bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery kinetics of photochemical efficiency in winter stressed conifers: the effects of growth light environment, extent of the season and species
Authors: Verhoeven Amy S.
Published: May 2012

Evergreens undergo reductions in maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) during winter due to increases in sustained thermal energy dissipation. Upon removing winter stressed leaves to room temperature and low light, Fv/Fm recovers and can include both a rapid and a slow phase. The goal of this study was to determine whether the rapid component to recovery exists in winter stressed conifers at any point during the season in a seasonally extreme environment. Additional goals were to compare the effects of species, growth light environment and the extent of the winter season on recovery kinetics in conifers. Four species (sun and shade needle) were monitored during the winter of 2007/2008: eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), Taxus cuspidata and white spruce (Picea glauca). Fv/Fm was measured in the field, and then monitored indoors at room temperature and low light for 6 days. The results showed that all species showed a rapid component to recovery in early winter that disappeared later in the season in sun needles but was present in shade needles on most days monitored during winter. There were differences among species in the recovery kinetics across the season, with pine recovering the most slowly and spruce the most quickly. The results suggest an important role for the rapidly reversible form of energy dissipation in early winter, as well as important differences between species in their rate of recovery in late winter/early spring which may have implications for spring onset of photosynthesis.
Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients: not yet an infection of the past
Authors: Wang E.H.Z. , Partovi N. , Levy R.D. , Shapiro R.J. , Yoshida E.M. , Greanya E.D.
Published: May 2012

Background

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), especially in the first year post transplant. Although trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) prophylaxis substantially decreases this risk, there is little data or consensus on optimal duration of prophylaxis. Consequently, there is lack of standardization of prophylaxis duration (3 months to lifelong, depending on organ group) in SOT programs.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of all cases of confirmed PCP, in adult kidney, pancreas, liver, and lung transplant recipients from 2001 to 2011 in our SOT program.

Results

Of 1241 patients followed in our clinic (657 kidney, 44 kidney/pancreas, 436 liver, and 104 lung or heart/lung), a total of 14 PCP cases were identified in 2 kidney, 1 kidney/pancreas, 5 liver, 5 single lung, and 1 heart/lung transplant recipient. At the time of PCP diagnosis, immunosuppression in most cases consisted of prednisone, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil (79% of patients), and 53% had previously received TMP‐SMX for prophylaxis. None were on PCP prophylaxis at the time of illness onset. PCP occurred early in all 5 liver transplant recipients and in 1 kidney transplant recipient, none of whom had ever received prophylaxis (17–204 days post transplant). Of those who had received 6 months of prophylaxis (1 kidney, 1 kidney/pancreas), PCP occurred at 846 and 4778 days, respectively. Late onset PCP occurred in lung recipients who had received 12 months of prophylaxis (lung 645‐1414 days, heart/lung 1583 days post transplant). Five patients had experienced acute rejection and 6 patients had cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia on average 59 and 204 days preceding PCP, respectively. Three deaths (1 liver, 2 lung) were thought to be directly related to complications of PCP.

Conclusion

Our experience with late PCP cases in lung transplant recipients receiving only 1 year of prophylaxis lends support to prolonged PCP prophylaxis in this group. Given the number of patients who had experienced an acute rejection episode or CMV disease preceding PCP in non‐lung SOT recipients, consideration should be given to re‐institution of PCP prophylaxis for a period of time after these events in kidney, kidney/pancreas, and liver transplant recipients.
Post‐anaesthesia care unit stay after total hip and knee arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia
Authors: LUNN T. H. , KRISTENSEN B. B. , GAARN‐LARSEN L. , HUSTED H. , KEHLET H.
Published: May 2012

Background

Post‐anaesthesia care unit (PACU) admission must be well founded and the stay as short as possible without compromising patient safety. However, within the concept of fast‐track surgery, studies are limited in addressing the question: why are patients staying in the PACU?

Methods

All patients operated with primary unilateral total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA or TKA) under spinal anaesthesia were included in this hypothesis‐generating, prospective, observational cohort study during a 4‐month period. Surgical technique, analgesia, and perioperative care were standardized. Well‐defined PACU discharge criteria that had to be met on two successive assessments were evaluated every 15 min until discharge. The primary outcome was time to meet PACU discharge criteria. Secondary outcomes were actual discharge time from the PACU, specific factors detaining patients in the PACU, and potential complications at the surgical ward at follow‐up 24 h post‐operatively.

Results

 One hundred sixty‐three patients were included in the final analysis (69 THA and 94 TKA). Time to meet PACU discharge criteria was [median (interquartile range)(95% confidence interval)]: 15 min (15–15)(15–116) for THA and 15 min (15‐15)(15–75) for TKA. Actual discharge time from PACU was: 25 min (20–35)(16–198) for THA and 25 min (20–31)(15–107) for TKA. Reasons for not meeting PACU discharge criteria in 15 min were mainly low oxygen saturation and pain. The short stay in the PACU did not impose complications at the surgical ward.

Conclusion

The vast majority of patients (> 85%) operated with THA and TKA under low‐dose spinal anaesthesia may achieve pre‐defined PACU discharge criteria in 15 min. Large‐scale studies should be performed to evaluate safety aspects after short PACU stay.
Retracted: Haemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation during arthroscopic shoulder surgery in beach chair position under general anaesthesia
Authors: JEONG H. , LEE S. H. , JANG E. A. , CHUNG S. S. , LEE J. , YOO K. Y.
Published: May 2012

Background

Patients undergoing surgery in beach chair position (BCP) are at risk of cerebral ischaemia. We determined the prevalence and risk factors of jugular venous bulb oxygen desaturation (SjvO2 < 50%) in BCP. It was also examined whether regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy and SjvO2 are interchangeable for assessment of cerebral oxygenation.

Methods

Fifty‐six consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery in BCP were studied. Anaesthesia was intravenous with propofol and remifentanil (P/R) or inhalational with sevoflurane and 50% nitrous oxide (S/N) depending on provider choice. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), SjvO2, and SctO2 were measured before (baseline; post‐induction in supine position) and after the patients assumed BCP. Bland–Altman analysis was performed to measure the agreement between SctO2 and SjvO2.

Results

SjvO2, SctO2, MAP, and HR decreased significantly when patients were raised into BCP. Jugular desaturation occurred in 41% of patients (56% with P/R vs. 21% with S/N anaesthesia, P = 0.0077). Risk factors for the desaturation included P/R anaesthesia [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34–16.95, P = 0.016] and MAP < 50 mmHg (aOR 3.85, 95% CI 1.21–12.25, P = 0.023). Bland–Altman analysis showed a mean difference of −8.9% with 95% limit of agreement between −40.0% and 23.0%. The percentage error [1.96 standard deviation/mean of the reference method] was 48.5%.

Conclusions

The incidence of jugular desaturation in BCP was 41%, and P/R anaesthesia and hypotension were associated with its occurrence while undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. SctO2 may not replace SjvO2 for the determination of cerebral oxygenation.
Different Tolerance in Bread Wheat, Durum Wheat and Barley to Fusarium Crown Rot Disease Caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum
Authors: Liu Yaxi , Ma Jun , Yan Wei , Yan Guijun , Zhou Meixue , Wei Yuming , Zheng Youliang , Liu Chunji
Published: May 2012

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is a major disease of wheat and barley, and stem‐base browning has been routinely used to measure resistance. Compared with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) shows less severe FCR stem‐base browning symptoms (indicative of greater resistance or tolerance) but suffers higher yield loss (indicative of greater susceptibility), whereas durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) shows similar FCR severity but suffers much worse yield loss. To understand these differences, fungal biomass in bread and durum wheats and barley was estimated by real‐time quantitative PCR at different stages of FCR disease development. Similar to a previous report on bread wheat infection by Fusarium graminearum, FCR infection caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum also showed ‘three distinct phases’ in each of the three crop species analysed. During all stages of FCR disease development, barley varieties invariably displayed earlier and faster fungal accumulation compared with either bread or durum wheat. Although suffering much greater yield loss than barley, durum wheat appears to accumulate significantly lower levels of F. pseodugraminearum during infection. These results demonstrate that bread wheat varieties are more resistant to FCR infection and pathogen accumulation than barley varieties, and the less yield loss of the latter is likely due to its better tolerance to this disease. If also existing among different sources of resistance within a given species, these different features of disease resistance and tolerance could be exploited to minimize yield loss of new varieties.
A comparative study of childhood psoriasis and atopic dermatitis and greater understanding of the overlapping condition, psoriasis‐dermatitis
Authors: Kapila Shivam , Hong Esther , Fischer Gayle
Published: May 2012

Background and Objectives:  Psoriasis (Pso) in children may be confused clinically with atopic dermatitis (AD) and, indeed, the two conditions may co‐exist. The aim of this study was to determine historical and clinical features that are different in paediatric Pso and AD and to describe children who have features of both: psoriasis‐dermatitis overlap (PD).

Methods:  Children with features of psoriasis or eczema, or both, who were referred to paediatric outpatients and/or private rooms were evaluated. Data were collected from 170 consecutive children aged less than 12 years between July 2011 and November 2011. Participants were classified by described criteria as having Pso (n = 64), AD (n = 62) or PD (n = 44).

Results:  Only 9.4% of children with Pso were correctly diagnosed by the referring doctor. Children with Pso relative to AD were more likely to have had a history of scaly scalp and nappy rash in infancy, a family history of psoriasis, current scalp and periauricular rashes, defined, patchy plaque morphology and papulosquamous rashes not typical of adult psoriasis on extensor elbows and knees. Children with PD had features of both but presented most often as typical paediatric psoriasis combined with flexural eczema. Children with Pso and PD responded well to specific treatment strategies for psoriasis, including potent topical corticosteroids (TCS), calcipotriol and phototherapy. Both Pso and PD tended to require more potent TCS than AD to achieve disease suppression.

Conclusion:  We found that Pso and PD in children both differ clinically from AD and have identified historical and clinical features that characterise childhood Pso.
Nurses and the wise organisation: techne and phronesis in Australian general practice
Authors: Phillips Christine , Hall Sally
Published: May 2012

This paper draws on classical theories of wisdom to explore the organisational impact of nurses on Australian general practice. Between 2004 and 2008, numbers of general practice nurses doubled, the most rapid influx of nurses into any Australian workplace over the decade. Using data from the Australian General Practice Nurses Study, we argue that nurses had a positive impact because they introduced techne at the organisational level and amplified phronesis in clinical activities. In its Hippocratic formulation, techne refers to a field of definable knowledge, which is purposeful and useful and requires mastery of rational principles. Nursing, with its focus on system and accountability, brought techne out of the GP’s consulting room and into the general practice as a whole. Nurses also exemplify phronesis, an Aristotelian virtue connoting a reasoned and honourable capacity to make judgements: the practical wisdom that defines the interaction between clinician and patient in general practice. At a time of significant GP shortage, doctors and nurses began to collaborate around their more complex and time‐consuming patients, leading to a deepening of phronesis in the workplace. By bringing techne to bear on the organisation, and complementing and enhancing phronesis, nurses propel organisational wisdom in general practices.
Intermediate outcomes after transcorporal placement of an artificial urinary sphincter
Authors: Lee Dominic , Zafirakis Helen , Shapiro Andrew , Westney O Lenaine
Published: May 2012

Objectives:  To report the intermediate outcomes of a transcorporally placed artificial urinary sphincter.

Methods:  Medical records of 16 consecutive patients treated with transcorporal placement of artificial urinary sphincter from March 2003 to October 2008 were reviewed. The indications for surgery, operative logs, postoperative evaluations, complication rate and postoperative questionnaire assessment utilizing the International Continence Society short form for men were analyzed.

Results:  Eight patients each underwent primary transcorporal cuff placement and revision surgery. Complete data for analysis were available in 15 patients at a median follow up of 45 months (range 23−91 months). The success rate (defined as use of 0–1 pads per day) was 80% (12/15 patients). Average voiding score was 2/20 (standard deviation 1.88), average irritative score was 3/24 (standard deviation 4.92) and the mean Quality‐of‐Life score was 0.66 (standard deviation 1.04).

Conclusions:  Transcorporal placement of an artificial urinary sphincter is both safe and efficacious in patients with a small caliber or atrophic urethra, either as a primary or salvage procedure. Efficacy and level of satisfaction in this subset of patients is equivalent to those undergoing traditional artificial urinary sphincter cuff placement.
Recent topics related to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis associated with gadolinium‐based contrast agents
Authors: Kitajima Kazuhiro , Maeda Tetsuo , Watanabe Sanae , Ueno Yoshiko , Sugimura Kazuro
Published: May 2012

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a progressive, potentially fatal, multiorgan‐system fibrosing disease related to exposure of patients with renal failure to gadolinium‐based contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging. Between 1997 and 2007, more than 500 cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with severe renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) were reported, and no known cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis have occurred in patients with a glomerular filtration rate of more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 without acute kidney injury. Additional major risk factors are use of high‐dose and specific gadolinium‐based contrast agents, a pro‐inflammatory state. Although the mechanism of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is unclear and there is no consistently‐effective therapy, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is an entity that can be eliminated by observing recent recommended guidelines for gadolinium‐based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. This article reviews current knowledge about nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and focuses mainly on how to prevent it.
Long‐term effects of pancreaticoduodenectomy on glucose metabolism
Authors: You Dong‐Do , Choi Seong‐Ho , Choi Dong‐Wook , Heo Jin‐Seok , Ho Cheon‐Yu , Kim Woo‐Seok
Published: May 2012

Background:  To analyse the association between pancreatogenic diabetes and the volume of the remnant pancreas after pancreaticoduodenectomy and to identify clinicopathologic factors correlated with pancreatogenic diabetes.

Methods:  Among the patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenenctomy from 2003 to 2004, 55 patients who survived by 2009 and were able to measure the volume of the pancreas pre‐ and post‐operatively by CT volumetry were included in this study. Twelve patients had diabetes before surgery. Median follow‐up duration was 55.2 and 67.3 months for CT volumetry, pancreatogenic diabetes, respectively.

Results:  Among 43 patients without preoperative diabetes, nine patients (21%) developed newly diabetes after surgery. Among 12 patients with diabetes, 10 patients had worsened glucose control. The immediate post‐operative Vol% was 46.5% and the last Vol% was 31.5% (P < 0.001). Preoperative diabetes, malignant pathology, absence of post‐operative pancreatic fistula, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were correlated with a lower Vol%. Atrophic changes were observed in 29 patients and hypertrophic changes in 13 patients. Comparative analysis according to the change in the Vol% revealed no differences in the clinicopathological factors associated with new‐onset pancreatogenic diabetes or aggravation of preoperative diabetes.

Conclusions:  While some patients had a hypertrophic pancreas at the last follow‐up, which reflected the capacity for pancreatic regeneration and some factors were associated with a lower volume of the remnant pancreas, the volume of the remnant pancreas seem not to be associated with pancreatogenic diabetes. There were no clinicopathologic factors identified associated with the risk for pancreatogenic diabetes.
Intercostal catheter insertion: are we really doing well?
Authors: Alrahbi Rashid , Easton Ruth , Bendinelli Cino , Enninghorst Natalie , Sisak Krisztian , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: May 2012

Introduction:  Intercostal catheters (ICC) are the standard management of chest trauma, but are associated with complications in up to 30%. The aim of this study was to evaluate errors in technique during ICC insertion to characterize the potential benefit of improved training programmes.

Methods:  Prospective audit of all ICC in trauma patients at a level 1 trauma centre for over 12 months. Exclusions were pigtail catheters and ICC inserted during thoracic surgery. Errors were identified from patient examination and chest imaging; they were defined as insertional, positional, incorrect size (<28 French) and lack of antibiotic prophylaxis. Ongoing complications unrelated to an error in technique, for example blocked tube, were not analysed.

Results:  Fifty‐seven patients received a total of 94 ICC during the study period. Patients were predominantly male (77%), mean age of 40 ± 20 years, mean injury severity score 27 ± 13, mean abbreviated injury scale chest 3.8 ± 0.72. 86% were blunt trauma and 14% penetrating chest injuries. Thirty‐six errors in technique occurred in 33 ICC insertions (38%). The most common errors were absence of prophylactic antibiotics (13%), ICC too far out (9%), kinked (6%) and wrong‐sized ICC (5%). Emergency had a significantly greater frequency of errors than other specialties (67%, relative risk 2.11, P= 0.002). The majority of ICC were inserted by registrars, and registrars made a greater number of errors than fellows or consultants (relative risk 2.00, P= 0.02).

Discussion:  This study identified a large number of preventable errors for ICC insertion in trauma patients. Standardized institutional credentialing systems may be required to ensure adequate proficiency of trainees performing this procedure.
Mental health services for Aboriginal men: Mismatches and solutions
Authors: Isaacs Anton N. , Maybery Darryl , Gruis Hilton
Published: May 2012

This paper describes the perceptions of Aboriginal stakeholders as well as mental health personnel on improving Aboriginal men's access to mental health services. From January 2009 to June 2010, 23 semi‐structured interviews and three focus groups were conducted with 17 Aboriginal stakeholders and 29 mental health staff from a regional mental health service in Victoria. A qualitative description design was adopted and data were analysed thematically. Seven themes emerged from the data. Three themes focused on the mismatch between mainstream mental health service provision and the mental health needs of Aboriginal men. They include barriers to gaining entry into services, barriers to engagement with services, and staffing problems in the services. The remaining four themes related to possible solutions to improving men's access to services and included building men's confidence in services, developing relationships with the Aboriginal Community, enhancing flexibility of services, and strengthening the role of the Koori Mental Health Liaison Officer. The dual perspectives of Aboriginal stakeholders and service providers provide a more comprehensive picture of the ground realities concerning Aboriginal men's access to mental health services. The findings have implications for the provision of culturally sensitive mental health services for Aboriginal men.
Assessing the treatment effects in apraxia of speech: introduction and evaluation of the Modified Diadochokinesis Test
Authors: Hurkmans Joost , Jonkers Roel , Boonstra Anne M. , Stewart Roy E. , Reinders‐Messelink Heleen A.
Published: May 2012

Background: The number of reliable and valid instruments to measure the effects of therapy in apraxia of speech (AoS) is limited.

Aims: To evaluate the newly developed Modified Diadochokinesis Test (MDT), which is a task to assess the effects of rate and rhythm therapies for AoS in a multiple baseline across behaviours design.

Methods: The consistency, accuracy and fluency of speech of 24 adults with AoS and 12 unaffected speakers matched for age, gender and educational level were assessed using the MDT. The reliability and validity of the instrument were considered and outcomes compared with those obtained with existing tests.

Results: The results revealed that MDT had a strong internal consistency. Scores were influenced by syllable structure complexity, while distinctive features of articulation had no measurable effect. The test–retest and intra‐ and inter‐rater reliabilities were shown to be adequate, and the discriminant validity was good. For convergent validity different outcomes were found: apart from one correlation, the scores on tests assessing functional communication and AoS correlated significantly with the MDT outcome measures. The spontaneous speech phonology measure of the Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT) correlated significantly with the MDT outcome measures, but no correlations were found for the repetition subtest and the spontaneous speech articulation/prosody measure of the AAT.

Conclusions & Implications: The study shows that the MDT has adequate psychometric properties, implying that it can be used to measure changes in speech motor control during treatment for apraxia of speech. The results demonstrate the validity and utility of the instrument as a supplement to speech tasks in assessing speech improvement aimed at the level of planning and programming of speech.
Mushroom body neuronal remodelling is necessary for short‐term but not for long‐term courtship memory in Drosophila
Authors: Redt‐Clouet Christelle , Trannoy Séverine , Boulanger Ana , Tokmatcheva Elena , Savvateeva‐Popova Elena , Parmentier Marie‐Laure , Preat Thomas , Dura Jean‐Maurice
Published: May 2012

The remodelling of neurons during their development is considered necessary for their normal function. One fundamental mechanism involved in this remodelling process in both vertebrates and invertebrates is axon pruning. A well‐documented case of such neuronal remodelling is the developmental axon pruning of mushroom body γ neurons that occurs during metamorphosis in Drosophila. The γ neurons undergo pruning of larval‐specific dendrites and axons at metamorphosis, followed by their regrowth as adult‐specific dendrites and axons. We recently revealed a molecular cascade required for this pruning. The nuclear receptor ftz‐f1 activates the expression of the steroid hormone receptor EcR‐B1, a key component for γ remodelling, and represses expression of Hr39, an ftz‐f1 homologous gene. If ectopically expressed in the γ neurons, HR39 inhibits normal pruning, probably by competing with endogenous FTZ‐F1, which results in decreased EcR‐B1 expression. The mushroom bodies are a bilaterally symmetric structure in the larval and adult brain and are involved in the processing of different types of olfactory memory. How memory is affected in pruning‐deficient adult flies that possess larval‐stage neuronal circuitry will help to explain the functional role of neuron remodelling. Flies overexpressing Hr39 are viable as adults and make it possible to assess the requirement for wild‐type mushroom body pruning in memory. While blocking mushroom body neuron remodelling impaired memory after short‐term courtship conditioning, long‐term memory was normal. These results show that larval pruning is necessary for adult memory and that expression of courtship short‐term memory and long‐term memory may be parallel and independent.
Risk of subsequent tumour recurrence and stage progression in bacille Calmette‐Guérin relapsing non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Kikuchi Eiji , Shirakawa Hiroshi , Hayakawa Nozomi , Tanaka Nobuyuki , Ninomiya Akiharu , Miyajima Akira , Nakamura So , Oya Mototsugu
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

So far, few previous reports have analysed the risk factors for tumour recurrence and stage progression with a special focus on BCG‐relapsing disease, defined as the recurrence after achieving a disease‐free status by initial BCG instillations for 6 months. There are no guidelines outlining a specific treatment strategy for BCG‐relapsing disease, although many BCG failure cases are attributable to BCG‐relapsing disease.

In this study, additional BCG instillation was shown to decrease the subsequent tumour recurrence rate against BCG‐relapsing tumours with intermediate pathological risk features; however, a BCG‐relapsing tumour with a pathologically high risk was a significant risk factor for both subsequent tumour recurrence and stage progression. This information might identify a therapeutic strategy for BCG‐relapsing tumours.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the risk of subsequent tumour recurrence and stage progression in bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG)‐relapsing non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, defined as recurrence after achieving a disease‐free status for 6 months.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 183 patients with BCG‐relapsing tumours were treated with conservative therapy between 1985 and 2008 at our three institutions.

We analysed the association between their clinicopathological parameters and subsequent tumour recurrence or stage progression.

RESULTS

Additional induction courses of BCG or anticancer drug (mitomycin C or epirubicin) instillations were performed in 119 patients and 24 patients, respectively. The remaining 40 patients did not undergo any adjuvant therapy.

Multivariate analysis showed that a relapsing tumour with a pathologically high risk (defined as tumours with G3 and/or pT1 and/or concomitant carcinoma in situ) was a significant risk factor for subsequent tumour recurrence (P= 0.002; hazard ratio [HR] 2.15). Additional BCG instillation significantly decreased the subsequent tumour recurrence rate (P < 0.001; HR 0.41).

Multivariate analysis also showed that a relapsing tumour with a pathologically high risk was also significantly associated with stage progression (P < 0.001; HR 8.05).

CONCLUSIONS

An additional course of BCG instillation might be effective in patients with BCG‐relapsing tumours with pathologically intermediate risk.

Nevertheless, some patients with high‐risk pathological features developed subsequent stage progression. Such patients should be followed up closely and counselled on the need for aggressive therapeutic options, such as radical cystectomy.
Cost per incident of alcohol‐related crime in New South Wales
Authors: BYRNES JOSHUA M. , DORAN CHRISTOPHER M. , SHAKESHAFT ANTHONY P.
Published: May 2012

Introduction and Aims. The purpose of this paper is to provide a per incident of crime cost measure for New South Wales that is suitable for the use within cost‐effectiveness studies of interventions aimed at reducing the burden of alcohol. This paper seeks to quantify the individual cost of an assault, property damage, sexual offence and disorderly conduct in New South Wales.

Design and Methods. Costs regarding the criminal act, police involvement, prosecution in criminal courts and incarceration are estimated and then using a four‐stage probability analysis, the expected cost per incident is calculated.

Results. It is found that expected cost per incident for assault, sexual offence, property damage and disorderly conduct (in 2006 dollar values) is $3982, $5976, $1166 and $501 respectively.

Discussion and Conclusions. A large total cost figure is a powerful policy motivator; however, for the purpose of economic analysis it is often more useful to estimate the per incident cost. This research furthers the existing research on cost of crime estimates and facilitates future cost‐effectiveness and other economic analysis of interventions that reduce alcohol‐related crime.[Byrnes JM, Doran CM, Shakeshaft AP. Cost per incident of alcohol‐related crime in New South Wales. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:854–860]
THE ‘WHO AND WHY’ OF LOTTERY: EMPIRICAL HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE SEMINAL ECONOMIC LITERATURE
Authors: Perez Levi , Humphreys Brad
Published: May 2012

Lotteries operate today in many countries around the world. This type of gambling is usually run by governments and is sometimes described as regressive. Lottery is an unfair bet, so explaining the purchase of lottery tickets by risk‐averse consumers has been a challenge for economic theory. Lotteries can be analysed from either of two economic perspectives: as a source of public revenue or as a consumer commodity. In this paper the state of economic research on lotteries is reviewed, focusing on its main empirical findings.
LOPSIDED REASONING ON LOPSIDED TESTS AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS
Authors: Hurlbert Stuart H. , Lombardi Celia M.
Published: May 2012

For those who have not recognized the disparate natures of tests of statistical hypotheses and tests of scientific hypotheses, one‐tailed statistical tests of null hypotheses such as ∂≤ 0 or ∂≥ 0 have often seemed a reasonable procedure. We earlier reviewed the many grounds for not regarding them as such. To have at least some power for detection of effects in the unpredicted direction, several authors have independently proposed the use of lopsided (also termed split‐tailed, directed or one‐and‐a‐half‐tailed) tests, two‐tailed tests with α partitioned unequally between the two tails of the test statistic distribution. We review the history of these proposals and conclude that lopsided tests are never justified. They are based on the same misunderstandings that have led to massive misuse of one‐tailed tests as well as to much needless worry, for more than half a century, over the various so‐called ‘multiplicity problems’. We discuss from a neo‐Fisherian point of view the undesirable properties of multiple comparison procedures based on either (i) maximum potential set‐wise (or family‐wise) type I error rates (SWERs), or (ii) the increasingly fashionable, maximum potential false discovery rates (FDRs). Neither the classical nor the newer multiple comparison procedures based on fixed maximum potential set‐wise error rates are helpful to the cogent analysis and interpretation of scientific data.
Legitimizing Illegal Protest: The Permissive Ideational Environment and ‘Bossnappings’ in France
Authors: Parsons Nick
Published: May 2012

In France, in 2009–2010, on several occasions, managers announcing redundancies were held hostage by workers. Public opinion polls show widespread support for the ‘bossnappers’, while the State did not taken action against them. Employing the insights of new institutionalism and social movement theory, this article explains the legitimization of such radical, illegal action through the notion of a permissive ideational environment resulting from a tradition of trade union militancy, pre‐existing concerns over globalization and more recent fears of, and government and trade union responses to, globalization and the current economic crisis.
The Personal is Not Political: At Least in the UK's Top Politics and IR Departments
Authors: Foster Emma , Kerr Peter , Hopkins Anthony , Byrne Christopher , Ahall Linda
Published: May 2012

Through mapping the provision of teaching gender and sexuality studies on politics/political science and international relations (IR) programmes, this article asserts that the top-ranked politics and IR departments in the UK offer very little provision of such teaching. We argue that this lack of gender and, more so, sexuality teaching is highly problematic for the discipline. Moreover, we suggest that the lack of such provision is not reflective of staff research interests, potentially not reflective of the market (i.e. students), works against the trend of mainstreaming gender, and is problematic in the wider sense in that gender and sexuality are rendered invisible or as trivial matters. Overall, then, this article contends that curricula in politics and IR departments work to perpetuate the idea that the ‘personal is not political’, thereby defining the parameters of the discipline in both a narrow and inaccurate way.
Real‐Time Fluid Effects on Surfaces using the Closest Point Method
Authors: Auer S. , Macdonald C. B. , Treib M. , Schneider J. , Westermann R.
Published: May 2012

The Closest Point Method (CPM) is a method for numerically solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on arbitrary surfaces, independent of the existence of a surface parametrization. The CPM uses a closest point representation of the surface, to solve the unmodified Cartesian version of a surface PDE in a 3D volume embedding, using simple and well‐understood techniques. In this paper, we present the numerical solution of the wave equation and the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations on surfaces via the CPM, and we demonstrate surface appearance and shape variations in real‐time using this method. To fully exploit the potential of the CPM, we present a novel GPU realization of the entire CPM pipeline. We propose a surface‐embedding adaptive 3D spatial grid for efficient representation of the surface, and present a high‐performance approach using CUDA for converting surfaces given by triangulations into this representation. For real‐time performance, CUDA is also used for the numerical procedures of the CPM. For rendering the surface (and the PDE solution) directly from the closest point representation without the need to reconstruct a triangulated surface, we present a GPU ray‐casting method that works on the adaptive 3D grid.
Multi‐Class Anisotropic Electrostatic Halftoning
Authors: Schmaltz C. , Gwosdek P. , Weickert J.
Published: May 2012

Electrostatic halftoning, a sampling algorithm based on electrostatic principles, is among the leading methods for stippling, dithering and sampling. However, this approach is only applicable for a single class of dots with a uniform size and colour. In our work, we complement these ideas by advanced features for real‐world applications. We propose a versatile framework for colour halftoning, hatching and multi‐class importance sampling with individual weights. Our novel approach is the first method that globally optimizes the distribution of different objects in varying sizes relative to multiple given density functions. The quality, versatility and adaptability of our approach is demonstrated in various experiments.
Improving Data Locality for Efficient In‐Core Path Tracing
Authors: Bikker J.
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we investigate the efficiency of ray queries on the CPU in the context of path tracing, where ray distributions are mostly random. We show that existing schemes that exploit data locality to improve ray tracing efficiency fail to do so beyond the first diffuse bounce, and analyze the cause for this. We then present an alternative scheme inspired by the work of Pharr et al. in which we improve data locality by using a data‐centric breadth‐first approach. We show that our scheme improves on state‐of‐the‐art performance for ray distributions in a path tracer.
Local Poisson SPH For Viscous Incompressible Fluids
Authors: He Xiaowei , Liu Ning , Li Sheng , Wang Hongan , Wang Guoping
Published: May 2012

Enforcing fluid incompressibility is one of the time‐consuming aspects in SPH. In this paper, we present a local Poisson SPH (LPSPH) method to solve incompressibility for particle based fluid simulation. Considering the pressure Poisson equation, we first convert it into an integral form, and then apply a discretization to convert the continuous integral equation to a discretized summation over all the particles in the local pressure integration domain determined by the local geometry. To control the approximation error, we further integrate our local pressure solver into the predictive‐corrective framework to avoid the computational cost of solving a pressure Poisson equation globally. Our method can effectively eliminate the large density deviations mainly caused by the solid boundary treatment and free surface topological change, and show advantage of a higher convergence rate over the predictive‐corrective incompressible SPH (PCISPH).
Rhetoric and the Political Theory of Ideologies
Authors: Finlayson Alan
Published: May 2012

The political theory of ideologies proposes a distinct way of conceiving of and analysing political thought, especially as it appears ‘in the wild’. Exploring the claim that there is a form or mode of thinking specific and proper to politics, and that it is the concern of the political theory of ideology, the article examines two of the leading contemporary approaches in this field: the morphological analysis of Michael Freeden and the discourse analysis associated with Ernesto Laclau. In showing how each produces a distinct object for theoretical analysis (respectively, ‘the concept’ and ‘the signifier’) the case is made for constituting a third object – the political argument – the apprehension of which requires the integration of aspects of the rhetorical tradition into the political theory of ideologies. The conclusion briefly outlines some of the possible implications, for political theory and analysis more generally, of the rhetorical conception of political thought and ideology.
Measuring Inflation Expectations Using Interval‐Coded Data*
Authors: Murasawa Yasutomo
Published: May 2012

To quantify qualitative survey data, the Carlson–Parkin method assumes normality, a time‐invariant symmetric indifference interval, and long‐run unbiased expectations. These assumptions are unnecessary for interval‐coded data. In April 2004, the Monthly Consumer Confidence Survey in Japan started to ask households about their price expectations a year ahead in seven categories with partially known boundaries. Thus one can identify up to six parameters including an indifference interval each month. This paper compares normal, skew normal (SN), skew exponential power (SEP), and skew t (St) distributions, and finds that an St distribution fits the data well. The results help us to better understand the dynamics of heterogeneous expectations.
God, the Future, and the Fundamentum of History in Wolfhart Pannenberg
Authors: Blanco Carlos
Published: May 2012

The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between Wolfhart Pannenberg's idea of God and his conception of history, with the intention of determining the precise nature of the link that, in his view, connects both philosophical and the theological reflection on the meaning of history.

We shall first analyze Pannenberg's response to the traditional criticism of Christianity as an anthropomorphic projection of the human being. Then we shall pay attention to the features of any possible fundamentum of history. We will show that, according to Pannenberg, a transition from a philosophical into a theological consideration of history is needed in order to provide a rationally acceptable foundation for both the unity and the meaning of universal history.
Machinery, Monstrosity, and Bestiality: An Analysis of Repulsion in Kierkegaard's Practice in Christianity
Authors: Johnson Ryan
Published: May 2012

In reaction to a particularly scathing review of his Practice in Christianity, Kierkegaard postulated what he called a ‘preacher‐machine.’ As we will see, the preacher‐machine is only one type of character‐machine, for, in Practice in Christianity, there are five other such machines. Starting up these character‐machines will allow for an analysis of the repulsion of the God‐man, Christ himself. This repulsion is important because Kierkegaard claims that it is the condition for the emergence of faith. After discussing repulsion, Kierkegaard will locate a singular mistake of Christendom, which will allow him to offer his remedy to this problem. In doing so, I will claim, Kierkegaard makes a particularly forceful claim about the true status of Christianity. We begin by attempting an articulation of a definition of monstrosity before setting the scene of these six machines.
Is laparoscopic sterilisation an anachronism?
Authors: Clark TJ
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Clark T. Is laparoscopic sterilisation an anachronism?. BJOG 2012;119:775–777.
Organizational health in health organizations: towards a conceptualization
Authors: Orvik Arne , Axelsson Runo
Published: May 2012

This article is introducing a new concept of organizational health and discussing its possible implications for health organizations and health management. The concept is developed against the background of New Public Management, which has coincided with increasing workplace health problems in health organizations. It is based on research mainly in health promotion and health management. Organizational health is defined in terms of how an organization is able to deal with the tensions of diverse and competing values. This requires a dialectical perspective, integration as well as disintegration, and a tricultural approach to value tensions. The concept of organizational health is pointing towards an inverse value pyramid and a hybrid‐ and value‐based form of management in health organizations. An application of this concept may clarify competing values and help managers to deal with the value tensions underlying workplace health problems on an organizational as well as an individual and group level. More empirical research is required, however, to link more closely the different aspects of organizational health in health organizations.
Parental and children's report of emotional problems: agreement, explanatory factors and event‐emotion correlation
Authors: Michels Nathalie , Vanaelst Barbara , Stoppie Elke , Huybrechts Inge , Bammann Karin , De Henauw Stefaan , Sioen Isabelle
Published: May 2012

Background

As often only parents are addressed, studying parent‐child agreement and its explanatory factors is crucial in gaining accurate information on young children's emotional problems.

Method

Parental and children's reports of children's emotional problems (anger, anxiety, sadness) and children's reports of life events were gathered between February and June, 2010 from 464 Belgian nonclinical children 5–10 years old.

Results

Children reported more emotional problems than their parents. Parental underestimation was higher in the case of girls, older children, nontraditional family structures and authoritative parenting style. Furthermore, life events and emotional problems were significantly correlated only when using children's reported emotions.

Conclusions

In our nonclinical children, interviewing both parents and children on children's emotional problems is necessary and parent‐child disagreement can partially be explained by child or family characteristics.
This article has been retracted and is available online only: Exploration of Iranian intensive care nurses' experience of end‐of‐life care: a qualitative study
Authors: Valiee Sina , Negarandeh Reza , Dehghan Nayeri Nahid
Published: May 2012

RETRACTION

The following article from Nursing in Critical Care, Exploration of Iranian intensive care nurses' experience of end‐of‐life care: a qualitative study by Sina Valiee, Reza Negarandeh and Nahid Dehghan Nayeri, published online on 9 May 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors and the journal Editors. The retraction has been agreed due to errors in the manuscript handling process which meant that an early version of the article was published that did not include all the amendments made as part of the peer review process.

John Albarran and Julie Scholes

Editors

Nursing in Critical Care

REFERENCE

Valiee, S., Negarandeh, R. and Dehghan Nayeri, N. (2012), Exploration of Iranian intensive care nurses' experience of end‐of‐life care: a qualitative study. Nursing in Critical Care. doi: 10.1111/j.1478‐5153.2012.00505.x
Wing colors based on arrangement of the multilayer structure of wing scales in lycaenid butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Authors: IMAFUKU Michio , KUBOTA Hiroshi Y. , INOUYE Kei
Published: May 2012

Male wing colors and wing scale morphology were examined for three species of lycaenid butterflies: Chrysozephyrus ataxus, Favonius cognatus and F. jezoensis. Measurement of spectral reflectance on the wing surface with a spectrophotometer revealed species‐specific reflection spectra, with one or two peaks in the ultraviolet and/or green ranges. Observations of wing scales using an optical microscope revealed that light was reflected from the inter‐ridge regions, where transmission electron microscopy revealed a multilayer structure. Based on the multilayer dimensions obtained, three models were devised and compared to explain the measured reflectance spectrum. The results showed that the best fit is a model in which thicknesses of thin films of the multilayer system are not constant and air spaces between cuticle layers are more or less packed with cuticle spacers. This suggests that the specific wing colors of the species examined are produced by the species‐specific arrangement of the multilayer structure of wing scales.