bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reverse Scarf Osteotomy for Hallux Varus following Surgery for Hallux Valgus
Authors: Dalal Rakesh B , Plastow Ricci Gary Edward , Rachha Rajesh
Published: February 2015

Hallux varus is a much rarer deformity in clinical practice than hallux valgus. It can be congenital, associated with inflammatory arthropathy or iatrogenic due to overcorrection in hallux valgus surgery. There have been many treatments suggested but no gold standard has been found. We will describe a simple surgical procedure involving the scarf osteotomy to reverse the overcorrection of hallux valgus.

How to cite this article

Dalal RB, Plastow RGE, Rachha R. Reverse Scarf Osteotomy for Hallux Varus following Surgery for Hallux Valgus. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(2):52-54.
Concomitant Madura Foot and Tuberculosis in a Child: A Diagnostic Dilemma!
Authors: Sharma Sonam , Sharma Sansar
Published: February 2015

Madura/Mycetoma foot is an uncommon infection in children seldom described in literature, especially as a coinfection with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We report a unique case of concomitant madura foot caused by actinomadura madurae and tuberculosis in a child from a known endemic area of Haryana, India which posed a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

How to cite this article

Sharma S, Sharma S. Concomitant Madura Foot and Tuberculosis in a Child: A Diagnostic Dilemma! J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(2):69-71.
Parametric Modeling Studies for Sediment Deposition as Sites for Under-Deposit Corrosion in Oil Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Runstedtler Allan , Boisvert Patrick G. , Place Trevor D.
Published: February 2015

Transmission heavy crude oil carries water-wetted solid particles. Studies have shown that these particles can accumulate on the pipe floor and cause under-deposit corrosion and that the incidence of accumulation is strongly correlated to locations downstream of overbends. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of light and heavy crude oil flows in a representative segment of a real transmission pipeline suggested that the deposition patterns in heavy oil flow are a result of low near-wall velocity, especially downstream of overbends, which prevents the flow from sweeping particles along the pipe floor, not the tendency of particles to fall to the pipe floor. The objective of the present study was to provide information that would help establish mitigation strategies. The present parametric study used the CFD model to predict the decrease in near-wall velocity at the pipe floor downstream of overbends for different pipe diameters and oil flow rates and properties. This information provided the basis for mapping the transition from light oil behavior to heavy oil behavior. The results were condensed to a chart that provides the reduction in near-wall velocity downstream of overbends as a function of the Reynolds number. It indicated a sharp overbend effect as the Reynolds number decreased below 30,000.
Soot on snow experiments: light-absorbing impurities effect on the natural snowpack
Authors: Svensson J. , Virkkula A. , Meinander O. , Kivekäs N. , Hannula H.-R. , Järvinen O. , Peltoniemi J. I. , Gritsevich M. , Heikkilä A. , Kontu A. , Hyvärinen A.-P. , Neitola K. , Brus D. , Dagsson-Waldhauserova P. , Anttila K. , Hakala T. , Kaartinen H. , Vehkamäki M. , de Leeuw G. , Lihavainen H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Light-absorbing impurities affect snow and ice via a decrease in albedo and a consequent disturbance to the radiative energy balance. Experimentally, these matters have only been examined in a few studies. Here we present results from a series of experiments in which we deposited different soot concentrations onto natural snow in different regions of Finland, and thereafter monitored the changes of the snowpack through the melting season. Measurements of the particulates in the snow indicated concentrations in the range of thousands of ppb to have clear effects on the snow properties, including the albedo, the physical snow characteristics, and an increased melt rate. For soot concentrations in the hundreds of ppb range, the effects were not as clearly visible, and it was more difficult to attribute the effects solely to the soot on the snow. Comparisons between our experimental data and the widely used Snow, Ice and Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model showed a general agreement when the model was specifically tuned to our measurements. This study highlights the importance of additional experimental studies, to further articulate and quantify the effects of light-absorbing impurities on snow.
AS AGÊNCIAS MULTILATERAIS, OS MUNICÍPIOS E OS DESAFIOS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO LOCAL NO BRASIL
Authors: Banzato Bruno Antonio , Muniz Sérgio Tadeu Gonçalves
Published: February 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal entender como as agências multilaterais influenciam o desenvolvimento local. Desenvolvimento local é um novo modo de promover desenvolvimento que prioriza as necessidades das comunidades locais sem deixar convergir com o contexto global. No Brasil, os municípios são um recorte local que possibilita um estudo sustentável. Após a Constituição de 1988, os governos locais encontraram na cooperação com as agências multilaterais uma alternativa para suprir a demanda de seus cidadãos. Este artigo observará as condições de tais acordos e seu impacto nas políticas públicas.
A MULHER INDIGENA NA UNIVERSIDADE: UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE AS ESTUDANTES INDÍGENAS DA UFPR – SETOR LITORAL
Authors: Oliveira Valéria Dos Santos
Published: February 2015

Este estudo teve por objetivo problematizar a questão de gênero no contextoindígena Guarani-Kaingang na Universidade, ao trazer relatos de mulheres indígenas que estudam na Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR Setor Litoral, destacando impactos e significações na vivência universitária destas mulheres. Para tanto, ocorreu uma aproximação teórica entre feminismos e estudos pós-coloniais, enfatizando o papel político que se pode notar no posicionamento de falas dessas mulheres. Foi problematizado também a questão da construção dos saberes no ocidente e a relação hierárquica deste frente as cosmologias indígenas, sem contudo pormenorizar os aspectos destas. A Metodologia utilizada foi a que combina a análise bibliográfica em livros, artigos, sites comdados de documentos acadêmicos de estudantes indígenas da UFPR, cotejando entrevistas realizadas com as 6 estudantes indígenas que cursam graduação na referida instituição. Reconheço que com esta opção, este trabalho poderá cumprir o papel de instigar a universidade, a comunidade indígena, enfim todas as pessoas a pensar sobre a presença, significância e importância da indígena nesse meio. Reitero que esta pesquisa se preste a subsidiar novos estudos, mais abrangentes e diversos e, por conseguinte, os resultados aqui obtidos sejam utilizados como contribuição para o aperfeiçoamento das pesquisas neste campo.
ENSINAR A COMPREENDER AS ENTRELINHAS
Authors: Gandin Rosangela Valachinski , Ferreira Luciana F , Carvalho Thais Guedes de , Ferreira Dabinei Lima
Published: February 2015

O autor Marcuschi (1996) afirma que é intencional os vazios deixados pelo autor no texto, para que o leitor torne-se co-autor durante a leitura, enquanto Solé (1998) defende que as estratégias que levam à compreensão do texto são passíveis de serem ensinadas. Por isso, no projeto Clube da Leitura 120 crianças matriculadas no 3º, 4º e 5º ano do ensino fundamental participaram de sessões de leitura com o emprego das estratégias de Solé. Como avaliação, das 28 crianças entrevistadas, 97% responderam que apreciaram a atividade e 14 consideram a leitura agradável. Conclui-se que a leitura com mediação contribuiu com o desenvolvimento da compreensão leitora e com a formação do leitor literário
ESPAÇO RURAL E GEOGRAFIA: DIFERENTES ABORDAGENS NA RELAÇÃO CAMPO - CIDADE
Authors: Rosas Celbo Antonio Ramos da Fonseca
Published: February 2015

A relação entre o campo e a cidade pode ser expressa de formas diversas na leitura da literatura e da realidade. O objetivo desse artigo, que faz parte das discussões da Tese de doutorado intitulada “A (des)construção da dicotomia rural-urbano no Extremo Noroeste Paulista”, direciona a análise da relação entre os espaços rural e urbano no contexto material e principalmente imaterial, na formação das expressões culturais de grupos sociais que vivem na conjunção da relação entre esses dois espaços no processo de formação do espaço através da transformação da natureza, conforme as necessidades e seus costumes culturais. Tais resultados partiram da pesquisa relacionando uma análise de base material e imaterial do espaço, resultando numa construção do espaço rural pelas relações sociais.
Editorial
Authors: Hoeller Silvana Cassia
Published: February 2015

Apresentamos o volume “seis”, número “um” da Revista Divers@!, um veículo eletrônico para a socialização da produção científica e das experiências relacionadas às diversas áreas do conhecimento. Conforme a edição anterior, a Revista Divers@! continua privilegiando a abordagem interdisciplinar e a contribuição das diferentes perspectivas teóricas e empíricas para questões atuais.
Introduction
Authors: Pula James
Published: February 2015

This year marks the 220th anniversary of the Kościuszko Uprising, the culmination of Tadeusz Kościuszko’s lifelong attempts to free his homeland from foreign domination. It is fitting that we mark this occasion, and his services to both the United States and Poland, with this special issue of The Polish Review.
Kościuszko’s Influence as an American Military Leader
Authors: Pula James S.
Published: February 2015

He has been called the “hero of two continents.” General Horatio Gates, his commanding officer in the 1777 campaign, characterized him as “the only pure republican I ever knew. He is without dross.” General Nathanael Greene, under whom he served in the Southern campaigns, commented, “Among the most useful and agreeable of my companions in arms, was Colonel Kościuszko. Nothing could exceed his zeal for the public service, nor in the prosecution of various objects that presented themselves in our small but active warfare, could anything be more useful than his attention, vigilance and industry.”
“Fellow Cadets”—Charles Petigru’s Dedication of the Kościuszko Column at West Point
Authors: Petigru Charles
Published: February 2015

Born in South Carolina, Charles Petigru entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1825. No sooner had he arrived than Superintendant Sylvanus Thayer formed a committee of cadets to select someone to be honored with the first monument to be raised at the academy. Five cadets—Petigru, Robert E. Lee, Charles Mason, John MacKay, and E. Basinger—discussed the issue, quickly deciding upon Tadeusz Kościuszko, the engineering officer charged with constructing the fortress during the American Revolution, as the first person to be so honored. John H. B. Latrobe, a former cadet and the son of Benjamin Latrobe, whose architectural work included the U.S. Capitol building, submitted the design of a fluted column and pedestal that was accepted. The location selected was at the northeastern corner of the storied plain, where cadets drilled overlooking the Hudson River Valley. “While your river flows and Country exists,” Latrobe commented, “no one will be at a loss to understand the Monument, its purpose, and its location.” The $5,000 cost of the monument was funded by a monthly 25¢ levy on each cadet’s stipend. When finished, it would be the second-oldest monument to the Revolutionary hero after the Kopiec Kościuszki (Kościuszko Mound) in Kraków.
Historiografia, erudició, identitat: sobre l’autoria de l’«Epítome de la genealogia dels comtes de Barcelona» (c. 1588/1589)
Authors: Galdeano Carretero Rodolfo
Published: February 2015

L’Epítome de la genealogia dels comtes de Barcelona que encapçala l’edició de les actes de la Cort general del 1585 forma part de la resposta oficial a l’atzucac en què havia entrat la historiografia catalana arran de la crítica de P. M. Carbonell a Pere Tomic, l’obra del qual representava la validació de la tradició llegendària. Tenint com a referent el discurs historiogràfic basat en la idea de l’autoalliberament, i a fi de salvar l’escull que representava la crítica de P. M. Carbonell, l’Epítome pretenia esbossar les primeres línies d’un nou discurs que altres obres havien d’ampliar. És el cas de l’obra del jesuïta Pere Gil Història moral de Cathalunya, que segueix fidelment les línies dibuixades per l’Epítome, i que, basant-se en els mètodes de la filosofia moral d’Aristòtil i de la teologia moral de l’època, pretenia il·luminar els passatges més obscurs de la història del Principat. Tanmateix, l’article planteja una hipòtesi d’autoria de l’Epítome, car considera que és fonamentalment una obra de consens amb la participació evident de Francesc Calça en la redacció dels primers comtes.
La monarquía española y los últimos incas ¿una frontera interior?
Authors: Merluzzi Manfredi
Published: February 2015

La conquista y el control de lo que fue denominado Reino de Perú resultaron en un proceso más largo de lo que comúnmente la historiografía considera. La resistencia indígena y la aspereza y fragmentación del territorio bajo el control de diferentes agentes y grupos étnicos complicaron el control ejercido por la administración española. Esto influyó en las estrategias políticas y militares de la corona. Así, entre 1532 y 1572, este fue un escenario cruzado en su interior por una multiplicidad de fronteras étnicas, económicas, políticas, militares, culturales y religiosas. Este artículo analiza la presencia de una frontera interior debida a la resistencia de los incas de Vilcabamba. La existencia de esta frontera interior influyó sobre la actuación de la corona española. Analizar estas circunstancias de interacción permite profundizar en el conocimiento de la implantación colonial en estos escenarios. Estos entornos configuraban mosaicos móviles de relaciones —fronteras interiores— y tardaron décadas en consolidarse en las estructuras que surgieron después de la conquista.
Frontera(s) e historia(s) en los mundos ibéricos
Authors: Mantecón Movellán Tomás A.
Published: February 2015

Este artículo pone de relieve la polisemia histórica del concepto de frontera, sus concreciones en los ámbitos de las sociedades ibéricas del Antiguo Régimen y su proyección en términos de horizonte cultural en los entornos ultramarinos. Muestra las facetas de esta categoría histórica desde la epidermis de los imperios hasta las fronteras interiores o las mentales y culturales, subrayando la relevancia del análisis de variadas formas de encuentros y conversaciones culturales para explicar este fenómeno fronterizo más allá del marco que ofrecen los paradigmas tradicionales.
Iglesias-Fonseca, J. Antoni (ed.) (2013). Communicatio: un itinerari històric
Authors: Garrudo Tripiana Eloy
Published: February 2015

Iglesias-Fonseca, J. Antoni (ed.) (2013)Communicatio: un itinerari històricMurcia: Nausícaä Edición Electrónica, S. L. / UAB, 235 p.ISBN 978-84-940876-5-3
Adell Castán, Jose Antonio i García Rodríguez, Celedonio (2014). Bandoleros. Historias y leyendas románticas españolas
Authors: Sánchez Cartró Adriana
Published: February 2015

Adell Castán, Jose Antonio i García Rodríguez, Celedonio (2014)Bandoleros. Historias y leyendas románticas españolasMadrid: La Torre, 238 p.ISBN 9788479606725
The Relative Value of Measures of Omega-3 Index, Perceived Stress, Cortisol and Sleep Time in Identifying Depression Among a Cohort of Australian Adolescents
Authors: Grant Ross , Bilgin Ayse , Guest Jade , Morris Margaret J. , Garg Manohar , Pearce Robyn
Published: February 2015

Objective: To assess the relative prognostic value of 11 variables including, omega-3, perceived stress, cortisol and sleep duration, in predicting adolescent depression.
Design, Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional study of 444 healthy adolescents aged 16-18 years, from 10 schools within the Northern Sydney and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. Participants provided blood and saliva samples and completed questionnaires. Statistical classification methods were used to model the relationships between the predictors and depression.
Main Outcome Measures: relative predictive value of each variable in correctly classifying depression.
Results: 6% of boys and 9% of girls were categorised as experiencing severe to extremely severe depression. 4% of boys and 10% of girls were categorised as experiencing severe to extremely severe stress. The mean AM:PM cortisol for boys, 22±101, was higher than that of girls, 11±10. The average omega-3 index for boys, 10.5±3.7, was also higher than that of girls, 7.7±2.6. The average sleep duration of 7.8±1.1 hrs showed no gender differences.
The best classification model identified perceived stress as the most significant predictor of depression followed by BMI and omega-3 index. Cortisol ratio was a significant discriminator for boys but not girls. When stress was excluded, shorter sleep duration became a significant discriminator in both boys and girls with waist to hip ratio providing further discrimination in girls only.
Conclusion: The strongest predictor of depression in adolescents was perceived stress followed by higher BMI and lower omega-3 levels. These findings provide a rational basis for establishing program priorities for the prevention and treatment of adolescent depression.
Rythmique « expérience formation » et « mondes socioprofessionnels » : contribution à la construction d’une typologie de « formes identitaires » de chefs d’établissements scolaires privés du 1er degré à partir d’entretiens compréhensifs/biographiques
Authors: Grave Bruno
Published: February 2015

Permettre aux personnes souhaitant se professionnaliser, de vivre différentes situations, à différents moments, tantôt de formation, tantôt d’exercice professionnel, est une finalité recherchée dans la conception-organisation des dispositifs de formation professionnelle. Ainsi, ces personnes, « dialoguant » avec les différentes situations, à différents moments, font du lien, du sens et construisent des apprentissages professionnels. Ce dialogue ou cette rythmique « formation/expérience » ne caractérisent-ils que le mouvement alternant opéré par ces personnes se professionnalisant à l’interne d’un dispositif de formation professionnelle? Ne peut-on pas considérer, observer, explorer ce dialogue, cette rythmique, sur des temporalités plus longues, au-delà de la durée des dispositifs de formation, à l’échelle, par exemple, d’une carrière?

L’article ci-dessous tente de restituer l’exploration (le traitement) de quatre entretiens compréhensifs/biographiques de chefs d’établissements privés français du 1er degré à partir d’un cadre d’analyse que nous avons appelé « régimes de temporalités formatives et professionnelles ». S’inscrivant dans un travail de thèse visant à mettre en évidence les dynamiques professionnelles de ce groupe professionnel émergent, l’analyse de ce dialogue, de cette rythmique « formation/expérience » participe à la typification d’entretiens correspondant à un « monde socioprofessionnel », à une « forme identitaire » spécifique de ces chefs d’établissements.
Devenir enseignant en ligne à l’université : une rythmo-formation complexe
Authors: Lesourd Francis
Published: February 2015

Cet article s’appuie sur une expérience d’enseignement en ligne d’une dizaine d’années conduite à l’université Paris 8. Après avoir présenté rapidement le champ paradigmatique tensionnel de l’enseignement supérieur en ligne en y situant les pratiques de l’équipe pédagogique, nous interrogerons en termes d’arts de faire l’expérience des enseignants passant du présentiel au distanciel. Arts de faire relatifs à la complexité des temps et des rythmes vécus, mais aussi à l’angoisse face au temps de l’institution qui s’estompe dans l’enseignement à distance. Nous considérerons qu’à travers les tours de main inventés et les angoisses traversées, ce passage du présentiel au distanciel s’accompagne — pour reprendre la distinction de Wittorski (2003) — de formes de professionnalisation de l’organisation et des acteurs.
The transcriptional response to tumorigenic polarity loss in Drosophila
Authors: Bunker Brandon D , Nellimoottil Tittu T , Boileau Ryan M , Classen Anne K , Bilder David
Published: February 2015

Loss of polarity correlates with progression of epithelial cancers, but how plasma membrane misorganization drives oncogenic transcriptional events remains unclear. The polarity regulators of the Drosophila Scribble (Scrib) module are potent tumor suppressors and provide a model for mechanistic investigation. RNA profiling of Scrib mutant tumors reveals multiple signatures of neoplasia, including altered metabolism and dedifferentiation. Prominent among these is upregulation of cytokine-like Unpaired (Upd) ligands, which drive tumor overgrowth. We identified a polarity-responsive enhancer in upd3, which is activated in a coincident manner by both JNK-dependent Fos and aPKC-mediated Yki transcription. This enhancer, and Scrib mutant overgrowth in general, are also sensitive to activity of the Polycomb Group (PcG), suggesting that PcG attenuation upon polarity loss potentiates select targets for activation by JNK and Yki. Our results link epithelial organization to signaling and epigenetic regulators that control tissue repair programs, and provide insight into why epithelial polarity is tumor-suppressive.
dPob/EMC is essential for biosynthesis of rhodopsin and other multi-pass membrane proteins in Drosophila photoreceptors
Authors: Satoh Takunori , Ohba Aya , Liu Ziguang , Inagaki Tsuyoshi , Satoh Akiko K
Published: February 2015

In eukaryotes, most integral membrane proteins are synthesized, integrated into the membrane, and folded properly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We screened the mutants affecting rhabdomeric expression of rhodopsin 1 (Rh1) in the Drosophila photoreceptors and found that dPob/EMC3, EMC1, and EMC8/9, Drosophila homologs of subunits of ER membrane protein complex (EMC), are essential for stabilization of immature Rh1 in an earlier step than that at which another Rh1-specific chaperone (NinaA) acts. dPob/EMC3 localizes to the ER and associates with EMC1 and calnexin. Moreover, EMC is required for the stable expression of other multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as minor rhodopsins Rh3 and Rh4, transient receptor potential, and Na+K+-ATPase, but not for a secreted protein or type I single-pass transmembrane proteins. Furthermore, we found that dPob/EMC3 deficiency induces rhabdomere degeneration in a light-independent manner. These results collectively indicate that EMC is a key factor in the biogenesis of multi-pass transmembrane proteins, including Rh1, and its loss causes retinal degeneration.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Use in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Medical Record Review
Authors: Ault Brian , Levy David
Published: February 2015

Context: Although the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) appears to be declining, data on the use of OMT in the emergency department (ED) are not available.

Objective: To determine the quantity and characteristics of OMT performed in a single, community academic ED that houses an osteopathic emergency medicine residency.

Design: Retrospective medical record review.

Setting: A single large community academic ED with an osteopathic emergency medicine residency from July 14, 2005, to March 4, 2013.

Participants: Patients in the ED who received OMT (N=2076).

Main Outcome Measures: Medical record data were analyzed to determine patient demographics; treatment characteristics including number of procedures and patients per physician, OMT techniques used, night vs day procedure variation, and financial implication of future billing for OMT; chief complaints; primary discharge diagnoses; and length of stay in the ED.

Results: Patients were aged 0 to 95 years (mean, 39 years) and were predominately female (1260 [60.69%]) and white (1300 [62.62%]). A mean of 0.74 patients received OMT per day, and a mean of 29.65 procedures were performed per physician. When data for residents were looked at separately, the mean was higher at 40.32 procedures per physician. The top 3 discharge diagnoses were low back pain (189 patients [9.10%]), muscle spasm (106 patients [5.11%]), and spasm: muscle, back (93 patients [4.48%]). Eleven different OMT techniques were recorded, with myofascial release being used most frequently (1150 of 2868 procedures [40.09%]), followed by muscle energy (672 [23.43%]). The average length of stay in the ED was 206 minutes. A total of 1663 OMT procedures (80%) were performed during the day, whereas 413 (20%) were performed at night. Potential procedural billing for all OMT performed during the study period was $33.09 per day.

Conclusion: In contrast to perceptions that OMT use is declining, the authors found that OMT is being performed on a near daily basis in the ED. Additional research is needed to fully understand the impact of OMT in the ED.
Effectiveness of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Pilot Project
Authors: Burnham Taylor , Higgins Derek C. , Burnham Robert S. , Heath Deborah M.
Published: February 2015

Context:Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has been recognized as a management option for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), although limited research exists to substantiate its effectiveness.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of OMT in the management of CTS.

Methods:This single-blinded quasi-controlled trial was conducted at an academic institution. Participants with CTS underwent weekly OMT sessions for 6 consecutive weeks. The main outcome measures were the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire (BCTQ), a sensory symptom diagram (SSD), patient estimate of overall change, electrophysiologic testing of the median nerve (trans–carpal tunnel motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity and amplitude ratio), and carpal tunnel ultrasound imaging of the cross-sectional area of the median nerve and transverse carpal ligament length and bowing. All outcome measures were administered to participants before the first OMT session. Immediately after the first session, electrophysiologic testing of the median nerve and ultrasound imaging of the carpal tunnel were repeated. After 6 weeks of OMT, all outcome measures were readministered.

Results:Results of the BCTQ revealed statistically significant improvements in symptoms and function after 6 weeks of OMT (F=11.0;P=.004), and the improvements tended to be more pronounced on the treated side. The drop in SSD scores after 6 weeks of treatment was statistically significant (F=4.19;P=.0002). Patient estimate of overall improvement of symptoms was statistically significant for the treated side. No statistically significant changes in electrophysiologic function of the median nerve, cross-sectional area of the median nerve, or transverse carpal ligament bowing were observed. After treatment, the increase in transverse carpal ligament length was statistically significant, but no side-to-side difference was detected.

Conclusion:Osteopathic manipulative treatment resulted in patient-perceived improvement in symptoms and function associated with CTS. However, median nerve function and morphology at the carpal tunnel did not change, possibly indicating a different mechanism by which OMT acted, such as central nervous system processes.
Adult-Acquired Hidden Penis in Obese Patients: A Critical Survey of the Literature
Authors: Cavayero Chase T. , Cooper Meghan A. , Harlin Stephen L.
Published: February 2015

Context: Hidden penis is anatomically defined by a lack of firm attachments of the skin and dartos fascia to the underlying Buck fascia.

Objective: To critically appraise the research evidence that could support the most effective surgical techniques for adult-acquired hidden penis in obese patients.

Methods: Studies investigating patients with a diagnosis of hidden penis were identified. Of these studies, only those with adult patients classified as overweight or obese (body mass index >25) were included in the review. Three reviewers examined the abstracts of the studies identified in the initial Medline search, and abstracts considered potentially relevant underwent full-text review. Studies that included patients with congenital, iatrogenic (eg, circumcision issues or aesthetic genital surgery), or traumatic causes of hidden penis were excluded. Studies that did not define the diagnostic criteria for hidden penis were excluded to minimize the risk of definition bias. The quality of evidence for each study was determined after considering the following sources of bias: method of allocation to study groups, data analysis, presence of baseline differences between groups, objectivity of outcome, and completeness of follow-up. Using these criteria, studies were then graded as high, moderate, or low in quality.

Results: Seven studies with a total of 119 patients met the inclusion criteria. All but 1 of the studies were nonrandomized. One study provided a clear presentation of results and appropriate statistical analysis. Six studies accounted for individual-based differences, and 1 study failed to account for baseline differences altogether. Four studies addressed follow-up. One study was of high quality, 2 were of moderate quality, and 4 were of low quality.

Conclusion: Building a clinical practice guideline for the surgical management of hidden penis has proven difficult because of a lack of high-quality, statistically significant data in the research synthesis. The authors elucidate the challenges and epitomize the collective wisdom of surgeons who have investigated this problem and emphasize the need for rigorous evaluative studies.
Postoperative Singultus: An Osteopathic Approach
Authors: Petree Kristie , Bruner Jonathan
Published: February 2015

Singultus, or hiccups, is a common medical condition. Despite exponential leaps in medicine, the pathophysiologic cause remains poorly defined. Persistent singultus has been associated with conditions such as pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. Singultus is also a well-known postoperative complication. The criterion standard of care for patients with singultus involves ruling out lethal pathologic causes, attempting physical stimulation with Valsava maneuvers or drinking water, and, if no relief has been achieved, administering drugs to ease the symptoms. The authors report a case of a man whose postoperative singultus was successfully managed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. This approach addresses many of the possible underlying neuromechanical causes of the aberrant reflex with minimal potential for adverse effects. Physicians should consider osteopathic manipulative treatment in the care of patients with singultus.
Effects of High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Treatment of Abdominal Lymph Node Metastasis From Gastric Cancer
Authors: Zhang Meiling , Liu Lingxiang , Wang Jian , Lu Kaihua , Shu Yongqian , Wang Rongsheng , Liu Ping
Published: February 2015

Objectives

This retrospective study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of combination treatment with high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and chemotherapy to those of chemotherapy alone for treatment of the abdominal lymph node metastasis from gastric cancer.

Methods

A total of 185 patients with gastric cancer and abdominal lymph node metastasis were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: group A received chemotherapy alone (n = 102); group B received HIFU combined with chemotherapy (n = 83). The clinical efficacy and safety of the groups were then analyzed.

Results

The overall response rates of groups A and B were 34.3% and 47.0%, respectively (P = .046). The pain relief rates in groups A and B were 51.6% and 75.0% (P = .039). At the data cutoff, the median survival times of groups A and B were 8.6 and 11.9 months (P < .05). The adverse reactions in the groups did not show significant differences (P > .05). Among the patients treated with HIFU and chemotherapy, those with small abdominal lymph nodes (diameter <3 cm) had a better prognosis than those with large nodes (diameter ≥3 cm).

Conclusions

In patients with gastric cancer and abdominal lymph node metastasis, the combination of HIFU and chemotherapy can provide clinical benefits. High‐intensity focused ultrasound could effectively facilitate treatment of abdominal lymph node metastasis from gastric cancer.
Sonography of the Scrotum
Authors: Rafailidis Vasileios , Apostolou Dimitrios , Charsoula Anna , Rafailidis Dimitrios
Published: February 2015

In this pictorial essay, we review and discuss the varying morphologic characteristics of scrotal appendages and calculi. Characteristic sonograms obtained from patients with coexisting hydrocele are presented, and recent literature is included. Hydrocele greatly facilitates the imaging of these intrascrotal structures, as it acts as a “water path”. On the one hand, torsion of a scrotal appendage should always be included in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum, especially in children. On the other hand, scrotolithiasis may occasionally cause mild discomfort. As a consequence, and given the widespread use of sonography for the evaluation of both acute and chronic conditions of the scrotum, radiologists should be familiar with these entities.
Quantitative Evaluation of Sonophoresis Efficiency and Its Dependence on Sonication Parameters and Particle Size
Authors: Lee Kun Loong , Zhou Yufeng
Published: February 2015

Transdermal drug delivery makes a critical contribution to medical practice and some advantages over conventional oral administration and hypodermic injection. Enhancement of percutaneous absorption or penetration of therapeutic agents (ie, drugs and macromolecules) by ultrasound, termed sonophoresis, has been applied and studied for decades. In this study, the penetration percentage through porcine ear skin specimens was determined quantitatively by measuring the fluorescence from nanoparticles of 60, 220, and 840 nm in size in a receptor chamber at different sonication parameters (ie, duty cycle, 20%–100%; acoustic intensity, 0.3–1.0 W/cm2; duration, 7–30 minutes; and frequency, 1 MHz). In general, the sonophoresis efficiency increased with the acoustic intensity, duty cycle, and sonication duration but decreased with the particle size (mean ± SD, 62.6% ± 5.4% for 60‐nm versus 11.9% ± 1.1% for 840‐nm polystyrene nanospheres after 30 minutes of sonication at 0.5 W/cm2 and a 100% duty cycle; P < .05). On scanning electron microscopy the pore size remained the same (≈100 μm), but more flakes were observed with the progress of sonication. In summary, sonophoresis efficiency is dependent on the ultrasound parameters and particle size. Sufficient sonication would lead to satisfactory penetration of even submicrometer objects through the pores.
Two Cases of Heterotopic Pregnancy
Authors: Avitabile Nicholas C. , Kaban Nicole L. , Siadecki Sebastian D. , Lewiss Resa E. , Saul Turandot
Published: February 2015

We present 2 recent cases of heterotopic pregnancy in which bedside sonography performed by the treating emergency physician was used to identify the heterotopic pregnancy and facilitate prompt gynecologic intervention. The cases, the sonographic approach to the diagnosis of heterotopic pregnancy, and a review of the literature are presented.
The Kulinkovich Cyclopropanation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Cha Jin Kun , Kulinkovich Oleg G.
Published: February 2015

Cyclopropanes are characterized by high ring‐strain energy and have been employed as useful building blocks in organic synthesis. The incorporation of a heteroatom donor substituent such as OH, OR, NR2, or SR on the ring imparts enhanced reactivity. Hydroxycyclopropanes (cyclopropanols) in particular have been thoroughly studied due to their facile ring cleavage. Among several known methods, a new method for preparation of cyclopropanols involves dialkoxytitanacyclopropane‐mediated cyclopropanation (the Kulinkovich cyclopropanation) of esters with Grignard reagent in the presence of titanium isopropoxide. The striking feature of this method is the facile formation of a three‐membered ring from a simple Grignard reagent which acts as a 1,2‐dicarbanion equivalent through a pivotal dialkoxytitana‐cycloproapne intermediate. These reactions benefit from the availability of inexpensive reagents, ease of operation, and high selectivity forcis‐dialkylcyclopropanols. This cyclopropanation reaction has since been extended to other carboxylic derivatives to provide convenient access to several heteroatom‐substituted cyclopropanes. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated, comprehensive coverage of the literature on the Kulinkovich cyclopropanation reaction and related processes. Key mechanistic issues are summarized.
The Krapcho Dealkoxycarbonylation Reaction of Esters with α‐Electron‐Withdrawing Substituents
Authors: Paul Krapcho A. , Ciganek Engelbert
Published: February 2015

The Krapcho reaction involves esters with α‐electron‐withdrawing substituents such as malonates, β‐keto esters, and α‐cyano esters, which undergo dealkoxycarbonylation on being heated in polar aprotic solvents (such as DMSO, DMF, or HMPT) in the presence of water, or in polar aprotic solvents with water in the presence of added salts (such as NaCN, NaCl, LiCl, LiI, or MgCl2). This procedure avoids the use of strongly aqueous acidic and alkaline conditions and tolerates many functional and protecting groups. The chapter presents the mechanistic aspects of this procedure, which include reaction parameters such as solvents, salts, other additives, and the use of microwave irradiation. The diastereoselectivity of protonation of the enolate intermediate leading to the dealkoxycarbonylated products is discussed. Trapping of the intermediate enolate by electrophiles other than a proton is illustrated. Potential side reactions and same‐pot subsequent reactions of substrates are discussed along with functional‐group compatibility for halogens and nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and carbon functional groups.

Several examples of applications of this methodology for the synthesis of natural products along with experimental conditions and procedures are presented. Closely related methods are discussed in the Comparison with Other Methods section. The tables, which consist of 371 pages, are grouped according to substrate structure. Selective entries for other methods (excluding classical aqueous acidic or basic methods) are included in the tabular survey for comparative purposes.
Improved methods for observing Earth's time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons
Authors: Watkins Michael M. , Wiese David N. , Yuan Dah‐Ning , Boening Carmen , Landerer Felix W.
Published: February 2015

We discuss several classes of improvements to gravity solutions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. These include both improvements in background geophysical models and orbital parameterization leading to the unconstrained spherical harmonic solution JPL RL05, and an alternate JPL RL05M mass concentration (mascon) solution benefitting from those same improvements but derived in surface spherical cap mascons. The mascon basis functions allow for convenient application of a priori information derived from near‐global geophysical models to prevent striping in the solutions. The resulting mass flux solutions are shown to suffer less from leakage errors than harmonic solutions, and do not necessitate empirical filters to remove north‐south stripes, lowering the dependence on using scale factors (the global mean scale factor decreases by 0.17) to gain accurate mass estimates. Ocean bottom pressure (OBP) time series derived from the mascon solutions are shown to have greater correlation with in situ data than do spherical harmonic solutions (increase in correlation coefficient of 0.08 globally), particularly in low‐latitude regions with small signal power (increase in correlation coefficient of 0.35 regionally), in addition to reducing the error RMS with respect to the in situ data (reduction of 0.37 cm globally, and as much as 1 cm regionally). Greenland and Antarctica mass balance estimates derived from the mascon solutions agree within formal uncertainties with previously published results. Computing basin averages for hydrology applications shows general agreement between harmonic and mascon solutions for large basins; however, mascon solutions typically have greater resolution for smaller spatial regions, in particular when studying secular signals.
Validation of linearity assumptions for using tsunami waveforms in joint inversion of kinematic rupture models: Application to the 2010 Mentawai Mw 7.8 tsunami earthquake
Authors: Yue Han , Lay Thorne , Li Linyan , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Rivera Luis , Hill Emma M. , Sieh Kerry , Kongko Widjo , Muhari Abdul
Published: February 2015

Tsunami observations have particular importance for resolving shallow offshore slip in finite‐fault rupture model inversions for large subduction zone earthquakes. However, validations of amplitude linearity and choice of subfault discretization of tsunami Green's functions are essential when inverting tsunami waveforms. We explore such validations using four tsunami recordings of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Mw 7.8 tsunami earthquake, jointly inverted with teleseismic body waves and 1 Hz GPS (high‐rate GPS) observations. The tsunami observations include near‐field and far‐field deep water recordings, as well as coastal and island tide gauge recordings. A nonlinear, dispersive modeling code, NEOWAVE, is used to construct tsunami Green's functions from seafloor excitation for the linear inversions, along with performing full‐scale calculations of the tsunami for the inverted models. We explore linearity and finiteness effects with respect to slip magnitude, variable rake determination, and subfault dimensions. The linearity assumption is generally robust for the deep water recordings, and wave dispersion from seafloor excitation is important for accurate description of near‐field Green's functions. Breakdown of linearity produces substantial misfits for short‐wavelength signals in tide gauge recordings with large wave heights. Including the tsunami observations in joint inversions provides improved resolution of near‐trench slip compared with inversions of only seismic and geodetic data. Two rupture models, with fine‐grid (15 km) and coarse‐grid (30 km) spacing, are inverted for the Mentawai event. Stronger regularization is required for the fine model representation. Both models indicate a shallow concentration of large slip near the trench with peak slip of ~15 m. Fully nonlinear forward modeling of tsunami waveforms confirms the validity of these two models for matching the tsunami recordings along with the other data.
Seismic source dynamics of gas‐piston activity at Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Authors: Chouet Bernard , Dawson Phillip
Published: February 2015

Since 2008, eruptive activity at the summit of Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai‘i has been confined to the new Overlook pit crater within the Halema‘uma‘u Crater. Among the broad range of magmatic processes observed in the new pit are recurring episodes of gas pistoning. The gas‐piston activity is accompanied by seismic signals that are recorded by a broadband network deployed in the summit caldera. We use raw data recorded with this network to model the source mechanism of representative gas‐piston events in a sequence that occurred on 20–25 August 2011 during a gentle inflation of the Kı̄lauea summit. To determine the source centroid location and source mechanism, we minimize the residual error between data and synthetics calculated by the finite difference method for a point source embedded in a homogeneous medium that takes topography into account. We apply a new waveform inversion method that accounts for the contributions from both translation and tilt in horizontal seismograms through the use of Green's functions representing the seismometer response to translation and tilt ground motions. This method enables a robust description of the source mechanism over the period range 1–10,000 s. Most of the seismic wavefield produced by gas‐pistoning originates in a source region ∼1 km below the eastern perimeter of the Halema‘uma‘u pit crater. The observed waveforms are well explained by a simple volumetric source with geometry composed of two intersecting cracks featuring an east striking crack (dike) dipping 80°to the north, intersecting a north striking crack (another dike) dipping 65° to the east. Each gas‐piston event is marked by a similar rapid inflation lasting a few minutes, trailed by a slower deflation ramp extending up to 15 min, attributed to the efficient coupling at the source centroid location of the pressure and momentum changes accompanying the growth and collapse of a layer of foam at the top of the lava column. Assuming a simple lumped parameter representation of the shallow magmatic system, the observed pressure and volume variations can be modeled with the following attributes : foam thickness (10–50 m), foam cell diameter (0.04–0.10 m), and gas‐injection velocity (0.01–0.06 m s−1). Gas‐piston activity occurs in a narrow pipe with diameter of 6 m connecting the Halema‘uma‘u pit crater to the subjacent dike system. The height of the magma column is estimated at ∼104 m at the start of the sequence based on the period of very long period (VLP) oscillations accompanying the onset of the gas‐piston signal. Based on the change in the period of VLP oscillations and tilt evidence, the height of the magma column is inferred to have risen by up to ∼23 m by the end of the 5 day long sequence. A penny‐shaped crack model of the dike geometry yields effective diameters of ∼1.2–2.9 km for the east dike and 0.7 km for the north dike. The shallower north dike segment is embedded in a relatively weak medium, compatible with expected mechanical properties in the hydrothermal environment of this dike.
Changes of seasonal storm properties in California and Nevada from an ensemble of climate projections
Authors: Yu Zhongbo , Jiang Peng , Gautam Mahesh R. , Zhang Yong , Acharya Kumud
Published: February 2015

Precipitation characteristics, such as intensity, frequency, duration, and event pattern, are changing due to the increases in greenhouse gases, transition of ocean oscillation phases, etc. In this paper, we evaluate the ability of 11 realizations from multiple regional climate model (RCM)/global climate model pairs in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to simulate the seasonal variability and magnitude of storm properties, including storm duration, interstorm period, and storm intensity. The results indicate that NARCCAP RCMs simulate the seasonal variability better in the Greater Sacramento and San Joaquin than in Las Vegas, which may be due to the RCMs' inability to simulate local convective precipitation associated with the North American Monsoon. We also investigate the impacts of climate change on these storm characteristics by comparing the percentage change and absolute change of storm properties determined from NARCCAP historical runs and future runs. We find that individual RCMs exhibit great uncertainty in the percentage changes in storm duration, interstorm period, and average storm intensity. The ensemble means of storm properties across 11 future NARCCAP RCM projections show different responses to climate change in different locations. Our analyses provide guidelines for selecting the appropriate RCMs for hydrologic studies related to storm properties and provide forecasters and water managers with detailed information of future changes in storm properties so that they can sustainably manage water resources. Our results may also contribute to the nonstationary precipitation scenario development by incorporating the percentage changes of storm properties caused by human‐induced warming into the stochastic precipitation model.