bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Tests to Teaching: Exploring the Washback Effect in Language Pedagogy
Authors: Rathnayake W. M. P. Y. B.
Published: January 2025

The washback effect and the influence of assessments on teaching and learning play a crucial role in shaping instructional practices and nurturing learner experiences. This study explores the evolution of washback over the past four decades, revealing its transition from negative connotations associated with high-stakes testing to a more nuanced understanding of positive and negative pedagogical effects. Narrated along the evolution, conceptualisations, and future directions of the washback effect as applicable in language pedagogy, it emphasises the impact of washback on educational practices and outcomes, enlightening the potential space available for re-engineering language assessment practices. A traditional narrative review enriched by a Global South critical approach, purposely utilised to harness the limits inherent to Global South academia, serves as the methodology. The study interprets existing literature, recognises the existing gaps, and provides a comprehensive overview by ascertaining various perspectives while integrating recent advancements in the field. Key findings confirm that early conceptualisations of washback were primarily concerned with its adverse effects, which have eventually diverged to highlight its potential to foster positive educational practices. Emphasising the importance of aligning assessments with curriculum goals while/and improving teachers' assessment literacy, the study further reveals the modern tendencies of washback literature. Offering directives for future research, the study emphasises the need for greater focus on understanding how washback influences educational outcomes through cognitive processes, equity issues, and stakeholder experiences. Examining the interplay between assessment design and teaching practices will be crucial in optimising the washback effect to enhance learning. The study recommends that educators and policymakers design assessments that measure learning and support and improve the educational process. By addressing the evolving nature of washback through the integration of contemporary insights, the study aims to contribute to more effective, equitable and humanistic assessment practices in language education.
Examining Recent Trends in The Digitalisation of Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Premawardhena N. C.
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates recent trends in the digitalisation of foreign language teaching, focusing on the impact of technology on language learning. The development of digital tools ranging from language learning platforms, virtual learning, mobile and e-learning, and virtual and augmented reality has dramatically transformed the language teaching and learning landscape in recent times. The COVID-19 pandemic expedited the adoption of digital classrooms, involving synchronous and asynchronous learning modes to enhance accessibility and flexibility. Furthermore, Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role today in language teaching and learning, i.e. adaptive learning, engagement of AI-powered tutors, and automated assessments. Gamification has also proven to be an influential motivating factor, capturing students' interest with game-like features. The paper also investigates innovative teaching methods facilitated through digitalisation, including blended learning, flipped classrooms, and collaborative learning. Despite obstacles, including the digital divide, technological skills, and concerns about data privacy, digitalisation offers significant prospects for advancements in language education. The recent trends are presented with supportive data from secondary sources on how digital tools have been successfully integrated into language teaching and that integrating digitalisation and adapting pedagogical approaches are essential for maximising the benefits of technology in foreign language teaching.
The trichotomy of Needs Theory and irrational investor behavior through investor category: evidence from Sri Lanka
Authors: Ekanayake N. P. K. , Anuradha P. A. N. S.
Published: January 2025

The trichotomy of Needs Theory has been applied in various studies to analyze psychological features across different professions. However, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding its impact on irrational investor behavior. This study presents a groundbreaking contribution by exploring how individual investors’ unique characteristics, defined by the trichotomy of Needs Theory, impact their stock market decisions. This research offers crucial, interdisciplinary insights into the psychological principles driving human behavior, making it significant for market analysts, investors, stockbrokers, and decision-makers. Utilizing David McClelland’s trichotomy of Needs Theory, the study assesses the behavioral aspects of individual investors. It investigates the impact of said theory on irrational investor behavior at the Colombo Stock Exchange, with the investor category as a moderator. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 386 investors at the Colombo Stock Exchange using systematic random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling was employed to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that both the need for affiliation and the need for achievement significantly increase irrational investor behavior at the Colombo Stock Exchange. Further, the results embrace a significant positive moderation effect from the investor category on the relationship between the need for affiliation and irrational investor behavior. Moreover, the investor category positively impacts the relationship between the need for achievement and irrational investor behavior in the Colombo Stock Exchange.
Downhill: a new rehabilitation frontier. A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Tamburlani Matteo , Cuscito Rossana , D’Angelo Alessio , Galeoto Giovanni , Papi Leonardo , Ruotolo Ilaria , Santini Francesca , Servadio Annamaria , Tirelli Edoardo , Sellitto Giovanni
Published: January 2025

In the last few years, we have seen the gradual spread of a new treadmill training modality, which involves walking not on the flat but downhill, also known as "downhill". This review aims to qualitatively assess the efficacy of downhill treatment on different patient populations and outline treatment routes for future efficacy studies. We searched five different databases: MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PEDro, and LILACS for studies to include. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English were considered. PEDro scales and Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) assessment were used to evaluate the risk of bias. Forty-one RCTs were included, and three articles remained to be analyzed; the included studies showed 110 participants for three RCTs; of these, two were performed on patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while one was for treating people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The outcome measures used in the studies were the pulmonary function test, the cardiopulmonary exercise test, the 6-Minute Walking Test, and the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire. In patients diagnosed with COPD, downhill training appears effective on functional capacity and symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue, while in people with MS, it increases strength and activity performance when compared to other walking training modalities. RoB 2 tool shows good methodological quality for all studies included in the review; when evaluated with the PEDro scale, all presented a score of 8. Downhill could be such an effective, safe, and feasible eccentric training modality that it can be considered a new rehabilitation strategy that could be implemented for patients with low exercise tolerance.
On the incapability of inertial forces as a means of repeated self-propulsion of an object in a vacuum
Authors: Provatidis Christopher G.
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with the controversial topic of "inertial propulsion". It discusses in depth the limits of possible upward vertical motion of a vehicle equipped with a couple of contra-rotating masses. Although inertial forces are internal forces in the system, they can cause the center of mass to move upwards up to a certain distance (first cycle of motion), provided the vehicle is initially supported, for example on the ground surface. To make the matter easier to understand, we also contrast it with the operation of the mass-spring system. In contrast to many patents which claim that the key ingredient to achieve a supposed “net thrust” is to invent a way to achieve nonzero impulse of the inertial forces in each rotation of the masses, this paper shows that the main reason of the motion is the initial velocity of the center of mass which is associated with the initial orientation of the rotating arms carrying the masses. Moreover, it is shown that the pattern of the angular velocity only affects the vehicle’s velocity while the position of the vehicle slightly oscillates around the standard position of the center of mass which always performs the motion of a mass particle in vertical shot. In the end, it was shown that non-zero thrust of the inertial forces per revolution is possible in many ways, but in no case ensures repeated propulsion of the vehicle in a vacuum, the realization of which requires either intermediate support conditions or reaction forces at the time when the maximum travel in each movement cycle is completed.
An evaluation of RBM implementation in not-for-profit sector of Zimbabwe during COVID-19
Authors: Mushayi Wellington , Dar Javaid , Mpundu Mubanga
Published: January 2025

Background: Results-based management (RBM) aims to enhance accountability, transparency and effectiveness in the allocation and utilisation of resources. In the not-for-profit sector, particularly among non-governmental organisations (NGOs), RBM has been pivotal in ensuring interventions are aligned with organisational goals and community needs, thereby maximising impact. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted the not-for-profit sector in Zimbabwe by causing unprecedented challenges such as restrictions on movement, supply chain disruptions and economic downturns.Objectives: This study examines the impact of the pandemic on the implementation of RBM within the not-for-profit sector in Zimbabwe.Method: A concurrent mixed methods approach was employed, using a survey of 190 not-for-profit organisations (NPOs), in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with NPO staff.Results: The findings reveal essential influences of COVID-19 on NPOs’ ability to implement RBM, identifying key factors influencing effectiveness during the pandemic, including organisational flexibility, donor support and communication strategies. Additionally, it highlights the need for strengthened capacities, such as data analysis skills and potentially adjusted incentive structures to support effective RBM.Conclusion: The study underscores the inherent challenges of RBM during a crisis, including uncertainty, competing priorities and the potential focus on short-term relief.Contribution: This research contributes to a greater understanding of the challenges and opportunities for NPOs implementing RBM during a global crisis. The findings offer valuable insights for NPOs, donors and policymakers to strengthen RBM practices and ensure continued effectiveness in achieving impactful results.
Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety of Activated Charcoal in Poisoning Management in Emergency Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Jrayed Roz Hamdan , Alshangiti Safia Ali , Alhassan Rakan Aref , Alanazi Nouf Obaidullah , Mahfooz Hajer Ali Bin , Alfaris Raseel Khalil , Ahbail Ali Ahmad , Alawad Fatema Hani , Mohaini Mohammad Al , Aldanyowi Saud Nayef
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives:

The management of acute poisoning is crucial in emergency medicine, necessitating prompt and effective interventions to minimise harm and enhance patient outcomes. Activated charcoal (AC) has long been utilised for its ability to adsorb toxins within the gastrointestinal tract. Despite its widespread use, debates persist regarding its efficacy and safety. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety profile of AC in contemporary poisoning management through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods:

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus databases until December 2023. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing AC intervention in poisoned patients were included in the study. Data extraction, risk of bias assessment and meta-analysis were performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. Efficacy outcomes included drug plasma concentration, area under the curve (AUC), time to peak serum drug level and hospital stay. Safety outcomes comprised mortality, vomiting and cardiac arrhythmia.

Results:

Thirteen RCTs involving 5059 patients were included in the study. Meta-analysis revealed a significant decrease in drug plasma concentration (P = 0.002) and AUC (P < 0.0001) favouring AC intervention. No significant differences were observed in time to peak serum drug level (P = 0.59) and hospital stay (P = 0.34). Safety analysis showed no significant difference in mortality (P = 0.25), whereas cardiac arrhythmia incidence was significantly lower with AC (P = 0.004). Vomiting incidence did not significantly difference between groups (P = 0.33).

Conclusion:

This study provides robust evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of AC in treating poisoned patients. AC administration led to reduced drug plasma concentration and AUC, with no significant impact on hospital stay. Mortality rates did not differ significantly, but AC was associated with a lower incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Healthcare providers can confidently integrate AC into poisoning management protocols to improve patient outcomes. Further research should focus on standardising protocols and exploring optimal dosing regimens and formulations.
Effectiveness of Non-pharmacological Interventions for Chronic Non-specific Lower Back Pain in Family Medicine Practices: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Alhomidani Ali Abdullah , Alanazi Haya Hamdi , Almutairi Rasha Hadi , Almutairi Abdulrahman Shudayyid , Al-Sulami Hisham Abdulrahman , Alarifi Ahmad Ibrahim , Almutairi Mohammed Shudayyid , Alanazi Hamad Obaid , Alawad Fatema Hani , Aldanyowi Saud Nayef Salem
Published: January 2025

Background:

Advancements in health care have led to increased life expectancy, but the rising prevalence of chronic conditions challenges maintaining a high quality of life (QoL). Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a complex condition with psychosocial factors influencing its impact on QoL.

Objective:

This study conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for CNSLBP.

Materials and Methods:

Data extraction included study characteristics, participant details, interventions, outcomes and funding sources. Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised controlled trials. Statistical analyses employed R software, assessing heterogeneity with Cochrane Q and I
2, utilising random-effects and common effect models. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s test.

Results:

The meta-analysis on non-pharmacological interventions for Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores revealed significant heterogeneity, leading to the use of a random-effects model. Despite this (τ2 = 97.83%, I² = 97.83%), the overall effect size remained statistically significant at 2.2588 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8276–2.6899, P < 0.0001), suggesting a meaningful impact. Similarly, for Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) scores, a random-effects model was used due to significant heterogeneity (Q-statistic P < 0.0001), with an overall effect size of 3.0427 (95% CI: 1.9190–4.1664, P < 0.0001).

Discussion:

Variability in outcomes was anticipated due to differences in treatment approaches and sample sizes. The findings contribute valuable evidence supporting the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in managing CNSLBP, despite its complexity. These insights aid evidence-based decision-making for clinicians, offering potential improvements in QoL for individuals with CNSLBP.

Conclusion:

In the context of increasing chronic conditions, particularly CNSLBP, this meta-analysis underscores the significant impact of non-pharmacological interventions on VAS and RMDQ scores. Despite observed heterogeneity, the findings provide robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of these interventions, enhancing the QoL for individuals dealing with CNSLBP. These insights contribute to informed decision-making for health-care professionals and highlight the ongoing importance of non-pharmacological strategies in managing chronic low back pain.
Assessing the Efficacy of Adaptive Servo-ventilation in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alqerafi Ahmed Abdulaziz , Alhejaili Ibrahim Saad , Alsaedi Marwan Nasser , Almutairi Danah Mohsen A. , Al Shankiti Hind Ameen M. , Almaslamani Norah Waleed , Qader Ali Mohamed , Al Mohaini Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Background:

Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing issue characterised by inadequate breathing episodes during sleep without respiratory effort. Disruptions in the central nervous system’s signalling to respiratory muscles cause inadequate ventilation and impaired gas exchange. CSA is rare in the general population but prevalent in heart failure patients. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, positive airway pressure therapy and pharmacological interventions. Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), a specialised form of positive airway pressure therapy, dynamically adjusts pressure based on the patient’s breathing patterns, providing tailored ventilation support for CSA patients. This innovative approach helps prevent apnoeas and hypopnoeas, ensuring the airway remains open during sleep.

Methods:

We conducted a comprehensive search across four electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) up until March 2024, to identify pertinent studies evaluating the efficacy of adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) in the treatment of CSA in patients with heart failure. The quality of evidence from trials was assessed using ROB1. Data from the included studies were extracted into a uniform online sheet and analysed using RevMan 5.4.

Results:

Our search led to the identification of 9 studies involving a total of 3135 patients. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that ASV exhibited no statistically significant difference compared to controls regarding left ventricular ejection fraction (mean difference [MD] =2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] [ − 0.29, 5.40] with P value of the overall effect of 0.08. Results showed significant heterogeneity (P < 0.0001, I
2 = 83%). Moreover, it showed no difference regarding left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes (MD= −1.63, 95% CI [−10.09.6.82], with P = 0.70) and (MD= −0.97, 95% CI [−5.47, 3.79], with P = 0.69), respectively, with no detected heterogeneity.

Conclusion:

In the first meta-analysis, assessing the cardiovascular outcomes of ASV in the treatment of CSA on patients with heart failure. ASV, although not significantly impacting key cardiac parameters or clinical endpoints, showed potential benefits in specific domains for certain heart failure subgroups; further research is needed to clarify its role in heart failure management and identify optimal patient populations for ASV intervention.
Does Ketamine Reduce Postoperative Pain and Agitation in Septorhinoplasty? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alqahtani Anas Khalid , Alharbi Raghad Khalifah , Alahmari Ghala Saeed , Asiri Shatha Mohammed , Alshehri Yara Ahmed , Al-Shaker Shahad Shaker , Alyahya Khalid Abdultaif , Barnawi Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Background:

Agitation and pain following rhino plastic surgery lead to complications that delay recovery and affect patients quality of life. Ketamine is established drug in anaesthesia induction and analgesic agent. It is investigated for the prevention of agitation in children yet it is recently investigated for the prevention of post-operative agitation in adults following rhinoplasty. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials to summarise and conclude its role in sub anaesthetic dose for the prevention of agitation and pain relief.

Methods:

In our research, we explored four digital platforms (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) until April 2024, searching for relevant articles that assessed the efficacy of ketamine in managing post-operative pain and agitation. The quality of the trials was evaluated using the risk of bias 2 tool. The data from the selected studies were extracted into a standardised online form and analysed with RevMan 5.4.

Results:

This study included six studies with a total sample size of 558 patients. We included randomised clinical trials assessing the efficacy of ketamine for pain and agitation management after rhinoplasty, septoplasty, or rhinoseptoplasty. All included studies were of high quality. Results of meta-analysis showed statistically significant reduction in pain score and incidence of agitation post-operative (standardised mean difference = −0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] [ − 1.26, −0.43], P < 0.0001), (risk ratio = 0.22, 95% CI [0.06, 0.78], P = 0.02), respectively. In addition, meta-analysis showed reduced analgesic requirements after surgery and treatment with ketamine was associated with less risk of nausea and vomiting.

Conclusion:

This systematic review and meta-analysis highlights ketamine’s potential benefits in post-surgery pain management and agitation reduction but emphasises the need for additional research with diverse and consistent samples to confirm these findings and examine possible side effects such as post-operative nausea and vomiting due to the observed heterogeneity amongst studies.
Efficacy of Raloxifene versus Alendronate in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Alrobeishy Aljohara Khalid , Alkharouby Hamzah Ahmed , Ahmed Rufaida Alhafiz Alsayed M. , Alsabt Ghazlan Yaqoub
Published: January 2025

Background:

This systematic review aims to address the comparative incidence of vertebral fractures between selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), specifically raloxifene and bisphosphonates, notably Alendronate, in postmenopausal women diagnosed with osteoporosis. With the growing prevalence of osteoporosis and the diverse pharmacological options available, understanding the relative fracture outcomes associated with these two commonly prescribed medications is crucial for informed clinical decision-making.

Methods:

To examine the efficacy of raloxifene, SERM, compared to alendronate for post-menopausal women with osteoporosis focusing on vertebral fracture. We conducted a thorough search within four databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science, up to April 2024. To assess the quality of evidence from the trials, we employed the Risk of Bias 1 tool. The data obtained from the relevant studies were then meticulously transferred into a uniform online format. Finally, we utilised RevMan 5.4 software for the analysis of these data.

Results:

A detailed search of databases yielded the identification of 7 studies (5 clinical trials and 2 retrospective observational studies) with a total sample size of 417,625 participants. Results of meta-analysis showed that alendronate showed superior effect compared to raloxifene in reducing incidence of vertebral fracture (risk ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.87, 0.98], P = 0.008) and increasing BMD of lumbar spine at weeks 12 and 24 (mean difference [MD] =3.6% change, 95% CI [5.41, 1.79], P < 0.001) and (MD = 3.71% change, 95% CI [5.50, 1.93], P < 0.0001) respectively. Similar results were detected at BMD of total hip and femoral neck outcomes.

Conclusion:

The meta-analysis demonstrates that alendronate is more effective than raloxifene in treating osteoporosis, with lower vertebral fracture risk and increased bone mineral density in vital areas. These findings underscore the significance of selecting appropriate interventions for osteoporosis management, which can greatly impact patients’ bone health and overall well-being. Further research should concentrate on long-term consequences, side effects and innovative treatments for osteoporosis.
Efficacy and Safety of Netarsudil versus Timolol in Glaucoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Elyas Shahad Kamal , Alqahtani Alwaleed Abdulhadi , Alshamekh Lujain Ahmed , Alyahya Nafad Nasser , Alhassoun Reefal Ali , Albinsaad Loai Saleh
Published: January 2025

Background:

Rho-Kinase Inhibitor (RKIs) showed competitive efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in recently published large randomised controlled trials compared to first-line treatment of glaucoma, prostaglandin analogues and beta blockers. Yet there is no published meta-analysis which summarises and gives a conclusion about its efficacy and adverse events, except for one with reported statistical heterogeneity. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of RKI compared to timolol in reducing IOP.

Methods:

We conducted an extensive search within four electronic databases, namely, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, up until April 2024. Our aim was to identify pertinent studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of netarsudil in contrast to timolol for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. The quality of evidence from these trials was assessed using the risk of bias 2 tool. Subsequently, data from the selected studies were systematically extracted into a uniform online sheet and analysed using RevMan 5.4 software.

Results:

Our search led to the identification of 4 clinical trials involving a total of 2305 patients. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that netarsudil showed better IOP reduction at 4:0 am after 2 weeks (mean difference [MD] = −0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] [ − 0.88, −0.25], P = 0.0005), however, results of pooled effect at 8:00 am after 6 weeks and 3 months showed statistically significant difference favouring timolol over netarsudil (MD = 0.58, 95% CI [0.23, 0.92], P = 0.0010) and (MD = 0.69, 95% CI [0.34, 1.04], P = 0.0001), respectively. In addition, at 10:00 am, results of pooled effect after 3 months showed a statistically significant difference favouring timolol over netarsudil (MD = 0.34, 95% CI [0.03, 0.65], P = 0.03).

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of time-specific and safe glaucoma treatment strategies, with timolol’s long-term effectiveness at 8:00 am and 10:00 am and netarsudil’s short-term effectiveness at 4:00 pm, while prioritising timolol’s better safety profile.
Is Zinc Supplementation Effective in Reducing Neonatal Jaundice? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Almarhoon Fatimah Mujahid , Aljarwan Rafeef Mohammed , Alzahrani Saleh Ahmed , Alotaibi Hamad Fahad , Alshehri Abdulaziz Mohammed Abdullah , Alabdely Mona Hail , Alqasim Ghadah Saud , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb
Published: January 2025

Background:

Neonatal jaundice, a common condition in new-borns characterised by elevated bilirubin levels, poses significant public health concerns due to its potential for neurological complications if left untreated. Zinc supplementation has been proposed to reduce bilirubin levels by enhancing bilirubin conjugation and excretion. This study aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in reducing the incidence and severity of neonatal jaundice through a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Methods:

We conducted a thorough investigation by carefully examining various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, until September 2024. The aim of our study was to identify the research assessing the effectiveness of zinc supplementation versus a placebo for neonatal jaundice. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate total serum bilirubin levels and the duration of phototherapy required. We employed the ROB2 methodology to assess the quality of the evidence, thereby ensuring the reliability of the conclusions derived from these studies. The data were systematically organised in a standardised online format and analysed with RevMan 5.4.

Results:

Systematic review and meta-analysis confirmed 16 clinical trials (n = 1915 patients) evaluating zinc supplementation versus placebo in relation to bilirubin levels and phototherapy outcomes. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in total serum bilirubin at various time points (mean difference [MD] = −0.71, P = 0.12; MD = −0.41, P = 0.15; MD = −0.63, P = 0.24; MD = −0.38, P = 0.10; MD = −0.15, P = 0.40) compared to placebo. However, zinc supplementation significantly reduced the duration of phototherapy (MD = −4.34 h, P < 0.00001). Analysis of secondary outcomes revealed no significant differences in the incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia (risk ratio [RR] =1.12, P = 0.48), requirements for phototherapy (RR = 0.90, P = 0.69) or associated side effects such as vomiting (RR = 0.99, P = 0.98), diarrhoea (RR = 0.84, P = 0.68) and skin rash (RR = 1.28, P = 0.62).

Conclusion:

Zinc supplementation did not significantly reduce total serum bilirubin levels or the incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates with jaundice. However, it was associated with a shorter duration of phototherapy, suggesting a potential role as an adjunct treatment. Further research is required to confirm these findings and establish clinical guidelines for the use of zinc in managing neonatal jaundice.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing between Active Intervention versus Conservative Management after Rotator Cuff Injury
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Almutawa Khalid Mohammed , Alghofaily Warif Nasser , Naser Nebras Zakareya Abdulwahab , Alsabhawi Abdullah Hamad , Almutleeg Zainab Hussain , Albinsaad Loai , Alqahtani Ali Zafer Ali , Aldanyowi Saud Nayef Salem
Published: January 2025

Background:

It is still uncertain when passive or active range of motion (ROM) should be initiated following arthroscopic rotator cuff (RC) surgery. After arthroscopic RC repair, early versus delayed passive and active ROM procedures were assessed in this systematic review and meta-analysis. This study’s objective is to thoroughly examine the literature on the results of postoperative active/passive arthroscopic RC repair rehabilitation protocols: early versus delayed.

Methods:

We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions as well as adhering to the recommendations set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement.

Results and Conclusion:

The main result of this meta-analysis was that there was a statistically significant difference between conservative management versus early mobilisation in terms of forward elevation at 3-month follow-up, external rotation at 3-month follow-up and incidence of Constant-Murley Score at 6-month follow-up and there was no difference in terms of incidence of retear.
Membership problems for positive one-relator groups and one-relation monoids
Authors: Foniqi Islam , Gray Robert D. , Nyberg-Brodda Carl-Fredrik
Published: January 2025

Motivated by approaches to the word problem for one-relation monoids arising from work of Adian and Oganesian (1987), Guba (1997), and Ivanov, Margolis, and Meakin (2001), we study the submonoid and rational subset membership problems in one-relation monoids and in positive one-relator groups. We give the first known examples of positive one-relator groups with undecidable submonoid membership problem, and we apply this to give the first known examples of one-relation monoids with undecidable submonoid membership problem. We construct several infinite families of one-relation monoids with undecidable submonoid membership problem, including examples that are defined by relations of the form

$w=1$

but which are not groups, and examples defined by relations of the form

$u=v$

where both of u and v are nonempty. As a consequence, we obtain a classification of the right-angled Artin groups that can arise as subgroups of one-relation monoids. We also give examples of monoids with a single defining relation of the form

$aUb = a$

and examples of the form

$aUb=aVa$

, with undecidable rational subset membership problem. We give a one-relator group defined by a freely reduced word of the form

$uv^{-1}$

with

$u, v$

positive words, in which the prefix membership problem is undecidable. Finally, we prove the existence of a special two-relator inverse monoid with undecidable word problem, and in which both the relators are positive words. As a corollary, we also find a positive two-relator group with undecidable prefix membership problem. In proving these results, we introduce new methods for proving undecidability of the rational subset membership problem in monoids and groups, including by finding suitable embeddings of certain trace monoids.
Insights into anesthesia administration for elderly individuals undergoing painless gastroenteroscopy: A bibliometric study
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhen Biao , Li Jia-Jun , Jin Chun-Nv , Jia Jun , Liu Bo-Hai , Bai Yan-Hui
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Administering anesthesia to elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy necessitates careful attention due to age-related physiological changes and an increased risk of complications.

AIM

To analyze the research trends in anesthesia management for elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy.

METHODS

We performed a literature search using the Web of Science database to identify articles published between 2004 and 2023. Bibliometric and visual analyses were conducted using CiteSpace, R, and VOSviewer to explore the current research landscape of anesthesia administration in painless gastroenteroscopy for elderly patients and to identify future research directions by examining trends and emerging hotspots in this domain.

RESULTS

A total of 800 articles were examined, revealing a rising trend in annual publication counts. The United States led with 181 articles, followed by China with 112, collectively contributing over 35% of the studies among the top ten countries. The majority of publications appeared in the United States journals, with the top three being Gastrointestinal Endoscopy [impact factor (IF) = 7.7, H-index = 26], Digestive Diseases and Sciences (IF = 3.1), and Endoscopy (IF = 9.3). Six primary research clusters were identified: Obstructive sleep apnea and airway management, surveillance and risk factors, colorectal cancer examination and treatment, sedation and safety of propofol and midazolam, patient satisfaction, and mortality and complications. These findings underscore the pivotal focus areas in anesthesia for elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive understanding of current research trends and hotspots will aid anesthesiologists in developing more evidence-based practices, thereby improving the safety and outcomes for elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy.
Cholecystogastric ﬁstula presenting as pyloric obstruction - a Bouveret’s syndrome: A case report
Authors: Yang Yi , Zhong Ding-Fu
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Bouveret’s syndrome is a rare (1%-4%) form of cholelithiasis characterized by gastric outlet obstruction. It presents mainly in elderly women with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. On physical examination, common findings include dehydration signs such as tachycardia, decreased urine output, abdominal discomfort, and distention. Diagnosis relies on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, with Rigler's triad (pneumobilia, ectopic gallstone, gastric distension) being highly specific. This report aims to improve understanding of Bouveret’s syndrome and inform better management and treatment strategies.

CASE SUMMARY

A 60-year-old male patient presented with a three-day history of nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. An upright abdominal X-ray revealed a gas shadow in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Endoscopy revealed a brown and black stone measuring approximately 3030 mm in diameter in the gastric pylorus, incompletely obstructing the gastric outlet. The diagnosis of Bouveret’s syndrome was accurately confirmed via an abdominal CT scan. Endoscopic removal of the stone was successful, owing to the stone being fragmented and extracted in pieces using a crushing basket. Three weeks later, laparoscopy was attempted but failed because of severe tissue adhesions. Consequently, the procedure was converted to a laparotomy, and fistula repair and cholecystectomy were performed. He returned to the outpatient clinic for follow-up, and no further concerns were noted.

CONCLUSION

This case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and adaptable endoscopic and surgical approaches for effectively managing Bouveret’s syndrome.
Novel approach to managing two enormous bezoars with successive snare-tip electrocautery: A case report
Authors: Lim Cherng Harng , Lim Cherng Jyr , Yao Chih-Ta , Chang Chi-Chun
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Gastric bezoars are indigestible masses that can lead to gastrointestinal obstruction and ulceration. Standard treatments include endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy with a polypectomy snare and Coca-Cola dissolution therapy or a combination of both approaches. However, giant bezoars frequently require multiple treatment sessions and extended hospital stays. Additionally, snare-based mechanical fragmentation may be limited by factors such as bezoar size, shape, density, slipperiness, and restricted working space. In cases where refractory giant bezoars are unresponsive to traditional methods, surgical intervention is often necessary.

CASE SUMMARY

A 57-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes presented with severe epigastric pain and vomiting. Endoscopy revealed two large phytobezoars and a gastric ulcer. Initial attempts at mechanical fragmentation with a polypectomy snare and Coca-Cola ingestion for dissolution were unsuccessful due to the large size and complex structure of the bezoars. An innovative approach using snare-tip electrocautery was then employed. It successfully penetrated the slippery, hard surface of the bezoars and fragmented them into smaller pieces. The patient was subsequently treated with Coca-Cola ingestion, enzyme supplements, and proton pump inhibitors. He was discharged without complications following the endoscopic sessions.

CONCLUSION

Snare-tip electrocautery is a safe, cost-effective, and minimally invasive alternative for managing large, refractory gastric bezoars. This is a valuable option in resource-limited settings.
The Private Lives of Mariners’ East Asian Objects
Authors: Marinac Bogdana , Veselič Maja
Published: January 2025

This article examines the domestic lives of East Asian objects brought by seafarers from Slovenian lands in the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, mostly men serving in the Austro-Hungarian War Navy. Drawing on a variety of material, documentary and oral sources it first explores how the sailors’ social and educational backgrounds, their positions on their vessels as well as other circumstances of their voyages impacted their access to such objects. In accordance with the fashions of the time, decorative and souvenir items dominate in their legacies.
The main part of the analysis focuses on how objects’ meanings and uses changed once they were brought to the new socio-cultural milieu and displayed in the homes of the seafarers and later their heirs. For the seafarers they presented an embodied memory and testimony of their voyages and experiences in what at the time were distant and exotic lands. Through their very presence as well as the storytelling they prompted these objects to some extent also shaped the imaginaries of East Asia. In the transmission of objects through lines of inheritance, however, most of the information about their provenance was quickly lost, and the significance of the objects became anchored in the relationship with the seafaring relative. While those heirs who are direct descendants of the seafarers tend to perceive objects as material witnesses of their families’ histories, more distant relatives stress the objects’ decorative and aesthetic qualities.
Portrayals of Qing Battles
Authors: Pejčochová Michaela
Published: January 2025

The collection of the National Gallery in Prague includes two depictions of Qing dynasty battles during the Nian rebellion (1851–1868). These paintings have been studied by researchers, but the complex historical background of their acquisition and movement among Western collections was never clarified. Also, the sad process of how the paintings became orphaned from the matching inscriptions, which were still with them in the mid-20th century, has not been described before. After making new discoveries in the archives of institutions and individual collectors in the Czech Republic and Germany, this article discusses in detail the movements of the paintings among collections and their place in the collecting discourse throughout the 20th century. Their biography is a vital testimony to the complex processes of looting, appropriation, confiscation, damage and rediscovery, which affected numerous artworks and their collections in the tumultuous period of the last century.
Management and rationalised fertilisation of improved commercial production of potato mini-tubers
Authors: Chauruka D. , Zvobgo G. , Mugabe J. , Mateva K. I. , Mavuka R. , Magama F. , Dimbi S.
Published: January 2025

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important income earner and food security crop for many communities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In Zimbabwe, mini-tubers are the commonly preferred as planting material, owing to their production under disease-free conditions.  The objective of this study was to explore the effects of plant density, frequency of hilling and fertiliser regime, on commercial production of potato mini-tubers. A temperature-controlled greenhouse study was conducted at the Kutsaga Research Station in Zimbabwe; using Diamond potato variety. Treatments included plant density (375, 200 and 100 plants m-2), hilling (4 hilling intervals) and fertiliser regime (2 fertiliser regimes: 1 = supplemented with sulphate of potash; and 2 = supplement ammonium nitrate). The treatments were laid out in a completely randomised design, in a split-spilt plot arrangement; and set up repeated four times. Disease-free 28-day old potato plantlets were obtained from a tissue culture facility at Kutsaga Research Station, and planted in pots filled with Kutsaga soilless Growmixultra growth media. Plant density had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the mini-tuber size, with the highest plant density (375 plants m-2) having the most mini-tubers with sizes < 20 mm. Frequency of hilling only affected mini-tuber size, but not number of mini-tubers produced. Of the two fertiliser application regimes used, fertiliser regime 1 (High C, AN and SOP) had a significant effect on the survival of the potato plantlets and on the size of the mini-tubers. In a nutshell, in order to maximum mini-tuber production, a plantlet population density of 100 plants m-2, with weekly intervals of hilling under fertiliser regime 1, should be maintained to obtain the most viable commercial treatment combination.
Impact of site protection mechanisms on natural regeneration potential along a degradation gradient in Miombo Woodland region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Irenge Murhula S. , Mbinga Lokoto B. , Mumba Tshanika U. , Bingo Kayumba J. , Nkulu Mwenze D. , Munyemba Kankumbi F. , Ilunga Muledi J.
Published: January 2025

For several decades, the Miombo woodland located in Lubumbashi plain in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), has experienced significant changes in its floristic composition due to increasing human activity on the landscape, which has greatly impacted its potential for natural regeneration. Various human interventions have been implemented to protect this ecosystem, including the adoption of set-aside mechanisms with varying levels of protection. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of site protection mechanisms on the regeneration potential of vegetation, along a disturbance gradient, in the Miombo woodland of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A study was conducted at Upper Katanga region in the Miombo woodland in the Lubumbashi Plain, involving a total of 60, 10 m x 10 m plots with 20 plots per site established across three sites, namely Kibundu, Kiswishi and Mikembo. Each plot was subjected to different levels of protection that is conservation with fence, without fence and forest communities-based management. A total of 1,230 individual trees were inventoried, representing 65 species, 45 genera and 20 families. Vertical spatial structure analysis revealed that the understory harbours greater species diversity than the upper canopy. The most represented families in the strata were Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Phyllanthaceae and Ochnaceae. Additionally, Coefficient of Variation (CV) across the sites indicated uneven spatial distribution of three crowns within strata. Kibundu, with a CV of 102.9% in the upper canopy against 73.6% in Kiswishi and 18.4% in Mikembo, was found to influence the absolute density of individuals in the understory (CV =32.4, 61.5, 72.3% for Kibundu, Kiswishi and Mikembo, respectively). Interestingly, there was a high correlation between site disturbance rate of the potential of landscape regeneration (r =0.85, 0.055 and 0.77 at Kibundu, Kiswishi and Mikembo, respectively). Despite human pressures, regeneration indices were greater than unity, indicating a state of equilibrium in the vegetation of the Miombo woodland.
Unravelling the Effects of Perceived Severity of Penalties on Income Tax Compliance for Tanzanian Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Munguasifiwe Priscus , Mbogela Cosmas , Kiria Joseph
Published: January 2025

Enhancing tax compliance behaviour among SMEs will improve revenue collection, thus enable government to finance social-economic  welfare of its citizens. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of perceived severity of penalties on individual income tax compliance  among Tanzanian Small and Medium Enterprises. A cross-sectional survey of 382 SMEs was conducted in six tax regions of Tanzania –  Kinondoni, Kariakoo, Temeke, Mtwara, Singida and Tabora, selected using simple random technique. Descriptive and Partial Least Square  Equation Modelling were used for data analysis. The findings of the study show that perceived severity of penalties has positive and  significant effects on the decision of the individual to register with the tax system and make correct declaration of income. On the other  hand, it has a positive, but insignificant effect on the decision of the taxpayer to pay taxes within due dates. The findings imply that  penalties are more effective in enhancing compliance behaviour at the registration and declaration than on payment stage. Thus,  government through the Tanzania Revenue Authority should continue to use penalties and other administrative measures including inter  alia, taxpayer education, good customer care and services, to enhance tax compliance behaviour among SMEs.