bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient One‐Pot Preparation of Cu‐SSZ‐13 Materials using Cooperative OSDAs for their Catalytic Application in the SCR of NOx
Authors: Martínez‐Franco Raquel , Moliner Manuel , Thogersen Joakim R. , Corma Avelino
Published: May 2013

The cooperative use of the Cu‐tetraethylenepentamine complex and N,N,N‐trimethyl‐1‐adamantammonium as organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) enabled the rationalized “one‐pot” preparation of Cu‐containing SSZ‐13 zeolites. A detailed study of different synthetic variables permitted the control of the Si/Al and Cu/(Si+Al) ratios in the final solids. Cu‐SSZ‐13 molecular sieves synthesized in alkaline media demonstrate excellent catalytic activities and good hydrothermal stabilities for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx. Finally, the effect of synthesis media on the catalytic active sites is also demonstrated and a remarkable activity loss for samples synthesized in fluoride media is observed.
Powerful Amino Acid Derived Bifunctional Phosphine Catalysts Bearing a Hydrogen Bond Donor in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen
Published: May 2013

This minireview focuses on the recent advances in the synthetic application of amino acid‐derived bifunctional phosphine catalysts bearing a hydrogen‐bond donor. In the examples illustrated, the amino acid‐based phosphines have already been proven to be versatile, catalyzing a wide range of asymmetric reactions, including (aza)‐MBH reactions, [3+2] cyclizations, [4+2] cycloadditions, allylic alkylation, and Michael addition.
New Nanostructured Materials: Synthesis of Dodecanuclear NiII Complexes and Surface Deposition Studies
Authors: Pons‐Balagué Alba , Piligkos Stergios , Teat Simon J. , Costa Jose Sánchez , Shiddiq Muhandis , Hill Stephen , Castro German R. , Ferrer‐Escorihuela Pilar , Sañudo E. Carolina
Published: May 2013

Microwave‐assisted synthesis has been used to obtain the family of dodecanuclear NiII complexes [Ni12(NO3)(MeO)12(MeC6H4CO2)9(MeOH)10(H2O)2][ClO4]2 (1), [Ni12(NO3)(MeO)12(BrC6H4CO2)9(MeOH)10(H2O)2][ClO4]2 (2), [Ni12(CO3)(MeO)12(MeC6H4CO2)9(MeOH)10(H2O)2]2[SO4] (3) and [Ni12(NO3)(MeO)12(MeC6H4CO2)9(MeOH)8(H2O)7][NO3]2 (4). They contain three {Ni4O4} cubane units which template around a central μ6 anion, either NO3− or CO32−. Their magnetic properties have been studied by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and high‐field EPR measurements. The nanostructuration of the Ni12 species on mica surfaces is studied by AFM and grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction, which reveal the formation of polycrystalline thin layers.
Forming Lipid Bilayer Membrane Arrays on Micropatterned Polyelectrolyte Film Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Lei , Wang Xuejing , Qi Guodong , Han Xiaojun
Published: May 2013

A novel method of forming lipid bilayer membrane arrays on micropatterned polyelectrolyte film surfaces is introduced. Polyelectrolyte films were fabricated by the layer‐by‐layer technique on a silicon oxide surface modified with a 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) monolayer. The surface pKa value of the APTES monolayer was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be approximately 5.61, on the basis of which a pH value of 2.0 was chosen for layer‐by‐layer assembly. Micropatterned polyelectrolyte films were obtained by deep‐UV (254 nm) photolysis though a mask. Absorbed fluorescent latex beads were used to visualize the patterned surfaces. Lipid bilayer arrays were fabricated on the micropatterned surfaces by immersing the patterned substrates into a solution containing egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies yielded a lateral diffusion coefficient for probe molecules of 1.31±0.17 μm2 s−1 in the bilayer region, and migration of the lipid NBD PE in bilayer lipid membrane arrays was observed in an electric field.
Synthesis, Redox Activity of Rigid Ferrocenyl Dendrimers, and Isolation of Robust Ferricinium and Class‐II Mixed‐Valence Dendrimers
Authors: Diallo Abdou K. , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier
Published: May 2013

The coupling reactions of ethynylferrocene with trihalogenoarenes do not lead to ethynylferrocenyl arenes that are soluble enough to form the basis of a suitable construction of stiff ferrocenylethynyl arene‐cored dendrimers, which explains the previous lack of reports on stiff ferrocenyl dendrimers. However, rigid ferrocenyl‐terminated dendrimers have been synthesized from 1,3,5‐tribromo‐ and triiodobenzene through Sonogashira and Negishi reactions with 1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethyl‐1′‐ethylnylferrocene (1 a), according to 1→2 connectivity. With compound 1 a, the construction of a soluble dendrimer (10 a) that contained 12 ethynylpentamethylferrocenyl termini was achieved. Stiff dendrimer 10 a shows a single, reversible cyclic voltammetry (CV) wave (with adsorption), which disfavors the hopping heterogeneous electron‐transfer mechanism that is postulated for redox‐terminated dendrimers that contain flexible tethers. The selectivity of these Sonogashira reactions allows the synthesis of an arene‐cored dendron (2 c) that contains both ethynylferrocenyl and 1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethyl‐ferrocenylethynyl redox groups, thus leading to the construction of a dendrimer (7 c) that contains both types of differently substituted ferrocenyl groups with two well‐separated reversible CV waves. Upon selective oxidation, this mixed dendrimer (7 c) leads to a class‐II mixed‐valence dendrimer, 7 c[PF6]3, as shown by Mössbauer spectroscopy, whereas oxidation of the related fully pentamethylferrocenylated dendrimer (7 a) leads to the all‐ferricinium dendrimer, 7 a[PF6]6.
Theoretical Study on the Cyclization Mechanism of Dipeptides
Authors: Xia Ping , Wang Chen , Qi Chenze
Published: May 2013

Cyclization is an important chemical reaction for the dipeptides containing N‐alkyl groups. The cyclization mechanism has been examined by theoretical calculations. Our calculation results indicate that the most favorable mechanism is the piperidine‐catalyzed stepwise mechanism, in which piperidine acts as a proton shuttle. The attack of the N‐terminal amino nitrogen at the C‐terminal carbonyl carbon along with the proton transfer is the rate‐limiting step. The effect of the alkyl substituent on the amide N on the cyclization reaction was then examined. Finally, the influence of the solvation effect, electronic effect and steric effect on the cyclization was investigated. It is found that all of these effects contribute to the cyclization.
Transition‐Metal‐Free TEMPO Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyls Using an Efficient Br2 Equivalent under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zhang Jie , Jiang Zengqiang , Zhao Dan , He Guozhen , Zhou Shuangli , Han Shiqing
Published: May 2013

An effective transition‐metal‐free catalytic system is developed for aerobic oxidations of alcohols. Using catalytic amount of bromide‐bromate coupling, H2SO4, and NaNO2, together with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine N‐oxyl radical (TEMPO) in the presence of air, various alcohols could be converted into the corresponding aldehydes or ketones in good to excellent isolated yields under mild conditions.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of γ‐Monofluorinated and γ,γ‐Difluorinated Goniothalamin Analogues
Authors: Yang Yi , Yang Zhenjun , Cheng Chunru , Qing Fengling
Published: May 2013

A series of novel γ,γ‐difluorinated Goniothalamin analogues 4a–4i and 6a–6i were synthesized. The key steps included the construction of C‐5 stereocenter adjacent to gem‐difluoromethylene group by way of lipase AK catalyzed kinetic resolution, the introduction of aryl group via Stille coupling, and lactonization by 1,5‐oxidative cyclization. These γ,γ‐difluorinated Goniothalamin analogues 4a–4i and their enantiomers 6a–6i, together with several corresponding γ‐monofluorinated Goniothalamin analogues were biologically evaluated against four different cancer cell lines. Compound 7h showed a nearly equivalent potency as the parent (R)‐Goniothalamin in the micromolar range. The different fluorine effects between fluoromethylene and gem‐difluoromethylene on antitumor activity were discussed through the analysis of bioassay data.
Non‐covalent Sugar Modification and Self‐assembly of Fluorous Gold Nanoparticles Driven by Fluorous Interaction
Authors: Chen Zhifang , Chen Guosong
Published: May 2013

Fluorous gold nanoparticle (Fluo‐NP), i.e. gold nanoparticle covered by fluorous ponytail (C8F17‐) was prepared and found to self‐assemble into supra‐structures covered by carbohydrates (named supraF‐NP), due to the strong fluorous interaction. More importantly, the re‐dispersed supraF‐NP (diameter around 200 nm) in water provided an alternative strategy to detect carbohydrate‐protein interaction in solution by naked eye.
Preparation of Tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine‐Cross‐Linked Cyclodextrin‐Based Porous Nanospheres and Their Application as Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Wang Youqing , Zhao Yanchao , Han Baohang
Published: May 2013

Cyclodextrins (CDs) show functionality, biocompatibility, and host‐guest inclusion capacity with a variety of molecules. These unique properties offer great potential for the exploitation of CDs as drug delivery systems. An easy, green, and effective synthetic approach was described to develop CD‐based porous nanospheres (CDPNSs) with a size distribution from 100 to 400 nm. A new cross‐linker tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine was used to cross‐link modified β‐CD at room temperature. The resulting CD‐based polymers (CDPs) were reshaped from a random morphology into a spherical shape during a dialysis process, and CDPNSs were obtained. The morphologies of CDPs and CDPNSs were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter and the size distribution of CDPNSs were determined by dynamic light scattering. The structures of the resulting products were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, solid‐state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Furthermore, a study was conducted on drug loading and in vitro release behavior of CDPNSs, which was monitored by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The prepared CDPNSs show the potential as drug delivery systems.
Pathologic and gene expression features of metastatic melanomas to the brain
Authors: Hamilton Ronald , Krauze Michal , Romkes Marjorie , Omolo Bernard , Konstantinopoulos Panagiotis , Reinhart Todd , Harasymczuk Malgorzata , Wang YangYang , Lin Yan , Ferrone Soldano , Whiteside Theresa , Bortoluzzi Stephanie , Werley Jonette , Nukui Tomoko , Fallert‐Junecko Beth , Kondziolka Douglas , Ibrahim Joseph , Becker Dorothea , Kirkwood John , Moschos Stergios
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of metastatic melanomas to the brain (MBM) is variable with prolonged survival in a subset. It is unclear whether MBM differ from extracranial metastases (EcM) and primary melanomas (PrM).

METHODS

To study the biology of MBM, histopathologic analysis of tumor blocks from patients' craniotomy samples and whole‐genome expression profiling (WGEP) with confirmatory immunohistochemistry were performed.

RESULTS

High mononuclear infiltrate and low intratumoral hemorrhage were associated with prolonged overall survival (OS). Pathway analysis of WGEP data from 29 such craniotomy tumor blocks demonstrated that several immune‐related BioCarta gene sets were associated with prolonged OS. WGEP analysis of MBM in comparison with same‐patient EcM and PrM showed that MBM and EcM were similar, but both differ significantly from PrM. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that peritumoral CD3+ and CD8+ cells were associated with prolonged OS.

CONCLUSIONS

MBMs are more similar to EcM compared with PrM. Immune infiltrate is a favorable prognostic factor for MBM. Cancer 2013;119:2737–2746. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Diverse neuronal lineages make stereotyped contributions to the Drosophila locomotor control center, the central complex
Authors: Yang Jacob S. , Awasaki Takeshi , Yu Hung‐Hsiang , He Yisheng , Ding Peng , Kao Jui‐Chun , Lee Tzumin
Published: May 2013

The Drosophila central brain develops from a fixed number of neuroblasts. Each neuroblast makes a clone of neurons that exhibit common trajectories. Here we identified 15 distinct clones that carry larval‐born neurons innervating the Drosophila central complex (CX), which consists of four midline structures including the protocerebral bridge (PB), fan‐shaped body (FB), ellipsoid body (EB), and noduli (NO). Clonal analysis revealed that the small‐field CX neurons, which establish intricate projections across different CX substructures, exist in four isomorphic groups that respectively derive from four complex posterior asense‐negative lineages. In terms of the region‐characteristic large‐field CX neurons, we found that two lineages make PB neurons, 10 lineages produce FB neurons, three lineages generate EB neurons, and two lineages yield NO neurons. The diverse FB developmental origins reflect the discrete input pathways for different FB subcompartments. Clonal analysis enlightens both development and anatomy of the insect locomotor control center. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2645–2662, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Psychologists' Views of Intensive Interaction as an Intervention in Learning Disability Services
Authors: Berry Ruth , Firth Graham , Leeming Catherine , Sharma Vishal
Published: May 2013

Intensive Interaction was initially developed in the 1980s as an educational approach for developing social communication and engagement with people with severe or profound intellectual disabilities and/or autism. Intensive Interaction has subsequently been adopted by a range of practitioners and professionals working in learning disability services and has a broad multi‐disciplinary acceptance, being recommended in a number of UK governmental guidance documents. Despite this, there has been limited work on developing a deeper psychological understanding of the approach. This study utilises a qualitative description/thematic analysis approach to explore how clinical psychologists conceptualise the approach with regard to currently accepted psychological theories, as well as looking at other factors that influence their adoption and advocacy. The sample deliberately consisted of eight NHS (National Health Service) clinical psychologists known to be using or advocating the use of Intensive Interaction with people with a learning disability.

The results of this study indicate that although the participants referred to some theories that might explain the beneficial outcomes of Intensive Interaction, these theories were rarely explicitly or clearly referenced, resulting in the authors having to attribute specific theoretical positions on the basis of inductive analysis of the participants' responses. Moreover, the participants provided varying views on how Intensive Interaction might be conceptualised, highlighting the lack of a generally accepted, psychologically framed definition of the approach. In conclusion, it was felt that further research is required to develop a specifically psychological understanding of Intensive Interaction alongside the formation of a Special Interest Group, which might have this task as one of its aims. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

There appeared to be a limited recognition amongst the participants of the specific psychological theories that can be seen to explain the beneficial outcomes of Intensive Interaction.

The participants were found to differ in how they explained the approach and typically used everyday ‘non‐psychological’ language or individual concepts/terms rather than clearly or extensively referencing particular theoretical models.

The participants appeared to differ in the range of clients who they thought might benefit from Intensive Interaction.

An Intensive Interaction Special Interest Group, which includes clinical psychologists, should be set up to instigate psychologically informed theory development and research with the broader aims of fostering greater understanding and adoption of Intensive Interaction within services for people with severe or profound intellectual disabilities and/or autism.
Repetitive auditory stimulation at a critical prenatal period modulates the postnatal functional development of the auditory as well as visual system in chicks (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Roy Saborni , Nag Tapas C. , Upadhyay Ashish Datt , Mathur Rashmi , Jain Suman
Published: May 2013

The extrinsic sensory stimulation plays a crucial role in the formation and integration of sensory modalities during development. Postnatal behavior is thereby influenced by the type and timing of presentation of prenatal sensory stimuli. In this study, fertilized eggs of white Leghorn chickens during incubation were exposed to either species‐specific calls or no sound. To find the prenatal critical period when auditory stimulation can modulate visual system development, the former group was divided into three subgroups: in subgroup A (SGA), the stimulus was provided during embryonic day (E)10 to E16, in SGB E17‐ hatching, and in SGC E10‐hatching. The auditory and visual perceptual learning was recorded at posthatch day (PH) 1–3, whereas synaptic plasticity (evident from synaptophysin and PSD‐95 expression), was observed at E19, E20, and PH 1–3. An increased number of responders were observed in both auditory and visual preference tests at PH 1 following stimulation. Although a decrease in latency of entry and an increase in total time spent were observed in all stimulated groups, it was most significant in SGC in auditory preference and in SGB and SGC in visual preference test. The auditory cortex of SGC and visual Wulst of SGB and SGC revealed higher expression of synaptic proteins, compared to control and SGA. A significant inter‐hemispheric and gender‐based difference in expression was also found in all groups. These results indicate facilitation of postnatal behaviour and synaptogenesis in both auditory and visual systems following prenatal repetitive auditory stimulation, only when given during prenatal critical period of development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 688–701, 2013
Zinc Complexes of Bipyrrolidine‐Based Diamine‐Diphenolato and Diamine‐Diolato Ligands: Predetermination of Helical Chirality Around Tetrahedral Centres
Authors: Sergeeva Ekaterina , Press Konstantin , Goldberg Israel , Kol Moshe
Published: May 2013

The coordination chemistry of chiral tetradentate dianionic ligands of the diamine‐diphenolato and diamine‐diolato families having the (R,R)‐2,2′‐bipyrrolidine core around ZnII was investigated. Reactions with diethylzinc led to complexes of the type [{ONNO}Zn] for most ligands and to bridging dinuclear complexes of the type [μ‐Lig4(ZnEt)2] for one of the diamine‐diolato ligands. Reactions with bis(hexamethyldisilazide)zinc led to complete conversions. Most complexes were obtained as mononuclear complexes. The least bulky Salan ligand, Lig3, led to an equilibrium between mononuclear and dinuclear complexes in noncoordinating solvents. All ligands were found to wrap around the tetrahedral zinc with very high diastereoselectivities supporting predetermined chiral induction from the bipyrrolidine core to the helical ligand wrapping. Molecular structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction for two complexes of the type [{ONNO}Zn] substantiated the predicted Δ wrapping of the (R,R)‐based ligands. In contrast, representative Salan and diamine‐diolato ligands assembled around the trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane core led to diastereomer mixtures of the corresponding complexes.
Bile Acid Derived Tropos Vaulted Bi­naphth­ylphosphites: Synthesis, Stereo­chemical Characterization and Complexation to Rhodium
Authors: Jumde Varsha R. , Iuliano Anna
Published: May 2013

Three different 2,2′‐binaphthylphosphites were synthesized, starting from suitable derivatives of cholic or deoxycholic acids and 1,1′‐dihydroxy‐2,2′‐binaphthyl, and their stereochemical features were analyzed by CD and NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data clearly demonstrate the capability of the cholestanic backbone to induce a M prevalent screw sense to the flexible binaphthyl moiety, giving rise to tropos ligands. The extent of the prevalence of the M sense of twist depends on the position at which the binaphthylphosphite moiety is linked on the bile acid skeleton. The three phosphites were mixed with [Rh(COD)2][BF4] and the resulting complexes were analyzed by variable temperature 31P NMR spectroscopy, thereby obtaining information on their stereochemical characteristics, which reflect the different asymmetric induction capability of the ligands.
Optically Active Monoacylglycerols: Synthesis and Assessment of Purity
Authors: Chen Chao‐Yuan , Han Wei‐Bo , Chen Hui‐Jun , Wu Yikang , Gao Po
Published: May 2013

Despite their simple structures, synthesis of 1(or 3)‐acyl‐sn‐glycerols remains a challenge that cannot be ignored because of facile acyl migrations, which not only complicate the synthesis but also make direct GC or HPLC analysis unfeasible. Assessment of the optical purity of monoacylglycerols has, to date, relied almost exclusively on specific rotation data, which are small in value and thus insensitive to impurities. Now, a simple means to “magnify” the small specific rotations has been found, along with practical methods for the measurement of both 1,2‐ and 1,3‐acyl migrations, which offer a convenient and straightforward alternative to Mori's NMR analysis of Mosher esters. With the aid of these methods, a range of conditions for deacetonide removal were examined en route to the synthesis of two natural monoacylglycerols. Refined hydrolysis conditions, along with useful knowledge about the solubility and reactivity of substrates with an ultra long alkyl chain are also presented.
A Modular Approach to Build Macrocyclic Diversity in Aminoindoline Scaffolds Identifies Antiangiogenesis Agents from a Zebrafish Assay
Authors: Chamakuri Srinivas , Guduru Shiva Krishna Reddy , Pamu Sreedhar , Chandrasekar Gayathri , Kitambi Satish Srinivas , Arya Prabhat
Published: May 2013

A modular approach to explore the macrocyclic chemical space around an aminoindoline scaffold is developed. This is achieved by incorporating an amino acid moiety and subsequent “stitching technology”. Through screening of a zebrafish assay, several antiangiogenesis agents are identified.
Metal‐Free Dioxygenation of Enecarbamates Mediated by a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent
Authors: Bekkaye Mathieu , Su Yingpeng , Masson Géraldine
Published: May 2013

A general method for the vicinal dioxygenation of enecarbamates was developed by using PhI(OAc)2 as the sole oxidant under extremely mild conditions, thus avoiding starting material decomposition. This methodology, which is an alternative to common dioxygenation processes catalyzed by transition metals, provides easy access to functionalized β‐acetoxy‐α‐amido ethers and α‐amido‐β‐oxytetrahydrofurans in moderate to good yields.
Weighted principal component analysis for compositional data: application example for the water chemistry of the Arno river (Tuscany, central Italy)
Authors: Gallo M. , Buccianti A.
Published: May 2013

Data collected for the investigation of the environmental and ecological characteristics of a river basin are often in the form of a large three‐way array; hence, a particular version of the Tucker model could be applied to gather more information contained in such complex geochemical systems. Indeed, when the data are in compositional form, more attention must be given to the analysis of the numerical data. Recently, the Tucker3 model has been proposed to analyze compositional data characterized by a three‐way structure. In this work, a particular version of the Tucker model, known as the weighted principal component analysis, was used to analyze water samples collected from the Arno river (Tuscany, central Italy) in order to evaluate the method's effectiveness. Several graphical displays have been developed to allow an accurate and complete interpretation of results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Price Discovery in Futures and Options Markets
Authors: Boyd Naomi , Locke Peter
Published: May 2013

We evaluate price discovery in the natural gas futures and futures options markets using a transaction‐based approach. By sampling market maker prices, we allow for a distinction between market maker buy and sell futures prices, both directly from trades in the futures market, and futures prices implied by trades in the options market. Information shares are compared between futures and options markets as well as within the options market. Given the common architecture of the two markets, as expected we find little price information generated in the options market. Within the options market, the highly levered out‐of‐the‐money options offer less price discovery than other options. We attribute this to the higher transaction costs of out‐of‐the‐money options. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:853–867, 2014
Financing—Renewables: Renewable Energy Markets Challenged, but Strategies for Profit Still Exist
Authors: Templeman Andre , Ogra Rohit , Struk Mark , Crosby Bryan
Published: May 2013

The US market for renewable energy development faces significant challenges in the coming months and years as energy production from fossil fuels—namely, natural gas supply coming from tight shale plays—sees a dramatic increase and state renewable portfolio standard (RPS) mandates are scaled back or at least not increased substantially.
Natural Gas Production: Observation of Water Law Essential for Successful Fracturing
Authors: Holsinger Kent
Published: May 2013

Thanks to hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling, energy independence could be within the grasp of the United States and other countries.
Regulatory Economics: Potential Efficiency Savings on the Utility Side of the Meter
Authors: Barclay Richard A.
Published: May 2013

Energy‐efficiency savings are considered the low‐hanging fruit for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Processes affecting greenhouse gas production in experimental boreal reservoirs
Authors: Venkiteswaran Jason J. , Schiff Sherry L. , St. Louis Vincent L. , Matthews Cory J. D. , Boudreau Natalie M. , Joyce Elizabeth M. , Beaty Kenneth G. , Bodaly R. Andrew
Published: May 2013

Flooding land for water reservoir creation has many environmental impacts including the production of the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). To assess processes governing GHG emissions from the flooding of terrestrial carbon, three experimental reservoirs were constructed in upland boreal forest areas of differing carbon stores as part of the Flooded Upland Dynamics Experiment (FLUDEX). We calculated process‐based GHG budgets for these reservoirs over 5 years following the onset of flooding. Stable isotopic budgets of carbon were necessary to separate community respiration (CR), which produces CO2, from net primary production (NPP), which consumes CO2, and to separate CH4 production from CH4 consumption via oxidation. NPP removed up to 44% of the CO2 produced from CR. CR and NPP exhibited different year‐after‐year trends. CH4 flux to the atmosphere increased about twofold over 3 years, yet isotopic budgets showed CH4 production in flooded soils increased nearly tenfold. CH4 oxidation near the flooded soil‐water interface greatly decreased the CH4 flux from the water column to the atmosphere. Ebullition was the most important conduit of CH4 to the atmosphere after 3 years. Although CH4 production increased with time, the total GHG flux, in CO2 equivalents, declined. Contrary to expectations, neither CR nor total GHG fluxes were directly related to the quantity of organic carbon flooded. Instead, these reservoirs produced a strikingly similar amount of CO2 equivalents over 5 years.
Diel patterns of oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) cycling: Microbial and physical drivers
Authors: Galí Martí , Simó Rafel , Vila‐Costa Maria , Ruiz‐González Clara , Gasol Josep M. , Matrai Patricia
Published: May 2013

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a biogenic gas with potential climatic effects, and its marine emission depends on the interplay between microbial activity and physical forcing in the oceanic upper mixed layer. We investigated the diel cycling patterns of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in four experiments (28 to 48 h long) performed in mesotrophic to ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean and Sargasso Sea waters. Samples taken every 4 or 6 h were analyzed for dimethylated sulfur pools and incubated to measure DMS and DMSP cycling rates, as well as primary and bacterial production. In all four experiments, DMS budgets showed pronounced day versus night variability. In the three summer experiments, gross community DMS production (GPDMS) increased by twofold to threefold from nighttime to daytime, peaking 0–4 h after solar noon. This excess GPDMS was balanced by higher photochemical and microbial sinks during the day, effectively buffering DMS concentrations. In the only winter experiment, GPDMS exhibited opposed temporal dynamics and peaked at nighttime in parallel to total DMSP consumption. Community DMSP to DMS conversion yields were generally <10% throughout the winter experiment and at night in summer, and increased to >15% (even >50%) during the day in summer, presumably due to phytoplankton radiative stress. Our data suggest that (1) diel variability should be taken into account in process studies, diagnostic, and prognostic models of DMS cycling and (2) the community DMS yield is a key variable that defines characteristic DMS cycling regimes.
History of nutrient inputs to the northeastern United States, 1930–2000
Authors: Hale Rebecca L. , Hoover Joseph H. , Wollheim Wilfred M. , Vörösmarty Charles J.
Published: May 2013

Humans have dramatically altered nutrient cycles at local to global scales. We examined changes in anthropogenic nutrient inputs to the northeastern United States (NE) from 1930 to 2000. We created a comprehensive time series of anthropogenic N and P inputs to 437 counties in the NE at 5 year intervals. Inputs included atmospheric N deposition, biological N2 fixation, fertilizer, detergent P, livestock feed, and human food. Exports included exports of feed and food and volatilization of ammonia. N inputs to the NE increased throughout the study period, primarily due to increases in atmospheric deposition and fertilizer. P inputs increased until 1970 and then declined due to decreased fertilizer and detergent inputs. Livestock consistently consumed the majority of nutrient inputs over time and space. The area of crop agriculture declined during the study period but consumed more nutrients as fertilizer. We found that stoichiometry (N:P) of inputs and absolute amounts of N matched nutritional needs (livestock, humans, crops) when atmospheric components (N deposition, N2 fixation) were not included. Differences between N and P led to major changes in N:P stoichiometry over time, consistent with global trends. N:P decreased from 1930 to 1970 due to increased inputs of P, and increased from 1970 to 2000 due to increased N deposition and fertilizer and decreases in P fertilizer and detergent use. We found that nutrient use is a dynamic product of social, economic, political, and environmental interactions. Therefore, future nutrient management must take into account these factors to design successful and effective nutrient reduction measures.
Annual cycles of ecological disturbance and recovery underlying the subarctic Atlantic spring plankton bloom
Authors: Behrenfeld Michael J. , Doney Scott C. , Lima Ivan , Boss Emmanuel S. , Siegel David A.
Published: May 2013

Satellite measurements allow global assessments of phytoplankton concentrations and, from observed temporal changes in biomass, direct access to net biomass accumulation rates (r). For the subarctic Atlantic basin, analysis of annual cycles in r reveals that initiation of the annual blooming phase does not occur in spring after stratification surpasses a critical threshold but rather occurs in early winter when growth conditions for phytoplankton are deteriorating. This finding has been confirmed with in situ profiling float data. The objective of the current study was to test whether satellite‐based annual cycles in r are reproduced by the Biogeochemical Element Cycling–Community Climate System Model and, if so, to use the additional ecosystem properties resolved by the model to better understand factors controlling phytoplankton blooms. We find that the model gives a similar early onset time for the blooming phase, that this initiation is largely due to the physical disruption of phytoplankton‐grazer interactions during mixed layer deepening, and that parallel increases in phytoplankton‐specific division and loss rates during spring maintain the subtle disruption in food web equilibrium that ultimately yields the spring bloom climax. The link between winter mixing and bloom dynamics is illustrated by contrasting annual plankton cycles between regions with deeper and shallower mixing. We show that maximum water column inventories of phytoplankton vary in proportion to maximum winter mixing depth, implying that future reductions in winter mixing may dampen plankton cycles in the subarctic Atlantic. We propose that ecosystem disturbance‐recovery sequences are a unifying property of global ocean plankton blooms.
Mineralogical and Geochemical Constraints on the Sediment Sources of Late Stone Age Pottery from the Birimi Site, Northern Ghana
Authors: Owen J. Victor , Casey Joanna L. , Greenough John D. , Godfrey‐Smith Dorothy
Published: May 2013

The mineralogy and bulk chemical compositions of 15 Kintampo (Late Stone Age) potsherds from the Birimi site on the Gambaga Escarpment and eight samples of local sediment were determined with the intent of characterizing these wares and identifying the material used in their manufacture. Sediment from clay pits still used by potters north of the escarpment contains iron‐rich laterite clasts (100 × XFeOt = 100 × FeOt/[FeOt + Al2O3 + SiO2] ≥10). Sedimentary clasts in stream sediments are relatively siliceous and iron‐poor (100 × XFeOt < 10). Bulk geochemical data together with the compositions of lithic clasts (laterite, siltstone/sandstone) link the pottery to sediment sources, including escarpment sediments not presently used by Ghanaian potters. Fresh granite clasts found in some of the sherds were not found in the analyzed sediment samples, although some of their distinctive mineralogical constituents (e.g., variably barian alkali feldspar) are present. The analytical data suggest that pots found at Birimi were made locally by mixing escarpment sediment with clay and stream sediment brought in from below the escarpment. This contrasts with present‐day practice, whereby the pots themselves are imported. The place where Birimi pottery was made and the outcrop source of aluminous sediment (mudstone with an “escarpment” trace element signature) used in these wares, however, remain unidentified. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is a proviral host factor for hepatitis C virus
Authors: McCartney Erin M. , Helbig Karla J. , Narayana Sumudu K. , Eyre Nicholas S. , Aloia Amanda L. , Beard Michael R.
Published: May 2013

Host factors play an important role in all facets of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and one such host factor is signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The HCV core protein has been shown to directly interact with and activate STAT3, while oxidative stress generated during HCV replication in a replicon-based model also induced STAT3 activation. However, despite these findings the precise role of STAT3 in the HCV life cycle remains unknown. We have established that STAT3 is actively phosphorylated in the presence of replicating HCV. Furthermore, expression of a constitutively active form of STAT3 leads to marked increases in HCV replication, whereas, conversely, chemical inhibition and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of STAT3 leads to significant decreases in HCV RNA levels. This strongly implicates STAT3 as a proviral host factor. As STAT3 is a transcription factor, up-regulation of a distinct set of STAT3-dependent genes may create an environment that is favorable for HCV replication. However, STAT3 has recently been demonstrated to positively regulate microtubule (MT) dynamics, by way of a direct sequestration of the MT depolymerizing protein Stathmin 1 (STMN1), and we provide evidence that STAT3 may exert its effect on the HCV life cycle by way of positive regulation of MT dynamics.

Conclusion:

We have demonstrated that STAT3 plays a role in the life cycle of HCV and have clarified the role of STAT3 as a proviral host factor. (Hepatology 2013;58:1558–1568)
The State of the HR Profession
Authors: Ulrich Dave , Younger Jon , Brockbank Wayne , Ulrich Michael D.
Published: May 2013

We want to create a new narrative about the human resource (HR) profession. HR professionals have often been plagued with self‐doubts, repeatedly re‐exploring HR's role, value, and competencies. If HR is to fully (and finally) become a profession, these self‐doubts need to be replaced with informed insights. These informed insights should be based more on global data than personal perceptions so that the emerging narrative for the HR profession has both substance and meaning.
Firm Productivity Moderated Link Between Human Capital and Compensation: The Significance of Task‐Specific Human Capital
Authors: Schulz Eric , Chowdhury Sanjib , Van de Voort David
Published: May 2013

The human capital of a firm as manifested by employee knowledge and experience represents a key resource of a firm's capabilities. Prior empirical studies have found that firms composed of high levels of human capital experience superior firm performance. Human capital theory proposes that an individual's general or firm‐specific human capital is positively related to compensation. However, empirical studies examining firm‐specific human capital's association with higher employee compensation have been inconclusive. The current study proposes that firm‐specific human capital be categorized as task‐specific and non‐task‐specific. Employees accumulate task‐specific human capital through duties conducted in their current position. Non‐task‐specific human capital represents experiences gained in prior positions to an employee's current job within the firm. Utilizing human capital data from 38,390 employees representing 76 firms in the IT sector, this study examines the association between forms of human capital and employee compensation at different levels of firm productivity. Results show that task‐specific human capital is associated with higher employee compensation. In addition, firm productivity moderates this association.
Application of compatible dual‐echo arteriovenography in stroke: Preliminary observations
Authors: Ty Bae Kyongtae , Park Sung‐Hong , Shim Hackjoon , Moon Chan‐Hong , Kim Jung‐Hwan , Nemoto Edwin M.
Published: May 2013

Compatible dual‐echo arteriovenography (CODEA) is a recent MRI technique for simultaneous acquisition of an MR angiogram (MRA) and MR venogram (MRV) with image quality comparable to conventional single‐echo acquisitions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of CODEA in imaging patients with chronic stroke and to test the utility of a new image representation technique (“enhanced maximum intensity projection [MIP]") based on tissue segmentation, intensity inversion, and vessel enhancement filtering) for MRV. Arterial and venous abnormalities associated with stroke were delineated on MRA and MRV acquired simultaneously with the CODEA technique. CODEA MRV displayed with the enhanced MIP technique facilitated the visualization of the overall venous structures in 3D. Reduced venous vascularity was detected in the regions of arterial occlusion compared to the contralateral normal brain regions. The CODEA technique along with the enhanced MIP technique may be valuable, particularly in clinical applications that require efficient MRA/MRV imaging because of limited scan time such as in acute stroke. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 152–156, 2013
Compressed sensing with MCT and I(2D)2PCA processing for efficient face recognition
Authors: Kim Biho , Choi Yonghwa , Lee Minho , Park Hyung‐Min
Published: May 2013

This article describes an effective human face recognition algorithm. Even though the principle component analysis (PCA) is one of the most common feature extraction methods, it is not suitable to implement a real‐time embedded system for face recognition because large amount of computational load and memory capacity are necessary. To overcome this problem, we employ the incremental two‐directional two‐dimensional PCA (I(2D)2PCA) which is a combination of the (2D)2PCA to demand much less computational complexity than the conventional PCA and the incremental PCA (IPCA) to adapt the eigenspace only by using a new incoming sample datum without reusing of all the previous trained data. Furthermore, the modified census transform (MCT), a local normalization method useful for real‐world application and implementation in an embedded system, is adopted to address robustness to illumination variations. To achieve better recognition accuracy with less computational load, the processed features are classified by the compressive sensing approach using ℓ2–minimization. Experimental results on the Yale Face Database B show that the described system using the ℓ2–minimization‐based classification method for input data processed by the I(2D)2PCA and the MCT provided efficient and robust face recognition. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 133–139, 2013
Comprehensive analysis of LPG‐PCA algorithms in denoising and deblurring of medical images
Authors: Harikumar R. , Kumar B. Vinoth
Published: May 2013

This article presents the detailed analysis of the local pixel grouping–principle component analysis (LPG‐PCA) algorithm in denoising and deblurring of medical images. Inefficient diagnosis of the medical images containing lot of information is often affected by the noise and artifacts. In order to remove these noises and artifacts, a statistical decorrelation technique, LPG‐PCA is used which is found to be one of the efficient methods, which could be used in improving the performance of medical images. For better preservation of local structures of the image, a pixel and its nearest neighbors are modeled as a vector variable, which leads to the selection of similar intensity characteristics. Denoising method used in this article is done in two stages for improving the denoising performance. The smoothening caused by the denoising process is removed by using LPG‐PCA along with adaptive sparse domain representations in the deblurring process. This involves clustering of data and finding the subdictionary of each cluster using LPG‐PCA. Experimental results show that an average improvement of 2.9 and 5.1 dB is found in the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging images using denoising and deblurring process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 157–170, 2013
An intelligent mining system for diagnosing medical images using combined texture‐histogram features
Authors: Dhanalakshmi K. , Rajamani V.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this article is to design an expert system for medical image diagnosis. We propose a method based on association rule mining combined with classification technique to enhance the diagnosis of medical images. This system classifies the images into two categories namely benign and malignant. In the proposed work, association rules are extracted for the selected features using an algorithm called AprioriTidImage, which is an improved version of Apriori algorithm. Then, a new associative classifier CLASS_Hiconst (CLassifier based on ASSociation rules with High Confidence and Support) is modeled and used to diagnose the medical images. The performance of our approach is compared with two different classifiers Fuzzy‐SVM and multilayer back propagation neural network (MLPNN) in terms of classifier efficiency with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The experimental result shows 96% accuracy, 97% sensitivity, and 96% specificity and proves that association rule based classifier is a powerful tool in assisting the diagnosing process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 194–203, 2013
In vivo tomographic imaging of lung colonization of tumour in mouse with simultaneous fluorescence and X‐ray CT
Authors: Zhang Bin , Gao Fuping , Wang Mengjiao , Cao Xu , Liu Fei , Wang Xin , Luo Jianwen , Wang Guangzhi , Bai Jing
Published: May 2013

Non‐invasive in vivo imaging of diffuse and wide‐spread colonization within the lungs, rather than distinct solid primary tumors, is still a challenging work. In this work, a lung colonization mouse model bearing A549 human lung tumor was simultaneously scanned by a dual‐modality fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) and X‐ray computed tomography (CT) system in vivo. A two steps method which incorporates CT structural information into the FMT reconstruction procedure is employed to provide concurrent anatomical and functional information. By using the target‐specific fluorescence agent, the fluorescence tomographic results show elevated fluorescence intensity deep within the lungs which is colonized with diffuse and wide‐spread tumors. The results were confirmed with ex vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging and histological examination of the lung tissues. With FMT reconstruction combined with the CT information, the dual‐modality FMT/micro‐CT system is expected to offer sensitive and noninvasive imaging of diffuse tumor colonization within the lungs in vivo. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low cost prediction of relative stabilities of hydrogen bonded complexes from atomic multipole moments for overly short intermolecular distances
Authors: Beker Wiktor , Langner Karol M. , Dyguda‐Kazimierowicz Edyta , Feliks Mikołaj , Sokalski W. Andrzej
Published: May 2013

The relative stability of biologically relevant, hydrogen bonded complexes with shortened distances can be assessed at low cost by the electrostatic multipole term alone more successfully than by ab initio methods. These results imply that atomic multipole moments may help improve ligand–receptor ranking predictions, particularly in cases where accurate structural data are not available. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Some Results on 1‐Rotational Hamiltonian Cycle Systems
Authors: Buratti Marco , Rinaldi Gloria , Traetta Tommaso
Published: May 2013

A Hamiltonian cycle system of (briefly, a HCS(v)) is 1‐rotational under a (necessarily binary) group G if it admits G as an automorphism group acting sharply transitively on all but one vertex. We first prove that for any there exists a 3‐perfect 1‐rotational HCS. This allows to get the existence of another infinite class of 3‐perfect (but not Hamiltonian) cycle decompositions of the complete graph. Then we prove that the full automorphism group of a 1‐rotational HCS under G is G itself unless the HCS is the 2‐transitive one. This allows us to give a partial answer to the problem of determining which abstract groups are the full automorphism group of a HCS. Finally, we revisit and simplify by means of a careful group theoretic discussion a formula by Bailey, Ollis, and Preece on the number of inequivalent 1‐rotational HCSs under G. This leads us to a formula counting all 1‐rotational HCSs up to isomorphism. Though this formula heavily depends on some parameters that are hard to compute, it allows us to say that, for any , there are at least nonisomorphic 1‐rotational (and hence symmetric) HCS().