bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topographically forced long waves on a
sheared coastal current. Part 1. The weakly nonlinear response
Authors: CLARKE S. R. , JOHNSON E. R.
Published: July 2002

The flow of a constant-vorticity current past coastal topography is
investigated in the
long-wave weakly nonlinear limit. In contrast to other near-critical
weakly nonlinear
systems this problem does not exhibit hydraulically controlled
solutions. It is shown
that near criticality the evolution of the vorticity interface is
governed by a forced BDA
(Benjamin–Davis–Acrivos) equation. The solutions of
this equation are discussed and
two distinct near-critical flow regimes are identified.
Owing to the non-local nature
of the forcing, the first of these regimes is characterized by
quasi-steady solutions
controlled at the topography with some blocking of the upstream rotational fluid,
while in the second regime steady nonlinear wavetrains form downstream of the
obstacle with no upstream influence. In the hydraulic limit the
velocity band for both of these critical regimes approaches zero.
Generalized critical-layer analysis of fully

coupled resonant-triad interactions in boundary layers
Authors: LEE SANG SOO
Published: July 2002

The critical-layer analysis of the nonlinear resonant-triad

interaction by Goldstein

& Lee (1992) is extended to include viscous effects. A generalized
scaling which

is valid both for the quasi-equilibrium and non-equilibrium critical-layer
analyses

in zero- or non-zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers is obtained. A system
of

partial differential equations which governs the fully coupled

non-equilibrium critical-layer dynamics is obtained and it is

solved by using a numerical method. Amplitude

equations and their viscous limits are also presented. The

parametric-resonance growth

rate of the non-equilibrium critical-layer solution with finite

viscosity is larger than

that of the viscous-limit quasi-equilibrium solution. The viscosity delays
both the

onset of the fully coupled interaction and the ultimate downstream location
of the

singularity. The difference between the non-equilibrium critical-layer

solution and the

corresponding quasi-equilibrium critical-layer solution becomes smaller,
at least in

the parametric resonance region, as the viscosity parameter becomes large.
However,

the non-equilibrium solution with finite viscosity always ends in a singularity
at a

finite downstream position unlike the viscous-limit solution.
Surface wave damping in a brimful circular cylinder
Authors: Martel Carlos , Nicholás José A. , Vega José M.
Published: July 2002

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 360 (1998), pp. 213–228

As pointed out to us by Mr T. Heath, the following printing errors can
be quite
misleading when using the formulas in the paper to obtain eigenfrequencies
and damping
rates to compare with experiments:

in (A 13) 1 should read −1 on the right-hand side;

in (A 22) and (A 26) Ω20 should read
Ω−20;

in (A 25) the factor Ω40 must be omitted

on the right-hand side.

When revising again the printed version of the paper, we discovered
several
additional misprints:

A factor C was omitted in the first two integrals
in the expression for J2, immediately
following equation (2.9).

The sign of the second expression for I1 in
(2.23) should be changed.

The expression (W0Wz
+3WW0z)z=0 should read

2(W0Wz
+WW0z)z=0 in equation
(2.24).

The expression
W0(1, z)W0z(1,
z) in (2.26)
should read
W0(r, 0)W0z(r,
0).

None of the misprints above affect the results of the paper, which were
obtained with
the correct expressions.
Stability analysis of natural convection in a
cavity; walls with uniform heat or mass flux
Authors: SUNDSTRÖM L.-G. , VYNNYCKY M.
Published: July 2002

A linear stability analysis is made of a family of natural convection flows in an
arbitrarily inclined rectangular enclosure. The flow is driven by prescribed heat
or mass fluxes along two opposing walls. The analysis allows for perturbations
in arbitrary directions; however, the purely longitudinal or transverse modes are
numerically found to be the most unstable. For the numerical treatment, a finite
difference method with automatically calculated differencing molecules, variable order
of accuracy, and accurate boundary treatment is developed. In cases with boundary
layers, a special scaling is applied.

For base solutions with natural (bottom heavy) stratification, critical conditions are
solved for as a function of the Rayleigh number, Ra, and the angle of inclination to
the bottom-heated case, α, for different Prandtl numbers (Pr), with complete results
for Pr=0.025, 0.1, 0.7, 7, 1000, and Pr→∞. The uniform flux case is found to be
much more stable than that of Hart (1971) with fixed wall temperatures, a fact which
is attributed to the much larger stratification which occurs in the base solution. As
could be expected, instabilities tend to be favoured by a decrease in Pr, an increase
in Ra, and a decrease in α; however, exceptions to all these rules could be found.

Cases in which the wavenumber is zero, or approaches zero in different ways, are
studied analytically. Integral conditions, derived from the unresolved end regions, are
applied in the analysis. The results show that all the base solutions with unnatural
(top heavy) stratification are unstable to large-wavelength stationary rolls whose axes
are parallel with the base flow.

Real-valued perturbations are constructed and visualized for some of the modes
considered.
Positional effects in a monostratal grammar of German
Authors: KATHOL ANDREAS
Published: July 2002

This study examines the notion of syntactic position as it is manifested in German. Transformational approaches standardly rely on configurational notions such as specifier or head for positional effects. A closer investigation of German subordinate structures finds the standard positional dichotomy between heads and specifiers wanting. At the same time, the distributional facts strongly argue for an explicit recognition of the notion of syntactic position, albeit one that is not based on tree-configurational notions, but instead in terms of linearly defined classes of distribution among constituents within the clause. Finally it is argued that this approach provides the basis for characterizing clause types which naturally generalizes over different immediate dominance relations.
‘Perfecting imperfections’:
developing procedures for amending constitutions in
Commonwealth Africa
Authors: Hatchard John
Published: July 2002

A constitution enjoys a special place in the life of any nation,
for it
regulates not only the exercise of political power, but also the
relationship between political entities and between the state and
persons. Being the supreme law, it helps to shape the organisation and

development of society both for the present and for future generations,

and sets objective standards upon which the people and the
international community can judge government performance, thus
providing a measure of accountability and transparency in national
and local affairs. Further, a constitution sets out the rights and duties

of the citizens, and provides mechanisms to enable them to protect their

interests. Overall a constitution can contribute to the development of

a politically active civil society as well as promoting good governance,

accountability and the rule of law.

Prior to the 1990s the history of constitutions and constitutionalism

in Commonwealth Africa, as elsewhere on the continent, was bleak.
The newly independent states started life with the Westminster export
model constitution bestowed upon them by the British. There was little

or no opportunity for public debate on the document, and the
nationalist leaders themselves had no genuine choice as to its structure

and contents. The futility of forcing the model on the newly
independent states, in the words of Karugire ‘a triumph of hope over

experience’, inevitably led to constitutional instability and a round
of
constitution-making and amendment wholly designed to enhance
executive power, remove checks and balances, and undermine the
enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms.
The ODA Charter and changing
objectives of Japan's aid policy in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Eyinla Bolade M.
Published: July 2002

The end of the Cold War freed donors' aid policies from the co-ordinate
system of East/West competition around the world. As a result, it was no
longer necessary for the United States and its allies to continue providing
aid on ideological grounds and/or geo-strategic needs. In the post-Cold War
era, it became necessary for donor countries to evolve new rationales to
convince their sceptical publics of the continued necessity for aid. One such
new rationale was the imperative of promoting democracy and good
governance as a way of guaranteeing international peace and security. This
article examines the Japanese response to this development by identifying the
factors that led to the inauguration of the ODA Charter. Thereafter, the
content and intent of the Charter is examined and its application in Sub-Saharan Africa is analysed to highlight the changing objectives of Japanese
aid policy in the continent.
Analytical study of the hydrodynamics of similarity flows from thin-foil laser plasmas
Authors: FERRARIO L.
Published: July 2002

The hydrodynamic expansion of plasmas produced by laser beams
focused on thin-foil targets is studied using a self-similar approach. The model
is useful for studying long-scale-length plasmas, produced by uniform laser
irradiation, which become fully underdense during the laser pulse. An
essentially qualitative analysis of the hydrodynamics system in Cartesian
geometry is given. In particular, a useful expression is obtained by integration
of the thermal energy equation.
A nonlinear theory of charged-particle stopping
in non-ideal plasmas
Authors: SAYASOV YU. S.
Published: July 2002

The stopping power
S=S1+SB for
charged particles in non-ideal degenerate
quantum plasmas is calculated with the help of the dielectric formalism
in an
approximation corresponding to taking account of the Barkas effect (the
term
SB; the term S1 corresponds
to the Bethe formula). It is found that for a high projectile velocity
vp>vF
(where vF is the Fermi velocity) in non-ideal
plasmas,
SB∝e3pv−3p
(where ep is the charge of the projectile),
the
well-known law for the Barkas effect,
SB∝e3pv−5p
being valid only for ideal plasmas. This relation
explains a number of experiments on stopping of different charged particles
(protons, muons and heavy ions) in metals without the introduction of fitted
parameters. The possibility of extending of this theory to gaseous non-ideal
plasmas arising in inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) experiments is also
briefly
discussed.
Density profile and current flow in a crossed-field amplifier
Authors: KAUP D. J. , THOMAS GARY E.
Published: July 2002

Assuming the averaged (background) electron distribution in a crossed-field
device, such as a magnetron or crossed-field amplifier, to be slowly varying
between the cathode and the anode, we develop a WKB approximation for the
cold-fluid plasma equations of a planar magnetron. In this approximation,
we
can give general expressions for the solution of linearized, high-frequency
oscillations in such a device in terms of two integrals. Assuming also
that the
high-frequency wave in the slow-wave structure drives the response in the
electron plasma, we are then able to show that the current drawn by a crossed-field device will be proportional to the power propagating in the slow-wave
structure. Thus the device will operate as a linear amplifier. We also
show, in
the same approximation, that the averaged electron sheath that forms when
the
device is operating is independent of the current being drawn. Thus the
current
will not be limited by the sheath, but only by the ability of the cathode
to emit
electrons. In the process, we also obtain expressions for the linear growth
rate
and the value of the quasilinear diffusion coefficient at the diocotron
resonance,
in terms of parameters of the background electron sheath.
Transverse stability of plane solitons using the variational method
Authors: BETTINSON DAVID C. , ROWLANDS GEORGE
Published: July 2002

We present stability results for plane soliton solutions of two
versions of the
two-dimensional KdV equation, namely the Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK)
equation and
the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation for positive dispersion (KP+
equation). To
do this we use a linear variation-of-action method (VAM). Others have used
this
method, but with little success when applied to these two equations. The
best
results have given the correct instability range, but the predicted growth
rates have
significant errors. For the ZK equation we show, by paying more attention
to the
spatially asymptotic form of the trial function, how better estimates of
the
dispersion relation can be obtained. We go on to obtain the exact dispersion relation for
perturbations of the plane soliton solution of the KP+ equation.
Bernstein-wave instability in a collisional plasma with a quasistatic
electric field
Authors: KRYSHTAL A. N.
Published: July 2002

Plasma-wave instability caused entirely by an external large-scale
electric field
E0 is considered for the pure electron Bernstein
mode. It is assumed for the
angle α between the wave vector k and the normal n to
the direction of the
external magnetic field B0 that the relation
α≈tanα[Lt ]1 is fulfilled. The
quasistatic time variation of the field E0, which
is parallel to B0, provides the
possibility of realizing the direct initiation
(by the large-scale field E0)
mechanism for the development of instability. An expression for the growth

rate is obtained for the case when the external electric
field E0 together with
Landau damping and pair Coulomb collisions are taken into account in a

modified dispersion relation (MDR). This expression is correct in the framework

of linear theory for the frequency ranges typical of electron cyclotron
waves and
Bernstein modes. The influence of the electric field in the MDR is taken
into
account through the method of Brinca and Dysthe. A numerical analysis of

obtained instability is performed for specific values of the plasma parameters.
Stability of static current sheets connecting
plane magnetic null points
Authors: NÚÑEZ MANUEL
Published: July 2002

The configuration created in the plane by the separation of a magnetic hyperbolic
null point into two critical points connected by a current sheet is considered. The
main parameters are the orders of the zeros of these new null points, which determine
the local topology of the magnetic field. It is shown that when the magnetic
field is static, the fluid tends to flow orthogonally to the field in the vicinity of the
sheet endpoints. Moreover, the Lorentz force pushes one of them towards the other,
so the configuration tends to collapse again into a single null point except when the
order of both is precisely ½.
Evolution of long waves and chaos in magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: PUSRI ANJU , MALIK S. K.
Published: July 2002

The evolution equation for a wavepacket travelling on the surface of
a conducting fluid of finite depth in 2+1 dimensions in the long-wave
approximation is studied in the context of magnetohydrodynamics. The
amplitude equation thus obtained is the well-known Kadomtsev–Petviashvili
equation with modified coefficients in the presence of a tangential magnetic
field. By taking the double limit of this equation, Schrödinger–Poisson type
equations are obtained. A nonlinear evolution equation is sought, in order to
study Rayleigh–Taylor instability. It is shown that the magnetic field and
surface tension have a stabilizing influence on the formation of bubbles arising
owing to this instability. By incorporating forcing and damping terms in the
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, a condition for the existence of transverse
homoclinic orbits giving rise to chaotic motions is obtained by using the
Melnikov function method. It is shown that the chaotic motions can be
suppressed by applying a suitably strong magnetic field. A study of
subharmonic bifurcation leading to surface waves is also undertaken. The
tangential magnetic field has a stabilizing influence on such motions.
Sea turtle diving and foraging behaviour around the Greek Island of Kefalonia
Authors: Houghton Jonathan D.R. , Woolmer Andrew , Hays Graeme C.
Published: July 2002

The discovery of a shallow water (<2 m) foraging site off the Greek Island of Kefalonia, where diving and foraging behaviour of male loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) could be observed simultaneously, was of great interest. The preferred food sources were shown to be the bivalve mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis, the sea grass Posidonia oceanica, and the entrails of fish discarded by local fishermen. Whilst foraging, the turtles generally rested on the seabed and employed their forelimbs to clear away detritus from their selected prey. Foraging dives were of short duration (mean ±SE = 2.3 ±0.43 min, N=96) compared to deeper dives reported in the literature presumably, because of the small lung volumes required to attain neutral buoyancy at such shallow depths.
Preliminary observations on the timing and geometry of foraging activity in the intertidal pulmonate limpet Siphonaria pectinata
Authors: Ocaña T.M.J. , Emson R.H.
Published: July 2002

Siphonaria pectinata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) at Gibraltar foraged when exposed continuously or intermittently to air, when the relative humidity at the rock surface exceeded 75%. The paths followed by individual limpets were either single or compound loops beginning and ending at a home scar. In the main, outward and inward tracks were independent and there was little evidence of trail following. Siphonaria pectinata exhibited a range of crawling speeds but spent much of the excursion stationary or moving very slowly. Both duration of excursion and maximum foraging distance were very variable. No correlation between the size of S. pectinata and the duration of the excursion was apparent. The timing of activity may reflect an adaptive response designed to provide enough time to forage while avoiding predation, desiccation and dislodgement by waves.
Comparative study of the utilization of bacteria and microalgae by the suspension-feeding bivalve: Callista chione
Authors: Charles François , Amouroux Jean Michel , Grémare Antoine
Published: July 2002

Callista chione is the most prominent suspension-feeding bivalve species inhabiting the soft bottoms of the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer. Ingestion rates and absorption efficiencies when fed monospecific cultures of either phytoplankton (Pavlova lutheri) or bacteria (one natural strain isolated from the marine environment) were determined using 14C radioactive pulse–chase feeding experiments. Microalgae were ingested at a rate five to six times higher than bacteria (i.e. 2.31×10−3 against 0.40×10−3 mg DW mg SFDW−1 h−1). Such differences were attributed to differences in average particle sizes. Bacteria were also less absorbed than microalgae (i.e. 64.3 vs 83.8%). Together with existing data regarding the ratio of free to attached bacteria in the oceanographic environment, these results suggest that free bacteria probably contribute to meet only a small portion of the energy requirements of adult C. chione populations.
Preliminary study on the gonad development of the exotic ascidian Styela clava in Cork Harbour, Ireland
Authors: Parker L.E. , Culloty S. , O'Riordan R.M. , Kelleher B. , Steele S. , Van der Velde G.
Published: July 2002

The reproductive cycle, development and spatial organization of the gonads of an exotic ascidian, Styela clava, were studied in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Monthly histological samples enabled the division of gonad development into six main stages, ranging from `inactive' to `regression'. Gonad development was asynchronous in the population, with more than one stage being found within some months. Gametogenesis was observed from February–November, but peaked between August–October. Spawning took place in September–October, followed by gonad regression in November–December.
Water movement activating fragmentation: a new dispersal strategy for hydractiniid hydroids
Authors: Bavestrello G. , Puce S. , Cerrano C. , Castellano L. , Arillo A.
Published: July 2002

The fragmentation process in Hydractinia pruvoti (Motz-Kossovska, 1905) which live on shells inhabited by hermit crabs is activated by the intensity of water movement that induces a rapid and abundant production of propagules by transversal fission. Being produced by all kinds of polyps in the polymorphic colony, fragments are very different from each other both in shape and size. After their liberation, fragments first settle on the bottom, then dedifferentiate and produce a network of hydrorhizae from which new polyps arise.
Paulus muß nach Rom. Zur politischen Dimension der Apostelgeschichte
Authors: BURFEIND CARSTEN
Published: July 2002

In seinem Artikel versucht der Autor zu zeigen, daß die Theologie des Lukas eine Rom-kritische Pointe hat. Während die Heidenmission auf der ersten Missionsreise des Paulus theologisch legitimiert wird und die Unabhängigkeit dieser Heidenmission von der Synagoge auf der zweiten Missionsreise, wird mit dem Bericht von der Romreise des Paulus die politische Relevanz dieser Universalisierung der Christusverkündigung deutlich: Im gesamten Prozeßgeschehen vor römischen Behörden und schließlich in Rom selbst bezeugt Paulus, daß der Christus auch Kyrios ist. Die Verkündigung der Basileia Gottes betrifft das Imperium Romanum und relativiert dessen Herrschaftsanspruch. Das zu verkündigen muß (δει) Paulus nach Rom.
‘But We Became Infants Among You’: The Case for ΝΗΠΙΟΙ in 1 Thess 2.7
Authors: WEIMA JEFFREY A. D.
Published: July 2002

The debate over the proper reading of 1 Thess 2.7 is much less ambiguous than it is typically portrayed to be. The external evidence is decisively in favour of νηπιοι (infants), a fact that even those opposed to this reading readily admit. An evaluation of the internal evidence and the four arguments commonly used to justify the choice of ηπιοι (‘gentle’) reveals that none of them provides the needed grounds for overriding the clear testimony of the external evidence. Furthermore, the superior reading ‘infants’ involves a striking metaphor that functions effectively in the overall argument of 1 Thess 2.5–7b. There are compelling reasons, therefore, for allowing Paul to make the claim of innocence that he made to the Thessalonians long ago: ‘But we became infants among you.’
Mark 1.1–3 – A Later Addition to the Gospel?
Authors: ELLIOTT J. K.
Published: July 2002

The exegetical and textual problems in the opening verses of Mark's Gospel are well known. The punctuation of 1.1–4 has exercised editors of critical editions as it has translators. Does one, for example, put a full stop at the end of v. 1 or not? How does the quotation of vv. 2–3 relate to its context? There are also two main text-critical problems: (1) there is a choice between a longer and a shorter reading in v. 1,
and (2) the MSS are divided between εν τω ‘Ησαια
and εν τοις προϕηταις in v. 2.
Monitoring of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in red

foxes in Shiretoko, Japan, by coproantigen detection
Authors: NONAKA N. , TSUKADA H. , ABE N. , OKU Y. , KAMIYA M.
Published: July 2002

The study was conducted to evaluate a mAb-based coproantigen
detection assay for monitoring fox prevalence of
Echinococcus multilocularis infections in the Shiretoko
National Park in Hokkaido, Japan. Eight fox families, each consisting
of 2–4 adults and their pups, were selected because their
territories have been determined. Faeces of each family (total
n=537) were collected monthly from April to October,
1994. Detection of coproantigen and taeniid eggs was recognized
in 58 and 27 faeces, respectively, but mostly restricted in 1 family,
in which coproantigen ELISA OD values had dual
peaks, one in June and the other in October, whereas taeniid eggs
were detected only from April to July. Fox pup faeces
(n=51) collected around the dens used by the positive
family were all coproantigen and taeniid egg negative except for
1 faeces. These results suggest that the prevalence and infection
pressure in the study area were low and the infected family
terminated the infection in the summer and acquired a new one
in the early autumn, 1994. This monitoring method for
fox infection will be a practical management tool for E.
multilocularis infection, especially at the tourist spots in Hokkaido

where close contact of fox with humans is frequently observed.
Comparison of the biological characteristics of two isolates of Neospora caninum
Authors: ATKINSON R. , HARPER P. A. W. , RYCE C. , MORRISON D. A. , ELLIS J. T.
Published: July 2002

This study compared the biological and genetic properties of a
bovine (NC-SweB1) and a canine (NC-Liverpool) isolate
of Neospora caninum. A mouse model for CNS infection demonstrated
marked differences in pathogenicity between the
isolates. NC-Liverpool induced severe clinical signs of neosporosis in
57/58 mice including discoordinated movement,
hindlimb paralysis and coat ruffling with severe weight loss. In contrast
NC-SweB1 induced similar but less severe
symptoms in a much smaller proportion of mice over the same time-period.
Statistically significant differences were
observed between the isolates in the response (mean weight loss) of mice
through time to the different doses inoculated.
Histopathological effects on brain tissue reflected the isolate-based differences
described above. NC-Liverpool infection
resulted in intense inflammatory infiltrates and highly necrotic lesions
whereas NC-SweB1 induced a milder meningoencephalitis.
Passage in cell-culture over a period of 14 months did not affect the pathogenicity
of NC-Liverpool.
Immunoblots showed that antibodies to N. caninum appeared earlier
in mice inoculated with NC-Liverpool than with
NC-SweB1. Finally, RAPD–PCR analysis of NC-Liverpool DNA generated
profiles distinct from that observed with
DNA from NC-SweB1 or Toxoplasma gondii. In summary this study
provides evidence for significant biological and
genetic differences between 2 isolates of N. caninum.
The use of a gamma-type function to assess the relationship between the number of adult Teladorsagia circumcincta and total egg output
Authors: BISHOP S. C. , STEAR M. J.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between faecal nematode egg count and the number of adult Telordasagia circumcincta was examined in
508 naturally infected lambs at 6–7 months of age. The relationship was found to be convex and was empirically described
by a gamma-type function of the form y = anb e−cn,
where n is the number of adult nematodes present and y is the number
of nematode eggs per gramme (epg) of faeces. This equation predicted that the peak expected egg count (277 epg) would
occur at a worm burden of 2167 adult worms. The absence of a linear relationship between egg counts and worm numbers
is consistent with the existence of severe density-dependent constraints on the fecundity of T. circumcincta.
Halévy's Bentham Is Bentham
Authors: Mongin Philippe , Sigot Nathalie
Published: July 2002

A reply to Fransisco Vergara's attack on Halévy's interpretation of Bentham in Philosophy, January, 1998. Vergara had argued that Halévy was mistaken in interpreting Bentham's principle of utility as a psychological law as well as the ethical greatest happiness principle. Mongin and Sigot show that Halévy correctly interpreted Bentham's texts and that the psychological law is necessary to Bentham's legal theory, economics and politics; they also argue that it is incorrect to confuse the principle of utility with a theory of universal selfishness, and that this misunderstanding underlies Vergara's mistaken picture of both Halévy and Bentham.
CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: TYRER PETER , SEIVEWRIGHT HELEN , SEIVEWRIGHT NICHOLAS
Published: July 2002

To the Editor: The paper by Chalder et al.
(26, 791–800) in a cross-sectional study concludes that
the diagnosis of ‘ME’, which makes an external attribution
for fatigue, ‘seems to protect against psychological distress
but not against disability’. We should like to offer strong
support for this conclusion from the prospective data of a patient
involved in a 12-year study of the outcome of neurotic
disorder.
Molecular genetics in psychiatric epidemiology: the promise and challenge
Authors: HENDERSON A. S. , BLACKWOOD D. H. R.
Published: July 2002

Psychiatric epidemiology is becalmed. Since mid-century, there has been substantial progress in
finding risk factors for the common mental disorders of anxiety and depression. This has been
almost entirely within a social paradigm. Much has been learned about the effects of interpersonal
and other social exposures across the lifespan in contributing to these disorders (Brown & Harris,
1978, 1989; Paykel, 1992; Blazer, 1995; Henderson, 1988, 1999). But the range of possibly causal
variables has been narrow: demography, socio-economic status, childhood experiences, recent
exposure to adversity and the availability of social support. The dominant paradigm has been
environmental exposure, examining how experiences that arise outside the individual may have an
enduring impact on mental health. The environment in question has been interpersonal or social.
Within this paradigm, no new hypotheses of major significance have emerged in recent years.

Epidemiologists have known that the biological domain might be important in aetiology, but for
the common mental disorders it has been largely passed over. Properties of the adult brain, whether
innate or moulded by environmental exposures, have only rarely been accessible. With the advances
in molecular genetics, this is changing (Rutter & Plomin, 1997). For epidemiology, there is now the
possibility of bringing molecular genetics into studies of aetiology. Because of the significance of this
development, we present a critical assessment of the prospects for population-based research using
molecular genetics, the work already reaching publication and the methodological issues that are
arising.
Perceiving an imperceptible God
Authors: Schoen Edward L.
Published: July 2002

While reports of sensory encounters with the divine come from a
variety
of religious traditions, philosophers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and
Robert Oakes
have argued that such experiences of incorporeal divine beings are impossible.

Nevertheless, by clarifying various relations among acts of perception,
perceptual
detections of presence and kinds of perceptual recognition, the sensory
perception of
imperceptible things emerges as a coherent possibility. So, even if they
are essentially
unobservable, incorporeal divine beings still fall well within the range
of normal
human sense perception.
Wayne A. Beach, Conversations about illness:
Family preoccupations with bulimia. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum,
1996. Pp. vii, 148. Hb $36.00, pb $16.00.
Authors: Boyd Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2002

Within the fields of health communication and medical
sociology, there is growing interest in exploring the social
and interactional character of health and illness. This
interest results, in large part, from the recognition that
the very foundations of a society's notions of health
are inextricably rooted in the social. With the present
book, we have one of the first interactional studies of
a family's experience with a particular illness:
bulimia. Beach provides a glimpse into the way that family
members both talk about, and talk into being, the health
problems of one of its members. Removing the notion of
illness from the individual, psychological experience is
not an especially novel idea; but Beach's location
of it in the interactional details of a conversation between
a grandmother and granddaughter is quite notable.
Albert Valdman (ed.), French and creole in
Louisiana. (Topics in language and linguistics.) New
York & London: Plenum, 1997. Pp. xiii, 372.
Authors: Coles Felice Anne
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this volume is not only to provide
“more delicate and accurate descriptions” (p.
2) of Louisiana French, but also to highlight the variation,
origins, and social contexts of French-related varieties
in Louisiana. The volume's editor, whose research
on French and creole linguistics spans decades (cf. Valdman
1977, 1978, 1983, 1993) has gathered – starting from
workshops and annual meetings on regional dialects –
an impressive collection of articles on Western Hemisphere
French, in order to create a comprehensive overview of
the past, present, and future of French in Louisiana. The
reader may consider dividing the book into four sections:
(a) general issues surrounding endangered languages and
minority languages in the US; (b) linguistic sketches of
Cajun French (CF) and Louisiana Creole (LC); (c) discussions
of sociopolitical events surrounding the language planning
and preservation movements; and (d) chapters devoted to
other varieties of French that have similarities to CF
and LC.
John Edwards (ed.), Language in Canada.
Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Pp. xvi, 504.
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: July 2002

This volume is meant as a companion piece to three
previous volumes published by Cambridge on language in
various parts of the English-speaking world (the volume
on the United States, edited by Charles Ferguson and Shirley
Brice Heath, appeared in 1981, followed in 1984 by one
on the British Isles edited by Peter Trudgill, and in 1991
by a volume on Australia edited by Suzanne Romaine). This
collection contains 26 short articles, divided into three
sets. The first set attempts to provide an overview of
sociolinguistic issues in Canada from historical, demographic,
and policy perspectives. The second set treats aboriginal
languages and the two official languages, French and English;
this set includes two articles on language teaching –
restricted, however, to the teaching of international languages,
mainly as first languages, and to the teaching of French
as a second language through immersion methods. The third
set offers language profiles of each of Canada's ten
provinces, as well as of its two (now three) territories.
The organization of the book is meant to provide different
angles on sociolinguistic issues in Canada, but unfortunately
the result too often is that material is either repeated
or consistently left out.
Kay McCormick & R. Mestrie (eds.), Post-Apartheid
South Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of
Language 136. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999.
Authors: Suzman Susan M.
Published: July 2002

In South Africa, the transition from an apartheid
regime to a popularly elected government in 1994 made possible
wide-ranging changes in power relations in every sphere
of human interaction, including language. Under the new
political dispensation, there are 11 official languages
(listed in order of numbers of speakers): Zulu, Xhosa,
Afrikaans, Tswana, North Sotho, English, South Sotho, Tsonga,
Swati, Ndebele, and Venda. They replace English and Afrikaans,
formerly the 2 official languages.
Let's go all the way – and include operant and observational learning
Authors: Baldwin John D.
Published: July 2002

If biologists are going to incorporate learning into theories of animal behavior, why not go all the way and incorporate the enormous literatures on Pavlovian conditioning, plus those on operant and observational learning?
Merging information versus speech recognition
Authors: Appelbaum Irene
Published: July 2002

Norris, McQueen & Cutler claim that all known speech recognition data can be accounted for with their autonomous model, “Merge.” But this claim is doubly misleading. (1) Although speech recognition is autonomous in their view, the Merge model is not. (2) The body of data which the Merge model accounts for, is not, in their view, speech recognition data.
Fish displaying and infants sucking: The operant side of the social behavior coin
Authors: Fantino Edmund , Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie
Published: July 2002

We applaud Domjan et al. for providing an elegant account of Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms in social behavior that eschews the pitfall of purposivism. However, they seem to imply that they have provided a complete account without provision for operant conditioning. We argue that operant conditioning plays a central role in social behavior, giving examples from fish and infant behavior.
Some concerns about the phoneme-like inputs to Merge
Authors: Nearey Terrance M.
Published: July 2002

As a proponent of phoneme-like units in speech perception, I am very sympathetic to Merge's use of phoneme-oriented input. However, in the absence of any known way to provide input in exactly the form assumed, further consideration needs to be given to how the variation in the details of the specification of this input might affect Merge's (and Shortlist's) overall behavior.
Simple heuristics that make us dumb
Authors: Margolis Howard
Published: July 2002

The simple heuristics that may indeed usually make us smart–or at least smart enough–in contexts of individual choice will sometimes make us dumb, especially in contexts of social choice. Here each individual choice (or vote) has little impact on the overall choice, although the overall choice is compounded out of the individual choices. I use an example (risk aversion) to illustrate the point.
The prevalence of typical dream themes challenges the specificity of the threat simulation theory
Authors: Germain Anne , Nielsen Tore A. , Zadra Antonio , Montplaisir Jacques
Published: July 2002

The evolutionary theory of threat simulation during dreaming indicates that themes appropriate to ancestral survival concerns (threats) should be disproportionately represented in dreams. Our studies of typical dream themes in students and sleep-disordered patients indicate that threatening dreams involving chase and pursuit are indeed among the three most prevalent themes, thus supporting Revonsuo's theory. However, many of the most prevalent themes are of positive, not negative, events (e.g., sex, flying) and of current, not ancestral, threat scenarios (e.g., schoolwork). Moreover, many clearly ancestral themes (e.g., snakes, earthquakes) are not prevalent at all in dreams. Thus, these findings challenge the specificity of the threat simulation theory.

[Revonsuo]
Are dynamical systems the answer?
Authors: Markman Arthur B.
Published: July 2002

The proposed model is put forward as a template for the dynamical systems approach to embodied cognition. In order to extend this view to cognitive processing in general, however, two limitations must be overcome. First, it must be demonstrated that sensorimotor coordination of the type evident in the A-not-B error is typical of other aspects of cognition. Second, the explanatory utility of dynamical systems models must be clarified.
Heritability estimates provide a crumbling foundation
Authors: Stoltenberg Scott F.
Published: July 2002

When Genotype × Environment (G × E) interactions
are present, heritability estimates are not interpretable. Mealey
cites abundant evidence for G × E interactions in the etiology
of sociopathy, thereby completely undermining estimates of the
heritability of sociopathy which form the foundation of her model.
Without proper evidence for a genetic basis of sociopathy,
Mealey's sociobiological model collapses under its own
great weight.
Keeping faith with the properties of LTP
Authors: Abraham Wickliffe C.
Published: July 2002

Despite close scrutiny in recent years, the traditional
properties of LTP are holding up remarkably well, and they remain a
credible influence on the belief that LTP has something to do with
learning and information storage.
What is the type-1/type-2 distinction?
Authors: Chater Nick
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton's type-1/-2 distinction is not
well-defined. The classes of type-1 and type-2 problems are too
broad: many nocomputable functions are type-1 and type-2 learnable.
They are also too narrow: trivial functions, such as identity, are
neither type-1 nor type-2 learnable. Moreover, the scope of type-1
and type-2 problems appears to be equivalent. Overall, this
distinction does not appear useful for machine learning or cognitive
science.
“Differentiationism” can reconcile selectionism and constructivism
Authors: Innocenti G. M.
Published: July 2002

Increased complexity of representations in development
probably results from the differentiation of distributed neural
circuits. Axonal differentiation plays a crucial role in this process.
Axonal differentiation appears to be achieved in stages, each
involving combinations of constructive and regressive events
controlled by cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic information.
Linear correlates in the speech signal: The orderly output constraint
Authors: Sussman Harvey M. , Fruchter David , Hilbert Jon , Sirosh Joseph
Published: July 2002

Neuroethological investigations of mammalian and avian
auditory systems have documented species-specific specializations
for processing complex acoustic signals that could, if viewed in
abstract terms, have an intriguing and striking relevance for human
speech sound categorization and representation. Each species forms
biologically relevant categories based on combinatorial analysis of
information-bearing parameters within the complex input signal. This
target article uses known neural models from the mustached bat and
barn owl to develop, by analogy, a conceptualization of human
processing of consonant plus vowel sequences that offers a partial
solution to the noninvariance dilemma – the nontransparent
relationship between the acoustic waveform and the phonetic segment.
Critical input sound parameters used to establish species-specific
categories in the mustached bat and barn owl exhibit high correlation
and linearity due to physical laws. A cue long known to be relevant to
the perception of stop place of articulation is the second formant
(F2) transition. This article describes an empirical phenomenon
– the locus equations – that describes the relationship
between the F2 of a vowel and the F2 measured at the onset of a
consonant-vowel (CV) transition. These variables, F2 onset and F2
vowel within a given place category, are consistently and robustly
linearly correlated across diverse speakers and languages, and even
under perturbation conditions as imposed by bite blocks. A functional
role for this category-level extreme correlation and linearity (the
“orderly output constraint”) is hypothesized based on the
notion of an evolutionarily conserved auditory-processing strategy.
High correlation and linearity between critical parameters in the
speech signal that help to cue place of articulation categories might
have evolved to satisfy a preadaptation by mammalian auditory systems
for representing tightly correlated, linearly related components of
acoustic signals.
Toward a neurology of grammar
Authors: Givon T.
Published: July 2002

This commentary makes a case for a connection between the
hierarchically organized skills emphasized in Greenfield's
(1991t) target article and rhythmic skills utilized in music. It also
links hierarchical organization with automated processing. Implicit
is the notion that lower levels of a hierarchy become automatic, as
they go under control of higher levels of organization.
Distal similarity, shape referents, subjective world, and redundancy
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: July 2002

The concept of distal similarity that plays a crucial role in
Edelman's theory of representation is called into question
in this commentary on theoretical as well as empirical grounds. A
possible confusion between shape and (knowledge of) its referent,
the problem of the subjective world, redundancy, and large individual
differences in subjective space encountered in contrived universes
are discussed.
Xenophobia and other reasons to wonder about the domain specificity of folk-biological classification
Authors: Hays Terence E.
Published: July 2002

Atran adds a synthesis of much of the literature on
folk-biological classification to important new experimental
data relevant to long-standing inferences about the structure
of folk taxonomies. What we know about such systems is
somewhat overstated, and key issues remain unresolved,
especially concerning the centrality of “generic species,”
the primacy of “general purpose” taxonomies, and
domain specificity.
Is multi-tasking complex?
Authors: MacLeod W. Bentley
Published: July 2002

In a simple economic decision problem with multi-tasking the
dimensionality of the problem is neither a necessary nor a sufficient
measure of complexity. Rather, dimension is good measure of complexity
when there is an aggregate resource constraint that creates an
interaction between the different activities, resulting in a problem
with high algorithmic complexity.
Content first, frame later
Authors: Ohala John J.
Published: July 2002

There is not enough reason to believe that syllables are
primary in speech and evolved from the cyclic movements of
chewing. There are many differences between chewing and
speech and it is equally plausible that what is primary in speech
is a succession of auditorily robust modulations of various acoustic
parameters (amplitude, periodicity, spectrum, pitch); syllables could
have evolved from this.
A comparative and developmental approach to cognitive universals: A possible role for heterochrony
Authors: Roberts Warren P.
Published: July 2002

From a developmental and comparative perspective, folk
biology is a core “meme.” The universality and resistance
to change in such core “memes” may be a function of the
developmental timing of cognitive domains during childhood. Evidence
from cognitive development in humans, monkeys, and apes is discussed.
Suggestions for a developmental research program are offered.
Great apes imitate actions of others and effects of others' actions
Authors: Mitchell Robert W.
Published: July 2002

Apes imitate the effects of others' actions, but the
evidence for program-level imitation seems contradictory and the
evidence against bodily imitation and trial and error in learning the
organization of complex activities seems ambiguous. Action-level
imitations are more flexible than described and may derive from
imitation of the effects of others' actions on objects.
What can auditory neuroethology tell us about speech processing?
Authors: Moore David R. , King Andrew J.
Published: July 2002

A systematic relationship between the acoustic structure and
phonemic content of speech raises the possibility that processing
strategies similar to those described in animals with highly
specialized hearing may also operate in the human brain. This idea
could be tested by analyzing animal communication calls into locus
equations and using those as stimulus tools in neurophysiological
studies of auditory neurons.
Of skyhooks and the coevolution of scientific disciplines
Authors: Franceschetti Donald R.
Published: July 2002

The history of the natural sciences repeatedly shows that
the unification of a higher level theory with a lower level theory
by reduction does not eliminate the need for the higher level theory
nor preclude its further development, leading to changes in the
understanding of the lower level. The radical neuron doctrine proposes
that the future science of psychology or linguistics will derive
principally from the evolution of understanding at the neural level
and not from current theories based on the observation of behavior.
It is far more likely that the two bodies of theory will coevolve
in semiautonomous fashion.
Words − sentences = ?
Authors: Osterhout Lee , Bersick Michael
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller advocates an experimental design
in which well-matched tokens from various word categories are
presented in list form to subjects making rapid lexical decisions
about these stimuli. Implicit in this paradigm are several problematic
assumptions. We conclude that such experiments are not likely to tell
us much about the biological bases of human language.