bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘A House in Two Parts’ in Griff
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

A study of the yeoman farmer and juror Henry Beighton III, the third generation of a family of substantial farmers; traces the rise and fall of the Beighton dynasty, putting this yeoman family in the context of other middling households in the parish; discusses the investment strategies (in land and in coalmining enterprise) used by the family and the status, wealth, and material culture that they accrued; argues that the fortunes of the family reached their apogee at about the time of the death of Beighton’s father in 1695, and explains their decline through the interrelated experience of sexual scandal and debt in the first few decades of the eighteenth century; notes the scientific and cartographic achievements of the fourth generation of the family, the engineer and Fellow of the Royal Society, Henry Beighton IV, but emphasizes that even these successes could not save the dynasty from financial failure and the destruction of their reputation.
A ‘Middling Farm’ in The Woodland
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

A study of Thomas Nash, carpenter, one of three architectural woodworkers in the parish; emphasizes his role as a building craftsman, eventually becoming the master carpenter on the Arbury estate, employed on the stable block, in Arbury Hall itself, and across Newdigate holdings throughout the parish; characterizes his tragic personal life, especially the death of his first wife, his remarriage to a much younger bride, and the loss of their two infant children; reconstructs his widow’s miserable experience of widowhood; compares the inventory of Nash’s movable goods with the probate account his widow drew up as she put his affairs in order and settled his debts; emphasizes her downward social mobility, falling on the poor rate and being required to wear the parish badge; notes that her daughter eventually entered the parish workhouse, built in 1722, and characterizes the welfare regime there, comparing it with the circumstances so movingly described by George Eliot in Scenes of Clerical Life (set in a fictionalized version of Chilvers Coton) over a century later.
Introduction
Authors: Shortslef Emily
Published: June 2023

The Drama of Complaint elaborates the ethical thinking performed in and through scenes of complaint in five of Shakespeare’s tragedies, and in five corresponding poetic forms of complaint prolific in early modern literary discourse. This introduction provides the background for this argument by showing why forms of complaint were so well suited to serve as ethical provocations in Shakespeare’s tragedies. Drawing on examples from prose romances, narrative and lyric poetry, religious writing, and plays, it offers an overview of early modern forms of complaint and explains this book’s taxonomy of existential, judicial, spectral, female, and deathbed complaint. It shows the connections between complaint and the genre of tragedy, and establishes that poetic forms of complaint were imbricated with normative forms of ethical thought. Finally, its chapter summaries suggest how King Lear, Richard III, Hamlet, Richard II, and Othello experiment both with these forms and the conventional ways of thinking they represent.
Being Single in Georgian England
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

Being Single in Georgian England is the first book-length exploration of what family life looked like, and how it was experienced, when viewed from the perspective of unmarried and childless family members. Using a micro-historical approach, the book covers three generations of the famous musical and abolitionist Sharp family. The abundance of records the Sharps produced and preserved reveals how single family members influenced the household economy, marital decisions, childrearing practices, and conceptions about lineage and genealogy. It also highlights the importance of childhood relationships; siblinghood; socializing patterns not centered on the marriage market; communal decision-making; and the experience of aunting and uncling. In the process it offers fresh insight into Granville Sharp, the famous anti-slavery activist as well as the philanthropic activities of his sisters and brothers.
Growing Up Sharp
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

The Sharp siblings were born into a world built on hierarchies, but the family culture they inherited had a more nuanced approach to childrearing. Their parents encouraged horizontal connections to siblings and cousins while also maintaining gender and birth order hierarchies. Infant and child mortality further shaped those hierarchies, and the ways gender governed the siblings’ futures. As part of their family culture, the siblings inherited religious and charitable ideals and valued the labor it took to maintain relationships with kin across space and time. In the process, they established their own committed relationships and collective identity. Childhood closeness had long-term effects. Despite the brothers leaving their childhood home for schooling or training, they did not leave behind family relationships or expectations. Letters and long visits, encouraged by their parents, kept the siblings embedded in one another’s lives. Their shared childhood experiences influenced how they imagined domestic life in later years, laying the foundation for how they would negotiate household governance in the future.
To Marry or Not to Marry
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

Marriage and courtship were as much communal decisions as they were expressions of individual emotional and material desires. Of the eight Sharp siblings who survived to adulthood, three never married, one did not remarry after being widowed young, and three of the remaining four married after age 30. Eighteenth-century household governance, and the gendered authority of housekeeper or householder that came with it, was usually connected to marriage for women and men. The Sharps’ late marriages, or lack of marriage, reveal other ways gendered domestic power was enacted and enjoyed. Their experience also reveals another layer of family interaction undergirding marital choices. The dynamic processes within their family of origin produced both a set of relationships and a process by which individuals made decisions. Ultimately, this diminished the importance of marriage in crafting Sharp adult identities.
Aunting and Uncling
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

Aunting and uncling were familial relations most people participated in, even if they were also parents. Aunts and uncles interacted directly with nieces and nephews and in concert with parents, but they were not merely surrogate parents. Throughout the second half of the Sharp siblings’ lives, being aunts and uncles was an essential element of family interactions. Similar to parenting, aunting and uncling were shaped by social class and gender, but they held fewer expectations—for example, aunts and uncles were not blamed if children misbehaved or were not fully prepared for their adult roles. Sharp aunting and uncling also connected with concerns over infertility as well as to ideas about nation and race. Aunts and uncles were expected to support parents’ efforts to launch children into appropriately gendered professional and social networks, but their activities were less prescribed; aunts and uncles had the potential for more innovation and freedom in relations with their nieces and nephews. Over their lifetimes the Sharp nieces’ relations to their aunts and uncles evolved to become more like that of much feted younger sisters. The importance of aunting and uncling is thrown into high relief when observing the unmarried Sharps, but it was not exclusive to them. Even for those who became parents, being an aunt or uncle was an integral part of Sharp family life.
Across the Universe
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: June 2023

“Across the Universe: Exoplanets, Black Holes, and Gravitational Waves” describes the latest discoveries in astronomy made by advanced interferometers. The Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) used adaptive optics and nulling interferometry to detect exoplanets orbiting distant stars. The much larger Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) used long-baseline interferometry and closure phase, advanced by Roger Jenison, to make the first image of a black hole. The Laser Interferometric Gravitational Observatory (LIGO) represented a several-decade-long drive to detect the first gravitational waves first predicted by Albert Einstein a hundred years ago. These astronomical interferometers are pushing the ultimate limits of what can be measured using wavelengths of light.
Photon Interference
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: June 2023

“Photon Interference: The Foundation of Quantum Communication” moves the story of interferometry into the quantum realm, beginning with the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox and the principle of quantum entanglement that was refined by David Bohm who tried to banish uncertainty from quantum theory. John Bell and John Clauser pushed the limits of what can be known from quantum measurement as Clauser tested Bell’s inequalities, confirming the fundamental nonlocal character of quantum systems. Leonard Mandel pushed quantum interference into the single-photon regime, discovering two-photon interference fringes that illustrated deep concepts of quantum coherence. Quantum communication began with quantum cryptography and developed into quantum teleportation that can provide the data bus of future quantum computers.
The Sense and the Sound of Repetition in Romantic-Period Poetry
Authors: Houghton-Walker Sarah
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers the ways in which repetition has been valued or disdained within various philosophical, musical, and literary traditions. It argues that repetitions of sound in poetry (which are sometimes defined as rhyme) often function independently or as a supplement to the semantic content of texts. These repetitions are described as musical aspects of language, as opposed to the linguistic meaning of the words. The chapter also attends to the idea that a rigid insistence on rhyme might determine poetic utterance, thus impacting on the possibility of ‘sincere’ expression. Through extended close attention to a specific romantic-period sonnet (by John Clare), it suggests some of the ways in which aural repetitions might be harnessed to create meaning beyond the more literal connotations of the words of a text.
Valerius Flaccus and Imperial Latin Epic
Authors: Stover Tim
Published: June 2023

This book examines the reception of Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica in the epic poems of Silius Italicus (Punica), Statius (Thebaid, Achilleid), and Claudian (De Raptu Proserpinae). In doing so, it sheds new light on the importance of Valerius’ poem within the epic tradition while enhancing our understanding of the intertextual richness of imperial Latin epic. The readings offered in this book also provide new evidence to support the view that Valerius’ Argonautica pre-dates the epic poems composed by Valerius’ Flavian contemporaries, i.e. the Punica, Thebaid, and Achilleid, thereby helping to clarify the literary history of the Flavian period (69–96 ce). By engaging in a wide array of close readings, the author elucidates how Silius, Statius, and Claudian use programmatic allusion to the Argonautica to fashion themselves as Valerius’ epic successors and examines how these poets recycle Valerian material to enrich their texts in numerous ways. Although the author does not ignore combinatorial imitation, the readings offered in this book largely center on points of contact between the Argonautica and the Punica, Thebaid, Achilleid, and De Raptu Proserpinae individually, without widening the focus to include the use of similar language and themes in other authors. This book is intended primarily for scholars of Latin epic poetry, intertextuality, and/or comparative literature. However, because all Greek and Latin is translated it will also be accessible to people generally interested in the Humanities. This may include anyone with interests in classical literature, the poetics of imperial Latin epic, classical mythology, and the mechanics of ancient intertextuality.
The Thebaid’s Argonautic Program
Authors: Stover Tim
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on Statius’ Thebaid, a poem whose use of programmatic allusivity in relation to Valerius’ Argonautica exceeds what we see in the work of the other Latin epicists studied in this book. In it the author examines two passages from the Thebaid that are rich in programmatic significance, the ekphrasis on Harmonia’s necklace in Book 2 and the consecutive prophecies of Melampus and Amphiaraus in Book 3. The author demonstrates that in these passages Statius allusively declares engagement with Valerius’ Argonautica to be an important feature of his epic technique. The chapter reveals that Statius’ interaction with Valerius’ narrative is designed to extract from his predecessor the macabre material he deemed suitable for his poem of fratricidal madness. It also suggests that Statius distinguishes his poetic enterprise from that of Valerius by replacing Valerian ambivalence with unmitigated horror.
Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Stover Tim
Published: June 2023

This chapter builds upon the findings of the previous one, as it seeks to delve deeper into Statius’ subversive approach to Valerius in the Thebaid by demonstrating that Statius often rewrites Valerian passages in order to reverse what can be read as positive sequences in his model text. The chapter then examines a related practice, i.e. Statius’ use of allusion to establish contrasts between the Thebaid and the Argonautica, a strategy that seeks to create distance between the two poems. The chapter comes to a close with a section on Statius’ use of allusion to Valerius’ poem to enrich his narrative in various ways.
Theory
Authors: Stevens Robert
Published: June 2023

If money that is not due is paid by mistake, what is it that justifies any obligation to make restitution? Is it the error in the claimant’s mind, his ‘vitiated consent’, or the lack of entitlement to the payment? Mistakes in the state of mind of the plaintiff cannot be part of what justifies an obligation upon the defendant. What has the plaintiff’s mistake got to do with him? Rather the mistake as to the obligation to pay shows that the payment was unjustified. The role of the plaintiff’s consent, here as elsewhere in the law, is to operate as a defence to a claim based upon another ground, not as a justification for the defendant’s obligation.
Discharge
Authors: Stevens Robert
Published: June 2023

Where one party performs, or otherwise discharges, an obligation that ought to have been borne by another, in whole or in part, the party who has discharged the obligation has a claim over against the correct obligor for the expense incurred in so doing, to the extent that the cost of performing the obligation ought to have been borne by the other. The obligation of another may be discharged through performance, where this is authorised or ratified by the obligor, where the obligation was subject to a condition that is released by another’s action, or where the parties are jointly obliged where the performance by one constitutes performance by both. Recoupment, contribution, and subrogation as responses to one party discharging another’s obligation are not best understood or explained as a response to a general ‘unjust enrichment’ principle.
Things
Authors: Stevens Robert
Published: June 2023

In the common law, the recovery of things to which another has title is mediated through the law of torts. Whether the plaintiff can recover a thing that he no longer possesses, but once had title to, may depend upon whether he has transferred his title to another. In the common law, the transfer of title to goods may be dependent upon the validity of the contract that does that conveyance. Title to things may be lost in a number of ways: mixture, accession, and manufacture into a new thing. In principle, it is not possible, at common law, to become automatically entitled to a right for which your right is substituted without your authority (ie there is no ‘common law tracing’). None of these rules concerning the assertion to title to things, including cash, is best conceptualised in terms of unjust enrichment.
Profits
Authors: Stevens Robert
Published: June 2023

The clearest examples of a gain-based remedy for wrongdoing are the award of an account of profits for violation of intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, copyright, design rights, and performers’ rights. The justification for such awards is that the purpose of the right is to attribute gains to the rightholder. A similar conclusion can be drawn in relation to interpersonal duties of confidence, but rarely in relation to other duties. The liability of a fiduciary to account for unauthorised profits, by contrast, arises regardless of whether there has been any breach of duty. Rather it is a primary obligation: an aspect of the duty of loyalty. Far harder to justify are gain-based responses to most breaches of contract or for common law torts, and unsurprisingly there is little or no authority supporting such awards. Claims based upon ‘waiver of tort’ to the proceeds of sale of a thing to which the plaintiff has title, are not best seen as based upon a tort, but upon the superior entitlement as between the parties to such proceeds.
Prologue
Authors: Ford Mark
Published: June 2023

This prologue presents an in-depth account of the four days of Hardy’s initial visit to St Juliot (7–11 March 1870—he travelled there on business as an architect, having been hired to oversee the restoration of St Juliot Church). It considers the numerous poems commemorating his first meeting with Emma and the difference that this chance encounter made to his life. These poems include ‘She Opened the Door’, ‘When I Set Out for Lyonnesse’, ‘Green Slates’, ‘Beeny Cliff’, ‘The Old Gown’, and ‘At the Word “Farewell”’. Both Hardy and Emma left prose accounts of their meeting, and readings of these poems are embedded in contextual material deriving from his diary (as excerpted in the Life) and Emma’s memoir Some Recollections. The poems are also juxtaposed with the fictional version of their meeting given in Hardy’s third novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873).
Reading the Mind of Ajax
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on Sophocles’ Ajax to show how tragedy dramatizes the utility of mindreading as one model for the human capacity to envision the thoughts, intentions, and emotions of others. As an especially cerebral and self-conscious form of social cognition, mindreading is required and rewarded by the baffling, unforeseen, and disruptive events that typically occur within a tragic plot. An especially challenging event in Ajax is a powerful, eloquent, and enigmatic speech, in which the hero Ajax seemingly renounces a previously announced intention of killing himself, and which is in turn seemingly contradicted when he in fact goes on to kill himself. Sophocles gives no clear insight into the motivation behind this speech, which is difficult to interpret through conventional models of literary characterization, but he does provide a portrait of Ajax’ friends and supporters applying their mind-reading skills to make sense of it, drawing in particular on the folk-psychological concept of change of mind. At the same time, Sophocles makes it clear that these acts of proficient mindreading reflect not only the capacities but also the limitations of human cognition: the concept of change represents humans’ experience of their ephemeral, unstable existence in a universe ruled by unchanging gods.
Spectating Ancient Dramas
Authors: Gołąb Hanna
Published: June 2023

This chapter engages with the theory of conceptual blending in order to evaluate its utility in analysing ancient audiences of tragedy and comedy. It focuses on the emotional responses of ancient spectators to emphasize that affect has been so far underexplored in this cognitive approach. Thus, the essay proposes a dynamic model of spectating, in which the audiences created themselves as watching a given theatrical genre and elicited from themselves a required emotional reaction. This is in opposition to the widely accepted hypothesis of the suspension of disbelief, which sees audiences as suppressing their mental capabilities to enjoy a fictional narrative. This chapter suggests that the reality was much more complex and that the spectators’ minds were hard at work when watching an ancient drama.
Seeing Together
Authors: Duncan A. C.
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores how the ‘big three’ Athenian tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, used the social cognitive process of joint attention to focus spectators’ attention upon a significant part of a busy stage. It argues that, by using certain verbal phrases (to which this chapter gives the name ‘sight invitations’) playwrights directed theatre-goers to employ a focused and self-conscious form of joint attention at moments of special dramatic importance. In addition to reducing spectators’ ‘attentional load’ at such times, the act of ‘seeing together’ also blurred distinctions between the internal (i.e. ‘fictional’) and external (‘real-life’) audiences, involving theatre-goers further within the epistemic, emotional, and thematic issues of the plays. Close readings of scenes featuring sight invitations from Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers, Sophocles’ Women of Trachis, and Euripides’ Bacchae explore several ways that ancient playwrights enriched their theatre-goers’ experience by verbally eliciting cognitive processes of joint attention.
Twelver Shia Muslims’ Right to the City
Authors: Eisenlohr Patrick
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines public religious performances and media practices among Twelver Shia Muslims in Mumbai. Such practices produce intertwined claims of belonging on multiple levels. Public religious performances and their mediatic reproductions, particularly their sonic and movement-related dimensions, establish certain neighbourhoods of the city as specifically ‘Shia’. They thus seek to underline the long-standing presence of Twelver Shia Muslims in the city in an environment characterized not only by long histories of communalism but also by increasing intra-Islamic sectarianism. Closely related to such claims are a local Shia media centre’s public campaigns to portray Shia Muslims as ideal Indian citizens. Media practices simultaneously aim at insertion in Indian nationalist narratives, a sense of belonging to the city, and the establishment of transregional links. Shia Muslims thereby seek to counter their marginalization in the city and the nation. In addition, Shia ritual practices, including their mediatizations, can establish claims to a right to the city by lending a part of it a feel of being Shiite on yet another level, the atmospheric qualities of urban locales and neighbourhoods.
Introduction
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

Migration law is politically contested, practically relevant, and full of legal conundrums. This book has been written to help readers navigate the often Byzantine European rulebook at a time where it has become increasingly difficult to keep an oversight. In doing so, it embraces a wide notion of ‘migration law’ encompassing the traditional dichotomy between ‘asylum’ and ‘immigration’, which, on the European continent at least, increasingly gives way to overarching references to migration. The eighteen chapters of this book concentrate on the legal status of third country nationals entering or staying in the Member States of the European Union (EU). They deal with EU legislation on diverse subject matters such as visas, border controls, asylum, legal migration, integration and settlement, irregular presence and return, as well as international cooperation. Our choice of title signals this broader outlook, which transcends the ‘nitty gritty’ of EU legislation and CJEU judgments. They will be the starting point of our analysis, which, at the same time, will consider international developments, policy debates, and national laws.
Administrative Dimension
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

The national level is as important as the output of the supranational institutions in terms of defining the conditions for the effective and uniform application of EU legislation. European migration law is a multi-level system by definition, with national practices varying to a considerable extent. The vision of an ‘area’ of freedom, security, and justice and a common asylum ‘system’ should not be misunderstood as shorthand for quasi-federal uniformity. Particularly important are differences in the organisation of the administrative and court procedure. Chapter 7 presents case law of the Court of Justice on unwritten general principles and fundamental rights in the Charter that limit the procedural autonomy of the Member States. Our horizontal assessment of judgments on different segments of migration law illustrates how rulings on asylum can be used in the context of return or legal migration, and vice versa.
General Features of EU Legislation
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: June 2023

The sheer complexity of European migration law entails that it is a matter of self-interest to identify general features which can be studied jointly. Doing so saves scarce resources and allows for the identification of replicable patterns. Chapter 10 highlights that the Court of Justice explores horizontal cross-fertilisation between the legislation on migration, as well as with earlier judgments on the free movement of Union citizens. The public policy exception, fee levels, and the sufficient resources threshold are prime examples of the judicial search for coherence: judgments emphasising similarities interact with rulings accentuating differences, reflecting the specific contents and context of the different pieces of legislation. Of great practical significance are the principle of proportionality and the human right to equality before the law. Our analysis adopts a bird’s eye view on the multi-faceted CJEU and ECtHR case law, stressing persisting uncertainties. Judgments on Article 72 TFEU and the principle of abuse demonstrate why states struggle to justify non-compliance with EU legislation in regular circumstances.
Extrajudicial Punishment and the Criminal Question
Authors: Super Gail
Published: June 2023

Punishment and Society scholars tend to study particular institutions and spaces where punishment is imposed by the state (such as the prison), usually after a conviction in a criminal court. This chapter questions the boundaries of the field. It argues that extrajudicial punishment plays a central role in penality and that, particularly in postcolonial contexts, rates of imprisonment do not adequately reflect levels of penal punitiveness. The term ‘extrajudicial punishment’ is used here to refer to punishment-like phenomena which are inflicted by civilian or state actors, in response to an allegation of criminality or lawbreaking. In South Africa, extrajudicial punishment plays out on multiple scales, across space and time, in and through varying jurisdictions, and disproportionately targets and affects poor black people. While this is also the case in Western (and other) contexts, it is more exaggerated, more visible, and more violent in the postcolony. Thus, studying penality in postcolonial contexts is instructive for theorizing about the contradictions of liberal penal forms.
Ayllu and Mestizaje
Authors: Bracco Bruce Lucia
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the intersection between the penal system, colonialism, and patriarchy in the Latin American region (particularly Peru) and, to do this, it adopts a decolonial feminist perspective. It seeks to create connections between critical criminology and decolonial feminist theories and draws on an empirical study within a women’s prison in Peru conducted in 2018–2019. On the one hand, this work follows the main arguments of the modernity/coloniality project to provide a better understanding of the historical interweaving that constitutes the political context and modern-colonial-capitalist-patriarchal-heteronormative matrix that configures the prison as a ‘modern’ institution. On the other hand, the chapter seeks to advance discussion on how to decolonize criminology by incorporating two categories from the South. First, the term Ayllu is introduced as an Andean category that may be helpful for understanding women’s communitarian organization during imprisonment. Second, the concept of Mestizaje is analysed as a non-precise identity category. This chapter argues that the intertwining of both concepts is helpful for accounting for women prisoners’ relational dynamics inside Santa Monica. Moreover, it concludes that decolonial feminist epistemology may provide theoretical lenses to analyse punishment, imprisonment, and criminalized communities. It puts in agenda the domination processes while simultaneously focusing on the subjects’ capacity to strategically incorporate and use to their benefit discourses and practices of resistance.
The Primary Responsibility of the State
Authors: Kälin Walter
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the question of how to conceptualise internal displacement. It presents the primary responsibility of the state to protect and assists its internally displaced persons (IDPs) as the cornerstone of the emerging internal displacement regime. The chapter criticizes the prevailing humanitarian narrative that views IDP as vulnerable persons in need of assistance, for whom international humanitarian agencies are primarily responsible, and instead promotes a narrative based on an understanding of sovereignty as the responsibility of authorities to protect IDPs who are citizens with rights and agency. The chapter identifies political will of governments and a reorientation of international action as essential elements for translating this understanding into action.
International Humanitarian Action
Authors: Kälin Walter
Published: June 2023

This chapter deals with the legal and policy aspects of humanitarian action. It asks whether internally displaced persons (IDPs) have a right to humanitarian aid and clarifies the two notions of humanitarian assistance and humanitarian protection. It provides an overview of domestic and international actors providing assistance and protection and describes the UN’s cluster approach. The humanitarian principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence, and the related challenges affecting humanitarian action in situations of internal displacement, are also discussed. The chapter ends with the thorny issue of humanitarian access and the emerging prohibition of arbitrary denial of such access, first articulated in the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.
Global Eradication and AMR
Authors: Stepan Nancy Leys
Published: June 2023

This chapter contrasts the eradicationist with the anti-eradicationist approach in public health in relation to the problem of AMR. The eradicationist philosophy was epitomized by post-war eradication ‘campaigns’ against infectious diseases, campaigns that were arguably the most ambitious and costly efforts in public health ever undertaken in the Global South. Based on confidence in the new tools of intervention (insecticides, antibiotics, vaccines), the campaigns aimed at an absolute reduction of specific diseases to zero. This chapter looks closely at malaria eradication efforts past and present, in relation to AMR and insect resistance. It contrasts eradicationism with the anti-eradicationist position articulated in the 1960s and 1970s by the bacteriologist, René Dubos. His was an ecological, evolutionary view that recognized the complexity of our microbial interactions and the impossibility of eradicating diseases. The anti-eradicationist position was shaped by the problem of AMR. But Dubos’s history raises further questions: what explains the enduring appeal of eradicationism, despite the almost inevitable production of AMR? Why has it been so hard to organize a response to AMR along Dubos’s lines?
From Policy to Practice
Authors: Craig Jessica , Joshi Jyoti , Frost Isabel
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores key challenges and opportunities for implementing national AMR action plans, policies, and other mitigation efforts with a specific focus on low- and middle-income countries. It looks at policy-to-practice barriers and challenges in realizing the One Health approach set forth at the policy level. It discusses specific challenges in implementing AMR surveillance and describes the importance of synergizing AMR mitigation efforts with existing public health efforts, namely infection prevention and control, vaccination, and water, sanitation, and hygiene. The chapter presents illustrative examples from various countries and closes with a summary of key policy recommendations to accelerate AMR mitigation and response efforts in LMICs.
India
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, the main argument is that a mix of modernity, traditionalism, and postmodernity explains why cultural and social diversity exist in nation states like India and why the country remains relevant in the world economic stage. In practical terms this implies that every organization in India has to at some point of time, has to embrace the ideal of diversity to make a constructive contribution to the nation-building process. Even a political organization that owes its roots to religious identity will have to adopt a mix of modernity and postmodernity thinking to sustain its long-term relevance. It is further argued that dynamic democracies such as India do not resist globalization—rather they co-opt them through a postmodern process. Similarly India’s IT cities like Bengaluru have a postmodern quality about them. A country is able to co-opt the forces of globalization when it embraces the facets of the traditional, the modern, and the postmodern in its day-to-day existence.
Adapting to Globalization or Fighting It?
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2023

This chapter surveys the factors that turn local communities against globalization. Local resistance to negative consequences of globalization and free trade has been pervasive ever since the WTO rules came into operation in 1995. It is argued that such dissenting voices will bring in plurality of thinking in international negotiations on global trade rules. The chapter discusses the possibilities opened by a second enclosure movement which empowers local communities, and ensures that the forces of globalization are modulated by local communities to improve their collective wellbeing. The chapter also underlines the immense potential of the Information and Communication Technology Revolution in enabling the development of new institutions, which has the potential of informing small communities about the best markets to sell their wares in. ICT platforms also open up the possibilities for creating a wider awareness about the state of acute deprivation that has befallen poorer communities. It is stated that websites that facilitate online trade in commodities induce producers to seek changes in local market systems. The ongoing digital revolution centring on blockchains would serve to further reinforce these positive trends.
Restructuring Regimes for Sustainable Development
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2023

There are differing views on the state and prospects of environmental governance in the world. The limitations of the GEF and similar financing facilities are obvious. They do not have roots at the local levels due to the high levels of instrumentalism in their operations. What is obvious is that the standard norms of efficiency associated with transaction costs do not apply to international organizations that deal with global public goods. Likewise, proposals for setting up other global environmental organizations are trapped in instrumentalism. The same is true of proposals that seek UNEP restructuring. The same has been the case with the global efforts to manage the fallout of COVID-19. The absence of Leadership Summits to address the issue of poor allocation and distributional inequities associated with COVID-19 vaccines is surprising. The failure of COVAX represents the failure of multilateralism in addressing the pandemic. Instrumentalism, which focusses on procedures and processes to the exclusion of outcomes, causes global environmental institutions to be distracted from their ultimate goal of supplying global public goods. The key priority for the world is to have global governance systems and structures that are free from instrumentalism.
From Peace to “War”
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces Gombe as the place of Jane Goodall’s and others’ research from 1960 to the middle 1970s. It covers nutrition and food preferences, hunting, infanticide, predation by leopards, cognitive capabilities, and individual personalities of chimpanzees. The male status hierarchy and conflict, male and female ranging patterns, habitat loss and crop raiding, tourism, disease, hunting by people, conservation efforts, chimpanzee attacks on people, departures of males, and exodus of females from a declining group are also discussed. The chapter details how Gombe became a national park in 1968, largely due to the international renown conferred by Jane Goodall’s work. Chimpanzees were seen as separate, territorially fixed groups, but during Goodall’s years of binocular observations from The Peak, she saw these localized groups actually meet and mix.
Contextualizing Violence
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter establishes the context for the Four Year War, describing human impact and discussing other kinds of bloodletting at the same time. It highlights the chimpanzees’ “war” with baboons, a surge in hunting of red colobus monkeys, internal cannibalism of infants, and severe assaults on females. Gombe researchers explained that the Four Year War was largely due to habitat loss around the National Park. The chapter describes chimpanzee-on-chimpanzee attacks wherein 66 percent were due to competition for bananas and were mostly carried out by adult males through protracted interactions involving charging, grappling, biting, slapping, and slamming. Jane Goodall sought to diminish violence among chimpanzees, including baboons, by modifying how bananas were provided.
Explaining the War and Its Aftermath
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter talks about Gombe researchers that ignore or dismiss the possibility that banana provisioning fostered the Four Year War, although they acknowledge that surrounding habitat loss increased density and food competition within the National Park. It explores the idea that frustration leads to aggression, known as the frustration-aggression response, which has a venerable history in human psychology and anthropology. Jane Goodall generalizes that attacks within the chimpanzee community are often a result of frustration and redirected aggression, often considerably displaced in time. The chapter argues that intergroup hostility was not simply a matter of resource competition. Along with food availability, the most significant determinant of chimpanzee party size is the reproductive status of females.
Interpreting Gombe Violence
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers the Gombe as the type case for chimpanzee “war” and has the greatest evidentiary record of any research site. It compares Gombe evidence to differing theoretical expectations, which gets complicated as the essence of science is evaluating theory against evidence. It also explains how Gombe provides the best evidence in all field observations that sequential killings among chimpanzees that confer adaptive benefits. The chapter scrutinizes the claim of adaptation, which brings in hunting, nutrition, and reproduction. It looks at extensive discussions that finish the Gombe narrative, which highlights the belligerent personalities of chimpanzees, how they got that way, and the destabilizing impact of the intensifying human impact.
Ngogo Territorial Conflict
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter lays out the record of intergroup conflict and killing at Ngogo. It presents what needs to be explained for Ngogo, such as intense border patrolling, lethal clashes with outsiders, and culmination of a widely noted conquest of new rangelands. In all of chimpanzee observations, Ngogo provides the best evidence for “war,” even better than that of Gombe. The chapter explores the fundamental idea of chimpanzees revealing humanity’s inborn tendency to war that stands or falls on the Ngogo expansion from 1999 to 2009. It considers chimpanzees patrolling territorial borders and making stealthy penetrations into neighbors’ territories to seek opportunities to kill as the cornerstone of the imbalance of power hypothesis.
Scale and Geopolitics at Ngogo
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter investigates Ngogo’s extraordinary size and density and the differing relationships with its neighbors, all in connection to prime foods grown within old farm clearings, and to more recent and extensive forest loss nearby. It discusses the anthropogenic habitat loss within the Kibale National Park (KNP) that did not end in 1978 and was not reversed until 1992, not long before observations resumed in 1995. It also argues that human habitat modification led to a sharp increase in Ngogo numbers and density to exceptional levels, which enabled and led up to external killings. The chapter makes a geopolitical tour around Ngogo’s edges, demonstrating territorial pressure from southern and western neighbors which are more exposed to recent habitat loss. Ngogo has by far the largest chimpanzee group ever studied, which researchers clearly recognize is what enabled them to kill neighbors and expand.
Kanyawara
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on the northwestern edge of the Kibale National Park (KNP), Kanyawara, which is less than ten kilometers away from Ngogo. It considers Kanyawara as extremely important for establishing and countering the demonic perspective, highlighting two deaths of male chimpanzees in Richard Wrangham and Marc Hauser’s Demonic Males. Kanyawara’s chimpanzees are very well studied, being observed daily by teams with highly developed protocols. The chapter emphasizes that the expectation of deadly war and rival coalition reduction fails for Kanyawara. It looks at the historical explanation of material conditions of habitat, demographics, and food through the structure of intergroup relations, which clarifies the presence or absence of intergroup killings.
Eastern Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the central question of whether chimpanzees are naturally prone to kill outsiders when they can do so with impunity. It provides a background on variation in ecology, demography, human impact, social organization, territorial orientation, intergroup relations, and violence. It also documents chimpanzees’ situationally flexible adaptability, rather than one chimpanzee pattern. The chapter describes the genus Pan’s second species, Pan paniscus—bonobos, which are located south of the great bend in the Congo River and have ancestors that possibly crossed during exceptionally dry periods. The chimpanzee last common ancestor is a little less than half the age of the chimpanzee/bonobo LCA.
Central Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the Ubangi River in the northwestern Democratic Republic of Congo, which is an impassible divide of the schweinfurthii to its east and the troglodytes to its west. It talks about the known populations of chimpanzees that are dwindling through disease, hunting, and deforestation, although its total numbers are greater than originally estimated. It also mentions troglodytes troglodytes research sites that include reports of intergroup relations that well-frame the extremes of the disturbed and the pristine. The chapter considers the importance of Loango in providing the only example of an intergroup adult killing among chimpanzees in an undisturbed context. The claim on Loango’s importance is crucial for arguing against a human impact explanation and shows that the killer probably was a leopard.
Killings and Explanations
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on the killings and demonstration violence of Tai chimpanzee groups, which are consistent with the imbalance of power hypothesis, wherein multiple males encounter and kill a solo outsider. It recounts the 2002–2007 Tai killings and those suspected at Loango that recognizes intergroup killing as a typical aspect of chimpanzee sociality that is not due to increased human encroachment. It also explores the existential threat posed by leopards that fosters intense in-group loyalties among chimpanzees, causing individuals to risk injury to themselves in rescues and the development of xenophobia whereby outsiders are violently ostracized. The chapter talks about the elimination of rivals, sex, and food competition that are related to density and coincide to make chimpanzees attack their neighbors. It demonstrates how chimpanzees take into account the main driving forces for survival and reproduction in making decisions about conflicts.
The Case for Evolved Adaptations, by the Evidence
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter contests claims of killing as evolved adaptive strategies, focusing on infants and intergroup killing of adults, especially males. It uses the demonic perspective or Gombe vision to denote the overarching paradigm that came out of the Four Year War. It also mentions most behavioral ecology that concentrates on how populations adapt flexibly to environmental conditions without grand generalizations about chimpanzee or human natures. The chapter highlights several years of observations across Africa, which have shown that when three or more males from one community find a lone individual from a neighboring community, they kill this individual. Intergroup killing appears to be a widespread trait of chimpanzees, rather than the result of circumstances peculiar to one or a few study sites.
Human Impact, Critiqued and Documented
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses how adaptationism puts an end to the idea that lethal aggression in chimpanzees is a nonadaptive byproduct of anthropogenic influences. Perceptions of the behavior of nonhuman primates, particularly chimpanzees, are often distorted by ideology and anthropomorphism. It also disproves the human disturbance theory and follows historical summaries of exactly how anthropogenic disturbance contributed to killings at particular places and times. The chapter mentions the composite human impact factor that uses a measure constructed for the sexually selected infanticide debate about urbanized South Asian monkeys. It considers human hunting as a great threat to chimpanzees and bonobos but is not implicated in chimp-on-chimp violence. It predicts how there will be more male–male intergroup attacks and other sorts of violence as human impact intensifies in the future, which is in sharp contrast to field observations from 1983 to 1998.