bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responding to Tani Barlow: Women’s Studies in the 1980s
Authors: Xiaojiang Li
Published: September 2013

This essay is Li Xiaojiang’s response to Tani Barlow’s “Socialist Modernization and the Market Feminism of Li Xiaojiang” (ch. 6 of Barlow’s The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism). Barlow, in discussing Li Xiaojiang’s work in the 1980s, wholly overlooked the key article “The Progress of Humanity and Women’s Women’s Liberation” （人类进步与妇女解放） published in Marxist Studies （马克思主义研究） in 1983, which Li claims was the first theoretical article on women to appear in a mainstream authoritative journal in mainland China. Li agrees with Barlow’s characterization of one of her two ideological roots as Marxist humanism but says that her other root is not “psychodynamics” but Western feminism—though in her own work she has tried to keep some distance from it and refrains from using the word feminism (in Chinese or English) to describe the 1980s women’s movement in China, preferring the term women’s studies movement. Li rejects Barlow’s characterization of her work in the 1980s as “market feminism” on the grounds that China was not then oriented to a market economy and that Li’s theoretical attention at that time was on socialist revolution and Marxist theory about women’s liberation. Li agrees with her critics’ views that she is an essentialist feminist, for she holds that one is born a female and that the second-sex status is a necessary period in the historical evolution of humanity.
Teaching Note—Revenue Management at the Hong Kong Grand: The Dine in Grandeur Dilemma
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E. , Verma Rohit , Hart Christopher W.
Published: September 2013

Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Infection and combat injuries
Authors: Penn-Barwell J. G. , Rowlands T. K.
Published: September 2013

Blast and ballistic weapons used on the battlefield cause devastating injuries rarely seen outside armed conflict. These extremely high-energy injuries predominantly affect the limbs and are usually heavily contaminated with soil, foliage, clothing and even tissue from other casualties. Once life-threatening haemorrhage has been addressed, the military surgeon’s priority is to control infection.

Combining historical knowledge from previous conflicts with more recent experience has resulted in a systematic approach to these injuries. Urgent debridement of necrotic and severely contaminated tissue, irrigation and local and systemic antibiotics are the basis of management. These principles have resulted in successful healing of previously unsurvivable wounds. Healthy tissue must be retained for future reconstruction, vulnerable but viable tissue protected to allow survival and avascular tissue removed with all contamination.

While recent technological and scientific advances have offered some advantages, they must be judged in the context of a hard-won historical knowledge of these wounds. This approach is applicable to comparable civilian injury patterns. One of the few potential benefits of war is the associated improvement in our understanding of treating the severely injured; for this positive effect to be realised these experiences must be shared.
Near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics for rapid profiling of plant secondary metabolites
Authors: Mokgalaka Ntebogeng S. , Lepule Sello P. , Regnier Thierry , Combrinck Sandra
Published: September 2013

In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, in combination with chemometrics, was used as a rapid tool for determining if exposure to contamination from mine tailings influences the matrices of the specimens, compared to those from natural populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots were made from the chemometric models obtained to establish if season of harvest, geographical origin, and level of soil contamination play a determining role in the chemical profiles of the individual specimens harvested from mine sites or natural populations. The random distribution on PCA score plots corroborated the intraspecies variation of Lippia scaberrima previously observed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) essential oil profiles. Clustering according to the season and origin of the individual plants confirmed that the geographic location and the season of harvest influence the chemical profiles of L. scaberrima. The NIR data could not be correlated with the level of soil contamination to which the specimens were exposed. The PCA scores and loadings plots obtained from NIR data of Searsia pendulina suggest that the species is tolerant to pollution from mine tailings. Although separation was obtained in a three-component PCA model between specimens sampled during different seasons, some clustering was observed by specimens from the same geographical origin.
Determination of the photoluminescence quantum yield of dilute dye solutions (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Resch-Genger Ute , Rurack Knut
Published: September 2013

Procedures for the determination of photoluminescence quantum yields with optical methods are addressed, and challenges associated with these measurements are discussed. Special emphasis is dedicated to relative measurements of fluorescent (i.e., short excited-state lifetime), transparent, dilute dye solutions in conventional cuvettes in a 0°/90° measurement geometry. Recommendations on the selection of suitable quantum yield standards are presented, and requirements for the documentation of photoluminescence quantum yields are derived.
Immigrants and Immigration in Portuguese Children's Literature
Authors: da Conceição Tomé Maria , Bastos Glória
Published: September 2013

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the existence and relevance of the theme of migrations in contemporary Portuguese children's literature and to analyze the representations of immigrants and their cultures in those literary productions. We also question the way those portrayals may contribute to children's global citizenship, to cultural exchanges and to a world without boundaries.
Picturing Difference: Three Recent Picture Books Portray the Black Nova Scotian Community
Authors: Howard Vivian
Published: September 2013

The image of Canada as a multicultural and diverse country has profoundly influenced Canadian children's literature. Three recent picture books from Nova Scotia provide counter-stories to the usual narrative depicting Canada as a universally tolerant and welcoming multicultural society, offering insights into community, power, prejudice, and identity within the Nova Scotia Black community, and depicting the complex relationship of this historic community with the Canadian mainstream.
Patents Against People: How Drug Companies Price Patients out of Survival
Authors: Chen Michelle
Published: September 2013

As our television screens toggle between pundits squabbling over Obamacare’s insurance rules and ads for erectile dysfunction remedies, another health care battle rages in village clinics and corporate boardrooms. Behind the seductive commercials for breakthrough treatments, multinational brands and technocrats are concocting supranational policies to hold poor patients hostage to pharmaceutical markets across the Global South through elaborate intellectual property schemes in international trade. And while the industry sutures the future of medicine to the business of exploiting disease, poor countries serve as an incubator for neoliberal policies that boost the industry’s power in Washington, capitalizing on regional inequality to degrade public health on a global scale.
Cockblocked by Redistribution: A Pick-up Artist in Denmark
Authors: Baker Katie J.M.
Published: September 2013

Twenty-three-year old Daryush Valizadeh, known to his predominantly heterosexual male fan base as Roosh, is a well-known pick-up artist within the worldwide “Seduction Community,” which relies on pop evolutoinary psychology to teach the art of getting laid. Its origins date back to dubious neuro-linguistic programming “speed seduction” theories in the early 1990s, but the Community rose to prominence with investigative reporter Neil Strauss’s 2005 bestseller expose The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists, which spawned a VH1 reality show and drew aspiring “PUAs” to online forums and self -proclaimed gurus promising foolproof seduction strategies.
Short Words on Earth: Theological Geography in Rufinus’s Commentary on the Apostles’ Creed
Authors: Chin Catherine M.
Published: September 2013

This article examines Rufinus of Aquileia’s approach to local textual variations in the baptismal creed, as presented in his Commentary on the Apostles’ Creed , which analyzes the creed very differently than other late-ancient Latin treatments of the creed. I argue that Rufinus sees local variations in the text of the creed as aspects of the divine mind that manifest differently in different places, following an Origenist framework in which geography is part of divine pedagogy for humans. Thus the creed, its reciters, and its local setting interact much like agents within a local ecosystem, which provides a specific environment to which its inhabitants must adapt, but which is also changed by its inhabitants as they live in it.
Transitivity and polysynthesis in Fijian
Authors: Aranovich Raúl
Published: September 2013

This article argues for a three-way structural characterization of Fijian objects: common nouns can be incorporated or dislocated, but pronouns and proper nouns occur inside the VP as complements. These facts support an analysis of Fijian as a polysynthetic language, since it is a pronominal argument language with incorporated objects. Having complement nominals inside the VP, however, puts Fijian outside the scope of Baker’s (1996) polysynthesis parameter. The distribution of complements in Fijian follows from Hopper and Thompson’s (1980) transitivity hypothesis , since only those nominals with the highest degree of individuation can occur inside the VP.
Television can also be a factor in language change: Evidence from an urban dialect
Authors: Stuart-Smith Jane , Pryce Gwilym , Timmins Claire , Gunter Barrie
Published: September 2013

This article considers two instances of rapidly accelerating linguistic change in Glaswegian vernacular, th - fronting and l-vocalization , both typically associated with the Cockney dialect of London. Both changes have been underway for some time, but took off during the 1990s. In this article we consider a range of factors that are contributing to the rapid proliferation of these forms in the speech of inner-city Glaswegian adolescents. Our multivariate analysis shows very strong effects for linguistic factors, as well as strong positive correlations with social practices relating to local Glaswegian street style, some links with dialect contact with friends and family living in England, and—perhaps surprisingly—also positive correlations with strong psychological engagement with the London-based TV soap drama EastEnders . Our results suggest that the changes are being propelled by several processes: ongoing transmission and at the same time continuing diffusion through dialect contact; the local social meanings carried by these variants for these speakers; and strong engagement with a favorite TV drama. For this community at least, engaging with a favorite TV drama is an additional accelerating factor in rapid linguistic diffusion.
Subject/object processing asymmetries in Korean relative clauses: Evidence from ERP data
Authors: Kwon Nayoung , Kluender Robert , Kutas Marta , Polinsky Maria
Published: September 2013

Subject relative (SR) clauses have a reliable processing advantage in VO languages like English in which relative clauses (RCs) follow the head noun. The question is whether this is also routinely true in OV languages like Japanese and Korean, in which RCs precede the head noun. We conducted an event-related brain potential (ERP) study of Korean RCs to test whether the SR advantage manifests in brain responses, and to tease apart the typological factors that might contribute to these responses. Our results suggest that brain responses to RCs are remarkably similar in VO and OV languages. Our results also suggest that the marking of the right edge of the RC in Chinese (Yang et al. 2010) and Korean and the absence of such marking in Japanese (Ueno & Garnsey 2008) affect the response to the following head noun. The consistent SR advantage found in ERP studies lends further support to a universal subject preference in the processing of relative clauses.
Modernist Life Writing and Nonhuman Lives: Ecologies of Experience in Virginia Woolf’s Flush
Authors: Herman David
Published: September 2013

Virginia Woolf’s Flush: A Biography (1933) takes its place alongside Orlando as a key modernist experiment with the norms and conventions of life writing. Flush is what might be described as a metabiographical text, probing the consequences for life writing, revealing it to be an inextricable entanglement not just of male, female, upper-, and lower-class life histories, but also of human and nonhuman ways of encountering the world. Furthermore, in modeling nonhuman phenomenology, Flush suggests how coming to terms with stories about nonhuman lives calls for a new, “transdisciplinary” paradigm for narrative inquiry.
Modernist Transformations of Life Narrative: From Wilde and Woolf to Bechdel and Rushdie
Authors: Riquelme John Paul
Published: September 2013

The essay provides an overview of the essays in the special issue, Modernist Life Narrative: Biography, Autobiography, Bildungsroman , arguing that considering the forms together, along with film and graphic narratives, brings out significant common features. It explores with reference to the essays and to several works not treated in them various features modernist life narratives share, including failure (especially of social integration) as success, development as deformation, nonlinear temporality, and identity as fluid (rather than singular) and as opaque, or masked. Modernist life narrative’s persistence after World War II is addressed with regard to film, American fiction, and postcolonial writing.
Posthumous Playback: Oscar Wilde and the Phonographic Logic of Modern Biography
Authors: Crowell Ellen
Published: September 2013

For many late Victorians, the death of Oscar Wilde in 1900 marked a victory for the normalizing narratives that constituted the Victorian eminent life. In retaliation, a small coterie of writers sought new ways to preserve his memory. This essay demonstrates that in the memorial texts that spring up at the start of the twentieth century we find an obsessive focus on preserving the distinctive cadences of Wilde’s speech transformed into an avant-garde response to critics and cultural commentators satisfied that Wilde’s death meant that an unsavory voice would be heard from no more. Wilde’s early biographers (including Robert Sherard, Andre Gide, Frank Harris, and Laurence Housman) borrow the haunting properties of the phonograph to invoke a dead voice whose very volubility dismantles a calcified generic aesthetic.
Other Possibilities, Other Drives: Queer, Counterfactual “Life” in Truman Capote’s Other Voices, Other Rooms
Authors: Valente Joseph
Published: September 2013

The essay explores Truman Capote’s use of the Bildungsroman as an alternative form of life writing, wherein he anticipates a robustly queer/crip politics by exploring nonnormative subjectivity in terms of sexuality and disability simultaneously.
To the Side of the Day: Comparison without Comparison in Pynchon (and. . .)
Authors: Kelman David
Published: September 2013

This essay argues that comparative literature should not be theorized in terms of how comparison appears, but rather how it does not fully appear. By focusing on the (in)comparability of catastrophic events, Pynchon’s work suggests that comparison is “avisual,” since it takes place as the splitting apart of the day.
Musil’s Novelistic Essayism: Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften and the History of Its Genre
Authors: Erwin Andrew F.
Published: September 2013

Robert Musil and his major novel Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften have long been treated as novelistic outsiders by Musil critics and historians of the novel. Reflecting this view, terms such as essayism have come to dominate criticism on MoE . Arguing for a revised understanding of this term, the author puts forth evidence of Musil’s deep engagement with the history of the novel and shows how Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften ’s macro-structure, chronotopes, types, and economy of desire link the novel to a long history of the genre from Heliodorus and Chrétiens to Cervantes, Goethe, Tolstoy, and Proust. From this perspective, the author offers a new reading of Musil’s essayism that centers the “novelistic” in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften .
On SHOT! : A Rationale for Research and Dramas Depicting Violence in the ’Hood
Authors: Williams-Witherspoon Kimmika L. H.
Published: September 2013

Can you perform research data? And if so, can we as scholars/artists turn “research” into an equally exciting and dramatic piece without sacrificing efficacy? Theatre, by definition is both theatrical and engaging. “Situated at the crossroads of theater and anthropology, thanks to the collaborations of Victor Turner in anthropology and Richard Schechner in theater studies” (Koram 3), ethnodrama takes research data off the printed page and disseminates it to a much larger audience on the American stage (see also ; , ). Like traditional theatre and judged for its dramatic quality, ethnodramas are dramatic stories peculiar to a culture or a people that encompass that group’s history, cultural memory, and ethos. Gleaning dramatic monologues from taped interviews as “transcripted-testimonials,” performed research is a constructed process that mediates issues of authenticity, ownership, and social activism. Who constructs the performance is as critical to the development and process of the project, as insider/outsider dynamics can color or compromise the participant/observation. This essay looks at the impetus behind the North Philadelphia research and its resulting world premiere of the performance piece SHOT! (2009) as the constructed process to performed research.
Benign adrenal adenomas secreting excess mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
Authors: Yoon Vivienne , Heyliger Aliya , Maekawa Takashi , Sasano Hironobu , Carrick Kelley , Woodruff Stacey , Rabaglia Jennifer , Auchus Richard J , Ghayee Hans K
Published: September 2013

Objective: To recognize that benign adrenal adenomas can co-secrete excess aldosterone and cortisol, which can change clinical management.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical and histological features of an adrenal tumor co-secreting aldosterone and cortisol in a patient. Biochemical testing as well as postoperative immunohistochemistry was carried out on tissue samples for assessing enzymes involved in steroidogenesis.

Results: A patient presented with hypertension, hypokalemia, and symptoms related to hypercortisolism. The case demonstrated suppressed renin concentrations with an elevated aldosterone:renin ratio, abnormal dexamethasone suppression test results, and elevated midnight salivary cortisol concentrations. The patient had a right adrenal nodule with autonomous cortisol production and interval growth. Right adrenalectomy was carried out. Postoperatively, the patient tolerated the surgery, but he was placed on a short course of steroid replacement given a subnormal postoperative serum cortisol concentration. Long-term follow-up of the patient showed that his blood pressure and glucose levels had improved. Histopathology slides showed positive staining for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase, and 21 hydroxylase.

Conclusion: In addition to the clinical manifestations and laboratory values, the presence of these enzymes in this type of tumor provides support that the tumor in this patient was able to produce mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. The recognition of patients with a tumor that is co-secreting aldosterone and cortisol can affect decisions to treat with glucocorticoids perioperatively to avoid adrenal crisis.

Learning points

Recognition of the presence of adrenal adenomas co-secreting mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.

Consideration for perioperative and postoperative glucocorticoid use in the treatment of co-secreting adrenal adenomas.
Patient adherence in antihypertensive treatment
Authors: Simonyi Gábor
Published: September 2013

Hypertension is one of the most frequent chronic diseases as well as most important cardiovascular risk factors in developed countries. Blood pressure control to target levels can significantly decrease the risk for development of coronary artery disease, stroke, chronic renal disease and mortality. Adequately maintained blood pressure is very important in high risk patients. In the treatment of hypertension, life style therapy and drug treatment have essential roles. Further, patient adherence plays a significant part of the treatment, too. Importantly, about half of the patients only become adherent to antihypertensive therapy by the end of the first year treatment. Hence, non-adherence of patients is an important cause for resistant hypertension. Adherence is influenced by the complexity of drug regimen and characteristic of drug class, as well as age and gender of patients. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1587–1591.
Hungarian twin studies: results of four decades
Authors: Tárnoki Ádám Domonkos , Tárnoki Dávid László , Horváth Tamás , Métneki Júlia , Littvay Levente
Published: September 2013

Twin studies play a role in examining the contribution of genetic variations and environmental factors responsible for the determination of phenotypic variables and of genetic linkage between genotypes. Hungarian twin studies, supported by three twin registries (among them two twin-database), date back to 1970s. Studies mainly focused on various congenital abnormalities, the effect of contraceptive pills and folic acid on the frequency of twin pregnancies, as well as psychosexual and alcohol consumptional behaviors. Monogenic Mendelian inheritance of lactose (mal)absorption was demonstrated for the first time. Hungarian Twin Registry was founded in 2007, which contributed to the current understanding on the background of several disorders, e.g. metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. As part of an international twin study, among others, arterial stiffness, central blood pressure, carotid intima/media thickness, venous biomechanics, body composition, lung function and smoking characteristics were also assessed. Absence of genetic background in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and high inheritance of carotid plaque characteristics were demonstrated for the first time. The review also aims to summarize future plans of the Hungarian Twin Registry. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1579–1586.
Sleep duration among school-age children in Hungary and Romania
Authors: Sólyom Réka , Lendvai Zsófia , Pásti Krisztina , Szeifert Lilla , Szabó J. Attila
Published: September 2013

Introduction: Children’s sleep duration is decreasing in the last decade. Despite of the well known negative consequences, there are no data on children’s sleep duration in Hungary and Romania. Aim: The aim of the authors was to assess sleep duration of school-age children in Hungary and Romania. Method: A self-edited questionnaire was used for the study. 2446 children were enrolled. All elementary and secondary schools in a Hungarian city, and one elementary and secondary school in a Romanian city took part in the study. Results: Mean sleep duration was 8.3±1.2 hours on weekdays. There was a significant difference between the two countries (Hungary vs. Romania, 8.5±1.2 hours vs. 7.8±0.9 hours, p = 0.001). Age correlated with sleep duration on weekdays (r= –0.605, p = 0.001), but not during weekend. Conclusions: this is the first study on children’s sleep duration in Hungary and Romania. The difference between countries may be due to the difference in mean age or cultural and/or geographical differences. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1592–1596.
Modelos de gestão de revistas científicas: uma discussão necessária
Authors: Guanaes Paulo Cezar Vieira , Guimarães Maria Cristina Soares
Published: September 2013

A possibilidade de se publicar revista científica em meio eletrônico e em acesso livre, com apoio das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs), tem acarretado mudanças substanciais no processo de comunicação científica. Um aspecto ainda pouco discutido nessa nova configuração, diz respeito aos modelos de gestão de periódicos, para os quais convergem questões, tanto de custos quanto de garantia de qualidade do conteúdo. Ambas as dimensões colocam em foco a sustentabilidade dos periódicos eletrônicos em acesso livre, que é o tema abordado no presente artigo. O ponto de partida retoma uma discussão sobre o nascimento e morte dos periódicos científicos brasileiros e como isso pode se reconfigurar à luz das modificações em curso no campo. Dos modelos clássicos de gestão, passa-se à descrição de um amplo portfólio de alternativas disponível atualmente, o que pede uma reflexão sobre a sustentabilidade dos mesmos. O artigo finaliza com apontamentos sobre a importância de colocar esse tema na agenda das políticas públicas de ciência e tecnologia e informação no Brasil e, mais especificamente, na agenda de prioridades de pesquisa em saúde pública.
Regulamentação linguística em e-mails institucionais: conflito entre professores universitários no ambiente institucional
Authors: Silva Wagner Rodrigues
Published: September 2013

Investigo reflexões metalinguísticas realizadas por docentes, ao focalizarem noções de ordem ou de regulamentação linguística, no ambiente de interação virtual, mediado por um programa de e-mail institucional, numa universidade pública. Numa abordagem sociopragmática, o ambiente virtual é caracterizado como um tecido de vozes sociais, as quais sinalizam para o posicionamento dos interactantes no espaço institucional em que estão inseridos. Os dados mostram servidores públicos se apropriando de um artefato tecnológico para interagir num novo espaço: o ambiente profissional virtual. A troca de mensagens eletrônicas parece influenciada por outras interações mediadas por artefatos digitais característicos de ambientes virtuais não profissionais. Nesse novo ambiente, tais interações parecem substituir os relacionamentos profissionais sólidos, característicos das interações presenciais, minimizando o receio do enfoque de assuntos polêmicos para interlocuções convencionais, como o questionamento da competência profissional dos pares, orientado pela cobrança das convenções linguísticas da escrita formal, em mensagens eletrônicas trocadas no ambiente virtual institucional.
High predation on small populations: avian predation on imperiled salmonids
Authors: Osterback Ann-Marie K. , Frechette Danielle M. , Shelton Andrew O. , Hayes Sean A. , Bond Morgan H. , Shaffer Scott A. , Moore Jonathan W.
Published: September 2013

Generalist predators can contribute to extinction risk of imperiled prey populations even through incidental predation. Quantifying predation on small populations is important to manage their recovery, however predation is often challenging to observe directly. Recovery of prey tags at predator colonies can indirectly provide minimum estimates of predation, however overall predation rates often remain unquantifiable because an unknown proportion of tags are deposited off‐colony. Here, we estimated overall predation rates on threatened wild juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by generalist adult Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) in six central California (USA) watersheds. We estimated predation rates by gulls from the recapture of PIT (passive integrated transponder) tags that were originally inserted into steelhead and were subsequently deposited at a Western Gull breeding colony, Año Nuevo Island (ANI). We combined three independent datasets to isolate different processes: (1) the probability a tagged steelhead was consumed during predation, (2) the probability a consumed tag was transported to ANI, and (3) the probability a transported tag was detected at ANI. Together, these datasets parameterized a hierarchical Bayesian model to quantify overall predation rates while accounting for tag loss between when prey were tagged and subsequent tag detection at ANI. Results from the model suggest that low recovery rates of PIT tags from steelhead at ANI were mostly driven by low probabilities of transportation (≤0.167) of consumed tags to ANI. Low transportation probabilities equate to high per‐capita probabilities of predation (≥0.306/yr) at the three watersheds in closest proximity to ANI, whereas predation rates were uncertain at watersheds farther from ANI due to very low transportation rates. This study provides the first overall estimate of Western Gull predation rates on threatened wild juvenile steelhead and suggests gull predation on salmonids is a larger source of mortality than was previously estimated from minimum predation rates. This study thus represents an important example of high rates of incidental predation by a generalist consumer on an imperiled prey and provides a quantitative framework to inform robust estimates of predation rates on small populations that can be applied to other systems where direct observation of predation is not feasible.
Animal Models of Exercise and Obesity
Authors: Kasper Christine E.
Published: September 2013

Animal models have been invaluable in the conduct of nursing research for the past 40 years. This review will focus on specific animal models that can be used in nursing research to study the physiologic phenomena of exercise and obesity when the use of human subjects is either scientifically premature or inappropriate because of the need for sampling tissue or the conduct of longitudinal studies of aging. There exists an extensive body of literature reporting the experimental use of various animal models, in both exercise science and the study of the mechanisms of obesity. Many of these studies are focused on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of organ system adaptation and plasticity in response to exercise, obesity, or both. However, this review will narrowly focus on the models useful to nursing research in the study of exercise in the clinical context of increasing performance and mobility, atrophy and bedrest, fatigue, and aging. Animal models of obesity focus on those that best approximate clinical pathology.
Interventions to Increase Physical Activity in People With COPD: Systematic Review
Authors: Larson Janet L. , Vos Carol M. , Fernandez Dena
Published: September 2013

People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are very sedentary and this contributes to their health problems. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effects of interventions designed to increase physical activity (PA) in people with COPD. Studies were included when PA was the primary outcome and measured objectively. Six databases were searched and 15 studies with a total of 761 subjects were identified that met inclusion criteria. Nine of the studies were quasi-experimental (QE) and six were randomized controlled trials (RCT). Interventions included pulmonary rehabilitation (
Offshore Polymer/LPS Injectivity Test with Focus on Operational Feasibility and Near Wellbore Response in a Heidrun Injector
Authors: Selle Olav M. , Fischer Herbert , Standnes Dag C. , Auflem Inge H. , Lambertsen Anne Marie , Svela Per Einar , Mebratu Amare , Gundersen Elisabeth B. , Melien Ingrid
Published: September 2013

Increased oil recovery technologies are very important for the large Heidrun field located in the Norwegian Sea. Very harsh climate and stringent environmental regulations render enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects challenging. One EOR method evaluated for the field is polymer/LPS (Linked Polymer Solution) with the objective to improve the reservoir sweep. An offshore polymer and LPS injectivity test was performed with the objectives to determine the logistical and operational feasibility of handling polymers and to observe the near wellbore response during polymer and LPS injection.

Prior to the offshore test, laboratory work was performed to qualify a polymer and a LPS system. A yard test was conducted to test necessary instrumentation and mixing/pumping equipment in preparation for the offshore test. The operation was performed by mixing a 5000 ppm polyacrylamide mother solution onshore, which was then shipped and stored offshore in completion tanks on the platform. The polymer mother solution was then injected downstream the choke on the injection well at a final polymer concentration of 300 ppm and 600 ppm, respectively. The test was done with a stepwise rate increase to switch from matrix to fracture injection. Aluminum citrate (AlCit) cross-linker was added at 300:10 and 600:20 polymer-to-cross-linker ratio.

A comprehensive sampling and analysis program was performed both onshore and offshore to secure high-quality polymer solution throughout the logistical chain. High-pressure sampling equipment was constructed to sample polymerized injection water at the wellhead. Furthermore, high-quality injection data was obtained through installation of a bottomhole memory gauge into the injector prior to the test.

The main results from the offshore test proved the feasibility of storing, mixing, transport and injection of polymer solutions without contamination or unwanted shear degradation of the polymer. Good mixing was obtained by feeding the polymer mother solution into the injection stream. Polymer sampling at the wellhead showed good polymer quality based on viscosity and filter ratio results. Well injectivity improved under polymer/LPS injection compared to water injection due to the opening of existing fractures at lower injection rates.
Steerable Drilling Liner Used to Increase Recovery on the Grane Field at the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Eidem Morten , Grindhaug Gaute , Paulus Marius , Kanzler Christian , Skarsbø Eirik , Schwartze Sascha , Spreckelmeyer Niko , Carl C. Clemmensen
Published: September 2013

Steerable Drilling Liner (SDL) was originally designed to remove downtime related to drilling in unstable formations and/or into depleted formations as it allows the well to be lined/cased off simultaneously as it is drilled. The SDL system consists of a standard drill pipe as the inner-string, inside a conventional liner. The system uses a conventional rotary steerable Bottom Hole Assembly and has been designed to drill complex 3D well trajectories, up to 2000 m long, with the same directional and logging capabilities as conventional drilling. Two sizes are developed: 7" for 8 ½" hole and 9 5/8" for 12 ¼" hole. Using SDL gives several benefits to the drilling process, including:

Reduced openhole time; the liner is always on bottom. Reduced pressure fluctuations; tripping of BHA/innerstring is always in cased hole. Reduced mechanical impact on the formation; stable centralised liner with no lateral movement against formations when drilling.

All the above will contribute greatly in the goal of preventing formation collapse prior to drilling a section to planned total depth (TD).

Based on a request from the Grane field in the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), additional ways of using the SDL technology has now been introduced as an 7" SDL system was drilled fully into open hole and left as an open hole clad (with both the liner top and bottom in a reservoir sand) to prevent unstable intermediate formations to collapse and subsequently prevent drilling the 8 ½" reservoir section to planned TD.

Unstable shale protruding into the reservoir at Grane causes regular adjustment to the wellpath. As the formation instability develops over time, getting the liner/completion through a shale interval has been proven difficult and often results in sidetracks due to wellbore collapse and/or pack-offs. The solution has been to place the well path above the shale intrusions to avoid the stability problems. This drilling practice limits the total reservoir drainage since the gravity based drainage only allows the reservoir above the drilled wellpath to be produced. Using 7" Steerable Drilling Liner (SDL) on a well on the Grane platform allowed drilling through the shale section and seal it off immediately before problems started to develop. This enabled optimisation of the well placement for improved access to reserves that otherwise would be inaccessible due to shale intrusions.

The entire operation was carried out withd great success. SDL not only removed drilling related issues but also contributed to, based on the more optimally placed wellpath, increased reserves. At TD, the liner was released from the inner-string without any issues and left as a horizontal protection through the shale with both ends of the liner in the reservoir sand.
Mass Transfer on Multiphase Transitions in Low-Temperature CO2 Floods
Authors: Okuno R. , Xu Z.
Published: September 2013

Mixtures of reservoir oil and CO2 can exhibit complex multiphase behavior at temperatures typically below 120°F, where a third CO2-rich liquid (L2) phase can coexist with the oleic (L1) and gaseous (V) phases. The three-phase behavior is bounded by two types of critical endpoint (CEP) tie lines in composition space. The lower CEP (LCEP) tie line is where the two liquid phases merge in the presence of the V phase, and the upper CEP (UCEP) tie line is where the L2 and V phases merge in the presence of the L1 phase. Slim-tube tests reported in the literature show that low-temperature oil displacement by CO2 can result in high displacement efficiency of more than 90% when three phases are present during the displacement. The nearly piston-like displacements can be quantitatively reproduced in numerical simulations when the CEP behavior is properly considered. However, it is uncertain how multicontact miscibility (MCM) is developed through interaction of flow and three-hydrocarbon-phase behavior.

In this research, we analyze mass conservation on multiphase transition between two and three phases for the limiting three-phase flow, where the L1 phase is completely displaced by the L2 phase on the LCEP. The analysis indicates that mass transfer on multiphase transition occurs in the most efficient way for MCM development. Simple analytical conditions derived for MCM through three phases are applied to 1-D fine-scale simulations of CO2 floods using four and more components. Results show that the MCM conditions are nearly satisfied when the effect of numerical dispersion is small. MCM is likely developed through three hydrocarbon phases on the LCEP in the cases studied. This is consistent with analytical solutions of water and gas injection presented in the literature, where MCM is developed on a CEP for the aqueous, V, and L1 phases. For MCM cases in this research, the L2-V two phases are present upstream of the miscible front, but can also be miscible on the non-L1 edge of the UCEP tie line.

The limiting three-phase flow does not necessarily occur at the highest pressure for three-phase flow, especially when a heavy oil is displaced by solvent at low temperatures. This is a marked difference from the conventional MCM development through two phases, where the limiting two-phase flow typically occurs at the highest pressure for two-phase flow.

Three-phase flow gradually changes to two-phase flow with varying pressure in the presence of numerical dispersion. We show that mass transfer on multiphase transition becomes less efficient during the change until the three-phase region completely disappear.
Predicting Formation Pressures from Passive Magnetotelluric Technology
Authors: Manríquez Alberto López
Published: September 2013

Common practice in industry is to obtain geopressures from methodologies applied to data obtained from seismic or electrical logs. In this work, a passive high resolution magnetotelluric (HRM) method used for hydrocarbon exploration purposes is being proposed to predict geopressures for exploration purposes before drilling a well.

Recorded time data are processed through a 1-D inversion algorithm. Fourier transforms give the amplitude and phase data available for input into the algorithm to obtain electric, magnetic, and impedance profiles. These impedance values are used to obtain apparent resistivity values and these values are then processed following Eaton's approach based on the effective stress principle of one-dimensional consolidation, introduced by Terzaghi, to estimate formation pore pressures and fracture pressures. This is an effective stress approach that takes into account abnormal pressures caused by consolidation in a saturated porous media.

As with any other indirect method, the results reported in this work are interpretive. Results of a set of data are discussed. Through the comparison of these results with data obtained from correlating wells, similarities were found; however, some differences arose. Acknowledgement of the relative importance of the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology here proposed allows the identification of specific areas of interest where further investigation is recommended.

The significance of this work rests on the following concepts. First, because MT is currently being used to estimate apparent porosity, resistivity, and other subsurface properties, these outputs are used to add value to HRM by predicting from them estimated values of geopressures. Second, results of this proposed methodology are valuable for interpretation, correlation, and identification of abnormal pressure zones for exploration purposes. Finally, since results are integrated and presented in pressure profiles and equivalent density formats along depth of investigation, they could be useful for drilling and completion planning.
Petroleum Engineering Curricua: Are They Adequate for Technological Developments and Future Needs?
Authors: Mohamed A. Aggour
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a critical review and evaluation of petroleum engineering curricula of leading schools in the USA and the Middle East, and examines their adequacy for coping with technological developments and future industry needs. Potential changes to curricula structures and content are presented and examined considering the current industry emphasis on shale gas development. A proposal to establish an SPE accreditation system for petroleum engineering progams worldwide is also presented.

The objective is to set the stage for petroleum engineering educators and industry to jointly plan for and engage in taking decisive actions to improve petroleum engineering education.

A quick review of petroleum engineering curricula shows that we have been using the same structure and content for decades. While the industry is developing and adopting new technologies at a rapid pace, petroleum engineering education has experienced very little changes. While a limited number of courses experienced some changes such as including horizontal, multilateral and under balanced drilling in drilling engineering courses, the majority of courses are still using the materials developed in the 1960's. No curriculum adequately addresses the very important shale gas developments; indeed, many petroleum engineering faculty are not familiar with this area.

It is essential that both industry and academia collaborate to determine and prioritize industry needs and the ways to develop petroleum engineering education to meet these needs.
Comparison of Decline Curve Analysis Methods with Analytical Models in Unconventional Plays
Authors: Meyet Marie , Dutta Riteja , Burns Chris
Published: September 2013

Unconventional plays have moved to the forefront of the energy industry in the U.S. over the last five years due to advancements in technology and the overall abundance of producible hydrocarbons discovered near existing infrastructure. In the present economic climate, there is an increased interest in liquid rich plays, and because of the relatively limited historical production data available for these resources, there is a lot of industry discussion regarding future decline performance and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) per well. The objective of this paper is to discuss the uncertainty associated with estimating reserves in U.S. unconventional plays using common decline curve analysis (DCA) methods in comparison to analytical modeling.

Broadly speaking, there are five common methods for estimating: use of analogs, volumetric analysis combined with an estimate of recovery efficiency, decline curve analysis (DCA), analytical models and numerical simulation. Among theaforementioneds, DCA is the simplest and often fastest way to estimate volumes. However, the theoretical basis for most DCA approaches does not apply to unconventional reservoirs, which introduces some uncertainty into estimation of volumes. Nevertheless, it is commonly applied because of its perceived simplicity.

Different unconventional DCA methods were compared with results of an analytical model generated using commercial software: the power law model (PLE), the logistic growth model (LGM), and Duong's method. The analysis was performed on various unconventional plays based on reservoir type and well geometry. All historical production data is gathered from public documents. The application of the DCA methods was also extended to various fluid types to determine their suitability for application in oil as well as gas reservoirs.

The results of the study show that comparing multiple DCA methods with an analytical model aids in the understanding of the range of uncertainty associated with the EUR of unconventional wells. The study also helps establish the most appropriate DCA methods for various reservoir types, well geometry, and fluid types. The results also suggest approaches for avoiding violating the SEC's guidelines for categorizing proven reserves.