bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T cells and dendritic cells in transplantation tolerance: molecular markers and mechanisms
Authors: Cobbold Stephen P. , Nolan Kathleen F. , Graca Luis , Castejon Raquel , Moine Alain Le , Frewin Mark , Humm Susan , Adams Elizabeth , Thompson Sara , Zelenika Diana , Paterson Alison , Yates Stephen , Fairchild Paul J. , Waldmann Herman
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Transplantation tolerance can be induced in adult rodents using monoclonal antibodies against coreceptor or costimulation molecules on the surface of T cells. There are currently two well‐characterized populations of T cells, demonstrating regulatory capacity: the ‘natural’ CD4+CD25+ T cells and the interleukin (IL)‐10‐producing Tr1 cells. Although both types of regulatory T cells can induce transplantation tolerance under appropriate conditions, it is not clear whether either one plays any role in drug‐induced dominant tolerance, primarily due to a lack of clear‐cut molecular or functional markers. Similarly, although dendritic cells (DCs) can be pharmacologically manipulated to promote tolerance, the phenotype of such populations remains poorly defined. We have used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) with 29 different T‐cell and antigen‐presenting cell libraries to identify gene‐expression signatures associated with immune regulation. We found that independently derived, regulatory Tr1‐like clones were highly concordant in their patterns of gene expression but were quite distinct from CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from the spleen. DCs that were treated with the tolerance‐enhancing agents IL‐10 or vitamin D3 expressed a gene signature reflecting a functional specification in common with the most immature DCs derived from embryonic stem cells.
Dendritic cells: regulators of alloimmunity and opportunities for tolerance induction
Authors: Morelli Adrian E. , Thomson Angus W.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely well‐equipped antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) regarded classically as sentinels of the immune response, which induce and regulate T‐cell reactivity. They play critical roles in central tolerance and in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance in the normal steady state. Following cell or organ transplantation, DCs present antigen to T cells via the direct or indirect pathways of allorecognition. These functions of DCs set in train the rejection response, but they also serve as potential targets for suppression of alloimmune reactivity and promotion of tolerance induction. Much evidence from various model systems now indicates that DCs can induce specific T‐cell tolerance. Although underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, the capacity to induce T‐regulatory cells may be an important property of tolerogenic or regulatory DCs. Efforts to generate ‘designer’ DCs with tolerogenic properties in the laboratory using specific cytokines, immunologic or pharmacologic reagents, or genetic engineering approaches have already met with some success. Alternatively, targeting of DCs in vivo (e.g. by infusion of apoptotic allogeneic cells) to take advantage of their inherent tolerogenicity has also demonstrated exciting potential. The remarkable heterogeneity and plasticity of these important APCs present additional challenges to optimizing DC‐based therapies that may lead to improved tolerance‐enhancing strategies in the clinic.
Cell‐cycle regulation of T‐cell responses – novel approaches to the control of alloimmunity
Authors: Wells Andrew D.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Alloreactive T cells undergo clonal expansion before they participate in allograft rejection. Current estimates suggest that roughly 1 in 20 peripheral T cells are alloreactive, and these cells may expand at least 20–50‐fold during an alloimmune response in vivo. The majority of immunosuppressive drugs currently used to facilitate graft survival in experimental models and in the clinic act to inhibit T‐cell proliferation. This review focuses on 1) recent advances in monitoring alloreactive T‐cell proliferation during alloimmune responses, 2) the link between cell division, anergy avoidance, and effector T‐cell differentiation, and 3) an overview of growth factor receptor‐coupled signal transduction pathways, with emphasis on key cell‐cycle regulators that may serve as potential targets for novel immunosuppressive or tolerance‐inducing strategies.
Heterologous immunity: an overlooked barrier to tolerance
Authors: Adams Andrew B. , Pearson Thomas C. , Larsen Christian P.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  In less than 50 years the field of organ transplantation has transitioned from an experimental concept to clinical commonplace. Notwithstanding the dramatic improvements in patient and allograft outcomes, chronic rejection and the complications from life‐long immunosuppressive therapy remain significant problems. The induction of transplantation tolerance, indefinite allograft acceptance independent of chronic immunosuppressive therapy, remains the ultimate objective in transplantation. Many strategies have achieved tolerance to transplanted tissue in rodents; however, few, if any, have shown equal efficacy when tested in non‐human primate transplant models or human patients. A critical distinction between specific pathogen‐free mice and primates or human patients is the exposure of the latter to environmental pathogens and the resultant‐acquired immune history. Recent data has shown that virally induced, alloreactive immune responses can provide a potent barrier to tolerance. In this review, we discuss one of the most robust methods for tolerance, the induction of hematopoietic chimerism as well as the influence of viral infections on the alloimmune response.
Surface T‐cell antigen receptor expression and availability for long‐term antigenic signaling
Authors: Schrum Adam G. , Turka Laurence A. , Palmer Ed
Published: November 2003

Summary:  It is important to understand how T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement and signaling are regulated throughout an immune response. This review examines the dynamics of surface TCR expression and signaling capacity during thymic and effector T‐cell development. Although the TCR can undergo vast changes in surface expression, T cells remain capable of sustaining TCR engagement for long periods of time. This may be achieved by a combination of mechanisms that involve (a) controlling the quantity of surface TCR available for ligand interaction and (b) controlling the quality of surface TCR expression during T‐cell activation. TCR signaling itself appears to be one of the main quantitative modulators of surface TCR expression, and it can cause both downregulation and upregulation at different times of T‐cell activation. Recent studies indicate that the degree of upregulation is tunable by the strength of antigenic stimulation. There is evidence that qualitatively distinct forms of the TCR exist, and their potential role in sustained antigenic signaling is also discussed. A goal of future studies will be to better characterize these modulations in surface TCR expression and to clarify their impact on the regulation of immune responses.
Chemokine receptor‐dependent alloresponses
Authors: Hancock Wayne W.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Immunologists have typically viewed alloreactivity schematically as a function of antigen presentation, expansion of alloreactive T and B cells within regional lymphoid tissues, and cellular infiltration and destruction of an allograft. Actual details of the steps between immune activation and accumulation of effector cells within a graft typically have not received much attention. However, just how cells ‘know’ to move to and migrate within a graft or not is proving to be of increasing interest, as the chemokine‐dependent mechanisms underlying leukocyte recruitment to a transplant are dissected. Experimentally, chemokine receptor targeting can prolong or induce permanent allograft survival, despite preservation of alloresponses within secondary lymphoid tissues, whereas current immunosuppressive protocols have only modest effects on chemokine production and leukocyte homing. Recent knowledge of the chemokine‐dependent nature of allograft rejection, acceptance, and tolerance induction are presented as a basis for understanding the rationale for preclinical trials of chemokine receptor‐targeted therapies currently underway in primate recipients of solid organ allografts.
Clinical trials: where are we now?
Authors: Knechtle Stuart J.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Clinical trials in transplantation have focused on improving outcomes and minimizing side effects associated with renal transplantation. Although immunologic tolerance, which means complete freedom from immunosuppressive drugs and maintenance of excellent long‐term graft function, has seldom been achieved, in rare cases, this has been accomplished. Most current clinical trials focus on minimization of steroid use and calcineurin inhibitor use as a step toward tolerance, sometimes termed prope tolerance. Alternatively, new immunosuppressive agents are studied to assess their efficacy in preventing graft rejection with the anticipation of lesser toxicity. This review is organized in a case presentation style with actual cases from the University of Wisconsin kidney transplant experience presented as illustrations of actual scenarios in clinical trials. Lessons learned from these particular patients are then summarized with reference to the literature associated with the case. Using this format, some of the important lessons learned from clinical trials are outlined and directions for future study are noted. Clinical trials have permitted a dramatic improvement in graft survival and lowering of infectious and malignant side effects over the past 30–40 years. Nevertheless, we remain far from achieving true tolerance in patients for a variety of reasons.
In remembrance of things past: memory T cells and transplant rejection
Authors: Valujskikh Anna , Lakkis Fadi G.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  A cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response is its ability to generate long‐lived populations of memory T lymphocytes. Memory T cells are specific to the antigen encountered during the primary immune response and react rapidly and vigorously upon re‐encounter with the same antigen. Memory T cells that recognize microbial antigens provide the organism with long‐lasting protection against potentially fatal infections. On the other hand, memory T cells that recognize donor alloantigens can jeopardize the survival of life‐saving organ transplants. We review here the immunobiology of memory T cells and describe their role in the rejection of solid organ allografts.
Optimal modes and targets of gene therapy in transplantation
Authors: Thomas Dolca , Suthanthiran Manikkam
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Genetic modification strategies have the potential to improve outcome following cell/organ transplantation. A unique opportunity in transplantation is that gene therapies need not be restricted to in vivo approaches and that ex vivo genetic modification of cell and/or organs can be of value. Improvements in vector design, production, and delivery should enhance transfection efficiency and optimize gene expression. Herein, we discuss potential modes of gene therapy, focusing on viral, liposome, or naked DNA‐based systems for gene delivery. We suggest gene therapy targets taking into consideration the essential constituents of anti‐allograft repertory. In addition to strategies that may have salutary effects in mitigating the threat of acute rejection, we suggest genetic strategies for minimizing ischemia/reperfusion injury as well as for the perennial problem of progressive functional loss of the transplanted organ. Data from pre‐clinical transplant models support the idea that gene therapy may improve allograft function and survival. We are optimistic that gene therapy will be of clinical value in the near future in the management of recipients of allografts; we believe that genetic strategies would be essential for successful breaching of the formidable challenge of xenotransplantation.
The role of B cells and alloantibody in the host response to human organ allografts
Authors: Vongwiwatana Attapong , Tasanarong Adis , G. Hidalgo Luis , Halloran Philip F.
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Some human organ transplants deteriorate slowly over a period of years, often developing characteristic syndromes: transplant glomerulopathy (TG) in kidneys, bronchiolitis obliterans in lungs, and coronary artery disease in hearts. In the past, we attributed late graft deterioration to ‘chronic rejection’, a distinct but mysterious immunologic process different from conventional rejection. However, it is likely that much of chronic rejection is explained by conventional T‐cell‐mediated rejection (TMR), antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR), and other insults. Recently, criteria have emerged to now permit us to diagnose AMR in kidney transplants, particularly C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries and circulating antibody against donor human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Some cases with AMR develop TG, although the relationship of TG to AMR is complex. Thus, a specific diagnosis of AMR in kidney can now be made, based on graft damage, C4d deposition, and donor‐specific alloantibodies. Criteria for AMR in other organs must be defined. Not all late rejections are AMR; some deteriorating organs probably have smoldering TMR. The diagnosis of late ongoing AMR raises the possibility of treatment to suppress the alloantibody, but efficacy of the available treatments requires further study.
Effect of the spectral range of a UV lamp on the production of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human skin in situ
Authors: Snellman Erna , Strozyk Malgorzata , Segerbäck Dan , Klimenko Taras , Hemminki Kari
Published: November 2003

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has a broad spectrum of biological effects and a capacity to initiate skin carcinogenesis through DNA damage. The effect of different wave bands of UV light on the production of DNA damage in human skin in situ was studied with a broadband UV‐B lamp TL‐12 and a narrowband UV‐B lamp TL‐01.

Methods: Eight psoriasis patients participated in the study. Their minimal erythema dose was assessed separately for the two UV‐B wave band ranges. Test areas of buttock skin were irradiated with the two spectrally differing lamps using erythemally equivalent UV doses of 40 and 80 mJ/cm2 CIE (Commission International de I'Eclairage). Punch biopsies were taken from the irradiated areas, and UV‐induced DNA lesions (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, CPDs) in the skin were analyzed with a 32P high‐performance liquid chromatography postlabelling method.

Results: No UV source‐dependent differences in the induced levels of CPDs were detected in this study.

Conclusion: CPD production with broadband TL‐12 and narrowband TL‐01 UV‐B lamps in situ did not differ when erythemally equivalent UV doses were used. The preliminary result needs to be confirmed in a larger study.
What's new in photoimmunology?
Authors: Norval Mary
Published: November 2003

Mediators of peripheral blood neutrophilia induced by photodynamic therapy of solid tumours. Cecic I, Korbelik M. Cancer Lett 2002; 183: 43–51.

Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy‐induced local and systemic inflammation. Gollnick SO, Evans SS, Baumann H, et al. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1772–1779.
The Neurotoxicity Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Mature Organotypic Hippocampal Slices Might Involve Cross‐Talk Between Metabotropic Glutamate Type 5 Receptors and N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate Receptors
Authors: Harris Barton R. , Gibson D. Alex , Prendergast Mark A. , Blanchard John A. , Holley Robert C. , Hart Stewart R. , Scotland Rebecca L. , Foster Thomas C. , Pedigo Norman W. , Littleton John M.
Published: November 2003

Background: We recently reported that the sodium salt of acamprosate (Na‐acamprosate) demonstrates the characteristics of an antagonist at metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptors (mGluR5s) rather than at N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Because mGluR5s are able to enhance the function of NMDARs, this interplay may be involved in the dysregulation of glutamatergic transmission during ethanol withdrawal. The following studies use organotypic hippocampal slice cultures at a mature age to investigate the potential for this interplay in the neurotoxicity associated with withdrawal from long‐term ethanol exposure.

Methods: At 25 days in vitro, organotypic hippocampal slice cultures prepared from male and female 8‐day‐old rats were exposed to an initial concentration of 100 mM ethanol for 10 days before undergoing a 24‐hr period of withdrawal. The effects of Na‐acamprosate; 2‐methyl‐6‐(2‐phenylethenyl)pyridine (SIB‐1893), a noncompetitive antagonist at mGluR5s; 7‐(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen‐1a‐carboxylate ethyl ester, a noncompetitive antagonist at mGluR1s; dizocilpine (MK‐801), a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist; and staurosporine on the neurotoxicity induced by ethanol withdrawal were assessed by determining differences in propidium iodide uptake. Polypeptide levels of mGluR5s and the NR1 and NR2B subunits of NMDARs were also determined via Western blot analyses after 10 days of ethanol exposure.

Results: Significant neurotoxicity was always evident in the CA1 hippocampal region after a 24‐hr withdrawal period. This spontaneous neurotoxicity resulted from intrinsic changes induced by the long‐term presence of ethanol. Na‐acamprosate (200–1000 μM), SIB‐1893 (200–500 μM), MK‐801 (20 μM), and staurosporine (200 nM) were all neuroprotective. The polypeptide levels of mGluR5s and NR1 and NR2B subunits of NMDARs were all increased after ethanol exposure; however, the increase in mGluR5s did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusions: From this model of long‐term ethanol exposure and withdrawal, the functional interplay between mGluR5s and NMDARs might represent a novel target for the prevention of neurotoxicity associated with ethanol withdrawal.
Use of Naltrexone in the Treatment of Alcoholism Nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Authors: Petrakis Ismene L. , Leslie Douglas , Rosenheck Robert
Published: November 2003

Background: Naltrexone is one of only two medications currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism. We attempted to determine the proportion of patients with a diagnosis of alcoholism who were prescribed naltrexone in the Department of Veterans Affairs health‐care system during a 6‐month period and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics that distinguished them from veterans who were not prescribed naltrexone.

Methods: By using Veterans Affairs workload databases, all outpatients diagnosed with alcoholism (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes 303.xx or 305.00) during a 6‐month period (October 2000 to March 2001) were selected (n= 194,001). Patients in this group who were prescribed naltrexone during this period were identified. Logistic regression was used to compare those who were prescribed naltrexone with other alcoholics.

Results: In this sample, only 3,705 patients (1.9%) of the 194,001 veterans with an alcohol use disorder were prescribed naltrexone. Logistic regression analysis showed that naltrexone use was associated with comorbid disorders (bipolar disorder, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and drug abuse) and recent psychiatric hospitalization. African Americans and veterans with organic brain syndromes were less likely to be prescribed naltrexone.

Conclusions: These results suggest that prescribers have not embraced reports of naltrexone's efficacy in alcohol dependence, perhaps due to a general disinclination to use medications rather than a specific attitude toward naltrexone, especially in uncomplicated alcoholism.
Fyn Kinase and NR2B‐Containing NMDA Receptors Regulate Acute Ethanol Sensitivity But Not Ethanol Intake or Conditioned Reward
Authors: Yaka Rami , Tang Ka‐Choi , Camarini Rosana , Janak Patricia H. , Ron Dorit
Published: November 2003

Background: The tyrosine kinase Fyn previously has been shown to play a key role in mediating acute tolerance to ethanol. Recently, we found that the compartmentalization of Fyn to the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) in the hippocampus regulates Fyn phosphorylation of NR2B in response to ethanol, which mediates the acute tolerance of NMDAR to ethanol inhibition in hippocampal slices. In this study we determined, first, whether acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition is mediated via NR2B‐containing NMDARs in vivo and, second, whether the increase in acute sensitivity to ethanol in the Fyn−/− mice influences ethanol consumption or ethanol's conditioned rewarding effects.

Methods: A loss of righting reflex test was used to study the acute/sedative effects of ethanol after intraperitoneal injections of sedative doses of ethanol. Conditioned place preference was used to study the rewarding properties of ethanol. The two‐bottle choice protocol was used to measure oral ethanol self‐administration and preference as described previously.

Results: We found that systemic injection of the NR2B‐containing NMDAR selective antagonist, ifenprodil, abolished the differences between Fyn+/+ and Fyn−/− mice in sensitivity to the acute sedative effects of ethanol. Moreover, we found that Fyn−/− and Fyn+/+ mice did not differ in their voluntary ethanol consumption or in the rewarding properties of ethanol.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the interaction between Fyn and NR2B mediates the acute sedative effects of ethanol, and that alteration in acute ethanol sensitivity does not necessarily correlate with levels of ethanol consumption or the rewarding properties of ethanol.
Agronomic and consumer considerations for Bt and conventional sweet‐corn
Authors: Powell D.A. , Blaine K. , Morris S. , Wilson J.
Published: November 2003

In this farm‐to‐fork trial, genetically engineered (GE) Bt sweet‐corn and Bt potatoes were grown side‐by‐side with conventional varieties in the 2000 growing season at a farm and market in Hillsburgh, Ontario, Canada. The Bt sweet‐corn required no insecticides. From an economic perspective, only the first planting had pest pressure high enough to warrant the higher seed cost of the GE variety. The sweet‐corn harvested throughout the trial was segregated and labeled, and direct consumer evaluation of purchasing preferences was conducted. Overall, the Bt sweet‐corn outsold the conventional sweet‐corn by a margin of 680 dozen (or 8,160 cobs) to 452.5 dozen (or 5,430 cobs). A limited number of intercept interviews were conducted after consumers made their purchasing decision. The majority of consumers interviewed said they were more concerned about pesticides than genetic engineering; however, taste and quality also had a strong influence on purchasing decisions.
Managing commitment: increasing the odds for successful implementation of TQM, TPM or RCM
Authors: Hansson Jonas , Backlund Fredrik , Lycke Liselott
Published: November 2003

Quality management, by means of total quality management (TQM), is considered to foster organisational performance characterised by competitiveness and long‐term profitability. Since the benefits of quality management cannot be achieved without the sustained performance of equipment affecting product quality, maintenance management has become important. This has led to the development of maintenance methodologies, such as total productive maintenance (TPM) and reliability centred maintenance (RCM). TQM, TPM and RCM implementation have, however, often failed or been poorly executed. This has affected organisations' performance and ultimately survival in a competitive environment. This paper includes a comparative study of literature on TQM, TPM and RCM implementation, focusing on organisational change. The study found several common categories of activities when implementing TQM and the maintenance methodologies. These categories can be considered crucial to obtain management and employee commitment. Case studies on TQM, TPM and RCM implementation are used to validate the categories identified, and to yield recommendations on the handling of activities within these.
Total quality management principles and practices in China
Authors: Li Jin‐Hai , Anderson Alistair R. , Harrison Richard T.
Published: November 2003

Considers the role and practices of total quality management in China. After a brief overview, considers the evolution of quality practices and the links to economic reform in China. From the quality literature, develops a measuring instrument to assess the extent and pervasion of quality practices in China. Then applies this instrument to 428 Northern Chinese companies representing different forms of ownership. Finds that the implementation of quality was highly variable. In general, joint venture companies scored highly in quality practices, in contrast, state owned enterprises scored poorly. Privately owned companies also scored well in some aspects of quality implementation. Concludes that the poor quality performance of state owned companies can be attributed to the attitudes and structures created during the period of the command economy.
Hierarchical Classification by Rank and Kinship in Baboons
Authors: Bergman Thore J. , Beehner Jacinta C. , Cheney Dorothy L. , Seyfarth Robert M.
Published: November 2003

Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether such rule-governed, hierarchical classifications are specific to humans or might also occur in nonlinguistic species. Here we show that baboons recognize that a dominance hierarchy can be subdivided into family groups. In playback experiments, baboons respond more strongly to call sequences mimicking dominance rank reversals between families than within families, indicating that they classify others simultaneously according to both individual rank and kinship. The selective pressures imposed by complex societies may therefore have favored cognitive skills that constitute an evolutionary precursor to some components of human cognition.
Ice Core Evidence for Antarctic Sea Ice Decline Since the 1950s
Authors: Curran Mark A. J. , van Ommen Tas D. , Morgan Vin I. , Phillips Katrina L. , Palmer Anne S.
Published: November 2003

The instrumental record of Antarctic sea ice in recent decades does not reveal a clear signature of warming despite observational evidence from coastal Antarctica. Here we report a significant correlation (
P
< 0.002) between methanesulphonic acid (MSA) concentrations from a Law Dome ice core and 22 years of satellite-derived sea ice extent (SIE) for the 80°E to 140°E sector. Applying this instrumental calibration to longer term MSA data (1841 to 1995 A.D.) suggests that there has been a 20% decline in SIE since about 1950. The decline is not uniform, showing large cyclical variations, with periods of about 11 years, that confuse trend detection over the relatively short satellite era.
Persistence of Memory in Drop Breakup: The Breakdown of Universality
Authors: Doshi Pankaj , Cohen Itai , Zhang Wendy W. , Siegel Michael , Howell Peter , Basaran Osman A. , Nagel Sidney R.
Published: November 2003

A low-viscosity drop breaking apart inside a viscous fluid is encountered when air bubbles, entrained in thick syrup or honey, rise and break apart. Experiments, simulations, and theory show that the breakup under conditions in which the interior viscosity can be neglected produces an exceptional form of singularity. In contrast to previous studies of drop breakup, universality is violated so that the final shape at breakup retains an imprint of the initial and boundary conditions. A finite interior viscosity, no matter how small, cuts off this form of singularity and produces an unexpectedly long and slender thread. If exterior viscosity is large enough, however, the cutoff does not occur because the minimum drop radius reaches subatomic dimensions first.
A Case for Constraints
Authors: Lenoir Timothy
Published: November 2003

Enough
Staying Human in an Engineered Age. by Bill McKibben. Times Books (Henry Holt), New York, 2003. 284 pp. $25, C$36.95. ISBN 0-8050-7096-6.

McKibben argues that powerful new technologies such as human cloning, gene therapy, robotics, and nanotechnology present major threats to human integrity and the meaning of life.
Stability of Peroxide-Containing Uranyl Minerals
Authors: Kubatko Karrie-Ann Hughes , Helean Katheryn B. , Navrotsky Alexandra , Burns Peter C.
Published: November 2003

Minerals containing peroxide are limited to studtite, (UO
2
)O
2
(H
2
O)
4
, and metastudtite, (UO
2
)O
2
(H
2
O)
2
. High-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry and solubility measurements for studtite (standard enthalpy of formation at 298 kelvin is –2344.7 ± 4.0 kilojoules per mole from the elements) establishes that these phases are stable in peroxide-bearing environments, even at low H
2
O
2
concentrations. Natural radioactivity in a uranium deposit, or the radioactivity of nuclear waste, can create sufficient H
2
O
2
by alpha radiolysis of water for studtite formation. Studtite and metastudtite may be important alteration phases of nuclear waste in a geological repository and of spent fuel under any long-term storage, possibly at the expense of the commonly expected uranyl oxide hydrates and uranyl silicates.
Intraslab Earthquakes: Dehydration of the Cascadia Slab
Authors: Preston Leiph A. , Creager Kenneth C. , Crosson Robert S. , Brocher Thomas M. , Trehu Anne M.
Published: November 2003

We simultaneously invert travel times of refracted and wide-angle reflected waves for three-dimensional compressional-wave velocity structure, earthquake locations, and reflector geometry in northwest Washington state. The reflector, interpreted to be the crust-mantle boundary (Moho) of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate, separates intraslab earthquakes into two groups, permitting a new understanding of the origins of intraslab earthquakes in Cascadia. Earthquakes up-dip of the Moho's 45-kilometer depth contour occur below the reflector, in the subducted oceanic mantle, consistent with serpentinite dehydration; earthquakes located down-dip occur primarily within the subducted crust, consistent with the basalt-to-eclogite transformation.
Effects of phosphorus fertilization and liming on growth, mineral nutrition, and gas exchange of Alnus rubra seedlings grown in soils from mature alluvial Alnus stands
Authors: Brown K R , Courtin P J
Published: November 2003

In southern coastal British Columbia, red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) is recommended for reforestation on some low-elevation, fertile, and moist sites (e.g., alluvial sites). Correlative data indicate that P deficiencies limit the growth of alder in low-pH soils; deficiencies of P and other elements may also develop in the presence of an alder stand. Because alder may be grown in repeated rotations on alluvial sites, we sought to determine whether elemental deficiencies were likely in soils from mature stands. We examined the effects of P additions (as triple super phosphate) and liming (as dolomitic limestone) on potted red alder seedlings grown in soils from mature alluvial alder stands. Four soils were "low-pH" (mean = 4.5) and two were "high-pH" (mean = 5.5); all were classified as very rich. Growth of unfertilized seedlings was greatest in the soil with the highest soil Bray-P levels. Growth rates increased with P supply, but the response decreased with increasing Bray-P and was less in the high-pH soils. Liming increased soil pH and uptake of Mg, but did not increase growth. Phosphorus additions increased growth mainly by increasing P uptake, leaf size, and biomass allocation to branches. Photosynthetic rates were highest in the intermediate P treatment, but instantaneous water use efficiency increased with P rate. Phosphorus deficiencies may limit the growth of alder seedlings in alluvial soils previously containing mature alder stands.
The effect of unidirectional stem flexing on shoot and root morphology and architecture in youngPinus sylvestristrees
Authors: Mickovski Slobodan B , Ennos A Roland
Published: November 2003

Mechanical stresses experienced by a tree during lateral loading may cause alterations in both shoot and root growth (thigmomorphogenesis). Many of the previous studies on this subject have concentrated on shoot responses to lateral loads, while root system responses to stresses caused by external loading have been investigated only in more recent years, and even then only rarely in trees. This study presents the effect of unidirectional stem flexure of young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on their root system morphology and architecture. Apart from the changes to the parts of the tree aboveground, unidirectional periodical flexing induced an increase in total root cross-sectional area and larger biomass allocation to the roots parallel to the plane of flexing, which in turn resulted in a larger number of major lateral roots with larger cross-sectional area in the plane of flexing. Since there were no significant differences in root to shoot ratio or the mechanical properties of wood between flexed and unflexed trees in this study, the increase in the lateral resistance in flexed trees was associated with the greater proportion of total root biomass allocated to the proximal major lateral roots, which was an adaptive mechanism for improvement of the trees' anchorage.
Net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in trembling aspen forest soils on the Boreal Plain
Authors: Carmosini N , Devito K J , Prepas E E
Published: November 2003

In situ net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were measured in organic forest floor (LFH) and mineral horizons of mature and logged trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands on the Boreal Plain in western Canada. Cumulative May to September mineralization for mature and logged plots was 1354 ± 534 and 1631 ± 1584 mg N·m2, respectively, in the LFH horizon and 810 ± 394 and 305 ± 3957 mg N·m2, respectively, in the mineral horizon. Net nitrification in mature and logged plots was 86 ± 142 and 658 ± 435 mg NO3-N·m2, respectively, in the LFH horizon and 67 ± 50 and 409 ± 325 mg NO3-N·m2, respectively, in the mineral horizon. Monthly mean NH4-N concentrations in the LFH tended to be higher in logged plots than in mature plots. Winter net N mineralization and nitrification rates in the LFH of mature plots were up to 7% and 11% of growing season net rates, respectively. In comparison, these rates in logged plots were up to 127% and 59% of the growing season net rates, respectively, indicating that winter activity may make a large contribution to annual net mineralization and nitrification after logging.
Typhoon effects on litterfall in a subtropical forest
Authors: Lin Kuo-Chuan , Hamburg Steven P , Tang Sheng-lin , Hsia Yue-Joe , Lin Teng-Chiu
Published: November 2003

The litterfall in a subtropical broadleaf forest within the Fushan Experimental Forest in northeastern Taiwan was monitored for 9 years. Mean annual litterfall was very sensitive to typhoon frequency and intensity, ranging from 3 to 11 Mg·ha1·year1. Litterfall was significantly higher in years with strong typhoons than in years without typhoons, and the number of strong typhoons explained 82% of interannual variation in litterfall. Nutrient-use efficiency (dry mass/nutrients in litterfall) was high for N, but low for P compared with other tropical forests. This result supports the idea that the study forest is P limited but not N limited. Nutrient loss via litterfall represents a large percentage of aboveground biomass, especially during years with strong typhoons (e.g., 19%41%, 15%40%, 5%12%, for N, P, and K, respectively). Forests that experience infrequent wind disturbance (e.g., temperate or boreal forests) can gradually regain any lost nutrients prior to the next disturbance; this is different from the situation observed in the Fushan Experimental Forest. At Fu-shan the pattern of not responding to typhoons with a flush of new growth appears to be an adaptation to the frequency with which there are multiple typhoons affecting the forest in a single year. Nutrient loss in litterfall caused by frequent typhoon disturbances appears to limit tree growth and contributes to the very low canopy height of the Fushan Experimental Forest.
GLOBAL ASPECTS OF GRAVITOMAGNETISM
Authors: BARROS A. , BEZERRA V. B. , ROMERO C.
Published: November 2003

We consider global properties of gravitomagnetism by investigating the gravitomagnetic field of a rotating cosmic string. We show that although the gravitomagnetic field produced by such a configuration of matter vanishes locally, it can be detected globally. In this context we discuss the gravitational analogue of the Aharonov–Bohm effect.
NOETHER CONSERVATION LAWS IN HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL CHERN–SIMONS THEORY
Authors: GIACHETTA GIOVANNI , MANGIAROTTI LUIGI , SARDANASHVILY GENNADI
Published: November 2003

Though a global Chern–Simons (2k-1)-form is not gauge-invariant, this form seen as a Lagrangian of higher-dimensional gauge theory leads to the conservation law of a modified Noether current.
STANDARD MANUFACTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ARRAYS OF Pb AND Sn NANOWIRES
Authors: MICHOTTE S.
Published: November 2003

Nanowires grown by electrodeposition using nanoporous template have attracted much attention due to the simplicity of this technique for preparing nano-scaled materials. We present here a standard way to fabricate lead or tin nanowire arrays. We also present some of their superconducting properties directly affected by the reduced dimensions; these are the magnetic flux penetration and confinement in nanowires having a diameter only a few times the magnetic penetration length, as well as the formation of phase-slips centres in nanowires having a diameter smaller than the coherence length.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL STEPS
Authors: GIBSON J. M. , CHEN X. , POHLAND O.
Published: November 2003

Transmission electron microscopy is uniquely able to extend techniques for imaging free surface steps to the buried interface regime, without significant loss of detail. Two mechanisms for imaging surface and interfacial steps by transmission electron microscopy are described. They are thickness contrast and strain contrast. The former reveals the position and approximate height of steps, whereas the latter detects stress fields which are commonly associated with steps. The basis for each of these methods is elaborated, and preliminary results are shown for step images at Si/SiO2 interfaces, where measurable stress fields have been directly detected for the first time.
Two fixed‐point theorems for mappings satisfying a general contractive condition of integral type
Authors: Rhoades B. E.
Published: November 2003

We establish two fixed‐point theorems for mappings satisfying a
general contractive inequality of integral type. These results substantially extend the theorem of Branciari (2002).
Optimally rotated vectors
Authors: Seddighin Morteza
Published: November 2003

We study vectors which undergo maximum or minimum rotation by a
matrix on the field of real numbers. The cosine of the angle
between a maximally rotated vector and its image under the matrix
is called the cosine or antieigenvalue of the matrix and has
important applications in numerical methods. Using Lagrange
multiplier technique, we obtain systems of nonlinear
equations which represent these optimization problems. Furthermore,
we solve these systems symbolically and numerically.
In Memory of Dr Neelan Tiruchelvam Legal Scholar and Human Rights Activist Assassinated 29 July 1999
Authors:   de Varennes
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Street Children in Conflict with the Law: The Bangladesh Experience
Authors:   Khair
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The AINU and Human Rights: Domestic and International Legal Protections
Authors:   Stevens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Competency to Consent – A German Approach
Authors:   Amelung
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Social Changes and Rising Crime Rates: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors:   Lévay
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Transnational Crime and the Role of the United Nations in Its Containment through International Cooperation: A Challenge for the 21st Century
Authors:   Fijnaut
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A Comparative Analysis of Defences in English and French Criminal Law
Authors:   Elliott
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
On the Relationship between Organized and White-Collar Crime: Government, Business and Criminal Enterprise in Post-Communist Russia
Authors:   Gerber
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Cultural Defence and Culturally Motivated Crimes (Cultural Offences)
Authors:   van Broeck
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Purpose and Effects of Punishment
Authors:   Stella
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Transnational Police Cooperation in Europe and in North America: Revisiting the Traditional Border Between Internal and External Security Matters, or How Policing is Being Globalized
Authors:   Alain
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Improving the Implementation of the European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures: Introduction to a New Council of Europe Recommendation
Authors:   Bishop,   Schneider
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Victimization in the Context of War –Some Aspects of a Macro-Victimological Research Project
Authors:   Ewald
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Victimization of Women through Human Trafficking – An Aftermath of War?
Authors:   Rathgeber
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
S.K. de Groot, Internationale bewijsgaring in strafzaken. Nederland, Engeland & Wales
Authors:   Breur
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Restorative Justice: from Punishment to Reconciliation - The Role of Social Workers
Authors:   Wright
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Special Note: The Struggle for the International Criminal Court's Jurisdiction
Authors:   Kaul
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Investigation, Trial and Appeal in the International Criminal Court Statute (Parts V, VI, VIII)
Authors:   Kreß
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Criminal Liability for the Violation of United Nations Economic Sanctions
Authors:   Angelet
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Teaching and Professional Training in Criminology
Authors:   Bist
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Crime: Manifestations, Patterns and Trends of Crime 'Traditional' versus 'new' crime; juvenile crime; fear of crime
Authors:   Jasinski
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Police
Authors:   Recasens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Countries in Transition: Effects of Political, Social and Economic Change on Crime and Crime Justice – Sanctions and Their Implementation
Authors:   Albrecht
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The citizenship status of children in the European Union
Authors:   Stalford
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Haiti's ``Restavec'' slave children: Difficult choices, difficult lives … yet … Lespwa fe Viv
Authors:   Janak
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Implementing children's rights in British Columbia using the population health framework
Authors:   Mitchell
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Implementing children's rights on a local level: Narrowing the gap between Geneva and the grassroots
Authors:   Levine,   Veerman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Children, childhood and political participation: Case studies of young people's councils
Authors:   Wyness
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Pia Christensen and Allison James (eds.), Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices
Authors:   Morss
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Paul R. Beaumont and Peter E. McEleavy, The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction
Authors:   Turack
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial introduction
Authors:   Freeman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Ending physical punishment of children
Authors:   Newell
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Lester R. Brown, Who Will Feed China? Wake-up Call for a Small Planet
Authors:   Veerman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Usaid child survival programmes: Adopting a human rights approach
Authors:   Johnson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The rights of disabled children
Authors:   Lansdown
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Donor assisted conception and donor offspring rights to genetic origins information
Authors:   Blyth
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The field trial of a policy analysis framework for the Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors:   Smith
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Jim McKechnie and Sandy Hobbs (eds.), Working Children: Reconsidering the Debates, Report of the International Working Group on Child Labour
Authors:   Bessell
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Children's rights and the Scottish Children's Hearings system
Authors:   Murray,   Hallett
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of E5564, a Lipopolysaccharide Antagonist, in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Function
Authors: Liang Earvin , Wong Y. Nancy , Allen Irma , Kao Richard , Marino Mark , DiLea Clifford
Published: November 2003

E5564 is a structural analog of the Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). E5564 has been tested in several in vitro and in vivo models and has demonstrated its effectiveness against LPS. It is intended to be an antagonist of LPS to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis syndrome. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics (PK) of E5564 in patients with impaired hepatic function. E5564 was administered via intermittent intravenous infusion every 12 hours for six times to 24 hepatic‐impaired patients (12 each to Child‐Pugh Classifications A and B) and 24 matching healthy volunteers. Plasma samples were analyzed by LC/MS/MS. A one‐compartment model resulted in good and comparable fits for all volunteers. Regardless of liver disease state, none of the PK parameters compared (i.e., Cmax (0–12), tmax (0–12), CL, t1/2, Vss, AUC0–12, AUC0‐last, AUC0‐∞, Css, mix, Css, max, and Css, av) exhibited any difference between these two groups. This suggested that the exposure of E5564 in volunteers was independent of hepatic function. Thus, no dose adjustment is needed in patients with hepatic impairment classified as Child‐Pugh A and B.
Considerations in Analyzing Single‐Trough Concentrations Using Mixed‐Effects Modeling
Authors: Booth Brian P. , Gobburu Jogarao V. S.
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of trial design and data analysis choices on the bias and precision of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter estimation. NONMEM was used to simulate and analyze plasma concentrations collected according to a dense (five samples) or sparse (single‐trough samples) sampling scheme for a one‐compartment open model with intravenous administration. The results indicated that the bias on estimates of CL with only single‐trough data was 17% compared to less than 1% for only dense data. The estimates of CL were improved by fixing all other parameters and estimating only mean and variance of CL (‐11% to 1.4%, depending on the estimation method). Adding dense data led to further improvements (‐2.3% to 0.3%, depending on further improvements). In these cases, first‐order conditional estimation (FOCE) methods resulted in better estimates of CL than first‐order (FO) methods. These steps also improved the Bayesian estimates of CL. These studies support the following recommendations: (1) avoid collecting single‐trough concentrations unless there is reasonable knowledge about the PK of the drug; (2) if collecting single‐trough concentrations is inevitable, avoid estimating all parameters when modeling single‐trough concentration data; (3) use prior information by modeling the single‐trough concentration data along with dense data from other studies; and (4) use Bayes estimates if the PK model and its parameters are known with reasonable certainty.