bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Analyses of Ephedra Plant and Ephedrine Samples and Their Application For Methamphetamine Profiling
Authors: Liu Cuimei , Liu Peipei , Jia Wei , Fan Yingfeng
Published: November 2017

In this study, stable isotope ratio analysis was used to track the precursor information of methamphetamine. The δ13C and δ15N values of 30 nature ephedra plants, 12 synthetic ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (ephedrine), 14 natural ephedrine, and 987 seized methamphetamine samples were measured and compared. Due to different weather and earth conditions, the δ13C and δ15N values of ephedra plants grown in the east and the west of Inner Mongolia showed great difference. The δ15N values of ephedra plants were consistent with related ephedrine extracted from them. Moreover, the criteria to infer the synthetic origin of ephedrine were set up after the analysis of natural and synthetic ephedrine samples. Finally, the precursor origins of 949 seized methamphetamine samples synthesized by Emde and Nagai method were tentatively inferred. Influenced by different preprecursors, the δ13C values of seized methamphetamine samples that synthesized from P2P also showed great difference, and this result is consistent with the reported data.
Density‐independent reproductive success of the hemiparasitic plant Striga hermonthica, despite positive and negative density‐dependent phases
Authors: Westerman P.R. , Hemerik L. , van der Werf W. , Stomph T.J.
Published: November 2017

The hemiparasite Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to smallholder farmer livelihoods and food security in sub‐Saharan Africa. A better understanding of its life‐cycle can help developing more effective management strategies. Here, we studied density dependence in S. hermonthica on Sorghum bicolor. We exposed two genotypes of S. bicolor that differed in the level of tolerance and resistance to S. hermonthica to a range of seed densities of the parasite. We evaluated multiple host and parasite performance parameters through periodic, destructive harvests and related these to the initial seed density using model selection. Initially, the probability for attachment was positively density‐dependent, suggesting facilitation of new infections. However, at host maturity, S. hermonthica infection probability showed strong negative density dependence, indicating severe competition, in particular in the early developmental stages. Although parasite shoot dry weight showed a strong negative density dependence at host maturity, flower production per parasite exhibited positive density dependence again, suggesting compensation. The two host genotypes had similar responses to increased parasite densities, indicating differences between the genotypes in tolerance but not resistance. Consequently, despite density dependence in life‐cycle components, the per capita reproductive output of S. hermonthica, R0 (flowers seed−1) was density‐independent. Apparently, management of the hemiparasite can neither benefit from a negatively density‐dependent bottleneck, nor from a positively density‐dependent Allee effect. The most promising suggestion to obtain S. hermonthica population decline (R0 < 1) and long‐term control is to increase host shading by growing a vigorous, competitive crop.
Predators and competitors of the mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stands of changing forest composition associated with elevation
Authors: Krause Adam M. , Townsend Philip A. , Lee Young , Raffa Kenneth F.
Published: November 2017

The mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an irruptive tree‐killing bark beetle native to pine stands in western North America. The primary hosts are lodgepole and ponderosa pines. Recent rising temperatures, however, have allowed these beetles to survive at higher elevations more commonly than in the past, thus threatening whitebark pine, a keystone species of high elevation ecosystems and a highly susceptible host.

The extent to which risk in whitebark pine stands may be mitigated by predators or competitors is unknown. We compared the communities of coleopteran predators and competitors ofD. ponderosaein sites of varying elevation and species composition in Montana and Wyoming, U.S.A. Sites were selected for low to moderate levels of tree mortality, where the potential of natural enemies to preventD. ponderosaefrom transitioning into outbreaks would be most relevant. Insect populations were evaluated using unbaited flight‐intercept panel traps and pheromone‐baited multiple funnel traps.

Only the predatory beetle speciesThanasimus undatulus(Coleoptera: Cleridae) was captured in these non‐outbreak stands. Based on the pheromone‐baited traps, predator load was higher at low‐elevation stands dominated by lodgepole pine than high‐elevation stands dominated by whitebark pine.

Phloeophagous insects were more prevalent in the mid‐ and higher‐elevation sites, although most of the species captured would not likely compete substantially for resources withD. ponderosae. We also observed differences in species assemblages between the Montana and Wyoming sites, as well as differing utilities of baited and unbaited traps at low versus moderate tree mortality levels.
Indoor allergen levels in settled airborne dust are higher in day‐care centers than at home
Authors: Sander I. , Lotz A. , Neumann H. D. , Czibor C. , Flagge A. , Zahradnik E. , Raulf M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Early‐life sensitization to indoor allergens predicts asthma development. The aim of this study was to compare allergen concentrations in day‐care centers (DCC) with those in private homes.

Methods

Settled airborne dust was collected 4 times a year from 20 German DCC (620 samples) and from the homes of children and day‐care workers (602 samples) using electrostatic dust collectors (EDC). The samples were analyzed with fluorescence enzyme immunoassays recognizing domestic mite allergens (DM), Fel d 1, Can f 1, and Mus m 1. Pet allergen thresholds that discriminate samples from homes with cats or dogs from those without were calculated using receiver‐operating characteristics. Influences on allergen levels were analyzed using multilevel models.

Results

Allergen loads were on average higher in DCC than in homes. In DCC, 96% of the samples were positive for DM, 95% for Can f 1, 90% for Fel d 1, and 83% for Mus m 1. In homes, 84% contained DM, 48.5% Can f 1, 33% Fel d 1, and 43% Mus m 1. The threshold level for homes with dogs was 75 ng/m² Can f 1 (96.8% sensitivity, 96% specificity), and the threshold level for homes with cats was 46 ng/m² Fel d 1 (92% sensitivity, 94.9% specificity). In DCC, Can f 1 and Fel d 1 loads were higher than these thresholds in 37% and 54% of the samples, respectively. Allergen levels were significantly influenced by the season and room type; however, carpets on floors had no influence.

Conclusions

Mite, mouse, cat, and dog allergens were mostly higher in DCC than in homes. Exposure to dog and cat allergens in DCC often reached levels of households with pets.
Pregnancy and perinatal conditions and atopic disease prevalence in childhood and adulthood
Authors: Gerlich J. , Benecke N. , Peters‐Weist A. S. , Heinrich S. , Roller D. , Genuneit J. , Weinmayr G. , Windstetter D. , Dressel H. , Range U. , Nowak D. , von Mutius E. , Radon K. , Vogelberg C.
Published: November 2017

Background

Previous studies showed controversial results for the influence of pregnancy‐related and perinatal factors on subsequent respiratory and atopic diseases in children. The aim of this study was to assess the association between perinatal variables and the prevalence of asthma, bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), flexural eczema (FE), allergic rhinitis, and sensitization in childhood and early adulthood.

Methods

The studied population was first examined in Munich and Dresden in 1995/1996 at age 9‐11 years. Participants were followed until age 19‐24 years using questionnaires and clinical examinations. Associations between perinatal data and subsequent atopic diseases were examined using logistic regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Cesarean section was statistically significantly associated with BHR in early adulthood (odds ratio 4.8 [95% confidence interval 1.5‐15.2]), while assisted birth was associated with presence of asthma symptoms in childhood (2.2 [1.2‐3.9]), FE symptoms (2.2 [1.2‐4.3]) and doctor's diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (1.9 [1.0‐3.4]) in childhood, and sensitization in early adulthood (2.2 [1.1‐4.3]). Lower birth length (1.9 [1.1‐3.2]), lower birthweight (0.5 [0.3‐0.9]), and higher birthweight (0.6 [0.4‐1.0]) were predictive of sensitization in early adulthood compared to average birth length and birthweight, respectively. None of the other perinatal factors showed statistically significant associations with the outcomes.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that children who are born by cesarean section and especially by assisted birth, might be at greater risk for developing asthma, FE, and sensitization and should hence be monitored. Prenatal maternal stress might partly explain these associations, which should be further investigated.
Prospective subgroup analyses of the randomized MCL‐002 (SPRINT) study: lenalidomide versus investigator's choice in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Arcaini Luca , Lamy Thierry , Walewski Jan , Belada David , Mayer Jiri , Radford John , Jurczak Wojciech , Morschhauser Franck , Alexeeva Julia , Rule Simon , Cabeçadas José , Campo Elias , Pileri Stefano A. , Biyukov Tsvetan , Patturajan Meera , Casadebaig Bravo Marie‐Laure , Trnĕný Marek ,   the SPRINT Trial Investigators
Published: November 2017

In the mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)‐002 study, lenalidomide demonstrated significantly improved median progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with investigator's choice (IC) in patients with relapsed/refractory MCL. Here we present the long‐term follow‐up data and results of preplanned subgroup exploratory analyses from MCL‐002 to evaluate the potential impact of demographic factors, baseline clinical characteristics and prior therapies on PFS. In MCL‐002, patients with relapsed/refractory MCL were randomized 2:1 to receive lenalidomide (25 mg/day orally on days 1–21; 28‐day cycles) or single‐agent IC therapy (rituximab, gemcitabine, fludarabine, chlorambucil or cytarabine). The intent‐to‐treat population comprised 254 patients (lenalidomide, n = 170; IC, n = 84). Subgroup analyses of PFS favoured lenalidomide over IC across most characteristics, including risk factors, such as high MCL International Prognostic Index score, age ≥65 years, high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), stage III/IV disease, high tumour burden, and refractoriness to last prior therapy. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, factors associated with significantly longer PFS (other than lenalidomide treatment) included normal LDH levels (P < 0·001), nonbulky disease (P = 0·045), <3 prior antilymphoma treatments (P = 0·005), and ≥6 months since last prior treatment (P = 0·032). Overall, lenalidomide improved PFS versus single‐agent IC therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory MCL, irrespective of many demographic factors, disease characteristics and prior treatment history.
Advances in targeted therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Kayser Sabine , Levis Mark J.
Published: November 2017

In the past few years, research in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has led to remarkable advances in our understanding of the disease. Cytogenetic and molecular aberrations are the most important factors in determining response to chemotherapy as well as long‐term outcome, but beyond prognostication are potential therapeutic targets. Our increased understanding of the pathogenesis of AML, facilitated by next‐generation sequencing, has spurred the development of new compounds in the treatment of AML, particularly the creation of small molecules that target the disease on a molecular level. Various new agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal or bispecific T‐cell engager antibodies, metabolic and pro‐apoptotic agents are currently investigated within clinical trials. The highest response rates are often achieved when new molecularly targeted therapies are combined with standard chemotherapy. Presented here is an overview of novel therapies currently being evaluated in AML.
Review of the association between retinal microvascular characteristics and eye disease
Authors: Newman Alexander , Andrew Nicholas , Casson Robert
Published: November 2017

Computerized retinal imaging technologies enable the static and dynamic measurement of a range of retinal microvascular parameters. Large population‐based studies have reported associations between these microvascular indices and various ophthalmic diseases including diabetes, age‐related macular degeneration, retinal artery embolism, retinal vein occlusion, glaucoma and non‐glaucomatous optic neuropathies. Increasingly, sophisticated imaging and analysis techniques have the potential to provide relevant clinical information regarding disease risk and progression; however, further studies are required to verify associations and strengthen the predictive power of these techniques. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding retinal microvascular characteristics and eye disease.
A multispecies test of source–sink indicators to prioritize habitat for declining populations
Authors: Heinrichs Julie A. , Lawler Joshua J. , Schumaker Nathan H. , Wilsey Chad B. , Monroe Kira C. , Aldridge Cameron L.
Published: November 2017

For species at risk of decline or extinction in source–sink systems, sources are an obvious target for habitat protection actions. However, the way in which source habitats are identified and prioritized can reduce the effectiveness of conservation actions. Although sources and sinks are conceptually defined using both demographic and movement criteria, simplifications are often required in systems with limited data. To assess the conservation outcomes of alternative source metrics and resulting prioritizations, we simulated population dynamics and extinction risk for 3 endangered species. Using empirically based habitat population models, we linked habitat maps with measured site‐ or habitat‐specific demographic conditions, movement abilities, and behaviors. We calculated source–sink metrics over a range of periods of data collection and prioritized consistently high‐output sources for conservation. We then tested whether prioritized patches identified the habitats that most affected persistence by removing them and measuring the population response. Conservation decisions based on different source–sink metrics and durations of data collection affected species persistence. Shorter time series obscured the ability of metrics to identify influential habitats, particularly in temporally variable and slowly declining populations. Data‐rich source–sink metrics that included both demography and movement information did not always identify the habitats with the greatest influence on extinction risk. In some declining populations, patch abundance better predicted influential habitats for short‐term regional persistence. Because source–sink metrics (i.e., births minus deaths; births and immigrations minus deaths and emigration) describe net population conditions and cancel out gross population counts, they may not adequately identify influential habitats in declining populations. For many nonequilibrium populations, new metrics that maintain the counts of individual births, deaths, and movement may provide additional insight into habitats that most influence persistence.
Polyethylene glycol as marker for nitrofurazone allergy: 20 years of experience from Turkey
Authors: Özkaya Esen , Kılıç Sıla
Published: November 2017

Background

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and propylene glycol (PG) are used as vehicles in various medicinal and cosmetic products. They are potential contact sensitizers, including low molecular weight PEGs in nitrofurazone preparations that are still widely used in Turkey.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis caused by PEG and PG in a relatively large group of patients in Turkey.

Methods

In this retrospective, cross‐sectional, single‐centre study, 836 patients patch tested with PEG and PG between 1996 and 2015 were reviewed.

Results

Thirty‐five patients (4.2%) showed positive patch test reactions to PEG, and 7 (0.8%) showed positive patch test reactions to PG, partly as late positive reactions with PEG. PEG sensitivity was almost exclusively related to nitrofurazone allergy. Patch test reactions to PG were currently relevant mainly with regard to the use of minoxidil, and antiherpetic or corticosteroid creams. Ten patients (25%) had concomitant contact allergies to various topical drugs containing mainly PEGs.

Conclusions

PEG sensitivity seems to be a marker for contact allergy to topical nitrofurazone in Turkey. Nitrofurazone allergy appears to favour concomitant sensitization to PEG. We would suggest the inclusion of PEG in an extended baseline patch test series in Turkey. Late patch test readings are important to diagnose delayed positive reactions to PEG.
Sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir with or without ribavirin is safe and effective for post‐transplant hepatitis C recurrence and severe fibrosis and cirrhosis: A prospective study
Authors: Lionetti Raffaella , Calvaruso Vincenza , Piccolo Paola , Mancusi Rossella Letizia , Mazzarelli Chiara , Fagiuoli Stefano , Montalbano Marzia , Lenci Ilaria , Carrai Paola , Guaraldi Giovanni , Visco‐Comandini Ubaldo , Milana Martina , Biolato Marco , Loiacono Laura , Valente Giovanna , Craxì Antonio , Angelico Mario , D'offizi Gianpiero
Published: November 2017

Background

In 2012, an Italian Named Patient Program began for hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected liver transplant (LT) recipients with advanced fibrosis, before approval of direct antiviral agents (DAA), to benefit severely ill patients. The aim of this “real‐life” study was to assess treatment efficacy and safety with an extended course of daclatasvir (DCV) plus sofosbuvir (SOF) with or without ribavirin (RBV).

Methods

All HCV LT recipients with severe fibrosis in 15 Italian transplant centers were treated with DCV+SOF±RBV for 24 weeks; sustained virological response was assessed at 12 weeks post‐treatment (SVR12).

Results

Eighty‐seven patients were enrolled (75.9% males, mean age 58.4 ± 7.2 years, 83.9% genotype 1, 81.6% cirrhosis); 52 (59.8%) received RBV. Overall, 79 obtained SVR12 (90.8%): 100% in F3 and 88.7% in cirrhotics (91.5% in Child‐Pugh A, 83.3% in Child‐Pugh B and C). According to the treatment group, SVR was 80% in DCV + SOF group and 98.1% in SOF + DCV + RBV. Two virological relapses occurred during follow‐up in cirrhotic patients who received DCV + SOF. Four cirrhotic patients in DCV + SOF group and 1 in DCV + SOF + RBV group died on treatment.

Conclusion

An extended course of SOF plus DCV for 24 weeks, with or without RBV, is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of post‐LT HCV recurrence with severe fibrosis.
Granular cell basal cell carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Ma Xinyi , Wang Guihua , Kuwadekar Aditya , Zhao Min , Hu Weili , Wu Yeqin , Yi Zhongliang , Xu Xianen , Xu Li
Published: November 2017

Granular cell basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a rare histopathological variant of BCC. Our review of the literature revealed only 17 previously identified cases. We report the case of a 47‐year‐old man who presented with an ulceration on his right upper lip which was subsequently removed. Histopathologic examination revealed that the tumor was composed solely of granular cells with numerous cytoplasmic eosinophilic round inclusion bodies. Mitotic figures ranged from 8 to 15 per 10 high‐power fields, with a Ki‐67 proliferative index of ~5%. Immunohistochemically, the granular cells showed strong and diffuse positivity for Ber‐EP4, pan‐cytokeratin, AE1/AE3, CK5/6 and p63 and focal positivity for lysozyme, CD68 (clone KP1) and Bcl‐2.
Effects of single and multiple herbivory by host and non‐host caterpillars on the attractiveness of herbivore‐induced volatiles of sugarcane to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia flavipes
Authors: Peñaflor Maria Fernanda G.V. , Gonçalves Felipe G. , Colepicolo Camila , Sanches Patricia A. , Bento José Mauricio S.
Published: November 2017

It is well known that parasitoids are attracted to volatiles emitted by host‐damaged plants; however, this tritrophic interaction may change if plants are attacked by more than one herbivore species. The larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipesCameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has been used intensively in Brazil to control the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalisFabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane crops, where Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a non‐stemborer lepidopteran, is also a pest. Here, we investigated the ability of C. flavipes to discriminate between an unsuitable host (S. frugiperda) and a suitable host (D. saccharalis) based on herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) emitted by sugarcane, and whether multiple herbivory (D. saccharalis feeding on stalk + S. frugiperda feeding on leaves) in sugarcane affected the attractiveness of HIPVs to C. flavipes. Olfactometer assays indicated that volatiles of host and non‐host‐damaged plants were attractive to C. flavipes. Even though host‐ and non‐host‐damaged plants emitted considerably different volatile blends, neither naïve nor experienced wasps discriminated suitable and unsuitable hosts by means of HIPVs emitted by sugarcane. With regard to multiple herbivory, wasps innately preferred the odor blend emitted by sugarcane upon non‐host + host herbivory over host‐only damaged plants. Multiple herbivory caused a suppression of some volatiles relative to non‐host‐damaged sugarcane that may have resulted from the unaltered levels of jasmonic acid in host‐damaged plants, or from reduced palatability of host‐damaged plants to S. frugiperda. In conclusion, our study showed that C. flavipes responds to a wide range of plant volatile blends, and does not discriminate host from non‐host and non‐stemborer caterpillars based on HIPVs emitted from sugarcane. Moreover, we showed that multiple herbivory by the sugarcane borer and fall armyworm increases the attractiveness of sugarcane plants to the parasitoids.
Evidence‐based dentistry can effectively be taught to dental care professional students – A mixed methods study
Authors: Kahatab A. F. , Ho Y. B. , O'Reilly D. , Tan C. , McTernan J. , Ahmad T. , O'Halloran A. , Sagheri D. , Abdollahi A. , Mac Giolla Phadraig C.
Published: November 2017

Background

Little research exists in the teaching of evidence‐based dentistry (EBD) to students in the fields of dental hygiene, dental nursing and orthodontic therapy. This study aims to analyse the effect of a 1‐day EBD programme on knowledge and confidence whilst also gaining insight into students’ experience of the intervention.

Method

A mixed methods study was utilised with explanatory sequential design. The population consisted of dental hygiene (DH), dental nursing (DN) and orthodontic therapy (OT) students (N = 44). The intervention consisted of a 1‐day active learning EBD programme, delivered via group projects and lectures. In the initial quantitative phase, a standardised questionnaire pre‐ and post ‐intervention measured changes in confidence for all participants, whilst change in knowledge was measured for DH and OT students only. Following this, focus groups were scheduled for all members of each discipline 3 months post‐intervention for DN and 2 months post‐intervention for DH and OT students. Semi‐structured focus group schedules were drawn up, and groups organised according to the outcomes of quantitative data analysis. Qualitative results were analysed using a deductive adaptation of Burnard's thematic content analysis.

Results

Forty‐two students took part (94.45%) in this study. Median knowledge scores increased from zero to two of five (P < .001), whilst median confidence score doubled from four to eight of eight (P < .001). Results of thematic content analysis were coincident with quantitative results; however, it also provided constructive feedback regarding design and content of the course.

Conclusions

A 1‐day bespoke programme in EBD increased students’ confidence and knowledge in EBD skills. However, the findings further suggest that two successive half‐day training sessions instead of one full‐day training, tied in with coursework that requires the application of the acquired skills, may increase the learning experience further.
Subspecialty preferences among neurologists of the future
Authors: Zis P. , Macerollo A. , Sauerbier A. , Papp V. , Klingelhoefer L. , Cock H. R.
Published: November 2017

Background and purpose

In the era of neurological subspecialization, most neurologists will have a field of specialist interest. The aim of this cross‐sectional multinational study was to identify the key areas of interest among trainees or junior specialists, assess the potential influence of an interest in research and consider the results in light of population needs.

Methods

A total of 300 residents and junior neurologists who received a bursary to attend the European Academy of Neurology conference were invited to participate in this study. Demographic and work‐related characteristics, as well as main subspecialty of choice, were examined via an anonymous electronic questionnaire. Participants holding a higher degree (PhD/MD) or working in research posts were considered research oriented.

Results

In total, 191 neurologists in training or junior specialists responded (response rate 63.7%). Full data were available for 187 participants (59.4% females). The study sample had a mean age of 30.5 ± 3.4 (range 25–45) years. The most popular subspecialty was movement disorders (18.2%), followed by multiple sclerosis (11.2%) and epilepsy (10.2%). This did not differ significantly between the participants who were or were not research oriented.

Conclusions

There is a potential mismatch between the interests of trainees and the future needs of the populations they serve, which is important to identify for workforce planning.
The future of fish passage science, engineering, and practice
Authors: Silva Ana T. , Lucas Martyn C. , Castro‐Santos Theodore , Katopodis Christos , Baumgartner Lee J. , Thiem Jason D. , Aarestrup Kim , Pompeu Paulo S. , O'Brien Gordon C. , Braun Douglas C. , Burnett Nicholas J. , Zhu David Z. , Fjeldstad Hans‐Petter , Forseth Torbjørn , Rajaratnam Nallamuthu , Williams John G. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: November 2017

Much effort has been devoted to developing, constructing and refining fish passage facilities to enable target species to pass barriers on fluvial systems, and yet, fishway science, engineering and practice remain imperfect. In this review, 17 experts from different fish passage research fields (i.e., biology, ecology, physiology, ecohydraulics, engineering) and from different continents (i.e., North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia) identified knowledge gaps and provided a roadmap for research priorities and technical developments. Once dominated by an engineering‐focused approach, fishway science today involves a wide range of disciplines from fish behaviour to socioeconomics to complex modelling of passage prioritization options in river networks. River barrier impacts on fish migration and dispersal are currently better understood than historically, but basic ecological knowledge underpinning the need for effective fish passage in many regions of the world, including in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., equatorial Africa, South‐East Asia), remains largely unknown. Designing efficient fishways, with minimal passage delay and post‐passage impacts, requires adaptive management and continued innovation. While the use of fishways in river restoration demands a transition towards fish passage at the community scale, advances in selective fishways are also needed to manage invasive fish colonization. Because of the erroneous view in some literature and communities of practice that fish passage is largely a proven technology, improved international collaboration, information sharing, method standardization and multidisciplinary training are needed. Further development of regional expertise is needed in South America, Asia and Africa where hydropower dams are currently being planned and constructed.
Melatonin therapy reduces the risk of osteoporosis and normalizes bone formation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ghareghani Majid , Scavo Linda , Arnoult Damien , Zibara Kazem , Farhadi Naser
Published: November 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Serum levels of melatonin decrease in MS patients who are also at risk of osteoporosis. Procalcitonin (proCT) has been reported as a biomarker of systemic inflammation and autoimmune disease; however, its changes in MS patients have not been well explored. This study investigated, using ELISA, the clinical correlation between serum melatonin and proCT in MS patients. We then assessed the effect of melatonin (10 mg/kg) therapy on bone metabolism and osteoporosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS and in MS patients. Data showed a significant increase (*P < 0.05) in serum levels of proCT in MS patients, inversely correlated (r  =  −0.945; P  =  0.0001) with melatonin levels, compared to healthy participants. On the other hand, melatonin therapy ameliorated EAE severity by significantly decreasing (*P < 0.05) mean clinical scores, compared to control EAE mice. In addition, serum levels of proCT significantly (**P < 0.01) increased in EAE mice, compared to controls, which was significantly (*P < 0.05) reduced by melatonin. Moreover, EAE‐induced decrease in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and osteocalcin (OCN) in EAE mice, compared to controls, was significantly (*P < 0.05) increased by melatonin. Finally, OCN serum levels were found to be significantly decreased (*P < 0.05) in MS patients, in comparison with controls. Taken together, we suggest that proCT could be used as a diagnostic biomarker in MS patients and that melatonin normalizes bone metabolites in MS. Further clinical and experimental investigations are needed to understand bone metabolism in MS.
Post‐genomic behavioral genetics: From revolution to routine
Authors: Ashbrook D. G. , Mulligan M. K. , Williams R. W.
Published: November 2017

What was once expensive and revolutionary—full‐genome sequence—is now affordable and routine. Costs will continue to drop, opening up new frontiers in behavioral genetics. This shift in costs from the genome to the phenome is most notable in large clinical studies of behavior and associated diseases in cohorts that exceed hundreds of thousands of subjects. Examples include the Women's Health Initiative (www.whi.org), the Million Veterans Program (www.research.va.gov/MVP), the 100 000 Genomes Project (genomicsengland.co.uk) and commercial efforts such as those by deCode (www.decode.com) and 23andme (www.23andme.com). The same transition is happening in experimental neuro‐ and behavioral genetics, and sample sizes of many hundreds of cases are becoming routine (www.genenetwork.org, www.mousephenotyping.org). There are two major consequences of this new affordability of massive omics datasets: (1) it is now far more practical to explore genetic modulation of behavioral differences and the key role of gene‐by‐environment interactions. Researchers are already doing the hard part—the quantitative analysis of behavior. Adding the omics component can provide powerful links to molecules, cells, circuits and even better treatment. (2) There is an acute need to highlight and train behavioral scientists in how best to exploit new omics approaches. This review addresses this second issue and highlights several new trends and opportunities that will be of interest to experts in animal and human behaviors.
Assembly of insect hormone enthusiasts at Nasu Highland, Japan: Report of the 3rd International Insect Hormone (21st Ecdysone) Workshop
Authors: Niwa Ryusuke , Nishimura Takashi
Published: November 2017

The 3rd International Insect Hormone (21st Ecdysone) Workshop (IIHW2017) was held in July 2017 at Nasu Highland, Japan. In the 40 years of the workshop's history, this was the first to be held in an Asian country. A total of 109 insect hormone researchers from 18 countries (62 overseas and 47 domestic participants) attended IIHW2017. During the workshop, all participants stayed on‐site at the venue's hotel; this was ideal for fostering communication between participants, in particular, interactions between principal investigators and young scientists. The workshop featured one keynote, 64 oral, and 35 poster presentations spanning molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, neurobiology, chemical biology, physiology, and ecology of insect hormones, including ecdysteroids, juvenile hormones, and a variety of neuropeptides. The workshop provided an ideal platform for discussing insect hormone biology using not only the typical genetic model insect, the fruit fly Drosophila, but also a diversity of interesting insects, such as the silkworm, the red flour beetle, the cricket, the dragonfly, the social ant, the bloodsucking tick, and so on. The participants succeeded in sharing the latest knowledge in a wide range of insect hormone research fields and in joining active and constructive scientific discussions.
A three‐goal model for patients with multimorbidity: A qualitative approach
Authors: Vermunt Neeltje P. , Harmsen Mirjam , Elwyn Glyn , Westert Gert P. , Burgers Jako S. , Olde Rikkert Marcel G. , Faber Marjan J.
Published: November 2017

Background

To meet the challenge of multimorbidity in decision making, a switch from a disease‐oriented to a goal‐oriented approach could be beneficial for patients and clinicians. More insight about the concept and the implementation of this approach in clinical practice is needed.

Objective

This study aimed to develop conceptual descriptions of goal‐oriented care by examining the perspectives of general practitioners (GPs) and clinical geriatricians (CGs), and how the concept relates to collaborative communication and shared decision making with elderly patients with multimorbidity.

Method

Qualitative interviews with GPs and CGs were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Clinicians distinguished disease‐ or symptom‐specific goals, functional goals and a new type of goals, which we labelled as fundamental goals. “Fundamental goals” are goals specifying patient's priorities in life, related to their values and core relationships. These fundamental goals can be considered implicitly or explicitly in decision making or can be ignored. Reasons to explicate goals are the potential mismatch between medical standards and patient preferences and the need to know individual patient values in case of multimorbidity, including the management in acute situations.

Conclusion

Based on the perspectives of clinicians, we expanded the concept of goal‐oriented care by identifying a three‐level goal hierarchy. This model could facilitate collaborative goal‐setting for patients with multiple long‐term conditions in clinical practice. Future research is needed to refine and validate this model and to provide specific guidance for medical training and practice.
What is the value of Values Based Recruitment for nurse education programmes?
Authors: Groothuizen Johanna E. , Callwood Alison , Gallagher Ann
Published: November 2017

Aim

A discussion of issues associated with Values Based Recruitment (VBR) for nurse education programmes.

Background

Values Based Recruitment is a mandatory element in selection processes of students for Higher Education healthcare courses in England, including all programmes across nursing. Students are selected on the basis that their individual values align with those presented in the Constitution of the National Health Service. However, there are issues associated with the use of values as selection criteria that have been insufficiently addressed. These are discussed.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

This article is based on documents published on the website of the executive body responsible for the implementation of a policy regarding VBR in Higher Education Institutions up until June 2017 and our evaluation of the conceptualisation of VBR, underpinned by contemporary theory and literature.

Implications for nursing

Values Based Recruitment influences who is accepted onto a nurse education programme, but there has been limited critical evaluation regarding the effectiveness of employing values as selection criteria. Values are subject to interpretation and evidence regarding whether or how VBR will improve practice and care is lacking. The issues discussed in this article show that Higher Education Institutions offering nursing courses, whether in England or in other countries, should be critical and reflective regarding the implementation of VBR methods.

Conclusion

We call for a debate regarding the meaning and implications of VBR and further research regarding its validity and effectiveness.
A peer learning intervention targeting newly graduated nurses: A feasibility study with a descriptive design based on the Medical Research Council framework
Authors: Pålsson Ylva , Engström Maria , Leo Swenne Christine , Mårtensson Gunilla
Published: November 2017

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe the feasibility of a peer learning intervention targeting newly graduated nurses. Feasibility was tested concerning consistency of the theoretical description of peer learning with empirical findings in a new context, compliance and acceptability, as well as usability of a questionnaire measuring the intended future outcome variables.

Background

Newly graduated nurses who meet, socialize and share experiences have described supporting each other's ability to cope with stress. Peer learning involves individuals in a similar situation learning from and with each other through interaction. When implementing new interventions, feasibility studies are used to minimize problems in future evaluation studies.

Design

Quasi‐experimental design with an intervention group, followed over time using descriptive methods. The study was based on the Medical Research Council framework.

Methods

Repeated semi‐structured interviews, a checklist for fidelity and a questionnaire were conducted with 10 newly graduated nurses from January to March 2015. The intervention's main component included pairs of newly graduated nurses working the same shift and having joint responsibility for a group of patients for a period of 3 weeks. The intervention also included 3 months of regular reflection by the pair.

Findings

Using deductive analysis, the peer learning intervention was found to be consistent with the theoretical description. Due to the compliance and acceptability, there were lessons learnt. The tested questionnaire was found to be useful.

Conclusions

This peer learning intervention seems to be feasible in this context. This study will serve as the basis for a future full‐scale evaluation study.
Stereological assessment of the blood‐air barrier and the surfactant system after mesenchymal stem cell pretreatment in a porcine non‐heart‐beating donor model for lung transplantation
Authors: Schnapper Anke , Christmann Astrid , Knudsen Lars , Rahmanian Parwis , Choi Yeong‐Hoon , Zeriouh Mohamed , Karavidic Samira , Neef Klaus , Sterner‐Kock Anja , Guschlbauer Maria , Hofmaier Florian , Maul Alexandra C. , Wittwer Thorsten , Wahlers Thorsten , Mühlfeld Christian , Ochs Matthias
Published: November 2017

More frequent utilization of non‐heart‐beating donor (NHBD) organs for lung transplantation has the potential to relieve the shortage of donor organs. In particular with respect to uncontrolled NHBD, concerns exist regarding the risk of ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury‐related graft damage or dysfunction. Due to their immunomodulating and tissue‐remodelling properties, bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suspected of playing a beneficial role regarding short‐ and long‐term survival and function of the allograft. Thus, MSC administration might represent a promising pretreatment strategy for NHBD organs. To study the initial effects of warm ischaemia and MSC application, a large animal lung transplantation model was generated, and the structural organ composition of the transplanted lungs was analysed stereologically with particular respect to the blood–gas barrier and the surfactant system. In this study, porcine lungs (n = 5/group) were analysed. Group 1 was the sham‐operated control group. In pigs of groups 2–4, cardiac arrest was induced, followed by a period of 3 h of ventilated ischaemia at room temperature. In groups 3 and 4, 50 × 106 MSCs were administered intravascularly via the pulmonary artery and endobronchially, respectively, during the last 10 min of ischaemia. The left lungs were transplanted, followed by a reperfusion period of 4 h. Then, lungs were perfusion‐fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Samples were analysed stereologically for IR injury‐related structural parameters, including volume densities and absolute volumes of parenchyma components, alveolar septum components, intra‐alveolar oedema, and the intracellular and intra‐alveolar surfactant pool. Additionally, the volume‐weighted mean volume of lamellar bodies (lbs) and their profile size distribution were determined. Three hours of ventilated warm ischaemia was tolerated without eliciting histological or ultrastructural signs of IR injury, as revealed by qualitative and quantitative assessment. However, warm ischaemia influenced the surfactant system. The volume‐weighted mean volume of lbs was reduced significantly (P = 0.024) in groups subjected to ischaemia (group medians of groups 2–4: 0.180–0.373 μm³) compared with the sham control group (median 0.814 μm³). This was due to a lower number of large lb profiles (size classes 5–15). In contrast, the intra‐alveolar surfactant system was not altered significantly. No significant differences were encountered comparing ischaemia alone (group 2) or ischaemia plus application of MSCs (groups 3 and 4) in this short‐term model.
Efficacy and safety of topical depigmenting agent in healthy human fair skin female volunteers: A single‐arm study
Authors: Shah Saurabh , Chew Soon‐Keong
Published: November 2017

Background

Skin hyperpigmentation is the darkening of skin due to the increased production of melanin in the body.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a botanical‐based Rosa E pigmentation serum in healthy fair skin female volunteers with wrinkles, skin tone, and pigmentation.

Methods

This was a single‐arm, open label study conducted in healthy Indian females; 18 subjects aged 30‐55, having fair Caucasian‐like skin with at least 2 dark skin pigments with facial wrinkles diagnosed by dermatologist were selected. Rosa E pigmentation serum was applied twice a day for 84 days. Effect was evaluated by (i) instrumental technique (spectrophotometer® 2600D), (ii) clinically by dermatologist regarding product efficacy (skin tone, antiwrinkle, pigmentation), and (iii) volunteers self‐evaluation.

Results

The L* value of spectrophotometer reading represents lightness in the skin pigment. Reduction in the pigment was reported from day 14, with significant reductions observed till day 84 compared with baseline. Significant (P < .0001) skin pigmentation lightening was seen on day 14 (1.11) vastly improving on day 84 (1.94) based on photographic assessments. The significant reduction in skin pigment was 76.85%, Felix von Luschan skin color score was 30.24% (P < .0001) with a 7.38‐fold reduction in skin tone and 57% reduction in facial wrinkles at day 84 from baseline.

Conclusions

Rosa E pigmentation serum was found safe and effective in significant reduction in skin pigments, improvement of skin tone, and antiwrinkle properties instrumentally, clinically, and self‐evaluation by volunteers. In these evaluations, best results were seen the longer the Rosa E was used.
Recruiting to cohort studies in specialist healthcare services: Lessons learned from clinical research nurses inUKcleft services
Authors: Zucchelli Fabio , Rumsey Nichola , Humphries Kerry , Bennett Rhiannon , Davies Amy , Sandy Jonathan , Stock Nicola Marie
Published: November 2017

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences of clinical research nurses recruiting patients in a large specialist care‐based cohort study.

Background

Longitudinal studies are vital to better understand the aetiology and moderators of health conditions. This need is especially salient for congenital conditions, such as cleft lip and/or palate, where establishing large, comprehensive data sets from birth is vital to improve understanding and to inform interventions. Various barriers exist in recruiting patients to large cohort studies. The role of clinical research nurses embedded within health settings has grown over past decades to facilitate data collection, yet challenges remain.

Design

Qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Individual semi‐structured interviews with 12 clinical research nurses based in 10 National Health Service cleft services across the UK, recruiting to the Cleft Collective Birth Cohort Study.

Results

Of seven emergent themes, three highlighted challenges to recruiting patients, another three described facilitative factors, and one theme overlapped challenges and facilitators. Challenges included the life circumstances of potential participants; language barriers; and limited clinical research nurse time for study. Facilitative factors included integrating research into clinical practice; patient information shared with clinical research nurses; and support from the university‐based research study team. The theme “Method of data collection” related to both challenges and facilitators.

Conclusions

The qualitative data from clinical research nurses recruiting to a large birth cohort study provide helpful practical detail for specialist healthcare teams, specialist nurses, clinical research nurses and researchers looking to optimise recruitment and data collection in longitudinal studies.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings suggest the importance of specialist clinical services and research study teams cooperating to embed research into everyday clinical practice, without compromising care. This should facilitate patients’ willingness to participate in important research like the Cleft Collective study and provide them with a positive experience of research.