bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burj Khalifa‐Inspired Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Solutions
Authors: Salah J. , Madi M. , El Abbasi M. , Moussa M. , Daher A. , Hussein M. , Kabalan K.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a new microstrip patch antenna inspired by the iconic Burj Khalifa, Dubai's world's tallest skyscraper. The antenna design focuses on being compact, lightweight, cost‐effective, and versatile. Simulated through HFSS software, the patch antenna demonstrates a multi‐frequency operation. Fabricated on a double‐sided copper FR4 epoxy PCB (4 × 8 cm2, 1.6 mm thickness) using a coaxial probe feeding method, it achieves a gain exceeding 7 dB at 7 GHz. Prototypes show excellent consistency between measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains at 4.8, 5.7, and 7 GHz. Two additional designs are presented to adjust the resonance frequency, making it suitable for biomedical sensors, WIFI, and point‐to‐point microwave links. One design involves adding a short slot that is close to the feed point, while the other design includes a pair of varactors. Both designs create a reconfigurable microstrip antenna with electromagnetic characteristics that can be adjusted to increase its electrical length. The antenna resonates at 4.8 GHz. The slotted short patch shifts the resonance to 3.1 GHz, and the varactor patch shifts the resonance frequency to 2.1 GHz. When the DC reverse bias voltage of the varactors varies from 0 to 6 V, the gain improves to 15.2 dB.
Childhood family environment and μ-opioid receptor availability in vivo in adulthood
Authors: Saarinen Aino , Tuominen Lauri , Puttonen Sampsa , Raitakari Olli , Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa , Hietala Jarmo
Published: January 2025

Animal studies have reported associations of early maternal separation with altered μ-opioid receptor function but data on humans are scarce. We now investigated whether childhood family environment is related to μ-opioid receptor availability in the human brain in adulthood. Healthy participants (n = 37–39 in the analyses) were recruited from the prospective population-based Young Finns Study (YFS) that started in 1980. Childhood family environment was evaluated in 1980, including scores for stress-prone life events, disadvantageous emotional family atmosphere, and adverse socioeconomic environment. We used positron emission tomography (PET) with radioligand [11C]carfentanil to measure μ–opioid receptor availability in adulthood. Age- and sex-adjusted analyses showed that exposure to stress-prone life events in childhood was related to lower μ-opioid receptor binding in the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, putamen, amygdala, insula, thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsal caudate in adulthood (when compared to participants not exposed to stress-prone life events). Unfavorable socioeconomic family environment or disadvantageous emotional family atmosphere was not associated with μ-opioid receptor availability in adulthood. In conclusion, exposure to environmental instability (i.e., to stress-prone life events below traumatic threshold) during early development is associated with dysregulation of the u-opioid receptor transmission in adulthood. The findings increase understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the associations between childhood adversities and adulthood mental disorders.
Smad4 deficiency in hepatocytes attenuates NAFLD progression via inhibition of lipogenesis and macrophage polarization
Authors: Yang Wei , Yan Xuanxuan , Chen Rui , Xin Xin , Ge Shuang , Zhao Yongxiang , Yan Xinlong , Zhang Jinhua
Published: January 2025

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a major cause of chronic liver disorders, has become a serious public health issue. Although the Smad4 signaling pathway has been implicated in the progression of NAFLD, the specific role of Smad4 in hepatocytes in NAFLD pathogenesis remains unclear. Hepatocyte-specific knockout Smad4 mice (AlbSmad4−/−) were first constructed using the Cre-Loxp recombinant system to establish a high-fat diet induced NAFLD model. The role of Smad4 in the occurrence and development of NAFLD was determined by monitoring the body weight of mice, detecting triglycerides and free fatty acids in serum and liver tissue homogenates, staining the tissue sections to observe the accumulation of liver fat, and RT-qPCR detecting the expression of genes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid intake, and fatty acid β oxidation. The molecular mechanism of Smad4 in hepatocytes affecting NAFLD was therefore investigated through combining in vitro and in vivo experiments. Smad4 deficiency in hepatocytes mitigated NAFLD progression and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, Smad4 deficiency inhibited CXCL1 secretion by suppressing the activation of the ASK1/P38/JNK signaling pathway. Furthermore, targeting CXCL1 using CXCR2 inhibitors diminished hepatocyte lipogenesis and inhibited the polarization of M1-type macrophages. Collectively, these results suggested that Smad4 plays a vital role in exacerbating NAFLD and may be a promising candidate for anti-NAFLD therapy.
A MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry database for identification and classification of highly pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Lasch Peter , Beyer Wolfgang , Bosch Alejandra , Borriss Rainer , Drevinek Michal , Dupke Susann , Ehling-Schulz Monika , Gao Xuewen , Grunow Roland , Jacob Daniela , Klee Silke R. , Paauw Armand , Rau Jörg , Schneider Andy , Scholz Holger C. , Stämmler Maren , Thanh Tam Le Thi , Tomaso Herbert , Werner Guido , Doellinger Joerg
Published: January 2025

Today, MALDI-ToF MS is an established technique to characterize and identify pathogenic bacteria. The technique is increasingly applied by clinical microbiological laboratories that use commercially available complete solutions, including spectra databases covering clinically relevant bacteria. Such databases are validated for clinical, or research applications, but are often less comprehensive concerning highly pathogenic bacteria (HPB). To improve MALDI-ToF MS diagnostics of HPB we initiated a program to develop protocols for reliable and MALDI-compatible microbial inactivation and to acquire mass spectra thereof many years ago. As a result of this project, databases covering HPB, closely related bacteria, and bacteria of clinical relevance have been made publicly available on platforms such as ZENODO. This publication in detail describes the most recent version of this database. The dataset contains a total of 11,055 spectra from altogether 1,601 microbial strains and 264 species and is primarily intended to improve the diagnosis of HPB. We hope that our MALDI-ToF MS data may also be a valuable resource for developing machine learning-based bacterial identification and classification methods.
Assessing the association between household air pollution exposure and child heath in Mongolia: a birth-cohort study
Authors: Dai Zaiyou , Woolley Katherine E. , Dickinson-Craig Emma , Bayandorj Tsogzolma , Gombojav Narangerel , Tsogt Bazarragchaa , Warburton David , Thomas G. Neil , Manaseki-Holland Semira
Published: January 2025

Children in Mongolia are exposed to harmful levels of household air pollution (HAP) due to a high reliance on coal for indoor cooking and heating. This study aims to assess the association between HAP and child health outcomes, in a birth cohort from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. A composite HAP measure was created using information on cooking and heating fuels and behaviours collected as part of a randomised control trial assessing the impact of swaddling on child health. Child health outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant Development scores [BSID-II], pneumonia, height and weight) were collected at 7, 13, and 36 months. Linear and Cox proportional hazard model were used to assess the association between HAP and child health outcomes at each time point, adjusting for child, maternal and environmental confounding factors. An increased risk of pneumonia was observed with an increasing HAP score (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.02 [1.01, 1.04]) at 7 months). An increase in HAP exposure was associated with a decrease in the BSID mental score at 13 months (β: − 0.09 [− 0.17, − 0.01]), BSID psychomotor score at 36 months (β: − 0.12 [− 0.23, − 0.02]). A decrease in height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) were associated with increased HAP exposure at 7 (HAZ β: − 0.019 [− 0.030, − 0.010] and 13 months (HAZ β: − 0.020 [− 0.030, − 0.011], and WAZ β: − 0.012 [− 0.019, − 0.005]), however only HAZ was associated with HAP at 36 months (β: − 0.011 [− 0.020, − 0.002]). An increasing HAP score was associated with an increase in the health outcome composite score at 7 months only (β: 0.019; 95% CI 0.003–0.035). HAP exposure was shown to negatively impact child health sustainably over 3 years. There are implications for development of appropriate public health policies to mitigate HAP exposure throughout Mongolia and similar Central Asia settings.
The role of self-rumination and self-reflection in depressive symptoms among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits
Authors: Tamura Takehiro , Takagi Shunsuke , Takahashi Hidehiko , Sugihara Genichi
Published: January 2025

While some types of rumination have been reported as exacerbating factors in depressive symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits, the role of self-rumination remains underexplored. Additionally, self-reflection—a similar form of private self-consciousness which may have protective effects—has been even less examined. This study of 3,000 Japanese adults (aged 18–50 years) investigates self-rumination and self-reflection in depressive symptoms related to ADHD, using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation and linear regression for mediation/moderation. ADHD traits were correlated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.413, p < 0.001), mediated by self-rumination (indirect effect = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.26]). Self-reflection was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.193, p < 0.001) but had a protective effect when controlling for self-rumination (β = −0.75, p < 0.001). Moderated mediation analysis showed self-reflection reduced depressive symptoms related to ADHD traits by moderating both the impact of ADHD traits on self-rumination and the influence of self-rumination on depressive symptoms. These effects were particularly significant for inattention traits. Our findings suggest that self-reflection, by mitigating self-rumination, may serve as a therapeutic target for depressive symptoms in adults with ADHD traits.
Quantum many-body physics calculations with large language models
Authors: Pan Haining , Mudur Nayantara , Taranto William , Tikhanovskaya Maria , Venugopalan Subhashini , Bahri Yasaman , Brenner Michael P. , Kim Eun-Ah
Published: January 2025

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated abilities to perform complex tasks in multiple domains, including mathematical and scientific reasoning. We demonstrate that with carefully designed prompts, LLMs can accurately carry out key calculations in research papers in theoretical physics. We focus on a broadly-used approximation method in quantum physics: the Hartree-Fock method, requiring an analytic multi-step calculation deriving approximate Hamiltonian and corresponding self-consistency equations. To carry out the calculations using LLMs, we design multi-step prompt templates that break down the analytic calculation into standardized steps with placeholders for problem-specific information. We evaluate GPT-4’s performance in executing the calculation for 15 papers from the past decade, demonstrating that, with the correction of intermediate steps, it can correctly derive the final Hartree-Fock Hamiltonian in 13 cases. Aggregating across all research papers, we find an average score of 87.5 (out of 100) on the execution of individual calculation steps. We further use LLMs to mitigate the two primary bottlenecks in this evaluation process: (i) extracting information from papers to fill in templates and (ii) automatic scoring of the calculation steps, demonstrating good results in both cases.
Accelerating the discovery of high-mobility molecular semiconductors: a machine learning approach
Authors: Nematiaram Tahereh , Lamprou Zenon , Moshfeghi Yashar
Published: January 2025

The two-dimensionality (2D) of charge transport significantly affects charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors, making it a key target for materials discovery and design.
A radical approach towards polarity-reversed para-substitution of electron-deficient arenes
Authors: Singh Shashank , Kundu Arindam , Empel Claire , Koenigs René Michael , Singh Ravi P.
Published: January 2025

We have developed a protocol for polarity-reversed para-substitution of electron-deficient arenes. The potential for drug design synthesis has been showcased by this economical method that provides access to a variety of building blocks.
Current progress in layered double hydroxide-based electrocatalysts for urea oxidation: insights into strategies and mechanisms
Authors: Satheesan Asha K , Madhu Ragunath , Nagappan Sreenivasan , Dhandapani Hariharan N , De Aditi , Singha Roy Suprobhat , Mazumder Prasita , Kundu Subrata
Published: January 2025

This review examines LDHs as UOR electrocatalysts a key process in urea-assisted hydrogen production. It discusses their limitations and explores strategies for performance enhancement of LDHs. Future research directions are also highlighted.
Analyzing the concentration-dependent Soret coefficient minimum in salt solutions: an overview
Authors: Rudani Binny A. , Briels W. J. , Wiegand Simone
Published: January 2025

The non-monotonic behavior of the Soret coefficient in aqueous salt solutions with concentration is due to the Onsager coefficient ratio, a dynamic quantity unexplained by thermodynamics.
Enabling high-performance multivalent metal-ion batteries: current advances and future prospects
Authors: Mahmood Asif , Bai Zhe , Wang Tan , Lei Yaojie , Wang Shijian , Sun Bing , Khan Hajra , Khan Karim , Sun Kening , Wang Guoxiu
Published: January 2025

This review discusses challenges and innovations in multivalent metal-ion batteries, focusing on materials, electrolytes, separators, advanced characterization as well as role of machine learning for high performance, stability, and scalability.
Phosphine/sulfoxide-carbone, a ligand with a flexible bonding mode for early to late transition metals
Authors: Hameury Sophie , Bousquet Laura , Saffon-Merceron Nathalie , Baceiredo Antoine , Madec David , Maerten Eddy
Published: January 2025

A series of organometallic complexes is reported to demonstrate the versatility in coordination mode of phosphine/sulfoxide carbone. Early and late transition metals can be chelated, in a mono- or bidentate fashion depending on the metal center.
Extracting contact recombination from FFT-filtered photoluminescence imaging of half-metallised silicon solar cells
Authors: Shi Yifu , Payne David N. R. , Fell Andreas , Leon Cyril , Niewelt Tim , Khorani Edris , Wilshaw Peter R. , Murphy John D. , Okamoto Kuninori , Bonilla Ruy S.
Published: January 2025

Recombination at the metal-silicon interface is a major barrier to reaching the theoretical power conversion efficiency limits. We present a PL method for evaluating the metal contact recombination current (J0,c) of rear TOPCon metallisation.
Sono- and mechanochemical dual syntheses of bio-relevant aryldiazenyl-substituted phosphine oxides/phosphonates via P(O)–H functionalisation
Authors: Mukherjee Debojyoti , Karmakar Indrajit , Brahmachari Goutam
Published: January 2025

A sonochemistry and mechanochemistry-driven dual-synthetic approach for bio-relevant phosphoramide derivatives containing phosphorus–nitrogen (P–N) bonds under catalyst- and additive-free conditions, satisfying several green chemistry aspects.
Efficient and switchable production of bio-diol/triol chemicals from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Rezayan Armin , Wu Dan , Zhang Zhen , Yang Xiaomeng , Nie Renfeng , Lu Tianliang , Wang Jianshe , Si Xiaoqin , Zhang Yongsheng , Xu Chunbao
Published: January 2025

This study showcases the switchable production of BHMF and 1,2,6-HTO chemicals via HMF hydrogenation and ring-opening hydrogenolysis using a Co5CuAl catalyst with modified electro-geometric properties compared to monometallic CoAl and CuAl catalysts.
Enhanced lithium extraction from brine using surface-modified LiMn2O4 electrode with nanoparticle islands
Authors: Luo Guiling , He Muyao , Zhang Li , Deng Jianquan , Chen Linlin , Chao Yanhong , Liu Haiyan , Zhu Wenshuai , Liu Zhichang
Published: January 2025

Modification of LiMn2O4 lithium storage and diffusion using lithium storage type SnO2. Island-type modification of nanoparticles improves the electro-adsorption capacity of LMO.
Microfluidic digital focus assays for the quantification of infectious influenza virus
Authors: Srimathi Siddharth Raghu , Ignacio Maxinne A. , Rife Maria , Tai Sheldon , Milton Donald K. , Scull Margaret A. , DeVoe Don L.
Published: January 2025

Microfluidic cell culture arrays enable digital focus assays for efficient quantification of infectious virus titer.
MOSAEC-DB: a comprehensive database of experimental metal–organic frameworks with verified chemical accuracy suitable for molecular simulations
Authors: Gibaldi Marco , Kapeliukha Anna , White Andrew , Luo Jun , Mayo Robert Alex , Burner Jake , Woo Tom K.
Published: January 2025

MOSAEC-DB represents the largest and most diverse dataset of experimental MOFs suitable for simulation and machine learning applications. Novel approaches utilizing metal oxidation states enhance its chemical accuracy relative to past MOF databases.
Improving near-room-temperature thermoelectrics: the role of Ag2Se doping and Bi/Sb ratio in (Bi,Sb)2Te3
Authors: Ou Wenxin , Li Ruiheng , Zhou Chunliang , Luo Yuange , Xie Yin , Ang Ran
Published: January 2025

Thermoelectric performance of (Bi,Sb)₂Te₃ is enhanced through Ag₂Se doping and Bi/Sb ratio adjustment, boosting the quality factor. Devices achieve superior conversion efficiency, highlighting the success of this two-step optimization process.
AI-assisted discovery of quantitative and formal models in social science
Authors: Balla Julia , Huang Sihao , Dugan Owen , Dangovski Rumen , Soljačić Marin
Published: January 2025

In social science, formal and quantitative models, ranging from ones that describe economic growth to collective action, are used to formulate mechanistic explanations of the observed phenomena, provide predictions, and uncover new research questions. Here, we demonstrate the use of a machine learning system to aid the discovery of symbolic models that capture non-linear and dynamical relationships in social science datasets. By extending neuro-symbolic methods to find compact functions and differential equations in noisy and longitudinal data, we show that our system can be used to discover interpretable models from real-world data in economics and sociology. Augmenting existing workflows with symbolic regression can help uncover novel relationships and explore counterfactual models during the scientific process. We propose that this AI-assisted framework can bridge parametric and non-parametric models commonly employed in social science research by systematically exploring the space of non-linear models and enabling fine-grained control over expressivity and interpretability.
Theory of superconducting SNS junctions near T
c in the presence of a depairing interaction in the barrier region
Authors: Kuplevakhskii S. V. , Fal’ko I. I.
Published: January 2025

A microscopic theory of the superconducting SNS junction is constructed for temperatures close to critical and a nonzero depairing parameter τK−1 in the barrier region. In the limit of a large thickness d of the normal layer, the boundary conditions for the Ginzburg–Landau equation are specified, the formula for the critical Josephson current is derived, and the superconducting transition temperature Tc (for junctions of finite size) and the penetration depth δeff for a weak magnetic field into the region of superconducting banks are calculated.
Superconductivity of lamellar systems with a charge density wave
Authors: Shpigel’ A. S.
Published: January 2025

The superconducting state in a system of two-dimensional layers with a charge density wave (CDW) is considered. It is shown that intra- and interlayer electron–hole correlations associated with CDW facilitate the coexistence of intra- and interlayer Cooper pairing (mixed phase). The critical temperature of the mixed phase depends nonmonotonically on structural deformations.
Pinning of magnetic flux vortices and dislocations in aging Pb–Sb alloys
Authors: Isaev N. V. , Pustovalov V. V. , Fomenko V. S.
Published: January 2025

Superconducting Pb–Sb alloys of nonequilibrium concentration are studied. The effect of decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution on low-temperature plastic properties (yield strength) of the alloys and on some of their superconducting parameters (second critical magnetic field, residual magnetic inductance) is investigated. The evolution of an imperfect structure under different heat treatments is studied as well as the interaction of dislocations and magnetic flux vortices with structural components.
Thermo-emf of YBa2Cu3O7–x single crystal and phase transition at 240 K
Authors: Morgun V. N. , Chebotaev N. N. , Bondarenko A. V.
Published: January 2025

The thermo-emf of YBa2Cu3O7–x single crystal with Tc ≃ 83 K in the (a – b) plane is measured in the temperature interval 80–300 K. An analysis of the thermo-emf indicates the presence of a phase transition at T ∼ 215 K.
Photosensitivity of La2CuO4 single crystal surface. Optical polarization studies
Authors: Mil’ner A. A. , Kharchenko N. F.
Published: January 2025

Photoinduced variation of the linear optical anisotropy is found experimentally during a study of the polarized light reflection from a La2CuO4 single crystal. The effect is detected when the sample is exposed to unpolarized light of 10–5 W/cm2 in the spectral region from 350 to 750 nm. At T ∼ 10 K a new state of the illuminated surface is achieved for about 103 and persists in the dark without any changes for t ≳ 5 × 104 s. Light-induced variations of the reflection anisotropy are observed at T ≤ 80 K only. After heating above this temperature the sample properties are recovered.
Pinning properties, far-infrared reflectivity, millimeter-wave surface resistance, and conversion-electron-Mössbauer spectroscopy of epitaxial YBaCuO films before and after irradiation
Authors: Saemann-lschenko G.
Published: January 2025

Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7 and 57Fe:YBA2Cu3O7 films were prepared by laser ablation onto single-crystalline SrTiO3 and MgO. Excellent properties (which were reproducible), were obtained [e. g., complete c-axis orientation, jc (T = 77 K, B = 0) up to 5·106 A-cm−2]. The microstructure of the samples was characterized by x-ray diffraction, high-resolution TEM, scanning tunneling microscopy, and RBS. A variety of investigations (e. g., measurements of superconducting and normal state properties, far-infrared reflectivity over a wide frequency range at different temperatures, microwave response between 4.2 and 300 K, conversion-electron-Mössbauer spectroscopy) were performed on these films before and after irradiation with heavy ions (25 MeV 16O and 173 MeV 129 Xe at the low-temperature irradiation facilities of the Erlangen Tandem van de Graaff accelerator and VICKSI, HMI, Berlin.
Review of surface impedance measurements on high-T
c superconductors
Authors: Müller G.
Published: January 2025

The microwave surface impedance Zs is a very sensitive measure of the density of charge carriers in high-Tc oxide superconductors. The real part of Zs, the surface resistance Rs, is proportional to the number of unpaired conduction electrons, which cause strongly temperature dependent Joule losses below Tc at gigahertz frequencies. The imaginary part of Zs, the surface reactance Xs = ωμ0λ, is related to the density of the paired quasi-particles within the magnetic field penetration depth. Both parts of Zs depend strongly on the surface quality of oxide superconductors, i.e., on their phase purity, anisotropic properties, and granularity. In this contribution the experimental techniques and results of Zs measurements between 100 MHz and 150 GHz and between 4.2 and 300 K on oxide superconductor samples are reviewed. For YBa2Cu3O7–δ, polycrystalline bulk samples and thick films on silver substrates partially c-axis-textured in high magnetic fields have been investigated, as well as single crystals and highly oriented thin films on various dielectric substrates. The best thin films show a steep fall-off of Rs below Tc resulting in values at 77 K and 90 GHz of 8 mΩ which are about one order of magnitude lower than Rs of pure copper at the same temperature. The measured λ (T) dependence is in good agreement with that from the BCS theory in the weak coupling limit and provides a λ (0) value of 160 nm for currents in the ab plane. A significant increase of Rs at high microwave field levels is only observed for granular samples, but no breakdown of the superconducting state occurs up to 64 mT. These results are rather promising for microwave and electronic applications of oxide superconductors up to terahertz frequencies.
Heat capacity features and dynamics of high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Telezhenko Yu. V. , Gurevich A. M. , Eropkin V. N.
Published: January 2025

Literature and original data on the heat capacity of HT superconductors in the wide temperature range (0.3–120 K) are briefly reviewed.

The main main features observed in the temperature dependence of HT superconductor heat capacity in the range of low temperatures and the superconductive transition are given.

C v (T) dependence are calculated on the basis of theoretical and experimental spectra given in the literature. Contributions from different normal modes in HT superconductors are considered.
Paraconductivity of YBaCuO point contacts above 100 K
Authors: Yanson I. K. , Rybalchenko L. F. , Bobrov N. L. , Fisun V. V.
Published: January 2025

Due to the low charge-carrier concentration in the new high-Tc superconductors, the fluctuating pairing of electrons at temperatures above Tc is much stronger than in conventional superconductors. In this study we observed excess conductivity of point contacts between YBa2Cu3O7−δ and Ag at temperature above Tc. Contacts having a resistance RN 15 < Ω were made by the shear method inside the cryostat. At T < Tc (Tc = 92−94 K) they were characterized by a large. excess current, which indicates that the constriction region at the S-electrode side consisted mainly of the superconducting 1–2–3 phase and there were no apppreciable barrier layers at the electrode interface. The excess conductivity of such contacts appeared as a wide minimum on the dV/dI(V) dependences at temperatures above Tc up to 200–220 K. In this temperature range we calculated the excess conductivity at V = 0 and α′ = = 1/RT−1/RN, where RT is the contact resistance at a given temperature and RN is the normal state resistance. Plotting these results in logarithmic coordinates σ′/σN−τ(τ = T/Tc−1), we find that in the interval 120–180 K the excess conductivity can, with good accuracy, be respresented by the power law σ′/σ ∝ τ−1 characteristic of the two-dimensional systems. The noticeable effect of the magnetic field on the excess conductivity at T > 2Tc enables one to postulate the presence of small quantities of an unknown superconductive phase with Tc > 200 K.
Cost-benefit analysis in demand response with penalty and grid management using blockchain
Authors: Ramasamy Manikandan , Kaliannan Thenmalar , Ramasamy Saravanakumar
Published: January 2025

In a power system network, balancing energy demand is a difficult issue. In this case, a microgrid is a grid-connected system that combines wind and solar power. Demand response and renewables have a significant impact on how well electricity distribution networks operate. Here, three scenarios are examined: microgrid energy management, consumer penalty, and grid management with blockchain (BC) technology advancements. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind units, with a curtailed incentive-based demand response scheme, are discussed in this paper along with economic dispatch. This study aims to optimize utility benefits while minimizing transaction and conventional power costs. Two distinct optimization methods such as the gray wolf optimization algorithm and particle swarm optimization are employed to solve the optimization model. Three units with three customer test systems are proposed to implement this work. Customers are given penalties when they fail to use renewable energy. BC technology is offered as a way to safeguard energy transactions between the grid and microgrid. Ultimately, outcomes are acquired and compared using optimization methods for test system results. A 24-h scheduling interval is used to produce optimization results.
Machine learning predicting the transport mechanisms and entrainment characteristics of negative buoyant jets
Authors: Xia Yaowen , Gao Wenfeng , Li Qiong , Wu Banglong , Xie Jia , Yang Shuting
Published: January 2025

Fountains injected into homogeneous fluids, characterized by combined temperature and concentration effects, are common in both natural and environmental settings. In this study, the capacities of several machine learning models, including support vector regression, multi-layer perceptron, random forests, XGBoost, CatBoost, AdaBoost, and LightGBM, were investigated to clarify the transient flow behavior of fountains. The results indicated that the multi-layer perceptron was superior to the other models as it provided improved coefficient of determination, root mean squared error, and mean absolute error. This study confirmed that the machine learning techniques have great potential to study the transient flow behavior of fountains.
Properties and antifouling performance of fabricated polymers containing copper thiocyanate
Authors: Prasad Krishnamurthy , Piola Richard F. , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Khan Hareem , Molino Paul J. , Hare Dominic J. , Salim Nisa V. , Hameed Nishar
Published: January 2025

Fouling of subsurface structures by micro and macro-organisms is a centuries-old problem that can be better managed by the use of multi-functional materials and modern fabrication techniques. Copper(I) thiocyanate, or CuTC, is a common coordination polymer that reduces the adherence and growth of marine organisms on underwater surfaces used as a paint additive. Test samples of polymers that contained up to 20% (w/w) CuTC were fabricated using two methods: a two-part epoxy system, cast into moulds and cured at room temperature; and stereolithography, a 3-D printing technique that uses UV light to set designs additively manufactured from a single part urethane resin. Fabricated materials were extensively characterised by advanced X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarised synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (S-FTIR) microspectroscopy, which together revealed distinct molecular networking structures within the added chemical biocide that depended on the manufacturing method used. Performance was tested over a 3-month deployment, which showed marked differences in the effectiveness of the fabricated material types in resisting fouling by aquatic organisms in a static estuarine environment. These differences are attributable to distinct physical and chemical properties of the test materials imparted upon them by the fabrication method, all of which are areas for further investigation in the development of manufactured fouling-resistant polymers for use in marine environments.
Solubility and dissolution kinetics of particle-bound metals in a surrogate lung fluid
Authors: D’Aronco Sara , Di Marco Valerio , Gambalunga Alberto , Chiara Federica , Trevisan Andrea , Giorio Chiara
Published: January 2025

Environmental context Metals in airborne particles can interact with lung fluids once particles are inhaled. Water solubility of particle-bound metals is often used to define their bioavailability. We show that particle-bound metals exhibit a complex dissolution kinetics in a surrogate lung fluid, their solubility and dissolution kinetics are driven by the fluid composition, and only to a minor extent by atmospheric aqueous phase processing of aerosols. Rationale Metals in airborne particles can interact with lung fluids once particles are inhaled and cause oxidative stress. Their oxidative potential is dependent on their solubility and dissolution kinetics in the lung fluids. Methodology In this study, we collected PM2.5 samples from the city of Padova (Italy), in the northern Italian Po Valley. We investigated the solubility and dissolution kinetics of particle-bound metals in a surrogate epithelial lining fluid (SELF) and compared the results to those obtained for a fog water. Results We found that most elements present a complex dissolution kinetics characterised by three phases: (1) immediate dissolution, (2) first-order dissolution, and (3) first-order precipitation. We observed that the speciation of metal ions in the SELF influences the dissolution kinetics of each element. We also found that atmospheric aqueous phase processing in fog can influence the dissolution kinetics of the elements in SELF. Discussion The speciation study showed that the SELF composition is the main driver of metal solubility and dissolution kinetics with only a minor influence of atmospheric fog processing. Therefore, metal bioavailability is mainly determined by the biological fluid composition.
Modeling cardiac contractile cooperativity across species
Authors: Childers Matthew Carter
Published: January 2025

Phan and Fitzsimons (https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.202413582) develop a new mathematical model of muscle contraction that explores cooperative mechanisms in small (murine) and large (porcine) myocardium.
Novel low-energy geometries of single, double and triple tellurium atomic helices
Authors: Kirczenow George
Published: January 2025

A theoretical study of single, double and triple hydrogen-terminated chains of tellurium atoms is presented. Surprisingly, H-terminated single chains with 3 Te atoms per unit cell (as in bulk trigonal Te) are found to be unstable. They relax to regular helical structures with lower energies and smaller twist angles. However, some irregular chains are found to have still lower energies, and compact disordered H-terminated Te chains of mixed chirality are found to have even lower energies. These findings are compared with results of a new systematic study of infinite periodic Te atomic chains. Pairs of H-terminated Te atomic chains are found to form DNA-like double helices with lower energies than compact disordered structures of the two chains. Triplets of H-terminated Te atomic chains are found to form triple helices. The single, double and triple Te helices reported here are beyond the scope of previously studied periodic models with small unit cells.
Image encryption algorithm based on V-shaped scanning and matrix multiplication
Authors: Sun Jiehua , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Chen Chuxia
Published: January 2025

In the big data era, images serve as essential carriers of visual information, widely utilized across fields such as commerce, healthcare, education, and the military. To ensure the security of digital images, image encryption has been widely concerned. In this paper, we propose an image encryption algorithm using a novel two-dimensional (2D) chaotic map, V-shaped scanning and matrix multiplication. Firstly, we combine two classical seed chaotic maps, the Logistic map and the Infinite Collapse Map (ICM) to form a novel 2D hyper-chaotic map named 2D-LICM, which has better performance than its seed maps and several recent 2D chaotic maps in bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, Lyapunov exponent andsample entropy. Secondly, two chaotic sequences are used to generate a series of matrices which have modular inverse matrices in mode 256, and the original image is divided into 2 × 2 matrix blocks where the matrix multiplication operation is conducted. Thirdly, to further enhance the diffusion effect, we carry out a global exclusive-OR (XOR) diffusion operation by forward and reverse diffusion. Finally, a novel V-shaped scanning is designed to scramble the diffused image. The experimental result shows that the key space of our algorithm exceeds

2

199

, making it sufficiently large to resist exhaustive attacks. Additionally, the entropy value of the cipher image for boat.512 is 7.9992, which is very close to the ideal value of 8. Hence, the proposed algorithm is robust, making it appropriate for practical applications.
A class of generalized Liénard equations with high power damping and its applications to the KP-Burgers type equation
Authors: Hu Yanxia , Liu Shaoru
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a class of generalized Liénard equations with high power damping, which can describe the dynamic behavior of many physical phenomena, is considered. The property of integrating factors of the equations is investigated, and the corresponding first integral can be derived. Specially, the explicit expressions of integrating factors of several families of the equations with n = 2 are obtained. The linearizable family of the equations via the certain non-local transformation is given, and an explicit expression that connects integrating factors of the linearizable equations and that of linear equations is provided. Finally, the applications to a class of (2+1)-dimensional KP-Burgers type equation are proposed, and the linearization condition of traveling wave reduction of the equation is obtained, therefore, the corresponding wave solutions of the original partial differential equation can be deduced. Furthermore, the three-dimensional images of the wave solutions are provided for a better understanding of the behavior of the solutions.
Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
Authors: Christiansen Ø. , Adamek J. , Hassani F. , Mota D.
Published: January 2025

For most of cosmic history, the evolution of our Universe has been governed by the physics
of a `dark sector', consisting of dark matter and dark energy, whose properties are only
understood in a schematic way. The influence of these constituents is mediated exclusively by the
force of gravity, meaning that insight into their nature must be gleaned from gravitational
phenomena. The advent of gravitational-wave astronomy has revolutionised the field of black hole
astrophysics, and opens a new window of discovery for cosmological sources. Relevant examples
include topological defects, such as domain walls or cosmic strings, which are remnants of a phase
transition. Here we present the first simulations of cosmic structure formation in which the
dynamics of the dark sector introduces domain walls as a source of stochastic gravitational waves
in the late Universe. We study in detail how the spectrum of gravitational waves is affected by
the properties of the model, and extrapolate the results to scales relevant to the recent evidence
for a stochastic gravitational wave background. Our relativistic implementation of the field
dynamics paves the way for optimal use of the next generation of gravitational experiments to
unravel the dark sector.
Impact of radiative cooling on the magnetised geometrically thin accretion disc around Kerr black hole
Authors: Dihingia Indu K. , Mizuno Yosuke , Fromm Christian M. , Younsi Ziri
Published: January 2025

It is believed that the spectral state transitions of the outbursts in X-ray binaries (XRBs) are triggered by the rise of the mass accretion rate due to underlying disc instabilities. Recent observations found that characteristics of disc winds are probably connected with the different spectral states, but the theoretical underpinnings of it are highly ambiguous. To understand the correlation between disc winds and the dynamics of the accretion flow, we have performed General Relativistic Magneto-hydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of an axisymmetric thin accretion disc with different accretion rates and magnetic field strengths.
Our simulations have shown that the dynamics and the temperature properties depend on both accretion rates and magnetic field strengths. We later found that these properties greatly influence spectral properties. We calculated the average coronal temperature for different simulation models, which is correlated with high-energy Compton emission. Our simulation models reveal that the average coronal temperature is anti-correlated with the accretion rates, which are correlated with the magnetic field strengths. We also found that the structured component of the disc winds (Blandford-Payne disc wind) predominates as the accretion rates and magnetic field strengths increase. In contrast, the turbulent component of the disc winds (B
tor disc wind) predominates as the accretion rates and magnetic field strengths decrease. Our results suggest that the disc winds during an outburst in XRBs can only be understood if the magnetic field contribution varies over time (e.g., MAXI J1820+070).
A natural explanation of the VPOS from multistate Scalar Field Dark Matter
Authors: Bernal Tula , Matos Tonatiuh , San.-Hernandez Leonardo
Published: January 2025

Observations with the Gaia satellite have confirmed that the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way are not distributed as homogeneously as expected. The same occurs in galaxies such as Andromeda and Centaurus A, where satellites around their host galaxies have been observed to have orbits aligned perpendicular to the galactic plane of the host galaxy. This problem is known for the Milky Way as Vast Polar Structure (VPOS). The Scalar Field Dark Matter Field (SFDM), also known as Ultralight-, Fuzzy-, BEC-, and Axion-dark matter, proposes dark matter is a scalar field, which in the non-relativistic limit follows the Schrödinger equation coupled to the Poisson equation. Although the SF here is classical, the Schrödinger equation contains a ground and excited states as part of its nature. In this work, we show that such quantum character of the SFDM can naturally explain the VPOS observed in galaxies. By taking into account the finite temperature corrections for a complex, self-interacting SF at very early epochs of the Universe, we show that with the ground and first excited states in the Newtonian limit, we can fit the rotation curves of the host galaxies. With the best-fit parameters obtained, we can explain the VPOS. We do this with particular galaxies, such as the Milky Way, Andromeda, Centaurus A, and 6 other galaxies whose satellites have been observed. This result shows that the multistate SFDM is not distributed homogeneously around the galaxy, and therefore might explain the anisotropic distribution of the satellite galaxies. According to this result, this could be a general characteristic of the galaxies in the Universe. Finally, we also show how the scale of each galaxy depends on a parameter determined by the final temperature of the SF galactic halo under study. This might explain why different galaxies with SFDM give different values of the mass of the SF.
Quantitative Assessment of Dome Seeing for MUST Project
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Lao Junsen , Cai Zheng , Huang Song , Guo Liquan , Bian Qi , Zheng Yamin , Zhang Yifan , Wang Zhuoxiao , Wang Zichao , Dai Xiaodong , Lu Lu , Zhu Youpan , Huang Lei
Published: January 2025

The Multiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST) project, led by Tsinghua University and located on Saishiteng Mountain in Qinghai Province, benefits from exceptional atmospheric seeing conditions. However, local dome seeing, which can be comparable to atmospheric seeing, necessitates careful management. This research, based on numerical simulations, focuses on optimizing the thermal insulation design of the spectrograph chamber at the dome base to prevent heat conduction to the dome layer, thereby mitigating dome seeing. A comprehensive multiphysics field coupling simulation was employed, integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD), thermodynamics, and ray tracing. The CFD analysis utilizes the large eddy simulation model to perform three-dimensional transient simulations and to capture optical turbulence. Both forced and natural convection scenarios were considered in the convective heat transfer simulations, using tailored algorithms. Based on the flow and temperature field distributions, the refractive index field was derived, and gradient-index ray tracing was conducted through the optical system of MUST. The broadening of the point-spread function was used as a quantitative metric for evaluating dome seeing. This approach closely approximates real-world conditions, enhancing simulation accuracy. The results guided the optimization of the spectrograph chamber's thermal insulation design, demonstrating that implementing appropriate ventilation between the dome and spectrograph chamber can effectively block heat transfer, ensuring dome seeing remains within a reasonable range and preserving the observational capabilities of MUST.
Intrathecal delivery of BDNF to the lumbar spinal cord modulates lumbar interneurons activity in a feline model of spinal cord injury
Authors: Paz Amaya J , Marchionne F , Krupka A J , Duong T , Lemay M A
Published: January 2025

Objective. In the present study, we examined the correlations between the recovery of stepping obtained with intrathecal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) delivery to the lumbar spinal cord and the firing of the lumbar spinal interneurons in a feline model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Approach. In-vivo extracellular recordings of spinal neurons were conducted using two 64-channel microelectrode arrays inserted in the intermediate zone of the L3–L7 segments of cats spinalized at the T11–T12 level that received either saline or BDNF delivered intrathecally to the lumbar cisterna via an implanted minipump. Interneuronal activity was explored in terms of averaged neuronal firing properties and in terms of spike train interactions. Main results. With respect to averaged neuronal firing properties, we observed a significant increase in firing frequency in BNDF-treated animals and a similar distribution of the units’ preferred phase of firing relative to the step cycle between the groups. With respect to spike train interactions, we observed higher synchrony of firing in BDNF-treated animals as well as less dependency on the unit’s past firing. Significance. Studies conducted in feline models of complete SCI show a gradual recovery of hindlimb stepping after intensive treadmill training. Similarly, delivery of neurotrophins such as BDNF or neurotrophin-3 to the injury site via cellular transplant or via implantable mini-pump to the lumbar cisterna has been shown to promote recovery of locomotor behavior in the absence of locomotor training. The results from this study suggest that BDNF treatment sets the overall population in a state of high excitability, which along with higher synchrony and ensemble-dependent behavior, allows for the proper integration of cutaneous and proprioceptive input resulting in treadmill locomotor recovery after SCI.
Hydrodynamics and operating force characteristics of sector gate during dynamic water closure
Authors: Zhang Shouyuan , Wang Xin , Ma Haitao
Published: January 2025

The design of sector gates is contingent upon the operating capacity, which represents a critical focus in gate design. Analyzing the characteristics of the operating force during operation is essential for evaluating the operating capacity of the gate. The study focuses on the hydrodynamic characteristics and operating force of sector gates during the dynamic water closure process. Through a comparative analysis of a 1:20 scale physical model and a three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction numerical model, the development and dissipation of vortices during gate closure are revealed. The results show that the operating force is closely related to the hydraulic characteristics of the gate recess, reaching the maximum at small relative gate openings. The chamber flow velocity significantly affects the operating force, while the effect of submergence depth is minimal. This research provides hydrodynamic data support for the design and operation of sector gates.