bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalization into Outer and Inner Shells of Hollow Nanospheres for Antibiosis Based on Chemistry and Physical Damages
Authors: Sheng Chengju , Ding Yanjun , Guo Mingming
Published: March 2024

There is a substantially ascending demand for nonantibiotic strategies to overcome the resistance of bacterial infections. Here, the discovery of a distinctive antibacterial structure is reported. The novel structure of nanoparticle strategy is proposed for appreciable bacteria killing by the smart design of the delayed addition of crosslinkers into the reaction mixture. [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride solution (MTCl), a water‐soluble ionic liquid (IL), has narrow‐size material distribution, good whiteness, and high weather resistance. The quaternary ammonium salt is utilized to efficiently permeate cell membranes through electrostatic interaction, accordingly, boasting a beneficiary of antibacterial properties. More importantly, it allows bacteria to attach the nanomaterials easily, especially the double‐shelled nanosphere. In light of the introduction of 9‐amino(9‐deoxy)ep‐quinine (QNNH2) on its inner shell, it blocks the nucleic acid and glucose metabolism in bacteria, which is betterment of the antibacterial activity of double‐shelled structure nanoparticle compared to other structure of nanomaterials. This physical/chemical/biological triple antibacterial process eliminates the need for traditional antibiotics, and the fabrication strategies and material properties described here provide insights into the design of antibacterial nanomaterials based on chemical and physical effects.
Concurrent Ammonia Synthesis and Alcohol Oxidation Boosted by Glutathione‐Capped Quantum Dots under Visible Light
Authors: Meng Shu‐Lin , Li Jia‐Hao , Ye Chen , Yin Yu‐Lin , Zhang Xin‐Ling , Zhang Chen , Li Xu‐Bing , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: March 2024

Mother nature accomplishes efficient ammonia synthesis via cascade N2 oxidation by lightning strikes followed with enzyme‐catalyzed nitrogen oxyanion (NOx−, x = 2,3) reduction. The protein environment of enzymatic centers for NOx−‐to‐NH4+ process greatly inspires the design of glutathione‐capped (GSH) quantum dots (QDs) for ammonia synthesis under visible light (440 nm) in tandem with plasma‐enabled N2 oxidation. Mechanistic studies reveal that GSH induces positive shift of surface charge to strengthen the interaction between NOx− and QDs. Upon visible light irradiation of QDs, the balanced and rapid hole and electron transfer furnish GS·radicals for 2e−/2H+ alcohol oxidation and H·for 8e−/10H+ NO3−‐to‐NH4+ reduction simultaneously. For the first time, mmol‐scale ammonia synthesis is realized with apparent quantum yields of 5.45% ± 0.64%, and gram‐scale synthesis of value‐added acetophenone and NH4Cl proceeds with 1:4 stoichiometry and stability, demonstrating promising multielectron and multiproton ammonia synthesis efficiency and sustainability with nature‐inspired artificial photocatalysts.
Understanding Defects in Perovskite Solar Cells through Computation: Current Knowledge and Future Challenge
Authors: Guo Zhendong , Yuan Man , Chen Gaoyuan , Liu Feng , Lu Ruifeng , Yin Wan‐Jian
Published: March 2024

Lead halide perovskites with superior optoelectrical properties are emerging as a class of excellent materials for applications in solar cells and light‐emitting devices. However, perovskite films often exhibit abundant intrinsic defects, which can limit the efficiency of perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices by acting as carrier recombination centers. Thus, an understanding of defect chemistry in lead halide perovskites assumes a prominent role in further advancing the exploitation of perovskites, which, to a large extent, is performed by relying on first‐principles calculations. However, the complex defect structure, strong anharmonicity, and soft lattice of lead halide perovskites pose challenges to defect studies. In this perspective, on the basis of briefly reviewing the current knowledge concerning computational studies on defects, this work concentrates on addressing the unsolved problems and proposing possible research directions in future. This perspective particularly emphasizes the indispensability of developing advanced approaches for deeply understanding the nature of defects and conducting data‐driven defect research for designing reasonable strategies to further improve the performance of perovskite applications. Finally, this work highlights that theoretical studies should pay more attention to establishing close and clear links with experimental investigations to provide useful insights to the scientific and industrial communities.
Enhanced Interstitial Fluid Extraction and Rapid Analysis via Vacuum Tube‐Integrated Microneedle Array Device
Authors: Xie Yuanting , He Jinhua , He Wenqing , Iftikhar Tayyaba , Zhang Chuangjie , Su Lei , Zhang Xueji
Published: March 2024

Advancing the development of point‐of‐care testing (POCT) sensors that utilize interstitial fluid (ISF) presents considerable obstacles in terms of rapid sampling and analysis. Herein, an innovative strategy is introduced that involves the use of a 3D‐printed, hollow microneedle array patch (MAP), in tandem with a vacuum tube (VT) connected through a hose, to improve ISF extraction efficiency and facilitate expedited analysis. The employment of negative pressure by the VT allows the MAP device to effectively gather ≈18 µL of ISF from the dermis of a live rabbit ear within a concise period of 5 min. This methodology enables the immediate and minimally invasive measurement of glucose levels within the body, employing personal healthcare meters for quantification. The fusion of the VT and MAP technologies provides for their effortless integration into a comprehensive and mobile system for ISF analysis, accomplished by preloading the hose with custom sensing papers designed to detect specific analytes. Moreover, the design and functionality of this integrated VT‐MAP system are intuitively user‐friendly, eliminating the requirement for specialized medical expertise. This feature enhances its potential to make a significant impact on the field of decentralized personal healthcare.
3D Hierarchical Sunflower‐Shaped MoS2/SnO2 Photocathodes for Photo‐Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Wen Xinyang , Zhong Yaotang , Chen Shuai , Yang Zhengchi , Dong Pengyu , Wang Yuqi , Zhang Linghai , Wang Zhen , Jiang Yue , Zhou Guofu , Liu Junming , Gao Jinwei
Published: March 2024

Photo‐rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (PRZIBs) have attracted much attention in the field of energy storage due to their high safety and dexterity compared with currently integrated lithium‐ion batteries and solar cells. However, challenges remain toward their practical applications, originating from the unsatisfactory structural design of photocathodes, which results in low photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, a flexible MoS2/SnO2‐based photocathode is developed via constructing a sunflower‐shaped light‐trapping nanostructure with 3D hierarchical and self‐supporting properties, enabled by the hierarchical embellishment of MoS2 nanosheets and SnO2 quantum dots on carbon cloth (MoS2/SnO2 QDs@CC). This structural design provides a favorable pathway for the effective separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs and the efficient storage of Zn2+ on photocathodes. Consequently, the PRZIB assembled with MoS2/SnO2 QDs@CC delivers a desirable capacity of 366 mAh g−1 under a light intensity of 100 mW cm−2, and achieves an ultra‐high PCE of 2.7% at a current density of 0.125 mA cm−2. In practice, an integrated battery system consisting of four series‐connected quasi‐solid‐state PRZIBs is successfully applied as a wearable wristband of smartwatches, which opens a new door for the application of PRZIBs in next‐generation flexible energy storage devices.
Tri‐Metallic Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction Enables Continuous Operation of Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer at 1A cm−2 for Hundreds of Hours
Authors: Abdelhafiz Ali , Mohammed Mona H. , Abed Jehad , Lee Dong‐Chan , Chen Mengjie , Helal Ahmed S. , Ren Zhichu , Alamgir Faisal , Sargent Edward , Kohl Paul A. , Elsaidi Sameh K. , Li Ju
Published: March 2024

Although numerous efforts are made to synthesize active electrocatalysts for green hydrogen production; catalyst stability, and facile synthesis to scale up the production are still challenging. Herein, the production of novel non‐PGM catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (OER) in an alkaline aqueous medium is reported, which is based on the synthesis of a trimetallic metal–organic framework (MOF) precursors. Fine‐tuning of the composition of the metal centers (Ni, Co, and Fe) shows a great effect on OER activity after the MOF undergoes dynamic chemical and structural transformations under OER conditions. In situ characterization reveals the origin of OER activity enhancement as metals’ oxidation state increases, inducing compressive mechanical strain on metal centers, enhancing the electronic conductivity through the formation of oxygen vacancies, and stronger metal–oxygen covalency. Catalysts are used in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) setup within an industrial full‐cell anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEC), showing a stable performance for 550 h without noticeable decay at 750 and 1000 mA cm−2 industrial level current densities.
Beyond the Final Heartbeat: Neurological Perspectives on Normothermic Regional Perfusion for Organ Donation after Circulatory Death
Authors: Kirschen Matthew P. , Lewis Ariane , Rubin Michael A. , Varelas Panayiotis N. , Greer David M.
Published: March 2024

Normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) has recently been used to augment organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) to improve the quantity and quality of transplantable organs. In DCD‐NRP, after withdrawal of life‐sustaining therapies and cardiopulmonary arrest, patients are cannulated onto extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to reestablish blood flow to targeted organs including the heart. During this process, aortic arch vessels are ligated to restrict cerebral blood flow. We review ethical challenges including whether the brain is sufficiently reperfused through collateral circulation to allow reemergence of consciousness or pain perception, whether resumption of cardiac activity nullifies the patient's prior death determination, and whether specific authorization for DCD‐NRP is required. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1035–1039
Light‐induced Delivery of Charged Species using Ion‐selective Core–Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: la Asunción‐Nadal Víctor de , Crespo Gastón A. , Cuartero María
Published: March 2024

Controlled release systems have gained considerable attention owing to their potential to deliver molecules, including ions and drugs, in a customized manner. We present a light‐induced ion‐transfer platform consisting of a dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs, ~300 nm) with the conductive polymer poly(3‐octylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (POT) in the core and a potassium (K+)‐selective membrane in the shell. Owing to the photoactive nature of POT, POT NPs can be used for a dual purpose: as a host for positively charged species and as an actuator to trigger the subsequent release. POT0 and doped POT+ coexist in the core, allowing K+ encapsulation in the shell. As POT0 is photo‐oxidized to POT+, K+ is released to the (aqueous) dispersion phase to preserve the neutrality of the NPs. This process is reversible and can be simultaneously assessed using the native fluorescence of POT0 and via potentiometric measurements. The NP structure and its mechanism of action were thoroughly studied with a series of control experiments and complementary techniques. Understanding the NP and its surrounding interactions will pave the way for other nanostructured systems, facilitating sophisticated applications. The delivery of ionic drugs and interference/pollutant catching for advanced sensing/restoration will be considered in future research.
Dual‐Strategy Tailoring Molecular Structures of Dopant‐Free Hole Transport Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Gang , Wang Jing , Yin Shungao , Liang Aihui , Wang Wei , Chen Ziming , Feng Chuizheng , Yu Jianxin , Liao Xunfan , Fu Yuang , Xue Qifan , Min Yonggang , Lu Xinhui , Chen Yiwang
Published: March 2024

Dopant‐free hole transport materials (HTMs) are ideal materials for highly efficient and stable n‐i‐p perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but most current design strategies for tailoring the molecular structures of HTMs are limited to single strategy. Herein, four HTMs based on dithienothiophenepyrrole (DTTP) core are devised through dual‐strategy methods combining conjugate engineering and side chain engineering. DTTP‐ThSO with ester alkyl chain that can form six‐membered ring by the S⋅⋅⋅O noncovalent conformation lock with thiophene in the backbone shows good planarity, high‐quality film, matching energy level and high hole mobility, as well as strong defect passivation ability. Consequently, a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.3 % with a nice long‐term stability is achieved by dopant‐free DTTP‐ThSO‐based PSCs, representing one of the highest values for un‐doped organic HTMs based PSCs. Especially, the fill factor (FF) of 82.3 % is the highest value for dopant‐free small molecular HTMs‐based n‐i‐p PSCs to date. Moreover, DTTP‐ThSO‐based devices have achieved an excellent PCE of 20.9 % in large‐area (1.01 cm2) devices. This work clearly elucidates the structure‐performance relationships of HTMs and offers a practical dual‐strategy approach to designing dopant‐free HTMs for high‐performance PSCs.
New Schiff's base derivative and their nano‐sized Cr (III), Fe (III), Ru (III), and Ir (III) complexes: Preparation, DFT, characterization, bio‐catalytic, DNA interactions, cytotoxicity, and docking studies
Authors: Almashnowi Majed Y. A. , Alamier Waleed M. , Alaghaz Abdel‐Nasser M. A. , Ibrahim Diaa A.
Published: March 2024

Nano‐sized trivalent metal complexes of Cr (III), Fe (III), Ru (III), and Ir (III) were synthesized and characterized of the form [M (FMAVIEP)Cl2] where FMAVIEP = ligand (C14H11N2O2) and M = Cr (III), Fe (III), Ru (III), and Ir (III). Several spectral techniques studies were used to assess our trivalent metal complexes. The trivalent metal complexes' XRD results revealed sharp and intense diffraction peaks, signifying their crystalline properties at nanoscale particle size. Further evidence was obtained from images captured through techniques such as SEM, TEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, and AFM. These images confirmed the homogeneous distribution of the trivalent metal complexes over the surface of the complex. DFT studies were used to study the nano‐sized metal (III) complexes via the DFT\B3LYP computational approach, employing a 6–311G* correlation consistent basis set. The energy gap of synthesized complexes was inspected. The obtained data exhibited a strong correlation with the experimental ones, implying the bio‐efficiency of the Ru (III) complex. The absorption measurements for the nano‐sized complexes' interaction with CT‐DNA signify that nano‐sized metal (III) complexes bind through an intercalation mechanism. This conclusion is supported by the observed intrinsic binding constant (Kb) 3.33 × 105–5.84 × 105 M−1.
Standing on Shoulders: Interferon Research From Viral Interference to Lupus Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Crow Mary K. , Olferiev Mikhail , Kirou Kyriakos A.
Published: March 2024

The discovery of interferon in the 1950s represents much more than the identification of the first cytokine and the key mediator of antiviral host defense. Defining the molecular nature and complexity of the type I interferon family, as well as its inducers and molecular mechanisms of action, was the work of investigators working at the highest level and producing insights of great consequence. Current knowledge of receptor–ligand interactions, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation derives from studies of type I interferon. It is on the shoulders of the giants who produced that knowledge that others stand and have revealed critical mechanisms of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. The design of novel therapeutics is informed by the advances in investigation of type I interferon, with the potential for important impact on patient management.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks‐Derived Nanocarbon Materials and Nanometal Oxides for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Ye Jun‐Qing , Xu Shu‐Ying , Liang Qian , Dai Yan‐Zi , He Ming‐Yang
Published: March 2024

Harnessing low‐density solar energy and converting it into high‐density chemical energy through photocatalysis has emerged as a promising avenue for the production of chemicals and remediation of environmental pollution, which contributes to alleviating the overreliance on fossil fuels. In recent years, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained widespread application in the field of photocatalysis due to their photostability, tunable structures, and responsiveness in the visible light range. However, most MOFs exhibit relatively low response to light, limiting their practical applications. MOFs‐derived nanomaterials not only retain the inherent advantages of pristine MOFs but also show enhanced light adsorption and responsiveness. This review categorizes and summarizes MOFs‐derived nanomaterials, including nanocarbons and nanometal oxides, providing representative examples for the synthetic strategies of each category. Subsequently, the recent research progress on MOFs‐derived materials in photocatalytic applications are systematically introduced, specifically in the areas of photocatalytic water splitting to H2, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, and photocatalytic water treatment. The corresponding mechanisms involved in each photocatalytic reaction are elaborated in detail. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and further directions faced by MOFs‐derived nanomaterials in the field of photocatalysis, highlighting their potential role in advancing sustainable energy production and environmental remediation.
Combination MEG3 lncRNA and Ciprofloxacin dramatically decreases cell migration and viability as well as induces apoptosis in GC cells in vitro
Authors: Najafi Dena , Siri Goli , Sadri Maryam , Yazdani Omid , Esbati Romina , Karimi Parvin , Keshavarz Ali , Mehmandar‐Oskuie Amirreza , Ilktac Mehmet
Published: March 2024

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prominent cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternal expression gene3 (MEG3) participates in numerous signaling pathways by targeting the miRNA‐mRNA axis. Studies on human tumors have demonstrated that the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin induces cell cycle changes, programmed cell death, and growth suppression. In this study, we transfected MEG3 lncRNA and Ciprofloxacin into the MKN‐45 GC cell line. qRT‐PCR was employed to evaluate the effects on the specific microRNA and mRNA. The wound healing test, MTT assay, and flow cytometry were used to assess the impact of their administration on cell migration, viability, and apoptosis, respectively. Research showed that miR‐147 expression fell even more after MEG3 lncRNA transfection, leading to an increase in B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2) levels. Ciprofloxacin transfection did not significantly affect the axis, except for MEG3, which led to its slight upregulation. MEG3 lncRNA inhibited the migration of MKN‐45 cells compared to the control group. When MEG3 lncRNA was coupled with Ciprofloxacin, there was a significant reduction in cell migration compared to untreated groups and controls. MTT assay and flow cytometry demonstrated that MEG3 lncRNA decreased cell viability and triggered apoptosis. Simultaneous administration of MEG3 lncRNA and Ciprofloxacin revealed a significant reduction in cell viability caused by increased apoptosis obtained from MTT or flow cytometry assays. Modulating the miR‐147‐BCL‐2 axis decreases cell migration and survival while promoting cell death. In conclusion, combining MEG3 lncRNA with Ciprofloxacin may be an effective therapeutic approach for GC treatment by influencing the miR‐14‐BCl‐2 axis, resulting in reduced cell viability, migration, and increased apoptosis.
Serum metabolomics analysis combined with network pharmacology reveals possible mechanisms of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the treatment of Mongolian medicine Eerdun Wurile basic formula
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Jiaxin , Qiao Yun , Li Huiru , Wang Zhe , Tian Mengke , Che Limuge , Du Yiri
Published: March 2024

This study analyzed the endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways in the serum of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats gavaged with the Eerdun Wurile basic formula (EWB) using metabolomics methods and network pharmacology to explore the possible mechanism of action of the EWB in improving postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). SD rats were divided into the basic formula group, which received the EWB, and the control group, which received equal amounts of distilled water. The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and analyzed for metabolite profiles using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS). Network pharmacology predicts the targets of the differential metabolites and disease targets; takes the intersection and constructs a “metabolite‐disease‐target” network; and performs protein–protein interaction, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. A total of 56 metabolites were selected for significant differences between the groups, mainly affecting amphetamine addiction, alcoholism, and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. A total of 177 potential targets for differential metabolite action in POCD were selected. The PI3K‐Akt pathway, the HIF‐1 pathway, and the FoxO pathway were in key positions. The studies have shown that EWB could improve POCD through multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways, providing new possibilities and reference values for the treatment of POCD.
Exploring contemporary challenges and prospective solutions for women's empowerment: Does women's empowerment impact achieving sustainable development goal five?
Authors: Hossain Md. Shahadat , Hosen Mosharrof , Pek Chuen‐Khee , Loh Yue Fang
Published: March 2024

Existing literature on women's empowerment (aligned with SDG 5) overlooks the diverse experiences and obstacles faced by women from various racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. This lack of intersectionality within women's empowerment studies hinders our understanding of the unique challenges encountered by marginalized women and limits the effectiveness of policies and interventions aimed at fostering their empowerment. To address this gap, this study delves into the challenges and processes of empowering women in Bangladesh. Qualitative data were gathered through semi‐structured interviews with 12 working women. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed that women face numerous challenges, including lack of education, family support, and economic freedom, as well as complicated processes to access government support and adapt to technological changes. Furthermore, the study identified several potential processes for empowering women, including free education, and training, government support, awareness development, technological support, and mentorship. The study concludes with discussions, policy implications, limitations, and future research directions.
Toward sustainable automobility: Insights from a stewardship literature review of the industry
Authors: Dodd Tracey , Cheong Chee Seng , Hoffmann Arvid , Zurbruegg Ralf
Published: March 2024

The automotive industry is actively pursuing a course of sustainable development; however, to date, progress has been limited. This is because a truly sustainable future requires a substantial and transformative approach to automobility. Some scholars argue that this transformative approach might be found by exploring an industry transition based on stewardship rather than the current status quo of incremental change. Hence, as a way of offering new insights to stimulate action for sustainability, this study presents the first comprehensive review of stewardship in the automotive sector. From an analysis of 161 peer‐reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2022, we identified two underconceptualized forms of stewardship—environmental and social—both of which have an interconnected relationship. Environmental stewardship involves actions that address ecological challenges, while social stewardship pertains to broader, positive impacts on communities. We argue that understanding the interplay between these different forms of stewardship is crucial for achieving comprehensive sustainability outcomes. Additionally, this research identifies gaps in the literature and outlines areas for future research to help both managers and society navigate the complex sustainability issues facing the automotive industry.
A Comprehensive Examination of Heterocyclic Scaffold Chemistry for Antitubercular Activity
Authors: Bendi Anjaneyulu , Yadav Priyanka , Saini Komal , Singh Bhathiwal Anirudh , Raghav Neera
Published: March 2024

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease which affects humans particularly the lungs and is transmitted mainly through air. Despite two decades of intensive research aimed at understanding and combating tuberculosis, persistent biological uncertainties continue to hinder progress. Nowadays, heterocyclic compounds have proven themselves in effective treatment of tuberculosis because of their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Antituberculosis or antimycobacterial agents encompass a broad array of compounds utilized singly or in conjunction to combat Mycobacterium infections, spanning from tuberculosis to leprosy. Here, we summarize the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds which includes the greener synthetic route as well as use of nano compounds as catalyst along with their anti TB activities.
Influence of electrical polarization on thrombogenicity of titania nanotubes
Authors: Muralidhar Jyorthana Rajappa , Sakthivel Kabilan , Sridharan Madanagurusamy , Kikuchi Masanori
Published: March 2024

The development of hemocompatible biomaterials with antithrombogenic surface coatings remains a challenge in cardiovascular applications. There is interest in negatively charged surfaces that inhibit thrombus formation through electrostatic repulsion between the biomaterial surface and negatively charged platelets. Hence, the present study investigated the influence of electrical polarization on the thrombogenicity of titania nanotubes (TNT), which are promising candidates for inhibiting thrombogenicity via surface modification. TNTs were formed on commercially pure titanium plate by the electrochemical anodization technique using platinum as a counter electrode at 60 V for 24 h with two kinds of electrolytes (hydrofluoric acid diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide [D‐TNT] or ethylene glycol [E‐TNT]) followed by an annealing at 540°C for 3 h in air. Both TNTs were mixture of anatase and rutile, and the D‐TNT had a diameter of 108.76 ± 2.55 nm and the E‐TNT, 53.833 ± 2.42 nm. The TNTs were electrically polarized at 100 V of DC field and 400°C for 1 h. Water contact angle measurements showed that the non‐polarized (0‐) TNT surface was hydrophilic whereas the positively (P‐) or negatively (N‐) polarized TNT surfaces showed high‐hydrophilicity. Antithrombogenicity was evaluated using the thrombus coverage area ratio (TCAR) after soaking the TNTs in bovine whole blood. The TCARs for 0‐polarized E‐ and D‐TNTs were 5.30 ± 4.34% and 36.3 ± 5.8% and for P‐polarized E‐TNT and D‐TNT were 1.50 ± 0.77% and 2.76 ± 1.07%, whereas no thrombus formation (0 ± 0%) for N‐polarized E‐TNT and very few thrombus formation (0.12 ± 0.22%) for N‐polarized D‐TNT. The electrostatic repulsion between the N‐polarized E‐TNTs and platelets completely inhibits thrombus formation, which cannot be achieved by the nanomorphology and high‐hydrophilicity of other TNTs. Hence, N‐TNTs formed by electrical polarization are potential candidates for cardiovascular devices, such as artificial heart valves with long‐term hemocompatibility.
Comparison of Measurements for Enhanced Diffusion Problem in Chemical Reaction Systems
Authors: Jee Ah‐Young , Wen Ziyang , Wang Huan
Published: March 2024

Comprehensive Summary

The problem of molecular diffusion in the soup of chemical reactions attracts mounting interest across fields ranging from chemistry to biophysics to material science. Chemical reactions involve bond breakup and formation, whose time scale is typically on the orders of fs to ps, while molecular diffusion occurs at time scales of μs to ms. The two processes are often considered orthogonal, given the vastly different scales. The serial results show that the enzyme's diffusion is enhanced in a substrate‐dependent manner, which was further extended to small molecule reaction systems, challenging this classical paradigm. However, the results from different groups using different techniques do not quantitatively agree, and a general mechanism is yet to be understood. We summarize experimental studies on diffusion problems and seek to reconcile the interpretation with understanding the limits of measurement tools and the chemical nature of reaction systems. Understanding molecular diffusion in chemical reactions will provide fresh thoughts in designing chemical systems such as molecular machines that harvest work at the nanoscale in a controllable manner.
Predicting the Long‐Term Effects of Therapeutic Neutralization of Oncostatin M on Human Hematopoiesis
Authors: Thorsted Anders , Zecchin Chiara , Berges Alienor , Karlsson Mats O. , Friberg Lena E.
Published: March 2024

Therapeutic neutralization of Oncostatin M (OSM) causes mechanism‐driven anemia and thrombocytopenia, which narrows the therapeutic window complicating the selection of doses (and dosing intervals) that optimize efficacy and safety. We utilized clinical data from studies of an anti‐OSM monoclonal antibody (GSK2330811) in healthy volunteers (n = 49) and systemic sclerosis patients (n = 35), to quantitatively determine the link between OSM and alterations in red blood cell (RBC) and platelet production. Longitudinal changes in hematopoietic variables (including RBCs, reticulocytes, platelets, erythropoietin, and thrombopoietin) were linked in a physiology‐based model, to capture the long‐term effects and variability of therapeutic OSM neutralization on human hematopoiesis. Free serum OSM stimulated precursor cell production through sigmoidal relations, with higher maximum suppression (Imax) and OSM concentration for 50% suppression (IC50) for platelets (89.1% [95% confidence interval: 83.4–93.0], 6.03 pg/mL [4.41–8.26]) than RBCs (57.0% [49.7–64.0], 2.93 pg/mL [2.55–3.36]). Reduction in hemoglobin and platelets increased erythro‐ and thrombopoietin, respectively, prompting reticulocytosis and (partially) alleviating OSM‐restricted hematopoiesis. The physiology‐based model was substantiated by preclinical data and utilized in exploration of once‐weekly or every other week dosing regimens. Predictions revealed an (for the indication) unacceptable occurrence of grade 2 (67% [58–76], 29% [20–38]) and grade 3 (17% [10–25], 3% [0–7]) anemias, with limited thrombocytopenia. Individual extent of RBC precursor modulation was moderately correlated to skin mRNA gene expression changes. The physiological basis and consideration of interplay among hematopoietic variables makes the model generalizable to other drug and nondrug scenarios, with adaptations for patient populations, diseases, and therapeutics that modulate hematopoiesis or exhibit risk of anemia and/or thrombocytopenia.
Hatching plasticity is associated with a more advanced stage at hatching in an Ambystoma with terrestrial eggs
Authors: Treadaway Kimberly D. , Hale Rebecca E.
Published: March 2024

Hatching plasticity allows animals to initiate hatching in response to environmental cues including predation, flooding, and hypoxia. In species with terrestrial eggs but aquatic larvae, hatching plasticity often manifests as extended development of embryos when water is not available. Although these effects are taxonomically widespread, little attention has focused on differences in plasticity across closely related species with terrestrial and aquatic embryos. We propose that the terrestrial embryonic environment favors slower and prolonged development and, consequently, that we should see differences in development between closely related species that differ in where they lay their eggs. We test this hypothesis by comparing embryonic development between two mole salamanders, Ambystoma opacum and A. annulatum. Most Ambystoma lay eggs submerged in ponds but A. opacum lays its eggs on land, where hatching is triggered when eggs are submerged by rising pond levels. Embryos of both species were reared under common laboratory conditions simulating both aquatic and terrestrial nest sites. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that A. opacum embryos exhibited slower development and took longer to hatch than A. annulatum embryos in both rearing environments. Furthermore, we observed in A. opacum a plasticity in hatching stage that was absent in A. annulatum. Our results indicate that the terrestrial‐laying A. opacum has evolved slower and prolonged development relative to its aquatic‐laying congener and suggest that embryonic survival in the unpredictable terrestrial environment may be facilitated by developmental plasticity.
Assessing the impact of haemodynamic monitoring with CardioMEMS on heart failure patients: a cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Codina Pau , Vicente Gómez José Ángel , Hernández Guillamet Guillem , Ricou Ríos Laura , Carrete Andrea , Vilalta Victoria , Estrada Oriol , Ara Jordi , Lupón Josep , Bayés‐Genís Antoni , López Seguí Francesc
Published: March 2024

Aims

The objective of this study was to perform a cost–benefit analysis of the CardioMEMS HF System (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) in a heart failure (HF) clinic in Spain by evaluating the real‐time remote monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures, which has been shown to reduce HF‐related hospitalizations and improve the quality of life for selected HF patients. Particularly, the study aimed to determine the value of CardioMEMS in Southern Europe, where healthcare costs are significantly lower and its effectiveness remains uncertain.

Methods and results

This single‐centre study enrolled all consecutive HF patients (N = 43) who had been implanted with a pulmonary artery pressure sensor (CardioMEMS HF System); 48.8% were females, aged 75.5 ± 7.0 years, with both reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction; 67.4% of them were in New York Heart Association Class III. The number of HF hospitalizations in the year before and the year after the sensor implantation was compared. Quality‐adjusted life years gained based on a literature review of previous studies were calculated. The rate of HF hospitalizations was significantly lower at 1 year compared with the year before CardioMEMS implantation (0.25 vs. 1.10 events/patient‐year, hazard ratio 0.22, P = 0.001). At the end of the first year, the usual management outperformed the CardioMEMS HF System. By the end of the second year, the CardioMEMS system is estimated to reduce costs compared with usual management (net benefits of €346).

Conclusions

Based on the results, we suggest that remote monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure with the CardioMEMS HF System represents a midterm and long‐term efficient strategy in a healthcare setting in Southern Europe.
Ligand‐Free Copper(0)‐Catalyzed C−S Ullmann‐Type Cross‐Coupling Reaction: S‐Arylation of 5,4‐Disubstituted 2,4‐Dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiones
Authors: Petrosyan Artyom V. , Ayvazyan Armen G. , Ghochikyan Tariel V. , Galstyan Armen S.
Published: March 2024

We investigated the S‐arylation of 5,4‐disubstituted 2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiones under ligand‐free Cu(0) catalysis employing Ullmann‐type reaction conditions. We determined optimal reaction conditions and assessed the impact of substituents in the arylating agent on the reaction progress. Notably, the presence of an electron‐withdrawing group (EWG) in the aryl halide facilitated the reaction even without a catalyst. In particular, an EWG in the para position of the aromatic ring exerted a directing effect on the leaving group, regardless of the halogen present.
Simulation of fluid‐structure interaction using the boundary data immersion method with adaptive mesh refinement
Authors: Wang Yuan , Ge Wei
Published: March 2024

The fluid‐structure interaction is simulated using the boundary data immersion method. As the fluid‐structure interface is smeared in the smoothing region, deviations are incurred in fluid simulations. For compressible flow, high order difference schemes with more mesh cells for the stencils are usually employed to achieve high overall accuracy, but near interfaces it requires wider smoothing region of several mesh cells for computational stability and hence lowers its accuracy significantly. To address this issue, the proposed algorithm switches to lower order difference schemes near the interfaces and applies adaptive mesh refining there to compensate the accuracy loss. Implemented with Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement Application Infrastructure (SAMRAI), the algorithm shows notable improvement in the overall accuracy and efficiency in cases such as channel flow and flow past a cylinder. The algorithm is used to simulate the shock wave past a fixed or free cylinder with Ma and Re , which reveals the relaxation process and the temporal evolution of the drag coefficient, it goes through a valley and maintains at relatively high value for the fixed cylinder, while that of the free cylinder tends to decrease in fluctuation which is found to be caused by the interaction between the forward moving cylinder and vortexes in the unsteady wake.
Influence of a magnetic field on double‐diffusive convection in an inclined porous layer
Authors: Ragoju Ravi
Published: March 2024

The present study investigates the impact of a magnetic field on double‐diffusive convection in an inclined porous layer, employing linear instability theory. The perturbed state is solved using the normal mode technique, and the stability eigenvalue problem is numerically analyzed for longitudinal and traveling rolls using the Runge‐Kutta method coupled with the shooting method. Various dimensionless physical parameters, including solutal and thermal Rayleigh numbers, inclination angle, Hartmann number, and Lewis number, are examined for their influence on system stability. The findings reveal that, for , the Hartmann number, solute Rayleigh number, and inclination angle act as stabilizing factors, with greater stability observed for traveling rolls compared to longitudinal rolls. In the case of , the critical Rayleigh number shows a monotonic relationship with the solute Rayleigh number and inclination angle, while its relationship with the Hartmann number is non‐monotonic for traveling rolls. Moreover, for , the Hartmann number stabilizes the system by raising the onset threshold value, favouring longitudinal modes. The solute Rayleigh number also contributes to system stability. The impact of the inclination angle on system stability is contingent upon its magnitude, with small angles favouring the stability of longitudinal rolls and larger angles leading to an initial transition from traveling to longitudinal rolls, indicating a complex non‐monotonic behavior.
Sodium butyrate activates the KATP channels to regulate the mechanism of Parkinson's disease microglia model inflammation
Authors: Xu Ye , Wen Laofu , Tang Yunyi , Zhao Zhenqiang , Xu Miaojing , Wang Tan , Chen Zhibin
Published: March 2024

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. Activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels can protect dopaminergic neurons from damage. Sodium butyrate (NaB) shows anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in some animal models of brain injury and regulates the KATP channels in islet β cells. In this study, we aimed to verify the anti‐inflammatory effect of NaB on PD and further explored potential molecular mechanisms.

Methods

We established an in vitro PD model in BV2 cells using 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+). The effects of MPP+ and NaB on BV2 cell viability were detected by cell counting kit‐8 assays. The morphology of BV2 cells with or without MPP+ treatment was imaged via an optical microscope. The expression of Iba‐1 was examined by the immunofluorescence staining. The intracellular ATP content was estimated through the colorimetric method, and Griess assay was conducted to measure the nitric oxide production. The expression levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and KATP channel subunits were evaluated by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.

Results

NaB (5 mM) activated the KATP channels through elevating Kir6.1 and Kir6.1 expression in MPP+‐challenged BV2 cells. Both NaB and pinacidil (a KATP opener) suppressed the MPP+‐induced activation of BV2 cells and reduced the production of nitrite and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in MPP+‐challenged BV2 cells.

Conclusion

NaB treatment alleviates the MPP+‐induced inflammatory responses in microglia via activation of KATP channels.
Obesity correlates with the immunosuppressive ILC2s‐MDSCs axis in advanced breast cancer
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Bingyu , Liu Dan , Zhao Bing , Sun Gang , Ding Jianbing
Published: March 2024

Aim

We investigated the relationship between the group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s)‐myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) axis and obesity‐related breast cancer.

Methods

Fifty‐eight patients with breast cancer who had first relapse and metastasis between January 2019 and August 2021 were enrolled. The proportions of ILC2s and MDSCs in blood and the levels of cytokines in serum were detected with flow cytometry. Correlation analysis among clinical characteristics (such as body mass index [BMI]), cytokines, ILC2s, and MDSCs was conducted.

Results

There was a significant difference in the proportions of ILC2s and MDSCs between the high BMI group and the normal BMI group (p < .05). In the triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, the proportions of ILC2s and MDSCs in the obese group were significantly higher than those in the nonobese group (p < .05). In all breast cancer patients, there was a positive correlation between BMI and the ILC2s‐MDSCs axis (p < .05). However, there was no correlation observed between the number of metastases, progression‐free survival, and the ILC2s‐MDSCs axis (p > .05). Additionally, ILC2s showed positive correlations with MDSCs, interleukin‐5 (IL‐5), IL‐10, IL‐17A, (PD‐L1), programmed cell death 2 ligand 2 (PD‐L2), and molecular typing (p < .05). Similarly, MDSCs exhibited positive correlations with IL‐5, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐17A, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 (p < .05). In patients with TNBC, there was a positive correlation between BMI and IL‐5 (p < .05).

Conclusion

Conclusively, obesity may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of the ILC2‐MDSC axis in advanced breast cancer. IL‐5 may play a vital role in the ILC2‐MDSC axis and obesity in TNBC.
Identification of biological markers in cancer disease using explainable artificial intelligence
Authors: Shahzad Muhammad , Lohana Ruhal , Aurangzeb Khursheed , Ali Isbah Imtiaz , Anwar Muhammad Shahid , Murtaza Mahnoor , Malick Rauf Ahmed Shams , Allayarov Piratdin
Published: March 2024

The research aims to improve the prediction of drug sensitivity on cancer cell lines using gene expression data and molecular fingerprints of drugs. The proposed study uses a deep learning model, BioMarkerX, trained on the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) datasets utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization technique to select specific genes as features. The model achieves high prediction accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.40 ± 0.02 and R2 of 0.83 ± 0.03 on the CCLE dataset, and an RMSE of 0.36 ± 0.05 and R2 of 0.83 ± 0.03 on the GDSC dataset. The approach also used an explainable artificial intelligence model to discover biological markers linked to cancer development. This can provide insights into targeted therapies for improving cancer treatment outcomes. Overall, the study presents an effective approach for identifying important biological markers relevant to cancer disease, aiding in the development of more efficient anticancer medications.
Evaluation of a discrimination training procedure for establishing praise as a reinforcer
Authors: Sainsbury Erin L. , Sidener Tina M. , Taylor‐Santa Catherine , Reeve Kenneth F. , Sidener David W.
Published: March 2024

We evaluated the effects of a discrimination training procedure for establishing praise as a reinforcer for three children with autism spectrum disorder. After establishing two praise words as discriminative stimuli and two nonsense words as S‐deltas, we evaluated whether the stimuli then functioned as reinforcers by presenting each stimulus as a consequence for a new response. The results demonstrated that previously neutral praise words functioned as reinforcers and nonsense words did not. As in previous studies on establishing reinforcers, the effects were transitory, and praise words did not continue to function as reinforcers after repeated exposure without discrimination training. Recommendations are provided for future research and maintaining reinforcement effects.
Automated segmentation of cell organelles in volume electron microscopy using deep learning
Authors: Nešić Nebojša , Heiligenstein Xavier , Zopf Lydia , Blüml Valentin , Keuenhof Katharina S. , Wagner Michael , Höög Johanna L. , Qi Heng , Li Zhiyang , Tsaramirsis Georgios , Peddie Christopher J. , Stojmenović Miloš , Walter Andreas
Published: March 2024

Recent advances in computing power triggered the use of artificial intelligence in image analysis in life sciences. To train these algorithms, a large enough set of certified labeled data is required. The trained neural network is then capable of producing accurate instance segmentation results that will then need to be re‐assembled into the original dataset: the entire process requires substantial expertise and time to achieve quantifiable results. To speed‐up the process, from cell organelle detection to quantification across electron microscopy modalities, we propose a deep‐learning based approach for fast automatic outline segmentation (FAMOUS), that involves organelle detection combined with image morphology, and 3D meshing to automatically segment, visualize and quantify cell organelles within volume electron microscopy datasets. From start to finish, FAMOUS provides full segmentation results within a week on previously unseen datasets. FAMOUS was showcased on a HeLa cell dataset acquired using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope, and on yeast cells acquired by transmission electron tomography.

Research Highlights

Introducing a rapid, multimodal machine‐learning workflow for the automatic segmentation of 3D cell organelles.

Successfully applied to a variety of volume electron microscopy datasets and cell lines.

Outperforming manual segmentation methods in time and accuracy.

Enabling high‐throughput quantitative cell biology.