bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

The influence that racial ideology has on racial attitudes and racial consciousness in Cuba is shown throughout this project to be significant. Racial democracy in Cuba combines with socialist ideology to form a powerful racial ideology that is distinct to other Latin American societies that operate under the ideology of racial democracy. Throughout the decades of the revolution Fidel and Raúl Castro and the Cuban government have united belief in the revolution with belief in racial democracy, and as a result support of the revolution often correlates with the notion that racism is not a considerable problem in Cuba. State rhetoric and policy have promoted national identity and unity as supreme over racial identity, while claiming to have solved the problem of racism through socialist policies. The state also created a set of norms and an institutional framework that did not allow for the proliferation of alternate racial ideologies or information, barred the creation of any institution or organization that addressed race, and by creating institutions that addressed the needs of women, youth, and others created the philosophy that race was not a cleavage that mattered in revolutionary Cuba. Despite the ideological and political measures executed by the government, the presence of racism in Cuba cannot be denied and has, as supported by the data throughout this book, contributed to feelings of racial consciousness among black and ...
Choosing Battles in the Cold War
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses how two camps emerged among NGO leaders planning IWY activities. A small group of New York–based women focused its efforts on political equality and educational and economic opportunities for women, reflecting its US orientation. A larger, more diverse group centered in Geneva concentrated more on human rights, social justice issues such as racial discrimination and apartheid, and global disparities of wealth. These debates occurred against a backdrop of UN debates over economic sovereignty and the conflicts between Israel and its neighbors. As the United States increasingly served as a punching bag at the UN, the State Department began to see women’s rights as an arena where it might curry favor; it substantially increased the resources dedicated to IWY and supported calls for a UN-sponsored IWY conference to overshadow the planned NGO conference in East Berlin.
The Politics of Peace
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the IWY theme of “peace,” a catch-all term used for issues that the United States delegation preferred to keep off the agenda, such as nuclear disarmament, apartheid, racial discrimination, and national sovereignty. The charismatic Soviet Valentina Tereshkova attracted particular attention because of her celebrity as the first female cosmonaut. Discussions of peace fostered debates over whether women were naturally more pacifist than men as well as the importance of women’s roles in armed national liberation movements. Reporters and participants particularly followed the First Ladies Leah Rabin of Israel and Jehan Sadat of Egypt to see if they would greet each other in an effort to restore peace in the region.
¡Domitila a la Tribuna!
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

After Friday’s chaotic session, the United Women of the Tribune were determined to show that women could come together behind a core set of concerns, countering all the media representations of women fighting over microphones and exchanging barbs in press conferences. In an effort to counter the media image of women engaged in a “global catfight,” IWY tribune organizers staged a “unity panel” to showcase broad agreement on a range of issues. The plan backfired when Bolivian labor activist Domitila Barrios de Chungara confronted the panel chair, Mexican feminist Esperanza Brito de Martí, to insist that calls for unity were simply another form of imperialism.
Gradation, scales, and degree semantics
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

Since many modal expressions in English are overtly gradable, we need to understand gradability in general if we are to understand their semantics. This chapter introduces a number of core notions in the lexical and compositional semantics of gradable expressions, including the distinction between gradability and scalarity, key notions around adjective type and scale structure, and discusses some background issues such as the treatment of comparison classes and vagueness.
Measurement theory and the typology of scales
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

Most previous work on graded modality has relied on qualitative orderings, rather than degree semantics. This chapter introduces Representational Theory of Measurement (RTM), a framework which makes it possible to translate between qualitative and degree-based scales. I describe a way of using RTM to extend the compositional degree semantics introduced in chapter 1 to qualitative scales. English data are used to motivate the application of the RTM discussion between ordinal, interval, and ratio scales to scalar adjectives, with special attention to the kinds of statements that are semantically interpretable relative to different scale types. I also propose and motivate empirically a distinction between ‘additive’ and ‘intermediate’ scales, which interact differently with the algebraic join operation (realizing sum formation or disjunction, depending on the domain). This distinction is reflected in inferential properties of non-modal adjectives in English, and is also important for the analysis of graded modality in later chapters.
Previous work on graded modality: Lewis and Kratzer
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins the discussion of graded modality with a review of two influential previous accounts. Lewis’ qualitative theory of comparative goodness begins with an ordinal scale – like those discussed in chapter 2, but composed of propositions rather than individuals. Measurement-theoretic considerations reveal that Lewis’ semantics is inadequate on several fronts, including the interpretation of quantitative comparisons (much better than) and a problematic ‘maximax’ feature that Lewis himself identifies. Kratzer’s proposal – a modification of Lewis’ which extends the account to non-gradable modals and graded epistemics – is presented, along with a compositional implementation using tools developed in ch.2. This theory shares the problems of Lewis’ theory, and adds additional problems due to unified treatment of epistemic and deontic modals. While this unification is methodologically attractive, it is also empirically problematic because epistemic and deontic comparatives generate radically different validities in cases involving disjunction and subset reasoning.
Morphometrics, demographics, and genetic viability
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Morphometric data showed that southern Kalahari male cheetahs are larger than females and coalition males are larger than single males. Both tend to be smaller than cheetahs from other regions. The estimated density was 0.7 adult cheetahs/100 km2. Adult males were either single (43.2%) or in two-male (35.8%) or three-male (20.9%) coalitions. Only two out of seven two-male coalitions were full siblings. Litter sizes at birth and emergence were similar to those in the Serengeti, but age at independence and at first litter were older, and litter size at independence larger. Cub sex ratio was equal, but there was a predominance of males amongst adults. Age at death was 6.7 ± 2.1 years, and the oldest known animal died at 12 years of age. The most common cause of adult mortality, especially for males, was injuries inflicted by conspecifics or competitors. Genetic data showed a stable and genetically healthy population.
Prey selection and the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Small springbok lambs were killed more frequently than expected and large lambs and subadults in more or less expected proportions. Adults were killed less frequently than expected, although old animals, females in late pregnancy, and males were vulnerable. A similar selection process was observed in steenbok, except medium-sized lambs, not small lambs, were usually killed, and there was no selection for sex. Cheetah predation was found to have an important density-dependent regulatory role on these two species. Analyses of prey preference using Jacob’s index showed that springbok were the most preferred species, although their distribution was limited, and springhares the most important avoided species, despite their prevalence in solitary cheetahs’ kills. Examples of diet flexibility in the cheetah occurred during an eland influx into the study area, when coalition males killed a number of calves, and when an emaciated female took to preying on unpalatable bat-eared foxes.
The mating system
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Coalition formation in the cheetah is considered to enhance male reproductive success, although no evidence to support this was gleaned in this study. Females advertised oestrus by spray-urinating and often undertook extensive movements at this time. Additionally some evidence for mating rendezvous areas was obtained. Male cheetahs sometimes vocalized extensively when an oestrus female was in the vicinity, although females were not seen to respond. After coming together few copulations occur and often the female resented the presence of the male. Multiple paternities, but never from males of the same coalition, were found in 29% of litters. Interactions between males over oestrus females from different groups were often aggressive. DNA analyses of paternity revealed that successful mating was not skewed to a small number of males, and that single males sired relatively as many cubs as coalition males. Phylogenetic inertia may drive sociality in male cheetahs and other felids.
Epilogue
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

The main findings from the study, some of which have led to altering perceptions of cheetah biology, are summarized. It is hoped that this will highlight topics for future cheetah research in order to expand knowledge of the species and its role in biodiversity. Comparisons of cheetah ecology and behaviour have been made between the southern Kalahari and other landscapes, especially the Serengeti Plains. These areas are at extremes of the cheetah’s habitat range and therefore differences in the way it has adapted to the southern Kalahari compared with the Serengeti would be expected. The Serengeti Plains, with their vast herds of gazelle and extremely open landscape, might appear to be the ideal habitat for the cheetah. However, it is not that simple and, in some respects cheetahs perform better in the southern Kalahari than they do on the Serengeti Plains. Arid systems are clearly important cheetah habitat.
A Professional Novelist
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

In the 1960s, Snow’s cultural celebrity led to many trips to the United States and the Soviet Union. Much in demand as a lecturer on science and the humanities, Snow was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and at Wesleyan University. Resentful of her subordinated status as ‘Lady Snow’, Pamela nevertheless accompanied him on his travels. In the Soviet Union they were treated as honoured guests and enjoyed many visits to the dachas of leading Russian writers and intellectuals. Their support of Russian writers, however, led to attacks upon them as fellow-travellers. Pamela based her comic novel about American academic life on her time at Wesleyan University (Night and Silence, Who is Here?), and during the 1960s she became a regular and vibrant contributor to various BBC cultural programmes, primarily with the remit of reporting on current fiction.
The Orange Chair
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

After a lengthy correspondence beginning in September 1933 when twenty-one-year-old Pamela Hansford Johnson wrote to nineteen-year-old Dylan Thomas to congratulate him on winning a poetry prize, they finally met in the summer of 1934. When Thomas moved to London and gained fame as a promising young poet and his romantic involvement with Johnson ended, she followed his advice and turned from writing verse to writing fiction. His critiques of her poems were serious and stringent and they convinced her that she could never become a poet. Her first novel, This Bed Thy Centre, was greeted with shocked dismay since it dealt frankly with teenage sexuality and was set in a dingy South London neighbourhood.
Introduction
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Over the course of the eighteenth century, anatomical models were propelled to the forefront of the anatomical world. The Introduction highlights how anatomical models became important social, cultural, and political as well as medical tools. Moreover, it sheds light on what a microhistorical perspective can offer to the study of anatomical modelling and anatomical displays. On the one hand, it points to how such an approach allows us to appreciate the fluidity of meaning that characterized the early stages of anatomical modelling and the variety of actors, including makers, students, artists, and lay audiences, who were involved in its development. On the other hand, it situates anatomical modelling in the context of a complex world of social interaction that encompassed various domains, including artisanal, antiquarian, devotional, and medical cultures; patronage and commerce; the emerging phenomenon of celebrity; and the development of observational practices that were incidental to Grand Tour culture.
Prospero’s Tools
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1 considers the circumstances underpinning Pope Benedict XIV’s patronage of anatomy and anatomical modelling in Bologna and antiquarian display in Rome. It situates the pope’s support of anatomy in the wider context of his religious pursuits as an assessor of sanctity who saw in anatomy a powerful tool for identifying signs of holy embodiment. In particular, the chapter explores Lambertini’s patronage of anatomical modelling and practice in light of the role he attributed to anatomical knowledge in his major work on canonization, his De servorum Dei beatificatione et canonizatione beatorum (1734–8). While doing so, it construes Lambertini’s support for anatomy and anatomical displays against the broader historical canvas of post-Tridentine concerns about the cult of saints and relics, the authority of the pope, and the pontiff’s claims to jurisdiction over both the temporal and the spiritual realms.
Artificer and Connoisseur
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 follows the making and early viewing of the anatomy room at the Institute of the Sciences. The chapter focuses on the impressive career of Ercole Lelli (1702–1766), the Bolognese artificer and anatomical modeller who was in charge of its realization. It approaches the anatomy room as a multi-functional venue of anatomical pursuit and examines the variety of meanings associated with its models as well as its fashioning as a site for the training of the eye and the development of observational proficiency. Moreover, reconstructing Lelli’s manifold skills as an artisan and a broker, Chapter 2 examines how his involvement in the making of the anatomy room allowed Lelli to transform himself from harquebus maker into connoisseur. In particular, it investigates how Lelli relied on his manual and artisanal skills to act as a go-between across artisanal, anatomical, artistic, and antiquarian domains, ultimately fashioning himself as a connoisseur.
Epilogue
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

The Epilogue traces a shift in attitude towards anatomical modelling. In the mid-eighteenth century anatomical models had been praised for their capacity to defy time in the sense that they both resisted the body’s physical decay and promised to provide lasting and timeless sources of corporeal knowledge. However, by the end of the century changing attitudes towards notions of authenticity and techniques of production caused some to doubt earlier anatomical models’ capacity to produce and mediate knowledge about the body. Anatomical modelling continued to be regarded as a useful and promising medical technique. Yet, by the end of the eighteenth century the very models that only a few decades earlier had fuelled much interest among both practitioners and lay audiences, had already started to slip into obsolescence.
The semantics of demonyms in English
Authors: Roberts Michael
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the semantics of demonyms, as they are used in the English language, and demonstrates using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) that demonyms can be divided into a number of categories. Using ‘semantic templates’, it shows that the demonyms Germans, Queenslanders, and Londoners can be separated into categories based on their relationship to the semantic molecule ‘country’, and that without this semantic molecule, subtle differences in the use of the demonyms cannot be fully explained. For instance, corpus analysis reveals that the terms used refer to people from countries (Australians, Germans, Danes) do not occur with terms that refer to people from cities or town (Melbournians, Londoners, Parisians). Conceptually, people seem to understand that all demonyms are not the same, and that there are different types of demonyms. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying the types of demonyms, by exploring both their use and their semantic characteristics.
The Lazy Universe
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Action and the Principle of Least Action are explained: what Action is, why the Principle of Least Action works, why it underlies all physics, and what are the insights gained into energy, space, and time. The physical and mathematical origins of the Lagrange Equations, Hamilton’s Equations, the Lagrangian, the Hamiltonian, and the Hamilton-Jacobi Equation are shown. Also, worked examples in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics are given. However the aim is to explain physics rather than to give a technical mastery of the subject. Therefore, much of the mathematics is in the appendices. While there is still some mathematics in the main text, the reader may select whether to work through, skim-read, or skip over it: the “story-line” will just about be maintained whatever route is chosen. The work is a much-reduced and simplified version of the outstanding text, “The Variational Principles of Mechanics” written by Cornelius Lanczos in 1949. That work is barely known today, and the present work may be considered as a tiny stepping-stone toward it. A principle that underlies all of physics will have wider repercussions; it is also to be appreciated in an aesthetic sense. It is hoped that this book will lead the reader to the widest possible understanding of the Principle of Least Action. Ideas such as Variational Mechanics, phase space, Fermat’s Principle, and Noether’s Theorem are explained.
Antecedents
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Early ideas about optimization principles were brought in by an eclectic group of extraordinary thinkers: the Ancients (Hero, and Princess Dido), Fermat with his Principle of Least Time, the Bernoullis, Leibniz, Maupertuis, Euler, and d’Alembert. Also, Stevin was the first to invoke the impossibility of perpetual motion in a proof, and Huygens was the first to put Galilean Relativity to a quantitative test. The Swiss family of mathematical geniuses, the Bernoullis, tackled isoperimetric problems, such as the brachystochrone, and Johann Bernoulli discovered the Principle of Virtual Velocities. The flavour of the eighteenth century is shown in the evocative tale of the König affair, and the correspondence between Daniel Bernoulli and Euler. It is shown how symmetry arguments, leading ultimately to an energy-analysis, were competing with Newton’s force-analysis. The Principle of Least Action and Variational Mechanics, proper, were developed by Lagrange, Hamilton, and Jacobi.
Mathematics and physics preliminaries: of hills and plains and other things
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

The link between mathematics and physics is explained, and how the concepts “coordinates,” “generalized coordinates,” “time,” and “space” have evolved, starting with Galileo. It is also shown that “degrees of freedom” is a slippery but crucial idea. The important developments in “space research”, from Pythagoras to Riemann, are sketched. This is followed by the motivations for finding a flat region of “space”, and for Riemann’s invariant interval. A careful explanation of the three ways of taking an infinitesimal step (actual, virtual, and imperfect) is given. The programme of the Calculus of Variations is described and how this requires a virtual variation of a whole path, a path taken between fixed end-states. This then culminates in the Euler-Lagrange Equations or the Lagrange Equations of Motion. Along the way, the ideas virtual displacement and extremum are explained.
Rivers Run Through It
Authors: Salowey Christina A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses two riverine battles: Achilles fighting the Scamander in Book 21 of the Iliad, and Heracles conquering the Achelous reported in Sophocles’ Trachiniae. The Scamander’s actions in response to Achilles’ rampage evoke the seasonal changes that a sporadic stream goes through; the Achelous’ metamorphoses and Heracles’ conquest of the river in each form allude to the awesome fertility of this grand, persistent river. In these mythical narratives, the characterizations of the rivers are consistent with the natural behaviour of waterways, and additionally, the progress and outcomes of the battles convey knowledgeable observation of the hydrogeology of the Mediterranean and contemporary attitudes towards the dangerous and beneficial power of ancient rivers.
Imaginary Islands in the Hellenistic Era
Authors: Sulimani Iris
Published: June 2017

Accounts of idyllic islands, both real and imaginary, are incorporated in various Hellenistic literary works. Similar motifs may be detected in descriptions of existent isles, such as Lipara and Lesbos, and legendary isles, notably Euhemerus’ Panchaea and Iambulus’ Island of the Sun. This study concentrates on the geographical facet of the accounts of the imaginary, utopian, islands. While the original descriptions of these islands are lost, most are preserved by Diodorus of Sicily, and references may be traced in other Hellenistic authors’ works. Inspecting these accounts and comparing them to descriptions of real islands as well as to descriptions of utopian (and dystopian) places found in other authors, this study demonstrates that the Hellenistic writers, inspired by the events of their day, regarded the utopian isles as part of the oikoumenē. The impression left by the geographical developments following Alexander’s campaign and the impact of Caesar’s deeds are evident.
Bengali geminates
Authors: Kotzor Sandra , Wetterlin Allison , Lahiri Aditi
Published: June 2017

Bengali has a robust medial geminate/singleton contrast across oral stops and nasals in five places of articulation. This chapter presents a synchronic account of the phonological system involving the consonantal length contrast, which supports an asymmetric moraic representation of geminates. Based on these representational assumptions, two EEG and two behavioural experiments were conducted to investigate the processing of this geminate/singleton contrast by Bengali native speakers. The results reveal a processing asymmetry for the duration contrast: the processing of the duration contrast is indeed asymmetric: a geminate mispronunciation is accepted for a singleton real word, while the reverse is not the case. This provides evidence that the lexical representation of the duration contrast must be asymmetric and thus privative rather than equipollent.
A prosodic account of consonant gemination in Japanese loanwords
Authors: Ito Junko , Mester Armin
Published: June 2017

This chapter is a study of the distribution of geminate consonants in Japanese loanwords, which differs in significant ways from their distribution in native words. Both prosodic markedness and faithfulness to the source word plays a central role. Sometimes, such as in loanwords from Italian, geminates are preserved as such. But usually, as in loanwords from English, gemination is a way of preserving word-final coda-hood in the source word. Whether or not a given consonant is geminated depends on a host of complex segmental factors that are the result of a whole family of anti-gemination constraints, ranked at different points within the constraint hierarchy of an optimality-theoretic grammar. Finally, significant higher-level prosodic factors that are part of the native system are at work, and explain many details of the gemination pattern that are rooted neither in faithfulness to the source word nor in segmental features.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Alix , Stern Robert
Published: June 2017

This opening chapter provides short introductions to the contributions in the volume from leading historians of philosophy, on the philosophical understanding of emotions from Greek thinkers to the present day. It begins by examining a number of contemporary theorists of the emotions that lay claim to a historical heritage, trace back their views to historical predecessors, or identify philosophical precursors. It ends by providing a route into the essays, which should enable its readers to step back from the contemporary perspective and ask fundamental questions that will stimulate philosophical reflection on the topic.
Affects and Ideas in Spinoza’s Therapy of Passions
Authors: Alanen Lilli
Published: June 2017

The emancipation and control of passions proposed in Spinoza’s Ethics (1677) is based on true knowledge. We are unable to remove the causes of a passion, say of sadness, affected as we are by forces infinitely surpassing our own, yet we can change it from a passive state of confusion into an active emotion of joy by understanding its causes. This raises questions about the identity both of the mind that is striving to free itself from the passions, and of particular passions themselves, which are defined as confused and inadequate, partial ideas, and whose very form or being seems to depend on their confusion and inadequacy. This chapter focuses on Spinoza’s account of the mechanisms of ideas and passive affects and the difficulties this account poses for the arguments developed in the Ethics Part 5 in support for a therapy of passions through self-generated active affects.
‘I’ve Got a Little List’
Authors: Schmitter Amy
Published: June 2017

Although taxonomy is often a dull and dusty business, it thrived among seventeenth-century writers on the passions. Most authors followed earlier taxonomies found in Aristotle, the Stoics and Aquinas. But a few adventurous souls such as Descartes and Hobbes produced genuinely innovative enumerations, which differed from what had gone before by identifying different lists and numbers of passions, positing novel principles of divisions, and redrawing ‘family’ groupings. A particularly telling innovation is their identification of distinctive focal passions: wonder for Descartes, and glory for Hobbes. This chapter analyses a few features of these novel enumerations in order to show the important role the leading passions played in developing both their accounts of mind and their distinctive approaches to philosophical explanation as a whole. It also indulges in some meta-historical speculations about the possibility and significance of finding truly divergent conceptions of human affective states in our history.
Alcali and Acid, Oil and Vinegar
Authors: Radcliffe Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2017

Hume’s portrait of human passions depicts multiple sources of psychological conflict and upheaval. While early modern rationalists thought reason refereed such conflicts and determined which passions are proper motivations, Hume argued that the passions are self-regulating. This chapter examines the sources of emotional conflict and investigates whether Hume’s theory sustains the thesis that the passions can moderate one another. It highlights two key emotional functions: sympathy, which can cause pleasure at another’s good fortune, and comparison, which can cause resentment or envy. Three features of Hume’s theory imply that regulation of the passions is possible. The first lies in the effects of custom in calming violent passions. The second lies in the suggestion that one passion can neutralize another, as an alkaline neutralizes an acid. The third lies in the use of sympathy and comparison, for cultivating self-worth and feeling justified pride.
Kant on the Moral Cultivation of Feelings
Authors: Cohen Alix
Published: June 2017

Kant’s ethics is traditionally portrayed as unequivocal on one issue: natural drives, including feelings, emotions, and inclinations, are intrinsically at odds with morality. However, this does not entail that there is no moral role for them in Kant’s ethics. For instance, he writes ‘while it is not in itself a duty to share the sufferings (as well the joys) of others, it is a duty to sympathize actively in their fate’ [6:456–7].This statement is not only in conflict with traditional portrayals of his ethics, but more importantly it may seem surprising for Kantian morality to endorse the claim that we have duties, albeit indirect, to cultivate feelings of sympathy in order to use them as a means to moral ends. The aim of this chapter is to spell out and defend the claim that the cultivation of certain emotions is one of our moral duties.
Affect and Cognition in Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: June 2017

Schopenhauer holds that emotions impair cognition, while Nietzsche apparently replies that they are ineliminable from cognition, and that they enhance it. For Schopenhauer, human cognition is normally in the service of affective states that he classes as ‘movements of the will’. But he sees cognition as spoiled, warped, or tainted by its inability to shake off the emotions, desires, or drives that belong to human nature. The exception is a rare kind of cognition in which an individual becomes the ‘pure subject of cognition’. Nietzsche accepts something analogous to Schopenhauer’s descriptive position on the relation between cognition and the affects. But he firmly rejects Schopenhauer’s evaluative stance, and denies the possibility of a pure, objective, affect-free cognition. Nietzsche argues that the influence of the affects on human cognition is not only necessary, but beneficial. This, the chapter argues, is at the heart of Nietzsche’s famous ‘perspectivism’.
Methodological Anxiety
Authors: Golob Sacha
Published: June 2017

In the context of a history of the emotions, Martin Heidegger presents an important and yet challenging case. He is important because he places emotional states, broadly construed, at the very heart of his philosophical methodology—in particular, anxiety and boredom. He is challenging because he is openly dismissive of the standard ontologies of emotions, and because he is largely uninterested in many of the canonical debates in which emotions figure. The aim in this chapter is to identify and critique the distinctive role which Heidegger allots to the emotions, focusing on Sein und Zeit’s famous treatment of anxiety. Having outlined his position, the chapter closes by considering a number of challenges, both methodological and substantive, to Heidegger’s approach.
Sartre on Affectivity
Authors: Hatzimoysis Anthony
Published: June 2017

In the Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions (1939) Jean-Paul Sartre presents an original account of emotional phenomena. His account focuses on the phenomenology of affectivity, a topic that is taken up in a section of The Imaginary (1940), in which he explores the relation between the subjective and objective aspects of affective experience. This chapter offers a close reading of the section from The Imaginary with a view to laying out clearly its proposed analysis of feelings, and places that analysis in the context of Sartre’s theory of our conscious engagement with the world. The chapter concludes with some critical remarks about the coherence of Sartre’s phenomenological account of emotions.
In Pursuit of Emotional Modes
Authors: Teroni Fabrice
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on fundamental trends in the philosophy of emotion since the publication of William James’ seminal and contentious view. James is famous for his claim that undergoing an emotion comes down to feeling (psychological mode) specific changes within the body (content). Philosophers writing after him have also attempted to analyse emotional modes in terms of other psychological modes (believing, desiring, and perceiving) and to adjust their contents accordingly. The discussion is organized around a series of contrasts that have played fundamental roles in shaping these approaches to the emotions. These contrasts are those between emotions and feelings, between specific and unspecific phenomenology, and between dependent and independent modes. Focus on these contrasts enables a review of some dramatic turning points in the recent history of theorizing about the emotions; it also serves to bring to light fundamental constraints bearing on emotion theory.
Systematicity and Normative Justification
Authors: Thompson Kevin
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines systematicity as a form of normative justification. Thompson’s contention is that the Hegelian commitment to fundamental presuppositionlessness and hence to methodological immanence, from which his distinctive conception of systematicity flows, is at the core of the unique form of normative justification that he employs in his political philosophy and that this is the only form of such justification that can successfully meet the skeptic’s challenge. Central to Thompson’s account is the distinction between systematicity and representation and the way in which this frames Hegel’s relationship to the traditional forms of justification and the creation of his own distinctive kind of normative argumentation.
Individuals
Authors: Deligiorgi Katerina
Published: June 2017

Interpretations of Hegel’s social and political thought tend to present Hegel as critic of modern individualism and defender of institutionalism or proto-communitarianism. Yet Hegel has praise for the historically emancipatory role of individualism and gives a positive role to individuals in his discussion of ethics and the state. Drawing on Hegel’s analysis of the category of ‘individual’ in his Logic, this chapter shows that Hegel criticizes the conception of ‘individual’ as a simple and argues instead that it is a term in need of specification or completion. Hegel’s revisionary logic of the category of ‘individual’ is both interesting in itself and useful as an interpretative tool, because it shows the consistency of his various statements about individuals in his practical philosophy.
Hegel, Autonomy, and Community
Authors: Disley Liz
Published: June 2017

By means of an analysis of Hegelian and Hegelian-inspired notions of aspects of communal ethical life, this chapter aims to demonstrate that, far from requiring a non-metaphysical (version of) Hegel, his concept of an ethical community rests on his concepts of consciousness and self-consciousness from the beginnings of his system. It begins by describing the Hegelian account of intersubjectivity that demonstrates the incomplete, changing, and vulnerable nature of Hegelian personhood. It goes on to discuss the Hegelian view of autonomy as seen in the account of civil society in the Philosophy of Right. Finally, it examines further the tension between these accounts and how they interact with the relationship between Hegel’s method and its practical corollaries.
Suppletion is local
Authors: Bobaljik Jonathan David , Harley Heidi
Published: June 2017

Bobaljik (2012) proposes that the insertion of suppletive vocabulary items can be sensitive to features within the same maximal projection, but not across a maximal projection boundary. Among heads (X0 nodes), this condition restricts suppletion to synthetic formations and excludes suppletion in analogous analytic formations. In Hiaki, however, the number of a subject DP can trigger verbal suppletion in certain intransitive verbs. The verbs in question, however, can be shown by language-internal diagnostics to be unaccusative. Suppletion, then, is in fact triggered by an element within the maximal projection of the suppleting verb. The analysis supports the position that internal arguments are base-generated as sisters to their selecting verb (Kratzer 1996; Marantz 1997; Harley 2014). Further, we see that the locality condition does not distinguish between word-internal and word-external triggers of suppletion, but is rather a condition of structural locality, showing that morphological structure is, in a fundamental way, syntactic.
The paradoxes of Mẽbengokre’s analytic causative
Authors: Salanova Andres Pablo
Published: June 2017

Mẽbengokre exhibits a causative construction that is constructed as an applicative, introducing a low argument without displacing the external argument from its subject function. In the typical case, this causative could be seen as an instance of the so-called sociative causative, whereby the causee is accompanied in the action by the causer, rather than being simply induced to action by the causer. These causatives can be straightforwardly analysed as comitative applicatives. However, Mẽbengokre displays the peculiarity that causatives of most verbs that involve a change of state decidedly do not get a sociative interpretation. This chapter addresses the puzzle of how a true causative semantics can arise in such cases, claiming that the applicative morpheme in these causatives has a grammatical use not unlike that of subject-reintroducing ‘by’ in English passives, and that this grammatical function is tied with a null causative morpheme that attaches only to certain verbal stems.
The Public Secret
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: June 2017

The knowledge of the murder of the European Jews was a public secret in the Third Reich. What is a ‘public secret’? How does it shape or reshape a society? The answers to these questions are key to understanding the Holocaust and other genocides. However, the public secret is elusive because of its nature: when it is at its most powerful, it cannot be explicitly discussed; when it no longer holds such power, people deny their knowledge of it and complicity in its concealment. Both the ‘subjective experience’ of the public secret and its wider meaning are beyond the limits of the discipline of history and are better elucidated obliquely through a work of fiction: in this case Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go, a novel which reflects on the past in the way historians cannot. Significantly, the public secret and the consequences of complicity are important concepts for understanding the post-Holocaust world.
Stasis
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: June 2017

The idea of ‘working though’ the past has played a central role in many literary, historical, philosophical, and wider cultural debates about the Holocaust. However, this chapter argues that two major writers, in different ways and for divergent reasons, refuse ‘working through’ and aim instead at ‘stasis’: the Nobel laureate and survivor, Imre Kertész (with a focus on his Fateless and Kaddish for an Unborn Child) and the hugely celebrated German writer W. G. Sebald (focusing on his The Rings of Saturn and Austerlitz). This stasis is a turn, in the name of memory, against the flexibility and fluidity of memory itself. However, its meaning for the two writers differs profoundly in relation to issues of trauma, evil, complicity, temporality, and responsibility. The chapter concludes by contrasting these with Otto Dov Kulka’s award-winning Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death.
Disorientalism
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: June 2017

How far is it possible to bring together the scholarly insights of postcolonialism and Holocaust and genocide literature? The aim is not to subsume either but to place them together into a dialogue to explore the literary subjectivity of the ‘disoriented’. To explore this idea, the chapter reads Joseph Conrad’s canonical novella Heart of Darkness as a text by a low-level perpetrator of a colonial genocide, and argues that this illuminates some of its celebrated and famously obscure characteristics, especially those of complicity and secrecy, as well as making some very counter-intuitive suggestions about the role of Kurtz.
Post-Holocaust Kitsch
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: June 2017

The divide between the events of the Holocaust and its representation has been a source of controversy since the sixties and is an inevitable result of the growth of Holocaust consciousness. One particularly influential and worrying area is the growth of post-Holocaust kitsch. Though very different, the celebrated narrative sculpture, Hell, by Jake and Dinos Chapman, and the phenomenally successful novel for children, John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, are both contemporary examples of this. This chapter analyses the complexities of these responses to horror, and discusses what they mean for our understanding of the Holocaust. In the case of Boyne, this is an issue of special concern because this book is so widely used in schools.
Introduction
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

Based on where a painter places her easel, the same landscape will be represented differently. Some objects will appear distant and blurred, others close up and colourful. The sun will light up the sky in a particular and unique way at any given time, so that the very same object may seem different on another day or from another perspective. For an impressionist painter, reality would be represented as a series of broken brush strokes, whereas a Renaissance Florentine painter would emphasize lines and devote time to the geometric construction of the painting. This can be applied as a metaphor for change and stability: according to a researcher’s chosen perspective, she may place greater emphasis on elements that vary, or on those that remain the same, she may pay greater attention to particular details, or focus more on general impressions, so that what she sees as reality is, in fact, only a particular perspective. To understand how conceptions of reality become crystallized within particular research perspectives, it is useful to draw a parallel between party system change and institutional change before presenting the topic of this book: institutional engineering in Western Europe during the last two decades....
An Unexpected Journey
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

Whereas the shortening of the presidential term was a long-debated, largely consensual, institutional topic in the story of the French Fifth Republic, the matter of the reordering of the electoral calendar was a circumstantial result of the dissolution and proved very divisive. The chapter shows how, paradoxically, two reforms that followed logically from one another in the minds of reformers, and emerged around the same time, followed hugely distinctive logics in terms of emergence and adoption, were separated sequentially, and were supported by different coalitions each time. This is the case because the reforms were perceived as having different natures: a consensual reform for the five-year term, a divisive reform for the reordering of the calendar. Whereas the quinquennat was debated and adopted through a supermajoritarian process involving deliberation among the vast majority of the political elites, the reordering of the calendar followed a purely majoritarian logic.
The Argument of The Anarchical Society
Authors: Suganami Hidemi
Published: June 2017

There are two notable discrepancies in The Anarchical Society: Bull claims that he does not canvass any solution to the problems that humankind faces, yet this is precisely what he does; and contrary to what the book’s subtitle, A Study of Order in World Politics, signifies in his own conceptual vocabulary, and to how he thinks the ‘world political system’ should be studied, the book remains almost exclusively a much more narrowly focused study of international order in the contemporary global ‘international system’. This chapter first analyses the key moves of the book’s argument step by step. It then investigates in detail the underlying sources of the two discrepancies in Bull’s argument to obtain a deeper understanding of his thought structures. A brief concluding section outlines what could fruitfully be done by others to make further contributions to a study of order, and other related goals, in contemporary world politics.
The Anarchical Society as Christian Political Theology
Authors: Bain William
Published: June 2017

It is widely accepted that in The Anarchical Society—the key text of the English School—Hedley Bull presents and defends the Grotian conception of international relations. This essay argues that Bull’s thinking about order is indebted to a medieval theological dispute about the nature of God and the extent of his power. This dispute yields a way of knowing and explaining the world that stresses the artificial nature of political relations, domestic and international. In other words, order between states is instituted in the same way that God made the universe, through will and artifice. Once this theological ground is uncovered it becomes apparent that Bull’s account of international order is consistent, not with Grotius, but with the thought of Thomas Hobbes. One of the crucial implications of this argument is that international society has not outgrown its European and Christian roots to the extent that Bull suggests.
The Anarchical Society and the Control of Global Violence
Authors: Ayson Robert
Published: June 2017

In The Anarchical Society Bull treats violent conflict as a feature of international politics that cannot be abolished, but must be managed. With appropriate rules, which are often informal, managed violence can approximate an institution of international society. Bull’s treatment of violence reflects his earlier study of strategy and arms control, displayed in his classic The Control of the Arms Race. His arguments about the control of global violence still have purchase in a world where the superpower nuclear arms competition is no longer the central international security challenge. As America’s difficult experience in the Middle East indicates, states need to observe rules of restraint on violence even when dealing with violent non-state actors. Today’s Asia, strained by the competition between China and the United States, can only have peace and prosperity if there are rules which restrain violence. An accidental and unmanaged equilibrium of power will not do.
A Plea for Restraint
Authors: Ruzicka Jan
Published: June 2017

This essay reconstructs Hedley Bull’s position on nuclear proliferation in The Anarchical Society. Avoiding the extremes of nuclear optimism and pessimism, Bull provided nuanced arguments about the relationship between nuclear proliferation and international order. Bull remained agnostic as to what the world of many nuclear powers would look like. He used this unpredictability to emphasize the notion of restraint involving both superpower cooperation to prevent states from going nuclear as well as the exercise of self-restraint on the part of superpowers. Showing restraint was crucial to the continued existence of the states system. Bull worried that proliferation represented a particular threat to it. Nuclear weapons exposed states to the prospect of sudden and complete destruction. This could lead to the abolition of the state system and its replacement with world government, to which Bull was strongly opposed. The conclusion illustrates Bull’s relevance in relation to the recent pursuit of non-proliferation.