bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibiting DNA Sensing Pathway Controls Steroid Hyporesponsive Lung Inflammation
Authors: Mdkhana Bushra , Saheb Sharif‐Askari Narjes , Cagliani Roberta , Al‐Sheakly Baraa Khalid Saleh , Ramakrishnan Rakhee K. , Saheb Sharif‐Askari Fatemeh , Hachim Ibrahim Yaseen , Hamid Qutayba , Rawas‐Qalaji Mutasem , Halwani Rabih
Published: November 2024

DNA damage underlies the progression of asthma toward a severe, steroid hyporesponsive phenotype. The accumulation of double‐stranded DNA within the cytosol triggers the activation of cytosolic DNA‐sensing pathways, notably the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway. However, the precise role of STING in driving steroid hyporesponsiveness remains elusive and warrants further investigation. This study evaluates STING levels in human bronchial fibroblasts from severe asthmatic patients and in lung homogenates from a steroid hyporesponsive lung inflammation mouse model. STING level is assessed at baseline, post house dust mites (HDM) stimulation, and following treatment with dexamethasone and STING inhibitor. The effect of STING inhibitors on regulating steroid hyporesponsiveness particularly glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐α/GR‐β ratio is also examined. Severe asthmatic fibroblasts exhibit elevated STING/IFN‐I pathway activation, further heightened by HDM and a similar pattern is seen in lung homogenates from steroid hyporesponsive mice. Dexamethasone combined with an STING inhibitor reduces STING activity, while dexamethasone alone is ineffective. Interestingly, the STING inhibitor restores steroid sensitivity by increasing the GRα/GRβ ratio. Furthermore, nanoparticle‐encapsulated STING inhibitor more effectively reduces airway hyperresponsiveness and restores steroid sensitivity than the free inhibitor. These findings emphasize STING's role in severe asthma pathogenesis, proposing nanoparticle delivery of STING inhibitors as a promising therapeutic strategy.
A Method for Fabricating Tissue‐Specific Extracellular Matrix Blocks From Decellularized Tissue Powders
Authors: Negishi Jun , Yamaguchi Ayana , Tanaka Dan , Hashimoto Yoshihide , Zhang Yongwei , Funamoto Seiichi
Published: November 2024

Decellularized tissues retain the extracellular matrix (ECM), shape, and composition that are unique to the source tissue. Previous studies using decellularized tissue lysates and powders have shown that tissue‐specific ECM plays a key role in cellular function and wound healing. However, creating decellularized tissues composed of tissue‐specific ECM with customizable shapes and structures for use as scaffolding materials remains challenging. In this study, a method for compacting decellularized tissue powder into blocks is developed using cold isostatic pressing (CIP). Custom‐shaped ECM blocks and composite ECM blocks are fabricated using silicone molds. Additionally, an ECM block with a two‐layer structure is obtained through a two‐step CIP process. Cells are observed to infiltrate porous ECM blocks that are created using sodium chloride and transglutaminase. These results highlight the development of an effective method for producing ECM blocks using CIP with customizable shapes, compositions, and structures, making them suitable for use as cell culture scaffolds.
Selective Laser Melted High Mg‐Content Al–Si–Mg–Zr Aluminum Alloy with the Formation of Stacking Faults
Authors: Jia Hao‐Jin , Su Na , Gao Xing , Zhang Zhi‐Jie , Geng Yao‐Xiang , Chen Liang‐Yu
Published: November 2024

The currently applied selective laser melted (SLMed) Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloys generally exhibit low strength. Increasing the Mg content is an effective method to enhance the strength of those alloys. However, an excessive Mg content reduces their processability and plasticity. Herein, Zr is chosen as the alloying element to enhance the processability and plasticity of the SLMed high Mg‐content Al–Si–Mg alloy. The results demonstrate that the alloying of the Zr element is beneficial for improving the alloy's processability and mechanical properties through grain refinement. Besides, the high‐concentration solid solution of low‐stacking fault energy (SFE) elements, including Mn, Zr, and Mg, effectively reduces the SFE of the alloy, thereby promoting the formation of stacking faults. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the alloy are 388 ± 3, 503 ± 6 MPa, and 5.1 ± 1%, respectively. The strength of the present alloy is higher than that of previously reported SLMed Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloys.
Evolution of Microstructure during Creep Deformation in a Forged 617 Superalloy
Authors: Hamid Sajad , Singh Ratnakar , Rawat Pankaj , Prakash Ujjwal
Published: November 2024

Creep tests are conducted on forged 617 M superalloy samples at 650, 700, and 750 °C at stresses ranging from 115 to 320 MPa. At 650 °C, a significant steady‐state secondary creep is observed, while at 700 and 750 °C limited secondary creep and prolonged tertiary creep are observed. Creep data analysis using power‐law creep approach estimates high‐stress exponents (n ≈ 13.4 at 650 °C, ≈11.5 at 700 °C, and ≈9.7 at 750 °C) and activation energy (Q ≈ 530.6 kJ mole−1). After incorporating threshold stress, the activation energy for creep is found to be ≈261 kJ mole−1. This is consistent with the activation energy for lattice self‐diffusion in the alloy. Transmission electron microscopy provides evidences affirming that climb‐controlled dislocation creep may be the operative creep mechanism. Ni3(Al, Ti) (γ′) precipitates and M23C6 carbides evolve during exposure at operating temperatures. These are observed to lead to enhanced creep resistance at 700 °C. Significant coarsening rate of γ′ precipitates are noted during exposure at 750 °C. This intensifies recovery processes and lowers creep threshold stress drastically. Extended tertiary creep prevails near the service conditions of this alloy, which is ascribed to instability in microstructure during creep.
Boosting OECT Performance with PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles in Hydrophobic Channels
Authors: Ho Po Yuen , Ditzer Oliver , Solgi Ali , Zhang Haoran , Thümmler Ronja , Al‐Hussein Mahmoud , Kleemann Hans , Sun Ningwei , Lissel Franziska S.‐C.
Published: November 2024

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) require organic mixed ion‐electron conductors (OMIECs) (i.e., hydrophilic materials supporting electron and ion transportation) as active materials. However, high‐performance OMIECs grafted with hydrophilic side chains are difficult to synthesize and purify, and often suffer from swelling during operation. In contrast, the synthetic pathways toward a broad range of hydrophobic polymeric semiconductors used in classic organic‐field‐effect transistors are well established, and several are even commercially available. Yet, these hydrophobic materials do not intrinsically support ionic transport, limiting their application in OECTs. Here, poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG)‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are incorporated into conventional hydrophobic polymeric semiconductors like poly‐3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT), improving not only ionic but also electronic transport. The hydrophilic AuNPs modify P3HT crystallite orientation, shorten lamellar and π–π distances, and create pathways for ion penetration, as evidenced by GIWAXS and AFM studies. With 5 wt% AuNP loading, OECTs achieve µC* of 98 F cm−1 V−1 s−1, comparable to hydrophilic materials. The strategy also works for other polymer systems, offering a facile method to utilize hydrophobic materials in OECTs and boost their performance.
Multi‐Functional Self‐Sensing Electronic Gasket for Structural Health Monitoring of Transportation Pipelines
Authors: Cao Yunqi , Chi Haozhen , Zhu Ziying , Fan Shuyu , Zhang Yicheng , Tang Yongkui , Hou Dibo
Published: November 2024

In advancing “smart city” initiatives, multi‐functional sensing devices are crucial for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of key infrastructures. This study presents a self‐sensing sealing electronic gasket (e‐gasket) featuring multi‐modal interdigitated‐electrode‐based sensors for underground pipeline damage assessments, via simultaneously detected distribution information of contact pressure and relative humidity (RH). Detecting performance is enhanced through functional surface coatings and optimized pore size of the porous foam layer. An equivalent decoupling model for precise detection is established by analyzing the electrical responses of capacitance and impedance, and a rough estimation method relying on relative response is investigated to reduce the energy consumption and enhance monitoring efficiency. It demonstrates excellent multi‐modal sensing capabilities, repeatability, and stability over the long term. Experimental results verify the effectiveness in condition detection, fault classification, damage severity assessment, and early warning functions of the e‐gasket, enabling comprehensive SHM.
Shape‐Control in Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis: A Fast Route to Size‐Tunable Iron Oxide Nanocubes with Benchmark Magnetic Heat Losses
Authors: Mekseriwattana Wid , Silvestri Niccolò , Brescia Rosaria , Tiryaki Ecem , Barman Jugal , Mohammadzadeh Farshad Gorji , Jarmouni Nabila , Pellegrino Teresa
Published: November 2024

Iron oxide nanocubes (IONCs) are among the most promising materials in magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) for tumor therapy as they can efficiently convert magnetic energy into heat under alternating magnetic field (AMF). Conventional IONCs syntheses  are based on thermal decomposition methods, limited by the long reaction time (hours) and milligram‐scale production; while, solvothermal methods produce gram‐scale amount of high quality IONCs, but, reaction times are of the orders of hours. In this work, a microwave‐assisted route to shape‐control IONCs in which the reaction time is reduced to minutes while achieving a high iron conversion yield up to 80% is reported. The size of the IONCs (range 13–30 nm) is coarse‐tuned by adjusting the amount of benzaldehyde ligand, while fine‐size tuning is achieved by changing temperature and minute‐reaction time. IONCs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at 298 K with saturation magnetization over 80 emu gIONC−1 and possess high specific absorption rate values (SAR) up to 400 W gFe−1 at clinical AMF conditions. These results mark a milestone for rapid synthesis of IONCs at high yield conversion of well‐defined size and shape nanocubes with benchmark MHT heat performance while using a fast route, with limited energy consumption which makes this method greener and cheaper than previous ones.
Endotoxin‐Capturing Nitric Oxide‐Releasing Nanoproducers Synergistically Integrated with Photodynamic Therapy for Bacterial Biofilm Infections
Authors: Wang Kezhen , Li Haohuan , Hu Yi , Lin Juchun , Shu Gang , Zhang Wei , Fu Hualin , Liang Xiaoxia , Cheng Anchun , Zhou Shaobing , Xu Funeng
Published: November 2024

The challenge of multispecies bacterial biofilms involves secondary infections from biofilm dispersion while failing to clear resident‐bacteria, along with health risks from endotoxins. Although photodynamic therapy simultaneously eliminates biofilms and resident‐bacteria, its effectiveness is limited by the short half‐life of reactive oxygen species (ROS). And the slightly acidic properties of biofilms offer opportunities to mitigate anionic endotoxin hazards. Consequently, a nanoproducer is developed that releases nitric oxide by leveraging its prolonged half‐life and interaction with superoxide anions to extend the range of ROS oxidation. Meanwhile, the nanoproducer can respond to the biofilm's pH, gaining a strong positive charge to effectively capture released endotoxin during treatment. This research indicates that nanoproducers effectively disperse biofilms and improve their penetration into polymeric substances, leading to efficient reduction of bacterial burden in mice harboring biofilm and abscess models. Additionally, nanoproducers effectively reduce inflammatory cytokine levels and immune cell infiltration caused by endotoxin. The nanoplatform, therefore, demonstrates remarkable promise in combating bacterial biofilm infections and alleviating the risks associated with endotoxins.
A Hybrid Miniaturized Modular Probe for Minimally Invasive Neural Intervention
Authors: Zhao Xiaotong , Deng Maosen , Guo Shuang , Liu Jiarui , Liu Na , Li Zhe
Published: November 2024

Brain's unique anatomical structure and physiological environment make it difficult to deliver therapeutic agents such as drug or light to a focal volume in brain for disease treatment. Physically targeting a fine structure in brain with a micro‐neural probe is an effective solution. Here, we present a hybrid miniaturized neural probe designed with micro‐fluidic channel(s) for drug delivery, micro‐electrode(s) for neural sensing and an optical fiber for optical‐related treatment. These functional components are integrated in a micro‐cannula (diameter <300 µm) with modular design and fabrication properties which can be conveniently adjusted for diverse applications. In vitro and in vivo tests confirm that this probe can precisely deliver drug to a focal volume in brain bypassing the blood brain barrier, and on‐site neural sensing can be achieved with the integrated neural electrode. Leveraging near infrared light’s scattering properties in brain, we demonstrate in vivo with rat glioblastoma model that this hybrid neural probe can be a platform for photothermal treatment of brain tumor. With these merits, the hybrid miniaturized neural probe will be an effective tool with great translational potentials for minimally invasive neural intervention such as drug delivery or combination treatment of brain diseases.
Amorphous GaOx Thin Films Grown by MOCVD for Broadband Ultraviolet Absorption Application
Authors: Zhang Chuang , Qi Song , Xue Jierui , Cao Jiahe , Xie Zhigao , Liao Yimin , Wang Yan , Song Hanzhao , Qu Andeng , Hu Guofeng , Mei Zengxia , Tang Weihua , Tan Chee‐keong
Published: November 2024

Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃), with its wide bandgap of 4.3–5.4 eV and tunable properties, holds great potential for applications in power electronics, solar‐blind photodetectors (PDs), and transparent conductive oxides, particularly effective in the 230–280 nm range for solar‐blind detectors. In contrast, amorphous gallium oxide (a‐GaOx) is gaining attention for UV PDs and flexible X‐ray detectors due to its straightforward synthesis. However, its effective utilization requires a deeper understanding of its chemical, structural, and optical properties. In this study, a‐GaOx is synthesized using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at a reduced oxygen flow rate. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that Ga₂O can constitute over 30% of the thin film at high trimethylgallium (TMGa) flux, coexisting with Ga₂O₃ and exhibiting an optical bandgap ≈3.3 eV. Notably, a metal‐semiconductor‐metal photodetector fabricated from this a‐GaOx thin film demonstrated potential as a novel broadband ultraviolet (BUV) absorption material, effectively covering the 254 to 360 nm range.
Ultra‐Sensitive and Broad‐Range Iontronic Pressure Sensor Based on ZnO‐Reinforced Sodium Alginate With CaCl2
Authors: Chang Baoquan , Zhu Lida , Xu Peihua
Published: November 2024

Flexible pressure sensors are unprecedentedly developed on monitoring human physical activities and human–computer interaction. Simultaneously, improving the sensitivity and pressure range of flexible pressure sensors is a great challenge. Despite the introduction of microstructures on the dielectric layer, the deformability is still limited due to the size constraints of the microstructures, and the sensitivity of iontronic capacitive pressure sensor (ICPS) is still difficult to significantly improve. Here, an innovative strategy of combining nano‐ZnO and sodium alginate (SA) ionogels with two‐stage enhancement (TSE) structures, which can significantly enhance the toughness and sensitivity of ICPS for ultrasensitive pressure range, is proposed. Compared with other previously reported pressure sensors, the sensor developed in this work exhibits an ultra‐high sensitivity (Smax>17000 kPa−1, Smin>360 kPa−1) in a broad sensing range of more than 900 kPa and maintains stable long‐term working durability for 4000 cycles. The sensor demonstrates its versatility potential in practical applications in physical activity monitoring and human–computer interaction. This work provides a general strategy to achieve an ICPS with broader pressure‐response range and higher sensitivity, offering a stable and effective way for a low‐cost, scalable pressure sensor.
3D Printing of Polyester Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Advancements and Challenges
Authors: Salehabadi Mojtaba , Mirzadeh Hamid
Published: November 2024

Polyesters have garnered significant attention in bone tissue engineering (BTE) due to their tunable degradation rates, biocompatibility, and convenient processing. This review focuses on recent advancements and challenges in the 3D printing of polyester‐based scaffolds for BTE. Various 3D printing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), vat photopolymerization (VP), and Wet‐spun additive manufacturing, are explored, emphasizing their ability to construct scaffolds with precise architectural control. The main challenges in 3D printed polyester scaffolds are their limited mechanical properties, lack of inherent bioactivity, and the release of acidic byproducts during biodegradation. Strategies to enhance scaffold performance, such as incorporating bioactive ceramics and growth factors, are discussed, focusing on improving osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and mechanical strength. Recent studies on integrating these components into polyester scaffolds and techniques to optimize scaffold porosity and biodegradability are presented. Finally, the review addresses ongoing issues, such as the difficulty of incorporating some biomolecules and bioceramics during 3D printing and improved clinical translation. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insight into the future directions and potential solutions for overcoming the limitations of 3D‐printed polyester‐based scaffolds in BTE.
Regioselective Palladaelectro‐Catalyzed Chlorination of Arenes in an Undivided Cell
Authors: Ponra Sudipta , Sitdikov Ruzal , Calis Alyssio , Verho Oscar
Published: November 2024

Chloroarenes constitute fundamental building blocks in organic synthesis and are widely applied in the synthesis of bioactive compounds, fine chemicals, materials, natural products and pharmaceuticals. Electrochemical chlorination has been recognized as a promising synthetic method for accessing chloroarenes, but it has proved challenging to achieve in practice as shown by the limited number of existing protocols. Herein, we report on a highly general electrocatalytic strategy for the regioselective chlorination of various substituted heteroaryl scaffolds in an undivided cell setup, using ethyl chloroformate as the chlorine source. This strategy offers several practical advantages over existing methodologies, including an operationally simple experimental setup, exceptional functional group tolerance, and the possibility to form either the mono‐ or bis‐chlorinated products in high selectivity depending on the choice of catalyst loading, electric current and ethyl chloroformate equivalents. The practicality and selectivity of the protocol were demonstrated by the successful chlorination of an array of densely‐substituted arene frameworks as well as by the synthesis of chlorinated bioactive molecules.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging for Quantification of Targeted Drug Delivery in Varying Tumor Microenvironments
Authors: Verma Amit , Pandey Vikas , Sherry Catherine , Humphrey Taylor , James Christopher , Matteson Kailie , Smith Jason T. , Rudkouskaya Alena , Intes Xavier , Barroso Margarida
Published: November 2024

Trastuzumab (TZM) is a monoclonal antibody that targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and is clinically used for the treatment of HER2‐positive breast tumors. However, the tumor microenvironment can limit the access of TZM to the HER2 targets across the whole tumor and thereby compromising TZM's therapeutic efficacy. An imaging methodology that can non‐invasively quantify the binding of TZM‐HER2, which is required for therapeutic action, and distribution within tumors with varying tumor microenvironments is much needed. Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence lifetime (FLI) Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is performed to measure TZM‐HER2 binding, using in vitro microscopy and in vivo widefield macroscopy, in HER2 overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer cells and tumor xenografts, respectively. Immunohistochemistry is used to validate in vivo imaging results. NIR FLI FRET in vitro microscopy data show variations in intracellular distribution of bound TZM in HER2‐positive breast AU565 and AU565 tumor‐passaged XTM cell lines in comparison to SKOV‐3 ovarian cancer cells. Macroscopy FLI (MFLI) FRET in vivo imaging data show that SKOV‐3 tumors display reduced TZM binding compared to AU565 and XTM tumors, as validated by ex vivo immunohistochemistry. Moreover, AU565/XTM and SKOV‐3 tumor xenografts display different amounts and distributions of TME components, such as collagen and vascularity. Therefore, these results suggest that SKOV‐3 tumors are refractory to TZM delivery due to their disrupted vasculature and increased collagen content. The study demonstrates that FLI is a powerful analytical tool to monitor the delivery of antibodydrugs both in cell cultures and in vivo live systems. Especially, MFLI FRET is a unique imaging modality that can directly quantify target engagement with the potential to elucidate the role of the TME in drug delivery efficacy in intact live tumor xenografts.
Targeting the NOTCH2/ADAM10/TCF7L2 Axis‐Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Wnt Pathway Suppresses Tumor Growth and Enhances Chemosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Xiang Zhen , Wang Yiwei , Ma Xiao , Song Shuzheng , He Yuanqiao , Zhou Jiamin , Feng Longhai , Yang Su , Wu Yibin , Yu Bingran , Xia Guangkai , Xu Weiqi , Zhao Yiming , Wang Lu
Published: November 2024

Wnt/β‐catenin/transcription factor (TCF) transcriptional activity plays an integral role in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis. However, to date, no drugs targeting this pathway are used in clinical practice owing to the undesirable and serious side effects. In this study, it is found that the transcriptional regulation of Wnt pathway is activated and associated with liver metastasis in CRC. Through high‐throughput screening of 24 inhibitors on 12 CRC and three colorectal organoids in this organoid living biobank, adavivint is found to exhibit anti‐tumor activity and low toxicity in colorectal organoids, independent of the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Mechanistically, ADAM10 is screened as a target of adavivint to specifically regulate the protein expression of NOTCH2, which mediates the transcriptional regulation of the Wnt pathway. NOTCH2 not directly interact with TCF7‐like 2 (TCF7L2), a key downstream transcriptional factor of canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, but directly activated the transcription of TCF7L2 and Wnt target genes, such as MYC, JUN and CCND1/2. Furthermore, use of adavivint or blockage of ADAM10/NOTCH2/TCF7L2 signaling enhances the chemosensitivity of CRC cells. Overall, this study provides a promising candidate for the development of small‐molecule inhibitors and reveals a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
Vector‐Free Deep Tissue Targeting of DNA/RNA Therapeutics via Single Capacitive Discharge Conductivity‐Clamped Gene Electrotransfer
Authors: Pinyon Jeremy L. , von Jonquieres Georg , Mow Stephen L. , Abed Amr Al , Lai Keng‐Yin , Manoharan Mathumathi , Crawford Edward N. , Xue Stanley H. , Smith‐Moore Sarah , Caproni Lisa J. , Milsom Sarah , Klugmann Matthias , Lovell Nigel H. , Housley Gary D.
Published: November 2024

Viral vector and lipid nanoparticle based gene delivery have limitations around spatiotemporal control, transgene packaging size, and vector immune reactivity, compromising translation of nucleic acid (NA) therapeutics. In the emerging field of DNA and particularly RNA‐based gene therapies, vector‐free delivery platforms are identified as a key unmet need. Here, this work addresses these challenges through gene electrotransfer (GET) of “naked” polyanionic DNA/mRNA using a single needle form‐factor which supports “electro‐lens” based compression of the local electric field, and local control of tissue conductivity, enabling single capacitive discharge minimal charge gene delivery. Proof‐of‐concept studies for “single capacitive discharge conductivity‐clamped gene electrotransfer” (SCD‐CC‐GET) deep tissue delivery of naked DNA and mRNA in the mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle achieve stable (>18 month) expression of luciferase reporter synthetic DNA, and mRNA encoding the reporter yield rapid onset (<3 h) high transient expression for several weeks. Delivery of DNAs encoding secreted alkaline phosphatase and Cal/09 influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen generate high systemic circulating recombinant protein levels and antibody titres. The findings support adoption of SCD‐CC‐GET for vaccines and immunotherapies, and extend the utility of this technology to meet the demand for efficient vector‐free, precision, deep tissue delivery of NA therapeutics.
Near‐Isotropic, Extreme‐Stiffness, Continuous 3D Mechanical Metamaterial Sequences Using Implicit Neural Representation
Authors: Zhao Yunkai , Wang Lili , Zhai Xiaoya , Han Jiacheng , Ma Winston Wai Shing , Ding Junhao , Gu Yonggang , Fu Xiao‐Ming
Published: November 2024

Mechanical metamaterials represent a distinct category of engineered materials characterized by their tailored density distributions to have unique properties. It is challenging to create continuous density distributions to design a smooth mechanical metamaterial sequence in which each metamaterial possesses stiffness close to the theoretical limit in all directions. This study proposes three near‐isotropic, extreme‐stiffness, and continuous 3D mechanical metamaterial sequences by combining topology optimization and data‐driven design. Through innovative structural design, the sequences achieve over 98% of the Hashin–Shtrikman upper bounds in the most unfavorable direction. This performance spans a relative density range of 0.2–1, surpassing previous designs, which fall short at medium and higher densities. Moreover, the metamaterial sequence is innovatively represented by the implicit neural function; thus, it is resolution‐free to exhibit continuously varying densities. Experimental validation demonstrates the manufacturability and high stiffness of the three sequences.
Surface Modifications of Layered Perovskite Oxysulfide Photocatalyst Y2Ti2O5S2 to Enhance Visible‐Light‐Driven Water Splitting
Authors: Liang Xizhuang , Vequizo Junie Jhon M. , Lin Lihua , Tao Xiaoping , Zhu Qiulian , Nakabayashi Mamiko , Lu Daling , Yoshida Hiroaki , Yamakata Akira , Hisatomi Takashi , Takata Tsuyoshi , Domen Kazunari
Published: November 2024

Increasing the efficiency of visible‐light‐driven water splitting systems will require improvements in the charge separation characteristics and redox reaction kinetics associated with narrow‐bandgap photocatalysts. Although the traditional approach of loading a single cocatalyst on selective facets provides reaction sites and reduces the reaction overpotential, pronounced surface charge carrier recombination still results in limited efficiency increases. The present study demonstrates a significant improvement in the hydrogen evolution activity of the layered single‐crystal photocatalyst Y2Ti2O5S2. Increased performance is obtained through sequential loading of Pt cocatalysts using a two‐step process followed by photodeposition of Cr2O3 nanolayers. The stepwise deposition of Pt involved an impregnation‐reduction pretreatment with subsequent photodeposition and produced numerous hydrogen production sites while promoting electron capture. The Cr2O3 shells formed on Pt nanoparticles further promoted electron transfer from the Pt to the water and inhibited surface carrier recombination. Importantly, it is also possible to construct a Z‐scheme overall water splitting system using the optimized Y2Ti2O5S2 in combination with surface‐modified BiVO4 in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, yielding a solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 0.19%. This work provides insights into precise surface modifications of narrow‐bandgap photocatalysts as a means of improving the solar water splitting process.
Small Molecule‐Assisted Thermal Radiation Synthesis of Super‐Sb Toward Ultrafast and Ultrastable Sodium Storage
Authors: Dou Shuming , Guo Jinjie , Xu Jie , Zhang Jingchao , Tian Huijie , Gan Wei , Liu Wei‐Di , Fan Longlong , Zhou Yexin , Chen Yanan , Yuan Qunhui
Published: November 2024

Nanostructure engineering of alloying‐type anodes is a key approach to achieving high electrochemical performance in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Despite intensive efforts in traditional calcination methods, synthesizing high‐quality nanomaterials while maintaining ultrafine and homogeneous nanostructure under high temperature remains a key challenge. Herein, a one‐step small molecule‐assisted thermal radiation (MTR) method that fabricates ultrafine Sb nanoparticles with uniform dispersion across heteroatom‐doped carbon supports (Super‐Sb) is reported. This MTR method features the nonequilibrium synthetic conditions induced by ultrafast heating/cooling rate. Additionally, in situ, high‐temperature synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) characterization of the MTR synthetic process demonstrates that the formation and stabilization of ultrasmall Sb nanoparticles can be ascribed to the simultaneous thermolysis of small‐molecule additives into defect‐rich carbon nanosheets. The as‐obtained Super‐Sb nanocomposite exhibits superior sodium‐ion storage performance in terms of ultralong cycling stability of 15 000 cycles at 20.0 A g−1 and ultrahigh rate capability of 152.8 mAh g−1 at 50.0 A g−1. Furthermore, in situ laboratory XRD and finite element analysis (FEA) demonstrate the structural advantages of the ultrafine nanoparticles in stress‐buffering effect. This study provides an effective strategy to manufacture high‐performance and high‐quality energy‐storage nanomaterials for advanced SIBs.
Enhancing Uniform Crystallization and Grain Growth of Halide Perovskite Films by Combining Multipass Inkjet Printing and Antisolvent Bathing
Authors: Migliozzi Marc , Pal Vishal , Damian Joseph , Jung Youngsoo , Lee Jung‐Kun
Published: November 2024

Recent manufacturing of perovskite solar cells (PSC) is moving beyond a spin coating technique. Among several new methods of the large‐area PSCs, inkjet printing (IJP) has emerged as a promising alternative to spin coating due to the high degree of control on printed film area and low material waste. In the IJP of PSCs, one important question is how to remove redundant excess solvent and facilitate the crystallization of the perovskite phase. Along with IJP, an antisolvent bathing is employed. This work reports how the IJP parameters and antisolvent bathing compositions affect the microstructure and initial efficiency of inkjet‐printed PSCs. The halide perovskite films are submerged in the antisolvent of different temperatures to observe the formation of an intermediate phase and the evolution of perovskite phase. By observing the phase evolution using X‐Ray diffraction, an optimized antisolvent bath duration is achieved for diethyl ether (DE) condition. An enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and larger grain size with two sequential passes of inkjet‐deposited perovskite are also reported, and the dissolution of homogeneous nucleation sites as a mechanism for larger grains is proposed. Finally, with multipass IJP and cold antisolvent DE bathing, a champion device with 15.02% PCE is achieved.
Novel body component score predicts long‐term survival in patients with stage I–III colorectal cancer following radical resection
Authors: Aida Takashi , Kamada Teppei , Hata Taigo , Takahashi Junji , Ito Eisaku , Furukawa Kenei , Yoshida Masashi , Ohdaira Hironori , Ikegami Toru , Suzuki Yutaka
Published: November 2024

Background

In gastrointestinal cancer, the relationship among skeletal muscle, subcutaneous and visceral fat mass, and prognosis is gaining attention. Herein, we developed a body component score (BCS) to comprehensively evaluate total body composition in patients with stage I–III colorectal cancer (CRC) and examined its relationship with long‐term prognosis.

Methods

This retrospective study included 300 patients with CRC who underwent curative colorectal resection in 2010–2019. The BCS included skeletal muscle index (SMI), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), visceral fat area (VFA), fatty liver, and pancreatic fatty replacement, measured by preoperative computed tomography. The BCS was calculated as the sum of each score from 0 to 5; patients were grouped into low (score 0–1), medium (score 2–3), and high (score 4–5) BCS. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models assessed disease‐free (DFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) in these patients.

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that T3 or T4 tumors (p = 0.038), pathological stage III (p < 0.001), and low BCS [p = 0.016; hazard ratio (HR), 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–3.35] were independently associated with DFS, whereas pathological stage III (p < 0.001) and low BCS (p = 0.001; HR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.57–6.27) were independent prognostic factors for CSS. Patients with a low BCS had significantly worse DFS (p < 0.001) and CSS (p < 0.001), according to the log‐rank test for trends.

Conclusions

The BCS may effectively predict prognosis in patients with CRC.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective and Enantioselective Hydropyridylation of Dienes for the Synthesis of Chiral Diaryl Compounds via Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Seo Minjeong , Seo Sanghyup , Jung Joonho , Kim Hyunwoo
Published: November 2024

The synthesis of chiral 1,1‐diaryl compounds, particularly those containing a pyridine moiety, is of significant interest due to their pharmaceutical applications. Here, we report the development of a copper‐catalyzed enantioselective 1,4‐hydropyridylation of conjugated dienes. Utilizing 2‐fluoropyridine as the electrophile, CuOAc, and the chiral ligand Tol‐BINAP, we optimized reaction conditions to achieve the desired chiral 1,1‐diaryl products containing both a pyridine and a cis‐crotyl group. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations revealed that the 1,2‐hydrocupration step is enantio‐determining, and the concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution proceeds via six‐membered cyclic transition states.
Cell‐Sensing Analogue Nanopore for Rapid Detection of Protein‐Related Targets
Authors: Dai Jun , Hu Yuxin , Liu Weiyong , Liu Hong , Wang Shixuan , Xia Fan , Lou Xiaoding
Published: November 2024

Nanopores offer significant advantages in biosensing. Conventional nanopore sensors require probe modification within the pore, and there are two major obstacles: inhomogeneity of probe modification within the pore, and distortion of the detection signal due to the uncontrollable dynamics of the target within the pore. Here, we constructed a cell‐sensing analogue nanopore (CeSa‐nanopore), by coating the outer surface of the nanopore with cell membrane. The inhomogeneity of probe modification and the uncontrollable kinetics of target‐probe binding were also addressed. Specific cells are selected to prepare CeSa‐nanopore, for example, cells with high expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are used to achieve the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2. When SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to CeSa‐nanopore the surface potential changes, causing a change in the ionic current, thus enabling its detection with a detection rate of 100 %. In addition, the detection of different proteins, such as follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), can be achieved by changing the cell membrane coating. The identification of cancer cells in ascites can also be achieved by utilizing homologous targeting between cancer cells. Importantly, the use of CeSa‐nanopores for the detection of these targets eliminates the need for pre‐processing and significantly reduces detection time.
Development of Benzimidazole‐Containing Thermosetting Imide Oligomers With Enhanced Thermal Stability and Adhesive Properties
Authors: Liu Caizhao , Zhang Song , Sun Mingming , Zhang Xugang , Zhao Ming , Song Caiyu , Bai Xuefeng , Liu Wenbin , Zhang Bin
Published: November 2024

In this work, phenylethynyl‐terminated imide oligomers incorporating benzimidazole structures were synthesized and their structures were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The solubility, curing behavior, thermal stability, thermomechanical properties, and adhesive performance were systematically evaluated. Different dianhydride structures and isomer ratios were utilized to optimize the performance of the oligomers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed 5% weight loss temperatures (T
5%) exceeding 520°C under both nitrogen and air atmospheres, demonstrating excellent thermal stability. Lap shear strength (LSS) testing showed that oligomers based on 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) exhibited superior adhesive performance, particularly at elevated temperatures. The glass transition temperature (T
g) was significantly influenced by the ratio of 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (s‐BPDA) to 2,3,3′,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (a‐BPDA), with a maximum T
g of 482°C. These results underscore the potential of these oligomers for high‐performance adhesive applications in industries such as aerospace and electronics.
Science for whom? The influence of the regional academic circuit on gender inequalities in Latin America
Authors: Pradier Carolina , Kozlowski Diego , Shokida Natsumi S. , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2024

The Latin‐American scientific community has achieved significant progress towards gender parity, with nearly equal representation of women and men scientists. Nevertheless, women continue to be underrepresented in scholarly communication. Throughout the 20th century, Latin America established its academic circuit, focusing on research topics of regional significance. Through an analysis of scientific publications, this article explores the relationship between gender inequalities in science and the integration of Latin‐American researchers into the regional and global academic circuits between 1993 and 2022. We find that women are more likely to engage in the regional circuit, while men are more active within the global circuit. This trend is attributed to a thematic alignment between women's research interests and issues specific to Latin America. Furthermore, our results reveal that the mechanisms contributing to gender differences in symbolic capital accumulation vary between circuits. Women's work achieves equal or greater recognition compared to men's within the regional circuit, but generally garners less attention in the global circuit. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at strengthening the regional academic circuit would encourage scientists to address locally relevant topics while simultaneously fostering gender equality in science.
Sub‐Quantum Physics and the Proton Mass
Authors: Horvath J. E.
Published: November 2024

A sub‐quantum level of elementarity, pictured as a generic thermal bath, can induce fluctuations in several measured quantities. We discuss the possible effect of the proton mass, and the connection of these fluctuations with quark states inside the proton. The quest for a substructure below quarks can be explored this way, opening a new window to the micro‐world beyond the Standard Model description.
Synthesis of MFI zeolites with hierarchical porosity by dry‐gel conversion
Authors: Kim Susung , Kim Seunghwan , Cho Hae Sung
Published: November 2024

Dry‐gel conversion (DGC), which directly converts zeolite gel into crystals by vapor, is considered a promising method for reducing amounts of zeolite precursors and easily controlling crystallization. Synthesis of MFI zeolites employing the DGC method with different amounts of tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was studied to investigate the effect of TPABr and NaOH on the crystallization of MFI zeolite, with the optimal condition for synthesis found to be 0.05625 for both NaOH/SiO2 and TPABr/SiO2. Additionally, carbon black (CB) was added onto the MFI zeolite precursor gel as a hard template to generate mesopores into zeolite frameworks. The resultant MFI zeolite with CB synthesized by the DGC method showed mesoporosity, with pore size distribution similar to the particle size of CB. However, the conventional hydrothermal method could not generate mesopores in MFI zeolite due to the separation of zeolite crystals from CB templates during crystallization.
A Comprehensive Review of the Botany, Bioactive Compounds and Health Benefits of Leptospermum
Authors: Hoang Phuong Lan , Van Vuong Quan
Published: November 2024

There is increasing interest in research and application of natural bioactive compounds due to the growing demand for functional ingredients from the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. A major challenge is finding suitable natural plant resources for the development of functional ingredients. Leptospermum, a genus of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is primarily native to Australia. This genus has been traditionally used for the treatment of a range of ailments, such as colds, fever, constipation, diarrhoea, skin, inflammation, stomach disorder and both internal and external pain. Manuka honey, known for its medicinal properties, is produced from the nectar of Leptospermum flowers, and the leaves of some species are used for essential oil production. Various volatiles, such as pinene, citral and citronellal, have been identified in Leptospermum essential oils. In addition, various non‐volatile compounds like leptosperin, cyanidin, quercetin, ellagic acid, delphinidin and myricetin have been isolated from Leptospermum extracts. Preliminary studies have linked Leptospermum essential oils and extracts with various health‐promoting properties, such as antimicrobial activity, antidiabetes, anticancer and anti‐Alzheimer's disease activities, revealing potential applications of Leptospermum as functional ingredients. To provide a comprehensive understanding of Leptospermum for future research and applications, this review presents an overview of its botanical features, outlines volatile and non‐volatile active molecules identified in the genus, reviews potential health benefits and finally proposes trends for future studies on Leptospermum.
Assessing Syzygium Aromaticum: From Chemical Profiling to Antioxidant, Antistaphylococcal, and Biocompatibility Attributes
Authors: Boughroud Hajar , Chgari Oumaima , Wahnou Hicham , Amrani Abdelaziz El , Faqer Othman El , Amarir Fatima , Mtairag El Mostafa , Rais Samira , Bourjilat Fatna
Published: November 2024

Staphylococcal infections challenge current treatments due to adverse effects and drug resistance, prompting the exploration of plant‐derived compounds for their promising properties. This study aimed to analyze Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (SA‐EO), aqueous (AE‐SA) and ethyl acetate (EAE‐SA) extracts for antioxidant and antistaphylococcal effects against sensitive and resistant clinical isolates. Erythrocytes were used as model cells for biocompatibility. The SA‐EO was extracted via hydrodistillation and compounds were identified using GC‐MS. The antioxidant activity was assessed using various tests, while antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disk diffusion and microdilution assays. Results showed Eugenol as the major compound in SA‐EO. The AE exhibited high phenolic and flavonoid content. SA‐EO demonstrated antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 84.63 ± 1.94 µg/mL (TAC) and 52.88 ± 1.44 µg/mL (FRAP). The AE‐SA showed scavenging effects with EC50 values of 266.52 ± 50.62 µg/mL (DPPH) and 140.67 ± 44.36 µg/mL (NO). The antistaphylococcal activity revealed significant sensitivity of SA‐EO with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.316 to 1.266 mg/mL. SA‐EO showed low hemolytic activity even at high concentrations, indicating its safe therapeutic application. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of Syzygium aromaticum in combating multidrug‐resistant bacteria and underscore its role as a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties.
When thoracic trauma does more good than harm: About an incidental finding of a gangliocytic paraganglioma of the ampulla of Vater
Authors: Rami Guizani , Ali Mseddi Mohamed , Meriem Hsairi , Sarra Saad , Alia Zehani , Mohamed Ben Slima
Published: November 2024

Key Clinical Message

Gangliocytic paragangliomas are benign neuro‐endocrine tumors of the ampulla of Vater. Their preoperative diagnosis is hampered by the low yield of biopsies and non‐specific imaging. Their management relies then on resection. But the type of resection is controversial. Radical resection is indicated in case of lymph node involvement.
Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Young 26 Years Old Patient: A Rare Sequelae of Blunt Chest Trauma
Authors: Hanif Muhammad , Malik Muhammad , Vasigh Mostafa , Shrestha Abhigan Babu , Chaudhuri Debanik
Published: November 2024

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an important subset of cardiovascular disease, and a medical emergency, where timely reperfusion is needed to reduce short‐term and long‐term complications from it. AMI following blunt chest trauma is a rare but serious complication of motor vehicle accidents and should be treated promptly. We are presenting a case of 26 years‐old male, who presented to ED after a motor vehicle accident, went into cardiac arrest, and was found ST elevated MI (STEMI) on electrocardiography. Subsequently, cardiac catheterization revealed ruptured plaque in the proximal left anterior descending artery, with thrombus extending to mid‐LAD, requiring a stent placement.
Utility of Immobilized Metal Salens as Electrocatalysts: Fuel Cells and Organic Electrosynthesis
Authors: Nguyen Zachary A. , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: November 2024

There have been significant advancements in the electrosynthesis of fuels and organic molecules, making it an increasingly sustainable and cost‐effective alternative to traditional chemical redox reagents. Early versions of these systems faced challenges in chemoselectivity due to high applied overpotentials, which have been mitigated with the introduction of molecular electrocatalysts, like metal salens (MSalens). These MSalens reduce the required overpotentials, increase turnover numbers (TON), and have simple modularity within their ligand structure allowing for tunable selectivity. While these MSalen electrocatalysts are typically used homogeneously for engineering simplicity, downstream separations are often costly and time‐consuming. Immobilization of MSalens addresses these issues by enabling synthesis at lower potentials, achieving high selectivity, and facilitating straightforward separations. This review explores the application of MSalens in electrosynthesis and immobilized molecular electrocatalysts in organic electrosynthesis.