bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expansions and faithful interpretations
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the concept of expansion of a geometric theory and develops some basic theory about it; it proves in particular that expansions of geometric theories induce geometric morphisms between the respective classifying toposes and that conversely every geometric morphism to the classifying topos of a geometric theory can be seen as arising from an expansion of that theory. The notion of hyperconnected-localic factorization of a geometric morphism is then investigated and shown to admit a natural description in the context of geometric theories. Further, the preservation, by ‘faithful interpretations’ of theories, of each of the conditions in the characterization theorem for theories of presheaf type established in Chapter 6 is discussed, leading to results of the form ‘under appropriate conditions, a geometric theory in which a theory of presheaf type faithfully interprets is again of presheaf type’.
Quotients of a theory of presheaf type
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

In this chapter the quotients of a given theory of presheaf type are investigated by means of Grothendieck topologies that can be naturally attached to them, establishing a ‘semantic’ representation for the classifying topos of such a quotient as a subtopos of the classifying topos of the given theory of presheaf type. It is also shown that the models of such a quotient can be characterized among the models of the theory of presheaf type as those which satisfy a key property of homogeneity with respect to a Grothendieck topology associated with the quotient. A number of sufficient conditions for the quotient of a theory of presheaf type to be again of presheaf type are also identified: these include a finality property of the category of models of the quotient with respect to the category of models of the theory and a rigidity property of the Grothendieck topology associated with the quotient.
Fundamentals of Human Rights Theory
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

The previous three chapters described three central problems that recur when courts have to deal with religious litigation: the teleological problem, epistemological problem, and ontological problem. All three problems are both the occasion for disputes, and (taken together) exacerbate other disputes, bringing the courts themselves into the fray, preventing them from playing the role of standing above the conflict. So, what is to be done? This chapter proposes a reconstructed practice-dependent theory of human rights that addresses issues of religion. It discusses how human dignity provides a normative foundation for the system of human rights as a whole. The proposed theory accepts that human rights law and human rights practice beyond the legal sphere is pluralistic, and that building this pluralism into human rights theory accurately reflects the diverse nature of human rights, including judicial adjudication and religious narratives within that system.
How Should Religions Approach Human Rights?
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

Chapter 8 suggested that a worthy aim would be to identify strategies that enable a genuine dialogue to take place over the most contested questions in human rights. It suggested that this has important implications for how human rights should be practised by the courts. This chapter addresses the question of whether organized religion is capable of engaging in true dialogue, and what changes in approach by religious actors would help to secure such a dialogue. A key issue is how religions should view the traditions from which they derive so much of their sense of right and wrong. The nature of tradition itself is often in contention. The chapter suggests two competing conceptions of tradition, and suggests that religions should be open to informing their interpretation of their traditions in light of the insights that engagement with human rights thinking can bring.
Reference databases
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

DNA references databases are a prerequisite to identify sequences obtained from a metabarcoding experiments. Chapter 3 “Reference databases” gives a brief description of the content and structure of existing generalistic resources and proposes guidelines to construct reference databases specific to the metabarcode of interest, when no specific databases are available. The method presented consists in capturing all sequences corresponding to the metabarcode in generalistic international repositories by using the program ecoPCR. Second, existing resources specific to rRNAs or classical barcodes are presented. Finally, this chapter develops strategies relying on either on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or on genome skimming, to enrich existing databases with new species from fresh specimens or collections in museums. This chapter does not deal with taxonomic assignment per se, which is discussed in Chapter 8.
Reconstructing Republican Oratory in Cassius Dio’s Roman History
Authors: Burden-Strevens Christopher
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the way in which Cassius Dio—a third-century Greek historian of the Roman Republic—used published oratory of the late Republic as a basis for his own historiographical speeches. It argues that, far from belonging in a sophistic thought-world divorced from their depicted historical context, Cassius Dio’s historiographical speeches display a marked attention for preserving not only specific arguments, but also the rhetorical strategies and turns of phrase used to make those arguments in the oratory of the first century ad. While Cicero inevitably appears to predominate in Dio’s register of sources for Roman oratory, this chapter nevertheless demonstrates Dio’s awareness of non-Ciceronian oratory—such as the speeches of Catulus, Hortensius, and M. Antonius—preserved in quoted material and testimonies of these orators in Ciceronian texts, which the historian reproduced accordingly.
Oratorum Romanarum Fragmenta Liberae Rei Publicae
Authors: Hallett Judith P.
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the boundaries of female public speech at Rome through an analysis of a letter, preserved by Nepos, which was sent to the tribune Gaius Gracchus by his mother Cornelia. It argues that Cornelia’s words should be studied alongside fragments of spoken oratory because of the intertextual relations between this fragment and the attested oratory of both her father Scipio Africanus and her son Gaius Gracchus and because of its characteristics as a contribution to a political debate. In addition, the probable oral circumstances of the letter’s composition and its use of oratorical sound effects further decrease the distance between it and the fragmentary remains of Republican speeches.
Double Photoionisation Spectra of Molecules
Authors: Eland John , Feifel Raimund
Published: March 2018

This book contains spectra of the doubly charged positive ions (dications) of some 75 molecules, including the major constituents of terrestrial and planetary atmospheres and prototypes of major chemical groups. It is intended to be a new resource for research in all areas of molecular spectroscopy involving high energy environments, both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial. All the spectra have been produced by photoionisation using laboratory lamps or synchrotron radiation and have been measured using the magnetic bottle time-of-flight technique by coincidence detection of correlated electron pairs. Full references to published work on the same species are given, though for several molecules these are the first published spectra. Double ionisation energies are listed and discussed in relation to the molecular electronic structure of the molecules. A full introduction to the field of molecular double ionisation is included and the mechanisms by which double photoionisation can occur are examined in detail. A preliminary chapter covers double photoionisation of an atom in order to explain the basic principles of the technique, then five chapters present spectra of molecules of increasing size. A seventh chapter on the new fields of core–core and core–valence double ionisations, with selected examples, completes the main body of the book. Appendices explain the detailed mechanisms of double photoionisation, the calibration of the electron spectrometers, and give a brief summary of the methods by which double ionisation energies are calculated theoretically.
Molecules with four, five or seven atoms
Authors: Eland John H.
                            D. , Feifel Raimund
Published: March 2018

Double photoionisation spectra of NH3, C2H2, HCHO, C2N2, PCl3, CH4, the methyl halides CH3F, CH3Cl, CH3I, the methylene halides CH2Cl2, CH2Br2, CH2I2, the carbon tetrahalides CF4, CCl4, CBr4, germanium tetrahalides GeCl4, GeBr4, and SF6 are presented with analysis to identify the electronic states of the doubly charged ions. The effects of indirect double ionisation pathways are discussed. There are relatively few important molecules with just four atoms, but most of the ones included here are present and sometimes abundant in planetary and astrophysical environments. The range of five-atom molecules includes methane and all its simple derivatives. Where possible closely related molecules are grouped together in this chapter, as much of the discussion of their electronic structure is the same for all members of a group. This chapter also includes SF6 as a closely related molecule, even though its atom count goes beyond those of some molecules in later chapters.
Europe's Growth Champion
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

The book is about one of the biggest economic success stories that one has hardly ever heard about. It is about a perennially backward, poor, and peripheral country, which over the last twenty-five years has unexpectedly become Europe’s and a global growth champion and joined the ranks of high-income countries during the life of just one generation. It is about the lessons learned from its remarkable experience for other countries in the world, the conditions that keep countries poor, and challenges that countries need face to grow and become high-income. It is also about a new growth model that this country—Poland—and its peers in Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere need to adopt to continue to grow and catch up with the West for the first time ever. The book emphasizes the importance of the fundamental sources of growth—institutions, culture, ideas, and leaders—in economic development. It argues that a shift from an extractive society, where the few rule for the benefit of the few, to an inclusive society, where many rule for the benefit of many, was the key to Poland’s success. It asserts that a newly emerged inclusive society will support further convergence of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe with the West and help sustain the region’s Golden Age, but moving to the core of the European economy will require further reforms and changes in Poland’s developmental DNA.
From Black Death to Black Hole
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter I explain why Poland and most countries in Eastern Europe have always lagged behind Western Europe in economic development. I discuss why in the past the European continent split into two parts and how Western and Eastern Europe followed starkly different developmental paths. I then demonstrate how Polish oligarchic elites built extractive institutions and how they adopted ideologies, cultures, and values, which undermined development from the late sixteenth century to 1939. I also describe how the elites created a libertarian country without taxes, state capacity, and rule of law, and how this ‘golden freedom’ led to Poland’s collapse and disappearance from the map of Europe in 1795. I argue that Polish extractive society was so well established that it could not reform itself from the inside. It was like a black hole, where the force of gravity is so strong that the light could not come out.
The New Growth Model for Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, I argue that although the existing growth model has worked well so far, Poland and the rest of the region needs to re-adjust it to sustain a high growth rate. I then introduce the concept of the ‘Warsaw Consensus’, a set of ten policy prescriptions that should guide further convergence of Poland and CEE with the West. The ‘Warsaw Consensus’ upgrades, corrects, and enhances the ‘Washington Consensus’ and embeds it in the specific context of CEE. It deals with the key challenges to the region’s growth and offers policy solutions. I argue that implementation of the ‘Warsaw Consensus’ should be based on a new policy approach of experimenting, evaluating, and pragmaticizing (being pragmatic), and be assessed against its impact on economic growth, well-being, and happiness. Countries should also ensure that they minimize the risks of crises and become anti-fragile.
The Modes of Conscious Intentionality
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

Chap. 1 concerned Brentano’s theory of consciousness, and Chap. 2 his theory of intentionality, the mark of the conscious. This chapter lays the foundations for the rest of the book by discussing the three fundamental modes of conscious intentionality in Brentano’s theory of mind. This three-way distinction is crucial, as will later be seen, to Brentano’s metaphysics and value theory.
Judgment
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

One aspect of Brentano’s theory of judgment that is crucial for his ontology and metaontology is Brentano’s astonishing claim that judgment is not a propositional attitude, but an objectual attitude. In this chapter, I offer an exposition of this highly heterodox theory, discuss the case for it, and consider some objections. In the following two chapters, the theory’s implications for metaontology and ultimately ontology will be developed.
Ethics
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

What is good? Brentano’s formal answer is: that toward which it is fitting to take a pro attitude. But one may ask the question hoping also for a material answer. In other words: toward which things is it fitting to take a pro attitude? Brentano’s normative ethics offers an answer to this question. At the heart of his answer is a list of four things which are good in and of themselves. Abruptly put, they are: (i) conscious activity, (ii) pleasure, (iii) knowledge, and (iv) fitting attitudes. This chapter offers a critical fuller exposition of the ethics founded on these four goods.
The case for probabilistic knowledge
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops and defends the thesis that we can know probabilistic contents. It is argued that we can get probabilistic knowledge in all the same ways that we get propositional knowledge, including by testimony, inference, memory, and a priori reflection. In addition, there are several reasons to think that we can have perceptual knowledge of probabilistic contents by having perceptual experiences that have probabilistic contents. Probabilistic beliefs can have many traditional epistemic virtues, including factivity, reliability, safety, sensitivity, and aptness. They can also exhibit the same sort of epistemic failure exhibited by justified full beliefs that fail to be knowledge. The chapter concludes by defending several applications of probabilistic knowledge in the philosophy of language. For instance, probabilistic knowledge can help us diagnose misguided criticism of conventionally female speech.
Knowledge and belief
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses probabilistic knowledge to defend compelling positions in contemporary epistemological debates. The chapter starts by developing a knowledge norm for probabilistic belief and applying this norm to debates about what you should believe when you find out that you disagree with an epistemic peer. By contrast with existing views of peer disagreement, the knowledge norm defended in this chapter can yield the intuitive verdict that disagreeing epistemic peers should adopt imprecise credences, thereby suspending judgment about probabilistic contents that they disagree about. Probabilistic knowledge is also used in this chapter to give a theory of knowledge by statistical inference, as well as to defend dogmatism about perceptual knowledge from a wide range of recent objections.
Knowledge and persons
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: March 2018

This chapter applies probabilistic knowledge to problems in legal and moral philosophy. It is argued that legal standards of proof require factfinders to know probabilistic contents. For instance, proof by a preponderance of the evidence requires knowledge that the defendant is at least .5 likely to be liable, whereas proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt requires knowledge of a significantly stronger content. The fact that legal proof requires knowledge explains why merely statistical evidence is insufficient to license a legal verdict of liability or guilt. In addition to explaining the limited value of statistical evidence, probabilistic knowledge is useful in spelling out norms violated by acts of racial and other profiling. It can be epistemically wrong to infer from statistics that a woman is probably an administrative assistant, for instance, even when inferring facts about ordinary objects from similar statistics is perfectly okay.
The State Strikes Back
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the rise of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in China, as well as the challenges of implementation and competition from a state-sponsored homegrown system. Despite challenges to its operations, the FSC grew rapidly in China, especially in comparison to Indonesia. To make sense of this puzzle, the chapter identifies a “dual logic of certifying in authoritarian places”, in which the state crowds the space of private regulators but also edits out the messiness and contention that can otherwise impede certification. Using interview and documentary evidence, the chapter identifies the implications and blind spots of forest certification in China and shows how authoritarian governance suppressed underlying ambiguity and conflict over rights to forest land, making it easier for apparent land grabs to be certified as compliant with the FSC’s high standards.
Re-centering the State
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

Transnational private regulation has brought reforms to forests and factories but rarely of an empowering or transformative kind. This chapter draws out normative implications of the research in this book and highlights paths toward improvement. While not dispensing with supply-chain scrutiny altogether, the chapter calls for revising the rating of corporate responsibility, re-centering the state, and shifting toward “place-conscious” transnational governance. Some elements of this approach can already be seen in a new transnational timber legality regime, which has the potential to overcome the limits of private sustainability standards. The chapter explains the rise of this regime and considers the possibilities for extending the legality framework to labor.
Should Happiness or Human Development be the Main Development Objective?
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses the new emphasis on happiness as the overriding objective of development. The view emerged in response to defects in income as a measure of progress, similar to the origin of the human development approach. After discussing the long historic origins and rationale of the view that societal happiness should be the sole measure of progress, it contrasts the happiness objective with human development, capabilities, and human rights. It argues that the more objective indicators embodied in human development, capabilities, and human rights, which measure the way people live, their health and education, and the freedoms they enjoy, are preferable to measures of happiness or satisfaction. Poor people may report themselves as happy even when their objective conditions are very inadequate. In assessing progress, human development indicators should be given priority, but evidence of unhappiness remains relevant, an indication that something is wrong which needs further investigation.
Capabilities and Human Development
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses the role of social institutions in advancing human development and capabilities. Social interactions are a quintessential part of human life, and their quantity and quality determine a person’s social or relational capabilities, which are an important dimension of human development. In addition, institutions and social capabilities are shown to play a critical role in advancing capabilities generally and shaping individual choice. They are therefore an important, and often neglected, influence over human development. As well as their instrumental role in enhancing capabilities, social institutions help shape individual preferences and behaviour so that individuals cannot be assumed to be fully autonomous in decisions about the nature of the lives they live. The chapter analyses the concept of social cohesion, as an important condition affecting human development. It concludes by analysing some policy implications arising from this analysis aimed at promoting well-functioning social institutions likely to advance human development.
Games User Research as part of the development process in the game industry
Authors: Zammitto Veronica
Published: March 2018

Practising Games User Research within a video game company possesses unique challenges, ranging from tight turnaround of findings to collaborating with the development team and incorporating the needs of the rest of company. This chapter describes processes and best practices for applying GUR in the industry while identifying and avoiding potential pitfalls.
Post-launch in Games User Research
Authors: Livingston Ian
Published: March 2018

This chapter opens with a discussion of the author’s personal thoughts and experiences post-launch in Games User Research. Its subsequent sections explore data sources that should be leveraged on a live title, and the importance and limitations of benchmark studies. The chapter concludes with a methodological example that can be implemented to kick-start your own post-launch analysis.
User experience maturity levels
Authors: McAllister Graham
Published: March 2018

As user experience (UX) research in game development becomes more established, many studios are now incorporating UX practices within their studio. However, the maturity level of UX within a studio can vary widely, from those who are hostile towards UX up to those who embrace UX at all levels in the organization. This chapter is for both game developers and Games User Researchers who are interested in assessing where they currently are on a UX maturity scale, and also keen to understand what more could be done to become more player-focused.
An Overview of GUR Methods
Authors: Medlock Michael C.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides bite-sized summaries of the most common methods of the Games User Research field. It then focuses on the questions to be considered when constructing and combining GUR methods. It concludes with a discussion of what methods best address what questions.
Heuristic evaluation of playability
Authors: Paavilainen Janne , Korhonen Hannu , Koskinen Elina , Alha Kati
Published: March 2018

The fierce competition in the video games market and new revenue models such as free-to-play emphasize the importance of good playability for first-time user experience and retention. Cost-effective and flexible evaluation methods such as heuristic evaluation is suitable for identifying playability problems in different phases of the game development life cycle. In this chapter we introduce the heuristic evaluation method with updated playability heuristics, present example studies on identifying playability problems in social network games, and propose new heuristics for evaluating free-to-play games.
Developing actionable biometric insights for production teams
Authors: Chalfoun Pierre , Dankoff Jonathan
Published: March 2018

In this chapter we describe the challenges and learnings in establishing processes for developing actionable biometric procedures for production teams. The chapter, divided in four main sections, describes the ongoing efforts of recent years to facilitate the incorporation of the science of biometrics into the culture of video game production, as illustrated through several case studies. The end goal is making biometric data an accessible option in the tool chest of user researchers and an ally in the team’s decision-making processes. Throughout the chapter, references to related work in games user research and academia are presented.
Starting from scratch: pragmatic and scalable guidelines to impactful Games User Research
Authors: Dorell Johan , Marklund Björn Berg
Published: March 2018

In this chapter we provide a pragmatic description of how GUR processes can be employable and impactful even with limited resources and prior user research experience. We also provide guidelines for how GUR processes can start small and be iteratively expanded upon to become an integral part of a developer’s working processes. Included are step-by-step guidelines for starting to work with GUR.
Hume, Defeat, and Miracle Reports
Authors: Anderson Charity
Published: March 2018

No one believes every miracle report they hear. At least, no one I know. For religious and non-religious alike, it is common to disbelieve testimony to the miraculous; it is also common to dismiss such testimony outright. This chapter investigates the rationality of failing to believe miracle reports. Hume famously argued that it is irrational to believe that a miracle has occurred on the basis of testimony alone. While certain aspects of Hume’s argument have received extensive discussion, other features of his argument have been largely overlooked. After offering a reconstruction of Hume’s argument, I will argue that epistemic defeat plays a central role in the argument and explore the aptness of as well as some limitations to Hume’s reasoning.
A Theological Critique of the Fine-Tuning Argument
Authors: Halvorson Hans
Published: March 2018

The fine-tuning argument attempts to use data from contemporary physics as evidence for God’s existence. In particular, contemporary physics suggests that—in absence of any divine intervention—there was little chance that a universe like ours would come into existence. The chapter points out a theological problem with the fine-tuning argument: since God can choose the laws of nature, God can set the chances that a universe like ours would come into existence. It argues, however, that if God could be expected to create a nice universe, then God could also be expected to set favourable chances for a nice universe. Therefore, the fine-tuning argument defeats itself.
Testimony amidst Diversity
Authors: Baker-Hytch Max
Published: March 2018

This chapter takes up the question of what (if anything) might be wrong with religious beliefs that are held primarily on the basis of testimony, in light of the facts of religious diversity. The chapter first considers whether religious diversity entails that a religious believer’s testimony-based beliefs are not formed in a suitably epistemically reliable manner even conditional upon the truth of her religion. After casting doubt on this thought the chapter turns to look at the idea that testimony-based beliefs are subject to defeaters in light of awareness of religious diversity, and suggests that many such beliefs are not obviously so. According to the author’s diagnosis the problem, rather, is that believers who base their religious beliefs just on testimony will be very unlikely to have reflective (that is, second-order) knowledge even if they possess first-order knowledge, and the author explains why this is a notable shortcoming.
Delusions of Knowledge Concerning God’s Existence
Authors: DeRose Keith
Published: March 2018

The author suspects that hardly anyone, if anyone at all, knows whether God exists. In this chapter he explains, and to some extent defends, this suspicion. His focus is limited to exploring what seems to be the most promising proposal as to how it might be that at least some people could know whether God exists—which turns out to be a way by which some theists might know that God does indeed exist: by means of religious experience. The author explains why it looks to him as if, at least in almost all cases, even if these people are right about God’s existence, the way in question fails to be a way by which they know that God exists.
The Ecclesiastical Lunar Calendar and Its Critics, 300–1100
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter begins with a succinct account of the development of lunar cycles for the purpose of Easter reckoning in late antiquity and the controversies these cycles generated up to the end of the eighth century, most notably in Britain and Ireland. After a look at the politics and arguments behind these controversies, the discussion turns towards the gradual emergence of a standardized ecclesiastical calendar during the early medieval period. While this calendar was still being constructed, the astronomical handicaps of the underlying 19-year cycle had already started to cause discrepancies between predicted and observable new and full moons. One reaction to this problem was the development of a completely new approach to lunar reckoning in the guise of the computus naturalis, which attempted to predict the precise time of the new moon by extracting the length of the mean synodic month and reckoning forward from observed eclipses.
Calendrical Astronomy in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter employs a range of previously untapped sources to paint a detailed picture of how the so-called Renaissance of the Twelfth Century reshaped computistical literature and spawned the first blossoming of a calendar-reform debate in the Latin Christian world. Major points of discussion are the introduction of astronomical tables as instruments for analysing calendrical error, the discovery of the lunar calendars used by Muslims and Jews as potential alternatives to the Church’s own 19-year cycle, and the adoption of a new understanding of the nature of the solar year, in particular the influential theory of the ‘access and recess of the eighth sphere’ and its prediction of a variable tropical year.
The Papal Reform Project of 1344/5 and Its Protagonists
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on the first serious effort made within the medieval Latin Church to correct the calculation of Easter by legislative means. This effort took place at the court of Pope Clement VI in Avignon, who invited skilled astronomers such as Jean des Murs and Firmin de Beauval to assist him in a planned reform of the Golden Number. The chapter explores the background to this papal initiative and the contributions made by its various protagonists, focusing in particular on a recently discovered Expositio kalendarii novi written by the monk Johannes de Termis in 1345. It also takes a closer look at the parallel discussions that took place in the Byzantine East, where the prospect of a calendar reform was first raised by Nicephorus Gregoras in 1324.
Computational Design with Crowds
Authors: Koyama Yuki , Igarashi Takeo
Published: March 2018

Computational design is aimed at supporting automating design processes using computational techniques. However, some classes of design tasks involve criteria that are difficult to handle only with computers. For example, visual design tasks seeking to fulfil aesthetic goals are difficult to handle purely with computers. One promising approach is to leverage human computation; that is, to incorporate human input into the computation process. Crowdsourcing platforms provide a convenient way to integrate such human computation into a working system. In this chapter, we discuss such computational design with crowds in the domain of parameter tweaking tasks in visual design. Parameter tweaking is often performed to maximize the aesthetic quality of designed objects. Computational design powered by crowds can solve this maximization problem by leveraging human computation. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of computational design with crowds with two illustrative examples: (1) estimating the objective function to facilitate the design exploration by a designer and (2) directly searching for the optimal parameter setting that maximizes the objective function.
Interaction as an Emergent Property of a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process
Authors: Howes Andrew , Chen Xiuli , Acharya Aditya , Lewis Richard L.
Published: March 2018

In this chapter we explore the potential advantages of modeling the interaction between a human and a computer as a consequence of a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) that models human cognition. POMDPs can be used to model human perceptual mechanisms, such as human vision, as partial (uncertain) observers of a hidden state are possible. In general, POMDPs permit a rigorous definition of interaction as the outcome of a reward maximizing stochastic sequential decision processes. They have been shown to explain interaction between a human and an environment in a range of scenarios, including visual search, interactive search and sense-making. The chapter uses these scenarios to illustrate the explanatory power of POMDPs in HCI. It also shows that POMDPs embrace the embodied, ecological and adaptive nature of human interaction.
Inheritance of Wealth
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This book presents a philosophical analysis of inherited wealth: it examines both the moral foundations of the right to bequeath wealth and the case for restricting that right with an inheritance tax. The book seeks to approach inheritance as a challenge with much contemporary significance but draws on ideas from the history of political philosophy. The positive proposals that emerge count as a sort of hybrid between luck egalitarian and social egalitarian conceptions of justice, with some sensitivity to utilitarian and libertarian insights. Chapter 1 lays out the main arguments and motivations in brief. Chapters 2 and 3 survey a variety of arguments from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century, with a view to establishing which insights have enduring force. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 assemble an egalitarian case for restricting inherited wealth, though many particular egalitarian conceptions are rejected. The main positive point to emerge in these chapters is that unrestricted inheritance is unjust to the extent that it enables and enhances the intergenerational replication of inequality. Here, inequality is understood in a group-based sense: the unjust effects of inheritance are principally in its tendency to concentrate certain opportunities into certain groups. This results in economic segregation. Concern about this tendency represents a modification of a somewhat stronger but less precise concern about the role of inheritance in perpetuating class hierarchy. Chapters 7 and 8 engage, somewhat more piecemeal, with arguments from the libertarian tradition and with certain questions about the design of taxation schemes.
Moderate Radical
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This book explores Puritanism in Elizabethan and Early Stuart religious politics. Tobie Matthew (c. 1544–1628) was a religious radical at the start of Elizabeth’s reign, yet ended up in a position of great power within the English Church during the tumultuous years leading up to the British Civil Wars. Moderate Radical work provides a new perspective on this period and an insight into the power of conforming Puritanism as a political and cultural force. Matthew’s vision of conformity and godly magistracy brought many Puritans into the Church, but also furnished them with a justification for rebellion when Puritanism was seriously threatened. Through new sources, including Matthew’s annotations of his extensive library and newly discovered sermons, this book explores the guiding principles of Puritanism and explains why the godly promoted the national Church, even when it seemed corrupt. As Archbishop of York, Matthew protected Puritans, but his protection meant there was a rich seam of dissent at the heart of the Church that emerged when the godly found themselves under attack in the 1620s and 1630s. This is a story about the evolution of conforming Puritanism and its significance for the politics of Tudor and Stuart England; it also examines the influence of Puritan cultural practices, in particular the rich culture derived from sermons. This study is also a biography of a leading figure in the Church who struggled to come to terms with his own son’s Catholicism and the disappointments of his family. It provides new insight into tensions of the pre-Civil War Church.
‘Old Doting Bishop’
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how the forces holding the Jacobean Church—Matthew’s broad-based conformity—were shattered by the increasing power of Laudian clerics, while his anti-Catholicism was undermined by a pro-Catholic foreign policy. As Matthew grew older, his influence in the Church waned as did his ability to protect Puritans within it. From 1615 onwards it became apparent that Matthew was a marginal force in the Church and his brand of Elizabethan Puritanism was seen as increasingly unfashionable. However, for Matthew, there was a keener tragedy—his eldest son, also called Tobie Matthew, became a Jesuit priest. This chapter concludes by looking at Matthew’s personal struggle to convert his son and sets that in the wider context of early Stuart politics. Matthew’s story ends with a family and a country deeply divided by religious politics in the years before the English Civil Wars.
Just Security in an Undergoverned World
Authors: Durch William , Larik Joris , Ponzio Richard
Published: March 2018

This chapter offers the context for the book, introducing its overarching theme of the need to address security and justice concerns simultaneously and with equivalent weight and urgency when facing the major threats, challenges, and opportunities for global governance in the present era. It looks at the history of international organizations in the last century and at the role of the United Nations, and summarizes the book’s chief research questions and arguments and how they also informed the choice of the book’s three main thematic baskets (violent conflict and state fragility, climate governance, and managing the hyperconnected global economy). It concludes by highlighting key points from the remaining chapters.
The Importance of Gender Equality and Women’s Inclusion for Resolving Conflict and Sustaining Peace
Authors: Bosha Sarah L.
Published: March 2018

The meaningful participation of women in peace talks, peacebuilding, and post-conflict reconstruction is critical to lasting and sustainable peace. Women bring new issues, different experience of war, and the views of a wider section of society to the table and have key skills useful for sustaining or resuscitating talks. Yet they encounter barriers, including the dominance of patriarchal views. The global governance system needs to create legal and policy responses to deal with such exclusion. The UN needs to appoint more women to senior mediation and negotiation roles. States and global institutions should consider the use of quotas to increase the number of women in peacekeeping and set aside predicable, accessible and flexible funding for women’s participation. Global institutions and member states should also create judicial mechanisms and rigorous follow-up mechanisms to ensure there is no impunity for peacekeeper sexual abuse and exploitation.
Rule of Law, Security, and Transitional Justice in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Societies
Authors: Mihr Anja , Lekha Chandra Sriram
Published: March 2018

States are expected to provide both security and justice for their citizens; one needs the other in order to work well. Yet when both are damaged or destroyed by war, state actors and outsiders alike tend to treat them as competing post-conflict priorities. Over the past twenty years, numerous processes have emerged to promote one or both, including “transitional justice”—from courts and truth commissions to community reconciliation—and programs to restore rule of law, reform the “security sector” (SSR) and disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate fighters into society (DDR). The many actors involved have just as many, sometimes competing, operational priorities, knowing that change is urgent, but necessarily long-term. This chapter examines the interaction of transitional justice, rule of law, SSR, and DDR, identifying key concepts, actors, processes, and challenges in pursuing change in each of these areas simultaneously.
Mobilizing Smart Coalitions and Negotiating Global Governance Reform
Authors: Buitelaar Tom , Ponzio Richard
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines global governance reform strategies based on “smart coalitions” that include all parties with relevant assets to contribute. It analyzes and draws lessons from historical reform efforts, first, those undertaken by three international commissions: the Commission on Global Governance (1995), the International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001), and the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change (2004). It then scrutinizes the factors contributing to the success of two recent global governance reform coalitions: the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and the International Criminal Court (1998). Analysis shows that reform strategies based on mutual recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the various partners involved, and with active and sustained implementation strategies, have had the greatest success.
Just Security in an Undergoverned World
Authors: Durch William , Larik Joris , Ponzio Richard
Published: March 2018

Humanity appears to be running out of planetary bandwidth and time to manage, let alone solve, some burgeoning global problems. We believe humanity has brainpower to spare to address critical global problems, if it is effectively organized and led. The world has viable templates for cooperation in the face of serious challenge, many of them examined in this volume. States can make global institutions more effective if they choose to do so. They can choose to act responsibly in the face of the rising stakes of failure. They can choose to preserve and enhance human dignity and the welfare of future generations. They can choose, in other words, to pursue “just security.”
Introduction
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers why contemporary analytic philosophers of religion have neglected liturgy and focused almost all of their attention on religious belief. Following Descartes, reflections on mental activity and the mind have been central in modern philosophy. But that has not prevented the emergence of philosophy of art, philosophy of language, and political philosophy, none of which deal with mental activity or the mind. So why not philosophy of liturgy? Several explanations are considered; but none is found to be fully satisfactory. The Introduction concludes with an explanation of how the subsequent discussion relates to liturgical theology and to anthropological ritual studies.
Liturgical repetition and reenactment
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

It is often said by liturgical theologians that the Eucharist is a reenactment of Christ’s last supper; some go on to identify a number of other liturgical actions as reenactments of episodes in the biblical narratives, and some claim that a liturgical enactment is itself a reenactment. This chapter addresses these claims. It does so by first distinguishing reenactments from repetitions: reenactments are depictions, repetitions are not. Christian liturgical enactments typically contain a good many repetitions of biblical narrations and of episodes from the biblical narratives. The chapter spends some time exploring the point of such repetitions. Then, after looking closely at a clear example of a historical reenactment, it goes on to argue that in present-day Christian liturgies there are very few reenactments. In particular the Eucharist, though it repeats a good deal of what Christ did at his last supper, is not a reenactment of that supper.
Organizational Socialization
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the organizational socialization mechanisms in automotive plants in Russia and China. The empirical analysis starts with selection processes. How do the companies select candidates during recruitment and whom do they select? Are they looking for a certain type of employee? The chapter continues with the analysis of onboarding concepts in China and Russia and then follows the employees within their teams. It analyzes the social relationships in the team, which influence the socialization processes within the company. Finally, overarching company activities intended to promote social integration (team building, competitions) are examined to determine the extent to which they shape work behaviors and generate identification with the company. The analysis shows considerable differences between the Russian and the Chinese plants regarding the intensity and the effects of organizational socialization.
Beyond the Dynamical Universe
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

Theoretical physics and foundations of physics have not made much progress in the last few decades. There is no consensus among researchers on how to approach unifying general relativity and quantum field theory (quantum gravity), explaining so-called dark energy and dark matter (cosmology), or the interpretation and implications of quantum mechanics and relativity. In addition, both fields are deeply puzzled about various facets of time including, above all, time as experienced. This book argues that this impasse is the result of the “dynamical universe paradigm,” the idea that reality fundamentally comprises physical entities that evolve in time from some initial state according to dynamical laws. Thus, in the dynamical universe, the initial conditions plus the dynamical laws explain everything else going exclusively forward in time. In cosmology, for example, the initial conditions reside in the Big Bang and the dynamical law is supplied by general relativity. Accordingly, the present state of the universe is explained exclusively by its past. A completely new paradigm (called Relational Blockworld) is offered here whereby the past, present, and future co-determine each other via “adynamical global constraints,” such as the least action principle. Accordingly, the future is just as important for explaining the present as the past is. Most of the book is devoted to showing how Relational Blockworld resolves many of the current conundrums of both theoretical physics and foundations of physics, including the mystery of time as experienced and how that experience relates to the block universe.