanarachchi Janak K.
Published: June 2024

Dairy research continues to evolve, exploring innovative approaches in farm animal nutrition, milk composition analysis, disease management and the development of functional dairy products [...]
Habitat Selection by Free-Grazing Sheep in a Mountain Pasture
Authors: Larraz Virginia , Barrantes Olivia , Reiné Ramón
Published: June 2024

For centuries, mountain grasslands have been part of the grazing cycle of sheep and cattle in extensive management systems in the Pyrenees; however, traditional guided herding has been, in many cases, replaced by free-ranging flocks at these pastures. The goal of this study was to analyze the grazing behavior of free-ranging sheep in mountain pastures using GPS-based tracking systems and Geographic Information Systems. During the summer seasons of 2019, 2020, and 2021, a transterminant flock of free-ranging sheep was tracked with GPS devices attached to collars at the mountain pastures of Collarada mountain (Central Pyrenees, Spain). Preferences for grazing on certain geomorphological features (slope, aspect, and altitude) and different plant communities present in the area were evaluated using the Manly’s standardized preference index. The results show that sheep prefer altitudes between 2400 and 2600 m; SE-, SW-, and E-facing sites; and slopes under 20%. The preferred pastures were Festucion eskiae, Primulion intricatae, and Nardion strictae; however, they reject Festucion scopariae communities. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of GPS and GIS technologies in monitoring free-ranging sheep activity, providing valuable data for enhancing pastoral practices and ensuring sustainable pasture use.
Assessment of Animal Welfare at an Exotic Animal Fair in Poland: A Focus on the Quality of Exhibition Containers for Reptiles and Amphibians
Authors: Zieliński Damian , Nawłatyna Piotr , Wójcik Zofia , Sobieszek Barbara , Słaby Arkadiusz , Nolewajka Martyna , Kapustka Joanna
Published: June 2024

Given the growing number of events involving exotic animals, it is crucial to prioritize the well-being of the animals involved. This study aims to evaluate the quality of animal presentation at a selected fair in Poland and assess the level of animal welfare evident in the exhibition boxes, contributing to the ongoing dialogue on this important issue. The evaluators used a five-point Likert scale and a Yes/No system to analyze the living conditions during the fair, including the size of containers, presence of substrate, and environmental enrichment. They also assessed the occurrence of visual abnormal postures and behaviors to gauge the overall level of welfare. To ensure the reliability and consistency of the data and minimize potential bias, each evaluator repeated the rating process three times, with a three-week interval between each session. An average value was then calculated for each aspect. A total of 818 animals were present at the fair, with 688 being reptiles (84.11%) and 130 being amphibians (15.89%). This study revealed that the provision of substrate scored higher for reptiles compared to amphibians, while the size of containers for amphibians received higher ratings than those for reptiles. Visual abnormalities in posture and behavior were more common in reptiles than in amphibians. Display containers for snakes received the lowest ratings and showed more visual abnormalities in posture and behavior, raising concerns about their welfare. Despite the presence of environmental enrichment, the overall level of animal welfare was assessed as being medium/low. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated good reliability among the evaluators during the assessment process, with most assessments showing values > 0.8. Despite existing regulations for exhibitors, neglect remains prevalent. These findings highlight the potential negative impact of animal exposure at fairs on animal welfare. Display containers were often inadequately sized for the animals, particularly for snakes, chameleons, monitor lizards, and salamanders.
The Effect of Prolactin on Gene Expression and the Secretion of Reproductive Hormones in Ewes during the Estrus Cycle
Authors: Yue Sicong , Chen Jiaxin , Duan Chunhui , Li Xiangyun , Yang Ruochen , Chen Meijing , Li Yu , Song Zhipan , Zhang Yingjie , Liu Yueqin
Published: June 2024

Prolactin (PRL) plays an important role in animal follicle development and ovulation. However, its regulatory effects on the different stages of the estrus cycle in ewes are unclear. In this study, bromocriptine (BCR, PRL inhibitor) was used to study the effect of PRL on the secretion of reproductive hormones and gene expressions in order to explore its regulatory effects on the sexual cycle of ewes. Eighty healthy ewes with the same parity and similar weights were randomly assigned to the control group (C, n = 40) and the treatment group (T, n = 40, fed bromocriptine). After estrus synchronization, thirty-one ewes with overt signs of estrus were selected from each group. Six blood samples were randomly obtained by jugular venipuncture to measure the concentration of PRL, estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. At the same time, we collected the ovaries of the six ewes in vivo after anesthesia in order to detect follicle and corpus luteum (CL) counts and measure the expression of hormone-receptor and apoptosis-related genes. The results show that PRL inhibition had no significant effects on the length of the estrus cycle (p > 0.05). In proestrus, the number of large and small follicles, the levels of E2, FSH, and GnRH, and the expressions of ER, FSHR, and the apoptotic gene Caspase-3 were increased (p < 0.05); and the number of middle follicles and the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 were decreased (p < 0.05) in the T group. In estrus, the number of large follicles, the levels of E2 and GnRH, and the expressions of the StAR, CYP19A1, and Bcl-2 genes were increased (p < 0.05), and the number of middle follicles was decreased (p < 0.05) in the T group. In metestrus, the number of small follicles and the expression of LHR (p < 0.05) and the pro-apoptotic gene Bax were increased (p < 0.05); the number of middle follicles was decreased (p < 0.05) in the T group. In diestrus, the number of large follicles, middle follicles, and CL, the level of P4, and the expressions of PR, 3β-HSD, StAR, Caspase-3, and Bax were increased (p < 0.05); the number of small follicles and the expression of Bcl-2 were decreased (p < 0.05) in the T group. In summary, PRL inhibition can affect the secretion of reproductive hormones, the follicle count, and the gene expression during the estrus cycle. These results provide a basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the ewe estrus cycle by PRL.
Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Non-Human Primates in Portuguese Zoos
Authors: Moreira Guilherme , Cruz Andreia V. S. , Santos-Silva Sérgio , Moreira Rafaela S. S. , Mesquita João R.
Published: June 2024

Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an intracellular eukaryote closely related to fungi, is recognized as a significant pathogen affecting humans, particularly those with compromised immune systems. While its transmission routes are still not fully elucidated, fecal–oral transmission remains the primary one. With a wide host range, the zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi is a concern, albeit direct evidence of animal-to-human transmission remains scarce. Genotyping based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region facilitates the delineation of genetic diversity, with potentially zoonotic genotypes predominantly associated with Groups 1 and 2. Despite the broad spectrum of susceptible animal hosts, research into microsporidian infection among zoo animals remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of E. bieneusi infection across diverse captive animals, focusing on zoo settings in Portugal. Fecal samples were collected from a variety of animals, and molecular detection of E. bieneusi was conducted using nested PCR targeting the ITS region. Of 127 fecal samples, 1.57% (95% CI: 0.19–5.57) tested positive for E. bieneusi, with non-human primates (NHP’s) exhibiting an 18.18% (95% CI: 2.28–51.78) occurrence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering within Group 2 genotypes, indicating potential zoonotic implications. This study highlights the need for further research to understand the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in zoo environments and its potential transmission pathways to humans.
Studying Chondrichthyans Using Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems: A Review
Authors: Leonetti Francesco Luigi , Bottaro Massimiliano , Giglio Gianni , Sperone Emilio
Published: June 2024

Cartilaginous fish face significant threats due to overfishing and slow reproductive rates, leading to rapid declines in their populations globally. Traditional capture-based surveys, while valuable for gathering ecological information, pose risks to the health and survival of these species. Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS) offer a non-invasive alternative, allowing for standardized surveys across various habitats with minimal disturbance to marine life. This study presents a comprehensive review of BRUVS applications in studying cartilaginous fish, examining 81 peer-reviewed papers spanning from 1990 to 2023. The analysis reveals a significant increase in BRUVS usage over the past three decades, particularly in Australia, South Africa, and Central America. The most common BRUVS configurations include benthic setups, mono-camera systems, and the use of fish from the Clupeidae and Scombridae families as bait. BRUVS have been instrumental in studying 195 chondrichthyan species, providing insights into up to thirteen different aspects of the life histories. Moreover, BRUVS facilitate the monitoring of endangered and data-deficient species, contributing crucial data for conservation efforts. Overall, this study underscores the value of BRUVS as a powerful tool for studying and conserving cartilaginous fish populations worldwide.
Animal Behaviour Packs a Punch: From Parasitism to Production, Pollution and Prevention in Grazing Livestock
Authors: Smith Lesley A. , Fox Naomi J. , Marion Glenn , Booth Naomi J. , Morris Alex M. M. , Athanasiadou Spiridoula , Hutchings Michael R.
Published: June 2024

Behaviour is often the fundamental driver of disease transmission, where behaviours of individuals can be seen to scale up to epidemiological patterns seen at the population level. Here we focus on animal behaviour, and its role in parasite transmission to track its knock-on consequences for parasitism, production and pollution. Livestock face a nutrition versus parasitism trade-off in grazing environments where faeces creates both a nutritional benefit, fertilizing the surrounding sward, but also a parasite risk from infective nematode larvae contaminating the sward. The grazing decisions of ruminants depend on the perceived costs and benefits of the trade-off, which depend on the variations in both environmental (e.g., amounts of faeces) and animal factors (e.g., physiological state). Such grazing decisions determine the intake of both nutrients and parasites, affecting livestock growth rates and production efficiency. This impacts on the greenhouse gas costs of ruminant livestock production via two main mechanisms: (1) slower growth results in longer durations on-farm and (2) parasitised animals produce more methane per unit food intake. However, the sensitivity of behaviour to host parasite state offers opportunities for early detection of parasitism and control. Remote monitoring technology such as accelerometers can detect parasite-induced sickness behaviours soon after exposure, before impacts on growth, and thus may be used for targeting individuals for early treatment. We conclude that livestock host x parasite interactions are at the centre of the global challenges of food security and climate change, and that understanding livestock behaviour can contribute to solving both.
An Enhanced Fuzzy Hybrid of Fireworks and Grey Wolf Metaheuristic Algorithms
Authors: Barraza Juan , Rodríguez Luis , Castillo Oscar , Melin Patricia , Valdez Fevrier
Published: June 2024

This research work envisages addressing fuzzy adjustment of parameters into a hybrid optimization algorithm for solving mathematical benchmark function problems. The problem of benchmark mathematical functions consists of finding the minimal values. In this study, we considered function optimization. We are presenting an enhanced Fuzzy Hybrid Algorithm, which is called Enhanced Fuzzy Hybrid Fireworks and Grey Wolf Metaheuristic Algorithm, and denoted as EF-FWA-GWO. The fuzzy adjustment of parameters is achieved using Fuzzy Inference Systems. For this work, we implemented two variants of the Fuzzy Systems. The first variant utilizes Triangular membership functions, and the second variant employs Gaussian membership functions. Both variants are of a Mamdani Fuzzy Inference Type. The proposed method was applied to 22 mathematical benchmark functions, divided into two parts: the first part consists of 13 functions that can be classified as unimodal and multimodal, and the second part consists of the 9 fixed-dimension multimodal benchmark functions. The proposed method presents better performance with 60 and 90 dimensions, averaging 51% and 58% improvement in the benchmark functions, respectively. And then, a statistical comparison between the conventional hybrid algorithm and the Fuzzy Enhanced Hybrid Algorithm is presented to complement the conclusions of this research. Finally, we also applied the Fuzzy Hybrid Algorithm in a control problem to test its performance in designing a Fuzzy controller for a mobile robot.
Graph-Based Electroencephalography Analysis in Tinnitus Therapy
Authors: Awais Muhammad , Kassoul Khelil , Omri Abdelfatteh El , Aboumarzouk Omar M. , Abdulhadi Khalid , Brahim Belhaouari Samir
Published: June 2024

Tinnitus is the perception of sounds like ringing or buzzing in the ears without any external source, varying in intensity and potentially becoming chronic. This study aims to enhance the understanding and treatment of tinnitus by analyzing a dataset related to tinnitus therapy, focusing on electroencephalography (EEG) signals from patients undergoing treatment. The objectives of the study include applying various preprocessing techniques to ensure data quality, such as noise elimination and standardization of sampling rates, and extracting essential features from EEG signals, including power spectral density and statistical measures. The novelty of this research lies in its innovative approach to representing different channels of EEG signals as new graph network representations without losing any information. This transformation allows for the use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), specifically Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) combined with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, to model intricate relationships and temporal dependencies within the EEG data. This method enables a comprehensive analysis of the complex interactions between EEG channels. The study reports an impressive accuracy rate of 99.41%, demonstrating the potential of this novel approach. By integrating graph representation and deep learning, this research introduces a new methodology for analyzing tinnitus therapy data, aiming to contribute to more effective treatment strategies for tinnitus sufferers.
Advances in Structural and Functional Retinal Imaging and Biomarkers for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Zhang Zhengwei , Deng Callie , Paulus Yannis M.
Published: June 2024

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a vision-threatening microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a leading cause of blindness worldwide that requires early detection and intervention. However, diagnosing DR early remains challenging due to the subtle nature of initial pathological changes. This review explores developments in multimodal imaging and functional tests for early DR detection. Where conventional color fundus photography is limited in the field of view and resolution, advanced quantitative analysis of retinal vessel traits such as retinal microvascular caliber, tortuosity, and fractal dimension (FD) can provide additional prognostic value. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has also emerged as a reliable structural imaging tool for assessing retinal and choroidal neurodegenerative changes, which show potential as early DR biomarkers. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) enables the evaluation of vascular perfusion and the contours of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), providing valuable insights into early retinal and choroidal vascular changes. Functional tests, including multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), visual evoked potential (VEP), multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP), microperimetry, and contrast sensitivity (CS), offer complementary data on early functional deficits in DR. More importantly, combining structural and functional imaging data may facilitate earlier detection of DR and targeted management strategies based on disease progression. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques show promise for automated lesion detection, risk stratification, and biomarker discovery from various imaging data. Additionally, hematological parameters, such as neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), may be useful in predicting DR risk and progression. Although current methods can detect early DR, there is still a need for further research and development of reliable, cost-effective methods for large-scale screening and monitoring of individuals with DM.
Elevated Serum Levels of YKL-40, YKL-39, and SI-CLP in Patients with Treatment Failure to DMARDs in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Esparza-Díaz José David Tadeo , Gamez-Nava Jorge Ivan , Gonzalez-Lopez Laura , Saldaña-Cruz Ana Miriam , Machado-Sulbaran Andrea Carolina , Beltrán-Ramírez Alberto , Guillén-Medina Miryam Rosario , Flores-Vargas Ana Gabriela , Pérez-Guerrero Edsaúl Emilio
Published: June 2024

Around 30–60% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) present treatment failure to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs). Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) (YKL-40, YKL-39, SI-CLP) might play a role, as they are associated with the inflammatory process. This study aimed to evaluate CLP utility as a biomarker in the treatment failure of csDMARDs. A case–control study included 175 RA patients classified into two groups based on therapeutic response according to DAS28-ESR: responders (DAS28 < 3.2); non-responders (DAS28 ≥ 3.2). CLP serum levels were determined by ELISA. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate CLPs’ utility as biomarkers of treatment failure. Non-responders presented higher levels of YKL-40, YKL-39, and SI-CLP compared with responders (all: p < 0.001). YKL-40 correlated positively with YKL-39 (rho = 0.39, p < 0.001) and SI-CLP (rho = 0.23, p = 0.011) and YKL-39 with SI-CLP (rho = 0.34, p < 0.001). The addition of CLPs to the regression models improves diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.918) compared to models including only clinical classical variables (AUC 0.806) p < 0.001. Non-responders were positive for all CLPs in 35.86%. Conclusions: CLPs could be considered as a useful biomarker to assess treatment failure, due to their association with clinical variables and improvement to the performance of regression models.
Recent Advances in Pre-Clinical Development of Adiponectin Receptor Agonist Therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Gandhi Shivam , Sweeney Gary , Perry Christopher G. R.
Published: June 2024

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by genetic mutations in the cytoskeletal-sarcolemmal anchor protein dystrophin. Repeated cycles of sarcolemmal tearing and repair lead to a variety of secondary cellular and physiological stressors that are thought to contribute to weakness, atrophy, and fibrosis. Collectively, these stressors can contribute to a pro-inflammatory milieu in locomotor, cardiac, and respiratory muscles. Given the many unwanted side effects that accompany current anti-inflammatory steroid-based approaches for treating DMD (e.g., glucocorticoids), there is a need to develop new therapies that address inflammation and other cellular dysfunctions. Adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) agonists, which stimulate AdipoR1 and R2 isoforms on various cell types, have emerged as therapeutic candidates for DMD due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-myogenic properties in pre-clinical human and rodent DMD models. Although these molecules represent a new direction for therapeutic intervention, the mechanisms through which they elicit their beneficial effects are not yet fully understood, and DMD-specific data is limited. The overarching goal of this review is to investigate how adiponectin signaling may ameliorate pathology associated with dystrophin deficiency through inflammatory-dependent and -independent mechanisms and to determine if current data supports their future progression to clinical trials.
Differential Impact of Valproic Acid on SLC5A8, SLC12A2, SLC12A5, CDH1, and CDH2 Expression in Adult Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Juknevičienė Milda , Balnytė Ingrida , Valančiūtė Angelija , Alonso Marta Marija , Preikšaitis Aidanas , Sužiedėlis Kęstutis , Stakišaitis Donatas
Published: June 2024

Valproic acid (VPA) has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and epigenetic effects. The study aimed to determine the expression of carcinogenesis-related SLC5A8, SLC12A2, SLC12A5, CDH1, and CDH2 in adult glioblastoma U87 MG and T98G cells and the effects of 0.5 mM, 0.75 mM, and 1.5 mM doses of VPA. RNA gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as a control. U87 and T98G control cells do not express SLC5A8 or CDH1. SLC12A5 was expressed in U87 control but not in T98G control cells. The SLC12A2 expression in the U87 control was significantly lower than in the T98G control. T98G control cells showed significantly higher CDH2 expression than U87 control cells. VPA treatment did not affect SLC12A2 expression in U87 cells, whereas treatment dose-dependently increased SLC12A2 expression in T98G cells. Treatment with 1.5 mM VPA induced SLC5A8 expression in U87 cells, while treatment of T98G cells with VPA did not affect SLC5A8 expression. Treatment of U87 cells with VPA significantly increased SLC12A5 expression. VPA increases CDH1 expression depending on the VPA dose. CDH2 expression was significantly increased only in the U87 1.5 mM VPA group. Tested VPA doses significantly increased CDH2 expression in T98G cells. When approaching treatment tactics, assessing the cell’s sensitivity to the agent is essential.
A Systematic Review of Human Amnion Enhanced Cartilage Regeneration in Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects
Authors: Abd Halim Nur Farah Anis , Ab Aziz Atiqah , Tan Sik-Loo , Selvaratnam Veenesh , Kamarul Tunku
Published: June 2024

Cartilage defects present a significant challenge in orthopedic medicine, often leading to pain and functional impairment. To address this, human amnion, a naturally derived biomaterial, has gained attention for its potential in enhancing cartilage regeneration. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of human amnion in enhancing cartilage regeneration for full-thickness cartilage defects. An electronic search was conducted on MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and the Scopus database up to 27 December 2023 from 2007. A total of 401 articles were identified. After removing 125 duplicates and excluding 271 articles based on predetermined criteria, only 5 articles remained eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. All five eligible articles conducted in vivo studies utilizing rabbits as subjects. Furthermore, analysis of the literature reveals an increasing trend in the frequency of utilizing human amnion for the treatment of cartilage defects. Various forms of human amnion were utilized either alone or seeded with cells prior to implantation. Histological assessments and macroscopic observations indicated usage of human amnion improved cartilage repair outcomes. All studies highlighted the positive results despite using different forms of amnion tissues. This systematic review underscores the promising role of human amnion as a viable option for enhancing cartilage regeneration in full-thickness cartilage defects, thus offering valuable insights for future research and clinical applications in orthopedic tissue engineering.
Multi-UAV Cooperative Coverage Search for Various Regions Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Zeng Hui , Tong Lei , Xia Xuewen
Published: June 2024

In recent years, remotely controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform coverage search missions has become increasingly popular due to the advantages of the UAV, such as small size, high maneuverability, and low cost. However, due to the distance limitations of the remote control and endurance of a UAV, a single UAV cannot effectively perform a search mission in various and complex regions. Thus, using a group of UAVs to deal with coverage search missions has become a research hotspot in the last decade. In this paper, a differential evolution (DE)-based multi-UAV cooperative coverage algorithm is proposed to deal with the coverage tasks in different regions. In the proposed algorithm, named DECSMU, the entire coverage process is divided into many coverage stages. Before each coverage stage, every UAV automatically plans its flight path based on DE. To obtain a promising flight trajectory for a UAV, a dynamic reward function is designed to evaluate the quality of the planned path in terms of the coverage rate and the energy consumption of the UAV. In each coverage stage, an information interaction between different UAVs is carried out through a communication network, and a distributed model predictive control is used to realize the collaborative coverage of multiple UAVs. The experimental results show that the strategy can achieve high coverage and a low energy consumption index under the constraints of collision avoidance. The favorable performance in DECSMU on different regions also demonstrate that it has outstanding stability and generality.
Design and Verification of Piano Playing Assisted Hand Exoskeleton Robot
Authors: Xu Qiujian , Yang Dan , Li Meihui , Ren Xiubo , Yuan Xinran , Tang Lijun , Wang Xiaoyu , Liu Siqi , Yang Miaomiao , Liu Yintong , Yang Mingyi
Published: June 2024

Finger technique is a crucial aspect of piano learning, and hand exoskeleton mechanisms effectively assist novice piano players in maintaining correct finger technique consistently. Addressing current issues with exoskeleton robots, such as the inability to provide continuous correction of finger technique and their considerable weight, a novel hand exoskeleton robot has been developed to enhance finger technique through continuous correction and reduced weight. Initial data are gathered using finger joint angle sensors to analyze movements during piano playing, focusing on the trajectory and angular velocity of key strikes. This analysis informs the design of a 6-bar double-closed-loop mechanism with an end equivalent sliding pair, using analytical methods to establish the relationship between motor extension and input rod rotation. Simulation studies assess the exoskeleton’s motion space and dynamics, confirming its capability to meet structural and functional demands for accurate key striking. Prototype testing validates the exoskeleton’s ability to maintain correct finger positioning and mimic natural strike speeds, thus improving playing technique while ensuring comfort and safety.
tRNA Modifications and Dysregulation: Implications for Brain Diseases
Authors: Lv Xinxin , Zhang Ruorui , Li Shanshan , Jin Xin
Published: June 2024

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are well-known for their essential function in protein synthesis. Recent research has revealed a diverse range of chemical modifications that tRNAs undergo, which are crucial for various cellular processes. These modifications are necessary for the precise and efficient translation of proteins and also play important roles in gene expression regulation and cellular stress response. This review examines the role of tRNA modifications and dysregulation in the pathophysiology of various brain diseases, including epilepsy, stroke, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumors, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing research, our study aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between tRNA dysregulation and brain diseases. This underscores the critical need for ongoing exploration in this field and provides valuable insights that could facilitate the development of innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals grappling with complex neurological conditions.