bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EROSION SURFACES IN THE FOREST OF BOWLAND
Authors: Moseley F.
Published: December 2009

Geomorphological studies, including field work and cartographic analysis, indicate both a relation between geological structure and topography, and the presence of former erosion surfaces, these two characteristics being super-imposed on each other.

The alternations of Namurian sandstones and shales, together with a dominance of gentle dips is conducive to the formation of dip slopes, anti-clinal hills and synclinal valleys with resulting similarity between structure contour and topographic maps. In contrast, field mapping and new methods of cartographic analysis indicate two major and one minor erosion surfaces, which cut across structural features.

It is concluded that a polycyclic landscape has evolved, with inclined and undulating erosion surfaces largely of subaerial origin, which have become locally adjusted to geological structure both during their formation and subsequent to uplift. The highest surface (the Bowland Surface) ranges from 1200 to 1700 feet O.D. and at the time of formation consisted of undulating hills. Below this is the Wyresdale Surface which rises from 420 to about 1000 feet O.D. and, it is thought, formerly comprised a series of shallow valleys incised into the Bowland Surface. This surface is itself strongly dissected, with recent valleys incised into it so that it essentially forms the higher relatively gentle slopes of valley-in-valley systems.

A third, still lower surface descending to about 250 feet O.D. has been recognized (the Lower Wyresdale Surface), similar in form and origin to the Wyresdale Surface. Although the greater part of these surfaces is considered to be of subaerial origin there is some suggestion that the lower two were affected by marine erosion in the extreme west, where they are at their lowest.
THE BASE OF THE NAMURIAN AND OF THE MILLSTONE GRIT IN NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. , Hodge B. L. , Fairbairn R. A.
Published: December 2009

During the last few years evidence has been accumulating which has indicated that the junction between the Lower and Upper Carboniferous, the Viséan–Namurian junction, lies in the vicinity of the Great Limestone at the base of the Upper Limestone Group. The zonal evidence for the position of this boundary is reviewed and five new goniatite records from this part of the succession are described. Two have a direct bearing on the boundary problem—
Cravenoceras leion
Bisat, the basal goniatite of the Namurian, from the shales above the Great Limestone at Greenleighton quarry, Northumberland, and
Cravenoceras
aff.
malhamense
(Bisat) from the shales above the Little Limestone in Swinhope Burn, East Allendale. The base of the Namurian is now shown almost certainly to lie between the Four Fathom Limestone and the Great Limestone; the base of the latter is shown to be the nearest suitable mapping horizon for the base of the Millstone Grit Series.
THE JET ROCK SERIES AND THE ALUM SHALE SERIES OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Howarth M. K.
Published: December 2009

Detailed stratigraphical descriptions are given of the foreshore inter-tidal exposures and undercliff sections of the Jet Rock Series and Alum Shale Series which stretch from Port Mulgrave to Ravenscar on the north Yorkshire coast. Comparisons and correlations are made between the main development of these beds to the north-west of the Peak Fault at Ravenscar and the completely different development exposed in a single outcrop immediately south-east of the fault.

The Jet Rock Series and Alum Shale Series belong to the Falciferum and Bifrons Zones respectively of the Upper Lias. The area discussed is the type area for the subdivisions of the Falciferum Zone, and an area of some importance for the subdivisions of the Bifrons Zone. On the basis of 1450 ammonites belonging to forty-six species collected from known horizons, the stratigraphical sequence and ranges of the species are given, and from these details of the subzonal divisions are deduced. The generic classification of the Dactylioceratidae is discussed in the light of this stratigraphical knowledge of the large number of Yorkshire species.
THE PALAEOECOLOGY OF CARBONIFEROUS PEATS BASED ON THE MIOSPORES AND PETROGRAPHY OF BITUMINOUS COALS
Authors: Smith A. H. V.
Published: December 2009

The lack of ecological data concerning the vegetation of the peat deposits and adjoining areas in the Carboniferous period is a limiting factor in the use of spores for stratigraphical purposes. For this reason, a petrological and palynological investigation of a number of coal seams containing crassidurain, in the Yorkshire Coalfield, was undertaken. The results show four distinct assemblages of miospores, each assemblage being more or less associated with coal of a distinctive petrographic type. Their vertical sequence is similar in the different seams. The succession culminates in the crassidurain, above which, under favourable conditions, the sequence is reversed. The peats producing this sequence are considered to be autochthonous in origin although a partly allochthonous coal type is also recognized.

Existing theories, which do not take account of palynological evidence, attribute the petrographic differences in the humic coals to varying degrees of aerobic decomposition controlled by environmental factors such as degree of drainage, or depth of water covering the peat surface at the time of deposition. They do not satisfactorily explain all the new evidence. The possibility that at least part of the sequence, and particularly the crassidurain, was the result of climatic factors is suggested.
A NEW TABULATE CORAL FROM THE VISÉAN OF DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton , Ford T. D.
Published: December 2009

A new species of
Acaciapora,
only the third one known, is described from the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire. This is the first recorded occurrence of the genus outside America.
DIAGENETIC FABRICS IN THE AVONIAN LIMESTONES OF DERBYSHIRE AND NORTH WALES
Authors: Orme G. R. , Brown W. W. M.
Published: December 2009

Detailed fabric studies of the Avonian limestones of Derbyshire and North Wales have revealed complex diagenetic histories, and have shown that fibrous calcite commonly results from the late modification of an originally fine mosaic. The development of this fabric also produces certain types of pseudobreccias. Grain diminution, resulting from the recrystallization of crinoid ossicles and cementation fabrics, has also been observed in these rocks.

The limestones exhibit a variety of cavities which owe their present fabrics to a complex of processes, and in some cases to modification by diagenetic fibrous calcite development. The complexity of diagenetic histories, the caution necessary in their interpretation, and the effects of diagenesis on field classifications are emphasized by these studies.
JAROSITE FROM MEAL BANK QUARRY, INGLETON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hodson Frank , Cosgrove M. E.
Published: December 2009

The mineral jarosite is reported associated with decomposed pyrite in fireclay below the coal seam in Viséan limestones at Meal Bank quarry, Ingleton, Yorkshire. The chemical composition of two samples of the jarosite is given and the mineral is illustrated by electron microscope photographs.
THE ACKLINGTON DYKE—A PROTON MAGNETOMETER SURVEY
Authors: Robson D. A.
Published: December 2009

The Acklington Dyke, a tholeiitic dolerite in north-west Northumberland, is a member of the Tertiary Mull swarm and is intruded into Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas and Lower Carboniferous sediments. It was surveyed for fifteen miles from Hophills Nob in Roxburghshire to Alwinton in Northumberland by means of a proton magnetometer which is a highly sensitive instrument and capable of rapid manipulation. The dyke has been cut by numerous faults, chiefly trending between 040 and 050 degrees, and has been shifted by almost all; in most cases the movement is sinistral. The latest movement occurred after the phase of dyke intrusion which was probably of Lower Miocene age. Southwards the Outer Pennine Fault on the edge of the Alston Block is known to be Tertiary; it is suggested that the Craven and Dent faults as well may have been involved in the same Tertiary transcurrent movements that shifted the Acklington Dyke in Northumberland.
THE “STALACTITIC” BARYTES OF DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Ford T. D. , Sarjeant W. A. S.
Published: December 2009

The composition, nature and history of working of brown “stalactitic” barytes of Derbyshire are discussed. This mineral was worked near Arborlow around 1832 for ornamental purposes. The form is shown to be pseudo-stalactitic botryoidal and the deposit has probably originated by precipitation from warm solution in an open cavity. The brown colour is considered to result from a small percentage of iron. An occurrence of white to grey barytes of similar form at Masson Hill, Matlock, is described and comparison is made with other forms of Derbyshire barytes. The “stalactitic” deposits may have formed as a result of secondary hydrothermal activity at relatively low temperatures.
POTASSIUM-ARGON AGE PATTERN OF THE BRITISH CALEDONIDES
Authors: Brown P. E. , Soper N. J. , Miller J. A. , York D.
Published: December 2009

The results of over 160 potassium–argon age determinations on Moine and Dalradian rocks are summarized. Histograms reveal a strong Moine peak at about 425 million years and a spread down to 570 million years; in the Dalradian the peak is at 435 million years (possibly influenced by geographical sampling bias) and the spread to 490 million years. Interpretation of the age pattern is discussed on the basis of (a), a rapid cooling hypothesis in which the Moine and Dalradian areas are considered to have been affected by an orogenic-metamorphic event about 425 million years ago and (b), a slow cooling hypothesis in which the spread of ages younger than about 460 million years in the combined Moine and Dalradian pattern is considered to reflect late-orogenic cooling. The merits of both hypotheses are considered in relation to the known polyphase orogenic-metamorphic history of the Caledonides. An assessment is made of the geological and radiometric evidence bearing upon the putative Pre-Cambrian metamorphisms of the Moine and Dalradian areas.
PROLECANITINA FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NORTH DEVON
Authors: Prentice J. E. , Thomas J. M.
Published: December 2009

Protocanites
cf.
lyoni
(Meek and Worthen) from below the Codden Hill Chert confirms a Iα (Tournaisian) horizon. A
Merocanites
from the Codden Hill Chert and Bampton Limestones is compared with
M. similis
Crick, whose specific identity is maintained; these indicate zone II (that is, below B
2
) horizon.
Prolecanites hesteri
and
Pronorites cyclolobus
in the Bampton and Westleigh limestones indicate a IIIα (B
2
—P
1a
) and IIIα—IIIβ (that is, P
1a
—P
1d
) age respectively.
MACROCELL STRUCTURE AND ENTEROLITHIC VEINS IN BRITISH PURBECK GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE
Authors: West I. M.
Published: December 2009

A nodular structure, here termed “macrocell structure”, is commonly associated with enterolithic veins in the British Purbeck gypsum and anhydrite. The veins and the macrocell structure preceded the brecciation that gave rise to the Broken Beds and were present in early secondary anhydrite. Both structures probably originated when primary gypsum was undergoing compaction before the lithification of the associated marl, and have not resulted from the hydration of anhydrite. A sequence of diagenesis for Purbeck calcium sulphate with macrocell structure is established, comparable to that previously elaborated for the calcium sulphate with net-texture. Similar features are present in other evaporite deposits.
THE SEDIMENTATION AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE OF ANGLESEY, NORTH WALES
Authors: Allen J. R. L.
Published: December 2009

The Old Red Sandstone is not less than 1,645 feet thick and comprises four lithological formations. Each formation is recognized as a major sedimentary facies and is interpreted from a knowledge of modern sediments and sedimentary processes. The lowest facies, of conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, lies diachronously above the gently sloping base of the Old Red Sandstone. The next up comprises siltstones and caliche-like carbonate mineral beds. Overlapping earlier beds, the third facies which dominates the succession comprises numerous cycles of conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone. Rapidly alternating sandstones and siltstones make up the highest facies. These facies are considered to represent piedmont, playa, stream and lacustrine deposition respectively. The Old Red Sandstone probably accumulated in a valley whose axis sloped south-eastward. Palaeontological evidence is lacking, but indirect evidence is consistent with an early Lower Old Red Sandstone age. The beds probably belong to the southern British development of the Old Red Sandstone, rather than to the Midland Valley (Scotland) province as was formerly believed.
MICRO-ORGANIC MATERIAL WITH DIAGENETIC PYRITE FROM THE LOWER PROTEROZOIC MOUNT ISA SHALE AND A CARBONIFEROUS SHALE
Authors: Love L. G.
Published: December 2009

Forms of organic material already known to be associated with first generation pyrite grains in the Mount Isa Shale (Lower Proterozoic, Queensland, Australia) are explained by reference to similar forms obtained from an Upper Carboniferous shale from Yorkshire, England. In both cases the material is regarded as first having lain as plant micro-debris in the sea-floor mud, where iron sulphide formed within it. Deformation of some bodies by reorganization of pyrite, with or without new mineral, left various distinct and characteristic forms. Probably of diverse origin, some of the original bodies from the Mount Isa Shale are referable to the Acritarch sub-group, Sphaeromorphitae Downie, Evitt and Sarjeant, 1963.
THE CARBONIFEROUS SUCCESSION IN THE KIRKBY MALZEARD AREA, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Thompson A. T.
Published: December 2009

Beds described range from the Sabdenian (H) to the Halifaxian (G
2
) stage. The sequence is thinner stage for stage than in the Bradford area, with the most marked attenuation in R
2
. A shelly siltstone in R
1
, the Ure Shell Bed, and its associated shales yield a fauna rich in brachiopods. Above the persistent Brimham Grits are fifty feet of measures with two
Lingula
bands, thought to be the sole representatives of R
2
. Measures in G
1
and G
2
, include the
Gastrioceras cumbriense
band and two beds with
Lingula.
Some eight square miles of country hitherto mapped as Millstone Grit are considered to be of Westphalian age.
THE PETROLOGY OF THE LITTLE WHIN SILL, COUNTY DURHAM
Authors: Dunham A. C. , Kaye M. J.
Published: December 2009

Core from the Rookhope borehole and suites of samples from natural outcrops have been used in a detailed investigation of the petrology and chemistry of the Little Whin Sill. Orthopyroxene (Fs
23–27
), plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine (Fa
15
) occur as phenocrysts; this is the first report of fresh olivine. The groundmass is composed of clinopyroxene (Ca
45
Mg
51
Fe
4
-Ca
38
Mg
38
Fe
24
), plagioclase (An
70–35
) and iron-titanium ores. Eleven new analyses for major elements are presented, together with a new analysis of the White Whin. Statistical analysis of trace element data suggests that only Mn and Sr show significant variation within a given section across the sill, but these elements and Rb show significant variation between sections. A comparison of the chemistry of the Great and Little Whin Sills suggests that the latter is poorer in SiO
2
, K
2
O, and Rb than the Great Whin Sill but carries more CO
2
. The White Whin, consisting of Ca-Mg-Fe-carbonates, illite, kaolin, plagioclase, anatase and quartz, is shown to be chilled whin to which CO
2
, H
2
O and K
2
O have been added, and from which Na
2
O, CaO, MgO and Fe have been lost. It is suggested that the Little Whin Sill represents the initial magma of the whole Whin Sill complex, the high CO
2
content being a result of later alteration. The chemistry of the whin suite of intrusions has characteristics intermediate between tholeiitic and alkaline dolerites, and the initial magma may itself be a differentiate. Although crystal settling is absent, a trend towards iron enrichment is found, with an insrease in the ratio FeO : Fe
2
O
3
towards the centre of the Little Whin Sill. In addition there may be another trend toward silica enrichment in a lateral direction.
MICROFOSSILS FROM THE MANX SLATE SERIES
Authors: Downie C. , Ford T. D.
Published: December 2009

The occurrence of distinctive groups of chitinozoa, acritarchs and scole-codonts in the Lonan Flags near Douglas, Isle of Man, indicates that the lower part of the Manx Slate Series is probably early Arenig in age, but a late Tremadoc age cannot be entirely excluded.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEALED CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Kent P. E.
Published: December 2009

The pattern of block and basin, well known in the Carboniferous rocks of the Pennines, is traced eastwards beneath the later rocks. In Durham and Yorkshire the basinal areas remain strongly defined, with an indication that the eastern edge of the Askrigg Block is near Darlington, with the “Cleveland Basin” beyond. South of the Humber the basinal developments (Gainsborough Trough, Edale Gulf and Widmerpool Gulf) finger out into the block-like shelf area of Lincolnshire. The structural lines which bounded these basins in the later Lower and early Upper Carboniferous continue on to the shelf, but are not there associated with differential intra-Carboniferous (early Hercynian) movement on a significant scale.

The later Hercynian folding and faulting (post-Westphalian, pre-Zechstein) does not appear to have produced large displacements east of the Carboniferous outcrops. Available evidence in East Yorkshire shows no major folding at this time, and although the well-known fold and fault structures of the Yorkshire–Nottinghamshire coalfield belt continue eastwards into Lincolnshire, they become progressively more gentle as they pass on to the shelf area. Seismic surveys beneath the Fenland show the relief of the Lower Carboniferous to be comparable with that of the overlying Permian.

Within the concealed Carboniferous rocks of north-eastern England the vertical amplitude of movements associated with the early-Hercynian disturbances is several times as great as that due to the late-Hercynian phase. Both are more nearly of epeirogenic than of orogenic type.
THE ROWHURST TONSTEIN, NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF CRANDALLITE
Authors: Wilson A. A. , Harrison R. K. , Sergeant G. A. , Young B. R.
Published: December 2009

The Rowhurst Tonstein occurs in a split of the Rowhurst Coal (Middle Coal Measures) at Red Street Colliery near Kidsgrove, north Staffordshire, the two probably being equivalent to the High Main Tonstein and High Main Coal of Derbyshire. The Rowhurst Tonstein consists of crypto- to micro-crystalline crandallite (mean refractive index 1.624), kaolinite, carbonaceous material, minor apatite, pyrite, quartz and illite. X-ray powder data were obtained from diffractometer traces of the crandallite, and unit cell dimensions (
a
7.007 ± 0.003 Å,
c
16.30 ± 0.05 Å) from the spacings
d
224̄0
and
d
101̄7
respectively. The mineral parageneses are indeterminable, but it seems likely that apatite, kaolinite and the crandallite were co-precipitated from soil colloids derived from peaty, coal-forming plants.
THE ORDOVICIAN ROCKS IN THE CAUTLEY AND DENT DISTRICTS OF WESTMORLAND AND YORKSHIRE
Authors: Ingham J. K.
Published: December 2009

The Ordovician inliers of the Cautley and Dent districts (Westmorland and NW. Yorkshire) expose an almost complete sequence of Ashgill beds—which form a better type sequence than that in Ash Gill, Coniston—underlain by the Pusgillian and part of the Onnian Stage of the Caradoc Series. Eight zones are recognized in the Ashgill Series, characterized by distinctive trilobite and brachiopod assemblages; faunal lists are appended. The term “Cautley Mud-stones” is introduced for strata from the Onnian Stage to the top of Zone 7. Marr’s “contemporaneous volcanic group” and “
mucronatus
band of the
Staurocephalus
group” are renamed the “Cautley Volcanic Group” and “Cystoid Limestone” respectively. The term “Wilsey Beck Sandstone” is proposed for a rock unit that forms a useful marker horizon in Zone 2 of the Dent district. The approximate maximum thickness of Ordovician beds exposed is 2,100 feet (640 metres). Tentative correlations are made with Ashgill successions in Great Britain and abroad.
PALYNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE AGE OF THE CARBONIFEROUS BEDS OF WOODBURY HILL, NEAR ABBERLEY, WORCESTERSHIRE
Authors: Spinner Edwin
Published: December 2009

Fifty-seven species, representing thirty-one genera, of spores are recorded from the Hillside and Woodbury Hill measures of Woodbury Hill, part of the Abberley-Malvern Hill range in Worcestershire; a most probable West-phalian D age is suggested for these measures. One new species of megaspore,
Lagenicula malvernensis,
and one new species of miospore,
Schopfites conatus,
are described.
THE CONTINUATION OF THE EAST MIDLANDS COAL MEASURES INTO LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Howitt F. , Brunstrom R. G. W.
Published: December 2009

The method of correlation of the Coal Measures by a combination of geophysical logs and conventional methods is described, and examples from the East Midlands are illustrated. Maps resulting from these correlations are presented to illustrate the thickness trends and regional structure of the Coal Measures from the present worked coalfields to the coast of north Lincolnshire.
RAPID ANALYSIS OF THE WEARDALE GRANITE
Authors: Holland J. G.
Published: December 2009

X-ray fluorescence and spectrochemical analyses of twenty specimens of the Weardale Granite collected at intervals of fifty feet between 2,642 feet and 1,742 feet from the Rookhope borehole have demonstrated a significant chemical discontinuity at, or close to, a depth of 2,200 feet. The geochemical evidence is consistent with a magmatic origin for this discontinuity, in which the granite below 2,200 feet is a slightly later fraction than the granite above. It is unlikely that differentiation
in situ
would have yielded such an arrangement, and it would seem more probable that the granite has been emplaced in phases.
A CONTOUR MAP OF THE SUB-CARBONIFEROUS SURFACE IN THE NORTH-EAST MIDLANDS
Authors: Kent P. E.
Published: December 2009

A combination of data from seismic surveys and deep borings has provided a basis for a tentative contour map of the rocks beneath the Carboniferous. This surface falls from outcrop in Charnwood, and around 2,000 feet below sea level in the southern Fenland, to at least 10,000 to 11,000 feet near the Humber and beneath the Lower Carboniferous gulfs. As far as is known gradients are fairly gentle, reflecting the control of the Lincolnshire–East Midlands Shelf area. The steepest falls are on the north-eastern flank of the Charnwood–Mountsorrel area where there may well be major faulting. The very limited penetrations of the sub-Carboniferous floor show quartzites, possibly Cambrian, in the middle parts of the area, and sheared rocks comparable with Precambrian in the south and west.
BASEMENT CONTROL OF CARBONIFEROUS SEDIMENTATION IN NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L.
Published: December 2009

Geophysical evidence has provided an explanation for the disposition of massif and basinal structural regions in northern England. The massifs are underlain by granite masses of Caledonian age or older which have exerted a strong positive tectonic control since their emplacement in Devonian or earlier times. These positive structural regions formed gradually dwindling islands and uplands during Carboniferous times at least until the late Viséan and in some cases considerably later. Structural basins and troughs surrounded the island areas and here great thicknesses of sediments were deposited. Deposition began in Tournaisian times and in some regions was a continuation of Old Red Sandstone sedimentation. Subsidence, forming basins of deposition and causing the initial Carboniferous marine transgression, is shown to be of tectonic origin. Early basin formation and later, and more widespread, epeirogenic subsidence are linked to isostatic uplift of the Caledonian mountain ranges following the mantle flow theory (Bott, 1964a).

Throughout the Carboniferous Period the Basement exerted a profound tectonic control on sedimentation. The distribution of sedimentary facies in basinal and cratonic regions is dependent on this control as is the continuous supply of clastic sediment. It forms the controlling mechanism of cyclic sedimentation of Yoredale and to some extent Coal Measures facies. The disposition of some Carboniferous knoll reefs may also have a basement control.
ISOTOPIC AGES OF LATE CALEDONIAN GRANITIC INTRUSIONS IN THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: Brown P. E , Miller J. A. , Grasty R. L.
Published: December 2009

Published isotopic ages, together with new determinations on sixteen intrusions, show that the majority of the Newer Granites were emplaced 400 ± 10 million years ago. Potassium-argon ages reveal a peak in the Moine rocks at about 420 to 430 million years and a somewhat earlier peak in the Dalradian. Although the majority of the Newer Granites were therefore emplaced in country rocks which had already become closed systems to radiogenic argon, several important exceptions to this rule have been recognized and present results indicate that some intrusions yield potassium-argon ages concordant with those of their country rocks. It is suggested that variations in intrusive style of the granitic masses may be related to their age and hence to the temperature of their country rocks and depth of cover.
EARLY DIAGENESIS IN MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS NODULAR ANHYDRITE OF SPITSBERGEN
Authors: Holliday D. W.
Published: December 2009

Nodular anhydrite rocks of Middle Carboniferous age of Central Vestspitsbergen exhibit a wide variety of fabrics which give evidence for both secondary anhydrite (after primary gypsum) and primary anhydrite. A diagenetic sequence is suggested, in which penecontemporaneous formation of secondary anhydrite from primary gypsum was accompanied by growth of primary anhydrite; large scale replacement of host dolomitic sediment by anhydrite occurred simultaneously. This sequence is thought to be a necessary consequence of the diachronous nature of early diagenesis in a sabkha-like environment. It is suggested that primary anhydrite may have been mistakenly identified as secondary by some previous authors.
THE NAMURIAN STAGES OF NORTH-EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Hull J. H.
Published: December 2009

From a lithological correlation of deep borehole sections and recent faunal and microfloral evidence the limits of the standard Namurian goniatite stages are outlined in north-eastern England. The results suggest that there is no single major unconformity within the Namurian succession of the region.
THE BARYTES DEPOSITS AT CLOSEHOUSE, LUNEDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hill J. A. , Dunham K. C.
Published: December 2009

Barytes deposits of unusual geological type occur at Closehouse. Lying within a major fault-zone which is probably continuous from the Pennine escarpment almost to the Durham coast, the largest mineralized body so far found seems to have been formed by metasomatism of a fractured dyke-link within the Whin Sill suite of quartz-dolerite intrusions. North of the fault-zone, which trends east—west, the adjacent sedimentary rocks range down from the Smiddy Limestone to basement beds below the Melmerby Scar Limestone, while within the belt of disturbed strata, beds ranging down from the Scar Limestone to the Smiddy Limestone have been identified. All these strata belong to the Viséan stage of the Lower Carboniferous. The main barytes body reaches 55 feet wide, has been proved over a length of 1,400 feet, and has a vertical dimension of at least 180 feet. Another substantial body, emplaced where the dyke has pinched out, occurs in calcareous shale or shaly limestone, and contains carbonaceous and aluminous material, probably of residual origin in the interstices between coarse barite crystals.
1
The controls of mineralization are discussed in relation to the geological setting.
THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF ALTERED QUARTZ-DOLERITE IN THE CLOSEHOUSE MINE AREA
Authors: Ineson P. R.
Published: December 2009

The nature of the altered quartz-dolerite dykes at Closehouse mine has been investigated using petrographic, rapid chemical, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and emission spectrographic techniques. Normal dolerite is shown to have been converted into a clay-carbonate rock (White Whin) which is similar to other examples in the Northern Pennines where metasomatism has taken place. Ba, Rb, Zn, Pb, CO
2
, K
2
O and H
2
O are enriched in the White Whin adjacent to the vein while Sr, Zr, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, MgO, Na
2
O and iron are depleted. SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, TiO
2
and Mn remain constant. These changes were possibly effected by the mineralizing fluids responsible for the barite deposits within the altered dolerite at Closehouse.
WESTPHALIAN VOLCANISM AT THE HORIZON OF THE BLACK RAKE IN DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: Francis E. H. , Smart J. G. O. , Raisbeck D. E.
Published: December 2009

The Black Rake, some 7 to 15 metres below the Clay Cross Marine Band, contains an interbedded tuffaceous siltstone over much of the Derby-Nottingham Coalfield. This siltstone is up to 38 centimetres thick and comprises forty or fifty graded layers most of which include basaltic glass shards and pumice. At most localities the bed has been dolomitized, resulting in increased thickness and better preservation of the included basaltic material. The bed is formed of fall-out dust from at least three vents centred to the east and north-east of Nottingham; its distribution suggests the influence of prevailing easterly winds. The lateral equivalents of the siltstone near the vents include basaltic tuffs and accretionary lapilli tuffs. The lithology and field relationships of all these pyroclastic rocks are matched in the Namurian and Westphalian volcanic fields of Scotland.
COMPARATIVE TILL FABRICS AND TILL FABRIC VARIABILITY IN A TILL SHEET AND A DRUMLIN: A SMALL-SCALE STUDY
Authors: Andrews J. T. , King C. A. M.
Published: December 2009

Ten samples of 50 pebbles were taken from a till sheet (Nottingham) and a drumlin (Yorkshire). Statistical analysis of these data indicates that there is considerable fabric variability. In part this is related to significantly different proportions of shape classes, sizes and elongations that do occur even between samples a few metres apart. The results confirm and strengthen the early warning of Holmes, who showed that shape and roundness condition orientation. These suggestions have been largely ignored and their implications forgotten.
THE CARSTONE (LOWER CRETACEOUS) OF MELTON, EAST YORKSHIRE, AND ITS BRACHIOPOD FAUNA
Authors: Owen E. F. , Rawson P. F. , Whitham F.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphy of the Melton Carstone is outlined and related to exposures to the north and south. A newly discovered brachiopod fauna, consisting of
Burrirhynchia leightonensis, Cyclothyris mirabilis
and
Modestella festiva,
is described and compared with that of the Shenley Limestone (Lower Albian) of Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, the only locality from which these species have previously been recorded.
B. leightonensis
is recorded from the Gault-Lower Greensand junction beds of Wereham Fen House, Norfolk. The ammonite
Dimorphoplites
cf.
hilli,
of early Middle Albian age, is recorded from the Melton Red Chalk, and it is concluded that the underlying Carstone is of Lower Albian age.
DISTRIBUTION OF WESTPHALIAN MARINE FAUNAS IN NORTHERN ENGLAND AND ADJOINING AREAS
Authors: Calver M. A.
Published: December 2009

The main features of the Westphalian marine faunas in the coalfields of the Pennine Province are summarized by reference to the sequence proved in the East Midlands Coalfield, which is taken as a standard for the region. The faunal phases of the marine bands are described and the possible spatial relationship of the communities in the Westphalian seas is discussed in terms of facies belts.

The geographical distribution of the communities in the marine bands is set out, and interpreted by palaeofacies maps. These demonstrate the lateral changes which occur in the faunas as the individual bands are traced from the area of maximum deposition in the mid and south Pennines to the surrounding marginal areas. The pattern of the faunal variation is seen to be in close agreement with the depositional history and palaeogeography of the Pennine basin. Brief reference is made to the position of the permanent Westphalian seas.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE WHITBIAN (UPPER LIAS) SEDIMENTS OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Gad M. A. , Catt J. A. , Le Riche H. H.
Published: December 2009

The Whitbian sediments exposed on the Yorkshire coast consist of grey pyritic shales with bands of calcareous and sideritic concretions, and are divided in upward succession into: the Grey Shales, the Jet Rock Series, the Alum Shale Series and the Peak Shales. Two slightly different successions are separated by a transcurrent fault (the Peak Fault).

The paper describes the mineralogical composition and major and minor element geochemistry of detrital and non-detrital constituents of sediments from all parts of the Whitbian succession except the Peak Shales. The detritus was severely weathered and was probably derived mainly from Palaeozoic clastic sediments. The abundance of organic matter, especially in the Jet Rock Series, indicates anaerobic conditions of deposition, and it is suggested that precipitation of calcium carbonate depended partly on the reducing conditions. Post-depositional changes involving both detrital and non-detrital components of the sediments are discussed, and two main diagenetic phases are recognized. In the earlier phase some of the calcareous nodules developed and pyrites was formed by bacterial sulphate reduction. The later phase was characterized by development of sideritic nodules, though some calcareous concretions also formed. The origin of jet in the Jet Rock Series is discussed. Geochemical correlation of beds on either side of the Peak Fault supports correlations based on lithological and palaeontological similarities.
POTASSIUM BENTONITES IN THE NAMURIAN OF STAFFORDSHIRE AND DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Trewin N. H.
Published: December 2009

Seven distinctive thin clay beds and beds of clay with pyrite are described from the Arnsbergian of Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Cheshire. Correlations using these beds are made between the north Staffordshire basin area, Edale, and the Ashover boreholes.

The beds are identified mineralogically as K-bentonites consisting of mixed layer, randomly interstratified mica-montmorillonite with variable amounts of kaolinite. The mica polymorph is dioctahedral and is identified as the 1 Md structure of low temperature origin. K-bentonites contrast markedly with the detrital shales above and below them, which contain quartz, chlorite and detrital mica probably of 2M high temperature structure.

The K-bentonites are considered to be beds of altered wind-blown ash. Within north Staffordshire and Derbyshire they provide a means of correlation independent of the goniatite horizons.
THE CALLOVIAN SUCCESSION AT PECKONDALE HILL, MALTON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Wright J. K.
Published: December 2009

This note describes the Oxford Clay succession at Peckondale Hill Brick Pit, near Malton. Ammonites collected from three levels in the pit show that parts of both the Middle and Upper Callovian are represented, and new ammonite records for the Yorkshire Callovian are given. The significance of this exposure is discussed in relation to the stratigraphy of the Yorkshire Callovian.
THE DINOFLAGELLATES OF THE INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS AT KIRMINGTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Harland R. , Downie C.
Published: December 2009

The palynology of the peat and silts at Kirmington has been investigated, particular attention being paid to the large number of dinoflagellate cysts. They are nearly all indigenous and indicate two periods of marine transgression. Interpretation of age and environment based on dinoflagellates would be premature.
THREE OSTRACOD-MUSSEL BANDS IN THE COAL MEASURES (WESTPHALIAN) OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM
Authors: Pollard J. E.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphy, palaeontology and depositional environments of three ostracod-mussel bands in the Lower and Middle Coal Measures of Northumberland and Durham are described. The fossils of the Brockwell Ostracod Band, of the
Carbonicola communis
Zone, make up three faunal phases preserved in shale and mudstone. The Hopkins Band, in the lower
Anthraconaia modiolaris
Zone, is persistent over a wide area of the coalfield and shows six distinct faunal phases within the band (Pollard, 1966). The Claxheugh Shell Bed of the Upper
Anthracosia similis-Anthraconaia pulchra
Zone has a rich arthropod fauna preserved with non-marine mussels in an ironstone matrix.

A detailed analysis of the non-marine bivalves in relationship to the petrology and chemistry of the sediments of the Hopkins Band elucidates the conditions of its formation. It is concluded that both the Brockwell Ostracod Band and the Hopkins Band were deposited in large lagoonal areas marginal to a coal swamp; the Claxheugh Shell Bed was formed in a more temporary pool within the complex of the Coal Measures delta.
THE LOWER LIMESTONE GROUP (VISÉAN) OF THE OTTERBURN DISTRICT, NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Frost D. V.
Published: December 2009

The Lower Limestone Group in central Northumberland (i.e. the Redesdale Limestone and overlying strata up to the base of the Oxford Limestone) consists of about 270 metres of beds of Yoredale facies of the Lower Carboniferous. They are predominantly arenaceous but include up to ten limestones of thickness between 1.2 and 6 metres. The lower (D
1
) limestones become thinner north-eastwards and do not extend more than a few kilometres east of Elsdon. The higher limestones are more persistent, contain an influx of new species with D
2
affinities and are recognizable over a wider area of Northumberland.

The equivalent measures in north-east Northumberland are of abnormal facies and correlation is therefore difficult but the Dun, Woodend and Watchlaw limestones of the latter area are equated respectively with the Middle Penchford, Lower Wishaw and Upper Wishaw limestones of the Otterburn area. To the south-west in the Roman Wall and Brampton districts the Naworth Limestone is considered to be the lateral equivalent of the Redesdale Limestone.

Because the base of the Lower Limestone Group has been taken at different horizons in different areas its value as a chronostratigraphical division is reduced but the term is retained as defining a useful lithostratigraphical unit.
FORAMINIFERA AND POLLEN FROM A MARINE INTERGLACIAL DEPOSIT IN THE WESTERN NORTH SEA
Authors: Fisher M. J. , Funnell B. M. , West R. G.
Published: December 2009

Marine clay appearing to crop out between the Chalk and a boulder clay resembling the Purple Till of Holderness has been sampled by gravity coring on the flanks of the Inner Silver Pit between 53° 24·8′ to 53° 30·2′ N and 0° 40·8′ to 0° 41·8′ E. Foraminiferal assemblages obtained from five sites are mostly dominated by
Elphidium clavatum
and indicate middle Pleistocene interglacial conditions; in all forty-five species of foraminifera are recorded. Pollen indicating zones IIIb and IV of the temperate Hoxnian stage is present in the same
A LITHOLOGICAL SUBDIVISION OF THE SPEETON CLAY C BEDS (HAUTERIVIAN), EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Fletcher B. N.
Published: December 2009

The lithology of the Speeton Clay C Beds (Hauterivian) at the type locality in Yorkshire is described. Of the eleven broad divisions originally described by Lamplugh (1889), C1, C2, C4, C5, C7, C9 and C11 are subdivided on a lithological basis.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CARBONIFEROUS MIDDLE LIMESTONE GROUP OF WEST EDENSIDE, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Rowley C. R.
Published: December 2009

In the area between Appleby and the River Leith, north of Shap, the Middle Limestone Group comprises nine cyclothems of Yoredale facies. Most of these units consist of a thick limestone followed by a coarsening-upward basin-fill sequence of shales and sandstones but, in the middle of the group, three cycles include a considerable proportion of strata whose lithology varies rapidly, both vertically and laterally. Several fining-upward units can also be recognized and are considered to be indicative of fluviatile deposition.

Distinctive faunal and lithological features permit the tracing of all nine cyclothems throughout the area and thereby demonstrate that the Johnny Hall’s Trees and Grayber limestones are the eastern equivalents respectively of the Reagill and Lowther limestones. Use of the latter names is discontinued.

The progressive westward reduction in thickness of the group is consistent with the regional picture of minimal subsidence in west Cumberland. Taken in conjunction with the close similarity in the successions on either side of the Pennine Fault System, it indicates that a single depositional tectonic unit of “block” type existed across northern England south of the Mid-Northumberland Trough. If an earlier fracture along the Pennine Line was present, it clearly remained inactive during Viséan sedimentation.
A GEOMICROBIOLOGIGAL STUDY OF THE PRE-CAMBRIAN NONESUCH SHALE
Authors: Moore L. R. , Moore J. R. M. , Spinner E.
Published: December 2009

The paper describes the organic content of specimens representing some part of the Nonesuch Shale of Upper Keweenawan age (1,075 ± 50 million years) forming part of the Copper Belt on the southern flanks of the Lake Superior Basin in Ontonagon County, Michigan. The remarkably well preserved organic matter has been studied optically in thin section, by acid maceration analysis, and separately, in ultrathin section of isolated organic matter, by electron microscopy. The amorphous organic groundmass consists of saprophytic microbiological degradation products which include spore-like bodies or “sporomorphs” (acritarchs) in various stages of degradation, with attacking microorganisms often
in situ.
The further microorganism content resembles morphologically bacteria, actinomycetes or fungi and the total organic content represents an ecosystem. The remarkable mattes of tissue composed of larger fungi are predominantly oriented with the bedding on the organic-rich elements of paired, laminated or varved deposits. The remains constitute an assemblage which recalls that of Moore (1964a) in which forms such as
Anthracomyces cannellensis
,
Palynomorphites
and “
Phellomyces
” were shown to be instrumental in organic degradation. This process now demonstrated from a Pre-Cambrian environment is one with an antiquity of at least a thousand million years and suggests that conditions with regard to physico-chemical-biological constitution and related environmental parameters have been comparable over this time period. The paper supports the general sedimentological conclusions of White and Wright (1954) concerning the depositional environment but deduces a tidal lagoon or mud flat environment of Pre-Cambrian age. The organic assemblage, the biological process of degradation and the characteristics of the sedimentary environment are compared with known geological and recent examples of laminated or varved, lacustrine; tidal lagoon and mud flat environments. Reference is made to the geochemical characteristics of some of these related sediments in an attempt to reach a more pertinent assessment of the Pre-Cambrian environment, and of the periodicity of events which the Nonesuch sediments display.
POTASSIUM-ARGON AGE DETERMINATION OF THE WATERSWALLOWS SILL, BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Stevenson I. P. , Harrison R. K. , Snelling N. J.
Published: December 2009

The results of potassium-argon age determinations on three out of five specimens of the Waterswallows Sill give a reliable mean age of 311 ± 6 million years. The event is therefore placed near the Namurian–Westphalian boundary and not in the Upper Viséan as has been thought (Moseley, 1966, pp. 283–4). The anomalously younger ages of the other two specimens are attributed to argon loss.
THREE CRITICAL LOCALITIES ON THE JUNCTION OF THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC ROCKS WITH THE SKIDDAW SLATES IN THE LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Soper N. J.
Published: December 2009

Structural reinvestigation of the Manx Slates and Skiddaw Slates has shown that these rocks have been affected by three regionally recognizable episodes of folding and cleavage formation. A recent hypothesis proposed that in the Lake District the first two phases of deformation preceded the Borrowdale Volcanic rocks while the third affected the whole of the lower Palaeozoic sequence and was end-Silurian in age.

In this paper the hypothesis of a lower Ordovician orogeny is tested against evidence from three well-exposed localities on the junction of the slates with the volcanic rocks. It is concluded that while there may locally be an unconformity of some magnitude at the base of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, all three phases of deformation postdate the volcanic rocks and hence the hypothesis of a lower Ordovician orogeny in the Lake District is untenable.
DEEP CHANNELS, MASSIVE BEDS AND TURBIDITY CURRENT GENESIS IN THE CENTRAL PENNINE BASIN
Authors: Collinson J. D.
Published: December 2009

The coarse sandstones which fill channels cut into the upper part of the Grindslow Shales form the base of the Kinderscout Grit. They differ in character from the fills of similar channels, in the lower parts of the Grindslow Shales and in the Shale Grit, which have been interpreted as turbidites. The deposits of the higher channels are of three facies: massive, horizontal and medium scale cross-bedded coarse sandstone. These occur in a preferred order, which, on the basis of the hydrodynamic interpretation of the facies, is thought to represent a waning flow sequence. The deposition of the massive bedded facies is probably due to a rather rapidly decelerating fluviatile current, depositing from suspension and/or a traction carpet and possibly associated with antidune bedforms.

These deep fluviatile channels are confined to the upper part of the Grindslow Shales, which is thought to be a delta top deposit. The turbidite filled channels are confined to the delta slope deposits of the lower part of the Grindslow Shales. It is suggested that during floods, sediment laden traction currents developed autosuspension at the top of the slope and flowed down the slope in channels, to give turbidites of a non-resedimented nature.
THE BURIED TUNNEL-VALLEYS OF EAST ANGLIA
Authors: Woodland A. W.
Published: December 2009

Nearly four hundred boreholes drilled for water in East Anglia have proved anomalously large thicknesses of drift deposits, indicating the presence of a complicated system of buried channels. These infilled channels are commonly sixty to a hundred metres or more in depth, narrow, steep-sided, with irregularly undulating longitudinal profiles, and are considered to have originated from sub-glacial erosion during the melting of the East Anglian ice. Except in eastern Norfolk the channels are, in general, confined to the bottoms of the main river-valleys and are genetically related to the Great Chalky (Gipping) Boulder Clay.

The nature and distribution of the buried channels and their drift fill are described in detail. They are compared and contrasted with the sub-glacial tunnel-valleys of Denmark and northern Germany and a common mode of origin is suggested. The relationships between the buried channels and the later terrace deposits of the East Anglian valleys is discussed. Finally, the age of the Chalky (Gipping) Boulder Clay is considered and the conclusion drawn that it may well be Weichselian and not Saale, as generally supposed.