bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of R‐(+)‐ and S‐(−)‐8‐hydroxy‐2‐(N, N‐dipropylamino)‐[2‐3H] tetralin. HCl (8‐OH‐DPAT) a 5HT1A receptor agonist
Authors: Ackland M. J. , Dring L. G. , Jones J. R. , Gilon N.
Published: October 2006

The title compounds were synthesised in 7 steps from 1,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene as follows: 1,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene was methylated and subjected to a Birch reduction to yield 8‐methoxy‐2‐tetralone. Reductive amination with sodium cyanoboro[3H]hydride and n‐propylamine gave 8‐methoxy‐2‐(n‐propylamino)‐[2‐3H]tetralin which was acylated and reduced to give (±) 8‐methoxy‐2‐(N, N‐dipropylamino)‐[2‐3H]tetralin. Treatment with conc. HCl gave (±)‐8‐hydroxy‐2‐(N, N‐dipropylamino)‐[2‐3H]tetralin. The racemate was then resolved by chiral mobile phase chromatography.
Amphiphilic Poly(D,L‐lactic acid)/Poly(ethylene glycol)/Poly(D,L‐lactic acid) Nanogels for Controlled Release of Hydrophobic Drugs
Authors: Lee Wen‐Chuan , Li Yuan‐Chung , Chu I‐Ming
Published: October 2006

Summary: Photocrosslinked nanogels with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell are successfully fabricated with the goal of obtaining a biocompatible and biodegradable drug carrier for hydrophobic anticancer drugs. These nanogels are composed of amphiphilic triblock copolymers, poly(D,L‐lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(D,L‐lactic acid) (PLA‐PEG‐PLA), with acrylated groups at the end of the PLA segments. The copolymers are synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization and possess a low CMC (49.6 mg · L−1), which easily helps to form micelles by self‐assembly. The acrylated end groups allow the micelles to be photocrosslinked by ultraviolet irradiation, which turn the micelles into nanogels. These nanogels exhibit excellent stability as a suspension in aqueous media at ambient temperature as compared to the micelles. Moreover, the size of the nanogels is easily manipulated in a range of 150 to 250 nm by changing the concentration of crosslinkers, e.g., ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and ultraviolet light irradiation time. The nanogels achieve a high encapsulation efficiency and offer a steady and long‐term release mechanism for the hydrophobic anticancer drug, CPT. It shows that these nanogels are useful for a hydrophobic anticancer drug‐carrier system.

Formation of the PLA‐PEG‐PLA nanogels.

magnified image

Formation of the PLA‐PEG‐PLA nanogels.
Synthesis of Fluorinated Chitin Derivatives via Enzymatic Polymerization
Authors: Makino Akira , Ohmae Masashi , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: October 2006

Summary: Synthesis of fluorinated chitin derivatives has been achieved using chitinase from Bacillus sp. as a catalyst. 6′‐Fluoro‐ (1a), 6‐fluoro‐ (1b) and 6,6′‐difluoro‐ (1c) chitobiose oxazoline derivatives were newly prepared as TSAS monomers for chitinase. Ring‐opening polyaddition of these monomers proceeded effectively at pH 8.0–9.0 and 30–40 °C, giving rise to alternatingly 6‐fluorinated chitin derivatives (2a and 2b) from 1a and 1b, and fully 6‐fluorinated chitin derivative (2c) from 1c under total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. XRD measurements revealed that polysaccharides 2a and 2b had crystalline structures similar to that of α‐chitin.

magnified image
Influence of Ethylene Ionomers on the Electrical Properties of Crosslinked Polyethylene
Authors: Ke Qing Quan , Huang Xing Yi , Wei Ping , Wang Gen Lin , Jiang Ping Kai
Published: October 2006

Summary: Water treeing is a deterioration mechanism observed in the polymeric insulation of extruded cables, which can affect the service life of the transmission and distribution XLPE power cables. To improve the water‐tree resistance of XLPE, it was blended with sodium‐neutralized EAA‐Na ionomers which were formed by neutralization of EAA with NaOH. A series of XLPE/EAA‐Na ionomer blends were investigated for their electrical properties, such as water treeing, electrical breakdown strength, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor. The results strongly suggest that EAA‐Na ionomers can improve the water‐tree resistance of XLPE, and the XLPE/EAA‐Na blends retain excellent dielectric properties. Characterization of XLPE/EAA‐Na blends by using FTIR indicates that the neutralization reaction is effectively achieved. In addition, it can be found that XLPE/EAA‐Na blends are partially compatible from observing morphology observations made by SEM and, therefore, EAA‐Na ionomers can be well dispersed in the matrix.

Water tree length of the XLPE/EAA‐0.5Na blends.

magnified image

Water tree length of the XLPE/EAA‐0.5Na blends.
Preparation and Characterization of Hyperbranched Polymer/Silica Hybrid Nanocoatings by Dual‐Curing Process
Authors: Amerio Ezio , Sangermano Marco , Malucelli Giulio , Priola Aldo , Rizza Giancarlo
Published: October 2006

Summary: Organic‐inorganic nanocomposite hybrid coatings were prepared through a dual‐cure process involving cationic photopolymerization of a hyperbranched epoxy functionalized resin and subsequent condensation of an alkoxysilane inorganic precursor. All the formulations investigated gave rise to photocured films characterized by high gel content values. An increase in glass transition temperature and an increase in storage modulus above Tg in the rubbery plateau is observed with increasing TEOS content in the photocurable formulation. The important role of GPTS on reducing the inorganic domain size and avoiding macroscopic phase separation was demonstrated by TEM analyses.

TEM obtained for one of the cured films in the presence of GPTS.

magnified image

TEM obtained for one of the cured films in the presence of GPTS.
Front Cover: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 19/2006
Authors: Xia Jun , Zhong Chongli
Published: October 2006

Front Cover: This picture contains the structures of copolymer chains and particles as well as the micelles with various distributions of two solutes in them, illustrating that a multicompartment micelle can store two agents within separate nanoscopic compartments simultaneously, and the distribution of the agents can be tailored easily by changing the chemistries of the species. Further details can be found in the article by J. Xia and C. Zhong* on page 1654.
Measurement of phosphorus content in normal and osteomalacic rabbit bone by solid‐state 3D radial imaging
Authors: Anumula S. , Magland J. , Wehrli S.L. , Zhang H. , Ong H. , Song H.K. , Wehrli F.W.
Published: October 2006

In osteomalacia decreased mineralization reduces the stiffness and static strength of bone. We hypothesized that hypomineralization in osteomalacic bone could be quantified by solid‐state 31P magnetic resonance imaging (SS‐MRI). Hypomineralization was measured with a 3D radial imaging technique at 162 MHz (9.4T) in rabbit cortical bone of hypophosphatemic (HY) and normophosphatemic (NO) animals. The results were compared with those obtained by quantitative micro‐CT (μ‐CT) and 31P solution NMR. 3D images of 277 μm isotropic voxel size were obtained in 1.7 hr with SNR ∼ 9. Mineral content was lower in the HY relative to the NO group (SS‐MRI: 9.48 ± 0.4 vs. 11.15 ± 0.31 phosphorus wet wt %, P < 0.0001; μ‐CT: 1114.6 ± 28.3 vs. 1175.7 ± 23.5 mg mineral/cm3; P = 0.003). T1 was shorter in the HY group (47.2 ± 3.5 vs. 54.1 ± 2.7 s, P = 0.004), which suggests that relaxation occurs via a dipole‐dipole (DD) mechanism involving exchangeable water protons, which are more prevalent in bone from osteomalacic animals. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autocalibrating parallel imaging of in vivo trabecular bone microarchitecture at 3 Tesla
Authors: Banerjee S. , Choudhury S. , Han E.T. , Brau A.C.S. , Morze C.V. , Vigneron D.B. , Majumdar S.
Published: October 2006

In this work the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) technique was implemented with modified reconstruction and applied to in vivo high‐resolution (HR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the trabecular bone microarchitecture at 3 Tesla (T) with a multiple‐acquisition balanced steady‐state free precession (b‐SSFP) sequence. Trabecular bone is made up of a network of microstructures (80–140 μm), and its structural deterioration is associated with the skeletal metabolic disorder osteoporosis. HR‐MRI is a promising noninvasive tool for assessing the trabecular microarchitecture in vivo, but it involves long acquisition times. Using partially parallel imaging (PPI) to accelerate the acquisition may help mitigate this shortcoming and allow more flexibility in protocol design. In this study the effects of GRAPPA‐based reconstruction on image characteristics and the measurement of trabecular bone structural parameters were evaluated. Initial studies showed that image quality and depiction of microstructure were preserved in the GRAPPA‐based reconstruction, indicating the feasibility of PPI in HR‐MRI of trabecular bone. The results also demonstrated the potential of PPI for increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) efficiency of multiple‐acquisition b‐SSFP imaging protocols. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sind Herbizide harmlose Biozide?
Authors: Grimme Lothar Horst
Published: October 2006

Das Prüfzeichen der Biologischen Bundesanstalt Braunschweig besagt nur, daß das geprüfte und zugelassene Pestizid neben hinreichender Wirkung bei sachgemäßer Anwendung keine schädlichen Auswirkungen für die Gesundheit von Mensch und Tier zeigt. Für den Weisen schwebt darüber die Warnung: von harmlos war keine Rede!
Konstitution, Konfiguration und Konformation organischer Arzneistoffe
Authors: Knabe Joachim
Published: October 2006

In den Monographien des DAB 6 war für die meisten organischen Arzneistoffe lediglich deren Summenformel angegeben, Konstitutionsformeln waren nicht vorhanden. Im DAB 7 und in anderen modernen Arzneibüchern werden dagegen für organische Arzneistoffe definierter Struktur Konstitutionsformeln aufgeführt. Diese Formeln geben Auskunft darüber, welche Atome im Molekül untereinander verbunden sind, welche funktionellen Gruppen vorliegen, wo sie sich befinden, ob Mehrfachbindungen vorhanden sind und wo sie liegen.
Pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazole als neue Cytostatika Entwicklung, Chemie und klinische Anwendung
Authors: Pindur Ulf
Published: October 2006

Das Carbazolalkaloid Ellipticin (aus Apocynaceen) ist aufgrund seines völlig ebenen Baus, seiner funktionellen Gruppen und seiner Molekülgröße befähigt zur DNA‐Intercalation.
Bi‐ und tricyclische Ergolinanaloge mit dopaminergen Eigenschaften
Authors: Gmeiner Peter
Published: October 2006

Zur Förderung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses – speziell zur Anerkennung überdurchschnittlicher Habilitationen – im Bereich der Pharmazie vergibt die Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft bis zu einmal jährlich den mit 10 000 DM dotierten Johann‐Wolfgang‐Döbereiner Preis (früher Carl‐Mannisch‐Stipendium). Erst kürzlich wurde der Preis für 1994 erneut ausgeschrieben (s. Pharmazie in unserer Zeit Heft 1/94). Mit der Annahme verpflichtet sich der jeweilige Preisträger, in einem für die wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit allgemein verständlichen Übersichtsartikel über seine Forschungsergebnisse zu berichten.

Preisträger im vergangenen Jahr war Privatdozent Dr. P. Gmeiner (München), der inzwischen einen Ruf auf eine C‐3‐Professur an der Universität Bonn angenommen hat und der hier über wesentliche Aspekte seiner ausgezeichneten Habilitationsschrift berichtet.
Molekulare Ähnlichkeit. 1. Chemische Struktur und biologische Wirkung
Authors: Kubinyi Hugo
Published: October 2006

Molekulare Ähnlichkeit läßt sich nicht absolut definieren. Sie bezieht sich immer auf das umgebende Medium, im Fall von Wirkstoffen auf die Bindestelle des Proteins, mit denen sie in Wechselwirkung treten. Struktur‐Wirkungsbeziehungen verschiedener Substanzgruppen erläutern allgemeine Prinzipien, belegen aber auch die Probleme bei der Vorhersage biologischer Wirkungen.
Swelling and diffusion characteristics of novel semi‐interpenetrating network hydrogels composed of poly[(acrylamide)‐ co‐(sodium acrylate)] and poly[(vinylsulfonic acid), sodium salt]
Authors: Mohan Y Murali , Dickson Joseph P , Geckeler Kurt E
Published: October 2006

A series of novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) composed of poly[(acrylamide)‐co‐(sodium acrylate)] with varying amounts (5, 10, and 15 wt%) of poly[(vinylsulfonic acid), sodium salt] was synthesized. The semi‐IPN hydrogels were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The swelling behavior of these IPNs was studied in distilled water/physiological solutions/buffer solutions/salt solutions. As the amount of poly[(vinylsulfonic acid), sodium salt] increased in the network, the swelling capacity of the semi‐IPNs increased considerably. The swelling and diffusion characteristics such as water penetration velocity (v), diffusion exponent (n), and diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated in distilled water, as well as in other physiological solutions. The highest swelling capacity was noted in urea and glucose solutions. The semi‐IPN hydrogels followed non‐Fickian diffusion behavior in water and physiological fluids, whereas Fickian behavior was observed in buffer solutions. The stimuli‐responsive characteristics towards physiological fluids, salt concentration, and temperature of these semi‐IPN hydrogels were also investigated. The swelling behavior of the semi‐IPNs decreased markedly with an increase of the concentration of the salt solutions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Terpolymerization kinetics of methyl methacrylate or styrene/dodecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate systems
Authors: Jukić Ante , Rogošić Marko , Vidović Elvira , Janović Zvonimir
Published: October 2006

This study describes low‐conversion terpolymerization kinetic investigations of methyl methacrylate/dodecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate (MMA/DDMA/ODMA) and styrene/dodecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate (ST/DDMA/ODMA) systems. Terpolymerizations were performed isothermally (70–105 °C), in 1 mol dm−3 xylene solutions, using 0.01 mol dm−3 of bifunctional peroxide initiator 1,1‐di(tert‐butylperoxy)‐3,3,5‐trimethylcyclohexane or monofunctional tert‐butylperoxy‐2‐ethylhexanoate. Synthesized terpolymers were characterized with respect to composition and molar mass distribution. Initial polymerization reaction rates as well as terpolymer average molar masses decreased with increasing MMA or ST content in the monomer mixture, for both initiators and all investigated temperatures. Overall reaction rates were found to be significantly larger for the MMA/DDMA/ODMA system. In the MMA/DDMA/ODMA system, experimental terpolymer compositions were found to be similar to the initial monomer feed compositions—all the experimental monomer feed mixtures were close to the azeotropic composition. The Alfrey–Goldfinger terpolymerization equation was successfully used for the description of MMA/DDMA/ODMA terpolymerization kinetics, where the existence of the true azeotropic ternary point was established. The same equation did not perform as well for the ST/DDMA/ODMA terpolymerization system. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct spincasting of polystyrene thin films onto poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Ennis David , Betz Heike , Ade Harald
Published: October 2006

The low vapor pressure solvent 1‐chloropentane was used to directly spincast polystyrene (PS) films onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with smooth surfaces and sharp interfaces. Interface roughness after removal of the PS layer with cyclohexane was determined with scanning force microscopy to be <1 nm. Dynamic secondary mass spectroscopy revealed an interfacial width below the resolution limit of ∼10 nm. Large area bilayers with smooth surfaces could be created. In addition, direct spincasting with 1‐chloropentane allows the production of thin PS films (<15 nm) and films of low molecular weight (<5 kDa) PS, all of which would be impossible to produce for this important model system by the traditional water‐transfer method. 1‐chloropentane was confirmed to be a sufficiently selective solvent for PS by measuring the Flory–Hugginsχparameters of 1‐chloropentane with PS and PMMA, respectively, with inverse gas chromatography. In the search for a suitable selective solvent, the authors have also examined the role of vapor pressure in spin casting smooth films over a wider molecular weight (4.3–190 kDa) and thickness range (∼5–500 nm) than previously reported. Only solvents with low vapor pressure produced high quality PS films. Methylcyclohexene can also be used to produce excellent, directly cast PS/PMMA bilayers, but with a smaller molecular weight and thickness window compared with 1‐chloropentane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3234–3244, 2006
Crystallization, melting behavior, and morphology of PP/Novolac blends
Authors: Cui Limei , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi
Published: October 2006

The crystallization, melting behavior, and morphology of Polypropylene (PP) and PP/Novolac blends were studied by scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscope. The results showed that the crystallization of PP in PP/Novolac blends was strongly influenced by crystallization temperature, particles size of Novolac, crosslinking, and compatibilizer maleic anhydride‐grafted PP. The Novolac resin could not only affect the crystal structure, but also acted as effective nucleating agents, accelerating the crystallization of PP in the PP/Novolac blends. And the smaller the Novolac particles were, the more effective were the nucleating agent for PP crystallization. Avrami equation was used to analyze the isothermal crystallization kinetics of PP and PP/Novolac blends. The influences of curing and compatibilizer on the crystallization behavior of PP were rather complicated. The crystallization thermodynamics were estimated using the Hoffman theory. The incorporation of cured Novolac and compatibilizer evidently decreased the chain folding energy of PP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3288–3303, 2006
Stability of Thin Plasma Polymer Films Applied on Coil Coatings
Authors: Serra Ricardo , Zheludkevich Mikhail L. , Ferreira Mário G. S.
Published: October 2006

Summary: The present work is devoted to the investigation of the stability of thin plasma polymer films of silica‐based material, which were deposited on top of polyurethane coil coatings. Microwave plasma polymerization was used with different precursor mixtures in order to produce thin polymer layers. The effects of precursor gas composition and of pressure were analyzed from the standpoint of the immersion stability of the plasma‐deposited polymer films. The results we obtained demonstrate a strong dependence of the immersion resistance on the gas precursor composition and pressure. Decrease of the operating pressure and of the oxygen concentration in precursor mixtures leads to the formation of more compact layers with a higher stability. Introduction of a fluorine‐containing component in the precursor mixtures also increases the stability of the plasma‐deposited polymer coatings.

The SEM surface micrograph of a MW plasma polymer layer prepared using HMDSO/O2 gas mixture at 0.05 mbar.

magnified image

The SEM surface micrograph of a MW plasma polymer layer prepared using HMDSO/O2 gas mixture at 0.05 mbar.
Atomic Oxygen Production and Exploration of Reaction Mechanisms in a He‐O2 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Torch
Authors: Léveillé Valérie , Coulombe Sylvain
Published: October 2006

Summary: This article reports on the performance of a miniature APGD‐t conceived for the production of reactive species participating in bio‐applications. Two operating parameters were varied: the plasma‐forming gas flow rate (0.5–1.5 slm He) and the flow rate of O2 (0–50 sccm), which was injected downstream from the plasma‐forming zone, and which was used as a source of reactive species. The production of reactive species (O) was optimized, and the air entrainment in the plasma jet was minimized for a He gas flow rate of 1–1.5 slm and an O2/He volumetric ratio of 0.3 vol.‐%. A survey of the possible reaction pathways in the afterglow plasma jet suggests that the reactive species present in the plasma afterglow, and possibly reaching a remote substrate, are metastable He(23S), ground state O, OH, O2 (a1Δg), O2 (b1Σg+), N, N2, N and O3.

APGD‐t jet impinging on a finger.

magnified image

APGD‐t jet impinging on a finger.
Evaluating Missile Fuels
Authors: Osmont Antoine , Gökalp Iskender , Catoire Laurent
Published: October 2006

This paper presents simple and relatively efficient methods to estimate some physical and chemical properties of polycyclic alkanes. These properties are melting point, normal boiling point, standard enthalpy of vaporization at 298 K, standard enthalpy of formation at 298 K, standard enthalpy of combustion at 298 K, density (specific gravity) and flash point. These methods are validated, despite the scarcity of experimental data, with several tens of polycyclic alkanes. Then the methods are used to estimate properties of some polycyclic alkanes, which are currently in use as missile fuels: JP‐10, RJ‐4 and RJ‐5. Estimates and experimental data are found in good agreement for these fuels. This methodology is then used to evaluate missile fuel candidates to be used pure or as additive to JP‐10 or to blends such as RJ‐6. Several compounds are probably of interest for this task and their advantages and drawbacks are discussed.
Low Risk Synthesis of Energetic Poly(3‐Azidomethyl‐3‐Methyl Oxetane) from Tosylated Precursors
Authors: Barbieri Ugo , Polacco Giovanni , Paesano Emanuele , Massimi Roberto
Published: October 2006

Azidated oxetanic polymers such as poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane), are under investigation as “energetic” binder to be used as an alternative to polybutadiene in solid rocket propellants. The classic synthetic route for the production of the polymer is through an azidated monomer where the N3− functionality has been previously introduced by nucleophilic displacement of a suitable, usually a halogen, leaving group. However, this could involve critical steps with manipulation of a highly unstable liquid monomer. Here it is shown that the azidation can be performed as the final step of the preparation by substitution of the tosyl group in a preformed polymer. The procedure assures good yield and purity of the product and satisfactory rate of reaction, being the energetic functionality always kept in a safe form, which shows low shock and friction sensitivity. Poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) was prepared by azidation of poly(3‐tosyloxymethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) in dimethylsulfoxide, testing several operating conditions. Moreover, hypothesizing a second order kinetics, the rate constant and the activation energy for the azidation step have been estimated.
Control of Structural Refinement and Composition in Al‐MoO3 Nanocomposites Prepared by Arrested Reactive Milling
Authors: Umbrajkar Swati M. , Schoenitz Mirko , Dreizin Edward L.
Published: October 2006

Al‐MoO3 nanocomposites were synthesized by arrested reactive milling (ARM) using powders of Al and MoO3 as starting materials. Varying milling parameters lead to different scales of structural refinement in the nanocomposites. The objective of this work was to determine the range in which the degree of structural refinement can be changed in a controlled manner. The effect of structural refinement on the characteristics of these reactive nanocomposites was further investigated. The milling intensity was controlled by using different milling media along with varying amounts of process control agent (PCA). X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and wire‐ignition tests were performed to analyze the Al‐MoO3 nanocomposites. Results indicate that the crystallite size decreased with increase in the milling intensity. However, increase in milling intensity also results in undesirable partial reaction between starting materials. Milling conditions resulting in the highest structural refinement and minimized partial reaction were identified. It was found that materials synthesized under the identified optimum conditions ignited at lowest temperature.
On the architecture and form of flexible process support
Authors: Snowdon R. A. , Warboys B. C. , Greenwood R. M. , Holland C. P. , Kawalek P. J. , Shaw D. R.
Published: October 2006

The ability of businesses to develop is frequently hampered by difficulties in changing underlying software systems. An example is the need to change when business partnerships are formed, or dissolved. This article is concerned with the architecture of business process support systems in the context of change, and particularly with the need for such systems to facilitate software change. The viable system model (VSM) is a cybernetic model of organisations that change. It provides an inclusive architecture in which both operational and development components are described within an organisation. This article illustrates, through a business supply chain example, the use of the VSM as an architecture for flexible process support systems. This architecture is systemic and inclusive: it incorporates the ongoing development of both the business and its underlying software. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPARSE PARTITION REGULARITY
Authors: LEADER IMRE , RUSSELL PAUL A.
Published: October 2006

Our aim in this paper is to prove Deuber's conjecture on sparse partition regularity, that for every $m$, $p$ and $c$ there exists a subset of the natural numbers whose $(m,p,c)$-sets have high girth and chromatic number. More precisely, we show that for any $m$, $p$, $c$, $k$ and $g$ there is a subset $S$ of the natural numbers that is sufficiently rich in $(m,p,c)$-sets that whenever $S$ is $k$-coloured there is a monochromatic $(m,p,c)$-set, yet is so sparse that its $(m,p,c)$-sets do not form any cycles of length less than $g$.

Our main tools are some extensions of Nešetřil–Rödl amalgamation and a Ramsey theorem of Bergelson, Hindman and Leader. As a sideline, we obtain a Ramsey theorem for products of trees that may be of independent interest.
CYCLES AND 1-UNCONDITIONAL MATRICES
Authors: NEUWIRTH STEFAN
Published: October 2006

We characterise the 1-unconditional subsets $(\mathrm{e}_{rc})_{(r,c) \in I}$ of the set of elementary matrices in the Schatten–von-Neumann class $\mathrm{S}^p$. The set of couples $I$ must be the set of edges of a bipartite graph without cycles of even length $4 \lel \le p$ if $p$ is an even integer, and without cycles at all if $p$ is a positive real number that is not an even integer. In the latter case, $I$ is even a Varopoulos set of V-interpolation of constant 1. We also study the metric unconditional approximation property for the space $\mathrm{S}^p_I$ spanned by $(\mathrm{e}_{rc})_{(r,c) \in I}$ in $\mathrm{S}^p$.
KAZHDAN–LUSZTIG CELLS AND THE MURPHY BASIS
Authors: GECK MEINOLF
Published: October 2006

Let $H$ be the Iwahori–Hecke algebra associated with $S_n$, the symmetric group on $n$ symbols. This algebra has two important bases: the Kazhdan–Lusztig basis and the Murphy basis. We establish a precise connection between the two bases, allowing us to give, for the first time, purely algebraic proofs for a number of fundamental properties of the Kazhdan–Lusztig basis and Lusztig's results on the $a$-function.
Recombinant protein Bd37 protected gerbils against heterologous challenges with isolates ofBabesia divergenspolymorphic for thebd37gene
Authors: HADJ-KADDOUR K. , CARCY B. , VALLET A. , RANDAZZO S. , DELBECQ S. , KLEUSKENS J. , SCHETTERS T. , GORENFLOT A. , PRECIGOUT E.
Published: October 2006

The Bd37gene encoding for a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored protein ofBabesia divergensdisplays genetic polymorphisms among isolates. Five major polymorphic groups (clades) were shown by PCR-RFLP among differentB. divergensisolates. Each group has been characterized according to a reference Bd37 gene (Rouen87, W8843, Y5, 6303E and 1705B). Recombinant (GST fusion) protein (Bd37r) expressed from the Bd37 gene, was used as antigen in a saponin-based formulation and was able to protect gerbils, after 2 injections at low dose vaccine concentration (1 μg per dose), against a virulent challenge with theB. divergensRouen87 isolate. In spite of polymorphism ofBd37gene, Bd37r induced complete immunoprotection against challenges with each of the 5 reference isolate groups defined by PCR-RFLP.
Anatomy and echocardiography of the normal and abnormal tricuspid valve
Authors: Martinez Richard M. , O'Leary Patrick W. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Perhaps because it guards the inlet to the lesser circulation, the morphologically tricuspid valve has received less attention in terms of its anatomy than the well-explored mitral valve, which will receive attention in a subsequent review in this supplement.1 As we will show in our initial review, nonetheless, the approach to morphological analysis is the same for both valves, irrespective of whether the specific morphology is displayed in the autopsy room or the echocardiographic laboratory. It is essential that the valve be analysed so as to reveal the precise structure of each if its components – the so-called valvar complex.2 Equally important, in the current era, with the burgeoning use of three-dimensional displays that place the heart firmly within the context of the body, it is essential that the components of the valve be described as seen relative to the bodily axis,3 rather than following the present custom of describing the heart as though it is removed from the body and positioned on its own apex.
Surgical treatment of Ebstein's malformation: state of the art in 2006
Authors: Dearani Joseph A. , O'Leary Patrick W. , Danielson Gordon K.
Published: October 2006

Ebstein's malformation is a congenital anomaly of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle that is characterized by several features, each of which can exhibit a spectrum of malformation. The first is adherence of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve to the underlying myocardium, this representing failure of delamination during development. This feature involves the septal and inferior leaflets, but rarely the anterior leaflet (Fig. 1). The second feature is anterior and apical rotational displacement of the functional annulus (Fig. 2). The third abnormality is dilation of the “atrialized” portion of the right ventricle, with variable degrees of hypertrophy and thinning of the wall. The fourth finding is redundancy, fenestrations, and tethering of the anterior leaflet. A fifth abnormality is dilation of the right atrioventricular junction, this being the true tricuspid valvar annulus. The final feature is variable ventricular myocardial dysfunction. Each heart with Ebstein's malformation is different, and there is an infinite variability that can occur with the above mentioned characteristics. These anatomical and functional abnormalities cause important tricuspid regurgitation, which results in right atrial and right ventricular dilation, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
Risk factors for adverse outcomes after surgery on the systemic atriventricular valve in 109 children
Authors: Gillespie Matthew J. , Marino Bradley S. , Cohen Meryl S. , Korteweg Arianne E. , Henket Marjolijn , William Gaynor J. , Spray Thomas L. , Tabbutt Sarah , Wernovsky Gil
Published: October 2006

In contrast to older patients, children and young adults rarely have isolated disease of the systemic atrioventricular valve. Stenosis and/or regurgitation of the systemic atrioventricular valve, however, frequently coexist with complex congenital cardiac disease. In addition, most patients undergoing surgery on the systemic atrioventricular valve have had previous intracardiac repairs.
Echo-morphological correlates in patients with atrioventricular septal defect and common atrioventricular junction
Authors: Mahle William T. , Shirali Girish S. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: October 2006

It is now well recognized that patients fulfilling the diagnostic criterions for the group of hearts usually described as atrioventricular canal malformations, or atrioventricular septal defects, can present with shunting at atrial level, at both atrial and ventricular levels, and on occasion, with shunting only at ventricular level.1,2It is also well recognized that, in most instances, the patients with shunting exclusively at atrial level have separate atrioventricular valvar orifices for the right and left ventricles, this arrangement often described as the “ostium primum” variant of atrial septal defect.3Morphological and echocardiographic studies, however, have shown that, in this variant presumed to represent deficient atrial septation, it is the atrioventricular septal structures, rather than the atrial septum, which are deficient, the phenotypic feature being the presence of a common atrioventricular junction.4,5In this review, we will show how, using modern day echocardiographic techniques, particularly the newly developed potential for three-dimensional display, it is an easy matter to identify the presence or absence of the common atrioventricular junction, and then to demonstrate the various relationships between the valvar leaflets, the septal structures, and the common junction itself which determine the options for clinical presentation within the group.
Surgical repair of atrioventricular septal defect with common atrioventricular valve in early infancy
Authors: Lacour-Gayet François , Campbell David N. , Mitchell Max , Malhotra Sunil , Anderson Robert H.
Published: October 2006

The repair of atrioventricular septal defect with a common atrioventricular valve is reconstructive surgery at its best, and hence one of the favourite operations performed by paediatric cardiac surgeons. In the past, the post-operative course from such patients was dominated by the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension crises, which were responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, repair is generally undertaken early in infancy, and this approach has mitigated the problems emanating from pulmonary hypertension. Coupled with a better understanding of the anatomy, and adaptation of the surgical techniques, repair can now be achieved safely at around 2 to 4 months of life, without increasing the risk of postoperative regurgitation across the reconstructed left atrioventricular valve. In this review, we discuss the surgical techniques required for, and clinical results of, such early repair.
Surgical repair of atrioventricular septal defect with common atrioventricular junction when associated with tetralogy of Fallot or double outlet right ventricle
Authors: Tchervenkov Christo I. , Hill Samantha , Del Duca Danny , Korkola Stephen
Published: October 2006

The association of atrioventricular septal defect with common atrioventricular junction and malformations of the ventricular outflow tracts presents a significant challenge for the surgeon. In the most common of these, the association with tetralogy of Fallot, several surgical techniques have been described, and shown to deliver excellent results.1–10On the other hand, in the setting of more extreme malformations, such as double-outlet right ventricle, discordant ventriculo-arterial connections, or common arterial trunk, albeit rare lesions, the combination presents a more formidable surgical challenge, as evidenced by the few reports of successful repair of these lesions. This challenge is both physiological, when dealing with a very sick neonate or infant, as well as anatomical in terms of the complexity of the malformation and the ability to achieve a successful biventricular repair. Our goal in this review is to discuss the surgical treatment in the setting of tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle, with emphasis on biventricular repair.
Anatomy and echocardiography of discordant atrioventricular connections
Authors: Mahle William T. , Marx Gerald R. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: October 2006

The most appropriate way of describing the congenital cardiac malformations unified because the atrial chambers are joined across the atrioventricular junctions to morphologically inappropriate ventricles has long been contentious. In the past, the lesions have been described in such arcane terms as mixed levocardia,1 while “ventricular inversion” still retains it currency in some circles. As we will show in this review, the abnormal arrangements at the atrioventricular junctions can be found with various patterns, but most frequently the patients also have the arterial trunks arising from morphologically inappropriate ventricles. This combination is best described as congenitally corrected transposition, and will form the focus of our review. It is salutary to note that, when von Rokitansky gave the first description of this combination,2 one of his illustrations was ideally suited to aid the understanding of modern-day echocardiographers (Fig. 1). We hope to emulate von Rokitansky in our own review.
The role of Fontan's procedure and aortic translocation in the surgical management of patients with discordant atrioventricular connections, interventricular communication, and pulmonary stenosis or atresia
Authors: Jacobs Marshall L. , Pelletier Glenn , Wearden Peter D. , Morell Victor O.
Published: October 2006

A variety of surgical strategies have been utilized in attempts to accomplish long-term haemodynamic stability in patients with cardiac anomalies characterized by discordant atrioventricular connections, ventricular septal defect, and severe sub-pulmonary obstruction. The majority of these patients have what is commonly referred to as congenitally corrected transposition, together with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis or atresia, in the setting of either usual or mirror imaged arrangement of the atrial chambers and the other organs of the body. A smaller sub-group, with discordant atrioventricular connections and double outlet right ventricle, with severe sub-pulmonary obstruction or pulmonary atresia, present similar physiology, and a comparable surgical challenge.
Adaptation of the child and family to life with a chronic illness
Authors: Mussatto Kathleen
Published: October 2006

Chronic illness in a child produces stress for both the child with the illness and the family of which he or she is a part.1Today, it is estimated that greater than one-tenth of children are living with some form of chronic illness or condition.2–3Faced with this stress, children and families are required to adapt to potential physical, emotional, social, and financial challenges. Professionals providing health care have an opportunity to influence how children and families interpret and adapt to these challenges. Guidance can be drawn from the multiple theoretical perspectives that have explored the process of adaptation to chronic illness.
Is the arterial switch operation as good over the long term as we thought it would be?
Authors: Cohen Meryl S. , Wernovsky Gil
Published: October 2006

Surgical intervention for hearts with transposition, defined as concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculo-arterial connections, has been one of the landmark achievements in the field of paediatric cardiac surgery. In the early 1950s, pioneer surgeons attempted to palliate patients with transposed arterial trunks with an early form of the arterial switch operation. As a result of initially dismal outcomes secondary to difficulties with coronary arterial transfer, the unprepared nature of the morphologically left ventricle, and primitive methods for cardiopulmonary bypass, the arterial switch was abandoned in favour of several procedures achieving correction at atrial and venous levels, culminating in the Mustard and Senning operations.1,2These innovative procedures produced the earliest surviving children with transposition. Although the atrial switch procedures achieved widespread acceptance and success during the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s, the search for an operation to return the great arteries to their normal anatomic positions continued. This pursuit was stimulated primarily by the accumulating observations in mid-to-late term follow up studies of: an increasing frequency of important arrhythmic complications, including sinus nodal dysfunction, atrial arrhythmias, and sudden, unexplained death, by the development of late right ventricular dysfunction and significant tricuspid regurgitation in a ventricle potentially unsuited for a lifetime of systemic function by a small but important prevalence of obstruction of the systemic and/or pulmonary venous pathways, and by dissatisfaction with the operative mortality in the subgroup of infants complicated by additional presence of a large ventricular septal defect.3–6As we have already discussed, a number of novel procedures to achieve anatomic correction had been described as early as 1954, but clinical success was not accomplished until 1975, when Jatene and co-workers7astounded the world of paediatric cardiology with their initial description.
Is the Ross procedure as good as we thought it would be?
Authors: Marino Bradley S. , Pasquali Sara , Spray Thomas L. , Wernovsky Gil
Published: October 2006

For patients requiring intervention because of progressive disease of the aortic valve, the perfect palliation will provide a valve that produces normal dynamics of flow, will not require anti-coagulation, will grow with the patient, and have long term durability. Current surgical interventions include aortic valvoplasty, or replacement with either a mechanical or tissue prosthesis. Options for tissue valves include insertion of a pulmonary autograft in the Ross procedure, a cadaveric homograft, or porcine or bovine xenograft valves. The optimal option is still debated.
The current state of infection with respiratory syncytial virus in the setting of congenital cardiac malformations
Authors: Feltes Timothy F. , Hodinka Richard L. , Paridon Stephen M. , Wernovsky Gil , Sondheimer Henry M.
Published: October 2006

A long with prematurity and chronic lung disease, the presence of congenital cardiac disease in infants and young children is a significant risk for the clinical consequences of an illness produced by infection with the respiratory syncytial virus.1In this review, we present a current understanding of such illnesses, their prevention, and their treatment.
The systemic delivery and consumption of oxygen in the infant after cardiac surgery
Authors: Penny Daniel J.
Published: October 2006

“All the vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have only one object, that of preserving constant the conditions of life in the internal environment.”1

An essential function of the cardiopulmonary system is to generate sufficient flow of oxygenated blood around the circulation in order to maintain normal cellular metabolism. The systemic delivery of oxygen is a function of the cardiac output and the content of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood, while the extent to which metabolising tissues require this oxygen for the maintenance of their integrity and function defines the systemic consumption of oxygen. As metabolising tissues have no mechanism for storing oxygen, they depend on its continuous supply, which must at least match their changing demands. As a result, it is a fundamental requirement of survival that the systemic consumption of oxygen, at all times, is matched by appropriate levels of its delivery.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2006

As I have emphasized in previous supplements, Florida is the fourth largest state in the United States of America. The programme for care of children with congenital cardiac malformations at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is one of the largest, and most prestigious and comprehensive in the world. The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida is the largest programme providing services for patients with congenital cardiac disease in Florida. “Heart Week in Florida”, the joint collaborative project sponsored by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia together with the Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, has now become recognized as one of the major planks of continuing medical and nursing education for those working in the fields of diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in neonates, infants, children, and young adults. In 2006, however, we broke from our previous mould, since the component of our “week” organized by the group from Philadelphia was organized in Phoenix, Arizona, thanks to the support provided by our colleagues working at Children's Hospital in Phoenix. It was a huge success, diminished only slightly by the inclement weather facing those who needed to journey back from sunny Arizona and Florida to the frozen and snowy northeast coast of the United States. All institutions involved with the organization of the events of 2006, nonetheless, are very grateful to Bob Anderson, and the team at Cardiology in the Young, for their support of “Heart Week in Florida”, and for the opportunity to publish this Supplement.
Simmel's Treatise on the Triad (1908)
Authors: NOOTEBOOM BART
Published: October 2006

In the literature on firms and organizations, in economics, sociology, and business studies, there has been an increasing awareness that firms need others, outside the firm, in order to function, and particularly in order to innovate. This has led to the proliferation of studies on subjects such as outsourcing, inter-firm alliances, and networks of firms. Still, though, most of these studies focus on dyads of firms (i.e., strategic interaction of firms). Even in network studies, networks were seen mostly as aggregates of dyads. In contrast, in network analysis in sociology there has been, for some time, attention to roles and effects of third parties and of triads. In particular, the work of Ronald Burt (e.g. Burt, 1992) noted the importance, especially in the context of the acquisition of new information, of being a third party in ‘bridging structural holes’ between unconnected nodes or networks, and the opportunities for advantage as a tertius gaudens (laughing third) in playing agents off against each other. While in network analysis this attention to triads is relatively new, it has, in fact, a long history, going back, in particular, to the work of the sociologist Georg Simmel. A recent publication that acknowledges this is Krackhardt (1999).
Phytotransformation of 2,4‐Dinitrotoluene in Arabidopsis thaliana: Toxicity, Fate, and Gene Expression Studies in Vitro
Authors: Yoon Jong M. , Oliver David J. , Shanks Jacqueline V.
Published: October 2006

Basic knowledge of the plant transformation pathways and toxicity of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT) will assist in the design and assessment of a phytoremediation strategy. This study presents the toxicity and fate of 2,4‐DNT and gene expression in response to 2,4‐DNT exposure using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, an increasingly popular system for genetic and biochemical studies of phytotransformation of explosives. From the results of biomass and root growth assays for toxicity, 2,4‐DNT was toxic to the plants at concentrations as low as 1 mg/L. In the uptake study, 95% of the initial 2,4‐DNT was removed by 15‐day‐old seedlings from liquid media regardless of the initial 2,4‐DNT concentrations while 30% accounted for the adsorption to the autoclaved plant materials. The mass balance was over 86% using [U‐14C]2,4‐DNT, and the mineralization by the plants was less than 1% under sterile conditions during 14 days of exposure. The percentage of the bound radioactivity increased from 49% to 72% of the radioactivity in the plants, suggesting transformed products of 2,4‐DNT may be incorporated into plant tissues such as lignin and cellulose. Monoaminonitrotoluene isomers and unknown metabolites with short retention times were detected as transformed products of 2,4‐DNT by the plants. Most (68%) of the radioactivity taken up by the plants was in the root tissues in nonsterile hydroponic cultures. Glutathione and expression of related genes (GSH1 and GSH2) in plants exposed to 2,4‐DNT were 1.7‐fold increased compared to untreated plants. Genes of a glutathione S‐transferase and a cytochrome P450, which were induced by 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene exposure in previous studies, were upregulated by 10‐ and 8‐fold, respectively. The application of phytoremediation and the development of transgenic plants for 2,4‐DNT may be based on TNT phytotransformation pathway characteristics because of the similar fate and gene expression in plants.