bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources of 21st century regional sea level rise along the coast of North-West Europe
Authors: Howard T. , Pardaens A. K. , Lowe J. A. , Ridley J. , Hurkmans R. T. W. L. , Bamber J. L. , Spada G. , Vaughan D.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Changes in both global and regional mean sea level, and changes in the magnitude of extreme flood heights, are the result of a combination of several distinct contributions most, but not all, of which are associated with climate change. These contributions include effects in the solid earth, gravity field, changes in ocean mass due to ice-loss from ice sheets and glaciers, thermal expansion, alterations in ocean circulation driven by climate change and changing freshwater fluxes, and the intensity of surge tides. Due to the diverse range of models required to simulate these systems, the contributions to sea-level change have usually been discussed in isolation rather than as a fully-coupled system. Focusing on the coastline of Northwest Europe, we consider all these processes and their relative impact on 21st century regional mean sea levels and extreme flood height. As far as possible our projections of change are derived from process-based models forced by the A1B emissions scenario to provide a self-consistent comparison of the contributions. We address uncertainty by considering both a mid-range and an illustrative high-end combination of the different components. For our mid-range ice-loss scenario we find that thermal expansion of seawater is the dominant contributor to change in sea level by 2100. However, the projected contribution to extreme sea level, due to changes in storminess alone, is significant and in places is comparable to the global mean contribution of thermal expansion. For example, under the A1B emissions scenario, by 2100, change in storminess contributes around 15 cm to the increase in projected height of the 50 yr storm surge on the west coast of the Jutland Peninsula, compared with a contribution of around 22 cm due to thermal expansion. An illustrative combination of our high-end projections suggests increases in the 50 yr return level of 86 cm at Sheerness, 95 cm at Roscoff, 106 cm at Esbjerg, and 67 cm at Bergen. The notable regional differences between these locations arise from differences in rate of vertical land movement and changes in storminess.
Not-for-profit hospitals’ provision of community benefit during the 2008 recession: An analysis of hospitals in Maryland
Authors: Singh Simone Rauscher
Published: December 2013

During the 2008 recession, many U.S. hospitals had to lay off staff and cut services to reduce costs, yet little is known about how these cuts affected hospitals’ provision of community benefits. While the need for charitable programs and services grew during this economically difficult time, financial pressures may have forced hospitals to cut back on their community benefit spending. Using data for not-for-profit hospitals in the state of Maryland for the years 2006 to 2010, this study explored whether, and if so how, hospitals changed their provision of community benefit during the 2008 recession. The findings showed that, on average, Maryland hospitals increased their charitable activities during the recent recession. Between 2006 and 2010, total spending on community benefits grew from an average of 5.6% to 7.7% of operating expenses with the most substantial growth in hospitals’ provision of charity care and mission-driven health services. Panel regression analysis showed that this increase in charitable activity was associated with increases in community need. Hospitals’ financial performance, on the other hand, was unrelated to their community benefit spending. These findings indicate that even in times of constrained budgets, Maryland hospitals provided substantial amounts of community benefit in response to the needs of the communities they serve. Hospital-based community benefit programs thus have the potential to play an important role in on-going community-wide efforts aimed at reducing the burden of illness and improving population health.
Comparison of Numerical Methods of the SEIR Epidemic Model of Fractional Order
Authors: Zeb Anwar , Khan Madad , Zaman Gul , Momani Shaher , Ertürk Vedat Suat
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we consider the SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered) epidemic model by taking into account both standard and bilinear incidence rates of fractional order. First, the nonnegative solution of the SEIR model of fractional order is presented. Then, the multi-step generalized differential transform method (MSGDTM) is employed to compute an approximation to the solution of the model of fractional order. Finally, the obtained results are compared with those obtained by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and non-standard finite difference (NSFD) method in the integer case.
Lithium Isotope Effects upon Electrochemical Release from Lithium Cobalt Oxide to Non-Lithium Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Takami Yuta , Yanase Satoshi , Oi Takao
Published: December 2013

Lithium was electrochemically released from a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathode to an ethylene carbonate-based organic electrolyte solution containing no lithium ions, and the change in the lithium isotope composition of the cathode was measured. The 7Li/6Li isotopic ratio of the electrode was practically unchanged before and after the 45% - 62% lithium release, which meant that the lithium release accompanied no isotope preference. This result is quite contrastive to the previous one; when lithium was released to an organic electrolyte solution containing lithium ions, the 7Li/6Li ratio of the cathode became 1.018 to 1.033 times smaller than that before the release. It was induced that the kind of electrolyte solution controlled the attainment of the lithium isotope exchange equilibrium between the cathode and the electrolyte solution.
La langue de la justice au Nouveau-Brunswick selon une perspective historique
Authors: Migneault Gaétan
Published: December 2013

Au Nouveau-Brunswick, la langue de la justice a été l’anglais jusqu’en 1967. Une modification à la Loi sur la preuve permettait alors l’usage d’autres langues dans des circonstances très limitées. Tout en reconnaissant le statut officiel du français devant les tribunaux et en élargissant quelque peu les droits accordés en 1967, la Loi sur les langues officielles du Nouveau-Brunswick de 1969 maintenait la discrétion des juges d’imposer une langue de procédure selon les situations. C’est avec l’avènement de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés en 1982 et la modification correspondante à la loi qu’une pleine liberté de choix a été établie. Depuis lors, les seules restrictions possibles s’appliquent aux autorités publiques devant procéder dans la langue des accusés ou des parties civiles et aux assureurs agissant en vertu de leur droit de subrogation ou de leur obligation de défense. La langue de la justice s’est aussi francisée par la traduction des jugements à partir des années 80 malgré l’absence de dispositions législatives spécifiques. C’est seulement en 2002, avec la révision de la Loi sur les langues officielles, qu’une obligation dans ce sens a été adoptée. Depuis, les citoyens sont ainsi en mesure de prendre connaissance des jugements qui présentent une valeur jurisprudentielle dans la langue officielle de leur choix.
Le cas des inaptes juridiques et leur (ir)responsabilité civile
Authors: Lacroix Mariève
Published: December 2013

L’auteure traite de la situation du majeur privé temporairement de sa raison par une cause naturelle, mais qui n’est pas sous tutelle ou curatelle, qui cause un préjudice à autrui : est-il possible de spéculer sur sa responsabilité personnelle ? En droit civil québécois, la victime est dépourvue de toute compensation. Entre deux « victimes » potentielles — celle qui subit un préjudice et celle qui est atteinte d’un trouble mental —, laquelle faut-il favoriser ? N’y aurait-il pas lieu d’imposer à l’inapte une obligation de réparer, en d’autres termes, une responsabilité dite patrimoniale ? Dans la première partie de son article, l’auteure prend acte de la politique législative française qui favorise une responsabilité civile de l’inapte sur la base d’une faute objective. Par ailleurs, elle aborde la reconnaissance exceptionnelle d’une obligation de réparer dans les systèmes de droit allemand, belge et suisse, sur la base de l’équité. Dans la seconde partie, l’auteure analyse d’abord le droit positif québécois où une conception subjective (dépassée ?) de la faute perdure. La faculté de discernement est impérative au soutien de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle pour le fait personnel. Ensuite, l’auteure s’interroge à savoir si un fait ou un acte illicite peut entraîner, à lui seul, une responsabilité civile extracontractuelle personnelle lorsque le juge conclut à son existence. La mise en avant d’une responsabilité personnelle de l’inapte sous-tend une objectivation de la faute civile en droit québécois et la reconnaissance d’une portée normative et des effets sanctionnateurs conférés au fait illicite.
Spatial dilemmas of diffusible public goods
Authors: Allen Benjamin , Gore Jeff , Nowak Martin A
Published: December 2013

The emergence of cooperation is a central question in evolutionary biology. Microorganisms often cooperate by producing a chemical resource (a public good) that benefits other cells. The sharing of public goods depends on their diffusion through space. Previous theory suggests that spatial structure can promote evolution of cooperation, but the diffusion of public goods introduces new phenomena that must be modeled explicitly. We develop an approach where colony geometry and public good diffusion are described by graphs. We find that the success of cooperation depends on a simple relation between the benefits and costs of the public good, the amount retained by a producer, and the average amount retained by each of the producer’s neighbors. These quantities are derived as analytic functions of the graph topology and diffusion rate. In general, cooperation is favored for small diffusion rates, low colony dimensionality, and small rates of decay of the public good.
A new topology of the HK97-like fold revealed in Bordetella bacteriophage by cryoEM at 3.5 Å resolution
Authors: Zhang Xing , Guo Huatao , Jin Lei , Czornyj Elizabeth , Hodes Asher , Hui Wong H , Nieh Angela W , Miller Jeff F , Zhou Z Hong
Published: December 2013

Bacteriophage BPP-1 infects and kills Bordetella species that cause whooping cough. Its diversity-generating retroelement (DGR) provides a naturally occurring phage-display system, but engineering efforts are hampered without atomic structures. Here, we report a cryo electron microscopy structure of the BPP-1 head at 3.5 Å resolution. Our atomic model shows two of the three protein folds representing major viral lineages: jellyroll for its cement protein (CP) and HK97-like (‘Johnson’) for its major capsid protein (MCP). Strikingly, the fold topology of MCP is permuted non-circularly from the Johnson fold topology previously seen in viral and cellular proteins. We illustrate that the new topology is likely the only feasible alternative of the old topology. β-sheet augmentation and electrostatic interactions contribute to the formation of non-covalent chainmail in BPP-1, unlike covalent inter-protein linkages of the HK97 chainmail. Despite these complex interactions, the termini of both CP and MCP are ideally positioned for DGR-based phage-display engineering.
c-di-GMP heterogeneity is generated by the chemotaxis machinery to regulate flagellar motility
Authors: Kulasekara Bridget R , Kamischke Cassandra , Kulasekara Hemantha D , Christen Matthias , Wiggins Paul A , Miller Samuel I
Published: December 2013

Individual cell heterogeneity is commonly observed within populations, although its molecular basis is largely unknown. Previously, using FRET-based microscopy, we observed heterogeneity in cellular c-di-GMP levels. In this study, we show that c-di-GMP heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is promoted by a specific phosphodiesterase partitioned after cell division. We found that subcellular localization and reduction of c-di-GMP levels by this phosphodiesterase is dependent on the histidine kinase component of the chemotaxis machinery, CheA, and its phosphorylation state. Therefore, individual cell heterogeneity in c-di-GMP concentrations is regulated by the activity and the asymmetrical inheritance of the chemotaxis organelle after cell division. c-di-GMP heterogeneity results in a diversity of motility behaviors. The generation of diverse intracellular concentrations of c-di-GMP by asymmetric partitioning is likely important to the success and survival of bacterial populations within the environment by allowing a variety of motility behaviors.
Frizzled3 controls axonal development in distinct populations of cranial and spinal motor neurons
Authors: Hua Zhong L , Smallwood Philip M , Nathans Jeremy
Published: December 2013

Disruption of the Frizzled3 (Fz3) gene leads to defects in axonal growth in the VIIth and XIIth cranial motor nerves, the phrenic nerve, and the dorsal motor nerve in fore- and hindlimbs. In Fz3−/− limbs, dorsal axons stall at a precise location in the nerve plexus, and, in contrast to the phenotypes of several other axon path-finding mutants, Fz3−/− dorsal axons do not reroute to other trajectories. Affected motor neurons undergo cell death 2 days prior to the normal wave of developmental cell death that coincides with innervation of muscle targets, providing in vivo evidence for the idea that developing neurons with long-range axons are programmed to die unless their axons arrive at intermediate targets on schedule. These experiments implicate planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in motor axon growth and they highlight the question of how PCP proteins, which form cell–cell complexes in epithelia, function in the dynamic context of axonal growth.
A serine sensor for multicellularity in a bacterium
Authors: Subramaniam Arvind R , DeLoughery Aaron , Bradshaw Niels , Chen Yun , O’Shea Erin , Losick Richard , Chai Yunrong
Published: December 2013

We report the discovery of a simple environmental sensing mechanism for biofilm formation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis that operates without the involvement of a dedicated RNA or protein. Certain serine codons, the four TCN codons, in the gene for the biofilm repressor SinR caused a lowering of SinR levels under biofilm-inducing conditions. Synonymous substitutions of these TCN codons with AGC or AGT impaired biofilm formation and gene expression. Conversely, switching AGC or AGT to TCN codons upregulated biofilm formation. Genome-wide ribosome profiling showed that ribosome density was higher at UCN codons than at AGC or AGU during biofilm formation. Serine starvation recapitulated the effect of biofilm-inducing conditions on ribosome occupancy and SinR production. As serine is one of the first amino acids to be exhausted at the end of exponential phase growth, reduced translation speed at serine codons may be exploited by other microbes in adapting to stationary phase.
Focus on speaker subjective involvement in Present Perfect grammaticalization: Evidence from two spanish varieties
Authors: Hernández José Esteban
Published: December 2013

As part of a widespread inclination in languages that draws attention to particular chunks of information over others, the variation of Present Perfect (PP) and Preterit (Pret) in Spanish provides speakers with an effective mechanism that projects one particular past event over others in narrative. In oral data from El Salvador and written data from colonial Mexico, the use of PP in narrative clauses is a practical device that speakers exploit to make certain events stand out to the interlocutor. And just as languages use special components -such as intonation, word order, and morphology- to make chunks of information more prominent, these varieties use PP and Pret variation to make temporal and psychological degrees of proximity and remoteness evident to the interlocutor. The breach of PP into narratives seems to be the product of a stylistic recourse with notable cognitive consequences that enhance the speaker's involvement in discourse. Through a grammaticalization process in which PP acquires readings more reminiscent of the Pret's function as a perfective gram, the PP form is reinterpreted as a valid form in those contexts previously reserved for Pret. In short, PP draws attention to greater speaker's affective closeness to the event, while Pret enhances detachment and dissociation.
Eventualities under deadjectival nominalizations
Authors: Villalba Xavier
Published: December 2013

In this paper the behavior of deadjectival nominalizations in Spanish is studied regarding the presence of an eventuality reading. It is shown that whereas abstract nominalizations (la belleza del libro ‘the beauty of the book’) clearly encode an eventuality according to standard tests, neuter nominalizations (lo bello del libro ‘the beautiful part of the book’) lack any eventuality reading altogether. It is argued that the difference lies in the different kind of nominalization process involved. As for abstract nominalizations, after the nominalizer is merged, the nominal functional head Classifier will encode the stative eventuality derived from the adjective root. In the case of neuter nominalizations, we lack any nominal functional structure, but rather the AP is directly selected by the neuter determiner, which, following a suggestion by McNally & de Swart (2012), is the syntactic realization of Chierchia’s (1982) <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ç (‘cap’) operator, which shifts a property into its entity correlate. Moreover, a slight modification of this semantic operation allows a simple and principled analysis of the difference between the two main neuter deadjectival nominalizations.
Information focus, syntactic weight and postverbal constituent order in Spanish
Authors: Heidinger Steffen
Published: December 2013

In Spanish, postverbal constituents – such as direct object, locative adjunct or depicitive – can be ordered in different ways (e.g. Juan bailó desnudo en su casa vs. Juan bailó en su casa desnudo). The present paper examines two possible factors for postverbal constituent order: information focus and syntactic weight. Based on data from a perception experiment it will be shown that information focus and syntactic weight indeed influence in postverbal constituent order in Spanish: both the focalization of a constituent and the increase of the weight of a constituent increase the frequency with which the respective constituent takes up the sentence final position. As concerns the strength of the two factors, our results suggest that information focus and syntactic weight influence in postverbal constituent order to a similar extent. As concerns the syntatic position of narrow information focus in Spanish, our results show that the sentence final position is the preferred position for narrowly focused constituents, but such constituents are not limited to the sentence final position.        Normal 0   21   false false false  DE X-NONE X-NONE                              
Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of Sn-doped (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 ceramics processed under low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere
Authors: Kobayashi Keisuke , Doshida Yutaka , Mizuno Youichi , Randall Clive A.
Published: December 2013

Sn-doped (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (Sn-NKN) ceramics fired under various oxygen partial pressure (pO2) conditions have been investigated and discussed in terms of bulk piezoelectric and dielectric properties. X-ray diffraction measurements and Rayleigh analysis indicate that the substitution site of the Sn cations depend on the pO2 atmosphere in the firing process. For pO2 higher than 1.0 × 10−10 atm, Sn cations mainly substitute as Sn4+ at the B-site of perovskite NKN, whereas Sn2+ A-site substitution is favored under a low-pO2 atmosphere. Low-pO2 fired Sn-NKN ceramics exhibit higher relative permittivity, Curie temperature, and piezoelectric coefficient (d
33). Sn2+ at A-site acts as a donor and reduces the p-type carrier concentrations that result from an electronic compensation of metal vacancies created through the high volatility of Na and K suboxides. The higher piezoelectricity and resistivity in low-pO2 fired Sn-NKN ceramics make this material suitable for base-metal cofired devices such as Ni-inner-electrode multilayer capacitors and actuators.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth and pole figure analysis of ZnTe epilayer on m-plane sapphire
Authors: Nakasu Taizo , Kobayashi Masakazu , Asahi Toshiaki , Togo Hiroyoshi
Published: December 2013

ZnTe epilayers were grown on transparent (

) oriented (m-plane) sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The insertion of a low-temperature buffer layer was carried out, and the influence of the buffer layer annealing on crystallographic properties was investigated. Pole figure imaging was used to study the domain distribution in the layer. It was shown that strongest (211)- and (100)-oriented ZnTe epilayers were formed on m-sapphire when a ZnTe buffer layer annealed at 340 °C for 5-min was inserted. Also, it was confirmed that only (211) ZnTe epilayers were formed on the 2° tilted m-plane sapphire substrate. Thus, the single domain (211) ZnTe epilayer can be grown on the m-plane sapphire using MBE.
Quantifying the impact of mechanical layering and underthrusting on the dynamics of the modern India‐Asia collisional system with 3‐D numerical models
Authors: Lechmann S. M. , Schmalholz S. M. , Hetényi G. , May D. A. , Kaus B. J. P.
Published: December 2013

The impact of mechanical layering and the strength of the Indian lower crust on the dynamics of the modern India‐Asia collisional system are studied using 3‐D thermomechanical modeling. The model includes an Indian oceanic domain, Indian continental domain, and an Asian continental domain. Each domain consists of four layers: upper/lower crust, and upper/lower lithospheric mantle. The Tarim and Sichuan Basins are modeled as effectively rigid blocks and the Quetta‐Chaman and Sagaing strike‐slip faults as vertical weak zones. The geometry, densities, and viscosities are constrained by geophysical data sets (CRUST2.0, gravity, and seismology). Both static (no horizontal movement of model boundaries) and dynamic scenarios (indentation) are modeled. It is demonstrated that 3‐D viscosity distributions resulting from typical creep flow laws and temperature fields generate realistic surface velocities. Lateral variations in the gravitational potential energy cause locally significant tectonic overpressure (i.e., difference between pressure and lithostatic pressure) in a mechanically strong Indian lower crust (up to ~500 MPa for the static scenario and ~800 MPa for the dynamic scenario). Different density distributions in the lithosphere as well as different viscosities (3 orders of magnitude) in the Indian lower crust cause only minor differences in the surface velocity field. This result suggests that surface velocities alone are insufficient to infer the state of mechanical coupling of the lithosphere. Model results are in agreement with GPS velocities for Indian lower crustal viscosities of 1021–1024 Pa s, for a strong Quetta‐Chaman Fault (1022 Pa s) and a weak Sagaing Fault (1020 Pa s).
Imaging rapidly deforming ocean island volcanoes in the western Galápagos archipelago, Ecuador
Authors: Tepp Gabrielle , Ebinger Cynthia J. , Ruiz Mario , Belachew Manahloh
Published: December 2013

Using local body wave arrival‐time tomography methods to determine 3‐D seismic velocity structure, we imaged the plumbing system of Sierra Negra Volcano, Galápagos. This hot spot volcanic chain includes some of the fastest deforming volcanoes in the world, making this an ideal location to study shield volcano plumbing systems. We inverted P and S wave arrivals recorded on a 15‐station temporary array between July 2009 and June 2011 using an a priori 1‐D velocity model constrained by offshore refraction studies. With local seismicity from nearby volcanoes as well as the ring fault system, the model resolution is good between depths of 3 and 15.5 km. The propagation of S waves throughout this volume argues against any large high‐melt accumulations, although a shallow melt sill may exist above 5 km. We image a broad low‐velocity region (>25 km laterally) below Sierra Negra at depths ~8–15 km. No large, regional velocity increase is found within the limits of good resolution, suggesting that crust is thicker than 15 km beneath the western Galápagos archipelago. Our results are consistent with crustal accretion of mafic cumulates from a large‐volume magma chamber that may span the boundary between preplume and accreted crust. The similarity between our results and those of Hawaii leave open the possibility that the crust has also been thickened by under‐plating.
Period estimation for adaptive reconstruction of (quasi‐) periodic signals
Authors: Rairan Danilo , Garzon Max H.
Published: December 2013

Signal reconstruction from sampling data is an important problem in signal processing and system identification. A large variety of signals of current interest do not satisfy common assumptions about fitting certain models, are too dynamic, have an unknown period, and/or are computationally infeasible, so that current methods may be inappropriate for their identification and reconstruction. The discrete Fourier transform can be used to estimate the period of a discrete time signal when the first harmonic of its Fourier expansion has the maximum amplitude among all harmonics, the number of data points in a period is even, and a multiple of the sampling period matches the true period. The signal is generally impossible to reconstruct accurately without a priori knowledge of the period, or its inverse, the frequency. We address this problem with two efficient algorithms that are model‐free, data‐based, and dynamically adaptive for signal processing and provide estimates of the period that are guaranteed to be within a maximum error of the true period in the order of the sampling period of the signal, usually in real time. In addition, we present theoretical guarantees and experimental evidence of the quality of the algorithms in practice with very competitive results, even when the data is noisy, dynamic, require real‐time estimates, and even for quasi periodic signals. The results thus extend the three range of applicability of the FFT and sampling theorem for signal reconstruction and illustrate the applicability of these algorithms to other problems, such as power systems and sunspot prediction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Charge‐Carrier Injection and Collection Via Lamination of Doped Polymer Layers p‐Doped with a Solution‐Processible Molybdenum Complex
Authors: Dai An , Zhou Yinhua , Shu Andrew L. , Mohapatra Swagat K. , Wang He , Fuentes‐Hernandez Canek , Zhang Yadong , Barlow Stephen , Loo Yueh‐Lin , Marder Seth R. , Kippelen Bernard , Kahn Antoine
Published: December 2013

Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is p‐doped by the new soluble dopant molybdenum tris[1‐(methoxycarbonyl)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐ethane‐1,2‐dithiolene] and investigated via photoemission spectroscopy and transport measurements. Soft‐contact transfer lamination of thin layers of the doped P3HT on undoped polymer layers is used to create spatially‐confined doped regions, which serve as hole‐injection contacts on P3HT diodes. This strategy is then used to create efficient hole‐collecting contacts on solution‐processed inverted polymer solar cells.
Advanced solution methods for microkinetic models of catalytic reactions: A methanol synthesis case study
Authors: Rubert‐Nason Patricia , Mavrikakis Manos , Maravelias Christos T. , Grabow Lars C. , Biegler Lorenz T.
Published: December 2013

Microkinetic models, combined with experimentally measured reaction rates and orders, play a key role in elucidating detailed reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis and have typically been solved as systems of ordinary differential equations. In this work, we demonstrate a new approach to fitting those models to experimental data. For the specific example treated here, by reformulating a typical microkinetic model for a continuous stirred tank reactor to a system of nonlinear equations, we achieved a 1000‐fold increase in solution speed. The reduced computational cost allows a more systematic search of the parameter space, leading to better fits to the available experimental data. We applied this approach to the problem of methanol synthesis by CO/CO2 hydrogenation over a supported‐Cu catalyst, an important catalytic reaction with a large industrial interest and potential for large‐scale CO2 chemical fixation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1336–1346, 2014
Modified basic distillation configurations with intermediate sections for energy savings
Authors: Ramapriya Gautham Madenoor , Tawarmalani Mohit , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: December 2013

Basic distillation configurations have been well studied, comprising of energy efficient (n − 1)‐column configurations that can be used to separate an n‐component nonazeotropic feed mixture into its components. In this article, we present new (n − 1)‐column configurations which differ from the conventional basic configurations due to the introduction of extra intermediate sections and the additional transfer‐streams associated with submixtures of these sections. We demonstrate using four‐component examples that these small differences lead to some interesting nonintuitive physical effects in the new configurations, resulting in large energy savings compared to the basic configurations. The proposed configurations offer more operable and energy efficient options for onsite implementation than the corresponding optimally operated basic configurations. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1091–1097, 2014
Injury classification agreement in linked Bureau of Labor Statistics and Workers' Compensation data
Authors: Wuellner Sara E. , Bonauto David K.
Published: December 2013

Background

Estimates of select occupational injuries and illnesses often differ across data sources. We explored agreement in injury classifications and the impact of differences on case estimates among records reported to multiple data sources.

Methods

We linked cases reported in the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) to Washington State workers' compensation (WC) claims and evaluated agreement in injury characteristics coded in each data source according to the same occupational injury and illness classification system.

Results

Agreement between data sources was greatest for body part and lowest for event or exposure. Agreement on nature of injury varied by condition. WC‐assigned injury codes estimated 94% more amputations than SOII‐assigned codes while SOII‐assigned codes estimated 34% more work‐related MSD cases.

Conclusions

Accounting for classification differences may improve case ascertainment within individual data sources and help align injury and illness estimates derived from different data sources. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1100–1109, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the adsorption behavior of flavonoids on three macroporous adsorption resins modified with hydrogen‐bond groups
Authors: Ye Helin , Chen Zhenbin , Liu Yongfeng , Lou Song , Di Duolong
Published: December 2013

Three macroporous crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinyl benzene) resins functionalized withp‐phenylene diamine (PPDA),p‐aminophenol, andp‐aminobenzoic acid (PANB) groups were prepared, and their adsorption characteristics for the flavonoid constituents from the leaves ofOlea europaea Lwere studied. The materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The specific surface area and the pore size distribution of the adsorbents were calculated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett‐Joyner‐Halenda methods. The results show that the materials had a faster adsorption rate and high adsorption capacities for flavonoids, and PPDA had the highest adsorption capacity in comparison with the others. The isotherms could be fitted by the Freundlich model, and the adsorption was an exothermic process. The adsorption kinetics could be characterized by the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation, and the initial stage was controlled by the intraparticle diffusion model. This study contributes to the remediation of adsorption for organic materials and active components of natural products and to the effects of different functional groups on adsorption mechanisms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40188.
Application of azodiisobutyronitrile and azobisisoheptonitrile in low‐density unsaturated polyester resin manufacturing
Authors: Guo Liang‐Zhi , Wang Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Yi‐Fan , Wang Xiao‐Yao
Published: December 2013

Low‐density unsaturated polyester resin (LDUPR) is an extended application of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) material. In this study, azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and azobisisoheptonitrile (ABVN) were presented as composite foaming agents and as initiators in LDUPR manufacturing. On the basis of the kinetics of AIBN and ABVN, their optimum half‐lives (t1/2's) for LDUPR were both 1.0 h. In this study, the mass ratio of AIBN and ABVN was chosen at 7:3, and the preferred amount of the composite foaming agent was 2 wt % resin. They were treated at a molding temperature of 78.7 ± 1.0°C. The obtained LDUPR had an apparent density of 0.37 ± 0.01 g/cm3 and a specific compression strength of 35.58 ± 1.50 MPa·g−1·cm−3; it approached the highest specific compression strength value of rigid polyurethane foam (28–35 MPa g−1 cm−3). A dual‐initiation and dual‐foaming mechanism based on the dual‐exothermic decomposition properties of the composite foaming agent was proposed with the support of the differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy results. In the first stage, ABVN decomposed, released bubble nuclei, and initiated UPR cross‐polymerization. The bubble nuclei spread in the resin glue and grew. In the second stage, the gas in resin glue was enriched by the AIBN decomposition. The gelation time of the resin glue was influenced by AIBN and delayed. With the curing of resin, more bubbles grew up, took shape, and were retained in the UPR matrix. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40238.
Fluorine‐Doped Fe2O3 as High Energy Density Electroactive Material for Hybrid Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Karthikeyan Kaliyappan , Amaresh Samuthirapandian , Lee Sol Nip , Aravindan Vanchiappan , Lee Yun Sung
Published: December 2013

Nanostructured α‐Fe2O3 with and without fluorine substitution were successfully obtained by a green route, that is, microwave irradiation. The hematite phase materials were evaluated as a high‐performance electrode material in a hybrid supercapacitor configuration along with activated carbon (AC). The presence of fluorine was confirmed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Fluorine‐doped Fe2O3 (F‐Fe2O3) exhibits an enhanced pseudocapacitive performance compared to that of the bare hematite phase. The F‐Fe2O3/AC cell delivered a specific capacitance of 71 F g−1 at a current density of 2.25 A g−1 and retained approximately 90 % of its initial capacitance after 15 000 cycles. Furthermore, the F‐Fe2O3/AC cell showed a very high energy density of about 28 W h kg−1 compared to bare hematite phase (∼9 W h kg−1). These data clearly reveal that the electrochemical performance of Fe2O3 can be improved by fluorine doping, thereby dramatically improving the energy density of the system.
Price transmission between biofuels, fuels, and food commodities
Authors: Kristoufek Ladislav , Janda Karel , Zilberman David
Published: December 2013

For the biofuel markets and related commodities, we study their price transmission, which is in fact equivalent to studying price cross‐elasticities. Importantly, we focus on the price dependence of the non‐linear price transmission mechanism. We discuss several methodological caveats. Specifically, we combine the memory robust feasible generalized least squares estimation with two‐stage least squares to control for endogenity bias and inconsistency. We find that both ethanol and biodiesel prices are responsive to their production factors (ethanol to corn, and biodiesel to German diesel). The strength of transmission between both significant pairs increased remarkably during the food crisis of 2007/2008. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Genetic Basis of Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies: Analysis of 487 Cases of a Specialized Clinic
Authors: Carli Diana , Fairplay Tracy , Ferrari Paola , Sartini Silvana , Lando Mario , Garagnani Lorenzo , Di Gennaro Giovanni Luigi , Di Pancrazio Luciana , Bianconi Giorgia , Elmakky Amira , Bernasconi Sergio , Landi Antonio , Percesepe Antonio
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

Specific data regarding the frequencies of the congenital upper limb anomalies (CULA) according to their etiology are hardly available due to the heterogeneity across classification systems. In this study, we aim at defining the CULA etiology of patients that have been evaluated at the Modena University Hospital's Congenital Hand Malformations multidisciplinary clinic in the years 2004 to 2012.

METHODS

Medical records of 487 patients were retrospectively reviewed. On the basis of clinical, anamnestic, and genetic data, the CULA were distributed into two main groups: (1) non‐Mendelian etiology, including prenatal exposure, somatic mutations and amniotic bands; and (2) Mendelian etiology, including single gene and genomic/chromosomal diseases. CULA were further grouped according to the embryological damage (formation, separation and growth defects) and to the involved axis (radial, ulnar, central).

RESULTS

A Mendelian etiology was diagnosed in 199 patients (40.9%), whereas the remaining 288 cases (59.1%) were described as non‐Mendelian. The involvement of the lower limbs, the presence of malformations in other organs and facial dysmorphisms were significantly more represented in the Mendelian cases. The formation defects were significantly more frequent in the non‐Mendelian group (p < 0.001), whereas the frequency of separation defects was higher in the Mendelian cases (p = 0.0025). Patients with non‐Mendelian etiologies showed a significantly higher frequency of central defects (p = 0.0031).

CONCLUSION

The two etiologies differ in terms of patient's clinical features, morphology defect and axis involvement. This data may be helpful to the clinician during the patient's diagnostic workup by indicating the necessity for genetic testing and for determining the anomaly's recurrence risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:798–805, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Student‐generated reading questions: Diagnosing student thinking with diverse formative assessments
Authors: Offerdahl Erika G. , Montplaisir Lisa
Published: December 2013

Formative assessment has long been identified as a critical element to teaching for conceptual development in science. It is therefore important for university instructors to have an arsenal of formative assessment tools at their disposal which enable them to effectively uncover and diagnose all students' thinking, not just the most vocal or assertive. We illustrate the utility of one type of formative assessment prompt (reading question assignment) in producing high‐quality evidence of student thinking (student‐generated reading questions). Specifically, we characterized student assessment data using three distinct analytic frames to exemplify their effectiveness in diagnosing student learning in relationship to three sample learning outcomes. Our data will be useful for university faculty, particularly those engaged in teaching upper‐level biochemistry courses and their prerequisites, as they provide an alternative mechanism for uncovering and diagnosing student understanding. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(1):29–38, 2014
Determination of chromatographic dissociation constants of some carbapenem group antibiotics and quantification of these compounds in human urine
Authors: Çubuk Demiralay Ebru , Koç Duygu , Daldal Y. Doğan , Alsancak Güleren , Ozkan Sibel A.
Published: December 2013

The dissociation constant values (sspKa) of some carbapenem group drugs (ertapenem, meropenem, doripenem) in different percentages of methanol–water binary mixtures (18, 20 and 22%, v/v) were determined from the mobile phase pH dependence of their retention factor. Evaluation of these data was performed using the NLREG program. From calculated pKa values, the aqueous pKa values of these subtances were calculated by different approaches. Moreover, the correlation established between retention factor and the pH of the water–methanol mobile phase was used to determine the optimum separation conditions. In order to validate the optimized conditions, these drugs were studied in human urine. The chromatographic separation was realized using a Gemini NX C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particles) and UV detector set at 220 and 295 nm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomical topography of the mandibular symphysis in the Korean population: A computed tomography analysis
Authors: Lee Kyu An , Kim Min‐Soo , Hong Ji‐Youn , Lee Jung‐Seok , Choi Seong‐Ho , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Jung Ui‐Won
Published: December 2013

The objective of this study was to reveal the topography of the mandibular symphysis according to gender and age in the Korean population using computed tomography (CT) to provide a mean anatomical database for the safety zone during block bone harvesting. The following parameters were measured in CT images taken from Korean subjects: interforaminal distance (ID), vertical distance between the inferior mandibular border and the apices of the anterior teeth (VD), and horizontal distance between the labial cortical bone and the apices of the anterior teeth (HD). Differences between genders and among age groups, and the correlations among measurements were analyzed. A total of 973 images (411 males and 562 females; mean age = 41.2 years) were selected. The overall mean ID, VD, and HD were 55.38 ± 5.13, 22.16 ± 3.84 and 5.21 ± 1.70 mm, respectively. The ID and VD were significantly larger in males than in females (P < 0.001), and ID was significantly smaller in the youngest age group than in other age groups (P < 0.001), while HD differed significantly only between the youngest and oldest groups (P < 0.05). There was a weak positive correlation between ID and HD (γ > 0.10). This study provides information on the topography of the mandibular symphysis in the Korean population based on a large number of CT images. In general, gender seemed to influence the symphyseal dimensions strongly, whereas the influence of age was limited. Clin. Anat. 592–597, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Condylar process contributes to mandibular asymmetry: In vivo 3D MRI study
Authors: Goto Tazuko K. , Langenbach Geerling E.J.
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in mandibular morphology between the deviated and nondeviated sides in patients with noncongenital skeletal mandibular asymmetry. Divergences from control values were assessed to determine which region of the mandible contributes most to mandibular asymmetry. We measured various dimensions of the mandible in 20 young patients and 20 controls using noninvasive high‐quality three‐dimensional (3D) volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Mandibular dimensions including the length of the condylar process were significantly greater on the nondeviated side of patients than the deviated side. Measurements of the deviated side were similar to control values, but measurements of the nondeviated side including condylar process length differed significantly from control values. These findings strongly suggest that overgrowth of the condylar process on the nondeviated side in these patients results in mandibular asymmetry, and therefore needs attention in orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery, and follow‐up. Clin. Anat. 585–591, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving teaching–learning process through ICT methods assisted with CFD techniques for marine engineering courses
Authors: Gutiérrez J.E. , Zamora B.
Published: December 2013

This article presents a teaching–learning methodology for the subject “Hydrodynamic, Resistance and Propulsion” in the Degree of Naval Architecture. A new teaching approach is proposed, for ensuring that students acquire skills related to the ability of analyzing and designing different types of ships. The roles of both Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods are some specific features of the methodology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:239–249, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21592
Chemoradiotherapy response in recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: Yu Stanley K. T. , Bhangu Aneel , Tait Diana M. , Tekkis Paris , Wotherspoon Andrew , Brown Gina
Published: December 2013

The efficacy of response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in recurrent versus primary rectal cancer has not been investigated. We compared radiological downsizing between primary and recurrent rectal cancers following CRT and determined the optimal size reduction threshold for response validated by survival outcomes. The proportional change in tumor length for primary and recurrent rectal cancers following CRT was compared using the independent sample t‐test. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier product limit method and differences between survival for tumor size reduction thresholds of 30% (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors [RECIST]), 40%, and 50% after CRT in primary and recurrent rectal cancer groups. A total of 385 patients undergoing CRT were analyzed, 99 with recurrent rectal cancer and 286 with primary rectal cancer. The mean proportional reduction in maximum craniocaudal length was significantly higher for primary rectal tumors (33%) compared with recurrent rectal cancer (11%) (P < 0.01). There was no difference in OS for either primary or recurrent rectal cancer when ≤30% or ≤40% definitions were used. However, for both primary and recurrent tumors, significant differences in median 3‐year OS were observed when a RECIST cut‐off of 50% was used. OS was 99% versus 77% in primary and 100% versus 42% in recurrent rectal cancer (P = 0.002 and P = 0.03, respectively). Only patients that demonstrated >50% size reduction showed a survival benefit. Recurrent rectal cancer appears radioresistant compared with primary tumors for tumor size after CRT. Further investigation into improving/intensifying chemotherapy and radiotherapy for locally recurrent rectal cancer is justified.