bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Jianqiang , Sun Cuimei , Wang Ying , Nie Guangjun , Dong Qihao , You Jiebing , Li Qiang , Li Mingyue
Published: September 2022

Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an uncommon and serious subtype of stroke, which leads to the loss of the patient's ability to produce and live for many years.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH.

Methods Electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, China Master's Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase were searched from 2010 and 2021. All randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH were included in our meta-analysis. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata16.0 software.

Results A total of 10 studies were included. Compared with the control group, the treatment group had higher effective rate (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.25, 4.58; p < 0.001), and lower incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.67; p = 0.001). Before treatment, no significant differences were identified in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score between the two groups. However, after treatment, the middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (SMD = −1.36, 95% CI: −2.28, −0.49; p = 0.002) and GCS score (SMD = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.89; p < 0.001) in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group.

Conclusions Nimodipine is effective in the treatment of SAH, lowering incidence of adverse reactions and therefore improving the prognosis of patients.
Artificial Intelligence in Lung Imaging
Authors: Choe Jooae , Lee Sang Min , Hwang Hye Jeon , Lee Sang Min , Yun Jihye , Kim Namkug , Seo Joon Beom
Published: September 2022

Recently, interest and advances in artificial intelligence (AI) including deep learning for medical images have surged. As imaging plays a major role in the assessment of pulmonary diseases, various AI algorithms have been developed for chest imaging. Some of these have been approved by governments and are now commercially available in the marketplace. In the field of chest radiology, there are various tasks and purposes that are suitable for AI: initial evaluation/triage of certain diseases, detection and diagnosis, quantitative assessment of disease severity and monitoring, and prediction for decision support. While AI is a powerful technology that can be applied to medical imaging and is expected to improve our current clinical practice, some obstacles must be addressed for the successful implementation of AI in workflows. Understanding and becoming familiar with the current status and potential clinical applications of AI in chest imaging, as well as remaining challenges, would be essential for radiologists and clinicians in the era of AI. This review introduces the potential clinical applications of AI in chest imaging and also discusses the challenges for the implementation of AI in daily clinical practice and future directions in chest imaging.
Relative Hypercoagulopathy of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Delta Variants when Compared to the Less Severe Omicron Variants Is Related to TEG Parameters, the Extent of Fibrin Amyloid Microclots, and the Severity of Clinical Illness
Authors: Grobbelaar Lize M. , Kruger Arneaux , Venter Chantelle , Burger Este M. , Laubscher Gert J. , Maponga Tongai G. , Kotze Maritha J. , Kwaan Hau C. , Miller Joseph B. , Fulkerson Daniel , Huff Wei , Chang Eric , Wiarda Grant , Bunch Connor M. , Walsh Mark M. , Raza Syed , Zamlut Mahmud , Moore Hunter B. , Moore Ernest E. , Neal Matthew D. , Kell Douglas B. , Pretorius Etheresia
Published: September 2022

Earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with hypercoagulability and an extensive formation of fibrin amyloid microclots, which are considered to contribute to the pathology of the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). The newer omicron variants appear to be far more transmissible, but less virulent, even when taking immunity acquired from previous infections or vaccination into account. We here show that while the clotting parameters associated with omicron variants are significantly raised over those of healthy, matched controls, they are raised to levels significantly lower than those seen with more severe variants such as beta and delta. We also observed that individuals infected with omicron variants manifested less extensive microclot formation in platelet-poor plasma compared with those harboring the more virulent variants. The measurement of clotting effects between the different variants acts as a kind of “internal control” that demonstrates the relationship between the extent of coagulopathies and the virulence of the variant of interest. This adds to the evidence that microclots may play an important role in reflecting the severity of symptoms observed in COVID-19.
From Ink Pens to Computers: A Personal Look Back at Landmark Changes during 5 Decades as a Clinical Laboratory Scientist in U.S. Hemostasis Laboratories
Authors: Gosselin Robert C.
Published: September 2022

In 2023, Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis will be celebrating its 50th anniversary, and similarly this will also mark my 5th decade of working in, or association with, laboratories that perform hemostasis testing. My career started at a large military medical center, but I also worked at several other facilities, including military dispensaries, community hospitals, and a large academic institution. The difference between each type of hemostasis laboratory was as expected, with larger facilities having better instrumentation and more prolific test menus. However, whether one worked in a large academic center, or a small rural hospital, regulatory changes affected every clinical laboratory to the same degree. Advances in technology also eventually affected every hemostasis laboratory, but these salient changes were more likely to occur earlier at the larger institutions. As Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis celebrates its 50th anniversary, that milestone triggered recollection about those salient events that occurred during my own career in hemostasis testing. As such, I describe (my impression) the top ten landmark changes that altered laboratory practice at the facilities where I worked during the past 5 decades.
German Registry for Cardiac Operations and Interventions in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: Report 2021 and 9 Years' Longitudinal Observations on Fallot and Coarctation Patients
Authors: Dittrich Sven , Arenz Claudia , Krogmann Otto , Tengler Anja , Meyer Renate , Bauer Ulrike , Hofbeck Michael , Beckmann Andreas , Horke Alexander
Published: September 2022

Background The annual report of the German Quality Assurance of Congenital Heart Disease displays a broad overview on outcome of interventional and surgical treatment with respect to patient's age and risk categorization. Particular features of the German all-comers registry are the inclusion of all interventional and surgical procedures, the possibility to record repeated treatments with distinct individual patient assignment, and to record various procedures within one case.

Methods International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code terminology for diagnoses and procedures as well as classified adverse events, also recording of demographic data, key procedural performance indicators, and key quality indicators (mortality, adverse event rates). Surgical and interventional adverse events were classified according to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and to the Congenital Heart Disease Adjustment for Risk Method of the congenital cardiac catheterization project on outcomes. Annual analysis of all cases and additional long-term evaluation of patients after repair of Fallot and primary treatment of native coarctation of the aorta were performed.

Results In 2020, 5,532 patients with 6,051 cases (hospital stays) with 6,986 procedures were treated in 23 German institutions. Cases dispense on 618 newborns (10.2%), 1,532 infants (25.3%), 3,077 children (50.9%), and 824 adults (13.6%). Freedom from adverse events was 94.5% in 2,795 interventional cases, 67.9% in 2,887 surgical cases, and 42.9% in 336 cases with multiple procedures (without considering the 33 hybrid interventions). In-hospital mortality was 0.5% in interventional, 1.6% in surgical, and 5.7% in cases with multiple treatments. Long-term observation of 1,632 patient after repair of Fallot depicts the impact of previous palliation in 18% of the patients on the rate of 20.8% redo cases. Differentiated analysis of 1,864 patients with native coarctation picture clear differences of patient, age, and procedure selection and outcome. The overall redo procedure rate in this patient population is high with 30.8%.

Conclusion Improvement in quality of care requires detailed analysis of risks, performance indicators, and outcomes. The high necessity of redo procedures in patients with complex congenital heart disease underlines the imperative need of long-term observations.
Improved electron trajectory and power distribution in APPLE-knot undulator
Authors: Moghaddam A. Ramezani , Cacho C.
Published: September 2022

The APPLE-Knot undulator has been proposed to reduce the large on-axis heat load of the APPLE-II at very low photon energy. However, the current designs have an inherent non-zero second field integral due to the Knot sections, resulting in a transverse deflection of the electron beam throughout the undulator. For a long device, such a deviation can degrade the brightness and power distribution of the outgoing beam. Here, a new end-Knot section is presented to compensate for the electron trajectory, and the undulator is symmetrized to balance the output power distribution. The performance of the APPLE-Knot with symmetric power distribution is investigated. The partial power, flux, and polarization are compared with the APPLE-II. In the linear mode, APPLE-Knot shows a pronounced reduction of the partial power, with a similar flux to the APPLE-II. The symmetric power density distribution reduces the hotspot by 41%, with a flux loss of less than 5%. In the circular mode and at low photon energies, the flux is limited by the phase error of the symmetric design.
Lost alpha Faraday cup foil noise characterization during Joint European Torus plasma post-processing analysis
Authors: Bonofiglo P. J. , Kiptily V. , Goloborodko V. , Štancar Ž. , Podestà M. , Cecil F. E. , Challis C. D. , Hobirk J. , Kappatou A. , Lerche E. , Carvalho I. S. , Garcia J. , Mailloux J. , Maggi C. F. , Meigs A. G. ,   JET Contributors
Published: September 2022

Capacitive plasma pickup is a well-known and difficult problem for plasma-facing edge diagnostics. This problem must be addressed to ensure an accurate and robust interpretation of the real signal measurements vs noise. The Faraday cup fast ion loss detector array of the Joint European Torus (JET) is particularly prone to this issue and can be used as a testbed to prototype solutions. The issue of separation and distinction between warranted fast ion signal and electromagnetic plasma noise has traditionally been solved with hardware modifications, but a more versatile post-processing approach is of great interest. This work presents post-processing techniques to characterize the signal noise. While hardware changes and advancements may be limited, the combination with post-processing procedures allows for more rapid and robust analysis of measurements. The characterization of plasma pickup noise is examined for alpha losses in a discharge from JET’s tritium campaign. In addition to highlighting the post-processing methodology, the spatial sensitivity of the detector array is also examined, which presents significant advantages for the physical interpretation of fast ion losses.
AC compensation of 3D magnetic diagnostic signals in DIII-D and National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) for real-time application
Authors: Munaretto S. , Myers C. E. , Gerhardt S. P. , Logan N. C. , Menard J. E. , Strait E. J.
Published: September 2022

A time domain algorithm has been developed to remove the vacuum pickup generated by both coil current (DC) and induced vessel current (AC) in real time from three dimensional (3D) magnetic diagnostic signals in the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) and DIII-D tokamaks. The possibility of detecting 3D plasma perturbations in real time is essential in modern and future tokamaks to avoid and control MHD instabilities. The presence of vacuum field pickup, due to toroidally asymmetric (3D) coils or to misalignment between sensors and axisymmetric (2D) coils, pollutes the measured plasma 3D field, making the detection of the magnetic field produced by the plasma challenging. Although the DC coupling between coils and sensors can be easily calculated and removed, the AC part is more difficult. An algorithm based on a layered low-pass filter approach for the AC compensation and its application for DIII-D and NSTX-U data is presented, showing that this method reduces the vacuum pickup to the noise level. Comparison of plasma response measurements with and without vacuum compensation shows that accurate mode locking detection and plasma response identification require precise AC and DC compensations.
Charge transfer at finite temperature: The “|Δμ| big is good” principle
Authors: Miranda-Quintana Ramón Alain
Published: September 2022

We show that the “|Δμ| big is good” principle holds at temperatures above absolute zero (the so-called “finite-T regime”). We also provide the first conditions hinting at the validity of this reactivity rule in cases where the chemical reactions involved have different signs in their chemical potential variations.
Self-similar diffuse boundary method for phase boundary driven flow
Authors: Schmidt Emma M. , Quinlan J. Matt , Runnels Brandon
Published: September 2022

Interactions between an evolving solid and inviscid flow can result in substantial computational complexity, particularly in circumstances involving varied boundary conditions between the solid and fluid phases. Examples of such interactions include melting, sublimation, and deflagration, all of which exhibit bidirectional coupling, mass/heat transfer, and topological change of the solid–fluid interface. The diffuse interface method is a powerful technique that has been used to describe a wide range of solid-phase interface-driven phenomena. The implicit treatment of the interface eliminates the need for cumbersome interface tracking, and advances in adaptive mesh refinement have provided a way to sufficiently resolve diffuse interfaces without excessive computational cost. However, the general scale-invariant coupling of these techniques to flow solvers has been relatively unexplored. In this work, a robust method is presented for treating diffuse solid–fluid interfaces with arbitrary boundary conditions. Source terms defined over the diffuse region mimic boundary conditions at the solid–fluid interface, and it is demonstrated that the diffuse length scale has no adverse effects. To show the efficacy of the method, a one-dimensional implementation is introduced and tested for three types of boundaries: mass flux through the boundary, a moving boundary, and passive interaction of the boundary with an incident acoustic wave. Two-dimensional results are presented as well these demonstrate expected behavior in all cases. Convergence analysis is also performed and compared against the sharp-interface solution, and linear convergence is observed. This method lays the groundwork for the extension to viscous flow and the solution of problems involving time-varying mass-flux boundaries.
Structural correlations and phase separation in binary mixtures of charged and neutral colloids
Authors: Allahyarov Elshad , Löwen Hartmut
Published: September 2022

Structural correlations between colloids in a binary mixture of charged and neutral spheres are calculated using computer simulations of the primitive model with explicit microions. For aqueous suspensions in a solvent of large dielectric constant, the traditional Derjaguin–Landau–Vervey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory of linear screening, supplemented with hard core interactions, reproduces the structural correlations obtained in the full primitive model quantitatively. However, for lower dielectric contrast, the increasing Coulomb coupling between the counterions and charged colloids results in strong deviations. We find a fluid–fluid phase separation into two regions either rich in charged or rich in neutral colloids, which is not reproduced by DLVO theory. Our results are verifiable in scattering or real-space experiments on charged-neutral mixtures of colloids or nanoparticles.
Theme as point of departure in English and Spanish casual conversation
Authors: Arús-Hita Jorge
Published: September 2022

This paper uses a trinocular approach – i.e. from below, from above and from roundabout – to describe Theme as point of departure (POD) in English and Spanish casual conversation (thus avoiding the more controversial ‘what-the-clause-is-about’ aspect of Theme). This research is part of a long-term contrastive study which includes the description of POD in academic writing and a crosslinguistic comparison of POD in academic writing and casual conversation. Among the main findings in this paper, the following stand out: (a) the identification of a conversational texture characterised by the interplay of textual and interpersonal strands of meaning; and (b) different POD arrangements of English and Spanish clauses in casual conversation, motivated by different ways of enacting communicative exchange.
“This joke has gone on for long enough”
Authors: Bernard Floris
Published: September 2022

Gregory of Nazianzus is one of the foundational theologians of Eastern Christianity, greatly contributing to the development of an authoritative body of texts that is generally averse to humour. Due to this, he is generally not read with humoristic interests in mind. Yet, his letters are a genre that is more than others entrenched in the social realities of his time. In these letters, Gregory uses witticisms and playful derision as a means to forge a bond of exclusivity with his epistolary friends. Frequently, these witticisms hinge on intertextual allusions. In these allusions, Gregory plays a game that is based on erudition in both the (pagan) classics and the bible, thus constructing a kind of witty sophisticated discourse that is undeniably Christian, and at the same time meets all the standards of elitist classical paideia.
Biblical fun
Authors: Hunink Vincent
Published: September 2022

In this chapter I discuss the Cena Cypriani, a 4th century curiosum in early Christian
literature, describing a special wedding attended by a great number of biblical characters. First I run through
the text as a whole and discuss the few known facts about the background of the text. Next I concentrate on the
four final sections, which show some surprising features. These in turn bring me to concluding observations on the
type of fun aimed at in this text. I argue that the Cena Cypriani consistently aims at playful
irreverence and seems intended for a learned Christian readership. Some final remarks about the later reception of
the text conclude the paper.
Humour and its ethics
Authors: Hassan Farooq
Published: September 2022

Today Islam appears to many to be a stiffly austere religion that denigrates humour, but in its
earliest phase of development it endorsed humour and set guidelines in accordance with the teachings of the Qur’an and
the Sunnah. Islam encourages humour of the positive kind and discourages the humour, which becomes a tool for
insulting people. This paper aims to discuss the permissible and forbidden kinds of humour, its need, benefits, and
specifications along with its assigned place in medieval Islamic heritage. This paper focuses on the ethics of humour
and Muslim responses to it and argues that humour needs to be incorporated in communication for a more tolerant and
enlightened society.
Poetic parodies of Islamic discourses by Abū Nuwās
Authors: van Gelder Geert Jan
Published: September 2022

Abū Nuwās (d. c. 813), one of the greatest and most versatile of Arabic poets,
practised every major genre. His fame and notoriety rest especially on his large corpus of Bacchic verse and love
poetry, most of which is homoerotic. All his poetry is secular: no mystical verse, hymns on God or praise of the
Prophet, but religion is never very far, if not in the foreground then in the background. Much of his verse is
explicitly antinomian, flouting the prescripts of Islam. The present paper deals with his humorous and often obscene
verse parodies of two kinds of Islamic discourse, the waṣiyyah (‘pious instruction’ or ‘testament’),
and Hadith, the corpus of sayings and doings of the prophet Muhammad.
Effect of deformation pass on softening mechanism and microstructure of 7085 alloy
Authors: Zhao Xiaodong , Zhang Qizhu , Li Yajie , Qin Fengming
Published: September 2022

Thermal deformation plays a key role in improving the comprehensive performance of 7085 aluminium alloy. We simulated the thermal deformation with a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator under various deformation passes. The results showed that the softening mechanism in every deformation pass is principally recovery, and recrystallisation is relatively low. The sample compression by the single pass deformation at 673 K has the maximum recrystallisation fraction of 27.4%. The recrystallisation fraction of the sample compressed by three passes at 673 K and holding time of 120s reaches 23.2% due to the activation of meta-dynamic recrystallisation. Meanwhile, static recovery is more sufficient and more regular sub-grains (73.8%) are observed. Additionally, multi-pass deformation process is adopted to decrease the texture intensity and grain anisotropy.
Liquid–liquid phase separation facilitates the biogenesis of secretory storage granules
Authors: Parchure Anup , Tian Meng , Stalder Danièle , Boyer Cierra K. , Bearrows Shelby C. , Rohli Kristen E. , Zhang Jianchao , Rivera-Molina Felix , Ramazanov Bulat R. , Mahata Sushil K. , Wang Yanzhuang , Stephens Samuel B. , Gershlick David C. , von Blume Julia
Published: September 2022

Insulin is synthesized by pancreatic β-cells and stored into secretory granules (SGs). SGs fuse with the plasma membrane in response to a stimulus and deliver insulin to the bloodstream. The mechanism of how proinsulin and its processing enzymes are sorted and targeted from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to SGs remains mysterious. No cargo receptor for proinsulin has been identified. Here, we show that chromogranin (CG) proteins undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) at a mildly acidic pH in the lumen of the TGN, and recruit clients like proinsulin to the condensates. Client selectivity is sequence-independent but based on the concentration of the client molecules in the TGN. We propose that the TGN provides the milieu for converting CGs into a “cargo sponge” leading to partitioning of client molecules, thus facilitating receptor-independent client sorting. These findings provide a new receptor-independent sorting model in β-cells and many other cell types and therefore represent an innovation in the field of membrane trafficking.
Bilateral comparison of 1 Ω and 10 kΩ standards (ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K13) between the NPLI (India) and the BIPM
Authors: Rolland B , Stock M , Gournay P , Aloysius R P , Kiran U , Hemavathi A , Awana V P S , Biswas J C
Published: September 2022

Main text

This report gives the result of a bilateral comparison of resistance between the NPLI (India) and the BIPM carried out from August 2021 to April 2022. Two 1 Ω and two 10 kΩ travelling standards belonging to the BIPM were used. The comparison was carried out with an 'A-B-A' pattern of measurements; the standards were measured first at the BIPM for a period of about one month, then for a period of about one month at the NPLI, and finally again at the BIPM. The measurand was the 4 terminal dc resistances at low power. The BIPM was the pilot laboratory, and the comparison forms part of the ongoing BIPM key comparisons BIPM.EM-K13.a (for 1 Ω) and BIPM.EM-K13b (for 10 kΩ).

The results from the NPLI and the BIPM were found to be in good agreement for 1 Ω but not for the 10 kΩ. The difference D is smaller than the relative expanded uncertainty U
c (95% confidence, k = 2) giving D = 0.365 × 10-6, U
c = 0.870 × 10-6 for 1 Ω. The difference D is higher than the relative expanded uncertainty U
c (95% confidence, k = 2) giving D = 0.306 × 10-6, U
c = 0.166 × 10-6 for 10 kΩ.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Cones with convoluted geometry that always scatter or radiate
Authors: Blåsten Emilia L K , Pohjola Valter
Published: September 2022

We investigate fixed energy scattering from conical potentials having an irregular cross-section. The incident wave can be an arbitrary non-trivial Herglotz wave. We show that a large number of such local conical scatterers scatter all incident waves, meaning that the far-field will always be non-zero. In essence there are no incident waves for which these potentials would seem transparent at any given energy. We show more specifically that there is a large collection of star-shaped cones whose local geometries always produce a scattered wave. In fact, except for a countable set, all cones from a family of deformations between a circular and a star-shaped cone will always scatter any non-trivial incident Herglotz wave. Our methods are based on the use of spherical harmonics and a deformation argument. We also investigate the related problem for sources. In particular if the support of the source is locally a thin cone, with an arbitrary cross-section, then it will produce a non-zero far-field.
Improving the photovoltaic performance of inverted perovskite solar cells via manipulating the molecular packing structure of PCBM
Authors: Chiang Shou-En , Lin Pei-Chen , Wu Jia-Ren , Chang Sheng Hsiung
Published: September 2022

In this study, the molecular packing structure of solution-processed phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) thin film was manipulated by varying the volume ratio of chlorobenzene (CB) to bromobenzene (BrB) from 100:0 to 50:50, which largely influences the device performance of the PCBM/perovskite heterojunction solar cells. Absorbance spectra, photoluminescence spectra, atomic force microscopic images and contact angle images were used to investigate the molecular packing structure effects of the PCBM thin films on the device performance of the inverted perovskite solar cells. Our experimental results show that the formation of PCBM aggregates and the contact quality at the PCBM/perovksite interface significantly influence the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor of the resultant solar cells simultaneously. It is noted that the PCE of the encapsulated inverted CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) solar cells exhibited a stable and high power conversion efficiency of 18%.
Validation of a deep learning-based material estimation model for Monte Carlo dose calculation in proton therapy
Authors: Chang Chih-Wei , Zhou Shuang , Gao Yuan , Lin Liyong , Liu Tian , Bradley Jeffrey D , Zhang Tiezhi , Zhou Jun , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: September 2022

Objective. Computed tomography (CT) to material property conversion dominates proton range uncertainty, impacting the quality of proton treatment planning. Physics-based and machine learning-based methods have been investigated to leverage dual-energy CT (DECT) to predict proton ranges. Recent development includes physics-informed deep learning (DL) for material property inference. This paper aims to develop a framework to validate Monte Carlo dose calculation (MCDC) using CT-based material characterization models. Approach. The proposed framework includes two experiments to validate in vivo dose and water equivalent thickness (WET) distributions using anthropomorphic and porcine phantoms. Phantoms were irradiated using anteroposterior proton beams, and the exit doses and residual ranges were measured by MatriXX PT and a multi-layer strip ionization chamber. Two pre-trained conventional and physics-informed residual networks (RN/PRN) were used for mass density inference from DECT. Additional two heuristic material conversion models using single-energy CT (SECT) and DECT were implemented for comparisons. The gamma index was used for dose comparisons with criteria of 3%/3 mm (10% dose threshold). Main results. The phantom study showed that MCDC with PRN achieved mean gamma passing rates of 95.9% and 97.8% for the anthropomorphic and porcine phantoms. The rates were 86.0% and 79.7% for MCDC with the empirical DECT model. WET analyses indicated that the mean WET variations between measurement and simulation were −1.66 mm, −2.48 mm, and −0.06 mm for MCDC using a Hounsfield look-up table with SECT and empirical and PRN models with DECT. Validation experiments indicated that MCDC with PRN achieved consistent dose and WET distributions with measurement. Significance. The proposed framework can be used to identify the optimal CT-based material characterization model for MCDC to improve proton range uncertainty. The framework can systematically verify the accuracy of proton treatment planning, and it can potentially be implemented in the treatment room to be instrumental in online adaptive treatment planning.
MoS2/Si tunnel diodes based on comprehensive transfer technique
Authors: Zhu Yi , Lv Hongliang , Zhang Yuming , Jia Ziji , Sun Jiale , Lyu Zhijun , Lu Bin
Published: September 2022

Due to the pristine interface of the 2D/3D face-tunneling heterostructure with an ultra-sharp doping profile, the 2D/3D tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) is considered as one of the most promising low-power devices that can simultaneously obtain low off-state current (I
OFF), high on-state current (I
ON) and steep subthreshold swing (SS). As a key element for the 2D/3D TFET, the intensive exploration of the tunnel diode based on the 2D/3D heterostructure is in urgent need. The transfer technique composed of the exfoliation and the release process is currently the most common approach to fabricating the 2D/3D heterostructures. However, the well-established transfer technique of the 2D materials is still unavailable. Only a small part of the irregular films can usually be obtained by mechanical exfoliation, while the choice of the chemical exfoliation may lead to the contamination of the 2D material films by the ions in the chemical etchants. Moreover, the deformation of the 2D material in the transfer process due to its soft nature also leads to the nonuniformity of the transferred film, which is one of the main reasons for the presence of the wrinkles and the stacks in the transferred film. Thus, the large-scale fabrication of the high-quality 2D/3D tunnel diodes is limited. In this article, a comprehensive transfer technique that can mend up the shortages mentioned above with the aid of the water and the thermal release tape (TRT) is proposed. Based on the method we proposed, the MoS2/Si tunnel diode is experimentally demonstrated and the transferred monolayer MoS2 film with the relatively high crystal quality is confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman characterizations. Besides, the prominent negative differential resistance (NDR) effect is observed at room temperature, which verifies the relatively high quality of the MoS2/Si heterojunction. The bilayer MoS2/Si tunnel diode is also experimentally fabricated by repeating the transfer process we proposed, followed by the specific analysis of the electrical characteristics. This study shows the advantages of the transfer technique we proposed and indicates the great application foreground of the fabricated 2D/3D heterostructure for ultralow-power tunneling devices.
Deep learning for automated epileptiform discharge detection from scalp EEG: A systematic review
Authors: Nhu Duong , Janmohamed Mubeen , Antonic-Baker Ana , Perucca Piero , O’Brien Terence J , Gilligan Amanda K , Kwan Patrick , Tan Chang Wei , Kuhlmann Levin
Published: September 2022

Automated interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) detection has been widely studied, with machine learning methods at the forefront in recent years. As computational resources become more accessible, researchers have applied deep learning (DL) to IED detection with promising results. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the current DL approaches to automated IED detection from scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and establish recommendations for the clinical research community. We conduct a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines. We searched for studies published between 2012 and 2022 implementing DL for automating IED detection from scalp EEG in major medical and engineering databases. We highlight trends and formulate recommendations for the research community by analyzing various aspects: data properties, preprocessing methods, DL architectures, evaluation metrics and results, and reproducibility. The search yielded 66 studies, and 23 met our inclusion criteria. There were two main DL networks, convolutional neural networks in 14 studies and long short-term memory networks in three studies. A hybrid approach combining a hidden Markov model with an autoencoder was employed in one study. Graph convolutional network was seen in one study, which considered a montage as a graph. All DL models involved supervised learning. The median number of layers was 9 (IQR: 5–21). The median number of IEDs was 11 631 (IQR: 2663–16 402). Only six studies acquired data from multiple clinical centers. AUC was the most reported metric (median: 0.94; IQR: 0.94–0.96). The application of DL to IED detection is still limited and lacks standardization in data collection, multi-center testing, and reporting of clinically relevant metrics (i.e. F1, AUCPR, and false-positive/minute). However, the performance is promising, suggesting that DL might be a helpful approach. Further testing on multiple datasets from different clinical centers is required to confirm the generalizability of these methods.
Pine caterpillar occurrence modeling using satellite spring phenology and meteorological variables
Authors: Hua Hao , Wu Chaoyang , Jassal Rachhpal S , Huang Jixia , Liu Ronggao , Wang Yue
Published: September 2022

Outbreaks of leaf-feeding Lepidopteran insects substantially weaken the quality of forest trees and strongly affect the ecosystem functions of plant photosynthesis and carbon uptake. The narrow phenological time window of leaf out about ten days, during which Lepidopteran larvae feed on high nutrient newly flushed leaves, may change the insect community and outbreak dynamics by determining the survival rate of larvae. The Chinese pine Caterpillar (Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu) infestation of the northern Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest in China is a major concern, and accurately modeling the day of insect occurrence (DIO) in the spring remains challenging. With continuous in-situ observed insect activities of 20 plots and satellite and meteorological observations from 1983 to 2014, we found a strong synchronization (r = 0.54, p = 0.001) between the satellite-based vegetation spring phenology, i.e. the green-up day (GUD), and DIO of the pine caterpillar over time. We used partial least squares regression and ridge regression models, and identified that monthly preseason air temperature, wind speed, specific humidity, and downward radiation were key environmental cues that awakened the overwintering pine caterpillars. After removing the collinearity of multiple variables, we showed that the dimensionality reduction-based regression models substantially improved the accuracy of DIO modeling than commonly used models, such as interval and degree-day models. In particular, including GUD significantly enhanced the predictive strength of the models increasing the coefficient of determination (R
2) by 17.1% and consequently a decrease of 16.5% in the root mean square error. We further showed that evapotranspiration changed the environmental moisture content, which indirectly affected the activities of insects. Our results revealed a useful linkage between spring leaf development and insect occurrence, and therefore are of great importance for the large-scale monitoring of pest outbreaks with future remote sensing observations.
Biased random walk on random networks in presence of stochastic resetting: exact results
Authors: Sarkar Mrinal , Gupta Shamik
Published: September 2022

We consider biased random walks on random networks constituted by a random comb comprising a backbone with quenched-disordered random-length branches. The backbone and the branches run in the direction of the bias. For the bare model as also when the model is subject to stochastic resetting, whereby the walkers on the branches reset with a constant rate to the respective backbone sites, we obtain exact stationary-state static and dynamic properties for a given disorder realization of branch lengths sampled following an arbitrary distribution. We derive a criterion to observe in the stationary state a non-zero drift velocity along the backbone. For the bare model, we discuss the occurrence of a drift velocity that is non-monotonic as a function of the bias, becoming zero beyond a threshold bias because of walkers trapped at very long branches. Further, we show that resetting allows the system to escape trapping, resulting in a drift velocity that is finite at any bias.
Energy harvesting of building skins - an innovative renovation for gas-free heating
Authors: Erich S.J.F. , Keizer C. de , Valckenborg R. , Leeuwen S. van , Donkervoort R. , Meulendijks N. , Stuiver A. , Riessen G.J. v. , Weggeman H.J. , Dooremalen M. van , Waterreus E. , Ven H. v.d.
Published: September 2022

Within the framework of the Horizon 2020 project ‘ENVISION’ we have developed a new invisible façade integrated collector panel with a colored solar harvesting coating. This coating system and façade panel is developed with paint company AkzoNobel, prefab element producer Emergo and The Netherlands Organization of Applied Research (TNO). The potential of thermal collectors integrated in the façade is surprisingly high with an annual energy solar gain of 2.5 – 3 GJ/m
2 in a south oriented façade and still a 1 GJ/m
2 in a north facing façade.

Within the framework of the ENVISION-project [1], the performance of these façade collectors were tested at SolarBEAT, the outdoor research facility for innovative solar energy products of TNO. The performance of these panels is measured for different coatings. Laboratory tests have shown that even for the white façade collector up till 35% absorption can be achieved, using a nano-technology modified coating system. This means that we can include the technology seamlessly in all buildings with different colors. It will be a new heat source for heat pumps, next to the commonly accepted sources; air and water (from for example ground loops).

After testing the solution at SolarBEAT, the technologies are demonstrated in demonstrations in Italy and the Netherlands. In Italy, the demonstration focuses at connecting the harvesting panels to a district heating network of the University of Genoa. In the Netherlands, three social houses in Helmond and three social houses in Eindhoven have been renovated using the panels in combination with heat pumps. In Helmond a prefab façade with integrated panels was demonstrated, as well as separate panels on the façade walls. In Eindhoven, besides panels on the façade walls, also an energy shed was developed and shown.

By using the façade collectors with a surface area of 15m
2 as a cold source for a heat pump, sufficient thermal energy is harvested to completely heat a reasonable insulated row dwelling for a whole year, including a strong Dutch winter. In principle, the technology can also be integrated in pre-fab Roof solutions as well as provide cooling next to heating.
Concepts for heat utilization and passive cooling techniques to improve reliability and performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
Authors: Ortiz Lizcano Juan Camilo , Calcabrini Andres , Santbergen Rudi , Moya Paul Procel , Zeman Miro , Isabella Olindo
Published: September 2022

When integrated into urban environments, photovoltaic (PV) systems usually present operational temperatures that are significantly higher than those shown by rack-mounted systems. High operating temperatures are associated with reduced reliability of PV modules and significantly impact the electrical performance of solar cells. Utilizing the heat produced on PV modules or reducing operating temperatures can bolster their application within the building sector. We present the three main concepts studied to achieve these goals. First, a PV is a chimney concept that allows the use of the heat generated by the modules. Simulations for a PV chimney installed on a building in the Netherlands showed that although the heat quality produced inside its cavity was low, the potential use of the air mass flow for ventilation applications is promising. Additionally, we present two passive cooling solutions that can reduce the operating temperatures of PV modules: Optical filters and phase change materials. Experimental measurements in Delft showed that these solutions reduce the operating temperature of PV modules between 4 °C to 20 °C, particularly under high irradiance hours.
A second life for school buildings by atelier PRO architects
Authors: Oorschot L M
Published: September 2022

Many educational buildings still do not have proper ventilation systems, are not sustainable in use, and contribute to the spread of Covid-19 viruses. The biggest challenge for the future is to provide attractive, useable, healthy, and sustainable educational buildings in the Netherlands. But is this challenge realistic? Old buildings are usually demolished and replaced by new ones because the government hardly gives any compensation for building renovation or transformation. This leads to the demolition of many school buildings even though the application of new raw materials is not circular and has an impact on our climate and environment. Furthermore, many pre-war buildings are heritage that have a positive impact on neighbourhoods. It is unclear who is responsible for educational buildings, renovation, and financing all the ambitions. The government, the municipality or the school foundation? Problems will soon be exacerbated. At this moment the environmental impact (MilieuPrestatieGebouwen MPG) has no legal base however, this will rapidly change in the age of a circular economy and the upcoming renovation wave. Atelier PRO architects designs many educational buildings and they noticed a change of attitude in conceptualizing educational buildings the last years in the forerunner municipality Amsterdam. Based on these cases and experiences atelier PRO learned their lessons about the ideal renovation towards attractive, healthy and sustainable educational buildings.
A mobile measurement solution for fault detection and diagnosis in buildings
Authors: Rist Tim , Ihlenburg Moritz , Réhault Nicolas
Published: September 2022

Buildings are equipped with increasingly complex Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems whose energy efficiency can degrade over time because of unnoticed faults. Facility managers (FM) often do not have the time and adapted tools to identify and correct issues. Building Automation Systems generate a multitude of measurement data that can be used to identify operational malfunctions at an early stage by applying fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods. However, this data itself can be hardly accessible and contain errors for example due to the degradation of the sensor quality over time. These issues limit the application of analytic methods like FDD in existing buildings. In this paper, we present a prototype implementation of a mobile measurement system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies that functions together with an automated FDD system to detect operational faults in HVAC systems independently of the existing measurement infrastructure. Additionally, the solution provides a user interface giving a quick overview on found faults and displaying them in spatial relation with the HVAC system through an integrated BIM visualization. Here, we describe the technical details and the required conditions for the use of our prototype and show the results of an exemplary implementation on an air handling unit.
Energy matching: exploring the value of demand flexibility in educational office buildings
Authors: Vries S B de , Elsayed H , Quaak P , Heller R
Published: September 2022

This research presents a case study exploring the potential for demand side flexibility at a cluster of university buildings. The study investigates the potential of a collection of various electrical devices, excluding heating and cooling systems. With increasing penetration of renewable electricity sources and the phasing out of dispatchable fossil sources, matching grid generation with grid demand will become difficult using traditional grid management methods alone. Additionally, grid congestion is a pressing problem. Demand side management in buildings may contribute to a solution to these problems. Currently demand response is, however, not yet exploited at scale. In part, this is because it is unclear how this flexibility can be translated into successful business models, or whether this is possible under the current market regime. This research gives insight into the potential value of energy demand flexibility in reducing energy costs and increasing the match between electricity demand and purchased renewable electricity. An inventory is made of on-site electrical devices that offer load flexibility and the magnitude and duration of load shifting is estimated for each group of devices. A demand response simulation model is then developed that represents the complete collection of flexible devices. This model, addresses demand response as a ‘distribute candy’ problem and finds the optimal time-of-use for shiftable electricity demand whilst respecting the flexibility constraints of the electrical devices. The value of demand flexibility at the building cluster is then assessed using this simulation model, measured electricity consumption, and data regarding the availability of purchased renewables and day-ahead spot prices. This research concludes that coordinated demand response of large variety of devices at the building cluster level can improve energy matching by 0.6-1.5% and reduce spot market energy cost by 0.4-3.2%.