bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snacking, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and child obesity in low-income households
Authors: Walsh Christine E. , Seguin-Fowler Rebecca , Ammerman Alice , Hanson Karla , Pitts Jilcott Stephanie B. , Kolodinsky Jane , Sitaker Marilyn , Ennett Susan
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Snacking contributes to one-quarter of children’s total daily energy intake in the USA, with many snack foods being nutrient-poor and energy-dense. Snacking and sugary beverage consumption have been identified as potential contributors to childhood overweight and obesity and may play a particularly important role among children from socioeconomically disadvantaged households that generally display higher rates of obesity. This exploratory study investigated associations between consumption of snack foods, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and overweight and obesity in children from low-income households.

Design/methodology/approach

Data from households that participated in a multi-state cost-offset (CO-CSA) community supported agriculture intervention in 2016 and 2017 (n = 305) were analyzed. Fixed effect regression models were used to estimate associations between child monthly consumption of salty snack foods; sweet snack foods and SSBs; and child weight status, accounting for demographic characteristics.

Findings

No associations were found between snack or SSB consumption and child overweight. However, household income was significantly, negatively related to all three consumption variables (Salty snacks: ß = −0.09, SE = 0.04, p = 0.02; Sweet snacks: ß= −0.10, SE = 0.04, p = 0.01; SSB: ß= −0.21, SE = 0.05, p = 0.0001). The results suggest that household income may play an important role in children’s snacking and SSB behaviors among more disadvantaged households.

Practical implications

Factors beyond snack food and SSB consumption should be explored to better understand childhood overweight and obesity, and to inform future obesity interventions.

Originality/value

Socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity are an ongoing policy-relevant issue within the USA and internationally. This study provides new information about child snacking behaviors in a unique, low-income population and contributes to the evidence base regarding the role household context in shaping child consumption behaviors.
Effects of herbivore assemblage on the spatial heterogeneity of soil nitrogen in eastern Eurasian steppe
Authors: Zhang Minna , Li Guangyin , Liu Bai , Liu Jushan , Wang Ling , Wang Deli
Published: May 2020

The spatial heterogeneity of soil limiting resources is one of the most important factors maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions. There is a general concern that herbivore grazing plays a central role in modifying soil resources heterogeneity. However, most studies have examined how large herbivores as a group affect soil heterogeneity. There is limited knowledge about how assemblages of different herbivore species may influence soil heterogeneity, and whether the herbivore assemblage effects might vary with grassland types.

Here we conducted a 4‐year grazing experiment to examine the effects of different herbivore assemblages (no grazing; cattle grazing; sheep grazing; and mixed grazing of cattle and sheep) on the spatial heterogeneity of soil N availability across three types of grasslands (meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe) in eastern Eurasian steppe.

The results showed that all the herbivore grazing increased the heterogeneity of soil N availability in the three grasslands with different precipitation (only cattle grazing and mixed grazing of cattle and sheep in meadow steppe did not reach a statistically significant level). The consistently increased heterogeneity of soil N availability was primarily due to the effect of animal excreta addition, which weakened in drier grasslands, likely because of the slower excreta decomposition. Moreover, sheep excreta contributed more to soil N heterogeneity than that of other herbivore assemblages, and the effect was statistically significant in meadow steppe and typical steppe with relative high precipitation.

Synthesis and applications. Our study indicates that sheep could have larger potential to maintain and enhance grassland heterogeneity than cattle especially in grassland ecosystems with high precipitation. We therefore suggest that managing above‐ground herbivore species is important for conserving and promoting grassland soil heterogeneity, and that the management should also take into account local environmental conditions such as precipitation.
The Hotelling rule in non‐renewable resource economics: A reassessment
Authors: Ferreira da Cunha Roberto , Missemer Antoine
Published: May 2020

Harold Hotelling's 1931 contribution is known for providing a basic principle—the Hotelling rule—to the economics of non‐renewable resources. Nearly 90 years later, empirical tests conclude the rule lacks empirical validity, requiring strong amendments to describe the long‐term, aggregate behaviour of its target object. On the basis of Hotelling's unpublished archival material, this paper revisits the place given to the Hotelling rule in non‐renewable resource economics. Our reconstruction shows that Hotelling's 1931 paper has been misinterpreted: from the outset, the Hotelling rule was not valid for mineral resources. In contrast, the consideration of two inherent geological constraints, alongside exhaustibility, offered the opportunity for an alternative basic framework, capable to generate bell‐shaped and U‐shaped equilibrium trajectories for supplies and prices, respectively. Inspired by this unknown aspect of Hotelling's work brought to light by our archival investigation, we sketch this alternative basic model, enabling non‐renewable resource economics to circumvent the empirical shortfalls of the Hotelling rule.
Integrating citizen science data with expert surveys increases accuracy and spatial extent of species distribution models
Authors: Robinson Orin J. , Ruiz‐Gutierrez Viviana. , Reynolds Mark D. , Golet Gregory H. , Strimas‐Mackey Matthew , Fink Daniel
Published: May 2020

Aim

Information on species’ habitat associations and distributions, across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, is a fundamental source of ecological knowledge. However, collecting information at relevant scales is often cost prohibitive, although it is essential for framing the broader context of more focused research and conservation efforts. Citizen science has been signalled as an increasingly important source to fill in data gaps where information is needed to make comprehensive and robust inferences on species distributions. However, there are perceived trade‐offs of combining highly structured, scientific survey data with largely un‐structured, citizen science data.

Methods

We explore these trade‐offs by applying a simplified approach of filtering citizen science data to resemble structured survey data and analyse both sources of data under a common framework. To accomplish this, we integrated high‐resolution survey data on shorebirds in the northern Central Valley of California with observations in eBird for the entire region that were filtered to improve their quality.

Results

The integration of survey data with the filtered citizen science data resulted in improved inference and increased the extent and accuracy of distribution models on shorebirds for the Central Valley. The structured surveys improved the overall accuracy of ecological inference over models using citizen science data only by increasing the representation of data collected from high‐quality habitats for shorebirds.

Main conclusions

The practical approach we have shown for data integration can also be used to improve the efficiency of designing biological surveys in the context of larger, citizen science monitoring efforts, ultimately reducing the financial and time expenditures typically required of monitoring programs and focused research. The simple method we present can be used to integrate other types of data with more localized efforts, ultimately improving our ecological knowledge on the distribution and habitat associations of species of conservation concern worldwide.
The effect of successful parathyroid surgery on left ventricle function in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism evaluated with strain echocardiography
Authors: Atasever Ahmet , Özdemir Emre , Acar Turan , Emren Sadık Volkan , Hacıyanlı Selda , Hacıyanlı Mehmet
Published: May 2020

Background

Hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients. It is characterized by many cardiac complications including chronic cardiac arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and diastolic insufficiency. However, there are insufficient data about the cardiac systolic function in PHP. Data regarding the positive effects of surgical treatment on cardiac complications are limited and inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative changes in the left ventricle functions of patients with PHP using strain echocardiography (STE) instead of traditional echocardiographic evaluation.

Methods

This prospective study included 29 patients with PHP. Detailed echocardiographic evaluations were made including conventional and STE‚ ventricle function preoperatively and at 6 months after surgery. Then, preoperative and postoperative STE changes, global longitudinal (GLS) and circumferential strain (GCS), were compared. Patients with recurrent surgery, poor echogenicity, and comorbid conditions affecting STE were excluded.

Results

No significant change was determined in ejection fraction in the period from preoperative to 6 months postoperative (P > .05). The GLS value increased from 18.53 ± 3.06 to 20.25 ± 3.89, to a statistically significant level (P = .004). The other echocardiographic parameters remained unchanged for the same patients.

Conclusion

Despite normal 2D echocardiography data, it was determined that the GLS values deteriorated preoperatively and improved by the 6th postoperative month. The detection of early disorders in PHP that cannot be detected on 2D echocardiography, even in asymptomatic patients, may suggest a new treatment indication. For asymptomatic PHP patients, strain echocardiography may be more valuable than 2D echocardiographic evaluation to determine myocardial dysfunction. The recent literature is insufficient, and there is a need for further, more extensive studies with longer follow‐up periods.
Why you cannot make people better by telling them what is good
Authors: Hlobil Ulf
Published: May 2020

So‐called optimists about moral testimony argue, against pessimists, that, ceteris paribus, we ought to accept and act in accordance with trustworthy, pure moral testimony. I argue that even if we grant this, we need to explain why moral testimony cannot make us more virtuous. I offer an explanation that appeals to the fact that we cannot share inferential abilities via testimony. This explanation is compatible with the core commitments of optimism, but it also allows us to see what is right about pessimism.
Automated video‐based detection of nocturnal motor seizures in children
Authors: van Westrhenen Anouk , Petkov George , Kalitzin Stiliyan N. , Lazeron Richard H. C. , Thijs Roland D.
Published: May 2020

Seizure detection devices can improve epilepsy care, but wearables are not always tolerated. We previously demonstrated good performance of a real‐time video‐based algorithm for detection of nocturnal convulsive seizures in adults with learning disabilities. The algorithm calculates the relative frequency content based on the group velocity reconstruction from video‐sequence optical flow. We aim to validate the video algorithm on nocturnal motor seizures in a pediatric population. We retrospectively analyzed the algorithm performance on a database including 1661 full recorded nights of 22 children (age = 3‐17 years) with refractory epilepsy at home or in a residential care setting. The algorithm detected 118 of 125 convulsions (median sensitivity per participant = 100%, overall sensitivity = 94%, 95% confidence interval = 61%‐100%) and identified all 135 hyperkinetic seizures. Most children had no false alarms; 81 false alarms occurred in six children (median false alarm rate [FAR] per participant per night = 0 [range = 0‐0.47], overall FAR = 0.05 per night). Most false alarms (62%) were behavior‐related (eg, awake and playing in bed). Our noncontact detection algorithm reliably detects nocturnal epileptic events with only a limited number of false alarms and is suitable for real‐time use.
Quantitative analysis of hyperkinetic seizures and correlation with seizure onset zone
Authors: Fayerstein Julie , McGonigal Aileen , Pizzo Francesca , Bonini Francesca , Lagarde Stanislas , Braquet Aurore , Trébuchon Agnès , Carron Romain , Scavarda Didier , Julia Scholly , Lambert Isabelle , Giusiano Bernard , Bartolomei Fabrice
Published: May 2020

Objective

Hyperkinetic epileptic seizures (HKS) are difficult to characterize and localize according to semiologic features. We propose a multicriteria scale to help visual analysis and report results of cerebral localization.

Methods

We assessed seizures from 37 patients with HKS, explored with stereoelectroencephalography during presurgical evaluation. We used a multicriteria scale (hyperkinetic seizure scale [HSS]) with 10 semiologic features, scored independently by two neurologists. The item scores were used to group seizures using the k‐means method. Semiologic features were correlated with the seizure onset zone (SOZ) localization (temporal, prefrontal dorsolateral, prefrontal ventromesial, parietal, insular).

Results

Fifty‐five seizures were analyzed, and each item of the HSS was compared between the two examiners with good interrater agreement (85.3%). Dystonia, integrated behavior, and bilateral or unilateral hyperkinetic movements were statistically significant according to localization. Three clusters were identified according to the HSS and correlated with different patterns of anatomic localization of SOZ. Cluster 1 was characterized clinically by asymmetric hyperkinetic movements associated with marked dystonia and vocalization. It mainly included parietal seizures. Cluster 2 was characterized by bilateral and symmetrical stereotyped hyperkinetic movements without dystonia. It represented half of temporal seizures and one‐third of prefrontal seizures (dorsolateral). Cluster 3 was characterized by seizures with strong emotionality and vocalization with bilateral and symmetrical hyperkinetic movements and integrated behavior. It involved half of temporal seizures and a majority of prefrontal (ventromesial) seizures.

Significance

We propose a first attempt to quantify clinical patterns of HKS. The HSS may help to predict SOZ localization according to three main groups of hyperkinetic seizures.
Forest canopy height co‐determines taxonomic and functional richness, but not functional dispersion of mammals and birds globally
Authors: Feng Gang , Zhang Jian , Girardello Marco , Pellissier Vincent , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: May 2020

Aims

Taller forest canopies may harbour higher biodiversity by providing more and varied resources. No previous studies have assessed whether forest canopy height shapes the taxonomic and functional diversity of terrestrial vertebrates at global and regional scales. Here, we examine the roles of forest canopy height and other environmental variables in shaping global and regional patterns of species richness and functional diversity of mammals and birds.

Location

Global.

Time period

Present day.

Major taxa studied

Terrestrial mammals and birds.

Methods

Global forest canopy height data at 1 km spatial resolution were used to measure forest vertical structure. Species richness, functional richness and functional dispersion of mammals and birds were calculated using range maps and trait data. Spatial simultaneous autoregressive error models were used to evaluate associations between species richness and functional diversity and their predictors, including mean canopy height, standard deviation of canopy height, net primary productivity, current climate and historical climate stability, topography and human activities.

Results

Mean canopy height emerged as one of two predictors most associated with species richness of mammals and birds as well as mammal functional richness. However, mean canopy height had little explanatory power for functional dispersion. Mean annual temperature and net primary productivity contributed most to explain global‐scale mammal and bird functional dispersion. At the regional scale, mean canopy height, net primary productivity and mean annual temperature were the variables most associated with the species richness and functional diversity of mammals and birds.

Main conclusions

Forest canopy height is an important predictor of species richness and functional diversity of terrestrial vertebrates at both global and regional scales, at a similar overall level to productivity and temperature. Our study highlights the crucial role of the complex vertical structure in shaping the global and regional patterns of vertebrate diversity.
Quality of clinical trials for the prevention of keratinocyte cancer
Authors: Morales‐Sánchez Martha Alejandra , Barragán‐Dessavre Mireya , Peralta‐Pedrero Maria Luisa , Quezada‐Morales Rut P. , Jurado-Santa Cruz Fermín
Published: May 2020

Keratinocyte cancer (KC) is the most common form of cancer in humans. To our knowledge, no previous publications assessing the methodological quality of clinical trials for the prevention of KC have been recently published. We aim to assess the methodological quality of clinical trials focused on the prevention of KC in high‐risk groups not receiving immunosuppressive therapy (NRIT) and propose solutions to improve the design of future trials. We searched clinical trials in which the main outcome was the prevention of KC in high‐risk NRIT groups using the strategy published in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registry), CRD42016045981. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) criteria and the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool were used to assess methodological quality. We analyzed 23 clinical trials. We found a high risk of attrition and reporting bias in 86.9% and 60.9% of the trials, respectively. Regarding the CONSORT criteria, in at least 40% of the trials, the authors omitted the following information: a description of the trial design, the number of losses and exclusions after randomization, the results of subgroup and adjusted analysis, the estimated effect size and the precision of primary and secondary outcomes. Methodological quality was improved in the recently published clinical trials compared to those published before the CONSORT criteria development. All clinical trials should report in detail the information used to assess potential risks of bias.
Phenotypes of controlling feeding behaviours in mothers of toddlers: A mixed methods study
Authors: Pesch Megan H. , Julian Megan M. , Lo Sharon L. , Wu Yue , Miller Alison L. , Appugliese Danielle , Lumeng Julie C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Maternal feeding behaviours, in particular controlling behaviours, are associated with risk of childhood obesity.

Objectives

To qualitatively examine patterns of mothers' beliefs and behaviours around controlling feeding through a semi‐structured interview and to examine associations of those patterns with participant demographic characteristics and classical child feeding instruments.

Methods

A convenience sample of mothers (N = 35) of toddlers (mean age 25 months) participated in a semi‐structured interview about their child feeding beliefs and behaviours. Anthropometrics were measured. Transcripts were analyzed using narrative analysis for patterns from which two emerged, known as phenotypes. A coding scheme was created and reliably applied. Bivariate correlates of the phenotypes with participant child characteristics and mother self‐reported feeding behaviours were examined.

Results

The phenotypes were High Covert Control (n = 12) and Shared Control (n = 23). High Covert Control phenotype membership was correlated with higher child and mother BMI (body mass index) and child female sex. Shared Control phenotype membership was correlated with lower child and mother BMI and greater pressure to eat.

Conclusions

Two controlling feeding phenotypes emerged among mothers of toddlers, which were associated with participant characteristics including BMI, but did not map onto classical child feeding instruments.
Robust data and power in infant research: A case study of the effect of number of infants and number of trials in visual preference procedures
Authors: DeBolt Michaela C. , Rhemtulla Mijke , Oakes Lisa M.
Published: May 2020

As in many areas of science, infant research suffers from low power. The problem is further compounded in infant research because of the difficulty in recruiting and testing large numbers of infant participants. Researchers have been searching for a solution and, as illustrated by this special section, have been focused on getting the most out of infant data. We illustrate one solution by showing how we can increase power in visual preference tasks by increasing the amount of data obtained from each infant. We discuss issues of power and present work examining how, under some circumstances, power is increased by increasing the precision of measurement. We report the results of a series of simulations based on a sample of visual preference task data collected from three infant laboratories showing how more powerful research designs can be achieved by including more trials per infant. Implications for infant procedures in general are discussed.
Nutritional status and quality of nutrition in chronic wound patients
Authors: Herberger Katharina , Müller Katharina , Protz Kerstin , Zyriax Birgit‐Christiane , Augustin Matthias , Hagenström Kristina
Published: May 2020

Malnutrition is a negative confounding factor influencing wound healing. The prevalence of malnutrition increases with age, as do chronic wounds. The aim of this prospective study was to analyse the nutritional status of patients with chronic wounds. Data collection of sociodemographic and nutritional parameters was based on an inter‐professionally developed questionnaire as well as the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). A total of 90 patients with chronic wounds of different aetiologies were included. Pain and dental health were found to be significant factors: Patients with malnutrition or the risk of malnutrition had significantly lower tooth and oral health scores (rs = −0.218,P= .039), and higher pain levels at rest (rs = 0.339,P< .001), while dressing (rs = 0.268,P= .014), and upon exercising (rs = 0.303,P= .005). Our data address the impact of nutrition on chronic wounds and confirm the relationship between pain, dental health, and nutritional status. Clinicians should be aware of adequate pain management and dental health care in chronic wound patients. Further studies, particularly on characterisation of preventive and therapeutic measures in the nutrition of chronic wound patients, are of great importance.
Presynaptic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders: Insights from the synaptic vesicle life cycle
Authors: Bonnycastle Katherine , Davenport Elizabeth C. , Cousin Michael A.
Published: May 2020

The activity‐dependent fusion, retrieval and recycling of synaptic vesicles is essential for the maintenance of neurotransmission. Until relatively recently it was believed that most mutations in genes that were essential for this process would be incompatible with life, because of this fundamental role. However, an ever‐expanding number of mutations in this very cohort of genes are being identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, intellectual disability and epilepsy. This article will summarize the current state of knowledge linking mutations in presynaptic genes to neurodevelopmental disorders by sequentially covering the various stages of the synaptic vesicle life cycle. It will also discuss how perturbations of specific stages within this recycling process could translate into human disease. Finally, it will also provide perspectives on the potential for future therapy that are targeted to presynaptic function.

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Taxonomy and biogeography ofDiapensia(Diapensiaceae) based on chloroplast genome data
Authors: Ye Jian‐Fei , Niu Yan‐Ting , Feng Yan‐Lei , Liu Bing , Hai Li‐Si , Wen Jun , Chen Zhi‐Duan
Published: May 2020

DiapensiaL. is the second largest genus of Diapensiaceae. The taxonomic treatment withinDiapensiaand relationships within Diapensiaceae have been disputed. Chloroplast genome sequence data have proved to be useful for plant phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation. In this study, we de novo sequenced and assembled 22 chloroplast genomes of 15 species of Diapensiaceae, including all recognized species ofDiapensiawith multiple samples. A super‐matrix containing a total of 107 genes and 18 taxa was constructed for phylogenetic analyses to resolve phylogenetic relationships among genera of the family and withinDiapensia. The resulting phylogenetic tree showed the following strongly supported relationships: (Galax, (Pyxidanthera, (Berneuxia, ((Schizocodon, Diapensia), andShortia s.s.)))). The dated phylogeny and reconstructed lineage‐through‐time plot for the family indicated rapid diversification in the Neogene and an acceleration of diversification rate after c. 8 Ma. Biogeographic analysis suggested thatDiapensiaoriginated in the Northeast Asian mountains approximately 6.06 Ma, followed by northward dispersal to the Arctic and southwestward dispersal to the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains. Phylogenetic relationships withinDiapensiawere well resolved. Based on the phylogenetic results, we proposed to reinstate the species status ofDiapensia bulleyanaForrest ex Diels, and raisedD. purpureaf.albidato the species rank (D. albida[W. E. Evans] J. F. Ye comb. & stat. nov.). The distribution ranges of all species delineated based on the phylogenetic results were revised accordingly based on specimen occurrences. Our study adds new examples for the power of plastid genome data for resolving phylogenetic relationships and clarifying taxonomic disputes among closely related species.
Interaction of FGF9 with FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc, a putative driver of growth and aggressive behaviour of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Paur Jakob , Valler Maximilian , Sienel Rebecca , Taxauer Karin , Holzmann Klaus , Marian Brigitte , Unterberger Andreas , Mohr Thomas , Berger Walter , Gvozdenovich Andja , Schimming Johannes , Grusch Michael , Grasl‐Kraupp Bettina
Published: May 2020

Background & Aims

Recently, overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) splice variants FGFR3‐IIIb and FGFR3‐IIIc was found in ~50% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aim to identify FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc ligands, which drive the progression of HCC.

Methods

FACS, MTT assay and/or growth curves served to identify the FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc ligand being most effective to induce growth of hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cell lines, established from human HCC. The most potent FGF was characterized regarding the expression levels in epithelial and stromal cells of liver and HCC and impact on neoangiogenesis, clonogenicity and invasive growth of hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells.

Results

Among all FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc ligands tested, FGF9 was the most potent growth factor for hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells. Replication and/or sprouting of blood/lymphendothelial cells was stimulated as well. FGF9 occurred mainly in stromal cells of unaltered liver but in epithelial cells of HCC. Every fifth HCC exhibited overexpressed FGF9 and frequent co‐upregulation of FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells FGF9 enhanced the capability for clonogenicity and disintegration of the blood and lymphatic endothelium, being most pronounced in cells overexpressing FGFR3‐IIIb or FGFR3‐IIIc, respectively. Any of the FGF9 effects in hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells was blocked completely by applying the FGFR1‐3‐specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor BGJ398 or siFGFR3, while siFGFR1/2/4 were mostly ineffective.

Conclusions

FGF9 acts via FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc to enhance growth and aggressiveness of HCC cells. Accordingly, blockade of the FGF9‐FGFR3‐IIIb/IIIc axis may be an efficient therapeutic option for HCC patients.
Correlation between lumbar skeletal muscle size and urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Mitsui Yosuke , Sadahira Takuya , Watanabe Toyohiko , Araki Motoo , Maruyama Yuki , Sato Ryota , Rodrigo Acosta Gonzalez Herik , Wada Koichiro , Watanabe Masami , Chancellor Michael B. , Nasu Yasutomo
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Urinary incontinence is a major concern after radical prostatectomy because it can decrease quality of life. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of preoperative skeletal muscle on urinary quality of life after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.

Methods

A total of 762 patients underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy. Longitudinal health‐related quality of life was evaluated using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite instrument. The skeletal muscle area at the level of the third lumbar vertebra was assessed preoperatively by computed tomography and was standardized to height to obtain the skeletal muscle index. Reduced skeletal muscle size (RSMS) was defined as a skeletal muscle index ≤ 53 or ≤ 43 cm2/m2 in patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 or < 25, respectively.

Results

A total of 301 patients were included in this study, of whom 91 were classified as having RSMS (30.2%). Non‐RSMS patients exhibited better urinary function at 12 months (P = .012) and better urinary continence recovery at 2 weeks and 12 months (P = .033 and P = .014, respectively) after prostatectomy compared with RSMS patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified preoperative RSMS as a significant and independent predictor of urinary incontinence (odds ratio = 1.77, P = .028).

Conclusions

Patients with RSMS had a lower urinary quality of life compared with non‐RSMS patients after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy, and RSMS, independent of age or BMI, was predictive of postoperative urinary incontinence.
Strengths of meteorites—An overview and analysis of available data
Authors: Pohl Leos , Britt Daniel T.
Published: May 2020

We report all available measurements on strength of meteorites, primarily focusing on compressive and tensile strengths and supplementary data such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, elastic sound wave velocities, density, porosity, and sample sizes. These data are solely taken from the original papers to avoid misprints and other issues. The data are provided as originally presented by the authors with the exception of standardization of units to the SI system. A brief overview of methods for each original work is also provided as a guide to “data quality” since individual papers go to varying levels of detail on their experimental setup and procedures. From this data set, we confirm that the compressive strength of ordinary chondrites (varying in the range of 10s to 100s of MPa) is about an order of magnitude larger compared to their tensile strength and the difference increases with iron content. For carbonaceous chondrites, the tensile strength seems to be about an order of magnitude below the tensile strength of ordinary chondrites and at least an order of magnitude below their compressive strength. We also provide a statistical relation between the strength of meteorites and their densities and porosities and discuss the role of strain rate and sample size on the resultant measured strength. Finally, the data do not provide sufficient statistics to support a size scale effect of strength of meteorites.
Comparing the Ricker and θ‐logistic models for estimating elk population growth
Authors: Koetke Lisa J. , Duarte Adam , Weckerly Floyd W.
Published: May 2020

Conflicting evidence exists supporting linear and nonlinear density‐dependent population growth when species have slow life histories. The Ricker (linear) and θ‐logistic (nonlinear) models are commonly used to analyze survey data for these species, but no evaluation has examined whether these hypotheses can be differentiated with field data. We conducted a simulation exploring effects from shape of density dependence and variation in vital rates on the fit of these models. When vital rates had moderate to high variation, the models had similar fit. The θ‐logistic model differed from the Ricker model and was biologically realistic (θ > 1) when variation in vital rates was low and the growth response was nonlinear. Furthermore, the θ‐logistic model has issues with model convergence when using vague priors and when variation in vital rates as high. These results indicate that the Ricker model is appropriate for population survey data of species with slow life histories.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

The shape of the growth response (i.e., the relationship between abundance and population growth rate) depends on the shape of the relationships between abundance and vital rates (survival and pregnancy).

The variation in the environmental setting of a population over time, as well as the species life history traits, can influence whether linear or nonlinear models fit time series of population survey data.

Random changes over time in the growth rate of a population can mask the shape of the relationship between abundance and growth rate.

When modeling population dynamics of species with slow life histories, the Ricker model is often more appropriate than the θ‐logistic model, especially when environmental variation over time is high or when using vague priors when fitting the models.
Price Measurement Using Scanner Data: Time‐Product Dummy Versus Time Dummy Hedonic Indexes
Authors: de Haan Jan , Hendriks Rens , Scholz Michael
Published: May 2020

This paper compares two model‐based multilateral price indexes: the time‐product dummy (TPD) index and the time dummy hedonic (TDH) index, both estimated by expenditure‐share weighted least squares regression. The TPD model can be viewed as the saturated version of the underlying TDH model, and we argue that the regression residuals are “distorted toward zero” due to overfitting. We decompose the ratio of the two indexes in terms of average regression residuals of the new and disappearing items. The decomposition aims to explain the conditions under which the TPD index suffers from quality‐change bias or, more generally, lack‐of‐matching bias. An example using scanner data on packaged men's T‐shirts illustrates our framework.
Radiotherapy‐induced oral morbidities in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Bhandari Sudhir , Soni Bhavita Wadhwa , Bahl Amit , Ghoshal Sushmita
Published: May 2020

The cumulative effect of radiation and the extent of related morbidities on oral tissues are enormous and increase over time. The numerous radiation‐related side effects have a strong, negative influence on the oral functions and are responsible for a drastic reduction in the oral‐health‐related quality of life of the cancer survivors. In a significant deviation to the earlier approach of advising extraction of all remaining teeth before RT, the concept of preserving a maximum number of teeth in a state of health and for better oral functions postcancer cure has been globally accepted and is adhered to. The effects of radiation and their impact on the general well‐being of the patients underscore the relevance of understanding the sequelae of radiation therapy on healthy oral tissues, preexisting oral diseases and their progression, impact on oral treatment needs, limitations in performing the indicated treatment, and shortcoming in treatment outcomes. It is vital for the professionals involved in head and neck cancer care to follow a well‐devised referral system for oral care before and after RT and educate patients for a life‐long follow‐up
Explaining Italian “exceptionalism” and its end: Minimum income from neglect to hyper‐politicization
Authors: Jessoula Matteo , Natili Marcello
Published: May 2020

Traditionally at the margins of the political debate, minimum income protection has recently become a key issue in Italian politics. After decades of social and political “neglect” letting Italy the only European country (with Greece) still lacking an anti‐poverty minimum income safety net in the 2010s, finally a national programme called Inclusion Income was introduced in 2018, then replaced by a more robustly financed scheme, the Citizenship Income in 2019. The introduction of these new programmes was the object of an intense political debate, which raises two main puzzles. Why a policy field characterized by the low political resources of would be beneficiaries and low incidence on the overall welfare budget has become so important in the political debate? How did it occur in Italy, where minimum income protection had been absent in political discourses for at least five decades after World War II? To answer these questions, this article first elaborates a novel theoretical framework which combines the main properties of socio‐political demand and political supply in order to explain the scope and direction of minimum income reforms. Second, it provides an analytically oriented reconstruction of MIS policy trajectory in Italy in the three different phases: the phase of MIS “neglect” (1948–1992) characterized by inertia; the period of political “contentiousness” (1993–2012), marked by attempts of path departure followed by policy reversals; the more recent phase leading to the introduction and institutionalization of a MIS. Third, the article provides a theoretically framed interpretation of the overall MIS trajectory in Italy.
Is Labour Productivity Higher in Transit Oriented Development Areas? A Study of Beijing
Authors: Lyu Guowei , Bertolini Luca , Pfeffer Karin
Published: May 2020

Transit oriented development (TOD) advocates enhancing public transport connectivity, clustering urban development around public transport nodes and creating station areas with high‐density, diverse land uses and pedestrian‐ and cycling‐friendly environments. While this urban development approach is expected to have positive effects on the urban economy, the impacts of TOD strategies on economic efficiency are yet to be empirically examined. This study operationalised economic efficiency as labour productivity; developed a methodology to investigate how labour productivity is distributed at the local level, to explore the relationships between TOD characteristics and the clustering of labour productivities across different types of industries within a city; and applied it to the case of Beijing, China. The results show that in most cases the distribution of labour productivity has no significant association with TOD characteristics. However, in certain consumer‐service‐related economic sectors (i.e. wholesale and retail; accommodation and catering; and culture, sports, and entertainment) labour productivity is on average significantly higher in an area with stronger transit‐oriented development characteristics. Furthermore, within the conceptual framework of agglomeration economies, the paper identified specific TOD characteristics that are related to the clustering of the higher level of labour productivities in certain industry sectors. These outcomes provide insights for developing more focused TOD strategies, aimed at enhancing the clustering of labour productivities in the identified industries around the existing metro station areas in Beijing.
Coiled‐coil registry shifts in the F684I mutant of Bicaudal D result in cargo‐independent activation of dynein motility
Authors: Cui Heying , Ali M. Yusuf , Goyal Puja , Zhang Kaiqi , Loh Jia Ying , Trybus Kathleen M. , Solmaz Sozanne R.
Published: May 2020

The dynein adaptor Drosophila Bicaudal D (BicD) is auto‐inhibited and activates dynein motility only after cargo is bound, but the underlying mechanism is elusive. In contrast, we show that the full‐length BicD/F684I mutant activates dynein processivity even in the absence of cargo. Our X‐ray structure of the C‐terminal domain of the BicD/F684I mutant reveals a coiled‐coil registry shift; in the N‐terminal region, the two helices of the homodimer are aligned, whereas they are vertically shifted in the wild‐type. One chain is partially disordered and this structural flexibility is confirmed by computations, which reveal that the mutant transitions back and forth between the two registries. We propose that a coiled‐coil registry shift upon cargo‐binding activates BicD for dynein recruitment. Moreover, the human homolog BicD2/F743I exhibits diminished binding of cargo adaptor Nup358, implying that a coiled‐coil registry shift may be a mechanism to modulate cargo selection for BicD2‐dependent transport pathways.
Improving emergency department blood product use through nursing education
Authors: Riveira Melora C. , Fredrickson Tim A. , Iha Bryant R. , Mitchell Steven H. , White Nathan J. , Arbabi Saman , Hess John R.
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Rapid access to blood products can be lifesaving for hemorrhaging patients, but placing blood components in easily accessible locations in the emergency department (ED) can lead to wasteful patterns of use. Education can lead to improvements in transfusion behavior, but such changes for the better are often short lived.

METHODS

To facilitate the early initiation of balanced resuscitation, an emergency blood refrigerator was placed in our ED in February 2015. Physician education to give blood components in a 1:1 plasma:red blood cell (RBC) unit ratio with the plasma given first was given repeatedly with short‐term success. Finally, nurses were trained and empowered to strongly suggest that blood components be given in balanced ratios and that plasma be given first. Plasma:RBC unit ratios were compared in successive years with the chi‐square test for trend.

RESULTS

A total of 1165 RBC units and 623 plasma units were issued from the ED emergency blood refrigerator over 5 years. Intensive physician education is documented at start, in late 2016 to early 2017, and again in early and late 2018. Ratios of components (U plasma/U RBCs) were 2015, 17%; 2016, 26%; 2017, 61%; 2018, 49%; and 2019, 91% (p < 10−18 chi‐square for trend). Higher ratios of plasma use were associated with $40,000+ annual savings.

CONCLUSIONS

Giving the ED senior nurses formal education about the need for and a policy to give guidance on massive transfusion protocol (MTP) blood component administration sequence has achieved compliance with our MTPʼs intention. Increasing plasma use reduces group O RBC use and total blood costs.
Ridiculing the Female Characters in Israeli Hebrew Children’s Literature – From a Gender-Oriented Stereotype to a Feminist Protest
Authors: Dori Nitsa
Published: May 2020

The differences between the genders and attitudes toward the feminine and masculine domains are already recognizable during early childhood. Blatant sexism can be distinguished in a number of Israeli Hebrew children’s books written several decades ago on the subject of the grotesque woman, and which have become classics still read in preschools. The women in these stories are described as bewildered, confused, and absentminded. Since these Hebrew literary texts are extremely popular among preschool teachers, this article firstly promotes awareness of the issue. Later, this article will suggest a new way of reading that will lead to deeper understanding of the messages and change gender-oriented stereotypes, common in the past, to a feminist protest of the present. Discussion and conversation with children regarding the essence of the gender-oriented viewpoint in shaping the grotesque woman, its motives, and other insights that can be reached through the figure’s activity, conversation, and behaviour, can serve as a tool for the development of a person capable of critical thinking, independence, and having values.
Synchronization of a Soft Robotic Ventricular Assist Device to the Native Cardiac Rhythm Using an Epicardial Electrogram
Authors: Bautista-Salinas Daniel , Hammer Peter E. , Payne Christopher J. , Wamala Isaac , Saeed Mossab , Thalhofer Thomas , del Nido Pedro J. , Walsh Conor J. , Vasilyev Nikolay V.
Published: May 2020

Soft robotic devices have been proposed as an alternative solution for ventricular assistance. Unlike conventional ventricular assist devices (VADs) that pump blood through an artificial lumen, soft robotic VADs (SRVADs) use pneumatic artificial muscles (PAM) to assist native contraction and relaxation of the ventricle. Synchronization of SRVADs is critical to ensure maximized and physiologic cardiac output. We developed a proof-of-concept synchronization algorithm that uses an epicardial electrogram as an input signal and evaluated the approach on adult Yorkshire pigs (n = 2). An SRVAD previously developed by our group was implanted on the right ventricle (RV). We demonstrated an improvement in the synchronization of the SRVAD using an epicardial electrogram signal versus a RV pressure signal of 4 ± 0.5% in heart failure and 3.2 ± 0.5% during actuation for animal 1 and 7.4 ± 0.6% in heart failure and 8.2% ± 0.8% during actuation for animal 2. Results suggest that improved synchronization is translated in greater cardiac output. The pulmonary artery (PA) flow was restored to a 107% and 106% of the healthy baseline during RV electrogram actuation and RV pressure actuation, respectively, in animal 1, and to a 100% and 87% in animal 2. Therefore, the presented system using the RV electrogram signal as a control input has shown to be superior in comparison with the use of the RV pressure signal.
NIH move to ax bat coronavirus grant draws fire
Authors: Wadman Meredith , Cohen Jon
Published: May 2020

Controversy comes amid global calls for China to allow independent probe of virus origins.
Tree planting is not a simple solution
Authors: Holl Karen D. , Brancalion Pedro H. S.
Published: May 2020

Tree planting must be carefully planned and implemented to achieve desired outcomes
Drones become even more insect-like
Authors: Young John , Garratt Matthew
Published: May 2020

Mosquitoes' exceptional sensitivity to sound and airflow inspires new collision avoidance technology