bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytologic features of sclerosing hemangioma of the lung on crush preparations
Authors: Blanco Luis Z. , Heagley Dawn E. , Montebelli Francesco , Gabrielli Eleonora , Reddy Vijaya , Ghai Ritu , Gattuso Paolo
Published: June 2011

Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung is a rare benign neoplasm. The majority of the literature published on sclerosing hemangioma has focused on the histologic features, while only a few case reports have described the cytologic features. We report two additional cases of sclerosing hemangioma of the lung in which the cytologic material was prepared at the time of frozen section. Because of the rarity of this lesion and the overlapping cytologic features with other primary malignant lung tumors, awareness of the cytologic features of sclerosing hemangioma may help to avoid a diagnosis of malignancy. This is especially true pre‐ and intraoperatively because a limited resection may suffice if a diagnosis of sclerosing hemangioma can be established. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intracellular trafficking in Drosophila visual system development: A basis for pattern formation through simple mechanisms
Authors: Chan Chih‐Chiang , Epstein Daniel , Hiesinger P. Robin
Published: June 2011

Intracellular trafficking underlies cellular functions ranging from membrane remodeling to receptor activation. During multicellular organ development, these basic cell biological functions are required as both passive machinery and active signaling regulators. Exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling of several key signaling receptors have long been known to actively regulate morphogenesis and pattern formation during Drosophila eye development. Hence, intracellular membrane trafficking not only sets the cell biological stage for receptor‐mediated signaling but also actively controls signaling through spatiotemporally regulated receptor localization. In contrast to eye development, the role of intracellular trafficking for the establishment of the eye‐to‐brain connectivity map has only recently received more attention. It is still poorly understood how guidance receptors are spatiotemporally regulated to serve as meaningful synapse formation signals. Yet, the Drosophila visual system provides some of the most striking examples for the regulatory role of intracellular trafficking during multicellular organ development. In this review we will first highlight the experimental and conceptual advances that motivate the study of intracellular trafficking during Drosophila visual system development. We will then illuminate the development of the eye, the eye‐to‐brain connectivity map and the optic lobe from the perspective of cell biological dynamics. Finally, we provide a conceptual framework that seeks to explain how the interplay of simple genetically encoded intracellular trafficking events governs the seemingly complex cellular behaviors, which in turn determine the developmental product. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 1227–1245, 2011
Induction of axon growth arrest without growth cone collapse through the N‐terminal region of four‐transmembrane glycoprotein M6a
Authors: Sato Yasufumi , Mita Sakura , Fukushima Nanae , Fujisawa Hajime , Saga Yumiko , Hirata Tatsumi
Published: June 2011

During development, axons elongate vigorously, carefully controlling their speed, to connect with their targets. In general, rapid axon growth is correlated with active growth cones driven by dynamic actin filaments. For example, when the actin‐driven tip is collapsed by repulsive guidance molecules, axon growth is severely impaired. In this study, we report that axon growth can be suppressed, without destroying the actin‐based structure or motility of the growth cones, when antibodies bind to the four‐transmembrane glycoprotein M6a concentrated on the growth cone edge. Surprisingly, M6a‐deficient axons grow actively but are not growth suppressed by the antibodies, arguing for an inductive action of the antibody. The binding of antibodies clusters and displaces M6a protein from the growth cone edge membrane, suggesting that the spatial rearrangement of this protein might underlie the unique growth cone behavior triggered by the antibodies. Molecular dissection of M6a suggested involvement for the N‐terminal intracellular domain in this antibody‐induced growth cone arrest. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 733–746, 2011
Neonatal fluoxetine exposure alters motor performances of adolescent rats
Authors: Lee Li‐Jen , Lee Lukas Jyuhn‐Hsiarn
Published: June 2011

Growing evidence from human and animal studies has shown adverse consequences of maternal usage of antidepressants in their newborn babies. To study the effects of early antidepressant exposure on motor function later in life, we treated neonatal rat pups with fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)‐type antidepressant, from the day of birth to postnatal day 4 and examined motor performance during adolescence. FLX‐treated rats had reduced locomotor activities in an open field and poorer motor performance on an accelerating rotarod compared to the control group of saline‐treated animals. Nevertheless, the poorer motor performance largely improved after repetitive practices. To elucidate the structural alterations in the motor system, we examined the structure of neurons in motor‐related brain regions. The shape, density, and soma size of cerebellar Purkinje cells were comparable in the two groups, however, density of dendritic spine in medial spiny neurons of striatum and Layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) were reduced in FLX‐rats. Furthermore, the basilar dendrites in M1 Layer 5 neurons had reduced dendritic complexity than those of the control animals. The impaired dendritic structure in striatal and cortical neurons in FLX‐treated rats might account for their poorer motor performances. Together, the structure and function of the motor system are affected by early FLX exposure, the long‐term effects of early exposure to SSRI‐type antidepressants should be concerned. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Visuospatial information in the retinotectal system of xenopus before correct image formation by the developing eye
Authors: Richards Blake A. , van Rheede Joram J. , Akerman Colin J.
Published: June 2011

The retinotectal pathway of Xenopus laevis is a well‐established experimental model for studying activity‐dependent processes during visual system development. Such processes can be guided by stimulus‐evoked activity patterns, which depend on the refractive characteristics of the eye. Previous work has shown that many animals are hyperopic at early developmental stages due to immature refractive properties. Whether this is also the case for Xenopus laevis is unknown. Here, we measure the focal length of the lens and the size of the eye of embryos at different stages and find that Xenopus laevis exhibits a similar shift from hyperopia to emmetropia. At early stages, immediately after innervation of the tectum by the optic nerve, Xenopus embryos are hyperopic. Soon afterwards the focal length of the lens decreases and the eye converges to a state of emmetropia. Despite being hyperopic we find that some visuospatial information is available to the young circuit. Calculations based on the optical properties of the eye show that even when the animals are hyperopic the blurred retinal image provides a crude spatial resolution. Furthermore, using whole‐cell recordings in the optic tectum combined with visual stimulation through the intact eye, we show that tectal neurons in hyperopic embryos have spatially restricted glutamatergic receptive fields. Our data demonstrate that Xenopus laevis eyes undergo a process of developmental emmetropization, and suggest that despite an initial stage of suboptimal image formation there is potentially enough information to guide activity‐dependent refinements of the retinotectal pathway from the onset of vision. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 507–519, 2012
Benzylpiperazine: the New Zealand legal perspective
Authors: Bassindale T.
Published: June 2011

In 2005 the New Zealand Government created a new schedule of ‘Restricted Substances’ under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1975). Benzylpiperazine was the first drug to be classified as what became known informally as ‘Class D’. The rationale behind that decision and the subsequent reclassification of benzylpiperazine to Class C, in 2008, is discussed.
Zebrafish Tshz3b negatively regulates hox function in the developing hindbrain
Authors: Erickson Timothy , Pillay Laura M. , Waskiewicz Andrew J.
Published: June 2011

In flies, the zinc‐finger protein Teashirt promotes trunk segmental identities, in part, by repressing the expression and function of anterior hox paralog group (PG) 1–4 genes that specify head fates. Anterior‐posterior patterning of the vertebrate hindbrain also requires Hox PG 1–4 function, but the role of vertebrate teashirt‐related genes in this process has not been investigated. In this work, we use overexpression and structure‐function analyses to show that zebrafish tshz3b antagonizes Hox‐dependent hindbrain segmentation. Ectopic Tshz3b perturbs the specification of rhombomere identities and leads to the caudal expansion of r1, the only rhombomere whose identity is specified independently of Hox function. This overexpression phenotype does not require the homeodomain and C‐terminal zinc fingers that are unique to vertebrate Teashirt‐related proteins, but does require that Tshz3b function as a repressor. Together, these results argue that the negative regulation of Hox PG 1–4 function is a conserved characteristic of Teashirt‐related proteins. genesis 49:725–742, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesenchymal stem cell inhibition of T‐helper 17 cell‐ differentiation is triggered by cell–cell contact and mediated by prostaglandin E2 via the EP4 receptor
Authors: Duffy Michelle M. , Pindjakova Jana , Hanley Shirley A. , McCarthy Cathal , Weidhofer Gudrun A. , Sweeney Eva M. , English Karen , Shaw Georgina , Murphy J. Mary , Barry Frank P. , Mahon Bernard P. , Belton Orina , Ceredig Rhodri , Griffin Matthew D.
Published: June 2011

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibit T‐cell activation and proliferation but their effects on individual T‐cell‐effector pathways and on memory versus naïve T cells remain unclear. MSC influence on the differentiation of naïve and memory CD4+ T cells toward the Th17 phenotype was examined. CD4+ T cells exposed to Th17‐skewing conditions exhibited reduced CD25 and IL‐17A expression following MSC co‐culture. Inhibition of IL‐17A production persisted upon re‐stimulation in the absence of MSCs. These effects were attenuated when cell–cell contact was prevented. Th17 cultures from highly purified naïve‐ and memory‐phenotype responders were similarly inhibited. Th17 inhibition by MSCs was reversed by indomethacin and a selective COX‐2 inhibitor. Media from MSC/Th17 co‐cultures contained increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels and potently suppressed Th17 differentiation in fresh cultures. MSC‐mediated Th17 inhibition was reversed by a selective EP4 antagonist and was mimicked by synthetic PGE2 and a selective EP4 agonist. Activation‐induced IL‐17A secretion by naturally occurring, effector‐memory Th17 cells from a urinary obstruction model was also inhibited by MSC co‐culture in a COX‐dependent manner. Overall, MSCs potently inhibit Th17 differentiation from naïve and memory T‐cell precursors and inhibit naturally‐occurring Th17 cells derived from a site of inflammation. Suppression entails cell‐contact‐dependent COX‐2 induction resulting in direct Th17 inhibition by PGE2 via EP4.
The extreme plasticity of killer cell Ig‐like receptor (KIR) haplotypes differentiates rhesus macaques from humans
Authors: Blokhuis Jeroen H. , van der Wiel Marit K. , Doxiadis Gaby G. M. , Bontrop Ronald E.
Published: June 2011

NK cells are essential in shaping immune responses and play an important role during pregnancy and in controlling infections. Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) educate the NK cell and determine its state of activation. Our goal was to determine how the KIR repertoire of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) has been shaped during evolution. The presence or absence of 22 KIR gene groups was determined in 378 animals. Some unexpected observations were made in an outbred colony comprising animals of different origins. For instance, the KIR region appears to be highly plastic, and an unprecedented number of genotypes and haplotypes was observed. In contrast to humans, there is no distinction between group A and B haplotypes in the rhesus macaque, suggesting that different selective forces may be operative. Moreover, specific genes appear to be either present or absent in animals of different geographic origins. This extreme plasticity may have been propelled by co‐evolution with the rhesus macaque MHC class I region, which shows signatures of expansion. The mosaic‐like complexity of KIR genotypes as observed at the population level may represent an effective strategy for surviving epidemic infections.
Anti‐PD‐1 synergizes with cyclophosphamide to induce potent anti‐tumor vaccine effects through novel mechanisms
Authors: Mkrtichyan Mikayel , Najjar Yana G. , Raulfs Estella C. , Abdalla Maher Y. , Samara Raed , Rotem‐Yehudar Rinat , Cook Larry , Khleif Samir N.
Published: June 2011

Programmed death‐1 receptor (PD‐1) is expressed on T cells following TCR activation. Binding of this receptor to its cognate ligands, programmed death ligand (PDL)‐1 and PDL‐2, down‐regulates signals by the TCR, promoting T‐cell anergy and apoptosis, thus leading to immune suppression. Here, we find that using an anti‐PD‐1 antibody (CT‐011) with Treg‐cell depletion by low‐dose cyclophosphamide (CPM), combined with a tumor vaccine, induces synergistic antigen‐specific immune responses and reveals novel activities of each agent in this combination. This strategy led to complete regression of established tumors in a significant percentage of treated animals, with survival prolongation. We show for the first time that combining CT‐011 and CPM significantly increases the number of vaccine‐induced tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T cells, with simultaneous decrease in infiltrating Treg cells. Interestingly, we find that CT‐011 prolongs Treg‐cell inhibition induced by CPM, leading to a sustainable significant synergistic decrease of splenic and tumor‐infiltrated Treg cells. Surprisingly, we find that the anti‐tumor effect elicited by the combination of CT‐011 and CPM is dependent on both CD8+ and CD4+ T‐cell responses, although the antigen we used is a class I MHC‐restricted peptide. Thus, we describe a novel and effective therapeutic approach by combining multiple strategies to target several tumor‐mediated immune inhibitory mechanisms.
A quantifiable proliferative burst of tissue macrophages restores homeostatic macrophage populations after acute inflammation
Authors: Davies Luke C. , Rosas Marcela , Smith Paul J. , Fraser Donald J. , Jones Simon A. , Taylor Philip R.
Published: June 2011

Macrophage (MØ) biology is routinely modelled in the peritoneal cavity, a vascular tissue readily infiltrated by leukocytes during inflammation. After several decades of study, no consensus has emerged regarding the importance of in situ proliferation versus peripheral monocyte recruitment for the maintenance of tissue resident MØs. By applying specific measures of mitosis, we have monitored tissue MØ proliferation during newborn development, adulthood and acute resolving inflammation in young adult mice. Despite the vascular nature of the tissue and ease of peripheral leukocyte entry, tissue MØs in the newborn increase in number by local proliferation. On the contrary, in the adult, tissue MØ proliferation is considerably reduced and most likely provides homeostatic control of cell numbers. Importantly, during an acute inflammatory response, when substantial numbers of inflammatory MØs are recruited from the circulation, tissue‐resident MØs survive and then undergo a transient and intense proliferative burst in situ to repopulate the tissue. Our data indicate that local proliferation is a general mechanism for the self‐sufficient renewal of tissue MØs during development and acute inflammation and not one restricted to non‐vascular tissues, which has implications for the therapeutic modulation of MØ activity during the resolution of inflammation.
The Unexpected Formation of MB2 Layers (M = Refractory Metal) on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Friedhoff Wibke , Milke Edgar , Binnewies Michael
Published: June 2011

The reactions between refractory metals (Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) and BCl3 vapour at high temperatures have been studied. For this purpose, the metal wires were heated up by an electrical current in a BCl3 atmosphere for a couple of hours. Optical and X‐ray diffraction methods were used to analyze the solid products, whereas mass spectrometry was used to study the gas phase composition. In the reactions with Ti, Zr, V, Nb and Ta, we observed the formation of MB2 layers on the metal surfaces. Molybdenum reacted with formation of MoB, with tungsten no reaction was observed at all. This is contrary to the thermodynamic expectations. The mechanism of the coating process is discussed from a thermodynamic viewpoint.
Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Some Gadolinium(III) Porphyrinate Complexes
Authors: Zhu Xun‐Jin , Zhang Tao , Zhao Shunsheng , Wong Wai‐Kwok , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: June 2011

A series of gadolinium(III) porphyrinate complexes was synthesized in moderate yield from the interaction of meso‐substituted porphyrin free bases with Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3·x[LiCl(THF)3], followed by the addition of a tripodal anion LOMe– – an effective encapsulating agent for lanthanide ions. These new complexes were fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy. The electronic spectra show a near‐infrared phosphorescence from the triplet state of the porphyrin rings and exhibit a very characteristic vibronic‐structured emission.
Aminotroponiminate and Aminotroponate Complexes of Group 15 (P, As) Elements: Synthesis, X‐ray Diffraction Analysis and Reactivity
Authors: Pop Lucian‐Cristian , Castel Annie , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Luminita , Saffon Nathalie
Published: June 2011

New phosphenium and arsenium cations stabilized by bidentate monoanionic N‐isopropyl‐2‐(isopropylamino)troponiminate or 2‐(isopropylamino)troponate units have been synthesized. These complexes were characterized by 31P, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and the molecular structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. These data indicate the formation of N,N′‐ and N,O‐chelate derivatives with three‐coordinate Group 15 atoms included in planar heterobicycles. The reactivities of these cationic species were investigated. The phosphenium cations were found to be more reactive than their arsenium analogues, especially towards an o‐quinone, with the formation of a phosphate ester derivative. Complexation reactions with [(THF)W(CO)5] afforded the first aminotroponiminato hydroxyphosphenium cation stabilized by coordination to a transition metal.
Ultrasound‐Induced Rapid Intercalation of Biselenite in Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Lee Jong Hyeon , Lee Yeon Soo , Kim Hana , Jung Duk‐Young
Published: June 2011

The deintercalation of carbonate (CO32–) ions from MgAl‐layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (Mg/Al = 2) both in monolayer films and powdered samples under atmospheric conditions in ethanol was investigated. A selenous acid precursor was incorporated into the interlayer gallery. Treatment with 0.5 M selenous acid (H2SeO3) for 30 min with powdered LDHs or with 0.1 M H2SeO3 for 5 min with the thin film LDHs resulted in carbonate ions being exchanged with biselenite (HSeO3–) ions. Electron microscopy showed that the morphologies of the original LDH particles remained after the reaction, despite the ultrasound being continuously applied for up to 2 h. XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopic scattering results strongly suggested that cyclic dimers of biselenite ions were incorporated into the gallery spaces of the LDHs, vertically arranged to the horizontal axes of the MgAl‐LDH layers.
Symmetrical Bis(acetylido)ruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Field Leslie D. , Magill Alison M. , Shearer Timothy K. , Dalgarno Scott J. , Bhadbhade Mohan M.
Published: June 2011

Symmetrical, mononuclear bis(acetylido)ruthenium(II) complexes were prepared by the reaction of [trans‐RuMe2(dmpe)2] [dmpe = 1,2‐bis(dimethylphosphanyl)ethane] with terminal alkynes. The complexes were characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. In some cases, the complexes catalyse the head‐to‐head dimerisation of terminal alkynes to yield organic butenynes. The regiochemistry of this dimerisation depends on the solvent used; methanol results in the isolation of (Z)‐butenynes, whereas toluene gives predominantly (E) isomers.
Stepwise Synthesis of Siloxane‐Substituted Oligophosphanes Pn[O(iPr2Si)2]2 (n = 2, 4)
Authors: Kracke Andreas , von Hänisch Carsten
Published: June 2011

The synthesis of siloxane‐bridged P2 and P4 compounds can be achieved through metalation of primary or cyclic diphosphanylsiloxane compounds and subsequent oxidative coupling using C2H4Br2 as reagent. Starting from the cyclic diphosphanylsiloxane [O(iPr2Si)2PH]2, the reaction with the silazanides of the earth alkaline metals leads to the metalated compounds [M(DME)2{O(iPr2Si)2P}2] (1: M = Ca, 2: M = Sr, 3: M = Ba). Subsequent oxidation yields the bicyclic species P2[O(iPr2Si)2]2 (4). In an analogous reaction sequence with the primary diphosphanylsiloxane O(iPr2Si)2PH2 the cyclic diphosphane O(iPr2SiPH)2 (5) could be obtained and was successfully used for the same reaction pathway, leading to the corresponding metalated compound 6. Further oxidative coupling resulted in an intermolecular P–P bond formation, yielding the cage compound P4[O(iPr2Si)2]2 (7).
Cyanide‐Bridged Molecular Squares – The Building Units of Prussian Blue (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 20/2011)
Authors: Newton Graham N. , Nihei Masayuki , Oshio Hiroki
Published: June 2011

The cover picture shows two examples of the diverse physical properties observed in cyanide‐bridged molecular square complexes: multistep spin crossover and electron transfer coupled spin transition. Cyanide‐bridged squares can be considered to be the building blocks of Prussian Blue, which forms the backdrop of the image, and their discrete nature can allow easy access to multistable functionalities. The Microreview by H. Oshio et al. on p. 3031 ff. discusses the syntheses and physical properties of cyanide‐bridged molecular squares since the discovery of the first high‐spin example in 1999.
Composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of white apricot almond (Amygdalus communis L.) oil
Authors: Tian Honglei , Zhang Hao , Zhan Ping , Tian Fengwei
Published: June 2011

In order to improve the level of comprehensive utilization and to promote the development of functional products, the chemical composition of white apricot almond oil was analyzed by capillary GC‐MS and interpreted based on the standard mass spectral data, and biological activities were evaluated. Seven components of white apricot almond oil were identified. The scavenging capacity of white apricot almond oil in the superoxide anion radical system and hydroxyl radical system had a good performance. The IC50 of white apricot almond oil to superoxide anion radical system and hydroxyl radical were 5.8 µg/mL and 0.17 mg/mL, respectively, and were stronger than that of ascorbic acid. In DPPH system, the IC50 value of white apricot almond oil was 0.2 mg/mL and the IC50 value of ascorbic acid was 0.07 mg/mL, but within the selected dosage, the highest scavenging capacity of white apricot almond oil was higher than that of ascorbic acid. White apricot almond oil was found to be a more effective antimicrobial agent than grape seed oil, fuji apple seed oil and mulberry seed oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of white apricot almond oil ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 mg/mL. The observed biological activities showed that the oil has a good potential for use in the food industry and pharmacy.
Delivery of radioiodinated antisense oligonucleotides in long circulating liposomes in vivo
Authors: Ma Chao , Lin Jizheng , Xie Jiawei , Wang Guoming , Shuyao Zuo
Published: June 2011

The anionic long circulating liposomes (ALCLs) prepared in previous studies enabled high loading efficiency, small particle size, and good stability. In addition, the uptake by tumor cells and delivery of radioiodinated antisense oligonucleotides (ASON) to MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line was improved. The liposomes also displayed valuable pharmacologic properties characterized by a long half‐life, slow clearance, and a significant area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) in vivo. This study emphasizes the contribution of ALCLs to the anti‐tumor effect of ASON and radiation therapy. Our results show that ALCLs improve biodistribution and delivery of radioiodinated ASON in tumor bearing rats, which is characterized by the suppression of tumor growth, decreased bcl‐2 expression, and increased tumor cell necrosis in the mammary tumor.
Stereoselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Ferrocene‐Containing 5‐Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Analogues
Authors: Kausch‐Busies Nina , Neudörfl Jörg Martin , Wefelmeier Pascal , Prokop Aram , Kühn Hartmut , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: June 2011

The stereoselective synthesis of a set of four stable 5‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) analogues with a ferrocene backbone is described. The common substructure of all HETEs, the (2E,4Z)‐1‐hydroxyhexadiene moiety, was formally replaced by a ferrocenylmethanol fragment. Whereas the hydrophilic side chain remained the same as that of 5‐HETE (butyrate), the lipophilic side chain was simplified by replacing the “natural” (Z,Z)‐1,4‐decadiene side chain with (Z)‐1‐heptene, 1‐heptyne, 1‐octyne, or phenylacetylene. As a key building block, Kagan's chiral acetal (derived from ferrocenecarbaldehyde) was used for the stereoselective generation of the planar‐chiral substructure through diastereoselective ortho‐lithiation and subsequent formylation, methoxycarbonylation or iodination, respectively. The lipophilic side chain was installed either by a “salt‐free” Wittig reaction or (better) by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling. The (Z)‐selective semi‐reduction of a (hindered) triple bond was achieved with NaBH4, PdI2 and PEG200. The introduction of the hydrophilic side chain was found to proceed with complete diastereoselectivity through addition of a titanium–zinc organyl [prepared from ethyl 4‐iodobutyrate, activated Zn powder and Ti(OiPr)3Cl] as a butyrate D4 synthon to an aldehyde function using 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐Me‐THF) as a solvent. The expected (Rp,5S) configuration of the products was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography of an intermediate and by chemical correlation and NMR spectroscopy of a Mosher‐type derivative. Preliminary biological experiments revealed that compound 4 [with a (Z)‐heptenyl side chain] displayed significant apoptosis induction, whereas analogues with an alkynyl side chain were inactive. None of the HETE analogues prepared showed significant inhibition of lipoxygenase (15‐LOX) or cyclooxygenase (COX‐2).
Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Sensors for Zinc Ion Derived from 2‐Aminobenzamide
Authors: Jia Jia , Gu Zhen‐yuan , Li Ri‐chen , Huang Ming‐hao , Xu Cai‐shuang , Wang Yi‐fei , Xing Guo‐wen , Huang Yun‐sheng
Published: June 2011

Four novel Zn2+ fluorescent sensors have been designed with N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine as chelator and 2‐aminobenzamide as fluorophore. These sensors were prepared in two or three steps from readily available starting materials. Of the four designed sensors, ZnABA was found to be the most efficient Zn2+‐specific fluorescent probe and has good solubility in biological buffer, a large Stokes shift (186 nm), a high off–on fluorescence response (16‐fold enhancement), and distinct selectivity towards Zn2+ over other metal ions. Our results have demonstrated an excellent linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of ZnABA and the Zn2+ concentration from 0 to 10 μM, which indicates that ZnABA has the potential to be used for the quantitative determination of Zn2+ in an aqueous environment.
A New Solvent‐Free Reaction for the Preparation of Alkoxysilane from Cyclic Ethers, Alcohols, or Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Pehlivan Leyla , Métay Estelle , Boyron Olivier , Demonchaux Patrice , Mignani Gérard , Lemaire Marc
Published: June 2011

The 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane/Pd/C system is reported here as a new method to accomplish the ring‐opening of ethers and epoxides to give protected alcohols. The approach can also be used for the protection of primary or secondary alcohols and for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to obtain alkoxysilanes.
Synthesis of DNA with Green Perylene Bisimides as DNA Base Substitutions
Authors: Menacher Florian , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: June 2011

Perylene‐3,4:9,10‐tetracarboxylic acid bisimide represents a particularly attractive building block for DNA‐based multichromophores and nanoassemblies due to its unique combination of optical and electronic properties. Despite the broad applicability of the perylene bisimide dye for DNA‐based assemblies, significant fluorescence quenching by photoinduced charge‐transfer processes to guanines in DNA represents a major disadvantage. In order to develop a redox actively and optically tuned perylene bisimide derivative with fluorescence that does not photooxidize guanines in DNA, we chose to attach two N‐pyrrolidinyl substituents as strongly electron‐donating substituents at the 1‐ and 7‐positions of the bay area (“APBI”). The corresponding phosphoramidite 1 was synthesized and incorporated synthetically into oligonucleotides by using the automated DNA building block chemistry. The 2′‐deoxyribofuranoside of natural nucleosides was replaced by (S)‐1‐aminopropane‐2,3‐diol as an acyclic linker between the phosphodiester bridges that is tethered to one of the imide nitrogen atoms of the APBI dye. Electrochemical and optical characterization of the isolated APBI dye shows that photoinduced charge transfer with guanines is indeed very unlikely. Single APBI DNA base substitutions show an exciplex‐type emission with pH sensitivity. The interstrand APBI dimer in DNA could be regarded as a hydrophobically interacting base pair that stabilizes the thermal stability of the double strand. The APBI dimer behaves like an H aggregate, and the fluorescence is quenched quantitatively.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Nonactivated Alkenes in Dibromomethane with Triisobutylaluminum
Authors: Brunner Gerhard , Elmer Susanne , Schröder Fridtjof
Published: June 2011

The cyclopropanation of nonactivated alkenes with inexpensive triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), in dibromomethane as solvent and reagent, is efficiently catalyzed by FeCl3 at ambient temperature. Catalytic amounts of CuI salts, CpTiCl3, and [CpFe(CO)2]2 are similarly effective. 2‐Methylpropane, generated after quench of excess TIBA can be trapped, and excess dibromomethane can be recycled, which makes the method industrially applicable. Solvent‐free DIBAH or TIBA reduction of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, followed by in situ TIBA cyclopropanation of the unsaturated aluminum alcoholates in dibromomethane give cyclopropyl alkanols. Dienols such as geraniol, linalool or nor‐radjanol are selectively cyclopropanated in their distal position, which allows the synthesis of flavor and fragrance compounds such as Δ‐citral, cis‐javanol, and 7‐methyl‐georgywood. Uncontrollable exothermic events are avoided due to relatively low reaction temperatures made possible by the catalysts and by the addition mode of the reagents.1
Can't get over me: Ego depletion attenuates prosocial effects of perspective taking
Authors: Fennis Bob M.
Published: June 2011

Many studies attest to the beneficial and prosocial effects of perspective taking. The present research tests the notion that such perspective taking is a process involving active self‐regulation and, hence, that effects of perspective taking on prosocial behaviour are more pronounced when self‐control resources are high, rather than low. Results confirmed this hypothesis. Across two experiments using acts of compliance as a specific form of prosocial behaviour, perspective‐taking participants were more willing to comply with a request for help by the experimenter (experiment 1) and donated more time to a charitable cause (experiment 2) than participants who did not engage in perspective taking, but only when self‐regulatory resources were in sufficient supply. Under conditions of ego depletion, the impact of perspective taking on compliance was attenuated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Fast and Direct Amperometric Determination of Hg2+ by a Bienzyme Electrode Based on the Competitive Activities of Glucose Oxidase and Laccase
Authors: Cosnier Serge , Mousty Christine , Guelorget Amandine , Lopez Marta Sanchez‐Paniagua , Shan. Dan
Published: June 2011

A new concept of enzyme inhibition‐based biosensor involving the appearance of an amperometric signal for an inhibition by mercury was developed. The bienzyme sensor was composed of two layers of clay materials. The inner layer was constituted of layered double hydroxides entrapping laccase wired by ABTS. The outer laponite layer contained glucose oxidase (GOD). GOD catalyzed the glucose oxidation with the reduction of O2 into H2O2. This induced a drastic decrease of the biosensor response to O2 by the electrically wired laccase. HgCl2 inhibited the O2 consumption by GOD leading to a signal increase of the electroenzymatic reduction of O2.
Capillary electrophoresis method for plasmatic determination of imatinib mesylate in chronic myeloid leukemia patients
Authors: Ajimura Tatiana O. , Borges Keyller B. , Ferreira Aline F. , de Castro Fabíola A. , de Gaitani Cristiane M.
Published: June 2011

Imatinib (IMAT) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Despite the efficacy of IMAT therapy, some cases of treatment resistance have been described in CML. Developing a plasma method is important since there are several studies that provided a higher correlation between IMAT plasma concentration and response to treatment. Therefore, in this investigation we validated a method by CE as an alternative, new, simple and fast electrophoretic method for IMAT determination in human plasma. The analysis was performed using a fused silica capillary (50 μm id×46.5 cm total length, 38.0 cm effective length); 50 mmol/L sodium phosphate buffer, pH 2.5, as BGE; hydrodynamic injection time of 20 s (50 mbar); voltage of 30 kV; capillary temperature of 35°C and detection at 200 nm. Plasma samples pre‐treatment involved liquid–liquid extraction with methyl‐tert‐butyl ether as the extracting solvent. The method was linear from 0.125 to 5.00 μg/mL. The LOQ was 0.125 μg/mL. Mean absolute recovery of IMAT was 67%. The method showed to be precise and accurate with RSD and relative error values lower than 15%. Furthermore, the application of the method was performed in the analysis of plasma samples from CML patients undergoing treatment with IMAT.
Electrokinetic particle translocation through a nanopore containing a floating electrode
Authors: Zhang Mingkan , Ai Ye , Sharma Ashutosh , Joo Sang W. , Kim Dong‐Soo , Qian Shizhi
Published: June 2011

Electrokinetic particle translocation through a nanopore containing a floating electrode is investigated by solving a continuum model, composed of the coupled Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations for the ionic mass transport and the modified Stokes equations for the flow field. Two effects due to the presence of the floating electrode, the induced‐charge electroosmosis (ICEO) and the particle‐floating electrode electrostatic interaction, could significantly affect the electrokinetic mobility of DNA nanoparticles. When the electrical double layers (EDLs) of the DNA nanoparticle and the floating electrode are not overlapped, the particle‐floating electrode electrostatic interaction becomes negligible. As a result, the DNA nanoparticle could be trapped near the floating electrode arising from the induced‐charge electroosmosis when the applied electric field is relatively high. The presence of the floating electrode attracts more ions inside the nanopore resulting in an increase in the ionic current flowing through the nanopore; however, it has a limited effect on the deviation of the current from its base current when the particle is far from the pore.
Equipment design and facility layout for flexible biomanufacturing processes
Authors: Peuker Thorsten , Bogner Alexandra
Published: June 2011

In process development and manufacturing, the biopharmaceutical industry requires high flexibility in its production facilities. These suites must be capable of producing clinical material or even drug substances for the market. Several products are manufactured in parallel or shortly after one another, which is challenging especially for the equipment. Product titers are increasing due to improved cell line performances, and personalized medicine will lead to tailor‐made drugs for a smaller group of patients. The resulting reduced upstream volumes enhance the opportunities for complete single‐use manufacturing trains. These requirements must be considered already during the design phase of the manufacturing facility. Engineering efforts have to be reduced as much as possible in order to reduce cost and timelines. Generic platform concepts for the overall process enable a shorter execution time as well as more efficient qualification procedures. In this contribution, the focus is on production processes for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) as a major product class of the biopharmaceutical industry. Two case studies introduce process platform concepts integrating single‐use equipment for an existing building and for a greenfield facility.
Examining the Match between Assessed Eating Disorder Recovery and Subjective Sense of Recovery: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Bardone‐Cone Anna M.
Published: June 2011

This study examined how individuals, clinically assessed as fully or partially recovered from an eating disorder (ED), subjectively perceived themselves in terms of stage of change in the recovery process. Individuals formerly seen for an ED at a Midwestern clinic were recruited. Using validated definitions of recovery, 18 were fully recovered (physical, behavioural and psychological recovery), and 15 were partially recovered (only physical and behavioural recovery); these groups were compared on overall stage of change and confidence related to this stage, dieting stage of change and internality of motivation. The fully and partially recovered groups endorsed being fully recovered (overall and for dieting) at similar rates. There were trends for the fully recovered group seeking change primarily for themselves and being more confident in their stage of change choice. Results have implications for approaches when a client's assessed recovery stage does not match her subjective sense of recovery and for better understanding recovery from an ED. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A Grounded Theory Exploration of the Onset of Anorexia in Adolescence
Authors: Koruth Nina , Nevison Charlotte , Schwannauer Matthias
Published: June 2011

Objectives

Relatively little research has been conducted investigating the individual's point of view of anorexia. This research explored young people's experiences of the onset of anorexia. It was anticipated that this would improve clinicians' knowledge in this area, which could then inform establishing alliance and progress through interventions.

Method

A qualitative grounded theory design was employed. Eight participants aged between 13 and 17 years took part in an interview. The procedure of analysis involved moving between the interviews and generating codes.

Results

Superordinate themes emerged and the three main findings are presented. Firstly, it was found that emotions were experienced as overwhelming. Secondly, that the level of awareness of anorexia develops. Finally, that emotional responses and the level of awareness of anorexia impact on the ability to utilise interpersonal interactions. The findings shed light on the personal experiences of this time and help to highlight areas for clinicians to address. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Response of a mid‐latitude cirque glacier to climate over the last two decades: Mangaehuehu Glacier, Mt Ruapehu
Authors: Brook Martin S. , Dean Josh F. , Keys Harry J. R.
Published: June 2011

The recent loss of mountain glaciers in response to climate warming has been reported across a range of latitudes globally, but the processes involved are not always straightforward. In southern Pacific mid‐latitudes, twentieth‐century glacier fluctuations are thought to reflect the strength of westerly atmospheric circulation, which brings increased precipitation, leading to mass gains. We present a study of the response of Mangaehuehu Glacier, a cirque glacier on Mt Ruapehu, to climate over the last two decades. Glacier surface area fluctuated in size over this period, corresponding closely with mean end‐of‐summer snowlines in the Southern Alps. The key control on glacier extent appears to be ablation season temperature, itself controlled by regional atmospheric circulation, including El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), and to a lesser extent, Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling and evaluation of the lightning arc between a power line and a nearby tree
Authors: Omidiora Michael A. , Elkalashy Nagy I. , Lehtonen Matti , Abdel‐Rahman Mansour H.
Published: June 2011

This paper addresses the modification of the existing dynamic arc model for lightning arc simulation application. The modified dynamic arc model combines the static and the dynamic arc equations that are already established in the literature to reproduce an arc fault involving a lightning‐struck tree and a nearby power distribution line during rainfall. The results of experimental studies regarding arc creation between a tree and a nearby power line with artificial rainfall were obtained. A complete model of this phenomenon is reproduced using the electromagnetic transient program (ATP/EMTP) and the existing static and dynamic arc equations. The essential reason for modifying this model is graphically shown with a comparison of the dynamic arc and the modified dynamic arc models. The performance of the arc phenomenon was examined using a typical Finnish distribution network design. By means of simulation using the modified dynamic arc, developed within the ATP/EMTP software with its Transient Analysis Control System features, the lightning arc performance of the MV/LV network under the influence of nearby trees and the network characteristics is analyzed. It is expected that such a model can be included in the existing ATP/EMTP software packages for simulating power system transients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume preserving immersed boundary methods for two‐phase fluid flows
Authors: Li Yibao , Jung Eunok , Lee Wanho , Lee Hyun Geun , Kim Junseok
Published: June 2011

In this article, we propose a simple area‐preserving correction scheme for two‐phase immiscible incompressible flows with an immersed boundary method (IBM). The IBM was originally developed to model blood flow in the heart and has been widely applied to biofluid dynamics problems with complex geometries and immersed elastic membranes. The main idea of the IBM is to use a regular Eulerian computational grid for the fluid mechanics along with a Lagrangian representation of the immersed boundary. Using the discrete Dirac delta function and the indicator function, we can include the surface tension force, variable viscosity and mass density, and gravitational force effects. The principal advantage of the IBM for two‐phase fluid flows is its inherent accuracy due in part to its ability to use a large number of interfacial marker points on the interface. However, because the interface between two fluids is moved in a discrete manner, this can result in a lack of volume conservation. The idea of an area preserving correction scheme is to correct the interface location normally to the interface so that the area remains constant. Various numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed conservative IBM for two‐phase fluid flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient and flexible solver for the simulation of the morphodynamics of fast evolving flows on coarse sediment beaches
Authors: Briganti R. , Dodd N. , Kelly D. , Pokrajac D.
Published: June 2011

A well‐balanced total variation diminishing–McCormack scheme is used to simulate the fast evolving flow on a mobile coarse sediments bed. The scheme is chosen because of its shock capturing capabilities and its relative simplicity, which allow different sediment transport formulae to be slotted in easily. A typical example of the kind of flows treated here is bore‐driven wave run‐up. The analogy with a dam‐break on a mobile bed is used here to analyze the performance of the model. The model solves the nonlinear shallow water equations coupled with the Exner sediment balance equation for the mobile bed. Quasi‐analytical solutions to this problem for different expressions for instantaneous sediment discharge formulae are used to test the performance of the scheme. Together with the existing solution for the Grass formula, a further solution is obtained for a different formula. Numerical tests were also carried out for a further formula that is an industry standard. The agreement of the results with the solutions is very good and consistent results were obtained for all the formulae tested. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrolipoma of head and neck: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Pitman Karen T. , Bell Diana
Published: June 2011

Background

Chondrolipoma is a rare form of a benign mesenchymal tumor containing mature cartilage and fatty tissue. Chondrolipomas may be found in almost any part of the body, particularly in the connective tissue of the breast, head and neck area, and in the skeletal muscle.

Methods

We present the case of a 51‐year‐old woman complaining of 8 to 9 months of intermittent right cheek swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans showed a 4.0‐cm fat‐containing mass involving the right masseter muscle.

Results

The patient was taken to the operating room for excision of the mass. The final pathologic diagnosis was chondrolipoma.

Conclusions

We describe a case of a chondrolipoma in the masseter muscle. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Chondrocytes suspended in modified fibrin glue for vocal fold augmentation: An in vitro study in a porcine larynx model
Authors: Skodacek Daniel , Arnold Ulrike , Storck Katharina , Alvarez Carmelo Perez , Ratzinger Sabine , Staudenmaier Rainer
Published: June 2011

Background

Injection laryngoplasty is an option for treatment of dysphonia following vocal fold paralysis. Modified fibrin glue with suspended chondrocytes might be a favorable cell‐based material for permanent vocal fold medialization.

Methods

We compared fibrin glue with suspended chondrocytes to collagen and hyaluronic acid gels concerning alteration of vocal fold vibration and correct intralaryngeal placement after intralaryngeal injection into porcine larynges. Viscoelastic properties of the materials were analyzed by means of a parallel plate rheometer.

Results

Fibrin glue with cells was comparable to collagen and hyaluronic acid with respect to amplitudes, symmetry, and periodicity of vocal fold vibration. Application and positioning of fibrin glue with suspended chondrocytes were technically undemanding and comparable with controls. Complex stress modulus of fibrin glue with suspended cells was comparable to that of collagen gel.

Conclusions

Fibrin glue with suspended chondrocytes seems suitable for the indication of injection laryngoplasty and holds promise for permanent vocal fold medialization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012