bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of papaya shape on its mass model and mechanical properties
Authors: Aina Ademola M. , Harith Hazreen , Hashim Norhashila , Shukery Mohamad Firdza Mohamad
Published: May 2024

Postharvest handling tasks include fruit grading and minimizing loss. Fruits are often packaged into grades based on size and mass for uniformity and proper handling. Losses caused by mechanical damage can be reduced by understanding the fruit's response to loads. Papaya's (cv. Exotica) irregular shape and short shelf‐life are important factors for proper handling. This study aimed to develop a model for papaya mass based on geometric properties and to characterize its mechanical behavior when compressed along its major axis. For mass prediction, single‐ and multiple‐variable regression models using papaya's geometrical variables were developed. Despite its irregular shape, similar performance was observed in the best single‐ and multiple‐variable mass models (R2 ≈ 0.95, RMSE ≈ 82 g). However, the single‐variable model is likely more practical because only two axial lengths are needed and can be extracted from 2D images. For papaya's mechanical behavior, the results for elastic properties indicate some variations (p > 0.05) in elastic modulus, and failure stress and strain along the major axis, while results for viscoelastic properties indicate significant variation (p < 0.05) in the relaxation moduli. Overall, the bottom section is less resistant to deformation compared to the top. Therefore, reducing compression in the section could potentially reduce damage. Using the mechanical properties described here in computer simulation studies may provide more detailed load distribution. Mass modeling can aid the automation of papaya grading, while mechanical response characterization provides valuable information for designing postharvest handling systems.

Practical Applications

Postharvest handling tasks include fruit grading and minimizing loss. Fruits are often packaged into grades based on size and mass for uniformity and proper handling. Losses caused by mechanical damage may be reduced by understanding the fruit's response to loads. Papaya's irregular shape and short shelf‐life are important factors for proper postharvest handling. Mass modeling can assist the automation of papaya sorting, while characterizing its mechanical response can assist the design of postharvest handling systems. The mass model result indicates that papaya's mass (cv. Exotica) can be predicted using two axial lengths, which can be easily obtained using 2D images. The advantage is that this task can be combined with other tasks using imaging data. While the mechanical properties of papaya indicate that its bottom section is more susceptible to deformation compared to the top when they are stored in an environment with minimal movements over an extended period. Therefore, in this setup, applying the compression load at the top section while minimizing compression load at the bottom may be more effective in preventing and minimizing mechanical damage.
Validation of a simulated commercial traditional crust pepperoni pizza baking process and thermal inactivation parameters of a 3‐serovar Salmonella inoculum in pizza dough
Authors: Singh Arshdeep , Conor Hunt , Ramesh Drushya , Channaiah Lakshmikantha H.
Published: May 2024

The objective of this study was to validate a simulated commercial baking process for traditional crust pepperoni pizza to inactivate Salmonella when contamination was introduced through inoculated flour and pepperoni slices. The unbleached flour and pepperoni slices were inoculated (separate studies) with a 3‐serovar Salmonella cocktail and dried back to their respective pre‐inoculation water activity level to achieve 6.14 and 6.84 log CFU/g, respectively. The inoculated traditional crust pizza was baked at 260°C (500 °F) for 12 min followed by 15 min of ambient cooling. In both cases, a >6 log CFU/g reduction in Salmonella population was achieved by the first 8 min of baking. The pH (5.23–5.25) and water activity (0.958 ± 0.001–0.938 ± 0.005) of the pizza in this study did not change significantly. The D‐values of 3‐serovar Salmonella cocktail in traditional crust pepperoni pizza dough were 23.2 ± 1.82, 7.50 ± 0.32, and 2.0 ± 0.15 min at 56°C, 59°C, and 62°C, respectively, with a z‐value of 5.7°C. The study validated that traditional crust pepperoni pizzas when baked at 260°C (500 °F) for at least 12 min will reduce Salmonella populations by ≥5 log CFU/g if prebaking contamination occurs via flour and/ or pepperoni.
Impact of nomenclature as metabolic associated steatotic liver disease on steatotic liver disease prevalence and screening: a prospective population survey in Asians
Authors: Wu Tingfeng , Ye Junzhao , Mo Suilin , Ye Miaosheng , Li Xiaoyi , Li Qing , Wang Wengeng , Zheng Qiaocong , Luo Ke , Zhang Yi , Tu Shouwei , Che Daituan , Gong Rulong , Chen Xing , Miu Rong , Shao Congxiang , Sun Yanhong , Zhong Bihui
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

The introduction of the latest nomenclature, metabolic associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), proposed by the multi‐society without Asian society consensus statement, aims to redefine the diagnostic criteria for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, its effect on the epidemiology in Asia remains unclear.

Method

We conducted a population‐based cross‐sectional survey on fatty liver disease using multistage stratified random sampling of participants from Guangzhou, a representative area in China (ChiCTR2000033376). Demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and laboratory data were collected. Hepatic steatosis and the severity of fibrosis were assessed using FibroScan.

Results

A total of 7388 individuals were recruited, the proportion of which meeting the definitions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), MAFLD, and MASLD were 2359 (31.9%), 2666 (36.1%), and 2240 (30.3%), respectively. One hundred and twenty (1.6%) patients had cryptogenic SLD, and 537 (7.3%) patients were diagnosed with MetALD. MASLD did not significantly differ from NAFLD and MAFLD, except that MAFLD patients had a lower proportion of males, hypertension, and diabetes and were less likely to consume tea (P < 0.05). Both cryptogenic SLD and MASLD non‐MAFLD patients exhibited milder hepatic steatosis and a lower frequency of liver injury than NAFLD, MAFLD, or MASLD patients (all P < 0.05). An increased HOMA‐IR (adjusted OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.10–2.03) was associated with higher risk of moderate‐to‐severe steatosis for MASLD non‐MAFLD patients, while consuming more cups of tea (P for trend = 0.015) showed inverse associations.

Conclusion

Irrespective of terminology used is that fatty liver disease is highly prevalent in the Han Chinese population. Differences in insulin resistance and lifestyle risk factors are associated with redefinition disparities.
TabHLH27 orchestrates root growth and drought tolerance to enhance water use efficiency in wheat
Authors: Wang Dongzhi , Zhang Xiuxiu , Cao Yuan , Batool Aamana , Xu Yongxin , Qiao Yunzhou , Li Yongpeng , Wang Hao , Lin Xuelei , Bie Xiaomin , Zhang Xiansheng , Jing Ruilian , Dong Baodi , Tong Yiping , Teng Wan , Liu Xigang , Xiao Jun
Published: May 2024

Cultivating high‐yield wheat under limited water resources is crucial for sustainable agriculture in semiarid regions. Amid water scarcity, plants activate drought response signaling, yet the delicate balance between drought tolerance and development remains unclear. Through genome‐wide association studies and transcriptome profiling, we identified a wheat atypical basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF), TabHLH27‐A1, as a promising quantitative trait locus candidate for both relative root dry weight and spikelet number per spike in wheat. TabHLH27‐A1/B1/D1 knock‐out reduced wheat drought tolerance, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). TabHLH27‐A1 exhibited rapid induction with polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment, gradually declining over days. It activated stress response genes such as TaCBL8‐B1 and TaCPI2‐A1 while inhibiting root growth genes like TaSH15‐B1 and TaWRKY70‐B1 under short‐term PEG stimulus. The distinct transcriptional regulation of TabHLH27‐A1 involved diverse interacting factors such as TaABI3‐D1 and TabZIP62‐D1. Natural variations of TabHLH27‐A1 influence its transcriptional responses to drought stress, with TabHLH27‐A1Hap‐II associated with stronger drought tolerance, larger root system, more spikelets, and higher WUE in wheat. Significantly, the excellent TabHLH27‐A1Hap‐II was selected during the breeding process in China, and introgression of TabHLH27‐A1Hap‐II allele improved drought tolerance and grain yield, especially under water‐limited conditions. Our study highlights TabHLH27‐A1's role in balancing root growth and drought tolerance, providing a genetic manipulation locus for enhancing WUE in wheat.
Efficacy and safety of mesotherapy with tranexamic acid versus vitamin C in the treatment of melasma: A meta‐analysis and systemic review
Authors: Liao Xin , Cheng Fengrui , Jiang Yunlan
Published: May 2024

Background

The exact pathogenesis of melasma is not yet known, and its treatment remains challenging. Mesotherapy with tranexamic acid (TXA) and vitamin C was both reported to have certain effects on melasma. In spite of that several articles have compared the efficacy and safety of the two drugs on melasma, most of them were clinical study with small sample size.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesotherapy with TXA versus vitamin C in treating melasma through meta‐analysis and systemic review.

Methods

The authors searched PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and ScienceDirect for studies that compared mesotherapy with TXA versus vitamin C as a treatment for melasma. Primary outcomes were change in melasma area and severity index (MASI) before and after the treatment.

Results

Finally, five studies with a total of 127 patients were included in the systematic review. There was no statistic difference in the change in MASI score between the TXA and vitamin C groups (mean difference, 0.16; 95% CI, −0.79 to 1.11).

Conclusions

Mesotherapy with both TXA and vitamin C is safe and effective in the treatment of melasma.
Quality of care measurement for patients with ovarian cancer in Japan
Authors: Kakuwa Tamaki , Watanabe Tomone , Niino Mariko , Kawata Akira , Satoh Toyomi , Matsumura Noriomi , Yokoyama Yoshihito , Kawana Kei , Hirashima Yasuyuki , Kyo Satoru , Yasuda Masanori , Harano Kenichi , Machida Hiroko , Tokunaga Hideki , Kaneuchi Masanori , Tabata Tsutomu , Kobayashi Yoichi , Nagase Satoru , Katabuchi Hidetaka , Mikami Mikio , Yamamoto Yoko , Rikitake Ryoko , Ichinose Yuichi , Higashi Takahiro
Published: May 2024

Aim

Quality of care is important to reduce disease progression, and improve both survival and quality of life. The Japan Society of Gynecologic Oncology has published treatment guidelines to promote standardized high‐quality care for ovarian cancer in Japan. We developed quality indicators based on the guideline recommendations and used them on large datasets of health service use to examine the quality of ovarian cancer care.

Methods

A panel of experts developed the indicators using a modified Delphi method. Adherence to each indicator was evaluated using data from a hospital‐based cancer registry of patients diagnosed in 2018. All patients receiving first‐line treatment at participating facilities were included. The adherence rates were returned to participating hospitals, and reasons for nonadherence were collected. A total of 580 hospitals participated, and the study examined the care received by 6611 patients with ovarian cancer and 1879 with borderline tumors using 11 measurable quality indicators.

Results

The adherence rate ranged from 22.6% for “Estrogen replacement within 6 months of operation” to 93.5% for “Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin for germ cell tumor more than Stage II.” Of 580 hospitals, 184 submitted the reasons for nonadherence.

Conclusions

The quality of ovarian cancer care should be continuously assessed to encourage the use of best practices. These indicators may be a useful tool for this purpose.
Bundling in Advance Sales: Theory and Evidence from Round‐Trip versus Two One‐Way Tickets*
Authors: Escobari Diego , Jindapon Paan , Rupp Nicholas G.
Published: May 2024

We theoretically derive an optimal price for a bundle of two goods that are sold in advance to risk‐averse buyers. The theory predicts that a round‐trip ticket is less expensive than two one‐way tickets when demands for the outbound and the inbound are uncertain and positively correlated. Using a unique airlines dataset, we find evidence that is consistent with the theory; round‐trip bundle discounts exist and they are larger for passengers who buy early in advance, stay on a Saturday night, and have higher valuations. We also find that the bundle discounts decrease with competition.
The involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor/protein kinase B signaling in the tumor intrinsic PD‐L1‐induced malignant potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sasabe Eri , Tomomura Ayumi , Yamamoto Tetsuya
Published: May 2024

Background

Various antigen‐presenting cells and tumor cells‐expressing PD‐L1 inhibits antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, numerous studies have shown that tumor cell intrinsic PD‐L1 also plays important roles in tumor growth and progression. On the other hand, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFR signal pathway exacerbates tumor progression. Therefore, this study assessed whether tumor‐intrinsic PD‐L1 facilitates malignant potential of OSCC cells through regulation of EGFR signaling.

Methods

Two OSCC cell lines, SAS and HSC‐3, were transfected with PD‐L1 and EGFR‐specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Influences of PD‐L1 knockdown on malignant potentials of OSCC cells were examined by Cell Counting kit‐8 assay, transwell assay, sphere formation assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Effects of PD‐L1 and EGFR knockdown on each expression were examined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry.

Results

Transfection of an PD‐L1‐siRNA into OSCC cells decreased the abilities of proliferation, stemness, and mobility of these cells significantly. PD‐L1 knockdown also decreased EGFR expression through the promotion of proteasome‐ and lysosome‐mediated degradation and following activation of the EGFR/protekin kinase B (AKT) signal pathway. Meanwhile, EGFR knockdown did not influence PD‐L1 expression in SAS and HSC‐3 cells, but treatment with a recombinant human EGF induced its expression. Treatment with erlotinib and cetuximab suppressed rhEGF‐induced PD‐L1 expression and localization in the cellular membrane of both OSCC cells.

Conclusion

OSCC cells‐expressing PD‐L1 induced by EGF stimulation may promote malignancy intrinsically via the activation of the EGFR/AKT signaling cascade.
Assessment of the association of myofibroblasts and structural components of the extracellular matrix with histopathological parameters of actinic cheilitis and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Martinez Farah Essgui Orellana , Bezerra Thâmara Manoela Marinho , Alves Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes , Fernandes Isabelle Joyce Lima Silva , Sousa Fabricio Bitu , de Barros Silva Paulo Goberlânio , Mota Mário Rogério Lima
Published: May 2024

Background

To evaluate the presence of myofibroblasts (MFs) in the development of lip carcinogenesis, through the correlation of clinical, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical parameters, in actinic cheilitis (ACs) and lower lip squamous cell carcinomas (LLSCCs).

Methods

Samples of ACs, LLSCCs, and control group (CG) were prepared by tissue microarray (TMA) for immunohistochemical TGF‐β, α‐SMA, and Ki‐67 and histochemical hematoxylin and eosin, picrosirius red, and verhoeff van gieson reactions. Clinical and microscopic data were associated using the Mann–Whitney, Kruskal‐Wallis/Dunn, and Spearman correlation tests (SPSS, p < 0.05).

Results

ACs showed higher number of α‐SMA+ MFs when compared to CG (p = 0.034), and these cells were associated with the vertical expansion of solar elastosis (SE) itself (p = 0.027). Areas of SE had lower deposits of collagen (p < 0.001), immunostaining for TGF‐β (p < 0.001), and higher density of elastic fibers (p < 0.05) when compared to areas without SE. A positive correlation was observed between high‐risk epithelial dysplasia (ED) and the proximity of SE to the dysplastic epithelium (p = 0.027). LLSCCs showed a higher number of α‐SMA+ MFs about CG (p = 0.034), as well as a reduction in the deposition of total collagen (p = 0.009) in relation to ACs and CG. There was also a negative correlation between the amount of α‐SMA+ cells and the accumulation of total collagen (p = 0.041). Collagen and elastic density loss was higher in larger tumors (p = 0.045) with nodal invasion (p = 0.047).

Conclusions

Our findings show the possible role of MFs, collagen fibers, and elastosis areas in the lip carcinogenesis process.
How do consumers with different food neophobia levels react to health and environmental information? A case study on legume‐based formulations
Authors: Rabitti Noemi Sofia , Appiani Marta , Proserpio Cristina , Pagliarini Ella , Laureati Monica
Published: May 2024

The global environmental changes require the development of new food formulations with sustainable ingredients. In this context, legumes could be used to enrich foods with beneficial consequences both on human health and sustainability of the agri‐food system. The aim was to evaluate the liking of a whole corn‐based formulation including chickpea or red lentil flour with or without providing health and environmental information about legumes. The effect of the conveyed information in subjects with different food neophobia (FN) level as well as the association between FN and different sustainability dimensions were also investigated. A 100% whole‐corn sample and two samples added with 20% of chickpea or red lentil flour were tested by 127 consumers in blind, expected, and real conditions. Subjects completed questionnaires about FN, sustainable behavior, perceived environmental impact of food products, beliefs, and attitudes toward sustainable food. Legume‐based products were equally liked as the control sample indicating that these food ingredients are promising for the enrichment of polenta samples. The information increased consumers' hedonic expectations. However, incomplete assimilation was found for samples with legumes. When the effect of information was assessed as a function of FN level, a complete assimilation for subjects with low (chickpea sample) and medium (red lentil sample) FN score was found, while no significant effect was seen for subjects with high FN score. A significant negative association was found between FN and sustainability commitment.

Practical Application

The results of the present study demonstrate that the development of sustainable food formulations using legumes is promising and that conveying health and environmental sustainability information contribute to increase consumer acceptance. However, consumers with high levels of FN were insensitive to information and were also those with low interest in sustainability issues. As a practical application, personalized communication strategies should be developed to reach different consumers targets when specific innovations are launched on the market alongside with industry efforts in developing marketing initiatives raising consumers awareness about health and environmental aspects.
Reducing intravenous antibiotics in neonates born ≥35 weeks' gestation: A quality improvement study
Authors: Grace Erin , Jayakumar Nilarni , Cooper Celia , Andersen Chad , Callander Emily , Gomersall Judith , Rumbold Alice , Keir Amy
Published: May 2024

Aim

To assess the impact of the Early Onset Sepsis (EOS) calculator, implemented as a quality improvement study, to reduce the rate of unnecessary antibiotics in neonates born ≥35 weeks' gestation.

Methods

An audit of routinely collected hospital data from January 2008 to March 2014 (retrospective) and from January 2018 to September 2019 (prospective) determined baseline incidence of EOS intravenous antibiotic use in neonates born ≥35 weeks' gestation in a tertiary level perinatal centre. Plan‐do‐study‐act (PDSA) cycles were applied to implement the EOS calculator. Statistical process control methodology and time series analysis assessments were used to assess the potential impact of the PDSA cycles on the rate of intravenous antibiotics, blood culture collection, EOS, length of stay and health care costs (not adjusted for potential confounders).

Results

In the study population, from January 2008 to March 2014, the baseline incidence of intravenous antibiotic use was 10.49% (2970/28290), whilst only 0.067% (19/28290) neonates had culture proven EOS. From January 2018 to October 2019, prior to implementation of the EOS calculator, 13.3% (1119/8411) neonates were treated with intravenous antibiotic and the use decreased to 8.3% (61/734) post‐implementation. The rate of blood culture collection decreased from 14.4% (1211/8411) to 11.9% (87/734). There were no cases of missed EOS. Length of stay decreased from 2.68 to 2.39 days, with an estimated cost saving of $366 per patient per admission.

Conclusion

Implementing the EOS calculator in a tertiary hospital setting reduced invasive investigations for EOS and intravenous antibiotic use among neonates ≥35 weeks' gestation. This can result in reduced length of neonatal hospital stays, and associated health care cost savings and may reduce separation of mother and baby.
Complication rates associated with nasoesophageal versus nasogastric feeding tube placement in dogs and cats: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Camacho F. , Humm K.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To determine the rate of accidental placement of nasoenteric tubes into the respiratory tract. To compare the methods of checking correct tube placement. To compare the complication rates between nasoesophageal and nasogastric tubes.

Materials and Methods

Animals requiring nasoenteric feeding tubes were prospectively randomised to have either nasoesophageal or nasogastric tube placement. Various techniques for assessing tube position were compared with thoracic radiographic findings. Complications during placement and use were recorded.

Results

Ninety‐seven animals (82 dogs and 15 cats) were studied. The tube was misplaced into the respiratory tract in three (3.1%) cases. No technique for checking placement was completely concordant with radiography but the presence of negative pressure at the thoracic inlet during placement was consistent with the presence of the tube in the oesophagus in 86.2% cases, while capnography can be considered to confirm tracheal placement. The overall rate of complications during tube placement was 25.8%, with mostly minor clinical complications reported. There was no significant difference in the new‐onset regurgitation/vomiting rate, or complications while the tube was in situ between the nasoesophageal and nasogastric groups.

Clinical Significance

Misplacement of nasoenteric tubes is uncommon but a consistent alternative test to radiography for checking correct nasoenteric tube placement was not demonstrated. The choice of placement of either a nasoesophageal or nasogastric tube should be guided by clinician preference, and clients should be warned about possible complications during placement and while the nasoenteric tube is in situ.
Xitsonga segmental phonology
Authors: Hlungwani Crous M. , Lee Seunghun J. , Babane Morris T.
Published: May 2024

Xitsonga, a southern Bantu language (S53) spoken in South Africa, possesses rich phonological patterns that have been underreported in the literature. This paper aims to provide an overview of the phonology of Xitsonga with a focus on segmental phonology, building up on existing literature. The consonants of Xitsonga show a four‐way laryngeal system with phonation contrast in sonorants and several lateral consonants. These consonants display alternations of post‐nasal hardening, affrication, and lateral‐nasal alternation. Vowel raising and vowel coalescence are also examined. Data with variation from previous studies have been updated to reflect the status of lexical items in contemporary Xitsonga.
Powdery mildew effectors AVRA1 and BEC1016 target the ER J‐domain protein HvERdj3B required for immunity in barley
Authors: Li Zizhang , Velásquez‐Zapata Valeria , Elmore J. Mitch , Li Xuan , Xie Wenjun , Deb Sohini , Tian Xiao , Banerjee Sagnik , Jørgensen Hans J. L. , Pedersen Carsten , Wise Roger P. , Thordal‐Christensen Hans
Published: May 2024

The barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria hordei (Bh), secretes hundreds of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) to facilitate pathogen infection and colonization. One of these, CSEP0008, is directly recognized by the barley nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich‐repeat (NLR) receptor MLA1 and therefore is designated AVRA1. Here, we show that AVRA1 and the sequence‐unrelated Bh effector BEC1016 (CSEP0491) suppress immunity in barley. We used yeast two‐hybrid next‐generation interaction screens (Y2H‐NGIS), followed by binary Y2H and in planta protein–protein interactions studies, and identified a common barley target of AVRA1 and BEC1016, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐localized J‐domain protein HvERdj3B. Silencing of this ER quality control (ERQC) protein increased Bh penetration. HvERdj3B is ER luminal, and we showed using split GFP that AVRA1 and BEC1016 translocate into the ER signal peptide‐independently. Overexpression of the two effectors impeded trafficking of a vacuolar marker through the ER; silencing of HvERdj3B also exhibited this same cellular phenotype, coinciding with the effectors targeting this ERQC component. Together, these results suggest that the barley innate immunity, preventing Bh entry into epidermal cells, requires ERQC. Here, the J‐domain protein HvERdj3B appears to be essential and can be regulated by AVRA1 and BEC1016. Plant disease resistance often occurs upon direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors by host NLR receptors. Previous work has shown that AVRA1 is directly recognized in the cytosol by the immune receptor MLA1. We speculate that the AVRA1 J‐domain target being inside the ER, where it is inapproachable by NLRs, has forced the plant to evolve this challenging direct recognition.
The nematode effector Mj‐NEROSs interacts with Rieske's iron–sulfur protein influencing plastid ROS production to suppress plant immunity
Authors: Stojilković Boris , Xiang Hui , Chen Yujin , Maulana Muhammad Iqbal , Bauters Lander , Van de Put Hans , Steppe Kathy , Liao Jinling , de Almeida Engler Janice , Gheysen Godelieve
Published: May 2024

Root‐knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne species) are plant pathogens that introduce several effectors in their hosts to facilitate infection. The actual targets and functioning mechanism of these effectors largely remain unexplored. This study illuminates the role and interplay of the Meloidogyne javanica nematode effector ROS suppressor (Mj‐NEROSs) within the host plant environment.

Mj‐NEROSs suppresses INF1‐induced cell death as well as flg22‐induced callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A transcriptome analysis highlighted the downregulation of ROS‐related genes upon Mj‐NEROSs expression. NEROSs interacts with the plant Rieske's iron–sulfur protein (ISP) as shown by yeast‐two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation.

Secreted from the subventral pharyngeal glands into giant cells, Mj‐NEROSs localizes in the plastids where it interacts with ISP, subsequently altering electron transport rates and ROS production. Moreover, our results demonstrate that isp Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exhibit increased susceptibility to M. javanica, indicating ISP importance for plant immunity.

The interaction of a nematode effector with a plastid protein highlights the possible role of root plastids in plant defense, prompting many questions on the details of this process.
Patient‐reported outcomes after oral cancer reconstructions with radial and ulnar forearm‐free flaps
Authors: Al‐Aroomi Maged Ali , Al‐Worafi Naseem Ali , Ma Yujie , Alkebsi Khaled , Mohamed Abdo Ahmed Saleh , Jiang Canhua
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate patient‐reported quality of life and incidence of decision regret in patients undergoing radial (RFFF) and ulnar forearm‐free flaps (UFFF) reconstruction.

Materials and Methods

Patients undergoing either RFFF or UFFF were assessed with the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW‐QOL) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) questionnaires, and the Decision Regret Scale (DRS), both before and at least 12 months post‐reconstruction.

Results

In total, 40 RFFF and 40 UFFF were included. Harvesting time was longer in RFFF (p = 0.043), and the donor‐site defect was significantly larger in RFFF than in UFFF (p = 0.044). Patients with UFFF scored better UW‐QOL in the appearance, pain, activity, mood, and social functioning domains (p < 0.05). However, the RFFF group excelled in swallowing and chewing domains. The DRS score revealed a significant difference between RFFF and UFFF, with scores of 36.26 versus 27.36, respectively. Moreover, the mean DRS score reduced at 12 months compared with 6 months, significantly superior for UFFF.

Conclusion

Oral cancer patients reconstructed with UFFF exhibited a better appearance, social domain, and mild decision regret compared with RFFF, indicating that the UFFF may contribute to improving postoperative quality of life in oral cancer patients.
Immunomodulation of salivary gland function due to cancer therapy
Authors: Costa‐da‐Silva Ana C. , Villapudua Carlos U. , Hoffman Matthew P. , Aure Marit H.
Published: May 2024

Functional salivary glands (SG) are essential for maintaining oral health, and salivary dysfunction is a persistent major clinical challenge. Several cancer therapies also have off‐target effects leading to SG dysfunction. Recent advances highlight the role of SG immune populations in homeostasis, dysfunction and gland regeneration. Here, we review what is known about SG immune populations during development and postnatal homeostasis. We summarize recent findings of immune cell involvement in SG dysfunction following cancer treatments such as irradiation (IR) for head and neck cancers, immune transplant leading to graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GVHD) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. The role of immune cells in SG in both homeostasis and disease, is an emerging field of research that may provide important clues to organ dysfunction and lead to novel therapeutic targets.
Disulfidptosis in head and neck squamous carcinoma: Integrative bioinformatic and in‐vitro analysis
Authors: Huang Xufeng , Yang Jinyan , Wang Qi , Fu Rao , Wen Xutao , Li Zhengrui , Zhang Ling
Published: May 2024

Background

Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) is a prevalent global malignancy with limited treatment options, which necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Disulfidptosis, a recently discovered and unique cell death pathway, may offer promise as a treatment target in HNSC.

Materials and Methods

We identified disulfidptosis‐related genes (DRGs) using multiple algorithms and developed a prognostic model based on a disulfidptosis‐related gene index (DRGI). The model's predictive accuracy was assessed by ROC‐AUC, and patients were stratified by risk scores. We investigated the tumor immune microenvironment, immune responses, tumorigenesis pathways, and chemotherapy sensitivity (IC50). We also constructed a diagnostic model using 20 machine‐learning algorithms and validated PCBP2 expression through RT‐qPCR and western blot.

Results

We developed a 12‐DRG DRGI prognostic model, classifying patients into high‐ and low‐risk groups, with the high‐risk group experiencing poorer clinical outcomes. Notable differences in tumor immune microenvironment and chemosensitivity were observed, with reduced immune activity and suboptimal treatment responses in the high‐risk group. Advanced machine learning and in‐vitro experiments supported DRGI's potential as a reliable HNSC diagnostic biomarker.

Conclusion

We established a novel DRGI‐based prognostic and diagnostic model for HNSC, exploring its tumor immune microenvironment implications, and offering valuable insights for future research and clinical trials.
Skin‐centered strategies in food allergy prevention
Authors: Braun Camille , Coutier Laurianne , Bégin Philippe , Nosbaum Audrey
Published: May 2024

While the early introduction of food allergens in the infant diet has been shown to be effective at preventing the development of food allergy (FA), its implementation in real life has been associated with various challenges. Interventions aimed at correcting skin barrier dysfunction have been explored in recent decades as a distinct or complementary mean to prevent allergic sensitization through the skin and subsequent development of FA. Studies assessing the application of emollient from birth have yielded conflicting results, and meta‐analyses have demonstrated either no effect or only a slight positive effect on FA prevention. However, a careful review of the clinical trials reveals that different emollients were used, which may have explained some of the discrepancies between study results. Emollient application protocols also varied widely between studies. While firm conclusions cannot be drawn with regard to their overall efficacy at preventing FA, the available data provide valuable insight into the characteristics that could be associated with a more effective intervention. Namely, successful trials tended to use emollients with an acidic pH of 5.5, applied over the entire body, and combined with topical corticosteroids in affected areas. Consensus on the optimal strategy to restore skin barrier function could help improve the homogeneity and clinical relevance of future trials on this topic. In the meantime, clinicians should avoid products associated with worse outcomes.
Partial root‐zone drying irrigation improves intrinsic water‐use efficiency and maintains high photosynthesis by uncoupling stomatal and mesophyll conductance in cotton leaves
Authors: Hu Wei , Loka Dimitra A. , Yang Yuanli , Wu Ziqing , Wang Jun , Liu Lin , Wang Shanshan , Zhou Zhiguo
Published: May 2024

Partial root‐zone drying irrigation (PRD) can improve water‐use efficiency (WUE) without reductions in photosynthesis; however, the mechanism by which this is attained is unclear. To amend that, PRD conditions were simulated by polyethylene glycol 6000 in a root‐splitting system and the effects of PRD on cotton growth were studied. Results showed that PRD decreased stomatal conductance (gs) but increased mesophyll conductance (gm). Due to the contrasting effects on gs and gm, net photosynthetic rate (AN) remained unaffected, while the enhanced gm/gs ratio facilitated a larger intrinsic WUE. Further analyses indicated that PRD‐induced reduction of gs was related to decreased stomatal size and stomatal pore area in adaxial and abaxial surface which was ascribed to lower pore length and width. PRD‐induced variation of gm was ascribed to the reduced liquid‐phase resistance, due to increases in chloroplast area facing to intercellular airspaces and the ratio of chloroplast surface area to total mesophyll cell area exposed to intercellular airspaces, as well as to decreases in the distance between cell wall and chloroplast, and between adjacent chloroplasts. The above results demonstrate that PRD, through alterations to stomatal and mesophyll structures, decoupled gs and gm responses, which ultimately increased intrinsic WUE and maintained AN.
Leaf water relations determine the trade‐off between ozone resistance and stomatal functionality in urban tree species
Authors: Li Shenglan , Li Shuangjiang , Agathokleous Evgenios , Hao Guangyou , Wang Shenglei , Feng Zhaozhong
Published: May 2024

Urban trees possess different capacities to mitigate ozone (O3) pollution through stomatal uptake. Stomatal closure protects trees from oxidative damage but limits their growth. To date, it is unclear how plant hydraulic function affect stomatal behaviour and determine O3 resistance. We assessed gas exchange and hydraulic traits in three subtropical urban tree species, Celtis sinensis, Quercus acutissima, and Q. nuttallii, under nonfiltered ambient air (NF) and elevated O3 (NF60). NF60 decreased photosynthetic rate (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) only in Q. acutissima and Q. nuttallii. Maintained An in C. sinensis suggested high O3 resistance and was attributed to higher leaf capacitance at the full turgor. However, this species exhibited a reduced stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit and an increased minimal gs under NF60. Such stomatal dysfunction did not decrease intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) due to a tight coupling of An and gs. Conversely, Q. acutissima and Q. nuttallii showed maintained stomatal sensitivity and increased WUE, primarily correlated with gs and leaf water relations, including relative water content and osmotic potential at turgor loss point. Our findings highlight a trade‐off between O3 resistance and stomatal functionality, with efficient stomatal control reducing the risk of hydraulic failure under combined stresses.
Viscosity effects on the dynamics of diols and diol‐based deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Chatterjee Srijan , Deshmukh Samadhan H. , Chowdhury Tubai , Bagchi Sayan
Published: May 2024

Diols, characterized by the presence of two hydroxyl groups, form extended hydrogen‐bonded networks. Increasing hydrocarbon chain length is known to elevate the viscosity of diols. Given the established influence of viscosity on solvent dynamics, it becomes imperative to comprehend the impact of viscosity on the fluctuation dynamics within diols and establish connections with hydrogen bond formation and breaking dynamics. In this study, we employ two‐dimensional infrared spectroscopy to investigate the viscosity dependence of the structural evolution dynamics in three diols with varying chain lengths. Complementing our experimental approach, molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to extract hydrogen bond lifetimes. Our findings reveal a linear correlation between bulk viscosity, solvent fluctuation timescales, and hydrogen bond lifetimes. Notably, the selected diols exhibit the capability to form deep eutectic solvents upon mixing with choline chloride at specific molar ratios. In contrast to molecular solvents like diols, deep eutectic solvents are characterized by the formation of heterogeneous nanodomains, comprising various intercomponent hydrogen‐bonded networks. Interestingly, our observations indicate that while the fluctuation dynamics decelerate with increasing bulk viscosity in diol‐based deep eutectic solvents, the relationship between viscosity and dynamics is not linear, in contrast to the observed linearity in diols. This nuanced understanding contributes to the broader comprehension of the interplay between viscosity and dynamics in both molecular and deep eutectic solvents.
Biochemical characterization and metabolic reprogramming of amino acids in Soybean roots under drought stress
Authors: Wang Xiyue , Li Xiaomei , Dong Shoukun
Published: May 2024

Amino acids play important roles in stress resistance, plant growth, development, and quality, with roots serving as the primary organs for drought response. We conducted biochemical and multi‐omics analyses to investigate the metabolic processes of root amino acids in drought‐resistant (HN44) and drought‐sensitive (HN65) soybean (Glycine max) varieties. Our analysis revealed an increase in total amino acid content in both varieties, with phenylalanine, proline, and methionine accumulating in both. Additionally, several amino acids exhibited significant decreases in HN65 but slight increases in HN44. Multi‐omics association analysis identified 13 amino acid‐related pathways. We thoroughly examined the changes in genes and metabolites involved in various amino acid metabolism/synthesis and determined core genes and metabolites through correlation networks. The phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolic pathways and proline, glutamic acid and sulfur‐containing amino acid pathways were particularly important for drought resistance. Some candidate genes, such as ProDH and P4HA family genes, and metabolites, such as O‐acetyl‐L‐serine, directly affected up‐ and downstream metabolism to induce drought resistance. This study provided a basis for soybean drought resistance breeding.
Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl.) favours high photosynthetic capacity adaptation to low nitrogen stress
Authors: Zhang Siqi , Xu Libing , Lu Yanhua , Liu Xiaoxue , Jiang Dong , Dai Tingbo , Tian Zhongwei
Published: May 2024

Although tetraploid wheat has rich genetic variability for cultivar improvement, its physiological mechanisms associated with photosynthetic productivity and resilience under nitrogen (N) deficit stress have not been investigated. In this study, we selected emmer wheat (Kronos, tetraploid), Yangmai 25 (YM25, hexaploid), and Chinese Spring (CS, hexaploid) as materials and investigated the differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), carboxylation capacity, electron transfer capacity, photosynthetic product output, and photosynthetic N allocation under normal N (CK) and low N (LN) through hydroponic experiments. Tetraploid emmer wheat (Kronos) had a stronger photosynthetic capacity than hexaploid wheat (YM25, CS) under low N stress, which mainly associated with the higher degree of PSII opening, electron transfer rate, Rubisco content and activity, ATP/ADP ratio, Rubisco activase (Rca) activity and Rubisco activation state, and more leaves N allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus, especially the proportion of N allocation to carboxylation under low N stress. Moreover, Kronos reduced the feedback inhibition of photosynthesis by sucrose accumulation through higher sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) activity and triose phosphate utilization rate (VTPU). Overall, Kronos could allocate more N to the photosynthetic components to improve Rubisco content and activity to maintain photosynthetic capacity under low N stress while enhancing triose phosphate output to reduce feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. This study reveals the physiological mechanisms of emmer wheat that maintain the photosynthetic capacity under low N stress, which will provide indispensable germplasm resources for elite low‐N‐tolerant wheat improvement and breeding.
Acting(s) without consequence: The (lack of) public costs for vacancies and acting officials
Authors: Miller David R. , Piper Chris
Published: May 2024

While acting officials in federal agencies have become more common in recent years, presidents still utilize the traditional nomination process, which constrains presidents' choices, for most executive branch appointments. Recent work emphasizes presidents' incentives for using acting officials, but few scholars have considered what keeps presidents from using them even more often. We argue presidents' use of acting officials, like other forms of unilateral action, is constrained by public opinion; while actings may be expeditious policy tools for presidents, the public perceives them to undermine the executive branch's legitimacy and competence and punishes presidents accordingly. Through three survey experiments leveraging real‐world instances of President Joe Biden's usage of acting officials, we find little evidence the public reacts negatively to acting officials in agency leadership. While some institutional forces must encourage presidents to seek senatorial advice and consent for their nominees, our evidence does not indicate public opinion provides that constraint.
Automated precise seeding with drones and artificial intelligence: a workflow
Authors: Castro Jorge , Alcaraz‐Segura Domingo , Baltzer Jennifer L. , Amorós Lot , Morales‐Rueda Fernando , Tabik Siham
Published: May 2024

Aerial seeding with drones has great potential in forest restoration but faces enormous challenges to be efficient and scalable. Current protocols use blanket seeding throughout the area to be restored, meaning a high demand for seed since many seeds arrive in sites unsuitable for establishment. High precision seeding directed to safe microsites at submeter scale could reduce seed use per hectare, reducing economic and ecological costs, while increasing establishment success. Here, we propose an alternative, precision approach to make drone seeding more successful and efficient. This requires (1) submeter‐scale selection of target microsites for seeding founded in ecological knowledge; (2) high‐resolution remote sensing imagery to train artificial intelligence (AI) systems in target microsite recognition; and (3) process automation by transferring target microsite coordinates from the AI system to the drone. This will reduce seed inputs per unit area, seedling establishment failure risks, and drone operation costs.
Shellfish reef aquaculture: a perspective on the systematic cultivation of endangered biogenic habitats
Authors: Esquivel‐Muelbert Juan R. , Alleway Heidi K. , Bishop Melanie J.
Published: May 2024

In the United Nations' decade on ecosystem restoration, humans are joining forces to develop innovative strategies to rebuild marine life. The use of aquaculture to restore or preserve aquatic habitats is emerging, with promising solutions for the restoration of endangered shellfish reefs. Here, we highlight some of the challenges and opportunities for positive aquaculture–restoration interactions and present a perspective on the systematic cultivation of shellfish reefs. We draw on historical oyster aquaculture practices, such as bottom farming, to argue that shellfish reef aquaculture may be a path to accelerate ecosystem recovery and persistence in the face of a changing environment.
‘It's the kids that suffer’: Exploring how the UK's benefit cap and two‐child limit harm children
Authors: Andersen Kate , Redman Jamie , Stewart Kitty , Patrick Ruth
Published: May 2024

The benefit cap and the two‐child limit reduce entitlement for households claiming means‐tested benefits and disproportionately affect households with dependent children. This article explores the harms the policies are doing to children through drawing upon data collected from interviews with parents affected by the benefit cap and the two‐child limit. To investigate the impacts of these policies we draw on the Investment Model and the Family Stress Model, models principally developed by quantitative scholars seeking to understand how economic disadvantage adversely affects children over the longer‐term. While there has been frequent quantitative analysis of these models, there has been very little qualitative engagement with them: this article directly addresses this gap in the literature. We show that the benefit cap and the two‐child limit cause multiple and severe overlapping harms to children, principally by exacerbating and deepening financial economic disadvantage. Our research evidence illuminates causal processes underpinning both the Investment Model and the Family Stress Model, but also reveals additional harms that are not foregrounded by either model. We conclude by calling for the removal of both policies as a vital first step in reducing child poverty, and further reflect on the need for greater recognition of the harm child poverty does to experiences of childhood; as well as to their future selves.