bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pancreaticogastrostomy Prevents Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula of Portal Annular Pancreas During Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Matsumoto Ippei , Kamei Keiko , Satoi Shumpei , Nakai Takuya , Takeyama Yoshifumi
Published: October 2016

Portal annular pancreas (PAP) is an asymptomatic congenital pancreatic anomaly in which the uncinate process of the pancreas extends and fuses to the dorsal surface of the body of the pancreas by surrounding the portal vein and or the superior mesenteric vein. During pancreaticoduonectomy (PD), the presence of PAP significantly increased risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) because specific management of 2 pancreatic resection planes with 1 or 2 pancreatic ducts is required for pancreatico-intestinal reconstruction. To reduce the risk of POPF, a shift of the resection plain to the left for 1 anastomosis is recommended. We report a case of PAP that was successfully performed PD with pancreaticogastrostomy (PG). PG was conducted with invagination of the 2 resected pancreatic planes together into the stomach to minimize resected volume of the pancreas. A 78-year-old male patient with PAP underwent PD due to a duodenal adenocarcinoma. Intraoperatively, the uncinate process extended extensively behind the portal vein and fused with the dorsal surface of the pancreatic body above the splenic vein. For pancreatico-intestinal reconstruction, PG was performed with invagination of the 2 resected pancreatic planes together into the stomach. The postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged on postoperative day 12. Endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas were maintained well at 10 months after surgery. PG is one of the useful choices for patients with PAP to prevent POPF while maintaining the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function after PD.
Laboratory modeling of ionospheric heating experiments
Authors: Starodubtsev M. V. , Nazarov V. V. , Gushchin M. E. , Kostrov A. V.
Published: October 2016

Turbulent plasma processes, such as those which occur in the Earth's ionosphere during ionospheric heating by powerful radio waves, were studied under laboratory conditions, and new physical models of small‐scale ionospheric turbulence are proposed as a result of these studies. It is shown here that the mechanism of small‐scale plasma filamentation can be connected with the thermal self‐channeling of Langmuir waves. During this process, Langmuir waves are guided by a plasma channel, which in turn is formed by the guided waves through a thermal plasma nonlinearity. The spectrum of the self‐guided Langmuir waves exhibits sidebands whose features are similar to stimulated electromagnetic emission. We present two mechanisms of sideband generation. The first mechanism can be observed during the formation of the plasma channel and is connected with the parametric shift in the frequency of the self‐channeling wave. The second mechanism is connected with the scattering of the self‐channeling wave on the low‐frequency eigenmodes of the plasma irregularity.
What do people think when they think about solar geoengineering? A review of empirical social science literature, and prospects for future research
Authors: Burns Elizabeth T. , Flegal Jane A. , Keith David W. , Mahajan Aseem , Tingley Dustin , Wagner Gernot
Published: October 2016

Public views and values about solar geoengineering should be incorporated in science‐policy decisions, if decision makers want to act in the public interest. In reflecting on the past decade of research, we review around 30 studies investigating public familiarity with, and views about, solar geoengineering. A number of recurring patterns emerge: (1) general unfamiliarity with geoengineering among publics; (2) the importance of artifice versus naturalness; (3) some conditional support for certain kinds of research; and (4) nuanced findings on the “moral hazard” and “reverse moral hazard” hypotheses, with empirical support for each appearing under different circumstances and populations. We argue that in the coming decade, empirical social science research on solar geoengineering will be crucial, and should be integrated with physical scientific research.
Evidence of increased tropical moisture in southeast Australian alpine precipitation during ENSO
Authors: Theobald Alison , McGowan Hamish
Published: October 2016

An understanding of past atmospheric variability during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is critical for informing debate on current and future changes in precipitation in a warming world. Here we show that atmospheric moisture content over much of Australia during inflow‐generating precipitation days (≥10 mm d−1) associated with La Niña (El Niño) events has increased (decreased) over the period 1958–2015. This is most notable in tropical latitudes which are the source of moisture of most precipitation ≥ 10 mm in southeast Australia (SEA). These trends are consistent with climate model projections and increases in tropical sea surface temperatures since the 1950s. They confirm that enhanced tropical ocean forcing of interannual climate variability through ENSO due to global warming is changing the hydroclimate of midlatitudes and in‐turn will require major changes to water resource use and management.
Under ice habitats for Antarctic krill larvae: Could less mean more under climate warming?
Authors: Melbourne‐Thomas J. , Corney S. P. , Trebilco R. , Meiners K. M. , Stevens R. P. , Kawaguchi S. , Sumner M. D. , Constable A. J.
Published: October 2016

Overwintering of larvae underneath Antarctic pack ice is a critical stage in the life cycle of Antarctic krill. However, there are no circumpolar assessments of available habitat for larval krill, making it difficult to evaluate how climate change may impact this life stage. We use outputs from a circumpolar sea ice model, together with a set of simple assumptions regarding key habitat features, to identify possible regions of larval krill habitat around Antarctica during winter. We assume that the location and suitability of habitat is determined by both food availability and three‐dimensional complexity of the sea ice. A comparison of the combined area of these regions under current conditions with a warm climate scenario indicates that while total areal sea ice extent decreases, there is a consistently larger area of potential larval krill habitat under warm conditions. These findings suggest that decreases in sea ice extent may not necessarily be detrimental for krill populations.
Impact of model resolution for on‐shelf heat transport along the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Graham Jennifer A , Dinniman Michael S , Klinck John M
Published: October 2016

The flux of warm deep water onto Antarctic continental shelves plays a vital role in determining water mass properties adjacent to the continent. A regional model, with two different grid resolutions, has been used to simulate ocean processes along the West Antarctic Peninsula. At both 4 km and 1.5 km resolution, the model reproduces the locations of warm intrusions, as shown through comparison with observations from instrumented seals. However, the 1.5 km simulation shows greater on‐shelf heat transport, leading to improved representation of heat content on the shelf. This increased heat transport is associated with increased eddy activity, both at the shelf‐break and in the deep ocean off‐shore. Cross‐shelf troughs are key locations of on‐shelf heat transport. Comparison of two troughs, Belgica and Marguerite, shows differing responses to increased resolution. At higher resolution, there is an increased on‐shelf volume transport at Belgica Trough, but not at Marguerite Trough. This is likely related to the differing structure of the shelf‐break jet between these two locations. The increased heat flux at Marguerite Trough is attributed to increased heat content in the on‐shelf transport. Increased eddy activity off‐shelf may lead to greater cross‐front heat transport, and therefore increased heat available above the continental slope. While these simulations differ in their magnitude of heat transport, both show similar patterns of variability. Variations in wind stress lead to variations in speed of the shelf‐break jet, and therefore on‐shelf heat transport. These results demonstrate the importance of model resolution for understanding cross‐shelf transport around Antarctica.
Observations and modeling of a tidal inlet dye tracer plume
Authors: Feddersen Falk , Olabarrieta Maitane , Guza R. T. , Winters D. , Raubenheimer Britt , Elgar Steve
Published: October 2016

A 9 km long tracer plume was created by continuously releasing Rhodamine WT dye for 2.2 h during ebb tide within the southern edge of the main tidal channel at New River Inlet, NC on 7 May 2012, with highly obliquely incident waves and alongshore winds. Over 6 h from release, COAWST (coupled ROMS and SWAN, including wave, wind, and tidal forcing) modeled dye compares well with (aerial hyperspectral and in situ) observed dye concentration. Dye first was transported rapidly seaward along the main channel and partially advected across the ebb‐tidal shoal until reaching the offshore edge of the shoal. Dye did not eject offshore in an ebb‐tidal jet because the obliquely incident breaking waves retarded the inlet‐mouth ebb‐tidal flow and forced currents along the ebb shoal. The dye plume largely was confined to <4 m depth. Dye was then transported downcoast in the narrow (few 100 m wide) surfzone of the beach bordering the inlet at 0.3
driven by wave breaking. Over 6 h, the dye plume is not significantly affected by buoyancy. Observed dye mass balances close indicating all released dye is accounted for. Modeled and observed dye behaviors are qualitatively similar. The model simulates well the evolution of the dye center of mass, lateral spreading, surface area, and maximum concentration, as well as regional (“inlet” and “ocean”) dye mass balances. This indicates that the model represents well the dynamics of the ebb‐tidal dye plume. Details of the dye transport pathways across the ebb shoal are modeled poorly perhaps owing to low‐resolution and smoothed model bathymetry. Wave forcing effects have a large impact on the dye transport.
Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a Typhoon Matmo (2014) rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations
Authors: Wang Mingjun , Zhao Kun , Xue Ming , Zhang Guifu , Liu Su , Wen Long , Chen Gang
Published: October 2016

The evolution of microphysical characteristics of a rainband in Typhoon Matmo (2014) over eastern China, through its onset, developing, mature, and dissipating stages, is documented using observations from an S band polarimetric Doppler radar and a two‐dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD). The drop size distributions observed by the 2DVD and retrieved from the polarimetric radar measurements indicate that the convection in the rainband generally contains smaller drops and higher number concentrations than the typical maritime type convection described in Bringi et al. (2003). The average mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm) of convective precipitation in the rainband is about 1.41 mm, and the average logarithmic normalized intercept (Nw) is 4.67 log10 mm−1 m−3. To further investigate the dominant microphysical processes, the evolution of the vertical structures of polarimetric variables is examined. Results show that complex ice processes are involved above the freezing level, while it is most likely that the accretion and/or coalescence processes dominate below the freezing level throughout the rainband life cycle. A combined examination of the polarimetric measurements and profiles of estimated vertical liquid and ice water contents indicates that the conversion of cloud water into rainwater through cloud water accretion by raindrops plays a dominant role in producing heavy rainfall. The high estimated precipitation efficiency of 50% also suggests that cloud water accretion is the dominant mechanism for producing heavy rainfall. This study represents the first time that radar and 2DVD observations are used together to characterize the microphysical characteristics and precipitation efficiency for typhoon rainbands in China.
Retracted: Lymphocyte‐specific protein 1 inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing ERK1/2 phosphorylation
Authors: Zhang Hongyong , Wang Yufeng , Liu Zhikui , Yao Bowen , Dou Changwei , Xu Meng , Li Qing , Jia Yuli , Wu Shengli , Tu Kangsheng , Liu Qingguang
Published: October 2016

Lymphocyte‐specific protein 1 (LSP1) has been reported to regulate cell biology in several human cancers including lymphoma and breast cancer. However, the functions of LSP1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unknown. In this study, we found that LSP1 expression was downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, and lower LSP1 expression was correlated with poor clinicopathological features including large tumor size, high Edmondson–Steiner grading and advanced tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage. Additionally, we demonstrated that patients with high LSP1 expression had significantly better overall survival and disease‐free survival. Moreover, LSP1 was found to be an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that overexpressing LSP1 inhibited HCC growth by inducing both apoptosis and growth arrest. Mechanistically, we found that expression of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) was downregulated after LSP1 overexpression, indicating LSP1 could suppress HCC growth by inhibiting the ERK pathway in HCC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that LSP1 may serve as a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in human HCC.
(Magic Dopant) Amphoteric Behavior of a Redox‐Active Transition Metal Ion in a Perovskite Lattice: New Insights on the Lattice Site Occupation of Manganese in SrTiO3
Authors: Maier Russell A. , Johnston‐Peck Aaron C. , Donohue Matthew P.
Published: October 2016

It is demonstrated that a transition metal redox‐active ion can exhibit amphoteric dopant substitution in the SrTiO3 perovskite lattice. In stoichiometric SrTiO3, the manganese dopant is preferably accommodated through isovalent substitution as Mn2+ on the strontium site and as Mn4+ on the titanium site. Previous studies have suggested that either type of substitution is possible for compositions with tailored Sr/Ti stoichiometry. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the site occupancy of dilute concentrations of manganese is investigated in SrTiO3 as a function of the Sr/Ti ratio. The tuned Sr/Ti ratio can be used to manipulate the nature of the manganese substitution, and it is shown that Sr‐rich compositions (Sr/Ti > 1.001) processed in air result in B‐site isovalent doping. For B‐site substituted manganese ions, a new EPR signal for aliovalent Mn2+ is observed in compositions annealed under reducing atmosphere. The concentration of oxygen vacancies observed with EPR is also shown to depend on the Sr/Ti stoichiometry. With improved control over the site of substitution and valence state, doping with a transition metal redox‐active ion may facilitate the ability to engineer new electronic functionality into the perovskite lattice.
Color‐Temperature Tuning and Control of Trichromatic White Light Emission from a Multisegment ZnCdSSe Heterostructure Nanosheet
Authors: Turkdogan Sunay , Fan Fan , Ning Cun‐Zheng
Published: October 2016

Tuning and control of color temperature of trichromatic white light emission is demonstrated for the first time from a single ZnCdSSe nanosheet realized by a novel growth method using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The nanosheets have thicknesses in the range of 60–350 nm and lateral dimensions of tens of micrometers. These nanosheet structures with three or more parallel segments are able to emit the three primary colors of light from a monolithic body and the combination of the emitted light appears as white. Due to temperature dependence of the alloy composition and the spatial profile of the temperature in the CVD chamber, alloy compositions and the widths of individual segments can be controlled by the substrate locations and the growth time, respectively. Such control determines the emission color and relative intensity of each segment, thus resulting in the tuning of the color temperature of the white light, or in the realization of any visible colors. Trichromatic white light emission is demonstrated with the correlated color temperature covering an extensive range from 2700 to 14 400 K using various growth parameters. In addition, a dynamic tuning of colors and color temperature is demonstrated by sweeping a pump beam across a single nanosheet.
Manipulation of Amorphous‐to‐Crystalline Transformation: Towards the Construction of Covalent Organic Framework Hybrid Microspheres with NIR Photothermal Conversion Ability
Authors: Tan Jing , Namuangruk Supawadee , Kong Weifu , Kungwan Nawee , Guo Jia , Wang Changchun
Published: October 2016

An approach to transforming amorphous organic networks into crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with retention of the colloidal nanosize and uniform morphology is presented. Specifically, Fe3O4 nanoclusters are encapsulated by a disordering polyimine network via the Schiff‐base reaction. The formed imine bonds could be reconstructed under thermodynamic control to reform the polyimine networks into imine‐linked COFs in situ. Such a core–shell microsphere exhibits the uniform size and spherical shape, controllable COF shell thickness, accessible surface modification, and improved solution dispersibility as well as maintenance of high surface area, periodic micropores, and superior magnetic responsiveness. Additionally, the photothermal conversion effect is demonstrated for the first time on the nanoCOF layers upon exposure to near infrared light, providing convincing evidence for potential use in phototherapy.
Atom‐Efficient Synthesis of Alkynylfluoroborates Using BF3‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Iashin Vladimir , Chernichenko Konstantin , Pápai Imre , Repo Timo
Published: October 2016

A sterically demanding amine, 1,2,2,6,6‐pentamethylpiperidine (PMP), forms a highly reactive Lewis acid–base pair with boron trifluoride. This pair reacts with terminal acetylenes to give the products of C(sp)−H borylation, previously unknown tri‐ and tetraalkynylboron compounds. Trialkynylfluoroborates can serve as surrogates of alkynyltrifluoroborates for C−C coupling reactions. Using aqueous NaOH, PMP can be recovered from its tetrafluoroborate salt, which is formed as a C−H borylation byproduct. Combining the discovered borylation reactivity with the PMP recovery provides a straightforward and atom‐efficient approach to synthetically useful alkynylfluoroborates.
Nickel‐ and Photoredox‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides with 4‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines as Formal Nucleophilic Alkylation Reagents
Authors: Nakajima Kazunari , Nojima Sunao , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: October 2016

A combination of nickel and photoredox catalysts promoted novel cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with 4‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines. 4‐Alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines act as formal nucleophilic alkylation reagents through a photoredox‐catalyzed carbon–carbon (C−C) bond‐cleavage process. The present strategy provides an alternative to classical carbon‐centered nucleophiles, such as organometallic reagents.
Octulene: A Hyperbolic Molecular Belt that Binds Chloride Anions
Authors: Majewski Marcin A. , Hong Yongseok , Lis Tadeusz , Gregoliński Janusz , Chmielewski Piotr J. , Cybińska Joanna , Kim Dongho , Stępień Marcin
Published: October 2016

Octulene, the higher homologue of kekulene and septulene, was synthesized using the fold‐in method. This new hydrocarbon macrocycle contains a large 24‐membered inner circuit, which is peripherally fused to 24 benzene rings. Such an arrangement produces considerable hyperbolic distortion of the π‐conjugated surface. The consequences of distortion in octulene were explored using photophysical methods, which revealed a reduced electronic band gap and greater flexibility of the π system. Octulene contains a functional cavity with a diameter larger than 5.5 Å that is capable of efficiently binding the chloride anion in a nonpolar solvent (Ka= 2.2(4)×104 m−1, 1 % dichloromethane (DCM) in benzene). The octulene–chloride interaction is stabilized by eight weak C(sp2)H⋅⋅⋅Cl bonds, providing the first example of a hydrocarbon‐based anion receptor.
Cu(II) immobilized on Fe3O4–diethylenetriamine: A new magnetically recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones and oxidative coupling of thiols
Authors: Shiri Lotfi , Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Kazemi Mosstafa
Published: October 2016

Cu(II) immobilized on Fe3O4–diethylenetriamine was designed as a new, inexpensive and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones and the oxidative coupling of thiols. The structure of the nanomagnetic catalyst was comprehensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Simple preparation of the catalyst from commercially available materials, high catalytic activity, simple operation, high yields, use of green solvents, easy magnetic separation and reusability of the catalyst with unaltered activity make our protocol a green and feasible synthetic strategy.
Tungstate ions (WO4=) supported on imidazolium framework as novel and recyclable catalyst for rapid and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Hosseini Eshbala Fereshteh , Mohanazadeh Farajollah , Sedrpoushan Alireza
Published: October 2016

Tungstate salt with imidazolium framework is found to be a recoverable and heterogeneous system favouring the highly selective oxidation of primary benzylic alcohols to corresponding aldehydes with 30% H2O2 as a green oxidant under neutral aqueous reaction conditions. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the recyclability of the catalyst, it was recovered and efficiently reused in seven succeeding reaction cycles without any significant loss. The use of green solvent, very short reaction time with excellent yields and recyclability of the catalyst make this protocol highly advantageous.
Alternative technology for reducing bromine index value of industrial benzene feedstock
Authors: Suriye Kongkiat
Published: October 2016

Alternative technology for reducing the bromine index value, which represents trace impurity of unsaturated hydrocarbon, in the industrial benzene feedstock was systematically developed in this study using the adsorption approach. Effects of different physicochemical properties of MCM‐22, Na‐Y, HY, and ZSM‐5 on the reduction of the bromine index value were investigated under ambient temperature and pressure. It was found that the molecular sieve approach by using the medium pore size zeolite and strong interaction between the adsorbent and unsaturated hydrocarbon by using the lower SiO2:Al2O3 molar ratio were the key factors for designing the right adsorbent for this industrial application. Most of unsaturated hydrocarbon impurity was finally removed from the industrial benzene feedstock resulting in nearly zero of the bromine index value after passed through the right adsorbent with maximum adsorption capacity of 78.6 wt%. Adsorption's active site was also determined in this study revealing that this adsorption technology was active site insensitive process. This adsorption technology has been started up in the commercial scale by SCG Chemicals since 2010 which can overcome various drawbacks of the existing technology. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental investigation of continuous conductivity measurements during emulsion polymerizations having unstable/high‐fouling reaction mixture
Authors: Farshchi Tabrizi Farshad , Fadaee Mohammad Mahdi
Published: October 2016

Conductimetry is one of the online monitoring techniques employed for emulsion polymerization reactions, which can give continuous information about nucleation and growth of particles. The most important factor affecting conductivity sensors performance especially contacting (resistance) types is fouling. To investigate the consequences of fouling, four monomers with different tendencies for fouling were selected: methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, styrene, and butadiene. Two types of conductivity sensors were also selected to continuously measure conductivity: a two‐electrode sensor and an inductive sensor, and the performance of these sensors were evaluated based on some criteria such as conductivity behavior, amount of fluctuation, change in cell constant, repeatability, and status of the minimum of conductivity. The results obtained from the contacting sensor showed that fouling significantly decreased the performance of this sensor in different ways even in reaction mixtures having moderate fouling rates. However, the inductive conductivity sensor provided the possibility of reliably measuring conductivity during very high‐fouling and highly unstable emulsion polymerizations with very good repeatability. The capabilities of this sensor also allowed an exact recognition of the important points in the conductivity curves particularly the minimum of conductivity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44446.
Synthesis of solvatochromic merocyanine dyes and their immobilization to polymers
Authors: Nordhaus Mark A. , Krongauz Vadim V. , Hai Ton That
Published: October 2016

Solvatochromic merocyanine dyes were immobilized onto polymer surfaces and copolymerized with acrylic resins, yielding novel reversibly solvatochromic polymers, which were used as solvent polarity indicators that exhibited different colors in water and alcohols. To generate solvatochromic polymer for solvent polarity indication, two solvatochromic merocyanine dyes containing moieties, which allow their immobilization onto polymer surfaces, or copolymerization with acrylic and vinyl monomers, were sequentially synthesized in four and six steps. Merocyanine dye (E)‐2‐(2‐(1‐(6‐aminohexyl)pyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)‐4,6‐dichlorophenolate (AHPVD) was prepared with a terminal aminohexyl group which allowed covalent bonding to activated carboxylated or sulfonated polymeric materials. The dyes were covalently bonded to the polymer surfaces, such as, nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and silicone. Solvatochromic merocyanine dye (E)‐2‐(2‐(1‐(6‐acrylamidohexyl)pyridinium‐4‐yl)vinyl)‐4,6‐dichlorophenolate (AAPVD) was synthesized for radical copolymerization with acrylate and vinyl monomers and oligomers. Side‐chain solvatochromic merocyanine‐containing hydrophilic polymers with differential water and alcohol absorption were obtained upon photoinitiated radical copolymerization with specially formulated acrylated resins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44451.
A molecular imprinted polymer on the surface of superparamagnetic Fe3O4–graphene oxide (MIP@Fe3O4@GO) for simultaneous recognition and enrichment of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in Evodiae fructus
Authors: Fan Jie‐Ping , Liao Dan‐Dan , Xie Yan‐Long , Zheng Bing , Yu Jia‐Xin , Cao Ya‐Hui , Zhang Xue‐Hong , Peng Hai‐Long
Published: October 2016

A composite material (MIP@Fe3O4@GO) based on molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles and graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method, and used to simultaneously separate and enrich two alkaloids (evodiamine and rutaecarpine) in the extract of Evodiae fructus. The as‐prepared MIP@Fe3O4@GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, competitive adsorption, and reusability of MIP@Fe3O4@GO were also investigated. The results revealed that MIP@Fe3O4@GO was sensitive to the magnetic field and could be easily separated using an external magnet; MIP@Fe3O4@GO showed good recognition selectivity, as well as simultaneous enrichment and separation abilities for evodiamine and rutaecarpine in the extract of E. fructus with satisfactory recoveries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44465.
Synthesis and properties of ultralow dielectric constant porous polyimide films containing trifluoromethyl groups
Authors: Li Jianwei , Zhang Guangcheng , Zhu Qi , Li Jiantong , Zhang Hongming , Jing Zhanxin
Published: October 2016

In this research, a series of porous copolyimide (co‐PI) films containing trifluoromethyl group (CF3) were facilely prepared via a phase separation process. The co‐PI were synthesized by the reaction of benzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) with two diamines of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4,4'‐diaminodiphenyl ether (FODA) with various molar ratios. The flexible and tough porous co‐PI films with about 300 μm thickness and 8∼10 μm average diameter could be obtained by solution casting conveniently. The thermal properties of the obtained porous co‐PI films were excellent with a glass transition temperature at 270 °C ∼ 280 °C and only 5% weight loss in temperature from 530 °C to 560 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, the dielectric and hydrophobic properties of porous co‐PI films were remarkably improved owing to the presence of trifluoromethyl groups (CF3) in the polymer chains. Moreover, our synthesized porous co‐PI films also showed good mechanical properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44494.
Toward a sustainable biorefinery using high‐gravity technology
Authors: Xiros Charilaos , Janssen Matty , Byström Roberth , Børresen Børre T. , Cannella David , Jørgensen Henning , Koppram Rakesh , Larsson Christer , Olsson Lisbeth , Tillman Anne‐Marie , Wännström Sune
Published: October 2016

The realization of process solutions for a sustainable bioeconomy depends on the efficient processing of biomass. High‐gravity technology is one important alternative to realizing such solutions. The aims of this work were to expand the knowledge‐base on lignocellulosic bioconversion processes at high solids content, to advance the current technologies for production of second‐generation liquid biofuels, to evaluate the environmental impact of the proposed process by using life cycle assessment (LCA), and to develop and present a technically, economically, and environmentally sound process at high gravity, i.e., a process operating at the highest possible concentrations of raw material. The results and opinions presented here are the result of a Nordic collaborative study within the framework of the HG Biofuels project. Processes with bioethanol or biobutanol as target products were studied using wheat straw and spruce as interesting Nordic raw materials. During the project, the main scientific, economic, and technical challenges of such a process were identified. Integrated solutions to these challenges were proposed and tested experimentally, using wheat straw and spruce wood at a dry matter content of 30% (w/w) as model substrates. The LCA performed revealed the environmental impact of each of the process steps, highlighting the importance of the enzyme dose used for the hydrolysis of the plant biomass, as well as the importance of the fermentation yield. © 2016 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efavirenz does not meaningfully affect the single dose pharmacokinetics of 1200 mg raltegravir
Authors: Krishna Rajesh , East Lilly , Larson Patrick , Siringhaus Tara , Herpok Lisa , Bethel‐Brown Crystal , Manthos Helen , Brejda John , Gartner Michael
Published: October 2016

Raltegravir is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor currently marketed at a dose of 400 mg twice daily (BID). Raltegravir for once daily regimen (QD) at a dose of 1200 mg (2 x 600 mg) is under development and offers a new treatment option for HIV‐1 infected treatment‐naive subjects. Since raltegravir is eliminated mainly by metabolism via an UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1 A1‐mediated glucuronidation pathway, co‐administration of UGT1A1 inducers may alter plasma levels of raltegravir. Efavirenz, an UGT1A1 inducer, was used to assess the impact of altered UGT activity on a 1200 mg QD dose of raltegravir. An open label, randomized, 2‐period fixed‐sequence Phase 1 study was performed in adult healthy male and female subjects (non‐childbearing potential) ≥ 19 and ≤55 years of age, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 and ≤32.0 kg/m2. Subjects (n = 21) received a single oral dose of 1200 mg raltegravir at bedtime on an empty stomach on Day 1 in Period 1. After a washout period of at least 7 days, subjects received oral doses of 600 mg efavirenz QD at bedtime for 14 consecutive days in Period 2. Subjects received a single oral dose of 1200 mg raltegravir co‐administered with 600 mg efavirenz on Day 12 of Period 2. Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected for 72 hours following raltegravir dosing and analyzed using a validated bioanalytical method to quantify raltegravir plasma concentrations. PK parameters were estimated using non‐compartmental analysis. Administration of single 1200 mg oral doses of raltegravir alone and co‐administered with multiple oral doses of efavirenz were generally well tolerated in healthy subjects. Co‐administration with efavirenz yielded geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and their associated 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) for raltegravir AUC0‐∞, Cmax, and C24 of 0.86 (0.73, 1.01), 0.91 (0.70, 1.17), and 0.94 (0.76, 1.17), respectively. The results show that efavirenz modestly reduced the exposure of raltegravir. The reduction in raltegravir exposure is not considered clinically meaningful. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variographic analysis of public exposure to electromagnetic radiation due to cellular base stations
Authors: Lemaire Thomas , Wiart Joe , De Doncker Philippe
Published: October 2016

The spatial structure of the vertical component of the electric field emitted by base stations in the Brussels region (Belgium) is measured, and studied using the variogram. A relationship between the variogram shape and base station antenna density in each measurement area is found; the variogram range and sill level are shown to depend on cellular base stations’ antenna density, following exponential laws. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:557–562, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of clinical trials involving multiple hypothesis tests with a common control
Authors: Schou I. Manjula , Marschner Ian C.
Published: October 2016

Randomized clinical trials comparing several treatments to a common control are often reported in the medical literature. For example, multiple experimental treatments may be compared with placebo, or in combination therapy trials, a combination therapy may be compared with each of its constituent monotherapies. Such trials are typically designed using a balanced approach in which equal numbers of individuals are randomized to each arm, however, this can result in an inefficient use of resources. We provide a unified framework and new theoretical results for optimal design of such single‐control multiple‐comparator studies. We consider variance optimal designs based on D‐, A‐, and E‐optimality criteria, using a general model that allows for heteroscedasticity and a range of effect measures that include both continuous and binary outcomes. We demonstrate the sensitivity of these designs to the type of optimality criterion by showing that the optimal allocation ratios are systematically ordered according to the optimality criterion. Given this sensitivity to the optimality criterion, we argue that power optimality is a more suitable approach when designing clinical trials where testing is the objective. Weighted variance optimal designs are also discussed, which, like power optimal designs, allow the treatment difference to play a major role in determining allocation ratios. We illustrate our methods using two real clinical trial examples taken from the medical literature. Some recommendations on the use of optimal designs in single‐control multiple‐comparator trials are also provided.
Early outcomes from the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit
Authors: Busweiler L A D , Wijnhoven B P L , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Henneman D , van Grieken N C T , Wouters M W J M , van Hillegersberg R , van Sandick J W , Bosscha K , Cats A , Dikken J L , Hartgrink H H , Jong P C , Lemmens V E P P , Nieuwenhuijzen G A P , Plukker J T , Rosman C , Rozema T , Siersema P D , Tetteroo G , Veldhuis P M J F , Voncken F E M
Published: October 2016

Background

In 2011, the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit (DUCA) group began nationwide registration of all patients undergoing surgery with the intention of resection for oesophageal or gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to describe the initiation and implementation of this process along with an overview of the results.

Methods

The DUCA is part of the Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing. The audit provides (surgical) teams with reliable, weekly updated, benchmarked information on process and (case mix-adjusted) outcome measures. To accomplish this, a web-based registration was designed, based on a set of predefined quality measures.

Results

Between 2011 and 2014, a total of 2786 patients with oesophageal cancer and 1887 with gastric cancer were registered. Case ascertainment approached 100 per cent for patients registered in 2013. The percentage of patients with oesophageal cancer starting treatment within 5 weeks of diagnosis increased significantly over time from 32·5 per cent in 2011 to 41·0 per cent in 2014 (P < 0·001). The percentage of patients with a minimum of 15 examined lymph nodes in the resected specimen also increased significantly for both oesophageal cancer (from 50·3 per cent in 2011 to 73·0 per cent in 2014; P < 0·001) and gastric cancer (from 47·5 per cent in 2011 to 73·6 per cent in 2014; P < 0·001). Postoperative mortality remained stable (around 4·0 per cent) for patients with oesophageal cancer, and decreased for patients with gastric cancer (from 8·0 per cent in 2011 to 4·0 per cent in 2014; P = 0·031).

Conclusion

Nationwide implementation of the DUCA has been successful. The results indicate a positive trend for various process and outcome measures.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of 2′‐O‐Methoxyethyl Oligonucleotides Using Dimeric Phosphoramidite Blocks
Authors: Yu Gi Weon , Kang Yong Han
Published: October 2016

This research focused on the method of using dimeric phosphoramidite blocks to synthesize oligonucleotides for development as oligonucleotide drugs. A 16‐mer oligonucleotide with the randomly selected sequence of C*C*T*C*G*C*T*C*T*C*G*C*C*C*G*C was synthesized using CC, GC, and TC dimers, a combination of monomers and dimers, or only monomers as building blocks. Using dimer blocks in this synthetic method provided a significant decrease in critical impurities that had similar properties to the main product, which was confirmed by LC‐MS and HPLC analysis.
Reduced brain activation during inhibitory control in children withCOMTVal/Val genotype
Authors: Cope Lora M. , Hardee Jillian E. , Soules Mary E. , Burmeister Margit , Zucker Robert A. , Heitzeg Mary M.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Behavioral undercontrol is a well‐established risk factor for substance use disorder, identifiable at an early age well before the onset of substance use. However, the biological mechanistic structure underlying the behavioral undercontrol/substance use relationship is not well understood. The enzyme catecholO‐methyltransferase (COMT) catabolizes dopamine and norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, brain regions involved in behavioral control. The goal of this work was to investigate the association between genetic variation inCOMTfunctioning and fronto‐striatal brain functioning during successful inhibitory control, a critical aspect of behavioral control.

Methods

Participants were 65 (22 female) 7–12 year olds who were genotyped for the functionalCOMTVal158Met (rs4680) single‐nucleotide polymorphism and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a go/no‐go task. The majority of the sample (80%) had at least one parent with a history of alcohol use disorder and were thus at heightened risk for substance use disorders.

Results

There was a significant main effect of genotype on brain activation in left and right putamen during successful versus failed inhibition and in right inferior frontal gyrus/insula during successful inhibition versus baseline. Follow‐up tests revealed that Met homozygotes had greater activation in each region relative to Val homozygotes.

Conclusions

These results are relevant for understanding how specific genes influence brain functioning related to underlying risk factors for substance use disorders and other disinhibitory psychopathologies.
Time to follow‐up of an abnormal mammogram in women with diabetes: a population‐based study
Authors: Habeeb Syed Yaser , Fung Kinwah , Fischer Hadas D. , Austin Peter C. , Paszat Lawrence , Lipscombe Lorraine L.
Published: October 2016

Women with diabetes have a higher breast cancer incidence and mortality. They are also significantly less likely to undergo screening mammography and present with more advanced stage than women without diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine if women with diabetes are more likely to have delays in follow‐up of abnormal mammograms, compared to women without diabetes. Using population‐based health databases, this retrospective cohort study examined women between the ages of 50 and 74, with and without diabetes, living in the province of Ontario, Canada, who underwent screening through a centralized program and who had an abnormal mammogram between 2003 and 2012. We compared rates of follow‐up of a diagnostic test within 180 days, as well as likelihood of mastectomy or excision procedure and a diagnosis of breast cancer. Following an abnormal screening mammogram, 97.5% of women with diabetes had a diagnostic procedure within 180 days compared to 97.9% of women without diabetes. After adjustment for other factors, women with diabetes were only 3% less likely to have follow‐up testing after an abnormal mammogram than women without diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99, P < 0.001). The majority of Ontario women who underwent screening mammography through a centralized screening program had timely follow‐up of an abnormal mammogram, with no meaningful delays in those who had diabetes. The results of this study suggest that diagnostic delays after screening do not significantly contribute to higher breast cancer mortality in women with diabetes.
Expression of Tim‐1 in primary CNS lymphoma
Authors: Kishimoto Wataru , Nishikori Momoko , Arima Hiroshi , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Sasaki Yuya , Kitawaki Toshio , Shirakawa Kotaro , Kato Takeharu , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Ishikawa Takayuki , Ohno Hitoshi , Haga Hironori , Ohshima Koichi , Takaori‐Kondo Akifumi
Published: October 2016

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a distinct subtype of extranodal lymphoma with aggressive clinical course and poor outcome. As increased IL‐10/IL‐6 ratio is recognized in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PCNSL patients, we hypothesized that PCNSL might originate from a population of B cells with high IL‐10‐producing capacity, an equivalent of “regulatory B cells” in mice. We intended in this study to clarify whether Tim‐1, a molecule known as a marker for regulatory B cells in mice, is expressed in PCNSL. By immunohistochemical analysis, Tim‐1 was shown to be positive in as high as 54.2% of PCNSL (26 of 58 samples), while it was positive in 19.1% of systemic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) samples (17 of 89 samples; P < 0.001). Tim‐1 expression positively correlated with IL‐10 expression in PCNSL (Cramer's V = 0.55, P < 0.001), and forced expression of Tim‐1 in a PCNSL cell line resulted in increased IL‐10 secretion, suggesting that Tim‐1 is functionally linked with IL‐10 production in PCNSL. Moreover, soluble Tim‐1 was detectable in the CSF of PCNSL patients, and was suggested to parallel disease activity. In summary, PCNSL is characterized by frequent Tim‐1 expression, and its soluble form in CSF may become a useful biomarker for PCNSL.
Bovine endometrial cells: a source of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells
Authors: de Moraes Carolina Nogueira , Maia Leandro , Dias Marianne Camargos , Dell'Aqua Camila P. Freitas , da Mota Ligia Souza Lima Silveira , Chapwanya Aspinas , Landim‐Alvarenga Fernanda da Cruz , Oba Eunice
Published: October 2016

Endometrial mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (eMSCs) are multipotent cells known to modulate the immune system and have clinical application for human and animal health. This makes these bovines cells attractive for dual use as cellular therapy and experimental model. The aim of this study was to isolate, evaluate the differentiation potential, immunophenotypic and immunocytochemistry characteristics, chromosomal stability, cloning efficiency, and cryopreservation response of bovine eMSCs collected in two phases of the estrous cycle. For this, cells were isolated and submitted to differentiation for adipogenic and osteogenic lineage. The cells were then characterized by flow cytometer (FC) (vimentin, CD29, CD44, MHC‐II, CD34) and immunocytochemistry (vimentin, pan‐cytokeratin, CD44) and submitted to cytogenetic and cloning efficiency assay. The cells were also cryopreserved using two different medium of cryopreservation and analyzed by FC for viability, necrosis, late‐apoptosis + necrosis, and initial apoptosis rates before and after cryopreservation. We obtained homogeneous cell populations which have fibroblastic morphology and adherence to plastic. These cells expressed high levels of markers CD29, CD44, and vimentin, low expression levels for CD34 and no MHC‐II. The cells were chromosomally stable (2n = 60) with high cloning efficiency and no difference (P > 0.05) between medium of cryopreservation or phase was observed after thawing. We showed the presence and differentiation potential of bovine eMSCs, with chromosomal stability and great response to cryopreservation with both medium, which has implications for build biobanks or development of new therapeutic approaches to combat uterine diseases or to study.
A case of severe arthralgia with malignant mesothelioma‐associated hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Authors: Yamakawa Hideaki , Sekine Akimasa , Kato Terufumi , Yamanaka Yumie , Hagiwara Eri , Umeda Shigeaki , Ogura Takashi
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical Message

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) is a rare syndrome characterized by the abnormal proliferation of dermato‐osseous tissue. We report a rare case of malignant mesothelioma‐associated HOA who suffered from refractory painful osteoarthropathy. HOA can be associated with malignant mesothelioma and that may be resistant to any treatment.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched 2‐Hydroxymethylalkanoic Acids by Oxidative Desymmetrisation of Achiral 1,3‐Diols Mediated by Acetobacter aceti
Authors: Brenna Elisabetta , Cannavale Flavia , Crotti Michele , De Vitis Valerio , Gatti Francesco G. , Migliazza Gaia , Molinari Francesco , Parmeggiani Fabio , Romano Diego , Santangelo Sara
Published: October 2016

The stereoselective desymmetrisation of achiral 2‐alkyl‐1,3‐diols is performed by oxidation of one of the two enantiotopic primary alcohol moieties by means of Acetobacter aceti MIM 2000/28 to afford the corresponding chiral 2‐hydroxymethyl alkanoic acids (up to 94 % ee). The procedure, carried out in aqueous medium under mild conditions of pH, temperature and pressure, contributes to enlarge the portfolio of enzymatic oxidations available to organic chemists for the development of sustainable manufacturing processes.