bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced bone mineral density in men: Findings from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study
Authors: Roebuck Gregory , Mazzolini Michael , Mohebbi Mohammadreza , Pasco Julie A. , Stuart Amanda L. , Forbes Malcolm , Berk Michael , Williams Lana
Published: May 2023

Objective

Certain psychiatric disorders, including depression, appear to impact adversely on bone health. Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent but few studies have examined their effects on bone tissue. This study investigated the effect of anxiety disorders on bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods

This prospective cohort study used data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Participants were women and men aged ≥20 years randomly selected from the electoral roll and followed up for a mean of 14.7 and 11.0 years, respectively. Participants were assessed for a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV‐TR. BMD in the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

Eight hundred and ninety women and 785 men participated in the study. Adjusting for sociodemographic, biometric and lifestyle factors, medical comorbidities and medication use, anxiety disorders were associated with reduced BMD at the lumbar spine (partial η2 = 0.006; p = 0.018) and femoral neck (partial η2 = 0.006; p = 0.003) in men. These associations became non‐significant when men with a history of comorbid mood disorders were excluded from the analysis. There was no significant association between anxiety disorders and BMD in women (p ≥ 0.168).

Conclusions

Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced BMD in men. This effect may be mediated by comorbid depression.
Identifying genetic loci and phenomic associations of substance use traits: A multi‐trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) study
Authors: Xu Heng , Toikumo Sylvanus , Crist Richard C. , Glogowska Klaudia , Jinwala Zeal , Deak Joseph D. , Justice Amy C. , Gelernter Joel , Johnson Emma C. , Kranzler Henry R. , Kember Rachel L.
Published: May 2023

Background and Aims

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of opioid use disorder (OUD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) have lagged behind those of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and smoking, where many more loci have been identified. We sought to identify novel loci for substance use traits (SUTs) in both African‐ (AFR) and European‐ (EUR) ancestry individuals to enhance our understanding of the traits’ genetic architecture.

Design

We used multi‐trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) to analyze four SUTs in EUR subjects (OUD, CUD, AUD and smoking initiation [SMKinitiation]), and three SUTs in AFR subjects (OUD, AUD and smoking trajectory [SMKtrajectory]). We conducted gene‐set and protein–protein interaction analyses and calculated polygenic risk scores (PRS) in two independent samples.

Setting

This study was conducted in the United States.

Participants

A total of 5692 EUR and 4918 AFR individuals in the Yale‐Penn sample and 29 054 EUR and 10 265 AFR individuals in the Penn Medicine BioBank sample.

Findings

MTAG identified genome‐wide significant (GWS) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for all four traits in EUR: 41 SNPs in 36 loci for OUD; 74 SNPs in 60 loci for CUD; 63 SNPs in 52 loci for AUD; and 183 SNPs in 144 loci for SMKinitiation. MTAG also identified GWS SNPs in AFR: 2 SNPs in 2 loci for OUD; 3 SNPs in 3 loci for AUD; and 1 SNP in 1 locus for SMKtrajectory. In the Yale‐Penn sample, the MTAG‐derived PRS consistently yielded more significant associations with both the corresponding substance use disorder diagnosis and multiple related phenotypes than the GWAS‐derived PRS.

Conclusions

Multi‐trait analysis of genome‐wide association studies boosted the number of loci found for substance use traits, identifying genes not previously linked to any substance, and increased the power of polygenic risk scores. Multi‐trait analysis of genome‐wide association studies can be used to identify novel associations for substance use, especially those for which the samples are smaller than those for historically legal substances.
Drinking motives, personality traits and life stressors—identifying pathways to harmful alcohol use in adolescence using a panel network approach
Authors: Freichel René , Pfirrmann Janine , Cousijn Janna , de Jong Peter , Franken Ingmar , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun L. W. , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Grigis Antoine , Garavan Hugh , Heinz Andreas , Martinot Jean‐Luc , Martinot Marie‐Laure Paillère , Artiges Eric , Nees Frauke , Orfanos Dimitri Papadopoulos , Poustka Luise , Hohmann Sarah , Fröhner Juliane H. , Smolka Michael N. , Vaidya Nilakshi , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Walter Henrik , Veer Ilya M. , Wiers Reinout W. ,   IMAGEN Consortium
Published: May 2023

Background and aims

Models of alcohol use risk suggest that drinking motives represent the most proximal risk factors on which more distal factors converge. However, little is known about how distinct risk factors influence each other and alcohol use on different temporal scales (within a given moment versus over time). We aimed to estimate the dynamic associations of distal (personality and life stressors) and proximal (drinking motives) risk factors, and their relationship to alcohol use in adolescence and early adulthood using a novel graphical vector autoregressive (GVAR) panel network approach.

Design, setting and cases

We estimated panel networks on data from the IMAGEN study, a longitudinal European cohort study following adolescents across three waves (aged 16, 19 and 22 years). Our sample consisted of 1829 adolescents (51% females) who reported alcohol use on at least one assessment wave.

Measurements

Risk factors included personality traits (NEO‐FFI: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness; SURPS: impulsivity and sensation‐seeking), stressful life events (LEQ: sum scores of stressful life events), and drinking motives [drinking motives questionnaire (DMQ): social, enhancement, conformity, coping anxiety and coping depression]. We assessed alcohol use [alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): quantity and frequency] and alcohol‐related problems (AUDIT: related problems).

Findings

Within a given moment, social [partial correlation (pcor) = 0.17] and enhancement motives (pcor = 0.15) co‐occurred most strongly with drinking quantity and frequency, while coping depression motives (pcor = 0.13), openness (pcor = 0.05) and impulsivity (pcor = 0.09) were related to alcohol‐related problems. The temporal network showed no predictive associations between distal risk factors and drinking motives. Social motives (beta = 0.21), previous alcohol use (beta = 0.11) and openness (beta = 0.10) predicted alcohol‐related problems over time (all P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Heavy and frequent alcohol use, along with social drinking motives, appear to be key targets for preventing the development of alcohol‐related problems throughout late adolescence. We found no evidence for personality traits and life stressors predisposing towards distinct drinking motives over time.
Hyperoside alleviates postmenopausal osteoporosis via regulating miR‐19a‐5p/IL‐17A axis
Authors: An Hongqiang , Chu Chu , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Yunhong , Wei Ran , Wang Bin , Xu Ke , Li Lihua , Liu Yonglin , Li Gang , Li Xia
Published: May 2023

Problem

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a common osteoporosis. Hyperoside (Hyp), a natural flavonoid compound, has anti‐osteoporotic effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Inflammatory cytokine IL‐17A is upregulated in PMO and plays vital roles in bone loss, but the upstream regulatory factors and mechanisms are still unknown.

Method of study

Twenty PMO patients and 20 healthy control subjects were included to analyze IL‐17A expression changes and screen dys‐regulated miRNAs in the peripheral blood of PMO patients. miR‐19a‐5p mimics and inhibitor were transfected into RAW264.7 osteoclasts, and injected into bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) mice to explore the regulatory effect of miR‐19a‐5p on IL‐17A. OVX mice were randomly grouped and treated with different doses of Hyp to uncover the effective targets for the medicine in PMO disease.

Results

MiR‐19a‐5p was downregulated in PMO patients and the expression level was negatively correlated with that of IL‐17A. miR‐19a‐5p could directly bind to the 3′UTR of IL‐17A and regulate its expression. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that miR‐19a‐5p mimics decreased the expression of IL‐17A, RANK and Cathepsin K, while miR‐19a‐5p inhibitor significantly increased the expression of IL‐17A, RANK, and Cathepsin K. Importantly, the Hyp could improve bone structure of OVX mice by enhancing miR‐19a‐5p‐mediated IL‐17A downregulation.

Conclusion

Overall, these data demonstrated that miR‐19a‐5p/IL‐17A axis might serve as novel therapeutic candidate for PMO. Hyp could relieve bone resorption by targeting the miR‐19a‐5p/IL‐17A axis in OVX mice and exhibited prospective for the treatment of PMO.
The digital child: A cross‐sectional survey study on the access to electronic devices in paediatrics
Authors: Cerimoniale Giovanni , Dalpiaz Irene , Becherucci Paolo , Malorgio Emanuela , Ceschin Flavia , Rosati Giovanni Vitali , Ragni Giuseppina , Minardo Grazia , Brambilla Paolo , Gambotto Silvia , Bottaro Gaetano , Tucci Pier Luigi , Chiappini Elena ,   Scientific Working Group of Italian Society of Paediatric Primary Care
Published: May 2023

Aim

To explore the use of electronic devices in children and possible risk factors for smartphone ownership and cyberbullying.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey study was conducted involving 62 Italian general paediatricians who administered a close‐ended questionnaire about the use of electronic devices to 1732 parents/caregivers.

Results

Data of 2563 children aged 0–14 years were collected. Investigating the electronic device use by parents/caregivers of children aged 0–1 years, 72.5% of mothers were revealed to have the habit to use a smartphone during breastfeeding and bottle‐feeding. The ownership of a smartphone was found in 29.5% of children aged 2–14 years, 68.1% considering only children aged 10–14. A higher parental degree level was identified as a protective factor for smartphone ownership by children (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.36–0.98; p = 0.04 for father; OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.33–0.78; p = 0.002 for mother). A higher risk of cyberbullying was found when caregivers did not use any restrictions on smartphone use (OR 11.92; 95% CI 3.41–41.68; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The absence of rules for smartphone use represents a risk factor for cyberbullying. In this context, the general paediatrician might play an important role in helping parents/caregivers and their children adopt safer use of electronic devices.
Standardization of pure laparoscopic extended cholecystectomy with en‐bloc lymphadenectomy of the hepatoduodenal ligament for gallbladder cancers
Authors: Umemura Akira , Nitta Hiroyuki , Katagiri Hirokatsu , Sasaki Akira
Published: May 2023

Background

Application of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) for gallbladder cancers (GBC) has been approved by the Japanese national health insurance system since 2022. However, there are few reports describing LLR techniques for GBCs. We herein report pure laparoscopic extended cholecystectomy with en‐bloc lymphadenectomy of the hepatoduodenal ligament for clinical T2 GBC patients.

Materials and Surgical Technique

We performed this procedure for five clinical T2 GBC patients from September 2019 to September 2022. Under general anesthesia and usual set‐up for LLR, the caudal line of the hepatoduodenal ligament is transected and the lesser omentum is opened. The right and left hepatic arteries are skeletonized and taped while dissected lymph nodes being dissected toward the hilar side. Then, the common bile duct is taped and the portal vein dissecting the lymph nodes toward the gallbladder. After completing skeletonization of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the cystic duct and the cystic artery are clipped and divided. Hepatic parenchymal transection is performed employing Pringle's maneuver and crush‐clamp technique, the same as usual LLR. We perform gallbladder bed resection with surgical margin of 2–3 cm from the gallbladder bed. The mean operating time and blood loss were 151 minutes and 46.4 mL, respectively. There was one case of bile leakage requiring endoscopic stent placement.

Discussion

We successfully established pure laparoscopic extended cholecystectomy with en‐bloc lymphadenectomy of the hepatoduodenal ligament for clinical T2 GBC.
Common mechanisms of physiological and pathological rupture events in biology: novel insights into mammalian ovulation and beyond
Authors: Zaniker Emily J. , Babayev Elnur , Duncan Francesca E.
Published: May 2023

Ovulation is a cyclical biological rupture event fundamental to fertilisation and endocrine function. During this process, the somatic support cells that surround the germ cell undergo a remodelling process that culminates in breakdown of the follicle wall and release of a mature egg. Ovulation is driven by known proteolytic and inflammatory pathways as well as structural alterations to the follicle vasculature and the fluid‐filled antral cavity. Ovulation is one of several types of systematic remodelling that occur in the human body that can be described as rupture. Although ovulation is a physiological form of rupture, other types of rupture occur in the human body which can be pathological, physiological, or both. In this review, we use intracranial aneurysms and chorioamniotic membrane rupture as examples of rupture events that are pathological or both pathological and physiological, respectively, and compare these to the rupture process central to ovulation. Specifically, we compared existing transcriptomic profiles, immune cell functions, vascular modifications, and biomechanical forces to identify common processes that are conserved between rupture events. In our transcriptomic analysis, we found 12 differentially expressed genes in common among two different ovulation data sets and one intracranial aneurysm data set. We also found three genes that were differentially expressed in common for both ovulation data sets and one chorioamniotic membrane rupture data set. Combining analysis of all three data sets identified two genes (Angptl4 and Pfkfb4) that were upregulated across rupture systems. Some of the identified genes, such as Rgs2, Adam8, and Lox, have been characterised in multiple rupture contexts, including ovulation. Others, such as Glul, Baz1a, and Ddx3x, have not yet been characterised in the context of ovulation and warrant further investigation as potential novel regulators. We also identified overlapping functions of mast cells, macrophages, and T cells in the process of rupture. Each of these rupture systems share local vasoconstriction around the rupture site, smooth muscle contractions away from the site of rupture, and fluid shear forces that initially increase and then decrease to predispose one specific region to rupture. Experimental techniques developed to study these structural and biomechanical changes that underlie rupture, such as patient‐derived microfluidic models and spatiotemporal transcriptomic analyses, have not yet been comprehensively translated to the study of ovulation. Review of the existing knowledge, transcriptomic data, and experimental techniques from studies of rupture in other biological systems yields a better understanding of the physiology of ovulation and identifies avenues for novel studies of ovulation with techniques and targets from the study of vascular biology and parturition.
Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction ameliorates traumatic brain injury‐induced gastrointestinal dysfunction by regulating CD36/15‐LO/NR4A1 signaling, which fails when CD36 and CX3CR1 are deficient
Authors: Wei Chunzhu , Zhu Feng , Yu Jintao , Gao Fei , Yuan Yuyi , Zhang Yanlong , Liu Xinjie , Chu Si , Cui Dandan , Fan Heng , Wang Wenzhu
Published: May 2023

Aims

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, as a common peripheral‐organ complication after traumatic brain injury (TBI), is primarily characterized by gut inflammation and damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB). Previous studies have confirmed that TongQiao HuoXue Decoction (TQHXD) has strong anti‐inflammatory properties and protects against gut injury. However, few have reported on the therapeutic effects of TQHXD in a TBI‐induced GI dysfunction model. We aimed to explore the effects of TQHXD on TBI‐induced GI dysfunction and the underlying mechanism thereof.

Methods

We assessed the protective effects and possible mechanism of TQHXD in treating TBI‐induced GI dysfunction via gene engineering, histological staining, immunofluorescence (IF), 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry (FCM).

Results

TQHXD administration ameliorated TBI‐induced GI dysfunction by modulating the abundance and structure of bacteria; reconstructing the destroyed epithelial and chemical barriers of the IMB; and improving M1/M2 macrophage, T‐regulatory cell (Treg)/T helper 1 cell (Th1), as well as Th17/Treg ratios to preserve homeostasis of the intestinal immune barrier. Notably, Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36)/15‐lipoxygenase (15‐LO)/nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) signaling was markedly stimulated in colonic tissue of TQHXD‐treated mice. However, insufficiency of both CD36 and (C‐X3‐C motif) chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) worsened GI dysfunction induced by TBI, which could not be rescued by TQHXD.

Conclusion

TQHXD exerted therapeutic effects on TBI‐induced GI dysfunction by regulating the intestinal biological, chemical, epithelial, and immune barriers of the IMB, and this effect resulted from the stimulation of CD36/NR4A1/15‐LO signaling; however, it could not do so when CX3CR1 and CD36 were deficient. TQHXD might therefore be a potential drug candidate for treating TBI‐induced GI dysfunction.
Expression and correlation of the Pi3k/Akt pathway and VEGF in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Lin Yanan , Jiang Yueying , Xian Haiyu , Cai Xiaoxiao , Wang Tao
Published: May 2023

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has a high incidence in Asia countries, but its underlying molecular mechanism was not exploited completely. In this research, we investigated the expression of the phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase (Pi3k)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in oral submucosal fibrosis, explore the correlation between the Pi3k/Akt pathway and VEGF, and identify the mechanisms involved in OSF. The pathological changes and fibrosis stages of OSF tissues (n = 30, 10 each of early, moderate and advanced OSF) were determined using Haematoxylin–eosin staining (HE) and Masson staining, respectively. Collagen type I (Col‐I), Pi3k, Akt, VEGF, TGF‐β and p‐Akt expression was detected using immunohistochemistry, qPCR and WB. The correlation between Pi3k, Akt and VEGF was analysed. Col‐I expression increased as OSF progressed. However, their expression was downregulated in normal and moderate to advanced OSF tissues. VEGF expression positively correlated with Pi3k and Akt expression. VEGF expression correlated positively and negatively with the Pi3k inhibitor, LY294002 below and above a concentration of 10 μM, respectively. VEGF expression correlated positively with the Pi3k/Ak activator, IGF‐1. Due to the synergistic effect between Pi3k/Akt pathway and VEGF on OSF lesions and fibrosis process, targeted Pi3k/Akt pathway regulation can induce VEGF expression and improve ischemia, ultimately treating OSF.
Incidence and predictors of remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan: Analysis of a nationwide patient registry (JDDM73)
Authors: Fujihara Kazuya , Khin Laymon , Murai Koshiro , Yamazaki Yurie , Tsuruoka Kahori , Yagyuda Noriko , Yamazaki Katsuya , Maegawa Hiroshi , Tanaka Shiro , Kodama Satoru , Sone Hirohito ,   JDDM Study Group
Published: May 2023

Aims

To determine the incidence of remission and 1‐year relapse from remission and associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

A total of 48 320 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥18 years, with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) and/or glucose‐lowering drug prescription, were identified from databases of specialist clinics from 1989 and followed until September 2022. Remission was defined as HbA1c <48 mmol/mol at least 3 months after cessation of a glucose‐lowering drug. Relapse was defined as failure to maintain remission for 1 year. Factors associated with remission and relapse were evaluated by logistic regression analysis.

Results

The overall incidence of remissions per 1000 person‐years was 10.5, and for those with HbA1c levels of 48 to 53 mmol/mol (6.5% to 6.9%), those taking no glucose‐lowering drugs at baseline, and those with a ≥10% body mass index (BMI) reduction in 1 year, it was 27.8, 21.7 and 48.2, respectively. Shorter duration, lower baseline HbA1c, higher baseline BMI, higher BMI reduction at 1 year, and no glucose‐lowering drugs at baseline were significantly associated with remission. Among 3677 persons with remission, approximately two‐thirds (2490) relapsed within 1 year. Longer duration, lower BMI at baseline, and lower BMI reduction at 1 year were significantly associated with relapse.

Conclusions

The results showed that the incidence of remission and predictors of relapse, especially baseline BMI, might differ greatly between East Asian and Western populations. Furthermore, the relationships of BMI reduction with remission and relapse may be greater in East Asian than in Western populations, implying ethnic differences in returning from overt hyperglycaemia to nearly normal glucose levels.
Widespread seafloor anoxia during generation of the Ediacaran Shuram carbon isotope excursion
Authors: Ostrander Chadlin M. , Bjerrum Christian J. , Ahm Anne‐Sofie C. , Stenger Simon R. , Bergmann Kristin D. , El‐Ghali Mohamed A. K. , Harthi Abdul R. , Aisri Zayana , Nielsen Sune G.
Published: May 2023

Reconstructing the oxygenation history of Earth's oceans during the Ediacaran period (635 to 539 million years ago) has been challenging, and this has led to a polarizing debate about the environmental conditions that played host to the rise of animals. One focal point of this debate is the largest negative inorganic C‐isotope excursion recognized in the geologic record, the Shuram excursion, and whether this relic tracks the global‐scale oxygenation of Earth's deep oceans. To help inform this debate, we conducted a detailed geochemical investigation of two siliciclastic‐dominated successions from Oman deposited through the Shuram Formation. Iron speciation data from both successions indicate formation beneath an intermittently anoxic local water column. Authigenic thallium (Tl) isotopic compositions leached from both successions are indistinguishable from bulk upper continental crust (ε205TlA ≈ −2) and, by analogy with modern equivalents, likely representative of the ancient seawater ε205Tl value. A crustal seawater ε205Tl value requires limited manganese (Mn) oxide burial on the ancient seafloor, and by extension widely distributed anoxic sediment porewaters. This inference is supported by muted redox‐sensitive element enrichments (V, Mo, and U) and consistent with some combination of widespread (a) bottom water anoxia and (b) high sedimentary organic matter loading. Contrary to a classical hypothesis, our interpretations place the Shuram excursion, and any coeval animal evolutionary events, in a predominantly anoxic global ocean.
Exploring the anti‐α‐amylase activity of flavonoid aglycones in fabaceae plant extracts: a combined MALDI‐TOF‐MS and LC–MS/MS approach
Authors: Filimonova Svetlana M. , Melnikov Evgeniy S. , Kaufmann Jan O. , Shchepochkina Olga Yu , Eremin Sergei A. , Gravel Irina V. , Raysyan Anna
Published: May 2023

A combination of TLC‐bioautography, MALDI‐TOF‐MS and LC–MS/MS methods was used to identify flavonoids with anti‐α‐amylase activity in extracts of Lathyrus pratensis L. (herb), L. polyphillus L. (fruits), Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. (herb) and S. japonica L. (buds). After the TLC‐autobiography assay, substances with anti‐amylase activity were identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS followed by confirmation of the result by LC–MS/MS. Results of the study revealed that the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, formononetin, genistein and kaempferol display marked anti‐α‐amylase activity. Formononetin showed the largest activity. Compared with LC–MS/MS, MALDI‐TOF‐MS is a quick and convenient method; results can be obtained within minutes; and only minor sample amounts are required which allows us to analyse mixtures of substances without preliminary separation. However, the inability to distinguish between isomers is the main limitation of the method.
Enhanced late positive potential to conditioned threat cue during delayed extinction in anxious youth
Authors: Klein Zohar , Shner‐Livne Gil , Danon‐Kraun Shani , Ginat‐Frolich Rivkah , Pine Daniel S. , Shechner Tomer
Published: May 2023

Background

Deficits in threat learning relate to anxiety symptoms. Since several anxiety disorders arise in adolescence, impaired adolescent threat learning could contribute to adolescent changes in risk for anxiety. This study compared threat learning among anxious and non‐anxious youth using self‐reports, peripheral psychophysiology measures, and event‐related potentials. Because exposure therapy, the first‐line treatment for anxiety disorders, is largely based on principles of extinction learning, the study also examined the link between extinction learning and treatment outcomes among anxious youth.

Methods

Clinically anxious (n = 28) and non‐anxious (n = 33) youth completed differential threat acquisition and immediate extinction. They returned to the lab a week later to complete a threat generalization test and a delayed extinction task. Following these two experimental visits, anxious youth received exposure therapy for 12 weeks.

Results

Anxious as compared to non‐anxious youth demonstrated elevated cognitive and physiological responses across acquisition and immediate extinction learning, as well as greater threat generalization. In addition, anxious youth showed enhanced late positive potential response to the conditioned threat cue compared to the safety cue during delayed extinction. Finally, aberrant neural response during delayed extinction was associated with poorer treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

The study emphasizes differences between anxious and non‐anxious youth in threat learning processes and provides preliminary support for a link between neural processing during delayed extinction and exposure‐based treatment outcome in pediatric anxiety.
Mesoscale standing wave imaging
Authors: Foylan Shannan , Schniete Jana Katharina , Kölln Lisa Sophie , Dempster John , Hansen Carsten Gram , Shaw Michael , Bushell Trevor John , McConnell Gail
Published: May 2023

Standing wave (SW) microscopy is a method that uses an interference pattern to excite fluorescence from labelled cellular structures and produces high‐resolution images of three‐dimensional objects in a two‐dimensional dataset. SW microscopy is performed with high‐magnification, high‐numerical aperture objective lenses, and while this results in high‐resolution images, the field of view is very small. Here we report upscaling of this interference imaging method from the microscale to the mesoscale using the Mesolens, which has the unusual combination of a low‐magnification and high‐numerical aperture. With this method, we produce SW images within a field of view of 4.4 mm × 3.0 mm that can readily accommodate over 16,000 cells in a single dataset. We demonstrate the method using both single‐wavelength excitation and the multi‐wavelength SW method TartanSW. We show application of the method for imaging of fixed and living cells specimens, with the first application of SW imaging to study cells under flow conditions.
Comparison of conventional and consumer‐based sensory profiling methods for ready‐to‐drink coffee beverages
Authors: Yoon Gyeonghye , Kwak Han Sub , Heo JeongAe , Lee Youngseung
Published: May 2023

With the extensive advancement of rapid descriptive methodologies as alternatives to conventional descriptive analysis (DA), various consumer‐based methodologies have been recently introduced. The present study aimed to compare three consumer‐based methodologies for sensory characterization (check‐all‐that‐apply [CATA], flash profile [FP], and free listing [FL]) as alternatives to DA, using six ready‐to‐drink coffee beverages. DA was performed with 10 trained panelists, whereas each consumer evaluation was conducted with 70 untrained consumers. The consumer methodologies were in good agreement with DA for profiling differences in consumer perception of the samples' sensory attributes, showing high regression vector (Rv) values (>0.9). Although FP was the most similar to DA (Rv = 0.936), it had a long evaluation time and high tediousness, whereas the CATA and FL methods were shorter and less tedious. FP and FL could spontaneously reflect consumer perceptions, while CATA has the advantages of being a simple and versatile method for evaluating consumer perception. Considering the unique benefits of each method, these consumer‐based methodologies could be viable alternatives to DA.

Practical Applications

This study indicates that CATA, FP, and FL methods could be good alternatives to DA for profiling differences in consumer perception of sensory attributes for ready‐to‐drink coffee beverages with medium–large sensory differences. With unique feature of each method, these consumer‐based methods would be of benefit to the coffee industry to get rapid consumer perception for the sensory description of ready‐to‐drink coffee beverages.
Corrigendum: Error bounds and asymptotic expansions for Toeplitz product functionals of unbounded spectra
Authors: Takabatake Tetsuya
Published: May 2023

We investigate error orders for integral limit approximations to traces of products of Toeplitz matrices generated by integrable functions on having some singularities at the origin. Even though a sharp error order of the above approximation is derived in Theorem 2 of Lieberman and Phillips (2004, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 25(5) 733–753), its proof contains an inaccuracy. In the present article, we reinvestigate error orders of the above trace approximation problem and rigorously validate the sharp error order derived in Lieberman and Phillips (2004, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 25(5) 733–753).
Paediatric porto‐sinusoidal vascular disease: Two different clinical phenotypes with subtle histological differences
Authors: Di Giorgio Angelo , Matarazzo Lorenza , Sonzogni Aurelio , Nicastro Emanuele , Pietrobattista Andrea , Cananzi Mara , Gaio Paola , Sciveres Marco , Di Leo Grazia , Iorio Raffaele , Marseglia Antonio , Carioli Greta , Maggiore Giuseppe , Guido Maria , D'Antiga Lorenzo
Published: May 2023

Background and Aims

In paediatrics, porto‐sinusoidal vascular disease (PSVD) is relatively unknown and probably underdiagnosed. We aimed to describe clinical phenotypes, histology and outcome of children diagnosed with PSVD.

Methods

Retrospective multicentre study of children diagnosed with PSVD. Diagnosis of PSVD was based on histopathology reports; liver specimens were re‐evaluated by two expert liver pathologists.

Results

Sixty two children diagnosed with PSVD (M/F = 36/26, median age 6.6 years, range 3.3–10.6), from 7 centres, were included. Thirty‐six presented with non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension, PH, (PH‐PSVD Group = 58%) while 26 had a liver biopsy because of chronic elevation of transaminases without PH (noPH‐PSVD Group = 42%). On histology review, the two groups differed for the prevalence of obliterative portal venopathy (more prevalent in PH‐PSVD, p = 0.005), and hypervascularised portal tracts (more common in noPH‐PSVD, p = 0.039), the other histological changes were equally distributed. At multivariate analysis, platelet count ≤185 000/mm3 was the only independent determinant of PH (p < 0.001). After a median follow‐up of 7 years (range 3.0–11.2), in PH‐PSVD group 3/36 (8%) required TIPS placement, 5/36 (14%) developed pulmonary vascular complications of PH, and 7/36 (19%) required liver transplantation. In noPH‐PSVD none progressed to PH nor had complications.

Conclusions

Paediatric patients with PSVD present with two different clinical phenotypes, one characterised by PH and one by chronic elevation of transaminases without PH. PSVD should be included among the conditions causing isolated hypertransaminasaemia. On histology, the differences between the two groups are subtle. Medium‐term outcome is favourable in patients without PH; progression of the disease is observed in those with PH.
Beyond positivism and interpretivism: An invitation to political competency in nursing
Authors: Bernardino Gilbert Jr De Los Santos
Published: May 2023

In this paper, the sociopolitical status of nurses in the Philippines is examined. The importance of nursing research in identifying the many elements that contribute to inequality among nurses is critical in the face of these problems. The positivist and interpretivist perspectives, however, have limitations that could potentially perpetuate the many forms of inequality that already exist. The idea of political competency is introduced in this tension. A critical grasp of the elements that contribute to structural inequalities and a commitment to bringing about positive social changes make political competency a potential supplement to the limitations of critical theory.
Whither nursing philosophy: Past, present and future
Authors: Holt Janet
Published: May 2023

A version of this paper was given as the Inaugural Steven Edwards Memorial Lecture at the 25th conference of the International Philosophy of Nursing Society 16th August 2022. Using the literary meaning of ‘whither’, that is ‘to what place’, this paper will explore the role of philosophy in nursing, past, present, and future. The paper will begin with some thoughts on the history of nursing philosophy, its development as a subject and the scholarly activities that have led to where it sits today. The establishment of the journal Nursing Philosophy, the Annual Nursing Philosophy Conference, the International Philosophy of Nursing Society (IPONS) and their influence on nursing both in the academy and in practice will be discussed. The concept of nursing philosophy as a discipline will be considered, and how this fits with nursing theory, and nursing knowledge. Philosophical questions central to understanding contemporary nursing in a globalised world will be explored and the use of analytical philosophy and philosophical method in addressing such questions. The paper will conclude by looking to the future; what the role of philosophy might be in shaping nursing as a discipline and in the preparation of future practitioners.
Utilising natural diversity of kinases to rationally engineer interactions with the angiosperm immune receptor ZAR1
Authors: Diplock Nathan , Baudin Maël , Harden Leslie , Silva Christopher J. , Erickson‐Beltran Melissa L. , Hassan Jana A. , Lewis Jennifer D.
Published: May 2023

The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ‐ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) recognises the activity of diverse pathogen effector proteins by monitoring the ZED1‐related kinase (ZRK) family. Understanding how ZAR1 achieves interaction specificity for ZRKs may allow for the expansion of the ZAR1‐kinase recognition repertoire to achieve novel pathogen recognition outside of model species. We took advantage of the natural diversity of Arabidopsis thaliana kinases to probe the ZAR1‐kinase interaction interface and found that A. thaliana ZAR1 (AtZAR1) can interact with most ZRKs, except ZRK7. We found evidence of alternative splicing of ZRK7, resulting in a protein that can interact with AtZAR1. Despite high sequence conservation of ZAR1, interspecific ZAR1‐ZRK pairings resulted in the autoactivation of cell death. We showed that ZAR1 interacts with a greater diversity of kinases than previously thought, while still possessing the capacity for specificity in kinase interactions. Finally, using AtZAR1‐ZRK interaction data, we rationally increased ZRK10 interaction strength with AtZAR1, demonstrating the feasibility of the rational design of a ZAR1‐interacting kinase. Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the rules governing ZAR1 interaction specificity, with promising future directions for expanding ZAR1 immunodiversity.
Revisiting the role of MAPK signalling pathway in plants and its manipulation for crop improvement
Authors: Manna Mrinalini , Rengasamy Balakrishnan , Sinha Alok Krishna
Published: May 2023

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important signalling event associated with every aspect of plant growth, development, yield, abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. Being a central metabolic pathway, it is a vital target for manipulation for crop improvement. In this review, we have summarised recent advancements in understanding involvement of MAPK signalling in modulating abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, architecture and yield of plants. MAPK signalling cross talks with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling events in bringing about abiotic stress adaptation in plants. The intricate involvement of MAPK pathway with plant's pathogen defence ability has also been identified. Further, recent research findings point towards participation of MAPK signalling in shaping plant architecture and yield. These make MAPK pathway an important target for crop improvement and we discuss here various strategies to tweak MAPK signalling components for designing future crops with improved physiology and phenotypes.
Focused true–true counterfactuals
Authors: Fan Da
Published: May 2023

Any counterfactual with a true antecedent and a true consequent is invariably predicted to be true by the standard Stalnaker–Lewis semantics. But many such true–true counterfactuals appear false to ordinary speakers, which is considered by many authors as evidence that the standard semantics should be revised. However, Walters and Williams prove that allowing true–true counterfactuals to be false would unacceptably invalidate some very plausible logical principles. The objective of this paper is to provide a pragmatic account of seemingly false true–true counterfactuals, which explains why such counterfactuals seem false to ordinary speakers while being true semantically. In particular, a pluralistic pragmatic account is pursued: I argue that some true–trues seem false because they conversationally implicate some falsehood, and some others seem false because the focus (intonation stress) involved in them invokes some pragmatic re‐interpretation that affects speakers' truth‐value judgments.
Assessing the impact of successive soil cultivation on Meloidogyne enterolobii infection and soil bacterial assemblages
Authors: Pasche Josephine M. , Brito Janete A. , Vallad Gary E. , Brawner Jeremy , Snyder Samantha L. , Fleming Ellen A. , Yang Jingya , Terra Willian C. , Martins Samuel J.
Published: May 2023

Soil cultivation may change the soil microbiome and alter interactions between plants and parasites. This work aimed to evaluate temporal changes in plant health, soil microbiome abundance and incidence of the emergent plant‐parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii, in two soil fields with different agricultural uses. Soil samples were collected from a commercial tomato production field (agricultural soil) and a single‐cultivation strawberry field (native soil) for two successive years. Tomato plants cv. Early Girl were grown in a greenhouse, and three groups of inoculums were used: Fusarium only, M. enterolobii only and Fusarium + M. enterolobii. After 45 days, plants were evaluated for growth parameters and nematode reproduction and soil bacterial assemblages were assessed using cultivation‐independent sequencing methods (V3/V4 region of the 16S rRNA). Among both soil types, the average root fresh weight increased (56%), along with shoot fresh weight (82%) and fruit fresh weight (76%) in the second year. Moreover, there was an 80.5% decrease in eggs present per root system from the first year to the second. The relative abundance of bacterial assemblages from Year 1 to Year 2 changed for most of the top phyla (e.g., Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi) and genera (e.g., Bacillus, Streptomyces and Flavisolibacter). This study suggests that soil management and year‐to‐year variation can lead to a shift in overall bacterial assemblages, better crop yield and an overall decrease in nematode reproduction.
Understanding the globalization‐crisis linkage: A “differenced” approach
Authors: Jarrett Uchechukwu , Mohtadi Hamid
Published: May 2023

The recent string of adverse global shocks (financial crisis, trade war, COVID‐19, Ukraine war) poses a potential challenge to the well‐known welfare enhancing effects of globalization, necessitating a better understanding of the longer run globalization‐crisis linkage as opposed to its shorter run effects. Focusing on the Great Recession, we discover an evolving role of trade and financial openness from one that propagates and deepens the negative effects of crises to one that confirms its well‐established contributions. Key to this is generating counterfactual output for open countries as if they were closed and examining the comparative impact of the crisis.
Return to sports following lower limb musculoskeletal tumor surgery—A systematic review
Authors: Buldu Metin Tolga , Sacchetti Federico , Yasen Adam T. , Furtado Sherron , Parisi Veronica , Gerrand Craig
Published: May 2023

Background

Survivors of primary malignant musculoskeletal tumors often face long‐term disability. Clinicians at present are unable to provide evidence‐based advice about returning to sports, which is important for active patients.

Purposes

Identify patients returning to sports.

Describe the sporting activities in which patients participate.

Identify the outcome measures used to assess return to sport.

Identify barriers preventing return to sports.

Study design

Systematic review.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify relevant studies combining the following concepts: (1) Bone/Soft tissue tumor, (2) Lower limb, (3) Surgical interventions, and (4) Sports. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria with the consensus of three authors (MTB, FS, and CG).

Results

Twenty‐two studies were selected, published between 1985 and 2020, including 1005 patients. Fifteen of the 22 studies had valid data on return to sports, with 705 participants, of which 412 (58.4%) returned to some form of sport such as swimming and cycling, at a mean follow‐up period of 7.6 years. Four studies directly compared limb sparing surgery and amputation; none of these were able to identify a difference in sports participation or ability.

Conclusion

There is insufficient published research to provide guidance for patients with respect to return to sports following musculoskeletal tumors. Future prospective studies are needed to collect better pre‐ and post‐treatment data at multiple time intervals. Validated clinical and patient sports participation outcomes such as type of sports, level, frequency, and validated sports‐specific outcome scores should be recorded. In particular, more comparison between limb sparing surgery and amputation would be welcome.
Examining links between affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and peer relationships at the transition to school
Authors: Fink Elian , de Rosnay Marc
Published: May 2023

The current study aimed to (i) examine associations across features of affective and cognitive empathy, and (ii) explore their independent role for children's peer relationships at the transition to school. Affective empathy was measured using both observations of children's facial affect during an empathy‐eliciting event and dispositional affective empathy to peer distress via teacher report. Cognitive empathy was measured using an index of children's proclivity to engage in perspective taking when witnessing the distress of another. Children's theory of mind was also assessed given close links with cognitive empathy. Participants were 114 Australian children (Mage = 67 months, SD = 5 months) assessed across two sessions during their first year of formal schooling. Findings showed that features of children's affective and cognitive empathy were unrelated, but both showed independent associations with children's positive peer relationships (assessed via peer‐reported social preference and teacher‐rated peer social maturity). The current study provides support for the delineation between features of affective and cognitive empathy in early school‐age children, and the importance of understanding both affective and cognitive empathy for children's peer relationships at the transition to school. These findings have implications how we understand both the nature of empathy in childhood and the role it plays in supporting children's positive peer relationships.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*32:172 allele by next generation sequencing
Authors: Liacini Abdelhamid , Peters Lindsey , Mancini Shannon , Persidsky Yuri , Geier Steven
Published: May 2023

HLA‐A*32:172 differs from HLA‐A*32:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 1013, codon 314 located in exon 6.
The novel HLA‐B*14:118 allele characterized by two different sequencing‐based typing techniques
Authors: Jacques Alexandra , Dhuyser Adèle , Kennel Anne , Clément Sandra , Aarnink Alice
Published: May 2023

HLA‐B*14:118 differs from HLA‐B*14:93 by two non‐synonymous and one synonymous nucleotide substitution in exon 2.
The safety of rush immunotherapy in the management of canine atopic dermatitis—230 cases
Authors: Weitzer Tamara , Mueller Ralf
Published: May 2023

Background

The duration of the induction phase of allergen‐specific immunotherapy conventionally is a period of several weeks, during which the volume of an allergen solution, administered by injection, is gradually increased until the maintenance dose is reached. In rush immunotherapy (RIT), the induction period is abbreviated to achieve a faster improvement in clinical signs of atopic dermatitis (AD) compared to conventional immunotherapy.

Objective

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety of RIT in 230 dogs with AD and report any adverse effects (AE).

Animals

Two hundred thirty client‐owned dogs.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of dogs receiving RIT between 2012 and 2021 were analysed and observed AE were investigated. All dogs underwent RIT following a protocol of subcutaneous allergen extract injections, given hourly with an incrementally increasing volume from 0.1 to 1.0 mL.

Results

Adverse effects were documented in 6 of 230 (2.6%) dogs. Five of these dogs (2.2%) showed mild gastrointestinal signs (1 of 5 vomiting, 4 of 5 diarrhoea) and one patient an increase in body temperature by 1.5°C. These occurred at different stages of the RIT protocol. All AE were graded as mild and self‐limiting.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Based on these data, supervised RIT in dogs appears to be a safe procedure to achieve the maintenance dose of allergen immunotherapy earlier with infrequent and mild AE.