bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of basal cell carcinomas using standard postoperative histological assessment
Authors: Walker Patrick , Hill Dudley
Published: January 2006

Surgical treatment of basal cell carcinomas using postoperative histological assessment is routinely practised in Australia. The efficacy of the procedure depends on key decisions made by the surgeon. The first is case selection that requires an understanding of the limitations of the procedure. The tumour border is then identified and a margin added. The margin selected should achieve the desired balance between incomplete excision rate and mean tissue sacrifice. There is an inverse relationship between these parameters; achieving a 5% incomplete excision rate requires a mean tissue sacrifice of over 4 mm. Factors affecting margin selection are discussed, unfortunately none allows a dramatic reduction in mean tissue sacrifice. The final decision involves interpreting and acting on the histological examination of the excised specimen. Tumour recurrence is rare (less than 2% at 5 years) if the tumour is clear of the surgical margin. The visualized histological margin required to ensure complete excision varies with histological technique and tumour properties. Routine reporting of histological margin in millimetres or horizontal sectioning is recommended. Tumour recurrence averages 38% when the histological margin is involved. The merits of careful clinical follow up of incompletely excised tumours or immediate re‐excision are discussed.
Connective tissue panniculitis in a child with vitiligo and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Mirza Basit , Muir James , Peake Jane
Published: January 2006

A 9‐year‐old girl presented with a 6‐month history of inflamed tender nodules in the pretibial area. These eventually healed leaving depressed areas of atrophy and loss of subcutaneous tissue. Histology showed a predominantly lymphocytic lobular panniculitis, consistent with connective tissue panniculitis. Investigations revealed an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone, elevated thyroid antiperoxidase antibody and a weakly positive antinuclear antibody (titre 1 in 40). She was commenced on hydroxychloroquine 300 mg daily, which resulted in resolution of the panniculitis. She developed focal vitiligo on the thighs. This gradually improved with 0.1% mometasone furoate ointment. The hydroxychloroquine dose was tapered to 200 mg daily after 12 months, then to 100 mg daily after 18 months therapy. Her thyroid autoantibody levels continued to rise and the hydroxychloroquine was increased again to 300 mg daily. She became borderline hypothyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was diagnosed. Thyroxine was instituted with a resultant improvement in her thyroid blood tests. The lipoatrophy has not developed further during 2‐year follow up.
A global model of island biogeography
Authors: Kalmar Attila , Currie David J.
Published: January 2006

Aim  The goal of our study was to build a global model of island biogeography explaining bird species richness that combines MacArthur and Wilson's area–isolation theory with the species–energy theory.

Location  Global.

Methods  We assembled a global data set of 346 marine islands representing all types of climate, topography and degree of isolation on our planet, ranging in size from 10 ha to 800,000 km2. We built a multiple regression model with the number of non‐marine breeding bird species as the dependent variable.

Results  We found that about 85–90% of the global variance in insular bird species richness can be explained by simple, contemporary abiotic factors. On a global scale, the three major predictors — area, average annual temperature and the distance separating the islands from the nearest continent — all have constraining (i.e. triangular rather than linear) relationships with insular bird species richness. We found that the slope of the species–area curve depends on both average annual temperature and total annual precipitation, but not on isolation. Insular isolation depends not only on the distance of an island from the continent, but also on the presence or absence of other neighbouring islands. Range in elevation — a surrogate for diversity of habitats — showed a positive correlation with bird diversity in warmer regions of the world, while its effect was negative in colder regions. We also propose a global statistical model to quantify the isolation‐reducing effect of neighbouring islands.

Main conclusions  The variation in avian richness among islands worldwide can be statistically explained by contemporary environmental variables. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography of MacArthur and Wilson and the species–energy theory are both only partly correct. Global variation in richness depends about equally upon area, climate (temperature and precipitation) and isolation. The slope of the species richness–area curve depends upon climate, but not on isolation, in contrast to MacArthur and Wilson's theory.
Magnetic Resonance In Situ Study of Tricalcium Aluminate Hydration in the Presence of Gypsum
Authors: Holly R. , Peemoeller H. , Zhang M. , Reardon E. , Hansson C. M.
Published: January 2006

The hydration of tricalcium aluminate, in the presence of gypsum, is investigated using in situ“real‐time”1H NMR spin–spin relaxation, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope experiments. Aside from rapid ettringite formation within the first 45 min, it is shown that a re‐distribution of water within the first 2 h contributes significantly to the retardation of the rate of hydration. From the 1H NMR component with T2 of approximately 20 μs, the continual disappearance of ettringite and the production of the layered monosulfate structure is monitored. In addition, the technique makes possible the monitoring of the change in the quantity of interlayer water in monosulfate, as well as the time scale associated with the decrease in the effective interlayer spacing, resulting from the ionic substitution of SO42− for OH−. The ionic substitution within monosulfate starts after approximately 9 h. Although it has been believed that the time scale for this reaction is fast, we have shown that it can take days to reach completion.
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 is Not Upregulated by Tadalafil in Cultures of Human Penile Cells
Authors: Vernet Dolores , Magee Thomas , Qian Ansha , Nolazco Gaby , Rajfer Jacob , Gonzalez-Cadavid Nestor
Published: January 2006

Objective

Tadalafil, a long-acting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, improves the erectile response by inhibiting cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) breakdown. Sustained higher levels of cGMP may hypothetically upregulate PDE5 expression and/or activity and lead to tachyphylaxis. We have investigated whether PDE5 upregulation occurs in vitro in cultures of human penile cells subjected to long-term incubation with increasing concentrations of tadalafil in the presence of a nitric oxide (NO) donor.

Methods

Human corpora cavernosa smooth muscle cells (CSMC) and tunica albuginea fibroblasts (TAF) primary cultures were characterized by immunocytochemistry and Western blot, and incubated with graded concentrations of tadalafil for 14 days, adding S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) as an NO donor for the last 24 hours or at time zero, and cGMP levels were measured. Incubations were repeated for 7, 10, and 14 days, in the presence of SNAP, and PDE5 was estimated by Western blot, and at 14 days, by immunocytochemistry combined with quantitative image analysis, and by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Constructs of the human PDE5A promoter expressing luciferase were cloned and transfected into CSMC, and promoter activation by 8-deoxybromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) was measured by luminometry.

Results

Incubations of CSMC with SNAP and tadalafil up to 14 days did not upregulate PDE5 mRNA or protein levels. With TAF, PDE5 protein was also not upregulated despite a slight increase in mRNA levels. PDE5 enzyme activity was unaffected by tadalafil in either CSMC or TAF. No upregulation of the PDE5 promoter was observed with up to 2 mM 8-Br-cGMP.

Conclusions

Long-term incubation of human penile cells with tadalafil at concentrations above the in vitro IC50, and around the in vivo Cmax utilized in the clinical setting, did not upregulate PDE5A expression nor decrease cGMP levels. These data suggest that PDE5 upregulation is unlikely to occur in vivo on long-term tadalafil treatment.
Finite-Element Analysis of the Adhesion-Cytoskeleton-Nucleus Mechanotransduction Pathway During Endothelial Cell Rounding: Axisymmetric Model
Authors: Jean Ronald P. , Chen Christopher S. , Spector Alexander A.
Published: January 2006

Endothelial cells possess a mechanical network connecting adhesions on the basal surface, the cytoskeleton, and the nucleus. Transmission of force at adhesions via this pathway can deform the nucleus, ultimately resulting in an alteration of gene expression and other cellular changes (mechanotransduction). Previously, we measured cell adhesion area and apparent nuclear stretch during endothelial cell rounding. Here, we reconstruct the stress map of the nucleus from the observed strains using finite-element modeling. To simulate the disruption of adhesions, we prescribe displacement boundary conditions at the basal surface of the axisymmetric model cell. We consider different scenarios of the cytoskeletal arrangement, and represent the cytoskeleton as either discrete fibers or as an effective homogeneous layer. When the nucleus is in the initial (spread) state, cytoskeletal tension holds the nucleus in an elongated, ellipsoidal configuration. Loss of cytoskeletal tension during cell rounding is represented by reactive forces acting on the nucleus in the model. In our simulations of cell rounding, we found that, for both representations of the cytoskeleton, the loss of cytoskeletal tension contributed more to the observed nuclear deformation than passive properties. Since the simulations make no assumption about the heterogeneity of the nucleus, the stress components both within and on the surface of the nucleus were calculated. The nuclear stress map showed that the nucleus experiences stress on the order of magnitude that can be significant for the function of DNA molecules and chromatin fibers. This study of endothelial cell mechanobiology suggests the possibility that mechanotransduction could result, in part, from nuclear deformation, and may be relevant to angiogenesis, wound healing, and endothelial barrier dysfunction.
Perceptual “vowel spaces” of cochlear implant users: Implications for the study of auditory adaptation to spectral shift
Authors: Harnsberger James D. , Svirsky Mario A. , Kaiser Adam R. , Pisoni David B. , Wright Richard , Meyer Ted A.
Published: January 2006

Cochlear implant (CI) users differ in their ability to perceive and recognize speech sounds. Two possible reasons for such individual differences may lie in their ability to discriminate formant frequencies or to adapt to the spectrally shifted information presented by cochlear implants, a basalward shift related to the implant’s depth of insertion in the cochlea. In the present study, we examined these two alternatives using a method-of-adjustment (MOA) procedure with 330 synthetic vowel stimuli varying in F1 and F2 that were arranged in a two-dimensional grid. Subjects were asked to label the synthetic stimuli that matched ten monophthongal vowels in visually presented words. Subjects then provided goodness ratings for the stimuli they had chosen. The subjects’ responses to all ten vowels were used to construct individual perceptual “vowel spaces.” If CI users fail to adapt completely to the basalward spectral shift, then the formant frequencies of their vowel categories should be shifted lower in both F1 and F2. However, with one exception, no systematic shifts were observed in the vowel spaces of CI users. Instead, the vowel spaces differed from one another in the relative size of their vowel categories. The results suggest that differences in formant frequency discrimination may account for the individual differences in vowel perception observed in cochlear implant users.
Acoustic attenuation in three-component gas mixtures—Theory
Authors: Dain Y. , Lueptow Richard M.
Published: January 2006

Vibrational relaxation accounts for absorption and dispersion of acoustic waves in gases that can be significantly greater than the classical absorption mechanisms related to shear viscosity and heat conduction. This vibrational relaxation results from retarded energy exchange between translational and intramolecular vibrational degrees of freedom. Theoretical calculation of the vibrational relaxation time of gases based on the theory of Landau and Teller [Phys. Z. Sovjetunion 10, 34 (1936); 1, 88 (1932); 2, 46 (1932)] and Schwartz et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 20, 1591 (1952)] has been applied at room temperature to ternary mixtures of polyatomic gases containing nitrogen, water vapor, and methane. Due to vibrational-translational and vibrational–vibrational coupling between all three components in ternary mixtures, multiple relaxation processes produce effective relaxation frequencies affecting the attenuation of sound. The dependence of effective relaxation frequencies and the attenuation on mole fractions of the constituents was investigated. The acoustic attenuation in a mixture that is primarily nitrogen is strongly dependent on the concentrations of methane and water vapor that are present. However, the attenuation in a mixture that is primarily methane is only weakly dependent on the concentrations of nitrogen and water vapor. The theory developed in this paper is applicable to other multicomponent mixtures.
Sound propagation in a turbulent atmosphere near the ground: A parabolic equation approach
Authors: Ostashev Vladimir E. , Salomons Erik M. , Clifford Steven F. , Lataitis Richard J. , Wilson D. Keith , Blanc-Benon Philippe , Juvé Daniel
Published: January 2006

The interference of the direct wave from the point source to the receiver and the wave reflected from the impedance ground in a turbulent atmosphere is studied. A parabolic equation approach for calculating the sound pressure p at the receiver is formulated. Then, the parabolic equation is solved by the Rytov method yielding expressions for the complex phases of direct and ground-reflected waves. Using these expressions, a formula for the mean squared sound pressure 〈|p|2〉 is derived for the case of anisotropic spectra of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations. This formula contains the “coherence factor,” which characterizes the coherence between direct and ground-reflected waves. It is shown that the coherence factor is equal to the normalized coherence function of a spherical sound wave for line-of-sight propagation. For the case of isotropic turbulence, this result allows one to obtain analytical formulas for 〈|p|2〉 for the Kolmogorov, Gaussian, and von Karman spectra of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations. Using these formulas, the effects of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations, and the effects of different spectra of these fluctuations on the mean squared sound pressure, are numerically studied. Also the effect of turbulent anisotropy on the interference of direct and ground reflected waves is numerically studied. Finally, it is shown that the mean squared sound pressure 〈|p|2〉 calculated for the von Karman spectrum of temperature fluctuations agrees well with experimental data obtained in a laboratory experiment.
Time-frequency representations of Lamb waves
Authors: Niethammer Marc , Jacobs Laurence J. , Qu Jianmin , Jarzynski Jacek
Published: January 2006

The objective of this study is to establish the effectiveness of four different time-frequency representations (TFRs)—the reassigned spectrogram, the reassigned scalogram, the smoothed Wigner–Ville distribution, and the Hilbert spectrum—by comparing their ability to resolve the dispersion relationships for Lamb waves generated and detected with optical techniques. This paper illustrates the utility of using TFRs to quantitatively resolve changes in the frequency content of these nonstationary signals, as a function of time. While each technique has certain strengths and weaknesses, the reassigned spectrogram appears to be the best choice to characterize multimode Lamb waves.
Infants’ sensitivity to broadband noise
Authors: Werner Lynne A. , Boike Kumiko
Published: January 2006

Infants have higher pure-tone thresholds than adults. One explanation is that infants do not adopt the frequency-selective listening strategy that adults use when detecting tones. In contrast to other models of infants’ immature sensitivity, the listening strategy account predicts that infants will be more sensitive to broadband sounds, relative to adults. Infants 7–9 months old were tested in two experiments to examine their sensitivity to broadband noise. Unmasked and masked thresholds for a 1000-Hz tone and for broadband noise were estimated adaptively for infants and adults using an observer-based behavioral procedure. The difference between infants and adults in unmasked threshold were 14 and 7 dB for tones and noise, respectively. The difference between infants and adults in masked threshold were 10 and 5 dB for tones and noise, respectively. Psychometric functions for detection of broadband noise were also obtained from some infants and adults. Infants’ psychometric functions were similar to those obtained in tone detection with shallower slopes and lower upper asymptotes than adults’. This suggests that the relative improvement in infants’ threshold for broadband noise is not due to greater attentiveness to the noise. A model of infants’ sound detection invoking inattentiveness, listening strategy, and an unspecified source of internal noise may account for the characteristics of the infant psychometric function.
Long range acoustic imaging of the continental shelf environment: The Acoustic Clutter Reconnaissance Experiment 2001
Authors: Ratilal Purnima , Lai Yisan , Symonds Deanelle T. , Ruhlmann Lilimar A. , Preston John R. , Scheer Edward K. , Garr Michael T. , Holland Charles W. , Goff John A. , Makris Nicholas C.
Published: January 2006

An active sonar system is used to image wide areas of the continental shelf environment by long-range echo sounding at low frequency. The bistatic system, deployed in the STRATAFORM area south of Long Island in April–May of 2001, imaged a large number of prominent clutter events over ranges spanning tens of kilometers in near real time. Roughly 3000 waveforms were transmitted into the water column. Wide-area acoustic images of the ocean environment were generated in near real time for each transmission. Between roughly 10 to more than 100 discrete and localized scatterers were registered for each image. This amounts to a total of at least 30 000 scattering events that could be confused with those from submerged vehicles over the period of the experiment. Bathymetric relief in the STRATAFORM area is extremely benign, with slopes typically less than 0.5° according to high resolution (30 m sampled) bathymetric data. Most of the clutter occurs in regions where the bathymetry is locally level and does not coregister with seafloor features. No statistically significant difference is found in the frequency of occurrence per unit area of repeatable clutter inside versus outside of areas occupied by subsurface river channels.
Modality and suffix effects in memory for music
Authors: Roberts Linda A. , Millen David R. , Palmer Caroline , Tartter Vicky C.
Published: January 2006

Three experiments were conducted to explore the well-documented modality and suffix effects found in language, using another dual-code symbol system: music. In all three experiments, subjects were tested for immediate serial recall of musical notes. In experiment 1, moderately and highly trained musicians recalled random orderings of notes contained within the span of an octave (D to D). The highly trained musicians demonstrated a recency effect for both visual and auditory presentation. Moderately trained subjects demonstrated the effect typically observed for language: a recency effect was found only for the auditory condition. In experiment 2, the target notes were from a musically restricted range (D,F,A) and the rate of presentation was increased to discourage linguistic recoding of stimuli. Results indicated a recency effect for both modalities and an overall auditory modality advantage. Results of experiment 3 (visual presentation only) showed a larger recency decrease (suffix effect) for an appended visual note than for a tone or a written letter. A dual-code representation of music is proposed.
Vocal behavior of resident killer whale matrilines with newborn calves: The role of family signatures
Authors: Weiß Brigitte M. , Ladich Friedrich , Spong Paul , Symonds Helena
Published: January 2006

Studies of the vocal behavior of resident killer whales or orcas, Orcinus orca, in British Columbia have shown that matrilines have unique call repertoires consisting of up to 17 different call types. These call types cannot be attributed exclusively to specific behaviors, and their function in social contexts is poorly understood. This study investigated the change in call patterns of three resident matrilines in a changed social environment, before and up to one year after the birth of a calf. Acoustic data were collected with a network of hydrophones and were supplemented by visual observations. Call use changed distinctly after the birth of a calf in all three observed matrilines. All call types that were recorded in control situations were also recorded in postbirth situations; however, aberrant versions of discrete calls and excitement calls made up a higher proportion of calls after birth. Most conspicuously, family-specific call types occurred significantly more frequently in the days following a birth in two of the three matrilines and gradually returned to prebirth values within 2weeks. Their increased use after a calf’s birth may facilitate the learning process of this “acoustic family badge” and thereby help to recognize and maintain cohesion with family members.
The effect of glottal angle on intraglottal pressure
Authors: Li Sheng , Scherer Ronald C. , Wan MingXi , Wang SuPin , Wu HuiHui
Published: January 2006

Intraglottal pressure distributions depend upon glottal shape, size, and diameter. This study reports the effects of varying glottal angle on intraglottal and transglottal pressures using a three-dimensional Plexiglas™ model with a glottis having nine symmetric glottal angles and a constant minimal glottal diameter of 0.06cm. The empirical data were supported by computational results using FLUENT. The results suggested that (1) the greater the convergent glottal angle, the greater outward driving forces (higher intraglottal pressures) on the vocal folds; (2) flow resistance was greatest for the uniform glottis, and least for the 10° divergent glottis; (3) the greatest negative pressure in the glottis and therefore the greatest pressure recovery for diverging glottal shapes occurred for an angle of 10°; (4) the smaller the convergent angle, the greater the flow resistance; (5) FLUENT was highly accurate in predicting the empirical pressures of this model; (6) flow separation locations (given by FLUENT) for the divergent glottis moved upstream for larger flows and larger glottal angles. The results suggest that phonatory efficiency related to aerodynamics may be enhanced with vocal fold oscillations that include large convergent angles during glottal opening and small (5°–10°) divergent angles during glottal closing.
Audition in sciaenid fishes with different swim bladder-inner ear configurations
Authors: Ramcharitar John U. , Higgs Dennis M. , Popper Arthur N.
Published: January 2006

We investigated how morphological differences in the auditory periphery of teleost fishes may relate to hearing capabilities. Two species of western Atlantic sciaenids were examined: weakfish (Cynoscion regalis, Block and Schneider) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus, Lacepede). These species differ in the anatomical relationship between the swim bladder and the inner ear. In weakfish, the swim bladder has a pair of anterior horns that terminate close to the ear, while there are no extensions of the swim bladder in spot. Thus, the swim bladder in spot terminates at a greater distance from the ear when compared to weakfish. With the use of the auditory brainstem response technique, Cynoscion regalis were found to detect frequencies up to 2000Hz, while Leiostomus xanthurus detected up to 700Hz. There were, however, no significant interspecific differences in auditory sensitivity for stimuli between 200 and 700Hz. These data support the hypothesis that the swim bladder can potentially expand the frequency range of detection.
Role of resynchronisation therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in heart failure
Authors: Ellery S , Williams L , Frenneaux M
Published: January 2006

The worldwide prevalence of heart failure is increasing in part because of an aging population. In the developed world, heart failure affects 1%–2% of the general population, accounting for 5% of adult hospital admissions. There is now convincing evidence supporting the beneficial effects of cardiac resynchronisation therapy for the treatment of heart failure. Numerous observational studies, as well as a series of randomised controlled trials, have shown the safety, efficacy, and long term benefits for patients with chronic systolic heart failure who have broad QRS complexes and refractory symptoms despite optimal medical therapy. These studies have consistently found statistically significant improvements in quality of life, New York Heart Association functional class, exercise tolerance, and left ventricular reverse remodelling. Recent evidence suggests that the benefit may at least in part be because of a reduction in mechanical dysynchrony.
THE SPECTRAL PROBLEM AND *-REPRESENTATIONS OF ALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED WITH DYNKIN GRAPHS
Authors: KRUGLJAK STANISLAV , POPOVYCH STANISLAV , SAMOILENKO YURII
Published: December 2005

We study the connection between *-representations of algebras associated with graphs, locally-scalar graph representations and the problem about the spectrum of a sum of two Hermitian operators. For algebras associated with Dynkin graphs we give an explicit description of the parameters for which there are irreducible representations and an algorithm for constructing these representations.
INTEGRAL DOMAINS OF THE FORM A + XI[[X]]: PRIME SPECTRUM, KRULL DIMENSION
Authors: HIZEM SANA , BENHISSI ALI
Published: December 2005

Let A be an integral domain, X an analytic indeterminate over A and I a proper ideal (not necessarily prime) of A. In this paper, we study the ring [Formula: see text] First, we study the prime spectrum of R. We prove that the contraction map: Spec (A[[X]]) → Spec (R); Q ↦ Q ∩ R induces a homeomorphism, for the Zariski's topologies, from {Q ∈ Spec (A[[X]]) | XI[[X]] ⊈ Q} onto {P ∈ Spec (R) | XI[[X]] ⊈ P}. If P ∈ Spec (R) is such that XI[[X]] ⊆ P then there exists p ∈ Spec (A) such that P = p + XI[[X]].

Next, we study the Krull dimension of R. We give a necessary condition for R to be of finite Krull dimension. In particular, if R is of finite dimension then I must be an SFT ideal of A. Then we determine bounds for dim (R). Examples are given to indicate the sharpness of the results. In case I is a maximal ideal of A and A is either a Noetherian ring, SFT Prüfer domain or A[[X]] is catenarian and I SFT, we establish that dim (R) = dim (A[[X]]) = dim (A) + 1.

Finally, we examine the possible transfer of the LFD property and the catenarity between the rings A, A[[X]] and R in case I is a maximal ideal of A.
REGULAR FUNCTIONS ON THE SHILOV BOUNDARY
Authors: BERSHTEIN OLGA
Published: December 2005

In this paper a *-algebra of regular functions on the Shilov boundary S(𝔻) of bounded symmetric domain 𝔻 is constructed. The algebras of regular functions on S(𝔻) are described in terms of generators and relations for two particular series of bounded symmetric domains. Also, the degenerate principal series of quantum Harish–Chandra modules related to S(𝔻) = Un is investigated.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HECKE ALGEBRA FOR GL4(q)
Authors: SHINODA KENICHI , TULUNAY ILKNUR
Published: December 2005

In this article, we explicitly calculated the values of the representations of the Hecke algebra [Formula: see text], associated with a Gelfand–Graev character of GL 4(q), at some of the standard basis elements.
HOMOMORPHISMS AND HIGHER EXTENSIONS FOR SCHUR ALGEBRAS AND SYMMETRIC GROUPS
Authors: COX ANTON , PARKER ALISON
Published: December 2005

This paper surveys, and in some cases generalizes, many of the recent results on homomorphisms and the higher Ext groups for q-Schur algebras and for the Hecke algebra of type A. We review various results giving isomorphisms between Ext groups in the two categories, and discuss those cases where explicit results have been determined.
FINE DISINTEGRATION OF THE LEFT REGULAR REPRESENTATION
Authors: LUDWIG JEAN , MOLITOR-BRAUN CARINE
Published: December 2005

Let Hn be the (2n + 1)-dimensional Heisenberg group. We decompose L2(Hn) as the closure of a direct sum of infinitely many left translation invariant eigenspaces (for certain systems of partial differential equations). The restriction of the left regular representation to each one of these eigenspaces disintegrates into a direct integral of unitary irreducible representations, such that each infinite dimensional unitary irreducible representation appears with multiplicity 0 or 1 in this disintegration.
ON LIE INDUCTION AND THE EXCEPTIONAL SERIES
Authors: GRABOWSKI JAN E.
Published: December 2005

Lie bialgebras occur as the principal objects in the infinitesimalization of the theory of quantum groups — the semi-classical theory. Their relationship with the quantum theory has made available some new tools that we can apply to classical questions. In this paper, we study the simple complex Lie algebras using the double-bosonization construction of Majid. This construction expresses algebraically the induction process given by adding and removing nodes in Dynkin diagrams, which we call Lie induction.

We first analyze the deletion of nodes, corresponding to the restriction of adjoint representations to subalgebras. This uses a natural grading associated to each node. We give explicit calculations of the module and algebra structures in the case of the deletion of a single node from the Dynkin diagram for a simple Lie (bi-)algebra.

We next consider the inverse process, namely that of adding nodes, and give some necessary conditions for the simplicity of the induced algebra. Finally, we apply these to the exceptional series of simple Lie algebras, in the context of finding obstructions to the existence of finite-dimensional simple complex algebras of types E9, F5 and G3. In particular, our methods give a new point of view on why there cannot exist such an algebra of type E9.
AUSLANDER–REITEN COMPONENTS FOR G1T-MODULES
Authors: FARNSTEINER ROLF
Published: December 2005

In this paper we study the Auslander–Reiten quiver of the highest weight category of finite-dimensional G1T-modules, associated to a smooth reductive algebraic group G. By relating properties of stable Auslander–Reiten components to those of their rank varieties we show that there are at most three isomorphism types of these components. For the Frobenius kernels G1Tr the maximal ranks of tubes are determined.
NONUNITARY QUANTUM CIRCUIT
Authors: TERASHIMA HIROAKI , UEDA MASAHITO
Published: December 2005

A quantum circuit is generalized to a nonunitary one whose constituents are nonunitary gates operated by quantum measurement. It is shown that a specific type of one-qubit nonunitary gates, the controlled-NOT gate, and all one-qubit unitary gates constitute a universal set of gates for the nonunitary quantum circuit, without the necessity of introducing ancilla qubits. A reversing measurement scheme is used to improve the probability of successful nonunitary gate operation. A quantum NAND gate and Abrams–Lloyd's nonlinear gate are analyzed as examples. Our nonunitary circuit can be used to reduce the qubit overhead needed to ensure fault-tolerant quantum computation.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL COHERENT STATES OF THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR AND THE GENERALIZED UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
Authors: NOZARI KOUROSH , AZIZI TAHEREH
Published: December 2005

In this paper, dynamics and quantum mechanical coherent states of a simple harmonic oscillator are considered in the framework of the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP). Equations of motion for the simple harmonic oscillator are derived and some of their new implications are discussed. Then, coherent states of the harmonic oscillator in the case of the GUP are compared with the relative situation in ordinary quantum mechanics. It is shown that in the framework of GUP there is no considerable difference in definition of coherent states relative to ordinary quantum mechanics. But, considering expectation values and variances of some operators, based on quantum gravitational arguments, one concludes that although it is possible to have complete coherency and vanishing broadening in usual quantum mechanics, gravitational induced uncertainty destroys complete coherency in quantum gravity and it is not possible to have a monochromatic ray in principle.
EXPLORING A NEW POST-SELECTION CONDITION FOR EFFICIENT LINEAR OPTICS COMPUTATION
Authors: COEN CAGLI RUBEN , ANIELLO PAOLO , CESARIO NICOLA , FONCELLINO FRANCESCO
Published: December 2005

Recently, it has been shown that fundamental gates for theoretically efficient quantum information processing can be realized by using single photon sources, linear optics and photon counters. One of these fundamental gates is the NS-gate, that is, the one-mode non-linear sign shift. In this work, firstly, we prove by an elementary and rigorous proof that the upper bound of success probability of NS-gates with only one helper photon and an undefined number of ancillary modes is bounded by 0.25. Secondly, we explore the upper bound of the success probability of the NS-gate with a new post-selection measurement. The idea behind this new post-selection measurement is to condition the success of NS-gate transformation to the observation of only one helper photon in whichever of the output modes.
EQUIVALENCE OF TRIPARTITE QUANTUM STATES UNDER LOCAL UNITARY TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: ALBEVERIO SERGIO , CATTANEO LAURA , FEI SHAO-MING , WANG XIAO-HONG
Published: December 2005

The equivalence of tripartite pure states under local unitary transformations is investigated. The nonlocal properties for a class of tripartite quantum states in ℂK ⊗ ℂM ⊗ ℂN composite systems are investigated and a complete set of invariants under local unitary transformations for these states is presented. It is shown that two of these states are locally equivalent if and only if all these invariants have the same values.
PROPER AND IMPROPER SEPARABILITY
Authors: TIMPSON CHRISTOPHER G. , BROWN HARVEY R.
Published: December 2005

The distinction between proper and improper mixtures is a staple of the discussion of foundational questions in quantum mechanics. Here we note an analogous distinction in the context of the theory of entanglement. The terminology of "proper" versus "improper" separability is proposed to mark the distinction.
MUTUAL INFORMATION OF BIPARTITE STATES AND QUANTUM DISCORD IN TERMS OF COHERENCE INFORMATION
Authors: HERBUT FEDOR
Published: December 2005

In relation to an observable and quantum state, the entity IC from previous work quantifies simultaneously coherence, incompatibility and quantumness. In this paper, its application to quantum correlations in bipartite states is studied. It is shown that Zurek's quantum discord can always be expressed as excess coherence information (global minus local). Strong and weak zero-discord cases are distinguished and investigated in terms of necessary and sufficient and sufficient conditions respectively. A unique string of relevant subsystem observables, each a function of the next, for "interrogating" the global state about the state of the opposite subsystem is derived with detailed entropy and information gain discussion. The apparent disappearance of discord in measurement is investigated, and it is shown that it is actually shifted from between subsystems 1 and 2 to between subsystems 1 and (2 + 3), where 3 is the measuring instrument. Finally, it is shown that the global coherence information IC(A2, ρ12) is shifted into the global coherence information [Formula: see text] in the final state [Formula: see text] of the measurement interaction.
FEASIBILITY OF THE INTERLOCK PROTOCOL AGAINST MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE ATTACKS ON QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
Authors: SVOZIL KARL
Published: December 2005

If an eavesdropper succeeds in compromising the quantum as well as the classical channels and mimics the receiver "Bob" for the sender "Alice" and vice versa, one defence strategy is the successive, temporally interlocked partial transmission of the entire encrypted message.
UNITARY LOCAL INVARIANCE
Authors: PARIS MATTEO G. A.
Published: December 2005

We address unitary local (UL) invariance of bipartite pure states. Given a bipartite state |Ψ〉〉 = ∑ij ψij |i〉1 ⊗ |j〉2 the complete characterization of the class of local unitaries U1 ⊗ U2 for which U1 ⊗ U2|Ψ〉〉 = |Ψ〉〉 is obtained. The two relevant parameters are the rank of the matrix Ψ, [Ψ]ij = ψij, and the number of its equal singular values, i.e. the degeneracy of the eigenvalues of the partial traces of |Ψ〉〉.
GENERIC ENTANGLED STATES AS THE su(2) PHASE STATES
Authors: BİNİCİOĞLU SİNEM , ÇAKIR ÖZGÜR , KLYACHKO ALEXANDER A. , SHUMOVSKY ALEXANDER S.
Published: December 2005

We discuss an algebraic way to construct generic entangled states of qunits based on the polar decomposition of the su (2) algebra. In particular, we show that these states can be defined as eigenstates of certain Hermitian operators.
UNIVERSAL QUANTUM GATE, YANG–BAXTERIZATION AND HAMILTONIAN
Authors: ZHANG YONG , KAUFFMAN LOUIS H. , GE MO-LIN
Published: December 2005

It is fundamental to view unitary braiding operators describing topological entanglements as universal quantum gates for quantum computation. This paper derives a unitary solution of the quantum Yang–Baxter equation via Yang–Baxterization and constructs the Hamiltonian responsible for the time-evolution of the unitary braiding operator.
USING QUANTUM MECHANICS TO COPE WITH LIARS
Authors: MANCINI STEFANO , MACCONE LORENZO
Published: December 2005

We propose the use of a quantum algorithm to deal with the problem of searching with errors in the framework of two-person games. Specifically, we present a solution to the Ulam's problem that polynomially reduces its query complexity and makes it independent of the dimension of the search space.
Ammonothermal Growth of GaN on an over-1-inch Seed Crystal
Authors: Hashimoto Tadao , Fujito Kenji , Saito Makoto , Speck James S. , Nakamura Shuji
Published: December 2005

GaN was grown on a 3×4 cm2 oval-shaped GaN seed crystal by the ammonothermal method. About 15-µm-thick GaN films were uniformly grown on each side of the seed. The Ga-polar surface was filled with pits whereas the N-polar surface was featureless. The photoluminescence (PL) characterization also indicated qualitatively uniform optical properties on each side of the crystal. The PL emission from the Ga-face was dominated by the yellow luminescence whereas that from the N-face showed dominant band-edge emission. These preliminary characterization indicated qualitatively uniform growth of GaN on an over-1” seed and demonstrated the scalability of the ammonothermal method.
Synthesis of Diamond-Like Carbon Films by Nanopulse Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition in Open Air
Authors: Kondo Yoshimasa , Saito Takao , Terazawa Tatsuya , Saito Masanori , Ohtake Naoto
Published: December 2005

The deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films at atmospheric pressure is a promising technique of achieving in-process coatings regardless of work size. In this study, we aimed at the synthesis of DLC films at atmospheric pressure by nanopulse chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a unique power source system consisting of a static induction (SI) thyristor and an inductive energy strage (IES). Then, we realized the synthesis of DLC films in open air (101 kPa). The deposition rate was as high as 0.4 µm/min, and the hardness of the film was 20.6 GPa. From Raman spectroscopic analysis results, the quality of films was found to significantly depend on input voltage and deposition time.
Three-dimensional architecture of inner medullary vasa recta
Authors: Pannabecker Thomas L. , Dantzler William H.
Published: December 2005

The manner in which vasa recta function and contribute to the concentrating mechanism depends on their three-dimensional relationships to each other and to tubular elements. We have examined the three-dimensional architecture of vasculature relative to tubular structures in the central region of rat kidney inner medulla from the base through the first 3 mm by combining immunohistochemistry and semiautomated image acquisition techniques with graphical modeling software. Segments of descending vasa recta (DVR), ascending vasa recta (AVR), descending thin limb (DTL), ascending thin limb (ATL), and collecting duct (CD) were identified with antibodies against segment-specific proteins associated with solute and water transport (urea channel B, PV-1, aquaporin-1, ClC-K1, aquaporin-2, respectively) by immunofluorescence. Results indicate: 1) DVR, like DTLs, are excluded from CD clusters that we have previously shown to be the organizing element for the inner medulla; 2) AVR, like ATLs, are nearly uniformly distributed transversely across the entire inner medulla outside of and within CD clusters; 3) DVR and AVR outside CD clusters appear to be sufficiently juxtaposed to permit good countercurrent exchange; 4) within CD clusters, about four AVR closely abut each CD, surrounding it in a highly symmetrical fashion; and 5) AVR abutting each CD and ATLs within CD clusters form repeating nodal interstitial spaces bordered by a CD on one side, one or more ATLs on the opposite side, and one AVR on each of the other two sides. These relationships may be highly significant for both establishing and maintaining the inner medullary osmotic gradient.
Down-regulation of Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Inhibits Anchorage-Independent Growth and Invasion of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhang Jun , Ren Hening , Yuan Ping , Lang Wenhua , Zhang Li , Mao Li
Published: January 2006

We recently reported that a high level of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) expression in tumors correlates with a high incidence of tumor relapse or distant metastasis and shortened survival time in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the mechanisms of the HDGF-associated aggressive biological behavior are unknown. In this study, we knocked down HDGF expression in NSCLC cells to determine the biological consequences. Transfection with HDGF-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in down-regulation of HDGF expression in four NSCLC cell lines. Down-regulation of HDGF resulted in no detectable effect on anchorage-dependent cell growth as determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, a microelectronic cell sensor system, and flow cytometry. In contrast, cells transfected with HDGF-siRNA grew more slowly and formed significantly fewer colonies in soft agar than did cells treated with LipofectAMINE alone or transfected with negative control siRNA. In an in vitro invasion assay, significantly fewer cells transfected with HDGF-siRNA than cells treated with LipofectAMINE alone were able to invade across a Matrigel membrane barrier. In an in vivo mouse model, A549 cells treated with HDGF-siRNA grown significantly slower than the cells treated with LipofectAMINE alone or negative control siRNA. Morphologically, HDGF-siRNA–treated tumors exhibited markedly reduced blood vessel formation and increased necrosis, whereas the Ki67 labeling indices were similar in tumors treated with controls. Our results suggest that HDGF is involved in anchorage-independent growth, cell invasion, and formation of neovasculature of NSCLC. These qualities may contribute to the HDGF-associated aggressive biological behavior of NSCLC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 18–23)
A New IκB Kinase β Inhibitor Prevents Human Breast Cancer Progression through Negative Regulation of Cell Cycle Transition
Authors: Tanaka Akane , Muto Susumu , Konno Masayo , Itai Akiko , Matsuda Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

Constitutive nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity plays a crucial role in the development and progression of lymphoma, leukemia, and some epithelial cancers. Given the contribution of NF-κB in carcinogenesis, a novel approach that interferes with its activity might have therapeutic potential against cancers that respond poorly to conventional treatments. Here, we have shown that a new IκB kinase β inhibitor, IMD-0354, suppressed the growth of human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, HMC1-8, and MCF-7, by arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. In an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and a reporter assay, IMD-0354 abolished the NF-κB activity in MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In the cells incubated with IMD-0354, cell cycle arrested at the G0-G1 phase and apoptotic cells were increased. The expression of some cell cycle regulatory molecules and antiapoptotic molecules was suppressed in cells treated with IMD-0354. On the other hand, cyclin-dependent kinase suppressor p27Kip1 was up-regulated by the addition of IMD-0354. Daily administration of IMD-0354 inhibited tumor expansion in immunodeficient mice into which MDA-MB-231 cells were transplanted. These results indicate that NF-κB may contribute to cell proliferation through up-regulation of cell cycle progression; accordingly, inhibition of NF-κB activity might have a therapeutic ability in the treatment of human breast cancers. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 419-26)
Aneuploidy-Dependent Massive Deregulation of the Cellular Transcriptome and Apparent Divergence of the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Human Rectal Carcinomas
Authors: Grade Marian , Ghadimi B. Michael , Varma Sudhir , Simon Richard , Wangsa Danny , Barenboim-Stapleton Linda , Liersch Torsten , Becker Heinz , Ried Thomas , Difilippantonio Michael J.
Published: January 2006

To identify genetic alterations underlying rectal carcinogenesis, we used global gene expression profiling of a series of 17 locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas and 20 normal rectal mucosa biopsies on oligonucleotide arrays. A total of 351 genes were differentially expressed (P < 1.0e−7) between normal rectal mucosa and rectal carcinomas, 77 genes had a >5-fold difference, and 85 genes always had at least a 2-fold change in all of the matched samples. Twelve genes satisfied all three of these criteria. Altered expression of genes such as PTGS2 (COX-2), WNT1, TGFB1, VEGF, and MYC was confirmed, whereas our data for other genes, like PPARD and LEF1, were inconsistent with previous reports. In addition, we found deregulated expression of many genes whose involvement in rectal carcinogenesis has not been reported. By mapping the genomic imbalances in the tumors using comparative genomic hybridization, we could show that DNA copy number gains of recurrently aneuploid chromosome arms 7p, 8q, 13q, 18q, 20p, and 20q correlated significantly with their average chromosome arm expression profile. Taken together, our results show that both the high-level, significant transcriptional deregulation of specific genes and general modification of the average transcriptional activity of genes residing on aneuploid chromosomes coexist in rectal adenocarcinomas. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 267-82)