bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An ephemerally self-exciting point process
Authors: Daw Andrew , Pender Jamol
Published: March 2022

Across a wide variety of applications, the self-exciting Hawkes process has been used to model phenomena in which the history of events influences future occurrences. However, there may be many situations in which the past events only influence the future as long as they remain active. For example, a person spreads a contagious disease only as long as they are contagious. In this paper, we define a novel generalization of the Hawkes process that we call theephemerally self-exciting process. In this new stochastic process, the excitement from one arrival lasts for a randomly drawn activity duration, hence the ephemerality. Our study includes exploration of the process itself as well as connections to well-known stochastic models such as branching processes, random walks, epidemics, preferential attachment, and Bayesian mixture models. Furthermore, we prove a batch scaling construction of general, marked Hawkes processes from a general ephemerally self-exciting model, and this novel limit theorem both provides insight into the Hawkes process and motivates the model contained herein as an attractive self-exciting process in its own right.
Risk Reduction Education to Prevent Preschool Children’s Home Accidents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Altundağ Sebahat , Körükçü Özlem
Published: March 2022

Objective:

Preschool-age children experience many home accidents, and school nurses play a role in preventing these accidents.

Methods:

Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training preschool-age children through an imagined hide-and-seek game using a model home environment, in cases that may pose an accident risk. This pretest–posttest control-group study was conducted between March and June 2019. In total, 72 preschool students were included in the study. The study group’s education through the model home environment and game was assessed using the Determination of Home Environment Risks Form.

Results:

The post-education mean accident risk scores of the children in the study group increased in the kitchen (pre-education: 4.89 ± 3.258; post-education: 9.56 ± 3.549), children’s room (pre-education: 6.17 ± 3.776; post-education: 8.56 ± 3.722), and garden (pre-education: 4.39 ± 2.697; post-education: 6.72 ± 2.953). In the study group, the mean scores of children for recognizing the circumstances that pose a risk of accident in the home environment were determined to increase significantly (P < 0.001). The corresponding scores of the children in the control group did not change in the kitchen (pre-education: 3.89 ± 2.025; post-education: 3.44 ± 2.006), children’s room (pre-education: 3.72 ± 1.667; post-education: 3.50 ± 2.158), or garden (pre-education: 2.83 ± 1.813; post-education: 2.17 ± 2.049).

Conclusions:

The new techniques, which will help children learn while having fun, should be integrated into preschool children’s education programs to reduce home accidents.
Spin-up in a semicircular cylinder
Authors: Munro R.J. , Foster M.R.
Published: March 2022

We report experimental and theoretical results on how a fluid (homogeneous or continuously stratified) is spun up in a closed, semicircular cylinder. Experiments were performed for Rossby numbers $Ro=0.02$, 0.2 and 1 (the latter corresponding to the limiting case of spin-up from rest), with the Ekman number $E=O({10^{-5}})$, and the Burger number ($S$) varied between 0 and 10. There are two key processes: Ekman pumping that drives the core flow; and the formation and breakdown of the vertical-wall boundary layers, with respective characteristic time scales $t\sim E^{-1/2}$ and $Ro^{-1}$. When these time scales are comparable, the observed flow is dominated by the gradual spin-up of the initial anticyclone that forms when the rotation rate is increased, which fills the container's interior; vorticity generated adjacent to the vertical walls throughout remains confined to the neighbourhood of the container's walls and corners. Conversely, when ${E^{1/2}/Ro\ll 1}$, the vertical-wall boundary layers rapidly break down, resulting in the formation of cyclonic vortices in the container's vertical corners, which grow and interact with the initial anticyclone, leading to the formation of a three-cell flow pattern. For $Ro=0.02$, our theoretical description of the flow generally agrees well with experiments, and the computation of the eruption times for the unsteady boundary layers is consistent with the observations for both $Ro=0.02$ and $Ro=0.2$.
Evidence for stages of landscape evolution in Central Mexico during the late Quaternary from paleosol-pedosediment sequences
Authors: Sycheva Svetlana A. , Pogosyan Lilit , Sedov Sergey , Solleiro-Rebolledo Elizabeth , Golyeva Alexandra A. , Barceinas-Cruz Hermenegildo , Abrosimov Konstantin N. , Romanenko Konstantin A.
Published: March 2022

Paleosols interbedded with pyroclastic deposits have been proven to be an important paleoenvironmental proxy for the late Quaternary in Central Mexico. We studied a key upland section and several profiles on the slopes and lowlands of the Tlaxcala Block, assuming that the topographic variability of the soil-sedimentary mantle contains the complete record of the landscape history. The upland section included three paleosols separated by tepetates (compact volcanic pedosediments) and reflected a general trend of environmental evolution during the last 40 ka. Particle-size distribution, bulk chemical composition, magnetic characteristics, computed tomography, and micromorphological observations demonstrated a strong seasonality of paleoclimate at the end of MIS3, followed by cool wet conditions during the last glacial maximum, subsequent warming at the beginning of the Holocene, and drying during the last 3 ka. It was shown that tepetates had well-developed pedogenetic features that contribute to the paleosol record. The studied slope and lowland profiles reflected the main phases of geomorphic activity in the terminal Pleistocene and the early Holocene. These phases are linked to paleoclimate fluctuations in Central Mexico at the end of the last glaciation.
ON THE DIVISIBILITY OF SUMS INVOLVING APÉRY-LIKE POLYNOMIALS
Authors: YANG SHENG , LIU JI-CAI
Published: March 2022

We prove a divisibility result on sums involving the Apéry-like polynomials
$$ \begin{align*} V_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n {n\choose k}{n+k\choose k}{x\choose k}{x+k\choose k}, \end{align*} $$

which confirms a conjectural congruence of Z.-H. Sun. Our proof relies on some combinatorial identities and transformation formulae.
A NEW CHARACTERISATION FOR QUARTIC RESIDUACITY OF
Authors: HUANG CHAO , PAN HAO
Published: March 2022

Let p be a prime with
$p\equiv 1\pmod {4}$
. Gauss first proved that
$2$
is a quartic residue modulo p if and only if
$p=x^2+64y^2$
for some
$x,y\in \Bbb Z$
and various expressions for the quartic residue symbol
$(\frac {2}{p})_4$
are known. We give a new characterisation via a permutation, the sign of which is determined by
$(\frac {2}{p})_4$
. The permutation is induced by the rule
$x \mapsto y-x$
on the
$(p-1)/4$
solutions
$(x,y)$
to
$x^2+y^2\equiv 0 \pmod {p}$
satisfying
$1\leq x < y \leq (p-1)/2$
.
CALLIMACHUS’ OTHER TELCHINES: AETIA FR. 1, FR. 75 AND THE HYMN TO DELOS
Authors: Boychenko Leanna
Published: March 2022

The Telchines, magical craftsmen and wizards, are best known for their criticism of Callimachus’ poetry in the prologue to the Aetia. The other two appearances of the Telchines are also in programmatic passages in Callimachus’ extant works. In the Hymn to Delos (30–3), the narrator asks an aporetic question about the theme of his song. There, the Telchines are the makers of the trident used to form every island but Delos, highlighting her singular status as uniquely created without force (30–3). In Aet. fr. 75, the Telchines appear in Xenomedes’ history of Ceos. There, Callimachus explicitly names one source for his material, but omits direct citation of equally important sources, namely Pindar and Bacchylides, while still alluding to their songs. This article examines verbal and thematic parallels among these three passages and argues that Callimachus uses the Telchines not only to link the passages but also to comment on his authorial process, his use of sources and his poetic programme.
Shift in Harmonic Serialism
Authors: GIETZ FREDERICK , JURGEC PETER , PERCIVAL MAIDA
Published: March 2022

Harmonic Serialism is a serial version of Optimality Theory in which Gen is restricted to one operation at a time. What constitutes one operation has been a key question in the literature. This paper asks whether shift, in which a feature moves/flops from one segment to another, should be considered an operation. We review three pieces of evidence that suggest so. We show that only the one-step shift analysis can capture the tonal patterns in Kibondei and the segmental patterns in Halkomelem; grammars that rely on spreading or floating features cannot. We complement these findings with a factorial typology in which the one-step shifting grammars predict several attested patterns that the grammars without one-step shift cannot. We conclude that shift must be a single operation in Harmonic Serialism.
Roles of domain-general auditory processing in spoken second-language vocabulary attainment in adulthood
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Macmillan Konstantinos , Kroeger Sascha , Magne Viktoria , Takizawa Kotaro , Kachlicka Magdalena , Tierney Adam
Published: March 2022

Recently, scholars have begun to explore the hypothesis that individual differences in domain-general auditory perception, which has been identified as an anchor of L1 acquisition, could explain some variance in postpubertal L2 learners’ segmental and suprasegmental learning in immersive settings. The current study set out to examine the generalizability of the topic to the acquisition of higher-level linguistic production skills—that is the appropriate use of diverse, rich, and abstract vocabulary. The speech of 100 Polish-English bilinguals was elicited using an interview task, submitted to corpus-/rater-based linguistic analyses, and linked to their ability to discriminate sounds based on individual acoustic dimensions (pitch, duration, and amplitude). According to the results, those who attained more advanced L2 lexical proficiency demonstrated not only more relevant experience (extensive immersion and earlier age of arrival), but also more precise auditory perception ability.
The effects of adult children's gender composition on the care type and care network of ageing parents
Authors: Batur Zeynep Zümer , Vergauwen Jorik , Mortelmans Dimitri
Published: March 2022

Although the literature on informal care-giving for older parents shows that daughters have a higher tendency to provide care compared with sons, only a few studies have focused on the gender composition of all children or parents’ entire range of care options. Our study examines the effect of children's gender composition on informal and formal care types, as well as the informal care network. Using data from the 2015 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (N = 40,312), we found that parents with daughters tended to use less formal care because daughters take on additional informal care-giving responsibilities. Daughters were the main care-givers among parents’ informal care networks. Further analysis indicated that daughters-in-law play an important role in the care-giving process when parents have only sons. We concluded that the presence of a daughter among the children reduces the use of formal care. The results indicated that children's gender composition is an important factor in explaining the allocation of informal care to parents.
Key learnings from Institute for Clinical and Economic Review’s real-world evidence reassessment pilot
Authors: Jaksa Ashley , Bloudek Lisa , Carlson Josh J. , Shah Kanya , Chen Yilin , Patrick Amanda R. , McKenna Avery , Campbell Jon D.
Published: March 2022

Health technology assessment (HTA) agencies are considering adopting a lifecycle approach to assessments to address uncertainties in the evidence base at launch and to revisit the clinical and economic value of therapies in a dynamic clinical landscape. For reassessments of therapies post launch, HTA agencies are looking to real-world evidence (RWE) to enhance the clinical and economic evidence base, though challenges and concerns in using RWE in decision-making exists. Stakeholders are embarking on demonstration projects to address the challenges and concerns and to further define when and how RWE can be used in HTA decision making. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review piloted a 24-month observational RWE reassessment. Key learnings from this pilot include identifying the benefits and challenges with using RWE in reassessments and considerations on prioritizing and selecting topics relevant for RWE updates.
Eight-year trajectories of behavior problems and resilience in children exposed to early-life intimate partner violence: The overlapping and distinct effects of individual factors, maternal characteristics, and early intervention
Authors: Galano Maria M. , Stein Sara F. , Clark Hannah M. , Grogan-Kaylor Andrew , Graham-Bermann Sandra A.
Published: March 2022

Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) can have lasting effects on well-being. Children also display resilience following IPV exposure. Yet, little research has prospectively followed changes in both maladaptive and adaptive outcomes in children who experience IPV in early life. The goal of the current study was to investigate how child factors (irritability), trauma history (severity of IPV exposure), maternal factors (mental health, parenting), and early intervention relate to trajectories of behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing problems) and resilience (prosocial behavior, emotion regulation), over 8 years. One hundred twenty mother-child dyads participated in a community-based randomized controlled trial of an intervention for IPV-exposed children and their mothers. Families completed follow-up assessments 6–8 months (N= 71) and 6–8 years (N= 68) later. Although intention-to-treat analyses did not reveal significant intervention effects, per-protocol analyses suggested that participants receiving an effective dose (eight sessions) of the treatment had fewer internalizing problems over time. Child irritability and maternal parenting were associated with both behavior problems and resilience. Maternal mental health was uniquely associated with child behavior problems, whereas maternal positive parenting was uniquely associated with child resilience. Results support the need for a dyadic perspective on child adjustment following IPV exposure.
TEM Observations of the Microstructural Changes in the Interfacial Zone of Explosively Welded Titanium/Steel Before and After Ex Situ and In Situ Heat Treatment
Authors: Szmul Marcin , Stan-Glowinska Katarzyna , Morgiel Jerzy , Janusz-Skuza Marta , Bigos Agnieszka , Chudzio Andrzej , Szulc Zygmunt , Wojewoda-Budka Joanna
Published: March 2022

This paper presents the comparison of the microstructure of the interface zone formed between titanium (Ti Gr. 1) and steel (P265GH+N) in various processing stages—directly after explosive welding versus the annealing state. Transmission electron microscopy technique served as an excellent tool for studies of the sharp interface in-between the waves. Directly after the welding process in this area, a thin layer of the metastable β-Ti (Fe) solid solution was observed. In the next step, two variants of annealing have been employed: ex situ and in situ in TEM, which revealed the complete information on the interface zone transformation. The results have shown that during the annealing at 600°C for 1.5 h, the diffusion of carbon towards titanium caused the formation of titanium carbides with a layered arrangement. Compared to our previous studies, the carbides found here have a hexagonal structure. Furthermore, changes in the dislocation structure were observed, indicating the occurrence of recovery processes. Possible reasons for differences observed in the microstructure of the interface formed due to ex situ and in situ annealing are also discussed. The microstructure observations are accompanied by the microhardness measurements, which showed that the annealing caused a significant reduction in the microhardness values.
ValAsp: A Tool for Data Validation in Answer Set Programming
Authors: ALVIANO MARIO , DODARO CARMINE , ZAMAYLA ARNEL
Published: March 2022

The development of complex software requires tools promoting fail-fast approaches, so that bugs and unexpected behavior can be quickly identified and fixed. Tools for data validation may save the day of computer programmers. In fact, processing invalid data is a waste of resources at best, and a drama at worst if the problem remains unnoticed and wrong results are used for business. Answer Set Programming (ASP) is not an exception, but the quest for better and better performance resulted in systems that essentially do not validate data. Even under the simplistic assumption that input/output data are eventually validated by external tools, invalid data may appear in other portions of the program, and go undetected until some other module of the designed software suddenly breaks. This paper formalizes the problem of data validation for ASP programs, introduces a language to specify data validation, and presents valasp, a tool to inject data validation in ordinary programs. The proposed approach promotes fail-fast techniques at coding time without imposing any lag on the deployed system if data are pretended to be valid. Validation can be specified in terms of statements using YAML, ASP and Python. Additionally, the proposed approach opens the possibility to use ASP for validating data of imperative programming languages.
Computer simulations of biotic chiral selection scenarios
Authors: Longo Savino , Mundo Carmela , Micca Longo Gaia
Published: March 2022

The biotic scenario of the selection of biological homochirality is one of the most interesting applications of computer modelling to astrobiology. These scenarios have been studied for more than 70 years, yet there are plenty of studies to better assess them, in particular in the development of models of the selective extinction process. In this paper, we review former studies performed by biology-grounded models of this process and present a new class of computer programs: they further demonstrate the complexity of the selective extinction dynamics and the role played into it by non-trivial chemical-physical concepts. Indeed, the results display large and persistent differences between the populations of the two different chiral types, made possible by the freedom of individual populations to fluctuate wildly while the total population is stabilized by the limited availability of chemical energy. Such strong differences ultimately lead to the selective extinction of one of the two types. This way, computer simulations provide increasing evidence in favour of the biotic scenario.
Economic Geography, Politics, and the World Trade Regime
Authors: Rickard Stephanie J.
Published: March 2022

Although globalization and the world trade regime have reduced the significance of distance between countries, within countries geography matters now more than ever. Inside countries’ borders, economic activities, such as production and employment, occur unevenly across space. As a result, international trade impacts parts of a country differently. Some areas benefit from rising trade, while others experience reductions in local wages and employment as a result of increased import competition. Because regions’ experience of globalization varies, public opinion about trade differs across geographic areas within countries. Voters living in regions advantaged by trade are more likely to support economic openness, while voters living in regions negatively impacted by trade are more skeptical of the benefits of globalization. The geographic disparities in public attitudes towards trade often align with salient political cleavages. As a result, debates over trade have become increasingly polarized in many countries, which may threaten states’ continued economic openness as well as their engagement with, and even support for, the world trade regime.
Circular polarized two-element textile antenna with high isolation and polarization diversity for wearable applications
Authors: Kumar Anubhav , De Asok , Jain R. K.
Published: March 2022

A two-element textile antenna with high isolation and polarization diversity is presented for 5 G communications, wearable technology and biomedical cancer detection applications. The flexible material is used with an orthogonally placed microstrip-feed radiator antenna responsible for polarization diversity. High isolation and low correlation are achieved between antenna elements with defected ground-based on diagonal and open-stubs, which perturbs the surface current and facilitates the achievement of circular polarization. The 10 dB impedance bandwidth (|S11|) of a two-element antenna varies from 3.3 to 4.3 GHz with more than 24 dB isolation (|S21|). The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and channel capacity loss (CCL) of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) antenna parameters are less than 0.2 and 0.35 bits/s/Hz respectively, which validates the diversity performance of the antenna.
A TWAIL Perspective on Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Reflections from Indira Gandhi's Speech at Stockholm
Authors: RAO Malavika
Published: March 2022

There seem to be no answers to resolve the deadlock between the Global North and the Global South on liability and compensation for loss and damage from climate change. Revisiting the original story of international environmental law from the Stockholm Conference of 1972 may help us address these historical tensions. In doing so, this article unveils the genesis of Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) from the Stockholm Conference as an alternative consciousness centred around the aspirations of the Global South. Indira Gandhi's plenary address at Stockholm outlined the Global South's position on environmental issues, which greatly influenced early TWAIL scholarship in the 1980s. Locating TWAIL's origins at Stockholm allows us to: (1) chart the environmental concerns of the Global South till date; (2) infer its evolved view on the “development versus environment” debate; and (3) understand the role of future TWAIL scholarship in challenging the enduring and structural limitations of international environmental law, especially in future deliberations on loss and damage.
Multinaturalism in International Environmental Law: Redefining the Legal Context for Human and Non-Human Relations
Authors: NUNES CHAIB André
Published: March 2022

International environmental law has come a long way in addressing humans’ extractive and negative relationship with nature, although despite its profound anthropocentrism and economic focus. This paper analyzes how and whether international environmental law can be conceived differently by incorporating different perspectives about the human/nature relationship. More specifically, the article engages with the concept of multinaturalism, as developed by anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, to address the advantages and significance of admitting indigenous forms of life in international environmental law. Forms of life which not only relate to nature differently but can conceive of nature differently. Taking such an approach requires a methodological shift to examine the existence of forms of life that invert the traditional Western conception of nature and culture, thus allowing for the potential to move international environmental law beyond anthropocentrism, while providing elements to resolve the tension between development/economic concerns in ecological conservation and long-term species survival.
Civic Identity in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Lep Žan , Zupančič Maja
Published: March 2022

Abstract: Civic identity refers to beliefs, emotions, and experiences of individuals regarding their membership in a particular community and the perceived opportunities for their civic participation. It represents one of the most important predictors of civic engagement, yet there is little empirical evidence on its development in diverse samples. To address this gap in the literature, we constructed the Civic Identity Status Scale (CISS) to measure four identity statuses proposed by Marcia. In this study, we tested psychometric properties of the newly developed scale and provided evidence for its score, structure, and criterion validity in Slovenia through the lens of contemporary views on validity by testing a series of structural equation models. A sample of 493 emerging adults (aged 18–29 years) participated in an online survey. We determined criterion validity evidence by correlations of the CISS scores with measures of civic behavior, perceived political interest, trust, and self-efficacy and established generalizability evidence by testing the measurement invariance of the CISS across different subsamples. The results suggest that the CISS is a valid and reliable measure. Therefore, we suggest and discuss possible future research directions.
On Differentiating Multiple Types of ULF Magnetospheric Waves in Response to Solar Wind Periodic Density Structures
Authors: Di Matteo S. , Villante U. , Viall N. , Kepko L. , Wallace S.
Published: March 2022

Identifying the nature and source of ultra‐low frequencies (ULF) waves (f ⪅ 4 mHz) at discrete frequencies in the Earth's magnetosphere is a complex task. The challenge comes from the simultaneous occurrence of externally and internally generated waves, and the ability to robustly identify such perturbations. Using a recently developed robust spectral analysis procedure, we study an interval that exhibited in magnetic field measurements at geosynchronous orbit and in‐ground magnetic observatories both internally supported and externally generated ULF waves. The event occurred on 9 November 2002 during the interaction of the magnetosphere with two interplanetary shocks that were followed by a train of 90 min solar wind periodic density structures. Using the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge model, we mapped the source of this solar wind stream to an active region and a mid‐latitude coronal hole just prior to crossing the Heliospheric current sheet. In both the solar wind density and magnetospheric field fluctuations, we separated broad power increases from enhancements at specific frequencies. For the waves at discrete frequencies, we used the combination of satellite and ground magnetometer observations to identify differences in frequency, polarization, and observed magnetospheric locations. The magnetospheric response was characterized by: (a) forced breathing by periodic solar wind dynamic pressure variations below ≈1 mHz, (b) a combination of directly driven oscillations and wave modes triggered by additional mechanisms (e.g., shock and interplanetary magnetic field discontinuity impact, and substorm activity) between ≈1 and 4 mHz, and (c) largely triggered modes above ≈4 mHz.
Evolution of Physical and Biological Patterns Along the Tropical and South Atlantic Western Boundary: A Satellite Perspective
Authors: Pacheco Mariana M. , Polito Paulo S. , Sato Olga T. , Rocha Maurício R.
Published: March 2022

We investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of satellite‐derived sea surface temperature, salinity and chlorophyll‐a concentration along the eastern South American coast. Two decade‐long time series (2002–2019; except for the salinity) allowed us to investigate changes from seasonal to interannual time scales on an array that stretches from the south (42°S) to the north (10°N) of the continent and from isobaths ranging from −50 to −1000 m away from the coast. The novelty of our approach is to assess comparatively the magnitude, variability, and spectrum of these variables following the same isobaths and using the same methodology. This allowed us to examine the influence of large scale ocean circulation patterns entangled with the local forcing systems such as river discharge and coastal currents, and to quantify to what extent these patterns are spatially and temporally consistent. The seasonal cycle of the temperature explains more variance than that of salinity and chlorophyll on average. Comparatively, salinity has a weak seasonal signal, except near major rivers. Significant long‐term trends were observed in specific regions in the salinity time series. Our study revealed distinct interannual changes at 2‐ and 4‐year period in the whole array with the largest spectral peaks near the La Plata and the Amazon Rivers. Within this period band, thermal signals propagate northward along the whole array. Statistical correlations between satellite‐derived variables and several climate indices suggest remote forcing.
The Effect of Land Use Classification on the Gas‐Phase and Particle Composition of the Troposphere: Tree Species Versus Forest Type Information
Authors: Luttkus M. L. , Hoffmann E. H. , Poulain L. , Tilgner A. , Wolke R.
Published: March 2022

Relationships between vegetation and air quality are intricate and still not fully understood. For regional air quality assessments, a better understanding of the diverse feedback mechanisms is crucial. The present article investigates the impact of land use data set detailedness on air quality predictions. Therefore, two different land use data sets were applied for simulations with COSMO‐MUSCAT for Germany in May 2014. One data set includes detailed information about tree species while the second one obtains generalized widely applied land use classes including mixed and coniferous forests. Moreover, we examined the role of agricultural NO soil emissions, agricultural biomass density enhancements, and model resolution. For a more comprehensive implementation of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, the SOA module was extended considering additional biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) precursor groups from isoprene, α‐pinene, limonene, and sesquiterpene oxidations. The model studies showed substantial differences in BVOC emission patterns between the two land use data sets. The application of detailed tree species information leads to complex BVOC emission patterns with high emission spots. In contrast, coarser forest information lead to standardized comprehensive emissions which result in 50% higher BVOC emissions. These differences affect both the atmospheric oxidizing potential and the production rates of SOA precursors. Land use induced regional differences (tree species minus forest information) in NOx (±2.5%), ozone (−2.5%), OH (±50%), NO3 radical (+70%) concentrations, and SOA (−60%) mass are modeled. Overall, the simulations demonstrate that detailed land use information, extended organic chemistry treatment, and high spatial resolution are mandatory for air quality assessments.
Assimilation of NASA's Airborne Snow Observatory Snow Measurements for Improved Hydrological Modeling: A Case Study Enabled by the Coupled LIS/WRF‐Hydro System
Authors: Lahmers Timothy M. , Kumar Sujay V. , Rosen Daniel , Dugger Aubrey , Gochis David J. , Santanello Joseph A. , Gangodagamage Chandana , Dunlap Rocky
Published: March 2022

The NASA LIS/WRF‐Hydro system is a coupled modeling framework that combines the modeling and data assimilation (DA) capabilities of the NASA Land Information System (LIS) with the multi‐scale surface hydrological modeling capabilities of the WRF‐Hydro model, both of which are widely used in both operations and research. This coupled modeling framework builds on the linkage between land surface models (LSMs), which simulate surface boundary conditions in atmospheric models, and distributed hydrologic models, which simulate horizontal surface and sub‐surface flow, adding new land DA capabilities. In the present study, we employ this modeling framework in the Tuolumne River basin in central California. We demonstrate the added value of the assimilation of NASA Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates in the Tuolumne basin. This analysis is performed in both LIS as an LSM column model and LIS/WRF‐Hydro, with hydrologic routing. Results demonstrate that ASO DA in the basin reduced snow bias by as much as 30% from an open‐loop (OL) simulation compared to three independent datasets. It also reduces downstream streamflow runoff biases by as much as 40%, and improves streamflow skill scores in both wet and dry years. Analysis of soil moisture and evapotranspiration (ET) also reveals the impacts of hydrologic routing from WRF‐Hydro in the simulations, which would otherwise not be resolved in an LSM column model. By demonstrating the beneficial impact of SWE DA on the improving streamflow forecasts, the article outlines the importance of such observational inputs for reservoir operations and related water management applications.
Long‐Term Water Imbalances of Watersheds Resulting From Biases in Hydroclimatic Data Sets for Water Budget Analyses
Authors: Tan Xuejin , Liu Bingjun , Tan Xuezhi , Chen Xiaohong
Published: March 2022

Assessing the water budget closures and source of water budget imbalances is fundamental to improving the understanding of changes in the hydrological system and their associated impacts. We analyzed the long‐term (1982–2016) water budget for 1,561 watersheds by using various observed data sets for precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), observed streamflow (Q), and total water storage change (∆TWS). The results show that 93%, 79%, 44%, and 20% of watersheds show water imbalances ratio less than 30%, 20%, 10%, and 5% of their corresponding precipitation. The average absolute water imbalance ratio for all watersheds is 14.2% of P. Watersheds showing large water imbalance ratio values are mostly located in biomes of Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests, Boreal Forests/Taiga, and Tundra. Different P, ET, and Q data set combinations result in different degrees of water imbalance. The water budget imbalance ratio shows a significant negative relationship with humidity index and vegetation coverage, while a positive relationship with the proportions of irrigation area and watershed area. Showing small water imbalances for most watersheds, reanalysis precipitation data set (ERA5 and MSWEP), MTE evapotranspiration data set performed better than other data sets in water budget analyses in most biomes. The uncertainties of P, ET, Q, and ∆TWSGRACE contribute to 40.1%, 14.3%, 26.6%, and 19% of the water budget imbalance on average, respectively. Improving the accuracy of P and ET estimates, and streamflow measurements are critical to better understanding the water budget and improves modeling of hydrological processes.
Inhibition of proinflammatory signaling impairs fibrosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Vukotić Milica , Kapor Sunčica , Dragojević Teodora , Đikić Dragoslava , Mitrović Ajtić Olivera , Diklić Miloš , Subotički Tijana , Živković Emilija , Beleslin Čokić Bojana , Vojvodić Aleksandar , Santibáñez Juan F. , Gotić Mirjana , Čokić Vladan P.
Published: March 2022

Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have been identified as a major cellular source of fibrosis, the exact molecular mechanism and signaling pathways involved have not been identified thus far. Here, we show that BM-MSCs contribute to fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) by differentiating into αSMA-positive myofibroblasts. These cells display a dysregulated extracellular matrix with increased FN1 production and secretion of profibrotic MMP9 compared to healthy donor cells. Fibrogenic TGFβ and inflammatory JAK2/STAT3 and NFκB signaling pathway activity is increased in BM-MSCs of MPN patients. Moreover, coculture with mononuclear cells from MPN patients was sufficient to induce fibrosis in healthy BM-MSCs. Inhibition of JAK1/2, SMAD3 or NFκB significantly reduced the fibrotic phenotype of MPN BM-MSCs and was able to prevent the development of fibrosis induced by coculture of healthy BM-MSCs and MPN mononuclear cells with overly active JAK/STAT signaling, underlining their involvement in fibrosis. Combined treatment with JAK1/2 and SMAD3 inhibitors showed synergistic and the most favorable effects on αSMA and FN1 expression in BM-MSCs. These results support the combined inhibition of TGFβ and inflammatory signaling to extenuate fibrosis in MPN.
Inhibition of STAT3Y705 phosphorylation by Stattic suppresses proliferation and induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Guo Hangcheng , Xiao Yanyi , Yuan Ziwei , Yang Xuejia , Chen Jiawei , Chen Chaoyue , Wang Mengsi , Xie Lili , Chen Qinbo , Tong Yu , Zhang Qiyu , Bai Yongheng
Published: March 2022

Patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) show dismal prognosis and high mortality. The development of PC is associated with the overactivation of STAT3. Here, we have determined that the non-peptide small molecule Stattic inhibits PC development by targeting STAT3. In vitro, Stattic treatment time- and dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) by reducing c-Myc expression and enhancing p53 activity. Consequently, p-Rb, cyclin D1, Chk1, and p21 (cell cycle proteins) were downregulated, and PCCs were arrested at the G1 phase, which was also confirmed by decreased Ki67 expression and unaltered PCNA expression. In addition, Stattic-induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by elevating cleaved caspase-3, and Bax, cytochrome C levels, while reducing expression of Bcl-2, which may be regulated by reduced survivin expression. Further studies showed that Stattic exerts its anti-tumor effect via inhibition of STAT3Y705 phosphorylation and nuclear localization in PCCs. In a nude mouse tumorigenesis model, Stattic inhibited PC growth by antagonizing STAT3Y705 phosphorylation. Interleukin-6 used as a molecule agonist to activate STAT3, as well as overexpression of STAT3, could partially reverse Stattic-mediated anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic effects of PCCs. Thus, these findings indicate that inhibition of STAT3Y705 phosphorylation by Stattic suppresses PCC proliferation and promotes mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.
Data-driven Bayesian model-based prediction of fatigue crack nucleation in Ni-based superalloys
Authors: Pinz Maxwell , Weber George , Stinville Jean Charles , Pollock Tresa , Ghosh Somnath
Published: March 2022

This paper develops a Bayesian inference-based probabilistic crack nucleation model for the Ni-based superalloy René 88DT under fatigue loading. A data-driven, machine learning approach is developed, identifying underlying mechanisms driving crack nucleation. An experimental set of fatigue-loaded microstructures is characterized near crack nucleation sites using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction images for correlating the grain morphology and crystallography to the location of crack nucleation sites. A concurrent multiscale model, embedding experimental polycrystalline microstructural representative volume elements (RVEs) in a homogenized material, is developed for fatigue simulations. The RVE domain is modeled by a crystal plasticity finite element model. An anisotropic continuum plasticity model, obtained by homogenization of the crystal plasticity model, is used for the exterior domain. A Bayesian classification method is introduced to optimally select informative state variable predictors of crack nucleation. From this principal set of state variables, a simple scalar crack nucleation indicator is formulated.
Two-dimensional ferromagnetism detected by proximity-coupled quantum Hall effect of graphene
Authors: Chau Tuan Khanh , Hong Sung Ju , Kang Haeyong , Suh Dongseok
Published: March 2022

The recent discovery of a two-dimensional van der Waals magnet has paved the way for an enhanced understanding of two-dimensional magnetic systems. The development of appropriate heterostructures in this emerging class of materials is required as the next step towards applications. Here, we report on the electrical transport in monolayer graphene coupled with the two-dimensional ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT). Graphene that forms an interface with CGT is electron-doped owing to charge transfer. The temperature-dependent resistance of graphene/CGT undergoes a nontrivial sudden change near the Curie temperature (Tc) of CGT. Apart from this, the behavior of various transport parameters also differs before and after Tc. Moreover, the contribution of the magnetization of CGT to the enhanced magnetic flux density leads to the critical evolution of the quantum Hall state. These results imply that graphene in the graphene/CGT hybrid structure can be utilized to electrically monitor the magnetic phase transition of the adjacent CGT layer.
Precipitation trends determine future occurrences of compound hot–dry events
Authors: Bevacqua Emanuele , Zappa Giuseppe , Lehner Flavio , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: March 2022

Compound hot–dry events—co-occurring hot and dry extremes—frequently cause damages to human and natural systems, often exceeding separate impacts from heatwaves and droughts. Strong increases in the occurrence of these events are projected with warming, but associated uncertainties remain large and poorly understood. Here, using climate model large ensembles, we show that mean precipitation trends exclusively modulate the future occurrence of compound hot–dry events over land. This occurs because local warming will be large enough that future droughts will always coincide with at least moderately hot extremes, even in a 2 °C warmer world. By contrast, precipitation trends are often weak and equivocal in sign, depending on the model, region and internal climate variability. Therefore, constraining regional precipitation trends will also constrain future compound hot–dry events. These results help to assess future frequencies of other compound extremes characterized by strongly different trends in the drivers.
Systematic reconstruction of cellular trajectories across mouse embryogenesis
Authors: Qiu Chengxiang , Cao Junyue , Martin Beth K. , Li Tony , Welsh Ian C. , Srivatsan Sanjay , Huang Xingfan , Calderon Diego , Noble William Stafford , Disteche Christine M. , Murray Stephen A. , Spielmann Malte , Moens Cecilia B. , Trapnell Cole , Shendure Jay
Published: March 2022

Mammalian embryogenesis is characterized by rapid cellular proliferation and diversification. Within a few weeks, a single-cell zygote gives rise to millions of cells expressing a panoply of molecular programs. Although intensively studied, a comprehensive delineation of the major cellular trajectories that comprise mammalian development in vivo remains elusive. Here, we set out to integrate several single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets that collectively span mouse gastrulation and organogenesis, supplemented with new profiling of ~150,000 nuclei from approximately embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryos staged in one-somite increments. Overall, we define cell states at each of 19 successive stages spanning E3.5 to E13.5 and heuristically connect them to their pseudoancestors and pseudodescendants. Although constructed through automated procedures, the resulting directed acyclic graph (TOME (trajectories of mammalian embryogenesis)) is largely consistent with our contemporary understanding of mammalian development. We leverage TOME to systematically nominate transcription factors (TFs) as candidate regulators of each cell type’s specification, as well as ‘cell-type homologs’ across vertebrate evolution.
Comprehensive RNA dataset of tissue and plasma from patients with esophageal cancer or precursor lesions
Authors: Schoofs Kathleen , Philippron Annouck , Avila Cobos Francisco , Koster Jan , Lefever Steve , Anckaert Jasper , De Looze Danny , Vandesompele Jo , Pattyn Piet , De Preter Katleen
Published: March 2022

In the past decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased dramatically in Western populations. Better understanding of disease etiology along with the identification of novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers are urgently needed to improve the dismal survival probabilities. Here, we performed comprehensive RNA (coding and non-coding) profiling in various samples from 17 patients diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma, high-grade dysplastic or non-dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus. Per patient, a blood plasma sample, and a healthy and disease esophageal tissue sample were included. In total, this comprehensive dataset consists of 102 sequenced libraries from 51 samples. Based on this data, 119 expression profiles are available for three biotypes, including miRNA (51), mRNA (51) and circRNA (17). This unique resource allows for discovery of novel biomarkers and disease mechanisms, comparison of tissue and liquid biopsy profiles, integration of coding and non-coding RNA patterns, and can serve as a validation dataset in other RNA landscaping studies. Moreover, structural RNA differences can be identified in this dataset, including protein coding mutations, fusion genes, and circular RNAs.
MIR17HG polymorphisms contribute to high-altitude pulmonary edema susceptibility in the Chinese population
Authors: Si Lining , Wang Haiyang , Jiang Yahui , Yi Yun , Wang Rong , Long Qifu , Zhao Yanli
Published: March 2022

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a common acute altitude sickness. This study was designed to investigate the effect of MIR17HG polymorphisms on HAPE risk in the Chinese population. The Agena MassARRAY platform was used to genotype six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MIR17HG gene in 244 HAPE patients and 243 non-HAPE controls. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the association between each MIR17HG polymorphisms and the risk of HAPE under a polygenetic model. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ2 test. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was used to analyze the impacts of SNP–SNP interactions on the risk of HAPE. According to the allele model, the HAPE risk of people with the rs7318578 A allele of MIR17HG was lower than that of people with the C allele (OR 0.74, p = 0.036).Logistic regression analysis of four models for all selected MIR17HG SNPs showed significant differences in the frequencies of rs7318578 (OR 0.74, p = 0.037) and rs17735387 (OR 1.51, p = 0.036) between cases and controls. The results of the sex stratification analysis showed that among males, rs17735387 in the MIR17HG gene is associated with an increased risk of HAPE. MDR analysis showed that the best combination model was a three-locus model incorporating rs72640334, rs7318578, and rs7336610. This study revealed the correlations between rs7318578 and rs17735387 on the MIR17HG gene and the risk of HAPE in the Chinese population, providing a theoretical basis for the early screening, prevention, and diagnosis of HAPE in high-risk populations.