bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association of serologically documented maternal thyroid conditions during pregnancy with bipolar disorder in offspring
Authors: Spann Marisa N. , Cheslack‐Postava Keely , Brown Alan S.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Higher rates of thyroid conditions are reported in individuals with bipolar disorder. However, no study to date has considered whether maternal thyroid conditions during pregnancy are associated with offspring risk of bipolar disorder, even though the fetus exclusively relies on maternal thyroid hormones through the early second trimester. We therefore examined the association between offspring bipolar disorder and serologically documented maternal thyroid conditions.

Methods

The study was based on a nested case‐control design that utilized data from the Child Health and Development Study, a birth cohort that enrolled pregnant women from 1959 to 1966. Eighty‐five cases with DSM‐IV‐TR were ascertained and matched to controls (1:2) by date of birth, sex, gestational timing of the serum draws, and residence in Alameda County the first year receiving treatment. Archived prenatal maternal serum drawn during early to mid‐gestation was used to measure two thyroid hormones, free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Subclinical and clinical hypothyroxinemia, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism were determined based on standard methods.

Results

Exposure to maternal hypothyroxinemia was associated with a five‐fold increased risk of offspring bipolar disorder with psychotic features, but not without psychotic features. In stratified analysis, female offspring demonstrated increased risk for bipolar disorder with exposure to maternal hypothyroxinemia. No significant association was found between maternal hypothyroidism and offspring bipolar disorder.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that prenatal thyroid hormone deficiency, particularly a thyroid condition marked by low levels of thyroxine, may be an important developmental mechanism related to the risk of bipolar disorder with psychotic features.
Responsibility and the limits of patient choice
Authors: Davies Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Patients are generally assumed to have the right to choices about treatment, including the right to refuse treatment, which is constrained by considerations of cost‐effectiveness. Independently, many people support the idea that patients who are responsible for their ill health should incur penalties that non‐responsible patients do not face. Surprisingly, these two areas have not received much joint attention. This paper considers whether restricting the scope of responsibility to pre‐treatment decisions can be justified, or whether a demand to hold people responsible for 'usual suspect' choices such as smoking or failure to exercise commits us to also holding people responsible for their treatment choices. I argue that there is no good reason to support this restriction: those who advocate responsibility for (some) pre‐treatment choices should also advocate responsibility for (some) treatment choices. However, I also note that, as with pre‐treatment choices, patients may sometimes have reason to choose in ways that do not optimize their health. As such, I also consider a process, based on the idea of public reasons, for deciding which treatment choices patients cannot legitimately be held responsible for, along with a method for considering proposed changes to this category.
Effects of a mirror on young children’s transgression in a gift‐delay task
Authors: Martin Dorothea Ulrike , Perry Conrad , Kaufman Jordy
Published: November 2019

While the development of self‐recognition in a mirror by toddlers is well documented, less is known about how the presence of a mirror affects young children’s behaviour. Here, we explored how the presence of a mirror affected 2.5‐ to 3.5‐year‐olds’ behaviour in a gift‐delay task. Behaviour was assessed for a five‐minute test period during which children sat in front of a gift bag that was not to be touched until an experimenter returned. Transgressive behaviour by adults is reduced in the presence of a mirror, so we hypothesized that children faced with a mirror would be less likely to touch the gift than children tested without a mirror. We found that the mirror reduced transgressions in children starting from around 3 years of age. We conclude that the presence of a mirror facilitated self‐monitoring in 3‐year‐old children, such that deviations from a behavioural standard are noticed and corrected immediately.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on the subject?

Children’s self‐recognition in a mirror has been well documented.

Adults’ behaviour can be affected by the presence of a mirror.

There is a lack of research investigating how the presence of a mirror affects young children’s behaviour.

What does this study add?

We show that the presence of a mirror decreases young children’s likelihood to transgress in a gift‐delay task.

This effect appears to emerge at around three years of age.

These findings raise interesting questions regarding the development of self‐awareness and how it relates to other mechanisms.
Do patients with Stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease benefit from ischaemia‐sparing techniques during partial nephrectomy?
Authors: Beksac Alp Tuna , Okhawere Kennedy E. , Rosen Daniel C. , Elbakry Amr , Dayal Bheesham D. , Daza Jorge , Sfakianos John P. , Ronney Abaza , Eun Daniel D. , Bhandari Akshay , Hemal Ashok K. , Porter James , Stifelman Michael D. , Badani Ketan K.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To analyse whether selective arterial clamping (SAC) and off‐clamp (OC) techniques during robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN) are associated with a renal functional benefit in patients with Stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Patients and methods

The change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time was compared between 462 patients with baseline CKD 3–5 that underwent RPN with main arterial clamping (MAC) (n = 375, 81.2%), SAC (n = 48, 10.4%) or OC (n = 39, 8.4%) using a multivariable linear mixed‐effects model. All follow‐up eGFRs, including baseline and follow‐up between 3 and 24 months, were included in the model for analysis. The median follow‐up was 12.0 months (interquartile range 6.7–16.5; range 3.0–24.0 months).

Results

In the multivariable linear mixed‐effects model adjusting for characteristics including tumour size and the R.E.N.A.L. (Radius; Exophytic/Endophytic; Nearness; Anterior/Posterior; Location) Nephrometry Score, the change in eGFR over time was not significantly different between SAC and MAC RPN (β = −1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] −5.45, 3.06; P = 0.582) and OC and MAC RPN (β = −1.57, 95% CI −5.21, 2.08; P = 0.400). Only 20 (15 MAC, two SAC, three OC) patients overall had progression of their CKD stage at last follow‐up. The mean ischaemia time was 17 min for MAC and 15 min for SAC. There was no benefit to SAC or OC in terms of blood loss, perioperative complications, length of stay, or surgical margins.

Conclusion

SAC and OC techniques during RPN were not associated with benefit in preservation of eGFR in patients with baseline CKD.
External validation of novel magnetic resonance imaging‐based models for prostate cancer prediction
Authors: Püllen Lukas , Radtke Jan P. , Wiesenfarth Manuel , Roobol Monique J. , Verbeek Jan F.M. , Wetter Axel , Guberina Nika , Pandey Abhishek , Hüttenbrink Clemens , Tschirdewahn Stephan , Pahernik Sascha , Hadaschik Boris A. , Distler Florian A.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To validate, in an external cohort, three novel risk models, including the recently updated European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) risk calculator, that combine multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and clinical variables to predict clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa).

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analysed 307 men who underwent mpMRI prior to transperineal ultrasound fusion biopsy between October 2015 and July 2018 at two German centres. mpMRI was rated by Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) v2.0 and clinically significant PCa was defined as International Society of Urological Pathology Gleason grade group ≥2. The prediction performance of the three models (MRI‐ERSPC‐3/4, and two risk models published by Radtke et al. and Distler et al., ModRad and ModDis) were compared using receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, with area under the ROC curve (AUC), calibration curve analyses and decision curves used to assess net benefit.

Results

The AUCs of the three novel models (MRI‐ERSPC‐3/4, ModRad and ModDis) were 0.82, 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. Calibration curve analyses showed the best intercept for MRI‐ERSPC‐3 and ‐4 of 0.35 and 0.76. Net benefit analyses indicated clear benefit of the MRI‐ERSPC‐3/4 risk models compared with the other two validated models. The MRI‐ERSPC‐3/4 risk models demonstrated a discrimination benefit for a risk threshold of up to 15% for clinically significant PCa as compared to the other risk models.

Conclusion

In our external validation of three novel prostate cancer risk models, which incorporate mpMRI findings, a head‐to‐head comparison indicated that the MRI‐ERSPC‐3/4 risk model in particular could help to reduce unnecessary biopsies.
Inactivation of Cys674 in SERCA2 increases BP by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and soluble epoxide hydrolase
Authors: Liu Gang , Wu Fuhua , Jiang Xiaoli , Que Yumei , Qin Zhexue , Hu Pingping , Lee Kin Sing Stephen , Yang Jian , Zeng Chunyu , Hammock Bruce D. , Tong Xiaoyong
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose

The kidney is essential in regulating sodium homeostasis and BP. The irreversible oxidation of Cys674 (C674) in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) is increased in the renal cortex of hypertensive mice. Whether inactivation of C674 promotes hypertension is unclear. Here we have investigated the effects on BP of the inactivation of C674, and its role in the kidney.

Experimental Approach

We used heterozygous SERCA2 C674S knock‐in (SKI) mice, where half of C674 was substituted by serine, to represent partial irreversible oxidation of C674. The BP, urine volume, and urine composition of SKI mice and their littermate wild‐type (WT) mice were measured. The kidneys were collected for cell culture, Na+/K+‐ATPase activity, protein expression, and immunohistological analysis.

Key Results

Compared with WT mice, SKI mice had higher BP, lower urine volume and sodium excretion, up‐regulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and down‐regulated dopamine D1 receptors in renal cortex and cells from renal proximal tubule. ER stress and sEH were mutually regulated, and both upstream of D1 receptors. Inhibition of ER stress or sEH up‐regulated expression of D1 receptors, decreased the activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase, increased sodium excretion, and lowered BP in SKI mice.

Conclusions and Implications

The inactivation of SERCA2 C674 promotes the development of hypertension by inducing ER stress and sEH. Our study highlights the importance of C674 redox status in BP control and the contribution of SERCA2 to sodium homeostasis and BP in the kidney.
GTF2IRD1 on chromosome 7 is a novel oncogene regulating the tumor‐suppressor gene TGFβR2 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Nambara Sho , Masuda Takaaki , Kobayashi Yuta , Sato Kuniaki , Tobo Taro , Koike Kensuke , Noda Miwa , Ogawa Yushi , Kuroda Yousuke , Ito Shuhei , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Sugimachi Keishi , Mimori Koshi
Published: November 2019

Chromosome 7q (Ch.7q) is clonally amplified in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to identify oncogenes on Ch.7q that are overexpressed through DNA copy number amplification and determine the biological and clinical significance of these oncogenes in CRC. We identified general transcription factor 2I repeat domain‐containing protein 1 (GTF2IRD1) as a potential oncogene using a CRC dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas with a bioinformatics approach. We measured the expression of GTF2IRD1 in 98 patients with CRC using immunohistochemistry and RT‐quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). The biological effects of GTF2IRD1 expression were explored by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Next, we undertook in vitro cell proliferation and cell cycle assays using siGTF2IRD1‐transfected CRC cells. We further investigated the oncogenic mechanisms through which GTF2IRD1 promoted CRC progression. Finally, we assessed the clinical significance of GTF2IRD1 expression by RT‐qPCR. GTF2IRD1 was overexpressed in tumor cells and liver metastatic lesions. The GSEA revealed a positive correlation between GTF2IRD1 expression and cell cycle progression‐related genes. GTF2IRD1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in Smad4‐mutated CRC. GTF2IRD1 downregulated the expression of the gene encoding transforming growth factor β receptor 2 (TGFβR2), a tumor‐suppressor gene in Smad4‐mutated CRC. On multivariate analysis, high GTF2IRD1 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor. Clinicopathological analysis showed that GTF2IRD1 expression was positively correlated with liver metastasis. In conclusion, GTF2IRD1 promoted CRC progression by downregulating TGFβR2 and could be a prognostic biomarker on Ch.7q in CRC. GTF2IRD1 could also be a novel oncogene in CRC.
Use of resonance frequency analysis to evaluate the effects of surface properties on the stability of different implants
Authors: Gursoytrak Burcu , Ataoglu Hanife
Published: November 2019

Objectives

We performed a randomized clinical study evaluating the stability of implants with different surfaces (alkali‐modified or sandblasted) via resonance frequency analysis (RFA).

Materials and Methods

Fourteen patients who were bilaterally edentulous in terms of their mandibular molars were enrolled. Implants with alkali‐modified (bioactive) and sandblasted surfaces were randomly placed in either hemi‐arch; the 50 implants used were identical in terms of diameter and length. RFA was used to measure the implant stability quotient (ISQ) immediately after placement (to assess primary stability) and 2, 6, and 12 weeks later.

Results

The average RFA value for alkali‐modified implants was significantly higher than that for sandblasted implants immediately after implantation, but the ISQs fell rapidly and were similar in the two groups at 2 and 6 weeks (p > .05); ISQ values were the same in the two groups at 3 months (p > .05).

Conclusions

Implants with alkali‐modified surfaces were more stable than implants with sandblasted surfaces at all times after placement. The ISQs of bioactive implants exhibiting high‐level primary stability fell to greater extents than did those of implants with sandblasted surfaces at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively; both types of implant yielded similar clinical results at 12 weeks postoperatively.
LncRNA SNHG15: A new budding star in human cancers
Authors: Shuai You , Ma Zhonghua , Lu Jianwei , Feng Jifeng
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent an important group of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with more than 200 nucleotides in length that are transcribed from the so‐called genomic “dark matter.” Mounting evidence has shown that lncRNAs have manifested a paramount function in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers. Despite the exponential growth in lncRNA publications, our understanding of regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs is still limited, and a lot of controversies remain in the current lncRNA knowledge.The purpose of this article is to explore the clinical significance and molecular mechanism of SNHG15 in tumors.

Materials & Methods

We have systematically searched the Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases. We provide an overview of current evidence concerning the functional role, mechanistic models and clinical utilities of SNHG15 in human cancers in this review.

Results

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15), a novel lncRNA, is identified as a key regulator in tumorigenesis and progression of various human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), pancreatic cancer (PC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dysregulation of SNHG15 has been revealed to be dramatically correlated with advanced clinicopathological factors and predicts poor prognosis, suggesting its potential clinical value as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer patients.

Conclusions

LncRNA SNHG15 may serve as a prospective and novel biomarker for molecular diagnosis and therapeutics in patients with cancer.
The clinical characteristics and prognosis of ABPA are closely related to the mucus plugs in central bronchiectasis
Authors: Lu Hai‐Wen , Mao Bei , Wei Ping , Jiang Sen , Wang Hong , Li Cheng‐Wei , Ji Xiao‐Bing , Gu Shu‐Yi , Yang Jia‐Wei , Liang Shuo , Cheng Ke‐Bin , Bai Jiu‐Wu , Cao Wei‐Jun , Jia Xin‐Ming , Xu Jin‐Fu
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The characteristics of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) based on its radiological classification is still unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the clinical significances of ABPA patients with central bronchiectasis (ABPA‐CB) by different radiological classifications of mucus plugs.

Methods

ABPA‐CB patients from a pulmonary hospital between 2008 and 2015 were retrospectively included and analysed. According to the chest imaging in their first visit to physician, the ABPA‐CB patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of high‐attenuation mucus (HAM) or low‐attenuation mucus (LAM). The primary endpoint was ABPA relapse within 1 year since the glucocorticoid withdrawal. The relationship between the imaging findings and the clinical prognosis was illuminated.

Results

A total of 125 ABPA patients were analysed in this study. Compared to the LAM group, the HAM group presented higher blood eosinophil cells counts, higher rates of Aspergillus detection isolated in sputum and expectoration of brownish‐black mucus plugs, more affected lobes and segments, poorer pulmonary function and higher rate of relapse.

Conclusions

The clinical characteristics and prognosis of ABPA‐CB patients are closely related to its radiological phenotype of mucus plugs in the central bronchiectasis. Clinicians should promote a diversity of personalized treatments for different patients with different radiological characteristics.
“The First Step Is to Bring It Into Our Hands:” Wild Seed Conservation, the Stewardship of Species Survival, and Gardening the Anthropocene at the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
Authors: Lewis‐Jones Kay E.
Published: November 2019

Conserving wild plant seeds at the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (MSBP) provides insurance by facilitating the reintroduction of threatened species. However, seed bank collections also provide an easily accessible resource for research into innovative conservation approaches and the adaptive management of natural resources and landscapes. In this regard, the MSBP corresponds with an emerging body of practice dubbed “New Conservation” that responds to the environmental implications of the Anthropocene and introduces the prospect of “gardening” nature. By examining the attitudes expressed by seed bank staff in the UK and United States. This article illustrates their awareness of the tension between the need to mitigate species extinction and the anthropocentrically governed, or gardened, form that the species’ survival might subsequently take. Those within the MSBP were often thoughtfully engaged with the ideological questions their practice raises. However, external expectations of what seed bank collections facilitate, such as those of funders, will also impact how these collections are used. These expectations present selective pressures that risk limiting and thus filtering which species are reintroduced from the bank and the form in which their place in the world is forged.
Biogeography and conservation status of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae)
Authors: Zizka Alexander , Azevedo Josue , Leme Elton , Neves Beatriz , da Costa Andrea Ferreira , Caceres Daniel , Zizka Georg
Published: November 2019

Aim

To provide distribution information and preliminary conservation assessments for all species of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), one of the most diverse and ecologically important plant groups of the American tropics—a global biodiversity hotspot. Furthermore, we aim to analyse patterns of diversity, endemism and the conservation status of the Bromeliaceae on the continental level in the light of their evolutionary history.

Location

The Americas.

Methods

We compiled a dataset of occurrence records for 3,272 bromeliad species (93.4% of the family) and modelled their geographic distribution using either climate‐based species distribution models, convex hulls or geographic buffers dependent on the number of occurrences available. We then combined this data with information on taxonomy and used the ConR software for a preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all species following Criterion B of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Results

Our results stress the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil, the Andean slopes, Central America and the Guiana Highlands as centres of bromeliad diversity and endemism. Phylogenetically ancient subfamilies of bromeliads are centred in the Guiana highlands whereas the large radiations of the group spread across different habitats and large geographic area. A total of 81% of the evaluated bromeliad species are Possibly Threatened with extinction. We provide range polygons for 3,272 species, as well as newly georeferenced point localities for 911 species in the novel “bromeliad” r package, together with functions to generate diversity maps for individual taxonomic or functional groups.

Main conclusions

Diversity centres of the Bromeliaceae agreed with macroecological patterns of other plant and animal groups, but show some particular patterns related to the evolutionary origin of the family, especially ancient dispersal corridors. A staggering 2/3rds of Bromeliaceae species might be threatened with extinction, especially so in tropical rain forests, raising concerns about the conservation of the family and bromeliad‐dependent animal species.
Novel approach to training novices in endoscopic submucosal dissection: The Master‐Apprentice Technique
Authors: Nomura Tatsuma , Miura Yoshimasa , Yamamoto Hironori
Published: November 2019

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Blue laser imaging and linked color imaging improve the color difference value and visibility of colorectal polyps in underwater conditions
Authors: Yamasaki Yasushi , Harada Keita , Yamamoto Shumpei , Yasutomi Eriko , Okanoue Shotaro , Hirai Mami , Oka Shohei , Obayashi Yuka , Sakae Hiroyuki , Hamada Kenta , Inokuchi Toshihiro , Kinugasa Hideaki , Sugihara Yuusaku , Takahara Masahiro , Tanaka Takehiro , Hiraoka Sakiko , Kawahara Yoshiro , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: November 2019

Background and Aim

Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) has become widespread for treating colorectal polyps. However, which observational mode is best suited for determining polyp margins underwater remains unclear. To determine the best mode, we analyzed three imaging modes: white light imaging (WLI), blue laser imaging (BLI) and linked color imaging (LCI).

Methods

Images of consecutive colorectal polyps previously examined by these three modes before UEMR were analyzed according to the degree of underwater turbidity (transparent or cloudy). Color differences between the polyps and their surroundings were calculated using the Commission Internationale d’Eclairage Lab color space in which 3‐D color parameters were expressed. Eight evaluators, who were blinded to the histology, scored the visibility from one (undetectable) to four (easily detectable) in both underwater conditions. The color differences and visibility scores were compared.

Results

Seventy‐three polyps were evaluated. Sixty‐one polyps (44 adenomatous, 17 serrated) were observed under transparent conditions, and 12 polyps (seven adenomatous, five serrated) were observed under cloudy conditions. Under transparent conditions, color differences for the BLI (8.5) and LCI (7.9) were significantly higher than that of WLI (5.7; P < 0.001). Visibility scores for BLI (3.6) and LCI (3.4) were also higher than that of WLI (3.1; P < 0.0001). Under cloudy conditions, visibility scores for LCI (2.9) and WLI (2.7) were significantly higher than that of BLI (2.2; P < 0.0001 and P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusions

BLI and LCI were better observational modes in transparent water; however, BLI was unsuitable for cloudy conditions.
Predicting educational achievement from genomic measures and socioeconomic status
Authors: von Stumm Sophie , Smith‐Woolley Emily , Ayorech Ziada , McMillan Andrew , Rimfeld Kaili , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert
Published: November 2019

The two best predictors of children's educational achievement available from birth are parents’ socioeconomic status (SES) and, recently, children's inherited DNA differences that can be aggregated in genome‐wide polygenic scores (GPS). Here, we chart for the first time the developmental interplay between these two predictors of educational achievement at ages 7, 11, 14 and 16 in a sample of almost 5,000 UK school children. We show that the prediction of educational achievement from both GPS and SES increases steadily throughout the school years. Using latent growth curve models, we find that GPS and SES not only predict educational achievement in the first grade but they also account for systematic changes in achievement across the school years. At the end of compulsory education at age 16, GPS and SES, respectively, predict 14% and 23% of the variance of educational achievement. Analyses of the extremes of GPS and SES highlight their influence and interplay: In children who have high GPS and come from high SES families, 77% go to university, whereas 21% of children with low GPS and from low SES backgrounds attend university. We find that the associations of GPS and SES with educational achievement are primarily additive, suggesting that their joint influence is particularly dramatic for children at the extreme ends of the distribution.
Trump, Kierkegaard, and a nation divided
Authors: Thompson Curtis L.
Published: November 2019

This article depicts the United States as a nation divided, as it suffers from two major deficiencies: in societal income equality and in individual formation of selves. It offers reflections on how Søren Kierkegaard's writings and those of Kierkegaard‐world are a resource for critiquing Donald Trump and addressing the disruption and divisiveness he and Trump‐world are bringing to America's national life. Contours of a theological ethic focusing on the formation of ethical selves are delineated and examples of practicing resurrection are given.
Use of echocardiography as an essential tool for targeted transcatheter biopsy of cardiac masses
Authors: Prejean Shane P. , Ahmed Mohamed K. , Salama Ahmed Y. , Akdogan Raziye E. , Hull Matthew S. , Watts T. Evan , Abu Daya Hussein , Bajaj Navkaranbir , Nanda Navin C. , Ahmed Mustafa , Von Mering Gregory
Published: November 2019

Echocardiography has emerged as an essential tool to guide targeted, transcatheter biopsy of cardiac masses. Options for imaging include transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography and intracardiac echocardiography, with appropriate use being dictated by specific patient characteristics and institutional experience. The authors present a case of three‐dimensional (3‐D) transesophageal echocardiography‐guided transcatheter biopsy of a right ventricular mass and review the current use of echocardiography to guide these procedures.
Common carotid artery kinking is a predictor of cardiovascular events: A long‐term follow‐up study using carotid ultrasonography
Authors: Iwai‐Takano Masumi , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Ohira Tetsuya
Published: November 2019

Background

Kinking of the internal carotid artery is a cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. However, it remains unclear as to whether kinking of the common carotid artery (CCA) can also predict CV events. We conducted a long‐term follow‐up study to examine whether CCA kinking as assessed by carotid ultrasonography is a predictor of CV events in asymptomatic patients with CV risk factors.

Methods

We enrolled 598 patients (mean age, 66.8 ± 11.8 years) who were divided into two groups according to CCA kinking severity: kinking of 0–29° (Group I); and kinking at ≥30° (Group II). We assessed whether CCA kinking predicts CV events during follow‐up.

Results

A total of 91 CV events were observed during the follow‐up period (median, 124 months). Hypertension (P < .0001), prior CV events (P < .0001), CCA kinking (P < .0001), intima‐media thickness (P < .0001), and max plaque score (P < .0001) were significantly higher in patients with CV events than those without. The age‐adjusted hazard ratio of CCA kinking for CV events was 3.42 (95% CI: 2.2–5.3) in Group II compared to Group I. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that CCA kinking (HR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.97–4.67), prior CV events (HR: 2.53 95% CI: 1.604.00), hypertension (HR: 2.19 95% CI: 1.17–4.57), and age (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.07) were independent predictors of CV events.

Conclusion

CCA kinking is a powerful independent predictor of CV events in asymptomatic patients with CV risk factors.
“An imprisoned heart” arrested by pillory of calcified ring surrounding both ventricles: An extremely rare case of constrictive pericarditis
Authors: Sumimoto Keiko , Matsumoto Kensuke , Izawa Yu , Mori Shunpei , Tanaka Hidekazu , Hirata Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2019

We report the case of a 63‐year‐old man who was admitted to our hospital due to progressive dyspnea and leg edema. Echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography revealed localized severe pericardial calcification surrounding the basal segments of both ventricles, which caused pericardial constriction. Right heart catheter examination confirmed typical hemodynamic findings of constrictive pericarditis and subsequently led to the definite diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. We experienced a rare case of localized constrictive pericarditis caused by the thickened and calcified pericardial ring. Non‐invasive and invasive multimodality evaluations should be encouraged for accurate diagnosis and better management of these cases.
Learning about dental trauma for medical students
Authors: Yeng Thai , O’Sullivan Anthony J. , Shulruf Boaz
Published: November 2019

The literature identifies that medical students receive little or no formal dental trauma assessment and management teaching during medical school. The result of this is that many medical doctors are unaware of the urgency of emergency dental trauma care for patients. To bridge this important gap in medical education, medical educators should look to introduce basic dental trauma teaching into undergraduates’ final year of medical school. This initiative would benefit medical doctors in either general medical practice or specialties that assess and manage trauma. This opinion article aims to present the authors’ reasons for strongly supporting dental trauma teaching being included and suggests an e‐learning approach for its integration into the medical education curriculum.
Salinity cascading and predator effects on consumer and producer community structure: a mesocosm experiment
Authors: Silberbush Alon , Blaustein Leon
Published: November 2019

1. An observed community structure is often shaped by a combination of bottom‐top and top‐bottom processes, affected by biotic and abiotic factors. These factors affect community structure either directly (each species separately) or indirectly, via other species. Few studies have observed the combined effects of biotic and abiotic factors on primary producers and consumer communities composed of numerous species.

2. This study investigated the combined effects of a predatory hemipteran and water salinity on abundance and species richness of the periphyton and arthropod communities in an artificial pool experiment.

3. The abundance and species richness of both periphyton and arthropod communities were affected by the combination of salinity and predator.

4. It is suggested that the observed consumer community is composed of arthropod species that vary in salinity tolerance and response to the predator. In addition, the abundance of euryhaline species or species that are not consumed by this particular predator increases indirectly in specific treatment combinations that eventually result in reduced interspecific competition. Periphyton variables were strongly correlated to densities of larval Ochlerotatus caspius (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting that this species may be largely responsible for structuring the producer community.

5. It is suggested that O. caspius distribution is the result of female oviposition habitat selection that is manipulated by chemical signals. Therefore, chemical signals that inform about habitat suitability also play an important role in shaping both consumer and primary producer communities.
The “Parma—Early Psychosis” program: General description and process analysis after 5 years of clinical activity
Authors: Leuci Emanuela , Quattrone Emanuela , Pellegrini Pietro , Pelizza Lorenzo
Published: November 2019

Aim

From January 2013, the Parma Department of Mental Health developed a specific protocol of care (the “Parma—Early Psychosis” [Pr‐EP] program) as a diffused service for early intervention in psychosis. The aims of the present research are (a) to describe the Pr‐EP macroscopic organization and (b) to analyse specific process indicators across the first 5 years from its establishment.

Methods

All participants were adolescent and adult help‐seekers, aged 12‐54 years, with a First Episode Psychosis (FEP) or at Ultra‐High Risk for developing psychosis, according to well‐defined diagnostic criteria.

Results

At baseline, 358 individuals were offered a dedicated protocol of care and only 40 (11.8%) dropped out during the first year of intervention. In particular, an increase of referrals over time was notably found (especially in adolescence). Furthermore, Duration of Untreated Psychosis decreased over time. The baseline prevalence of FEP diagnosis was 61.4%, with schizophrenia as markedly prevalent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders, IV edition, Text Revised (DSM‐IV‐TR) diagnosis (41%). The vast majority of UHR individuals met criteria for “Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms” (>90%), and major depressive disorder was the most frequent diagnosis (>55%). Finally, we found considerable percentages of current history of substance abuse (>58%) and of comorbidity with DSM‐IV‐TR personality disorders (60%).

Conclusions

An “Early Intervention in psychosis” service in Italian child/adolescent and adult mental health services is feasible, also in adolescents, who have a high risk of falling through the child‐adult service gap.
Reduced cannabinoid 2 receptor activity increases susceptibility to induced seizures in mice
Authors: Shapiro Lindsey , Wong Jennifer C. , Escayg Andrew
Published: November 2019

Objective

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), endogenous ligands, and regulatory enzymes, and serves to regulate several important physiological functions throughout the brain and body. Recent evidence suggests that the ECS may be a promising target for the treatment of epilepsy, including epilepsy subtypes that arise from mutations in the voltage‐gated sodium channel SCN1A. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of modulating CB2R activity on seizure susceptibility.

Methods

We examined susceptibility to induced seizures using a number of paradigms in CB2R knockout mice (Cnr2−/−), and determined the effects of the CB2R agonist, JWH‐133, and the CB2R antagonist, SR144528, on seizure susceptibility in wild‐type mice. We also examined seizure susceptibility in Cnr2 mutants harboring the human SCN1A R1648H (RH) epilepsy mutation and performed Electroencephalography (EEG) analysis to determine whether the loss of CB2Rs would increase spontaneous seizure frequency in Scn1a RH mutant mice.

Results

Both heterozygous (Cnr2+/−) and homozygous (Cnr2−/−) knockout mice exhibited increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizures. The CB2R agonist JWH‐133 did not significantly alter seizure susceptibility in wild‐type mice; however, administration of the CB2R antagonist SR144528 resulted in increased susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizures. In offspring from a cross between the Cnr2 × RH lines, both Cnr2 and RH mutants were susceptible to PTZ‐induced seizures; however, seizure susceptibility was not significantly increased in mutants expressing both mutations. No spontaneous seizures were observed in either RH or Cnr2/RH mutants during 336‐504 hours of continuous EEG recordings.

Significance

Our results demonstrate that reduced CB2R activity is associated with increased seizure susceptibility. CB2Rs might therefore provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of some forms of epilepsy.
Marine mortality in the river? Atlantic salmon smolts under high predation pressure in the last kilometres of a river monitored for stock assessment
Authors: Flávio Hugo , Kennedy Richard , Ensing Dennis , Jepsen Niels , Aarestrup Kim
Published: November 2019

The River Bush (Northern Ireland) is an index river for the estimation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., stock size, population dynamics and marine survival rates. Marine survival estimates are based on the number of smolts counted at a trap 3.5 km upstream of the river outlet. The survival from release to coastal inshore waters for acoustic‐tagged smolts released at the Bushmills trap varied between 32% and 68%, with both year and brightness during river exit playing a significant role in explaining the variations in survival. This constitutes an important survival bottleneck. Contrary to true marine mortality, this significant loss of smolts in the river and nearshore environments could be reduced by focused management actions. More studies on other rivers, where smolts are enumerated above the head of tide, could further partition smolt and post‐smolt mortality, help differentiate true marine survival and help understand fluctuations in adult returns.
Assessing the effects of artificial light at night on biodiversity across latitude – Current knowledge gaps
Authors: Secondi Jean , Davranche Aurélie , Théry Marc , Mondy Nathalie , Lengagne Thierry
Published: November 2019

Aim

Exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is a risk factor for organisms. Considering the spread and increasing intensity of night brightness across the globe, and the key role of light at all biological levels, alterations of ecosystems are expected. Yet, we cannot predict the severity of the effects of ALAN in several biomes because little information is available outside the temperate zone. We reviewed current knowledge and identified traits that could be targeted to fill this knowledge gap in order to contribute to the elaboration of a biogeographical framework for the study of ALAN at the global scale.

Location

Global.

Time period

Current and next decades.

Methods

We analysed the latitudinal variation in ALAN and focused on environmental factors that vary with latitude but that have been overlooked. We reviewed biological traits that exhibit latitudinal variation and depend on light and photoperiod and compiled information about the predicted changes in human demography and road networks across different world regions.

Results

Cloud cover amplifies ALAN far away from urbanized areas. Because of the higher frequency of overcast sky nights, exposure effects may be stronger both at high latitudes and across a large fraction of the intertropical zone, although at different times of the year. Intertropical biomes host the largest fraction of global biodiversity. Although currently they are not the most exposed to ALAN, their human populations are growing, and urbanized areas and road networks are expanding. Hence, ALAN could have strong ecological consequences, with cloud cover as an aggravating factor.

Perspectives

Knowledge gaps currently limit our ability to predict the effects of ALAN in different biomes. Therefore, it will be important to start investigating the consequences of this novel environmental factor across the globe, in order to develop a relevant theoretical framework.
Clinical medication review type III of polypharmacy reduced unplanned hospitalizations in older adults: A meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Mizokami Fumihiro , Mizuno Tomohiro , Kanamori Koichiro , Oyama Sakiko , Nagamatsu Tadashi , Lee Jeannie K , Kobayashi Tomoharu
Published: November 2019

Aim

To analyze the impact of clinical medication reviews (CMR) on reducing unplanned hospitalizations owing to polypharmacy among older adults using an intervention.

Methods

Our meta‐analysis complied with PRISMA guidelines. The literature review comprised a search for articles published between January 1972 and March 2017 on MEDLINE and Google Scholar. We identified randomized controlled trials focusing on CMR that evaluated unplanned hospitalization and re‐hospitalization among older adults as a primary outcome. The keywords used were “CMR” or “medication review” in their titles, and the phrases “elderly” or “older adults” or “geriatric” and “polypharmacy.” The randomized controlled trials selected were divided according to the three types of CMR to analyze the characteristics of each review.

Results

We included nine randomized controlled trials that examined the impact of CMR of polypharmacy in older patients. Five trials corresponded to CMR type I (prescription only review) or II (adherence review), whereas four corresponded to type III (comprehensive clinical evaluation for disease management). Type I/II increased the number of unplanned hospitalizations (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07–1.38, P = 0.002), whereas type III decreased hospital admissions (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.95, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

The present findings show the need for an intervention standardization for CMR, particularly for type III in older adults with polypharmacy, to decrease hospitalizations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1275–1281.
Rotating savings and credit association, its members' diversity, and higher‐level functional capacity: A 3‐year prospective study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study
Authors: Sato Koryu , Kondo Naoki , Kondo Katsunori
Published: November 2019

Aim

A rotating savings and credit association – an informal local microfinance group – provides community‐dwelling older adults with cohesive social capital. This study examined whether participation in mujin, a traditional Japanese rotating savings and credit association, affected the maintenance of higher‐level functional capacity in older adults.

Methods

We studied 10 991 older adults living in 24 municipalities in Japan who were aged ≥65 years, and physically and cognitively independent. We carried out a baseline survey in 2013 and a follow‐up survey in 2016. Higher‐level functional capacity, consisting of instrumental activities of daily living, intellectual activity and social role, was assessed using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. To address potential reverse causation, we used stabilized inverse probability weights to balance characteristics at baseline between mujin participants and non‐participants.

Results

In our analytic sample, 406 out of 10 991 older adults (3.7%) participated in mujin at the baseline. Our weighted logistic regression showed that mujin participants were more likely to maintain higher‐level functional capacity (i.e. full marks in the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence) 3 years later compared with non‐participants (odds ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.29–2.39). Furthermore, independent social role functioning and intellectual activity were associated with participation in mujin for an equal number of both sexes, as well as people of high social standing.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that rotating savings and credit associations can help older adults maintain their independence in a higher‐level functional capacity. Furthermore, the members' diversity might add to these beneficial effects. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1268–1274.
Promotion of oxidative stress is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and muscle atrophy in aging mice
Authors: Kadoguchi Tomoyasu , Shimada Kazunori , Miyazaki Tetsuro , Kitamura Kenichi , Kunimoto Mitsuhiro , Aikawa Tatsuro , Sugita Yurina , Ouchi Shohei , Shiozawa Tomoyuki , Yokoyama‐Nishitani Miho , Fukao Kosuke , Miyosawa Katsutoshi , Isoda Kikuo , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: November 2019

Aim

We examined the changes in oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and muscle atrophy during aging in mice.

Methods

We used 6‐, 12‐ and 24‐month (6 M, 12 M and 24 M)‐old C57BL/6J mice. Skeletal muscles were removed from the lower limb and used for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and histological analyses.

Results

The muscle weight and myocyte cross‐sectional area were significantly decreased in the 12 M and 24 M mice compared with those of the 6 M mice. The levels of the oxidative stress markers, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, mitochondrial 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal and 3‐nitrotyrosine, were significantly higher in the 24 M mice compared with those of the 6 M mice. Furthermore, the 24 M mice had lower levels of mitochondrial markers, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC)‐α, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1β, sirtuin‐1, adenosine triphosphate synthase mitochondria F1 complex α subunit 1 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1. The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway genes muscle ring finger‐1 and atrogin‐1 were significantly upregulated in the 12 M and 24 M mice, and protein synthesis markers (phosphorylated‐Akt and ‐p70 ribosomal S6 kinase) were significantly lower in the 24 M mice compared with the 6 M mice (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These findings have important implications for the mechanisms that underlie sarcopenia and frailty processes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 78–84.