bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization (characteristics) of property as a structural phenomenon
Authors: Butakov A.V.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The relevance of the article is due to the existence of a gap in the study of property as an integral structural platform of the main ways of its organization: private (individualized), mixed (corporate), general (collective). Goal. To form a systematic understanding of the structural nature of property as a unique social phenomenon. Methodology. The author's methodology for studying the state is used - normative structuralism, where property as the main system-forming purpose of the state existence genetically predetermines the principles of normalizing its structure. The analysis of property as the main system-forming goal of the existence of the state from the point of view of normative structuralism makes it possible to expand the range of tools for studying the Russian statehood. Results. The theoretical concept of the author's methodology of normative structuralism is positioned in this article. This concept explores property as the main system-forming purpose of the state's existence. Conclusion. Property is a holistic structural platform of the main ways of its organization: private (individualized), mixed (corporate), general (collective) - representing the ratio of the whole and parts. The destruction of this integrity leads to the emergence of a structural disproportion (imbalance) with the subsequent social degradation of a particular state. Property as the fundamental goal of the existence of the state is a complex multi-level multi-functional structurally organized social and legal phenomenon. The attitude to property determines the essence of the activities of the respective state. The practical activity of the state confirms the adherence to certain social values, the implementation of which forms the widest range of other goals (economic, political, legal, cultural, etc.), due to the implementation of the fundamental goal - the constitution of property.
Criminal situation in the field of justice
Authors: Kleimenov M.P.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The content of the criminal situation, along with crime (its state) characterizes the attitude of the authorities (primarily law enforcement agencies) to criminal offenses. Purpose. To establish the current state of the criminal situation in the field of justice. Methodology. A systematic approach, a statistical method, and a questionnaire were used. Results. Criminality in the sphere of justice is a statistical set of crimes provided for in Chapter 31 (Articles 294-316) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The volume of such crime consists of two arrays: 1) crimes provided for in chapter 31 “Crimes against justice” and 2) persons identified for their commission. The general dynamics of crime in the field of justice is characterized by an upward trend. Crimes against justice are characterized by a low level of unsolved crime. There is a decrease in the number of victims of crimes, however, such a decrease occurs against the background of a tendency to increase the relative number of victims per convicted criminal. This indicates a decrease in the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the pre-trial stage of its activity, violations of the law are characteristic, which restrict access to justice for victims of crimes. The analysis of judicial practice allows, based on the criteria of intensity and prospects of law enforcement, to distinguish four groups of norms contained in Chapter 31 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: 1) intensively applied norms with positive dynamics; 2) relatively frequently applied norms with negative dynamics; 3) relatively rarely applied norms with uncertain (unstable) dynamics; 4) practically non-applicable norms. An objective assessment of the criminal situation in the field of justice is impossible without taking into account public opinion, since more than one and a half million Russian citizens face relevant problems every year. The survey of 922 citizens gives grounds to conclude that judicial statistics do not reflect the state of the criminal situation in the area under consideration. Conclusion. The assessment of the criminal situation in the field of justice should be comprehensive and take into account the state of crime, the characteristics of law enforcement activities to combat crimes against justice and taking into account public opinion about the problems of such a fight. Currently, the most problematic is the non-application of the norms contained in Articles 299-302, 304, 305, 310, 311 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Algorithm for sentencing based on the totality of crimes and sentences
Authors: Stepashin V.M.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. In criminal law science, the imperfection of the prescriptions of Art. 69-72 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on sentencing for a combination of crimes and sentences. Target. Establish and optimize the algorithm for determining the terms of punishment for the totality of crimes and sentences. Methodology. The study of special rules for sentencing for a combination of crimes and sentences is based on comparative, systemic and criminological-legal approaches. Results. The forms of absorption of one punishment by another are determined. The phenomenon of “forced” application of the principle of absorption of punishment is considered. A unified algorithm for assigning punishments for the totality of crimes and sentences is proposed, which implies a) attaching a lesser punishment to a greater (or equal to equal) regardless of the sequence of adjudication; b) offset of the actually served sentence (as implemented in the prescriptions of part 5 of article 69 of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation). The necessity of taking into account the intensity of repression of certain types of punishments when sentencing is based on the totality of crimes and sentences is substantiated. Conclusions. It is necessary to establish a unified algorithm for sentencing for the totality of crimes and sentences, as well as provide for special rules for sentencing for the totality of crimes and sentences, taking into account the specifics of the repressiveness of certain types of punishment.
On the need to introduce the definition of “cybercrime” Into the criminal law of the Russian Federation
Authors: Nikulchenkova E.V.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The digitalization of modern society, the acceleration of flows and processes of obtaining and processing information, constant interaction with the Internet and IT technologies have become part of our lives, in connection with which interim measures of a criminal nature in relation to cybercrime are becoming particularly relevant. Analysis of the statistics of cyber threats and committed cybercrimes indicate the need for scientific research in this area. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current legislation of Russia in the field of information protection, information technology and the Criminal Code of Russia, which provides for criminal liability for computer crimes in order to develop proposals to counter cybercrime. Methodology. The achievement of this goal was ensured on the basis of the use of general scientific and private scientific research methods: dialectical, formal-logical, comparative-legal, scientific analysis method. Results. Cybercrime has become a modern reality and poses serious threats to modern society. New forms of cyber threats are emerging in the form of uncontrolled intellectual intelligence, technotronic crimes. Legislation does not keep up with the rapid development of information technology. Currently, there is no comprehensive legislative regulation of countering cybercrime in the Russian Federation, and the existing regulatory legal acts and documents do not meet modern requirements and require adjustments. Judicial practice follows the path of unjustifiably lenient punishments and termination of criminal cases with the appointment of criminal law measures in the form of a fine to a person, underestimating the seriousness of the nature of computer crimes committed. Conclusion. The conclusion is formulated about the need to develop a comprehensive legislative regulation on countering cybercrime; amendments to the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation by including the definition of “cybercrime”; the subject of crimes using computer technology is clarified; a proposal is made to include in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation such a socially dangerous act as cyberbullying.
Can victimination surveys be trusted Institute for law enforcement problems?
Authors: Kleimenov M.P.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. This review critically evaluates the work of D. Serebrennikov, K. Titaev “The dynamics of crime and victimization in Russia. The results of the second victimization survey: analytical review” (SPb., 2022). Results. In the analytical review, three claims were made against him: 1) the review is presented as a Russian analogue of the American National Study of Criminal Victimization; 2) it is claimed that the dataobtained are representative; 3) the authors are convinced of their scientific competence and, accordingly, that the survey materials are reliable. None of these claims finds convincing confirmation in the content of the peer-reviewed study. Conclusion. The authors of the review have no idea about the victimological studies carried out and conducted in Russia. IPP does not involve specialists in the field of criminal law and criminology in its research. Such isolationism is based on a mistaken belief in one's own scientific self-sufficiency.
Medical and biological grounds for the transformation of family lawin Russia in the 1917-1920's
Authors: Mun V.A. , Goryacheva T.S.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The study of changes in family law in Russia in the 1917-1920s under the influence of biomedical factors is becoming particularly relevant today due to the rapidly developing technologies in the modern world and the special significance of the institutions of family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood. Consideration from two sides: medical and legal issues of marriage between blood relatives, persons incapacitated, pre-marital medical examination, problems of establishing paternity, etc., will allow a broader and objective assessment of the importance of human health protection and timely regulation of family legislation. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to study the role of biomedical factors in the formation of Russian family law in the 1917-1920s. Methodology. When writing the work, general philosophical methods (dialectical-materialistic), general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, logical and historical, comparisons, etc.), private scientific (formal legal, interpretation of law, etc.) were used. Results. The analysis of the first Family Code - the Code of Laws on Acts of Civil Status, Marriage, Family and Guardianship Law, adopted on September 16, 1918, the second codified act regulating family relations - the Code of Laws on Marriage, Family and Guardianship, put into effect on January 1, 1927, as well as adopted by the Soviet state in 1917-1920-e. decrees and instructions supplementing and clarifying the basics of family and marriage legislation. The study of manuals, manuals, reference books addressed to doctors during forensic medical examinations, as well as the study of judicial practice, made it possible to identify the most pressing problems encountered when considering paternity cases. Conclusion. The authors conclude that the transformation of post-revolutionary family legislation, the expansion of medical grounds, the clarification of medical diseases that are an obstacle to marriage, testified to the influence of new views on the tasks of the state in the field of family law. These measures were aimed at supporting the family by the state, preventing the transmission of hereditary diseases, and, ultimately, preserving the health of future offspring. The legislative equation in the rights of children born in marriage and out of wedlock, the imposition of the duty on the father of the child to provide for the family, to take part in the upbringing of children, in practice led to the need to establish paternity. When considering this category of cases, the courts, protecting the interests of mothers and children, made decisions based on the available evidence, which often contradicted the principles of objectivity and admissibility. In this regard, the conclusions of forensic medical experts have become particularly important.
Free legal aid in the Russian Federation and SOME post-Soviet countries
Authors: Rossiev V.V.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The system of free legal aid is a mechanism that ensures the direct functioning of a number of constitutional rights and freedoms, such as the right to receive qualified legal assistance, the right to a fair trial, adversarial proceedings and other rights guaranteed to citizens of the Russian Federation by the Constitution of our country. In domestic and foreign doctrine, as well as in the field of rule-making and practical law enforcement, stable theories and positions have developed regarding the basic principles and procedures for the functioning of free legal aid systems. However, to this day there are a large number of unresolved conflict issues related both to the normative settlement of the legal institution in question, and to its practical functioning. Objective. The purpose of this work is to characterize the systems of free legal aid in the Russian Federation and in such foreign countries of the post-Soviet space as the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and the Kyrgyz Republic, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the respective systems, as well as to formulate recommendations for creating a more effective model for the provision of free legal aid in the specified territory. Methodology. The paper provides a comparative legal analysis of some aspects of the functioning of free legal aid systems in the Russian Federation, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Belarus, and Ukraine. Using the formal legal method of research, attention is drawn to the formulation of the constitutional right to receive free legal assistance in the relevant states, the types of legal assistance provided, the subjects of its provision are classified, and the procedure for financing their work is considered. Results. As a result of the research, some issues of the functioning of free legal aid systems in the countries of the post-Soviet space were studied. It was concluded that it is necessary for the Russian legislation to accept some of the most effective legal provisions governing the systems of free legal aid in the countries considered. Conclusion. The studies conducted in this article make it possible to compare certain provisions governing the functioning of free legal aid systems in the countries of the post-Soviet space, thereby providing an opportunity to create the most efficient model of this legal institution, and, as a result, increase the efficiency of the implementation of certain constitutional rights and freedom.
Existentialism as a general philosophical method of knowing law
Authors: Kozhevnikov V.V,
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The relevance of this scientific article is determined by the importance for scientific knowledge of methodology, an integral part of which are the relevant methods, especially general philosophical ones, including the method of existentialism, which are the basis of scientific research. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the content of existentialism as a philosophical trend and its application to the study of law from the standpoint of the respective supporters. Methodology. The methodology includes the following methods: general philosophical (dialectical-materialistic and existentialist methods); general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, abstraction, etc.); special (philological, etc.); private scientific (formal legal, methods of interpretation, etc.). Results. Noting that, although in theoretical terms, the method of existentialism is named and analyzed accordingly as a general philosophical (universal, ideological method), along with the dialectical-materialist methods, methods of pragmatism, positivism, psychoanalysis, etc., plays a nominal role in the methodology of domestic legal science. Conclusion. It is summarized that not all philosophical schools, including existentialism, turned out to be methodologically fruitful for the philosophy of law.
Dependent companies in the Russian corporate law
Authors: Filippova O.S. , Nevzgodina E.L.
Published: October 2024

Introduction. The norms on dependent and subsidiary companies were excluded from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, they remained in fact and legally fixed in special laws. Dependency relationships generate certain obligations for business entities. Purpose. To analyze the existing forms of dependence of economic societies, to identify the practical significance of dependence relations and their consequences. Methodology. As the methodological basis of the research, the general principles of scientific cognition (comprehensiveness, consistency, objectivity, methodological pluralism), the general philosophical method (dialectical), general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, ascent from the abstract to the particular), general logical methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, classification, abstraction), specially-legal methods (formal legal, method of interpretation of legal norms, dogmatic). Results. As a result of the conducted research, various forms of dependence of business entities were analyzed, the practical significance of dependence relations, obligations and consequences of establishing dependence relations for companies, their participants, and management bodies were revealed. Conclusion. This article is of interest to the scientific community because it forms and systematizes the theoretical basis for further research on the problems of dependent economic societies.
Moral and Legal Foundations of Traditional Medicine
Authors: Sopin I.O.
Published: October 2024

Folk medicine (healing) is very popular among the population, as evidenced by the existing huge group of healers and the market of services offered by them for the treatment of the most serious diseases and solutions to any life problems. The goal is to show the fictitiousness of real folk medicine, its actual substitution by occult-magical practice. Methodology: dialectical, comparative-historical approaches, logical, sociological methods. Results. Healing in Russia has little to do with medical activity and is carried out, as a rule, by persons without medical education on the basis of occult and magical practices, which is directly prohibited by law and condemned by traditional morality. The modern practice of healing based on occultism requires the adoption of prohibitive measures, in particular, the implementation of Article 6.2 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation "Illegal practice of folk medicine". Conclusion. Folk healers currently act, as a rule, illegally. It is necessary to control this area more strictly and provide the population with access to high-quality and safe medical care.
The Limitation of Human Rights in the Digital Age (Problem Statement)
Authors: Evstratov A.E. , Guchenkov I.Yu.
Published: October 2024

Digitalization is gradually affecting all spheres of social life. Technologies are improving over time and are becoming more and more widespread. All of this, among other things, affects the issues of implementation and protection of human rights and freedoms, since digital technologies, despite all of their positive aspects, can be used to restrict the abovementioned rights and freedoms. Purpose. The purpose is to explore the main threats that digitalization poses to human rights and freedoms and to describe possible ways of preventing them. Methodology. During the research comparative-legal and formal-logical methods, analysis and synthesis were used. Results. The main threats to human rights and freedoms that can emanate from digitalization were outlined and analysed. The right to privacy and its components, as well as the existing risks within the impact of digital technologies are studied. The possibility of state misuse of modern technologies to control the life of an individual and society in general has been studied. Conclusion. We believe that digitalization has a dual nature, as it brings many conveniences to society, but at the same time can invade the private life of an individual and, moreover, be used to restrict human rights and freedoms and strengthen state control. All of this requires the improvement of legal regulation and other protective mechanisms to comply with the rights and freedoms of citizens, including the establishment of limits to the permissible use of digital technologies.
Provisions on the Judiciary in the Draft Soviet Constitutions 1962-1977
Authors: Plyusheva M.I.
Published: October 2024

The relevance of studying the development of constitutions in the context of the history of domestic constitutionalism is shown. Objective conditions for the preparation of draft constitutions in 1962-1977 were revealed. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to consider the provisions of the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1964 in relation to the judicial system of the country. Methodology. A set of methods is used, the most important are the comparative legal method and the formal legal method. Results. The authors define the constitutional principles of legal proceedings. A historical and legal analysis of the innovations proposed by the draft basic law is being carried out. It is pointed out that the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1964 laid down the democratic principles of the state system based on the principle of separation of powers. The article deals with the provisions of the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1977 in relation to the judicial system of the country. The authors point out that an important provision of the project, which was enshrined in the approved constitution, concerned the concept of legality. This concept is mentioned in the 1964 draft. At the same time, in the 1970s it was widely used in regulatory legal acts of various origins. The provisions of the draft Constitution of 1964 and the draft Constitution of 1977 are compared. Conclusion. The conclusion is made about the continuity of the theory and practice of domestic constitutionalism.
Administrative Legal Relations in the Mechanism of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulation
Authors: Matnenko A.S. , Gershinkova D.A.
Published: October 2024

A new block of legislation related to the regulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has appeared in Russia - Federal Law No. 296-FZ of July 2, 2021 “On Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions” and No. 34-FZ of March 6, 2022 “On conducting an experiment to limit greenhouse gas emissions in Certain Subjects of the Russian Federation”. Goal. The purpose of the study is to analyze the administrative and legal features of the emerging carbon regulation in Russia, the definition and classification of related legal relations, subjects of relations. Methodology. The following methods were used: general philosophical (dialectical-materialistic), general scientific (analysis, synthesis, logical, comparisons), special legal (comparative legal). Results. The authors suggested the following definition of carbon administrative legal relations - as public relations, the participants of which are endowed with legal rights and obligations related to the implementation of state executive power and aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing absorption. In regard with subjects of carbon legal relations it is proposed to consider not only legal entities and individuals whose activities are accompanied by greenhouse gas emissions, but also those engaged in the development, design and production of greenhouse gas emission sources. The following types of carbon relations are highlighted: specific and non-specific; direct, indirect and organizational; general and special; basic and optional relations; subordination and coordination; positive relations and tort. Conclusion. The content of administrative legal relations set up by the current Russian legislation does not fully ensure the implementation of the key principle of carbon regulation, that foreseen by the Federal Law No. 296-FZ - the obligation to meet greenhouse gas redaction targets.
The Importance of Civil Code of Russian Federation in Regulation of Real Rights to Housing
Authors: Kuzmina I.D.
Published: October 2024

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the legal regulation of real rights in the housing sector is currently carried out not only by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but also by the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, between which there are problems of distribution of subjects of jurisdiction. The first of them has already partially undergone reform, which has not yet caused corresponding mirror changes in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. The significance of the study is manifested in the fact that it identifies approaches of civil and housing legislation to the organization of property rights in the housing sector. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the legal regulation of property rights in the housing sector. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was made up of structural-functional, formal-logical methods and the method of legal modeling. Results. The article analyzes the state of legal regulation of real rights in the sphere of satisfying the housing needs of citizens, innovations in civil legislation carried out in relation to objects of real rights in the housing sector, such as apartment buildings, residential premises, common property of premises owners, as well as the organization of property relations in buildings, which include apartment buildings; problems associated with the lack of certainty of the nature of the rights to use someone else's residential premises for members of the owner's family, rent recipients and legatees have been identified, and the prospects for their solution, proposed as part of the reform of property law, have been explored. Conclusion. Conclusions are drawn about the need to amend the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the established subject of legal regulation in the field of property rights - determining the features of their implementation (implementation).
On the Law Enforcement Aspects of the Legal Policy of the First Romanovs in the Field of Voivodeship Administration (the First Half of the 18th Century)
Authors: Sokolova E.S.
Published: October 2024

The legal policy of the first Romanovs, aimed at institutionalizing the autocratic monarchy, was carried out taking into account the principle of the rule of law. Acting after 1613 against the background of the intensification of the legislative activity of the Zemstvo Councils, the sovereigns of the new, elective dynasty, nevertheless, made a choice in favor of the sole principle of government. In the rulemaking of the first half of the 18th century. there is a consistent consolidation of the public legal basis of the Russian autocracy, organizational and legal means of ensuring the supremacy of the will of the ruling persons through nominal decrees are being tested. With the formation of the voivodeship administration apparatus, the development of which was an important condition for the restoration of state unity, acts of law enforcement addressed to the local administration in the form of royal letters and orders began to acquire legislative significance. Purpose. The article examines the trend of legal policy in the first half of the 18th century to the transformation of tsarist legislation into the only source of law, which can be traced by the example of the gradual transformation of royal letters to voivodes into nominal decrees. Methodology. This study was carried out on the basis of combining a political-legal and socio-cultural approach, taking into account the principle of historicism. Results. It is noted that the removal of tsarist legislation from the influence of the “zemstvo principle” became the leading direction of the legal policy of the first Romanovs. Conclusion. It is stated that the fundamental role of the rule of law policy, the implementation of which can be traced by the example of law enforcement acts, is to consolidate the institutions of the Russian autocracy and, in particular, the voivodeship management system.
Concept and Signs of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Solomonov E.V.
Published: October 2024

Russian and foreign legislation lack a common understanding of both the essence of artificial intelligence and a unified approach to the legal definition of the concept of AI. Purpose. Analyze existing definitions of artificial intelligence, highlight the characteristics of artificial intelligence as a legal category. Formulate a definition. Methodology. The general principles of scientific knowledge (comprehensiveness, systematicity, objectivity), the general philosophical method (dialectical), general scientific methods of knowledge (comparison, ascent from the abstract to the particular), general logical methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, classification, abstraction), special legal methods (formal legal, method of interpretation of legal norms, dogmatic). Results. Various aspects of understanding AI, differences and contradictions between them are analyzed. Signs of AI that have legal significance are identified. The author's definition of AI is formulated. Conclusion. AI is a new, complex phenomenon that requires a comprehensive study, which determines the need to develop a unified, legal definition of the concept of AI.
Illegal Crossing of the State Border of the Russian Federation: Questions of Responsibility
Authors: Verchenko N.I. , Sharonov A.V.
Published: October 2024

In modern geopolitical conditions, the issues of ensuring national security and protecting the sovereignty of the Russian Federation are naturally actualized. At the same time, the criminal and legal fight against crimes that are associated with illegal crossing of the state border is of great importance. It should be noted that the public danger of such acts has increased dramatically in the last two years due to the impact of a number of factors, including: raids on the territory of the Russian Federation by sabotage and intelligence groups from neighboring states; illegal trips abroad for permanent residence of persons with access to state secrets; negative dynamics of illegal migration; changes in the behavior of migrants towards increasing aggressiveness towards local residents; commission by illegal migrants of a number of grave and especially grave crimes. Purpose: to determine to what extent the increase in the public danger of crimes related to illegal crossing of the state border is adequately reflected in judicial practice. Methodology: formal-dogmatic, comparative-legal, statistical and sociological methods were used. Results. The study revealed two types of problematic situations: a) related to the qualification of crimes related to illegal crossing of the state border; b) concerning stereotypes of judicial response to the dynamics of public danger of the crimes in question. Qualification problems, in turn, are dichotomous. They concern, firstly, the issues of distinguishing crimes from administrative offenses and, secondly, the departure from the Russian Federation of citizens of the Russian Federation admitted to state secrets. As for the stereotypes of judicial response to the dynamics of the public danger of crimes related to illegal crossing of the state border, they are characterized not only by stability, but even by some movement towards weakening the general preventive impact. Conclusion. Systemic errors in the qualification of crimes, the objective side of which includes illegal crossing of the state border of the Russian Federation, are associated with an underestimation of their public danger, which is confirmed by the analysis of judicial practice.
M. N. Pokrovsky about Commercial Capitalism in Russia of the 17th - Early 18th Century in “Essay on the History of Russian Culture” and Related Works
Authors: Volodkov O. P.
Published: October 2024

This article is devoted to the emergence and development of commercial capitalism in Russia of the 17th - early 18th century. M.N. Pokrovsky's views on trade capitalism are important because of the influence it had on the formation of Soviet historical science and the Marxist concept of Russian history. According to M.N. Pokrovsky, in Russia of the 17th century there was a commercial capitalism which provided economic progress of the country though did not cover all its economic system. The scientist also revealed the elements of trade capitalism. Between “Russian history since ancient times” and “Essay of the history of Russian culture” M.N. Pokrovsky, there were no fundamental, conceptual differences. The differences were not in the essence of any process, but in the degree of its deployment, in a specific combination of its manifestations. If in the “Essay on the history of Russian culture” commercial capitalism is the basic social system, then in the “Russian history from ancient times” it is presented rather as existing among others and only in a number of cases dominating them. The “Essay on the history of Russian culture” more clearly reflects the formation and composition of the bourgeoisie, its participation in politics since the 16th century, shows the role of private commercial capital in the economy and its relationship to commercial capitalism, the close connection of commercial capital with production during the period of formation of commercial capitalism. The transition from the period of the emergence of commercial capitalism in the 16th century to the period of commercial capitalism of the 17th century is presented by M.N. Pokrovsky as more consistent, evolutionary. And the period of the beginning of the 18th century does not seem to be the time of such a significant rise in commercial capitalism in comparison with the previous period. M.N. Pokrovsky pointed out the market nature of Russian industry at the beginning of the 18th century (a particular case of the use of commercial capital), substantiated the connection between foreign policy and trade interests (and the absence of such connection), and determined the state of the market in Russia. In relation to the period under review, the scientist retained the chronological framework of commercial capitalism, despite the changes in the periodization of the history of Russia (in the “Essay of the history of Russian culture” in comparison with “Russian history from ancient times”). Meanwhile, in Russia in the 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century, commercial capitalism existed, rather, not on the scale of the entire country, but in the system of supreme power, reaching its highest concentration in it. Involvement in commercial capitalism was almost directly proportional to the degree of nearness to this power.
The Conceptual Basis of British Post-Brexit Foreign Policy: the Idea of “Global Britain”
Authors: Cherkashina T. N.
Published: October 2024

This article is devoted to the problem of the formation of the conceptual framework of Great Britain's foreign policy after leaving the EU, the main essence of which boils down to the idea of “Global Britain”. Its purpose is to trace the transformation of this idea, which substantiates the United Kingdom's claim to be a global player in the modern world from the moment it appeared in the country's political discourse shortly before Brexit to the conceptualization of the country's foreign policy after leaving the EU. It is stated that the problem of determining further priorities of the foreign policy of the United Kingdom arises after the unexpected results of the 2016 referendum on Britain's membership in the European Union. Brexit and the outbreak of the coronavirus crisis in 2020 accelerated the development of the country's foreign policy strategy. There has been a major overhaul of the country's strategy since the end of the Cold War, conceptualized on March 16, 2021 with the emergence of the government document “Global Britain in an Age of Competition: A Comprehensive Security, Defense, Development and Foreign Policy Review”. This concept is based on the idea of “Global Britain” as a new superpower, which has all the prerequisites to secure its status as a global player in the world arena. It is noted that the positioning of Great Britain as a global player on the world stage in government documents and speeches of conservatives could be found even before Brexit. The very appearance of the term is not the merit of the Conservative Party. Thus, G. Brown, who was a member of T. Blair's Labor government, back in 2005, in his speech, mentioned the special role of his country in European unification. The concept of “Global Britain” was further developed on the eve of the country's withdrawal from the European family, when the Tories began to develop a conceptual basis for a new foreign policy course for the United Kingdom. They proposed this concept as an alternative to EU membership, focusing on the geopolitical and geo-economic prospects that opened up for the UK after the “divorce” from the EU. Based on the analysis of the strategic documents of the United Kingdom after Brexit, it is shown how the idea of “Global Britain” from part of the political discourse of the government of the Conservative Party appears as a concept. The apogee in its development is the publication of a strategic document on March 16, 2021. Its analysis allows us to determine the main directions of British foreign policy after leaving the EU based on the idea of “Global Britain”. Among the main directions, it is worth noting the turn towards engineering and the preservation of a close alliance with the United States. It is concluded that the UK has the potential to realize the ambitions of a global player: the country is a nuclear power, a permanent member of the UN Security Council, a member of the G7, G20, the world's leading economy, has the largest defense budget.
Cultural and humanitarian relations between Germany and Namibia: experience of colonialism overcoming
Authors: Ivkina N. V.
Published: October 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of German colonialism on the example of South-West Africa (the territory of modern Namibia), as well as the current state of German-Namibian relations in this area. An attempt is made to answer the question of Germany’s readiness to recognize “moral responsibility” for the genocide of the Herero and Nama in Namibia during the colonial period. The stages of the formation and development of German colonialism are analyzed, the consequences for modern German-Namibian relations are estimated. Taking into account the fact that Germany turned out to be one of the last countries to become a metropolis, it had to face not only the internal problems observed in the colonies, but also the resistance of France and Great Britain, who rightly claim leading positions on the African continent. The novelty of the study is the assessment of the efforts of a European country to neutralize the consequences of the colonial period. The theoretical basis of the research is the concepts of neocolonialism and anti-colonialism, the main supporters of both conceptual directions are given, the analysis of their conjugation in the foreign policy course of modern Germany is given. Against the background of the study of the history of German colonialism and the cause-and-effect relationships of the refusal of official recognition of the Herero and Nama genocide, the arguments in favor of anti-colonial or neocolonialist concepts are revealed. The cultural and humanitarian sphere is the catalyst of the analysis due to the fact that it is de-ideologized and can be evaluated without secondary variables. It is the German view of the colonial and anti-colonial concepts that can help to find a balance between diametrically opposite approaches to the post-colonial period in the history of Africa. The author comes to the conclusion that the cultural and humanitarian policy of Germany in relation to South-West Africa and subsequently Namibia is an example of the dichotomous contradictions between the country's desire to maintain its influence on the former colonies and the need to help the once enslaved countries. Also of interest is the internal political discourse in Germany, whose political parties ambiguously assess the need to provide cultural and humanitarian assistance to Namibia, as well as the recognition of the Herero and Nama genocide.
Henry Cotton and the Indian National Congress (1885-1915)
Authors: Nikitin D.S.
Published: October 2024

The article examines the contribution of Henry Cotton, a colonial official and politician, to the formation and development of the national movement in India. In the first decades of the existence of the Indian National Congress, English and Anglo-Indian leaders, adherents of liberal views, played a large role in its activities. Henry John Stedman Cotton (1845-1915) was one of the most prominent British supporters of the Congress. The years of life in India, the experience of serving at the lower levels of the colonial administration led Cotton to an analysis of the relationship between the British Empire and its colonies. He argued that the most important task India faced was moral improvement, which required a “social revolution”. It did not consist of overthrowing British power but of involving of Indians to the administration. Result of the “social revolution” should be the creation of the “United States of India”. The driving force of the “social revolution” was “New India”, i. e. European-educated Indians. These ideas brought Cotton closer to the Indian National Congress. After his resignation in 1903, Cotton became a member of the British Committee of the Congress, in 1904 he became president of the session of the Congress. As president, Cotton spoke out against the impending partition of Bengal. Also, the struggle against the partition of Bengal is the main content of Cotton's parliamentary activities in 1906-1910. In the House of Commons Cotton headed an informal Indian Parliamentary Committee, defended Indian revolutionaries and voted for the 1909 Indian Councils Act. Henry Cotton was one of the last Anglo-Indian supporters of the Congress, who stood at the origins of the organization, supported it during its formative years, transferred their administrative and political experience to young Indian leaders. Like A.O. Hume and W. Wedderburn, Cotton saw the future of India in the development of self-government in close connection with the Britain. These views formed the basis of the ideology of the moderate wing of the Congress, which domination in the late 19th century and early 20th century constituted an important stage in the development of the national liberation movement in India.
How a City Comes to a Village Through a Cemetery: Dynamics of the Funeral Practices of Western Siberia in the 20th - Early 21st Century
Authors: Mezhevikin I. V.
Published: October 2024

In modern science, the topic of the relationship between urban and rural in culture, the opposition of city and village, in-between phenomena and spheres, has been actualized. In this regard, it is interesting to study the infiltration of urban cultural samples, state initiatives to the areas that have long been within the framework of traditional culture, which were regulated by families and communities. On the one hand, during the 20th century. in Russia, the political system changes twice, on the other hand - in the middle of the century the economic order changes significantly, which leads to the emergence of new ritual specialists, the narrowing of the role of the family in the ritual and the appearance of new traditions. In Western Siberia, these big processes are superimposed on local specifics, forming local colorful solutions and ways of perceiving common practices. Field materials of ethnographic expeditions among the Russian population of Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk and the south of the Tyumen oblasts make it clear: how urban practices are implemented and interpreted by people in these territories. Villagers are telling about the formation of the system of consumer services combines, which actually was forerunners of the commercial funeral offices of Post-Soviet era. Elements of “Red Funeral” traditions were implemented to the rural tradition culture. Some features were eliminated out of ritual practices, cause the new institutes take main part in the burial rites. In general terms, we can say that this is how the movement of cultural samples occurs. Over time, the elite samples becomes widespread, the urban comes to rural.
Remembering the Tragic Days of Russia: Conference about the History of the Civil War in Omsk
Authors: Petin D. I. , Tishkina K. A.
Published: October 2024

The article is an analytical review of the work of the 4th international scientific and practical conference “Civil War in the East: a look through the documentary heritage”, held on October 20-21, 2021 in Omsk. It is one of the few ongoing thematic forums of this kind in Russia. The authors of this publication were included in the discussion platform. The review reflects the main milestones of the conference, its brief background, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the composition of the event participants. The thesis content of five key reports is given, which set the general tone for the further dialogue of the gathered specialists within the framework of the plenary session. The speakers unanimously pointed out the importance of such events, designed to preserve and form historical and cultural memory, popularizing knowledge about the past in an undistorted light. This is especially important today in the matter of patriotic work and education of the population. As the two-day discussion clearly demonstrated, the Civil War in Russia, and especially the “Siberian aspect” of events, can rightfully be called one of the most acute problems of modern Russian historiography, requiring a comprehensive academic study, including through the prism of the work of public history platforms, which was the last conference. The principles of consistency and determinism made it possible to present the results of the conference in an analytical manner, which is seen as a natural phenomenon of scientific and social life, which has a long reflection. The problem-chronological method in the preparation of the review has become the key, based on the genre features of the presentation. The review is addressed to a wide range of readers, including, first of all, researchers of the history of historical science, the events of the Civil War in the east of Russia, cultural anthropology, local history and commemoration practices.