bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HER-2 Tissue Expression Correlated with Serum Levels in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Přibylová Olga , Springer D. , Vítková I. , Zima T. , Petruželka L.
Published: January 2025

We explored the relationship between circulating HER-2 extracellular domain and tissue HER-2 status in a group of 42 postmenopausal breast cancer patients. All patients were examined before adjuvant chemotherapy or other adjuvant treatment. Serum levels were measured by BAYER Advia Centaur System, Golden, CO (the cut-off level was in our conditions considered at 12 ng/ml). Tissue expression was assayed with the DAKO HercepTest, North America, Inc, Carpinteria, CA. Our findings that serum levels are in consonance with tissue expression could be important in metastatic breast cancer, when it is impossible to get a new tumour sample and establish the actual HER-2 status, which may be different from the primary tumour. Although we know that serum HER-2 concentration cannot be substituted for IHC or FISH, we have observed a statistically significant correlation between serum level concentration and tissue HER-2 status.
The Spectrum and Types of Adverse Side Effects to Biological Immune Modulators: A Proposal for New Classification
Authors: Zemková Marcela , Jebavý L. , Kotlářová J. , Vlček J. , Meyboom R. H. B.
Published: January 2025

In recent years, a growing number of biological agents such as cytokines, monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins have become available for the treatment of various autoimmune, neoplastic, cardiovascular, infectious, allergic, and other conditions. Their introduction has resulted in marked clinical improvements for many patients. Nevertheless, a variety of adverse side effects have been observed with these agents. Based on the special features of biological agents a new classification of these side effects of biological agents is proposed – related but clearly distinct from the classification of side effects observed with chemicals and drugs. This classification differentiates five distinct types, namely clinical reactions due to high cytokine levels (type α), hypersensitivity due to an immune reaction against the biological agents (type β), immune or cytokine imbalance syndromes (type γ), symptoms due to cross-reactivity (type δ), and symptoms not directly affecting the immune system (type ε). This classification could help to better deal with the clinical features of these side effects, to identify possible individual and general risk factors and to direct research in this novel area of medicine.
Agrivoltaics system: Sustainable approach for okra cultivation and energy stability
Authors: Islam A , Kothari S K , Ghosh B , Satapathy K K , Mandal T K , Koley S
Published: January 2025

The growing population and energy-intensive industries are raising global energy demand, which can be mitigated by the sustainable use of agrivoltaics systems (AGV). AGV is a notion by which agricultural regions can be used for crop cultivation and photovoltaic electricity production by erecting solar collectors 2-5 m above the ground. In semi-arid and arid areas, the microclimate created under AGV systems is extremely favourable for plant development. AGV systems have several synergistic benefits, including lowering total radiation levels on spices and herbs, thereby increasing yield and promoting water conservation by lowering evapotranspiration and lessening the consequences of high radiation. The present research brought forward an understanding of an AGV system ideal for growing okra. The average moisture content in the soil was found to increase by 2-8 % with a decrease in light intensity by 40 ± 5 % during the summer season, having an additional decrease in air temperature by 2.5 ?C. The soil surface temperature was also decrease by 8-15 % subsequently, which proved beneficial for plant growth. The AGV system was found to protect protected plant saplings during heavy rains in the rainy season, with a higher germination rate. The change in microclimate data suggests that a better crop growth climate can be obtained under the AGV system alongside energy production throughout the year. Heavy shade significantly reduced okra yields, causing stunted growth and fewer fruits. This study highlights the crucial need for adequate sunlight for okra, a sun-loving plant that requires ample sunshine for optimal fruit development and photosynthesis. Additionally, the technoeconomic study also shows that the AGV project can improve economic benefits to the farmers.
Quantifying the Economic Cost of the Qatar Blockade Using Synthetic Control
Authors: Shiva Mehdi
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the economic impact of the 2017 Qatar blockade using synthetic control methods. The analysis shows that Qatar’s GDP in 2022 was approximately 24 % lower than without the blockade, equating to a loss of 82 billion international dollars in 2017 constant prices. Despite Qatar’s proactive strategies, including trade diversification and infrastructure investment, the economic cost remains substantial. Short-term financial commitments and resource reallocation to mitigate the blockade’s effects likely strained public finances and slowed growth. The study underscores the economic toll of the blockade and suggests further research into the long-term effects of Qatar’s policy responses.
The Effect of Work Motivation and Principal Supervision on Teacher Performance SMK YPE SUMPIUH
Authors: Waryan  , Siti Nur Azizah
Published: January 2025

This study aims to analyze the influence of work motivation and principal supervision on teacher performance at SMK YPE Sumpiuh. This study uses a quantitative method. The data used in this study is primary data obtained through questionnaires. The sample of this study is the entire teacher population of SMK YPE Sumpiuh, which totals 30 people. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling or the entire population is used as a sample member for the reason that the population is less than 100 people. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression as well as validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The results of the study show that the work motivation and supervision of the principal have a positive and significant effect on teacher performance. The regression coefficient showed a value of 0.401 for work motivation and 0.930 for principal supervision. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.751 shows that these two variables are able to explain 75.1% of the variation in teacher performance, while other variables influence 24.9%. This study confirms that high work motivation and effective supervision from school principals can significantly improve teacher performance. Thus, school principals are advised to increase supervision and give appreciation to teachers' performance to encourage work morale and improve the quality of teaching in schools.
Freedom of Expression in South Sudanese Judicial Struggle: Bought or Fought For? With Special Reference to India
Authors: Chhachhar Varun , Akech Wol Deng
Published: January 2025

This article examines the struggle of the South Sudanese people in the courtroom for freedom of expression with special reference to India. The aim is thus to illustrate the judicial perspective on interpretation of this fundamental right from the past to the present. This evaluation in nexus to the contemporary constitutional adjudication in the world at large and South Sudan in particular tries to draw the attention of the courts in South Sudan to adopt a progressive interpretation. It also stresses focus on interpretation adopted by judges in South Sudan. The paper seeks to reckon the concerned institutions in South Sudan to the ongoing liberal jurisprudences on the right to freedom of speech and expression on one hand and on the other hand informs the concerned institutions for a serious litigation and enforcement of Bill of Rights in South Sudan. Indeed, the paper has invoked progressive interpretations of fundamental rights from the U.K, India, and the U.S to help in justifying the grounds as to why South Sudanese litigants and courts should scarcely claim and upheld freedom of expression as fundamental and foundational tenet of a democratic society. The article concludes that the sanctity of all rights will be meaningless if freedom of expression is not accorded an important status by the concerned institutions.
The Role of Motivation in Mediating Work Design and Organizational Culture on Village Apparatus Performance
Authors: Marlina Kusumawati  , Jefri Heridiansyah  , Theresia Susetyarsi  , Sri Wiranti Setiyanti  , Prabowo Catur
Published: January 2025

The research objective is to analyze the effect of work design, organizational culture and work motivation on the performance of village officials; analyze the effect of work design and organizational culture on work motivation; analyze the effect of work design on the performance of village apparatus through work motivation; analyze the effect of organizational culture on the performance of village apparatus through work motivation. The population of this study were all village officials in the Wirosari District, Grobogan Regency, with BUMDES management activities not running, namely 63 village officials from a number of 9 villages. The sampling technique uses a saturated sample. Therefore, the number of samples taken was also 63 village officials. Data analysis techniques using smartpls. The results of the study found that all hypotheses had a positive and significant direct effect, except for work design on facilitator performance. In the mediation hypothesis, work motivation is able to mediate the influence of work design and the performance of village apparatus, but is unable to mediate the influence of organizational culture and the performance of village apparatus.
Career Transition of Rural Workers After Resettlement: A Case Study from Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Thi Duyên
Published: January 2025

This article examines the career transition process of rural workers who were resettled due to land acquisition in the Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. The study involved interviews with representatives from 400 households affected by the resettlement, which was implemented to facilitate industrialization and urbanization in the area. The statistical analysis included frequency descriptions and a Chi-square test of bivariate correlations related to the career transition process of these rural workers. Key findings of the study encompass: (i) trends in job transitions; (ii) duration of the transition; (iii) new work locations; (iv) advantages and challenges faced during the career transition; and (v) levels of satisfaction and expectations of the individuals following their career transitions after resettlement in the Nghi Son Economic Zone, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam.
The Symbolic-Compliance Gap and Public Perceptions of Sharia Law Enforcement in Aceh, Indonesia: Insights from Becak Drivers
Authors: Maskur  , Irman  , Lukmanul Hakim
Published: January 2025

This study explores the perceptions of becak (three-wheeled motorcycle taxis) drivers in Aceh regarding the implementation and enforcement of Sharia law, offering insights into the interplay between religious governance and its influence on social order, morality, and justice. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 30 drivers from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, the research reveals a complex relationship between the symbolic authority of Sharia law and community compliance. While many participants view the law as a representation of public discipline and Aceh's religious heritage, they frequently critique it as being largely symbolic and ineffective in fostering genuine moral transformation. Thematic analysis identifies key concerns, including superficial compliance, inconsistent enforcement, and perceived injustices, which collectively undermine public confidence in the law. To address these challenges, the study introduces the theory of Symbolic- Compliance Dynamics, which highlights the disjunction between external adherence to regulations and internal moral commitment. The findings suggest that a community-centered approach emphasizing fairness, consistent application, and meaningful moral education is essential for achieving more substantive outcomes. While these results are specific to Aceh, they provide a foundation for further research on the societal impacts of Sharia law in other regions and contexts.
Hiplife in the Hood
Authors: Eze Samson Uchenna
Published: January 2025

This article discusses the roots and mobility of West African hiplife music following decades of music collaboration within the region. The affinity between the popular music scenes in West Africa dates to the post-World War II era as highlife music became the dominant popular music style. Following the adoption of American hip hop in the 1990s, the hiplife genre emerged through the fusion of some elements of highlife and hip hop and developed as a translocal and transcultural art that characterizes the indigenized hip hop music of Anglophone West Africa. This article provides a historical and descriptive review of hiplife in Ghana and Nigeria, as well as cross-border mobility and current trends, arguing that hiplife culture emerged in disparate West African communities as artists appropriated hip hop to accommodate generational social realities.
Navigating Leadership Conflicts: Strategies for Effective Conflict Resolution in Multicultural and High-Pressure Environments
Authors:   Department of Development Studies, Africa International University, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya., Sele John Philip , Mukundi Mark B. ,   Department of Education, Africa International University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Published: January 2025

This paper explores leadership conflicts within multicultural and high-pressure environments, aiming to identify effective strategies for conflict resolution that enhance leadership outcomes. It synthesizes research across leadership, conflict management, and organizational dynamics, highlighting how cultural diversity and high-stress conditions can both challenge and refine leadership. The study integrates theoretical perspectives and practical approaches, offering valuable insights for leaders, students, and professionals in these fields. Effective conflict resolution, the paper concludes, is critical to improving leadership and organizational success, with implications for training, strategy development, and real-world applications in diverse settings.
Community-Based Approaches to Environmental Conservation: Empowering Local Initiatives
Authors:   Department of Development Studies, Africa International University, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya., Sele John Philip , Mukundi Mark B. ,   Department of Education, Africa International University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Published: January 2025

In the face of escalating environmental degradation and climate crises, traditional top-down conservation strategies have often proven inadequate in addressing localized ecological challenges. This article, Community-Based Approaches to Environmental Conservation: Empowering Local Initiatives, explores the transformative potential of grassroots engagement in fostering sustainable environmental stewardship. Community-based conservation (CBC) integrates local knowledge, socio-cultural practices, and participatory governance to enhance the protection of biodiversity while empowering communities socioeconomically. The study underscores how CBC initiatives, rooted in indigenous knowledge systems and participatory frameworks, foster greater environmental accountability and resilience. Through comprehensive case studies from diverse ecological contexts—ranging from Africa’s community conservancies to Asia’s forest management cooperatives—the article illustrates the efficacy of decentralized conservation models. These initiatives are further strengthened by integrating social capital theories, participatory development frameworks, and adaptive co-management strategies. However, despite notable successes, CBC faces challenges such as resource scarcity, conflicting land-use interests, and limited policy support. Addressing these issues requires robust policy interventions, capacity-building programs, and sustained funding mechanisms. Moreover, emerging technologies, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and citizen science platforms, offer new frontiers for enhancing community-driven monitoring and conservation efforts. The article concludes by advocating for a paradigm shift in global conservation policy, emphasizing the role of local communities as primary custodians of natural resources. By recognizing and harnessing local initiatives, stakeholders can foster long-term ecological sustainability and socio-economic development, ensuring that conservation efforts are both inclusive and effective. This research highlights the critical need for integrating community-based conservation into global environmental strategies, positioning local communities at the forefront of ecological preservation in the 21st century.
Development and comparison of recombinase polymerase amplification assays for the detection of chicken-derived ingredients in food products
Authors: Zhou Cang , Wang Jinfeng , Liu Libing , Dong Zhenguo , Fu Qi , Chen Minna , Sun Xiaoxia , Xu Xiangdong , Wang Jianchang
Published: January 2025

The recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based assays, formulated with the ND5 gene, were developed to meet the requirement of detecting different breeds of chicken-derived ingredients in deep-processed foods. The RPA assay demonstrated good inter-species specificity and intra-species conservation, exhibited high sensitivity (10 pg genomic DNA/reaction), high limit of detection, 0.1% (w/w). In all, 20 samples, including sausages and compound seasonings were used to compare the RPA assay developed for this study and other assays. RPA worked along with the polymerase chain reaction method described in SN/T 2978-2011 standard and a previously described protocol. Three compound seasonings containing small amounts of chicken juice or chicken meat showed discrepancies between GB/T 38164-2019 and the remaining methods because of sensitivity issues. Overall, the chicken-specific RPA assay was successfully developed, taking 20–25 min from sample processing to final output.
A LEGAL APPRAISAL OF NEGOTIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCESS
Authors: Adedeji John Oluyinka
Published: January 2025

When disputes occur, it is not impossible for the disputing parties to attempt settling the disputes themselves. Negotiation is an amicable dispute settlement process that affords the disputants, an opportunity to settle their disputes by themselves without the intervention of a neutral third party. This article adopts desk-based method in appraising negotiation as an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process by examining what negotiation is, the potentials of negotiation as an ADR mechanism, the requirements and strategies for effective and efficient negotiation sessions. It also examined how negotiation can be better enhanced in settlement of contractual/commercial disputes where relationship fostering and continuity is important. The paper makes vital recommendations before conclusion.
THE CLASSIFICATION AND TYPOLOGY OF THE OFFENDER'S PERSONALITY IN THE CRIMINAL LAW OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Authors: Piterschi Eugeniu , Soroceanu Igor
Published: January 2025

Criminal activity is committed each time by a perpetrator. The perpetrators, in turn, are of several types. Once a crime has been committed, the legal subject who committed it is also identified according to his social status. The perpetrators belong to different personality categories, depending on the crime committed. Personality is a result of social relations. It fulfills a system of functions, which determines the series of social relations. Personality behavior is determined by social, economic, political, psychological and psychic factors, which are closely related to the individual's status and role in everyday life.
STRENGTHENING UNIVERSITY TEACHING THROUGH FACULTY DEVELOPMENT: STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE GAP BETWEEN RESEARCH AND TEACHING IN ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES IN LINE WITH EUROPEAN POLICIES
Authors: Mentore Lucia , Refrigeri Luca
Published: January 2025

This article intends to reflect on the current state of Italian universities, on new models and perspectives in an attempt to reinforce and promote attitudes and beliefs regarding various aspects of the role of the university lecturer, in accordance with the Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG) adopted by the ministers responsible for higher education in 2005 following a proposal prepared by the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA), in cooperation with the European Students' Union (ESU), the European Association of Higher Education Institutions (EURASHE) and the European University Association (EUA). In particular, the aim is to raise awareness of Faculty Developent activities; to establish an ongoing reflection and reconsideration of teaching strategies, with a view to making student learning more and more central.
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF ART. 26 OF THE ROMANIAN CONSTITUTION IN RELATION TO THE MATERIAL REALITIES OF THE AVERAGE CITIZEN
Authors: Rath Bosca Albert Camil
Published: January 2025

We are living in bizarre context of global capitalism or as other academics took to calling it, neoliberalism. This specific context has resulted in atrocities that we came to accept as realities of the market and necessary evils. In this article, we shall observe how the oath taken by the Romanian government trough the gaze of constitutional law is broken by conditions that go far beyond the life of the average person or even the national economy.
ENSURING A HEALTHY COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT IN THE FIELD OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS
Authors: Vidican Roxana Denisa , Hepeș Raul Alexandru
Published: January 2025

Legal professions play a fundamental role in maintaining order and justice in society. Lawyers, notaries, and legal advisors are essential for ensuring compliance with the law and protecting the rights of individuals and companies. However, the legal services market is not immune to anti-competitive practices that can distort competition and affect the quality of services offered. This material aims to explore in detail the main types of anti-competitive practices in the legal professions, their impact, applicable regulations, and relevant cases.
CRIMINAL LAW AS A BRANCH OF ROMANIAN LAW
Authors: Reștea Lavinia
Published: January 2025

Throughout history, criminal law has known several definitions, all of which finally have its presentation as a branch of law, made up of a totality of legal norms, which establish the facts that constitute crimes, the conditions of criminal liability, the sanctions and the manner of their application. From the presented definition, we can deduce the fact that criminal law is a distinct branch of law, along with civil, administrative, constitutional, commercial law. Also, it is composed of the general part and the special part, but the structure is unitary, one cannot exist without the other. The general part provides the general rules, rules on how to apply the law, the governing principles, the typicality of crimes, the manner and rules of sanctioning. Instead, the special part of criminal law includes the rules of criminalization and the content of crimes. Consequently, criminal law aims to defend legal values against crime and at the same time combat it, especially, criminal law is the main guarantor of the norms and rules provided by the Romanian Constitution, having as its main objective the independence and unity of the state as well as the safety of citizens.
COMPARATIVE ASPECTS BETWEEN THE CRIME OF ROBBERY AND OTHER CRIMES PROVIDED BY THE CRIMINAL CODE IN ROMANIA
Authors: Troncotă Diana-Maria
Published: January 2025

The robbery constitutes a serious prejudice to the bodily integrity of the person and his patrimony. The written and unwritten laws of all times have protected the person and all his attributes, including the patrimony, since their defense is a constant feature, common to all the legal systems. In a community where social harmony prevails, people act daily to meet needs considered natural, without embarrassing other members of the community who act for the same purpose.
Influência do compartilhamento de informações e da incerteza ambiental na relação entre o uso do sistema orçamentário e o desempenho inovador em startups brasileiras
Authors: Horz Vagner , Silva Leonardo Anésio da , Zonatto Vinícius Costa da Silva
Published: January 2025

Esta pesquisa analisa o efeito do compartilhamento de informações e da incerteza ambiental na relação do uso do sistema orçamentário e o desempenho inovador. Foi aplicada uma pesquisa survey em startups brasileiras, que resultou em 121 respondentes. Os dados foram analisados utilizando modelagem de equações estruturais, por mínimos quadrados parciais. Os achados demonstram que a relação entre uso sistema orçamentário e desempenho inovador é significante, apontam que os mecanismos orçamentários desempenham um papel fundamental como alicerce gerencial nos processos de inovação das startups. O uso do sistema orçamentário contribui para o desempenho inovador em diferentes graus de incerteza ambiental, promovendo um suporte às tomadas de decisão e à geração de oportunidades de negócios. O estudo tem implicações que ressaltam o papel fundamental dos mecanismos orçamentários nos processos de inovação das startups e destacam aos gestores a importância de considerar a incerteza ambiental em fomentar o planejamento e controles para sustentar um ambiente propício à inovação. Para estudos futuros sugerimos incluir variáveis organizacionais, como o compartilhamento de conhecimento e a eficácia organizacional, com vistas a potencializar a utilização do orçamento e o desempenho inovador.
Türkiye’de Yi-ÜFE, TÜFE ile Döviz Kuru Dengesi Ne Zaman Bozuldu? Eşbütünleşme İlişkilerinde Kırılma Noktası Tespiti
Authors: Ceylan Özcan
Published: January 2025

Çalışmada döviz kuru ve fiyat endeksleri arasındaki uzun dönemli denge ilişkilerinin niteliğinin ortaya konması amacıyla 2005 Ocak-2023 Şubat döneminde Yi-ÜFE, TÜFE ve Dolar kuru arasında bir eşbütünleşme olup olmadığı Engle-Granger yaklaşımıyla araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, TÜFE ve Dolar kuru arasında bir eşbütünsellik ilişkisinin var olduğunu, ancak bu sonucun diğer değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler için geçerli olmadığını göstermektedir. Budanmış Kesin Doğrusal Zaman algoritması yardımıyla, Yi-ÜFE ile TÜFE arasındaki uzun dönemli denge ilişkisinin 2018 yılının Haziran ayında bozulduğu, Yi-ÜFE ile Dolar Kuru arasındaki ilişkideki yapısal kırılmanın da 2022 yılının Ocak ayında gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu tarihler dikkate alındığında, bu makroekonomik dengesizliklerin temelinde ekonomik belirsizliklerin ve konvansiyonel olmayan müdahalelerin artması ve bunun sonucunda beklentilerin bozulmasının önemli role sahip olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ilgili kurumlara güveni yeniden tesis etmeyi hedefleyen köklü düzenlemelerin hayata geçirilmesinin çözüm için öncelikli öneme sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Unlocking Instagram Success: Factors Shaping Consumer Engagement in Social Media Marketing
Authors: Aydın Ünal Duygu
Published: January 2025

In reaching out to consumers, social media marketing is indispensable. The prominence of social media serves as a vital metric for corporations and brands, and it currently occupies a pivotal role within digital marketing strategies. This study focuses on the analysis of posts published on Instagram by two Turkish clothing brands since the beginning of 2023, with the aim of identifying factors that enhance user engagement. According to the results obtained through ordered logistic regression analysis, factors such as the use of images in posts, the presence of a celebrity figure in the post, and the inclusion of tags increase the likelihood of heightened engagement levels. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights for social media marketers and researchers in devising effective Instagram strategies.
IMPACT OF E-LEARNING ON ENGINEERING EDUCATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A STUDY IN THE NORTHEASTERN REGION OF INDIA
Authors: Upadhyaya Bijoy Kumar , Saha Apurba , Dutta Pramanik Pijush Kanti
Published: January 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the entire world in a very challenging situation, and similar to other sectors, education has also been severely affected. The teaching-learning process during that period was carried out only online. As none of the stakeholders expected such an unprecedented situation, all the institutions had to switch to an online mode with almost zero preparation, abruptly putting the entire process in a very challenging position. This survey article aims to assess the impact of e-learning on engineering education during the pandemic in the Northeastern region of India. A carefully designed questionnaire divided into six major groups was circulated among the learners. The study addresses several research questions, including the improvement of IT skills among students, the e-learning exposure level before the pandemic, and the comparison between e-learning and face-to-face learning in terms of knowledge improvement, technical skills, and social competency. Additionally, the interest level of students in attending theoretical and lab classes in online and offline modes, students’ assessment of the merits and challenges of e-learning, major obstacles faced during online learning, the overall experience of learners with e-learning during the pandemic, and students’ excitement to return to college for physical learning after COVID-19 are examined. The findings highlight the need to address technological challenges, enhance online instructional design, and consider individual preferences and needs in shaping the future of engineering education. Unreliable internet connectivity and the higher cost of internet data are identified as the two major bottlenecks of e-learning in the specified region. Proper teacher training, time-efficient schedules for online classes, and selection of the most relevant e-content are some of the most important issues to be addressed for enhancing the effectiveness of e-learning.
INVESTIGATION OF PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ METAPHORIC PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THE MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION TOOLS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION
Authors: Ozansak Topcu Yesim , Karadag Buket , Guler Gul
Published: January 2025

The study used phenomenology to examine teacher candidates’ metaphorical perceptions for measurement and evaluation practices in distance education. 210 teacher candidates at a foundation university in Istanbul were included in the study group. Researchers collected data using a three-part form. The first part gathered demographic information, the second focused on measurement and evaluation tools and the third asked participants to create metaphors for the tools. Data collected for content analysis was coded based on preservice teachers’ perspectives on measurement and evaluation and the metaphors. Coders reached a consensus and developed 16 metaphor themes under 4 perspectives with above 80% consistency coefficients. It was found that preservice teachers used facilitator, constructive, quantitative and eliminative perspectives for measurement and evaluation. The category of facilitator perspective is used the most, followed by the eliminative, quantitative, and constructive. Additionally, written exams are often associated with negative metaphors while tools that rely on multiple-choice questions are linked with positive metaphors. Performance-based tools such as homework and assignments are more relevant with positive metaphors. The most remarkable finding is that using written exams and multiple-choice tests does not deliver effective feedback, unlike assignments. By conducting seminars for academics, experts should promote the utilization of feedback for other tools.
Screening a precipitation stable isotope database for inconsistencies prior to hydrological applications – examples from the Austrian Network for Isotopes in Precipitation
Authors: Erdélyi Dániel , Hatvani István Gábor , Derx Julia , Kern Zoltán
Published: January 2025

The ratio between the heavy and light stable isotopes in precipitation (δ
p) is an effective tool in answering questions in hydrology, climatology, biogeochemistry and other disciplines, but only if spatiotemporally sufficient data is available provided by precipitation monitoring networks. However, when gathered into large databases this can contain errors that can severely impact research outcomes. The present study aims to systematically identify and propose, for the first time, a screening procedure and possible adequate solution(s) to database errors detected in precipitation stable isotope monitoring networks in a reproducible way. The proposed approach is a distance-based outlier detection variant heavily relying on empirical inspection of spatially clustered δ
p time series. The core of the methodology consisted of screening the (i) δ
18O vs. δ
2H cross plot and (ii) δ
p station time-series, and comparing them to their neighbors by organizing the δ
p monitoring stations into spatial domains. Potential errors were categorized into (i) point anomalies (isolated erroneous data points) and (ii) interval anomalies (sustained errors over time). The approach is demonstrated on the Austrian Network for Isotopes in Precipitation, a data base that collects data on a monthly basis since 1972 with more than 70 active stations at its peak in 2014. In this sense, it is a crucial backbone for understanding hydrological processes in Central Europe. At 10 stations only point anomalies were found, at six stations only interval anomalies (Achenkirch, Bad Bleiberg, Hütten, Lahn, Salzburg, Schoppernau), and at five (Apetlon, Podersdorf, Saalfelden, Villacher Alps, Weyregg) both kind of anomalies were detected. By addressing these errors case-by-case the reliability of a precipitation isotope database for hydrological and climatological research could be enhanced.
Improving the Legal Regulation of Challenging of Regulatory Legal Acts and Acts Containing Clarifications of Legislation and Having Regulatory Properties
Authors: Lipen N. S.
Published: January 2025

The possibility of judicial challenge of regulatory legal acts (Chapter 21 of the Code of Administrative Judicial Procedure of the Russian Federation (CAJP RF), Chapter 23 of the Administrative Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (APC RF) is an important guarantee of the rule of law regime, ensuring the rule of law in a democratic rule-of-law state. The provisions of procedural codes are generally quite balanced. Focusing on the requirements of legal technique, it is possible to offer more accurate versions of procedural rules in at least four directions. First, Part 7 of Article 213 of the CAJP RF defines the content of the activity aimed at challenging normative regulatory acts. Almost the same wording can be used to improve the wording of Part 4 of Article 194 of the APC RF. Second, it is advisable to check the regulatory nature of the acts containing explanations of legislation and having regulatory properties, not at the stage of litigation, but at the stage of initiating proceedings in the case. This procedure is envisaged for the main legal institution: when challenging regulatory legal acts, their normative nature is checked at the stage of initiating a case. Third, it is necessary to eliminate the legal error made in Paragraph 2 Part 5 Article 217.1 of the CAJP RF and in Paragraph 1 Part 5 Article 195.1 of APC RF: if the court rejects to satisfy the claims, the proposed wording of the court decision on the contested act «does not have normative properties,» since this makes it impossible to challenge it in accordance with Chapter 21 of the CAJP of the Russian Federation, Chapter 23 of the APC of the Russian Federation. Fourth, procedural codes should provide for the possibility of invalidating not only the normative legal or legal interpretation act in whole or in part, but also its individual provisions in whole or in part.
Development Institutions and Technology Holdings: Problems and Prospects of Interaction
Authors: Kravets V. D.
Published: January 2025

The concept of technological development of the Russian Federation until 2030, approved by order of the Government of 20.05.2023 No. 1315-r, provided for the emergence of new subjects of technological development — technological holdings. The first technological holdings are planned to be created on the basis of the Skolkovo foundation. Financing of their activities is entrusted to the state corporation «VEB.RF» that was authorised to make risky (venture) investments. The paper analyzes the prospects for interaction between technology holdings and innovative development institutions. It is concluded that in the context of the isolation of the Russian technological market and the fall in venture capital investments, financing of technology holdings by development institutions may have a positive effect. However, it is necessary to avoid repeating the negative experience of directing public funds to the development of startups. To do this, venture capital investments should use public-private partnership mechanisms. It seems that the participation of private capital will provide an independent assessment of the attractiveness of investment projects and reduce the risks of losing invested funds. It is noted that the use of state funds to finance the activities of technological holdings is not the only task of the state. Today, the created technological holdings run the risk of being in a situation of legal uncertainty. Thus, it is necessary to develop and adopt regulations governing their activities. The state should also ensure the development of the infrastructure of the Russian technological market and the venture capital market. Infrastructure creation is a function of innovative development institutions. The attractiveness of participation in the activities of technological holdings can be increased by the state providing benefits and preferences to the participants.
Civil Law Regime of Metaverse, Virtual and Augmented Reality Objects
Authors: Ayusheeva I. Z.
Published: January 2025

In civil circulation, due to its digitalization, virtual objects that, unlike a real object of the surrounding world in its usual sense, have a digital form wihout a real shell, are widespread. The civil law regime of virtual objects is not defined in the current legislation. Meanwhile, in the context of the development of metaverse concepts, this problem and the search for ways to solve it is becoming increasingly urgent. Determining the legal regime of objects created by the user of the platform on which access to virtual reality is provided, augmented reality objects, as well as objects existing and created within the metaverse, where the user’s usual activities can be carried out, is ambiguous in scholarship and jurisprudence. This study was undertaken to determine the features of the civil law regime of objects created in virtual reality, augmented reality, and in the metaverse. It was concluded that the regimes of familiar civil law objects (property, results of intellectual activity, intangible benefits, services) can be extended to the objects under consideration. However, the material legal concept does not fully reflect the legal nature of the objects under study. Therefore, virtual objects that copy things of the physical world, in essence, can be recognized as other property rights. At the same time, the intellectual property rules can be applied to these objects only if they are created as a result of a person’s creative efforts.
Prospects for Improving Labor and Labor Protection Legislation in the Implementation of Production Robotization
Authors: Chernykh N. V. , Vorontsov D. I.
Published: January 2025

The paper is devoted to the study of the potential for using the results of the development of modern technologies, including automation and robotization tools, to improve the labor market and the need to adapt existing approaches to labor legal regulation, especially within the framework of labor protection. New technological achievements entail positive consequences in the form of increased production efficiency, a decreased number of injuries and occupational diseases at workplaces, the formation of a decent working environment, overall improvement in the quality of life and new risks primarily mediated by the period of adaptation to changing working conditions. The paper examines the processes of such changes and suggests possible approaches to legal regulation of the labor sphere in order to achieve optimal coordination of the processes of applying technological innovations in production and achieving a balance of rights and interests of labor market participants.
Improving the Legal Status of Small Innovative Enterprises
Authors: Petrakov A. Yu.
Published: January 2025

The paper examines the legal regulation of the creation and operation of smaller innovative enterprises established by budgetary and autonomous scientific institutions and budgetary and autonomous educational organizations of higher education. The author in his study relies on statistics for the 15-year period of creation of small innovative enterprises. The study revealed a downward trend in the establishment of new small innovative enterprises. The actual absence of profits of small innovative enterprises from the practical application (implementation) of the results of intellectual activity has been demonstrated; almost all of their profits are formed through the sale of goods, works or services. The author analyzed the legal foundations of the functioning of small innovative enterprises, which allowed the author to identify a number of legal problems. The author proposes the ways to resolve these problems. At the end of the study, the target audience of the proposed amendments to legislation is outlined, especially for Paragraph 3.1 of Article 5 of the Federal Law of 23.08.1996 No. 127-FZ «On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy» and Art. 103 of the Federal Law of 29.12.2012 No. 273-FZ «On Education in the Russian Federation,» as well as the projected results from their implementation.
Prospects for the Criminal Proceedings Development in the Context of Digitalization of Society and the State
Authors: Vilkova T. Yu. , Maksimova T. Yu. , Nichiporenko A. A.
Published: January 2025

An analysis of the latest changes in criminal procedure legislation, the legal positions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice in criminal cases shows individual areas for further improvement of the use of digital technologies in criminal proceedings. The proposal to grant the right to a remote meeting between the accused and the defense attorney on the territory of the pre-trial detention facility using video conferencing systems is substantiated in relation to all defense attorneys, including those who do not have the status of an advocate. There is a need to extend the possibility of remote meetings between a defense attorney and a person in custody to court premises. The authors criticize the practice of using as evidence a notarized statement on the circumstances included in the subject of proof from a victim, who is participating in the trial remotely, instead of questioning him using video conferencing. Arguments are presented that the absence in the investigative action report of an indication of all seized items and their descriptions is a significant violation of the law, which entails the inadmissibility of the evidence obtained. An assessment is given of the use of digital technologies in the conduct of investigative actions in order to prevent such violations.
Lawmaking by the Eurasian Economic Commission as one of the Foundations for the Development of Integration Processes in the EAEU
Authors: Artemenko T. D.
Published: January 2025

The Eurasian Economic Commission is the executive body of the integration association. By virtue of its purpose, the Commission also performs a law-making function. The implementation of this function follows from its most important role in the integration association — the «engine of integration» and «keeper of treaties» and directly influences the development of integration within the Eurasian Economic Union, forming its legal reality. The paper examines the procedure for implementing lawmaking activities by all political bodies of the EAEU, as well as the stages of the legislative process. Particular attention is given to the legislative function of the Commission, its place in the institutional system of the EAEU and its influence on integration processes. In addition, the experience of both the European Union and the constituent entity of the Russian Federation — the Kaliningrad region in the field of legislative activity is considered for its rational use within the framework of Eurasian integration. Based on the results of the study, the author identifies problems arising in the EAEU legislative process and proposes ways to solve them, as well as formulates proposals to improve the effectiveness of lawmaking activities of all political bodies of the EAEU, in particular the Eurasian Economic Commission.
Pat‑Down Search: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Tsepilov A. E. , Zholobova I. M.
Published: January 2025

The paper examines the problems of legal regulation of pat-down searches, arising from the modern practice of its implementation. Having analyzed the criminal procedure, administrative and law enforcement legislation, as well as empirical data, the authors propose to assign a single name «pat-down search» to all similar actions related to the examination of a person’s body, clothing and personal belongings; to consolidate the procedure for conducting a pat-down search in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation; to specify the list of grounds, subjects of this event, as well as exceptions to the general rule in specialized regulatory legal acts separately for each type of activity; to establish the combination of drawing up a pat-down search report and using technical means of audio, photo and video recording as the main method of recording the progress and results of search activities; to allow search activities to be conducted without exposing a person’s body, as well as in exceptional cases and with its exposure to an official of either gender.
Environmental and Legal Aspects of the Renewable Energy Development in Agriculture
Authors: Kiselev A. N.
Published: January 2025

Agriculture, in the context of the need to enhance food security and efficient management of agricultural lands, needs sustainable development. As one of the leading sectors of the Russian economy, agriculture has the prerequisites for digitalization of the industry, the introduction of innovative and science-intensive products and technologies. The work is devoted to the study of legal regulation issues on the use of agricultural land for the purpose of developing renewable energy. In particular, two aspects of such use are highlighted: as a spatial basis for the placement of renewable energy facilities and as a means of producing biomass. Attention is given to the negative impact on the environment when using agricultural land in renewable energy. In particular, the issues of negative thermal and shadow impacts on lands, changes in the nature of land use due to the displacement of agricultural crop production for food and feed purposes are considered. The author formulates provisions that can serve as a basis for the formation of legal regulation of the use of renewable energy in agriculture.