bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against European Chafer Larvae, Home Lawn, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Six turf insec-ticides were tested for efficacy against European chafer larvae on a home lawn in Waltham, Mass. Grub populations were ca. 60% eggs, 40% early first instar at the time of application. The lawn consisted of 30% perennial ryegrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 30% crabgrass, and 10% dandelion, and was mowed at ca. 1.5 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 11:00 AM and 12:30 PM on 1 Aug 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 85° F, sunny and moderately humid with light SW wind (5-10 mph); soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.6; water pH, 8.2. All plots were hand watered with 0.1 inch immediately after application, and an additional 0.2 inch was applied through overhead irrigation within 2 hr after application. No measurable rain fell in the area for 2 wk after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 17 Oct (77 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Application on the Effectiveness Of Ascend Pt-370 (Abamectin 0.011% Ai) and Amdro (Hydramethylnonc 0.73% Ai) Ant Baits on Red Imported Fire Ant Mounds, 1992
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry
Published: December 2017

Ascend PT-370, supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories, Inc. (St. Louis, MO), and Amdro were applied for RIFA control by two methods: sprinkled on the surface of the mound following label directions, and distributed around the mound (without disturbing the surface of the mound) for a distance of 2 feet. Prior to treatment, a wire stake was inserted into the center of each of 60 mounds. The wire was vibrated as to disturb the surface of the mound and the number of ants responding to this disturbance within the first 30 s was counted. Both pretreatment and posttreatment ant activity was evaluated on a qualitative scale of 0 to 3 with 0 indicating no activity, 1 indicating less than 10 ants responding, 2 indicating 10-100 ants responding, and 3 indicating more than 100 ants responding. This pretreatment activity was used to block the mounds into treatment groups. Activity counts were conducted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 DAT. There were 12 mounds in each treatment and 12 untreated control mounds.
Apple, Cm-006 Timing Against Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Sprays were applied dilute to runoff with a truck-mounted, high-pressure, handgun sprayer (450 psi) in ‘McIntosh’ apple trees ca. 2 m high at the Trickier farm. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated four times. A single spray of CM-006 was applied either at pink (12 May) or petal fall (1 Jun) to control the first generation of STLM. Vydate L was also applied at pink and Lannate LV was applied at petal fall as standard control treatments for first generation of STLM. Several different summer schedules of CM-006 were compared for control of the second generation of STLM: (1) a complete schedule applied during the peak of adult flight (29 Jun), followed by additional sprays on 12 and 22 Jul; (2) a single spray at peak flight (29 Jun); (3) a single spray applied when the first sap feeding mines were observed on the underside of the leaf surfaces (12 Jul); (4) a single spray applied when the first tissue feeding mines were observed on the top surface of the leaves (22 Jul). A single spray of Vydate L was also applied on 22 Jul as a standard control technique for the second generation of STLM. STLM tissue mines were counted on 26 Jun on 10 randomly selected fruit clusters on each tree to evaluate the effectiveness of the different treatments against the first generation. STLM tissue mines were counted on 15 randomly selected “non-growing” terminals on each tree on 29 Aug to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments against the second generation. Data collected for both generations was transformed Log n(X + 1) and analyzed using a Fisher’s Protected LSD Test (P≤0.05).
Pear, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluation for Pear Psylla, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 3-tree plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted at a spacing of 24 X 24 ft and were 16 years old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.2 mph. The first table contains a listing of the application dates. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Streptomycin and Ziram 76WP. All sampling was conducted on the middle ‘Bartlett’ tree in each replicate. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples using a binocular microscope under 10 X magnification at 6-9 d intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur leaf samples from 1 May to 25 May, on 8 spur and 7 third most distal leaf samples from 1 Jun to 14 Jun, on 15 third most distal leaf samples on 22 Jun to 7 Jul. Adult PP were sampled by making 2 taps on 8 limbs per center plot tree. All adults dropping onto a 0.2 m2 collecting tray were counted. Russet evaluations were made on pear fruits (30 per replicate). Each replicate was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of percent of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Lepidopterous Pests in Cranberries, 1995
Authors: Polavarapu S.
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted on a bed of ‘Earlyblacks’ at the Rutgers Blueberry and Cranberry Research Center, Chatsworth, NJ. Treatment plots were arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Plots were 4-m by 4-m, separated by buffers of 1-m strips of cranberries within each block and 3-m between blocks. GM larval populations in each plot were augmented on 7 May by placing 4 eggmasses, obtained from USDA-APHJS facility at Otis Air Base in Cape Cod, MA. All GM eggmasses completed hatching by 10 May and larvae were well distributed in each plot at the time of insecticide application. Treatments were applied once on 20 May with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a single TeeJet nozzle (8002VS). The sprayer was operated at 35 PSI and calibrated to deliver 250 GPA finished spray. Most larvae of SFW and BHFW were third and fourth instar at the time of insecticide application. Larval population was assessed by examining all uprights in 4 randomly selected 1 -ft2 areas per replicate. Pre-treatment estimates were made 15-16 May and post-treatment counts on 31 May. GM larval counts were not taken before the application of insecticides. Larval counts of BHFW and SFW were pooled because of low pest pressure.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Japanese Beetle on Grapes, 1995
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. S.
Published: December 2017

In an experimental ‘Clinton’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio, plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 18 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2), equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle, was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 18 Jul, after treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the lab on 0, 1, 3, and 6 d after initial treatment and placed in round 1-gal. ice cream containers along with 10 Japanese beetles. The beetles used in these studies were collected in traps in an untreated area. The 1-gal containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheesecloth over the open top. Beetles were confined in the cages with the treated foliage for 24 h after which the number of dead beetles was determined.
Insect Control on Nursery Citrus, 1995
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Experimental insecticide V-71639, alone and with Silwet silicone adjuvant, were compared to Danitol and Admire for efficacy against CMB and CWWF on container-grown citrus in the greenhouse. Treatments were randomized and replicated on 9 ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit trees each ca. 2 ft high. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack CO2 sprayer at 32 psi. Control trees received a water spray. At 7-day-intervals posttreatment, mature young leaves (10 per treatment) were randomly collected and all live CMB (except eggs) and lst-4th stage CWWF were counted under a binocular microscope at 20X. CWWF were recorded as live if body^ fluid was released when probed with a needle.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., N.C., 1995
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Gourmet’ cabbage was direct seeded in early Mar near Weeksville, NC. Single row plots 10 ft. long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft. were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments 2, 9, 16 and 23 May. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 9, 16, 23 and 30 May. No CL were present on 9 and 16 May.
Foliar Sprays to Control Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 21 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft-long row with 3 ft between-row spacing, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design.
Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae at Three Locations in Illinois, 1996
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Soil insecticides were applied at planting and after planting at 3 locations in IL: 2 May (Monmouth), 3 May (DeKalb), and 20 May (Urbana). The experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Each treatment, except for Furadan 4F, was applied to a single 100-ft row; rows were 30-inches wide. Granular insecticides were metered through computer controlled SmartBox (SBX) granular applicators or Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row Max-emerge planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide. Liquid applications at Regent 80WG were delivered at planting through microtubes calibrated to deliver 2.2 qt per acre in-furrow. Furadan 4F was applied post-emergence as a broadcast spray over 2 rows on 30 May, for Monmouth and DeKalb, respectively. A CO2 back-pack sprayer system was calibrated to deliver 13.3 gpa at 20 psi. Stand counts were determined by recording the number of plants per 17.4 row ft (1/1,000 acre); differences in stands among all treatments and the untreated check plots were not significant at all three locations (data not presented). Five roots were extracted from each replicate by treatment combination using the Iowa State University 1-6 scale. Efficiency ratings were the percentage of roots extracted from each treatment that had root ratings of 4.0 or less.
Cage Studies with Tarnished Plant Bug Control Using Curacron, 1996
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Field studies were conducted to compare tarnished plant bug control using Curacron and a standard, Orthene. Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots, 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 25 Jul using a 8-row CO2-charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TBP were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard then placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of the each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instar) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 96 h, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Bollworm infestation also was monitored during the test period. At 4 DAT, numbers of medium and large larvae per 20 terminals were surveyed in plants in the center 4 rows of each plot. All data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means separated with LSD.
Irrigation Effects on Efficacy of Halofenozide (RH 0345) Against White Grubs, 1995
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Keathley C. , Kunkel B.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted in turf-type tall fescue at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (pH = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (4X6 ft; 2 ft untreated borders) were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Plots that received post-treatment irrigation were treated on 27 Jul, during flight of JB. The population in the soil consisted mostly of eggs, with some 1st instars. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied evenly to the plots by gloved hand. Liquid applications were applied at 50 gpa using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Treated and untreated check plots were syringed with 1/8 inch of water within 5 min after application, and the whole site received 3/4 inch of irrigation as the last treatment was applied. Conditions at the time of treatment on 27 Jul were 88°F with winds < 10 mph. The non-irrigated plots were treated in the same manner on 31 Jul, except that no syringing or post-treatment irrigation was applied. Conditions at the time of treatment were 92°F, with negligible wind. There was 0.23 inch of rain on 26 Jul, the day before the irrigated plots were treated. There was no additional rain until 1.78 inch fell on 5 Aug. All plots were sampled on 14 Sep. A motorized sod cutter was used to cut a 3 X 1.5 ft strip, about 3” deep, from the center of each plot. The sod was rolled back, broken apart, and all grubs were identified and counted.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Redlegged Grasshopper in Pasture Adjacent to Mustard Greens, 1996
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

A forage pasture composed primarily of fescue was sprayed with different insecticides to prevent redlegged grasshoppers from moving into adjacent mustard greens. The study was conducted in a commercial pasture in Fayetteville, AR. Insecticides were applied with a bicycle sprayer equipped with 10 Tee Jet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 15.2 gpa at 2.4 mph. Treatments were applied 24 Oct in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 60 X 75 ft. Adult redlegged grasshoppers were counted just prior to treatment and at 1 and 2 DAT. On each observation date one count of flying grasshoppers was made by 1 observer while walking through each plot.
Control of Aphids on Irish Potato, 1997
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiments were RCB designs replicated 5 times and were conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1996. They were planted 02 Jun. The 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.8-m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 10 Jun. All rows were hand planted 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by 7 foliar applications of mancozeb. Furrows applications of insecticides were made by sprinkle can. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 5.6 kg/cm2 (80 psi) pressure and 0.47 kl/ha (50 gpa). Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, a middle, and a bottom leaf on 20 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 5.6, 6.6, and 10.3 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.7, 20.8, and 18.3 deg. C.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticide Mixtures for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1997
Authors: Micinski S. , Scarborough R. G. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Thirteen treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) complex on cotton. Plots were planted 9 May and were 4 rows X 100 ft on 40-inch centers. All plots had Temik 15 G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) applied in-furrow at planting. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Prior to trial initiation, plots were oversprayed for cutworms on 6 Jun (Karate 1 EC at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre); boll weevils on 9, 13, 18 Jun and 3 Jul (Vydate C-LV at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre); BW/TBW on 27 Jun (Baythroid 2 EC at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre), and 11 Jul (Karate 1 EC at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre); and for aphids on 17 Jul (Provado 1.6°F at 0.047 lb (AI)/acre). Test materials were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticide treatments were applied on 15, 22, 29 Jul, 5 and 14 Aug in 5.9 gpa at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart (2 nozzles/row). Infestations of BW and TBW larvae and square damage were monitored on 18, 25 Jul, 1 and 11 Aug by examining 25 squares/plot. Following the trial, all plots were oversprayed for BW/TBW on 22 Aug with Karate 1 EC plus Curacron 8 EC at 0.028 + 0.75 lb (AI)/acre. Boll weevil eradication sprays with weekly applications of ULV Malathion (12 oz product/acre) were begun the week of 18 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 7 Oct.
Control of Soybean Looper and Beet Armyworm in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1997
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against soybean looper and beet armyworm. Plots in both tests consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft and were planted 13 Jun. Treatments in both tests were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 25 Aug and 29 Aug in Test 1 and Test 2, respectively, with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 47 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3 and 8 DAT in Test 1 and at 3 and 7 DAT in Test 2 using 25-sweep samples/plot with a standard 15-inch diam sweep net. Row 2 was sampled 3 DAT and row 3 was sampled 7 or 8 DAT. Trace amounts of rainfall occurred on 3 Sep (0.17 in) and 4 Sep (0.12 in). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated according to DMRT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Green Stink Bug and Brown Stink Bug Control on Soybean, 1997
Authors: Fitzpatrick B. J. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of standard and experimental insecticides was evaluated in a small-plot trial conducted at the St. Gabriel Research Station located near St. Gabriel, LA (Iberville Parish). Treatments were applied on 20 Aug to ‘DeltaPine 3478’ soybeans with a tractor-mounted, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gpa at 40 psi through TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzles (2/row). Plots were 50 ft. X 4 rows (36-inch centers) and arranged in a RCBD with four replications. One 25-sweep sample/plot was taken with a standard 15-inch diameter sweep net at 2 and 5 DAT. On 21 Aug, the test received 1.52 inches of rainfall. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated using Duncan’s New MRT (DNMRT).
Selected Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworm and Green Cloverworm in Soybean in Virginia, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW and GCW in soybean. ‘Hutcheson’ soybean was planted 15 June in a producer’s field in Greensville County, VA, using an 18-inch row spacing. All treatments were broadcast as foliar sprays with water on 27 August using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.3 gpa at 18 psi through 8002VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 50 ft. Insect samples were taken using a 15-cm diameter sweep net, 15 sweeps per plot. Pre-treatment insect populations were assessed just prior to treatment application by taking several 15-sweep samples throughout the planned test area. Post-treatment samples were taken 2, 4, 8, 12, and 21 days after treatment (DAT) by comparing numbers of small (1st and 2nd instars), medium (3rd and 4th instars), large (5th and 6th instars) and total CEW larvae, and total (all sizes) GCW larvae. Data were analyzing using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Foliar Insecticides, 1997A
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of Orthene 75 SP, Provado 1.6 FL, Orthene 97 PE, and Thiodan 3 EC against tobacco aphids in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 9 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 7 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. Tobacco was transplanted on 9 May with a 2-row transplanter. Soil moisture was good. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul. Foliar treatments were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Materials were applied through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. At 5, 9, and 16 days after treatment, aphid abundance in all plots was rated on a 0-7 scale as given in the table. Using this aphid abundance data, the average aphid rating was calculated. Aphid ratings were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Control of Lilac/Ash Borer, 1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Gerace Dan
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in Boulder, CO on established green ash, approximately 8-in dbh, planted around the periphery of a parking lot in Boulder, CO. Treatments were applied 22 May, 1996 and were timed to coincide approximately 10 d after sus-tained flights were first detected in pheromone trap sampling. Experimental design was a RCB with five replications. Treatments were applied to the trunk and main branches in the lower 10 ft of the trees. Evaluations were made 5 Jun, 1997 by counting all fresh exit holes in the treated area of the trees.
BT Corn Performance Against First- and Second-Generation Infestations of European Corn Borer, 1997
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Helgeson K. M.
Published: December 2017

Six transgenic corn hybrids expressing insecticidal proteins produced by genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were evaluated at the Rosemount Experiment Station in separate experiments that targeted first and second generations. The hybrids representing 5 different insertion events, and their non-Bt isolines were evaluated in a RCB design with tour replications. Test hybrids were planted in the center 2 rows of a 4-row plot (22 ft long, 30-inch row spacing). Border rows were planted to NK 4640Bt to preclude inter-plot movement of larvae. Plots were planted on 21 May using a cone planter and thinned to 30,000 plants/A. In view of extensive natural first generation infestation, the second-generation experiment was treated with Warrier 1 E (zeta cypermethrin) @ 3.8 fl oz/acre on 15 Jul. In each plot, 15 consecutive plants were tested for Bt expression and non-expressers were rogued on 29 Jul. The plants intended for first generation evaluation were infested at the V6 with neonate larvae in grits deposited in the whorl on 14 Jul. Heavy natural egg laying from second generation eliminated the need for manually infesting second-generation plots. First generation evaluations included: number and length of tunnels on 21 Aug and % of plants with leaf injury and a leaf injury rating on 24 Sep. On 9 Oct the second generation measurements were recorded: number of overwintering larvae, tunnel number and length, and shank and ear damage.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Selected Conventional and Experimental Insecticides and Bt Hybrids for Control of Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Weinzierl R. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

The tests were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Each plot consisted of four rows, each being 30 inches wide and 50 ft long. Thirty-foot-wide alleys were established between the four replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle two rows of each plot, leaving two untreated rows between adjoining plots. Twelve insecticide treatments were compared with two Br-sweet corn hybrids (Heritage Bt and Bonus Bt) and their non-Bt isolines to two untreated controls. The 12 chemical treatments and the two untreated checks were planted with the Silver King variety sweet corn. Two untreated check plots were included in each replication and were averaged for the ANOVA. Treatments were applied very four to five days beginning on 8 Aug at 8% silk. All insecticide treatments were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV) with a rear-mounted boom. Six Conejet (TX VS-8) hollow-cone nozzles (three per row) were calibrated to deliver 30.1 gpa at 40 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph, utilizing a compressed air system. Four nozzles (two per row) were attached to drops and directed the spray towards the ear zone area, a third nozzle (one per row) was mounted directly over the row with the spray being directed into the whorl (tassel) area.
Evaluation of the Implementation of a New Nurse-Led Express “Test-And-Go” Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Service for Men Who Have Sex With Men at a Sexual Health Center in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Chow Eric P.F. , Fortune Ria , Dobinson Sheranne , Wakefield Trish , Read Tim R.H. , Chen Marcus Y. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Fehler Glenda , Fairley Christopher K.
Published: December 2017

Background

In August 2015, a nurse-led express human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing service “Test-And-Go” (TAG) for asymptomatic men who have sex with men (MSM) was implemented in a large public sexual health center in Melbourne, Australia. We aimed to compare the clients' characteristics between the TAG and routine walk-in service among asymptomatic MSM.

Methods

This study was conducted at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, between August 5, 2015, and June 1, 2016. General estimating equation logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association between the use of TAG service and clients' demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and HIV/STI positivity. Clients' consultation and waiting times for both services were calculated.

Results

Of the 3520 consultations, 784 (22.3%) were TAG services and 2736 (77.7%) were routine walk-in services for asymptomatic MSM. Asymptomatic MSM were more likely to use the TAG service if they were born in Australia (adjusted odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.56), and had more than 6 male partners in the last 12 months (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.58). Age, HIV status, condomless anal sex and HIV/STI positivity did not differ between the two services. The TAG service had a shorter median waiting time (8.4 minutes vs 52.9 minutes; p < 0.001) and consultation time (8.9 minutes vs 17.6 minutes; p < 0.001) than the routine walk-in service.

Conclusions

Although country of birth and sexual behaviors differed between clients attending the 2 services, there were no differences in HIV and STI positivity. Importantly, the TAG service required less waiting and consultation time and hence created additional clinic capacity at the general clinic to see clients who are at higher risk.
Trends in Attitudes and Practice Patterns of Physical Therapists in Addressing Childhood Obesity in Schools
Authors: Kendall Eydie
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

This study investigated trends in attitudes of school physical therapists about intervention for childhood obesity.

Methods:

A survey was developed to quantify attitudes. Two cases investigated the influence of attitudes on choices in treatment frequency. Factor analysis further delineated reasons for treatment frequency recommendations.

Results:

Attitudes did not change. Variability in responses decreased. Personal characteristics had evolving influence. In 2008, the perception of the PT's role in childhood obesity intervention had a greater influence on the choice to treat, but in 2015 the perception of the seriousness had a bigger effect on that decision.

Discussion:

Changing demographics of the therapists, increasing prevalence of obesity, and recent attention to the problem may have contributed to the trends.

Conclusion:

There is no consensus as to the role of school physical therapy with intervention for obesity, but influential variables are emerging and practice patterns are evolving.
Rehabilitation After Urgent or Elective Orthopedic Surgery: The Role of Resilience in Elderly Patients
Authors: Sciumè Luciana , Rebagliati Giulia Angela Antonella , Iannello Paola , Mottini Anna , Alessandro Antonietti , Caserta Antonello Valerio , Gattoronchieri Valeria , Panella Lorenzo
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of this investigation was to assess resilience within an elderly population during postacute rehabilitation for orthopedic surgery and to identify the role of resilience on rehabilitation outcomes by comparing hip fracture and elective patients (total knee and hip arthroplasty).

Design

We conducted a prospective study in an orthopedic rehabilitation department.

Methods

On admission and on discharge, 80 patients aged over 60 years underwent a multidimensional evaluation with the Resilience Scale, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), the Multidimensional Prognostic Index, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF.

Findings

Hip-fractured patients had a lower level of resilience. High-resilient fracture patients achieved higher FIM scores. For elective patients, no differences on FIM score occurred for different resilience levels.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Resilience plays a significant role in reaching optimal functional recovery in hip-fractured elderly people. Results suggest the introduction of early routine assessment of resilience in future outcome studies in rehabilitation.
The Family Burdens and Hopelessness of Turkish Parents of Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Karayagiz Muslu Gonca , Coskun Cenk Sibel
Published: December 2017

Purpose

This study was conducted to determine the hopelessness and family burden levels of parents who have children with intellectual disabilities.

Design

This was a descriptive correlational study.

Methods

The study was conducted at a specialized education and rehabilitation center in Fethiye, Turkey, using the Sociodemographic Data Form, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Burden Assessment Scale for Families of Children With Intellectual Disabilities, and the study sample included a total of 95 parents of children with intellectual disabilities.

Findings

A positive relationship was found between the total scores for hopelessness and the family burden including economic burden, perception of inadequacy, social burden, physical burden, emotional burden, and the required time (p < .05). The study found that the higher the level of family burden on parents, the more hopeless families felt.

Conclusion

This study’s findings may help rehabilitation nurses to understand the hopelessness of parents and help them find appropriate resources to cope with their burden.

Clinical Relevance

Nurses should be specialized in the field of rehabilitation and, as rehabilitation nurses, be included in providing integrated care, family education, and counseling services for disabled people in Turkey.
Bowel Control Strategies Used by Veterans With Long-Standing Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Schmelzer Marilee , Daniels Glenda , Baird Becky
Published: December 2017

Study Purpose

The aim of the study was to describe strategies used by veterans with spinal cord injury to achieve control over bowel function and fit their bowel programs into their lifestyles in the years following the initial injury.

Methods/Design

Using a qualitative descriptive design, 18 outpatient veterans with spinal cord injuries were interviewed at a Veteran’s Administration hospital. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed to determine major themes.

Findings/Conclusions

Fourteen of 18 participants had gained control over bowel function and led active lives. They emphasized the importance of positive attitudes, listening to their bodies, being physically active, taking charge, and using trial and error to find the best bowel control strategies. Findings also highlighted the value of peer support and the problem of military service connected back injury leading to spinal cord injury.

Clinical Relevance

Participants provided practical advice for adapting strategies learned during rehabilitation for long-term bowel control after discharge home.
Effects of Elastic Band Exercise on Lower Limb Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Chou Li-Na , Chen Min-Li
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of elastic band exercise activities on lower extremity rehabilitation in elderly patients subjected to an elastic band exercise intervention 2 and 4 weeks after total knee arthroplasty.

Design

A quasiexperimental study was conducted. Participants were recruited from southern Taiwan who were over 65 years old and had a first unilateral total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.

Methods

The control and experimental groups comprised 25 patients each. The control group received conventional treatment after total knee arthroplasty; by contrast, the experimental group engaged in elastic band exercise activities demonstrated by instructors, in addition to receiving conventional treatment. Effects of the lower extremity rehabilitation of the two groups were evaluated 2 and 4 weeks after total knee arthroplasty.

Findings

Most of the participants were above 70 years of age, 17 of whom were in the control group (68%) and 16 in the experimental group (64%). The active and passive knee flexion angles of the experimental group were greater than those of the control group (p < .001) 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. The muscle strength of the quadriceps of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (p < .001) 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. The experimental group exhibited significantly higher physical function than that of the control group 2 and 4 weeks after surgery (p < .001).

Conclusions

The elastic band exercise program shows promising effects on improving the lower limb rehabilitation of elderly patients with total knee arthroplasty.

Clinical Relevance

Healthcare professionals who work with elderly patients with total knee arthroplasty may consider recommending and implementing the elastic band exercise program as a home rehabilitation method for this population. However, we recommend further testing of the long-term effects of this program on a larger population.
Thermotherapy Combined With Therapeutic Exercise Improves Muscle Strength and Depression in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Setiyowati Yovita Dwi , Wang Shan-Tair , Chen Hsing-Mei
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The study examined the effect of home-based thermotherapy combined with therapeutic exercise on muscle strength and depression in patients with ischemic stroke via a weekly evaluation over 4 weeks.

Design/Methods

A quasi-experimental, pre-/posttest research design without a control group was employed. A total of 22 patients participated. Self-reported daily logs were used to evaluate intervention adherence over the study period. The manual muscle testing and Aphasic Depression Rating Scale were administered at baseline and weekly for 4 weeks.

Results

Muscle strength in both the upper and lower limbs significantly increased (p < .05), whereas the depression score significantly decreased (p < .05).

Conclusion

The intervention increased muscle strength and decreased depression during the first 3 months after stroke onset. The significant effects were found beginning during the third week of the intervention.

Clinical Relevance

This intervention is inexpensive and can be easily applied by caregivers at home.
The roles of business partners in corporate brand image co-creation
Authors: Törmälä Minna , Saraniemi Saila
Published: December 2017

Purpose

This study aims to examine the roles of business partners in co-creating a corporate brand image.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts different business partners’ perspectives to analyse corporate brand co-creative actions through a case study within a business-to-business company (B2B SME) context. Interviews with the case company’s manager and key business partners were used as the primary source of empirical data.

Findings

The study suggests a typology of seven roles which business partners adopt in corporate brand image co-creation: co-innovator, co-marketer, brand specialist, knowledge provider, referee, intermediary and advocate. The study also highlights the management of co-creative relationships in corporate brand image co-creation in the context of business partners.

Practical implications

This study increases the understanding of the complexities and dynamics related to corporate brand image construction and helps managers size the potential of business partner relationships in corporate branding and manage co-creative brand partner relationships.

Originality/value

The roles are examined by applying a conceptual framework built by combining branding research in a novel way with the role theory. The study also provides a multi-stakeholder perspective to brand co-creation.
The Concealed Information Test is Susceptible to Misleading Information
Authors: Volz Katja , Bahr Lisa‐Marie , Heinrichs Markus , Vaitl Dieter , Ambach Wolfgang
Published: December 2017

An approach toward detecting hidden knowledge is the Concealed Information Test (CIT). It relies on the memory of crime‐relevant information. This study investigated whether its validity is susceptible to memory distortion by misleading information. A misleading information paradigm was employed to distort memory prior to an interrogation with a CIT. Forty‐one participants watched a video with specific crime‐related information. After a 1‐week retention interval, misleading information was introduced. Afterward, a CIT was performed, followed by a threefold memory test. When misleading information was presented, memory performance was reduced, and no physiological response differences between crime‐relevant and crime‐irrelevant information were found. Without presenting misleading information, physiological responses differed between responses to crime‐relevant and crime‐irrelevant information. However, responses in all physiological measures also differed between misleading and irrelevant information. The results indicate that the CIT is susceptible to misleading information, which reduces its validity in specific constellations.
Cost‐effectiveness of increasing the reach of smoking cessation interventions in Germany: results from the EQUIPTMOD
Authors: Huber Manuel B. , Präger Maximilian , Coyle Kathryn , Coyle Doug , Lester‐George Adam , Trapero‐Bertran Marta , Nemeth Bertalan , Cheung Kei Long , Stark Renee , Vogl Matthias , Pokhrel Subhash , Leidl Reiner
Published: December 2017

Aims

To evaluate costs, effects and cost‐effectiveness of increased reach of specific smoking cessation interventions in Germany.

Design

A Markov‐based state transition return on investment model (EQUIPTMOD) was used to evaluate current smoking cessation interventions as well as two prospective investment scenarios. A health‐care perspective (extended to include out‐of‐pocket payments) with life‐time horizon was considered. A probabilistic analysis was used to assess uncertainty concerning predicted estimates.

Setting

Germany.

Participants

Cohort of current smoking population (18+ years) in Germany.

Interventions

Interventions included group‐based behavioural support, financial incentive programmes and varenicline. For prospective scenario 1 the reach of group‐based behavioral support, financial incentive programme and varenicline was increased by 1% of yearly quit attempts (= 57 915 quit attempts), while prospective scenario 2 represented a higher reach, mirroring the levels observed in England.

Measurements

EQUIPTMOD considered reach, intervention cost, number of quitters, quality‐of‐life years (QALYs) gained, cost‐effectiveness and return on investment.

Findings

The highest returns through reduction in smoking‐related health‐care costs were seen for the financial incentive programme (€2.71 per €1 invested), followed by that of group‐based behavioural support (€1.63 per €1 invested), compared with no interventions. Varenicline had lower returns (€1.02 per €1 invested) than the other two interventions. At the population level, prospective scenario 1 led to 15 034 QALYs gained and €27 million cost‐savings, compared with current investment. Intervention effects and reach contributed most to the uncertainty around the return‐on‐investment estimates. At a hypothetical willingness‐to‐pay threshold of only €5000, the probability of being cost‐effective is approximately 75% for prospective scenario 1.

Conclusions

Increasing the reach of group‐based behavioural support, financial incentives and varenicline for smoking cessation by just 1% of current annual quit attempts provides a strategy to German policymakers that improves the population's health outcomes and that may be considered cost‐effective.
A training program of a new simplified classification of magnified narrow band imaging for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Wen‐Lun , Chiu Sherry Yueh‐Hsia , Lee Ching‐Tai , Tseng Cheng‐Hao , Chen Chien‐Chuan , Han Ming‐Lun , Chung Chen‐Shuan , Hsieh Ping‐Hsin , Chang Wei‐Lun , Wu Ping‐Hsiu , Hsu Wen‐Hung , Yen Hsu‐Heng , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Chang Chi‐Yang
Published: December 2017

Background and Aim

Optimal staging of the invasion depth of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is vital before endoscopic treatment. A new simplified magnified narrow‐band imaging (M‐NBI) classification system based on vascular architecture has recently been developed by the Japan Esophageal Society; however, its validity remains uncertain.

Methods

A total of 11 experienced and 11 inexperienced endoscopists were invited to join an endoscopic training program, which was composed of pretest, educational section, and post‐test. The pretest and post‐test sections included a set of endoscopic photos from 40 subjects with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with various invasion depths. Each subject appeared twice in the test, one with white‐light imaging (WLI) only and the other with both WLI and M‐NBI. The educational section included lectures and video demonstrations.

Results

The accuracy of WLI alone and combined with M‐NBI at baseline were 0.53, 0.57 and 0.43, 0.41 for the experienced and inexperienced endoscopists, respectively, which then improved to 0.57, 0.63 and 0.49, 0.52 after training. Inter‐observer agreement (k‐value) of WLI alone and combined WLI and M‐NBI for the experienced and inexperienced endoscopists also improved from 0.61, 0.61, and 0.61, 0.53 to 0.68, 0.71, and 0.71, 0.59, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the educational course but not experience in endoscopy, NBI, or magnification significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy. M‐NBI had a significant additional benefit to WLI, with an improvement in accuracy from 36% to 56% for the cases with m3/sm1 cancers (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

A well‐designed training program can improve the diagnostic accuracy in evaluating cancer invasion depth, with substantial agreement.
Evaluating an iPad app in measuring wound dimension: a pilot study
Authors: Khong P.C.B. , Yeo M.S.W. , Goh C.C.
Published: December 2017

Objective:

This pilot study tested the reliability, validity and sensitivity of an innovative prototype iPad app, WoundAide, developed to measure wound dimension (length, width and surface area) using image analysis.

Method:

A prospective evaluation was conducted comparing WoundAide (WA) with two gold standard instruments, Wound Zoom (WZ) and Visitrak (VT). The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Patients were recruited after obtaining local ethics approval.

Results:

We recruited six patients with 10 venous wounds. Images were captured by two researchers. Generally, 7/10 (70%) of the wounds had surface areas of less than 16cm². The intraclass correlation coefficient was greater than 0.95 for length, width and surface area for all measuring devices. The mean differences for length, width and surface area were not statistically significant. The average percentage of coefficient of variation for WA ranged from 3% to 33.3%, WZ 1.3% to 19.3%, and VT 2.1% to 43.4%. Length, width and surface area fell within the 95% limit of agreement. The capturing sensitivity was, on average, 75% for WA, 99.4% for VT, and 100% for WZ.

Conclusion:

WA has similar reliability and validity as WZ and VT. However, WA has the least sensitivity in image captures. Nonetheless, with enhancements made to its user-interface and system algorithm, this limitation can be addressed.