bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manipulation cases in free will and moral responsibility, part 2: Manipulator‐focused responses
Authors: De Marco Gabriel , Cyr Taylor W.
Published: November 2024

In this paper—Part 2 of 3—we discuss one of the two main types of soft‐line responses to manipulation cases, which we refer to as manipulator‐focused views. Manipulator‐focused views hold, roughly, that the reason that Victim lacks responsibility (or lacks full responsibility) is because of the way the action is related to the Manipulator. First, we introduce these views generally, and then we survey some detailed versions of such views. We then introduce cases of natural forces, often taken to be a problem for such approaches in general, followed by a discussion of various sorts of cases—accidental results, lucky manipulators, and parallel cases—that present challenges for some of the detailed versions of such views. We conclude with some thoughts about the prospects for manipulator‐focused views going forward.
Early childhood body mass index growth and school readiness: A longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Li Xuedi , Kahane Alyssa , Keown‐Stoneman Charles D. G. , Omand Jessica A. , Borkhoff Cornelia M. , Lebovic Gerald , Maguire Jonathon L. , Mamdani Muhammad , Parkin Patricia C. , Simpson Janis Randall , Tremblay Mark S. , Vanderloo Leigh M. , Duku Eric , Reid‐Westoby Caroline , Janus Magdalena , Birken Catherine S. ,   the TARGet Kids! Collaboration
Published: November 2024

Background

Child growth influences future health and learning. School readiness refers to a child's ability to meet developmental expectations at school entry. The association of early growth rate and patterns with school readiness remains unknown.

Objective

To determine the association of child body mass index (BMI) growth with school readiness in a cohort of young children.

Methods

A prospective cohort study (2015–2022) was conducted in children 0–6 years enrolled in the TARGet Kids! research network in Toronto, Canada. Two analytical approaches were used to measure growth using child weight and height/length data between 0 and 4 years: (i) age‐ and sex‐standardised BMI (zBMI) growth rate per year using a piecewise linear model; and (ii) distinct zBMI trajectories using latent class mixed models. School readiness (4–6 years) was measured using teacher‐completed Early Development Instrument (EDI). Robust Poisson models and marginal linear models using generalised estimating equations were used adjusting for confounders identified a priori.

Results

In this study of 1077 children (mean age at EDI completion: 4.8 years; 52.6% male) with 6415 zBMI measurements, mean growth rate was 0.65 zBMI units/year (0–2 years) and −0.11 zBMI units/year (2–4 years). Two distinct zBMI trajectories were identified: the stable trajectory and the catch‐up trajectory. There was insufficient evidence that zBMI growth rates (risk ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.78, 1.55 for 0–2 years; risk ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.32, 1.57 for 2–4 years) or trajectories (risk ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.82, 1.35, catch‐up trajectory vs. stable trajectory) were associated with school readiness.

Conclusions

No association was found between BMI growth and school readiness. School readiness may be more impacted by factors directly related to obesity or adiposity at the time of EDI measurement rather than growth.
Multifaceted growth promotion and biocontrol of Agroathelia rolfsii and induction of defense mechanism by Bacillus amyloliquefaciensSS‐CR10 on chilli
Authors: Santhosh Chandagalu Ramesh , Mahadevakumar Shivannegowda , Nuthan Bettadapura Rameshgowda , Bharatha Madeva , Parashiva Javaraiah , Mahesh Madappa , Chandranayaka Siddaiah , Satish Sreedharamurthy
Published: November 2024

Plant‐growth‐promoting (PGP) endophytic bacteria are beneficial microorganisms that can help plants withstand biotic stress caused by fungal phytopathogens. In the present study, 78 endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). A potent isolate with several PGP attributes and better inhibition against Agroathelia rolfsii was selected and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using 16S rDNA homologies. Phosphate solubilization (65.9 μg ml−1), nitrogen fixation, production of IAA (9.77 to 24.45 μg ml−1), ammonia, ACC deaminase, siderophore, and hydrolytic enzymes were among the PGP traits shown by the strain SS_CR10. Furthermore, the strain demonstrated the ability to colonize roots. It significantly improved the plant's developmental traits, such as fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, and root and shoot length. LC–MS analysis and PCR amplification of lipopeptide genes also showed that surfactin, iturin, and bacilysin lipopeptides were present. Following treatments with lipopeptide extract and bacterial suspension, A. rolfsii mycelia showed severe deformation and cell death, as seen by live dead staining by fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the upregulation of defense‐related genes CaPR1, CaPR2, and CaPR4 after bacterial treatment confirmed the induction of systemic resistance. In conclusion, this study shows how strain SS_CR10 might be useful for promoting plant growth in chilli and controlling A. rolfsii in an eco‐friendly way, which would protect the health of the soil.
The key contribution of OsGHD7 in controlling flowering time, grain yield, and abiotic stress tolerance in photoperiod‐insensitive rice
Authors: Mishra Manjari , Rathore Ray Singh , Bagri Jayram , Bahuguna Rajeev Nayan , Pareek Ashwani , Singla‐Pareek Sneh Lata
Published: November 2024

Developing rice types with shorter life cycle without compromising yield is vital for sustainable agriculture, as it can significantly reduce water and fertilizer consumption while enabling early harvest. Despite recent advancements in identifying the genes associated with heading date, the intricate regulatory network governing this process remains largely unexplored. In rice, one such gene, GHD7 (QTL for grain‐heading‐date on chromosome 7), encodes a CCT (CONSTANS, CONSTANS‐LIKE and TIMING OF CAB1) domain protein and plays a pivotal role in regulating flowering time and associated developmental processes. To gain insight into the role of OsGHD7 in improving yield, we have overexpressed OsGHD7 in the widely cultivated and photoperiod‐insensitive rice variety IR64. This led to notable phenotypic changes in rice, including tiller number and grain number (66% increase), along with the promotion of early flowering (8–9 days preponement). Interestingly, these plants also exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought and salinity stress and showed better post‐stress recovery. This study emphasizes the potential of manipulating the multifaceted genetic determinants of key traits to optimize rice productivity under changing climate conditions.
The “benign prerogative”: Political theory and executive pardoning
Authors: Thelen Isabelle
Published: November 2024

This article examines pardon to develop a more holistic understanding of prerogative. Executive prerogative, the power to do what is necessary for the public good without the explicit sanction of the law and sometimes against it, is widely seen as an extraordinary power most relevant in times of crisis. Pardon, however, has been historically understood as an important example of prerogative. Even in times of political stability, pardon and therefore prerogative are nearly always needed to maintain rule of law because pardon preserves the reputation of the law. American political practice and political theory both indicate that pardon is less dangerous to rule of law than other forms of prerogative. My analysis of the pardon prerogative reveals that exercises of prerogative threaten to entirely displace rule of law only insofar as they can achieve something without rule of law that rule of law normally achieves.
Exercise Training Counteracts Compromised Mitochondrial Capacity Induced by Energy Restriction in Prediabetics in a Sex‐Dependent Manner
Authors: Mohr Magni , Aragón Vela Jerónimo , Skoradal May‐Britt , Thomassen Martin , Skriver Søren Andersen , Hansen Mette , Fatouros Ioannis G. , Krustrup Peter , Nordsborg Nikolai B.
Published: November 2024

The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to examine if exercise training can counteract energy restriction‐induced impairment of mitochondrial capacity in skeletal muscle of 55–70‐years people with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. The potential impact of sex was explored. Fifty sedentary men and women with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome (age: 61 ± 6 (±SD) years, BMI: 29.6 ± 4.7 kg·m−2, body fat content: 37.5% ± 8.2% and VO2max: 22.3 ± 5.7 mL·min−1·kg−1) were randomized to either exercise training and dietary advice (EX‐DI) or dietary advice only (DI). Dietary advice aimed to induce weight loss and improve glycemic control. Exercise consisted of 32 ± 2 mixed 30–60 min training sessions with recreational small‐sided soccer distributed across 16 weeks. Maximal activity and protein abundance of key regulatory mitochondrial enzymes were determined in m. vastus lateralis pre‐ and post‐intervention. Muscle glycogen content was also determined. Dietary advice only (DI), impaired (p < 0.001) citrate synthase (CS), and 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) maximal activity by 18% ± 43% and 23% ± 19%, respectively. When combined with exercise training, no dietary impairment of CS or HAD maximal activity was detectable. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and CS protein expression also declined (p < 0.05) in DI and remained unchanged in EX‐DI. In terms of sex differences, a decrease in maximal CS activity in both EX‐DI and DI was observed exclusively in men (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, 16 weeks of exercise training counteracts energy restriction‐induced impairment in skeletal mitochondrial function in 55‐ to 70‐year‐old women and men with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Clarifying the phylogeny and systematics of the recalcitrant tribe Leptocircini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) with whole‐genome data
Authors: Reboud Eliette L. , Nabholz Benoit , Chevalier Emmanuelle , Lafon Bérénice J. , Tilak Marie‐ka , Mielke Carlos G. C. , Cotton Adam M. , Condamine Fabien L.
Published: November 2024

Leptocircini is a dazzling tribe of Papilionidae, including dragontails, kite swallowtails and swordtails. This tribe is widely distributed, notably throughout the tropics of Africa, Southeast Asia and the Americas, making it a fascinating model in evolutionary biology. However, despite accounting for 25% of the global swallowtail butterfly diversity, Leptocircini have been surprisingly neglected in phylogenetic analyses. This has left unanswered questions about their taxonomy and systematics. Here, we present a new taxonomic working list for Leptocircini, featuring 162 valid species. Using a combination of long and short reads data, we produced five new reference genomes, and we generated highly covered and scaffolded whole genomes for 148 individuals to infer densely sampled phylogenetic hypotheses. Based on mitochondrial or thousands of nuclear genes and multiple phylogenetic approaches, a robust phylogenomic tree is recovered, representing approximately 90% of the known species, which allowed examination of several key phylogenetic hypotheses. We found the monotypic genus Protographium Munroe to be sister of genus Graphium Scopoli. Additionally, we found that subgenus Paranticopsis Wood‐Mason and de Nicéville is nested within subgenus Pathysa Reakirt, which we found is likely attributed to an ancient gene flow. We therefore synonymize Paranticopsis, syn.rest. To keep a consistent approach to subgeneric classification across the tribe and family, we devided genus Eurytides Hübner into three subgenera: Mimoides Brown, Eurytides sensu stricto and Protesilaus Swainson. This led to several taxonomic implications: Asiographium Möhn, syn.rest., Boreographium Grishin, syn.n., Hyalaus Grishin, syn.n. and Neographium Möhn, syn.n. are synonymized with Eurytides (Mimoides); and Eurygraphium Möhn, syn.rest. is synonymized with Eurytides (Eurytides). Our analyses finally raised concerns about potential taxonomic inflation in two species‐groups within Graphium and Eurytides (Protesilaus). This study illuminates the clade's evolutionary history and paves the way for further research on this diverse group of charismatic butterflies.
Deceased Donor Infectious Diseases Testing and Antimicrobial Use: Surveys of Organ Procurement Organizations and Transplant Professionals
Authors: Pouch Stephanie M. , Anesi Judith A. , Pruett Timothy , Harmon Michael , Dionne Sara O. , Hasz Richard , La Hoz Ricardo M. , Wolfe Cameron , Ison Michael G.
Published: November 2024

Background

Donor screening and antimicrobial management processes are inconsistent across organ procurement organizations (OPOs) and transplant centers. As part of a Controversies Conference addressing the evaluation and management of infectious diseases (ID) in deceased donors sponsored by the American Society of Transplantation (AST), two online pre‐meeting surveys were developed to inform conference proceedings and assess current practices and opinions on donor screening and antimicrobial management.

Methods

Survey 1 addressed the current state of deceased donor ID testing, culture data communication, antimicrobial utilization, and involvement of transplant ID during donor management and was distributed to all 56 United States OPOs. Survey 2 evaluated transplant professionals’ opinions regarding donor antimicrobial use and was sent to the AST Infectious Disease, Kidney Pancreas, Liver and Intestinal, and Thoracic and Critical Care Community of Practice listservs. Descriptive statistics were performed.

Results

Thirty‐five (63%) unique responses were received from OPOs for Survey 1. Findings included variability in the timing of donor culture collection, frequent sampling of indwelling catheters, wide variation in the location of culture processing, and availability of additional susceptibility testing. Eighty‐eight unique responses were received from approximately 1552 (6%) transplant providers for Survey 2. Of the respondents, 37% would not recommend standard antibiotics prior to organ recovery in the absence of suspected or confirmed infection.

Conclusions

These surveys demonstrate variability in donor testing, donor antimicrobial utilization, and transplant provider opinions regarding the need for and selection of antimicrobial agents. Findings highlight opportunities for standardized approaches to donor testing and management.
Experimental Study of the Real Gas Effects of CO2 on the Aerodynamic Performance Characteristics of a 1.5-Stage Axial Compressor
Authors: Kang Jeongseek , Vorobiev Alexander , Cameron Joshua D. , Morris Scott C. , Turner Mark G. , Sedlacko Kyle , Miller Jason D. , Held Timothy J.
Published: November 2024

The thermodynamic properties of CO2 do not obey the ideal gas law and the simplified equation of state. The enthalpy and sonic speed depend on both temperature and pressure whereas the enthalpy and the speed of sound of ideal gas, like atmospheric air, depend only on its temperature. These effects add additional complexity to the design and operation of CO2 compressors compared to compressors utilizing air as their working fluid. For example, if the compressor inlet pressure changes during operation, its flow Mach number changes due to the change of the sonic speed which is followed by the change of corrected speed and the performance. This paper focused on the experimental investigation of the performance parameters of a 1.5 stage axial compressor with CO2 gas. The design speed and the design pressure ratio of the compressor are 19,800 rpm and 1.41, respectively. The testing was completed using a 10 MW closed CO2 compressor test loop at the University of Notre Dame Turbomachinery Laboratory. The compressor performance was measured at various compressor inlet conditions to demonstrate the effectiveness of the generalized corrected speed and the corrected flow coefficient in the CO2 compressor performance. Additionally, it is shown that the Reynolds number is connected to other performance parameters through the sonic speed and a set of experimental data is presented with an attempt to separate the effect of the Reynolds number and the effect of the corrected speed on the compressor performance.
Image-Based Flashback Detection in a Hydrogen-Fired Gas Turbine Using a Convolutional Autoencoder
Authors: Porath Paul , Yadav Vikas , Panek Lukasz , Ghani Abdulla
Published: November 2024

Flame flashback (FB) is a major concern in hydrogen-fired gas turbines. In order to determine the flashback propensity of a hydrogen burner, several burner design tests at different operating points and fuel blends are performed under engine-relevant conditions at the test facility of Siemens Energy. A camera monitors the flame in the combustion chamber and the occurrence of flame flashback events in the image recordings becomes clearly visible. This anomalous behavior clearly deviates from normal hydrogen operation. We develop a data-driven approach to detect flame flashback events based on the camera images at 100% hydrogen operation, where all images feature identical characteristics since the pure hydrogen flame is not visible for the camera. Simultaneously, the highest susceptibility to flashback is attained in this regime. We use both facts and the good suitability of image data to train a convolutional auto-encoder (CAE) model to detect anomalies. Here, anomalies correspond to flashback events. Flashback is captured by the CAE using the reconstruction error associated with a dynamic threshold as a measure of anomaly. This newly developed dynamic threshold overcomes the difficulties in the generalization capability of the CAE. Regardless of the test campaign, burner design, and camera settings, it reliably identifies flashback events. Along with the CAE, the compressed representation, namely, the latent space of the CAE, detects the position of flame flashback events. Our methodology is able to detect flame flashback using only flame images and provides a reliable tool even when unseen data are used.
Design of Rolling Motion for Snake-Like Robots Using Center-of-Gravity Shift
Authors: Yamano Akio , Kimoto Tsuyoshi , Chiba Masakatsu
Published: November 2024

The snake-like robot can travel over environments that are difficult for wheeled mobility mechanisms. However, undulating locomotion requires high power consumption. We propose an efficient method that integrates the center-of-gravity (COG) shifting for the navigation of the robot to address the aforementioned problem. The proposed method allows the use of rolling motion with high traveling efficiency on level ground and undulating locomotion in water as well as other uneven surfaces. In this paper, we present a design method using the multi-objective genetic algorithm in terms of the traveling velocity of the robot, load, and energy consumption of the servomotor. The results of the motion design show that the COG shift motion mode was obtained as the optimal solution. It was observed that the COG shift motion with the designed parameters can achieve high traveling efficiency compared to that with conventional undulating locomotion by experiment.
A panoramic view of cell population dynamics in mammalian aging
Authors: Zhang Zehao , Schaefer Chloe , Jiang Weirong , Lu Ziyu , Lee Jasper , Sziraki Andras , Abdulraouf Abdulraouf , Wick Brittney , Haeussler Maximilian , Li Zhuoyan , Molla Gesmira , Satija Rahul , Zhou Wei , Cao Junyue
Published: November 2024

To elucidate aging-associated cellular population dynamics, we present PanSci, a single-cell transcriptome atlas profiling >20 million cells from 623 mouse tissues across different life stages, sexes, and genotypes. This comprehensive dataset reveals >3000 different cellular states and >200 aging-associated cell populations. Our panoramic analysis uncovered organ-, lineage-, and sex-specific shifts in cellular dynamics during life-span progression. Moreover, we identify both systematic and organ-specific alterations in immune cell populations associated with aging. We further explored the regulatory roles of the immune system on aging and pinpointed specific age-related cell population expansions that are lymphocyte dependent. Our “cell-omics” strategy enhances comprehension of cellular aging and lays the groundwork for exploring the complex cellular regulatory networks in aging and aging-associated diseases.
Footprint evidence for locomotor diversity and shared habitats among early Pleistocene hominins
Authors: Hatala Kevin G. , Roach Neil T. , Behrensmeyer Anna K. , Falkingham Peter L. , Gatesy Stephen M. , Williams-Hatala Erin Marie , Feibel Craig S. , Dalacha Ibrae , Kirinya Martin , Linga Ezekiel , Loki Richard , Alkoro Apolo , Longaye  , Longaye Malmalo , Lonyericho Emmanuel , Loyapan Iyole , Nakudo Nyiber , Nyete Cyprian , Leakey Louise N.
Published: November 2024

For much of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, multiple hominin species coexisted in the same regions of eastern and southern Africa. Due to the limitations of the skeletal fossil record, questions regarding their interspecific interactions remain unanswered. We report the discovery of footprints (~1.5 million years old) from Koobi Fora, Kenya, that provide the first evidence of two different patterns of Pleistocene hominin bipedalism appearing on the same footprint surface. New analyses show that this is observed repeatedly across multiple contemporaneous sites in the eastern Turkana Basin. These data indicate a sympatric relationship between
Homo erectus
and
Paranthropus boisei
, suggesting that lake margin habitats were important to both species and highlighting the possible influence of varying levels of coexistence, competition, and niche partitioning in human evolution.
Harness agrifood value chains to help farmers be climate smart
Authors: Swinnen Johan , Ronchi Loraine , Reardon Thomas
Published: November 2024

Incentives and structures exist to improve farming practices
Painful scoliosis in an adolescent: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Isaac Ashlee , Balasubramanian Vijay Anand , Oza Priyank Bharatbhai , Bhalodiya Milap MahendraBhai , Vijay Kalyani Praba
Published: November 2024

Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone-forming tumour, seen more frequently in males than females, during the first three decades of their life. It accounts for 3% of all bone neoplasms and 10–12% of benign bone lesions. The spine is involved in approximately 10–20% of cases. A teenage boy presented with complaints of low back pain and spinal deformity for 2 years. He was previously treated for tuberculosis of that same segment empirically. A whole-body PET scan was taken, which revealed the presence of osteoid osteoma. The patient underwent complete resection of the osteoid osteoma from the L3-L4 facet joint and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. The patient had good pain relief following the procedure, and he was able to carry out all his daily activities on a 1-year follow-up with no recurrence.
Complete central airway obstruction from aggressive mucormycosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Nguyen Hieu Duong , Vo Le Y Nhi , Ho An Thi Nhat
Published: November 2024

A woman in her 30s with type 2 diabetes and morbid obesity presented with flu-like symptoms, persistent cough and mild dyspnoea, unresponsive to pneumonia treatment. Diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia, she was started on induction chemotherapy. Despite prophylactic antifungal and antibacterial therapy, she developed a fever, a right upper lobe opacity and a complete airway obstruction by a large endobronchial mass in the right main stem. Bronchoscopy with biopsy and PCR confirmed mucormycosis. Although a combined antifungal regimen was started promptly, her condition worsened, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, tracheo-pleural fistulas and extensive necrotic mucosa in the airways. Surgical intervention was not feasible, and she was transitioned to hospice. Complete central airway obstruction and trachea-pleural fistula are rare manifestations of pulmonary mucormycosis. We conduct a literature review of endobronchial mucormycosis to highlight the importance of early recognition and a multimodal treatment approach to improve outcomes.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Xia , Yu Zhenjie , Liu Yong , Zhao Yang , Li Shu , Wang Lan
Published: November 2024

Background

Cognitive impairment is affecting plenty of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it is the main leading cause of quality of life to varying degrees. However, there are still wide discrepancies in these prevalence rates can be attributed to the diversity in study designs, participant age ranges, inclusion criteria and the methodologies used for assessment. Previous studies revealed the association between COPD and cognitive impairment, but the conclusions remain controversial.

Objectives

The current systematic review aimed to investigate whether COPD is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment.

Study design

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database and Weipu Database were searched from inception to 1 December 2022.

Eligibility criteria

The inclusion criteria involved studies that reported cognitive impairment in COPD. We just included cohort designs, published in English or Chinese language.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two reviewers independently extracted and assessed the quality of data using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The outcomes were assessed with random-effects model and reported as the HR with 95% CI using the Review Manager software.

Results

12 studies from 10 articles reporting on 625 644 people were included. The findings indicated that compared with those without COPD at baseline, patients with COPD were associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Subgroup analysis showed the association was not significantly different in sex and age, and the subgroup supports that COPD has a higher risk of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (na-MCI) than amnestic MCI.

Conclusions

Patients with COPD have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment and are more likely to cause na-MCI compared with those without COPD, and this risk is not affected by gender or age. Therefore, continuous monitoring of cognitive function in COPD is critical.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42021285913.
Factors associated with undiagnosed COPD in patients hospitalised for severe COPD exacerbation
Authors: Guecamburu Marina , Klein Emilie , Verdy Guillaume , Nocent-Ejnaini Cécilia , Macey Julie , Portel Laurent , Grassion Léo , Soumagne Thibaud , Zysman Maéva
Published: November 2024

Background

Studies suggest that up to 70% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases globally are undiagnosed worldwide. Some of these undiagnosed patients may present with severe exacerbation and factors associated with underdiagnosis in this population are unknown. We investigated the key factors associated with underdiagnosis in two cohorts of patients hospitalised for severe COPD exacerbation at different time points.

Methods

This retrospective, multicentre study analysed data from patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation at two independent centres during two distinct time periods: between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2018 in the Aquitaine region and between 1 January and 31 December 2022 in Paris. Undiagnosed COPD was defined as the absence of pulmonary function testing before the index exacerbation. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between underdiagnosis and patient characteristics.

Results

Among the 424 patients, 93 (21.9%) were undiagnosed before hospitalisation, with a stable rate over time (22% in 2017–2018 and 21% in 2022). Multivariate analysis revealed that underdiagnosis was related to higher forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; adjusted OR (aOR)=1.02, p=0.043) and female sex (aOR=1.91, p=0.015). Patients with undiagnosed COPD had significantly lower rehospitalisation and mortality rates. After the initial severe exacerbation, higher mortality was associated with a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR=1.24, p=0.007) and older age (HR=1.05, p=0.008).

Conclusion

This retrospective, multicentre study demonstrated that about 20% of patients admitted with severe exacerbation were undiagnosed for COPD. Higher FEV1and female sex were associated with underdiagnosis, emphasising the need for special attention to this population. These findings highlight the need to improve training and access to spirometry and develop new diagnostic tools that facilitate earlier detection and management of COPD.
Digital image-based measurement of degree of saturation on moving soil
Authors: Morales Gerardo , Pinyol Núria M. , Alvarado Mauricio , Alonso Eduardo E.
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a novel methodology that combines particle image velocimetry-numerical particles and short-wave infrared spectral imaging for the noninvasive measurement of displacements and degree of saturation on moving soils. This allows for continuous monitoring and visualisation of soil behavior and provides valuable insight into the deformation patterns and moisture evolution. The method was applied to a small-scale dam failure experiment. The methodology offers an integrated, comprehensive, and noninvasive approach to investigating soil physical models by simultaneously measuring displacements, strains, velocities, and degree of saturation in soils in motion.
Numerical modelling of complex modulus tests on asphalt concrete using the 2D discrete element method
Authors: Coulon Léo , Koval Georg , Chazallon Cyrille , Roux Jean-Noël
Published: November 2024

The VENoL analytical model was developed to reproduce the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt concrete in dynamic analysis. In this paper, it is integrated as a contact law in a 2D model using the discrete element method (DEM). The asphalt concrete is modelled on a macroscopic scale. The VENoL model is applied in the numerical code without any recalibration of its analytical parameters. Particular attention is paid to modelling variations in the Poisson’s ratio as a function of test conditions. This integration is checked by comparing the results of the numerical model with those extracted from the literature for complex modulus tests in direct tension–compression. Despite the use of a macroscopic scale, it appears that the model can reproduce porosity effects through the mechanisms of DEM. Using the same set of parameters, two-point bending tests are also conducted to ensure their compliance in the characterisation of bituminous mixes.
Mass transfer estimation in gas–liquid systems through integration of hydrodynamic model and computer vision algorithms
Authors: Mikushin Pavel , Nizovtseva Irina , Starodumov Ilya , Makhaeva Ksenia , Vikharev Sergey , Lezhnin Sergey , Chernushkin Dmitrii
Published: November 2024

A novel methodology for estimation of mass transfer in bubbly flows is investigated. The key advantage of the research is integration of the developed theoretical model of absorption based on Levich’s theory and computer vision techniques. This methodology demonstrates high accuracy in predicting mass transfer rates, which is verified by comparisons with empirical data from experimental jet stream fermenter. Using high-speed video recordings and advanced image processing algorithms, our approach overcomes the limitations of many direct methods for mass transfer measurement: offering real-time, dynamic estimation of mass transfer intensity, scale-up flexibility and low costs. The integration of computer vision with analytical modeling represents a significant advancement in the field of liquid–gas media estimation, paving the way for the development of more sophisticated and effective measurement tools. The proposed methods have high adaptability and can be useful to handle complex bubble dynamics both in industrial tasks and scientific research.
Cholinergic modulation of upper airway control: maturational changes and mechanisms at cellular and synaptic levels
Authors: Osbourne Alexis , Melliza Aleanna , Dudley Sydney K. , da Silva Glauber S. F. , Zoccal Daniel B. , Revill Ann L.
Published: November 2024

Respiration is governed by a central rhythm and pattern generator, which has the pre-Bötzinger complex as the inspiratory oscillator initiating the coordinated activity of several respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostals, and upper airway muscles. The diaphragm is the main inspiratory pump muscle driving inflow, whereas dilator upper airway muscles, such as tongue muscles, reduce airway resistance during inspiration. Breathing exhibits a marked state-dependent pattern attributed to changes in neuromodulatory tone in respiratory-related brain regions, including decreases in noradrenaline and serotonin and increases in acetylcholine levels during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Here, we discuss respiratory modulation by acetylcholine acting on its metabotropic muscarinic receptors, focusing on the regulation of upper airway muscle activity during sleep and wakefulness and its changing effects with postnatal maturation. We focus on experimental data examining muscarinic receptor distribution patterns, the ion channels they modulate, and how these distribution patterns change with postnatal maturation. We also consider experimental data highlighting cholinergic cellular and synaptic effects on hypoglossal motoneurons and pre-Bötzinger complex neurons and how they might explain changes in the effects of cholinergic modulation with development. Overall, this discussion is critical to comprehending the postnatal maturation in the cholinergic modulation of the respiratory control system leading to opposing effects of muscarinic receptors on upper airway muscle activity in neonate (excitatory) and adult (inhibitory) preparations. The changes in cholinergic pathways associated with dysfunctional upper airway patency control are also discussed in the context of pathologies such as sleep-disordered breathing.
Effects of Glutamine Supplementation on Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Metabolic Performance at High Temperatures
Authors: Nuic Barbara , Bowden Alyssa , Rombenso Artur , Salini Michael , Jago Matthew K. , Smullen Richard , Franklin Craig E. , Cramp Rebecca L.
Published: November 2024

Atlantic salmon are one of the most important fish species in global aquaculture production. However, temperature increases attributed to climatic events impair the production of Atlantic salmon during summer. Additionally, the nutritional requirements for this species when reared under elevated temperatures require elucidation. To address this gap, a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation—a functional amino acid (AA) important for energy production and gut health—on the growth, metabolism, gut morphology, antioxidant capacity and thermal tolerance of Atlantic salmon parr at elevated temperatures (22°C). Atlantic salmon were pair‐fed three isoenergetic diets: a control diet (D1, no addition of glutamine), D2 (7% glutamine supplementation with other dietary AA levels reduced—isonitrogenous to D1) and D3 (6% glutamine and with the same AA profile as D1). Metabolic rate measurements and sampling commenced after 7.5 weeks on diets and 3 weeks of exposure to 22°C. Glutamine supplementation (D2 and D3) did not affect specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor, relative gut mass or carcass composition despite fish fed D3 having increased pyloric caeca fold height (hF). Resting, maximum and digestive metabolic rates were also unaffected by glutamine supplementation. Contrary to findings in other fish species at optimum temperatures, this study showed that glutamine supplementation did not improve the growth performance of Atlantic salmon parr at elevated temperatures despite enhancing pyloric caeca surface area.
Biopreservation of Food Using Bacteriocins From Lactic Acid Bacteria: Classification, Mechanisms, and Commercial Applications
Authors: Putri Dhea Alya , Lei Jiang , Rossiana Nia , Syaputri Yolani
Published: November 2024

Food is the primary substance needed by humans to survive. However, food is easily contaminated by spoilage bacteria, which cause a decrease in quality and shelf life. Moreover, spoilage bacteria in food can be pathogenic, leading to foodborne disease that endangers human health. This issue has also driven the widespread use of synthetic preservatives, which have negative effects both in the short and long term. Biopreservation efforts utilizing bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria offer an alternative solution to prevent spoilage and extend the shelf life of food. These bacteriocins are safe to use as they are produced by lactic acid bacteria that are approved for use in food. The application of various types of bacteriocins as biopreservatives has been widely conducted. Several other types of bacteriocins are continuously being researched and developed to ensure their safety and suitability for use as food biopreservatives. This article highlights bacteriocins, including their classification, general overview, mechanisms of action, differences from antibiotics, diversity, applications, prospects, and challenges as future food biopreservatives. Additionally, this article presents commercial bacteriocins, namely, nisin and pediocin, which are frequently used for food preservation.
Effectiveness of Online Traditional Exercise Program on the Stress Level of Elderly
Authors: Jitdamrong Suwat , Jumpathong Kunlasatree , Nanglad Choladda , Ketkaeo Yadaporn , Malicum Dolrada , Taejarernwiriyakul Ormjai
Published: November 2024

Objective: This quasi‐experimental research was to assess the effect of online traditional dance exercise program on stress among elderly in Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand.

Methods: The elderly living in Nakhon Nayok province were recruited for the study. Multistage random sampling was employed to select participants. There is a total of 27 elderly people classified as experimental Group 15 people (received a 4‐week online traditional dance exercise program) and control Group 12 people. Exercise data collected by the SPST20, pre‐ and postintervention testing was used to measure stress. An independent t‐test analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of program interventions.

Results: After the program, there were statistically significant differences in mean scores of stress between the experimental and the control group. The level of stress of the elderly in the experimental group had decreased within and between groups after 4‐week (p value < 0.05).

Conclusion: Effectiveness of online traditional dance exercise program on the stress level of the elderly. It can reduce stress levels in the elderly. It could be applied with elderly in the community healthcare setting.
Effects of a Circuit Training Program on Myokine Levels in Insulin‐Resistant Women: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Karolkiewicz Joanna , Krzywicka Monika , Szulińska Monika , Musialik Katarzyna , Musiałowska Dominka , Zieliński Jacek , Bilska Agnieszka , Ratajczak Marzena
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Circuit training is a form of body conditioning with endurance and resistance components. Given the function of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ secreting various myokines involved in maintaining glucose metabolism homeostasis, our study focused on estimating the impact of the implemented training program on the direction of changes in myokines such as interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and irisin in women newly diagnosed with insulin resistance.

Methods: This prospective controlled trial randomly divided 42 women into two groups. The training group performed circuit training combining strength (50%–80% of one‐repetition maximum) and endurance (50%–75% of heart rate reserve) exercises for 3 months, three 33‐min sessions weekly. Exercises were performed on five weight and two cardio machines. The control nontraining group did not change their previous activity. Body composition indicators and IL‐6, IL‐10, FGF21, and irisin levels were measured before and after the intervention. The data for 27 patients were analysed using two‐way repeated measures analyses of variance.

Results: The pattern of change in serum IL‐6 levels over time differed significantly between the groups (p < 0.05). The patterns of change did not differ significantly between groups for IL‐10, FGF21, and irisin.

Conclusion: The circuit training program implemented in women newly diagnosed with insulin resistance significantly increased their serum IL‐6 and not their IL‐10, FGF21, and irisin levels.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04528693
Diosgenin improves lipid metabolism in diabetic nephropathy via regulation of miR-148b-3p/DNMT1/FOXO1 axis
Authors: Luo Min , Hu Zongren , Yang Jichang , Yang Jinhan , Sheng Wen , Lin Chengxiong , Li Dian , He Qinghu
Published: November 2024

Background: The progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is closely associated with lipid accumulation. Diosgenin (Dio) plays a beneficial role in the lipid metabolism associated with multiple diseases. Thus, the mechanism underlying Dio’s function in DN associated with aberrant lipid accumulation warrants further investigation.
Methods: To model DN in vitro, HK-2 cells were treated with high glucose (HG) and palmitic acid. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. The triglyceride (TG) content in HK-2 cells was measured using a commercial assay kit. The formation of lipid droplets in HK-2 cells was observed using Oil Red O staining. The expression levels of mRNA and protein were detected using RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. The DNA methylation of FOXO1 was assessed using MSP. The interaction between DNMT1 and the FOXO1 promoter was confirmed by ChIP assay.
Results: Dio treatment reduced TG levels and lipid droplet formation in HK-2 cells co-treated with HG and palmitic acid. Simultaneously, the levels of miR-148b-3p and FOXO1 were increased by Dio, while Dio decreased the expression levels of DNMT1 and SREBP-2. Meanwhile, miR-148b-3p can bind to DNMT1, which in turn inhibits the expression of FOXO1 by mediating the DNA methylation of FOXO1. In addition, FOXO1 negatively regulates the expression of SREBP-2 by interacting with the SREBP-2 promoter. MiR-148b-3p inhibition or silencing of FOXO1 abolished the inhibitory effect of Dio on TG production and lipid droplet formation. This effect was further exacerbated by the downregulation of DNMT1. FOXO1 overexpression may counteract the promotive effects of miR-148b-3p inhibitor on lipid accumulation.
Conclusion: Dio treatment reduced TG production and lipid droplet formation in HK-2 cells during the progression of DN by modulating the miR-148b-3p/DNMT1/FOXO1/SREBP-2 axis. This finding provides new evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of Dio for DN.
Co-Occurrence of Variants in 3 Genes in a Patient with Congenital Skeletal Dysplasia and Cardiac Anomalies: Diagnostic Challenge Posed by a Blended Phenotype
Authors: Nair Pratibha , Bizzari Sami , Mehawej Cybel , Chouery Eliane , Audi Perla , Corbani Sandra , Korban Rima , Mahfoud Daniel , Superti-Furga Andrea , El-Hayek Stepahny , Megarbane Andre
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Blended phenotypes resulting from the contribution of two or more genetic variants to the disease of a patient pose a significant diagnostic challenge. Correlating between the phenotypes and the genotypes of the affected patients is difficult in these cases, especially in the absence of a large family segregating the condition. Case Presentation: We report a child born to consanguineous Syrian parents with a complex phenotype including a skeletal dysplasia, characterized by a small thorax and phalangeal shortening, as well as cardiac anomalies and sensorineural hearing loss. Molecular analysis identified the presence of three potentially disease-causing genetic variants. These include homozygous variants in the IHH and TTC12B genes, known to be associated with acrocapitofemoral dysplasia (OMIM# 607778) and a form of short-rib thoracic dysplasia (OMIM# 613819), respectively, in addition to a heterozygous variant in the COL11A1 gene, associated with dominant forms of skeletal dysplasia, such as Marshall (OMIM# 154780) and Stickler (OMIM# 608481) syndromes, and hearing loss (OMIM# 618533). Conclusion: We propose that the complex phenotype observed in the patient results from the contribution of l three of these variants. This case highlights some of the challenges encountered in the genetic counseling of families with rare genetic conditions.
The Association Between Gene Expression Profiling and Regression Rate of Posterior Uveal Melanoma Following Proton Beam Irradiation
Authors: Suwajanakorn Disorn , Lane Anne Marie , Wu Frances , Gragoudas Evangelos S. , Kim Ivana K.
Published: November 2024

Introductions: This study evaluated the association between gene expression profiling (GEP), PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma) and regression rate of uveal melanoma after proton beam irradiation (PBI)

Methods: A retrospective review of uveal melanoma patients treated with PBI between 2013 and 2021, with GEP results and at least 3 post-radiation ultrasound measurements, was conducted. Patients with local recurrences were excluded. Regression rates were analyzed using a linear mixed model to predict percentage change in thickness from baseline. Cox regression was conducted to determine whether slow or fast regression, based on the median regression rate at 18 months, correlates with metastasis risk.

Results: The study included 106 patients, with GEP classifications of 1A in 43.4%, 1B in 25.5%, and 2 in 31.1%. Overall, the mean change in tumor thickness was 20.9%, 35.1%, 51.4% and 59.3% at 1 year, 2 years, 4 years, and 6 years, respectively. No differences in regression rates between GEP classes and PRAME expression were found through 72 months post PBI. The median regression at 18 months was 27.1%. Slow and fast regression was not associated with the risk of metastasis.

Conclusion: No association between GEP, PRAME and regression rate was found through 72 months post PBI.
From a Position of Privilege: Descendants of the Prophet Muḥammad in Ottoman Syria as Stakeholders in Nineteenth-century Reform Processes
Authors: Henning Barbara
Published: November 2024

Drawing on the examples of taxation, military service and the composition of provincial institutions, this contribution examines the impact of Ottoman administrative reforms on the descendants of the Prophet Muḥammad and their representatives in Ottoman Syria during the second half of the nineteenth century, making use of Ottoman-imperial archival sources to trace strategies they pursued in their attempts to navigate changes and maintain former status and privileges. While Ottoman policies towards greater centralization and bureaucratization posed considerable challenges to the sociopolitical position of the descendants of the Prophet, sources suggest that they did not always reject changes outright but entered into negotiations with the Ottoman authorities to obtain exceptions, hold on to privileges, and secure their participation in the newly emerging constellations of power. Their case thus sheds light on changing administrative networks and opportunity structures in Ottoman Syria, highlighting the importance of processes of mediation.