bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuity in lexical and morphological development in Icelandic and English-speaking 2-year-olds
Authors: Thordardottir Elin T. , Weismer Susan Ellis , Evans Julia L.
Published: July 2017

Accounts of language development vary in whether they view lexical and grammatical development as being mediated by a single or by separate mechanisms. In a single mechanism account, only one system is required for learning words and extracting grammatical regularity based on similarities among stored items. A strong non-linear relationship between early lexical and grammatical development has been demonstrated in English and, more recently, in Italian supporting a single mechanism view (Caselli, Casadio & Bates 1999, Marchman & Bates 1994). The present study showed a comparable non-linear relationship between vocabulary size and the emergence of verb inflection and sentence complexity in two-year-old speakers of English and Icelandic, a highly inflected language. The study included 96 children within a narrow age range, but varying extensively in language proficiency, demonstrating continuity in lexical and grammatical development among children with typical language development as well as very precocious children and children with expressive language delay. Cross-linguistic differences were noted as well, suggesting that the Icelandic-speaking children required a larger critical mass of vocabulary items before grammatical regularity was detected. This is probably a result of the more complex inflectional system of the Icelandic language compared with English.
Gender, Race, and Grade Differences in Gifted Adolescents' Coping Strategies
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: July 2017

While investigations of adolescents' coping strategies are useful, high-ability students face pressures, such as a lack of challenge in school or anti-intellectual school climates, that further complicate the tumultuous changes associated with adolescence. The purpose of this study is to produce evidence of demographic effects, or the lack thereof, in gifted adolescents' coping in order to guide affective intervention efforts with this population. The Adolescent Coping Scale was administered to 749 gifted students attending two different summer enrichment programs. MANOVA with post hoc descriptive discriminant analysis provides little evidence of gender or grade differences but suggests the presence of moderate racial differences.
Comprehensiveness of Conceptual Foundations for Gifted Education: A World-View Analysis
Authors: Ambrose Don
Published: July 2017

Root-metaphorical world views strongly influence the thoughts of scholars and practitioners in scientific disciplines. Gifted education is not immune to such influence. In order to clarify conceptual foundations of gifted education, recent literature was analyzed to reveal the degree to which each of 4 world views (contextualism, organicism, formism, and mechanism) reflects and shapes the thinking of scholars in the field. Analyses revealed philosophical biases toward contextualism and organicism in terms of subject-matter emphases and a bias toward mechanism in the preferred research methodologies. A comprehensive understanding of the conceptual foundations for gifted education requires recognition of contributions from the 4 world-view perspectives.
Effects of Local Vibration on Tactile Perception in the Hands of Dentists
Authors: Lundström R. , Lindmark A.
Published: July 2017

Ten dentists and ten controls have been studied as regards vibration perception thresholds (PT) and temporary threshold shift (TTS) which normally appears after a short period of fatigue stimulation. PT has been studied within the frequency range 40–400 Hz and TTS for 100 and 250 Hz. For both groups tested perception between left and right hand has been compared. All dentists and all controls, except one, were right-handed. The dentists had in opposition to the controls, been exposed professionally to local vibration with high frequencies (>1000 Hz) from ultra high speed handpieces used in modern dental work.

For dentists a reduction of vibration perception could be shown for the right hand. For controls no differencies in vibration perception between hands could be shown. This result supports the suspicion that vibration with high frequencies (>1000 Hz) has a negative influence on human tissues and structures of tissues.
Occurrence and Control of Low Frequency Noise Emitted from an Icecream Storehouse
Authors: Yamada Shinji
Published: July 2017

This paper shows a case study of low frequency noise emitted from an icecream storehouse. One person, male and 41 years old, was annoyed by low frequency noise of 16 Hz, 87–92 dB. His symptoms were headaches, nausea and augmentation of blood pressure etc.
Low Frequency Noise from a Big Building Due to Oscillatory Forces of a Machine
Authors: Nishiwaki Niichi , Fujio Noboru , Mori Takuji
Published: July 2017

People living in houses near a big factory complained about chattering of glass windows. At one of these houses, the SPL of low frequency noise was about 66 dB at 5.5 Hz and ground acceleration level was about 40 dB at 9 Hz in the horizontal direction. (0 dB acceleration = 10−5 m/s2).

We found that the noise and ground vibration were caused by a big grinding mill in the factory, because both SPL and acceleration level at the residential district were considerably decreased when the mill was not in operation.

We also confirmed that low frequency noise was not transmitted from the grinding mill directly, but was due to the resonant vibration of walls of the factory building.

Two ideas are studied here to suppress the noise, one of which is to isolate the vibration of the grinding mill at its foundation, and the other is to improve the stiffness of the building frames to stop the wall vibration.

As a result of the study, the latter method to increase the stiffness of the building was adopted. The SPL of low frequency noise near the wall was decreased.
Low Frequency Noise Emitted from a Shake-Out Machine
Authors: Nakashio T. , Higaki K. , Oshita I.
Published: July 2017

The propagation of low frequency noise from a shake-out machine has been investigated. It was shown that the primary noise source was in the rotation of the imbalanced mass and noise reduction was achieved by reducing the rotational speed.
Changes in Wakefulness during Exposure to Infrasound
Authors: Landström Ulf , Liszka Ludwik , Danielsson Ake , Lindmark Asta , Lindqwist Marianne , Söderberg Lena
Published: July 2017

The present experiments were designed in order to investigate the effect of infrasound on wakefulness.

20 male subjects were exposed in a pressure chamber designed for high infrasonic sound levels. The level was adjusted to 125 dB(Lin) for the frequencies 6 Hz, 12 Hz, 16 Hz and intermittent 16 Hz. During exposure measurements were made on EEG, blood pressure and heart activity.

Exposure to intermittent 16 Hz and 6 Hz were found to stimulate the appearance of drowsy states. The effect was verified through deorganization of the alpha activity in EEG and appearance of theta waves (recorded in periods of 5 minutes), lowering of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and reductions in heart frequency.

On the basis of these results it is suggested that exposure to infrasound might, in some cases, be a stimulus for production of drowsy states.
Investigations in Short-Range Seismic Propagation
Authors: Powell R.F. , Clay M.R.
Published: July 2017

The detection and location of a low-frequency seismic source is an increasingly significant environmental problem which is made more difficult by the complex nature of a seismic signal and the effect on it of ground transmission. The topic is discussed here in the context of augmenting a conventional undergraduate course in introductory waves and vibrations. Investigations are made of the geophone as a detector, the problem of seismic noise, the variation of seismic signatures with range and their interpretation, and a simple array for source direction.
Low Frequency Noise Annoyance Assessment by Low Frequency Noise Rating (LFNR) Curves
Authors: Broner N. , Leventhall H.G.
Published: July 2017

Over recent years, it has become apparent that low frequency noise annoyance is more widespread than originally believed. Annoyance has occurred where the emitted noise is unbalanced towards the low frequencies even though the dB(A) level has been low. Following laboratory experiments carried out as part of an investigation into low frequency annoyance, combined with field annoyance data, the Low Frequency Noise Rating (LFNR) curves are proposed for the assessment of low frequency noise annoyance complaints.
A Criterion for Predicting the Annoyance Due to Lower Level Low Frequency Noise
Authors: Broner N. , Leventhall H.G.
Published: July 2017

In a study of the annoyance due to low frequency noise, 75 subjects (consisting of 21 complainants and 54 controls) carried out a magnitude estimation task and rated the annoyance due to lower-level low frequency noise (55dB–75dB). After allowing for a threshold effect, it was found that the E-weighted sound pressure level was, in general, the best predictor of lower-level low frequency noise annoyance. However, it was not a significantly better predictor than any of the other nine noise measures considered. The widely available dB(A) noise measure was therefore suggested as a useful predictor of group annoyance due to lower-level low frequency noise.
Experiments into the Impact of Low Level, Low Frequency Noise upon Human Behaviour
Authors: Benton S. , Leventhall H.G.
Published: July 2017

The diversity of individual response to noise is revealed as anomalies in the region of low level low frequency noise, in which the role of sound character is undervalued. The paper considers the relevance of cognitive processing in determining response to noise, which would otherwise simply reflect the physical characteristics of the stimulus. The response experiment showed that sound character has a significant role in shaping response to noise and indicates that loudness is not the dominant element in the region considered.
The Acoustical Impedance at the Junction of Non-Coaxial Cylindrical Ducts
Authors: Peat Keith S.
Published: July 2017

At low frequencies, only plane waves can continuously propagate along uniform ducts, but evanescent, non-planar waves arise from discontinuities in the duct cross-section. The effect of these evanescent waves can be considered as an acoustical impedance to the propagation of plane waves. It is then possible to increase the accuracy of low frequency plane-wave analysis of duct systems with cross-sectional discontinuities, by inclusion of these impedance corrections. This paper considers the derivation of the acoustical impedance at the junction of non-coaxial circular ducts, a common feature within silencer systems.
Experimental Characterisation of the Low Frequency Noise Annoyance Arising from Industrial Plants
Authors: Cocchi Alessandro , Fausti Patrizio , Piva Stefano
Published: July 2017

Complaints about low frequency noise annoyance are frequently reported although the sound levels, measured according to usual procedures, do not seem to justify such reactions. In the present paper some experimental data, gathered by the authors, are illustrated. The results are analyzed on the basis of the available methodologies with the aim of giving a useful contribution to the discussion about the necessity of a special methodology for the correct evaluation of the low frequency noise annoyance.
Vibrating Beam Technique for Measuring Animal Natural Frequency
Authors: Randall John M , Peng Chaoying
Published: July 2017

The discomfort to animals arising from vibration during transport is likely to be greatest at their natural resonant frequency. This frequency can be measured without compromising animal welfare by placing them on a simple beam support at each end which is caused to vibrate by a small impulse. The optimum beam to give stable and accurate results for this technique is evaluated using a two-degree-of-freedom model. Some design requirements are contradictory, for example sensitivity to the resolution of frequency measurement and the benefits of having a single system response. These problems are alleviated by specifying a unified accuracy at both of the system natural frequencies. In this case the natural frequency of the beam should be twice that of the animal and the modal mass of the beam should equal that of the animal.
Hygienic Assessment of Low Frequency Noise Annoyance in Working Environments
Authors: Holmberg Kjell , Landstrom Ulf , Söderberg Lena , Kjellberg Anders , Tesarz Maria
Published: July 2017

Different ways of assessing low frequency noise below the level of hearing damage to predict noise annoyance are treated. Three methods for classification of low frequency noise are tested. Some assessment methods, e.g. low frequency noise ratings (LFNR), frequency weightings A - D, the difference dB(C) - dB(A) and Zwicker loudness, are presented and evaluated regarding their relation to rated annoyance. Low frequency noise groups were selected out of 338 recordings from different occupational environments, e.g offices, laboratories, manufacturing premises, etc. The annoyance ratings were made on a graphic rating scale. The annoyance ratings corresponding to the recordings were correlated to the different low frequency noise measurements.

Correlations between different low frequency noise measures and annoyance ratings are presented.

None of the methods that are evaluated seems to fit better than the others for assessment of low frequency noise annoyance. A conclusion drawn is that when assessing low frequency. noises, the usual methods should be handled with care.
Evaluation of Human Response to Building Vibration Caused by Transit Buses
Authors: Al-Hunaidi M. Osama
Published: July 2017

The International Standardization Organization and several countries have published standards that provide guidance on evaluation of human response to vibration in buildings, e.g. ISO 2631-2:1989, BS 6472: 1984, and ANSI S3.29: 1983. This paper demonstrates the application of these standards for the case of vibrations induced in residential homes by transit buses. Difficulties and ambiguities in applying the standards are revealed. Several vibration evaluation methods were applied and compared including rms, rmq, peak, and vibration-dose-value methods. Actual vibration levels measured in 6 residential homes were used to assess the various methods. Two evaluation methods were identified as the most appropriate.
An Analysis of Vibrational Field, Generated by an Underground Tunnel in Soil
Authors: Kostarev S.A.
Published: July 2017

In the paper an approach to calculation of vibration fields from industrial and transport sources in soil is described. This approach is based on physical aspects of acoustic wave propagation in nonhomogeneous media. Both computational and “organizational” (in obtaining exact initial geophysics media properties) are presented. Combined digital-analytic method, based on adaptive algorithms of orthogonal expansions, is proposed.

New combined digital-analytic method for analyzing of physical problems is discussed. It is based on the adaptive expansions of considered functions in adjustable orthogonal basis in appropriate function space.

Some computer realizations of described technology for acoustic and geophysics field analysis are presented. In particular a software package for analysis of vibration and acoustic situation on the ground surface and estimations of possible measures for vibration reduction.
Investigation of Efficiency of Vibration Isolation for Cabins of Self-Propelled Machines
Authors: Liberman Mikhail (Yudimovich)
Published: July 2017

A method for calculation of the efficiency of vibration isolating systems, which are used in self-propelled machines, is presented. The influence of parameters of vibration isolating systems (masses and stiffnesses of foundation, load and elastic elements of vibration isolators, losses of oscillatory energy in elements of system) on efficiency of vibration isolation is determined. Good agreement is found between theoretical and experimental results. Results of experimental research for vibration isolating systems, which are used in real machines (excavator and tractor), are presented.
Numerical Modelling of Vibrational Effect on the Human Body
Authors: Arsenev S.I. , Mishin A.M. , Sizonov A.A. , Tituch I.N.
Published: July 2017

The analysis of the reaction of the human body to a vibrational load allows us to determine the danger of this effect for the person. It is possible to evaluate the vibrational effect of existing technical systems and to form requirements for new machines and equipment from the point of vibrational safety. The technique is based on a finite element representation of the human body, analysis of skeletal muscle sensitivity, numerical modelling of effects and calculation by the method of finite elements.
Absorbed Power and Mechanical Impedance of the Seated Human Measured within a Real Vehicle Environment Compared with Single Axis Laboratory Data
Authors: Holmlund Patrik
Published: July 2017

It is known that exposure to whole-body vibration when driving different types of vehicles may cause health effects and discomfort. Absorbed power might be a good quantity for assessing the risk of injury due to such exposure. Mechanical impedance is a measure which describes biodynamics and can define human response to vibration. It can then also be used in the design of preventative measures. The mechanical impedance of the human body in the vertical direction is presented in the ISO-standard 5982 (1981). However, it does not show concordance with results from later studies. This study has investigated how to measure and quantify absorbed power and mechanical impedance in a real vehicle environment. The vehicle was an 8-seater minibus driven on a snow covered gravel road at a speed of approximately 50 kmh−1. Three male subjects were exposed to vibration in the vehicle, sitting on a rigid seat mounted at the back of the minibus. Two postures were used, sitting erect and relaxed. Force and acceleration were measured using a specially designed seat plate. The results showed that absorbed power and mechanical impedance can be measured in a vehicle, but the results differ from other published single-axis exposure results. There seems to be a force cross-talk between the directions. This force distorts the results if the difference in vibration magnitude is as large as in this study. For instance, absorbed power negative results are shown around the frequency range 5–10 Hz in the x direction. Further research is needed in order to define the level and linearity of the force cross-talk. In addition, studies to investigate other conditions, such as back and arm rests, seat foam and suspension seats he of great interest.
Microseismic Investigations of Low Frequency Vibrations and Their Possible Effects on Populations
Authors: Rushforth I.M. , Styles P. , Manley D.M.J.P. , Toon S.M.
Published: July 2017

Environmental low frequency noise and vibration (or “hum”) is a growing annoyance and potential health hazard to many people, according to surveys conducted by the UK's Low Frequency Noise Sufferer's Association. This paper describes attempts to measure the “hum” using microseismic methods. Sensitive three-component seismometers and high resolution digital dataloggers were employed in the homes of “hum” sufferers, and three-dimensional vibrational data were recorded overnight. Frequency analyses were then performed on the time series data using Fast Fourier Transform methods.

In one case study, a clear signal was observed corresponding to a fundamental vibrational frequency peak of 10 Hz. At least one harmonic frequency peak (30 Hz) was also apparent. It is suggested that local industry of some kind (with machinery running overnight at an operating frequency of 10 Hz) may be responsible for this ground-borne disturbance.

In another house occupied by “hum” sufferers, no notable ground velocities were recorded overnight with the seismometer mounted on ground floor concrete foundations. Significant levels of vibration were only observed in an upstairs bedroom, by placing the instrument on floorboards which appear to be excited by acoustic waves in the room. It is inferred that in this case the “hum” is predominantly air-borne; again, local industry is a likely source.

Low frequency “hum”, both acoustic and ground-borne, is a very real problem which causes sufferers great distress. It is possible to measure the “hum” and determine its frequency characteristics using microseismic techniques. Urgent revision of current legislation is needed to limit industrial output levels of low frequency noise/vibration, especially at night time.
Tailoring Rural Development Activities through Churches to the Local Inherent Potential
Authors: Sharland Roger
Published: July 2017

This paper is based on an open lecture given at OCMS on Tuesday 21 December 2004.
The Ethics of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Davies Eryl W.
Published: July 2017

Several of the narratives contained in the Hebrew Bible raise profound ethical questions, and moral issues frequently recur in the sayings of the wise and in various passages in the Psalms. Consequently, the Bible seemed staunchly to resist any attempt to subject it to a tidy, systematic treatment, and some scholars were forced to concede that the writing of an ‘ethics of the Hebrew Bible’ was an impractical, if not impossible, task. In this brief survey, the author outlines some of the pertinent issues relating to the subject of the ethics of the Hebrew Bible. Much research remains to be done in this important field of biblical study, and it is to be hoped that the renewed interest shown by biblical scholars in this area during the last twenty years will continue into the foreseeable future.
Post-resurrection Meal and its Implications for the Early Understanding of the Eucharist
Authors: O'Loughlin Thomas
Published: July 2017

This paper is focussed on a passage from the fourth-century Christian treatise, De uiris illustribus. This is the oldest extant witness to some traditions about Jesus that is often lumped together as ‘apocrypha’. The passage in question addresses the issue of a post-resurrection meal. The passage suggests that we need a more all embracing notion of sacramentality of Christians eating at table than one where a sacramental dimension is linked to ritual or even ceremonial form.
Religious Freedom and Muslim States
Authors: Yung Hwa
Published: July 2017

It is generally claimed by Muslims that Islam provides the best safeguards for the freedom and rights of non-Muslim minorities living in Muslim states. But there appears to be serious contradictions between claim and reality both past and present. The evidence shows that these contradictions arise out of both the very nature of Islam in its classical formulations and their abuse by some Muslims. Some proposals are made as to how Christians can help protect the freedom and rights of both Muslims or non-Muslims world-wide and ensure the survival and growth of the Church under Islam today.
Freedom to Evangelize vs Freedom to Seek Justice?
Authors: Taber Charles R.
Published: July 2017

Contrary to popular imagination, the division between those countries which allow freedom to preach the gospel and those which deny it is not the line between Marxist and non-Marxist states. Both left and right wing authoritarian regimes tolerate gospels that focus exclusively on individual religious concerns that are politically uncritical. This frees them from any criticism on religious grounds. There is another formulation of the gospel which is not reductionist and which asserts the Lordship of Christ over the entire universe and all aspects of its life. Such a formulation is a serious threat to any totalitarian regime of whatever ideology.
Religious Freedom in Eastern Europe—before and after 1989
Authors: Broun Janet
Published: July 2017

Before 1989, Christians and Muslims in Eastern European states were the objects of firm repression. Churches and mosques had been closed, scriptures were largely unavailable, clergy were either hopelessly compromised, or barred from carrying out their ministry. Mission, religious education and charitable outreach were banned. Since 1989, religion has been one of the first areas of life to be normalised. Enormous vigour has sprung up in all areas of church life. But some difficulties still remain – in particular the re-emergence of the alliance between church and state which pre-dated the period of suppression and the use of pornography to flood the press.
Catholicism and National Identity in Latin America
Authors: Escobar Samuel
Published: July 2017

Latin America is not one, but many. It exists in six different regions with differing forms of Catholicism. This Catholicism had acted from a position of power. The challenge of modernity and independence movements made people anti-Church if not anti-Christian. New missionary priests from North America and Europe changed the face of Latin American Catholicism after the second world war. Yet Catholicism is not deeply rooted in Latin America and thus has had to resort to political means for survival. In the pluralistic world of the future, Catholicism in Latin America will have to live with change.
Church and Politics in Kenya
Authors: Gitari David
Published: July 2017

The doctrine of creation reminds us that God not only creates but sustains his creation; the doctrine of humanity reminds us that God commanded humans to take part in his creativity; the doctrine of incarnation reminds us that God took residence among us and spoke on the stage of human history; the doctrine of the Kingdom of God shows us how Jesus was involved in the social, political, economic and spiritual affairs of the world. These have been the theological roots of my involvement in the public life of Kenya, in particular in debate over the queueing system in national elections between 1985 and 1990 during which my life was threatened.
Tension or Irreconcilability?—A Response to “A Movement Divided”
Authors: Stockwell Eugene L.
Published: July 2017

Stockwell questions whether some mission trends are reconcilable. Some are and some are not. Tensions between mission trends, while real, may divert attention from more crucial tensions that Christian mission should face.
Renewal Brings New Life
Authors: Robertson Murray
Published: July 2017

Murray Robertson tells how in an initially small Baptist Church in Christchurch, New Zealand, charismatic renewal brought about local outreach and expansion and the formation of community help centres and a kingdom bank, followed by mission to Asia as well as within the local neighbourhood. He describes the progress as a journey in three stages of seven years each, but looks forward to the challenge yet to come.
“Come, Holy Spirit – Renew the Whole Creation”
Authors: Padilla C. René
Published: July 2017

In a full survey of the programme and reports produced by the Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Canberra, René Padilla notes that though the theme was the Holy Spirit, Pentecostalism continued to be under suspicion in ecumenical circles. The life of the Assembly also illustrated the fact that the WCC must address the limits of theological pluralism and can no longer afford to maintain a separation between its confessional basis and its programmes.
Southern Baptist Evangelism of Coptic Christians: Is It Proselytism?
Authors: Cheyne John R.
Published: July 2017

Defining the concept of “proselytism” from a Biblical viewpoint, the author attempts to distinguish between witnessing through life-style evangelism and the introduction of the word of God, and overt attempts to draw others away from their historic beliefs, sometimes through questionable methodologies and/or unethical inducements. He points out that when renewal and revival within a body of believers bring about a spontaneous desire to follow Biblical principles, and a different approach toward worship, individuals should have the freedom to make that choice.
Washington, Women and Families
Authors: Van Leeuwen Mary Stewart
Published: July 2017

A paper given at the Conference on “Issues Facing the New Administration”, Pepperdine University, January 1989.

The nuclear family of much nostalgic conservative Christian rhetoric is a product of the industrial revolution making the father the absent bread winner. The family farm model where both parents shared parenting and providing roles is a better model for work patterns that enable boys and girls to relate to good role models of both genders in their childhood.
Work: Four Prevalent Challenges to the Biblical View
Authors: Hawtrey Kim
Published: July 2017

Work may be overvalued by a workaholic culture, undervalued in an entertainment culture, made a paradigm for life by Marxist thought or the worker may be devalued and regarded as all other factors in production. All are attempts to build self-image apart from God's work in restoring his image in us.
A Voice for Women
Authors: Tripp Linda
Published: July 2017

Anyone who is serious about sustainable development must also be serious about addressing the issues of women. Most of the activities involved in promoting and implementing sound development work are, in fact, the responsibility of the women. They are the ones who carry the water, grow and prepare the food and care for the children. They remain in the community, even when the men go to the city or abandon the family altogether. Women carry an enormous burden, and suffer as a result. Those committed to working with the poor in communities must be willing to bring women into the process of dialogue and planning from the start. Culture and traditions that perpetrate a cycle of exploitation and injustice against women must be challenged and changed. This is possible only through the participation and transformation of the people themselves.
Responses to “A Movement Divided” by Samuel Escobar
Authors: Atullah Ramez
Published: July 2017

In Transformation for October 1991, Samuel Escobar examined missiology in the Lausanne Movement. He suggested three models persisted - “post-imperial” missiology, managerial missiology and a critical missiology from the periphery. He suggested that the church-growth school failed to appreciate those aspects of missionary work that cannot be measured or reduced to figures.

In this issue, Ramez Atullah from Egypt and Ralph Winter respond to Samuel Escobar, who also responds to his respondents.
The Role of Business Enterprise in Christian Mission
Authors: Ewert Norm
Published: July 2017

Power is now measured by economic strength. The world is becoming more integrated. Europe and the Pacific are challenging US dominance. The debt crisis is a crisis in capital and job creation. In the future, key economic issues will be job creation, increased production, grassroots development and safeguarding the poor from the debt crisis. The most viable form of employment will be in small scale enterprises. These meet the real needs of the poorest, are locally owned and controlled, produce products for a local market and use locally available resources. They contribute to economic stability, are not subject to international currency fluctuations and use an environmentally sustainable technology.
Communities of the King
Authors: Groves David
Published: July 2017

Vinay Samuel of India wrote a provocative article categorising our contemporary city churches in Transformation for April 1982. He concluded that all generally fail to meet the spiritual challenge of the age and suggests that each church should pattern themselves on a new model he calls the Community of the King. In this article David Groves begins to search for an appropriate Biblical example for this sort of Community.
The liberating mission of Jesus: A reading of the gospel of Luke in a missiological key
Authors: Rodriguez Darío López
Published: July 2017

Jesus was poor and he came to proclaim the gospel to the poor. Not just to the poor in spirit, who are aware of their need of God, but also to those who are poor in economic terms, who are poor by any standards (Padilla) 1975:96
Dangers of national repentance (1940)
Authors: Lewis C. S.
Published: July 2017

C. S. Lewis' article addresses a critically important issue on which Howard Ahmanson comments. Professor Oliver O'Donovan addresses the same issue in a sermon in Christ Church Oxford on Trinity Sunday 1997. We publish the three articles together in the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of India and Pakistan and invite correspondence on the issues at stake. Eds.
Nationalism, ethnicity, and religion: a reply to Christopher Catherwood
Authors: Mobley Kendal P.
Published: July 2017

Kendal Mobley replies to Christopher Catherwood's article ‘Nationalism, ethnicity and tolerance: some historical, political and biblical perspectives’, published in Transformation, Vol 14, no. 1, January 1997, p. 10.
Building A Nation
Authors: Samuel C. B.
Published: July 2017

India, the world's largest democracy of 1 billion people, went to the polls in September 1999. In this article the director of the Evangelical Fellowship of India Commission on Relief and Development offers a critical reading of India's journey in building a nation state, and the challenge this represents to evangelicals to present a public face for the Christian faith in such a context. The article is a prelude to a larger and longer study he is undertaking, which the editors hope to include a future issue of Transformation.
Vocabulary Deficit—One Problem or Many?
Authors: Haynes Corinne
Published: July 2017

Two boys, aged 10 and 11, with vocabulary deficits and word finding problems are introduced to new vocabulary in two treatment conditions: (i) an elaborated mode in which words are used in the context of an activity involving semantically related words, and (ii) a definition mode in which they listen passively to formal word definitions (also semantically linked). One boy makes no progress in either mode; the other makes some gains in both modes. Reasons for this are discussed and the importance of taking individual learning styles into account is stressed.
Sense: the final frontier
Authors: Crystal David
Published: July 2017

Despite its central role within language disability, ‘sense’ remains one of the most neglected areas of clinical linguistic study. The paper reviews the chief theoretical issues involved in investigating vocabulary, the core domain of sense, and illustrates the vagueness and randomness which traditionally characterize its study. The implications of making the conceptual jump from WORDS to LEXICAL ITEMS (LEXEMES) are discussed, and the main features of a lexical syllabus outlined, with particular reference to the role of sense relations and the unsatisfactory state of dictionary definitions in books aimed at children.
The immediate effects of pictographic representation on children’s narratives
Authors: McFadden Teresa Ukrainetz
Published: July 2017

The pictographic representation of narratives is a useful strategy for both developing language and compensating for weak writing in individual and inclusive language intervention settings. To determine the immediate effects of this strategy, 61 children, aged 7;10-9;1, were taught pictography. They then drafted and told imaginative narratives using one of three notations: writing, art drawing and pictography; and wrote ‘good copies’ of their drafts. The results showed that pictography was faster than the other two representational forms and resulted in longer oral narratives with increased temporal organization. Written good copy narratives showed no differential benefit across representational forms. Lower and higher achieving children showed similar patterns of benefits.
Intervention strategies for children who exhibit coexisting phonological and fluency disorders: a clinical note
Authors: Wolk Lesley
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to present suggestions for intervention strategies found to be useful for children exhibiting coexisting stuttering and phonolog ical disorders. Six guiding principles form the basis for clinical management: (1) the use of an indirect phonological approach; (2) employing a phono logical process approach; (3) the use of direct fluency modification tech niques; (4) the concurrent application of phonological and fluency principles; (5) parental involvement; and (6) the use of a group setting. Specific guidelines for selection of target processes and target sounds are dis cussed together with fluency modification techniques.
The relationship between self-esteem and language disordered children
Authors: McAndrew Edel
Published: July 2017

This study examined the proposition that the high level of emotional and behavioural problems in language disordered children was due to their low self-esteem, this being due to the difficulties the children encountered because of their language disorder. The Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale, Coopersmith Inventory (school form) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior EPQ) were administered to 14 children. The results of the present study did not find significant differences between the mean scores of the language-disordered children and the mean of the standardization samples on either the Piers-Harris or the Coopersmith questionnaires.
Elicitation in verb morphology
Authors: Klimacka Lindsay , Brunger Karen
Published: July 2017

The underlying nature of developmental language disorders, particularly specific language impairment, is still an unresolved empirical and clinical issue, with much unexplained data and conflicting interpretations in the research. Nevertheless, recent developments in language acquisition theory have led to a characterization of disordered child language which provides clinicians with a deeper understanding of the linguistic deficits of many of the children within this heterogeneous population. The authors have formulated a variety of elicitation techniques for research, based on these developments. The focus of this paper is the verb system of language-impaired children and the techniques were designed for data gathering and as intervention paradigms. The elicitation techniques are described in detail and conclusions are drawn about the strengths, limitations and future implications of such methods in clinical application.
The Gentry of the King's and Queen's Counties: Protestant Landed Society, 1690–1760
Authors: Beaumont Daniel M.
Published: July 2017

The aim of this research is to contribute towards the exact recovery of the social, cultural and physical milieux of members of the Irish Protestant elite in the period 1690–1760 by focussing on the landed gentry of The lung's and Queen's counties (modern day Offaly and Laois). This research, while building on the existing local studies is the first systematic analysis of landownership in this region since c.1905.
Birth Control in Britain During the Interwar Years
Authors: Davey Claire
Published: July 2017

Responding to the call by historical demographers for “more empirical studies at the micro-level” of motives for using birth control, a single archival source—letters written to Marie Stopes, a major English advocate of contraception—are used to examine the contraceptive experiences and sexual problems of individual men and women during the later phase of the demographic transition in England (1918–1939). Various statistical assessments reveal that methods and motives for contraception were influenced by the correspondents' sex and social standing.
The Entrepreneurial Family Economy: Family Strategies and Self-Employment in Detroit, 1880
Authors: Archer Melanie
Published: July 2017

Using data from the 1880 manuscript census, city directories, and R. G. Dun and Company credit reports for Detroit, Michigan, this study examines the family economy of entrepreneurial households. Two family work strategies are examined for a sample of 1,881 male self-employed and wage-earning household heads: family enterprise, and the joint labor force participation of family members. The family organization of business is related to high occupational status and wealth among the self-employed. The joint labor force participation of multiple family members is most characteristic of unskilled wage earners in comparison to other occupational strata. Modes of entrepreneurial family economy reflect the middle-class status of the self-employed and their social and economic homogeneity relative to wage earners.
The Neglect of Female Children and Childhood Sex Ratios in Nineteenth-Century America: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Courtwright David T.
Published: July 2017

Antebellum census records show that there were slightly higher than average numbers of male children in the western states and territories of the United Stales and slightly lower than average numbers of male children in eastern areas. It has been suggested that this imbalance was due to the economically inspired neglect of female children in rural and frontier areas, but this hypothesis does not hold up to close inspection. Better explanations are that more boys were born in, survived childhood in, or moved to western regions.
A History of Schooling and Family Life on Southern Argentine Sheep Ranches
Authors: Taber Sara Mansfield
Published: July 2017

Changing schooling patterns and concurrent changes in residence patterns have altered family life on the isolated sheep ranches of Peninsula Valdes, Argentina, over the last century. Examination of the schooling and familial experiences of individuals belonging to eight cohorts in fifteen families reveals that the lack of nearby educational facilities has played an important part in an exodus from the ranches to town. In three phases, the rich family-oriented life on the ranches has been transferred to town, and family life on the ranches has been impoverished.
Out of Wedlock Childbearing in an Ante-Bellum Southern County
Authors: Newcomer Susan
Published: July 2017

Bastardy bonds and 1850 census data from Wake County, North Carolina are used to examine the extent of out-of-wedlock childbearing in that county. Women who bore children out of wedlock lived in female headed households, and the fathers were more likely to be well-off heads of households. The same women recurred in the bonds, as did some of the same men. Rates of white out-of-wedlock births were found not to differ greatly from those of 1970.
Single Parenthood in 1900
Authors: Gordon Linda , McLanahan Sara
Published: July 2017

The Public Use Sample of the 1900 census was used to examine single parenthood in the U.S. population overall, in seven major cities, and in four predominately rural states. The data allow us to identify single parent subfamilies, a group missed by reports based on published census statistics. The proportion of children living with single parents in 1900 approximated that of 1960:8.5 percent as compared with 9.1 percent. Migration and immigration were not associated with single parenthood. Black children were more likely than white children to live with single parents, especially black children in urban areas. Approximately seventy-five percent of black and white single parents were widows.
Family Patterns in Nineteenth-Century Sweden: Impact Of Occupational Status and Landownership
Authors: Low Bobbi S. , Clarke Alice L.
Published: July 2017

This study investigates the impact of resources on family patterns. Resources vary within and between regions; individual access to resources may also vary. Data from the Swedish Demographic Database, Umeå, Sweden, allowed comparisons of reproductive life in four Swedish parishes during the 1800s. Data were analyzed at both aggregate and lineage levels. Occupational status and land ownership are shown to have affected men's reproductive lives, though particulars varied among parishes. Legitimacy and parity (birth order) affected access to resources. Two new measures are introduced to supplement standard demographic measures: actual lifetime fertilities (NBC: number of biological children born to the individual), and the number of children alive at age ten (RS10).
Marriage Patterns, Trends, and Timing in Urban Khartoum, 1940-1975: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Abdelrahman Abdelrahman Ibrahim
Published: July 2017

This article focuses on the relationship between marital timing on the one hand and marriage and residential types on the other within the context of urbanization in a developing country. We develop a framework that recognizes the complex nature of the changing socio-economic and socio-cultural factors under periods of rapid social change and socio-economic differentiation. We demonstrate both theoretically and in terms of an empirical example that marital timing could change independent of changes in marriage forms and extended residence. The role of education in influencing positively marital timing need not be mediated through the dissolution of traditional marriage types and residential forms, and ages at first marriage could rise independent of changes in these institutions.
The History of Widowhood: A Bibliographic Overview
Authors: Blom Ida
Published: July 2017

Historical research on widowhood in the United States and in Europe, with an emphasis on the period from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, is still in its infancy. So far certain general perspectives in the changing demographic, economic, and cultural aspects of widowhood have been outlined, and a multitude of cross-cultural variations from the general patterns have also been found. This, as well as the fact that gender-specific consequences of widowhood result in an unequal distribution of sources concerning widows and widowers respectively, indicate the need for future research in the field.
Household Structure and Urbanization in Three Icelandic Fishing Districts, 1880-1930
Authors: Gunnlaugsson Gísli Ágúst , Guttormsson Loftur
Published: July 2017

During the period 1880-1930 Iceland was transformed from a society dominated by rural farming to an urbanized society heavily dependent on fishing and fish processing. This article examines the effects of this development on demographic behavior and household structure in three geographically distinct coastal districts with economies based on different types of fishing. Urbanization and the growth of the fishing industry increased marriage prospects and reduced the mean age at marriage. For most of the period fertility in the three districts exceeded the national average. However, the same also applied to infant mortality and mortality in general. Kinship and friendship networks appear to have played an important role in the growing fishing towns. Household structure in the districts varied considerably before 1880 and was largely influenced by the labor requirement of different types of fishing. In contrast, household structure was fairly similar in the three towns in 1930 and did not exhibit any distinctive features which could be identified as directly influenced by the labor requirements of fishing.
Household and Family in Finnish Coastal Societies 1635-1895
Authors: Moring Beatrice
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study is to analyze in a long-term perspective the transition from a basically patrilocal and extended household system to a neolocal and nuclear system in a number of coastal communities subjected to legal and economic constraints. Several parishes located in the archipelago of southwestern Finland have been studied for the period 1635-1895 to determine the impact of the abolition of various restrictions on family and household formation and composition, population development, and demographic change.