bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nickel and Iron Modified Copper Electrode for Electroreduction of CO2 by In-situ Electrodeposition
Authors: Hori Yoshio , Murata Akira , Ito Shin-ya , Yoshinami Yuzuru , Koga Osamu
Published: May 2006

Electroreduction of CO2 was studied with a Cu electrode in 0.1 M KHCO3 aqueous solution added with a small amount of Ni2+ or Fe2+. Ni or Fe was simultaneously electrodeposited on the electrode during the reduction of CO2. Methane/ethylene product selectivity (C1/C2) increased in time with increase of electrodeposited Ni or Fe. The ratio C1/C2 was linearly correlated with hydrogen formation at the electrode, which would be a measure of atomic hydrogen concentration on the electrode.
A Short Synthesis of (+)-endo-Brevicomin
Authors: Noda Yoshihiro , Kikuchi Mitsuko
Published: May 2006

(+)-endo-Brevicomin was synthesized in a few-step-sequence starting from (S)-(−)-1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-1-propanol, which was obtained by the baker’s yeast reduction of 1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-1-propanone.
Colloidal Dispersions of Palladium–Platinum Bimetallic Clusters Protected by Polymers. Preparation and Application to Catalysis
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Kushihashi Kakuta , Yonezawa Tetsu , Hirai Hidefumi
Published: May 2006

The colloidal dispersions of the palladium-platinum bimetallic clusters were prepared by refluxing the solution of PdCl6 and H2PtCl2 in water/ethanol in the presence of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). The electronic absorption spectra and the transmission electron micrographs show the formation of an alloy in the clusters. The dispersions work as catalysts for the selective partial hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclooctadiene to cyclooctene. The highest activity was achieved by the bimetallic clusters with a Pd/Pt molar ratio of 4/1.
Isomerizations of Citronellal to Isopulegol and Geraniol to Linalool Catalyzed by Solid Acids and Bases
Authors: Arata Kazushi , Matsuura Chiharu
Published: May 2006

Citronellal was isomerized to isopulegol over SiO2–Al2O3, TiO2–ZrO2, FeSO4, NiSO4, Ti(SO4)2, Zr(SO4)2, and Al2O3, with the selectivity higher than 91%. Geraniol was also isomerized mainly to linalool over SiO2–Al2O3 and those four metal sulfates, and the selectivity on SiO2–Al2O3 and FeSO4 was higher than 81%.
Anion-Exchange in Basic Copper Acetate
Authors: Yamanaka Shoji , Sako Toshiharu , Hattori Makoto
Published: May 2006

Basic copper acetate, Cu2(OH)3(OCOCH3)·H2O has the layer structure of the botallackite type. The acetate ions are located between the positively charged copper hydroxide layers and exchangeable with various anions such as NO3−, ClO4−, Cl−, Br−, I− and carboxylate ions. The exchange reactions are topotactic and some are reversible.
New Hosts Bearing Two Triphenylcarbinol Groups and Crystal Structures of Their Acetone Inclusion Compounds
Authors: Toda Fumio , Kai Akira , Toyotaka Ritsuji , Yip Wai-Hing , Mak Thomas C W
Published: May 2006

New hosts, m- and p-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)benzene and 2,2′-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-1,1′-diphenyl, were found to exhibit high and selective inclusion tendencies toward a wide variety of guest compounds. Crystal structures of two representative acetone complexes were determined.
Asymmetric Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction Catalyzed by the Chiral Titanium Reagent
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu , Sugimori Jun , Kawase Yasuhiro , Narasaka Koichi
Published: May 2006

The highly enantioselective intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction is achieved using a catalytic amount of the chiral titanium reagent prepared from TiCl2(OPri)2 and the tartrate derived chiral 1,4-diol.
Reaction of Olefins with Dimethylthiomethylsulfonium Salts and Triphenylphosphine. A New Convenient Synthesis of Vinylphosphonium Salts
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Koike Tetsufumi , Yamamoto Shin-ichi , Yonekura Kazuki , Ohta Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Olefins were effectively converted to the corresponding 2-methylthioalkylphosphonium salts by the reaction with dimethylthiomethylsulfonium salts and triphenylphosphine. The reaction of these salts with bases gave vinylphosphonium salts or vinylphosphine oxides in good yields.
A Convenient Method for the Direct Preparation of Ketones from Vinylsilanes with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Cobalt(II) Complex
Authors: Kato Koji , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

Various vinylsilanes are directly converted to the corresponding ketones in high yields on treatment with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalytic amount of cobalt(II) complex under neutral condition.
Product-selectivity Control in Electroreduction of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds Using Electrodes Coated with LB-films of a Quaternary Ammonium Salt
Authors: Kunugi Yoshihito , Fuchigami Toshio , Tien Hsien-Ju , Nonaka Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

Glassy carbon electrodes coated with LB(Langmuir–Blodgett)-films of a dimethyldioctadecylammonium salt were prepared and used for the electroreduction of aromatic carbonyl compounds to give high selectivities for the corresponding hydrodimers. The selectivities were comparable to those obtained at an uncoated electrode in catholytes containing ordinary quaternary ammonium salts (10–100 mM (1 M = 1 mol dm−3)) as co-supporting electrolytes. The coated electrodes seemed to be stable during the electrolysis.
Role of Additives on Alcohol Sensing by Semiconductor Gas Sensor
Authors: Matsushima Shigenori , Maekawa Tomoki , Tamaki Jun , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: May 2006

Influences of various oxide additives on C2H5OH sensing properties of SnO2-based elements were examined. The sensitivity and selectivity of the elements could be markedly promoted with the addition of basic oxides represented by La2O3. The promoting effect was estimated to be related with selectivity in oxidation reaction of C2H5OH.
Structure of Violdelphin, an Anthocyanin from Violet Flower of Delphinium hybridum
Authors: Kondo Tadao , Oki Kaori , Yoshida Kumi , Goto Toshio
Published: May 2006

Structure of violdelphin was determined. It is a delphinidin derivative containing two molecules of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Potent Affinity Labeling Peptide Inhibitors of Calpain
Authors: Matsueda Rei , Umeyama Hideaki , Puri Rajinder N , Bradford Harlan N , Colman Robert W
Published: May 2006

We have employed a recently described affinity labeling approach using S-(3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl) group (Npys) to devise unique inhibitors of the Ca++-dependent thiol protease, calpain. Compounds with Npys group bound on the peptides with Leu-Leu or Val-Val sequences were found to be highly potent inhibitors of calpain.
Pentan-3-one Formation from Ethylene, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen over Rhodium Supported on Active Carbon
Authors: Takahashi Nobuo , Arakawa Hironori , Kano Atsuhiko , Fukagawa Yoshimi , Asao Kiyoyuki
Published: May 2006

The rhodium supported on active carbon has been found to be active for pentan-3-one formation from C2H4 CO and H2, whereas other supported Rh catalysts investigated were inactive for this reaction. In the reaction at temperatures < 373 K, the rate of formation of pentan-3-one was higher than that of propionaldehyde. However, the deactivation of the active species for pentan-3-one formation was observed in the reaction at 413 K.
Preparation and Properties of Poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl)
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Zhou Zhen-hus , Kanbara Takaki , Maruyama Tsukasa
Published: May 2006

A reaction of 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-bipyridine with a zero-valent nickel complex affords poly(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl), which has physical and electrically conducting properties similar to those of poly(2,5-pyridinediyl) and forms complexes with Fe2+ and Ru2+.
Electrochemical Polymerization of Naphthalene Using a Composite Electrolyte of Aluminum Chloride and Copper(I) Chloride
Authors: Hara Susumu , Toshima Naoki
Published: May 2006

Purple colored poly(1,4-naphthylene) films have been prepared by electrochemical polymerization of naphthalene using a composite electrolyte of aluminum chloride and copper(I) chloride. The conductivity and the decomposition temperature of the as-grown film were ca. 10−6 S cm−1 and 546 °C, respectively.
Enzyme Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrolysis of Chloral Acetyl Methyl Acetal
Authors: Chênevert Robert , Desjardins Michel , Gagnon René
Published: May 2006

Hydrolysis of racemic chloral acetyl methyl acetal using lipase from Candida cylindraceae, porcine pancreatic lipase or cholesterol esterase gives the optically pure (−)-enantiomer whereas hydrolysis using subtilisin gives the pure (+)-enantiomer.
Benzylic Acid Rearrangement in the Solid State
Authors: Toda Fumio , Tanaka Koichi , Kagawa Yukiko , Sakaino Yoshiko
Published: May 2006

Benzylic acid rearrangements in the solid state were studied and some of them were found to proceed faster than in solution. Although the rearrangement which is initiated by an attack of OH− and then proceeds via radical intermediate was clarified to be similar to that in solution, the effect of alkali metal hydroxide on the rearrangement in the solid state was different from that in solution.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of Orientation-Controlled Thin Film for 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrin
Authors: Yanagi Hisao , Ashida Michio , Harima Yutaka , Yamashita Kazuo
Published: May 2006

Dark- and photo-electrochemical properties of an orientation-controlled thin film of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) were investigated in the indium–tin oxide(ITO)/TPP/I3−,I−/Pt system. The oriented film exhibited a photocurrent quantum yield three times as great as the polycrystalline film. This enhancement in quantum yield may be attributable to the standing molecular orientation of TPP on the ITO substrate.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Membrane-Spanning Porphinatoiron(II)
Authors: Tsuchida Eishun , Hasegawa Etsuo , Komatsu Teruyuki , Nakata Taisaku , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: May 2006

A new tetraphenylporphinatoiron(II) having a couple of four amphiphilic chains on both sides of the porphyrin ring plane, 5,10,15,20-tetra(2′,6′-di(20″-hydroxy-2″,2″-dimethylicosanoyloxy)phenyl)porphinatoiron, was synthesized as a model for membrane intrinsic proteins. It was well incorporated in the liposomal bilayer and characterized. The complex with 1-dodecylimidazole embedded in phospholipid bilayer formed an oxygen adduct in water at 25 °C.
Reactivity of Diselenide Dication Salt, 1,5-Diselenoniabicyclo[3.3.0]octane Bis(hexafluorophosphate) toward Aromatics. A New Mode of Aromatic Substitution and Redox Reaction
Authors: Fujihara Hisashi , Nakamura Akiko , Akaishi Ryouichi , Furukawa Naomichi
Published: May 2006

A new diselenide dication salt, 1,5-diselenoniabicyclo[3.3.0]octane bis(hexafluorophosphate) was reacted with several aromatics to afford either the substitution or redox products. The reaction mode depends on the oxidation potential of aromatics.
New Efficient Electrochemical Allylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with a Cadmium-modified Electrode
Authors: Tokuda Masao , Uchida Mitsuru , Katoh Yoshitaka , Suginome Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Electrochemical allylation of aldehyde or ketone with allylic halides by the use of a cadmium-modified platinum anode and by alternating the cathode and anode at constant intervals gives high yields of the corresponding homoallyl alcohols.
Stability and Exchange Properties of Through-ring Cyclodextrin Complexes. Effects of Chain Length in Polymethylene Bis[1-pyridinium] as Guest Molecules
Authors: Saito Hide , Yonemura Hiroaki , Nakamura Hiroshi , Matsuo Taku
Published: May 2006

On the basis of 1H NMR spectra, polymethylene bis(1-pyridinium) and α-CD were concluded to afford a rotaxane-type complex. Signals due to the originally equivalent pair of protons in the polymethylene- and pyridinium groups were split into a pair of distinct signals on the complexation. Free energy of activation for the site-exchange in the complex increased with the number of methylene groups (n = 8–12) and reached an asymptotic value (ca. 72 kJ/mol).
Preparation of Protected α-Methoxyglycine and Its Incorporation into Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Kawai Masao , Neogi Partha , Khattri Parth S , Butsugan Yasuo
Published: May 2006

A protected α-methoxyglycine Cbz-DL-Gly(OMe)-OMe (1) was prepared from the N-chloro derivative of Cbz-Gly-OMe. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of 1 in the presence of a mixed anhydride prepared from a Boc-amino acid and ClCO2Bui gave a diastereomeric protected dipeptide containing the Gly(OMe) residue. The dermorphin analogs L-Tyr-D/L-Gly(OMe)-L-Phe-Gly-NH2 were synthesized.
An Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution by N-Methoxyamides via Hypervalent Iodine Intermediates
Authors: Kikugawa Yasuo , Kawase Masami
Published: May 2006

Treatment of N-methoxyamides with hypervalent iodine compounds generates electron deficient nitrogen species which react intra- or intermolecularly with an aromatic group to give N-aryl-N-methoxyamides in good yields.
Amperometric Glucose Sensor with Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on SnO2 Electrode via a Monolayer of a Photoreactive Nitrophenylazide Derivative
Authors: Miyasaka Tsutomu , Koyama Koichi , Watanabe Tadashi
Published: May 2006

Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on an SnO2 electrode via a monolayer of an amphiphilic nitrophenylazide derivative through its photochemical linking reaction. Amperometric glucose sensors with varied electrode-GOD distances were fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique to assess an efficiency factor in the electrochemical detection of the enzymatic reaction.
Formation of Organoammonium-Montmorillonites by Solid-Solid Reactions
Authors: Ogawa Makoto , Handa Tokuhiko , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Kato Chuzo
Published: May 2006

Organoammonium-montmorillonites were formed from dehydrated sodium montmorillonite and organoammonium halides by solid-solid reactions. The formation depended on the sizes and counter anions of the ammonium ions used. The behavior was different from that observed in a conventional solution method.
New Quassinoids from the Roots of Eurycoma longifolia
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , Kishi Etsuko , Takeya Koichi , Itokawa Hideji , Tanaka Osamu
Published: May 2006

A new C19-skeleton quassinoid, named longilactone and three new quassinoids, 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone, 13β,21-dihydroxyeurycomanone and 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone were isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia and their structures were established by the spectral evidences.
Heteropoly Anion-Modifled Palladium Catalyst for Reductive Carbonylation of Nitrobenzene
Authors: Izumi Yusuke , Satoh Yuuichi , Urabe Kazuo
Published: May 2006

The Keggin-type heteropoly anions which contain Mo and V as addenda atoms showed a noticeable promoting effect on the catalysis of Pd in the reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene to form N-phenylcarbamate in the presence of alcohol in dimethoxyethane solvent.
One jump Weierstrass gap sequence
Authors: Beorchia V , Sacchiero G
Published: May 2006

It has been proved (see [S. J. Kim, On the existence of Weierstrass gap sequences on trigonal curves. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 63 (1990), 171-180. MR1043748 (91b:14036) Zbl 0712.14019] and [M. Brundu, G. Sacchiero, On the varieties parametrizing trigonal curves with assigned Weierstrass points. Comm. Algebra 26 (1998), 3291-3312. MR1641619 (99g:14040) Zbl 0937.14016]. ) that a Weierstrass point on a trigonal curve, which is not a ramification point for the morphism induced by a trigonal series, has a gap sequence GP
of the form GP
= (1,2, …, r, r + 1 + α, …, g + α) for some integers r and α satisfying

≤ r ≤ g − 1 and 1 ≤ α ≤ 2r + 1 − g. Such points will be called one jump Weierstrass points of type (r,α). It was further proved [S. J. Kim, On the existence of Weierstrass gap sequences on trigonal curves. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 63 (1990), 171-180. MR1043748 (91b:14036) Zbl 0712.14019] that any one jump numerical sequence of type (r, α), with r and α in the range above, is the Weierstrass gap sequence of a trigonal curve. Here we prove that the property of having an extremal, in some sense, one jump Weierstrass point characterizes trigonal curves. More precisely, we show that if α belongs to the range α4 < α ≤ 2r + 1 − g for a suitable α4, any curve with a Weierstrass point of type (r,α) is a triple covering of a smooth curve of genus p with

, and that there exist examples of such coverings. Therefore when 2r + 1 − g − α < 3, such a curve is indeed trigonal. As a consequence, any fourgonal curve of genus g ≥ 10 having a one jump Weierstrass point satisfies α ≤ α4 with few exceptions. Finally, we exhibit examples of fourgonal curves with a Weierstrass point of type (r, α) with

≤ r ≤
and 1 ≤ α ≤ α4.
No Evidence for the Mozart Effect in Children
Authors: Črnčec Rudi , Wilson Sarah J. , Prior Margot
Published: May 2006

The Mozart Effect refers to claims that listening to Mozart-like music results in a small, short-lived improvement in spatiotemporal performance. Based on predominantly adult research that has shown equivocal findings, there has been speculation that the Mozart effect may have pedagogical benefits for children. The present study aimed to examine the Mozart effect in children and to evaluate two alternative models proposed to account for the effect, namely the trion model and the arousal-mood model. One hundred and thirty-six Grade 5 students (mean age 10.7 years) were exposed to three experimental listening conditions: Mozart piano sonata K. 448, popular music, and silence. Each condition was followed by a spatiotemporal task, and mood and music questionnaires. The results showed no evidence of a Mozart effect. Speculation about applications of the Mozart effect in children needs to be suspended until an effect can be reliably reproduced.
Infants Perception of Rhythmic Patterns
Authors: Bergeson Tonya R. , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: May 2006

We explored 9-month-old infants perception of auditory temporal sequences in a series of three experiments. In Experiment 1, we presented some infants with tone sequences that were expected to induce a strongly metric framework and others with a sequence that was expected to induce a weakly metric framework or no such framework. Infants detected a change in the context of the former sequences but not in the latter sequence. In Experiment 2, infants listened to a tone sequence with temporal cues to duple or triple meter. Infants detected a change in the pattern with duple meter but not in the pattern with triple meter. In Experiment 3, infants listened to a tone sequence with harmonic cues to duple or triple meter. As in Experiment 2, infants detected a change in the context of the duple meter pattern but not in the context of triple meter. These findings are consistent with processing predispositions for auditory temporal sequences that induce a metric framework, particularly those in duple meter.
Modern Dance Before Bennington: Sorting It All Out
Authors: Siegel Marcia B.
Published: May 2006

The young people who began to assemble in the New York dance studios early in the 1930s were seized by reformist zeal. They believed they were building a better world, and their idealism served them well, both as incentive when there were few other rewards, and as a sign to the world that they were to be taken seriously. For indeed, they wished to be taken seriously, and in those very first days, their legitimacy in the world of American art seemed certain.

As Doris Humphrey began to think more formally about the group that was to realize her works, she set forth her aims in a long letter to prospective members. She was enlisting them in a crusade. With the extraordinary mixture of crystalline practicality and inspirational ardor that she kept all her life, she foresaw a journey that would be all the more glorious for the obstacles they would surmount together. “I am first a creative artist, thirsting to see my conceptions made visible; after that I am also interested in developing individual talent in others, in performing for audiences, educating audiences, promoting the cause of Dance, making money, and establishing a Dance Theatre in America.” The order in which she set down these goals was not accidental. She wanted her dancers to understand that Humphrey-Weidman could pay virtually nothing — $10 a performance — and she frowned on the commercial theater as a supplementary source of income. “All group dancing in musical comedy or opera or motion picture houses” she placed in a “different class” — by implication an inferior one.
Black Faces, Garlands, and Coconuts: Exotic Dances on Street and Stage
Authors: Buckland Theresa Jill
Published: May 2006

During the late 1920s, representatives from the English Folk Dance Society came across an unusual custom in a narrow valley in the northwest of England. Every Easter a small group of men would dance through the local streets, accompanied by a silver band and led by a whip-carrier who cleared a space in which they could perform.

On the face of it such ceremonial activity was similar to the annual practices of English morris and sword dancers whose repertoires and customs Cecil Sharp had rescued from oblivion in the early years of the century. Certainly, in broad terms, the custom conformed to Sharp's definition of the morris as a ceremonial performance by men only, in special dress, and at a particular time in the local calendar (1909: 10–12).
The Bandit Ballerina: Some Sources of Jules Perrot's Catarina
Authors: Au Susan
Published: May 2006

Sylphides and wilis, white gauze and moonlit glades: these are the stereotypical images of the Romantic ballet. A cursory look at the lithographs of the period leaves the viewer with visions of an airy-fairyland far removed from industry, labor, colonialism, or any of the bigger and beastlier concerns of the early nineteenth century. But despite its bias towards otherworldliness, the Romantic ballet was not entirely divorced from the concerns of its time. It shared many interests with the drama, literature, and fine arts of the period and like them drew many of its themes from the material world, although it tended to select and exploit these themes for their color and spectacle rather than utilize them to convey sociological truths or instigate reform. An example of such a “realistic” ballet is Jules Perro's Catarina, whose protagonist is a more robust creature than the sylphs and fays that dominated the period: a female bandit.
Danse du Ventre: A Fresh Appraisal
Authors: Wood Leona , Shay Anthony
Published: May 2006

Every few years there is a resurgence of interest in what has come to be known as danse du ventre or, less elegantly, belly dancing. By whatever name it may be called, however, this dance has inevitably elicited an exaggerated response from those not accustomed to the social background to which it belongs. In the past a climate of disapproval has hampered any attempt at serious evaluation of this dance form; at the present time the situation has reversed to a point where the enthusiasm of its protagonists has become the chief hindrance to an objective assessment. A dance whose enduring charm has managed to survive not only a body of disparaging commentary, but the spurious and tawdry aura surrounding so many of its practitioners, seems deserving of a fresh appraisal.
Terra Incognita: Mapping New Territory in Dance and “Cultural Studies”
Authors: Desmond Jane
Published: May 2006

In this essay I propose new initiatives I hope to see in U.S. dance studies in the next decade. Rather than attempting a comprehensive literature survey, or citing all possible relevant material, I want to identify what appears to me to be terrae incognitae—unmapped and un- or under-explored realms of dance research—and to suggest that we collectively consider what the effects might be if they were brought into focus. While there are many such terrae incognitae, I want to concentrate here on issues relating to ethnography, suggesting that we expand our methods of analysis to include more ethnographies of institutions and audiences. While some work in these areas is already part of “dance studies,” it does not predominate and has been overshadowed by work on the history or representational practices of concert dance, especially modern dance and ballet.

I suggest that we use the potential of fieldwork—that is, the sustained participation in and observation of communities, institutions, and practices—and apply this widely to a variety of sectors in the U.S., including modern dance and ballet companies, dance institutions such as archives, training schools, community dance centers, and even our own scholarly organizations. While I hope there will be more ethnographies of dancing communities, like the contact improvisers Cynthia Cohen Bull analyzes, or the dancers of the Philippine ritual dance form sinulog that Sally Ness engages, there has already been some movement in this direction and those books provide excellent models. I want to emphasize here, instead, the important potential of critical ethnographic examination of institutions and organizations. These investigations will parallel new initiatives in anthropology, where scholars such as Richard Handler and Eric Gable have taken as the subject of their analyses The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and historical site, and Sharon Traweek, who has made a point of studying physics labs (1).
Consciousness Matters
Authors: Fraleigh Sondra
Published: May 2006

Phenomenology is a method for studying experience. I employ this method in my research because it provides a first-person voice for the dancer, the choreographer, and the teacher/therapist in me. Oddly enough, the critic in all of us already uses a first-person voice when describing and interpreting the dance from our immediate experience of it, and telling others what we think about it. Written criticism formalizes the critic's sensate proximity to the dance. But what about the voice of the dancer in valuing the experience of dance, and the consciousness of the choreographer in making the dance? Where are they accounted for in the formulas for dance research and writing? The objective third-person voice necessary to a particular historical or social angle is more common. Phenomenology has given me a method for intuitive and theoretical reflections on dance from multiple perspectives. Eventually, I contextualize these within the larger framework of phenomenology as a branch of modern philosophy.

I began to write using the tools of phenomenology in 1970 when I became aware that aesthetic discourse on dance was distanced from the actual experience, and that the writers in dance aesthetics, with the notable exception of Susanne Langer, were mostly men. I wanted to use an embodied voice and to see if a woman in dance might add to the field of phenomenology. My interests eventually led me to developmental psychology, a field that has much in common with phenomenology (2). Maxine Sheets-Johnstone had already broken the ice in The Phenomenology of Dance, but she had written more analytically than descriptively, clarifying the formative (creative) basis of dance with values intrinsically located in the moving self (3). I built upon this, but I wanted to weave the intuitive voice of the dancer into a descriptive aesthetics, slipping from the first-person experiential voice to analytical third-person theory, as phenomenology does. These were the goals of my descriptive aesthetics: Dance and the Lived Body (1987) (4). Later I began to explain phenomenology as a research method for dance in my article for Dance Research Journal, “A Vulnerable Glance: Seeing Dance Through Phenomenology” (1991); and in “Witnessing the Frog Pond” (1999), I developed this more explicitly (5).
Qualitative Change in Performances of Two Generations of Korean Dancers
Authors: Loken-Kim Christine , Crump Juliette T.
Published: May 2006

In the twentieth century, dance performances in the Republic of Korea have undergone a number of changes in terms of settings, audiences, and performers. Since the 1970s dance activity has blossomed under the auspices of university dance and physical education departments; there has been a steady increase in the number of professors of dance and also in the number of students majoring in dance. With the regular academic calendar, a concert season has developed and professor-choreographers have been pushed to provide new dance pieces for these concerts. Many of the new works freely blend vocabulary from various styles of Korean dance, such as court, professional female entertainer (kisaeng) (I), mask, and farmers' dances, with spatial arrangements suited for a proscenium stage.

While this creative activity is indicative of the growth taking place in all areas of Korean society, older specialists in Korean culture and arts have noted that recent efforts involve changes in the movement qualities and moods created by dancers. As these specialists watch younger dancers perform the traditional dances they often lament that “something” is being lost (Lee, Du-hyon 1984).
II. On Dance Ethnography
Authors: Sklar Deidre
Published: May 2006

The strength of ethnography and ethnographic criticism is their focus on detail, their enduring respect for context in the making of any generalization, and their full recognition of persistent ambiguity and multiple possibilities in any situation. (Marcus and Fischer 1986:159)

Movement as Cultural Knowledge: The term “ethnography” literally means “portrait of a people.” Perhaps “portrait” is too thin and two-dimensional a metaphor to represent the goal of ethnography, for an ethnographer seeks not only to describe but to understand what constitutes a people's cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge includes, in anthropologist Clifford Geertz's words, “a people's ethos—the tone, character, and quality of their life, its moral and aesthetic style and mood—and their world view—the picture they have of the way things in sheer actuality are, their most comprehensive ideas of order” (1973:89). The ethnographer wants to know nothing less than how a given group of people find or, more accurately, make meaning.

To examine dance from an ethnographic perspective, then, is to focus on dance as a kind of cultural knowledge. Dance ethnography depends upon the postulate that cultural knowledge is embodied in movement, especially the highly stylized and codified movement we call dance. This statement implies that the knowledge involved in dancing is not just somatic, but mental and emotional as well, encompassing cultural history, beliefs, values, and feelings. If movement encodes cultural knowledge then, for example, ballet can be examined for the messages it embodies about enduring gender conventions derived from the court society of Renaissance Europe and performance art can be examined as a response to the demands of survival in urban America.
III. A Vulnerable Glance: Seeing Dance through Phenomenology
Authors: Fraleigh Sondra
Published: May 2006

When phenomenology is true to its intent, it never knows where it is going. This is because it is present-centered in its descriptive aims, accounts for temporal change, and does not have appropriate and inappropriate topics. It might move from Zen to dance to baseball to washing dishes, and even isolate a purity of attention that under certain circumstances connects them all. Phenomenology develops unpredictably, according to the contents of consciousness. This is its first level of method. Its second level develops philosophical perspectives from the seed of consciousness. It holds that “philosophy is not the reflection of a pre-existing truth but, like art, the act of bringing truth into being”. Here I will discuss phenomenology as a way of describing and defining dance, shifting between the experience of the dancer and that of the audience.

Experiential Truth: Phenomenology depends on immediate experience, but includes more. It hopes to arrive at meaning, perspectives on the phenomena of experience (dance in this case) which can be communicated. It is not devoid of past and future, since both are lived as part of the present. Present time takes its meaning in part from past and future. Heidegger described time as belonging to the totality of being, as “the horizon of being.” He chose the vulnerable image of falling to describe the lived dimension of present time. Falling is both a movement and a symbol of our existential mode of being-in-the-world.
Kinesthetic Communication in Dance
Authors: Smyth Mary M.
Published: May 2006

“Dance is movement that has been organized so that it is rewarding to behold,” writes Anderson (1974, p. 9), and many of those who talk or write about dance have attempted to explain the way in which dance rewards the beholder by considering the processes by which dance communicates. Anderson goes on to say: “…dance communicates because it prompts responses within us. Dance is not simply a visual art, it is kinesthetic as well; it appeals to our inherent sense of motion” (p. 9). This distinction between visual and kinesthetic communication is one which many dancers find appealing. The kinesthetic communication is not analyzed further, but rather, it becomes an easy way of stating the special status of dance as an art form. That is, there is a special sense for which only dance can provide aesthetic satisfaction.
A Question of Fun: Adolescent Engagement in Dance Education
Authors: Stinson Susan W.
Published: May 2006

Ever since the publication of A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983), educational literature and the popular press have been filled with concern over low achievement levels among students in this country. One of the more recent responses has been the development of rigorous national standards, including standards in all the arts (National Standards for Arts Education, 1994). At the same time, there is recognition that far too many students are not motivated to meet even existing standards. The September 1995 issue of Educational Leadership, a publication whose themes reflect issues of current significance to public school administrators, was devoted to strengthening student engagement. Editor Ron Brandt opened the issue with a description that is familiar to almost anyone who walks into a typical high school class in any community:

Some [students] see no connection whatever between their priorities and what teachers expect of them, so they refuse lessons and even refuse to try. Others realize they must play the game, but go through the motions with minimal attachment to what they are supposedly learning. Teachers, thwarted by resistance or passivity, complain that students are unmotivated, and either search valiantly for novel approaches or resign themselves to routines they no longer expect to be productive. (1995, 7)

Certainly this dismal picture does not apply to young children, who arrive so eager to learn in kindergarten. It is reasonable to ask what happens to children, especially as they move through adolescence, to leave so many so unmotivated and disengaged.
The Effects of Participation in Dance on the Attitudes of French Children as Measured by Domain Discrimination
Authors: Neal Nelson D. , Dineur Jeanne Marie
Published: May 2006

It is generally agreed that attitudes are composed of elements from the affective, behavioral, and cognitive domains. The affective component has been referred to as a feeling or an emotional response of liking or disliking, a gut reaction, or sympathetic nervous activity. The behavioral component includes overt actions or intentions of action, and verbal statements regarding future behavior. The cognitive component includes knowledge and beliefs of the attitude object that describe its characteristics, and its relationship to other objects (Breckler 1984, Katz 1960, Morris and Stuckhardt 1977).

Recent attitude research suggests discriminating between the three psychological domains, either by measuring each or by specifying which one is the focus of concern. Discrimination may be appropriate since the three domains are distinguishable from one another and correlations among them are sometimes moderate (Breckler 1984). Discrimination among attitudinal domains also appears to be necessary since it has been found that directing change at one of the three domains may affect a shift in the other two (Cialdini et al. 1976, Katz 1960), and because differences between groups of subjects may fall within one or two of the domains rather than all three (Quattrone 1985).
Transcending Gender in the Performance of Kathak
Authors: Shah Purnima
Published: May 2006

Kathak, a classical dance form of Northern India, portrays an iconographic representation of the cultural constructs of the Hindu world view, most particularly, the ideology of gender roles within the culture. Essentially a dance form that emerged from within the Hindu religious beliefs and practices, Kathak was significantly influenced by the bhakti movement popularized in the early medieval period on the one hand, and on the other, by its incorporation in the Moghal courts after the fifteenth century. However, I limit my arguments to the Hindu concept of gender and its portrayal in the performance of Kathak. This paper focuses on the fluidity of gender performance in light of the indigenous philosophical concepts of “oneness” or non-dualism exemplified in Kathak abhinaya (1). This study is inspired by my observation and participatory experience as a dancer-performer of this form.
Early Anglo-Saxon Studies and Legal Scholarship in the Renaissance
Authors: Schoeck R. J.
Published: May 2006

I begin with the acceptance of Laurence Nowell as the father of Anglo-Saxon studies in Renaissance England. His claim was recognized by his contemporary Camden, who bestowed upon him the title of ‘the first restorer of the Saxon language’, and the scholarship of Robin Flower and Albert H. Marckwardt has reminded us of the propriety, indeed the legality, of that claim. My purpose in this paper is to trace Anglo-Saxon studies among the legal scholars who came after Nowell and estabhshed a continuous tradition to carry forward Nowell's pioneer work. I want to comment on this tradition and to suggest reasons for it and some of the implications of it.
Sacred ‘Parody’ of Love Poetry, and Herbert
Authors: Tuve Rosemond
Published: May 2006

Some conceptions held by Herbert and his predecessors of the relations between sacred and profane love poetry are the matter at issue in this essay—yet it is particularly directed to the attention of two kinds of special students not likely to be especially interested in that issue. I wish it might be read by those who know unpublished Renaissance music, and those who work with semantics and early dictionaries in various European languages. It is written with the hope that some one else may run across an unfound musical setting, and that some one else may adduce earlier uses of a puzzling word. Its main concern, however, is to present certain materials and ideas of rather broader interest to students of Renaissance poetry.
Toward a Definition of the French Renaissance Novel
Authors: Maynor Hardee A.
Published: May 2006

General criticism has considered the French novel of the sixteenth century as having followed an unpiloted course, and in the majority of cases it may seem as if the average author was inspired more by the trend of popular taste than by an aesthetic code or academic instruction regarding form and technique.
Humanist Culture and Renaissance Mathematics: The Italian Libraries of the Quattrocento
Authors: Rose Paul Lawrence
Published: May 2006

There are two major problems in renaissance science, each of which has a cultural, as well as a scientific, dimension. The first problem concerns the impact of humanism upon the science of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is often claimed that the humanist influence was malign: by attacking scholastic thought, the humanists tried to interrupt the steady evolution of modern science from its medieval scholastic form to the more advanced structure of Galileo. A necessary foundation of this claim is, of course, the internal history of science argument, known as the Duhem thesis, which holds that the main ancestry of Galileo's thought is indeed the scholastic natural philosophy of the Middle Ages.
The Pedagogy of Johann Sturm (1507-1589) and its Evangelical Inspiration
Authors: Mesnard Pierre
Published: May 2006

The period we are living in is perhaps the first in which the historian is well situated for understanding the sixteenth century. On the one hand, the various literary, political, and religious movements arising from the great historical crisis of the Renaissance all seem to have run their course, while the goals aimed at perhaps still lie ahead of us. On the other hand, the urgency of having cultural institutions better adapted to our world, both present and future, makes us better understand the rhythms of decomposition and creation which direct every age of widespread reform, and particularly that one.
The Early Editions of Machiavelli's First Decennale
Authors: Hatch Wilkins Ernest , Jackson William A. , Rouse Richard H.
Published: May 2006

Machiavelli's first Decennale is an historical poem in terza rima dealing with events that were of concern to the Florentine Republic in the years 1494-1504. Two slightly different forms exist: an earlier one, preserved in the Mediceo-Laurentian MS. Plut. XLIV, 41, which contains a dedication dated 8 November 1504, and a later one first printed in February 1506. At least three early editions of this text were printed, although no copy of one of them, a pirated edition, is known to exist.

The Laurentian MS. contains two forms of a dedication addressed to Alamanno Salviati, one in Latin and one in Italian (here printed as Appendix A), neither of which occurs in the printed editions, which have instead a prefatory letter by Agostino Vespucci. The Salviati dedication, in the Latin version, states that the poem had been written at his suggestion and, in both the Latin and Italian versions, that it was written in fifteen days, which, even if the boast were only approximate, would indicate, from the contents of the poem and the date of those dedications, that the poem was written in the autumn of 1504.
The Figure Genius in the Renaissance
Authors: Starnes D. T.
Published: May 2006

The figure Genius in English literature has received attention from scholars from the eighteenth century to the present day, especially with reference to Spenser, Jonson, and Milton. Perhaps the most comprehensive treatment of the subject is that by Professor E. C. Knowlton, in a series of articles in the 1920s, tracing the appearance and literary use of the figure from antiquity, through the middle ages, to the end of the sixteenth century. As the substance of much of Knowlton's investigation is in his study of 'The Genii of Spenser' (1928), this article merits a statement of the author's purpose and procedure.
Agrippa d'Aubigne and the Apostasy of Henry IV
Authors: Kinser Samuel
Published: May 2006

Near the end of Agrippa d'Aubigne's poem, Discours par stances avec l'esprit du feu roy Henry quatriesme, die poet describes the knife thrusts of Henry's assassin, Ravaillac:

Un bras d'Enfer gravant du haut Ciel la justice
Sur le sein condamne d'un miserable Roy.

The murderer appears as an instrument of divine condemnation: the king's death, affirms d'Aubigne, was deserved. Yet this same author concludes a long appendix to his Histoire Universelle with the words: Je n'ai plus qu'a laisser quatre vers pour le renom d'un roi sans pareil; que, si la defaveur de leur autheur les fait refuser au tombeau de Sainct-Denis, ils ne le fcront pas en celui qui est pose et sacre dans le marbre permanent, qui est l'eternelle memoire de la posterite.
The Florentine ‘Tassa dei Traffichi’ of 1451*
Authors: Molho Anthony
Published: May 2006

One of the minor points raised by Raymond de Roover in his valuable
study on The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank
deals with a document which he was unable to retrieve in the Florentine
Archivio di Stato. First referred to by
Giuseppe Canestrini in his pioneering study of Florentine fiscal history
published in 1862, and subsequently cited and partly edited by numerous
other scholars, such as Alfred Doren and Armand Grunzweig, this document,
which seemed to have been lost since the reorganization of the Florentine
archives in the first decade of this century, listed the names of Florentine
citizens engaged in commerce, the name of the company of which each was a
partner, a figure representing a tax assessment on the company, and the
share of this tax which each of the company's partners was liable to
pay.
The Pseudo-Aristotelian Questions of Mechanics in Renaissance Culture1
Authors: Rose Paul Lawrence , Drake Stillman
Published: May 2006

Historians often assert that the origins of modern science lay in a conscious revolt against the authority of Aristotle, a revolt that was openly proclaimed by Pierre de la Ramée, Francis Bacon, William Gilbert, and Galileo Galilei in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. There is little agreement about the reasons for the revolt. Some hold that the essential characteristic of the new science was an increased attention to observation and experiment; others, that an emphasis on mathematics transformed the character of scientific inquiry. Those who emphasize the rôle of experiment have generally tended to favor what may be called social explanations of the rise of science, including technological, economic, religious, and political developments. In contrast, the rise of mathematical inquiries has been customarily linked with philosophical explanations of the new science, primarily in terms of Renaissance currents of orthodox Platonism and of esoteric Pythagoreanism.
The Humanist Idea of Christian Antiquity: Lefèvre d'Étaples and his Circle
Authors: Rice Eugene F.
Published: May 2006

The major intellectual interests of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and his circle focused in the high ambition of ‘joining wisdom and piety with eloquence’. To this end the group worked to restore a ‘cleansed and purified Peripatetic philosophy’. They studied the Bible in a series of New Testament editions, commentaries, and translations. They printed the medieval mystics: the Victorines, Elizabeth of Schönau, Raymond Lull, Ruysbroeck. Finally, they devoted time, energy, and enthusiasm to the investigation of Christian antiquity and the editing of patristic texts. Lefèvre himself showed them how these separate enterprises meshed in a consistent program: ‘For knowledge of natural philosophy’, he wrote in 1506, ‘for knowledge of ethics, politics and economics, drink from the fountain of a purified Aristotle.
Ronsard and the Gallic Hercules Myth
Authors: Hallowell Robert E.
Published: May 2006

In his Heracles the Greek sophist Lucian described the curious picture of Hercules which he claimed to have seen in Gaul. In it the god was portrayed as aged, wizened, clad in a lion's skin, holding his club in his right hand and his bow in his left, and drawing his followers joyously after him by delicate chains of gold and amber, which were fastened to their ears and to the god's pierced tongue. Lucian's Gallic mentor explained the symbolism thus: ‘We do not agree with you Greeks in thinking that Hermes is Eloquence. We identify Heracles with it, because he is far more powerful than Hermes… . We consider that the real Heracles was a wise man who achieved everything by eloquence and applied persuasion as his principal force.’
Some Unpublished Letters of the Italian Renaissance
Authors: Kennedy W. H. J.
Published: May 2006

The splendid collection of Italian Renaissance books and manuscripts assembled by Mr. Harold C. Bodman of Santa Barbara, California, destined to find a home in the Honold Library of the Claremont Colleges (which have had the benefit of other benefactions from Mr. Bodman), includes nine autograph letters of the Medici family and other prominent Renaissance figures. Of these letters, eight are published here for the first time. These letters range in time from 1426 to 1521 and thus cover the most important century in Medici history, a crucial period for Florence and for Italy.

The first of these letters was written by Palla Strozzi in 1426. It is in the nature of a report from the scene of a sea and land skirmish on the coast near Genoa, between the forces of Florence and Venice and those of Milan and Genoa.