bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed Set Patterns in East African Highland Cooking Bananas Show Asymmetric Distribution in Bunches and Fruits
Authors: Waniale Allan , Swennen Rony , Mukasa Settumba B. , Tugume Arthur K. , Kubiriba Jerome , Tushemereirwe Wilberforce K. , Batte Michael , Brown Allan , Tumuhimbise Robooni
Published: April 2021

Low female fertility in bananas is the biggest hurdle for banana breeding. The aim of this study was to determine seed set patterns in East African Highland Cooking bananas (EAHBs) to inform future decisions on a more targeted approach of increasing seed set and subsequently banana-breeding efficiency. Matooke (AAA) and Mchare (AA) bananas are genetically distinct but belong to the same genetic complex, referred to as EAHBs. Seed set patterns in “Enzirabahima” (AAA), “Mshale” (AA), and “Nshonowa” (AA), all with residual fertility, were examined after hand pollination with a highly male fertile wild banana “Calcutta 4” (AA). Seed set in “Enzirabahima” is predominant in distal hands. Mchare cultivars have a slightly more even distribution of seeds in their hands compared to “Enzirabahima”. There is a gradual increase in seed set from proximal to distal hands with a slight drop in the last hand. This pattern is more definite in “Enzirabahima” and “Mshale”, while “Nshonowa” has a somewhat inconsistent pattern. There is also a drop in seed set per 100 fruits per hand from small to larger bunches. However, larger bunches have a higher pollination success compared to smaller bunches. They therefore set more seed on 100 fruits per hand and per bunch basis, if bunches without seed are accounted for. Pollination success rate increases from smaller to larger bunches of EAHBs. Seed set is biased toward the distal third part of fruits of examined EAHBs, as well as tetraploid Matooke hybrid “401K-1” (AAAA), and improved diploid “Zebrina” GF (AA) that were used for comparison. In comparison, in the highly female fertile “Calcutta 4”, seed set is along the entire length of the fruit. Seed set bias in the distal hands and distal end of fruits suggests a systematic mechanism rather than a random occurrence. It is expected that this information will provide a foundation for increased crossbreeding efficiency in bananas.
Application of Ultrasound Images Texture Analysis for the Estimation of Intramuscular Fat Content in the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Beef Cattle after Slaughter: A Methodological Study
Authors: Fabbri Giorgia , Gianesella Matteo , Gallo Luigi , Morgante Massimo , Contiero Barbara , Muraro Michele , Boso Matteo , Fiore Enrico
Published: April 2021

Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a major trait in the evaluation of beef meat, but its determination is subjective and inconsistent and still relies on visual inspection. This research objective was a method to predict IMF% from beef meat using ultrasound (US) imaging texture analysis. US images were performed on the longissimus thoracis muscle of 27 Charolaise heifers. Cuts from the 12th to 13th ribs were scanned. The lipid content of the muscle samples was determined with the petrol ether (Randall) extraction method. A stepwise linear discriminant analysis was used to screen US texture parameters. IMF% measured by chemical extraction (IMFqa) was the dependent variable and the results of the texture analysis were the explanatory variables. The model highlighted seven parameters, as a predictive and a multiple regression equation was created. Prediction of IMF content (IMFpred) was then validated using IMFqa as ground truth. Determination coefficient between IMFqa and IMFpred was R2 = 0.76, while the ROC analysis showing a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 90%. Bland-Altman plot upper and lower limit were +1.34 and −1.42, respectively (±1.96 SD), with a mean of −0.04. The results from the present study therefore suggest that prediction of IMF content in muscle mass by US texture analysis is possible.
Ontogeny of OPN4, OPN5, GnRH and GnIH mRNA Expression in the Posthatch Male and Female Pekin Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) Suggests OPN4 May Have Additional Functions beyond Reproduction
Authors: Van Wyk Brooke , Fraley Gregory
Published: April 2021

The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) is known to be regulated by daylength through the deep brain photoreceptor (DBP) system. The post-hatch ontogeny is not known for any of the DBPs. We set out to determine the ontogeny of OPN4 and OPN5 gene expression relative to GnRH and GnIH using qRT-PCR. Brains and serum were collected from five drakes and five hens on the day of hatching (Day 0) and again at 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 19, 25 and 31 weeks of age and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Hen and drake serum was assayed for circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone, respectively. Data were analyzed between sexes over time using a repeated measures two-way ANOVA. Interestingly, the results show that on the day of hatching (Day 0), ducks showed adult-like levels of relative OPN4, but not OPN5, gene expression. During week 10, DBP levels increased, achieving highest relative expression levels at week 19 that maintained through week 31, typically peak fertility in ducks. GnRH mRNA levels increased following the DBP expression at the onset of puberty, and gonadal steroids increased after GnRH at week 14 while estradiol preceded testosterone. GnIH mRNA levels did not appreciably change during the time course of this experiment. These observations suggest that OPN4 may be active during the peri-hatch period and may have physiological roles beyond puberty and fertility.
Laboratory Measurements of the Influence of Turbulence Intensity on the Instantaneous-Fading Reciprocity of Bidirectional Atmospheric Laser Propagation Link
Authors: Liu Yi , Liu Zhi , Chang Yidi , Liu Yang , Jiang Huilin
Published: April 2021

The reciprocity of the atmospheric turbulence channel in the bidirectional atmospheric laser propagation link is experimentally tested. The bidirectional transceiving coaxial atmospheric laser propagation link is built by using a hot air convection-type atmospheric turbulence emulation device with adjustable turbulence intensity. The influence of different turbulence intensities on the instantaneous-fading correlation of channel is analyzed by the spot characteristics. When there is no atmospheric turbulence in the bidirectional transceiving coaxial atmospheric laser propagation link, the value of channel instantaneous fading correlation coefficient was merely 0.023, which indicates we did not find any reciprocity in the optical channel. With the increment in turbulence intensity, the channel instantaneous fading correlation coefficient presented a constant increasing trend and then tended to be stable around 0.9 in the end. At this moment, the similarity of the instantaneous change trends for these two receiving terminal optical signals, and the consistency of their probability density function, indicates that there is good reciprocity between the bidirectional atmospheric turbulence optical channels. With the increase in the optical signal scintillation factor, we can obtain the result where the correlation coefficient value decreases accordingly.
A Self-Powered Basketball Training Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Zhao Zhenyu , Wu Chuan , Zhou Qing
Published: April 2021

During the basketball training for beginner children, sensors are needed to count the number of times the basketball hits the target area in a certain period of time to evaluate the training effect. This study proposes a self-powered basketball training sensor, based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. The designed sensor with a rectangular floor shape will output a pulse signal with the same frequency as the basketball impact to achieve the measurement function through the mutual contact of the internal copper (Cu) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Test results show that the working frequency of the sensor is 0 to 5 Hz, the working environment temperature should be less than 75 °C, the working environment humidity should be less than 95%, and which has high reliability. Further tests show that the maximum output voltage, current, and power of the sensor can reach about 52 V, 4 uA, and 26.5 uW with a 10 MΩ resistance in series, respectively, and the output power can light up 12 light-emitting diode (LED) lights in real-time. Compared with the traditional statistical method of manual observation, the sensor can automatically count data in a self-powered manner, and also can light up the LED lights in real-time as an indicator of whether the basketball impacts the target area, to remind beginner children in real-time.
Chromosome Walking: A Novel Approach to Analyse Amino Acid Content of Human Proteins Ordered by Gene Position
Authors: Vernone Annamaria , Ricca Chiara , Pescarmona Gianpiero , Silvagno Francesca
Published: April 2021

Notwithstanding the huge amount of detailed information available in protein databases, it is not possible to automatically download a list of proteins ordered by the position of their codifying gene. This order becomes crucial when analyzing common features of proteins produced by loci or other specific regions of human chromosomes. In this study, we developed a new procedure that interrogates two human databases (genomic and protein) and produces a novel dataset of ordered proteins following the mapping of the corresponding genes. We validated and implemented the procedure to create a user-friendly web application. This novel data mining was used to evaluate the distribution of critical amino acid content in proteins codified by a human chromosome. For this purpose, we designed a new methodological approach called chromosome walking, which scanned the whole chromosome and found the regions producing proteins enriched in a selected amino acid. As an example of biomedical application, we investigated the human chromosome 15, which contains the locus DYX1 linked to developmental dyslexia, and we found three additional putative gene clusters whose expression could be driven by the environmental availability of glutamate. The novel data mining procedure and analysis could be exploited in the study of several human pathologies.
Use of Bioceramics Enhanced with Effective Microorganisms as an Additive for Construction. Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties in Cement Mortars and Gypsum Plasters
Authors: Pérez-Gálvez Filomena , Morales-Conde María Jesús , Pedreño-Rojas Manuel Alejandro
Published: April 2021

Biomaterials are materials that are used to manufacture devices that interact with biological systems. According to their chemical composition, they can be classified as biometals, biopolymers, bioceramics, biocomposites and semiconductors. Thus, in the present work, the application of bioceramics, enhanced with effective microorganisms, to construction materials (cement mortars and gypsum plasters) was studied in order to see the benefits that its incorporation contributes to construction materials. This first work constitutes the first phase of an experimental campaign in which the influence of bioceramics on the physical and mechanical properties (flexural and compressive strength) of the studied materials was analyzed. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) techniques were used. According to the results, a slight improvement in the mechanical properties of the new composites was observed. Besides, a more compact matrix was observed when bioceramics were used as an aggregate to the mixtures.
Relationship between Near-Surface Winds Due to Tropical Cyclones and Infrared Brightness Temperature Obtained from Geostationary Satellite
Authors: Zhang Jiali , Li Qinglan , Zhao Wei , Lee Joseph H. W. , Liu Jia , Wang Shuxin
Published: April 2021

Based on ten-year tropical cyclones (TCs) observations from 2009 to 2018, the black body temperature (TBB, also called cloud-top brightness temperature) data obtained from the infrared channel 1 (with the wavelength of 10.30–11.30 µm) of the FY-2 satellite image, and the wind observation data at the automatic weather stations (AWSs) in Guangdong province, this study explores the relationship between the TBBs and the winds induced by TCs at AWSs. It is found that the wind speeds at AWSs cannot be obtained directly by using TBB value inversion, but the maximum potential wind gust (MPG) and the maximum potential average-wind (MPAW) at AWSs can be estimated when a TBB is known. Influenced by the terrain, the surrounding environment, and detected height, the MPG and the MPAW values of different AWSs may differ for the same TBB. The wind data from ERA5 reanalysis is also used to explore the relationship between the TBBs and the winds over grids area during the TCs’ periods. Similar to the AWSs, there is a capping function between the winds over the grids and the TBBs. The reanalysis data can generally show the average wind conditions of the weather stations inside the grids, and therefore, can be used to supplement the data for the areas where there is no AWS observation available. Such a study could provide references for estimating the potential wind disasters induced by TCs in the study area.
PM2.5 Magnetic Properties in Relation to Urban Combustion Sources in Southern West Africa
Authors: Leite Aruã da Silva , Léon Jean-François , Macouin Melina , Rousse Sonia , Trindade Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da , Proietti Arnaud , Drigo Loïc , Antonio Paul Yves Jean , Akpo Aristide Barthélémy , Yoboué Véronique , Liousse Cathy
Published: April 2021

The physico-chemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in African cities remain poorly known due to scarcity of observation networks. Magnetic parameters of PM are robust proxies for the emissions of Fe-bearing particles. This study reports the first magnetic investigation of PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic size below 2.5 μm) in Africa performed on weekly PM2.5 filters collected in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and Cotonou (Benin) between 2015 and 2017. The magnetic mineralogy is dominated by magnetite-like low coercivity minerals. Mass normalized SIRM are 1.65 × 10−2 A m2 kg−1 and 2.28 × 10−2 A m2 kg−1 for Abidjan and Cotonou respectively. Hard coercivity material (S-ratio = 0.96 and MDF = 33 mT) is observed during the dry dusty season. Wood burning emits less iron oxides by PM2.5 mass when compared to traffic sources. PM2.5 magnetic granulometry has a narrow range regardless of the site or season. The excellent correlation between the site-averaged element carbon concentrations and SIRM suggests that PM2.5 magnetic parameters are linked to primary particulate emission from combustion sources.
The Neuropeptide Nocistatin Is Not a Direct Agonist of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a (ASIC1a)
Authors: Kuspiel Sven , Wiemuth Dominik , Gründer Stefan
Published: April 2021

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are ionotropic receptors that are directly activated by protons. Although protons have been shown to act as a neurotransmitter and to activate ASICs during synaptic transmission, it remains a possibility that other ligands directly activate ASICs as well. Neuropeptides are attractive candidates for alternative agonists of ASICs, because related ionotropic receptors are directly activated by neuropeptides and because diverse neuropeptides modulate ASICs. Recently, it has been reported that the neuropeptide nocistatin directly activates ASICs, including ASIC1a. Here we show that nocistatin does not directly activate ASIC1a expressed in Xenopus oocytes or CHO cells. Moreover, we show that nocistatin acidifies the bath solution to an extent that can fully explain the previously reported activation by this highly acidic peptide. In summary, we conclude that nocistatin only indirectly activates ASIC1a via acidification of the bath solution.
Molecular Simulation-Based Investigation of Highly Potent Natural Products to Abrogate Formation of the nsp10–nsp16 Complex of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Mohammad Anwar , Alshawaf Eman , Marafie Sulaiman K. , Abu-Farha Mohamed , Al-Mulla Fahd , Abubaker Jehad
Published: April 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein (nsp) nsp10–nsp16 complex is essential for the 2′-O-methylation of viral mRNA, a crucial step for evading the innate immune system, and it is an essential process in SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Therefore, detecting molecules that can disrupt the nsp10–nsp16 interaction are prospective antiviral drugs. In this study, we screened the North African Natural Products database (NANPDB) for molecules that can interact with the nsp10 interface and disturb the nsp10–nsp16 complex formation. Following rigorous screening and validation steps, in addition to toxic side effects, drug interactions and a risk /benefit assessment, we identified four compounds (genkwanin-6-C-beta-glucopyranoside, paraliane diterpene, 4,5-di-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid and citrinamide A) that showed the best binding affinity and most favourable interaction with nsp10 interface residues. To understand the conformational stability and dynamic features of nsp10 bound to the four selected compounds, we subjected each complex to 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations. We then calculated the free binding energies of compounds interacting with nsp10 structure using the molecular mechanics-generalised Born surface area (MMGBSA). Of the four compounds, genkwanin-6-C-beta-glucopyranoside demonstrated the most stable complex with nsp10, in addition to a tighter binding affinity of −37.4 ± 1.3 Kcal/mol. This potential to disrupt the nsp10–nsp16 interface interaction and inhibit it now sets the path for functional studies.
Recalled Parental Bonding Interacts with Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Modulating Anxiety and Avoidance in Adult Relationships
Authors: Cataldo Ilaria , Bonassi Andrea , Lepri Bruno , Foo Jia Nee , Setoh Peipei , Esposito Gianluca
Published: April 2021

Early interactions with significant individuals affect social experience throughout the course of a lifetime, as a repeated and prolonged perception of different levels of care, independence, or control influences the modulation of emotional regulatory processes. As many factors play a role in shaping the expectations and features of social interaction, in this study, we considered the influence of parental bonding and genetic allelic variation of oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) over levels of experienced anxiety and avoidance in 313 young adults belonging to two different cultural contexts, namely Italy and Singapore. Results highlighted a major effect of maternal characteristics, care, and overprotection, with differences between the two cultural groups. Additionally, the interaction between rs53576 and maternal overprotection suggested different environmental susceptibility in the Italian sample and the Singaporean one. Implications for clinical work and future steps are described in the Conclusion.
Migraine and Mood in Children
Authors: Gazerani Parisa
Published: April 2021

Migraine is one of the most prevalent headache disorders in children and negatively influences their quality of life. Physical, social, and school functioning are negatively affected. Mood changes are common in migraineurs and may happen before, during, or after a migraine headache. Children with migraine are not exempt from mood swings. The majority of mood changes occur during the prodromal phase, manifesting as a psychobiological response, e.g., difficulty thinking, trouble concentrating, irritability, higher or lower energy, confusion, and depression. A bi-directional relationship between migraine and mood has been proposed, but mechanisms are not clear. Collectively, a maladaptive stress response has been suggested to explain the inability to balance homoeostatic changes when facing various stressors. Recognizing mood changes and monitoring mood patterns in children with migraine, for example, by various apps and so-called mood monitors, is valuable for better management. A multidisciplinary intervention has been recommended to reduce migraine disability, improve coping strategies, and reduce chronification risks in children with migraine. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are both available and effective. Biofeedback, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy yield positive outcomes in pediatric migraine. Developing healthy lifestyle habits (diet, exercise, sleep) also seems to improve migraine in this population.
Feasibility of Proton Beam Therapy as a Rescue Therapy in Heavily Pre-Treated Retinoblastoma Eyes
Authors: Biewald Eva , Kiefer Tobias , Geismar Dirk , Schlüter Sabrina , Manthey Anke , Westekemper Henrike , Wulff Jörg , Timmermann Beate , Ketteler Petra , Schönberger Stefan , Metz Klaus A. , Ting Saskia , Göricke Sophia , Bechrakis Nikolaos E. , Bornfeld Norbert
Published: April 2021

Despite the increased risk of subsequent primary tumors (SPTs) external beam radiation (EBRT) may be the only therapeutic option to preserve a retinoblastoma eye. Due to their physical properties, proton beam therapy (PBT) offers the possibility to use the effectiveness of EBRT in tumor treatment and to decisively reduce the treatment-related morbidity. We report our experiences of PBT as rescue therapy in a retrospectively studied cohort of 15 advanced retinoblastoma eyes as final option for eye-preserving therapy. The average age at the initiation of PBT was 35 (14–97) months, mean follow-up was 22 (2–46) months. Prior to PBT, all eyes were treated with systemic chemotherapy and a mean number of 7.1 additional treatments. Indication for PBT was non-feasibility of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in 10 eyes, tumor recurrence after IAC in another 3 eyes and diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma in 2 eyes. Six eyes (40%) were enucleated after a mean time interval of 4.8 (1–8) months. Cataract formation was the most common complication affecting 44.4% of the preserved eyes, yet 77.8% achieved a visual acuity of >20/200. Two of the 15 children treated developed metastatic disease during follow-up, resulting in a 13.3% metastasis rate. PBT is a useful treatment modality as a rescue therapy in retinoblastoma eyes with an eye-preserving rate of 60%. As patients are at lifetime risk of SPTs consistent monitoring is mandatory.
Nonreplicating Adenoviral Vectors: Improving Tropism and Delivery of Cancer Gene Therapy
Authors: Tessarollo Nayara Gusmão , Domingues Ana Carolina M. , Antunes Fernanda , Luz Jean Carlos dos Santos da , Rodrigues Otavio Augusto , Cerqueira Otto Luiz Dutra , Strauss Bryan E.
Published: April 2021

Recent preclinical and clinical studies have used viral vectors in gene therapy research, especially nonreplicating adenovirus encoding strategic therapeutic genes for cancer treatment. Adenoviruses were the first DNA viruses to go into therapeutic development, mainly due to well-known biological features: stability in vivo, ease of manufacture, and efficient gene delivery to dividing and nondividing cells. However, there are some limitations for gene therapy using adenoviral vectors, such as nonspecific transduction of normal cells and liver sequestration and neutralization by antibodies, especially when administered systemically. On the other hand, adenoviral vectors are amenable to strategies for the modification of their biological structures, including genetic manipulation of viral proteins, pseudotyping, and conjugation with polymers or biological membranes. Such modifications provide greater specificity to the target cell and better safety in systemic administration; thus, a reduction of antiviral host responses would favor the use of adenoviral vectors in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the structural and molecular features of nonreplicating adenoviral vectors, the current limitations to their use, and strategies to modify adenoviral tropism, highlighting the approaches that may allow for the systemic administration of gene therapy.
Prediction of Microscopic Metastases in Patients with Metachronous Oligo-Metastases after Curative Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Microsimulation Study
Authors: Wolff Henri B. , Alberts Leonie , Kastelijn Elisabeth A. , Verstegen Naomi E. , El Sharouni Sherif Y. , Schramel Franz M. N. H. , Vos Rein , Coupé Veerle M. H.
Published: April 2021

Metachronous oligo-metastatic disease is variably defined as one to five metastases detected after a disease-free interval and treatment of the primary tumour with curative intent. Oligo-metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are often treated with curative intent. However additional metastases are often detected later in time, and the 5-year survival is low. Burdensome surgical treatment in patients with undetected metastases may be avoided if patients with a high versus low risk of undetected metastases can be separated. Because there is no clinical data on undetected metastases available, a microsimulation model of the development and detection of metastases in 100,000 hypothetical stage I NSCLC patients with a controlled primary tumour was constructed. The model uses data from the literature as well as patient-level data. Calibration was used for the unobservable model parameters. Metastases can be detected by a scheduled scan, or an unplanned scan when the patient develops symptoms. The observable information at time of detection is used to identify subgroups of patients with a different risk of undetectable metastases. We identified the size and number of detected oligo-metastases, as well as the presence of symptoms that are the most important risk predictors. Based on these predictors, patients could be divided into a low-risk and a high-risk group, having a model-based predicted probability of 8.1% and 89.3% to have undetected metastases, respectively. Currently, the model is based on a synthesis of the literature data and individual patient-level data that were not collected for the purpose of this study. Optimization and validation of the model is necessary to allow clinical usability. We describe the type of data that needs to be collected to update our model, as well as the design of such a validation study.
Hexagonal WO3·0.33H2O Hierarchical Microstructure with Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation Activity
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Tingting , Huang Dongdong , Zheng Chan , Lai Yuekun , Xiao Xueqing , Cai Shuguang , Chen Wenzhe
Published: April 2021

Structural design and morphological control of semiconductors is considered to be one of the most effective ways to improve their photocatalytic degradation properties. In the present work, a hexagonal WO3·0.33H2O hierarchical microstructure (HWHMS) composed of nanorods was successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. The morphology of the HWHMS was confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the synthesized product was orthorhombic WO3·0.33H2O. Owing to the unique hierarchical microstructure, the HWHMS showed larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface and narrower bandgap (1.53 eV) than the isolated WO3·0.33H2O nanorods. Furthermore, the HWHMS showed enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation compared with the isolated nanorods, which can be ascribed to the narrower bandgap, larger BET specific surface area, and orthorhombic phase structure of the HWHMS. This work provides a potential protocol for construction of tungsten trioxide counterparts and materials similar to tungsten trioxide for application in gas sensors, photocatalysts, electrochromic devices, field-emission devices, and solar-energy devices.
From Enzyme Stability to Enzymatic Bioelectrode Stabilization Processes
Authors: Beaufils Charlène , Man Hiu-Mun , de Poulpiquet Anne , Mazurenko Ievgen , Lojou Elisabeth
Published: April 2021

Bioelectrocatalysis using redox enzymes appears as a sustainable way for biosensing, electricity production, or biosynthesis of fine products. Despite advances in the knowledge of parameters that drive the efficiency of enzymatic electrocatalysis, the weak stability of bioelectrodes prevents large scale development of bioelectrocatalysis. In this review, starting from the understanding of the parameters that drive protein instability, we will discuss the main strategies available to improve all enzyme stability, including use of chemicals, protein engineering and immobilization. Considering in a second step the additional requirements for use of redox enzymes, we will evaluate how far these general strategies can be applied to bioelectrocatalysis.
Role of cAMP in Double Switch of Glucagon Secretion
Authors: Zmazek Jan , Grubelnik Vladimir , Markovič Rene , Marhl Marko
Published: April 2021

Glucose metabolism plays a crucial role in modulating glucagon secretion in pancreatic alpha cells. However, the downstream effects of glucose metabolism and the activated signaling pathways influencing glucagon granule exocytosis are still obscure. We developed a computational alpha cell model, implementing metabolic pathways of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) catabolism and an intrinsically activated cAMP signaling pathway. According to the model predictions, increased catabolic activity is able to suppress the cAMP signaling pathway, reducing exocytosis in a Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+ independent manner. The effect is synergistic to the pathway involving ATP-dependent closure of KATP channels and consequent reduction of Ca2+. We analyze the contribution of each pathway to glucagon secretion and show that both play decisive roles, providing a kind of “secure double switch”. The cAMP-driven signaling switch plays a dominant role, while the ATP-driven metabolic switch is less favored. The ratio is approximately 60:40, according to the most recent experimental evidence.
Moderately Inducing Autophagy Reduces Tertiary Brain Injury after Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia
Authors: Kim Brian H. , Jeziorek Maciej , Kanal Hur Dolunay , Contu Viorica Raluca , Dobrowolski Radek , Levison Steven W.
Published: April 2021

Recent studies of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) have highlighted slowly progressive neurodegeneration whose mechanisms remain elusive, but if blocked, could considerably improve long-term neurological function. We previously established that the cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 is highly elevated following HI and that delivering an antagonist for TGFβ receptor activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5)—SB505124—three days after injury in a rat model of moderate pre-term HI significantly preserved the structural integrity of the thalamus and hippocampus as well as neurological functions associated with those brain structures. To elucidate the mechanism whereby ALK5 inhibition reduces cell death, we assessed levels of autophagy markers in neurons and found that SB505124 increased numbers of autophagosomes and levels of lipidated light chain 3 (LC3), a key protein known to mediate autophagy. However, those studies did not determine whether (1) SB was acting directly on the CNS and (2) whether directly inducing autophagy could decrease cell death and improve outcome. Here we show that administering an ALK5 antagonist three days after HI reduced actively apoptotic cells by ~90% when assessed one week after injury. Ex vivo studies using the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine confirmed that SB505124 enhanced autophagy flux in the injured hemisphere, with a significant accumulation of the autophagic proteins LC3 and p62 in SB505124 + chloroquine treated brain slices. We independently activated autophagy using the stimulatory peptide Tat-Beclin1 to determine if enhanced autophagy is directly responsible for improved outcomes. Administering Tat-Beclin1 starting three days after injury preserved the structural integrity of the hippocampus and thalamus with improved sensorimotor function. These data support the conclusion that intervening at this phase of injury represents a window of opportunity where stimulating autophagy is beneficial.
Therapeutic Potential of Niche-Specific Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Authors: Lindsay Susan L. , Barnett Susan C.
Published: April 2021

The use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for transplant-mediated repair represents an important and promising therapeutic strategy after spinal cord injury (SCI). The appeal of MSCs has been fuelled by their ease of isolation, immunosuppressive properties, and low immunogenicity, alongside the large variety of available tissue sources. However, despite reported similarities in vitro, MSCs sourced from distinct tissues may not have comparable biological properties in vivo. There is accumulating evidence that stemness, plasticity, immunogenicity, and adaptability of stem cells is largely controlled by tissue niche. The extrinsic impact of cellular niche for MSC repair potential is therefore important, not least because of its impact on ex vivo expansion for therapeutic purposes. It is likely certain niche-targeted MSCs are more suited for SCI transplant-mediated repair due to their intrinsic capabilities, such as inherent neurogenic properties. In addition, the various MSC anatomical locations means that differences in harvest and culture procedures can make cross-comparison of pre-clinical data difficult. Since a clinical grade MSC product is inextricably linked with its manufacture, it is imperative that cells can be made relatively easily using appropriate materials. We discuss these issues and highlight the importance of identifying the appropriate niche-specific MSC type for SCI repair.
Elevation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels Following Intra-Articular Fractures—A Systematic Review
Authors: Pham That Minh , Erichsen Julie Ladeby , Kowal Justyna Magdalena , Overgaard Søren , Schmal Hagen
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Intra-articular fractures are a major cause of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Despite adequate surgical treatment, the long-term risk for PTOA is high. Previous studies reported that joint injuries initiate an inflammatory cascade characterized by an elevation of synovial pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to cartilage degradation and PTOA development. This review summarizes the literature on the post-injury regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the markers of cartilage destruction in patients suffering from intra-articular fractures. Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases (1960–February 2020) and included studies that were performed on human participants, and we included control groups. Two investigators assessed the quality of the included studies using Covidence and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: Based on the surveyed literature, several synovial pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, interferon-y, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were significantly elevated in patients suffering from intra-articular fractures compared to the control groups. A simultaneous elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-1RA was also observed. In contrast, IL-13, CTX-II, and aggrecan concentrations did not differ significantly between the compared cohorts. Conclusions: Overall, intra-articular fractures are associated with an increase in inflammation-related synovial cytokines. However, more standardized studies which focus on the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at different time points are needed.
Comparative Analysis of CTRP-Mediated Effects on Cardiomyocyte Glucose Metabolism: Cross Talk between AMPK and Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Ling , Aslam Muhammad , Siegler Benedikt H. , Niemann Bernd , Rohrbach Susanne
Published: April 2021

C1q/tumor necrosis factor -alpha-related proteins (CTRPs) have been shown to mediate protective cardiovascular effects, but no data exists on their effects on glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism in cardiomyocytes. In the present study, adult rat cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were stimulated with various recombinant CTRPs. Glucose or FA uptake, expression of genes involved in glucose or FA metabolism and the role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt were investigated. Although most CTRPs induced an increase in phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt in cardiomyocytes, mainly CTRP2, 7, 9 and 13 induced GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes, despite high structural similarities among CTRPs. AMPK inhibition reduced the CTRPs-mediated activation of Akt, while Akt inhibition did not impair AMPK activation. In addition, CTRP2, 7, 9 and 13 mediated strong effects on the expression of enzymes involved in glucose or FA metabolism. Loss of adiponectin receptor 1, which has been suggested to be involved in CTRP-induced signal transduction, abolished the effects of some but not all CTRPs on glucose metabolism. Targeting the AMPK signaling pathway via CTRPs may offer a therapeutic principle to restore glucose homeostasis by acting on glucose uptake independent of the Akt pathway.
Granulomatous Mastitis Due to Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma
Authors: Patel Owais Ahmed , Bakhshi Girish D. , Nadkarni Amogh R. , Rangwala Zarin S.
Published: April 2021

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections of the breast are rare. These infections present as cellulitis of the breast or breast abscess. Their diagnosis poses a challenge as they manifest signs of acute inflammation, unlike tuberculous mycobacterial infections which present in a chronic pattern. However, on aspiration of pus from the site of infection, primary smear may show acid fast bacilli. This poses a diagnostic dilemma. The present case is that of a 34-year-old woman who presented with recurrent mastitis. She had history of right breast swelling, for which surgical excision had been performed three months prior at another facility. Her histopathology had showed cystic granulomatous neutrophilic mastitis (CNGM). The patient again presented with right breast abscess which was confirmed on ultrasonography. Incision and drainage along with removal of necrotic tissue was done. Primary smear of pus showed acid fast bacilli on Ziehl–Neelson staining. Bacterial culture and line probe speciation revealed non-tuberculous mycobacterium M. abscessus, which responded well to prolonged anti-microbial therapy. These rapidly growing NTM require prolonged treatment and are quite often recurrent. M. abscessus is a rare cause of CNGM, with this being only the third reported case in literature. A brief case report with a review of literature is presented.
Influence of Substrate Removal Method on the Properties of Free-Standing YSZ Coatings
Authors: Vaßen Robert , Bakan Emine , Schwartz-Lückge Sigrid
Published: April 2021

Thermally sprayed ceramic coatings are often tested as free-standing layers to investigate different properties such as thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, sintering, mechanical behavior, corrosion resistance, gas tightness, or electrical properties. In this paper, four different substrate removal methods were used to obtain free-standing YSZ coatings. At first, spraying on a steel substrate and subsequent dissolution of the substrate-coating interface by hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used. Second, the steel substrate was removed by applying an electrical field via electrochemical corrosion of the surface of the substrate. In a third method, the coating was sprayed on a salt (NaCI) interlayer, which was removed later by dissolution in water. At last, the coating was sprayed on a graphite substrate and the substrate was removed by heat treatment. After the preparation of free-standing coatings, these were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, indentation tests, and room temperature three-point bending tests, which allowed the determination of Young’s modulus and viscosity. The results revealed measurable differences in coating properties as a result of the substrate removal methods, i.e., HCl method led to higher porosity and lower modulus in the YSZ coating.
Machine Learning Model to Map Tribocorrosion Regimes in Feature Space
Authors: Ramachandran Rahul
Published: April 2021

Degradation by wear and corrosion are frequently encountered in a variety of tribosystems, including materials and tools in forming operations. The combined effect of wear and corrosion, known as tribocorrosion, can result in accelerated material degradation. Interfacial conditions can affect this degradation. Tribocorrosion maps serve the purpose of identifying operating conditions at the interface for an acceptable rate of degradation. This paper proposes a machine learning-based approach to generate tribocorrosion maps, which can be used to predict tribosystem performance. Two tribocorrosion datasets from the published literature are used. The materials have been chosen based on the wide availability of their tribocorrosion data in the literature. First, unsupervised machine learning is used to identify and label clusters from tribocorrosion data. The identified clusters are then used to train a support vector classification model. The trained support vector machine is used to generate tribocorrosion maps. The generated maps are compared with those from the literature. The general approach can be applied to create tribocorrosion maps of materials widely used in material forming.
Alloyed High-k-Based Resistive Switching Memory in Contact Hole Structures
Authors: Kim Byeongjeong , Mahata Chandreswar , Ryu Hojeong , Ismail Muhammad , Yang Byung-Do , Kim Sungjun
Published: April 2021

Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices are noticeable next generation memory devices. However, only few studies have been conducted regarding RRAM devices made of alloy. In this paper, we investigate the resistive switching behaviors of an Au/Ti/HfTiOx/p-Si memory device. The bipolar switching is characterized depending on compliance current under DC sweep mode. Good retention in the low-resistance state and high-resistance state is attained for nonvolatile memory and long-term memory in a synapse device. For practical switching operation, the pulse transient characteristics are studied for set and reset processes. Moreover, a synaptic weight change is achieved by a moderate pulse input for the potentiation and depression characteristics of the synaptic device. We reveal that the high-resistance state and low-resistance state are dominated by Schottky emissions.
Tuning the Surface Characteristic of Al-Si Alloys and Its Impacts on the Formation of Micro Arc Oxidation Layers
Authors: Li Kang , Li Wenfang , Yi Aihua , Zhu Wen , Liao Zhongmiao , Chen Ken , Li Weimin
Published: April 2021

Aluminum Silicon (Al-Si) alloys are the most important among cast alloys and have widespread application. The β-Si phase is detrimental to the growth of micro arc oxidation (MAO) layers on Al-Si alloys. In this paper, the β-Si in the skin layer of different Al-Si alloys was removed by an acid etching pretreatment. Then, the impacts of different etching condition on their MAO process were investigated. Results show that, as etching time was prolonged, the Si content on the surface of Al-12 Si was decreased greatly (less than 0.5 wt.%), and the average size of pores left on the sample surface was increased gradually. This then led to the occurrence of some bigger and more drastic discharge sparks at the earlier oxidation stage. The corresponding layers had a higher ratio of Al2O3 and better corrosion resistance after 30 min of oxidation. Moreover, a 60 s etching pretreatment benefitted and boosted the growth rate and energy efficiency of layers on the Al-9 Si, Al-12 Si and Al-15 Si alloys. Such pretreatment was believed to be applicable to restrain the negative effects of Si on the MAO of different Al-Si alloys.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Wall Paintings in the Alhambra Monumental Ensemble: Decorations with Red Bricks
Authors: Arjonilla Paz , Ayora-Cañada María , de la Torre-López María , Correa Gómez Elena , Rubio Domene Ramón , Domínguez-Vidal Ana
Published: April 2021

The Alhambra Monumental Ensemble (Granada, Spain) is a unique well-preserved palatine city from the medieval Islamic period, and it constitutes the best example of Nasrid architecture. In this work, we focus on the study of one of its most unknown decorations: Wall paintings with the appearance of red bricks. These faux-brick decorations are found in many different locations within the Alhambra complex, including both exterior and interior walls, arches and vaults. We have considered locations from different Nasrid reigns to gain information about their characteristics in terms of materials, execution techniques and conservation state. They have been studied combining a non-invasive methodology using portable equipment (X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy) with complementary studies on selected samples (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Raman microimaging). In general, those located in the exterior are poorly preserved, in contrast with the good conservation state of the interior motifs. The red rectangles of these decorations were painted over a white finishing layer, which acted also as the edge lines between these false bricks. The red colour was always due to hematite (α-Fe2O3), as revealed by its characteristic Raman bands. The use of a natural red ochre pigment (very abundant in the region) could be hypothesised considering XRF and SEM-EDS results. In general, the white layer was made of lime mortar and the presence of CaCO3 in the painting layers suggests the use of lime-based techniques (either fresco or mezzo fresco). Only in one of the indoor locations, a different execution technique, based on gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) plaster, was used. The identification of calcium oxalate in this location, in the form of weddellite (CaC2O4·2H2O), can be interpreted as the result of organic binder degradation. Furthermore, superficial contamination with gypsum was always detected in outdoor locations.
AMAΛΘΕΙA: A Dish-Driven Ontology in the Food Domain
Authors: Markantonatou Stella , Toraki Katerina , Minos Panagiotis , Vacalopoulou Anna , Stamou Vivian , Pavlidis George
Published: April 2021

We present AΜAΛΘΕΙA (AMALTHIA), an application ontology that models the domain of dishes as they are presented in 112 menus collected from restaurants/taverns/patisseries in East Macedonia and Thrace in Northern Greece. AΜAΛΘΕΙA supports a tourist mobile application offering multilingual translation of menus, dietary and cultural information about the dishes and their ingredients, as well as information about the geographical dispersion of the dishes. In this document, we focus on the food/dish dimension that constitutes the ontology’s backbone. Its dish-oriented perspective differentiates AΜAΛΘΕΙA from other food ontologies and thesauri, such as Langual, enabling it to codify information about the dishes served, particularly considering the fact that they are subject to wide variation due to the inevitable evolution of recipes over time, to geographical and cultural dispersion, and to the chef’s creativity. We argue for the adopted design decisions by drawing on semantic information retrieved from the menus, as well as other social and commercial facts, and compare AMAΛΘΕΙA with other important taxonomies in the food field. To the best of our knowledge, AΜAΛΘΕΙA is the first ontology modeling (i) dish variation and (ii) Greek (commercial) cuisine (a component of the Mediterranean diet).
Sarcoidosis: An Old but Always Challenging Disease
Authors: Tana Claudio
Published: April 2021

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease which can involve every organ, and can manifest with nonspecific clinical pictures that can be misdiagnosed with those observed with other disorders [...]