bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Dysfunction Among Male Patients Receiving Buprenorphine and Naltrexone Maintenance Therapy for Opioid Dependence
Authors: Ramdurg Santosh , Ambekar Atul , Lal Rakesh
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Opioid-dependent men suffer from sexual dysfunctions in the short and long term. The medications used for long-term pharmacotherapy of opioid dependence also affect sexual functioning, though this has been a poorly investigated area so far.

Aim

To study the sexual dysfunction in opioid-dependent men receiving buprenorphine and naltrexone maintenance therapy.

Methods

A semistructured questionnaire and Brief Male Sexual Functioning Inventory (BMFSI) was administered to a sample of 60 sexually active men, receiving buprenorphine (n = 30) and naltrexone (n = 30) maintenance therapy for opioid dependence.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence of premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, low sexual desire, weakness due to semen loss, and overall satisfaction.

Results

About 83% of the men on buprenorphine and 90% on naltrexone reported at least one of the sexual dysfunction symptoms. The commonly reported dysfunctions were premature ejaculation (83% in buprenorphine and 87% in naltrexone), erectile dysfunction (43% in buprenorphine and 67% in naltrexone), and loss/reduction in sexual desire (33% in buprenorphine and 47% in naltrexone). On BMSFI however, there were no significant differences among both the groups.

Conclusion

Opioid dependence as well as its pharmacological treatment is associated with sexual dysfunctions, which has clinical implication. Future research should explore this further using biochemical analyses.
Erectile Dysfunction and Coronary Artery Disease: An Association of Higher Risk in Younger Men
Authors: Riedner Charles E. , Rhoden Ernani L. , Fuchs Sandra C. , Wainstein Marco V. , Gonçalves Sandro C. , Wainstein Rodrigo V. , Zago Alexandre , Bourscheit Fernando , Katz Natan , Zago Alcides J. , Ribeiro Jorge P. , Fuchs Flávio D.
Published: March 2011

Introduction

The association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been described in various settings, but it is unclear if there is an independent interaction with age.

Aim

To investigate the interaction of age in the association between ED and CAD.

Methods

This case-control study was conducted among 242 patients referred for elective coronary angiography. One hundred fourteen patients with significant CAD were identified as cases and 128 controls without significant CAD. ED was evaluated by the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire, determined by a score ≤25 points.

Main Outcome Measures

Significant CAD was based on stenosis of 50% or greater in the diameter in at least one of the major epicardial vessels or their branches. The analysis was conducted in the whole sample and according to the age strata, controlling for the effects of cardiovascular risk factors, testosterone, and C-reactive protein.

Results

Patients had on average 58.3 ± 8.9 years. CAD and ED were associated exclusively in patients younger than 60 years (ED in 68.8% of patients with CAD vs. 46.7% of patients without CAD, P  = 0.009). The association was independent of cardiovascular risk factors, testosterone and C-reactive protein (risk ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval from 1.04 to 5.19). Severity of CAD was higher in patients younger than 60 years with ED.

Conclusions

Men with less than 60 years of age who report ED presented a higher risk of having chronic CAD and more severe disease diagnosed by coronary angiography.
Out of Eastern Africa: Defibulation and Sexual Function in Woman with Female Genital Mutilation
Authors: Krause Elke , Brandner Sonja , Mueller Michael D. , Kuhn Annette
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female external genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons.

Aim

Aim of this study was to determine sexual function before and after defibulation using a CO2 laser in migrant women who had undergone FGM in the past.

Main Outcome Measures

Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) before and 6 months after defibulation.

Methods

Patients were asked to fill the FSFI before surgery and at 6 months follow-up. Defibulation took place under general anesthetic using a CO2 laser.

Results

Eighteen patients underwent defibulation in a standardized manner and filled in the FSFI completely. Female sexual function improves after surgical defibulation in the domains desire, arousal, satisfaction, and pain whereas lubrification and orgasm remained unchanged.

Conclusion

Defibulation using CO2 laser may improve some aspects of sexual function in patients who undergo defibulation but not all.
Exogenous Testosterone and Estrogen Affect Bladder Tissue Contractility and Histomorphology Differently in Rat Ovariectomy Model
Authors: Tanidir Yiloren , Ercan Feriha , Tarcan Tufan
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Changes in sex hormone levels may play a role in the etiology of lower urinary tract dysfunction of aging women where the possible role of testosterone is overlooked.

Aim

To determine the effect of testosterone with/without estrogen replacement on histological and functional deterioration in ovariectomized rat bladder tissue.

Methods

A total of 54 female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Except sham operated (control group), all others underwent bilateral ovariectomy. No further treatment was given to the ovariectomy-only group (OVX group). At the third week of ovariectomy treatments were started; vehicle agent (VA group), estradiol (E2 group), testosterone undecanoate (T group), and estradiol+testosterone undecanoate combination (E2+T group) in physiological doses. Nine weeks after ovariectomy, bladder strips were harvested for isometric tension and histopathological studies.

Main Outcome Measures

To assess the effect of testosterone/estradiol on ovariectomized rat bladder tissue function and histomorphology.

Results

OVX and VA groups showed statistically significant histological changes such as urothelial damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, increase in collagen fibers and muscular atrophy compared with the control group. Both E2 and T reversed these changes but best histomorphological restoration was observed in E2+T group. In isometric tension studies, ovariectomy tended to increase contractile responses which were normalized after E2 treatment. In contrary to E2, T significantly increased contractile responses that were normalized with combination treatment. During relaxation studies statistically significant higher relaxation responses were observed in ovariectomized rats. Although both exogenous testosterone and estradiol tended to reverse this effect, a statistically significant difference was found only after testosterone treatment.

Conclusion

Either estradiol or testosterone replacement alone or in combination prevents significant alterations in bladder tissue histology following ovariectomy whereas both affect the bladder tissue contractility. Thus, combination treatment appears to be the best method to restore both contractility and histomorphology of bladder tissue after ovariectomy.
Marketing for Public Health: We Need an App for That
Authors: ROYNE MARLA B. , LEVY MARIAN
Published: March 2011

Marketing is well known as a powerful tool that influences consumers in their purchase behavior. Unfortunately, creative marketing approaches are not generally utilized in the area of public health. There are many consequences of this lack of effective marketing in public health, and improved communications in today's media environment are part of the solution.
Advertising Framing Effects and Consideration of Future Consequences
Authors: KEES JEREMY
Published: March 2011

Many consumers have a difficult time considering the future consequences of their behaviors and are prone to discount future health risks. The two experiments presented here test the effectiveness of framing techniques designed to persuade consumers who typically do not consider the future consequences of their behaviors to make better health decisions. Results from Study 1 show that present‐oriented consumers can be more strongly persuaded by messages that emphasize proximal rather than distal consequences of unhealthy food choices. Findings of Study 2 suggest that messages focused on promotion strategies (vs. prevention strategies) result in higher behavioral intentions for present‐oriented consumers.
Heterogeneous Consumer Responses to Snack Food Taxes and Warning Labels
Authors: LACANILAO RYAN D. , CASH SEAN B. , ADAMOWICZ WIKTOR L.
Published: March 2011

The possible effects of targeted snack food taxes on purchase decisions were assessed via computer‐assisted intercept surveys in Canadian supermarkets, utilizing attribute‐based stated preference methods (“choice experiments”). Participants were asked to choose between high‐fat snacks, some displaying a warning label, and healthier snacks. Latent class models explaining choice were estimated. Results show heterogeneity of consumer response, with notable implications for public health. One class heeds warning labels, another avoids less healthy snacks and becomes more sensitive to price when a warning label is present, and a third class is sensitive to price but not warning labels.
Enhancing Self‐Referencing to Health Messages
Authors: CHANG CHINGCHING
Published: March 2011

A mediation model in which internal and external request tactics enhances the perceived effectiveness of a public health messages by increasing self‐referencing, but only for persons concerned about the targeted health issue. For those concerned about hepatitis B (but not for those who are not concerned), using second‐person pronouns rather than third‐person terms (an internal request tactic) and using rhetorical questions rather than declarative statements in the ad headings (an external request tactic) enhance perceived message effectiveness. As expected, both processes are mediated by increased self‐referencing.
Developing the NASA Food System for Long‐Duration Missions
Authors: Cooper Maya , Douglas Grace , Perchonok Michele
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Even though significant development has transformed the space food system over the last 5 decades to attain more appealing dietary fare for low‐orbit space crews, the advances do not meet the need for crews that might travel to Mars and beyond. It is estimated that a food system for a long‐duration mission must maintain organoleptic acceptability, nutritional efficacy, and safety for a 3‐ to 5‐y period to be viable. In addition, the current mass and subsequent waste of the food system must decrease significantly to accord with the allowable volume and payload limits of the proposed future space vehicles. Failure to provide the appropriate food or to optimize resource utilization introduces the risk that an inadequate food system will hamper mission success and/or threaten crew performance. Investigators for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Advanced Food Technology (AFT) consider identified concerns and work to mitigate the risks to ensure that any new food system is adequate for the mission. Yet, even with carefully planned research, some technological gaps remain. NASA needs research advances to develop food that is nutrient‐dense and long‐lasting at ambient conditions, partial gravity cooking processes, methods to deliver prescribed nutrients over time, and food packaging that meets the mass, barrier, and processing requirements of NASA. This article provides a brief review of research in each area, details the past AFT research efforts, and describes the remaining gaps that present barriers to achieving a food system for long exploration missions.
Does Guinness Travel Well?
Authors: Kotz Daniel , Glynn Liam G. , Mallen Christian D. , Cals Jochen W.L.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  This study aimed to test the much‐pronounced but poorly supported theory that “Guinness does not travel well.” A total of 4 researchers from 4 different countries of origin traveled around the world for 12 mo to collect data on the enjoyment of Guinness and related factors. The main outcome was measured on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from 0 (enjoyed it not at all) to 100 (enjoyed it very much). A total of 103 tastings were recorded (42 in Ireland, 61 elsewhere) in 71 different pubs spread over 33 cities and 14 countries. The enjoyment of Guinness consumed in Ireland was rated higher (74 mm VAS) than outside Ireland (57 mm; P < 0.001). This difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for researcher, pub ambience, Guinness appearance, and the sensory measures mouthfeel, flavor, and aftertaste. This study is the first to provide scientific evidence that Guinness does not travel well and that the enjoyment of Guinness (for our group of nonexpert tasters) was higher when in Ireland. Results, however, are subject to further verification because of limitations in the study design.
Reinventing R&D in an Open Innovation Ecosystem
Authors: Traitler Helmut , Watzke Heribert J. , Saguy I. Sam
Published: March 2011

Abstract: Today, the idea that random collisions and interactions offer solutions and business opportunities is no longer acceptable. Instead, partnerships and alignments, both downstream and upstream, are paramount for cross‐fertilization and synergy. To survive, and thrive, in today's world of global innovation, alliances based on compatible differences must be sought. Innovation Partnerships and the Sharing‐is‐Winning model represent a paradigm shift toward accelerating co‐development of sustainable innovation, with alignment of the entire value chain with consumer‐centric innovations being one of its main pillars. It includes 3 levels of typical joint development: universities, research institutes, and centers; start‐ups and individual inventors; a select number of key strategic suppliers. Reinventing R&D in an open innovation ecosystem and increasing success rates in an increasingly competitive marketplace require implementing significant steps—both perceived and tangible. Specific recommendations are provided for 10 major identified topics: leadership, strategy, the consumer, the value chain, internal experts and championship, metrics, IP, culture, academia, and passion. The Sharing‐is‐Winning model extends the scope of open innovation to sustainable and enhanced processes of co‐innovation.
Effect of the Gamma Radiation Dose Rate on Psychrotrophic Bacteria, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, and Sensory Characteristics of Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat
Authors: Brito Poliana P. , Azevedo Heliana , Cipolli Kátia M. V. A. B. , Fukuma Henrique T. , Mourão Gerson B. , Roque Cláudio V. , Miya Norma T. , Pereira José L.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Frozen samples of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) with skin were irradiated with gamma radiation doses of 0.0 kGy (control) and 3 kGy at 2 different radiation dose rates: 0.32 kGy/h (3 kGy) and 4.04 kGy/h (3 kGy). Batches of irradiated and control samples were evaluated during 11 d of refrigerated (2 ± 1 °C) storage for the following parameters: total psychrotrophic bacteria count, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), evaluation of objective color (L*, a*, and b*) and a sensory evaluation (irradiated odor, oxidized odor, pink and brown colors). No statistical difference (P > 0.05) was found amongst the TBARS values obtained for the MDCM samples irradiated with dose rates of 0.32 and 4.04 kGy/h. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the psychrotrophic bacterial count as from the 7th day of refrigerated storage, for the MDCM samples irradiated at the dose rate of 4.04 kGy/h. With respect to the attribute of oxidized odor, the samples irradiated with a dose rate of 0.32 kGy/h showed a stronger intensity and were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the sample irradiated with a dose rate of 4.04 kGy/h on days 0 and 2 of refrigerated storage. Irradiation with a dose rate of 4.04 kGy/h (3 kGy) was shown to be the best condition for the processing of MDCM according to the evaluation of all the variables, under the conditions of this study.

Practical Application:  The results obtained for the application of different dose rates of ionizing radiation to mechanically deboned chicken meat will provide the food industry with information concerning the definition of the best processing conditions to maximize the sensory and food quality.
Quality of Mango Nectar Processed by High‐Pressure Homogenization with Optimized Heat Treatment
Authors: Tribst Alline Artigiani Lima , Franchi Mark Alexandrow , de Massaguer Pilar Rodriguez , Cristianini Marcelo
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  This work aimed to evaluate the effect of high‐pressure homogenization (HPH) with heat shock on Aspergillus niger, vitamin C, and color of mango nectar. The nectar was processed at 200 MPa followed by heat shock, which was optimized by response surface methodology by using mango nectar ratio (45 to 70), heat time (10 to 20), and temperature (60 to 85 °C) as variables. The color of mango nectar and vitamin C retention were evaluated at the optimized treatments, that is, 200 MPa + 61.5 °C/20 min or 73.5 °C/10 min. The mathematical model indicates that heat shock time and temperature showed a positive effect in the mould inactivation, whereas increasing ratio resulted in a protective effect on A. niger. The optimized treatments did not increase the retention of vitamin C, but had positive effect for the nectar color, in particular for samples treated at 200 MPa + 61.5 °C/20 min.

Practical Application:  The results obtained in this study show that the conidia can be inactivated by applying HPH with heat shock, particularly to apply HPH as an option to pasteurize fruit nectar for industries.
Effects of Buttermilk Powders on Emulsification Properties and Acid Tolerance of Cream
Authors: Ihara Keiichi , Ochi Hiroshi , Saito Hitoshi , Iwatsuki Keiji
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Emulsifying properties and acid tolerance are 2 of the most important characteristics of cream. The effects of the buttermilk component, especially its phospholipids, on the emulsifying properties and acid tolerance of cream were investigated in this study. Two buttermilks with differing phospholipid contents and skimmed milk were used to evaluate the effects of phospholipids on the aforementioned parameters. The mean diameter of fat globules and the cream viscosity were used as indicators of emulsifying properties. Acid tolerance was evaluated by studying the effect of citric acid on the maximum viscosity of cream. This was tested by adding 400 μL of 10% (w/w) citric acid solution to cream every minute and simultaneously measuring pH and viscosity. In 45% and 40% fat cream systems, buttermilk, and especially that with higher phospholipid content, improved the emulsifying properties and acid tolerance of the cream. The components of buttermilk could alter the properties of the surface of fat globules, thereby altering the emulsification properties of the cream. However, neither of the tested buttermilks affected the emulsifying properties and acid tolerance of lower‐fat (35% and 30%) cream systems. Emulsifying components exist in proportionately larger amounts in lower‐fat creams, which could render the emulsifying properties resistant to change. The number of fat globules may also influence acid‐induced changes in viscosity. The addition of phospholipids or lysophospholipids did not improve the acid tolerance of creams, a finding that may be attributable to the formation of complexes of phospholipids and protein.

Practical Application:  The findings presented herein demonstrate the ability to improve the acid tolerance of cream using materials derived from milk. Implementing these findings appropriately may result in a high‐quality cooking cream.
Accumulation of Stimulants of Toll‐Like Receptor (TLR)‐2 and TLR4 in Meat Products Stored at 5 °C
Authors: Erridge Clett
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Recent evidence suggests that exposure to stimulants of the innate immune receptors Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2 and TLR4 may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. We showed recently that common foodsuffs can contain TLR‐stimulants, and that the greatest concentrations were present in meat‐based products. Using a recently developed quantitative bioassay, we here examined the kinetics of accumulation of TLR2‐ and TLR4‐stimulants in a variety of meat products held at 5 °C in air or under a modified atmosphere for up to 8 d. Meat content of TLR‐stimulants increased with time in each meat examined and was paralleled by growth of pseudomonads and Enterobacteriaceae, suggesting that bacterial lipopeptides and lipopolysaccharides are the likely sources of TLR2‐ and TLR4‐stimulants, respectively. TLR‐stimulants reached the highest levels (approximately 80 μg lipopeptide‐equivalents per gramme and approximately 7 μg lipopolysaccharide‐equivalents per gram) in meat that was minced rather than intact, and when stored in air rather than under a modified atmosphere. TLR2‐ and TLR4‐stimulants in meat products cooked for 1 h retained approximately 20% and approximately 40% of their bioactivity, respectively. In summary, storage conditions and microbial flora critically regulate the kinetics of TLR2‐ and TLR4‐stimulant accumulation in meat products and these may retain biological activity after cooking.

Practical Application:  The novel assays presented in this work could be used to predict the potential of foodstuffs to promote inflammatory signaling in human subjects, which may be deleterious to health. These assays may also be used to monitor the historical microbial flora in food products after cooking or other forms of food processing may have rendered the original microflora nonviable.
Multicomponent Cleaning Verification of Stainless Steel Surfaces for the Removal of Dairy Residues Using Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Lang Matthew P. , Kocaoglu‐Vurma Nurdan A. , Harper W. James , Rodriguez‐Saona Luis E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The application of infrared microspectroscopy (IRMS) technology, combined with multivariate analysis, was evaluated to develop sensitive and robust methods to assess cleanability of stainless steel surfaces for the removal of dairy food residues. UHT milk samples (skim, 1%, 2%, and whole) were analyzed for total nitrogen (Kjeldahl) and fat (Babcock) contents. The coupons were manually soiled with serially diluted milk samples resulting in soils ranging from 0.1 to 428.1 μg/cm2 for protein and 0.1 to 374.17 μg/cm2 for fat, and then autoclaved to simulate a heated equipment surface. Reflectance spectra were collected from stainless steel coupons by using IRMS, and multivariate analysis was used to develop calibration models based on cross‐validated partial least squares regression (PLSR). Statistical analysis for the prediction of protein and fat showed a standard error of cross‐validation (SECV) of 0.5 and 0.4 μg/cm2 for prediction of protein and fat, respectively, and correlation coefficients (rVal) > 0.99. To improve the sensitivity, swabbing and concentration steps were used prior to IRMS analysis obtaining SECV of 0.04 and 0.01 μg/cm2 for the prediction of protein and fat, respectively, and rVal > 0.99. The PLSR models accurately predicted the levels of protein and fat on autoclaved stainless steel coupons soiled with milk. A simple, reliable, and robust protocol based on IRMS and multivariate analysis was developed for multicomponent characterization of stainless steel surfaces that can contribute to more efficient cleaning verification with regard to contamination on surfaces of processing equipment.

Practical Application:  We report the application of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) for the validation of CIP cleaning efficiency that would provide a basis for better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the removal of physical soil and food residues from different types of equipment surfaces commonly utilized in the biotech, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Reliable calibration models were generated that showed the ability to predict the amounts of dairy soils on the surface of stainless steel coupons. Including a swabbing step of the coupons before infrared spectral acquisition provided improved sensitivity and reproducibility for multicomponent cleaning verification. Results from this research project would allow designing experiments to rapidly evaluate different materials and finishes, the effects of process variables, the influence of food components, and the development of reliable and robust cleaning validation protocols to ensure the safety and quality of the product.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial and Spasmolytic Properties of Poliomintha longiflora and Lippia graveolens Essential Oils**
Authors: Rivero‐Cruz Isabel , Duarte Georgina , Navarrete Andrés , Bye Robert , Linares Edelmira , Mata Rachel
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  In the present study, we reported a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the essential oils obtained from 2 Mexican oreganos, Poliomintha longiflora and Lippia graveolens. The gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) profiles of the oils showed high amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly carvacrol (%[mg/100 g dry matter]) (18.36 [459.0] in P. longiflora and 13.48 [164.7] in L. graveolens). In addition, these oils contained marked quantities of p‐cymene (14.09 [352.2] and 7.46 [37.3], respectively), β‐caryophyllene oxide, β‐caryophyllene, and carvacrol acetate. Headspace analyses of the leaves of both species using different coated fibers revealed that γ‐terpinene, eucalyptol, and p‐cymene were the principal light volatile components. Chromatographic fingerprints and a suitable analytical method for quantifying the main components of both essences were established using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as analytical tool. The essential oils of both species were not toxic in the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure (DL50 > 5000 mg/kg). The oils and the major constituents, carvacrol and p‐cymene, displayed a moderate in vitro antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 128 to 512 μg/mL. In addition, these samples demonstrated a marginal antispasmodic activity in vivo and provoked a concentration‐dependent inhibition of the carbachol‐ and histamine‐induced contractions using the isolated guinea‐pig ileum preparation. In particular, p‐cymene exerts good selective inhibitory activity on the carbachol‐induced contractions (IC50= 9.85 μg/mL).

Practical Application:  The analytical methods using GC‐MS and HPLC techniques will be useful for establishing quality control as well as preclinical pharmacological and toxicological parameters of the crude drug P. longiflora, which is widely used as substitute of L. graveolens for medicinal and flavorings purposes. This overall information will be also useful for elaborating scientific and pharmacopoeic monographs of this very Mexican medicinal plant.
Rheological and Biochemical Characterization of Salmon Myosin as Affected by Constant Heating Rate
Authors: Reed Zachary H. , Park Jae W.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Purified Chinook salmon myosin was studied using sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacryamide gel electrophoresis and densitometric analysis to determine its purity (approximately 94%). Myosin subjected to a constant heating rate began to form aggregates at >24 °C as measured by turbidity at 320 nm. Conformational changes, as measured by surface hydrophobicity (So), began at 18.5 °C and continued to increase up to 75 °C after which it decreased slightly. Total sulfhydryl (TSH) content remained steady from 18.5 to 50 °C after which point the TSH began to drop. Surface reactive sulfhydryl groups gradually increased as the temperature increased from 18.5 to 55 °C and then followed a similar trend as TSH decreased. Presumably disulfide bond started to be formed at around 50 to 55 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry showed 4 peaks, 3 endothermic (27.9, 36.0, 45.5 °C), and 1 exothermic (49.0 °C). Dynamic rheological measurements provided information concerning the gelation point of salmon myosin that was 31.1 °C as samples were heated at a rate of 2 °C/min.
Fermented Nondigestible Fraction from Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivar Negro 8025 Modulates HT‐29 Cell Behavior
Authors: Cruz‐Bravo R.K. , Guevara‐Gonzalez R. , Ramos‐Gomez M. , Garcia‐Gasca T. , Campos‐Vega R. , Oomah B.D. , Loarca‐Piña G.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a fermented nondigestible fraction (FNDF) of cooked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Negro 8025 on human colon adenocarcinoma HT‐29 cell survival. Negro 8025 was chosen for in vitro fermentation based on comparison of chemical composition with 2 other cultivars: Azufrado Higuera and Pinto Durango. Negro 8025 had 58% total dietary fiber, 27% resistant starch, and 20 mg of (+)‐catechin equivalents per gram of sample. Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production and pH of the medium were measured after fermentation as indicators of colon protection through induced arrest on cell culture and apoptosis. Butyrate and pH of FNDF of Negro 8025 were higher than the control fermented raffinose extract. The FNDF inhibited HT‐29 cell survival in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) was 13.63% FNDF (equivalent to 7.36, 0.33, and 3.31 mmol of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, respectively). DNA fragmentation, an apoptosis indicator, was detected by the TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling method in cells treated with the LC50‐FNDF and a synthetic mixture of SCFAs mimicking LC50‐FNDF. Our results suggest that common bean is a reliable source of fermentable substrates in colon, producing compounds with potential chemoprotective effect on HT‐29 colon adenocarcinoma cells, so it may present an effective alternative to mitigate colon cancer development.
Documentation of Fatty Acid Profiles in Lamb Meat and Lamb‐Based Infant Foods
Authors: Nudda Anna , McGuire Michelle K. , Battacone Gianni , Manca Maria G. , Boe Roberta , Pulina Giuseppe
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Lamb meat, when used in the weaning diet of children, is presumed to have a lower allergenicity than other forms of red meat. In children with atopic dermatitis and multiple food hypersensitivities, consumption of lamb meat has also resulted in significant clinical improvements in the severity of the eczematous lesions. Lamb meat is also of special interest in infant nutrition because it provides a somewhat unique fatty acid (FA) profile that mirrors what is thought to be optimal for neonatal growth and development. However, very little is known about how the processing of fresh meat (FM) into prepared infant foods influences its FA composition. In this study, we compared the FA profile of FM from suckling lambs with those of homogenized (HO) and lyophilized (LIO) baby foods prepared primarily with lamb meat. The results show that the content of total omega‐3 polyunsaturated FAs was the highest in FM (more than 3‐fold) compared to commercial baby food, due to largely higher contents of α‐linolenic acid (1.5‐fold higher), eicosapentaenoic acid (6‐fold higher), and docosahexaenoic acid (10‐fold higher). Furthermore, arachidonic acid was more than 6‐fold higher in FM compared to LIO and HO. Results from this study suggest the possibility of enhancing the FA profile of commercial baby food based on meat by using lamb meat, but care should be taken during processing so that important FAs are not lost.

Practical Application:  In this article, we have documented that meat from the suckling lamb is an interesting and potentially important source of omega‐3‐FAs, especially some of the long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC‐PUFAs) that are essential for optimal neonatal growth and development. These results may have special implications to the infant food industry, in that products made using meat from suckling lambs may provide not only exceptional amounts of these FAs, but also other limiting essential nutrients such as iron. This may be especially important in regions of the world, such as Italy, where use of lamb meat as a weaning food is common during infancy.
Improved Sauerkraut Production with Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum L4 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides LMG 7954
Authors: Beganović Jasna , Pavunc Andreja Leboš , Gjuračić Krešimir , Špoljarec Marina , Šušković Jagoda , Kos Blaženka
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum L4 and strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides LMG 7954 were applied for the controlled fermentation of cabbage heads. The parameters of the controlled and spontaneous fermentations, including antimicrobial effect of cabbage brines obtained at the end of both fermentations, were monitored. To check out the influence of starter culture strains, 10 randomly chosen lactic acid bacteria, isolated at the end of controlled cabbage heads fermentation were identified by API 50CHL test, and the presence of the probiotic culture was confirmed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. The starter cultures applied for cabbage heads fermentation allowed lowering of NaCl concentrations from 4.0% to 2.5% (w/v), considerably accelerated fermentation process by 14 d, and improved the product quality. The produced sauerkraut heads are considered probiotic product as viable probiotic cells count in final product was higher than 106 colony‐forming units (CFU) per gram of product.

Practical Application:  The results of this research could be applied in the production of fermented cabbage heads with added functional (probiotic) value and with lower NaCl concentration with expected shortened fermentation time. This could not only be of economic but also of ecological importance.
Modulation of Th1/Th2 Balance by Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Kimchi via Stimulation of Macrophage Cell Line J774A.1 In Vitro
Authors: Won Tae Joon , Kim Bongjoon , Song Dong Sup , Lim Young Tae , Oh Eun Seul , Lee Do Ik , Park Eon Sub , Min Hyeyoung , Park So‐Young , Hwang Kwang Woo
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Lactobacilli isolated from Kimchi, a Korean traditional food, were tested for their capacity to modulate the T helper (Th) 1/Th2 balance. Ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized mouse splenocytes were cultured with 26 strains of lactobacilli; the highest IL‐12 induction and lowest IL‐4 production were then observed in 4 strains, including Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP55, CJLP56, CJLP133, and CJLP136. These strains produced a larger amount of IL‐12, which enhances differentiation and activation of Th1 cells, in macrophage cell‐lines more than positive control strains L. casei KCTC 3109T and L. rhamnosus GG, although they also induced production of IL‐10, which is a suppressor of IL‐12. Indeed, CJLP133‐stimulated macrophages induced production of more Th1 cytokine IFN‐γ and less Th2 cytokine IL‐4 than KCTC 3109T and GG in co‐cultivation with T cells. These findings suggest that lactobacilli from Kimchi may modulate the Th1/Th2 balance via macrophage activation in the hypersensitive reaction caused by Th2 cells.

Practical Application:  Allergic reactions including asthma and atopy are caused by predominance of Th2 response over Th1 response. Lactobacilli isolated from fermented foods such as yogurt, cheese, and Kimchi showed health‐promoting activities. The present study indicated that several lactobacilli strains from Kimchi may reduce allergic reactions through macrophage‐mediated induction of Th1 response.
Inactivation Kinetics of Vibrio Vulnificus in Phosphate‐Buffered Saline at Different Freezing and Storage Temperatures and Times
Authors: Seminario Diana M. , Balaban Murat O. , Rodrick Gary
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) is a pathogen that can be found in raw oysters. Freezing can reduce Vv and increase the shelf life of oysters. The objective of this study was to develop predictive inactivation kinetic models for pure cultures of Vv at different frozen storage temperatures and times. Vv was diluted in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) to obtain about 107 CFU/mL. Samples were frozen at −10, −35, and −80 °C (different freezing rates), and stored at different temperatures. Survival of Vv was followed after freezing and storage at −10 °C (0, 3, 6, and 9 d) and at −35 and −80 °C (every week for 6 wk). For every treatment, time–temperature data was obtained using thermocouples in blank vials. Predictive models were developed using first‐order, Weibull and Peleg inactivation kinetics. Different freezing temperatures did not significantly (α= 0.05) affect survival of Vv immediately after freezing. The combined effect of freezing and 1 wk frozen storage resulted in 1.5, 2.6, and 4.9 log10 reductions for samples stored at −80, −35, and −10 °C, respectively. Storage temperature was the critical parameter in survival of Vv. A modified Weibull model successfully predicted Vv survival during frozen storage: . No and Nt are initial and time t (d) survival counts, T is frozen storage temperature, Celsius degree.

Practical Application:  Vibrio vulnificus can be inactivated by freezing. Models to predict survival of V. vulnificus at different freezing temperatures and times were developed. This is the first step towards the prediction of V. vulnificus related safety of frozen oysters.
Isolation and Characterization of Lecithin from Squid (Todarodes pacificus) Viscera Deoiled by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
Authors: Uddin Md. Salim , Kishimura Hideki , Chun Byung‐Soo
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Marine lecithin was isolated and characterized from squid (Todarodes pacificus) viscera residues deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction. SC‐CO2 extraction was carried out to extract the oil from squid viscera at different temperatures (35 to 45 °C) and pressures (15 to 25 MPa). The extraction yield was higher at highest temperature and pressure. The major phospholipids of squid viscera lecithin were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phosphatidylcholine (PC; 80.5%± 0.7%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 13.2%± 0.2%) were the main phospholipids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed to purify the individual phospholipids. The fatty acid compositions of lecithin, PC and PE were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). A significant amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were present in both phospholipids of PC and PE. Emulsions of lecithin in water were prepared through the use of a homogenizer. The oxidative stability of squid viscera lecithin was high in spite of its high concentration of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Practical Application:  Squid viscera are discarded as a waste by fish processing industry. Since lecithin from squid viscera contains higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, it may have promising effect to use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
ASSESSING MONETARY POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA IN A DATA‐RICH ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Kabundi Alain , Ngwenya Nonhlanhla
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the efficacy of monetary policy in the South African economy using a data‐rich framework. We use the Factor‐Augmented Vector Autoregressive (FAVAR) methodology, which contains 110 monthly variables for the period 1985:02‐2007:11. The results, based on impulse‐response functions, provide no evidence of the price puzzle observed in traditional Structural Vector Autoregressive analysis and confirm that monetary policy in South Africa is effective in stabilising prices. Unlike the traditional vector autoregressive approach, the FAVAR methodology allows further analysis of a large number of variables. Variables from real and financial variables react negatively to a contractionary monetary policy shock. Finally, we find evidence of the importance of a confidence channel transmission following a monetary policy shock.
Near‐infrared spectra of clinopyroxenes: Effects of calcium content and crystal structure
Authors: KLIMA Rachel L. , DYAR M. Darby , PIETERS Carlé M.
Published: March 2011

Abstract– Pyroxenes are among the most common minerals in the solar system and are ideally suited for remote geochemical analysis because of the sensitivity of their distinctive spectra to mineral composition. Fe2+ is responsible for the dominant pyroxene absorptions in the visible and near‐infrared, but substitutions of other cations such as Ca2+ change the crystal structure and site geometries and thus the crystal field splitting energies of the Fe cations. To define spectral systematics resulting from major pyroxene cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+), we focus on a suite of pyroxenes synthesized with only Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ in the two octahedral sites, specifically examining the effect of Ca2+ on pyroxene absorption bands. The modified Gaussian model is used to deconvolve pyroxene spectra into component bands that can then be linked directly to crystal field absorptions. In orthopyroxenes and low‐Ca clinopyroxenes, Ca2+‐content has a strong and predictable effect on the positions of the absorption bands. At a threshold of Wo30, the crystal field environment stagnates and the M2 bands cease to change significantly as more Ca2+ is added. At Wo50, when most of the M2 sites are filled by Ca2+, band positions do not change drastically, although the presence and strengths of the 1 and 2 μm bands are affected by even trace amounts of Fe2+ in the M2 site. It is thus apparent that next‐nearest neighbors and the distortions they impose on the pyroxene lattice affect the electronic states around the Fe2+ cations and control absorption band properties.
The distinct morphological and petrological features of shock melt veins in the Suizhou L6 chondrite
Authors: XIE Xiande , SUN Zhenya , CHEN Ming
Published: March 2011

Abstract– The morphology and petrology of distinct melt veins in the Suizhou L6 chondrite have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, and Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron energy‐dispersive diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the melt veins in the Suizhou meteorite morphologically are the simplest, straightest, and thinnest among all shock veins known from meteorites. At first glance, these veins look like fine fractures, but petrologically they are solid melt veins of chondritic composition and consist of fully crystalline materials of two distinct lithological assemblages, with no glassy material remaining. The Suizhou melt veins contain the most abundant high‐pressure mineral species when compared with all other veins known in chondrites. Thus, these veins in Suizhou are classified as shock veins. All rock‐forming and almost all accessory minerals in the Suizhou shock veins have been transformed to their high‐pressure polymorphs, and no fragments of the precursor minerals remain in the veins. Among the 11 high‐pressure mineral phases identified in the Suizhou veins, three are new high‐pressure minerals, namely, tuite after whitlockite, xieite, and the CF phase after chromite. On the basis of transformation of plagioclase into maskelynite, it is estimated that the Suizhou meteorite experienced shock pressures and shock temperatures up to 22 GPa and 1000 °C, respectively. Shearing and friction along shock veins raised the temperature up to 1900–2000 °C and the pressure up to 24 GPa within the veins. Hence, phase transition and crystallization of high‐pressure minerals took place only in the Suizhou shock veins. Fast cooling of the extremely thin shock veins is regarded as the main reason that up to 11 shock‐induced high‐pressure mineral phases could be preserved in these veins.
IMMANENCE AND ABJECTION IN SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR
Authors: Direk Zeynep
Published: March 2011

abstract

In this paper, I focus on the term ‘immanence’ in Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex and show how it relates to her historical account of sexual oppression. I argue that Beauvoir's use of Hegel's master−slave dialectic and of Claude Lévi‐Strauss's reflection on the prohibition of incest lead her to claim that in all societies “woman” is constructed as “absolutely other.” I show that there is an ambiguous logic of abjection at work in Beauvoir's account that explains why men are the only examples of transcendence in history, whereas women lack it. Finally, I discuss the way in which the relation between immanence and abjection helps to explain the intellectual relation between Georges Bataille and Beauvoir.
Preparation and evaluation of Cremophor-free paclitaxel solid dispersion by a supercritical antisolvent process
Authors: Park Jae-Hyun , Yan Yi-Dong , Chi Sang-Cheol , Hwang Doo Hyung , Shanmugam Srinivasan , Lyoo Won Seok , Woo Jong Soo , Yong Chul Soon , Choi Han-Gon
Published: March 2011

Objectives

To avoid the major adverse effects induced by Cremophor EL formulated in the commercial paclitaxel products of Taxol.

Methods

An injectable paclitaxel solid dispersion free of Cremophor was prepared by a supercritical antisolvent process and then was fully characterized and investigated with regard to its short-term and long-term stability. Pharmacokinetics in rats was also evaluated compared with the commercial product.

Key findings

The solid dispersion system at a 1/20/40 weight ratio of paclitaxel/HP-β-CD/HCO-40 had a paclitaxel solubility of about 10 mg/ml, an almost 10 000-fold increase over its aqueous solubility. This system was physically stable for at least six months or four weeks in accelerated conditions (40 ± 2°C; RH: 75 ± 5%) and stress conditions (60°C), respectively. The precipitation time of paclitaxel solid dispersion in 0.9% sodium chloride injection at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml was above 70 h at room temperature. Intravenous administration of paclitaxel solid dispersion at a dose of 6 mg/kg revealed no significant differences when compared with the commercial product. However, our results obtained at a dose of 12 mg/kg showed a striking non-linear increase in the plasma Cmax and AUCall with increased dose. In addition, the concentrations of paclitaxel in various organs in the solid dispersion group were found to be higher than those of Taxol at 6 mg/kg, and the paclitaxel levels in these organs increased proportionately with increasing dose.

Conclusions

Nano-scale paclitaxel solid dispersion without Cremophor EL provided advantageous results over Taxol with respect to the physicochemical properties, safety, clinic convenience and pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats.
Effect of growth temperature on a-plane ZnO formation on r-plane sapphire
Authors: Peng Chun-Yen , Tian Jr-Sheng , Wang Wei-Lin , Ho Yen-Teng , Chuang Shu-Chang , Chu Ying-Hao , Chang Li
Published: March 2011

The effect of growth temperature on a-plane ZnO formation on r-plane sapphire has been systematically investigated by employing in situ high pressure reflection high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. For film growth above and below 600 °C, it is shown that there is a significant difference in growth rate and surface morphology due to the differences in the growth mode. Stripelike morphologies were observed on the surface of a-plane ZnO grown at low temperature (LT) because of differences in the growth rate along the c-axis and the growth rate normal to the c-axis. Furthermore, annealing of films grown at low temperature results in more pronounced stripe morphology and in improvement of crystallinity.