bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the photo-oxidative and heterogeneous chemical production of HCHO in the snowpack at the South Pole, Antarctica
Authors: Hamer P. D. , Shallcross D. E. , Yabushita A. , Kawasaki M. , Marécal V. , Boxe C. S.
Published: August 2014

Environmental context
Snowpacks present a surprisingly active environment for photochemistry, leading to sunlight-induced oxidation of deposited organic matter and the subsequent emission of a variety of photochemically active trace gases. We seek to address questions regarding the ultimate fate of organic matter deposited onto snow in the remote regions of the world. The work is relevant to atmospheric composition and climate change.

Abstract
We investigate snowpack fluxes of formaldehyde (HCHO) into the South Pole boundary layer using steady-state photochemical models. We study two chemical sources of HCHO within the snowpack. First, we study chemical production of HCHO from the processing of methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH): photolysis, reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH•), and by an acid catalysed rearrangement. Assuming surface layer concentration effects for acidic solutes, we show that the acid catalysed production of HCHO within ice could contribute a non-negligible source to the snowpack HCHO budget. This novel source of HCHO complements existing explanations of HCHO fluxes based on physical emission of HCHO from snow. Secondly, we investigate HCHO production from the oxidation of organic matter (OM) by OH• within snow to explain observed fluxes of photochemical origin from the South Pole snowpack. This work shows that laboratory-derived photochemical production rates of HCHO and our standard model are inconsistent with field observations, which has implications for the distribution of OM relative to oxidants within ice particles. We resolve this inconsistency using new laboratory measurements of the molecular dynamics of the OH• photofragment from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrate (NO3–) photolysis, which show that only OH produced in the outermost monolayers can contribute to gas phase and surface layer chemistry. Using these new measurements in conjunction with realistic treatments of ice grain size, H2O2 and NO3– distribution within ice grains, diffusion of gas species within solid ice, and observed OM particle size distributions yields snowpack HCHO photochemical production rates more consistent with observations.
Sexual and reproductive health and philanthropic funding in Australia
Authors: Gill-Atkinson Liz , Vaughan Cathy , Williams Hennie
Published: August 2014

Background Australia’s philanthropic sector is growing and could support efforts to improve sexual and reproductive health (SRH). However, philanthropy is often misunderstood in Australia and there is limited evidence of philanthropic support for SRH initiatives. Methods: We aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators to philanthropic funding of SRH initiatives in Australia. A qualitative approach was used and involved 13 in-depth interviews with professionals from the philanthropic sector, and from organisations and services involved in SRH. Results: Barriers to organisations in seeking philanthropic funding for SRH activities included insufficient resources for writing grant applications and the small financial value of philanthropic grants. Facilitators to seeking philanthropic funding for SRH included a perception that government funding is shrinking and that philanthropic research grants are less competitive than government grants. Philanthropic participants identified that barriers to funding SRH include the sensitive nature of SRH and the perceived conservative nature of philanthropy. Facilitators identified by these participants in supporting SRH initiatives included networking and relationships between grant-makers and grant-seekers. All participants agreed that philanthropy does and could have a role in funding SRH in Australia. Conclusions: The findings of this research suggest that barriers to philanthropic funding for SRH in Australia exist for organisations attempting to access philanthropic funding. Philanthropic organisations could provide more financial support to Australian SRH service providers, as happens in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. Addressing these barriers and promoting the facilitators could lead to increased awareness of SRH by Australia’s philanthropic sector.
Regulation, taxation and violence: the state, quasi-state governance and cross-border dynamics in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Reyntjens Filip
Published: August 2014

The conflicts that have plagued the Great Lakes Region during the last 20 years are domestic and regional at the same time, with considerable inputs and outputs across national borders. As elsewhere in Africa and the world, borders unite as much as they divide. State weakness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and border porosity enable non-state armed groups, neighbouring governments' armies and private entrepreneurs of instability to freely operate on Congolese soil. As most analyses tend to focus on the macro-level structures and patterns of economic control, they do not take into account the dynamic processes of renegotiation of the existing local political, social and economic space. This article attempts to bring together hitherto scattered micro-level field data and analyses produced by other scholars and UN experts, which it organises in five themes: regulatory activities, including taxation; the straddling of public and private spheres; the struggles for control; the transnational nature of activities and, closely linked, profound regional integration; and non-state groups acting as proxies for states. In addition to addressing the greed versus grievance debate, the cases presented here challenge a recent strand in research that sees criminal activities and forms of ‘hybrid governance’ as potential processes towards state formation.
Chiefs, NGOs and alternative conflict resolution mechanisms in post-conflict Sierra Leone
Authors: Conteh Felix Marco
Published: August 2014

The nature of chieftaincy has been identified as one of the causes of Sierra Leone's civil conflict, but the institution has largely retained its pre-war privileges and conflict triggers. Using evidence from ethnographic research, this piece investigates the tensions between chiefs and NGOs in alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Chiefs perceive NGOs as undercutting their powers and livelihood, resulting in strains. Given the entrenched nature of chieftaincy, current attempts by NGOs to ensure better judicial outcomes for the poor will produce limited success, if the prevailing atmosphere of mistrust persists. A trustful and congenial relationship between chiefs and NGOs is proposed.
Leibniz as Librarian
Authors: Palumbo Margherita
Published: August 2014

This chapter examines the work of Leibniz related to library science. It explains that books served as a constant background over the course of Leibniz’s life and activities, and inspired his interests and studies in an extraordinary variety of fields. It offers arguments against scholars’ criticisms that limited Leibniz’s role in library science to that of a pure theoretician, and suggests that this discipline can only be understood correctly if considered in terms of its connection with crucial aspects of Leibniz’s thought. It also considers Leibniz’s ideal of the bibliothèque à sa phantasie and the construction of an encyclopedia or universal repertorium.
Arguments for the Existence of God
Authors: Look Brandon C.
Published: August 2014

This chapter critically discusses Leibniz’s arguments for the existence of God. It explores Leibniz’s improvements on the traditional ontological arguments of Anselm and Descartes, as well as his version of the cosmological argument and his argument from eternal truths. It is suggested that, while Leibniz’s arguments are unlikely to move a hardened atheist, they do offer important insights about the status of the existence predicate, the nature of modality, and the nature of mathematical knowledge.
Probability and Statistics
Authors: Cussens James
Published: August 2014

This chapter investigates why Leibniz, an outstanding mathematician with deep interest in combinatorial reasoning, failed to contribute to the mathematics of probability. It explains that Leibniz was more interested in developing a new kind of logic that could guide human reasoning in all circumstances and that this logic is contained in his De incerti aestimatione. This chapter also considers the three important probabilistic and statistical ideas that Leibniz addressed. It concludes that while Leibniz was not as prominent a philosopher of probability and statistics as the likes of John Maynard Keynes and Bruno de Finetti, his influence, while underacknowledged, is substantial.
Cancer and Depression
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Nezu Christine Maguth , Greenberg Lauren M. , Salber Kristin
Published: August 2014

The authors focus on cancer, a group of medical diseases that have been found to have a robust association with depression. It begins with the etiology of cancers, followed by information about the prevalence of depression among cancer patients and a discussion of shared risk and causal factors of both depression and cancer. The authors then discuss assessment of depression among cancer patients, including diagnostic approaches, methods of detection, and measures of depression. This is followed by a section on psychosocial interventions for depression in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines.
Multidisciplinary Treatments and Medications for Depressive Disorders and Comorbidity
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: August 2014

Compared with episodic depression, chronic depression and treatment resistant depression have higher rates of comorbidity, more persistent social and vocational disability, an increased risk of suicide, greater medical morbidity and mortality, and greater health care utilization and costs. A large number of antidepressant medications and other psychotropic drugs, depression-focused psychotherapies, and neuromodulation therapies are available for the treatment of depression. Many drugs or psychotherapies are used for the treatment of other psychiatric disorders or medical conditions, and they should be considered relevant when these comorbidities exist with depression. Selecting treatments for depression must take into account the clinical implications of the presence of any comorbidities. Because comorbidity is associated with depressive chronicity and treatment resistance, various approaches to treating chronic depression or TRD have been investigated. Treating depressed patients with comorbid psychiatric, personality, or medical disorders is a clinical challenge that requires effective multidisciplinary collaboration.
Cognitive Therapy for Comorbid Depression
Authors: Whisman Mark A. , BE Daniel
Published: August 2014

Depression often co-occurs with other Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders. This chapter presents a model for how cognitive therapy (CT) of depression can be adapted in conceptualizing and treating the complex set of issues and problems that often accompany comorbid depression. It begins with a discussion of the prevalence of comorbidity in community and clinical samples, then review the research on comorbidity and outcome to CT for depression, followed by a model for adapting or modifying CT for patients who present with depression and a comorbid Axis I or Axis II disorder. The chapter concludes with specific clinical guidelines for treating depression that co-occurs with anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders.
HIV/AIDS and Depression
Authors: Blashill Aaron J. , Gordon Janna R. , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Safren Steven A.
Published: August 2014

Depression is highly prevalent among individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Depression not only affects quality of life for this population but also confers significant barriers to optimizing self-care behaviors, which are essential to medical care. Two of the most important HIV/AIDS care behaviors are medication adherence and safe sex practices; inadequacy in both can be associated with depression. Depression among those living with HIV/AIDS also is associated with substance abuse, which in turn predicts poor self-care. Importantly, there has recently been an emphasis on creating and testing integrative psychosocial interventions that address depression and self-care behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS. These combination treatments have displayed initial efficacy and appear to be efficient in addressing multiple health behaviors. This chapter briefly reviews the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and salient biological outcomes in the context of depression. It then discusses the role of depression and self-care behaviors and it concludes with a review of interventions and future research priorities.
Sleep Disorders and Depression
Authors: Carney Colleen E. , Moss Taryn G.
Published: August 2014

Major depressive disorder (MDD) commonly occurs with several sleep disorders, including hypersomnia, breathing or limb-related sleep disturbances, and most notably chronic insomnia. A bidirectional relationship exists between sleep and mood problems, and both issues often warrant timely clinical management. However, there are several assessment- and treatment-related complexities that complicate the clinical management of such patients. For example, there are several overlapping symptoms for MDD and both insomnia and hypersomnia, and the two sleep conditions are both listed as possible symptoms in the diagnostic criteria for MDD. This has led to a well-documented problem of underrecognizing and undertreating these significant disorders in the context of MDD. Moreover, certain effective depression treatments can actually worsen the coexisting sleep disorder. Understanding and treating both disorders (i.e., MDD and the co-occurring sleep disorder) is imperative for effective clinical care. Almost all (i.e., up to 90%) of those with depression report sleep problems. This chapter provides an overview of the etiologic, assessment, and treatment issues inherent in this very large, highly prevalent group.
Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Christensen Alan J. , Van Liew Julia R. , Kellerman Quinn D.
Published: August 2014

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent medical condition posing a range of unique physical and self-management demands for patients and presenting a variety of patient management challenges for clinicians. Co-morbid depression and other psychiatric disorders represent a significant detriment to the quality of life and clinical outcomes of CKD patients. Evidence suggests that 12% to 40% of individuals in the later stages of CKD meet DSM (III, IV, or IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder. Moreover, the existence of comorbid depression has been associated with earlier patient mortality. Depression assessment is itself complicated by the physiologic and medical treatment status of the patient, and depression is believed to be both underdiagnosed and undertreated in this population. Rigorous empirical demonstrations of the safety and/or efficacy of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for depression are limited for this population. However, a number of important factors that should be considered in treating depression in kidney disease patients have been identified. This chapter summarizes these and other key clinical recommendations relevant to the evaluation and treatment of co-morbidity of depression in this population.
Treatment of Depressive Disorders and Comorbidity in Ethnic Minority Groups
Authors: Le Huynh-Nhu , Boyd Rhonda C. , Lara Ma. Asunción
Published: August 2014

Depression is comorbid with anxiety, substance use, and medical conditions in majority and ethnic minority populations. Despite recognition of the growing diversity of racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, there are significant mental health disparities among them. This chapter reviews literature on interventions of depressive disorders and other mental and medical health conditions in ethnic minority groups. It focuses on (1) the adult population, (1) treatment interventions, and (3) ethnic minority groups in the United States. This review illustrates that research on treatment of depression comorbidity is quite limited for ethnic minorities. Therefore this chapter also discusses how cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions for major depression can further inform the extent to which interventions for depression comorbidity can be adapted for ethnic minority populations. Research gaps, recommendations, future directions, and treatment guidelines for practitioners related to depression comorbidity and ethnic minority groups are discussed.
Intimate Relationships
Authors: Stroud Catherine B. , Feinstein Brian A. , Bhatia Vickie , Hershenberg Rachel , Davila Joanne
Published: August 2014

The concurrent and longitudinal association between intimate relationship dysfunction and depression is well established in both adolescents and adults. This association can be best understood as a bidirectional transactional one, such that intimate relationship dysfunction and depression reciprocally influence one another over time. This chapter reviews the existing research in this area, focusing on the main components and processes of intimate relationships (including how they start, function, and end) in relation to depression. Adolescent research has also focused on how romantic and sexual experiences relate to depression, which is also reviewed. Finally, couple therapy, particularly cognitive behavioral couple therapy, is discussed as an efficacious treatment for comorbidity and intimate relationship dysfunction-depression. Future directions for research are also suggested.
Obesity
Authors: Dutton Garreth R. , Needham Belinda L.
Published: August 2014

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate a positive association between obesity and depression. While some evidence suggests that depression is a risk factor for obesity, other findings indicate that obesity is a risk factor for depression. Therefore the directionality of this relationship remains unclear. Alternatively, there may be common mediating biological or environmental contributors accounting for this association. Potential biological mediators include dysregulation of the HPA axis, leptin resistance, and inflammatory immune responses. Environmental and psychological mediators may include a history of abuse and binge eating. It is also possible that the association between obesity and depression is most pronounced among particular subsets of individuals (e.g., women, those with more severe obesity). A better understanding of this depression-obesity association is needed to guide treatment recommendations for obese clients with comorbid depression. Future research is also needed to determine who is most vulnerable to experiencing comorbid depression and obesity.
Family Relationships, Emotional Processes, and Adolescent Depression
Authors: Abaied Jamie L. , Rudolph Karen D.
Published: August 2014

This chapter reviews theory and research examining the co-occurrence of disrupted family functioning and adolescent depressive symptoms and disorders. It focuses on three key aspects of family functioning: family adversity, parent-child relationships, and parenting behavior. It concludes that research supports the presence of bidirectional associations between family functioning and adolescent depression. Furthermore, this chapter provides an integrative framework that conceptualizes emotional functioning as a key mechanism through which family relationships and adolescent depression mutually influence one another over time.
Perinatal Depression
Authors: Felder Jennifer N. , Lindemann Abigail , Dimidjian Sona
Published: August 2014

Depression is a common problem among pregnant andpostpartum women, with rates comparable to or greater than those among women of childbearing age who are not pregnant or postpartum. Perinatal depression is associated with a wide range of unique assessment and treatment complexities, risk factors, and consequences for women and offspring. In this chapter, we review current research on the prevalence of perinatal depression, etiology, risk factors, and consequences, and we discuss assessment strategies and interventions. Limitations to current research and future research directions are noted. We conclude with guidelines for practitioners for assessing and treating depression during the perinatal period.
Comorbidity of Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression
Authors: Langer Julia K. , Rodebaugh Thomas L.
Published: August 2014

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are prevalent disorders that exhibit a high rate of co-occurrence. Furthermore, these disorders have been shown to be associated with each other, suggesting that the presence of one disorder increases risk for the other disorder. In this chapter, we discuss relevant theories that attempt to explain why SAD and MDD are related. We propose that the available evidence provides support for conceptualizing the comorbidity of SAD and MDD as resulting from a shared underlying vulnerability. There is evidence that this underlying vulnerability is genetic in nature and related to trait-like constructs such as positive and negative affect. We also discuss the possibility that the underlying vulnerability may confer tendencies toward certain patterns of thinking. Finally, we discuss theories that propose additional causal pathways between the disorders such as direct pathways from one disorder to the other. We advocate for a psychoevolutionary conceptualization that links the findings on the underlying cognitions to the shared relation of lower positive affect and the findings on peer victimization. We suggest that, in addition to a shared underlying vulnerability, the symptoms of social anxiety and depression may function as a part of a behavior trap in which attempts to cope with perceived social exclusion lead to even higher levels of social anxiety and depression. Finally, we make recommendations for the best methods for assessing SAD and MDD as well as suggestions for treating individuals with both disorders.
Suicide
Authors: Cukrowicz Kelly C. , Poindexter Erin K.
Published: August 2014

Suicide is a significant concern for clinicians working with clients experiencing major depressive disorder (MDD). Previous research has indicated that MDD is the diagnosis more frequently associated with suicide, with approximately two-thirds of those who die by suicide suffering from depression at the time of death by suicide. This chapter reviews data regarding the prevalence of suicidal behavior among those with depressive disorders. It then reviews risk factors for suicide ideation, self-injury, and death by suicide. Finally, the chapter provides an empirical overview of treatment studies aimed at decreasing risk for suicide, as well as an overview of several recent treatment approaches showing promise in the reduction of suicidal behavior.
The Big Picture
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Scott Kate M. , Shahly Victoria , Zaslavsky Alan M.
Published: August 2014

This chapter begins with an overview of epidemiological research on comorbidities between major depression and other mental disorders. We emphasize the potential value of future studies building on recent evidence of the importance of latent liabilities in investigating the dynamics of comorbidities between depression and temporally primary and secondary mental disorders. We then turn to an overview of epidemiological and clinical research on comorbidities between major depression and a number of chronic physical disorders. We emphasize the potential value of expanding the number of mental disorders in future studies of this sort to include those known to be highly comorbid with major depression, so as to distinguish between mental/physical comorbidities specific to major depression and those involving a broader latent liability.
Qualitative Disaster Research
Authors: Phillips Brenda D.
Published: August 2014

This chapter provides an overview of the history of qualitative disaster research since the 1920s. Challenges associated with conducting disaster research, particularly field-based studies, are presented. The chapter also discusses ethical challenges related to homeland security and the emotional impacts of disaster research on human beings. Sections then lay out issues specific to the life cycle of disasters (preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery), data-gathering techniques commonly used (interviews, documents, observations, visual data), and strategies for data analysis. A final section links efforts to strengthen the trustworthiness and credibility of qualitative research to disaster studies.
Evaluating Qualitative Research
Authors: Cho Jeasik , Trent Allen
Published: August 2014

This chapter addresses a wide range of theories and practices related to the evaluation of qualitative research (EQR). First, six categories of EQR are presented: (1) a positivist category, (2) Lincoln and Guba’s alternative category, (3) a “subtle-realist” category developed by Hammersley and Atkinson, and Seale, (4) a general EQR category, (5) a category of post-criteriology, and (6) a post-validity category. Second, evaluation strategies for EQR are offered by providing a variety of actual examples. Third, the chapter discusses a path forward for EQR that includes both internal and external elements. The chapter concludes with a holistic view of EQR needed to collectively construct/confront inner and outer challenges to qualitative paradigms in the twenty-first century. Twenty-first-century criteria supported include thought-provoking ideas, innovative methodology, performative writing, and global ethics and justice mindedness.
Feminist Qualitative Research
Authors: McHugh Maureen C.
Published: August 2014

Feminist research is described in terms of its purposes of knowledge about women’s lives, advocacy for women, analysis of gender oppression, and transformation of society. Feminist critiques of social science research are reviewed in relation to the development of methodological and epistemological positions. Feminist research is viewed as contributing to the transformation of science from empiricism to postmodernism. Reflexivity, collaboration, power analysis, and advocacy are discussed as common practices of feminist qualitative research. Several qualitative approaches to research are described in relation to feminist research goals, with illustrations of feminist research included. Validity and voice are identified as particular challenges in the conduct of feminist qualitative research. Intersectionality and double consciousness are reviewed as feminist contributions to transformation of science. Some emerging and innovative forms of feminist qualitative research are highlighted in relation to potential future directions.
Interpretation Strategies
Authors: Trent Allen , Cho Jeasik
Published: August 2014

This essay addresses a wide range of concepts related to interpretation in qualitative research, examines the meaning and importance of interpretation in qualitative inquiry, and explores the ways methodology, data, and the self/researcher as instrument interact and impact interpretive processes. Additionally, the essay presents a series of strategies for qualitative researchers engaged in the process of interpretation. The article closes by presenting a framework for qualitative researchers designed to inform their interpretations. The framework includes attention to the key qualitative research concepts transparency, reflexivity, analysis, validity, evidence, and literature. Four questions frame the article: What is interpretation, and why are interpretive strategies important in qualitative research? How do methodology, data, and the researcher/self impact interpretation in qualitative research? How do qualitative researchers engage in the process of interpretation? And, in what ways can a framework for interpretation strategies support qualitative researchers across multiple methodologies and paradigms?
Conducting Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Johnson R. Burke , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Tucker Susan A. , Icenogle Marjorie L.
Published: August 2014

The philosophy/theory of dialectical pluralism (DP) is first summarized. Ontologically, DP views reality as plural and changing. Epistemologically, DP follows a dialectical, dialogical, hermeneutical approach which includes listening, interacting, and learning from “the other.” Theoretically, DP is inspired by and integrates multiple theoretical concepts especially from the works of John Rawls, John Dewey, and Jürgen Habermas (Johnson, 2012, 2011a). From empirical research, the authors of this chapter draw on concepts and findings from social psychological literatures such as conflict management, negotiation, small group psychology, group counseling, group dynamics, political diplomacy, deliberative democracy, and workplace justice. DP recommends purposeful construction of teams that include multiple/different values and perspectives and stakeholders from the most disadvantaged affected groups. The group process operates from the position of equal power, the use of social psychological strategies (discussed in depth in this chapter), and working toward win-win solutions.
Philosophical Approaches to Qualitative Research
Authors: Spencer Renée , Pryce Julia M. , Walsh Jill
Published: August 2014

This chapter reviews some of the major overarching philosophical approaches to qualitative inquiry and includes some historical background for each. Taking a “big picture” view, the chapter discusses post-positivism, constructivism, critical theory, feminism, and queer theory and offers a brief history of these approaches; considers the ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions on which they rest; and details some of their distinguishing features. In the last section, attention is turned to the future, identifying three overarching, interrelated, and contested issues with which the field is being confronted and will be compelled to address as it moves forward: retaining the rich diversity that has defined the field, the articulation of recognizable standards for qualitative research, and the commensurability of differing approaches.
Writing Up Qualitative Research
Authors: Gilgun Jane F.
Published: August 2014

This chapter provides guidelines for writing journal articles based on qualitative approaches. The guidelines are part of the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology and the author’s experience as a writer and reviewer. The guidelines include understanding experiences in context, immersion, interpretations grounded in accounts of informants’ lived experiences, and research as action-oriented. The chapter also covers writing articles that report findings based on ethnographies, autoethnographies, performances, poetry, and photography and other graphic media.
Evaluating the effectiveness of psychological and/or educational interventions in psoriasis: A narrative review
Authors: Chen Yongfeng , Xin Tiantian , Cheng Andy S. K.
Published: August 2014

The aim of the present study was to review the effectiveness of psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing psoriasis severity and improving psychological and quality of life (QOL) outcomes in psoriasis. Sixteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the effectiveness of the existing interventions from this narrative synthesis is positive, especially in psychological and QOL outcomes. Of the 16 included studies, only five were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The strength of the evidence to support the effectiveness of the existing interventions was limited due to methodological weakness in the included studies. The review concludes that further research is needed to examine the effectiveness of psychological and/or educational interventions for individuals with psoriasis, including a greater number of RCTs in order to increase the methodological validity of intervention studies. Also, future research needs to be conducted to establish which interventions are most effective for specific sub‐populations who may best profit from psycho‐educational interventions.
Poxvirus‐induced angiogenesis after a thermal burn
Authors: Biyik Ozkaya Dilek , Taskın Banu , Tas Betul , Asıran Serdar Zehra , Demirkesen Cuyan , Su Ozlem , Onsun Nahide
Published: August 2014

Orf (contagious ecthyma) is a zoonotic infection caused by a dermatotropic parapoxvirus that commonly infects sheep, goats, and oxen. Parapoxviruses are transmitted to humans through contact with an infected animal or fomites. Orf virus infections can induce ulceration, and papulonodular, pustular, or ecthymic lesions of the skin after contact with an infected animal or contaminated fomite. Rarely, orf virus provokes extensive vasculo‐endothelial proliferation as a skin manifestation. Here, we present the case of an 8‐year old female with poxvirus‐induced vascular angiogenesis that developed 10 days after a thermal burn. An 8‐year‐old female presented at our outpatient clinic with red swellings and a yellow‐brown crust on them. After a thermal burn with hot water, she went to a clinic and the burn was dressed with nitrofurazone and covered for 2 days. When the dressing was removed after 2 days, nodules were seen in the burnt areas. When the clinical findings were considered with the histopathological features, a reactive vascular proliferation due to a viral agent was suspected. Following PCR, parapoxvirus ovis was detected. Viral infections such as pox virus can trigger pyogenic granulomas or pyogenic granuloma‐like vascular angiogenesis. Infectious agents must be considered when dealing with pyogenic granuloma‐like lesions.
Extremely frequent bee visits increase pollen deposition but reduce drupelet set in raspberry
Authors: Sáez Agustín , Morales Carolina L. , Ramos Lorena Y. , Aizen Marcelo A.
Published: August 2014

Production of many flowering crops often benefits from elevated pollinator diversity and abundance. Nevertheless, the opposite relationship may arise if bees impair fruit or seed production and/or quality by damaging flowers during visitation, despite transferring pollen.

We assessed pollination and drupelet set (i.e. the number of drupelets per fruit) in 16 raspberry Rubus idaeus fields along a gradient of bee abundance in north‐west Patagonia, Argentina. Using pollen supplementation, we also tested whether drupelet set was pollen limited in a subset of six fields.

Managed Apis mellifera and the invasive bumblebee Bombus terrestris accounted for 50% and 45% of all bee visits, respectively, to raspberry flowers. Pollen loads on stigmas increased with visit frequency of all bees combined and particularly with visitation by A. mellifera, but not by B. terrestris. Drupelet set was not pollen limited along the gradient of bee abundance.

Instead, drupelet set decreased with the proportion of damaged styles, which varied more strongly with the frequency of visits by B. terrestris than by A. mellifera. In fields with the highest bee frequency of visits (~300 visits flower−1 day−1), ~80% of styles were damaged in flowers and these developed into fruits with ~30% fewer drupelets compared to flowers in fields with the lowest bee visitation rates (~4 visits flower−1 day−1).

Synthesis and applications. Extreme bee visitation, particularly by Bombus terrestris, damaged the styles of raspberry flowers, precluding ovule fertilization by deposited pollen and limiting crop production by reducing drupelet set. Only a few bee visits are required to maximize fruit production in raspberry plants, therefore, pollinator management in north‐west Patagonia should focus principally on reducing the abundance of the invasive bumblebee B. terrestris and secondarily controlling the number of honeybee hives in nearby cultivated fields. Although mainstream pollinator management relies on the assumption that more visits enhance fruit set, high bee visitation rates can be detrimental for fruit development and, consequently, for crop yield.
Responses of 9 lepidopteran species to Bacillus thuringiensis: How useful is phylogenetic relatedness for selecting surrogate species for nontarget arthropod risk assessment?
Authors: Burgess Elisabeth P. J. , Barraclough Emma I. , Kean Aliesha M. , Markwick Ngaire P. , Malone Louise A.
Published: August 2014

To evaluate phylogenetic relatedness as a proxy for susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) when selecting species to act as surrogates for others in prerelease testing, we examined the responses of 11 laboratory‐reared lepidopteran colonies, comprising members of 2 families, 5 genera, and 9 species, to a commercial Bt preparation. Survival, pupal mass, and timing of pupation and adult emergence of 2 noctuids (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera) and 7 tortricids (Cnephasia jactatana, Ctenopseustis obliquana, Ctenopseustis herana,Planotortrix octo, Planotortrix notophaea,Planotortrix excessana [2 different laboratory colonies], and Epiphyas postvittana [2 colonies]) were examined after feeding first instar larvae with artificial diet containing 5 μL/100 mL Dipel® ES (Bt subsp. kurstaki). Bt caused significant larval mortality in all species except S. litura, in which only pupation was delayed compared with untreated controls. Neither of the noctuid species tested would act as a suitable surrogate for the other in tests of Bt impacts on survival. With the exception of the 2 colonies of E. postvittana, which differed from each other not only in their responses to Bt but also in their development times when not treated with Bt, species within each tortricid genus had similar responses to Bt and thus could act as surrogates for each other. Members of different genera within this family could represent each other only if relatively coarse measurement endpoints (e.g., toxic or not) were considered adequate for assessing risks to nontarget species in the field.
Down the Retirement Risk Zone with Gun and Camera
Authors: Kingston Geoffrey , Fisher Lance
Published: August 2014

The retirement risk zone represents a fragile period in the financial life cycle of people in defined‐contributions superannuation. It primarily affects people of middle means. Sequencing risk has been described as an independent risk, but it has largely been a consequence of the dominant asset allocation strategy, described here as aggressive constant‐mix. Lifetime glide paths should instead resemble a displaced V: the share of growth assets should fall by something like 20‐50 percentage points over working life, then another 5 or 10 percentage points on the day of retirement, but should subsequently rise through retirement, by something like 20‐30 percentage points.
A Comparison of Macro‐Level Sustainability Indices for OECD Countries: Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Authors: Engelbrecht Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2014

The paper contributes to the debate about how to empirically assess sustainability using the capital approach to development. It focuses on OECD countries for which intangible capital makes up a very large proportion of total wealth. After discussing growth rates of GDP per capita, total wealth per capita and its main subcategories over the 1995–2005 period, correlations between different monetary sustainability indices associated with the capital approach are explored. The conceptually preferred index “change in total wealth per capita” that includes intangible capital is only weakly correlated with the other indices. The analysis is extended to also include some prominent non‐monetary composite sustainability indices. This strengthens the earlier findings. The main message of the paper is that if we accept change in total wealth per capita as the preferred measure, commonly used adjusted net savings‐based indices might be quite misleading, at least for OECD countries.
A Tale of Two Australian Economics Journals
Authors: Millmow Alex , Tuck Jacqueline
Published: August 2014

Adelaide has made a significant contribution to Australian economics. Since 1966, the University of Adelaide and Flinders University have been the partners behind the journal Australian Economic Papers (AEP). It has been an adventurous undertaking sometimes disconcerted by financial vulnerability, which at times, threatened its very existence. After outlining the journal's history, this paper undertakes a forensic examination of the AEP, and provides a comparison with its most obvious competitor, The Economic Record (ER). Despite its bold ambitions, we find that the AEP is now Australia's second‐ranking generalist economics journal and suffering the fate of being of that genre.
Inflation and Inflation Volatility in Australia
Authors: Hossain Akhand Akhtar
Published: August 2014

This paper highlights the problem of inflation volatility in Australia and deploys quarter‐on‐quarter CPI‐inflation data over the period 1949q3–2013q4 to investigate the proposition of a feedback relation between inflation and inflation volatility in this country. The paper adopts the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) modelling technique to estimate simultaneously the conditional mean and the conditional variance of inflation and their interrelations in a dynamic context. A bivariate Granger‐causality test is then conducted to determine whether a causal relation exists between inflation and inflation volatility, as measured by the estimated conditional variance of inflation. The empirical results suggest the presence of a feedback relation between inflation and inflation volatility with a positive (adverse) impact of inflation volatility on the rate of unemployment. A second finding of the paper, based on the preferred exponential GARCH (1,1) model, is that inflation shock has an asymmetric impact on inflation volatility. A negative (downward) inflation shock is found to have a larger effect on the log of the conditional variance of inflation than the effect of a positive inflation shock of the same magnitude. These are the key findings of the paper. The concluding section summarises its other findings and draws some of the implications for Australian monetary policy.
Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake Levels During Pregnancy and Infant Performance on a Novel Object Search Task at 22 Months
Authors: Rees Alison , Sirois Sylvain , Wearden Alison
Published: August 2014

This study investigated maternal prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake and infant cognitive development at 22 months. Estimates for second‐ and third‐trimester maternal DHA intake levels were obtained using a comprehensive Food Frequency Questionnaire. Infants (n = 67) were assessed at 22 months on a novel object search task. Mothers' DHA intake levels were divided into high or low groups, with analyses revealing a significant positive effect of third‐trimester DHA on object search task performance. The third trimester appears to be a critical time for ensuring adequate maternal DHA levels to facilitate optimum cognitive development in late infancy.
Maternal Unresponsiveness and Child Disruptive Problems: The Interplay of Uninhibited Temperament and Dopamine Transporter Genes
Authors: Davies Patrick , Cicchetti Dante , Hentges Rochelle F.
Published: August 2014

This study examined how and why dopamine transporter (DAT1) susceptibility alleles moderate the relation between maternal unresponsiveness and young children's behavior problems in a disadvantaged, predominantly minority sample of 201 two‐year‐old children and their mothers. Using a multimethod, multisource design, the findings indicated that a genetic composite of DAT1 susceptibility alleles (rs27072, rs40184) potentiated associations between maternal unresponsive caregiving and increases in children's behavior problems 2 years later. Moderator‐mediated‐moderation analyses further revealed that the DAT1 diathesis was more proximally mediated by the potentiating effects of children's uninhibited temperament in the pathway between maternal unresponsiveness and disruptive behavior problems. Results are interpreted in the context of supporting and advancing the biosocial developmental model (Beauchaine & Gatzke‐Kopp, 2012).
What Will I Like Best When I'm All Grown Up? Preschoolers' Understanding of Future Preferences
Authors: Bélanger Michèle J. , Atance Cristina M. , Varghese Anisha L. , Nguyen Victoria , Vendetti Corrie
Published: August 2014

Three experiments investigated 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐year‐olds' (N = 240) understanding that their future or “grown‐up” preferences may differ from their current ones (self‐future condition). This understanding was compared to children's understanding of the preferences of a grown‐up (adult‐now condition) or the grown‐up preferences of a same‐aged peer (peer‐future condition). Children's performance across all three conditions improved significantly with age. Moreover, children found it significantly more difficult to reason about their own future preferences than they did to reason either about an adult's preferences or the future preferences of a peer. These results have important implications for theories about future thinking and perspective‐taking abilities, more broadly.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for T‐prolymphocytic leukemia: a report from the French society for stem cell transplantation (SFGM‐TC)
Authors: Guillaume Thierry , Beguin Yves , Tabrizi Reza , Nguyen Stéphanie , Blaise Didier , Deconinck Eric , Redjoul Rabah , Cornillon Jérôme , Guillerm Gaëlle , Contentin Nathalie , Sirvent Anne , Turlure Pascal , Salmon Alexandra , Huynh Anne , François Sylvie , Peffault de Latour Régis , Yakoub‐Agha Ibrahim , Mohty Mohamad
Published: August 2014

T‐prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL), a rare aggressive mature T‐cell disorder, remains frequently resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Studies have suggested that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) might possibly serve to consolidate the response to initial chemotherapy. The current report summarizes the outcome of 27 T‐PLL cases identified in the registry in French Society for stem cell transplantation (SFGM‐TC). Prior to HSCT, 14 patients were in complete remission (CR), 10 in partial response, three refractory, or in progression. Following HSCT, 21 patients achieved CR as best response. With a median follow‐up for surviving patients of 33 (range, 6–103) months, 10 patients are still alive in continuous CR. Overall survival and progression‐free survival estimates at 3 yr were 36% (95% CI: 17–54%) and 26% (95% CI: 14–45%), respectively. The relapse incidence after HSCT was 47% occurring at a median of 11.7 (range, 2–24) months. Overall cumulative incidence of transplant‐related mortality was 31% at 3 yr. These results suggest that HSCT may allow long‐term survival in patients with T‐PLL following induction treatment; however, it is associated with a significant rate of toxicity.
Colonisation and competition dynamics can explain incomplete sterilisation parasitism in ant–plant symbioses
Authors: Tarnita Corina E. , Palmer Todd M. , Pringle Robert M.
Published: August 2014

Sterilisation of parasites prevents host reproduction, thereby diverting host resources to their own benefit. Previous theory predicts that parasites should evolve maximum virulence, yet hosts are often incompletely sterilised. Whereas prior attempts to resolve this paradox have sought evolutionary explanations, we present theory and experiments showing that incomplete sterilisation can arise from ecologically driven fluctuations in parasite load. The African ant–plant Acacia drepanolobium reproduced more when occupied by small colonies of the sterilising symbiont Crematogaster nigriceps. In nature, small colonies result from interference competition between ant colonies; these territorial conflicts thus provide intermittent windows of opportunity for host reproduction. Our mean‐field model shows that numerical insufficiency of parasites can produce partial sterilisation of host populations, creating the appearance of reduced virulence even if ants have evolved to sterilise completely. This general framework helps explain both the apparent ubiquity of partial sterilisation parasitism and the ability of these symbiotic associations to persist.