bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Supercharged Fluorescent Protein as a Versatile Probe for Homogeneous DNA Detection and Methylation Analysis
Authors: Lei Chunyang , Huang Yan , Nie Zhou , Hu Jun , Li Lijun , Lu Guoyan , Han Yitao , Yao Shouzhuo
Published: June 2014

Supercharged proteins are a new class of functional proteins with exceptional stability and potent ability to deliver bio‐macromolecules into cells. As a proof‐of‐principle, a novel application of supercharged proteins as a versatile biosensing platform for nucleic acid detection and epigenetics analysis is presented. Taking supercharged green fluorescent protein (ScGFP) as the signal reporter, a simple turn‐on homogenous method for DNA detection has been developed based on the polyionic nanoscale complex of ScGFP/DNA and toehold strand displacement. This assay shows high sensitivity and potent ability to detect single‐base mismatch. Furthermore, combined with bisulfite conversion, this ScGFP‐based assay was further applied to analyze site‐specific DNA methylation status of genomic DNA extracted from real human colon carcinoma tissue sample with ultrahigh sensitivity (4 amol methylated DNA).
Bent Molecules with a 60° Central Core Angle that Form B7 and B2 Phases
Authors: Lee Eun‐Woo , Takimoto Koji , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji , Kang Sungmin
Published: June 2014

Small‐angle bent‐core liquid‐crystalline (LC) molecules based on a 1,2‐bis(phenylethynyl)benzene central core have been synthesized that form banana smectic phases with a ferroelectric B7–antiferroelectric B2 phase sequence upon cooling. The formation of polar, switchable ferro‐/antiferroelectric banana phases indicates that, despite the low core bend angle of approximately 60°, banana smectic phases are still formed with the bend direction parallel to the layer. This study offers significant evidence that shows bent‐core molecules with a 60° bend angle can form the well‐known B2 and B7 banana phases. Consequently, it may lead to the preparation of a wide variety of novel bent molecules with low bend angles that spontaneously form an LC phase with both polarization and chirality.
Optical‐Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for Volumetric and Spectral Analysis of Histological and Immunochemical Samples
Authors: Zhang Yu Shrike , Yao Junjie , Zhang Chi , Li Lei , Wang Lihong V. , Xia Younan
Published: June 2014

Optical‐resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR‐PAM) is an imaging modality with superb penetration depth and excellent absorption contrast. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that this technique can advance quantitative analysis of conventional chromogenic histochemistry. Because OR‐PAM can quantify the absorption contrast at different wavelengths, it is feasible to spectrally resolve the specific biomolecules involved in a staining color. Furthermore, the tomographic capability of OR‐PAM allows for noninvasive volumetric imaging of a thick sample without microtoming it. By immunostaining the sample with different chromogenic agents, we further demonstrated the ability of OR‐PAM to resolve different types of cells in a coculture sample with imaging depths up to 1 mm. Taken together, the integration of OR‐PAM with (immuno)histochemistry offers a simple and versatile technique with broad applications in cell biology, pathology, tissue engineering, and related biomedical studies.
Bioinspired Total Synthesis of Sespenine
Authors: Sun Yu , Chen Pengxi , Zhang Deliang , Baunach Martin , Hertweck Christian , Li Ang
Published: June 2014

The first total synthesis of sespenine, a rare indole sesquiterpenoid from a mangrove endophyte, has been accomplished. A bioinspired aza‐Prins/Friedel–Crafts/retro Friedel–Crafts cascade reaction assembles the bridged tetrahydroquinoline core. Further investigations on the aza‐Prins cyclization imply that the C3 configuration of the hydroxyindolenine intermediate is crucial to the biosynthesis of sespenine and its congener xiamycin A.
Bio‐reduction of Redox‐Sensitive Albumin Conjugates in FcRn‐Expressing Cells
Authors: Brülisauer Lorine , Valentino Gina , Morinaga Sakura , Cam Kübra , Thostrup Bukrinski Jens , Gauthier Marc A. , Leroux Jean‐Christophe
Published: June 2014

Disulfide‐containing IgG‐, Fc‐, or albumin‐based prodrugs that rely on FcRn‐trafficking by endothelial cells for prolonged circulation in the body might be hampered by premature bio‐reduction processes during FcRn‐mediated recycling events. A detailed bio‐reduction analysis of redox‐sensitive albumin conjugates in two FcRn‐expressing cell lines has been performed. The obtained results indicate that the FcRn‐mediated recycling pathway is not (or is only poorly) bio‐reducing.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Silylation of Aromatic and Benzylic CH Bonds Directed by a Secondary Amine
Authors: Li Qian , Driess Matthias , Hartwig John F.
Published: June 2014

Reported herein is an iridium‐catalyzed, regioselective silylation of the aromatic CH bonds of benzylamines and the benzylic CH bonds of 2,N‐dialkylanilines. In this process, (hydrido)silyl amines, generated in situ by dehydrogenative coupling of benzylamine or aniline with diethylsilane, undergo selective silylation at the CH bond γ to the amino group. The products of this silylation are suitable for subsequent oxidation, halogenation, and cross‐coupling reactions to deliver benzylamine and arylamine derivatives.
Trifluoromethylation of Alkenes with Concomitant Introduction of Additional Functional Groups
Authors: Egami Hiromichi , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: June 2014

The trifluoromethyl group is found in many synthetic bioactive compounds, and the difunctionalization of a CC bond, as a powerful strategy for the construction of compounds with various functional groups, has been intensively investigated. Therefore, the difunctionalizing trifluoromethylation of alkenes has attracted growing interest because of the potential of the products as building blocks for bioactive molecules. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the trifluoromethylation of alkenes with concomitant introduction of additional functional groups.
Strategies for the Synthesis of Functional Naphthalene Diimides
Authors: Suraru Sabin‐Lucian , Würthner Frank
Published: June 2014

Naphthalene diimides, which have for a long time been in the shadow of their higher homologues the perylene diimides, currently belong to the most investigated classes of organic compounds. This is primarily due to the initial synthetic studies on core functionalization that were carried out at the beginning of the last decade, which facilitated diverse structural modifications of the naphthalene scaffold. Compounds with greatly modified optical and electronic properties that can be easily and effectively modulated by appropriate functionalization were made accessible through relatively little synthetic effort. This resulted in diverse interesting applications. The electron‐deficient character of these compounds makes them highly valuable, particularly in the field of organic electronics as air‐stable n‐type semiconductors, while absorption bands over the whole visible spectral range through the introduction of core substituents enabled interesting photosystems and photovoltaic applications. This Review provides an overview on different approaches towards core functionalization as well as on synthetic strategies for the core expansion of naphthalene diimides that have been developed mainly in the last five years.
Electrochemically Generated Gradients
Authors: Krabbenborg Sven O. , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: June 2014

This review surveys recent developments in the field of electrochemically generated gradients. The gradual variation of properties, which is a key characteristic of gradients, is of eminent importance in technology, for example, directional wetting, as well as biology, for example, chemotaxis. Electrochemical techniques offer many benefits, such as the generation of dynamic solution and surface gradients, integration with electronics, and compatibility with automation. An overview is given of newly developed methods, from purely electrochemical techniques to the combination of electrochemistry with other methods. Electrochemically fabricated gradients are employed extensively for biological and technological applications, such as high‐throughput screening, high‐throughput deposition, and device development, all of which are covered herein. Especially promising are developments towards the study and control of dynamic phenomena, such as the directional motion of molecules, droplets, and cells.
Chemical‐Shift‐Resolved 19F NMR Spectroscopy between 13.5 and 135 MHz: Overhauser–DNP‐Enhanced Diagonal Suppressed Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: George Christy , Chandrakumar Narayanan
Published: June 2014

Overhauser–DNP‐enhanced homonuclear 2D 19F correlation spectroscopy with diagonal suppression is presented for small molecules in the solution state at moderate fields. Multi‐frequency, multi‐radical studies demonstrate that these relatively low‐field experiments may be operated with sensitivity rivalling that of standard 200–1000 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Structural information is accessible without a sensitivity penalty, and diagonal suppressed 2D NMR correlations emerge despite the general lack of multiplet resolution in the 1D ODNP spectra. This powerful general approach avoids the rather stiff excitation, detection, and other special requirements of high‐field 19F NMR spectroscopy.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Tunable Chemoselective N Functionalization of Indoles with Ynamides
Authors: Hentz Alexandre , Retailleau Pascal , Gandon Vincent , Cariou Kevin , Dodd Robert H.
Published: June 2014

Two unprecedented N functionalizations of indoles with ynamides are described. By varying the electron‐withdrawing group on the ynamide nitrogen atom, either Z‐indolo‐etheneamides or indolo‐amidines can be selectively obtained under the same metal‐free reaction conditions. The scope and synthetic potential of these reactions, as well as some mechanistic insights provided by DFT calculations, are reported.
The Total Synthesis of (−)‐Nitidasin
Authors: Hog Daniel T. , Huber Florian M. E. , Mayer Peter , Trauner Dirk
Published: June 2014

Nitidasin is a pentacyclic sesterterpenoid with a rare 5‐8‐6‐5 carbon skeleton that was isolated from the Peruvian folk medicine “Hercampuri”. It belongs to a small class of sesterterpenoids that feature an isopropyl trans‐hydrindane moiety fused to a variety of other ring systems. As a first installment of our general approach toward these natural products, we report the total synthesis of the title compound. Our stereoselective, convergent route involves the addition of a complex alkenyl lithium compound to a trans‐hydrindanone, followed by chemoselective epoxidation, ring‐closing olefin metathesis, and redox adjustment.
Recyclable 1,2‐bis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]diselane‐catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexene with H2O2: a practical access to trans‐1,2‐cyclohexanediol
Authors: Yu Lei , Wang Jun , Chen Tian , Wang Yuguang , Xu Qing
Published: June 2014

1,2‐Bis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]diselane‐catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexene by hydrogen peroxide affords a quick, clean and practical access to the important compound trans‐1,2‐cyclohexanediol under mild conditions. The highly atom‐economic properties, clean procedures, high reaction concentration, short reaction time, mild conditions and eco‐friendly, recyclable and low loading catalysts facilitate this methodology for possible future practical industrial production. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with different pore sizes for delivery of pH‐sensitive gallic acid
Authors: Rashidi Ladan , Vasheghani‐Farahani Ebrahim , Rostami Khosrow , Ganji Fariba , Fallahpour Masoud
Published: June 2014

In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with different pore diameters were used for encapsulation of gallic acid (GA). All nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and z‐potential analysis for determination of their characterizations. The effects of different pore sizes of nanoparticles on loading of GA and its release from GA‐loaded nanoparticles into simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2), simulated intestinal and colon fluids (SIF and SCF, pHs 6.8 and 7.4, respectively), simulated body fluid (SBF, pH 7.4), and simulated gastrointestinal tract fluid (SGITF) were investigated. The pore size increased with the increase of mixing time of mesitylene as a swelling agent. GA is an unstable molecule that decomposes in alkaline pH. The imidazole buffer is the best for investigation of GA release into the alkaline media. The increase of nanoparticles pore size made the enhancement of GA loading. The released GA from GA‐loaded nanoparticles into SGF was slower than that into SIF and SBF. Release of GA was strongly pH dependent on the selected media. The antioxidant activity, based on the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl assay, of released GA into SGITF and SBF was conserved and correlated strongly with its content in the selected media. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrile functionalized benzoxazine/bismaleimide blends and their glass cloth reinforced laminates
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhu Chunli , Geng Pengfeng , Wei Yanze , Lu Zaijun
Published: June 2014

A novel high‐performance resin blend composed of nitrile functionalized benzoxazine (CNBZ) and bismaleimide (4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenyl methane) (BMI) was prepared via solvent method. Its curing behaviors, thermal properties, and mechanical properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and universal testing machine, respectively. The results showed that the addition reaction between phenolic hydroxyl group and the double bond occurred except for the homopolymerization of CNBZ and BMI. When BMI content was more than 40%, the cured CNBZ/BMI blends exhibited higher glass transition temperatures (Tgs) than CNBZ and BMI homopolymers, which reached up to 334°C. Meanwhile, when BMI content was 40%, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and shearing strength reached up to 69, 235, and 12.9 MPa, respectively, which exhibited the comparable mechanical properties with BT resin. Furthermore, the glass cloth (GF) reinforced laminates based on these blends were prepared. The results showed that when BMI content was 40%, their tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength reached up to 334 MPa, 593 MPa, and 145 KJ m−2, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41072.
Lignin valorization by forming thermally stimulated shape memory copolymeric elastomers—Partially crystalline hyperbranched polymer as crosslinks
Authors: Li Hui , Sivasankarapillai Gopakumar , McDonald Armando G.
Published: June 2014

Lignin based thermal‐responsive elastomers were produced by a melt polycondensation reaction with a long alkyl chain hyperbranched poly(ester‐amine‐amide) (B3‐A2‐CB31). The effect of lignin content on elastomers properties was investigated. The thermal and mechanical properties of the copolymers were characterized by DMA, DSC, and TGA. The morphology of the copolymer was examined by SEM. Tensile properties were dominated by HBP <25% lignin content while lignin dominated >25% content. The copolymers glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with lignin content. The elastomer with 30% lignin content demonstrated optimal mechanical properties (tensile strength 5.3 MPa, Young's modulus 8.9 MPa, strain at break 301%, and toughness 1.03 GPa). Thermally stimulated dual shape memory effects (SME) of the copolymers were quantified by cyclic thermomechanical tests. The transition temperature (Ttrans) of the polymer was able to be controlled (room to body temperature) by varying the amount of lignin added which broadens the range to medical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41103.
Platinum and Palladium Nanotubes Based on Genetically Engineered Elastin–Mimetic Fusion Protein‐Fiber Templates: Synthesis and Application in Lithium‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Guo Guilue , Truong Thi Hong Anh , Tan Huiteng , Ang Huixiang , Zhang Wenyu , Xu Chen , Rui Xianghong , Hu Zhaolong , Fong Eileen , Yan Qingyu
Published: June 2014

The coupling of proteins with self‐assembly properties and proteins that are capable of recognizing and mineralizing specific inorganic species is a promising strategy for the synthesis of nanoscale materials with controllable morphology and functionality. Herein, GPG‐AG3 protein fibers with both of these properties were constructed and served as templates for the synthesis of Pt and Pd nanotubes. The protein fibers of assembled GPG‐AG3 were more than 10 μm long and had diameters of 20–50 nm. The as‐synthesized Pt and Pd nanotubes were composed of dense layers of ∼3–5 nm Pt and Pd nanoparticles. When tested as cathodes in lithium‐O2 batteries, the porous Pt nanotubes showed low charge potentials of 3.8 V, with round‐trip efficiencies of about 65 % at a current density of 100 mA g−1.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,1‐Diborylalkanes through Regioselective Dihydroboration of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Lee Sumin , Li Dingxi , Yun Jaesook
Published: June 2014

The copper‐catalyzed sequential hydroboration of terminal alkynes with pinacolborane to prepare 1,1‐diborylalkanes directly from alkynes was studied. Protected propargyl amines, propargyl alcohol derivatives, and simple alkynes regioselectively produced the desired 1,1‐diborylalkanes in good yields with a copper/xantphos catalyst.
Salting‐out‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction with acetonitrile for the determination of trimetazidine in rat plasma using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Xiong Xin , Yang Li.
Published: June 2014

A high‐throughout bioanalytical method based on salting‐out‐assisted liquid/liquid extraction (SALLE) method with acetonitrile and mass spectrometry‐compatible salts followed by LC‐MS/MS analysis of trimetazidine in rat plasma is presented. It required only 50 μL of plasma and allows the use of minimal volumes of organic solvents. The seamless interface of SALLE and LC‐MS eliminated the drying‐down step and the extract was diluted and injected into an LC‐MS/MS system with a cycle time of 2.5 min/sample. The retention times of trimetazidine and IS were approximately 1.1 and 1.7 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.1–100 ng/mL, which can be extended to 500 ng/mL by dilution. The intra‐ and inter‐batch precision, accuracy and the relative standard deviation were all <15%. This method was successfully applied to determine trimetazidine concentrations in rat plasma. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and sensitive determination of levofloxacin in microsamples of human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its application in a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Aguilar‐Carrasco José Carlos , Hernández‐Pineda Jessica , Jiménez‐Andrade Juan Miguel , Flores‐Murrieta Francisco Javier , Carrasco‐Portugal Miriam del Carmen , López‐Canales Jorge Skiold
Published: June 2014

A rapid, sensitive and simple high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay with ultraviolet detection was developed for the quantification of levofloxacin in microsamples (100 μL) of human plasma. The extraction procedure included a protein precipitation technique and a short chromatographic running time (4.5 min). Analyses were carried out on a Symmetry C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.01 m potassium dihydrogen aqueous solution (pH 3.4; 14:86 v/v) as mobile phase. The method provided specificity and was linear (r ≥ 0.9992) over the concentration range 0.1–12 µg/mL. The average absolute recovery was 93.59%. The intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation were <6%. Additionally, levofloxacin was stable in all evaluations. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated in a pharmacokinetic study of levofloxacin in healthy adult volunteers. The present method offers two main advantages: (a) the use of microsamples reduces the total volume of blood to be collected from patients; and (b) it provides a good cost–effectiveness ratio. It is concluded that the method is rapid, simple, sensitive, economical and suitable for the determination of levofloxacin in human plasma using a small volume of sample. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The highly sensitive brain: an fMRI study of sensory processing sensitivity and response to others' emotions
Authors: Acevedo Bianca P. , Aron Elaine N. , Aron Arthur , Sangster Matthew‐Donald , Collins Nancy , Brown Lucy L.
Published: June 2014

Background

Theory and research suggest that sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), found in roughly 20% of humans and over 100 other species, is a trait associated with greater sensitivity and responsiveness to the environment and to social stimuli. Self‐report studies have shown that high‐SPS individuals are strongly affected by others' moods, but no previous study has examined neural systems engaged in response to others' emotions.

Methods

This study examined the neural correlates of SPS (measured by the standard short‐form Highly Sensitive Person [HSP] scale) among 18 participants (10 females) while viewing photos of their romantic partners and of strangers displaying positive, negative, or neutral facial expressions. One year apart, 13 of the 18 participants were scanned twice.

Results

Across all conditions, HSP scores were associated with increased brain activation of regions involved in attention and action planning (in the cingulate and premotor area [PMA]). For happy and sad photo conditions, SPS was associated with activation of brain regions involved in awareness, integration of sensory information, empathy, and action planning (e.g., cingulate, insula, inferior frontal gyrus [IFG], middle temporal gyrus [MTG], and PMA).

Conclusions

As predicted, for partner images and for happy facial photos, HSP scores were associated with stronger activation of brain regions involved in awareness, empathy, and self‐other processing. These results provide evidence that awareness and responsiveness are fundamental features of SPS, and show how the brain may mediate these traits.
An Overview of CAS Standards: The Role in Self‐Assessment and Evaluation
Authors: Hornak Anne M.
Published: June 2014

This chapter explores CAS as a tool for collecting assessment and evaluation data in community college student affairs offices. Details are provided about accessing the self‐assessment modules, as well as the resources available to assist colleges with data collection. Finally, the chapter will explore how to use the data to advocate for programming, and the implementation of findings to leverage resources for future work.
Using Professional Standards for Higher Education to Improve Student Affairs
Authors: Scott Renay M.
Published: June 2014

The instruction and program quality at community colleges adheres to standards mandated through regional and national accreditation at institution and program levels. Community college personnel must understand their specific role in college and program accreditation and how accreditation is crucial for functions, such as accessing federal financial aid, guaranteeing credit hour transfers, and recognizing certification and licensure. The author presents an overview of the accreditation process and strategies for using the process to increase accountability.
Creating and Implementing Practices That Promote and Support Quality Student Affairs Professionals
Authors: Tyrell Steve
Published: June 2014

In this chapter, the author draws on this volume's chapters to identify prominent issues and challenges facing student affairs professionals. Suggestions for practice are provided that support the work of professionals to create quality educational environments.
Fe2O3–Ag Porous Film Anodes for Ultrahigh‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Dan , Li Yong , Yan Mi , Jiang Yinzhu
Published: June 2014

Fe2O3 is a candidate material for anodes in Li‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, the practical application of Fe2O3 is still limited by its sluggish conversion reactions. In this work, porous Fe2O3 films with homogeneously dispersed Ag nanoparticles are fabricated using a facile one‐step electrostatic spray deposition technique. Both the unique, highly porous structure and the conducting Ag metal contribute to the outstanding electrochemical performance of the anode. The Fe2O3–Ag composite anode retains stable capacities of 1042 (0.1 C), 961 (1 C) and 857 mA h g−1 (5 C) over 100 cycles. When cycled at even higher rates, competitive capacities of 555 (15 C) and 509 mA h g−1 (20 C) are still acquired. This work might present opportunities to develop an oxide–metal anode with high capacity, long cycling life and good rate capability for Li‐ion batteries.
Boron‐Doped Diamond Functionalization by an Electrografting/Alkyne–Azide Click Chemistry Sequence
Authors: Yeap Weng Siang , Murib Mohammed Sharif , Cuypers Wim , Liu Xianjie , van Grinsven Bart , Ameloot Marcel , Fahlman Mats , Wagner Patrick , Maes Wouter , Haenen Ken
Published: June 2014

A straightforward protocol for the covalent functionalization of boron‐doped diamond electrodes with either ferrocene or single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is reported. The functionalization method is based on a combination of diazonium salt electrografting and click chemistry. An azide‐terminated organic layer is first electrografted onto the diamond surface by electrochemical reduction of 4‐azidophenyldiazonium chloride. The azidophenyl‐modified surface then reacts rapidly and efficiently with molecules bearing a terminal alkyne moiety by means of CuI‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition. Covalent attachment of ferrocene moieties was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, whereas impedance spectroscopy was applied for the characterization of the immobilized DNA.
Impact of the Counter‐Electrode Material on Redox Processes in Resistive Switching Memories
Authors: Tappertzhofen Stefan , Waser Rainer , Valov Ilia
Published: June 2014

Cation‐based resistive‐switching memories rely on the injection and drift of metal ions in nanoscale thin films. In insulators that do not initially contain mobile cations, such as SiO2, Ta2O5, and so forth, water redox reactions occurring at the counter electrode (CE) were found to be essential in enabling the dissolution of the active electrode and to keep electroneutrality. In this study, we report on the impact of the CE on redox processes prior to resistive switching. Potentiodynamic measurements for various electrode materials revealed that the catalytic activity of the CE towards the water redox process determines the concentration of dissolved ions within the oxide and influences the rate of the total cell reaction. This trend can be used as an indicator for the design of both cation‐ and anion‐conducting oxide‐based resistive‐switching random‐access memories.
A Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)‐Conjugated Microporous Polymer Network
Authors: Bildirir Hakan , Paraknowitsch Jens Peter , Thomas Arne
Published: June 2014

Conjugated microporous polymer networks have been prepared from the strong electron donor tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene (TEB) by using the Sonogashira–Hagihara cross‐coupling reaction. Optimization of reaction conditions yields polymers with surface areas of up to 434 m2 g−1. The strong electron‐donating properties of the network can be proven by iodine exposure. Structural and electronic changes due to formation of the charge‐transfer salt from TTFs in the porous network and iodine within the pores are investigated.
Intermolecular Hydroamination of Vinylarenes by Iminoanilide Alkaline‐Earth Catalysts: A Computational Scrutiny of Mechanistic Pathways
Authors: Tobisch Sven
Published: June 2014

A thorough computational exploration of the mechanistic intricacies of the intermolecular hydroamination (HA) of vinylarenes by a recently reported class of kinetically stabilised iminoanilide [{N^N}Ae{N(SiMe3)2}⋅(THF)n] alkaline‐earth amido compounds (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba) is presented. Two distinct mechanistic pathways for catalytic HA mediated by alkaline‐earth and rare‐earth compounds have emerged over the years that account equally well for the specific features of the process. On one hand, a concerted proton‐assisted pathway to deliver the amine product in a single step can be invoked and, on the other, a stepwise σ‐insertive pathway that comprises a rapid, reversible migratory olefin insertion step linked to a less facile, irreversible AeC alkyl bond aminolysis. The results of the study presented herein, which employed a heavily benchmarked and reliable DFT methodology, supports a stepwise σ‐insertive pathway that involves fast and reversible migratory CC bond insertion into the polar AeN pyrrolido σ bond. This proceeds with strict 2,1 regioselectivity via a highly polarised four‐centre transition state (TS) structure, linked to irreversible intramolecular AeC bond aminolysis of the alkaline‐earth alkyl intermediate as the energetically favourable mechanism. Turnover‐limiting aminolysis is consistent with the significant KIE measured; the DFT‐derived effective barrier matches the Eyring parameter empirically determined for the best‐performing {N^N}Ba(NR2) catalyst gratifyingly well. It also predicts the observed trend in reactivity (Ca<Sr<Ba) correctly and the computationally estimated primary KIE is close to the observed values. Non‐competitive kinetic demands militate against the operation of the alternative concerted proton‐assisted pathway, which describes NC bond formation triggered by concomitant amino proton transfer at the CC linkage via a multi‐centre TS structure. A detailed comparison of {N^N}Ae(NR2) catalysts revealed that the variation in the Aepyrrolido bond strength together with the degree of protection of the alkaline earth by a sterically encumbering iminoanilide ligand scaffold not only profoundly influences the performance in HA catalysis, but also the likelihood of traversing rival mechanistic pathways.
Cell type–specific spatial and functional coupling between mammalian brain Kv2.1 K+ channels and ryanodine receptors
Authors: Mandikian Danielle , Bocksteins Elke , Parajuli Laxmi Kumar , Bishop Hannah I. , Cerda Oscar , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Trimmer James S.
Published: June 2014

The Kv2.1 voltage‐gated K+ channel is widely expressed throughout mammalian brain, where it contributes to dynamic activity‐dependent regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability. Here we show that somatic plasma membrane Kv2.1 clusters are juxtaposed to clusters of intracellular ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+‐release channels in mouse brain neurons, most prominently in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum. Electron microscopy–immunogold labeling shows that in MSNs, plasma membrane Kv2.1 clusters are adjacent to subsurface cisternae, placing Kv2.1 in close proximity to sites of RyR‐mediated Ca2+ release. Immunofluorescence labeling in transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in specific MSN populations reveals the most prominent juxtaposed Kv2.1:RyR clusters in indirect pathway MSNs. Kv2.1 in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs exhibits markedly lower levels of labeling with phosphospecific antibodies directed against the S453, S563, and S603 phosphorylation site compared with levels observed in neocortical neurons, although labeling for Kv2.1 phosphorylation at S563 was significantly lower in indirect pathway MSNs compared with those in the direct pathway. Finally, acute stimulation of RyRs in heterologous cells causes a rapid hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation of Kv2.1, typical of Ca2+/calcineurin‐dependent Kv2.1 dephosphorylation. Together, these studies reveal that striatal MSNs are distinct in their expression of clustered Kv2.1 at plasma membrane sites juxtaposed to intracellular RyRs, as well as in Kv2.1 phosphorylation state. Differences in Kv2.1 expression and phosphorylation between MSNs in direct and indirect pathways provide a cell‐ and circuit‐specific mechanism for coupling intracellular Ca2+ release to phosphorylation‐dependent regulation of Kv2.1 to dynamically impact intrinsic excitability. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3555–3574, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conflict Resolution in the Workplace: What Will the Future Bring?
Authors: Brubaker David , Noble Cinnie , Fincher Richard , Park Susan Kee‐Young , Press Sharon
Published: June 2014

Collaborative processes to resolve conflict in the workplace have permeated organizations in North America over the past thirty years. Mediation and arbitration processes made the earliest inroads in organizations, joined more recently by conflict coaching and organizational ombudsry. Concurrently, law schools and other graduate schools expanded their alternative dispute resolution (ADR) offerings and conflict resolution programs. This article charts the trends in workplace conflict management and ADR education and proposes where the field may be heading in the coming years. The authors note growing demand for workplace mediation, coaching, and ombuds offices, and they call for broader adoption of integrated conflict management systems.
Toward the Activist Ombudsman: Conclusion
Authors: Gadlin Howard
Published: June 2014

This conclusion to the mini‐colloquy examines the importance of both organizational culture and individual practitioners approaches in order to better convey the deeply important and personal work of the organizational ombudsman.
Comparing determinants of alien bird impacts across two continents: implications for risk assessment and management
Authors: Evans Thomas , Kumschick Sabrina , Dyer Ellie , Blackburn Tim
Published: June 2014

Invasive alien species can have serious adverse impacts on both the environment and the economy. Being able to predict the impacts of an alien species could assist in preventing or reducing these impacts. This study aimed to establish whether there are any life history traits consistently correlated with the impacts of alien birds across two continents, Europe and Australia, as a first step toward identifying life history traits that may have the potential to be adopted as predictors of alien bird impacts. A recently established impact scoring system was used in combination with a literature review to allocate impact scores to alien bird species with self‐sustaining populations in Australia. These scores were then tested for correlation with a series of life history traits. The results were compared to data from a previous study in Europe, undertaken using the same methodology, in order to establish whether there are any life history traits consistently correlated with impact across both continents. Habitat generalism was the only life history trait found to be consistently correlated with impact in both Europe and Australia. This trait shows promise as a potential predictor of alien bird impacts. The results support the findings of previous studies in this field, and could be used to inform decisions regarding the prevention and management of future invasions.
A Catalytic System for the Activation of Diorganozinc Reagents
Authors: Werner Thomas , Bauer Matthias , Riahi Abdol Majid , Schramm Heiko
Published: June 2014

We report a novel catalytic system for the activation of diorganozinc reagents. We assumed that the nucleophilic activation of diethylzinc should be efficiently performed by simple alkali metal salts. Indeed, the combination of sodium salts and 15‐crown‐5 significantly accelerates the rate of diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde under mild conditions. The activity of the catalytic system strongly depends on the nature of the anion, decreasing in the order I– > Br– > Cl– > F–. Under the optimized reaction conditions, various aryl, hetero aryl, and aliphatic aldehydes were converted with diethylzinc and the corresponding product was obtained in excellent yields. The first X‐ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on such type of reactions provide initial insights that support the proposed catalytic cycle and suggest the formation of a zincate complex.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Promoted Metal‐Free S–H Activation: An Approach for the Construction of S–S, S–N, and S–C Bonds
Authors: Rattanangkool Eakkaphon , Krailat Watanya , Vilaivan Tirayut , Phuwapraisirisan Preecha , Sukwattanasinitt Mongkol , Wacharasindhu Sumrit
Published: June 2014

The activation of the sulfur atom of thiols with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DIB) has been explored in the preparation of symmetrical disulfides and sulfenamides. Disulfides can be produced in excellent yields (75–95 %) upon treatment of thiols with DIB. The reaction was complete in less than five minutes at room temperature. Aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic thiols are compatible with this transformation. Moreover, heteroaromatic disulfides obtained from heteroaromatic thiols further reacted with a nucleophilic amine in the presence of a base to provide the corresponding sulfenamides in fair to good yields (43–90 %) in a one‐pot fashion. The methodology was successfully extended to indole as a representative electron‐rich aromatic compound, which allowed successful construction of a S–C bond in one pot. The key benefits of this reaction include lower toxicity, low cost of DIB reagent, and mild reaction conditions (room temperature, undried solvents and open flask).
Imidazolidinone Nitroxides as Catalysts in the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols, en Route to Atroposelective Oxidative Desymmetrization
Authors: Carbó López Marta , Royal Guy , Philouze Christian , Chavant Pierre Y. , Blandin Véronique
Published: June 2014

New chiral nitroxides based on the imidazolidin‐4‐one skeleton, and the corresponding hydroxylamines, have been prepared from cyclic nitrones by a straightforward reaction sequence. They were evaluated as catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol using different co‐catalysts. Both the imidazolidinone nitroxides and hydroxylamines were proven to catalyze the reaction, with the ring substituent having an effect depending on the co‐catalytic system. In some cases, rapid oxidation to benzaldehyde was accomplished at room temperature under an atmospheric O2 pressure. Moreover, atroposelective desymmetrization was achieved during the aerobic oxidation of a diol catalyzed by an enantiopure imidazolidinone nitroxide. Finally, the electrochemical behavior of the new hydroxylamines and nitroxides was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, which gave insights into the observed catalytic properties.
Stereoselective Approach to 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidin‐3‐ol: Synthesis of (–)‐Deoxoprosopinine and (+)‐Deoxoprosophylline
Authors: Jha Vishwajeet , Kauloorkar Shruti Vandana , Kumar Pradeep
Published: June 2014

A simple and highly efficient approach to an enantioenriched 2,6‐disubstituted piperidin‐3‐ol skeleton is developed from an aldehyde as a starting material by using organocatalytic and asymmetric dihydroxylation as the key steps. Its application to the total synthesis of (–)‐deoxoprosopinine and (+)‐deoxoprosophylline is also reported.
Efficient and Reusable CuI/1,10‐Phenanthroline‐Catalyzed Oxidative Decarboxylative Homocoupling of Arylpropiolic Acids in Aqueous DMF
Authors: Liu De‐Xian , Li Fei‐Long , Li Hong‐Xi , Gong Wei‐Jie , Gao Jun , Lang Jian‐Ping
Published: June 2014

An efficient method for synthesis of 1,3‐diynes through the CuI/1,10‐phenanthroline‐catalyzed oxidative decarboxylative homocoupling of aryl pioprolic acids in aqueous DMF has been developed. The catalytic system was suitable for a variety of arylpropiolic acids, and the corresponding 1,3‐diynes could be prepared in high yields. The catalytic system was recovered from the organic products by filtration and its aqueous DMF filtrate retained good activity even after at least four cycles of use.
Synthesis, Solid‐State Analyses, and Anion‐Binding Properties of meso‐Aryldipyrrin‐5,5′‐diylbis(phenol) and ‐bis(aniline) Ligands
Authors: Copey Laurent , Jean‐Gérard Ludivine , Framery Eric , Pilet Guillaume , Andrioletti Bruno
Published: June 2014

The design of new molecular scaffolds for the selective recognition or transport of anions is often critical, because subtle changes in the substitution pattern may drastically impact the targeted properties. Herein, detailed spectroscopic and X‐ray crystal‐structure analyses were used to investigate the effect of the substitution pattern of a new series of N2O2 or N4 anion sensors. Our study evidences two distinct in‐in and in‐out conformations depending on the nature of the substituent (e.g., phenol vs. aniline). Interestingly, because of intramolecular hydrogen bonds involving the –OH or the –NH2 functions, the dipyrrin subunit only acts as a scaffold and does not participate in the anion binding. Furthermore, the nature of the meso substituent was not critical, as similar binding affinities were measured for meso‐C6H5 or meso‐C6F5 ligands. Hence, the meso position can be further modified without any noticeable changes to the electron density on the dipyrromethene subunit.
Sterically Controlled Diels–Alder Cycloadditions: Rapid Entry into the Illudin Scaffold
Authors: Stevens‐Cullinane Lars , Lucas Nigel T. , Hawkins Bill C.
Published: June 2014

Rapid entry into the tricyclic ring system of the illudin family of natural products was achieved using a Diels–Alder cycloaddition of allylidenecyclopropane 7 and various cyclic and acyclic dienophiles. The reaction proceeds with complete regioselectivity and moderate to high stereoselectivity in good to excellent chemical yields.
Rapid and Structurally Diverse Synthesis of Multi‐Substituted β‐Keto Amide Derivatives Based on a Dioxinone Scaffold
Authors: Fuse Shinichiro , Yoshida Hayato , Oosumi Kazuya , Takahashi Takashi
Published: June 2014

A sequential diversification approach for the synthesis of various multi‐substituted β‐keto amide derivatives based on a simple and readily available dioxinone scaffold was developed. The process involves: (1) nucleophilic addition of the scaffold to an aldehyde, and a subsequent one‐pot dehydration; (2) palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling of the scaffold with either an arylboronic acid pinacol ester, or CO and an aliphatic amine; and (3) nucleophilic addition of either an aliphatic amine or an arylamine, or a hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction of isocyanate/isothiocyanate, with an acylketene generated in situ from the dioxinone scaffold.
Electrochemical Detection of Persulfate at the Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode with Nanocomposite Containing Nano‐Ruthenium Oxide/Thionine and Nano‐Ruthenium Oxide/Celestine Blue
Authors: Roushani Mahmoud , Karami Elham
Published: June 2014

The present study describes the fabrication of a sensitive amperometric sensor for the determination of persulfate. The immobilization surface was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a nanocomposite containing ruthenium oxide (RuOx) nanoparticles and thionine (TH) or celestin blue (CB). The modified electrodes indicated excellent electrocatalytic activity toward persulfate reduction at a potential of +0.1 V. The proposed sensor showed detection limits of 1.46 µM for the GC/RuOx/TH modified electrode and 2.64 µM for the GC/RuOx/CB modified electrode. The sensitivities were obtained as 3 nA µM−1 at a concentration range of 10 µM to 11 mM for the GC/RuOx/TH modified electrode and 1 nA µM−1 at a concentration range of 10 µM to 6 mM for the GC/RuOx/CB modified electrodes.
Ablative fast pyrolysis—Potential for cost effective conversion of agricultural residues
Authors: Apfelbacher Andreas , Conrad Stefan , Schulzke Tim
Published: June 2014

Residual biomass from agriculture and food production will become a major source for energy and chemicals production. Straw as an example of agricultural residues—though abundantly available—occurs sparsely distributed and its price is dominated by logistic cost. By converting straw into pyrolysis oil directly in the field, this logistic cost can be drastically reduced. A major outcome of this study is that the intermediate product from ablative flash pyrolysis can be delivered to subsequent utilization plants at approximately the same price as baled straw, provided some underlying assumptions are met. One aim of the Fraunhofer innovation cluster »Bioenergy« is to determine, whether the existing concept for an ablative flash pyrolysis process can be scaled‐up to a capacity of 10 t/h and still could be mounted on a mobile platform. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 669–675, 2014
Executive Functioning in Overweight Individuals with and without Loss‐of‐Control Eating
Authors: Manasse Stephanie M. , Juarascio Adrienne S. , Forman Evan M. , Berner Laura A. , Butryn Meghan L. , Ruocco Anthony C.
Published: June 2014

Objective

The current study sought to examine executive function (EF) in overweight individuals with and without loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating.

Method

Eighty overweight and obese individuals entering a behavioural weight loss trial with (n = 18) and without (n = 62) LOC eating were administered a clinical interview and neuropsychological battery designed to assess self‐regulatory control, planning, delayed discounting and working memory.

Results

After controlling for age, IQ and depression, individuals with LOC eating performed worse on tasks of planning and self‐regulatory control and did not differ in performance on other tasks.

Discussion

Results indicate that overweight individuals with LOC eating display relative deficits in EF compared with overweight individuals without LOC eating. Planning and self‐regulatory control deficits in particular may contribute to dysregulated eating patterns, increasing susceptibility to LOC episodes. Future research should examine how EF deficits relate to treatment outcome. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Detection ranges and uncertainty of passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders for sediment tracking in gravel rivers and coastal environments
Authors: Chapuis Margot , Bright Christina J. , Hufnagel John , MacVicar Bruce
Published: June 2014

Since the earliest use of this technology, a growing number of researchers have employed passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders to track sediment transport in gravel rivers and coastal environments. RFID transponders are advantageous because they are inexpensive, durable and use unique codes that allow sediment particle mobility and displacement to be assessed on a clast‐by‐clast basis. Despite these advantages, this technology is in need of a rigorous error and detection analysis. Many studies work with a precision of ~1 m, which is insufficient for some applications, and signal shadowing can occur due to clustering of tagged particles. Information on in‐field performance is also incomplete with respect to burial and submergence, especially for different transponders and antennae combinations. The objectives of this study are to qualify and quantify the factors that influence the detection zone of RFID tracers including antenna type, transponder size, transponder orientation, burial depth, submergence and clustering. Results of this study show that the detection zone is complex in shape due to a set of lobes in the detection field and provide a better understanding of transponder detection shape for different RFID transponder/antenna combinations. This study highlights a strong influence of clustering and submergence, but no significant effect of burial. Finally we propose standard operating procedures for tagging and tracking in rivers and coastal environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.