bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeito do probiótico sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e exigências nutricionais de proteína bruta de codornas de corte
Authors: Otutumi Luciana Kazue , Furlan Antonio Claudio , Martins Elias Nunes , Garcia Elis Regina de Moraes , Ton Ana Paula Silva , Monteiro Ana Carolina
Published: March 2009

Para avaliar o efeito do probiótico (Lactobacillus sp.) associado a diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho, as exigências nutricionais de PB, o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes de codornas de corte, foram utilizadas 2.304 codornas de corte, distribuídas em esquema fatorial 2 × 4 (com e sem probiótico e 15, 20, 25 ou 30% de PB), com duas repetições por nível de PB, repetido duas vezes no tempo (dois períodos experimentais), totalizando 32 unidades experimentais. A adição do probiótico reduziu o consumo de ração e melhorou a conversão alimentar no período de 1 a 7 dias de idade. De acordo com os pesos médios do modelo Linear Response Plateau (LRP), aos 7 e aos 14 dias, as estimativas de exigência foram de 27% de PB e aos 21, 28 e 35 dias, 22 a 24% de PB. A adição do probiótico não influenciou o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. Para o rendimento de carcaça, a exigência de PB, de acordo com o modelo quadrático, foi estimada em 23,53%, mas, pelo modelo LRP, a estimativa reduziu para 17,13% de PB. Nas condições ambientais em que as codornas foram criadas, a adição do probiótico não influenciou o desempenho, as exigências nutricionais de PB e o rendimento de carcaça de codornas de corte. As exigências de PB para aves de até 14 dias de idade são de 27% e, após esta idade, reduzem para 22 a 24%.
Repercussões tardias de um programa de reabilitação pulmonar sobre os índices de ansiedade, depressão, qualidade de vida e desempenho físico em portadores de DPOC
Authors: Godoy Rossane Frizzo de , Teixeira Paulo José Zimermann , Becker Júnior Benno , Michelli Maurício , Godoy Dagoberto Vanoni de
Published: March 2009

OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos, após 24 meses, de um programa de reabilitação pulmonar (PRP) sobre os níveis de ansiedade, depressão, qualidade de vida e desempenho físico em pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Trinta pacientes com DPOC (idade média, 60,8 ± 10 anos; 70% do sexo masculino) participaram de um PRP com 12 semanas de duração, incluindo 24 sessões de exercício físico, 24 sessões de reeducação respiratória, 12 sessões de psicoterapia e 3 sessões educacionais. Os pacientes foram avaliados na linha de base (pré-PRP), ao término do PRP (pós-PRP) e dois anos mais tarde (momento atual) através de quatro instrumentos: Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck; Inventário de Depressão de Beck; Questionário Respiratório do Hospital Saint George; e teste da caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6). RESULTADOS: A comparação entre o pré-PRP e o pós-PRP revelou uma redução significativa dos níveis de ansiedade (pré-PRP: 10,7 ± 6,3; pós-PRP: 5,5 ± 4,4; p = 0,0005) e de depressão (pré-PRP: 11,7 ± 6,8; pós-PRP: 6,0 ± 5,8; p = 0,001), assim como melhoras na distância percorrida no TC6 (pré-PRP: 428,6 ± 75,0 m; pós-PRP: 474,9 ± 86,3 m; p = 0,03) e no índice de qualidade de vida (pré-PRP: 51,0 ± 15,9; pós-PRP: 34,7 ± 15,1; p = 0,0001). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os resultados do pós-PRP e os do momento atual. CONCLUSÕES: Os benefícios obtidos através do PRP sobre os índices de ansiedade, depressão e qualidade de vida, assim como no TC6, persistiram ao longo dos 24 meses.
Hipertensão arterial pulmonar e doenças da tireoide
Authors: Silva Denise Rossato , Gazzana Marcelo Basso , John Ângela Beatriz , Siqueira Débora Rodrigues , Maia Ana Luiza Silva , Barreto Sérgio Saldanha Menna
Published: March 2009

Estudos recentes têm sugerido uma associação entre hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) e tireoidopatias (hipotireoidismo e hipertireoidismo). Esta associação tem um bom prognóstico, porque o aumento na pressão da artéria pulmonar geralmente é leve e reversível com o tratamento da tireoidopatia. O mecanismo exato envolvido na patogênese desta associação não está estabelecido, e a influência direta dos hormônios da tireoide e a autoimunidade são consideradas como hipóteses. Devido à alta prevalência de doenças da tireoide em pacientes com HAP, testes de função tireoidiana devem ser considerados na investigação de todo paciente com HAP. Neste artigo de revisão, descrevemos a prevalência de HAP em pacientes com doenças da tireoide e a prevalência de tireoidopatias em pacientes com HAP, assim como destacamos os principais efeitos das doenças da tireoide no sistema respiratório. A seguir, relatamos os efeitos do tratamento destas patologias.
Um caso raro de tumores torácicos malignos sincrônicos
Authors: Bibas Benoit Jacques , Madeira Marcos , Gavina Rodrigo , Hoehl-Carneiro Leonardo , Sardinha Sergio
Published: March 2009

Tumores neurogênicos malignos do mediastino em adultos são raros e extremamente agressivos. Este artigo relata o caso de um paciente de 61 anos com a ocorrência simultânea de schwannoma maligno de mediastino e carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar. Apesar do carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar estar presente em 4-7% dos tumores torácicos sincrônicos ressecados, essa associação nunca foi apresentada na literatura. É, no entanto, um achado frequente em pacientes com infiltrados aparentemente inflamatórios e com opacidades em vidro fosco, como apresentado neste caso.
An evaluation of the bioavailability and aquatic toxicity attributed to ambient zinc concentrations in fresh surface waters from several parts of the world
Authors: van Genderen Eric , Adams William , Cardwell Rick , Volosin Joe , Santore Robert , Rodriguez Patricio
Published: March 2009

Ambient concentrations of metals in surface waters have become an important consideration when establishing water quality criteria and conducting risk assessments. This study sought to estimate amounts of zinc that may be released into freshwater considering ambient concentrations, toxicity thresholds, and bioavailability. Cumulative distribution functions of ambient zinc concentrations were compared statistically for streams and lakes in Europe, North America, and South America to identify differences among mean distribution variables (e.g., slopes, intercepts, and inflection points). Results illustrated that most of the distributions among sites differed significantly. These differences illustrate the variability in ambient zinc concentrations in surface waters because of geographic location, regional geology, and anthropogenic influence. Additionally, water quality data were used to estimate bioavailable zinc concentrations in ambient surface waters (based on predictions using biotic ligand models). The amount of dissolved metal that could be added to surface waters without exceeding toxicity thresholds was calculated by subtracting ambient surface water concentrations from chronic no observable effect concentrations (NOEC; reproduction for Daphnia magna) or 10% effective concentrations (EC10; growth rate for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Because ambient dissolved-zinc concentrations were, on average, below predicted effects thresholds, an average of 57.1 ± 175 μg/L (±SD) of zinc could be added before exceeding the D. magna chronic NOEC or the P. subcapitata chronic EC10. However, numerous sites (17%) were identified as having ambient zinc concentrations in excess of these toxicity thresholds. This article uses existing biotic ligand models for zinc to estimate the potential magnitudes and variabilities of bioavailable zinc concentrations in fresh surface waters from different regions of the world.
Gene Deletion of the Kinin Receptor B1 Attenuates Cardiac Inflammation and Fibrosis During the Development of Experimental Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Westermann Dirk , Walther Thomas , Savvatis Konstantinos , Escher Felcicitas , Sobirey Meike , Riad Alexander , Bader Michael , Schultheiss Heinz-Peter , Tschöpe Carsten
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased mortality in patients with diabetes. The underlying pathology of this disease is still under discussion. We studied the role of the kinin B1 receptor on the development of experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We utilized B1 receptor knockout mice and investigated cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress after induction of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Furthermore, the left ventricular function was measured by pressure-volume loops after 8 weeks of diabetes.

RESULTS

B1 receptor knockout mice showed an attenuation of diabetic cardiomyopathy with improved systolic and diastolic function in comparison with diabetic control mice. This was associated with a decreased activation state of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, less oxidative stress, as well as normalized cardiac inflammation, shown by fewer invading cells and no increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 as well as the chemokine CXCL-5. Furthermore, the profibrotic connective tissue growth factor was normalized, leading to a reduction in cardiac fibrosis despite severe hyperglycemia in mice lacking the B1 receptor.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the B1 receptor is detrimental in diabetic cardiomyopathy in that it mediates inflammatory and fibrotic processes. These insights might have useful implications on future studies utilizing B1 receptor antagonists for treatment of human diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Recurrent Antecedent Hypoglycemia Alters Neuronal Oxidative Metabolism In Vivo
Authors: Jiang Lihong , Herzog Raimund I. , Mason Graeme F. , de Graaf Robin A. , Rothman Douglas L. , Sherwin Robert S. , Behar Kevin L.
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in brain metabolism caused by antecedent recurrent hypoglycemia under euglycemic and hypoglycemic conditions in a rat model and to test the hypothesis that recurrent hypoglycemia changes the brain's capacity to utilize different energy substrates.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Rats exposed to recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycemia for 3 days (3dRH rats) and untreated controls were subject to the following protocols: [2-13C]acetate infusion under euglycemic conditions (n = 8), [1-13C]glucose and unlabeled acetate coinfusion under euglycemic conditions (n = 8), and [2-13C]acetate infusion during a hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp (n = 8). In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the rise of13C-labeling in brain metabolites for the calculation of brain metabolic fluxes using a neuron-astrocyte model.

RESULTS

At euglycemia, antecedent recurrent hypoglycemia increased whole-brain glucose metabolism by 43 ± 4% (P < 0.01 vs. controls), largely due to higher glucose utilization in neurons. Although acetate metabolism remained the same, control and 3dRH animals showed a distinctly different response to acute hypoglycemia: controls decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux in astrocytes by 64 ± 20% (P = 0.01), whereas it increased by 37 ± 3% in neurons (P = 0.01). The 3dRH animals decreased PDH flux in both compartments (−75 ± 20% in astrocytes, P < 0.001, and −36 ± 4% in neurons, P = 0.005). Thus, acute hypoglycemia reduced total brain tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in 3dRH animals (−37 ± 4%, P = 0.001), but not in controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that after antecedent hypoglycemia, glucose utilization is increased at euglycemia and decreased after acute hypoglycemia, which was not the case in controls. These findings may help to identify better methods of preserving brain function and reducing injury during acute hypoglycemia.
Aminophosphine Palladium Pincer Complexes for Suzuki and Heck Reactions
Authors: Bolliger Jeanne L. , Frech Christian M.
Published: March 2009

The aminophosphine-based pincer complexes [C6H3-2,6-{NHP(piperidinyl)2}2Pd(Cl)] (2) and [C6H3-2,6-{OP(piperidinyl)2}2Pd(Cl)] (3) are readily prepared from cheap starting materials by
sequential addition of 1,1?,1?-phosphinetriyltripiperidine and 1,3-diaminobenzene or resorcinol to solutions of [Pd(cod)(Cl)2] (cod = cyclooctadiene) in toluene under N2 in 'one pot'. Compounds 2 and 3 proved to be not only excellent catalysts
for the Suzuki and the Heck cross-coupling reactions, but they are also very convenient to use: The toluene solutions of the 'one-pot' syntheses can be used directly for the catalytic reactions, thereby saving the time-consuming isolation of the catalysts. The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction
catalyzed by 2 and 3 can be performed in air at 100 °C in toluene of technical quality: in the presence of only 0.001mol% of catalyst, several electronically deactivated and sterically hindered aryl bromides are quantitatively coupled with phenylboronic acid within a few
minutes of reaction time. Furthermore, complex 2 enables the use of activated and non-activated aryl chlorides as coupling partners in the Suzuki reaction. Compounds 2 and 3 have also been shown to be highly active and reliable Heck catalysts: Very low catalyst loadings
and short reaction times are required for the quantitative coupling of several electronically deactivated and sterically hindered aryl bromides with various olefins at 140 °C. At increased temperatures, even electronically deactivated and sterically hindered aryl chlorides can be efficiently
coupled with olefins in the presence of only 0.01 mol% of catalyst.
Recent Advances in the Colorimetric Detection of Cyanide
Authors: Zelder Felix H. , Männel-Croisé Christine
Published: March 2009

This short-review discusses the recent developments in the colorimetric detection of cyanide with different types of receptors. Significant progress in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and straightforwardness has been observed for either organic-, main group- or transition metal-based
sensors. Our group has developed a simple and highly specific system for the optical sensing of cyanide based on the conformational switch of commercially available vitamin B12.
Public Policy on Competency: How Will Nursing Address This Complex Issue?
Authors: Jordan Clair , Thomas Mary Beth , Evans Michael L. , Green Alexia
Published: March 2009

The evolving contexts in which nursing care is provided and the complexity of clients being served are raising new questions about the nature of nursing practice, the ways in which nurses can best be prepared for such practice settings, and how current staff can continually update their knowledge, skills, and abilities to provide competent care. It is imperative that the profession be forward looking as it reassesses the implications of assuring the public of a competent nursing work force. The mandate to prepare nurses differently to practice competently in future health care systems also suggests a different system for competency assessment. This article provides an overview of international, national, and state perspectives and approaches in addressing the issue of assuring competency from a public policy perspective, including one state’s experience to date.
A Study of Critical Thinking, Teacher–Student Interaction, and Discipline-Specific Writing in an Online Educational Setting for Registered Nurses
Authors: Carter Lorraine M. , Rukholm Ellen
Published: March 2009

Based on work conducted by Laurentian University’s School of Nursing and Centre for Continuing Education in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, working in conjunction with community partners, this article looks at the findings of an analysis of nurses’ writing activity in a university-level web-based module for evidence of critical thinking using Johns’ Model of Structured Reflection (1995). Also considered are student–teacher interactions and discipline-specific writing. The findings suggest that high levels of critical thinking by nurse learners and growth in thinking and writing competence over time can occur in an online setting. Further highlighted are the role of the instructor, assignment design, and support in fostering such development.
The Role of the Nurse Planner
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D. , Dickerson Pamela S. , Ohri Zandra
Published: March 2009

Accreditation criteria require that at least one designated nurse planner have responsibility for all aspects of an accredited provider unit's functions. This column explores those responsibilities in relation to each of the accreditation criteria.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(4):149–150.
Sink or Swim: The Titanic Medication Administration Fair
Authors: Ward Kathleen R. , Koerner Dianna K.
Published: March 2009

The Peer Review Committee at a Midwest hospital identified a knowledge deficit relative to medication administration. A continuing increase in the number of medication errors helped the committee to address the issue in a creative and educational way that reinforced knowledge of medication administration. Under the guidance of the Director of Education, employees who recently made medication errors developed and implemented a creative medication administration learning opportunity for hospital employees. The employees chose a project theme, developed educational workstations, and used creative approaches to increase awareness of medication administration pitfalls. This article explains the process of implementing and delivering this fun and exciting learning activity. Theme-based educational experiences are effective teaching strategies that can be used to trigger participants' learning in almost any setting.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(4):179–184.
Nursing Grand Rounds as a Medium for the Continuing Education of Nurses
Authors: Wolak Eric S. , Cairns Bruce , Smith Elaine
Published: March 2009

Grand rounds are an educational technique used by the medical profession, yet only sporadically used in nursing. When grand round are employed, knowledge can be disseminated on a consistent basis. No literature was found detailing the effectiveness and value of such programs. This article describes a small pilot study that assessed the effect on knowledge and the perceived value of a nursing grand rounds (NGR) format. To measure these two concepts, those who attended the inaugural NGR presentation were given a posttest and an assessment survey 1 year after the presentation. The posttest focused on key concepts presented, and the survey rated perceived value and knowledge on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Results demonstrated positive knowledge acquisition and a high perceived value. This assessment review lends support to the use of institutional NGR as a means of continuing education and professional advancement.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(4):173–178.
Teaching in the Affective Domain for Institutional Values
Authors: Neumann Julie A. , Forsyth Diane
Published: March 2009

Teaching learners in the affective domain demands strong educational skills that go beyond the lecture mode. affective domain strategies fit well when teaching staff about institutional values, such as mission or philosophy. instilling these values in staff can directly impact the quality of patient care. The purpose of this article is to describe strategies for teaching in the affective domain and discuss an education project to teach preceptors about institutional culture and core values. Similar education can be replicated for other institutions. Evaluation of this teaching project is also discussed.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(6):248–252.
Using Icebreakers to Open Communication
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D. , Dickerson Pamela S.
Published: March 2009

Participants at an institute learned more about themselves, their colleagues, and their family members with an icebreaker exercise.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(7):292–293.
Dysrhythmia Management Content in ADN and BSN Curricula
Authors: McIntosh Trisha , Duske Shawna , Anderson Mary Ann , Hill Pamela
Published: March 2009

Background:

The purposes of this study were to compare nurse educators' perceptions of the importance of selected dysrhythmia management competencies for the graduates of associate degree in nursing (ADN) and baccalaureate of science in nursing (BSN) programs, and to compare what related content is taught at the ADN and BSN level for dysrhythmia management.

Method:

A quantitative, nonexperimental design with a mailed survey was used to compare how nurse educators perceive the importance of dysrhythmia competencies in selected ADN and BSN programs in the states of Illinois and Iowa, and to determine what related content is taught.

Results:

A total of 33 ADN and 24 BSN programs returned the survey for a 58.2% (57 of 98) response rate. Results indicated that ADN and BSN faculty in Illinois and Iowa perceived that selected dysrhythmia management content is important and that such content is currently provided at both the ADN and BSN level.

Conclusions:

Health care institutions can have confidence that new graduates from either educational preparation have had dysrhythmia management content and can expand their level of expertise.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(7):328–333.
The Development of a Practice-Driven, Reality-Based Program for Rural Acute Care Registered Nurses
Authors: MacLeod Martha L. P. , Lindsey A. Elizabeth , Ulrich Catherine H. , Fulton Thomas , John Norma
Published: March 2009

Few education programs adequately prepare rural registered nurses (RNs) for “multispecialist” roles within small acute care facilities. This article describes the development of a post-RN rural acute care certificate program. To plan relevant curriculum and program delivery approaches, a series of focus groups were held with 236 rural RNs throughout British Columbia, Canada. The themes that emerged from RNs' descriptions of their everyday practice form the foundation of the new curriculum. The resulting program is practice driven and reality based, with a curriculum, teaching and learning strategies, and program delivery methods that are responsive to the learning needs of rural nurses.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(7):298–304.
Inclusive Teaching
Authors: Billings Diane M. , Kowalski Karren
Published: March 2009

Inclusive teaching involves being responsive to the diversity represented in the classroom and assisting learners to focus on their culture, attitudes, and beliefs while learning to communicate and collaborate with each other and their patients.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(7):296–297.
Addressing Barriers to Enhance Outcomes
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D. , Dickerson Pamela S.
Published: March 2009

Typical planning for a continuing education event includes assessment of needs, determination of objectives and content, selection of speakers or content experts, and other logistical facets of preparing a learning activity. Adding assessment of potential barriers to implementation of learning during the planning phase and providing support to the learner at the conclusion of the learning process can increase the likelihood of successful outcomes of the learning experience.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(10):437–438.
Creating International Conference Submission and Review Guidelines to Facilitate Transnational Dialogue
Authors: Lasater Kathie , Ray Leslie , Driever Marie J. , Rosenfeld Anne , Bradley Katherine J.
Published: March 2009

Globally, nurses have much knowledge to share and the increased calls for conference presentation abstracts reflect this. However, a recent literature review revealed no guidelines for presentation submission and review processes for international nursing conferences. During the past decade, one conference, the U.S.-Russian Conference Cruise, has used evaluation data from each conference to shape its submission and review processes in a way that promotes transnational dialogue during the conference. The purpose of this article is to describe the challenges and evolution of designing submission and review processes that support the goal of a scholarly program of intercultural exchange.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(10):473–479.
Health Care Leadership Academy: A Statewide Collaboration to Enhance Nursing Leadership Competencies
Authors: Weston Marla J. , Falter Betty , Lamb Gerri S. , Mahon Gary , Malloch Kathy , Provan Keith G. , Roe Sue , Werbylo Linda
Published: March 2009

Competency in leadership skills is necessary to manage in the current chaotic health care environment and proactively participate in the creation of a better environment. Although interest in pursuing a career in health care is growing, lack of leadership competence contributes to employee frustration and dissatisfaction, which directly and indirectly impacts the supply of health care workers. To address the lack of leadership competence and its disturbing consequences, the Arizona nursing community designed a model for nursing leadership and created a partnership to provide a high-quality, affordable leadership education program focused on enhancing the leadership competencies of frontline nursing supervisors.
J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(10):468–472.
Planning and Facilitating Workshops
Authors: Horsfall Jan , Cleary Michelle
Published: March 2009

The centerpiece of quality workshops is guided learning through a balance of group activities and facilitator input. Preferably, a variety of presentation modes are used so that the material is accessed via different learning pathways. It is imperative that the facilitator prepare adequately so that the workshop runs smoothly, is interesting, and targets the appropriate educational level for the participants. This article provides teaching tips on how to prepare for and conduct well-structured, quality workshops.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(11):511–516.
Challenges Faced by Inpatient Child/Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses
Authors: Delaney Kathleen R. , Hardy Lyons
Published: March 2009

Inpatient nurses work to engineer an environment in which patients and staff are physically and psychologically safe. A recent research study on an adult psychiatric unit examined the dimensions involved in keeping the unit safe. The four dimensions included ideology, people (staff and patients), space, and time. In this article, we discuss how these dimensions apply to real-world efforts to keep child and adolescent inpatient units safe. We also discuss the challenges nurses face within each of these safety dimensions, including those arising from fluctuating acuity, staffing formulas, surveillance of physical space, and entrenched unit cultures.
How Are Drugs Approved?: Part 2: Ethical Foundations of Clinical Research
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2009

In the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates and approves drugs through a process that includes clinical research. The purpose of clinical research is to diminish uncertainty by acquiring knowledge. For drug development, the goal is to approve drugs that are safe and effective. Because of the uncertainty, however, participation in clinical research entails some degree of risk. Ethical principles provide the framework on which studies can be designed and conducted and which appropriately balance benefits and risks for research participants. As part of a broad overview of the drug development process, this article reviews the ethical foundations of clinical research.
Domestic Violence: A Worldwide Exploration
Authors: Carretta Carrie M.
Published: March 2009

The concept of domestic violence is importanttonursingbecausefurtherknowledge of this phenomenon can help drive more effective intervention and prevention approaches. Domestic violence, also known as gender violence, interpersonal violence, and domestic abuse, is a daily and often a deadly fact of life for millions of women and girls around the world. Attacks are perpetrated in settings that include public streets, at places of employment, in the home, while serving in the military, and in prisons and jails. The costs of this violence, both monetary and in human lives, are tremendous. Although nurses are in a unique position to screen for domestic violence and provide assistance and advocacy for victims, barriers exist related to victim disclosure and staff training and comfort levels. Advanced practice nurses can address the issue directly through appropriate treatment facilitation, including both physical and psychosocial intervention.
Helping Parents Decide on ADHD Treatment for Their Children
Authors: McGuinness Teena M.
Published: March 2009

In the United States, medication is often the first intervention used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Yet psychosocial interventions with both parents and teachers working together to shape the child's behavior can also be an effective approach, enabling smaller amounts of medication to be used with fewer side effects. An overview of behavioral interventions is provided with a focus on parent training in child behavior management and teacher training in classroom management. Key nursing interventions on behalf of children with ADHD include assessing parental knowledge about treatment, listening supportively to parents, and promoting partnerships among parents, teachers, and providers.
Size Effects of Hair-Sized Structures – Torsion
Authors: Tong Pin , Yang Fan , Lam David C.C. , Wang Jun
Published: March 2009

Conventional strain-based mechanics theory does not account for contributions from strain gradients. Failure to include the strain gradient contributions can lead to underestimates of stresses and size-dependent behaviors in small-scaled structure [1]. This paper focus on the structural size effects on torsion of cylinders. The torsional stiffness of cylinders can be higher than conventional expectation when the cylinder size is in the nanometer - or micron-scale. Following the Saint-Venant theory of torsion, we established the equation of torsion in terms of the warping function on the basis of the nano-mechanical theory of elasticity. The torsional equations contain two higher order material length scale parameters and two conventional Lame constants. The equilibrium equation is a fourth order partial differential equation which can be reduced to two second order equations. Two formulations in terms of pseudo warping function and stress function are presented. Closed-form solutions for circular and thin wall section and series solutions for rectangular microbars have been obtained. The total torque depends only on the stresses conjugated to the strain and is only implicitly dependent on the higher order stress metrics. The solution reveals that the torsional rigidity is dependent on the higher order length scale parameters and strain gradients and increases asymptotically upward when the cylinder size is reduced to the size of the higher order length scale material parameters. The increase is most marked for thin walled cylinders, stiffening to more then 10 times the conventional value when the cylinder size is near that of the higher order length scaled parameters.
A Study on the Effect of Overload Ratio on Fatigue Crack Growth
Authors: Kim Kyung Su , Kim Seok Cheol , Shim Chun S. , Park J.Y.
Published: March 2009

A growing fatigue crack is known to be retarded on application of an overload cycle. The retardation may be characterized by the total number of cycles involved during retardation and the retarded crack length. The overload ratio plays an important role to influence the retardation behavior. The objective of the present investigation is to study the effect of different overload ratio on the retardation behavior. For ESET (eccentrically-loaded single edge crack tension) specimens, fatigue crack growth tests were conducted under cyclic constant-amplitude loading including a single tensile overloading with different overload ratios. The proposed crack retardation model predicted crack growth retardation due to a single tensile overloading. The predicted results were compared with the experimental ones to confirm the reliability of this model.
Stress Corrosion of an Aluminum Alloy in Sodium Chloride Solution under Different Temperatures and Stresses
Authors: Ruan Chun Yi , Shi Hui Ji
Published: March 2009

This paper applies subjective speckle method to investigate the effects of temperature and stress on the initial process of stress corrosion of an aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Considering the sensitivity of this observational method, the roughness of surface is used to represent the degree of corrosion. Stress corrosion experiments are carried out by displacement-controlled loading on specimens of
Al2024-T3 in the thickness of 2 mm board in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. The solution is controlled at several temperature levels from 22°C to 80°C. The results of experiments show that: the rate of corrosion increases fast concomitance the increase of temperature when stress is constant; at the same temperature and the load range used, the effect of stress is not very evident on the rate of corrosion; the effect of temperature is higher on the rate of corrosion in the stress corrosion than
that in general corrosion without stress.
Evaluation of Thermal Shock Fracture Toughness for ATJ Graphite Using Laser Irradiation Method
Authors: Kim Jae Hoon , Lee Young Shin , Kim Duck Hoi , Park N.S. , Moon Soon Il
Published: March 2009

Graphite has been developed as heat resistant material. To apply a reliable structural design using graphite, it is very important to investigate thermal shock characteristics. The common experimental methods of thermal shock fracture toughness are quenching and arc discharging heating methods. This paper describes experimental technique to evaluate the thermal shock fracture toughness using laser irradiation and proposes that a critical value of laser power can be a measurement to evaluate heat resistant materials. The laser source is CO2laser having maximum power of 4.0kW. The range of laser beam is from 1.0 to 2.7 kW and the beam duration is fixed at 1sec. K and C type thermocouples were used to measure the temperature distribution of a thermal shock fracture toughness specimen. In this study, the temperature distribution of specimen surfaces and critical laser power was investigated. After test, the surface phenomenon of specimen is examined using radiography and SEM. It is concluded that the critical laser power causing fracture can be the major factor of thermal shock fracture toughness of ATJ graphite.
Synthesis of Caprolactam–Attached Monoacetyldiglyceride
Authors: Yoon Jin Young , Kim Mi Geum , Han So Yeop
Published: March 2009

Caprolactam-attached C3-monoacetylated diglyceride (MADG) was successfully synthesized starting from 16-bromohexadecanoic acid.
Production of Novel Exopolysaccharide with Emulsifying Ability from Marine Microorganism, Alteromonas sp. Strain 00SS11568
Authors: Yim Joung Han , Ahn Se Hun , Kim Sung Jin , Lee Yoo Kyung , Park Kyu Jin , Lee Hong Kum
Published: March 2009

To find a novel exopolysaccharide, marine bacterial strains were isolated from coastal regions of Korea. Strain 00SS11568 was then selected as it produced a mucous exopolysaccharide during the stationary phase in a batch culture. The isolate was identified as Alteromonas sp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence, morphological, and biochemical properties. The exopolysaccharide, designated as p-11568, exhibited an emulsifying ability. The Emulsification Index (E24) of 0.1% p-
11568 was 77.4% with an emulsified kerosene content, and was higher than those of commercial polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum (26.1%), gellan gum (1.3%), and sodium alginate (2.0%). p- 11568 was found to be composed of glucose and galactose as the main natural sugars in a molar ratio of 1.3:1, along with uronic acid (18.9%, w/w) and sulfate groups (1.2% w/w). The average molecular mass was 4.4 x 105 daltons by gel filtration chromatography. The effects of pH, temperature, inorganic compounds, and C and N sources were tested to obtain the optimal medium composition for the production of p-11568. Under optimal growth conditions with the M-11568 medium, 14.9 g of crude p-11568 per liter was obtained.
A Hybrid Algorithm for Fast Detection and Resolution of Generalized Deadlocks in Distributed Systems
Authors: Lee Soo Jung , Cho Kwang Moon
Published: March 2009

In the literature only a handful of studies have been performed on the distributed
deadlock problem in the generalized request model. Most of those algorithms use either the diffusing computation technique or have the initiator collect all the dependency information among processes. This paper proposes an algorithm which incorporates these two methods with the following properties: first, it removes the reduction phase of the diffusing computation; second, it encodes the dependency information to reduce message length, rather than transmitting it naively as is. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is that deadlock detection time is reduced to almost half of that of the existing algorithms.
Surface Curvature-Based MR-PET Image Registration and Hybrid Hippocampus Modeling
Authors: Choi Yoo Joo , Kim Min Jeong , Park Ji Young , Park Joo Young , Yun Hyun Joo , Hong Seung Bong , Kim Myoung Hee
Published: March 2009

The correlations between the anatomical shape of brain subsystems and brain diseases have been widely researched in order to diagnose and prevent the diseases. In order to study the anatomical and the metabolic correlations, a correct image registration between the anatomical image and the metabolic image is required. In this study, we present a multi-modality image registration based on surface distance and curvature information. The proposed scheme enhances the stability and accuracy of registration results. In the first step, we extract the surface voxels and object-centered coordinate systems from reference and test volume data sets, respectively. In order to guarantee a stable registration result that is independent of the initial position or direction of the test object, two object-centered coordinate
systems are overlapped before the fine registration process. In the fine registration step, we minimize the cost function to be defined by the surface distance and surface curvature difference between reference and test objects. The proposed cost function enhanced registration accuracy, which was verified through the registration error ratio and 2D/3D visual inspection of the registration results. Furthermore, we suggest a reconstruction of a hybrid hippocampus model that includes anatomical and functional information using a multi-modality image registration result.
A Method of Structure Comparison Using Spatial Topological Patterns
Authors: Park Sung Hee , Ryu Keun Ho
Published: March 2009

The problem of comparison of structural similarity has been complex and computationally expensive. The first step to solve comparison of structural similarity in 3D structure databases is to develop fast methods for structural similarity. Therefore, we propose a new method of comparing structural similarity in protein structure databases by using topological patterns of proteins. In our approach, the geometry of secondary structure elements in 3D space is represented by spatial data types and is indexed using Rtrees. Topological patterns are discovered by spatial topology relations based on the Rtree index join. An algorithm for a similarity search compares topological patterns of a query protein with those of proteins in structure databases by the intersection frequency of SSEs. Our experimental results show that the execution time of our method is three times faster than the
generally known method DALITE. Our method can generate small candidate sets for more accurate alignment tools such as DALI and SSAP.
The Nature of Science at Informal Education Settings: Natural History Museums
Authors: Shin Myeong Kyeong
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of the on-line teaching
materials on the websites of natural history museums particularly with regards to their educational perspectives, focusing on the nature of science. A total of twelve on-line resources from the four well established museums used in this study were selected as representative informal science teaching materials. The analyses highlighted the potential of natural history museums as an informal science learning venues.
A Pilot-Scale Rotating Drum Biotrickling Filter for Removing Gaseous Styrene
Authors: Lim Ji Sung , Hwang Jae Woong , Choi Cha Yong , Kim Bong Hwan , Park Sung Hoon
Published: March 2009

A new type of biofilter, the rotating drum biotrickling filter (RDBF) system, was
developed and operated to remove styrene from waste gas stream. Porous polyurethane foam sheets were used as a packing material for the RDBF and a pure culture of the Gram-positive bacterium Brevibacillus sp. SP1 was as an inoculum. The reactor showed a short start-up period of 18 days. Once uniform biofilms were developed on the packing, a high and stable removal of styrene over 95 % was observed at an incoming concentration of 200 ppmv and a retention time of 0.5 min. The maximum elimination capacity was estimated to be 125 g/m3/hr. The outstanding performance was attributed to an efficient gas-liquid mass transfer and proper supply of nutrient solution to the packing during the rotation of the drum. However, this performance of the RDBF was not maintained longer than 7 days because of the clogging of the open pores in the polyurethane foam due to an excessive growth of the biofilms. This result indicates that the RDBF has great potential as a gas purification system if a proper method to control the biofilm growth is developed.
Physicochemical and Microbial Monitoring of UASB Sludge during Start-Up of Mesophilic Reactor
Authors: Ahn Yeong Hee , Song Young Jin , Kim Hyo Seob , Lee You Jin , Park Sung Hoon
Published: March 2009

Anaerobically digested sludge was seeded in a mesophilic UASB reactor and the sludge was monitored for seven months to better understand the start-up process of the reactor. The reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater containing glucose. As the COD loading rate increased stepwise (from 1 to 4 g COD l-1 d-1), the methane production rate increased. COD removal efficiency was maintained to be greater than 90% after day 36. Maximum value of the methane production rate
(6.0-6.5 l d-1) was achieved from day 152 and remained stable afterward. Although the reactor showed steady performance in terms of COD removal efficiency and methane production under constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) or COD loading rates, physicochemical and microbial properties of UASB sludge kept changing during the initial 5 months of operation. Specific methanogenic activity
was initially negligible but increased until day 150, and then remained constant (0.72 + 0.11 g CH4-COD g-1 VSS d-1) afterward. Sludge volume index showed that the settling ability of UASB sludge gradually improved until it reached a plateau in day 120. Improved settling-ability could provide a basis for keeping bed height constant despite shortened HRT. The mean diameter of the UASB sludge gradually increased until approximately day 150 and maintained a maximum value (0.48 mm) afterward. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed F420-based autofluorescence of physical and optical sections of UASB sludge, suggesting the locations of autofluorescent methanogens in the UASB sludge during the start-up period. During the initial operation of the reactor, autofluorescence showed random and uneven distribution inside the sludge. However, autofluorescence appeared as an inner layer near the edge of the sludge with time, suggesting more abundant or active methanogens in this layer. The highest autofluorescence was observed in the range of 20 to 28 µm depth from the surface of granule as determined by optical slicing of UASB sludge. The results obtained in this study provide insight into UASB sludge development that involves dynamic changes in physicochemical and microbial aspects during the start-up period.
In Vivo Biocompatibility of Alginate-PLL Microcapsules with Chromaffin Cells for the Alleviation of Chronic Pain
Authors: Kim Yu Mi , Jeon Young Hoon , Jin Gwang Chun , Lim Jeong Ok , Baek Woon Yi
Published: March 2009

Intrathecal implants of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells relieve chronic pain by secreting catecholamines, opioids and other neuroactive substances. Recently, macrocapsules with hollow fibers were employed to isolate immunologically xenogeneic chromaffin cells, but the poor viability in vivo of the encapsulated chromaffin cells limited the usefulness of this method. In this study, we used microencapsulation technology to increase the viability of chromaffin cells. Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were microencapsulated with alginate and poly-L-lysine and implanted intrathecally in a rat using the neuropathic pain model. Intrathecal implants of microencapsulated cells relieved cold allodynia, which is the most prominent symptom of the neuropathic pain model in a rat. Furthermore, the microencapsulated chromaffin cells were morphologically normal and retained their functionality. These findings suggest that the intrathecal implant of microencapsulated chromaffin cells might be a useful method for treating chronic pain.
Steam Gasification Characteristics of a Pine-Nut Shell in a Thermobalance and a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Roh Seon Ah , Son Sung Real , Kim Sang Done , Lee Woon Jae , Lee Yong Kuk
Published: March 2009

Pyrolysis kinetics of a pine nut shell in a thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and the combustion and steam gasification kinetics of a pine nut shell’s chars in a thermobalance reactor were determined. Also, the steam gasification characteristics of the pine nut shell were determined in a fluidized bed reactor. The maximum pyrolysis reaction rate is obtained at 360oC from the TGA and DTG studies. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the char were determined from the Arrhenius plot based on the shrinking core model. The effects of the reaction temperature (350oC - 950oC) and the O2 partial pressure on the combustion kinetics and that of the steam partial pressure (0.4 - 0.8atm) on the gasification kinetics were determined in a thermobalance reactor. In the combustion reaction, the activation energies and the pre-exponential factors are found to be 21.7 kcal mol-1 at 61.9 s-1atm-1 and 2.36 kcal/mol at 0.0029 s-1atm-1 in the reaction control and the pore-diffusion control regimes, respectively. The reaction order is found to be 1.0 with respect to the O2 partial pressure at 750oC. In the steam gasification reaction, the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor are found to be 16.9 kcal mol-1 at 0.0076s-1atm-1 and 2.67 kcal mol-1 at 0.00036s-1atm-1 in the reaction control and
the pore-diffusion control regimes, respectively. The reaction order is found to be 0.77 with respect to the H2O partial pressure at 750oC. The effects of the gas velocity (2Umf - 4Umf), reaction temperature (700oC - 850oC), steam/carbon ratio (0.56 - 1.12) and O2/C ratio (0.16 - 0.32) on the gas composition, gas yield, cold gas efficiency and the calorific value of the product gas were determined in a fluidized bed reactor (10 cm-i.d. × 1.6m-high) with the feeding rate of the pine nut shell of 1 - 3 kg hr-1. The carbon conversion, calorific value, cold gas efficiency and the total product gas yield increased with an increasing temperature. The hydrogen concentration increases with an increasing reaction temperature and the gas velocity and steam/carbon ratio as well as the hydrogen concentration decreases with an increasing O2/C ratio in the fluidized bed reactor.
A Novel Protective Effectiveness Evaluation Method Based on a Parametric Point of View for Distribution Systems
Authors: Moon Hyun Kyung , Hyun Seung Ho , Lee Sung J.
Published: March 2009

This paper suggests a protective effectiveness index as a performance index for the optimal or adaptive protection of a power distribution system. The setting rules are considered as a performance measure of every parameter and used as a primary evaluation element. The rules are categorized into three groups for the hierarchical evaluation. After all the parameters are evaluated, the device-wise, coordination-wise and system-wise protective effectivenesses are calculated, in turn. The proposed method is applied to a typical distribution network to show its effectiveness.