bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are family therapists listening to the young? A psychological perspective*
Authors: Dowling Emilia
Published: March 2004

This paper sets out to examine the family therapist's relationship to young children from a psychological perspective. Earlier contributions to the literature regarding the involvement of children in family sessions are reviewed briefly. Aspects of attachment theory and Piaget's theory of cognitive development are considered in terms of their implications for family therapy. It is argued that family therapists should be mindful of parents’ responsibilities for meeting their children's needs, particularly their need to experience predictability and to have a coherent story about their lives. The importance of exploring the effects of adult choices on the children is also emphasized.
‘What works?’ Therapeutic experience with grieving clients
Authors: Gunzburg John C.
Published: March 2004

This paper poses questions about the nature of the therapeutic process in general. Using a holistic and integrative perspective, the author argues that therapy has been influenced by considerations of therapist expertise, techniques aimed at solving problems, and a paternalistic model of doing things to the client. The paper proposes a contrasting approach involving a shared, conversational experience with clients which respects personal autonomy and encourages creative solutions. Throughout the whole paper weaves the underlying theme of unresolved grief, reflecting the author's philosophy that loss is a covert agenda for many people seeking therapeutic help. The author's thesis is that in defining the emotions associated with unresolved grief, exploring the contexts in which the losses occurred, and investigating future options and directions, therapeutic change can be effected. Finally, a quandary that therapy as conversation presents is addressed: how can we research our dialogue to ensure effective outcomes?
Using family therapy ideas with parenting groups in schools
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L.
Published: March 2004

The author describes his experience of using ideas from family therapy with groups of parents in two urban schools in the United States.
Application of a family systems approach to working with people affected by HIV disease – two case studies
Authors: Miller Riva , Goldman Eleanor , Bor Robert
Published: March 2004

HIV infection, with its particular modes of transmission, affects relationships, interrupts the normal life‐cycle and brings different challenges to patients and their contacts as they pass through the asymptomatic and symptomatic phases to the terminal stages of illness. This paper describes a family systems approach to therapy with people affected by HIV disease, illustrated by two case examples.
A family systems approach to child–parent separation: ‘developmental closure’
Authors: Street Eddy
Published: March 2004

This paper presents a family systems model for considering the interactive events that occur when a child and parent move towards closing their relationship and separating. This process typically involves the child being ‘received into care’ and is identified as developmental closure. Different stages of this process are exemplified clinically and the therapeutic principles that guide work with families struggling with such difficulties are outlined.
The Politics of Service Delivery Reform
Authors: Batley Richard
Published: March 2004

This article identifies the leaders, the supporters and the resisters of public service reform. It adopts a principal–agent framework, comparing reality with an ‘ideal’ situation in which citizens are the principals over political policy‐makers as their agents, and policy‐makers are the principals over public service officials as their agents. Reform in most developing countries is complicated by an additional set of external actors — international financial institutions and donors. In practice, international agencies and core government officials usually act as the ‘principals’ in the determination of reforms. The analysis identifies the interests involved in reform, indicating how the balance between them is affected by institutional and sectoral factors. Organizational reforms, particularly in the social sectors, present greater difficulties than first generation economic policy reforms.
India's Middle Classes and the Environment
Authors: Mawdsley Emma
Published: March 2004

The focus of most analyses of environmental struggles and discourses in colonial and postcolonial India is on rural and forest areas, and on subalterns versus elites. Recently, however, there has been increased interest in urban environmental issues, and, to some extent, in India's (variously defined)‘middle classes’. This article reviews a range of literatures — environmental, social‐cultural and political — in order to draw out themes and arguments concerning the relationships between India's middle classes and the complex meanings and materialities of the environment. Three issues are explored in detail: civic indifference and the public sphere; environmental activism; and Hinduism and ecological thinking. The article emphasizes the importance of recognizing diversity and dynamism within the middle classes in relation to the environment. It argues the need to develop situated understandings of what constitutes ‘the environment’ amongst different middle class groups; and underlines the ways in which environmental issues reflect and are often emblematic of wider social and political debates.
Faces of Governance of Production Cooperatives: An Exploratory Study of Ten French Cooperatives
Authors: Bataille‐Chedotel Frédérique , Huntzinger France
Published: March 2004

Abstract One of the main characteristics of French worker cooperatives is the principle of collective entrepreneurship. The aim of this article is to understand how it is applied, and in particular how the board of directors and the managing director work together. To answer this question, an exploratory study focused on ten French worker cooperatives in 1998 and 1999, during which we conducted interviews with their managing directors. The results show that three forms of collective entrepreneurship can be distinguished and that these forms depend on the context and the management of these worker cooperatives.
Governance and Management of Collective User‐Based Enterprises: Value‐Creation Strategies and Organizational Configurations
Authors: Malo Marie‐Claire , Vézina Martine
Published: March 2004

Abstract The evolution of the collective enterprise may be conceptualized in three phases throwing into relief five strategies for the creation of value. The first corresponds to the emergence of a collective enterprise, an innovation in itself. The second, the spread of the innovation by replication, is linked to federalization and to the beginning of standardization. The tension between innovation and standardization begin to make a difference as early as this replication phase, but later it becomes more critical. It forces the collective enterprise to avoid wholesale standardization, an outmoded option, and instead allows space for considering one of the two strategies for the creation of value in keeping both with its distinctive social economy identity and with the new strategic approaches centred on the competences of the enterprise and the creation of value for the user. Thus, the collective user enterprise may move forward by focusing, i.e., by even greater innovation in its provision for a target group of members. The collective enterprise may also progress by hybridization, i.e., through re‐combining in a better way the innovation and standardization required to respond, effectively and efficiently, to a group of owners that is not only very large, but also highly diversified. The authors identify the organizational configuration for each pattern of value‐creation by concentrating on governance structures and the role of managers.
Second degree price discrimination and natural monopoly
Authors: Weichenrieder Alfons J.
Published: March 2004

This paper considers the efficiency of a contestable natural monopoly if consumers are heterogeneous and the monopolist can differentiate prices imperfectly. The paper shows that a “no‐distortion‐at‐the‐top” result, which is standard in models with restricted entry, may also appear in a contestable market. Depending on cost and demand structures, first best efficiency can also be a sustainable equilibrium. However, due to the existence of a continuum of equilibria, first best efficiency is not guaranteed. Most notably, even a stable “distortion‐at‐the‐top” result is possible.
Quasi‐geometric discounting: A closed‐form solution under the exponential utility function
Authors: Maliar Lilia , Maliar Serguei
Published: March 2004

This paper studies a discrete‐time utility maximization problem of an infinitely‐lived quasi‐geometric consumer whose labour income is subject to uninsurable idiosyncratic productivity shocks. We restrict attention to a first‐order Markov recursive solution. We show that under the assumption of the exponential utility function, the problem of the quasi‐geometric consumer admits a closed‐form solution.
Definitional Issues in Emotion Regulation Research
Authors: Bridges Lisa J. , Denham Susanne A. , Ganiban Jody M.
Published: March 2004

Operational definitions of emotion regulation are frequently unclear, as are links between emotion regulation measures and underlying theoretical constructs. This is of concern because measurement decisions can have both intentional and unintentional implications for underlying conceptualizations of emotion regulation. This report examines the implications of some such decisions, including (a) focusing on types versus total amount of emotion regulation, (b) determining distinctiveness of measures of emotion versus emotion regulation strategies, (c) deciding whether and how to examine temporal sequencing of strategy use and emotion, d) using discrete versus global emotion measures, and (e) determining when emotion is being regulated. Finally, the need for better conceptualizations and empirical assessments of adaptive (vs. maladaptive) emotion regulation is discussed.
Direction of Regard and the Still‐Face Effect in the First Year: Does Intention Matter?
Authors: Striano Tricia
Published: March 2004

In the first study, 3‐, 6‐, and 9‐ month‐olds' behavior was assessed as a stranger broke contact to stare at the infant, to look at a wall, or to look at another person. Regardless of age and the reason contact was broken, the still‐face reaction did not depend on the experimenter's intention. In the second study, 3‐, 6‐, and 9‐month‐olds interacted with their mother who broke contact to look away for no apparent reason or in the direction of a sound. Infants at all ages responded to the still‐face episode, but not as a function of the underlying reason contact was broken. The findings suggest a primacy of interpersonal communication in the first year.
Tympanic Membrane Temperature and Emotional Dispositions in Preschool‐Aged Children: A Methodological Study
Authors: Gunnar Megan R. , Donzella Bonny
Published: March 2004

Tympanic membrane (TM) temperature asymmetry has been proposed as a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality in children. Little is known about the stability of TM temperatures or how readily one can obtain a reliable index of the phenotype. TM temperatures were collected from 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children (N=73) over 5 months (Mdn=34 samples). Seven to 10 samples needed to be aggregated to achieve reliable measures (αs>.70). Using reliable estimates, TM asymmetry remained stable over time, r(72)=.72, p<.01; 70% of the children had warmer left TMs; and TM asymmetry correlated as predicted with measures of children's emotionality. TM asymmetry may be a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality, but measures obtained on one occasion may not reliably index the phenotype.
Scaling of Theory‐of‐Mind Tasks
Authors: Wellman Henry M. , Liu David
Published: March 2004

Two studies address the sequence of understandings evident in preschoolers' developing theory of mind. The first, preliminary study provides a meta‐analysis of research comparing different types of mental state understandings (e.g., desires vs. beliefs, ignorance vs. false belief). The second, primary study tests a theory‐of‐mind scale for preschoolers. In this study 75 children (aged 2 years, 11 months to 6 years, 6 months) were tested on 7 tasks tapping different aspects of understanding persons' mental states. Responses formed a consistent developmental progression, where for most children if they passed a later item they passed all earlier items as well, as confirmed by Guttman and Rasch measurement model analyses.
Reconciliation: Emancipatory Theory Applied in Australia
Authors: Goosen Gideon
Published: March 2004

This article takes the emancipatory theory as propounded by Joseph Ruane and Jennifer Todd and applies it to the issue of reconciliation between Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders and other Australians.1 It outlines the analysis of the theoretical construct of the authors embracing the three levels of relationships between groups of people living in conflict: (1) dimensions of difference; (2) structures of dominance, dependence, and inequality; and (3) tendencies toward communal polarization. The article further describes the multistranded approach to reconciliation that flows from this analysis. It then critically applies the three procedural steps of moderating differences; disassembling structures of dominance, dependence, and inequality; and defusing communal polarization to the situation of indigenous people in Australia. This is done through describing the interaction of the groups under discussion and demonstrating their conflicting interests. The analysis and application of the emancipatory theory includes comparative insights between the Irish and Australian context. The article concludes that the emancipatory theory is a useful tool both for understanding the issues regarding reconciliation in Australia and for providing insights for action.
Corporate Environmentalism, Regulatory Reform, and Industry Self‐Regulation: Toward Genuine Regulatory Reinvention in the United States
Authors: Eisner Marc Allen
Published: March 2004

Increasingly, corporations are proactively managing environmental impacts in response to pressures from the consumer, business‐to‐business, financial, and government procurement markets. In many cases, these efforts have produced results well beyond what could be required under public regulations. Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency began a process of regulatory reinvention in the 1990s as a means of promoting such innovations, the results have been somewhat disappointing. This article examines the recent trends in corporate environmental management and regulatory reform. It concludes with a discussion of changes in regulatory design that could promote ongoing gains in corporate environmental performance through the creation of a hybrid system combining elements of public regulation, government‐supervised corporate self‐regulation, mandatory information disclosure, and green procurement.
Cross‐National Transfer of Policy Ideas: Agencification in Britain and Japan
Authors: Nakano Koichi
Published: March 2004

This study seeks to contribute to the policy transfer literature through a comparison of the British “Next Steps” initiative of agencification (i.e., organizational separation of policy implementation from policy formulation in central departments) and the Japanese reform that officially proclaimed to be inspired by the British example. In addition to confirming the crucial role played by domestic structural constraints in producing variant outputs in different countries, this article also shows that the transfer of policy ideas can be a highly proactive political process in which political actors in the learning country interpret and define both problems and solution as they “borrow” from another country.
Calvin, Osiander and Participation in God
Authors: Canlis Julie
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  This article investigates the ways in which Calvin's controversy with Osiander has made the Reformed tradition skittish when confronted with categories of participation. An examination of the similarities between Calvin and Osiander are probed, with an eye to seeing how the debate functioned in refining Calvin's doctrine of participation whose strict trinitarian boundaries kept creature and Creator distinct.
Interictal Daily Functioning in Migraine
Authors: Stronks DL , Tulen JHM , Bussmann JBJ , Mulder LJMM , Passchier J
Published: March 2004

Migraine induces disability and an impaired quality of life, even between attacks. As most studies are based on subjective reports only, this study was set up to objectively quantify the interictal daily activities and heart rate of migraine patients, in relation to their subjectively reported highest realizable level of activity and of symptoms of mood in their habitual environment. Measurements were obtained during a migraine-free 2-day period of 24 patients (age range: 21-57 years) and 24 controls (age range: 18-59 years). Accelerometry was used to quantify the time spent in different postures and movements. The subjective parameters were documented by daily log. Whereas heart rate was similar for patients and controls, migraineurs were found to be significantly less physically active than controls and reported a significantly lower realizable level of activity. In addition, when active, their body motility was less than that of controls. Migraine patients also showed a higher level of sleepiness and lower level of vigour. These interictal behavioural and subjective phenemona objectively illustrate the individual and societal burden of migraine and its chronic impact on both domains.
Circulating Nociceptin Levels During the Cluster Headache Period
Authors: Ertsey C , Hantos M , Bozsik G , Tekes K
Published: March 2004

The trigeminal innervation of the dura and its vessels has a prominent role in the mechanism of cluster headache. Nociceptin, an opioid neuropeptide, is the endogenous ligand of the OP-4 receptor, with both algesic and analgesic properties depending on the site of action. Nociceptin and its receptor are expressed by trigeminal ganglion cells where they co-localize with calcitonin gene-related peptide, a marker peptide of the trigeminovascular neurones. Nociceptin inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilatation, a phenomenon related to trigeminovascular activation. To explore its possible involvement in cluster headache, we studied circulating levels of nociceptin when attack-free during the cluster period, and also after the termination of the cluster period, using radioimmunoassay. In 14 cluster headache patients nociceptin levels during the cluster period were significantly lower than in age-, and sex-matched controls (4.91 ± 1.96 vs. 9.58 ± 2.57 pg/ml, P < 0.01). After the termination of the cluster period nociceptin levels (8.60 ± 1.47 pg/ml) were not statistically different from controls. Nociceptin levels did not correlate with age, length of disease or episode length. Lower nociceptin levels during the cluster period may result in a defective regulation of trigeminal activity that might not protect sufficiently against the attacks.
The ‘red Ear Syndrome’ Revisited: Two Cases and a Review of Literature
Authors: Kumar N , Swanson JW
Published: March 2004

The first description of what subsequently came to be known as the red ear syndrome (RES) was by Lance in 1994 (1) (Table 1, cases 2-4). Subsequently he reported a total of 12 patients with what he called the red ear syndrome (2) (Table 1). The syndrome was characterized by attacks of unilateral ear discomfort or burning during which the ear became red. The discomfort often extended beyond the ear. He reported an association with upper cervical disorders, glossopharyngeal and trigeminal neuralgia, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, and a thalamic syndrome. In two of the 12 cases (Table 1, cases 11 and 12) no cause was apparent. In some cases the episodes were spontaneous and in others they were precipitated by touch, exertion, heat or cold, neck movements, stress, cleaning the ear, washing hair or brushing it the wrong way, and eating or drinking. While some of their patients had a history of headaches (including migraines), a consistent relationship to migraine headaches was not identified.
A Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of the Anti-Migraine Compound Almotriptan in Healthy Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Baldwin JR , Fleishaker JC , Azie NE , Carel BJ
Published: March 2004

This study was designed to assess and compare the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of almotriptan, a 5-HT1B/1D agonist used to treat migraine attacks, in adolescents and adults. Healthy adolescents ( n = 18) and adults ( n = 18) received a single 12.5-mg dose of almotriptan after fasting overnight. Plasma and urinary almotriptan concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters of almotriptan were determined by non-compartment analysis. The 90% confidence interval (CI) approach was employed to assess age effects. Mean Cmax, tmax, area under the curve (AUC 0-∞), half-life, and percentage excreted in urine were nearly identical for the two populations. Mean oral (CLPO) and renal (CLR) clearances were similar between the age groups; however, weight-corrected CLPO was approximately 32% higher (90% CI 16, 51) in adolescents compared with adults. The higher weight-corrected CLPO appeared to offset increases in exposure expected on the basis of lower body weight in adolescents. The findings were the same when a subgroup ( n = 9) of 12-14-year old children was compared with adults. The type, incidence and severity of adverse events were similar between the two age groups and were consistent with those reported previously during adult clinical trials. Based on these pharmacokinetic and tolerability findings, no dose adjustment for almotriptan would be required when treating patients as young as 12 years old.
Triptans and Chest Symptoms: The Role of Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
Authors: Dodick DW
Published: March 2004

Triptans are effective and well tolerated in the treatment of acute migraine. Chest symptoms are a common adverse effect unrelated to coronary vasoconstriction in most patients. Although the aetiology of chest symptoms remains to be fully defined, pulmonary vasoconstriction is a possible underlying mechanism. Preclinical studies of isolated human blood vessels were used to identify the cerebral selectivity of triptans and ascertain if selectivity vs the pulmonary vasculature predicts a lower rate of chest symptoms. Controlled clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance studies were reviewed to document the incidence of chest symptoms after triptan therapy. In clinical trials, the incidence of chest symptoms at usual therapeutic doses ranged from 1 to 4% depending on the triptan and study design, whereas in post-marketing surveillance studies, up to 41% of patients specifically asked about chest symptoms reported them. A comparative clinical trial showed that almotriptan was associated with lower incidence of chest symptoms than sumatriptan (0.3 vs 2.2%). The intrinsic activity of almotriptan, a second-generation triptan, on human pulmonary arteries and veins was lower than that of sumatriptan. Pre-clinical studies of isolated pulmonary blood vessels may predict the clinical likelihood of chest symptoms; however, additional comparisons are needed.
Application of the One‐Migrant‐per‐Generation Rule to Conservation and Management
Authors: WANG JINLIANG
Published: March 2004

Abstract: Endangered species are commonly found in several (partially) isolated populations dispersed on different fragments of a habitat, natural reserve, or zoo. A certain level of connectivity among such populations is essential for maintaining genetic variation within and between populations to allow local and global adaptation and for preventing inbreeding depression. A rule of thumb widely accepted by the conservation community is that one migrant per generation (OMPG) into a population is the appropriate level of gene flow. This rule is based on Wright's study of his island model under a long list of simplifying assumptions. I examined the robustness of the OMPG rule to the violation of each of the many assumptions, quantifying the effect with population genetics theory. I showed that, when interpreted as one effective migrant per generation, OMPG is generally valid for real populations departing from the ideal model in the discrepancies of actual ( N) and effective ( Ne ) population sizes and actual (m) and effective (me ) migration rates. I also addressed the issue of converting the effective number of migrants ( Me= Neme ) into the actual number of migrants (M=Nm ) of a certain age and sex. In particular,NeMeto maintain a certain level of differentiation among populations. Rather, translating the elusiveMeinto the manageableMdepends on the specific causes (e.g., biased sex ratio, reproductive skew) that lead toNe<N.
Conspecific Attraction and the Conservation of Territorial Songbirds
Authors: WARD MICHAEL P. , SCHLOSSBERG SCOTT
Published: March 2004

Abstract: Conspecific attraction, the tendency for individuals of a species to settle near one another, is well described in colonial species, especially birds. Although this behavior may occur in territorial birds, evidence has been lacking. If territorial birds do exhibit this behavior, it would have major conservation implications. Birds could potentially be attracted to specific sites with artificial stimuli, making conservation of those species more efficient. In 2001 and 2002, we tested whether conspecific attraction occurs in an endangered, territorial songbird, the Black‐capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla) by playing vireo vocalizations in unoccupied habitats at Fort Hood, Texas. We were successful in attracting 73 birds to five experimental sites in 2001 and 75 birds to seven experimental sites in 2002. No birds settled on comparable control sites. Many birds attracted to the vocalizations paired and bred. At most research sites the primary threat to the species, the brood‐parasitic Brown‐headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), was controlled, allowing vireos to achieve high nesting success relative to a nearby, unmanipulated population. Second‐year birds were more responsive to conspecific vocalizations than older birds, as they were more common on experimental sites than in the established population. In 2002 birds recolonized experimental sites from 2001 where vocalizations were not played in 2002, indicating that 1 year of playbacks may be sufficient to establish a population. Our results provide the first experimental evidence that territorial songbirds use the presence of conspecifics when deciding where to settle and suggest that conspecific attraction may provide a valuable conservation tool.
An overview of positive pressure ventilation
Authors: Vassilev Elena , McMichael Maureen
Published: March 2004

Objective:  The purpose of this article is to give the reader a brief overview of the indications for positive pressure ventilation (PPV).

Data sources:  Current human and veterinary literature.

Summary: There are numerous indications for PPV in veterinary medicine. These include both pulmonary parenchymal disease and diseases that affect ventilation. When choosing PPV, a clinician must have a comprehensive understanding of the different ventilation mode options available and the physiologic effects of ventilation on the patient.

Conclusions: PPV is becoming more widely used in veterinary medicine and is improving the survival of animals with hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure.
Current Status and Future Directions in Family Caregiving and Aging People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Haley William E. , Perkins Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2004

Abstract Family caregiving is increasingly recognized as an important clinical and public policy issue across diverse age groups, and for care recipients with varying physical and mental impairments. While families provide extensive care for aging individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), family issues directly related to the aging of persons with ID have been understudied. We review major findings in the broader literature on the impact of family caregiving on the caregiver, and the existing research on aging, caregiving, and ID. Aging caregivers for people with ID may be at special risk because of age‐related health and behavioral declines in the aging care recipient and caregiver, the extensive duration of the caregiving role, and concerns about the long‐term care of the care recipient. Balancing these concerns are the normative nature of parental caregiving, and expertise and sense of mastery possibly gained by long‐term caregivers, which may serve to offset the wear and tear of years of caregiving and additional strains of aging. Topics deserving greater attention in future research on caregiving, aging and ID include longitudinal studies of caregiver adaptation, racial/ethnic diversity issues, and assessment of the mental health, physical health, social, and economic impacts on caregivers compared with non‐caregiving age‐matched controls. Intervention studies are also needed to identify evidence‐based interventions to support family caregivers.
Culture in Family-Owned Enterprises: Recognizing and Leveraging Unique Strengths
Authors: Denison Daniel , Lief Colleen , Ward John L.
Published: March 2004

Through years of consulting experience and culture research, a fuller picture of family firms began to emerge. It became increasingly clear that family business sustainability and accomplishment were rooted in something deeper, something beyond superficial explanation. Belief in the innate value and uniqueness of family business culture drove collaboration on this project between the disciplines of family business and organizational behavior. The goal was to critically examine family business culture and performance relative to nonfamily firms. The Denison Organizational Culture Survey, a cultural assessment tool that has linked corporate culture to financial performance, was administered to a sample of 20 family businesses and 389 nonfamily businesses, allowing us to compare their cultures. The results showed that the corporate cultures of family enterprises were more positive than the culture of firms without a family affiliation. Family enterprises scored higher on all 12 dimensions of the assessment tool. Despite the small sample, several of these differences were statistically significant. This suggests that family firms perform better because of who they are. In addition, recent research that shows they also perform better because of what they do strategically. Their histories and shared identities provide a connectedness to time-tested core values and standards of behavior that lead to bottom-line success.
Sustaining a Family Dynasty: Key Issues Facing Complex Multigenerational Business- and Investment-Owning Families
Authors: Jaffe Dennis T. , Lane Sam H.
Published: March 2004

As a business family moves from the second to the third, fourth, and succeeding generations, and seeks to maintain shared family control of its often highly diversified financial and business assets, families around the world have created a complex web of structures, agreements, councils, and forms of accountability to manage their wealth. In working with such multigenerational dynasties around the world, we have begun to see that successful transmission of wealth, and sustaining of family connection, depends on a highly creative web of such structures. This article will focus on the structures and agreements that we have seen in such families. A family that owns a business, or substantial investments, is at the intersection of several complex systems and serves a multitude of masters, purposes, and constituencies. Facing continual change from the business environment, and from internal pressures as people develop, in order to thrive, the family must develop a clear infrastructure to manage the interrelationships of people, business, and investment. It must regulate and integrate the interests and concerns of the many people in many ways. As a family enters the third generation, it has become a complex structure with several family branches, diverse interests and stakeholders, and challenges to sustain collaboration and effectiveness. This article presents the key challenges that a family must face to create an effective dynasty over generations and illustrates models and best practices for how effective family dynasties develop a governance infrastructure as they grow into multigenerational family dynasties. It highlights the core structures that make up effective governance and the key agreements that allow a dynasty to work.
The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on regional blood flow in prepubertal anaesthetized pigs
Authors: Molinari C. , Battaglia A. , Grossini E. , Mary D. A. S. G. , Vassanelli C. , Vacca G.
Published: March 2004

Dehydroepiandrosterone has been implicated in vascular disease and its associated insulin resistance and hypertension, though little is known about its vascular effects. We have recently shown in prepubertal anaesthetized pigs that intravenous infusion of dehydroepiandrosterone caused coronary vasoconstriction through the inhibition of a vasodilatory β‐adrenergic receptor‐mediated effect related to the release of nitric oxide. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on mesenteric, renal and iliac vascular beds. In prepubertal pigs of both sexes anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone, changes in superior mesenteric, left renal and left external iliac blood flow caused by intravenous infusion of dehydroepiandrosterone were assessed using electromagnetic flowmeters. Changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure were prevented by atrial pacing and by connecting the arterial system to a pressurized reservoir containing Ringer solution. In 22 pigs, infusion of 1 mg h−1 of dehydroepiandrosterone decreased mesenteric, renal and iliac blood flow. In a further 10 pigs, dose–response curves were obtained by graded increases in the infused dose of hormone between 0.03 and 4 mg h−1. The mechanisms of the above response were studied in the 22 pigs by repeating the experiment after haemodynamic variables had returned to the control values observed before infusion. Blockade of α‐adrenoceptors with intravenous phentolamine (five pigs) did not affect the dehydroepiandrosterone‐induced mesenteric, renal and iliac vasoconstriction. This response was abolished by blockade of β2‐adrenoceptors with intravenous butoxamine (five pigs) and by blockade of mesenteric, renal and iliac nitric oxide synthase with intra‐arterial administration of Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (seven pigs), even after reversing the increase in local vascular resistance caused by the two blocking agents with intravenous infusion of papaverine. In five pigs, the increase in measured blood flow caused by intravenous infusion of isoproterenol (isoprenaline) was significantly reduced by infusion of dehydroepiandrosterone. The present study showed that intravenous infusion of dehydroepiandrosterone primarily caused mesenteric, renal and iliac vasoconstriction. The mechanisms of this response were shown to be due to the inhibition of a vasodilatory β2‐adrenergic receptor‐mediated effect, which possibly involved the release of nitric oxide.
Wise-ShopFloor: A Web-Based and Sensor-Driven e-Shop Floor*
Authors: Wang Lihui , Shen Weiming , Lang Sherman
Published: March 2004

Targeting the remote monitoring and control of shop floors, this paper proposes a new framework called Wise-ShopFloor (W¯ebbasedi¯ntegrateds¯ensor-drivene-ShopFloor¯) that can be applied to distributed manufacturing environments. It utilizes the latest Java technologies (Java 3D and Java Servlet) for system implementation. This Web-based framework allows users to monitor and control a distant shop floor device with visual helps enabled by Java 3D models instead of camera images. The behavior of a 3D model is driven by sensor signals of its physical counterpart. A prototype system is developed to demonstrate its application on shop floor monitoring and control.
A Web-based Product Structure Manager to Support Collaborative Assembly Modeling1
Authors: Chen, Li , Wang, and Tingjin , Song Zhijie
Published: March 2004

Collaborative CAD systems enabling collaboration in computer-aided design processes among distributed designers are gaining more and more attention. Yet, such systems, especially in support of collaborative assembly modeling, are hardly achievable. In an effort to bridge this gap, we are dedicated to developing a collaborative CAD system with aim at 3D assembly modeling. As part of this effort, this paper addresses one function module of the system, a Web-based Product Structure Manager, which enables the Collaborative Product Structure Management (CPSM) in collaborative assembly modeling. In particular, CPSM facilitates product data sharing among distributed designers and supports collaboration in product structure creation and modification. A bench clamp assembly is used as an example to illustrate the Product Structure Manager for supporting collaborative assembly modeling.
Throwing Fat on the Fire
Authors: Davenport R. John
Published: March 2004

BANFF, CANADA
--A molecule that purportedly spurs cells to absorb glucose might do something completely different, according to work presented here on 7 March 2004 at the Diabetes Mellitus Keystone Symposium. Mice that lack the molecule unexpectedly carry less fat and balance blood sugar as well as normal animals do. The results refute the idea that the protein spurs glucose transport and reveal that the molecule trims fat metabolism.
Greasing the Way for Bone Growth
Authors: Davenport R. John
Published: March 2004

BANFF, CANADA
--Healthy bodies keep fat thin and bones thick, and new research presented here 5 March 2004 at the Adipogenesis and Obesity Keystone Symposium reveals one way to achieve that goal. A single molecule sparks a signaling pathway that encourages bone formation and curtails corpulence. The work suggests that defects in the molecule might underlie a metabolic transition that occurs during aging, perhaps pointing the way toward new bone-strengthening therapies.
Going Ku Ku on Bax
Authors: Beckman Mary
Published: March 2004

When dramatic machinations part Shakespearean lovers, the play usually comes to a tragic end. But when biological forces divide a pair of proteins in cancer-prone cells, the show goes on for the lucky organism. Now, researchers have discovered the molecular intrigue that keeps the curtain up: Troubled cells chemically modify a particular protein and free its partner, which incites suicide. The results suggest ways to improve cancer therapies.
A Turn From the Worm
Authors: Davenport R. John
Published: March 2004

Worms and humans don't share the same turn-ons, according to new work. A particular nematode age-retarding protein works by activating another longevity promoter, but scientists have now shown that the mammalian version instead shuts down the second molecule. This difference might reflect mammals' need to thwart cancer.
Augmenting With Amylin
Authors: Beckman Mary
Published: March 2004

Like a retaining wall that protects a beach house from the pounding ocean, a protein called amylin keeps bones strong by preventing their disintegration, new research shows. The results suggest a novel potential therapy against osteoporosis.
Impaired Angiogenesis in the Aged
Authors: Reed May J. , Edelberg Jay M.
Published: March 2004

The process of angiogenesis, during which new blood vessels are formed, is impaired during aging. This Perspective describes many of the myriad components of the angiogenic response that are altered with age. In addition, the impact of impaired angiogenesis on wound healing, vascular disease, and cancer in the aged is discussed.
Regulation of Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1α
Authors: Melloul Danielle , Stoffel Markus
Published: March 2004

Transcriptional coregulators modulate the activity of transcription factors and are required for the proper regulation of gene expression. One transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), plays an important role in the control of energy metabolism and has been associated with type 2 diabetes. A recent paper by Fan
et al.
provides new information about the posttranslational regulation of PGC-1α activity. This Perspective discusses the implications of these findings with respect to diabetes and aging.
Conserved Genetic Basis of a Quantitative Plumage Trait Involved in Mate Choice
Authors: Mundy Nicholas I. , Badcock Nichola S. , Hart Tom , Scribner Kim , Janssen Kirstin , Nadeau Nicola J.
Published: March 2004

A key question in evolutionary genetics is whether shared genetic mechanisms underlie the independent evolution of similar phenotypes across phylogenetically divergent lineages. Here we show that in two classic examples of melanic plumage polymorphisms in birds, lesser snow geese (
Anser c. caerulescens
) and arctic skuas (
Stercorarius parasiticus
), melanism is perfectly associated with variation in the
melanocortin-1 receptor
(
MC1R
) gene. In both species, the degree of melanism correlates with the number of copies of variant
MC1R
alleles. Phylogenetic reconstructions of variant
MC1R
alleles in geese and skuas show that melanism is a derived trait that evolved in the Pleistocene.
Directional Dynamics in the Photodissociation of Oriented Molecules
Authors: Rakitzis T. Peter , van den Brom Alrik J. , Janssen Maurice H. M.
Published: March 2004

We observed directional dynamics in the photodissociation of an oriented molecule. When a laser dissociated hexapole-oriented carbonyl sulfide molecules, the three-dimensional recoil of carbon monoxide fragments, which we measured with ion imaging, was strongly asymmetric. We obtained a microscopic view of molecular bond breaking that revealed both the sign and the magnitude of the deflection angle of the fragment in the molecular frame. This experimental approach can be applied to study and control the three-dimensional dynamics of photoinitiated reactions of fixed molecules or molecules oriented by emerging techniques.
Integration of Word Meaning and World Knowledge in Language Comprehension
Authors: Hagoort Peter , Hald Lea , Bastiaansen Marcel , Petersson Karl Magnus
Published: March 2004

Although the sentences that we hear or read have meaning, this does not necessarily mean that they are also true. Relatively little is known about the critical brain structures for, and the relative time course of, establishing the meaning and truth of linguistic expressions. We present electroencephalogram data that show the rapid parallel integration of both semantic and world knowledge during the interpretation of a sentence. Data from functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the left inferior prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of both meaning and world knowledge. Finally, oscillatory brain responses indicate that the brain keeps a record of what makes a sentence hard to interpret.
Protein Kinase Inhibitors: Insights into Drug Design from Structure
Authors: Noble Martin E. M. , Endicott Jane A. , Johnson Louise N.
Published: March 2004

Protein kinases are targets for treatment of a number of diseases. This review focuses on kinase inhibitors that are in the clinic or in clinical trials and for which structural information is available. Structures have informed drug design and have illuminated the mechanism of inhibition. We review progress with the receptor tyrosine kinases (growth factor receptors EGFR, VEGFR, and FGFR) and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (Bcr-Abl), where advances have been made with cancer therapeutic agents such as Herceptin and Gleevec. Among the serine-threonine kinases, p38, Rho-kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Chk1 have been targeted with productive results for inflammation and cancer. Structures have provided insights into targeting the inactive or active form of the kinase, for targeting the global constellation of residues at the ATP site or less conserved additional pockets or single residues, and into targeting noncatalytic domains.
G Proteins in Cancer: The Prostate Cancer Paradigm
Authors: Daaka Yehia
Published: March 2004

Signal transduction research investigating mechanisms of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell proliferation has historically focused on the role of androgen and peptide growth factor receptors. More recent work has raised the idea that intracellular signaling mechanisms triggered by extracellular hormonal factors acting through heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can also mediate and sustain this pathologic process. Prostate cancer patients with advanced disease express elevated levels of GPCRs and GPCR ligands, suggesting that the GPCR system is activated in the cancerous gland and may contribute to tumor growth. Importantly, inhibition of G protein signaling attenuates prostate cancer cell growth in animal models. The nature of intracellular signaling pathways mediating mitogenic effects of GPCRs in prostate cancer is poorly defined, although the G protein-dependent activation of the Ras-to-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway has emerged as a critical regulatory event. Activated GPCRs may also exert their mitogenic effects in the prostate by activating the androgen receptor.
G Protein Signaling: Insights from New Structures
Authors: Preininger Anita M. , Hamm Heidi E.
Published: March 2004

A large body of experimental evidence exists that links heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate–binding protein (G protein) structure to function. The determination of the crystal structures of G proteins in various activational states and, more recently, in complexes with effectors and other signaling partners highlights the varied mechanisms involved in G protein regulation. Signaling complexes, such as the recently solved complex of Gβγ and G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of these highly conserved signaling molecules. In this Review, we discuss the latest findings and their implications for G protein–signaling paradigms.
Imaging Calcium Concentration Dynamics in Small Neuronal Compartments
Authors: Yasuda Ryohei , Nimchinsky Esther A. , Scheuss Volker , Pologruto Thomas A. , Oertner Thomas G. , Sabatini Bernardo L. , Svoboda Karel
Published: March 2004

Calcium and its regulation play central roles diverse physiologic processes. Quantification of calcium concentrations ([Ca
2+
]) in small neuronal compartments is crucial to understanding Ca
2+
-dependent signaling. Here, we describe techniques that are optimized for 2-photon imaging of [Ca
2+
] dynamics in small compartments such as dendrites and dendritic spines.
From Play to Laws: Language in Biology
Authors: Franza B. Robert
Published: March 2004

One perspective on the emergence of the child prodigy is derived from comparing the role of unique forms of abstraction in those disciplines in which the child has been wondrously creative. Music, mathematics, poetry, and computer programming have all witnessed the child as a creative force; biology has not. Perhaps it is the lack of a suitable abstraction, symbols, and rules for their use that hampers both the child prodigy and the expert in their pursuit of understanding living cells. Repurposing existing languages has yet to accelerate that understanding; perhaps it is time to nudge the evolution of language to better serve the description and prediction of the behavior of living systems.