B-271 High Sensitivity Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay for Benzodiazepines and Metabolites
Authors: Chung K , Pham M , Singh R , Houts T , O’Malley R 
Published: October 2024

Background

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for treating various conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures due to their sedative and anxiolytic properties. Despite their therapeutic benefits, concerns persist regarding their potential for misuse, dependence, and addiction. Urine drug screening immunoassays serve as an important tool in monitoring benzodiazepine usage, ensuring adherence to prescribed regimens, identifying misuse or abuse, and facilitating necessary medical interventions. However, limitations of benzodiazepine immunoassays are well-documented in literature, with issues surrounding their lack of sensitivity to glucuronidated and 7-amino metabolites, inability to detect newer benzodiazepines, and poor cross-reactivity with different benzodiazepines. ARK Diagnostics has developed a highly sensitive homogeneous enzyme immunoassay capable of detecting both classic and designer benzodiazepines, in addition to their glucuronide and 7-amino metabolites in human urine at a cutoff concentration 200 ng/mL, without the need for glucuronidase or sample pretreatment.

Methods

The ARKTM Benzodiazepine Plus Assay is a liquid-stable homogenous enzyme immunoassay consisting of two reagents. The assay uses temazepam as the 200 ng/mL cutoff calibrator. The performance characteristics of this assay, including precision, spiked recovery, specificity, and method comparison to LC-MS/MS, were evaluated on the Beckman Coulter AU680 automated clinical analyzer.

Results

The ARKTM Benzodiazepine Plus demonstrated acceptable precision, with no overlap between cutoff (200 ng/mL) and ±25% control levels (150 ng/mL and 250 ng/mL) in a histogram overlap analysis, and ≤3.6% CV in semi-quantitative mode. Spiked temazepam samples spanning the semi-quantitative assay range of 1000 ng/mL were recovered between 95.0% and 103.7% of the spiked levels. Thirty-eight benzodiazepines produced cross-reactivities &gt;80%, including the following benzodiazepines and metabolites: lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, temazepam, oxazepam glucuronide, lorazepam glucuronide, temazepam glucuronide, 7-aminoclonazepam, and 7-aminoflunitrazepam. In method comparison studies, a total of 103 urine samples containing benzodiazepines with LC-MS/MS values ranging from 1.3 ng/mL to 3257.6 ng/mL were tested with the ARKTM Benzodiazepine Plus Assay. Eighty samples tested positive with values ≥200 ng/mL and 23 samples tested negative with values &lt;200 ng/mL by the ARKTM Benzodiazepine Plus assay. Of the 23 samples that tested negative, 21 had LC-MS/MS values &lt;200 ng/mL and 2 samples were identified as midazolam samples with metabolite a-OH-midazolam levels &gt;200 ng/mL.

Conclusions

The ARKTM Benzodiazepine Plus Assay enables the sensitive, rapid, and reliable measurement of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in human urine, without the need for hydrolysis or pretreatment. The assay addresses the present constraints of currently available benzodiazepine immunoassays, including their insufficient sensitivity, limited cross-reactivity to metabolites, and the requirement for glucuronidase pretreatment. The ARKTM Benzodiazepine Plus Assay is applicable to a wide range of clinical chemistry analyzers.