bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The External Relations of The European Community
Authors: Dolan Michael B. , Caporaso James A.
Published: March 2007

The European Community (EC) has been in existence for over twenty years and its permanence is no longer seriously questioned. This recognition of the EC as a permanent component of the global system is partially acknowledged by the shift of scholarly research from the internal problems of Community development to its external relations. Here a number of important questions are unre solved : Is the EC a coherent global actor or only an arena where representatives of nation states carry out their foreign policies? Does the EC operate effectively in the political arena or is its power limited to economic matters? The authors address these questions by dividing their subject matter up into EC relations with the advanced industrial societies, and relations with the developing countries. In the former category they examine EC external policy in agriculture and energy. In the latter category the EC's attempt to formulate a development policy is examined from six different per spectives. Regardless of the degree of common purpose and cohesion evident in the EC's activities, it clearly is an important actor for both the industrial and nonindustrial countries.
Consequences of Increased Third-Party Payments for Health Care Services
Authors: Zelten Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The growth of third-party programs to pay the costs of health care has occurred in an unplanned manner. As a result, the country presently is faced with a number of uncoordinated payment programs that sometimes work against each other. While the expansion of health insurance programs has provided the financing necessary to keep our health care system up-to-date, and while such programs doubt lessly have reduced the financial barriers to seeking health care for some population segments, health insurance also has produced some problems. Generally, the contribution of health insurance to these problems is subtle and cannot be quantified. Yet, policymakers increasingly are recognizing that there are factors at work in our health care system that, if continued unabated, will exacerbate the country's health care cost problem. Many of these factors owe their existence to the socially unacceptable incentives provided by most health insurance programs. This article focuses on some of the adverse consequences of health insurance programs and indicates that the future of private health insurance depends upon how these problems are addressed.
No-Fault Insurance: What, Why and Where?
Authors: O'Connell Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

Under the common-law "tort" or fault-finding system, after an accident between Smith and Jones, if Smith is an "innocent" party claiming loss against a "wrongdoer," he is paid not only for his economic loss, but for the monetary value of his pain and suffering. But it is often very difficult to establish not only who was at fault in an accident but the pecuniary value of pain. Under the no-fault solution, after an accident between Smith and Jones, each is paid for eco nomic losses by his own insurance company, regardless of any one's fault. As a corollary, each is required to surrender his claim based on fault against the other. No-fault insurance then, was designed to make the following improvements in auto accident compensation: (1) to assure that everyone injured in auto accidents is eligible for auto insurance payments, regard less of whether he was able to prove fault-based claims; (2) to spend less on smaller, relatively trivial claims, and more on serious injury; (3) to pay claims promptly; (4) to pay more efficiently by using less of the premium dollar on insurance overhead and legal fees; (5) to reduce, or at least to stabilize, the pertinent costs of auto insurance. In essence, no-fault auto insurance has succeeded in all these goals. Consideration is given to extending no-fault to all kinds of accidents.
A Review and Evaluation of Selected Government Programs to Handle Risk
Authors: Greene Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Six government insurance programs are de scribed and evaluated against three criteria: (1) size and sig nificance of the economic burden imposed by the risks covered, (2) public acceptance of the program, and (3) necessity of govern ment initiative to accept the risk if private insurers could not do so. It is concluded that government handling of flood and swine flu liability risks are justified, but the government pro grams in riot reinsurance, crime insurance, and nuclear energy liability should be terminated. Federal crop insurance is of questionable necessity in view of the basic insurability of this risk by private insurers.
The Convergence of Work, Sport, and Gambling in America
Authors: Kaplan H. Roy
Published: March 2007

The changing nature of work brought about by increased mechanization and the division and specializa tion of labor has decreased opportunities for meaningful, satis fying experiences on the job. Although work was traditionally the only legitimate means for upward mobility, gambling has emerged as an alternative route to riches and a method for escaping the tedium of contemporary jobs. Sports have be come the vehicle through which the majority of gambling is done. The proliferation of legalized gambling as a conse quence of boredom in the world of work not only diverts public attention from critical social issues and constructive methods for handling them, it also demeans sports by sub jugating them to materialistic escapist ends.
Women in Sport: The Synthesis Begins
Authors: Holland Judith R. , Oglesby Carole
Published: March 2007

Sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men's and women's roles. The authors ar gue that women's sport has changed dramatically in recent years while men's sport has changed little. An additional level of change in sport, synthesizing elements of the traditional men's and women's sport experience, would be socially beneficial. Essential elements of play, game, sport, and ath letics, are identified as defined in the emerging sport sciences. Selective socialization of males and females via sport was accomplished through the shaping of "masculine" and "femi nine" sport experiences. The effect of the women's movement has been to adopt traditional sport as instrumentality, rather than masculinity, training. This requires little restructuring of sport by men. A new conception of sport is presented in which the elements of traditional men's and women's sport are theoretically synthesized. Because of the past emphasis on the masculine-instrumental elements of sport, it is hy pothesized that a temporal focus on the feminine-expressive elements is necessary to the occurrence of a synthesis. The paper concludes with a full description of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), which aids in the accomplishment of the synthesis. The history, present issues, and future trends of the AIAW are discussed.
The Rise and Demise of Sport: A Reflection of Uruguayan Society
Authors: Krotee March L.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to better understand any nation, it is necessary to examine the salient characteristics of that country's sociocultural process. The significance of the inter relationship of sport and society in Latin America, and specifi cally in Uruguay, reflects in part the rise as well as the demise of a republic struggling and battling with the problems and issues of advancing technology and industrialization as sec ondary industrial development begins to diffuse from its rapidly developing South American neighbors. This paper discusses the nexus between sport in the form of soccer and the parallel rise and demise of twentieth-century Uruguayan sociocultural development. Sport serves as a significant in dicator within Uruguayan society and tends to mirror the ex isting societal status. Sport may also serve as a form of social adaptation process for future Uruguayan sociocultural development.
Church-State Developments Around the World
Authors: Curry James A.
Published: March 2007

This study covers recent church-state develop ments within three broad patterns of interaction. The first pattern involves religious attempts to either eliminate or dominate secular authority. The case of Iran's Islamic republic is examined, as well as the possibility of an "Islamic resurgence" among other Muslim nations. The second pattern represents church-state disagreement over specific public policies. Examples in this section include recent educational, divorce, and abortion reforms in the traditionally conservative states of Italy and Spain, religious opposition to the status quo politics of certain Latin American regimes, and disagree ments over racial policy in white-dominated southern Africa. In the final pattern, the state seeks to eliminate or seriously restrict religious activity. Primary emphasis in this section is placed upon the policies of the Communist regimes of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia. The persecution of specific religious groups in non-Communist states is also examined. The various cases examined in this study suggest that church-state disputes are quite common within nearly all world regions and among all religious groups. Moreover, controversies are likely to continue as long as secular and religious leaders seek different goals.
Governmental Attempts to Define Church and Religion
Authors: Whelan Charles M.
Published: March 2007

To conform to the constitutional provisions separating church and state, public officials must be able to distinguish between churches and other types of institu tions. They must also be able to distinguish between beliefs, activities, and organizations that are religious and those that are not. Before 1969 there was very little disagreement be tween the American churches and the federal and state govern ments about the legal meanings of church and religion. Since 1969, however, Congress and some federal agencies (notably the Internal Revenue Service) have adopted some legal phraseology that is extremely offensive to the churches be cause it divorces the charitable, educational and social wel fare activities of the churches from their religious mission. The resulting discord, tension and threat to the proper legal understanding of religion and church can be resolved only through changes in the terminology that the government has created. To bring about these changes, the churches must engage in greater collaboration with each other, and in more frequent and cordial discussions with government officials.
The Churches and Legislative Advocacy
Authors: Wogaman J. Philip
Published: March 2007

Throughout American history, church groups have sought to influence public policy, sometimes quite successfully. Their general right to do so is respected by the courts, but indirect challenges persist on the popular level and as a by-product of tax exemption regulations and lobby disclosure legislation. In democratic political theory, this right of churches is grounded in the right of all citizens to be respected as sovereign and to exercise their sovereignty either individually or in groups. Religious freedom points in particular to the transcendence of persons as citizens above the state, and it requires opportunity for political expression. The right of church legislative advocacy is limited by respect for the rights of others and by the requirement that all public policy enactments reflect a primary secular purpose, that is, that they do not depend for their rationale upon theological beliefs peculiar to particular religious groups. Churches in fact make important public contributions through legislative advocacy and the state should encourage, not discourage, it. While the churches themselves differ on this, the broad mainstream of Judeo-Christian tradition is deeply supportive of this activity, provided it is pursued with wisdom and restraint.
Cults, Brainwashing, and Counter-Subversion
Authors: Robbins Thomas , Anthony Dick
Published: March 2007

Periodically in American history, periods of spiritual ferment have erupted in which unconventional and sometimes rather authoritarian sects have developed. Such groups have often elicited extreme hostility and distrust and have, moreover, been perceived as fundamentally subversive of civil order and the ideals of Americanism. Counter- subversive movements have developed which have sought to mobilize opinion against heterodox sects and to legitimate religious persecution. The current agitation against cults exemplifies a counter-subversive campaign and bears similar ities with nineteenth century anti-Masonic, anti-Mormon and anti-Catholic agitation. Significant parallels include over- generalized stereotypes applied to disparate groups, a stress on mental seduction and enslavement (mind control), and a tendency for counter-subversives to come to resemble their own stereotypes of target groups in terms of authoritarianism and intolerance. Both the growth of deviant sects and the emergence of counter-subversive hysteria should be viewed in the context of disturbances in the American civil religion with consequent cultural confusion and normative ambiguity.
The Ghetto as a Form of Government
Authors: Hilberg Raul
Published: March 2007

Isaiah Trunk's classic study of the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under the Nazi regime points to four major conclusions. (1) The ghetto was a captive city-state, totally subordinate to German authority while remainng a Jewish entity with traditions and expectations rooted in Jewish experience. The Jewish councils that were placed in charge of the ghettos were facing a dilemma in that they could not follow German instructions without hurting Jews and could not help Jews without obeying the Germans. (2) As a socioeconomic unit, the ghetto was hovering between life and death. The Jewish population could not support itself in definitely by trading with the outside world; impoverish ment spelled out its doom. (3) For the incarcerated Jews, the ghetto was also a mirage. It instilled thoughts of normalcy and continuity in the Jewish community at a time when the Germans were preparing for deportations of the victims to death camps. (4) Finally, the ghetto councils and their police organs were a self-destructive mechanism insofar as they con fiscated assets or recruited labor and, in the end, rounded up the people for transport in trains waiting nearby.
Jewish Organizations and the Creation of the U.S. War Refugee Board
Authors: Penkower Monty N.
Published: March 2007

Confronted by the Holocaust, the Anglo-American Alliance moved slowly to meet this unique tragedy during World War II. Refusing the initial appeal of Jewish organiza tions in the free world that food and medical packages be dispatched to the ghettos of Europe, London and Washington argued that supplies would be diverted for the Germans' per sonal use or would be granted the Jews just to free the Third Reich from its "responsibility" to feed them. A license granted in December, 1942, for such shipments had minimal effect. The World Jewish Congress' subsequent plan to rescue Jews through the use of blocked accounts in Switzerland received the U.S. Treasury Department's approval in mid-1943, but the State Department and the British Foreign Office pro crastinated further. Jewish groups failed at times to measure up to the catastrophe but the fundamental obligation lay with the Allied councils of war, which discriminated in their un willingness to save a powerless European Jewry. The per sistence of Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., and his staff in bypassing State and ultimately confronting Franklin D. Roosevelt in January, 1944, along with increasing calls from Congress and the public for a presidential rescue com mission, resulted in the executive creation of the U.S. War Refugee Board. The lateness of the hour and Hitler's ruthless determination to complete the murder of all the Jews of Europe made the odds for the new board's success more than questionable.
The Reparations Agreements: A New Perspective
Authors: Sebba Leslie
Published: March 2007

In the wake of the Holocaust, a series of agree ments were reached between the Federal Republic of Ger many and representatives of the Jewish people regarding com pensation for the suffering inflicted during that terrible era. The agreements had many unusual features to which insuf ficient attention has been devoted in the existing literature, most of which is confined to specific issues of a legal, psy chiatric, or economic nature. A more integrative approach is presented here, through the perspective of a newly developing field, namely, victimology. This approach pro vides a perspective for examining both the practical and the ideological issues involved. It also raises the question as to how far comparison may be made between genocide and more "conventional" victimization processes.
The Holocaust: A Never-Ending Agony
Authors: Crawford Fred Roberts
Published: March 2007

How long does a severe traumatic experience remain in the memory and affect behavior? Many years later, in interviewing American soldiers who encountered Nazi con centration camps during World War II, we quickly learned that their responses in at least 40 percent of these interviews revealed severe emotional stress as they described the tragic details that they had seen as eyewitnesses. They frequently had kept the photographs taken during these experiences and also shared official army booklets, films, and military orders all pertaining to the concentration camps and those victims. From an original goal of 10 oral histories, our project titled "Witness to the Holocaust" has expanded to almost 400 known GI witnesses and has completed interviews with 80. The truths which these men and some women nurses, Red Cross workers, and United Nations Refugee Relief Agency (UNRRA) workers have shared verify beyond question the terrible nature of the concentration camp system and its impact on Jews and non- Jews during World War II. Now sociologists, psychiatrists, and historians are analyzing the interview data confirming, among other things, that many of these witnesses still suffer from the awful experience of liberating or even seeing a camp after liberation. This agony seems never to end.
The Dirty Harry Problem
Authors: Klockars Carl B.
Published: March 2007

Policing constantly places its practitioners in situations in which good ends can be achieved by dirty means. When the ends to be achieved are urgent and unquestionably good and only a dirty means will work to achieve them, the policeman faces a genuine moral dilemma. A genuine moral dilemma is a situation from which one cannot emerge inno cent no matter what one does—employ a dirty means, em ploy an insufficiently dirty means, or walk away. In such situations in policing, Dirty Harry problems, the danger lies not in becoming guilty of wrong—that is inevitable—but in thinking that one has found a way to escape a dilemma which is inescapable. Dire consequences result from this misunder standing. Policemen lose their sense of moral proportion, fail to care, turn cynical, or allow their passionate caring to lead them to employ dirty means too crudely or too readily. The only means of assuring that dirty means will not be used too readily or too crudely is to punish those who use them and the agency which endorses their use.
Always Prepared: Police Off-Duty Guns
Authors: Fyfe James J.
Published: March 2007

Even while off duty, American police are ex pected to be armed and to actively intervene in situations threatening to life, property, or order. This article considers the assumptions upon which that expectation is based and suggests that they may be ill-founded. Research to determine whether armed off-duty police actually increase community violence levels is recommended as a prerequisite to an in formed reconsideration of the appropriate role for off-duty police officers.
Beyond Account: The Personal Impact of Police Shootings
Authors: Van Maanen John
Published: March 2007

The aftermath of a police shooting is a messy matter. The consequences of a shooting are felt and acted upon at several levels within police organizations. Official, col legial, and individual versions of a particular shooting often contrast in both form—external/intemal/private—and con tent—representation/symbol/feeling. Based on one's commit ment to the police role and one's social position within a department, an officer will attempt to build an account for a shooting that will protect his sense of self as shaped by the relationships he has with his colleagues and organization. Be cause shootings are to a degree "routine matters" within many police agencies, especially large ones, individual accounts are worked out in line with mutually held background under standings of what constitutes proper police conduct before, during, and after a shooting. That such accounts are only partial indicators of "what really happened" is a point well understood by the police.
Legal Foundations of Civil Rights and Pluralism in America
Authors: Lamb Charles M.
Published: March 2007

Central to the dynamics of American pluralism are legal protections provided for minorities. To a large degree these rights revolve around the concept of equal protection of the laws. Whether reflected in the Fourteenth Amendment or statutes, the principal question is, Under what conditions is it just or reasonable to afford different treatment to persons because of their race? Here this question is addressed in the context of the transformation of the concept of equal protec tion since Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Certainly the legal meta morphosis from the "separate but equal" doctrine to the cur rent status of minority rights is truly profound. Particularly important in recent years is the issue of affirmative action. After a brief survey of the legal transition from Plessy into the 1970s and of the various levels of scrutiny that the United States Supreme Court has given to equal protection prob lems, the progression of the equal protection principle is traced herein with emphasis placed on the three most recent affirmative action decisions announced by the Court: Univer sity of California Regents v. Bakke (1978), United Steel- workers of America v. Weber (1979), and Fullilove v. Klutz nick (1980).
Muslims in the United States: Settlers and Visitors
Authors: Ghayur M. Arif
Published: March 2007

Although the 1.2 million Muslim-Americans number more than the Chinese-Americans, Japanese-Ameri cans, or the American Indians, no in-depth study of them has ever been conducted. One reason for the lack of aware ness of the scope of Muslim settlement in America has been that most Muslims arrived here only after the liberalization of immigration laws in 1965. Thus they did not become part of the ethnic mosaic of America until recently. They comprise about 100 subgroups based on language, race, culture, and nationality. Although the majority of them are Asians, there are substantial numbers of Europeans, Africans, native Whites, Afro-Americans, and some West Indians or Latin Americans. Arabs and Iranians are estimated to be the largest groups. About one third are concentrated in the three major metro politan areas of America. Family, religion, and ethnicity are intertwined for the Muslim-American. The MSA (Muslim Students Association), the largest Muslim organization, is attempting to create unity out of the diversified groups. With the resurgence of Islam, Muslim-Americans are also feeling more pride in being part of this worldwide community. Muslims constitute one of the fastest-growing ethnic groups in America, and it is projected that there will be close to 2.5 million in this country by the end of the century.
Bilingualism/Biculturalism in American Education: An Adventure in Wonderland
Authors: Burke Fred G.
Published: March 2007

Bilingual education has been in practice in this country since colonial days, but the movement has always been embroiled in controversy. Is it pedagogically sound? Is it not divisive? Why should linguistic minorities be so "pampered"? National policies have depended on the na tion's sense of security; regional policies have reflected societal attitudes toward certain groups. A different phenome non, manifested during the past decade, raises a new concern. With the Hispanic population increasing rapidly, demog raphers predicting Hispanics will outnumber Blacks by the turn of the century, Hispanics themselves calling the eighties their decade, and the emphasis on "maintenance" instead of "traditional" programs, non-Hispanic Americans—both White and Black—have reasons to view bilingual education as part of a larger thrust aimed at giving Hispanics increased visibility and political influence. Dr. Diego Castellanos, one of the leading advocates of bilingual education, characterizes the movement as an ideological, sociological, economic, and political strategy, as much as a pedagogical approach. A brief case study of the New Jersey experience with Puerto Ricans and Cubans demonstrates the growth of Hispanics in numbers and sophistication. Without a federal policy on bilingualism, the nation is sure to get somewhere—as the Cheshire cat said in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland—but it may not be where it wants to go.
The UK Parliament and performance
Authors: Johnson Carole , Talbot Colin
Published: March 2007

Many governments across OECD countries now produce substantial amounts of performance information. This movement has increasingly become known variously as output- or outcome-based budgeting or governance. This article focuses on the important question of how legislatures are responding to this development. Using the case of the UK's public performance measurement systems — especially since 1997 and the introduction of Public Service Agreements — it examines the UK Parliament's response to this change. It poses the question: to what extent has Parliament used this new resource to challenge the executive arm of government or has been challenged itself to adapt its own role and activities to this new regime? From a detailed analysis of the conduct of parliamentary Select Committees and a survey of Select Committee members we find that Parliament itself has been more challenged by performance reporting than challenging of the executive, despite attempts by Parliament itself to institutionalize performance scrutiny. The article concludes with a discussion of how far legislative scrutiny, and even perhaps co-steering, of performance is feasible or desirable.
Consumerism, Solidarity and Communism: Consumer Protection and the Consumer Movement in Poland
Authors: Mazurek Malgorzata , Hilton Matthew
Published: March 2007

It has long been assumed that inattention to matters of consumption contributed to the collapse of the centrally planned economies of the Soviet bloc. In Poland, the party-state followed a productivist model which occasionally paid lip-service to the consumer but which ultimately focused on the dictates of production. Yet, by 1981, there existed an organized consumer movement (Federacja Konsumentów) which emerged amidst the broader challenges to the state associated with Solidarity. In the transition to democracy, a form of consumer agency developed in Poland concerned less with the relative benefits of capitalism or communism in supplying consumer wants and desires, and more with a less overtly ideological notion of rights and protection promoted at the global level. This article demonstrates that Polish consumers and their expert representatives, both within and beyond the state, were capable of exercising an agency more complex than the negative one of frustration and recourse to alternative forms of provisioning usually associated with a command economy.
`University's not for Me — I'm a Nike Person': Urban, Working-Class Young People's Negotiations of `Style', Identity and Educational Engagement
Authors: Archer Louise , Hollingworth Sumi , Halsall Anna
Published: March 2007

This ar ticle explores how urban working-class young people's performances of embodied identities — as enacted through practices of `taste' and style — are played out within the educational field.The ar ticle considers how such practices may contribute to shaping young people's post-16 `choices' and their views of higher education as `not for me'. Drawing on data from longitudinal tracking inter views with 53 individual young people and discussion groups with a fur ther 36 pupils, the article discusses the double-bind experienced by these young people as a result of their performances of style. It is argued that whilst the young people seek to generate wor th and value through their investments in style, these practices may also play into oppressive social relations and contribute to fixing the young people within marginalized and disadvantaged social positions.
Running to Run: Embodiment, Structure and Agency amongst Veteran Elite Runners
Authors: Tulle Emmanuelle
Published: March 2007

This ar ticle is concerned with ageing embodiment and social change. It operates a synthesis of Bourdieu's theor y of the logic of practice and understandings of agency as an embodied process. Is age a source of habitus? Within what structural circumstances can ageing embodiment lead to social transformation? What are the limitations to this? An analysis of the minutiae of ever yday embodiment of older social actors active in the social field of Veteran athletics suppor ts the contention that over time we become caught up in an age habitus. A challenge to this can be effected through modalities of embodiment within social fields in transition. The permeability of the field, and its own internal logic, the achievement of bodily competence, combined with the active control of the organization of the field, offer some oppor tunities to reconstruct the discourse of ageing.
The Equality of Social Envies
Authors: Hughes Christina
Published: March 2007

Although envy is commonly understood as such a vice that it is listed as one of the seven deadly sins, envy is a site where concerns over inequalities and exploitation are articulated. In addition, although we often correlate envy with the expression of illegitimate resentments, this is not necessarily always the case. Cer tain forms of envious feelings can be viewed as arising quite legitimately in response to distributive inequalities. However, the moral meanings associated with envy not only impact upon what is discursively possible but also affect how such sentiments are heard.Thus, judgments of moral wor th can effectively silence, rather than open up, concerns around inequalities. Similarly, legitimate expressions about the inequities of distributive justice can be heard as envious talk. In exploring this terrain, this ar ticle draws on the potentiality of social envies to explore lay meanings of classed and gendered inequalities and the emergence of new social resentments.
Beyond the Call of Duty: Why Customers Contribute to Firm-hosted Commercial Online Communities
Authors: Wiertz Caroline , de Ruyter Ko
Published: March 2007

Firm-hosted commercial online communities, in which customers interact to solve each other's service problems, represent a fascinating context to study the motivations of collective action in the form of knowledge contribution to the community. We extend a model of social capital based on Wasko and Faraj (2005) to incorporate and contrast the direct impact of commitment to both the online community and the host firm, as well as reciprocity, on quality and quantity of knowledge contribution. In addition, we examine the moderating influence of three individual attributes that are particularly relevant to the firm-hosted community context: perceived informational value, sportsmanship, and online interaction propensity. We empirically test our framework using self-reported and objective data from 203 members of a firm-hosted technical support community. In addition to several interesting moderating effects, we find that a customer's online interaction propensity, commitment to the community, and the informational value s/he perceives in the community are the strongest drivers of knowledge contribution.
Poweract and Organizational Work: Gérard Mendel's Socio-psychoanalysis
Authors: Arnaud Gilles
Published: March 2007

One of the principal merits of Gérard Mendel's socio-psychoanalysis lies in the fact that it strives to understand how organizational reality influences individual psychic reality, including in its unconscious dimension. A collective practice, it aims to study how actors, in the framework of their daily professional activity, and organized into specific groups (homogeneous in terms of profession), reflect by themselves on the forces that impact their personality. The working hypothesis of socio-psychoanalysis is that the hold of organizations on individuals is such that the latter have very little power over their acts of work; whence the negative psychological effects with their harmful socio-economic consequences. For Mendel, it seems necessary to intervene right from the beginning of the socio-psychoanalytic process in the dimension of the organization of work. The intervention methodology adopted is that of an institutional system whose function is to counter, as much as possible, the pathogenic effects of the organization of work by neutralizing the hierarchical, technical, social and organizational divisions that run through it, in order to trigger a `movement of appropriation of the act' (poweract). Thus, when the conditions are in place for individuals to exercise real power over their productive acts, then pleasure, creativity, motivation, participation and a sense of responsibility may all develop in them. In so doing, the system endeavours not only to act on the concrete reality of work, but also to enable certain psychosocial changes in the personality.
" ... to the Advantage of Secondary Education"
Authors: Arnstein George
Published: March 2007

A group of principals tell how the Neighbor hood Youth Corps is helping boys and girls in their schools. As one NYC enrollee said, "I know that someone cares."
Guidance As Viewed Through the Neighborhood Youth Corps
Authors: Ruff Eldon E.
Published: March 2007

A Neighborhood Youth Corps director looks at some of the practical problems encountered in working with disadvantaged young people.
Pseudo-Guidance Programs in Our Schools
Authors: Brown Duane
Published: March 2007

Unqualified statements may give only part of the truth, but there are times when a bit of the truth is better than none. Brown says categorically that giving a program a standard form and calling it guidance does not make it so.
The Challenge Summarized
Authors: Sulkin Sidney
Published: March 2007

What is the nature of the curricular transforma tion that seems to be taking hold in secondary schools? How do the colleges respond? What are the effects on students? What challenges still remain?
Negotiation Versus Bargaining
Authors: Epstein Benjamin
Published: March 2007

One viewpoint on The Principal's Role in Col lective Negotiations Between Teachers and School Boards. T. M. Stinnett, J. H. Klein mann, and M. L. Ware. New York: Macmillan Co., 1966. 309 pp. $6.95.
Quality and Equality in American Schools
Authors: Logsdon James D.
Published: March 2007

Reactions of another well-known schoolman to Francis Keppel's The Necessary Revolution in American Education. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. 201 pp. $5.95.
Realistic Ranking
Authors: Benjamin Stuart H.
Published: March 2007

The ranking-with-weights process described here may seem overelaborate. But its use for ten years in Columbia High must mean that it is both worthwhile and workable.
Modified Scheduling and Foreign Languages
Authors: Gladstone Igor M.
Published: March 2007

Its chairman describes the ways in which a foreign language department is taking advan tage of a modified, though not modular, sched ule.
Recent Analyses of Teaching
Authors: Waetjen Walter B.
Published: March 2007

Being watched is part of every teacher's life. But it is only recently that instruments and processes have been created that permit the watcher really to know what he is seeing.
The Principal and the Media Center
Authors: Kuehn Phyllis R.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests, from the viewpoint of a specialist, how the principal can help develop the best possible school media center. The author discusses every essential component, from the selection of personnel and materials to the increased financial base required.
Needs Assessment
Authors: Hays Donald G.
Published: March 2007

If your guidance program is to effectively and effi ciently meet the needs of your student population it must be designed to suit that population. An eight- step process for evaluating those needs is pre sented below.
Counselors as Deans
Authors: Botthof Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The roles of guidance counselor and academic dean/disciplinarian have been successfully com bined at one large suburban high school. The pro gram encourages broad-based, student-staff inter action and eliminates the need for a large and complex administrative structure.
Implementing a Comprehensive Guidance Program in the Middle School
Authors: Bohlinger Tom
Published: March 2007

Establishing an appropriate guidance program for the middle school is at best a difficult task. The fol lowing article takes a look at the components necessary for such a program and presents a step- by-step plan for implementation.
Ten Steps Toward Implementing Effective Middle Schools
Authors: George Paul S.
Published: March 2007

There is little doubt that the move toward middle schools will continue to grow, believes the author, who says there is much to be learned from past experience. The administrator involved in the mid dle school movement is urged to give the following guidelines serious consideration.
Effectiveness Research and School Administration—Both Sides of the Coin
Authors: Macphail-Wilcox Bettye , Gut Jim
Published: March 2007

Effectiveness research is having such a strong impact on schools that no one can afford to ignore it. Principals need to know the prescriptive messages and to put them into perspective.
Using Standardized Test Data To Measure School Effectiveness
Authors: Serow Robert C. , Jackson Henry L.
Published: March 2007

How valid are standardized tests in determining school effec tiveness ? The writers argue for a measurement system that rec ognizes the diversity of schools.
Characteristics of the Effective School—A Starting Point for Self-Evaluation
Authors: Curran Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Is your school effective? This writer discusses 11 characteristics that he believes are essential to such a school.
Delivering Support Services in a Small High School: A Model That Works
Authors: Braukmann William T. , Cochran David W. , Pankove Ethel
Published: March 2007

A team approach to intervention in student problems works well for this small school.
Balance Purposes, Processes To Achieve Effective Change
Authors: McCoy James W. , Allred Wallace E.
Published: March 2007

Bandwagons are enticing but don't climb aboard with blind enthusiasm. That's the advice offered by these writers who out line their model for planning effective change.
Moving Toward Excellence: A Model To Increase Student Productivity
Authors: Fairman Marvin , Clark Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

What is the difference between effective and ineffective schools? What elements must converge to put a school on the excellence track? These are but two of the issues presented by the writers in this article.
Needs Assessment: A Means To Clarify the Goals of Secondary Schools
Authors: Matczynski Thomas J. , Rogus Joseph
Published: March 2007

The educational institution is again a major focus of the nation's attention. Positive steps to involve community are essential in developing and maintaining community support for what schools are about. With this in mind, an effective needs assessment process can result in multiple benefits to schools and can do much to involve the community.
Garnering Stakeholders' Support for Educational Excellence
Authors: Thiemann Francis C. , Ruscoe Gordon C.
Published: March 2007

Outlined here is a method for identifying and cultivating the diverse groups within the school community. This is an essen tial, these writers assert, if educators are to control the direction of their schools.
Secondary Education in a Changing World: Reaching a Turning Point
Authors: Hunter Brother Eagan
Published: March 2007

Ten years ago, William Van Til proposed three scenarios for the future of secondary education. This writer takes a look at those projections from a contemporary perspective.
Teaching Thinking Skills: How the Principal Can Know They Are Being Taught
Authors: Beyer Barry K.
Published: March 2007

A checklist provided here will help principals assess whether thinking skills are being taught in their schools. The author explains the inventory and describes how to use it.
Should Fine Arts Be Required for High School Graduation?
Authors: Rush Jean C.
Published: March 2007

Ignorance of the ideas and cultural values transmitted through the arts makes people ill prepared for citizenship and diminishes the quality of their lives, says this writer.
Learning Styles VS. Teaching Styles—Studying The Relationship
Authors: Heikkinen Michael , Pettigrew Frank , Zakrajsek Dorothy
Published: March 2007

Education majors clearly display learning style preferences, say these researchers, who discuss the results of their work at the University of Idaho.
In-School Suspension— Making It a Place To Grow
Authors: Stessman C.W.
Published: March 2007

The corrective, self-help orientation of this in-school suspension program encourages students to examine their problems and find acceptable solutions.
Expanding the Use of the School Building To Improve Community Support
Authors: Grady Joan Butterworth
Published: March 2007

As we move to expand our interactions with the non-parent public we should not overlook our buildings and our students as positive forces in this partnership.
Discipline: why Does It Continue to Be a Problem? Solution Is in Changing School Culture
Authors: Burns James A.
Published: March 2007

Although many schools today are dealing more effectively with issues like drug abuse and violence, they still find disrespect, conformance to rules, and other areas that relate to values a problem. The author suggests commitments to six common val ues to improve discipline in the school.
What Are the Issues for Teacher Training?
Authors: Fontana Lynn A. , Ochoa Anna
Published: March 2007

It is time for educators to look critically at the world around them and take some bold steps in moving the schools into the age of instant communication, say these writers, who suggest some strategies for doing so.
Administrative Uses of Microcomputers, Part II: Specific Tasks
Authors: Crawford Chase W.
Published: March 2007

In this, the second of a series on the administrative uses of microcomputers, the writer looks at some of the specific admin istrative tasks that can be computerized.
Developing a Teacher Evaluation Process
Authors: Blome Arvin C.
Published: March 2007

Everyone agrees that evaluation is a difficult but necessary pro cess. This writer outlines the first of a two-phase process under way in Colorado for developing a student teacher evaluation model.
A Positive Approach to Academic Excellence
Authors: Childs John , McCoy Jim
Published: March 2007

Administrators looking for programs to increase academic excel lence while also promoting a positive learning environment will find a host of ideas here. The writers claim they will stimulate continued achievement once the initial goals are realized.
Educating Students for Life After High School— Where Does Vocational Education Fit?
Authors: Urich Ted R. , Mackenzie Donald G.
Published: March 2007

If the public wants its schools to teach fundamental skills and attitudes to all students for success in a fast-changing world, these educators believe, schools will have to concentrate on teaching the basics and leave vocational courses to others.

Because what is proposed here challenges traditional prac tice, the editors will welcome reader responses for publication as letters.
Bridging the Gap Between Senior Citizens and Young People
Authors: Iannacone George , Skelly Joan
Published: March 2007

One particular facet of a community—its senior citizens—has much to offer young people. The authors describe a unique program that establishes a relationship between the school and senior citizens, improves school-community relations, and is fun!
Education for the Gifted, Talented—Charting Its Growth and Development
Authors: Feldhusen John
Published: March 2007

Is education for the gifted now a permanent part of the school program? This question and others are explored here by the author who describes what has happened through the years in gifted education and what its status is today.
Leadership Development: Its Importance in Programs for Gifted Youth
Authors: Sisk Dorothy A.
Published: March 2007

Developing leadership skills among the nation's gifted young sters must be a part of their educational program, points out this writer, who explains here a variety of ways that it can be accom plished.
Providing Leadership Education for the Future: A Curriculum Model
Authors: Thompson June E. , Lacerenza Barbara
Published: March 2007

Here's a model to use when developing a course for student leaders, as well as sample outlines for basic and advanced leadership courses.
The Coming Assault on Student Activities: A Principal's Response
Authors: Sandfort James A.
Published: March 2007

Student activity programs in schools are in jeopardy, says this writer, who provides an agenda for ensuring that such programs retain—or regain—their appropriate position in the school.
Student Activities Can Generate Positive PR
Authors: Armistead Lew
Published: March 2007

Too often, only the negative news about young people garners media attention. This writer offers some tips on how to ensure that the good news receives its fair share of exposure.
Minimum Competency Testing and the Handicapped Student: Testing Skills, Not Abilities
Authors: Ring Barbara
Published: March 2007

Many school districts have adopted competency test schedules and administrators have begun working on procedures to smoothly implement this new aspect of the education program. But administrators also need to consider the needs of special education students in their competency test plans, says this author.
A New Computer! Becoming Acquainted and Making It Work for You
Authors: Lemon Donald K.
Published: March 2007

Many school administrators who still have the computer jitters can overcome them by following the advice of this educator. He urges principals to start with projects that will have "almost immediate" benefits. The step-by-step approach also prevents being overwhelmed.
Satellite Technology: Applications for High Schools
Authors: Connett James H.
Published: March 2007

Satellite technology has significant potential for effecting im provements in education, according to this writer, who provides an overview of its current status and future possibilities.
Sharing Technology: Keeping Small Rural Schools Alive
Authors: Nytes Gary L. , Musegades Paul
Published: March 2007

Technology may provide the answer to the problems en countered by small, rural schools in providing quality programs for their students. Shared technology, cable television, and mi crowave transmission are the possibilities discussed in the fol lowing three articles.
Principals in High Tech Age Are the Non-Replaceable Leaders
Authors: Heller Mel
Published: March 2007

"High tech" to many people implies replacing people with machines. That's not necessarily the case with the principalship, according to this writer, who believes there is no substitute for the principal who can lead and manage.
School Climate: Clear Definitions and a Model for A Larger Setting
Authors: Keefe James W. , Kelley Edgar A. , Miller Stephen K.
Published: March 2007

A model of the school environment that encompasses a range of factors essential to improvement is described here by three of NASSP's five-member Task Force on Effective School Climate. They conclude by presenting their agenda for the immediate future.