bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLÉIADES PROJECT: ASSESSMENT OF GEOREFERENCING ACCURACY, IMAGE QUALITY, PANSHARPENING PERFORMENCE AND DSM/DTM QUALITY
Authors: Topan Hüseyin , Cam Ali , Özendi Mustafa , Oruç Murat , Jacobsen Karsten , Taşkanat Talha
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Pléiades 1A and 1B are twin optical satellites of Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation (ORFEO) program jointly running by France and Italy. They are the first satellites of Europe with sub-meter resolution. Airbus DS (formerly Astrium Geo) runs a MyGIC (formerly Pléiades Users Group) program to validate Pléiades images worldwide for various application purposes. The authors conduct three projects, one is within this program, the second is supported by BEU Scientific Research Project Program, and the third is supported by TÜBİTAK. Assessment of georeferencing accuracy, image quality, pansharpening performance and Digital Surface Model/Digital Terrain Model (DSM/DTM) quality subjects are investigated in these projects. For these purposes, triplet panchromatic (50 cm Ground Sampling Distance (GSD)) and VNIR (2 m GSD) Pléiades 1A images were investigated over Zonguldak test site (Turkey) which is urbanised, mountainous and covered by dense forest. The georeferencing accuracy was estimated with a standard deviation in X and Y (SX, SY) in the range of 0.45m by bias corrected Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) orientation, using ~170 Ground Control Points (GCPs). 3D standard deviation of ±0.44m in X, ±0.51m in Y, and ±1.82m in Z directions have been reached in spite of the very narrow angle of convergence by bias corrected RPC orientation. The image quality was also investigated with respect to effective resolution, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and blur coefficient. The effective resolution was estimated with factor slightly below 1.0, meaning that the image quality corresponds to the nominal resolution of 50cm. The blur coefficients were achieved between 0.39-0.46 for triplet panchromatic images, indicating a satisfying image quality. SNR is in the range of other comparable space borne images which may be caused by de-noising of Pléiades images. The pansharpened images were generated by various methods, and are validated by most common statistical metrics and also visual interpretation. The generated DSM and DTM were achieved with ±1.6m standard deviation in Z (SZ) in relation to a reference DTM.
THE SYSTEM OVERVIEW AND GEOMETRIC IMAGE QUALITY OF THE TH-1 SATELLITE
Authors: Wang Jianrong , Hu Xin
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The Tian-Hui 1 (TH-1) is the first stereo mapping transmission satellite in China, and the primary mission goal of the satellite is for topographic mapping at 1:50,000 scale without Ground Control Points (GCPs). 1st, 2nd and 3rd satellite of TH-1 was launched on August 24, 2010, May 6, 2012 and October 26, 2015. In TH-1 satellite, many payloads are put on a small satellite platform, which has a low cost. The optical camera of TH-1 includes Line-Matrix CCD (LMCCD) camera, high resolution camera and multispectral camera with 60 km ground swath width. To get high geometric accuracy without GCPs, the on-orbit calibration camera parameters and the Equivalent Frame Photo (EFP) Multi-functional bundle adjustment are proposed and realized in ground image processing of TH-1. In order to evaluate the location accuracy of TH-1, some testing fields are established. All GCPs of testing fields are measured by GPS. The GCPs are not participated the EFP Multi-functional bundle adjustment, and are only as Check Points (CPs) to evaluate the location accuracy. The evaluation of 1st satellite is shown: the horizontal accuracy is 10.3 m (RMSE) and the vertical accuracy is 5.7 m (RMSE) without GCPs, which can satisfy for topographic mapping at 1:50,000 scale. The overviews of TH-1 satellite are described in this paper: First, the system overview is introduced, including mission and optical camera of TH-1. Then, the on-orbit calibration camera parameters using LMCCD image and the EFP Multi-functional bundle adjustment are presented. Finally, the location performance is analysed without GCPs and with different number of GCPs. In addition, the products of TH-1 are introduced.
TSUNAMI LEAD WAVE RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON NOISY SEA SURFACE HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Yu Kegen
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This paper presents a Tsunami lead wave reconstruction method using noisy sea surface height (SSH) measurements such as observed by a satellite-carried GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) sensor. It is proposed to utilize wavelet theory to mitigate the strong noise in the GNSS-R based SSH measurements. Through extracting the noise components by high-pass filters at decomposition stage and shrinking the noise by thresholding prior to reconstruction, the noise is greatly reduced. Real Tsunami data based simulation results demonstrate that in presence of SSH measurement error of standard deviation 50 cm the accuracy in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) of the lead wave height (true value 145.5 cm) and wavelength (true value 592.0 km) estimation is 21.5 cm and 56.2 km, respectively. The results also show that the proposed wavelet based method considerably outperforms the Kalman filter based method on average. The results demonstrate that the proposed wave reconstruction approach has the potential for Tsunami detection and parameter estimation to assist in achieving reliable Tsunami warning.
A SYSTEMATIC COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND IMAGE-BASED GEOREFERENCING IN CHALLENGING URBAN AREAS
Authors: Cavegn S. , Nebiker S. , Haala N.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Image-based mobile mapping systems enable an efficient acquisition of georeferenced image sequences, which can be used for geo-data capture in subsequent steps. In order to provide accurate measurements in a given reference frame while e.g. aiming at high fidelity 3D urban models, high quality georeferencing of the captured multi-view image sequences is required. Moreover, sub-pixel accurate orientations of these highly redundant image sequences are needed in order to optimally perform steps like dense multi-image matching as a prerequisite for 3D point cloud and mesh generation. While direct georeferencing of image-based mobile mapping data performs well in open areas, poor GNSS coverage in urban canyons aggravates fulfilling these high accuracy requirements, even with high-grade inertial navigation equipment. Hence, we conducted comprehensive investigations aiming at assessing the quality of directly georeferenced sensor orientations as well as the expected improvement by image-based georeferencing in a challenging urban environment. Our study repeatedly delivered mean trajectory deviations of up to 80 cm. By performing image-based georeferencing using bundle adjustment for a limited set of cameras and a limited number of ground control points, mean check point residuals could be lowered from approx. 40 cm to 4 cm. Furthermore, we showed that largely automated image-based georeferencing is capable of detecting and compensating discontinuities in directly georeferenced trajectories.
POLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH AN ACTION CAMERA FOR FAST AND ACCURATE SURFACE MAPPING
Authors: Gonçalves J. A. , Moutinho O. F. , Rodrigues A. C.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. High resolution and high accuracy terrain mapping can provide height change detection for studies of erosion, subsidence or land slip. A UAV flying at a low altitude above the ground, with a compact camera, acquires images with resolution appropriate for these change detections. However, there may be situations where different approaches may be needed, either because higher resolution is required or the operation of a drone is not possible. Pole photogrammetry, where a camera is mounted on a pole, pointing to the ground, is an alternative. This paper describes a very simple system of this kind, created for topographic change detection, based on an action camera. These cameras have high quality and very flexible image capture. Although radial distortion is normally high, it can be treated in an auto-calibration process. The system is composed by a light aluminium pole, 4 meters long, with a 12 megapixel GoPro camera. Average ground sampling distance at the image centre is 2.3 mm. The user moves along a path, taking successive photos, with a time lapse of 0.5 or 1 second, and adjusting the speed in order to have an appropriate overlap, with enough redundancy for 3D coordinate extraction. Marked ground control points are surveyed with GNSS for precise georeferencing of the DSM and orthoimage that are created by structure from motion processing software. An average vertical accuracy of 1 cm could be achieved, which is enough for many applications, for example for soil erosion. The GNSS survey in RTK mode with permanent stations is now very fast (5 seconds per point), which results, together with the image collection, in a very fast field work. If an improved accuracy is needed, since image resolution is 1/4 cm, it can be achieved using a total station for the control point survey, although the field work time increases.
AUTOMATIC SHAPE-BASED TARGET EXTRACTION FOR CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Guo X. , Chen Y. , Wang C. , Cheng M. , Wen C. , Yu J.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. In order to perform precise identification and location of artificial coded targets in natural scenes, a novel design of circle-based coded target and the corresponding coarse-fine extraction algorithm are presented. The designed target separates the target box and coding box totally and owns an advantage of rotation invariance. Based on the original target, templates are prepared by three geometric transformations and are used as the input of shape-based template matching. Finally, region growing and parity check methods are used to extract the coded targets as final results. No human involvement is required except for the preparation of templates and adjustment of thresholds in the beginning, which is conducive to the automation of close-range photogrammetry. The experimental results show that the proposed recognition method for the designed coded target is robust and accurate.
AUTOMATIC FEATURE DETECTION, DESCRIPTION AND MATCHING FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA AND AERIAL IMAGERY
Authors: Hussnain Zille , Oude Elberink Sander , Vosselman George
Published: June 2016

Abstract. In mobile laser scanning systems, the platform’s position is measured by GNSS and IMU, which is often not reliable in urban areas. Consequently, derived Mobile Laser Scanning Point Cloud (MLSPC) lacks expected positioning reliability and accuracy. Many of the current solutions are either semi-automatic or unable to achieve pixel level accuracy. We propose an automatic feature extraction method which involves utilizing corresponding aerial images as a reference data set. The proposed method comprise three steps; image feature detection, description and matching between corresponding patches of nadir aerial and MLSPC ortho images. In the data pre-processing step the MLSPC is patch-wise cropped and converted to ortho images. Furthermore, each aerial image patch covering the area of the corresponding MLSPC patch is also cropped from the aerial image. For feature detection, we implemented an adaptive variant of Harris-operator to automatically detect corner feature points on the vertices of road markings. In feature description phase, we used the LATCH binary descriptor, which is robust to data from different sensors. For descriptor matching, we developed an outlier filtering technique, which exploits the arrangements of relative Euclidean-distances and angles between corresponding sets of feature points. We found that the positioning accuracy of the computed correspondence has achieved the pixel level accuracy, where the image resolution is 12cm. Furthermore, the developed approach is reliable when enough road markings are available in the data sets. We conclude that, in urban areas, the developed approach can reliably extract features necessary to improve the MLSPC accuracy to pixel level.
Small-scale variation of snow in a regional permafrost model
Authors: Gisnås Kjersti , Westermann Sebastian , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Melvold Kjetil , Etzelmüller Bernd
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The strong winds prevalent in high altitude and arctic environments heavily redistribute the snow cover, causing a small-scale pattern of highly variable snow depths. This has profound implications for the ground thermal regime, resulting in highly variable near-surface ground temperatures on the metre scale. Due to asymmetric snow distributions combined with the nonlinear insulating effect of snow, the spatial average ground temperature in a 1 km2 area cannot be determined based on the average snow cover for that area. Land surface or permafrost models employing a coarsely classified average snow depth will therefore not yield a realistic representation of ground temperatures. In this study we employ statistically derived snow distributions within 1 km2 grid cells as input to a regional permafrost model in order to represent sub-grid variability of ground temperatures. This improves the representation of both the average and the total range of ground temperatures. The model reproduces observed sub-grid ground temperature variations of up to 6 °C, and 98 % of borehole observations match the modelled temperature range. The mean modelled temperature of the grid cell reproduces the observations with an accuracy of 1.5 °C or better. The observed sub-grid variations in ground surface temperatures from two field sites are very well reproduced, with estimated fractions of sub-zero mean annual ground surface temperatures within ±10 %. We also find that snow distributions within areas of 1 km2 in Norwegian mountain environments are closer to a gamma than to a lognormal theoretical distribution. The modelled permafrost distribution seems to be more sensitive to the choice of distribution function than to the fine-tuning of the coefficient of variation. When incorporating the small-scale variation of snow, the modelled total permafrost area of mainland Norway is nearly twice as large compared to the area obtained with grid-cell average snow depths without a sub-grid approach.
Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region
Authors: Gruber Stephan , Fleiner Renate , Guegan Emilie , Panday Prajjwal , Schmid Marc-Olivier , Stumm Dorothea , Wester Philippus , Zhang Yinsheng , Zhao Lin
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The cryosphere reacts sensitively to climate change, as evidenced by the widespread retreat of mountain glaciers. Subsurface ice contained in permafrost is similarly affected by climate change, causing persistent impacts on natural and human systems. In contrast to glaciers, permafrost is not observable spatially and therefore its presence and possible changes are frequently overlooked. Correspondingly, little is known about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, despite permafrost area exceeding that of glaciers in nearly all countries. Based on evidence and insight gained mostly in other permafrost areas globally, this review provides a synopsis on what is known or can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the HKH region. Given the extreme nature of the environment concerned, it is to be expected that the diversity of conditions and phenomena encountered in permafrost exceed what has previously been described and investigated. We further argue that climate change in concert with increasing development will bring about diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To better anticipate and mitigate these effects, a deepened understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways inter-connecting environmental changes and human livelihoods are needed.
Francesco Grimaldi, un mercader-banquero genovés entre Granada, la corte e Inglaterra (siglos xv-xvi)
Authors: González Arévalo Raúl
Published: June 2016

Los estudios sobre la comunidad genovesa del Reino de Granada suelen centrarse en las actividades desarrolladas en el territorio y rara vez en la reconstrucción de trayectorias individuales, circunstancia determinada por el recurso casi exclusivo a los protocolos notariales. El caso de Francesco Grimaldi es singular por muchas razones: su localización en fuentes de naturaleza muy variada –protocolos notariales de Granada y Málaga, Registro del Sello de Simancas y Granada, Chancillería de Valladolid, el epistolario del comendador Fuensalida y el archivo privado de la familia Grimaldo de Cáceres– ha permitido seguir su presencia y sus actividades en Granada, la Corte e Inglaterra –donde desempeñó un papel fundamental en el matrimonio entre Catalina de Aragón y Enrique VIII–. Así se conoce su interés por los préstamos y el negocio de la renta, las circunstancias de su matrimonio con Francisca de Cáceres y la adquisición de un importante patrimonio en el reino granadino.
¿Fue la crisis política del Occidente musulmán del siglo XIII debida a un cambio climático? Una aproximación histórica al fin del Periodo Cálido Medieval
Authors: Frey Sánchez Antonio Vicente
Published: June 2016

Durante el siglo XIII se produjo una sucesión de revueltas que supuso la desaparición del Imperio almohade y su sustitución por poderes regionales en al-Andalus, el Magreb y el Magreb al-Aqsà. La historiografía ha presentado el surgimiento y pugna entre estos poderes como un fenómeno social, político e, incluso, cultural y religioso, con el que se ha podido explicar su aniquilación o marginalización. Este trabajo pretende contextualizar los hechos desde una perspectiva medioambiental, de forma que la desintegración del califato almohade, el surgimiento de aquellos poderes y la progresión de los reinos cristianos en la península ibérica puedan entenderse desde una visión global de cambio climático y una posible crisis agrícola.
La biblioteca del predicador Pere Dorchal (1419)
Authors: Ferrer Gimeno Mª Rosario
Published: June 2016

A partir del inventario post mortem de los libros de Pere Dorchal, sacerdote beneficiado en la catedral de Valencia, datado en 1419, se estudia la composición de la biblioteca de un predicador. Al mismo tiempo, se recompone su biografía.
L’écriture de Mohammed Dib entre photographie et intertexte
Authors: Amraoui Abdelaziz
Published: June 2016

En 1946, Muni de son Rolleiflex, Dib, tout jeune photographie sa ville natale Tlemcen. En 1994, il publie son livre Tlemcen ou les lieux d’écriture, un texte empreint de nostalgie et d’amour pour sa ville et pour son pays. Ses photos y côtoient ses textes anciens dans un biblio personnel. Le lecteur se trouve entre un présent et un passé appelé sémiologiquement de deux procédés différents, mais complémentaires ; l’image et le texte. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’étudier comment la photographie s’est installée dans l’œuvre de Dib et comment elle se trouve au centre de son intérêt littéraire et nostalgique à la fois. Puis, nous verrons comment l’intertexte, devenu autotexte, est un moyen de vivre la nostalgie.
ESTUDOS DA INFÂNCIA, ESTUDOS DA CRIANÇA: QUAIS CAMPOS? QUAIS TEORIAS? QUAIS QUESTÕES? QUAIS MÉTODOS?
Authors: Silveira Barbosa Maria Carmen , Delgado Ana Cristina Coll , Tomás Catarina Almeida
Published: June 2016

Neste artigo realizamos um ensaio teórico sobre os Estudos da Infância e da Criança desde seus primórdios, até sua organização enquanto um campo situado na intersecção entre disciplinas e questionamentos sobre infância e crianças. Inicialmente refletimos sobre os conceitos de infância e criança. Em seguida situamos os primórdios dos referidos estudos, com destaque para questões conceituais debatidas no início do século XX e, posteriormente, focalizamos os desafios dos Novos Estudos da Infância e da Criança, como a articulação entre saberes e disciplinas e a diversidade de tradições teóricas. Como são mais recentes as investigações com bebês e crianças pequenas, algumas reflexões são propostas, e finalizamos com desafios, como pensar a rigidez das fronteiras entre gerações e fases da infância.
Conditions in utero and cancer risk
Authors: Tretli S. , Weiderpass E. , Grotmol T.
Published: June 2016

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Motivasjon for deltakelse i helseundersøkelser
Authors: Antonsen Stian
Published: June 2016

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i de siste tiårenes markerte økning i frafallet i helseundersøkelser, med særlig fokus på helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT). Foruten å gi en gjennomgang av hvilke grupper som vanligvis er underrepresenterte i helseundersøkelser, diskuterer artikkelen ulike tiltak som kan bidra til å redusere frafallet. Datamaterialet består av fem fokusgrupper. Funnene fra studien viser at den opplevde egennytten er den viktigste faktoren for beslutningen om å delta i helseundersøkelser, men at ønsket om å bidra til forskning også er svært viktig for motivasjonen til å delta. At det å bidra til forskning oppfattes som såpass viktig, bryter med den bytteteoretiske logikken som ligger til grunn for mye av den samfunnsvitenskapelige forskningen om frafallsreduksjon. Altruistiske motiver virker å spille større rolle for deltakelse i helseundersøkelser enn hva tilfellet er i andre typer undersøkelser. Funnene antyder også at ulike grupper lar seg motivere av ulike strategier. Særlig virker det å være forskjeller basert på alder og utdanningsnivå, uten at studien kan si noe konklusivt på dette området
Application of different statistical methods to estimate relative risk for self-reported health complaints among shoe factory workers exposed to organic solvents and plastic compounds
Authors: Nijem Khaldoun , Kristensen Petter , Al-Khatib Awni , Bjertness Espen
Published: June 2016

Objectives  : Prevalence odds ratio (POR) is commonly used as a surrogate for relative risk (RR) in crosssectional studies. When prevalences are high, POR may be a poor approximation for RR. Prevalence ratios (PRs) are more easily interpretable when evaluating exposure effects. Our objectives were to compare estimates of PRs and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using three different statistical methods on a real data set, furthermore, to report possible practical problems in applying the methods.           Methods: Two statistical methods were compared: log-binomial regression and Cox regression. We examined selected high prevalence symptoms: headache, tingling of limbs, and breathing difficulty, and their association with solvent-exposed work tasks in 164 Hebron shoe factory workers.  Results: The two methods estimated identical crude point PR estimates and quite similar adjusted estimates. CIs were wider in Cox regression than in log-binominal regression, as exemplified by adjusted estimates for the association between participation in cleaning tasks and tingling of limbs in log-binomial regression (PR=1.78; CI=1.25–2.54), Cox regression (PR=1.76; CI=1.01–3.06). When we used Cox regression with robust variance we obtained narrower CIs (PR=1.76; CI=1.19–2.60). In the log-binomial regression analysis we had to exclude a few subjects with a predicted risk exceeding one. Conclusions: Log-binomial regression is appropriate from a theoretical viewpoint. However, some individuals had a predicted risk larger than one, which caused the computation to abort. Cox regression could produce heavy ties when adjusted for confounders and yielded rather wide CIs, however, by using robust variance we will obtain narrow CIs. In conclusion, the two suggested methods have certain limitations and difficulties. However, Cox regression encountered less serious problems than in the other methods, and is also widely available.
Self-reported dental pain and associated factors in Ugandan schoolchildren
Authors: Kiwanuka S.N. , Åstrøm A.N.
Published: June 2016

There is a limited amount of research on the prevalence and determinants of subjective oral health indicators in children. Objective: to assess the prevalence of self-reported dental pain and to explore its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics in 10-14 year olds attending primary schools. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during January-March 2004, including 11 public primary schools in Kampala, Uganda. A total of 614 children completed questionnaires administered in schools. Dental caries and plaque status were recorded in permanent teeth. Results: Experience with dental pain was confirmed by 42.1% boys and 52.3% girls. The crude prevalence of dental caries was 37.9% in boys and 42.1% in girls. Plaque was present on anterior teeth and 84.3% complained of at least one oral problem. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that reporting at least two oral problems (OR = 2.7), being dissatisfied with dental appearance (OR = 2.7) and having visited a dentist twice during the previous 3 years (OR = 2.2) were associated with higher odds of reported dental pain. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of school children had experience with dental pain. Dental pain associated positively with dental caries, subjective oral health indicators and dental attendance. Knowledge about the extent and significance of dental pain is important for the planning and evaluation of preventive and treatment efforts.
Epidemiology of cancer / Kreftepidemiologi
Authors: -- --
Published: June 2016

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Var manglende forståelse av tobakksepidemiens dynamikk en årsak til forsinket tobakksprevensjon?
Authors: Lund Karl Erik
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGMens tobakksmotstanden i Norge i første halvdel av det 20. århundre mest var tuftet på moral med utgangspunkti et religiøst paradigme, kom det i løpet av perioden 1955-61 undersøkelser som ga det tobakksforebyggendearbeidet et sekulært vitenskapsbasert fundament. Den medisinske profesjon var imidlertid noe forbeholden til attobakk kunne representere en alvorlig trusel mot folkehelsen. Den avmålte og reserverte holdningen som førstble inntatt av legestanden må bli forstått i lys av manglende kvalitet på de tidligste epidemiologiske undersøkelsene,at legestanden på 1950-tallet selv hadde en meget høy andel røykere, og at mange leger - som høytutdannende og derfor ofte fordomsfrie mennesker - ønsket å distansere seg fra de religiøse avholdsmoralistenesom lenge hadde ledet det tobakksforebyggende arbeidet på et ikke-medisinsk grunnlag. Også fraværet av endypere innsikt i tobakksepidemiens egentlige natur (konfigurasjon) kunne være en årsak. Det spesielle tidsforholdetmellom eksposisjon og sykdomsutbrudd i epidemiens dynamikk - ofte kalt "delay-problemet" - var egnettil å forvirre legene og helsemyndighetene. For å forstå årsakene til datidens forvirring vil det bli presentert enfigur som viser ulike tidsvinduer i tobakksepidemiens forløp slik de blir skissert av Verdens helseorganisasjon.Lund KE. Was a lack of understanding of the dynamics of the tobacco epidemic a reason for delayedtobacco prevention? Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 107-113.  ENGLISH SUMMARYIn the first half of the 20th century, the work against tobacco in Norway was based mainly on ethics and areligious paradigm. During the years 1955-61 several major epidemiological studies were publishedwhich provided a secular and scientific basis for tobacco prevention. However, the medical professionseemed to be sceptical about the claims that tobacco represented an important hazard to public health.The formal and reserved attitudes of the doctors should be viewed in the light of the allegedly poorscientific quality of the first epidemiological studies, the very high prevalence of smokers among doctorsthemselves in the 1950's, and the fact that many doctors - being highly educated and therefore oftenunprejudiced people - wished to distance themselves from the religious and fanatic anti-tobacco fighters.A fourth cause, which is focused in this article, may have been misinterpretation of the dynamics of thetobacco epidemic. The rather unusual relationship between exposure and disease in the tobacco epidemic- often called the delay problem - was liable to create confusion among doctors and health authorities. Tohelp understand the medical profession's state of confusion about the size of the tobacco and healthproblem, a figure will be presented demonstrating the different phases of the tobacco epidemic.
Smoking among pregnant women - epidemiology and health consequences
Authors: Haug Kjell
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSmoking during pregnancy is an important, preventable risk factor for late fetal death and even SIDS.There is a strong dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and spontaneous abortion,reduction in birth weight, abruptio placentae, placenta previa and bleeding during pregnancy. Ten yearsago, the prevalence of smoking among Norwegian pregnant women was between 35 and 40%. Duringthe last 8 years there has been a dramatic change and in 1995 the prevalence seems to be around 20%.
Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma in a Cat
Authors: Moorer Jeremiah D. , Breshears Melanie A. , Dugat Danielle R.
Published: June 2016

A 14 yr old castrated domestic shorthair cat presented for a fluid-filled structure in the ventral cervical region that had been present for 1 yr and had not resolved after repeated aspiration and drainage. Cervical computed tomography showed an approximately 10 cm, fluid-filled, multilobulated mass located on the ventrolateral right side of the cervical region extending into the thoracic inlet. Cytologic examination of the fluid revealed cystic fluid with evidence of chronic hemorrhage. The mass was surgically removed, and histopathologic examination revealed a thyroglossal duct carcinoma. Thyroid and parathyroid gland origin were ruled out by negative immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and synaptophysin. No adjunctive treatment was performed and no recurrence was noted at 14 mo. Thyroglossal duct carcinoma has not been previously reported in a cat. There are two previous reports of squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroglossal duct in dogs. In humans, with complete removal and no evidence of metastasis, carcinoma of the thyroglossal duct has a good prognosis for recovery.
Hypercalcemia in a Dog with Chronic Ingestion of Maxacalcitol Ointment
Authors: Nakamura Kensuke , Tohyama Nobuo , Yamasaki Masahiro , Ohta Hiroshi , Morishita Keitaro , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi
Published: June 2016

A miniature dachshund male with severe azotemia of unknown cause was referred. Serum biochemistry revealed severe azotemia and hypercalcemia, but serum intact parathormone and parathormone-related protein were normal. Although the owner reported that the dog had never ingested any drugs or supplements, it was revealed that the owner's son used antipsoriatic ointment, maxacalcitol, which contained an active vitamin D3 analogue, daily and the dog often ate the son's dander and licked his skin, especially after he applied the maxacalcitol ointment. After the dog was insulated from the maxacalcitol ointment and the son as much as possible, the hypercalcemia and azotemia improved gradually and had mostly resolved at 3 mo. The dog has been generally free of clinical signs without any treatment for over 2 yr.
Fragmentation of the Medial Coronoid Process in Toy and Small Breed Dogs: 13 Elbows (2000–2012)
Authors: Hans Eric C. , Saunders W. Brian , Beale Brian S. , Hulse Don A.
Published: June 2016

Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (FCP) is an uncommon cause of thoracic limb lameness in toy and small breed dogs. Arthroscopic findings and treatment remains poorly described. The objective of this study was to describe the arthroscopic findings and short-term outcome following arthroscopic treatment in toy and small breed dogs with FCP. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Arthroscopic findings were available from 13 elbows (12 dogs). Outcome data ≥4 wk postoperatively were available for nine elbows. Owner satisfaction scores were available for 10 elbows. Common preoperative findings included lameness, elbow pain, and imaging abnormalities consistent with FCP. Displaced FCP was the most common FCP lesion identified. Cartilage lesions at the medial coronoid process were identified in 92.3% of elbows (n = 12), with a median Outerbridge score of 4 (range 1–5). Concurrent cartilage lesions of the medial humeral condyle were identified in 76.9% of elbows (n = 10). Seven of nine elbows had full or acceptable function postoperatively. Median owner outcome satisfaction was 91% (range 10–100). FCP should be considered a cause of thoracic limb lameness in toy and small breed dogs. Arthroscopy can be safely and effectively used to diagnose and treat FCP in these breeds.
Inflow Venous Occlusion for Intracardiac Resection of an Occluding Right Ventricular Tumor
Authors: Worley Deanna Rae , Orton E. Christopher , Kroner Kevin Thomas
Published: June 2016

Use of normothermic venous inflow occlusion enabled removal of an intracardiac tumor in a 4 yr old, 27 kg, spayed female Airedale terrier with a history of appendicular osteosarcoma and recent exertional syncope. Inflow venous occlusion via a median sternotomy thoracotomy without hypothermia was used to access the mineralized mass within the right ventricular outflow tract. Duration of circulatory arrest was 70 s for this beating heart surgery. A circumscribed intracardiac chondrosarcoma tumor was marginally resected in this dog, successfully alleviating exertional syncope and restoring a normal echogenic appearance of the right heart. Asymptomatic intracardiac chondrosarcoma recurrence and pulmonary metastasis was detected at 309 days and cardiopulmonary arrest occurred 372 days following intracardiac surgery. Use of inflow occlusion is a viable technique for select intracardiac tumors in dogs with preoperative planning.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy for Bromethalin Toxicity in a Dog
Authors: Heggem-Perry Brittany , McMichael Maureen , O'Brien Mauria , Moran Clara
Published: June 2016

Bromethalin is a central nervous system toxin currently incorporated into several different rodenticides. In 2008, the EPA requested that manufacturers phase out second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. In response, manufacturers began to increase production of bromethalin-based rodenticides. It is likely that pet exposure to bromethalin will increase in the future. Bromethalin has no known antidote and tends to deposit in fat. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) are being used with increasing frequency in both human and veterinary medicine to treat numerous acute systemic toxicities. A 4 yr old spayed female Pit bull terrier was presented following witnessed ingestion of bromethalin rodenticide by the owners. Decontamination was unsuccessful and ILE was started. Serum was frozen at −80°C before and 1 hr after completion of ILE. In rats, the half-life of desmethylbromethalin, the toxic metabolite, has been reported at 5.6 days and 6 days, and it is likely to be similar in dogs. The only intervention between the pre-lipid serum sample and the post-lipid serum sample was the administration of ILE, and the serum desmethylbromethalin levels were reduced by 75% (from 4 ppb to 1 ppb) during this time. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing treatment of bromethalin ingestion with ILE.
2016 AAHA Oncology Guidelines for Dogs and Cats*
Authors: Biller Barb , Berg John , Garrett Laura , Ruslander David , Wearing Richard , Abbott Bonnie , Patel Mithun , Smith Diana , Bryan Christine
Published: June 2016

All companion animal practices will be presented with oncology cases on a regular basis, making diagnosis and treatment of cancer an essential part of comprehensive primary care. Because each oncology case is medically unique, these guidelines recommend a patient-specific approach consisting of the following components: diagnosis, staging, therapeutic intervention, provisions for patient and personnel safety in handling chemotherapy agents, referral to an oncology specialty practice when appropriate, and a strong emphasis on client support. Determination of tumor type by histologic examination of a biopsy sample should be the basis for all subsequent steps in oncology case management. Diagnostic staging determines the extent of local disease and presence or absence of regional or distant metastasis. The choice of therapeutic modalities is based on tumor type, histologic grade, and stage, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and adjunctive therapies, such as nutritional support and pain management. These guidelines discuss the strict safety precautions that should be observed in handling chemotherapy agents, which are now commonly used in veterinary oncology. Because cancer is often a disease of older pets, the time of life when the pet–owner relationship is usually strongest, a satisfying outcome for all parties involved is highly dependent on good communication between the entire healthcare team and the client, particularly when death or euthanasia of the patient is being considered. These guidelines include comprehensive tables of common canine and feline cancers as a resource for case management and a sample case history.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Rocha Cláudia Hilsdorf , Hibarino Denise , Azzari Eliane Fernandes
Published: June 2016

Apresentação do dossiê especial: formação docente, tecnologias digitais e educação crítica
How Successful Learners Employ Learning Strategies in an EFL Setting in the Indonesian Context
Authors: Setiyadi Ag. Bambang , Sukirlan Muhammad , Mahpul .
Published: June 2016

Numerous studies have been conducted to correlate the use of language learning strategies and language performance and the studies have contributed to different perspectives of teaching and learning a foreign language. Some studies have also revealed that the students learning a foreign language in Asian contexts have been proved to use different learning strategies compared to students that learn the same language in Western countries. The present study was conducted with 73 students of the seventh semester of an English Department in Indonesia. The subjects had been employing learning strategies in an EFL setting in the Indonesian context. The data in this study were collected by administering a questionnaire of language learning strategies and a test of language proficiency. With the Cronbach’s alpha of the measurement at .92 and the alphas of the skill–based strategies at .78, .75, .79 and .77 for strategies for listening, speaking, reading and writing respectively, the criteria on reliability of internal consistency for the 80 items of the measurement were very high so that the strategies were justified to be grouped into a scale. The empirical data in this study shows that different language skills were significantly correlated with the use of different learning strategies. The skill-based categories of language learning strategies introduced in this study, which cover cognitive, metacognitive and social strategies in each category, can be used to portray learners’ use of language learning strategies when learners learn the four language skills of English as a foreign language in Indonesian context. The findings suggest that language teachers need to condition the process of teaching and learning in order for their students to use effective learning strategies according to the language skills that leaners are learning.
Aprendizaje de la teoría de inducción electromagnética en cursos universitarios de física general. Una enseñanza por resolución guiada de problemas
Authors: Almudí José Manuel , Zuza Kristina , Guisasola Jenaro
Published: June 2016

Este estudio describe el diseño, implementación y efectividad de una secuencia de enseñanza sobre inducción electromagnética (IEM) para primer curso de grados de ciencias e ingeniería. Dicha secuencia ha sido diseñada teniendo en cuenta diversos aspectos tales como: los intereses, actitudes y valores de los estudiantes y los estándares del currículo; los resultados de los estudios empíricos sobre concepciones y razonamientos de los estudiantes, y, también, las contribuciones relativas a cómo se aprende y se enseña en el ámbito de las ciencias. La evaluación de la secuencia se ha realizado de forma «interna», comparando los resultados obtenidos por el grupo «experimental» de estudiantes antes y después de implementar la secuencia; también de manera «externa», comparando los resultados de ese grupo con uno de control. Los resultados obtenidos en el grupo experimental indican que la aplicación de la secuencia diseñada ha contribuido a la mejor comprensión de algunas ideas clave de la IEM.
Estructuras mentales para modelar el aprendizaje del teorema de cambio base de vectores
Authors: Parraguez González Marcela Cecilia , Lezama Andalon Javier , Jiménez Alarcón Raúl Dario
Published: June 2016

Basados en la teoría APOE como marco teórico y metodológico, investigamos, desde una postura cognitiva, las estructuras mentales necesarias para construir el teorema para el cambio de base de vectores (TCBV). Con el propósito de analizar la forma en que estudiantes universitarios lo aprenden, se diseñó una descomposición genética (DG) para el teorema. Mediante tres casos de estudio se muestra cómo estudiantes de esos casos construyen el concepto de coordenadas de un vector, pero tienen dificultades para utilizarlo en la construcción de la matriz de coordenadas de vectores. Esta dificultad está vinculada a que no han coordinado los procesos involucrados en términos del cuantificador. Específicamente, se muestran las dificultades en la construcción del TCBV como objeto y el papel determinante que desempeña el concepto de combinaciones lineales en el TCBV.
Editorial
Authors: Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista
Published: June 2016

Editorial
The Usefulness of Maximum Daily Temperatures Versus Defined Heatwave Periods in Assessing the Impact of Extreme Heat on ED Admissions for Chronic Conditions
Authors: J. Woodman Richard , Mayner Lidia
Published: June 2016

Objective: To compare a heatwave based exposure classification with a maximum daily temperature based exposure classification in assessing the associations between increased heat and emergency department (ED) admissions for chronic conditions.
Methods: ED admission data was collected from 4 public hospitals in South Australia from 2007 to 2009. Effects of 5 heatwave periods were examined using conditional logistic regression (heatwave versus non-heatwave) whilst effects of maximum daily temperature were explored using negative binomial regression with temperature classified using <25 °C (reference category) and additional 5 °C increments. Non-linear regression (ED admissions per unit °C) was used to examine possible temperature thresholds for increased ED admissions.
Results: In heatwave/non-heatwave analysis, an increased odds of admission during heatwaves was observed for heat-related complaints [OR=3.2; 95%CI=2.5, 4.11] and renal conditions [OR=1.13; 95%CI=1.05, 1.21] only. In temperature based analysis, mental health related conditions began increasing at 30-34 °C compared to <25 °C [IRR=1.11; 95%CI=1.02, 1.20], heat related conditions were increased at 35-39 °C [IRR=3.4; 95%CI=2.48, 4.64] while CVD admissions were lower above 40 °C [IRR=0.89; 95%CI=0.80-0.99]. Significant threshold temperatures were identified for heat-related conditions at 37.6 °C [p<0.001] and for renal admissions at 39.2 °C [p<0.001].
Conclusions: Using maximum daily temperature was a more sensitive approach to detecting effects of heat on ED admissions for chronic disease and also allowed the detection of temperature threshold effects. Assessing the impact of temperature rather than heatwaves should better identify the weather conditions that increase the risk of events amongst individuals with specific chronic conditions.
Confidence Intervals for the Population Correlation Coefficient 
Authors: Banik Shipra , Golam Kibria B.M.
Published: June 2016

Computing a confidence interval for a population correlation coefficient is very important for researchers as it gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population correlation coefficient. This paper studied some confidence intervals for estimating the population correlation coefficient ρ by means of a Monte Carlo simulation study. Data are randomly generated from several bivariate distributions with a various values of sample sizes. Assessment measures such as coverage probability, mean width and standard deviation of the width are selected for performances evaluation. Two real life data are analyzed to demonstrate the application of the proposed confidence intervals. Based on our findings, some good confidence intervals for a population correlation coefficient are suggested for practitioners and applied researchers.
A Declaratory Model of Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for Estimating Sleep Apnea Index in the Elderly Suffering from Sleep Disturbance
Authors: Tang Bingh
Published: June 2016

Objective: The main objective of this paper is to present a novel model for classifying senior patients into different apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) categories based on their clinical variables.
Methods and Materials: The proposed model is a generalized regression neural network (GRNN). Three important variables were first selected from the original 30 clinical variables. The GRNN was trained using 75 patients that were randomly selected from the total117 patients. The remaining 42 patients were used for testing GRNN model. The design parameter of the network, i.e., the spread of the radial basis function, was empirically optimized. To alleviate the model complexity, the original AHI values were dichotomized into two different groups, i.e., AHI>13 and AHI<=13. The use of GRNN for this application appear fairly novel, notwithstanding that there is a host of literatures on predicting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome from demographic or other easy means to assess clinical variables.
Results: The proposed model has sensitivity and specificity of 95.7% and 50.0%, respectively, for the training cases, while 88.0% and 52.9%, respectively, for the testing cases.
Conclusion: The proposed neural network model has outperformed existing classification approaches in terms of classification accuracy and generalization, thus it can be potentially used in clinical applications, which would lead to a reduction of the necessity of in-laboratory nocturnal sleep studies.
Variation of plasma parameters of vacuum arc column with gap distance
Authors: Han Wen , Yuan Zhao , He Junjia
Published: June 2016

On the basis of a two-dimensional (2D) magneto-hydrodynamic model, we studied long-gap-distance vacuum arcs in a uniform axial magnetic field and determined the effect of gap distance varying in a large range on plasma parameters. Simulation results showed that with increasing gap distance, the parameters of the plasma near the cathode are almost invariant, except for ion number density, but the parameters of the plasma in front of the anode clearly vary; meanwhile, joule heat gradually becomes the main source of energy for the arc column. In a short gap, a clear current constriction can be found in the entire arc column. Whereas when the gap distance exceeds a certain value, a sharp contraction of the current only arises in front of the anode.