bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operationalising cognitive fatigability in multiple sclerosis: A Gordian knot that can be cut?
Authors: Harrison Anthony Mark , das Nair Roshan , Moss-Morris Rona
Published: December 2016

Background:

Researchers have attempted to operationalise objective measures of cognitive fatigability in multiple sclerosis (MS) to overcome the perceived subjectivity of patient-reported outcomes of fatigue (PROs). Measures of cognitive fatigability examine decrements in performance during sustained neurocognitive tasks.

Objective:

This personal viewpoint briefly summarises available evidence for measures of cognitive fatigability in MS and considers their overall utility.

Results:

Studies suggest there may be a construct that is distinct from self-reported fatigue, reflecting a new potential intervention target. However, assessments vary and findings across and within measures are inconsistent. Few measures have been guided by a coherent theory, and those identified are likely to be influenced by other confounds, such as cognitive impairment caused more directly by disease processes, depression and assessment biases.

Conclusion:

Future research may benefit from (a) developing a guiding theory of cognitive fatigability, (b) examining ecological and construct validity of existing assessments and (c) exploring whether the more promising cognitive fatigability measures are correlated with impaired functioning after accounting for possible confounds. Given the issues raised, we caution that our purposes as researchers may be better served by continuing our search for a more objective cognitive fatigability construct that runs in parallel with improving, rather than devaluing, current PROs.
Artificial persons and attributed actions: How to interpret action-sentences about states
Authors: Fleming Sean
Published: December 2016

Action-sentences about states, such as ‘North Korea conducted a nuclear test’, are ubiquitous in discourse about international relations. Although there has been a great deal of debate in International Relations about whether states are agents or actors, the question of how to interpret action-sentences about states has been treated as secondary or epiphenomenal. This article focuses on our practices of speaking and writing about the state rather than the ontology of the state. It uses Hobbes’ theory of attributed action to develop a typology of action-sentences and to analyse action-sentences about states. These sentences are not shorthand for action-sentences about individuals, as proponents of the metaphorical interpretation suggest. Nor do they describe the actions of singular agents, as proponents of the literal interpretation suggest. The central argument is that action-sentences about states are ‘attributive’, much like sentences about principals who act vicariously through agents: they identify the ‘owners’ of actions — the entities that are responsible for them — rather than the agents that perform the actions. Our practice of ascribing actions to states is not merely figurative, but nor does it presuppose that states are corporate agents.
The politics of ‘whataboutery’: The problem of trauma trumping the political in conflictual societies
Authors: Little Adrian , Rogers Juliet Brough
Published: December 2016

Trauma demands a melancholic orientation to the past, a wish to recover what is lost. In conflicts located in long histories of political difference, a focus on the traumas acquired through the violences of the past is crucial, but this focus may do more than inform the politics of the present. The risk is that the symptoms of the trauma become the symptoms of policy. The political environment that emerges lacks the maturity to understand the ordinary emotions of politics and this further limits the possibility of creative political horizons. In short, in the interests of placating trauma survivors and sometimes in the interests of ensuring no issue gets left behind, politics can be trumped by trauma. Here, we discuss how this has occurred in Northern Ireland and how the ‘trauma’ of non-indigenous Australians has trumped the possibility of addressing the ‘unfinished business of justice’ for Indigenous Australians.
Saliva diagnostics – Current views and directions
Authors: Kaczor-Urbanowicz Karolina Elżbieta , Martin Carreras-Presas Carmen , Aro Katri , Tu Michael , Garcia-Godoy Franklin , Wong David TW
Published: December 2016

In this review, we provide an update on the current and future applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes. There are many advantages of using saliva as a biofluid. Its collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, and non-invasive. In addition, saliva, as a “mirror of the body,” can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the body. Therefore, it serves as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in many fields of science such as medicine, dentistry, and pharmacotherapy. Introduced in 2008, the term “Salivaomics” aimed to highlight the rapid development of knowledge about various “omics” constituents of saliva, including: proteome, transcriptome, micro-RNA, metabolome, and microbiome. In the last few years, researchers have developed new technologies and validated a wide range of salivary biomarkers that will soon make the use of saliva a clinical reality. However, a great need still exists for convenient and accurate point-of-care devices that can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. In addition, there is an urgent need to decipher the scientific rationale and mechanisms that convey systemic diseases to saliva. Another promising technology called liquid biopsy enables detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and fragments of tumor DNA in saliva, thus enabling non-invasive early detection of various cancers. The newly developed technology—electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM) provides near perfect detection of actionable mutations in lung cancer patients. These recent advances widened the salivary diagnostic approach from the oral cavity to the whole physiological system, and thus point towards a promising future of salivary diagnostics for personalized individual medicine applications including clinical decisions and post-treatment outcome predictions.

Impact statement

The purpose of this mini-review is to make an update about the present and future applications of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid in many fields of science such as dentistry, medicine and pharmacotherapy. Using saliva as a fluid for diagnostic purposes would be a huge breakthrough for both patients and healthcare providers since saliva collection is easy, non-invasive and inexpensive. We will go through the current main diagnostic applications of saliva, and provide a highlight on the emerging, newly developing technologies and tools for cancer screening, detection and monitoring.
Representing qualitative social science in computational models to aid reasoning under uncertainty: National security examples
Authors: Davis Paul K , O’Mahony Angela
Published: December 2016

Representing causal social science knowledge in models is difficult: much of the best knowledge is qualitative and ambiguously conditional, unlike the knowledge in “physics models.” This paper describes a stream of RAND research that began with qualitative models providing a structured depiction of casual factors creating effects. That has subsequently been extended to an unusual kind of uncertainty sensitive computational modeling that enables exploratory reasoning and analysis. We illustrate the approach with applications to counterterrorism, detection of terrorists, and nuclear crises. We believe that the approach will complement other approaches that can reflect social science phenomena [see other papers in this special issue of JDMS] and that the approach has broad potential within and beyond the national security domain. We also believe that it has the potential to inform empirical work—encouraging a transition from the step-by-step empirical testing of simple discrete hypotheses to the testing and refinement of more comprehensive causal models.
“To Veil the Threat of Terror”: Law and the Other’s Question in The Dark Knight Rises
Authors: Ghumkhor Sahar
Published: December 2016

This article explores the post-911 climate of security and the fear and paranoia the hidden face has revealed about Western vulnerability. The article contends that what underpins the preoccupation with the veiled woman is a desire to know and the anxiety of never knowing, what Jacques Lacan calls the Other’s question, the Other’s jouissance. What does the Other desire? This is a question that can never be known but belief in the law’s promise of security offers symbolic refuge. The article explores the Other’s question through the relationship between Western anxiety of the hidden face, and the promise of satisfying answers in the father-like hero and the imperative for law and order, in Christopher Nolan’s film The Dark Knight Rises. The film depicts post-911 security concerns in the conflict between masked villains threatening to destroy Gotham city’s legal and cultural order with another law, which tap into a climate of Islamophobia of Muslims as hidden enemies who threaten to dissolve the civilizational security of “our way of life.”
‘Paris with snakes’? The future of communication is/as ‘Cultural Science’
Authors: Hartley John , Potts Jason
Published: December 2016

What if communication has been pursuing the wrong kind of science? This article argues that the physics-based or ‘transmission’ model derived from Claude Shannon and criticised by James Carey does not explain how communication works. We argue instead for a model derived from the evolutionary and complexity sciences. Here, communication is based on dynamic systems of meaning (not individual ‘particles’ of information), and relations among knowledge-producing agents in culture-made groups. We call this sign-based evolutionary and systems model of communication ‘cultural science’ (Hartley and Potts, 2014), and invite communication scholars to assist in its development as a ‘modern synthesis’ for communication, along the lines of Huxley’s synthesis of botany and zoology as evolutionary bioscience.
Identifying key experience-related differences in over-ground manual wheelchair propulsion biomechanics
Authors: Symonds Andrew , Holloway Catherine , Suzuki Tatsuto , Smitham Peter , Gall Angela , Taylor Stephen JG
Published: December 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate technique differences between expert and novice manual wheelchair users during over-ground wheelchair propulsion.

Method

Seven experts (spinal cord injury level between T5 and L1) and six novices (non-wheelchair users) pushed a manual wheelchair over level ground, a 2.5% cross slope and up a 6.5% incline (7.2 m length) and 12% incline (1.5 m length). Push rim kinetics, trunk and shoulder kinematics and muscle activity level were measured.

Results

During the level and cross slope tasks, the experts completed the tasks with fewer pushes by applying a similar push rim moment over a greater push arc, demonstrating lower muscle activity. During the incline tasks, the experts required fewer pushes and maintained a greater average velocity, generating greater power by applying a similar push rim moment over a greater push arc with greater angular velocity, demonstrating greater trunk flexion and higher shoulder muscle activity.

Conclusions

This study identifies experience-related differences during over-ground manual wheelchair propulsion. These differences are particularly evident during incline propulsion, with the experts generating significantly greater power to maintain a higher velocity.
Possible Drug–Herb Interaction between Herbal Supplement Containing Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) and Antiretroviral Drugs
Authors: Cordova Ezequiel , Morganti Laura , Rodriguez Claudia
Published: December 2016

The use of alternative medicines, including herbs, is common among HIV-positive patients, even in those on antiretroviral treatment. Equisetum arvense, known as “horsetail,” is mainly used for its diuretic properties. There are limited data about the pharmacological properties of this compound and the potential drug–herb interactions. The authors report 2 cases in which a possible drug–herb interaction may have led to virological breakthrough in patients who were maintained on the same regimen for many years, including lamivudine (3TC)/zidovudine (ZDV)/efavirenz (EFV) and emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir (TDF)/EFV, respectively. Therefore, a drug–herb interaction may be expected when these agents are taken concurrently. Until additional data are available, the authors advise clinicians to avoid this combination when possible.
An anti-CD3/anti–CLL-1 bispecific antibody for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Leong Steven R. , Sukumaran Siddharth , Hristopoulos Maria , Totpal Klara , Stainton Shannon , Lu Elizabeth , Wong Alfred , Tam Lucinda , Newman Robert , Vuillemenot Brian R. , Ellerman Diego , Gu Chen , Mathieu Mary , Dennis Mark S. , Nguyen Allen , Zheng Bing , Zhang Crystal , Lee Genee , Chu Yu-Waye , Prell Rodney A. , Lin Kedan , Laing Steven T. , Polson Andrew G.
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Bispecific antibodies binding CD3 and CLL-1 deplete CLL-1+ target cells in animal models. An appropriately engineered CLL-1/CD3 bispecific antibody could be effective in treating AML.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update on investigation, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Bibby Anna C. , Tsim Selina , Kanellakis Nikolaos , Ball Hannah , Talbot Denis C. , Blyth Kevin G. , Maskell Nick A. , Psallidas Ioannis
Published: December 2016

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy of the pleural surface, predominantly caused by prior asbestos exposure. There is a global epidemic of malignant pleural mesothelioma underway, and incidence rates are predicted to peak in the next few years.

This article summarises the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malignant pleural mesothelioma, before describing some key factors in the patient experience and outlining common symptoms. Diagnostic approaches are reviewed, including imaging techniques and the role of various biomarkers. Treatment options are summarised, including the importance of palliative care and methods of controlling pleural effusions. The evidence for chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery is reviewed, both in the palliative setting and in the context of trimodality treatment. An algorithm for managing malignant pleural effusion in malignant pleural mesothelioma patients is presented. Finally new treatment developments and novel therapeutic approaches are summarised.
Exertional dyspnoea in obesity
Authors: Bernhardt Vipa , Babb Tony G.
Published: December 2016

The purpose of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in the obese person, as in any cardiopulmonary exercise test, is to determine the patient's exercise tolerance, and to help identify and/or distinguish between the various physiological factors that could contribute to exercise intolerance. Unexplained dyspnoea on exertion is a common reason for CPET, but it is an extremely complex symptom to explain. Sometimes obesity is the simple answer by elimination of other possibilities. Thus, distinguishing among multiple clinical causes for exertional dyspnoea depends on the ability to eliminate possibilities while recognising response patterns that are unique to the obese patient. This includes the otherwise healthy obese patient, as well as the obese patient with potentially multiple cardiopulmonary limitations. Despite obvious limitations in lung function, metabolic disease and/or cardiovascular dysfunction, obesity may be the most likely reason for exertional dyspnoea. In this article, we will review the more common cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in the otherwise healthy obese adult with special emphasis on dyspnoea on exertion.
Prognostic considerations of the new World Health Organization classification of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Borczuk Alain C.
Published: December 2016

The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) lung adenocarcinoma classification divides tumours into categories of indolent pre-invasive, minimally invasive and predominantly lepidic and, by examining predominant patterns of invasion, allows for further stratification into intermediate and high-grade tumours. The impact of the 2015 classification on prognosis was reviewed by a PubMed search for search terms “adenocarcinoma”, “lung pathology” and “prognosis” and relevant publications reviewed. These were sorted for data on stage and survival as impacted by histological classification, and survival studies were separated into all stageversusstage 1 studies. Predictive aspects of histological classification were also examined, but molecular correlates were not. The separation of adenocarcinomain situand minimally invasive adenocarcinoma from invasive subtypes as distinct prognostic entities and the prognostic significance, for disease specific and overall survival for low- and high-grade categories, are discussed. The impact on stage at presentation including risk of node metastasis by histology is examined, as well as histology in relation to recurrence after surgery. Early data with regard to the value of predominant histology in the prediction of chemotherapy response will also be explored.
Managing adult Fontan patients: where do we stand?
Authors: Clift Paul , Celermajer David
Published: December 2016

The Fontan operation is performed as a palliative procedure to improve survival in infants born with a functionally univentricular circulation. The success of the operation is demonstrated by a growing adult Fontan population that exists with this unique physiology. Late follow-up has demonstrated expected and unexpected sequelae, and has shown multisystem effects of this circulation. This review discusses the challenges of managing the late complications in terms of understanding this unique physiology and the innovative therapeutic interventions that are being investigated. The challenge remains to maintain quality of life for adult survivors, as well as extending life expectancy.
Physiology of respiratory disturbances in muscular dystrophies
Authors: Lo Mauro Antonella , Aliverti Andrea
Published: December 2016

Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited myopathies characterised by progressive skeletal muscle wasting, including of the respiratory muscles. Respiratory failure,i.e. when the respiratory system fails in its gas exchange functions, is a common feature in muscular dystrophy, being the main cause of death, and it is a consequence of lung failure, pump failure or a combination of the two. The former is due to recurrent aspiration, the latter to progressive weakness of respiratory muscles and an increase in the load against which they must contract. In fact, both the resistive and elastic components of the work of breathing increase due to airway obstruction and chest wall and lung stiffening, respectively.

The respiratory disturbances in muscular dystrophy are restrictive pulmonary function, hypoventilation, altered thoracoabdominal pattern, hypercapnia, dyspnoea, impaired regulation of breathing, inefficient cough and sleep disordered breathing. They can be present at different rates according to the type of muscular dystrophy and its progression, leading to different onset of each symptom, prognosis and degree of respiratory involvement.

Key points

A common feature of muscular dystrophy is respiratory failure,i.e.the inability of the respiratory system to provide proper oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination.

In the lung, respiratory failure is caused by recurrent aspiration, and leads to hypoxaemia and hypercarbia.

Ventilatory failure in muscular dystrophy is caused by increased respiratory load and respiratory muscles weakness.

Respiratory load increases in muscular dystrophy because scoliosis makes chest wall compliance decrease, atelectasis and fibrosis make lung compliance decrease, and airway obstruction makes airway resistance increase.

The consequences of respiratory pump failure are restrictive pulmonary function, hypoventilation, altered thoracoabdominal pattern, hypercapnia, dyspnoea, impaired regulation of breathing, inefficient cough and sleep disordered breathing.

Educational aims

To understand the mechanisms leading to respiratory disturbances in patients with muscular dystrophy.

To understand the impact of respiratory disturbances in patients with muscular dystrophy.

To provide a brief description of the main forms of muscular dystrophy with their respiratory implications.
MeFiT: merging and filtering tool for illumina paired-end reads for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing
Authors: Parikh Hardik I. , Koparde Vishal N. , Bradley Steven P. , Buck Gregory A. , Sheth Nihar U.
Published: December 2016

Background

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have revolutionized genomic research. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing using paired-end sequencing on the MiSeq platform from Illumina, Inc., is being used to characterize the composition and dynamics of extremely complex/diverse microbial communities. For this analysis on the Illumina platform, merging and quality filtering of paired-end reads are essential first steps in data analysis to ensure the accuracy and reliability of downstream analysis.

Results

We have developed the Merging and Filtering Tool (MeFiT) to combine these pre-processing steps into one simple, intuitive pipeline. MeFiT invokes CASPER (context-aware scheme for paired-end reads) for merging paired-end reads and provides users the option to quality filter the reads using the traditional average Q-score metric or using a maximum expected error cut-off threshold.

Conclusions

MeFiT provides an open-source solution that permits users to merge and filter paired end illumina reads. The tool has been implemented in python and the source-code is freely available at https://github.com/nisheth/MeFiT.
Reviews
Authors: Johnson Jerome B.
Published: December 2016

Rapid Penetration into Granular Media: Visualizing the Fundamental Physics of Rapid Earth Penetration, by Magued Iskander, Stephan Bless, Medi Omidvar, and contributors, ISBN 978-0-12800-868-3, Elsevier, 2015, 442 p., US$127.50 (print), US$127.50 (eBook), US$180 (print and eBook).
Clinically useful screen for borderline personality disorder in psychiatric out-patients
Authors: Zimmerman Mark , Multach Matthew D. , Dalrymple Kristy , Chelminski Iwona
Published: December 2016

A total of 3674 psychiatric out-patients were evaluated with a semi-structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD). The affective instability criterion had a sensitivity of 92.8%, higher than the sensitivities of the other eight BPD criteria. The negative predictive value of the affective instability criterion was 99%. We recommend that clinicians screen for BPD in the same way that they screen for other psychiatric disorders: by enquiring about a single feature of the disorder (i.e. affective instability), the presence of which identifies most patients with the disorder and the absence of which rules out the disorder.
Confronting an Enemy Abroad, Transforming a Nation at Home
Authors: Cerretti Josh
Published: December 2016

This article develops the concept of domestic militarism as an explanatory framework connecting the international militarism of the 1990–91 Gulf War to subsequent episodes of intranational violence in the United States, including the Los Angeles riots, the Waco siege, and the Oklahoma City bombing. Central to these connections is the double meaning of domestic, referring to both the space within the borders claimed by the United States and the space occupied by the idealized heteronormative nuclear family. Assessing the rhetorical use and abuse of ideas about children, protection, gender roles, terror, and nationality, I argue that militarization increasingly came to rely upon appeals to (hetero)sexuality during the 1990s. Ultimately, I read the passage of series of 1996 reforms to federal interventions in migration, criminal justice, public aid, and marriage as the scaffolding of a militarized heterosexuality that would prove crucial to the conduct of the later War on Terror.
Rethinking the Egalitarian Potential of Postapartheid South Africa:
Authors: Igor Efeoghene
Published: December 2016

The article reflects on the importance of Zanele Muholi's photographic series Faces and Phases and its critique of the limited ability of the Constitution to secure material equality for black queer persons in contemporary South Africa. It examines how the portraits of black lesbian and trans men shed light on the persistent homophobic violence that arrest the development of an egalitarian society in post-apartheid South Africa.
Building an Occupation: Puerto Rican Laborers in the Dominican Republic, 1916–1924
Authors: Wright Micah
Published: December 2016

This article details US officials’ mobilization of Puerto Rican labor during the occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) and the consequences for transnational working-class solidarity. It argues that the military government relied on Puerto Ricans as both imperial laborers and role models whose presumed cultural affinities with the Dominican populace would forestall resistance and contribute to efforts to reform Dominican society. Yet the rise of Dominican nationalist resistance forced Puerto Ricans to reconcile collaboration with their identity as Latinos and second-class American citizens. As they struggled to choose between conflicting loyalties, they were alternately labeled traitors to the United States or to their race. By the final years of the occupation, Puerto Ricans were condemned as colonial sepoys and abandoned by the very occupation they had helped to build. The article concludes that the Dominican case illustrates both US empire’s reliance on colonial labor and its limitations.
Contesting Independence: The Decolonization of Korean Labor Under US Occupation, 1945–1948
Authors: Chang Kornel S.
Published: December 2016

The end of Japanese colonial rule ushered in a moment of both promise and uncertainty for Korean workers. Even as they shared hopes for labor rights and social justice, workers were divided over the meaning of independence and how it would be actualized in a liberated Korea. This moment of possibilities was quickly foreclosed by the American occupation, which turned a complex and fragmented labor movement into an undifferentiated communist bloc. America’s efforts to impose liberal reforms, as a strategy to manage Korea’s transition out of colonialism while forestalling a workers’ revolution, renewed forms of colonial state violence. But even as a hard-line approach prevailed, American advisers fought over how to best address the labor question and how it should be prioritized among different objectives in Korea. Framing the occupation as a decolonization moment, this essay seeks to recover the diverse and competing visions of workers’ rights that animated labor struggles in US-occupied Korea.
Domestic Containment in the Marshall Islands: Making a Home for Cold War Workers in the US Imperial Pacific
Authors: Hirshberg Lauren
Published: December 2016

During the Cold War, the US military transformed the Marshallese Island Kwajalein into a missile range to test intercontinental ballistic missiles. To recruit American knowledge workers who would move their families to the central Pacific to operate the base, the military erected a suburban landscape on Kwajalein. Fulfillment of the promise to American knowledge workers that they could find home on Kwajalein entailed not only erecting a refuge mirroring American suburbia but also providing reassurance that American family life would not be threatened by other workers on the island. This article examines military surveillance policies on Kwajalein aimed at domestic containment: a Cold War security mission to protect the national home thousands of miles away and the local effort to secure a replica of that home in the central Pacific.
Negative Hyperconjugation in Acidity of Polyfluorinated Alkanes. A Natural Bond Orbital Analysis
Authors: Suenaga Masahiko , Nakata Kazuhide , Abboud José-Luis M , Mishima Masaaki
Published: December 2016

Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis has been applied to various polyfluorinated carbanions. The E(2)[LP(Cα)→σ*(Cβ-F) or σ*(Cβ-Cγ)] values that are interaction energies between a lone pair NBO at the anionic center carbon and the σ*(Cβ-F) or σ*(Cβ-Cγ) NBO increased with the corresponding Cβ-F or Cβ-Cγ bond distances, respectively, being consistent with the molecular orbital theory on negative hyperconjugation. The total E(2) values for the interactions of a lone pair orbital with all σ*(Cβ-F) and σ*(Cβ-Cγ) orbitals were linearly correlated with gas-phase acidities of the corresponding alkanes, giving two lines for the carbanions having no β-fluorine atom and for the primary and secondary carbanions having β-fluorine atoms (slopes of 0.57 and 1.56, respectively). The major E(2)[LP(Cα)→σ*(Cβ-F)] values in the respective anions were found to be linearly correlated with the ΔG°β-F values as an empirical measure of β-fluorine negative hyperconjugation obtained from an increased acidity of the molecule owing to the presence of β-fluorine. However, the magnitude of ΔG°β-F was much smaller than the E(2)[LP(Cα)→σ*(Cβ-F)] value, indicating that the absolute values of the β-fluorine negative hyperconjugation are smaller than the E(2) interaction energies.
A Compositional Semantics for ‘Even If’ Conditionals
Authors: Vidal Mathieu
Published: December 2016

This paper presents the first possible world semantics for concessive conditionals (i.e., even if A, C conditionals) constructed in a compositional way. First, the meaning of if is formalized through a semantics that builds on the proposal given by Stalnaker [1968]. A major difference from Stalnaker’s approach is that irrelevant conditionals (i.e., conditionals where the antecedent and the consequent have no connection) are false in this new setting. Second, the meaning of even is analyzed through a formal semantics based on the notion of scale. This analysis overcomes the problems arising in standard approaches, in which even is analyzed with the help of pragmatic presuppositions. Finally, the two particles are combined in order to provide a formal analysis of even if. This theory predicts the major phenomena concerning the behavior of concessive conditionals and without any call to pragmatic explanations. More generally, this approach creates the possibility of a compositional analysis of other conditionals such as if then or only if forms.
Ageing, deep vein thrombosis and male gender predict poor outcome after acute Achilles tendon rupture
Authors: Arverud E. Domeij- , Anundsson P. , Hardell E. , Barreng G. , Edman G. , Latifi A. , Labruto F. , Ackermann P. W.
Published: December 2016

Aims

Patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) take a long time to heal, have a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and widely variable functional outcomes. This variation in outcome may be explained by a lack of knowledge of adverse factors, and a subsequent shortage of appropriate interventions.

Patients and Methods

A total of 111 patients (95 men, 16 women; mean age 40.3, standard deviation 8.4) with an acute total ATR were prospectively assessed. At one year post-operatively a uniform outcome score, Achilles Combined Outcome Score (ACOS), was obtained by combining three validated, independent, outcome measures: Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score, heel-rise height test, and limb symmetry heel-rise height. Predictors of ACOS included treatment; gender; age; smoking; body mass index; time to surgery; physical activity level pre- and post-injury; symptoms; quality of life and incidence of DVT.

Results

There were three independent variables that correlated significantly with the dichotomised outcome score (ACOS), while there was no correlation with other factors. An age of less than 40 years old was the strongest independent predictor of a good outcome one year after ATR (odds ratio (OR) 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.51), followed by female gender (OR) 4.18, 95% CI 1.01 to 17.24). Notably, patients who did not have a DVT while immobilised post-operatively had a better outcome (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.80).

Conclusion

Over the age of 40 years, male gender and having a DVT while immobilised are independent negative predictors of outcome in patients with an acute ATR. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1635–41.
Parent and Teacher Perspectives on Friendships and Social Interactions of Secondary Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Rossetti Zachary , Lehr Donna , Huang Shuoxi , Ghai Jessica , Harayama Nancy
Published: December 2016

Friendships between students with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) remain infrequent, especially at the secondary level. However, when friendships between students with and without IDD have developed, direct support from parents and teachers has been a critical facilitator. Thus, this qualitative study examined parent (n = 10) and teacher (n = 20) perspectives on friendships and social interactions of middle and high school students with IDD receiving special education services in inclusive settings at least part of the day. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with each participant and analyzed inductively using a multistage process of open and then thematic coding. The thematic findings suggest that the challenge of friendship development between students with and without IDD is ongoing, though there may be potential in focusing more explicitly and intentionally on increasing social interaction opportunities both in and out of school. Implications for future research and practice are described in the context of supporting students with and without IDD to increase social interactions and develop friendships.
EFEITO DA APLICAÇÃO DE Brevibacterium linens NA MATURAÇÃO DE QUEIJOS TIPO SAINT PAULIN DE CASCA TRATADA
Authors: Costa Renata Golin Bueno , Sobral Denise , De Paula Junio César Jacinto , Moreira Gisela De Magalhães Machado , Teodoro Vanessa Aglaê Martins
Published: December 2016

Brevibacterium linens (B. linens) são predominantes na casca de queijos como Gruyère, Limburgo, Reblochon, Port du Salut e Saint Paulin. No entanto, o queijo tipo Saint Paulin fabricado no Brasil, não possui a casca tratada com bactérias e sim, apenas com uma solução salina e corante urucum, o que o deixa com sabor mais suave do que as variedades européias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da utilização da Brevibacterium linens na maturação de queijos tipo Saint Paulin. Os queijos foram produzidos utilizando-se três diferentes tratamentos: controle, sem adição de B. linens, com aplicação de B. linens na casca do queijo por esfregaço e com B. linens adicionada ao leite destinado à fabricação dos queijos. Índices de proteólise e pH (próximo a casca e no centro do queijo) foram avaliados durante a maturação, nos tempos 1, 15, 30 e 54 dias, e a composição centesimal foi avaliada no dia 1 de maturação, em três repetições. A análise de pH e de composição centesimal, não indicou diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Os tratamentos com a utilização de B. linens apresentaram maiores índices de proteólise em relação ao tratamento controle. Assim, a utilização desse tipo de cultura adjunta B. linens incentiva a atividade proteolítica no queijo. Além disso, pode ser adicionada tanto no leite como na morge (solução salina) aplicada na casca do queijo.
Controvérsias materiais do enunciado n. 13 das súmulas vinculantes do Supremo Tribunal Federal
Authors: Rosa Patrícia Brüggemann
Published: December 2016

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo destacar aspectos controvertidos materiais que envolvem o sempre atual enunciado n. 13 das Súmulas Vinculantes de Supremo Tribunal Federal. Nessa senda, o exame foi inicialmente centralizado nos pontos basilares da implementação das Súmula Vinculante, voltando-se para o contexto histórico e a necessidade da reforma do Judiciário que deu ensejo à promulgação da Emenda Constitucional n. 45, com a qual se inseriu o instituto no ordenamento pátrio. Firmados esses alicerces, passou-se a explorar o enunciado em voga, que tratado nepotismo na máquina pública, e, assim, desvendar sua eficácia. Focou-se em controvérsias materiais que dificultam seu emprego, quais sejam, a noção de parentesco lá consignada, porque não coincidente com aquela adotada pelo Código Civil; a compreensão de “pessoa jurídica” que circunda a limitação, já que não há consenso quanto ao que representa a expressão, tampouco quando se configura o nepotismo cruzado, também não delimitado; e a mais polêmica delas –, a aplicabilidade da vedação a cargos políticos. Enfim, por intermédio dos fundamentos teóricos levantados, encerra-se com a conclusão de que, sem negar a importância de se debater o tema destacado, o verbete não apresenta a clareza que dele se espera e, em consequência, não representa ou consolida entendimento judicial sobre a matéria, sobretudo porque demanda interpretação do aplicador, o que contraria frontalmente a razão de ser de enunciados vinculadores.
Empire of Bases
Authors: Grossman Zoltn
Published: December 2016

David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York: Metropolitan, 2015), 418 pages, $35.00, hardcover.The United States maintains about 800 military installations around the world, and the number is growing, despite partial withdrawals of troops from Iraq and Afghanistan and scaling back of major European bases. The continued expansion…has come mainly through a series of smaller "lily pad" installations, originally proposed by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, that are now being built in Africa, Eastern and Central Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and beyond.… [David] Vine, a professor of anthropology at American University [and author of Base Nation], visited more than sixty current or former bases in twelve countries and territories. Although scholars such as Chalmers Johnson, Cynthia Enloe, and Catherine Lutz, as well as contributors to Monthly Review, have for decades sounded the alarm about the ever-expanding global network of U.S. military bases, Vine's new study provides a comprehensive update, persuasively documenting the ways that "far from making the world a safer place, U.S. bases overseas can actually make war more likely and America less secure."Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Her Revolution, Her Life
Authors: Gordon-Nesbitt Rebecca
Published: December 2016

Margaret Randall, Haydée Santamaría, Cuban Revolutionary: She Led by Transgression (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015), 248 pages, $23.95, paperback.In the early 1950s, Haydée Santamaría Cuadrado moved from a rural Cuban sugar plantation to Havana, to live with her younger brother Abel. Together, they would help to establish a revolutionary movement that would change the history of their country. Haydée, as she is known throughout Cuba—Yeyé to her friends—was one of only two women among 160 men who took part in attacks on Batista's army barracks at Moncada and Bayamo on July 26, 1953, which sparked the Cuban Revolution.… In her recent book, poet and scholar Margaret Randall, who lived in Cuba in the 1970s and became friends with Haydée, has captured the essence of this exemplary woman.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Das Bibliotheksgesetz Schleswig-Holstein
Authors: Steinhauer Eric W.
Published: December 2016

Der vorliegende Beitrag schildert das Gesetzgebungsverfahren für das neue Bibliotheksgesetz in Schleswig-Holstein. Die einzelnen Bestimmungen des Gesetzes werden in einem kursorischen Überblick vorgestellt. Einen Schwerpunkt bildet dabei das neue Pflichtexemplarrecht. Abschließend wird das Bibliotheksgesetz Schleswig-Holstein bibliothekspolitisch eingeordnet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass mit dem fünften deutschen Bibliotheksgesetz eine neue Dimension bibliothekarischer Gesetzgebung erreicht wurde, die auch finanzielle Aspekte umfasst.
MoveSteg: A Method of Network Steganography Detection
Authors: Szczypiorski Krzysztof , Tyl Tomasz
Published: December 2016

This article presents a new method for detecting a source point of time based network steganography - MoveSteg. A steganography carrier could be an example of multimedia stream made with packets. These packets are then delayed intentionally to send hidden information using time based steganography methods. The presented analysis describes a method that allows finding the source of steganography stream in network that is under our management.
Network Steganography in the DNS Protocol
Authors: Drzymała Michał , Szczypiorski Krzysztof , Urbański Marek Łukasz
Published: December 2016

This paper presents possibility of using of the DNS (Domain Name System) protocol for creating a simplex communication channel between a malware-infected computer with a compromised DNS server. The proposed channel can be used to steal data or confidential enterprise information secretly.
Experimental Study on Heat and Mass Transfer of Millet in a Fixed Furnace
Authors: Gu Conghui , Yuan Zhulin , Yan Yaming , Luo Dengshan , Li Bin , Zhang Mingjian
Published: December 2016

A series of experiments on the heat and mass transfer of millet particles are conducted in order to demonstrate the effects on drying characteristics of particles in this work. Experimental results illustrate that thermal conductivity between particles is significantly influenced by temperature and moisture content of millet particles. The temperature of particles in axial and radial direction increases because of the increase of inner wall temperature and decreases with the increase of air flow velocity. Moreover, the moisture content of particles near the inner wall has experienced a significant drop with the increase of inner wall temperature. As a consequence, the increase of air flow velocity results from the decrease of particles moisture content and drying rate of particles increases due to the increase of air flow velocity. Furthermore, the accumulated height of particles has barely influenced on the drying characteristics of millet particles.
Functional and Rheological Properties of Piñuela (Bromelia karatas) in Two Ripening Stages.
Authors: Osorio María N. , Moyano Diego F. , Murillo Walter , Murillo Elizabeth , Ibarz Albert , Solanilla José F.
Published: December 2016

The physicochemical characteristics and the activity of the polyphenol oxidase from piñuela fruit juices were determined at two ripening stages. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the superoxide anion yield. The ripening stage showed greater ability to inhibit (

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, 35.3 %). The inhibition of superoxide dismutase was higher for both ripe (88.29 %) and unripe (95.94 %) states. The rheological behaviour of the juice was satisfactorily described using Herschel-Bulkley model (R2 > 0.99). The concentration effect on the rheological parameters was described by the potential law model, and the temperature effect on the viscosity was described based on the Arrhenius equation, finding activation energy values from 11.94 and 17.80 kJ/mol. These results make Bromelia karatas L. a promissory fruit due to their content of secondary metabolites and its antioxidant activity, which could be associated to the presence of phenolic compounds, specifically flavonoids. Variations in these metabolites could also account for structural changes, physicochemical properties, the integrity protection of the fruit against adverse and an alternative to food products.
Quomodo Fredegarius Scholasticus modis et temporibus uerbi temporalis usus sit
Authors: Calboli Gualtharius
Published: December 2016

A couple of years ago Colette Bodelot (
Re-education of German POWs as a German-Jewish Task: The Case of Adolf Sindler
Authors: Shiloh-Dayan Yonatan
Published: December 2016

Towards the end of the Second World War, as a German defeat seemed inevitable, the Allied powers began searching for a postwar policy that would prevent the resurgence of Germany as a hostile military power in Central Europe. Instead of material destruction, the British preferred to tackle the German mind. As a means of achieving the objectives of ‘Denazification,’ the British launched a large scale plan for political re-education of the German people. The plan included a pioneering program for German Prisoners of War held in dispersed British captivity camps. In charge of executing the program in one such camp, located alongside the Suez Canal, was a German-Jewish refugee named Adolf Sindler. His service as a ‘Training Adviser’ began in early 1946 and lasted for two years. Sindler’s leadership in the camp created some of the earliest, and perhaps most unusual, encounters of the immediate postwar period between German soldiers, some of whom were still ardent Nazis, and German-Jews, in this case, one who was in charge of their mental rehabilitation. Sindler was provided constant support by a group of German-speaking socialist émigrés who had found shelter in Palestine. This paper explores how this historical case study informs our understanding of the inner-Jewish dialogue concerning the involvement of émigrés in the moral reconstruction of their former society. In addition, it seeks to contribute to our knowledge of the nature of operations during the early stages of the pretentious British re-education plan.
„Der Jude, der in deutschem Geist macht.“‡ Das Hegelbuch Franz Rosenzweigs und seine Wirkung
Authors: Navarrete Alonso Roberto
Published: December 2016

Das
MEDEA: Crowd-Sourcing the Recording of Metal-Detected Artefacts in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Deckers Pieterjan , Bleumers Lizzy , Ruelens Sanne , Lemmens Bert , Vanderperren Nastasia , Marchal Clémence , Pierson Jo , Tys Dries
Published: December 2016

Since 2016, hobby metal-detecting is legal in Flanders (Belgium), although it was unofficially
tolerated for many years before. However, research on metal-detected artefacts in Flanders is hindered by a
low reporting rate. The MEDEA project aims to address this by encouraging detectorists to record their finds
on an online platform. Finds experts are invited to enrich records with further information and thus instigate
a rewarding feedback cycle. This paper discusses MEDEA’s ‘Human-Centred Design’ development process and
the design choices underpinning the platform. MEDEA may be seen as an example of ‘Open Archaeology’ and
related trends in digital humanities.
Prevalence of Psychosocial Risk Factors in Selected Industries in Latvia
Authors: Kozlova Lāsma , Lakiša Svetlana
Published: December 2016

The hypothesis of the study was that psychosocial risk factors are more common in industries involving intellectual work, such as education and public administration (Group 1), rather than in industries like construction, agriculture, and forestry where physical work is more common (Group 2). This hypothesis was confirmed and the important findings were that the most common psychosocial risk factors in Group 1 were staff conflicts, conflicts with managers and clients, also lack of time and having to communicate with clients during the working day. Violence, especially physical and psychological violence was a common risk factor in Group 1; mostly the client caused the violence. In Group 2 the most common psychosocial risk factors were overtime work, conflicts with managers, lack of time and having to communicate with clients during the working day. Overtime work was the most common risk factor in construction, agriculture, and forestry industries.