bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architectural and planning features of ethnocultural tourist centers
Authors:   International Educational Corporation (KazGASА Campus), Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Baymukhamed M. , Glaudinova M.B. ,   International Educational Corporation (KazGASА Campus), Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

The article presents the basics of architectural and planning organizations and the peculiarities of the formation of an ethnocultural tourist center. The analysis of existing facilities of the CIS countries was carried out. On the examples of the survey of tourist complexes and objects of ethno-aul, cultural-tourist and regional, the architectural and functional aspects of the organization of modern ethno-cultural cities and ethno-cultural tourist complexes are revealed. As a result of the research, modern tourist centers were studied.
As related to the interpretation of the "Map"from the Paleolithic settlement of Mezhirich (Ukraine)
Authors:   International Educational Corporation (campus KazGASA), Almaty, Kazakhstan, Baitenov E.M.
Published: September 2021

The engraving applied on the mammoth’s tusk that has been discovered at Mezhirich Paleolithic settlement is traditionally interpreted as the plan of the settlement which reflects four frontally located dwellings surrounded by landscapes (a river, trees etc.). Some other versions of the above interpretation have been also suggested. The author of the paper has offered a somewhat different explanation of the specified engraving – four frontally located elements of the engraving are not four separate dwellings, they reproduce the fragments of the same so-called first dwelling, and the other engraved plots of the drawing are suggested to be the analogs of the rest three dwellings of Mezhirich settlement.
Research of adhesive joints of decorating materials on transformable parts of women,s clothing
Authors:   Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kucharbayeva K.Zh. , Ashirbek M.T. ,   Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Jurinskaya I.M. ,   Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Zhalgasov N.S. ,   Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the ways of gluing finishing materials in the decor of transformed parts of women's clothing. The strength, stiffness, breathability, color resistance, strength and flexibility of the adhesive connection of finishing materials were studied, as a result of which a set of women's clothing was created.
Peculiarities of the interaction of the landscape with the architectural form on the example of the construction of individual residential houses on a complex terrain
Authors:   Eurasian National University named after L. N. Gumilyov, Nur-Sultan,  Kazakhstan, Sadykova S. Sh. , Amangeldievna T. ,   Eurasian National University named after L. N. Gumilyov, Nur-Sultan,  Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

This article considers the topical issues of modern architecture - the peculiarities of the interaction of the landscape with the architectural firm on the example of the construction of individual residential houses on complex terrain. On different examples of individual residential houses, various aspects of architecture formation are analyzed, such as architectural and planning, volumetric and spatial, structural, etc., as well as methods of interaction of architectural objects with the natural landscape «polarization» and «integration» are considered.
Innovative design systems in the architecture of the new Olympic stadium in Beijing
Authors:   L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Sadykova S.Sh. , Orak M.B. ,   L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

This article discusses innovative design systems in the architecture of the Olympic stadium in Beijing. A comprehensive analysis of the design and technical solutions of the complex was carried out. The issues of applying new technological solutions related to the problems of possible collapses of structures of the Olympic stadium in Beijing and unique ways of their elimination with the use of modern three-dimensional models are highlighted.
Main directions of development of the theory of seismic resistance of building and structures
Authors:   Satpayev University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Dostanovа S. Kh. , Kasymova G. T. ,   International Educational Corporation (KAZGASA campus), Almaty, Kazakhstan, Tokpanova K.E. ,   Turan University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Sah Saleh Ghulam ,   Satpayev University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the main directions of the development of the theory of seismic resistance of buildings and structures. Various models of the «building-foundation-foundation» system are presented. Much attention is paid to the influence of the foundation on seismic effects and the wave process of earthquakes.
The study of the tensile strength of reinforced concrete products
Authors:   International Educational Corporation (KazGASА Campus), Almaty, Kazakhstan, Estemesova S. M. , Polyakovа I. M. ,   International Educational Corporation (KazGASА Campus), Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

This article describes the study of the dependence of the tensile strength Rbtn on the class B concrete. After carrying out experiments on the prism beams, the effect of concrete compression on its tensile strength was evaluated. The test results showed that the preliminary compression of concrete has a negative effect on the tensile strength of concrete, which begins to manifest itself at σvr/Rvr ≥ 0,15.
Loss of stability of thin-walled structures
Authors:   Satpayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Dostanova S.Kh. , Sanalbay K. ,   Satpayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Tokpanova K.E. ,   International Educational Corporation (KAZGASA campus), Almaty, Kazakhstan, Tulegenova O.E. ,   Turan University, Almaty,  Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

The stability of a flat reinforced concrete shell is considered. A variational method is used to solve a nonlinear problem. The values of the upper and lower critical loads are given depending on the design features and dimensions of the coating shell.
Influence of anti-ice chemicals on reduction of strength properties of cement concrete
Authors:   Kazakh Automobile and Road Institute named after L. B. Goncharov, Yesentai D.E.
Published: September 2021

In this article were analyzed the problems of liquidation winter slipperiness on the roads with hard surface using chemical reagents. The article analyzes the results of tests using traditional (chloride) and non-traditional chemical reagents and their influence on the strength properties of cement concrete.
Influence of distance, angle, and reflecting surface on the accuracy of measurement with a reflective total station
Authors:   International Educational Corporation (KazGASA Campus), Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kuznetsova I.A. , Gilyazov M.R. ,   International Educational Corporation (KazGASA Campus), Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

This article investigates the influence of a distance, an angle and reflective surface on the accuracy of the measurements that were done with a Leica non-reflective total station, model TS09plus. There were obtained graphs of the effect of the distance, reflective surface, and angle on the mean squared error.
Injury risks in civil construction
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Zh. Amangeldi  , N. Bergeneva  ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, A. Baibosyn  ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

The article discusses an overview of the causes of injuries in construction. Also, the statistics of industrial accidents have occurred. The actual problems of ensuring labor safety and health protection of workers in the construction industry have been studied.
EFFICIENCY OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF DISTAL BICEPS TENDON RUPTURE USING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACH
Authors:   Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Shedzko S.Е. ,   6th City Clinical Hospital of Minsk
Published: September 2021

Treatment of the distal tendon rupture of the biceps brachii is an evolving topic in modern traumatology and orthopedics. The lack of a unified approach towards this rupture treatment and the growing treatment result requirements dictate the need to develop new surgical methods that allow the complete restoration of the limb's function and decrease the duration and cost of the treatment and the subsequent rehabilitation. The aim of this study is to develop a minimally invasive method for the treatment of distal tendon rupture of the biceps and evaluate its effectiveness in a comparative manner. Following the modern principles of surgery and guided by the analysis of individual elements in the existing techniques for the reinsertion of the distal biceps tendon, a conceptual solution for its treatment was formulated, and a new, patented and minimally invasive surgical technique using specialized tools was developed and introduced into clinical practice. The effectiveness analysis of the newly developed surgical technique was carried out in 2 groups that are comparable in terms of the main preoperative indications; 47 patients were operated on using the new technique, and 56 using already established techniques. Statistically significant results were obtained in the following parameters: duration of operation, size of the incision, duration of hospital stay, time before treatment, duration of plaster cast application and time needed for beginning of rehabilitation. In addition, the application of the newly developed technique reduces the cost of treatment by 2583.4 Belarusian Rubles for one patient.
HELLP SYNDROME: FEATURES OF THE CURRENT
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Mozheiko L.F. , Sushch К.L. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Fedotova Е.V. ,   1st City Clinical Hospital of Minsk, Stasevich S.М. ,   1st City Clinical Hospital of Minsk, Farfel G.G. ,   1st City Clinical Hospital of Minsk
Published: September 2021

The article describes a clinical case of HELLP-syndrome in the early postpartum period. The relevance of the presented case determines by the complexity of differential diagnosis and the high risk of complications. HELLP-syndrome establishes on the basis of the results of clinical, laboratory and instrumental studies after surgical delivery in an emergency. The article describes the features of the clinical course, the results of laboratory and instrumental studies against the background of therapy in the conditions of the resuscitation-anesthesiology and observation departments of the health care institution "Minsk City Clinical Hospital № 1". The importance of timely diagnosis of the presented pregnancy complication with early pathogenetic therapy, rapid and careful delivery of such women is noted.
PREVALENCE OF CLINICAL FORMS OF CHRONIC SINUSITIS IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Zagurskaya М.S.
Published: September 2021

Purpose: to identify patterns in the prevalence of various clinical forms of chronic sinusitis (exudative, proliferative, alterative) depending on the clinical and immunological stages of HIV infection. The study involved 108 HIV-infected patients who were diagnosed with chronic sinusitis. The prevalence of each of the clinical forms of chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (exudative, proliferative, alterative) at different immunological and clinical stages of HIV infection was determined. The majority of HIV-infected persons with chronic sinusitis were diagnosed with a proliferative form of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (61.1 ± 4.7). As the clinical stage of HIV infection progressed (WHO classification), a decrease in the prevalence of exudative forms of chronic sinusitis (from 84.8 ± 6.2 at the first stage to 4.0 ± 3.9 at the fourth) and, accordingly, an increase in proliferative forms (with 15.2 ± 6.2 at the first stage to 92.0 ± 5.4 at the fourth). As the number of CD4-lymphocytes in the blood of HIV-infected patients decreased, a significant decrease in the frequency of detection of exudative forms of chronic sinusitis was observed (from 85.0 ± 8.0 with a CD4-lymphocyte level of more than 500 uL-1 to 12.9 ± 4.3 with the level of CD4 lymphocytes is less than 200 uL-1) and, accordingly, an increase in the prevalence of proliferative forms of chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (from 15.0 ± 8.0 to 83.9 ± 4.7, respectively). As immunological deficiency progresses in HIV-infected patients, the prevalence of proliferative forms of chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses increases, which is a factor determining the tactics of treating chronic sinusitis in this group of patients.
THE STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN CHILDREN OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Kozyro I.A. , Sukalo А.V. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Kondratenko О.A.
Published: September 2021

Damage of the cardiovascular system (cardiovascular disease, CVD) is the main cause of reduced life expectancy in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the development of damage of the heart and blood vessels, both traditional factors and caused by impaired renal function, which appear already in the early stages of kidney disease, play a role. Purpose of the study: assessment of markers of the structure, function and metabolism of the heart and study of their changes in children, kidney transplant recipients. Materials and methods. 54 children, a kidney transplant recipients (Tx), who were under observation and treatment at the National Center for Pediatric Nephrology and Renal Replacement Therapy, Minsk 2nd Children's City Clinical Hospital, aged 3 to 17 years, were included in the study. The analysis of the data of the Tx group and conditionally divided subgroups: 1) with glomerular disease leading to the end stage of CKD (ESRD), n = 26; 2) with non-glomerular pathology, n = 27, in one patient the cause of ESRD was not specified. The control group consisted of healthy children from cardiology department without kidney pathology (n = 86). Results. Anamnestic, clinical, laboratory, immunological (serum concentration of T- and B-lymphocyte activation markers (RANTES and BAFF), proinflammatory (caspase 1, IL1fi and TNFa), vascular (VEGF) and tissue (TGF1p) growth factors), metabolic status (adyponectin, leptin, obestatin, vitamin D 25(OH)D), cardiospecific molecules (highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), proBNP, transferrin, TSAT index), instrumental changes. Conclusion. Changes in the cardiovascular system in Tx are ambiguous. On the one hand, there is a significant improvement in the geometry of the myocardium and arterial hypertension, on the other hand, the atherogenic direction of metabolic changes and biochemical markers of CVD remains.
COVID 19 INFECTION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR PREMATURE DETACHMENT OF THE NORMALLY LOCATED PLACENTA
Authors:   6 City Clinical Hospital, Nikitin D.A. , Verbitski V.S. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Vasileva L.N. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Verbitskaya M.S. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Pisarenko E.A. ,   6 City Clinical Hospital, Nikitina Т.V. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Guliaeva L.S. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Szareva S.N. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Kasoperovich Y.V. ,   6 City Clinical Hospital
Published: September 2021

A retrospective analysis of childbirth was carried out in 298 women with confirmed COVID-19 infection (main group) who received treatment in the maternity hospital of the 6th City Clinical Hospital of Minsk in the period from April 14, 2020 to February 14, 2021. The control group included pregnant women who gave birth during 2017—2019 in this medical institution (total 12 812). There was an increase in the incidence of premature birth from 2.7 % in pregnant women in the control group to 5.7 % in patients with COVID-19. The pathology in pregnancy significantly increased the frequency of cesarean section — 45.6 % in patients with COVID -19 Women with COVID-19 infection significantly more often have such a severe complication as premature abruption of normally located placenta (P < 0.05).
METHOD OF COMPREHENSIVE ULTRASOUND STUDY OF JOINTS OF PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Aleshkevich A.I. , Martusevich N.A. ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Bondar Т.V.
Published: September 2021

The article describes an ultrasound method for a comprehensive study of the shoulder, wrist joints and small joints of the hands, hip, knee, ankle and foot joints in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The authors proposed the optimal sequence of diagnostic methods of research, taking into account the use of various ultrasonic sensors, changes in the settings of the device, the need to change the position of the patient when examining various joints. The results of the study of pathological changes in all joints and their degree of severity are presented in accordance with a single study protocol.
Emissivity Retrievals with FORUM's End-to-end Simulator: Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Ben-Yami Maya , Oetjen Hilke , Brindley Helen , Cossich William , Lajas Dulce , Maestri Tiziano , Magurno Davide , Raspollini Piera , Sgheri Luca , Warwick Laura
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Spectral emissivity is a key property of the Earth surface of which only very few measurements exist so far in the far-infrared (FIR) spectral region, even though recent work has shown its FIR contribution is important for accurate modelling of global climate. The European Space Agency's 9th Earth Explorer, FORUM (Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring) will provide the first global spectrally resolved measurements of the Earth's top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) spectrum in the FIR. In clear-sky conditions with low water vapour content, these measurements will provide a unique opportunity to retrieve spectrally resolved FIR surface emissivity. In preparation for the FORUM mission with an expected launch in 2026, this study takes the first steps towards the development of an operational emissivity retrieval for FORUM by investigating the sensitivity of the emissivity product of a full spectrum optimal estimation retrieval method to different physical and operational parameters. The tool used for the sensitivity tests is the FORUM mission's end-to-end simulator. These tests show that spectral emissivity of most surface types can be retrieved for dry scenes in the 350–600 cm−1 region with an uncertainty ranging from 0.005 to 0.01. In addition, the quality of retrieval is quantified with respect to the precipitable water vapour content of the scene, and the uncertainty caused by the correlation of emissivity with surface temperature is investigated. Two main recommendations are made based on these investigations: (1) As the extent of TOA sensitivity to the surface in the FIR depends on the atmospheric state, the spectral region of the emissivity product should be decided using a so-called information quantifier, calculated from the ratio of the retrieval uncertainty to the a-priori uncertainty. (2) Depending on retrieval input parameters, the correlation of emissivity with surface temperature allows for retrieved emissivities within a small range around the true emissivity. Thus the impact of this correlation on the uncertainty estimates of the product should be quantified in detail during further development of the operational retrieval.
Cyanobacteria net community production in the Baltic Sea as inferred from profiling pCO2 measurements
Authors: Müller Jens Daniel , Schneider Bernd , Gräwe Ulf , Fietzek Peer , Wallin Marcus Bo , Rutgersson Anna , Wasmund Norbert , Krüger Siegfried , Rehder Gregor
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Organic matter production by cyanobacteria blooms is a major environmental
concern for the Baltic Sea, as it promotes the spread of anoxic zones. Partial
pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measurements carried out on Ships
of Opportunity (SOOP) since 2003 have proven to be a powerful tool to resolve
the carbon dynamics of the blooms in space and time. However, SOOP
measurements lack the possibility to directly constrain depth-integrated net
community production (NCP) in moles of carbon per surface area due to their
restriction to the sea surface. This study tackles the knowledge gap through
(1) providing an NCP best guess for an individual cyanobacteria bloom based
on repeated profiling measurements of pCO2 and (2) establishing an
algorithm to accurately reconstruct depth-integrated NCP from surface
pCO2 observations in combination with modelled temperature profiles. Goal (1) was achieved by deploying state-of-the-art sensor technology from
a small-scale sailing vessel. The low-cost and flexible platform enabled
observations covering an entire bloom event that occurred in July–August 2018
in the Eastern Gotland Sea. For the biogeochemical interpretation, recorded
pCO2 profiles were converted to CT*, which is the
dissolved inorganic carbon concentration normalised to alkalinity. We found
that the investigated bloom event was dominated by Nodularia and had
many biogeochemical characteristics in common with blooms in previous
years. In particular, it lasted for about 3 weeks, caused a
CT* drawdown of 90 µmol kg−1, and was accompanied
by a sea surface temperature increase of 10 ∘C. The novel
finding of this study is the vertical extension of the CT*
drawdown up to the compensation depth located at around
12 m. Integration of the CT* drawdown across this depth
and correction for vertical fluxes leads to an NCP best guess of ∼1.2 mol m−2 over the productive
period. Addressing goal (2), we combined modelled hydrographical profiles with surface
pCO2 observations recorded by SOOP Finnmaid within the
study area. Introducing the temperature penetration depth (TPD) as a new
parameter to integrate SOOP observations across depth, we achieve an NCP
reconstruction that agrees to the best guess within 10 %, which is
considerably better than the reconstruction based on a classical mixed-layer
depth constraint. Applying the TPD approach to almost 2 decades of surface pCO2
observations available for the Baltic Sea bears the potential to provide new
insights into the control and long-term trends of cyanobacteria NCP. This
understanding is key for an effective design and monitoring of conservation
measures aiming at a Good Environmental Status of the Baltic Sea.
Meteorological, snow and soil data (2013–2019) from a herb tundra permafrost site at Bylot Island, Canadian high Arctic, for driving and testing snow and land surface models
Authors: Domine Florent , Lackner Georg , Sarrazin Denis , Poirier Mathilde , Belke-Brea Maria
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Seasonal snow covers Arctic lands 6 to 10 months of the
year and is therefore an essential element of the Arctic geosphere and
biosphere. Yet, even the most sophisticated snow physics models are not able
to simulate fundamental physical properties of Arctic snowpacks such as
density, thermal conductivity and specific surface area. The development of
improved snow models is in progress, but testing requires detailed driving
and validation data for high Arctic herb tundra sites, which are presently
not available. We present 6 years of such data for an ice-wedge polygonal
site in the Canadian high Arctic, in Qarlikturvik valley on Bylot Island at
73.15∘ N. The site is on herb tundra with no erect vegetation and
thick permafrost. Detailed soil properties are provided. Driving data are
comprised of air temperature, air relative and specific humidity, wind
speed, shortwave and longwave downwelling radiation, atmospheric pressure,
and precipitation. Validation data include time series of snow depth,
shortwave and longwave upwelling radiation, surface temperature, snow
temperature profiles, soil temperature and water content profiles at five
depths, snow thermal conductivity at three heights, and soil thermal
conductivity at 10 cm depth. Field campaigns in mid-May for 5 of the 6 years
of interest provided spatially averaged snow depths and vertical profiles of
snow density and specific surface area in the polygon of interest and at
other spots in the valley. Data are available at
https://doi.org/10.5885/45693CE-02685A5200DD4C38 (Domine et al., 2021). Data
files will be updated as more years of data become available.
CITY2NAVIGATION (C2N) – A NEW SERVICE FOR DIGITAL, FUTURE-PROOF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Authors: Schürmann C. , Geiger D. , Picha M. , Thomas R.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Digital traffic management solutions are essential for the effective management of the continuing growth of road traffic. However, technical possibilities for implementing traffic management strategies by Traffic Control Centres are limited to a strategic network. At the same time, modern mobility apps from routing services offer road users many options to get informed and guided. The latter usually work independently from traffic management strategies of public authorities. Thus, different route recommendations not only lead to uncertainty of road users, but ultimately to a reduction in the effectiveness of the public traffic management strategies. A direct information exchange between both systems does not yet exist. This however would be a key to more efficient traffic management.City2Navigation therefore developed a technical concept for a nationwide implementation of a digital data exchange service (C2N service) to link public traffic management with routing services of private vendors. This service fills the gap between both group of actors, thereby serving as a crucial building block for digital traffic management in response to the goals of European and national frameworks for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).The C2N service not only promotes the cooperation of public authorities with private routing services, it also offers a variety of opportunities to develop new business models. It is a complement to C2C and C2X communication solutions in road transport, ultimately also enabling future possibilities for municipalities to conduct efficient and sustainable traffic management.
COPING WITH THE DYNAMICS OF URBAN SUSTAINABILITY: POSITIONING URBAN EXPERIMENTATION PLATFORMS AS TOOLS FOR POLICY MAKING
Authors: Rehm S.-V. , McLoughlin S. , Maccani G.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This research considers the creation of resilient organizational models of urban governance to foster urban sustainability. Building on large-scale urban experimentation initiatives, we identify relevant factors in establishing urban experimentation with the help of digital platforms as a means to support such resilient organizational models. Our findings suggest that digital platforms help establish urban experimentation platforms (UXPs) as a core means to innovate towards urban sustainability. UXPs utilize digital platforms to coordinate policy measures and stimulate collective intelligence in order to reach a sustained local socio-technical transformation process. Based on these empirical findings, we use a systems lens to decompose urban experimentation into interconnected sub-systems and then describe some characteristics of their dynamic interaction. Our goal is to develop a System Dynamics model and simulations to support urban public authority decision makers in formulating and implementing policy interventions towards urban sustainability.
A comparison of the performance of depth-integrated ice-dynamics solvers
Authors: Robinson Alexander , Goldberg Daniel , Lipscomb William H.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In the last decade, the number of ice-sheet models has increased substantially, in line with the growth of the glaciological community. These models use solvers based on different approximations of ice dynamics. In particular, several depth-integrated dynamics approximations have emerged as fast solvers capable of resolving the relevant physics of ice sheets at the continen- tal scale. However, the numerical stability of these schemes has not been studied systematically to evaluate their effectiveness in practice. Here we focus on three such solvers, the so-called Hybrid, L1L2-SIA and DIVA solvers, as well as the well-known SIA and SSA solvers as boundary cases. We investigate the numerical stability of these solvers as a function of grid resolution and the state of the ice sheet. Under simplified conditions with constant viscosity, the maximum stable timestep of the Hybrid solver, like the SIA solver, has a quadratic dependence on grid resolution. In contrast, the DIVA solver has a maximum timestep that is independent of resolution, like the SSA solver. Analysis indicates that the L1L2-SIA solver should behave similarly, but in practice, the complexity of its implementation can make it difficult to maintain stability. In realistic simulations of the Greenland ice sheet with a non-linear rheology, the DIVA and SSA solvers maintain superior numerical stability, while the SIA, Hybrid and L1L2-SIA solvers show markedly poorer performance. At a grid resolution of ∆x = 4 km, the DIVA solver runs approximately 15 times faster than the Hybrid and L1L2-SIA solvers. Our analysis shows that as resolution increases, the ice-dynamics solver can act as a bottleneck to model performance. The DIVA solver emerges as a clear outlier in terms of both model performance and its representation of the ice-flow physics itself.
Emergence of representative signals for sudden stratospheric warmings beyond current predictable lead times
Authors: Wu Zheng , Jiménez-Esteve Bernat , de Fondeville Raphaël , Székely Enikő , Obozinski Guillaume , Ball William T. , Domeisen Daniela I. V.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are extreme wintertime circulation events of the Arctic stratosphere that are accompanied by a breakdown of the polar vortex and are considered an important source of predictability of tropospheric weather on subseasonal to seasonal timescales over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes and high latitudes. However, SSWs themselves are difficult to predict, with a predictability limit of around 1 to 2 weeks. The predictability limit for determining the type of event, i.e., wave-1 or wave-2 events, is even shorter. Here we analyze the dynamics of the vortex breakdown and look for early signs of the vortex deceleration process at lead times beyond the current predictability limit of SSWs. To this end, we employ a mode decomposition analysis to study the potential vorticity (PV) equation on the 850 K isentropic surface by decomposing each term in the PV equation using the empirical orthogonal functions of the PV. The first principal component (PC) is an indicator of the strength of the polar vortex and starts to increase from around 25 d before the onset of SSWs, indicating a deceleration of the polar vortex. A budget analysis based on the mode decomposition is then used to characterize the contribution of the linear and nonlinear PV advection terms to the rate of change (tendency) of the first PC. The linear PV advection term is the main contributor to the PC tendency at 25 to 15 d before the onset of SSW events for both wave-1 and wave-2 events. The nonlinear PV advection term becomes important between 15 and 1 d before the onset of wave-2 events, while the linear PV advection term continues to be the main contributor for wave-1 events. By linking the PV advection to the PV flux, we find that the linear PV flux is important for both types of SSWs from 25 to 15 d prior to the events but with different wave-2 spatial patterns, while the nonlinear PV flux displays a wave-3 wave pattern, which finally leads to a split of the polar vortex. Early signs of SSW events arise before the 1- to 2-week prediction limit currently observed in state-of-the-art prediction systems, while signs for the type of event arise at least 1 week before the event onset.
Web semântica na Europeana: uma abordagem do padrão EDM
Authors: Silva Luciana Candida , Santarem Segundo José Eduardo , Freire Nuno
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. A Web Semântica e o Linked Data enfatizam a reutilização e a ligação de recursos ricamente descritos na Web. Estes princípios ajustam-se ao propósito do Modelo de Dados da Europeana (EDM) de utilizar informações de recursos existentes e apoiar o seu enriquecimento por meio do estabelecimento de novas relações entre eles. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever as relações semânticas inseridas nos elementos do EDM, destacando as vantagens de uso desse modelo para recuperação da informação na Web e, dessa forma, incentivar a adoção de metodologias semânticas em projetos brasileiros.Método. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa do tipo descritiva-documental, baseada na família de documentos do EDM. Primeiramente o estudo identificou os conceitos e tecnologias da Web Semântica e Linked Data, em seguida, analisou o memorial descritivo do modelo de dados da Europeana. O EDM foi detalhado em seus princípios e desenvolvimento, com ênfase nos elementos semânticos que modelam e apoiam a funcionalidade da Europeana.Resultados. Como resultado foram identificadas as possibilidades de conexão dos dados de diferentes instituições, de forma a enriquecer as informações dos registros de um determinado objeto do patrimônio cultural.Conclusões. Este estudo mostrou, por meio das relações semânticas, que a estrutura semântica do EDM constitui-se em uma referência a ser seguida para publicação de dados de projetos nacionais no Linked Open Data, para garantir a interconexão cada vez maior de dados, aumentar a velocidade da circulação da informação entre os interessados e acelerar novas descobertas.
Origins of the paddle-out ceremony
Authors: Moser Patrick
Published: September 2021

My essay is part literary journalism and part memoir. The main narrative traces the origins of the paddle-out ceremony by following the surfers who developed this unique tradition in the late 1970s. The creation of the ceremony reveals an important aspect of surf culture: not only honouring a select group within the culture – big-wave riders – but enacting a mutual desire for cultural unity between Hawaiians and Californians. The ceremony also charts the growth of surfers over the past few decades from countercultural figures to community-minded activists. Paddle-out ceremonies have been held to support such varied causes as Vietnam veterans in Southern California, the protection of dolphins in Japan, and saving Kirra Point in Australia. A complementary narrative (the memoir aspect) tracks my realisation as a writer trained in Western scholarly traditions that I would have to acknowledge the limitations of textual evidence – the written word – if I was to understand a ceremony that began in a culture that relies on oral histories to carry on their traditions. My goal in writing this essay is to try and reflect the cultural unity that created the paddle-out ceremony by combining written and oral histories that evoke key aspects of surf culture identity.
‘Treading waves’ on the Qiantang River: an exploration of wave riding in Chinese history and literature
Authors: Zanella Nik
Published: September 2021

During my academic years at the sinology department of Ca’ Foscari University (Venice, Italy) in the early 1990s, I kept bumping into detailed descriptions of tidal waves and references to fearless watermen – from the ancient state of Wu (located south of modern-day Shanghai) – who would tame them. At that time, I simply dismissed these as oddities. Then in 2006 I lucked into an enigmatic installation of about 30 wave riders displayed in the Bamboo Temple (筇竹寺 Qiong Zhu Shi), a Buddhist monastery in Yunnan Province (southwest China). The bass-relief, was dated 1880, decades before surfing spread from Polynesia to the West. Their perfect sideways stance, the stoked grin on their faces; it was a ‘different beginning’, disconnected from the Polynesian version of the sport. The temple’s abbot gave me the key into this fascinating story. ‘They are Buddhist Luohan (Arhat in Sanskrit), people like you and me who followed the scriptures and attained enlightenment. We call them 弄潮兒 Nong Chao Er, Children of the Tide.’ This encounter and those three Chinese characters ignited a decade-long research that culminated in my recent book. In this essay I will try to cast light on the 弄潮兒 Nong Chao Er and the activity called 踏浪 _Ta

Lang_, Wave-treading, focusing on philological analysis of poems and dynastic chronicles

from the Tang (618-907 AC) to the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AC) and on first-hand accounts

collected in Hangzhou, where wave-treading was conducted, often in secrecy, until the late

1980s.
News aggregators and copyright in the European Union and the United States in the digital age: Evolution, comparisons, and implications
Authors: Wang Qun , Keith Susan
Published: September 2021

News aggregators have triggered copyright-related disputes between tech companies and news publishers. In the EU and the U.S., copyright systems have developed distinct characteristics. Because American tech companies stand to be hugely affected by the EU’s new copyright rules, some observers point out that the copyright war in Europe is fundamentally a collision between European and American copyright law systems. To respond to this observation, this study examines and compares European and U.S. perspectives on copyright and uses copyright as a lens to explore how digital platforms that aim at global influences provide the opportunity for different legal systems and legal traditions to converse and conflict. Through the comparison, this study argues that fundamental issues such as the nature of news are not effectively addressed in either system. While the EU and the U.S. present different regulatory trends in the case of copyright, a two-way shaping is at play.
Impact of Women Education on Economic Growth: An Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Zahra Kiran , Yasin Mudassar , Sultana Baserat , Haider Zulqarnain , Khatoon Raheela
Published: September 2021

Education is the most fundamental right in the current situation, and it is an essential element of economic growth. No country can achieve economic development and goals without investing in education. Pakistan’s economic development is possible when education is equal for both men and women, but the government did not give importance to the sector as it deserved. This study investigated the determinants of female higher education in Pakistan and the impact of women's education on the economic growth of Pakistan. This study utilized time-series data from 1991 to 2019. The autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model is applied to estimate the impact. The result shows that in Pakistan, education expenditure has no positive effect on female education. In contrast, a positive relationship between female higher education and GDP growth exists, but this relation is not strong in the short run and long run.
Consecuencias jurídicas de los accidentes durante las clases de tenis
Authors: Valiño Alejandro
Published: September 2021

La concentración de personas en una pista de tenis en las clases colectivas es un factor de riesgo de producción de daños personales. El objeto de este artículo es delimitar a quién es imputable y en qué circunstancias. Siendo que nuestros lectores son de distintas nacionalidades, sin perjuicio de puntuales referencias a ordenamientos jurídicos concretos, significaremos los principios esenciales sobre la materia que, en cuanto trasladables a cualquier ámbito territorial, se contienen en el Proyecto de un Marco Común de Referencia para el Derecho privado europeo (DCFR) o en los Principios de Derecho europeo de la responsabilidad civil.
Tendency of Thai High School Students’ Emotional Stability before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Factors
Authors: Saithasao Chutikan , Panyasuk Chanokprattana
Published: September 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be an international public health emergency. Various situations affected global citizens physically and mentally. Focusing on high school students, we began collecting data via online questionnaires between May and July 2020, 145 valid answers in total. Perth Emotional Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI) was used to assess emotional stability. We then statistically analyzed the data using Spearman’s correlation coefficient between each factor. The data showed that emotional stability was reduced during the coronavirus situation. In addition, Economic status is an important factor affecting the tendency of emotional stability (p<0.01) due to the global economic crisis. The only variable showing slightly negative correlation was health. This was expected because over 60% of the participants had no infected acquaintances. Health concerns therefore played an inconspicuous role in emotional stability. The volatility of emotion could be a source of mental breakdowns and disastrous events in the future if people do not have the proper awareness.

Keywords: Emotional stability, COVID-19, High school students, Psychological impact, Mental health, Public health.
Effects of Essential Oils and Aromatic Plants on Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Authors: Hemangkorn Nicha , Phummai Pamonphon , Punyacharoen Patranan
Published: September 2021

The primary objective of this research was to investigate how beneficial essential oils and aromatic plants are at curing Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is known to be one of the most incurable prevalent diseases in the elderly. Agitation, cognitive impairments, communication difficulty, irritability, and confusion may advance in AD patients. Even though the behavioral causes contributing to the disease have not yet been discovered, aggregation of tau and amyloid proteins is found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s. With numerous experiments conducted on these proteins, scientists have surmised that this accumulation is a causative factor of Alzheimer’s disease. Multiple scientists and experts have carried out several studies regarding the enlargement of amyloid plaques on Alzheimer’s. In addition, the effects of aromatherapy, including divergent results of alternative essential oils, have been analyzed. This paper examines the distinctions between Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The review elaborates on the causes and the symptoms before describing the effects of essential oils and aromatic plants. Subsequently, this provides rudiments regarding the benefits and hazards of applying essential oils and aromatic plants to treat either Alzheimer's disease or dementia. This study focuses on utilizing essential oils and aromatic plants in the medical profession as an alternative treatment for Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Likewise, a couple of case studies are shown in the paper with the analysis of amyloid plaques in mice and the effectiveness of lavender, rosemary, and orange essential oils on participants.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease Dementia Essential oils Aromatic plants Aromatherapy Amyloid and Tau
Correlation between Pain, Kinesiophobia and Physical Activity Level in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain Aged between 30 to 50 Years
Authors: Malewar Mrunal R. , Shah Kartik D.
Published: September 2021

Background: Low back pain is one of the most common conditions encountered by a physical therapist in their clinical practice. Chronic low back pain is difficult to treat due to various environmental and psychological factors such as kinesiophobia, which may possibly lead to altered or reduced physical activity level producing various effects on musculoskeletal system. In addition to this, little is known about the relation between these factors, especially in Indian population. Therefore, it is important to find out if any correlation exists between these factors.
Methods: This Correlational study included 53 patients of both gender suffering from chronic low back pain. Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Marathi version of Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) and short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were administered in the patients after obtaining their consent. The responses were collected and then analyzed using Pearson’s coefficient.
Results: The mean pain intensity was found to be 3.11±2.24 and 6.86±1.91 at rest and on activity respectively. Mean score of kinesiophobia was 29.11±5.00. Mean score of physical activity level was 5466.62±5362. Significant correlation was found between pain during activity and kinesiophobia (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates significantly positive correlation between pain during activity and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic low back pain aged between 30-50 years. However, no significant correlation was obtained between pain and physical activity level, kinesiophobia and physical activity level.

Keywords: Chronic low back pain, Kinesiophobia, Physical activity level, TSK, IPAQ.
COMPUTER CODES OF GEOCHEMICAL MODELING USED TO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Authors: KLUNK Marcos Antônio , DASGUPTA Sudipta , DAS Mohuli , WANDER Paulo Roberto
Published: September 2021

The numerical modeling of transport and reaction was used for the understanding of the evolution of the diagenetic processes and their importance in the characterization and prediction of oil reservoir quality. Geochemical models are represented by numerical equations based on the physical-chemical properties of minerals. There are many software’s available in the market to simulate systems and geochemical reactions. The codes are divided into three distinct categories: coupled transport of reaction, modeling speciation, and batch mode according to the numerical method. Simple systems have clear connections between inputs and outputs. Complex systems have multiple factors that provide a probability distribution of data inputs that interact in specific functions. The outputs produced as a result are therefore impossible to predict with complete accuracy. Several research groups tried to develop numerical codes for geochemical modeling. The critical factors for the use of these systems are (i) verification of the simulation results with empirical data set and (ii) sensitivity analysis of these results, for the construction of general models which provide a predictive character. This last factor is particularly important as it establishes the qualitative and quantitative impact of each parameter in the simulations. Thus, with a complete numerical model diagenetic, it is possible to perform various simulations modifying one or the other parameter to test the sensitivity in the construction of these different geological scenarios. This set includes mineral composition and texture, the composition of fluids, paragenetic sequence, and burial history. This work brings fundamental concepts related to this topic as well as an analysis of commercial software available.
Publishing, medical students and two pinches of inspiration: the recipe for success
Authors: Gonzalez Rayas Jose Manuel
Published: September 2021

The present submission is a letter to the editor. Hence, we did not include and abstract.