bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent Loss of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Increased Cell Death following Adolescent, but Not Adult, Chronic Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Broadwater Margaret A. , Liu Wen , Crews Fulton T. , Spear Linda P.
Published: June 2014

Although adolescence is a common age to initiate alcohol consumption, the long-term consequences of exposure to alcohol at this time of considerable brain maturation are largely unknown. In studies utilizing rodents, behavioral evidence is beginning to emerge suggesting that the hippocampus may be persistently affected by repeated ethanol exposure during adolescence, but not by comparable alcohol exposure in adulthood. The purpose of this series of experiments was to explore a potential mechanism of hippocampal dysfunction in adults exposed to ethanol during adolescence. Given that disruption in adult neurogenesis has been reported to impair performance on tasks thought to be hippocampally related, we used immunohistochemistry to assess levels of doublecortin (DCX), an endogenous marker of immature neurons, in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus 3-4 weeks after adolescent (postnatal day, PD28-48) or adult (PD70-90) intermittent ethanol exposure to 4 g/kg ethanol administered intragastrically. We also investigated another neurogenic niche, the subventricular zone (SVZ), to determine if the effects of ethanol exposure were region specific. Levels of cell proliferation and cell death were also examined in the DG via assessing Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity, respectively. Significantly less DCX was observed in the DG of adolescent (but not adult) ethanol-exposed animals about 4 weeks after exposure when these animals were compared to control age-mates. The effects of adolescent ethanol on DCX immunoreactivity were specific to the hippocampus, with no significant exposure effects emerging in the SVZ. In both the DG and the SVZ there was a significant age-related decline in neurogenesis as indexed by DCX. The persistent effect of adolescent ethanol exposure on reduced DCX in the DG appears to be related to significant increases in cell death, with significantly more cleaved caspase-3-positive immunoreactivity observed in the adolescent ethanol group compared to controls, but no alterations in cell proliferation when indexed by Ki67. These results suggest that a history of adolescent ethanol exposure results in lowered levels of differentiating neurons, probably due at least in part to increased cell death of immature neurons. These effects were evident in adulthood, weeks following termination of the chronic exposure, and may contribute to previously reported behavioral deficits on hippocampal-related tasks after chronic ethanol exposure in adolescence.
Early ambulance initiation versus in-hospital initiation of high dose clopidogrel in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Postma Sonja , Dambrink Jan-Henk , Ottervanger Jan Paul , Gosselink Marcel , Koopmans Petra , ten Berg Jurrien , Suryapranata Harry , van ’t Hof Arnoud
Published: June 2014

Pre-hospital infarct diagnosis gives the opportunity to start anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic agents before arrival at the PCI centre. However, more evidence is necessary to demonstrate whether high dose (HD) clopidogrel (600 mg) administered in the ambulance is associated with improved initial patency of the infarct related vessel (IRV) and/or clinical outcome compared to in-hospital initiation of HD clopidogrel. From 2001 until 2009 all consecutive ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients who underwent pre-hospital diagnosis and therapy in the ambulance were prospectively included in our single-centre cohort study. We compared initial patency of the IRV and clinical outcome in patients treated from 2001 until June 2006 (in-hospital HD clopidogrel) with patients treated from July 2006 until 2009 (ambulance HD clopidogrel). A total of 2,475 patients with STEMI were registered; of these 1,110 (44.8%) received in-hospital HD clopidogrel and 1,365 (55.2%) received ambulance HD clopidogrel. Ambulance HD clopidogrel was not independently associated with initial patency (TIMI-2/3-flow pre-PCI (odds ratio: 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–1.44); however, it was associated with fewer recurrent myocardial infarctions at 30 days (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.45, 95% CI 0.22–0.93) and at one year (HR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.25–0.80). No difference in TIMI 2/3 flow post-PCI, major bleeding, mortality, MACE – and the combination of mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction at 30-days and at one year was present between the two groups. In conclusion, early in-ambulance as compared to in-hospital initiation of HD clopidogrel in STEMI patients did not improve initial patency of the IRV or clinical outcome, except for a reduction of recurrent myocardial infarction. Therefore, early administration of HD clopidogrel seems to have net clinical benefit for these patients .
Indirect comparison meta-analysis of two enoxaparin regimens in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Chapelle Céline , Bertoletti Laurent , Lega Jean-Christophe , Cucherat Michel , Zufferey Paul , Darmon Jean-Yves , Mismetti Patrick , Laporte Silvy ,   the META-EMBOL Group
Published: June 2014

Two enoxaparin dosage regimens are used as comparators to evaluate new anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery, but so far no satisfactory direct comparison between them has been published. Our objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of enoxaparin 3,000 anti-Xa IU twice daily and enoxaparin 4,000 anti-Xa IU once daily in this clinical setting by indirect comparison meta-analysis, using Bucher’s method. We selected randomised controlled trials comparing another anticoagulant, placebo (or no treatment) with either enoxaparin regimen for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after hip or knee replacement or hip fracture surgery, provided that the second regimen was assessed elsewhere versus the same comparator. Two authors independently evaluated study eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. The primary efficacy outcome was the incidence of venous thomboembolism. The main safety outcome was the incidence of major bleeding. Overall, 44 randomised comparisons in 56,423 patients were selected, 35 being double-blind (54,117 patients). Compared with enoxaparin 4,000 anti-Xa IU once daily, enoxaparin 3,000 anti-Xa IU twice daily was associated with a reduced risk of venous thromboembolism (relative risk [RR]: 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40 to 0.69), but an increased risk of major bleeding (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.23 to 3.29). In conclusion, when interpreting the benefit-risk ratio of new anticoagulant drugs versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after major orthopaedic surgery, the apparently greater efficacy but higher bleeding risk of the twice-daily 3,000 anti-Xa IU enoxaparin regimen compared to the once-daily 4,000 anti-Xa IU regimen should be taken into account.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of paediatric and adolescent index cases with venous thromboembolism and antithrombin deficiency
Authors: Limperger Verena , Franke Andre , Kenet Gili , Holzhauer Susanne , Junker Ralf , Heller Christine , Gille Christian , Manner Daniela , Kurnik Karin , Knoefler Ralf , Mesters Rolf , Halimeh Susan , Picard Veronique , Nowak-Göttl Ulrike
Published: June 2014

Venous thromboembolism [TE] is a multifactorial disease and antithrombin deficiency [ATD] constitutes a major risk factor. In the present study the prevalence of ATD and the clinical presentation at TE onset in a cohort of paediatric index cases are reported. In 319 un - selected paediatric patients (0.1–18 years) from 313 families, recruited between July 1996 and December 2013, a comprehensive thrombophilia screening was performed along with recording of anamnestic data. 21 of 319 paediatric patients (6.6%), corresponding to 16 of 313 families (5.1%), were AT-deficient with confirmed underlying AT gene mutations. Mean age at first TE onset was 14 years (range 0.1 to 17). Thrombotic locations were renal veins (n=2), cerebral veins (n=5), deep veins (DVT) of the leg (n=9), DVT & pulmonary embolism (n=4) and pelvic veins (n=1). ATD co-occurred with the factor- V-Leiden mutation in one and the prothrombin G20210A mutation in two children. In 57.2% of patients a concomitant risk factor for TE was identified, whereas 42.8% of patients developed TE spontaneously. A second TE event within primarily healthy siblings occurred in three of 313 families and a third event among siblings was observed in one family. In an unselected cohort of paediatric patients with symptomatic TE, the prevalence of ATD adjusted for family status was 5.1%. Given its clinical implication for patients and family members, thrombophilia testing should be performed and the benefit of medical or educational interventions should be evaluated in this high risk population.
ABCC6–Mediated ATP Secretion by the Liver Is the Main Source of the Mineralization Inhibitor Inorganic Pyrophosphate in the Systemic Circulation—Brief Report
Authors: Jansen Robert S. , Duijst Suzanne , Mahakena Sunny , Sommer Daniela , Szeri Flóra , Váradi András , Plomp Astrid , Bergen Arthur A. , Oude Elferink Ronald P.J. , Borst Piet , van de Wetering Koen
Published: June 2014

Objective—

Mutations in
ABCC6
underlie the ectopic mineralization disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and some forms of generalized arterial calcification of infancy, both of which affect the cardiovascular system. Using cultured cells, we recently showed that ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6 (ABCC6) mediates the cellular release of ATP, which is extracellularly rapidly converted into AMP and the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PP
i
). The current study was performed to determine which tissues release ATP in an ABCC6-dependent manner in vivo, where released ATP is converted into AMP and PP
i
, and whether human PXE ptients have low plasma PP
i
concentrations.

Approach and Results—

Using cultured primary hepatocytes and in vivo liver perfusion experiments, we found that ABCC6 mediates the direct, sinusoidal, release of ATP from the liver. Outside hepatocytes, but still within the liver vasculature, released ATP is converted into AMP and PP
i
. The absence of functional ABCC6 in patients with PXE leads to strongly reduced plasma PP
i
concentrations.

Conclusions—

Hepatic ABCC6-mediated ATP release is the main source of circulating PP
i
, revealing an unanticipated role of the liver in systemic PP
i
homeostasis. Patients with PXE have a strongly reduced plasma PP
i
level, explaining their mineralization disorder. Our results indicate that systemic PP
i
is relatively stable and that PXE, generalized arterial calcification of infancy, and other ectopic mineralization disorders could be treated with PP
i
supplementation therapy.
Television Viewing, Computer Use, Time Driving and All‐Cause Mortality: The SUN Cohort
Authors: Basterra‐Gortari Francisco Javier , Bes‐Rastrollo Maira , Gea Alfredo , Núñez‐Córdoba Jorge María , Toledo Estefanía , Martínez‐González Miguel Ángel
Published: June 2014

Background

Sedentary behaviors have been directly associated with all‐cause mortality. However, little is known about different types of sedentary behaviors in relation to overall mortality. Our objective was to assess the association between different sedentary behaviors and all‐cause mortality.

Methods and Results

In this prospective, dynamic cohort study (the
SUN
Project) 13 284 Spanish university graduates with a mean age of 37 years were followed‐up for a median of 8.2 years. Television, computer, and driving time were assessed at baseline. Poisson regression models were fitted to examine the association between each sedentary behavior and total mortality. All‐cause mortality incidence rate ratios (
IRR
s) per 2 hours per day were 1.40 (95% confidence interval (
CI
): 1.06 to 1.84) for television viewing, 0.96 (95%
CI
: 0.79 to 1.18) for computer use, and 1.14 (95%
CI
: 0.90 to 1.44) for driving, after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, total energy intake, Mediterranean diet adherence, body mass index, and physical activity. The risk of mortality was twofold higher for participants reporting ≥3 h/day of television viewing than for those reporting <1 h/d (
IRR
: 2.04 [95%
CI
1.16 to 3.57]).

Conclusions

Television viewing was directly associated with all‐cause mortality. However, computer use and time spent driving were not significantly associated with higher mortality. Further cohort studies and trials designed to assess whether reductions in television viewing are able to reduce mortality are warranted. The lack of association between computer use or time spent driving and mortality needs further confirmation.
HDL‐3 is a Superior Predictor of Carotid Artery Disease in a Case‐Control Cohort of 1725 Participants
Authors: Kim Daniel Seung , Burt Amber A. , Rosenthal Elisabeth A. , Ranchalis Jane E. , Eintracht Jason F. , Hatsukami Thomas S. , Furlong Clement E. , Marcovina Santica , Albers John J. , Jarvik Gail P.
Published: June 2014

Background

Recent data suggest that high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (
HDL
‐C) levels are likely not in the causative pathway of atheroprotection, shifting focus from
HDL
‐C to its subfractions and associated proteins. This study's goal was to determine which
HDL
phenotype was the better predictor of carotid artery disease (
CAAD
).

Methods and Results

HDL
‐2 and
HDL
‐3 were measured in 1725 participants of European ancestry in a prevalent case‐control cohort study of
CAAD
. Stratified analyses were conducted for men (n=1201) and women (n=524). Stepwise linear regression was used to determine whether
HDL
‐C,
HDL
‐2,
HDL
‐3, or apolipoprotein A1 was the best predictor of
CAAD
, while adjusting for the confounders of censored age, diabetes, and current smoking status. In both men and women,
HDL
‐3 was negatively associated with
CAAD
(
P
=0.0011 and 0.033 for men and women, respectively); once
HDL
‐3 was included in the model, no other
HDL
phenotype was significantly associated with
CAAD
. Addition of paraoxonase 1 activity to the aforementioned regression model showed a significant and independent (of
HDL
‐3) association with
CAAD
in men (
P
=0.001) but not in the smaller female subgroup.

Conclusions

This study is the first to contrast the associations of
HDL
‐2 and
HDL
‐3 with
CAAD
. We found that
HDL
‐3 levels were more predictive of
CAAD
status than
HDL
‐2,
HDL
‐C, or apolipoprotein A1. In addition, for men, paraoxonase 1 activity improved the overall model prediction for
CAAD
independently and additively with
HDL
‐3 levels. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms through which
HDL
‐3 is associated with protection from
CAAD
is warranted.
Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity for Predicting Functional Outcome in Acute Stroke
Authors: Kim Jinkwon , Song Tae-Jin , Kim Eun Hye , Lee Ki Jeong , Lee Hye Sun , Nam Chung Mo , Song Dongbeom , Nam Hyo Suk , Kim Young Dae , Heo Ji Hoe
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose—

We investigated whether the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) has prognostic value for predicting functional outcome after acute cerebral infarction and whether the prognostic value differs between stroke subtypes.

Methods—

We included 1091 consecutive patients with first-ever acute cerebral infarction who underwent baPWV measurements. Stroke subtypes were classified using the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Poor functional outcomes were defined as modified Rankin Scale score >2 at 3 months after stroke onset.

Results—

We noted that 181 (16.59%) patients had a poor functional outcome. In multivariate logistic regression, patients in the highest tertile of baPWV (>22.25 m/s) were found to be at increased risk for poor functional outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–3.40) compared with those in the lowest tertile (<17.55 m/s). No significant interaction between baPWV and stroke subtype was noted. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the addition of baPWV to the prediction model significantly improved the discrimination ability for poor functional outcome.

Conclusions—

baPWV has an independent prognostic value for predicting functional outcome after acute cerebral infarction. The prognostic value did not differ according to the stroke subtype.
When Legal Representation is Deficient: The Challenge of Immigration Cases for the Courts
Authors: Katzmann Robert A.
Published: June 2014

When the quality of lawyering is inadequate, courts are frustrated in their adjudicative role. Nowhere is this more apparent than in cases involving immigrants hoping to fend off deportation. As an appellate judge on a court whose immigration docket reached 40 percent of our caseload, I have too often seen deficient legal representation of immigrants. Although courts are reactive, resolving cases before them, judges can systematically promote the fair and effective administration of justice. With the aid of some outstanding legal talent, I created the Study Group on Immigrant Representation to help address the immigrant representation crisis. Our work has encompassed a variety of activities, including: publishing symposia; conducting studies documenting the enormity of the problem and proposing solutions; creating initiatives to expand pro bono representation; facilitating the first local government funding of direct immigrant legal services; creating legal orientation programs for immigrants; and developing the Immigrant Justice Corps, an innovative fellowship program. These initiatives represent some steps towards easing the crisis in immigrant legal representation.
Gideon's Problematic Promises
Authors: Steiker Carol S.
Published: June 2014

The landmark case of “Gideon v. Wainwright” (1963) ensured the right of criminal defendants across the country to the effective assistance of counsel, but the overwhelming consensus is that the promise of “Gideon” has not been kept. Although there are significant differences in the delivery of indigent defense services across the country, there are four general reasons for the failure of “Gideon” that obtain across every jurisdiction and collectively cover much of the explanatory terrain: 1) its mandate is inadequately and precariously funded; 2) institutional impediments have impinged on the independence, training and oversight, and advocacy culture of indigent defense counsel; 3) legal remedies for ineffective assistance of counsel are often inadequate, inaccessible, or both; and 4) the ubiquitous practice of plea bargaining shields inadequate representation from view or remedy. Vindicating the right of poor people to effective representation in criminal cases remains a daunting but enormously important task.
Justice for the Masses? Aggregate Litigation & Its Alternatives
Authors: Hensler Deborah R.
Published: June 2014

Traditionally, disputes over injury compensation that were brought to court involved one or a few plaintiffs and defendants and were processed individually. The risk and expense of such litigation meant that most victims of legally cognizable injuries never came through the courthouse doors. The modern global economy, however, has vastly increased the potential for mass harms and losses, and modern mass media have created felicitous circumstances for mass claiming. Aggregated mass litigation blasts open the courthouse doors for individuals who might otherwise find them closed. Aggregation benefits some but disadvantages others. Class action rules attempt to mitigate these conflicts, but such procedures do not apply to aggregate non-class litigation. It is time for courts to adopt rules and practices that recognize the realities of such litigation.
Innovating to Improve Access: Changing the Way Courts Regulate Legal Markets
Authors: Hadfield Gillian K.
Published: June 2014

Struggling to navigate a world that is increasingly shaped by legal rules and obligations, most ordinary Americans lack real access to courts. Often this means simply forgoing legal rights and entitlements or giving up in the face of claims of wrongdoing. Among those who cannot avoid courts—such as those facing eviction, collection, or foreclosure and those seeking child support, custodial access, or protection from violence or harassment—the vast majority (as many as 99 percent in some cases) find themselves in court without any legal assistance at all. There are many reasons for this lack of meaningful access, including the underfunding of courts and legal aid, but perhaps the most fundamental is the excessively restrictive American approach to regulating legal markets. This regulation, controlled by the American legal profession and judiciary, closes off the potential for significant reductions in the cost of, and hence increases in access to, courts. Unlike the problem of funding, that is a problem that state courts have the power, if they can find the judicial will, to change.
Our Informationally Disabled Courts
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: June 2014

In order to carry out their functions of deciding particular cases and developing legal rules and principles, courts need information: not just information about the law, but also factual information about the particular matter in controversy and about the world in general. The way in which courts are structured, however, makes it more difficult for them to obtain the information they need than it is for most other public decision-making institutions. As the world becomes more complex, and as sophisticated scientific, technical, and financial information becomes more central to litigation and to the judicial function, the systemic disabilities of the courts in obtaining the information they need become more apparent and increasingly more problematic.
Courting Ignorance: Why We Know So Little About Our Most Important Courts
Authors: Yeazell Stephen C.
Published: June 2014

Most of the United States' judicial work takes place in the country's state trial courts. These tribunals preside over everything from traffic tickets to murder trials, from routine debt collection to massive environmental torts. Given their expansive role, the manner in which these courts function is of immense significance. But ultimately, we know very little about these institutions. Our ignorance flows both from trivial bureaucratic turf battles and from deeply rooted principles of local government, a phenomenon I have called “data federalism.” In the last few decades, we have begun to form a partial image of the activities of these organs of government; but we know almost nothing about their past, and the little we do know suggests the dangers of extrapolation. This essay explores the extent of our ignorance of state trial courts and the difficulties of overcoming it.
Accusative Subjects in Avestan: ‘Errors’ or Non-Canonically Marked Arguments?
Authors: Danesi Serena
Published: June 2014

In Avestan, recurrent idiosyncrasies, mostly attested in the Young Avesta, are found in the case marking system: one of the most frequent anomalies is the accusative used in place of the nominative. This non-canonical marking of the subject is obviously relevant both for the study of the Avestan language and for historical-comparative linguistic studies, since accusative-marked subjects are found in several ancient Indo-European languages. Despite the fact that this phenomenon is regularly mentioned by Avestan grammars, it has not been properly investigated so far, either by philologists or by linguists. It has been tacitly assumed that such anomalous accusatives are errors due to the tortuous transmission of the Avestan texts. This article reconsiders the data reported in Avestan grammars and adds further examples to the bulk of the relevant data. As a result, a new interpretation based on both a linguistic analysis and an Indo-European comparison is proposed. Thus, it is argued that the accusatives found in place of a nominative cannot be taken as trivial mistakes since their distribution obeys certain principles. On the contrary, Avestan accusative subjects represent a linguistic phenomenon, only occasionally registered in the written texts and taking place under specific semantic and pragmatic conditions.
“The Greatest Terror to the Enemy”
Authors: Timothy Orr
Published: June 2014

In the spring of 1862, the Army of the Potomac deployed a unique regiment, Colonel Hiram Berdan’s 1st u.s. Sharpshooters. The previous winter, Berdan had recruited the Union’s best volunteer marksmen hoping their long-range skills could vitally aid the Union cause. Some U.S. Army officers doubted Berdan’s experiment. Pessimistically, they guessed that northern sharpshooters could neither hit targets at extreme range nor could they provide any tactical worth on the battlefield. Contrary to expectations, Berdan’s U.S. Sharpshooters performed splendidly during their first major campaign, helping the Army of the Potomac break the Confederate hold on Yorktown. Glowing reports from northern newspaper reporters inflated tales of the sharpshooters’ skills, but the combination of unexpected talent and encouraging media coverage transformed sharpshooting from a despised craft into a permanent army tactic.
Doubling Down
Authors: Fino Steven A.
Published: June 2014

The us Air Force’s and Navy’s semi-autonomous radar- and infrared-guided air-to-air missiles performed miserably in air combat over Vietnam. Despite accusations that the military’s overreliance on complex technology was to blame, the two services continued to invest in ever-more advanced fighter aircraft and high-tech missiles after the war. In 1977 at the behest of Congress, the Air Force and Navy spent almost a full year evaluating air combat tactics and new infrared-guided air-to-air missiles. According to the services’ interpretation of the results from the aimval and aceval tests, future air combat demanded both improved infrared-guided missiles and revolutionary radar-guided missiles. The apparent paradox—testing infrared missiles to justify a more expensive radar-guided missile—was seized on by the military “Reformers” as emblematic of the us military’s unhealthy fascination with exorbitantly priced high-technology. This paper discusses the pivotal aimval-aceval tests, including their laborious design process and execution, and their subsequent role animating the early-1980s public debate over military technology. This understanding is crucial when evaluating the relative significance of organizational inertia in the Air Force’s air-to-air procurement decisions following Vietnam. Additionally, the aimval-aceval tests offer evidence of three pathologies that distinguish military tests from their typical civilian exemplars: military tests cannot be conducted independent of the service(s); the tests are generally inflexible and unreplicable; and their data are usually shrouded by classification concerns. These pathologies make it difficult to reconcile divergent interpretations and resolve controversies that emerge from military testing activities.
Monsanima tinguaensis (Apocynaceae), an enigmatic new species from Atlantic rainforest
Authors: Silva Uiara Catharina Soares , Santos Renata Gabrielle Pinheiro , Rapini Alessandro , Fontella-Pereira Jorge , Liede-Schumann Sigrid
Published: June 2014

A new species of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) with enigmatic taxonomic position was found in the Atlantic rainforest of Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. To ascertain its affinities within the Asclepiadeae, we performed phylogenetic analyses using the plastid regions trnT-L and rps16. Our results strongly support the new species close to the Orthosiinae, but do not support any generic relationship for this species. Based on the floral morphology, especially the corona lobes, which are highly fused, and curved inward at the top, covering the gynostegium, the new species is assigned to Monsanima. This genus is sister to the other Orthosiinae and included so far only one species narrowly endemic to the campos rupestres of Bahia, in northeastern Brazil. The new species, Monsanima tinguaensis, occurs in a protected area, Tinguá Biological Reserve. However, it is known only by the type specimen and is probably vulnerable to extinction.
Revision of the genus Hyperomma Fauvel, 1878—part 1: New Zealand (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)
Authors: SCHOMANN ANDREA M. , SOLODOVNIKOV ALEXEY
Published: June 2014

The New Zealand fauna of Hyperomma Fauvel, 1878, a rove beetle genus occurring only in Australia and New Zealand, is revised. Twenty-five Hyperomma species are reported from New Zealand, of which the following 17 new species are described here: Hyperomma montanum Schomann, n. sp., H. longicorne Schomann, n. sp., H. orientale Schomann, n. sp., H. bicoloripes Schomann, n. sp., H. johnnunni Schomann, n. sp., H. geminum Schomann, n. sp., H. geminoides Schomann, n. sp., H. variabile Schomann, n. sp., H. margali Schomann, n. sp., H. helenae Schomann, n. sp., H. julii Schomann, n. sp., H. inversicolor Schomann, n. sp., H. spatulae Schomann, n. sp., H. tridentatum Schomann, n. sp., H. boreale Schomann, n. sp., H. peninsulae Schomann, n. sp., and H. minutum Schomann, n. sp. Of the 10 Hyperomma species previously described from New Zealand by Broun, 8 are re-described, while two species are synonymized as follows: H. mandibulare Broun, 1893 = H. picipenne Broun, 1921, n. syn.; H. lobatum Broun, 1921 = H. discrepans Broun, 1921, n. syn. Lectotypes are designated for H. dispersum Broun, 1893 and H. duplicatum Broun, 1893. The New Zealand Hyperomma species are divided into 7 species groups, and identification keys to the species (one based on the aedeagi, one general) are provided. For each species pictures of the habitus and some details are given, the aedeagus is illustrated, and the known distribution is mapped. Finally, a generic key to the species of Paederinae occurring in New Zealand is provided.
Cryptops (Cryptops) spelaeoraptor n. sp. a remarkable troglobitic species (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from Brazil
Authors: ÁZARA LUDSON NEVES DE , FERREIRA RODRIGO LOPES
Published: June 2014

Cryptops (Cryptops) spelaeoraptor is here described from Toca do Gonçalo cave, Bahia state, Brazil. This species presents highly troglomorphic traits and can be separated from all other species of Cryptops by possessing a unique trait in Scolopendromorpha: the ultimate pair of legs presents saw teeth on each of the prefemur to tarsus 2 (rather than being concentrated on the tibia and tarsus 1) numbering 28+30+14+17+17.
Evaluation of Cloud Fraction Simulated by Seven SCMs against the ARM Observations at the SGP Site*
Authors: Song Hua , Lin Wuyin , Lin Yanluan , Wolf Audrey B. , Donner Leo J. , Del Genio Anthony D. , Neggers Roel , Endo Satoshi , Liu Yangang
Published: June 2014

This study evaluates the performances of seven single-column models (SCMs) by comparing simulated cloud fraction with observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site from January 1999 to December 2001. Compared with the 3-yr mean observational cloud fraction, the ECMWF SCM underestimates cloud fraction at all levels and the GISS SCM underestimates cloud fraction at levels below 200 hPa. The two GFDL SCMs underestimate lower-to-middle level cloud fraction but overestimate upper-level cloud fraction. The three Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) SCMs overestimate upper-level cloud fraction and produce lower-level cloud fraction similar to the observations but as a result of compensating overproduction of convective cloud fraction and underproduction of stratiform cloud fraction. Besides, the CAM3 and CAM5 SCMs both overestimate midlevel cloud fraction, whereas the CAM4 SCM underestimates. The frequency and partitioning analyses show a large discrepancy among the seven SCMs: Contributions of nonstratiform processes to cloud fraction production are mainly in upper-level cloudy events over the cloud cover range 10%–80% in SCMs with prognostic cloud fraction schemes and in lower-level cloudy events over the cloud cover range 15%–50% in SCMs with diagnostic cloud fraction schemes. Further analysis reveals different relationships between cloud fraction and relative humidity (RH) in the models and observations. The underestimation of lower-level cloud fraction in most SCMs is mainly due to the larger threshold RH used in models. The overestimation of upper-level cloud fraction in the three CAM SCMs and two GFDL SCMs is primarily due to the overestimation of RH and larger mean cloud fraction of cloudy events plus more occurrences of RH around 40%–80%, respectively.
Near-Inertial Internal Waves and Sea Ice in the Beaufort Sea*
Authors: Martini Kim I. , Simmons Harper L. , Stoudt Chase A. , Hutchings Jennifer K.
Published: June 2014

The evolution of the near-inertial internal wavefield from ice-free summertime conditions to ice-covered wintertime conditions is examined using data from a yearlong deployment of six moorings on the Beaufort continental slope from August 2008 to August 2009. When ice is absent, from July to October, energy is efficiently transferred from the atmosphere to the ocean, generating near-inertial internal waves. When ice is present, from November to June, storms also cause near-inertial oscillations in the ice and mixed layer, but kinetic energy is weaker and oscillations are quickly damped. Damping is dependent on ice pack strength and morphology. Decay scales are longer in early winter (November–January) when the new ice pack is weaker and more mobile, decreasing in late winter (February–June) when the ice pack is stronger and more rigid. Efficiency is also reduced, as comparisons of atmospheric energy available for internal wave generation to mixed layer kinetic energies indicate that a smaller percentage of atmospheric energy is transferred to near-inertial motions when ice concentrations are >90%. However, large kinetic energies and shears are observed during an event on 16 December and spectral energy is elevated above Garrett–Munk levels, coinciding with the largest energy flux predicted during the deployment. A significant amount of near-inertial energy is episodically transferred to the internal wave band from the atmosphere even when the ocean is ice covered; however, damping by ice and less efficient energy transfer still leads to low Arctic internal wave energy in the near-inertial band. Increased kinetic energy below 300 m when ice is forming suggests some events may generate internal waves that radiate into the Arctic Ocean interior.
Median Filter Effects on Radar Wind Profiler Spectral Noise Statistics
Authors: Wilfong Timothy L. , Lau Elias M. , Weber Bob L. , Merritt David A. , McLaughlin Scott A.
Published: June 2014

Radar wind profiler (RWP) systems observe radar returns from refractive index fluctuations due to clear-air turbulence. The Doppler spectra used to compute the moments of the returned signal always include noise from various sources and may contain multiple signals. A critical first step in detecting signals is the objective determination of the noise level in each spectrum. Several spectra may be averaged to improve signal detection. In addition to or instead of a mean, a median may be applied to successive spectra in order to reject transient interference. Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine the effects of the median versus the mean on the objective noise determination. When a median is used, it was found the noise statistics calculations must be slightly modified.
Principal Turnover
Authors: Ni Yongmei , Sun Min , Rorrer Andrea
Published: June 2014

Purpose: Informed by literature on labor market and school choice, this study aims to examine the dynamics of principal career movements in charter schools by comparing principal turnover rates and patterns between charter schools and traditional public schools. Research Methods/Approach: This study uses longitudinal data on Utah principals and schools from 2004 to 2011. The Aalen-Johansen estimator and discrete-time competing risk models are used to analyze principal turnover rates and transition patterns in charter schools in relation to those in traditional schools. We also explore the extent to which school contextual and principal background factors contribute to principal turnover. Findings: Our analyses show that charter schools had a higher principal turnover rate than traditional schools and very different principal transition patterns. When charter principals left, they tended to move to nonprincipal positions or leave the Utah public school system altogether, instead of moving to another school as principals. In contrast, when traditional school principals left, they tended to continue to be principals in another school, mostly within the same school district. Conclusions and Implications: The findings suggest that unlike the traditional school principal position that is often regarded as a “stepping stone” along an established career path, the charter school principal position is more likely to be a “stopping point.” This may cause overall principal shortage in charter schools and highlights the need for supportive systems that develop and sustain strong leadership in charter schools.
Hagar’s Babylonian Captivity: A Roman Re-imagination of Galatians 4:21–31
Authors: Kahl Brigitte
Published: June 2014

Contrary to long-established interpretations, Paul’s verdict against the slave woman Hagar and her son in Gal 4:30 is not the expulsion of “Jewishness” by “Christianity,” nor the affirmation of slavery and racism, gender hierarchies, or Islamophobia. What Paul wants to “drive out” is the accommodation of subjugated bodies and souls to the law of the colonial conquerors, as it is programmatically displayed in contemporary Roman iconography. “In Christ-ness” as radical solidarity with the “Other” includes the non-Jewish nations/Gentiles who for Paul are an essential part of Abrahamic Jewish-messianic identity.
Field, material, technique: On renewing postcolonial literary criticism
Authors: Etherington Ben , Zimbler Jarad
Published: June 2014

Concerned by the eclipse of concerted discussion of literary technique in the postcolonial field, this article outlines a critical practice which would restore questions of technique to the centre ground. Proceeding from the assumption that technique is the agent of art’s thinking, it proposes that the literary craft practised in any given work or authorship needs to be thought through in its context of intelligibility: a conception which synthesizes insights of Pierre Bourdieu and Theodor Adorno; particularly their respective notions of field and material. Then, in two short studies, on the critical reception of Louise Bennett in the Caribbean and J. M. Coetzee in South Africa, these concepts are put into motion to illuminate the truth-content of field-defining developments of the literary material.
What Is Liberalism?
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: June 2014

Liberalism is a term employed in a dizzying variety of ways in political thought and social science. This essay challenges how the liberal tradition is typically understood. I start by delineating different types of response—prescriptive, comprehensive, explanatory—that are frequently conflated in answering the question “what is liberalism?” I then discuss assorted methodological strategies employed in the existing literature: after rejecting “stipulative” and “canonical” approaches, I outline a contextualist alternative. Liberalism, on this (comprehensive) account, is best characterised as the sum of the arguments that have been classified as liberal, and recognised as such by other self-proclaimed liberals, over time and space. In the remainder of the article, I present an historical analysis of shifts in the meaning of liberalism in Anglo-American political thought between 1850 and 1950, focusing in particular on how Locke came to be characterised as a liberal. I argue that the scope of the liberal traditionexpanded during the middle decades of the twentieth century, such that it came to be seen by many as the constitutive ideology of the West. This capacious (and deeply confusing) understanding of liberalism was a product of the ideological wars fought against “totalitarianism” and assorted developments in the social sciences. Today we both inherit and inhabit it.
Histories of Thought and Comparative Political Theory
Authors: Jenco Leigh K.
Published: June 2014

How is cultural otherness any different from the historical otherness already found in our existing canons of thought? This essay examines an influential Chinese conversation that raised a similar question in struggling with its own parochialism. Claiming that all “Western” knowledge originated in China, these Chinese reformers see the differences presented by foreign knowledge as identical to those already authorizing innovation within their existing activity of knowledge-production. Noting that current academic theory-production treats the otherness of past authors in a similar way, I argue that we must broach something like a China-origins claim if we are to see typically marginalized (“non-Western”) thought as part of what disciplines our thought, rather than serves simply as its target of inclusion. Doing so, we blur self/foreign binaries and enable future innovation of thought on radically new terms.
Tentative Lessons of Experience
Authors: Hyvönen Ari-Elmeri
Published: June 2014

The article addresses the role of the essay in Hannah Arendt’s theorizing. By paying attention to Arendt’s style, we are better able to draw the full conclusions from the well-known fact that she was not a system-builder but took her bearings from concrete experiences. First, the concept of experience—too often taken at face value—is explicated. It is argued that Arendt’s understanding of the concept cannot be reduced to her personal experiences, but must be read against the background of the common world. A crucial dimension in the incorporation of experiences into the Arendtian political theory is the essayistic style of her writings. The essay, as an experimental and tentative platform, provides an indispensable angle to Arendt’s work—even though often overshadowed by “classical” or “narrative” readings. This will be demonstrated in relation to the puzzlement surrounding the controversial concept of “the social.”
Seeking help from close, same-sex friends
Authors: Ito Kenichi , Masuda Takahiko , Komiya Asuka , Hioki Koichi
Published: June 2014

Seeking help from close friends is beneficial for help seekers but also entails costs. Past research on social support suggested that East Asians were more likely than their North American counterparts to perceive relational costs (e.g., causing trouble for close friends), whereas North Americans tended to selectively perceive personal costs (e.g., admitting incompetence). We first collected European Canadian and Japanese people’s everyday experiences of help-seeking behaviors. We then examined whether norms would mediate the relationship between perceptions of costs and expected closeness in friendship. For European Canadians, we found such meditating relationships only for personal costs; whereas for the Japanese, the relationships were observed for both personal and relational costs. Implications for social cognitive research and clinical research are discussed.
Physician–patient end-of-life care discussions: Correlates and associations with end-of-life care preferences of cancer patients—a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Tang Siew Tzuh , Liu Tsang-Wu , Liu Li Ni , Chiu Chang-Fang , Hsieh Ruey-Kuen , Tsai Chun-Ming
Published: June 2014

Background:

Honoring patients’ treatment preferences is a key component of high-quality end-of-life care. Connecting clinical practices to patients’ preferences requires effective communication. However, few cancer patients reported discussing end-of-life-care preferences with their physicians.

Aim:

To identify correlates of physician–patient end-of-life-care discussions and to investigate associations of physician–patient end-of-life-care discussions with patient end-of-life-care preferences.

Design:

A cross-sectional survey from April 2011 through November 2012.

Setting/participants:

A convenience sample of 2467 cancer patients (89.3% participation rate) whose disease was diagnosed as terminal and unresponsive to current curative cancer treatment was recruited from 23 teaching hospitals throughout Taiwan.

Results:

Only 7.8% of respondents reported discussing end-of-life-care preferences with their physicians. Physicians were more likely to discuss end-of-life-care preferences with cancer patients who accurately understood their prognosis but less likely to do so if patients were married or received care in a hospital with an inpatient hospice unit. Furthermore, physician–patient end-of-life-care discussions were significantly, positively associated with the likelihood of preferring comfort-oriented care and hospice care, but negatively associated with preferences for receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation when life is in danger and aggressive life-sustaining treatments at end of life, including intensive care unit admission, cardiac massage, intubation, and mechanical ventilation support.

Conclusion:

Physician–patient end-of-life-care discussions are correlated with accurate prognostic awareness, marital status, and institutional characteristics and negatively associated with terminally ill cancer patients’ preferences for aggressive end-of-life care. Interventions should be developed to facilitate timely end-of-life-care discussions between at-risk patients and their physicians, thus honoring patients’ end-of-life-care preferences and possibly avoiding futile life-sustaining treatments.
Victims of crime with disabilities in Ireland
Authors: Kilcommins Shane , Donnelly Mary
Published: June 2014

In recent decades, criminal justice systems are, at least partially, being reconstructed as they demonstrate an increased sensitivity to the needs and concerns of victims of crime. As part of this, a new cultural theme of the victim as ‘Everyman’ is emerging. However, these generalizing tendencies conceal the multiplicity of experiences of victimhood and of interactions with the criminal justice system. As a result, certain categories of victim are rendered invisible and unable to share in the benefits of this more inclusive approach. One such category is victims with disabilities, and in particular those with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities. The purpose of this article is to write victims with disabilities in Ireland into the victim story more generally. Against a background of greater recognition of victims in Irish law and policy, it demonstrates the variety of ways in which victims with disabilities do not fit more orthodox, ‘everyman’, conceptions of victimization. It identifies the range of ways in which the outsider status of victims of crime with disabilities continues to be maintained in criminal justice policy, the adversarial process, the language employed by the criminal law, and service provision and identifies ways in which the failure to address the marginalization of victims with disabilities is a breach of international human rights obligations.