bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Du bon usage de l’individu féministe
Authors: Fraisse Geneviève
Published: July 2010

On the right usage of the feminist, Geneviève Fraisse.

The difficulty in looking for the meaning of the relation between individual feminists and women as a group lies in the fact that adherence to feminism happens within a group, but also at its edges or even outside it. And the difficulty in defining feminism as a movement is reinforced by the problem of representativeness. To appoint representatives, a group must be constituted not only as a collectivity, but also as a set of subjects. The constitution of women as subjects is then at the very heart of thinking on individual feminists.
Le code Hays. L'autocensure du cinéma américain
Authors: Bordat Francis
Published: July 2010

The Hays code. Self censorship in American cinema, Francis Bordat.

Any student of the American cinema of the 1930s instantly recognizes the difference between a pre- and post- 1934 film. From that year until 1952, films had to comply with very strict self-censorship rules. The author has studied the beginnings of the Hays code, its backgrounds — pressures and censorship — and its legal context. He shows both how the rules were applied and how they fell apart in the 15 years that followed. This post mortem leads to the conclusion that although the Hays code was an undeniable attack on freedom of speed it was also a compromise which probably saved what was essential, by making it possible to reject censorship of a far more threatening nature for freedom of expression and creation.
L'anticommunisme en France
Authors: Becker Jean-Jacques , Berstein Serge
Published: July 2010

Anticommunism in France, Jean-Jacques Becker, Serge Berstein.

Following the chronology of anti-communist manifestations from 1917 to the present, the article shows that they were proportionate to the physical strength of the French Communist Party and to the feeling of danger to France dicted by the power of the USSR. This hatred and this fear played substantial part in the France's history, above all during the Popular Front and the Cold War. Under the Fifth Republic, they paradoxically favored both the veering to the right and the 1981 victory of the non-communist left.
Léon Gingembre défenseur des PME
Authors: Guillaume Sylvie
Published: July 2010

Léon Gingembre, defender of small business firms (PME), Sylvie Guillaume

A dynamic leader, Leon Gingembre succeeded in mobilizing his troops in the style of worker's unions by speaking their language and using their key words (antitaxation, anti-state-intervention, anti-technocracy), identifying with their fight and channeling their fears, in decades when small and medium-sized businesses were considered obstacles to modernization and seemed destined to slow death. He built a professional organization to represent these PME and imposed it to the authorities and big business. This arose gingembrisme, both a method of internal government and a form of complex relations with the authorities, the administration and the employers' union.
Pierre Mendès France modernisateur
Authors: Rioux Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

Pierre Mendès France as modernizer, Jean-Pierre Rioux

Throughout his political career, Pierre Mendes France wanted to modernize France. The young radical MP of the 1930s felt that economics was a genuine science. In 1938, he was one of the few Frenchmen to be familiar with Keynes. But this sound republican, faithful to the Jacobin State and Keen on a new-style democracy, refused after the war any technocratic drift. Economic social and political modernization went together ; they demanded a renewed civic education. This modernizing ambition of PMF was barely applied : deprived of power, unable to gather the left under the Fifth Republic, he saw his « modem Republic » denied.
Les stratégies du Front National (mars 1986-mai 1987)
Authors: Birenbaum Guy
Published: July 2010

The National Front's strategies (March 1986 to June 1987), Guy Birenbaum.

A detailed study of over one year of political activity of the National Front's beginning with the establishment of its parliamentary group in March 1986. Three main aspects are analysed : 1. the positions taken, oscillating between two discourses of differing content and tone, and adjusting to salient current events ; 2. a certain diversity of National Front deputies, not all Jean-Marie Le Pen's clones ; and finally, 3. the importance of the regional factor, the potential life-saver for a party threatened by the return to the majority electoral System. This is also therefore the stake of complex local relations, in certain areas, with the current majority.
L'hiver de grève des cheminots
Authors: Ribeill Georges
Published: July 2010

The winter of the railroad strike, Georges Ribeill

To understand the originality of the December 1986 French rail strike - the longest conflict in the half-century of existence of the SNCF, the state company - one must remember « railroad society »'s eventful history : the emergence of a collective consciousness at the time of the pre-1914 companies ; the post-1918 state stewardship ; the cultural and occupational splits of the 1960s, up to the disarray of 1986, whose first signs could be seen as early as 1971.
Réflexions sur l'historisation du national-socialisme
Authors: Friedländer Saul
Published: July 2010

Reflections on the historization of national-socialism, Saul Friedländer.

A debate on how to study the 1933-1945 period has been opened by several German historians. They favor a « historization » of Nazism, which would make it possible to set those years in the continuity of German history. But reconsidering the national-socialist past according to such criteria is misleading ; above ail, it denies the specificity of the Hitlerite plan : deciding in Hannah Arendt's words « who is and who is not to live on our planet ».
Le 15e siècle de l'Hegire
Authors: Ilbert Robert
Published: July 2010

The 15th century of the Hegira, Robert Ilbert.

Today's issue — with all its warlike and terrorist implications — is whether, confronted with the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, the various Muslim states will be able to restore their legitimacy and to rebuild the consensus necessary for life in a civil society. The upheavals of 1979 and 1980, at the beginning of the 15th century of the Hegira, illustrate the contradictions and the weaknesses of a history which, in the previous century, was dominated by the national state pattern and the priority assigned to industrial development.
La « nouvelle droite » entre printemps et automne (1968-1986)
Authors: Duranton-Crabol Anne-Marie
Published: July 2010

The « New Right » between spring and fall (1968-1986), Anne-Marie Duranton-Crabol.

The Group for Research and Study on European Civilization (GRECE), founded in 1968, was at the heart of the « new right » phenomenon in France, much-discussed around 1978-1979. This ideological group operates in the area of « metapolitics », away from party affiliations, to restore to the peoples of Europe the « awareness of their destiny ». Its anti-Marxism, its anti-Americanism, its interest in biology seduced intellectuals and newspaper writers (e.g. at Figaro Magazine, for a while) and even some political advisers. At a time when the future of this « new right » seems very uncertain, here is the first history of an « intellectual pole » which was also, and often unwillingly, a pressure group.
Hector Guimard entre deux siècles
Authors: Frontisi Claude
Published: July 2010

Hector Guimard between two centuries, Claude Frontisi.

All his life, the architect Hector Guimard looked to what was new : in shapes, materials, and ordering. While participating in the newest thinking of his time about architecture, he remained an artisan. Art is in everything, he said, and he designed both furniture and urban equipment. His was also the art of a wealthy elite which, in spite of its wide presence, was not able to impose itself on its time. Now that we are rediscovering its modernity, Guimard has entered the Musée d'Orsay.
L'histoire en Yougoslavie depuis 1945
Authors: Pavlowitch Stevan K.
Published: July 2010

History in Yugoslavia since 1945, Stevan K. Pavlowitch

After 1945, history was naturally put in the service of revolution and its guide, Marshall Tito. But very quickly, propagandistic Marxism-Leninism has to accommodate to the return of the various Republics' national past and to an increasingly critical study of the World War II period. The itinerary of V. Dedijer, the official historian, and the publication of new documents have led to a reexamination which has attracted much interest in Yugoslavia since 1985.
La droite religieuse
Authors: Bertrand Claude-Jean
Published: July 2010

The religious right, Claude-Jean Bertrand

In the United States believers can be categorized as pre- and post- millenarists. Among the former — conservative, even reactionary — the evangelicals are the most numerous. A minority, fervent and nostalgie for the original theocracy, followers of the biblical rules, regained popularity in the 1950s and again in the 1970s, thanks to the use of mass media. After the surge of the Reagan'era and the fleeting rise of the Moral Majority — a movement more symbolic than representative of the new Christian right — this minority now seems in a downward phase.
Les églises noires et leurs révérends
Authors: Bernheim Nicole
Published: July 2010

The black churches and their clergy, Nicole Bernheim.

In addition to having the same color of shin, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Louis Farrakhan and Jesse Jackson also share a decisive similarity : the very close association linking their struggle for racial equality and their discourse, strongly marked by religion. Through the portrait of these major charismatic figures, the author analyzes the central place which the Churches held in the Black movement in the US, particularly by training then and by offering them a means of expression. But this « time of the reverends » may be drawing to a close.
Les catholiques face au New Deal
Authors: Fohlen Claude
Published: July 2010

The Catholics and the New Deal, Claude Fohlen.

After the First World War, the American Catholics, mostly recent immigrants, were objects of suspicion in public life. The Protestants feared « Papist » interference in American affairs should Catholics be strongly represented in the federal administration. Poorly integrated, the Catholics had a hard time finding their place in the political arena. This explains the failure of the candidacy of the Democratic Governor of New York to the Presidency in 1928. As of 1932, the Catholics were to join massively the Democratic Party. They contributed to Franklin Roosevelt's victory, making the New Deal years those of the acceptance of Catholics in American society.
La cour suprême et la séparation de l'église et de l'état
Authors: Nouailhat Yves-Henri
Published: July 2010

The Supreme Court and the separation of Church and State, Yves-Henri Novailhat

The first amendment to the American Constitution guaranteed the free exercise of religion but refused an established one. The Supreme Court has had to follow for two centuries the father twisting path of the errors of interpretation of this original rule. For there has been conflict concerning both the « free exercise » of religion and its « es tablishment », especially in the fields of education and taxation. Over the past 30 years, the Court has been playing a relatively new role of purification of the abuses of the American social and political System, but without the slightest possibility of a constitutional reform on the separation of Churche and State.
Richard Hofstadter (1916-1970)
Authors: Césari Laurent
Published: July 2010

Richard Hofstadter (1916-1970). Historiography and politics in the US, Laurent Césari

Richard Hofstadter had considerable influence on American historiography and intellectual life. A communist in his youth, he then turned left of the center, and towards the end one of the precursors of neo-conservatism. He wrote several major works, e.g. The American Political Tradition, published in 1948, in which he describes American society as a « democracy in cupidity ». Influenced as much by Marx as by Weber, Freud and Mannheim, Hofstadter always denied the primacy of ideology. He is representative of the generation of American intellectuals of the 1950s.
"In god we trust!"
Authors: Mélandri Pierre
Published: July 2010

« In God we trust ! », Pierre Mélandri.

Why and how has religion made such a comeback in American politics in the 1980s ? Who broke the dream of a « secular humanism » and of a religion of intimacy better suited to a modern America ? The author has followed the history of a paradox which was also a gamble of the New World : where can one find this unfindable philosophy of public good which would reconcile the attachment to the pluralism of liberty and the aspiration to a national identity, if not in religion ? The United States is indeed « the nation with the soul of a Church » (S. Mead).
1942 : le comité international de la croix-rouge, les déportations et les camps
Authors: Favez Jean-Claude
Published: July 2010

1942 : the International committee of the Red Cross, deportations and camps, Jean-Claude Favez.

What was the attitude of the International committee of the Red Cross towards the horror of the Nazi camps ? An analysis of its hesitations throughout 1942 reveals the situation by showing the impase in which it found itself enclosed. Traditional humanitarian support, founded on diplomacy and international conventions, proved either totally unadapted to the concentration camp phenomenon on simply impossible. But the Red Cross did not seem capable of placing its action at another level, such as that of public denunciation and an appeal to world opinion : it was the prisoner of a strictly legalistic state of mind which made it reason in terms of states not in terms of ideology ; dependent on considerations leading to the respect of strict neutrality. It was therefore condemned, if not to absolute inaction, at least to relative inefficacy. Could it really have acted otherwise ?
André Tardieu et la crise du constitutionnalisme libéral (1933-1934)
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas
Published: July 2010

André Tardieu and the crisis of liberal constitutionalism (1933-1934), Nicolas Roussellier.

Symbol and leader of a powerful current which demanded a " reform of the State " in the France of the early 1930s, André Tardieu never crossed the threshold of a break with the republican tradition. But his plan for strengthening the executive power led to a double impasse, threoretical and practical. How was it possible to renew the Third Republic's institutions without forsaking the postulates on which they were based ? This accounts for the paradoxes of an itinerary which led him to the apparent summit of his career after the events of 6 February 1934, and then in less than one year to retirement and definitive silence.
Giovanni Gentile, philosophe du fascisme
Authors: Romano Sergio
Published: July 2010

Gentile as a philosopher of fascism, Sergio Romano.

In 1918, G. Gentile thought that Italy's salvation depended on the restoration of the liberal State. But he feared the possibility of a return to the pre-war political System and the risk of a weak power subjected to constant governmental changes. That is why his liberal State was to be led by a strong party, not far removed from the fascist conception. Even if the term used to designate it, " the ethical State ", came from the Hegelian conception, it was indeed an authoritarian state in Gentile's mind. Gentile needed all the resources of philosophical rhetoric to get out of the contradiction. In spite of his admiration for Il Duce, he came into conflict with the regime and ended up dying because of it.
Luigi Sturzo et la critique de l'état totalitaire
Authors: Pouthier Jean-Luc
Published: July 2010

Luigi Sturzo and the critique of the totalitarian State, Jean-Luc Pouthier.

Forced into exile in 1924, Don Sturzo was one of the first to describe the nature of Italian fascism and to set it within a wider analysis of the totalitarian State. Mussolini's opponent had understood precociously the rupture which this " State pantheism " introduced : European public opinion badly misunderstood its awful novelty. His diagnostis helps us today to return to the origins of the uses of the word " totalitarianism ".
L'histoire du 20e siècle au lycée. Le nouveau programme de terminale
Authors: Borne Dominique
Published: July 2010

20th century history in the French lycée (high school). The new final years program, Dominique Borne.

The author, Inspector General for history and geography, presents the new program to be taught from now on to future lycee students in their final year. He shows its great ambitions — which nevertheless leave the professors the latitude to adapt it to their pedagogy. An appendix reproduces the official text of this panorama of world and French history, which takes into account progress in research and questions raised by the present.
Libres propos sur le Japon d'Hiro-Hito
Authors: Sabouret Jean-François , Saburô Ienaga
Published: July 2010

Free comments on Hirohito's Japan, Ienaga Saburô.

In this exclusive interview, a historian, who led a long battle against the State concerning the historical accuracy of Japanese textbooks, comments very freely on Hirohito's role during the last World War and conveys his feelings on the Japan of yesterday and of today.
Le féminisme en France depuis mai 68
Authors: Jenson Jane
Published: July 2010

Feminism in France since May '68, Jane Jenson.

Recently much in heard of the end of feminism and post-feminism in France. Soixante-huitard women sense that their movement lives no more. Political, state and intelllectual institutions may be dominated by ex-gauchiste s, they are overwhelmingly male. The economy may be rebuilding, restructuring increases the wage gap between women and men. To understand this somewhat perverse conclusion, it is necessary to explore the history of the women's movement and document the way in which it has closely followed the changing fortunes of the Left.
Le sionisme dans l'Empire Ottoman à l'aube du 20e siècle
Authors: Benbassa Esther
Published: July 2010

Zionism in the Ottoman Empire at the dawn of the 20th century, Esther Benbassa.

Did Jews living in Muslim lands really count for the Zionist movement ? Whatever the answer, Zionism was perceived in certain Ottoman Jewish circles as a new possibility, better adapted to local demands. It enabled various strategies to be developed there, depending on the times and the people. Zionism also acted as a factor of mobilization and identity in the various strata of Jewish society, as important as the objectives set at the top. Zionism was not spared the questions that shook Ashkenaz Zionism elsewhere, in particular those of community membership and of nationalism.
La menace d'intervention militaire américaine pendant la conférence de Genève et la stratégie des États-Unis (1954)
Authors: Césari Laurent
Published: July 2010

The threat of American military intervention during the Geneva conférence of 1954 and US strategy, 1954, Laurent Césari.

US records, especially those of the National Security Council and the State Department, and those of the Quai d'Orsay, make it possible to reconstruct the French-American negotiation simultaneous with the Geneva conference. After the fall of Dien Bien Phu on 8 May 1954, J.F. Dulles offered an American military intervention in Indochina, in accordance with the policy of containment of communism in South-East Asia. But the conditions attached to this proposal, military and diplomatic developments and above all the misunderstandings about the meaning of a joint military action caused the plan to be postponed, thereby revealing the depth of the differences between the French and the Americans. The former wanted to safeguard their Empire, whereas the latter wanted to prepare themselves to replace French influence.
L'aventure cinéphilique de positif (1952-1989)
Authors: Frémaux Thierry
Published: July 2010

The movie fans'adventure : Positif (1952-1989), Thierry Frémaux.

Created in 1952 by a few students from Lyons, the magazine Positif was one of the most vital incarnations of the great wave of demanding and militant film enthusiasm which emerged in the 1950s and was to level off in the 1970s. Often opposed to Cahiers du cinema, the journal defended a cinema of social denunciation and erudite criticism, committed and passionate, which made up a " style " of its own and brought about its success. But this search for a kind of cinematographic purity ended up by isolating Positif, whose audience has declined considerably. The history of a magazine thus becomes material for a cultural history of today's France.
À propos des célébrations décennales du mai français
Authors: Rioux Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

On the decennial célébrations of the French May, Jean-Pierre Kioux

May 1968 remains, after more than 20 years, an event difficult to commemorate even though collective memory has already taken possession of it and mythified it. A study of the two decennial waves of celebration, in 1978 and 1988, reveals a well- orchestrated captation of discourse by a few witnesses of the 1968 " generation " and a proliferation of commentary. The author proposes that the 30-year marker be skipped. The history of May is long overdue and should now be undertaken.
Le retour de la géographie
Authors: Pitte Jean-Robert
Published: July 2010

The return of geography, Jean-Robert Pitte

After a few " blissful decades " during which it became a composite of sub-disciplines, geography has corne full circle. It is now more visible in the landscape of the media landscape and makes itself heard in the concert of the social sciences. It is now ready to renew relations with its old companion, history ; it now has a different type of reflection on space, the environment, human action. Geography examines the new relation between nature and culture which haunts the end of the 20th century. This article opens the perspective ; it is an invitation to a resumption of a long-interrupted dialogue.
La transparence et la mémoire
Authors: Werth Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Openness and memory. The Soviets look at their past, Nicolas Werth

An examination of literary works, films, TV programs, articles in newspapers and scientific journals in which the question of glasnost in history has been posed since 1986, shows clearly the cleavages between establishment historians and « revisionists » who want to pursue the truth even in the dark periods of Soviet history. With, in the end, a battle on the historical front which results in an acknowledgment of the failure of ideology.
Autoportraits du Brésil
Authors: Carelli Mario
Published: July 2010

Self-portraits of Brazil, Mario Carelli.

Like all discourses on national identity, the quest for " Brazilianity ", that one can follow through the writings of the intellectuals, poets and novelists, suffers from a two-fold weakness. One weakness is due to its object : national character is more easily described than defined. The other cornes from the ephemeral and ideologically dubious dimension of the concept's références, in particular racial criteria. But that is how Brazil " Brazilianized " itelf, particularly because this perpetual reflexion on the Brazilian, is embodied in major works of fiction.
L'affaire Rajk, quarante ans plus tard
Authors: Fejtö François
Published: July 2010

The Rajk affair, 40 years later, François Fejto.

The author reconsiders the conclusions of the article he published in Esprit 40 years ago and maintains most of them, after examining the testimonies and the rare archives opened up to historians since then. Yes, Stalin had Rajk and several other " rabid dogs " hanged in order to bring Tito down ; yes, the trial was fixed. But a few secrets are still lie dormant in the KGB archives. Will perestroika dig them up soon ?
Martin Malia dans l'historiographie du monde soviétique
Authors: Winock Michel
Published: July 2010

The stakes/Martin Malia in the historiography of the Soviet world, Michel Winock.

This portrait of Martin Malia stresses the originality ot this scholar specialized in the study of Russian and Soviet history in the historiographie landscape of 1990. The author of Comprendre la révolution russe is neither a " Pietist " inebriated by Gorbachev nor a " revisionist ". He remains faithful to an analysis of Communist reality based on the totalitarian model, with a spirited and sharp sense of observation which do not push him towards optimism for the near future of perestroika.
Les deux tentations de la politique extérieure allemande, de Bismarck à nos jours
Authors: Müller Klaus-Jürgen
Published: July 2010

The tow temptations of German foreign policy since Bismarck, Klaus-Jürgen Müller.

Since the formation of the Reich in 1871, Germany has wavered between the solitary and often aggressive assertion of her own power and a policy of privileged alliance. Bismarck himself tried out each of the alternatives. From Caprivi to Hitler, from Ludendorff to Stresemann, the ambivalence remained, until Adenauer's 1949 decision which hooked Germany to western Europe and the Atlantic alliance. In 1990, this policy is not challenged despite the accelerated progress of the unity of the two Germanys. A choice between a German Europe and a European Germany will not be necessary.
Les fêtes de la Creuse
Authors: Dauger Georges
Published: July 2010

The Creuse feasts, Georges Danger.

The Popular Front feast displayed two characteristics : it associated politics and entertainment, and it was meant to favor both unity and pluralism. It was at the same time a revolutionary celebration, a political rally, a municipal fair, and a veterans' banquet. In rural Creuse, the Popular Front feasts had also a pagan inspiration which evoked old myths. Above all, the immediate prewar civic feast refered to the Revolutionary civic feast without any need for mediation.
La crise du golfe en août 1990. Leçons pour l'historien
Authors: Ilbert Robert
Published: July 2010

The Gulf crisis of August 1990. Lessons for the histofian, Robert Ilbert.

Just when historians are making the most mistakes, they are being asked from all directions to legitimate current deeds. Avoid the trap of obvious comparisons, of reconstitutive genealogies or causes bereft of their context : that is one of the lessons historians should learn from the August 1990 Gulf crisis before they are too much tempted to give advice.
La reconstruction française en Sarre (1945-1950)
Authors: Baudouï Rémi
Published: July 2010

French reconstruction in the Saar, 1945-1950, Remi Baudouï.

In occupying the Saar in July 1945, the French had not only an economic objective. They hoped to contribute to denazification by rebuilding the destroyed cities according to functionalist town planning and architectural principles. But while the group of architects appointed to carry out this job was convinced of the excellence of its mission, it conceived of it in an authoritarian way, without taking into account either the inhabitants' wishes or the advice of municipal councils. Torn between several decision-making bodies, cut off from unconsulted war victims, reconstruction policy a topic of political and national debate had failed barely four years after its inception. Archi- tecture preceded the 1955 referendum by which the Saar became German again.
Limiter les naissances. Le cas de conscience des catholiques français (1880-1939)
Authors: Sevegrand Martine
Published: July 2010

Limiting births, the French Catholics' case of conscience (1880-1939), Martine Sevegrand.

The demands of the Catholic church concerning fecundity and birth control have met with tenacious resistance in France since the 19th century. This does not come only from lay catholics subtracting their conjugal life from the Church's judgment so as to practice birth control, but also from priests careful not to lose their flock. The silence adopted by many confessors in spite of the Roman directives is witness of a deep malaise vis-à-vis the traditional doctrine concerning fecundity and continence. The solemn reaffirmation of that doctrine by a papal encyclical in 1930 only delayed public expression of questions and criticism within the Catholic church.
Radio, culture et démocratie en France : une ambition mort-née (1944-1949)
Authors: Eck Hélène
Published: July 2010

Radio, culture and democracy in France, a still-born ambition (1944-1949), Hélène Eck.

At the time of Liberation, the state rapidly took over the function of information, leaving that of culture and entertainment to radio professionals. The national radio thus tried to play the role of an active cultural intermediary, capable of explaining « the great issues of the hour » to a broad audience. The national radio thus became in the beginning of the Fourth Republic a factor of French cultural life. While programming hesitated as to the relative place of high culture and « popular » entertainment, the choices nevertheless privileged authors such as Jean Cocteau who accepted the apprehension of the « mouth of darkness ». Subject to public service constraints and reinforced political control due to the Cold War, the radio did not have total freedom of cultural expression, as shown by the Antonin Artaud censorship case. In spite of everything, the radio did not suspend, in the name of politics, its minimal mission of reporting literary news.
Pour une histoire économique optimiste
Authors: Marseille Jacques
Published: July 2010

A plea for an optimistic economic history, Jacques Marseille.

Previously guaranteed a clear first position in the French historiographic landscape, economic history now seems deserted. The author attributes this phenomenon to the gap between the scholars, prisoners of their inheritance, and the changing public opinion, but refuses to give up on economic history. He advocates the renewal of a history which ought to become more accessible and open new fields of study, on the basis of a more optimistic reassessment of some of too readily accepted clichés.
Les avatars du « grand dessein » Russe
Authors: Minassian Taline Ter
Published: July 2010

The successive embodiments of the Russian ' grand design ', Taline Ter Minassian.

A Messianic theme developed over several centuries, the Mediterranean question in its classic form of the problem of the access to the Straits has been a constant first of Russian, then of Soviet foreign policy. But in the present state of the URSS's economic and national decomposition, Soviet diplomacy is no longer able to carry out a power policy, one aspect of which has been the search for the Mediterranean locks since at least the 19th century. In a more modest perspective, it is now applied outside of the Mediterranean area, even it still aspires to dispose of some influence in the hypothesis of a general settlement of the Near East problems.
« L'œil de la tempête ». Les États-Unis et le Golfe persique de 1945 à 1990
Authors: Mélandri Pierre
Published: July 2010

" The eye of the storm ". The United States and the Persian Gulf from 1945 to 1990, Pierre Mélandri.

The first crisis of the cold war occurred in 1946 and concerned Iran. As for the first post-cold war confrontation, it pitted a formidable international coalition directed by Washington against Iraq. These two " firsts " faithfully reflect the vital interest America has shown in the Persian Gulf region since the end of the Second world war. But this interest was manifested in doctrines which were not based only on a possible use of force to maintain the Vax americana in the region. The multiplicity of domestic and external parameters, not the least of which has been the Israeli-Arab conflict, demanded delicate diplomacy.
Le conflit national en Yougoslavie
Authors: Lutard Catherine
Published: July 2010

The Yugoslav national conflict, Catherine Lutard.

The disappearance of Yugoslavia, the Federation of Southern Slavs warrants a historic positioning of the conflicts among its nationalities. Tito had promoted a federalism which did not resist the collapse of socialism : during the 1980s, a national crisis settled in against a background of economic and social troubles, today, one can only be pessimistic about the future of the Yugoslav federation.
L'épuration administrative en France après la libération. Une analyse statistique et géographique
Authors: Rouquet François
Published: July 2010

The administrative épuration in France after the Liberation. A statistical and geographical analysis, François Rouquet.

Statistics concerning the administrative purge have been underestimated. The number of civil servants then purged probably cornes closer to twice the figure generally given. But the analysis of this purge which concerned the very heart of the State remains delicate because of the many parameters to be taken into account, i.e. the local and regional factor which reveals many geographical disparities.
Le fait colonial et nous. Histoire d'un éloignement
Authors: Rivet Daniel
Published: July 2010

The colonial issue and us : a history of distantiation, Daniel Rivel.

The colonial issue is no longer exciting and its study no longer occupies a major place in the field of knowledge. The time has therefore come to resume the dialogue, to restate the problematics, far from any commemoration or execration.
Violence et culture politique en Allemagne entre les deux guerres
Authors: Weisbrod Bernd
Published: July 2010

Violence and political culture in interwar Germany, Bernd Weisbrod.

The entire German political culture has since 1918 integrated the acceptation of violence. The author follows the fatal consequences of this failing in the Weimar period, through the action of the Freikorps (Corps francs), then under the Third Reich. The banalization of evil in Germany (H. Arendt) was also a characteristic of the political culture.
Aux origines de l'économie sociale de marché état, économie et conjoncture dans l'allemagne du 20e siècle
Authors: Abelshauser Werner
Published: July 2010

At the origins of social market economy. State, economy and conjuncture in 20th century Germany, Werner Abelshauser.

The thesis developed by Mancur Oison in The Rise and Decline of Nations (1982) stimulates an analysis of the paths through which Germany gradually oriented itself towards ordo-liberalism and social market economy. While for M. Oison only brutal ruptures imposed by circumstances could lead to the recomposition of a given economic order, the author states, on the contrary, that German-style interventionism is rooted in a whole historical coherence that, starting with the industrial take-off of the 19th century, went through the blocked modernity of the Weimar period and reached its most decisive moment in the 1929 crisis and the Third Reich.
Francis Bouygues. L'ascension d'un entrepreneur (1952-1989)
Authors: Barjot Dominique
Published: July 2010

Francis Bouygues. The rise of and entrepreneur (1952-1989), Dominique Barjot.

From the beginning of the 1950s to the late 1980s, Francis Bouygues succeeded in building a genuine industrial empire, number one worldwide in the field of building and public works. This spectacular rise was based on a " Bouygues model " combining a vast cluster of diversified companies, an efficient internationalization strategy, a constant interest in innovation and a type of social paternalism.
Pour une histoire des villes et communes jumelées
Authors: Chombard-Gaudin Cécile
Published: July 2010

For a history of twinned cities and towns, Cécile Chombard-Gaudin.

Poorly known and little studied, the city twinning movement gradually extended to regions, appeared in the afternmath of the Second World War to promote the bringing together of common people. It goes well beyond the somewhat folklore image to which it is sometimes reduced. Its political dimension raised great tensions, especially during the Cold War. Retracing the main Unes of its development, the author encou- rages reflection and suggests research lines for a history that remains to be written.
Darlan, un amiral entre deux blocs. Réflexions sur une biographie récente
Authors: Paxton Robert O.
Published: July 2010

Darlan, an admiral between two blocks. Reflections on a recent biography, Robert O. Vaxton.

Although the recent biography of Darlan by H. Coutau-Bégarie and C. Huan (Fayard, 1989) is based on substantial documentation, it is not convincing either on the supposed " double game " of Vichy, or on the idea that there is a " respectable " Vichy (that of Pétain and Darlan) and a " bad Vichy " (that of Laval). While the thesis of the neutralist strategy that Darlan is said to have implemented between the two blocks, the German and the Anglo-Saxon ones, is arresting and while the taking into account of Darlan's personality represents a major contribution, the lack of knowledge of the German, English and American archives and above ail the distorsion between the documents presented and the commentary removes much credibility from this work.
Le festival Sigma de Bordeaux (1965-1990)
Authors: Taliano-Des Garets Françoise
Published: July 2010

The Sigma festival of Bordeaux (1965-1990), Françoise Taliano-des Garets.

On its creation in 1965, Sigma was a protest festival which welcomed avant-garde theater and music. Intended to shock the Bordeaux bourgeois, this yearly manifestation was also an instrument of the Bordeaux municipality's cultural policy. The rise of its mayor, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, to the position of Prime Minister, helped the festival to secure its audience and its financial solidity, but it was also the beginning of its decline. The Sigma case raises the problem of the ageing of an avant-garde festival in a municipal stronghold whose most important official was understood that culture could serve his national political image.
Les classes moyennes vues par le PCF et le PSU (1962-1968)
Authors: Massa Patrick
Published: July 2010

The middle classes seen by the PCF and the PSU (1962-1968), Patrick Massa.

The economic and political conjuncture of the 1960s explains the interest parties of the left for the middle classes. But since Marxist theory pays little attention to these categories which belong to both labor and capital, the thinking about the new working class implied some intellectual gymnastics and a degree of concealment. There appeared thus the concepts of " class front " and " union of the people of France ". These concepts were not sufficient to draw together durably the salaried middle strata which could hardly accept the hegemony of the working class in the daily struggle and in the analysis of the society in which they lived.
Structures du pouvoir et politiques de modernisation dans la Chine du 20e siècle
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: July 2010

Power structures and modernization policies in 20th century China, Marie-Claire Bergère

To modernize the empire ? The idea never stopped haunting China's leaders. It has however always encountered the same problems, from the New Politics inaugurated in 1901 to Deng Xiaoping's. The article provides a comparative study. The stakes of Chinese modernization go beyond the form of power, whether or not communist. It is not possible to modernize without trusting autonomous social forces, without reforming the State apparatus, without changing the political culture.
L'inauguration du musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain de Nice en 1990
Authors: Poirrier Philippe
Published: July 2010

The inauguration of the Nice Museum of Modem and Conteporary Art in 1990, Philippe Poirrier.

On 8 April 1990, the Franco-American sculptor Annan refused to inaugurate the retrospective of his work at the new Modem and Contemporary Art Museum of Nice in company of Jacques Médecin, mayor of Nice. The reason was the mayor's complecency vis-à-vis the National Front's theses. The incident originated a local and then a national affair that in which the artists, the elected officials of the Côte d'Azur and the minister of Culture, Jack Lang, were involved. The debate clearly illustrates some of the political stakes involved in cultural policies in France.
Pour une écriture européenne de l'histoire de l'Europe
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas
Published: July 2010

For a European writings of the history of Europe, Nicolas Roussellier.

What if there was no European history? What if the 1989 break had changed the setting of any historic work on Europe? What if the topics for study could no longer be linked as lazily to the national situation alone? The autor shows the rhetorical traps of comparativism or subsidiary at all costs. He enunciates the inadequacies of a retrospective approach that flatters too easily european identity or civilization. He pleads for a totally new project of historic writing.
Prélude à la Perestroïka. Le rapport de Tatiana Zaslavskaïa (Novossibirsk, 1983).
Authors: Mendras Marie , Vernet-Straggiotti Marie-Thérèse
Published: July 2010

A prelude to perestroïka. Tatiana Zaslavskaïa's report, Marie Mendras and Marie-Thérèse Vemet-Straggiotti.

In april 1983, at the Novosibirsk Academicians' Center, a closed seminar, held at the initiative of T. Zaslavskaïa produced this document written in stilted but fairly lucid language. Although it was banned from circulation by the Soviet authorities, the Washington Post published some passages. Here, for the first time is the French version of this premonitory document.
Entre honte et culpabilité. Le souvenir de la guerre chez les Allemands et les Japonais
Authors: Buruma Ian
Published: July 2010

Between shame and guilt. The memory of the war for the Germans and the Japanese, Ian Buruma.

The Germans and the Japanese have not performed the same mourning pro- cess for Second World crimes. The article relates their respective attitudes to the questions of collective identity and national sovereignty.
Le « totalitarisme » à l'épreuve de la résistance civile (1939-1989)
Authors: Sémelin Jacques
Published: July 2010

"Totalitarianism" challenged by civil resistance (1939-1989), Jacques Sémelin.

"Totalitarianism", "anti-totalitarian revolutions", refusal of oppression, dissidence : the century's swing of the pendulum in "the east" in 1989 forces us to revisit these terms and concepts, from 1939 to 1980 via 1956. The author undertakes this reflection by basing his work on the notion of "civil resistance" of which he is the best advocate in France.
Multiculturalisme et marginalisation à Los Angeles. De Watts (1965) à South Central (1992)
Authors: Ghorra-Gobin Cynthia
Published: July 2010

Multiculturalism and marginalization in Los Angeles. From Watts (1965) to South Central (1992), Cynthia Ghorra-Godin.

From the 1992 South Central events, the author looks on the major upheavals that have marked Los Angeles in the last two decades: the shifts in population composition since the spectacular arrival of the Hispanics, the socio-economic and inter-ethnic tensions stemming from de-industralization, the limits of political regulation. The sudden riots of 1992, just as the permanent tensions underlying urban life, reflect mainly the failure of a town planning which focused on spatial expansion and individual housing to the detriment of the development of a genuinely public space able to blend the various communities.
Mises en scène du corps à la Belle Époque
Authors: Rauch André
Published: July 2010

The staging of the body during the Belle Epoque, André Rauch.

By renewing genres and styles, cafés concerts and music halls changed the landscape of Paris shows. A new type of leisure appeared and spread. In baring bodies, these performances created new emotions and other ways of ritualizing shows. Spectators were kept at a distance from the stage and showed their feelings by words, violence being stylized and codified. A new culture spread through cities, bringing different ways of occupying and investing space.
Le regard en biais. Attitudes françaises et multiculturalisme américain (1990-1993)
Authors: Granjon Marie-Christine
Published: July 2010

A side glance. French attitudes and American multiculturalism (1990-1993), Marie-Christine Granjon.

The author traces the stages of the reception of the American debate on multiculturalism in France, between 1990 and 1993. While rejection was virtually unanimous in the beginning, other, more subtle, views appeared subsequently. In both cases, concern about the French situation (identity and national culture) looms through the French view on the crisis of the American integration model.
Political correctness en version originale et en version française. Un malentendu révélateur
Authors: Fassin Eric
Published: July 2010

Political correctness in the original language and in French translation. A revealing misunderstanding, Eric Fassin.

In this affair, considered on both sides of the Atlantic, the misunderstanding is full of meaning. The pretended "Frenchness" of political correctness says a great deal about the fascinations and the rejections of French intelligence in the United States. In France, the quasi-unanimous denunciation of the "new McCarthyism" says even more about the excessively culturalist vision in which we enclose America. In the heat of the controversy, we fînd a confrontation between two public statuses and two models of the intellectual.
Le centre à la recherche de sa culture politique
Authors: Berstein Serge
Published: July 2010

The Center's search for its political culture, Serge Berstein.

The French Center has neither a uniform doctrine nor group cohesion, even if its practices may be original and its behavior meaningful. What is then left besides its gripping ambition not to disappear, as Pierre Abelin said, caught "between crocodile jaws?" Yet it is the very left-right reptilian which chronically nourishes uneasiness in this political family whose culture is always pulled (e.g. on school issues) between radicalism and Christian democracy.
Le RPR et le gaullisme. Les infortunes d'une fidélité
Authors: Lachaise Bernard
Published: July 2010

The RPR and Gaullism: the misfortunes of faithfulness, Bernard Lachaise.

The RPR willingly presents itself as the heir of Gaullism. However, its doctrine has taken singular liberties concerning General de Gaulle's thinking, as attested by its rightward drift, its approach to the State and its European conceptions. It must neveitheless be acknowledged that from the very start, Gaullism itself was characterized by a wide variety of faces.
La culture politique des catholiques aujourd'hui
Authors: Rémond René
Published: July 2010

The political culture of today's Catholics, René Rémond.

It is not easy to define the specificities of a political culture possibly common to today's French Catholics. Because they maintain diverse positions, because, above all, the Catholic dimension pervades the world vision of most French people, way beyond the sphere of believers and observants, one could be tempted to conclude that Catholic specificity has been diluted. That would be neglecting, however, the existence of a Catholic outlook concerning politics, and in particular the refusal to consider politics as an absolute and the putting forward of an ethic of reconciliation.
Les beurs dans la cité
Authors: Leveau Rémy
Published: July 2010

The beurs in the city, Rémy Leveau.

Analysing political culture of the beurs (second generation North Africans, born in France) leads to stressing the elements of specificity due to the role of Islam as a determinant variable. This long-neglected factor must be analyzed attentively, but it should not hide the weight of other factors linked to the local and professional context. All these analytical elements illustrate the break with the countries of origin and show the strength of identity affirmation linked to the process of integration into French society.
Le nord, l'amour de la culture politique
Authors: Vavasseur-Desperriers Jean
Published: July 2010

The Nord, the love of political culture, Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers.

The Nord-Pas-de-Calais is undoubtedly one of the French regions with the strongest collective identity, fed by the human landscape as well as by history and social practices. It is not surprising to observe that its inhabitants participate in a distinctive regional political culture : Catholic impregnation, socialist references, strong local roots of the key figures, pragmatic populism, etc. are as many components of a relationship to politics particular to the Nord's inhabitants.