bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on attitude compensated algorithm for shipborne dynamic weighing
Authors: Xie Meifeng , Zhang Ping , Wang Kundong , Lei Huaming
Published: October 2023

Shipborne dynamic weighing is fundamental in developing marine fishery resources and oceanographic research. It enables the weighing and sorting of seafood, quantitative baiting, and measurement of research sample weights in marine environments. Therefore, developing shipborne dynamic weighing systems is crucial for the integrated exploitation of marine fishery resources. However, research on shipborne dynamic weighing is limited. To address this issue, the study initially analyzed the impact of ship’s attitude information on weighing results. Subsequently, a mathematical model for shipborne dynamic weighing, incorporating compensation factors, was constructed. The compensation factors were determined using the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) method. And then real-time weight estimation was updated using Kalman filtering, effectively mitigating the influence of ship oscillations and swaying on weight measurements. Furthermore, a shipborne dynamic weighing system with a 24-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and STM32F4 processor was developed. The system performance was evaluated by simulating the sail of a ship under different sea conditions on a swing platform. The results demonstrate that the average absolute percentage error of the test meets the requirement of less than 1%, and the standard deviation of the error is less than 1% F. S., which essentially meets the weight measurement requirements of marine dynamic weighing and sorting.
Precise position determination of USV based on the IF combination and un-combined PPP ambiguity resolution model
Authors: Ai Yanjun , Tian Xiangyu , Yin Xiao , Cui Ximin , Du Zhenqiang , Xiang Minzhi
Published: October 2023

Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are becoming increasingly important for ocean operations and monitoring, but their precise positioning remains challenging. Real-time kinematic (RTK) technology, commonly used for cm-level positioning in cities, is unsuitable for USVs because it requires nearby reference stations. To address this, we present the uncombined precise point positioning ambiguity resolution (UC PPP-AR) solution, where wide-lane (WL) and narrow-lane (NL) uncalibrated phase bias (UPD) products estimated by the ionosphere-free (IF) PPP model are used. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, we conducted kinematic USV tests. The results show that the proposed model could shorten the convergence time and achieve cm-level positioning accuracy, with horizontal accuracy better than 2 cm and vertical accuracy better than 5 cm, which is better than that of IF PPP-AR. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the UC PPP-AR technique for USV precise positioning. However, IF PPP-AR may be a better choice if computational consumption time (CCT) is a concern.
Potential of first row transition metal decorated graphtriyne quantum dots as single atom catalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
Authors: Ullah Faizan , Gilani Mazhar Amjad , Imran Muhammad , Ayub Khurshid , Mahmood Tariq
Published: October 2023

To advance the clean energy systems based on hydrogen, highly efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are of paramount importance. In recent years, single atoms embedded within 2-dimensional (2D) material substrates have emerged as exceptional catalysts for HER. Graphtriyne, a 2D material due to its novel electronic properties is a promising substrate for development of single atom catalysts. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) simulations to investigate the potential of transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) anchored on graphtriyne quantum dot as single atom catalysts (SACs) for HER. Our results revealed that Zn and Ni SACs anchored on graphtriyne quantum dot exhibit excellent HER performance. Additionally, we calculated total density of states (TDOS), partial density of states (PDOS), HOMO, LUMO energies and HOMO–LUMO energy gap for the proposed SACs. Our work presents a promising approach for the development of HER catalysts, utilizing graphtriyne quantum dot as support material and transition metal atoms (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) as the single atom centers.
Optical structural and thermal studies of TiO2@ZnO core-shell incorporated methylene blue dye doped PVA polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Nandimath Madhavi , Bhajantri Rajashekhar F , Naik Jagadish
Published: October 2023

This manuscript makes an effort to achieve the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2)@ Zinc oxide (ZnO)core@shell also development and study of methylene blue (MB)/TiO2@ZnO/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVA)polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) for optical applications. The PNCs were constructed using easy solution-casting method, advertised good UV–vis and fluorescence properties. The fluorescence emission spectra of MB/TiO2@ZnO/PVA PNCs show the broad peak around 685 nm for both 614 nm and 665 nm excitation wavelengths for all samples and it is observed that the intensity falls off as increase in the dye amount. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of well-developed PNCs exhibit amorphous nature and the other outcomes obtained by various techniques correlating with each other. Hence, the prepared PNCs can be used for fabricating red light emitting diode (LED) to improve the eye sight of human being.
Compression and stretching of ring vortex in a bulk nonlinear medium
Authors: Lai 来 Xian-Jing 娴静 , Cai 蔡 Xiao-Ou 晓鸥 , Shao 邵 Ya-Bin 雅斌 , Wang 王 Yue-Yue 悦悦
Published: October 2023

We explore the nonlinear gain coupled Schrödinger system through the utilization of the variables separation method and ansatz technique. By employing these approaches, we generate hierarchies of explicit dissipative vector vortices (DVVs) that possess diverse vorticity values. Numerous fundamental characteristics of the DVVs are examined, encompassing amplitude profiles, energy fluxes, parameter effects, as well as linear and dynamic stability.
Applications and potentials of machine learning in optoelectronic materials research: An overview and perspectives
Authors: Zhang 张 Cheng-Zhou 城洲 , Fu 付 Xiao-Qian 小倩
Published: October 2023

Optoelectronic materials are essential for today’s scientific and technological development, and machine learning provides new ideas and tools for their research. In this paper, we first summarize the development history of optoelectronic materials and how materials informatics drives the innovation and progress of optoelectronic materials and devices. Then, we introduce the development of machine learning and its general process in optoelectronic materials and describe the specific implementation methods. We focus on the cases of machine learning in several application scenarios of optoelectronic materials and devices, including the methods related to crystal structure, properties (defects, electronic structure) research, materials and devices optimization, material characterization, and process optimization. In summarizing the algorithms and feature representations used in different studies, it is noted that prior knowledge can improve optoelectronic materials design, research, and decision-making processes. Finally, the prospect of machine learning applications in optoelectronic materials is discussed, along with current challenges and future directions. This paper comprehensively describes the application value of machine learning in optoelectronic materials research and aims to provide reference and guidance for the continuous development of this field.
Physical mechanism of oxygen diffusion in the formation of Ga2O3 Ohmic contacts
Authors: Xu 徐 Su-Yu 宿雨 , Yu 于 Miao 淼 , Yuan 袁 Dong-Yang 东阳 , Peng 彭 Bo 博 , Yuan 元 Lei 磊 , Zhang 张 Yu-Ming 玉明 , Jia 贾 Ren-Xu 仁需
Published: October 2023

The formation of low-resistance Ohmic contacts in Ga2O3 is crucial for high-performance electronic devices. Conventionally, a titanium/gold (Ti/Au) electrode is rapidly annealed to achieve Ohmic contacts, resulting in mutual diffusion of atoms at the interface. However, the specific role of diffusing elements in Ohmic contact formation remains unclear. In this work, we investigate the contribution of oxygen atom diffusion to the formation of Ohmic contacts in Ga2O3. We prepare a Ti/Au electrode on a single crystal substrate and conduct a series of electrical and structural characterizations. Using density functional theory, we construct a model of the interface and calculate the charge density, partial density of states, planar electrostatic potential energy, and I–V characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the oxygen atom diffusion effectively reduces the interface barrier, leading to low-resistance Ohmic contacts in Ga2O3. These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of Ohmic contact formation and highlight the importance of considering the oxygen atom diffusion in the design of Ga2O3-based electronic devices.
The Fundamental Plane of GRBs
Authors: Zhang Xu , Gao Quan-Gui
Published: October 2023

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibit powerful radiation and relativistic jets similar to blazars. However, the central engine of GRBs remains unknown. In this paper, we use the fundamental plane to analyze a sample of GRBs with measured mass. We extend, over ∼12 orders of magnitude, the correlation analysis and fundamental plane with a sample of X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei (AGNs) including blazars, and brightest cluster galaxies. The fundamental plane of our de-beamed sample, with a measured mass (

log

L

R

= (0.60 ± 0.03)

log

L

X

+(0.78 ± 0.02)

log
M

+7.23 ± 0.95), closely aligns with the findings of previous work on AGNs. This finding suggests that GRBs adhere to the fundamental plane of AGNs and supports the theory proposed in previous work that the central engine of GRBs may be black holes. This observation provides a plausible explanation for the striking similarities between GRBs and AGNs.
Decoding movement frequencies and limbs based on steady-state movement-related rhythms from noninvasive EEG
Authors: Wei Yuxuan , Wang Xu , Luo Ruijie , Mai Ximing , Li Songwei , Meng Jianjun
Published: October 2023

Objective. Decoding different types of movements noninvasively from electroencephalography (EEG) is an essential topic in neural engineering, especially in brain–computer interface. Although the widely used sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is efficient in limb decoding, it lacks efficacy in decoding movement frequencies. Accumulating evidence supports the notion that the movement frequency is encoded in the steady-state movement-related rhythm (SSMRR). Our study has two primary objectives: firstly, to investigate the spatial–spectral representation of SSMRR in EEG during voluntary movements; secondly, to assess whether movement frequencies and limbs can be effectively decoded based on SSMRR. Approach. To comprehensively examine the representation of SSMRR, we investigated the frequency characteristics and spatial patterns associated with various rhythmic finger movements. Coherence analysis was performed between the sensor or source domain EEG and finger movements recorded by data gloves. A fusion model based on spectral SNR features and filter-bank common spatial pattern features was utilized to decode movement frequencies and limbs. Main results. At the group-level, sensor domain, and source domain coherence maps demonstrated that the accurate movement frequency (

f
0

) and its first harmonic (

f
1

) were encoded in the contralateral motor cortex. For the four-class classification, including two movement frequencies for both hands, the decoding accuracies for externally paced and internally paced movements were 73.14 ± 15.86% and 66.30 ± 17.26% (averaged across ten subjects, chance levels at 31.05% and 30.96%). Notably, the average results of five subjects with the highest decoding accuracies reached 87.21 ± 7.44% and 80.44 ± 7.99%. Significance. Our results verified the EEG representation of SSMRR and proved that the movement frequency and limb could be effectively decoded based on spatial–spectral features extracted from SSMRR. We suggest that SSMRR can serve as a complement to SMR to expand the range of decodable movement types and the approaches of limb decoding.
Visualization of phase-space orbit topological boundary using imaging neutral particle analyzer
Authors: Du X.D. , Gonzalez-Martin J. , Liu D. , Heidbrink W.W. , Van Zeeland M.A.
Published: October 2023

A newly-developed Imaging Neutral Particle Analyzer (INPA) in the DIII-D tokamak interrogates phase space occupied by fast ions on multiple different orbit topologies, including passing, stagnation, trapped and potato orbits. Depending on plasma parameters and beam injection geometries, this new INPA system is capable of visualizing distributions of fast ions on the selected orbit topology and its associated orbit topological boundaries. More importantly, the system is able to directly visualize the effective pitch angle scattering ν
eff in phase space by measuring fast ions that are scattered across the trapped-passing orbit topological boundaries and from counter-passing orbits to co-passing orbits. It also enables visualization of fast ion confined-loss boundaries and resolves the change of the boundary in phase space, as plasma equilibrium evolves. The key goal of this new INPA system is to directly measure ν
eff across phase space induced by drift waves and its interaction with Alfvén eigenmodes, i.e. a key issue towards a future fusion power plant.
3D multi views reconstruction of flame surface based on deep learning
Authors: Song Lingao , Liu Tao , Jiang Dong , Li Huadong , Zhao Dongmei , Zou Qingfeng
Published: October 2023

A deep learning network based on MVSNet multi-view 3D reconstruction network (IM-MVSNet) is proposed in this paper for the reconstruction of the surface of laminar flame, which could suppress the influence of background noise on the reconstruction data when reconstructing the surface of laminar flame and improve the reconstruction accuracy of the flame surface at the same time. The network obtains high-quality segmented images by image segmentation of the reference frames and neighboring frames of the input sampled images to remove the background noise during the time of sampling, then reconstructs the multi-view images in 3D to build a 3D point cloud of the laminar flame surface, finally obtains the reconstructed laminar flame surface. The comparison of computational results using different reconstruction models shows that the 3D reconstruction network proposed in this paper could effectively reduce the point cloud noise of the reconstructed flame surface, improve the reconstruction accuracy of the flame surface, and provide a novel technical means for combustion research.
Antioxidant activity and release profile of electrospun cellulose acetate/gelatine nanofiber containing mangosteen hull extract
Authors: Kusumah F H , Munir M M , Khairurrijal K
Published: October 2023

The extract of mangosteen fruit hull has been found to have strong antioxidant activity. However, it has low solubility in aqueous solution. Thus, we incorporated the extract of mangosteen hull (EMH) into a nano-sized carrier, particularly nanofibers. The objective of this research was to fabricate cellulose acetate (CA)/gelatine nanofibers embedded with EMH using the electrospinning technique. CA/gelatine/EMH precursor solution was spun at various flow rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL/h yielding nanofibers with average diameters of 525 (CGE1), 640 (CGE2), and 698 (CGE3) nm, respectively. An antioxidative assay using the DPPH method indicated that all samples (EMH, CGE1, CGE2, and CGE3 nanofibers) exhibited strong antioxidant activity, whereas the smallest nanofibers had the lowest antioxidant activity. Moreover, the XRD pattern of composite fiber (CGE2) implied that the electrospinning process altered the structure of EMH. Furthermore, in vitro release study of CGE1, CGE2, and CGE3 nanofibers indicated a rapid release pattern of EMH from the nanofibers. The rate of EMH released from the fiber was related to the fiber diameter, with smaller fiber facilitating a faster release rate of the EMH. Therefore, the results provide a promising approach to enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of mangosteen fruit hull extract, potentially expanding its therapeutic applications.
Investigating magnetoresistance properties on a periodic poly(dA)-poly(dT) DNA structure
Authors: Yudiarsah E
Published: October 2023

Magnetoresistance has been calculated for a range of magnetic fields. The calculation has been carried out using a periodic DNA structure. The magnetic field affects electron hopping constants in a tight-binding Hamiltonian regime through the Peierls phase. On the other hand, the internal electric field, as a result of the voltage difference across the molecule structure, affects the magnitude of electron hopping parameters. Green’s function method has been employed in computing the electron transmission probabilities. Then, the Landauer-Buttiker formula is used in computing currents at a certain voltage. The magnetoresistance was observed oscillating as the magnetic field increased, just like the current. At several voltages, the magnetoresistance changes sign with the change in the magnetic field.
Synthesis liquid crystal composites diacrylate resin of 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene bis(4-(3-acryloyloxy)propoxy)benzoate) with methyl methacrylate
Authors: Afrizal A , Budi S , Riswoko A , Hanum R F
Published: October 2023

Liquid crystal composite is a material made from monomer liquid crystal with other materials. These composites are very useful because they combine good properties of each material for many applications. Liquid crystal diacrylate resin of 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene bis(4-(3-(acryloyloxy) propoxy)benzoate) that combined with monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) using casting solution method. Process casting solution of that material using variation weight percentage of each material. Result of casting solution was photopolymerized using preparate glass to make a thin layer polymer. Characterization thin layer polymer liquid crystal diacrylate resin with MMA using instrumentations FTIR for identify of chemical group functions molecules. FTIR spectrum showed peak at 1155 cm−1-1160 cm−1 for identifications stretching vibration of C-O-C in ester molecule and 2925-2960 cm−1 for identifying the stretching vibration of –CH3. Its band for identify bond formation between MMA with diacrylate resin. Diffractogram XRD showed thin layer polymer of PMMA-diacrylate resin has amorphous properties, because there aren’t sharp peak diffraction at 2θ 16.33°, 24.02°, 44.68°, and 72.54°. This result indicates that thin monomer methyl methacrylate blending perfect with diacrylate resin. Therefore analysis morphology of thin layer liquid crystal composite of PMMA-diacrylate resin homogen in some regions but in a little surface seen agglomeration of polymer.
Biosynthesis of sulfur-doped zinc oxide using bidara leaf extract
Authors: Rini A S , Dewi R , Asriani R , Rati Y
Published: October 2023

Incorporating non-metal elements through doping proves to be a highly effective strategy for expanding the photoresponse range of ZnO. This study prepared pristine ZnO and 1%S-doped ZnO through an environmentally friendly approach, employing the biosynthesis method using bidara leaf extract. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy to investigate the structure, morphology, and the optical properties of ZnO, respectively. The XRD analysis revealed a noticeable shift in the diffraction pattern towards smaller angles, indicating the successful incorporation of sulfur into the ZnO lattice. Additionally, FESEM images displayed a distinct modification in the morphology of the ZnO particles upon sulfur doping, accompanied by a reduction in particle size. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed that both ZnO and sulfur-doped ZnO exhibited optical absorption predominantly in the ultraviolet (UV) region. Notably, the presence of sulfur doping led to an increase in the optical absorption of ZnO, while simultaneously narrowing its energy bandgap. These findings highlight the potential of sulfur doping as an effective means to enhance the structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO semiconductor materials, thereby opening up possibilities for various optoelectronic applications.
Natural zeolite activation using chloride acid (HCl) for methylene blue adsorbent
Authors: Suhendar H , Puspita S , Gabriella A
Published: October 2023

Dye waste produced from the textile industry is an organic compound that is difficult to decompose, dangerous, and can pollute the aquatic environment. On the other hand, the textile industry has also had a major impact on 20% of global wastewater pollution. One of the wastes generated is methylene blue. As a step in overcoming these problems, an effective and economical waste treatment method is needed, such as the adsorption method. This research was conducted by utilizing natural zeolite clinoptilolite type as an adsorbent for methylene blue using hydrochloric acid (HCl) through two processes, namely zeolite activation and adsorption of methylene blue waste by varying the adsorption time. The result shows that the activated zeolite can adsorb methylene blue in solution. The activation process strongly determined the capability of zeolite to adsorb the methylene blue. From our research, we obtained zeolite activated with 0.1 M HCl has the highest capability as methylene blue adsorption.
Optimizing viscosity measurement: an automated solution with YOLOv3
Authors: Delina M , Anugrah D S S P , Hussaan A M , Harlastputra A F , Akbar P F , Renaldi P
Published: October 2023

Measuring viscosity can be done using either Tracker software or a digital viscometer. However, the Tracker software proved to be ineffective due to the need to manually set the object’s center point for obtaining its final velocity. On the other hand, the digital viscometer was costly. Hence, a novel approach is needed to measure viscosity with high precision, efficiency, and affordability. To tackle these concerns, the study combined measuring instruments and computer programming with YOLOv3. The YOLOv3 model was applied to measure the B30 Biodiesel viscosity in a falling ball viscometer. The stages were: using a 10.07 mm ball size, the YOLOv3 model tracked the iron ball in the experimental videos to obtain the velocity. Next, based on the velocity, B30 biodiesel viscosity can be obtained. The formula of velocity and viscosity of the falling ball viscometer is integrated into the algorithm. The results are then compared to the reference data. The result showed that the final velocity and viscosity error relative were 1.30% and 2.04%. With an error relative below 5%, The data indicates that the algorithm effectively measures the velocity and viscosity of B30 biodiesel. This study was provided as a foundation for automatization in the quality control process for the biodiesel industry.
Macrobending loss in fiber optic wrapped on rubber-spring wire structure under static load-pressure
Authors: Pratomo H , Sulistyo S , Hanto D , Syahadi M , Bayuwati D , Mulyanto I , Husdi I R , Kartolo S , Widiyatmoko B , Setiono A
Published: October 2023

This work observes rubber-based frame structures for wide helix-shaped-macrobending fiber optic sensors intended for measuring an object with high load levels. In this fiber sensor, the working principle is to measure the power loss (due to bending) of the light traveled in the employed fiber optic. During the applications, it needs a particular mechanical structure to accommodate a reversible fiber bending in the context of load measurement. In this work, a cylindrical-shaped rubber structure mixed with calcium carbonate compound (CaCO3) is constructed as the fiber bending frame (housing) in which a spring wire is inserted into the structure in the two models, i.e., outer and inner-spring structure. Several investigations of static load pressure reveal the optimum structure design for high load measurement. Using the inner-spring model, a rubber structure with 10wt% CaCO3 exhibits the preferable performance with a sensitivity of 0.15 V/Kg.cm2 and measurement load range until 210 Kg.
Effect of quercetin addition on chitosan film composite of cellulose microcrystals from coconut fibers (Cocos Nucifera)
Authors: Yusmaniar Y , Fadillah I , Paristiowati M , Saputra I
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to synthesize chitosan biodegradable films and cellulose microcrystals (CMC) from coconut fibres (Cocos nucifera) with quercetin as a filler. Chitosan (CS) film is mixed with cellulose microcrystals with a composition of 1% w/w, and quercetin bioflavonoids are added with various concentrations (0%;1%;3%;5%;7% w/w) by solution casting method. Adding quercetin to the chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose film is expected to add antioxidant properties. Cellulose microcrystals were isolated from the primary material of coconut fibres by delignification, bleaching which was then hydrolysis by 58% w/w sulfuric acid. Isolation results were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The results of research for the synthesis of chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose-quercetin films showed the addition of quercetin 7% resulted in tensile strength of 17.21 MPa, biodegradation rate of 1.62 mg/day, antioxidant activity of 79.95%. However, adding 7% quercetin decreases the nature of film development and water vapour permeability, with the optimum quercetin concentration for film development being 1% and water vapour permeability being 3%.
Design of RF cavity test module for electron accelerator with magnetron 2.45 GHz
Authors: Satmoko A , Rezon K , Kasmudin K , Rahmat R
Published: October 2023

A design of low-cost electron accelerator is currently being initiated by utilizing a magnetron that is widely commercially used. One such activity is designing an RF cavity test module consisting of a magnetron as an RF source, a waveguide to transfer the RF waves, a cavity where the RF waves resonate and a coupling as a connecting bridge between the cavity and the waveguide. Starting with selecting a magnetron, it was decided to use the commercial magnetron which has an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. The next stage is to design the cavity. By using CST Studio software, a series of executions using parameter sweep was carried out to obtain the optimal cavity dimension. This leads to a cavity that is 4.74 cm in radius and 3.96 cm in width. These dimensions generate an eigenfrequency of 2.450 GHz and a maximum electric field of 225.7 MV/m by normalizing the stored energy to 1 Joule. To transfer RF waves, a W340 type waveguide is selected. Concerning the coupling, simulation by CST Studio gives iris dimensions of 3.31×0.90 cm2 as the best design. These dimensions give a coupling efficiency of 5.51 and a maximum electric field of 216.4 MV/m.
Analysis of thermophysical properties of chicken eggshell an alternative phase change material
Authors: Dhiyaulhaq N R , Wulandari D A , Wardoyo  , Nugroho P N A
Published: October 2023

Phase change materials are substances that utilize their ability to change phases for latent heat storage. PCM for energy storage must meet the parameters of thermophysical properties. One commonly used material is calcium chloride hexahydrate, which can be applied to reduce electricity consumption associated with air conditioning regulation. Meanwhile, eggshell waste containing calcium has not been maximally utilized. In this study, calcium derived from eggshells was processed into calcium chloride hexahydrate, which could potentially be an alternative to PCM. The preliminary results to get the thermal analysis in the form of the T-History method were done using the heating and cooling process of PCM with reference liquid. Based on the experimental results, it was challenging to determine the phase change occurrence in the eggshell derived PCM due to its unique texture. Consequently, the T-history test could not provide conclusive findings. Although a thin liquid layer was observed at the top of the PCM, it remained uncertain whether it indicated the melting process. Therefore, this material needs to be explored for improved processing methods to establish its potential as a sustainable PCM candidate.
Assessing conceptual understanding of high school students on transverse and stationary waves through Rasch analysis in Malang
Authors: Kurniawan F , Samsudin A , Chandra D T , Sriwati E , Zahran M , Gani A W , Ramadhan B P , Aminudin A H , Ramadani F
Published: October 2023

This study aims to reveal the condition of high school students’ conceptual knowledge of transverse and stationary wave topics in Malang. The significance of waves in human civilization necessitates students’ excellent comprehension of waves. However, deepening the condition of students’ understanding of this topic is still rarely done in Malang. Through cluster random sampling, 103 students who studied transversal and stationary wave topics took a part in this study. Using a three-tier test instrument that has been proven to be valid and reliable by previous researchers, the understanding of students regarding waves was examined. Students’ understanding of the transverse and stationary wave topics is mapped deeply using Rasch Wright Map and graph-percentage analysis. According to the study’s findings, only about 0–14.56% of students have an understanding of each concept on this topic. Furthermore, more than 30% of students had a misconception about two of the ten wave concepts examined. Additionally, on nine of the ten wave topics examined, more than 30% of students reported no understanding. The most difficult concepts to be understood for students are wave propagation and superposition. Finally, high school students in Malang stated still have less understanding of transverse and stationary waves.
Determination of momentum after reflection in free fall using infrared and vibration sensors
Authors: Yardi S D , Setiadi R N , Rosandi V A , Hamzah Y , Erwin  , Rini A S , Umar L
Published: October 2023

Collision events are often encountered in daily life, such as free-falling balls. The falling ball will cause momentum, which is influenced by the speed and mass of the object. When an object falls, its speed before and after colliding with the reflecting plane will determine the coefficient of restitution (e). In this study, an apparatus for physics experiment was made using a 110 mm diameter by 125 cm height PVC cylinder pipe with two photodiode sensors attached to detect light reflection on the falling object. A vibration sensor was installed on the base to detect the bouncing ball and authenticate the time measurement. Sensor readings and measurements occur once an automated actuator triggers the sensor. The experimental results showed that the ball falling on the aluminum reflecting plane experienced the longest oscillation with a time of 4.19 Seconds, followed by ceramic at 3.59 seconds and wood at 3.29 seconds. The contact time experienced by the ball is 0.8487 seconds on aluminum, 0.8093 seconds on ceramic and 0.7830 on wood. This experimental apparatus can help students understand physics material.
Creative problem-solving through blended learning in basic science concept courses
Authors: Adiputra D K , Apriyansa A , Nugroho N , Haeruman L D , Nordin N A N
Published: October 2023

Basic Concepts of Science is a course for first-semester students of the elementary school teacher program in which there are concepts of biology, physics, and chemistry concepts. Learning strategies aim to achieve goals by integrating creative problem solving in the basic concepts of science. This study aims to understand blended learning in the Basic Science Concepts course. Through meaningful learning with creative problem solving, it is hoped that students and lecturers will become more interactive in applying the blended learning model. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. This context study explains the characteristics of blended learning and creative problem-solving models. After conducting interviews and distributing questionnaires, it means that there is interaction in the mixed learning model with creative problem solving techniques to improve learning outcomes of basic science concepts, selecting types of online interactions, and optimizing teaching styles. From the results of the first questionnaire, 92% said they responded positively to the blended learning model. It was concluded that students were enthusiastic and motivated in blended learning in basic science concepts courses to solve creative problems in face-to-face and virtual classes.
Desupersaturation dynamics in solutions with applications to bovine and porcine insulin crystallization
Authors: Makoveeva E V , Alexandrov D V , Ivanov A A , Alexandrova I V
Published: October 2023

Evolution of crystal ensembles in supersaturated solutions is studied at the initial and intermediate stages of bulk crystallization. An integro-differential model includes fluctuations in crystal growth rates, initial crystal-size distribution and arbitrary nucleation and growth kinetics of crystals. Two methods based on variables separation and saddle-point technique for constructing a complete analytical solution to this model are considered. Exact parametric solutions based on these methods are derived. Desupersaturation dynamics is in good agreement with the experimental data for bovine and porcine insulin. The method based on variables separation has a strong physical limitation on exponentially decaying initial distribution and leads to the distribution function increasing with time. The method based on saddle-point technique leads to a dome-shaped crystal-size distribution function decreasing with time and has no strong physical limitations. The latter circumstance makes this method more reasonable for describing the kinetics of bulk crystallization in solutions and melts.
Effect of cement kiln dust and lignosulfonate on cement paste: a rheology and hydration kinetics study
Authors: N Suthan Kumar , V Thanka Jebarsan , Masi Chandran
Published: October 2023

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the influence of cement kiln dust (CKD) and lignosulfonate (LS) on the rheology and hydration kinetics of cement paste. The interaction effect, dispersion potential, and adsorption kinetics of LS on the cement/CKD paste were obtained using UV spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. The results indicate that the addition of LS reduces the yield stress and plastic viscosity through the dispersion effect of LS, which alters the adhesion of the particles and improves the rheology of the CKD/cement paste. The competing adsorption of LS by the cement and CKD particles increased the flowability of the cement paste and a maximum was obtained due to the stable combined action of two different mechanisms of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion by LS. The X-ray Diffraction analysis performed to evaluate the hydration response of cement with LS and CKD showed greater conversion potentials of SiO2 to stable CSH.
Global drought risk in cities: present and future urban hotspots
Authors: Stolte Tristian R , de Moel Hans , Koks Elco E , Wens Marthe L K , van Veldhoven Felix , Garg Snigdha , Farhad Neuni , Ward Philip J
Published: October 2023

Hydrological droughts pose a persistent threat for cities and are increasingly studied. However, this is rarely within a large-scale context, complicating comparisons between cities and potentially hampering the most efficient allocation of resources in terms of drought risk adaptation and mitigation. Here, we investigate global urban hydrological drought risk for 264 urban agglomerations across all continents for both the present time and future projections. To derive risk profiles for each agglomeration, we include components of: drought hazard (drought volume focusing on surface water deficits), exposure (urban population), vulnerability (multivariate vulnerability index), and cost (replacement of freshwater expenses). These components are dynamic in time, except for vulnerability. Most agglomerations are projected to experience an increase in drought hazard, exposure, and cost by 2050, with the most notable current and future hotspot being northern South Asia (India & Pakistan). Also, the number of agglomerations with high risk increases, whereas the number with lower risk decreases, indicating that high urban drought risk is increasing in scale over time. Our results enable a better targeting of those agglomerations that need most urgent attention in terms of drought risk solutions. It can also be used to identify agglomerations with similar drought risk profiles that could be studied in conjunction and may benefit from cooperative drought risk management strategies.
Factors Associated with Antihypertensive Therapy Prescription in Youth Delaware Medicaid Recipients with Primary Hypertension Diagnosis
Authors: Baker-Smith Carissa M , McDuffie Mary J , Nescott Erin P , Akins Robert E
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Higher neighborhood deprivation is associated with hypertension diagnosis in youth. In this study, we assess if there is an association between neighborhood deprivation and antihypertensive therapy prescription among insured youth with a primary hypertension diagnosis.

METHODS

Using a retrospective cross-sectional design, we assessed the proportion of youth with a diagnosis of primary hypertension prescribed antihypertensive therapy. We evaluated the proportion of youth prescribed antihypertensive therapy and compared prescribing patterns by area deprivation index (ADI), age, sex, obesity diagnosis, race, ethnicity, and duration of Medicaid coverage.

RESULTS

Of the 65,452 non-pregnant Delaware Medicaid recipients, 8–18 years of age, 1,145 (1.7%) had an International classification of diseases (ICD)-9/ICD-10 diagnosis of primary hypertension; 165 of the 1,145 (14%) were prescribed antihypertensive therapy. Factors associated with a greater odds of prescription by multivariable logistic regression were age, obesity diagnosis, and duration of Medicaid full benefit coverage. Odds of antihypertensive therapy prescription did not vary by race, ethnicity, or ADI.

CONCLUSIONS

Antihypertensive therapy prescription rates are poor despite national guideline recommendations. Among youth receiving Delaware Medicaid between 2014 and 2019, prescription proportions were highest among youth of older age, with an obesity diagnosis, and among youth with longer duration of Medicaid benefit coverage. Although high area deprivation has been shown to be associated with the diagnosis of hypertension, high vs. low area deprivation was not associated with greater antihypertensive therapy prescription among youth with primary hypertension. Our finding of a mismatch between hypertension diagnosis and antihypertensive therapy prescription highlights a potential disparity in antihypertensive therapy prescription in youth.
Pre-contact Agave domesticates – living legacy plants in Arizona’s landscape
Authors: Hodgson Wendy C , Jane Rosenthal E , Salywon Andrew M
Published: October 2023

Background and Scope

Agaves played a central role as multi-use plants providing food, fibre and beverage to pre-contact and historical Mesoamerican cultures. However, their importance to Indigenous Peoples in the Southwest USA and northern Mexico, where they occur because of adaptations such as CAM photosynthesis, is less well known. Archaeological research indicates the Hohokam and other pre-contact Southwestern agrarian people increased agricultural potential in this region by engineering riverine terraces and bajadas for agave dry farming. Agricultural features such as terraces and rock piles were especially characteristic of post-1000 CE with the increase of dense, aggregated populations. We present an overview of six pre-contact agave domesticates (PCADs) the Hohokam and other cultures cultivated, and their ecological and cultural attributes. These PCADs are Agave murpheyi, A. delamateri, A. phillipsiana, A. sanpedroensis, A. verdensis and A. yavapaiensis.

Conclusion

Pre-contact agriculturists cultivated at least six once cryptic domesticated agave species in the modern Arizona landscape associated with pre-contact agricultural features, such as rock structures. Because of the longevity and primarily asexual reproduction of these agaves, relict clones have persisted to the present day, providing an opportunity to study pre-contact nutrition, trade, migration and agricultural practices. Taxonomic data imply that pre-contact farmers selected desirable attributes, initiating domestication processes that resulted in discrete lineages. These agaves are morphologically and genetically distinct from Southwest US and northern Mexico wild agaves and Mesoamerican wild and domesticated species. Additionally, the remnant clones present a rare opportunity to examine domesticates virtually unchanged since they were last cultivated prehistorically. These discoveries underline the need to view landscapes and some plant species from a cultural, rather than ‘natural’, perspective and discern potential cryptic species veiled by traditional taxonomic treatments. Protecting and understanding the distribution, and ecological and cultural roles of these plants require interdisciplinary collaboration between botanists, archaeologists, federal agencies and Indigenous Peoples.
Unravelling phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Cereeae using target enrichment sequencing
Authors: Romeiro-Brito Monique , Taylor Nigel P , Zappi Daniela C , Telhe Milena C , Franco Fernando F , Moraes Evandro M
Published: October 2023

Background and Aims

Cactaceae are succulent plants, quasi-endemic to the American continent, and one of the most endangered plant groups in the world. Molecular phylogenies have been key to unravelling phylogenetic relationships among major cactus groups, previously hampered by high levels of morphological convergence. Phylogenetic studies using plastid markers have not provided adequate resolution for determining generic relationships within cactus groups. This is the case for the tribe Cereeae s.l., a highly diverse group from tropical America. Here we aimed to reconstruct a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of tribe Cereeae and update the circumscription of suprageneric and generic groups in this tribe.

Methods

We integrated sequence data from public gene and genomic databases with new target sequences (generated using the customized Cactaceae591 probe set) across representatives of this tribe, with a denser taxon sampling of the subtribe Cereinae. We inferred concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic trees and compared the performance of both approaches.

Key Results

Six well-supported suprageneric clades were identified using different datasets. However, only genomic datasets, especially the Cactaceae591, were able to resolve the contentious relationships within the subtribe Cereinae.

Conclusions

We propose a new taxonomic classification within Cereeae based on well-resolved clades, including new subtribes (Aylosterinae subtr. nov., Uebelmanniinae subtr. nov. and Gymnocalyciinae subtr. nov.) and revised subtribes (Trichocereinae, Rebutiinae and Cereinae). We emphasize the importance of using genomic datasets allied with coalescent inference to investigate evolutionary patterns within the tribe Cereeae.
Effect ofHuntiella decorticansand drought onNothofagus dombeyiseedlings
Authors: Masera Pablo , Pildain María Belén , Aquino Mariano , De Errasti Andrés , Dalla Salda Guillermina , Rajchenberg Mario , Urretavizcaya María Florencia
Published: October 2023

In the temperate forests of Patagonia, Argentina, Nothofagus dombeyi, commonly known as Coihue, has shown sensitivity to intense drought events, leading to mortality. Studies have been conducted on Coihue decline and mortality using a variety of approaches, including the role of extreme heat waves and drought, pests and pathogens, particularly the fungus Huntiella decorticans. This work aimed to evaluate survival, vitality, necrosis extension and growth response of inoculated and non-inoculated Coihue seedlings from different provenances exposed to different soil moisture levels. To achieve this goal, 96 Coihue seedlings from 2 different provenances were assigned to 8 different experimental treatments. Treatments were composed of the presence or absence of H. decorticans and different soil moisture content conditions, dry, wet and the exposure to dry condition at different times of the experiment. Both dry conditions and H. decorticans had negative effects on the survival and growth rate of Coihue. The combination of both factors resulted in 100 % mortality, regardless of the plants’ geographical provenances. Mortality began to be observed 3 months after pathogen inoculation, during the warmest month. Necrosis extension produced by the pathogen was similar for most of the inoculated treatments. The treatment under wet condition during the experiment but subjected to dry condition in the previous growing season presented lower necrosis extension (8.4 ± 3.2 %), than the other treatments. The radial increase was also affected by the treatments and geographical provenance, being those plants exposed to dry conditions which grew less (0.19 ± 0.21 mm). This study enhances our understanding of the plant–pathogen interaction. According to our results, Coihue may become more susceptible to mortality, when H. decorticans and water deficit conditions act synergistically.
Molar wear in house mice: insight into diet preferences at an ecological timescale?
Authors: Renaud Sabrina , Ledevin Ronan , Dufour Anne-Béatrice , Romestaing Caroline , Hardouin Emilie A
Published: October 2023

In molars without permanent eruption, wear deeply modifies the geometry of the crown. To test for a signature of diet on wear dynamics, the molar geometry was compared between commensal house mice, relying on an omnivorous-granivorous diet, and Sub-Antarctic relatives, characterized by a switch towards a more ‘predatory’ behaviour. Laboratory-bred offspring of commensal mice served as a reference by providing mice of known age. Molar geometry was quantified using dense 3D semi-landmark based descriptors of the whole molar row and the upper molar only.

Laboratory offspring displayed a decreased rate of wear compared to their commensal relatives, due to reduced mastication in mice fed ad libitum. Sub-Antarctic mice displayed a similarly decreased rate of molar wear, in agreement with an optimization towards incisor biting to seize prey. Laboratory offspring and Sub-Antarctic mice were further characterized by straight molar rows, whereas in commensal mice, the erupting third molar deviated away from the longitudinal alignment with the other molars, due to masticatory loadings.

Quantifying changes in molar geometry could thus contribute to trace subtle diet variations, and provide a direct insight into the constraints during mastication, shedding light on the functional role of adaptive changes in molar geometry.