bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuchal translucency scans complicated by nuchal cord – Are we measuring correctly?
Authors: Carroll Scott , Parange Nayana
Published: February 2017

Objective

To evaluate the affect nuchal cord (NC) may have on nuchal translucency (NT) thickness. To identify the sonographic features of NC complication in NT scans and to determine how these features are interpreted by sonographers complying to current Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) NT imaging guidelines.

Methods

Retrospective review of 200 consecutive NT scans was performed by three FMF accredited sonographers in a 6 month period. Where a single measurement, at the thickest portion of the NT was used for combined first trimester screening (CFTS) calculation a ‘standard’ NT measurement was said to have occurred. A nuchal cord, nuchal translucency (NCNT) measurement was said to have occurred if any single image displayed two NT measurements, with calipers placed measuring NT thickness above and below the NC.

Results

The combined data from the three sonographers showed no significant deviation from the current FMF NT for crown rump length (CRL) database range.

Conclusion

NC was found to add only 0.3 mm to NT thickness when the median NT without NC was compared to the mean of the highest NT value (either above or below cord. Separation of the NT into separate compartments, or a slight indentation in the outer NT skin line is not always due to the presence of NC and may be the result of beam shape artefact.
Nonylphenol increases tumor formation and growth by suppressing gender‐independent lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activation
Authors: Lee Jae‐Wook , Han Hae‐Kyoung , Park Sojin , Moon Eun‐Yi
Published: February 2017

Nonylphenol (NP) is a well‐known endocrine disruptor that influences sexual and reproductive development. Here, we investigated whether NP affects immune responses that are associated with tumor initiation and progression. When spleen cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A in the presence of 10−4 M NP, the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes was reduced compared with that in controls, in a gender‐independent fashion. While 10−4 M NP also decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS‐stimulated bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs), no changes in NO production were detected following treatment with 10−5 M NP. LPS‐stimulated expression of iNOS, COX2, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in BMDMs was reduced after 6 or 18 hours of incubation with 10−5 M NP. Furthermore, when mice were pre‐exposed to NP for 7 days prior to the injection of B16F10 melanoma cells, the rates of tumor nodule formation and relative tumor growth were higher than those in the control group. In vivo immunosuppressive effect was also clarified by the inhibition of proliferation in B/T lymphocyte and cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages from the mice pretreated with NP for 7 days. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NP could affect the immune responses of lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to the suppression of their tumor‐preventing ability. This suggests that individuals at high risk for tumor development should avoid frequent exposure to NP and other endocrine disruptors.
Summarizing US Wildlife Trade with an Eye Toward Assessing the Risk of Infectious Disease Introduction
Authors: Smith K. M. , Zambrana-Torrelio C. , White A. , Asmussen M. , Machalaba C. , Kennedy S. , Lopez K. , Wolf T. M. , Daszak P. , Travis D. A. , Karesh W. B.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to characterize the role of the USA in the global exchange of wildlife and describe high volume trade with an eye toward prioritizing health risk assessment questions for further analysis. Here we summarize nearly 14 years (2000–2013) of the most comprehensive data available (USFWS LEMIS system), involving 11 billion individual specimens and an additional 977 million kilograms of wildlife. The majority of shipments contained mammals (27%), while the majority of specimens imported were shells (57%) and tropical fish (25%). Most imports were facilitated by the aquatic and pet industry, resulting in one-third of all shipments containing live animals. The importer reported origin of wildlife was 77.7% wild-caught and 17.7% captive-reared. Indonesia was the leading exporter of legal shipments, while Mexico was the leading source reported for illegal shipments. At the specimen level, China was the leading exporter of legal and illegal wildlife imports. The number of annual declared shipments doubled during the period examined, illustrating continually increasing demand, which reinforces the need to scale up capacity for border inspections, risk management protocols and disease surveillance. Most regulatory oversight of wildlife trade is aimed at conservation, rather than prevention of disease introduction.
Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of the cohorts underlying the concept
Authors: Epelbaum Stéphane , Genthon Rémy , Cavedo Enrica , Habert Marie Odile , Lamari Foudil , Gagliardi Geoffroy , Lista Simone , Teichmann Marc , Bakardjian Hovagim , Hampel Harald , Dubois Bruno
Published: February 2017

Preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a relatively recent concept describing an entity characterized by the presence of a pathophysiological biomarker signature characteristic for AD in the absence of specific clinical symptoms. There is rising interest in the scientific community to define such an early target population mainly because of failures of all recent clinical trials despite evidence of biological effects on brain amyloidosis for some compounds. A conceptual framework has recently been proposed for this preclinical phase of AD. However, few data exist on this silent stage of AD. We performed a systematic review to investigate how the concept is defined across studies. The review highlights the substantial heterogeneity concerning the three main determinants of preclinical AD: “normal cognition,” “cognitive decline,” and “AD pathophysiological signature.” We emphasize the need for a harmonized nomenclature of the preclinical AD concept and standardized population‐based and case‐control studies using unified operationalized criteria.
Las dimensiones espaciales de la segregación residencial en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, a principios del siglo XXI
Authors: Domínguez Aguilar Mauricio
Published: February 2017

Si bien la noción segregación residencial posee un fuerte e intrínseco carácter espacial, el análisis de sus dimensiones suele suscitar discrepancias respecto de sus aproximaciones analíticas y métodos. Tomando como caso de estudio la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, en este trabajo se analizan las dimensiones espaciales de la actual segregación residencial de la ciudad desde dos aproximaciones analíticas. La primera (cuantitativa), a través del cálculo y análisis de índices de segregación a un grupo de formas de estratificación (variables) que son representativas de los cuatro enfoques básicos de aproximación al estudio de la segregación residencial. La segunda (mixta), a través de la construcción e interpretación de un modelo cartográfico del actual patrón espacial de segregación residencial de la ciudad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la complementariedad de ambos métodos, al tiempo que aportan nuevas evidencias que cuestionan algunas de las creencias populares acerca de la segregación residencial en Mérida.
Fonctions qui opèrent sur les espaces de Besov et de Triebel
Authors: Bourdaud Gérard
Published: February 2017

Let

F

be a function which acts, via left composition, on the Besov – or Triebel – space

\mathrm{E}_{p}^{s}(ℝ^{n})\:(s > 0)

. We prove that

F

is locally Lipschitz, if

\mathrm{E}_{p}^{s}(ℝ^{n})\:

is imbedded into

L^∞(ℝ^n)

, and globally Lipschitz if not; these conditions are necessary and sufficient when

0 < s < 1

.

Soit

F

une fonction qui opère, par composition à gauche, sur l’espace de Besov – ou de Triebel –

\mathrm{E}_{p}^{s}(ℝ^{n})\:(s > 0)

. On montre que

F

est localement lipschitzienne si

\mathrm{E}_{p}^{s}(ℝ^{n})\:

s’injecte dans

L^∞(ℝ^n)

, globalement lipschitzienne sinon. Ces conditions sont nécessaires et suffisantes pour

0 < s < 1

.
On the existence of surfaces with prescribed mean curvature and boundary in higher dimensions
Authors: Duzaar Frank
Published: February 2017

Given a Lipschitz continuous function

H : \mathbf R^{n + 1} → \mathbf R

, we construct hypersurfaces in

\mathbf R^{n + 1}

with prescribed mean curvature

H

which satisfy a Plateau boundary condition provided the mean curvature function

H

satisfies a certain isoperimetric condition. For

n ≦ 6

these surfaces are free from interior singularities.

Étant donné une fonction continue lipschitzienne

H : \mathbf R^{n + 1} → \mathbf R

, nous construisons des hyper-surfaces dans

\mathbf R^{n + 1}

avec une courbure moyenne imposée

H

qui satisfait une condition frontière de Plateau pourvu que la fonction de courbure moyenne

H

satisfasse une certaine condition isopérimétrique. Pour

n ≦ 6

, ces surfaces n’ont pas de singularités intérieures.
The Dirichlet-problem for harmonic maps from the disk into a lorentzian warped product
Authors: Greco Carlo
Published: February 2017

In this paper we prove the existence and the regularity of a harmonic map from the disk of

\mathbf R^2

into the Lorentz manifold

\mathrm{S}^{2} \times _{\mathrm{\beta }}^{\:}\mathbf{R}_{\:}^{\:}

, with a given boundary condition. Since the energy functional is not bounded from below, we search for its critical points which are not minima.

Dans cet article, on démontre l’existence et la régularité d’une fonction harmonique du disque de

\mathbf R^2

dans une variété de Lorentz

\mathrm{S}^{2} \times _{\mathrm{\beta }}^{\:}\mathbf{R}_{\:}^{\:}

, dont la valeur est prescrite sur la frontière du disque. Puisque la fonctionnelle de l’énergie n’est pas bornée inférieurement, on cherche des points critiques de cette fonctionnelle qui ne sont pas des minima.
The Kremlin Strikes Back
Authors: Rosefielde Steven
Published: February 2017

America and Europe responded to Russia's annexation of Crimea on March 18, 2014 by discarding their policy of East-West partnership and reverting intermittently to a policy of cold war. The West believes that this on-again/off-again second Cold War will end with Russia's capitulation because it is not a sufficiently great power, while the Kremlin's view is just the opposite; Vladimir Putin believes that if Moscow has strategic patience, Russia can recover some of the geostrategic losses that it incurred when the Soviet Union collapsed. The Kremlin Strikes Back scrutinizes the economic prospects of both sides, including factors like military industrial prowess, warfighting capabilities, and national resolve, addressing particularly hot-button issues such as increasing military spending, decreasing domestic spending, and other policies. Stephen Rosefielde aims to objectively gauge future prospects and the wisdom of employing various strategies to address Russian developments.
Vietnam's Communist Revolution
Authors: Vu Tuong
Published: February 2017

By tracing the evolving worldview of Vietnamese communists over 80 years as they led Vietnam through wars, social revolution, and peaceful development, this book shows the depth and resilience of their commitment to the communist utopia in their foreign policy. Unearthing new material from Vietnamese archives and publications, this book challenges the conventional scholarship and the popular image of the Vietnamese revolution and the Vietnam War as being driven solely by patriotic inspirations. The revolution not only saw successes in defeating foreign intervention, but also failures in bringing peace and development to Vietnam. This was, and is, the real tragedy of Vietnam. Spanning the entire history of the Vietnamese revolution and its aftermath, this book examines its leaders' early rise to power, the tumult of three decades of war with France, the US, and China, and the stubborn legacies left behind which remain in Vietnam today.
Palliative Care Discussions in Multiple System Atrophy: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Dayal Anita M. , Jenkins Mary E. , Jog Mandar S. , Kimpinski Kurt , MacDonald Penny , Gofton Teneille E.
Published: February 2017

Objective: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an incurable neurodegenerative illness in which progressive symptoms, including stridor and acute laryngeal obstruction, occur. Advanced care planning and palliative care discussions in people living with MSA are not well defined. The aim of the present study is to evaluate advanced care planning and current practices in palliative care in MSA to identify opportunities for improving quality of care. Methods: The study is a retrospective chart review assessing the focus and timing of palliative care discussions in people living with MSA. Some 22 charts were reviewed. Results: A total of 22 patients were included. The most common symptoms were parkinsonism, orthostatic hypotension, GI/GU dysfunction, ataxia and gait impairment. Six patients had stridor. Of the palliative care discussions that took place, the most common topics were diagnosis, symptoms or symptom management, and prognosis. In the majority of patients who died and who had a do-not-attempt-resuscitation order, discussions surrounding resuscitation and goals of care took place only hours before death. Conclusions: There is no standard approach to advanced care planning and palliative care discussions in people living with MSA. We propose a framework to guide advanced care planning and palliative care discussions in MSA.
Firn Model Intercomparison Experiment (FirnMICE)
Authors: LUNDIN JESSICA M.D. , STEVENS C. MAX , ARTHERN ROBERT , BUIZERT CHRISTO , ORSI ANAIS , LIGTENBERG STEFAN R.M. , SIMONSEN SEBASTIAN B. , CUMMINGS EVAN , ESSERY RICHARD , LEAHY WILL , HARRIS PAUL , HELSEN MICHIEL M. , WADDINGTON EDWIN D.
Published: February 2017

Evolution of cold dry snow and firn plays important roles in glaciology; however, the physical formulation of a densification law is still an active research topic. We forced eight firn-densification models and one seasonal-snow model in six different experiments by imposing step changes in temperature and accumulation-rate boundary conditions; all of the boundary conditions were chosen to simulate firn densification in cold, dry environments. While the intended application of the participating models varies, they are describing the same physical system and should in principle yield the same solutions. The firn models all produce plausible depth-density profiles, but the model outputs in both steady state and transient modes differ for quantities that are of interest in ice core and altimetry research. These differences demonstrate that firn-densification models are incorrectly or incompletely representing physical processes. We quantitatively characterize the differences among the results from the various models. For example, we find depth-integrated porosity is unlikely to be inferred with confidence from a firn model to better than 2 m in steady state at a specific site with known accumulation rate and temperature. Firn Model Intercomparison Experiment can provide a benchmark of results for future models, provide a basis to quantify model uncertainties and guide future directions of firn-densification modeling.
History and Process in Village Formation: Context and Contrasts from the Northern Southwest
Authors: Cameron Catherine M. , Duff Andrew I.
Published: February 2017

Two processes characterize the later precontact history (twelfth-fourteenth centuries) of the northern part of the American Southwest: aggregation of people into large towns and depopulation of large regions. These processes have been explained as the result of environmental, economic, and social factors, including drought and warfare. Using a theoretical perspective based on Pauketat’s “historical processualism,” we argue that aggregation and depopulation are partly the result of historical developments surrounding the expansion and collapse of the Chaco regional system. We present our understanding of the Chaco regional system from the perspective of historical processualism; then, historical developments in the northern San Juan and Cibola regions-northern and southern frontiers of the Chaco world-are compared. The northern San Juan"s historically close ties with Chaco Canyon, the post-Chaco regional center at Aztec, and other factors ultimately resulted in the region’s depopulation. In the Cibola region, ties with Chaco were more tenuous and use of Chacoan ideology appears to have been strongest in the post-Chaco era, though no post-Chaco regional center emerged. Instead, large towns developed. Built on novel combinations of independent histories, ritual, and experience with Chaco, large towns enhanced stability. They were encountered by early Spanish explorers and some persist to the present day.
Land Use, Political Complexity, and Urbanism in Mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Kealhofer Lisa , Grave Peter
Published: February 2017

Debates about the development of political complexity and cities are typically focused on material cultural correlates and situated within the wider context of the emergence of states. Conventionally, state emergence is linked to agricultural surpluses and a new phase of agricultural intensification. However, this approach remains fundamentally reliant on the preservation of an appropriate and diverse suite of material cultural correlates. For mainland Southeast Asia, archaeological correlates of early political complexity are comparatively impoverished and are dominated by evidence from disparate burial contexts and architecture. In this paper, we employ an alternative approach based on a case study from north central Thailand that uses paleoenvironmental evidence of land use. These data are then related to historical urban development in the region. We suggest that large-scale patterns of agricultural expansion relate directly to increases in political complexity. Our results demonstrate that the long-term development of large-scale agricultural landscapes in this region predates the earliest evidence of monumental cities in central Thailand. We conclude that significant progress in better understanding the emergence of complex societies, both in Southeast Asia and elsewhere, is unlikely to be possible without more systematic integration of archaeological and paleoenvironmental approaches.
Taphonomic Analysis of the Mammalian Fauna from Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and the “Sandia Man” Controversy
Authors: Thompson Jessica C. , Sugiyama Nawa , Morgan Gary S.
Published: February 2017

Sandia Cave in New Mexico was excavated in the late 1930s by Frank Hibben, who described a unique type of chipped stone artifact-the “Sandia point”-in association with a faunal assemblage that included extinct Pleistocene species. The site was interpreted as a late Pleistocene Paleoindian hunting station, making it the earliest human occupation known in America at the time. Despite the pivotal role the faunal assemblage has played in interpretations of the site, there was never a confirmed behavioral association between the artifacts and the fossils. A subsequent series of controversies about the age of the site and the integrity of the stratigraphy has since pushed Sandia Cave into obscurity. Results from a recent taphonomic study of the large and small mammal assemblages from the original excavations are reported here. These show that the majority of the fauna were accumulated by nonhuman agents (carnivores, raptors, and rodents), but that a small proportion of large mammal fragments retain human modification. The three major points of controversy are discussed in light of these and other findings, and it is shown that Sandia Cave remains an important datapoint in archaeological, paleontological, and paleoecological studies of the region.
Frederick H. Sterns and the Portrayal of Variation in Central Plains Pottery
Authors: Roper Donna C.
Published: February 2017

Lyman et al.’s recent history of graphic depictions of culture change attributes the first use of bar graphs to James Ford in 1935. Ford, though, was anticipated in 1915 by Frederick Sterns, working with pottery from 27 late prehistoric Nebraska phase lodge sites in eastern Nebraska. Sterns used both tabular data summaries and divided bar graphs to show ordered variation over space in vessel neck diameter, types of appendages, and type of decoration. Underlying this analysis was a conception of these dimensions as varying independently of one another. Geographic groups within the Nebraska phase therefore exhibit clinal variation and can be characterized by differing proportions of attributes. Sterns’s work never became very well-known as archaeologists on the Central Plains turned to typological analysis for organizing pottery assemblages.
Spatial Variability in the Folsom Archaeological Record: A Multi-Scalar Approach
Authors: Andrews Brian N. , LaBelle Jason M. , Seebach John D.
Published: February 2017

Most models of Folsom adaptation consider specialized bison hunting and high rates of residential mobility to be defining characteristics. We use spatial and assemblage content data from a sample of 619 Folsom sites located throughout the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and Southwest to evaluate whether the archaeological record actually reflects these characteristics. Three spatial scales of analysis are utilized. First, site scale analysis of a subset of sites shows a great deal of variability in spatial and temporal characteristics. Sites can be roughly divided into small, single occupation locales and large, serially occupied sites. Second, day-to-day foraging occurs at what we term the foraging scale. This intermediate spatial scale is poorly understood for Folsom groups, though large sites such as Blackwater Draw and Lindenmeier provide clues that are supplemented by information from the ethnographic record. Third, the macro-regional scale analysis utilizes the entire site sample and indicates that the Folsom archaeological record consists primarily of small locales scattered across the landscape punctuated by only a few large, serially occupied sites. Overall, our analysis suggests that Folsom adaptive systems were more variable than normally recognized, and, in certain settings, may have been characterized by reduced residential mobility. Furthermore, we postulate that Folsom land use, rather than being conditioned primarily by mobile prey, may have been at least partly conditioned by more predictable resources such as wood, water, and toolstone.
Archaeological Corn from Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: Dates, Contexts, Sources
Authors: Cordell Linda S. , Toll H. Wolcott , Toll Mollie S. , Windes Thomas C.
Published: February 2017

We report measurements made on eight corncobs (Zea mays) excavated in the 1890s from Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Seven of these corncobs were analyzed previously in a geochemical study aimed at determining the locations of the fields in which they were grown. We report radiocarbon dates obtained on these seven corncobs. Comparing the morphologies of the eight corncobs with other archaeological samples of corn from the San Juan Basin supports observations that Pueblo Bonito cobs are larger and have more kernel rows than some other basin samples. The radiocarbon dates preclude the possibility that these seven corncobs represent modern or historic period maize. The dates presented do not support a previous interpretation that there was a change over time in the locations where this corn may have been grown. Not ruling out other possibilities, the dates obtained, the special characteristics of this corn, and its presence in older rooms in Pueblo Bonito argue for continued use of Pueblo Bonito for special purposes over many centuries. In Pueblo belief, as among many indigenous agricultural cultures of the Americas, corn is an important source of sacred power.
Aboriginalism and the Problems of Indigenous Archaeology
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: February 2017

This paper contends that proponents of various forms of Indigenous Archaeology base their argument on a paradigm of Aboriginal essentialism ("Aboriginalism") that is derived from the long-discarded concept of Primitive Man. The development of Aboriginalism is explored as a mutually reinforcing process between Indigenous and Western scholars, based on evidence that is at best anecdotal. The adoption of this flawed concept by archaeologists, Western publics, and Indigenous people themselves has led to problematic assumptions that have negative consequences for both the practice of archaeology and for the lives of those who identify themselves as Indigenous. Archaeologists can usefully challenge the historical assumptions on which the paradigm of Aboriginalism is based: the belief that local societies have endured as stable entities over great periods of time, and the consequent projection of contemporary ethnic identities into the deep past. Such a challenge confronts a significant element of the intellectual climate that allows marginalized groups to exist as permanent aliens in the societies of settler nations.
Archaeobotanical Analysis and Interpretations of Enslaved Virginian Plant Use at Rich Neck Plantation (44WB52)
Authors: Mrozowski Stephen A. , Franklin Maria , Hunt Leslie
Published: February 2017

Archaeobotanical analysis remains one of the least-utilized strategies for investigating the lifeways of African diasporic peoples despite the fact that the field of African diaspora archaeology has grown exponentially over the last 30 years. We consider the botanical remains from the Rich Neck Slave Quarter site as constituting a significant line of evidence for illuminating the nature of plant use among enslaved Afro-Virginians. As a result of the ambitious flotation program undertaken during the excavation of the Rich Neck site, the botanical assemblage provides evidence allowing for interpretations of the role of plants in enslaved subsistence and potential medicinal practices. Our research illustrates that Afro-Virginians actively participated in the creation of cultural practices related to plant use, and strategically shifted their production activities in response to both internal and external factors that influenced their lives within the context of plantation slavery.
Transport Distance and Debitage Assemblage Diversity: An Application of the Field Processing Model to Southern Utah Toolstone Procurement Sites
Authors: Beck R. Kelly
Published: February 2017

Understanding the decisions made at toolstone procurement localities is critical to understanding lithic production systems. However, lithic assemblages at procurement sites are typically voluminous, frequently overlapping, and always complex. This paper explores the influence of expected toolstone transport distance on procurement site assemblage variability using a central place theory inspired model from Human Behavioral Ecology. Debitage assemblage diversity is examined for 43 sites in two procurement contexts with different expected overall transport distances. Twenty-six of these sites are from the Canyonlands region of southeastern Utah where toolstone transport distances are expected to be uniformly short; seventeen sites are from the Black Rock desert region of west-central Utah where transport distances are expected to be longer. Observed differences in debitage assemblage diversity from each procurement context are consistent with expectations derived from the model which suggests that procurement site assemblage variability is predictably affected by expected toolstone transport distance.
The Age of the Paleoindian Assemblage at Sheriden Cave, Ohio
Authors: Waters Michael R. , Stafford Thomas W. , Redmond Brian G. , Tankersley Kenneth B.
Published: February 2017

Direct dating of a Paleoindian bone point from Sheriden Cave, Ohio, yielded a radiocarbon age of 10,915 ± 30 ¹⁴C yr B.P. (UCIAMS-38249). This date was derived on highly purified bone collagen. This bone point was found in association with another bone projectile point and a reworked, fluted Clovis projectile point. The artifacts from Sheriden Cave fall within the age range of other Clovis sites in North America, dating to the late Allerød, before the start of the Younger Dryas.
Extensive and Long-Term Specialization: Hohokam Ceramic Production in the Phoenix Basin, Arizona
Authors: Abbott David R.
Published: February 2017

The ceramic evidence from 10 sites in the lower Salt River valley, Arizona, represents the entire temporal interval defined as the pre-Classic era of Hohokam prehistory. These data indicate that nearly all of the clay pots consumed in the valley over a period lasting six centuries were manufactured by just a few potter groups. The uninterrupted duration, high volume, and the large variety of vessel forms and wares produced for exchange may have been unparalleled in the prehistoric Southwest. A temporally comprehensive model of pottery manufacture in the Phoenix basin is presented, its implications for the origins of specialization, and the influence of intensive irrigation are discussed. In addition, the implications are considered for a previously published model of the Hohokam economy centered on marketplace transactions (Abbott, Smith, and Gallaga 2007).
The Cave in the Kiva: The Kiva Niche and Painted Walls in the Rio Grande Valley
Authors: Schaafsma Polly
Published: February 2017

The elaborate symbolism painted around wall niches in Rio Grande Pueblo IV kivas ca. A.D. 1370-1600 at Pottery Mound and Kuaua describe a cosmological paradigm of layered worlds accessed by supernatural passageways. This paper examines the niche iconography at these sites and the associated metaphors represented in the surrounding murals. Equivalent to the sípàapuni and symbolic of the landscape cave, the niche as a portal to the watery and fecund underworld is often the organizing principle for west wall murals or entire kiva scenes. In addition to the prevalent stepped cloud and rainbow, these scenes frequently feature female figures and composite supernatural beings symbolic of abundance. This analysis provides insight into the focus of prehistoric kiva rituals conducted at Kuaua and Pottery Mound and the worldview with which they engaged. Finally, it is proposed that the synthesizing powers of both the simple stepped cloud and the niche itself raise these elements to the status of "nuclear ritual symbols" (Turner 1967) fundamental to Pueblo cosmology.
Resolving the Crisis in Archaeological Collections Curation
Authors: Marquardt William H. , Montet-White Anta , Scholtz Sandra C.
Published: February 2017

Professional archaeologists in America seem to have reached a consensus that systematic archaeological collections are vital to current and future comparative research. Current repositories are inadequately designed and insufficiently funded. Minimally, a repository must be housed in a safe, sturdy, secure building equipped to handle curation and conservation as well as special storage functions. It must include areas for collections study and have an effective information storage/retrieval system. It must have a qualified professional staff. While initial processing of materials may be accounted for in research budgets, long-term (in perpetuity) curatorial maintenance charges may be best defrayed by interest income from funds invested by the repository.
Social Archaeology in Latin America: An Appreciation
Authors: Patterson Thomas C.
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the historical development and theoretical underpinnings of the connections established between archaeology and Marxist social thought in Latin America. This dialogue began before the Russian Revolution and persists to the present day in the form of Latin American social archaeology.
The Iceman reviewed
Authors: Barfield Lawrence
Published: February 2017

Two-and-a-half years ago, in September 1991, a mummified body was discovered in a high snowfield on the Italian-Austrian border. It dates to about 3200 BC. Several sources and accounts, mostly in German, now exist of ‘Ötzi the Iceman’, but there is no collected report in English. We invited Lawrence Barfield, himself a specialist on the region and period, and co-author of one of the first Ötzi books, to review these accounts of a great prehistoric discovery.
The chronology of the introduction of pastoralism to the Cape, South Africa
Authors: Sealy Judith , Yates Royden
Published: February 2017

A careful survey of reports of early sheep in southernmost Africa combines with new radiocarbon dates to revise our knowledge of early pastoralism in the Cape. The new chronology shows the keeping of domestic stock and the making of pottery are not simultaneous and intertwined but separate events in a more complex history.
Destruction of a common heritage: the archaeology of war in Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina
Authors: Chapman John
Published: February 2017

The civil war in the former Yugoslavia, the largest conflict in Europe for half a century, is more than incidentally about objects from the past and proofs of past possession. Here is a report on some of the specifics and some of the generalities.
‘Running ahead of time’ in the development of Palaeolithic industries
Authors: Vishnyatsky L. B.
Published: February 2017

Palaeolithic people could foresee their technological future no more, or even less, than we are able to. They never said, ‘The Middle Palaeolithic has gone on quite long enough — now we'd better get on with a transition to the Upper.’ So what is one to make of those precocious lithic industries which prefigure key features of later innovations, the industries which ‘run ahead’ of their own time?
Making the most of radiocarbon dating: some statistical considerations
Authors: Buck C. E. , Litton C. D. , Scott E. M.
Published: February 2017

The revised radiocarbon calibration curve, published last year, extends back into the Pleistocene the radiocarbon determinations that can be converted to real calendar years. For determinations of any age, the right judgements and statistical considerations must be followed if the real information held in the determinations is to be found. Here is advice with some worked examples.
Early agriculture in southeast Asia: phytolith evidence from the Bang Pakong Valley, Thailand
Authors: Kealhofer Lisa , Piperno Dolores R.
Published: February 2017

Phytoliths — the microscopic opal silica bodies inside plant tissue that often survive well in archaeological deposits— are becoming a larger part of the world of human palaeobotany. They give a new view of early rice in southeast Asia.
Cuneiform inscriptions made visible on bronze plates from the Upper Anzaf Fortress, Turkey
Authors: Tuğrul A. Beril , Belli Oktay
Published: February 2017

X-ray study of bronze plates from a fortress of the 1st millennium BC reveals cuneiform inscriptions on metal surfaces that are now wholly hidden by corrosion.
On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada, Brazil
Authors: Meltzer David J. , Adovasio James M. , Dillehay Tom D.
Published: February 2017

The last decades of fieldwork have not decisively upset the long-held view that the settlement of the Americas occurred in the very latest Pleistocene, as marked in North America by the Clovis archaeological horizon at about 11,200 years ago, and by a variety of contemporaneous South American industries. Yet there are several sites that may prove to be older, among them Pedra Furada, in the thorn forest of northeastern Brazil, a large and remarkable rock-shelter, whose Pleistocene deposits have been interpreted as containing clear evidence of human occupation.

This paper offers a considered view of Pedra Furada from three archaeologists with a wide range of experiences in sites of all ages in the Americas and elsewhere, but who also share a special interest and expertise in the issues Pedra Furada has raised: Meltzer from long study of the peopling of the Americas and the frame of thinking within which we address that issue (Meltzer 1993a; 1993b); Adovasio from his intensive excavations and analysis of the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, the prime North American pre-Clovis candidate (Adovasio et al. 1990; Donahue & Adovasio 1990); and Dillehay from his work at the Monte Verde site in Chile, a site in which extraordinary preservation has produced a rich archaeological record with radiocarbon ages in excess of 12,500 years b.p. (Dillehay 1989a; in press). At the invitation of the Pedra Furada team, the three travelled to Brazil last December to participate in an international conference on the peopling of the Americas, and see first-hand the evidence from Pedra Furada.
Danish sites and settlements with a maritime context, AD 200–1200
Authors: Ulriksen Jens
Published: February 2017

Denmark's long coast-line, with its fjords, sounds, minor waterways, and small islands, provides every need and opportunity for a marine aspect to society. The maritime settlements of the early centuries AD, a special case within the north European pattern of seatrading, are being studied by a new Centre for Maritime Archaeology at Roskilde, whose projects include a study of the shore of Roskilde Fjord.
Using radiocarbon: an update
Authors: Bowman Sheridan
Published: February 2017

A note in the 1990 ANTIQUITY volume dealt with four issues crucial to the successful use of radiocarbon in archaeology (Bowman & Balaam 1990): selection and characterization of material and context; determination of the radiocarbon result and error term; interpretation and publication; and strategic resourcing. Since then much has been published, particularly on quality control of radiocarbon measurements (‘determination’), and on the calibration of radiocarbon results (‘interpretation’). Here is an update.
Archaeological aspects of D-Day: Operation Overlord
Authors: Wills Henry
Published: February 2017

The September Editorial (68: 477–9) noticed how the Normandy invasions of D-Day 1944 are, and are not, archaeologically visible. The author of the pioneering book on the pillbox defences of Britain in the Second World War explains what little there is surviving in southern England. Static defences, we see, leave traces in a way a mobile attack does not.
A Caribbean feasibility—the Nevis Heritage Project
Authors: Morris Elaine L.
Published: February 2017

A team of archaeologists organized by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Southampton (UK), in association with the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society, conducted a series of feasibility studies in 1999 to determine whether the prehistoric and historic social landscapes of the Caribbean could be researched from one island, as a case study, in advance of both rapid development and frightening natural destruction. On the tiny island of Nevis, one of the Leewards in the Eastern Caribbean, the airport expansion scheme recently destroyed one of the oldest standing English fortifications in the Caribbean (Figure 1) (Morris et al. 1999), while Hurricane Lenny removed sand and palm trees to reveal two new colonial forts just last year. Torrential rainfall, uncontrolled by centuries of sugar-cane production, erodes prehistoric sites daily (Figure 2). These sandy middens are prime landscaping resources for new golf courses or building materials for hotels and homes.
Metalworker or shaman: Early Bronze Age Upton Lovell G2a burial
Authors: Shell Colin A.
Published: February 2017

The Early Bronze Age barrow, Upton Lovell GZa,on Upton Lovell Down near the south westernedge of Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, was one ofthe first to be investigated by William Cunnington(Cunnington 1806). His excavation in May 1802revealed an extended primary inhumation of astout male, accompanied near the feet by a largenumber of perforated bone points, three flint axesand a number of stones. These included fragmentsof a broken stone battle axe. At the chest was acomplete stone battle axe and a circular stone withbevelled edges and polished surface. Also foundwere a jet or lignite ring and biconicai beads, anda small bronze awl. The grave was listed by Piggott(1938: grave 82) as one of the burials defining hisWessex Culture.
Archaeological investigations in the Northern Highlands of Ecuador at Hacienda Zuleta
Authors: Currie Elizabeth J.
Published: February 2017

Hacienda Zuleta in the northern sierra province of Imbabura, Ecuador is the location of the largest 'ramp-mound' site of the Caranqui culture dated to the Late Period in the highlands chronological sequence (c. AD 1250-1525) and also of a large 17th-century Colonial period hacienda of Jesuit foundation. The Late Period is characterised by the construction of very large hemispherical or quadrilateral 'pyramid tolos, sometimes with a ramp or a long 'walkway' and up to 22 of these ramp-tola sites have been identified in the northern sierra provinces of northern Pichincha and Imbabura (Gondard & L6pez 1983; Knapp 1992). They are thought to have been the political centres of the region's paramount chiefs and the ceremonial foci for their scattered communities (Salomon 1986). Studies suggest they are contemporary with one another, originating from about the 8th to loth centuries AD (Athens 1978; 1992; Oberem 1975), although the phases of occupation associated with the creation of the large quadrilateral ramp mounds seem to be later, linked to socio-economic and political trends of agricultural intensification and increasing population densities which are also taken to characterize the Late Period.
Peace dividend brings archaeological rewards
Authors: Clarke Bob
Published: February 2017

The political changes throughout Europe in the latter part of the 20th century have brought about a reduction in the number of military establishments in the British Isles. Large areas of land including airfields and ranges are now classified as 'brown field' sites ripe for development. The archaeological potential of such sites should not be underestimated. Over a three-year period archaeologists from the Defence Evaluation & Research Agency (DERA) and Wessex Archaeology have monitored all intrusive work carried out at the DERA airfield Boscombe Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire. This has been complemented with a desktop survey using vertical photographs from the sites archive, material which has not been available before. The preliminary results indicate that, far from being a sterile site, Boscombe Down still retains a substantial number of monuments and features.
An Iron Age ditched enclosure system at Limes Farm, Landbeach, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Connor Aileen , Palmer Rog
Published: February 2017

Although significant to societies at a local, regionaland national level for up to 6000 years, the prehistoriclandscape of Avebury, Wiltshire, was formallyattributed the accolade of being 'globally important'in November 1986. At this time the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation(UNESCO) inscribed Avebury onto the growing listof World Heritage Sites (http://www.unesco.orglwhc), and along with England's most notorious prehistoricmonument, 'Stonehenge, Avebury, and associatedsites' ((373) was created.The joint nomination ofboth Avebury and Stonehengeby the UK government was rational. At a timewhen no UK sites were on the list, seven UK applicationswere being presented to UNESCO and it wasconsidered that there would be a better chance ofboth landscapes being accepted if they were consideredas one site. Indeed, in comparison with thevariety of cultural and temporal variation in nominations,Stonehenge and Avebury are similar. It istrue that upon closer inspection there are both comparableand contrasting patterns of monument type,construction, use and disuse, but when comparingthese differences to those between here and DnrhamCastle or Ironbridge Gorge, for example, Stonehengeand Avebury certainly have an affinity
A ‘tree’ is not a ‘train’: mistaken analogies in Pacific archaeology
Authors: Terrell John Edward
Published: February 2017

Archaeologists and anthropologists work alongside, but outside, conventional science, Quite often, as here, misunderstandings and misreadings of archaeological data and interpretation can distort the reading of our discipline!
Herodotus and the cannibals
Authors: Murphy E. M. , Mallory J. P.
Published: February 2017

Herodotus' 5th-century BC Histories provide us with one of the earliest written accounts for the practice of cannibalism. This paper examines the references concerning cannibalism contained in Herodotus, reviews the theories proposed to account for these references, and suggests a new explanation for this cultural motif.
An Aurignacian point from Uphill Quarry (Somerset) and the earliest settlement of Britain by Homo sapiens sapiens
Authors: Jacobi R.M. , Pettitt P.B.
Published: February 2017

A rare and important AMS sample provides an Aurignacian date for Britain. The artefact and its implications are discussed.
Decay of delicate organic remains in shallow urban deposits: are we at a watershed?
Authors: Kenward Harry , Hall Allan
Published: February 2017

What conditions preserve archaeology, and what conditions accelerate decay? Here experts from York, using the wealth of experience and data gathered from that city, discuss the issues.
The man, the woman and the hyoid bone: from archaeology to the burial practices of the Xiongnu people (Egyin Gol valley, Mongolia)
Authors: Murail P. , Crubézy E. , Martin H. , Haye L. , Bruzek J. , Giscard P.H. , Turbat T. , Erdenebaatar D.
Published: February 2017

A man and a woman were found in a double burial dating from the 1st century BC and located in a Xiongnu burial site in northern Mongolia. An offering box at the head of the man's coffin contained both remains of domestic animals and a human hyoid bone. The skeleton of the man was complete whereas the woman's hyoid bone was missing. The isolated hyoid bone could belong to the buried woman, which suggests the removal of her tongue and probably her sacrifice.
Archaeology and identity in south Asia — interpretations and consequences
Authors: Coningham Robin , Lewer Nick
Published: February 2017

Whilst archaeological discoveries initiated by the Europeans have long encouraged a pride in India's past among its educated elite, there is even less evidence of nationalism influencing the practice of Indian Archaeology. TRIGGER 1995: 271

In 1995 Bruce Trigger dismissed the role of nationalism within the archaeology of south Asia (1995: 271), apparently ignoring even the archaeological nature of the crest of the new Indian republic — the Sarnath lion; and his comments have acted as a catalyst for this special number of papers, many of which explore the very real relationship between the south Asian nation-state and archaeology. We have expanded Trigger's tripartite division of nationalist, colonialist or imperialist archaeology (1984), to reflect the aspirations of additional units such as regions, religious groups and individual communities over the last 200 years. In so doing we have used the concept of identity, as offered by Northrup (1989: 63), to encompass these disparate groups:

Identity is the tendency for human beings, individually and in groups, to establish, maintain and protect a sense of self-meaning, predictability and purpose. It encompasses a sense of self-definition at multiple levels.