bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Undershaft Maxims
Authors: Dukore Bernard
Published: April 2013

IN THE THIRD ACT of Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara, Andrew Undershaft, attempting to bridge the "abyss of moral horror" which Adolphus Cusins claims lies between him and the Undershaft factory, recites the maxims of the previous Undershafts, concluding with his own. Listed separately for more convenient reference, they are:

[I] The first Undershaft wrote up in his shop IF GOD GAVE THE HAND, LET NOT MAN WITHHOLD THE SWORD. [II] The second wrote up ALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO FIGHT: NONE HAVE THE RIGHT TO JUDGE. [III] The third wrote up TO MAN THE WEAPON: TO HEAVEN THE VICTORY. [IV] The fourth had no literary turn; so he did not write up anything; but he sold cannons to Napoleon under the nose of George the Third. [V] The fifth wrote up PEACE SHALL NOT PREVAIL SAVE WITH A SWORD IN HER HAND. [VI] The sixth, my master, was the best of all. He wrote up NOTHING IS EVER DONE IN THIS WORLD UNTIL MEN ARE PREPARED TO KILL ONE ANOTHER IF IT IS NOT DONE. [VII] After that, there was nothing left for the seventh to say. So he wrote up, simply, UNASHAMED.

Since Undershaft is attempting to convert Cusins and Barbara to his doctrine of realism and power, and since these six maxims and one non-maxim are means to this end, it is remarkable that they have received virtually no attention. In this essay, I will try to demonstrate that these seven principles are not only summaries of the various arguments used by Undershaft in the process of converting Cusins, but also that they are the bases of Cusins' attempt to justify his decision to Barbara. In addition, I would like to suggest what his slogan might be when he becomes the eighth Andrew Undershaft.
The Fall and After: Albert Camus and Arthur Miller
Authors: Koppenhaver Allen
Published: April 2013

MOST OF THE RESPONSE TO Arthur Miller's After the Fall focussed upon the autobiographical elements of the work. Miller, in turn, defended it rather well in two articles: "With Respect For Her Agony—But With Love," Life, LXI (February 7, 1964), 66; and "A Forward By the Author," Post (February 1, 1964), 32. All the attention given to the autobiographical elements detracted from the playas Miller rightly observed. This is in one sense the price a writer pays for a well-publicized extra-literary life. And one cannot discount the autobiographical elements which have been amply catalogued by Newsweek, Time, and Life. Yet there are other aspects of this play which need to be examined, aspects which when clarified reveal this play to be a fine humanistic study as well as a masterpiece of theatrical expression.
A Selective Bibliography of Works Published in English in 1965
Authors: Shedd Robert
Published: April 2013

A Selective Bibliography of Works Published in English in 1965
Action And Play In Beckett's Theater
Authors: Fletcher John
Published: April 2013

COMEDY WAS GESTURE BEFORE EVER IT WAS WORDS. In all ages the movements and gestures of the actors have been of prime importance in the theater, especially in the popular theater. From the banal mountebank and juggler of the public square, to the rigid, conventional action of the Peking opera, the theatrical phenomenon has always been characterized by an important active element.
Samuel Beckett's Dramatic Language
Authors: Iser Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

ROMAN INGARDEN HAS DISTINGUISHED FOUR FUNCTIONS of the language of drama: statement, expression, communication, and influence of one character upon another. Each of these by itself may be said to represent a single dimension of the action on which they all depend; in combination they form not only the action, but also the presentation of the action to the spectator. In order to underline the significance of a special incident, that incident has to be removed from the context of ordinary happenings. It is language that must delineate the special quality of this incident as well as its significance. Incomplete events, personal self-expression, peculiarities of communication, and reciprocal influence of characters must all be bound together in such a way that the spectator can grasp the total intention that is to be fulfilled by the combination of the separate functions. Thus, within the different dimensions of dramatic language, relationships are constantly being formed between the characters themselves and between the characters and the audience.
Beckett's “Godot" And The Myth Of Alienation
Authors: Mihályi Gábor
Published: April 2013

THE THEATER OF THE ABSURD-—and certainly Beckett's Waiting for Godot—discards the direct approach to reality, prefering to attack it from the angle of myth instead. This theater is bent on exposing the myths that are now empty of validity, untrue, devoid of substance. Rather than advance arguments to refute them, the aim is to demolish these hallowed and devoutly revered beliefs "from within," by exploding the mines of travesty and distorted humor under their feet.

Waiting for Godot trains its guns, first and foremost, on the Christian myth of redemption. It also repudiates the myths of enlightenment, progress, nature, and love—all the myths, in fact, which promise redemption, salvation to mankind in this world or hereafter. What Beckett is doing is probing the farthest limits of negation, replacing the hero with the anti-hero, the race of Prometheus with tramps lingering by the roadside, and substituting for gods, ideals, and faiths the elusive Godot-That-Never-Comes. The vanity of power and wealth, of science and service, is symbolised by the Pozzo-Lucky pair; in Beckett's world talk and action become meaningless, reduced to a means of killing time, an antidote to boredom. Nature has turned into a dreary wilderness; on the stage unfolds the vision of an alienated world.
Krapp's Last Tape And The Proustian Vision
Authors: Oberg Arthur
Published: April 2013

Krapp's Last Tape OPENS ON ONE MAN ALONE with his own memories and desires, punctuating a monotonous present by recall of a momentlit past. As a writer and as a man lying "propped up in the dark," Beckett makes Krapp's associations with Proust even more pointedly prominent. The situation of Krapp stocktaking and listening to old stocktakings is dependent upon the catalysts of Time, Habit, and Memory, the trinity considered by Beckett in his 1931 study of Proust. Considerations that Krapp has made and will continue to make of his life—intellectual, physical, spiritual—are rendered rememberable,if not memorable, with the aid of dictionary and tapes. Krapp now is not Krapp past nor Krapp future. Like Proust, Beckett explores the relation of the self, possessed of Memory and by Habit, within Time. What both writers explore is the mental mechanism by which that which is lost is found.
Transplantation of Allogenic Fetal Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Tsuda Hidetoshi , Yamahara Kenichi , Otani Kentaro , Okumi Masayoshi , Yazawa Koji , Kaimori Jun-Ya , Taguchi Akihiko , Kangawa Kenji , Ikeda Tomoaki , Takahara Shiro , Isaka Yoshitaka
Published: April 2013

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive therapeutic cell source for treating renal diseases. MSC administration has been shown to improve renal function, although the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We recently showed that allogenic fetal membrane-derived MSCs (FM-MSCs), which are available noninvasively in large amounts, had a renoprotective effect in an experimental glomerulonephritis model. Here we investigated whether allogenic FM-MSC administration could protect kidneys from ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury. Lewis rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and left renal I/R injury by clamping the left renal artery as an acute kidney injury (AKI) model. After declamping, FM-MSCs (5 × 105cells) obtained from major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched ACI rats were intravenously administered. I/R-injured rats exhibited increased serum creatinine and BUN, whereas FM-MSC administration significantly ameliorated renal function. Histological analysis revealed that FM-MSC administration significantly suppressed tubular apoptosis and infiltration of macrophages and T-cells. Administration of FM-MSCs mainly homed into the lung, but increased serum IL-10 levels. Of interest is that renoprotective effects of FM-MSCs were abolished by using anti-IL-10 neutralization antibody, suggesting that IL-10 would be one of the candidate factors to protect rat kidney from I/R injury in this model. We concluded that allogenic FM-MSC transplantation is a potent therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AKI.
The ‘debt’ is in the detail: A synthesis of recent temporal forest carbon analyses on woody biomass for energy
Authors: Lamers Patrick , Junginger Martin
Published: April 2013

The temporal imbalance between the release and sequestration of forest carbon has raised a fundamental concern about the climate mitigation potential of forest biomass for energy. The potential carbon debt caused by harvest and the resulting time spans needed to reach pre‐harvest carbon levels (payback) or those of a reference case (parity) have become important parameters for climate and bioenergy policy developments. The present range of analyses however varies in assumptions, regional scopes, and conclusions. Comparing these modeling efforts, we reveal that they apply different principle modeling frameworks while results are largely affected by the same parameters. The size of the carbon debt is mostly determined by the type and amount of biomass harvested and whether land‐use change emissions need to be accounted for. Payback times are mainly determined by plant growth rates, i.e. the forest biome, tree species, site productivity and management. Parity times are primarily influenced by the choice and construction of the reference scenario and fossil carbon displacement efficiencies. Using small residual biomass (harvesting/processing), deadwood from highly insect‐infected sites, or new plantations on highly productive or marginal land offers (almost) immediate net carbon benefits. Their eventual climate mitigation potential however is determined by the effectiveness of the fossil fuel displacement. We deem it therefore unsuitable to define political guidance by feedstock alone. Current global wood pellet production is predominantly residue based. Production increases based on low‐grade stemwood are expected in regions with a downturn in the local wood product sector, highlighting the importance of accounting for regional forest carbon trends. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Invasion genetics of vendace (Coregonus albula(L.)) in theInari‐Pasvik watercourse: revealing the origin and expansion pattern of a rapid colonization event
Authors: Præbel Kim , Gjelland Karl Øystein , Salonen Erno , Amundsen Per‐Arne
Published: April 2013

Species invasions can have wide‐ranging biological and socio‐economic effects and are generally unwanted by legislation. Identification of the source population as well as the ecology and genetics of both the invader population and the receiving community is of crucial importance. The rapid invasion of a small coregonid fish vendace (Coregonus albula) in a major northernEuropean subarctic watercourse has resulted in a labile ecological situation in the receiving community. The ecological impact of the invasion has been thoroughly documented, but the genetics of the invasion remains to be explored. We analyzed the genetic diversity and divergence patterns among the two possible source populations from southern Finnish Lapland and three colonists populations within theInari‐Pasvik watercourse using ten microsatellite loci in order to (i) identify the most likely source of the invasion, (ii) reveal the dispersal pattern and genetic structure of the secondary expansion, and (iii) to investigate whether the initial introduction and the secondary expansion were associated with founder effects. We revealed that repeated translocation of vendace fromLakeSinettäjärvi into a tributary lake ofL.Inari in 1964–1966 is the most plausible source for the invasion. Both the initial introduction and the secondary expansion were found not to be associated with significant founder effects. The secondary expansion followed a stepping stone pattern and the source and colonist populations of this expansion have undergone rapid genetic divergence within a period of 15–35 years (ca. 8–17 generations). The rapid divergence may be contributed to lack of gene flow among the source and colonist populations due to the extensive hydroelectric damming in the watercourse. Multiple introductions and substantial genetic variation in combination with the boom‐and‐bust population development of the species thus likely counteracted the founder effects as well as fueled the rapid establishment and expansion of this species within theInari‐Pasvik watercourse.
Analysis of haptoglobin N‐glycome alterations in inflammatory and malignant lung diseases by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Váradi Csaba , Mittermayr Stefan , Szekrényes Ákos , Kádas János , Takacs Laszlo , Kurucz István , Guttman András
Published: April 2013

A CE‐based method was introduced to compare the N‐glycosylation profile of haptoglobin in normal and pathologic conditions. To assess the biomarker potential of glycosylation changes in various lung diseases, haptoglobin was isolated from plasma samples of healthy, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer patients by means of two haptoglobin‐specific monoclonal antibodies. Haptoglobin N‐glycans were then enzymatically released, fluorescently labeled, and profiled by CE. Disease‐associated changes of core and antennary fucosylation were identified by targeted exoglycosidase digestions and their levels were compared in the different patient groups. Terms such as core‐ and arm‐fucosylation degree, as well as branching degree, were introduced for easier characterization of the changes and statistical analysis was used to examine which structures were responsible for the observed differences. Increased level of α1–6 fucosylated tri‐antennary glycans was found in all disease groups compared to the control. Elevated amounts of core‐ and arm‐fucosylation on tetra‐antennary glycans were detected in the lung cancer group compared to the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group. A larger scale study is necessary to confirm and validate these preliminary findings in the glycosylation changes of haptoglobin, so could then be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of malignant and inflammatory lung diseases.
Simulation of two‐phase flow–body interaction problems using direct forcing/fictitious domain–level set method
Authors: Yoon Hyun Sik , Jeon Chung Ho , Jung Jae Hwan , Koo Bonguk , Choi Changyoung , Shin Sung Chul
Published: April 2013

In the present paper, a direct forcing/fictitious domain (DF/FD)–level set method is proposed to simulate the twophase flow–body interaction. The DF/FD does not sacrifice accuracy and robustness by employing a discrete δ (Dirac delta) function to transfer quantities between the Eulerian nodes and Lagrangian points explicitly as the immersed boundary method. The advantages of this approach are the simple concept, the easy implementation and the utilization of original governing equation without modification. The main idea is to combine DF/FD method with the level set method in the Cartesian coordinates. We present the results of a number of test cases to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for single‐phase flow–body interaction problem and the two‐phase flows with a stationary body. Eventually, the simulations of various water entry problems have been conducted to validate the capability and the accuracy of the present method on solving the twophase flow–body interaction. Consequently, the present results are found to be in good agreement with those of previous studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a Unique Cationic Impurity in Preladenant™ Using Accurate MS and NMR
Authors: Zhong Wendy , Hilton Bruce , Martin Gary , Wang Lijun , Yip Shiuhang Henry
Published: April 2013

High resolution MS, 1D, and 2D NMR were used to determine the structure of a unique cationic impurity generated during the synthesis of Preladenant™ H/D exchange experiments were performed by both MS and NMR to confirm the acidic nature of the cationic dihydroimidazole proton. The presence of three exchangeable protons was established by MS experiments and the disappearance of the C11 proton in 1H‐NMR spectrum on equilibration with D2O confirmed the acidic nature of the cationic dihydroimidazole proton. A piperazine ring contraction mechanism is proposed for the formation of the cationic dihydroimidazole.
Computational Resources for MHC Ligand Identification
Authors: Koch Christian P. , Pillong Max , Hiss Jan A. , Schneider Gisbert
Published: April 2013

Advances in the high‐throughput determination of functional modulators of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and improved computational predictions of MHC ligands have rendered the rational design of immunomodulatory peptides feasible. Proteome‐derived peptides and ‘reverse vaccinology’ by computational means will play a driving role in future vaccine design. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of the MHC mediated immune response, present the computational approaches that have emerged in this area of biotechnology, and provide an overview of publicly available computational resources for predicting and designing new peptidic MHC ligands.
Signal Amplification Strategy Based on TiO2‐Nanotube Layers and Nanobeads Carrying Quantum Dots for Electrochemiluminescent Immunosensors
Authors: Gao Zhi‐Da , Zhuang Qian‐Lan , Song Yan‐Yan , Lee Kiyoung , Schmuki Patrik
Published: April 2013

Self‐organized TiO2‐nanotube layers can be used for immunoassay‐type sensing in combination with amplifying CdTe labels in a direct and very sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) configuration. Key properties for this method are the conductivity of the TiO2 nanotubes, and their transparency for light emitted from the CdTe labels at approximately 2.4 eV. To demonstrate the potential of this platform, we constructed a sandwich‐type immunoassay onto the TiO2‐nanotube wall with a layer of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane as the cross‐linker for antibody immobilization. For the counter part of the sandwich, we created an amplification system consisting of TiO2 nanobeads carrying the secondary antibody and multiple CdTe quantum dots (multiQD). For antigen (IgG) detection, we find that this combination of 3D transparent electrode with multiQD labels allows for an ECL detection limit of 0.05 pg mL−1 and a linearity of the signal in the range of 0.1–108 pg mL−1.
Automated identification of binding sites for phosphorylated ligands in protein structures
Authors: Ghersi Dario , Sanchez Roberto
Published: April 2013

Phosphorylation is a crucial step in many cellular processes, ranging from metabolic reactions involved in energy transformation to signaling cascades. In many instances, protein domains specifically recognize the phosphogroup. Knowledge of the binding site provides insights into the interaction, and it can also be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Previous studies have shown that proteins interacting with phosphogroups are highly heterogeneous, and no single property can be used to reliably identify the binding site. Here we present an energy‐based computational procedure that exploits the protein three‐dimensional structure to identify binding sites involved in the recognition of phosphogroups. The procedure is validated on three datasets containing more than 200 proteins binding to ATP, phosphopeptides, and phosphosugars. A comparison against other three generic binding site identification approaches shows higher accuracy values for our method, with a correct identification rate in the 80–90% range for the top three predicted sites. Addition of conservation information further improves the performance. The method presented here can be used as a first step in functional annotation or to guide mutagenesis experiments and further studies such as molecular docking. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal structure of the O intermediate of the Leu93→Ala mutant of bacteriorhodopsin
Authors: Zhang Jin , Yamazaki Yoshikazu , Hikake Masanori , Murakami Midori , Ihara Kunio , Kouyama Tsutomu
Published: April 2013

The lifetime of the O intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is extended by a factor of ∼250 in the Leu93‐to‐Ala mutant (BR_L93A). To clarify the structural changes occurring in the last stage of the proton pumping cycle of BR, we crystallized BR_L93A into a hexagonal P622 crystal. Diffraction data from the unphotolyzed state showed that the deletion of three carbon atoms from Leu93 is compensated by the insertion of four water molecules in the cytoplasmic vicinity of retinal. This insertion of water is suggested to be responsible for the blue‐shifted λmax (540 nm) of the mutant. A long‐lived substate of O with a red‐shifted λmax (∼565 nm) was trapped when the crystal of BR_L93A was flash‐cooled after illumination with green light. This substate (Oslow) bears considerable similarity to the M intermediate of native BR; that is, it commonly shows deformation of helix C and the FG loop, downward orientation of the side chain of Arg82, and disruption of the Glu194/Glu204 pair. In Oslow, however, the main chain of Lys216 is less distorted and retinal takes on the 13‐cis/15‐syn configuration. Another significant difference is seen in the pH dependence of the structure of the proton release group, the pKa value of which is suggested to be much lower in Oslow than in M. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pressure as a denaturing agent in studies of single‐point mutants of an amyloidogenic protein human cystatin c
Authors: Jankowska Elzbieta , Stefanowicz Piotr , Sosnowska Marta , Karpowicz Przemyslaw , Radziszewska Karolina , Szewczuk Zbigniew , Szymańska Aneta
Published: April 2013

Recently, we presented a convenient method combining a deuterium‐hydrogen exchange and electrospray mass spectrometry for studying high‐pressure denaturation of proteins (Stefanowicz et al., Biosci Rep 2009; 30:91–99). Here, we present results of pressure‐induced denaturation studies of an amyloidogenic protein—the wild‐type human cystatin C (hCC) and its single‐point mutants, in which Val57 residue from the hinge region was substituted by Asn, Asp or Pro, respectively. The place of mutation and the substituting residues were chosen mainly on a basis of theoretical calculations. Observation of H/D isotopic exchange proceeding during pressure induced unfolding and subsequent refolding allowed us to detect differences in the proteins stability and folding dynamics. On the basis of the obtained results we can conclude that proline residue at the hinge region makes cystatin C structure more flexible and dynamic, what probably facilitates the dimerization process of this hCC variant. Polar asparagine does not influence stability of hCC conformation significantly, whereas charged aspartic acid in 57 position makes the protein structure slightly more prone to unfolding. Our experiments also point out pressure denaturation as a valuable supplementary method in denaturation studies of mutated proteins. Proteins 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical and electronic properties of stoichiometric silicene and germanene oxides from first‐principles
Authors: Wang Yanli , Ding Yi
Published: April 2013

Using first‐principles calculations, we investigate the fully oxidized silicene and germanene with stoichiometric ratio Si:O/Ge:O = 1:1. For both compounds, the zigzag ether‐like conformation (z‐sSiO/z‐sGeO) is found to be the most energetically favorable structure. These z‐sSiO and z‐sGeO nanosheets have prominent elastic characteristics, which even exhibit an unconventional auxetic behavior with negative Poisson ratios. After oxidation, the semi‐metallic nanosheets are transformed into semiconductors with narrow direct band gaps. Due to the anisotropic mechanical and electronic properties, the z‐sSiO and z‐sGeO possess an axially high intrinsic charge mobility up to the order of 104 cm2/Vs, which is comparable to that of graphene nanoribbons. Our studies demonstrate that the silicene and germanene oxides have peculiar mechanical and electronic properties, which endow these nanostructures for potential applications in nanoelectronics and devices. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the concentration of the number of solutions of random satisfiability formulas
Authors: Abbe Emmanuel , Montanari Andrea
Published: April 2013

Let Z(F) be the number of solutions of a random k‐satisfiability formula F with n variables and clause density α. Assume that the probability that F is unsatisfiable is for some . We show that (possibly excluding a countable set of “exceptional” α's) the number of solutions concentrates, i.e., there exists a non‐random function such that, for any , we have with high probability. In particular, the assumption holds for all , which proves the above concentration claim in the whole satisfiability regime of random 2‐SAT. We also extend these results to a broad class of constraint satisfaction problems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 362–382, 2014
Improving Communication for People with Brain Injury in the 21st Century: The Value of Collaboration
Authors: Togher Leanne
Published: April 2013

This paper describes the value of collaboration from two perspectives. The first perspective highlights the benefit of teaching communication partners collaborative communication strategies to facilitate the interactions of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Collaborative strategies encompass the provision of collaborative intent, emotional and cognitive support, positive questioning styles and collaborative turn taking. Translating research outcomes into accessible resources is described with reference to the TBI Express website which has video demonstrations of conversation strategies for communication partners of people with TBI. The broader meaning of collaboration is also discussed, with particular focus on the advantages collaboration can provide in advancing rehabilitation outcomes for people with acquired brain injury, their families and social networks. Collaboration is described in terms of encompassing all relevant contributors to the development of research advances, including people with acquired brain injury, their families and social networks, stakeholders, clinicians, peak bodies, students and researchers. Two examples of large-scale research collaborations occurring within Australia are described, including the NHMRC Clinical Centre of Research Excellence in Aphasia Rehabilitation and the NHMRC Moving Ahead Centre for Research Excellence in Brain Recovery, also known as Moving Ahead.
A new species ofCuora(Testudines: Geoemydidae) from the Miocene of Thailand and its evolutionary significance
Authors: NAKSRI WILAILUCK , TONG HAIYAN , LAUPRASERT KOMSORN , SUTEETHORN VARAVUDH , CLAUDE JULIEN
Published: April 2013

A new species ofCuora,Cuora chiangmuanensissp. nov., is described on the basis of a nearly complete shell with limb bones from the late Middle – early Late Miocene Chiang Muan Mine, Phayao Province (Northern Thailand).C. chiangmuanensisis distinguished from other fossil and livingCuoraspecies mainly on the basis of its plastral morphology. Among fossil and extantCuorataxa, the new species appears to be a missing link between the taxa from Southeast Asia and those from East Asia. It represents the earliest record of the genus and demonstrates that by 11–12 Ma, Asian box turtles were already present in Southeast Asia.
Geometric algebra in plasma electrodynamics
Authors: RESENDES D. P.
Published: April 2013

Geometric algebra (GA) is a recent broad mathematical framework incorporating synthetic and coordinate geometry, complex variables, quarternions, vector analysis, matrix algebra, spinors, tensors, and differential forms. It has been claimed to be a unified language for physics. GA is presented in the context of the Maxwell-Plasma system. In this formalism the divergence and curl differential operators are united in a single vector derivative, which is invertible, in the form of a first-order Green function. The four Maxwell equations can be combined into a single equation (for homogeneous and constant media) or into two equations involving the invertible vector derivative for more complex media. GA is applied to simple examples to illustrate the compactness of the notation and coordinate-free computations.
Transforming consumer information
Authors: Ritchie A. , Corrigan J. , Graham S. , Hague A. , Higham A. , Holt J. , Mowbray P. , Robinson H.
Published: April 2013

The Consumer Information Working Party has published this paper which explores how we can better engage consumers with long-term savings and investments. The working party considered the current state of consumer information, which is a long way from ideal, including: consumer insights and touch points, the current consumer information model, relevant considerations from behavioural economics, examples of information failures and some successes from other fields. They then propose a way to deliver more effective information, including a possible framework and some ideas for its application. They finish with proposals for immediate next steps and urge the Actuarial Profession to take a lead in this area.
Molecular dynamics study of one-component soft-core system: Thermodynamic properties in the supercooled liquid and glassy states
Authors: Habasaki Junko , Ueda Akira
Published: April 2013

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the thermal properties of a supercooled liquid near the glass transition regime and of glasses in a one-component soft-core system with the pair potential φn(r) = ɛ(σ/r)n, in which n = 12. The results are examined along a phase diagram, in which the compressibility factor defined by $\tilde P(\rho ^{\ast}) \equiv PV/Nk_B T$P̃(ρ*)≡PV/NkBT is plotted against the reduced density ρ* = ρ(ɛ/kBT)3/n (or the reduced temperature T* = ρ*−n/3). Similarly, a time-dependent dynamical compressibility factor can be plotted against the time-dependent reduced density $\rho _t ^* = \rho (\varepsilon /k_B T_t^*)^{3/n}$ρt*=ρ(ɛ/kBTt*)3/n (or the reduced time-dependent temperature). Analytical expressions of the specific heats CV and CP and of the entropy, S, were obtained as a function of $\tilde P(\rho ^{\ast})$P̃(ρ*) or of the scaled potential U*. Even for a rapid cooling process, the CV values are found to be affected by non-equilibrium relaxations in the $\rho _0^* > 1.3$ρ0*>1.3 region, where $\rho _0^*$ρ0* is the given initial value of $\rho _t^*$ρt*. The problem of the Kauzmann paradox is discussed using these expressions. The fluctuation of the time-dependent temperature, Tt*, which determines CV, is characterized by the spectra that are obtained by multitaper methods. The thermal fluctuation along the non-equilibrium relaxation under NVE conditions was also examined.
Highly efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on C70 and tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene
Authors: Zheng Yan-qiong , Potscavage William J. , Komino Takeshi , Hirade Masaya , Adachi Junji , Adachi Chihaya
Published: April 2013

Highly efficient photovoltaic cells based on a bulk heterojunction configuration composed of C70 with various donor materials at 5 wt. % donor concentration were fabricated. The tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) donor achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (ηPCE) of 6.4% for the optimized cell. The improved performance with DBP arises from a combination of a higher absorption coefficient than 1,1-bis-(4-bis(4-methyl-phenyl)-amino-phenyl)-cyclohexane and a symmetrical molecular structure. The high ηPCE with only 5 wt. % donor is attributed to a sufficient donor concentration for enhanced Frenkel exciton dissociation in C70, while efficiency and electron mobility decrease at higher donor concentrations.
Nonpolar light emitting diodes of m-plane ZnO on c-plane GaN with the Al2O3 interlayer
Authors: Wang T. , Wu H. , Zheng H. , Wang J. B. , Wang Z. , Chen C. , Xu Y. , Liu C.
Published: April 2013

Nonpolar m-plane ZnO films are deposited on GaN (0002) with a 10 nm Al2O3 interlayer by atomic layer deposition. The growth direction of the ZnO films directly on GaN (0002) is [707¯4] (perpendicular to (101¯1) plane), whereas with the Al2O3 interlayer it changes into [101¯0]. With the Al2O3 interlayer, the m-plane ZnO films are presented and the leakage current of the heterojunctions dramatically reduces. The electroluminescence spectra of the n-ZnO/Al2O3/p-GaN heterojunctions are dominated by a blue emission under forward biases, whereas it is violet under reverse biases.
Nonlinear ionization mechanism dependence of energy absorption in diamond under femtosecond laser irradiation
Authors: Wang Cong , Jiang Lan , Li Xin , Wang Feng , Yuan Yanping , Qu Liangti , Lu Yongfeng
Published: April 2013

We present first-principles calculations for nonlinear photoionization of diamond induced by the intense femtosecond laser field. A real-time and real-space time-dependent density functional theory with the adiabatic local-density approximation is applied to describe the laser-material interactions in the Kohn-Sham formalism with the self-interaction correction. For a certain laser wavelength, the intensity dependence of energy absorption on multiphoton and/or tunnel ionization mechanisms is investigated, where laser intensity regions vary from 1012 W/cm2 to 1016 W/cm2. In addition, the effect of laser wavelength on energy absorption at certain ionization mechanism is discussed when the Keldysh parameter is fixed. Theoretical results show that: (1) at the fixed laser wavelength, the relationship between the energy absorption and laser intensity shows a good fit of E = cMIN (N is the number of photons absorbed to free from the valence band) when multiphoton ionization dominates; (2) while when tunnel ionization becomes significant, the relationship coincides with the expression of E = cTIn (n < N).
Room temperature photoluminescence of Ge-on-insulator structures formed by rapid melt growth
Authors: Wen Juanjuan , Liu Zhi , Li Leliang , Li Chong , Xue Chunlai , Zuo Yuhua , Li Chuanbo , Wang Qiming , Cheng Buwen
Published: April 2013

Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) was observed along 50 μm long Ge strips on insulator on bulk Si substrates fabricated by rapid melt growth. The PL peaks evidently exhibited a redshift from the origin to the end of the Ge strip because of the shrinkage of the direct bandgap of Ge. Moreover, PL intensities increased along the direction of lateral epitaxial growth primarily because of the decrease in the energy difference between the direct and indirect gaps of Ge. The change in the Ge band structure, which facilitated changes in PL peaks and intensities, was found to have resulted from the variation of tensile strain ratios and Si fractions along Ge strips. Furthermore, the PL intensity at the end of the strip was one magnitude higher than that of bulk Ge, which indicates the high quality of Ge-on-insulator structures.
Non-aqueous energy storage devices using graphene nanosheets synthesized by green route
Authors: Mhamane Dattakumar , Suryawanshi Anil , Banerjee Abhik , Aravindan Vanchiappan , Ogale Satishchandra , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: April 2013

In this paper we report the use of triethylene glycol reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) as an electrode material for non-aqueous energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries. TRGO based non–aqueous symmetric supercapacitor is constructed and shown to deliver maximum energy and power densities of 60.4 Wh kg–1 and 0.15 kW kg–1, respectively. More importantly, symmetric supercapacitor shows an extraordinary cycleability (5000 cycles) with over 80% of capacitance retention. In addition, Li-storage properties of TRGO are also evaluated in half-cell configuration (Li/TRGO) and shown to deliver a reversible capacity of∼705 mAh g–1 with good cycleability at constant current density of 37 mA g–1. This result clearly suggests that green-synthesized graphene can be effectively used as a prospective electrode material for non-aqueous energy storage systems such as Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors.
Annual lambing performance of crossbred ewes in out-of-season and accelerated lamb production systems
Authors: Fogarty N. M. , Mulholland J. G.
Published: April 2013

The average annual lamb production of 1182 crossbred ewes was evaluated in three lamb production systems over 4 years at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga). The lamb production systems were: accelerated 8-monthly joinings with two flocks joined 4 months apart (Ac8), spring joining with an autumn back-up joining (SpB), and annual autumn joining (AuA). The Ac8 and SpB systems were evaluated at Cowra and the SpB and AuA systems were evaluated at Wagga Wagga. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural joinings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. Four traits were analysed separately at each site to evaluate the average performance per ewe joined per year: number of lambings, number of lambs born, number of lambs weaned and total weight of lamb weaned. Analyses were also undertaken using only spring joining data. At Cowra ewes in the Ac8 system had more lambings (1.23 vs 0.87), lambs born (1.88 vs 1.28), lambs weaned (1.47 vs 1.00) and weight of lamb weaned (31.1 vs 21.5 kg) than ewes in the SpB system (P < 0.01). At Wagga Wagga the AuA system had significantly more lambs born (1.37 vs 1.13), lambs weaned (1.08 vs 0.95) and weight weaned (26.1 vs 21.9 kg) than the SpB system (P < 0.01). The system × breed interaction was significant for all traits because the BLM ewes were greater than Hyfer ewes in the AuA, but the reverse in the SpB system. At both sites the advantage of the back-up joining over only joining in spring was greater for the BLM than the Hyfer ewes. The relative performance of the various lamb production systems for each ewe breed is presented. An accelerated lambing system is likely to be more successful using ewes that have an extended breeding season and good out-of-season breeding performance.
Site preparation, soil management and planting.
Authors: Pritts M. , Hanson E.
Published: April 2013

The treatment and management of the site and soil before planting can impact the growth and productivity of raspberries for years to come. Many consider the year prior to planting to be the most important because of the substantial effects that soil factors have on plant growth. The soil physical, biological, and chemical properties, soil quality evaluation, site preparation, field layout, and planting are discussed.
Crop production.
Authors: Stanton M.
Published: April 2013

Raspberries are widely known and grown around the world. In general, raspberries prefer a temperate climate in which they receive winter chilling, and while dormant most cultivars are very tolerant of cold temperatures to -20°C (-4°F) or lower. Raspberries tolerate a wide range of soils, but prefer medium textured soils. Raspberries need regular precipitation and/or irrigation. The Assessing plant health, growth and fruiting of floricane-fruiting cultivars, growth and fruiting of primocane raspberries, expected berry quality, managing soil water, crop management (before cane emergence, early in the growing season, flowering and fruiting, and postharvest) are discussed.
The effect of variable winter severity on size-dependent overwinter mortality caused by acute thermal stress in juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)
Authors: Anderson Deena A. , Scharf Frederick S.
Published: April 2013

Mortality during winter can impact the population dynamics of fish at temperate latitudes. The red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) supports valuable coastal fisheries throughout its range in the southeastern United States. At the northern edge of its distribution, severe winters may cause considerable overwinter loss and size-selective mortality among juveniles. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to quantify overwinter survivorship of age 0 fish. To determine thermal tolerance, fish were exposed to various minima (1, 3, or 5°C) for up to 14 d. The effect of winter severity on survivorship was then evaluated by exposing fish to simulated cold-front events of varying frequency and duration. Body size was incorporated as a factor into each set of experiments. Age 0 red drum were intolerant of even brief exposure to temperatures ≤3°C and experienced mortality after prolonged exposure to 5°C. Higher frequency of simulated cold-front events impacted survivorship more than longer-event duration, and recovery time between events improved survivorship. Size-dependent mortality was only evident for fish exposed to mild and moderate winter severity conditions, with larger fish surviving longer. For juvenile red drum, severe winters may cause high mortality independent of body size, whereas size-dependent year-class restructuring may occur during milder winters.
Emergence and spread of NDM-1 producer Enterobacteriaceae with contribution of IncX3 plasmids in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Sonnevend Agnes , Al Baloushi Amna , Ghazawi Akela , Hashmey Rayhan , Girgis Safinaz , Hamadeh Mohammed Baraa , Al Haj Mohammed , Pál Tibor
Published: April 2013

Among 28 clinically relevant, carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in 2009–2011 in the United Arab Emirates three Klebsiella pneumoniae, two Escherichia coli, one Enterobacter cloacae and one Citrobacter freundi were identified to produce NDM-1 carbapenemase. Unexpectedly, with the exception of a K. pneumoniae strain, sequence type ST11, originally acquired in India and subsequently spread nosocomially in the UAE, the majority of the strains could not be directly linked to foreign travel. All isolates harboured the bla
NDM-1 gene on plasmids of IncA/C, IncHI1b and IncX3 types, or were untypable. IncX3 type plasmids with a mass of 50 kb and with the same or highly similar restriction patterns, with regions flanking the bla
NDM-1 gene identical to the IncX3 NDM plasmids described from China were present in three different species, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and C. freundii. Our findings strongly support the assumptions that, beyond the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East is an important reservoir of NDM-producing organisms. Furthermore, we also provide evidence that IncX3 plasmids, recently implicated in the spread of bla
NDM-1 in China, have been widely distributed and are important vehicles of the inter-species spread of the NDM-1 gene.
Community forest management: Can the green economy contribute to environmental justice?
Authors: Barkin David , Fuente Mario
Published: April 2013

Policymakers face a dilemma in highly diverse societies with many ecosystems: how to implement national policies that allow for serious consideration of these differences. In connection with the attempts to advance towards sustainability in forest systems, Mexico is confronting this problem with difficulty. Although it has committed to implementing policies consistent with REDD+, there are competing pressures for supporting commercial development of plantations on the one hand, and community based management systems that involve multiple objectives in complex proposals on the other. We trace the implications for environmental justice of the choices being made by indigenous communities in the highlands of Oaxaca for promoting sustainable programmes that assure adequate living standards and environmental protection. The analysis shows that this alternative approach offers an interesting set of outcomes that the standard paradigm of the green economy has difficulty achieving.
24‐Hour Performance of Albumin Dialysis Assessed by a New Two‐Compartment In Vitro Model
Authors: Stiffel Melanie , Dammeier Nele , Schmidt Stephanie , Szyszkowitz Tina , Sikole Magdalena , Sieveking Catharina , Stange Jan
Published: April 2013

Extracorporeal albumin dialysis as a measure to remove water soluble and protein bound toxins simultaneously has been shown to improve complications of liver failure. However, recent research suggests that only treatments associated with a measurable improvement of patient's albumin binding function by effective removal of albumin bound toxins leads to better survival. The aim of the present work was to develop a test platform for upcoming devices to evaluate long term effectiveness on toxin removal and improvement of patients' albumin binding capacity. The classical one compartment model consisting of a closed pool of toxin spiked plasma was combined with continuous infusion of water soluble and protein bound toxins mimicking physiological rebound rates reflected in the literature. The model was used to demonstrate the effect of stabilizer contamination of dialysate albumin on toxin clearance and albumin binding function. In comparison to the classical one compartment model, the two compartment model allows for long term effectiveness tests of liver assist devices not only for strongly albumin‐bound, but also water‐soluble molecules. The limitations of commercial albumin overloaded with caprylate ligands (5:1 molar ratio) were demonstrated by presenting a significant improvement of albumin binding function using 80 g deligandized albumin compared to no significant improvement using the standard 120 g albumin as dialysate. The new two compartment model allows for pre‐clinical evaluation of new upcoming devices aiming for improvement of patients' albumin binding function as a measure for clinically meaningful extracorporeal detoxification of albumin‐bound toxins.
Stress among parents of infants with neural tube defect and its associated factors
Authors: Al‐Akour Nemeh Ahmad , Khader Yusef Saleh , Hamlan Adlah
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess the stress among parents (either the mother or the father) of infants with neural tube defects (NTDs) and its associated factors. Using Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI‐SF), 100 parents of infants with NTDs were compared with 100 parents as a normative group. The total mean score for parents of infants with NTDs was 104.0 (standard deviation (SD) = 22.9) compared with 84.3 (SD = 18.9) for parents of infants without NTDs. Fifty‐three (53.5%) parents of infants with NTDs and 15% of the control group had clinically significant high total stress score. Parents of infants with NTDs had a significantly higher score of distress in all scales of PSI‐SF compared with those of infants without NTDs. Multivariate analysis found that mothers of infants with NTDs had a significantly higher average score for parental distress, parent–child dysfunctional interaction and total stress than fathers. Parents' lower education, unemployed parents and lower family income per month were significantly associated with increased parent–child dysfunctional interaction and parental distress. Parents with lower education and lower family income are in need for psychological and emotional support from health‐care professionals.