bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic presence and demographics of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) off southern New England and near a US offshore wind energy area
Authors: Westell Annabel , Rowell Timothy J , Posdaljian Natalie , Solsona-Berga Alba , Van Parijs Sofie M , DeAngelis Annamaria I
Published: February 2024

Construction in the southern New England wind energy area (WEA), a large-scale offshore wind farm on the east coast of the United States, started in June 2023. Baseline data was collected from 2020 to 2022, with six passive acoustic recorders (SoundTraps) deployed at shallow (<60 m) sites in the vicinity of Nantucket Shoals and Cox’s Ledge. Data were analysed for sperm whale presence, and demographic composition was assessed using interclick intervals. Presence varied by site, season, and year. Sperm whales were detected year-round but the majority (78%) of days with acoustic occurrences were between May and August. Three demographic classes (putative social groups, adult males, and midsize animals) were detected across multiple seasons, with social groups detected most frequently. Sound propagation tests were conducted at two sites and predicted detection ranges within 20–40 km indicate that sperm whales were likely in proximity to the WEA. These results provide a baseline that will be used to assess ongoing sperm whale presence, especially that of social groups which may be more sensitive to disturbance. This study highlights why sperm whales, classed as endangered in US waters, should be considered in mitigation plans and permitting efforts for offshore wind energy.
A Gehring–Hayman Inequality for Strongly Pseudoconvex Domains
Authors: Kosiński Łukasz , Nikolov Nikolai , Thomas Pascal J
Published: February 2024

We prove that if $D$ is a strongly pseudoconvex domain with $\mathcal C^{2, \alpha }$-smooth boundary, then the length of a geodesic for the Kobayashi–Royden infinitesimal metric between two points is bounded by a constant multiple of the Euclidean distance between the points.
A late burst of colour evolution in a radiation of songbirds (Passeriformes: Parulidae) suggests secondary contact drives signal divergence
Authors: Leroy Hélène , Bowie Rauri C K , Rubáčová Lucia , Matysioková Beata , Remeš Vladimír
Published: February 2024

Evolutionary radiations provide important insights into species diversification, which is especially true of adaptive radiations. New World wood warblers (Parulidae) are a family of small, insectivorous, forest-dwelling passerine birds, often considered an exemplar of adaptive radiation due to their rapid diversification followed by a slowdown. However, they deviate from the expectations of an adaptive radiation scenario due to the lack of conspicuous morphological and ecological differentiation. We fitted several macroevolutionary models to trait data in 105 species of wood warblers. We tested whether morphological traits underwent an early burst of evolution (suggesting adaptation to new ecological niches in adaptive radiations) and whether song and colour underwent a diversity-dependent acceleration of trait evolutionary rate (consistent with reproductive interference driving signal evolution). Morphology and song evolved gradually under stabilizing selection, suggesting niche conservatism, with morphology possibly acting as a constraint on song evolution. In contrast, many feather colour traits underwent a diversity-dependent burst of evolution occurring late in the clade’s history. We suggest that a two-step process has led to the remarkable diversification of wood warblers. First, their early diversification probably proceeded by allopatric speciation. Second, feather colour divergence likely occurred during secondary contact after range expansion. This diversification of signalling traits might have facilitated species coexistence, in combination with behavioural niche partitioning. Wood warblers seem to present characteristics of both adaptive and non-adaptive radiations.
Patterns of genetic divergence in the Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi), a riverine turtle inhabiting an arid and anthropogenically modified system
Authors: Vandewege Michael W , Gutierrez Javier , Davis Drew R , Forstner Michael R J , Mali Ivana
Published: February 2024

The lower Rio Grande and Pecos River of the southwest United States have been heavily modified by human activities, profoundly impacting the integrity of their aquatic wildlife. In this context, we focused our study on the population genomics of the Rio Grande Cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi), a freshwater turtle of increasing conservation concern, residing in these two rivers and their tributaries. The genetic data revealed two distinct populations: one in the Pecos and Black Rivers of New Mexico and another in the Rio Grande and Devils River of Texas, with admixed individuals identified at the confluence of the Rio Grande and Pecos River. In addition to having a smaller geographic range, we found lower observed heterozygosity, reduced nucleotide diversity, and a smaller effective population size (Ne) in New Mexico population. Our results depict a significant isolation-by-distance pattern across their distribution, with migration being notably infrequent at river confluences. These findings are pivotal for future conservation and restoration strategies, emphasizing the need to recognize the unique needs of each population.
The circadian clock and thermal regulation in plants: novel insights into the role of positive circadian clock regulators in temperature responses
Authors: de Leone María José , Yanovsky Marcelo Javier
Published: February 2024

The impact of rising global temperatures on crop yields is a serious concern, and the development of heat-resistant crop varieties is crucial for mitigating the effects of climate change on agriculture. To achieve this, a better understanding of the molecular basis of the thermal responses of plants is necessary. The circadian clock plays a central role in modulating plant biology in synchrony with environmental changes, including temperature fluctuations. Recent studies have uncovered the role of transcriptional activators of the core circadian network in plant temperature responses. This expert view highlights key novel findings regarding the role of the RVE and LNK gene families in controlling gene expression patterns and plant growth under different temperature conditions, ranging from regular diurnal oscillations to extreme stress temperatures. These findings reinforce the essential role of the circadian clock in plant adaptation to changing temperatures and provide a basis for future studies on crop improvement.
Religious-Zionist Right-Wing Israelis: Their Expectations of Archeological Research in Judea and Samaria and Their Ways of Contending with the Resulting Complicated Findings
Authors: Lash Mordechay
Published: February 2024

The encounter between West Bank settlers and the archeologists who came to survey and excavate in their midst at the beginning of the 1980s was a formative moment that led to the settlers’ embrace of the field of archeology. The findings of the surveys and excavations that were conducted in the region, however, raised new insights regarding the early years of the Jewish People and the historical reliability of some of the biblical texts, forcing the settlers to face a complicated reality. Except for their selective adoption of researchers and of conclusions they viewed as supporting the biblical narrative, the settlers accused researchers who presented new conclusions of nontopical deviation and presented an alternative paradigm of their own that did not stand up to criticism. In contrast, researchers from the second generation of West Bank settlers have employed a more professional approach to archeology and do not see themselves as using it to prove identity or ownership. It appears that, in addition to academic influences and their sense of “indigenousness,” this reality is the product of a fundamental crisis that has befallen the religious-ideological public, the thrust of which has been a deconstruction of the harmony of the messianic vision, one expression of which has been the changing intergenerational approach to the role of archeology.
Evidence for episodic black hole growth of reionization-era quasars observed with Magellan/FIRE
Authors: Bigwood Leah , Eilers Anna-Christina , Simcoe Robert A
Published: February 2024

Observations of high-redshift quasars hosting billion solar mass black holes at z ≳ 6 challenge our understanding of early supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth. In this work, we conduct a near-infrared spectroscopic study of 19 quasars at 6.2 ≲ z ≲ 7.5, using the Folded-port InfraRed Echellette instrument on the 6.5-m Magellan/Baade Telescope. We estimate the single-epoch masses of the quasars’ SMBHs by means of the Mg ii emission line and find black hole masses of $M_{\text{BH}} \approx (0.2\!\!-\!\!4.8)\, \times \, 10^9\ \mathrm{ M}_\odot$. Furthermore, we measure the sizes of the quasars’ proximity zones, which are regions of enhanced transmitted flux bluewards of the Ly $\alpha \,$ emission line, ionized by the quasars’ radiation itself. While it has been shown that the proximity zone sizes correlate with the quasars’ lifetimes due to the finite response time of the intergalactic medium to the quasars’ radiation, we do not find any correlation between the proximity zone sizes and the black hole mass, which suggests that quasar activity and the concomitant black hole growth are intermittent and episodic.
Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T-cell therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: Literature review and future directions
Authors: Goutnik Michael , Iakovidis Alexandria , Still Megan E H , Moor Rachel S F , Melnick Kaitlyn , Yan Sandra , Abbas Muhammad , Huang Jianping , Ghiaseddin Ashley P
Published: February 2024

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive cancer that has been difficult to treat and often requires multimodal therapy consisting of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Chimeric antigen receptor-expressing (CAR-T) cells have been efficacious in treating hematological malignancies, resulting in several FDA-approved therapies. CAR-T cells have been more recently studied for the treatment of GBM, with some promising preclinical and clinical results. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the commonly targeted antigens, results of clinical trials, novel modifications, and potential solutions for challenges that exist for CAR-T cells to become more widely implemented and effective in eradicating GBM.
Eschatology of the New Testament
Authors: Sharp Matthew
Published: February 2024

The term “eschatology” is a neologism that literally refers to the doctrine (Greek: logos) of the last things (Greek: eschata). The term first emerged in the context of 17th-century Lutheran dogmatics where it referred to that branch of Christian theology that deals with matters such as the second coming (or Parousia) of Jesus Christ, final judgement, the end of the age, hell, and eternal life. In the comparative study of religion, eschatology can be used more broadly for beliefs pertaining to “the end,” which are commonly divided into three categories: personal eschatology (the individual fate of a human upon death), collective eschatology (the fate of humankind), and cosmic eschatology (the ultimate fate of the physical world). This article will chiefly deal with collective and cosmic eschatology in the New Testament and early Christianity. For personal eschatology, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Afterlife and Immortality.” To speak of the ultimate fate of the cosmos or of humankind is not necessarily to speak of its destruction. Many hopes labelled eschatological in Jewish and Christian tradition refer more to a definitive and divinely instigated change in the current order of the world, which reverses social hierarchies, judges the wicked, and instigates an eternal age of peace and justice. The overcoming of death and mortality is another important eschatological theme. A key characteristic of New Testament texts is that they regularly claim certain eschatological expectations have been fulfilled in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, as well as in the present experience of the spirit enjoyed by Jesus’ followers. Other eschatological events, on the other hand, are still expected to occur at an undefined (but often very near) point in the future. Much of the history of scholarship has thus been occupied with trying to determine how different authors understand certain eschatological expectations to have been realized, and what they still expect to happen in the future. On another level, scholars inquire into the function of eschatological language and what practical effects it was intended to have on the texts’ original audiences. The critical study of early Christian eschatology has proved one of the most challenging areas for modern theology to grapple with. At the same time, it has also provided one of the most fruitful resources for creative theological thinking. Many would argue that this dynamic is already present in the texts of the New Testament themselves.
Gilgamesh
Authors: Worthington Martin
Published: February 2024

Known to many from a Babylonian poem that is widely regarded as a classic of world literature, Gilgamesh was a legendary king of Uruk, a city in southern Iraq. He appears in multiple narrative sources and poems from ancient Mesopotamia. There was a cycle of five poems about him in Sumerian, which early in the second millennium bce were blended into a Babylonian poem. They were written on manuscripts (clay tablets) in cuneiform script. While the Sumerian poems are only known from Mesopotamia, the Babylonian poem (sometimes said to be in “Akkadian,” an umbrella term for Babylonian and its sister language Assyrian) made it as far as Ugarit and Megiddo, and it was also translated into Hittite. The Babylonian poem thus circulated in multiple versions and recensions, of which the most famous today is known as the “Standard” version, known from manuscripts of the first millennium bce. This work has achieved “classic” status, and is often regarded as the masterpiece of Mesopotamian literature. It is also by far the best preserved of the different Babylonian versions (about three-quarters of which are recovered). How far other versions differed from it is hard to gauge, since they are very fragmentary. Thus, it is impossible to prove whether early Babylonian versions already included an account of the Flood, such as appears in the Standard version’s Tablet XI. The author(s) and redactors of the poems—Sumerian and Babylonian—are unknown, though we sometimes, through “colophons,” know the names of the people who inscribed the extant manuscripts. Mesopotamian tradition associated the Babylonian poem with the name Sîn-lēqi-unninnī (The Moon God is one who accepts prayers), a name typical of the late second millennium bce. There is so far no evidence contemporary with himself for his intervention in the poem, and his role is elusive. As with most topics in Mesopotamia, much about Gilgamesh is still in flux: new manuscripts are being found, and their language is becoming better understood (this is especially true of Sumerian). Gilgamesh scholarship thus becomes outdated faster than would be the norm in most fields in the humanities, and older publications can end up in retrospect as a mix of the brilliant and the untenable. Finally, though Gilgamesh is chiefly known to us today through narrative poems, Sumerian and Babylonian, he was not confined to them. As a (mythical) king of Uruk, he made it into the “Sumerian king list.” He was also invoked in Mesopotamian rituals as an underworld deity. His name (and, probably, names associated with him) further appear in Aramaic texts. There are many different ways in which the present bibliography could have been structured, I have simply aimed for something practical.
Ships/Shipbuilding
Authors: Reid Phillip
Published: February 2024

For most of the 15th century, the maritime power of Europeans was confined to the smaller seas whose coasts they inhabited. Spurred by shifting power dynamics, they developed ships capable of crossing the world’s major oceans in the late 15th century, with enough personnel, cargo, and arms to make such voyaging worthwhile. They used such vessels first to explore and exploit Macaronesia, then rounding the southern tip of Africa, entering the Indian Ocean World. The same types of vessels crossed the North Atlantic, bringing colonizers to the Americas. By the early 16th century, these European ships had crossed the world’s largest ocean, the Pacific. They were, however, latecomers to transoceanic voyaging under sail; contemporaries from Asia, the Indian Ocean World, and the Pacific islands were already engaged in transoceanic movement and commerce, and had been for centuries. The singular innovation of Europeans in early modern shipping was their establishment and maintenance of transatlantic routes to the Americas, as an extension of what they had done in Macaronesia, colonizing the Caribbean islands, and then South, Central, and North America. The ships they used were, like those in use all over the world, built of wooden frames and planks, and powered by sailing rigs with multiple masts and multiple sails, allowing for flexibility in sail plan to best match the wind and sea conditions in which the vessel was operating; those conditions changed frequently and often drastically, so that a vessel whose crew could quickly adapt a sail plan to changing conditions had a much better chance of successfully navigating the vessel on a long ocean voyage requiring self-sufficiency for weeks or months at a time. The study of the ships themselves—their design, construction, and techniques of operation—is necessarily interdisciplinary. It requires reading in the history of science, the history of technology, economic history, labor history, military and naval history, material culture, and maritime archaeology; the physical remains of period vessels are essential primary sources. A perennial challenge to writing maritime history with a focus on ships is achieving adequate technical mastery of the subject, which also requires reading technical histories written by museum curators and experts outside the academy, such as serious modelers, replica designers, and naval architects who understand sailing craft. Here, I restrict inclusion of academic history works to those centrally and specifically concerned with the technology of the ship itself. The discipline of archaeology has, over time, produced far more of such works. Some historians have considered ship technology seriously; it is to be hoped that more useful work on the subject will come from the field of the history of technology.
Hinduism in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Demelza
Published: February 2024

Hinduism in the United Kingdom has been shaped by Britain’s invasion and occupation of much of the South Asian subcontinent during the colonial period, leading to early migrations and associated transmission of Hinduism to British shores via travelling gurus, lascars, and Indian servants of wealthy British families, and later via the large-scale post–World War II arrival of Commonwealth migrants from India and Pakistan who included Hindus among their number. A further significant migration flow occurred in the late 1960 and early 1970s, when South Asian communities, established under colonialism in East Africa, fled discriminatory policies in these newly independent states, including the expulsion of the South Asian community from Uganda in 1962 by Idi Amin. The majority of these approximately 70,000 new arrivals were Hindus of Gujarati heritage, who, as discussed later in this article, significantly bolstered the number of Hindus in the United Kingdom, and strongly influenced the establishment of representational bodies and public places of worship. According to the most recently available data from national censuses, England and Wales have a combined Hindu population of 1 million (1.7 percent of the overall population)—an increase from 818,000 (1.5 percent) at the last census point of 2011. This makes Hinduism the second largest religious affiliation among people of South Asian origin or heritage in the United Kingdom; with 27 percent of British South Asians identifying as Hindu, behind Islam (57 percent) and ahead of Sikhism (14 percent). The majority of the Hindu population live in England and, along with other British South Asians, they are a predominantly urban population. The largest number by far live in the Greater London area, where they comprise almost 6 percent of the overall population (with particular concentrations of over 50,000 individuals in the boroughs of Brent and Harrow), while the largest population outside of the capital (50,807) is found in the East Midlands city of Leicester—an important destination for the aforementioned East African-Gujarati arrivals of the 1960s and 1970s. Outside of England, in the United Kingdom’s less populous nations, there are 16,379 Hindus in Scotland (0.4 percent of the total population) concentrated in the cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Aberdeen; 10,434 in Wales (0.3 percent of the population), with the largest number in the capital Cardiff; and 2,382 in Northern Ireland (0.1 percent of the population), with most residing in the capital city of Belfast and its surrounding area.
Prāṇāyāma in Modern Yoga
Authors: Kraler Magdalena
Published: February 2024

An ancient practice that can be traced to the vedic period, prāṇāyāma (lit. “breath control”) is subject to considerable change within modern yoga. These developments start around 1850 and gain more momentum in the 1880s. From this period on, the development of prāṇāyāma is driven by the influence of newly emerging translations and circulation of print media; alternative religion (transnational occultism in general and theosophy in particular); the transnational field of breath culture and hygiene; and a scientification of the practices. This had an impact as to how the practices were conceived and explained, but also on the practices themselves. However, more traditional aspects of prāṇāyāma as practiced within Pātañjalayoga, hatha yoga, and the sandhyā rite also persist. Along with these, concepts of prāṇa (“vital breath/force” sensu lato, “breath” sensu strictu) and the subtle body (particularly nāḍī physiology, chakra systems, and Kundalini arousal) are still crucial for how prāṇāyāma is explained and understood. In general, one can observe a tendency of practices becoming less austere and rigorous, but easier and more readily to be received by the general public. As a result of this dissemination, hatha yoga’s emphasis on rigorous breath retention (kumbhaka/kevala kumbhaka) is dwindling. Instead, concepts like “rhythmic breathing” (equalizing the length of the breath phases), “deep/full/complete breathing” (inflating/emptying the lungs to their fullest), and prolonged exhalation become the main focal point of modern prāṇāyāma. It is designed to foster health, mental and bodily poise, a still mind, and miraculous powers (siddhis). As in premodern yoga, a main objective of prāṇāyāma is to prepare one for higher meditational states of yoga that necessitate a healthy body, and even more so, a quiet mind. On this path, the (premodern and modern) yogi may acquire miraculous powers or even attain final liberation (kaivalya, mokṣa, jīvanmukti). In light of modern yoga’s overall emphasis on āsana (postures), prāṇāyāma loses some of its centrality and status that it had in premodern yoga. Nevertheless, it is a key practice of modern yoga, and its study fosters understanding of modern yoga’s key concepts like prāṇa, the subtle body, and the achievement and fine-tuning of higher yogic states. As in premodern yoga, prāṇāyāma never stands alone but is linked to various other aspects of the yogic path. Within modern yoga, its link to āsana practice becomes stronger (e.g., in Yogendra combining rhythmic breathing and āsana or in Pattabhi Jois’ Ashtanga Vinyasa flows). Prāṇāyāma’s importance in relation to meditational practices and chanting of mantras (e.g., oṃ, haṃsa) persists in the modern period.
William Blackstone
Authors: Holmes Pearson Ellen
Published: February 2024

Accomplished legal scholar and jurist William Blackstone (b. 1723–d. 1780) is known for his remarkable work, the Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765–1769). Born in London, Blackstone won a scholarship to Pembroke College, Oxford, and subsequently studied the common law in London before being called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1746. In 1758, he was elected as the first Vinerian Chair in English Law at Oxford, a position he held until 1766. As Vinerian Professor, Blackstone delivered the first lectures on English common law in any university in the world. In 1765 he published the first volume of his Oxford lectures, eventually producing four volumes of the Commentaries. During his career, Blackstone published many other works, and a collection of his nominate reports was published shortly after his death. The Commentaries, however, were his crowning achievement. This seminal work synthesized the writings of generations of judges, legal treatise writers, Parliamentary legislation, and political theories, making England’s common law accessible to students of the law. After an introduction that addressed the study of law and the nature of laws in general as well as in England and its subject countries, the volumes explored the rights of persons; the rights of things; private wrongs, meaning offenses against individuals; and public wrongs, or criminal law. The Commentaries ran through eight English editions in his lifetime, and in America, it sold more than one thousand copies before an edition was printed in America in 1771–1772. In the absence of American legal treatises and home-grown precedent, late-18th and early-19th-century law students and practitioners turned to the Commentaries as a central reference on the common law. Contemporary critics, most notably Jeremy Bentham, described Blackstone’s work as a chaotic and superficial attempt to preserve the common law, which he considered to be a confusing and outdated legal system. His supporters praised his ability to distill the complicated layers of English law into four volumes that constituted a systematic description of common law. In 1770 he was appointed a judge in the Court of Common Pleas, where he served until his death in 1780, at the age of fifty-six. Blackstone’s ideas about Anglo-American common law are still relevant today, as can be seen through the continued interest of scholars and law practitioners into the 21st century.
Environmental Politics in Asia
Authors: Simpson Adam , Smits Mattijs
Published: February 2024

This bibliography covers the intersection of environmental politics and Asian studies. As part of the discipline of political science, it has a necessary focus on public participation, governance, and democracy. Since many countries in Asia experience less than democratic governance, the nature of political regimes and the impact of authoritarianism and illiberalism on environmental politics are also recurrent themes. While the forms of governance in countries across Asia are incredibly diverse, so are their societies and economies. States in Asia include some at the very top of the development scale, such as Singapore and Japan, and those near the bottom, including Myanmar and Laos. With such diversity across the region, we have adopted an issues-themed approach to the bibliography with sections on Climate, Rivers and Water, Energy and Environmental Politics under Illiberal Regimes. A General Sources section opens the bibliography by introducing readers to the key journals and handbooks for the topic, along with some important country studies.
Black Undergraduate Women: Critical Race and Gender Perspectives
Authors: Porter Christa J.
Published: February 2024

Black women’s racial, ethnic, and indigenous histories and cultures in the United States and the diaspora are inextricably linked to historical legacies of survival and triumph. Black women’s unique place and space within the United States undergird who they are as individuals and collectively as Black women. Whether Black women acknowledge or disrupt it—the pervasiveness of Black women’s oppression does not disappear when they pursue higher education. Black women (learn to) understand how they make meaning of their identities and identity development as Black women across their lifespans and contexts. Some Black women (re)define who they are, some thrive and build community, others experience detrimental costs, and still, some experience all the above at different points in their lifetime. They navigate who they are in relation to their pre-collegiate socialization experiences (e.g., familial/communal upbringing, understanding of history, identity saliency). These pre-collegiate experiences influence how Black women engage and interact with others as they move into and through their tertiary environments. Collegiate contexts and environments vary—community college, single-sex, predominantly or historically white institutions (PWI or HWI), minority-serving institutions (MSI), public or private—and so too do the institutional agents who interact with and educate Black women (e.g., faculty, staff, and administrators). Through these interactions with others, Black women have often been rendered invisible or hyper-visible, meaning they are not considered in institutional decision making or tokenized for being “the only” or “one of few” in their academic discipline. Black women’s experiences are often conflated with white women when discussing gender or sexism, and Black men when discussing race or racism. Critical examination of Black women’s experiences requires one to name the situatedness of Black women within the context of institutionalized structures and systems. In other words, examination of Black undergraduate women must include critical and intersectional perspectives that overtly problematize practices and policies that sustain marginalization and perpetuate gendered racism against Black women.
India, Masculinity, Identity
Authors: Gill Harjant S.
Published: February 2024

Throughout modern history, much of Indian society was and remains staunchly patriarchal—a society in which men control access to power, property, and resources. Coming of age in India, most cisgender men grow up being told that they are stronger, more capable, and more powerful than women and minority genders. Aside from some regional variations in descent and residence patterns, most Indian societies are also patrilineal and patrilocal. Family and kinship play a crucial role in shaping the lives and life choices of most Indians. While daughters are expected to leave behind their natal homes to join their affinal kin and become part of their in-laws’ household after marriage, in most Indian families, sons inherit family property and assets almost exclusively. Women are further disempowered in workplace and in public, where they confront persistent sexism, misogyny, discrimination, harassment, and gendered violence. Patriarchy remains enshrined within the very fabric of social life in India, empowering men economically, politically, and socially. Indian manhood is defined through this assumed and often unquestioned supremacy of men over women and minority genders. Yet the power and privileged status that Indian men enjoy accompanies with it a whole set of responsibilities and limitations. Patriarchy restricts their gender identity, expressions, and desires. Despite being in positions of power, Indian men have a lot less control over whom they can love or marry, what kinds of families they are allowed to have, and the kind of educational and professional opportunities they are allowed to pursue. Their choices are limited by their parents, their extended families, and their caste and ethnic communities. In this way, Indian society can be characterized as “Macholand,” as a society defined by male supremacy and patriarchy in which men relish in the privileges that accompany being a man while simultaneously resenting the limitations that patriarchal family structures place upon their individual aspirations and personal lives. Indian men’s lives and the very definition of masculinity and sexuality in India are constituted through endogamous marriage, heteronormative family, and patriarchal kinship. Irrespective of the various coming-of-age ceremonies and initiation rituals boys undergo as they transition into manhood within different ethnic and religious communities across India, marriage and fatherhood remain the two most important rites that all men must undertake to become men. This article surveys the current body of scholarship exploring regional variations and nuances in how masculinities are developed, embodied, and performed in different regions of India, among different caste and ethnic communities, and within the Indian diaspora. Also included are accounts of men who challenge hegemonic or dominant constructions of Indian masculinities by refusing heteronormative marriage and refashioning family and kinship through queer frameworks of belonging.
Colonial Lima
Authors: Mansilla Judith
Published: February 2024

By the mid-sixteenth century, Lima, or the City of the Kings, had become the main political, economic, religious, and cultural center of the Spanish monarchy in South America, just a few decades after its foundation by Francisco Pizarro in 1535. Pope Paul III promoted Lima to a bishopric in 1541 and an archbishopric in 1546, while the Crown elevated it to the capital of the new viceroyalty of Peru, created in 1542. These pontifical and royal grants led Lima to host the principal political, religious, and commercial institutions in the viceroyalty, which comprised modern Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, and parts of Chile, Argentina, Panama, and Venezuela, until the eighteenth century. Lima’s geographical position in the middle of South America’s western coast converted it into the gate of the region’s riches. Global commercial and communication networks expanded over the Andes thanks to the nearby port of Callao, which became the most important in the South Sea, as the Spaniards called the Pacific Ocean. In almost three decades of Spanish control, Lima underwent various transformations due to migration, internal and external political and military conflicts, diseases, and other recurrent or episodic events. The early decades of Spanish conquest and colonization witnessed the reconfiguration of the urban and rural landscapes and the social elements within them. Lima witnessed the permanent and temporary presence of individuals from diverse parts of the New World, Africa, Asia, and Europe, shaping the city’s dynamic and cosmopolitan character. The encomenderos’ civil wars, the discovery of silver and quicksilver mines, Viceroy Toledo’s reforms, the first pirate attacks, and epidemic outbreaks shaped the first century of Lima’s colonial rule. By the seventeenth century, Lima consolidated its nuclear position within western South America, which endured another wave of transformation with the end of the Habsburg dynasty and the forthcoming introduction of the Bourbon reforms in the eighteenth century. The political crisis that Napoleon’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsula produced in the Spanish monarchy accentuated the discontent produced by the Bourbon reforms among the population in Lima and other provinces. Its political position in the Spanish monarchy motivated royalist and patriot troops to fight to control Lima, which functioned as a military logistic center and battleground for both sides during the process of Peru’s independence. The studies cited in this bibliography explore the social diversity that characterized Lima’s population and their cultural contribution to shaping one of the most significant urban centers in Spanish America through centuries that involved meaningful changes and continuities.
D'Arcy McNickle
Authors: Sorensen Leif
Published: February 2024

William D’Arcy McNickle (b. 1904–d. 1977) was born in Saint Ignatius, Montana, to Philomene Parenteau McNickle, a Métis whose parents fled Canada after the Louis Riel rebellion of 1885, and William McNickle, a white settler from Pennsylvania. In 1905 the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes adopted Philomene and the children. After their parents’ 1913 divorce, the children were sent to boarding school in Chemawa, Oregon. D’Arcy left Chemawa in 1916 to live with Philomene and her second husband, Gus Dahlberg. From 1921 to 1925 he attended Montana State University as D’Arcy Dahlberg, where his first publications appeared in Frontier: A Literary Magazine. In 1925 he sold his allotment to complete his studies at Oxford. He left Oxford without matriculating, spent a few months in Paris, and settled in New York City in 1927. While working in publishing he wrote poems, short fiction, and several drafts of The Surrounded, which was published in 1936. By then, McNickle had moved to Washington, DC, to work at the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The Surrounded garnered positive reviews, but sales were negligible. Although McNickle’s publisher and agent urged him to complete his novel-in-progress, Wind from an Enemy Sky would be published posthumously. At the BIA, McNickle worked to implement the Indian Reorganization Act, which, with ambivalent results, encouraged Indigenous self-determination. McNickle grew involved with pan-tribal activism, cofounding the National Congress of American Indians in 1944 and starting American Indian Development after leaving the BIA in 1952. During these years McNickle published a novel for children and three popular nonfiction books. He was involved in the 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference, and co-organized the Boulder Workshop on American Indian Affairs. In 1966 the University of Colorado at Boulder granted him an honorary doctorate. In 1967 he founded and chaired the Anthropology Department at the University of Saskatchewan’s Regina campus. In 1972 he became the program director of the Newberry Library’s Center for the History of American Indians, now named for him. His publications included a biography of Oliver La Farge and revised editions of the nonfiction. A year after his death, Wind from an Enemy Sky and a new edition of The Surrounded were published. Early scholarship on McNickle identified connections to the Native American Renaissance of the 1970s. Recent scholars have explored his critical perspective on modernism and modernity, representations of legal institutions and gendered power, and reflections on environmental and cross-species ethics.
Approaches and Issues in Historical Ecology
Authors: Crumley Carole , Balée William
Published: February 2024

Historical ecology supplies an epistemological foundation for the exchange of information about the past and present of a physical place and courses of action for its future. With roots in the environmental and social sciences and humanities, it offers a practical, holistic perspective on the study of environmental change and human agency. Drawing on a broad spectrum of evidence generated by scholars and by communities of practice, the applied objective of historical ecology is to inform management decisions that ensure an equitable and sustainable human future. For its practitioners, ecology includes humans as a component of ecosystems and landscapes, and history includes that of the Earth system as well as the social and physical past of humans and other species. Historical ecologists assert that humans have impacted almost all Earth’s habitable environments, that societies have their own worldviews and leave different environmental signatures, that human intellect is equally distributed across all environments and cultures, and that the Earth biome should be the ultimate umbrella of place-based research. Historical ecology is not a discipline, theory, or method, but a research program: It is a framework and toolbox for merging many relevant kinds of evidence to reach deeper understanding of the human–environment relationship. Research programs enable multiple, flexible, and inclusive narratives of human–environment relations over time in particular geographic locations. Cooperation is particularly valued with traditional and Indigenous managers, whose strategies often reflect deep knowledge of the landscapes they inhabit and can serve as both a baseline and source of innovation for a more equitable and durable future. The standard analytic procedures of disciplines and philosophical worldviews are respected and provide critical ‘cross-checks’ against other datasets, revealing new patterns and questions. Successful collaborative projects begin with agreement on goals. While historical ecology may be applied to spatial and temporal frames at any resolution, particularly rich sources of data are found at the landscape scale where human activity and cognition interact with biophysical systems, and where environmental, archaeological, historical, ethnographic, and other records are most plentiful. Although there are several organizational possibilities for the subject, this article has followed trends in the literature and chosen biomes, landscapes, and waterscape forms. The authors encourage future entries in languages other than English and the expansion of our own partial knowledge of a fast-growing literature.
Edith Stein
Authors: Beard Carolyn
Published: February 2024

Edith Stein (b. 11 October 1891–d. 9 August 1942; religious name St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross) was born into an observant Jewish family in Breslau, Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland). Renouncing religion as a teenager, Stein enrolled at the University of Breslau to study psychology, where she first encountered phenomenologist Edmund Husserl’s writing and thought. Stein subsequently transferred to the University of Göttingen to study under his supervision and became a central member of the intimate Göttingen Circle. Stein’s studies were interrupted with the outbreak of World War I in 1918, when she volunteered as a nurse with the Red Cross and served for two years in a military hospital in the modern-day Czech Republic. Moving to Freiburg after her service, Stein worked as Husserl’s assistant until the end of the war, when she participated in the establishment of the new German state by advocating for women’s suffrage in Breslau. Unable to earn a faculty position in philosophy as a woman, Stein wrote and taught in her family home. In 1921, Stein had a conversion experience when reading Teresa of Avila’s autobiography and was baptized on 1 January 1922. Stein’s initial application for admission to monastic life was denied and she was encouraged to pursue a vocation of teaching instead. Stein taught at a teachers’ college in Speyer before moving to a position at the German Institute for Scientific Pedagogy in Münster. In 1933, Stein was removed from her faculty position because of her identity as a Jewish woman and was granted entrance into the Carmelite monastery in Cologne, Germany. Stein took monastic vows and lived there until moving to a sister monastery in Echt, the Netherlands, to evade Nazi persecution. Stein was arrested on 7 August 1942, deported, and killed at Auschwitz two days later. Following her death, Stein was beatified as a martyr and canonized as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. Known as the “Holocaust martyr,” Stein is a controversial figure in Jewish and Christian discourse because of her status as a canonized Jewish convert and Holocaust victim. Beyond this contentious legacy, Stein is survived by twenty-eight volumes of philosophy, scholarship, theology, mystical texts, and correspondence—texts that have inspired nearly eighty years of scholarship. Recent scholarship is particularly interested in Stein’s syncretism of Thomistic-Aristotelian metaphysics and phenomenology, writings on women and the state, and religious and mystical texts.
Women and the Economy
Authors: Kevane Michael
Published: February 2024

Gender is an important but variable social institution that prescribes and proscribes thinking, speaking, and action for people in their social roles as men and women (and also as other non-binary gender identities). Gender overlaps with the institutions of the economy, in the sense that gender mediates the distribution of capabilities, opportunities, and outcomes. In most societies of the world, gender limits or hampers the capabilities and opportunities of women, and adversely affects women’s outcomes relative to men. Scholarship on African societies has a long tradition of close attention to how gender and the economy overlap, and the differential consequences of that overlap for women relative to men. This attention started with early anthropological work during the colonial era, and accelerated in the 1970s as gender issues became a central concern of development policy and discourses. In recent decades, analysis of larger-scale survey data and administrative data has permitted better characterization of the varied importance of gender in African economies, and how other social institutions mediate the impact of gender on economic outcomes. Moreover, the ability of researchers and organizations to conduct randomized controlled trials has enabled researchers to establish more clearly how gender mediates individual and aggregate responses to changing incentives and expanded opportunities.
Pretreatment and Acquired Drug Resistance in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Ebonyi Augustine O , Okpokwu Jonathan , Rawizza Holly , Chebu Philippe , Chaplin Beth , Hamel Donald , Oguche Stephen , Agbaji Oche O , Sagay Atiene S , Kanki Phyllis J , Imade Godwin E
Published: February 2024

We determined pretreatment and acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance among children with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in Jos, Nigeria. The majority (71%) of those who failed first-line antiretroviral therapy were on a nevirapine-containing regimen. The prevalence of pretreatment (48%) and acquired (76%) HIV drug resistance mutations was high in our study. Wider access to HIV drug resistance testing after treatment failure is necessary to optimize second-line treatment options among children with HIV in Nigeria.
Challenges to Implementing a Vaccine for Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Barker Bridget M , Thompson George R , Ampel Neil M
Published: February 2024

A vaccine for coccidioidomycosis is likely to undergo trials in the near future. In this paper, we raise 4 questions that should be answered before its use and offer our solutions to these questions. These include defining the goals of vaccination, determining who should be vaccinated, how to measure vaccine immunity and protection, and how to address vaccine hesitancy and denial.