bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A numerical study of hydrologically driven glacier dynamics and subglacial flooding
Authors: Pimentel Sam , Flowers Gwenn E.
Published: August 2010

A hydrologically coupled flowband model of ‘higher order’ ice dynamics is used to explore perturbations in response to supraglacial water drainage and subglacial flooding. The subglacial drainage system includes interacting ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ drainage elements. The fast drainage system is assumed to be composed of ice-walled conduits and the slow system of a macroporous water sheet. Under high subglacial water pressures, flexure of the overlying ice is modelled using elastic beam theory. A regularized Coulomb friction law describes basal boundary conditions that enable hydrologically driven acceleration. We demonstrate the modelled interactions between hydrology and ice dynamics by means of three observationally inspired examples: (i) simulations of meltwater drainage at an Alpine-type glacier produce seasonal and diurnal variability, and exhibit drainage evolution characteristic of the so-called ‘spring transition’; (ii) horizontal and vertical diurnal accelerations are modelled in response to summer meltwater input at a Greenland-type outlet glacier; and (iii) short-lived perturbations to basal water pressure and ice-flow speed are modelled in response to the prescribed drainage of a supraglacial lake. Our model supports the suggestion that a channelized drainage system can form beneath the margins of the Greenland ice sheet, and may contribute to reducing the dynamic impact of floods derived from supraglacial lakes.
Odour signals major histocompatibility complex genotype in an Old World monkey
Authors: Setchell Joanna M. , Vaglio Stefano , Abbott Kristin M. , Moggi-Cecchi Jacopo , Boscaro Francesca , Pieraccini Giuseppe , Knapp Leslie A.
Published: August 2010

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an extraordinarily diverse cluster of genes that play a key role in the immune system. MHC gene products are also found in various body secretions, leading to the suggestion that MHC genotypes are linked to unique individual odourtypes that animals use to assess the suitability of other individuals as potential mates or social partners. We investigated the relationship between chemical odour profiles and genotype in a large, naturally reproducing population of mandrills, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and MHC genotyping. Odour profiles were not linked to the possession of particular MHC supertypes. Sex influenced some measures of odour diversity and dominance rank influenced some measures of odour diversity in males, but not in females. Odour similarity was strongly related to similarity at the MHC, and, in some cases, to pedigree relatedness. Our results suggest that odour provides both a cue of individual genetic quality and information against which the receiver can compare its own genotype to assess genetic similarity. These findings provide a potential mechanism underlying mate choice for genetic diversity and MHC similarity as well as kin selection.
Rapid parallel adaptive radiations from a single hybridogenic ancestral population
Authors: Hudson Alan G. , Vonlanthen Pascal , Seehausen Ole
Published: August 2010

The Alpine lake whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) species complex is a classic example of a recent radiation, associated with colonization of the Alpine lakes following the glacial retreat (less than 15 kyr BP). They have formed a unique array of endemic lake flocks, each with one to six described sympatric species differing in morphology, diet and reproductive ecology. Here, we present a genomic investigation of the relationships between and within the lake flocks. Comparing the signal between over 1000 AFLP loci and mitochondrial control region sequence data, we use phylogenetic tree-based and population genetic methods to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the group and to delineate the principal centres of genetic diversity within the radiation. We find significant cytonuclear discordance showing that the genomically monophyletic Alpine whitefish clade arose from a hybrid swarm of at least two glacial refugial lineages. Within this radiation, we find seven extant genetic clusters centred on seven lake systems. Most interestingly, we find evidence of sympatric speciation within and parallel evolution of equivalent phenotypes among these lake systems. However, we also find the genetic signature of human-mediated gene flow and diversity loss within many lakes, highlighting the fragility of recent radiations.
Interactions among thermal parameters determine offspring sex under temperature-dependent sex determination
Authors: Warner Daniel A. , Shine Richard
Published: August 2010

In many animals, temperatures experienced by developing embryos determine offspring sex (e.g. temperature-dependent sex determination, TSD), but most studies focus strictly on the effects of mean temperature, with little emphasis on the importance of thermal fluctuations. In the jacky dragon (
Amphibolurus muricatus
), an Australian lizard with TSD, data from nests in the field demonstrate that offspring sex ratios are predictable from thermal fluctuations but not from mean nest temperatures. To clarify this paradox, we incubated eggs in a factorial experiment with two levels of mean temperature and three levels of diel fluctuation. We show that offspring sex is determined by an interaction between these critical thermal parameters. Intriguingly, because these two thermal descriptors shift in opposing directions throughout the incubation season, this interactive effect inhibits seasonal shifts in sex ratio. Hence, our results suggest that TSD can yield offspring sex ratios that resemble those produced under genotypic sex-determining systems. These findings raise important considerations for understanding the diversity of TSD reaction norms, for designing experiments that evaluate the evolutionary significance of TSD, and for predicting sex ratios under past and future climate change scenarios.
Degraded lands worth protecting: the biological importance of Southeast Asia's repeatedly logged forests
Authors: Edwards David P. , Larsen Trond H. , Docherty Teegan D. S. , Ansell Felicity A. , Hsu Wayne W. , Derhé Mia A. , Hamer Keith C. , Wilcove David S.
Published: August 2010

Southeast Asia is a hotspot of imperilled biodiversity, owing to extensive logging and forest conversion to oil palm agriculture. The degraded forests that remain after multiple rounds of intensive logging are often assumed to be of little conservation value; consequently, there has been no concerted effort to prevent them from being converted to oil palm. However, no study has quantified the biodiversity of repeatedly logged forests. We compare the species richness and composition of birds and dung beetles within unlogged (primary), once-logged and twice-logged forests in Sabah, Borneo. Logging had little effect on the overall richness of birds. Dung beetle richness declined following once-logging but did not decline further after twice-logging. The species composition of bird and dung beetle communities was altered, particularly after the second logging rotation, but globally imperilled bird species (IUCN Red List) did not decline further after twice-logging. Remarkably, over 75 per cent of bird and dung beetle species found in unlogged forest persisted within twice-logged forest. Although twice-logged forests have less biological value than primary and once-logged forests, they clearly provide important habitat for numerous bird and dung beetle species. Preventing these degraded forests from being converted to oil palm should be a priority of policy-makers and conservationists.
An enzootic vector-borne virus is amplified at epizootic levels by an invasive avian host
Authors: O'Brien Valerie A. , Moore Amy T. , Young Ginger R. , Komar Nicholas , Reisen William K. , Brown Charles R.
Published: August 2010

Determining the effect of an invasive species on enzootic pathogen dynamics is critical for understanding both human epidemics and wildlife epizootics. Theoretical models suggest that when a naive species enters an established host–parasite system, the new host may either reduce (‘dilute’) or increase (‘spillback’) pathogen transmission to native hosts. There are few empirical data to evaluate these possibilities, especially for animal pathogens. Buggy Creek virus (BCRV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus that is enzootically transmitted by the swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) to colonially nesting cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). In western Nebraska, introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) invaded cliff swallow colonies approximately 40 years ago and were exposed to BCRV. We evaluated how the addition of house sparrows to this host–parasite system affected the prevalence and amplification of a bird-associated BCRV lineage. The infection prevalence in house sparrows was eight times that of cliff swallows. Nestling house sparrows in mixed-species colonies were significantly less likely to be infected than sparrows in single-species colonies. Infected house sparrows circulated BCRV at higher viraemia titres than cliff swallows. BCRV detected in bug vectors at a site was positively associated with virus prevalence in house sparrows but not with virus prevalence in cliff swallows. The addition of a highly susceptible invasive host species has led to perennial BCRV epizootics at cliff swallow colony sites. The native cliff swallow host confers a dilution advantage to invasive sparrow hosts in mixed colonies, while at the same sites house sparrows may increase the likelihood that swallows become infected.
Individual variation in behavioural plasticity: direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability on habituation to predators in lizards
Authors: Rodríguez-Prieto Iñaki , Martín José , Fernández-Juricic Esteban
Published: August 2010

Little is known about the factors causing variation in behavioural plasticity and the interplay between personality and plasticity. Habituation to predators is a special case of behavioural plasticity. We investigated the direct and indirect effects of boldness, exploration and sociability traits on the habituation ability of Iberian wall lizards, considering exposure and sex effects. Individual boldness was consistent across several non-habituation contexts, but it did not significantly affect habituation. Exploration had a strong direct effect on habituation, with more exploratory individuals being able to habituate faster than less exploratory ones, probably because of their ability to assess risk better. Individual variation in habituation was also affected by sociability, but this was an indirect effect mediated by exposure to the predator. Less social individuals avoided refuges with conspecific cues, increasing exposure to the predator and eventually habituation. Finally, the direct effects of sex (females habituated faster than males) were opposite to its indirect effects through exposure. We conclude that risk assessment, instead of the proactivity–reactivity gradient usually considered in the literature, can affect behavioural plasticity through complex interactions between direct and indirect effects, including exploratory behaviour, degree of exposure to the predator and sex, which represent novel mechanisms generating inter-individual variation in plasticity.
CARBON ALLOCATION IN MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA): INTRINSIC VARIABILITY IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION1
Authors: Arnold Keith E. , Manley Steven L.
Published: August 2010

Measurements of net photosynthesis (PS, O2 evolution), dark respiration (R, O2 consumption), and light and dark carbon fixation (14C) were conducted on whole blades, isolated blade discs, sporophylls, apical scimitars and representative portions of stipe and holdfast of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera L.C. Ag.

On a dry weight basis, highest net PS rates were observed in apical scimitar segments and whole blades (3.81 and 3.07 mgC · g dry wt−1· h−1, respectively), followed by sporophylls (1.42 mgC·g dry wt−1· h−1) and stipe segments (0.15 mgC·g dry wt−1· h−1). No PS capacity was observed in holdfast material. Respiration rates showed similar ranking ranging from 1.22 mgC·g dry wt−1·h−1 for apical scimitar to 0.18–0.22 mgC·g dry wt−1· h−1 for holdfast material. Considerable within blade variability in both PS and R was also found. Steepest PS and R gradients on both an areal and weight basis were found within immature blades followed by senescent and mature blade material. Highest net PS rates were associated with the blade tips ranging from 3.08 (mature blades) to 10.3 mgC·dry wt−1·h−1 (immature blades). Highest rates of R generally occurred towards the basal portions of blades and ranged from 1.03–1.80 mgC·g dry wt−1·h−1 for immature blades. The variability within and between blades was high, with coefficients of variation approaching 50%. The observed patterns can be related to the decreasing proportionment of photosynthetic tissue and increasing proportionment of structural tissue as occurs from the blade tip to the blade base. Rates of light carbon fixation (LCF) revealed longitudinal profiles similar to oxygen measurements for the different blade types, with the absolute rates being slightly lower. Patterns of dark carbon fixation (DCF) were less easily interpreted. Highest rates of DCF (0.04–0.06 mgC·g dry wt−1·h−1) occurred at the basal portions of immature and senescent blades. Longitudinal profiles of total chlorophyll (a + c) on both an areal and weight basis were very similar to the profiles of PS. Normalized to chlorophyll a, PS displayed an unusual longitudinal profile in immature tissue; however, such profiles for mature and senescent tissues were similar to those for PS on an areal basis.

It was demonstrated that it is difficult, if not impossible, to select single tissue discs that are representative of whole blades. The metabolic longitudinal profiles reveal a characteristic developmental pattern; the previous working definitions of immature, mature, and senescent blades, based on morphology and frond position thus have a physiological basis.
Age‐related thermal habitat use by Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp.
Authors: Morita K. , Fukuwaka M. , Tanimata N.
Published: August 2010

Age‐related thermal habitat use by sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka, chum Oncorhynchus keta and pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha salmon was examined using trawl data obtained in spring in the North Pacific Ocean. Thermal habitat use differed by species and age. Larger and older fishes inhabited cooler areas, whereas smaller and younger fishes inhabited warmer areas.
Sexual abuse: giving help to the children: A practical guide for concerned proiessionals
Authors: DOYLE CELIA
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper has been written for those professional workers who may have to deal with situations involving child sexual abuse, while having only limited knowledge and training.

There are two sections. The first examines some of the key issues needed to increase understanding, and includes a preliminary discussion on the emotional impact of sexual abuse on Professional workers. Following a clarification of definitions, family aspects and incidence, this section focuses first on the child victims and then on the perpetrator. Finally, there is an examination of the consequences of child sexual abuse.

The second section gives guidance on how a professional worker might respond if confronted with a case—from recognising the signs to facilitating disclosure. Suggestions are made about supporting the child during the investigation and heaving the child afterwards.
Developing a community perspective in a primary school
Authors: CURRIE LAURA‐ANN
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The process involved in achieving a particular outcome is often more significant than the outcome itself. In trying to meet the demands of a National Curriculum or accounting to parent boards, it becomes increasingly important for schools to explain their theoretical perspective so as to justify the methods (or process) which they employ in order to achieve basic learning targets such as literacy and numeracy skills. What follows is a description of one primary school's philosophy and how this translated into practical initiatives within the school, designed to achieve meaningful learning within a community context
Family trends, insecurities and social policy
Authors: WICKS MALCOLM
Published: August 2010

If a decent childhood, and a good start to adulthood, depend on a secure — and financially sound — family life, then very many children in Britain are in serious difficulties. This major theme is presented in the context of a review of social and economic developments affecting all families with children. The paper also briefly discusses issues concerning the rights and responsibilities of families, at a time when these issues are coming to the fore in British politics, with interest in the concept of ‘active citizenship’ and the responsible community.
Joint police and social work investigations in child abuse: a practice example from Central Scotland
Authors: FINDLAY COLIN
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. In this issue of Children & Society, there are two articles on the joint Social Work Department and Central Scotland Police initiative, begun in 1989, for joint investigations of child abuse referrals. The second paper is an evaluation of the scheme.

This first paper gives a brief description of the operation of joint investigations involving police and social workers with a discussion on strengths and weaknesses of the joint approach. The author goes on to focus on some of the difficulties which emerge in child protection systems which are characterised by adherence to procedural guidelines and which are further characterised by the strong influence of centralised management. Such a view may have applicability to other parts of Scotland and the U.K. and may be recognisable, too, to professionals further a field. This article is based on a presentation to the 8th International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect, Hamburg, 1990.
The Professionalisation of Child Care Work in Ireland: An Unlikely Development?
Authors: O'Connor Pat
Published: August 2010

Child care work has developed separately from social work in Ireland and is seen as a predominantly female role. This article sets this analysis in the context of Irish Society and traditions and argues for a higher status for childcare workers. Readers in other countries will find many parallels especially as regards the relationship between the status of child care work and the status of women.
The Origins of the National Children's Bureau
Authors: Cooper Joan D.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The gestation of the National Children's Bureau, originally the National Bureau for Cooperation in Child Care, is examined. Conference papers of 1954 give a flavour of the social concerns over children and their special needs when preparatory work on forming a Bureau was supported by the National Council of Social Service. It took a decade to reach formal inauguration and the concerns of 30 years ago are illustrated, confirming a commitment to knowledge based on information, research, and multi‐disciplinary dissemination.
Reconstructing Popular Childhoods
Authors: Heward Christine
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. For the greater part of the nineteenth century experiences of popular childhoods were rooted in family economies to which children were expected to contribute. Family economies were diverse and family‐controlled with children making a range of contributions depending on age and gender within local economies and subcultures. While older children, especially boys, entered paid employment if possible, younger children and girls undertook unpaid domestic tasks. Throughout the century there was a steady decline in opportunities for paid employment among children. Among families where wages and standards of living were rising, childhoods were gradually reconstructed as parents postponed their children's entry to paid employment. The rise in wages was very uneven and there was a growing crisis in the family economies of the poorest families, where children continued to see themselves as contributors despite shrinking child labour markets and the introduction of legislation to control them. Although schooling remained a costly item in domestic budgets, parents who could afford it sent their children to school and a period of often brief and irregular school attendance was a feature of the majority of childhoods by the 1860s. The introduction and enforcement of universal, compulsory school attendance after the Education Act 1870 greatly increased the costs of childhoods, causing a sudden large increment in the dependency of children upon their parents. This marked an acceptance of the legitimacy of intervention by the state in parent child relationships. With a settled period of more or less regular school attendance childhoods became more standardised and visible. Notions of popular childhoods were gradually reconstructed moving away from children as contributors towards children as consumers.
The Research Potential of Testimony from Public Inquiry Websites
Authors: Gibbs Graham R. , Hall Christopher
Published: August 2010

Policy and practice in child welfare and protection has been significantly influenced by public inquiries or commissions which follow highly publicised child tragedies. Whilst there has been considerable comment on the final reports, there has been little research on the evidence gathered for such inquiries. Large amounts of testimony are collected which are increasingly available on inquiry websites. Such evidence offers new forms of readily available data about professional practice across a wide range of topics. Suggestions are made about research methods and search functions, and links to some sites provided. However, the data must be understood in the context in which it was produced.
It's Good to Talk! A Multidimensional Qualitative Study of the Effectiveness of Emotional Literacy Work in Schools
Authors: Coppock Vicki
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on a small‐scale research study evaluating the work of an emotional literacy project in the North West of England. The purpose of the evaluation was threefold: to assess the degree of success of the emotional literacy project in achieving its aims; to capture and disseminate learning of what works, with whom and in which context, when promoting emotional literacy; and to provide policy makers and practitioners within the LEA, and beyond, with research evidence upon which best practice can be delivered to children, young people and their families. A multi‐dimensional qualitative study was designed to explore the views of children, young people, parents/carers, headteachers, teachers, project workers and allied professionals regarding the emotional literacy project from their own perspective. The findings contribute to the growing body of research evidence on, and models of best practice in, promoting the emotional well being of children and young people. © 2006 The Authors(s).Journal compilation © 2006 National Children's Bureau
Antitumor effects of combined granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and macrophage inflammatory protein‐3 alpha plasmid DNA
Authors: Choi Yun , Kim Chul W.
Published: August 2010

Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for priming adaptive immune responses to foreign antigens. However, the feasibility of harnessing these cells in vivo to optimize the antitumor effects has not been fully explored. The authors investigated a novel therapeutic approach that involves delivering synergistic signals that both recruit and expand DC populations at sites of intratumoral injection. More specifically, the authors examined whether the co‐administration of plasmids encoding the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein‐3 alpha (pMIP3α) and plasmid encoding the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (pGM‐CSF; a DC‐specific growth factor) can recruit, expand and activate large numbers of DC at sites of intratumoral injection. It was found that the administration of pGM‐CSF and pMIP3α resulted in dramatic recruitment and expansion of DC at these sites and in draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, treatment with pGM‐CSF and pMIP3α generated the strongest MUC1‐associated CD8+ T‐cell immune responses in draining lymph nodes and in tumors, produced the greatest antitumor effects and enhanced survival rates more than pcDNA3.1, pGM‐CSF alone and pMIP3α alone. It was also found that pGM‐CSF plus pMIP3α generated the strongest MUC1‐associated CD4+ T‐cell immune responses in draining lymph nodes and in tumors. The findings of the present study suggest that the recruitment and activation of DC in vivo due to the synergistic actions of pGM‐CSF and pMIP3α presents a potentially feasible means of controlling immunogenic malignancies and provides a basis for the development of novel immunotherapeutic treatments. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2341–2350)
The genetic control of arylesterase activity in the serum of Gotland Sheep
Authors: Gahne B. , Göransson M.
Published: August 2010

Esterase activity was determined in 955 serum samples of Gotland sheep. The activities showed a wide range and could be distinguished in six types. Family data were in agreement with the theory of three multiple alleles controlling the esterase activities (Lee, 1966). The following gene frequencies were estimated: Esa= 0.15, Esb= 0.75 and Esc= 0.10. The Esa allele controlled an enzym with high hydrolysis rate of α‐naphthyl acetate, medium high of β‐naphthyl acetate and low of indophenyl acetate. The enzym controlled by the Esb allele had medium high hydrolysis rate of α‐ and β‐naphthyl acetate and relatively high of indophenyl acetate. The enzym of the Esc allele had low activities for all three substrates. The hydrolysis rate was increased by the addition of calcium. In starch‐gel electrophoresis the esterase types could be divided in four groups due to the staining intensity of the arylesterase zone but no difference in migration rates was observed.
Blood group complexity: the Pm locus in Peromyscus maniculatus1
Authors: Savage E. , Cameron D. G.
Published: August 2010

The Pm blood group system in Peromyscus maniculatus was originally described by Rasmussen as consisting of two co‐dominant alleles, PmA and PmB, responsible for the antigenic characteristics A and B. This paper describes two additional antisera, anti‐C and anti‐X, which expand this system and show it to be serologically complex. Anti‐X is comprised of antibodies directed against at least two antigenic characteristics X‘ and X“. Four and possibly six alleles are described by the four antisera. Different subspecies exhibit different spectra of alleles at the Pm locus. A segregation distortion is evidenced.
Isoenzyme polymorphism of the sorbitol dehydrogenase and the NADP‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases in the fish family Cyprinidae
Authors: Engel Wolfgang , Faust Joachim , Wolf Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Among members of the fish family Cyprinidae, the existence of a diploid‐tetraploid relationship is well established. The analysis of individual gene loci, using isoenzyme polymorphism as genetic markers, does not always confirm the expected gene duplication in the tetraploids. Of the markers used in this study, only the M‐form of the NADP‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase follows this expectation; the data suggest the existence of a single gene locus for the enzyme in diploids, while the observations on tetraploids were consistent with control by two distinct loci. For two other enzymes, the S‐form of the NADP‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, no difference seems to exist in the number of gene loci between diploids and tetraploids. A comparison between Cyprinid fish (order Ostariophysi) and members of the order Isospondyli in which another diploid‐tetraploid relationship was established, reveals that gene duplications are more frequently demonstrable within tetraploid Isospondyli than in tetraploid Cyprinidae. From this, it is concluded that polyploidization occurred earlier in evolution of Cyprinidae than of Isospondyli.
Genetic relationships of Austrian cattle breeds
Authors: Kidd Kenneth K. , Pirchner Franz
Published: August 2010

Methods of phylogenetic analysis were used to study the relationships of ten Central European cattle breeds using gene frequencies at eleven blood group and protein polymorphism loci. The results show remarkable agreement with historical and geographical relationships, but are different from the relationships postulated earlier in the century from studies of skull shape. Lowland cattle of Northern Germany are distinct from the West Alpine breeds, but the Pustertaler and Pinzgauer breeds from the Eastern Alps are more closely related to those lowland breeds than to the other Alpine breeds, suggesting they were brought from the North by Germanic settlers in the early Middle Ages. Thus, a sharp distinction between lowland cattle and all Alpine breeds seems unwarranted. Moreover, we find no evidence to justify a unique taxonomic position for Pustertaler, nor do we find any evidence that Spanish cattle might have influenced the Pinzgau. We find a close genetic relationship of the Murbodner breed to the Fleckvieh (Simmenthal) breeds that is not supported by any known historical relationship; it may indicate a little‐known human migration.
Two erythrocytic lactate dehydrogenase variants in the house mouse, Mus musculus
Authors: Martin J. E. , Petras M. L.
Published: August 2010

Two erythrocytic LDH variants have been found in the house mouse, Mus musculus. One, involving the presence and absence of the next to the slowest electrophoretically separable isozyme, is controlled by a regulatory locus which may be similar to Ldr‐1 (Shows and Ruddle, 1968). The second appears to be indirectly controlled by the Hbb locus and may be attributed to the accumulation of a storage product in the lysates. Ldr‐1 is polymorphic in natural populations of the house mouse.
Variation in the haemolytic rate of red cells in cattle
Authors: Sellei Josef
Published: August 2010

A colorimetric method was used to study the variations in the haemolytic rates between red cells from different individuals and with different blood factors. Marked differences were observed between the heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of 18 out of 20 different blood factors and between the B1 or E3factors, when they occurred in heterozygous genotypes but in different phenogroups. Between MZ twin pairs a continuous variation was found in the haemolytic rates for 17 out of 18 different blood factors, which indicated a quantitative genetic variation depending on individuality, in addition to the dosage‐ and pheotype‐dependent variation.

The similar rankings of the haemolytic rates of the blood factors of the B1O3Y2A'E3phenotype in red cells from 11 MZ twin pairs suggested their simultaneous regulation. When the haemolytic rates of different blood factors at four or more loci were compared for 15 MZ twin pairs, the ranking results of a given locus were independent of those of the other loci in all pairs, except one.
Isolation and partial characterization of polymorphic prealbumins from chicken egg yolk and serum
Authors: Stratil A.
Published: August 2010

Polymorphic prealbumins (Pa A, Pa AB and Pa B) from hen's egg yolk (Gallus gallus L.) were isolated by gel filtration. Prealbumin was homogeneous on immunoelectro‐phoresis, gel filtration, and ion‐exchange chromatography, but heterogeneous on starch gel electrophoresis (five bands). The heterogeneity could be removed by neuraminidase treatment. Some physical and chemical properties were determined, namely molecular weight (19,500), N‐terminal amino acid (aspartic acid), isoelectric point (pH 4.6‐4.7), A1%1cm,280nm value (18.5), absorption spectrum, solubility at different conditions, and the effect of heating. Amino acid composition was estimated too, and the presence of about 4% hexose was proved.
Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism in Swedish horses
Authors: Bengtsson S. , Sandberg K.
Published: August 2010

Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in horse erythrocytes was studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis.

Three different phenotypes, F, FS and S, were found. Family data supported the genetic theory of two autosomal, codominant alleles PGMF and PGMS controlling the variation.

The gene frequencies were estimated to 0.28 and 0.72, respectively, in the North‐Swedish Horse breed and to 0.13 and 0.87, respectively, in the Swedish Trotter Breed.

The probabilities of excluding a falsely assigned stallion in the PGM system were calculated to 0.16 and 0.10, respectively, in the two breeds.
Occurrence of J blood group activities in lipid and non‐lipid fractions of organs and body fluids of cattle
Authors: Thiele Otto Wolfgang , Froneberg Brigitte , Koch Johannes
Published: August 2010

Total lipids and protein‐containing residues obtained after lipid extraction from various organs and body fluids of J‐positive cattle were tested for J activity in the bovine J blood group system. Polar lipids prepared by column chromatography of total lipids, which contain predominantly neutral lipids, were also tested. Total lipids (or polar lipids, respectively) were analysed for lipid phosphorus, lipid sugar, and hexosamine. Both lipids and non‐lipid fractions of brain, myocardium, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue show no J activity. The lipids of urinary bladder epithelium, spleen, liver, and kidney are J‐positive, whereas their non‐lipid fractions are J‐negative. Both the lipids and the non‐lipid fractions of seminal plasma, spermatozoa, and faeces are J‐active. The lipids extracted from hair show no J activity, while those of cornea and eyelens are J‐active. The high amount of glycolipids from seminal plasma, spermatozoa and spleen stimulates further studies of these lipids.
Erythrocyte oxidized glutathione in Australian Merino sheep
Authors: Board P. G.
Published: August 2010

The concentration of GSSG was determined in the erythrocytes of Merino sheep. These sheep were grouped according to erythrocyte potassium type, haemoglobin type, and GSH type. It was found that haemoglobin and potassium type were not correlated with GSSG concentration; however, GSSG concentration was found to be significantly correlated with GSH concentration. This relationship may explain previously reported differences in ATPase activity and may reflect further metabolic differences in the erythrocytes of GSH‐high and GSH‐low type Merino sheep.
Transferrin polymorphism in Herdwick sheep
Authors: Collis Susan C. , Millson G. C.
Published: August 2010

The transferrin system in Herdwick sheep, bred at Compton, was investigated with special reference to the susceptibility of the flock to experimentally produced scrapie. No significant correlations were observed between susceptibility and transferrin phenotypes.
Haemoglobin and transferrin polymorphism in the Muzaffarnagri breed ofsheep and its crosses with Corriedale
Authors: Sharma S. K. , Bhat Pran P. , Bhat P. N.
Published: August 2010

Allelic frequencies for haemoglobins and transferrins in the Muzaffarnagri breed of sheep have been reported. All the three haemoglobin types were recorded. Seven transferrin phenotypes, TfAB, TfAD, TfBB, TfBC, TfBD, TfBE and TfDD, were observed. The gene frequencies for TfA, TfB, TfC, TfD and TfE were 0.032, 0.330, 0.001, 0.620 and 0.010, respectively.
Genetic polymorphism of eserine resistant esterases in canine plasma*
Authors: Sugiura Shuji , Tanabe Yuichi , Ota Katuaki
Published: August 2010

Six plasma eserine resistant esterase phenotypes were observed in a population of 1438 dogs consisting of 38 breeds. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs examined revealed that the phenotypic variation of eserine resistant esterases was controlled by 3 codominant alleles EsA, EsBand EsCat one autosomal locus. The gene frequency of EsBwas high in most of the breeds examined. Allele EsCwas only seen in 5 Japanese native breeds, Akita, Shikoku, Hokkaido, Shinshu‐Shiba and Mino‐Shiba, and in a Spitz dog. Allele EsAhas a low frequency in Japanese breeds but a higher frequency in some of the European breeds tested.
A new allele in the prealbumin system of horse serum markers
Authors: Trommershausen‐Smith Ann , Suzuki Yoshiko
Published: August 2010

A family study of an index case in the Arabian breed of horses demonstrated the presence of a new allele in the prealbumin (Pr) system of electrophoretically determined markers in horse serum which, when homozygous, results in the absence of any recognizable zones in the Pr region. The symbol Pr is proposed for this allele which has an estimated frequency in Arabian horses of 0.09.
Immunogenetic studies on wild pigs in Japan
Authors: Kurosawa Y. , Oishi T. , Tanaka K. , Suzuki S.
Published: August 2010

The variations of blood groups in the two subspecies of wild pigs in Japan (Sus scrofa leucomystax and S.s. riukiuarus) were investigated by serological techniques. S.s. leucomystax showed polymorphism in the A and F systems. S.s. riukiuanus showed a little polymorphism in the F system only. As a whole, there was a great similarity in erythrocyte antigen structures of both S.s. leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus. In comparison with the erythrocyte antigen frequenties of wild pigs in the Eurasian Continent reported by other workers, East‐West geographical clines in the frequencies of Ee, Fa, Ga, Ka, Kb and Lh antigens were clearly observed. From the results of investigation on genetic similarities among seven wild pig populations, it was made clear that the two Japanese strains were very close and were closer to Far Eastern (S.s. ussuricus) than Middle Asian (S.s. nigripes), Transcausian (S.s. attila) and European pigs (S.s. ferus).
Genetic polymorphism and close linkage of two α1‐protease inhibitors in horse serum
Authors: Juneja R. Kumar , Gahne Bo , Sandberg Kaj
Published: August 2010

Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis of horse serum proteins was done by a first‐dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 5.4) followed by a second‐dimension separation in horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0). This method resulted in improved and reproducible separation of many α‐globulins. Two groups of aj‐globulins, designated Pi1 and Pi2, were found to be protease inhibitors. Preliminary studies indicated that Pi1 and Pi2 proteins differed from each other in molecular weight and in protease inhibiting spectra. Extensive polymorphism was observed for both these proteins. Family data supported the hypothesis that Pi1 and Pi2 types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Pi1 and Pi2 systems, most of the homozygous types showed two fractions each while the heterozygous types had 4 fractions. Six Pi1 and five Pi2 alleles were observed in two breeds of Swedish horses. Complete genetic linkage was observed for Pi1 and Pi2 loci as no recombinant type was observed in 40 informative matings studied.
Immunogenetic and population genetic analyses of Iberian cattle
Authors: Kidd K. K. , Stone W. H. , Crimella C. , Carenzi C. , Casati M. , Rognoni G.
Published: August 2010

Blood samples were collected from more than 100 animals in each of 2 Spanish cattle breeds (Retinto and De Lidia), 2 Portuguese breeds (Alentejana and Mertolenga), and American Longhorn cattle. All samples for the 4 Iberian breeds were tested for 20 polymorphic systems; American Longhorn were tested for 19 of the 20. For each breed an average inbreeding coefficient was estimated by a comparison of the observed and expected heterozygosity at 7 or 8 codominant systems tested. All breeds had positive values but only 3 breeds had estimates of inbreeding that were statistically significantly different from 0: De Lidia with f̄= 0.17, Retinto with f̄= 0.08 and Mertolenga with f = 0.05. The De Lidia breed especially may be suffering from inbreeding depression since this high value is greater than expected if all of the animals were progeny of half‐sib matings. Genetic distances were calculated from the gene frequency data on these 5 breeds plus 9 other European breeds. Analyses of these distances show a closely related group of the 4 Iberian breeds and American Longhorn, confirming the close relationships among the Iberian breeds and the Iberian, probably Portuguese, origin of American Longhorn cattle.
Nature of the heterogeneity within genetic variants of bovine serum transferrin
Authors: Maeda K. , McKenzie H. A. , Shaw D. C.
Published: August 2010

A comparison is made of the four main components of an homozygous variant (A or D2, D2) of bovine serum transferrin. These are designated I‐IV in order of increasing mobility in electrophoresis at pH 7.5. Components I, II, HI and IV have 2,2,3 and 3 residues of sialic acid per transferrin molecule and appear to correspond to components 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b respectively of Stratil & Spooner (1971). The difference between components I and II and between III and IV does not reside in sialic acid differences. On the basis of peptide maps of reduced carboxami‐domethylated components, urea‐starch gel electrophoresis and quantitative sequence studies, it is concluded that components II and IV have a scission in the peptide chain. By homology with the sequence of MacGillivray et al. (1977) for human serum transferrin it is suggested that the scission occurs between residues 55 and 54 from the C‐terminus and this portion of the chain has a ‘molecular’ weight of ca. 6000. The implications are briefly discussed.
Variation of acidic prealbumins in the donkey (Equus asinus)
Authors: Braend M. , Romagnoli A.
Published: August 2010

Starch gel electrophoresis of 55 donkey serum samples revealed three prealbumin (Pr) phenotypes temporarily designated PrM, PrMT and PrT. The distribution was in agreement with a genetic theory of two codominant alleles of frequencies, PrM= 0.87 and PrT= 0.13. Variation was also observed for proteins migrating with the same rate as the Xh zones in the horse.
Chemical classification of cattle. 2. Phylogenetic tree and specific status of the Zebu
Authors: Manwell Clyde , Baker C. M. Ann
Published: August 2010

Phylogenetic trees for the ten major breed groups of cattle were constructed by Farris's (1972) maximum parsimony method, or Fitch & Margoliash's (1967) method, which averages ou the deviation over the entire assemblage. Both techniques yield essentially identical trees. The phylogenetic tree for the ten major cattle breed groups can be superimposed on a map of Europe and western Asia, the root of the tree being close to the ‘fertile crescent’ in Asia Minor, believed to be a primary centre of bovine domestication.

For some but not all protein variants there is a cline of gene frequencies as one proceeds from the British Isles and northwest Europe towards southeast Europe and Asia Minor, with the most extreme gene frequencies in the Zebu breeds of India. It is not clear to what extent the observed clines are primary or secondary, i.e., consequent to the initial migrations of cattle towards the end of the Pleistocene or consequent to the many migrations of man with his domesticated cattle. Such clines as exist are not in themselves sufficient to prove either selection versus genetic drift or to establish taxonomic ranking. Contrary to some suggestions in the literature, the biochemical evidence supports Linnaeus's original conclusions:Bos taurusandBos indicusare distinct species.
Comparative aspects of biochemical polymorphism in the blood of Caprinae species and their hybrids
Authors: Tucker E. M. , Clarke S. W.
Published: August 2010

Biochemical variation at 14 blood loci was reviewed, and specific features compared experimentally in sheep Ovis aries, mouflon Ovis musimon, goat Capra hircus, aoudad Ammotragus lervia and in 2 stillborn aoudad × goat hybrids. Variation at 3 loci was also studied in dall sheep Ovis dalli, bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis and rocky mountain goat Oreamnos americanus. Haemoglobin C production in an anaemic Hb AB mouflon and in mouflon × sheep hybrids was examined. Mouflon differ from domestic sheep in that synthesis of both Hb βAHb βBchains is switched off during Hb C production. The mouflon × sheep hybrids switched off one or both chains depending on whether they had inherited sheep or mouflon Hb β chain genes. In general aoudad showed a closer affinity to goats than to sheep.
Frequencies of transferrin types in various breeds of domestic dogs
Authors: Juneja R. Kumar , Christensen Knud , Andresen Erik , Gahne Bo
Published: August 2010

Plasma transferrin (Tf) types in dogs were studied by a method of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a 10 % separation gel and a discontinuous buffer system (Tris‐citrate‐borate, pH 9.0). Samples were analysed from 1127 dogs belonging to 60 different breeds. TfB and Tfc alleles, each in considerably high frequency, were observed in most of the breeds. TfA with relatively lower frequency was observed in Beagle, Cocker Spaniel, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Old Danish Pointer and Poodle. Two rare Tf alleles, TfD and the other designated as TfE, were observed only in Cocker Spaniel and in Poodle respectively. Basenji (44 samples) and Small Münsterlander (17 samples) showed the highest frequency (0.97) for TfC allele while Carelian Bear Dog (19 samples) showed the highest frequency (0.97) for TfB allele. In the total material, the frequencies of Tf alleles A, B, C, D and E were found to be 0.0182, 0.5075, 0.4716, 0.0009 and 0.0018 respectively. By using the observed and expected numbers of Tf heterozygotes, the average inbreeding coefficient (F) within breeds was estimated to be 0.14. Six samples of wolf (Canis lupus L.) studied seemed to be of Tf B type. The present study, along with earlier reports, showed that some of the plasma proteins and enzymes (albumin, transferrin, eserine resistant esterase) exhibit considerably more polymorphism than that reported for hemoglobin and some of the red cell and tissue enzymes in the domestic dog.
Studies on the C blood group system in three Danish cattle breeds1
Authors: Larsen Bent
Published: August 2010

The preparation of anti‐X' and the non‐linear relation of X, and X' are described. The C system phenogroups as determined by means of 12 internationally recognized antisera in populations of three Danish cattle breeds are given together with gene frequency estimates.
Genetic control and population survey of transferrin in the Japanese quail
Authors: Ito Shin‐ichi , Asano Hiroyuki , Hanai Hiroshi , Ishikawa Keiko , Kimura Masao , Isogai Iwahiro
Published: August 2010

Transferrin types in the Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica are controlled by a single autosomal locus Tf with at least two codominant alleles TfB and Tfc. The frequencies of TfB and Tfc in a commercial population of the domestic quail were 1.00 and 0.00, respectively.

Previous studies demonstrated that in the domestic populations of the Japanese quail three electrophoretic patterns AB, B and BC existed in egg white conalbumin and that the electrophoretic variation of conalbumin occurred in parallel with that of serum transferrin. Furthermore, from the preliminary mating experiments the transferrin‐conalbumin variation was proposed to be under the control of at least two codominant alleles 77s and Tfc at an autosomal locus (Kimura et al., 1977, 1978).

The present study was designed (1) to report a large amount of family data from three generations in order to support the previously published hypothesis on genetic control of electrophoretic patterns of transferrin, and (2) to survey the gene constitution of transferrin in a commercial population of the domestic quail.

Sera were added with iron, heated for 5 min at 65°C (Stratil, 1967), then were investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Hydrolysed starch from Connaught Medical Laboratories, Toronto, was used. A discontinuous citrate/Tris/LiOH/borate buffer system (pH 8.0) of Ferguson & Wallace (1961) was employed. The gels were stained with Amido Black 10B.