bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of intestinal eosinophilia duringHymenolepis nanainfection in mice
Authors: Niwa A. , Miyazato T.
Published: June 2009

The ability ofHymenolepis nanaoncosphere extract to induce eosinophil chemotactic response was examinedin vitroandin vivo. The extract showed a chemotactic activity specific for eosinophils but not for neutrophils. Partially purified eosinophil chemotactic factors (ECFs) from the oncosphere extract showed apparent molecular mass from 5.5 to 9.6kDa and 30 to 40kDa. These were resistant to heating and proteinase K digestion but sensitive to periodate oxidation. Peritoneal injection of the crude extract or partially purified ECFs to mice resulted in a preferential eosinophil infiltration. The chemotactic activity for eosinophils was not separable from the adhesion molecule expression or oxygen radical-inducing activity by means of chromatography or chemical treatments. Furthermore, histological examination demonstrated a marked tissue eosinophilia aroundH. nanalarvae in the intestinal lamina propria of both humoral and cell-mediated immunodeficiency mice. The present findings suggest thatH. nanaoncosphere-derived molecules facilitatein vivothe intestinal eosinophilia during the infection.
Effects of the anthelmintics clorsulon, rafoxanide, mebendazole and arprinocid on Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice
Authors: Maurer K. , Decere M. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Female ICR mice, 5 to 6 weeks old, were exposed by stomach tube to 25 metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni per mouse. At 14 days post-exposure, mice were fed by stomach tube clorsulon (1000 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) or rafoxanide (50 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) carrier and mebendazole (1000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) or arprinocid (100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) suspended in a 2:1 polyethylene glycol (PEG)/DMSO carrier. All drugs were obtained from Merck Inc. (Rahway, New Jersey, USA) and only single dose regimes were used. Experimentally infected mice that served as controls received either DMSO or 2:1 PEG/DMSO carriers or were not given the carrier. Mice were necropsied 15, 16, 18 and 20 days post-exposure to worms. Doses of 100 mg/kg of clorsulon and 50 mg/kg of rafoxanide were 100% effective in eliminating the echinostomes on day 1 post-administration of the anthelmintics. Mebendazole and arprinocid were ineffective in eliminating worms at 1 or 2 days post drug administration.
Morphometric variability of Schistosoma intercalatum eggs: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Almeda J. , Ascaso C. , Marçal G. A. , Corachan M. , Southgate V. R. , Rollinson D.
Published: June 2009

Variability of Schistosoma intercalatum eggs in shape and size, and their similarity to those of S. haematobium presented a problem of species identification when egg morphology was the diagnostic criterion used in a study of human schistosomiasis conducted on São Tomé and Principe. More than 2500 egg measurements were obtained by light micoscopy to gather data relating to size variability of S. intercalatum eggs, to evaluate whether factors such as age of host, sex of host and intensity of infection are correlated with variability, and the data were compared with previously published measurements on different isolates and strains of S. intercalatum: the range in length (104–203 μm) embraces most of the measurements reported in other studies of S. intercalatum eggs. There was no correlation either between age and sex of the host, or intensity of infection with variability of egg size. Comparison between measurements of the eggs of S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and S. bovis eggs are presented.
Benedeniine capsalid monogeneans from Australian fishes: pathogenic species, site-specificity and camouflage
Authors: Whittington I.D.
Published: June 2009

There are about 70 species of capsalid monogeneans in the Benedeniinae worldwide but only about half are described from the diverse fish fauna in the Pacific Ocean. Up to 1992, only five species of benedeniines were known from Australia. Two potentially destructive species of benedeniines, Benedenia seriolae from Seriola lalandi and B. sciaenae from Argyrosomus hololepidotus from temperate Australian waters, are new host and geographic records for these monogeneans. A survey of some fishes from the Great Barrier Reef has revealed at least 15 undescribed species of benedeniines in addition to three species which have been described recently (B. lutjani, B. rohdei and Metabenedeniella parva). The few previous records for benedeniines from Australian fishes are probably the result of three factors. First, there have been relatively few careful studies of the external surfaces of fishes from Australia for monogeneans. Second, some benedeniines display a previously unsuspected specificity for particular external microhabitats on their hosts such as specific fins or sites previously unrecognized as microhabitats for monogeneans on the head of some species of fishes such as lip folds and branchiostegal membranes. Third, some benedeniines on the flanks and fins of some fish are extremely difficult to see because they are transparent and/or possess pigment spots throughout the body. Sometimes, benedeniines from colourful species of reef fish bear bright colours in their bodies. It is highly likely that these features serve as camouflage to conceal the parasites from predators such as cleaner organisms.
An improved test system for PCR-based specific detection ofEchinococcus multiloculariseggs
Authors: Mathis A. , Deplazes P. , Eckert J.
Published: June 2009

For the sensitive detection of eggs ofEchinococcus multilocularisin fox faeces by PCR we have evaluated a method based on the previous concentration of helminth eggs by a combination of sequential sieving of faecal samples and flotation of the eggs in zinc chloride solution. The eggs were microscopically detected in the fractions retained in 40 and 20µm mesh sieves. DNA of the taeniid eggs retained in the 20 µm sieve was obtained after alkaline lysis and PCR was performed usingE. multilocularisspecies-specific primers. Compared to the parasitological findings after examination of the small intestines of the foxes, the specificity of the PCR was 100% (no false-positive result with 20 foxes free ofE. multilocularis) and the sensitivity was 94% (33 positive results from total 35 foxes proven to be infected withE. multilocularis). Both false-negative results were obtained with faeces from foxes harbouring immature worms. Using faecal volumes between 2 and 20 ml, no inhibition of PCR was observed as was demonstrated by the amplification of size-modified target in parallel reactions. The tests were undertaken with fresh faeces stored in 70% ethanol, but egg detection by PCR was also possible after inactivation of eggs by freezing the faeces at −80°C for one week or by incubation at +70°C for 2 h.
Variations inSchistosoma mattheeiegg morphology and viability according to age of infection in cattle
Authors: De Bont J. , Vercruysse J. , Massuku M.
Published: June 2009

Comparison of the numbers ofSchistosoma mattheeieggs and miracidia per gram faeces in groups of naturally infected calves, heifers and adult cows showed that the reduction in faecal egg excretion recorded as infection progresses is associated with a decline in the ability of eggs to hatch. While 50% of the eggs from calves produced a miracidium, only 15% of those excreted from adult cows did the same. The decline in egg viability is at least partly associated with morphological changes of the eggs. About twice as many smaller and vacuolated eggs were found in the faeces of heifers and adult cows (33.8%) as compared to animals in early infection (16.1%).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot analysis and RAST fluoroimmunoassay analysis of serum responses against crude larval antigens of Anisakis simplex in a Spanish random population
Authors: García-Palacios L. , González M.L. , Esteban M.I. , Mirabent E. , Perteguer M.J. , Cuéllar C.
Published: June 2009

The results obtained in a study of seroprevalence by means of ELISA and immunoblot with crude larval extracts of Anisakis simplex using 1008 human sera from Spanish people showing no clinical suspicion of anisakidosis are given. For the evaluation of the results obtained by ELISA the Diagnostic Index (DI) was used, as the ratio between the optical density resulting from the test serum and the optical density of the negative control. Forty-seven sera showed DIs between 1.5 and 2, and 14 sera were greater than 2. After comparison of the immunoblot analysis with the immunorecognition pattern of a human anisakidosis reference serum, a diagnostic criterion could be established for those sera that, at a 1/100 dilution, showed a DI by ELISA greater than 1.5. Seven of 14 selected sera with DIs in ELISA higher than 1.3 showed anti-Anisakis specific IgE antibodies by RAST fluoroimmunoassay.
The recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes from selected areas within Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mason J.M. , Razak A.R. , Wright D.J.
Published: June 2009

Soil sampling was conducted within Peninsular Malaysia with the aim of recovering entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Extensive sampling was performed in the Cameron Highlands, which are climatically distinct from the lowlands, and characterized by lower temperature and humidity. The major areas sampled in the lowlands were at the campus of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (orchards and plantations), Puchong (secondary rainforest) and along the east coast of the country. Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered using the Galleria mellonella baiting method. Nematodes were recovered from 10% of the 425 samples assayed. Identifications, using a PCR method, revealed that the 21 identified steinernematids belonged to two different genetic types and that four out of the five heterorhabditids were Heterorhabditis indicus, the remaining heterorhabditid being a new species. The nematodes are currently being screened to evaluate their biocontrol potential for use in Malaysia against foliage-feeding lepidopteran pests of crucifers.
Antibody responses against Echinococcus multilocularis antigens in naturally infected Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Ito A. , Okamoto M. , Kariwa H. , Ishiguro T. , Hashimoto A. , Nakao M.
Published: June 2009

Two Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus, were found to be naturally infected with Echinococcus multilocularis in Japan. One of them was simultaneously infected with at least three different sized metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis. These two R. norvegicus rats and another R. norvegicus naturally infected with T. taeniaeformis and Capillaria hepatica were examined to see if they showed any antibody responses against these two cestode parasites with the view to obtaining more information on the importance of rats as the intermediate host for E. multilocularis. These R. norvegicus showed very poor antibody responses against the two cestode species, although the Wistar rats, R. rattus, experimentally infected with a single smaller sized metacestode of T. taeniaeformis showed stronger responses not only against T. taeniaeformis but also against E. multilocularis. Therefore the three R. norvegicus naturally infected with E. multilocularis and/or T. taeniaeformis demonstrated virtually no immune response, at least against these cestodes.
Detection of gastrointestinal helminth infections using coproantigen and molecular diagnostic approaches
Authors: Fraser A. , Craig P.S.
Published: June 2009

Intestinal helminth parasites are responsible for a significant amount of pathology in both humans and farmed animals, resulting in a reduction in the quality of life, and occasionally lethal infection as well as causing decreases in livestock productivity. The importance of these parasites globally has resulted in efforts to understand the mechanisms of the host–parasite interaction epidemiology, and to develop methods for diagnosis and control.
The measurement of immunological stress in nematodes
Authors: Nowell M. , Wardlaw A. , de Pomerai D. , Pritchard D.
Published: June 2009

No article involving the nematode cuticle can ignore the work of Donald Lee. Since the publication of his book Physiology of nematodes (Lee, 1965), he has provided us with an extensive knowledge of the structure, composition, maintenance and growth of a variety of nematode cuticles and has undoubtedly contributed a great deal to our understanding of this unique and diverse structure.
The effect of cadmium on the immune behaviour of guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis
Authors: Borošková Z. , Dvorožňáková E.
Published: June 2009

The subchronic effect of cadmium on selected immunological parameters was studied in guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis. Cadmium chloride given orally for 28 days caused a considerable suppression of T- and B- cells in the lymphoid organs of intoxicated animals, of the metabolic activity of their peritoneal macrophages and a moderate decline in the level of complement CH50 and AH50 from day 1 to day 28 of the experiment, in comparison with the initial value. After a subsequent infection of the subchronically intoxicated guinea pigs the values for both the cell populations and the macrophage metabolic activity remained considerably suppressed, compared with infected control animals. The phagocytic and metabolic activity of macrophages as well as the CH50 and AH50 level, however, increased conspicuously for a short time after application of heavy metal and after infection but it did not reach the level of the infected group. The level of specific circulating antibodies was not affected by intoxication. Compared with the controls, the mean intensity of infection with Ascaris larvae migrating in the lungs of intoxicated animals increased by 20%. The results have established the negative effect of cadmium on the immunological parameters of the cellular immunity and humoral immunity studied and the impairment of the organism's response to the antigenic stimulus after an A. suum infection.
Comparison of human and murine isolates of Schistosoma mansoni from Richard-Toll, Senegal, by isoelectric focusing
Authors: Sène M. , Brémond P. , Hervé J.P. , Southgate V.R. , Sellin B. , Marchand B. , Duplantier J.M.
Published: June 2009

Studies on human and murine isolates of Schistosoma mansoni, from Richard-Toll, Senegal, were carried out by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Seven enzyme systems; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), acid phosphatase (AcP), hexokinase (HK), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), were used to compare the two isolates. All systems tested, apart from LDH, were found to be polymorphic for both isolates. Interestingly, one phenotype is more frequent than the remainder. The results show that there is no significant genetic variation between the S. mansoni isolates from man and the rodents, Arvicanthis niloticus and Mastomys huberti.
Sex and the dynamics of infection in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae
Authors: Bohan D.A. , Hominick W.M.
Published: June 2009

An infection experiment was conducted to assess the change in the proportions of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Site 76 strain) infective juveniles becoming male or female on exposure to the test host Galleria mellonella L. Using a mathematical model for the infection interaction, the per capita probability of penetration per unit time (transmission coefficient), for those juveniles becoming male or female, and the magnitude of the male and female classes in the infective juvenile pool were estimated. The results show that S. feltiae infective juveniles which subsequently become female have a greater probability of invasion into test hosts than their male counterparts, which leads to markedly female biased sex ratios during the initial stages of the infection interaction. As the infection progresses, however, it was found that the sex ratio became balanced. This was because the underlying sex ratio in the infective stage pool was balanced. The implications of this dynamism in the sex ratio of the entomopathogenic nematodes are discussed with respect to the infection interaction, transmission and the likely environment in which the infective juveniles reside.
Life-cycle of Bothriocephalus claviceps, a specific parasite of eels
Authors: Scholz T.
Published: June 2009

The life-cycle of the tapeworm Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), a specific parasite of eels (Anguilla spp.), was studied under experimental conditions. It was demonstrated that the parasite completed its development within 4 months at the temperature range of 22–24°C. Embryonic development was finished in 2 days at this temperature, when coracidia spontaneously hatched. The rate of their development was controlled by water temperature, with delayed formation of coracidia at lower temperatures (8 days at 10–12°C). At 2–4 and 6°C, development did not take place but the eggs remained viable; at 33°C the eggs died. The procercoids developed in copepods of the species Macrocyclops albidus, M.fuscus, Megacyclops viridis, Cyclops strenuus, C. vicinus and Acanthocyclops vernalis (Copepoda: Cyclopidae); their development was finished after 8–12 days at 22–24°C. The definitive hosts, eels, acquired infection after ingestion of infected copepods; the prepatent period of the parasite was more than three months. Perch (Perca fluviatilis) and guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were shown to serve as paratenic hosts of the parasite; in guppies, the tapeworms survived up to 14 days after exposure and they developed similarly to tapeworms in the definitive host.
Molecular evidence for the synonymy of three species of Paragonimus, P. Ohirai Miyazaki, 1939, P. iloktsuenensis Chen, 1940 and P. sadoensis Miyazaki et al., 1968
Authors: Blair D. , Agatsuma T. , Watanobe T.
Published: June 2009

The Paragonimus ohirai group, named after P. ohirai Miyazaki, 1939, consists of three nominal species. Paragonimus iloktsuenensis Chen, 1940 and P. sadoensis Miyazaki et al., 1968, the other members of the group, were proposed primarily because of perceived differences in metacercarial morphology and/or host preferences. It has long been recognized that adults of the three were virtually indistinguishable. With the application of genetic techniques, it has become clear that the three forms can exchange genes freely, and that differences in metacercarial morphology constitute a polymorphism probably due to a single gene inherited in Mendelian fashion. Here, additional genetic data (DNA sequences from the second internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal gene cluster and from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) are presented in support of the synonymy.
Resistance of chlamydospores of nematophagous fungi to the digestive processes of sheep in Mexico
Authors: Llerandi-Juárez R.D. , Mendoza-de Gives P.
Published: June 2009

Following oral administration to sheep, chlamydospores of a Mexican isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans (FTHO-8) survived passage through the digestive tract and subsequently grew on corn meal agar plates. The fungus was able to catch and destroy free-living nematodes and third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus added to these plates. Chlamydospores of Arthrobotrys sp. showed a poor resistance to the digestive processes of sheep, although conidia of A. superba survived following oral inoculation in one of two animals.
Ultrastructure of the buccal capsule of the equine nematode Strongylus vulgaris with special reference to the dorsal gutter
Authors: Mobarak M.S. , Ryan M.F.
Published: June 2009

Early studies by light microscopy provided preliminary data on the fine structure of Strongylus vulgaris (Looss 1900). The present study employed transmission electron microscopy to investigate particular structures in the buccal capsule especially the dorsal gutter (DG) and teeth. The DG is a tube containing the terminal duct of the dorsal oesophageal gland (DOG) surrounded by two concentric canals. Putative pores indicated in the wall of the DG seen in other studies are revealed as honey-combed, fibrous, structures on each side of the ventral lamella. This lamella is formed by the wall of the DG internal canal running the length of the DG. Secretions of the DG canals are released through the dorsal gutter duct (DGD) which passes through the teeth bases at the base of the buccal capsule. Teeth have a vesicular cytoplasmic core containing various organelles.
A novel method for the recovery of Toxocara canis in mice
Authors: Xi Wang Guang , Jin Luo Zhong
Published: June 2009

Acid-isolating and acid digestion techniques were used to recover the larvae of T. canis from the tissues of mice and the acid-isolating technique in particular proved to be an effective method.
The use of video-imaging to assesss the sub-lethal impact of plant secondary compounds onSchistosoma mansonimiracidia
Authors: Lyddiard J.R.A. , Bartlett A. , Gray B. , Whitfield P.J.
Published: June 2009

The study describes methods developed for using video-imaging technology to record and measure the velocity ofSchistosoma mansonimiracidia. The efficacy of the classical bioassay procedure (a qualitative behavioural assay) was compared with that of the new quantitative protocol, for assessing the sub-lethal impact of a larvicidal dichloromethane extract of the seeds ofMillettia thonningiion miracidia. The new technique confirmed the efficacy of the classical bioassay for rapid determination of the lethal and sub-lethal impact of larvicides but also provided quantitative information on sub-lethal impacts on miracidial velocity and shape.
Intestinal helminth communities in the green lizard, Lacerta viridis, from Bulgaria
Authors: Biserkov V. , Kostadinova A.
Published: June 2009

A data set comprising individual host/parasite lists from 100 Lacerta viridis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) belonging to four isolated populations in Bulgaria was studied. A total of seven helminth species was recovered (Leptophallus nigrovenosus, Plagiorchis molini, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Spauligodon extenuatus, Skrjabinelazia hoffmanni, Physaloptera clausa and Mesocestoides sp.). Lacerta viridis is a new host record for the first five of these species. Communities of intestinal helminths of L. viridis consist of a few species which resulted in a low species richness, abundance and diversity of infracommunities, which exhibit substantial homogeneity among the four samples. A similar pattern of dominance of two nematode species leading to a relatively high community similarity at both infra- and component community levels was observed. While intestinal helminth communities in lizards from ‘marginal’ habitats were dominated by the host generalist, O. filiformis, those in hosts from ‘typical’ habitats were dominated by the lizard specialist S. extenuatus. The results indicate that the characteristics of the host's habitat are important in determining the composition rather than structure of intestinal helminth communities in L. viridis.
Composition and diversity of helminth communities in eels Anguilla anguilla in the River Tiber: long-term changes and comparison with insular Europe
Authors: Kennedy C.R. , Berrilli F. , Cave D. Di , Liberato C. De , Orecchia P.
Published: June 2009

Most studies of helminth communities in the European eel Anguilla anguilla have been undertaken in the British Isles, and there are very few analyses of community composition and structure from continental Europe. To fill this gap and test the hypothesis that helminth communities in freshwater eels in the British Isles are not typical of those of continental Europe, helminth communities of eels in the River Tiber below Rome were analysed by season using data collected in 1980 and new data from 1996. The intestinal helminth communities in the Tiber eels were species poor and characterized by low diversity. Most eels harboured one or no parasite species and communities were heavily dominated by the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula. Intestinal helminth infra-community richness and diversity did not differ between seasons within a year or between the same seasons in 1980 and 1996, although some changes in composition were apparent. Intestinal infracommunities from Tiber eels were very similar in characteristics to those analysed from the British Isles, and their temporal changes also showed close similarities to those reported from rivers in the UK. It seems likely therefore that conclusions derived from British studies can be applied to helminth communities of eels on the continent.
The effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the half-life and longevity of Echinostoma caproni miracidia
Authors: Ford D.M. , Nollen P.M. , Romano M.A.
Published: June 2009

Miracidia of Echinostoma caproni were exposed to solutions varying in salinity, pH, and temperature in 1 ml concavity slides. Half-lives of the miracidial populations were determined and longevity curves constructed to find maximum life spans of the miracidia in the different conditions. Control miracidia in aquarium water at pH 7.2 and 22°C. had a half-life of 3.6 h and a maximum life span of 9 h. Miracidia of E. caproni were not very tolerant of saline solutions from 0.1% to 0.4%, the latter being lethal within an hour. A bimodal effect was found with exposure to aquarium water of varying pH, with a peak at pH 5 in acid solutions and pH 9 in alkaline solutions. Miracidia tolerated pH ranges from 3 to 11 exhibiting half-lives of 2.4 h or greater in these solutions. At lower than ambient temperatures, E. caproni miracidia lived longer, the greatest being a half-life of 5.0 h and a maximum life span of 15h at 5°C. At warmer temperatures, the half-life was reduced until lethality was reached at 40°C. ANCOVA analysis of log transformed longevity curves supported the observation that in pH trials many miracidia survived initially with a major die-off after 3.3 h. The opposite trend of early die-off and gradual mortality of the survivors was supported in the temperature trials.
Populations of Acanthocephalus anguillae and Pomphorhynchus laevis in rivers with different pollution levels
Authors: Galli P. , Mariniello L. , Crosa G. , Ortis M. , Occhipinti Ambrogi A. , D'Amelio S.
Published: June 2009

The distribution of two acanthocephalan species (Pomphorhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus anguillae) in the chub (Leuciscus cephalus) was studied in foriver reaches characterized by different levels of pollution: the River Ticino ne Abbiategrasso (unpolluted), the Naviglio Grande Canal, in Milano (slightly polluted), the River Lambro near Merone village (polluted) and the Riv Lambro near Monza (severely polluted).

Pomphorhynchus laevis was restricted to the unpolluted and the slight polluted sites, while the intensity of A. anguillae increased proportionally water pollution. These differences were partially explained by the variation in abundance of their intermediate hosts (Echinogammarus stammeri for P. lavis and Asellus aquaticus for A. anguillae). Data on the occurrence of P. laevis at A. anguillae showed a significant negative binomial frequency distributic suggesting their tendency to be aggregated within the host populations L. cephalus.
Über eine unsegmentierte, eingeschlechtliche Taenia saginata
Authors: Vogel Von H.
Published: June 2009

Bildungsanomalien verschiedener Art kommen bei Cestoden relativ häung vor. Wiederholt wurden dreikantige Taenien mit Y-förmigem Querschnitt und einem Scolex mit 6 Saugnäpfen beschrieben, Zwischenschaltung unvollständiger keilförmiger Glieder, gefensterte Proglottiden, gegabelte Gliederketten und Umkehrung oder Verdopplung des Genitalapparates. Eine weitere Missbildung besteht darin, dass Glieder miteinander verschmolzen sind, so dass auf mehr oder weniger langer Strecke Gliedergrenzen zwischen den aufeinanderfolgenden Genitalsätzen fehlen. Diese Anomalie wurde von Colin (1875) als “Taenia fusa” oder “T. continua” bezeichnet. In den meisten veröffentlichten Fällen dieser Art war das Fehlen der Segmentation auf einzelne Stücke eines sonst normal gegliederten Wurmkörpers beschränkt. Hierher gehören z.B. folgende bei Taenia-Arten des Menschen beobachtete Fälle: ein Sammlungs-exemplar von 1830 des Royal College of Surgeons in London, das Blanchard (1894) beschrieb und abbildete, die Fälle von Colin (1875), Vallin (1877), Welch (zit. n. Blanchard 1889), Bork (1891) und eine Eigenbeobachtung von Blanchard (1894). Auch bei dem Hundebandwurm Taenia pisiformis sind entsprechende Miss-bildungen von Teilen der Strobila beschrieben worden (Neumann, 1896, Roudabush, 1941).
Immunity toTrichinella spiralisIII. The longevity of the intestinal phase of the infection in mice
Authors: Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

It was found that with high level infections ofTrichinella spiralisself-cure in immune mice occurs only slightly earlier than in normal mice. With low level infections self-cure is much earlier. In the host parasite combination studied the majority of the adult worms were found in the posterior part of the small intestine and no migration along the intestine was found. It is postulated that as migration is of such a variable occurrence it is not a necessary accompaniment to self-cure inT. spiralisinfections. Where an early self-cure occurs it is obviously an important component of the immunity complex but other components such as reduced fecundity are equally important in limiting larval invasion of the muscles of immune mice.
Thelandros (Parapharyngodon) tyche sp. n. (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) and Abbreviata adonisi sp. n. (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) from the Lizard Agama stellio in Lebanon
Authors: Sulahian Annie , Schacher John F.
Published: June 2009

Thelandros (Parapharyngodon) tyche sp. n. (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) is described from the caecum of the lizard, Agama stellio in Lebanon. It differs from the closest known species by the length of its spicule and the size of the eggs.

Abbreviata adonisi sp. n. (Physalopteroidea : Physalopteridae) is described from the stomach of the same species of lizard. It differs from the closest related species by the length of its oesophagus and the number and disposition of genital papillae.
A preliminary note on the second intermediate host of Heterophyes in Egypt
Authors: Khalil M.
Published: June 2009

Japanese observers have found the encysted cercarire of Heterophyesnocens in the Japanese mullet which belongs to the genus Mugil. In Egypt, Heterophyes heterophyes is a fairly common parasite of man, dog and cat. The genus Mugil “Egyptian mullet” is represented in Egypt by three species.
Some Nematode Parasites found in Chinese Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis), with a Description ofTrichostrongylus cervariusn. sp.
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

The helminthic fauna of a number of Water Deer,Hydropoles inermisfrom Whipsnade Park has been examined.

Fourteen species of Nematodes were recovered, all of which were new records for this host.

Ostertagia lyrataandO. grühneriare recorded for the first time in England.

Trichostrongylus cervariusn. sp is described.
Studies on Three New Genera and some Little-Known Species of the Nematode Family Protostrongylidæ Leiper, 1926
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

The classification of the nematodes occurring in the lungs (and related forms) of land mammals has always been one of considerable difficulty, in large part because of the existing very inadequate descriptions of many of the commoner forms. Most systematic helminthologists have followed and amplified the classification adopted by Railliet and Henry in 1907, a system which divided these nematodes into three main groups — those found in the blood-stream (Hæmostrongylus); those found in the larger bronchi (Dictyocaulus, Metastrongylus and Crenosoma); and those found in the minute bronchi and alveoli (Synthetocaulus). While the first two groups contain four well-defined zoological species, an examination of the forms included in the genus Synthetocaulus shews that it consists of a heterogeneous collection of species, which, although possessing a common habitat, are by no means so closely related as has been supposed, and, indeed, belong to several different genera.
A New Modification of the McMaster Slide for Use in Potato-root Eelworm Investigations
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

The original McMaster slide (Gordon and Whitlock, 1939) has been extensively used for investigations involving dilution counts on helminth ova in faeces. In view of the simplicity inherent in its design and use, attempts have been made to utilize it for obtaining estimates of the viable egg contents of cysts of Heierodera rostochiensis, the use of a modified McMaster slide for this purpose being described by Fenwick (1942). Fenwick's slide differed from the original in that the counting area was marked on the floor of the counting chamber instead of its roof; this modification resulted from the use of water as a diluent instead of semi-saturated brine as used in faecal examinations. The capacity of the original McMaster slide (0·15 ml.) was, however, found to be too small to give a reasonably large count from a batch of 100 cysts unless the degree of dilution was so small that efficient agitation before the withdrawal of a sample for counting was difficult.
Common Vetch, Vicia sativa L., as a Host of the Oat Strain of Stem Eelworm Ditylenchus dipsci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936.
Authors: Staniland L. N. , Southey J.F.
Published: June 2009

During March, 1950, the writers visited a 15-acre field of mixed oats and vetches near Lechlade, Gloucestershire, because it was reported that the crop was patchy and that both oats and vetches were diseased. Inspection of the field revealed typical “tulip-root” symptoms in the oats, while many of the vetches were severely dwarfed and showed browning of the lower parts of the stems. Subsequent examination of plants in the laboratory showed the presence of large numbers of Ditylenchus dipsaci in the oats and a rather lighter infestation in the vetches; in the latter the eelworms seemed to be associated particularly with the necrotic tissues in the lower parts of the stems. It may also be mentioned that young docks, probably Rumex crispus L., from the same field were found to contain D.dipsaci.
The Emergence of the Cercariae of Fasciola hepatica from the Snail Limnaea truncatula.
Authors: Kendall S.B. , McCullough F.S.
Published: June 2009

1. Observations on Fasciola hepatica in Limnaea truncatula under laboratory conditions showed that the cercariae did not emerge at temperatures below 9°C. Above 9°C. emergence proceeded indiscriminately up to the limit of experimental observation (26°C).

2. Experience showed that emergence occurred in the light or in darkness while changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the water containing the snails (within the range 5.5 to 8.5) had no effect on emergence. There was some evidence that an increase of carbondioxide in the water slowed but did not inhibit emergence but depletion of oxygen had no apparent effect.

3. In the laboratory, emergence could be induced by removing snails from dry habitats and immersing them in water or by removing snails from watery habitats and placing them in fresh water. We were unable to determine the exact physical.or chemical factors acting as a stimulus under such conditions.
A Redescription of Pulmostrongylus herpestis (S. Khera, 1956) n. comb, from the Lung of a Mongoose, Herpestes sp., from Suva, Fiji
Authors: Sheng-Liang Yeh
Published: June 2009

A brief redescription is given of Pulmostrongylus herpestis (Khera, 1956) recovered from the pleural cavity of a mongoose, Herpestes sp. from Suva, Fiji. The genus Herpestostrongylns Khera, 1956 is shown to be untenable and placed as a synonym of Puhnostrongylus Hsu, 1935. The genus Acanthoxynema Khera, 1956 is shown to be a synonym of Skrjabinema Vereshchagin, 1926; and the genus Papillosclerus Khera, 1956, a synonym of Metathelazia Skinker, 1931. and its subfamily Osleriinae Khera, 1956 is supressed.
The Conduct of Hatching Tests on Cysts of the Potato-root EelwormHeterodera rostochiensis(Woll.)
Authors: Fenwick D. W. , Widdowson Elizabeth
Published: June 2009

The general principles underlying the conduct of hatching tests are described. Methods for collection of material, and for its preliminary assay are described; the information gained in this way is then used in designing hatching tests. The interpretation of the data resulting from such tests is described and limits are set between which interpretation is possible.
On Some Trematodes from the Manicou, Didelphis marsupialis insularis (Allen) from the West Indies
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: June 2009

Three new records are made, viz: Achillurbainia recondita Travassos, 1942; Metadelphis evandroi Travassos, 1944; Rhopalias coronatus (Rudolphi, 1819) Stiles and Hassall, 1898; all are recorded from the manicou, Didelphis marsupialis insularis (Allen) from Trinidad, British West Indies. Descriptions of all these species are given.
On a New Protogynous Cestode with Remarks on Certain Species of the Genus Progynotaenia Fuhrmann, 1909
Authors: Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

Protogynous cestodes are mostly parasites of charadriiform birds and have been reported from different regions of the world. In India Progynotaenia odhneri Nybelin, 1914 has been reported by two authors (Singh, 1952 and Singh, 1959) in the form of two separate and new species (see Discussion). The present communication is based upon a study of about two dozen specimens from an unidentified host shot in the vicinity of Bareilly, U.P. The present material, which was found to represent a new species of Progynotaenia Fuhrmann, 1909, possesses a remarkable feature in the disposition of the rostellar armature which is quite unlike that in any protogynous form so far described.
A Revision of the Genus Philometra Costa, 1845
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya
Published: June 2009

1. Characters of taxonomic value in the family Philometridae are discussed; the important structures taken into account are the cuticle, cephalic papillae, oesophagus and the tail of the parasite.

2. Two new species of Philometra are described and Ph. lateolabracis Yamguti, 1935 is redescribed from new fishes of the Arabian Sea.

3. Two new subgenera have been made under the genus Philometra and named as Ranjhinema and Alinetna.

4. Philomeiroides piedropliies (Johnston and Mawson, 1940) and Ph. anguillac (Ishii, 1916) are redescribed.

5. Buckleyella and Thwaitia are described as new genera, the diagnosis being based on the structure of the cuticle, cephalic papillae and the tail.

6. A key to the genera of Philometridae is provided with the diagnosis of each genus and subgenus. Some of the species formerly described under Philometra are provisionally transferred to other genera of this family.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. II. The Use of the Conglutinating Complement Absorption Test for the Demonstration of Ascaris Antibody
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: June 2009

The technique of the conglutinating complement absorption test, which has been used to detect antibody in pigs infected with Ascaris, and the method employed for rendering pig serum suitable for use in this test, have been described.

Antibodies against Ascaris can be detected by the use of the following antigens: (1) An alcoholic extract of ovaries, oviducts and uteri of the female adult Ascaris. (2) Boiled and unboiled saline extracts of whole worm. (3) Polysaccharide fraction of whole worm.

On an examination of antisera from pigs infected with Oesophagostomum dentatiim, no cross-reaction between Oesophagostomum and A. sttum was observed using a saline extract of whole Ascaris worm as antigen.
Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945 (Nematoda) from the Black Swan
Authors: Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

1. Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945 is described from the small intestine of the Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) for the first time.

2. The description of C. obsignata from the Black Swan is compared with the descriptions of C. anseris Madsen, 1945, C. droummondi Travassos, 1915 and C. obsignata from the domestic fowl, and it is concluded that C. anseris and C. droummondi are synonyms of C. obsignata.

3. Capillaria anatis and Trichostrongylus tennis are recorded from the Black Swan as new host records.
A Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Trichinella spiralis Strains from Poland and Kenya
Authors: Kozar Zbigniew , Kozar Maria
Published: June 2009

1. A lower pathogenicity of the Kenya strain of T. spiralis was substantiated in mice as compared with our laboratory strain; infection with a dose of 2,000 larvae from the laboratory strain resulted in the death of all the animals, whereas 7 out of 10 and 6 out of 20 mice infected with the Kenya strain survived.

2. The reason for the lower pathogenicity of the Kenya strain is related to its weaker infectivity; after the infection with 200 larvae of the Kenya strain the number of muscle larvae produced was half (on average 17,595 larvae) that of the laboratory strain (average 32,792 larvae).
The Form of the Larval Hooks as a Means of Separating Species of Diphyllobothrium
Authors: Fraser Phyllis G.
Published: June 2009

A study has been made of the form of the larval hooks in the coracidium and procercoid stages of Diphyllobothrium medium, D. ditremum and D. dendriticum obtained from four sources in Great Britain. It has been found that the form of the larval hooks is constant, and that hook types are related to different species. It is concluded that the hooks provide a sound basis for specific identification.
A New Furcocercaria,Cercaria roathensis, from British Freshwaters
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

Most of our knowledge concerning the larval stages of the Strigeida is based on the studies of Canadian, American and European workers. One of the earliest descriptions of furcocercariae from British freshwaters was by Brown (1926, 1931) who recorded six new species from Cheshire. Later, Harper (1929) described three species and Hesse (1923) one un-named species, all from Scotland. During this period Matheson (1930) recorded the presence ofCercaria pseiidocellataSzidat, 1942 in an artificial lake at Roath Park, Cardiff, after reports of dermatitis from bathers. In 1932 Rees, during a general survey of Glamorgan, recorded an additional two species from the lake. These furcocercarial species wereCercariaX Baylis, 1930 andC. macrosomawhich had been previously described by Brown in 1926.
A Convenient Modification of the Dilution Hatching Trial for the Potato-root Eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber
Authors: Ellenby C. , Gilbert A. B.
Published: June 2009

The number of cysts used for each replicate in a dilution hatching trial may be reduced to 10. Log. total hatch is used, instead of total hatch itself, and the mean for each dilution determined from the log. values; the logs, of these means, plotted against dilution in the usual way, gives a straight line as in the original Fenwick technique. Reduction of the number of cysts permits the use of commercially available utensils to form an easily handled set-up.
The Dimorphism of Polystoma integerrimutn (Frolich) Rudolphi and Its Bearing on Relationships within the Polystomatidae : Part I
Authors: Williams Joan B.
Published: June 2009

Since the careful pioneer work of Zeller (1872, 1876), Polystoma integerrimutn has drawn the attention of a number of workers, and this species is probably the best known of the Monogenetic trematodes. However, certain important inconsistencies have arisen in the literature on Polystoma integerrimum and related forms, particularly in the description of the genital system; in view of this a reinvestigation of the anatomy of this species was undertaken.
The Nematodes Parasitic in the Gizzard of Birds: A Study in Morphological Convergence
Authors: Inglis William G.
Published: June 2009

1. The structure of the head in the families Acuariidae and Habronematidae is described. It is established that the first is characterized by the cephalic papillae being on the pseudo-labia and all the cephalic elaborations being modifications of the pseudolabia and by paired structures arising dorsally and ventrally from the inner surfaces of the pseudo-labia. The second family is characterized by the presence of large, single labia, dorsally and ventrally, which cany the cephalic papillae.

2. The family Acuariidae contains three groups, accepted as subfamilies. Acuariinae: characterized by long cordons produced by the development posteriorly of both the inner pseudo-labial flanges and the edges of the pseudo-labia; Seuratiinae: characterized by a cephalic cap developed largely from the outer surface of the head posterior to the pseudo-labia; Schistorophorinae: characterized by the presence of various lobes or helmet-like modifications derived from the inner surface of the pseudo-labia.
A Study of the Gastro-intestinal Worm Burden in Grazing Ewes
Authors: Bruce R. G. , Owen J. B.
Published: June 2009

The worm burden in grazing ewes was studied. Analysis of the results showed that correcting worm egg counts (e.p.g. fresh faeces) for variations in faecal D.M. content and in total faeces output is not of any great benefit unless precise information is available.

Data are also presented which suggest that under normal circumstances variations in the sub-clinical worm burden of adult grazing ewes are not related to any variations in food intake.
Helminths from the Alimentary Canal of Farm Mink in Britain
Authors: McTaggart H. S.
Published: June 2009

1. The gastro-intestinal tracts of 200 mink from 42 farms were examined for helminth parasites.

2. No parasites were found in the stomach but two species of fish-borne parasite were found in the intestine.

3. Evidence of infestation with the heterophyid trematodeCryptocotyle linguawas found in twelve mink, the largest number of flukes recovered from any one mink being seven.

4. Single immature specimens of the acanthocephalidCorynosonta hadweniwere recovered from four mink, but it is considered that these were not instances of true parasitism.

5. It is concluded that helminth parasites do not constitute an important hazard on mink farms in Britain;
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting Freshwater Snails in London (U.K.) and Some Adjoining Areas:Part I.—Echinostome Gercariae
Authors: Khan D.
Published: June 2009

Seven species of Echinostome cercariae are recorded from London ponds and rivers. Two of these,C. Z. ReesandC. echinoparyphii recurvatiMathias have already been described from other parts of Britain. The rest are new species.C. londonensisn.sp.,C. deficipinnatumn.sp. are thirty-seven spined andC. essexensisn.sp. has forty-nine spines.C. hamptonensisn. sp., andC. thamesensisn. sp. are both large-tailed Echinostome cercariae, with twenty collar spines.

The possibility of using snails as second intermediate hosts byC. hamptonensis, a large-tailed Echinostome cercaria is shown to be highly improbable.

The classification of Echinostome cercariae is discussed.
The Dimorphism of Polystoma integerrimum (Frölich) Rudolphi and its Bearing on Relationships within the Polystomatidae: Part II
Authors: Williams Joan B.
Published: June 2009

The neotenic adult resembles the normal adult in general form, but is considerably smaller, varying between 1·4 and 3·5 mm. in length. The caudal disc bears three pairs of suckers, incompletely developed anchor hooks, and infrequently, persistent larval booklets (Fig. 7, l.h.).

Fine brown granules colour the intestine, and anteriorly four pigment spots mark the eyes. The gonopore (Fig. 7, gon.) is posteriorly placed, lying some distance behind the transverse level of the excretory openings. Vaginal prominences and copulation pores are absent.