bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into Osteogenesis Induced by Crude Brassicaceae Seeds Extracts: A Role for Glucosinolates
Authors: Gambari Laura , Pagnotta Eleonora , Ugolini Luisa , Righetti Laura , Amore Emanuela , Grigolo Brunella , Filardo Giuseppe , Grassi Francesco
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Crude extracts from the Brassica genus have recently emerged as promising phytochemicals for preventing bone loss. While the most documented evidence suggests that their general biological activity is due to glucosinolates’ (GLSs’) hydrolysis products, the direct activity of GLSs is beginning to be uncovered. However, the contribution of GLSs to the bone-sparing activity of crude Brassicaceae extracts has seldom been addressed. Here, we aimed to gain insights into this gap by studying in the same in vitro model of human osteogenesis the effect of two Brassica seed extracts (Eruca sativa and Lepidium sativum) obtained from defatted seed meals, comparing them to the isolated GLSs most represented in their composition, glucoerucin (GER) and glucotropaeolin (GTL), for Eruca sativa and Lepidium sativum, respectively. Methods: Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) was assessed by alizarin red staining assay and real-time PCR, respectively, evaluating mineral apposition and mRNA expression of specific osteogenic genes. Results: Both Brassica extracts and GLSs increased the osteogenic differentiation, indicating that the stimulating effect of Brassica extracts can be at least partially attributed to GLSs. Moreover, these data extend previous evidence of the effect of unhydrolyzed glucoraphanin (GRA) on osteogenesis to other types of GLSs: GER and GTL. Notably, E. sativa extract and GTL induced higher osteogenic stimulation than Lepidium sativum extract and GER, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, this study expands the knowledge on the possible application of Brassica-derived bioactive molecules as natural alternatives for the prevention and treatment of bone-loss pathologies.
The Significance of an Initial Controlling Nutritional Status Score in Predicting the Functional Outcome, Complications, and Mortality in a First-Ever Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Choi Hyoseon , Jo Yea Jin , Sohn Min Kyun , Lee Jongmin , Shin Yong-Il , Oh Gyung-Jae , Lee Yang-Soo , Joo Min Cheol , Lee So Young , Song Min-Keun , Han Junhee , Ahn Jeonghoon , Lee Young-Hoon , Kim Yun-Hee , Chang Won Hyuk , Kim Deog Young
Published: October 2024

Background and Purpose: Nutritional status can influence the outcomes and mortality of various diseases. The association between initial nutritional status and ischemic stroke outcomes, however, remains poorly understood. This study investigated whether the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score at admission could predict functional recovery, complications, and survival following an ischemic stroke. Methods: We enrolled a total of 938 patients experiencing their first acute ischemic stroke and categorized them into three groups based on their CONUT score at admission: CONUT 0–1, CONUT 2–4, and CONUT 5–12. The CONUT score was assessed using the serum albumin, total cholesterol, and lymphocyte count. We evaluated the incidence of complications during their hospital stay. Outcomes, including the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Functional Independence Measurement (FIM), Functional Ambulatory Classification (FAC), and mortality, were assessed at baseline, as well as at three and six months post-stroke. Results: CONUT scores were significantly associated with functional outcomes (mRS, FIM, and FAC) and mortality during the six-month follow-up period post-stroke (all p < 0.05). The CONUT 5–12 group exhibited significantly poorer improvements in mRS, FIM, and FAC scores (all p < 0.05) and a lower survival rate (p < 0.01) during the six-month follow-up compared to the CONUT 0–1 and CONUT 2–4 groups. Additionally, the incidence of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, pressure sores, falling injuries, and fractures was significantly higher in the CONUT 5–12 group than in the other groups (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: CONUT scores at admission are associated with functional recovery, mortality, and the incidence of complications following a first-ever ischemic stroke. Consequently, the early identification of patients at risk of malnutrition via CONUT scores can be crucial in enhancing patient assessment after an acute stroke.
Correction: Toivio et al. Ketogenic Diet High in Saturated Fat Promotes Colonic Claudin Expression without Changes in Intestinal Permeability to Iohexol in Healthy Mice. Nutrients 2024, 16, 18
Authors: Toivio Lotta , Launonen Hanna , Lindén Jere , Lehto Markku , Vapaatalo Heikki , Salmenkari Hanne , Korpela Riitta
Published: October 2024

Text Correction [...]
Deer Blood Hydrolysate Protects against D-Galactose-Induced Premature Ovarian Failure in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Yu , Pei Hongyan , Chen Weijia , Du Rui , Li Jianming , He Zhongmei
Published: October 2024

Background: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common disease among women, which can cause many complications and seriously threaten women’s physical and mental health. Currently, hormone replacement therapy is the primary treatment for premature ovarian failure. However, the side effects are serious and will increase the chance of breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Deer blood hydrolysate (DBH) is the product of enzymatic hydrolysis of deer blood, has antioxidant, anti-ageing, and anti-fatigue effects, and has the potential to improve premature ovarian failure. Methods: In our experiment, a mouse model of premature ovarian failure was established through intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg/d of D-gal for 42 days. At the same time, different doses of DBH were gavaged to observe its ameliorative effect on premature ovarian failure. Results: The experimental findings indicated that DBH could restore the irregular oestrus cycle of POF mice, improve the abnormal amounts in serum hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2), increase the number of primordial follicles and decrease the number of atretic follicles. In addition, DBH also raised the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in mice. The WB assay results showed that gavage of DBH restored the decrease in the indication of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme Oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins and reduced the elevated expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) proteins that were induced by D-gal. Conclusions: To sum up, the present research indicated that DBH can ameliorate D-gal-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway and the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 apoptosis pathway, which can be used for further development as a nutraceutical product to improve premature ovarian failure.
(E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone, a Major Homoisoflavonoid, Attenuates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Activating AMPK and PPARα Pathways in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Park Jae-Eun , Han Ji-Sook
Published: October 2024

Background: (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (HMC), a homoisoflavonoid isolated from Portulaca oleracea, has significant anti-adipogenesis potential; it regulates adipogenic transcription factors. However, whether HMC improves hepatic steatosis in hepatocytes remains vague. This study investigated whether HMC ameliorates hepatic steatosis in free fatty acid-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and if so, its mechanism of action was analyzed. Methods: Hepatic steatosis was induced by a free fatty acid mixture in HepG2 cells. Thereafter, different HMC concentrations (10, 30, and 50 µM) or fenofibrate (10 µM, a PPARα agonist, positive control) was treated in HepG2 cells.Results: HMC markedly decreased lipid accumulation and triglyceride content in free fatty acid-treated HepG2 cell; it (10 and 50 μM) markedly upregulated protein expressions of pAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. HMC (10 and 50 μM) markedly inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-coA desaturase 1, which are the enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Furthermore, HMC (10 and 50 μM) markedly upregulated the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and enhanced the protein expressions of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 and acyl-CoA oxidase 1. Conclusion: HMC inhibits lipid accumulation and promotes fatty acid oxidation by AMPK and PPARα pathways in free fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells, thereby attenuating hepatic steatosis.
Dietary and Physical Activity Habits of Children and Adolescents before and after the Implementation of a Personalized, Intervention Program for the Management of Obesity
Authors: Ioannou Georgia , Petrou Ioulia , Manou Maria , Tragomalou Athanasia , Ramouzi Eleni , Vourdoumpa Aikaterini , Genitsaridi Sofia-Maria , Kyrkili Athanasia , Diou Christos , Papadopoulou Marina , Kassari Penio , Charmandari Evangelia
Published: October 2024

Background: Obesity in childhood and adolescence represents a major public health problem, mostly attributed to dietary and physical activity factors. We aimed to determine the dietary and physical activity habits of participants before and after the implementation of a personalized, multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention program for the management of obesity in the context of the Horizon Research Project ‘BigO: Big Data against Childhood Obesity’. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-six (n = 386) children and adolescents (mean age ± SD: 12.495 ± 1.988 years, 199 males and 187 females) participated in the study prospectively. Based on body mass index (BMI), subjects were classified as having obesity (n = 293, 75.9%) and overweight (n = 93, 24.1%) according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. We implemented a personalized, multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention program providing guidance on diet, sleep, and exercise, and utilized the BigO technology platform to objectively record data collected via a Smartphone and Smartwatch for each patient. Results: Following the intervention, a statistically significant decrease was noted in the consumption of cheese, cereal with added sugar, savory snacks, pasta, and fried potatoes across both BMI categories. Also, there was an increase in daily water intake between meals among all participants (p = 0.001) and a reduction in the consumption of evening snack or dinner while watching television (p < 0.05). Boys showed a decrease in the consumption of savory snacks, fried potato products, and pasta (p < 0.05), an increase in the consumption of sugar-free breakfast cereal (p < 0.05), and drank more water between meals daily (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a personalized, multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention improves the dietary habits of children and adolescents.
ApaI Polymorphism in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Decreases the Risk of Perianal Fistulas in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Gisbert-Ferrándiz Laura , Llau Jorge , Ortiz-Masia Dolores , Cosín-Roger Jesús , Macias-Ceja Dulce Carolina , Hinojosa Joaquín , Calatayud Sara , Barrachina Maria Dolores
Published: October 2024

Background: Vitamin D, through the activation of its receptor (VDR), plays an immunomodulatory role in the gastrointestinal tract. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VDR gene have been associated with Crohn’s disease (CD) risk, and patients carrying the TaqI polymorphism in this gene run a higher risk of developing a penetrating behavior. Aims: We analyzed the association of BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI SNPs in the VDR gene with the clinical characteristics of CD. Methods: Four polymorphisms identified in the VDR gene (BsmI, FokI, ApaI, and TaqI) were genotyped in blood samples from CD patients (n = 115) by using PCR-RFLP. The disease’s location and behavior and the presence of perianal fistulas were collected from each patient. Intestinal fibroblasts from ileal resections of CD patients (n = 10) were genotyped, and the expression of fibrotic and inflammatory markers was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results: The data reveal no association between any of the polymorphisms and CD risk. A strong linkage disequilibrium was detected between TaqI and both ApaI and BsmI, which in turn were strongly associated. Homozygosis or heterozygosis for the a allele of the ApaI SNP or b allele of the BsmI SNP was significantly associated with a lower risk of a penetrating behavior, while the aa genotype was associated with a lower risk of perianal fistulas. Fibroblasts carrying the aa genotype expressed lower levels of fibrotic and inflammatory markers. Conclusion: The aa genotype of the ApaI SNP in the VDR gene is associated with a lower risk of perianal fistulas in CD and a reduced expression of fibrotic and inflammatory markers in intestinal fibroblasts.
Advancements in Ocular Therapy: A Review of Emerging Drug Delivery Approaches and Pharmaceutical Technologies
Authors: Giri Bhupendra Raj , Jakka Deeksha , Sandoval Michael A. , Kulkarni Vineet R. , Bao Quanying
Published: October 2024

Eye disorders affect a substantial portion of the global population, yet the availability of efficacious ophthalmic drug products remains limited. This can be partly ascribed to a number of factors: (1) inadequate understanding of physiological barriers, treatment strategies, drug and polymer properties, and delivery systems; (2) challenges in effectively delivering drugs to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye due to anatomical and physiological constraints; and (3) manufacturing and regulatory hurdles in ocular drug product development. The present review discusses innovative ocular delivery and treatments, encompassing implants, liposomes, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, microparticles, iontophoresis, in situ gels, contact lenses, microneedles, hydrogels, bispecific antibodies, and gene delivery strategies. Furthermore, this review also introduces advanced manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and hot-melt extrusion (HME), aimed at improving bioavailability, reducing therapeutic dosages and side effects, facilitating the design of personalized ophthalmic dosage forms, as well as enhancing patient compliance. This comprehensive review lastly offers insights into digital healthcare, market trends, and industry and regulatory perspectives pertaining to ocular product development.
The Effect of Radionuclide and Chemical Contamination on Morphological and Anatomical Parameters of Plants
Authors: Yankauskas Alyona , Larionova Natalya , Shatrov Anton , Toporova Anna
Published: October 2024

This article presents the results of a study of the influence of radionuclide and chemical pollution on the morphological and anatomical parameters of Calamagróstis epigéjos plants growing in the territory of “Degelen” at the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS). Quantitative data of morphological and anatomical parameters are given, and the content of radionuclides and toxic elements in samples of plants obtained. Statistical processing of the obtained data was conducted. The results revealed that elevated concentrations of radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr, and the calculated absorbed dose, do not have effects on plants. Changes in the anatomical parameters of leaves and stems were observed at elevated concentrations of the elements: for leaves—Al, Pb, Sr, U, Ni, Rb, Sm; for stems—Al, Cr, Cd, U, Cu, Be, Ni, Sm, Fe. The mesophyll of the leaves and the epidermis of the stems were the most exposed to toxic elements. The data of the anatomical parameters are recommended to be used as indicative parameters of plants grown in chemically contaminated areas.
Both the Positioned Supplemental or Night-Interruptional Blue Light and the Age of Leaves (or Tissues) Are Important for Flowering and Vegetative Growth in Chrysanthemum
Authors: Yang Jingli , Song Jinnan , Park Yoo Gyeong , Jeong Byoung Ryong
Published: October 2024

In this study, the effects of supplemental or night interruptional blue light (S-BL or NI-BL) positioning on morphological growth, photoperiodic flowering, and expression of floral genes in Chrysanthemum morifolium were investigated. Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at an intensity of 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were used for 4 h either (1) to supplement the white LEDs at the end of the 10 h short-day (SD10 + S-BL4) and 13 h long-day conditions (LD13 + S-BL4), or (2) to provide night interruption in the SD10 (SD10 + NI-BL4) and LD13 (LD13 + NI-BL4). The S-BL4 or NI-BL4 was positioned to illuminate either the shoot tip, the youngest leaf (vigorously growing the third leaf from the shoot tip), or the old leaf (the third leaf from the stem base). In the text, they will be denoted as follows: SD10 + S-BL4-S, -Y, or -O; SD10 + NI-BL4-S, -Y, or -O; LD13 + S-BL4-S, -Y, or -O; LD13 + NI-BL4-S, -Y, or -O. Normally, the LD13 conditions enhanced more vegetative growth than the SD10 periods. The growth of leaves, stems, and branches strongly responded to the S-BL4 or NI-BL4 when it was targeted onto the shoot tip, followed by the youngest leaf. The SD10 + S-BL4 or +NI-BL4 on the old leaf obviously suppressed plant extension growth, resulting in the smallest plant height. Under LD13 conditions, the flowering-related traits were significantly affected when the S-BL4 or NI-BL4 was shed onto the youngest leaf. However, these differences do not exist in the SD10 environments. At the harvest stage, other than the non-flowered LD13 treatment, the LD13 + S-BL4 irradiating the youngest leaf induced the most flowers, followed by the shoot tip and old leaf. Moreover, LD13 + NI-BL4 resulted in the latest flowering, especially when applied to the shoot tip and old leaf. However, the SD10 + S-BL4 or + NI-BL4 irradiated the shoot tip, youngest leaf, or old leaf all significantly earlier and increased flowering compared to the SD10 treatment. Overall: (1) Generally, vegetative growth was more sensitive to photoperiod rather than lighting position, while, during the same photoperiod, the promotion of growth was stronger when the light position of S-BL4 or NI-BL4 was applied to the shoot tip or the youngest leaf. (2) The photoperiodic flowering of these short-day plants (SDPs) comprehensively responded to the photoperiod combined with blue light positioning. Peculiarly, when they were exposed to the LD13 flowering-inhibited environments, the S-BL4 or NI-BL4 shed onto the leaves, especially the youngest leaves, significantly affecting flowering.
Fabrication and Properties of Hydrogel Dressings Based on Genipin Crosslinked Chondroitin Sulfate and Chitosan
Authors: Wang Ling , Ding Xiaoyue , He Xiaorui , Tian Ning , Ding Peng , Guo Wei , Okoro Oseweuba Valentine , Sun Yanfang , Jiang Guohua , Liu Zhenzhong , Shavandi Armin , Nie Lei
Published: October 2024

Multifunctional hydrogel dressings remain highly sought after for the promotion of skin wound regeneration. In the present study, multifunctional CHS-DA/HACC (CH) hydrogels with an interpenetrated network were constructed using hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride modified chitosan (HACC) and dopamine-modified chondroitin sulfate (CHS-DA), using genipin as crosslinker. The synthesis of HACC and CHS-DA was effectively confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The prepared CH hydrogels exhibited a network of interconnected pores within the microstructure. Furthermore, rheological testing demonstrated that CH hydrogels exhibited strong mechanical properties, stability, and injectability. Further characterization investigations showed that the CH hydrogels showed favorable self-healing and self-adhesion properties. It was also shown that increasing HACC concentration ratio was positively correlated with the antibacterial activity of CH hydrogels, as evidenced by their resistance to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) tests, fluorescent images, and a cell scratch assay demonstrated that CH hydrogels had good biocompatibility and cell migration ability. The multifunctional interpenetrated network hydrogels were shown to have good antibacterial properties, antioxidant properties, stable storage modulus and loss modulus, injectable properties, self-healing properties, and biocompatibility, highlighting their potential as wound dressings in wound healing applications.
A Model for Dry Electron Beam Etching of Resist
Authors: Sidorov Fedor , Rogozhin Alexander
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a detailed physical model for a novel method of two- and three-dimensional microstructure formation: dry electron beam etching of the resist (DEBER). This method is based on the electron-beam induced thermal depolymerization of positive resist, and its advantages include high throughput and relative simplicity compared to other microstructuring techniques. However, the exact mechanism of profile formation in DEBER has been unclear until now, hindering the optimization of this technique for certain applications. The developed model takes into account the major DEBER phenomena: e-beam scattering in resist and substrate, e-beam induced main-chain scissions of resist molecules, thermal depolymerization of resist, monomer diffusion, and resist reflow. Based on the developed model, a simulation algorithm was implemented, which allowed simulation of the profile obtained in resist by DEBER. Experimental verification of the DEBER model was carried out, which demonstrated the reliability of the model and its applicability for theoretical study of this method. The ultimate DEBER characteristics were estimated by simulation. The minimum line width and the maximum profile slope that could be obtained by DEBER were approximately 300 nm and 70°, respectively.
Multifactorial Analysis of the Effect of Applied Gamma-Polyglutamic Acid on Soil Infiltration Characteristics
Authors: Gao Shikai , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Wang Songlin , Fu Yuliang , Li Weiheng , Dong Yuanzhi , Li Yanbin , Dai Zhiguang
Published: October 2024

To investigate the mechanism and influence of applying gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on soil water infiltration, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were conducted using Hydrus-1D. These studies assessed the impact of various application rates of γ-PGA on soil water characteristic parameters. Orthogonal simulation experiments on soil bulk density, γ-PGA application rates, and burial depths were performed utilizing predefined soil water characteristic values (twelve groups: nine groups of numerical simulation experiments and three groups of laboratory verification tests), and the soil infiltration characteristics were analyzed. Concurrently, an empirical model was developed to elucidate the relationships between the empirical model parameters and influencing factors, as well as to examine the sensitivity of these factors to changes in soil infiltration rate. The relationship between cumulative infiltration and the distance of wetting front movement, based on the water balance equation, was refined. The results indicated that γ-PGA significantly affected soil water characteristic parameters, where the saturated water content and the reciprocal of soil intake suction increased with rising γ-PGA applications (p < 0.01), while the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the parameter n decreased (p < 0.01), with no notable changes in the retained water content (p > 0.05). The trend in cumulative infiltration influenced by various factors could be modeled by a capacitive charging model function, which yielded a superior fit. A negative correlation existed between the sensitivity index and all the influencing factors (p < 0.05), with the order of influence being soil bulk density, γ-PGA application rate, and γ-PGA burial depth, respectively. Utilizing the modified water balance equation, the ratio of cumulative infiltration to wetting front migration distance corresponded more closely with a power function. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further studies on the effects of γ-PGA on crop growth characteristics in fields and the optimization of γ-PGA technical element combinations.
Research on the Injection–Production Law and the Feasibility of Underground Natural Gas Storage in a Low-Permeability Acid-Containing Depleted Gas Reservoir
Authors: Xiang Jinyuan , Wei Tuo , Lv Fengqing , Shen Jie , Liu Hai , Zhao Xiaoliang , Sun Jiuzhi
Published: October 2024

Depleted gas reservoirs are important places for the rebuilding of gas-storage reservoirs. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing and operating such underground gas storage, a low-permeability gas-storage seepage model considering fracture development was developed and established. The model was solved using semi-analytical methods, and the pressure–response characteristics during natural gas injection were analyzed. The impact of gas injection volume on formation pressure has been clarified, and the calculation method for ultimate injection pressure has been determined. Additionally, through numerical simulation methods, the migration law of acidic gas during gas injection, the variation law of produced acidic gas concentration, and the main control factors affecting the concentration of the produced acidic gas were studied. Furthermore, measures to reduce the concentration of the acidic gas produced were proposed. Finally, injection and production plans were designed for typical depleted acidic gas reservoirs, simulating the operation of gas storage for 12 cycles. The results indicate that the quality of natural gas produced in the third cycle can meet the Class II standard for commercial natural gas. Through this study, the feasibility of constructing gas-storage facilities for acidic depleted gas reservoirs has been demonstrated, and injection and production strategies for this type of gas reservoir have been proposed.
Social Life Cycle Assessment of Cocoa Production: Evidence from Ivory Coast and Ghana
Authors: Vinci Giuliana , Ruggeri Marco , Gobbi Laura , Savastano Marco
Published: October 2024

Cocoa is a natural resource that plays a very important role globally, being one of the most produced and traded commodities. As a labour-intensive product and considering that its cultivation involves about 50 million people globally, it seems significant to explore its social sustainability. In light of this, this research aimed to map social risks within the cocoa supply chain from a life cycle perspective. Therefore, the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) was used, following the PSILCA database, considering the two most influential countries in its production, i.e., Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. The results showed that there could be a very high risk that more than half of the cocoa globally is produced through child labour and with wages too low to guarantee workers a decent living, returning incomes of $30–38/month. Forced labour is much less frequent than child labour, while cocoa from Ghana may induce a high risk of improper work, considering the 30.2 h per week worked by farmers. This is mainly due to the low association power of 10–16%, which reveals a high risk that workers may not organise themselves into trade unions. Finally, at 23–25%, there is also a very high risk of discrimination due to the high presence of migrant labour. Therefore, the S-LCA results showed that the cocoa industry is still characterised by socially unsustainable sourcing.
From Spectral Characteristics to Index Bands: Utilizing UAV Hyperspectral Index Optimization on Algorithms for Estimating Canopy Nitrogen Concentration in Carya Cathayensis Sarg
Authors: Feng Hailin , Zhou Tong , Wang Ketao , Huang Jianqin , Liang Hao , Lu Chenghao , Ruan Yaoping , Xu Liuchang
Published: October 2024

Employing drones and hyperspectral imagers for large-scale, precise evaluation of nitrogen (N) concentration in Carya cathayensis Sarg canopies is crucial for accurately managing nitrogen fertilization in C. cathayensis Sarg cultivation. This study gathered five sets of hyperspectral imagery data from C. cathayensis Sarg plantations across four distinct locations with varying environmental stresses using drones. The research assessed the canopy nitrogen concentration of C. cathayensis Sarg trees both during singular growth periods and throughout their entire growth cycles. The objective was to explore the influence of band combinations and spectral index formula configurations on the predictive capability of the hyperspectral indices (HIs) for canopy N concentration (CNC), optimize the performance between HIs and machine learning approaches, and validate the efficacy of optimized HI algorithms. The findings revealed the following: (i) Optimized HIs demonstrated optimal predictive performance during both singular growth periods and the full growth cycles of C. cathayensis Sarg. The most effective HI model for singular growth periods was the optimized–modified–normalized difference vegetation index (opt-mNDVI), achieving an adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.71. For the entire growth cycle, the HI model, also opt-mNDVI, attained an R2 of 0.75 and an RMSE of 2.11; (ii) optimized band combinations substantially enhanced HIs’ predictive performance by 16% to 71%, while the choice between three-band and two-band combinations influenced the predictive capacity of optimized HIs by 4% to 46%. Hence, utilizing optimized HIs combined with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral imaging to evaluate nitrogen concentration in C. cathayensis Sarg trees under complex field conditions offers significant practical value.
3D Surface Velocity Field Inferred from SAR Interferometry: Cerro Prieto Step-Over, Mexico, Case Study
Authors: Garcia-Meza Ignacio F. , González-Ortega J. Alejandro , Sarychikhina Olga , Fielding Eric J. , Samsonov Sergey
Published: October 2024

The Cerro Prieto basin, a tectonically active pull-apart basin, hosts significant geothermal resources currently being exploited in the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field (CPGF). Consequently, natural tectonic processes and anthropogenic activities contribute to three-dimensional surface displacements in this pull-apart basin. Here, we obtained the Cerro Prieto Step-Over 3D surface velocity field (3DSVF) by accomplishing a weighted least square algorithm inversion from geometrically quasi-orthogonal airborne UAVSAR and RADARSAT-2, Sentinel 1A satellite Synthetic Aperture-Radar (SAR) imagery collected from 2012 to 2016. The 3DSVF results show a vertical rate of 150 mm/yr and 40 mm/yr for the horizontal rate, where for the first time, the north component displacement is achieved by using only the Interferometric SAR time series in the CPGF. Data integration and validation between the 3DSVF and ground-based measurements such as continuous GPS time series and precise leveling data were achieved. Correlating the findings with recent geothermal energy production revealed a subsidence rate slowdown that aligns with the CPGF’s annual vapor production.
Assessment of FY-3E GNOS II Radio Occultation Data Using an Improved Three-Cornered Hat Method
Authors: Liang Jiahui , Liu Congliang , Wang Xi , Meng Xiangguang , Sun Yueqiang , Liao Mi , Hu Xiuqing , Lu Wenqiang , Wang Jinsong , Zhang Peng , Yang Guanglin , Xu Na , Bai Weihua , Du Qifei , Hu Peng , Tan Guangyuan , Wang Xianyi , Xia Junming , Huang Feixiong , Yin Cong , Cai Yuerong , Li Peixian
Published: October 2024

The spatial–temporal sampling errors arising from the differences in geographical locations and measurement times between co-located Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) and radiosonde (RS) data represent systematic errors in the three-cornered hat (3CH) method. In this study, we propose a novel spatial–temporal sampling correction method to mitigate the sampling errors associated with both RO–RS and RS–model pairs. We analyze the 3CH processing chain with this new correction method in comparison to traditional approaches, utilizing Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) GNSS Occultation Sounder II (GNOS II) RO data, atmospheric models, and RS datasets from the Hailar and Xisha stations. Overall, the results demonstrate that the improved 3CH method performs better in terms of spatial–temporal sampling errors and the variances of atmospheric parameters, including refractivity, temperature, and specific humidity. Subsequently, we assess the error variances of the FY-3E GNOS II RO, RS and model atmospheric parameters in China, in particular the northern China and southern China regions, based on large ensemble datasets using the improved 3CH data processing chain. The results indicate that the FY-3E GNOS II BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) RO and Global Positioning System (GPS) RO show good consistency, with the average error variances of refractivity, temperature, and specific humidity being less than 1.12%2, 0.13%2, and 700%2, respectively. A comparison of the datasets from northern and southern China reveals that the error variances for refractivity are smaller in northern China, while temperature and specific humidity exhibit smaller error variances in southern China, which is attributable to the differing climatic conditions.
Evaluation of Boundary Layer Characteristics at Mount Si’e Based on UAV and Lidar Data
Authors: Dang Jiantao , Xie Xinrui , Wen Xiaohang
Published: October 2024

The atmospheric boundary layer is a crucial transitional region connecting the surface with the free atmosphere, playing a bridging role in land-sea-air interactions and the interactions between different atmospheric layers. This study utilizes rotary-wing UAVs, high-resolution lidar, and WRF simulation data to analyze the vertical distribution characteristics of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction boundary layer over the Mount Si’e region in 4–6 April 2024. The results indicate that the boundary layer temperature decreases with increasing altitude, reaching up to 18°C, while humidity decreases with height, dropping to as low as 35%. Daytime wind speeds range from 4 to 8 m/s, decreasing to 2 to 4 m/s at night. The boundary layer height can reach up to 900 m during the day and drops to 100–200 m at night, showing distinct diurnal variation characteristics. UAV observations are in good agreement with lidar and WRF simulation results, highlighting the application value of UAVs in high temporal and spatial resolution boundary layer studies. The study also reveals the significant impact of complex terrain on boundary layer characteristics, providing scientific insights into the dynamic and thermal processes of the boundary layer and offering reference value for improving regional weather forecasting and numerical simulations.
A Review of Satellite-Based CO2 Data Reconstruction Studies: Methodologies, Challenges, and Advances
Authors: Hu Kai , Liu Ziran , Shao Pengfei , Ma Keyu , Xu Yao , Wang Shiqian , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Han , Di Li , Xia Min , Zhang Youke
Published: October 2024

Carbon dioxide is one of the most influential greenhouse gases affecting human life. CO2 data can be obtained through three methods: ground-based, airborne, and satellite-based observations. However, ground-based monitoring is typically composed of sparsely distributed stations, while airborne monitoring has limited coverage and spatial resolution; they cannot fully reflect the spatiotemporal distribution of CO2. Satellite remote sensing plays a crucial role in monitoring the global distribution of atmospheric CO2, offering high observation accuracy and wide coverage. However, satellite remote sensing still faces spatiotemporal constraints, such as interference from clouds (or aerosols) and limitations from satellite orbits, which can lead to significant data loss. Therefore, the reconstruction of satellite-based CO2 data becomes particularly important. This article summarizes methods for the reconstruction of satellite-based CO2 data, including interpolation, data fusion, and super-resolution reconstruction techniques, and their advantages and disadvantages, it also provides a comprehensive overview of the classification and applications of super-resolution reconstruction techniques. Finally, the article offers future perspectives, suggesting that ideas like image super-resolution reconstruction represent the future trend in the field of satellite-based CO2 data reconstruction.
Dual-Feature Fusion Learning: An Acoustic Signal Recognition Method for Marine Mammals
Authors: Lü Zhichao , Shi Yaqian , Lü Liangang , Han Dongyue , Wang Zhengkai , Yu Fei
Published: October 2024

Marine mammal acoustic signal recognition is a key technology for species conservation and ecological environment monitoring. Aiming at the complex and changing marine environment, and because the traditional recognition method based on a single feature input has the problems of poor environmental adaptability and low recognition accuracy, this paper proposes a dual-feature fusion learning method. First, dual-domain feature extraction is performed on marine mammal acoustic signals to overcome the limitations of single feature input methods by interacting feature information between the time-frequency domain and the Delay-Doppler domain. Second, this paper constructs a dual-feature fusion learning target recognition model, which improves the generalization ability and robustness of mammal acoustic signal recognition in complex marine environments. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the dual-feature fusion learning target recognition model are verified in this study by using the acoustic datasets of three marine mammals, namely, the Fraser’s Dolphin, the Spinner Dolphin, and the Long-Finned Pilot Whale. The dual-feature fusion learning target recognition model improved the accuracy of the training set by 3% to 6% and 20% to 23%, and the accuracy of the test set by 1% to 3% and 25% to 38%, respectively, compared to the model that used the time-frequency domain features and the Delay-Doppler domain features alone for recognition.
GASSF-Net: Geometric Algebra Based Spectral-Spatial Hierarchical Fusion Network for Hyperspectral and LiDAR Image Classification
Authors: Wang Rui , Ye Xiaoxi , Huang Yao , Ju Ming , Xiang Wei
Published: October 2024

The field of multi-source remote sensing observation is becoming increasingly dynamic through the integration of various remote sensing data sources. However, existing deep learning methods face challenges in differentiating between internal and external relationships and capturing fine spatial features. These models often struggle to effectively capture comprehensive information across remote sensing data bands, and they have inherent differences in the size, structure, and physical properties of different remote sensing datasets. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel geometric-algebra-based spectral–spatial hierarchical fusion network (GASSF-Net), which uses geometric algebra for the first time to process multi-source remote sensing images, enabling a more holistic approach to handling these images by simultaneously leveraging the real and imaginary components of geometric algebra to express structural information. This method captures the internal and external relationships between remote sensing image features and spatial information, effectively fusing the features of different remote sensing data to improve classification accuracy. GASSF-Net uses geometric algebra (GA) to represent pixels from different bands as multivectors, thus capturing the intrinsic relationships between spectral bands while preserving spatial information. The network begins by deeply mining the spectral–spatial features of a hyperspectral image (HSI) using pairwise covariance operators. These features are then extracted through two branches: a geometric-algebra-based branch and a real-valued network branch. Additionally, the geometric-algebra-based network extracts spatial information from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to complement the elevation data lacking in the HSI. Finally, a genetic-algorithm-based cross-fusion module is introduced to fuse the HSI and LiDAR data for improved classification. Experiments conducted on three well-known datasets, Trento, MUUFL, and Houston, demonstrate that GASSF-Net significantly outperforms traditional methods in terms of classification accuracy and model efficiency.
Characteristics and Tectonic Implications of the Geomorphic Indices of the Watersheds Around the Lijiang–Jinpingshan Fault
Authors: Chen Yongqi , Ding Rui , Zhang Shimin , Jiang Dawei , Li Luyao , Hua Diwei
Published: October 2024

The Lijiang–Jinpingshan fault (LJF) is an important secondary boundary fault that obliquely cuts the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombic block. It is of great significance for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombic block and even the southeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Based on a digital elevation model (DEM), this work combines ArcGIS with MATLAB script programs to extract geomorphic indices including slope, the relief degree of the land surface (RDLS), hypsometric integral (HI), and channel steepness index (ksn) of 593 sub–watersheds and strip terrain profiles around the LJF. By analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of the geomorphic indices and combining the regional lithology and precipitation conditions, the spatial distribution of the geomorphic indices around the study area was analyzed to reveal the implications of the LJF’s activity. The results of this work indicate that (1) the distribution of geomorphic indices around the LJF may not be controlled by climate and lithological conditions, and the LJF is the dominant factor controlling the geomorphic evolution of the region. (2) The spatial distribution patterns of geomorphic indices and strip terrain profiles reveal that the vertical movement of the LJF resulted in a pronounced uplift on its northwest side, with tectonic activity gradually diminishing from northeast to southwest. Furthermore, based on the spatial distribution characteristics of these geomorphic indices, the activity intensity of the LJF can be categorized into four distinct segments: Jianchuan–Lijiang, Lijiang–Ninglang, Ninglang–Muli, and Muli–Shimian. (3) The activity of the LJF obtained from tectonic geomorphology is consistent with the conclusions obtained in previous geological and geodesic studies. This work provides evidence of the activity and segmentation of the LJF in tectonic geomorphology. The results provide insight for the discussion of tectonic deformation and earthquake disaster mechanisms in the southeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau.
Pre-Detection and Pre-Registration Averaging of Full Wave Signals in Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry
Authors: Schwarz Roland , Pfennigbauer Martin
Published: October 2024

A well-known technique to enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of repetitive signals is to average them. The coherent parts of the signal add up constructively while the incoherent parts are averaged out. The prerequisite is that the signals are acquired under conditions of high repeatability, i.e., the signals must be sufficiently similar. In the present technical note, we describe an efficient method for maintaining signal similarity by ensuring spatial and temporal proximity of laser waveform signals obtained by a sensor operated from an airborne platform. The method makes use of a few auxiliary parameters such as laser pulse repetition rate, mirror rotation rate, platform altitude and flight speed. The method can be extended to be operated in real time.
Artistic Interventions in Urban Renewal: Exploring the Social Impact and Contribution of Public Art to Sustainable Urban Development Goals
Authors: Zhou Yun , Sanz-Hernández Alexia , Hernández-Muñoz Silvia María
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to explore the multiple roles of public art in urban renewal and sustainable development goals, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, with an emphasis on community engagement and the application of theoretical frameworks. Through a detailed analysis of public art projects in Teruel, Spain, and Chengdu, China, this study shows how public art plays an important role in enhancing cultural values, promoting social inclusion, and driving economic growth. Qualitative methods such as interviews and content analysis were used to gain in-depth insights into the views and experiences of artists, urban planners, policymakers, and community members. At the same time, quantitative methods such as questionnaires and spatial analysis were used to assess the specific impacts of public art on urban beautification, social inclusion, and economic growth.
Exploring the Relationship between Decision-Making Styles and Emotion Regulation: A Study of Police Officials in Portuguese Public Security
Authors: Carvalho Carla , Pinto Ana , Pinedo Beatriz , Oliveira Soraia , Gondim Sonia Maria Guedes , Carlotto Mary Sandra , Coelho de Moura Rui
Published: October 2024

In public security policing, where pressure is constant, effective decision-making and emotion regulation are critical, especially for leaders. These processes significantly impact upon work results, performance, officials’ health, employee well-being, and the organizational environment. This study aims to broaden the understanding of decision-making styles and emotion-regulation strategies used by police officials in the Portuguese Public Security Police (PSP). We surveyed 138 Portuguese high-ranking police officials using two self-response questionnaires, namely the Emotion Regulation in the Workplace (ReTrab) and the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ), both translated, adapted, and validated for the Portuguese police context. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, followed by correlations to explore the relationship between emotion-regulation strategies and decision-making styles. Finally, through a regression analysis, the potential impact of this relationship was assessed. The results reveal that specific emotion-regulation strategies, except for adaptive ones, significantly influence and modify the decision-making styles of PSP officials. Dysfunctional and maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies lead to less adaptive decision-making styles, while functional strategies promote more adaptive styles. These findings have theoretical and practical implications, offering valuable insights for targeted training programs and interventions in the law-enforcement sector, benefiting the police personnel, the communities they serve, and public perceptions about police.
Decision Analysis Algorithm Using Frank Aggregation in the SWARA Framework with p,qRung Orthopair Fuzzy Information
Authors: Ali Jawad , Abdallah Suhad Ali Osman , Abd EL-Gawaad N. S.
Published: October 2024

The present study introduces an innovative approach to multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) aimed at handling decision analysis involving p,qrung orthopair fuzzy (p,qROF) data, where the criteria weights are completely unknown. To achieve this objective, we formulate generalized operational rules referred to as Frank operational rules, tailored for p,qROF numbers (p,qROFNs) utilizing the Frank t-norm and t-conorm. With these newly devised operations as a foundation, we create a variety of p,qROF aggregation operators (AOs) to effectively aggregate p,qROF information. Furthermore, we examine specific instances of these operators and rigorously establish their desirable properties, including idempotency, monotonicity, boundedness, and symmetry. Subsequently, we adapt the SWARA technique to the realm of p,qROF fuzzy data and this adapted technique becomes instrumental in determining criteria weights within the proposed MCDM framework centered around proposed AOs. We furnish a descriptive example to exemplify the practicality of the developed approach. Lastly, the effectiveness and soundness of our approach are underscored through both parameter analysis and a comparative evaluation.