bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Beef Quality Heterogeneity
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Norwood F. Bailey
Published: July 2016

The effects of various supply and demand shifts on beef price, quantity, and industry welfare have been widely studied under the assumption of beef quality homogeneity. In this paper, we construct a model of the beef sector that incorporates differences in beef quality. The model is used to analyze the effect of supply and demand shifts on changes in prices and quantities of high- and low-quality beef and changes in revenue accruing to producers of high- and low-quality beef. Model results indicate that supply and demand shocks have the potential to alter the average quality of beef on the market and the price premium charged for high-quality beef, which has important implications for retailers selling quality-differentiated beef and producers selling cattle on a grid.
Effects of Federal Risk Management Programs on Optimal Acreage Allocation and Nitrogen Use in a Texas Cotton–Sorghum System
Authors: Seo Sangtaek , Mitchell Paul D. , Leatham David J.
Published: July 2016

We analyze the effects of crop insurance and the Marketing Loan Program on optimal nitrogen use and acreage allocation for a case cotton–sorghum farm in Texas. A mathematical programming model is used to solve for the optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate, crop acreage allocation, coverage level, and price election factor, along with participation in the crop insurance and the Marketing Loan Program for both crops. Results show that depending on the crop and farmer risk aversion, these federal risk management programs increase or decrease optimal fertilizer rates –6% to 3%, increase optimal cotton acreage 94% to 144%, and decrease sorghum acres up to 50%.
Meat Demand in the UK: A Differential Approach
Authors: Fousekis Panos , Revell Brian J.
Published: July 2016

A differential approach is employed to analyze demand for meat in the United Kingdom during 1989-99. Differential demand systems with fixed price effects (Rotterdam and CBS) better explain consumers' retail purchase allocation decisions for beef, lamb, pork, bacon and poultry compared with models containing variable price effects (NBR and differential AIDS). The real expenditure and the Hicksian demand elasticities are generally found to be quite different from earlier studies using AIDS models. A quality change index of meat consumption is constructed from the estimated CBS model estimation results and decomposed into real expenditure, substitution, trend, seasonal and residual effects.
Poisson Count Models to Explain the Adoption of Agricultural and Natural Resource Management Technologies by Small Farmers in Central American Countries
Authors: Ramírez Octavio A. , Shultz Steven D.
Published: July 2016

Evaluations of the factors influencing the adoption of agricultural and natural resource management technologies among small farmers in developing countries have been mostly limited to qualitative discussions or simple descriptive statistics resulting in superficial and inconclusive findings. This study introduces the use of Poisson Count Regressions as a statistically appropriate procedure to analyze certain common types of adoption data. It uses them to assess the impact of key socio-economic, bio-physical, and institutional factors on the adoption of integrated pest management, agroforestry, and soil conservation technologies among small farmers in three Central American countries: Costa Rica, Panama, and El Salvador.
Usefulness of Placement-Weight Data in Forecasting Fed Cattle Marketings and Prices
Authors: Norwood Bailey , Schroeder Ted C.
Published: July 2016

In 1996, the USDA began reporting cattle-on-feed placements in various weight groups, which should provide information regarding expected slaughter timings and improve fed cattle price forecasts and marketing strategies. Private data were collected to obtain the necessary degrees of freedom to test statistical relationships between placement weight distributions, beef supply, and fed cattle prices. Use of placement weights improved beef supply forecasts only at a one-month horizon; it contributed nothing to price forecast accuracy or returns from selectively hedging.
Supply and Demand Risks in Laboratory Forward and Spot Markets: Implications for Agriculture
Authors: Menkhaus Dale J. , Bastian Chris T. , Phillips Owen R. , O'Neill Patrick D.
Published: July 2016

Laboratory experimental methods are used to investigate the impacts of supply and/or demand risks on prices, quantities traded, and earnings within forward and spot market institutions. Random demand and/or supply shifts can be as much as 25 percent of the expected equilibrium outcome. Nevertheless, results suggest that the spot or forward trading institution itself has a greater influence on market outcomes than the presence of risk within the trading institution. Sellers tend to have relatively higher earnings in a spot market than buyers, regardless of the risk. Total surplus, however, generally is greater in a forward market.
Depredation Claim Behavior and Tolerance of Wildlife in Wyoming
Authors: Tassell Larry W. Van , Yang Bozheng , Phillips Clynn
Published: July 2016

Wyoming Game and Fish Department depredation payments were established to increase landowner tolerance toward, and thus the supply of, certain types of wildlife. This study examined how socio-economic and demographic characteristics of farmers and ranchers in Wyoming relate to tolerance toward wildlife and depredation claim submission. The severity of depredation and landowner satisfaction with the depredation policy were evaluated. The financial stability and economic intent of farmers and ranchers significantly influenced tolerance toward wildlife. Landowners tended to be less tolerant of depredation ensuing from elk. The complexity of the submission process was a deterrent to damage claim submissions.
The Roles of Labor and Profitability in Choosing a Grazing Strategy for
Beef Production in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region
Authors: Gillespie Jeffrey M. , Wyatt Wayne , Venuto Brad , Blouin David , Boucher Robert
Published: July 2016

Comparisons are made concerning labor required and profitability
associated with continuous grazing at three stocking rates and rotational
grazing at a high stocking rate in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. A unique data
set was collected using a time and motion study method to determine labor
requirements. Profits are lowest for low stocking rate–continuous grazing
and high stocking rate–rotational grazing. Total labor and labor in three
specific categories are greater on per acre and/or per cow bases with
rotational-grazing than with continuous-grazing strategies. These results
help to explain relatively low adoption rates of rotational grazing in the
region.
Estimating the Economic Value of Specific Characteristics Associated with Angus Bulls Sold at Auction
Authors: Jones Rodney , Turner Tyler , Dhuyvetter Kevin C. , Marsh Thomas L.
Published: July 2016

The genetic traits of a purebred bull convey the reproductive and economic value to buyers. This study examines and compares the value of actual production weights (birth, weaning, and yearling weight), production expected progeny differences (EPDs) (birth, weaning, milk, and yearling), and ultrasound EPDs (carcass quality predictors) for purebred Angus bulls sold at auction. One EPD, birth weight, was valued by buyers more than its corresponding actual weight, though both actual weights and EPDs significantly impact price. Predictors of carcass quality were important in determining price. Finally, several individual animal factors and sale characteristics were significant in determining price.
A Binary Logit Estimation of Factors Affecting Adoption of GPS Guidance
Systems by Cotton Producers
Authors: “Ban” Banerjee Swagata , Martin Steven W. , Roberts Roland K. , Larkin Sherry L. , Larson James A. , Paxton Kenneth W. , English Burton C. , Marra Michele C. , Reeves Jeanne M.
Published: July 2016

Binary logit analysis was used to identify the factors influencing
adoption of Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance systems by cotton
farmers in 11 Mid-south and Southeastern states. Results indicate that
adoption was more likely by those who had already adopted other
precision-farming practices and had used computers for farm management. In
addition, younger and more affluent farmers were more likely to adopt.
Farmers with larger farms and with relatively high yields were also more
likely to adopt. Education was not a significant factor in a farmer's
decision to adopt GPS guidance systems.
Increasing the United States Tariff-Rate Sugar Quota for Cuba and Mexico: A Partial-Equilibrium Simulation
Authors: Petrolia Daniel R. , Kennedy P. Lynn
Published: July 2016

Increases in the United States tariff-rate quota for sugar are simulated to determine the impact of Cuban market access and an increased Mexican allotment. The effects on both domestic and international sugar markets, including production, consumption, prices, and trade, are determined and welfare effects identified. This analysis is carried out using a partial-equilibrium simplified world trade model, Modele Internationale Simplifié de Simulation (MISS), which simulates, in a comparative-static framework, the effects of various policy actions.
Value of Temperature-Activated Polymer-Coated Seed in the Northern Corn Belt
Authors: Archer David W. , Gesch Russ W.
Published: July 2016

The value of an innovative seed technology is estimated in a discrete stochastic programming framework for a representative farm in the northern Corn Belt. Temperature-activated polymer-coated seed has the potential to increase net returns by increasing yields due to early planting and use of longer season varieties, as well as reducing yield loss due to delayed planting. A biophysical simulation model was used to estimate die impact of polymer-coated seed on corn and soybean yields and on field day availability for five planting periods, three crop varieties, and two tillage systems on two different soils under varying weather conditions.
An Automated Econometric Approach for Estimating and Reporting Daily Cotton Market Prices
Authors: Brown Jeff E. , Ethridge Don E. , Hudson Darren , Engels Carlos
Published: July 2016

An automated price reporting system developed through computer technology and hedonic price theory is used to estimate daily cotton market prices, premiums, and discounts. This objective approach for reporting cotton market prices was developed to complement the objective measures of high volume instrument grading of cotton. The computerized, econometric system is limited to the Texas and Oklahoma marketing regions where sales are readily available from electronic markets. The econometric based system has shown all the characteristics of an efficient price reporting system; it is accurate, reliable, consistent, and repeatable in its working process and price estimates.
Welfare Losses Under Alternative Oligopoly Regimes: The U.S. Food and Tobacco Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Bhuyan Sanjib , Lopez Rigoberto A.
Published: July 2016

This article systematically estimates the allocative efficiency losses in the U.S. food and tobacco manufacturing industries under alternative oligopoly pricing regimes using a formal model of oligopoly. Using 1987 data for 44 industries and an industry-wide oligopoly pricing scheme, these losses were estimated at approximately 3% of sales~2% in the food industries and 19% in the tobacco industries. Five additional oligopoly pricing regimes, four of which are price leaderships, are simulated and their results compared and tested relative to the industry-wide pricing regime. Findings underscore the importance of cost structure assumptions and that the impact of the type of oligopoly behavior assumed is not as dramatic when differences in demand and cost specifications are smoothed out.
Determinants of U.S. Household Expenditures on Fruit and Vegetables: A Note and Update
Authors: Nayga Rodolfo M.
Published: July 2016

This study examines the various factors affecting household expenditures on fresh and processed fruit and vegetables in the U.S. using the 1992 Consumer Expenditure Survey. Empirical results suggest that higher income, better educated, larger, and older households spend more on fresh and processed fruit and vegetables than do other households. Seasonal and regional variations are also evident.
A Comparison of Nominal and Real Historical Risk Measures
Authors: Ford Beth Pride , Musser Wesley N.
Published: July 2016

Previous studies of historical risk have used either nominal or real data to calculate risk measures for agricultural prices and income. However, the effects of using nominal and real data have not been evaluated. This study utilizes theoretical variance approximation relationships to examine variances from detrended real and nominal time series. The relationships between variances are derived for quarterly U.S. farm milk prices for 1960-72, 1973-80, and 1981-90. Contrary to common intuitive arguments, results indicate that variances of real time series can be larger than variances of nominal series. While definitive conclusions are not possible, several reasons for using nominal data in risk analysis are given.
Optimal Management of a Potential Invader: The Case of Zebra Mussels in Florida
Authors: Lee Donna J. , Adams Damian C. , Rossi Frederick
Published: July 2016

Dominant users of Lake Okeechobee water resources are agricultural producers and recreational anglers These uses will be directly affected, should the lake become infested with zebra mussels. We employ a probabilistic bioeconomic simulation model to estimate the potential impact of zebra mussels on consumptive water uses, recreational angling, and wetland ecosystem services under alternative public management scenarios. Without public management, the expected net economic impact from zebra mussels is –$244.1 million over 20 years. Public investment in prevention and eradication will yield a net expected gain of +$188.7 million, a superior strategy to either prevention or eradication alone.
Estimating the Value of Invasive Aquatic Plant Control: A Bioeconomic Analysis of 13 Public Lakes in Florida
Authors: Adams Damian C. , Lee Donna J.
Published: July 2016

We present a bioeconomic model of three invasive aquatic plants (hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce) in 13 large Florida lakes, and simulate one-year and steady-state impacts of three control scenarios. We estimate that the steady-state annual net benefit of invasive plant control is $59.95 million. A one-year increase in control yields steady-state gains of $6.55 million per year, and a one-year lapse causes steady-state annual losses of $18.71 million. This model shows that increased control of hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce is optimal.
Hypertrichosis of the Ear Rims -Two Remarks on the Two-Gene Hypothesis
Authors: Rao D.C.
Published: July 2016

Two remarks on Rao's Two-Gene Hypothesis for the inheritance of hypertrichosis of ear rims are offered here. First remark provides justification for the particular location of NH- and H-loci on the sex chromosomes in man. A single-case longitudinal study is also reported, which gives rise to the possibility of testing the two-gene hypothesis on family data.
Adenosine Deaminase Polymorphism in a Swedish Population
Authors: Ageheim H. , Bergström M.
Published: July 2016

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) isoenzymes in a Swedish population of 342 unrelated individuals have been determined according to the method of Spencer et al. (1968). The gene frequencies found were 0.9357 and 0.0643 for ADA 1 and ADA 2 respectively. These frequencies are in good accordance with previous investigations.
Chronological Parameters, Twin Studies, and Mental Diseases
Authors: Rainer J. D.
Published: July 2016

Genetics deals with ordered and directed biological change in time; psychiatry with the development or the breakdown over the human life span of thought, feeling, and social adaptation. With the growing acknowl-edgement of the contribution of the genotype to mental and emotional uniqueness, it is appropriate to con-sider chronological parameters of mental disease in a genetic framework. These parameters include age of onset of illness (in turn affecting clinical characteristics), sequence of morbid signs and symptoms, length of illness, periodicity of illness, and temporal relation of clinical episodes to other biological events. Data are reviewed from twin and family studies, retrospective and ongoing, that relate such time phenomena to genetic factors in psychiatric disorder. Among the conditions to be considered are schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, Huntington's chorea, karyotype abnormalities, presenile and senile disease, and the psychobiological ageing process itself.
Fluorescent Staining of the Male Chromatin Body in Interphase Human Nuclei
Authors: Moscetti Giacomo , Mastroianni Franca
Published: July 2016

A fluorescence staining method of the male chromatin body in human interphase nuclei is described.
ABO Blood Groups, G6PD Deficiency and Abnormal Haemoglobins in Syphilis Patients of Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Saha N. , Banerjee B.
Published: July 2016

A total of 1, 041 syphilis patients of both sexes and different ethnic origin (Chinese, Malay, and Indian) were investigated for the distribution of ABO blood groups and haemoglobin genotypes. There was no significant difference in the incidence of ABO blood groups and abnormal haemoglobins between disease and control series in any of the racial groups.

From the above series, 819 male patients were investigated for the incidence of G6PD deficiency. There was no significant difference in the incidence of this genetic marker in disease and normal series.
Erythrocytary Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency – Study on its distribution in the province of Ferrara and its relation to malaria and thalassemia
Authors: Gandini E. , Menini C. , De Filippis A. , Dell'Acqua G.
Published: July 2016

The distribution of G6PD-D in the Ferrara country has been studied by means of the Brilliant Cresyl Blue discoloration test: 2437 males have been tested in 11 localities.

The highest gene frequency of G6PD-D observed is consistent with the one expected after 25-30 generations of malaria selection, assuming an increased fitness of the heterozygotes, as it has been shown in computer simulated evolutionary trends for sex-linked genes. The thalassemia trait has also been shown to be very frequent in the same localities; its frequency is correlated with G6PD-D gene frequency and with the incidence of malaria in the past (1900).

G6PD-D frequency is not significantly correlated with malaria. Such a result is due to the significantly lower gene frequency of G6PD-D observed in the localities where the percentage of population affected by malaria was higher (40-60%). On the other hand, G6PD-D is frequently significantly correlated with malaria in the remaining localities where the incidence of the latter ranged from 0 to 35% of the affected population.

The mechanisms possibly involved in the determination of this distribution of G6PD-D are discussed.
Relations of Hand Clasping and Arm Folding to Handedness in Hungarian Children
Authors: Forrai G. , Bánkövi G.
Published: July 2016

The authors examined the manner of clasping the hands (HC) and folding the arms (AF) in 415 unrelated pupils, aged from 9 to 15, of the Budapest school “Horváth Imre”. As refers to HC, 54.2% of the total material was found to be «L» (55.2% in ♂ and 53.2% in ♀), while concerning AF, 62.9% of the total material was found to be “L” (60.4% in ♂ and 65.5% in ♀). No significant difference between sexes could be observed. On the basis of a test constructed by the authors and supposed to be connected with handedness, every pupil examined was marked by a “point number for left-handedness” (PNLH). New observations drawn from our data are: (1) the PNLH average of right-handed pupils is somewhat higher in ♂ than in ♀ (2) a higher PNLH average is found, both for HC and AF, in the group of “L” individuals; (3) as the most striking phenomenon, the group of “R” type girls for HC (marked as “1”) contains a significantly high number of“absolutely right-handed”. This observation suggests that there may be a latent connection between HC, AF and laterality, but the lack of a simple and manifest coherence between these characteristics makes it inadequate to apply HC and AF as tests for handedness.
An Outline of the Problems of Immunogenetics and Reproduction
Authors: Gedda L. , Milani-Comparetti M.
Published: July 2016

The authors trace an outline of the problems involved in the relationship between immunogenetics an reproductive pathology, indicating the need for further specific research.

The authors formulate a “central interpretation” of several aspects of immunology, based on the role assigned by nature to primary sensitization in the protection of germinal and fetal antigens against immunological rejection. The implications of such an interpretation may be far-reaching in such fields as reproductive pathology, autoimmune diseases, anthropology and population genetics.
Genetics of Essential Hypertension–Historical perspective and current concept
Authors: Bauer Julius
Published: July 2016

Essential hypertension was first recognized as morbid entity in 1911 and the word “essential” was substituted by “constitutional” in 1933. Diastolic hypertension may be constitutional or “symptomatic” if it belongs to the symptoms of a disease of specific organs (kidneys, endocrine, metabolic disease, cerebral or vascular disease). It is futile to search for such a diseased specific organ in constitutional hypertension (1933). Constitutional hypertension is a constitutional variant due to insufficient perfection of the homeostatic (feed-back) system maintaining the habitual blood pressure at a constant normal level. It is of multifactorial (polygenic) etiology (1960). It is a definite predisposition to actual diseases. It is a matter of semantics whether or not it should be called a disease of its own. The syntropy of constitutional hypertension and diabetes, obesity and arteriosclerosis is best explained by sharing various parts of polygenomes that are the common genetic basis of each of these morbid states.
Short Arm Enlargement in a G Chromosome
Authors: François J. , Matton-Van Leuven M. Th. , Coppieters R.
Published: July 2016

The authors report three cases of enlargement in length of the short arm of a G chromosome: in a mother and her trisomy 21 son, and in a child with congenital glaucoma and systemic malformations. They discuss the nature of this odd chromosome. The latter can represent altered chromosomal behavior of anomalous coiling, but it is quite possible that it represents a translocation. The authors observed another case of congenital glaucoma with short arm enlargement in a G chromosome.
Dermatoglyphics and Turner Syndrome
Authors: Pfeiffer R. A. , Kiera W.
Published: July 2016

Dermatoglyphics of 81 females with Turner's syndrome are analysed with regard to the cytogenetic findings and they are compared with the data from normal relatives of both sex. The quantitative traits (total ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle) are shifted to an elevation of the means. Centric patterns on the hypothenar area as well as a longitudinal alignment of the main lines and transverse creases are found rather frequently. Previous studies are confirmed.
Dermatoglyphics in Patients of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Emerit I. , Vernant P. , Corone P.
Published: July 2016

Palm-print and finger-print patterns were studied in a series of 330 patients with congenital heart disease and compared to a control group of 200 patients with acquired heart disease.

156 patiens had associated malformations, while 174 other patients had isolated heart disease. Both groups were studied separately.

Simian creases are more frequent in the malformed patients than in the controls, but the difference is only significant in patients with multiple malformations.

A triradius in the positions t' is seen with a higher frequency in patients with multiple malformations and in patients with isolated heart disease than in the controls. The position t” however is only more frequent in the group of patients with multiple malformations, and tends to be associated more often with a ventricular septal defect and Fallot's tetralogy than with an atrial septum defect, aortic stenosis, coarctation and patent ductus.

Hypothenar patterns are more frequent in patients than in controls.

The results concerning finger-print patterns show a diminished frequency of arches in patients with isolated heart disease compared with controls and patients with multiple malformations. Variations between the different types of congenital heart disease were not important. They are partly in agreement, partly in disagreement with the results of other authors.

21 patients with familial congenital heart disease show an increased frequency of ulnar loops and a low frequency of whorls compared to the rest of patients.

This study does not include classical chromosomal aberrations and no malformation syndromes besides the Holt-Oram syndrome and the supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome. The first one is characterised by an increased frequency of axial triradius in the t” position and of simian creases, while the second one seems to be without any dermatoglyphic particularity.
Diagnostic Efficiency of Fingerprint and Blood Group Differences in a Series of Twins
Authors: Allen G.
Published: July 2016

Data obtained in a study of mentally defective twins permitted the examination of interdependence and efficiency of blood groups and fingerprints in zygosity diagnosis. After exclusion of Down's syndrome, the series consisted of 49 MZ pairs, 52 DZ pairs and 18 pairs of uncertain type.

Same-sex pairs discordant for Down's syndrome seemed to include some pairs of uniovular or irregular origin, but this could not be investigated cytologically. Concordance appeared to occur independently in different blood group systems. However, DZ twins concordant in the ABO blood groups were significantly more similar in their fingerprints than were other pairs, and the within-pair differences were more uniform.

Linear discriminant functions designed for zygosity diagnosis make much better use of dermatoglyphic information than do simpler measures, and the latter could not be much improved by comparing left and right hands separately.
Dermatoglyphics of Twins: A Study based on a new Systematics
Authors: Brismar Bo
Published: July 2016

1. The Author has investigated on a twin material of 34 twin pairs the papillary line patterns on the fingers, the interdigital areas of the palms, and the hallucal area of the soles according to a systematics accounted for by the Author in earlier works.

2. The diagnosis of zygosity has been based on a comparison for the morphological particularities and on blood group analyses, in the cases in which the relative chance for dizygosity for the concordant pairs has been calculated.

3. The frequency distribution for the papillary line patterns of the twin pairs showed no significant divergence with respect to the large Swedish population, earlier investigated.

4. The 19 MZ twin pairs showed a concordance of 84.2-89.5% for the total qualitative value, total ridge-count and for the hallucal patterns.
The Incidence of Inherited Defects of Colour-Vision in Eight Endogamous Groups of Maharashtrian Brahmins
Authors: Malhotra K. C.
Published: July 2016

Data on defective sex-linked colour vision has been reported on 1580 male subjects drawn from eight endogamous groups of Maharashtrian Brahmins. The range of variation of affected persons is between 0.00 to 8.58%, with an average of 3.97%. The ratio of deuton to proton genes is 2.54: 1.

A great deal of heterogeneity is observed in the groups investigated.
Heritable Behaviour of Dermal Configurations of Toes in Relation to Sex
Authors: Bali R. S.
Published: July 2016

The sex-wise distribution of whorls among the offspring of various parental combinations reveals that the over-all influence of the parents on the same sex offspring is somewhat less marked. A similar tendency is noticed in case of loops and arches. There hardly seems to exist any relationship between the sex of the parents and their offspring regarding the distribution of pattern-types.
Cleft lip and palate in thalidomide-induced embryopathies
Authors: Immeyer Fritz
Published: July 2016

In 3 out of 161 cases of thalidomide embryopathy seen in Hamburg, typical malformations of thalidomide causation were associated with cleft lip and/or palate. The same association was present in 6 out of 918 cases of thalidomide embryopathy reported by correspondence. Clefts of the face are more common in thalidomide children than in other children. Usually, they are associated with ear deformities. In cases of aplasia of the radius observed before the introduction of thalidomide but not in those connected with thalidomide intake, clefts are more common than in the general population. The association of clefts and ear deformities has been known before the introduction of thalidomide. Thalidomide is probably the cause of only some cases of association.
Influence of ionizing radiations on the development of the nervous system
Authors: Geets W.
Published: July 2016

The first cellular differentiation in the process of segmentation leads to the embryonic period, the major organogenetic period for the nervous system. In man, it appears between the second and the eighth week after conception.

During the foetal and perinatal periods, the nervous organization mainly develops at the cerebellum and cerebral cortex levels. The cerebrum functional maturation continues well beyond birth.

Neuroblasts are the most widespread mother-cells in the developing nervous system during the embryonic period, but some are still to be found after birth.

Animal experiment has demonstrated that ionizing radiations were able to disorganize neurogenesis in any of its maturation stages, even at very low doses. It is possible to establish a chronological table showing the anatomical or functional deformities in relation with the embryonic age at which rays have been given.

It appears that in man the most dangerous period is between the beginning of the second and the end of the eighth week after conception. At that moment, pregnancy is often ignored and a dose of 20 to 40 r is sufficient to entail serious damages, such as microcephaly, protrusions of the brain or mental retardation. On drawing near to birth the foetal or neonatal nervous system of rodents or primates is still radiosensitive, especially at the cerebral cortex level and the consequences will be of a neurophysiologic or psychosensorial nature. Certain embryopathies or neurologic alterations would only be apparent in subsequent generations, following mutations induced into the mother-cells of the nervous system. Genetic deformities of the nervous system can also result from moderate irradiations of the gonads.

Further to the precise experimental research work on the radiovulnerability of the embryonic or foetal nervous system of the animal, certain clinical observations are presented, which lead to similar conclusions.

The atomic bombardments have caused numerous neurological trouble among the children who had been irradiated in utero. And the genetic effects are not yet perfectly known to-date.

This set of experimental and clinical data must prompt us to be very careful when using ionizing radiations, even at low doses, in pregnant women and newborn.
Strain and Sex Differences in Gastric Ulceration in Restrained Rats
Authors: Wilson T. R.
Published: July 2016

Male and female rats of three different strains were subjected to physical restraint, when it was demonstrated that there is a relationship between the strain of the rat and its susceptibility to gastric ulcer formation. Severity of ulceration was greatest in Wistar rats. Hooded Wistar rats were also ulcer-susceptible, but not to such a great extent as Wistar animals. Sprague-Dawley rats were resistant to ulcer formation. Sex differences in ulcer severity were found only with restrained Hooded Wistar rats.

The results of this investigation compare favourably with results published for individual strains of rats by other workers. It is possible that genetic influences may be responsible for the differences observed, but the way in which they operate is not understood.
A Case of Familial Chromosomal Aberration with G Group Mosaic
Authors: Gedda L. , Torrioli-Riggio G. , Romei L. , Alfieri A. , Calabresi F. , Porto G. Del , Gentile R.
Published: July 2016

A familial mosaicism involving chromosomes of group A. The father shows two clones: 46/normal and 47/trisomy A; the mother, 46/normal and 45/monosomy A. The two children are three clone mosaics: 45/monosomy A, 46/normal, 47/trisomy A.

Only one of the children is phenotypically abnormal: the other three members of the family have a normal appearance.

Relationship between karyotype and malformations is discussed. A tentative explanation is suggested.
Theoretical Models in Twin Research
Authors: Gedda L. , Brenci G.
Published: July 2016

The Authors show twin study to allow the determination of gene frequency and penetrance in the general population, by means of the analysis of distribution of phenotypic combinations in the twin pairs.
A Note on the Frequency of Hairy Ear Rims Tragus Hair and Hairs on the Ear Lobe in Some South Indian Populations Residing at Delhi
Authors: Chattopadhyay P. K.
Published: July 2016

The South Indian populations differ from one another for the frequency of hairy ear rims, tragus hair and hairs on the ear lobe. The difference in the age of onset is not very striking. Whether they are due to the same gene, or genes, or to independent genes, cannot be answered until detailed pedigree studies are made.
Discordant gonadal hypogenesis in apparently MZ twins
Authors: Bigozzi U. , Borghi A. , Salti M. , Giusti G.
Published: July 2016

A case of probably MZ twin girls is reported, one of which presenting a serious gonadal hypoplasia, macroschelia and a number of slight malformations, while the other appeared perfectly normal. Both twins presented positive sex-chromatine and a normal karyotype, i. e. 44 A + XX.

After a review of twin cases of the « rudimentary gonad syndrome » — which may differ as to its origin, according to the various cases — the present case, the anomalies exhibited by one of the twins are probably the result of the action of a number of noxae, in the course of embryological or fetal life.
A New Estimate of Genetic Load from Inbreeding Data
Authors: Freire-Maia Ademar
Published: July 2016

Inbreeding effect revealed as mortality and morbidity in general may be ascribed to deleterious mutations generally present at different loci of the ancestors common to each consanguineous mating. A new coefficient (E) is suggested to measure this effect. On the basis of this theory, a new method to estimate the load of mutations disclosed by inbreeding has been presented elsewhere, and is now extended. In this method, the load is estimated without introducing gene frequency notions. Genetic loads estimated through our method are in rather close agreement to those estimated through the classical theory of Morton, Crow and Muller (MCM).
Antinuclear Antibody Factors and Nuclear Staining in Mothers of Children Affected with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Pollard Freddie L. , Zsako Steven , Kelsall Margaret A. , Kaplan Arnold R.
Published: July 2016

Sera from 50 mothers of G1-trisomy affected children and from 50 age-matched mothers, whose offspring included no chromosomal-aneuploidy affected children, were tested for presence of antinuclear antibody factors and nuclear staining with human squamous epithelium and with mouse liver. Consistently, more of the mothers of G1-trisomy affected children included positive findings in both tests, compared to the age-matched mothers.
Malignant Tumors among Twins: A Study of Divergent Views
Authors: Keith Louis , Brown Eric
Published: July 2016

Agreement prevails that MZ twins have higher concordance rates for cancer than do DZ twins. The exact genetic influence on concordance remains doubtful. Neither the patient groups nor the means by which data are analyzed are comparable. The naturally higher perinatal mortality rate among twins affects statistical analysis of diseases among surviving cotwins. Classification of zygosity among all studies of twins is not entirely reliable.

A review of published reports of cancer among twins notes concordance in a variety of tumors. Genetic factors appear to operate either in the concordance of the cancer or in the site of the specific tumors. A genetic origin of tumors in MZ twins is possible. Tumors, including type, site, and age of onset, affect MZ twins more than both members of a DZ pair.

Computerized permanent twin registers should be established for study of prospective follow-up of large twin populations. Suggestions are made for implementation.
Epidermal Ridge Configurations in a Boy with Triploid/Diploid Mosaicism
Authors: Böök J. A.
Published: July 2016

The palm prints of a 2A,XY/3A,XXY patient displayed a scarcity of patterns and a wider than normal atd angle. Both hands had typical four-finger lines. The digits of the right hand had radial loops on II, III and V.
Costituzione Cromosomica 46, XX in Ermafrodita Umano Ambigonadico
Authors: Tomašić V. , Sepčić J. , Kružić M. , Ledić P. , Ćuk S. , Juranić K.
Published: July 2016

The authors present the case of a 42 years old hermaphrodite, showing bilateral ambigonadism with female nuclear sex and 46,XX karyotype. The psychological analysis reveals a female personality, which is in contrast with the male civil status: hence, a source of frustration and social inadaptation.
Two-Gene Hypothesis for Hairy Pinnae of the Ear
Authors: Rao D. C.
Published: July 2016

A new hypothesis involving two genes has been proposed to explain the nature of hairy pinnae of the ear. The insignificant values of the goodness of fit χ2 seem to confirm the proposed hypothesis.
Frequency of Consanguineous Marriages in Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Goswami H. K.
Published: July 2016

With the revision of application of terms “endogamous” and “exogamous” the inbreeding levels have been calculated from certain parts of Madhya Pradesh. Higher inbreeding levels in persons with rural background are in conformity with other workers.
The Incidence of Inherited Defects of Colour Vision in Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Dutta P. C. , Kumar G. D.
Published: July 2016

1. Sex-linked type of defective colour vision among 608 unrelated students, including 251 males and 357 females belonging to different communities residing in Madhya Pradesh of India, was investigated. Males were found to have 3.19% defective colour vision; again, of the defectives the deutans were found to be exactly three times greater than the protans. Significantly, none of the females was colourblind.

2. Brahmin of Madhya Pradesh displayed a comparatively low value of abnormal incidence being 2.88% among the other Brahmin samples. The occurrence of green-blind was found to be a little more than double of the red-blind in the sample, χ2 test for significance in respect of the total incidence of colour-blindness in various samples of Brahmin shows no heterogeneity (P>0.05). But, when certain Brahmin samples having a common origin are combined, some significant differences are brought out showing a clear statistical heterogeneity (P<0.02).
ABO Blood Groups and Sickle-cell Trait Investigations in Madhya Pradesh Indore District (Central India)
Authors: Kumar Narendra
Published: July 2016

Blood samples from five hundred and ninety five individuals belonging to Indore district of west Madhya Pradesh were tested for ABO blood groups, and two hundred and ninety three of them were tested for the sickle-cell trait.

The investigated groups include: the Kadve Kulmi, the Khati, the Rami Mali, the Balai, the Bhil and a mixed sample of various castes. The aforesaid groups, within the district, are found to be homogeneous, as far as the ABO blood groups distributions are concerned. Frequencies for the O, A and B genes have been found to be 0.5251, 0.1587 and 0.3162, respectively, in the pooled data.

Sickle-cell trait has been detected in the Balai, the Charmakar or Chamar and the Bhil.
Über die geographische Verteilung von Zwillingsgeburten in Japan und in Deutschland
Authors: Ihda S.
Published: July 2016

The frequency of twin births in Japan was calculated with the aid of the births statistics of the Japanese government for 1955-1961, and compared with the corresponding data in Western Germany. The results are follows:

1. The frequency of twin births in Japan is 0.64% of all births, while in Germany it is of 1.15%. The ratio of MZ to DZ twins is 63%: 37% in Japan and 32%: 68% in Germany.

2. The present results are mainly in agreement with two previous reports by Komai (1936) and Inouye (1956).

3. The frequency of MZ twin births in Japan is almost the same as in Germany, while the frequency of DZ twin births in Germany is about three times higher than in Japan. This study confirms the hypothesis that the difference of the frequency of twin births between Japan and Germany is only due to the difference of the frequency of DZ twin births.
The Ability to taste PTC among Swedish Men and Women (Nulliparae and others)
Authors: Romanus Torsten
Published: July 2016

Among 2,005 Swedish men the percentage of “non-tasters” for PTC is 18.4 ± 0.9 and by 1,051 women 12.8 ± 1.0. The difference is 5.6 ± 1.4%. The difference of “non-tasters” between women who are nulliparae (437) and others (614) is 19.5 — 8.1 = 11.4 ± 2.2%.
Cutis Verticis Gyrata. Thyroaplasia and Mental Deficiency
Authors: Åkesson Hans Olof
Published: July 2016

A man of 32 is described suffering from a combination of three disorders: cutis verticis gyrata, severe mental deficiency and aplasia of the thyroid. Four of his close relatives were also severely retarded. The possibility is discussed of the syndrome being inherited through an X-linked recessive gene.
Innate Abilities, One or Many? A New Method and Some Results
Authors: Vandenberg Steven G.
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

A generalization of the F test is proposed to see how many independent components are statistically significant when the co-variances between DZ twin differences on several psychological tests are compared with similar co-variances for MZ twins. When applied to the 6 scores of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities test battery, at least 4 separate components were found to be significant independently. Then 4 components are tentatively identified as similar to, although not identical with, the Number, Verbal, Space and Word fluency scores. While the procedure bears some resemblance to factor analysis, it may lead to quite different results since it is based on the comparison of two co-variance matrices of twin differences.

In conclusion, it should be kept in mind that these results are based on small samples of MZ and DZ twins, so that a repetition of the study seems indicated. This replication is now in progress.
La Complexe Contribution du Génotype à la Prédisposition Morbide
Authors: Gedda L.
Published: July 2016

The Author deals with the problem of morbid disposition from the genetic standpoint. He further reports and discusses the results obtained by studying 447 pairs of tuberculous brothers, as far as the age of onset, the clinical form and the localization of the tubercular process are concerned.

Data are also reported concerning the morbidity of silicosis among 683 Sardinian mineworkers, especially concerning its frequency in the families of both affected and healthy propositi, for a total amount of 9,127 individuals examined. The results are also shown of a wide survey carried out on 293 single-born and 2,474 twins, concerning the following allergic diseases: eczema, asthma, urticaria and hay-fever. The possible mechanism of inheritance of morbid disposition is also discussed.
Tasting of P. T. G. among the Anglo-Indians of India
Authors: Bhattacharya D. K.
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The Anglo-Indians of India have been tested for the Tasting of P.T.C. The frequency of non-tasters in general shows that the population is intermediate between the European and Indian frequencies. They show a rise in the non-taster gene frequency with the rise in the dosage of European ancestry in their parentage.

The Mendelian law has further been established among the hybrid group as far as the frequency of non-taster gene frequency is concerned. In general the Anglo-Indians have 28.12 percent non-tasters of P.T.C., which shows a comparatively higher shifting towards the Indian range of values than towards the European one. It is explained to be due to the later practise of the Anglo-Indians to take in Indian brides, thus diluting the hybrids in favour of the base population.
Étude d'un Couple de Jumeaux Monozygotes dont un seul est atteint de Myopathie (Forme Pseudo-Hypertrophique)
Authors: de Grouchy J. , Lamy M. , Frézal J. , Garcin R.
Published: July 2016

The Authors report on a pair of MZ twins, only one of which affected by the Duchenne-type myopathy. Monozygosity is supported by the success of a reciprocal skin-graft.

Various hypotheses are discussed, including that of a somatic mutation during the first division of the egge producing the twins.
Les Quintuplés aux Pays Tchèques
Authors: Tomáš Vladimír
Published: July 2016

The only case of so far known Tcheck quintuplets is reported, viz. two males and three females born in Moravia in 1780 and dead 24 hours after birth.

The Author analyses the family factors and also discusses about the validity of Hellin's law for multiple births.
A dual hereditary red blood cell defect in one family: Hypocatalasemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Szeinberg À. , de Vries À. , Pinkhas J. , Djaldetti M. , Ezra R.
Published: July 2016

A family of Iranian-Jewish origin with two hereditary enzymatic defects in the red blood cells, catalase deficiency and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, is described. The two enzymatic defects were inherited independently of each other. The findings are compatible with a transmission of the catalase deficiency by an autosomal gene of incomplete dominance, the homozygous state resulting in severe catalase deficiency and the heterozygous state in intermediate catalase deficiency.
A study of osteopoikilosis
Authors: Landberg Torsten , Åkesson Hans Olof
Published: July 2016

The clinical and histologic observations in an 18-year old male with osteopoikilosis are described. Twenty-four of the proband's relatives were roentgenographed; films were taken of their pelves, hips, knees and elbows. The father was found to have osteopoikilosis, but none of the others were affected.

It has been attempted to figure out how osteopoikilosis is transmitted by a study of the family data given in the literature. Though it is realized that these data are biased because of their selective nature, it is suggested that osteopoikilosis is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease.
Il problema degli annessi nelle gravidanze gemellari
Authors: Gedda L. , Brenci G.
Published: July 2016

The Authors have investigated the problem of foetal membranes in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pregnancies. The material consisted of anamnestic information derived from the twin case files of Rome's Mendel Institute.

In a sizable number of twin cases (3, 107) it was possible to establish zygosity and the various frequencies of monochorionic or dichorial single or double placenta.

Statistical analysis of this material shows that the frequency of monozygotic twin pregnancies with one placenta and one chorion is 68.35%, while 31.65% have two placentae and two choria. On the other hand, 83.29% of dizygotic twin pregnancies have two placentae and two choria, while 16.71% have one placenta and one chorion.

These figures exceed the material's margin of error, calculated on the basis of an appropriate index. Some case, diagnosed as bichorial with one placenta, are explained as due to two placentae fused into one piece, causing a mistaken diagnosis at birth.