bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Auto-Immune Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Lebar René , Voisin Guy André
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were immunized with either guinea pig whole brain homogenate (WBH), isolated myelin, or basic protein (BP). The immunization procedures included injections of antigenic preparations either in complete Freund’s adjuvants (CFA), in incomplete Freund’s adjuvants (IFA), or in both. The incidence of disease (clinical and histological) was noted along with production of antibodies detected by complement fixation (CF) and by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) against the three antigenic preparations (WBH, myelin, and BP). The following results were obtained: The three CNS preparations were encephalitogenic when administered in CFA. They also induced CF antibody production against the 3 preparations. In particular, previously undescribed CF antibodies induced by and against BP were detected and identified as IgG2 (non-IgM). Immunizations in IFA were innocuous and even prevented the pathogenic effects of injections in CFA. Anti-BP PCA antibodies (IgGi, non-IgE) induced by BP – especially when injected in IFA – were never induced by WBH. BP is the most efficient and myelin the least efficient for prevention of the disease. Injections of BP in IFA are of protective value up to 15 days after injection in CFA. However, several preinjections in IFA before the one in CFA are the most efficient. In the monoantigenic system (BP) a relation has been noted between the incidence of protected animals and that of PCA antibodies among several groups, while the intensity of histological lesions of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis seemed related to the median titer of CF antibodies. These results appear to be an example and consequence of immune deviation (also termed ‘split tolerance’ or ‘contrasensitization’) and support the view of a general balance between the rejection reaction and the facilitation reaction.
Evaluation of Methods of Measurements of Permeability Increases
Authors: Blum Jay , Ovary Zoltan
Published: July 2009

Intradermally injected histamine and passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions were evaluated by two methods used for precise determinations such as dye extraction or radioactivity measurements. The results indicate that introduction of these two precise methods do not offer any advantage because of the inherent variability.
Effect of some Nitrogen Mustards and Thoracic Duct Drainage on Lymphocyte Distribution in Rats
Authors: Yu David T.Y. , Whitehouse Michael W.
Published: July 2009

Distribution of 51Cr-tagged lymphocytes between lymph nodes and other tissues in rats was studied after an intravenous injection of labeled isogenic cells. The proportion of radioactivity in the lymph nodes was reduced by the following measures: heating the cells at 65 °C for 15 min, incubating them in vitro with mechlorethamine (HN2) or mannomustine; pretreating the cell donor animals with cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg daily for 3 days. Incubating 51Cr-labeled cells with various bioeffective cyclophosphamide metabolites in vitro had remarkably little effect on their subsequent distribution in vivo in contrast to HN2. Continually infusing cyclophosphamide for 24 h or a single massive infusion of cortisol hemisuccinate into recipients of 51Cr cells did not alter cell homing to lymphoid tissues.
Effect of Sera from Patients with Sarcoidosis on in vitro Lymphocyte Response
Authors: Belcher R.W. , Carney J.F. , Nankervis G.A.
Published: July 2009

Sera from 10 of 14 patients with sarcoidosis reduced the in vitro transformation of normal lymphocytes to Candida and mumps antigens. The response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was also diminished by 7 of 14 sera. The inhibitory activity of sarcoidosis patients sera on normal lymphocytes did not correlate well with the results of in vivo studies of cellular immunity in the serum donors. The impaired cell-mediated immunity in patients with sarcoidosis may be, in part, related to lymphocyte inhibitors in their sera, however, these studies suggest that sarcoidosis patients may have an additional unidentified immune defect.
Immunological Properties of Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions of Timothy Grass Pollens
Authors: Mullan N.A.
Published: July 2009

The effect of hot aqueous 45% phenol on timothy grass pollen extracts has been studied. Following separation into aqueous and phenolic phases, allergenic activity was recovered in the protein material in the phenol phase after precipitation with alcohol. The largely carbohydrate fraction recovered from the aqueous phase was non-allergenic. The methods used to test for allergenicity were prick-testing in the skin of allergic subjects and measurement of release of histamine from sensitised human leucocytes following challenge in vitro. In rats injected with Bordetella pertussis, homocy to tropic antibody was induced by injection of the protein fraction, but the carbohydrate fraction showed no such response.
Isolation of a Low Molecular Weight Ragweed Pollen Allergen: Ra5
Authors: Lapkoff Charles B. , Goodfriend Lawrence
Published: July 2009

An allergenically active basic protein, antigen Ra5, was isolated from DEAE-fraction C of the aqueous extract of short ragweed pollen by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography. The antigen was homogeneous by a number of physicochemical and immunological criteria, and showed no cross-reaction with ragweed pollen antigens E, Ra3 and BPA-R. It was devoid of carbohydrate, had a molecular weight of 5,130 ± 50 in the analytical ultracentrifuge and the following composition: lys4 arg2 asp2 ser4 glu4 pro3 gly4 ala3 (cys/2)6 val3–4 ileu leu1–2 tyr3 try2.
A Study of Immunoglobulins in Jejunal Secretion and Serum of Patients Suffering from Mediterranean Cirrhosis
Authors: Shamloo K.D. , Amin A. , Safavian A.
Published: July 2009

Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were estimated in sera and jejunal secretion of 30 patients suffering from Mediterranean cirrhosis. This is a disease of unknown etiology and distinct from alcoholic and post-necrotic cirrhosis. The concentration of all the three classes of immunoglobulins were found to be elevated in jejunal fluid of patients, as compared to a similar number of controls. Serum concentrations of IgG and IgA were also found to be higher in patients.
Passive Transfer of Contact Sensitivity by Bone Marrow Cells and Evidence for their Origin from Immunized Lymph Nodes
Authors: Asherson G.L. , Zembala M. , Mayhew Barbara
Published: July 2009

Contact sensitivity to ‘oxazolone’ (4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl oxazolone) can be passively transferred by bone marrow cells. This transfer is abolished by lymphadenectomy 4 days before immunization and reduced by removal of the draining lymph nodes 2 days after immunization. Splenectomy alone has little effect. Bone marrow cells from donors treated with cyclophosphamide 2 days before killing fail to transfer contact sensitivity. It is suggested that the passive transfer by bone marrow cells is due to lymphocytes which have migrated from the draining lymph nodes to the bone marrow.
Factors Involved in the Protracted Anaphylactic Shock of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Bernauer W. , Schanz H.-M.
Published: July 2009

Several parameters were determined during the protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea pigs to elucidate the pathomechanisms of this shock type. A marked increase of the hematocrit indicated a pronounced hemoconcentration. The blood pH was considerably decreased and reflected metabolic acidosis. Central venous as well as arterial blood pressures were decreased. But the latter rose, after the initial fall, in almost half of the experiments. A marked rise of the heart rate was found immediately after the antigen injection. Exogenous histamine only partially imitated the symptoms of the protracted anaphylactic shock.
Release of Skin Reactive Factor by Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Spirer Z. , Rudich A. , Assif E. , Zakut V. , Bogair N.
Published: July 2009

Fourteen healthy children and nine children with various immune-deficiency states were tested for the ability of their lymphocytes to release skin reactive factor (SRF). All normal controls and those whose lymphocytes underwent blastic stimulations with PHA or PPD show SRF activity as tested in the guinea pig dermis. Six children, one of them with generalized BCG infection, and five whose cellular immunity was decreased by immunosuppression, steroid therapy and/or infectious viral agent, were unable to release SRF. This was in correlation with impaired reaction to intradermal PHA or absent blastic transformation, or no detectable activity of macrophage inhibition factor (MIF). It is suggested that the SRF assay for cell-mediated immunity results from a similar mechanism as that indicated by the MIF assay and is much simpler in nature.
Detection of Human Reagins with Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells by Histamine Release
Authors: Vijayanagar H.M. , Attallah N.A. , David M.F. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

An immunologically specific method was developed for the detection of reaginic antibodies in sera of allergic individuals. It is based on the determination of histamine release (HR) from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), presensitized with the allergic serum, on challenge with the appropriate allergen. The amount of HR was shown to depend on the concentrations of reagins and allergens. From experiments involving RPMC sensitized with different fractions of allergic serum isolated by chromatography or with appropriate reverse immunosorbent, it was deduced that the bulk of HR was due to antibodies of the IgE class and that about 10% of HR was attributable to antibodies of the IgG type; however, paradoxically, IgG of normal human serum did not have the capacity to sensitize RPMC. Both classes of immunoglobulins present in reaginic serum and capable of sensitizing RPMC were inactivated at 56 °C or with 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Peritoneal mast cells or a rat, which had been immunized to produce homocytotropic (HCT) antibodies, or RPMC sensitized in vitro with rat HCT antibodies, did not fix human reagins. By contrast, human reagins to two distinct allergens were fixed on the same RPMC preparation by successive sensitization of the cells with the corresponding sera. The cells sensitized with rat HCT antibodies released histamine on challenge with anti-human IgE serum. It is therefore concluded that there exist structural homologies between the groups of human and rat reaginic antibodies which are responsible for fixation on rat RPMC, as well as between the antigenic groups of these two reaginic antibodies capable of crossreacting with anti-human IgE.
Development of Contact Sensitivity to DNFB in Guinea Pigs Genetically Differing in Their Response to DNP Skin Protein Conjugates
Authors: Polak L. , Polak-Wyss Annemarie , Frey J.R.
Published: July 2009

Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized either with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) or with a homologous DNP skin protein conjugate (DNP-GPSP) responded equally well to both an epicutaneous test with the hapten or an intradermal test with the conjugate. Both antigens induced anti-DNP antibodies demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and enhanced DNA synthesis of lymphocytes in vitro. Strain 2 guinea pigs sensitized to DNFB responded only to the epicutaneous test with the hapten but not to the intradermal test with the conjugate, and animals sensitized with DNP-GPSP were unresponsive to both the epicutaneous and the intradermal tests. Anti-DNP antibodies were only induced by DNFB and in no case was DNA synthesis in vitro observed. From these results, the conclusion was drawn that sensitization with a hapten leads to the formation of a set of autologous hapten-protein conjugates and the response to these individual antigens depends on the genetical disposition of the particular strain.
Cross-Reactivity of Synthetic Linear Dextran with Anti-B512 Dextran
Authors: Richter Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

A fraction of synthetic linear dextran (D-8) of Mn 26,900 was tested for cross-reactivity with rabbit anti-B512 dextran antiserum (RAD) and compared to a B512 dextran fraction (D-40) of similar molecular weight distribution. B512 dextran is a linear α-1–6 linked polyglucose with few side chains: about one branch per 20 glucose units; at least 80% of branches comprise only 1–2 glucose residues. The synthetic dextran is a completely linear α-1–6 linked polyglucose. In Ouchterlony gel double-diffusion, both D-8 and D-40 produced single precipitate lines; in a comparative array, complete fusion of precipitate lines of D-8 and D-40 indicated the identity of antigenic determinants. In quantitative precipitation and single radial immunodiffusion, D-8 and D-40 precipitated comparable amounts of antidextrans and produced precipitate haloes of similar size. Systemic lethal anaphylaxis could be elicited by D-8 in passively sensitized guinea pigs, and protection from lethal shock was obtained by adding isomaltooctaose to D-8 upon challenge. Similarly, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) of comparable intensity was elicited by D-8 and D-40 upon challenge of sensitized guinea pigs. Neutralization of PCA by adding D-8 to RAD prior to intradermal sensitization and challenge with D-40 also indicated the identity of antigenic determinants. These findings are taken as evidence that D-8 is a homodeterminant antigen with many determinants, and that the antigenic determinants of both linear synthetic and B512 dextran are repetitively arranged along the molecular chain.
Isolation of Human Reagins Differing in Their Affinity for Ragweed Immunosorbent
Authors: Kisil F.T. , Attallah N.A. , Sehon A.H. , Hollinger H.Z.
Published: July 2009

Reaginic antibodies to ragweed pollen which had been adsorbed to cellulose-allergen immunosorbents were eluted in the presence of homologous or heterologous serum protein(s) at a concentration of 3–7 mg/ml with gly-HCl at pH 2.5, or 6 m urea at pH 7.4. These extraneous serum proteins exerted a stabilizing effect on the eluted reagins. Two groups of reagins differing in their affinity for the allergen(s) were sequentially eluted from the immunosorbent with gly-HCl and Nal regardless of the order of addition of these eluting agents. Moreover, specific elution of some reagins was achieved with a low molecular weight, hapten-like preparation of ragweed pollen.
Immunology of Ascaris Suum Infection
Authors: Bradbury Susan M. , Percy Dean H. , Strejan Gill H.
Published: July 2009

Rats of a Sprague-Dawley strain were infected with embryonated Ascaris Suum eggs. Infected rats examined ‘postmortem’7 days after infection showed characteristic pathological changes in the liver and lung. Most of the sera from infected animals had reaginic antibodies in titers ranging from 1:160 after a primary infection to 1:4,000 after a second infection. The reaginic antibodies were detected by homologous PCA reactions using Ascaris crude extract or a purified Ascaris allergen (Asc-1) as challenge. The results indicated therefore that Asc-1 was present in all stages of the parasite life cycle and was directly involved in stimulating reagin production during the migratory phase of the infection.
Monkey SRS-A
Authors: Kuritzky B. , Goodfriend L.
Published: July 2009

In the present study it was shown that SRS-A, as well as histamine, is released on allergen challenge of fragments of monkey skin passively sensitized with human ragweed allergic serum. Some parameters of SRS-A and histamine release from skin fragments were compared with those of lung. By filtration through Biogel P-2 in aqueous medium it was demonstrated that SRS-A released from lung or skin fragments exists as a molecular size species of about 1,000 daltons, some of which is reversibly bound to macromolecular component(s). On the other hand, SRS-A sieved through Sephadex LH-20 in 80% ethanol had a molecular weight of 350–400 daltons. A comparison was made of the gel filtration properties of SRS-A and several prostaglandins in both gel-solvent systems. The results suggested that 350–400 daltons may closely approximate the actual molecular weight of monkey SRS-A.
Optimal Labelling Conditions for Thymidine Incorporation in PHA- and PPD-Stimulated Human Lymphocytes – Effect of Adherent Cells
Authors: Horvat M. , Kallenbrunnen Helga , Havemann K.
Published: July 2009

An attempt was made to define factors important in choice of labelling conditions for thymidine incorporation into DNA as a means of quantitatively assessing DNA synthesis in human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by PHA and PPD. The effect of adherent cells on attaining and maintaining optimal labelling conditions was studied. It was found that the presence of adherent cells in PHA-stimulated cultures strongly affects requirements for exogenous thymidine, but has no effect in PPD-stimulated cultures.
T and B Lymphocyte Membrane Markers in Cells from Patients with Leukemia and Lymphoma
Authors: Mendes N.F. , Musatti Chloé C. , Tolnai Marina E.A.
Published: July 2009

Rosette formation of human lymphocytes with untreated sheep erythrocytes (E) or sheep erythrocytes treated with antibody and complement (EAC) may be employed as a marker of T and B lymphocytes. Cells from 16 patients with leukemia and from 18 with lymphoma were compared with normal lymphocytes in their ability to form E and EAC rosettes. The results were compared with the in vitro responses to PHA and MLR. A correlation was observed between the impaired responses to PHA and MLR and diminished percentages of cells having receptors for E or both E and EAC.
Isolation of Θ-Isoantigen-Negative, Antibody-Inhibiting Cells from Normal Mouse Bone Marrow According to Their Density and Surface-Adherent Properties
Authors: Drury P.J. , Singhal S.K.
Published: July 2009

Syngeneic mouse bone marrow cells have been studied with regard to their immunological reactivity in a test system involving the measurement of IgM plaque-forming cell (PFC) levels following the immunization of spleen cells in vitro.Normal level of inhibition expressed by bone marrow cells pretreated with anti-Θ serum and complement suggested the thymic-independent nature of bone marrow-mediated suppression. The inhibition was not due to intracellular materials released from the bone marrow cells. Density centrifugation studies resulted in the isolation of a band of cells enriched in suppressive activity. On the basis of cell-adherent separation procedure, greater antibody-inhibiting activity was associated with the non-adherent bone marrow cell population.
Structural Features of Histamine Release in Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Krüger Per Göran , Bloom Gunnar D.
Published: July 2009

Cellular events correlated to the histamine release process were studied in rat peritoneal mast cells applying the dye toluidine blue as histamine-discharging agent. The effects of toluidine blue were studied both in the presence and absence of calcium. Histamine release was clearly dose-dependent within the range 2X10––5 m toluidine blue to 4X10––4 m. Whereas spontaneous histamine release values were in the order of a few percent, maximum release in the presence of calcium amounted to 65–80%. Histamine release was accompanied by characteristic morphologic changes in the cells: granule fine structure was markedly altered, perigranular vacuoles were formed and, through repeated fusions of the vacuole-delimiting membranes, large caveolae containing granule matrices arose. In fortuitous sections, these cavities were seen to communicate with the extracellular space through pores, often of substantial size. Granule extrusion from the cellular domain to the surrounding medium, although it did occur to a certain extent, was not a prominent feature of the histamine release process. The dose-response curve for histamine release was lowered by roughly one half in the absence of calcium. This was reflected in mast cell morphology by a decreased tendency towards granule alteration and vacuole formation. The present observations are viewed in the light of various suggested models for the mode of histamine release from mast cells.
Synthesis and Secretion of Immunoglobulin, Including IgA, by Human Tonsil and Adenoid Tissue Cultured in vitro
Authors: Smith R.S. , Sherman N.A. , Newcomb R.W.
Published: July 2009

Cell suspensions (> 90% lymphocytes) from human tonsils and adenoids were washed, filtered through nylon mesh and cultured in vitro. Immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesized by these cultures was quantitated by a [125I] Fab assay, and specific IgA was enumerated by a [125I] IgA radioimmunoassay. Specificity studies with the IgA assay revealed that it measured serum and exocrine IgA with equal efficiency. Medium from 8 tissues cultured at 37 °C for 72 h contained 3–4 times more Ig and 7–12 times more IgA than was present before culture. Tissue cultures at 24 °C failed to show such increases. Most of the Ig and IgA was produced into culture media during the first 24 h. The IgA protein produced by tonsillar lymphocytes in vitro was 7S monomer IgA by sucrose density ultracentrifugation.
Effects of Non-Viable Measles Virus on Proliferating Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Miller Michael F.
Published: July 2009

We have previously found that in vitro addition of autoclaved measles virus (AMV) suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. The characteristics of this response were further explored. Proliferation induced by both PHA and PWM was depressed as was 14C-amino acid incorporation. AMV present in the medium for only the first 2–4 h of culture lead to prominent suppression. Suppressive activity was found in both dialyzable and non-dialyzable fractions of AMV. No evidence of cytotoxicity was seen by three different measurements.
Precipitation of Serum and Tissue Proteins by Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Roberts Maureen , Stevenson Ann , Bass Eleanor M.
Published: July 2009

Precipitation of serum proteins by PHA showed a normal pattern in 36 cancer patients, compared with 42 controls, the reaction being strongest in the α-globulin region, and may be due to both α2-macroglobulin and α1-lipoprotein. Serum dilution studies failed to reveal any difference between cancer patients and controls. Benign breast tissue extracts reacted significantly more frequently with PHA than did cancer tissue extracts. The reaction was in the α-globulin region, but strongly suggested a lipoprotein involvement.
Cell-Mediated Immunity and Serum Blocking Factors in Patients with Chronic Dermatophytic Infections
Authors: Walters B.A.J. , Chick J.E.D. , Halliday W.J.
Published: July 2009

Patients suffering from both chronic and acute infections with dermatophytic fungi displayed specific cell-mediated immunity towards antigens of their infecting organisms, as determined by the in vitro leucocyte adherence inhibition test. Serum from the chronically infected patients (but not from acutely infected) specifically blocked the activity of their own leucocytes or the leucocytes of other patients (chronic or acute) with the same species of infecting organism. Reactivity to tuberculin (PPD) was also detected but was not blocked by patients’ sera. The reactions detected in vitro are analogous to those observed in other situations (in certain chronic infections and during growth of tumors) and may explain the state of apparent non-reactivity and chronicity in vivo.
Three Pregnancy-Associated Human Plasma Proteins: Purification, Monospecific Antisera and Immunological Identification
Authors: Lin T.M. , Halbert S.P. , Kiefer D. , Spellacy W.N.
Published: July 2009

Three human pregnancy-associated plasma proteins (PAPPs), which were detected only during pregnancy with appropriately absorbed antisera to pregnancy plasma, were purified from third trimester plasma. The authors employed combinations of sequential DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite chromatography; Sephadex G-100, G-200 and Sepharose 6B gel filtration; isoelectric focusing; and/or ammonium sulfate salting out. Each final product was shown to contain only one PAPP, to be immunologically free of most normal plasma proteins, and to have specific activities 100- to 145-fold greater than in the original pregnancy plasma. Rabbits immunized with these preparations responded with antisera which became mono-specific to their respective PAPP after appropriate absorption. PAPP-D, the one with low molecular weight (20,000), was shown immunologically to represent human placental lactogen. Another, PAPP-C, has been found to be identical to the pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein described by Bohn (designated by him as SP1 protein). The other, PAPP-A, of molecular weight 750,000, is distinct from the other two pregnancy-associated proteins of Bohn (designated SP2 and SP3), as well as the α2-pregnoglobulin of Berne. Since the latter and SP3 proved to be identical immunologically, and since it has been reported that SP3, Xh factor, pregnancy-associated globulin (PAG or Pal), and the pregnancyzone proteins are identical to each other, PAPP-A may represent a new pregnancy-specific protein. None of the PAPPs were detected in sera from 102 patients with various malignancies.
Destruction and Regeneration of Lymphocyte Populations in the Mouse Spleen after Cyclophosphamide Treatment
Authors: Dumont F.
Published: July 2009

Three parameters allowing to distinguish B and T lymphocyte populations, i.e., the presence of surface-associated immunoglobulins (slg), the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) and the responsiveness in vitro to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to concanavalin A (Con A), were studied on mouse spleen cells at various time intervals following a single injection of cyclophosphamide (300mg/kg body weight). 1 day after the treatment, B cells (sIg-bearing, slow EPM) were almost totally destroyed and likewise, the response to LPS was abolished. Regeneration of the B cell compartment did not begin before day 16 and was complete only by day 30. Reconstitution of the LPS responsiveness was found to parallel the reappearance of B cells. T cells were also affected by the treatment, although to a much lesser extent than B cells. A first T cell subpopulation, with a mean EMP = 1.10 μmsec––1 V––1 cm, was destroyed by cyclophosphamide, while a large part of the second T cell subpopulation, with a mean EPM = 1.25 μm sec––1 V––1 cm remained in the spleen. This strongly suggests that the former subpopulation probably corresponds to short-lived cells and the latter to long-lived ones. Con A responsiveness was diminished but never suppressed and recovered relatively early. Starting by day 8, complete regeneration of the T cell compartment was achieved by day 30.
Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity Mediated by Human Fc-Receptor-Bearing Cells Lacking Markers for B- and T-Lymphocytes
Authors: Wisløff F. , Frøland S.S. , Michaelsen T.E.
Published: July 2009

The effector cell in human antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was studied by means of various cell fractionation methods. A strong decrease of cytotoxicity was observed in cell suspensions depleted of lymphocytes forming rosettes with human erythrocytes sensitized with human IgG (EA-RFC) either by gradient centrifugation of rosettes or by fractionation on immune complex Degalan columns. The EA-RFC-depleted, ineffective cell suspensions contained considerable proportions of Ig-positive lymphocytes. In contrast, a marked increase in both cytotoxicity and the proportion of EA-RFC was observed after depletion of T-lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes by gradient centrifugation. The net effect of the presence of monocytes was to diminish cytotoxicity as measured by chromium release, probably because phagocytized target cells were protected from extracellular lysis. It is concluded that antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in man is mediated by a lymphocyte-like cell that has receptors for the Fc part of IgG but lacks conventional B- and T-lymphocyte markers.
Immune Response to Keyhole-Limpet Hemocyanin in the Human
Authors: Paul S. , Kenny A.B. , Hitzig W.H.
Published: July 2009

Delayed hypersensitivity was studied in twelve normal adults given a single intradermal dose of 100 μgkeyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Minimal local reactions were observed, but no systemic reactions occurred. Eleven persons had (1) positive skin test, and/or (2) a small percentage of KLH-sensitized lymphocytes in the in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis test 2 weeks after immunization and (3) hemagglutinins demonstrable by a passive hemagglutination test.
No Evidence for an Immunological Cross-Reaction between Encephalitogenic Myelin Basic Protein and Histones
Authors: Schmid Gerhard , Thomas Günter , Lange Hans W. , Hempel Klaus
Published: July 2009

An immunological cross-reaction between histones and the encephalitogenic myelin basic protein (MBP) of brain white matter has been discussed repeatedly. The binding ability of the histones Fl, F2a1, F2a2, F2b and F3, isolated from calf thymus, and of the F2c fraction of chicken erythrocytes to antibodies against human MBP was examined using a radioimmunological technique with high sensitivity. There was no evidence for any immunological cross-reaction between these closely related basic proteins, neither by the direct binding test of labelled histones to the antibodies to MBP, nor by the binding inhibition test of MBP to its antibodies in presence of excessive amounts of histones.
Anti-Allergic Actions of Disodium Cromoglycate and Other Drugs Known to Inhibit Cyclic 3′,5′-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase
Authors: Taylor W.A. , Francis Daphne H. , Sheldon Dianne , Roitt I.M.
Published: July 2009

Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) inhibited rat peritoneal mast cell degranulation induced by anti-rat serum, noradrenaline, imidazole, phospholipase-A, and antigen. Antigen-induced degranulation was also inhibited by theophylline, isoprenaline, and dibutyryl cAMP, whereas ATP-induced degranulation was inhibited by indomethacin but not by DSCG or drugs known to influence the level of intra-cellular cyclic AMP. The inhibition by DSCG of compound 48/80-induced degranulation was shown to be independent of calcium ions. DSCG, isoprenaline, and prostaglandin E1 inhibited the calcium-independent activation stage of phospholipase-A-induced degranulation rather than the calcium-dependent granule extrusion stage. Theophylline-like drugs and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, on the other hand, inhibited degranulation when present in either first or second stage. The rate of development of tolerance to DSCG was also studied and found to be increased by addition of isoprenaline but decreased by addition of theophylline. These results are discussed in terms of the inhibitory activity of DSCG and theophylline-like drugs on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.
Selective Concentration of Specific Antibody in Serum Cryoprecipitates
Authors: Griswold William R.
Published: July 2009

Cryoprecipitates from sera of rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied for anti-BSA antibody activity. BSA antigen and anti-BSA antibody cryoprecipitate from serum simultaneously while immune clearance of antigen is occurring. 34–64% of the IgG in the cryoprecipitate had anti-BSA specificity. Only 2.9–5.7% of the IgG isolated from the serum was anti-BSA antibody. These observations add further support to the hypothesis that cryoprecipitates contain cold insoluble immune complexes.
Paw Test with Syngeneic Tumor Cells in Inbred Mice Bearing a Transplanted Sarcoma
Authors: Wells J.H. , Cain W.A. , Bozalis J.R. , Wells R.S. , Flora J.D.
Published: July 2009

Inbred C3H mice were inoculated subcutaneously with syngeneic, methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. During tumor growth, tumors were measured, and a cutaneous paw test carried out with viable tumor cells as antigen. In general, tumor paw tests were more reactive in mice with small tumors than in non-tumor-bearing control mice. When mice developed large tumors, their paw test reactivity decline, approaching that of unsensitized controls as tumors grew. The inverse correlation between tumor paw test reactivity and tumor volume is discussed. Side-to-side comparison of footpad reactivity indicated that the tumor paw test is highly reproducible. This model system in inbred mice appears useful for study of this and similar phenomena observed with some human neoplasms.
Respiratory Mast Cells and Basophiloid Cells
Authors: Tomita Yusuke , Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M.
Published: July 2009

The content of 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in free bronchial respiratory cells (RC) from dogs and rhesus monkeys was determined and compared with that of human peripheral blood leukocytes. The effects of β-adrenergic stimulating agents and concanavalin A on RC obtained from the bronchi of dogs was studied. Isoproterenol (I) resulted in an increase in production of 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in these cells. Theophylline (T) did not significantly elevate cAMP levels in the RC when these levels were compared with those of frozen control cells, but when the levels of T-treated cells were compared with the normal decline of cAMP in untreated, incubated RC, the results showed that T was effective in inhibition of the decline of cAMP, presumably due to its activity as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. I and T together resulted in higher levels of cAMP in RC than either agent alone. I resulted in inhibition of ragweed-induced histamine release from the RC of ragweed-sensitive dogs. Concanavalin A reduced the level of cAMP in RC and resulted in increased release of histamine from cells which was not potentiated by antigen. Levels of cAMP in RC appeared to correlate with the number of macrophages. This does not imply that other RC do not contain cAMP, but that respiratory macrophages may have a higher cAMP content than other types of cells found free in the bronchi.
Serum IgE Levels in Protozoal and Helminthic Infections
Authors: Radermecker M. , Bekhti A. , Poncelet E. , Salmon J.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE concentration is measured, according to the Rowe modification of the Mancini technique, in non-atopic patients suffering from various helminthic or protozoal infections. Our results indicate that the IgE level is often raised in parasitosis with prominent tissue phases and remains normal with helminths whose life is restricted to the lumen of the digestive tract. In addition, our observations show that, with helminthic or protozoal infestations, the serum IgE level tends to increase significantly and rapidly following a specific treatment of the parasitosis. Afterwards, the serum IgE level decreases slowly and may return to the normal in a few months. Thus, repetitive evaluations of serum IgE concentrations, before and after therapy, appear to be of a diagnostic value in the cases where a vague clinical picture is suggesting an helminthic parasitosis.
Further Analysis of the Resistance of a Colony of Rats to Dextran
Authors: West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Rats selectively bred for non-reactivity to ovomucoid and to clinical dextran (termed non-reactors) have a higher blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil count than do rats which react with an anaphylactoid reaction (termed reactors). This finding may explain why non-reactors do not exhibit the signs of arthritis when Freund’s adjuvant is injected into the hind paw. Nevertheless, the transfer of blood white cells and lymphocytes from spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of reactors fails to break down the resistance of non-reactors to dextran. Insulin likewise does not render non-reactor rats sensitive to dextran although it markedly potentiates the reaction in reactors. If new protein synthesis induced by insulin is involved in the potentiation, then non-reactors may lack the ability to synthesize this protein in the presence of insulin. However, insulin increases the severity of anaphylactic shock in both reactors and non-reactors when administered at the same time as the intravenous challenge of antigen.
Induction and Termination of Immunological Unresponsiveness to DNCB in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Polak L. , Frey J.R.
Published: July 2009

Tolerance and desensitization to DNCB are based on different mechanisms. Temporary desensitization of DNCB-contact sensitive guinea pigs may be caused by a direct inactivation of specific effector cells by the intravenously injected hapten whereas in tolerance to DNCB induced by pretreatment of normal animals with DNBSO3, suppressor cell activity may account for specific unresponsiveness.
Correlation between in vitro Anaphylactic Histamine Release from Tissues and Reagin Titer in Rat
Authors: Yamamoto Shoso , Seo Koichi , Fujiwara Yoshimi , Maeda Motomichi , Yamura Takuso
Published: July 2009

The magnitude of antigen-induced histamine release from actively sensitized rat tissues in vitro was compared with the amount of specific reagin in the serum. There was no quantitative correlation between either, suggesting that the antigen-induced histamine release from sensitized tissues might depend on the ability of sensitized target cells to release histamine. In addition, the magnitude of antigen-induced histamine release was different in each tissue of sensitized rats. This also suggested that there might be some differences in the ability of sensitized target cells in each tissue to release histamine by antigen.
Use of Radiolabelled Antiglobulin for Quantitation of Antibody to Soluble Antigens Rendered Particulate: Application to Human Sera from ‘Pigeon Fancier’s Lung Syndrome’
Authors: Nielsen K.H. , Parratt D. , Boyd G. , White R.G.
Published: July 2009

A method is described for quantitation of antibody levels in sera from human cases of ‘pigeon fancier’s lung syndrome’. The method uses a 125I-radiolabelled specific antibody to human IgG to detect antibody bound to antigen on the surface of carrier formalinized sheep erythrocytes. By comparison of counts of radioactivity with a standard antiserum, the antibody content of which was measured by a quantitative precipitin technique, antibody levels have been expressed in weight units. The results of this test have been surveyed in a group of clinical cases of pigeon fancier’s lung syndrome, a group of healthy pigeon fanciers and a group of normal controls.
Ultraviolet Light Absorption and Fluorescence Properties of an Allergen Extracted from Ascaris suum
Authors: Ambler J. , Miller J.N. , Orr T.S.C.
Published: July 2009

The spectroscopic and fluorescence properties of Ascaris suum allergen A have been examined. The molar extinction coefficient of the native allergen at 276 nm was determined as 1.54 × 104 and compared to typical proteins a high absorption was found in the 305–350 nm region. Fluorescence studies with the native allergen showed that the fluorescence characteristic of tryptophan was at a much lower wavelength (314 nm) than usual, and a high wavelength fluorescence (centred at 431 nm) was also detected. Treatment of the allergen with alkali abolished the first of these anomalies but not the second. Total luminescence spectra and phosphorescence lifetimes are also described, and the results are discussed in relation to the N-glycosidic bond theory of Berrens.
A Rapid pH Stat Assay for Plasma Prekallikrein and Fluctuations in Disease
Authors: Snyder A. , Hand M.R. , Gewurz H.
Published: July 2009

We report a new pH stat adaptation for the assay of human plasma prekallikrein. Kaolin was used to activate this enzyme and the cleavage of TAMe was quantified by the continuous recording of H+ released rather than by the widely used method of sampling to measure the amount of methanol released. Prekallikrein levels in 80 samples assayed by the two methods correlated well. The pH stat assay was found to be advantageous because of its simplicity, speed (15–30 min), accuracy and reduction of variables. Using these procedures, we confirmed the previously described reduction of prekallikrein in patients with bacterial infections and chronic liver disease, and detected lowered levels in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus and normocomplementemic rheumatoid arthritis.
Rifampicin-Induced Suppression of Contact Sensitization to DNCB in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Bäck Ove , Lidén Sture
Published: July 2009

The effect of rifampicin on contact sensitivity to DNCB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) was studied in outbred guinea pigs. The administration of rifampicin in a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight prior to and during the sensitization procedure suppressed the development of skin hypersensitivity. When sensitized animals were given rifampicin for 2 weeks prior to and during the epicutaneous test no suppression was demonstrated. Following rifampicin treatment there was a significant reduction of the weight of both the thymus and the spleen. We think that our findings are due to a rifampicin-mediated inhibition of lymphoid cell proliferation.
Characterization of Subpopulations of Human Lymphoid Cells Participating in Phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A-Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Wisløff F. , Frøland S.S. , Michaelsen T.E.
Published: July 2009

The cells participating in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) induced cytotoxicity mediated by human lymphoid cells were studied by means of various cell fractionation methods. A considerable decrease of cytotoxicity induced by these mitogens was observed in cell suspensions depleted of T lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, by gradient centrifugation. Also, depletion of Fc-receptor-bearing lymphoid cells, either by gradient centrifugation or by fractionation on immune complex Degalan columns, led to a marked reduction of the cytotoxic response to PHA and Con A. Our data indicate that optimal cytotoxicity induced by activation with PHA or Con A requires the presence of least two populaitons of lymphoid cells, of thymus as well as non-thymus origin.
Influence of Parental Lymphoid Cells on the Production of 19S and 7S Antibodies in F1 Hybrid Mice
Authors: Lindholm L. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

Parental spleen cells injected into F1 hybrid mice stimulated the 7S and, to a lesser degree, 19S primary antibody response to thymus-dependent and -independent antigens. The stimulatory effect on 7S antibody formation as compared to mice, injected with syngeneic spleen cells, was exerted by parental spleen cells injected after, as well as prior to antigenic stimulation. Large amounts of parental spleen cells inhibited the antibody response in comparison to the response obtained after injection of syngeneic cells. Allogeneic cells augmented the 7S and 19S antibody response to very small amounts of antigen. The effect of parental cells on host antibody formation could be abolished by treating the cells with anti-Thy 1 serum and complement which confirms that the stimulatory effect was mediated by T cells. The results indicate that 7S antibody formation is more dependent on non-antigen-specific influences from T cells than is 19S antibody production and are compatible with the hypothesis that activated T cells release substances which stimulate or inhibit antibody formation. These substances do not appear to be responsible for the immunologically specific ‘thymic helper’ effect.
Relative Abilities of Parental Thymus and Spleen Cells to Induce Graft-Versus-Host Reactions and Enhance Antibody Formation in F1 Hybrid Mice
Authors: Lindholm L. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

The relative capacity of parental thymus and spleen cells to induce graft-versus-host reactions (GVHR), as reflected by spleen enlargement and stimulation of antibody formation, was studied in Fl hybrid mice. The relative GVHR-inducing abilities of the two cell types varied considerably, depending on the strain combination employed. The effect of parental lymphoid cells on spleen weight did not parallel their effect on antibody formation. In experiments using high concentrations of parental cells, thymus cells were more efficient than spleen cells as regards stimulation of antibody formation. The results indicate that thymus cells have a marked ability to induce GVHR. It is most unlikely that this ability is dependent upon the presence of contaminating peripheral lymphocytes in the thymus cell preparation used in the experiments.
Use of Carrageenan as an Adjuvant of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Mizushima Y. , Murata J. , Horiuchi Y.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were sensitized with lysozyme-carrageenan mixture, BSA-carrageenan mixture, or BSA-carrageenan complex coupled covalently with BrCN. The control animals were sensitized with the antigen alone or with Freund’s adjuvant. The animals were skin-tested with the antigens 2–6 weeks later. Carrageenan was found to have a potent adjuvant activity – especially in delayed hypersensitivity.
Macro- and Microdiíferences in Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Authors: Wiener A.S. , Socha W.W.
Published: July 2009

Evidence is presented that differences among serological specificities and in the structures of red cell antigens and antibodies fall naturally into two major categories, namely, macrodifferences and microdifferences. Examples are cited from the field of blood grouping, especially for the A-B-O, M-N, and Rh-Hr systems. It is demonstrated that macrodifferences usually relate to separate determinant groups in the antigen molecule, while sets of microdifferences may relate to one and the same determinant group, as with the cognate factors of Rho. To assume the existence of a one-to-one relationship between antibodies (and serological specificities) and determinant groups would require antigen molecules of finite size capable of accommodating an unlimited number of chemical determinant groups. It is pointed out that for each newly discovered specificity and antigen, it is important to determine whether one is dealing with a novel macro- or microdifference. The general applicability of the concept to fields other than blood grouping is pointed out.
The Measurement of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in Rats
Authors: Lefford M.J.
Published: July 2009

An objective and sensitive method is described for measuring tuberculin skin sensitivity in rats, based on the radioactive labelling with 3HT of bone marrow precursors of monocytes. These cells accumulate in DTH reactions and were measured by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry of biopsy specimens. DTH was detectable with eliciting doses of PPD as low as 1 μg and was shown to be immunologically specific. Criteria of DTH were established which permitted the detection of low degrees of sensitivity with a high degree of confidence.
Triple Pathway for Induction of Chemotaxis in Neutrophil Leucocytes by Guinea-Pig Immune Complexes of Different Ig Classes
Authors: Tack Leung , Beucher F. , Maillard J. , Voisin G.A.
Published: July 2009

The authors studied the in vitro chemotactic response of guinea pig neutrophil leucocytes to various amounts of complexes precipitated at equivalence from whole guinea-pig immune sera or their IgG1- or IgG2-containing portions. The dose-response curves show a not-too-simple pattern, compatible with a plurality of activation pathways. The relationship between chemotaxis and complement fixation, the interference produced by inhibitors such as EDTA, EGTA, kaolin, and DFP suggest that at least three mechanisms lead to neutrophil chemotaxis. These are, according to the Ig class involved (a) the direct pathway of complement activation for the IgG2 complexes, (b) the alternate pathway for IgG1 complexes, high doses being more efficient, and (c) activation of one or several sequences of the ‘contact system’ of coagulation (initiated by Hageman factor) for IgG1 complexes, mainly effective at low doses.
Prevalence and Familial Association of Atopic Disease and its Relationship to Serum IgE Levels in 1,061 School Children and Their Families
Authors: Turner K.J. , Rosman Diana L. , O’Mahony Janice
Published: July 2009

The prevalence of asthma, hay fever, wheezing bronchitis, and eczema was found to be independent of age and sex in 1,598 school children aged 6–17 years who were resident in Busselton, Western Australia. Prevalence studies show that both asthma and hay fever are inherited diseases but that the mode of inheritance differs, since there is evidence in hay fever but not asthma of a cumulative effect resulting from both parents expressing the disease. The serum IgE levels of children with all categories of allergic disease reported in this study were significantly elevated above those of control children of similar age. The mother’s serum IgE concetration was more closely related to that of her son than to that of her daughter. The converse relationship existed for girls. These findings are interpreted on the basis that the X-chromosome of man carries genes which influence IgE synthesis.