Comprehensive genomic and immune profiling defines immunotherapy treatment in patients with NSCLC with low PD-L1 IHC.
Authors: Pabla Sarabjot , Seager Robert J. , Nesline Mary , DePietro Paul , Van Roey Erik , Gao Shuang , Ramkissoon Shakti , Deng Lei , Zhang Shengle , Klein Roger David , Conroy Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2022

2623

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as effective treatments in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While the clinical utility of single agent ICI or in combination with chemotherapy has been well established, there remains an unmet need for the development of biomarkers that can better predict response. To address this need, we developed and applied a combination genomic and immune biomarker strategy to ICI-treated NSCLC patients which identified distinct patient subgroups with differential benefit among single agent or combination ICI treatment strategies. Methods: A discovery cohort (DC) of 5450 tumors across 37 histologies were evaluated by comprehensive genomic and immune profiling of the tumor immune microenvironment. Individual and combination biomarker assessment included PD-L1 IHC, TMB, tumor inflammation (TIGS), cell proliferation (CP) and cancer testis antigen burden (CTAB). From this cohort, combinations of molecular and immune biomarkers were identified and applied to a retrospective cohort (RC) of 225 metastatic NSCLC patients treated with pembrolizumab + chemo or pembrolizumab alone to correlate with response. Comparison of objective response rates (ORR) was performed using Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meir analysis was performed to test for differences in overall survival (OS) and 1-year OS. Results: Unsupervised analysis of the DC revealed four distinct biomarker combination groups that describe underlying tumor immunobiology: tumor dominant (CTAB, TMB, CP High), proliferative (CP High), inflamed (TIGS High), and checkpoint (PDL1, TIGS and TMB High). Application of these biomarker groups to the RC demonstrated significant differences in response to ICI regimens between groups (p = 0.04). Patients in the proliferative group (35.1%, 79/225; median PD-L1 = 20% TPS) treated with single agent pembrolizumab showed a significantly higher ORR (59%; 16/27) compared to pembrolizumab + chemo (27%; 14/52; p = 0.005), significantly improved 1-yr OS (p = 0.03), and trend towards better OS (p = 0.14). Importantly, patients in the inflamed group (16%, 36/225; median PD-L1 = 1% TPS), suggested that pembrolizumab + chemo (ORR 26.1%; 6/23) was not associated with ORR compared to pembrolizumab (ORR 31%; 4/13, p = 0.76), or OS (p = 0.37) and 1-yr OS (p = 0.57). Conclusions: Comprehensive genomic and immune profiling may identify PD-L1 low NSCLC patients who benefit from single agent pembrolizumab. PD-L1 low NSCLC patients with a proliferative phenotype may benefit from single agent pembrolizumab, whereas PD-L1 low cases with an inflamed phenotype may benefit from both single agent and combination pembrolizumab. Although further clinical validation of these predictive biomarker combinations is required, this data-driven approach demonstrates the potential to provide treatment decision support when selecting an ICI therapeutic strategy in lung cancer.