bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can a single account of supererogation handle both finite and infinite cases?
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: June 2023

Discussions of supererogation usually focus on cases in which the agent can choose among a finite number of options. However, Daniel Muñoz has recently shown that cases in which the agent faces an infinite chain of increasingly less good options make trouble for existing definitions of supererogation. Muñoz proposes a promising new definition as a solution to the problem of infinite cases. I argue that any acceptable account of supererogation must (1) enable us to accurately identify supererogatory acts in both finite and infinite option cases. It must also (2) include a suitably related account of what makes one act more supererogatory than another for finite, infinite, single-choice (one agent choosing among several supererogatory options) and inter-choice (two different agents, each choosing a supererogatory option) cases. I further argue that the best current account of supererogation for finite cases works well for finite cases, but cannot handle infinite cases. However, Muñoz’s proposal cannot handle inter-choice cases in either finite or infinite cases. I conclude we still need an account for infinite cases, and may have to settle for separate definitions of supererogation for finite and infinite cases.
TAT-PEP Alleviated Cognitive Impairment by Alleviating Neuronal Mitochondria Damage and Apoptosis After Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Zhao Pin , Zhang Jiapo , Kuai JianKe , Li Liya , Li Xuying , Feng Namin , Du Hailiang , Li Chen , Wang Qiang , Deng Bin
Published: June 2023

Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) was identified as a myelin-associated inhibitory protein (MAIP) receptor that plays a critical role in axonal regeneration, synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival after stroke. In our previous study, a transactivator of transcription-PirB extracellular peptide (TAT-PEP) was generated that can block the interactions between MAIs and PirB. We found that TAT-PEP treatment improved axonal regeneration, CST projection and long-term neurobehavioural recovery after stroke through its effects on PirB-mediated downstream signalling. However, the effect of TAT-PEP on the recovery of cognitive function and the survival of neurons also needs to be investigated. In this study, we investigated whether pirb RNAi could alleviate neuronal injury by inhibiting the expression of PirB following exposure to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. In addition, TAT-PEP treatment attenuated the volume of the brain infarct and promoted the recovery of neurobehavioural function and cognitive function. This study also found that TAT-PEP exerts neuroprotection by reducing neuronal degeneration and apoptosis after ischemia–reperfusion injury. In addition, TAT-PEP improved neuron survival and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in vitro. Results also showed that TAT-PEP reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in OGD-injured neurons. The possible mechanism was that TAT-PEP could contribute to the damage of neuronal mitochondria and affect the expression of cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2. Our results suggest that PirB overexpression in neurons after ischaemic-reperfusion injury induces neuronal mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and apoptosis. This study also suggests that TAT-PEP may be a potent neuroprotectant with therapeutic potential for stroke by reducing neuronal oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, degeneration and apoptosis in ischemic stroke.
Increased Intestinal Permeability: An Avenue for the Development of Autoimmune Disease?
Authors: English Jamie , Connolly Lisa , Stewart Linda D.
Published: June 2023

The intestinal epithelium acts as the first line of defence against pathogens present in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. The epithelium is composed of a single monolayer that includes a variety of cell types, each of which play roles in nutrient and water absorption, antimicrobial defence, and immunomodulation to maintain a homeostatic gut environment. Tight junction (TJ) complexes between adjacent intestinal epithelial cells are responsible for the structural integrity of the gut barrier and controlling the paracellular translocation of luminal contents. The effectiveness of TJs can be impacted by both genetic and environmental factors including microbiota dysbiosis and dietary components. The increased systemic entry of luminal contents has been associated with the development, progression, and/or relapse of autoimmune diseases such as Crohn’s and rheumatoid arthritis. In particular, the extraintestinal spread of luminal microbes possessing components with structural similarity to those of the human host are thought to be involved in the breakdown of immune tolerance towards host components. Here, the structure and function of the intestinal epithelium are discussed as well as the genetic and environmental factors that influence its permeability. There is emphasis on the role of increased intestinal permeability and how the subsequent translocation of luminal contents could be involved in the development and/or exacerbation of autoimmune diseases. This review reinforces how protecting the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and minimising immunological exposure to luminal components, either directly or indirectly, could be a useful strategy in reducing the prevalence and severity of autoimmune diseases.
Investigation of the combustion and ash deposition characteristics of oil palm waste biomasses
Authors: Kuswa Fairuz Milkiy , Putra Hanafi Prida , Prabowo  , Darmawan Arif , Aziz Muhammad , Hariana Hariana
Published: June 2023

Biomass serves as an alternative energy solution for decarbonizing coal-fired power plants, which have been reactivated in several countries due to the global energy crisis. Oil palm waste, owing to its abundant availability, holds significant potential as a biomass fuel. This study aimed to investigate the combustion performance of various oil palm wastes in comparison to coal. Biomass combustion is associated with ash-related problems such as slagging, fouling, and corrosion, which may accelerate ash deposit acceleration, reduce heat transfer, and damage refractory equipment in boilers. Ash-related problems were evaluated using the method commonly adopted for solid fuel, including experimental drop tube furnace combustion and ash observation. The results indicate that each oil palm waste has different combustion characteristics. Palm leaves, empty fruit bunch, and palm fronds with clean probe observation have a relatively low tendency of slagging and fouling and can be recommended as biomass fuel for co-firing. However, their high alkali and iron contents need to be considered. Palm fiber has similar combustion characteristics to coal, but it has a high slagging and fouling tendencies. The palm stems with high chlorine content have a high corrosion tendency confirmed by probe observation, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses.
The oracle of Delphi 2.0: considering artificial intelligence as a challenging tool for the treatment of eating disorders
Authors: Abbate-Daga Giovanni , Taverna Alberto , Martini Matteo
Published: June 2023

In this editorial, we discuss how the diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tools—such as the recently available conversational AIs—could impact and transform eating disorders (EDs) care. We try to envision the possible use of AI by individuals affected by EDs and by clinicians, in terms of prevention, support to treatment, and development of new and actually personalized treatment strategies. We then focus on how the introduction of AI into psychotherapy could either represent an element of disruption for the therapeutical relationship or be positively and creatively integrated into session and inter-sessional dynamics. As technological advancements open scenarios where anyone could have access to a personal and all-knowing “oracle”, the ability to formulate questions, individuals’ experiences, and the scientific rigor with which clinicians study them must remain at the center of our work. Ethical and legal issues about the use of AI are also considered.
The PERMA + 4 Short Scale: A Cross-Cultural Empirical Validation Using Item Response Theory
Authors: Donaldson Scott I. , Donaldson Stewart I. , McQuaid Michelle , Kern Margaret L.
Published: June 2023

A substantial body of empirical research has used the positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment (PERMA) framework to measure building blocks of well-being across diverse samples and cultures, with most studies using the 23-item PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) or a workplace variant. Donaldson and Donaldson (2021a) added four additional domains (physical health, mindset, environment, economic security; PERMA + 4). Psychometric development and testing of the original, translated, and variant versions of the measure have relied on Classical Test Theory approaches, such as factor analytic methods. In the workplace, valid, brief measures are critical. The current study used item response theory to analyze data from a large sample of Canadian (n = 1,003) and Australian (n = 942) employees to create a 9-item short scale of PERMA + 4. A graded response model showed good item discrimination (a > 1.40), and similar test information compared to the full measure. A short scale of PERMA + 4 will be useful for future studies of the building blocks of well-being and positive functioning, as well as for evaluating well-being programs and interventions within the workplace.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) as a Novel Plant-based Alternative to Synthetic Soil Urease Inhibitor Sources
Authors: Jarosz Kinga , Olech Zofia , Padoł Sonia
Published: June 2023

In order to achieve growth in agricultural production, nitrogen fertilisers are widely used. The urease enzyme, present in soil, vastly accelerates the pace of nitrogen transformation into plant-available forms. Rapid acceleration causes high nitrogen losses and the products of said reactions (e.g., greenhouse gases) which are released into the environment (Hube et al., Agric Ecosyst Environ: 46–54, 2017). Many countries have imposed regulations and laws regarding the compulsory use of urease inhibitory precautions when fertilising with urea. However, the inhibitors in use involve a high cost and new environmental risks. In this study, watercress (Nasturium officinale) is presented and investigated as an alternative. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) Han’s method, high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). An organosulfur compound dimethyl thiosulfinate (DMTS) was recognised in watercress extract, DMTS concentration was assessed and its inhibitory influence on native and soil ureases confirmed. The urease inhibition was of competitive character. Watercress have potential use as a natural source of urease inhibitor both in agriculture and other branches.

Graphical Abstract
The Warburg effect: a score for many instruments in the concert of cancer and cancer niche cells
Authors: Jaworska Martyna , Szczudło Julia , Pietrzyk Adrian , Shah Jay , Trojan Sonia E. , Ostrowska Barbara , Kocemba-Pilarczyk Kinga A.
Published: June 2023

Although Warburg's discovery of intensive glucose uptake by tumors, followed by lactate fermentation in oxygen presence of oxygen was made a century ago, it is still an area of intense research and development of new hypotheses that, layer by layer, unravel the complexities of neoplastic transformation. This seemingly simple metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells reveals an intriguing, multi-faceted nature that may link various phenomena including cell signaling, cell proliferation, ROS generation, energy supply, macromolecules synthesis/biosynthetic precursor supply, immunosuppression, or cooperation of cancerous cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), known as reversed Warburg effect. According to the current perception of the causes and consequences of the Warburg effect, PI3K/Akt/mTOR are the main signaling pathways that, in concert with the transcription factors HIF-1, p53, and c-Myc, modulate the activity/expression of key regulatory enzymes, including PKM2, and PDK1 to tune in the most optimal metabolic setting for the cancer cell. This in turn secures adequate levels of biosynthetic precursors, NADPH, NAD+, and rapid ATP production to meet the increased demands of intensively proliferating tumor cells. The end-product of “aerobic glycolysis”, lactate, an oncometabolite, may provide fuel to neighboring cancer cells, and facilitate metastasis and immunosuppression together enabling cancer progression. The importance and possible applicability of the presented issue are best illustrated by numerous trials with various agents targeting the Warburg effect, constituting a promising strategy in future anti-cancer regimens. In this review, we present the key aspects of this multifactorial phenomenon, depicting the mechanisms and benefits behind the Warburg effect, and also pointing to selected aspects in the field of anticancer therapy.
Lewis and Quine in context
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: June 2023

Robert Sinclair’sQuine, Conceptual Pragmatism, and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinctionpersuasively argues that Quine’s epistemology was deeply influenced by C. I. Lewis’s pragmatism. Sinclair’s account raises the question why Quine himself frequently downplayed Lewis’s influence. Looking back, Quine has always said that Rudolf Carnap was his “greatest teacher” and that his 1933 meeting with the German philosopher was his “first experience of sustained intellectual engagement with anyone of an older generation” (1970, 41; 1985, 97-8, my emphasis). Quine’s autobiographies contain only a handful of biographical references to Lewis and he regularly soft-pedaled the latter’s influence in private correspondence. In this note, I discuss some archival evidence that helps us better understand Quine’s reluctance to acknowledge Lewis’s influence. I contextualize the relation between Lewis and Quine and argue that the latter viewed his teacher as a retrograde force in modern epistemology, impeding the more rigorous approach that Carnap had been developing in Europe. Next, I briefly discuss Lewis’s contribution to the development of scientific philosophy in the United States and argue that Quine underestimated his teacher’s role in this process. In doing so, I argue that Quine’s zealous commitment to Carnap’s approach negatively affected his assessment of Lewis’s influence, thereby supplementing Sinclair’s praiseworthy reconstruction with an explanation of why Quine himself underestimated Lewis’s role.
Micro/nanoplastics contamination of the terrestrial environment: exposure routes, dose, and co-contaminants complicate the risk calculus
Authors: Zhao Xiaoli , Wu Xiaowei , White Jason C. , Tang Zhi , Wu Fengchang
Published: June 2023

As xenobiotics in the environment, microplastics and nanoplastics have become ever-present in the environment, especially in terrestrial environment. However, a critical issue is that these anthropogenic contaminants are toxic to some terrestrial microorganisms, and the results of that toxic interaction over time can significantly impact microbial community structure and function, with unknown ramifications for ecosystem health. This viewpoint highlights the fact that, considering the diverse array of MPs/NPs, the broad dose range, and the presence of co-contaminants (e.g., retained organic and elemental pollutants, polymer additives) associated with these materials, their risk calculus to microbiome in terrestrial environment is incredibly complex. Short- and long-term dose-response that spans environmentally relevant concentrations and includes appropriate levels of analyte complexity (additives, co-contaminants). This should include microcosm studies that enable assessment of 'omic' parameters over the long term, as well as detailed assessment of impacts on soil microbiome function. We also need to understand impacts on eukaryotic microbes. In conclusion, for both toxicity and benefit, we should focus more on the dynamics of impacts on the microbiome. As some populations are inhibited, others increase. It is not because the plastics are conveying benefit directly but because more sensitive species are decreasing, which frees up resources from less competition. Those changes then have additional consequences, such as shifts in predator species and nutrient cycling and redox conditions.

Graphical Abstract
Emma Rice's Feminist Acts of Love
Authors: Peck Lisa
Published: June 2023

This is a love story but not as you know it. Should an academic study be framed in this way? Love seems an unlikely bedfellow for critical thinking. Watching an Emma Rice production and being in her rehearsal room you feel the love: a warm and generous welcoming in; a joyful celebration of the theatrical exchange. What produces this pleasurable affect and how might we consider its political potential? This Element positions Emma's theatre-making, a body of work spanning three decades, as feminist acts of love. Drawing on fieldwork research her practice is viewed through the critical lenses of feminisms and affect to consider its contextual tensions, its ethics of affirmation, staging of femininities and contribution to queer worldmaking. Mapping her work from this perspective brings to light her important contribution to UK feminist theatre; its love activism offering an emergent strategy for change.
A New Argument for Uniqueness about Evidential Support
Authors: Forrester Paul
Published: June 2023

In this paper I identify a family of explanatory demands facing permissivists, those who deny the uniqueness thesis, according to which every body of evidence rationally permits exactly one doxastic attitude for a person to have in light of that evidence. Call a pair of a body of evidence and a proposition apermissive casejust in case there is more than one attitude that is permitted for someone who has that body of evidence to take to that proposition. Uniquers claim that there are no permissive cases, and permissivists deny this. The uniqueness thesis is a strong claim, and is vulnerable to counterexamples because it is a universal generalization, and indeed, many permissivists argue for their view by identifying putative counterexamples to the uniqueness thesis. However, in virtue of advancing these putative counterexamples, permissivists incur explanatory demands. If some, but not all, cases are permissive cases, then permissivists owe us an explanation of why some cases are permissive and others are not. Likewise, for each permissive case, permissivists must explain why some attitudes towards the proposition are permitted and others are not. Permissivists draw arbitrary lines between permissive and impermissive cases, and between permitted and impermitted attitudes, giving rise to distinctions which need explaining.

I shall argue that permissivists cannot discharge these explanatory burdens in a satisfying way. After carefully presenting these explanatory demands in section 2, I consider how permissivists might answer them in section 3. I argue that the only permissivists who are able to successfully answer the explanatory demands are extreme permissivists like subjective Bayesians. Most philosophers, however, will find this epistemological outlook implausible because it contains no substantive constraints on rational belief. I also show that previous attempts by permissivists to explain why there are permissive cases merely relocate, rather than answer, the explanatory demands I have identified. The final section argues that permissivists cannot soften up the explanatory demands, either. I show that permissivist cannot appeal to the vagueness of the notion of a permissive case, or of an attitude's being permitted, in order to make the line between the permitted and the impermitted attitudes appear less arbitrary. Nor, I argue, can the permissivist hold that our ignorance of which cases are permissive, and how permissive they are, lessens the explanatory burdens they face.

Unfortunately, permissivists have been most interested in attempting to identify a counterexample to the uniqueness thesis, and have not been concerned with the explanatory demands which they incur in so doing. If my arguments are successful, then, permissivism is a much less plausible view than it is currently given credit for, and, at the very least, permissivists have a lot of work to do in further articulating and generalizing their view so as to provide an adequate explanation of the scope of epistemic permission.
FORCING AXIOMS AND THE DEFINABILITY OF THE NONSTATIONARY IDEAL ON THE FIRST UNCOUNTABLE
Authors: HOFFELNER STEFAN , LARSON PAUL , SCHINDLER RALF , WU LIUZHEN
Published: June 2023

We show that under

$\mathsf {BMM}$

and “there exists a Woodin cardinal,

$"$

the nonstationary ideal on

$\omega _1$

cannot be defined by a

$\Pi _1$

formula with parameter

$A \subset \omega _1$

. We show that the same conclusion holds under the assumption of Woodin’s

$(\ast )$

-axiom. We further show that there are universes where

$\mathsf {BPFA}$

holds and

$\text {NS}_{\omega _1}$

is

$\Pi _1(\{\omega _1\})$

-definable. Lastly we show that if the canonical inner model with one Woodin cardinal

$M_1$

exists, there is a generic extension of

$M_1$

in which

$\text {NS}_{\omega _1}$

is saturated and

$\Pi _1(\{ \omega _1\} )$

-definable, and

$\mathsf {MA_{\omega _1}}$

holds.
COMPARING COLLABORATIVE CAD MODELLING PATTERNS OF HIGH-PERFORMING AND LOW-PERFORMING TEAMS
Authors: Celjak Robert , Horvat Nikola , Škec Stanko
Published: June 2023

The development of cloud-based Computer-aided design (CAD) enabled real-time CAD collaboration between multiple designers. While this technology has great potential to change the way CAD work is done, it is still little explored. This paper presents a case with two high-performing and two low-performing three-member teams monitored with non-invasive methods (log data) during a six-week design project. The results show that high-performing teams focused more on the editing of assembly, while low-performing teams focused on creating and editing a part. Furthermore, high-performing teams tended to perform consecutive deleting actions and to transition to creating and editing classes of CAD actions after performing viewing actions. Two modelling approaches which lead to high-quality CAD models were identified. One approach is characterized by frequent use of transitions between editing and Organizing-Design (collaborative actions) classes, while the other between creating, editing and reversing classes. Presented results allow design teams to gain insight into sequential patterns which led to the generation of a high-quality CAD model and to better understand the CAD modelling process.
COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENTATION AND MULTIPHYSICS MODELLING TO IDENTIFY PRIORITY CONTRADICTION
Authors: Dubois Sebastien , Chibane Hicham , De Guio Roland
Published: June 2023

The contradictions of TRIZ are now widespread and recognized as an effective inventive design tool. They make it possible to find solution concepts to problems that cannot be solved by optimization approaches. However, many contradictions could be formulated and it could be difficult to choose the priority one. The authors propose here two methods to formulate the contradictions and identify the priority contradiction: an experimental approach on the one hand, and a multiphysics approach on the other hand. This analysis, illustrated through an example of 3D printing of parts, shows that these two approaches are similar in terms of result, and indeed make it possible to formulate contradictions taking into account all the complexity of a system.
CONSTRUCTING A PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE STRATEGY AND EFFECTS (PASE) MATRIX FOR EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF PRODUCT ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Rice Scott E. , McKinnon Samuel A. , Sannar Benjamin C. , Mattson Christopher A. , Sorensen Carl D. , Anderson Michael L.
Published: June 2023

Product architecture decisions are made early in the product development process and have far-reaching effects. Unless anticipated through experience or intuition, many of these effects may not be apparent until much later in the development process, making changes to the architecture costly in time, effort, and resources. Many researchers through the years have studied various elements of product architecture and their effects. By aggregating observations on the effects of architecture strategies from a selection of the literature on the topic and storing them in a systematic data set, this information can be recalled in a matrix structure which allows for the identification, comparison and evaluation, and then selection of the most desirable product architecture strategies before expending resources along any development path. This paper introduces this matrix, referred to as the Product Architecture Strategy and Effect (PASE) Matrix, how to construct one, and a demonstration of its use.
DESIGN OF A TELEOPERATION USER INTERFACE FOR SHARED CONTROL OF HIGHLY AUTOMATED AGRICULTURAL MACHINESS
Authors: Lorenz Sebastian
Published: June 2023

This paper presents a focused examination of critical performance and design issues for the introduction of highly automated tractors and their user interfaces in agriculture. An industry that as of today mainly uses direct-controlled machines that at least to some extent have partly automated functionalities. Issues include out-of-the-loop unfamiliarity, interface complexity, automation transparency, and changing information modalities in teleoperation scenarios for former cabin-based operated machines. Selected evidence and accompanying concepts and findings from literature are put in context to each issue, informing a systematic design process that utilizes the frameworks of knowledge engineering and ecological interface design. The resulting user interface prototype is built upon the identified requirements in analysis and collected design guidelines, stemming from various research areas. The documentation of the consideration of these in context with additional requirements, such as complexity reduction, information interactivity, and users' existing experiences is meant to provide insights into the often opaque and art-like design space.
DESIGN PROCESS MODELLING TO MEASURE ENGINEERING PRODUCTIVITY IN BUILDING DESIGN
Authors: Wong Yvonne Yu Bing , Joyce Sam Conrad , Blessing Lucienne
Published: June 2023

A multi-domain Matrix (MDM) is used to identify and analyse rework loops within the Building Design (BD) process caused by building regulations. To model this process, we used information from official documents, plans of work, email archives, and anecdotal evidence as a case study. Findings reveal that MDM can identify the rework loops caused by building regulations, this information forms the basis to improve current BD processes. The complexity of the rework loop including the processes, people and, deliverables involved in the rework loop is also identified. Further analysis can also use the MDM to estimate the costs incurred with each rework cycle. This MDM can also identify rework loops in other engineering design processes due to design changes.

This study is part of a PhD project exploring engineering productivity in the construction industry using DRM. The results present an MDM that provides situation-specific insight, offering areas of process improvement, and support through engineering productivity measurement. This is one of the few studies that models rework loops in the BD process caused by regulations.
DESIGN TEACHING INTEGRATING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Kromer Robin , Gruhier Elise
Published: June 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are now integrated in industry. Therefore, new methods to design AM parts taken into consideration capabilities and limitations are necessary. It is very difficult for teachers to effectively guide students with ideas emerging from generative design tools. AM requires significant preparation and compromises. Topological optimization is also used depending on requirements. A significant impact on the final part quality is related to the part orientation and geometric dimensions. Therefore, this white paper focuses on detailed design steps to prepare future technicians and engineers to design for additive manufacturing. Active teaching pedagogy guideline is proposed. Students have to think in 3D and use analysis tools to create and validate the optimised design. They use immersive tools to review constraints and model diagnostic algorithm to generate data. Present approaches with design guidelines and tools enable to create AM rules based on it. Questionnaire shows that students need explicit knowledge information. Features recognition and geometry diagnostic are mandatory for complex model. Immersive tool helps to evaluate post-processing. They can now relate AM product-process relationship.
DESIGNING EMERGENCE IN SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS USING INFORMATION STREAMS
Authors: Hochmann Uriel , Reich Yoram
Published: June 2023

Systems complexity is increasing, in particular, when systems become systems of systems (SoS). SoS are composed of constituent systems (CS), have unique goals for the CS and the SoS as a whole, and present new SoS-level properties called emergent properties. Emergent properties are unique because they only appear at the system level. Current research has only revealed some tools focusing on simple emergence for engineers aiming to design emergence at the SoS level. However, forming design tools for the creation or modification of strong emergence will enable engineers to create systematic changes in the SoS. This article proposes a connection between emergence and information streams with the latter being a model of the transfer of information between the different CS in the SoS. A methodology for designing SoS information streams is demonstrated, with encouraging results, using a multi-agent simulation of the propagation of the COVID-19 virus through citizens. By testing several information stream configurations, an SoS with a decrease of 47% in sick agents was found. These results show that by changing the information stream better SoS performance is attained, supporting designing in a complex world.
DESIGNING FOR LEGAL PRACTITIONERS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM LEGAL TECH DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Đurić Marko , Martinec Tomislav , Porobija Marko , Štorga Mario
Published: June 2023

Recently, the design and digitalisation approaches have become increasingly utilised in the legal context, typically under the names of legal design and legal tech. One of their goals is to help legal practitioners be more efficient and to provide better quality and more comprehensive legal services. Also, given that both movements rely heavily on participatory and co-design, they will require increased support not only from design practitioners but also from design researchers and educators. Therefore, this paper investigates, from a design research viewpoint, the opportunities and challenges of developing and implementing legal tech, with a particular focus on legal practitioners. It reports on four cases of designing legal tech solutions and their implementation in a law firm. The main insights are related to the importance of value perception through participatory and co-design, the need for efficient and effective testing methodologies, and the opportunity to test a wide range of design methods and tools in the legal context. The paper also complements the legal design and legal tech literature with additional arguments on why designing in the legal context is challenging compared to designing in other domains.
DESIGNING SOLUTIONS FOR UNCERTAIN FUTURES: A CHECKLIST FOR CHOOSING SUITABLE SCENARIOS
Authors: Gall Tjark , Vallet Flore , Ben Ammar Malek , Yannou Bernard
Published: June 2023

Future scenarios are intermediary artefacts for mid- and long-term design of complex solutions, e.g., to improve urban mobility systems. They allow designers to explore possible alternatives and incorporate uncertainty in the process. While their making is widely studied and implemented in scenario planning, their assessment got little attention. To find out which characteristics of scenarios we can assess, we conducted interviews and an expert workshop. This results in a scenario assessment framework of 3 levels: Assessment of system impact, evaluation of impact on practitioners and quality assurance. We focus on the latter as it represents the key gap and established a checklist for it. We distinguish between the level of engagement, i.e., scenario makers and users who adapt existing sets (or archetypes). Finally, we provide a checklist to aid ensuring that when choosing existing scenario sets, key criteria are fulfilled. This shall enable designers to better integrate scenarios in their workflows. We provide examples of designing mobility solutions. Yet, the findings can be applied to all disciplines where scenarios can aid design processes but are so far limited due to the resources needed for creating meaningful scenarios.
DETECTING AND CHARACTERIZING PATTERNS OF FAILURE IN COMPLEX ENGINEERED SYSTEMS: AN ONTOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND CLUSTERING APPROACH
Authors: Walsh Hannah Scharline , Dong Andy , Tumer Irem , Brat Guillaume
Published: June 2023

While the causes of failures in complex engineered systems are often clear in hindsight, it can be challenging to predict failures proactively during the design of novel engineered products or systems. Identifying patterns can be useful for capturing common characteristics that may lead to failure. In this paper, we present a methodology for identifying patterns of failure from NASA's publicly available Lessons Learned Information System (LLIS). We apply an ontology development and clustering approach to identify representative patterns leading to failures in historical lessons learned. A joint inductive-deductive approach reveals the key themes in lessons that lead to failure, which are formalized and recorded as an ontology of complex systems failure causes. Documents from the LLIS are manually tagged with relevant characteristics from the ontology. From the tagged set, clustering is used to capture co-occurring sets of characteristics that lead to failure. The primary contribution of this work is a method for extracting a set of generic failure patterns in complex engineered systems and characteristics for these patterns that can be identified at design time, knowledge of which can be used to plan mitigation strategies.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CLASSIFIER AND A SIMULATOR TO SUPPORT THE DESIGN OF AN ANTI-DECUBITUS ACTIVE MATTRESS
Authors: Brunzini Agnese , Rossi Marta , Mandolini Marco , Cappelletti Federica , Germani Michele
Published: June 2023

Approximately 10% of hospitalized patients develops decubitus ulcers that quickly degenerates into chronic illness that reduces the quality of life and requires expensive clinical management. The use of an anti-decubitus active mattress, that automatically redistributes the pressure loads, reduces the occurrence of new lesions and promotes the healing of the pre-existing ones.

The aim of this work is to design and develop two tools to support the design of an anti-decubitus active mattress. Almost all the systems found in literature are based on the classification of pressure maps through machine learning and are difficultly usable in the design context.

This work proposes a pressure map Classifier and an Interactive Simulator of the mattress, based on a simpler logic, by integrating image processing techniques and functioning simulations. The Classifier can recognize the patient's pressure maps and classify them according to six reference sleep postures. The Interactive Simulator allows to understand the operating mechanisms of the mattress and to test the controller and the various control logics in the absence of a physical prototype.
DURABOT: THE TOOL TO INTRODUCE DURABILITY IN THE DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: Cappelletti Federica , Menchi Giacomo , Rossi Marta , Germani Michele
Published: June 2023

The extension of the product lifecycle is crucial in the application of Circular Economy principles. However, when Energy Related Products are concerned, managing a durable product does not necessarily mean dealing with sustainable products. This happens because components and/or materials are affected by aging and lead to increased requirement of resources to run (i.e. electricity); there are certain trends that, although distinct from the previous facts, balance the effects of aging, i.e. energy grid mix decarbonization. In the present work an approach that considers both the economic and environmental consequences of durable products is proposed. The Durabot tool has been developed to accomplish the environmental analysis. The work overcomes the main literature criticalities: enables the assessment of environmental consequences of durability ; the evolution of energy grid mix is introduced; the environmental consequences of durable products in different lifecycle scenarios can be assessed during the design phase; therefore, the components to substitute and to make accessible are identified. The tool is intended to be used aiming at design for product lifecycle extension, maintaining both economic and environmental convenience
ECO-INNOVATION METHOD IN A RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION: NEED ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE METHOD (JUDAIS 2023)
Authors: Judais Pierre , Monnier Elise , Ben Rejeb Helmi , Zwolinski Peggy
Published: June 2023

Research and Technology Organisations (RTOs) develop and transfer new technologies to industry. Considering environnemental and social challenges in their activities is becoming more and more important. Integrating these challenges within an organization requires a global and coherent method, but also flexibility to adapt to the various activities of the organisationz. Eco-innovation is an approach that can meet these goals. However, literature has already shown that the main obstacles for the integration of eco-innovation come from the lack of global approaches adapted to companies' practices. In this paper, we characterise the specific activities of RTOs. Then, we specified the need for an eco innovation approach for RTOs. We carried out a functional analysis to formalise the need and identify the main functions that the eco-innovation approach must fulfil. We conducted exploratory interviews with various stakholders from an RTO in order to validate the identified needs and functions.
EFFECTS OF BIOPHILIC RESTORATIVE EXPERIENCES ON DESIGNERS' BODIES, BRAINS, AND MINDS
Authors: Ignacio Paulo , Shealy Tripp
Published: June 2023

The research presented in this paper explores a novel method for assessing the effects of biophilic restorative experiences on designers’ cognition by combining the use of physiological, neurocognitive and semantic measures. A total of 12 engineering graduate students participated in a three-step pilot experiment that consisted of (1) a stressor (the Trier Social Stress Test), (2) a destressing intervention (biophilic sound experience), and (3) a design task. Heart rate variability (HRV) was used to track subjects’ autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to track patterns of brain activation in subjects’ prefrontal cortex (PFC). Changes in design quality were assessed by the semantic space they explored, measured through a natural language processing (NLP) technique. Preliminary findings suggest that an auditory biophilic restorative experience can change designers’ bodies, brains, and minds. Results from this pilot study encourage further exploration of the use of exposure to nature-based stimuli as a method to help enhance engineering design cognition.
EFFECTS OF EMBODIED AND SELF-REFLECTED VIRTUAL REALITY ON ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ DESIGN COGNITION ABOUT NATURE
Authors: Trump Josh , Shealy Tripp
Published: June 2023

The study presented in this paper investigated the impact of embodied and self-reflected virtual reality (VR) experiences on engineering design students' cognition and perception of nature-relatedness during the early conceptual design phase. Results showed that students who explored the design environment as a bird (embodied) or human (self) avatar were significantly more likely to explore a larger design space indicated by more semantically unique design concepts compared to students without the VR experience. Network graphs of the syntactic connection of design concepts revealed notable differences among the three groups. The bird avatar group showed more connections to nature-related and social concepts, while more technical concepts were central for the human avatar group, and concepts about money were more central to the control group. Finally, students who embodied the bird avatar had a significantly stronger perception of connection to nature compared to the human avatar and control group, with a small to medium effect size. The results suggest that embodied (as a bird) and self-reflected (as a human) VR experiences can enhance engineering students' design thinking and perception of connection to nature.
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DYNAMIC AD HOC SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Tozik Sergey , Reich Yoram
Published: June 2023

Ad-hoc systems are socio-technical systems emerging in response to dynamic problematic situations. These systems form when situation systems interact with respondent systems organized by human agents using elements available in the situation and assets brought in from outside the situation. The immediacy of formation, fast evolution, and short lifecycles of ad-hoc systems intertwine design, implementation, and operation activities in complex ways not addressed by current approaches to Systems Engineering focusing on more sedate environments. The proposed framework presents a language for classifying fundamental building blocks of ad-hoc systems – single-agent intervention, staging, readiness, and development systems. Further classification according to the physical location of agents and assets relative to situations generates 16 system classes on the 4x4 matrix of Ad-hoc Systems Gameboard, which is a helpful tool for managing the evolution of system portfolios. Combining the Gameboard with mapping the systems onto the PSI matrix reveals additional relationships and evolution patterns, opening up promising directions to address the challenge of designing, planning, and implementing interventions in complex situations.
EFFICIENT FORMALISATION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERATIVE ENGINEERING
Authors: Gräßler Iris , Preuß Daniel , Brandt Lukas , Mohr Michael
Published: June 2023

Currently, engineers need to manually analyse requirement specifications for determining parameters to create geometries in generative engineering. This analysis is time-consuming, error-prone and causes high costs. Generative engineering tools (e.g. Synera) cannot interpret natural language requirements directly. The requirements need to be formalised in a machine-readable format. AI algorithms have the potential to automatically transform natural language requirements into such a formal, machine-readable representation. In this work, a method for formalising requirements for generative engineering is developed and implemented as a prototype in Python. The method is validated in a case example using three products of an automotive engineering service provider. Requirements to be formalised are identified in the specifications of these three products, which are used as a test set to evaluate the performance of the method. The results show that requirements for generative engineering are formalised with high performance (F1 of 86.55 %). By applying the method, efforts and therefore costs for manually analysing requirements regarding parameters for generative engineering are reduced.
EMBEDDING PERCEPTION: HOW CHANGES IN MANUFACTURING APPROACH INFLUENCE INTERACTION-DESIGN PREFERENCES
Authors: Urquhart Lewis , Wodehouse Andrew
Published: June 2023

This paper explores how small-but–detectable changes in manufacturing protocol can alter interaction-design preferences for users. Building on a number of previous studies by the authors, this paper focuses on the manufacture of a set of emotionally attuned pattern-based surface texture designs by means of computer-numerically controlled (CNC) machining. An experiment is subsequently reported that explores how the variations in toolpath rastering approach can affect the visual and tactile qualities of the textures in relation to interaction-design preferences, with a focus on psychological experience. The implications with respect to user-centred design (UX) and manufacturing protocol more broadly are subsequently discussed, with recommendations for a reconfiguration of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) approaches to better encode the diverse preferences that users may have when considering how products are manufactured.
ENHANCING ENGINEERING CREATIVITY WITH AUTOMATED FORMULATION OF ELEMENTARY SOLUTION PRINCIPLES
Authors: Livotov Pavel
Published: June 2023

Several researchers have reported on the effectiveness of knowledge-based inventive stimuli, known in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), in enhancing engineering creativity, but few authors have focused on the comparative analysis of structured ideation in engineering design in terms of quantitative and qualitative outcomes. Previous studies have mainly concentrated on the investigation of exemplary selected single stimuli rather than on a critical assessment of the relationship between the structured application of inventive stimuli and their contribution to engineering design. The paper describes a method for the automated formulation of elementary creative stimuli for product or process design at different levels of abstraction and in different engineering domains. The experimental study evaluates the impact of structured automated idea generation on inventive thinking in engineering design and compares it with previous experimental studies in educational and industrial settings. The outlook highlights the benefits of using automated ideation in the context of AI-assisted invention and innovation.
EVALUATION OF E-SCOOTER TYRE PERFORMANCE USING DYNAMOMETER-BASED COAST-DOWN TESTS
Authors: Stilwell George , Gooch Shayne , Goodwin Max , Zarifeh Harry
Published: June 2023

E-scooters have become a popular form of personal transport with millions of E-scooters used worldwide. This paper details an initial investigation into the relative differences in rolling resistance for a range of e-scooter tyres. Tyre performance was measured using dynamometer-based coast-down tests to determine the coast-down distance and coefficient of rolling resistance of each tyre. Insights from testing showed that e-scooter tyres had coefficients of rolling resistance that were 3.5 to 6 times the coefficient of rolling resistance of a 700x32C bike tyre. Comparisons between tyres of similar specification showed the tyres with solid inserts had more rolling resistance than a pneumatic tyre at the rated pressure. Comparisons of equivalent airless and pneumatic tyres the rated pressure indicated airless tyres had slightly better performance in terms of coast-down distance. The results also show how a decrease in tyre pressure increases rolling resistance, highlighting the importance of maintaining rated tyre pressure to improve e-scooter efficiency. The results from this study provide useful insights into the performance of tyres that can be used on low-powered vehicles.