bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow and heat transfer of supercritical LNG in spiral microchannel
Authors: Liu Yanyu , Su Tong , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Yongou
Published: August 2021

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is stable and safe, which is why the natural gas is usually liquefied before transported. The heat exchanger is widely used as the key component of vaporizing LNG, and it is composed of a large number of microchannels. This paper mainly analyzes the flow of supercritical LNG in a spiral microchannel, and compares the flow and heat transfer characteristic of spiral microchannel with different pitch. The result was indicative that with the lessen of pitch, the heat transfer is improved, but the flow characteristic is decreased. Compared with the straight channel, the spiral channel with appropriate pitch value can markedly improve the heat transfer properties, but has less effect on the flow characteristic. The discussion also includes the flow and heat transfer of microchannel with different mass flux and heat flux.
Application of frequency optimization neural network method on power line communication
Authors: Xi Xinyu , Li Dehong , Chen Dongwen , Li Yong
Published: August 2021

The quality of broadband power line carrier communication mainly depends on the carrier communication frequency. However, there is a lack of fast and effective optimal carrier frequency selection method. One frequency selection method based on frequency point optimization neural network is proposed by this paper. This method combines transmission line theory and voltage partial reflection theory to build a power line carrier channel mathematical model of the distribution network. The input frequency point sample set is used as the training set of the frequency point optimization neural network to obtain a neural network model that can predict the local optimal frequency point set. Then the actual distribution network is taken as an example for simulation analysis. When inputting any frequency range, the model outputs the corresponding optimal frequency point set. Simulation results show that the algorithm saves a lot of input impedance or channel strength testing time, while the error rate is limited to about 3%.
Study on the factors of industrial electricity consumption behavior in Hunan Province based on multiple regression analysis
Authors: Wen Ming , Zhang Yun , Jia Zhen , Tu Xingwen
Published: August 2021

In recent years, Hunan province has gradually accelerated the adjustment of industrial structure, and has achieved a rapid industrial growth, thereupon the total amount of industrial electricity has increased greatly. There is an internal correlation between the industrial growth and electricity consumption. Therefore, based on this background, this paper established multiple linear regression models to study the influencing factors on the electricity consumption behavior of the three industries with the most electricity consumption in Hunan Province. The regression results show that the iron and steel output, raw coal price index and Mylpic mine price index can significantly affect the electricity consumption of ferrous metal industry. Cement output, cement price and real estate development investment can significantly affect the electricity consumption of non-metal industry. Automobile output, integrated circuit output and per capita disposable monthly income can significantly affect the electricity consumption of transportation and electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry in Hunan Province.
Distribution of atmospheric corrosion grades in Southern Hebei Province
Authors: Niu Xiangnan , Hou Haiping , Che Kai , Yu Ning , Wei Yike , Tan Yu
Published: August 2021

China has the largest and most complex power grid in the world. But at the same time, the power grid is also facing severe challenges from the natural environment, so its security and reliability are particularly important. In this paper, Q235 carbon steel was used for exposure test. 81 experimental sites were set up in five cities of Southern Hebei Province. And the data of two years were collected and sorted out, and the map of atmospheric corrosion grade in Southern Hebei Province was drawn.
A New Machine Learning Approach for parameter regionalization of Flash Flood Modelling in Henan Province, China
Authors: Hao Sijia , Ma Qiang , Zhai Xiaoyan , Lyu Guomin , Fan Suqi , Wang Wenchuan , Liu Changjun
Published: August 2021

China is one of the countries in the world that seriously affected by flash floods disasters. The flash flood caused by extreme rainfall occurred at mountainous small-sized watersheds in China often leads to serious economic damages and obstructs the social development. Setting up an efficient forecasting system for flash flood has been widely accepted as one of the key non-structural measures to improve the control and prevention capability of China. However, due to the data limitation, establishing forecast models in those flash flood areas is challenged by the lack of parameter references. This paper proposed a new machine learning approach based on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm for model parameter regionalization. Integrated with distributed deterministic hydrological models of 20 small-sized watersheds in Henan province, the RF algorithm has been applied for defining the watersheds’ similarity and further transferring the parameters from sample watersheds to the objective watershed. Validated through leave-one-out approach, the RF model is able to effectively improve the simulation accuracy of flash floods in Henan province. The presented approach showed high-levelled applicability to be extended in other flash flood areas in China for providing effective reference for parameter regionalization.
Research progress of clay transformation in drilling fluids
Authors: Zhang Zhilei , Zhang Yichen , Gong Shuting , Tang Shouyong , Cheng Rongchao , Yang Zheng , Ren Han , Yang Hong
Published: August 2021

As an important slurry material for water-based drilling fluids, montmorillonite has been widely used in oil drilling because of its excellent properties such as expansibility, dispersion and suspension, slurry making, cation exchange and adsorption. However, at a certain temperature and pressure, montmorillonite will transform into illite, chlorite and other minerals, changing the properties of drilling fluids. In order to systematically summarize and sort out the current research status of montmorillonite transformation, this study focused on the research progress of montmorillonite transformation into other minerals under different temperature and pressure conditions, and summarized the transformation mechanism of montmorillonite. The montmorillonite is transformed into illite by adding K+ in the interlayer spacing and removing Si4+ by adding Al3+ to tetrahedron structure. The conversion of montmorillonite to chlorite by adding Fe2+, Mg2+ ions into the octahedron, and Si4+ in the tetrahedron is replaced by Al3+. The precipitated brucite layer is connected with the upper and lower layers.
Spatio-temporal evolution of economic polycentric pattern at county level in Shandong Province
Authors: Wu Fan , Chang Jun , Li Lifei
Published: August 2021

From the perspective of economy and comprehensive development level, this study used the gravity model, spatial autocorrelation analysis and principal component analysis to quantitatively measure the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of multi-centers at county level in Shandong Province. The results show that the economic ties among counties in Shandong Province are getting closer and closer. By 2016, Jinan-Zibo-Qingdao and Jining, Zaozhuang have basically formed three strong economic ties. The amount of counties with high-high GDP and low-low GDP are decreasing, while the amount of counties with lowhigh GDP are increasing. The gap between the density of output value and the level of economic development is narrowing, showing a trend of multicenter development. In the future development, Shandong Province should strengthen the integration of resources within the province, form a reasonable industrial division of labor, strengthen the cooperation among enterprises, promote the regional integration construction, and realize the multi-center spatial development model of cooperation.
Open borders and cross-border cooperation in regional development
Authors: Hercegová Katarína , Chernova Veronika
Published: August 2021

Our paper focuses on the cross-border cooperation in regional development. Specifically, it examines the effect of open borders and international cooperation for the sustainable development of regions. We show that barriers hampering the free movement of capital and labour often lead to worsening the economic and social conditions of border regions and have negative effects on the regional development. Moreover, we provide evidence from recent history and examples of the European Union integration to stress the importance of opening borders and installing the well-functioning cross-border cooperation. In addition, we discuss the effects of the European single currency (as expressed in a classical model of the Open Currency Area) to demonstrate the effects of cross-border trade. Our results can be used by the economic experts and policy-makers who are preoccupied with removing trade barriers and economic sanctions and enhancing the economic prosperity.
Structural factor of reducing interterritorial inequality in the post-Covid period
Authors: Romanova Olga , Ponomareva Alena
Published: August 2021

Carrying out large-scale structural transformations of both the entire Russian economy and its individual actors is one of the most important tasks of the current stage of national development. The urgency of this problem has increased dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most significant factors in the pandemic that affect the economic growth of Russia’s regions and reduce territorial inequality. The use of methods of comparative and economic-statistical analysis made it possible to establish that the most important independent factor in the development of a region is the structure of the economy and such a factor that ensures it as the regional structural (industrial) policy. It has been substantiated that structural modernization is the basis for pursuing a non-contradictory short- and long-term policy to reduce interterritorial inequality. A particularly negative impact of the pandemic on regions with a low level of development of the real sector and overdevelopment of the service sector has been revealed.
Percolation clusters of territorial inequality due to the spread of the coronavirus infection
Authors: Obolenskaya Alena , Defler Anastasiya
Published: August 2021

Due to the influence of the coronavirus infection, the issues of regional governance and territorial planning have been included in the urgent agenda of territorial development for two years in a row. Within the framework of this issue, a number of challenges of territorial administration are already being investigated. One of them is maintaining the achieved level of economic development and replenishing problematic aspects due to the spread of the coronavirus infection, which seriously affected all economic processes in 2020. The article reveals the management structure of Sverdlovsk region (Russia) and analyses the main socio-economic indicators of the region’s development. The results of the analysis contribute to identifying the urgent problem of regional governance and territorial planning of Sverdlovsk region, i.e. the deepening inter-territorial inequality caused by an unfavourable epidemiological situation. The authors propose management solutions aimed at improving regional governance and territorial planning of Sverdlovsk region in the context of the identified problem.
Analysis of hysteresis in convergence after global financial crisis of 2007
Authors: Kumari Archana , Kuzmin Evgeny , Kumar Vikas
Published: August 2021

Researchers of hysteresis outline the long-term change in growth paths of economies. It entails the post-crisis change in growth paths of economies through the change of macroeconomic indicators, such as employment and output. Recessionary shocks might have positive or negative impacts on economies’ growth paths which in turn affects convergence and divergence in economies. In this research, hysteresis is explored in convergence across 110 countries induced by the global financial recession of 2007. Findings suggest that as a post-crisis change, hysteresis in convergence is in place. The difference arises in adaptability of economies to changes. The reason for convergence of poor and rich countries might be more intensive foreign investments in developing nations. These investments have a positive influence on economic performance in developing countries by increasing employment rates.
Myokardiale Dysfunktion und Herzinsuffizienz unter onkologischer Therapie – Prävention, Diagnose und Behandlung
Authors: Hinrichs Lena , Rassaf Tienush
Published: August 2021

Neben der zytotoxischen Chemo- und Strahlentherapie werden seit einigen Jahren auch zielgerichtete, molekulare Inhibitoren und Immuntherapien mit sehr gutem Erfolg in der Tumorbehandlung eingesetzt. Einige Therapeutika sind jedoch mit einer wesentlichen Kardiotoxizität assoziiert, die zu relevanten Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen führen und das Überleben von Patienten mit malignen Erkrankungen beeinträchtigen kann. Das Auftreten einer Herzinsuffizienz stellt hierbei die häufigste und oft schwerwiegendste Komplikation dar. Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für das Auftreten einer Kardiotoxizität. Entscheidend für das Screening und die Diagnosestellung einer ventrikulären Dysfunktion ist daher die Erfassung von Risikokonstellationen, Vorerkrankungen, der Einsatz kardialer Bildgebung zur Früherkennung von Kardiotoxizität sowie die Einbeziehung kardialer Biomarker.
Notwendigkeit für Symptom-Monitoring und
Frühwarnzeichenerkennung bipolarer Episoden durch eine App? –
Ansichten von PatientInnen und Angehörigen zu e-health
Bedarf
Authors: Fellendorf Frederike T. , Hamm Carlo , Platzer Martina , Lenger Melanie , Dalkner Nina , Bengesser Susanne A , Birner Armin , Queissner Robert , Sattler Matteo , Pilz Rene , Kapfhammer Hans-Peter , Lackner Helmut K. , van Poppel Mireille , Reininghaus Eva
Published: August 2021

Hintergrund Der Beginn und Frühwarnzeichen von Krankheitsepisoden
der bipolaren Störung werden von Betroffenen häufig erst
spät erkannt. Je früher eine Krankheitsepisode behandelt wird,
desto prognostisch günstiger ist der Verlauf. Die
Symptomüberwachung per Smartphone-Applikation (App) könnte eine
innovative Möglichkeit darstellen, um Frühwarnzeichen zu
erkennen und schneller mit den richtigen Strategien darauf zu reagieren. Das
Ziel dieser Studie war es zu evaluieren, ob PatientInnen mit bipolarer
Erkrankung und deren Angehörige eine technische Unterstützung
durch eine App als sinnvoll und praktikabel in der Früherkennung sowie
in der Behandlung erachten.

Methoden In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 51 PatientInnen mit bipolarer
Störung und 28 Angehörige befragt. Es wurde ermittelt, ob die
ProbandInnen Frühwarnzeichen in Form von Verhaltensänderungen
derzeit subjektiv ausreichend und rechtzeitig wahrnehmen können. Zudem
wurde erhoben, ob die StudienprobandInnen ein Smartphone als
Behandlungsunterstützung nutzen würden.

Ergebnisse Obwohl sich 94,1% der befragten PatientInnen und
78.6% der Angehörigen gut über die Erkrankung informiert
fühlten, waren 13,7% beziehungsweise 35,7% mit den
derzeitigen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten nicht zufrieden.
Frühwarnzeichen jeder depressiven Entwicklung wurden von 25,5%
der PatientInnen wahrgenommen (Angehörige 10,7%). Jede
(hypo)manische Entwicklung wurde lediglich von 11,8% der PatientInnen
wahrgenommen (Angehörige 7,1%). 88,2% der PatientInnen
und 85,7% ihrer Angehörigen bemerkten zu Beginn einer Depression
und 70,6% beziehungsweise 67,9% zu Beginn einer (hypo)manischen
Episode wiederkehrend dieselben Symptome (insbesondere Veränderungen der
körperlichen Aktivität, des Kommunikationsverhaltens und des
Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus). 84,3% der PatientInnen und 89,3% der
Angehörigen gaben an, dass sie eine technische Unterstützung,
welche auf Veränderungen in Stimmungs- und Aktivitätslage
aufmerksam macht, als sinnvoll erachten und dass sie eine Smartphone-App
für die Behandlung nutzen würden.

Diskussion Die derzeitigen Möglichkeiten zur Wahrnehmung von
Frühwarnzeichen einer depressiven oder (hypo)manischen Episode bei
bipolarer Störung sind klinisch unzureichend. Bei Betroffenen und
Angehörigen besteht der Wunsch nach innovativen, technischen
Unterstützungen. Die rechtzeitige Früherkennung von
Krankheitssymptomen, die sich oft in Veränderungen von Verhaltens- oder
Aktivitätsmustern äußert, ist für den Verlauf
essentiell. Apps könnten hierbei durch objektive, kontinuierliche und
individuelle Datenerhebung in der Zukunft für die klinische Behandlung
und die Forschung genutzt werden.
Herzinsuffizienz und SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Westermann Dirk
Published: August 2021

Die kardiale Beteiligung bei an COVID-19 Erkrankten ist wichtig und prognostisch
bedeutend und wurde in vielen Studien belegt. Besonders für kardial vorerkrankte
Patienten ergeben sich daraus wichtige Erkenntnisse. Im Sinne der Herzinsuffizienz
trifft das ebenfalls zu. Dabei ist klar, dass eine bestehende Herzinsuffizienz wichtig
für die Prognose der COVID-19-Erkrankung ist und diese wesentlich verschlechtert. Die
Medikation für die chronische Herzinsuffizienz mit reduzierter EF sollte dringend
beibehalten werden. Eine neuauftretende Herzinsuffizienz durch die COVID-19-Erkrankung
ist selten. Das wichtige Thema der Symptome nach einer COVID-19-Erkrankung inkludiert
Beschwerden, die einer Herzinsuffizienz ähnlich sind. Ob diese allerdings auch mit einer
Herzinsuffizienz zusammenhängen, muss noch geklärt werden.
Pulmonale Hypertonie und Rechtsherzinsuffizienz
Authors: Rosenkranz Stephan
Published: August 2021

Pulmonale Hypertonie (PH) beschreibt einen hämodynamischen Zustand, der durch eine
Druckerhöhung im kleinen Kreislauf charakterisiert ist und der insbesondere bei älteren
Patienten häufig zu beobachten ist. In Abhängigkeit der Ätiologie differenziert die klinische
Klassifikation der pulmonalen Hypertonie 5 Hauptgruppen. Unabhängig von der zugrunde liegenden
Ursache führt eine PH zu einer chronischen Rechtsherzbelastung und Rechtsherzinsuffizienz.
Aktuelle Studien zeigen, dass bereits eine moderate Erhöhung des pulmonalarteriellen Druckes
sowie des pulmonalvaskulären Widerstands prognoserelevant sind. Im Einzelfall ist die
konsequente differenzialdiagnostische Abklärung einer PH essenziell, da sich die
Behandlungsoptionen je nach zugrunde liegender Ursache grundlegend unterscheiden.
The Top 50 Most Cited Publications in Meniscus Research
Authors: Kunze Kyle N. , Haddad Aidan , White Alexander E. , Cohn Matthew R. , LaPrade Robert F. , Chahla Jorge
Published: August 2021

Injuries to the menisci of the knee are common in orthopedic sports medicine. Bibliometric studies can identify the core literature on a topic and help further our collective knowledge for both clinical and educational purposes. The purpose of the current study was to (1) identify and describe the 50 most cited articles in meniscus research over an 80-year time period to capture a wide range of influential articles and (2) identify the “citation classics” and milestone articles related to the meniscus of the knee. The Science Citation Index Expanded subsection of the Web of Science Core Collection was systematically searched for the 50 most cited meniscus articles. Data pertaining to bibliometric and publication characteristics were extracted and reported using descriptive statistics. The top 50 articles were published between the years 1941 and 2014 and collectively cited 13,152 times. The median (interquartile [IQR]) number of total citations per article was 203.5 (167.0–261.8), while the median citation rate was 9.6 (7.4–13.9) citations per year. The most cited article was “Knee joint changes after meniscectomy,” published in 1948. The article with the highest citation rate of 78.4 citations per year was “The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligaments and meniscus injuries – osteoarthritis,” published in 2007. The majority of articles were clinical outcome studies (n = 28, 56%). The top 50 most cited meniscus articles represent a compilation of highly influential articles which may augment reading curriculums and provide a strong knowledge base for orthopaedic surgery residents and fellows. The decade with the most articles was the 2000s, representing a recent acceleration in meniscus-based research. This is a level IV, cross-sectional study.
Risk preferences and risk perception affect the acceptance of digital contact tracing
Authors: Albrecht Rebecca , Jarecki Jana B. , Meier Dominik S. , Rieskamp Jörg
Published: August 2021

Digital contact-tracing applications (DCTAs) can help control the spread of epidemics, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. But people in Western societies fail to install DCTAs. Understanding the low use rate is key for policy makers who support DCTAs as a way to avoid harsh nationwide lockdowns. In a preregistered study in a representative German-speaking Swiss sample (N = 757), the roles of individual risk perceptions, risk preferences, social preferences, and social values in the acceptance of and compliance with DCTA were compared. The results show a high compliance with the measures recommended by DCTAs but a comparatively low acceptance of DCTAs. Risk preferences and perceptions, but not social preferences, influenced accepting DCTAs; a high health-risk perception and a low data-security-risk perception increased acceptance. Additionally, support of political measures, technical abilities, and understanding the DCTA functionality had large effects on accepting DCTAs. Therefore, we recommend highlighting personal health risks and clearly explaining DCTAs, focusing on data security, to enhance DCTA acceptance.
Feedback control of pulsed-power generator based on solid-state linear transformer driver
Authors: Yang Junxiang , Zhuang Longyu , Feng Yu , Sugai Taichi , Jiang Weihua
Published: August 2021

A pulsed-power generator based on the circuit scheme of a linear transformer driver (LTD) while using solid-state switches is referred to as a solid-state LTD (SSLTD). One of the advantages of the SSLTD compared with traditional pulsed-power generators is its flexibility in the output waveform. It has potential applications to atmospheric pressure gas discharge because this kind of discharge load usually exhibits a fast-changing impedance. In this paper, a feedback control system for SSLTDs is reported. It uses a system-on-chip analog-to-digital converter combined with a field programmable gate array. By using this system, our SSLTD has the ability to automatically adjust its output waveform based on the information obtained from the previous pulse. As a result, during repetitive operation, our SSLTD can figure out the right output waveform according to a user scenario and can respond to any variation that may occur on the load.
Low-impedance high-power pulsed generator based on forming line with built-in Tesla transformer
Authors: Liu Shifei , Zhang Zicheng , Wang Yuwei , Zhang Jiande , Xiao Li’an , Liang Bo , Li Diangeng
Published: August 2021

In order to meet the application needs of gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission lines, a pulsed power generator is required to output short duration pulses with a fast rising edge in high repetitive-rate mode. In this paper, a low-impedance high-power pulsed generator based on the forming line with a built-in Tesla transformer is explored and developed. The generator includes a 14 Ω coaxial forming line, a SF6/N2 gas switch, and a resistive dummy load, which can steadily operate in 100 Hz mode and suits the needs above. The pulsed forming line adopts transformer oil as the insulation medium and has a large shell radius and short length to reduce impedance. It has been verified by CST simulation that a relatively high coupling coefficient (0.93) can be achieved when the length–radius ratio is 3.2. The maximum forming line charging voltage is −600 kV in single-shot mode, while the charging voltage is −520 kV in repetitive-rate mode. The output pulse duration is 13 ns with a 4 ns rising edge, and its amplitude for a 10 Ω load is −220 kV at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The experimental results showed the feasibility of the low-impedance nanosecond periodically pulsed generator based on an oil forming line charged from the high-coupling Tesla transformer. These efforts expand the technical route of the pulse forming line with a built-in Tesla transformer and set a good foundation for its application in the future.
Experimental study of the series resistance effect and its impact on the compact modeling of the conduction characteristics of HfO2-based resistive switching memories
Authors: Maldonado D. , Aguirre F. , González-Cordero G. , Roldán A. M. , González M. B. , Jiménez-Molinos F. , Campabadal F. , Miranda E. , Roldán J. B.
Published: August 2021

The relevance of the intrinsic series resistance effect in the context of resistive random access memory (RRAM) compact modeling is investigated. This resistance notably affects the conduction characteristic of resistive switching memories so that it becomes an essential factor to consider when fitting experimental data, especially those coming from devices exhibiting the so-called snapback and snapforward effects. A thorough description of the resistance value extraction procedure and an analysis of the connection of this value with the set and reset transition voltages in HfO2-based valence change memories are presented. Furthermore, in order to illustrate the importance of this feature in the shape of the I–V curve, the Stanford model for RRAM devices is enhanced by incorporating the series resistance as an additional parameter in the Verilog-A model script.
Application of continuous wave quantum cascade laser in combination with CIVP spectroscopy for investigation of large organic and organometallic ions
Authors: Gorbachev Vladimir M. , Miloglyadova Larisa , Tsybizova Alexandra , Chen Peter
Published: August 2021

Rapidly developing mid-infrared quantum cascade laser (QCL) technology gives easy access to broadly tunable mid-IR laser radiation at a modest cost. Despite several applications of QCL in the industry, its usage for spectroscopic investigation of synthetically relevant organic compounds has been limited. Here, we report the application of an external cavity, continuous wave, mid-IR QCL to cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation spectroscopy to analyze a set of large organic molecules, organometallic complexes, and isotopically labeled compounds. The obtained spectra of test molecules are characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and low full width at half-maximum-values, allowing the assignment of two compounds with just a few wavenumber difference. Data generated by cw-QCL and spectra produced by another standard Nd:YAG difference-frequency generation system are compared and discussed.
Interface-engineered barium magnetoplumbite–wide-bandgap semiconductor integration enabling 5G system-on-wafer solutions for full-duplexing phased arrays
Authors: Yu C. , Andalib P. , Sokolov A. , Fitchorova O. , Liang W. , Beam E. , Harris V. G.
Published: August 2021

Transition from fourth to fifth generation wireless technologies requires a shift from 2.3 GHz to Ka-band with the promise of revolutionary increases in data handling capacity and transfer rates at greatly reduced latency among other benefits. A key enabling technology is the integration of Ka-band massive multiple input–multiple output (m-MIMO) antenna arrays. m-MIMO array elements simultaneously transmit and receive (STAR) data providing true full duplexing in time and frequency domains. STAR requires, as a central component, the circulator. However, conventional circulators are bulky and prohibit the engineering of Ka array lattices. A necessary innovation calls for the integration of device-quality Ka-ferrites with wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor heterostructures allowing for system-on-wafer solutions. Here, we report results of a systematic study of pulsed laser deposited (PLD) barium magnetoplumbite (BaM) films on industrial compatible WBG semiconductor heterostructures suitable for operation in Ka-band circulators. We demonstrate successful PLD growth of BaM films on WBG semiconductor heterostructures. BaM films that show device quality performance in structure, epitaxy, and magnetic properties were realized for BaM/MgO/AlN/SiC(X). Film properties include bulk-like values of magnetic anisotropy field, Ha ∼16.5 kOe, and saturation magnetization, 4πMs ∼ 4.2 kG. Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth values are competitive and comparable with device design goals for insertion loss. Only heterostructures where SiC substrates have Si-polar surface showed superior properties. These results define a path for integration of magnetodielectric materials on wide bandgap heterostructures for self-biased devices essential to implementing millimeter-wave m-MIMO array and the enormous potential it offers to 5G technologies.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
VapC4 toxin engages small ORFs to initiate an integrated oxidative and copper stress response
Authors: Barth Valdir C. , Chauhan Unnati , Zeng Jumei , Su Xiaoyang , Zheng Haiyan , Husson Robert N. , Woychik Nancy A.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are proposed to protect bacteria from deadly stresses encountered in their environmental niches. Yet clear examples supporting this hypothesis are lacking. The abundant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Mtb) TA systems are implicated in enabling this pathogen to evade killing by our immune system and persist inside macrophages as a latent tuberculosis infection. We used a multiomics approach to track the activity of one TA system toxin, VapC4, and the series of molecular events it triggers. VapC4 first depletes tRNA
Cys
to mimic a state of Cys starvation. This reprograms Mtb metabolism to specifically defend against oxidative and copper stresses. Thus, VapC4 plays a direct and vital role in mediating these critical stress pathways essential for Mtb viability during infection.
IFP35 family proteins promote neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jing Xizhong , Yao Yongjie , Wu Danning , Hong Hao , Feng Xu , Xu Na , Liu Yingfang , Liang Huanhuan
Published: August 2021

Significance

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neuroinflammatory disorder that constitutes the major cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults. However, the underlying mechanism of this disease remains obscure. Here, we identified NMI and IFP35 as factors critical in the progress of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, as their dysregulation activates both microglia in the central nervous system and T cells in the periphery. This study expands our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS and aims to provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Coulomb interaction, phonons, and superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene
Authors: Cea Tommaso , Guinea Francisco
Published: August 2021

Significance

We study the low-energy excitations in twisted bilayer graphene, including particle–hole excitations, plasmons, and acoustic phonons. We analyze the way in which these excitations lead to superconductivity, by means of well-tested diagrammatic techniques. We obtain critical temperatures of magnitude ∼1 to 10 K. We estimate the order parameter, which displays different values in different pockets of the Fermi surface. Umklapp processes due to large momentum exchange are crucial for the formation of superconductivity. We provide estimates and trends in agreement with the experimental measurements, emphasizing the tunability of superconductivity with the electronic band structure close to the Fermi level.
Cordyceps dipterigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cordyceps dipterigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Diptera
(
Muscidae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical countries; Sri Lanka, Indonesia, New Guinea, North, Central and South America, Japan, Ghana.
Didymella exitialis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Didymella exitialis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hordeum vulgare
and
Triticum aestivum
. Also isolated from air over barley fields in England. DISEASE: Leaf scorch of barley and wheat. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia); Asia (? India, Turkey); Europe (Britain, Switzerland). TRANSMISSION: Little investigation has been carried out on seasonal persistence and spread of the disease; spread of infection is presumably by air-borne conidia and ascospores in wet weather (49, 996; Frankland & Gregory, 1973).
Balansia oryzae-sativae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Balansia oryzae-sativae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: on rice (
Oryza sativa
) but also on
Echinochloa, Eragrostis, Panicum, Pennisetum, Setaria
(56, 194),
Sorghum
and possibly other
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Black choke, incense rod, false ergot, udbatta disease of rice. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, China, Hong Kong, New Caledonia, West Africa (51, 1455). In India it occurs particularly in the hilly regions in the Bengal Bay states, especially Orissa. TRANSMISSION: The fungus is seed borne and excellent control has been achieved by seed treatment with hot water at 54°C for 10 mins. Other methods include solar treatment and the use of granosan MDB and vitavax or plantvax (1.14g/6ml water for each 2kg seed). No evidence exists to suggest the disease is soil-borne. Infection is systemic from seed although only apparent when heads emerge.
Coccidioides immitis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Huppert M. , Sun Sung Huang , Murphy Audie L.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Coccidioides immitis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs in soil and infection is usually acquired by inhalation of contaminated dust. In addition to man, spontaneous infections have been recorded in the baboon, burro, cat, cattle, chimpanzee, chinchilla, coyote, dog, gorilla, horse, kangaroo, llama, mole, monkey, mouse, pig, sea lion, sheep, squirrel, rabbit, rat, tapir and tiger (causing mycoses). DISEASE: Coccidioidomycosis. Several types of disease have been recognized. The initial primary infection may be asymptomatic and benign. Among the clinically apparent cases, the respiratory disease is highly variable with symptoms ranging from a mild cold to a severe pneumonia. Some patients are left with chronic, residual, pulmonary lesions. In a few cases the infection disseminates to extrapulmonary tissues resulting in systemic disease which may be progressive or chronic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Semi-arid areas within the Western Hemisphere.
Emmonsiella capsulata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kwon-Chung Kyung Joo
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Emmonsiella capsulata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In addition to man, naturally acquired
E. capsulata
infection has been recorded in the bat, cat, cattle, chinchilla, dog, fox, hedgehog, horse, marmot, mice, opossum, rats, raccoon and skunk. Histoplasmin sensitivity has been recorded in various domestic animals (cattle, horse, pig, sheep). The chinchilla, gerbil, guineapig, hamster, mouse, rat and other animals are easily infected in the laboratory. DISEASE: Classical histoplasmosis. Clinical types can be listed in 3 main categories: I.
Primary, acute form
. Infection is initiated by inhalation of spores and the respiratory system is the most common primary site of histoplasmosis. The disease may be asymptomatic, mild, moderately severe or even fatal in a few cases. In those cases of clinical illness in which the diagnosis can be established by culture or histopathology, the commonest respiratory symptoms are a nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, haemoptysis and cyanosis. Associated generalized symptoms are fever, night sweats, muscle and joint pains, weight loss and malaise. In some patients the pulmonary lesions resolve entirely, but in others evidence of past infection persists in the form of calcification or scarring. In a very few cases, the disease progresses to a severe disseminated form. If there is very heavy exposure to spores in the focal outbreaks, the lungs in some patients may be consolidated and the disease advances to an early fatal termination. II.
Severe, disseminated form
. In this form, the pulmonary manifestations may be less prominent and hepatosplenomegaly, fever, anaemia, weight loss and generalized lymphadenopathy characterize the illness. Any of these manifestations may predominate or the illness may appear as endocarditis, meningitis, adrenal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency or as solitary or multiple ulcerations of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, stomach, or small or large bowel. III.
Chronic, cavitary form
. This form occurs predominantly in adult males. The clinical symptoms and X-ray signs of pulmonary cavitation closely resemble those of tuberculosis. Some of these cases may represent reactivation of a primary lung lesion, but others appear to represent uninterrupted progression of the primary pulmonary lesion. The symptoms include productive cough, occasional haemoptysis, low-grade fever, progressive weakness and weight loss. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Emmonsiella capsulata
occurs in at least 60 countries of the world in temperate and tropical zones of both hemispheres. From skin testing studies it appears that the largest area with a high prevalence of classical histoplasmosis is the middle of the North American continent.
Elytroderma torres-juanii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Diamandis S. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Elytroderma torres-juanii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus halepensis, P. brutia
. DISEASE: Needle blight of pines. Symptoms become visible on second year needles which in late summer assume a yellowish and later a brown colour. Discoloration starts from either end of the needle and may not extend along the whole needle. The boundary between the discoloured part and the remainder which stays green is sharply demarcated. Usually only one of the needles of the two-needle bundle is affected. Often the base of the discoloured needle next to the sheath remains green. Third-year and fourth-year needles are brown and carry ascocarps of the fungus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Greece, Spain). TRANSMISSION: By air-borle ascospores in wet weather.
Naemacyclus niveus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Naemacyclus niveus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus brutia, P. halepensis, P. Iaricio, P. maritima, P. monophylla, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. nigra
var.
austriaca, P. pinaster, P. ponderosa, P. thunbergii
. DISEASE: Probably only weakly parasitic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Phomopsis oryzae-sativae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis oryzae-sativae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza saliva
. DISEASE: Collar rot of rice, appearing at the end of tillering stage. Visible symptoms are small dark brown lesions at the base of the auricle of the topmost fully expanded leaf. These lesions enlarge to cover the whole auricle and in the advanced stage lesions extend to the adjacent parts of the leaf sheath and leaf blade. Within 14 days the blade joint at the top of leaf sheath turns dark brown and then rots, causing the leaf blade to drop off (Kanjanasoon, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Thailand). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported. Conidia presumably dispersed by water splash.
Stemphylium sarciniforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Stemphylium sarciniforme
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Predominantly on the leaves of
Trifolium
. DISEASE: Target or pepper spot of clover (
Trifolium
) where it may infect 80% of the leaves (52, 3740). Also recorded as causing gram blight of
Cicer arietinum
(54, 1076; 53, 751). Reports of its occurrence on
Lupinus luteus
(57, 568) may be confusing this species with
Stemphylium globuliferum
or
S. botryosum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread wherever clover is grown. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America (see CMI Map 139, ed. 3, 1977). TRANSMISSION: By air currents and seed (24, 42; 44, 471).
Sarocladium oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sarocladium oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
(rice). DISEASE: Sheath rot. This occurs in the upper leaf sheath enclosing young panicles and starts as oblong or irregular lesions with brownish margins and greyish centres, 0.5-1.5 cm long, which later enlarge and coalesce. Whitish mycelium may be seen in the centre of the lesions and occasionally inside the rotted sheaths. Severely affected panicles do not emerge, the effect being known as choking. The symptoms are evidently indistinguishable from those associated with
S. attenuatum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Bangladesh, Brunei, Kenya, Nigeria. Although it is not always possible when '
Acrocydndrium oryzae
' is reported in the earlier literature to know whether
S. oryzae
or
S. attenuatum
is intended, the distribution of the former extends into S.E. Asia and the latter into N. America. TRANSMISSION: By conidial dispersal. Fungal attack is often associated with damage by pests - the boring beetle,
Corticarina gibbosa
(Amin
et al.
) or the mite
Steneotarsonemus madecassus
(Hsieh
et al.
, 1977 with '
Acrocylindrium oryzae
') and
S. spinki
(Chien & Huang, 1979).
Peronospora antirrhini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora antirrhini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Antirrhinum majus, A. nuttallianum, Misopates orontium
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of antirrhinum. This is mainly a disease of seedlings and young plants. The infection is systemic and affected plants appear stunted and pale yellowish-green. The leaves are curled inwards and droop down. Conidiophores develop on the lower surface forming a fine white to purple down. In heavy infections the down is found on both leaf surfaces and also on the stems. The growing point may be killed and then plants often break from the base and produce several new shoots. Conidia can cause secondary infections on the leaves of older plants especially in conditions of high humidity. These appear as pale yellowish spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, see CMI Map No. 222 ed. 2, 1971. TRANSMISSION: Seed transmission by oospores was tentatively suggested by Yarwood (1947). Moore & Moore (1952) refer to circumstantial evidence but say there is no definite proof.
Peronospora antirrhini
is not recorded as a seed pathogen by Richardson (1979) but Neergaard (1977) points out that for seed-borne infection of a downy mildew to be effective all that is needed is a mere trace of the fungus on the seed. As Yarwood (1947) indicates, terminal infections of flowering plants could easily contaminate seed.
Peronospora arborescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora arborescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Papaver alpinum, P. dubium, P. caucasicum, P. nudicaule, P. rhoeas, P. somniferum, P. setigerum, Meconopsis
spp. DISEASE: Downy mildew of the opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum
. Seedlings if attacked usually succumb. In older plants the infection may be systemic with all parts of the plant, including the growing point, affected. In Berkeley's original diagnosis of the pathogen on
P. rhoeas
he described infected plants as 'having a peculiar aspect by which they may be known at a distance'. The leaves appear greenish-yellow, thickened and deformed. Conidiophores develop as a greyish violet felt on the lower surface of the leaves and in severe attacks appear on the stems, buds and capsules. Local secondary infections also occur usually on the lower leaves and here the pathogen forms rather angular chlorotic blotches on the upper leaf surface. These are often associated with the larger veins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Egypt); Asia (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan (USSR), India, Iran, Japan, Turkey, Pakistan); Australasia (Australia); Europe (widespread); S. America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Authors agree that diseased plant debris remaining in the fields can infect a subsequent crop and that the practice of using this debris to manure the ground is to be deprecated. Opinions differ on the part that the oospores, which are formed in profusion in all aerial parts, play in this primary infection. Neither Behr (1956) nor Kothari & Prasad (1970) were able to germinate resting spores. Behr considered that they had no part in disease transmission. Kothari & Prasad (1970), however, in a series of field experiments obtained indirect evidence that oospores present in the soil could become infective one year after their formation. The role of infected seed in transmitting the disease is also disputed. Yossifovitch (1929) and Kothari & Prasad (1970) suggested that infected seed is not important while Behr (1956) showed that perennating mycelium was present in the seed from diseased crops. Alavi (1975), in experiments made over several years on farms in Iran, reported a high probability that the disease was transmitted by seeds.