bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of First Generation Codling Moth with Imidan, 1993
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted on Ashley’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Woodland, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was 6 trees long by 8 rows wide planted on a 25 × 25 ft spacing (0.69 acres). Treatments were applied with an air blast sprayer operating at 100 psi, with a speed of 1.75 miles/h and delivering 100 gal/acre of finished spray. Materials were applied on 4 May at 356 Day Degrees using a lower threshold of 50°F. and upper threshold of 88°F. with a biofix of 30 Mar. Nut size was approximately Vi-inch at the time of application. Control was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts from the center 8 trees of each replicate weekly from 27 May through 17 Jun.
Biological Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Mid-Season Broccoli, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Broccoli was transplanted on 14 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 24 and 31 Jul with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre at 45 psi directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Biofilm, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 8 oz/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 30 Jul and 5 Aug by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the plants were identified and counted.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Late Season Broccoli, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Broccoli was transplanted on 9 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep and 1 Oct with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre at 45 psi directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Activator 90, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 27 Sep and 5 Oct by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the leaves were identified and counted.
Comparing New American Cyanamid Products and Standard Insecticides for Control of Natural Populations of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 15 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 20-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 32.6 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul, 2, 10, 17, 27 Aug, and 3 Sep. Evaluations were made on 29 Jul, 9, 24 Aug, and 13 Sep, by selecting three plants per replication, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera data using replicate totals for the entire season.
Efficacy of Systemic Aphicides for Control of Melon Aphid on Cantaloupe, 1993
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

Two greenhouse trials were conducted sequentially to evaluate rates of systemic aphicides for control of melon aphid on cantaloupe. Methods of both trials were the same with the exceptions of the cultivars used, number of replicates and sample intervals. In the first trial, ‘Top Mark’ cantaloupe were planted 16 Aug and arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. In the second trial, ‘Perlita’ cantaloupe were planted 4 Oct and arranged in a RCB with 3 replications. In both trials, cantaloupe were seeded in 6-inch pots with Metro Mix® Redi Earth growing medium (40-50% peat moss; 50-60% medium vermiculite), thinned to 1 plant per pot when plants reached the 1st true leaf stage, and maintained in a greenhouse at 65°F a 85°F during the trial. Untreated cantaloupe and watermelon plants colonized with melon aphid were interspaced between treated plants as an infestation source during the trial. A general purpose fertilizer was applied at the recommended greenhouse rate, triadimefon was misted over plants with a spray bottle at the recommended rate for powdery mildew control, and plants were irrigated as needed by adding water to plastic trays used to hold each pot. All treatments were applied as a soil drench around the base of each plant after pretreatment counts. Four oz total volume was used for each treatment and the untreated control received 4 oz of water alone. The total number of aphids were counted on three leaves per plant, and each leaf was marked and resampled 3 (1st trial); 4, 6, 8, and 10 DAT (2nd trial). Linear regression analysis was used to determine relationships between aphicide rate and mean number of aphids per leaf. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using analysis of variance and means were separated with Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.10).
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Control of Leafminers on Melons, 1993
Authors: Sparks Alton N.
Published: December 2017

A small plot study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center in Weslsco, Texas, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of leafminers on melons. Plots measuring 1 bed (80 inches) by 25 ft were established in a cantaloupe field in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a tot3l volume of 25 gal per acre with four 10X nozzles across the row. Plots were sprayed on 7 3nd 16 Jun and samples collected for evalustion on 18 Jun. Samples were collected from five randomly selected plants per plot. On each plant, leaves were examined 3nd counted from the termin3l growth back until mining wss noted. The first lesf with mines and the next leaf back were collected on each plant (10 leaves per plot) and held for emergence. Dsts collected included the number of lesves from the terminal where the first mines were noted and the number of sdult lesfminers and parasites that emerged from samples.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1993
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Warren J. R.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in an orchard of 16 year old ‘Spur Red’ Delicious apple trees on MM 106 roots. Treatments were placed in alternating rows, with the intervening unsprayed rows serving as guard rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate (4 per treatment) consisted of three adjacent trees. Data was only taken from the center tree of each replicate. Treatments were applied with a power take off driven FMC (model 252S) airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (76.62 liters/ha). Delayed dormant 60 sec. oil (6 gal./acre) was applied to two treatments on 27 Apr. One treatment contained only oil but the other had Kinetic EC (16 oz./acre) combined with oil. Two control plots were established, one received two inoculations of ERM and one did not. The inoculations made to all plots except as noted above consisted of taping 10 mite infested apple shoots (collected in a heavily infested commercial orchard) to limbs on the periphery of each test tree. Inoculations were made on 24 May and 4 Jun. Other treatments were applied on 21 Jun and 28 Jun. Predator data (16 Jul) was collected during a three minute observation of the canopy. Mite data were developed by collecting leaf samples (20 leaves) and following the standard Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing procedure.
Control of Ear-Infesting Insects in Sweet Corn with High Rates of Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 15 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 11, 14, 19, and 25 Sep with the exception of two treatments (Dipel 2X + Kinetic—two early; Agree + Kinetic—two early) which were initiated on 8, 10 Sep when 0.01% of the plants were beginning to silk. A tractor-mounted, PTO-driven diaphragm pump, boom sprayer was equipped with 4 hollow-cone drop nozzles per row directing the spray to the ear zone. Sprayer was calibrated to deliver 73.5 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were evaluated on 29 Sep by examining 25 primary ears harvested from the middle 40 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All larvae or larval damage in or on the ear was identified and counted.
Foliar Insecticide Evaluation for Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Zehnder G. W. , Hollingsworth M. H. , Hagemore D.
Published: December 2017

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted on 27 May at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation in Cullman, Alabama. Treatment plots were 6 rows, each 10 meters long, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The four middle rows of each plot were sprayed with insecticides beginning at "tassel push", when the tassels were first observed growing up from the whorl, and on a 3—4 day schedule throughout the silking period until harvest. Sprays were applied on 15, 19, 22, 26, 29 Jul, and on 2 Aug. Spray application was made by a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer with one hollow cone nozzle over the row and 1-8 nozzles on drop extension tubes on either side of the row (additional nozzles were added as corn height increased). Spray volume remained constant on all spray dates at 80 gal/acre. An additional treatment was included to evaluate the effectiveness of a tank mix of Asana XL plus vegetable oil (Red Panther Super V Oil [93% pure]; Red Panther Chemical Co., Clarksdale, MS). Treatment effectiveness was determined at harvest (4 Aug) by examination of 25 randomly-picked ears per plot (100 ears per treatment) for CEW feeding damage and larvae in the ears. Ears were considered unmarketable if CEW damage to the ear extended 38 mm (1.5 inches) beyond the tip of the ear. Of the 800 total ears examined for CEW damage, five were infested with sap beetle (Nitidulidae) larvae and/or adults. These were included in the data set to determine the percentage of damaged and unmarketable ears.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1994
Authors: Kearns K. , Grafius E. , Bommarito M. , Brunt C. , Ferrigan J. , Haas L. , Scriber B.
Published: December 2017

‘Snowdon’ variety potatoes were used to test nineteen insecticides for control of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34 inch row spacing on 4 May. Plots were 40 feet long by three rows wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were separated by at least 5 feet of bare ground. Fosthiazate in-furrow treatments were incorporated into the soil through rototill on 3 May. An Admire treatment was applied in furrow on the potato seed with a CO2 backpack sprayer (8005 flat fan single nozzle, 30 psi) on 4 May. Foliar treatment applications were applied on 16, 23 Jun, 1 and 7 Jul using a tractor-mounted sprayer (30 gal/acre, 40 psi). Preplant Fosthiazate treated plots also received foliar treatments of Asana and piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Rain occurred on 24 Jun and 7 Jul within hours after spraying. Insecticide effectiveness was determined through postspray counts for all stages of CPB (small larvae = 1 st and 2nd instar, large larvae = 3rd and 4th instar) by searching two randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot on 21, 28 Jun, 5 and 12 Jul. Plots were assessed for percent defoliation on 28 Jun, 5, 8 and 12 Jul. Plots were sprayed 13 Jul with Imidan and PBO (except for two of the Agrimek plots) to control summer adults emerging from poor treatments and migrating toward other research plots. All plots were sprayed for the same reason with Agrimek on 23 Jul and 11 Aug. Potatoes in the middle row of each plot were harvested on 2 Sept. Potatoes were separated by size.
Potato Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Slocombe Andrew C. , Ferro David N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting, and an additional 200 lbs was applied at hilling on 30 Jun. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center two rows. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 whole plants or stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. Admire was applied to the base of plants on 8 Jun; plants were about 8” tall. The foliar treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and then again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. The first two abamectin treatments were treated with Novodor at 2.5 qt/acre on 15 and 22 Jun followed by a single application of abamectin on 29 Jun, while the last two abamectin treatments were treated with Novodor at 2.5 qt/acre weekly from 15 Jun through 13 Jul and then on 20 Jul received a single application of abamectin. Fipronil treatments were applied on 15, 29 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul.
Soil Insecticides to Control CPB on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 11 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft rows planted on a 3 ft row spacing. Each two row plot was bordered on each side by an untreated guard row and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Soil insecticides were applied preplanting in furrow using a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer. A 3 hollow cone nozzle boom was used for the foliar sprays. Foliar sprays were applied in 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Weekly counts of all CPB life stages present were taken on 5 random stems/plot to determine efficacy and spray thresholds. Foliar sprays were applied as indicated in the spray schedule table to any plots exceeding the following thresholds; 4 small larvae, 1.5 large larvae or 0.5 adults/stem. Both rows of each plot were harvested on 19 Jul and graded to determine yields.
Adios and Conventional Insecticides for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control, 1994
Authors: Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D. , Battels D. W. , Bolin P. C. , O’Rourke P. K.
Published: December 2017

Two insecticide trials were conducted in a commercially grown field of pumpkins managed by Owatonna Canning Co., in Mower County, Minnesota. The field was planted 18 May. Plots in both trials consisted of single 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 5 ft (1.52 m) centers. Plant spacing was 18 inches (0.46 m). Both trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The first trial consisted of 4 replications and the second, 5 replications. All plots were separated by 1 or 2 skip rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a XR-Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzle. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.8 liter/ha) at 35 psi (242 kPa). Adios, a cucurbitacin bait treatment, contained 13% carbaryl. Treatments for the first trial were applied 3 Jun. Percent infestation and insect counts were taken 4 Jun (1 DAT), 6 Jun (3 DAT), and 11 Jun (8 DAT). Treatments for the second trial were applied once, 16 Jun. Percent infestation and insect counts were taken 17 Jun (1 DAT), 20 Jun (4 DAT), and 24 Jun (8 DAT). For each study, SCB was the dominant insect pest, with only a low-level population of spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, present in the field. Count and percentage data were transformed by Vx + 0.5 and arcsin (x), respectively.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Squash Vine Borer Control on Summer Squash, 1993
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J.
Published: December 2017

‘Early Prolific Straightneck’ summer squash were direct seeded 8 Jun, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Bravo 720 was applied weekly between 30 Jul and 8 Sep along with four biweekly applications of Benlate 50W. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. Rows were spaced four ft apart. An unsprayed guard-row separated each plot. Seven treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted ol an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Malathion, Methoxychlor, Rotenone and Thiodan on 16, 23, and 30 Jul and 6 Aug. Plots were either sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water/acre or treated with a hand-cranked duster. On 23 Aug, aphids were counted on two leaves from five plants per plot. Five plants from each plot were dissected on 25 and 26 Aug and SVB larvae were counted. Fruit from five plants per plot were harvested, counted and weighed every three to four days from 19 Jul through 23 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Spomer Stephen M. , Higley Leon G. , Foster John E.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated on a 4-yr-old stand during the second alfalfa growth period at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Plots were 20 × 30 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 21 Jun with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 liter/min. Each plot received about 3.25 liters of water along with the treatment. Alfalfa height at application was 56 cm. Rainfall amounts during the sampling period were measurable on 22 Jun (2.5 cm) and 23 Jun (6.6 cm). Plots were sampled 0 (pretreatment), 1, 7, and 13 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net (stratified by date). Samples were frozen for later evaluation.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.1 acre block of 9-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. The trees measured 11.5 ft in height and 10 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 12 × 18 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single 0.35 acre plot (8 rows × 9 trees/row) for each treatment. Acaricides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Ethrel, Guthion, Kocide, Lorsban, Nova, Penncap-M, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by counting pests on the periphery of 4 trees in the center two rows of each plot. ERM control was determined by sampling 25 leaves per tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Control of STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed on each tree during a 5 min period.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

Nineteen insecticides were applied for control of WCR larvae in no-till and conventional tillage corn. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 11 May in a RBD with 3 replicates of no-till and conventional tillage. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 12 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All plots received Beacon 75WDG (0.0313 lb [AI]/acre) on 24 May. All insecticide treatments were applied at planting except Furadan 4F broadcasted and banded, which were applied on 24 May. Plant stand counts and numbers of plants cut by cutworms were recorded on 26 May. Numbers of lodged plants per plot was recorded 28 Jun. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was less than 45°. Root damage ratings were evaluated on 6 Jul by examining 3 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 system. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatments means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s (SAS Institute).
Preplant-Incorporated Insecticide Treatments to Manage Northern and Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in Eastern South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jensen J. M. , Thompson D. J.
Published: December 2017

Cornfields were chosen at Aurora and Cavour South Dakota based on corn rootworm egg and adult surveys. Therefore, offering the potential for significant larval pressures during this study. The experiment was conducted to compare efficacy of preplant-incorporation (PPI) with traditional planting-time insecticide application methods (banded or in-furrow) for controlling rootworm larvae. The PPI treatments were applied using a hand-held spray boom equipped with 4 Teejet 8002 nozzles spaced 46 cm apart. Delivery rate was 20 gpa at 25 psi while travelling at 3 mph. Immediately following liquid applications, the soil was tilled with a tandem disk harrow at a 5 to 8 cm depth for insecticide incorporation. Granular materials were applied using Noble metering units on an adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter using band or in-furrow insecticide placement methods. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Treatment plots (15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Band treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double-disk furrow openers. Pioneer TR-3751’ (100-day) corn seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre at each location. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models procedure, and means were compared using DMRT.
Planting-Time and Rescue Applications of Furadan 4F for Control of Northern and Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J.
Published: December 2017

Cornfields located near Aurora, Cavour, and Garretson in central and east-central SD were chosen for this study. The experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of traditional (banded or in-furrow) planting-time insecticide application methods with cultivation-time rescue treatments for controlling corn rootworm larvae. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.2-m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Pioneer IR-3751 (100-day) corn seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre at each location. Planting-time granular formulations were applied using Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter, and all units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded granular treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. All planting-time applications (banded and in-furrow) consisted of directing insecticides immediately between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Post-emergence banded applications of Furadan 4F were placed over the row in 18- to 20-cm swaths using a single-nozzle (Teejet 8003 flat fan) boom. Broadcast ("Broad") liquid treatments were applied with a 1.8-m boom-equipped with 4 Teejet 8003 flat fan nozzles spaced 46 cm apart. Liquid formulations (planting-time and post-emergence rescue) were applied using a CO2-powered canister spray system calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 3 mph. All post-emergence treatments were applied at cultivation time, and those that received cultivation following application were incorporated using a 2-row John Deere cultivator. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Apple, Effects of Various BT Products on Leafroller Management, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Felland Carl M.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a completely randomized design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Stayman’. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 16 years old and planted at a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a handgun from a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump. Approximately 3.5 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 360 gpa). The dates of application for the treatments were 13 and 21 Jun (1st brood control) and 8, 19 and 31 Aug (2nd brood control). All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP. Effectiveness on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 side terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf where a rating scale (0-3) was used (see table footnotes for scale). The number of aphid natural enemies was determined by counting the number observed on 10 terminals per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 150 leaves/treatment. Shelters of the various leafrollers were counted in a 5 min examination of each plot tree. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the trees. A harvest fruit rating was made on 23 Sept.
Apple, Early-Season Insect Experiment, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with five insecticide treatments and a control replicated four times. Plots consisted of two trees, one tree each of the cultivars ‘Yorking’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 21 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. The Lorsban and Asana treatments were applied at the half inch green stage (15 Apr), the first NTN-33893 treatment was applied at the early pink stage (22 Apr), and the second NTN-33893 and Vydate treatments were applied at the pink stage (25 Apr) of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75WP, Captan 50WP, and Nova 40WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for RAA control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA injured clusters/tree and total number of damaged apples per tree (both cvs) in a 5-minute sample for each variable. WALH was sampled by counting the number of nymphs present on 25 injured leaves per tree (‘Yorking’). Also, 200 leaves per tree (‘Yorking’) were randomly sampled for evidence of stippling caused by WALH feeding.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected Rates of Lorsban, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) and in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) were compared to that of an untreated control. Native winter vegetation was allowed to cover the test area. An application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant to terminate all vegetation. All plots also received atrazine 4L (3.0 pt/acre) + Roundup D-pack (3.0 pt/acre) at planting. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 30 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments for Lorsban were applied with a CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 2 May by sampling 20 plants in each plot. Cutworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot weekly for 3 wk after plant emergence to obtain a cumulative summary. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was determined on 19 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 16 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides for Stand Protection of No-Till First Year Corn in Ohio, 1994
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Granular soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection efficacy on no-tillage first year corn planted 11 May into fallow ground having a significant infestation of chickweed at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston. Six treatments of granular soil insecticides were compared to an untreated check treatment. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates of plots that were 140 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel using a custom built 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. Stand and plant injury counts of 100 ft of row were conducted on 31 May, 9 and 16 Jun. Plots were machine harvested on 18 Oct and yields were based on the center 2 rows of the 4 row plots.
Evaluation of Biologically-Oriented Alternatives for Control of Early Season Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in a Marlboro fine sandy loam near Johns, NC. Fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 8 ft alleys. A RCBD with 5 replicates was used. Treatments were applied with a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal total volume per acre at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. The Design plus Curacron and the Raptor treatments received 2 applications on 14 and 20 Jun, while the Ovasyn plots were treated 4 times—on 10, 17, 24 Jun and 3 Jul. In the square removal treatment, the first 3 fruit positions were removed from every plant just prior to bloom initiation on 6 Jul. The final treatment had 100% of the squares and all terminals removed manually on 20 Jun. On 17 and 27 Jun, 25 terminals and squares were inspected for damage and live TBW. On 26 Jul, all bolls per 15 ft of row were counted per plot (75 plot/treatment). On 28 Oct the number of green and opened bolls per 30 ft of row were counted (150/treatment). Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Alternatives for Control of Early Season Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in a Marlboro fine sandy loam soil near Johns, NC. Fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 8 ft alleys. A RCBD with 5 replicates was used. Treatments were applied with a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems* nozzle per row. The single application was made on 6 Jun. On 27 Jun, 25 terminals and squares per plot (125 per treatment) were inspected for damage and live TBW. On 1 Aug all bolls were counted on 15 ft of row per plot (75 ft per treatment). Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm Control Using Bacillus Thur1Ngiensis in Combination with Larvin, 1994
Authors: Klein C. D. , Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 5 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 6 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 4 Jul, 23 Jul and 11 Aug with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 10.6 gal/acre at 30 psi using Teejet TXVS-8 nozzles on 20 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 4 DAT by whole plant examination of 10 row ft in the center of each plot.
Evaluation of Pirate 3SC Against Cotton Insect Pests in Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 2 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticides were applied on 9, 12, 15, 22 Aug and 1 Sep. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 squares per plot on 12, 15, 19, 26 Aug for evidence of bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage. The data reported for boll weevil are a summary of across sample dates. High numbers of soybean looper and beet armyworm larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were used to evaluate treatments on 21 Sep. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower Vi of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower Vs and middle % of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 25 Oct to determine seedcotton yields. The test area received 0.1, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.2 inches rainfall on 14, 21 Aug, and 2, 7 Sep, respectively. Supplemental moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Comparison of Various Spray Schedules to Control Worms in Cotton, Painter, Va
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 11 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft long rows planted on 3 ft spacing, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Each plot was bordered by an untreated guard row. Sprays were applied using a compressed gas backpack sprayer delivering 10 gal water/acre at 60 psi and equipped with a single nozzle (TX4) boom. Bollworm egg thresholds of 2 eggs/100 bolls and 5 eggs/50 terminals were exceeded on 5 Aug and the first spray applications were made on this date. The 5-day sprays were applied on 10 Aug, and the 10-day sprays on 15 Aug. Plots were then scouted weekly to determine if subsequent sprays were needed by examining 25 bolls per plot for live worms. Although egg threshold was no longer used after 5 Aug in making spray decisions, it was noted that egg threshold was exceeded in the as needed treatments on 9 Aug.
Evaluation of Granular Insecticides, with and Without Vapam, for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of granular insecticides, with and without fumigation with Vapam, was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 11 May with 36-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractormounted Noble granular applicator. Vapam (metam-sodium) at the rate of 10 gal per acre was applied two weeks before planting, 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered over each in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (60 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil as a Seed Treatment, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

Three rates of fipronil (EXP80415A FS 500) as a seed treatment were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch row spacing) × 16 ft. Rice was drill-seeded in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 6 May and emerged 13 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each were applied 23 May. Permanent flood was applied on 13 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3- way split of 120 lb/acre on 13 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 11 and 21 Jul. Furadan 3G was applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 20 Jun. On 4 and 11 Jul five 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows × 12 feet of plots were harvested on 27 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Control of Stink Bugs and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybeans, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Lambert Amy L. , Taylor J. Delano
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 14 insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars and stink bugs was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 31 Aug on ‘Cook’ soybeans planted on 17 May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 2, 7, 14 and 21 DAT, by taking a 20-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods rilling with seeds) during the testing period. At 28 DAT, the percent defoliation was visually estimated for all plots. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Control of Soybean Looper with Experimental Chemistry in Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Lingren P. Scott , Leonard B. Roger
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of several experimental insecticides that consist of pyrrole or avermectin chemistry, or exhibit insect growth regulator activity were evaluated against the soybean looper (SBL) on soybean in a small plot insecticide screening trial at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, Louisiana. Activity of these materials was compared to that of the standard recommended insecticide Larvin at 0.6 lb (AI)/acre. Plots measured 50 ft by 5 rows (40 inch spacing) and were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 23 Aug (R5, beginning seed stage) with a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 38 psi through TX8 hollow cone nozzles. Treatments were evaluated using 25 sweeps (15 inch diameter sweep net) per plot at 2, 5, and 7 DAT. No precipitation occurred throughout the duration of this experiment.
Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1994
Authors: Young S. Y.
Published: December 2017

Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated against a SL population on soybean in Lafayette Co., Arkansas. Treatments were applied on 9 Sept with a Backpack CO2 sprayer equipped with a two-row boom (1 nozzle per row) using TX-6 nozzles calibrated to deliver 10 gpa. A spreader-sticker, CS-7, was added at the rate of 1.0 ml per gal. Water used for mixing insecticides had a pH of 7.0. A RCB design (with four replicates) was used. Soybeans were planted in late Jun. At application soybeans were primarily in the R-2 developmental stage and were approximately 24 inches in height. Plots were four rows with 20-inch spacing × 100 ft in length. Plots were separated by two-row buffers on their sides and 15 ft buffers on their ends. Treatments were evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT by shaking larvae from plants onto a 1-yd-length cloth spread between the rows. A 6 ft sample was taken from each of 2 rows, and larvae on the cloth were counted. The population contained larvae in all instars. No rainfall occurred during the test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Small Plot Insecticide Trial Against SCB, 1994
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H.
Published: December 2017

Control of the SCB was evaluated in a RCB design (4 replications) of plant cane at the St Gabriel Research Station, St Gabriel, LA. Insecticide treatments were applied over the sugarcane canopy with a CO2 backpack sprayer on 22 Jul, 8, and 26 Aug when the SCB infestation exceeded the economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths). Four 0.004 flat fan spray tips per 6 ft width of row at 32 psi applied 20.1 gal of finished formulation/acre. Prior to the initiation of the experiment, 2 applications of Lorsban 15G were made (15 lb/acre each) to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae (10 May and 9 Jun). Due to weather conditions the timing of the first application was delayed 12 days. The three Rohm & Haas (RH-2485, RH-0345 and Confirm) treatments were applied with Triton CS-7 at 0.125% vol/vol, and the Condor treatment was applied with Kinetic, at a rate of 0.125% vol/vol. SCB damage was assessed by counting the bored internodes, exit holes, and total number of internodes from 80 randomly selected stalks of sugarcane (20 stalks/replication) in each treatment (18 Oct). Following ANOVA, separation of means was by LSD.
Apple, Treatment Combinations for Season Long Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Orange Block) at a rate of 125 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated four times. Applications of materials were made on 9 May (Pink), 25 May (PF), 6 Jun (1C), 22 Jun (2C), 4 Jul (3C), 17 Jul (4C), 29 Jul (5C), 12 Aug (6C), 24 Aug (7C) and 5 Sep (8C) as indicated in the table. Captan, Dithane, Nova and Penncozeb were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season fruit evaluations were made on 27 Jun by randomly picking 25 apples per replicate (100 apples per treatment) and evaluating the fruit for damage from insect pests. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 15 Sep by randomly picking 50 apples per rep (200 apples per treatment) and evaluating the fruit for damage from insect pests. Leafhopper evaluations were made on 2 Jun, 8 Jul, 19 Jul, 12 Aug, 19 Aug and 26 Aug by randomly selecting 100 terminals (PLH) or 100 leaves (WALH) per replicate (400 terminals or leaves per treatment) and examining them for presence of WALH or PLH nymphs. Evaluation of phytotoxicity was made on 13 Jul and 18 Aug by randomly picking 50 leaves and 25 fruit per replicate, and then rating for percentage phytotoxicity.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course in South Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the gulf coast. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was complete block with 4 replications. Each replication was 10,890 ft2. Treatments were made on 15 Jun. All treatments were applied with a Snyder Polyolefin Agro-Tank tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer. Total spray volume was 50 gal water per acre using 8003 T-jet flat nozzles with 32 psi. Immediately before treatment, Vi inch irrigation water was applied to the Orthene treated plots. Immediately after treatment, Vi inch irrigation water was applied to the Merit treated plots. Rainfall of 6 inches occurred from 23 to 25 Jun. Rainfall of 17 inches occurred from 1 to 26 Jul. Rainfall of 1 inch occurred from 1 to 11 Aug. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim 2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 20 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Jun, 13 Jul and 11 Aug.
Control of Mole Crickets on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

A trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of various rates and formulations of granular turf insecticides for the control of newly hatched mole cricket nymphs. Plots 20 ft × 20 ft were established on a heavily infested fairway at Fox Squirrel Golf and Country Club in Boiling Spring Lakes. Treatments with 3 replicates were randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on the afternoon of 27 Jul with the second application of the Merit split application treatment applied on 9 Aug after a light rain. Pre-weighed portions of each granular insecticide were evenly applied to the plots using shaker jars with perforated lids. Soil was moist at both application dates and the entire test was irrigated after each treatment to wet the soil to a depth of one inch. Air temperature was approx. 85°F, and soil temperature (4 inch) was 79°F. Soil type was mineral with 0.8% humic matter and a pH of 5.1. Soapy water sampling indicate the pop is approx. 95% tawny and 5% southern mole crickets. All plots were evaluated on four dates, 9, 18, 25 Aug and 9 Sep (13, 22, 29, and 44 DPT respectively). Evaluations were performed by making 2 random damage grid ratings (0-9) of freshly occurring damage in each plot. Average damage ratings are reported in the table. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis.