bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A possible explanation of emergence patterns of Baetis vernus curtis (Ins.: Ephemeroptera) on the breitenbach — schlitz studies on productivity, Nr. 22—
Authors: Illies Joachim , Masteller Edwin C.
Published: January 2012

Baetis vermis, a major contributor to the biomass of the Breitenbach, shows a remarkable degree of fluctuation in its emergence, which — in the years under observation (1969–1975)—ranges from univoltine to trimodal patterns. It is postulated, that warm overwintering temperatures produce unimodal emergence whereas cold winter temperatures (esp. periods with less than 5° C) produce bimodal or trimodal emergence. The relations between egg‐hatching, larval growth and temperature are discussed.
The nature of a shield lake sediment
Authors: Huang Pan M. , Liaw Wen K.
Published: January 2012

The nature of the sediment of Drinking Lake in the Churchill River Basin in Canada was studied with special reference to its chemical and colloidal composition. Crystalline minerals present in the colloidal fractions of the sediment are quartz, cristobalite, feldspars, micas, amphiboles, vermiculite, chlorite and kaolinite. Sesquioxidic components and the extractable Ca and Mg are present not only in the colloidal fractions but also in the non‐colloidal fractions of the sediment. Over 99% of the nitrogen in the sediment is organic and about 60% of the sediment phosphorus is inorganic. The importance of the crystalline and non‐crystalline mineral components of the sediment studied in the exchange of nutrients between the sediment and its overlying water is discussed. In view of the important roles of these mineral components in affecting the transfer of nutrients, possible significant modifications of the quality of the lake water after impoundment, if a dam were constructed in the basin for a hydro‐electric development, deserve close attention.
Assessment of particulate organic matter in river water
Authors: Liaw Wen K. , Maccrimmon Hugh R.
Published: January 2012

Particulate organic matter in a downriver riffle of the Grand River, the largest Canadian Great Lakes tributary, was studied between June 1970 and April 1972. In winter and spring, concentrations of particulate organic matter (1.0–26.2 mg/l) varied with river flow. High summer levels (3.4–12.7 mg/l) were attributable to high autochthonous primary production. Mean chlorophyll a concentration in summer (29.8 mg/m3) was nearly 15 times higher than in winter, and 8 times the spring mean level. High algal cell counts (15,000–19,000 cells/l) also occurred in summer. Autochthonous and allochthonous contributions to the total particulate organic carbon input to the river in summer were estimated by daily organic input and river flow relationships, carbon to chlorophyll a and to pheopigments ratios. The allochthonous source accounted for 21.5% of the total organic carbon while the autochthonous contributed the remaining 78.5%. The latter included living algae (23.0%), senescent plant material (30.3%) and detritus (25.2% — including microbes). The study establishes a new approach whereby the various components of particulate organic matter in river water can be indirectly partitioned and their biomass estimated by using quantitative relationships among readily obtainable parameters of river flow, standing biomass, chlorophyll a and pheopigments.
Littoral benthos of the Northern Baltic Sea. IV. Pattern and dynamics of macrobenthos in a sandy‐bottom Zostera marina community in Tvärminne
Authors: Lappalainen Annikki , Hällfors Gut , Kangas Pentti
Published: January 2012

The composition and abundance of the macroscopic biota of a sandy‐bottom Zostera marina community at a depth of 3–5 m were studied in Tvärminne, S Finland, in 1968–1971. Zostera occurred contagiously and very sparsely, 6 ± 2 shoots · m−2, ash‐free dry weight (AFDW) 2 ± 1 g · m−2 (95% confidence interval).

Totals of 45 plant and 70 animal taxa were found. Fucus vesiculosus (80%) and Zostera marina (11%) dominated the plant biomass, 16.5 ± 17.8 g · m−2 in June 1971. At this time animal density was 8540 ± 830 ind. · m−2 (0.6‐mm mesh) and AFDW 17.3 ± 5.0 g · m−2, 80–90% of the latter consisting of Macoma baltica, Mya arenaria, Corophium volutator, Nereis diversicolor and Hydrobia spp. The same percentage of animal density was made up by Hydrobia spp., M. baltica, C. volutator and Pygospio elegans.

Normal analysis by classification of the samples suggested that the community was spatially rather homogeneous in 1971. Inverse analysis, based on interspecific correlations, revealed three distributional groups of species. These groups corresponded to the compositional subdivisions suggested by normal analysis. The community was subdivided into strata characterized by (D) deposit feeders, (Z) Zostera marina and (F) Fucus vesiculosus.

The periodicity of the biota in the Zostera‐characterized stratum was investigated. The principal dominants, especially Fucus, Zostera and Macoma, showed no distinct seasonal or interannual differences in 1968–1971, which made the community seem very stable. Yet, the species diversity of plants varied with the abundance of filamentous algae. Animal species diversity and mean animal density reached their seasonal minima in late summer, when the parental stocks of many invertebrates were dying and the summer's offspring were often still too small to be obtained by our methods. The recruitment of many important animal species failed in 1968 as compared with the other years.
Simulated seasonal marine mining impacts on plankton
Authors: Shar Albert O. , Mulligan Hugh F.
Published: January 2012

A computer simulated model is presented which predicts changes in phytoplankton populations from six‐week mining operations conducted at different times of the year. Barely perceptable changes are predicted from the six‐week May mining operation, while similar operations at other times of the year were predicted to have variable and sometimes long term impacts on the phytoplankton dynamics.
Environmental variables affecting small‐scale distributions of five rotifer species in Lancaster Lake, Michigan
Authors: Fairchild G. Winfield , Stemberger Richard S. , Epskamp Lawrence C. , Debaugh Henry A.
Published: January 2012

The small‐scale distributions of the rotifers Polyarthra vulgaris, Synchaeta stylata, Conochilus unicornis, Hexarthra mira, and Asplanchna priodonta were investigated in Lancaster Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, July 21, 1974. Measurements were taken for 13 depths (at 1‐m intervals) and at 4 times of the day (1:00 AM, 7:00 AM, 1:00 PM, and 7:00 PM). In addition, the abundances of 6 crustacean, 2 planktonic dipteran, and 10 algal species, as well as temperature, light, oxygen, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, pH and free carbon dioxide were measured. Whereas abiotic factors appeared to control large scale occupation of the lake, and excluded most species from the deeper portions of the hypolimnion, small‐scale distributional variation of the rotifers depended upon biotic interactions, particularly with the crustacean zooplankton.
Typologie de bactéries prélevées devant le delta du Rhǒne. Utilisation d'une méthode objective: L'analyse des correspondances
Authors: Berland Brigitte R. , Bonin Daniel J. , Durbec Jean‐Pierre , Maestrini Serge Y.
Published: January 2012

Bacteria isolated from surface sea waters, brackish waters and from algal cultures were classified in nutritional clusters. Results obtained with an hierarchical method were improved by using the correspondence analysis. The former main statements appear confirmed and new informations are pointed out, mainly concerning the organic compounds which are the best indexes of the nutritional characteristics; e. g. a few organic acids and amino‐acids can be used to estimate the versatility of bacteria; it also appears that strains which preferentially assimilate substrates of one chemical group, do not easily attack substances of other groups.
Phycoerythrin in the deeper water layer of a stratified eutrophic lake: An application of bile pigment in determining the standing crop of blue‐green algae
Authors: Watanabe Mariyo F.
Published: January 2012

Absorption spectra of intact phytoplankton cells collected from a stratified eutrophic lake in Japan were studied.

Vertical and seasonal changes in the content of phycoerythrin of blue‐green algae were indicated on the basis of the absorbance at 560 nm in those spectra. The possibility of an application of the technique to estimate the standing crop of blue‐green algae in the phytoplankton community was discussed.
Three new species of gnathostomulida from the West Atlantic
Authors: Farris Richard A.
Published: January 2012

Two new species of Gnathostomulida from Bermuda and one from North Carolina are described. All belong to the higher Bursovaginoidae with two occurring in the genus Austrognathia and one in the genus Gnathostomula. Tables of major diagnostic characters showing morphological variability within species and between previously described species in the same genus are included. Clarification in recognition of Gnathostomula jenneri and Gnathostomula brunidens is given under “Remarks on Known Species”.
Winter anoxia — a general feature of ponds in cold temperate regions
Authors: Nagell B. , Brittain J. E.
Published: January 2012

There are good reasons to believe that in cold temperate regions the whole water masses of ponds with little or no through flow are anoxic during the winter. This feature, demonstrated for Scandinavian ponds of widely differing productivity, must be of great ecological significance for the pond fauna.
Comparative morphology of the gas bladder in driftwood catfishes (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae)
Authors: Birindelli José L. O. , Akama Alberto , Britski Heraldo A.
Published: January 2012

The gross morphology of the gas bladder is described and illustrated for representatives of most species and all valid genera of the Auchenipteridae (Siluriformes). Although, a simple cordiform gas bladder is present in some species of the family, others are characterized by their distinctive gas‐bladder shape and diverticula disposition. An acute posterior end of the gas bladder characterizes Centromochlus heckelii and C. macracanthus, and is variably present in specimens of Auchenipterus. Tocantinsia piresi and Asterophysus batrachus have distinctive gas bladders differing in number of diverticula (two or many). The two species of Trachycorystes are diagnosed based on their gas bladder morphology: T. menezesi has a simple cordiform bladder, whereas T. trachycorystes has a pair of lateral diverticulum and, usually, a well‐developed terminal diverticulum. Species of Auchenipterichthys are characterized by having a secondary bladder with simple chamber. Short or elongate and divergent terminal diverticula are exclusive to most cis‐andine species of Trachelyopterus. Tetranematichthys and trans‐andine species of Trachelyopterus share a well‐developed secondary chamber or terminal diverticula ventrally or dorsally connected to the posterior chambers. The small‐sized species of Ageneiosus have well‐developed gas bladders with a pair of posterior diverticula, whereas large‐sized species have a reduced gas bladder with tunica externa varying from non‐, partially, or completely ossified. Eight phylogenetic characters are proposed based on the morphology of the gas bladder and associated structures in species of Auchenipteridae, and the evolution of those characters in the family discussed. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue remodeling gene expression in a murine model of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Sautter Nathan B. , Delaney Katherine L. , Hausman Frances A. , Trune Dennis R.
Published: January 2012

Objective/Hypothesis:

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families regulate tissue remodeling in many normal and pathophysiologic processes. We hypothesize that induction of chronic sinonasal inflammation will be associated with changes in regulation of these tissue remodeling cytokines.

Methods:

Balb/c mice aged 8 to 12 weeks were sensitized and treated with intranasal Aspergillus fumigatis (AF) three times per week for 1 week, 3 weeks, 2 months, and 3 months (n = 8 each time point). Sinonasal tissues were evaluated for changes in MMP, FGF, and BMP regulation using standard RT‐PCR techniques. Additional snouts were processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. Untreated mouse snouts of identical age were used as controls.

Results:

Significant upregulation of MMP8 was observed at 2 months, and MMP1a, MMP7, MMP8, and MMP12 were all significantly upregulated at 3 months. FGF3 was significantly upregulated at 3 weeks and 3 months, and FGF5, FGF6, and FGF8 were all significantly upregulated at 3 months. BMP8b and BMP9 were significantly upregulated at 3 months. Histologic analysis revealed mucosal, stromal, and mucin gland hypertrophy, increased mucin production, and metaplasia with loss of cilia. Antibody staining was strongly positive in the AF‐treated group.

Conclusions:

Induction of CRS is associated with time‐dependent changes in tissue remodeling cytokine expression occurring in conjuction with inflammatory tissue changes. Antibody staining for upregulated cytokines suggests local production within the sinonasal mucosa. Further study is required to better understand the association between BMP, FGF, and MMP regulation and tissue remodeling changes resulting from chronic inflammation. Laryngoscope, 2012
Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of cholesteatoma with labyrinthine fistulae
Authors: Sone Michihiko , Yoshida Tadao , Naganawa Shinji , Otake Hironao , Kato Ken , Sano Rui , Teranishi Masaaki , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To compare preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to the clinical features in patients with middle ear cholesteatoma with labyrinthine fistulae.

Study Design:

Retrospective case series.

Methods:

Twenty‐eight patients who underwent surgery for middle ear cholesteatoma with one or more labyrinthine fistulae confirmed by CT were studied. Preoperative imaging analysis was performed using three‐dimensional fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (3D‐FLAIR) MRI. Fistula size measured by CT and the signal intensity ratio (SIR) between the affected lesion in the inner ear and the cerebellum measured by 3D‐FLAIR MRI were evaluated with respect to the clinical features and surgical findings.

Results:

The SIR was not correlated with fistula size. The hearing threshold determined by preoperative bone conduction correlated with the SIR, especially in patients with acute sensorineural hearing loss, but it did not correlate with fistula size. Patients with fistula symptoms had a significantly higher SIR than those without symptoms, and similar findings were observed in patients with an active infection. Patients with a larger fistula or higher SIR tended to have a deeper fistula and a more adhesive fistula matrix at operation.

Conclusions:

SIR was more strongly correlated than CT findings to the clinical status of patients with labyrinthine fistulae caused by cholesteatoma. Adhesion of the cholesteatoma matrix to the membranous labyrinth correlated with the SIR; thus, SIR may accurately reflect the extent of inner ear dysfunction with a labyrinthine fistula.
Block Copolypeptides Prepared by N‐Carboxyanhydride Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Habraken Gijs J. M. , Heise Andreas , Thornton Paul. D.
Published: January 2012

N‐Carboxyanhydride ring‐opening polymerization (NCA ROP) is a synthetically straightforward methodology to generate homopolypeptides. Extensive control over the polymerization permits the production of highly monodisperse synthetic polypeptides to a targeted molecular weight in the absence of unfavorable side reactions. Sequential NCA ROP permits the creation of block copolypeptides composed of individual polypeptide blocks boasting different functionalities, secondary structures, and desirable chemical properties. Consequently, a plethora of novel materials have been generated that have found wide‐range applicability. This review offers an insight into contemporary synthetic approaches toward NCA ROP before highlighting a number of block copolypeptide architectures generated.
Limb swinging in elephants and giraffes and implications for the reconstruction of limb movements and speed estimates in large dinosaurs
Authors: Christian A. , Müller R. H. G. , Christian G. , Preuschoft H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Speeds of walking dinosaurs that left fossil trackways have been estimated using the stride length times natural pendulum frequency of the limbs. In a detailed analysis of limb movements in walking Asian elephants and giraffes, however, distinct differences between actual limb movements and the predicted limb movements using only gravity as driving force were observed. Additionally, stride frequency was highly variable. Swing time was fairly constant, but especially at high walking speeds, much shorter than half the natural pendulum period. An analysis of hip and shoulder movements during walking showed that limb swinging was influenced by accelerations of hip and shoulder joints especially at high walking speeds. These results suggest an economical fast walking mechanism that could have been utilised by large dinosaurs to increase maximum speeds of locomotion. These findings throw new light on the dynamics of large vertebrates and can be used to improve speed estimates in large dinosaurs. Geschwindigkeiten gehender Dinosaurier, die fossile Fährten hinterlassen haben, wurden als Produkt aus Schrittlänge und natürlicher Pendelfrequenz der Beine abgeschätzt. Eine detaillierte Analyse der Beinbewegungen von gehenden Asiatischen Elefanten und Giraffen offenbarte allerdings klare Unterschiede zwischen den tatsächlichen Extremitätenbewegungen und den Bewegungen, die zu erwarten wären, wenn die Gravitation die einzige treibende Kraft darstellte. Zudem erwies sich die Schrittfrequenz als hochgradig variabel. Die Schwingzeit der Gliedmaßen war recht konstant, aber besonders bei hohen Gehgeschwindigkeiten viel kürzer als die halbe natürliche Pendelperiode der Extremitäten. Eine Analyse der Bewegungen der Hüft- und Schultergelenke während des Gehens zeigte, daß das Schwingen der Gliedmaßen durch Beschleunigungen dieser Gelenke beeinflußt wurde, insbesondere bei hohen Gehgeschwindigkeiten. Die Resultate legen einen ökonomischen Mechanismus für schnelles Gehen nahe, der von großen Dinosauriern zur Erhöhung der Höchstgeschwindigkeiten eingesetzt worden sein könnte. Die Ergebnisse werfen neues Licht auf die Dynamik großer Wirbeltiere. Sie können zu Verbesserungen in den Schätzungen der Fortbewegungsgeschwindigkeiten großer Dinosaurier eingesetzt werden. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020105
On a pterosaur jaw from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)
Authors: Unwin D. M. , Heinrich W.-D.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A short section of a mandibular symphysis is the first cranial fossil of a pterosaur to be reported from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. It is made the holotype of a new dsungaripteroid pterosaur, Tendaguripterus recki n. gen. n. sp. All previously named pterosaur taxa from Tendaguru are shown to be nomina dubia. The pterosaur assemblage from Tendaguru contains a "rhamphorhynchoid", as well as the dsungaripteroid, and is similar in its systematic composition to other Late Jurassic pterosaur assemblages from Laurasia. The diversity and broad distribution of dsungaripteroids in the Late Jurassic suggests that the group was already well established by this time. Der erste Schädelrest eines Flugsauriers aus dem Oberjura von Tendaguru in Tansania wird beschrieben. Bei dem Fundstück handelt es sich um ein bezahntes Unterkieferbruchstück aus der Symphysenregion. Der Fund gehört zu einem neuen Taxon, das als Tendaguripterus recki n. gen. n. sp. bezeichnet und zur Überfamilie Dsungaripteroidea gestellt wird. Alle zuvor aus den Tendaguru-Schichten beschriebenen Taxa werden als nomina dubia angesehen. In Tendaguru sind Verteter der „Rhamphorhynchoidea“ und Dsungaripteroidea nachgewiesen. Diese systematische Zusammensetzung ist derjenigen anderer Flugsaurier-Vergesellschaftungen der späten Jura-Zeit ähnlich. Die Vielfalt und die weite Verbreitung der Dsungaripteroidea in Laurasia läßt darauf schließen, daß sich diese Flugsauriergruppe bereits in der späten Jura-Zeit erfolgreich durchgesetzt hatte. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020109
Ein Lacertilier (Scincomorpha, Paramacellodidae) aus dem Oberen Jura von Tendaguru (Tansania)
Authors: Broschinski A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Seit einigen Jahren werden die Funde großer Wirbeltiere aus der oberjurassischen Fossilfundstelle Tendaguru in Tansania durch diverse Mikrovertebraten ergänzt. Diese konnten durch gezieltes Schlämmen von Sedimentmaterial gewonnen werden (Heinrich, mündl. Mitt.), das während der Tendaguru-Expeditionen von 1908 bis 1913 gewonnen wurde. Durch ein isoliertes Kieferfragment kann der Erstnachweis eines paramacellodiden Lacertiliers im Afrika südlich des Äquators (bei 10° südlicher Breite) geführt werden. Dieser Fund rundet das Bild der sehr weiten Verbreitung dieser erfolgreichen mesozoischen Echsengruppe ab. Recently, there have been additional microvertebrate finds within the known macrovertebrate fauna of the Upper Jurassic locality Tendaguru in Tanzania. This resulted from the processing of sediment samples, which had been collected during the Tendaguru Expeditions in between 1908 and 1913 (Heinrich, pers. Comm.). An isolated jaw fragment from a paramacellodid lizard is the first record of this family within the African continent below the equator (10° degrees Southern latitude). The occurence of this successful Mesozoic lizard group in Tendaguru reflects a greater global distribution than known to date. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020111
Assessment of meat quality by NMR—an investigation of pork products originating from different breeds
Authors: Straadt Ida K. , Aaslyng Margit D. , Bertram Hanne C.
Published: January 2012

In the present study, meat obtained from uncommon and novel pig crossings between the rare Iberian and Mangalitza pigs and the more frequent Duroc and Landrace/Yorkshire pigs was characterized by time‐domain proton NMR relaxometry and high‐resolution proton NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the potential of NMR to assess the meat quality of new‐introduced pig breeds. Multivariate data analysis of proton NMR T2 relaxation curves obtained on fresh meat samples revealed differences in the T2 relaxation pattern of the different breeds included in the study. Comparison of NMR T2 relaxation data with gravimetric determination of water‐holding capacity (WHC) indicated that this should be ascribed to differences in the WHC of the different meats, and that NMR T2 relaxation in accordance with previous studies provides unique information about WHC, which may be ascribed to the fact that NMR T2 relaxation reflects information about intrinsic meat structure. High‐resolution proton NMR spectroscopy of freeze exudate and meat extracts also revealed differences in the metabolite profile of the meat between the different breeds studied. The effects of breed on the amount of lactate in the freeze exudate were observed, which could be linked to WHC of the meat. In conclusion, the different NMR techniques applied could provide complementary information about biophysical and biochemical factors of importance for meat quality assessment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR‐based metabolomics in wine science
Authors: Hong Young‐Shick
Published: January 2012

As metabolomics is becoming an emerging field of ‘omics’ research, NMR serves as one of the major analytical approaches of the decade in metabolomic study, producing information‐rich, highly reliable and reproducible data set in non‐targeted or global and multivariate statistical analysis. Recently, NMR is successfully being used to characterize wine and find an association of wine metabolite with environmental and fermentative factors in vineyard and making wine. This review describes important analytical features and recent applications in/of NMR‐based metabolomics in wine science. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid analyses of oil and fat content in agri‐food products using continuous wave free precession time domain NMR
Authors: Colnago L. A. , Azeredo R. B. V. , Marchi Netto A. , Andrade F. D. , Venâncio T.
Published: January 2012

Time‐domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD‐NMR) is one of the most popular solutions for quality control in the food industry. Despite the recognized success of TD‐NMR in quality control and quality assurance, the speed by which samples can be characterized by TD‐NMR techniques is still a concern, primarily when considering online or high‐throughput applications. Therefore, to enhance the speed of TD‐NMR analysis, we developed rapid methods based on steady‐state free precession of nuclear spins, which we denoted continuous wave free precession (CWFP). CWFP substantially increases the sensitivity of TD‐NMR compared with free induction decay or spin‐echo detection, which are traditionally used. The objective of this paper was to present the physical background of CWFP and review its recent developments and applications in fat and oil quantifications in agri‐food products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Venous oxygenation mapping using velocity‐selective excitation and arterial nulling
Authors: Guo Jia , Wong Eric C.
Published: January 2012

A new MRI technique to map the oxygenation of venous blood is presented. The method uses velocity‐selective excitation and arterial nulling pulses, combined with phase sensitive signal detection to isolate the venous blood signal. T2 of this signal along with a T2–Y calibration curve yields estimates of venous oxygenation in situ. Results from phantoms and healthy human subjects under normoxic and hypoxic conditions are shown, and venous saturation levels estimated from both sagittal sinus and gray matter–based regions of interest are compared with the related techniques TRUST and QUIXOTIC. In addition, combined with an additional scan without arterial nulling pulses, the oxygen saturation level on arterial side can also be estimated. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flip angle profile correction for T1 and T2 quantification with look‐locker inversion recovery 2D steady‐state free precession imaging
Authors: Cooper Mitchell A. , Nguyen Thanh D. , Spincemaille Pascal , Prince Martin R. , Weinsaft Jonathan W. , Wang Yi
Published: January 2012

Fast methods using balanced steady‐state free precession have been developed to reduce the scan time of T1 and T2 mapping. However, flip angle (FA) profiles created by the short radiofrequency pulses used in steady‐state free precession deviate substantially from the ideal rectangular profile, causing T1 and T2 mapping errors. The purpose of this study was to develop a FA profile correction for T1 and T2 mapping with Look‐Locker 2D inversion recovery steady‐state free precession and to validate this method using 2D spin echo as a reference standard. Phantom studies showed consistent improvement in T1 and T2 accuracy using profile correction at multiple FAs. Over six human calves, profile correction provided muscle T1 estimates with mean error ranging from excellent (−0.6%) at repetition time/FA = 18 ms/60° to acceptable (6.8%) at repetition time/FA = 4.9 ms/30°, while muscle T2 estimates were less accurate with mean errors of 31.2% and 47.9%, respectively. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A unified impulse response model for DCE‐MRI
Authors: Schabel Matthias C.
Published: January 2012

We describe the gamma capillary transit time model, a generalized impulse response model for DCE‐MRI that mathematically unifies the Tofts‐Kety, extended Tofts‐Kety, adiabatic tissue homogeneity, and two‐compartment exchange models. By including a parameter (α−1) representing the width of the distribution of capillary transit times within a tissue voxel, the GCTT model discriminates tissues having relatively monodisperse transit time distributions from those having a large degree of heterogeneity. All five models were compared using in vivo data acquired in three brain tumors (one glioblastoma multiforme, one pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and one anaplastic meningioma) and Monte Carlo simulations. Our principal findings are : (1) The four most commonly used models for dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be unified within a single formalism. (2) Application of the GCTT model to in vivo data incurs only modest penalties in parameter uncertainty and computational cost. (3) Measured nonparametric impulse response functions in human brain tumors are well described by the GCTT model. (4) Estimation of α−1 is feasible but achieving statistical significance requires higher SNR than is typically obtained in single voxel dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data. These results suggest that the GCTT model may be useful for extraction of information about tumor physiology beyond what is obtained using current modeling methodologies. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved dynamic response assessment for intra‐articular injected iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Crowe L. A. , Tobalem F. , Gramoun A. , Delattre B. M. A. , Grosdemange K. , Salaklang J. , Redjem A. , Petri‐Fink A. , Hofmann H. , Vallée J.‐P.
Published: January 2012

The emerging importance of nanoparticle technology, including iron oxide nanoparticles for monitoring development, progression, and treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, drives development of imaging techniques. Studies require an imaging protocol that is sensitive and quantifiable for the detection of iron oxide over a wide range of concentrations. Conventional signal loss measurements of iron oxide nanoparticle containing tissues saturate at medium concentrations and show a nonlinear/nonproportional intensity to concentration profile due to the competing effects of T1 and T2 relaxation. A concentration calibration phantom and an in vivo study of intra‐articular injection in a rat knee of known concentrations of iron oxide were assessed using the difference‐ultrashort echo time sequence giving a positive, quantifiable, unambiguous iron signal and monotonic, increasing concentration response over a wide concentration range in the phantom with limited susceptibility artifacts and high contrast in vivo to all other tissues. This improved dynamic response to concentration opens possibilities for quantification due to its linear nature at physiologically relevant concentrations. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vibration‐synchronized magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of myocardial elasticity changes
Authors: Elgeti Thomas , Tzschätzsch Heiko , Hirsch Sebastian , Krefting Dagmar , Klatt Dieter , Niendorf Thoralf , Braun Jürgen , Sack Ingolf
Published: January 2012

Vibration synchronized magnetic resonance imaging of harmonically oscillating tissue interfaces is proposed for cardiac magnetic resonance elastography. The new approach exploits cardiac triggered cine imaging synchronized with extrinsic harmonic stimulation (f = 22.83 Hz) to display oscillatory tissue deformations in magnitude images. Oscillations are analyzed by intensity threshold‐based image processing to track wave amplitude variations over the cardiac cycle. In agreement to literature data, results in 10 volunteers showed that endocardial wave amplitudes during systole (0.13 ± 0.07 mm) were significantly lower than during diastole (0.34 ± 0.14 mm, P < 0.001). Wave amplitudes were found to decrease 117 ± 40 ms before myocardial contraction and to increase 75 ± 31 ms before myocardial relaxation. Vibration synchronized magnetic resonance imaging improves the temporal resolution of magnetic resonance elastography as it overcomes the use of extra motion encoding gradients, is less sensitive to susceptibility artifacts, and does not suffer from dynamic range constraints frequently encountered in phase‐based magnetic resonance elastography. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arch in granular materials as a free surface problem
Authors: Guo Peijun , Zhou Shunhua
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the formation of stable arches in frictional soils. A series of laboratory tests are performed to explore the formation of arches in granular materials, either cohesionless or with small apparent cohesion. By considering the stable soil arch as a stress‐free surface, the analysis in the framework of continuum mechanics reveals that such an arch can only form in cohesive frictional materials. The shape of the arch mainly depends on the material's friction angle, while the critical width of the arch is primarily dominated by cohesion. The formation of stable arches in cohesionless materials is interpreted by taking into account the discrete nature of the material, with the failure of the arch being considered as buckling of particle columns. It is shown that the width of stable arches in cohesionless materials is generally five to seven times of the particle size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Mini‐Sentinel Program
Authors: Platt Richard , Carnahan Ryan
Published: January 2012

No abstract is available for this article.
Non‐vacuum deposition of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers from binder free, alcohol solutions
Authors: Uhl Alexander R. , Fella Carolin , Chirilă Adrian , Kaelin Marc R. , Karvonen Lassi , Weidenkaff Anke , Borca Camelia N. , Grolimund Daniel , Romanyuk Yaroslav E. , Tiwari Ayodhya N.
Published: January 2012

Non‐vacuum methods for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber deposition have gained wide interest because of their inherent cost and energy saving potential. Here, a solution‐based processing route for CIGS absorber layers is presented that employs binder‐free solutions of metal salts in non‐toxic, alcohol solvents. Despite the low‐boiling‐point nature of the employed solvents, a residual carbon‐rich layer is observed between the CIGS and metal back contact. Based on comprehensive investigations by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐/wavelength dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, a formation reaction mechanism through intermediate metal–organic complexes is proposed. In this route, the CIGS layer is formed in selenium atmosphere via a gradual decomposition of the carbon‐rich layer comprising carboxylic chelate complexes of metals. A compositional gradient occurs in the CIGS absorber, whereas a significant amount of metals remains in the carbon‐rich layer. The incorporation of Ga into CIGS is affected by the initial salt concentration and the selenization temperature. Fabricated solar cells exhibit active area efficiencies of up to 7.7% on 0.3 cm2 area without anti‐reflection coating, which is among the highest reported efficiencies for solar cells from a solution process with non‐explosive gases or solvents. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autophagy regulates lipolysis and cell survival through lipid droplet degradation in androgen‐sensitive prostate cancer cells
Authors: Kaini Ramesh R. , Sillerud Laurel O. , Zhaorigetu Siqin , Hu Chien‐An A.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND

Androgen deprivation therapy, one of the standard treatments for prostate cancer (PCa) induces apoptosis, as well as autophagy in androgen‐responsive PCa cells. As autophagy can promote either cell survival or death, it is important to understand its role in PCa treatment. The objective of this study was to elucidate the function of autophagy in lipid droplet (LD) homeostasis and survival in androgen‐sensitive PCa cells.

METHODS

To produce androgen deprivation, charcoal filtered serum or the androgen inhibitor casodex were used in LNCaP and LAPC4 cells. Autophagy was monitored by immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis. Levels of intracellular LDs and triacyglycerols after the inhibition of autophagy by 3‐methyladenine, bafilomycin A1, or si‐ATG5 were quantified by three independent methods, Oil Red O staining, triacyglycerols lipase assay, and nuclear magnetic resonance.

RESULTS

Androgen deprivation induced autophagy and the depletion of LDs in both of the androgen‐sensitive PCa cell lines examined, whereas the blockage of autophagy by pharmacological or genetic means inhibited LD degradation and therefore lipolysis and cell growth. In addition, under androgen deprivation, increased colocalization of LDs and autophagic vesicles was observed in LNCaP cells, which can be further enhanced by blocking the autophagic flux.

CONCLUSION

Autophagy mediates LD degradation and lipolysis in androgen‐sensitive PCa cells during androgen deprivation which aids the survival of PCa cells during hormone therapy. Prostate 72:1412–1422, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Convective boundary‐layer structure in the presence of wind‐following swell
Authors: Nilsson Erik Olof , Rutgersson Anna , Smedman Ann‐Sofi , Sullivan Peter P.
Published: January 2012

The marine boundary layer is known to be influenced by fast long ocean swell waves travelling away from their generation area, where they were initiated by momentum transferred to the ocean wave field during storms. The atmospheric boundary layer during wind‐following swell and various stability states has been investigated using large‐eddy simulation (LES) data. The dominant energy‐containing motions in the near‐neutral atmospheric boundary layer over flat terrain are known to be dominated by near‐ground shear‐induced regions of high‐ and low‐speed flow. Wind fields and momentum fluxes from LES for swell‐dominated situations have been used to interpret field measurements suggesting that these motions are disrupted by effects related to the underlying wave field in the presence of swell waves. Statistical analysis and visualization are used to further describe the effects of stratification during swell for convective boundary‐layer winds and fluxes. A mechanism for transport of momentum to the upper levels of the boundary layer is suggested from interpretation of LES data. Coherent detached eddies from the directly wave‐induced motions near the surface are found to maintain an upward momentum transfer. This mechanism is found to strengthen during stronger swell conditions and also during slightly convective conditions. In this way, it is argued that processes related to both the wave field and surface convection can have a significant influence on the global structure of neutral and convective boundary layers during swell. This has implication for the turbulence length‐scales during wind‐following swell. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Video‐Assisted Versus Conventional Total Thyroidectomy and Central Compartment Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Lombardi Celestino P. , Raffaelli Marco , De Crea Carmela , Sessa Luca , Rampulla Valentina , Bellantone Rocco
Published: January 2012

Background

Although video‐assisted (VA) thyroidectomy emerged as effective treatment for selected patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), some concerns remain about obtaining adequate central neck node clearance. We compared patients who underwent VA and conventional total thyroidectomy (TT) and central compartment dissection (CCD) for PTC.

Methods

A total of 52 consecutive patients successfully underwent VA‐TT and VA‐CCD for PTC (VA group) were compared to 52 controls who underwent conventional TT and CCD (C group) for PTC.

Results

The two groups were matched for age (p = 0.75), sex (p = 0.07), and tumor size (p = 1.0). Operating time (p = 0.23), overall postoperative complications (p = 0.41), pT (p = 0.44), and pN (p = 0.84) were similar in the two groups. The mean number of removed nodes was similar (10.6 ± 4.6 in VA group vs. 12.2 ± 5.6 in C group) (p = 0.11). Mean postoperative serum thyroglobulin (sTg) off levothyroxine (LT4) suppressive treatment was 3.2 ± 5.0 ng/ml in the VA group and 2.6 ± 7.4 ng/ml in the C‐group (P = 0.67). Mean postoperative radioiodine uptake (RAIU) was similar in the two groups (1.5 ± 1.3 vs. 1.7 ± 1.3%) (p = 0.49). When pN1a patients alone were considered, no difference was found between the VA group (21 patients) and the controls (24 patients) concerning the mean number of removed nodes (10.3 ± 4.1 vs. 12.4 ± 5.6) (p = 0.16), the mean sTg off LT4 (4.4 ± 6.0 vs. 1.9 ± 2.7 ng/ml) (p = 0.07) and the mean RAIU (1.9 ± 1.5 vs. 1.7% ± 1.3%) (p = 0.63).

Conclusions

The results of VA‐TT and CCD in selected cases of PTC appear to be comparable to those of conventional surgery. A longer follow‐up and larger series are necessary to draw definitive conclusions concerning long‐term outcomes.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Diacylglycerols Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid by a Novel Lipase from Malassezia globosa
Authors: Xu Da , Sun Lijuan , Chen Huayong , Lan Dongming , Wang Yonghua , Yang Bo
Published: January 2012

Diacylglycerols (DAG) of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were prepared by esterification of glycerol with fatty acids enriched with CLA (FFA–CLA, >95%) in the presence of a novel lipase from Malassezia globosa (SMG1). Lipase SMG1 is strictly specific to mono‐ and diacylglycerols but not triacylglycerols, which is similar to the properties of lipase from Penicillium camembertii (lipase G 50), but lipase SMG1 showed preference on the production of DAG with the reaction proceeding. Low temperature was beneficial for the conversion of FFA–CLA into acylglycerols, the degree of esterification reached 93.0% when the temperature was 5 °C. The maximum DAG content (53.4%) was achieved at 25 °C. The rate of DAG synthesis increased as the enzyme loading increased. However, at lipase amounts above 240 U/g mixtures, no significant increases in DAG concentration were observed. The molar ratio of FFA–CLA to glycerol and initial water content were optimized to be 1:3 (mol/mol) and 3%. Lipase SMG1 showed no regioselectivity because the contents of 1,3‐DAG and 1,2‐DAG were 43.1% and 21.2% based on total content of acylglycerols. By calculating the ratio of 9c, 11t‐CLA to 10t, 12c‐CLA, it was indicated that lipase SMG1 showed a little preference to 10t, 12c‐CLA at the sn‐1(3) position of monoacylglycerols (MAG), while no selectivity for 9c, 11t‐CLA at the sn‐2 position of DAG was obviously found.
Gendered pathways in school burnout among adolescents
Authors: Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Tynkkynen Lotta
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study is to examine differences in student burnout by gender, time status with two time points before and after an educational transition, and educational track (academic vs. vocational). The definition of burnout is based on three components: exhaustion due to school demands, a disengaged and cynical attitude toward school, and feelings of inadequacy as a student (Salmela‐Aro, Kiuru, Leskinen, & Nurmi, 2009). A total of 770 Finnish adolescents (M age = 16) were examined at the beginning of their last year in comprehensive school, and three times annually during their secondary education both on academic and vocational tracks. Among boys on the academic track, overall school burnout and its three components, exhaustion, cynicism and inadequacy, increased, whereas among boys on the vocational track, no changes in school burnout emerged. Among girls on the academic track, overall school burnout and inadequacy increased, whereas among girls on the vocational track, cynicism decreased. Finally, school burnout was highest among girls on the academic track, but increased most among boys on the academic track.
Do peers matter? A review of peer and/or friends’ influence on physical activity among American adolescents
Authors: Fitzgerald Amanda , Fitzgerald Noelle , Aherne Cian
Published: January 2012

This systematic review investigated the relationship between peer and/or friend variables and physical activity among adolescents by synthesising cross‐sectional, longitudinal, and experimental research conducted in the US. Seven electronic databases were searched to identify related articles published within the last 10 years and the articles reviewed included adolescents between 10 and 18 years. Studies reporting a measure of physical activity for adolescents and at least one potential peer and/or friend variable were included. Research demonstrated that peers and friends have an important role to play in the physical activity behavior of adolescents. Six processes were identified through which peers and/or friends may have an influence on physical activity including: peer and/or friend support, presence of peers and friends, peer norms, friendship quality and acceptance, peer crowds, and peer victimization. The theoretical significance of these results is assessed and the development of peer‐related physical activity programs for adolescents is discussed.
$\Gamma$-convergence for nonlocal phase transitions
Authors: Savin Ovidiu , Valdinoci Enrico
Published: January 2012

We discuss the

\Gamma

-convergence, under the appropriate scaling, of the energy functional

||u||_{H^{s}(\Omega )}^{2} + \int \limits_{\Omega }W(u)dx,

with

s \in (0,1)

, where

||u||_{H^{s}(\Omega )}

denotes the total contribution from

\Omega

in the

H^{s}

norm of

u

, and

W

is a double-well potential.

When

s \in [1/ 2,1)

, we show that the energy

\Gamma

-converges to the classical minimal surface functional – while, when

s \in (0,1/ 2)

, it is easy to see that the functional

\Gamma

-converges to the nonlocal minimal surface functional.
European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on prevention of mental disorders
Authors: Campion J. , Bhui K. , Bhugra D.
Published: January 2012

There is considerable evidence that various psychiatric conditions can be prevented through the implementation of effective evidence-based interventions. Since a large proportion of lifetime mental illness starts before adulthood, such interventions are particularly important during childhood and adolescence. Prevention is important for the sustainable reduction of the burden of mental disorder since once it has arisen, treatment can only reduce a relatively small proportion of such burden. The challenge for clinicians is to incorporate such interventions into non-clinical and clinical practice as well as engaging with a range of other service providers including public health. Similar strategies can be employed in both the European and global contexts. Promotion of mental well-being can prevent mental disorder but is also important in the recovery from mental disorder. This guidance should be read in conjunction with theEPA Guidance on Mental Health Promotion. This guidance draws on preparatory work for the development of England policy on prevention of mental disorder which used a wide range of sources.
Cataract‐linked γD‐crystallin mutants have weak affinity to lens chaperones α‐crystallins
Authors: Mishra Sanjay , Stein Richard A. , Mchaourab Hassane S.
Published: January 2012

gammaD Crystallin
and
alphaA Crystallin
bind by molecular sieving (
View interaction
)
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 is a novel target in micoRNA‐195‐mediated cell cycle arrest in bladder cancer cells
Authors: Lin Yiwei , Wu Jian , Chen Hong , Mao Yeqing , Liu Yunfu , Mao Qiqi , Yang Kai , Zheng Xiangyi , Xie Liping
Published: January 2012

miRNAs are a class of small‐noncoding RNAs capable of negatively regulating gene expression. Here, we found that miR‐195 is down‐regulated in human bladder cancer tissue versus normal adjacent tissue. To better characterize the role of miR‐195 in bladder cancer, we conducted gain of function analysis by transfecting bladder cancer cell line T24 with chemically synthesized miR‐195 mimic. We identified CDK4, an early G1 cell cycle regulator, as a novel target of miR‐195. Selective over‐expression of miR‐195 could induce G1‐phase arrest in T24 cells, and subsequently inhibit T24 cell growth. These findings indicate that miR‐195 could be a potential tumor suppressor in bladder cancer.