bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health beliefs around stroke in an urban South African setting - a qualitative study
Authors: Murphy Shane , Moosa Shabir
Published: January 2022

Individuals in developing countries are disproportionately affected by stroke disease, where healthcare services are overwhelmed, and inadequate health literacy stifles preventive and promotive health behaviours. This research aimed to explore the experiences and views of patients with stroke in an urban South African setting. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 patients living with stroke disease, recruited from an outpatient department in an urban setting. Participants in this study frequently described stroke disease as a fate worse than death. They frequently cited cultural, spiritual and psychological factors as causes for their stroke. Participants were unaware of any potential therapies and viewed the healthcare system as unhelpful and frustrating. These findings highlight the lived experiences of patients with debilitating stroke disease in a health system that is hospicentric with a curative design. Poor health literacy disables appropriate health-related preventive and promotive behaviours around stroke disease that disproportionately affects the marginalised of society.
Evaluation of East Asian Meiyu from CMIP6/AMIP Simulations
Authors: Tong Mingjun , Zheng Zhihai , Fu Qiang
Published: January 2022

East Asian Meiyu simulated by 35 global atmospheric models from the 6 th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) / Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) were systematically evaluated for 1998-2014. The results show that most of the CMIP6/AMIP model can hardly reproduce the observed spatial pattern and interannual variability of East Asian Meiyu. The spatial pattern is relatively better simulated over Southern Korea and Japan where 14 out of 35 models have realistically simulated precipitation, as compared with the lower reaches of the Yangtze River where only 7 out of 35 models can well reproduce the Meiyu precipitation. For the Meiyu interannual variations, GFDL-CM4 and GFDL-ESM4 have the closest variance among the models versus the TRMM observations, while 12 out of 35 models show smaller variances. We explored the relationships of Meiyu precipitation with large-scale circulation and tropical sea surface temperature (SST), and showed that these relationships from CESM2-WACCM-FV2, EC-Earth3-CC, and MPI-ESM1-2-HAM agree well with those based on TRMM precipitation, MERRA2 reanalysis-derived large-scale atmospheric fields, and observed SST. It is found that the models with a better simulation of Meiyu precipitation can capture the relationship between Meiyu precipitation and the SST in the eastern equatorial Pacific and Indian Ocean more realistically. A performance ranking of the 35 individual CMIP6/AMIP models is further provided. It is shown that the top 20% of models based on interannual variability score (IVS) tend to simulate a more realistic western Pacific subtropical high than the bottom 20% of models. And the top 20% of models based on comprehensive ranking measure (CRM) simulate a more realistic EAP pattern than the bottom 20% of models.
TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW WORLD GEOPOLITICS
Authors:   Baikal Institute of Nature Management  SB RAS, Sharaldaev B. , Sharaldaeva I. ,   East Siberian State University of Technology and Management, Badmaev A. ,   Baikal Institute of Nature Management  SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the most important vectors of cross-border cooperation between Russia and China, reveals the impact of the imposed sanctions against Russia by the leading economic powers (USA, EU, Japan, South Korea and other countries) on economic indicators. It is obvious that the imposed sanctions had a rather serious impact on the socio-economic situation of the Russian Federation, especially in a difficult situation the border regional territories, which before the introduction of the sanctions had certain preferences compared to other regions that were deep in state territories. On the basis of statistical data and a comparative analysis of the Russian Federation and China, a rather detailed conclusion was made of a serious negative impact on trade and economic activity and cooperation between Russia and China, as well as the sanctions imposed by the leading countries of Europe, Asia and the United States. In addition, the authors investigated the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on foreign economic activity and cooperation between the Russian Federation and China. The studies have shown that the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on trade and economic activity is insignificant compared to the sanctions imposed by the leading economic states. In the context of the new world geopolitics, it is necessary to determine the direction of the vector for the development of foreign economic activity and cooperation between Russia and China, we believe that it is necessary to concentrate the vector on the further development of foreign economic cooperation, including through more active use of the potential of border areas
DEMAND AND SUPPLY IMBALANCE IN THE AGRICULTURAL LABOUR MARKET IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Agrarian  University, Shelkovnikov S. , Kuznetsova I. ,   Novosibirsk State Agrarian  University
Published: January 2022

Since in the current conditions the dominant trends in agriculture are automation and robotization, in the near future, human-controlled equipment will be almost completely automated and most of the competencies required in production will lose their relevance, since the use of digital technologies can replace not only routine manual labor, but also a significant number of mental labour of workers. During this period, the formation of unique competencies inherent only to a person acquires special relevance. Therefore, in our opinion, the need for the formation of knowledge and skills of a higher level comes to the fore. The use of digitalized systems and algorithms in agricultural production leads to a significant increase in labor productivity and, as a result, to a significant release of labor resources. At the same time, the demand for workers with a certain set of knowledge and skills is increasing. The article discusses the main changes taking place in the agricultural labour market in the context of digitalization. Key points: – the use of digital algorithms significantly affects the growth of labour productivity; – the growing demand for workers with digital competencies leads to a lagging supply in the agricultural labour market; – the influence of non-price factors of supply and demand leads to an imbalance in the agricultural labour market The object of the study is the agricultural labour market in the conditions of digitalization. The subject of the study is the supply and demand imbalance in the labour market. The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize the factors that have a non-price impact on the state of the agricultural labour market. Research methodology reveals the principle of objectivity and comprehensiveness; taking into account the continuous development of elements Research methods are presented by statistical, analytical, abstract-logical, graphical and other used methods
Religious-motivated forms of extremism in the modern world: institutional aspects of the analysis
Authors:   Civil and Legal Disciplines and  Social Security, Isaev А. , Matvienko V. ,   Yelets State University named after  I. A. Bunin
Published: January 2022

The work deals with current institutional features of analysis of various forms and types of religious extremism in conditions of crisis phenomena. The study of theoretical approaches to the scientific problem outlined in the work allows us to make the assumption that interpretations of the institutional restructuring of religious extremism by foreign scientists are more timely and dynamic. The intended targeting algorithm involves a discursive assessment of the multidimensional definition of «religious extremism», with the subsequent determination of its localization in many current and emerging trends of a changing conflict landscape. The authors ascertain that there are significant institutional modifications of technological methods of recruitment in an extremist environment; they also write about the transformation of the variability of forms of destructive influence of religious-motivated types of extremism in connection with the global epidemiological situation; they emphasize the necessity to systematize and disseminate information and experience in the field of countering extremism and terrorism in their correlation with the growing negative phenomena of world development systemic crisis
INFORMATION POLICY OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES ON THE COVERAGE OF PUBLIC COUNCILS’ ACTIVITIES (BASED ON THE CASE OF MONITORING IN KUZBASS)
Authors:   Kemerovo State University, Matveeva Е. , Alagoz А. ,   Kemerovo State University
Published: January 2022

The article focuses on studying the information content of the official web sites of municipal entities regarding the coverage of activities of the public councils formed under the municipal authorities in Kuzbass. The purpose of the article was to monitor the web sites of municipalities in terms of their highlighting the work of public councils and to develop recommendations for improving the information policy of municipal authorities on this issue. The recommendations made are addressed to both municipalities and the Public Chamber of Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass and Kuzbass Legislature and suggest amending the regulatory framework. The research results have a practical orientation, since they allow to develop a unified standard of methodological recommendations for improving the information policy of municipalities. Along with the results of the monitoring of official websites, the study analyzes such source as publications of Russian researchers on the issue of public councils under authorities. The methodological basis of the research was formed by a set of methodological approaches – the systematic approach of Th. Parsons, comparative and regulatory approaches. The choice of these methods was associated with the need to study different types of sources available on the websites of municipal authorities – regulatory legal acts and minutes of meetings of public councils. With regard to the term “information policy”, the authors rely on the definition proposed by A. F. Garifullina, who considers information policy as a system of information channels connecting state and municipal authorities with society. As part of the monitoring of web sites of municipalities, the authors studied issues related to the availability of information on the work of public councils, determined the qualitative characteristics of the social and professional composition of council members, and considered the issue of the implementation of the public control function. Among the recommendation proposed as a result, the following should be stressed: the need to systematize information about the work of the public council in a separate page on the municipality’s website, the need to arrange information about the work of the public council and to expand the possibilities for implementing the function of public control by councils through monitoring, expertise, inspections and other forms
Representative role of the Federation Council in the political system of Russia (on the example of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
Authors:   Northeast Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov, Petrov Yu. , Grigoriev N. ,   Northeast Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov
Published: January 2022

The article examines the functioning of the upper house of the parliament of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the Federation Council in the context of federal relations. In the developed federations of the world, the principle of bicameralism is implemented, in which the interests of the regions are represented in the upper house of parliament. The formation mechanisms differ, when in some countries direct elections of senators by the population take place, or the practice of appointment from above is in effect. The main idea of the Senates lies in the principle of regional representation, in the ideas of separation of the branches of power and checks and balances. In Russia in the 1990s during the period of decentralized federalism, there was a strengthening of the regions, including in parliament. Heads of regions and chairmen of regional parliaments received seats in the Federation Council. Centralization of Russian federalism in the 2000s changed the formation mechanism, in which the regions appointed their representatives for the seats of the senators. The representative role was somewhat weakened, in which many senators were not associated with the regions. In recent years, there has been a policy of changing the role of the upper house of parliament, and a new formation system is emerging. The idea of amendments to the Constitution is aimed at strengthening the role of the Federation Council in the system of separation of powers. Representation of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in the Federation Council also depends on the development of federal relations. The heads of the subjects who have resigned receive the seats of senators, and the regional parliament appoints its representatives. Such a formation system somewhat weakens the institution of parliament. A system in which direct elections of senators by the population take place looks more effective
Examining A Lump Sum Tax and Optimal Tax Theory
Authors: Fast Richard
Published: January 2022

This paper will cover an overview of Optimal Tax Theory with a special emphasis on the benefits and drawbacks of a Lump Sum Tax. Covering the work of Ramsey (1927), Mirrlees and Diamond (1971a, b), Slemrod and Yitzhaki (1996), Samuelson (1954), Lindahl (1919, 1958) and others, the paper compares and contrasts the foundational works in Optimal Tax Theory on a Lump Sum Tax with more recent literature. The purpose of this analysis is to shine new light on how a Lump Sum Tax might be better implemented in the future. Also considered are to how to maximize efficiency in a tax scheme while minimizing the political unpopularity of such an unequitable tax, in particular how a Lump Sum Tax ushered in the end of Margaret Thatcher’s political career. While the ultimate goal of any tax-collecting agency is to tax ability, this is not possibile since high-ability, and hence, high-income, earners will attempt to disguise themselves as low-ability (low-income) to minimize their tax burden. Using the Ramsey Rule (1927) and Slemrod and Yitzhaki’s (1996) “marginal efficiency cost of funds”, I compare the Lump Sum Tax to other taxation schemes, such as a progressive tax, which is generally seen to be more equitable to those who are concerned with social justice, and a regressive tax, which is generally seen to be more efficient to those who are concerned with minimizing their tax burden. Also considered are efficiency concerns regarding enforcement and the costs associated with enforcement of these other tax schemes; a LST would dramatically reduce enforcement costs and the confusion that comes with calculating progressive tax brackets. I argue that it is not enough to consider the impact and efficiency of such a tax, but that the political ramifications must also be considered; due to social welfare concerns, such a tax must also be politically feasible in order to be successful. This paper will be of benefit to anyone who is interested in making the current U.S. tax regime more efficient while addressing equity concerns in its implementation, citing historical examples including the U.K., Italy, Romania, and Switzerland.
Cocoa as an Early form of Money in the Economic Sense: Satisfying Store of Value, Unit of Account and Medium of Exchange Requirements
Authors: Gentle Paul F.
Published: January 2022

This article examines the special case of cocoa in different parts of Mesoamerica, as it was used for an additional purpose, besides providing for nutritional needs of people, as well as for religious and other ceremonies. When confidence in a system of currency with coins is present, this more conventional form of money takes precedence. A respected economic form of currency which may include paper and coins or accounts thereof, has all three elements of money: a medium of exchange, a store of value and as a unit of account. In this article, the concept of value includes subjective value, what people have in terms of pleasure and displeasure in regard to owning and seeing a particular object. This article shows that cocoa satisfied the three requirements for serving as a form of money, during some time periods and in some areas of Mesoamerica. It has been found that cocoa met the three criteria necessary for them to be a type of money, in history in different countries. Some examples include certain past time periods in parts of Mesoamerica (part of present-day Latin America). However, cocoa was later found to not work as well, compared to some other specific forms of money. Understanding how different forms of money appear and then are replaced by other forms of money is important in the quest to understand what exactly money is. Monetary theory concepts concerning Gresham’s Law and the Quantity Theory of Money are discussed regarding using cocoa as money.
DE WINTERS PATTERN: AN UNUSUAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PATTERN TO RECOGNIZE
Authors: Ruhela Manish , Sahu Indira , Kumar Ola Rakesh , Bagarhatta Rajeev
Published: January 2022

De Winter syndrome is a rare electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern that makes the diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) very challenging. Our case indicates that early identification and diagnosis of such ECGs and timely reperfusion therapy of De Winter syndrome as an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) equivalent are required to improve the prognosis of such patients.
WELLENS SYNDROME:RECOGNIZE EARLY TO AVOID LIFE THREATENING CATASTROPHE
Authors: Ruhela Manish , Sahu Indira , Kumar Ola Rakesh , Bagarhatta Rajeev
Published: January 2022

Wellens syndrome is an electrocardiographic pattern involving T waves in precordial leads in a group of patients presenting with unstable angina suggestive of critical stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).It is very crucial for attending physicians to be able to recognize these patterns because failure to do so can lead to life threatening catastrophe and devastating outcome.Here we report a case of a type A wellens syndrome with subtle T wave changes that went unnoticed during the initial assessment and led to anterior wall myocardial infarction.
PREVALENCE OF TRANSFUSION TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS AMONG BLOOD DONORS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF DODA REGION OF J&K : A TWO YEAR EXPERIENCE
Authors:   Medical Officer Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine., Mahvesh Sheikh , Gupta Nidhi ,   Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, GMC Doda., Bhagat Ritu ,   Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, GMC Doda., Kumar Vinod ,   Lecturer Medicine GMC Jammu.
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a double-edged sword. On one end it can serve as a life saving measure in various surgical and medical emergencies, whereas on other end it can serve as an important mode of transmission of TTIs. Hence to prevent transmission of TTIs from donor to recipient and without compromising its benefits donor blood is screened for TTIs before transfusion of blood. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of TTIs among healthy blood donors in Doda region of J&K. Materials and Method: The present study was a two-year retrospective study conducted from August 2019 to July 2021. Blood samples from all the healthy blood donors including replacement and voluntary were screened for five most common and important TTIs. Result: A total of 2392 blood donors were included in this study and prevalence of HBV was found to be highest among the TTIs which was 0.58%. Prevalence of HIV, HCV and syphilis was found to be 0.12%. Conclusion: Blood transfusion can serve as a major source of transmission of TTIs if donor blood is not screened properly.In order to minimize the risk of transmission of TTIs and to ensure safe blood transfusion donor blood should be subjected to sensitive screening tests for TTIs before transfusion.
EXTRACTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PECTIN FROM COFFEE ROBUSTA PULP AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE FOOD PRODUCT
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Food Technology, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., C.S. Neethu , N. Princy ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Food Technology, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., G. Nageswari ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Food Technology, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., A. Rajkumar ,   Department of Food Technology, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., S.J Ashik ,   Department of Food Technology, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Published: January 2022

Coffee is one of the paramount agricultural commodities and the most consumed beverages in the world. A serious problem with the coffee industry now-a-days is huge amount of coffee pulp gets wasted once the coffee beans were separated from its cherries. It is found essentially rich with carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fat and contains a sufficient level of minor compounds such as pectin, caffeine, tannins, polyphenols. Pectin was extracted by two different methods such as acid hydrolysis and enzymatic extraction at different pH and temperature. Pectin was evaluated for its proximate analysis and physio-chemical analysis such as ash content, moisture content, pectin yield, methoxyl content, equivalent weight, anhydrouronic acid content, degree of esterification, gel forming ability, viscosity & galacturonic acid content. The project was carried out with extraction and optimization of pectin and to incorporate in to the food product. The pectin act as thickening agent and gelling agent and it is incorporated with jam to study its characteristics with commercial food grade.
Moral Distress Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Medical-Surgical Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Correlation Study
Authors: Llego Jordan H.
Published: January 2022

This research is the second part of a more comprehensive study. The purpose of this part of the study is to examines the relationship between the level of moral distress, work motivation, and job satisfaction of medical-surgical nurses in Hail Saudi Arabia. This study used a descriptive-correlation research design using the combination of three questionnaires (Moral Distress Questionnaire, Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale, and Nurses Job Satisfaction Questionnaire) through an online survey. There are 274 respondents in this study. The statistical tests used are mean, standard deviation, and Pearson-r. Results include about the relationship between moral distress and work motivation Pearson-r scored r=0.07; p=0.27; regarding the relationship between moral distress and job satisfaction Pearson-r scored r=-0.35; p=<0.001; concerning the relationship between work motivation and job satisfaction, Pearson-r scored r=0.05; p=0.42. The researchers conclude that moral distress is minimally inversely influenced by job satisfaction and vice versa, while moral distress does not affect work motivation and vice versa. Also, work motivation is not influenced by job satisfaction and vice versa.
Modelling and design of permanent magnet multipoles for beam transport and focusing. I. Selection of optimal design and parameters
Authors:   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Amoskov Victor M. , Vasiliev Vyacheslav N. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Gapionok Elena I. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Gulbekyan Georgy G. ,   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Edamenko Nikolai S. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Ivanenko Ivan A. ,   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Kazarinov Nikolay Yu. ,   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Kalagin Igor V. ,   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Kaparkova Marina V. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Kukhtin Vladimir P. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Lamzin Eugeny A. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Makarov Anatoly A. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Nezhentzev Andrey N. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Ovsyannikov Dmitrij A. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Ovsyannikov Dmitry A. (Jr.) ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus,   St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, Osipov Nikolai F. ,   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Rodin Igor Yu. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus, Sytcheusky Sergey E. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus,   St. Petersburg State University, Firsov Alexey A. ,   D. V. Efremov Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus
Published: January 2022

The design and specification choices are described for a PM quadrupole used to enable beam transport in a cyclotron. First an analytic study with a simplified 2D model is performed to give initial values for magnet configuration and performance. Characteristics of PM blocks and cylinders are analysed. Then a 3D parametrized model is used to solve the direct magnetostatic problem and accurately define quad specifications. Simulations are carried out with KOMPOT electromagnetic code utilizing the differential formulation. The regulariza- tion method is applied to solve the inverse problem. Magnetic characteristics, dimensions and shapes of the PM units and iron parts are determined in order to reach the specified field gradient. Possible correction of the resulting the ideal specification is discussed with respect to additional constraints put by practical implementation. Candidate PM materials are proposed. Simulated field maps are presented. The method described may serve as a basis for virtual prototyping and be integrated into end-to-end design and construction of magnet systems.
Method of initial functions in analyses of the bending of a thin orthotropic plate clamped along the contour
Authors:   The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Goloskokov Dmitry P. , Matrosov Alexander V. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the method of initial functions (MIF) is used to solve the problem of bending an orthotropic plate clamped along all four sides, under the influence of a normal load uni- formly distributed over its surface. The solution is obtained in the form of an exponential series with unknown coefficients. The algorithm of the method is such that on two opposite sides the boundary conditions (equality to zero of displacements and angles of rotation) are satisfied exactly, while on a pair of two other opposite sides the boundary conditions are satisfied with an arbitrary degree of accuracy by the collocation method. All studies were carried out using the Maple analytical computing system. This system allows you to perform calculations with an arbitrary mantissa in the representation of real numbers. Calculations with a long mantissa overcome one of the main disadvantages of the MIF: the computational instability of its algorithm, which arises under certain parameters of the problem. The com- putational stability of the obtained solution is investigated, as well as the stress-strain state in the neighbourhood of the corner points of the plate. It is shown that the moments and shear forces tend to zero when approaching the corners of the plate with a single change in sign.
Calculation of the turbulent boundary layer of a flat plate
Authors:   St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University, Pavlovsky Valery A. , Kabrits Sergey A. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2022

The calculation of the turbulent boundary layer is performed when a steady flow of a viscous fluid flows around a flat plate. The calculation is based on a system of equations of turbulent fluid motion, obtained by generalizing Newton’s formula for the tangential stress in a fluid by giving it a power-law form followed by writing the corresponding rheological relationship in tensor form and substituting it into the equation of motion of a continuous medium in stresses. The use of this system for the problem of longitudinal flow around a flat plate after estimates of the boundary layer form made it possible to write a system of equations describing a two-dimensional fluid flow in the boundary layer of a flat plate. This system is reduced to one ordinary third-order equation, similarly to how Blasius performed it for a laminar boundary layer. When solving this equation, the method of direct reduction of the boundary value problem to the Cauchy problem was used. The results of this solution made it possible to determine expressions for the thickness of the boundary layer, displacement and loss of momentum. These values are compared with the available experimental data.
Research of features of Dostoevsky’s publicistic style by using m-grams based on the materials of the “Time” and “Epoch” magazines
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Abramov Roman V. , Kulakov Kirill A. ,   Petrozavodsk State University, Lebedev Alexander A. ,   Petrozavodsk State University, Moskin Nikolai D. ,   Petrozavodsk State University, Rogov Alexander A. ,   Petrozavodsk State University
Published: January 2022

The paper is devoted to the study of the publicity style of F. M. Dostoevsky on the basis of publications in the journals “Time” and “Epoch” (1861-1865). For this, fragments of texts (including other authors: M. M. Dostoevsky, N. N. Strakhov, A. A. Golovachev, etc.) were selected in sizes of 500, 700 and 1000 words, on which the occurrence of bigrams and trigrams (encoded sequences of parts of speech) were counted. Decision trees were built on their basis and an analysis of the accuracy of text recognition was performed. If we consider the class cation at the rest level of the tree (fragment size 1000), then the accuracy was on average 87 resulting decision trees.
Exact penalty functions in the problem of choosing the optimal wholesale order in the face of rapid fluctuations in demand
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Bure Vladimir M. , Karelin Vladimir V. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Polyakova Ludmila N. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2022

The current article discusses a different situation in the market, when there is a rush demand for a new product followed by a sharp drop in demand. The trading company uses the following scheme for the wholesale order of goods. The ordered product is divided into two parts, and the first batch of goods arrives immediately, it is sold over a certain period of time (0, Z,]. The second batch of goods is delivered at the time 7’, but at the time interval [0, 7]. This batch is sold at a discount and is completely sold out. Time T' corresponds to the end of the sale of the entire product. The time points 7), T' are selected by the trading firm from the condition of maximizing income. The need to consider such a wholesale order scheme is related to the fact that, firstly, the warehouses of the trading firms have limited capacity and cannot accommodate all the ordered goods, and secondly, a manufacturer may not offer the entire ordered batch of goods, since not all goods can be produced at the initial (zero) point of time immediately after receiving the order. At the time 71, the trading company completely sells the first batch of goods and receives financial resources, part of which is paid to the manufacturer. At the moment of time Т', Ме сотр/ефе sale of all purchased goods is completed. The choice of time points 7; and T' allow to determine the volume of the first batch of ordered goods and the total volume of product ordered from the manufacturer. In the article, a mathematical model is proposed that makes it possible to choose the optimal ordering strategy for a trading company in the conditions of excessive growth of demand for the new product in time 71,72 at some unknown point in time and т. Е [73,74], and the subsequent sharp drop in demand in the period of time [73, 74] due to the saturation of the market with a new product. Four possible variants of optimization problems are considered. A method of exact penalty function is suggested, which allows one to find their solutions.
Information and program support of the analysis and processing of holographic information
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Karpov Andrey G. , Trofimov Vasiliy V. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Fedorov Arthur G. ,   St. Petersburg State University,   North-Eastern Federal University
Published: January 2022

The research of thin films of various materials on nano- and microlevel is undoubtedly topical. Three-dimensional images of thin films can significantly increase the level of the received results. Intellectual computer support of researches assumes the existence or creation of mathematical and the software that implements the experimental program. Such support can most effectively be realized with the help of an information and expert system, based on a holographic electron microscope. In this work we presented an information and expert system for solving this problem. When creating instrumental, hardware and software tools for non-destructive research of the 3D structure of objects, we proceeded from the assumption that the most complete information about the object of research can be obtained only with a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the structure of the object using complementary techniques that allow obtaining data as a 3D image.
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY IN THE PROSE OF S. N. DURYLIN
Authors: Nepomnyaschikh Natalia A.
Published: January 2022

Motivational and semiotic analysis of S. N. Durylin’s prose makes it possible to reveal in his prose motifs that are repeated in descriptions of provincial cities: a bell ringing denotes a connection between the earthly and the heavenly; gold, silver, radiance are a sign of belonging to the mountain world, bright colors are a sign of the fullness and prosperity of life, the well-being of the city and its inhabitants. The action in the novellas “Monsieur-cat”, “Notes of Yelchaninov” (“The Chamber of My Memory”) and the novel “Bells” by S. N. Durylin takes place in small district towns. These cities are arranged in a similar way, their blissful appearance contrasts sharply with the previous literary tradition of depicting the Russian province, for example, the iconic Okurov town by M. Gorky, in relation to which Durylin is polemical. Durylin’s earthly city, like all earthly life, is always a reflection of the heavenly, the higher: the model for the provincial towns — Khlynova, Kaluga, Temyan — is the invisible city of Kitezh, the image of which the writer creates back in 1916 in the Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh. The idea of the heavenly essence of the earthly appearance of each of the Durylin townships is embodied through color and sound codes. Durylin’s color and sound images are contrasted with those in the “Okurov Town” written by M. Gorky and similar images in the novel “Bells” written by I. V. Evdokimov (1926). The world of urban life in Durylin’s prose is bright, colorful and harmonious, “gloom” and darkness come to cities as a harbinger of trouble and social cataclysms, while in Gorky’s prose and the tradition that follows him, the province is a “wild wilderness”, dark in all meanings of the word.
INVESTIGATIVE CASES AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING POLITICAL REPRESSION IN THE 1930S: DISCUSSIONS IN POST-SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: Chekanov Daniil D.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the approaches of domestic post-Soviet researchers to the use of the investigative files of the NKVD as a historical source for the reconstruction of the causes, dynamics and consequences of political repressions of the 1930s. The positions of the participants in the discussion on key problematic issues related to the completeness and reliability of the informative potential of investigative cases, the interpretation of the information contained in them, the choice of methodological tools for source criticism are determined. It has been established that at the present stage of the development of historical science, the researcher’s appeal to traditional methods and techniques of analysis of the named type of historical sources is combined with the use of new approaches that allow conducting a “dialogue” with the alleged author of the document, which can act as a person under investigation (author of complaints, letters and others), as well as an employee of investigative bodies (compiler of interrogation protocols, reporting information etc.). In combination with other factors, this practice not only expands the research space of the problem, but also shifts the perspective of its scientific analysis to plots that have not been adequately reflected in the works of historians and, at best, are represented by fragmentary information. Recommendations are proposed to improve the effectiveness of scientific research in this area of historical science. In this regard, the problem of limited access of scientists to a wide range of archival and investigative documentation is actualized. It is shown that the removal or “softening” of the remaining restrictions is an important condition for the formation of a holistic and systemic scientific understanding of such a complex and non-trivial form of a historical source as the investigative cases of the NKVD.
A Review on the In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticholinesterase Activity Based on Ellman’s Method
Authors: Botura Mariana Borges , de Almeida Raquel Bianca Marchesine , de Almeida Luz Rebecca Lustosa Silva , Leite Franco Henrique Andrade
Published: January 2022

Inhibition of cholinesterases is a common strategy for the treatment of several disorders, especially Alzheimer´s disease. In vitro assays represent a critical step towards identifying molecules with potential anticholinesterase effect. This study aimed at providing a comprehensive review of the methodologies used in vitro for the anticholinesterase activity based on the spectrophotometry of Ellman’s method. This work used two databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect) to search for original articles and selected publications between 1961 and 2019, which reported in vitro spectrophotometry assays for anticholinesterase activity. After the search process and the selection of publications, the final sample consisted of 146 articles published in several journals submitted by researchers from different countries. Although the studies analyzed in this work are all within the same conception of in vitro tests based on Ellman’s method, one can observe a wide divergence in the origin and concentration of enzyme, the choice and pH of the buffer, the concentration of the substrate, the sample diluent, incubation time, temperature, and time of the spectrophotometric reading interval. There is no consensus in the methodology of studies with in vitro tests for anticholinesterase assessment. The methodological variations related to kinetic parameters may interfere in the characterization of cholinesterase inhibitors.
The Determinative Role of Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Rasoulinejad Seyed Ahmad , Kiyamehr Pegah
Published: January 2022

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a neonatal disease corresponding to
vision impairment and blindness. Utilizing the pathogenesis of ROP and the risk factors
affecting its progression can help prevent and reduce its incidence and lead to the
emergence and development of new treatment strategies. Factors influencing
retinopathy include growth and inflammatory factors that play an essential role in the
pathogenesis of the ROP. This review summarizes the most critical factors in the
pathogenesis of ROP.
Recent Developments of Flavonoids with Various Activities
Authors: Sun Zhi-Gang , Li Zhi-Na , Zhang Jin-Mai , Hou Xiao-Yan , Yeh Stacy Mary , Ming Xin
Published: January 2022

Flavonoids, a series of compounds with C6-C3-C6 structure, mostly originate from plant metabolism. Flavonoids have shown beneficial effects on many aspects of human physiology and health. Recently, many flavonoids with various activities have been discovered, which has led to more and more studies focusing on their physiological and pharmacodynamic activities. The anti-cancer and anti-viral activities especially have attracted the attention of many researchers. Therefore, the discovery and development of flavonoids as anti-disease drugs has great potential and may make significant contribution to fighting diseases. This review focus on the discovery and development of flavonoids in medicinal chemistry in recent years.
Ionic Liquids: Environment-friendly Greener Solvents for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Dinodia Monica
Published: January 2022

Constituted by ions, ionic liquids (ILs) are evolving as greener solvents for many organic syntheses. Due to their high solvent power and low volatility, ionic liquids are serving as an environment-friendly substitute to conventional volatile organic solvents. The present review introduces ionic liquids as an insight into the diverse recent applications of ILs in organic synthesis.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Analysis of Novel Tetrahydrobenzothiophene
Derivatives
Authors: Mishra Raghav , Kumar Nitin , Sachan Neetu
Published: January 2022

Background:

The role of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors in cancer development
has raised the interest to develop multi-functional agents.

Objective:

The main purpose of this work was in silico design and synthesis of potential anticancer candidates
with antioxidant effect.

Methods:

The compounds were designed based on their docking studies with respect to the RORγt receptor.
Using the Gewald protocol, a series of new tetrahydrobenzothiophene derivatives was synthesized.
The physicochemical and spectroanalytical findings, including FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass
spectroscopic techniques, verified the molecular structures of the synthesized derivatives. The anticancer
and antioxidant potential of the synthesized compounds was assessed in vitro. The compounds were tested
by the National Cancer Institute, USA for anticancer action towards different cell lines representing
nine cancerous conditions. The antioxidant activity of compounds was assessed in vitro using the DPPH
free radical scavenging method.

Results:

Docking analysis on RORγt receptors revealed that the test compounds have anticancer potential.
Within the binding pocket of the chosen PDB ID (6q7a), RCA3 and RCA5 showed good docking scores in
molecular docking studies, validating their capability of being used in rational drug design as lead compounds.
Compounds showed diversified ratios of anticancer activity. RCA5 and RCA7 showed excellent
antioxidant activity in reference to ascorbic acid with IC50 values of 18.71μg/mL and 20.88μg/mL.

Conclusion:

Cytotoxicity results very well complemented the docking scores. Compounds RCA3 and
RCA5 displayed higher anticancer activity in the subpanels of leukemia, breast cancer, and lung cancer.
Compounds RCA5 and RCA7 displayed potent antioxidant action comparable to ascorbic acid, while other
compounds presented mild to good antioxidant behavior.
The Relationship between Serum Oxytocin Levels and Sexual Function
and Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ghorbani Zahra , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Hasani Sonia
Published: January 2022

Background:

Inconsistent results were found regarding the relationship between human
blood oxytocin (OXT) levels and psychiatric and sexual dysfunction (SD) in several studies.

Objective:

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between OXT levels and sexual
function and depression.

Methods:

It was a cross-sectional study involving 84 non-pregnant healthy married women at childbearing
age. Beck Depression Inventory and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were used to
collect the data, and human oxytocin ELISA kit was used to determine serum OXT level. The independent
t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to determine the relationship between
variables.

Results:

Average age of the participants was 36.1 (6.91) in this study and the range of their age
was 19-49. The mean serum OXT level was 192.70 (139.71)pg/ml. The mean total score of FSFI
and depression were 21.54 (5.18) and 12.42 (11.20) from the attainable score of 2-36 and 0-63, respectively.
The associations between serum OXT level and FSFI overall score (r=0.066, P=0.548)
and depression score (r=0.137, P=0.215) were not found to be significant. No statistically significant
differences were found between the two groups of women with and without SD (P=0.155)
and women with and without depression (P=0.110) in terms of serum OXT levels.

Conclusion:

The results of this study did not indicate a significant relationship between serum
OXT levels and depression and sexual function. As there was no significant relationship between
the oxytocin concentrations and measured outcomes, conducting further studies with a better study
design and a larger sample size is recommended.
Determination of Methanol in Commercialized Alcohol-based Hand Sanitizing
and Other Similar Products using Headspace GC-MS
Authors: Jang Min , Yang Hyemin , Shin Giyoung , Koo Jun Mo , Hwang Sung Yeon , Park Jeyoung , X. Oh Dongyeop
Published: January 2022

Background:

Demand for alcohol-based products, including gel- and aqueous-type hand
sanitizers, room sprays, and mouthwashes, has rapidly increased during the ongoing COVID-19
pandemic because of their microbicidal properties. However, toxic methanol can be found from the
intentional addition of methanol by manufacturers and invariable production during the manufacturing
of alcohol (ethanol). Although the FDA has recommended that such products should contain
less than 630 ppm of methanol, it is only a temporary measure established specifically to regulate
such products during the current COVID-19 pandemic and hence is not strictly regulated.

Objective:

This study aims to detect and quantify the level of methanol in alcohol-based products.
However, some manufacturers unethically add methanol to their products and promote them as
methanol-free. Besides, they do not provide proficiency and toxicity test results. Therefore, these
kinds of products need to be analyzed to determine if they are acceptable to use.

Method:

This study qualitatively and quantitatively investigates the amount of methanol in commercial
alcohol-based products using a newly developed headspace gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry method. Moreover, alcoholic beverages which contain methanol are analyzed to be
compared with the levels of methanol in alcohol-based products and determine if their methanol
levels are acceptable.

Results:

Methanol concentrations in gel-type hand sanitizers (517 ppm) and mouthwashes (202
ppm) were similar to those in white wine (429 ppm) and beer (256 ppm), respectively, while that of
aqueous-type hand sanitizers (1139 ppm) was 1.5 times more than that of red wine (751 ppm).

Conclusion:

Methanol levels in most of the alcohol-based products did not exceed the FDArecommended
limit.