bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ESRC Growing Older research programme, 1999–2004
Authors: WALKER ALAN
Published: October 2004

This article introduces the seven specially commissioned papers in this special issue of Ageing & Society from the projects funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council's Growing Older Programme. The ESRC Programme has been the largest single investment in social sciences research on ageing in the United Kingdom. It comprised 24 projects and, when operating at full capacity, 96 researchers. The article details the background to the Programme, its commissioning process, its eventual structure and how it operated. Then a selection is made of some of the ways in which the Programme has contributed new knowledge to social gerontology. No attempt is made to achieve comprehensive coverage of the Programme's topics but rather a selection is presented of the new insights generated under its six themes: defining and measuring quality of life, inequalities in quality of life, technology and the built environment, healthy and active ageing, family and support networks, and participation and activities in later life. The projects were spread unevenly across these themes but important new knowledge has been produced under each theme. The conclusion emphasises the scientific contribution of the Programme and especially the extent to which older people's own attitudes, aspirations and preferences have been at the forefront, but it questions whether or not policy makers and practitioners will use this major evidence base.
Ethnic differences in influences on quality of life at older ages: a quantitative analysis
Authors: BAJEKAL MADHAVI , BLANE DAVID , GREWAL INI , KARLSEN SAFFRON , NAZROO JAMES
Published: October 2004

This article sets out to examine ethnic differences in the key influences on quality of life for older people in the context of the increasing health and wealth of British older people generally and the ageing of the post-1945 migrants. It is based on secondary multivariate analysis of the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities of England and Wales. Respondents aged 45–74 years belonging to four ethnic groups (1,068 white, 514 Caribbean, 581 Indian and East African Asian, and 199 Pakistani) were included in the analysis, which focuses on differences between ethnic groups by age and gender, using the white population as the reference group. Four dimensions (incorporating seven factors) that influence the quality of life were determined among this age group: quality of neighbourhood (availability of local amenities, and problems with crime and the physical environment); social networks and community participation (strength of family networks, and community participation); material conditions (income, wealth and housing conditions) and health. The relative position of the four ethnic groups on the seven factors illustrated two contrasting patterns. For the factors based on conventional indicators of social inequalities – such as material circumstances, health, participation in formal social networks, and quality of the physical environment – the white group ranked highest, the Pakistanis lowest, and the Indian and Caribbean groups ranked second and third. But factors that capture more immediate and subjective elements, such as frequency of family contact and the desirability of the residential neighbourhood, displayed a diametrically opposite rank-order, with the Pakistani group ranked first and the white group fourth. The study highlights the value of examining separately the various influences on quality of life. Contradictory patterns are revealed in key influences that are hidden by global measures. The study also reveals the difficulty of identifying culturally-neutral measures of quality of locality, with ethnic minority groups having a more positive perception of their area than rated by conventional measures of area deprivation such as the Index of Deprivation.
Karl Valentin's Illogical Subversion: Stand-up Comedy and Alienation Effect
Authors: Double Oliver , Wilson Michael
Published: October 2004

Admired by Brecht, yet also counting Hitler among his fans, the German cabaret performer Karl Valentin remains an enigmatic figure for most English-speaking theatre people; and his accommodation as a licensed jester during the Nazi years has reinforced the received wisdom that his comedy was ultimately offering reassurances of their own supremacy to bourgeois audiences. Here, Oliver Double and Michael Wilson outline Valentin's life and career, and offer an analysis of his performance style closely linked to two of his best-known routines, which are here also translated for the first time into English. They conclude that Valentin's idiosyncratic style of surreal logic had an effect akin to that of Brecht's Verfremdung, of making the familiar strange, and so, while often extremely funny in its unexpected dislocations, never offering a simple view either of comedy or of life. Oliver Double worked as a comedian for ten years on the alternative comedy circuit, was formerly proprietor and compère of Sheffield's Last Laugh Comedy Club, and is the author of Stand-Up! On Being a Comedian (Methuen, 1997). Currently he lectures in Drama at the University of Kent at Canterbury. Mike Wilson, whose background is in community theatre, is now Professor of Drama and Field Leader for Performing Arts and Film at the University of Glamorgan. He has published widely on varying aspects of storytelling practice and, in particular, on teenage storytelling culture, notably in Performance and Practice: Oral Naratives Among Teenagers in Britain and Ireland (Ashgate, 1997). His latest book, Theatre, Acting, and Storytelling will be published by Palgrave in 2004.
The Shaman and the Epic Theatre: the Nature of Han in the Korean Theatre
Authors: Shim Jung-Soon
Published: October 2004

The distinctively Korean concept of Han evokes a pervasive sense of sorrow, traditionally in need of shamanistic purging in the spirits of the dead, but also describing the sense of national trauma induced first by the Japanese occupation, then by the post-war division of the country. Han has also become an important feature of modern Korean drama, and in this article Jung-Soon Shim describes how Park Joh-Yeol's play The Toenails of General Oh (1974) revisits the concept, integrating indigenous cultural traditions – notably the shamanic ritual Gut – and how, in the production by Sohn Jin-Chaek, the director utilized a western style of epic theatre to create a ‘distanced’ style of Gut on the proscenium stage. Jung-Soon Shim is Professor of English at Soongsil University in Seoul, and a founding member of the Korean Association of Women in Theatre (KAWT), of which she is currently President. Her books include the two-volume Globalization and Korean Theatre (2003), which won the Best Book of the Year Award of the Korean Ministry of Culture. She also received the Best Critic Award for 2004 from the Korean Association of Theatre Critics. Her research for this article was supported by Soongsil University.
Dialogism and the Theatre Event: Deborah Warner and Fiona Shaw's ‘Medea’, 2001
Authors: Armand Clara
Published: October 2004

The long-standing artistic collaboration between director Deborah Warner and actress Fiona Shaw has, argues Clara Armand, raised the powers of performance to a form of genuine authorship. Her article explores the distinctive qualities of their scenic writing as evident in the production of Medea which transferred from the Abbey Theatre to London's West End on 30 January 2001, and went on to play at the Queen's Theatre for over ten weeks. She makes comparisons between the production of Medea and those of the earlier Footfalls and Richard II, focusing on Warner's challenging ways of transforming pre-existing playtexts and theatrical spaces so as to enunciate statements about the contemporary world. Shaw's interpretation of Medea is explored with an emphasis on the actress's ability to maintain truthful identification with the dramatic character and make it reverberate with her own critical social stance as an artist. The discussion of Medea as seen at the Queen's Theatre is developed in the light of Bakhtin's concept of dialogism and related ideas. The article is complemented by the interview with Fiona Shaw which follows. Clara Armand teaches acting and directs at the Stratford Circus Theatre in Stratford East, and is currently a doctoral student at the University of Reading.
Performing Ancient Drama in Mask: the Case of Greek New Comedy
Authors: Vervain Chris
Published: October 2004

Chris Vervain is a mask maker who has for a number of years trained and directed in performing masked drama. On the basis of research she has undertaken, using her own masks, on how to perform the ancient Greek plays, in this article she questions some of the modern orthodoxies of masked theatre, drawing specifically on her experience with Menander's New Comedy. With David Wiles, she contributed ‘The Masks of Greek Tragedy as Point of Departure for Modern Performance’ to NTQ 67 (August 2001) and, with Richard Williams, ‘Masks for Menander: Imaging and Imagining Greek Comedy’ to Digital Creativity, X, No. 3 (1999). Some of her masks can be seen at www.chrisvervain.btinternet.com. She is currently working towards a doctorate on masks in Greek tragedy at Royal Holloway, University of London.
Political Futures
Authors: Freshwater Helen
Published: October 2004

Report on the ‘Political Futures: Alternative Theatre in Britain Today’ conference at the University of Reading, 16–18 April 2004.
Social change, the institution of service and youth: the case of service in the lives of rural-born Dutch women, 1840–1940
Authors: BRAS HILDE
Published: October 2004

This article investigates the antecedents, experience and consequences of service in the lives of rural-born Dutch women within the urbanizing and industrializing context of the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. The decision to enter service was often taken by the girl's parents against the background of a distress-ridden household. From the latter part of the nineteenth century, the migration fields of servants widened, with women more often serving in middle-class households in the growing large cities. The consequences of out-migration to these urban and more diverse labour and marriage markets, and for some women also the educational work setting of urban service itself, were that larger proportions of women contracted advantageous marriages and settled outside their rural region of birth.
Characteristics of the family system in a nineteenth-century northern-Russian peasant community
Authors: POLLA MATTI
Published: October 2004

The family system prevailing among a small ethnic group towards the end of the pre-industrial era is examined on the basis of data from a parish in Northern Russia. Identification of the factors shaping this system is facilitated by a comparison with descriptions of ethnic Russian family systems in Southern and Central European Russia, which have been studied more extensively. The characteristics of the family system in the community described here conform most closely to the latter. Since little microstructural research has been done on Northern Russia, the data presented here will serve as an example of the development of the family system in the region in the nineteenth century.
Wage structures and family economies in the Catalan textile industry in an age of nascent capitalism
Authors: CAMPS I CURA ENRIQUETA
Published: October 2004

This article deals with changes in the management of industrial labour in Catalonia between 1830 and 1925. In the absence of state welfare, families developed a number of strategies to try and secure an adequate standard of living. During the nineteenth century labour markets were informal, and working contracts implicit. However, with the advent of scientific organization of labour in the 1920s, hourly wage agreements began to be recorded. The application of cooperative game theory illuminates the processes by which households in this era managed to generate income. Both kin- and non-kin-related networks were used to improve the living standards of the household. Strategies of co-residence initially developed by migrants were later imitated by locally born inhabitants. Initially the living standards of migrants were thus higher than those of natives.
Argumentation-based negotiation
Authors: RAHWAN IYAD , RAMCHURN SARVAPALI D. , JENNINGS NICHOLAS R. , McBURNEY PETER , PARSONS SIMON , SONENBERG LIZ
Published: October 2004

Negotiation is essential in settings where autonomous agents have conflicting interests and a desire to cooperate. For this reason, mechanisms in which agents exchange potential agreements according to various rules of interaction have become very popular in recent years as evident, for example, in the auction and mechanism design community. However, a growing body of research is now emerging which points out limitations in such mechanisms and advocates the idea that agents can increase the likelihood and quality of an agreement by exchanging arguments which influence each others' states. This community further argues that argument exchange is sometimes essential when various assumptions about agent rationality cannot be satisfied. To this end, in this article, we identify the main research motivations and ambitions behind work in the field. We then provide a conceptual framework through which we outline the core elements and features required by agents engaged in argumentation-based negotiation, as well as the environment that hosts these agents. For each of these elements, we survey and evaluate existing proposed techniques in the literature and highlight the major challenges that need to be addressed if argument-based negotiation research is to reach its full potential.
The Political Economy of Coal Mine Disasters in China: “Your Rice Bowl or Your Life”
Authors: Wright Tim
Published: October 2004

The conditions of industrial workers have been increasingly eroded in post-Mao China. This article examines conditions in coal mining: the industry with the worst health and safety performance in China. After briefly outlining China's record, the article analyses the fundamental causes of the high level of accidents. Despite many regulations on mine safety, governments at all levels have had great difficulty in enforcing the law. Because of the important role of township and village mines in local development, often in areas with few other sources of income, powerful forces work for the survival of many unsafe small mines. Indeed, the safety discourse in China's press partly reflects the interests of the state mines attempting to reduce competition by foisting (higher) safety costs on the small mines. The problem of coal safety will not be solved until China's rural population has other, better and safer, ways to increase family incomes so that they have the option to refuse to risk their lives.
Exhibiting the Modern: The Creation of the First Chinese Museum, 1905–1930
Authors: Shao Qin
Published: October 2004

This study examines the birth and use of the first Chinese-sponsored museum, in Nantong county, Jiangsu province, in the context of local elites' effort to make the county an example of modern progress. It reflects on the changing notion of progress among Chinese elites since the self-strengthening movement of the 1860s, and also illustrates an often neglected dimension of modernity – exhibitory modernity, or presentation. The Nantong elites proved to be masters at manipulating exhibitory modernity to reconstruct their community. Understanding exhibitory modernity in the early 20th century sheds light on China's current modernization effort. One of the distinct marks of the new era has been the tremendous energy and resources invested in exhibitory institutions and activities, as demonstrated in the national zeal for China to host the 2008 Olympics and the 2010 World Expo. These sorts of activities are in part aimed at showing the rising status of China. By bringing the world – globally recognized symbols for power, strength, respect, modernity and cosmopolitanism such as the World Expo – to China, it wishes to remake its national image as part of that advanced world on the one hand, and boost nationalism at home on the other. This and the Nantong experience illustrate both the artificiality of national and community identity and the enduring force of modernity.
Taiwan's “Macedonian Project,” 1999–2001
Authors: Tubilewicz Czeslaw
Published: October 2004

Since 1989, Taipei has attempted to capitalize on the systemic changes in East Central Europe. It achieved its goal of winning diplomatic allies among the post-communist states only in 1999, when Macedonia recognized the Republic of China (ROC) hoping that Taipei's generosity would resolve its economic problems. In order to showcase the effectiveness of its assistance, Taipei resorted to economic diplomacy and offered Skopje loans, humanitarian and technical assistance. Yet, the Macedonian–Taiwanese partnership ended in 2001. This report will argue that Taipei failed to become a viable alternative to the People's Republic of China (PRC) as Skopje's economic and diplomatic partner because of China's clout in international affairs and its own reluctance to shower Macedonia with developmental assistance. Instead of showcasing Taiwan's ability to maintain a diplomatic ally through a pro-active economic foreign policy, the failed Macedonian project underlined the limited effectiveness of the ROC's economic diplomacy and the perennial problem of the ROC diplomacy: a successful international isolation by the PRC.
China's Techno-Warriors, Another View
Authors: Suttmeier Richard P.
Published: October 2004

Review of Chinese Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear Age to the Information Age. By Evan Feigenbaum. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 339 pp. US$ 55.00. ISBN 0-8047-4601-X.]

China's growing technological capability has become the topic of the day among Western officials concerned with the national security and economic competitiveness implications of China's growing prominence. The publication of a study which attempts to explain how security and competitiveness have been linked in the evolution of Chinese technology policies is therefore quite timely. The effort to locate this linkage in the development of an ideology of techno-nationalism resonates nicely with perceptions – held by many in Western capitals – of a China with a special passion for the acquisition of dual use technology and a determination to use political means to secure economic advantage. The appearance of Evan Feigenbaum's book, which rightly locates China's technological trajectory at the centre of many of the more important questions about the Chinese future, is thus to be welcomed.
China's New Rulers: The Secret Files (Second, revised edition). By Andrew J. Nathan and Bruce Gilley. [New York: New York Review Books, 2003. 280 pp. £8.99. ISBN 1-59017-072-5.]
Authors: Schoenhals Michael
Published: October 2004

China's New Rulers purports to represent what “lengthy internal investigation reports prepared by the [Chinese Communist] Party's highly trusted Organization Department” say about China's “new leaders' personalities, how they came to power, and what they intend to do in office” (pp. 3–4). It claims to provide its readers with “evidence from the internal reports of the Party's Organization Department [that] allows for a major advance in our understanding of Chinese politics” (p. 5). And yet its authors, as they themselves admit in their introduction, have never seen – much less read – even a single such report. All they have is faith in a particular “consistent” “version of Chinese politics” shared with them by a pseudonymous Chinese informant “Zong Hairen” (his name can be read as a strangely ominous-sounding pun on “invariably doing harm to people”) who, they explain, has told them that he was at one time given access to “long sections of working drafts” of such reports (pp. 29, 32–33). What Nathan and Gilley's book amounts to, then, is a rendition into “more accessible English” of what “Zong” convinced them of and has himself either written and published in Hong Kong or “broadcast in Chinese on Radio Free Asia” (p. 30, 38). China's New Rulers, in other words, is neither a book the contents of which are the “secret files” mentioned in its subtitle, nor a book by political scientist authors who themselves have accessed such files.
Witness Against History: Literature, Film, and Public Discourse in Twentieth Century China. By Yomi Braester. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 264+xii pp. ISBN 0-8047-4792-X.]
Authors: Berry Chris
Published: October 2004

Do not be fooled by the modest, precise, and careful tone of Yomi Braester's prose. In Witness Against History, he makes a powerful contribution to the transformation of scholarship on modern Chinese culture. In recent years, scholars such as Leo Ou-fan Lee and David Der-wei Wang have argued that the focus on the May Fourth movement has been too singular, obscuring important schools and authors that do not fit that agenda. Braester takes this argument home to May Fourth culture and its inheritors in literature and film. This work has been assumed to uphold the standard of modernity as nationalism, realism, rationalism, and humanism. This makes it part of a larger reform or revolution effort to reinsert China into “history,” understood as Hegelian progress. Braester understands the shock of the modern new as trauma, and this is reflected in all the works he has chosen.
Resource Management, Urbanization and Governance in Hong Kong and the Zhujiang Delta. Edited by Kwan-yiu Wong and Jianfa Shen. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002. viii+307 pp. ISBN 962-996-026-5.]
Authors: Edmonds Richard Louis
Published: October 2004

This book is a collection of 14 articles from a workshop held in Hong Kong in May 2000. While the greatest number of papers comes from urban geographers, there are a smattering of chapters by economists, sociologists, political scientists and physical geographers. The editors have grouped the papers according to the three topics stated in the title with a good numerical balance among them. Three of the contributions are the opening addresses, a keynote speech, and a summation paper.

In many ways, the summation chapter by Alvin So functions as a good overview of most of the contributions and there is little need to again go over the ground thus covered. Even a reading of this summation reveals the key problem of the book: it is still a series of conference proceeding papers rather than a fully integrated volume. As evidence of that point, So's summation makes no reference to the two entries by physical geographers that fall into the resource management section of the book. Both of these very thorough reports deal with vegetation in Hong Kong. Neither, however, makes any contribution to our understanding of resource management of the Zhu (Pearl) River Delta as a whole. So also makes no reference to the third paper in this section on a comparison of waste management between Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Thus one whole section of the book is ignored in the summation, perhaps because So is a sociologist but also because none of those papers addresses issues of the Delta as a whole.
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary China: The Search for National Identity under Reform. By Guo Yingjie. [London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. 208 pp. ISBN 0-415-32264-2.]
Authors: Villard Florent
Published: October 2004

Focused on the politics of cultural identity in contemporary China, Yingjie Guo's monograph is a detailed study of a major recent phenomenon, which he names “cultural nationalism.” The “cultural nationalists” whom he identifies are from diverse intellectual backgrounds and have different ideological orientations. However, as Guo tells us, they all share a common goal: “to substantiate and crystallize the idea of the ethnic nation in the minds of the members of the community by creating a wide-spread awareness of the myths, history, and linguistic tradition of the community” (p. 5). According to Guo, cultural nationalism is “a reaction against the May Fourth iconoclasm, together with its discourse of Enlightenment scientific rationality and the CCP's Marxist ideology” (p. 23).
Is Taiwan Chinese? The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities. By Melissa J. Brown. [Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 333 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-520-23182-1.]
Authors: Greene J. Megan
Published: October 2004

Taiwan's identity has been constructed and described in a variety of ways by politicians seeking to demonstrate that Taiwan either is or is not Chinese. Those who wish to prove Taiwan's Chineseness emphasize the dominance of Han culture and the lengthy relationship between China and Taiwan. Those who argue that Taiwan's identity is distinctly un-Chinese tend to focus on the influence of Aborigine culture and ancestry on the Han population, the influence of Japanese culture, and the fact that Taiwan has been politically separate from China for most of the 20th century. Melissa Brown's Is Taiwan Chinese? investigates the merits of these claims through ethnographic study. She offers an excellent analysis of the shifting identity of Taiwan's plains Aborigines, which she supplements with a comparative analysis of Tujia identity in China's Hubei province that demonstrates that Taiwan's identity shifts are not unique.

Through ethnographic case studies and analysis of historical data, Brown concludes that Taiwan's plains Aborigines have undergone three identity shifts, from plains Aborigine to Han, in the first two cases, and from Han back to Aborigine in the last instance. Brown studies three foothills villages that by the early 1990s identified themselves as Han, but that had previously been Aborigine. She finds that because Qing economic and social policies had eroded boundaries between Han and plains Aborigines, these two groups already shared numerous cultural practices in the early 20th century. However, it was not until the Japanese banned footbinding, thus opening a range of new marriage options, that plains Aborigines began to take on Han identity, and to claim it on the basis of cultural similarity, rather than ancestry. Brown further finds that the impact of Aborigine culture on Han culture during this period was minimal, and that Han cultural practices supplanted Aborigine practices among those people who underwent the identity shift. In the late 20th century these same people underwent a second identity shift from Han back to Aborigine, one that was again spurred by changes in the political environment and one that, Brown argues, has been counter-productive to Taiwan's claims to uniqueness.
Steps of Perfection: Exorcist Performers and Chinese Religion in Twentieth-Century Taiwan. By Donald S. Sutton [Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center and Harvard University Press, 2003, xiii+418 pp. ISBN 0-674-01097-3.]
Authors: Der-Ruey Yang
Published: October 2004

This book is an “ethnographic history” of jiajiang (“Infernal Generals” as translated by the author), a peculiar type of ritual dance troupe that has long been an eye-catching feature of southern Taiwan's temple festivals and pilgrimages. Based on extensive ethnographic and historical data collected by Sutton in southern Taiwan between 1988 and 2001, the two main questions that he addresses in this book are framed squarely within the decades-long paradigmatic problematique of Sinology. The first question is “Why and how are the diverse forms of Chinese culture generated from a shared groundwork?” More precisely, in contrast to many attempts to discern a unitary “Chineseness” from extensive variations between local Chinese culture forms, the author aspires to examine how one single tradition in Chinese culture evolved into various local styles. The second question is “Why do local religions keep on thriving in Taiwan despite the fact that the island has modernized to become a world-known industrial economy?” Put differently, why and how does Taiwan's experience repudiate Max Weber's hypothesis on disenchantment?
Religion in Modern Taiwan: Tradition and Innovation in a Changing Society. Edited by Philip Clart and Charles B. Jones. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2003. x+333 pp. $49.00. ISBN 0-8248-2564-0.]
Authors: Feuchtwang Stephan
Published: October 2004

Religion is profuse in Taiwan, and this is reflected in publications. In the last chapter of this collection, Randall Nadeau and Chang Hsun point out that Taiwanese academic publications on religion in Taiwan have increased hugely in the last two decades. Taiwanese anthropologists have probably been most prominent in this study. But this book contains only one chapter by an anthropologist writing as such. He is Huang Shiu-wey. Typical of an old anthropological habit, now that Chinese, according to Nadeau and Chang, are more studied than aboriginal inhabitants (yuanzhumin) by Taiwanese anthropologists, Huang's chapter is on the Ami. It stands awkwardly among the others, which are by historians and teachers in religious studies departments, with its use of anthropological concepts of culture and identity and its concentration on ritual and avoidance of a discrete concept of religion. One other chapter is about “religious culture.” It is by Julian Pas, the justly renowned editor of the Journal of Chinese Religions, who died before he could polish his chapter. The book is dedicated to him. But honouring his efforts to enrich the study of religion in China and Taiwan and sympathy for his state of health at the time will not prevent a reader from noticing how short and thin his chapter is, precisely because he misses so much that anthropologists have written. The book as a whole shares this failing. The introduction does not make the conceptual and informative links to provide a social analysis of the remarkable cultural and religious changes that each chapter describes within its own narrow remit. The editors simply state that religion is dynamic, that modernization includes the fact that traditions change, and that the aim of the book is to chart those changes. They introduce each chapter without linking it to the others.
English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China. By James L. Hevia. [Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2003. xviii+387 pp. £18.50. ISBN: 0-8223-3188-8.]
Authors: Waley-Cohen Joanna
Published: October 2004

Cloaking its bullying of China in high morality, Britain in the 19th century and the first part of the 20th aimed to teach China how to become more tractable, and more English. In describing this project, James L. Hevia follows Deleuze and Guattari by identifying capitalist power in China as “a kind of productive apparatus that oscillates between deterritorializing and reterritorializing new zones of contact” (p. 21). In other words, Britain enforced such wide-ranging and radical changes in the meaning and value of Qing authority and power that its actions in China effectively amounted to the “violent placement of China within a colonial world” (p. 281), creating a form of colonization even without formal institutional takeover.
Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience. By Charles A. Laughlin. [Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002. 334 pp. £16.95. IBSN: 0822329719.]
Authors: Link Perry
Published: October 2004

From early times, Chinese culture has taken language, literature, history, morality, governance, and cosmology to be shades on a spectrum and not easily separable. Twentieth-century “literary reportage” (baogaowenxue), despite some foreign influences in its origins, very much continued this Chinese tradition. Its purpose, in the minds of its creators and readers, was to enter the sturm und drang of modern Chinese history – to expose social ills, re-organize society, resist invaders, and so on.

The topic has not been well studied, either in China or the West. Yin-hwa Chou and Thomas Moran have written good dissertations on it, and T.A. Hsia, Paul Pickowicz and others have published insightfully on related areas. But no one has published the full-length study that the field needs, and it is disappointing that Charles Laughlin's new book also falls short.
AIS – An Inexact Science
Authors: Graveson Allan
Published: October 2004

This paper was first presented by the author, the National Secretary of NUMAST, at the RIN's conference on maritime Automatic Identification Systems (AIS 03) held at Church House, London, on 24/25 November 2003.
Rendezvousing at Familiar and Unfamiliar Places
Authors: Colbert Martin
Published: October 2004

This paper reports a diary study of rendezvousing as performed by university students. The study compares students' performance when meeting at familiar and unfamiliar rendezvous points. It reports various findings that help to set goals for the development of personal navigation and related services at appropriate levels. For example, when meeting at novel rendezvous points, students: (i) fail to meet as initially agreed more frequently; (ii) report more stress and lost opportunity as a result of rendezvousing problems; (iii) change plan during the rendezvous more often; (iv) communicate more about the rendezvous, particularly using text messaging; (v) attribute rendezvousing problems to lack of geographic and travel information more often, and to additional, spontaneous tasks such as ‘popping to the bank’ less often. Meetings at novel rendezvous points are also more likely to include acquaintances and strangers.
Neural Network Aided Adaptive Extended Kalman Filtering Approach for DGPS Positioning
Authors: Jwo Dah-Jing , Huang Hung-Chih
Published: October 2004

The extended Kalman filter, when employed in the GPS receiver as the navigation state estimator, provides optimal solutions if the noise statistics for the measurement and system are completely known. In practice, the noise varies with time, which results in performance degradation. The covariance matching method is a conventional adaptive approach for estimation of noise covariance matrices. The technique attempts to make the actual filter residuals consistent with their theoretical covariance. However, this innovation-based adaptive estimation shows very noisy results if the window size is small. To resolve the problem, a multilayered neural network is trained to identify the measurement noise covariance matrix, in which the back-propagation algorithm is employed to iteratively adjust the link weights using the steepest descent technique. Numerical simulations show that based on the proposed approach the adaptation performance is substantially enhanced and the positioning accuracy is substantially improved.
P-RNAV, Safety Targets, Blunders And Parallel Route Spacing
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: October 2004

The aim is try to understand how aircraft flying on adjacent routes using precision area navigation, meeting Required Navigation Performance and under air traffic control, ought to be addressed by safety studies, given the increasing importance of blunders.
Satellite Positioning for LBS: A Zagreb Field Positioning Performance Study
Authors: Filjar Renato , Desic Sasa , Huljenic Darko
Published: October 2004

Recent studies confirm the importance of satellite positioning in location-based services (LBS) development. A field study was conducted in suburban and rural areas near Zagreb, Croatia in order to examine the real-time data compliance with recently established positioning performance requirements for LBS quality of service (QoS). Data analysis was based on comparison between actual positioning performance and pre-specified positioning parameter values using defined comparative procedures. The results presented here confirm a good correlation between the actual and required positioning performance, even without implementation of any of augmentation or assistance positioning methods.
RTK-GPS Correction Generation Technique For Low-Rate Data-Link
Authors: Kim Jeonghan , Kee Changdon
Published: October 2004

This paper investigates an RTK-GPS correction generation technique suitable for low-rate (<600 bps) data-link. We combined correction filtering algorithm with an efficient transmission technique which is based upon correction scheduling. The correction scheduling technique can reduce the required amount of correction data as well as the latency effect on RTK-GPS positioning accuracy. We processed real time GPS data to evaluate the performance of the RTK-GPS correction generator for low-rate data-link. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed techniques can lower the required bandwidth of data-link up to 500 bps, maintaining the high accuracy of RTK-GPS.
A Computational Method in Ship Routing Using the Concept of Limited Manoeuvrability
Authors: Bijlsma S. J.
Published: October 2004

Under some circumstances, dependent on a ship's velocity, the wave period and wave direction, certain courses induce heavy rolling and must be avoided. This paper proposes a computational method for the solution of optimal control problems in ship routing for ships with such limited manoeuvrability. Known results for the control problem of Bolza with additional constraints are interpreted in terms of this new problem. This approach is equivalent to the application of Pontryagin's maximum principle. The method is an extension of an earlier method dealing with the meteorological navigation of ships with unrestricted manoeuvrability and gives a more realistic picture of what really could happen in practice.
Syntagmatic distinctness in consonant deletion
Authors: Côté Marie-Hélène
Published: October 2004

This article examines the role of distinctness between adjacent segments in consonant deletion. On the basis of five stop-deletion patterns, it establishes a correlation between the likelihood of cluster simplification and the level of similarity between the consonants in the cluster. This correlation is motivated on perceptual grounds, and an OT analysis of similarity avoidance is provided in which perceptual factors are integrated in the grammar through both faithfulness and markedness constraints. This perceptual approach improves in two ways on previous analyses, notably the OCP. First, it integrates similarity avoidance within a more general perception-based framework, which accounts naturally for its gradient nature. Second, it uncovers a distinction between absolute and contextual similarity avoidance between adjacent segments, depending on whether similarity avoidance is established without reference to the context in which the segments appear or relative to the quality of the perceptual cues available to the segments.
Absolute ill-formedness and other morphophonological effects
Authors: Raffelsiefen Renate
Published: October 2004

In this paper I explore the theoretical significance of phonologically conditioned gaps in word formation. The data support the original approach to gaps in Optimality Theory proposed by Prince & Smolensky (1993), which crucially involves MPARSE as a ranked and violable constraint. The alternative CONTROL model proposed by Orgun & Sprouse (1999) is found to be inadequate because of lost generalisations and technical flaws. It is shown that a careful distinction between various morphophonological effects (e.g. paradigm uniformity effects, phonological repair and ‘stem selection’) is necessary to shed light on the morphology–phonology interface. The data investigated here support affix-specific constraint rankings, but argue against any stratal organisation of morphology.
Age and growth of Scotia Sea icefish, Chaenocephalus aceratus, from the South Shetland Islands
Authors: LA MESA M. , ASHFORD J. , LARSON E. , VACCHI M.
Published: October 2004

Samples of Chaenocephalus aceratus (Lönnberg) were collected during a trawl survey carried out around the South Shetland Islands in January–February 2002. Fish were caught by commercial bottom trawl fishing down to 500 m depth, using a stratified randomized sampling design. As observed in other recent surveys within the same area, C. aceratus represented one of the predominant species. Overall, 357 specimens ranging from 13 and 67 cm (TL) were selected for the present study. Ages were estimated by counting annuli present in the sagittal otoliths, exposed by grinding and polishing along their sagittal plane. To estimate the precision of age data, we compared blind readings by readers from different institutions. The age range was 1–17 years for females and 1–15 years for males. Von Bertalanffy growth curves were fitted to the estimated age-length data for each sex. The estimated values of asymptotic length L∞ (cm) and K (year−1) were respectively 79.8 and 0.07 for females and 60.0 and 0.09 for males. The growth performance index ranged between 2 and 2.5, similar to that reported in other icefish. Sexual maturity was attained by females and males at about 10 and 9 years old respectively, at about 60% of their maximum estimated age. These results are compared with age and growth data available in the literature for C. aceratus, and discussed in the light of recent commercial exploitation.
Fracture and back stress along the Byrd Glacier flowband on the Ross Ice Shelf
Authors: KENNEALLY JAMES P. , HUGHES TERENCE J.
Published: October 2004

East Antarctic ice discharged by Byrd Glacier continues as a flowband to the calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf. Flow across the grounding line changes from compressive to extensive as it leaves the fjord through the Transantarctic Mountains occupied by Byrd Glacier. Magnitudes of the longitudinal compressive stress that suppress opening of transverse tensile cracks are calculated for the flowband. As compressive back stresses diminish, initial depths and subsequent growth of these cracks, and their spacing, are calculated using theories of elastic and ductile fracture mechanics. Cracks are initially about one millimeter wide, with approximately 30 m depths and 20 m spacings for a back stress of 83 kPa at a distance of 50 km beyond the fjord, where floating ice is 600 m thick. When these crevasses penetrate the whole ice thickness, they release tabular icebergs 20 km to 100 km wide, spaced parallel to the calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Basal melting along the floating part of Byrd Glacier
Authors: KENNEALLY JAMES P. , HUGHES TERENCE J.
Published: October 2004

A mass balance calculation was made for the floating part of Byrd Glacier, using 1978–79 ice elevation and velocity data, over the 45 km of Byrd Glacier from its grounding line to where it leaves its fjord and merges with the Ross Ice Shelf. Smoothed basal melting rates were relatively uniform over this distance and averaged 12 ± 2 m yr−1.
Diet of grey-headed albatrosses at the Diego Ramírez Islands, Chile: ecological implications
Authors: ARATA JAVIER , ROBERTSON GRAHAM , VALENCIA JOSÉ , XAVIER JOSÉ C. , MORENO CARLOS A.
Published: October 2004

The diet of grey-headed albatrosses at Diego Ramírez was analysed and compared to that of the sympatric black-browed albatross. Diet composition was inferred from an analysis of prey hard parts present in 103 chick regurgitates obtained during breeding seasons 2000, 2001 and 2002. The squid Martialia hyadesi predominated in the diet samples in 2001 and 2002 (89% and 81% of reconstituted mass), but was absent from the 2000 samples. Reconstituted mean mass per sample in 2000 was significantly lower than in 2001 and 2002. Chick growth rate during 2000 was also the lowest recorded. This suggests that M. hyadesi plays an important role in the breeding performance of grey-headed albatrosses at Diego Ramírez. Low presence of M. hyadesi in grey-headed albatrosses' diet at South Georgia in 2000, a year with significant low breeding success, suggests ocean-wide processes affecting the availability of this prey to both populations simultaneously. Overlap in diet composition, and inferred feeding areas, between the sympatric albatross species at Diego Ramírez was minimal. Grey-headed albatrosses fed mainly on species associated with the Antarctic Polar Front, whereas black-browed albatrosses consumed benthopelagic species frequently caught in fishing operations in southern Chile.
Vellaria zucchellii sp. nov. a new monothalamous foraminifer from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica
Authors: SABBATINI ANNA , PAWLOWSKI JAN , GOODAY ANDREW J. , PIRAINO STEFANO , BOWSER SAMUEL S. , MORIGI CATERINA , NEGRI ALESSANDRA
Published: October 2004

Vellaria zucchellii sp. nov. is described from coastal sediment samples from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica, 74°40′28.1″S, 164°04′11.6″E, Tethys Bay, 25 m depth). This organic-walled monothalamous (single chambered) foraminifer is characterized by a wide, prominent aperture that facilitates attachment to larger particles (small sand grains or other foraminiferal shells). It shares this feature with the two other known species of Vellaria, both of which were described from an Indian estuary. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggest that V. zucchellii is related to the genus Psammophaga. However, the new species lacks the mineral grain inclusions that are characteristic of Psammophaga. The description of this new organic-walled monothalamous foraminiferal species further documents the high taxonomic diversity of these delicate and abundant protists in the polar benthic communities.
Two new species of Paramunnidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from the South Shetland Islands
Authors: CASTELLÓ JOSÉ
Published: October 2004

Two new species of Paramunnidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from the South Shetland Islands (sub-Antarctic) are described. Austrosignum escandellae sp. nov. has long eyestalks, dorsum slightly sculpted (transverse bumps on pereonites 1–5), and lateral margins of pereonites rounded. The closest species is A. spinosum Kussakin, 1982 that also shows dorsum sculpted. The main differences are the ocular peduncle (short in A. spinosum) and the lateral margins of pereonites (pointed in A. spinosum). Coulmannia ramosae sp. nov. differs from the other two species of this genus (C. australis Hodgson, 1910 and C. frigida Hodgson, 1910) in that only the margins of pereonites 2–4 are expanded (into one point). A discussion of the Austrosignum/Munnogonium complex is provided with a comparative table of the species involved.
Long-term survival of human faecal microorganisms on the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: HUGHES KEVIN A. , NOBBS SIMON J.
Published: October 2004

Human faecal waste has been discarded at inland Antarctic sites for over 100 years, but little is known about the long-term survival of faecal microorganisms in the Antarctic terrestrial environment or the environmental impact. This study identified viable faecal microorganisms in 30–40 year old human faeces sampled from the waste dump at Fossil Bluff Field Station, Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Viable aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were predominantly spore-forming varieties (Bacillus and Clostridium spp.). Faecal coliform bacteria were not detected, indicating that they are less able to survive Antarctic environmental conditions than spore-forming bacteria. In recent years, regional warming around the Antarctic Peninsula has caused a decrease in permanent snow cover around nunataks and coastal regions. As a result, previously buried toilet pits, depots and food dumps are now melting out and Antarctic Treaty Parties face the legacy of waste dumped in the Antarctic terrestrial environment by earlier expeditions. Previous faecal waste disposal on land may now start to produce detectable environmental pollution as well as potential health and scientific problems.
Scientific Publications – Free For All?
Authors: WALTON DAVID
Published: October 2004

One of the most important elements of the Antarctic Treaty is the requirement to provide open and free access to all information collected south of 60° S. For this reason the current focus on making all published science free for everyone strikes a sympathetic cord. Led by various institutions promoting web posting of published material and the Public Library of Science enthusiasts proposing open access through the author-pays model there is a ferment of activity at present around the world to convert scientists and librarians to this new religion.