bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonographic Observations of the Peripheral Vasculature of the Equine Thoracic Limb
Authors: Hoffmann K. L. , Wood A. K. W. , McCarthy P. H. , Griffiths K. A. , Evans D. L. , Gill R. W.
Published: March 2003

Investigations of the equine peripheral vascular system have been constrained by the lack of a non‐invasive method of examining the arteries and veins of the limbs of the conscious horse. Precise correlations were established between the gross anatomical features of the peripheral vessels and their B‐mode sonographic appearance in each thoracic limb of 35 horses. A sonographic imaging protocol was established. Additional Doppler sonographic recordings defined the arterial waveforms and demonstrated that blood flow to the foot could be evaluated in the lateral proper digital artery, distal to the level of the coronary band. Valves (with 2–4 cusps) were identified in the lumina of the medial and lateral palmar common digital veins and those of the medial and lateral palmar proper digital veins. Spontaneous echo contrast, a smoke‐like haze of echoic blood, was seen in the lateral and medial palmar common digital veins, the distal deep palmar venous arch and communicating branches, and the palmar proper digital veins, and occasionally seen in the distal deep palmar arterial arch and distal proper palmar digital arteries. The value of duplex sonography (B‐mode and Doppler) for anatomical and physiological studies of the peripheral vasculature of the horse was clearly established. Such data could be applied to the investigation of diseases affecting the peripheral circulation.
Ultrastructure of Phagocytes from Mammary Glands of Non‐pregnant Heifers
Authors: Sládek Z. , Ryšaacute D. ,   nek
Published: March 2003

Results of ultramicroscopic investigations of phagocytes isolated from non‐secreting and abberantly secreting juvenile mammary glands of non‐pregnant heifers are presented. The two types of phagocytes observed in cell suspensions obtained by lavage of mammary gland cavities were polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were spherical or irregular in shape and contained segmented nuclei. Azurophilic and specific electron‐dense granules, mitochondria, glycogen particles, phagosomes and phagolysosomes in cytoplasma and characteristic pseudopodia on the cell surface were observed. In addition to these normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, degenerating cells, characterized by spherical nuclei, total absence of pseudopodia, merged nuclear segments and altered granules, other cellular organelles and plasmalemma were present. Two types of macrophages, i.e. vacuolized and non‐vacuolized, could be distinguished. Typical of the non‐vacuolized type was a kidney‐shaped nucleus, a rich Golgi complex, and a large amount of lysosomes in the cytoplasm. The vacuolized macrophages contained a large amount of electron‐dense vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Unlike non‐secreting glands, the cell suspensions collected from aberrantly secreting juvenile mammary glands contained only vacuolized macrophages. The vacuolization results from phagocytosis of corpuscular particles of aberrant milk plasma.
The Normal Development of Mongolian Gerbil Foetuses and, in Particular, the Timing and Sequence of the Appearance of Ossification Centres
Authors: Yukawa M. , Hayashi N. , Takagi K. , Mochizuki K.
Published: March 2003

To elucidate the normal development and growth of Mongolian gerbils, the timing and sequence of the appearance of ossification centres within foetuses were investigated. Average foetus body weight and tail length on the 15th day of pregnancy were found to be 0.042 g and 6.2 mm, respectively. For the 25th day of pregnancy, these measurements were 2.601 g and 29.4 mm, respectively. The body weight and tail length of foetuses increased significantly from the 20th day of pregnancy. Also, the first ossification centre of Mongolian gerbil foetuses appeared in the clavicle at the 17th day of pregnancy. The order in which ossification centres appeared in Mongolian gerbils resembles the pattern for rats and mice, except in some areas of the skull. Except for the clavicle, in which ossification centres appeared rather early, most ossification centres appeared in the last quarter of pregnancy. These results suggest that Mongolian gerbil foetal development is near completion by the last gestational stage. Also, ossification centres appear sooner in the skull and nasal bones than in other rodents.
Effect of 7‐Nitroindazole, a Selective Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, on Parvalbumin Immunoreactivity after Cerebral Ischaemia in the Hippocampus of the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Kwon Young‐Bae , Yoon Yeo‐Sung , Han Ho‐Jae , Lee Jang‐Hern
Published: March 2003

Previous studies have demonstrated that a loss of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive (PV‐ir) neurones is observed in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischaemia. However, whether the loss of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity is related to the over‐production of nitric oxide (NO) during cerebral ischaemia has not been evaluated. This study was designed to test the effect of 7‐nitroindazole pre‐treatment (7‐NI, 50 mg/kg), a selective neuronal NO synthase inhibitor, on PV immunoreactivity and its cellular activity following forebrain ischaemia. PV‐ir neurones in the hippocampus of the control group were widely distributed in the pyramidal cell layer and stratum oriens of CA1 and CA3, and the granular cell layer of dentate gyrus. 7‐NI pre‐treatment completely suppressed the reduction of PV immunoreactivity in CA1 that was observed in the ischaemia‐induced group. Subsequently, 7‐NI pre‐treatment also protected against the structural loss of microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity in CA1 after ischaemic insult. In addition, the Fos‐defined neuronal activity of PV‐ir neurones was slightly increased by the 7‐NI pre‐treatment 3 h after ischaemia. Based on these data, we conclude that the neuronal toxicity of NO may be involved in the loss of PV‐ir neurones after cerebral ischaemia.
Thioacetamide Toxicity and the Spleen: Histological and Biochemical Analysis
Authors: Al‐Bader A. , Mathew T. C. , Khoursheed M. , Asfar S. , Al‐Sayer H. , Dashti H. M.
Published: March 2003

Exposure to thioacetamide is associated with the development of liver cirrhosis in experimental animals. In addition to liver, thioacetamide toxicity has been observed in other organs. In this study, the toxic effect of thioacetamide on the spleen was investigated at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post‐treatment durations. The level of tissue copper and selenium increased until the eighth week when a significant drop was observed. The zinc level was also increased but returned back to normal by week 8, thereafter it showed further increase. Calculation of the copper/zinc ratio showed an increase, but, recovered and returned to normal value by week 12. The level of manganese fluctuated until the eighth week. It then increased rapidly. Histological studies of the spleen tissue showed a significant increase in extramedullary haematopoiesis in the red pulp region and marked hyperplasia in the marginal zone and follicles. The results of this study, demonstrate an intimate association between trace element levels and spleen pathology, as observed in studies of other organs.
Anatomical Evaluation of the Caprine Mammary Gland by Computed Tomography, Radiology and Histology
Authors: González‐romano N. , Arencibia A. , De Los Monteros A. espinosa , Rodríguez E. , Rivero M. , Ázquez J. M. V. , Capote J. , Jaber J. R.
Published: March 2003

An anatomical study of the mammary gland by computed tomography, X‐rays and histology was carried out. Three canarian breed goats were used. Identification of the udder structures by different methods represented the basis of this study. Using these techniques the internal and external organization of the caprine mammary gland was studied.
Position and Histological Structure of the Testes in the Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) during Seasonal Regression and Recrudescence
Authors: Simeunovič B. , Štrbenc M. , Bavdek S. V.
Published: March 2003

The position and histological structure of the testes of 33 brown hares (Lepus europaeus) were studied from July to December. From July to September, the testes were located in the scrotum; in October and November, in some animals, the testes were positioned more or less in the inguinal canal towards the abdominal cavity, and in December none of the investigated animals had testes located in the scrotum. Testes were weighed and a quantitative analysis of tissue components was performed: the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the depth of the seminiferous epithelium, the thickness of the tunica albuginea, the thickness of the peritubular tissue and the relative proportion of seminiferous tubules were determined. The tunica albuginea and peritubular tissue were thickest in September, October and at the beginning of November. In the same months the testis weight was low, and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the depth of the seminiferous epithelium and the relative proportion of seminiferous tubules in the testis tissue were significantly lower than in other months. We did not find any correlation between testicular regression or testis weight reduction and the change in the position of the testes. During recrudescence of spermatogenesis in November and December the testes were located in the inguinal canal.
Lectinhistochemical and Cytometrical Evaluation of the Corpus Luteum of the Rat at the End of Pregnancy
Authors: Salvetti N. R. , Ricci N. , Dallard B. E. , Lorente J. A. , Iguzquiza I. , Ortega H. H.
Published: March 2003

Most studies on the biochemistry and structure of the corpus luteum have focused on elucidating the processes of progesterone synthesis and release. In the present work, the histochemical composition of the corpus luteum of the rat was evaluated using lectinhistochemistry on rats at the end of pregnancy (days 18–23). We also analysed the morphology of the luteal cells, to characterize the changes attributable to regression in this organ. Seven biotinylated lectins were used (CON‐A, WGA, DBA, SBA, PNA, RCA and UEA‐I) following pre‐set protocols (ABC method). The average diameter and area of the cells and their nuclei were measured. High reactivity of the luteal cells was observed with CON‐A and a lower reactivity with WGA. The capillary endothelium gave positive reactivity with WGA and to a certain extent with SBA, PNA and RCA. Vesicular structures were intensely stained with DBA, and were more abundant in sections from animals with more advanced pregnancy, which could be attributable to cellular debris, on the basis of their morphologic characteristics. There were no significant differences among the cytometric variables analysed in comparisons of the values corresponding to the different days of gestation. These observations, together with previous research, suggest that, on the day of delivery, the corpus luteum of the rat is in the very early stages of structural regression, with no changes at the morphological level, but with changes at the molecular level.
Fine Structure of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Bruch’s Membrane and Choriocapillaris in the Horse
Authors: Altunay H.
Published: March 2003

The fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane and choriocapillaris was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy in both the tapetal and non‐tapetal fundus of the horse eye. In all locations, the RPE consisted of a single layer of low cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells were joined laterally by apically located tight junctions. These cells displayed numerous basal infoldings and abundant thin apical processes which enclosed the rod outer segments. The epithelial cell nuclei were large and located basally. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum was very abundant, while rough endoplasmic reticulum was scarce. polysomes and mitochondria, which often display a ring‐shaped struccture, were abundant. Melanosomes were abundant in the non‐tapetal area but absent in the tapetal area. Bruch’s membrane was pentalaminate throughout the retina. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris was heavily fenestrated.
Expression of Neuropeptide Y and Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptors and Neuronal Markers Following Axotomy in the Rat Spinal Cord and Gracile Nucleus
Authors: Nazli M. , Morris R.
Published: March 2003

Using immunocytochemistry, the effects of denervation on the expressions of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor, neuropeptide Y and neuronal markers were investigated in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. Ten, 17 and 24 days after unilateral sciatic nerve section, the distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor was seen in lamina II in the ipsilateral and contralateral side of the lumbar spinal cord and gracile nucleus, whereas neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity located strongly in laminae I–II and moderately in laminae III–IV in the ipsilateral side. Denervation, following section of the sciatic nerve, resulted in no change in the distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in the spinal cord. This suggests that the neuropeptide Y that is expressed in myelinated afferents following nerve section does not affect the expression of this receptor. This is particularly apparent in the gracile nucleus which shows clear neuropeptide Y staining following sciatic nerve section and no expression of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor.
Comparison of Localization of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor and Nitric Oxide Synthase with Calbindin D Labelling in the Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Nazli M. , Morris R.
Published: March 2003

A comparison of the localization of the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor and nitric oxide synthase with calbindin D labelling in the lumbar spinal cord was carried out in the rat using immunocytochemistry. Considerable regional variations were observed. Application of the antibody to calbindin D resulted in dense staining in laminae I and II and light staining in the other laminae. Occasional scattered cells were seen in the deep laminae and in the lamina X, the ventral horn and the lateral spinal nucleus. The results indicate that neurones expressing calbindin D, NK1 receptor and NOS are three separate populations in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord.
Effects of Retinoic Acid Exposure in utero on Mouse Vibrissal Follicle Development
Authors: García‐Fernández R. A. , Pérez‐Martínez C. , Escudero‐Diez A. , García‐Iglesias M. J.
Published: March 2003

It is known that topical all‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) modulates growth and differentiation of skin and its cutaneous appendages. To examine whether a pre‐natal exposure to a potentially non‐teratogenic dosage of all‐trans‐RA had any effect on vibrissal follicle development, the histologic and immunohistochemical responses to RA during its morphogenesis in NMRI mouse were investigated. After a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg body weight of all‐trans‐RA on day 11.5 of gestation, no fetal malformations were detected and the histological features and the distribution of keratin (K) proteins in comparable stages of vibrissal development were similar for the untreated, vehicle‐treated and RA‐treated mice. The absence of teratogenic response and of adverse effects on the vibrissae under the experimental conditions indicates that this protocol may be useful for investigation of the effects of pre‐natal exposure to RA on the post‐natal development of experimental tumours in the mouse skin.
Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Babirusa, Babyrousa babyrussa (Suidae)
Authors: Agungpriyono S. , Macdonald A. A. , Leus K. Y. G. , Kitamura N. , Adnyane I. K. M. , Goodall G. P. , Hondo E. , Yamada J.
Published: March 2003

The distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the babirusa were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method. Thirteen types of gut endocrine cells were detected; they were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), methionine–enkephalin–Arg6–Gly7–Leu8 (MENK8), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Cells that were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon were found in all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. MENK8‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric region and duodenum. PYY‐immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine. Cells immunoreactive for motilin, CCK, GIP, and secretin were observed in the proximal small intestine and those immunoreactive for neurotensin were found only in the ileum. Although the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of babirusa was similar to those reported for pig, restricted distribution of several endocrine cells, gastrin, BPP, MENK8, motilin, CCK, GIP, secretin and neurotensin and wider distribution of glucagon and PYY were observed in the babirusa. The unexpected presence of MENK8 in all glandular regions of the stomach and PYY in the small intestine was also noted. The distribution of gut endocrine cells might be related to the regulatory characteristics of the babirusa digestive tract.
Light and Electron Microscopic Study of the Thyroid Gland of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Taha A. A. M. , Abdalla A. B.
Published: March 2003

The thyroid gland of sexually immature dromedary camels was studied using both light and electron microscopy. The thyroid gland contained follicles of different sizes in both summer and winter. However, most of the follicles were large in summer and small in winter. The large follicles were lined by very low cuboidal or semi‐squamous follicular cells whereas the small ones were lined by high cuboidal or low columnar follicular cells. Electron microscopy showed that the very low cuboidal follicular cells were poor in organelles and were considered hypoactive. High cuboidal follicular cells on the other hand, were rich in organelles that included mitochondria, cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles, colloid droplets, heterosomes and autophagic vacuoles; they were considered to be very active. The possible role played by these organelles in synthesis of thyroglobulin and liberation of tri‐ and tetraiodothyronine is discussed. A few degenerate follicular cells were infrequently encountered in the camel thyroid. Parafollicular (C) cells were not seen in this study either with light or electron microscopy.
Arteries of the Hindfoot of the Llama (Lama glama)
Authors: Graziotti G. , Ríos C. , Rodríguez Menéndez J. , Victorica C. L.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study was to describe the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama (Lama glama). Ten adult llamas, preserved in 6% formalin solution at 0°C, were dissected. The arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster; the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatine. Angiographies were also obtained. In the llama, the arterial distribution is of the saphenous type and this simple sort of irrigation could be used as a didactic model. The caudal branch of the saphenous artery divides into the small lateral plantar artery and the larger medial plantar artery, which continues as the plantar common digital artery III, and it is the main blood supply of the hindfoot. The dorsal pedal artery is underdeveloped and the perforating tarsal artery does not exist in this species. The plantar common digital artery III divides into the plantar proper digital II, III and IV. Branches from the plantar proper digital artery III supply the digits. We compared the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama with that of other domestic animals including the one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Angiogenesis and Vascular Regression in the Ovary *
Authors: Plendl J.
Published: March 2003

Angiogenesis is prominent during development and downregulated in the adult. Strictly controlled angiogenesis in the healthy adult occurs cyclically in the ovary and corpus luteum, which therefore make an excellent model with which to study vascular growth. Dysfunctional or uncontrolled angiogenesis is involved in a number of diseases and is responsible for growth and dissemination of tumours. This review focuses on the following aspects of the ovary: the gross and microscopical anatomy of the blood vessels, described mainly – but not exclusively – in the bovine; vascularization of the follicle before and after ovulation; angiogenesis in the developing and the mature corpus luteum as well as in the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The potential mechanisms of vascular regression during luteolysis and the potential role of vascular growth in dominance and atresia of follicles will be described. Furthermore, recent research on ovarian angiogenic and potential anti‐angiogenic factors including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin‐like growth factor (IGF), angiopoietin and metalloproteinase inhibitor will be presented. Finally, the role of hormones including FSH, LH, sexual steroids, prostaglandins, prolactin, oxytocin and activin/inhibin in ovarian angiogenesis will be summarized. Future research is likely to yield valuable information that can contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases characterized by disregulated angiogenesis and vascular regression.
Megakaryocytes and Platelets in the Spleen of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Zidan M. , Kassem A. , Pabst R.
Published: March 2003

Summary This study was carried out on spleens of clinically healthy camels (n = 35) of both sexes (0.5–15 years) by routine histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry using 12 anti‐bovine platelet antibodies. Megakaryocytes were observed in the red pulp. Their number decreased with age: they were found in the spleens of all camels under 8 years old but only in 57% of camels over 8 years old. Only two antibodies (IVA37 and IVA38) cross‐reacted with camel platelets. A large number of platelets were found in the splenic cords and the marginal zone. Ultrastructurally, the platelets were oval in shape surrounded by a plasma membrane, and their cytoplasm was rich in glycogen and contained less dense granules. Microtubules and microfilaments were found at their periphery. Several platelets were observed in the red pulp. There are similarities in some surface antigens of bovine and camel platelets. The presence of megakaryocytes in the camel spleen indicates a thrombopoietic function of the spleen until adulthood but that this decreases with age thereafter.
Anatomical and Descriptive Study of the Radial Extensor Muscle (M. Extensor Carpi Radialis)
Authors: Cossu F. , Guintard C.
Published: March 2003

The M. extensores carpi radiales have been studied in detail in humans. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative anatomical study of these muscles using four species – rabbit, cat, dog and sheep – and to propose a ‘systematization’ in a few standard models according to the morphological variations seen. In these species, there is marked morphological evolution, with two muscles in humans, one in sheep and a more or less distinct division of the muscle in the rabbit, cat and dog. Examination of the vascularization and nerve supply enables us to determine degrees of division in species with similar muscle morphology. Thus we were able to distinguish three morphological types which allow us to infer the morphological evolution of the M. extensores carpi radiales and to estimate the point at which one muscle became two. However, there is a strong chance that some process of convergence may have occurred, and in pentadactyl species many elements represent the plesiomorphis and are therefore of little use in constructing a classification on the basis of evolution.
Morphology of the Dorsal Lingual Papillae in the Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Emura S. , Tamada A. , Hayakawa D. , Chen H. , Shoumura S.
Published: March 2003

The dorsal lingual surface of a black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tongue was about 30 cm in length. There were about 60 vallate papillae on both sides. Filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were found. The filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. The papillae had a hair‐like shape. The fungiform papillae were round in shape, and more densely distributed on the ligual apex. No foliate papillae were seen on the dorsal surface. The vallate papillae were located on both sides of the posterior end of the lingual body. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove.
Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase‐Immunoreactive Neurones in the Diencephalon and Mesencephalon of the Coypu (Myocastor coypus)
Authors: Sánchez H. L. , Silva L. B. , Acosta W. G. , Portiansky E. L. , Zuccolilli G. O.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the present study was to examine the catecholaminergic neurones located within the midbrain of the coypu, a South American hystricomorph rodent. The neuronal distribution of the catecholaminergic systems and morphological parameters of the immunostained cell bodies and fibres were investigated, using an immunohistochemical method. The brains of five coypu were fixed, immersed in gelatine–glycerol and cut in 40‐μm slices using a freezing microtome. Samples were processed with ultrasound‐based antigen retrieval and stained with labelled antityrosine hydroxylase monoclonal antibody. An image analyser was used to measure the neuronal bodies. The catecholaminergic neurones of the tuberoinfundibular system were mainly observed in the arcuate and periventricular nuclei with their axons projecting towards to the median eminence; they represented 28% of the global population of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive cells observed. Significant morphological differences were observed in comparison with the other two studied systems. Fifty per cent of total catecholaminergic neurones were detected in the nigrostriatal system distributed in the reticular and compact substance nigra. Most neuronal bodies had a fusiform aspect. The immunoreactive neurones of the mesolimbic system represented 22% of the total population. They were distributed around the interpeduncular nucleus. Two types of morphologically different catecholaminergic systems of the brain were established: hypothalamic neurones located in the periventricular and arcuate nuclei and mesencephalic neurones located in the substance nigra and interpeduncular nuclei. These systems showed morphological and probably physiological‐pharmacological differences.
Cell‐specific Localization of the CholecystokininA Receptor in the Porcine Pancreas
Authors: Schweiger M. , Erhard M. H. , Amselgruber W. M.
Published: March 2003

Cholecystokinin (CCK) produced in the mucosa of the upper small intestine exerts several biological functions. Its secretion in physiological amounts is modulated by the interaction of extracellular regulators and by binding to intracellular receptors of the target cells. The relative affinity of CCK to its receptor has been characterized in various biological and pharmacological studies and it is now well established that CCK has a higher affinity to the CCKA than to the CCKB receptor. Furthermore CCK influences the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in several species but very little is known about the relationship between CCK and the islet hormone‐producing cells in the pig pancreas. The localization of this receptor at the cellular level showed conflicting results in animal studies and has not been described in pigs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the precise cellular location of the CCKA receptor in the porcine pancreas. Polyclonal antiserum was raised against the N‐terminal epitope of the CCKA receptor molecule and used for localization studies. Using immunohistochemistry on methanol/acetic acid‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded pancreas, the CCKA receptor could successfully be localized in islet cells. Parallel staining of serial sections with antibodies directed against insulin and glucagon revealed colocalization with glucagon in alpha cells. No immunoreaction was found in the exocrine pancreas. Our results support the concept that in the porcine species the stimulation of the exocrine pancreas is mediated by the CCKB rather than the CCKA receptor, as it is known for the rat species.
Teratogenicity of Edoferon Kappa A, a Molecule Derived from Salicylate, in Cultured Rat Embryos: Differences from Salicylate and Interaction with Free Oxygen Radical Scavenging Enzymes
Authors: Karabulut A. K. , Ülger H. , Pratten M.
Published: March 2003

The effect of edoferon kappa A (E‐KA), a non‐specific immunomodulatory and anti‐neoplastic chemical substance derived from the methyl form of salicylate (acetyl salicylic acid; ASA), on mammalian embryos was studied and compared to the effects of ASA. Rat embryos were cultured in vitro from 9.5 days of gestation for 48 h. E‐KA (0.1–12.8 mg/ml) and ASA (0.1–0.6 mg/ml) were added to the whole rat serum. To investigate the interaction of these molecules with antioxidant agents, the lowest effective concentrations of E‐KA (0.6 mg/ml) and ASA (0.3 mg/ml) for all parameters were added to the culture media in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (30 U/ml) or glutathione (0.5 μmol/ml). The growth and development of embryos was compared and each embryo was evaluated for the presence of any malformations. E‐KA and ASA decreased growth and development in a concentration‐responsive manner. There was also a concentration‐related increase in overall dysmorphology (haematoma in the yolk sac and neural system, open neural tube, abnormal tail torsion and the absence of fore limb bud). There were no statistically significant differences between the control and embryos grown in the presence of 0.1–0.4 mg/ml E‐KA, although the effects of ASA started at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Embryos showed significant growth retardation in all scoring criteria and severe malformations when 0.5–3.2 mg/ml E‐KA and 0.3–0.6 mg/ml ASA were added. When SOD was added, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of malformations and growth and developmental parameters were increased but this decrease never reached the control level. We concluded that E‐KA has direct toxic effects on the developing embryo but at much higher concentrations than ASA, and the teratogenic effects of these molecules might be related to free oxygen radicals.
Mini Review of Canine Stifle Joint Anatomy
Authors: Carpenter D. H. , Cooper R. C.
Published: March 2003

The stifle is a complex, condylar, synovial joint that allows motion in three planes. The complexity of the normal motion is directly related to the structure and functions of the anatomical components that form the joint. Alteration in any one of these components often leads to dysfunction as well as an increased risk of damage to other structures in the joint. Thus understanding of the normal anatomy and function of each stifle joint component is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment of any stifle joint injury. This review highlights the basic anatomy and function of the stifle joint components.
Ultrastructural Features of Myenteric Ganglia of Adult Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Natali M. R. M. , Miranda Neto M. H. , Orsi A. M.
Published: March 2003

The ultrastructural features of the ganglia of the myenteric plexus exhibit changes according to the animal species. These myenteric ganglia in the duodenum of adult rats of the Wistar strain were characterized ultrastructurally in this work. Those ganglia were depicted as compact structures, composed of neurones and glial cells, forming a dense neuropil surrounded by a continuous basal lamina and collagen fibrils. Glial cell bodies were smaller and apparently more frequent than neuronal cell bodies, being morphologically distinguished by nuclear features. In the neuronal extensions granular and agranular synaptic vesicles of different sizes predominate, in addition to mitochondria and myelinized profiles. Gliofilaments were not observed on the glial extensions of the rats.
Skull Typology of Adult Male Kangal Dogs
Authors: Onar V. , Pazvant S.
Published: March 2003

In this study, a total of 16 skulls of the adult male Kangal dog were used. Craniometric measurements for 44 different parts of the skull were made. All investigated features were expressed as mean ± SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated. These indices and ratios have been compared with the average values of indices calculated for other breeds. A skull index of 50.29 ± 1.033, a cranial index of 46.05 ± 2.213, a facial index of 99.62 ± 3.891, a facial index‐1 of 81.67 ± 3.667, a basal index of 28.71 ± 1.425, a basal index‐1 of 57.91 ± 1.365, a length‐length index‐2 of 1.08 ± 0.045, a length‐width index‐2 of 1.99 ± 0.041, a length‐width index‐4 of 2.18 ± 0.108, a palatal index‐1 of 62.24 ± 2.528, a palatal index‐2 of 65.37 ± 2.208, a palato‐basal ratio of 55.44 ± 1.975, a palato‐basal ratio‐1 of 54.47 ± 1.716, a palato‐palatine ratio of 33.71 ± 0.860, a palato‐palatine ratio‐1 of 34.30 ± 0.733, a cranio‐facial ratio of 107.87 ± 4.819 and a cranio‐facial ratio‐1 of 144.17 ± 8.099 were obtained. When the skull, cranial and facial indices were considered together with the other calculated indices and ratios, it was clear that the skulls of the Kangal dogs have to be regarded as of dolichocephalic type. Kangal dogs, with their mastiff‐like appearance and massive head, are shown in this study to be typical of a dolichocephalic breed.
Glycohistochemistry: The Why and How of Detection and Localization of Endogenous Lectins
Authors: Gabius H.‐J.
Published: March 2003

The central dogma of molecular biology limits the downstream flow of genetic information to proteins. Progress from the last two decades of research on cellular glycoconjugates justifies adding the enzymatic production of glycan antennae with information‐bearing determinants to this famous and basic pathway. An impressive variety of regulatory processes including cell growth and apoptosis, folding and routing of glycoproteins and cell adhesion/migration have been unravelled and found to be mediated or modulated by specific protein (lectin)–carbohydrate interactions. The conclusion has emerged that it would have meant missing manifold opportunities not to recruit the sugar code to cellular information transfer. Currently, the potential for medical applications in anti‐adhesion therapy or drug targeting is one of the major driving forces fuelling progress in glycosciences. In histochemistry, this concept has prompted the introduction of carrier‐immobilized carbohydrate ligands (neoglycoconjugates) to visualize the cells’ capacity to be engaged in oligosaccharide recognition. After their isolation these tissue lectins will be tested for ligand analysis. Since fine specificities of different lectins can differ despite identical monosaccharide binding, the tissue lectins will eventually replace plant agglutinins to move from glycan profiling and localization to functional considerations. Namely, these two marker types, i.e. neoglycoconjugates and tissue lectins, track down accessible binding sites with relevance for involvement in interactions in situ. The documented interplay of synthetic organic chemistry and biochemistry with cyto‐ and histochemistry nourishes the optimism that the application of this set of innovative custom‐prepared tools will provide important insights into the ways in which glycans can act as hardware in transmitting information during normal tissue development and pathological situations.
Study of Lobation and Vascularization of the Lungs of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Cabral V. P. , Oliveira F. S. , Machado M. R. F. , Ribeiro A. A. C. M. , Orsi A. M.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomy of the lungs of wild boars for comparison with those of domestic swine. It was found that the right lung of the wild boar is divided into four lobes: cranial, median, caudal and accessory, whereas the left lung is divided into two lobes: cranial and caudal. In 93.4% of the cases, right pulmonary artery separates into the ascendant, descendant, median, accessory and caudal branches. In 73.3% of the cases, left pulmonary artery separates most frequently to form three branches to the cranial lobe, whereas the median lobe is generally supplied by only one arterial branch. There is a single pattern of bronchial distribution: in the right lung a tracheal bronchus leads to the cranial lobe, where it separates into the cranial and caudal bronchi and there are also bronchi to the median, caudal and accessory lobes. In the left lung, the large bronchus separates to form two branches, one of which further separates to form two branches to the cranial lobe whereas the other forms a single branch to the caudal lobe.
Developmental Capacity In Vitro of Prepubertal Oocytes
Authors: Palma G. A. , Tortonese D. J. , Sinowatz F.
Published: March 2003

A 2‐year comparative study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ovary size, follicle size and oocyte quality of 3‐month‐old Simmental calves and the efficiency of using calf ovaries in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) programme. We evaluated the effects of different concentrations of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestradiol‐17β (E‐17β) in the maturation medium on the in vitro development of calf oocytes into morula and blastocysts. The proportion of recovered oocytes (62.1%; 42.8%; 25.3%) and the percentage of good quality cumulus oocyte complexes (84.2%; 59.8%; 45.9%) decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with decreasing ovary size (L, M and S). The rates of two or more cells on Day 2 and of blastocysts on Day 7 and Day 9 were significantly lower (P < 0.01) for calf oocytes (61.5%; 18.9%; 15.9%) compared with those from sexually matured females (70.1%; 32.3%; 22.2%). Calf oocytes, matured in medium supplemented with 20 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml FSH plus 2 μg/ml E‐17β had higher rates of cleavage on Day 2 (64.1% and 64.7%) and blastocysts on Day 7 (24.5% and 22.4%) than the control supplemented with 10 μg/ml FSH (55.6% and 19.2%, respectively). Groups supplemented with 20 μg/ml FSH plus 2 μg/ml E‐17β and 10 mg/ml plus 4 mg/ml E‐17β showed a significantly lower developmental rate of blastocysts on Day 7 (14.6% and 14.5%). High concentrations of E‐17β (4 μg/ml) resulted in a significantly lower development of blastocysts on Day 9 (8.1%) and hatched blastocysts on Day 13 (3.5%) (P < 0.01). We conclude that the proportion of calf oocytes obtained from immature animals and their suitability for IVF are lower than those of cows. Thus, the use of oocytes from sexually immature females would decrease the relative efficiency of IVF programmes. Supplementation with high concentrations of FSH can improve the maturation and developmental capacity of oocytes from prepubertal calves.
Demonstration of the Nerve Distribution of the Masticatory Muscles in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Peker T. , Turgut H. B. , Gülekon N. , Anil A.
Published: March 2003

Two methods can be used in order to demonstrate the nerve distribution of an organ. One is the three‐dimensional reconstruction of the innervation pattern of the organ by tracing images of that organ from serial histological sections. The other is the in toto staining of the organ with subsequent clearing of the muscles. In the present study, in order to visualize the nerve distribution of the organ, that organ was completely cleared and the nerve fibres were stained. Detailed morphological structure of the intramuscular nerve distribution of a certain region and its functions are of importance not only for anatomists and physiologists but also for clinicians. In this study eight New Zealand rabbits were used to visualize the intramuscular nerve distribution of the muscles involved in mastication (temporalis m., pterygoideus medialis m., digastricus m., retractor mandibulae m. and masseter m.). The main nerve bundle was observed entering into the muscle as a single trunk and dividing into three branches in the muscle. These branches were also observed dividing into several subbranches while going to the periphery. When the samples were examined under a stereomicroscope, ‘Y’‐, ‘I’‐ and ‘O’‐shaped communications between those branches were observed.
Immunohistochemical Study of the Ontogeny of Prochymosin‐ and Pepsinogen‐producing Cells in the Abomasum of Sheep
Authors: Kitamura N. , Tanimoto A. , Hondo E. , Andrén A. , Cottrell D. F. , Sasaki M. , Yamada J.
Published: March 2003

The appearance and development of prochymosin‐ and pepsinogen‐producing cells were investigated in the ovine abomasum from fetus to adult using immunohistochemistry. Prochymosin immunoreactivity appeared first in the proper gastric glands of the 100‐day‐old fetus. The intensity and distribution of prochymosin‐immunoreactive cells increased gradually with the progress of gestation, and their most intense immunoreactivities and widest distribution were observed in 3‐day‐old lambs. They were subsequently reduced throughout postnatal growth. A few prochymosin‐immunoreactive cells were scattered in the glands of adult sheep. Pepsinogen immunoreactivity appeared at first in a small number of cells in the base of some proper gastric glands of 120‐day‐old fetuses. After 130 days, pepsinogen‐immunoreactive cells increased their staining intensities and distribution. They reached a peak in area at 21 days, which is comparable to adult sheep. In the pyloric glands, prochymosin‐ and pepsinogen‐immunoreactive cells appeared from 100 and 130 days, respectively. Numbers were reduced in comparison to gastric glands and their occurrence was capricious. The results demonstrated that the ontogeny of prochymosin‐ and pepsinogen‐immunoreactive cells in the abomasum of sheep is more similar to that in cattle than to that in the goat. The present data will contribute to the overall understanding of the development of ruminant gastric proteases.
The Anatomy of the Arterial Supply of the Thoracic Limb of the Porcupine (Hystrix cristata)
Authors: Yilmaz Sadik , Aydin Ali , Dinç Gürsel
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the arterial supply and branches of the thoracic limb of the porcupine. With this aim, five (three male and two female) adult porcupines were used. The vascular tree of the thoracic limb was injected through the common carotid arteries with coloured latex. The a. thoracica externa arose from the a. axillaris at the level of the fourth rib. It divided into two branches and went to the m. cutaneus trunci and the m. pectoralis ascendens. The a. subscapularis came off the a. thoracodorsalis. Later, the a. circumflexa humeri caudalis et cranialis, the three muscular branches and the a. circumflexa scapulae arose from the a. subscapularis. The a. profunda brachii arose together with the a. bicipitalis from the same truncus. The a. collateralis ulnaris left from the a. brachialis independently. Rete carpi dorsale was formed by the a. radialis, the r. carpeus dorsalis of the a. collateralis ulnaris and the a. interossea caudalis. Arcus palmaris profundus was formed by the r. profundus of the a. interossea caudalis and the r. palmaris profundus of the a. radialis. In conclusion, despite a partial resemblance to that in the rat, the distribution of the thoracic limb arteries in the porcupine was found to be completely different from that of other mammals. These findings represent, to our knowledge, the first study on the distribution of thoracic limb arteries in the porcupine.
Localization and Coexistence of Calcium‐Binding Proteins and Neuropeptides in the Vagal Ganglia of the Goat
Authors: Kang T.‐C. , Lee H. S. , Lee I.‐S. , Lee C.‐H.
Published: March 2003

This study was performed to investigate the neurochemical characteristics of the vagal ganglia of the goat by immunohistochemical methods using calbindin D‐28k (CB), calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PA), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and galanin (GAL) antibodies. In the proximal vagal ganglia (jugular ganglia), CGRP‐ (57.1%), SP‐ (48.2%), GAL‐ (8.6%), PA‐ (8.7%), CB‐ (8.5%) and CR‐like (5.3%) immunoreactive cells were observed. In the distal vagal ganglia (nodose ganglia), CGRP‐ (40.5%), SP‐ (30.2%), CB‐ (22.0%) and CR‐like (18.1%) immunoreactive cells were present. The double immunohistochemical study showed, that in the proximal vagal ganglia, CGRP immunoreactivity was co‐localized in SP‐ (84.8%), GAL‐ (100%), CB‐ (5.6%) and CR‐ (5.7%) immunoreactive cells; SP immunoreactivity was co‐localized in the CGRP‐ (80.0%), GAL‐ (100%), CB‐ (5.3%) and CR‐ (5.6%) immunoreactive cells; GAL immunoreactivity coexisted in the CGRP‐ (4.4%) and SP‐ (19.8%) immunoreactive cells, but not in calcium‐binding proteins (CBP)‐immunoreactive cells; PA immunoreactivity was absent in the CGRP‐ and SP‐immunoreactive cells; CB and CR immunoreactivities were seen in the CGRP‐ (0.8%) and SP‐immunoreactive (0.9%) cells. On the other hand, in the distal vagal ganglia, CGRP immunoreactivity appeared in SP‐ (66.6%), CB‐ (1.0%) and CR‐ (1.2%) immunoreactive cells; SP immunoreactivities were observed in the CGRP‐ (44.1%), CB‐ (1.0%) and CR‐ (1.2%) immunoreactive cells; CB immunoreactivities were present in the CGRP‐ (0.5%) and SP‐ (0.8%) immunoreactive cells; CR immunoreactivities were contained in the CGRP‐ (0.5%) and SP‐ (0.8%) immunoreactive cells. These findings indicate that the goat is distinct from other mammalian species in the distribution and localization of neurochemical substances in the vagal ganglia, and suggest that these differences may be related to physiological characteristics, particular those of the ruminant digestive system.
Topography, Structure and Function of the Patella and the Patelloid in Marsupials
Authors: Reese S. , Pfuderer U. R. , Bragulla H. , Loeffler K. , Budras K.‐D.
Published: March 2003

The patella is a sesamoid bone that is found in most mammals and is regularly located in the insertion tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Up to now, only a little has been known about the topography, structure and function of the patella in marsupials. Therefore the stifles of 61 marsupials of 30 different species were studied by radiography, necropsy and light microscopy. It was found that only the family of bandicoots (Peramelidae) possessed a typical patella. The other species revealed a patelloid consisting of fibrocartilage. The structure of the patelloid revealed common characteristic features in the following families of marsupials: (1) Dasyuridae, Phalangeridae, Pseudocheriidae, and Potoroidae; (2) Burramyidae; (3) Phascolarctidae, Vombatidae, and Dendrolagus; and (4) Superfamily Macropodoidea (except Dendrolagus and Potoroidae). Our results imply that the degree of differentiation in the fibrocartilage of the patelloid was strongly correlated to the mechanical forces acting on the patelloid which are a result of the specific kind of locomotion and the way of life. Generally the bony patella does not belong to the phylogenetic programme of the marsupials – with the exception of the bandicoots which are very closely related to the subclass of placental mammals (Eutheria).
Effects of Growth Hormone on Female Reproductive Organs
Authors: Kaiser G. G. , Sinowatz F. , Palma G. A.
Published: March 2003

During the last decade many experiments have been performed to study the effects of growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) on reproductive functions. Most of the studies found only slight or no effects of GH treatment, both on the oestrous cycle and on gonadotropin, progesterone, or oestrogen serum levels. In GH‐treated animals, elevated levels of insulin‐like growth factor I and GH in the serum could be correlated with an increased number of small (<5 mm in diameter) ovarian follicles, possibly as a consequence of a reduction of apoptosis and follicular atresia. There is still controversy over the effects of GH on in vivo and in vitro embryo production and on the gestation period. Recent studies produced some evidence that GH‐receptor is expressed in ovarian tissue, implying a direct role for GH in the ovary.