bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meaning Discrimination: The D4m and D4mF Measures
Authors: Snider James G. , Cole Charles W. , Oetting Eugene R.
Published: September 2011

D4 m and D4 mF are presented as empirical designations of meaning. D4 m is the difference score and D4 mF is the variance ratio for semantic differential D4 ratings of high and low m stimuli. D4 m has been used in previous studies. D4mF is a new statistic.
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride and Reactions to Aversive Shock and Reward Decrements
Authors: Ison James R. , Page Richard H. , Gross David , Krane Richard V.
Published: September 2011

A total of 136 rats were employed in three experiments which assessed the effect of methamphetamine hydrochloride on passive avoidance behavior, on the energizing properties of non-reward in the double runway, and on the decrement in runway performance, which follows a drop in reward value. The drug increased passive avoidance behavior, did not alter the effects of non-reward in the double runway, and reduced the performance decline occasioned by the reward decrement. These results do not support the hypothesis that amphetamines increase emotional reactions; increased passive avoidance behavior resulted because the drug decreased consummatory behavior. The reduction in the performance disruption following the reward shift is consistent with the position that the drug decreases freezing behavior.
Effects of Learning Set, Verbalization, Sample Characteristics, and Meaningfulness of Material on Bi-Directional Learning
Authors: Baller William , Wilbur Sue , Edwards A. J.
Published: September 2011

Four independent variables were studied as they relate to bi-directionality in recall. The data indicate that the effect of meaningfulness of material is sufficient to offset effects of the other three variables (learning set, verbalization, sample characteristics) for bi-directional learning. A suggestion is provided for using an index of relationships identified in determining list difficulty in paired-associate learning tasks.
Clearance of Ingested Sucrose Solutions from the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat: Replication Report
Authors: Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Two partial replications of a study of the dehydrating effects of ingested hypertonic sucrose solutions (Beck, 1967) are described. As in the original study, Ss drank less 37% sucrose than 18.5% but the 37% produced greater absolute as well as relative dehydration.
Knives as Aggression-Eliciting Stimuli
Authors: Fischer Donald G. , Kelm Harold , Rose Ann
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to explore the cue value of the object “knife” in displaced aggression. Three kinds of knives were used: (1) a switchblade knife (high aggressive cue value), (2) a carving knife (high or low aggressive cue value), and (3) a table knife (low aggressive cue value). It was expected that frustration in the presence of highly aggressive cues (the switchblade knife and possibly the carving knife) would lead to more intense aggression than frustration in the presence of low-aggressive cues (the table knife and the no-object control conditions). Because of differences in roles and social learning males and females would react differently. 64 male and female university students were either frustrated or not frustrated in the presence of either a switchblade knife, carving knife, table knife or no object and then given an opportunity to evaluate an innocent peer on a 12-adjective bipolar scale. Ss were also asked to complete Zuckerman's (1960) Multiple Affect Attitude Check List (MAACL). Data indicated that for frustrated males the table knife elicited the most negative evaluations, while for frustrated females none of the “knife” conditions elicited more negative evaluations than the no-object control condition. The MAACL mood data indicated a significant increase in hostility with a nearly significant increase in anxiety and depression for frustrated males in the presence of a switchblade knife. Results were discussed in terms of their importance for understanding aggressive behavior.
Faculty Evaluations of Graduate Students
Authors: Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

EEG indexes, ratings of research potential, and ratings of research attainment 10 years later, were obtained for 30 graduate students. Ratings of potential correlated .50 with attainment of the Ph.D. and .58 with ratings of subsequent research attainment. EEG indexes were unrelated to either set of ratings.
Phenomenal Correlates of Marital Status in Junior College Students
Authors: Richek Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

Over 500 junior college students (263 males and 249 females) completed the Bown Self-report Inventory (SRI) and a brief background data form. Utilizing marital status as the independent variable and the SRI measures of harmony with the environment as the dependent variables, groups of married and single students were compared. The hypothesis that married college students perceive their phenomenal worlds more positively than do unmarried students was supported for both males and females. While absence of SES data and lack of control of the age variable make definitive conclusions unwarranted, further research using the SRI is suggested.
Biochemical and Bioelectric Processes Related to Sleep, Paradoxical Sleep, and Arousal
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

Experimental evidence has been summarized, validating the assumption that initiation and maintenance of the phases of the sleep-wakefulness cycle depend, at least in part, on the relative concentrations of intracerebral serotonin and norepinephrine (or closely related compounds), released at their pertinent sites of action. Falling asleep and sleep depend on a considerable excess of serotonin. Arousal and wakefulness depend on a considerable excess of norepinephrine. Paradoxical sleep depends on a close interplay of relative concentrations of these biogenic amines. One of the intracerebral mechanisms responsible for dissociation of the EEG patterns during paradoxical sleep has also been identified.
Word Frequency and Word Derivation in Spoken English
Authors: Irion Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

Howes' word count of spoken English was analyzed to determine the derivational sources of the words that comprise the bulk of spoken English. Approximately 75% of spoken English is accomplished by the use of only 240 words and about 85% of these words are derived from Old English sources.
Unlearning in Free Learning as a Function of Context Change and Retention Interval
Authors: Abra John C. , Belton Patricia S.
Published: September 2011

A list of 20 words was presented 4 times to 3 groups of Ss. After each presentation, Ss attempted to recall as many of the words as possible, in any order they wished. Two experimental groups then learned a second unrelated list for 6 such free-learning trials, while the third group (control) did not. One of the experimental groups had a changed environment for List-2 learning, while the other group was unchanged. Retention of both lists (MMFR) was tested either after List-2 learning or 24 hr. later. The control recalled List 1 better than the two experimental groups, which did not differ from each other. List-1 recall in the experimental groups did not change over time.
Activation and Satiation of a Sensory Reinforcer in the Chick
Authors: Meyer Merle E.
Published: September 2011

200 chicks were exposed to 1 of 5 experimental conditions of differing frequencies of light onset for 30 min. prior to a subsequent 30-min. period in which light onset was contingent upon the behavior of the experimental bird. The exposure to light onset had a significant differential effect upon elicited responses as well as light-reinforced responses during the second phase. The general results were discussed in terms of the activating and reinforcing function of the sensory stimulus.
Effects of CS Presence and Duration on Suppression of Positively Reinforced Responding in the Rat
Authors: Shimoff E. H. , Schoenfeld W. N. , Snapper A. G.
Published: September 2011

The variable of CS duration preceding unavoidable electric shock was investigated with rats as Ss. For the 6 durations examined from 3.75 to 60 sec, suppression of positively reinforced bar-pressing in the presence of CS was complete. While response suppression between CS presentations was initially severe, it gradually dissipated as the experiment progressed. A separate group of rats received unavoidable shocks not preceded by a stimulus. General suppression of responding throughout the session was more severe than with the cued-shock groups, and recovery was slower. The difference in the effects of uncued shock and cued shock was confirmed when stimulus presentation conditions were reversed between the subject groups.
‘Reality,’ What Does it Mean?
Authors: Brandt Lewis W. , Metzger Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

‘Reality’ refers to (1) a transcendental, transexperiential world and (2) the totality of one's experiences. It further means (3) what is being encountered as opposed to what is merely represented. Finally, (4) objects, actions, thoughts, and feelings are all experienced as real, unreal or more or less real. These different meanings of ‘reality’ are delineated and illustrated by various psychological issues.
Socially Mediated Stimulus Control in Pigeons
Authors: Wiest William M.
Published: September 2011

Conditions necessary for the development of social interaction were examined with 7 Observer pigeons, each working beside a Model pigeon. Observer was conditioned to pay attention to the Model's behavior. Model's key pecking rate on a multiple fixed-ratio, extinction schedule was controlled by stimuli projected on his key (not visible to Observer), but Observer, whose key always remained the same color, had no discriminative stimuli except those provided by Model's behavior. More precise control of Observer's behavior occurred when Model could be both seen and heard than when Model could be heard only.
Reduction of Conflict to One Type
Authors: Fave Lawrence La
Published: September 2011

A logical analysis of psychological conflict suggests that, when pseudo instances of conflict are discounted, the four types of conflict commonly assumed reduce to one. The only genuine type is n-degree conflict. The various consistency theories (balance, dissonance, congruity, et al.) each assume only one type of inconsistency. But, since inconsistency includes conflict, so consistency theories implicitly assume only one type of conflict.
Voluntary Running and the Estrous Variation in Food Intake in the Rat
Authors: Jennings Wilmar A.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that running in activity wheels competes with feeding and thereby accounts for the estrous Variation in food intake was tested by comparing the food intake of 16 rats given access to wheels and 16 rats not given access to wheels. Contrary to the prediction the estrous variation in food intake appeared in all rats in both conditions. Running did not affect growth in body weight and increased food intake during estrus as well as diestrus.
The Lost-Letter Technique: Predicting Elections
Authors: Bouchard Thomas J. , Stuster Jack
Published: September 2011

The lost-letter technique was validated against the 1968 Presidential, Senatorial and Congressional elections. Placement on car windshields predicted the trend in all 3 races when only the major candidates were compared. The results for a third candidate (Wallace) were very misleading and suggest that magnitude of returns is not an accurate index of voting strength. It was concluded that the lost-letter technique has some promise for predicting elections and should be more thoroughly investigated.
Conditioning and Generalization of Hostile Verbalization
Authors: Hopper Allen E. , Timmons Edwin O. , Rawls James R.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine the effects of stimulus generalization from conditioned hostile verbalization. Ss were divided into two groups of 10 males and 10 females each. One group was given partial reinforcement for using “intensely hostile” verbs, the other for “neutral” verbs. The results indicated significant differences in conditioning between the two groups, with a more accelerated acquisition rate for the group conditioned to “intensely hostile” verbs. Generalization of conditioned responses, as measured by the number of Ss who showed an increase in hostility in their post-conditioning stories, was significant only for male Ss in the group conditioned to “intensely hostile” verbs.
Note on Intercorrelations of Scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Richek Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

Male ( N = 70) and female ( N = 365) groups of upper division college students who were preparing to teach completed the MBTI. For the men a significant correlation between EI and TF was found, which is not consonant with previously reported statements of the independence of the EI scale. Results of comparisons of male extroverts vs male introverts and female extroverts vs female introverts using the MBTI scores as dependent variables are summarized.
Parental Schemata of Negro Primary School Children
Authors: Rubin Dorothy
Published: September 2011

A modified Kuethe Felt Figure Technique was used to measure objectively Negro and white primary school children's placement of self on a field in relation to parental figures. This study using a more stringent measurement for achievement than an earlier investigation (Rubin, 1968) substantiated earlier findings with white Ss, i.e., placement of “self” for white Ss is a function of both sex and achievement. The new findings show that for Negro Ss, placement of “self” is only a function of achievement.
Supplementary Report: Behavioral Differences in Mice Genetically Selected for Brain Weight
Authors: Wimer Cynthia , Roderick T. H. , Wimer R. E.
Published: September 2011

Locomotor activity and performance on several different learning tasks were measured in mice genetically selected for high brain weight and in unselected control lines. Brain size was found to be positively related to locomotor activity in an open field and to performance on brightness discrimination-learning and active avoidance tasks and negatively related to passive avoidance performance. The results provide support for the findings of a previous study on these animals and add further information on the nature of the brain size and behavior relationship.
Verbal Mediation in the WAIS Digit Symbol Subtest
Authors: Koestline W. Charles , Dent Oran B.
Published: September 2011

It has been speculated that a verbal factor is involved in WAIS Digit Symbol (DS) subtest performance. 60 Ss were supplied with familiar verbal labels, unfamiliar verbal labels, or no labels for each of the symbols of the DS subtest. Pre- and post-DS performance scores and a digit-symbol association score were compared among groups. More digit-symbol associations were recalled after learning familiar than unfamiliar labels, but no differences were found in DS performance. These results were interpreted as minimizing the possibility of a verbal loading and arguing for a psychomotor interpretation of DS performance.
Effect of Time on Tendency to Compensate a Victim
Authors: Berscheid Ellen , Walster Elaine , Barclay Andrew
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that individuals may reduce the distress they feel on harming another by making reparation to their victim, by justifying their harm-doing or by seeking punishment for the act. Prediction of which distress-reduction technique or which combination will be used has been facilitated by extending theoretical equity formulations to the harm-doing situation. The present experiment, a quasi-replication of Berscheid and Walster (1967), tested and supported the hypothesis that prediction of harm-doer response based on harm-doer motivation to restore equity to his relationship with the victim will be successful primarily when there is a time interval between commitment of the harmful act and a decision to perform a distress-reduction act. When such time is not available to the harm-doer, saliency of distress-reduction opportunity may be a better predictor.
Fear of Death and Nightmare Experiences
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 170 college students, no association was found between the frequency of nightmare occurrences and the fear of death or dying. The degree to which nightmares were remembered was also not associated with the fear of death.
Academic Grades: Their Subjective Scale Structure Based on College Student Impressions
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

70 judges' (university freshmen) evaluations of 12 grade intervals showed good agreement as had college professors previously. The Thurstonian scales were curvilinearly related to the grade-point-average scale.
Intellectual Differences in Negro and White Mental Defectives
Authors: Smith Timothy A. , Caldwell Marcus B.
Published: September 2011

Scores of 199 Southern Negro and white children whose Full Scale IQ was 69 or below were compared for the verbal and performance tests of the WISC. A multivariate test of the hypothesis of no mean racial differences resulted in the hypothesis being rejected for both sexes. A discriminant function determined from the tests classified 73% of the original Ss into their correct racial group and 63% of a cross-validation sample of 141. Examination of the function weights and test mean differences yielded the conclusion that while the whites had the typical pattern of intellectual performance found in other studies with retardates, the score pattern for Negroes resembled that of gifted children in that their verbal test scores were generally higher than their performance test scores. Implications of this finding for diagnostic and educational procedures are mentioned.
Institutionalization and Cognitive Functioning of Schizophrenics
Authors: O'Connell Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive dysfunctions, which are frequently attributed as wholly due to schizophrenia, may partly arise from the institutionalization to which schizophrenics are subjected rather than from schizophrenia itself. To test this, 60 schizophrenics were divided into 4 groups on the basis of total duration of disorder and percent time spent in an institution. When their Rorschach protocols were rated blindly, total institutionalization time had a significant effect on cognitive functioning independently of the severity of the illness.
Anticipatory Heart-Rate Changes: Environmental vs Self-Produced Mediation of the Time between a Warning Stimulus and the Required Response
Authors: Sanders Richard M. , Wood Donald M.
Published: September 2011

9 Ss participated in an experiment comparing anticipatory heart-rate changes to two different kinds of reaction times. Ss were paid for pushing a button within 500 msec, of a signal (simple reaction time) and were paid for pushing a button within ± 250 msec, of 5 sec. after a signal (internally mediated reaction time). For all Ss and under both conditions, the heart-rate was observed to decelerate during at least the 2 sec. prior to the response being made. However, return to an accelerating phase was delayed by approximately 2 sec. for the internally mediated reaction time condition.
Influence of Prior Paired-Associate Learning on False Recognition
Authors: Wallace William P.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were reported which investigated transfer from paired-associate (PA) learning to a recognition task (RL). Exp. I demonstrated that learning a PA list of A-B associates increased recognition errors to B words in RL (B words occurred a single time late in RL and A words occurred early in RL). It was argued that the appearance of the A words elicited the B associates implicitly, and this led to increased difficulty in identifying B words as first occurrences. An attempt to decrease RL errors to B words by interpolating unlearning activities between the A-B list and RL were unsuccessful (Exp. II). Exp. III demonstrated that the major portion of the increased errors to B words following PA learning was due to general PA-RL confusion and that specific A-B elicitations during RL added only slightly to this general confusion.
A 2 × 2 Intellectual Structure for Educational Capsules
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

A flexible structure is suggested for abstract educational films that do not attempt to follow a story line. Some major possible advantages in science education are reviewed with accompanying examples.
Conservation in Self and Object
Authors: Murray Frank B.
Published: September 2011

Evidence for another décalage in concrete operational thought was found. Under analogous transformations, first and second graders conserved the mass, weight, and volume of a clay ball before they conserved their own mass, weight, and volume.
An Objective Measure of Induced Aggression
Authors: Miller Alan R. , Woo-Sam James , Zavos Harry , Barker Barbra
Published: September 2011

The paper describes a method of objectively measuring induced aggression in college students. Those in the experimental (verbally threatened) group expressed aggression by sabotaging E's “research project.” The extent of aggression was measured by the number of Ss making errors and the total numbers of errors made by the experimental group as compared to the control group. More Ss in the experimental group made errors as compared to the control groups. Experimental Ss also made proportionately more errors.
Testing Clinical Judgment during a Crisis
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Finch A. J. , Clements Carl B. , Hodo Gary L.
Published: September 2011

Following the recent disaster, Hurricane Camille, a large group of patients were transferred from one neuropsychiatric hospital to another. In making arrangements to accept and accommodate new patients, rapid decisions had to be made to relocate patients within the hospital. The staff transferred patients from a regressed geriatric unit to one of three units based upon subjective decisions as to the patients' capacity to care for themselves. Follow-up data with the Minimal Social Behavior Scale show that they made accurate decisions.
Relationship between Severity of Illness and Overinclusive Thinking in Schizophrenia
Authors: Craig Robert J.
Published: September 2011

40 chronic schizophrenics were tested on 3 measures of overinclusive thinking, i.e., Epstein's test, proverbs and the Object Sorting Test, and then were rated for severity of illness with the Psychotic Reaction Profile. The results showed that severity of illness can be a significant source of variance in assessing schizophrenic thought disorder. Overinclusive thinking is not merely a trait evinced by schizophrenics irregardless of subject variable or stimulus elements. Failure to consider these factors in research designs may obscure the results of potentially meaningful research.
A Study of Word Transformation
Authors: Pandey R. E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate word-transformation ability in college freshmen. The random sample included 37 students on probation. Tests for 3-letter, 4-letter, and 5-letter words which had only one possible transformation were constructed. There were 24 items in each category. The results indicate that it is easier to transform 3-letter words than 4-letter words which in turn are easier to transform than 5-letter words. The mean differences and correlations among these categories are significant ( p = .01). The ability to transform words of various lengths is not several separate abilities, but one.
Information in Wrong Responses
Authors: Jacobs Paul I. , Vandeventer Mary
Published: September 2011

Under some circumstances the wrong responses S makes on a test may contain important information. In this study, the notion of facet design provided a systematic method for a priori ordering of the distractors on the Coloured Progressive Matrices test as to degree of correctness. A score based on type of distractor chosen was shown to have a moderate degree of test-retest reliability, concurrent and predictive validity, and cross-cultural applicability. The results suggest a re-examination of Sigel's finding that type of error and total score were unrelated.
Humor and Creativity
Authors: Treadwell Yvonne
Published: September 2011

A pilot study of a Cartoons Test which required the creation of humorous captions showed an interesting pattern of significant intercorrelations with several measures of creativity. Although work remains to be done to improve the scoring procedures and reliability of the Cartoons Test, these results suggested that the study of humor can be a useful approach to creativity research.
Superiority of Latency-Weighted Scores over Unweighted Scores in the Assessment of Professional Interests
Authors: Gilbert Albin R.
Published: September 2011

Scores obtained from latency-weighted testing correlated significantly with projective incomplete-sentence scores (0.55) but not with paper-and-pencil scores (.05) in assessing professional suitability. The latency-weighted scores provided increased diagnostic value in responses to interest-inventory items.
Correlation between the Quick Test (Qt) and the Wais Verbal Scale in the Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Cull John G. , Colvin Craig R.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test and the WAIS Verbal Scale were administered to 30 severely physically handicapped persons in a physical medicine and rehabilitation hospital. There was no significant difference between the mean IQ scores of the QT and the WAIS Verbal Scale. This, coupled with a correlation of .80, supports the authors' hypothesis that the QT can be utilized for a quick assessment of intellectual functioning in the rehabilitation setting.
The Nature of Personality Theory
Authors: Munns Meredith
Published: September 2011

The historical antecedents and present status of personality theories are outlined, together with future trends. The impact of various factors, including scientific methodology and the growing existential movement, are discussed. That the very nature of personality seems to preclude or make intractable its study is the central theme.
Social Position, Social Desirability and Self-Esteem
Authors: Schwendiman Gary , Larsen Knud S. , Dunn Freeman
Published: September 2011

Welfare clients occupy a position of low desirability, whereas college students, by reason of familial ties or prospective future contribution, occupy a position of high desirability. Significant differences were obtained between these two groups on self-esteem and length of time on welfare was a significant factor in welfare clients' self-esteem.
A Note on Aversion Therapy
Authors: Kraft T.
Published: September 2011

Aversion therapy may lead to suppression of undesired behavior without altering the underlying disturbances which originally led to the behavior. Desensitizing the patient to his underlying difficulties might be more helpful to the patient and lead to a more permanent recovery.
Successful Rehabilitation as a Function of Client Status
Authors: Tosi Donald J. , Vesotsky Louis R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between client status and successful vocational rehabilitation was investigated. Clients defined in terms of disabled and disabled-disadvantaged differed with respect to successful rehabilitation. Disabled Ss evidenced a greater success rate than disabled-disadvantaged Ss.
Characteristics of “Natural” Long and Short Sleepers: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Friel Janette
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the psychological, physiological, and intellectual characteristics of long and short sleepers was made among first-year college students who indicated their typical sleep length on an entering questionnaire. 3 populations were obtained from follow-up interviews: 12 short sleepers, 10 continuing long sleepers, and 9 long-changed sleepers (originally long sleepers now sleeping less than 7 1/2 hr. per night). The data collected included a psychological test battery, college entrance scholastic scores, and physical examination statistics. Analyses comparing the 3 sleep-length groups on each measure yielded no statistical differences. The conclusion was that in an achieving young adult population, self-selected extremes in sleep length do not appear to result in obvious adverse consequences.
New Approaches to Mental Health Services in Colleges and Universities
Authors: McCarthy Barry W.
Published: September 2011

Community mental health espouses an innovative conception for psychological services in the university community. A concept of mental health emphasizing educational and developmental processes for college students is advocated; focus is on prevention and development of positive functioning rather than concentrating on remediation. Several of the innovative procedures being proposed or in the preliminary stages of implementation are discussed.
Evaluation on Semantic Differential Equals Abstraction Plus Error
Authors: Godfrey R. Richard , Natalicio Luiz F. S.
Published: September 2011

To test for a possible relation between the concreteness of stimuli and their loadings on Evaluation in the semantic differential, 2 groups of Ss were given from the semantic differential the 13 adjective pairs having the highest loadings on Evaluation and the 13 adjective pairs with the lowest loadings on Evaluation in the Osgood, et al. (1957) studies, and were asked to rate a series of 12 stimuli—3 objects, 3 pictures, and 6 words. The ratios of the variance of the ratings of the adjective pairs with the highest loading on Evaluation (variance on E) to the variance of ratings of pairs with the lowest loading on Evaluation (variance on N) for each of the stimuli were compared with Ss' rankings of the same stimuli on an abstraction-concreteness continuum, r was .645 ( p < .05 for 10 df); a second study yielded a comparable value. When variance due to individual differences in abstraction rankings was removed, so that the basis of comparison was the ratio of variance on E to variance on N of the stimulus which S ranked 1 and repeated for each of the ranks 2 to 12, summated over Ss, the obtained r rose to .953 ( p < .001 for 10 df). It was concluded that Paivio and Osgood are probably measuring the same phenomenon and calling it by different names. Implications for methodology and SD-based semantic structure theory are drawn.
Graffiti and Building Use: The 1968 Election
Authors: Rudin Lawrence A. , Harless Marion D.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to previous findings, graffiti collected from a small southwestern college at national election time, 1968, did not show a preponderance of items related to important social issues, the election and Vietnam. The graffiti likewise were not specific to building use. More research is suggested before graffiti are considered valid unobtrusive measures of the social and political climate.
Forced-Choice and Counterbalanced Versions of the F Scale: Prediction of Prejudiced Attitudes
Authors: Lambley Peter , Gilbert Lester H.
Published: September 2011

The predictive power of counterbalanced and forced-choice formats of the F scale was investigated. In earlier studies, the predictive criterion was, generally, reflected in correlations of either format with S's responses on the original F scale. Here, the criterion measures were scores on prejudice scales. The results support the view offered by Strickland and Janicki (1963), namely, that the counterbalanced format measures an acquiescent style. Findings indicate, however, that the forced-choice format is a better predictor when senior student samples are used.
Questioning Skills among Advantaged and Disadvantaged Children in First Grade
Authors: Martin Felix
Published: September 2011

The evaluation of questioning skills among 200 first-grade Ss (100 advantaged and 100 disadvantaged) on the question-asking activity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking utilized an 11-category system of classification for analysis. A comparison of the categories indicate that the disadvantaged Ss seem to be at a lower developmental level of question-asking skills than their advantaged counterparts.
Factors Affecting Mediation of E-Bias Effects in Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: Sheehan Peter W.
Published: September 2011

Three studies investigated the mediation of E-bias effects on the relationship between awareness and verbal conditioning. The hypotheses were tested that such effects are determined in part by: (i) the personality of E, (ii) E's knowledge of S's conditioning performance, and (iii) the closeness of contact between the biasing authority and Es being biased. Results for a Taffel-type conditioning task supported the last two hypotheses but not the first.
Habituation and Covariation of the Components of the Threat Display in Betta Splendens
Authors: Shapiro Sandra , Schuckman Harold
Published: September 2011

The threat display of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, was repeatedly elicited during daily sessions over a 10-day period, using a mirror, a live Betta, and a picture of a Betta as stimuli. Between-day analysis of the rate of elicitation of component responses of the display by 6 Ss showed that (a) for those records in which any decline in response frequency was evident, only the gill-cover extension and undulation responses showed marked and consistent habituation trends, (b) gill-cover extension and undulation response rates covaried closely but were not consistently related to other response component rates, and (c) differential effectivensss of the three stimuli was reflected in the rates of several response components.
Willingness to Help Strangers as a Function of Liberal, Conservative or Catholic Church Membership: A Field Study with the Lost-Letter Technique
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Tevault R. Kent , Gromoll Henry F.
Published: September 2011

The lost-letter technique was used to determine differences among members of church groups (10 liberal, 10 conservative, 10 Catholic) in their willingness to help strangers. The results suggest that members of conservative churches are as willing to help strangers as are members of liberal or Catholic churches, but they are far less willing to make trivial financial sacrifices to do so.
MMPI and EPPS Profiles of High and Low Verbal Interactors in Therapy Groups
Authors: Grosz Hanus J. , Wagoner Robert
Published: September 2011

The frequency of verbal interactions between patients in four open therapy groups was found to be to a statistically significant degree negatively correlated with scores on the L and K scales of the MMPI and the scale of Order on the EPPS, and positively correlated with the Ma scale on the MMPI and the scale of Aggtession on the EPPS. This was interpreted to mean that patients who on these psychometric tests are shown to be defensive are unlikely to interact with other group members as often as patients who score low on the trait of defensiveness. On the other hand, patients whose test results show them to be forceful, vigorous, aggressive, and candid are likely to interact with other group members more often than ere patients who score low on these personality traits. The findings were discussed in the light of previously reported similar investigations and with reference to their possible practical usefulness to group therapists.
Mediated Facilitation as a Function of Relative Availability of Reinforcement for Mediation
Authors: Cunningham Mark , Collins Carol T.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the effects of percentage of mediation-pairs and control pairs in a 3-list chaining paradigm, 5 groups of Ss learned lists in which 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the pairs were chaining pairs, and the remainder were “warm-up” control-pairs. The results did not support a hypothesized direct relationship between mediation-effect and percentage of mediation-pairs. Rather, the 20 and 80% groups showed the greatest mediation-effect, the 60% group showed little mediation-effect, and the 40% group showed no mediation-effect. Results were interpreted in terms of intralist interference resulting from differences in the discriminability of mediation and control conditions.
Machiavellianism in Parents and Children
Authors: O'Kelly Victoria , Solar Diana
Published: September 2011

In order to extend Guterman's (1970) findings that Machiavellianism in parents and children is positively correlated, 50 families from a small, rural community in Northern California were selected at random and contacted. 16 suitable families, with a total of 27 children, completed Guterman's adaptation of Christie's Machiavellianism scale. The results support Guterman's modeling hypothesis that children of high Machiavellian parents tend to be high Machiavellian also, while children of low Machiavellian parents tend to be low Machiavellians.
Influence of CA and IQ Levels on Structure and Amount of Spontaneous Verbalization
Authors: Shotick Andrew , Blue Milton
Published: September 2011

Structure and amount of spontaneous verbalization were investigated for 96 intellectually retarded, average, and superior Ss at 4 CA levels from 4–0 to 11–11. A structured picture-discussion approach was employed. Language expressions were categorized on the bases of semantic completeness and grammatical correctness as complete communication units (CUc), incomplete communication units (CUi), partials, or mazes. CA and IQ did not influence the amount of verbalization or the proportional usage of partials or mazes. An increasing linear trend was found for the use of CUc with advancing age and a decreasing linear trend for CUi. Superior children used a significantly greater proportion of CUc and a lesser proportion of CUi than did retarded children.
Measure of Communicative Meaning of Words: The Semantic Consensus Index
Authors: Kanungo Rabindra N. , Dutta Satrajit
Published: September 2011

The present paper developed a conceptual framework and a technique of studying the communicative meaning of words, and explored the relation of communication meaning with other known meaning dimensions. The communicative meaning of each of the 98 nouns was measured in terms of the homogeneity of associative responses elicited by the nouns and the reliability of the resulting scale SCI was tested. The intergroup reliability coefficient was 0.941. The correlation of the scale with five other meaning attributes, imagery ( I), Concreteness ( C), meaningfulness ( m), dictionary meaning ( DM) and affective meaning intensity ( AMI), showed that the SCI measure was positively correlated with I, C, and m. Several hypotheses regarding the SCI measure were tested to highlight the nature of the scale.
Delay of Shock-Escape with and without Stimulus Change
Authors: Milby Jesse B.
Published: September 2011

Effects of a stimulus change presented with delay of shock-escape were examined in escape conditioning. Where a stimulus change occurred with the delay, greater response rates were found before delay and lower rates during the delay. Results are interpreted as providing evidence for the efficacy of a stimulus change in maintaining behavior with delay of negative reinforcement. Results are consistent with an information account of secondary reinforcement. Data from a control procedure suggest the possibility that stimuli paired with shock termination might have two opposite properties, secondary reinforcing and conditioced aversive, depending upon the background stimulus conditions prevailing at testing.
Adaptation to 23½-Hour Food Deprivation: A Strain Comparison
Authors: Cole Sherwood O. , Gay Patricia E.
Published: September 2011

Five albino and 5 hooded rats were administered 12 successive ½-hr. adaptation sessions of continuous reinforcement under 23½-hr. cycles of food deprivation. All Ss adjusted to the cyclic deprivation within the 12 sessions, but no significant difference in over-all rate or final level of adaptation by the two strains was observed. However, a significant difference in mean number of bar presses by the two strains on Sessions 5 to 8 suggests the need for allowing at least 8 days of adaptation to such conditions before Ss are used in operant studies.
Source Credibility and Order Effects
Authors: Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

288 undergraduates formed an opinion about a jury trial, and also formed impressions of the personalities of 10 hypothetical persons. A recency effect occurred for the jury trial, but order effects were inconsistent in the personality impressions. Source credibility also failed to have any consistent effect. Accordingly the study was replicated without intentional modification. Again, the recency effect in the jury trial was significant. This time the personality impression data yielded only recency trends, 4 significant.
Dogmatism and Attitudes
Authors: Steininger Marion P. , Durso Barbara E. , Pasquariello Carolyn
Published: September 2011

Dogmatism was related to several attitudes for male and female college students. Political conservatism and reported church attendance were positively related to dogmatism for both sexes. Attitude toward marijuana, characteristics attributed to a “good professor,” reasons for attending college, and test anxiety were only partly related to dogmatism, or for only one sex. Hypotheses are offered about some of the unexpected data. The complexity of the data suggests that dogmatism should be related to several variables, rather than one or two, in future samples studied.
Population Ex(im)plosion?
Authors: Heilizer Fred
Published: September 2011

The relationship between population density and per capita income was investigated for 117 nations with a population of more than one million persons. H1, the population explosion hypothesis, asserts that there is a negative relationship. H2, the population implosion hypothesis, asserts that there is a positive relationship. The data favor H2 rather than H1.
Cohesiveness-Conformity Relationship and Conformity Instrumentality
Authors: Jovick Robert L.
Published: September 2011

A perceptual judgmental situation with a Crutchfield-type apparatus was used with 128 Ss to test the hypothesis that a relationship between conformity and cohesiveness appears only when conformity is seen as being instrumental to attaining a group goal. No relationship was found and results further suggested behavior contradictory to the hypothesis with the cohesiveness-conformity relationship holding when conformity was not instrumental. No relationship between cohesiveness and ambiguity appeared in affecting conformity behavior and no differences in conformity between sexes were found.
Efficiency of the Add-A-Pair Method in Learning Paired-Associates
Authors: Gibson Wilton L. , Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

An unrecognized implication of Rock's (1957) analysis of paired-associate learning is that a most efficient way of learning a list is to begin with a single pair and add a pair each trial until the whole list is learned. A list of 17 difficult, single-lettered, 2-digit number pairs was used. 18 control Ss received all pairs for 9 trials, while 18 experimental Ss used the add-a-pair method. By the last trial and 153 exposures each, experimental Ss knew 9.72 pairs compared to 6.78 for controls, a significant advantage.
Personal Value Orientation and Judgment of Categories of Creative Behavior
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

Ss classified on the basis of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values as either aesthetic, theoretical, or economic in value orientation rated for their creativity 48 behavior episodes classified on the basis of their reference to science, art, or business. A 3 × 3 analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that both main effects and the interaction term were significant. These data were interpreted as indicating that persons are more likely to judge behaviors creative if they are congruent with their dominant value orientation. The relevance of these data for the criterion problem in research on creativity is briefly noted.
Relation of the Revised Beta Examination to other Ability Measures for a Group of Functionally Illiterate Adults
Authors: Robinson Richard D. , Callaway Byron
Published: September 2011

57 prisoners determined to be functionally illiterate were given the Beta and the Stanford Achievement Test, rs were low (.12 for Spelling) to moderate (.45 for M of Paragraph and Word Meaning subtests). These reading measures of the SAT may be useful in planning for such a group.
Unconditioned Chewing Response in the Rat as a Measure of Reaction to Frustration
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

Use of the unconditioned chewing response as a measure of the rat's reaction to frustration is described.
Some Effects of Stimulus Modality on Word Associations
Authors: Ohnmacht Fred W. , Pacheco Angel M.
Published: September 2011

114 Ss were administered a word-association task with stimuli presented to half the Ss in an aural mode, and to half in a visual mode. Responses were evaluated in terms of meaningfulness, quality, and structure. Qualitative and structural differences were negligible, whereas meaningfulness was affected by modality and stimulus characteristics. Interpretation of main effects was tempered by the presence of a significant interaction between modality and stimulus.
Sex-Role Preference and Parental Imitation within Groups of Middle-Class Whites and Lower-Class Blacks
Authors: Ward William D.
Published: September 2011

32 second-grade children were assessed on measures of sex-role preference and parental imitation. The middle-class white boys were more masculine in preference than the middle-class white girls were feminine ( t = 3.43, p < .01), and lower-class black girls tended to be more mother imitative than the lower-class black boys were father imitative ( r = 2.09, p < .06). No such differences were found in sex-role preference for blacks or in imitation for whites. The results indicated that there was a dominant masculine influence in the development of sex-role preference among middle-class white children and a dominant feminine influence in parental imitation among lower-class black children.
Psychoanalysis, Adaptation, and Education: I. Reality and its Appraisal
Authors: Cohler Bertram J.
Published: September 2011

The psychoanalytic perspective on mental development is discussed in terms of its significance for formal education. Rather than using psychoanalytic concepts as the basis for preventative mental health programs, these concepts are used in order to highlight the important function of education in the child's development of promoting a more successful adaptation to reality. The development of reality testing is discussed in terms of the psychological processes which are involved such as memory, judgment, anticipation, and postponement. Observations at a psychiatric school are used to illustrate the role of the classroom, including both the teacher and the curriculum, in supporting the development of reality testing.
Attributed Power, Response Strategies and Non-Zero Sum Game Behavior
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: September 2011

43 female Ss and 46 male Ss played three Prisoner's Dilemma games. The three games were 100% cooperative, 100% competitive, and 50% random cooperative. The other independent variable was attributed power. The results showed that neither type of game nor attributed power had an effect on game behavior. Small but significant correlations were, however, found between attributed power and type of game when analyzed separately for males and females. Men high on attributed power are more cooperative in an invariable cooperative game whereas high-scoring women are more competitive in an invariable competitive game.
Sex and Age Differences in Psychiatric Symptoms of Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Wefring Larry R.
Published: September 2011

445 chronic hospitalized alcoholics were individually rated by counselors on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Women were rated higher than men on neurotic symptomatology. Ss of increasing ages were rated higher on scales indicating brain damage.