bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Dry-Land Sprint Start Training on the Short Track Speed Skating Start
Authors: Haug William B. , Drinkwater Eric J. , Cicero Nicholas J. , Barthell J. Anthony , Chapman Dale W.
Published: May 2017

Haug, WB, Drinkwater, EJ, Cicero, NJ, Barthell, JA, and Chapman, DW. The impact of dry-land sprint start training on the short track speed skating start. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 544–548, 2019—This investigation sought to determine the effects of dry-land sprint start training on short track speed skating (STSS) start performance. Nine highly trained short track athletes completed a control period of normal STSS training followed by a 4-week training intervention. Before and after the control and intervention periods, athletes performed 3 electronically timed dry-land and on-ice 14.43 m maximal sprint start efforts. The intervention consisted of 2 sprint sessions per week consisting of 9 electronically timed 14.43 m dry-land sprint starts in addition to normal STSS training. The control period resulted in no substantial change in on-ice start performance (mean Δ: −0.01 seconds, 95% confidence limit [CL]: −0.08 to 0.05 seconds; effect size [ES]: −0.05; trivial); however, a small change was observed in dry-land start performance (mean Δ: −0.07 seconds, 95% CL: −0.13 to −0.02 seconds; ES: −0.49). After brief specific dry-land sprint start training, a small improvement was observed in both on-ice (Mean Δ: −0.07 seconds, 95% CL: −0.13 to −0.01 seconds; ES: −0.33) and dry-land (Mean Δ: −0.04 seconds, 95% CL: −0.09 to 0.00 seconds; ES: −0.29) start performance. This investigation suggests that STSS start performance can be improved through a brief dry-land sprint start training program.
Effect of Body Position on Force Production During the Isometric Midthigh Pull
Authors: Beckham George K. , Sato Kimitake , Santana Hugo A.P. , Mizuguchi Satoshi , Haff G. Gregory , Stone Michael H.
Published: May 2017

Beckham, GK, Sato, K, Santana, HAP, Mizuguchi, S, Haff, GG, and Stone, MH. Effect of body position on force production during the isometric midthigh pull. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 48–56, 2018—Various body positions have been used in the scientific literature when performing the isometric midthigh pull resulting in divergent results. We evaluated force production in the isometric midthigh pull in bent (125° knee and 125° hip angles) and upright (125° knee, 145° hip angle) positions in subjects with (>6 months) and without (<6 months) substantial experience using weightlifting derivatives. A mixed-design ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of pull position and weightlifting experience on peak force, force at 50, 90, 200, and 250 ms. There were statistically significant main effects for weightlifting experience and pull position for all variables tested, and statistically significant interaction effects for peak force, allometrically scaled peak force, force at 200 ms, and force at 250 ms. Calculated effect sizes were small to large for all variables in subjects with weightlifting experience, and were small to moderate between positions for all variables in subjects without weightlifting experience. A central finding of the study is that the upright body position (125° knee and 145° hip) should be used given that forces generated are highest in that position. Actual joint angles during maximum effort pulling should be measured to ensure body position is close to the position intended.
Hypertrophic Effects of Concentric vs. Eccentric Muscle Actions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Schoenfeld Brad J. , Ogborn Dan I. , Vigotsky Andrew D. , Franchi Martino V. , Krieger James W.
Published: May 2017

Schoenfeld, BJ, Ogborn, DI, Vigotsky, AD, Franchi, MV, and Krieger, JW. Hypertrophic effects of concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2599–2608, 2017—Controversy exists as to whether different dynamic muscle actions produce divergent hypertrophic responses. The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the hypertrophic effects of concentric vs. eccentric training in healthy adults after regimented resistance training (RT). Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (a) were an experimental trial published in an English-language refereed journal; (b) directly compared concentric and eccentric actions without the use of external implements (i.e., blood pressure cuffs) and all other RT variables equivalent; (c) measured morphologic changes using biopsy, imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, or ultrasound), bioelectrical impedance, and/or densitometry; (d) had a minimum duration of 6 weeks; and (e) used human participants without musculoskeletal injury or any health condition that could directly, or through the medications associated with the management of said condition, be expected to impact the hypertrophic response to resistance exercise. A systematic literature search determined that 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Results showed that eccentric muscle actions resulted in a greater effect size (ES) compared with concentric actions, but results did not reach statistical significance (ES difference = 0.25 ± 0.13; 95% confidence interval: −0.03 to 0.52; p = 0.076). The mean percent change in muscle growth across studies favored eccentric compared with concentric actions (10.0% vs. 6.8, respectively). The findings indicate the importance of including eccentric and concentric actions in a hypertrophy-oriented RT program, as both have shown to be effective in increasing muscle hypertrophy.
The Role of Echocardiography in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ping Sun Jing , Sheng Yang Xing , Wang Shaochun
Published: May 2017

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic cardiovascular disease and appears in all ethnic groups. HCM is diagnosed on the basis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Echocardiography is a key technique in the diagnosis of HCM, the prognosis of patients with HCM, the management strategy for HCM, and the follow-up of patients with HCM. This review briefly describes and discusses the practical use of established echocardiography techniques and the current and emerging echocardiographic methods that can help physicians in the correct diagnostic and pathophysiological assessment of patients with HCM.
The Usage of Heart Failure Biomarkers in China
Authors: Li Xinli , Cheang Iokfai
Published: May 2017

The objective of this review was to assess the use of heart failure biomarkers in China. The literature of the commonly-used and new heart failure biomarkers had been reviewed in China. It is concluded that not only to consider the use of the new markers, but to study the combination use of the markers and/or other indexes would be the next step for a future heart failure study. Also, individualized and combinational use of the heart failure markers might be the most fitting to adapt to the developmental changes in China.
Hospitalization for Congenital Heart Disease in Beijing: Patient Characteristics and Temporal Trends
Authors: Cui Yafei , Zhao Dong , Sun Jiayi , Wang Miao , Liu Yinglong , Liu Jing
Published: May 2017

Background: The hospitalization burden of congenital heart disease (CHD) at the national or regional level in China remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the recent patient characteristics and temporal trends of hospitalizations for CHD in Beijing.

Methods: Patients hospitalized for CHD in Beijing from 2007 to 2011 were identified from the Hospital Discharge Information System. Patient characteristics were recorded, and trends in hospitalization rates were analyzed by Poisson regression after adjustment for age and sex.

Results: A total of 53,064 patients were admitted for CHD in Beijing during the study period, among whom 50.5% were children younger than 5 years, 30.0% were adults, 18.5% had severe CHD, 86.9% were nonpermanent Beijing residents, and 81.3% were admitted to cardiac-specific tertiary hospitals. The hospitalization rate increased from 10.2 per 100,000 population in 2007 to 12.4 per 100,000 population in 2011, representing a significant increase after adjustment for age and sex (P = 0.009). However, the trends varied in different groups. The rates halved in 2011 for both nonsevere CHD and severe CHD compared with the rates in 2010, whereas increasing trends were noticed in children aged 1–4 years and adults for nonsevere CHD across the study period.

Conclusions: The overall rate of CHD hospitalization has been increasing in Beijing, whereas not all patient groups have the same trend. The hospitalization rate decreased among infants, while the rate for nonsevere CHD increased significantly among adults. These findings will be of importance for future allocation of health resources.
Clinical Syndromes Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review
Authors: Sheng Yang Xing , Ping Sun Jing , Yan Bryan
Published: May 2017

In clinical practice, a variety of syndromes are associated with cardiovascular disease and have characteristic findings. Most of them are an autosomal dominant genetic disorder and have different types of cardiovascular abnormalities, including electrocardiographic conduction defects, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, vascular and valvular diseases, cardiac septal defects, and pulmonary problems. There is a growing need for physicians to pay more attention to these syndromes.
Precision Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Liu Yan , Du Jie
Published: May 2017

Since President Obama announced the Precision Medicine Initiative in the United States, more and more attention has been paid to precision medicine. However, clinicians have already used it to treat conditions such as cancer. Many cardiovascular diseases have a familial presentation, and genetic variants are associated with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which are the basis for providing precise care to patients with cardiovascular diseases. Large-scale cohorts and multiomics are critical components of precision medicine. Here we summarize the application of precision medicine to cardiovascular diseases based on cohort and omic studies, and hope to elicit discussion about future health care.
The Effect of Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Functional Capacity, Behavior, and Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in China
Authors: Ding Rongjing , Li Jianchao , Gao Limin , Zhu Liang , Xie Wenli , Wang Xiaorong , Tang Qin , Wang Huili , Hu Dayi
Published: May 2017

Aim: To investigate the effect of home-based cardiac rehabilitation on functional capacity, health behavior, and risk factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome in China.

Methods: Eighty patients with acute coronary syndrome were enrolled in this prospective randomized controlled study. Patients in the cardiac rehabilitation group (n=52) received home-based cardiac rehabilitation with a heart manual and a home exercise video for 3 months and patients in the control group (n=28) received only routine secondary prevention. The 6-min walk distance, laboratory test results, healthy behavior (questionnaire), quality of life (12-item Short Form Health Survey), anxiety (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire), and depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) were evaluated at the beginning and after treatment for 3 months.

Results: Compared with baseline data, 52 patients who participated in cardiac rehabilitation had longer 6-min walk distance (515.26±113.74 m vs 0.445.30±97.92 m, P<0.0002), higher proportions of “always exercise” (78.26% vs. 28%, P<0.05), “always limit food with sugar” (65.22% vs 12%, P<0.05), “always eat fruits 200–400 g every day” (82.61% vs. 4%, P<0.05). and “always eat vegetables 300–500 g every day” (21.74% vs. 12%, P<0.06) after treatment for 3 months. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control rate (52.17% vs. 28%, P<0.05) and the systolic blood pressure control rate (100% vs. 68%, P<0.05) were also significantly increased after treatment for 3 months in the cardiac rehabilitation group. No significant increase was found in the control group after treatment for 3 months. No cardiac-event related to home exercise was reported in both groups.

Conclusion: Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is a feasible and available cardiac rehabilitation mode in China.
Rationale and Design of the Randomized Controlled Trial of Intensive Versus Usual ECG Screening for Atrial Fibrillation in Elderly Chinese by an Automated ECG System in Community Health Centers in Shanghai (AF-CATCH)
Authors: Wang Ji-Guang , Chen Yi , Huang Qi-Fang , Li Yan , Freedman Ben
Published: May 2017

Objective: The randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02990741) will investigate whether more frequent electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings and analyses with an automated ECG system would improve detection of atrial fibrillation compared with a single annual ECG screen in elderly Chinese in community health centers.

Design: Men and women (≥65 years) will be randomized into intensive (n=3500) and usual (n=3500) screening groups, and within the intensive screening group into intensive screening (n=2625) and more intensive screening (n=875) subgroups. ECG recordings will be performed with an automated ECG analysis system (AliveCor® heart monitor) at 1 year in the usual screening group, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the intensive screening subgroup, and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the more intensive screening subgroup. The primary outcome is the detection rate of atrial fibrillation between the usual screening group and the intensive screening group. Sample size estimation was based on a projected detection rate of atrial fibrillation of 2.0% by a single ECG recording at 12 months, an improvement of 50% with more frequent ECG recordings, a=0.05, power of 80%, and a one-sided test.

Conclusions: The trial will provide evidence on the clinical effectiveness of more frequent ECG recordings by a handheld automated analysis system in the detection of atrial fibrillation.
Hierarchical Specification of Pruriceptors by Runt-Domain Transcription Factor Runx1
Authors: Qi Lu , Huang Chengcheng , Wu Xiaohua , Tao Yeqi , Yan Jingjing , Shi Tianyong , Cao Cheng , Han Lu , Qiu Mengsheng , Ma Qiufu , Liu Zijing , Liu Yang
Published: May 2017

The somatic sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) detect and transmit a diverse array of sensory modalities, such as pain, itch, cold, warm, touch, and others. Recent genetic and single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed a group of DRG neurons that could be particularly relevant for acute and chronic itch information transmission. They express the natriuretic peptide type B (NPPB), as well as a cohort of receptors and neuropeptides that have been implicated in chronic itch manifestation, including the interleukin-31 receptor A (IL-31ra) and its coreceptor oncostatin M receptor (Osmr), the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (Cysltr2), somatostatin, and neurotensin. However, how these neurons are generated during development remains unclear. Here we report that Runx1 is required to establish all these molecular features of NPPB+neurons. We further show that while early embryonic Runx1 activity is required for the formation of NPPB+cells, at later stages Runx1 switches to a genetic repressor and thus its downregulation becomes a prerequisite for the proper development of these pruriceptors. This mode by Runx1 is analogous to that in controlling another group of pruriceptors that specifically express the chloroquine receptor MrgprA3. Finally, behavioral studies using both sexes of mice revealed marked deficits in processing acute and chronic itch inRunx1conditional knock-out mice, possibly attributable to impaired development of various pruriceptors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur studies reveal a generalized control mode by Runx1 for pruriceptor development and consolidate a hierarchical control mechanism for the formation of sensory neurons transmitting distinct modalities. Among dorsal root ganglion neurons that initially express the neurotrophin receptor TrkA, Runx1 is necessary for the proper development of those neurons that innervate tissues derived from the ectoderm such as skin epidermis and hair follicles. These Runx1-dependent cutaneous sensory neurons are then divided into two groups based on persistent or transient Runx1 expression. The Runx1-persistent group is involved in transmitting mechanical and thermal information, whereas the Runx1-transient group transmits pruriceptive information. Such hierarchical control mechanisms may provide a developmental solution for the formation of sensory circuits that transmit distinct modalities.
In vivo structures of an intact type VI secretion system revealed by electron cryotomography
Authors: Chang Yi‐Wei , Rettberg Lee A , Ortega Davi R , Jensen Grant J
Published: May 2017

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a versatile molecular weapon used by many bacteria against eukaryotic hosts or prokaryotic competitors. It consists of a cytoplasmic bacteriophage tail‐like structure anchored in the bacterial cell envelope via a cytoplasmic baseplate and a periplasmic membrane complex. Rapid contraction of the sheath in the bacteriophage tail‐like structure propels an inner tube/spike complex through the target cell envelope to deliver effectors. While structures of purified contracted sheath and purified membrane complex have been solved, because sheaths contract upon cell lysis and purification, no structure is available for the extended sheath. Structural information about the baseplate is also lacking. Here, we use electron cryotomography to directly visualize intact T6SS structures inside Myxococcus xanthus cells. Using sub‐tomogram averaging, we resolve the structure of the extended sheath and membrane‐associated components including the baseplate. Moreover, we identify novel extracellular bacteriophage tail fiber‐like antennae. These results provide new structural insights into how the extended sheath prevents premature disassembly and how this sophisticated machine may recognize targets.
Giant parathyroid adenoma: differential aspects compared to parathyroid carcinoma
Authors: Araujo Castro Marta , López Ainhoa Abad , Fragueiro Luz Martín , García Nuria Palacios
Published: May 2017

The 85% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are due to parathyroid adenomas (PA) and less than 1% to parathyroid carcinomas (PC). The PA usually measure <2 cm, weigh <1 g and generate a mild PHPT, whereas the PC usually exceeds these dimensions and are associated with a severe PHPT. However, giant PA (GPA), which is defined as those larger than 3 g, has been documented. Those may be associated with very high levels of PTH and calcium. In these cases, their differentiation before and after surgery with PC is very difficult. We present a case of severe PHPT associated with a large parathyroid lesion, and we discuss the differential aspects between the GPA and PC.

Learning points:

In parathyroid lesions larger than 2 cm, the differential diagnosis between GPA and PC should be considered.

Pre and postsurgical differentiation between GPA and PC is difficult; however, there are clinical, analytical and radiographic characteristics that may be useful.

The depth/width ratio larger or smaller than 1 seems to be the most discriminatory ultrasound parameter for the differential diagnosis.

Loss of staining for parafibromin has a specificity of 99% for the diagnosis of PC.

The simultaneous presence of several histological characteristics, according to the classification of Schantz and Castleman, is frequent in PC and rare in GPA.
Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in patients treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: van der Boom Trynke , Klein Hesselink Esther N , Kooistra Hilde A M , Meijer Karina , van der Horst-Schrivers Anouk N A , Lefrandt Joop D , Links Thera P
Published: May 2017

Although cancer in general is a strong risk factor for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), the risk factors for venous thromboembolic events in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) have never been assessed. This is remarkable, as several parts of the treatment comprise a hypercoagulable state that could in subgroups of DTC patients lead to an increased risk of VTE. The aim of this study was to assess which risk factors could cause DTC patients to develop VTE. We performed a nested case–control study, involving cases of DTC patients treated between 1980 and 2014 with confirmed VTE after diagnosis of DTC. Controls were defined as DTC patients without VTE. In all subjects, we collected information about thyroid cancer characteristics, treatment characteristics, traditional risk factors for VTE and additional clinical data, and we performed univariable and multivariable regression analyses. We included 28 cases and 56 controls matched for age at DTC diagnosis, sex and date of DTC diagnosis. In the univariable regression analysis, histology, distant metastases, DTC risk classification, recent surgery and other active malignancy were associated with VTE. In the multivariable analysis, distant metastases (odds ratio 7.9) and recent surgery (odds ratio 6.1) were independently associated with VTE. In conclusion, surgery and presence of distant metastases are independent risk factors for developing VTE in DTC patients. The risk factors identified in this study could be considered when making decisions regarding thromboprophylaxis for patients with thyroid cancer.
Progress in the understanding of the etiology and predictability of fetal growth restriction
Authors: Tang Li , He Guolin , Liu Xinghui , Xu Wenming
Published: May 2017

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of fetus to reach its growth potential for various reasons, leading to multiple perinatal complications and adult diseases of fetal origins. Shallow extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion-induced placental insufficiency and placental dysfunction are considered the main reasons for idiopathic FGR. In this review, first we discuss the major characteristics of anti-angiogenic state and the pro-inflammatory bias in FGR. We then elaborate major abnormalities in placental insufficiency at molecular levels, including the interaction between decidual leukocytes and EVT, alteration of miRNA expression and imprinted gene expression pattern in FGR. Finally, we review current animal models used in FGR, an experimental intervention based on animal models and the progress of predictive biomarker studies in FGR.

Free Chinese abstract: A Chinese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/153/6/R227/suppl/DC1.
Construction of a Recyclable Genetic Marker and Serial Gene Deletions in the Human Pathogenic MucoralesMucor circinelloides
Authors: Garcia Alexis , Adedoyin Gloria , Heitman Joseph , Lee Soo Chan
Published: May 2017

Mucor circinelloides is a human pathogen, biofuel producer, and model system that belongs to a basal fungal lineage; however, the genetics of this fungus are limited. In contrast to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, basal fungal lineages have been understudied. This may be caused by a lack of attention given to these fungi, as well as limited tools for genetic analysis. Nonetheless, the importance of these fungi as pathogens and model systems has increased. M. circinelloides is one of a few genetically tractable organisms in the basal fungi, but it is far from a robust genetic system when compared to model fungi in the subkingdom Dikarya. One problem is the organism is resistant to drugs utilized to select for dominant markers in other fungal transformation systems. Thus, we developed a blaster recyclable marker system by using the pyrG gene (encoding an orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase, ortholog of URA3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A 237-bp fragment downstream of the pyrG gene was tandemly incorporated into the upstream region of the gene, resulting in construction of a pyrG-dpl237 marker. To test the functionality of the pyrG-dpl237 marker, we disrupted the carRP gene that is involved in carotenoid synthesis in pyrG− mutant background. The resulting carRP::pyrG-dpl237 mutants exhibit a white colony phenotype due to lack of carotene, whereas wild type displays yellowish colonies. The pyrG marker was then successfully excised, generating carRP-dpl237 on 5-FOA medium. The mutants became auxotrophic and required uridine for growth. We then disrupted the calcineurin B regulatory subunit cnbR gene in the carRP::dpl237 strain, generating mutants with the alleles carRP::dpl237 and cnbR::pyrG. These results demonstrate that the recyclable marker system is fully functional, and therefore the pyrG-dpl237 marker can be used for sequential gene deletions in M. circinelloides.
Accounting for Sampling Error in Genetic Eigenvalues Using Random Matrix Theory
Authors: Sztepanacz Jacqueline L , Blows Mark W
Published: May 2017

The distribution of genetic variance in multivariate phenotypes is characterized by the empirical spectral distribution of the eigenvalues of the genetic covariance matrix. Empirical estimates of genetic eigenvalues from random effects linear models are known to be overdispersed by sampling error, where large eigenvalues are biased upward, and small eigenvalues are biased downward. The overdispersion of the leading eigenvalues of sample covariance matrices have been demonstrated to conform to the Tracy–Widom (TW) distribution. Here we show that genetic eigenvalues estimated using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) in a multivariate random effects model with an unconstrained genetic covariance structure will also conform to the TW distribution after empirical scaling and centering. However, where estimation procedures using either REML or MCMC impose boundary constraints, the resulting genetic eigenvalues tend not be TW distributed. We show how using confidence intervals from sampling distributions of genetic eigenvalues without reference to the TW distribution is insufficient protection against mistaking sampling error as genetic variance, particularly when eigenvalues are small. By scaling such sampling distributions to the appropriate TW distribution, the critical value of the TW statistic can be used to determine if the magnitude of a genetic eigenvalue exceeds the sampling error for each eigenvalue in the spectral distribution of a given genetic covariance matrix.
Effect of Fe on microstructures and mechanical properties of an Al–Mg–Si–Cu–Cr–Zr alloy prepared by low frequency electromagnetic casting
Authors: Meng Yi , Cui Jian-zhong , Zhao Zhi-hao
Published: May 2017

The effects of different Fe contents (0.168, 0.356 and 0.601 wt%) on microstructures and mechanical properties of the Al–1.6Mg–1.2Si–1.1Cu–0.15Cr–0.15Zr (all in wt%) alloys prepared by low frequency electromagnetic casting process were investigated in the process of solidification, hot extrusion, solid solution and aging treatments. The results show that the increase of Fe content promotes the formation of feathery grains in the process of solidification and the precipitation of another important strengthening phase Q′ with small size. Additionally, it also results in no recrystallization even after solid solution at a high temperature of 550 °C, which is because of the increase number of elliptical shaped and fine DO22-Al3Zr dispersoids (∼70 nm long and ∼35 nm wide) and the spherical or elliptical shaped Fe-containing phases. When Fe content of the alloy increases to 0.356 wt%, both the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy-T6 increase by more than 60 MPa and with little cost of ductility.
POLİTİK BÜTÇE DÖNGÜLERİ VE TÜRKİYE’DE SEÇİMLER
Authors: SEZGİN Şennur , SEZGİN Selami
Published: May 2017

Bu çalışmada politik bütçe döngüleri teorisi ele alınıp, Türkiye açısında 1950-2014 dönemi itibariyle incelenmiştir. Politik bütçe döngüleri teorisine göre, İktidar partileri yeniden seçilebilmek için ya harcamaları arttırıp bütçe açıklarına sebep olurlar ya da kamu gelirlerini azaltma yoluna giderler. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de bütçe harcamalarının seçim döneminde oy maksimizasyonu için kullanılıp kullanılmadığı analiz edilmektedir. Bunun için bütçenin en önemli kalemlerinden savunma, eğitim, sağlık tarım, bayındırlık harcamaları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu kapsamda Maliye Bakanlığı bütçesi ve borçlarda analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre Türkiye ‘de 1950 yılından itibaren yapılan seçimlerin manipülasyonu ile ilgili 2002 yılına kadar zayıf kanıtlar bulunurken 2002 yılı ve daha sonraki seçimlerde seçim ekonomisi uygulanmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TURKEY
Authors: TABAN Sami , ŞENGÜR Mehmet
Published: May 2017

This study aims to determine whether income inequlatiy in Turkey is an obstacle in economic development or not. For this purpose, the gini coefficient are used as a measure income inequality and real GDP is used as an economic growth indicator between the years of 1990-2015. Johansen co-integration method is utilized in the analysis of the study. Co-integration analysis has shown a long-term relationship between the ginicoefficient and economic growth. In order to determine the direction of causality, the error correction model is applied. The findings indicate that the direction of causality runs from economic growth to gini coefficient. This result shows that economic growth is an important factor in the reduction of income inequlatiy. Empirical result reveals also that the reduction of income inequlatiy through economic growth is the curicial factor for Turkey’s economic development.
KAR PAYI DAĞITIM POLİTİKASINI ETKİLEYEN İŞLETMELERE ÖZGÜ FAKTÖRLERİN BELİRLENMESİ: BORSA İSTANBUL-30 ENDEKSİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA
Authors: ERDAŞ Levent
Published: May 2017

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 12 farklı sektörde faaliyet gösteren ve düzenli olarak kar payı dağıtımı yapan Borsa İstanbul-30 endeksinde işlem gören tüm işletmelerinin kar payı dağıtım politikalarını belirleyen işletmelere özgü faktörleri analiz etmektir. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak kar payı ödemeleri ile bağımsız değişkenler olarak karlılık, likidite, finansal kaldıraç, işletme büyüklüğü ve yaşı, hisse başına kazanç, büyüme fırsatı, hisse senedi piyasa değeri, hisse senedi işlem hacmi ve halka açıklık oranı olmak üzere 11 değişken dikkate alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda kar payı dağıtım politikası ile diğer değişkenler arasında bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını değerlendirmek amacıyla 2010-2015 yıllarını kapsayan yıllık veriler üzerinde panel veri analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, hisse başına kazanç, nakit oranı, hisse senedi işlem hacmi ve işletme büyüklüğü değişkenlerinin kar payı dağıtım oranı ile pozitif; finansal kaldıraç oranı ve işletme yaşı karesi değişkenleri ile negatif yönlü önemli bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer değişkenlerin ise kar payı dağıtım oranı üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Bu çalışma işletmelerin kar payı dağıtımlarını daha başarılı yapılabilmesini sağlamak için işletmeye özgü hangi değişkenler üzerinde durulması gerektiği konusunda işletme ve finans yöneticilerine yardımcı olacağı söylenebilir.
KAMU ÖZEL ORTAKLIKLARI VE UYGULAMAYA İLİŞKİN BİR ANKET ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: BERKSOY Turgay , YILDIRIM Nuh Ekrem
Published: May 2017

Küreselleşmenin etkisiyle insanoğlunun ihtiyaçları artmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle büyük altyapı yatırımlarının artmasıyla finansman arayışında olan devletler, özel sektör ile işbirliğini artırmaya başlamışlardır. Kamu özel ortaklığı ismi verilen bu modelde, riskler, getiriler ve sorumluluklar paylaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; kamu özel ortaklığına teorik ve bir anket çerçevesinde ampirik olarak ulaştırma sektörüne de vurgu yaparak yer vermektir.
Familiares de usuários vivenciando a transformação do modelo assistencial psiquiátrico
Authors: Ribeiro Marli Benedita Santos , Martins Sueli Terezinha Ferreira , Oliveira Luiz Roberto de
Published: May 2017

A assistência à saúde mental brasileira passa por uma transformação do modelo psiquiátrico tradicional, centrado na exclusão da pessoa com transtorno mental, para a criação de uma rede de serviços substitutivos na comunidade. Assim, provoca-se uma mudança no papel dos familiares, que são chamados a participar das estratégias de cuidado, reabilitação e inclusão social. Este ensaio visa discutir a opinião dos familiares de usuários da Associação Arte e Convívio, Botucatu-SP, Brasil, sobre aspectos relacionados à sua realidade e à convivência com o transtorno mental, pois a Associação não consegue contar com a participação dos familiares em suas atividades. A metodologia utilizada foi a de história oral. Constatou-se sobrecarga econômica, social e emocional decorrentes do preconceito e da convivência com a pessoa com transtornos mentais. Conclui-se que a AAC, para superar as dificuldades de envolver os familiares em suas atividades, deve dar atenção às questões de fundo econômico e social.
Fatores de risco do tecnoestresse em trabalhadores que utilizam tecnologias de informação e comunicação
Authors: Carlotto Mary Sandra
Published: May 2017

O estudo objetivou identificar fatores de risco sociodemográficos, laborais e psicossociais em 668 trabalhadores de organizações de Porto Alegre (RS) e região metropolitana. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a Escala de Tecnoestresse (RED/TIC) e um questionário para levantamento das demais variáveis. O resultado obtido com relação à dimensão de "Descrença" estabeleceu um perfil de risco constituído por mulheres, com filhos e escolaridade em nível de ensino médio. A dimensão de "Fadiga" constituiu-se por mulheres, sem companheiro, com mais horas de utilização de e-mail, internet e intranet. No tocante a "Ansiedade", identificou-se um perfil de mulheres, com filhos, com ensino médio e que utilizam celular. Mulheres, com idade mais elevada, com companheiro, filhos e que utilizam celular e maior número de horas com TIC fora do horário de trabalho formaram o perfil da "Ineficácia". Não optar por trabalhar com TIC, insatisfação e não realização com o trabalho associaram-se às quatro dimensões do tecnoestresse.
Validação de escala de estratégias de aprendizagem no trabalho entre prefeitos(as) e secretários(as) municipais
Authors: Moraes Valéria Vieira de , Borges-Andrade Jairo Eduardo
Published: May 2017

No mundo do trabalho, espera-se cada vez mais que os indivíduos sejam capazes de aprender a aprender e tomem a iniciativa de seu próprio aprendizado. Nesse contexto, cresce em importância a compreensão dos fatores individuais relacionados à aprendizagem. O presente relato descreve a adaptação e validação de um instrumento de medida de um desses fatores: as estratégias de aprendizagem no trabalho, entendidas como esforços empreendidos pelo indivíduo para realizar a aprendizagem. Partindo de uma escala já validada para o contexto de uma organização do setor bancário, utilizou-se uma amostra composta por 90 prefeitos(as) e 365 secretários(as) municipais, em virtude da intensa demanda por aprendizado que as condições de trabalho dessas pessoas ensejam. Os resultados da análise fatorial indicaram uma estrutura de cinco fatores (reflexão extrínseca e intrínseca, busca de ajuda em material escrito, busca de ajuda interpessoal, aplicação prática e reprodução) consistente com os resultados obtidos com outras amostras.
Taide, kulttuuri ja hyvinvointi EU-hankkeissa – linjauksia ja diskursseja
Authors: Honkasalo Marja-Liisa , Laukkanen Anu
Published: May 2017

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Suomalaisten nuorten yksilöllistyvät kulttuurivalinnat
Authors: Räisänen Petteri
Published: May 2017

Tämän artikkelin tehtävänä on selvittää, miten sosiaaliset taustatekijät ja yksilölliset valinnat vaikuttavat suomalaisten 15–29-vuotiaiden nuorten korkeakulttuuriseen suuntautumiseen. Aineistona on vuoden 2009 Nuorisobarometri (n=1900). Sosiaalisia taustatekijöitä mittaavia muuttujia ovat nuoren sukupuoli, ikä, opiskelupaikka, asuinpaikan kuntatyyppi, vanhempien koulutus sekä vanhempien kulttuuriset resurssit. Yksilöllisiä valintoja mitataan nuoren kulttuuriharrastusten määrällä sekä suhtautumisella taiteeseen. Tutkimusmenetelminä ovat yksisuuntainen varianssianalyysi, moniluokitteluanalyysi sekä erotteluanalyysi. Tulosten mukaan yksilöllisillä valinnoilla on sosiaalisia taustatekijöitä voimakkaampi vaikutus nuorten korkeakulttuuriseen suuntautumiseen. Useat kulttuuriharrastukset ja avoin suhtautuminen taiteen moninaisia merkityksiä kohtaan havaittiin olevan selitysvoimaisimpia tekijöitä. Tulos on yhdenmukainen viimeaikaisten tutkimusten kanssa, jotka korostavat kulttuuristen merkityksenantojen ja mieltymysten merkitystä yksilöiden kulttuurivalintoihin. Tulosten mukaan perhetaustalla ei ole yhtä suurta vaikutusta nuorten korkeakulttuuriseen suuntautumiseen kuin aikaisemmin on esitetty.
Tilaushistoria identiteettityönä ja kulttuuriperintöprosessina: Paikallisen historiapolitiikan tarkastelua
Authors: Sivula Anna
Published: May 2017

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen kolmen osallistuvasti havainnoimani ja johtamani tilaushistoriahankkeen tuottaman aineiston valossa paikallista historiapolitiikkaa ja paikallishistoriallista identiteettityötä. Artikkeli etenee keskeisten käsitteiden määritelmistä ja tutkimuskysymyksistä historiankirjoituksen typologisointeihin ja tilaushistoriatapausten kuvailuun ja päättyy yritykseen mallintaa kulttuuriperintöä ylläpitävän identiteettityön lajeja ja kulttuuriperintöprosessin logiikkaa.
Valtionavustukset kulttuuripolitiikan ohjausvälineinä – huomioita opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriölle tehdystä pika-analyysistä
Authors: Karttunen Sari
Published: May 2017

The text draws upon an assignment carried out by the Foundation for Cultural Policy Research (Cupore) for the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture. The task was to map out the system of discretionary grants in cultural policy to point out weaknesses in strategic goal setting and attainment. The commission was motivated by the pressure to demonstrate effectiveness within the framework of the state management and steering system. The mapping was focused on grants that the Ministry allocates under the rubric ‘arts and culture’. This concerns some 50 different grant forms, amounting to EUR 55 million in 2013. The Cupore research team looked into details in the grant allocation practices, e.g., formulations of grant targets in the calls for application and wordings on the application forms. We also made an e-mail questionnaire on the presenting officers. It was concluded that discretionary grants in culture make up rather an incoherent and heterogeneous system. Some grant forms derive from the 19th century, prior to any cultural policy proper, while others are the product of recent targeted programmes. The strategy for cultural policy launched by the Ministry in 2009 was reflected only in places in the grant system. It was moreover noted that the goals of cultural policy were not entirely clear to provide basis for assessment of effectiveness. The policy sector emerged in many respects as a silo resisting alignment with renewed state management and steering methods. Several suggestions were made to the Ministry to control effectiveness, e.g., improved communication of grant policy goals, target guidance schemes with major grant recipients and co-ordination of grants as part of the cultural policy tools system.
Why the United States Supports International Enforcement for Some Treaties but not for Others
Authors: Hovi Jon , Skodvin Tora
Published: May 2017

Under what conditions should we expect the United States to support international enforcement of treaties? We hypothesize that U.S. support is most likely for treaties where international enforcement will cause considerable (desired) behavioral change by other countries but little (undesired) behavioral change by the United States. Similarly, U.S. support is least likely for treaties where international enforcement will generate the converse effects. In developing this hypothesis, we derive specific conditions under which we should expect U.S. benefits of international enforcement to outweigh U.S. costs (or vice versa). We also provide empirical examples. Finally, we consider three alternative explanations of U.S. views on international enforcement—concern for U.S. sovereignty, desire to prevent infringements on U.S. constitutional protection of individual rights, and the usefulness of international enforcement as a domestic commitment device. We discuss these alternative explanatory factors' relationship to our own hypothesis.
Diversity of the species of genus Avena revealed by morphological characters and resistance to Fusarium infection of grain
Authors: Gagkaeva Taiana Yu , Gavrilova Olga P , Orina Alexandra A , Blinova Elena V , Loskutov Igor G
Published: May 2017

Sixty six genotypes belong to wild and cultivated Avena species from the VIR collection were evaluated for infection of grain by Fusarium fungi and mycotoxins in accumulation. Among genotypes 13.6, 28.8, and 57.6% were diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oats, respectively.

The aim of this study was to recognize the interrelationship between the wild species of the genus Avena not subjected to formal breeding programs, and Fusarium fungi, which have been reported as predominant seed borne pathogens. The real-time PCR was used to simultaneously detect and quantify fungi in grain of Avena genotypes. Mycotoxin analysis was performed by ELISA. The average amount of Fusarium DNA and deoxynivalenol (DON) in groups of the tetraploid oats were higher than they were found in the groups of di- and hexaploid species. It was determining the strong correlation between the presence of Tri-Fusarium DNA and DON content (p 0,01). The low amounts of DON in the grain were detected in seven hexaploid genotypes (A. byzantina, A. sterilis, A. sativa, and A. fatua) and one diploid A. wiestii. The connection of morphological characters (weight of 1000 grains, husk hardness, trichomes profusion and plant height) of Avena species and the indicators of Fusarium infection were analyzed. Only biomass of Fusarium has demonstrated significant connection with weight of 1000 grains. Significant correlation between the hardness of husk and the amounts of Fusarium DNA (p 0,01) was detected. For Fusarium the strong protective effect of the husk from the penetration of pathogens into grain was evident.
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Murraya Koenigii leaves extract against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Salwe Kartik J. , R. Mirunalini , Mano Jervin , Manimekalai K.
Published: May 2017

Background: Many pharmacological substances are known to cause hepatic injuries and paracetamol is one out of them. This study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Murraya koenigii leaves in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Rats.Methods: Experimental animal used in this study were 30 healthy male albino Wistar rats of 10 to 12 wks weighing 180 ± 20 g. After acclimatization for a period of one week, the rats were randomized into five groups of six rats each. Safety profile and dose selection of extract was evaluated using acute toxicity studies. Five groups named as Normal control, Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity, Murraya koenigii leaves extract 100 mg/kg bw, Murraya koenigii leaves extract 200 mg/kg bw and Silymarin group respectively. The doses of drugs and plant extract was calculated based on the body weight of each animal and administered orally for 7 days. On 8th day rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical estimation of biochemical parameters. Then abdomen was opened to get liver sample for antioxidant activity and histopathology.Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Murraya koenigii leaves extract upto dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Murraya koenigii leaves extract in both doses showed a significant drop in the mean levels of AST, ALT, ALP, TP and TB when compared with toxic control group. The higher dose was found better than lower dose. Silymarin was found better than both the doses. Murraya koenigii leaves extract in both doses significantly reduced the TBARS level when compared to toxic control group. The activities of GSH, SOD and CAT in liver were significantly lower in Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity rats compared to control rats. Murraya koenigii leaves extract at both doses showed a significant increase in GSH, SOD and CAT. The higher dose was found better than lower dose. Silymarin was found better than both the doses. Histopathology of Liver biopsy with higher dose of Murraya koenigii leaves extract showed reduced periportal inflammation with mild hepatic venous congestion and Silymarin treated rats showed no periportal inflammation with mild congestion in few central veins.Conclusions: Murraya koenigii leaves extract possesses significant Hepatoprotective property; this may be due to antioxidant activity. Further studies are required to determine the exact mechanism.
A comparative study of effect of phenytoin, topiramate, and zonisamide in learning and memory of albino rats
Authors: Loc Bhulan Prasad , Chakraborty Kishor , Kumar Vineet , Gari Manju
Published: May 2017

Background: Epilepsy is one of the non-communicable neurologic diseases leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Complaints of impaired learning and memory are common in patients of epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may further enhance this impairment. So, the present study was carried out on albino rats to evaluate the effect of AEDs on learning and memory.Methods: Albino rats of about 150 -200 gm of either sex were treated with drugs for 15 days and assessed for effect on learning behavior and again treated for next 15 days after which they were assessed for retention behavior on Morris water maze and Elevated plus maze. The data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD.Results: Phenytoin and topiramate causes significant delay in learning and memory whereas zonisamide doesn’t causes significant delay in learning and memory.Conclusions: Impairment in learning and memory occurs in treatment with phenytoin and topiramate but not with zonisamide in low therapeutic doses.
Soft tissue allograft for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: P. Rahul , H. P. Suraj , Shervegar Satish , Palla Abhilash
Published: May 2017

Background: Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction has become one of the most commonly performed arthroscopic surgeries. Inspite of extensive research on available autograft options, controversy still persists regarding the ideal graft. Allograft tendons usage in orthopedic operations has increased because of its advantages. This study was conducted to assess the functional outcome in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with soft tissue allografts.

Methods: 15 patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury presenting from 2012-2014 who underwent Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with soft tissue allograft were the subjects of this Prospective study. Assessment of the involved knee was performed to obtain subjective measures of the clinical outcomes of the ACL reconstruction. All patients were followed up at regular intervals of 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months and 2 years.

Results: At the final follow up, the patients had an average Lysholm knee score of 85.60, Tegner score of 7.24 and IKDC score of 85.28. Knee flexion of >1200 was achieved in >80% of patients and minimal laxity in 60% patients but no functional disability in any of them. No graft failures were noted.

Conclusions: Contrary to the fear of graft failure and complications associated with allograft construct for primary ACL reconstruction, allografts yield the same clinical outcome as autografts with the advantages of reduced operative time, no donor site morbidity, preservation of native hamstring tendons, faster and comfortable rehabilitation. Allografts are a good alternative to autografts for primary ACL reconstruction.