bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resenha do livro Imaginando os/as outros/as: raça, cor e o visual na Ibéria e América Latina, Brill, 2016, editado por Pamela A. Patton
Authors: Renders Helmut
Published: July 2016

Resenha do livro PATTON, Pamela A. (ed.). Envisioning Others: Race, Color, and the Visual in Iberia and Latin America [Tradução do título: Imaginado os/as outros/as: raça, cor e o visual na Ibéria e América Latina] Leiden, Bel. / Boston, EUA: Brill, 2016. 382p com índice de 6p 63 imagens [Coletânea: The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World (Formerly Medieval Iberian Peninsula), vol. 62]. ISBN 978-90-04-26917-0 (impresso, capa dura); ISBN 978-90-04-30215-0 (e-book).
Mladoneolitičtí zemědělci a kruhové monumenty. Trojitý rondel kultury s vypíchanou keramikou v Plotištích n/L II
Authors: Kovárník Jaromír
Published: July 2016

Článek pojednává o kruhových ohrazeních tvořených příkopy a valy, tzv. rondelech. Šlo o monumentální areály pravděpodobně sloužící k shromažďování zemědělců mladšího neolitu z kultovních, společenských, organizačních aj. důvodů. Následuje shrnutí výsledků archeologického výzkumu trojitého rondelu kultury s vypíchanou keramikou (dále SBK), subfáze SBK IVa u Plotišť n/L z první sezóny. Uskutečňuje jej katedra archeologie Filozofické fakulty Univerzity Hradec Králové. Zkoumali jsme plochu severozápadního vstupu v prostoru ukončení jihozápadního a severozápadního segmentu vnitřního příkopu. Zjistili jsme, že vnitřní příkop dosahoval šířku 510–522 cm a hloubku 240 cm. Příkopy vymezující vstup jsou široké 335 cm a hluboké 178 cm. Příkopy mají širší hrotitý tvar a zasahují do stěrkopísčitého podloží. Menší příkopy probíhající po obou stranách severozápadního vstupu se nespojily s vnitřním příkopem. Velký význam má vrstva č. 2 výplně příkopů tvořená zeminou s příměsí menších křemenných valounů (původem z terasy Labe) a nacházející se pod hořejší vrstvou černozemě č. 1. Nabízí se jedna z možností, že by k jejímu vzniku mohlo dojít postupnou erozí tělesa valu na vnější straně příkopů. Soubor nálezů tvoří zlomky hrnců a mís zdobených středně velkým a velkým dvojvpichem, pruhy jemného a středně velkého trojvpichu a výjimečně „taženým“ širokým vpichem zanechávajícím na povrchu keramiky mírně zahloubený pás. Tvary nádob i výzdoba jsou příznačné pro fázi SBK IVa. Některé by mohly být i mladší (subfáze SBK IVa2–IVb).
O roli stravy v životě reemigranta. Vliv stravovacích návyků na formování identity československých přesídlenců z Bulharska
Authors: Džulajová Olga
Published: July 2016

Text, který držíte v rukou, staví do ohniska svého zájmu stravu a stravování nejen jako ryze biologický akt, jenž je vnímán ´pouze´ jako prostředek k uspokojení základní existenční potřeby člověka, a jako takový je objektivní a unifikovaný pro všechny zástupce lidského druhu, ale poukazuje i na subjektivní, sociálně konstruované vlastnosti stravy a praktiky s ní spojené, jež zaujímají nezanedbatelnou úlohu v každodenním životě lidí. Vycházím zde z myšlenky, že fráze ´Jsme to, co jíme´ není jen prázdná konstrukce, ale sdělení, které v sobě kóduje zprávu – zprávu o tom, že jídlo je kultura na úrovni produkce i konzumace, jelikož je spojeno nejen s faktory ekonomickými či nutričními, ale i se symbolickými hodnotami, které k dané stravě přísluší. Prezentovaný článek se zaměřuje na problematiku stravy ze sociálně-konstruktivistické perspektivy a objasňuje, jakým způsobem a do jaké míry může představovat kultura, odehrávající se na poli stravovacích praktik, prostředek vytyčující hranice mezi ´vlastní´ a ´cizí´ skupinou, posilovat vazby uvnitř jednotky i vědomí vlastní sounáležitosti s ní a vytvářet tak platformu pro etablování specifické skupinové identity.
Story of Bisphenol S – Steps from Bad to Worse
Authors: Žalmanová Tereza , Hošková Kristýna , Nevoral Jan , Prokešová Šárka , Zámostná Kateřina , Kotíková Zora , Petr Jaroslav
Published: July 2016

Žijeme v „době plastové“. Obrovské množství plastů vstupuje do životního prostředí a z tohoto materiálu se uvolňuje řada chemikálií s endokrinně disrupčními účinky. Bisfenol A (BPA) je znám jako jeden z takových účinných endokrinních disruptorů uvolňovaných z plastů. Tato látka vykazuje široké spektrum negativních efektů na zdraví zvířat i lidí. Proto bylo používání BPA v řadě lidských oborů omezeno a u mnoha výrobků je garantováno, že BPA neobsahují.  BPA může v plastech chybět, jen pokud je nahrazen jinými látkami. Jako náhrada za BPA se často používá bisfenol S (BPS), i když jeho endokrinně disrupční účinky jsou prozkoumány jen velmi málo. Jako chemikálie, jejíž používání podléhá mnohem slabší legislativní regulaci než její předchůdce, je nyní BPS používán v mnoha materiálech. Nově získávané poznatky ale stále jasněji ukazují, že BPS není zdaleka bezpečná látka. Nenápadná náhrada BPA za BPS může být vnímána jako zlepšení. Ale zdá se, že tomu přesně naopak. S tím, jak se BPS šíří naším „do plastu zabaleným“ světem, jsme se jen dostali z bláta do louže.
INFLUÊNCIA DA TEMPERATURA NA RESISTÊNCIA E NO MÓDULO DE ELASTICIDADE EM MADEIRA DE HÍBRIDOS DE EUCALIPTOS
Authors: Carrasco Edgar Vladimiro Mantilla , Oliveira Ana Lúcia Crespo , Mantilla Judy Norka Rodo
Published: July 2016

O trabalho trata da influência da temperatura, em um intervalo de 20ºC a 24ºC, nas propriedades físicas da madeira: umidade e massa específica e mecânicas: resistência e módulo de elasticidade à compressão paralela às fibras. O programa experimental foi realizado com 78 corpos de prova, de híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis com Eucalyptus urophylla, com massa específica aparente média de 671 kg/m3 e teor de umidade de 11,14%. Foram seguidos os procedimentos dos ensaios prescritos pela NBR 7190. Os resultados mostram uma diminuição linear do teor de umidade com o aumento da temperatura até 160°C. Destacam-se duas retas, a primeira de 20°C até 65°C com pequeno decréscimo do teor de umidade, chegando a 4% e a segunda de 65°C até 160°C com perda mais acentuada chegando a 0% de teor de umidade. Acima de 160°C, não apresentando mais umidade, a madeira perde apenas material orgânico, chegando a 20% de perda de massa quando atinge uma temperatura de 240°C. A massa específica praticamente permanece constante até a temperatura de 100ºC. A partir da temperatura de 100ºC até 240ºC a massa específica decresce linearmente chegando a 20%. A resistência à compressão paralela às fibras aumenta linearmente com a temperatura, chegando a 19% na temperatura de 100°C e, após esta temperatura, o comportamento se inverte com decréscimo linear até a temperatura de 180ºC. A partir de 180ºC, a queda de resistência é acentuada, chegando, na temperatura de 240ºC, a 32% menor do que a resistência na temperatura de 20ºC. O módulo de elasticidade diminui, apenas aumenta a temperatura. Até 120ºC existe uma diminuição linear não muito acentuada, em torno de 8%. Já de 120ºC até 200ºC a diminuição também é linear, porém, bastante acentuada chegando a 38%.
FUNÇÃO DE AFILAMENTO E SORTIMENTOS DE MADEIRA PARA Araucaria angustifolia
Authors: Costa Emanuel Arnoni , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Renato , Hess André Felipe
Published: July 2016

Funções de afilamento permitem determinar classes de dimensão e volumes das árvores com aplicação direta no planejamento das atividades técnicas e econômicas da floresta. Com esse propósito, os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever o afilamento do fuste de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze na porção compreendida entre o nível do solo e a inserção da copa de árvores de remanescente florestal nativo, bem como ajustar modelo de regressão para a relação altura/DAP, para o diâmetro na inserção da copa sobre o DAP e demonstrar a aplicação das funções com a confecção de uma tabela de sortimentos de madeira.  Oitenta e cinco árvores tiveram medidas seus diâmetros e alturas relativas pelo método de cubagem rigorosa de Hohenadl, assim como o diâmetro na inserção da copa com o Criterion RD 1000. Os modelos de afilamento ajustados por regressão foram o polinômio do 5º grau, Kozak (1988), Lee et al. (2003) e Sharma e Zhang (2004). O coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), o erro padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%) e a análise gráfica entre valores estimados e observados foram as estatísticas usadas para avaliar o ajuste e a precisão dos modelos. O modelo da relação altura/DAP e do diâmetro no ponto de inserção da copa alcançaram boas estatísticas de ajuste e precisão, permitindo sua aplicação em inventários florestais e no planejamento da produção florestal. A flexibilidade e a eficiência do modelo de Kozak (1988) em predizer diâmetros e volumes até o ponto de inserção da copa favorecem o uso e obtenção de sortimentos de madeira de araucária.
EQUAÇÕES PARA ESTIMAR ESTOQUE DE CARBONO POR HECTARE NOS FUSTES DAS ÁRVORES DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL
Authors: Soares Carlos Pedro Boechat , Oliveira Marcio Leles Romarco de , Martins Fabrina Bolzan , Figueiredo Lívia Thais Moreira de
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho teve por objetivo ajustar equações para estimar o estoque de carbono por hectare nos fustes das árvores, em função de variáveis da floresta obtidas por meio da amostragem por ponto horizontal (método de Bitterlich). Foram amostrados 55 pontos, com um fator de área basal igual a 1, em fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecidual, no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Após o ajuste e a avaliação de diferentes modelos de regressão lineares e não lineares, verificou-se que as equações referentes ao modelo 8 (não linear) foram as mais precisas para estimar o estoque de carbono por hectare nos fustes das árvores.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO ESTRUTURAL DO BARBATIMÃO (Stryphnodendron adstringens(Mart.) Coville) NO CERRADO DO NORTE DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Meira Messulan Rodrigues , Cabacinha Christian Dias , Gama Aldenir Teixeira da , Martins Ernane Ronie , Figueiredo Lourdes Silva de
Published: July 2016

Objetivou-se caracterizar a população de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville para verificar a viabilidade de manejo em uma área de cerrado sensu stricto no norte de Minas Gerais. Para isso, inventariaram-se 25 parcelas, de 400 m² cada uma, em dois sítios (I e II), totalizando 1 hectare amostrado em cada sítio. Foram mensurados todos os indivíduos adultos vivos de barbatimão com diâmetros a 1,30 m do solo (DAP) ≥ 3 cm de barbatimão. Dentro das parcelas foram mensurados o diâmetro (DAP) e a altura (H) e, posteriormente, para cada sítio foram avaliados: o quociente de De Liocourt (q), a área basal (G) e a estratificação vertical. Os resultados mostraram uma densidade de 180 e 218 indivíduos/ha, diâmetros médio de 7,38 e 6,26 cm, média de ‘q’ de 2,22 e 1,50 e alturas médias de 2,93 e 3,10 m nos dois sítios respectivamente. O quociente de De Liocourt mostrou comprometimento no recrutamento em algumas classes diamétricas no Sítio II. Apesar do desbalanceamento apontado pelo valor ‘q’, a distribuição diamétrica comportou-se de forma exponencialmente negativa conforme o esperado para florestas nativas em processo de sucessão secundária. Observou-se uma maior concentração de indivíduos no estrato médio de altura com 142 e 154 indivíduos em cada sítio respectivamente. Conclui-se que, embora tenham estruturas distintas, nos dois sítios estudados, as populações de barbatimão são compostas por um grande número de indivíduos de pequenos diâmetros e com exclusividade do estrato vertical mediano. A capacidade de regeneração da espécie, alta densidade de indivíduos por hectare e a estrutura horizontal e vertical mostram que existe viabilidade em manejar o barbatimão no dois sítios desde que suas estruturas sejam mantidas equilibradas.
AVALIAÇÃO DOS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS NA ÁREA DE INFLUÊNCIA DIRETA DO CÓRREGO DA ESTIVA, MUNICÍPIO DE BETIM (MG)
Authors: Soares Thiago Santiago , Côrtes Mariana Aparecida Soares , Freitas Angelina Dornelas , Vasconcelos Fernanda Carla Wasner
Published: July 2016

Plan for the use and occupation of a watershed is essential to the proper use of water resources. The objective is to evaluate the environmental impacts on stream Estiva - Betim (MG), between July and September 2014 the implementation of the Rapid Assessment Protocol of Habitat Diversity in Excerpts from Watershed was performed, proposed by Callisto et al. (2002), adapted by the authors. This technique offers conditions to raise the environmental impact on stretches of waterways by evaluating some parameters. The 1,34Km studied were sectored into five sections and the data obtained with the Callisto Protocol, applied the Kruskal-Wallis test. The result of the sum of scores assigned to individual parameters reflects the stream preservation level. There was a significant difference in the median and weather condition testing, observed different impacts, such as: absence of riparian vegetation, erosion, presence of animal disease vectors, fires and illegal disposal of solid waste and wastewater in 1,34Km the stream Estiva.
SIMULAÇÃO NUMÉRICA DE DOIS SISTEMAS CONVECTIVOS DE MESOESCALA UTILIZANDO O MODELO WRF
Authors: Casarin Kauan Vargas
Published: July 2016

The model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) was used in order to simulate two Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) with different characteristics in order to analyze how variables such as wind directional shear and  thickness gradient are modified within the MCSs along its entire duration. The first event is a linear MCS that extended from the north of Argentina to the South Atlantic in November 30, 2009 and the second is a circular MCS or MCC (mesoscale convective complex) that occurred on the RS and Uruguay on November 18, 2009. The two systems were identified through images of the satellite GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) using an automatic tracking of MCSs and for the simulation of events in WRF we used the data reanalysis of CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis). The simulation results indicated that the rate of reduction thickness gradient is greater in the circular case than in the linear case and at the time that events are initiated the wind directional shear is higher in the linear case but he reduces until the moment of dissipation of the MCS different than occurs in MCC, which has an increased wind directional shear when the system is almost dissipating.
ENGENHARIA DIDÁTICA: IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PESQUISA NO ÂMBITO DO ENSINO EM ANÁLISE COMPLEXA - AC
Authors: Alves Francisco Regis Vieira
Published: July 2016

This article discusses and describes the two initial phases provided by a nominated research design of Didactical Engineering – DE. Thus, in view of an interest declared by the teachhing of Complex Analysis – CA, the work emphasizes the elements that hold the potential to constitute the two initial stages of an DE, nomitaded by preliminary and a priori analysis, with emphasis on description and conception of only two problems situations. So, in view of the long heritage of the French tradition in Didactics of Mathematics, also elects the Theory of Didactical Situations – TSD, in complementary character in other to ensure the reasonable control of the didactic mediation, as well as the predictive character of a theorical and conceptual framework for the research, structured for teaching of CA, reproductible and repeatable in any empirical situation of application in academic locus.
APLICAÇÃO DE UM PROGRAMA DE SUSTENTABILIDADE PARA A COLETA SELETIVA NA CIDADE DE SÃO GABRIEL-RS
Authors: Rocha Jefferson Marçal , Santos Anna Karolline Rezende dos
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an application proposed a method of indicators to evaluate the municipal program of selective collection in the municipality of San Gabriel, which started in 2015. This program is based on the law of the National Solid Waste Policy which now obligation for the public to perform the management of waste collection. It has the prospect of identifying the levels of economic, environmental and health based on the concepts of integrated and shared management, established in Brazil as a public policy model of solid waste. Analyzes the municipal selective collection program, which is developed in partnership with a collectors association. It is considered that the selective collection program evaluation studies are lacking and there is a lack of validated indicators for this assessment. For data collection was used a literature review, document concerning the issue and interviews with qualified agents who work in this sector. This research put on the agenda the importance of using sustainability indicators for selective collection programs and collectors' organization assisting the program monitoring, proposing goals and management alternatives at the prospect of making more sustainable waste collection activity.
A QUÍMICA PRESENTE NOS AVANÇOS HISTÓRICOS, CIENTÍFICOS E TECNOLÓGICOS DOS ESPORTES
Authors: Rocha Thaís Rios da , Braibante Mara Elisa Fortes
Published: July 2016

Working with the theme “sport” in schools enables the discussion and reflection on social issues of our time and public knowledge and establish its relations with the chemistry scientific content. In this paper, we present a history of the sport, emphasizing the Modern Olympics, the concept of doping and banned substances in sports, as well as issues related to sports ethics and fair play. At the end of the article shows the relationship between the theme “sport” and the chemistry teaching as a possibility of conducting a thematic work in high school.
Simulation and Analysis of the Buffer Function of Freeway Greening on Out-of-Control Vehicles
Authors: Xiao Daiquan , Wen Zhihe , Xu Xuecai , Šarić Željko
Published: July 2016

Freeway greening and traffic safety has aroused more and more attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of flexible green planting in buffering out-of-control vehicles. The stopping distances of vehicle rushing into greening were tested at 8 group of initial speeds range from 5km/h to 40km/h in green belt, and a simplified mathematical model was built up to simulate the buffering process. The results indicated that the greening plants have certain buffering effect on vehicles and alleviate the crash damage within 30m of stopping distance for the vehicles under 40km/h, while the simplified mathematical model could reflect the buffering process of the plants actually by simulating the speed attenuation process, and it was found that the two types of resistance produced by the plants, i.e. counterforce of plants trunks and friction of branches and leaves, are the major factors during the vehicle deceleration.
Glucocorticoid receptor-PPARα axis in fetal mouse liver prepares neonates for milk lipid catabolism
Authors: Rando Gianpaolo , Tan Chek Kun , Khaled Nourhène , Montagner Alexandra , Leuenberger Nicolas , Bertrand-Michel Justine , Paramalingam Eeswari , Guillou Hervé , Wahli Walter
Published: July 2016

In mammals, hepatic lipid catabolism is essential for the newborns to efficiently use milk fat as an energy source. However, it is unclear how this critical trait is acquired and regulated. We demonstrate that under the control of PPARα, the genes required for lipid catabolism are transcribed before birth so that the neonatal liver has a prompt capacity to extract energy from milk upon suckling. The mechanism involves a fetal glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-PPARα axis in which GR directly regulates the transcriptional activation of PPARα by binding to its promoter. Certain PPARα target genes such asFgf21remain repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARα responsive after birth following an epigenetic switch triggered by β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated inhibition of HDAC3. This study identifies an endocrine developmental axis in which fetal GR primes the activity of PPARα in anticipation of the sudden shifts in postnatal nutrient source and metabolic demands.
Estado da arte do conhecimento da ordem Opiliones (CHELICERATA, ARACHNIDA)
Authors: Tourinho Ana Lúcia , Kury Adriano Brilhante
Published: July 2016

Nos últimos dois séculos o avanço do conhecimento sobre Arachnida foi substancialmente ampliado. Isso ocorreu devido ao aumento considerável no número de especialistas formados e ativos nos campos da taxonomia, sistemática, biogeografia e ecologia de Arachnida o que também fomentou o crescente interesse e demanda por informação referente ao grupo em questão. Neste artigo, traçamos um breve resumo da trajetória histórica da aracnologia, com foco na ordem Opiliones no Mundo e no Brasil, e apontamos o estado atual do nosso conhecimento da fauna, além de abordamos os principais desafios para o futuro.
Loss of oocytes due to conditional ablation of Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) gene is p53‐dependent and results in female sterility
Authors: Livera Gabriel , Uzbekov Rustem , Jarrier Peggy , Fouchécourt Sophie , Duquenne Clotilde , Parent Anne‐Simone , Marine Jean‐Christophe , Monget Philippe
Published: July 2016

Murine double minute 2 and 4 (Mdm2, Mdm4) are major p53‐negative regulators, preventing thus uncontrolled apoptosis induction in numerous cell types, although their function in the female germ line has received little attention. In the present work, we have generated mice with specific invalidation of Mdm2 and Mdm4 genes in the mouse oocyte (Mdm2Ocko and Mdm4Ocko mice), to test their implication in survival of these germ cells. Most of the Mdm2Ocko but not Mdm4Ocko mice were sterile, with a dramatic reduction of the weight of ovaries and genital tract, a strong increase in follicle‐stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone serum levels, and a reduction of anti‐mullerian hormone serum levels. Histological analyses revealed an obvious decrease of the number of growing follicles beyond the primary stage in Mdm2Ocko ovaries in comparison to controls, with a pronounced increase in the apparition of primary atretic follicles, most being devoid of oocyte. Similar phenotypes were observed with Mdm2OckoMdm4Ocko ovaries, with no worsening of the phenotype. However, we failed to detect any increase in p53 level in mutant oocytes, nor any other apoptotic marker, introgression of this targeted invalidation in p53−/− mice restored the fertility of females. This study is the first to show that Mdm2, but not Mdm4, has a critical role in oocyte survival and would be involved in premature ovarian insufficiency phenotype.
Climate, soil organic layer, and nitrogen jointly drive forest development after fire in the North American boreal zone
Authors: Trugman A. T. , Fenton N. J. , Bergeron Y. , Xu X. , Welp L. R. , Medvigy D.
Published: July 2016

Previous empirical work has shown that feedbacks between fire severity, soil organic layer thickness, tree recruitment, and forest growth are important factors controlling carbon accumulation after fire disturbance. However, current boreal forest models inadequately simulate this feedback. We address this deficiency by updating the ED2 model to include a dynamic feedback between soil organic layer thickness, tree recruitment, and forest growth. The model is validated against observations spanning monthly to centennial time scales and ranging from Alaska to Quebec. We then quantify differences in forest development after fire disturbance resulting from changes in soil organic layer accumulation, temperature, nitrogen availability, and atmospheric CO2. First, we find that ED2 accurately reproduces observations when a dynamic soil organic layer is included. Second, simulations indicate that the presence of a thick soil organic layer after a mild fire disturbance decreases decomposition and productivity. The combination of the biological and physical effects increases or decreases total ecosystem carbon depending on local conditions. Third, with a 4°C temperature increase, some forests transition from undergoing succession to needleleaf forests to recruiting multiple cohorts of broadleaf trees, decreasing total ecosystem carbon by ∼40% after 300 years. However, the presence of a thick soil organic layer due to a persistently mild fire regime can prevent this transition and mediate carbon losses even under warmer temperatures. Fourth, nitrogen availability regulates successional dynamics; broadleaf species are less competitive with needleleaf trees under low nitrogen regimes. Fifth, the boreal forest shows additional short‐term capacity for carbon sequestration as atmospheric CO2 increases.
Magnetic signatures of serpentinization at ophiolite complexes
Authors: Bonnemains D. , Carlut J. , Escartín J. , Mével C. , Andreani M. , Debret B.
Published: July 2016

We compare magnetic properties of 58 variably serpentinized peridotites from three ophiolite complexes (Pindos, Greece; Oman; Chenaillet, France) and the mid‐Atlantic Ridge near the Kane fracture zone (MARK). The Pindos and Oman sites show low susceptibility and remanence (K < 0.02 SI; Ms < 0.4 Am2/kg), while the Chenaillet and MARK sites show instead high susceptibility and remanence (K up to 0.15 SI; Ms up to 6 Am2/kg), regardless of serpentinization degree. Petrographic observations confirm that Pindos and Oman samples contain serpentine with very little magnetite, while Chenaillet and MARK samples display abundant magnetite in serpentine mesh cells. Bulk rock analyses show similar amounts of ferric iron at a given serpentinization degree, suggesting that iron is oxidized during the serpentinization reaction in both cases, but that its distribution among phases differs. Microprobe analyses show iron‐rich serpentine minerals (5–7 wt % FeO) in low‐susceptibility samples, while iron‐poor serpentine minerals (2–4 wt % FeO) occur in high susceptibility samples. The contrasted magnetic properties between the two groups of sites thus reflect different iron partitioning during serpentinization, that must be related to distinct conditions at which the serpentinization reaction takes place. We propose that magnetic properties of ophiolitic serpentinites can be used as a proxy to differentiate between high temperature serpentinization (>∼250–300°C) occurring at the axis (i.e., Chenaillet, similar to serpentinites from magmatically poor mid‐ocean ridges), from lower temperature serpentinization (<∼200–250°C), likely occurring off axis and possibly during obduction (i.e., Pindos and Oman). At both settings, serpentinization can result in significant hydrogen release.
Inventing the Rural: A Brief History of Modern Architecture in the Countryside
Authors: Roskam Cole
Published: July 2016

The rural has long occupied a valuable, if under‐theorised position in modern architectural history. Here, Cole Roskam, Assistant Professor of Architectural History at the University of Hong Kong, highlights key moments in this history and, in doing so, illuminates a central paradox at the heart of architecture's various turns to the countryside; namely, can architects maintain the physical and social integrity of the rural when they are themselves a fundamental vector of its changing character?
Notes on Villages as a Global Condition
Authors: Shane David Grahame
Published: July 2016

It may seem that rural villages – the basic units of settlement for millennia since humankind first began to tend the land – have been thoroughly usurped by the massive rise in urbanisation over the last centuries. But is this really the case? Tracing the emergence of urbanism and its perception from Aristotle to today, lecturer and writer David Grahame Shane reveals the role that the village model continues to play in both the developing and the developed world – including within the much discussed phenomenon of megacities.
The Villages, Florida: Small‐town Metropolitanism and the ‘Middle of Nowhere’
Authors: Simpson Deane
Published: July 2016

With over 110,000 inhabitants , The Villages is the world's largest retirement community. Its numerous distinct ‘villages’, surrounded by artificial landscaping and golf courses and served by three ‘downtowns’, cater to those who crave the idealised rural life of times gone by while also offering the convenience and stimulation of the modern metropolis. Deane Simpson, leader of the Master's programme in Urbanism and Societal Change at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture, investigates.
The Toshka Project: Colossal Water Infrastructures, Biopolitics and Territory in Egypt
Authors: Malterre‐Barthes Charlotte
Published: July 2016

Incorporating the world's largest ever pumping station, the Toshka Project sets out to make a vast area of Egypt's Western Desert suitable for agriculture, industry and habitation, both assisting national food security and relieving pressure on cities to accommodate a growing population. Architect and urban designer Charlotte Malterre‐Barthes evaluates the project and sets it in the context of a long line of ambitious territorial transformation and irrigation schemes centred around the Nile.
“Suction Caps”: Designing Anisotropic Core/Shell Microcapsules with Controlled Membrane Mechanics and Substrate Affinity
Authors: Jerri Huda A. , Jacquemond Marlène , Hansen Christopher , Ouali Lahoussine , Erni Philipp
Published: July 2016

Core/shell microcapsules with low‐permeability membranes and controlled morphology are crucial for the delivery and controlled release of fragrance molecules, pharmaceuticals, inks, or vitamins. Design criteria for next generation microcapsules must include chemical and mechanical stability, and also provide enhanced substrate interactions to improve deposition onto relevant complex surfaces. Here, a coupled approach is presented to synthesize core/shell delivery systems by interfacial polymerization to enhance both the microcapsule–substrate interactions and the mechanical properties of the capsules to induce a burst‐type release. By combining membrane synthesis, nonlinear mechanics, interfacial rheology, analysis of mass transfer, and capsule morphology generated during interfacial polymerization, large permanent deformations into the capsule geometry are programmed, resulting in chemically stable, yet mechanically rupturing microcapsules with anisotropic geometry. To promote interactions and capsule adhesion onto complex substrates, the capsule contact area is controlled to form prominent “suction cup” shaped rims. These capsules have favorable, far‐reaching electrostatic interactions with oppositely charged substrates such as glass, hair, skin, or fabric. By modulating membrane mechanical properties and morphology during synthesis, formulation‐independent physical criteria are used to improve the overall performance of a functional delivery system while expanding knowledge of the key parameters influencing the interfacial polymerization process and membrane formation.
Highly Selective Ionic Transport through Subnanometer Pores in Polymer Films
Authors: Wen Qi , Yan Dongxiao , Liu Feng , Wang Mao , Ling Yun , Wang Pengfei , Kluth Patrick , Schauries Daniel , Trautmann Christina , Apel Pavel , Guo Wei , Xiao Guoqing , Liu Jie , Xue Jianming , Wang Yugang
Published: July 2016

Novel transport phenomena through nanopores are expected to emerge as their diameters approach subnanometer scales. However, it has been challenging to explore such a regime experimentally. Here, this study reports on polymer subnanometer pores exhibiting unique selective ionic transport. 12 μm long, parallel oriented polymer nanopores are fabricated in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films by irradiation with GeV heavy ions and subsequent 3 h exposure to UV radiation. These nanopores show ionic transport selectivity spanning more than 6 orders of magnitude: the order of the transport rate is Li+>Na+>K+>Cs+>>Mg2+>Ca2+>Ba2+, and heavy metal ions such as Cd2+ and anions are blocked. The transport can be switched off with a sharp transition by decreasing the pH value of the electrolyte. Structural measurements and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the ionic transport is attributed to negatively charged nanopores with pore radii of ≈0.3 nm, and the selectivity is associated with the dehydration effect.
Mo Doping Induced More Active Sites in Urchin‐Like W18O49 Nanostructure with Remarkably Enhanced Performance for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhong Xing , Sun Youyi , Chen Xianlang , Zhuang Guilin , Li Xiaonian , Wang Jian‐Guo
Published: July 2016

Exploring highly efficient and inexpensive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for various electrochemical energy conversion technologies is actively encouraged. Herein, a 3D urchin‐like Mo‐W18O49 nanostructure as an efficient HER catalyst is reported for the first time. The obtained Mo‐W18O49 catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward HER with small onset potential and Tafel slope. The prepared Mo‐W18O49 electrode shows excellent durability after a long period. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the remarkably enhanced performance of Mo‐W18O49 can be due to the ability of Mo dopant to increase the number of active sites, leading to optimal hydrogen adsorption on the active sites because of the electronic and geometric modulation. In addition, the urchin‐like 3D morphology with a high surface area and abundant 1D nanowires promotes electron transfer, thereby ensuring fast interfacial charge transfer to improve electrocatalytic reactions. All these experimental and theoretical results clearly reveal that Mo‐W18O49 intrinsically improves HER activity and thus has potential applications in water splitting.
The Role of Electron–Phonon Interaction in Heavily Doped Fine‐Grained Bulk Silicons as Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Zhu Tiejun , Yu Guanting , Xu Jing , Wu Haijun , Fu Chenguang , Liu Xiaohua , He Jiaqing , Zhao Xinbing
Published: July 2016

High thermal conductivity of silicon limits its application prospect in thermoelectric technology for direct thermal to electrical energy conversion. Nanostructuring has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for significantly reducing lattice thermal conductivity of silicon and hence improving thermoelectric figure of merit zT due to the enhanced phonon scattering at boundaries. Here, it is shown that in fine‐grained (≈800 nm) heavily doped bulk silicon with optimized carrier concentration, electron–phonon scattering also plays an important role in the phonon transport in silicon above room temperature, and contributes with a ≈36% reduction in lattice thermal conductivity of heavily doped Si0.94P0.06 at room temperature. Benefiting from the sharp decline of the lattice thermal conductivity, the zT value of the samples increases by a factor of ≈3 compared with the single‐crystal silicon. The results can also be extended to other high efficiency thermoelectric materials with high optimal carrier concentration for understanding and optimizing phonon transport and thermoelectric performance.
Low Band Gap Polymer Solar Cells With Minimal Voltage Losses
Authors: Wang Chuanfei , Xu Xiaofeng , Zhang Wei , Bergqvist Jonas , Xia Yuxin , Meng Xiangyi , Bini Kim , Ma Wei , Yartsev Arkady , Vandewal Koen , Andersson Mats R. , Inganäs Olle , Fahlman Mats , Wang Ergang
Published: July 2016

One of the factors limiting the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) is their large energy losses (E
loss) in the conversion from photons to electrons, typically believed to be around 0.6 eV and often higher than those of inorganic solar cells. In this work, a novel low band gap polymer PIDTT‐TID with a optical gap of 1.49 eV is synthesized and used as the donor combined with PC71BM in solar cells. These solar cells attain a good power conversion efficiency of 6.7% with a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.0 V, leading to the E
loss as low as 0.49 eV. A systematic study indicates that the driving force in this donor and acceptor system is sufficient for charge generation with the low E
loss. This work pushes the minimal E
loss of OSCs down to 0.49 eV, approaching the values of some inorganic and hybrid solar cells. It indicates the potential for further enhancement of the performance of OSCs by improving their V
oc since the E
loss can be minimized.
Two‐Dimensional‐Material Membranes: A New Family of High‐Performance Separation Membranes
Authors: Liu Gongping , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping
Published: July 2016

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials of atomic thickness have emerged as nano‐building blocks to develop high‐performance separation membranes that feature unique nanopores and/or nanochannels. These 2D‐material membranes exhibit extraordinary permeation properties, opening a new avenue to ultra‐fast and highly selective membranes for water and gas separation. Summarized in this Minireview are the latest ground‐breaking studies in 2D‐material membranes as nanosheet and laminar membranes, with a focus on starting materials, nanostructures, and transport properties. Challenges and future directions of 2D‐material membranes for wide implementation are discussed briefly.
Off the Beaten Track—A Hitchhiker's Guide to Beryllium Chemistry
Authors: Naglav Dominik , Buchner Magnus R. , Bendt Georg , Kraus Florian , Schulz Stephan
Published: July 2016

This Minireview aims to give an introduction to beryllium chemistry for all less‐experienced scientists in this field of research. Up to date information on the toxicity of beryllium and its compounds are reviewed and several basic and necessary guidelines for a safe and proper handling in modern chemical research laboratories are presented. Interesting phenomenological observations are described that are related directly to the uniqueness of this element, which are also put into historical context. Herein we combine the contributions and experiences of many scientist that work passionately in this field. We want to encourage fellow scientists to reconcile the long‐standing reservations about beryllium and its compounds and motivate intense research on this spurned element. Who on earth should be able to deal with beryllium and its compounds if not chemists?
CO2 Activation and Hydrogenation by PtHn− Cluster Anions
Authors: Zhang Xinxing , Liu Gaoxiang , Meiwes‐Broer Karl‐Heinz , Ganteför Gerd , Bowen Kit
Published: July 2016

Gas phase reactions between PtHn− cluster anions and CO2 were investigated by mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and computations. Two major products, PtCO2H− and PtCO2H3−, were observed. The atomic connectivity in PtCO2H− can be depicted as HPtCO2−, where the platinum atom is bonded to a bent CO2 moiety on one side and a hydrogen atom on the other. The atomic connectivity of PtCO2H3− can be described as H2Pt(HCO2)−, where the platinum atom is bound to a formate moiety on one side and two hydrogen atoms on the other. Computational studies of the reaction pathway revealed that the hydrogenation of CO2 by PtH3− is highly energetically favorable.
Längskraftabtragung auf Eisenbahnbrücken
Authors: Wenner Marc , Lippert Peter , Plica Sebastian , Marx Steffen
Published: July 2016

Im Eisenbahnbrückenbau wird der Entwurf des Tragsystems sehr stark von der Gleis‐Tragwerks‐Interaktion geprägt. Im Teil 1 des vorliegenden Beitrags (Heft 2/2016) wurde die historische Entwicklung der Betrachtungsweise des Zusammenwirkens von Gleis und Tragwerk zusammengefasst. Weiterhin wurden die Grundsätze der Modellbildung zur Berechnung der Interaktionseffekte sowie die Interpretation der Berechnungsergebnisse vorgestellt. Im Teil 2 des Beitrags soll näher auf die Nachweisführung und insbesondere auf die Hintergründe der im Regelwerk verankerten Grenzwerte für die Kräfte und Verformungen im Gleis eingegangen werden. Es wird ersichtlich, dass die meisten im aktuellen europäischen Regelwerk gültigen Grenzwerte aus Untersuchungen der 1980er‐Jahre stammen. Eine Überprüfung und gegebenenfalls Anpassung ist dringend erforderlich. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Nachweisführung kann jedoch nur dann erfolgen, wenn die bisher bewährten Ansätze nachvollzogen und beurteilt werden können. Basierend auf einer umfangreichen Recherche wird in diesem Beitrag der Status quo beschrieben und Ansätze für die notwendigen Forschungsarbeiten zusammengetragen.

Track‐bridge‐interaction – Part 2: backgrounds of the verification method

Track‐bridge‐interaction has a major influence on the structural design of railway bridges. In the first part of this paper (see Vol. 93 (2016), No. 2) a brief overview describing the historical development of the consideration of the interaction effects has been given. Furthermore, basic principles of the calculation model as well as recommendations on how to deal with the results of the calculation has been presented. The aim of the second part of this article is to show the backgrounds of the verification scheme and especially to explain where the limit values for the additional rail stresses and deformations come from. It becomes apparent, that most rules contained in national and international codes are based on investigations carried out in the 1980s. An actualisation and further development of the codes is necessary, but can only be achieved if the well‐proven methods and limits used so far are well understood. This part of the article describes the actual status quo based on a literature research and gives outlines for future research needs.
Students who bully and their perceptions of teacher support and monitoring
Authors: Ertesvåg Sigrun K.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to assess students who bully and their perception of the emotional support, monitoring and instructional support offered by their teachers. Although research on bullying has increased over the past few decades, research on students who bully and their perceptions of their teachers’ support and monitoring is scarce. Moreover, few if any studies of these associations consider the nested structure (students nested within classrooms) of the data. Teachers are assumed to have a key role in combating bullying; therefore, the quality of the relationship between teachers and students who bully is highly relevant. Data were collected from students in 85 classrooms in ten schools in Norway using a web‐based questionnaire. A total of 1,571 students in grades 5 to 10 (ages 10–15) participated. Multilevel modelling revealed a negative association between reports of bullying other students and the emotional and instructional support the students who bullied received from their teachers when controlling for grade level, gender and individual‐ and classroom‐level off‐task behaviour. No differences were found among students with regard to their perception of teacher monitoring. The weak emotional relationship may affect teachers’ authority in the eyes of students who bully and may affect teachers’ ability to stop bullying. In light of the serious long‐term consequences of bullying, the negative association between bullying behaviour and the perception of teachers’ instructional support is of concern. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Verbundplatten für Eisenbahnbrücken
Authors: Aigner Francesco , Brunner Helmut , Fink Josef
Published: July 2016

Zu den häufigsten Aufgabenstellungen im Bereich des Eisenbahnbrückenbaus gehört der Ersatz beziehungsweise Neubau von Brücken im Bereich kleiner Stützweiten bis rund 20 m, in welchen über 80 % der Eisenbahnbrücken fallen. Die zu ersetzenden alten Tragwerke waren in der Regel mit offener Fahrbahn ausgeführt worden. Die neuen Tragwerke sollten jedoch – schon aus Gründen der Kontinuität der Fahrbahn und des Lärmschutzes – eine geschlossene Fahrbahn mit einem Schotterbett aufweisen, dessen Dicke im Regelfall 55 cm, mindestens aber 45 cm betragen sollte. Aus diesem Grund und weil die Gradiente in den meisten Fällen nur minimal oder gar nicht angehoben werden kann, muss die Bauhöhe der Tragwerke in der Regel radikal beschränkt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Verbundplattenbrücken behandelt, die im Stützweitenbereich zwischen 6,0 m und 20,0 m eine Alternative zu Walzträger‐in‐Beton‐Brücken (WIB‐Brücken) darstellen. Mit diesem Brückentyp lassen sich je nach Stützweite “Tragwerksschlankheiten” zwischen 17,6 und 19,9 erreichen.

Composite slab railway bridges

Among the most frequent tasks in the construction of railway bridges there is replacement or new building of structures up to some 20 m, comprising more than 80 % of the railway bridges. Normally the old objects to be replaced had been executed with an open track. The new bridges, however, should feature an enclosed track with a 55 cm (at least 45 cm) thick ballast bed, both for reason of continuity of the deck and of noise protection. For these reasons, and as mostly the gradient cannot be raised but to very small amounts, the height of construction must be limited to small values. This paper deals with composite slab bridges which can be taken as an alternative to filler beam bridges in the span range between 6,0 to 20,0 m. Depending on the span, this bridge type allows length ratios between 17,6 and 19,9.
Neugestaltung des denkmalgeschützten Senckenbergareals in Frankfurt/Main
Authors: Pfeifer Matthias , Wittenbecher Ralf , Burger Günter , Beck Peter
Published: July 2016

Die Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Träger des renommierten Museums und des nicht minder bedeutenden wissenschaftlichen Instituts, erweitert bis Ende 2018 in Frankfurt/Main ihre Räumlichkeiten für Forschung, Sammlung, Veranstaltungen und Verwaltung um ca. 19000 m2. Dazu wurden drei historische Gebäude des “Senckenbergareals” nach den Plänen des Büros Kulka‐Architekten, Köln und Dresden, zusammengeführt und so umgestaltet, dass das Ergebnis den Anforderungen eines modernen Forschungsbetriebs sowie zugleich den Belangen des Denkmalschutzes Rechnung trägt.

Das für diese herausfordernde Baumaßnahme mit der Tragwerksplanung beauftragte Ingenieurbüro ProfessorPfeiferundPartner untersuchte zuerst die vor mehr als 100 Jahren errichteten, mehrgeschossigen Bestandsgebäude umfassend auf Standsicherheit und Durchführbarkeit der geplanten Umgestaltungen und Nutzungsänderungen. Die weiteren Planungsleistungen umfassten neben der “behutsamen” Ertüchtigung einzelner Geschossdecken unterschiedlicher Bauart und dem Einbau neuer Decken zur Herstellung der erforderlichen Barrierefreiheit sowie Schaffung zusätzlicher Flächen gemäß den Nutzervorgaben die Ergänzung eines Gebäudeteils mit Überbauung sowie die Zusammenführung der Gebäude durch repräsentative Verbindungsbrücken. Zusätzlich waren komplexe Bauzustände und Abbruchmaßnahmen und die Ertüchtigungen höher belasteter Fundamente durch HD‐Injektionen zu beplanen.

Redesign of the listed Senckenbergareal in Frankfurt/Main. Using existing qualities and appreciation of historic structures

The Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (Association for Research in Nature), sponsor of the renowned Senckenberg Museum and equally prestigious Senckenberg Institute, aims to increase its facilities for research, collection and administration in Frankfurt/Main by 19,000m2 by the end of 2018.

Kulka‐Architekten, based in Cologne and Dresden, reconfigured and merged three historic buildings to satisfy the demands of a modern research facility while taking account of the historic building preservation act.

The international consultancy ProfessorPfeiferundPartner, which was entrusted with the structural engineering of this challenging project, in a first step assessed the as‐built situation of the more than 100 years' old multi‐storey buildings for structural stability with a view to establish the feasibility of the envisaged redevelopment.

Further design steps included the “cautious” strengthening of floor slabs of various type, the addition of an annex as well as the joining of buildings by means of imposing connection‐bridges. Complex demolition and construction sequence analysis, strengthening of foundations by means of HDI injection as well as the restoration of parts of the sandstone façade elements had to be considered as well.