bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing a Controlled Drinking Program
Authors: McLean Neil J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Controlled drinking as a treatment option for problem drinkers is now well established; there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that problem drinkers can learn to maintain their consumption levels within safe limits.

There is a range of strategies that have been included in controlled drinking treatment programs. Unfortunately, most outcome studies have assessed the effect of a treatment package. There is a need for research investigating the effectiveness of the components of such treatment programs.

This paper will review issues involved with the implementation of a controlled drinking program as well as discussing the types of strategies which might be used.
Reactions to the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse
Authors: Barber James G. , Grichting Wolfgang L.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This paper explores individual differences in North Queenslanders' reactions to the first stage of the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse. Women, non‐smokers and those most convinced of the dangers of drug‐taking in the first place were the ones who displayed the greatest change in drug‐related perceptions, attitudes and drinking behaviour. Results support the view that at‐risk groups are likely to resist media communications.
Health Promotion or Early Intervention
Authors: Egger Gary
Published: July 2007

Abstract: If the rewards of taking drugs are so great, why do more of us not indulge? From this starting point, this paper explores the almost universal search for altered states of consciousness and escape from self. There is a need for screening for appropriate “alternative highs” after a drug problem has been diagnosed. Exercise, religion, art, music are put forward as alternatives to the drug experience.
Selectivity of Ethanol's Actions on Brain Receptor Systems: Catecholamines and Ethanol
Authors: Tabakoff B. , Hoffman P.L. , Valverius P. , Nhamburo P.T. , Saito T.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A parsimonious hypothesis of ethanol's actions in the brain focuses attention on the general ability of amphipathic molecules to perturb neuronal membrane lipid order. An analysis of the effects of ethanol and other anesthetics on beta‐adrenergic receptor coupled adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in brain membranes, however, indicates a selectivity of ethanol's actions on receptor‐effector coupling proteins such as the guanine nucleotide (GN) binding proteins Ns and Ni and demonstrates differences in the effects of alcohols on AC activity as compared to actions of other anesthetic agents (chloroform and halothane). The acute effects of ethanol on certain information‐transducing systems of brain may thus be mediated by rather specific interactions with microdomains or “receptive” areas of neuronal membranes. The chronic effects of ethanol on the beta‐adrenergic receptor coupled AC in mouse cortex were characterized by changes in beta‐agonist binding kinetics and by the decreased ability of isoproterenol to stimulate AC activity. The changes induced by chronic ethanol ingestion were reminiscent of heterologous desensitization of the beta‐adrenergic receptor. Thus, both acute and chronic ethanol administration may produce changes in adrenergic function in brain which may, in turn, be associated with ethanol intoxication or the development of tolerance or dependence
Interactions of Salsolinol and β‐Carbolines with Cerebral GABA/Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex: Alteration during Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Kuriyama Kinya , Taguchi Jun‐ichi , Hashimoto Tsuneichi
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Effects of salsolinol and 3‐carboxy ester of β‐carboline, which are known as condensation products of acetaldehyde formed in mammalian brain, on γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA)A receptor/benzodiazepine receptor/chloride channel complex and its alterations during the development of alcohol dependence were studied. In synaptic membrane preparation, ethyl β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate (β‐ECC) was found to bind to a different site from that for benzodiazepines. The benzodiazepine‐stimulated [3H] muscimol binding to GABAA receptor was suppressed by β‐ECC, whereas [3H]β‐ECC binding was found to be suppressed by GABA, muscimol and secobarbital. Gel column chromatography using Sephadex G‐200 of the solubilized fraction from cerebral particulate fraction by sodium deoxycholate indicated that [3H]β‐ECC binding site was eluted in the same fraction (molecular weight = 230,000) as the binding sites for [3H]muscimol, [3H]flunitrazepam, and [3H]t‐butylbicycloorthobenzoate, known as a blocker of chloride channel. Salsolinol stimulated the specific bindings of [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]β‐ECC to cerebral synaptic membranes in the presence of chloride anion. GABA‐stimulated 36C1‐influx into membrane vesicles was stimulated by flunitrazepam, while attenuated by β‐ECC, and these effects of flunitrazepam and β‐ECC were accentuated by salsolinol. In alcohol dependent mice, the stimulating effect of salsolinol on the bindings of [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]β‐ECC to cerebral synaptic membrane was eliminated. These results indicate that β‐ECC binding site may reside on GABAA receptor complex, and salsolinol may modulate the functions of benzodiazepine and β‐ECC binding sites in the brain. The present results also suggest that the alteration of modulatory action of salsolinol on the cerebral [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]β‐ECC binding sites may be involved in the occurrence and/or maintenance of alcohol dependent conditions.
Serotonin‐Ethanol Interactions and the Pharmacotherapy of Alcoholism
Authors: Kalant Harold
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Serotonin (5‐HT) reuptake inhibitors have been reported to reduce ethanol consumption in rats and humans. Because of the potential therapeutic value of this effect, it is useful to examine the possible mechanisms underlying it. 5‐HT neurons project to almost every part of the neuraxis and affect almost all its functions. Therefore 5‐HT agonists could theoretically decrease ethanol intake by: (1) their anorexiant effect on non‐protein calorie sources, (2) stimulation of perferential water intake, (3) reduction of ethanol preference by central angiotensin mechanisms, (4) attenuation of anxiolytic or other reinforcing effects of ethanol, (5) increased aversiveness of ethanol, (6) facilitation of tolerance to the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Conversely, it is possible that ethanol alters the turnover or receptor binding of 5‐HT in some way that results in aversive effects. Evidence for and against these possibilities is discussed. Serotonin does have aversive effects, as revealed by conditioned aversion to novel tastes paired with 5‐HTP, and the aversion is greater when 5‐HTP is paired with ethanol than with other tastes. However, it is not yet clear that 5‐HT is actually involved in the anti‐alcohol effects of various 5‐HT reuptake inhibitors. In humans, zimelidine increased the number of alcohol‐free days during a clinical trial but did not reduce the mean daily consumption. It appears to prolong the latency to initiate drinking, but not to decrease the rate when drinking starts. Major advances in pharmacotherapy of alcoholism will probably arise from a better understanding of the neurobiology of reinforcement by alcohol.
Random breath testing in NSW and its implications for drug driving legislation
Authors: Prescott John
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The effects of random breath testing in New South Wales are outlined and the reasons for its success canvassed. The notion of extending the procedure to counter drug driving is examined. Current police powers in the area are described, as are the penalties for drug driving. Difficulties in assessing the contribution of drugs other than alcohol to the road toll, in linking dosage to performance deficits and in differentiating approaches to therapeutic and to illicit drugs all point to the inappropriateness of the RBT model for other drugs.
Drinking patterns of Australian tertiary youth
Authors: Wilks Jeffrey
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In this review Australian research on the drinking patterns, beliefs and attitudes toward alcohol of young adults undertaking tertiary education is examined. Most studies reveal that a majority of students are light to moderate drinkers. Alcohol is readily available to these young adults, and is an important component in many of their social activities. Students generally do not perceive alcohol use to be a possible health problem for themselves. For the majority this is probably true. However, many studies identify groups drinking at “at risk” levels (> 40 grams per day for males and > 20 grams per day for females). To develop strategies for minimising alcohol‐related problems it is important that health authorities gain a better understanding of the social context in which young adults' drinking occurs. The main social influences identified by current research are presented in this review.
Changes in the community's concept of drug between 1984 and 1988
Authors: Casey Paul J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This study aimed to assess changes in the community's concept of Drug between 1984 and 1988. The primary aim was to examine changes in the dominant category‐member associations of the category Drug. A secondary aim was to compare 1984 and 1988 data on the typicality (goodness of membership) ratings for selected members of the category Drug. It was argued that the exemplar approach to the concept of a concept allowed concepts to be measured both by collecting the frequencies with which particular category members are given as responses to the target category, and by taking ratings on the typicality of individual category members. The associative frequency data for the category Drug were collected from 229 Riverina‐Murray Institute of Higher Education (RMIHE) students and 400 members of a cross‐section (CS) of the community in 1984, and then again in 1988 from 175 RMIHE students and 400 CS subjects. The typicality data were collected from 42 and 50 RMIHE subjects in 1984 and 1988 respectively. Heroin was the dominant category‐member associate in both the 1984 and 1988 subject samples. There were significant increases in the response rates from 1984 to 1988 in Alcohol, Nicotine, and their equivalents. It was noteworthy that the older females in the 1988 CS sample showed significant increases in response rates for the drugs Alcohol and Nicotine, but that the younger female response rates for these drugs were unchanged from 1984 to 1988. The typicality data, however, did not reveal any changes in the rank ordering of drugs according to level of typicality. Both in 1984 and 1988, heroin was rated the prototypical drug, while Alcohol and Nicotine, in contrast, were rated as only moderate level drugs. It was inferred that the community may have altered its concept of what constitutes a drug, and be more aware of Alcohol and Nicotine as drugs, but may not have reassessed the degree to which it regards Alcohol and Nicotine as drugs. It was proposed that the two dependent variables employed, associative frequency and typicality, may serve as subtle, useful measures in future studies of changes in community concepts.
Upgrading Co0.92 – Fe0.08 crystal Polarising Monochromators
Authors: Blinowski Konrad , Bednarski Stanislaw , Wieczorkowski Mariusz
Published: July 2007

Neutron polarising monochromators made of Co – Fe single crystals were cold hammered to increase their mosaic spread, and in consequence, the reflected neutron intensity. Experimental results for single plates of various thicknesses and a set of several plates soldered together are provided as examples.
Pressure and Time-Resolved SANS Experiments on Polymer Blends
Authors: Schwahn D. , Springer T.
Published: July 2007

This report deals with SANS experiments for the investigation of polymer blends, referring to our high pressure, and to time-resolved work. The experiments were started in the ELLA (cold neutron) laboratory installed in the KFA Jülich research reactor FRJ-2. Since the FRJ-2 reactor operation was interrupted by technical problems from autumn 1990 until now, the work has continued on other neutron sources, essentially at the SANS instruments at the Risø Research Center and at GKSS Geesthacht. Consequently, part of the presented data (see Figures 3 and 6) was obtained at these instruments (which are quite similar to ours) and not at the FRJ-2. In spite of this problem, we take the opportunity to present a general and brief description of our FRJ-2 cold neutron instrumentation, mainly in small angle scattering, in a separate chapter of the article.
Designs and Experiments for Studies of Fast Neutron Fields at the RB Reactor
Authors: Pešić Milan P.
Published: July 2007

The RB reactor is a heavy water critical assembly that has been in operation since 1958 using, at different times, natural metal uranium, 2% enriched metal uranium, and 80% enriched uranium dioxide fuel of Soviet origin. A feasibility study of the RB reactor as a fast neutron source began in 1976, and four versions of fast neutron fields around or in the reactor were designed through 1990: an external neutron converter (ENC) in 1976; an experimental fuel channel (EFC) in 1982, an internal neutron converter (INC) in 1983, and a coupled fast-thermal core (HERBE) in 1990. This paper presents an overview of the characteristics and experimental applications of each particular fast neutron field mentioned above, including available irradiation space, neutron spectra, and equivalent neutron and gamma dose rates. Control and safety-related implications of these modifications are emphasized. The computer codes and nuclear data libraries used in calculations are described briefly.
Solid Methane Cold Moderator for the IBR-2 Reactor
Authors: Beljakov A.A. , Melikhov V.V. , Pepoylyshev YU.N. , Shabalin E.P.
Published: July 2007

This paper covers test runs made with the cold moderator prototype at the IBR-2 reactor running at 2 MW. The cold neutron intensity gain is shown to be 14–25 as predicted. Periodic annealing of the cold moderator, carried out to relieve radiolytically derived hydrogen, created a significant improvement in cold neutron intensity. Unfortunately, some cracks appeared in the methane chamber toward the end of the tests, but close analysis indicated that this problem could be addressed by the design modifications described at the end of this paper.
Analysis and Visualisation of Neutron-Scattering Data
Authors: Richard D. , Ferrand M. , Kearley G.J.
Published: July 2007

Rapid data inspection and analysis for large arrays is achieved by the program LAMP which was locally written using the IDL® language. Ease of use is ensured by graphical user interfaces, and flexibility is offered by data structure which is optimised for neutron-scattering data and user-macros.
Gas Detectors for Neutrons
Authors: Crawford R.K.
Published: July 2007

The principles involved in gas detectors for neutrons and the techniques for position encoding in such detectors are reviewed. This forms the basis for a discussion of the limitations on gas detector position resolution and maximum data rates, and of the aging effects in such detectors. Current capabilities and possible areas for improvement are noted.
Crystals, Counters and Computers — New Tools for Powder Diffraction
Authors: Hewat A.W.
Published: July 2007

Crystals, counters and computers are the most important new tools for powder diffraction. New crystal monochromators allow a wide band of wavelengths to be focussed to give higher intensity. New position sensitive detectors cover a larger angular range, increasing efficiency and the definition of the powder profile. Finally, new computers refine and display the data in real time, converting measurements into real experiments. These new technical developments will allow neutron powder diffraction on reactors to remain unique tools in chemical crystallography, despite advances made with pulsed sources and synchrotrons. In this paper we describe a new monochromator and filter for D2B, new detectors for DlA and D20 and new computers and software for all diffractometers.
Ultra Cold Neutrons at a Spallation Source
Authors: Bowles Thomas J.
Published: July 2007

Ultra Cold Neutrons (UCN) can be produced at spallation sources using a variety of techniques. To date the technique used has been to Bragg scatter and Doppler shift cold neutrons into UCN from a moving crystal. This is particularly applicable to short-pulse spallation sources and is the method planned for a UCN source that is under construction at LANSCE. However, large gains should be possible using cryogenic UCN sources. Spallation sources are particularly well suited for such sources given the lower heat loads and simpler engineering requirements than are possible at a reactor. The most attractive cryogenic source appears to be a frozen deuterium source and research is under way at Gatchina to demonstrate technical feasibility. If successful, a source of this type could be implemented at future spallation sources with a UCN density that may be two orders of magnitude higher than that presently available at reactors.
Polarized Neutrons in Biology
Authors: Stuhrmann Heinrich B.
Published: July 2007

Polarized neutron scattering is a probe of nuclear spin densities. It finds an important application in nuclear spin contrast variation. As an example the results from studies on ribosome bound tRNAs are presented. Selective nuclear spin polarization can be controlled by the rf bandwidth. The creation of spin label dependent polarization domains is at hand.
Classical Polarization Analysis
Authors: Schärpf O. , Anderson I.S.
Published: July 2007

To show the rich scale of possibilities of the classical polarization analysis we first give a short overview of measuring techniques. Then we compare some known instruments and give some details for the use of classical polarization analysis in a multidetector instrument. Some examples of measurements already performed are discussed such as partial structure factors with separation of elastic coherent and incoherent scattering, diffraction patterns with elastic antiferromagnetic peaks and finally some examples of quasielastic and inelastic measurements with polarization analysis for separation of coherent, incoherent and magnetic scattering.
Spin-Echo Three-Axis Spectrometer: A Reality
Authors: Zeyen Claude M.E. , Kakurai Kazuhisa
Published: July 2007

Because of the stringent requirements on the magnetic precession fields this technique has taken a long implementation time. The solution of the homogeneity and of the stray-field problem is the Optimal Field Shape (OFS) which allows the use of wide and divergent neutron beams. On the ISSP thermal three-axis spectrometer equipped with OFS coils relative energy resolutions of l0−5 have now been obtained. At the ILL the implementation of super conducting OFS coils is expected to yield 10−6. The quality of the spin-echo polarisation and the spin echo phase are independent of the scattering angle. A further possibility of TASSE (Three Axis Spectrometer with Spin Echo) which has been developed and is to be tested, is complete phonon focusing, that is matching of both slope and curvature of the constant spin echo phase surface to those of the dispersion surface of the excitation, the lifetime of which is to be determined.
A Double Crystal Analyser System for the PRISMA Spectrometer
Authors: Petrillo C. , Sacchetti F. , Steigenberger U. , Hagen M.
Published: July 2007

The results of test measurements carried out at the ISIS spallation source on a prototype double-crystal analyser system are reported. Based upon the results of these test measurements, a multi-double-crystal analyser system has been designed for use on the PRISMA spectrometer and is under construction at the Istituto di Struttura della Materia del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Frascati, Italy. This new analyser system will allow experiments to be carried out on PRISMA with low analysing energies (Ef,min = 2.25meV).
Some General Reflexions on “Long Pulse” Neutron Sources
Authors: Bauer G.S.
Published: July 2007

A long pulse spallation neutron source (LPSS) having about 20 times more time average thermal flux than its short pulse counterpart (SPSS) at the same proton beam power and featuring a pronounced time structure not available on cw sources (CWNS) of equal time average flux can in principle host instruments typical for both classes of facilities. While the need for additional choppers introduces some restrictions on inverted time of flight techniques typical for SPSS and while high incident neutron energies are no easier to use on a long pulse than on a continuous neutron source, taking advantage of the pulsed nature of the neutron flux can significantly enhance the performance of direct time of flight instruments and of crystal spectrometers or difiactometers. In this paper some of these options are reviewed in a general manner, and criteria that can be used to optimize the performance enhancement are discussed.
Visualisation of TOF-Laue Diffractometer Data in Reciprocal Lattice Space
Authors: Könnecke Mark , Keen D.A. , Johnson M.W.
Published: July 2007

SXD is a time-of-flight Laue diffractometer situated at ISIS. A suite of programs has been developed to convert SXD-data from raw data measured by the SXD two dimensional position sensitive detector into reciprocal lattice space and to visualise the results in three dimensions. As a core component of this system an algorithm for rebinning large amounts of data effectively in three-dimensional space was developed. In order to make the algorithm more usable for other applications in neutron scattering this algorithm was extended to n-dimensions.
Status of the NIST Spin Filter Project
Authors: Thompson A.K. , Gentile T.R.
Published: July 2007

Polarized 3He has long been recognized as a promising candidate for producing beams of polarized neutrons by selective absorption of one neutron spin state from an initially unpolarized beam. This technique has advantages over the traditional supermirror technique in that the neutron beams produced have less divergence added by the polarization technique (an advantage for SANS applications), lower backgrounds from gamma production (mainly important for fundamental physics research), and most importantly 3He can polarize thermal and epi-thermal neutrons as well as cold neutrons. We are pursuing parallel efforts at NIST to produce a practical spin filter either by polarizing 3He using spin-exchange with optically pumped alkali vapors or by direct optical pumping of metastable 3He followed by compression with a mechanical pump. The status and prospects of both of these projects are reported in this paper.
The Novel NSE Spectrometer at BER II
Authors: Pappas C. , Mezei F.
Published: July 2007

The new spectrometer SPAN at BERII (BENSC) combines neutron-spin-echo (NSE) and time-offlight (TOF) operation and thus it will cover a uniquely large dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude in energy transfer in a single experiment. In the TOF configuration, which becomes operational within the next months, the neutrons go through 4 Choppers giving a resolution better than 0.1 meV at 7 Å. The novel design of the NSE precession magnetic field with an axial symmetry will allows us to make simultaneous NSE measurements over a wide angular range with an expected best resolution of 0.1 μeV.
Supermirror Beam Bender and Concentrator for Slow Neutrons
Authors: Schmidt U. , Dubbers D. , Raum K. , Joeres O. , Schärpf O.
Published: July 2007

We have equipped the thermal neutron beam station F2 of the Garching research reactor FRM with a supermirror coated neutron beam bender. The bender is followed by a 4.2 m long supermirror coated neutron guide. This provides a high intensity, low background thermal neutron beam at about 9 m distance from the reactor core. First results on a neutron beam concentrator, constructed on the basis of stacked supermirror plates of varying lengths, are also reported.
The Raison d’Être of Long Pulse Spallation Sources
Authors: Mezei F.
Published: July 2007

Current accelerator technology allows us today to envisage neutron sources with well above an order of magnitude increased neutron flux for neutron scattering experiments compared to the most intense existing neutron sources, i.e. the high flux reactor at ILL and the spallation sources ISIS, two facilities of complementary use in neutron scattering, with a substantial overlap though. The optimal design of a future, enhanced power source has to tackle the complex relations within the global system accelerator – target-station – neutron scattering instruments. An analysis of the fundamental aspects of these three very different ingredients shows that, depending on the neutron energy, two different technical solutions offer the best performance at lowest costs: (a) conventional spallation sources with short proton pulses in the µs range (SPSS) for hot and epithermal neutrons and (b) long pulse sources with proton beam pulses in the ms range (LPSS) for thermal and cold neutrons. This actually means that LPSS provides the technically most favorable solution for the overwhelming majority of thermal and cold neutron scattering experiments currently best performed on either continuous reactor (CW) sources or on existing SPSS. The two key ingredients for optimal instrument design on LPSS are disc chopper systems and long neutron guides. A new approach (called “ballistic”) allows us to build very long guides with low beam losses. Pairs of disc choppers provide both satisfactory resolution and great flexibility of adjustment. The discussion is completed by considering three examples of comparative instrument performance evaluations based on results of detailed Monte Carlo simulations: small angle scattering, powder diffraction and inelastic time-of-flight spectroscopy using repetition rate multiplication.
Experimental Source Performances: Consequences for Proton Pulse Durations and Rep Rates
Authors: Conrad Harald
Published: July 2007

Experimental results on neutron currents and storage times of both ambient temperature H2O and liquid H2 cryogenic moderators in various target and reflector environments are presented. These results are compared with measured neutron currents from both a representative thermal beam and the new horizontal cold D2 source at the ILL with respect to expected performances of pulsed sources. The results of the spallation experiments are compared with Monte Carlo calculations from Los Alamos. Based on the measured moderator storage times τ the consequences of different proton pulse characteristics on the performance of neutron scattering instruments are discussed in general for both ambient temperature and cryogenic moderators. The possible gain of pulsed operation for time-of-flight and continuous source applications is outlined. In particular, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), a classical technique at a continuous source is taken as an example to show the pros and cons of different source concepts like short pulse spallation sources (SPSS) and long pulse spallation sources (LPSS).
Very High Resolution Diffractometry at Pulsed Neutron Sources
Authors: Sosnowska Izabela M.
Published: July 2007

Very high resolution neutron diffraction of polycrystalline materials and the role of the TOF diffraction method as a unique tool for investigations of physical properties of materials, such as magnetism and proton conductivity, especially in slightly distorted perovskites, are discussed.
Flux Measurements at the New Swiss Spallation Neutron Source SINQ
Authors: Wagner W. , Bauer G.S. , Duppich J. , Janssen S. , Lehmann E. , Lüthy M. , Spitzer H.
Published: July 2007

During the initial beam tests of SINQ in December 1996 and March/April 1997, extensive flux measurements were made at the neutron guide system and at thermal beam ports, applying gold-foil activation, Gd-conversion and imaging plate radiography, time-of-flight spectroscopy, and flux measurements at the SANS-specimen position. The tests have proven that SINQ – the first continuous spallation neutron source with a 1 MW power potential – fulfills the expectations regarding machine performance, moderation efficiency, shielding quality and, last not least, neutron flux levels. The latter compare favorably with those of currently operating medium-flux reactors. In particular, the neutron guide system of SINQ has taken full advantage of supermirror coating with considerable gains in spectral range and integral flux at the instrument positions. The flux measurements were complemented by quantitative determination of beam contaminations by γ-radiation and epithermal and high-energy neutrons, yielding satisfactorily low values.
Methane as a Normalisation Standard for Gases in Thermal Neutron Experiments
Authors: Benmore Chris , Mos Barry , Egelstaff Peter , Verkerk Peter
Published: July 2007

The accurate calibration of neutron scattering experiments is a topic of continuing interest to experimentalists. In this letter we demonstrate how theoretical models for low density methane gas may be used for the normalisation of neutron scattering data from liquids and compressed gases.
A Monte-Carlo Code for Neutron Efficiency Calculations for Large volume Gd-Loaded Liquid Scintillation Detectors
Authors: Trzciński A. , Zwiegliński B. , Lynen U. , Pochodzalla J.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports on a Monte-Carlo program, MSX, developed to evaluate the performance of large-volume, Gd-loaded liquid scintillation detectors used in neutron multiplicity measurements. The results of simulations are presented for the detector intended to count neutrons emitted by the excited target residue in coincidence with the charged products of the projectile fragmentation following relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The latter products could be detected with the ALADIN magnetic spectrometer at GSI, Darmstadt.
Off-Specular Scattering in Neutron Reflectometry
Authors: Pynn Roger , Baker Shenda M. , Smith Greg , Fitzsimmons Mike
Published: July 2007

When neutrons are scattered at small angles from planar, laterally homogeneous, stratified media, only specular (mirror like) reflection is observed. Sample inhomogeneities, such as interfacial roughness or voids, give rise to off-specular scattering which has been observed in many experiments with neutrons and X-rays. The easiest way to describe this scattering theoretically is based on the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA), which uses the neutron wavefunctions that describe reflection from a smooth surface as the basis functions for perturbation theory. From the DWBA one may obtain a number of qualitative results which are supported by experiment. Examples include the Yoneda fringes observed in reflection experiments with microscopically rough surfaces and the constant-qz fringes observed for multilayers with correlated, rough interfaces. One must, however, use the DWBA with care. When the correlation range within the reflecting interfaces is large – for example, when a surface is composed of misoriented facets – the approximation breaks down. Some authors have also reported a lack of quantitative agreement between versions of the DWBA calculations and the scattering observed with microscopically rough surfaces. A remarkable feature of neutron (or X-ray) reflectometry is the length scales that are probed within reflecting surfaces. These range from a few hundred Ångstrøms up to several microns allowing neutron scattering to probe objects of a size normally visible by optical microscopy! The intent of this paper is to provide a simple description of scattering from rough surfaces that is accessible to a wide audience. Mathematical completeness is sacrificed in favour of intuitive arguments and experimental examples.
Small Angle Neutron Scattering on Polymers
Authors: Russell Thomas P.
Published: July 2007

Many polymer molecules can be isotopically labelled by substituting deuterium for hydrogen on the polymer chain. The labelling method minimally perturbs the thermodynamics of polymeric systems while providing superb contrast for neutron experiments. In this article, some of the uses of small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectivity for the investigation of polymers in the bulk and near interfaces will be discussed. There is no question that neutron techniques, augmented with results from other techniques, have provided key pieces of information to define conformation and configuration of polymer chains uniquely and quantitatively.
Improved Reflectivity Fitting using SERF (Spreadsheet Environment Reflectivity Fitting)
Authors: Welp K.A. , Co C.C. , Wool R.P.
Published: July 2007

Specular reflectivity is a powerful technique for determining composition depth profiles. In general, extraction of profiles from reflectivity data requires model fitting, the inverse scattering problem. Fitting software exists to calculate reflectivity from profiles, but typically the profiles used are constructed from independent layers. Profiles based on mathematical functions are often more useful, but require interdependent layers, typically not allowed, or requiring source code modification. A new reflectivity fitting package, SERF (Spreadsheet Environment Reflectivity Fitting), is demonstrated, which uses a spreadsheet as the host environment for calculation and data plotting. SERF simplifies the insertion of function-dependent profiles using interdependent layers. SERF uses additional spreadsheet features to improve reflectivity fitting, including reduced command structure via automatic recalculation and easier evaluation of fit quality via simultaneous display of graphical and numerical information. Examples of SERF and Internet download information are presented. Function-dependent profiles and reduced fitting time with SERF extends the reflectivity technique.
Microvascular Rheology and Hemodynamics
Authors: LIPOWSKY HERBERT H.
Published: July 2007

The goal of elucidating the biophysical and physiological basis of pressure–flow relations in the microcirculation has been a recurring theme since the first observations of capillary blood flow in living tissues. At the birth of the Microcirculatory Society, seminal observations on the heterogeneous distribution of blood cells in the microvasculature and the rheological properties of blood in small bore tubes raised many questions on the viscous properties of blood flow in the microcirculation that captured the attention of the Society's membership. It is now recognized that blood viscosity in small bore tubes may fall dramatically as shear rates are increased, and increase dramatically with elevations in hematocrit. These relationships are strongly affected by blood cell deformability and concentration, red cell aggregation, and white cell interactions with the red cells and endothelium. Increasing strength of red cell aggregation may result in sequestration of clumps of red cells with either reductions or increases in microvascular hematocrit dependent upon network topography. During red cell aggregation, resistance to flow may thus decrease with hematocrit reduction or increase due to redistribution of red cells. Blood cell adhesion to the microvessel wall may initiate flow reductions, as, for example, in the case of red cell adhesion to the endothelium in sickle cell disease, or leukocyte adhesion in inflammation. The endothelial glycocalyx has been shown to result from a balance of the biosynthesis of new glycans, and the enzymatic or shear‐dependent alterations in its composition. Flow‐dependent reductions in the endothelial surface layer may thus affect the resistance to flow and/or the adhesion of red cells and/or leukocytes to the endothelium. Thus, future studies aimed at the molecular rheology of the endothelial surface layer may provide new insights into determinants of the resistance to flow.
Differential Coronary Microvascular Exchange Responses to Adenosine: Roles of Receptor and Microvessel Subtypes
Authors: WANG JIANJIE , WHITT STEVAN P. , RUBIN LEONA J. , HUXLEY VIRGINIA H.
Published: July 2007

Objective:To assess the role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of coronary microvascular permeability to porcine serum albumin (PsPSA).

Methods:Solute flux was measured in single perfused arterioles and venules isolated from pig hearts using fluorescent dye‐labeled probes by microspectro‐fluorometry. Messenger RNA, protein, and cellular distribution of adenosine receptors in arterioles and venules were analyzed by RT‐PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence.

Results:Control venulePsPSA(10.7 ± 4.8× 10−7cm · s−1) was greater than that of arterioles (6.4± 2.8× 10−7cm · s−1;p< .05). ArteriolarPsPSAdecreased (p< .05) with adenosine suffusion over the range from 10−8to 10−5M, while venularPsPSAdid not change. The nonselective A1and A2receptor antagonist, 8‐(p‐sulfophenyl) theophylline, blocked the adenosine‐induced decrease in arteriolarPsPSA. Messenger RNA for adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3receptors was expressed in arterioles and venules. Protein for A1, A2A, and A2B, but not A3, was detected in both microvessel types and was further demonstrated on vascular endothelial cells.

Conclusion:ArteriolarPsPSAdecreases with adenosine suffusion but not venularPsPSA. Adenosine A1, A2A, and A2Breceptors are expressed in both arterioles and venules. Selective receptor‐linked cellular signaling mechanisms underlying the regulation of permeability remain to be determined.
An Improved, Computer‐based Method to Automatically Track Internal and External Diameter of Isolated Microvessels
Authors: DAVIS MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2007

Objective: To develop an automated diameter tracking method suitable for studies of isolated, perfused microvessels (< 100 μ m internal diameter (ID)). Methods: A diameter tracking method was implemented in conjunction with a standard PC workstation and video card. Within a user‐defined window, the algorithm combined thresholding and iterative regression procedures to detect the average outer diameter (OD) of a vertically oriented microvessel. After an initial ID measurement by the user, the program continuously calculated ID based on the assumption of an incompressible vessel wall.

Results: The program, Vessel Track, was tested against a manual video caliper and two analog video dimension analyzers. Vessel Track was capable of accurately following arteriolar dimensions during extreme vasodilation and vasoconstriction. It provided more accurate, lower‐noise recordings than either of the video dimension analyzers, particularly after strong vasoconstriction during which lumenal folds developed. Vessel Track also was capable of accurately measuring large‐amplitude vasomotion in isolated lymphatic vessels at a tracking frequency of ∼ 30 times/s.

Conclusions: Vessel Track should be useful for automated diameter tracking of isolated arterioles, venules, and lymphatics. With suitable preparations, it provides fast, stable measurements of ID in microvessels even with irregular lumen geometry.
Maintenance of Heterogeneity of Capillary Spacing is Essential for Adequate Oxygenation in the Soleus Muscle of the Growing Rat
Authors: DEGENS HANS , DEVECI DURMUS , BOTTO‐VAN BEMDEN ANGIE , HOOFD LOUIS J. C. , EGGINTON STUART
Published: July 2007

Objectives: Normal muscle growth is accompanied by capillary proliferation, which usually lags behind the increase in muscle size, causing a decline in mean capillary density (CD). It is not known, however, how the capillary distribution is affected and what impact it has on the oxygenation of the muscle.

Methods: The capillarization of soleus muscles of rats (64–425 g) was determined with the method of capillary domains. As well as quantifying CD, capillary to fiber ratio (C:F), and fiber size, this method provides a measure of the heterogeneity of capillary spacing. Capillary locations were used to mathematically model oxygenation levels within the muscle.

Results: The increase in muscle mass was largely attributable to 5‐fold increase in fiber size, accompanied by a more than 3‐fold rise in C:F. The mismatch between rates of angiogenesis and muscle growth resulted in a decrease in CD. However, the heterogeneity of capillary spacing was unaffected (heterogeneity index logRSD: 0.091 ± 0.013; mean ± SD) as was muscle PO2, with modal values between 4 and 60 mmHg (0.5 and 8 kPa).

Conclusions: Angiogenesis during normal muscle growth does not maintain CD, but with similar heterogeneity of capillary spacing it preserves the potential for adequate intramuscular oxygenation.
Education and Social Integration: a comparative study of the comprehensive school system in Scandinavia
Authors: Wiborg Susanne
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this article is to outline a framework of explanation of the unique tradition of comprehensive schooling in Scandinavia. All the countries developed an all-through system of education from grade one to nine/ten with mixed ability classes for nearly all. This all-through
system of education is a product of a long historical development. It will be argued that four factors shaped this development: strong state involvement, a relative egalitarian class structure, powerful Liberal Party and a strong Social Democracy.
Okadaic acid increases fibronectin synthesis in MC353‐E1 cells
Authors: Choi Je‐Yong , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo , Lee Byung‐Heon , Kim In‐San , Park Rang‐Woon , Sohn Kun‐Young
Published: July 2007

Okadaic acid, a potent specific inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases type 1 and 2A, affects several gene expressions in various cells. To determine whether okadaic acid affects the expression of fibronectin in MC3T3‐E1 cells, we measured mRNA level and synthesis of fibronectin by Northern blot hybridization and immunoprecipitation methods, respectively. Okadaic acid (10‐50 ng/ml) increased both mRNA level and synthesis of fibronectin in a dose‐dependent manner. The increase of fibronectin mRNA by okadaic acid was strongly attenuated by the inhibition of new protein synthesis. The results indicate that okadaic acid, inhibitor of protein phosphatases, increases fibronectin synthesis in MC3T3‐E1 cells.
Purification and crystal growth of F1‐ATPase from pig heart mitochondria
Authors: Li Sheng‐Guang , Gui Lu‐Lu , Lin Zhi‐huan , Wan Zhu‐Li , Chang Wen‐Rui , Liang Dong‐Cai
Published: July 2007

A method has been evolved toward the aim of getting suitable crystals for high resolution of structural analysis of F1‐ATPase by X‐ray crystallography. The different conditions for crystal growth of ATPase that were isolated and purified by different methods from pig heart mitochondrial ATP synthase had been compared and screened. A simple method for purification of F1‐ATPase was adopted. The F1‐ATPase is released with chloroform from submitochondrial particles. Then it was treated with fractional precipitation of (NH4)2SO4 and finally was further purified by employing the sephadex G 200 column. The crystals of F1‐ATPase were usually obtained after a few months. They appeared to have uniform morphology of tetrahedron. They diffracted to a resolution of 7Å. The diffraction data were collected on the XRD‐100 Siemens Area Detector. According to a total of 240 frames, the cell parameters obtained are a=b=147Å, c=208Å, α=β=γ=90°, the probable space group is P4 or its antipode. The reproducibility of this method for crystallization of F1‐ATPase is good.
Purification and partial characterization of two thioredoxins from Streptomyces aureofaciens
Authors: Horecká Tatiana , Perecko Dusan , Kutejová Eva , Muchová Katarína , Kollárová Marta
Published: July 2007

Thioredoxins are low molecular weight proteins, which participate in a wide spectrum of biochemical reactions. Two thioredoxins from Streptomyces aureofaciens 3239 have been purified to homogeneity by a sequence of chromatography steps including chromatography on Sephacryl S‐300, Phenyl Sepharose CL 4B and MonoQ HR 5/5. Thioredoxin activity clearly separates into two protein fractions on MonoQ HR 5/5 chromatography. Molecular weights determined by chromatography on Superose 12 HR 10/30 and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed Mr ∼ 10,500 for thioredoxin 1 (TR1) and Mr ∼ 11,000 for thioredoxin 2 (TR2). The isoelectric points of the two thioredoxins are different pI = 4.7 for TR1 and 5.6 for TR2, respectively. Both were effectively reduced with NADPH in reaction catalyzed by Streptomyces aureofaciens thioredoxin reductase. The specific activity of viewly for discovered TR2 is about 1/4 of the specific activity of TR1. Both thioredoxins activate spinach NADPH‐malate dehydrogenase. Activation of this enzyme by TR2 is only half effective than by TR1. The stability of TR1 is high and similar to thioredoxins from other organisms unlike the activity of TR2 which is decreassed during purification. The proteins diversed in their contents in exponentialy growing mycelium.
Attenuation by nicotinamide of the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia in fasting rats
Authors: Wong Kai K.
Published: July 2007

The effect of nicotinamide on the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia in 48‐hour fasted rats was investigated. It was shown that 240 or 400 mg/kg nicotinamide significantly attenuated the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia. Nicotinamide should be administered no later than 1 hour after the streptozocin administration. Lower level doses of nicotinamide such as 80 mg/kg were unable to attenuate the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia. The possibility of nicotinamide offsetting the streptozocin effect was discussed.
Intravenous injections of the ribosome inactivating protein trichosanthin did not affect methionine enkephalin and β‐endorphin levels in the mouse brain and pituitary
Authors: Ng T. B. , Kwong W. H. , Yeung H. W.
Published: July 2007

The effect of trichosanthin on levels of the neuropeptides β‐endorphin (β‐EP) and methionine enkephalin (met‐EK) in the mouse brain and pituitary was investigated. Mature male ICR mice were divided into two groups. One group received intravenous injections of physiological saline and served as the control. Another group received daily intravenous injections of trichosanthin (0.2mg/25g/injection) for three consecutive days. The animals were sacrificed four hours after the last injection. Their brains were dissected into three regions: A (thalamus and hypothalamus), B (cerebral cortex) and C (cerebellum and brainstem) and their pituitaries were collected. The samples were then extracted and assayed for β‐EP and met‐EK by specific radioimmunoassays. It was found that there were no statistically significant changes in the levels of the two neuropeptides in the pituitary and the brain regions except for the level of β‐EP in brain region A.
Molecular cloning of a gene from “chromosome 3 specific” genomic library that encodes a novel CC‐chemokine receptor like isotype
Authors: Gupta Shalley K. , Naso Michael , Stadel Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2007

CC‐chemokine receptors form a closely linked locus in the p21‐23 region on the short arm of human chromosome 3. We report the isolation of a novel chemokine receptor like gene from a “human chromosome 3 specific” genomic library, screened by cross‐hybridization with cDNA probes derived from known chemokine receptors. The gene, CKR‐SKG2 contains an open reading frame that encodes a 359‐377 amino acid protein, with two potential in frame start codons. However, comparative Southern blot analysis of human, mouse and hamster genomic DNA, revealed that CKR‐SKG2 is the hamster ortholog of a novel chemokine receptor. This presumably occurred because chromosome 3 used for construction of the genomic library were purified from a human‐hamster somatic cell hybrid. Further studies are underway to identify and clone the putative human homolog of this novel chemokine receptor.