bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Features of the Growth of a Bacterial Species Colonizing the Zebrafish Gut
Authors: Jemielita Matthew , Taormina Michael J. , Burns Adam R. , Hampton Jennifer S. , Rolig Annah S. , Guillemin Karen , Parthasarathy Raghuveer
Published: December 2014

The vertebrate intestine is home to microbial ecosystems that play key roles in host development and health. Little is known about the spatial and temporal dynamics of these microbial communities, limiting our understanding of fundamental properties, such as their mechanisms of growth, propagation, and persistence. To address this, we inoculated initially germ-free zebrafish larvae with fluorescently labeled strains of an
Aeromonas
species, representing an abundant genus in the zebrafish gut. Using light sheet fluorescence microscopy to obtain three-dimensional images spanning the gut, we quantified the entire bacterial load, as founding populations grew from tens to tens of thousands of cells over several hours. The data yield the first ever measurements of the growth kinetics of a microbial species inside a live vertebrate intestine and show dynamics that robustly fit a logistic growth model. Intriguingly, bacteria were nonuniformly distributed throughout the gut, and bacterial aggregates showed considerably higher growth rates than did discrete individuals. The form of aggregate growth indicates intrinsically higher division rates for clustered bacteria, rather than surface-mediated agglomeration onto clusters. Thus, the spatial organization of gut bacteria both relative to the host and to each other impacts overall growth kinetics, suggesting that spatial characterizations will be an important input to predictive models of host-associated microbial community assembly.

IMPORTANCE
Our intestines are home to vast numbers of microbes that influence many aspects of health and disease. Though we now know a great deal about the constituents of the gut microbiota, we understand very little about their spatial structure and temporal dynamics in humans or in any animal: how microbial populations establish themselves, grow, fluctuate, and persist. To address this, we made use of a model organism, the zebrafish, and a new optical imaging technique, light sheet fluorescence microscopy, to visualize for the first time the colonization of a live, vertebrate gut by specific bacteria with sufficient resolution to quantify the population over a range from a few individuals to tens of thousands of bacterial cells. Our results provide unprecedented measures of bacterial growth kinetics and also show the influence of spatial structure on bacterial populations, which can be revealed only by direct imaging.
A rare diabetes ketoacidosis in combined severe hypernatremic hyperosmolarity in a new-onset Asian adolescent with type I diabetes
Authors: Kim Hyung Jin , Kim Dong Hyun , Jun Yong Hoon , Lee Ji Eun
Published: December 2014

A 13-year-old Asian boy presented with an 8 h history of lethargy and vomiting. He had a 3-week history of polyuria, polydipsia and a 6 kg weight loss over a period of 1 month. Fluid intake prior to admission was over 6 L of sports drinks and cola per day. Initial biochemical findings were as follows: plasma glucose 1351 mg/dL, serum sodium 154 mEq/L, serum osmolarity 425 mOsm/L, arterial blood pH 6.96 and urine ketone of 3+. He was treated with intensive fluid resuscitation and an insulin infusion. He completely recovered without any neurological deficits. Severe hypernatremia is rare in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but was exhibited in this case. Excess intake of carbonated carbohydrate-rich beverages may exacerbate the initial severe presentation of type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an Asian child with DKA combined with severe hypernatremic hyperosmolarity at onset of T1DM.
How do systematic reviews incorporate risk of bias assessments into the synthesis of evidence? A methodological study
Authors: Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Egan Matt , Petticrew Mark
Published: December 2014

Background

Systematic reviews (SRs) are expected to critically appraise included studies and privilege those at lowest risk of bias (RoB) in the synthesis. This study examines if and how critical appraisals inform the synthesis and interpretation of evidence in SRs.

Methods

All SRs published in March–May 2012 in 14 high-ranked medical journals and a sample from the Cochrane library were systematically assessed by two reviewers to determine if and how: critical appraisal was conducted; RoB was summarised at study, domain and review levels; and RoB appraisals informed the synthesis process.

Results

Of the 59 SRs studied, all except six (90%) conducted a critical appraisal of the included studies, with most using or adapting existing tools. Almost half of the SRs reported critical appraisal in a manner that did not allow readers to determine which studies included in a review were most robust. RoB assessments were not incorporated into synthesis in one-third (20) of the SRs, with their consideration more likely when reviews focused on randomised controlled trials. Common methods for incorporating critical appraisals into the synthesis process were sensitivity analysis, narrative discussion and exclusion of studies at high RoB. Nearly half of the reviews which investigated multiple outcomes and carried out study-level RoB summaries did not consider the potential for RoB to vary across outcomes.

Conclusions

The conclusions of the SRs, published in major journals, are frequently uninformed by the critical appraisal process, even when conducted. This may be particularly problematic for SRs of public health topics that often draw on diverse study designs.
Geochemical constraints on magmatic and metallogenic processes: Iskut River Formation, volcanogenic massive sulfide-hosting basalts, NW British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Barresi Tony , Nelson JoAnne L. , Dostal Jaroslav
Published: December 2014

Volcanic rocks of the Jurassic Iskut River Formation (IRF) in northwestern British Columbia (Canada) host several volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, including the exceptionally high-grade Eskay Creek Ag–Au–Cu–Pb–Zn deposit. The IRF comprises voluminous pillow basalt (>90%), minor rhyolite, and sedimentary rock of late Early to early Middle Jurassic age, filling a series of sub-basins along a 300 by 50 km north-trending belt. Two geochemically distinct types of tholeiitic basalts interfinger; both resemble back-arc basin basalts formed from the melting of asthenospheric and sub-arc mantle sources. Group 2 basalts are more enriched in light rare-earth elements, Ba, K, Sr, Th, and U, and have lower positive εNd values than group 1 basalts (+3.2 to +6.3 versus +6.9 to +8.4, respectively). The compositional differences between group 1 and group 2 basalts are interpreted to result from crustal contamination in group 2. Group 1 basalts are most common in the southern part of the IRF belt where they are closely associated with the Eskay Creek, Bonanza, and Hidden Creek (Anyox) VMS deposits. Group 2 basalts are most abundant in the northern half of the belt and are not associated with exploited mineral deposits. The lack of crustal contamination in group 1 basalts indicates that they formed from rapidly ascending magma in an advanced rift setting and were associated with high heat flow that drove hydrothermal circulation. Group 1 and group 2 basalts are reliably discriminated by Ta/Th <2.5 in the former and >2.5 in the latter. This geochemical criteria can therefore be used as an exploration tool to identify VMS permissive sub-basins and (or) stratigraphy in the IRF.
Configuration Approaches to Enhance Computing Efficiency of Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Array
Authors: Yang Chen , Liu Leibo , Wang Yansheng , Yin Shouyi , Cao Peng , Wei Shaojun
Published: December 2014

The major bottleneck of coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) is the excessive configuration overhead; as a result, computing potential cannot be fully utilized. At run-time, the function of CGRAs can be fully and dynamically reconfigured by changing contexts. Therefore, the frequency of context switching on CGRAs is very high. On the other hand, the configuration time of CGRAs is very long. This paper proposes three configuration approaches to reduce interval latency when switching configuration contexts. These proposed approaches include input data relocation (IDR), line-based context switching (LCS), and loop interval minimization (LIM). IDR relocates input data to the first stage of the pipeline; as a result, the delay time for the input data of the next data flow graph (DFG) is reduced. LCS is a LCS mechanism for adjacent independent DFGs to reduce the interval of context switching, thereby expanding the depth of the pipeline. LIM is used to minimize the interval of loops. Simulations on a coarse-grained reconfigurable processor called reconfigurable multimedia system (REMUS) show that 1080 p@30 fps for H.264 high profile video decoding can be achieved under 200 MHz working frequency. As for AVS and MPEG2 decoding algorithms, much higher performance, i.e., 1080 p@39 fps and 1080 p@41 fps, can be achieved respectively.
Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome: Is Methylene Blue the Silver Bullet?
Authors: Umbrello Michele , Gardinali Marco , Ottolina Davide , Zanforlin Giancarlo , Iapichino Gaetano
Published: December 2014

Background. Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare disorder characterized by unexplained, recurrent episodes of transient, abrupt increase in endothelial permeability, leading to severe hypotension, generalized edema, and hemoconcentration.Case Report. We report the case of a patient suffering from systemic capillary leak syndrome and present a possible interpretation of the pathophysiology of this condition. Besides the classical triad of hypotension, edema, and hemoconcentration, we recorded increased levels of methemoglobin, an index of NO overproduction. We present a possible interpretation of the pathophysiology of this condition based on the fast and complete reversal of symptoms after methylene blue administration (which opposes NO-induced effects) and speculate that increased NO levels could be implicated in the pathophysiology of the capillary leak phase.Why should an emergency physician be aware of this?The safety of this treatment and its fluid- and cathecolamine-sparing effect deserve consideration and further research.
Validity and Stability of the Decisional Balance for Sun Protection Inventory
Authors: Yin Hui-Qing , Rossi Joseph S. , Redding Colleen A. , Paiva Andrea L. , Babbin Steven F. , Velicer Wayne F.
Published: December 2014

The 8-item Decisional Balance for sun protection inventory (SunDB) assesses the relative importance of the perceived advantages (Pros) and disadvantages (Cons) of sun protective behaviors. This study examined the psychometric properties of the SunDB measure, including invariance of the measurement model, in a population-based sample ofN=1336adults. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the theoretically based 2-factor (Pros, Cons) model, with high internal consistencies for each subscale (α≥.70). Multiple-sample CFA established that this factor pattern was invariant across multiple population subgroups, including gender, racial identity, age, education level, and stage of change subgroups. Multivariate analysis by stage of change replicated expected patterns for SunDB (Prosη2=.15, Consη2=.02). These results demonstrate the internal and external validity and measurement stability of the SunDB instrument in adults, supporting its use in research and intervention.
Cotreatment of Congenital Measles with Vitamin A and Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Ozsurekci Yasemin , Kara Ates , Bayhan Cihangul , Oncel Eda Karadag , Takci Sahin , Yolbakan Sultan , Korkmaz Ayse , Korukluoglu Gulay
Published: December 2014

Although the measles vaccine has been part of routine national childhood vaccination programs throughout Europe, measles remains a public health concern. High numbers of cases and outbreaks have occurred throughout the European continent since 2011, and an increasing number of cases have been reported in Turkey since 2012. During a recent measles outbreak in Turkey, 2 pregnant women contracted measles prior to delivering preterm infants at Hacettepe University Hospital. Measles virus genomic RNA and IgM antibodies against measles were detected in the cord blood of infants and mothers in both cases. The infants were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and vitamin A. Transient thrombocytopenia was present in 1 infant and treated with an additional dose of IVIG and vitamin A. The infants were discharged, without complications, within 10 days of birth. The successful treatment of these cases suggests that infants who have been exposed to, or infected with, measles may benefit from cotreatment of vitamin A and IVIG.
Bio-Optical Characteristics of the Northern Gulf of California during June 2008
Authors: Bastidas-Salamanca Martha , Gonzalez-Silvera Adriana , Millán-Núñez Roberto , Santamaria-del-Angel Eduardo , Frouin Robert
Published: December 2014

Bio-optical variables in the Northern Gulf of California were analyzed using
in situ and satellite data obtained during a cruise in June 2008. The study area was divided into three bio-optical regions:
Upper Gulf (UG), Northern Gulf (NG), and Great Isles (GI). Each region was characterized according to phytoplankton
pigment concentration, phytoplankton and nonpigmented material spectral absorption coefficients, and spectral reflectance.
Observed patterns were an indication of the shift in bio-optical conditions from north to south going from turbid and eutrophic
waters to mesotrophic ones. Although there was a good agreement between satellite and
in situ Chla (RMSE ±33%), an overestimation of
in situ Chla was observed. This was partly explained by the presence of nonalgal particles,
as well as the influence of desert and continental aerosols, which is generally overcorrected in the standard processing.
The UG and NG could be considered as Case  2 waters, but they did exhibit different bio-optical characteristics.
This implies that both biological and optical properties should be invoked to better understand water reflectance variability
in the study region and its implications for the remote sensing of Chla and biogeochemical processes.
Histamine Poisoning from Ingestion of Fish or Scombroid Syndrome
Authors: Tortorella Vincenzo , Masciari Peppino , Pezzi Mario , Mola Assunta , Tiburzi Simona Paola , Zinzi Maria Concetta , Scozzafava Annamaria , Verre Mario
Published: December 2014

The scombroid poisoning is due to the ingestion of poorly preserved fish (especially tuna, sardines, and mackerel) out of the cold chain. Under the influence of the proliferation of gram negative bacteria that occurs for heating, the histidine content in the muscle of the fish is converted into histamine, by the action of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. If the histamine is ingested in large quantities, it causes an anaphylactoid reaction with a variety of symptoms from moderate to severe to life-threating. We will describe two cases that came under our observation after consuming a meal of bluefin tuna. The diagnosis of scombroid syndrome was made on the basis of the anamnestic data and the clinical one. The rapid resolution of the signs and symptoms after treatment with histamines H1-H2 receptor blockers confirmed the suspected diagnosis.
Global Stability of a Delayed SIRI Epidemic Model with Nonlinear Incidence
Authors: Bernoussi Amine , Kaddar Abdelilah , Asserda Said
Published: December 2014

In this paper we propose the global dynamics of an SIRI epidemic model
with latency and a general nonlinear incidence function. The model is based
on the susceptible-infective-recovered (SIR) compartmental structure with
relapse (SIRI). Sufficient conditions for the global stability of equilibria (the
disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium) are obtained by means
of Lyapunov-LaSalle theorem. Also some numerical simulations are given to
illustrate this result.
Antiviral Treatment among Pregnant Women with Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Fan Lin , Owusu-Edusei Kwame , Schillie Sarah F. , Murphy Trudy V.
Published: December 2014

Objective. To describe the antiviral treatment patterns for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) among pregnant and nonpregnant women.Methods. Using 2011 MarketScan claims, we calculated the rates of antiviral treatment among women (aged 10–50 years) with CHB. We described the pattern of antiviral treatment during pregnancy and ≥1 month after delivery.Results. We identified 6274 women with CHB during 2011. Among these, 64 of 507 (12.6%) pregnant women and 1151 of 5767 (20.0%) nonpregnant women received antiviral treatment (P< 0.01). Pregnant women were most commonly prescribed tenofovir (73.4%) and lamivudine (21.9%); nonpregnant women were most commonly prescribed tenofovir (50.2%) and entecavir (41.3%) (P< 0.01). Among 48 treated pregnant women with an identifiable delivery date, 16 (33.3%) were prescribed an antiviral before pregnancy and continued treatment for at least one month after delivery; 14 (29.2%) started treatment during the third trimester and continued at least one month after delivery.Conclusion. Among this insured population, pregnant women with CHB received an antiviral significantly less often than nonpregnant women. The most common antiviral prescribed for pregnant women was tenofovir. These data provide a baseline for assessing changes in treatment patterns with anticipated increased use of antivirals to prevent breakthrough perinatal hepatitis B virus infection.
High Frequency of Symptomatic Zinc Deficiency in Infants in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Dassoni Federica , Abebe Zerihun , Ricceri Federica , Morrone Aldo , Albertin Cristiana , Naafs Bernard
Published: December 2014

Background. Zinc deficiency occurs in infants when its demand exceeds its supply. It presents with cutaneous signs which, in severe cases, are associated with diarrhea, alopecia, and irritability. Genetic and acquired forms of zinc deficiency have been reported and often overlap clinical features. Malnutrition, prematurity, malabsorption syndromes, and burns may cause an increased demand for zinc.Methods. Cases of acquired transient infantile zinc deficiency (TIZD) observed during a period of 3 years at Ayder Referral Hospital of Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia, are reported here. Since no sophisticated tests were available at our center, the diagnosis was based on the clinical signs and prompt response to oral zinc supplementation.Results. We observed 18 cases of TIZD at our center. All patients were full-term and breastfeeding infants with no relevant associated diseases.Conclusions. In this region, a high incidence of this condition is observed. We could not rule out whether heterozygosity for the genetic mutation was present or that the disease was caused by a nutritional deficiency in the mothers or more probably because both the factors coexisted together. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the causes of the increased incidence of this disease in Northern Ethiopia.
Artificial Neural Networks Investigation of Indentation Force Effects on Nano- and Microhardness of Dual Phase Steels
Authors: Fotovati A. , Kadkhodapour J. , Schmauder S.
Published: December 2014

Nanoindentation test results on different grain sizes of dual phase (DP) steels are used to train artificial neural networks (ANNs). With selection of ferrite and martensite grain size, martensite volume fraction (MVF), and indentation force as input and microhardness, ferrite, and martensite nanohardness as outputs, six different ANNs are trained according to normalized datasets to predict hardness and their tolerances. A graphical user interface (GUI) is developed for a better investigation of the trained ANN prediction. The response of the ANN is analyzed in five case studies. In each case the variation of two input parameters on the output is analyzed when the other input parameters are kept constant. Reliable and reasonable results of ANN predictions are achieved in each case.
The Importance of Brain Metastasis in EGFR Mutation Positive NSCLC Patients
Authors: Noronha Vanita , Joshi Amit , Gokarn Anant , Sharma Vibhor , Patil Vijay , Janu Amit , Purandare Nilendu , Chougule Anuradha , Jambhekar Nirmala , Prabhash Kumar
Published: December 2014

Introduction. Brain metastasis is a poor prognostic marker in lung cancer. However it is not known whether amongst patients with EGFR mutation those with brain metastases have a worse outcome. Methods. We compared the survival outcomes between EGFR mutation positive patients with and without brain metastases. In this retrospective analysis of prospective database of all metastatic lung cancer patients at our centre between July 2009 and December 2012, patients were treated with either combination chemotherapy or oral TKI. All patients with brain metastases received whole brain radiation. Kaplan Meier method was used for survival analysis and compared using log rank test. Results. 101 patients with EGFR mutated, metastatic lung cancer were studied. Fourteen had brain metastases and 87 did not. The common EGFR mutations were exon 19 deletion (61.3%) and exon 21 L858R mutation (28.7%). Overall response was 64% in extracranial metastasis group as compared to 50% in brain metastasis group. There was a significant worsening of median OS in the patients with brain metastases (11.6 months) compared with only extracranial metastases (18.7 months), P=0.029. Conclusion. Amongst patients with EGFR mutant NSCLC, the presence of brain metastases leads to a worse outcome as compared to patients with extracranial metastases alone.
An Improved Central Force Optimization Algorithm for Multimodal Optimization
Authors: Liu Jie , Wang Yu-ping
Published: December 2014

This paper proposes the hybrid CSM-CFO algorithm based on the simplex method (SM), clustering technique, and central force optimization (CFO) for unconstrained optimization. CSM-CFO is still a deterministic swarm intelligent algorithm, such that the complex statistical analysis of the numerical results can be omitted, and the convergence intends to produce faster and more accurate by clustering technique and good points set. When tested against benchmark functions, in low and high dimensions, the CSM-CFO algorithm has competitive performance in terms of accuracy and convergence speed compared to other evolutionary algorithms: particle swarm optimization, evolutionary program, and simulated annealing. The comparison results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is effective and efficient.
Acupuncture for Refractory Epilepsy: Role of Thalamus
Authors: Chen Shuping , Wang Shubin , Rong Peijing , Liu Junling , Zhang Hongqi , Zhang Jianliang
Published: December 2014

Neurostimulation procedures like vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation have been used to treat refractory epilepsy and other neurological disorders. While holding promise, they are invasive interventions with serious complications and adverse effects. Moreover, their efficacies are modest with less seizure free. Acupuncture is a simple, safe, and effective traditional healing modality for a wide range of diseases including pain and epilepsy. Thalamus takes critical role in sensory transmission and is highly involved in epilepsy genesis particularly the absence epilepsy. Considering thalamus serves as a convergent structure for both acupuncture and VNS and the thalamic neuronal activities can be modulated by acupuncture, we propose that acupuncture could be a promising therapy or at least a screening tool to select suitable candidates for those invasive modalities in the management of refractory epilepsy.
Recurrent Spontaneous Miscarriage Is Still a Challenging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Quagmire
Authors: Diejomaoh Michael F.E.
Published: December 2014

Recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM), affecting 1-2% of women of reproductive age seeking pregnancy, has been a clinical quagmire and a formidable challenge for the treating physician. There are many areas of controversy in the definition, aetiology, investigations and treatment of RSM. This review will address the many factors involved in the aetiology of RSM which is multifactorial in many patients, with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) being the most recognized aetiological factor. There is no identifiable cause in about 40-60% of these patients, in which case the condition is classified as idiopathic or unexplained RSM. The RSM investigations are extensive and should be undertaken in dedicated, specialized, well-equipped clinics/centres where services are provided by trained specialists. The challenges faced by the treating physician are even more overwhelming regarding the decision of what should be the most appropriate therapy offered to patients with RSM. Our review will cover the diverse modalities of therapy available including the role of preimplantation genetic testing using recent microarray technology, such as single nucleotide polymorphism and comparative genomic hybridization, as well as preimplantation genetic diagnosis; the greatest emphasis will be on the treatment of APS, and there will be important comments on the management of patients presenting with idiopathic RSM. The controversial areas of the role of natural killer cells in RSM, the varied modalities in the management of idiopathic RSM and the need for better-planned studies will be covered as well.
Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma: A Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Ocampo-Garza Jorge , Herz-Ruelas Maira Elizabeth , González-Lopez Elias Eugenio , Mendoza-Oviedo Eric Eduardo , Garza-Chapa Juana Irma , Ocampo-Garza Sonia Sofía , Vázquez-Herrera Norma Elizabeth , Miranda-Maldonado Ivett , Ocampo-Candiani Jorge
Published: December 2014

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) accounts for 15-20% of all peripheral T-cell lymphomas. It is a rare subtype of CD4 T-cell peripheral lymphoma that affects aged individuals, causing B symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, but in some cases it has been associated with infection, allergic reaction or drug exposure. The majority of patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage and anthracycline based regimen is considered the first-line therapy. Skin involvement is not well characterized, occurring in up to 50% of patients and presenting as nonspecific rash, macules, papules, petechiae, purpura, nodules and urticaria. We present the illustrative case of a 55-year-old woman with an AITL who presented prominent skin findings, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and hypereosinophilia. Skin biopsy reported a T-cell lymphoma and the diagnosis of AITL was confirmed by an axillary lymph node biopsy, which was also positive for Epstein-Barr virus. Chemotherapy with CHOP-21 and thalidomide was given, accomplishing complete remission after six cycles.
New Testament Scriptural Interpretation in its Early Jewish Context
Authors: Docherty Susan
Published: December 2014

This paper places New Testament scriptural interpretation within its early Jewish context, highlighting the most significant ways in which understanding of this subject is enhanced by comparison with texts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Pseudepigrapha and the rabbinic midrashim. Four critical issues are addressed: text form; exegetical genres; interpretative traditions; and exegetical techniques. The applicability to the New Testament of some innovative current research in the field of Jewish Studies is demonstrated. Consideration is then given to the major challenges which a close engagement with the Jewish exegetical literature poses for the methodology of future New Testament scholarship.
Research Note: The Christian Critique of Phenomenology
Authors: Wearne Bruce C.
Published: December 2014

This research note is penned in honour of Johan Vander Hoeven on his retirement as Editor-in-Chief of Philosophia Reformata. It is to acknowledge his helpful contribution to the critical exposition of phenomenology. I first read his work almost 30 years ago and it challenged me to develop a sympathetic Christian critique of this philosophical movement. This note is to offer some reflection upon the Christian interpretation of phenomeology. In particular, it raises questions about how some famous phrases, one by Dilthey, the other by Husserl, have been construed.
An “Epistemology” of Teaching
Authors: Blomberg Doug
Published: December 2014

When parents see their children’s problems as opportunities to build the relationship instead of as a negative, burdensome irritation, it totally changes the nature of parent-child interaction.... When a child comes to them with a problem ... their paradigm is, “Here is a great opportunity for me to really help my child and to invest in our relationship.”... [S]trong bonds of love and trust are created as children sense the value parents give to their problems and to them as individuals (Covey 1989: 203). Many of us will know the scenario: sitting peacefully in a chair after a hard day’s work, reading a novel and listening to some music, when in comes a teenager with a tale to tell, perhaps a burden to share. Our relaxed restfulness is interrupted, a problem is presented: how do we respond? Parents such as Covey describes focus on building the bonds of trust: they choose to know the situation as ethically-qualified; they are responsive to the “pedagogical moment” (Van Manen 1991). While entering empathically into their child’s concerns, they continue to attend to the norms of faithfulness that obtain in such a situation with a special force.
Geloof In Zorg, Zorg In Geloof Een Wijsgerige Analyse van Het Zorgbegrip In Verband Met Levensbeschouwing en Zorgverlening
Authors: Cusveller Bart
Published: December 2014

De zorgverlening is een sector van de samenleving die vandaag de dag in toenemende mate van karakter lijkt te veranderen. Zo is regionalisering een bestuursfilosofie van de overheid die ertoe leidt dat zorg wordt verleend door seculiere, regionale organisaties in plaats van landelijke organisaties met een levensbeschouwelijke signatuur. Of denk aan de verzakelijking in de thuiszorg, die ertoe leidt dat zorg wordt verleend als losse, inkoopbare pakketjes door diverse zorgaanbieders in plaats van integrale hulp die uitdrukking geeft aan de sociale verantwoordelijkheid van een maatschappelijk georganiseerde groep mensen. Was een levensbeschouwelijk geïnspireerde moraal voor veel van de zorgverlening vanouds een belangrijk organisatieprincipe, nu lijkt er in de liberale samenleving te moeten worden uitgegaan van algemene, levensbeschouwelijk en moreel neutrale principes.
Langerin-expressing dendritic cells in human tissues are related to CD1c+ dendritic cells and distinct from Langerhans cells and CD141high XCR1+ dendritic cells
Authors: Bigley Venetia , McGovern Naomi , Milne Paul , Dickinson Rachel , Pagan Sarah , Cookson Sharon , Haniffa Muzlifah , Collin Matthew
Published: December 2014

Langerin is a C-type lectin expressed at high level by LCs of the epidermis. Langerin is also expressed by CD8+/CD103+ XCR1+ cross-presenting DCs of mice but is not found on the homologous human CD141high XCR1+ myeloid DC. Here, we show that langerin is expressed at a low level on DCs isolated from dermis, lung, liver, and lymphoid tissue and that langerin+ DCs are closely related to CD1c+ myeloid DCs. They are distinguishable from LCs by the level of expression of CD1a, EpCAM, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, and CD33 and are found in tissues and tissue-draining LNs devoid of LCs. They are unrelated to CD141high XCR1+ myeloid DCs, lacking the characteristic expression profile of cross-presenting DCs, conserved between mammalian species. Stem cell transplantation and DC deficiency models confirm that dermal langerin+ DCs have an independent homeostasis to LCs. Langerin is not expressed by freshly isolated CD1c+ blood DCs but is rapidly induced on CD1c+ DCs by serum or TGF-β via an ALK-3-dependent pathway. These results show that langerin is expressed outside of the LC compartment of humans and highlight a species difference: langerin is expressed by the XCR1+ “DC1” population of mice but is restricted to the CD1c+ “DC2” population of humans (homologous to CD11b+ DCs in the mouse).
Manikin Families Representing Obese Airline Passengers in the US
Authors: Park Hanjun , Park Woojin , Kim Yongkang
Published: December 2014

Aircraft passenger spaces designed without proper anthropometric analyses can create serious problems for obese passengers, including: possible denial of boarding, excessive body pressures and contact stresses, postural fixity and related health hazards, and increased risks of emergency evacuation failure. In order to help address the obese passenger′s accommodation issues, this study developed male and female manikin families that represent obese US airline passengers. Anthropometric data of obese individuals obtained from the CAESAR anthropometric database were analyzed through PCA‐based factor analyses. For each gender, a 99% enclosure cuboid was constructed, and a small set of manikins was defined on the basis of each enclosure cuboid. Digital human models (articulated human figures) representing the manikins were created using a human CAD software program. The manikin families were utilized to develop design recommendations for selected aircraft seat dimensions. The manikin families presented in this study would greatly facilitate anthropometrically accommodating large airline passengers.
Parasitismo na população da broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), pelo parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Authors: De Souza Moisés Santos , Silva Alexandre Almeida e , Teixeira César Augusto Domingues , Costa José Nilton Medeiros
Published: December 2014

A broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) é responsável por grandes prejuízos em plantios de café, causando perdas de produtividade aos cafeicultores e danos quantitativos e qualitativos aos grãos. O controle biológico da praga tem sido principalmente à base de fungos entomopatogênicos. Em Rondônia, Brasil, as informações acerca dos parasitoides de H. hampei são escassas. O parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem é um inimigo natural da broca do café e já é utilizado como agente de controle biológico em países da África e da América Latina. Constatou-se a presença desse parasitoide em cafezais de Rondônia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os níveis de ocorrência e parasitismo do parasitóide em uma plantação de café no município de Ouro Preto D’Oeste, Estado de Rondônia. Foram analisados semanalmente frutos de café coletados diretamente das plantas e caídos sobre o solo, de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. Observou-se a ocorrência do parasitoide durante os meses de maior infestação da praga. Durante o período estudado, a taxa de parasitismo nos diferentes microambientes variou de 2 a 24%.

Parasitism in the Population of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Abstract. The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) attacks coffee plantations, greatly decreasing the production of coffee plants, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to the grains. Biological control of this pest has focused mostly on entomopathogenic fungi. In the state of Rondonia, studies on parasitism levels of the parasitoids of H. hampei are scarce. The parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem is a natural enemy of the coffee berry borer and is already used as an agent of biological control in countries of Africa and Latin America. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and parasitism levels of the parasitoid in a coffee plantation in the municipality of Ouro Preto D’Oeste, State of Rondonia. Coffee beans collected directly from the plants and on the ground were analyzed weekly from January to December 2004. Parasitoid occurred in months of the highest pest infestation. During the studied period, parasitism rate in different microenvironments ranged from 2 to 24%.
Distribuição da Oviposição e Dinâmica Temporal do Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) por Meio de Ovitrampas
Authors: Monteiro Fred Julio Costa , Carvalho José Carlos Tavares , Souto Raimundo Nonato Picanço
Published: December 2014

O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar a dispersão do Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) por meio de ovitrampas e correlacionar com as variáveis ambientais durante período aproximado de um ano na cidade de Macapá, AP, Brasil. Foram instaladas um total de 66 ovitrampas em 4 zonas da cidade: oeste, sul norte e central, trocando semanalmente as armadilhas. A contagem de ovos permitiu calcular o índice de positividade de ovo (IPO) e índice de densidade de ovo (IDO). Comparou-se o IPO e o IDO entre zonas, e correlacionou-se com os dados climáticos. Durante o estudo, o IPO foi de 50,44% e o IDO 103,79. Não houve diferença do IPO entre as zonas, apenas o IDO da zona central fora maior que as demais. O IPO e o IDO estiveram correlacionados positivamente com a pluviosidade e umidade do ar mínima e, negativamente com a umidade máxima do ar e temperatura máxima e mínima. O monitoramento do A. aegypti por meio de ovitrampa direciona complementarmente a equipe de combate ao vetor, permitindo atuar de maneira mais eficaz na área de maior positividade. Nossos resultados indicam que Macapá está similarmente infestada pelo A. aegypti e que estes elevados índices são influenciados fortemente pelas variáveis ambientais, sendo o período mais chuvoso com os maiores índices entomológicos.

Distribution of Oviposition and Temporal Dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) by Ovitraps

Abstract. This study aimed to monitor the spread of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) using ovitraps and correlate the results with the climate data over a period of approximately one year in the city of Macapá, AP, Brazil. A total of 66 ovitraps were installed in four areas of the city (west, south, north and central), and replaced weekly. The eggs were counted to calculate the egg positivity index (EPI) and egg density index (EDI). The EPI and EDI were compared across zones and correlated with climate data. For the period of the study, the EPI was 50.44% and the EDI was 103.79. There was no difference in EPI across different areas, and only the EDI in the central area was greater than that in the other areas. The EPI and EDI were correlated positively with rainfall and humidity minimum and negatively with maximum humidity of air and maximum and minimum temperature. The monitoring of A. aegypti using ovitraps helps the team to combat the vector, enabling them to act more effectively in areas of higher positivity. Our results indicate that Macapa is similarly infested with A. aegypti and these high levels are strongly influenced by environmental variables, being the rainiest period with the largest entomological indices.
New South Wales Penal Settlements and the Transformation of Secondary Punishment in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire
Authors: Ford Lisa , Roberts David Andrew
Published: December 2014

Abstract:
This paper uses a comprehensive survey of sentencing patterns and penal regulations to demonstrate the collapse of internal transportation in the colony of New South Wales into a system of extra-penal labour. It argues that a combination of judicial exigencies, local regulations, and creative misinterpretations of metropolitan penal reform turned the penal outpost established at Newcastle in 1804 into an experiment of interest to local and metropolitan reformers – an experiment that was rolled out throughout New South Wales, its peripheries, and in selected outposts of the British Empire after 1820.
Shape and Sound: Organizing Dictionaries in Late Imperial China
Authors: Saarela Mårten Söderblom
Published: December 2014

The Qīng dynasty (1644–1911) was established in a context of intense writing and printing of dictionaries. Early in the century, a new form of graphological character-retrieval, using radicals and number of strokes, had gained sway and would remain the dominant organization for dictionaries throughout the Qīng period. Lexicographers, however, continued to work on methods for looking up words based not on their written form (graphologically) but on their sound (phonologically). This paper examines some of the phonologically organized Chinese dictionaries written in the Qīng and attempts to answer the question of why their phonological arrangement—using Chinese, Manchu, or Roman script—failed to rival the graphological system. It argues that one of the main reasons phonologically organized dictionaries did not achieve the degree of dissemination and standardization seen in graphologically arranged dictionaries was the lack of a clear standard of pronunciation with strong official backing.
Neology, Competing Authenticities, and the Lexicography of Regional Languages: The Case of Breton
Authors: Rottet Kevin J.
Published: December 2014

Lexicographic practices when dealing with minoritized regional languages demonstrably differ in certain key respects from such practices with “big” languages like English or French. Prominent among such differences is the treatment of onomasiological gaps, common in small languages of limited currency, including the handling of neologisms and deliberate coinages. Here we propose a case study of Breton, the regional Celtic language of northwestern France, whose sociolinguistic history has divided intellectuals into two camps with competing visions of authenticity: a traditionalist camp focused on the dialectal speech of older, rural native speakers who have long filled lexical gaps by resorting to borrowing from French; and a modernist camp of younger, urban, well educated “Neo-Breton” speakers, whose standardized Breton eschews French lexical influence, looking rather to the Celtic roots of Breton, and even the closely related language Welsh, to fill lexical gaps. In this case study we examine a selection of quasi-technical terms in a corpus of twentieth- and twenty-first-century bilingual Breton lexicography. The study examines the issue of terminological variation attested for such words, their lexicological profile, and the extent to which their lexicographic handling reflects a position with respect to competing notions of authenticity.
A Cognitive Account of Mood in Complements of Causative Predicates in Spanish
Authors: Mejías-Bikandi Errapel
Published: December 2014

Complements of causative predicates such as hacer in Spanish present a problem for analyses of mood that are based on semantic or pragmatic notions of assertion. The problem results from the fact that information expressed by these complements is presented both as true and new, and yet the complement verb appears in the subjunctive mood. This makes these clauses a counterexample to analyses that claim that asserted propositions appear in the indicative. This study proposes an account of the use of mood in these complements that combines the Cognitive Grammar notion of clausal grounding (Langacker 1987, 1991, 2009) with Cristofaro’s study of subordination (2003). It will be argued that the complement of causative predicates in Spanish is not independently grounded; that is, its temporal relation to the speech situation is established via the matrix predicate. Not being independently grounded, it does not have an autonomous profile (Langacker 1991, 2009). Following Langacker (1991) and Cristofaro (2003), the current study claims that for a clause to be asserted, it must have an autonomous profile. This necessary condition is not met in complements of causative predicates and consequently they cannot be asserted.
O papel da teoria da dependência em Roberto Schwarz
Authors: Lotufo Marcelo F.
Published: December 2014

Este ensaio procura mostrar como os desenvolvimentos propostos pelo sociólogo Fernando Henrique Cardoso—conhecidos como teoria da dependência—e os desenvolvimentos propostos pelo crítico literário e cultural Roberto Schwarz—consolidados na formulação das “ideias fora do lugar”—se relacionam de forma intensa e são frutos de preocupações análogas. Ao relacionar criticamente e como contemporâneos o global e o local, ambos os autores dão novo sentido aos termos centro e periferia, colocando luz na real complexidade desta relação. A partir da ideia de desenvolvimento dependente, termo desenvolvido por Cardoso e Faletto, a leitura de Schwarz se torna mais simples e clara. A noção de desenvolvimento literário periférico a partir de formas centrais (europeias) se simplifica e possibilita que a literatura comparada (tanto do centro como da periferia) olhe para regiões antes menosprezadas, sem os preconceitos que marcaram sua trajetória; isto é, sem ignorar as inovações impostas por estes novos contextos e a histórica condição social de subdesenvolvimento que os marcam.
Shanghai as a City of Juxtapositions
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey
Published: December 2014

Shanghai has long been seen as a city of juxtapositions, a reputation that first took hold when it was divided into foreign-run and Chinese-run districts in the nineteenth century. More recently, though, it has become an open question as to whether the most striking juxtapositions in the metropolis relate to cultural difference or chronology. This essay explores this theme, paying particular attention to how, in the twenty-first century, its people sometimes see Shanghai as a meeting point between the past, the present, and the future.
Highlights of Qualitative Research Articles in Bioethics: Academic Year 2013–2014
Authors: Cairns Ariel , DuBois James M.
Published: December 2014

Ten qualitative research articles published from July 2013 through June 2014 on ethical topics in healthcare and health research are examined here. Full reference information is given for each article. A brief summary of the background, objectives, methods, results and conclusions is offered. These articles were chosen based on the quality of the work done and how well the work fits the interests of Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics readers.
Conversation and the Jehovah’s Witness Dying From Blood Loss
Authors: Shaner D. Malcolm , Prema Jateen
Published: December 2014

Religious belief can complicate the usual management of seriously ill patients when the patient is a Jehovah’s Witness and the treatment is a blood transfusion. This narrative highlights critical points in a discussion of two cases wherein the process to promote an exercise of free will also becomes an exercise for the ethics consultant and healthcare team. Despite a medical care program’s carefully considered additions to an electronic healthcare record, additional conversation, investigation, preparation, and an open mind are required. Helping conflicted family members and considering whether and in what context to contact the Jehovah’s Witness Hospital Liaison Committee complicates the approach.
When to Say When: Responding to a Suicide Attempt in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Venkat Arvind , Drori Jonathan
Published: December 2014

Attempted suicide represents a personal tragedy for the patient and their loved ones and can be a challenge for acute care physicians. Medical professionals generally view it as their obligation to aggressively treat patients who are critically ill after a suicide attempt, on the presumption that a suicidal patient lacks decision making capacity from severe psychiatric impairment. However, physicians may be confronted by deliberative patient statements, advanced directives or surrogate decision makers who urge the withholding or withdrawal of life sustaining treatments based on the patient’s underlying medical condition or life experience. How acute care providers weigh these expressions of patient wishes versus their own views of beneficence, non–maleficence and professional integrity poses a significant ethical challenge. This article presents a case that exemplifies the medical and ethical tensions that can arise in treating a patient following a suicide attempt and how to approach their resolution.
Introduction: Religion in Medical and Nursing Practice
Authors: In Narrative
Published: December 2014

Twelve personal narratives address the challenges, benefits, and pitfalls of integrating religion with medical and nursing practice. Three commentary articles explore these stories and suggest lessons that can be learned from them. The commentators come from backgrounds that include bioethics, medical practice, and spiritual studies.