bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the method for color measurement of printing on holographic paper
Authors: Huang Xinguo , Wan Xiaoxia , Liu Zhen
Published: November 2011

Color is one of the most important quality control parameters for printing, but there is no applicable color measurement method for printing on holographic paper. The aim of this study was to analyze the reason why current instruments are unable to provide accurate color measurement for holographic paper printing and find a way to solve the problem. Diffuse geometry instrument was proved to be more suitable than directional geometry instrument for holographic paper printing. Variations in the measured color coordinates due to holograph patterns were observed by measuring four types of holographic papers before and after printing. The distribution uniformity and the area of holographic patterns were considered as the main factors that influence measurement repeatability and consistency. By using d:8° geometry instrument in specular component included (SCI) mode and large circular measured area, measurements at two angles of the same point and averaging, or measurements at three different positions and averaging were proved to improve the measurement repeatability on a single point and measurement consistency on a single sheet of holographic paper. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013
Three‐dimensional thinning algorithms on graphics processing units and multicore CPUs
Authors: Jiménez J. , Ruiz de Miras J.
Published: November 2011

Three‐dimensional curve skeletons are a very compact representation of three‐dimensional objects with many uses and applications in ﬁelds such as computer graphics, computer vision, and medical imaging. An important problem is that the calculation of the skeleton is a very time‐consuming process. Thinning is a widely used technique for calculating the curve skeleton because of the properties it ensures and the ease of implementation. In this paper, we present parallel versions of a thinning algorithm for eﬃcient implementation in both graphics processing units and multicore CPUs. The parallel programming models used in our implementations are Compute Uniﬁed Device Architecture (CUDA) and Open Computing Language (OpenCL). The speedup achieved with the optimized parallel algorithms for the graphics processing unit achieves 106.24x against the CPU single‐process version and more than 19x over the CPU multithreaded version. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of B27 martensitic phase in polycrystalline YCu intermetallic compound
Authors: Cao G. H. , Schaarschuch R. , Oertel C.‐G. , Skrotzki W.
Published: November 2011

Polycrystalline YCu specimens with a CsCl‐type B2 structure made by induction melting were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM studies show that an orthorhombic YCu B27 martensite with FeB‐type structure having lattice parameters a = 0.71 nm, b = 0.45 nm and c = 0.54 nm forms during deformation at ambient temperature. (101) twins are observed in the YCu B27 phase. The orientation relationship of B27 with B2 matrix is (001)[1$ \bar 1 $0]B27 ‖ (112)[1$ \bar 1 $0]B2. Effects of B27 phase formation on the ductility of YCu alloy are discussed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An improved MMUSIC algorithm of direction of arrival estimation
Authors: Li Bo
Published: November 2011

An improved algorithm is presented for a signal's direction of arrival estimation to reduce the computational complexity of the existing modified multiple signal classification (MMUSIC) algorithm. In this paper, FFT algorithm is introduced to narrow the searching range of the direction angle. Afterwards, a compromise approach‐based SVD and orthogonal–triangular decomposition takes the place of traditional double SVDs. Then, during matrix calculation, the noise subspace is achieved for the signal's direction of arrival. Finally, the system simulation demonstrates the efficiency and reliability of this novel MMUSIC algorithm. Compared with the existing algorithm, MMUSIC effectively saves the computational complexity with the approximation estimation performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Tetrahydrodibenzofuran and Tetrahydrophenanthridinone Skeletons by Intramolecular Nucleopalladation/Oxidative Heck Cascades
Authors: Martínez Claudio , Aurrecoechea José M. , Madich Youssef , Denis J. Gabriel , de Lera Angel R. , Álvarez Rosana
Published: November 2011

Functionalized alkylidene‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrodibenzo[b,d]furans and ‐phenanthridin‐6(5H)‐ones have been synthesized regio‐ and stereoselectively from either o‐iodophenols or ‐benzamides and alkynes by consecutive Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling and nucleophilic addition/oxidative Heck‐type coupling cascade reactions. In the case of iodobenzamide substrates, the whole sequence can be conveniently carried out without the isolation of intermediates. Maleic anhydride has been found to be useful as an additive in the Heck coupling step.
Supply chain designs and management for biocrude production via wastewater treatment
Authors: Ekşioğlu Sandra D. , Palak Gökçe , Mondala Andro , Greenwood Allen
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study is to design and evaluate the performance of the supply chain for biocrude production from activated sewage sludge in wastewater treatment facilities. Experimental results indicate that feeding wastewater activated sludge with high sugar load and establishing a high carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio in the wastewater can enhance biocrude yield and quality from the sludge. The biocrude will be further refined and converted to biodiesel. The optimization part, of the optimization‐simulation framework that we propose, uses a mixed integer program to identify locations for sugar plants as well as the assignment of wastewater treatment plants to sugar plants and refineries. The objective is to minimize total supply chain related costs. We use the solution from the optimization model (the structure of the supply chain) to build a discrete‐event simulation model. The simulation captures the seasonal and random nature of biomass supply. We use a case study that designs the supply chain for biocrude in Mississippi given the availability of lignocellulosic biomass, the locations of harvesting sites, location of wastewater treatment plants, and location of refineries. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 139–147, 2013.
LOS(T) IN LONG‐TERM CARE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM GERMAN DATA 2000–2009
Authors: Häcker Jasmin , Hackmann Tobias
Published: November 2011

Using microdata, that is, representative samples of 114,403 German long‐term care dependants (LTCDs) observed from 2000 to 2009, we give a comprehensive insight into the length of stay (LOS) in long‐term care (LTC). Furthermore, this paper evaluates the effects of longevity on the LOS, thus revisiting the debate on the validity of the competing theories of compression or expansion of morbidity in LTC. The analysis finds significant effects on the LOS when AGE is controlled for, albeit do not confirm the time‐to‐death hypothesis. However, controlling for ASSESSMENT LEVEL suggests an improved health status of LTCDs over time, thus supporting the time‐to‐death hypothesis. An analysis of the mortality rates of LTCDs is to give insight into the opposing results. But the regression of mortality shows a divergence in the development of mortality rates for different disability levels. This is evidence to suggest that the ‘improved’ health status in LTC is not only due to actual changes in the health status, but also a consequence of political intervention. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red cell distribution width (RDW) in the newborn: normative data
Authors: Tonbul Alparslan , Tayman Cuneyt , Catal Ferhat , Kara Semra , Tatli Mustafa Mansur
Published: November 2011

Aim: To evaluate the normal range of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in term and preterm newborns dependent on gestational age. Material and methods: A total of 1,594 preterm and term neonates were admitted to our neonatology department. Infants were divided into two groups according to their gestational age. Group 1 consisted of infants with ≤34 weeks of gestation; group 2 consisted of infants with ≥35 weeks of gestation. Infants in Groups I and II were subdivided according to their gestational age. Gestational age, birth weight, sex, hemoglobin and hematocrit, MCV levels of all newborns were recorded, and RDW was compared between the groups. Results: A total of 1,594 newbornswere enrolled in the study. Group 1 (≤34 weeks) consisted of 725 newborns and Group 2 (≥35 weeks) consisted of 869 newborns. The mean normal range of RDW in Group 1 was 17.8 ± 2.1 and of group II was 16.7 ± 1.6 (P<0.05). The normal range for RDW values at 32–34 weeks was higher than at 35–36 gestational weeks, and at 37–42 weeks (P = 0.002 and 0.003). Conclusion: RDW values at ≤34 weeks in newborns are higher than at ≥35 weeks. This may be useful in the differential diagnosis of neonatal hematologic diseases together with other red cell parameters. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:422–425, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Residents contributing to inpatient quality: Blending learning and improvement
Authors: Smith Kristofer L. , Ashburn Sarah , Rule Erin , Jervis Ramiro
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

Quality improvement (QI) initiatives reduce medical errors and are an important aspect of resident physician training. Many institutions have limited funding and few QI experts, making it essential to develop effective programs that require only modest resources. We describe a resident‐led, hospitalist‐facilitated limited root cause analysis (RCA) QI program developed to meet training needs and institutional constraints.

METHODS:

We initiated a monthly quality improvement conference (QIC) at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, New York. Before each conference, a third‐year resident investigated a patient care issue and completed a limited RCA. At the QIC, the findings were presented to the Internal Medicine residents, followed by a chief resident and hospitalist‐facilitated group discussion. All proposed interventions were recorded, and selected interventions were later implemented. The success of these interventions in achieving permanent system‐wide change or resident behavior change was tracked. Residents' views on the conferences were solicited via an anonymous questionnaire.

RESULTS:

Twenty conferences were held over the first 22 months of the program. Twenty‐five (54%) of the 46 suggested interventions were initiated. Eighteen (72%) attempted interventions resulted in system‐wide change or resident behavior change. Fifty‐three residents evaluated the quality of the conferences. The majority believed the conferences were high quality (98%) and led to patient care improvements (96%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Resident‐led modified RCAs are an effective method of integrating QI efforts into resident training. As front line providers, residents are uniquely positioned to identify and implement system changes that benefit patients. Conferences were implemented without overburdening facilitators or participants. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Canonical Wnt signaling in the notochordal cell is upregulated in early intervertebral disk degeneration
Authors: Smolders Lucas A. , Meij Björn P. , Riemers Frank M. , Licht Ruud , Wubbolts Richard , Heuvel Douwe , Grinwis Guy C.M. , Vernooij Hans C.M. , Hazewinkel Herman A.W. , Penning Louis C. , Tryfonidou Marianna A.
Published: November 2011

The notochordal cell (NC) of the nucleus pulposus (NP) is considered a potential NP progenitor cell, and early intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration involves replacement of NCs by chondrocyte‐like cells (CLCs). Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays a crucial role in maintaining the notochordal fate during embryogenesis, but is also involved in tissue degeneration and regeneration. The canine species, which can be subdivided into non‐chondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic breeds, is characterized by differential maintenance of the NC: in non‐chondrodystrophic dogs, the NC remains the predominant cell type during the majority of life, with IVD degeneration only occurring at old age; conversely, in chondrodystrophic dogs the NC is lost early in life, with concurrent degeneration of all IVDs. This study investigated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the healthy, NC‐rich NP and early degenerated, CLC‐rich NP of both breed types by immunohistochemistry of β‐catenin and relative gene expression of brachyury and cytokeratin 8 (notochordal markers) and Wnt targets axin2, cyclin D1, and c‐myc. Both NCs and CLCs showed nuclear and cytoplasmic β‐catenin protein expression and axin2 gene expression, but β‐catenin signal intensity and Wnt target gene expression were higher in the CLC‐rich NP. Primary NCs in monolayer culture (normoxic conditions) showed Wnt/β‐catenin signaling comparable to the in vivo situation, with increased cyclin D1 and c‐myc gene expression. In conclusion, Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activity in the NC within the NC‐rich NP and in culture supports the role of this cell as a potential progenitor cell; increased Wnt/β‐catenin signaling activity in early IVD degeneration may be a reflection of its dual role. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:950–957, 2012
Effect of micro‐oxygenation on sensory characteristics and consumer preference of Cabernet Sauvignon wine
Authors: Parpinello Giuseppina Paola , Plumejeau François , Maury Chantal , Versari Andrea
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: The main objective of this study was to improve the structure of a Cabernet Sauvignon red wine in a short period of time by micro‐oxygenation (MOX) at high rates (25 and 50 mL L−1 month−1), the effects of which were evaluated based on sensory characteristics and consumer preference. Sensory data were analysed by principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and ordinal logistic regression (OLR).

RESULTS: MOX led to significant differences in the colour, colour stability and phenolic compounds of wine. Sensory characteristics also changed through MOX treatment, and wine experts were able to discriminate between MOX‐treated and untreated samples, with olfactory intensity, complexity, astringency and roundness being the main discriminating characteristics. Ordinal logistic regression enabled identification of the sensory characteristics that drove consumer preference.

CONCLUSION: MOX at high rates improved the sensory characteristics of wine and may therefore be considered a valid technique for obtaining structured wines in a short period of time, i.e. within just a few months after the vintage. The results highlight the need for (i) careful selection of the MOX dosage rate and duration (the 25 mL L−1 month−1 dose for 6 days provided the best result) and (ii) continuous monitoring of the MOX treatment. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) phytochemicals on stable free radicals and human cancer cells
Authors: Tumbas Vesna T , Čanadanović‐Brunet Jasna M , Četojević‐Simin Dragana D , Ćetković Gordana S , Ðilas Sonja M , Gille Lars
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: The commercial development of plants as sources of antioxidants that can be used to enhance the properties of foods, for nutritional purposes and preservation as well as for prevention of oxidation‐related diseases, is currently of major interest. Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) is a rich source of vitamin C and polyphenols.

RESULTS: Phytochemicals in rosehip tea were separated into three fractions: Fr1 (vitamin C, 39.17 mg kg−1), Fr2 (flavonoids, 451.05 µg kg−1) and Fr3 (phenolic acids, 504.69 µg kg−1). Quercetin and ellagic acid were the most abundant polyphenolic compounds. Rosehip fractions, primarily rosehip flavonoids (EC50 = 49 mg L−1), showed high antioxidant activity towards 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH•). Cell growth effects of rosehip fractions were assessed in HeLa, MCF7 and HT‐29 cell lines, with the lowest IC50 values being determined for rosehip flavonoids, (80.63, 248.03 and 363.95 mg L−1 respectively). However, the vitamin C fraction did not inhibit the growth of tested tumour cells.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm that vitamin C and flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant activity of rosehip tea, while only polyphenols contribute to its antiproliferative activity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid determination of lycopene and β‐carotene in tomato by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lucini Luigi , Pellizzoni Marco , Baffi Claudio , Molinari Gian Pietro
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: The tomato fruit is a dietary source of carotenoids, bioactive antioxidant compounds that play an important role in the prevention of degenerative diseases. Several extraction and detection techniques regarding carotenoids in tomatoes can be found in the literature, mainly based on high‐performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet‐visible detection.

RESULTS: The best extraction conditions and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were evaluated: lycopene and β‐carotene were extracted in a cyclohexane/ethyl acetate mixture without the addition of antioxidants, next separated by liquid chromatography on a C18 column and then determined through electrospray tandem MS. Ionic suppression by the matrix in negative ionisation mode did not allow the analysis of extracts, hence the positive ionisation mode was chosen. Validation parameters demonstrated the suitability for purpose of the analytical method: accuracy, precision, linearity and detection limits were adequate. The method was finally applied to different tomato samples, and differences could be easily highlighted.

CONCLUSION: The method was simple, fast and appropriate for the purpose of analysing lycopene and β‐carotene in tomatoes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparative isolation and purification of antioxidative diarylheptanoid derivatives from Alnus japonica by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Lim Soon Sung , Lee Min Young , Ahn Hong Ryul , Choi Soon Jung , Lee Jae‐Yong , Jung Sang Hoon
Published: November 2011

This study employed the online HPLC‐2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS)+ bioassay to rapidly determine the antioxidant compounds occurring in the crude extract of Alnus japonica. The negative peaks of the ABTS+ radical scavenging detection system, which indicated the presence of antioxidant activity, were monitored by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 734 nm. The ABTS+‐based antioxidant activity profile showed that three negative peaks exhibited antioxidant activity. High‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) was used for preparative scale separation of the three active peaks from the extract. The purity of the isolated compounds was analyzed by HPLC and their structures were identified by 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), and heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC). Two solvent systems composed of n‐hexane/ethylacetate/methanol/water (4:6:4:6, v/v) and of ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.1:1, v/v) were performed in high‐speed counter‐current chromatography. Consequently, a total of 527 mg of hirsutanonol 5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, 80.04 mg of 3‐deoxohirsutenonol 5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, and 91.0 mg of hirsutenone were obtained with purity of 94.7, 90.5, and 98.6%, respectively.
One‐ and comprehensive two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of alkylphenol polyethoxylates
Authors: Wu Ze‐ying , Marriott Philip J.
Published: November 2011

High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APnEOs) in one‐dimensional (1‐D) mode usually separates either the ethoxy or alkyl moiety distribution and requires different modes for adequate resolution. Simultaneous complete separation of variable ethoxymer chain lengths and variable alkyl end groups using 1‐D‐HPLC has not been reported and suggests that multidimensional (MDLC) or comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) might offer a suitable separation approach for this goal. This study compares different separation modes – normal phase LC (NPLC), reversed‐phase LC (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) – in terms of separation for alkyl and ethoxy distributions. RPLC provided adequate separation of octyl and nonyl APnEOs using an isocratic elution program and was selected as second dimension (2D) for LC×LC. NPLC offered better resolution than HILIC; however, non‐polar NPLC solvent immiscibility with RPLC mobile phases leads to HILIC being chosen as first dimension (1D). The HILIC×RPLC system was evaluated by analysis of four APnEO mixtures. Complete simultaneous separation of APnEOs into individual oligomers, with each alkyl end group resolved, demonstrated the capability of the LC×LC method. Different descriptors and metrics for assessing system orthogonality were investigated to evaluate HILIC×RPLC performance. A relatively high dimensionality of 1.76 was demonstrated.
Will biodiesel derived from algal oils live up to its promise? A fuel property assessment
Authors: Knothe Gerhard
Published: November 2011

Algae have been attracting considerable attention as a source of biodiesel recently. This is largely due to the claimed high production potential of algal oils while circumventing the food vs. fuel issue. However, the properties of biodiesel fuels derived from algal oils have only been sparsely documented or discussed. This article discusses the expected properties of biodiesel derived from algal oils based on known fatty acid profiles.
The management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: The use of the carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Wright V. Cecil , Riopelle Mary Ann
Published: November 2011

This report concerns the experience of an abnormal Pap smear clinic in treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The CO2 laser was the primary treatment method in 283 consecutive cases during 1977–1981, which fulfilled the criteria for conservative management. Seven percent of cases were performed in hospital as out‐patients; the remainder were performed in the clinic without anesthesia.

The location and shape of the defect was individualized in each case to conform to the topography of the cervix. The basic configuration, however, was the same for all cases: a dome‐shaped defect with a curved apex and straight sides of at least 6 mm in height.

Laser surgery was well tolerated; few post‐operative complications arose. The squamocolumnar junction reappeared in each case at the level of the external os, facilitating follow‐up. Eleven cases (3.9%) exhibited persistent disease within 3 months of primary treatment. Thereafter no primary laser failures occurred. Follow‐up in this series ranged from 18 to 36 months.

Failure rates for CIN grades are as follows: CIN I, 1.3%; CIN II, 2.0%; CIN III, 7.3%. No case of persistent disease was of greater severity than was originally diagnosed. Ten of the 11 cases were successfully managed with repeat laser surgery, yielding an overall therapeutic success rate of 99.6%. These data indicate that laser surgery is the most efficacious conservative method for eradicating this disease.
Dye laser in ophthalmic diseases
Authors: Wang Kang‐Sun , Wei Yue‐Hua , Zhang Ming‐Heng , Shi Xiang‐He , Shi Hai‐Yun
Published: November 2011

From September 1978 to May 1980, dye lasers have been used in the treatment of 56 cases of eye disease (60 eyes), including among others peripheral retinal breaks, macular breaks, prebreak stage degeneration, congenital iris residual membrane, incomplete surgical iridectomy, secondary glaucoma iris bombé, closed‐angle glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage, periphlebitis retinae, Coats disease, thrombosis of central and branch retinal vein. Most of the results are satisfactory.

Dye laser irradiation has the advantage in iridotomy. Only one pulse can perforate the iris and no serious complication has been encountered. There is a definite therapeutic effect in treatment of vitreous hemorrhage by dye laser.
Pressure Effects on Baroplastic Diblock Copolymer Films
Authors: Cho Junhan
Published: November 2011

The effect of pressure on the phase behavior of diblock copolymer films is studied by using a field‐theoretic simulation based on a RPA approach for compressible polymer mixtures in the spirit of the TDGL formalism. Some selected baroplastic copolymers exhibiting pressure‐induced suppression of ordering are taken as a model system. The simulation provides a precise description of patterns inside the pressurized baroplastic copolymer films and also of residual layering triggered by selective surfaces. In addition, the TDGL character of the simulation gives the dynamic pathway toward lower‐energy states for the given block copolymer films upon pressurization. The suggested field‐theoretic simulation may be of great use for designing pressure‐related baroprocessing of thin copolymer films.

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Molecular mechanisms for anti‐aging by natural dietary compounds
Authors: Pan Min‐Hsiung , Lai Ching‐Shu , Tsai Mei‐Ling , Wu Jia‐Ching , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: November 2011

Aging is defined as a normal decline in survival with advancing age; however, the recent researches have showed that physiological functions of the body change during the aging process. Majority of the changes are often subject to a higher risk of developing diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, as well as the dysregulated immune and inflammatory disorders. Aging process is controlled by a complicated and precise signaling network that involved in energy homeostasis, cellular metabolism and stress resistance. Over the past few decades, research in natural dietary compounds by various organism and animal models provides a new strategy for anti‐aging. Natural dietary compounds act through a variety mechanisms to extend lifespan and prevent age‐related diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding on signaling pathways of aging and knowledge and underlying mechanism of natural dietary compounds that provide potential application on anti‐aging and improve heath in human.
Local SAR in parallel transmission pulse design
Authors: Lee Joonsung , Gebhardt Matthias , Wald Lawrence L. , Adalsteinsson Elfar
Published: November 2011

The management of local and global power deposition in human subjects (specific absorption rate, SAR) is a fundamental constraint to the application of parallel transmission (pTx) systems. Even though the pTx and single channel have to meet the same SAR requirements, the complex behavior of the spatial distribution of local SAR for transmission arrays poses problems that are not encountered in conventional single‐channel systems and places additional requirements on pTx radio frequency pulse design. We propose a pTx pulse design method which builds on recent work to capture the spatial distribution of local SAR in numerical tissue models in a compressed parameterization in order to incorporate local SAR constraints within computation times that accommodate pTx pulse design during an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging scan. Additionally, the algorithm yields a protocol‐specific ultimate peak in local SAR, which is shown to bound the achievable peak local SAR for a given excitation profile fidelity. The performance of the approach was demonstrated using a numerical human head model and a 7 Tesla eight‐channel transmit array. The method reduced peak local 10 g SAR by 14–66% for slice‐selective pTx excitations and 2D selective pTx excitations compared to a pTx pulse design constrained only by global SAR. The primary tradeoff incurred for reducing peak local SAR was an increase in global SAR, up to 34% for the evaluated examples, which is favorable in cases where local SAR constraints dominate the pulse applications. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional numerical analysis of injection‐compression molding process
Authors: Ho Jae‐Yun , Park Jang Min , Kang Tae Gon , Park Seong Jin
Published: November 2011

Injection‐compression molding (ICM) process, combining conventional injection molding (CIM) process with compression molding, has been widely used in the manufacturing of optical media and optical lenses. Most of previous numerical studies regarding ICM process employ the Hele‐Shaw approximation, which is appropriate for thin cavity geometry only. This work presents a three‐dimensional numerical analysis system using a stabilized finite element method (FEM) and an arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) method for more rigorous modeling and simulation of ICM process of three‐dimensional geometry. The developed system is verified by comparing the results with existing experimental data as well as simulation data obtained from commercial software. Then, the system is adopted for simulations of ICM process of an optical lens, which is a practical example of three‐dimensional geometry. According to the simulation results, three‐dimensional flow characteristics are found to be significant especially during compression stage because of the squeezing nature of the flow. The results are then compared with those of CIM process, showing that ICM process results in reduced and more uniform distributions of the generalized shear rate and shear stress of the final part. Basic parametric studies are also carried out to understand effects of processing conditions, such as compression velocity and compression gap. POLYM. ENG. SCI.,2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
On the role of non‐doped ZnO in CIGSe solar cells
Authors: Scheer R. , Messmann‐Vera L. , Klenk R. , Schock H.‐W.
Published: November 2011

We investigate the role of the non‐doped i‐ZnO layer in thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. A large number of laboratory scale module cells with different non‐doped ZnO thicknesses are inspected by JV analysis, lock‐in thermography and optical spectroscopy. We find that the role of the i‐ZnO layer in our samples is to reduce the impact of randomly occurring electrical shunt paths in the devices. Accordingly, the i‐ZnO layer leads to a somewhat smaller spread of device parameters. In the case of absent shunt paths, the device parameters of cells and modules without i‐ZnO are similar to those with a thin i‐ZnO layer. An effect of i‐ZnO on the Voc is not systematically observed. However, for larger i‐ZnO thickness, Jsc is systematically reduced, which is identified as due to optical absorption in the i‐ZnO layer. We further find by high‐resolution lock‐in thermography that the junction homogeneity is not affected by the i‐ZnO layer. Only the non‐linear reverse bias current reduces with increasing i‐ZnO thickness—an effect that appears to be independent from the saturation current density. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced efficiency of phenothiazine derivative organic dye‐sensitized ionic liquid solar cells on aging
Authors: Xie Zhi Bin , Midya Anupam , Loh Kian Ping , Blackwood Daniel J.
Published: November 2011

We have used electrochemical impedance to investigate the improvement in photovoltaic performance in aging of ionic liquid dye‐sensitized solar cells using a high‐absorption coefficient organic dye (2E)‐2‐cyano‐3‐(5‐(5‐((E)‐2‐(10‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐10H‐phenothiazin‐7‐yl)vinyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)acrylic acid, which is in contrast to N719‐based devices. It was found that the enhancement is due to reduced recombination of the photoexcited electrons. The decreased recombination plausibly originates from molecular re‐orientation along with cation adsorption, with Fourier transform infrared spectra lending support to the former mechanism. After aging, the photovoltaic device using the organic dye outperforms the counterpart by the ruthenium complex dye and achieves an impressive efficiency of 5.6% under AM 1.5 100 mW/cm2 illumination. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and energetic properties of alkylfluoride–BF3complexes in the gas phase and condensed‐phase media: computations and matrix infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Knauf Robin R. , Helminiak Heather M. , Wrass John P. , Gallert Timothy M. , Phillips James A.
Published: November 2011

We have undertaken an experimental and computational study of the structural properties of a few alkylfluoride–BF3complexes (RF′–BF3), which are proposed intermediates in a certain class of Friedel–Crafts reactions. Using density functional theory and second‐order Møller–Plesset calculations, we have obtained gas‐phase structures, frequencies, and B–F′ bond potentials for CH3F–BF3, (CH3)2CHF–BF3, and (CH3)3CF–BF3. All the complexes are weakly‐bonded in the gas phase, with B–F′ distances (X3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ) of about 2.4 Å and binding energies (MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ) ranging from 5.4 and 6.7 kcal/mol. Accordingly, gas‐phase bond potentials are relatively shallow and flat for these complexes. However, even though the inner walls of the potentials are rather soft (the energies rise by only about 5 to 10 kcal/mol between 2.4 and 1.6 Å), we observe no global or local minima at short B–F′ distances. For the (CH3)2CHF–BF3and (CH3)3CF–BF3potentials in dielectric media, we do observe a distinct flattening along the inner wall, which results in shelf‐like region near 1.7 Å, but this feature is not a true local minimum. We have also obtained low‐temperature infrared spectra of the (CH3)2CHF–BF3complex in solid neon, and the frequencies agree quite favorably with those obtained via computations, which validates the computational assessment of the gas‐phase complexes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traumatic stress in acute leukemia
Authors: Rodin Gary , Yuen Dora , Mischitelle Ashley , Minden Mark D , Brandwein Joseph , Schimmer Aaron , Marmar Charles , Gagliese Lucia , Lo Christopher , Rydall Anne , Zimmermann Camilla
Published: November 2011

Objective

Acute leukemia is a condition with an acute onset that is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. However, the psychological impact of this life‐threatening condition and its intensive treatment has not been systematically examined. In the present study, we investigate the prevalence and correlates of post‐traumatic stress symptoms in this population.

Methods

Patients with acute myeloid, lymphocytic, and promyelocytic leukemia who were newly diagnosed, recently relapsed, or treatment failures were recruited at a comprehensive cancer center in Toronto, Canada. Participants completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, CARES Medical Interaction Subscale, and other psychosocial measures. A multivariate regression analysis was used to assess independent predictors of post‐traumatic stress symptoms.

Results

Of the 205 participants, 58% were male, mean age was 50.1 ± 15.4 years, 86% were recently diagnosed, and 94% were receiving active treatment. The mean Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire score was 30.2 ± 22.5, with 27 of 200 (14%) patients meeting criteria for acute stress disorder and 36 (18%) for subsyndromal acute stress disorder. Post‐traumatic stress symptoms were associated with more physical symptoms, physical symptom distress, attachment anxiety, and perceived difficulty communicating with health‐care providers, and poorer spiritual well‐being (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that clinically significant symptoms of traumatic stress are common in acute leukemia and are linked to the degree of physical suffering, to satisfaction with relationships with health‐care providers, and with individual psychological characteristics. Longitudinal study is needed to determine the natural history, but these findings suggest that intervention may be indicated to alleviate or prevent traumatic stress in this population. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ticagrelor: novel antithrombotic for acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Storey Robert F
Published: November 2011

Ticagrelor (Brilique) is an oral, reversible platelet inhibitor licensed to prevent atherothrombotic events in acute coronary syndromes. In our New products review Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events and Professor Storey discusses its place in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Trypanocidal Activity of Ergosterol Peroxide from Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Ramos‐Ligonio Angel , López‐Monteon Aracely , Trigos Ángel
Published: November 2011

Chagas' disease, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a public health problem in South America affecting millions of people, and more recently several thousands in countries where the disease is not endemic. Due to the magnitude of the problem, finding a cure for this disease remains a major challenge. The aim of this study is to evaluate the trypanocidal activity of ergosterol peroxide (5α, 8α‐epidioxy‐22E‐ergosta‐6, 22‐dien‐3β‐ol) isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. f. sp. Florida. The ergosterol peroxide showed strong trypanocidal activity on the intracellular form of T. cruzi. Ergosterol peroxide had an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.74 µg/mL on T. cruzi, but showed no lytic action on erythrocytes and no cytotoxic effect on mammalian cells at concentrations higher than 1600 µg/mL. The interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with ergosterol peroxide in vitro resulted in a strong lytic activity possibly due to the disruption of the parasite membrane. This is the first report of trypanocidal activity, a new biological property of ergosterol peroxide isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. f. sp. Florida. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodiola rosea Extract Protects Human Cortical Neurons against Glutamate and Hydrogen Peroxide‐induced Cell Death Through Reduction in the Accumulation of Intracellular Calcium
Authors: Palumbo Dora Rita , Occhiuto Francesco , Spadaro Federica , Circosta Clara
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of a titolated extract from Rhodiola rosea L. (RrE) and of salidroside (Sa), one of the major biologically active compounds extracted from this medicinal plant, against oxidative stressor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutamate (GLU)‐induced cell apoptosis in a human cortical cell line (HCN 1‐A) maintained in culture. The results obtained indicate that exposure of differentiated HCN 1‐A neurons to GLU or H2O2 resulted in concentration‐dependent cell death. A 24 h pre‐treatment with RrE significantly increased cell survival and significantly prevented the plasma membrane damage and the morphological disruption caused by GLU or H2O2, indicating that neurons treated with RrE were protected from the neurotoxicity induced by the oxidative stressor used. In addition, RrE significantly reduced H2O2 or GLU‐induced elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. The results obtained have also shown that Sa caused similar effects in all experimental models used; however, the potency of the action was lower than that of the extract containing corresponding quantities of Sa. These findings indicate that RrE has a neuroprotective effect in cortical neurons and suggest that the antioxidant activity of the RrE, due to the structural features of the synergic active principles they contain, may be responsible for its ability to stabilize cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sparse channel estimation and tracking for cyclic delay diversity orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems
Authors: Hou Weikun , Wang Xianbin
Published: November 2011

In cyclic delay diversity orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, the excessive channel delay spread and corresponding high frequency selectivity makes channel estimation a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a two‐stage scheme to estimate and track the highly frequency selective channel. At the preamble reception stage, least squares channel estimation with L0 norm regularization is proposed to exploit the channel sparsity. At the data demodulation stage, an expectation–maximization algorithm with the most significant tap selection is developed to track channel variations by using the channel order obtained from the first stage. Compared with other estimation methods, the proposed scheme requires no prerequisite knowledge of delay parameter settings, which leads to more flexibility. Furthermore, the scheme can exploit the channel sparse structure by detecting the nonzero taps and, consequently, has better mean squared error performance. Simulation results show that the proposed estimation scheme can retain the provided diversity gain of cyclic delay diversity effectively in time‐varying fading channels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Oxidation of ReCl5 with Oleum: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Re2O4Cl4(SO4)
Authors: Betke Ulf , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: November 2011

The reaction of ReCl5 and fuming sulfuric acid (25 % SO3) in a sealed glass tube at 200 °C led to red, needle shaped single crystals of Re2O4Cl4(SO4) (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 1501.8(2) pm, b = 1545.9(2) pm, c = 945.18(8) pm, β = 98.761(9)°, Z = 8). In the crystal structure the [ReO2] moieties are linked by [SO4]2– tetrahedra to chains along the [101] direction. Each sulfate ion connects four rhenium atoms, additional two chloride ions complete the octahedral coordination sphere of each rhenium atom according to $\rm^1_\infty$[ReO2/1Cl2/1(SO4)2/4].
An Improved Method for the Preparation of Energetic Aminotetrazolium Salts
Authors: Wang Jie‐Ping , Yi Wen‐Bin , Cai Chun
Published: November 2011

A straightforward way for the preparation of the energetic 5‐aminotetrazolium and 1, 5‐diaminotetrazolium salts is reported. The energetic salts were readily synthesized by the reaction of 5‐aminotetrazolium nitrate or 1, 5‐diaminotetrazolium nitrate with ammonium 5‐nitroiminotetrazolate, ammonium 1‐methyl‐5‐nitroiminotetrazolate, bis(ammonium) ethylene bis(5‐nitroiminotetrazolate), and diammonium iminobis(5‐tetrazolate), respectively, in water under mild conditions. All products were recovered as highly crystalline materials in excellent yields and purities, and were fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, DSC measurements as well as elemental analyses.
Dexamethasone for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy: Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Chen Chia‐Che , Siddiqui Fahad Javaid , Chen Ta‐Liang , Chan Edwin Shih‐Yen , Tam Ka‐Wai
Published: November 2011

Background

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication after thyroidectomy. Steroids effectively reduce nausea, pain, and inflammation; therefore, preoperative administration of steroids ought to improve these surgical outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared preoperative single‐dose administration of dexamethasone with no dexamethasone in patients undergoing thyroidectomy. The primary outcome was occurrence of PONV within 24 h, and the secondary outcomes were pain, use of analgesics, and steroid‐related complications.

Results

Five RCTs were included with a total of 497 patients. A statistically and clinically significant difference in the incidence of PONV was found in favor of dexamethasone [relative risk (RR) 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–0.49). The visual analog pain score was significantly diminished (weighted mean difference, WMD)–1.50; 95% CI–2.54 to –0.46) at 24 h. The incidence of analgesics use was also reduced (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41–0.90) in the dexamethasone group. No steroid‐related complications were noted.

Conclusions

A single preoperative administration of dexamethasone reduced the incidence of PONV and analgesic requirements in patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Prophylactic use of steroids for patients undergoing thyroidectomy is safe and should be considered for routine clinical practice.
Special issue introduction Water: What values?
Authors: Euzen Agathe , Morehouse Barbara
Published: November 2011

The notion that water is an essential resource is now universally accepted and the concept will continue to play an important role in the years to come. But what kind of water are we considering and what values should be attributed to it in function of its origin, its quality and the needs of the person or people who are talking about it? The aim of this paper is to examine different kinds of water, from river water to tap water, rainwater to recycled water, and to analyse the value or values attached to each kind of water in terms of the function of the type of usage attributed to it in various spatio-temporal contexts.
On-farm yield potential of local seed watermelon landraces under heat- and drought-prone conditions in Mali
Authors: NANTOUMÉ A. D. , CHRISTIANSEN J. L. , ANDERSEN S. B. , JENSEN B. D.
Published: November 2011

On-farm yield experiments were carried out in the Tombouctou region of Mali in 2009/10 under heat- and drought-prone desert conditions with three local landraces of seed-type watermelons. The landraces, named Fombou, Kaneye and Musa Musa by the farmers, exhibited distinct characteristics for fruit morphology, but in particular for seed traits. On average, the three landraces produced a fruit yield of 11·6 t/ha and an estimated seed yield of 364 kg/ha, with no significant differences among landraces. Kaneye showed the highest stability of fruit number/ha in different field environments, suggesting this landrace is the best among the three for a poor growing environment, whereas Fombou and especially Musa Musa responded positively to more favourable environments. Seed weight revealed a different trend, with Fombou as the most responsive to favourable conditions, while Kaneye and Musa Musa were less responsive. The yields obtained suggest that these local landraces of watermelon are valuable plant genetic resources for securing food supply in arid, heat- and drought-prone areas.
The “Global War on Terror,” Identity, and Changing Perceptions: Iraqi Responses to America's War in Iraq
Authors: PITCHFORD JENNA
Published: November 2011

For many years opposition to US foreign policy has frequently been interpreted by cultural commentators and the wider media as “anti-Americanism.” Such “anti-Americanism” has been situated as dangerous, irrational and violent, and this apparent link has been reinforced continuously since 9/11. However, by making a reading of two Iraqi weblogs which have gained significant recognition in Iraq and the West, this article challenges such a simplified definition of alternative perspectives on foreign policy as “anti-Americanism.” This article focusses on the blog entries of two Iraqis, Salam Pax and “Riverbend,” who lived in Baghdad throughout the Iraq War (2003–9) and during the subsequent years of civil unrest. It explores how their online responses to the US action in Iraq illustrate the complexity of perceived “anti-Americanism.” The bloggers do not situate themselves as “anti-American.” Instead they draw a clear distinction between opposition to US foreign policy and hostility towards America and its people, thus problematizing previous definitions of “anti-Americanism.” However, this article also recognizes that whilst these texts highlight this distinction, the negative impact of US foreign policy on Iraq since the occupation, coupled with the militarized image that America projects of itself, has caused the distinction between a disapproval of US foreign policy and an objection to US culture in broader terms to become increasingly blurred. Indeed, these narratives indicate that rather than situating 9/11 as the first move in a campaign of “anti-Americanism,” it could be argued that it is the American government's reaction to the attacks, and the impact of the subsequent occupation of Iraq, which acted as a catalyst for the growth of opposition to US foreign policy, and to some extent a rejection of US culture, in Iraq.