bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ordered arrangement of dendrites within aC. eleganssensory nerve bundle
Authors: Yip Zhiqi Candice , Heiman Maxwell G.
Published: May 2018

Biological systems are organized into well-ordered structures and can evolve new patterns when perturbed. To identify principles underlying biological order, we turned toC. elegansfor its simple anatomy and powerful genetics. We developed a method to quantify the arrangement of three dendrites in the main sensory nerve bundle, and found that they exhibit a stereotyped arrangement throughout larval growth. Dendrite order does not require prominent features including sensory cilia and glial junctions. In contrast, loss of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) CDH-4/Fat-like cadherin causes dendrites to be ordered randomly, despite remaining bundled. Loss of the CAMs PTP-3/LAR or SAX-7/L1CAM causes dendrites to adopt an altered order, which becomes increasingly random as animals grow. Misexpression of SAX-7 leads to subtle but reproducible changes in dendrite order. Our results suggest that differential expression of CAMs allows dendrites to self-organize into a stereotyped arrangement that readily gives rise to new patterns when perturbed.
Effect of TDA‐producing Phaeobacter inhibens on the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum in non‐axenic algae and copepod systems
Authors: Rasmussen Bastian Barker , Erner Katrine Ege , Bentzon‐Tilia Mikkel , Gram Lone
Published: May 2018

The expanding aquaculture industry plays an important role in feeding the growing human population and with the expansion, sustainable bacterial disease control, such as probiotics, becomes increasingly important. Tropodithietic acid (TDA)‐producing Phaeobacter spp. can protect live feed, for example rotifers and Artemia as well as larvae of turbot and cod against pathogenic vibrios. Here, we show that the emerging live feed, copepods, is unaffected by colonization of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, making them potential infection vectors. However, TDA‐producing Phaeobacter inhibens was able to significantly inhibit V. anguillarum in non‐axenic cultures of copepod Acartia tonsa and the copepod feed Rhodomonas salina. Vibrio grew to 106 CFU ml−1 and 107 CFU ml−1 in copepod and R. salina cultures, respectively. However, vibrio counts remained at the inoculum level (104 CFU ml−1) when P. inhibens was also added. We further developed a semi‐strain‐specific qPCR for V. anguillarum to detect and quantify the pathogen in non‐axenic systems. In conclusion, P. inhibens efficiently inhibits the fish larval pathogen V. anguillarum in the emerging live feed, copepods, supporting its use as a probiotic in aquaculture. Furthermore, qPCR provides an effective method for detecting vibrio pathogens in complex non‐axenic live feed systems.
Consider the source: Children link the accuracy of text‐based sources to the accuracy of the author
Authors: Vanderbilt Kimberly E. , Ochoa Karlena D. , Heilbrun Jayd
Published: May 2018

The present research investigated whether young children link the accuracy of text‐based information to the accuracy of its author. Across three experiments, three‐ and four‐year‐olds (N = 231) received information about object labels from accurate and inaccurate sources who provided information both in text and verbally. Of primary interest was whether young children would selectively rely on information provided by more accurate sources, regardless of the form in which the information was communicated. Experiment 1 tested children's trust in text‐based information (e.g., books) written by an author with a history of either accurate or inaccurate verbal testimony and found that children showed greater trust in books written by accurate authors. Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1 and extended them by showing that children's selective trust in more accurate text‐based sources was not dependent on experience trusting or distrusting the author's verbal testimony. Experiment 3 investigated this understanding in reverse by testing children's trust in verbal testimony communicated by an individual who had authored either accurate or inaccurate text‐based information. Experiment 3 revealed that children showed greater trust in individuals who had authored accurate rather than inaccurate books. Experiment 3 also demonstrated that children used the accuracy of text‐based sources to make inferences about the mental states of the authors. Taken together, these results suggest children do indeed link the reliability of text‐based sources to the reliability of the author.

Statement of Contribution

Existing knowledge

Children use sources’ prior accuracy to predict future accuracy in face‐to‐face verbal interactions.

Children who are just learning to read show increased trust in text bases (vs. verbal) information.

It is unknown whether children consider authors’ prior accuracy when judging the accuracy of text‐based information.

New knowledge added by this article

Preschool children track sources’ accuracy across communication mediums – from verbal to text‐based modalities and vice versa.

Children link the reliability of text‐based sources to the reliability of the author.
Videos as learning objects in MOOCs: A study of specialist and non‐specialist participants' video activity in MOOCs
Authors: Stöhr Christian , Stathakarou Natalia , Mueller Franziska , Nifakos Sokratis , McGrath Cormac
Published: May 2018

Despite the emergence of massive open online courses (MOOCs) and the field of MOOC research, we have a limited understanding of the specific needs of different learner groups and how MOOCs can successfully address those needs. Video lectures and demonstrations are a central learning component of MOOCs. This paper contributes to the research community by examining the use of MOOC videos for two groups of learners. In particular, we explore whether there is an observable difference between specialists' and non‐specialists' video‐watching activity. We analyse data collected from three MOOCs on the edX platform. Our findings indicate that while age and educational background impacts the level of video activity, there is no significant difference between specialists and non‐specialists. We conclude that the MOOC format may be suited to non‐specialist groups, allowing them to self‐direct their learning and utilise videos as educational resources.
Substrate receptors of proteasomes
Authors: Jiang Tian‐Xia , Zhao Mei , Qiu Xiao‐Bo
Published: May 2018

Proteasomes are responsible for the turnover of most cellular proteins, and thus are critical to almost all cellular activities. A substrate entering the proteasome must first bind to a substrate receptor. Substrate receptors can be classified as ubiquitin receptors and non‐ubiquitin receptors. The intrinsic ubiquitin receptors, including proteasome regulatory particle base subunits 1, 10 and 13 (Rpn1, Rpn10, and Rpn13), determine the capability of the proteasome to recognize a ubiquitin chain, and thus provide selectivity for the 26S proteasome. However, the non‐ubiquitin receptors, including proteasome activator 200 (PA200) and PA28γ, have received great attention due to their remarkable compensatory roles relative to canonical ubiquitin‐mediated proteasomal degradation. Herein we review recent advances in understanding the contributions of these substrate receptors to proteasomal degradation, and introduce their substrates and interacting factors. We also provide insights into their biological functions related to spermatogenesis, immune responses, cellular homeostasis, and tumour development. Finally, we summarize advances in developing small‐molecule inhibitors of these substrate receptors and discuss their potential as drug targets.
Assessing species saturation: conceptual and methodological challenges
Authors: Olivares Ingrid , Karger Dirk N. , Kessler Michael
Published: May 2018

Is there a maximum number of species that can coexist? Intuitively, we assume an upper limit to the number of species in a given assemblage, or that a lineage can produce, but defining and testing this limit has proven problematic. Herein, we first outline seven general challenges of studies on species saturation, most of which are independent of the actual method used to assess saturation. Among these are the challenge of defining saturation conceptually and operationally, the importance of setting an appropriate referential system, and the need to discriminate among patterns, processes and mechanisms. Second, we list and discuss the methodological approaches that have been used to study species saturation. These approaches vary in time and spatial scales, and in the variables and assumptions needed to assess saturation. We argue that assessing species saturation is possible, but that many studies conducted to date have conceptual and methodological flaws that prevent us from currently attaining a good idea of the occurrence of species saturation.
Neuromotor development in children. Part 4: new norms from 3 to 18 years
Authors: Kakebeeke Tanja H , Knaier Elisa , Chaouch Aziz , Caflisch Jon , Rousson Valentin , Largo Remo H , Jenni Oskar G
Published: May 2018

Aim

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to provide normative data for motor proficiency (motor performance and contralateral associated movements [CAMs]) in typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age using an updated version of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA‐2).

Method

Six‐hundred and sixteen typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age were enrolled from day‐care centres, kindergartens, and schools, and were tested using the ZNA‐2 with improved items of the original battery. Motor proficiency was assessed on five components (fine motor tasks, pure motor tasks, static balance, dynamic balance, and CAMs) as a function of age and sex to determine centile curves for each task. Intraobserver, interobserver, and test–retest reliabilities were evaluated.

Results

Most ZNA‐2 tasks featured a marked developmental trend and substantial interindividual variability. Test–retest reliability was generally high (e.g. static balance 0.67; CAMs 0.81; and total scores 0.84).

Interpretation

The ZNA‐2 is a reliable and updated test instrument to measure motor proficiency in children from 3 to 18 years with improved properties for assessing motor performance. It allows continuous measurement without changing items for the entire age range; this feature of the ZNA‐2 is unique and makes the instrument suitable for clinical purposes. The reduction of CAMs scoring simplifies the clinical procedure and increases its reliability.

What this paper adds

The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment, Second Edition (ZNA‐2) provides new norms for motor proficiency in children between 3 years and 18 years.

High reliabilities suggest that the revised test battery is a useful tool for assessing neuromotor development.

Integration of a ‘not able to perform’ category makes the ZNA‐2 suitable for clinical purposes.
Minor neurological dysfunction and other comorbidities in children born extremely preterm
Authors: Hutchon Betty
Published: May 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Broström et al. on pages 826–832 of this issue.
Adult‐onset Still's disease initially thought to be an odontogenic infection: A case report
Authors: Hino Shunsuke , Nakamura Satoshi , Kaneko Takahiro , Horie Norio , Shimoyama Tetsuo
Published: May 2018

Objective

To present a case of Adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) initially suspected to be odontogenic inflammation.

Background

Adult‐onset Still's disease is a rare, complex autoinflammatory disease and a known cause of fever of unknown origin.

Materials and methods

The patient had both a fever and dental pain. Following meticulous examination, the patient was diagnosed with AOSD.

Conclusion

Clinicians should keep in mind that a patient such as AOSD may visit their clinics.
Immune checkpoint blockade for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nishida Naoshi , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: May 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a high recurrence rate. Currently, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the first‐line treatment for cases refractory to conventional therapies. However, the acquisition of somatic mutations can result in TKI resistance. Clinical evidence suggests that acquired immunity contributes to the suppression of tumor recurrence, indicating the potential of induced antitumor immune reaction for the treatment of HCC. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have become available for the treatment of malignancies. They are effective regardless of the response to prior therapies and a durable effect can be expected, which should be attributed to an adaptive immunity to HCC components. The results of phase I/II trials of nivolumab, an anti‐programmed cell death‐1 antibody, showed that 20% of patients showed objective response and that nivolumab was effective regardless of prior sorafenib treatment and viral status. Nivolumab received expedited Food and Drug Administration approval in 2017 for the treatment of advanced HCC after failure or intolerance to sorafenib. However, the majority of the patients remain refractory, likely due to the solid immune suppressive status, which involves many stromal cells, humoral mediators, and suppressive checkpoint molecules. Therefore, current clinical trials are focusing on how immunosuppressive conditions in HCC might be overcome using immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with different types of immune checkpoint blockades, TKIs, and other conventional treatments. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is rapidly progressing and these inhibitors are likely to be key agents for HCC treatment in the near feature.
Income inequality, welfare regimes and aggregate health: Review of reviews
Authors: Kim Ki‐tae
Published: May 2018

Wide income inequality in a society has been associated with worse aggregate health. Regarding the relationship, often termed as ‘the Wilkinson Hypothesis’, a number of empirical findings and related systematic reviews have reached inconsistent conclusions. In addition, the Scandinavian welfare regime is expected to have better aggregate health indicators in comparison with the other welfare regimes. The expectation is largely based on the Wilkinson Hypothesis because the regime has relatively narrow income inequalities. Again, related empirical findings and systematic reviews have produced inconsistent conclusions. This article reports on two rounds of ‘review of reviews’ (RR) over six previous (systematic) review articles. The first round of RR found that the review articles reached divergent conclusions. The second round of RR over another set of three review articles also demonstrated that their conclusions did not reach a consensus. Neither the hypothesised Scandinavia's good health nor the Wilkinson Hypothesis was given solid empirical backing.
Closed loop control system for dough fermentation based on image processing
Authors: Yousefi‐Darani Abdolrahim , Paquet‐Durand Olivier , Zettel Viktoria , Hitzmann Bernd
Published: May 2018

Despite the importance of the proofing process in baking industry, no online measurement system is available so far, which can supervise this process step. This article presents the application of a model‐based tuned PID controller to the proofing process in bread baking. The work includes developing an on‐line monitoring system in order to measure volume evaluation of dough pieces during the proofing process and applying the corrective actions to minimize the size variation caused by alteration in amount of yeast added to the ingredients. The controller was tuned by an optimization method. For this purpose, a mathematical model representing the volume evaluation of dough pieces during proofing was identified, which allows an off‐line search for optimal parameters of the controller. The application of the proposed control strategy to an actual proofing chamber for controlling dough leavening during the proofing process was found to be successful.

Practical applications

Besides judging the right amount of proofing time, which is always challenging in the baking industry, alteration in ingredients and different starting states of the dough (normal dough frozen dough or thawed dough) will influence the required time for the proofing process. Any changes in time requirements in the process steps creates a backlog in the whole process, which will lead to inefficient manufacturing and low product quality. Online monitoring and automation process control of the proofing process is an alternative method to overcome these problems. The present research introduces an automated control system based on machine vision for controlling the proofing process in the baking industry. The automated control system is able to reduce the need for close monitoring and process adjustments by human operators, which leads to enhanced productivity and constant high product quality.
Acid‐etching of zinc metal particles augments adsorption and removal of cashew allergens from extracts
Authors: Li Yichen , Bren‐Mattison Yvette , Grimm Casey C. , Mattison Christopher P.
Published: May 2018

Food allergens can cause severe reactions even in very small amounts, and accidental allergen exposure poses a serious threat. Methods that can be used to reduce or eliminate allergens are sorely needed in the food processing industry. The binding of cashew allergens to zinc particles was evaluated, and a process was developed to reduce cashew nut allergens from extracts using acid‐etched zinc particles. While no allergen binding was detected with untreated zinc particles, SDS‐PAGE, and immunoblot revealed that following acid treatment, recruitment, and adsorption of cashew allergens to zinc surfaces was increased. Trypsin digestion and LC‐MS/MS analysis of protein bound to zinc particles revealed the presence of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 specific peptides. The results indicated that recruitment of cashew allergens, particularly Ana o 3, to zinc particles is enhanced due to the acid‐etching of the zinc surface. The findings suggest the use of acid‐etched metal surfaces, such as zinc, can be used to reduce cashew nut allergens from extracts. This simple procedure could be used in future processing steps to reduce or eliminate cashew nut allergens from extracts used in food preparation.

Practical applications

Cashew allergens can cause severe reactions even in very minute amounts. Acid‐etched zinc particles were shown to reduce the allergen content of cashew nut extracts. The process developed here was particularly good at removing the small Ana o 3 allergen from cashew nut extracts, but also partially removed Ana o 1 and 2. Cashew allergen binding to zinc particles occurred following acid treatment, but was not detectable in the absence of acid treatment. Preparation of acid‐etched zinc particles could potentially be used in the peanut and tree nut butter industries to create hypoallergenic nut‐based spreads as alternatives to those that are currently commercially available.
Initial Validation of Measures of Sanctification in Same‐Sex Romantic Relationships and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Phillips Russell E. , Avant Sierrah , Kalp David , Cenkner David , Lucci Michael , Herndon Rachel , Maccarelli Alex
Published: May 2018

Researchers have created reliable and valid scales of the sanctification of romantic relationships and sexual behavior of opposite‐sex couples. The goal of the present study is to assess the reliability and validity of sanctification measures within same‐sex romantic relationships. Measures of sanctification and relationship adjustment were given to 256 persons in same‐sex romantic relationships living in the United States. Both sanctification measures had Cronbach alpha values above 0.80. Sanctification related to relationship adjustment in expected ways. Controlling for demographic variables, general religiosity, and self‐perceived spirituality, the sanctification of a same‐sex romantic relationship was associated with greater investment in the partnership, emotional intimacy toward one's partner, and relationship satisfaction. Sanctifying same‐sex sexual behavior related to more frequent sex and more positive emotions toward sex, after controlling for demographic variables, general religiosity, and perceived spirituality. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Hardness of Incubation Waters on the Hatching Success of Hybrid Eggs of ♀ Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus
Authors: Chatakondi Nagaraj G.
Published: May 2018

Hatching efficiency is generally lower in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, hybrid catfish hatcheries compared to hatcheries hatching pond‐spawned channel catfish eggs. Egg quality and hatching water hardness are known variables influencing the efficiency of hybrid catfish fry production in hatcheries. Previous research recommended that at least 60 mg/L hardness had to be contributed only by calcium to optimize the hatching success of hybrid catfish eggs. However, whether the effect of waterborne magnesium in hatching waters facilitates or impedes the hatching success of hybrid catfish is not known. Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of calcium alone or magnesium hardness, in combination with the hatching success of hybrid catfish eggs. Trial 1 showed that if the previously identified minimum hardness criterion of 60 mg/L was met by calcium in the hatching waters, added magnesium had no effect on the hatching success of hybrid catfish eggs. Trial 2 showed that the previously identified minimum hardness of 60 mg/L can be met by either calcium alone or magnesium replacing up to 50% of the total hardness in the hatchery waters for optimal hatching success of hybrid catfish eggs. Calcium provides a specific requirement during embryonic development of catfish. The results from this study can be used to design treatment processes for hatchery water supplies to improve efficiency of hybrid catfish fry production in hatcheries.
Physical activity as a model for health neuroscience
Authors: Stillman Chelsea M. , Erickson Kirk I.
Published: May 2018

Health neuroscience is a new interdisciplinary field that combines theories and techniques from health psychology and cognitive and social–affective neuroscience in order to understand how the brain affects and is affected by health behaviors. Physical activity (PA) research can serve as a useful model for various ways in which the brain can be incorporated into health neuroscience studies to better understand variability in the adoption and maintenance of, as well as benefits gained from, health behaviors. Here, we summarize evidence linking PA to brain and cognitive performance from studies conceptualizing the brain as either an outcome or mediator of cognitive change. We then discuss an emerging body of studies using a brain as a predictor approach. We discuss how studies using this approach complement existing PA studies and provide insight into a major source of variability in the outcomes of PA interventions, above and beyond the variability accounted for by known biological and demographic moderators. A more complete understanding of the bidirectional relationships between brain and behaviors, such as PA, could provide valuable insight into how to tailor interventions to optimally affect individuals, identify key barriers, and inform the development of novel policies to promote public health.
Catheter ablation of papillary muscle arrhythmias: Implications of mitral valve prolapse and systolic dysfunction
Authors: Lee Adam , Hamilton‐Craig Christian , Denman Russell , Haqqani Haris M.
Published: May 2018

Background

The left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles are important components of the mitral valve apparatus. Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias from these sites is challenging. We aim to describe the association between LV papillary muscle ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP), and to determine the outcomes of ablation in these patients with a focus on those with MVP and cardiomyopathy.

Methods

A total of 152 patients underwent 170 consecutive procedures for ablation of focal VAs. MVP and cardiomyopathy were diagnosed by echocardiography. Outcomes following ablation were assessed in three groups: (1) LV papillary muscle VAs versus other sites, (2) LV papillary muscle VAs by the presence of MVP, and (3) LV papillary muscle VAs in the setting of cardiomyopathy.

Results

Nine of 23 (39%) patients undergoing ablation of LV papillary muscle VAs had MVP compared to none of 129 (0%) patients at other sites (P < 0.001). In the former group, acute procedural success was achieved in 60% and 80% of those with and without MVP, respectively (P = 0.28). Medium‐term outcomes were comparable (P = 0.75). In patients with cardiomyopathy, the median LV ejection fraction improved from 40% to 54% following ablation (P = 0.007).

Conclusions

Although MVP is strongly associated with LV papillary muscle VAs, MVP does not adversely affect the acute or medium‐term outcomes of ablation. Systolic function can improve following ablation in patients with ectopy‐mediated cardiomyopathy due to papillary muscle VAs.
A sucrose non‐fermenting‐1‐related protein kinase‐1 gene, IbSnRK1, improves starch content, composition, granule size, degree of crystallinity and gelatinization in transgenic sweet potato
Authors: Ren Zhitong , He Shaozhen , Zhao Ning , Zhai Hong , Liu Qingchang
Published: May 2018

Sucrose non‐fermenting‐1‐related protein kinase‐1 (SnRK1) is an essential energy‐sensing regulator and plays a key role in the global control of carbohydrate metabolism. The SnRK1 gene has been found to increase starch accumulation in several plant species. However, its roles in improving starch quality have not been reported to date. In this study, we found that the IbSnRK1 gene was highly expressed in the storage roots of sweet potato and strongly induced by exogenous sucrose. Its expression followed the circandian rhythm. Its overexpression not only increased starch content, but also decreased proportion of amylose, enlarged granule size and improved degree of crystallinity and gelatinization in transgenic sweet potato, which revealed, for the first time, the important roles of SnRK1 in improving starch quality of plants. The genes involved in starch biosynthesis pathway were systematically up‐regulated, and the content of ADP‐glucose as an important precursor for starch biosynthesis and the activities of key enzymes were significantly increased in transgenic sweet potato. These findings indicate that IbSnRK1 improves starch content and quality through systematical up‐regulation of the genes and the increase in key enzyme activities involved in starch biosynthesis pathway in transgenic sweet potato. This gene has the potential to improve starch content and quality in sweet potato and other plants.
Current and potential therapeutic strategies for the management of vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease including those on dialysis
Authors: Ruderman Irene , Holt Stephen G. , Hewitson Tim D. , Smith Edward R. , Toussaint Nigel D.
Published: May 2018

Patients with CKD have accelerated vascular stiffening contributing significantly to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Much of the arterial stiffening is thought to involve vascular calcification (VC), but the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is complex, resulting from a disruption of the balance between promoters and inhibitors of calcification in a uremic milieu, along with derangements in calcium and phosphate metabolic pathways. Management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to reduce VC may be influential but has not been shown to significantly improve mortality. Control of mineral metabolism may potentially reduce the burden of VC, although using conventional approaches of restricting dietary phosphate, administering phosphate binders, and use of active vitamin D and calcimimetics, remains controversial because recommended biochemical targets are hard to achieve and clinical relevance hard to define. Increasing time on dialysis is perhaps another therapy with potential effectiveness in this area. Despite current treatments, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain high in this group. Novel therapies for addressing VC include magnesium and vitamin K supplementation, which are currently being investigated in large randomized control trials. Other therapeutic targets include crystallization inhibitors, ligand trap for activin receptors and BMP‐7. This review summarizes current treatment strategies and therapeutic targets for the future management of VC in patients with CKD.
Metabolomics 20 years on: what have we learned and what hurdles remain?
Authors: Alseekh Saleh , Fernie Alisdair R.
Published: May 2018

The term metabolome was coined in 1998, by analogy to genome, transcriptome and proteome. The first research papers using the terms metabolomics, metabonomics, metabolic profiling or metabolite profiling were published shortly thereafter. In this short review we reflect on the major achievements brought about by the use of these approaches, and document the knowledge and technology gaps that are currently constraining its further development. Finally, we detail why we think that the time is ripe to refocus our efforts on the understanding of metabolic function.
Transfusions of least‐incompatible blood with intravenous immunoglobulin plus steroids cover in two patients with rare antibody
Authors: Win Nay , Needs Malcolm , Thornton Nicole , Webster Robert , Chang Cherry
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

The therapeutic value of the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to correct anemia and thrombocytopenia as a result of immunologic causes (hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia) have been well established. Few published papers exist regarding the use of IVIG in adult settings. We report two patients with clinically significant antibodies against high‐incidence antigens, who were successfully transfused with incompatible red blood cells (RBCs), in conjunction with IVIG plus steroids and IVIG.

CASE REPORTS

Case 1 was a 25‐year‐old patient (Hb SC) who was admitted with low hemoglobin (Hb) and low reticulocyte count. A diagnosis of parvovirus‐induced RBC hypoplasia was made. The patient's sample contained anti‐E, anti‐N, and anti‐U. The Hb decreased to 37 g/dL and urgent transfusion was provided with E–, N–, “least‐incompatible” RBC units covered by IVIG and hydrocortisone. Case 2 was a 54‐year‐old patient who was admitted after a road traffic accident. Nonspecific weak antibody was detected. She received 6 units of least‐incompatible RBCs. She was transferred to another hospital and received 2 least‐incompatible units. Hb level decreased further and an additional unit was transfused. Samples were referred to the reference laboratory and strong anti‐Jra detected. As there was clinical and laboratory evidence of hemolysis and Jr(a–) units were not available, IVIG was prescribed and least‐incompatible units were transfused.

RESULTS

There were no hemolytic transfusion reactions, hemolysis ceased, and anemia improved in both cases.

CONCLUSION

Prophylaxis with IVIG plus steroids and IVIG should be considered as a therapeutic option when transfusion of incompatible units is necessary.
Computed tomographic description of the highly variable imaging features of equine oromaxillary sinus and oronasal fistulae
Authors: Hargreaves Laura , Dixon Jonathon J
Published: May 2018

Oronasal and oromaxillary sinus fistulae are well‐documented complications following removal or loss of a maxillary cheek tooth. Diagnosis is currently based on a combination of oral examination, videoendoscopy, radiography, and computed tomography (CT). The objective of this retrospective, case series study was to describe the CT characteristics of confirmed oronasal and oromaxillary sinus fistulae in a group of horses. Inclusion criteria were a head CT acquired at the authors’ hospital during the period of 2012–2017, a CT diagnosis of oronasal or oromaxillary sinus fistulae, and a confirmed diagnosis based on a method other than CT. Signalment, clinical findings, oral examination findings, presence of a confirmed fistula, and method for confirmation of the diagnosis were recorded. A veterinary radiologist reviewed CT studies for all included horses and recorded characteristics of the fistulae. Seventeen horses were sampled. Fourteen oromaxillary sinus fistulae and three oronasal fistulae were identified. All fistulae appeared as variably sized focal defects in the alveolar bone. Defects frequently contained a linear tract of heterogeneous material interspersed with gas bubbles, considered consistent with food. Computed tomographic attenuation of the material (Hounsfield units, HU) varied widely within and between cases. In 16 of 17 cases, there was evidence of concurrent dental disease in addition to the fistulae. Although the gold standard diagnostic test remains identification of feed material within the sinus or nasal passages, findings from the current study support the use of CT as an adjunctive diagnostic test for assessing the extent of involvement and presurgical planning.
Regularized Age-Period-Cohort Modeling of Opioid Mortality Rates
Authors: Venter Gary
Published: May 2018

Opioid mortality rates have been increasing sharply, but not uniformly by age. Peak ages have recently dropped from the mid-40s to the mid-30s. There are two age peaks that have been moving up diagonally, with years of birth around 1960 and 1980 staying near the tops, and those around 1970 generally lower. We model this history with the Lee-Carter plus cohorts mortality model, which includes variable trends by age, and a generalization of it. This can be fit by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) but statistical methods that shrink parameters towards zero (regularization) give lower predictive variances than MLE does. We address how to apply regularization to age-period-cohort models. Frequentist and Bayesian regularization are explored. The latter has some practical advantages.
Department of State's air pollution sensors go global
Authors: Kintisch Eli
Published: May 2018

Fine-particle sentinels prod governments to curb emissions.
Cannabis, opium use part of ancient Near Eastern cultures
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: May 2018

Growing body of data suggests ritual drug use by ancient Mesopotamians, Cypriots, and others.
Plan for 2020 U.S. census is fatally flawed, critics say
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: May 2018

Using existing records to ensure accuracy is unlikely to succeed, experts predict.
Ancient DNA untangles South Asian roots
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: May 2018

Study shores up steppe as long-sought Proto-Indo-European homeland.
Proposal to rescue postdocs from limbo draws darts
Authors: Price Michael
Published: May 2018

Expert panel offers mix of old and new ideas to help young biomedical researchers build stable careers.
Omen in the blood
Authors: Hall Stephen S.
Published: May 2018

A protein marker predicts health crises—but can it cause them?
Biases in forensic experts
Authors: Dror Itiel E.
Published: May 2018

Forensic evidence plays a critical role in court proceedings and the administration of justice. It is a powerful tool that can help convict the guilty and avoid wrongful conviction of the innocent. Unfortunately, flaws in forensic evidence are increasingly becoming apparent. Assessments of forensic science have too often focused only on the data and the underlying science, as if they exist in isolation, without sufficiently addressing the process by which forensic experts evaluate and interpret the evidence. After all, it is the forensic expert who observes the data and makes interpretations, and therefore forensic evidence is mediated by human and cognitive factors. A U.S. National Research Council examination of forensic science in 2009, followed by a 2016 evaluation by a presidential panel, along with a U.K. inquiry into fingerprinting in 2011 and a 2015 guidance by the U.K. Forensic Science Regulator, have all expressed concerns about biases in forensic expert decision-making. Where does forensic bias come from, and how can we minimize it?
A Novel gp41-Binding Adnectin with Potent Anti-HIV Activity Is Highly Synergistic when Linked to a CD4-Binding Adnectin
Authors: Wensel David , Sun Yongnian , Davis Jonathan , Li Zhufang , Zhang Sharon , McDonagh Thomas , Fabrizio David , Cockett Mark , Krystal Mark
Published: May 2018

There continue to be significant unmet medical needs for patients with HIV-1 infection. One way to improve adherence and decrease the likelihood of drug-drug interactions in HIV-1-infected patients is through the development of long-acting biologic inhibitors. This study describes the development and properties of an adnectin molecule that targets the most conserved region of the gp41 protein and inhibits HIV-1 with good potency. Moreover, when fused to a similar adnectin targeted to the human CD4 protein, the receptor for HIV-1, significant synergies in potency and efficacy are observed. These inhibitors are part of an effort to develop a larger biologic molecule that functions as a long-acting self-administered regimen for patients with HIV-1 infection.
CLAG3 Self-Associates in Malaria Parasites and Quantitatively Determines Nutrient Uptake Channels at the Host Membrane
Authors: Gupta Ankit , Balabaskaran-Nina Praveen , Nguitragool Wang , Saggu Gagandeep S. , Schureck Marc A. , Desai Sanjay A.
Published: May 2018

Malaria parasites increase host erythrocyte permeability to ions and nutrients via a broad-selectivity channel known as the plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC), linked to parasite-encoded CLAG3 and two associated proteins. These proteins lack the multiple transmembrane domains typically present in channel-forming proteins, raising doubts about their precise roles. Using the virulent human
Plasmodium falciparum
parasite, we report that CLAG3 undergoes self-association and that this protein’s expression determines channel phenotype quantitatively. We overcame epigenetic silencing of
clag3
paralogs and engineered parasites that express two CLAG3 isoforms simultaneously. Stoichiometric expression of these isoforms yielded intermediate channel phenotypes, in agreement with observed trafficking of both proteins to the host membrane. Coimmunoprecipitation and surface labeling revealed formation of CLAG3 oligomers.
In vitro
selections applied to these transfectant lines yielded distinct mutants with correlated changes in channel activity. These findings support involvement of the identified oligomers in PSAC formation and parasite nutrient acquisition.

IMPORTANCE
Malaria parasites are globally important pathogens that evade host immunity by replicating within circulating erythrocytes. To facilitate intracellular growth, these parasites increase erythrocyte nutrient uptake through an unusual ion channel. The parasite CLAG3 protein is a key determinant of this channel, but its lack of homology to known ion channels has raised questions about possible mechanisms. Using a new method that allows simultaneous expression of two different CLAG3 proteins, we identify self-association of CLAG3. The two expressed isoforms faithfully traffic to and insert in the host membrane, while remaining associated with two unrelated parasite proteins. Both the channel phenotypes and molecular changes produced upon selections with a highly specific channel inhibitor are consistent with a multiprotein complex that forms the nutrient pore. These studies support direct involvement of the CLAG3 protein in channel formation and are relevant to antimalarial drug discovery projects targeting parasite nutrient acquisition.
Cardioversion of suspected vagally mediated atrial flutter using lidocaine in an anaesthetised dog
Authors: Cornacchini Gianmarco , Pedro Brigite , Martin Mike , Mair Alastair
Published: May 2018

A 10‐year‐old male neutered English bull terrier was referred for investigation of sneezing and stertorous breathing. Upper airway assessment under general anaesthesia was scheduled, along with a CT scan, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. The anaesthetic protocol consisted of acepromazine and butorphanol for premedication, propofol for induction, and isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia. Laryngoscopy during induction of anaesthesia revealed paradoxical collapse of both arytenoid cartilages with complete closure of the rima glottidis during inspiration. During bronchoscopy an electrocardiogram was attached which revealed atrial flutter. Atrial flutter was converted using lidocaine into a marked respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Six days later the dog was readmitted for unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralisation. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. It was speculated that atrial flutter was vagally mediated and occurred acutely during laryngoscopy. If atrial flutter is considered to be vagally mediated, lidocaine may serve as a useful treatment.
Contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake following 4 weeks of sprint interval training
Authors: Raleigh James P. , Giles Matthew D. , Islam Hashim , Nelms Matthew , Bentley Robert F. , Jones Joshua H. , Neder J. Alberto , Boonstra Kristen , Quadrilatero Joe , Simpson Craig A. , Tschakovsky Michael E. , Gurd Brendon J.
Published: May 2018

The current study examined the contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) following sprint interval training (SIT). Twenty-three males completed 4 weekly SIT sessions (8 × 20-s cycling bouts at ∼170% of work rate at V̇O2max, 10-s recovery) for 4 weeks. Following completion of training, the relationship between changes in V̇O2max and changes in central (cardiac output) and peripheral (arterial–mixed venous oxygen difference (a-vO2diff), muscle capillary density, oxidative capacity, fibre-type distribution) adaptations was determined in all participants using correlation analysis. Participants were then divided into tertiles on the basis of the magnitude of their individual V̇O2max responses, and differences in central and peripheral adaptations were examined in the top (HI; ∼10 mL·kg−1·min−1 increase in V̇O2max, p < 0.05) and bottom (LO; no change in V̇O2max, p > 0.05) tertiles (n = 8 each). Training had no impact on maximal cardiac output, and no differences were observed between the LO group and the HI group (p > 0.05). The a-vO2diff increased in the HI group only (p < 0.05) and correlated significantly (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) with changes in V̇O2max across all participants. Muscle capillary density (p < 0.02) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase maximal activity (p < 0.05) increased in both groups, with no between-group differences (p > 0.05). Citrate synthase maximal activity (p < 0.01) and type IIA fibre composition (p < 0.05) increased in the LO group only. Collectively, although the heterogeneity in the observed V̇O2max response following 4 weeks of SIT appears to be attributable to individual differences in systemic vascular and/or muscular adaptations, the markers examined in the current study were unable to explain the divergent V̇O2max responses in the LO and HI groups.
Provenance constraints on the Xishanyao Formation, southern Yili Basin, northwest China: evidence from petrology, geochemistry, and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology
Authors: Zhang Xin , Nie Feng-Jun , Xia Fei , Zhang Cheng-Yong , Feng Zhi-Bing , Ullah Rahman , Zhang Peng-Fei
Published: May 2018

We conducted petrographic, geochemical, and new U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry analyses of detrital zircons in the sandstone samples from the important Mengqiguer sandstone-type uranium deposit located in the Yili basin of the Xishanyao Formation. This formation (Shuixigou Group) is a major uranium-bearing target stratum in the basin. The main purpose of our investigations was to determine the provenance of the host sand units that has remained unclear to date. Our petrographic results suggested that the host sandstone is texturally and chemically immature, indicating superior physicochemical conditions for later uranium mineralisation. The major and trace element data of the detrital sandstone samples point towards the upper continental crust, and the chondrite-normalised rare earth element (REE) plots show enriched light REE and relatively flat heavy-REE distribution, with a negative Eu anomaly. The characteristics of the REEs and the trace elements point to felsic rocks as the provenance of the target strata with a continental arc tectonic setting. The detrital zircons indicate an age span of ∼235–∼2327 Ma, with major age populations of ∼300–∼500 Ma. The increasing amount of zircon grains from the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous coinciding with the age of volcanic magmatic activities of the Wusun and Nalati mountains indicates that the rocks formed under the Tianshan collisional orogeny and the subsequent extensional environment.
Does salvage logging erase a key physical legacy of a tornado blowdown? A case study of tree tip-up mounds
Authors: Spicer Michelle Elise , Suess Kyle F. , Wenzel John W. , Carson Walter P.
Published: May 2018

While large-scale wind disturbances are rare, they are nonetheless powerful drivers of plant community reassembly in temperate forests worldwide. These disturbances cause the formation of tree tip-up mounds that serve as regeneration niches, but the time scale at which novel plant communities develop on mounds is unknown. Moreover, salvage logging can cause mounds to “tip back down” and could therefore erase these microsites. Here, we test three hypotheses with a replicated field experiment: (1) novel plant communities rapidly form on tip-up mounds; (2) salvaging erases these microsites; and (3) “tipped-down” tip-up mounds are novel intermediate microsites. We salvaged a random half of four 3–6 ha blowdowns created by an F1 tornado, measured 249 mounds, and censused the vegetation on 48 mounds and 48 reference plots. Plant communities on mounds had two to three fewer species, 50% less cover, and lower diversity than reference communities. However, salvaging caused modest increases in species richness and diversity on mounds and caused 40% of mounds to tip back down. The physical characteristics and vegetation of these tipped-down “inclined mounds” were more similar to vertical mounds than to reference plots. Our results suggest that salvaging may increase microsite heterogeneity across the landscape by creating novel intermediate mounds.
Performance of manned and unmanned aerial surveys to collect visual data and imagery for estimating arctic cetacean density and associated uncertainty
Authors: Ferguson M.C. , Angliss R.P. , Kennedy A. , Lynch B. , Willoughby A. , Helker V. , Brower A.A. , Clarke J.T.
Published: May 2018

Manned aerial surveys have been used successfully for decades to collect data to infer cetacean distribution, density (number of whales/km2), and abundance. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have potential to augment or replace some manned aerial surveys for cetaceans. We conducted a three-way comparison among visual observations made by marine mammal observers aboard a Turbo Commander aircraft; imagery autonomously collected by a Nikon D810 camera system mounted to a belly port on the Turbo Commander; and imagery collected by a similar camera system on a remotely controlled ScanEagle®UAS operated by the US Navy. Bowhead whale density estimates derived from the marine mammal observer data were higher than those from the Turbo Commander imagery; comparisons to the UAS imagery depended on survey sector and analytical method. Beluga density estimates derived from either dataset collected aboard the Turbo Commander were higher than estimates derived from the UAS imagery. Uncertainties in density estimates derived from the marine mammal observer data were lower than estimates derived from either imagery dataset due to the small sample sizes in the imagery. The visual line-transect aerial survey conducted by marine mammal observers aboard the Turbo Commander was 68.5% of the cost of the photo strip-transect survey aboard the same aircraft and 9.4% of the cost of the UAS survey.