bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive Matrices: An Experimental, Developmental, Nonfactorial Analysis
Authors: Jacobs Paul I. , Vandeventer Mary
Published: September 2011

The Coloured Progressive Matrices Test (CPM), a measure of inductive reasoning ability, has been reported to correlate .91 with WISC Full Scale IQ. Each item of the CPM Test displays a pattern with a section missing; below it are six response alternatives, one of which would correctly complete the pattern. New and presumably better self-instructional sequences were used with both first- and third-grade Ss. Trained Ss did no better than controls on a CPM posttest. The test, however, appeared to confound “pure” inductive ability with ability to imagine how a response alternative would look if inserted into the pattern. A new test format was developed to eliminate the role of the latter by having S judge the correctness of already completed patterns. Dramatic increases in test scores were found. Apparently the advantage of two years' mental growth that third-graders have over first-graders on the conventionally administered CPM derives in large part from improved power of imagining how a distractor would look in a new location, rather than of inductive reasoning ability. With the new test format Ss were significantly better able to accept correctly completed than to reject incorrectly completed matrices. Among first-graders, this tendency was significantly stronger for trained than for control Ss.
Reaction Time to Onset and Termination of Lights and Sounds
Authors: Goldstone Sanford
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted which measured the RT of 40 adult Ss to the onset and termination of rapid rise and decay lights and sounds which had been equated for subjective intensity. Onset RT was faster than termination for both sense modes, and auditory RT was faster than visual for both onset and termination. The results are compared with previous intersensory and onset-termination RT research and with another auditory-visual difference in the judgment of duration.
Relation of Eyes-Closed Resting EEG Alpha Activity to Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Nowlis David P. , Rhead John C.
Published: September 2011

A positive correlation of .70 ( p = .001) was found between a measure of the presence of EEG alpha rhythms during a resting condition and separately gathered scores of hypnotic susceptibility for a sample of 21 Ss. The relationship was similar in the 10 males and the 11 females who comprised the total sample. The finding replicates and extends a similar study by London, Hart, and Leibovitz (1968).
I. Factor Analysis of Ufo-Related Attitudes
Authors: Saunders D. R.
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis of 41 items related to the topic of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) in a sample of 267 college students yields 9 factors. These factors may be interpreted as: I, Belief in Extraterrestrial Visitation; II, Existence of Subjective Evidence; III, Existence of Objective Evidence; IV, Belief in Natural Explanations; V, Belief in Psychological Explanations; VI, Philosophy of Science; VII, Belief in Governmental Secrecy; VIII, Belief in Governmental Adequacy; and IX, Belief in UFO Respectability.
Parotid Flow Stimulated by the Sight, Feel, and Odor of Lemon
Authors: Pangborn Rose Marie
Published: September 2011

Preliminary data regarding stimulation of parotid flow are described.
Adaptation to Rearranged Ear-Hand Coordination
Authors: Mikaelian H. H.
Published: September 2011

Plasticity of ear-hand coordination for 10 Ss was explored with exposure to auditory rearrangement entailing 30° rotation of the interaural axis produced by electronic pseudophones. The results show that ear-hand coordination changes to compensate for the distortion; however, the percent change is not of the same order of magnitude as that usually discerned in adaptation to visual rearrangement.
Sex Differences in the Bender Gestalt Performance of Children
Authors: Dierks Darrell , Cushna Bruce
Published: September 2011

The open question of sex differences in the diagnostic use of the Developmental Bender Scoring System for Young Children remains a troubling issue. These differences have been often obscured by the failure to designate clear diagnostic categories or to control for maturational effect. The present study accounts for each of the above variables and their interaction through multivariate design. The presence of a significant sex difference among these 478 children from a clinic population demonstrates the need for further exploration of sex differences in visual motor performance.
Emmert's Law as a Consequence of Size Constancy
Authors: Irwin R. J.
Published: September 2011

Data given are in accord with Boring's logical analysis of the relation between Emmert's law and size constancy.
The Ponzo Illusion: Inadequacy of Apparent Depth Explanations
Authors: Houck Robert L. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Os viewing the Ponzo figure reported a series of sudden changes in its phenomenal organization and orientation. In none of these was the vertical line nearer the vertex of the figure reported to be smaller than the vertical line nearer the open end, i.e., the illusion occurred with all percepts except a rare one of a flat stimulus. In two of the most frequent and persistent percepts, the illusion could be explained on the basis of apparent size-apparent distance relationship among the elements. This was also the case with Gregory's theory of misapplied size-constancy scaling. However, with other percepts neither of these explanations was tenable.
Motility and Fantasy in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Cooper Lowell
Published: September 2011

Correlations were drawn between behavior (activity) ratings of border-line psychotic inpatients made on an open ward and Rorschach dimensions. Results showed a strong inverse relationship between the behavior ratings and number of M responses and positive correlations between the behavior ratings and both P and F + %.
Eye-Movement Latency as a Function of Age, Stimulus Uncertainty, and Position in the Visual Field
Authors: Miller Leon K.
Published: September 2011

Records of eye-movement latencies were obtained from 8-yr.-olds and college undergraduates during a task requiring S to fixate a light appearing at different positions on a screen before him. All Ss were given 2 experimental conditions; in 1 (SLK) Ss were told the location of the stimulus appearing on the trial before the stimulus onset, while in the second (SLU) no information about stimulus location was given. Results indicated that younger Ss, in addition to having generally longer response latencies, were more influenced by the position of the target in the display and showed more variable performance across trial blocks than adults.
Performance of Senile and Healthy Aged Persons on the Bip Bender Test
Authors: Canter Arthur , Straumanis John J.
Published: September 2011

The standard Bender test and its repetition on Canter's BIP paper along with the WAIS Vocabulary and Block Designs were administered to 16 senile and 17 healthy elderly Ss. The defects of the senile Ss were clearly revealed by the tests but the conventional use of Bender error scores and the discrepancy between Vocabulary and Block Design scores would also identify at least a fourth of the healthy elderly as having mild to moderate deficit consistent with organic brain damage. On the other hand, the BIP reflected the normal perceptuomotor performance of the healthy Ss while retaining sensitivity to the degree of organicity of the senile Ss.
An Interaction between Vertical Dimension and Age in Children's Judgments of Size
Authors: Hulsebus Robert C.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether the vertical dimension is used differently in size judgments by children of different ages, 5 groups of Ss were tested; their mean ages ranged from 7 yr. in a first grade group to 11 yr. in a fifth grade group. Stimuli were 6 pairs of 3-dimensional objects. The influence of the vertical dimension in children's judgments of size was critically related to age, decreasing in importance with increasing age.
Note concerning Stability of Cognitive Style Measures in Young Children
Authors: Dreyer Albert S. , Nebelkopf Edwin , Dreyer Cecily A.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest data for the Children's Embedded-figures Test are presented for 46 children tested in kindergarten and again in Grade 1. Scores on both administrations correlated .87, indicating stability of this cognitive-style measure for these young children over a 6-mo. period.
Inadequacies of the Acquisition Responses of Mental Patients on an FI Schedule
Authors: Kroeker L. L. , Oetting E. R.
Published: September 2011

Mental illness is defined as a failure of the individual to assess his environment accurately and to respond optimally to environmental contingencies. An experimental operant conditioning laboratory was utilized to assess an individual's ability to develop a new behavior repertoire appropriate to unique stimulus conditions. 15 Ss, 10 mental patients and 5 normal controls, were placed on a FI 1-min. schedule for 40 min. and their acquisition responses analyzed for rate, variability and efficiency. No mental patient performed the task adequately while several normal Ss performed in a highly efficient manner. The most frequent error for mental patients was in the direction of behavioral excess. Diagnostic implications are discussed.
Centration: A Perceptual Process Diacritic of Intellection and a Differential Diagnostic Criterion
Authors: Mecke Viola
Published: September 2011

This was a pilot study to determine whether centrarion, as a perceptual process, could be a criterion for differentiating between neurologically impaired and emotionally disturbed children. Centration was defined by Piaget as a prolonged involuntary attachment of a sensory modality to one part of a visual field that, in turn, affects motor behavior, producing effects on drawing tasks by a separation of designs or their parts coincident with distortions. The neurologically impaired children were seen as having basic difficulties with perception whereas the emotionally disturbed children would have basic difficulties in intellection. Therefore, the centration-distortion error would characterize drawings of the neurologically impaired but not of the emotionally disturbed children. A sample of 12 for each group was selected, with EEG records, psychological tests and psychiatric interviews being used as defining criteria. The hypothesis was upheld for each child in the neurologically impaired group making at least three out of a possible four errors. Only one child in the emotionally disturbed group made a centration-distortion error.
Some Psychological Effects of Cosmetics
Authors: Wright Edwin T. , Martin Rose , Flynn Catherine , Gunter Ralph
Published: September 2011

This study represents a pre-post design to determine the possible effects of cosmetics on self-concept in a group of 42 college girls with various degrees of facial blemishes which could not be improved by high standards of hygiene. The MMPI was given to all Ss who then received weekly instruction in the use of cosmetics by a qualified instructor. After 3 mo. use of these agents, the MMPI was again applied. The D scale (Depression) and the Pt scale (Psychasthenia) were selected as sensitive indicators of self-perception; comparison of pre- and post-treatment scores indicated improvement on both scales ( D scale, p = .001; Pt scale, p = .02) as a function of the cosmetic.
Unimportant Differential Effects of Instruction and Practice on Typing When Individual Differences are Controlled
Authors: Blixt Sonya Lynn
Published: September 2011

Groups of 18 high school introductory typing students, initially high and low in performance (speed and accuracy), were tested once a week for 13 weeks. It was found that once low achievers reached a similar level of achievement to the high achievers, subsequent performance measures for the groups were not significantly different. Speed of typing appeared to be the most reliable differential predictor.
Expectancy and Stimulus Generalization in Vigilance
Authors: McFarland Barry P. , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: September 2011

The influence of signal probability during an auditory pretest on performance on a visual monitoring task was examined in a split-plot factorial analysis of variance. 52 Ss were given an auditory pretask in which white noise was intermittently terminated at either a high ( p = .18) or low ( p = .02) probability during any 2-sec. interval; then a visual monitoring task was performed in which the signal probability was either high ( p = .18) or low ( p = .02). Ss who received the high auditory pretask performed reliably better than the low group ( p < .01). The within-session decrement varied as a function of the different pretest and task signal probabilities. The results support the expectancy theory of vigilance and suggest the importance of the role of pretask adaptation in the vigilance paradigm.
Some Observations on the Use of Natural Numbers by Preschool Children
Authors: Pollio Howard R. , Whitacre Janet D.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of approximately 20 children each, aged 3½ to 6½ yr., were presented with a number of tasks designed to assess skill in counting and enumeration. Contrary to usual expectations, certain counting tasks were more difficult than enumeration tasks, although both did show clear age trends. Results also showed that childern who could count when given a new point from which to start (regardless of age) performed consistently better on all other numerical tasks, perhaps indicating that fluent counting does not depend primarily on rote factors, but rather upon the recognition that natural numbers are a rule-governed system independent of the immediate perceptual environment. Results were also discussed in terms of Piaget's analysis of numerical development, with present findings seen as essentially supporting this analysis.
Personality Test Configurations in Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Wright Edwin T. , Kyle N. L. , Gunter Ralph
Published: September 2011

52 college girls (mean age 20 yr.) were clinically divided into groups according to the severity of their acne. They were then given a battery of tests, of which the MMPI was found to be the most sensitive. Ss then applied a three-step cosmetic preparation once daily to their faces and the same battery of psychological tests was given subsequent to 3 and 6 mo. of treatment. It was found that MMPI scale score differences reached minimal to fairly high levels of significance between acne and nonacne Ss and between mild and severe acne sample groups. In the mild-acne group the therapeutic effects of skin treatment were reflected in relevant scale score changes; severe acne Ss became more defensive and somewhat conventionalized in their test responses.
Time Estimation, Sequence Effects and Filling Activities
Authors: Shectman Fredrick A.
Published: September 2011

60 Ss were randomly and equally divided into three groups (2 experimental, 1 control) to investigate the effect of lack of feedback on sequential temporal estimates. The production method was employed, as was a “filling” task designed to be cognitively related to Ss' future expectations. As predicted, systematic changes occurred across trials for all groups, independent of differential expectations. These results were related to “judgment drift” and to the nature of the interpolated filling activity.
Interpolated Activity in Short-Term Motor Memory
Authors: Stelmach George E. , Barber Julie L.
Published: September 2011

Retention of kinesthetic information from blind positioning responses was examined for 56 Ss. During a 30-sec. retention interval, half of the Ss sat quietly with their hands on the lever; the other half learned an interpolated target which required an antagonistic response. Both conditions showed significant amounts of forgetting. The mean differences between conditions as well as the differences between correlation coefficients across retention intervals were not significant. The results were consistent with memory-trace decay predictions.
Isotonic Strength and Relative Isotonic Endurance
Authors: Carlson B. Robert
Published: September 2011

No relationship was found between isotonic strength and relative isotonic endurance. Additional support was provided by the insignificant results in the analysis of the endurance performance of the three groups based on strength level. Implications for the use of relative isotonic endurance tests in future study of perseverance were discussed.
Device for Measuring Voluntary Response Time to Peripherally Placed Stimuli
Authors: Kobrick John L. , Sutton William R.
Published: September 2011

A technical description and circuit schematic are given in sufficient detail for fabrication of a device for presenting visual stimuli at points throughout the visual field and measuring the associated response times. The device is relatively simple and inexpensive to construct, employs transistorized logic, and features completely silent operation to avoid extraneous stimulus cues to S.
Stimulus Properties, Frequency of Exposure, and Affective Responding
Authors: Reich John W. , Moody Carl A.
Published: September 2011

Several variables which might be useful in explaining the relationship between frequency of exposure and attitudinal liking are investigated. Complexity of the stimuli and their familiarity were the major variables of interest. Also involved were the sex of Ss and the individual stimuli. Four sets of stimuli were presented 20 times to independent groups of Ss, with scale ratings taken on the 1st and 20th presentations. The results showed that familiarity and complexity interacted in a complex fashion for liking. For highly familiar stimuli, an inverse relationship between complexity and affect held ( p = .10), but for novel stimuli a significant direct relationship held. Implications of the data for the hypothesized relationship of affect and complexity were discussed.
Peripheral Flicker Fusion in Psychiatric Patients with EEG Abnormality
Authors: Honigfeld Gilbert , Turner Stuart
Published: September 2011

An apparatus was developed for measuring peripheral CFF under low levels of illumination rendering the stimuli functionally invisible when centrally fixated. The responses of 27 psychiatric patients with EEG abnormalities were compared with 34 control patients with normal EEGs. One-third of the abnormal Ss had right field-left field CFF discrepancy scores greater than all but one of the control Ss. This experimental sample included 4 Ss with lateralized left-hemisphere EEG defect. However, CFF impairment in these Ss was most pronounced in the left visual field (right cerebral hemisphere). This suggested the possibility that instead of a sensory defect the primary defect may have been one of verbal labelling with maximal impairment occurring under interhemispheric test conditions. That is, verbal labelling of sensory events (a left hemisphere function) may have been differentially impaired for contralateral as opposed to ipsalateral CFF stimulation.
Note on Word Frequency as a Factor in Perception of Category Size
Authors: Thompson Charles P.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of category size were found to be affected by the normative frequency of the words representing the category with low-frequency exemplars decreasing perceived category size.
Attitude Measurement: The Problem of Predictability
Authors: Rambo William W.
Published: September 2011

Attitude scale construction techniques give, at best, only indirect attention to the prediction capabilities of individual items. Although conventional scaling procedures can be augmented by an item analysis sequence that uses known-affiliation groups, many uncertainties surround this approach. Laboratory analogues of the social processes central to a scale are recommended as a source of data for item analysis. The group autokinetic experiment is suggested as an example of a laboratory analogue of the social processes central to a scale intending to measure attitudes toward dissent.
Effect of Questions on Visual Learning
Authors: Dwyer Francis M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness with which different types of visual displays facilitated S's achievement of different learning objectives when these were used to complement oral instruction. Questions preceded each display and were designed to direct S's attention to relevant learning cues. Each S received a pretest, participated in his respective visualized presentation, and received 5 individual criterial measures. Analyses indicated that (a) the use of questions to complement the more realistic visuals is not an effective technique for improving S's achievement and (b) all types of visual displays are not equally effective in facilitating S's achievement of different learning objectives.
Effects of Test Anxiety and Coacting Groups on Learning and Performance
Authors: Pederson Andreas M.
Published: September 2011

This experiment dealt with the relationship between a personality variable and behavior in coacting groups. 96 male Ss differing in test anxiety (high, middle, low) were equally divided at random into 2 groups and given either a paired-associate learning task or 2 performance tasks (vowel cancellation and multiplication problems) under 1 of 2 conditions. Half the Ss worked in coacting groups of 4 members each while the remainder worked on the tasks alone. With the learning task, no significant differences were found between Ss who learned in groups and those who learned alone regardless of anxiety level. With the performance tasks, the group situation was detrimental for both the high- and middle-anxious Ss while facilitative for the low-anxious Ss on the vowel cancellation task; however, no significant effects were found on the multiplication task.
Interpersonal Attraction and Uncertainty Reduction as Functions of Judgmental Similarity
Authors: Mascaro Guillermo F.
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the effects of three levels of judgmental similarity on evaluative-attraction and on uncertainty reduction. A significant increase in evaluative-attraction and a nonsignificant increase in certainty were found, as similarity in quantitative (error-choice type) judgments increased. The findings extended the generality of the similarity-attraction hypothesis and suggested limited support for the effectance-reduction hypothesis.
Attitudes of Health Professionals toward Twelve Disabilities
Authors: Janicki Matthew P.
Published: September 2011

A ranking of 12 disabilities, in the order they were perceived as most disturbing, was obtained from 54 health professionals. It was found that after blindness, the disabilities associated with impairments of motor ability were considered to be the most disturbing.
Repeated Presentation of Stimuli and Production of Original Responses
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the responses of 50 junior and senior men and women in undergraduate educational psychology classes using alternate forms of Onomatopoeia and Images as tests of originality and of 27 graduate students in a seminar on creative behavior using Form I of Sounds and Images and Form I of Onomatopoeia and Images shows increasing originality with each repetition of the stimuli. The break away from perceptual set for the production of original responses seems to be effective in both instances and the results support the present mode of presentation of Onomatopoeia and Images and Sounds and Images. Results also support the idea that original thought requires considerable effort.
Effect of Subjects' Sex, Experience, and Training on Their Red Wine Color-Preference Patterns
Authors: Ough C. S. , Amerine M. A.
Published: September 2011

11 experienced adult Ss and 98 inexperienced student Ss have essentially the same preference patterns for red table wine color, showing a tendency to prefer the middle brightness and the red hue (compared to orange or purple). Male and female student Ss have very similar preference patterns. There is a slight tendency for the male Ss to prefer the wines with lower brightness. The 9 highly trained Ss tended to prefer the wine colors with decreasing brightness. The over-dark, purple wine was distinctly disliked by the adult and student Ss and the preference was split for the experts. The danger of using a highly trained panel to predict preference of an inexperienced group is evident.
When Power Functions Fail: A Theoretical Explanation
Authors: Baird John C. , Stein Timothy
Published: September 2011

When the simple power function fails to describe psychophysical results, it is necessary to add or subtract a constant from either the stimuli or responses in order to reinstitute a power function. It is suggested here that this failure results from the nonlinearity of the function between the Weber fraction and stimulus intensity. Computer simulation experiments were conducted which supported this contention.
Frostig Training with Headstart Children
Authors: Beck Ray , Talkington Larry W.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Headstart children in a northwestern state were evaluated for test-retest changes on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (FDTVP) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) following training of the one group using Frostig-Horne materials. Significant between-group differences were observed only on FDTVP Area IV, Position in space.
Perceptions of Social Desirability and Frequency of Occurrence of Traits and the Probability that the Traits Will Be Endorsed
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S. , Fisher Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

One group estimated the percentage of their fellow students characterized by each one of 100 traits while another group responded True or False to each trait. The correlation between the social desirability values of the traits and probability of endorsement was .80 while the correlation between the perceived frequency of occurrence of these traits and the probability of endorsement was .86. The multiple correlation of frequency of occurrence and social desirability with probability of endorsement was .88 and .10 of the variance in the endorsement variable was directly associated with variance in the social desirability variable while .37 of the variance in the endorsement variable was directly associated with variance in the frequency of occurrence variable.
Effects of Active Movement on Body-Part Size Estimates
Authors: Hester Gene A.
Published: September 2011

Body-part size estimates of 20 male Ss were obtained under normal room illumination and under three basic conditions: active movement of a joint-bounded body part prior to making an estimate of that part, active movement of a different body part prior to making an estimate of joint-bounded and non-joint-bounded body parts as well as familiar non-body objects, and no movement prior to making an estimate of joint-bounded and non-joint-bounded body parts as well as non-body objects. The results did not support the hypotheses that induced muscular tension or increased attention to the estimating task creates an enhancing effect upon size judgments from pictorial memory of body or non-body stimuli. Other findings, such as overestimation of the head width and variability in estimation of the waist, were consistent with previous studies.
Effects of Fortuitous Success on Goal-Setting Behavior of Individuals High and Low in Achievement Motivation
Authors: Franken Robert E. , Morphy David R.
Published: September 2011

The experiment investigated what happens when individuals high in achievement motivation (HA) and low in achievement motivation (LA) begin to win more than they lose or hit more than they miss in a ring-toss task in which they have the option of increasing or decreasing the difficulty of the task. Increasing the number of hits in a ring-toss task was manipulated by using a large electromagnet to influence the flight of the ring. This allowed distance from the target to be used as the dependent measure. The result support the hypothesis that MA men make the task more difficult in order to preserve the preferred ratio of .50 that has been observed by Atkinson and others and that LA men optimize winning when they are winning and losing when they are losing. Women tend to move toward the target no matter what the ratio of hits to misses but the magnitude of the change interacts with their measure of achievement motivation. LA women tend to behave more like HA men while HA women tend to behave more like LA men.
Some Observations on the Creative Process
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

A study of formation of visual imagery during various conditions yielded observations supporting the assumption that the creative process reflects both special inborn qualities and a postpartum lifelong adaptational process consisting of cultivation of mental mechanisms that significantly differ from the thinking processes of the average human. Better understanding of these mental mechanisms may promote our skills to help the newborn generation to develop their creative potentials fully.
Changes in the Perception of Mental Illness and Mental Health
Authors: Rosen Alexander C.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated changes in the perception of models of mental illness and mental health on the responses to a 25 item semantic differential scale in groups of subjects in a course in abnormal psychology and in several encounter-sensitivity training groups. Test findings before and after the experience, indicated that the participative emotional experience and intellectual cognitive experiences did not modify abstract models held by individuals concerning mental illness and normality. These findings have implications for community mental health services and the author suggested placing greater and greater emphasis on direct community services and less emphasis on public education and public information.
Effect of a Border on Reaction Time to Onset and Offset Stimulation in the Fovea
Authors: Versteeg Arlen
Published: September 2011

Reaction times were obtained to the onset and offset of flash stimuli located in various positions in a visual field divided into two contiguous regions of white and black. With presentation of the flash stimuli in the fovea, there were no significant differences in the character of functional onset and offset RTs or in the character of the function relating RT to distance from the border. There was a border effect operative for both functions; a decrease in both onset and offset RTs appeared as the border was approached from the white side and a slight increase in both onset and offset RTs when the border was approached from the black side.
Sensorimotor Functions, Intelligence and Cognition, and Emotional Status in Subjects with Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

Ss with traumatic, neoplastic, or vascular cerebral lesions composed two groups, one with sensorimotor functions which were relatively intact and the other with functions which were relatively impaired. This basis for selection resulted in an intact group that was somewhat younger, had a somewhat higher education, and had a higher proportion of patients with traumatic brain lesions. The group with impaired sensorimotor functions had a disproportionately higher number of Ss with cerebrovascular lesions. The groups were compared on various measures of intellectual and cognitive functions and on the MMPI. The results indicated that impairment of sensorimotor functions had a strong relationship to intellectual and cognitive measurements, with the impaired group being greatly inferior to the group with relatively intact sensorimotor functions. An influence in the same direction was noted on the MMPI variables, but the intergroup differences were not as great.
Nature, Reliability and Administration of the Tsai Number-Joining Test
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng , Newbold Jeanie
Published: September 2011

The number-joining test, originally developed by Tsai in 1939 to predict success of Chinese pilots, was administered to 481 California State College students. Product-moment correlations of B-form with a “motor,” a “perceptual,” and a “coding” test were .33, .47, and .58 respectively, indicating that the test involves more central than peripheral functions. Test reliability is evidenced by r of .71 between alternate forms, of .93 between 4- and 6-min. segments and practically identical mean scores for alternate forms. Group testing is just as reliable as individual testing; however, male Ss perform significantly better in a group than when tested individually.
Selected Designs: Note on Further Research
Authors: Siskind George
Published: September 2011

Additional research with the Selected Designs, a screening device for detection of cerebral dysfunction, is described. Reported results for adolescents and adults over 61 yr. of age.
Impulsiveness, Sociability, and the Preference for Varied Experience
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Farley Sonja V.
Published: September 2011

The possibility that the authors' previous report of a significant relationship of extraversion-introversion to stimulus-seeking motivation was attributable primarily to the impulsivity component of extraversion-introversion, with the sociability component contributing insignificantly to that relationship, was studied in 5 samples of British and American Ss. The results for all samples significantly replicated the extraversion and stimulation-seeking relationship. In addition, impulsivity was generally found to be of slightly greater magnitude in its relation to stimulation-seeking than was sociability.
Perception of a Straight Line Briefly Exposed
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The stimulus was a vertical, straight, red line, 17 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide, which for 60 msec. was projected onto a medium grey screen 2 m. from S. Fixating the nethermost point of the line S experienced that the line grew from the point of fixation to full length in order and then decreased in length to the point of fixation. The experienced time of lengthening-shortening, which on an average was about 570 msec. for 37 Ss, was measured by means of a special methodology. At measurable time of lengthening-shortening of Ss' experiences of the line were a regular oscillating phenomenon of perception. We have sought a functional relation between the oscillating phenomenon of perception mentioned and the oscillating processes of the brain.
Perceptual Categorization: Factors Influencing the Reproduction of Spoken Sounds Delivered at Suprathreshold Levels without Masking
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Houck Robert L. , Sadler Timothy G.
Published: September 2011

45 Ss were patients of three clinical categories receiving phenathiozine medication. As Ss did not differ significantly with respect to the present analyses, data were pooled. Ss had normal hearing, and they repeated phonetic stimuli received via an earphone under standard audiological testing conditions. Errors in reproduction of common words (compound spondaic words, monosyllabic homonyms and non-homonyms), common prefixes and suffixes, nonsense syllables, and common words pronounced backward occurred least (2%) with the compound words, and they increased monotonically in the order given above to a frequency of 36% with the backward words. This result was interpreted as being due to the manipulation of the level of perceptual readiness and of the processes of categorization involved in classification of the stimulus in systematic and specific ways. This was accomplished variously by alteration of the expectancies relative to the phonetic, syntactic or semantic nature of succeeding stimuli, and to differences in the relative availability in memory of matching information caused by differences either in familiarity with the stimulus or in the range of meanings associated with the stimulus.
Analysis of Task Difficulty under Varying Conditions of Induced Stress
Authors: Thornton Jerry W. , Jacobs Paul D.
Published: September 2011

Two tasks (simple and choice reaction time) were examined while varying three types of stressors (shock, threat of shock, and noise) and the stressor task relationship (i.e., task-related stress, task-unrelated stress, and no-stress). Four specific hypotheses were tested and 3 were supported in the simple reaction-time task. There were no significant differences among stressors for either task, although greater differences were reported in the simple than in the choice reaction-time task. A significant difference between the “task-relatedness” of stress levels in the simple task was interpreted as possibly due to a “coping” or “protective adaptive mechanism” in which increases in performance serve to reduce stress. Practical applications were examined.
Multiplexed Recording of Multiple Events
Authors: Mostofsky David I.
Published: September 2011

Some general considerations of a magnetic tape based data acquisition system are summarized, together with a description of a representative ten-event assembly. Both hardware and software are noted. Suggested computer routines are outlined.
Note on Servo Theory in Children's Phonetic Learning
Authors: Hoglund Janet , Locke John L.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 10 matched 4-yr.-olds were given the task of learning a novel phonetic response with or without a previous period of exposure to the stimulus. The 2 groups were very similar in the level and distribution of their learning, suggesting some mild, tentative support for a servo model of phonetic learning.
Cerebral Dominance, Psycholinguistic Skills and Reading Disability
Authors: Wussler Marilyn , Barclay A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined contrasting patterns of psycholinguistic functioning among normal children and children with reading disabilities. In general, results suggested that children with reading disabilities had significantly different patterns of psycholinguistic functioning in auditory vocal, visual motor, vocal encoding, and motor encoding activities.
Selection of Visual Dimensions by Aphasics and Non-Aphasics
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Bliss Lynn S.
Published: September 2011

The visual dimensions utilized by 11 aphasics in a match-to-sample task to match visual stimuli were investigated to determine if the response patterns differed significantly from those of non-brain-damaged controls ( n = 11). There were no significant differences between aphasics and non-aphasics in their selection preference for the dimensions of color, size, orientation, or form. Thus, aphasics and non-aphasics responded similarly with respect to perceptual functioning, nonverbal behavior, and Dale's model (1968) of naming and color perception.
Vocal Mediating Responses in Short-Term Memory of Severely and Profoundly Deaf Children
Authors: Chovan William L.
Published: September 2011

The research investigated the effects of vocal mediating responses on short-term memory, with young severely ( N = 15) and profoundly deaf children ( N = 15). The purpose was to determine to what extent vocal responses are dependent upon auditory stimulation on recall, on three different tasks. The findings suggested that whether vocal responses were effective mediators for the deaf depended not only upon the meaningfulness of stimulus material but also the amount of attention directed to the verbal act. Where considerable effort had to be extended to the expressive functions, it seemed to be at the expense of effective sensory input; vocal responses by the severely deaf appeared to be more interfering than facilitating on visual-memory tasks.
Effect of Threat of Shock on Pupillary Response in a Problem-Solving Situation
Authors: Polt James M.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 7 Ss each were presented with 2 series of 3 multiplication problems which served as the problem-solving task. On the first series of problems Ss were run under identical conditions to establish response baselines between groups. On the second series of problems the experimental group was threatened with shock for an incorrect answer. Comparisons were made on response latency, correct responses, absolute pupil size, and pupillary dilation during problem solving. The only significant difference between groups was the degree of pupillary dilation while solving the second series of problems. The results are discussed within the context of the coping process under the threat of stress and are related to previous research on the pupillary response as a measure of mental activity.
Emotional Involvement While Anticipating an Examination: A Psychophysical Study
Authors: Lundberg Ulf , Ekman Goesta
Published: September 2011

During a period of 23 days, 51 students reported on their emotional reaction to an examination taking place at the end of the period; a variant of the method of magnitude estimation was used for this purpose. Scale values of elapsed time were also obtained. The results showed that emotional involvement increased as subjective time before the examination decreased. The process could be describd by a simple exponential function.
Vigilance Performance under Hypoxia: II. Effect of Work-Rest Schedule
Authors: Cahoon Richard L.
Published: September 2011

18 Ss were required to perform a visual vigilance task for 2 hr. while breathing either 21% O2 (sea level) or 10 9% O2 (17,000 ft.). The 2-hr. trial period contained either no rest periods, one 10-min. rest period, or three 10-min. rest periods. Vigilance performance deteriorated under 10.9% O2, and the introduction of rest periods did not reduce this decrement. Of two individual difference measures taken, IQ and Sensation-seeking score, only IQ related to vigilance performance and only at sea level (21% O2).
Rate of Behavior Development: Direct and Continuous Measurement
Authors: Edwards Joseph S. , Edwards Diane De A.
Published: September 2011

A new method using direct and continuous records of specific behavior rates provides precisely quantified descriptions of behavior development. Dynamic developmental changes are reflected in the acceleration, maintenance, and deceleration of the behavior rates.
Ego Strength, Skin Conductance, Sleep Deprivation, and Performance
Authors: Strausbaugh Larry J. , Roessler Robert
Published: September 2011

High ego strength (Es) Ss demonstrated significantly higher levels of skin conductance (SC) during performance following one night's sleep deprivation and higher levels of performance following sleep deprivation than low Es Ss. No significant Es group differences in SC levels or performance following sleep were observed.
Effects of Knowledge of the ITI on Time Estimates: Method of Production
Authors: Hoyer William J. , Jones Elvis C.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss estimated a 27-sec. interval using the method of production, with or without knowledge of the duration of the intertrial interval. The effect of knowledge was to increase the accuracy of estimations over the 10 trials that each S received. This was reflected in a significant Knowledge by Trials interaction ( p < .005).
Search Strategies Used by Process Operatives in Continuous-Flow Technology: Performance and Learning
Authors: Chadwick-Jones J. K. , Sheppard C. , Carceller A.
Published: September 2011

Observation was made of 12 process operatives during 96 hr. on a continuous process for electrolytic treatment of steel. Results allowed decision points to be specified and flow charts to be devised for operatives' tasks. The content analysis was accompanied by an examination of the frequency distribution of job activities, giving a comparison of numbers of interpersonal, intra-team activities to man-machine activities and testing the possibility of consistent patterns. The findings suggest an approach to training, with emphasis on the similarity between maintenance, repair and process monitoring tasks.
A Study in the Ordering of Attention
Authors: Lewis Michael , Baumel Marcia H.
Published: September 2011

Not all environmental changes produce equivalent attending. The present study was concerned with demonstrating the existence of an ordering of attending. A model for testing this was suggested and data gathered concerning the effect of various stimulus changes after stimulus repetition. The results indicated an order of attending, with color, size, number, and rotation changes, in that order, showing the greatest orienting responses. Other data consistent with these results were reported and the argument made that OR orders reflect important differences in cognitive function.
Some Correlates of Adjustment by Paraplegics
Authors: Nickerson Eileen T.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated some correlates of adjustment to paraplegia, a physically immobilizing disability, which involves a number of frustrating, lifetime handicaps—such as the loss of the ability to walk, to feel sensation, to procreate, and the control of bowel and bladder function. From the results, it appears that the patient who was better able to adjust to a physically immobilizing handicap, was one who was better able to function in society prior to his disability, as indicated by his relatively higher educational and occupational attainments. Such a patient also was motivated by more theoretic-type interests than was the patient who adjusted less well to his disability.
Development of Naming Responses to Meaningful Nonverbal Sounds
Authors: Bartholomeus Bonnie N. , Doehring Donald G.
Published: September 2011

Tests of sound and picture naming were presented to 118 children between 3 ½ and 16 yr. of age to assess perceptual development for meaningful nonverbal sounds and to compare nonverbal visual and auditory perception. Sound naming improved rapidly until the ninth year, did not differ significantly between boys and girls, and was positively correlated with the frequency of usage of the stimulus names. Virtually all children were poorer in sound naming than in picture naming. It was concluded that nonverbal visual stimuli may be more salient than nonverbal auditory stimuli in the perceptual world of children. Results were interpreted with respect to the concept of modality dominance.
Effects of Rigidity and Anxiety on Pursuit Rotor Performance
Authors: Jones R. Wayne , Tallarico Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Rigidity has been linked to reactive inhibition and manifest anxiety to drive. The possible influence of these personality factors and their interaction on pursuit-rotor performance was investigated. High-rigid Ss and low-rigid Ss were divided further into high-anxious Ss and low-anxious Ss ( ns = 15). All Ss received 20 distributed (20 sec. work, 30 sec. rest) acquisition trials immediately followed by 30 relatively massed trials (20 sec. work, 5 sec. rest). The trend analyses showed ( p = .01) that performance was a function of the difference between anxiety levels, with neither rigidity nor the interaction components approaching statistical significance. Low-anxious Ss were immediately superior in acquiring the skill and in maintaining it under massed conditions.
Interaction of Arousal and Task Difficulty upon Perceptual Restriction
Authors: Long Gerald M. , Mo Suchoon S.
Published: September 2011

Ss were required to perform both central and peripheral perceptual tasks presented simultaneously by means of 200-msec. tachistoscopic flashes. The central task, requiring the discrimination between 2 lines on the basis of length, was progressively increased in difficulty from Test I to Test III. Peripheral task performance required the estimation of the number of black dots surrounding the central task. This number varied randomly between 1 and 8. Half the Ss in each test performed these tasks under stress (hand in ice-water), the other Ss under no stress. A significant interaction ( p < .01) was found; the stress group was inferior to the no-stress group on the peripheral task when the central task was relatively easy (Test I) but was superior to the no-stress group when the central task was extremely difficult (Test III). The results were interpreted in terms of the dependence of the “range of cue utilization” upon the degree of difficulty of the perceptual material as well as arousal level.
Some Thoughts on the Role of the Therapist in Behavior Therapy
Authors: Kraft T.
Published: September 2011

Comments on the relation of the form of therapy chosen by therapists to their personality characteristics are made.