bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution, Structure, Cloud Microphysical, and Surface Rainfall Processes of Monsoon Convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment
Authors: Wang Jian-Jian , Li Xiaofan , Carey Lawrence D.
Published: February 2007

A two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation is combined with dual-Doppler and polarimetric radar analysis to study the evolution, dynamic structure, cloud microphysics, and rainfall processes of monsoon convection observed during the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon onset.

Overall, the model simulations show many similarities to the radar observations. The rainband associated with the convection remains at a very stable position throughout its life cycle in the northern SCS. The reflectivity pattern exhibits a straight upward structure with little tilt. The positions of the convective, transition, and stratiform regions produced by the model are consistent with the observations. The major difference from the observations is that the model tends to overestimate the magnitude of updraft. As a result, the maximum reflectivity generated by the model appears at an elevated altitude.

The surface rainfall processes and associated thermodynamic, dynamic, and cloud microphysical processes are examined by the model in terms of surface rainfall, temperature and moisture perturbations, circulations, and cloud microphysical budget. At the preformation and dissipating stages, although local vapor change and vapor convergence terms are the major contributors in determining rain rate, they cancel each other out and cause little rain. The vapor convergence/divergence is closely related to the lower-tropospheric updraft/subsidence during the early/late stages of the convection. During the formation and mature phases, vapor convergence term is in control of the rainfall processes. Meanwhile, water microphysical processes are dominant in these stages. The active vapor condensation process causes a large amount of raindrops through the collection of cloud water by raindrops. Ice microphysical processes including riming are negligible up to the mature phase but are dominant during the weakening stage. Cloud source/sink terms make some contributions to the rain rate at the formation and weakening stages, while the role of surface evaporation term is negligible throughout the life cycle of the convection.
Observations of Stably Stratified Shear-Driven Atmospheric Turbulence at Low and High Richardson Numbers
Authors: Mauritsen Thorsten , Svensson Gunilla
Published: February 2007

Stably stratified shear-driven turbulence is analyzed using the gradient Richardson number, Ri, as the stability parameter. The method overcomes the statistical problems associated with the widely used Monin–Obukhov stability parameter. The results of the Ri-based scaling confirm the presence of three regimes: the weakly and the very stable regimes and the transition in between them. In the weakly stable regime, fluxes scale in proportion with variance, while in the very stable regime, stress and scalar fluxes behave differently. At large Ri, the velocity field becomes highly anisotropic and the turbulent potential energy becomes approximately equal to half of the turbulent kinetic energy. It appears that even in the strongly stable regime, beyond what is known as the critical gradient Richardson number, turbulent motions are present.
Coastal Wind Jets Flowing into the Tsushima Strait and Their Effect on Wind-Wave Development
Authors: Isoguchi Osamu , Kawamura Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

Coastal wind jets that flow into the Tsushima Strait, Japan, and their effects on wind waves are investigated using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and altimeter-derived wind and waves. The coastal wind jets appear in 7 of 28 SAR-derived wind fields under the conditions of ambient southeasterly winds. Atmospheric conditions corresponding to the appearance of the coastal wind jets are examined by a high-resolution atmospheric community model, which indicates that stratified flows are influenced by the land topography and then pass through the strait forming low-level jet flows. Sensitivity experiments reveal that easterly to southerly stratified flows are a necessary condition for a jet’s formation and the degree of its enhancement is mostly controlled by the Froude number of the upstream flows. Atmospheric conditions in which the SAR observed the coastal jets meet the model-derived necessary conditions, which corroborate the validity of the model simulation and the jet’s formation mechanism. Next, the authors present a case study concerning effects of the coastal jets on wind-wave development by using altimeter-derived wind speed and significant wave height (SWH). Both profiles show similar convex spatial distribution within the wind jet range. The nondimensional SWH and fetch indicate agreements with the empirical fetch graph formula, suggesting that the wind waves are locally developed by the coastal jet. Through investigation of ship-based climatological data, it is found that the coastal jets occur frequently in midsummer due to prevailing southeasterly flows, which is accounted for by the seasonal evolution of the Asian summer monsoon.
The Role of Averaging for Improving Sea Surface Salinity Retrieval from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Satellite and Impact of Auxiliary Data
Authors: Philipps Sabine , Boone Christine , Obligis Estelle
Published: February 2007

Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) was chosen as the European Space Agency’s second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. One of the objectives is to retrieve sea surface salinity (SSS) from measured brightness temperatures (TBs) at L band with a precision of 0.2 practical salinity units (psu) with averages taken over 200 km by 200 km areas and 10 days [as suggested in the requirements of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE)]. The retrieval is performed here by an inverse model and additional information of auxiliary SSS, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind speed (W). A sensitivity study is done to observe the influence of the TBs and auxiliary data on the SSS retrieval. The key role of TB and W accuracy on SSS retrieval is verified. Retrieval is then done over the Atlantic for two cases. In case A, auxiliary data are simulated from two model outputs by adding white noise. The more realistic case B uses independent databases for reference and auxiliary ocean parameters. For these cases, the RMS error of retrieved SSS on pixel scale is around 1 psu (1.2 for case B). Averaging over GODAE scales reduces the SSS error by a factor of 12 (4 for case B). The weaker error reduction in case B is most likely due to the correlation of errors in auxiliary data. This study shows that SSS retrieval will be very sensitive to errors on auxiliary data. Specific efforts should be devoted to improving the quality of auxiliary data.
Sampling Errors in the Measurement of Rainfall Parameters Using the Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS)
Authors: Sheppard B. E.
Published: February 2007

The Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS) is a small Doppler radar originally designed by the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) to report the occurrence, type, and intensity of precipitation in automated observing stations. It is also used for real-time estimation of raindrop size distributions (DSDs). From the DSD, various rainfall parameters can be calculated and relationships established, such as between the radar reflectivity factor (Z) and the rainfall rate (R). Earlier work presented first-order estimates of the sampling errors for some POSS rainfall parameter estimates. This work combines a Monte Carlo simulation and “inverse problem” analysis to better estimate errors due to the specific sampling problems of this disdrometer type. The uncertainties are necessary to determine the statistical significance of differences between DSD estimates by the POSS and other collocated disdrometers, or between POSS measurements in different climatologies. Additionally, confidence limits can be assigned to regression coefficients for rainfall parameter relationships determined from POSS estimates. An example is given of the uncertainties in the coefficients of measured Z–R relationships.
New Method of Spatial Extrapolation of Meteorological Fields on the Mesoscale Level Using a Kalman Filter Algorithm for a Four-Dimensional Dynamic–Stochastic Model
Authors: Komarov V. S. , Lavrinenko A. V. , Kreminskii A. V. , Lomakina N. Ya , Popov Yu B. , Popova A. I.
Published: February 2007

A new method and an algorithm of spatial extrapolation of mesometeorological fields to a territory uncovered with observations are suggested. The algorithm uses a linear Kalman filter for a four-dimensional dynamic–stochastic model of space–time variations of the atmospheric parameters. The results of statistical estimation of the quality of the algorithm used for spatial extrapolation of mesoscale temperature and wind velocity fields are discussed.
Historical Drifter Data and Statistical Prediction of Particle Motion: A Case Study in the Central Adriatic Sea
Authors: Veneziani Milena , Griffa Annalisa , Poulain Pierre-Marie
Published: February 2007

In this paper, a method to analyze historical surface drifter data is presented that is aimed at investigating particle evolution as a function of initial conditions. Maps of drifter concentration at different times are built and interpreted as maps of the probability of finding a particle at a given time in the neighborhood of a given point in the domain. A case study is considered in a coastal area of the middle Adriatic Sea (a subbasin of the Mediterranean Sea) around the Gargano Cape, which is the focus of a newly planned experiment, the Dynamics of the Adriatic in Real Time (DART). A specific application is considered that seeks to improve the DART Lagrangian sampling planning.

The results indicate that the analysis of historical drifters can provide very valuable information on statistical particle prediction to be used in experiment design. In the DART region, particle dynamics appear mostly controlled by the upstream properties of the boundary current as well as by the presence of a stagnation point located offshore of the tip of Gargano and separating two cross-basin recirculations. A significant seasonal dependence is observed, with drifters being more likely to leave the boundary current in winter and fall, when the current is wider and more connected to the cross-basin recirculations. Future developments are discussed, including joint analyses with numerical model results.
Comparison of Different Techniques for the Measurement of Precipitation in Tropical Montane Rain Forest Regions
Authors: Rollenbeck R. , Bendix J. , Fabian P. , Boy J. , Wilcke W. , Dalitz H. , Oesker M. , Emck P.
Published: February 2007

Characteristics of different precipitation measurements in a tropical mountain valley in southern Ecuador are compared in this study to determine potential errors. The instruments are used for different ecological purposes like erosion studies, through fall measurements, investigation of atmospheric chemistry, and modeling of area rainfall distribution. Five recording devices (two precipitation radars, an electro-optical present weather sensor, and two tipping buckets) and three totaling gauges were operated in parallel at a designated site. Data were taken between 1998 and 2003 with different temporal resolution and different operational periods. The general agreement between the instruments is rather good; deviations are in the expected range of 10%–20% of the annual total of about 2200 mm. The remote sensing devices are superior in registering the frequent occurrence of light rain but are not capable of detecting the full range of rain intensities observed. The tipping buckets and the totaling gauges are reliable instruments, but a certain fraction of light drizzle and wind-driven rain is not detected. The present weather sensor has the widest range of sensitivity and supplies additional information on drop spectra. All datasets are affected by operational problems (interruptions, synchronization errors); hence, the redundancy given here seems reasonable for an ecosystem study.
Comparison of Buoy-Mounted and Bottom-Moored ADCP Performance at Gray’s Reef
Authors: Seim Harvey E. , Edwards Catherine R.
Published: February 2007

Simultaneous ADCP profile measurements are compared over a 2-month period in late 2003. One set of measurements comes from a National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy-mounted ADCP, the other from a bottom-mounted, upward-looking ADCP moored roughly 500 m from the buoy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the proficiency of an experimental configuration by NDBC; unfortunately, the ADCP was not optimally configured. The higher temporally and vertically resolved bottom-mounted ADCP data are interpolated in time and depth to match the buoy-mounted ADCP measurements. It is found that the two ADCP measurements are significantly different. The buoy-mounted measurements are affected by high-frequency (<10 h period) noise that is vertically coherent throughout the profiles. This noise results in autospectra that are essentially white, unlike the classic red spectra formed from the bottom-mounted ADCP observations. The spectra imply a practical noise floor of 0.045 m s−1 for the buoy-mounted system. Contamination by surface waves is the likely cause of this problem. At tidal frequencies the buoy-mounted system underestimates major axis tidal current magnitude by 10%–40%; interference from the buoy chain and/or fish or plankton are considered the most likely cause of the bias. The subtidal velocity field (periods greater than 40 h) is only partially captured; the correlation coefficient for the east–west current is 0.49 and for the north–south current is 0.64.
An Improved Algorithm for the Operational Calibration of the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder
Authors: Cao Changyong , Jarva Kenneth , Ciren Pubu
Published: February 2007

Radiance data from the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) have been used routinely in both direct radiance assimilation for numerical weather prediction and climate change detection studies. The operational HIRS calibration algorithm is critical for producing accurate radiance to meet the user’s needs, and it has significant impacts on products at all levels. Since the HIRS does not calibrate every scan line, the calibration coefficients between calibration cycles have to be interpolated based on a number of assumptions. In the more than 25-yr history of operational HIRS calibration, several interpolation methods have been used and, unfortunately, depending on which method is used, these algorithms can produce HIRS level 1b radiance data with significant differences. By analyzing the relationship between the instrument self-emission and gain change during filter temperature fluctuations, in this paper a significant flaw in the previous operational calibration algorithm (version 3) is identified. This caused calibration errors greater than 0.5 K and periodically degraded the HIRS radiance data quality of NOAA-15, -16, and -17 between 1998 and 2005. A new HIRS calibration algorithm (version 4) is introduced to improve the calibration accuracy, along with better indicators for instrument noise in the level 1b data. The new algorithm has been validated in parallel tests before it became operational at NOAA/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS). Test results show that significant improvements in calibration accuracy can be achieved especially for NOAA-15/HIRS. Several areas of further calibration improvements are also identified. The new algorithm has been used for all operational satellites at NOAA/NESDIS since 28 April 2005.
Biopolitics and Temporality in Arendt and Foucault
Authors: Braun Kathrin
Published: February 2007

The article demonstrates that Hannah Arendt's examination of modern temporality strongly intersects with Michel Foucault's diagnosis of modern biopolitics. Both observe three key features of biopolitical modernity: the political zoefication of life, a technocratic understanding of politics, and processual temporality which link the project of modernity to the project of 20th-century totalitarianism. Arendt, however, also offers an alternative, nonbiopolitical understanding of politics, life, and time captured in the concept of natality. Built into the concept of natality is the ‘weakly’ messianic temporal structure of the interval as opposed to processual temporality.
No Time to Think
Authors: Menzies Heather , Newson Janice
Published: February 2007

This article reports on a study of how Canadian academics use on-line technologies to deal with increasing demands and time pressures. The results suggest that, in struggling to manage conflicting organizational and temporal priorities, academics are adopting practices to manage these conflicts which adversely affect the quality and content of their teaching and research. Moreover, these changes in practice are integral to reconstituting the temporal and organizational order of universities so they can function as nodes in the wired global economy. Academics are urged to vigorously champion temporal practices which allow time for reflection and the ‘deep presence’ required for creative intellectual work.
The Secret Life of Sarongs
Authors: Allerton Catherine
Published: February 2007

Studies of Indonesian textiles have predominantly focused on their symbolic and religious aspects, ignoring their everyday use as clothing. This article reveals the sensual, intimate life of Manggarai sarongs as everyday garments, a life that has remained a ‘secret’ in the academic literature. Sarongs, with their capacities to wrap, protect and hide, accentuate the properties of skin and can therefore be considered ‘super-skins’. As artefactual extensions of their wearer's body they absorb substances and intentions, offer comfort at times of upset or illness, and transmit social and emotional messages. As burial objects, sarongs index the close kinship performed in everyday acts of feeding, comforting and protecting. However, there is no single ‘social life’ or ‘career’ of a sarong. Instead, sarongs as super-skins have a range of possibilities of becoming, in connection with the varied fates and projects of human lives.
Anthropology As Comparative Anatomy?
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: February 2007

Recent work by Alfred Gell echoes research methodologies used by anthropologists a century ago, when the new university discipline of anthropology was construed as a scientific subject. The early history of anthropology at Oxford University is explored with particular reference to Henry Balfour's work as curator of the Pitt Rivers Museum at the turn of the 20th century. Balfour and Gell both paid close attention to the formal qualities of things in an attempt to chart the linking threads of design and form which structure ‘distributed objects’. Balfour was concerned with human origins, while Gell tracked shifting ‘networks of transformational relationships’ with no origin, but their methodologies show similarities because they both prioritized the physicality of things. Exploring the strengths and weaknesses of an earlier, scientific approach to people and things helps us to understand and reassess our own intellectual (and material) ancestry.
Photocatalytic Activity of RuO2-loaded PbxWO4 (x = 0.2–1.1) for Water Decomposition
Authors: Kadowaki Haruhiko , Saito Nobuo , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Inoue Yasunobu
Published: February 2007

In the presence of RuO2, Pb-deficient lead tungstates, PbxWO4 (x < 1.0), showed higher photocatalytic activity compared to stoichiometric PbWO4 for water decomposition. The highest activity was obtained at x = 0.75 in the range x = 0.2–1.1. The effects of the electronic structures on the photocatalysis are suggested.
CeCl3·7H2O/LiI: A Novel Reagent System for the Synthesis of 4-Iodotetrahydropyrans via Prins Cyclization
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V Subba , Kumar G G K S Narayana , Reddy G Madhusudhan
Published: February 2007

Homoallylic alcohols undergo smooth coupling with a variety of aldehydes in the presence of CeCl3·7H2O–LiI reagent system in refluxing dichloroethane under neutral conditions to produce the corresponding 4-iodotetrahydropyran derivatives in high yields. The spirocyclic-4-iodotetrahydropyrans are obtained in case of cyclic ketones.
A Novel S-bridged PdII2HgII Metallacycle of d-Penicillaminate that Forms a Unique Supramolecular Structure Combined with Tetraamminepalladium(II)
Authors: Hirai Yusuke , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi
Published: February 2007

The newly prepared [Hg(d-Hpen-S)(d-H2pen-S)]+ (d-H2pen = d-penicillamine) reacted with [PdBr4]2− in aqueous ammonia to give a PdII2HgII cyclic complex, [Pd2HgBr2(d-pen-N,S)3(NH3)]2−, by way of a PdII3 cyclic complex, [Pd3(d-pen-N,O,S)3]. The PdII2HgII complex was found to aggregate into a cylindrical supramolecular structure in combination with [Pd(NH3)4]2+, accommodating [HgBr3(NH3)]− in its cavity.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Electrochemically Active LiMnPO4
Authors: Fang Haisheng , Li Liping , Li Guangshe
Published: February 2007

Highly crystalline olivine-structured LiMnPO4 was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method in a basic aqueous medium at 200 °C for 10 h. The particle shape of the as-prepared LiMnPO4 was plate-like with the thickness of 100–200 nm. A capacity of 68 mA h g−1 was reversibly achieved between 3 and 4.5 V vs. Li+/Li.
Synthesis and Growth of the Facet-tipped In2O3 Nanowires
Authors: Li Yan , Ye Chang H , Yang Lei , Wang Cheng , Zheng Chun R , Zhang Li D
Published: February 2007

We report novel structures of the facet-tipped In2O3 nanowires (FTIONs) via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The FTIONs grow along [001] direction. These In2O3 nanostructures with special morphologies can be potentially useful in a variety of fields such as nanoelectronic devices and high-sensitivity gas sensors.
A Solvent-free Synthesis of Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Tezuka Satoko , Sonoda Akinari , Sakane Kohji , Ooi Kenta , Hirotsu Takahiro
Published: February 2007

We have demonstrated for the first time a solvent-free synthesis of Zn–Al layered double hydroxides, Zn–Al LDH(Cl), by grinding solid ZnO and AlCl3·6H2O and then by autoclaving at 150 °C for 1 day without the addition of water and alkaline solution.
Carbon-assisted Fabrication of Novel ATO Structures
Authors: Huang Zaiyin , Chai Chunfang , Liao Dankui , Tan Xuecai , Wu Jian , Zhou Zeguang , Yuan Aiqun
Published: February 2007

Novel antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) structures, such as microships and quadrilateral microframes have been prepared by a carbon-assisted method in level tube furnace. Possible growth mechanisms of the as-prepared ATO microstructures are briefly discussed.
Facile Synthesis of Novel Monodisperse Liquid-crystalline Oligomers Based on Michael Adducts from Millipede Cyanoacetates
Authors: Nakanishi Sadahiro , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: February 2007

Facile synthesis of novel monodisperse liquid-crystalline (LC) oligomers was performed. The functionalization of the end group of 4 (and 6) millipede cyanoacetates with 8 (and 12) mesogenic units by Michael addition reaction produced a monodisperse LC octamer (and dodecamer) in high yields. Differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy revealed LC properties of the synthesized LC monodisperse oligomers. The monodisperse LC oligomers were morphologically stable glass-forming LC materials and exhibited a large variation in nematic phase temperatures in the range of approximately 80 to 300 °C.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Misfit-layered Copper Manganese Hydroxide Oxide
Authors: Xu Yaohua , Chai Ruitao , Yu Lianxiang , Feng Shouhua , Pang Wenqin , Nakayama Noriaki
Published: February 2007

A copper manganese hydroxide oxide, CuMn2.22O5.25·2.04H2O, which has a novel misfit-layered structure built with pseudohexagonal MnO2 and orthorhombic Cu(OH)2 sheets, has been hydrothermally synthesized by using the layered birnessite as the precursor. This compound has been investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, and TG-DTA. In this compound, manganese oxide sublattice is hexagonal with a1 = 0.282 and c1 = 0.942 nm, and copper hydroxide sublattice is orthorhombic and has a C-center with a2 = 0.578, b2 = 0.276, and c2 = 0.942 nm. The two sublattices in this compound have different symmetry, and they are incommensurate along a direction in ab plane.
Effects of Genes, Sex, Age, and Activity on BMC, Bone Size, and Areal and Volumetric BMD
Authors: Havill Lorena M , Mahaney Michael C , L Binkley Teresa , L Specker Bonny
Published: February 2007

Quantitative genetic analyses of bone data for 710 inter-related individuals 8–85 yr of age found high heritability estimates for BMC, bone area, and areal and volumetric BMD that varied across bone sites. Activity levels, especially time in moderate plus vigorous activity, had notable effects on bone. In some cases, these effects were age and sex specific.

Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors play a complex role in determining BMC, bone size, and BMD. This study assessed the heritability of bone measures; characterized the effects of age, sex, and physical activity on bone; and tested for age- and sex-specific bone effects of activity.

Materials and Methods: Measures of bone size and areal and volumetric density (aBMD and vBMD, respectively) were obtained by DXA and pQCT on 710 related individuals (466 women) 8–85 yr of age. Measures of activity included percent time in moderate + vigorous activity (%ModVig), stair flights climbed per day, and miles walked per day. Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted to model the effects of activity and covariates on bone outcomes.

Results: Accounting for effects of age, sex, and activity levels, genes explained 40–62% of the residual variation in BMC and BMD and 27–75% in bone size (all p < 0.001). Decline in femoral neck (FN), hip, and spine aBMD with advancing age was greater among women than men (age-by-sex interaction; all p ≤ 0.05). %ModVig had the most notable effect on bone; high activity was associated with higher aBMD at all sites, but the magnitude of this effect varied. Activity among men was associated with higher FN BMC and cross-sectional area (CSA) at the 4% radius, but this was not observed among women (sex-by-activity interaction, both p ≤ 0.05). Younger women had greater cortical vBMD (Cort-vBMD) than younger men, with minimal difference between low and high activity levels. Influence of activity was greater in older women: older women with low activity had lower Cort-vBMD than older men, but older women with high activity had higher Cort-vBMD than older men (age-by-sex-by-activity interaction, p = 0.04).

Conclusions: High heritability estimates for DXA and pQCT measures varied across bone sites. Percent time spent in moderate to vigorous activity had the most notable effect on bone, and in some cases, this effect was age or sex specific.
Ein wiedergewonnenes Schreiben des Eusebius von Vercelli
Authors: Schubert Christoph
Published: February 2007

Im Anschluß an den Tomus ad Antiochenos des Athanasius von Alexandrien überliefert ein Teil der Handschriften einige weitere Aktenstücke, darunter ein Schreiben des Eusebius von Vercelli, das die grundsätzliche Zustimmung zu dem im Tomus gefundenen Kompromiß ausdrückt. Dieses Schreiben wird ausdrücklich als Übersetzung aus dem Lateinischen eingeführt (Tomus 10,3).
The Dating of Athanasius' Double Apology and Three Treatises Against the Arians
Authors: Kannengiesser Charles
Published: February 2007

Die Unklarheiten, die mit der Entstehung der doppelten Apologie „Gegen die Heiden“ und „Über die Menschwerdung des Wortes“ verbunden sind, schließen wohl endgültig deren präzise Datierung aus.

Eine Veröffentlichung des Werkes im eigentlichen Sinn zur Lebenszeit des Autors kann überhaupt nicht belegt werden. Immer nur auf innerer Kritik fußend, mag die doppelte Apologie, wie von E. Schwartz und H.-G. Opitz vorgeschlagen, als Jugendwerk des alexandrinischen Bischofs in das Jahr 335 einzuordnen sein. Die drei Traktate gegen die Arianer stammen wahrscheinlich aus der kurzen Zwischenzeit nach der Rückkehr des Athanasius aus Trier im Jahr 337 und seiner Flucht in den Westen im Jahr 339. Trotz ihrer immer noch ungenügend erörterten Besonderheit bleibt die dritte Arianerrede dem Athanasius gehörig.
Athanasius and the Anti-Marcellan Controversy
Authors: Spoerl Kelley McCarthy
Published: February 2007

Dieser Beitrag versucht festzustellen, ob Athanasius von Alexandrien zeitgenössische anti-markellische Rhetorik verwandte, um die Unterscheidung der Personen in der göttlichen Trinität darzustellen. Er bietet einen vorläufigen Durchgang durch Athanasius' Argumentation und untersucht dann seine Verwendung von drei typischen anti-markellischen Formulierungen: Die Versicherung, daß der dreieinige Gott nicht synthetos ist, die Kritik an der Anwendung der stoischen Kategorien des logos endiathetos/logos prophorikos auf den präexistenten Sohn Gottes und die Verneinung, daß die zweite Person der Trinität anhypostatos oder anousios ist. Der Beitrag geht diesem spezifischen Vokabular bei drei alexandrinischen Theologen (Origenes, Dionysius und Alexander) nach, die Athanasius in dieser Hinsicht hätten beeinflussen können, kommt aber zu dem Ergebnis, daß es unwahrscheinlich ist, daß sie die Quelle des Athanasius darstellen.

Es wird die These aufgestellt, daß Athanasius sein Vokabular durch die Lektüre der anti-markellischen Schriften des Euseb von Caesarea schon zum Zeitpunkt der Abfassung seiner Orationes contra Arianos gebildet hat.
Two Friends of Athanasius: Marcellus of Ancyra and Apollinaris of Laodicea
Authors: Lienhard Joseph T
Published: February 2007

Athanasius, Markell von Ankyra und Apollinaris von Laodizea bilden eine merkwürdige Gruppe. Sowohl Markell als auch Apollinaris waren Freunde des Athanasius, und man kann annehmen, daß zwischen ihnen grundsätzlich Einigkeit in theologischen Positionen bestand. Doch brach Apollinaris in seiner Schrift Kata meros pistis oder „Ausführliche Darlegung des Glaubensbekenntnisses“ mit Markell und griff dessen Vorstellungen an. Man muß sich fragen, warum er das tat. Die Antwort besteht darin, daß sich Apollinaris bewußt wurde, daß ein theologischer Fortschritt in der Trinitätslehre nötig war; und dieser Fortschritt ließ Markell im Irrtum zurück. Die Schrift Kata meros pistis ist am ehesten um 360 oder 363 zu datieren. Der zentrale Abschnitt (13-31) ist ein Traktat gegen Markell. Die Neu-Sabellianer (d.h. Markell) bekennen, wie Apollinaris schreibt, keine drei prosôpa; sie bekennen die Dreiheit in der Einheit und sie glauben, daß die Weisheit in Gott anhypostatisch existiert. Der Punkt, auf den Apollinaris immer wieder insistiert, ist die Notwendigkeit, drei prosôpa zu bekennen. Das prosôpon ist ein Zentrum des Bewußtseins, eine Manifestation der hypostatischen Existenz. Apollinaris machte, was Markell niemals tun konnte, und Athanasius tat es nur einmal – und wahrscheinlich ungern –, er benannte, was drei in Gott ist und löste auf diese Weise eine terminologische Pattsituation. Apollinaris markiert in dieser Hinsicht einen Fortschritt in der Trinitätslehre über Athanasius und Markell hinaus.
Zwei Apologien des Athanasius an Kaiser Constantius II.
Authors: Brennecke Hanns Christof
Published: February 2007

The writing by Athanasius unanimously transmitted in the manuscripts under the title Apologia ad Constantium is generally dated to the period of his third exile (356–361). Athanasius defends himself against accusations apparently laid against him by the Emperor and seeks in this way to justify his flight. The text is in several respects problematic and reflects editorial interference at various places. The unity of the text has long been debated between various opinions, generally resulting in the conclusion that the document was reworked in two or three phases. There is indeed a recognisable break between chapters 26 and 27. The thesis in this article is that the Apologia ad Constantium as we have it today is a compilation of two originally independent letters to the Emperor. The first letter (chs. 1–26), whose conclusion is now lost, dates from the beginning of the third exile; the second (chs. 27–35) – the beginning is missing and its extent can no longer be determined – probably dates from the year 358. It is no longer possible to establish whether the compilation was brought about by deliberate editorial action or through the accidental loss of pages.
Athanasius in Antiochien
Authors: Stockhausen Annette von
Published: February 2007

The article traces Athanasius' stay in Antioch between the fall of 363 and the spring of 364, drawing in particular from the writings Joviani epistula ad Athanasium, Epistula ad Jovianum, and Petitiones Arianorum, all handed down in Athanasius' works.

The aim of Athanasius' stay was, on the one hand, his restitution by Emperor Jovian; on the other hand, he wanted to try again to resolve the mixed-up situation in Antioch, that is, settle the conflict between the Meletians and the Eustathians in the renewed spirit of the programme of Tomus ad Antiochenos. While Athanasius was able to reach his first goal, he failed in his second.
An den Grenzen des Strafrechts – Stalking, Graffiti, Weisungsverstöße
Authors: Neubacher Frank
Published: February 2007

I. Einleitung: „Risiko-Management“ und „New Penology“

So unterschiedliche Autoren wie Jakobs, Prittwitz und Frehsee haben bereits vor geraumer Zeit die Verwandlung des Strafrechts in ein „Risikostrafrecht“, gar in ein „Feindstrafrecht“ konstatiert, das hergebrachte rechtsstaatliche Begrenzungen unterlaufe. Auf die in der modernen „Risikogesellschaft“ ubiquitären, aber nur schwer kontrollierbaren abstrakten Gefahren reagiere das Strafrecht zunehmend mit Kriminalisierungen, die immer komplexer und weniger verständlich würden, immer abstraktere Rechtsgüter schützten und immer schwieriger zu implementieren seien. Durch die Verlagerung der Strafbarkeit in das Vorfeld einer Rechtsgutsverletzung („Vorfeldkriminalisierung“) würden nicht nur Freiheitsrechte beschnitten, sondern – in Form von Kontrollierbarkeitsphantasien – unerfüllbare Erwartungen an das Strafrecht hervorgerufen. Die Strafgesetzgebung weise daher zusehends symbolische Züge auf und schädige auf Dauer das Rechtsbewusstsein. Weil diese materiellrechtlichen Tendenzen einhergingen mit strafprozessualen Ansätzen zu einer Beweislastumkehr und zu einer Ausweitung von polizeilichen Kontrollrechten (als verdachtsunabhängigen Vorfeldermittlungen), drohe ein Wandel vom Bürgerstrafrecht zum „Feindstrafrecht“, dessen Basis nicht mehr das Vertrauen in den grundsätzlich rechtstreuen Bürger sei, das gelegentlich enttäuscht werde, sondern latentes Misstrauen. Während Jakobs unter dem Eindruck der Bedrohungen durch den internationalen Terrorismus seinen Frieden mit diesem Strafrecht gemacht zu haben scheint, hält die Strafrechtswissenschaft ihre Kritik an der jüngeren Entwicklung mehrheitlich aufrecht. Ihr Einfluss auf die Strafgesetzgebung ist dadurch nicht größer geworden – vielfach kann nur noch das Bundesverfassungsgericht Einhalt gebieten (z. B. Verfassungswidrigkeit des Jugendstrafvollzugs, Europäischer Haftbefehl, präventive Telefonüberwachung, akustische Wohnraumüberwachung, Rechtsschutz gegen Überbelegung im Strafvollzug, Vermögensstrafe). Von einer Krise des Strafrechts zu sprechen, ist wohl noch untertrieben – erweckt es doch den Eindruck, die künftige Entwicklung sei offen und das Strafrecht stünde gleichsam noch am Scheideweg. Tatsächlich ist der Formenwandel im Strafrecht weitgehend vollzogen, und die neue Sicherheits- und Kontrollbewegung hat ihren Zenit vermutlich noch nicht überschritten.
Die Auslegung von multilingualen strafrechtlichen Texten am Beispiel des Statuts für den Internationalen Strafgerichtshof
Authors: Fronza Emanuela , Malarino Ezequiel
Published: February 2007

A. Einführung: Multilingualismus und Völkerstrafrecht

Die Schaffung eines internationalen juristischen Textes durch eine Vielzahl von Partnern unterschiedlicher Sprache setzt das vorherige Einvernehmen über die Sprachen voraus, in denen der Text ausgearbeitet werden und künftig als Rechtsquelle dienen soll. Während der Rom-Konferenz kamen die Vertreter der an den Verhandlungen teilnehmenden Staaten überein, dass die amtlichen Sprachen des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs (International Criminal Court, im Folgenden: ICC) die der Vereinten Nationen sein sollen. Dementsprechend bestimmt Art. 50 ICC-Statut als Amtssprachen arabisch, chinesisch, englisch, französisch, spanisch und russisch. Art. 128 ICC-Statut verleiht all diesen Sprachen die gleiche Authentizität. Eine mehrsprachige Formulierung war am besten geeignet, der auf Repräsentation und Konsens beruhenden Ausarbeitung des ICC-Statuts Ausdruck zu verleihen. Die Abfassung in den Sprachen der Vereinten Nationen kann zugleich zur Akzeptanz des Statuts als Recht beitragen, das als ein minimal gemeinsames Recht der Staatengemeinschaft allgemein anerkannte Werte zum Ausdruck bringt.
Zwischenstaatliche Kooperation und strafrechtliche Zusammenarbeit mit dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (IStGH): Lima, 29. bis 31. März 2006
Authors: Meyer-Abich Nils
Published: February 2007

I.

Vom 29. bis 31. März 2006 fand in Lima, Peru, das vierte Treffen der Lateinamerikanischen Studiengruppe zum Internationalen Strafrecht statt. Organisiert vom Rechtsstaatsprogramm der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) für Südamerika, der Abteilung für strafrechtliche Masterstudiengänge der Päpstlich-Katholischen Universität Perus (Maestría de Derecho Penal de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú – PUCP) und der Abteilung für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht des Instituts für Kriminalwissenschaften der Universität Göttingen, widmete sich die Expertenrunde bei diesem Treffen dem Thema der Kooperation und strafrechtlichen Zusammenarbeit der lateinamerikanischen Länder mit dem IStGH.
Regelungskonzepte für hydrostatische Antriebe in mobilen Arbeitsmaschinen (Control Concepts for Hydraulic Systems in Mobile Machines)
Authors: Stoll Sorn , Kliffken Markus G. , Behm Martin , Wang Ximing
Published: February 2007

Mobile Arbeitsmaschinen wie Bagger, Traktoren oder Mobilkrane erfordern aufgrund ihrer vielfältigen Erscheinungsformen ebenso vielfältige Antriebslösungen für das Fahren, Bremsen und Arbeiten. Die hydrostatische Antriebstechnik bietet dafür die Möglichkeit zielgerichteter Lösungen, bei denen hochwertige Funktionen durch ein breites Spektrum von hydromechanischen bis elektrohydraulischen Regelungen erzielt werden.
Nichtlineare Regelung von verstellbaren eigenversorgten Axialkolbenpumpen (Nonlinear Control of Variable-displacement Self-supplied Axial Piston Pumps)
Authors: Fuchshumer Franz , Kemmetmüller Wolfgang , Kugi Andreas
Published: February 2007

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der modellbasierten nichtlinearen Regelung von verstellbaren, eigenversorgten Axialkolbenpumpen für die Anwendung in Spritzgussmaschinen. Aufgrund der Eigenversorgung der Pumpe erhält man in Abhängigkeit der Bewegung der Schwenkscheibe ein nichtlineares mathematisches Modell mit Strukturumschaltung. Die Anforderungen an die Regelgüte hinsichtlich Dynamik und stationäre Genauigkeit unter der Annahme unbekannter Lasten sind im Wesentlichen aus dem Einspritzvorgang bei Spritzgussmaschinen abgeleitet worden. Das entwickelte Regelungskonzept setzt sich aus einer inversionsbasierten Steuerung, einer nach dem adaptiven Backstepping-Verfahren entworfenen Stabilisierung des Trajektorienfehlersystems und einem Lastschätzer zusammen. Der Regler- und Lastschätzerentwurf erfolgt zwar für jedes der beiden Teilsysteme des schaltenden Systems separat, doch kann die Stabilität des geschlossenen Kreises des Gesamtsystems mit Hilfe der Theorie der multiplen Lyapunovfunktionen systematisch bewiesen werden. Experimentelle Ergebnisse an einem Prüfstand zeigen für sämtliche untersuchte Testfälle eine herausragende Leistungsfähigkeit des vorgeschlagenen Regelungskonzeptes.
Modellbasierter Steuerungsentwurf für ein hydraulisches Bremssystem mit magnetischen Schaltventilen (Model-based Open-loop Control Design for a Hydraulic Brake System with Switching Solenoid Valves)
Authors: Lolenko Kostyantyn , Fehn Achim A. R.
Published: February 2007

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein neuartiges Konzept für den modellbasierten Steuerungsentwurf für schaltende Gleichstrommagnetventile vorgestellt. Die Steuerung dient zur Stellung des Radbremszylinderdrucks von Kraftfahrzeugen bei fahrdynamischen Regeleingriffen, wie z.B. durch ein ESP oder ein ABS [1;11]. Für den Steuerungsentwurf wird aus einem detaillierten Simulationsmodell des Bremssystems ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches die wesentlichen Nichtlinearitäten des Systems sowie Umgebungseinflüsse (z.B. Temperatur) berücksichtigt. Auf der Grundlage der Gleichungen des vereinfachten Entwurfsmodells werden die Schaltzeiten und weitere charakteristische Zeitintervalle, die das dynamische Verhalten des Ventils beschreiben, durch symbolische Integration oder approximativ mit Hilfe von Taylor-Reihen berechnet. Die so bestimmten Zeitintervalle dienen dann zur Berechnung der Ansteuerzeit des Ventils aus der Solldruckvorgabe für den Bremszylinder und den physikalischen Systemparametern. Die entwickelte Ansteuerung hat sich bei Simulationsstudien als eine leistungsfähige Methode erwiesen und ermöglicht eine im Vergleich zu heutigen Bremssystemen verbesserte Druckstellgenauigkeit.
Thermal Rate Constants for Polyatomic Reactions: First Principles Quantum Theory
Authors: Huarte-Larrañaga Fermín , Manthe Uwe
Published: February 2007

The truly accurate knowledge of molecular dynamics phenomena is generally achieved through a combination of detailed experiments and first principle theory. The complexity of such a level of description had until recently restricted accurate studies to rather small systems. However, the sophistication of theoretical methods and massive technological developments have provided remarkable progress in the detailed knowledge of reactive events during the past three decades. Moreover, significant progress towards the detailed understanding of polyatomic reaction has been made in recent years. Detailed experimental and accurate theoretical studies of reactions involving more than only three or four atoms are becoming increasingly available. In this work, aspects of the theoretical work aiming at the accurate description of polyatomic reactions are reviewed.

The present article focuses on the development of the first principle theory of reaction rates. It reviews theoretical developments and benchmark applications to reactions as CH4 + H → CH3 + H2 and CH4 + O → CH3 + OH. The importance of quantum effects for the thermal rate constants in different temperature regimes is discussed in detail. The accuracy of the classical transition state theory and of different approximate quantum theories is investigated in detail. A quantum transition state concept which facilitates accurate reaction rate calculations for polyatomic reaction is described. Benchmark results for the CH4 + H → CH3 + H2 reaction are shown which demonstrate that the accuracy of thermal rate constants calculated by first principle theory can rival the accuracy of available experimental data. The perspectives offered by these developments are discussed.
Effect of β-Cyclodextrin on the Micellar Behavior of Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yang Zhenyu , Wang Jianji , Gao Lijun , Zhang Ning , Zhao Yang , Yue Yongkui , Zhuo Kelei
Published: February 2007

Molar volume and conductivity measurements have been carried out at 298.15 K for cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) + H2O and CTAC + β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) + H2O systems. The apparent critical micelle concentrations (cmc), the dissociation degree of the micelle (β), the transfer free energy for the hydrocarbon chain of CTAC (ΔG
0
HP), the standard partial molar volumes of CTAC (V
0
Φ,S), the stoichoimetry and the association constants for the inclusion complex of CTAC with β-CD have been determined. The influence of β-CD and its complex on the micellization processes of CTAC is analyzed. It is shown that β-CD partly screened the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain of CTAC molecules from contact with the surrounding medium, and retarded the formation of CTAC micelles in a certain extent. The thermodynamic activity of CTAC is decreased due to the formation of complex. The β-CD and its complexes do not participate the formation of micelles of CTAC, and the complex have no effect on the micelle properties once the micelles are formed. Based on a simple model, the number of CH2 groups entered the cavity of β-CD was calculated. The result suggests that, β-CD forms strong complex with CTAC; the stoichoimetry is found to be 1:1 complexes coexist at very low concentration of β-CD and 2:1 at higher concentrations of β-CD.
Evaluating the Feasibility of Reestablishing a Coho Salmon Population in the Yakima River, Washington
Authors: Bosch William J. , Newsome Todd H. , Dunnigan James L. , Hubble Joel D. , Neeley Douglas , Lind David T. , Fast David E. , Lamebull Linda L. , Blodgett Joseph W.
Published: February 2007

Historical returns of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to the Yakima River basin were estimated to range from 45,000 to 100,000 fish annually but declined to zero by the 1980s after decades of overexploitation of fishery, water, and habitat resources. In 1996, the Yakama Nation and cooperators initiated a project to determine the feasibility of reestablishing a naturally spawning coho salmon population in the Yakima River. The project explored the feasibility of successful coho salmon recolonization in the Yakima River by introducing stocks that had been reared in hatcheries for multiple generations. After 10–20 years of outplanting, we compared data for adult returns of known natural origin (i.e., returns from parents that spawned in the wild) and returns from hatchery releases. We found that fish of natural origin returned at a significantly larger size than those of hatchery origin. The mean egg mass and mean egg size of natural-origin females were greater than those of hatchery-origin females, but the differences were statistically significant for only one of three sample years. Natural-origin adults returned 2–9 d later and spawned 5 d later than their hatchery-origin counterparts. Preliminary indices of smolt-to-adult survival for natural-origin fish were 3.5–17.0 times the survival indices of hatchery-origin fish. The number of returns to the historical spawning habitats in upriver areas generally increased. Spawning surveys demonstrated the existence of robust and sustainable spawning aggregates in various locations in the basin. Hatchery releases from the local brood source (Yakima River returns) had significantly higher smolt-to-smolt survival than releases from out-of-basin (non-Yakima River) hatchery broodstock, but some of these observed differences in survival may be partially attributable to differences in smolt size. We concluded that hatchery-origin coho salmon with a legacy of as many as 10–30 generations of hatchery influence demonstrated an ability to reestablish themselves in the Yakima River (i.e, as a naturalized, nonnative population) after as few as 3–5 generations of outplanting in the wild.