bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Anticoagulation Timing in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Chang Po-Yin , Wang Wei-Ting , Tsai Yi-Wen , Cheng Hao-Min , Wu Wei-Lun , Chang Hui-Chin , Chen Chen-Huan , Chiou Shih-Hwa , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Chiang Chern-En
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose Oral anticoagulants (OACs) prevent stroke recurrence and vascular embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Based on empirical consensus, current guidance recommends a “1–3–6–12 days” rule to resume OACs after AIS. This study investigated the suitability of guideline-recommended timing for OAC initiation.

Methods Using data of 12,307 AF patients hospitalized for AIS, for the period 2012 to 2016, in Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we constructed a sequence of cohorts of OAC users and propensity score-matched nonusers, creating one cohort on each day of OAC initiation for 30 days since admission. Composite outcome included effectiveness (cardiovascular death, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism, and venous thromboembolism) and safety (intracranial hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hematuria) outcomes. Comparing with nonusers, we examined the risks in the early OAC use (within 1–3–6–12 days) or guideline-recommended delayed use. Indirect comparison between the early and delayed use was conducted using mixed treatment comparison.

Results Across the AIS severity, the risks of composite or effectiveness outcome were lower in OAC users than nonusers, and the risks were similar between the early and delayed use groups. In patients with severe AIS, early OAC use was associated with an increased risk of safety outcome, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.67 (confidence interval [CI]: 1·30–2·13) compared with nonusers and a HR of 1.44 (CI: 0·99–2·09) compared with the delayed use.

Conclusion Our study findings support an early OAC initiation in AF patients with mild-to-moderate AIS and a routine delayed use of OACs can be considered in those with severe AIS to avoid a serious bleeding event.
Comparing personal and social optimism biases: magnitude, overlap, modifiability, and links with social identification and expertise
Authors: Aue Tatjana , Dricu Mihai , Moser Dominik A. , Mayer Boris , Bührer Stephanie
Published: October 2021

Individuals are more optimistic about their own future than a comparable person’s future (personal optimism bias). In addition, they show overoptimism toward people or social groups they identify with compared with those they do not identify with (social optimism bias). However, commonalities and differences between personal and social forms of optimism bias remain to be addressed. Data from an experiment on anticipated performances in soccer (including 160 participants), revealed (a) comparable magnitudes of personal and social optimism biases, and (b) only partial overlap between personal and social optimism biases. We further found the magnitude of the biases to depend on (c) prior experience in the investigated area. Social optimism bias, however, did not correlate with (d) the extent to which the participants identified with a social in-group. In addition, we demonstrate that (e) despite the availability of objective feedback, both personal and social optimism biases are hard to overcome. Our data further suggest (f) the existence of qualitatively different social optimism biases; biases that can possibly be distinguished by their degree of automaticity or the adoption of a more affective vs. utilitarian stance. Consequently, the present research reveals that the phenomenon of social optimism bias needs further refinement to adequately address its specific sub-components.
Hepatocyte cultures: From collagen gel sandwiches to microfluidic devices with integrated biosensors
Authors: de Hoyos-Vega Jose M. , Hong Hye Jin , Stybayeva Gulnaz , Revzin Alexander
Published: October 2021

Hepatocytes are parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for drug detoxification, urea and bile production, serum protein synthesis, and glucose homeostasis. Hepatocytes are widely used for drug toxicity studies in bioartificial liver devices and for cell-based liver therapies. Because hepatocytes are highly differentiated cells residing in a complex microenvironment in vivo, they tend to lose hepatic phenotype and function in vitro. This paper first reviews traditional culture approaches used to rescue hepatic function in vitro and then discusses the benefits of emerging microfluidic-based culture approaches. We conclude by reviewing integration of hepatocyte cultures with bioanalytical or sensing approaches.
Noise reduction of sinusoidal wavy cylinder in subcritical flow regime
Authors: Bai Honglei , Lu Zhenbo , Wei Renke , Yang Yannian , Liu Yu
Published: October 2021

The sinusoidal wavy cylinder of circular cross section is able to substantially reduce the fluid forces by effectively stabilizing the near wake in the subcritical flow regime. Based on the anechoic wind tunnel measurements and large eddy simulations (LESs), we investigate the capability of the sinusoidal wavy cylinder to reduce aeroacoustic noise as well as underlying flow physics. The wavy cylinder studied in this work covers a range of spanwise wavelength λz = 1.8–6.0Dm and a range of wave amplitude a = 0.15–0.25Dm, where Dm is the mean diameter of the wavy cylinder. The wind tunnel measurements are conducted at Reynolds number ReDm = 2.9–8.0 × 104, while LESs are conducted at ReDm = 3.0 × 104. It is observed that the wavy cylinder's configuration, determined by λz and a, has a profound impact on the far-field sound pressure level (SPL) of both tonal and broadband noise. Compared with the baseline smooth cylinder, the wavy cylinder with λz = 1.8Dm and a = 0.25Dm can reduce the peak value of SPL at the tonal frequency by up to 36.7 dB. The reductions in the overall SPL of the tonal and broadband noise are also tremendous, by up to 31.0 and 7.5 dB, respectively, by the wavy cylinder with the optimum wavelength. Consistent with observations on noise reduction are the significantly weakened near-wake structures and largely attenuated spanwise coherence, as well as substantially suppressed pressure fluctuations in the near wake and over the cylinder surface, based on the LES results. Dependence of the noise reduction on Reynolds number is discussed as well.
Logarithmic energy profile of the streamwise velocity for wall-attached eddies along the spanwise direction in turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Li Xuebo , Wang Guohua , Zheng Xiaojing
Published: October 2021

The present work explores the spanwise logarithmic decay of the turbulence intensity for wall-attached eddies per Townsend's attached eddy hypothesis. Within the dataset spanning a friction Reynolds number range Reτ∼O(103)−O(106), the coherence between the turbulence in the logarithmic region along the spanwise direction and that at a near-wall reference location is used to assess the scale-dependent coherence. Linear coherence spectrum analysis is applied as a filter to separate the coherent and incoherent portions. After this separation procedure, the turbulence intensity decay for wall-attached eddies in the spanwise direction is described in a log-linear manner, which also identifies how the scaling parameter increases with the Reynolds number. This variation is parametrized and consequently can be used to improve existing near-wall models.
Orbit spaces for torus actions on Hessenberg varieties
Authors: Cherepanov V. V.
Published: October 2021

In this paper we study effective actions of the compact torus

on smooth compact manifolds

of even dimension with isolated fixed points. It is proved that under certain conditions on the weight vectors of the tangent representation, the orbit space of such an action is a manifold with corners. In the case of Hamiltonian actions, the orbit space is homotopy equivalent to

, the complement to the union of disjoint open subsets of the

-sphere. The results obtained are applied to regular Hessenberg varieties and isospectral manifolds of Hermitian matrices of step type. Bibliography: 23 titles.
Estimates for the volume of the zeros of a holomorphic function depending on a complex parameter
Authors: Kytmanov A. M. , Sadullaev A.
Published: October 2021

Given a holomorphic function

,

,

, an estimate for the volume of the zero set

is presented which holds uniformly in

. Such estimates are quite useful in investigations of oscillatory integrals of the form

as

. Here

is a so-called amplitude function and

is a phase function.

Bibliography: 9 titles.
On singular log Calabi-Yau compactifications of Landau-Ginzburg models
Authors: Przyjalkowski V. V.
Published: October 2021

We consider the procedure that constructs log Calabi-Yau compactifications of weak Landau-Ginzburg models of Fano varieties. We apply it to del Pezzo surfaces and coverings of projective spaces of index

. For coverings of degree greater than

the log Calabi-Yau compactification is singular; moreover, no smooth projective log Calabi-Yau compactification exists. We also prove, in the cases under consideration, the conjecture that the number of components of the fibre over infinity is equal to the dimension of an anticanonical system of the Fano variety.

Bibliography: 46 titles.
A probability estimate for the discrepancy of Korobov lattice points
Authors: Illarionov A. A.
Published: October 2021

Bykovskii (2002) obtained the best current upper estimate for the minimum discrepancy of the Korobov lattice points from the uniform distribution. We show that this estimate holds for almost all

-dimensional Korobov lattices of

nodes, where

, and

is a prime number.

Bibliography: 14 titles.
The polynomial Hermite-Padé

-system for meromorphic functions on a compact Riemann surface
Authors: Komlov A. V.
Published: October 2021

Given a tuple of

germs of arbitrary analytic functions at a fixed point, we introduce the polynomial Hermite-Padé

-system, which includes the Hermite-Padé polynomials of types I and II. In the generic case we find the weak asymptotics of the polynomials of the Hermite-Padé

-system constructed from the tuple of germs of functions

that are meromorphic on an

-sheeted compact Riemann surface

. We show that if

for some meromorphic function

on

, then with the help of the ratios of polynomials of the Hermite-Padé

-system we recover the values of

on all sheets of the Nuttall partition of

, apart from the last sheet.

Bibliography: 18 titles.
Manipulation of Dirac Fermions in Nanochain-Structured Graphene
Authors: Dong Wen-Han , Bao De-Liang , Sun Jia-Tao , Liu Feng , Du Shixuan
Published: October 2021

Graphene has afforded an ideal 2D platform for investigating a rich and fascinating behavior of Dirac fermions. Here, we develop a theoretical mechanism for manipulating the Dirac fermions in graphene, such as from type-I to type-II and type-III, by a top-down nanopatterning approach. We demonstrate that by selective chemical adsorption to pattern the 2D graphene into coupled 1D armchair chains (ACs), the intrinsic isotropic upright Dirac cone becomes anisotropic and strongly tilted. Based on model analyses and first-principles calculations, we show that both the shape and tilt of Dirac cone can be tuned by the species of chemisorption, e.g., halogen vs hydrogen, which modifies the strength of inter-AC coupling. Furthermore, the topological edge states and transport properties of the engineered Dirac fermions are investigated. Our work sheds lights on understanding the Dirac fermions in a nanopatterned graphene platform, and provides guidance for designing nanostructures with novel functionality.
Exact solution of a quantum asymmetric exclusion process with particle creation and annihilation
Authors: Robertson Jacob , Essler Fabian H L
Published: October 2021

We consider a Lindblad equation that for particular initial conditions reduces to an asymmetric simple exclusion process with additional loss and gain terms. The resulting Lindbladian exhibits operator-space fragmentation and each block is Yang–Baxter integrable. For particular loss/gain rates the model can be mapped to free fermions. We determine the full quantum dynamics for an initial product state in this case.
Presidential Address 2021 Climate-Change Pledges, Actions, and Outcomes
Authors: de Silva Tiloka , Tenreyro Silvana
Published: October 2021

We study countries’ compliance with the targets pledged in international climate-change agreements and the impact of those agreements and specific climate laws and policies on greenhouse-gas emissions and economic outcomes. To do so, we compile and codify data on international agreements and measures enacted at the national and sub-national levels. We find that compliance with targets has been mixed. Still, countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol or the Copenhagen Accord experienced significant reductions in emissions when compared to non-signatories. Having quantifiable targets led to further reductions. Effects from the Paris Agreement are not yet evident in the data. Carbon taxes and the introduction of emission-trading schemes led to material reductions in emissions. Other climate laws or policies do not appear to have had, individually, a material effect on emissions. The impact on GDP growth or inflation from most measures was largely insignificant. Overall, much more ambitious targets would be needed to offset the impact of economic and population growth on emissions and contain the expansion of the stock of gases.
Gender Differences in the Psychology of Competition
Authors: Hanek Kathrin J.
Published: October 2021

Drawing primarily on the literature in experimental economics and social psychology, this article reviews key findings on gender differences for two aspects of competitiveness and competition: entry preferences and performance. Although women, relative to men, have been shown to shy away from competition and underperform in competitive environments, this article also discusses boundary conditions for these effects, such as the nature of the task or gender composition of the group, and highlights manifestations of these effects in applied domains, including in negotiations, the labor market, educational settings, and sports. Adopting social psychological frameworks of prescriptive norms and stereotypes, particularly social role theory, this article examines ways in which gender-incongruencies may underpin gender gaps in competition and gender-congruencies may alleviate them. Finally, this article considers implications for individuals and institutions as well as future directions in the field to continue finding ways to close gaps.
Touch
Authors: Desmarais Jane
Published: October 2021

This article explores the representation of touch in a selection of naturalist and decadent novels in the contexts of late nineteenth-century consumerism and widespread fears about contamination from sexually transmitted disease, principally syphilis. It argues that while the tangible material world does matter to decadence (Émile Zola), touching the (female) body engenders fear and disgust that often leads to fragmentation, unfeeling, and aversion (J.-K. Huysmans). Touching the body or body part, if touching occurs at all, is often portrayed as a transgressive and dangerous act that threatens to contaminate and corrupt (Rachilde, Octave Mirbeau). In Gabriele D’Annunzio’s Il piacere (Pleasure, 1889), a novel that explores the themes of beauty and desire, touch is invoked at least as much as the other senses and is at times foregrounded in the haptoglyphic and synecdochic imagery of hands and fingers, but the tactile act serves only to emphasize what cannot be possessed and the pleasure and pain of touching too much.
De-realization and Infra-humanization
Authors: Gottschalk Simon , Fuller Celene
Published: October 2021

In this chapter, we suggest that our enforced interactions with digital technologies impose a series of adjustments that (a) induce a de-realization of our experience of everyday life, and (b) facilitate the infra-humanization of those with whom we interact through those technologies. De-realization is induced by temporal disorganization, ephemerality, spatial detachment, sensory incongruity, impairment in our capacity for information-processing and reality-testing, and personalization. Infra-humanization is prompted by the unique aspects of digital interactions, the condition of permanent surveillance, and increasing interactions with non-human agents. De-realization and infra-humanization mutually influence each other, produce significant transformations in the human experience, and present severe risks.
The Big Flood
Authors: Benjamin Jonathan , Ulm Sean
Published: October 2021

Since the first peopling of Australia and New Guinea (the continent of Sahul) during times of lower sea level more than 60,000 years ago, approximately 2 million km2 of land, roughly one-third of the present continental land mass, has been drowned by sea-level rise. Landscapes encountered and settled by thousands of generations of people throughout the continent have been inundated by rising seas as polar ice and glaciers melted into the world’s oceans. While some archaeological sites formed within these landscapes were no doubt destroyed by the rising seas, many sites are likely to have survived. This submerged archaeological record represents the majority of human occupation in Sahul, spanning the period from initial peopling of the continent to 7000 years BP. As a major frontier in Australian archaeology, investigation of what is now seabed will ultimately lead to revised and enhanced understanding of the continental archaeological record. By reevaluating the coastal zone, submerged landscapes, and continental shelf, consideration for these past cultural landscapes in what is now Sea Country has the potential to profoundly reshape the archaeological discourse of Australia and New Guinea.
Creativity in Seventeenth-Century Music
Authors: Herissone Rebecca
Published: October 2021

The early modern period witnessed important societal shifts that eventually affected both the employment status of professional musicians and their creative approaches. Throughout the seventeenth century, however, most composition continued to be carried out by musicians employed within the traditional patronage system according to long-established creative principles often unfamiliar to us today. Apprentice composers learned by modeling new pieces on preexisting works by esteemed authority figures and through improvisation techniques, using standard formulae as building blocks. Both this improvisatory foundation and the simple melody-plus-bass style of many genres meant that notation was frequently unnecessary in the initial creative stages—although erasable materials were sometimes used by inexperienced composers and for complex, erudite music—and there was no direct relationship between the creation of a notated source and stages in the compositional process. Creativity was also frequently a collaborative endeavor, involving numerous contributors: the named composer might compose only the core melody and bass, with inner parts either provided by musicians employed to “set” the composition for the required ensemble or filled in by a continuo player. It was also a graduated process, with works often being subjected to successive bouts of reworking by multiple musicians, not only revising and adapting the music to suit new performing contexts but also making changes as a matter of course, in a process of “serial recomposition.” The result was a creative culture in which works were in a constant state of flux, as they were perpetually renewed and reinvigorated by a multilayered creative community.
Durkheim and the Sociology of Human–Animal Relations
Authors: Seyfert Robert
Published: October 2021

Like other classics of sociology, Émile Durkheim’s work has been accused of anthropocentric tendencies. This chapter shows how this charge is an unfortunate consequence of the functionalist and structuralist reception of Durkheim’s work. Through a careful reading of his work on totemism, I will show how Durkheim generated a dynamic social theory to account for how relations between humans and nonhumans vary according to history and culture. In fact, he has shown us how the preoccupations and practices of totemic societies have the capacity to speak to us about our own present struggles with how to make ethical and social sense of this new challenge, namely, how to treat nonhuman others.
The Kentucky Campaign of 1862 and Drought
Authors: Noe Kenneth W.
Published: October 2021

In the late summer and early autumn of 1862, Gen. Braxton Bragg’s Kentucky Campaign failed to regain Tennessee or add Kentucky to the Confederacy. Starting in Mississippi, Bragg’s Confederate army had first entered Tennessee. After Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith’s smaller Confederate army invaded Kentucky, Bragg followed. Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell’s Federal army trailed Bragg north before diverting to Louisville. Summer heat and a massive drought made campaigning onerous, while supporting Confederate actions in northeastern Mississippi failed to divert troops from Bragg’s path. Bragg won a confused tactical victory at Perryville, but his outnumbered army retreated to Tennessee along with Kirby Smith. Throughout the campaign, enslaved Kentuckians seeking emancipation sought protection from Union forces. On the fringes, a brutal guerrilla war flared up. Bragg’s ultimate failure secured Union control of Kentucky for the remainder of the war.
The Maryland CampaignCarnage and Emancipation
Authors: Hartwig D. Scott
Published: October 2021

The September 1862 Maryland Campaign resulted in three highly significant events: the largest surrender of Union soldiers in the war, at Harpers Ferry on September 15; the bloodiest single day of the war, on September 17 at Antietam; and the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln on September 22. Logistics played a prominent role in the conduct of the campaign, limiting the speed of the Union advance across Maryland and causing massive straggling in the Confederate Army from logistical failures. The ferocity of the Battle of Antietam and its massive carnage shocked soldiers of previous campaigns, and the operations of the two armies and resulting fighting dislocated civilians and caused significant damage to property. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation changed the war from one to preserve the Union to also include the destruction of slavery. Despite the carnage of the campaign, it strengthened rather than diminished the determination of both North and South to continue the war.
The Chancellorsville Campaign
Authors: Keller Christian B.
Published: October 2021

The Chancellorsville Campaign of early May 1863 was one of the most strategic military operations in any theater of the American Civil War. Union Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and his powerful Army of the Potomac were miraculously defeated by the outnumbered Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under the leadership of Gen. Robert E. Lee and Lt. Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. In a daring flank march and attack, the Rebels crushed the federal Eleventh Corps on May 2 and over the next several days hammered the rest of Hooker’s army back across the Rappahannock River. Northern morale sank, Copperheads gained momentum, and German Americans, feeling the sting of nativism, began to question their role in the Union. The initiative in the East once again passed to the South, creating conditions for what became the Pennsylvania Campaign. But Jackson, wounded accidentally by his own men, died, destroying the fragile command team Lee had carefully built over the previous year. His loss was a turning point in the war.
The Gettysburg Campaign
Authors: Reardon Carol
Published: October 2021

When Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia marched into Pennsylvania in June 1863, five counties in the south-central region of the Keystone State became the first significant area of free soil to experience the destruction that accompanied the passage of rival armies. Despite Lee’s General Order No. 72 that prohibited unauthorized confiscation of civilian property, residents of the Chambersburg area experienced nearly a week of depredations and saw local freeborn African Americans rounded up and sent south into slavery. The major battle around Gettysburg on July 1–3 inflicted massive destruction on the landscape and residents’ livelihoods, in some cases forcing the sale of damaged properties that became the foundation of today’s National Military Park.
Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville
Authors: Cooling Benjamin Franklin
Published: October 2021

The autumn campaign of 1864 in Tennessee was designed to redeem the Upper South Heartland for the Confederacy. Instead, the counteroffensive of Gen. John B. Hood produced the most disastrous military episode in the short experiment in rebellion. This chapter covers the military campaigns of Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville and the confrontations between Hood, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, and Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas. Slavery was irretrievable by force of arms, as was political control by antebellum oligarchy. Resistance from secessionist-inclined inhabitants succumbed once and for all to the stern rule of Union occupation. A festering and destabilizing insurgency by partisans and guerrillas transformed into pure banditry, especially in the countryside. The triple battles advanced national reunification, a process begun in 1862 by the emerging populist leader of Tennessee Republicanism, Andrew Johnson. The outcome of the war in Tennessee, a “people’s war” theater, was decided on fields of carnage and home-front destruction.
Petersburg Besieged and the Shenandoah Valley
Authors: Marten James
Published: October 2021

This chapter describes two crucial campaigns in Virginia between September and December 1864. The second Shenandoah Valley Campaign witnessed the destruction of Lt. Gen. Jubal Early’s small army by Union forces led by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, while the Fifth and Sixth Offensives of the Petersburg Campaign trapped Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in its thinning lines around Petersburg. The essay also explores the political implications of the campaigns, as both sides waged war in the fall of 1864 with one eye on the congressional and presidential elections in the North. It furthermore examines the destruction of crops and other supplies in portions of the valley as an example of Northern “hard war” strategy, the use of African American troops, and the conditions faced by troops in the trenches. These campaigns marked the beginning of the end of the Confederacy’s capacity to wage war.
Texas, Mobile, and Wilson’s Raid
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: October 2021

Civil wars in both the United States and Mexico during the 1850s–1860s fostered the most serious challenge to the Monroe Doctrine in American history. Taking advantage of Mexico’s internal troubles, Emperor Napoleon III of France installed a Hapsburg prince as the new emperor of Mexico. Although invited to intervene by Mexican conservatives, no one liked the prince who remained on the throne only at the point of thirty thousand French Army bayonets. The U.S. government tried to intimidate Napoleon to withdraw his troops by placing a small force in the lower Rio Grande Valley, but it failed to have an effect. Two campaigns closed the war in the West by capturing Mobile, Alabama, and destroying Confederate war industries in Alabama and Georgia before the Federals could shift large numbers of troops to Texas and finally bring an end to the French intervention in Mexico.
Introduction
Authors: Foote Lorien , Hess Earl J.
Published: October 2021

The introduction to The Oxford Handbook of the American Civil War provides an overview of historical scholarship regarding the effect of military campaigns on nonmilitary resources and people. Using war and society methods, it explores the consequences of military campaigns in the political, social, and environmental spheres. Topics covered in the introduction include movement, deportation, and depopulation among civilians; refugees; military action and emancipation; insurrection; guerrilla warfare; resistance to Federal authority on the Great Plains and in the Southwest; gender; African Americans, Hispanos, and Native Americans; locations of localized total war; military conscription in the Confederacy; cities, rural areas, and the natural environment; the synergy between war and politics; religion; spatial, and temporal analysis of military campaigns; logistics; the soldier experience; and medical care.
Missouri 1861
Authors: Rafuse Ethan S.
Published: October 2021

This chapter looks at the political, strategic, operational, and social dynamics of the war in Missouri in 1861. It describes and analyzes the events, personalities, and forces that led Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and his allies in Missouri to drive the pro-Southern government of Claiborne Fox Jackson from power, then considers the subsequent tenure in command of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont and his efforts to deal with the aftermath of Jackson’s expulsion from Jefferson City, as well as the battlefield setbacks Union forces suffered at Wilson’s Creek and Lexington. All of this is considered in the context of the political, cultural, and social dynamics of a state that looked both south and west in defining its identity and considers how 1861 contributed to a reshaping of that identity.
First Bull Run/Manassas
Authors: Gannon Barbara A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the First Battle of Manassas, and argues that the Civil War’s first battle represented the last battle of antebellum military cultures of free and slave states. Before the Civil War, Americans refused to maintain a large U.S. Army. In the antebellum era, states organized local militia units based on their perception of internal and external threats; fear of slave revolt prompted slave states to maintain larger, more effective units, particularly cavalry units. Troopers who manned cavalry militia also staffed the slave patrols that brutally enforced the slave regime. In contrast, free states had no such fears, and their militias were moribund before the Civil War. When war came, slave states’ superior military capability led to Confederate victory at Bull Run/Manassas. Later, volunteer units from the free states achieved a level of competency that overcame this initial disadvantage.
The Rule of Law and Administrative Justice
Authors: Marique Yseult
Published: October 2021

Administrative justice and the rule of law have often been in tension. However, they have converged over time as the scope of administrative justice and the conceptions of the rule of law have shifted. This chapter starts with the historical connections between administrative justice and the rule of law. It then maps ways in which the rule of law is expressed when administrative justice is embedded within administrative organization and when it is organized as a system external to the administration. This approach highlights the diversity of technical solutions to recurring questions across three major administrative systems (namely England, France, and the United States). This analysis also leads to highlighting two new challenges for the rule of law: first, how the rule of law responds to various forms of increasing administrative repression, and second, how the rule of law responds to globalization at a time when no coherent global administrative justice system exists.
Algorithmic Administrative Justice
Authors: Appel Steven M. , Coglianese Cary
Published: October 2021

At the same time that artificial intelligence and machine learning systems are deployed with increasing frequency and success in the private sector, governments around the world are increasingly looking to harness the power of these digital tools to improve a variety of governmental functions, including sorting mail, identifying hazardous chemicals, uncovering securities and tax fraud, and improving traffic flow in congested cities. With time, algorithms will play a much larger role in assisting—or even replacing—humans involved in governmental tasks. This article assesses the range of legal, ethical, and policy concerns implicated by governmental use of algorithmic tools. Although machine-learning algorithms and other automated tools present important challenges for government related to accountability, procedural justice, transparency, privacy, and equality, the issues presented are not qualitatively distinct from the government’s use of other complex analytic tools. Ultimately, existing legal principles should prove to be no intrinsic or insurmountable obstacle to the responsible deployment of artificial intelligence. Yet to help ensure that artificial intelligence is used responsibly, public administrators, elected officials, and concerned citizens must remain vigilant in their use of such digital tools and see that machine-learning systems are ultimately deployed by governments in a manner consistent with both sound ethical judgment and sufficient empathy for those affected by these systems.
Delivering Administrative Justice
Authors: Hodges Christopher
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines administrative justice as a system, asking if justice is delivered (rather than ‘accessed’). The background issues are: What do people seek, and what is the incidence of problems? It notes the relevance of the Regulatory Delivery Model that is being applied to regulatory authorities. It then poses three criteria for evaluation of the system: (1) How do people identify and access information, advice, support, and assistance in solving their problems? (2) How do we ensure that dispute-resolution pathways are simple, effective, and cost-effective and deliver justice to people and organizations? (3) How do we identify systemic problems, and address them so as to reduce risk of future recurrence? The data available for answering those questions in relation to administrative justice in England and Wales do not support comfortable answers as to the functioning of current systems in various respects. Suggestions for future reform and research therefore arise.
Youth and Consumer Culture
Authors: Chin Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

Youth and consumer culture in the neoliberal moment are examined, with an emphasis on the dual pressures of consumption and entrepreneurial selfhood. An analysis of emergent youth consumer culture in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) contexts is presented. Next, youth consumer cultures that are understudied are discussed: the extraordinarily wealthy and the extremely poor. Case studies of wealthy Qatari youth, poor African youth, and poor Haitian youth illustrate a range of youth consumer dilemmas, strategies, and orientations. Despite these wide variations, the global reach of neoliberalism and the pressure to develop entrepreneurial selves is consistently present.
Youth in the Visual Arts
Authors: Wicks Ann Barrott
Published: October 2021

Representations of youth are not so easily found in the visual arts. Once they are identified, however, some of their messages are remarkably consistent across time and space. The extent to which pictures of youth exist will be discussed, questioning whether depictions of children and youth show what they looked like and whether the activities portrayed were the choices of actual children. The question of whether a separate youth culture can be identified in any of the visual arts will be addressed. Using selected examples from a variety of geographical areas, beginning with China, prominent themes in depicting youth will be illustrated and reasons why they might be similar despite the differences in the societies that produced them will be discussed.
Contested Territory
Authors: Benzaquén Adriana
Published: October 2021

The extent to which non-elite youth in premodern Western societies had a culture of their own is an open question. “Youth culture” here refers to the many ways in which young people found meaning in and made meaning out of their lives, while “non-elite youth” designates young men and women who grew up in working families: peasants, artisans, and day laborers. Just as the status of youth was ambiguous, the culture of non-elite youth was contested, both between youth and the rest of society and between male and female youth. The times and spaces available to non-elite boys and girls to develop and experience their own culture were framed by the tasks they had to accomplish during youth: acquire the skills that would allow them to earn a living and find a spouse. In the early modern period, the customary tolerance of the disruptive and rowdy aspects of youth behavior—rebelliousness, illicit sexuality, and violence—gave way to fear and suspicion, as spiritual and political rulers throughout Europe undertook campaigns to control, Christianize, restrict, or ban various manifestations of youth culture and the activities of youth groups. The effect of such measures was limited, which suggests that they were not consistently enforced and that the common people continued to tolerate youthful disorder. Historians’ responses have been as ambivalent as those of premodern adults. Was the (predominantly male) culture of non-elite youth an expression of joy, creativity, and freedom and inherently benign, even utopian, or was it inherently violent, aggressive, and cruel?
Youth Culture as a Battleground
Authors: Vasconcellos Colleen A.
Published: October 2021

An examination of enslaved children and youth in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries illustrates how youth culture came to mean different things to different groups as each struggled to maintain control of a life enslaved. As planters increasingly relied upon enslaved youth as a means of production, enslaved parents struggled to raise their children within a system that actively threatened to destroy their African cultural identity. Caught in the middle of that struggle was youth culture itself, as both sides envisioned enslaved youth as a way to protect a life in crisis. Meanwhile, as enslaved youth battled for survival in an environment that defined their very existence by the nature of their work, they reacted to their enslavement through various acts of resistance, self-harm, and outright rebellion as they coped with the hardships of slavery and the realization that they were slaves. Youth culture within the enslaved community became a culture of survival.
Big Data from the South(s)
Authors: Milan Stefania , Treré Emiliano
Published: October 2021

Datafication—through which many aspects of social life are transformed into data—is usually equated with a more efficient use of resources and improved state–citizen relations. But it can have negative consequences on those at the margins of society, such as refugees, racialized individuals, gig workers, and citizens of countries with scant respect for human rights. How can we understand the ways in which the disempowered are impacted by and resist datafication? This essay presents an analytical matrix to study data at the margins. The matrix identifies three components of data at the margins: (1) infrastructure, emphasizing the material dimension; (2) practices, pinpointing agency in people’s encounters with datafication; and (3) imaginaries, that is, the cultural and symbolic facets of data at the margins. The matrix offers also three lenses of interpretation through which to observe the components: (1) decoloniality and race, (2) intersectionality and feminism, and (3) the “pluriverse.” Together, they help in questioning datafication and why certain social groups are oppressed while uncovering pathways toward justice and equality.
Territory, Private Authority, and Rights
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: October 2021

Sustainability certification initiatives seek to harness the power of transnational corporations to reform environmentally damaging practices around the world. This amounts to a kind of de-territorialized authority that governs through global markets rather than nation-states. Yet in certifying land and reforming its uses, sustainable agriculture and forestry initiatives confront a resource that is deeply tied to state sovereignty while potentially also being claimed by Indigenous peoples. This chapter asks what happens as transnational sustainability standards meet the nationally rooted and contested governance of land. It examines the place of “free and prior informed consent” for the use of Indigenous land in the leading sustainable agriculture and forestry initiatives, and it highlights the significance of the state and civil society through a brief comparison of forest certification in Indonesia and China. Further research should look not only within the world of sustainability standards but also to parallel questions about land rights in projects focused on timber legality and payment for ecosystem services.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Bricker Jonathan B.
Published: October 2021

This article summarizes the theory, clinical methods, evidence, and mechanisms of action for the application of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to tobacco smoking cessation. Following an overview of the relational frame theory underlying the ACT cessation interventions and contrasts between ACT and standard behavioral clinical practice guideline cessation interventions, a session-by-session clinical summary is presented for the delivery of an ACT cessation intervention. The evidence reviewed from the 15 randomized clinical trials published to date (total N = 6991) shows that ACT is a strong alternative to standard behavioral therapies when delivered in traditional modalities (e.g., group) and is particularly efficacious as a smartphone-delivered cessation intervention (e.g., iCanQuit smartphone app). Acceptance of cravings is an important mechanism of action. Future directions include next generations of digital delivery, such as conversational agents (i.e., “chatbots”).
Artifact, Praxis, Tool, and Symbol
Authors: Ruck Lana M. , Uomini Natalie T.
Published: October 2021

“Artifact, praxis, tool, and symbol” is a review of tools as artifacts and their relations with praxis and symbolic capacities. We focus on co-evolutionary perspectives, arguing that tool-making and tool-use are appropriate analogs for understanding the expansion of hominin symbolic thought because they rely on similar behavioral and neuro-cognitive mechanisms. After comparing human and nonhuman tool-use and tool-making, we highlight major advances in hominin technological skill as evidenced by preserved artifacts. We then review praxis as a valuable concept, citing empirical literature in psychology and related fields which directly links material culture and tool-behaviors to extant human symbolic capabilities, including natural language. We then discuss various definitions of symbolism, focusing specifically on how they relate to preserved artifacts including undeniably representational examples in the Upper Paleolithic and examples related to stone tool-making, with deeper evolutionary roots. We close with fruitful directions for future work on the co-evolution of symbols and tools.
Force Fields of the Modern
Authors: Poddar Prem
Published: October 2021

The essentially contested notion of the modern, and its cognate form “modernity,” have a long intellectual history. The emergence and dissemination of the idea of Western modernity was sometimes forcibly imposed, sometimes partially accepted, and sometimes resisted at different levels around the globe. Recent thinking has produced qualifiers and prefixes such as “unfinished,” “post-,” “late,” “inevitable,” “contra-,” “alternative,” or “differential” in relation to modernity, to signal the striations in approaches, interpretations, and positionings towards what is seen as an umbrella term to describe the various possibilities that can be brought to bear while considering contentions in contemporary theory and praxis. The social, economic, political, and cultural dimensions of this field of forces are integral to any thinking about the symbolic contestation of power in multifarious re-imaginings. This article charts this field mainly by looking at the colonial and postcolonial interventions that have impacted and continue to the present day to effect and inflect cultures and societies, including pressing questions of climate change and cyberspace. Sections are sorted under the following sub-headings: “The vortex of the modern;” “Subaltern bodies, subversive minds;” “Communication and colonization: Re-inventing space and time;” “Borderlands, migrations, identities;” and “Contesting and controlling cyberspace.”
Combining transcranial brain stimulation and PET/SPECT molecular imaging
Authors: Cho Sang Soo , Strafella Antonio P.
Published: October 2021

Transcranial brain stimulation (TMS) was introduced in 1985 by Barker and his colleagues. Since then, further improvements in technology have allowed additional applications and new stimulation protocols. In the last decade, while the use of TMS has expanded enormously in basic science as well as in the clinical scenario, the underlying neurophysiological or neurochemical mechanisms are still not fully understood. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are neuroimaging modalities utilized to investigate brain functions. In spite of their lower spatial and time resolution compared with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), PET/SPECT have helped to elucidate some of the neurochemical mechanisms and neural plastic changes associated with TMS. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of these techniques, describing methodological details and application of TMS-PET/SPECT imaging in basic and clinical studies.
Law as Technique
Authors: Michaels Ralf , Riles Annelise
Published: October 2021

This chapter challenges anthropologists’ long-standing antipathy to the study of legal technique. It highlights Max Weber and Karl Llewellyn’s early interest in legal experts and legal knowledge as objects of sociological study, but suggests that the impetus to produce an external critique of law or context for law has hindered subsequent generations of anthropologists and sociolegal scholars from engaging legal technique as an object of ethnographic inquiry. In response, this chapter argues for greater ethnographic attention to the aspect of legal knowledge that most captivates lawyers: the means. The chapter highlights a growing body of sociolegal scholarship that engages with legal technique by drawing variously on systems theory and science and technology studies (STS) to illuminate the recursivity of legal expertise, the materiality of legal knowledge, and the agency of legal technique. Ultimately, this chapter argues that anthropologists’ long-standing attention to the constraints of form inherent in exchange can serve as a productive starting point both for anthropological theory and methods to elucidate the workings of legal knowledge, and for ethnography of legal technique to serve as a source of theoretical innovation.
Athletic Images and the Monumentalization of Victory
Authors: Raschke Wendy J.
Published: October 2021

The monuments created by the Greeks to celebrate victories were of many kinds, as were the victories celebrated. The focus of the present discussion is monuments associated with success in the major athletic games; these were usually in the form of free-standing statues erected in the sanctuary where the games took place. Some fundamental questions are addressed, not least, what the idea of a monument signified to the Greeks? Who qualified for this extraordinary honour? What form did it typically take and how much did it cost to create? Were the statues erected merely a reward? Or did they also have political value which affected the choice of location? In ancient Greece, as now, athletic monuments stood as markers of glory achieved, but also as statements to the viewer.