bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Molecular Weight Sulfated Chitosan Efficiently Reduces Infection Capacity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) In PK15 Cells
Authors: Jiménez-Arriagada Daniela , Hidalgo Alejandro A. , Neira Victor , Neira-Carrillo Andrónico , Bucarey Sergio A.
Published: December 2021

Background
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases are a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. In addition to vaccines, the availability of antiviral polymers provides an efficient and safe option for reducing the impact of these diseases. By virtue of their molecular weight and repetitious structure, polymers possess properties not found in small-molecule drugs. In this perspective, we focus on chitosan, a ubiquitous biopolymer, that adjusts the molecular weight and sulfated-mediated functionality could act as a efficient antiviral polymer by mimicking PCV2-cell receptor interactions.
Methods
Sulfated chitosan (Chi-S) polymers of two molecular weights were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDS and elemental analysis. The Chi-S solutions were tested against PCV2 infection in PK15 cells in vitro and antiviral activity was evaluated by measuring the PCV2 copy number upon application different molecular weights, sulfate functionalization, and concentration of polymer. In addition, to explore the mode of action of the Chi-S against PCV2 infection, experiments were designed to clarify whether the antiviral activity of the Chi-S would be influenced by when it was added to the cells, relative to the time and stage of viral infection.
Results
Chi-S significantly reduced genomic copies of PCV2, showing specific antiviral effects depending on its molecular weight, concentration, and chemical functionalization. Assays designed to explore the mode of action of Chi-S revealed that exerted antiviral activity through impeding viral attachment and penetration into cells.
Conclusions
These findings help better understanding PCV2-porcine cells interaction and reinforce the idea that sulfated polymers, such as Chi-S, represent a promising candidate for uses in antiviral therapies against PCV2-associated diseases.
FDH Knockout and TsFDH Transformation Led to Enhanced Growth Rate of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Razavipour Roya , Ashtiani Saman Hosseini , Sepahy Abbas Akhavan , Modarressi Mohammad Hossein , Bambai Bijan
Published: December 2021

Background:Increased Atmospheric CO2 to over 400 ppm has prompted global climate irregularities. Reducing the released CO2 from biotechnological processes could remediate these phenomena. In this study, we sought to find a solution to reduce the amount of CO2 in the process of growth and reproduction by preventing the conversion of formic acid into CO2.Results:The (bio)chemical conversion of formic acid to CO2 is a key reaction. Therefore, we compared the growth of BL21, being a subfamily of K12, alongside two strains in which two different genes related to the formate metabolism were deleted, in complex and simple media. Experimental results were entirely consistent with metabolic predictions. Subsequently, the knockout bacteria grew more efficiently than BL21. Interestingly, TsFDH, a formate dehydrogenase with the tendency of converting CO2 to formate, increased the growth of all strains compared with cells without the TsFDH. Most mutants grew in a simple medium containing glycerol, which showed that glycerol is the preferred carbon source compared to glucose for the growth of E. coli. Conclusion:These results explain the reasons for the inconsistency of predictions in previous metabolic models that declared glycerol as a suitable carbon source for the growth of E. coli but failed to achieve it in practice. To conduct a more mechanistic evaluation of our observations, RNA sequencing data analysis was conducted on an E. coli RNA-seq dataset. The gene expression correlation outcome revealed the increased expression levels of several genes related to protein biosynthesis and glycerol degradation as a possible explanation of our observations.
SP/NK-1R Axis Promotes Perineural Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer and is Affected by lncRNA LOC389641
Authors: Ji Tengfei , Ma Keqiang , Wu Hongsheng , Cao# Tiansheng
Published: December 2021

Background

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with low overall survival during the past 30 years. Perineural invasion (PNI) was considered to be the main reason for poor prognosis. In the present study, we analyzed the role of substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LOC389641 on pancreatic cancer PNI.
Material and methods

Pancreatic cancer cell lines of BxPC-3 and MIAPaCa-2 were co-cultured with SHSY5Y cells, and then stimulated with SP to simulate the in vivo influence of pancreatic cancer by ganglion. The co-culture cells were transfected with overexpressed neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), silenced NK-1R, overexpressed LOC389641, and silenced LOC389641. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay was performed to examine the concentration of SP in cells. The cell proliferation ability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. The wound-healing and Transwell assays were carried out to determine the cell migration and invasion analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, immunofluorescence (IF) analyses were performed to evaluate the expression levels.
Results

Addition of SP in co-culture system positively regulates cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer PNI. SP significantly stimulated NK-1R/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. The concentration of 100 nmol/L for 24h was chosen to be optimal for SP treatment.NK-1R positively regulated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer PNI. The expression of lncRNA LOC389641 and mRNA tumor necrosis factor receptor SF10A (TNFRSF10A) was not affected by SP. Overexpressed and silenced LOC389641 can correspondingly change the effect of SP stimulation on pancreatic cancer PNI.
Conclusion

We found that SP/NK-1R and LOC389641 promote the cell progression of pancreatic cancer PNI. Moreover, we assumed that the pancreatic cancer PNI promoted by SP/NK-1R axis may be blocked by the TNFRSF10A/NF-κB pathway mediated by LOC389641.
Preclinical Trial of the Effectiveness of the Safety Nasogastric Tube to Detecting Tube Position Based on Tidal Volume and Pepsin Assay Results in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Macaca Fascicularis
Authors: Kartinah Neng Tine , Nuzul Sigit Mohammad , Nur Busjra M. , Ibrahim Ermita Isfandiary
Published: December 2021

Background: Generally, insertion of a nasogastric tube (NGT) does not use imaging guidance. This procedure has a risk of malposition to the lungs from 0.3–15%. The NGT verification only detects the position of the tube in the end of procedure. Misplacement of NGT into the respiratory tract can result in damage to the lungs. Safety nasogastric tube (SNGT) has been created to detect the position of the tube in real-time, simple, and inexpensive. This study aims to prove the effectiveness of the SNGT prototype in Macaca fascicularis. Result: The SNGT with an airbag size of 50% of tidal volume (SNGT 50% TV) had 100% sensitivity and specificity in detecting the position of the tube. While the SNGT with an airbag size of 100% of TV (SNGT 100% TV) has sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 87.5%. There was significant difference between the movement of airbag of SNGT 50% TV and SNGT 100% TV (p ≤ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the accuracy of placement of 50% TV SNGT, 100% TV SNGT, and conventional NGT (p > 0.05). The pepsin enzyme has better sensitivity (100%) than pH paper (91.66%) in detecting the end position of tube. Conclusion: SNGT tube has high effectiveness in detecting the position of the tube inside of the respiratory and digestive tracts to prevent misplacement.
Prediction Models for Radiation-Induced Neurocognitive Decline in Adult Patients with Primary or Secondary Brain Tumors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tohidinezhad Fariba , Perri Dario Di , Zegers Catharina M.L. , Dijkstra Jeanette , Anten Monique , Dekker Andre , Elmpt Wouter Van , Eekers Daniëlle BP , Traverso Alberto
Published: December 2021

Purpose: Although an increasing body of literature suggests a relationship between brain irradiation and deterioration of neurocognitive function, it remains as the standard therapeutic and prophylactic modality in patients with brain tumors. This review was aimed to abstract and evaluate the prediction models for radiation-induced neurocognitive decline in patients with primary or secondary brain tumors.Methods: MEDLINE was searched on October 31, 2021 for publications containing relevant truncation and MeSH terms related to “radiotherapy”, “brain”, “prediction model”, and “neurocognitive impairments”. Risk of bias was assessed using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool.Results: Of 3,580 studies reviewed, 23 prediction models were identified. Age, tumor location, education level, baseline neurocognitive score, and radiation dose to the hippocampus were the most common predictors in the models. The Hopkins verbal learning (n=7) and the trail making tests (n=4) were the most frequent outcome assessment tools. All studies used regression (n=14 linear, n=8 logistic, and n=4 Cox) as machine learning method. All models were judged to have a high risk of bias mainly due to issues in the analysis.Conclusion: Existing models have limited quality and are at high risk of bias. Following recommendations are outlined in this review to improve future models: develop a standardized instrument for neurocognitive assessment in patients with brain tumors; adherence to model development and validation guidelines; careful choice of candidate predictors according to the literature and domain expert consensus; and considering radiation dose to brain substructures as they can provide important information on specific neurocognitive impairments.
The Effects Of Some Insecticides On Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Akça Rıfat , Saruhan Islam
Published: December 2021

In the study, the topical application (1 µl/bee), contact (5 ml/pot/10 bees) and residual (5 ml/pot/10 bees) effects of eight insecticides (Methiocarb, Alphacypermethrin, Indoxacarb, Spinosad, Thiacloprid + Deltamethrin, Thiamethoxam, Thiamethoxam + Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Zeta Cypermethrin), which are commonly used in pest control in hazelnut cultivation, were investigated on Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:Apidae). The study was conducted with 10 young worker bees in 4 replicates. Knock-down effect and 48-hour mortality were determined in all three methods. The study was conducted under 65-70% humidity and 24 ± 1 oC laboratory conditions. The study findings demonstrated that the impact of the topical application was low in all pesticides, while the other two methods led to 100% mortality after 48 hours at the recommended dose. The highest contact effect was observed with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, zeta cypermethrin, methiocarb and indoxacarb, followed by thiacloprid + deltamethrin, Spinosad and alphacypermethrin. Among the insecticides tested for residual effects, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, zeta cypermethrin and Spinosad led to over 90% mortality after 5 days.
Real World Data on Cardiometabolic Diseases in U.S. Adults During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Decentralized Registry Study
Authors: Shah Parth , Magee Kim , Buccellato Kiara H , Ismond McKenna , Watson Jalisa
Published: December 2021

Background: Pre-existing cardiometabolic comorbidities place SARS-CoV-2 positive patients at a greater risk for poorer clinical course and mortality than those without it. We aimed to analyze real-world registry data focused primarily on participants with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), which were remotely obtained via a digital platform. Methods: Participants were divided into two groups: CMD or no cardiometabolic disease (non-CMD). They were evaluated based on their medical history, current medications/supplements, COVID-19 status, demographics, and baseline characteristics. The frequency of medications/supplements for CMD were compared using relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The 791 enrollees represented 49 U.S. states. The CMD group had significantly higher (p<0.0001) BMI (mean >30kg/m2) and age (mean >9 years) compared to non-CMD group. In the CMD group, participants who tested positive for COVID-19 had lower (p<0.0001) well-being scores than those without COVID-19. For the 274 participants on CMD medications/supplements, there was no statistical difference in risk of COVID-19 contracture based on medication/supplement type; however, all six participants who were not being treated for CMD were COVID-19 positive (RR ~104). For 89 participants who were on treatment for diabetes or insulin resistance, there was a 90% reduced risk of COVID-19 incidence (p = 0.0187). Conclusion: The well-being score of the CMD group was dependent on whether they tested positive for COVID-19. Type of CMD treatment did not impact COVID-19 status, but absence of treatment significantly increased COVID-19 incidence. With respect to SARS-CoV-2, our analysis supports continued use of the statins, ACE-I, ARBs, and diabetes medications in CMD patients.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04348942
Ego-resiliency Moderates the Risk of Depression and Social Anxiety Symptoms on Suicidal Ideation in Medical Students
Authors: Seo Eun Hyun , Yang Hae-Jung , Kim Seung-Gon , Yoon Hyung-Jun
Published: December 2021

BackgroundLittle is known about the role of protective factors in suicidal ideation among medical students. This study aimed to examine the association between suicidal ideation and protective (self-esteem/ego-resiliency/social support) and risk (depression/social anxiety) factors.MethodsData on sociodemographic factors, depression, social anxiety, self-esteem, ego-resiliency, social support, and current suicidal ideation were collected from 408 medical students. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify the independent impact of potential influencing factors on suicidal ideation. Potential moderating effects were also explored.ResultsThirty-eight participants (9.3%) reported experiencing suicidal ideation. Younger age, higher levels of depression, social anxiety, and lower levels of self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and social support were found to be significantly correlated with suicidal ideation. In the final model, higher levels of depression and social anxiety were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation, while higher levels of self-esteem and social support were associated with a decreased risk of suicidal ideation. Although the independent effect was not significant, the interactions of ego-resiliency with both depression and social anxiety on suicidal ideation were significant. Higher levels of ego-resiliency acted as a buffer against suicidal ideation among those with higher levels of depression or social anxiety.ConclusionsIn addition to risk factors, this study revealed the underlying protective and moderating factors of suicidal ideation among medical students. Mental health programs focusing on enhancing ego-resiliency, self-esteem, and social support may contribute to suicide prevention in medical students.
Antimicrobial Activities of Fungus Comb Extracts Isolated From Indo-Malayan Termite Macrotermes Gilvus Mound
Authors: Witasari Lucia Dhiantika , Wahyu Khairunnasa Wizdjanul , Anugrahani Bonifasia Junita , Kurniawan Dina Clarissa , Haryanto Aris , Nandika Dodi , Karlinasari Lina , Arinana Arinana , Batubara Irmanida , Santoso Djoko , Rachmayanti Yanti , Firmansyah Dikhi , Sudiana I Ketut , Hertanto Decsa Medika
Published: December 2021

The embodiment of antimicrobial components into the food packaging material has the ability to prevent microbial contamination. Fungus comb could be an alternative source of natural antimicrobial agents. In this study, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts from fungus comb isolated from Indo-malayan termite Macrotermes gilvus Hagen mound were analysed for its antibacterial and antifungal activities against food spoilage microorganisms, including Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial activity of the fungus comb extracts was evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and microdilution method. The result showed that ethyl acetate extract exhibited the biggest diameter inhibition zone for all bacteria and fungi tested. Ethyl acetate extract showed antibacterial activity in all bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.39 mg/mL and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. This extract also inhibited A. flavus and A. niger with MIC value of 0.78 mg/ml. Ethyl acetate extract contained guaiacol and syringol, which were predicted as the main antimicrobial components in fungus comb. Whereas n-hexane extract only inhibited Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus ATCC 25923 was the most sensitive bacteria tested using all extracts. In addition, A. flavus was more sensitive compared to A. niger. Overall, fungus comb extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against E.coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 25923, A. flavus, and A. niger. This study revealed that the fungus comb extract, especially ethyl acetate, could be considered as a new antimicrobial agent.
The characteristics of weather-related wind load parameters and wind 2 power quality over the Dabanchen strong gale area
Authors: Xin Yu , Liu Zonhui , He Qing
Published: December 2021

Analysis of data from cup and ultrasonic anemometers on a 100 m-tall wind mast in the Dabanchen Canyon reveals that the turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peak factors measured by cup anemometers tend to be severely undervalued compared to longitudinal values from an ultrasonic anemometer, and onsite three-dimensional measurement data are preferred for weather-related wind load calculation. This difference is related to the rotating responses of cup anemometers during wind speed acceleration or deceleration and the higher vertical fluctuation speeds driven by dynamic interactions with the sloped canyon terrain. The higher lateral turbulence is key consideration for determining wind turbine classes in Danbanchen strong wind area. The longitudinal gust and peak factors under wind speeds exceeding 25.0 m s−1 are comparable with those of typhoon-prone open, flat regions. The chances of high turbulence and unstable stratification convective processes are very high; thus, wind power collection efficiencies are not high. Except the longitudinal turbulence integral scale, China’s wind-resistance codes are not applicable due to occasional undesirable strong gales with extraordinary turbulence structures. The measured vertical power spectral density of fluctuating wind in the high-frequency domain cannot reflect the rapidly adapting features of the vast terrain under strong gales.
Indicators of Infertility and Fertility Care: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Nabhan Ashraf , Kamel Menna , Abuelnaga Yasmeen , Ghonim Mohanad , Elshafeey Farida , Magdi Rana , Gebril Sarah , Mahdy Shahd , Sarhan Dana , Mburu Gitau , Kiarie James
Published: December 2021

Background: The identification of appropriate, relevant and valid indicators of infertility and fertility care is critical to effective monitoring of progress in fertility care access, equity, utilization and impact globally. The aim of the review was to map existing literature on indicators of infertility and fertility care and summarize these indicators by typology and dimensions.Methods: This review followed the framework of Arksey and O’Malley. Bibliographic databases of published studies (MEDLINE, PubMed, JSTOR, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched from inception to June 2021. We also searched unpublished datasets and hand-searched reference lists of relevant articles. Two reviewers independently screened reports and extracted data onto a data charting table before collating and summarizing results.Results: We included 46 reports from 88 countries. The reporting of data was either voluntary in 63 countries (72%) and compulsory in 25 countries (28%). The reporting of data was partial in 63 countries (72%) and complete in 25 countries (28%). Reporting for cycles or deliveries were based on individual cycles in 56 countries (64%) and on cumulative cycles in 32 countries (36%). In types of overall typology, most of the indicators were outcome indicators (70%) with fewer being process indicators (16%) or structural indicators (14%). In terms of dimension, of most indicators were effectiveness and efficiency indicators. Indicators on safety, patient-centeredness, equity, and timeliness were under-reported.Conclusion: A wide range of indicators of infertility and fertility care exist in literature; however, most are outcomes indicators of effectiveness and efficiency dimensions, while those on safety, patient-centeredness, equity, and timeliness and non-clinical aspects are limited. These findings provide a basis for selection and prioritization of a core set of indicators to monitor progress in fertility care.Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework (osf.io/78wrg)
Changes in Spike Protein Antibody Titer Over 90 Days after the Second Dose of SARS- CoV-2 Vaccine in Japanese Dialysis Patients
Authors: Wakai Haruki , Abe Natsumi , Tokuda Touno , Yamanaka Rika , Ebihara Satoshi , Izumaru Kensuke , Ishii Daisuke , Hyodo Toru , Yoshida Kazunari
Published: December 2021

Objectives There is no report on antibody titers after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese dialysis patients. As dialysis is different between Japan and other countries, changes in antibody titers were examined. Methods Baseline characteristics and anti-spike protein antibody titers (Roche) over 90 days after administration of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine were investigated in dialysis patients. Results The maximum anti-spike protein antibody titer after the second dose was 737.9 (326.8 to 1143.4) and was reached at 19 (17 to 24.3) days after the second dose. Antibody titers decreased over time, with titers of 770 (316.4 to 1089) at 15 days, 385 (203 to 689.7) at 30 days, 253.5 (138 to 423) at 60 days, and 208 (107 to 375) at 90 days after the second dose. When an antibody titer of 137.052 U/mL was assumed to be a measure related to breakthrough infection, the proportion of subjects with antibody titers exceeding this level was 90.1％ at 15 days, 85.3% at 30 days, 75.0% at 60 days, and 65.4% at 90 days after the second dose. When a decrease in antibody titers below the assumed breakthrough level was defined as an event, subjects with a pre-dialysis albumin ≥ 3.5 were significantly less likely to experience an event than subjects with a pre-dialysis albumin < 3.5. In addition, this study suggests that the presence of anti-spike protein levels ≥ 313 at 30 days after the second vaccine dose might be a factor in maintaining antibody titers exceeding the assumed breakthrough level at 90 days after the second dose. Conclusions The maximum antibody titers and the antibody titers at 90 days after the second vaccine dose in Japanese dialysis patients were approximately 30% of those in non-dialysis individuals reported otherwise, it was similar to those in dialysis patients in other countries. Whether an additional vaccine dose is needed should be determined based on indicators serving as factors in maintaining antibody titers as well as the status of the spread of infection.
The genetic diversity of Asplenium viride (Aspleniaceae) fern colonizing heavy metal-polluted sites
Authors: Woch Marcin , Grzegorz  , Jedrzejczyk Iwona , Podsiedlik Marek , Stefanowicz Anna
Published: December 2021

Heavy metals can affect the morphology, physiology and evolution of plants. Asplenium viride is a diploid species, belonging to the largest genus of the cosmopolitan fern family Aspleniaceae, and occurring on various types of alkaline rocks. It is known to colonize sites with high concentrations of heavy metals, exhibiting changes in frond morphology. Microevolutionary processes, manifesting as changes in genome size and new genotype formation, can ultimately lead to the formation of new subspecies and speciation. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological and genetic diversity of A. viride, and to test for a potential correlation between variability and heavy metal concentration. Analysis of A. viride specimens, from one metalliferous site and five non-metalliferous localities, showed no apparent variation in genome size between plants from affected and non-affected sites. There was no significant correlation between genetic variability and heavy metal concentration. This was possibly due to intragametophytic selfing, caused by patchy habitats and subsequent founder effects, resulting from long-distance colonization by single spores.
In Silico study of Wheatgrass constituents against Coronavirus COVID-19 Proteins.
Authors: Srus Deshmukh , Pravin Badhe , Kishor Otari , Ashwini Badhe
Published: December 2021

As a result of COVID-19, the coronavirus associated with SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as the most lethal and infectious pandemic in history. Vaccines alone cannot assure us of a healthy future. As a result, drug production must go hand in hand with vaccine production. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of certain chemical constituents of Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum Linn.,) that may be useful for treatment of COVID19. Seven chemical constituents of Wheatgrass, including Ascobic acid (SWA00A), Rutin (SWA00B), Ferulic acid (SWA00C), quercetin (SWA00D), Luteolin (SWA00E), Apigenin (SWA00F), and Kaempferol (SWA00G), were used for virtual screening. Covid19 viral proteins such as 6lu7-SARS-CoV2 main protease, 6zsl-SARS-CoV-2 helicase, 6w9c-papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2, and 6m71-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase were selected for study. Drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 namely Remdesivir, Darunavir, Ralimetinib, Berzosertib, Alpha-interferon, Arabinol, Chloroquine phosphate, Indinavir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Plegylated alfa interferon, 2-chloro-2-deoxy-D-glucose are taken as standards. Molecular docking was performed using the PyRx Virtual Screening tool. Among all 7 chemical components, Rutin (SWA00B) had the strongest binding affinity. According to the present study, Rutin present in Wheatgrass shows the highest potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Wheatgrass has promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties, but further research is needed to prove their efficacy in vivo.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Enhancing Non-Communicable Diseases Health Literacy of Indian Youth
Authors: Jindal Rahul M.
Published: December 2021

Background

There is a theory-praxis gap related to health literacy interventions focused on non-communicable diseases (NCD) among young people. We designed a NCD curriculum and investigated its’ effect on health literacy in non-medical, non-nursing college students in India. We deliberately selected non-medical and non-nursing college students as we hypothesized they would have minimal baseline knowledge of NCDs.
Methods

We initially carried out a pilot study in 85 students in a four-day long workshop (12 teaching hours) using empirically developed health literacy instrument. We administered the curriculum to 120 randomly selected students in 4 colleges, while 50 students were controls. The curriculum was given over 4 days for a total of 32 hours. Each lecture comprised of didactic lecture followed by discussion and skills testing of measuring BP and blood sugar. Health literacy was measured using a specifically designed tool at baseline and endline. Difference in health literacy scores between the two time-points was analyzed using the t-test. Multiple linear and Poisson regression models were used for covariates.
Results

Study groups were comparable at baseline. The intervention group showed 20.6% higher health literacy score at endline versus control group (p<0.001). Participants scoring 40% or above on the health literacy measure in both groups were comparable at baseline. However, the proportion of participants scoring 40% or above was higher in the intervention group versus control group at endline (p<0.001).
Conclusions

We provide empirical data to support incorporation of NCDs as a credit course in college curricula in low and middle income countries. This is the first study in the Indian context that addressed NCD-related health literacy in a randomized trial.
Peacocks and the Zeta distributions
Authors: Imad El ghazi
Published: December 2021

We prove in this short paper that the stochastic process defined by: $$Y_{t} := \frac{X_{t+1}}{\mathbb{E}\left[ X_{t+1}\right]},\; t\geq a > 1,$$ is an increasing process for the convex order,where Χt a random variable taking values in N with probability P(Χt = n) = n-t/(𝛇(t)) and 𝛇(t) = +∞∑k=1(1/kt), ∀t > 1.
Achieving Quality and Effectiveness in Dementia Using Crisis Teams (AQUEDUCT): A Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial of a Resource Kit.
Authors: Coleston-Shields Donna Maria , Challis David , Worden Angela , Broome Emma , Dening Tom , Guo Boliang , Hoe Juanita , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Moniz-Cook Esme , Morris Steve , Poland Fiona , Prothero David , Orrell Martin
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUNDImproving care at home for people with dementia is a core policy goal in the dementia strategies of many European countries. A challenge to effective home support is the occurrence of crises in the care of people with dementia which arise from changes in their health and social circumstances. Improving the management of these crises may prevent hospital admissions and facilitate better and longer care at home. This trial is part of a National Institute for Health Research funded programme, AQUEDUCT, which aims to improve the quality and effectiveness of teams working to manage crises in dementia.METHODS/DESIGNIt is a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of an online Resource Kit to enhance practice in teams managing crises in dementia care. Thirty teams managing mental health crises in dementia in community settings will be randomised between the Resource Kit intervention and treatment as usual. The primary outcome measure is psychiatric admissions to hospital for people with dementia in the teams’ catchment area recorded six months after randomisation. Other outcomes include: quality of life measures for people with dementia and their carers; practitioner impact measures; acute hospital admissions; and costs. To enhance understanding of the resource kit intervention, qualitative work will explore staff, patient and carers’ experience.DISCUSSIONThe Resource Kit intervention reflects current policy to enable home-based care for people with dementia by addressing the management of crises which threaten the viability of care at home. It is based upon a model of best practice for managing crises in dementia designed to enhance the quality of care, developed in partnership with people with dementia, carers and practitioners. If the Resource Kit is shown to be clinically and cost effective in this study, this will enhance the probability of its incorporation into mainstream practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN 42855694; Registered on 04/03/2021; Protocol number: 127686/2020v9; Research Ethics Committee, 09/03/2021, Ref 21/WM/0004; IRAS ID: 289982https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN42855694
COVID-19 test positivity rate dynamics in West Sumatra, Indonesia: a retrospective study
Authors: Putra Syandrez Prima , Lailani Mutia , Mahata Liganda Endo , Rezvi SM , Putra Andani Eka
Published: December 2021

Background: COVID-19 test positivity rate (TPR) is essential to estimate and control SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a population at a specific time, yet the TPR trends at a provincial level in Indonesia are unclear. This study aimed to determine the COVID-19 TPR dynamics of the Indonesian West Sumatra province in the first year of documented cases.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using secondary data of the COVID-19 quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (q-RT-PCR) test in West Sumatra Province from April 2020 to March 2021. To examine trends, we estimated TPR(s) on an annual, quarterly, and monthly basis in the province, its regions (cities/ regencies), and districts.Results: From a total of 410,424 individuals taking the COVID-19 q-RT-PCR examination during one year, the provincial TPR was 8.11%. The third quarter (October 2020 – December 2020, 12.18%) and October 2020 (15.62%) had the highest TPR quarterly and monthly, respectively. The TPR of cities was almost certainly twice that of regencies. Annual TPR varied significantly (p<0.001) across regions, districts, and periods.Conclusion: The COVID-19 TPR trends in West Sumatra at the first year of the pandemic were generally higher than the global recommendation. Further study on population density, public mobility, and implementation of health protocol in the province should be valuable to understand TPR dynamics.
Bio quantum path duality metamorphosizes Newtonian rigid inertia into bio-inertia
Authors: Lai Yi Yu
Published: December 2021

Newtonian inertia has initiated science centuries ago and dictates modern society with isolated logic systems. The hidden premise of this system is rigid existence in an isolated environment that defies any internal motion. The equivalent principle from general relativity and the T-symmetry reversible processes from thermodynamics also rely on such a notion. However, bio-inertia originates from the blind spots of this system; surface tension region inversion as the most general interactions is sacrificed for methodological isolation/test purposes and then neglected by science. We define and experiment bio-inertia as “parameter-against-gravity-recovery”, revealing the interaction between Planck regions and surface tension regions issues negentropy, conventional quantum collapse period is then extended to lifespan. This modulation which integrates quantum mechanics, gravitational waves, thermodynamics into surface tension bio quantum path duality needs to break the isolated logic method and takes musical inversion as structural dynamics in bio-systems, generalized as Basic Law of Evolution. An original evolutionary physical string oscillation memory equation is unveiled for the first time.
Transfer Learning Based Surface Roughness Prediction Integrating Tool Wear Under Variable Cutting Parameters
Authors: Wang Yahui , Zheng Lianyu , Wang Yiwei , Zhou Jian , Tao Fei
Published: December 2021

The monitoring of surface quality in machining is of great practical significance for the reliability and life of high-value products such as rocket, spacecraft and aircraft, particularly for their assembly interfaces of these products. Surface roughness is an important metric to evaluate the surface quality. The current research of online surface roughness prediction has the following limitations. The effect of the varying tool wear on the surface roughness is rarely considered in machining. In addition, the deteriorating trend of surface roughness and tool wear is different under variable cutting parameters. Prediction models trained under one set of cutting parameters fail when cutting parameters change. This paper proposes a surface roughness prediction method considering the varying tool wear under variable cutting parameters. A stacked autoencoder and long short-term memory network (SAE-LSTM) is designed as the basic surface roughness prediction model that uses tool wear conditions and sensor signals as the input. The transfer learning strategy is applied on SAE-LSTM such that the surface roughness online prediction under variable cutting parameters can be realized. Machining experiments for the assembly interface (Ti6Al4V material) of the aircraft’s vertical tail are conducted and the monitoring data are used to validate the proposed method. Ablations studies are carried out to evaluate the key modules of the proposed model. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other models and well track the true surface roughness over time.
Impact of Various Types of Polluted Water, Rhizome Size and Water Depth on Sprouting of Common Cattail (Typha latifolia L.) Rhizomes
Authors: Gul Bakhtiar , Ghayasuddin Alma , Khan Haroon , Khan Imtiaz , Khan Muhammad Ishfaq
Published: December 2021

Three different studies were carried out in the Department of Weed Science, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, in January 2016 to examine the impacts of polluted water from various sources, water depths and rhizome size on the resprouting ability and establishment of common cattail rhizomes fragments after mechanical control. These experiments were arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD), replicated thrice. The selected experimental units were pots 20 inches wide and 12 inches deep. Typha latifolia L. rhizomes were placed in each pots and covered with a little silt to avoid it’s direct contact and desiccation from sunlight. The impacts of water quality on T. latifolia rhizomes sprouting were significant. Lowest ratio of sprouted and un-sprouted buds (50.00 % each), 1st sprout length (37.33 and 40 cm), average sprout length (17.47 and 16.96 cm), average biomass (9.99 and 10.27 g) and growth rate (0.172 and 0.196 g/day) were noted for saline water and industrial acidic effluents, respectively. However, highest rhizome sprouting was recorded for tap water applied as check followed by industrial effluent alkaline. The data regarding the impact of water depth on T. latifolia rhizome sprouting showed that sprouting (44.44 %), 1st sprout length (43.33 cm), average sprout length (20.99 cm), average sprout biomass (7.84 g), average diameter of the newly formed rhizome (0.24 cm) and growth rate (0.4233 g/day) were recorded for rhizomes placed at zero level water depth, while maximum buds sprouted at 4 inches water depth. Similarly, impact of rhizome size on resprouting revealed that minimum bud sprouting (44.44%), 1st sprout length (44.86 cm), average sprout length (0.93 cm) and biomass of newly formed rhizome (4.97 g) and minimum days to emergence (9) were noted for smaller rhizome length (2 buds) compared to longer rhizomes with 10 buds. Therefore, on the basis of our findings, saline and industrial effluent acidic, no standing water (zero water surface level) and shorter rhizome size resulted in least bud sprouting and minimized the chance of further infestation in an eco-friendly and ecological way without the use of herbicides. Whereas alkaline industrial effluents, standing water up to 4 inches and longer rhizome fragments enhanced sprouting and re-establishment of the T. latifolia and these strategies can be utilized where the aim is to grow and establish a good stand of T. latifolia for passive treatment and phytoremediation of industrial effluents, before draining the polluted water into fresh water bodies like rivers and streams.
Bioindication of Heavy Metals in a Waterfall Outflow Using a Bryophyte Community
Authors: Printarakul Narin , Meeinkuirt Weeradej
Published: December 2021

Huay Pah Lahd stream in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Thailand, is potentially vulnerable to nearby anthropogenic activities. In this study, we determined heavy metal accumulation in bryophyte tissue and their growth substrates. Enrichment factors (EFs) of heavy metals were employed to monitor concentrations in bryophyte tissue. Of eight bryophyte taxa investigated, Scopelophila cataractae showed the highest capacity to accumulate metals in tissue, particularly Fe, Zn, Cd and Cu in protonemata (8,026.7, 1,187.2, 16.9 and 530.1 mg kg-1, respectively). Furthermore, the endangered and rare bryophyte taxa S. cataractae and Porella acutifolia were found intermingled with other urban and common aquatic bryophytes. These taxa might be considered sensitive warning organisms for heavy metal stress in stream ecosystems induced by environmental pollution. Because EFs of all heavy metals were < 2, this suggests that natural processes are the key source of heavy metals; furthermore, the environment of this National Park was identified as being heathy, and an important ecosystem buffer and biodiversity haven.
Nutritional Support With Oral Polymeric Formulation Enriched With Transforming Growth Factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) in Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation (Allo-hsct): A Prospective Interventional Study
Authors: Arena Francesco , Enrico Morello , Alessandro Turra , Michele Malagola , Mirko Farina , Nicola Polverelli , Elsa Cavagna , Manuel Meris , Lisa Gandolfi , Tatiana Zollner , Eugenia Accorsi Buttini , Chiara Ricci , Alessandro Leoni , Emanuela Samarani , Alice Bertulli , Bernardi Simona , Domenico Russo
Published: December 2021

PurposeIn the allogeneic transplant setting (allo-HSCT), the prevalence of malnutrition at admission is usually low, but at discharge, may be 60% or more and it may affect the transplant outcome.The aim of this study was to reduce the incidence of severe malnutrition (PG-SGA C) at day + 28 days from allo-HSCT in patients supported with an oral polymeric formulation enriched with Transforming Growth Factor beta 2 (TGF-β2).MethodsFifty-one patients were consecutively enrolled between March 2020 and June 2021 in this prospective interventional study. As a group of control, we have retrospectively analyzed an observational cohort composed by thirty patients submitted to allo-HSCT from august 2017 and august 2018 in our institution.ResultsThe incidence of severe malnourished patients (PG-SGA C) at + 28 days was significantly lower in the group with an oral nutritional support (ONS) treatment ratio (TR) major than 50% (TR>50%) in comparison to the ones with less than 50% ONS assumption (TR<50%) (13% vs 88.9% P=0.000). Interestingly, cumulative incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) aGVHD was significantly lower in patients assuming 50% or more of the prescribed ONS dose in comparison to those who assumed less than 50% of ONS (0%, vs 29.6%; p=0.005). Pneumonia was more frequent in patients with TR < 50% compared to patients with TR > 50% (48.1 % and 12.5 % respectively)(p=0.006).ConclusionMODULEN-IBD® seems to be a promising ONS to reduce malnutrition in allogeneic stem cell transplantation and should be tested in a randomized controlled prospective trial. MODULEN-IBD® may also have some positive immunological effects on gastrointestinal GVHD and infections that should be explored in larger studies.
The Medical Student Experience in the Era of COVID-19: Reflections on the Transformation of Medical Education
Authors: Terry Aisha , Miller Janet , Rodriguez Stephanie , Haley Mairin , Ben-Maimon Sivan , Knowles Jessenia , Wahrenbrock Taylor , Photovath Jai , Duggal Neel
Published: December 2021

Phenomenon:

The American medical student perspective on the coronavirus pandemic, particularly in terms of its effects on medical education and future curricular approach, is valuable. This study seeks to provide future physicians with a voice to share their personal experience with distance learning and suggestions for medical education reform in the era of COVID-19.
Approach:

A virtual focus group of medical students was conducted on April 30, 2020. Each student was asked to broadly and candidly reflect on their personal experiences relative to the COVID-19 pandemic, and to specifically expound upon how their personal growth and medical education has been impacted. Consent was obtained. Data was coded by key ideas and themes. The content of the discussion was analyzed.
Findings:

Seven third-year medical students attending a United States traditional school of medicine consented to participate. All participants provided extensive responses to the question. The focus group lasted for 2 hours. The group expounded upon five self-initiated themes: guilt, anxiety, self-awareness, volunteerism, and autonomy. Analysis of these themes from the context of medical student wellness and the future of medical curricula led to the conclusion that three general concepts should be emphasized in reforming medical education.
Insights:

The coronavirus pandemic has uniquely affected medical students. Their perspectives can inform medical education reform relative to curricular design and student wellness. Key concepts to consider include prioritizing routine virtual delivery of content through innovative technology, encouraging increased student autonomy and self-directed learning through less prescriptive schedules, and emphasizing reflection training and sharing.
The in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of leaves of medicinal plants with phytobiotic potential in animal production
Authors: Aroche Roisbel , Jiang Xianren , Martínez Yordan , Rodríguez Román , Li Xilong , Arévalo Ana Carolina , Avellaneda Mavir Carolina
Published: December 2021

Little is known about which secondary metabolites are responsible for inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and reducing the pro-oxidant effect on the leaves of four medicinal plants used as phytobiotic in animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of four medicinal plants (Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, Morinda citrifolia and Moringa oleifera.) in vitro. A total of six bacterial strains were inoculated, then minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated in fine powder and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MBC were determined on the aqueous extract. Also, the in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, as well as the main secondary metabolites were identified and quantified by chromatographic analysis. The results showed that Anacardium occidentale and Psidium guajava leaves had higher antimicrobial activity against all bacterial strains. In addition, Morinda citrifolia inhibited S. aureus in the aqueous extract, although without in vitro bactericidal effect, while Moringa oleifera leaf did not show antimicrobial effect. All plants showed antioxidant capacity, standing out Anacardium occidentale and Psidium guajava. Mainly the leaves of Anacardium occidentale showed high concentrations of quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, kaempeferol-7-O-glucoside, quercetin, caffeic acid, and cinnamic acid. Apparently, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity are due to the main polyphenolic compounds identified in medicinal plants (mainly Anacardium occidentale and Psidium guajava); however, further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism.
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY OF ASYMMETRIC PRE-SWIRL STATOR ON PROPULSION PERFORMANCE FOR KRISO CONTAINER SHIP (KCS)
Authors: Kang Jin Gu , Kim Moon Chan , Shin I Rok , Jin Woo Seok
Published: December 2021

The use of energy-saving devices is the most effective method for decreasing CO2 emissions, which is an increasingly concerning environmental issue. The asymmetric pre-swirl stator has been developed as an energy-saving device and has been successfully applied to various types of vessels. In the present study, a flexible material was applied to an asymmetric pre-swirl stator to determine the variation in the flow around stator and its efficiency. A fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis system was developed using the Star-CCM+ (fluid) and the Abaqus (structure). The proposed analysis system was validated by comparing the experimental results using a flexible plate in a flowing fluid. The flexible stator was applied to a 3,600 TEU KRISO Container Ship to determine the improvement in its performance compared to the previous optimum value achieved with a rigid stator. Although this application was conducted on a model scale and the deformation was small, the results of the flexible stator indicated the possibility of not only increasing the efficiency but also decreasing the vortex risk around stator blade.