bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Review on Red Mud‐Based Catalysts: Modification Methods and Applications in Thermal‐ and Photocatalysis
Authors: Sekizkardeş Büşra , Soyer‐Uzun Sezen , Uzun Alper , Kuhn Simon , Kaya‐Özkiper Kardelen , Kurtoğlu‐Öztulum Samira F.
Published: December 2024

Red mud (RM), waste of the Bayer process for aluminum production, is mostly stored in landfill areas, creating serious environmental and economic problems. It offers substantial potential for catalytic applications, primarily because of its cost efficiency and rich chemical composition, including Fe, Si, Al, and Ti oxides. Using RM as a catalyst not only contributes to environmental protection but also offers economic advantages as it can potentially reduce the reliance on expensive noble metals typically used in solid catalyst formulations. RM is predominantly used in thermal‐ and photocatalysis, serving as a bulk catalyst, support material, promoter, additive, or as a host material for heterojunction catalysts. Before use, RM is generally modified to enhance its textural properties and tailor its composition. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of RM in catalytic applications. The structural changes resulting from various pretreatments and their impact on catalytic properties are discussed. Key thermal‐ and photocatalytic reactions involving RM‐based catalysts are presented to highlight their industrial and environmental significance. Potential pathways for further optimization of RM‐based catalysts are also proposed, offering a broad perspective on future directions in the field.
Bioinspired Synthesis of (−)‐Hunterine A: Deciphering the Key Step in the Biogenetic Pathway
Authors: Zsigulics Bálint , Angyal Péter , Mészáros Bence Balázs , Daru János , Varga Szilárd , Soós Tibor
Published: December 2024

A concise, bioinspired, and enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐hunterine A, an odd 6/7/6/6/5 pentacyclic natural product, is described. The key step in the synthesis of this complex structure is an interim‐template directed 6‐exo selective epoxide ring‐opening reaction, which is interwoven with a hydrolysis step of the indolenine hemiaminal template to create the unusual 7‐membered azepine bridge motif. Our work not only refines the previously proposed biogenetic pathway, but also reveals the possible stereochemical prerequisite of the unique skeletal rearrangement, which provides a vantage point for understanding how (−)‐hunterine A is likely to be generated in nature.
Incidence Rate and Predictors of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report From the Nationwide COOL‐AF Registry
Authors: Krittayaphong Rungroj , Ratanasumawong Kasem , Methavigul Komsing , Wongvipaporn Chaiyasith , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: December 2024

Background

Specific risk predictor scores of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) risk in Asian subjects are lacking. We determined the incidence rate and predictors of ICH in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

A prospective nationwide registry of patients with AF was conducted from 27 hospitals in Thailand. The adjudicated primary outcome was the development of ICH during follow‐up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was performed to identify the independent predictors for ICH. A predictive model for ICH risk was developed and validated by bootstrap, calibration plot, C‐statistics, and decision curve analysis using our own data.

Results

We studied a total of 3405 patients (mean age 67.8 years; 58.2% male) with an average follow‐up duration of 31.8 ± 8.7 months, during which ICH developed in 70 patients (2.06%). The incidence rate of ICH was 0.78 (0.61−0.98) per 100 person‐years. Predictors of ICH were chosen from the theory‐driven approaches in combination with the results of the univariable analysis. The predictive risk model had a c‐index of 0.717 (0.702−0.732) with good calibration, internal validation, and clinical usefulness using decision curve analysis. The probability of ICH at 3 years for an individual patient derived from the prediction model was compared with the probability derived from HAS‐BLED score by using the C‐statistics. The ICH probability from the COOL‐AF model was superior to the HAS‐BLED score in the prediction of ICH.

Conclusion

The incidence rate of ICH was 0.78 (0.61−0.98) per 100 person‐years. Predictors of ICH were older age, male sex, nonsmoking, renal replacement therapy, and use of oral anticoagulants.
Cognitive impairment in patients with melanoma before adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and associations with brain gray matter, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase genotype, and psychological factors
Authors: Danielsen Josefine T. , Zachariae Robert , Schmidt Henrik , Kallehauge Jesper F. , Thomadsen Julie K. , Wefel Jeffrey S. , Wu Lisa M. , Amidi Ali
Published: December 2024

Background

Cancer‐related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a significant concern in patients with cancer but understanding its prevalence and risk factors in patients with malignant melanoma (MMPs) remains limited. This study explores CRCI via a multifaceted approach integrating neurobiological, genetic, and psychological assessments.

Methods

Cognitive functioning across multiple domains was assessed via neuropsychological tests in 47 MMPs before adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, compared with 53 matched healthy controls (HCs). Self‐reported cognitive complaints, brain gray matter (GM) properties, catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) genotype, and psychological and behavioral factors were evaluated. Between‐group differences were analyzed with t‐tests and χ2 tests, and associations were explored with correlation analyses. GM properties were assessed in a subset of 23 MMPs and 47 HCs.

Results

MMPs exhibited significantly lower cognitive functioning across multiple tests (all p < .05), with a high CRCI prevalence (68.1% vs. 26.4% in HCs). MMPs reported higher fatigue, anxiety, and insomnia severity and poorer sleep quality and quality of life (all p < .01). Self‐reported cognitive complaints in MMPs were associated with some cognitive test scores (all p < .05), fatigue (p < .001), and anxiety (p = .045). GM analyses revealed a smaller left cuneus volume in MMPs and significant associations between MMPs' processing speed and cortical thickness (right precentral and left inferior parietal regions) and between delayed verbal memory and right postcentral GM volume (all p < .01).

Conclusions

These findings underscore the need for comprehensive assessments in MMPs to better understand and address CRCI. A multifaceted approach would provide valuable insights that could inform future interventions and improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Skeletal and Dental Effects of Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device Versus Twin Block Appliance for Class II Malocclusion Treatment in Growing Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jeha Bahaa Aldeen , Haddad Rania
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study systematically searched the literature and assessed the available evidence to compare the efficacy of Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device (FRD) versus Twin Block Appliance (TBA) in treating class II malocclusion.

Material and Methods

The search for published literature was published up to May 28, 2024. The databases were included in the search: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Oral Trials Register, Tripe, Web of Science, and Scopus. Additionally, unpublished literature was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. All eligible studies were carefully reviewed and two reviewers independently extracted data. In cases of disagreement, an arbiter was consulted for resolution.

Results

Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five non‐RCTs were included in this review. The total number of patients included in the studies examining SNA, SNB, and ANB was 254. The studies also looked at the variables Go‐Gn, L1‐ML, and U1‐SN, with 279, 205, and 277 patients included for each variable, respectively. According to the evidence reported, TBA showed greater skeletal effects in terms of mandibular length and advancement. The pooled estimate revealed a statistically significant 1.3° increase in the SNB, and a decrease of −1.34° in the ANB angles for patients treated with TBA compared with those treated with FRD, with no statistically significant differences in the SNA angle. Most studies had a moderate risk of bias, while only two studies had a high risk of bias.

Conclusion

FRD has been proven to be an effective treatment device for correcting ANB and restricting SNA angle, similar to TBA. However, TBA appears to offer better mandibular length and SNB outcomes.
Optimum legume proportion for plant and animal production in a subtropical grassland
Authors: Caram Nicolas , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Wallau Marcelo O. , Dubeux Jose C. B. , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: December 2024

Integrating legumes into grass pastures is an alternative to nitrogen (N) fertilizer for improving productive, economic, and environmental performance of grazing systems. However, optimal legume proportion for maximizing resource‐use efficiency in mixed pastures is seldom considered. Here, we studied the effect of rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) proportion in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pastures on herbage accumulation and nutritive value, cattle selectivity, and animal gain using a Bayesian probabilistic approach for 2 years. Two 0.5‐ha bahiagrass monoculture pastures receiving no N fertilizer and six 0.5‐ha bahiagrass‐rhizoma peanut pastures (16.5%–49.2% legume) were continuously stocked at a herbage allowance of 1.5 kg dry matter (DM) kg−1 animal live weight. Regressing plant and animal production on legume proportion in the pasture, we found that responses increased non‐linearly and were maximized at ∼40% legume. Herbage accumulation was maximized at 39% legume, being 173% greater than the bahiagrass monoculture (9.0 vs. 3.3 Mg ha−1 DM). At 39% legume, herbage in vitro digestible organic matter and crude protein concentrations were 543 and 136 g kg−1, respectively, 43% and 84% greater than at 0% legume (381 and 74 g kg−1, respectively), and legume in cattle diets was 20 percentage units greater than offered. These data explain in part why average daily gain and gain per hectare were maximized at ∼36% legume, being 108% (604 vs. 290 g day−1) and 127% greater (350 vs. 154 kg LW ha−1) than for animals grazing the monoculture. In conclusion, legume proportions of 30%–40% maximized plant and animal production of this subtropical grassland.
Discrimination and Harassment in the Workplace: The Lived Experiences of Singaporean LGBTQ+ Individuals
Authors: Ng Wen Zhi , Yang Daryl W. J. , Sim Deryne , Ubalde Jhermayne , Conron Kerith , Tan Rayner Kay Jin
Published: December 2024

Fostering diversity and inclusivity in the workplace is crucial for staying competitive, yet discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation and gender identity or expression (SOGIE) remains prevalent. This study aims to investigate experiences of workplace discrimination and harassment among LGBTQ+ individuals in Singapore to inform policy discussions about extending protections to LGBTQ+ workers under the forthcoming Workplace Fairness Legislation. Through an exploratory cross‐sectional survey conducted across March 2023 to August 2023, data were collected from 409 Singaporeans SOGIE minorities between 18 and 85 years old who had ever been employed in Singapore. Statistical analysis was carried out using statistical software STATA version 18, where bivariable (Pearson's chi‐square tests) and multivariable (logistic regression and multivariable linear regression) techniques were used. Over half of participants (n = 208, 50.85%) experienced some form of workplace discrimination or harassment. In multivariable analyses, compared to their Chinese counterparts, Malay participants were more likely to experience discrimination (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 2.51, confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 5.96) and Indian participants were more likely to experience harassment (aOR = 3.22, CI = 1.39, 7.49). Transgender (aOR = 5.71, CI = 2.25, 14.54) and gender‐diverse (aOR = 3.33, CI = 1.80, 6.16) participants had higher odds of experiencing discrimination or harassment compared to cisgender participants. Empirical studies have shown that legislation is effective in reducing prejudice and discrimination, as well as improving sentiment toward the LGBTQ+ community. In the absence of national legislation, consistently applied company policies are also able to reduce perceived discrimination and improve work attitudes among LGBTQ+ employees. Furthermore, fostering an inclusive culture that is embraced at all levels of the organization has been discovered to be a key tool in creating a supportive workplace environment. Overall, a comprehensive approach that integrates national legislation, supportive company policies, and cultural change would have an enormous impact on the many LGBTQ+ Singaporeans who experience workplace discrimination and harassment.
Structure‐Property Studies of Niobium (N‐Heterocyclic) Carbene Complexes
Authors: Eissler Mark , Shen Fuxing , Rajamoni Jagan , Holmes Stephen M.
Published: December 2024

The structures and magnetic properties of four paramagnetic bis(carbene)niobium and a diamagnetic monocarbene complex are described. Crystallographic studies show solvated crystals of NbCl4(IMes)2 (1 ⋅ C7H7), NbCl3(IMes)2 (2 ⋅ Et2O and 2 ⋅ C5H12), and NbOCl2(IMes)2 (3 ⋅ Et2O) adopt distorted structures consistent with second‐order Jahn‐Teller carbene‐halide interactions. Magnetic studies indicate 1–3 display appreciable temperature‐independent paramagnetism contributions to their S=1/2, 1, and 1/2 spin ground states, respectively. Slow magnetization relaxation dynamics are seen below ca. 6 and 50 K, which are ascribed as arising from Raman and direct/Raman pathways for 1 and 3, respectively.
Zirconium and Hafnium Complexes of Enantiopure Iminophosphonamides
Authors: Goswami Bhupendra , Yadav Ravi , Joshi Hemant , Roy Partha
Published: December 2024

This article reports the design, synthesis, and characterization of four novel metal complexes of zirconium and hafnium stabilized by two enantiopure iminophosphonamide ligands. Enantiopure iminophosphonamines (R)‐HPEPIA [(R)‐PEPIA = P, P‐diphenyl‐N, N’‐bis((R)‐1‐ phenylethyl)phosphinimidic amide] and (R)‐HPEDippPIA [(R)‐PEDippPIA = P, Pdiphenyl‐N‐((R)‐1‐phenylethyl), N’‐(2’,6’‐diisopropylaniline) phosphinimidic amide] were reacted with M(NMe2)4 (M=Zr, Hf) in equimolar ratio to produce metal complexes [{(R)‐PEPIA}M(NMe2)3] (M=Zr (1), Hf (2)) and [{(R)‐PEDippPIA}M(NMe2)3] (M=Zr (3), Hf (4)), respectively. All these metal complexes were characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy; the structure elucidation was done by single crystal X‐ray diffraction technique. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of the complexes was investigated towards hydroboration and intramolecular hydroamination reactions.
A General Protocol for the Aqueous Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Reaction between Cyclic Enones and 1,2‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Rodrigues Manoel T. , Claudio Serafim José , Santos Hugo , Arantes João , Julia Senna Ana , Acconcia Lais V. , Moyano Albert , Coelho Fernando
Published: December 2024

In this report, we present an extensive methodological study of the aqueous Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction of a range of cycloenones with di‐ and tricarbonyl compounds, such as glyoxal derivatives, aliphatic and aromatic α‐keto esters, 1,2‐diketones, diethyl ketomalonate, ninhydrin, acenaphthenequinone, and phenanthrene‐9,10‐dione, through mediation of a bicyclic imidazolyl alcohol (BIA) as catalyst in aqueous medium. The desired MBH adducts were obtained in up to 98 % yield. The synthetic applicability of the MBH adducts was demonstrated by the preparation of an acenaphtho[1,2‐b]indole derivative.
Fibromyalgia severity and symptoms are associated with the disorders of gut–brain interaction
Authors: Erdrich Sharon , Harnett Joanna E.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Fibromyalgia remains an idiopathic common disorder characterised by widespread pain with no universally accepted treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome is prevalent among women living with fibromyalgia. The prevalence of other disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) and associations with fibromyalgia symptoms and severity is unknown.

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of the range of DGBI and associations with the symptoms and severity of fibromyalgia in women.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted in New Zealand in 2022. A comprehensive survey included validated measures to identify DGBI (Rome IV) and items assessing the severity of fibromyalgia and pain symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life, mental health and migraine. Analysis was conducted employing Spearman's rho, Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis and chi‐square tests.

Results

A total of 111 adult women with fibromyalgia enrolled in the study. Of these, 98 (93%) met the criteria for at least one DGBI, and 67 (68%) satisfied criteria for more than one. All groups of DGBI, and 11 specific DGBI were significantly associated with measures of pain, fibromyalgia severity, sleep problems and migraine (p < 0.05). Severity of pain and symptoms associated with fibromyalgia, including sleep problems, were also significantly associated with the functional bowel disorder severity index.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the prevalence of DGBI in women with fibromyalgia extends beyond irritable bowel syndrome. Presence of multiple DGBI correlates with pain, severity indices of fibromyalgia and sleep problems. Further research is required to examine the aetiology of DGBI in this population.

Significance Statement

This observational study has identified important relationships between the broader DGBI, fibromyalgia pain and associated symptoms, particularly migraine and sleep disturbance. Notable correlations between the severity indices of each are demonstrated, suggesting that improvements in one domain may reduce pain and improve overall well‐being. These findings highlight the importance of addressing each clinical feature of the condition when supporting patients with fibromyalgia.
A Prototype Process for Demulsification of Waste Ice Cream
Authors: Garcia Rafael A. , Liang Chen , Plumier Benjamin M. , Lee Changhoon , Bumanlag Lorelie P. , Renye John A. , Tomasula Peggy M.
Published: December 2024

Recovery of the butterfat in waste ice cream may be an opportunity to mitigate food and economic loss. Previous efforts to recover such fat have succeeded in producing a fat‐enriched fraction but have not succeeded in demulsifying the fat. In the present study, a method involving a sequence of emulsion‐breaking steps is shown to be effective for releasing a majority of the fat from waste ice cream as free, unemulsified oil. The effect of altering process conditions including enzyme type, pH, and incubation temperature is reported. Depending on the test conditions and the variety of ice cream used, typically 59%–81% of the fat was recovered, with varying degrees of hydrolytic and oxidative damage. As the method is relatively complex, an experiment which omitted individual processing steps demonstrated that each step was required for high recovery. Success with 4 of 5 tested varieties showed that the method has reasonably broad applicability. The results are compared with those achieved using a standardized solvent extraction method. Finally, the method is evaluated for its potential as the basis for a commercial WIC fat recovery process.
The European Underground and Tunnel Forum (EUTF) –Developments and Outlook
Authors: Leca Eric
Published: December 2024

The European Underground and Tunnel Forum (EUTF) was formed in 2019, at the initiative of eight – and subsequently nine – Member Nations of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association (ITA) who wanted to achieve a closer collaboration at a European level and address matters at stake for the tunnelling and underground space profession. After presenting the members of the Forum and its objectives, the paper describes the strategy, organization and actions undertaken since its formation. Some insights are provided on the perspective for future developments.
Catecholaminergic Modulation of Large‐Scale Network Dynamics Is Tied to the Reconfiguration of Corticostriatal Connectivity
Authors: Hill Justine A. , Korponay Cole , Salmeron Betty Jo , Ross Thomas J. , Janes Amy C.
Published: December 2024

Large‐scale brain network function is critical for healthy cognition, yet links between such network function, neurochemistry, and smaller‐scale neurocircuitry are unclear. Here, we evaluated 59 healthy individuals using resting‐state fMRI to determine how network‐level temporal dynamics were impacted by two well‐characterized pharmacotherapies targeting catecholamines: methylphenidate (20 mg) and haloperidol (2 mg)—administered via randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design. Network temporal dynamic changes were tested for links with drug‐induced alterations in complex corticostriatal connections as this circuit is a primary site of action for both drugs. Methylphenidate increased time in the default mode network state (DMN p < 0.001) and dorsal attention network state (DAN p < 0.001) and reduced time in the frontoparietal network state (p < 0.01). Haloperidol increased time in a sensory motor‐DMN state (p < 0.01). The magnitude of change in network dynamics induced by methylphenidate vs. placebo correlated with the magnitude of methylphenidate‐induced rearrangement of complex corticostriatal connectivity (R = 0.32, p = 0.014). Haloperidol did not alter complex corticostriatal connectivity. Methylphenidate enhanced time in network states involved in internal and external attention (DMN and DAN, respectively), aligning with methylphenidate's established role in attention. Methylphenidate also significantly changed complex corticostriatal connectivity by altering the relative strength between multiple corticostriatal connections, indicating that methylphenidate may shift which corticostriatal connections are prioritized relative to others. Findings show that these corticostriatal circuit changes are linked with large‐scale network temporal dynamics. Collectively, these findings provide a deeper understanding of large‐scale network function, set a stage for mechanistic understanding of network engagement, and provide useful information to guide medication use based on network‐level effects.

Trial Registration: Registry name: ClinicalTrials.gov; URL: Brain Networks and Addiction Susceptibility—Full Text View—ClinicalTrials.gov; URL Plain text: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01924468; Identifier: NCT01924468
Novel approaches in myelofibrosis
Authors: Koschmieder Steffen
Published: December 2024

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal myeloid neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, and disease‐associated symptoms, as well as increased mortality, due to thrombosis, severe bleeding, infections, or progression to acute leukemia. Currently, the management of MF patients is tailored according to risk scores, with higher‐risk (intermediate‐2 and high‐risk) patients being assessed for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which remains the only potentially curative treatment option. On the other hand, lower risk (low‐ and intermediate‐1 risk) patients who are symptomatic may be treated with JAK inhibitors or other drugs. However, none of these drug treatments have induced relevant rates of durable complete remissions, and, therefore, novel treatments are needed to improve the long‐term outcomes of MF patients. This review summarizes current preclinical and clinical approaches to MF therapy, including novel drug combinations involving JAK inhibitors and innovative monotherapies. These drugs target transcription, nuclear export, survival pathways, or various intracellular pathways, ranging from JAK‐STAT signaling to PI3‐Kinase, TP53, PIM1, or S100A8/A9/toll‐like receptor pathways. Also, extracellular targeting using interferon, calreticulin mutant‐specific antibodies, and other immunotherapeutic approaches are discussed, as well as various antifibrotic strategies. In addition, preclinical approaches that target individual mutated clones, for example, by mutation‐specific JAK2V617F inhibitors or DNA repair pathway inhibitors, are presented. Finally, current efforts of generating novel endpoints for clinical trials aim more at disease modification and overall survival than at improvements of splenomegaly or symptoms. Together, the new generations of clinical trials promise to offer substantial improvements in the management of MF patients and long‐term disease control.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Paediatric: Challenges for the Future
Authors: Salih Ahmed M. , Menegaz Gloria , Pillay Thillagavathie , Boyle Elaine M.
Published: December 2024

Background

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) emerged to improve the transparency of machine learning models and increase understanding of how models make actions and decisions. It helps to present complex models in a more digestible form from a human perspective. However, XAI is still in the development stage and must be used carefully in sensitive domains including paediatrics, where misuse might have adverse consequences.

Objective

This commentary paper discusses concerns and challenges related to implementation and interpretation of XAI methods, with the aim of rising awareness of the main concerns regarding their adoption in paediatrics.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to explore the challenges of adopting XAI in paediatrics.

Results

Although XAI has several favorable outcomes, its implementation in paediatrics is prone to challenges including generalizability, trustworthiness, causality and intervention, and XAI evaluation.

Conclusion

Paediatrics is a very sensitive domain where consequences of misinterpreting AI outcomes might be very significant. XAI should be adopted carefully with focus on evaluating the outcomes primarily by including paediatricians in the loop, enriching the pipeline by injecting domain knowledge promoting a cross‐fertilization perspective aiming at filling the gaps still preventing its adoption.
Implementation of a Realistic Multicell CFD Model to Investigate the Thermal Characteristics Within a Solar PV Module
Authors: Kumar Shubham , Subbarao P. M. V.
Published: December 2024

The thermal characteristics within a solar photovoltaic (PV) module are vital in determining its real field power output and lifetime. The structural and thermal complexities within a PV module have often been ignored in the past CFD‐based research works. However, those complexities can substantially impact the thermal diffusion occurring within the module. The present study proposes a realistic multilayered multicell model in which the PV cells are considered as multiple distinct domains with encapsulant‐filled discontinuities. The model is validated with experimental results and then implemented to investigate the cell temperature, thermal profile, and temperature gradients within a free‐standing PV module in various wind conditions. The low thermal conductance of discontinuities among PV cells is found to be the key factor in raising the cell temperature 2°C–3°C above the back temperature. The current mismatch loss due to temperature nonuniformity is estimated to be up to 0.28% for a 50 W module and should be higher in bigger‐size modules. Very high‐temperature gradients (order of 103°C/m) are observed in the encapsulant and backsheet layers near the cell edges, which can lead to high thermal stress and consequent degradation. The back temperature, temperature pattern along the surface, and location of hotter zones remain largely unaffected by the discontinuities among PV cells.
Independent or Freelance Mobile Application Development in Ghana: Unraveling Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Ansong Eric , Barnor Nii Barnor Jonathan , Boateng Sheena Lovia
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this study was to unravel the opportunities and challenges encountered by independent or freelance mobile application (App) developers in Ghana. The study employed a qualitative approach by organizing a focus group discussion among eight freelance mobile application developers and engaging them individually when needed. The analysis was done by drawing themes from the tape‐recorded interviews. After the data analysis, it was discovered that the mobile application space in Ghana is male‐dominated. Factors influencing independent mobile application development are monetary and intrinsic rewards, increasing demand for smartphones, gamification through mobile App development contests, access to free online resources, and government initiatives leveraging mobile applications to enhance governance and fight corruption. Comparatively, the challenges unearthed are the unregulated mobile App industry, the unpredictable nature of advancements in application development languages, and the global competitiveness of the application development space. This study outlines the research implications and recommendations for stakeholders. The originality of this study stems from the fact that it is one of the first studies on mobile application development from the freelance developers' perspective, which emanates from a developing economy context.
Molecular Genetic and Clinical Characteristics of Fetuses With Chromosome 16 Short‐Arm Microdeletions/Microduplications
Authors: Cai Meiying , Lin Na , Guo Nan , Huang Hailong , Fan Xiangqun , Fu Meimei , Zhang Min , Xu Liangpu
Published: December 2024

Background

The short arm of chromosome 16 is highly susceptible to homologous recombination through nonallelic genes. This results in microdeletions/microduplications that can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, incomplete penetrance and phenotypic diversity after birth exacerbate the uncertainty in prenatal genetic counseling.

Methods

A total of 24,000 cases with prenatal diagnoses were retrospectively analyzed. Chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) was performed on 17,000 cases, of which 81 (0.48%) had chromosome 16 short‐arm microdeletions/microduplications.

Results

Of the 81 fetuses with chromosome 16 short‐arm microdeletions/microduplications, 36 and 28 had 16p11.2 and 16p13.11 microdeletions/microduplications, respectively. Ten, four, and three fetuses had 16p12.2, 16p13.12p13.11, and 16p13.12p1.3 microdeletions, respectively. Among the 36 fetuses with 16p11.2 microdeletions/microduplications, 33 had abnormal intrauterine ultrasound phenotypes, the most common being skeletal system abnormalities. Among the 28 fetuses with 16p13.11 microdeletions/microduplications, 19 had abnormal intrauterine ultrasound phenotypes, including 15 with abnormal ultrasonic soft markers. Among the 10 fetuses with the 16p12.2 microdeletions, six had abnormal ultrasound findings, and four had skeletal system abnormalities. After genetic counseling, 44 patients were selected and tested for family verification, of which 22 were de novo, while 22 were inherited from phenotypically normal parents. Among the 47 live births, 39 had no abnormalities.

Conclusion

All fetuses with the 16p13.11 microdeletions/microduplications, and 16p12.2, 16p13.12p13.11, and 16p13.12p1.3 microdeletions were healthy after birth. Hence, chromosome 16 short‐arm microdeletions/microduplications should not be the sole basis for abandoning pregnancy, and clinicians should consider prenatal diagnostic data to maximize diagnostic accuracy.
No decision about me, without me: Collaborating with young people in mental health research
Authors: Lloyd Alex , Wu Tom (Chin‐Han) , Lucas Laura , Agunbiade Adeola , Saleh Romana , Fearon Pasco , Viding Essi
Published: December 2024

Involving young people with lived experience in youth mental health research is important. In recognition of the value of collaborating with experts by experience, international funders are increasingly mandating that mental health research is developed by teams that include individuals from the population of study. Yet, research into how Patient Public Involvement, specifically co‐production and co‐design, is implemented in youth mental health research is limited to date. The current review examined this question and identified common practices for collaborating with experts by experience in young people's mental health research. Academic databases were systematically searched for studies that had involved young people in mental health research, had described these activities, and had reported some demographic information about the experts by experience. From a total of 2130 studies that were screened, 37 studies were eligible for inclusion. The use of co‐production and co‐design spanned a wide range of topics, including interventions, digital support tools and psychometric studies. Interactive workshops were the primary method of engaging experts by experience, although some studies utilised interviews or focus groups. From the reviewed studies we identified common methodological practices including: Scene setting, utilising a cyclical process, ensuring appropriate engagement and recognition of the cultural context. We draw on these findings to suggest common methods for conducting co‐production and co‐design activities, and emphasise the importance of ensuring experts by experience are respected and safeguarded throughout their collaboration in research. We also outline areas that deserve future attention and development, and include a response from two young people aged 16–18 and their suggestions for improving and extending co‐production methods.
Relationship of foot pain with the increased risk of falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Jiménez‐Cebrián Ana María , Ruiz‐Sánchez Francisco Javier , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Becerro‐de‐Bengoa‐Vallejo Ricardo , López‐López Daniel , Montiel‐Luque Alonso , de Labra Carmen , Saavedra‐García Miguel Ángel , Navarro‐Flores Emmanuel
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Falls are one of the most frequent difficulties in patients with Parkinson's disease. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between foot pain and the risk of falls in participants with Parkinson’s disease compared to a group of participants without Parkinson’s disease.

Materials and Methods

The subjects (124) were divided into two groups, cases (n = 62) and controls (n = 62). They completed the Downton scale that collects the following 5 dimensions: previous falls, medications, sensory deficit, mental state, and ambulation.

Results

Analyzing the Downton scale using dimensions, a significant difference was observed between both groups in all dimensions except mental state. Regarding the global result of risk of falls, the participants who had a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease presented a high risk of falls, 40.3% compared to 3.2% of the non‐Parkinson’s disease group, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). For the numerical value of the Downton scale, there was a clear statistically significant difference between groups (2.65 ± 0.96 vs. 1.31 ± 1.19).

Conclusion

This research confirms further evidence that people with Parkinson’s disease who suffer from foot pain are at high risk of falling, regardless of gender.
Clinical and high‐resolution manometry of 801 patients with esophageal dysmotility, including achalasia, in relation to age
Authors: Ghoshal Uday C , Kulkarni Akshay , Shirol Vivek V , Elhence Anshuman , Fatima Bushra , Agrahari Anand P , Misra Asha
Published: December 2024

Background and Aim

Spectrum of esophageal motility disorders may differ according to age, but studies on this are scanty, contradictory, and included small number of patients. Accordingly, we retrospectively analyzed data of a large sample of patients to study the spectrum of esophageal motility disorders in relation to age, and to evaluate the clinical profile and high‐resolution manometry parameters and achalasia subtypes according to Chicago IV criteria.

Methods

Of 909 patients evaluated by high‐resolution water perfusion or solid‐state manometry during a 3‐year period, data on 801 were finally analyzed.

Results

Achalasia cardia was the commonest motility disorder of esophagus in this large study and type II was the commonest subtype. There was no difference in clinical and manometry parameters among elderly patients as compared to younger patients with achalasia. Type I achalasia patients less often had chest pain and tended to have nocturnal coughing spells more often, and patients with achalasia experiencing chest pain tended to have higher distal contractile integral (DCI) than those not having pain irrespective of age.

Conclusion

The clinical and high‐resolution manometry parameters among young and elderly patients with esophageal motility disorders are quite comparable. However, these differed in relation to achalasia subtypes and symptoms. Type I achalasia patients less often had chest pain and those experiencing chest pain tended to have higher DCI values than those not having pain irrespective of age.
On the Pre‐ and Post‐Positional Semi‐Random Graph Processes
Authors: Gao Pu , Koerts Hidde
Published: December 2024

We study the semi‐random graph process, and a variant process recently suggested by Nick Wormald. We show that these two processes are asymptotically equally fast in constructing a semi‐random graph that has property , for the following examples of : (1) is the set of graphs containing a fixed ‐degenerate subgraph, where is fixed and (2) is the set of ‐connected graphs, where is fixed. In particular, our result of the ‐connectedness above settles the open case of the original semi‐random graph process. We also prove that there exist properties where the two semi‐random graph processes do not construct a graph in asymptotically equally fast. We further propose some conjectures on for which the two processes perform differently.
Widespread Decline of the Warm Season Snow Depth Over Arctic Sea Ice Revealed by Satellite Passive Microwave Measurements
Authors: Li Haili , Ke Chang‐Qing , Zhu Qinghui , Shen Xiaoyi , Cai Yu
Published: December 2024

Summer snow plays an essential role in Arctic hydrology and in maintaining mass and energy balance of sea ice. However, there are great challenges in retrieving long‐term summer snow depths over Arctic sea ice. Here, we proposed a combined novel five‐variable long short‐term memory (hereafter CN5VLSTM) model based on brightness temperature data to yield warm‐season snow depth estimates. Then, year‐round snow depth estimates were obtained for the first time. The CN5VLSTM model and five additional snow depth methods were assessed during the warm season based on the ice mass balance buoy (IMB), Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) snow buoy (AWI‐SB) and Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) snow buoy (MOSAiC‐SB). According to the three buoy products, the accuracy of the CN5VLSTM‐derived snow depth was highest among the five snow depth estimates with RMSEs of 10.2, 16.4, and 10.1 cm, respectively. Except for in May, the Arctic snow depth showed mainly a downward trend in warm months, and a significant downward trend was found in the Central Arctic. Excluding the Barents Sea, Kara Sea and Canadian Archipelago, the average year‐round snow depth decreased in the other subregions, and a significant negative trend was observed in the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. Snowfall was an important factor that was related to the changes in snow depth in the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. This study can provide new insights into the evolution characteristics of summer snow depth.
Sonographic Characterization of Red‐Blue Neurofibromas in Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Oteiza‐Rius Inés , Estenaga Pérez de Albéniz Ángela , Hernández‐Martin Ángela , Alfageme Roldán Fernando , García‐Martínez Francisco Javier
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Red‐blue neurofibromas (RBNs), found in up to 29% of adult neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients, present as red‐blue macules measuring 1–2 cm in diameter, primarily on the trunk. Despite their prevalence, RBNs often go unnoticed due to their subtle appearance. Ultrasound characterization serves as a diagnostic clue yet lacks comprehensive studies in both adult and pediatric populations. This study aims to define and compare RBNs' prevalence, characteristics, and ultrasound features in adult and pediatric patients with NF1.

Methods

This prospective study involved 118 patients (92 pediatric patients and 26 adults) diagnosed with NF1. Clinical examinations combined with cutaneous ultrasound scans using linear multifrequency probes (L4–12t, L10–22, ML6–15, or L8–18 MHz) were performed in order to determine the prevalence, and clinical and sonographic characteristics of RBN in both populations. Statistical analyses were performed using t tests and chi‐square tests.

Results

RBNs were found in 26.3% (31) of the patients after clinical examination, including 179 lesions. RBN prevalence differed significantly between pediatric (10.9%) and adult (66.7%) patients. Lesions were primarily on the trunk and exhibited similar clinical characteristics. Ultrasound reveals RBNs as hypoechoic, oval lesions with irregular borders. Our results show that pediatric RBNs are typically more superficial and hypoechogenic, while adult RBNs are deeper and more heterogeneous.

Conclusion

Ultrasound findings showed subtle differences in lesion depth, morphology, and echogenicity between these 2 age‐related groups. These changes highlight ultrasound's role in identifying RBNs in patients with NF1 and monitoring their evolution.
Multimodal data fusion AI model uncovers tumor microenvironment immunotyping heterogeneity and enhanced risk stratification of breast cancer
Authors: Yu Yunfang , Cai Gengyi , Lin Ruichong , Wang Zehua , Chen Yongjian , Tan Yujie , He Zifan , Sun Zhuo , Ouyang Wenhao , Yao Herui , Zhang Kang
Published: December 2024

Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women, with a significant number experiencing recurrence and metastasis, thereby reducing survival rates. This study focuses on the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in breast cancer immunotherapy response. We conducted an analysis involving 1027 patients from Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, and The Cancer Genome Atlas, utilizing RNA sequencing and pathology whole‐slide images. We employed unsupervised clustering to identify distinct lncRNA expression patterns and developed an AI‐based pathology model using convolutional neural networks to predict immune–metabolic subtypes. Additionally, we created a multimodal model integrating lncRNA data, immune‐cell scores, clinical information, and pathology images for prognostic prediction. Our findings revealed four unique immune–metabolic subtypes, and the AI model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, highlighting the significant impact of lncRNAs on antitumor immunity and metabolic states within the tumor microenvironment. The AI‐based pathology model, DeepClinMed‐IM, exhibited high accuracy in predicting these subtypes. Additionally, the multimodal model, DeepClinMed‐PGM, integrating pathology images, lncRNA data, immune‐cell scores, and clinical information, showed superior prognostic performance. In conclusion, these AI models provide a robust foundation for precise prognostication and the identification of potential candidates for immunotherapy, advancing breast cancer research and treatment strategies.
Opinion Dynamics of Two Populations With Time‐Delayed Coupling
Authors: Cicolani Chiara , Pignotti Cristina
Published: December 2024

We study a Hegselmann–Krause type opinion formation model for a system of two populations. The two groups interact with each other via subsets of individuals, namely, the leaders, and natural time delay effects are considered. By using careful estimates of the system's trajectories, we are able to prove an asymptotic convergence to consensus result. Some numerical tests illustrate the theoretical result and point out some possible applications.
Semi‐Analytical Study of Pile–Soil Interaction on a Permeable Pipe Pile Subjected to Rheological Consolidation of Clayey Soils
Authors: Hua Lun , Tian Yi , Gui Yue , Liu Wenlian , Wu Wenbing
Published: December 2024

Permeable pipe pile, a novel pile foundation integrating drainage and bearing functions, improves the bearing capacity of the pile foundation by accelerating the consolidation of the soil around the pile. In this study, a mathematical model is established to simulate the consolidation of surrounding clayey soils and the pile–soil interaction, where the rheological properties of the soils are described with the fractional derivative‐based Merchant model, and the impeded drainage boundary is used to simulate the pile–soil interfacial drainage boundary. Corresponding solutions for pile–soil relative displacement, skin friction, and axial force on the pile shaft are derived by means of semi‐analytical methods, and they are validated by comparing with experimental results and numerical simulation results. Based on the proposed semi‐analytical model, a series of parametric analyses are conducted to investigate the influences of fractional orders, viscosity coefficients, pile–soil interface parameters, and pile‐head loads on the pile–soil interaction characteristics. It is observed that during the transition stage, the axial force increases linearly with depth in the plastic segment, and then increases nonlinearly in the elastic segment until it decreases after reaching the neutral plane. In the elastic segment, the axial force on the pile shaft for a given time increases with the increases in the fractional order or the pile–soil interface parameter, but decreases with the increase of viscosity coefficient.
Exploring the experiences of patients who receive nutrition education for ostomy care: A qualitative research design
Authors: Hasil Leslee , Krug Stephanie , Atkins Marlis , Buhler Sue
Published: December 2024

Background

Ileostomy and colostomy patients benefit from more nutrition education than patients who receive bowel resections without ostomy creation. Nutrition can influence the adaptation to a stoma and may help manage complications. The impact of nutrition education on health outcomes is known, but a gap exists for the type and timing of nutrition information for patients with newly formed ostomies.

Methods

A survey of open‐ended and closed‐ended questions was designed to evaluate experiences about nutrition education provided for living with an ostomy. The survey was conducted during hospital admission for ostomy reversal: 39 patients were approached, 36 consented, and all 36 completed the survey.

Results

Of the 36 patients who took part in the study, 20 (56%) were male. The mean age was 57.7 years. Twenty‐four (67%) patients were admitted for an ileostomy reversal and 12 (33%) patients for a colostomy reversal. When patients were asked about their preferred timing of nutrition education, 28% (n = 10) wanted information before surgery, 58% (n = 21) wanted the information in the hospital when admitted for ostomy creation, and 14% (n = 5) wanted to receive it after discharge. A total of 25% (n = 9) of patients commented on the need for a follow‐up phone call after discharge to ask questions.

Conclusion

Nutrition education is valuable for patients, and most patients want to receive nutrition information while in the hospital. A follow‐up session with a dietitian after discharge could assist patients in developing strategies to manage weight changes, prevent dehydration, and lower the risk of malnutrition.