bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does development aid reach politically excluded groups? A Disaggregated Study of the Location of Aid in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Rustad Siri Aas , Hoelscher Kristian , Kotsadam Andreas , Østby Gudrun , Urdal Henrik
Published: November 2023

Motivation

Despite an increased focus on inclusive development, we know little about the extent to which development aid reaches politically excluded groups or how this varies across different donors.

Purpose

Addressing this knowledge gap, we develop and test a framework arguing that (1) areas where politically excluded groups live are less likely to receive development aid, and (2) there are differences between donor countries and organizations in how they instrumentally address inclusive development.

Methods and approach

Using a geographically disaggregated panel dataset of aid projects covering sub‐Saharan African countries from 1996 to 2013, we combine sub‐national data on the location of aid by donor and type, and data on politically excluded ethnic groups.

Findings

For World Bank aid projects, we do not find evidence that areas with excluded groups are generally prioritized. However, when disaggregating by sector, we find that aid projects related to health and water access are significantly more likely to be allocated to areas with excluded groups. Furthermore, we see little indication that Chinese aid is targeted towards areas of political exclusion. Conversely, aid allocations made by donor countries whose development strategies emphasize inclusive and needs‐based approaches are more likely to be established in areas with politically excluded groups.

Policy implications

We argue that these results indicate diverse underlying political motivations behind the provision of development aid by various donors. These motivations become evident when examining aid allocation by sector and type of donor.
Non‐farm activity reduces migration: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Iqbal Kazi , Pabon Md Nahid Ferdous , Hoque Mohammad Rezoanul , Shashi Nahian Azad
Published: November 2023

Motivation

Anecdotal evidence suggests that local non‐farm opportunities slow down rural–urban migration. However, there is hardly any empirical evidence on the relation between household non‐farm income and migration. Understanding this relation is essential for rural development strategies, sustainable urban development, and policies that influence domestic migrations.

Purpose

We examine whether households' decision to send a member to urban areas for employment depends on the extent of their non‐farm income and, in turn, on local non‐farm opportunities. We also study how this impact is dependent on household income, education of the household head, and land holdings.

Methods and approach

Households' decision to migrate or to choose non‐farm employment is endogenous, likely to be influenced by unobserved characteristics. We construct local measures of non‐farm opportunities at the Union (lowest administrative) level using Economic Census data. Local opportunities are exogenous to household decisions and are used to instrument household‐level non‐farm income.

Findings

Regression results using instrumental variables show that a greater share of non‐farm income reduces the probability that members of the household will migrate to other districts. This effect is most pronounced for semi‐rural areas such as municipalities. We find similar results when we use areas with small and medium enterprise (SME) clusters to instrument household‐level non‐farm income. We also observe substantial heterogeneity of impact: a higher share of non‐farm income deters migration more for income‐rich, land‐poor and educated households.

Policy implications

Our results suggest that creating non‐farm opportunities curbs migration to urban areas. Developing rural growth centres, secondary towns, may reduce migration to larger cities and reduce poverty.
An automated face mask detection system using transfer learning based neural network to preventing viral infection
Authors: Verma Sonia , Rani Preeti , Gupta Shelly , Sharma Richa , Yadav Kusum , Aledaily Arwa N. , Alharbi Meshal
Published: November 2023

As the “Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)” grows, healthcare systems can collect and process data. It is also challenging to study public health prevention requirements. Virus transmission can be prevented by wearing a mask. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends wearing a facemask to protect against the COVID‐19 pandemic—the levels of a pandemic rise across almost all regions of the world. By following the WHO rules, we support the development of face mask‐detecting technologies and determine whether or not people are using masks in public locations. The proposed paradigm in this paper will work in three stages. Firstly, we use an Image data generator to import the images. In addition to using a Haar cascade (HC) classifier for detecting faces, residual learning (ResNet152V2) trains a model that detects whether someone is wearing a face mask. Detection and classification are carried out in real‐time with high precision. Compared with other recently proposed methods, the model achieved 99.65% accuracy during training and 99.63% during validation.
People with HIV and healthcare workers views on screening for cognitive impairment in people with HIV: A qualitative study
Authors: Alford Kate , Sidat Shiraaz , Bristowe Katherine , St. Clair‐Sullivan Natalie , Parteger Gary , Matthew Maddocks , Yi Deokhee , Harding Richard , Levett Tom , Bremner Stephen , Vera Jaime H.
Published: November 2023

Objectives

People with HIV are an ageing population with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Although cognitive impairment is dependent upon assessment, the acceptability of screening for cognitive impairment is unclear. This study aimed to explore the views of people with HIV and healthcare workers regarding routine screening for cognitive impairment.

Methods

In‐depth individual qualitative interviews were conducted with purposively sampled people with HIV and focus groups of healthcare workers from a UK HIV service. Verbatim pseudonymized transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis supported by NVivo.

Results

Twenty people with HIV were interviewed and 12 healthcare workers participated in three focus groups. People with HIV were concerned about developing cognitive issues and were receptive to routine screening. Screening was seen as relevant and an important part of managing health in older age. Healthcare workers expressed concerns regarding the capacity of HIV services to implement routine screening and questioned the validity of screening measures used. People with HIV felt that screening and subsequent detection of cognitive impairment, if present, may help them to prepare for future issues and promote active management strategies and care pathways that would support cognitive health. People with HIV felt that screening should be brief and delivered by the HIV service and that they should be given a choice of administration method. Indications of cognitive impairment detected by a brief screening assessment should be discussed face to face and followed up with a comprehensive assessment.

Conclusions

People with HIV are concerned about cognitive impairment and would welcome regular screening for this as part of the holistic care provided by the HIV team. Both people with HIV and healthcare workers would like more information on cognitive impairment, its screening and ways to support cognitive health.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and effects of age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination among older individuals: A national cohort study
Authors: Mahmoud Mai A. , Ayoub Houssein H. , Coyle Peter , Tang Patrick , Hasan Mohammad R. , Yassine Hadi M. , Al Thani Asmaa A. , Al‐Kanaani Zaina , Al‐Kuwari Einas , Jeremijenko Andrew , Kaleeckal Anvar Hassan , Latif Ali Nizar , Shaik Riyazuddin Mohammad , Abdul‐Rahim Hanan F. , Nasrallah Gheyath K. , Al‐Kuwari Mohamed Ghaith , Butt Adeel A. , Al‐Romaihi Hamad Eid , Al‐Thani Mohamed H. , Al‐Khal Abdullatif , Bertollini Roberto , Abu‐Raddad Laith J. , Chemaitelly Hiam
Published: November 2023

Background

We investigated the contribution of age, coexisting medical conditions, sex, and vaccination to incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and of severe, critical, or fatal COVID‐19 in older adults since pandemic onset.

Methods

A national retrospective cohort study was conducted in the population of Qatar aged ≥50 years between February 5, 2020 and June 15, 2023. Adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for infection and for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes were estimated through Cox regression models.

Results

Cumulative incidence was 25.01% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.86–25.15%) for infection and 1.59% (95% CI: 1.55–1.64%) for severe, critical, or fatal COVID‐19 after a follow‐up duration of 40.9 months. Risk of infection varied minimally by age and sex but increased significantly with coexisting conditions. Risk of infection was reduced with primary‐series vaccination (AHR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.90–0.93) and further with first booster vaccination (AHR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.74–0.77). Risk of severe, critical, or fatal COVID‐19 increased exponentially with age and linearly with coexisting conditions. AHRs for severe, critical, or fatal COVID‐19 were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.7–0.97) for one dose, 0.15 (95% CI: 0.13–0.17) for primary‐series vaccination, and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.08–0.14) for first booster vaccination. Sensitivity analysis restricted to only Qataris yielded similar results.

Conclusion

Incidence of severe COVID‐19 in older adults followed a dynamic pattern shaped by infection incidence, variant severity, and population immunity. Age, sex, and coexisting conditions were strong determinants of infection severity. Vaccine protection against severe outcomes showed a dose–response relationship, highlighting the importance of booster vaccination for older adults.
Efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tao Lihua , Yuan Xiao
Published: November 2023

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a major health concern for diabetic patients, often leading to debilitating complications. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been posited as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy to augment the healing rates of these ulcers. This systematic review and meta‐analysis sought to critically evaluate the efficacy and safety of HBOT in the context of DFUs management. A rigorous search, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, was conducted across multiple electronic databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of HBOT on DFUs were included. Outcome measures were complete ulcer healing, major and minor amputation rates and adverse reactions. The analysis employed both fixed and random‐effects models, contingent on the heterogeneity levels detected. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. HBOT was found to significantly improve the complete healing rates of DFUs with a risk ratio (RR) of 3.59 (95% CI: 1.56–8.29, p < 0.001). However, HBOT's impact on both major and minor amputation rates did not yield statistically significant results. The sensitivity analysis underscored the robustness of the principal outcomes, and the publication bias assessment suggested the absence of any significant bias. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy stands out as a potent therapeutic tool in promoting the complete healing of diabetic foot ulcers, offering a promising adjunct to standard care protocols, while ensuring patient safety.
Effect of particle size of associated rare earth kaolin powder on the sintering and properties of synthetic mullite
Authors: Gao Xiong , Zhang Deng , Feng Xueru , Zhang Jiamin , Yuqing Peng , Zhicheng Pan , Zongming Dai
Published: November 2023

The objective of this work is to synthesize mullite from associated rare‐earth kaolin. The effects of 300 mesh (48 μm) and 400 mesh (38 μm) associated rare earth kaolin and sintering temperature on the phase composition, microstructure, sintering behavior, and mechanical properties of mullite were studied. The study showed that the relative mullite content, average aspect ratio, relative density, micro Vickers hardness, and flexural strength of mullite synthesized by using 400‐mesh calcined associated rare earth kaolin as raw material and sintered at 1500°C for 4 h were 76.6%, 5.55 μm, 90.19%, 12.05 GPa, and 166.35 MPa, respectively. Compared with mullite synthesized from 300‐mesh calcined associated rare earth kaolin, the use of 400‐mesh associated rare earth kaolin can reduce the mullitization temperature by about 100°C, increase the average aspect ratio and relative density of mullite by 5.23% and 9.47%, and increase the microscopic Vickers hardness and flexural strength by 6.09% and 17.04%, respectively. This provides new ideas for the comprehensive utilization of associated rare earth kaolin mineral resources and new ways for the high value‐added utilization of associated rare earth kaolin, which has great economic value.
First‐principles investigation of structural, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties of Hf2AX (A═Al, Si and X═C, N) MAX phases
Authors: Ali Mubashar , Bibi Zunaira , Younis Muhammad Wasim , Majeed Kashif , Iqbal Muhammad Asif
Published: November 2023

In this work, we have employed the first‐principles calculations to investigate the phase stability and mechanical and optoelectronic characteristics of Hf2AX (A═Al, Si and X═C, N) MAX phases. Phase stabilities of Hf2AX compounds have been evaluated by the formation enthalpy computations and phonon dispersion curves, which indicate that all studied compounds are structurally and dynamically stable. The mechanical stability has been determined by elastic stiffness constants, which confirms that the studied MAX phases are mechanically stable. The computed results for Pugh's and Poisson ratios indicate the brittle nature of Hf2AX MAX phases. It is interesting to note that Si‐based MAX phases possess high values of B/G, indicating that they are harder than Al‐based compounds. The obtained band structures and partial density of states indicate the metallic character of all Hf2AX compounds. The strong hybridization of d‐orbitals of Hf with p‐orbitals of N and the comparatively weaker hybridization of p‐orbitals (Hf) with Al/Si p‐orbitals is observed. The presence of pseudogaps near the Fermi energy level emerges due to the orbital hybridization involving Hf, Al/Si, and C/N atoms. The analysis of charge density difference maps reveals the presence of a strong covalent bond between the Hf and C/N atoms, whereas a relatively weaker covalent bond is seen between the Hf and Al/Si atoms. Furthermore, numerous optical characteristics have been investigated to account for the behavior of the Hf2AX compounds to those of impinging electromagnetic rays. The highest absorptivity is noticed within the energy range of 7.5–12.5 eV. The optical spectra in the range of 1.7 eV (IR) to 9 eV ultraviolet (UV) have been observed for the investigated MAX phases, predicting their suitability as proficient energy absorbers within the UV region. The Intriguing properties of Hf2AX compounds are anticipated to be appropriate materials for a variety of applications.
The Know‐How of Virtue
Authors: Murphy‐Hollies Kathleen
Published: November 2023

It is widely accepted that virtuous behaviour ought to be motivated in the right way, done for the right reasons, and an appropriate response to the values manifested in a situation. In this article I describe how cases of individuals having poor understanding of the reasons for their behaviour, can nevertheless be conducive to the development of virtue. One way in which giving reasons for one's own behaviour can be inaccurate is when the reasons given are confabulatory. In confabulation, the reasons given for behaviour are post hoc, do not capture factors which actually brought the behaviour in question about, and are not well supported by evidence. Confabulations protect an individual's positive self‐representations at the expense of more accurate appraisals of themselves and the circumstances. However, I argue that engaging in the construction of a positive self‐narrative can be efficacious in making it a reality. Importantly, this is only possible when agents have the know‐how of certain self‐relational skills and attitudes, which are captured in a meta‐virtue of self‐regulation. When individuals can regulate their values and their behaviour effectively, such that they are in keeping, they can ultimately consistently embody virtues. Confabulation can be, and probably often is, part of this process.
Developments and current status of cell‐free DNA in the early detection and management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Du Sihao , Cao Ke , Yan Yadong , Wang Yupeng , Wang Zhenshun , Lin Dongdong
Published: November 2023

Nowadays, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major threat to human health globally, with a disappointing prognosis. Regular monitoring of patients at high risk, utilizing abdominal ultrasonography combined with alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) serum analysis, enables the early detection of potentially treatable tumors. However, the approach has limitations due to its lack of sensitivity. Meanwhile, the current standard procedure for obtaining a tumor biopsy in cases of HCC is invasive and lacks the ability to assess the dynamic progression of cancer or account for tumor heterogeneity. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop non‐invasive, highly sensitive biomarkers for HCC which can improve the accuracy of early diagnosis, assess treatment response and accurately predict the prognosis. In contrast to the conventional method of tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy offers a non‐invasive approach that can be readily repeated. As a liquid biopsy approach, the analysis of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) offers real‐time insights that can accurately portray the tumor burden and provide a comprehensive depiction of the genetic profile associated with HCC. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the recent research findings pertaining to the significance and potential practicality of cfDNA analysis in the early detection and effective management of HCC.
Extending theoretical explanations for gendered divisions of care during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: André Stéfanie , Remery Chantal , Yerkes Mara A.
Published: November 2023

Objective

This article extends pre‐pandemic theories, empirically testing the salience of pandemic‐based absolute and relative resources and time availability mechanisms for understanding gendered divisions of childcare across the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Multiple cross‐sectional studies have examined gender differences in pandemic divisions of childcare, yet few longitudinal studies exist, particularly using pandemic‐specific theoretical mechanisms.

Method

The authors used five waves (six data points, April 2020–November 2021) of probability‐based longitudinal data from the Netherlands to estimate fixed‐effects regression models (person‐wave data; 2165 mothers and 1839 fathers) to analyze the division of childcare.

Results

Essential occupation was associated with a relative decrease in childcare tasks for mothers but not fathers. Mothers whose partner worked in an essential occupation experienced a relative increase in childcare tasks. Time availability also mattered; primarily for fathers. Working from home was associated with a relative increase in father's involvement in childcare, whereas an increase in work hours was associated with a decrease. Unemployment affected mothers only and was associated with an increase in relative childcare.

Conclusion

Having an essential occupation potentially functioned as a new resource for some mothers to bargain for more gender‐egalitarian divisions of care but also reaffirmed the relative importance of men's paid employment over that of women's in shaping divisions of care. Time availability played a role in divisions of care during the pandemic, but mostly for fathers.

Implications

The findings extend traditional resources and time availability theories to explain pandemic‐based gender differences in the division of care across the pandemic.
Evaluating the impact of scan body angulation and geometric attachments on the accuracy of complete‐arch digital implant impressions: A comparison of two intraoral scanners
Authors: Farah Ra'fat I. , Alresheedi Bandar , Alazmi Saad , Al‐Haj Ali Sanaa N.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

To investigate the effects of scan body (SB) angulation and geometric attachments (GAs) on the deviations of complete‐arch digital implant impressions obtained using intraoral scanners (IOSs), in relation to the gold‐standard desktop scanner.

Material and methods

Two IOSs (iTero and Omnicam), two SB angulations (0 degrees and 30 degrees), and GAs for the SBs were investigated. SBs were attached to an edentulous maxillary cast with the following implant analogs: parallel 0‐degree at positions #13, #23, and #26, and 30‐degree posteriorly tilted at position #16. The cast was digitized using a reference desktop scanner, followed by ten consecutive digital scans using each IOS (five scans with GAs and five without GAs, n = 20). Meshes obtained from the IOS scans were superimposed on the master reference mesh. Linear distance and 3D surface deviations from the reference mesh were calculated. A three‐way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to assess the effects of angulation, IOS type, and GAs on the combined dependent variables (α = 0.05).

Results

No significant three‐way interaction was observed between IOS type, SB angulation, and GAs for combined deviations from the reference scan (p = 0.56). Simple main effect analysis revealed that iTero exhibited significantly lower mean 3D surface and linear deviations than Omnicam (p < 0.05). Additionally, the use of GAs significantly reduced deviations (p < 0.001), with mean deviation reductions for both scanners ranging from 26–33 micrometers (µm) for 3D deviations and 15–21 µm for linear distance deviations. No differences were found between angled and parallel SBs regarding 3D surface and linear distance deviations (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusions

ITero demonstrated significantly smaller deviations, and the use of GAs led to significantly reduced distance and 3D surface deviations. SB angulations did not impact scan deviations.
Development and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Langer Mindfulness Scale
Authors: Yang Fan , Sawada Nanami , Oshio Atsushi
Published: November 2023

Measures for meditative mindfulness have been developed and validated. However, relatively little attention is paid to a socio‐cognitive definition of mindfulness, also known as Langerian mindfulness. Socio‐cognitive mindfulness is an indispensable perspective for studying mindfulness within a social context. In this research, we conducted one pilot and two formal studies online, with a total of 831 Japanese participants, to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Langer Mindfulness Scale (LMS‐J). In the pilot study, we confirm the dimensionality via exploratory factor analysis. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analysis and test–retest reliability based on a 4‐week interval were performed. In Study 2, convergent and discriminant validity were tested by examining the relationships between Langerian and meditative mindfulness, Big Five personality traits, and life satisfaction. Overall, the results suggest that the factor structure of the LMS‐J is similar to its original version, and the LMS‐J is a reliable and valid measure. Therefore, the LMS‐J can be used to measure Langerian mindfulness in the Japanese population, especially for research in individual development within a social context.
Post‐traumatic stress trajectories of children and their parents over the year following intensive care discharge: A secondary analysis
Authors: Colville Gillian , Pierce Christine M.
Published: November 2023

Background

New research in the field of psychological trauma has emphasized (a) the heterogeneity of psychological reactions after traumatic events and (b) the existence of distinct symptom trajectories.

Aims

In this study, existing data on post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 66 parent–child dyads were re‐examined in the light of this literature in order to establish whether a similar pattern of symptom trajectories also applies to this population.

Study Design

A prospective observational cohort study. Participants' PTSD symptoms were assessed 3 and 12 months after discharge from a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), using a short form of the Davidson Trauma Scale with parents and the Child Revised Impact of Events Scale with children aged 7–17 years.

Results

Results confirmed that the majority of children (58%) and parents (46%) exhibited a ‘Resilient’ PTSD trajectory over the year, in the sense that their scores remained in the non‐clinical range at both timepoints. Children displaying a ‘Resilient’ trajectory were more likely to have a parent who also displayed a ‘Resilient’ trajectory (p = .018). However, there was also evidence of a ‘Recovery’ trajectory in a significant minority in this sample and over 1 in 4 children and parents exhibited a ‘Chronic’ or ‘Delayed’ symptom trajectory.

Conclusions

Although average PTSD scores reduced over time in this sample and ‘Resilient’ trajectories were common, a significant proportion of children and parents exhibited ‘Chronic’ and ‘Delayed’ symptom trajectories.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

These results suggest that, although the majority do well, a significant number of children and family members may develop chronic or delayed symptoms of PTSD in the year following PICU discharge. The monitoring of individual family members' symptoms beyond 3 months post‐discharge may help to determine those who might most benefit from further support.
Accuracy of patient‐reported bowel symptoms for fecal incontinence: Historical recall versus prospective evaluation
Authors: Hudgi Amit , Yan Yun , Ayyala Deepak , Rao Satish S. C.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Fecal incontinence (FI) is characterized by both irregular and unpredictable bowel symptoms. An accurate history of symptoms is important for diagnosis and guiding management. Whether a patient's history of bowel symptoms is reliable or if there is recall bias is unknown.

Aim

To evaluate the accuracy of FI symptoms based on patient's recall compared with a prospective stool diary.

Methods

FI (Rome IV) patients completed a bowel questionnaire that included leakage episodes and stool consistency. Subsequently they completed a one‐week FI stool diary. Agreement and correlation between historical recall and stool diary were compared.

Results

One hundred patients participated. On average they reported 12 bowel movements (BMs) and five FI episodes per week. Fifty‐two percent had completed under‐graduation, 33% high school and 15% postgraduation. Using recall, 23% of patients accurately reported the number of FI episodes, whereas 41% underestimated and 36% overestimated its prevalence compared to the FI diary. Similarly, the concordance for the number of BMs was 30%, urgency was 54%, amount of stool leakage was 16%, and stool consistency was 12.5%. The concordance for nocturnal FI events, use of pads and lack of stool awareness were 63%, 75%, and 66.6% respectively.

Conclusion

There is poor concordance for key bowel symptoms including the number of FI episodes as reported by FI patients, suggesting significant recall bias. Thus, historical recall of chronic FI symptoms may be less accurate. A prospective stool diary could provide more accurate information for the evaluation of FI patients.
Gendered geographies of resistance, resilience and reworking in Aotearoa feminist geography scholarship
Authors: Adams‐Hutcheson Gail , Johnston Lynda , Ringham Sandi ,   as part of Gender and Geography in Aotearoa (GAGA) NZGS Specialty Group
Published: November 2023

Aotearoa New Zealand feminist geographies involve alliances of connected and vibrant researchers who pay close attention to the politics of knowledge production, power, intersectionality and decolonisation. Safe spaces to speak and write together have been nurtured over time ‘down under’ due to a collective politics of care and mentoring. This special issue demonstrates the strength of collective thinking on resistance, resilience and reworking contemporary geographical practice in Aotearoa. The four empirically based and theoretically informed articles develop new thinking about resistance to colonialism, patriarchy, racism, metricisation and oppression. These critical articles contribute to feminist geographical knowledges both locally and globally.
Heart rate variability: Evaluating a potential biomarker of anxiety disorders
Authors: Tomasi Julia , Zai Clement C. , Pouget Jennie G. , Tiwari Arun K. , Kennedy James L.
Published: November 2023

Establishing quantifiable biological markers associated with anxiety will increase the objectivity of phenotyping and enhance genetic research of anxiety disorders. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological measure reflecting the dynamic relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and is a promising target for further investigation. This review summarizes evidence evaluating HRV as a potential physiological biomarker of anxiety disorders by highlighting literature related to anxiety and HRV combined with investigations of endophenotypes, neuroimaging, treatment response, and genetics. Deficient HRV shows promise as an endophenotype of pathological anxiety and may serve as a noninvasive index of prefrontal cortical control over the amygdala, and potentially aid with treatment outcome prediction. We propose that the genetics of HRV can be used to enhance the understanding of the genetics of pathological anxiety for etiological investigations and treatment prediction. Given the anxiety–HRV link, strategies are offered to advance genetic analytical approaches, including the use of polygenic methods, wearable devices, and pharmacogenetic study designs. Overall, HRV shows promising support as a physiological biomarker of pathological anxiety, potentially in a transdiagnostic manner, with the heart–brain entwinement providing a novel approach to advance anxiety treatment development.
Not only biology matters: socioeconomic factors change land prioritization for restoration
Authors: Jácome‐Flores Miguel E. , Popoca‐Cruz Pavel E. , Sanaphre‐Villanueva Lucía
Published: November 2023

Ecological restoration requires a holistic view of the interconnectedness between degraded areas, remaining ecosystems, and the repercussions of land use and other socioeconomic costs. In this study, we analyze how biological priorities for restoration change when ecological, social, and economic feasibility are considered. A multi‐criteria approach was used to prioritize restoration areas, using the Mexican side of the transboundary Grijalva‐Usumacinta basin (78,831 km2) as a study model, one of Mexico's most important regions, thanks to its hydrology, biology, and social conditions. Fourteen indicators of biological value and feasibility for restoration were identified. The results showed that when considering only biological factors (B scenario), 9.35% of the basin area had high or very high priority for restoration within or near natural protected areas (NPAs). When including feasibility (B + F scenario), the area with high to very high priority values for restoration increased to 34.3%. This means that many feasible areas had medium or low biological priority for restoration, and consequently, in many cases, there is a tradeoff between the possible biological recovery versus viability derived mainly from socioeconomic factors. Without discerning where restoration can offer the most pronounced ecological and socioeconomic benefits, efforts risk being misdirected or squandered. This approach provides a suitability assessment useful for decision‐makers and stakeholders because it generates a more complete picture of opportunities and threats to make a final selection of priority areas for intervention.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*30:211 allele by next generation sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zou Hong‐Yan , Quan Zhan‐Rou , Zhou Dan
Published: November 2023

HLA‐A*30:211 differs from HLA‐A*30:01:01:01 by one nucleotide change at nucleotide 344 in exon 3 from G to C.
Post‐attachment resistance to Striga hermonthica in finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: Kunguni Josephine S. , Kibet Willy , Oduori Chrispus O. , Dida Mathews M. , Anami Sylvester , Kilian Benjamin , Mutuku Josiah M. , Runo Steve , Odeny Damaris A.
Published: November 2023

Finger millet is a highly nutritious and climate‐resilient cereal crop. Despite its importance, finger millet productivity in East Africa trails other cereals due to several biotic and abiotic factors, including the parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica. Striga spp. are noxious parasitic weeds whose damage can result in 100% yield losses in sub‐Saharan Africa. The objective of our study was to determine differences in post‐attachment responses of a selection of genotypes. We germinated finger millet in Petri dishes, transferred them to rhizotrons and infected the roots with Striga that had been pre‐conditioned for 7 days at 30°C and subsequently pre‐germinated using GR24. Histological analysis was done on three distinct genotypes to determine the host–pathogen interactions. The attachment of Striga onto the host was observed 3 days after inoculation. LESK10, a wild genotype, and OKHALE1 (cultivated) consistently supported fewer Striga plants after inoculation, while GBK029646A, a cultivated finger millet, consistently supported the highest. Histological analysis recorded an incompatible reaction in both OKHALE1 and LESK10 and a compatible reaction in GBK029646A as early as 3 days after infection. Our results suggest the likely existence of novel resistance in crop wild relatives that will be valuable for developing durable resistance to Striga in elite finger millet varieties.
Elliptic bihamiltonian structures from relative shifted Poisson structures
Authors: Hua Zheng , Polishchuk Alexander
Published: November 2023

In this paper, generalizing our previous construction, we equip the relative moduli stack of complexes over a Calabi–Yau fibration (possibly with singular fibers) with a shifted Poisson structure. Applying this construction to the anticanonical linear systems on surfaces, we get examples of compatible Poisson brackets on projective spaces extending Feigin–Odesskii Poisson brackets. Computing explicitly the corresponding compatible brackets coming from Hirzebruch surfaces, we recover the brackets defined by Odesskii–Wolf.
Pool Boiling of CNT + GO Nanomaterial–Coated Copper Substrate: An Experimental Study
Authors: Kumar Ranjan , Sen Dipak , Mandal S. K.
Published: November 2023

Nanoparticle coating on copper substrates like carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) is a promising method to enhance the surface properties as well as improve the boiling heat transfer characteristics. The main objective of the present investigation is to study the influence of the nanocomposite coating on the performance of pool boiling heat transfer. CNT + GO nanomaterials are coated on copper substrates via the dip coating method by varying the concentration of the nanomaterial. Morphological analysis, surface roughness, and wettability behavior of the coating are also observed. The result shows that CNT + GO increases the surface roughness of the samples, and the coated samples are superhydrophilic in nature. Compared with the uncoated sample, the coated sample shows the maximum increase in critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient is 145.76% and 259.08%, respectively. A high-speed camera is used to study the bubble dynamics. Bubble diameter, departure frequency, and site density are also calculated and presented.
Pregnancy-responsive pools of adult neural stem cells for transient neurogenesis in mothers
Authors: Chaker Zayna , Segalada Corina , Kretz Jonas A. , Acar Ilhan E. , Delgado Ana C. , Crotet Valerie , Moor Andreas E. , Doetsch Fiona
Published: November 2023

Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) contribute to lifelong brain plasticity. In the adult mouse ventricular-subventricular zone, NSCs are heterogeneous and, depending on their location in the niche, give rise to different subtypes of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons. Here, we show that multiple regionally distinct NSCs, including domains that are usually quiescent, are recruited on different gestation days during pregnancy. Synchronized activation of these adult NSC pools generates transient waves of short-lived OB interneurons, especially in layers with less neurogenesis under homeostasis. Using spatial transcriptomics, we identified molecular markers of pregnancy-associated interneurons and showed that some subsets are temporarily needed for own pup recognition. Thus, pregnancy triggers transient yet behaviorally relevant neurogenesis, highlighting the physiological relevance of adult stem cell heterogeneity.
Screening strategy for developing thermoelectric interface materials
Authors: Xie Liangjun , Yin Li , Yu Yuan , Peng Guyang , Song Shaowei , Ying Pingjun , Cai Songting , Sun Yuxin , Shi Wenjing , Wu Hao , Qu Nuo , Guo Fengkai , Cai Wei , Wu Haijun , Zhang Qian , Nielsch Kornelius , Ren Zhifeng , Liu Zihang , Sui Jiehe
Published: November 2023

Thermoelectric interface materials (TEiMs) are essential to the development of thermoelectric generators. Common TEiMs use pure metals or binary alloys but have performance stability issues. Conventional selection of TEiMs generally relies on trial-and-error experimentation. We developed a TEiM screening strategy that is based on phase diagram predictions by density functional theory calculations. By combining the phase diagram with electrical resistivity and melting points of potential reaction products, we discovered that the semimetal MgCuSb is a reliable TEiM for high-performance MgAgSb. The MgCuSb/MgAgSb junction exhibits low interfacial contact resistivity (ρ
c
<1 microhm square centimeter) even after annealing at 553 kelvin for 16 days. The fabricated two-pair MgAgSb/Mg
3.2
Bi
1.5
Sb
0.5
module demonstrated a high conversion efficiency of 9.25% under a 300 kelvin temperature gradient. We performed an international round-robin testing of module performance to confirm the measurement reliability. The strategy can be applied to other thermoelectric materials, filling a vital gap in the development of thermoelectric modules.
Measuring the impacts of air pollution
Authors: Mendelsohn Robert , Kim Seung Min
Published: November 2023

Reduced air pollution from coal power plants decreased mortality more than expected
In Science Journals
Authors: Seale Madeleine , Smith Keith T. , Funk Michael A. , Smith H. Jesse , Charneski Catherine , Olingy Claire , Stajic Jelena , Yeston Jake S. , Jiang Di , Simonti Corinne , Hurtley Stella M. , Grocholski Brent , Ash Caroline , Maroso Mattia , Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: November 2023

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Nocturnal habits may help animals survive crises
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

After ancient extinctions, survivors switched to day shifts, study of fish suggests
Effectiveness of an online management platform (Joint Cloud) versus standard process for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: study protocol for a prospective randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Shuhao , Ma He , Wang Lei , Wang Maopeng , Li Bing , Liu Jun
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of mobility impairment in the elderly worldwide. Therefore, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often performed and is one of the most successful surgery and has resulted in substantial quality-of-life gains for people with end-stage arthritis. There is still room for improvement in the standard treatment process in the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative period of TKA. Telerehabilitation has the potential to become a positive alternative to face-to-face rehabilitation nowadays. But it remains unclear how well telemedicine interventions cover the entire surgical pathway (preoperation, intraoperation, postoperation). This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Joint Cloud (JC, an online management platform) compared with existing standard process in regulating functional recovery, pain management, muscle strength changes and other health-related outcomes in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty preoperation, intraoperation and postoperation.

Methods and analysis

A randomised controlled trial was designed to compare the online management platform (JC) with standard process (SP) in patients undergoing TKA. A total of 186 TKA patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention (n=93) or control (n=93) group. Patients in the intervention group will receive access to the ‘JC’ mini-program. This mini-program provides popular science information (eg, information about OA and TKA), functional exercise information and communication channels. Patients evaluate their condition and functional level through standardised digital questionnaires. The control group of patients will not accept any functions of this mini-program. The primary outcome is knee functional recovery, and the secondary outcomes are pain management, isometric knee extensor muscle strength, patient satisfaction and cost-benefit analysis. Assessments will be performed 1 month and 3 days before surgery (T0) and 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Data analysis will be performed according to the intent-to-treat (ITT) principle. Repeated measures of linear mixed models and parametric and non-parametric testing will be used for statistical analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was reviewed and approved by the Tianjin Hospital Medical Ethics Review Committee on 10 February 2023 (2022YLS155). Test data are considered highly sensitive but are available upon request. The findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR2300068486.
Accelerometer derived physical activity and subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis: cross-sectional analyses in 22 703 middle-aged men and women in the SCAPIS study
Authors: Ekblom-Bak Elin , Börjesson Mats , Ekblom Örjan , Angerås Oskar , Bergman Frida , Berntsson Caroline , Carlhäll Carl-Johan , Engström Gunnar , Engvall Jan , Fagman Erika , Flinck Agneta , Johansson Peter , Jujic Amra , Kero Tanja , Lind Lars , Mannila Maria , Ostenfeld Ellen , Persson Anders , Persson Jonas , Persson Margaretha , Redfors Björn , Sandberg Camilla , Wennberg Patrik , Öhlin Jerry , Östgren Carl Johan , Jernberg Tomas
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The aim included investigation of the associations between sedentary (SED), low-intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in both coronaries and carotids and the estimated difference in prevalence by theoretical reallocation of time in different PA behaviours.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Multisite study at university hospitals.

Participants

A total of 22 670 participants without cardiovascular disease (51% women, 57.4 years, SD 4.3) from the population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage study were included. SED, LIPA and MVPA were assessed by hip-worn accelerometer.

Primary and secondary outcomes

Any and significant subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (CA), Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CACS) and carotid atherosclerosis (CarA) were derived from imaging data from coronary CT angiography and carotid ultrasound.

Results

High daily SED (>70% ≈10.5 hours/day) associated with a higher OR 1.44 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.91), for significant CA, and with lower OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.95), for significant CarA. High LIPA (>55% ≈8 hours/day) associated with lower OR for significant CA 0.70 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.96), and CACS, 0.71 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.97), but with higher OR for CarA 1.41 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.76). MVPA above reference level, >2% ≈20 min/day, associated with lower OR for significant CA (OR range 0.61–0.67), CACS (OR range 0.71–0.75) and CarA (OR range 0.72–0.79). Theoretical replacement of 30 min of SED into an equal amount of MVPA associated with lower OR for significant CA, especially in participants with high SED 0.84 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.96) or low MVPA 0.51 (0.36 to 0.73).

Conclusions

MVPA was associated with a lower risk for significant atherosclerosis in both coronaries and carotids, while the association varied in strength and direction for SED and LIPA, respectively. If causal, clinical implications include avoiding high levels of daily SED and low levels of MVPA to reduce the risk of developing significant subclinical atherosclerosis.
Multicentre, national, investigator-initiated, randomised, parallel-group, register-based superiority trial to compare extended ECG monitoring versus standard ECG monitoring in elderly patients with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and the effect on stroke, death and intracerebral bleeding: the AF SPICE protocol
Authors: Engdahl Johan , Straat Kajsa , Isaksson Eva , Rooth Elisabeth , Svennberg Emma , Norrving Bo , Euler Mia von , Hellqvist Kjersti , Gu Weigang , Ström Jakob O , Själander Sara , Eriksson Marie , Åsberg Signild , Wester Per
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA), and AF detection can be challenged by asymptomatic and paroxysmal presentation. Long-term ECG monitoring after ischaemic stroke or TIA is recommended by all major societies in cardiology and cerebrovascular medicine as a secondary prophylactic measure. However, data on stroke reduction are lacking, and the recommendations show significant diversity.

Methods and analysis

AF SPICE is a multicentre, national, investigator-initiated, randomised, parallel-group, register-based trial comparing extended ECG monitoring versus standard ECG monitoring in patients admitted with ischaemic stroke or TIA, with a composite endpoint of stroke, all-cause-mortality and intracerebral bleeding. Patients aged ≥70 years without previous AF will be randomised 1:1 to control (standard ECG monitoring) or intervention (extended ECG monitoring). In the control arm, patients will undergo 48±24 hours (ie, a range of 24–72 hours) of continuous ECG monitoring according to national recommendations. In the intervention arm, patients will undergo 14+14 days of continuous ECG monitoring 3 months apart using an ECG patch device, which will provide an easy-accessed, well-tolerated 14-day continuous ECG recording. All ECG patch recordings will be read in a core facility. In cases of AF detection, oral anticoagulation will be recommended if not contraindicated. A pilot phase has been concluded in 2022, which will transcend into the main trial during 2023–2026, including approximately 30 stroke units. The sample size was calculated to be 3262 patients. The primary outcome will be collected from register data during a 36-month follow-up.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been provided by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, reference 2021–02770. The trial will be conducted according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and national regulatory standards. Positive results from the study have the potential for rapid dissemination in clinical practice.

Trial registration number

NCT05134454.