bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erosion risk assessment and identification of susceptibility lands using the ICONA model and RS and GIS techniques
Authors: Esmaeili Gholzom Hossein , Ahmadi Hassan , Moeini Abolfazl , Motamed Vaziri Baharak
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Soil erosion in Iran due to the destruction of natural resources has intensified in recent years and land use changes have played a significant role in this process. On the other hand, the lack of data in most watersheds to evaluate erosion and sedimentation for finding quick and timely solutions for watershed management has made the use of models inevitable. The purpose of this study was to use the ICONA model and RS and GIS techniques to assess the risk of erosion and to identify areas sensitive to water erosion in the kasilian watershed in northern Iran. The results of this study showed that with very high slope class percentage (20 %–35 %) and sensitivity of shemshak formation to weathering which covers a large part of the watershed, soil erodibility class is high. But there is adequate land cover along with high percentage of natural forest cover, it has mitigated erosion. For this reason, the kasilian watershed is generally classified as low to moderate of erosion risk. Based on the erosion risk map, results show that the moderate class had the highest percentage of erosion risk (26.26 %) at the watershed. On the other hand, the low erosion risk class comprises a significant portion (25.44 %) of the catchment area. Also, 10.92 % of the catchment area contains a very high erosion risk class, with most of it in rangeland and Rock outcrops second. However, the erodibility of the kasilian watershed is currently controlled by appropriate land cover, but the potential susceptibility to erosion is high. If land cover is redused due to inadequate land management, the risk of erosion is easily increased.
Evolution of structures and hydrothermal alteration in a Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal belt: Constraining paired deformation–fluid flow events in an Fe and Cu–Au prospective terrain in northern Sweden
Authors: Andersson Joel B. H. , Bauer Tobias E. , Lynch Edward P.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. An approximately 90 km long Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal
belt in the northwestern Norrbotten ore province (northernmost Sweden) was
investigated to characterize its structural components, assess hydrothermal
alteration–structural geology correlations, and constrain a paired
deformation–fluid flow evolution for the belt. New geological mapping of
five key areas (Eustiljåkk, Ekströmsberg, Tjårrojåkka,
Kaitum West, and Fjällåsen–Allavaara) indicates two major
compressional events (D1 and D2) have affected the belt, with each
associated with hydrothermal alteration types typical for iron oxide–apatite
and iron oxide Cu–Au systems in the region. Early D1 generated a
regionally distributed, penetrative S1 foliation and oblique reverse
shear zones that show a southwest-block-up sense of shear that formed in
response to NE–SW crustal shortening. Peak regional metamorphism at
epidote–amphibolite facies broadly overlaps with this D1 event. Based
on overprinting relationships, D1 is associated with regional scapolite ± albite, magnetite + amphibole, and late calcite alteration of
mafic rock types. These hydrothermal mineral associations linked to D1
structures may form part of a regionally pervasive evolving fluid flow event
but are separated in this study by crosscutting relationships. During D2 deformation, folding of S0–S1 structures
generated F2 folds with steeply plunging fold axes in low-strain areas.
NNW-trending D1 shear zones experienced reverse dip-slip reactivation
and strike-slip-dominated movements along steep, E–W-trending D2 shear
zones, producing brittle-plastic structures. Hydrothermal alteration linked
to D2 structures is a predominantly potassic–ferroan association
comprising K-feldspar ± epidote ± quartz ± biotite ± magnetite ± sericite ± sulfides. Locally, syn- or post-tectonic
calcite is the main alteration mineral in D2 shear zones that intersect
mafic rocks. Our results highlight the importance of combining structural
geology with the study of hydrothermal alterations at regional to
belt scales to understand the temporal–spatial relationship between
mineralized systems. Based on the mapping results and microstructural
investigations as well as a review of earlier tectonic models presented for
adjacent areas, we suggest a new structural model for this part of the
northern Fennoscandian Shield. The new model emphasizes the importance of
reactivation of early structures, and the model harmonizes with tectonic
models presented by earlier workers based mainly on petrology of the
northern Norrbotten area.
Timescales of chemical equilibrium between the convecting solid mantle and over-/underlying magma oceans
Authors: Bolrão Daniela Paz , Ballmer Maxim Dionys , Morison Adrien , Rozel Antoine Billy , Sanan Patrick , Labrosse Stéphane , Tackley Paul James
Published: April 2020

Abstract. After accretion and formation, terrestrial planets go through at least one magma ocean episode. As the magma ocean crystallises, it creates the first layer of solid rocky mantle. Two different scenarios of magma ocean crystallisation involve that the solid mantle either (1) first appears at the core-mantle boundary and grows upwards, or (2) appears at mid-mantle depth and grows in both directions. Regardless of the magma ocean freezing scenario, the composition of the solid mantle and liquid reservoirs continuously change due to fractional crystallisation. This chemical fractionation has important implications for the long-term thermo-chemical evolution of the mantle, as well as its present-day dynamics and composition. In this work we use numerical models to study convection in a solid mantle bounded at either or both boundaries by magma ocean(s), and in particular, the related consequences for large-scale chemical fractionation. We use a parameterisation of fractional crystallisation of the magma ocean(s) and (re-)melting of solid material at the interface between these reservoirs. When these crystallisation/re-melting processes are taken into account, convection in the solid mantle occurs readily and is dominated by large wavelengths. Related material transfer across the mantle magma-ocean boundaries promotes chemical equilibrium, and prevents extreme enrichment of the last-stage magma ocean (as would otherwise occur due to pure fractional crystallisation). The timescale of equilibration depends on the convective vigour of mantle convection and on the efficiency of material transfer between the solid mantle and magma ocean(s). For Earth, this timescale is comparable to that of magma ocean crystallisation suggested in previous studies (Lebrun et al., 2013), which may explain why the Earth's mantle is rather homogeneous in composition, as supported by geophysical constraints.
Going with the floe: tracking CESM Large Ensemble sea ice in the Arctic provides context for ship-based observations
Authors: DuVivier Alice K. , DeRepentigny Patricia , Holland Marika M. , Webster Melinda , Kay Jennifer E. , Perovich Donald
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In recent decades, Arctic sea ice has shifted toward a
younger, thinner, seasonal ice regime. Studying and understanding this
“new” Arctic will be the focus of a year-long ship campaign beginning in
autumn 2019. Lagrangian tracking of sea ice floes in the Community Earth
System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) during representative “perennial”
and “seasonal” time periods allows for understanding of the conditions
that a floe could experience throughout the calendar year. These model
tracks, put into context a single year of observations, provide guidance on
how observations can optimally shape model development, and how climate
models could be used in future campaign planning. The modeled floe tracks
show a range of possible trajectories, though a Transpolar Drift trajectory
is most likely. There is also a small but emerging possibility of high-risk
tracks, including possible melt of the floe before the end of a calendar
year. We find that a Lagrangian approach is essential in order to correctly
compare the seasonal cycle of sea ice conditions between point-based
observations and a model. Because of high variability in the melt season sea
ice conditions, we recommend in situ sampling over a large range of ice conditions
for a more complete understanding of how ice type and surface conditions
affect the observed processes. We find that sea ice predictability emerges
rapidly during the autumn freeze-up and anticipate that process-based
observations during this period may help elucidate the processes leading to
this change in predictability.
Financial Inclusion in Egypt: Does It Affect Banks’ Profitability and Liquidity?
Authors: Almaleeh Nisreen Mohammed Said
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between financial inclusion and levels of profitability and liquidity of Egyptian banks. Two hypotheses are tested; the first is about whether financial inclusion has an impact on the Egyptian banks’ profitability, and the second is about whether financial inclusion has an impact on the Egyptian banks’ liquidity. Data of Egyptian banks for the period from 2012 to September 2018 are used to test the hypotheses of the study. Financial inclusion is measured by the access and usage measures derived from the G20 summit “Global partnership for Financial Inclusion”, profitability and liquidity are measured by multiple agreed-upon measures. The study which employed various regression models reveals that 53% of the variance in the Egyptian banks’ profitability can be explained by the variance in the financial inclusion measures, and that the various measures of banks’ liquidity are significantly affected by financial inclusion.
Liberal Education and Effective Action
Authors: Burrows David
Published: April 2020

Liberal education is under severe attack from critics who assert that it does not provide adequate preparation for contemporary life. To address these concerns I propose new approaches to liberal learning based on two principles: (1) We should teach students how to transform thinking into effective action and (2) The ability to connect thought to action can be achieved by intentionally developing human capacities for abstract thinking, self-direction, social interaction, and language. The article begins with a description of the criticisms of liberal learning, and a brief analysis of the origins of liberal education, including the assertion that liberal learning has always combined thinking skills with civic responsibility. This is followed by arguments that abstract thinking, self-direction, social interaction, and language are part of human nature and that their development can be a foundation for liberal education. A framework for enhancing these qualities is then described, including the infusion of connection-making within and across courses, inclusion of courses where students address large-scale issues, advising that stresses individual decision-making, and opportunities for public presentation of ideas and internships. These activities can strengthen the ability to engage in high-level thinking and connect thinking with decision-making and action.
Fading Boundaries: Religion and Spatial Mapping of Nigeria’s Jos North Urban Centre
Authors: Elabo Amidu
Published: April 2020

Grounded in critical spatial theories, drawing on ethnographic data and with the aid of ESRI ArcGIS (Geographical Information System cartographical software) to represent the city’s religious and spatial formations and transitioning, this article argues that the spatial essentialization of the city of Jos North and the sense of place its inhabitants construe seems to imply nontemporality and inherent fixity of place. It examines how Christians perceive the city of Jos North as a Christian and homogeneous spatial entity that needs preservation in its “original” forms against Hausa-Fulani Muslim migrations and spatial practices. Historically, the continuous migration of Hausa-Fulani Muslims to the city since 1902 has left an indelible spatial imprint on the city’s cultural and geopolitical landscapes. The efforts to halt such spatial transitioning now range from difficulty in securing land by Muslims for residential, economic, or religious purposes to space for burial rites. This research reveals an ongoing effort by Hausa-Fulani Muslims to gain and maintain spatial visibility while Christians strive to reverse such visibility or eclipse it with an aggressive (re)assertion of Christian spatial practices.
Introducing Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs)
Authors: Tennant Jonathan P. , Bielczyk Natalia , Tzovaras Bastian Greshake , Masuzzo Paola , Steiner Tobias
Published: April 2020

An enormous wealth of digital tools now exists for collaborating on scholarly research projects. In particular, it is now possible to collaboratively author research articles in an openly participatory and dynamic format. Here we describe and provide recommendations for a more open process of digital collaboration, and discuss the potential issues and pitfalls that come with managing large and diverse authoring communities. We summarize our personal experiences in a form of ‘ten simple recommendations’. Typically, these collaborative, online projects lead to the production of what we here introduce as Massively Open Online Papers (MOOPs). We consider a MOOP to be distinct from a ‘traditional’ collaborative article in that it is defined by an openly participatory process, not bound within the constraints of a predefined contributors list. This is a method of organised creativity designed for the efficient generation and capture of ideas in order to produce new knowledge. Given the diversity of potential authors and projects that can be brought into this process, we do not expect that these tips will address every possible project. Rather, these tips are based on our own experiences and will be useful when different groups and communities can uptake different elements into their own workflows. We believe that creating inclusive, interdisciplinary, and dynamic environments is ultimately good for science, providing a way to exchange knowledge and ideas as a community. We hope that these Recommendations will prove useful for others who might wish to explore this space.
Retrato de Mel
Authors: Bans Berman
Published: April 2020

También le dije que esas cosas no me pondrían celoso. Que estaba muy seguro de mí mismo y de ella. O de lo que se supone que sentía ella. Esa promesa improbable, absurda, que aún nos mantenía juntos. A ella, estudiante de derecho salida de los suburbios, caminando por las bulliciosas calles de Salamanca, hablando idioteces turísticas con sus compañeros becarios.
Dos lingüistas nicaragüenses e investigadoras del CILL autoras del Diccionario de Centroamericanismos (DICA)
Authors: Carballo Palma Anielka Patricia
Published: April 2020

El Diccionario de Centroamericanismo (DICA) es una obra lexicográfica que reúne gran parte del léxico (palabras)   utilizado por seis países centroamericanos (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá).
SENTIMENTOS DE TRABALHADORES DE LIMPEZA DE UM HOSPITAL ESCOLA
Authors: Lanza Kawana Lopes , Ribeiro Benedita Gonçalves de Assis , Martins Júlia Trevisan , Okubo Caroline Vieira Cláudio , Galdino Maria José Quina , Robazzi Maria Lúcia Do Carmo Cruz
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: descrever os sentimentos de prazer e sofrimento de trabalhadores de limpeza emambiente de trabalho de um hospital escola.Metodologia: estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 24trabalhadores de limpeza de um hospital escola do Paraná. A coleta de dados foi realizada pormeio de entrevista semiestruturada, no período de abril a julho de 2016 e os depoimentos foramsubmetidos à análise de conteúdo. Adotou-se como pressuposto teórico a psicodinâmica dotrabalho Dejouriana.Resultados: identificou-se a dualidade de sentimentos prazer e sofrimento. As vivências de prazerestiveram relacionadas ao trabalho em equipe e à valorização e reconhecimento profissional. Poroutro lado, as vivências de sofrimento relacionaram-se à falta de reconhecimento e ao preconceito.Conclusão: conclui-se que os gestores, em conjunto com esses trabalhadores, necessitam buscarações para diminuir os sentimentos de sofrimento e maximizar as de prazer, promovendo a saúdedeles.
DESIGN INSTRUCIONAL NA ENFERMAGEM: TECNOLOGIAS ASSISTIVAS PARA CEGOS E SURDOS
Authors: Carvalho Aline Tomaz de , Áfio Aline Cruz Esmeraldo , Marques Juliana Freitas , Pagliuca Lorita Marlena Freitag , Carvalho Luciana Vieira de , Leite Sarah De Sá
Published: April 2020

Este estudo apresenta análise reflexiva sobre desenvolvimento de tecnologias assistivas online, quesubsidiam o cuidado de enfermagem à pessoa com deficiência, com base em modelo de designinstrucional de Falkembach. Estudo reflexivo, realizado em abril de 2018, através do repositórioinstitucional online do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal doCeará. Selecionaram-se pesquisas sobre tecnologias dos últimos cinco anos envolvendo pessoascom deficiência sensorial. Foram analisadas quatro pesquisas de construção de tecnologiasassistivas online, sendo três cursos e uma cartilha, sobre prevenção e promoção da saúde na saúdemamária, hipertensão arterial, saúde sexual e reprodutiva e prevenção da violência sexual comlinguagem acessível e inclusiva. Concluiu-se que o enfermeiro deve utilizar métodos rigorosos eeficazes na construção de tecnologias assistivas, obedecer às etapas do modelo, evitando erros eotimizando resultados.
HANSENÍASE EM PAÍSES FRONTEIRIÇOS NA AMÉRICA DO SUL: UM ESTUDO ECOLÓGICO
Authors: Oliveira Keurilene Sutil de , Arcoverde Marcos Augusto Moraes , Deschutter Enrique Jorge , Silva Alex Junior da , Zilly Adriana , Silva Sobrinho Reinaldo Antonio da
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil clínico epidemiológico e a distribuição espacial da incidência dahanseníase em territórios fronteiriços da América do Sul.Método: trata-se de um estudo ecológico. O estudo compreendeu a Província de Misiones naArgentina e a Região Sul do Brasil. A população foi composta por 10.319 casos novos de hanseníase,diagnosticados entre 2010 e 2016.Resultados: o estado do Paraná foi o mais endêmico, representando 70,2% (n=7,247) doscasos. Houve predomínio da classificação operacional multibacilar (79,8%, n=8.233) e Grau 0de incapacidade física (50,6%, n=5.223). Em Misiones 18,9% utilizaram esquema de tratamentosubstitutivo. No período, notou-se uma situação hiperendêmica em 780 (65,5%) dos municípios/departamentos estudados.Conclusão: o estudo mostrou que as regiões estudadas apresentam alta endemicidade, transmissãoativa e diagnóstico tardio da hanseníase. Essas tendências entrelaçadas à força de morbidade e detransmissão recente e persistente da doença, ampliam a relevância da hanseníase como problemade saúde pública na região.
PRÁTICAS DE CUIDADOS DO ENFERMEIRO NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE: GESTÃO DO CUIDADO DA PELE DO IDOSO
Authors: Tristão Francisco Reis , Girondi Juliana Balbinot Reis , Hammerschmidt Karina Silveira de Almeida , Zamprogna Katheri Maris , Soares Cilene Fernandes , Evaristo Scheila Monteiro , Vieira Amanda De Souza
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: identificar práticas de cuidado empregadas pelos Enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde daFamília para prevenção, diagnóstico de enfermagem e tratamento de lesão por fricção e lesão porpressão em idosos na comunidade.Método: estudo qualitativo descritivo com 25 enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família, lotadosno âmbito da Secretaria Municipal de São José/Santa Catarina. Para coleta de dados, aplicou-sequestionário semiestruturado entre março e maio de 2018. Os dados foram submetidos à AnáliseTemática de Conteúdo.Resultados: emergiram quatro categorias distintas relacionadas às práticas do enfermeiro paracuidado da pele do idoso: Ferramentas para avaliação clínica da pele do idoso; Avaliação do riscopara as lesões em idosos; Estadiamento das lesões; e Tratamento das lesões em idosos.Conclusão: observou-se a necessidade de maior investimento institucional em ações de educaçãopermanente aos profissionais de Enfermagem, para que sejam efetivadas boas práticas de cuidadona prevenção, estadiamento e manejo das lesões estudadas.
QUALIDADE EM HOSPITAL ACREDITADO NA PERCEPÇÃO DOS PROFISSIONAIS DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Cervilheri Andressa Hirata , Rossaneis Mariana Angela , Silva Larissa Gutierrez de Carvalho , Haddad Maria do Carmo Lourenço , Costa Raquel Gvozd
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: identificar a percepção de profissionais de enfermagem sobre a qualidade do serviço emum hospital acreditado.Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado de abril a julho de 2018 em hospital terciárioacreditado. Foi desenvolvido com 223 profissionais de enfermagem mediante aplicação de uminstrumento com dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais, e pela escala Service Performanceadaptada, e analisados por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson.Resultados: a qualidade da instituição foi percebida como boa em todos os aspectos analisados,o que converge para os resultados esperados do processo da Acreditação. Os itens da SERVPERFforam relacionados com cada item de caracterização sociodemográfica e ocupacional, e as variáveiscom maior diferença estatisticamente significativa foram tempo de atuação na instituição, idade esexo, respectivamente.Conclusão: O envolvimento dos profissionais de enfermagem reflete na prestação dos serviçosassistenciais com qualidade, e suas características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais influenciamna percepção da qualidade da instituição.
VALIDAÇÃO DE UM MANUAL DE ORIENTAÇÕES PARA PACIENTES SUBMETIDAS À BRAQUITERAPIA GINECOLÓGICA
Authors: Pontes Paloma Albuquerque , Cruz Flávia Oliveira de Almeida Marques da , Reis Paula Elaine Diniz dos
Published: April 2020

Objetivo: validar o conteúdo de manual de orientações direcionado a mulheres com câncerginecológico submetidas à braquiterapia.Método: pesquisa metodológica, realizada por 15 peritos na área temática do manual, entreenfermeiras, médicos, psicólogas e nutricionistas. Para que o manual fosse considerado válido, eranecessário atingir Índice de Concordância mínimo de 80% entre os peritos.Resultados: dos 21 itens avaliados, três não alcançaram o índice mínimo estabelecido, e foramreformulados com base nas sugestões dos participantes e literatura atual. Todos os outros itensforam considerados adequados e/ou totalmente adequados nos três domínios avaliativos: objetivos- 81,3%, estrutura e apresentação - 86,6%, e relevância - 94,6%.Conclusão: o manual educativo foi validado quanto ao conteúdo, podendo ser utilizado comocomplemento às orientações verbais fornecidas durante a consulta de enfermagem para promoçãodo autocuidado, e facilitar a comunicação entre profissional de saúde e paciente, no que concerneao seu tratamento.
Sulfur Isotope Constraints on the Conditions of Pyrite Formation in the Paleoproterozoic Urquhart Shale Formation and George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Northern Australia
Authors: Rieger Philip , Magnall Joseph M. , Gleeson Sarah A. , Lilly Richard , Rocholl Alexander , Kusebauch Christof
Published: April 2020

The Carpentaria province (McArthur basin and Mount Isa inlier) in northern Australia is one of the most important districts for clastic-dominated (CD-type) massive sulfide deposits. The George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, located in this province, is hosted by the carbonaceous Urquhart Shale Formation (ca. 1654 Ma) in a region that has an active history of metamorphism and tectonism. In this study, paragenetically constrained pyrite in samples from the George Fisher deposit and unmineralized Urquhart Shale have been analyzed in situ using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of sulfur isotopes (δ34S values). Samples were taken from four drill cores through the main orebodies at George Fisher and one drill core through correlative, unmineralized Urquhart Shale (Shovel Flats area). Five generations of pyrite were identified at George Fisher and record a protracted history of sulfate reduction under diagenetic and subsequent hydrothermal conditions: (1) fine-grained, subhedral-spheroidal pyrite (Py-0), (2) coarse-grained, anhedral pyrite (Py-1) associated with ore-stage 1 sphalerite and galena, (3) coarse-grained, euhedral pyrite (Py-2) associated with ore-stage 2 sphalerite, galena, and pyrrhotite, (4) massive subhedral to euhedral pyrite (Py-3) associated with ore-stage 3 chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, and sphalerite, and (5) coarse-grained euhedral pyrite (Py-euh), which occurs only in unmineralized rocks. In the unmineralized Shovel Flats drill core, only Py-0 and Py-euh are present. Whereas pre-ore pyrite (Py-0) preserves negative δ34S values (–8.1 to 11.8‰), the ore-stage pyrites (Py-1, Py-2, and Py-3) have higher δ34S values (7.8–33.3, 1.9–12.7, and 23.4–28.2‰, respectively). The highest δ34S values (7.2–33.9‰) are preserved in Py-euh. In combination with petrographic observations, the δ34S values of pyrite provide evidence of three different processes responsible for the reduction of sulfate at George Fisher. Reduced sulfur in fine-grained pyrite (Py-0) formed via microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) under open-system conditions prior to the first generation of hydrothermal pyrite (Py-1) in ore-stage 1, which most likely formed via thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). During deformation, previously formed sulfide phases were then recycled and replaced during a second hydrothermal event (ore-stage 2), resulting in intermediate sulfur isotope values. Another syndeformational hydrothermal Cu event, involving a sulfate-bearing fluid, formed ore-stage 3 via TSR. This study demonstrates that the fine-grained pyrite formed pre-ore under conditions open to sulfate and outlines the role of multiple stages of sulfide formation in producing high-grade Zn-Pb-Ag orebodies in the Mount Isa inlier.
Homelessness in Higher Education is not a Myth: What should Educators be doing?
Authors: Karlin Angela , Martin Barbara N.
Published: April 2020

This paper investigated homelessness and housing insecurity on college campuses in the United States. Using a mix design and framed by the theoretical frameworks of resiliency and social justice theories, this research sought to assess the barriers and interventions, if any, for students encountering homelessness while in college. The data analysis found three recurring themes: Education regarding homelessness, resource development, and the elimination of barriers. Research from this study underscored the need for interventions to be developed to assist the student in supporting retention. Additionally, the development of interventions allows faculty and staff to advocate for students while helping the university in meeting enrollment and graduation goals.
Parliamentary Scrutiny of Law Reform in Recently Established Constitutional Democracies and in the Commonwealth Sphere
Authors: Albanesi Enrico , Teasdale Jonathan
Published: April 2020

Parliamentary Scrutiny of Law Reform in Recently Established Constitutional Democracies and in the Commonwealth Sphere
Kroniek Wet marktordening gezondheidszorg
Authors: Sijmons J.G.
Published: April 2020

Kroniek Wet marktordening gezondheidszorg

Deze kroniek behandelt de rechtspraak op het gebied van de Wet marktordening gezondheidszorg (Wmg), die van het College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven en de bestuursrechter is verschenen in de periode vanaf 1 juli 2016 tot en met 31 december 2019.
Understanding Africa’s Food Security Challenges
Authors: Kabirou Dodo Mahamat
Published: April 2020

Africa, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular, has for more than 10 years recorded a steady economic growth since the advent of the new millennium. Yet, despite this stellar economic growth, it faces challenges such as rapid population growth, persistent economic inequality, climate change threats, droughts, youth unemployment, undernourishment, and food insecurity. Understanding the state of food security in Africa, and addressing the above-mentioned challenges, should be the highest priority for Africa’s Political Leadership. Not doing so will forever make Africa fail to achieve a sustainable economic development and create an inclusive shared-prosperity for its people. The African Union (AU), as well as respective national governments and regional organizations, and the international community at large, have in recent decades launched a multitude of policy initiatives aimed at addressing and tackling Africa’s food insecurity and nutrition challenges. Despite those efforts and commitments by the disparate stakeholders, much remains to be done. This chapter presents Africa’s food security and nutrition challenges, and sheds light on the climate change threats and potential consequences of the rapid population growth on Africa’s food security. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations and proposals and makes points about Africa’s bright prospects if food security were to be achieved.
From the Chair
Authors: Caro Susanne
Published: April 2020

Greetings Members! The New Year is typically a time of reflection, looking at the past year and evaluating the good and the bad. This has been one heck of a year for government information; the National Science Foundation brought us the first image of a black hole, the Mueller Report was one of the most eagerly awaited publications of the year, and United Nations Climate Change Conference reports have called the world to action. At the state level California banned plastic straws, Washington State tightened gun safety regulations, New York strengthened renter’s rights, and more states either legalized or decriminalized marijuana. It has been difficult to keep track of it all.
Fronteras, poder político y economía gomífera en el Putumayo-Aguarico: más allá de la marginalidad y el aislamiento, 1845-1900
Authors: Mongua Calderón Camilo
Published: April 2020

Objective/Context: The following article explores State formation in the frontier towns of Caquetá in the second half of the 19th century. It is argued that, rather than being an abandoned or isolated space, a particular form of government developed in this region that allowed it to engage with the Colombian state. This was vital both for the maintenance of international borders and for the very development of the extractive economies. Originality: The process of state formation in the Amazon is explored through the study of delegative forms of power –characterized by non-state actors exercising state functions— developed throughout the 19th century, which stands in contrast to interpretations centred on the rubber economy as the main factor in the process of incorporating Amazonian frontiers. Methodology: The research is based on the study of primary sources, relying on civil archives and the correspondence of the Capuchin mission. Conclusions: In rainforest and frontier spaces, the State operated under delegative forms of power, which led to unconventional actors appropriating its message of control and domination. This allowed Colombia to maintain its territorial claims, despite its precarious investment and institutional presence.
Distinct neural contributions to metacognition for detecting, but not discriminating visual stimuli
Authors: Mazor Matan , Friston Karl J , Fleming Stephen M
Published: April 2020

Being confident in whether a stimulus is present or absent (a detection judgment) is qualitatively distinct from being confident in the identity of that stimulus (a discrimination judgment). In particular, in detection, evidence can only be available for the presence, not the absence, of a target object. This asymmetry suggests that higher-order cognitive and neural processes may be required for confidence in detection, and more specifically, in judgments about absence. In a within-subject, pre-registered and performance-matched fMRI design, we observed quadratic confidence effects in frontopolar cortex for detection but not discrimination. Furthermore, in the right temporoparietal junction, confidence effects were enhanced for judgments of target absence compared to judgments of target presence. We interpret these findings as reflecting qualitative differences between a neural basis for metacognitive evaluation of detection and discrimination, potentially in line with counterfactual or higher-order models of confidence formation in detection.
Progenitors oppositely polarize WNT activators and inhibitors to orchestrate tissue development
Authors: Matos Irina , Asare Amma , Levorse John , Ouspenskaia Tamara , de la Cruz-Racelis June , Schuhmacher Laura-Nadine , Fuchs Elaine
Published: April 2020

To spatially co-exist and differentially specify fates within developing tissues, morphogenetic cues must be correctly positioned and interpreted. Here, we investigate mouse hair follicle development to understand how morphogens operate within closely spaced, fate-diverging progenitors. Coupling transcriptomics with genetics, we show that emerging hair progenitors produce both WNTs and WNT inhibitors. Surprisingly, however, instead of generating a negative feedback loop, the signals oppositely polarize, establishing sharp boundaries and consequently a short-range morphogen gradient that we show is essential for three-dimensional pattern formation. By establishing a morphogen gradient at the cellular level, signals become constrained. The progenitor preserves its WNT signaling identity and maintains WNT signaling with underlying mesenchymal neighbors, while its overlying epithelial cells become WNT-restricted. The outcome guarantees emergence of adjacent distinct cell types to pattern the tissue.
Centering and symmetry breaking in confined contracting actomyosin networks
Authors: Ierushalmi Niv , Malik-Garbi Maya , Manhart Angelika , Abu Shah Enas , Goode Bruce L , Mogilner Alex , Keren Kinneret
Published: April 2020

Centering and decentering of cellular components is essential for internal organization of cells and their ability to perform basic cellular functions such as division and motility. How cells achieve proper localization of their organelles is still not well-understood, especially in large cells such as oocytes. Here, we study actin-based positioning mechanisms in artificial cells with persistently contracting actomyosin networks, generated by encapsulating cytoplasmic Xenopus egg extracts into cell-sized ‘water-in-oil’ droplets. We observe size-dependent localization of the contraction center, with a symmetric configuration in larger cells and a polar one in smaller cells. Centering is achieved via a hydrodynamic mechanism based on Darcy friction between the contracting network and the surrounding cytoplasm. During symmetry breaking, transient attachments to the cell boundary drive the contraction center to a polar location. The centering mechanism is cell-cycle dependent and weakens considerably during interphase. Our findings demonstrate a robust, yet tunable, mechanism for subcellular localization.
Centromere deletion in Cryptococcus deuterogattii leads to neocentromere formation and chromosome fusions
Authors: Schotanus Klaas , Heitman Joseph
Published: April 2020

The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus deuterogattii is RNAi-deficient and lacks active transposons in its genome. C. deuterogattii has regional centromeres that contain only transposon relics. To investigate the impact of centromere loss on the C. deuterogattii genome, either centromere 9 or 10 was deleted. Deletion of either centromere resulted in neocentromere formation and interestingly, the genes covered by these neocentromeres maintained wild-type expression levels. In contrast to cen9∆ mutants, cen10∆ mutant strains exhibited growth defects and were aneuploid for chromosome 10. At an elevated growth temperature (37°C), the cen10∆ chromosome was found to have undergone fusion with another native chromosome in some isolates and this fusion restored wild-type growth. Following chromosomal fusion, the neocentromere was inactivated, and the native centromere of the fused chromosome served as the active centromere. The neocentromere formation and chromosomal fusion events observed in this study in C. deuterogattii may be similar to events that triggered genomic changes within the Cryptococcus/Kwoniella species complex and may contribute to speciation throughout the eukaryotic domain.
Improving on legacy conferences by moving online
Authors: Achakulvisut Titipat , Ruangrong Tulakan , Bilgin Isil , Van Den Bossche Sofie , Wyble Brad , Goodman Dan FM , Kording Konrad P
Published: April 2020

Scientific conferences and meetings have an important role in research, but they also suffer from a number of disadvantages: in particular, they can have a massive carbon footprint, they are time-consuming, and the high costs involved in attending can exclude many potential participants. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the cancellation of many conferences, forcing the scientific community to explore online alternatives. Here, we report on our experiences of organizing an online neuroscience conference, neuromatch, that attracted some 3000 participants and featured two days of talks, debates, panel discussions, and one-on-one meetings facilitated by a matching algorithm. By offering most of the benefits of traditional conferences, several clear advantages, and with fewer of the downsides, we feel that online conferences have the potential to replace many legacy conferences.
A Case Report of a Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor Arising From Gastric Adenoma
Authors: Matsubara Takeshi , Hirahara Noriyuki , Tabara Hideki
Published: April 2020

Background

Composite glandular/exocrine-endocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract are a special tumor type. There are only 3 reports in English on secondary gastric neuroendocrine tumor (G-NET) arising from gastric adenoma. Here, we describe a rare case of a G-NET arising from a gastric adenoma.

Case presentation

A 69-year-old man underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy as part of a general health check-up. An endoscopic examination revealed a 5-mm elevated tumor on the fornix of the stomach. Further, atrophic changes in the gastric mucosa were not noted. The tumor was diagnosed as a gastric adenoma; thus, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was performed. Histologically, the tumor was composed of 2 components, an epithelial component, which was diagnosed as an adenoma, and a depth component, which was diagnosed as a neuroendocrine tumor. The neuroendocrine tumor was diagnosed as a Grade 2 G-NET arising from the gastric adenoma. Histologically, the tumor invaded the submucosal layer (>1000 μm), invading the lymph vessels, and additional gastrectomy was performed. The pathologist revealed no remaining tumor or lymph node metastases in the resected specimen.

Conclusions

We report this extremely rare case of a G-NET (Grade 2), initially diagnosed as a gastric adenoma, that is considered to have originated from the gastric adenoma. Pathologists, endoscopists, and surgeons should be aware of the occurrence and association of NETs with adenomas in the stomach because small submucosal NETs of the stomach have relatively high metastatic rates.
Yield, and phenolic content of shiitake mushrooms cultivated on alternative substrates
Authors: Gaitán-Hernández Rigoberto , Aquino-Bolaños Elia Nora , Herrera Maricela , Salmones Dulce
Published: April 2020

The productivity of four strains of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) on diverse lignocellulosic by-products used as substrates were evaluated. The objective was to determine the correlation between the composition of the substrate with the productivity of carpophores and their polyphenol content.  The fungi were produced on vineyard prunings (VP), sorghum stubble (SS), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and oak shavings (OS). The productivity was evaluated based on the biological efficiency (BE), production rate (PR), and yield (Y). To evaluate the effect on shiitake growth on the chemical composition of the substrates, the content of fiber [neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin] was determined before and after inoculation. Total phenolic compounds were quantified by spectrophotometry. The highest BE was observed for the IE-256 strain on SS (145.11%), and the highest PR for the IE-245 strain on SS (1.69%). The highest Y was observed for the IE-256 strain on SS (41.96%). The fiber results were significantly affected by growth period, strain, substrate, and the selected combinations of strains and substrates. The phenolic compound content of the carpophores was also significantly affected by substrate and strain; the lowest and highest values were obtained for the IE-256 strain on OS (1.5983 mg GAE*g-1) and SS (2.7197 mg GAE*g-1), respectively. On average, the highest carpophores production per substrate and strain corresponded to SS and IE-245, respectively. The carpophores of the IE-256 strain cultivated on SS could potentially present greater antioxidant activity because of their high polyphenol content.
Ideal harvest stage and quality descriptors of 5 banana cultivars based on 5 fruit diameters
Authors: Bolfarini Ana Carolina Batista , Souza Jackson Mirellys Azevêdo , Silva Marcelo de Souza , Ferreira Rafael Bibiano , Leonel Magali , Tecchio Marco Antonio , Leonel Sarita
Published: April 2020

Quality attributes of fruits such as pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, maturity indices, firmness, skin colour and sugar content should support choosing the choice of the most appropriate stage to harvest bananas. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the optimal harvest stage of different cultivars according to five fruit diameters. Through a randomized block design with 4 replicates, the following variables were evaluated such as pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, maturity index, firmness, fruit peel colour and sugar content on the cultivars Prata-Anã, Maçã, FHIA 18, Grand Naine and Nanicão IAC 2001. Fruits from the second bunch of banana bundle were harvested when they reached the diameters of 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 mm. Results showed that the harvest stages (i.e. banana fruit diameters) affect the fruit quality attributes among cultivars; thus, it is recommended to harvest the fruits of ‘FHIA 18’ with 34, 36 or 38 mm in diameters; Grand Naine with 38 or 40 mm; ‘Maçã’ and ‘Nanicão IAC 2001’ with 38 mm;  and ‘Prata-anã’ with 34 or 36 mm.
Aspartic acid supplementation ameliorates symptoms of diabetic kidney disease in mice
Authors: Ichikawa Saki , Gohda Tomohito , Murakoshi Maki , Li Zi , Adachi Eri , Koshida Takeo , Suzuki Yusuke
Published: April 2020

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is among the most common and serious complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we used KK/Ta‐Ins2Akita (KK‐Akita) mice as a model of DKD and KK/Ta (KK) mice as controls to identify novel factors related to the development/progression of DKD. Capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that circulating Asp (l‐aspartic acid) levels in diabetic KK‐Akita mice tend to be lower than those in control KK mice. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of Asp supplementation to prevent the progression of DKD in KK‐Akita mice. Mice were divided into three groups: (a) untreated KK mice (Control group), (b) untreated KK‐Akita mice (DKD group), and (c) treated (double‐volume Asp diet) KK‐Akita mice (Tx group). Kidney sections were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and anti‐endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) antibody for evaluation of endothelial surface layer (ESL) and NO synthesis. The mesangial area and glomerular size in the DKD group were significantly larger than those in the Control group; however, there was no significant difference in those between the DKD and Tx groups. Albuminuria, the ratio of foot process effacement, and thickness of glomerular basement membrane in the Tx group were significantly lower than those in the DKD group. Furthermore, the expression levels of glomerular WGA and microvascular eNOS in the Tx group improved significantly and approached the level in the Control group. In conclusion, the improvement of albuminuria in the Tx group may be caused by the reduction of oxidative stress in the kidneys, which may lead to the subsequent improvement of glomerular ESL.
Pressure Induced Unstable Electronic States upon Correlated Nickelates Metastable Perovskites as Batch Synthesized via Heterogeneous Nucleation
Authors: Chen Jikun , Li Ziang , Dong Hongliang , Xu Jianing , Wang Vei , Feng Zhenjie , Chen Zhiqiang , Chen Bin , Chen Nuofu , Mao Ho‐Kwang
Published: April 2020

Establishing condensed matters at their thermodynamically metastable or unstable structures demonstrates merit in the adjustability of their electronic structures, benefiting the discovery of emerging new material functionalities and applications. Herein, a molten‐salt assisted heterogeneous nucleation approach is demonstrated to significantly improve the effectiveness in batch synthesis of metastable perovskites correlated oxides, such as rare‐earth nickelates (ReNiO3) with various rare‐earth compositions. In contrast to their conventional synthesis via solid state reactions, herein the metastable ReNiO3 is heterogeneously precipitated together with potassium chloride (KCl) within the liquid phase of KCl molten‐salt that effectively dissolves the Ni‐/Re‐ precursors and largely enhances their reaction homogeneity. With this solid base overcoming their synthesis metastabilities, the beyond conventional electronic transportation of ReNiO3 under high pressure is explored. It breaks the conventional thermodynamic equilibrium and triggers the formation of new electronic structures associated with unstable insulating and metallic SmNiO3 beyond already known manners. The unstable insulating SmNiO3 exhibits nontemperature‐dependent transportation character similar to saturation or bad metals but preserves 2–3 orders higher electronic conductivity, while a kinetic related hysteresis is observed in the temperature‐dependent transportations of the unstable metallic SmNiO3. These discoveries with nonequilibrium correlated materials are worthy to be explored further.
Recent Advances in Halide Perovskite Memristors: Materials, Structures, Mechanisms, and Applications
Authors: Xiao Xinyu , Hu Jing , Tang Sheng , Yan Kai , Gao Bo , Chen Hunglin , Zou Dechun
Published: April 2020

The memristor is the fourth fundamental circuit element discovered after resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Although this concept has only been proposed in 1971 and confirmed in 2008, many materials with memristive properties have been found since 1962. Halide perovskites have been widely used in solar cells, and recently it has been found that they also possess good memristive properties. Different halide perovskites have been applied to memristors, including 3D organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, 2D organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, all‐inorganic cesium/rubidium lead halide perovskites, lead‐less and lead‐free perovskites, and halide perovskite quantum dots. Flexible and fiber‐shaped halide perovskite memristors have been fabricated. Several resistive switching mechanisms of halide perovskite memristors have been proposed, and the relationships between halide perovskite memristors and perovskite solar cells have been discussed. Based on halide perovskite memristors, light‐induced resistive switching and logic gate, high‐density and cross‐bar array data storage unit, and artificial synapse have been designed. Herein, recent advances in halide perovskite memristors are comprehensively and systematically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and potential future directions in this field are discussed.