bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B
eijerinckiaceae
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Dunfield Peter F.
Published: December 2016

Beij.e.rinck.i.a.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Beijerinckia
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Beijerinckiaceae
the
Beijerinckia
family.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Beijerinckiaceae

The family
Beijerinckiaceae
accommodates Gram‐negative, aerobic, non‐spore‐forming, moderately acidophilic bacteria, which divide by binary or irregular fission. Most family members produce polysaccharide capsules, form poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules, and are capable of fixing dinitrogen. They are mesophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria. The major fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
. Members of this family display extremely versatile metabolic types including chemoheterotrophs, facultative methylotrophs, facultative and obligate methanotrophs, and anoxygenic phototrophs. All genera in this family include representatives with C1 metabolic capabilities. Habitats are acidic wetlands and soils.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.7–65.3.

Type genus
:
Beijerinckia
Derx 1950, 145
AL
.
M
ethylococcaceae
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: December 2016

Me.thy.lo.coc.ca.ce'ae
. N.L. masc. n.
Methylococcus
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. gem. pl. n.
Methylococcaceae
the
Methylococcus
family.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae

Cells are Gram‐negative, cocci to rods, 0.5–4.0 × 0.5–2.0 μm.
Some species appear as sheathed filaments up to 2 cm long and 1–6 µm wide. Species may be motile via a single, unsheathed polar flagellum or nonmotile.
Form type I intracytoplasmic membranes appearing as stacks of vesicular discs.
Cells usually contain polyhydroxyalkanoate and polyphosphate granules.
Some species form cyst‐like resting bodies
that provide different degrees of desiccation resistance but not heat resistance. Do not form spores or exospores. Some species are mildly thermophilic, while some others are psychrophilic. Most described species are mesophiles. Most species grow best around neutral pH. Occur widely in terrestrial and marine environments that receive methane flux. Marine species require Na
+
ions for growth. Do not occur in hypersaline environments.
Strictly aerobic.
Some species grow best at low O
2
tensions. Most species are catalase and oxidase positive.
Type I (type Ia and Ib) methanotrophs. Usually only utilize methane and methanol as sole sources of carbon and energy.
Methane is always oxidized by particulate methane monooxygenase. Soluble methane monooxygenase activity is rare.
Carbon is mainly assimilated via the ribulose monophosphate pathway.
Some strains can couple methanotrophy to denitrification (forming nitrous oxide) when at low O
2
tensions. Some strains can fix CO
2
via ribulose 1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase. Several species can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Most species can use both inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen

. Main fatty acids include saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of C
14
or C
16
chain lengths

with type depending on the genus and species. Main lipoquinones are either ubiquinone‐8 or 18‐methylene‐ubiquinone‐8. Main polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol and/or phosphatidylethanolamine.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 40–69 (
T
m
, HPLC, genome analysis).

Type genus
:
Methylococcus
Foster and Davis 1966, 1929
AL
emend. Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993, 748
VP
.
C
aldicoprobacteraceae
Authors: Yokoyama Hiroshi , Wagner Isaac D. , Wiegel Juergen
Published: December 2016

Cal.di.co.pro.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Caldicoprobacter
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldicoprobacteraceae
, the
Caldicoprobacter
family.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Caldicoprobacteraceae

The family Caldicoprobacteraceae of the order Clostridiales and the phylum Firmicutes, contains, so far, only one genus, Caldicoprobacter, with thermophilic/extreme thermophilic anaerobes with chemoheterotrophic metabolism. Spores observed in some species. Type genusCaldicoprobacter, type species C. oshimai.
S
alana
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P.
Published: December 2016

Sa.la'na. N.L. fem. n.
Salana
referring to the German river Saale, the source of the bioreactor culture.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Salana

The genus
Salana
is mono‐specific and placed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny into the family
Beutenbergiaceae
with 95.6–96.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the species of the other genera of the family. Cells of the genus are irregular rods and cocci, sometimes club‐like formed. Gram‐stain‐positive. Facultatively anaerobic. Reduce anaerobically selenate to elemental selenium. A variety of organic electron donors may be utilized. The peptidoglycan is of the A4β type with an
l
‐Orn ←
l
‐Glu interpeptide bridge and an
l
‐Ser residue at position 1 of the peptide subunit. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and several unidentified phospholipids in minor amounts. The fatty acid pattern is of the iso and anteiso branched and straight chain saturated type. The major menaquinone is MK‐8(H4). The genomic G+C content is 75 mol%.
S
erinibacter
Authors: Glaeser Stefanie P. , Kämpfer Peter
Published: December 2016

Se.ri.ni.bac'ter. N.L. n.
serinum
serine; N.L. masc n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Serinibacter
a rod with serine in the cell wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Serinibacter

The genus
Serinibacter
belongs, based on the phylogenetic analysis of the nearly full‐length 16S rRNA gene, to the
Beutenbergiaceae
together with the genera
Beutenbergia, Salana
, and
Miniimonas
. The two species of the genus
Serinibacter
shared 99.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity but low DNA DNA relatedness. Cells are irregular rods, Gram‐stain positive, not acid‐fast. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Aerobic to anaerobic. Oxidase‐negative, catalase‐positive. The peptidoglycan type is A4α with an
l
‐Ser residue at position 1 of the peptide subunit. The acyl type is acetyl. The major cell‐wall sugar is galactose. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐8(H4). The major polar lipids consist of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and unidentified phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamine is absent. The cellular fatty acid profile is dominated by the occurrence of iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids. Mycolic acids are absent. The genomic G+C content is 70.7 to 72.8 mol%.
C
andidatus

N
itrosotenuis
Authors: Herbold Craig W. , Lebedeva Elena , Palatinszky Marton , Wagner Michael
Published: December 2016

Ni.tro.so.te'nu.is. N.L. adj. nitrosus, full of natron; here intended to mean nitrous; L. masc. adj. tenuis slender; N.L. masc. n.
Candidatus
Nitrosotenuis a slender nitrite producer.

Thaumarchaeota / Nitrososphaeria /
Candidatus
Nitrosopumilales /
Candidatus
Nitrosotenuaceae /
Candidatus
Nitrosotenuis

Candidatus
Nitrosotenuis: a slender nitrite producer.

Candidatus
Nitrosotenuis is a genus of
Thaumarchaeota
that can be found widely distributed in soils, freshwater, hot springs, subsurface, and activated sludge. They may be rods or spheres and may or may not have flagella. Similar to other known and described
Thaumarchaeota
,
Ca
. Nitrosotenuis are aerobic chemolithautotrophs that use energy gained from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite to fix carbon via the modified 3‐hydroxypropionate/4‐hydroxybutyrate carbon fixation pathway. At this time, no pure culture of
Ca
. Nitrosotenuis exists, but some of the six available enrichments have only a few rare contaminants. It remains to be demonstrated whether the remaining bacterial contaminants provide essential compounds to
Ca
. Nitrosotenuis. Enrichments of
Ca
. Nitrosotenuis are intolerant to high salinity (>0.3%), although they are phylogenetically placed within the group I.1a
Thaumarchaeota
(
Ca
. Nitrosopumilales), which includes taxa that are widely distributed in the ocean.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 41.0–42.2.

Type species
:

Candidatus
Nitrosotenuis uzonensis

. Lebedeva, Hatzenpichler, Pelletier, Schuster, Hauzmayer, Bulaev, Grigor'eva, Galushko, Schmid, Palatinszky, Le Paslier, Daims and Wagner 2013, 8.
P
aenochrobactrum
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P.
Published: December 2016

Pae'no.chro.bac'trum L. adv. paene, nearly, almost; N.L. neut. n.
Ochrobactrum
, a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Paenochrobactrum
, almost
Ochrobactrum
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Brucellaceae / Paenochrobactrum

The genus
Paenochrobactrum
in on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny placed into to the family
Brucellaceae
most closely related with the genera
Pseudochrobactrum, Ochrobactrum
, and
Brucella
. Cells are nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming rods. Gram‐staining negative and oxidase‐positive, showing an oxidative metabolism. The polyamine pattern is composed of the major compound putrescine and moderate to high amounts of spermidine, while
sym
‐homospermidine is lacking. Small amount of 1,3‐diaminopropane and spermine can be detected. The polar lipid profile consists of the major compounds phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, and unknown aminolipid AL1 and as moderate or minor compounds unknown polar lipid L1 and L2. In addition, a specific stretched aminolipid is detectable. The quinone system is dominated by ubiquinone Q‐10, and minor amounts of Q‐8, Q‐9, and Q‐11 can also be detected. Major fatty acids are C
18:1
ω7c and C
19:0
cyclo ω8c. The genomic G+C content is between 48.5–49.7 mol%. The phylogenetic position of the genus is supported by
recA
and RecA based phylogenetic analysis. Currently three species are assigned to the genus.
Shops, Greek and Roman
Authors: Vennarucci Rhodora G.
Published: December 2016

Prolific in urban centers across the Mediterranean, the Greek and Roman shop offered a flexible space for a host of different activities essential to the urban economy and society.
Debt, ancient Near East
Authors: De Graef Katrien
Published: December 2016

This entry discusses debt in the ancient Near East.
Triumvirate, Second
Authors: Welch Kathryn
Published: December 2016

The “Second” Triumvirate was an extraordinary magistracy whereby Antonius, Lepidus, and Octavianus jointly wielded consular power as a Board of Three Men tasked with reestablishing order in the Roman state. After they defeated Brutus and Cassius, the leading assassins of Gaius Julius Caesar, the three men split the government of the Roman Empire among them. However, rivalry among them was rife. Lepidus was relegated in 36
bce
. In 31
bce
, open warfare broke out between Antonius and Octavianus. Octavianus’ victory over Antonius at Actium allowed his eventual domination of the Roman world.
Ancestral deities
Authors: Antonaccio Carla M.
Published: December 2016

Ancestral deities include family and communal forbears, heroes, and deities associated with the household or with origin myths of humankind. Not all mythical forbears have the status of divinities, nor do all deceased forbears achieve the status of venerated ancestors, or heroes.
Messene (city and region)
Authors: Brown Amelia R.
Published: December 2016

Messene, founded in 369
bce
, was the central city‐state of ancient Messenia in the southwestern Peloponnese of Greece. The excavated site, with extensive ruins of the Hellenistic and Roman eras, lies below Mount Ithome's sanctuary of Zeus, a spiritual and military center for resistance to Sparta before the foundation of the city. Pausanias and epigraphy are the main sources for Messene's political and religious development. The site has a well‐preserved stadium, fortification walls, Asklepieion, Agora, and theater.
Apollo Ptoion sanctuary
Authors: Jacquemin Anne
Published: December 2016

The Apollo Ptoion Sanctuary in north‐western Boiotia was known for its oracle, which was consulted by the Boiotian League and cities, and by Mardonios in 479
bce
. After the Archaic period, the supra‐regional reputation of the sanctuary declined, but during the Hellenistic period it was the place of Boiotian affirmation, with regular consecrations of tripods and musical games. In Roman times, private generosity allowed celebration to continue until the late third century. The exact chronological relation between the Apollo and Hero Ptoios sanctuaries are not yet resolved.
Quintus Mucius Scaevola
Authors: Frier Bruce W.
Published: December 2016

Q. Mucius Scaevola, called Quintus Mucius the Pontifex by subsequent authors, is the most important figure in shaping the emergence of jurisprudence as a systematic discipline during the later Roman Republic. This article discusses his background and political career, his writings, and other contributions to legal science, as well as his influence on subsequent jurists.
Igaedis
Authors: Carvalho Pedro C.
Published: December 2016

The present village of Idanha‐a‐Velha, located in the interior of Portugal, between the rivers Tagus and Douro, was, in Roman times, the capital of
civitas Igaeditanorum
– one of the most important
civitates
of the northwestern interior of the province of Lusitania. Igaedis was the probable name of this city, which ruled over a vast territory with significant gold‐mining activity. Of the few remaining buildings of this ancient city, the forum and the walls stand out, along with a truly exceptional epigraphic collection, with over 250 inscriptions.
Unique PCoN Surface Bonding States Constructed on g‐C3N4 Nanosheets for Drastically Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of H2 Evolution
Authors: Li Chunmei , Du Yonghua , Wang Danping , Yin Shengming , Tu Wenguang , Chen Zhong , Kraft Markus , Chen Gang , Xu Rong
Published: December 2016

Developing high‐efficiency and low‐cost photocatalysts by avoiding expensive noble metals, yet remarkably improving H2 evolution performance, is a great challenge. Noble‐metal‐free catalysts containing Co(Fe)NC moieties have been widely reported in recent years for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction and have also gained noticeable interest for organic transformation. However, to date, no prior studies are available in the literature about the activity of N‐coordinated metal centers for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Herein, a new photocatalyst containing g‐C3N4 decorated with CoP nanodots constructed from low‐cost precursors is reported. It is for the first time revealed that the unique P(δ−)Co(δ+)N(δ−) surface bonding states lead to much superior H2 evolution activity (96.2 µmol h−1) compared to noble metal (Pt)‐decorated g‐C3N4 photocatalyst (32.3 µmol h−1). The quantum efficiency of 12.4% at 420 nm is also much higher than the record values (≈2%) of other transition metal cocatalysts‐loaded g‐C3N4. It is believed that this work marks an important step toward developing high‐performance and low‐cost photocatalytic materials for H2 evolution.
Highly Active and Durable Pt72Ru28 Porous Nanoalloy Assembled with Sub‐4.0 nm Particles for Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Zhao Wei‐Yue , Ni Bing , Yuan Qiang , He Pei‐Lei , Gong Yue , Gu Lin , Wang Xun
Published: December 2016

The main challenges to the direct methanol fuel cells are the activity and durability of electrocatalysts. To alleviate such issues, a recently proposed strategy introduces an exotic element to form Pt‐based alloy nanostructures. This study reports a green route to prepare porous flowerlike Pt72Ru28 nanoalloys assembled with sub‐4.0 nm particles. The peak current density and mass activity on these as‐synthesized porous flowerlike Pt72Ru28 nanoalloys can be increased to 10.98 mA cm−2 and 1.70 A mg−1 Pt for methanol oxidation in acidic medium. They are respectively 4.19/3.54, 4.27/5.0, and 5.74/1.73 times those on the commercial Pt black, Pt50Ru50 black, and Ru50Pt50/C. These porous flowerlike Pt72Ru28 nanoalloys have a much higher long‐term durability than commercial Pt black, Pt50Ru50 black, and Ru50Pt50/C. More significantly, the porous Pt72Ru28 bimetallic nanoalloys have long‐term solvent durability after immersion in water for 16 months. The peak current density and mass activity on porous Pt72Ru28 nanoalloys are still 7.76 mA cm−2 and 1.2 A mg−1 Pt. These experimental results show an effective approach to the development of PtRu nanoalloys as electrocatalysts with substantially enhanced activity and durability for direct methanol fuel cells.
A Four‐Component Reaction Strategy for Pyrimidine Carboxamide Synthesis
Authors: Guo Wei , Liao Jianhua , Liu Dongqing , Li Jiawei , Ji Fanghua , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: December 2016

Demonstrated herein is a highly effective 3 starting materials–4 component reaction (3SM‐4CR) strategy for the synthesis of pyrimidine carboxamides from amidines, styrene, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) by a palladium‐catalyzed oxidative process. This transformation represents the first example of employing DMF as a dual synthon, a one‐carbon‐atom synthon and amide synthon, and was proven by isotope‐labeling experiments. Additionally, the combination of C−H bond functionalization and cross‐dehydrogenative coupling processes affords four chemical bond formations. This sequential 3SM‐4CR strategy features inexpensive, readily available starting materials, green oxidants, as well as atom and step economy. It leads to the preparation of pyrimidine carboxamides and has potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
Porous TiO2 Nanotubes with Spatially Separated Platinum and CoOx Cocatalysts Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhang Jiankang , Yu Zhuobin , Gao Zhe , Ge Huibin , Zhao Shichao , Chen Chaoqiu , Chen Shuai , Tong Xili , Wang Meihua , Zheng Zhanfeng , Qin Yong
Published: December 2016

Efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and associated surface reactions, is a crucial aspect of efficient semiconductor photocatalytic systems employed for photocatalytic hydrogen production. A new CoOx/TiO2/Pt photocatalyst produced by template‐assisted atomic layer deposition is reported for photocatalytic hydrogen production on Pt and CoOx dual cocatalysts. Pt nanoclusters acting as electron collectors and active sites for the reduction reaction are deposited on the inner surface of porous TiO2 nanotubes, while CoOx nanoclusters acting as hole collectors and active sites for oxidation reaction are deposited on the outer surface of porous TiO2 nanotubes. A CoOx/TiO2/Pt photocatalyst, comprising ultra‐low concentrations of noble Pt (0.046 wt %) and CoOx (0.019 wt %) deposited simultaneously with one atomic layer deposition cycle, achieves remarkably high photocatalytic efficiency (275.9 μmol h−1), which is nearly five times as high as that of pristine TiO2 nanotubes (56.5 μmol h−1). The highly dispersed Pt and CoOx nanoclusters, porous structure of TiO2 nanotubes with large specific surface area, and the synergetic effect of the spatially separated Pt and CoOx dual cocatalysts contribute to the excellent photocatalytic activity.
Data‐driven soft‐sensor modelling for air cooler system pH values based on a fast search pruned‐extreme learning machine
Authors: Ye Yisha , Ren Jia , Wu Xuehua , Ou Guofu , Jin Haozhe
Published: December 2016

Failures caused by acid erosion corrosion occur frequently in air cooler systems because of the use of increasingly low‐quality crude oil with high sulfur, acid and chlorine content. The pH value is one of the key parameters used to evaluate the corrosion risk of an air cooler. However, this value is difficult to measure online because of the severe measurement environment, which includes high temperatures, high pressures and corrosion risks. In this paper, a pH soft‐sensor modelling method for an air cooler system in a refinery production processing is developed. Using modelling and simulation in Aspen together with site data, the correlated influence factors are determined first. Then, a soft‐sensor model based on a fast search pruned‐extreme learning machine is proposed in which the pruning problem of hidden‐layer nodes with random weights is solved by adopting the fast search density peak clustering algorithm. The proposed fast search pruned‐extreme learning machine can improve the model's prediction performance by pruning redundant hidden layer nodes with a simpler structure. The feasibility and efficiency of the developed method are demonstrated by the results in the form of benchmark data and real air cooler system data. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Programming of macro/micro scale information on shape memorizing polyvinyl acetate film
Authors: Li Zhenpeng , Rahman Md. Arifur , Olah Andrew , Baer Eric
Published: December 2016

The shape memory behavior of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), both at macroscale and microscale, is presented. PVAc films exhibited excellent efficiency in programming macroscale deformation. Cyclic tensile tests on PVAc films revealed the importance of molecular weight in programming macroscale deformation in film. PVAc film with the highest molecular weight (∼228 kDa) exhibited maximum durability in programming macroscale deformation. This gives an important insight to the discovery of new shape memory polymers since chain entanglements in high molecular weight glassy polymers can impart shape memory behavior. In addition, such shape memory behavior can be exploited to imprint and tune microscale patterns on the film. Microprismatic patterns were embossed and programmed on shape memorizing PVAc films. Two different test methodologies were used to study the programmability of patterns on PVAc films. Pattern programming was significantly affected by the method used. In both cases, recovery time and temperature were two important parameters to determine the efficiency of programming. In addition, optical properties of PVAc films could be switched between reflective and transparent by programming patterns on the surface of the film. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44659.
Controlled release and intracellular protein delivery from mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Authors: Deodhar Gauri V , Adams Marisa L , Trewyn Brian G
Published: December 2016

Protein therapeutics are promising candidates for disease treatment due to their high specificity and minimal adverse side effects; however, targeted protein delivery to specific sites has proven challenging. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have demonstrated to be ideal candidates for this application, given their high loading capacity, biocompatibility, and ability to protect host molecules from degradation. These materials exhibit tunable pore sizes, shapes and volumes, and surfaces which can be easily functionalized. This serves to control the movement of molecules in and out of the pores, thus entrapping guest molecules until a specific stimulus triggers release. In this review, we will cover the benefits of using MSN as protein therapeutic carriers, demonstrating that there is great diversity in the ways MSN can be used to service proteins. Methods for controlling the physical dimensions of pores via synthetic conditions, applications of therapeutic protein loaded MSN materials in cancer therapies, delivering protein loaded MSN materials to plant cells using biolistic methods, and common stimuli‐responsive functionalities will be discussed. New and exciting strategies for controlled release and manipulation of proteins are also covered in this review. While research in this area has advanced substantially, we conclude this review with future challenges to be tackled by the scientific community.
Radial Access Optimization in the Nascent Post‐Adoption Era
Authors: Segrest J. Hudson , Hillegass William B.
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Post‐procedural upper extremity dysfunction (UED) remains one of the few potential questions about the overall benefits of the transradial approach (TRA) to endovascular procedures compared to femoral (TFA).

Data on UED is limited, but the most comprehensive study curiously shows similar incidence of post‐procedural UED with TFA as TRA.

The effects of trAnsRadial perCUtaneouS coronary intervention on upper extremity function (ARCUS) study will investigate whether patient characteristics influence radial access outcomes such as UED.

ARCUS may herald a post‐radial‐adoption era of more detailed strategies for radial access optimization, typical of a maturing technology.
Dynamic Sheaths, in the Nick of Time or Past Their Prime?
Authors: Krajcer Zvonimir , Parekh Dhaval
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Risk factors for vascular complications include a sheath to femoral artery ratio (SFAR) > 1.05, use of sheaths >19 Fr, peripheral artery disease, female gender, and a learning curve.

High rates of technical and procedural success were achieved with low rates of major vascular and bleeding complications. However, SFAR > 1.05, gender, diabetes, renal insufficiency, calcification, tortuosity, or aneurysm were not independent risk factors in this study.

Despite an SFAR > 1.05 in 23 patients, increased rates of vascular complications were not seen using the SoloPath sheath. These findings may increase the pool of transfemoral TAVI patients.
Post PCI Angina
Authors: Al Badri Ahmed , Henry Timothy D.
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Based on a multi‐payer claims database, post‐PCI angina (or chest pain) was frequent, occurring in 28% of patients at 1‐year and 40% at 3 years.

Patients with post‐PCI angina had more physician and emergency department visits, diagnostic testing, (including repeat cardiac catheterization 29 vs. 4%) and hospitalizations at 1‐year leading to markedly higher total direct medical costs.

These results should stimulate further research into the etiology of post‐PCI angina and strategies to decrease both the frequency and the significant economic burden associated with the challenging problem.
Synthesis of Novel Hybrids of Thymoquinone and Artemisinin with High Activity and Selectivity Against Colon Cancer
Authors: Fröhlich Tony , Ndreshkjana Benardina , Muenzner Julienne K. , Reiter Christoph , Hofmeister Elisabeth , Mederer Sandra , Fatfat Maamoun , El‐Baba Chirine , Gali‐Muhtasib Hala , Schneider‐Stock Regine , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: December 2016

Colorectal cancer causes 0.5 million deaths each year. To combat this type of cancer the development of new specific drug candidates is urgently needed. In the present work seven novel thymoquinone–artemisinin hybrids with different linkers were synthesized and tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against a panel of various tumor cell lines. The thymoquinone–artesunic acid hybrid 7 a, in which both subunits are connected via an ester bond, was found to be the most active compound and selectively decreased the viability of colorectal cancer cells with an IC50 value of 2.4 μm (HCT116) and 2.8 μm (HT29). Remarkably, hybrid 7 a was up to 20‐fold more active than its parent compounds (thymoquinone and artesunic acid), while not affecting nonmalignant colon epithelial HCEC cells (IC50>100 μm). Moreover, the activity of hybrid 7 a was superior to that of various 1:1 mixtures of thymoquinone and artesunic acid. Furthermore, hybrid 7 a was even more potent against both colon cancer cell lines than the clinically used drug 5‐fluorouracil. These results are another excellent proof of the hybridization concept and confirm that the type and length of the linker play a crucial role for the biological activity of a hybrid drug. Besides an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated levels of the DNA‐damage marker γ‐H2AX were observed. Both effects seem to be involved in the molecular mechanism of action for hybrid 7 a in colorectal cancer cells.
Searching the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) Resources for Information on Mouse Biology from Genotype to Phenotype
Authors: Shaw David R.
Published: December 2016

The Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) resource provides the research community with access to information on the genetics, genomics, and biology of the laboratory mouse. Core data in MGI include gene characterization and function, phenotype and disease model descriptions, DNA and protein sequence data, gene expression data, vertebrate homologies, SNPs, mapping data, and links to other bioinformatics databases. Semantic integration is supported through the use of standardized nomenclature, and through the use of controlled vocabularies such as the mouse Anatomical Dictionary, the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology, and the Gene Ontologies. MGI extracts and organizes data from primary literature. MGI data are shared with and widely displayed from other bioinformatics resources. The database is updated weekly with curated annotations, and regularly adds new datasets and features. This unit provides a guide to using the MGI bioinformatics resource. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploring FlyBase Data Using QuickSearch
Authors: Marygold Steven J. , Antonazzo Giulia , Attrill Helen , Costa Marta , Crosby Madeline A. , dos Santos Gilberto , Goodman Joshua L. , Gramates L. Sian , Matthews Beverley B. , Rey Alix J. , Thurmond Jim ,   the FlyBase Consortium
Published: December 2016

FlyBase (flybase.org) is the primary online database of genetic, genomic, and functional information about Drosophila species, with a major focus on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The long and rich history of Drosophila research, combined with recent surges in genomic‐scale and high‐throughput technologies, mean that FlyBase now houses a huge quantity of data. Researchers need to be able to rapidly and intuitively query these data, and the QuickSearch tool has been designed to meet these needs. This tool is conveniently located on the FlyBase homepage and is organized into a series of simple tabbed interfaces that cover the major data and annotation classes within the database. This unit describes the functionality of all aspects of the QuickSearch tool. With this knowledge, FlyBase users will be equipped to take full advantage of all QuickSearch features and thereby gain improved access to data relevant to their research. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Redox‐Neutral Rhodium‐Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation through Formal Dehydrogenative Vinylidene Insertion
Authors: Liu Huan , Song Shengjin , Wang Cheng‐Qiang , Feng Chao , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: December 2016

A synthetic protocol for the expedient construction of 5‐methylene‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐one derivatives through rhodium‐catalyzed [4+1] annulation with gem‐difluoroacrylate as the C1 component was reported. By taking advantage of the twofold C−F bond cleavage occurring during the annulation, this reaction not only allows the synthesis of these heterocyclic compounds under overall oxidant‐free conditions but also renders the transformation stereospecific. The very mild reaction conditions employed ensure compatibility with a wide variety of synthetically useful functional groups.
Morphology Engineering: A Route to Highly Reproducible and High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Bi Dongqin , Luo Jingshan , Zhang Fei , Magrez Arnaud , Athanasopoulou Evangelia Nefeli , Hagfeldt Anders , Grätzel Michael
Published: December 2016

Despite the rapid increase in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSC), they still suffer from low lab‐to‐lab or people‐to‐people reproducibility. Aiming for a universal condition to high‐performance devices, we investigated the morphology evolution of a composite perovskite by tuning annealing temperature and precursor concentration of the perovskite film. Here, we introduce thermal annealing as a powerful tool to generate a well‐controlled excess of PbI2 in the perovskite formulation and show that this benefits the photovoltaic performance. We demonstrated the correlation between the film microstructure and electronic property and device performance. An optimized average grain size/thickness aspect ratio of the perovskite crystallite is identified, which brings about a highly reproducible power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.5 %, with a certified value of 19.08 %. Negligible hysteresis and outstanding morphology stability are observed with these devices. These findings lay the foundation for further boosting the PCE of PSC and can be very instructive for fabrication of high‐quality perovskite films for a variety of applications, such as light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, and photodetectors.
An optimal real‐time pricing algorithm under load uncertainty and user number variation in smart grid
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Sahar , Yang Kun
Published: December 2016

The progress of real‐time communication systems for smart grid has led to the importance of real‐time pricing becoming more highlighted. There are many investigations that have already been done. Real‐time pricing frameworks have proposed an implemented distributed algorithm with or without consideration of effect of load uncertainty. In some existing literature the effect of different types of load uncertainty models on average consumption and generated capacity is considered. However, the number of users is considered to be constant. In this paper, it is assumed that the number of users is varying independently and randomly. In this case the effect of variation of number of users on the basis of Poisson process and uniform distribution is compared with results from previous works, when bounded uncertainty model was applied for added noise to the consumption. Simulation results indicate that when users vary on the basis of Poisson distribution, the waste of energy decreases and the welfare increases.
Surviving winter: Food, but not habitat structure, prevents crashes in cyclic vole populations
Authors: Johnsen Kaja , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Devineau Olivier , Krebs Charles J. , Andreassen Harry P.
Published: December 2016

Vole population cycles are a major force driving boreal ecosystem dynamics in northwestern Eurasia. However, our understanding of the impact of winter on these cycles is increasingly uncertain, especially because climate change is affecting snow predictability, quality, and abundance. We examined the role of winter weather and snow conditions, the lack of suitable habitat structure during freeze‐thaw periods, and the lack of sufficient food as potential causes for winter population crashes. We live‐trapped bank voles Myodes glareolus on 26 plots (0.36 ha each) at two different elevations (representing different winter conditions) in southeast Norway in the winters 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. We carried out two manipulations: supplementing six plots with food to eliminate food limitation and six plots with straw to improve habitat structure and limit the effect of icing in the subnivean space. In the first winter, all bank voles survived well on all plots, whereas in the second winter voles on almost all plots went extinct except for those receiving supplemental food. Survival was highest on the feeding treatment in both winters, whereas improving habitat structure had no effect. We conclude that food limitation was a key factor in causing winter population crashes.
Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot
Authors: Gonzalez‐Akre Erika , Meakem Victoria , Eng Cheng‐Yin , Tepley Alan J. , Bourg Norman A. , McShea William , Davies Stuart J. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina
Published: December 2016

Tree mortality is one of the most influential drivers of forest dynamics, and characterizing patterns of tree mortality is critical to understanding forest dynamics and ecosystem function in the present era of global change. Here, we use a unique data set of mortality in a temperate deciduous forest to characterize rates and drivers of mortality. At the 25.6‐ha Center for Tropical Forest Science—Forest Global Earth Observatory forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (Virginia, USA), we conducted two full tree censuses in 2008 and 2013 and then tracked mortality over the next 2 years (2014 and 2015). Overall, the mortality rate, m, of stems ≥10 cm diameter was 1.3–2.1%/yr. Biomass mortality, M, was 1.9–3.4 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 at the stand level (0.6–1.1%/yr of biomass), less than biomass gains from growth and recruitment, resulting in net live biomass accumulation. Small stems died at the highest rate; however, contributions to M increased toward larger size classes. Most species had m < 2%/yr and M < 0.25 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 (<3%/yr of biomass), whereas two to four species had anomalously high mortality rates during each census period, accounting for 15–24% of m (n = 2, Cercis canadensis, Ulmus species) and 39–75% of M (n = 4 Quercus species). Stems that died, whether or not in association with mechanical damage, tended to grow more slowly in preceding years than surviving stems and, for certain shade‐intolerant species, tended to be in neighborhoods with higher basal area. These findings show how relatively fine‐scale mortality processes contribute to stand‐level compositional change and carbon cycling. The mortality patterns reported here will provide a valuable basis for understanding future disturbance events within eastern deciduous forests and for comparing across forest types.
Ferritin levels and risk of heart failure—the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Silvestre Odilson M. , Gonçalves Alexandra , Nadruz Jr Wilson , Claggett Brian , Couper David , Eckfeldt John H. , Pankow James S. , Anker Stefan D. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: December 2016

Aims

Severe iron overload is associated with cardiac damage, while iron deficiency has been related to worse outcomes in subjects with heart failure (HF). This study investigated the relationship between ferritin, a marker of iron status, and the incidence of HF in a community‐based cohort.

Methods and results

We examined 1063 participants who were free of heart failure from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study in whom ferritin serum levels were measured at baseline (1987–1989). The participants (mean age 52.7 ± 5.5 years, 62% women), were categorized in low (<30 ng/mL; n = 153), normal (30–200 ng/mL in women and 30–300 ng/mL in men; n = 663), and high (>200 ng/mL in women and >300 ng/mL in men; n = 247) ferritin levels. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relationship between ferritin and incident HF. After 21 ± 4.6 years of follow‐up, HF occurred in 144 (13.5%) participants. When compared with participants with normal ferritin levels, participants with low ferritin levels had a higher risk of HF [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–4.35; P = 0.02] as did those with high ferritin levels (HR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.01–3.25; P = 0.04), after adjusting for potential confounders. Notably, low ferritin levels remained associated with incident HF even after excluding subjects with anaemia (HR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.11–4.68; P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Derangements in iron metabolism, either low or high ferritin serum levels, were associated with higher risk of incident HF in a general population, even without concurrent anaemia. These findings suggest that iron imbalance might play a role in the development of HF.
Silent disease progression in clinically stable heart failure
Authors: Sabbah Hani N.
Published: December 2016

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a progressive disorder whereby cardiac structure and function continue to deteriorate, often despite the absence of clinically apparent signs and symptoms of a worsening disease state. This silent yet progressive nature of HFrEF can contribute to the increased risk of death—even in patients who are ‘clinically stable’, or who are asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic—because it often goes undetected and/or undertreated. Current therapies are aimed at improving clinical symptoms, and several agents more directly target the underlying causes of disease; however, new therapies are needed that can more fully address factors responsible for underlying progressive cardiac dysfunction. In this review, mechanisms that drive HFrEF, including ongoing cardiomyocyte loss, mitochondrial abnormalities, impaired calcium cycling, elevated LV wall stress, reactive interstitial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, are discussed. Additionally, limitations of current HF therapies are reviewed, with a focus on how these therapies are designed to counteract the deleterious effects of compensatory neurohumoral activation but do not fully prevent disease progression. Finally, new investigational therapies that may improve the underlying molecular, cellular, and structural abnormalities associated with HF progression are reviewed.
Rapeseed hull oil as a source for phytosterols and their separation by organic solvent nanofiltration
Authors: Lammerskötter Anna , Seggert Heiner , Matthäus Bertrand , Raß Michael , Bart Hans‐Jörg , Jordan Volkmar
Published: December 2016

Hulling of rapeseed leads to hulls as an additional valuable by‐product of rapeseed oil production, containing remarkable concentrations of phytosterols and tocopherols compared to the concentrations in the entire seed and double‐pressed kernel. It was shown that the content of these substances in hull oil is significantly higher than in the entire seed. In particular, the sterol concentration with 3% is remarkably high. Another characteristic of hull oil is the high concentration of alpha‐tocopherol. Therefore, the hull oil can be an interesting source for sterols and tocopherols, which are used as health promoting additives in food industry. The nanofiltration with organic solvent resistant membranes was tested for the enrichment of these substances. The experiments were performed in a dead‐end cell at pressures up to 20 bar at ambient temperature using n‐hexane and n‐heptane as solvents. Fluxes of pure solvent and solutions of triglycerides and sterols were determined. Rejections of sterols and triglycerides were measured in binary (solvent‐sterol or solvent‐oil) and ternary (solvent‐sterol‐oil) solute solvent systems. A five‐fold increase in sterol concentration in the solvent free permeate was possible with a single nanofiltration step. After removal of the solvent from the permeate, sterol crystallization was observed. Further investigations have to be done to optimize membrane separation and coupling with a crystallization of sterols.

Practical applications: The hull fraction of rapeseed can be used as a source for phytosterols and tocopherols which are both food additives. Thus, in addition to the advantages with respect to the quality of the oil and protein, hulling leads to additional valuable products, which are oil fractions rich in sterols and tocopherols. The feasibility of an organic solvent nanofiltration process for the separation between unsaponifiables and oil is demonstrated.

Rapeseed hull oil has a remarkably high content of alpha‐tocopherol and sterols. It was shown that organic solvent nanofiltration is a process, which can be used for a partial separation of sterols and triglycerides. An enrichment by a factor of five is possible, leading to oils with such a high sterol concentration that crystallization occurred.
Exploring the Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions of α‐Diazo‐β‐hydroxyamino Esters: Conversion of Cyclic Aldonitrones into Ketonitrones
Authors: Lieou Kui Evelyn , Kanazawa Alice , Philouze Christian , Poisson Jean‐François , Py Sandrine
Published: December 2016

α‐Diazo β‐hydroxyamino esters, readily obtained by the addition of lithiated ethyl diazoacetate to cyclic nitrones, react smoothly in the presence of metal catalysts to produce ketonitrones. This transformation results from a selective 1,2‐hydride shift of the metal carbenoid intermediates. The process is particularly efficient for diazo‐N‐hydroxypyrrolidine systems. For diazo‐N‐hydroxypiperidine substrates, C–H insertion can be a competitive reaction.
Productivity and Selectivity of Gas‐Phase CO2 Electroreduction to Methane at Copper Nanoparticle‐Based Electrodes
Authors: Merino‐Garcia Ivan , Albo Jonathan , Irabien Angel
Published: December 2016

In this study, copper nanoparticles are supported on porous carbon papers by airbrushing; they are then coupled with a Nafion 117 membrane to form working electrodes for the continuous production of methane through gas‐phase electroreduction of CO2 in a filter‐press electrochemical cell. The methane production and Faradaic efficiency (FE) are evaluated and compared at different applied voltages (from −1.8 to −2.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and catalyst loadings (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg cm−2). The maximum methane production rate is achieved at −2 V and 0.5 mg cm−2 (4.4 μmol m−2 s−1) whereas the highest Faradaic efficiencies can be obtained at 1 mg cm−2 (FE=10.1 %) and at −1.8 V (FE=12.1 %). The role of the porous carbon support and the possibility of humidifying the CO2 stream before it enters the cell are also tested. These results may provide a new understanding of the use of gas–liquid electrochemical membrane reactors for the direct conversion of CO2 in the gas phase.
Trading Activity and Rate of Convergence in Commodity Futures Markets
Authors: Bosch David , Pradkhan Elina
Published: December 2016

We analyze whether and how the trading activity of different trader types impacts the rate of convergence between spot and futures markets for a broad range of commodity futures markets over the 1999–2014 period. There is strong evidence that speculators (commodity index traders) increase (reduce) the rate of convergence between spot and futures markets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:930–938, 2017
Coexisting geriatric anxiety and depressive disorders may increase the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality—a nationwide longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Chang Wei Hung , Lee I Hui , Chen Wei Tseng , Chen Po See , Yang Yen Kuang , Chen Kao Chin
Published: December 2016

Objectives

In the elderly, the risk of mortality because of physical illnesses related to anxiety disorders varies with potential confounding influences, including comorbidity with depressive disorders. Our study aimed to explore (i) whether anxiety disorders increase the risk of mortality in the elderly, and (ii) whether the risk of mortality mediated by anxiety and depressive disorders differs between physical illnesses.

Methods

Our longitudinal cohort study included subjects aged over 60 years from the National Health Insurance Research Database. One thousand and eighty‐six subjects with anxiety disorders and 50 554 control subjects without anxiety disorders were included. Propensity score‐matched cohorts were analyzed. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for the risk of mortality associated with different physical illnesses with comorbidities of either anxiety disorders only or both anxiety and depressive disorders.

Results

The risk of mortality in patients with anxiety disorders was significantly higher than controls, and was even higher when subjects had both anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidities. Furthermore, the co‐occurrence of anxiety and depressive disorders increased the risk of mortality in elderly patients with ischemic heart diseases (RR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.14–2.24).

Conclusions

Coexisting anxiety and depressive disorders could increase the risk of mortality in elderly patients with ischemic heart diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effectiveness of Non‐Standard Monetary Policy Measures: Evidence from Survey Data
Authors: Altavilla Carlo , Giannone Domenico
Published: December 2016

We assess professional forecasters' perceptions of the effects of the unconventional monetary policy measures announced by the US Federal Reserve after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Using survey data, collected at the individual level, we analyze the change in the forecasts for Treasury and corporate bond yields around the announcement dates of the non‐standard measures. We find that forecasters expected bond yields to drop significantly for at least 1 year after the announcement of accommodative policies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.