bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
But society won’t wait: the communities around the school and the role of local government
Authors: Riddell Richard
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the wider community role and potential of the school. It notes the more transactional relationship of schools with community organisations currently. It describes how communities shape schools and teaching now. Overall, the strong possibilities for local government in this connection are considered.
Wider parallels: limitations at the top
Authors: Riddell Richard
Published: September 2023

This chapter makes parallels between known weaknesses in private sector management, goal setting, and the incompetence of CEOs and other leaders with Education. ‘Kicking the can’ and short termism are explored and the general lack of sense making at ecosystem level. The need is set out for an effective middle tier and the blindness that exists without it.
Continuing bonds with deceased gay partners in mid and later life
Authors: Patlamazoglou Lefteris , Simmonds Janette Graetz , Snell Tristan Leslie , Riggs Damien W.
Published: September 2023

In this chapter, we present the findings from a qualitative study with seven gay men whose long-term partners had died due to non-HIV-related causes. Participants were in mid to later life and resided in Australia. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, participants discussed their connections with their deceased partners and experiences of grief. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) we identified common themes in participants’ accounts. Ruminating over shared moments with their partners and engaging in rituals they had previously established with them afforded participants a valued sense of connection to their partners. Participants also talked to their deceased partners to keep their relationships alive. Further, participants were protective of their relationships with their deceased partners and wished to uphold their romantic loyalty to them. The maintenance of meaningful bonds following their partners’ physical loss facilitated the course of participants’ bereavement and helped to satisfy their yearning for the deceased. The nurturing of these bonds reduced participants’ sense of loneliness and enabled them to affirm their feelings of love for the deceased. We conclude the chapter by discussing the implications of the present study for further research and practice with partner-bereaved gay men in mid to later life.
Future directions in studies of ageing, men and social relations
Authors: Pietilä Ilkka , Seppänen Marjaana , Willis Paul
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter presents critical reflections on three key themes identified across authors’ contributions that speak to the diversity and complexity of men’s social relations in later life. These are: (1) how individual transitions and wider social changes shape men’s expression and performance of masculinities in later life; (2) the ways age-relations and ageism impact men’s social relations with intimate partners, family, friends and wider community connections; and (3) critical issues of intersectionality, more specifically the way in which the intersection between ageing and masculinities, in conjunction with other social axes, enhances or diminishes men’s social wellbeing and sources of social support in old age. In concluding, this chapter identifies future directions for research and scholarship in this area of social gerontology.
Introduction: Education reform claimocracy
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: September 2023

This introduction presents the case for a political sociology of education policy in order to understand and explain the use of an education reform claimocracy to defend and promote segregated education. Based on empirical and conceptual work from the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polities projects, the case is made for the interplay and deployment of Arendtian and Bourdieusian thinking tools to reveal policy violence. This policy violence is authorised, legitimate, and intelligent, and is examined in Part I of the book. Understandings and explanations of policy violence are presented in Part II of the book through a Thinking Politically-Sociologically Framework that includes: vantage points, viewpoints, regimes of practices, exchange relationships, and the intellectual histories underpinning knowledge production for and about policy.
Criminal pyramid scheme: organised crime recruitment strategies
Authors: Jesperson Sasha , Henriksen Rune
Published: September 2023

While modern slavery and human trafficking (MSHT) are intrinsic problems because of the impact they have on victims, a greater threat emerges from the involvement of organised crime. As with other forms of organised crime, increased law enforcement attention on the tactics employed by criminal groups and the factors that make people vulnerable to recruitment results in new tactics being adopted to avoid detection and disruption. In many countries, particularly where there is demand for outward migration, a worrying trend has emerged where communities, families and victims themselves become complicit in their own recruitment, becoming invested in their own exploitation and subsequently reluctant to seek assistance. This chapter traces the creation of a ‘criminal pyramid scheme’, with criminals at the top driving the recruitment and exploitation of victims, communities and families in the middle, encouraging potential victims to migrate, and victims themselves making up the largest layer, expecting to profit and send their earnings home by exposing themselves to exploitation. Drawing on case study research from key routes into the UK and Europe – from West Africa, the Horn of Africa, Albania and Vietnam – this chapter outlines how this criminal pyramid scheme functions and considers strategies to challenge it.
Organ trafficking: a neglected aspect of modern slavery
Authors: Stammers Trevor
Published: September 2023

This chapter aims to raise the profile of organ trafficking among the academic community researching human trafficking in general. It explains how the various elements of organ trafficking are defined and how they relate to and differ from transplant tourism and organ markets. Some of the most important international declarations on organ trafficking are outlined, as well as some selective national legislation. Shifting global patterns of organ trafficking will be illustrated with an emphasis on India, Pakistan, Nepal and China. Some of the difficulties in curbing such trafficking are considered before outlining recommendations for increasing effective prevention, improving prosecution of perpetrators, and offering protection and support for victims.
Empowerment or punishment? The curious case of women’s centres
Authors: Ahearne Gemma
Published: September 2023

This chapter draws from auto/biographical reflections from working in a women’s centre. The site and all names have been anonymised but feed into a wider discussion of the troubling relationship between women’s centres and the marketisation of rehabilitation. Auto/biography provides an invaluable way of demonstrating that the feminist researcher cannot be separated from the research (Ahearne, 2021; Baldwin, 2021). Alternatives to custodial sentencing for women are often uncritically considered to be a positive step in criminal justice reform. This chapter interrogates the harms that can arise from the (mis)use of punishment in women’s centres and the empty neoliberal rhetoric of ‘empowerment’ that is not trauma-informed and does not seek to challenge the state’s powers and the feminisation of poverty. This neoliberal governance is part of commodifying service users as ‘bums on seats’. This also raises the importance of understanding ‘radical’ alternatives to imprisonment as being on a spectrum of decarceration (Terweil, 2020) and not accepting binary understandings of reform versus abolitionism.
Silent victims: uncovering the realities of the criminal justice system for families of prisoners
Authors: Hadait Zobia , Bibi Somia R. , Hadait Razia Tariq
Published: September 2023

Prisoners’ families remain silent victims due to their association with the person criminalised and imprisoned. Many families are likely Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) individuals, given that BAME prisoners are disproportionately represented in prison, despite representing only 14 per cent of the general UK population (Farmer, 2017). Frontline support in the community is essential; it should be included and considered within policy and governmental initiatives. Drawing on our frontline practitioner roles at Himaya Haven CIC, this chapter outlines culturally specific and gendered challenges facing BAME women and children supporting male imprisoned relatives. This is achieved through three themes: 1) Blame and stigma, 2) Financial difficulties, and 3) Children and young people’s experiences. Recommendations for inter-agency interaction and multi-agency partnerships/working are proposed.
“Throwing the first punch before I got hurt”: the experiences of imprisoned women who have perpetrated intimate partner violence and abuse
Authors: Mackay Jenny
Published: September 2023

There is growing recognition that women perpetrate intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) for reasons other than self-defence. This is reflected in increasing numbers of women entering the criminal justice system for IPVA-related offences. To understand more about these issues, interviews were conducted with 15 women in prison for an IPVA-related offence. Analysis revealed that perpetration of IPVA was often motivated by a need to take back control, an anticipation of being hurt in relationships and cyclical, negative dynamics of their interpersonal relationships. Women’s behaviour was situated against a backdrop of complex trauma and chaotic living situations. Theoretical explanations must incorporate the impact of trauma and mental health issues as perpetuating factors, and interventions offered should be trauma-informed.
Levelling up in the North and North-East England: complex and fragmented governance and the new National Health Service and local government partnerships
Authors: Shutt John , Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

In the North East there have been encouraging signs of new partnerships spurred on by the COVID-19 crisis in bringing both local government and the National Health Service closer together and producing local responses to the pandemic. However, there is a frustration that central government is too far removed from understanding both regional and local needs. The Levelling Up Funds and the new UK Shared Prosperity Fund all seem too vague and uncoordinated. This chapter argues that it is not surprising that in this fragmented governance region, health inequalities are rising and worsening, even as the pandemic eases. People are still asking what levelling up means and how it will make a real difference in the region in the period to 2030.
Case study: Safe at home? Exploring intersecting vulnerabilities under COVID-19 and the role of faith actors in the South African context
Authors: Palm Selina , Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

South Africa has some of the highest rates of gender-based violence and femicide in the world (WHO, 2018). COVID-19 is seen to be compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities globally and making visible a broader landscape of inequalities which interact in new ways. South Africa’s civil society organisational network forms an important asset in relation to the twin pandemics. A history of collaboration under apartheid and HIV/AIDS provides resources on which to draw, especially in the light of state systems mired in corruption and inefficiency. Civil society offers important resources for COVID-19, such as communicating information, providing food support, and holding the government to account on social issues.
Housing policy and provision after COVID-19
Authors: Murphy Peter , Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

Contemporary housing policy over the last 40 years has clearly and repeatedly failed. Safe, secure and appropriate shelter and housing are key factors in the social determinants of the health and the distribution of health inequality. The complex multidimensional influences that housing has on health and wellbeing have been exemplified and exacerbated by the annual winter homeless crises, the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for long-term social and economic policies to avert the climate crisis.
The aim of this chapter is to provide a high-level strategic review of housing policy and identify the key drivers and mechanisms currently facilitating, enabling or contributing to the delivery of housing, shelter and accommodation in the UK. It questions whether these drivers are facilitating the achievement of appropriate goals and ambitions for the future of housing and suggests they are impeding, frustrating or inhibiting progress. England needs a radical change to both housing policy and housing delivery.
The impact of ‘the lost decade’ on developing a relational culture in public–private partnering
Authors: Burton Michael , Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how improving social outcomes after the crises of the past 15 years, the Great Recession, austerity, Brexit and COVID-19, has led to a more relational partnership between the public and private sectors. The thread that ran through these years and which has set the political priorities for the next decade was Britain’s widening socioeconomic inequality. In rejecting austerity as a solution to eliminating the public finances deficit caused by COVID-19 the Boris Johnson administration set out to stimulate public–private partnerships to deliver social value as part of a renewed focus on public spending targeted at those areas most affected by previous austerity cuts. The challenge for both public and private partners is how to adapt to the more flexible, relational culture implied by the new priorities.
Universal Credit and unpaid care: “we’re doing a massive job anyway”
Authors: Andersen Kate
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents analysis of the data generated in the qualitative longitudinal fieldwork concerning the effects of the conditionality within Universal Credit on the valuing of unpaid care. The chapter starts by outlining the participants’ caring responsibilities, which shows that the gender balance in unpaid care was strongly evident across the sample. It then explores the limited extent to which the mothers’ caring responsibilities were taken into account when work-related requirements were set and during ongoing interactions with work coaches. The chapter continues by demonstrating the negative effects of the conditionality within Universal Credit on the mothers’ caring responsibilities. After detailing the mothers’ views that unpaid care is devalued within the Universal Credit system, the chapter concludes by discussing how the new conditionality regime within Universal Credit affects the valuing of unpaid care as a valid citizenship contribution.
Universal Credit and paid work: “you can job search and job search and not get anywhere”
Authors: Andersen Kate
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents analysis of the data concerning the implications of the conditionality within Universal Credit for women’s position in the paid labour market. The chapter starts by outlining the participants’ paid work aspirations and barriers to paid work. It then discusses the difficulties the mothers had in accessing the formal childcare provision within Universal Credit and the lack of employment-related support they received in obtaining paid work. The chapter continues by detailing the participants’ difficulties in trying to meet the work-related requirements of Universal Credit. It then investigates the effects of the conditionality within Universal Credit on the participants’ employment and earnings over time and shows that the conditionality had limited positive impact on the employment trajectories of the mothers. Lastly, this chapter reflects on how the conditionality regime within Universal Credit is of limited efficacy in enabling mothers to obtain citizenship status in its current gendered form.
Universal Credit and agency: “there’s no element of choice”
Authors: Andersen Kate
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents analysis of the findings concerning the effects of the conditionality within Universal Credit on mothers’ agency. It details the mothers’ work–care choices and then shows the limited extent to which the participants’ work-related requirements were negotiated. The chapter continues by exploring the mothers’ experiences of compulsion over time and shows that overall, they were subject to high levels of pressure. It also presents the mothers’ views on the compulsion within the Universal Credit conditionality regime. Following this, the chapter investigates the participants’ responses to the compulsion within Universal Credit and the overall impacts of the compulsion on their agency regarding engagement in unpaid care and paid work. The chapter concludes by discussing how the considerable compulsion within the Universal Credit regime further limits women’s ability to exercise agency, thereby failing to promote a more gender-inclusive concept of citizenship.
Introduction
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Glass Jayne , Chapman Polly , Atterton Jane
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the scope and purpose of the book, which presents original research and analysis to fill a gap in our understanding of how poverty and social exclusion affect rural lives following the financial crisis, austerity, Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter sketches the context for this study in terms of national policies, including fiscal tightening, labour market flexibilisation, welfare reform and other ‘roll-back’ and ‘roll-out’ forms of neoliberalisation and the lack of any coherent strategy to ensure the wellbeing of rural citizens. Finally, the chapter explains the methods used in this study.
Changing sources of support: precarity, conditionality and social solidarity
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Glass Jayne , Chapman Polly , Atterton Jane
Published: September 2023

This chapter brings together the insights from analysis of the three study areas. It begins by considering the four sources of support in the analytical framework (markets, state, voluntary and community sector, and family and friends) and how they act cumulatively to offset or reinforce social exclusion and financial vulnerability. Much local employment is precarious with volatile and unpredictable incomes creating financial vulnerability. Welfare reforms have intensified this precarity, redistributing risk towards the most vulnerable. Specific rural dimensions arise from the volatility of incomes, digitalisation and digital exclusion, difficulties in accessing advice and support and typically lower claimant rates. Additionally, people experience higher costs of living and widespread fuel poverty. Voluntary and community organisations are active in supporting people disadvantaged by markets and the state, and their services are highly valued but under-resourced. There is a tendency to idealise rural communities as places where everyone looks after one another, but this may be more difficult for those who do not understand local social norms and lexicons or who are less well embedded in social networks. This suggests a need for synergies between person-based measures (such as welfare entitlements) and local, place-based measures (such as advice and support).
Introduction: Inhabitation in Nature
Authors: David Clapham
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter focuses on two propositions central to the argument of the book:1. Houses and the people that live in them are important elements of Nature rather than separated from it.2. The concept of ‘inhabitation’ provides an appropriate focus for what has been previously called housing studies and policy.
Production practices
Authors: David Clapham
Published: September 2023

The chapter focuses on three topics within the house production process in order to give indications of how the inhabitation practices can be applied and the value of the analysis. The first focus is on the house-building site as the location where the practices involved in the production process come together as the house is constructed. This focus can provide a way in to analysis of the individual practices that contribute to the whole. The second focus is on the organisational and professional practices that are pursued by the many organisations and professions that are involved in house production, including trades such as plumbers or electricians and professions such as surveyors, town planners and so on working for many different kinds of organisations. The third focus is on the discourses that can be viewed as ‘connective tissue’ that link many individual practices by providing the context for their performance. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the policy issues that are raised by the analysis of production practices, focusing on the impacts on the rest of Nature.
Work ethic 1
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

This chapter tells the story primarily of two men who live on the estate. One is coming to the latter stages of his paid working life while the other is just beginning. There are common threads in their stories of alienation and distancing from the work they are engaged in, despite their age differences. After the economic crash Frank has not been able to get work for a period of six to seven years and has just got his first steady job in construction, building new housing on the estate, and he is discovering how the work has become more difficult and more poorly paid both at the same time. Karl, meanwhile, is working for a big-box retailer and despite his own best intentions finds that the work offers little by way of stimulation or innate satisfaction. Despite his desire for something more fulfilling, he finds himself locked into a work routine and life that he cannot change and is constantly asking himself why this is the way things are. Both of these vignettes show the strong connections between estate residents and the world of paid employment and the broader economy.
Work ethic 2
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

This chapter tells the story of two women from the estate who are separated by a significant difference in age. They are both mothers and have been employed in various jobs over the course of their lifetimes, as well as providing care for their children. Nadia finds herself one of the last remaining residents in a block that is being de-tenanted and has been living in a one-bedroom flat for almost 40 years because she squatted in the estate initially and the council refused to give her a bigger flat because of this. Michelle, a younger woman, has a long family history in the estate and she describes her own struggles both of trying to get back to the estate from private rented accommodation and to raise her children while trying to find paid employment. Both of these women are engaged thoroughly in the double day of trying to manage paid work while trying to raise children generally without the help of men. The burden of such work takes it toll over time and is visible once again in bodies that break down and contort under such pressures.
What goes around comes around
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

‘What goes around comes around’; this phrase is one of two that occurred in conversation on a number of occasions. The second, and the one that became the title of the book, is ‘It’s not where you live it’s how you live.’ The first refers to an idea of the world having an inbuilt propensity to a levelling-out sort of justice in which, as one of the people says, ‘if you do good to people they will do good to you’. One of the people in the group has the phrase tattooed on her arm. The other phrase delves deep into questions of respectability and how sees oneself in the world and of how one thinks the world sees you back. Both statements reflect the fact that residents are thinking constantly about issues such as those of justice and respectability. The phrases raise fundamental questions about the difference between the belief and the reality, as it were.
The word
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the nature and form of language in the estate as it arises in multiple forms. We hear a priest say to an assembled funeral audience that Jesus’s nickname was ‘The Word’ that is the title of this chapter. The chapter explores the importance of ‘the word’ in the profane everyday lives of people of the estate. The story form carries the history of the estate through its residents. Stories of the estate’s history, of death, of lost inheritance, of love, of family, all pour forth, sometimes in a torrent and other times hesitantly. A lot of talking and speaking takes place in the daily flow of life when people are unselfconscious and they are relaxed. Language is something to be played with and to be playful with. Words have presence but they are also absent in the struggles people have and had with language over the course of a lifetime. For all of the presence that the word has in people’s lives, there are profound struggles over learning and speaking. The history of the estate and the people who live there is kept alive and transmitted in these words and stories of deeds and happenings.
Introduction: Polygamy, Law and Women’s Lives
Authors: Naqvi Zainab Batul
Published: September 2023

In the introductory chapter, the lack of legal and scholarly engagement with polygamous marriages is displayed. The key themes and arguments of the book are set out. The approach to move beyond asking the question of whether polygamy should exist, which underpins existing debates, is explained. The critical postcolonial feminist conceptual framework is set out along with the key tools of contextualising and disruption that are employed throughout the book to shed light on polygamy in English law and society. The critical race feminist-inspired methodology underpinning the book, which emphasises the importance of voices and stories, is also shared. Finally, an overview of the book structure and the chapters are provided.
Tensions in Religion and Culture
Authors: Naqvi Zainab Batul
Published: September 2023

This chapter starts with Noreen’s story of marriage, divorce and polygamy, which provides a springboard to share women’s understandings and attitudes around religious and cultural identity as well as how they shaped their experiences and views on marriage and polygamy. It is argued that culture and religion play a significant role in this area, and this is heightened for minoritised women. Mainstream institutions assume that all minoritised religions and cultures are the same, pushing them into a single box labelled ‘other cultures’, and this is manifested in the literature when minoritised people are said to have a ‘religio-cultural identity’. By collapsing minoritised religions and cultures in this way, they are orientalised and othered by institutions and systems, including the law. It is therefore argued that religion and culture are dual and alternative sources of identity; they are linked but sometimes they conflict. At times, the tensions between them lead to culture being simplistically framed as oppressive, while religion is seen as empowering. The chapter concludes with a disruption of this simplistic binary to argue that rather than culture or religion being the problem, it is gendered and orientalist double standards imposed on women that are oppressive.
Establishing Precedents: The Iranian Crisis, UN Membership and the Greek Civil War, 1946
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J.
Published: September 2023

The chapter examines the ‘first crisis’ the UN and its newly appointed secretary-general faced: the Iranian crisis of 1946. Frequently seen as the first crisis of the coming Cold War, the episode had lasting consequences for the role of the UN secretary-general. In April 1946 Trygve Lie decided to offer his opinion on the best way to proceed with the situation. Nothing in the existing rules explicitly permitted the UN secretary-general to take part in Security Council discussions, and the intervention therefore ‘fell like a bombshell’. Although the Security Council in this instance decided to disregard the secretary-general’s advice on the substantive matter of the Iranian crisis, the intervention led to a renegotiation of the Security Council’s rules of procedure to recognize the secretary-general’s right to participate in Council discussions. This represented the first expansion of the secretary-general’s role.
Urging Forceful Action: ‘The Palestine Problem’ and Management of Regional Conflicts, 1947–49
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J.
Published: September 2023

Trygve Lie saw Palestine as the first major test for the UN organization, and this episode is the focus of the book’s third chapter. From the moment the UK asked the UN to help determine the future of the Palestine mandate, UN secretary-general Lie sought to guide the UN towards his preferred solution: the creation of an independent Jewish state, and avoidance of large-scale warfare. In the process, Lie further expanded the scope of the secretary-general’s role. Although UN member states did not necessarily follow the secretary-general’s advice, they accepted that he was allowed to give such advice, and that he had the right to push and prod behind the scenes to urge member states to act. Furthermore, Lie added a more public aspect to the secretary-general’s role during this period, as he used speeches and press conferences to seek the support of the public and to add pressure on state governments to act.
Administering the International: The International Civil Service and the UN Secretariat, 1946–53
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J.
Published: September 2023

The chapter examines the establishment of the UN Secretariat and the administrative apparatus and norms of the UN. Trygve Lie chose to focus most of his attention and energy on the political role of the UN secretary-general and the questions of peace and security discussed by the Security Council. Yet to understand the process by which the UN Charter was transformed from paper to practice, the establishment of the UN Secretariat is also of crucial importance. The concept of an International Civil Service (ICS) was first developed at the founding of the League of Nations, before being adopted and adapted in the UN system. This was an area where Lie is frequently seen to have failed as he allowed the FBI onto UN premises to fingerprint and interview American staff members in response to the McCarthy process, seemingly in breach of the principle of the ICS’ independence. The chapter also discusses the process of establishing UN headquarters, where Lie played a central role in ensuring the UN settled permanently in New York.
Inventing Dynamics: Political Economies of Money, Markets and Manufacturing, 1300s–1800s
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: September 2023

Laying out argument and context for the book, the chapter argues that the history of modern capitalism and economic development commenced in the Renaissance. Contrary to many modern scholarly myths, capitalism was neither invented in the Anglosphere or the Netherlands, nor was capitalism a ‘second language’ to continental newcomers. There is an oft-acclaimed modern myth going back to Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations that claims that commerce and trade established the foundations for modern good governance, but in fact it was the other way round. Governance and economic order provided the foundations for economic development, and since the Renaissance a rich political economy literature – often subsumed under labels such as ‘mercantilism’ or ‘cameralism’ – had emerged that provided the key political-economic foundations for positive economic development. Looking at the experiences of the early modern German-speaking lands – which were radically different from the British (and Dutch) way in neither tune nor practice – I aim to rehabilitate the contributions made by continental mercantilist-cameralist political economy laying the foundations of capitalism and modern economic growth in the longue durée.
Configuring Free Markets: A Deeper History of Laissez-Faire
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: September 2023

This chapter takes a long-run view on how preindustrial political economy conceptualized, regulated and designed markets in the age of capitalism’s ascendancy. Drawing on select treatises from the scholastics to later ordoliberalism, the chapter examines how people framed and configured market economy and capitalism over the longer run. Often these entailed a physical-spatial dimension, from the layout of market stalls to the hours of market access and trading times. Features of these long-gone political economies continued to shape European economic practices to the present day. And they helped achieve long-term economic growth.
Money and the Rise of Modern Capitalism
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies money as a fundamental tool in the market process. Money was an agent of social power, but also a tool empowering economic life. Beginning with medieval models of money’s political, social and economic functions, dating back to Oresme’s De Moneta: texts that represent the ‘origins of political economy’, the chapter studies policies and writings on monetary management in the preindustrial world. From the Middle Ages until the 1870s, monetary theories shared common features only given up when the concept of money’s purchasing power was decoupled from its metallic value (since this happened fairly late, during the 20th century, it won’t concern us much). Currency stability and inflation management were known to preindustrial authors and rulers as tools promoting economic development.
Creating Wealth: Homo Manufacturabilis and the Wealth of Nations
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: September 2023

This chapter moves on to another field of empowering capitalism in the preindustrial age, looking at origins of creativity in manufacturing. It does so through a focus on economic writings and ideas. During the Renaissance, manufacturing became conceptualized as the main source of the wealth of nations. Somewhat unoriginally – given that many other authors had used the example as a case in point before – Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776) commences with the example of a (pin) manufactory. But rather than discussing the full implications in terms of value-added and creativity, Smith chose to proceed by demonstrating that the true origin of wealth lay in the division of labour, improving the distributional efficiency of the existing market systems. But even for a preindustrial economy – Smith’s template of analysis – this wasn’t completely the case; political economy had much more in stock. Smith thus missed a great opportunity – where did the wealth of nations originate?
Introduction: “This Can’t Be All Up to Me”
Authors: Munro Kirstin
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the author and the main premise of this book. Based on qualitative interviews with sustainability-oriented but “on-the-grid” parents of young children in Portland, Oregon, in the Northwestern United States, The Production of Everyday Life in Eco-Conscious Households describes what happens when people make interventions in mundane and easy-to-overlook aspects of everyday life to bring the way they get things done into alignment with their values. Household production and social practices related to three aspects of everyday life are examined: household waste, cleanliness, and indoor comfort in hot and cold weather. Because the ability to make changes is constrained by the culture and capitalist society, there are negative consequences and trade-offs involved in these household-level sustainability practices. Ecologically conscious households devote substantial time (even more so than money) to these sustainability efforts, but their efforts frequently stimulate conflicts, and the end results are rarely perfect. Beyond depleting people physically, financially, and emotionally, many of these pro-environmental activities are ineffective at best and are self-contradictory at worse—these paradoxical pro-environmental activities inadvertently reproduce capitalist society, and in doing so enable the continued environmental devastation that motivates these practices in the first place. Thus, promoting many household-level sustainability practices may be misguided, as this transfer of institutional responsibility for environmental protection into households results in even greater burdens on households, whose time, money, and emotional capacities are already stretched to their limits. The households described in this book shed light on the full extent of the trade-offs involved in promoting sustainability at the household level as a solution to environmental problems.[[AQ: Please check as this abstract repeats the book abstract (and the keywords repeat the book abstract keywords).]]
Priorities in Eco-Conscious Households
Authors: Munro Kirstin
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces readers to a group of eco-conscious parents and their households in more detail—who they are, who they live with, their varied priorities in the sustainability realm, and their motivations for sustainability practices. These households try to make decisions for their families and balance their sustainability priorities with constrained resources, which often involves fairly major interventions in conventional ways of getting things done in order to bring their everyday practices into alignment with their values. This chapter argues that there is not a single “sustainability,” with households engaging in sustainability practices to varying degrees of intensity along a green spectrum. Rather, sustainability represents a broad set of values and beliefs for these households. The overlapping sustainability priorities of the households in this study include community well-being, the health of individual family members, nature, technology, and waste avoidance. The sustainability practices of these households are influenced by the unique combinations of priorities, resources, and constraints in each household.
Cleanliness and Comfort
Authors: Munro Kirstin
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes household practices with respect to indoor comfort in hot and cold weather, bodily cleanliness, and household cleanliness. While cleanliness and comfort involve mundane habits that are easily taken for granted, the eco-conscious households interviewed for this book have made changes to conventional ways of getting things done to make their practices more sustainable. In some cases, these changes take more unwaged time but in other cases these changes—intriguingly—result in less unwaged time devoted to mundane household practices. While it has been said that dirt exists in the eye of the beholder, the same might be said for comfort temperatures, which are at once formed socially and culturally, as well as based on individual tolerance and preference. So while the social meanings of cleanliness and comfort and the things we do to feel clean and comfortable have changed in ways that place increasing demands on natural resources, my informants reveal the potential reductions in demand for resources associated with changing the social meanings of cleanliness and comfort, and, with that, the accompanying time-consuming and resource-demanding practices.
Conflict
Authors: Munro Kirstin
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the conflicts that arise as a result of priorities and pro-environmental interventions in mundane practices that put eco-conscious households out of step with the mainstream. What we see is an already universally fraught situation—unique human beings cohabitating and disagreeing—exacerbated by unconventional, often time-consuming practices and heartfelt passion for environmental priorities. This chapter shows how these differences in priorities and the social meaning of practices in eco-conscious households produce conflict within these households and the close personal relationships of household members.
Researching Migration and Networks: Empirical and Methodological Innovations
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

This chapter sets out my empirical and methodological approach. I am interested in how networks are co-constructed by interviewer and interviewee within research contexts informed by particular spatio-temporal settings. Engaging with participants who migrated in different periods, from the 1940s to the 2010s, I seek to understand the salience of historical time. Furthermore, by reinterviewing particular participants over several years, I seek to understand changes through biographical time. No new data were collected for this book. Instead, I revisited and synthesised qualitative data generated over 20 years of my migration research in London. By describing the process of reanalysing that combined data set and the challenge of how to present the data in meaningful and digestible ways to readers, through thick descriptions, this chapter also contributes to empirical, methodological and analytical techniques associated with revisiting existing data sets.
First Principles and Occupiers’ Liability: The Case against Immunity
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

This chapter establishes that any immunity beyond the point of notice – a failure to remove the offending content within a reasonable period of time after notice – cannot be reconciled with first principles for imposing liability in torts for the actions of another and with similar situations in which such a question was raised. The relevant first principles are (1) the defendant’s control over the harming activity, (2) fairness – the fact the harm to the claimant was inflicted as part of the defendant’s business, that is, within a profit-motive context and (3) not imposing liability on the defendant would undermine the claimant’s ability to have an effective remedy for the harm she suffered and therefore undermines the claimant’s access to justice. The areas of law establishing liability for post notice failure to avoid the harm from activity directly authored by a third party are: the requirement for publication in defamation law both in the contexts of (1) a secondary publisher and the defence of innocent dissemination; and (2) publication by omission; and the liability of an occupier of land to (3) harms suffered on his land under the tort of negligence; and (4) harms to neighbouring lands under the tort of nuisance.
The Easy Case for Viewers’ Liability: Child Pornography and Apportionment of Liability
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

This chapter proposes to understand child pornography as an extreme and complicated instance of NCII. It (1) establishes viewers’ liability for viewing child pornography under privacy law (as distinct from bespoke statutory provisions), (2) examines whether viewing child pornography could be considered as ‘acting in concert’ and hence lead to full liability of each viewer to the victim’s entire damage from the viewing of their abuse (and possibly also from their initial abuse); (3) argues that the holding in the US Supreme Court in Paroline v United States is compatible with demand-based liability: A viewer could and should be liable to the victim’s injury from the initial abuse, as long as the production of the child pornography was (also) motivated by the prospect of distribution. However, the viewer should not be liable to victims whose images he did not view for harm from either the initial abuse or the circulation of images.
Viewers’ Liability: Intention and Objective Fault
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

Intentional viewing of non-consensual intimate images should lead to liability for breach of privacy, whether the victim is a child or an adult. The chapter defends this view with reference to case studies in which viewers look for NCII, while also commenting on the budding policy discussion of whether to criminalize the intentional possession of NCII. Viewers who took a risk that they might come across NCII should be liable, at least where that risk is significant, as is the case when one visits commercial porn websites.
The analysis will draw on anecdotal data about the ways NCIIs are shared and viewed. While comprehensive data on this issue is missing, civil litigation, in the main, does not require this data; rather, the individual behaviour of the defendant-viewer will be sufficient to decide whether liability could be imposed and based on what theory of liability or cause of action; such individual behaviour will often be verifiable to courts.
Is Suing Viewers Practicable?
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

This chapter addresses two hurdles claimants need to cross if civil claims against viewers are to become viable: evidence and costs. I first discuss the evidentiary hurdle faced by claimants of identifying viewers, which is unique to claims against viewers. I refer to two types of difficulties: identifying those who viewed the claimant’s images; and identifying whether a viewer of a porn website hosting many intimate images, viewed the claimant’s images. The contours of a disclosure order against internet service providers (in the UK, a Norwich Pharmacal Order) for the identity of users breaching the claimant’s privacy will be examined. I will defend the claim that as a matter of ‘poetic justice’, where the alleged wrongdoing is manifested in a serious undermining of the claimant’s privacy, relative little weight should be given to the user’s privacy interest militating against disclosing his identity. Then, I deal with the issue of financial costs, in which I summarize the findings relevant to claims against uploaders and explain the potential differences from claims against viewers.
Camp Urbanization and Humanitarian Entrepreneurship
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

Despite occupying a subordinate position in the urban context, displaced people influence how cities are evolving, and shape their morphologies and patterns of growth. Their agency here is embedded in a political economy of rent-seeking that is intertwined with international aid. This chapter outlines the multiple facets and ambiguities of the clientelistic networks that underpin these rent-seeking practices and demonstrates how urban newcomers act within and through these networks to secure their survival. The creation of settlements associated with displacement can increase the value ascribed to land. The chapter links these processes to wider insights on the development of real estate markets for domestic urban capital, which are often driven by local and diasporic investors, and which accompany the infrastructural focus of global capital penetration in contemporary African cities. Comparatively highlighting distinctive aspects of camp urbanization in Somali cities, the chapter shows how the combination of protracted violence, urban reconstruction and mass in-migration has been accompanied by cycles of forced evictions that initiate nascent forms of urban gentrification.
Improvising Infrastructure: The Micropolitics of Camp Life
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter foregrounds the intersection of social and material aspects of urban lives and examines how infrastructures mediate and differentiate urban practices. People improvise to create or fill gaps in basic infrastructure. In doing so they produce the socio-materiality of places and configure urban morphologies, which, in turn, shape their everyday bodily experiences in and of the city. Focusing on the urban margins, the chapter uses examples of sanitation, water, health and education as analytical entry points to highlight socio-ecological dynamics that produce spaces of privilege and exclusion in the city. The chapter further expands on the previous analyses of the political economy of urban in-migration and humanitarian entrepreneurship by demonstrating how infrastructural struggles are conditioned through relations of property that intersect with arrangements for security. It is again emphasized that people at the margins are active agents of urbanization, even if they themselves do not usually benefit from these contributions to city-making.