bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WILDFIRE INDUCED DEGRADATION OF WOODY VEGETATION IN DRY ZONE OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Terekhov A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Small bushy tree species dominate the semi-arid areas of Kazakhstan. In the course of their life cycle, they form a layer of litter that is resistant to wind transport. This small shrub species with its own litter play a significant role in the spectral characteristics of the Earth surface. Changes in the density of shrub canopy forms or replacing them with herbaceous species is accompanied by significant changes in the spectral characteristics in the visible and near infrared spectral bands in the autumn. These changes can be recorded from satellite data. LANDSAT-TM images during 1985–2007 years and MODIS data (USGS: MOD09Q1, 2000–2010) used to diagnose changes in relation between woody\\herbaceous vegetation species in the dry zone of Kazakhstan. It was found that over the past 10 years, spreading small shrub forms of semi-arid vegetation significantly decreased. There is a persistent expansion of herbal forms, leading to the semi-steppe formation areas. The mechanism of repression of wood forms constructed through the accumulation of dry plant mass during wet years, with its subsequent burnout during wildfires. In the case of a strong fire, a complete destruction of species is observed. The restoration of small shrub cover demands more than 20 years. Comparative analysis of LANDSAT-TM images showed a 10 times increasing of the fire scar areas in the test area in the central part of Kazakhstan between 1985 and 2007. According MOD09Q1 was conducted mapping small shrub forms of degradation in Kazakhstan. Reducing the area occupied by woody vegetation, semi-desert was about 30 million hectares or over 30% of their total range in Kazakhstan.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF BIOME-BGC MODEL FOR DRY TROPICAL FORESTS OF VINDHYAN HIGHLANDS, INDIA
Authors: Kumar M. , Raghubanshi A. S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A process-based model BIOME-BGC was run for sensitivity analysis to see the effect of ecophysiological parameters on net primary production (NPP) of dry tropical forest of India. The sensitivity test reveals that the forest NPP was highly sensitive to the following ecophysiological parameters: Canopy light extinction coefficient (k), Canopy average specific leaf area (SLA), New stem C : New leaf C (SC:LC), Maximum stomatal conductance (gs,max), C:N of fine roots (C:Nfr), All-sided to projected leaf area ratio and Canopy water interception coefficient (Wint). Therefore, these parameters need more precision and attention during estimation and observation in the field studies.
REMOTE SENSING BASED BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST IN CENTRAL INDIA
Authors: Singh R. P. , Goroshi S. , Sharma N. K. , Bairagi G. D. , Sharma R. , Jalil P. , Jain A. , Sonakia A. , Parihar J. S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The paper reports the measurements of biophysical parameters using field and satellite data over a tropical deciduous forest Kanha National Park (KNP), central India. Field measurement (GBH, LAI, litter, soil moisture) was carried out over ten quadrates of 0.1ha in KNP for characterization of biophysical parameters with specified measurement protocol and sampling. Satellite based remote sensing analysis (LAI, Phenology, and NPP) was carried out using multi date observations of IRS-LISS-III, IMS-1MX, SPOT-VEGETATION and EOS-MODIS instruments. Rank correlation analysis using field data collected in the selected quadrates at KNP showed Sal (Shorea robusta) is dominant forest species followed by Lendia, Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Saja, Harra and Dhawda etc. Field measurement of Sal showed GBH range from 20 cm to 170 cm. Different forest classes such as Sal; Sal mixed with Jamun, Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) etc, including grasslands/scrubland were classified with overall accuracy of 85.56 percent using March, May and October multi spectral data. Sal has distinct growth characteristics (low vegetation growth/ leaf fall in March instead of May) as compared to other vegetation species. As per the Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurement using hemispherical photographs, Sal showed the highest LAI (6.95 m2/m2) during September and lowest LAI (2.63 m2/m2) during March. Overall good agreement (r= 0.79) was found between the LAI generated from LISS-III and MODIS data product. It was observed from SPOT-VEGETATION analysis that NPP varied from 8.4 tC/ha/year (dry deciduous forest) to 14.25 tC/ha/year (Moist deciduous forest) in KNP.
RESEARCH ADVANCES ON RADIATION TRANSFER MODELING AND INVERSION FOR MULTI-SCALE LAND SURFACE REMOTE SENSING
Authors: Liu Q.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. At first, research advances on radiation transfer modeling on multi-scale remote sensing data are presented: after a general overview of remote sensing radiation transfer modeling, several recent research advances are presented, including leaf spectrum model (dPROS-PECT), vegetation canopy BRDF models, directional thermal infrared emission models(TRGM, SLEC), rugged mountains area radiation models, and kernel driven models etc. Then, new methodologies on land surface parameters inversion based on multi-source remote sensing data are proposed. The land surface Albedo, leaf area index, temperature/emissivity, and surface net radiation etc. are taken as examples. A new synthetic land surface parameter quantitative remote sensing product generation system is designed and the software system prototype will be demonstrated. At last, multi-scale field experiment campaigns, such as the field campaigns in Gansu and Beijing, China will be introduced briefly. The ground based, tower based, and airborne multi-angular measurement system have been built to measure the directional reflectance, emission and scattering characteristics from visible, near infrared, thermal infrared and microwave bands for model validation and calibration. The remote sensing pixel scale "true value" measurement strategy have been designed to gain the ground "true value" of LST, ALBEDO, LAI, soil moisture and ET etc. at 1–km2 for remote sensing product validation.
FOREST ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTIVE MODELLING IN EASTERN HIMALAYA
Authors: Kushwaha S. P. S. , Nandy S. , Ahmad M. , Agarwal R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This study focused on the forest ecosystem dynamics assessment and predictive modelling deforestation and forest cover prediction in a part of north-eastern India i.e. forest areas along West Bengal, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam border in Eastern Himalaya using temporal satellite imagery of 1975, 1990 and 2009 and predicted forest cover for the period 2028 using Cellular Automata Markov Modedel (CAMM). The exercise highlighted large-scale deforestation in the study area during 1975–1990 as well as 1990–2009 forest cover vectors. A net loss of 2,334.28 km2 forest cover was noticed between 1975 and 2009, and with current rate of deforestation, a forest area of 4,563.34 km2 will be lost by 2028. The annual rate of deforestation worked out to be 0.35 and 0.78% during 1975–1990 and 1990–2009 respectively. Bamboo forest increased by 24.98% between 1975 and 2009 due to opening up of the forests. Forests in Kokrajhar, Barpeta, Darrang, Sonitpur, and Dhemaji districts in Assam were noticed to be worst-affected while Lower Subansiri, West and East Siang, Dibang Valley, Lohit and Changlang in Arunachal Pradesh were severely affected. Among different forest types, the maximum loss was seen in case of sal forest (37.97%) between 1975 and 2009 and is expected to deplete further to 60.39% by 2028. The tropical moist deciduous forest was the next category, which decreased from 5,208.11 km2 to 3,447.28 (33.81%) during same period with further chances of depletion to 2,288.81 km2 (56.05%) by 2028. It noted progressive loss of forests in the study area between 1975 and 2009 through 1990 and predicted that, unless checked, the area is in for further depletion of the invaluable climax forests in the region, especially sal and moist deciduous forests. The exercise demonstrated high potential of remote sensing and geographic information system for forest ecosystem dynamics assessment and the efficacy of CAMM to predict the forest cover change.
THE 2005 AND 2010 AMAZONIAN DROUGHTS AS SEEN BY MODIS
Authors: Myneni R. B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. During this decade, the Amazon region in South America has suffered two severe droughts in the short span of five years ––2005 and 2010. The 2005 drought, dubbed a once-in-a-century drought, has been the focus and driver of many studies on the drought sensitivity of Amazon forests. These studies present a complex, and sometimes contradictory, picture of how these forests have responded to the 2005 drought. In particular, Saleska et al. (Science, 2007) reported excessive greening of the forests in response to the drought. But, this has now been proven by Samanta et al. (GRL, 2010) to be artifact of atmospheric-corruption of the satellite data analyzed by Saleska et al. (2007). In the first part of my talk, I will focus on the Saleska et al. and Samanta et al. studies. On the heels of the 2005 drought, came an even stronger drought in 2010, as indicated by record low river levels in the 109 years of bookkeeping. How have the forests responded to this record-breaking drought? Did they green-up or brown-down? I will address this in the second part of my talk. The objective of my talk will be to emphasize the care required in analysis and interpretation of satellite data.
RECENT RESULTS FROM EO STUDIES ON INDIAN CARBON CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Dadhwal V. K. , Kushwaha S. P. S. , Singh S. , Patel N. R. , Nayak R. K. , Patil P. , Dutt C. B. S. , Murthy M. S. R. , Jha C. S. , Rajsekhar G. , Pujar G. S. , Trivedi S. , Sharma N. , Ali M. M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The monsoon based climate system, diverse land use and land cover distribution and cultural practices poses complex issues in monitoring, assessment and simulation of Indian carbon cycle. Several studies reported lack of spatially and temporally consistent databases, need for calibration and validation of models, and development of national frame work to maintain consistency and completeness in efforts and reduction of uncertainty. Considering the need, as part of ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programme, National Carbon Project (NCP) initiative was taken up to understand and assess land, atmosphere and oceanic components of carbon cycle with a significant scope for integration of remote sensing, geospatial and process based models. The results from the initial studies are discussed in the paper. An increase of the country's forest carbon stocks from 6244.8 to 6621.6 Mt with an annual increment of 37.7 Mt of the carbon from 1995 to 2005 is reported. In the national scale, CASA model based average annual NPP is estimated to be 1.5 Pg C Yr-1 and is increasing at the rate of 0.005 Pg C Yr-2 during past 25 years from 1981–2006. Analysis of Mid tropospheric CO2 levels retrieved from AIRS data since 2002 till now revealed increasing rate of CO2 at 2.14 ppmv yr-1. It was also o found that biosphere uptake over India and oceanic uptake over the south Indian Ocean could play positive role on the control of seasonal variability of atmospheric carbon dioxide growth rate The paper presents further details on different sub components, recent results and challenges ahead of the project.
GRAPH THEORY AND ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR FOREST PATCH CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Shantala Devi B. S. , Murthy M. S. R. , Pujar G. S , Debnath B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Forest connectivity is necessary for prioritizing biodiversity conservation. Connectivity indices facilitate to predict the movement pattern of species across complex landscapes. Change in area and inter-patch distance in forest affects the biodiversity, wildlife movement, seed dispersal and other ecological factors. In graph theory components play an important role to analyze the group of patches and its impact with reference to the threshold distance between the patches. The study on link, threshold distance and components showed that with the increase in threshold distance, number of components decreased and number of links increased. Also Integral index of connectivity importance value (dIIC > 0.05) is high for big forest patches and considered to be intact forest. For those less than 0.05 importance value requires protection and conservation. Hence dIIC is categorised into Very low, low, Medium, high and Very high to analyze the degree of connectivity. Choosing correct threshold distance based on the requirement of species movement is preferred. Based on the selection of potential habitat patches shortest path between them is determined using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Technique. Vegetation type Map, Slope, Elevation, Disturbance Index, Biological Richness Map and DIIC layers facilitated to analyze the optimal path of the species through ACO for connectivity. Graph Theory and ACO works as a robust tool for Biodiversity Conservation.
ENERGY BALANCE AND CO2 EXCHANGE BEHAVIOUR IN SUB-TROPICAL YOUNG PINE (Pinus roxburghii) PLANTATION
Authors: Bhattacharya B. K. , Singh N. , Soni P. , Parihar J. S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A study was conducted to understand the seasonal and annual energy balance behaviour of young and growing sub-tropical chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantation of eight years age in the Doon valley, India and its coupling with CO2 exchange. The seasonal cycle of dekadal daytime latent heat fluxes mostly followed net radiation cycle with two minima and range between 50–200 Wm-2 but differed from the latter during the period when soil wetness and cloudiness were not coupled. Dekadal evaporative fraction closely followed the seasonal dryness-wetness cycle thus minimizing the effect of wind on energy partitioning as compared to diurnal variation. Daytime latent heat fluxes were found to have linear relationship with canopy net assimilation rate (Y = 0.023X + 0.171, R2 = 0.80) though nonlinearity exists between canopy latent heat flux and hourly net CO2 assimilation rate . Night-time plant respiration was found to have linear relationship (Y = 0.088 + 1.736, R2 = 0.72) with night-time average vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Daily average soil respiration was found to be non-linearly correlated to average soil temperatures (Y = -0.034X2 + 1.676X – 5.382, R2 = 0.63) The coupled use of empirical models, seasonal energy fluxes and associated parameters would be useful to annual water and carbon accounting in subtropical pine ecosystem of India in the absence high-response eddy covariance tower.
MAN IN BIOSPHERE RESERVE: A REMOTE SENSING STUDY IN SIMILIPAL, ORISSA
Authors: Biswal A. , Mukherjee S. , Jeyaram A. , Krishna Murthy Y.V.N.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Similipal is a densely forested hill-range in the heart of Mayurbhanj district,Orissa, lying close to the eastern-most end of the Easternghats. Similipal Biosphere Reserve is located in the Mahanadian Biogeographical Region and within the Biotic Province, Chhotanagpur Plateau.There are 4 villages in the core and 61 villages in the buffer area of the biosphere reserve .Agriculture is not well developed and employment opportunities are very poor , most of the people derive their income from collection of NTFP and sale of firewood and timber. A collaborative work is carried out by Regional Remote Sensing Centre(East) and Anthropological survey of India,Kolkata to study the impact of those four villages in the core area of SBR on the conservation of natural resources over the decades.Change in vegetation density as measured by NDVI over the decades is analysed to study the impact of these villages on the core area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve.
An integrated approach to the study of catastrophic debris-flows: geological hazard and human influence
Authors: Del Ventisette C. , Garfagnoli F. , Ciampalini A. , Battistini A. , Gigli G. , Moretti S. , Casagli N.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. On 1 October 2009, a prolonged and intense rainstorm triggered hundreds of landslides (predominantly debris flows) in an area of about 50 km2 in the north-eastern sector of Sicily (Italy). Debris flows swept the highest parts of many villages and passed over the SS114 state highway and the Messina-Catania railway, causing more than 30 fatalities. This region has a high relief, due to recent uplift. The peculiar geological and geomorphological framework represents one of the most common predisposing causes of rainstorm-triggered debris flows. This paper deals with the geological and hydro-geomorphological studies performed as a part of the post-disaster activities operated in collaboration with Civil Protection Authority, with the aim at examining landslides effects and mechanisms. The data were elaborated into a GIS platform, to evaluate the influence of urbanisation on the drainage pattern, and were correlated with the lithological and structural framework of the area. Our study points at the evaluation of the volume involved, the detection of triggering mechanisms and the precise reconstruction of the influence of urbanisation as fundamental tools for understanding the dynamics of catastrophic landslides. This kind of analysis, including all the desirable approaches for the correct management of debris flow should be the starting point for robust urban planning.
Prefácio
Authors: TEMA Prefácio
Published: September 2012

De acordo com os critérios adotados, estão habilitados a submeter artigos parapublicação em uma Seleta de CNMAC aqueles autores que apresentaram os correspondentestrabalhos no evento.Do XXXIII Congresso Nacional de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional –CNMAC, realizado em Águas de Lindóia, SP, no período de 20 a 23 de setembrode 2010, foram submetidos 22 artigos e, em nome do Comitê Editorial da TEMA,agradeço a todos os autores pelo interesse em publicar nesta revista.Os trabalhos submetidos abrangeram diversas sub-áreas de pesquisa em MatemáticaAplicada como: Análise Matemática, Análise Numérica, Biomatemática,Educação Matemática, Física Matemática, Matemática para as Engenharias, etc.A seleção foi baseada em pareceres de assessores que, na medida do possível, sãoespecialistas da sub-área correspondente. Gostaríamos de registrar nossos agradecimentospela valiosa contribuição desses assessores.A partir de 2011, os artigos publicados pela revista TEMA são indexados juntoao CrossRef e identificados através de um código DOI. Os novos artigos devem sersubmetidos eletronicamente no endereço http://www.sbmac.org.br/tema/seer e nãomais em forma impressa via Correio.Em nome do CE da revista TEMA, gostaria de incentivar fortemente os pesquisadoresque usam a Matemática em seus trabalhos a seguirem contribuindo com asubmissão de artigos para o sucesso deste veículo como um espelho do que é feitoem Matemática Aplicada no Brasil.
Essência e prática da história oral
Authors: Pozzi Pablo
Published: September 2012

Este artigo/palestra discute a relação entre história, história oral, e a história do presente. Ele estabelece que a delimitação entre elas não é fixa, mas estão articuladas de maneira que as suas fronteiras se misturam. Além disso, no momento de apresentar a história oral como um sub-ramo da ciência histórica, discute-se se as particularidades latino-americanas podem significar que existe uma história oral propriamente "latino-americana".
O povo novo brasileiro: mestiçagem e identidade no pensamento de Darcy Ribeiro
Authors: Giarola Flávio Raimundo
Published: September 2012

Este artigo analisa a obra de Darcy Ribeiro, sobretudo o livro O Povo Brasileiro (1995), enfocando a relação entre mestiçagem e identidade no pensamento do autor. Pretende entender como o Brasil é identificado enquanto um povo novo, ou seja, uma entidade étnica ímpar, surgida da mistura de povos distintos e com diferentes características raciais, culturais e linguisticas. Assim, a intensa mestiçagem, tanto biológica quanto cultural, aparece como elemento fundamental para se entender a formação do que viria a ser os brasileiros, sendo determinante na formação específica de sua identidade étnica.
Efficacy of Quilting Sutures and Fibrin Sealant Together for Prevention of Seroma in Extended Latissimus Dorsi Flap Donor Sites
Authors: Shin In Soo , Lee Dong Won , Lew Dae Hyun
Published: September 2012

Background The extended latissimus dorsi flap is important for breast reconstruction. Unfortunately, donor site seroma is the most common complication of extended latissimus dorsi flap for breast reconstruction. Although using fibrin sealant in the donor site reduces the rate of seroma formation, donor site seroma remains a troublesome complication. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the combination of quilting sutures and fibrin sealant in the latissimus dorsi donor site for the prevention of seroma.

Methods Forty-six patients who underwent breast reconstruction with extended latissimus flap were enrolled in the study. The patients received either fibrin sealant (group 1, n=25) or a combination of fibrin sealant and quilting sutures (group 2, n=21) in the extended latissimus dorsi donor site. Outcome measures were obtained from the incidence, volume of postoperative seroma, total drainage amount, indwelling period of drainage, and duration of hospital stay.

Results The incidence of seroma was 76% in group 1 and 42.9% in group 2 (P=0.022). We also found significant reductions in seroma volume (P=0.043), total drainage amount (P=0.002), indwelling period of drainage (P=0.01), and frequency of aspiration (P=0.043). The quilting sutures did not affect the rate of drainage, tube reinsertion, or hospital stay.

Conclusions The use of quilting sutures combined with fibrin sealant on the latissimus dorsi flap donor site is helpful for reducing the overall seroma volume, frequency of aspiration, and total drainage amount.
Analysis of 120 Pectoralis Major Flaps for Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: You Young Sun , Chung Chul Hoon , Chang Yong Joon , Kim Kuyl Hee , Jung Sung Won , Rho Young Soo
Published: September 2012

Background A pectoralis major flap is one of the standard tools for the reconstruction of defects of the head and neck. Despite the technical advancement in free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction, the benefits of a pectoralis major flap should not be overlooked. The purpose of this study is to evaluate our 17 years of experience in reconstructing defects of the head and neck region using the pectoralis major flap.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 112 patients (120 cases) who underwent pectoralis major flap operations for head and neck reconstruction during a period ranging from 1994 to 2010.

Results In our series, no total necrosis of the flap occurred. Of the total cases, 30.8% presented with flap-related complications. Major complications occurred in 20% of all of the cases but were then all successfully treated. The male sex was correlated with the occurrence of overall complications (P=0.020) and major complications (P=0.007). Preoperative albumin levels of <3.8 g/dL were correlated with the formation of fistula (P=0.030). Defects of the hypopharynx were correlated with the occurrence of major complications (P=0.019) and the formation of fistula (P=0.012). Secondary reconstructions were correlated with the occurrence of overall complications (P=0.013) and the formation of fistula (P=0.030).

Conclusions A pectoralis major flap is still considered to be a safe, versatile one-stage reconstruction procedure in the management of the defects of head and neck and the protection of the carotid artery.
Usefulness of Intravenous Anesthesia Using a Target-controlled Infusion System with Local Anesthesia in Submuscular Breast Augmentation Surgery
Authors: Chung Kyu-Jin , Cha Kyu-Ho , Lee Jun-Ho , Kim Yong-Ha , Kim Tae-Gon , Kim Il-Guk
Published: September 2012

Background Patients have anxiety and fear of complications due to general anesthesia. Through new instruments and local anesthetic drugs, a variety of anesthetic methods have been introduced. These methods keep hospital costs down and save time for patients. In particular, the target-controlled infusion (TCI) system maintains a relatively accurate level of plasma concentration, so the depth of anesthesia can be adjusted more easily. We conducted this study to examine whether intravenous anesthesia using the TCI system with propofol and remifentanil would be an effective method of anesthesia in breast augmentation.

Methods This study recruited 100 patients who underwent breast augmentation surgery from February to August 2011. Intravenous anesthesia was performed with 10 mg/mL propofol and 50 µg/mL remifentanil simultaneously administered using two separate modules of a continuous computer-assisted TCI system. The average target concentration was set at 2 µg/mL and 2 ng/mL for propofol and remifentanil, respectively, and titrated against clinical effect and vital signs. Oxygen saturation, electrocardiography, and respiratory status were continuously measured during surgery. Blood pressure was measured at 5-minute intervals. Information collected includes total duration of surgery, dose of drugs administered during surgery, memory about surgery, and side effects.

Results Intraoperatively, there was transient hypotension in two cases and hypoxia in three cases. However, there were no serious complications due to anesthesia such as respiratory difficulty, deep vein thrombosis, or malignant hypertension, for which an endotracheal intubation or reversal agent would have been needed. All the patients were discharged on the day of surgery and able to ambulate normally.

Conclusions Our results indicate that anesthetic methods, where the TCI of propofol and remifentanil is used, might replace general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in breast augmentation surgery.
Fingertip Reconstruction Using Free Toe Tissue Transfer Without Venous Anastomosis
Authors: Yoon Won Young , Lee Byung Il
Published: September 2012

Background This study was designed to introduce the feasibility of toe tissue transfer without venous outflow for fingertip reconstruction.

Methods Five cases of fingertip defects were treated successfully with this method. Four cases were traumatic fingertip defects, and one case was a hook-nail deformity. The lateral pulp of a great toe or medioinferior portion of a second toe was used as the donor site. An arterial pedicle was dissected only within the digit and anastomosis was performed within 2 cm around the defect margin. The digital nerve was repaired simultaneously. No additional dissection of the dorsal or volar pulp vein was performed in either the donor or recipient sites. Other surgical procedures were performed following conventional techniques. Postoperative venous congestion was monitored with pulp temperature, color, and degree of tissue oxygen saturation. Venous congestion was decompressed with a needle-puncture method intermittently, but did not require continuous external bleeding for salvage.

Results Venous congestion was observed in all the flaps, but improved within 3 or 4 days postoperatively. The flap size was from 1.5×1.5 cm2 to 2.0×3.0 cm2. The mean surgical time was 2 hours and 20 minutes. A needle puncture was carried out every 2 hours during the first postoperative day, and then every 4 hours thereafter. The amount of blood loss during each puncture procedure was less than 0.2 mL. In the long-term follow-up, no flap atrophy was observed.

Conclusions When used properly, the free toe tissue transfer without venous anastomosis method can be a treatment option for small defects on the fingertip area.
Phospholipid Polymers
Authors: Ishihara Kazuhiko
Published: September 2012

Bioinspired phospholipid polymers have attracted much attention in polymer science, biomaterials science, and biomedical engineering, because some of the polymers show very unique interfacial characteristics in the solution and at the surface. A large amount of research is taking place in these fields. In this article, the recent progress in phospholipid polymer chemistry is summarized.
Self‐Reported Family Socioeconomic Status, the 5‐HTTLPR Genotype, and Delinquent Behavior in a Community‐Based Adolescent Population
Authors: Åslund Cecilia , Comasco Erika , Nordquist Niklas , Leppert Jerzy , Oreland Lars , Nilsson Kent W.
Published: September 2012

Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated a significant contribution of both genetic and environmental factors to antisocial and delinquent behavior. Associations have been reported between the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) and aggression, and between socioeconomic status (SES), aggression, and serotonergic functions of the brain. We aimed to investigate associations between the 5‐HTTLPR genotype and family SES in relation to delinquent behavior among adolescents. A total of 1,467 17‐ to 18‐year‐old students in the county of Västmanland, Sweden, anonymously completed a questionnaire and gave a saliva sample. Family SES had a U‐shaped relation to delinquency, where adolescents with low and high family SES were the most delinquent. There were curvilinear interactions between the 5‐HTTLPR genotype and family SES in relation to delinquency. Among individuals having high family SES, boys with the LL (homozygous for the long allele) or LS (heterozygous) genotypes and girls with the SS (homozygous for the short allele) or LS (heterozygous) genotypes showed the highest delinquency scores. Among individuals having low family SES, boys with the LL (homozygous for the long allele) genotype and girls with the LS (heterozygous) genotype showed the highest delinquency scores. The present study suggests evidence for an interaction between family SES and the 5‐HTTLPR genotype in relation to juvenile delinquency. Aggr. Behav. 39:52‐63, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Counterpoints With Crisis
Authors: Weiss Srdjan Jovanovic
Published: September 2012

As conflict swept the west Balkans in the post‐Soviet years of the 1990s, a new form of mainstream spatial expression emerged – turbo architecture. This manifested itself in popular, showy and postmodern self‐built constructions. As the political situation matures, Srdjan Jovanovic Weiss of Normal Architecture Office (NAO) argues the case for a ‘normal architecture’ in the region, which rather than focusing on the need for self‐expression among individuals, enables a new level of public engagement in urban life.
The Perfect Storm: Urbanism and Architecture
Authors: Witte Ron
Published: September 2012

Architecture and urbanism have become ambivalent. Ron Witte of design‐based think‐tank WW tracks the history of an acrimonious relationship, from Haussmann's grand plan for Paris through to the perceived failure of Modernism and the more recent rise of geometry and programme. Could this divide, though, be bridged, and the two fields reunited with a new geometry in which ‘architecture reaches into the city’ and ‘the city reaches into architecture’?
Urban Wash
Authors: Lally Sean
Published: September 2012

Sean Lally of WEATHERS urges designers to realise the performative capabilities of the ambient effects of the urban wash – the artificial light given off by cities at night. Taking up this principle of a wash within his designs for the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk, he demonstrates how a ‘climatic wash’ could create an artificial microclimate that extends the seasonal activities of the museum's programmes.
Marked variability in the radiographic features of cartilage‐hair hypoplasia: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kwan Andrea , Manning M.A. , Zollars Linda K. , Hoyme H. Eugene
Published: September 2012

Cartilage‐hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare recessive metaphyseal chondrodysplasia characterized by severe short stature, ectodermal dysplasia, anemia in childhood, immune deficiency, susceptibility to malignancy, and normal intelligence. Short, thick long bones, metaphyseal flaring and irregularities, and globular epiphyses at the knees and ankles are the typical radiographic findings. The diagnosis is primarily made on the basis of clinical features, although mutations in the RMRP gene have recently been described in affected individuals, facilitating confirmation of the clinical diagnosis in atypical patients. We present a patient with two RMRP mutations whose stature and ectodermal features supported the diagnosis of CHH, but whose radiographic findings and other extraskeletal findings did not. We propose that the most consistent and reliable features of CHH are short stature of prenatal onset and ectodermal dysplasia, and suggest that the diagnosis of CHH be considered and mutation analysis pursued even when typical radiographic findings are absent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Chiral Olefin Ligands and their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Feng Xiangqing , Du Haifeng
Published: September 2012

Chiral olefins have recently emerged as among the most promising ligands for asymmetric catalysis. In the past nearly ten years, significant advances have been made in developing ligands, including diene and heteroatom/olefin hybrid ligands, and exploring their applications in challenging metal‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions. Especially in some cases, chiral olefin ligands have an obvious advantage over some conventional chiral ligands in terms of activity and selectivity. Besides the most often studied rigidly bicyclic dienes, readily accessible chiral‐chain dienes with flexible frameworks and two terminal olefins as coordinating groups have also proven to be effective for achieving high levels of enantioselectivity in transition‐metal‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions. Moreover, the terminal olefins can be combined with phosphorus atoms on suitable chiral skeletons for the development of novel phosphorus/olefin (P/olefin) hybrid ligands, which have high activity and selectivity in Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric transformations. Significantly, sulfur/olefin (S/olefin) hybrid ligands have been successfully explored and applied in a range of Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric transformations. This Focus Review will mainly discuss the synthesis of recently developed chiral‐chain diene ligands, phosphorus/terminal‐olefin hybrid ligands, and sulfur/olefin hybrid ligands, and their application in asymmetric catalysis.
The Mousterian child from Teshik‐Tash is a Neanderthal: A geometric morphometric study of the frontal bone
Authors: Gunz Philipp , Bulygina Ekaterina
Published: September 2012

In the 1930s subadult hominin remains and Mousterian artifacts were discovered in the Teshik‐Tash cave in South Uzbekistan. Since then, the majority of the scientific community has interpreted Teshik‐Tash as a Neanderthal. However, some have considered aspects of the morphology of the Teshik‐Tash skull to be more similar to fossil modern humans such as those represented at Skhūl and Qafzeh, or to subadult Upper Paleolithic modern humans. Here we present a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the Teshik‐Tash frontal bone in the context of developmental shape changes in recent modern humans, Neanderthals, and early modern humans. We assess the phenetic affinities of Teshik‐Tash to other subadult fossils, and use developmental simulations to predict possible adult shapes. We find that the morphology of the frontal bone places the Teshik‐Tash child close to other Neanderthal children and that the simulated adult shapes are closest to Neanderthal adults. Taken together with genetic data showing that Teshik‐Tash carried mtDNA of the Neanderthal type, as well as its occipital bun, and its shovel‐shaped upper incisors, these independent lines of evidence firmly place Teshik‐Tash among Neanderthals. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dilution stress facilitates colonization of invasive mosquitofish in a saline Mediterranean stream: population biology response
Authors: Ruiz‐Navarro Ana , Verdiell‐Cubedo David , Torralva Mar , Oliva‐Paterna Francisco J.
Published: September 2012

Knowledge of the interplay of abiotic factors and the invasive success of exotic fish is fundamental both to proper management and the ability to predict consequences for native communities.

The highly invasive eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) has been introduced worldwide; however, although salinity could limit its invasive success, the influence of variations in water salinity on its population biology has been scarcely studied.

The present study aimed to analyse the effect of changes in water salinity on the life history and microhabitat use of a mosquitofish population inhabiting a hypersaline stream subjected to human‐caused dilution stress.

Dilution process and associated habitat changes, such as increased aquatic vegetation, available food and the spread of invasive riparian vegetation (the common reed Phragmites australis), seem to have favoured mosquitofish proliferation and colonization.

Dilution caused an increased somatic condition for all individuals and a higher reproductive investment of males and larger females. This led to greater survival, recruitment rates, and abundance during the period of lower salinity.

The species showed changes in microhabitat use which could be advantageous in less saline conditions; for instance, the species preferentially used areas with the presence of P. australis as a refuge, and this pattern increased during the dilution period.

These results support the hypothesis that human activity is one of the main forces shaping the colonization and proliferation of exotic freshwater fishes. At least in a Mediterranean context, an increase in mosquitofish abundance and the improvement of its population status could be clear indicators of the degradation of natural saline systems.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle Patterning in Mouse and Human Abdominal Wall Development and Omphalocele Specimens of Humans
Authors: Nichol Peter F. , Corliss Robert F. , Yamada Shigehito , Shiota Kohei , Saijoh Yukio
Published: September 2012

Human omphalocele is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall in which the secondary abdominal wall structures (muscle and connective tissue) in an area centered around the umbilicus are replaced by a translucent membranous layer of tissue. Histological examination of omphalocele development and moreover the staging of normal human abdominal wall development has never been described. We hypothesized that omphalocele is the result of an arrest in the secondary abdominal wall development and predicted that we would observe delays in myoblast maturation and an arrest in secondary abdominal wall development. To look for evidence in support of our hypothesis, we performed a histological analysis of normal human abdominal wall development and compared this to mouse. We also conducted the first histological analysis of two human specimens with omphalocele. In these two omphalocele specimens, secondary abdominal wall development appears to have undergone an arrest around Carnegie Stage 19. In both specimens disruptions in the unidirectional orientation of myofibers were observed in the external and internal obliques, and rectus abdominis but not in the transversus abdominis. These latter findings support a model of normal abdominal wall development in which positional information instructs the orientation of myoblasts as they organize into individual muscle groups. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The bio‐based economy: step by step from demand push to market pull
Authors: Stevens Christian V.
Published: September 2012

The attitude is changing from a demand push to a market pull
Natural path planning using wavelet noise in static environment
Authors: Kumar Amit , Ojha Aparajita
Published: September 2012

In a constrained virtual environment, motion of a character has to be controlled with precision to avoid collisions. For modeling motion of a character representing some real‐life object, it is important to generate paths that look natural. A number of path planning algorithms have been introduced to solve real‐time path queries in an environment. However, in all such algorithms, a fixed path is returned always for the same start and goal positions in the environment. Recently, Perlin noise has been used to add variations to a path so that it appears more natural. However, because of pure random nature of Perlin noise function, often unnatural path occurs. In this paper, we present a new approach to natural path planning by adding wavelet noise to a path generated using subdivision‐based Corridor Map Method. Because wavelet noise is almost perfectly band limited and provides good details with minimal aliasing effects, the resulting path becomes smoother and more natural. Moreover, by appropriately choosing the levels of down/up sampling in the wavelet noise generation algorithm, frequency of wavelet noise can be adjusted. This serves as an effective tool in bringing variations in path as per the requirement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Caffeic Acid Amides as Selective MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 Inhibitors
Authors: Shi Zhi‐Hao , Li Nian‐Guang , Shi Qian‐Ping , Tang Hao , Tang Yu‐Ping , Li Wei , Yin Lian , Yang Jian‐Ping , Duan Jin‐Ao
Published: September 2012

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Preclinical Research

A series of caffeic acid amides with extended P1′ groups were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activities on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9. Compound 3f showed considerable inhibitory activities against MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and best selectivity over MMP‐1. Preliminary structure–activity relationship analysis and docking studies indicated that caffeic acid amides with electron‐donating groups at p‐position of amino phenyl group showed better inhibitory activities and selectivity than those with electron‐withdrawing groups. The findings of this study would provide information for the exploitation and utilization of caffeic acid as MMP inhibitor for metastatic tumor treatment.
Complementary workflow for global phosphoproteome analysis
Authors: Li Qing‐Run , Ning Zhi‐Bin , Yang Xing‐Lin , Wu Jia‐Rui , Zeng Rong
Published: September 2012

We described a workflow involving a combination of titanium dioxide (TiO2) enrichment, strong anion exchange (SAX), and strong cation exchange (SCX) fractionation for global phosphoproteome analysis. The workflow proposed TiO2‐based high efficient enrichment with optimum peptide‐to‐beads ratio prior to robust IEC fractionation. With the optimum peptide‐to‐beads ratio, offline TiO2 enrichment provides high selectivity and large sample loading capacity compared with online TiO2 chromatography. The eluate with highly enriched phosphopeptides is then subjected to online SAX and SCX fractionation coupled to RP‐LC‐MS/MS analysis. The identification of phosphopeptides from SAX, SCX, and flow‐through fractions showed high complementary features. Importantly, large amount of multiphosphopeptides could be recovered in SAX fractionations. In total, up to 5063 unique phosphosites were identified from 4557 unique phosphopeptides using 4‐mg HeLa cell lysate as the starting material.
Isolation technique and proteomic analysis of the erythrocyte ghosts of red‐eared turtle (Trachemys scripta)
Authors: Gao Jun , Li Jianglin , Feng Can , Hu Zhaotun , Liu Wenfeng , Liang Songping , Yin Dazhong
Published: September 2012

To proceed proteomic analysis of erythrocyte of the red‐eared turtle Trachemys scripta, a method for obtaining turtle erythrocyte ghosts (TEG) was first developed. After hypotonic lysis using a special buffer, forcing the erythrocyte through the syringe with an “N”‐shaped needle, applying low speed homogenizing and differential centrifugation, highly purified TEG fractions were obtained. The isolated TEG proteins were treated with in‐gel digestion separated by SDS‐PAGE or in‐solution digestion followed by HPLC predissociation, and then identified by nano‐ESI‐LC MS/MS techniques. A total of 169 TEG proteins was identified, validated, and categorized. Among these proteins, tubulins, and cell‐surface‐located F‐type ATP synthase revealed important information into the super tolerance of Trachemys scripta in anoxia and low temperature exposure. Altogether, this study not only provided a method to isolate high quality TEG and a dataset of comprehensive characterization of TEG proteins, but also provides a tool for proteomic research of all nucleated red blood cells, and thus opened a new research field for exploring the mechanisms of super tolerance of turtles in harsh environment.
Changes in the astrocytic aquaporin‐4 and inwardly rectifying potassium channel expression in the brain of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1G93A rat model
Authors: Bataveljić Danijela , Nikolić Ljiljana , Milosević Milena , Todorović Nataša , Andjus Pavle R.
Published: September 2012

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Dysfunction and death of motor neurons are closely related to the modified astrocytic environment. Astrocytic endfeet, lining the blood–brain barrier (BBB), are enriched in two proteins, aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) and inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) 4.1. Both channels are important for the maintainance of a functional BBB astrocytic lining. In this study, expression levels of AQP4 and Kir4.1 were for the first time examined in the brainstem and cortex, along with the functional properties of Kir channels in cultured cortical astrocytes of the SOD1G93A rat model of ALS. Western blot analysis showed increased expression of AQP4 and decreased expression of Kir4.1 in the brainstem and cortex of the ALS rat. In addition, higher immunoreactivity of AQP4 and reduced immunolabeling of Kir4.1 in facial and trigeminal nuclei as well as in the motor cortex were also observed. Particularly, the observed changes in the expression of both channels were retained in cultured astrocytes. Furthermore, whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from cultured ALS cortical astrocytes showed a significantly lower Kir current density. Importantly, the potassium uptake current in ALS astrocytes was significantly reduced at all extracellular potassium concentrations. Consequently, the Kir‐specific Cs+‐ and Ba2+‐sensitive currents were also decreased. The changes in the studied channels, notably at the upper CNS level, could underline the hampered ability of astrocytes to maintain water and potassium homeostasis, thus affecting the BBB, disturbing the neuronal microenvironment, and causing motoneuronal dysfunction and death. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing perceptual interference improves visual discrimination in mild cognitive impairment: Implications for a model of perirhinal cortex function
Authors: Newsome Rachel N. , Duarte Audrey , Barense Morgan D.
Published: September 2012

Memory loss resulting from damage to the medial temporal lobes (MTL) is traditionally considered to reflect damage to a dedicated, exclusive memory system. Recent work, however, has suggested that damage to one MTL structure, the perirhinal cortex (PRC), compromises complex object representations that are necessary for both memory and perception. These representations are thought to be critical in shielding against the interference caused by a stream of visually similar input. In this study, we administered a complex object discrimination task to two memory‐impaired populations thought to have brain damage that includes the PRC [patients diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and older adults at risk for MCI], as well as age‐matched controls. Importantly, we carefully manipulated the level of interference: in the High Interference condition, participants completed a block of consecutive perceptually similar complex object discriminations, whereas in the Low Interference condition, we interspersed perceptually dissimilar objects such that there was less buildup of visual interference. We found that both memory‐impaired populations were impaired on the High Interference condition compared with controls, but critically, by reducing the degree of perceptual interference, we were largely able to improve their performance. These findings, when taken together with convergent evidence from animals with selective PRC lesions and amnesic patients with focal damage to the PRC, provide support for a representational‐hierarchical model of PRC function and suggest that memory loss following PRC damage may reflect a heightened vulnerability to perceptual interference. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.