bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energetics of a long-distance migrant shorebird (Philomachus pugnax) during cold exposure and running
Authors: Vaillancourt Eric , Prud'Homme Sophie , Haman François , Guglielmo Christopher G. , Weber Jean-Michel
Published: January 2005

The metabolic consequences of cold exposure and exercise are not well characterized in birds. Ruff sandpipers Philomachus pugnax are migrant shorebirds traveling between Africa and Siberia for up to 30 000 km annually. Our goal was to quantify the fuel selection pattern of these remarkable athletes during shivering and terrestrial locomotion. We used indirect calorimetry and nitrogen excretion analysis to measure their rates of lipid, carbohydrate and protein oxidation at different temperatures (22, 15,10 or 5°C) and different treadmill speeds (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 m min–1). Results show that lipid oxidation supplies nearly all the energy necessary to support shivering and running, and that the pattern of oxidative fuel selection is independent of shivering or running intensity. During shivering, total ATP production is unequally shared between lipids(82%), carbohydrates (12%) and proteins (6%). During running, lipids remain the dominant substrate (66%), with carbohydrates (29%) and proteins (5%)playing more minor roles. The prevailing use of lipids during intense shivering and high-speed running is not consistent with the fuel selection pattern observed in exercising and cold-exposed mammals. The exact mechanisms allowing birds to use lipids at extremely high rates are still largely unexplored, and quantifying the relative importance of different fuels during long-distance flight remains a major challenge for future research.
Highly Efficient Ni–Ce–O Mixed Oxide Catalysts via Gel-coprecipitation of Oxalate Precursors for Catalytic Combustion of Methane
Authors: Yi Nan , Cao Yong , Liu Yong-Mei , Dai Wei-Lin , He He-Yong , Fan Kang-Nian
Published: January 2005

The Ni–Ce–O mixed oxide catalysts prepared by oxalate gel-coprecipitation were found to be highly efficient for the catalytic combustion of methane. Particularly, the relationship between the microstrain of NiO lattice due to the formation of CexNi1−xOy solid solutions and the catalytic performance of Ni–Ce–O mixed oxides has been investigated as a function of the Ni/Ce ratio, showing that the lattice strain of the NiO crystals plays a significant role in the methane combustion reaction.
Schizophyllan Can Act as a One-dimensional Host to Construct Poly(diacetylene) Nanofibers
Authors: Hasegawa Teruaki , Haraguchi Shuichi , Numata Munenori , Fujisawa Tomohisa , Li Chun , Kaneko Kenji , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji
Published: January 2005

Schizophyllan binds 1,4-bis(p-amidophenyl)butadiyne and acts as a one-dimensional host to produce fibrous polydiacetylene assemblies through UV-irradiation.
Effectiveness of Interventions by Community Pharmacists to Improve Patient Adherence to Chronic Medication: A Systematic Review
Authors: Van Wijk Boris LG , Klungel Olaf H , Heerdink Eibert R , de Boer Anthonius
Published: January 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To systematically review the impact of interventions by community pharmacists on patients' adherence with chronic medication.

DATA SOURCES:

A MEDLINE search (1966–November 30, 2003) and a review of reference sections were done to identify all pertinent English- and German-language journal articles. Search terms included compliance, adherence, persistence, discontinuation, pharmacist, and intervention.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

From each relevant study, the following data were extracted: study design, country, disease, number of patients, patients' age and gender, type of intervention, duration of follow-up, method of measurement of adherence and adherence rate, and data concerning the quality of the included studies.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

A total of 162 studies were identified, of which 18 matched our inclusion criteria. Twelve were randomized controlled trials and 6 were non-crossover single-group trials. Eight studies showed significant improvement of adherence at one or more time points. Eight studies did not show any effect, 7 of which were randomized controlled trials. In most studies, adherence rates at baseline were high compared with rates reported in the general population. Counseling, monitoring, and education during weekly or monthly appointments showed some effect. However, these same types of interventions showed no effect in other studies. The overall quality of the included studies was low.

CONCLUSIONS:

Currently, it is impossible to identify an overall successful adherence-improving strategy performed by pharmacists. More well-designed and well-conducted studies on the effectiveness of interventions by a community pharmacist to improve patient adherence to chronic medication need to be performed.
Obesity Does Not Alter the Pharmacokinetics of Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) in Severe Sepsis
Authors: Levy Howard , Small David , Heiselman Darell E , Riker Richard , Steingrub Jay , Chen Ruqin , Qualy Rebecca L , Darstein Christelle , Mongan Ellen
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND:

Drotrecogin alfa (activated) [DrotAA] is approved for the reduction of mortality in adults with severe sepsis (sepsis with acute organ dysfunction) and high risk of death. Patients whose actual body weight was >135 kg were excluded from the Phase III PROWESS trial.

OBJECTIVE:

To compare exposure to DrotAA in patients with severe sepsis weighing >135 kg with those weighing ⩽135 kg in an open-label, Phase IV trial, and quantify the elimination half-life (t1/2) of DrotAA in these patients.

METHODS:

PROWESS inclusion/exclusion criteria were used, except that patients >135 kg were enrolled. Blood samples were collected for steady-state plasma concentration (Css) analysis of activated protein C once each day and for t1/2 analysis after infusion. Weight-normalized clearance (Clp) and t1/2 estimates for DrotAA were calculated and compared between weight groups.

RESULTS:

Patient weight range was 59–227 kg. There were 32 patients ⩽135 kg and 20 patients >135 kg enrolled. Median Clp was 0.45 L/h/kg (interquartile range [IQR] 0.37–0.54) for patients ⩽135 kg and 0.42 L/h/kg (IQR 0.33–0.54) for patients >135 kg (p = 0.692). Median estimates of Css were 51.9 ng/mL (IQR 43.4–62.0) and 56.5 ng/mL (IQR 44.9–71.1; p = 0.570). In patients ⩽135 kg, DrotAA had a median t1/2 of 16.7 minutes (IQR 13.9–20.0) compared with 16.0 minutes (IQR 12.9–19.8) in patients >135 kg (p = 0.767), for a composite median t1/2 of 16.3 minutes (IQR 14.2–18.8).

CONCLUSIONS:

There is no statistically significant difference in Css concentrations or t1/2 of DrotAA between patients weighing ⩽135 kg and >135 kg. DrotAA should be dosed by actual body weight.
Adult Ependymal Cells Are Postmitotic and Are Derived from Radial Glial Cells during Embryogenesis
Authors: Spassky Nathalie , Merkle Florian T. , Flames Nuria , Tramontin Anthony D. , García-Verdugo José Manuel , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo
Published: January 2005

Ependymal cells on the walls of brain ventricles play essential roles in the transport of CSF and in brain homeostasis. It has been suggested that ependymal cells also function as stem cells. However, the proliferative capacity of mature ependymal cells remains controversial, and the developmental origin of these cells is not known. Using confocal or electron microscopy (EM) of adult mice that received bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or [3H]thymidine for several weeks, we found no evidence that ependymal cells proliferate. In contrast, ependymal cells were labeled by BrdU administration during embryonic development. The majority of them are born between embryonic day 14 (E14) and E16. Interestingly, we found that the maturation of ependymal cells and the formation of cilia occur significantly later, during the first postnatal week. We analyzed the early postnatal ventricular zone at the EM and found a subpopulation of radial glia in various stages of transformation into ependymal cells. These cells often had deuterosomes. To directly test whether radial glia give rise to ependymal cells, we used a Cre-lox recombination strategy to genetically tag radial glia in the neonatal brain and follow their progeny. We found that some radial glia in the lateral ventricular wall transform to give rise to mature ependymal cells. This work identifies the time of birth and early stages in the maturation of ependymal cells and demonstrates that these cells are derived from radial glia. Our results indicate that ependymal cells are born in the embryonic and early postnatal brain and that they do not divide after differentiation. The postmitotic nature of ependymal cells strongly suggests that these cells do not function as neural stem cells in the adult.
Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 Are Expressed Sequentially by Radial Glia, Intermediate Progenitor Cells, and Postmitotic Neurons in Developing Neocortex
Authors: Englund Chris , Fink Andy , Lau Charmaine , Pham Diane , Daza Ray A. M. , Bulfone Alessandro , Kowalczyk Tom , Hevner Robert F.
Published: January 2005

The developing neocortex contains two types of progenitor cells for glutamatergic, pyramidal-projection neurons. The first type, radial glia, produce neurons and glia, divide at the ventricular surface, and express Pax6, a homeodomain transcription factor. The second type, intermediate progenitor cells, are derived from radial glia, produce only neurons, and divide away from the ventricular surface. Here we show that the transition from radial glia to intermediate progenitor cell is associated with upregulation of Tbr2, a T-domain transcription factor, and downregulation of Pax6. Accordingly, Tbr2 expression in progenitor compartments (the subventricular zone and ventricular zone) rises and falls with cortical plate neurogenesis. The subsequent transition from intermediate progenitor cell to postmitotic neuron is marked by downregulation of Tbr2 and upregulation of Tbr1, another T-domain transcription factor. These findings delineate the transcription factor sequence Pax6 → Tbr2 → Tbr1 in the differentiation of radial glia → intermediate progenitor cell → postmitotic projection neuron. This transcription factor sequence is modified in preplate neurons, in which Tbr2 is transiently coexpressed with Tbr1, and in the direct differentiation pathway from radial glia → postmitotic projection neuron, in which Tbr2 is expressed briefly or not at all.
Pup Suckling Is More Rewarding Than Cocaine: Evidence from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Three-Dimensional Computational Analysis
Authors: Ferris Craig F. , Kulkarni Praveen , Sullivan John M. , Harder Josie A. , Messenger Tara L. , Febo Marcelo
Published: January 2005

Nursing has reciprocal benefits for both mother and infant, helping to promote maternal behavior and bonding. To test the “rewarding” nature of nursing, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to map brain activity in lactating dams exposed to their suckling pups versus cocaine. Suckling stimulation in lactating dams and cocaine exposure in virgin females activated the dopamine reward system. In contrast, lactating dams exposed to cocaine instead of pups showed a suppression of brain activity in the reward system. These data support the notion that pup stimulation is more reinforcing than cocaine, underscoring the importance of pup seeking over other rewarding stimuli during lactation.
The Rod Photoreceptor-Specific Nuclear Receptor Nr2e3 Represses Transcription of Multiple Cone-Specific Genes
Authors: Chen Jichao , Rattner Amir , Nathans Jeremy
Published: January 2005

This study addresses one genetic regulatory mechanism that establishes the distinct identities of rod and cone photoreceptors. Previous work has shown that mutations in either humans or mice in the gene coding for photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor Nr2e3 cause a progressive retinal degeneration characterized by increased numbers of short-wave cones. In the present work, we have examined the cellular and developmental pattern of Nr2e3 protein localization in mammals and fish, identified an optimal Nr2e3 DNA-binding site using cycles of binding to recombinant Nr2e3, characterized the transcriptional activity of wild type and one of the disease-associated point mutations inNr2e3in transfected cells, and characterized the transcriptional defects in the naturally occurringNr2e3mutant (rd7) mouse. These experiments indicate that in the mature vertebrate retinaNr2e3is expressed exclusively in rods, that expression ofNr2e3is one of the earliest events in the pathway of rod-specific photoreceptor development, and that Nr2e3 functions, either directly or indirectly, as a repressor of cone-specific genes in rod photoreceptor cells.
Suppression of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Leads to Aging-Like Alterations in cAMP Rhythms and Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Authors: Gerhold Lynnette M. , Rosewell Katherine L. , Wise Phyllis M.
Published: January 2005

Input from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is critical to the occurrence of regular cyclic GnRH secretion. It is thought that an essential neuropeptide in the SCN that communicates this cyclic information to GnRH neurons is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and that it may act through cAMP. We tested the hypothesis that (1) aging involves a blunting of cAMP diurnal rhythmicity in the SCN; (2) administration of antisense oligonucleotides (anti-oligos) against VIP, which produces an aging-like pattern in VIP, would lead to an aging-like suppression of cAMP; and (3) this in turn would lead to inhibition of the steroid-induced activation of GnRH neurons. We measured cAMP concentrations in the SCN and rostral preoptic nucleus throughout the day in young and middle-aged rats that were ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX and treated with estradiol.

Our results show that cAMP concentrations exhibit a diurnal rhythm in young rats, and that this rhythm is totally abolished by the time rats are middle age. Administration of antisense oligonucleotides against VIP or random oligos suppresses VIP concentrations and abolishes the cAMP rhythm, leading to significantly reduced activation of GnRH neurons. Together, these findings strongly suggest that the SCN conveys diurnal information to GnRH neurons by driving VIP-dependent cAMP rhythms. In addition, aging involves deterioration in this VIP-driven rhythmicity, which impacts the ability of steroids to induce GnRH neuronal activation.
Quantal Size Is Independent of the Release Probability at Hippocampal Excitatory Synapses
Authors: Biró Ágota A. , Holderith Noémi B. , Nusser Zoltan
Published: January 2005

Short-term synaptic plasticity changes the reliability of transmission during repetitive activation and allows different neuronal ensembles to encode distinct features of action potential trains. Identifying the mechanisms and the locus of expression of such plasticity is essential for understanding neuronal information processing. To determine the quantal parameters and the locus of alterations during short-term plasticity of cortical glutamatergic synapses, EPSCs were evoked in hippocampal oriens-alveus interneurons by CA1 pyramidal cells. The robust short-term facilitation of this connection allowed us to examine the transmission under functionally relevant but widely different release probability (Pr) conditions. Paired whole-cell recordings permitted the functional andpost hocmorphological characterization of the synapses. To determine the quantal size (q), thePr, and the number of functional release sites (NF), two independent quantal analysis methods were used. Light and electron microscopy were performed to identify the number of synaptic junctions (NEM) between the recorded cells. The mean number of functional release sites (NF(f)= 2.9 ± 0.4;n= 8) as inferred from a simple binomial model with no quantal variance agreed well with the mean ofNEM(2.8 ± 0.8;n= 6), butNF(f)never matchedNEMwhen they were compared in individual pairs; however, including quantal variance in the model improved the functional prediction of the structural data. Furthermore, an increasedPr(4.8 ± 0.8-fold) fully accounted for the marked short-term facilitation of EPSCs (5.0 ± 0.7-fold), andqwas independent ofPr. Our results are consistent with the “one-release site, one-vesicle” hypothesis.
Impaired Channel Targeting and Retinal Degeneration in Mice Lacking the Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Subunit CNGB1
Authors: Hüttl Sabine , Michalakis Stylianos , Seeliger Mathias , Luo Dong-Gen , Acar Niyazi , Geiger Heidi , Hudl Kristiane , Mader Robert , Haverkamp Silke , Moser Markus , Pfeifer Alexander , Gerstner Andrea , Yau King-Wai , Biel Martin
Published: January 2005

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are important mediators in the transduction pathways of rod and cone photoreceptors. Native CNG channels are heterotetramers composed of homologous A and B subunits. In heterologous expression systems, B subunits alone cannot form functional CNG channels, but they confer a number of channel properties when coexpressed with A subunits. To investigate the importance of the CNGB subunitsin vivo, we deleted theCNGB1gene in mice. In the absence of CNGB1, only trace amounts of the CNGA1 subunit were found on the rod outer segment. As a consequence, the vast majority of isolated rod photoreceptors in mice lackingCNGB1(CNGB1-/-) failed to respond to light. In electroretinograms (ERGs),CNGB1-/-mice showed no rod-mediated responses. The rods also showed a slow-progressing degeneration caused by apoptotic death and concurred by retinal gliosis. Cones were primarily unaffected and showed normal ERG responses up to 6 months, but they started to degenerate in later stages. At the age of ∼1 year,CNGB1-/-animals were devoid of both rods and cones. Our results show that CNGB1 is a crucial determinant of native CNG channel targeting. As a result of the lack of rod CNG channels,CNGB1-/-mice develop a retinal degeneration that resembles human retinitis pigmentosa.
Disintegration of the Sleep-Wake Cycle and Circadian Timing in Huntington's Disease
Authors: Morton A. Jennifer , Wood Nigel I. , Hastings Michael H. , Hurelbrink Carrie , Barker Roger A. , Maywood Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2005

Sleep disturbances in neurological disorders have a devastating impact on patient and carer alike. However, their pathological origin is unknown. Here we show that patients with Huntington's disease (HD) have disrupted night-day activity patterns. This disruption was mirrored in a transgenic model of HD (R6/2 mice) in which daytime activity increased and nocturnal activity fell, eventually leading to the complete disintegration of circadian behavior. The behavioral disturbance was accompanied by marked disruption of expression of the circadian clock genesmPer2andmBmal1in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the principal circadian pacemaker in the brain. The circadian peak of expression ofmPer2was prematurely truncated, and the mRNA levels ofmBmal1were attenuated and failed to exhibit a significant circadian oscillation. Circadian cycles of gene expression in the motor cortex and striatum, markers of behavioral activation in wild-type mice, were also suppressed in the R6/2 mice, providing a neural correlate of the disturbed activity cycles. Increased daytime activity was also associated with reduced SCN expression ofprokineticin 2, a transcriptional target ofmBmal1encoding a neuropeptide that normally suppresses daytime activity in nocturnal mammals. Together, these molecular abnormalities could explain the pathophysiological changes in circadian behavior. We propose that circadian sleep disturbances are an important pathological feature of HD, that they arise from pathology within the SCN molecular oscillation, and that their treatment will bring appreciable benefits to HD patients.
Direct and Indirect Inhibition by Catecholamines of Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons
Authors: Li Ying , van den Pol Anthony N.
Published: January 2005

Hypothalamic hypocretin enhances arousal, similar to the actions of norepinephrine (NE). The physiological actions of NE were examined in hypocretin neurons identified by selective green fluorescent protein expression in transgenic mouse hypothalamic slices using whole-cell recording. NE induced an outward current, inhibited spike frequency, and hyperpolarized hypocretin neurons dose dependently. Similar actions were evoked by the selective α2 adrenergic agonist clonidine. The α2 antagonist idazoxan increased spike frequency, suggesting tonic NE-mediated inhibition. The NE-induced current was inwardly rectified, and the reversal potential was dependent on external potassium concentration; it was blocked by barium in the bath and by GTP-γ-S in the pipette, suggesting activation of a G-protein inward rectifying K+(GIRK) current. NE and clonidine decreased calcium currents evoked by depolarizing voltage steps. The selective α1 adrenergic agonist phenylephrine had no effect on membrane potential but did increase IPSC frequency; miniature IPSC frequency was also increased, in some cells without any effect on amplitude, suggesting a facilitative presynaptic action at α1 receptors on GABAergic axons that innervate hypocretin neurons. NE therefore inhibits hypocretin neurons directly through two mechanisms: activation of a GIRK current, depression of calcium currents, and indirectly through increased inhibitory GABA input. Similar to NE, dopamine and epinephrine reduced or blocked spikes and, in the presence of TTX, showed direct hyperpolarizing actions. The action of dopamine was blocked by the D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride, whereas a D1/5 antagonist had no effect. These data suggest that catecholamines evoke strong inhibitory actions on hypocretin neurons and suggest negative feedback from catecholamine cells that may be excited by hypocretin.
Impaired Extracellular Secretion of Mutant Superoxide Dismutase 1 Associates with Neurotoxicity in Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Turner Bradley J. , Atkin Julie D. , Farg Manal A. , Zang Da Wei , Rembach Alan , Lopes Elizabeth C. , Patch Justin D. , Hill Andrew F. , Cheema Surindar S.
Published: January 2005

Mutations in the intracellular metalloenzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are linked to neurotoxicity in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by an unclear mechanism. Golgi fragmentation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are early hallmarks of spinal motor neuron pathology in transgenic mice overexpressing mutant SOD1, suggesting that dysfunction of the neuronal secretory pathway may contribute to ALS pathogenesis. We therefore proposed that mutant SOD1 directly engages and modulates the secretory pathway based on recent evidence of SOD1 secretion in diverse human cell lines. Here, we demonstrate that a fraction of active endogenous SOD1 is secreted by NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells via a brefeldin-A (BFA)-sensitive pathway. Expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged mutant human SOD1 (hSOD1-EGFP) in NSC-34 cells induced frequent cytoplasmic inclusions and protein insolubility that correlated with toxicity. In contrast, transfection of non-neuronal COS-7 cells resulted in mutant hSOD1-EGFP cytoplasmic inclusions, oligomerization, and fragmentation without detectable toxicity. Importantly, impaired secretion of hSOD1-EGFP was common to all 10 SOD1 mutants tested relative to wild-type protein in NSC-34 cells. Treatment with BFA inhibited hSOD1-EGFP secretion with pronounced BFA-induced toxicity in mutant cells. Extracellular targeting of mutant hSOD1-EGFP via SOD3 signal peptide fusion attenuated cytoplasmic inclusion formation and toxicity. The effect of elevated extracellular SOD1 was then evaluated in a transgenic rat model of ALS. Chronic intraspinal infusion of exogenous wild-type hSOD1 significantly delayed disease progression and endpoint in transgenic SOD1G93Arats. Collectively, these results suggest novel extracellular roles for SOD1 in ALS and support a causal relationship between mutant SOD1 secretion and intraneuronal toxicity.
LCD applications of thin‐crystal‐film polarizers
Authors: Bobrov Y. , Kuchenkova O. , Kouznetsov M. , Lazarev P. , Manko A. , Nazarov V. , Ovchinnikova N. , Paukshto M. , Protsenko P. , Remizov S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed a new technique for the production of thin crystal film (TCF) by deposition, molecular alignment, and the drying of water‐based lyotropic‐liquid‐crystal (LLC) materials. TCF exhibits high optical anisotropy and birefringence. This paper presents liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) applications and opportunities for TCF plastic sheet polarizers, retarders, and color‐correction films as well as LCD designs with TCF internal polarizers.
Electro‐optical parameters of FLC layers stabilized by a typical polymer net
Authors: Andreev A. , Bobylev Yu. , Chetverov Yu. , Kompanets I. , Pozhidaev E. , Shoshin V. , Zhukov A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A typical polymer net with microcells of different sizes (from 25 × 25 to 200 × 200 μm) was formed by using a lithographic process, both on glass and flexible polymeric substrates. To investigate the influence of polymeric walls on FLC‐display cell operation, the typical electro‐optical parameters of FLC layers — light transmission and scattering, optical contrast ratio and response time — were measured under different conditions, such as display cell preparation and processing, driving voltage, microcell dimensions, and temperature.
Highly efficient large‐sized LED display with improved ergonomics
Authors: Trofimov Yuri , Posedko Valery , Sivenkov Vladimir , Mironenko Igor , Lishik Sergey
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have proposed a new approach to engineering and manufacturing an indoor indicator based on energy‐effective super‐bright LEDs. In our design, the light from a small number of such LEDs was uniformly redistributed using a special light guide. Recently, we developed a multi‐segment (40) LED indicator with improved ergonomics and a luminance of up to 4000 cd/m2. This indicator is also capable of displaying (apart from the digits) special symbols.
Liquid‐crystal chiral‐nematic systems with photoinduced helix inversion
Authors: Krivoshey Alexander I. , Shkolnikova Natalia I. , Kutulya Lidiya A. , Chepeleva Ludmila V. , Novikova Natalia B.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The induced helical pitch in liquid‐crystalline systems based on 4‐pentyl‐4′‐cyanobiphenyl (5CB) and containing chiral 6‐arylidene derivatives of 3(R)‐methylcyclohexanone has been found to change its sign and to decrease in the absolute value when exposed to the UV irradiation. After the photostationary state is reached, the pitch remains invariable regardless of any consequent light radiation. This state is characterized by a large helical twist which exceeds an initial one in more than three times, thereby making it possible to obtain compositions with the selective reflection of light in the visible spectral region. This phenomenon could be utilized in colour filters for display devices. The effect observed is caused by the effective reversible photochemical E‐Z‐isomerization of the chiral dopant. This was proved by photochemical preparative synthesis of one of the respective Z‐isomers and independent studies of its behaviour in 5CB.
Near‐infrared‐emitting ZnS: Er and ZnS(Se): Cr TFEL devices
Authors: Vlasenko N. A. , Denisova Z. L. , Kononets Ya. F. , Veligura L. I. , Tsyrkunov Yu. A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Electroluminescent near‐infrared (NIR) emitters are of interest in creating special displays for applications such as communications, chemical sensoring, friend‐and‐foe identification, aligning and checking systems that detect NIR radiation, medicine, etc. By performing this research, known NIR emitters (thermal sources, semiconductor diodes and lasers, and solid‐state lasers) were supplemented by NIR‐emitting TFEL devices based on ZnS: Er(F) and ZnS(Se): Cr electron‐beam‐evaporated films. Some characteristics of these devices as NIR emitters are given. There are two narrow intensive bands at ∼980 and ∼1530 nm in the emission spectrum of ZnS: Er(F) TFEL devices. The broadband emission is the range of from 1.8 μm up to 2.7 μm takes place in the ZnS(Se): Cr devices. The wavelength of the peak emission can be varied owing to interference. The mechanism of electroluminescence in the ZnS: Er(F) and ZnS(Se): Cr devices is the direct impact excitation of Er3+ and Cr2+ ions, respectively.
LCD optimization and modeling
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing , Yakovlev Dmitry , Simonenko Georgy , Tsoi Valery
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The application of the LCD modeling and optimization system, LCD DESIGN, for the design and development of new advanced LCD configurations was demonstrated. The software includes a powerful optimization module that allows for spectral and angular averaging, thus enabling the production of LCDs with wide viewing angles, achromatic (black/white) switching, and fast response time. We describe the basic principles of the software development and present several examples of LCD optimization in various electro‐optical modes. A brief review of our results of LCD optimization and modeling using LCD DESIGN software is also given.
3.5: Novel Touch Sensitive In‐Cell AMLCD
Authors: Destura G. J. A. , Osenga J. T. M. , van der Hoef S. J. , Pearson A. D.
Published: January 2005

A touch sensitive Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD) that obviates the need to have a transparent touch panel mounted on top of the LCD, in the viewer side, is realized. This is achieved through the introduction of a resistive touch‐sensitive mechanical switch into the pixel. The combined display driving and touch sensing electronics allow for a limited change in the display driving architecture.
4.1: Optical Configuration for a Horizontal‐Switching Tansflective LCD
Authors: Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Park Kyoung‐Ho , Ko Young Jo , Kim Jae Chang , Lee Gi‐Dong
Published: January 2005

We propose optical configurations of a horizontal‐switching liquid crystal cell for a transflective display. Optimum configurations can be achieved by using a half‐wave liquid crystal cell and three retardation films. We found that measured transmission and reflection spectra in the bright state as well as in the dark state of the proposed configurations show excellent optical performance as expected by numerical calculation.
4.3: Low‐Twist Vertically‐Aligned Transflective LCD
Authors: Hong Mun Pyo , Kim Sang Il , Yang Young Chol , Chung Kyuha , Do Hee Wook , Park Sung Jin , Jhun Chul Gyu , Lee Gi‐Dong , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: January 2005

In this paper we propose a low‐twist vertically‐aligned transflective liquid crystal display (LCD). By optimizing the twist angle and the chiral pitch, we achieved high reflectance as well as high transmittance.
4.4: Polymer Stabilized Electrically Controlled Birefringence Transreflective Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Zhou Fushan , Yang Deng‐Ke
Published: January 2005

We have developed a polymer stabilized electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) transreflective liquid crystal display (LCD). The pixels for transmissive mode are stabilized in a high birefringence state while the pixels for reflective mode are stabilized in a low birefringence state by polymer networks. The transmissive and reflective pixels have similar voltage‐light intensity dependence. The polymer stabilization technique can be easily implemented in manufacturing.
5.3: Invited Paper: Pure Aluminum Metal as an Anode for High Performance OLEDs
Authors: Son Sehwan , Yoon Seok‐Hee , Jang Jun‐Gi , Kang Min‐Soo , Jeon Sang‐Young
Published: January 2005

OLEDs with pure aluminum anode were successfully fabricated due to the introduction of a new hole injection material. The devices show every practical performance including low driving voltage, long device lifetime and high uniformity.
5.4: A Methodology for Optimizing Viewing Characteristics of Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Lin Chun‐Liang , Hsieh Ping‐Yuan , Chiang Huo‐Hsien , Wu Chung‐Chih
Published: January 2005

Generally stronger microcavity effects inherent with top‐emitting OLEDs usually complicate optimization of device efficiency and other viewing characteristics. Using the rigorous classical electromagnetic model, trends in the dependence of emission characteristics on device structures are extracted, and accordingly a general methodology for optimizing viewing characteristics of top‐emitting OLEDs for display applications is suggested.
6.1: Photostability of Polymeric Cartesian Polarizing Beam Splitters
Authors: Bruzzone Charles L. , Schneider Joseph J. , Eckhardt Stephen K.
Published: January 2005

Polymeric Cartesian Polarizing Beam Splitters provide significant cost and performance advantages for LCOS RPTV engines. This paper describes work to demonstrate photo‐stability in these components. Film resins and adhesives both affect photostability, and must be selected carefully. Care must also be taken in constructing the tests and interpreting results.
6.2: Lifetime of Single Panel LCOS Imagers
Authors: Yakovenko Sergei , Konovalov Viktor , Brennesholtz Matthew
Published: January 2005

The lifetime of the TN45 effect used in single panel LCOS imagers has been demonstrated to be 20,000 hours at 2 Mlux illumination. This paper will document the test methods used to determine this lifetime. The variation in lifetime under different illumination conditions will also be discussed.
6.3: Three‐Dimensional Modelling of a Projection TV System by Dynamic Liquid‐Crystal Simulation and Ray Tracing
Authors: Gardner M. C. , Day S. E. , Fernandez F. A. , Sarayeddine K. , Sacré J. J. , Benoit P.
Published: January 2005

Accurate three dimensional modelling of the liquid crystal director configuration has been used to predict the performance of a liquid crystal on Silicon (LCOS) projection engine upon switching to a chequerboard and to a striped pattern. The intensity profile over this area has been used to predict the performance of the optical engine for a projector system.
6.4: Invited Paper: Fully Digital D‐ILA™ Device for Consumer Applications
Authors: Shimizu Shigeo , Ochi Yutaka , Nakano Atsushi , Bone Matthew
Published: January 2005

JVC has developed a fully digital driving D‐ILA device, which inherits the advantages of conventional D‐ILA such as contrast ratio greater than 5000:1, high efficiency, high resolution and high reliability. The all‐digital drive offers substantial reductions in system cost and excellent picture quality has been achieved.
7.2: Measuring Color Breakup of Stationary Images in Field‐Sequential‐Color Displays
Authors: Järvenpää Toni
Published: January 2005

Color breakup is an artifact perceivable on field‐sequential color (FSC) displays, both in stationary and in moving images. In this work a unique device for measuring color breakup on stationary images is presented. Target FSC display can be a virtual display, a direct‐view display or a projector. Turning the view of a high‐speed measurement camera in milliseconds simulates saccadic eye movement. Captured images can be used e.g. in studies of color breakup theories.
7.3: Motion Artifacts
Authors: Miseli Joe
Published: January 2005

Motion artifacts for LCDs are an important performance quality determinant, one of the final major frontiers for LCDs. Motion issues addressed to date have often been limited to response time, a small portion of the vast scope of motion artifacts. This work defines a number of artifact categories and a method to generate and analyze them. A program, MAT, was developed to translate what the eye sees as motion artifacts to a set of controlled variables which help evoke worst case conditions, often not analyzable with conventional display test equipment. The program allows for characterizing the artifacts as the eye sees them and can produce some motion anomalies perhaps not yet considered as problems to be solved.
Multi‐layered flat‐surface micro‐optical components directly molded on an LCD panel
Authors: Yamada F. , Numata H. , Taira Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed a process to fabricate optical components, such as a lens, prism, or diffuser, directly on to a glass substrate. Processes include precision mastering by diamond cutting and multi‐layer photopolymer (2P) molding to realize flat surfaces and the integration of multiple components with an alignment within a few micrometers.
The Fast Intelligent Tracking (F!T) tube: Electronic aspects of a CRT without a shadow mask
Authors: Engelaar P. J. , Van Lieshout P. J. G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The F!T tube is a new type of CRT without a shadow mask. Correct color selection is performed by an electronic system, measuring the landing positions of the electron beams, and correcting them through a dedicated deflection system. In this paper, we describe system aspects concerning the measurement system of the control loop and tracking signal reliability. Results are discussed as well.
Next‐generation mobile LCDs with in‐cell retarders
Authors: Doornkamp C. , van der Zande B. M. I. , Roosendaal S. J. , Stofmeel L. W. G. , Van Glabbeek J. J. , Osenga J. T. M. , Steenbakkers J. A. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In‐cell retarders can be a major breakthrough for mobile LCDs. When a patterned in‐cell retarder replaces the external retarders on transflective LCDs, brighter and thinner transflective LCDs with lower power consumption and wider viewing angle can be obtained. Additionally, when in‐cell retarders are applied in reflective LCDs, the thickness of the LCD is considerably reduced without affecting the optical performance of the reflective LCD. This paper presents the technology needed to make in‐cell retarders and the performance of reflective and transflective LCDs with in‐cell retarders.
Fully plated metal electrodes for plasma‐display panels
Authors: Fukuta S. , Sugawa K. , Inoue K. , Kasahara S. , Sakita K. , Betsui K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We investigated the feasibility of employing a full‐plating processes for the metal electrodes in PDPs. Using deposition with a full‐plating process, we succeeded in fabricating copper electrodes with a thicknesses of over 10 μm. Moreover, we fabricated and operated panels with fully plated bus electrodes. These plating processes seem to hold promise in the simultaneous pursuit of metal electrodes with the highest conductance and lower costs.
Dual‐lenticular‐lens‐based 2‐D/3‐D convertible autostereoscopic display
Authors: Takanashi Nobuaki , Uehara Shin‐ichi , Ishii Jyun‐ichiro , Hayana Hiroshi , Asada Hideki
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A 2‐D/3‐D convertible display using two lenticular lenses has been developed. It shows 2‐D pictures in full resolution and 3‐D autostereoscopic pictures in half resolution by moving one lens relative to the other. The lens assembly consists of thin metal frames, two lenticular lenses, and two shape‐memory‐alloy (SMA) wires used as actuators. While this assembly is applicable to flat‐panel displays of any kind, its simple structure and low power consumption make it best suited to mobile terminals, such as PDAs and mobile phones. Here, we describe its structure and present evaluation results.
29.3: A Novel Patterning Method for Full‐Color Organic Light‐Emitting Devices: Laser Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI)
Authors: Lee Seong Taek , Chin Byung Doo , Kim Mu Hyun , Kang Tae Min , Song Myung Won , Lee Jae Ho , Kim Hye Dong , Chung Ho Kyoon , Wolk Martin B. , Bellmann Erika , Baetzold John P. , Lamansky Sergey , Savvateev Vadim , Hoffend Thomas R. , Staral John S. , Roberts Ralph R. , Li Yingbo
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel color patterning method for the fabrication of large format full‐color OLEDs. Laser Induced Thermal Imaging (LITI) is a laser addressed high resolution thermal patterning process with unique advantages such as excellent transfer film thickness uniformity, multilayer stack transfer ability, and scalability to large‐size mother glass. LITI patterning of small molecule materials produces OLEDs that are comparable in performance to conventional evaporated devices. Using the technology, we fabricated 2.2″ full color active matrix OLEDs.
30.1: Invited Paper: Resent Research and Development on 71‐in.‐Diagonal Color PDPs
Authors: Choi Kwang‐Yeol , Choi Jeong‐Pil , Chang Myeong‐Soo , Yoo Eun‐Ho , Kim Won‐Tae , Kim Jin‐Young , Park Eung‐Chul , Park Seung‐Tea , Ryu Jae‐Hwa
Published: January 2005

World first 71 inch and 76 inch diagonal AC PDP with full high definition resolution (1,920 × 1,080) has been developed using high efficient barrier rib structure. Also, to improve picture quality new protecting layer and film type optical filter were developed. To fabricate large size panel over 70 inch diagonal, improved uniform exposing technology for patterning of electrodes, green sheet method for transparent dielectric and CPBB method were used. 71 inch and 76 inch AC PDP has high luminance of 800 cd/m2 and dark room contrast ratio of 1,200:1.
30.3: Discharge Characteristics of High Efficiency Rib and its Optimized Electrodes (HERO) using High Xe Gas Mixture
Authors: Kang K. D. , Kwon J. I. , Kim W. T. , Yoo H. S. , Woo S. G. , Jung E. Y. , Ahn J. C. , Kim S. J. , Heo E. G. , Yi W. J.
Published: January 2005

High Efficiency Rib and its Optimized electrode (HERO) is investigated on a characteristics of the electrical‐discharge with increasing Xe concentration. HERO adopts an increasing Xe concentration in discharge gas mixture, which is a recent trend for achieving high luminous efficiency in AC‐PDP. HERO is uses a relatively high Xe concentration in a 42″ VGA module. It shows 2.5 lm/W of luminous efficiency that can deliver full white brightness of 200cd/m2 with power less than 200W.
31.4: High‐Contrast CRT Phosphor Screen Using Fine Image Transfer Film
Authors: Ohno K. , Kusunoki T.
Published: January 2005

A new phosphor screen that uses thermal transfer film has been developed. The phosphor screen is combined with color filters and gives excellent image quality. The color filters are fabricated simultaneously with phosphor stripes. This new process reduces the number of processes required for making phosphor screen with color filters.
32.1: Appearance‐Consistent Projector Tolerant of Various Colored Projection Surfaces and Ambient Light
Authors: Matsuda Hideki , Wada Osamu , Kanai Masashi , Fukasawa Kenji , Kuwata Naoki , Kamakura Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

The brighter, more portable projectors that have emerged in recent years have driven an increase in opportunities to use projectors in well‐lit rooms and to project images on objects other than special screens. However, the color and tone of color images projected under such diverse environments are subject to degradation due to the effects of ambient light and of the projection surface. Therefore, we developed WallShot™, a technology for correcting the color and tone of a projected image based on detected environmental effects by color sensor. We validated the effect of the corrections through psychophysical experiments.
34.3: Quasi‐ and Analog‐Full‐Color Displaying Methods with High Light Efficiency in Super‐High‐Resolution LCDs
Authors: Asao Yasufumi , Isobe Ryuichiro
Published: January 2005

A new coloring method of LCD (liquid crystal display) using the hybrid structure of CF (color filter) method and the interference coloration of ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) effect is presented. One unit pixel is divided into at least two sub‐pixels, and the one sub‐pixel is equipped with a green CF and the other one a magenta CF. As for the green coloration of the highest luminosity property, a green CF is used in order to display the analogue gray scale. The interference coloration of ECB effect with a magenta CF is used for red and blue binary coloration as well as analogue gray scale of the magenta color. Monochrome gray scale can be realized by the additive color mixing of green and magenta sub‐pixels.

The VA (vertical alignment) mode is adopted for suppressing the temperature dependence of the optical retardation. We can achieve much better light efficiency than that of the conventional color LCDs with both an RGB‐CF and a polarizer. This mode has the features of quasi‐full color and wide color space for red and blue color by the subtractive color mixing effect between interference coloration and magenta CF. Furthermore, the present LCD can be fabricated without changing the conventional LCD process and materials.

We also present the analog‐full‐color method, which can be realized by using small additive sub‐pixels of red and blue colors.
35.1: 2.5‐in. AMOLED with Integrated 6‐Bit Gamma Compensated Digital Data Driver
Authors: Matsueda Y. , Kakkad R. , Park Y. S. , Yoon H. H. , Lee W. P. , Koo J. B. , Chung H. K.
Published: January 2005

6‐bit gamma compensated digital data driver using LTPS TFTs was integrated in AMOLED panel. We have applied conventional register ladder D/A converter circuits with 9 points reference voltage for each color. We have obtained both good gray scale and good white balance by optimizing the reference voltage. DC/DC converter and serial to parallel converter have also been integrated by TFT. The number of pixels is 768 × 228 dots. The width of the data driver designed by 2micron rule is only 2.6mm.
35.2: Improved Optical Feedback for AMOLED Display Differential Ageing Compensation
Authors: Fish David , Deane Steve , Shannon John , Steer Andrew , Young Nigel
Published: January 2005

A new optical feedback pixel circuit is presented that enables a high degree of differential ageing correction, has low power consumption compared to standard AMOLED pixel circuits and enables a high degree of non‐uniformity correction. The circuit operation and the technology used to construct it will be described and results presented.
35.3: Modelling of a Compensation Scheme for OLED Degradation
Authors: Antonio‐Torres David , Lister Paul F. , Newbury Paul
Published: January 2005

A compensation scheme for OLED degradation based on a luminance‐compensating subpixel architecture and a display controller with display‐monitoring capabilities is proposed. The scheme is result of applying a system‐level design methodology to the modelling of an OLED‐display system. The compensation scheme is technology‐independent, thus supporting further technological improvements.
36.2: Multi‐Source Deposition of BaAl2S4 Blue Phosphors
Authors: Xin Yongbao , Hunt Terry , Acchione Joe
Published: January 2005

Multi‐source deposition has been successfully implemented in an E‐beam system to achieve a high luminance BaAl2S4:Eu blue phosphor for TDEL application. Luminance greater than 700 cd/m2 with CIE coordinates of x = 0.135 and y = 0.105 was realized with high reproducibility. The luminous efficiency was over 1.0 lumens/W.
36.4: Invited Paper: Large‐screen Flat Panel Displays based on Thick‐Dielectric Electroluminescent (TDEL) Technology
Authors: Wu Xingwei , Carkner Don , Hamada Hiroki , Yoshida Isao , Kutsukake Masaki , Dantani Kyoji
Published: January 2005

Based on its proprietary thick‐dielectric electroluminescent (TDEL) display technology, iFire, together with joint development partners Sanyo and Dai Nippon Printing (DNP), has successfully developed 17‐inch full‐color prototypes with video quality comparable to CRT displays and a luminance of 300 cd/m2. The company's development of the Color‐By‐Blue (CBB) technique has further simplified the already simple manufacturing process of TDEL displays, and also accelerated iFire's development of the world's first full‐color 34‐inch inorganic electroluminescent HDTV screen. Based on detailed cost model analysis, iFire believes that the TDEL technology can be used to achieve high performance and low cost HDTV displays, and is initially targeting the 30″ – 40″ market segment, with commercial production planned for the 2006 timeframe.
9.4: Development of a 30‐in. wide‐QXGA+ TFT‐LCD for High‐Information‐Content Displays
Authors: Choi H. C. , Hong S. G. , Lim B. H. , Lee S. W. , Yeo S. D.
Published: January 2005

A 30‐inch WQXGA+ TFT‐LCD Monitor has been developed based on in‐plane switching mode. This product adopts Cu electrode which, in spite of low resistivity, was not commercially applied to TFT LCD products because of productivity and reliability problems etc. And also we developed new LC material for fast response time without circuit re‐design like over‐driving. As a results of successful adoption of innovative materials and technologies, our world's largest TFT‐LCD Monitor has best performance for high information display.