bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Maximum Tag Burden for Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Brown Richard S. , Harnish Ryan A. , Carter Kathleen M. , Boyd James W. , Deters Katherine A. , Eppard M. Brad
Published: February 2011

A substantial percentage of the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss smolts that emigrate to the ocean each year are smaller than 110 mm (fork length). However, relatively few researchers have implanted acoustic transmitters in fish of this size, and none have reported minimum fish lengths below 110 mm for which the tag burden did not negatively influence growth or survival. The influence of a surgically implanted acoustic microtransmitter and a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag on the growth and survival of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook salmon was examined over a period of 30 d. Growth and survival were compared between treatment (tagged) and control (untagged) fish within three size-groups (80–89, 90–99, and 100–109 mm). The acoustic microtransmitter and PIT tag implanted in our study had a combined weight of 0.74 g; the combined tag burden for implanted fish ranged from 4.5% to 15.7%. The results indicated that growth and survival among implanted juvenile Chinook salmon were size dependent. Significant differences in growth rate and survival were observed between treatment and control fish in the 80–89-mm group. The survival of implanted fish smaller than 11.1 g (tag burden, >6.7%) and the growth of fish smaller than 9.0 g (tag burden, >8.2%) were negatively affected by the implantation or presence of an acoustic microtransmitter and PIT tag. The results of this study will aid researchers in determining the minimum fish size suitable for use in acoustic telemetry studies that estimate the short-term (30-d) survival and growth of juvenile salmonids.
Capture Efficiency of Blue Catfish Electrofishing and the Effects of Temperature, Habitat, and Reservoir Location on Electrofishing-Derived Length Structure Indices and Relative Abundance
Authors: Bodine Kristopher A. , Shoup Daniel E.
Published: February 2011

Current sampling methods for blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus are suspected of being strongly biased against preferred-length fish (≥762 mm in total length [TL]), making it difficult to accurately determine the species' population density and size structure. To understand this potential bias with respect to electrofishing, we conducted seasonal and habitat-specific sampling on three Oklahoma reservoirs using 15-pulse/s DC at the 100–1,000 V setting (the percent of range being adjusted to achieve 4-A output). Temperature, habitat, and reservoir section were analyzed to determine which variables were associated with the highest total catch per unit effort (CPUETotal), the CPUE of preferred-length blue catfish (CPUE762), and the relative stock density of preferred-length fish (RSD762). Total CPUE and CPUE762 were significantly higher when the water temperature was 18°C or more, but the variability increased as the temperature exceeded 28°C. Catch rates were significantly higher in the upper reservoir section for all length-groups, and no differences in CPUETotal were detected among habitats (channels, points, or flats). Both CPUE762 and RSD762 were highest in channel habitats, but the high variability and low catch rates of these larger fish limit the utility of habitat-specific sampling based on these findings. Additionally, we evaluated the capture efficiency of electrofishing by creating a population with a known length-frequency distribution. This population was sampled on three separate dates to determine which length-groups were more vulnerable to electrofishing. No significant differences in catch rate were detected among the length-groups, and the mean total catch from each sample was always less than 10% of the total population. Our results indicate that low-frequency electrofishing is not size selective and provides representative samples of blue catfish between 200 and 1,000 mm TL. We recommend that sampling be conducted at temperatures between 18°C and 28°C and that standard sampling protocols adopt a stratified design that incorporates reservoir section.
Effect of Radio-Tagging on Escape Reactions of Adult Blueback Herring to Ultrasound
Authors: Dunning Dennis J. , Ross Quentin E.
Published: February 2011

Telemetry is a potential approach for assessing how effectively ultrasound steers blueback herring Alosa aestivalis away from undesirable locations. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether gastric implantation of radio tags prevented adult blueback herring from reacting to ultrasound and (2) if not, whether radio tag implantation diminished the fish's escape reactions. Eight groups, each consisting of four blueback herring in good condition, were exposed in a circular tank to a single pulse of broadband ultrasound eight times; each time was considered a trial. Radio tags were gastrically implanted in blueback herring from four of the groups. The four untagged groups were used to confirm that blueback herring would react to ultrasound in the tank, while the four tagged groups were used to determine whether tagging prevented a reaction. These reactions were confirmed by measuring the swimming speed immediately before and after a pulse of sound. Blueback herring in both the tagged and untagged groups swam significantly faster after a pulse of sound compared with before the sound pulse. Three of the tagged groups were compared to three of the untagged groups (tested at similar sound pressure levels) to determine whether tagging diminished escape reactions. The escape reaction metrics were the percentage of fish that moved away from the sound source, the percentage that exhibited a C-start (a sudden, high-energy swimming burst used by fish to avoid attacks by predators), and the standardized difference in swimming speeds measured immediately before and after a pulse of sound. There was no significant difference in the escape reactions of tagged and untagged blueback herring. These results suggest that telemetry can be used to assess how effectively ultrasound steers blueback herring away from undesirable locations.
Safety in the Heat: A Comprehensive Program for Prevention of Heat Illness Among Workers in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Joubert Darren , Thomsen Jens , Harrison Oliver
Published: February 2011

The Safety in the Heat program was developed in response to the extreme heat stress conditions experienced by workers in the United Arab Emirates and other Middle Eastern countries each summer, where ambient air temperatures often reach 45°C (135°F) and higher with 90% humidity. A comprehensive, multimedia, economical education and awareness program targeting companies in the region was developed; 465 companies employing 814 996 heat-exposed workers across 6254 work and labor residence sites were reached. Feedback from program participants indicated a high level of support and satisfaction. Results indicated a marked reduction in heat related illness over a period of 2 years (2008–2009) at 2 companies, one of which reported a combined 79.5% decrease in cases (15.3 vs 1.16 cases per 1000 workers) while the other experienced a 50% reduction in serious cases (0.08–0.04 cases per 100 000 work hours).
Glucose Uptake-Enhancing Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Dennettia tripetala in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Anaga Aruh Ottah , Asuzu Isaac Uzoma
Published: February 2011

Glucose uptake-enhancing activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Dennettia tripetala (EDT) was investigated using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. EDT yielded 4.43 percent w/w dry matter, showed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids, contained calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, copper and manganese. Out of the five extracts of D. tripetala, EDT gave the highest activity (75 percent) in enhancing glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from insulin (340 nM), the standard drug. EDT caused concentration-dependent increase in glucose uptake with maximal effect at 5 µg/ml, but further increase beyond 10 µg/ml caused a shut down in glucose uptake. Optimal effect was achieved at 16 h post incubation. There was no synergistic effect with increasing doses (2.5, 5.0, 10 µg/ml) of sub maximal concentrations of insulin, rather there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease compared with insulin (340 nM) alone. Unlike other protein inhibitors used, brefeldin significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited EDT-induced glucose uptake by more than 40 percent. In conclusion, EDT enhanced glucose uptake partly by the mobilization of glucose uptake proteins from the interior of the cell to plasma membrane via the Golgi apparatus. Therefore, this mechanism may be responsible for the antihyperglycaemic effect of EDT reported in our previous study.
Syzygium cumini Seed Extract Protects the Liver Against Lipid Peroxidation with Concurrent Amelioration of Hepatic Enzymes and Lipid Profile of Alcoholic Rats
Authors: Hossain Shahdat , Chowdhury Imrul Hasan , Basunia Mafroz Ahmed , Nahar Taslima , Rahaman Asiqur , Choudhury Bazlur Karim , Choudhuri Shahabuddin Kabir , Mahmud Ishtiaq , Uddin Borhan
Published: February 2011

The in vitro oxidative stress induced by ethanol/Fentons reaction in rat liver homogenates decreased significantly in the presence of Syzygium cumini seed extract, suggesting the protective effect of the seed extract against the oxidative stress in liver. To corroborate the in vitro effects by an in vivo experiment, 24 rats were divided into four groups: control, S. cumini seed-extract-administered (SE), 15% ethanol-fed (Alc) and Alc+SE rats. The oral administration of the extract (400 mg/kg BW.day) for 7 weeks significantly decreased the levels of liver LPO in the Alc+SE rats, suggesting that S. cumini seed not only obstructed the in vitro free radical production and subsequent oxidative stress, but also inhibited their in vivo formation. The oral administration of extract also reduced the enzyme activities of serum gammaglutamyl transferase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase and the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, serum/liver triglycerides and total cholesterol of the alcoholic rats. The levels of fecal cholesterol were increased by the extract. Fatty degenerations in liver and kidney were absent with S. cumini seed extract treatment. The results suggest that S. cumini seed may be a potential therapy for alcoholics and related dysfunctions by restraining oxidative stress.
Impact of Potato Chips Frying on the Quality Characteristics of Rapeseed Oil
Authors: Yu Xiuzhu , Du Shuangkui , Zhang Jianxin , Song Lijuan
Published: February 2011

The quality of rapeseed oil, as affected by potato chips frying at 180°C for 14 h, was investigated. The purpose of the study was to find out the quality deterioration of rapeseed oil with respect to time as affected by potato chips frying and to find the treatment that can be used for quality control. The parameters evaluated were refractive index, color, total polar material, free fatty acids, iodine value and peroxide value. There was a gradual increase in refractive index and color with time of frying which was found to be significant (P < 0.05) in the latter. Iodine value decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with time of frying. Peroxide value increased significantly (P < 0.05) with time of frying. After 14 h of frying, the total polar materials were 20.7 percent, indicating the need for replenishment or refinement of rapeseed oil. The refinement condition was realized when the excessive sodium silicate and activated bleaching earth added was 9 percent, the weigh ratio of excessive sodium silicate to activated bleaching earth was 1:4, the reaction temperature was 90°C, the reaction time was 35 min, and the rate of refining was 86.3 percent. It was found a new way to recover the frying oil.
Modeling DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Kinetics as an Epiregulated Cell-Community-Wide (Epicellcom) Response to Radiation Stress
Authors: Scott Bobby R.
Published: February 2011

The multicellular signaling model (MULTISIG1) was recently introduced to simulate the kinetics of repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that were induced in confluent (non-dividing) cultured cells by a very low radiation dose where at most a single induced DSB would be expected in a given cell nucleus. The repair kinetics was modeled as representing what is now called an epigenetically-regulated (epiregulated) cell-community-wide (epicellcom) response to radiation stress. DSB repair initiation is assumed to require a threshold number of cells with DSBs participating in intercellular stress-response signaling. The MULTISIG1 model is extended in this study to apply to moderate doses where several DSBs can occur on the same DNA molecule. The repair of multiple breaks on the same molecule is treated as sequential stochastic events. For cells of differing genetic characteristics and epigenetic statuses, relationships are provided for evaluating the relative susceptibility ( RS) for DSB induction, relative repair capacity ( RRC) for DSB repair, and relative epiapoptosis capacity ( REC), for epigenetically regulated apoptosis. The modified MULTISIG1 model is used to characterize the expected repair kinetics for confluent, human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 line) briefly exposed in vitro to 90-kV x-rays. Possible application of the model to biological dosimetry is also discussed.
Effects of Dispositional Motivation on Knowledge and Performance in Tax Issue Identification and Research
Authors: Ashton Robert H. , Roberts Michael L.
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT: Previous accounting research on how motivation affects judgment/decision making performance has examined the influence of temporal incentives such as monetary rewards and accountability. We extend this line of research by examining dispositional motivation—the stable individual trait of achievement striving. We first examine whether dispositional motivation affects the extent to which beginning tax professionals acquire tax knowledge over the course of their academic pursuits and first year of professional practice. This aspect of knowledge acquisition has not previously been examined in accounting research. We expect that knowledge differences, in turn, will predict performance in tax issue identification and in tax research. In addition, we hypothesize dispositional motivation will have a direct effect on tax research performance, but not on issue identification. Finally, we hypothesize dispositional motivation will be mediated by task-relevant knowledge in tax research. With one exception, all the hypotheses are met. We conclude by discussing further avenues for research on the role of dispositional motivation in accounting settings.
The Association Between Dietary Sodium Intake, ESRD, and All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Thomas Merlin C. , Moran John , Forsblom Carol , Harjutsalo Valma , Thorn Lena , Ahola Aila , Wadén Johan , Tolonen Nina , Saraheimo Markku , Gordin Daniel , Groop Per-Henrik ,   for the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

Many guidelines recommend reduced consumption of salt in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is unclear whether dietary sodium intake is associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a nationwide multicenter study (the FinnDiane Study) between 1998 and 2002, 2,807 enrolled adults with type 1 diabetes without ESRD were prospectively followed. Baseline urinary sodium excretion was estimated on a 24-h urine collection. The predictors of all-cause mortality and ESRD were determined by Cox regression and competing risk modeling, respectively.

RESULTS

The median follow-up for survival analyses was 10 years, during which 217 deaths were recorded (7.7%). Urinary sodium excretion was nonlinearly associated with all-cause mortality, such that individuals with the highest daily urinary sodium excretion, as well as the lowest excretion, had reduced survival. This association was independent age, sex, duration of diabetes, the presence and severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and log albumin excretion rate), the presence of established cardiovascular disease, and systolic blood pressure. During follow-up, 126 patients developed ESRD (4.5%). Urinary sodium excretion was inversely associated with the cumulative incidence of ESRD, such that individuals with the lowest sodium excretion had the highest cumulative incidence of ESRD.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with type 1 diabetes, sodium was independently associated with all-cause mortality and ESRD. Although we have not demonstrated causality, these findings support the calls for caution before applying salt restriction universally. Clinical trials must be performed in diabetic patients to formally test the utility/risk of sodium restriction in this setting.
The Suicides of The Metamorphoses
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Majeed Zainab Abd
Published: February 2011

Aim: The aim of this paper was to explore the attitude toward and motives for suicide recorded in Ovid's The Metamorphoses, a document that has influenced Western culture.

Method: The translation by Horace Gregory was examined.

Results: Twenty-five mentions of suicidal thoughts or actions were identified, mainly by humans but also by a god, a nymph and a centaur. Fifteen suicides by humans were identified. The motives were predicaments including the loss of a loved individual or status and the threat of murder or plague. There was one instance of intolerable physical pain and one of defiance in the face of intimidation. While there are mentions of madness, there is no mention of madness leading to suicide. There was no censure of suicide.

Conclusion: Suicide in Western culture appears to have roots in ancient times.
Overview of the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project
Authors: Coombs Tim , Walter Garry , Brann Peter
Published: February 2011

Objective: This paper provides an overview of the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project (NMHBP) which explored the value of benchmarking within the four main program areas of public sector mental health (general adult, child and adolescent, older persons and forensic). The NMHBP involved a series of forums which enabled participating organizations to benchmark themselves against each other, with a view to understanding variability in performance against a range of key performance indicators (KPIs).

Method: Twenty-three mental health organizations took part in the NMHBP. The forums culminated in each mental health organization documenting its performance against relevant KPIs. The processes, impacts and outcomes of the NMHBP were evaluated via a multi-methods evaluation.

Results: There was considerable variability across program streams for many of the KPIs, much of which could be explained by contextual factors. Within program streams there was considerable intra-organization variability. Participants found the examination of intra-organization variability on particular indicators to be useful.

Conclusions: The NMHBP has shown that benchmarking is possible. Managers and clinical leaders will need to champion benchmarking and highlight its utility in relation to quality improvement and service development if the accountability goals of the Fourth National Mental Health Plan are to be realized.
Supported Employment Can Reduce Social Exclusion and Improve Schizophrenia
Authors: Solar Ann
Published: February 2011

Objective: There are significant mental health benefits in schizophrenia associated with integration into society and the workplace. This case examines factors contributing to such reintegration.

Conclusions: A hostel team, an employment officer from an employment agency for the disabled and a community clinic collaborated to foster reintegration into the community through supported employment, improved supported accommodation and family support.
Teaching Insights from Adult Learning Theory
Authors: Horii Cassandra Volpe
Published: February 2011

How do undergraduate and graduate students learn? How can we use what we know about the learning process to teach more effectively? While the research has yet to connect fundamental processes in the brain to what we do as teachers with certainty, the past half-century of work on adult learning has produced several useful theories that can inform instructional choices. This article provides an overview of three learning models that yield insights into teaching practice—novice/expert behaviors, cognitive development, and learning styles—along with ways in which instructors can draw on these models in course planning and classroom teaching. Application of the theories toward refinement, reduction, and replacement of live animals in the veterinary medical curriculum is also discussed.
Teaching as a First, Second, or Third Language
Authors: MacWilliams Peter S.
Published: February 2011

The 2005 National Carl J. Norden/Pfizer Distinguished Teaching Award may bear my name, but clearly it is shared recognition for the institutions, numerous individuals, and varied professional experiences that inspired and influenced a veterinarian who became a teacher whom students seemed to value. My education, practice experience, exposure to some superb educators, and feedback from students have provided a diverse background of knowledge and experiences that have allowed me to adapt to teaching opportunities in courses other than clinical pathology and to develop my own style of instruction, teaching philosophy, and examination strategies and formats. In these times of limited funds and faculty recruitment, teaching programs have been developed to meet our learning objectives and make efficient use of monetary and faculty resources. The description that follows summarizes my thoughts and experiences.
Veterinary Pathology in the United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Kelly Donald F.
Published: February 2011

This article presents a historical perspective on veterinary anatomic pathology in the United Kingdom from the late nineteenth century to the present. Prior to World War II, the specialty was a rather general one that also included bacteriology and parasitology and was only slightly affected by strong Germanic developments in cell and tissue pathology. The few notable figures of this era include John McFadyean, Sidney Gaiger, and J.R.M Innes. The specialty developed strongly in the second half of the twentieth century, led by a small number of individuals, and was greatly aided by the development of specialist colleges and residency training. Key individuals of this era include W.F. Blakemore, Ernest Cotchin, R.J.M. Franklin, W.F.H. Jarrett, A.R. Jennings, and A.C. Palmer. A remarkable feature of this period has been the increased employment of veterinary pathologists in biomedical industry and in private diagnostic laboratories. While standards of pathology practice have benefited from the college initiatives, there are major financial constraints on the availability of funded training posts in the United Kingdom, and there remain considerable shortages in the supply of pathologists trained to contemporary standards. The acknowledged professional and scientific importance of veterinary pathology needs to be translated into effective financial support for the training that underpins competence in this specialty. Further developments seem likely to be dominated by advances in the technology of tissue handling, applications of molecular biology to pathology, and greater use of telepathology in teaching, in quality assurance, and in continuing professional development.
Integrated Case-Based Applied Pathology (ICAP): A Diagnostic-Approach Model for the Learning and Teaching of Veterinary Pathology
Authors: Krockenberger Mark B. , Bosward Katrina L. , Canfield Paul J.
Published: February 2011

Integrative Case-Based Applied Pathology (ICAP) cases form one component of learning and understanding the role of pathology in the veterinary diagnostic process at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney. It is a strategy that focuses on student-centered learning in a problem-solving context in the year 3 curriculum. Learning exercises use real case material and are primarily delivered online, providing flexibility for students with differing learning needs, who are supported by online, peer, and tutor support. The strategy relies heavily on the integration of pre-clinical and para-clinical information with the introduction of clinical material for the purposes of a logical three-level, problem-oriented approach to the diagnosis of disease. The focus is on logical diagnostic problem solving, primarily using gross pathology and histopathological material, with the inclusion of microbiological, parasitological, and clinical pathological data. The ICAP approach is linked to and congruent with the problem-oriented approach adopted in veterinary medicine and the case-based format used by one of the authors (PJC) for the teaching and learning of veterinary clinical pathology in year 4. Additionally, final-year students have the opportunity, during a diagnostic pathology rotation, to assist in the development and refinement of further ICAPs, which reinforces the importance of pathology in the veterinary diagnostic process. Evidence of the impact of the ICAP approach, based primarily on student surveys and staff peer feedback collected over five years, shows that discipline-specific learning, vertical and horizontal integration, alignment of learning outcomes and assessment, and both veterinary and generic graduate attributes were enhanced. Areas for improvement were identified in the approach, most specifically related to assistance in the development of generic teamwork skills.
An Integrative and Case-Based Approach to the Teaching of General and Systemic Pathology
Authors: Patterson Jon S. , Stickle Julia E. , Thomas Jennifer S. , Scott Michael A.
Published: February 2011

Since 1993, the pre-clinical phase of the professional (DVM) curriculum at Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine has included two pathology courses in which both anatomic and clinical pathologists collaborate to teach concepts in general and systemic pathology. Topics such as inflammation, circulatory disturbances, and neoplasia are taught in this collaborative manner in the year 1 General Pathology course, and pathology of the digestive system (including liver and pancreas), urinary system, and lymphoid system are “team-taught” in the year 2 Clinical and Systemic Pathology course. We feel that this approach gives students an appreciation of the whole-body dynamics of a disease process as it occurs in bone marrow, peripheral blood, body fluids, and tissues and that it leads to a deep understanding of pathologic processes. In addition, the use of “active learning” instructional strategies grounded in case discussions further enhances students’ understanding of important concepts by demonstration of practical applications and serves to generate strong interest in learning the subject matter. Integration of concepts of pathology with those taught concurrently in other courses, such as those in physiology and microbiology, is also an important component of pathology instruction in the pre-clinical curriculum.
Introduction and Evaluation of Virtual Microscopy in Teaching Veterinary Cytopathology
Authors: Neel Jennifer A. , Grindem Carol B. , Bristol David G.
Published: February 2011

Virtual microscopy (VM) uses a computer to view digitized slides and is comparable to using a microscope to view glass slides. This technology has been assessed in human medical education for teaching histology and histopathology, but, to the authors’ knowledge, no one has evaluated its use in teaching cytopathology in veterinary medical education. We hypothesize that students will respond positively to the use of VM for viewing cytopathology preparations and that the technology can be successfully used for student assessment. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed students regarding their level of satisfaction with features of the VM system, their preference for use of VM in the curriculum, and the potential influence virtual slides may have on student study habits; student performance on a traditional cytopathology practical examination and a similar exam using VM was evaluated. Our results show that student perception of the VM system is generally very positive, with some concerns about resolution and the need for continued exposure to traditional microscopy. Within the curriculum, students indicated a preference for the option of using virtual slides for studying and take-home exercises. Overwhelmingly, students wanted either hybrid laboratory sessions or sessions using glass slides with virtual slides available for study and review. Students identified many VM test-taking features as advantageous compared with traditional glass-slide practical exams as traditionally administered. However, students indicated a strong preference for continued use of traditional microscopy for graded practical exams. Students may be more likely to study slides in preparation for practical examinations if virtual slides are available. Results also indicate that VM can be used successfully for assessment purposes, but students should receive training in using virtual slides if the technology will be used for assessment.
Introduction to the Swiss Way of Teaching Veterinary Pathology in the Twenty-First Century: Application of e-Learning Modules
Authors: Pospischil Andreas , Djamei Vahid , Rütten Maja , Sydler Titus , Vaughan Lloyd
Published: February 2011

The teaching of pathology within the veterinary medical curriculum extends through the entire training period and has a dual role. General pathology deals with principles of disease processes as a basis for understanding the reactions of a multi-cellular organism to adverse effects; organ pathology builds on the principles of general pathology and explains the malfunctions of individual organs. Pathology is heavily image dependent and best taught in a highly interactive manner. The Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich (IVPZ), has been actively developing concepts for teaching pathology in the new veterinary curriculum, which demands more active participation from students, with 20% of their study time devoted to individual study using traditional materials (books, articles, etc.) and e-learning modules. The Swiss Virtual Animal Pathologist is designed to cover and support the central elements of the Veterinary Pathology curriculum of the Vetsuisse Faculty. The needs of students and staff of the participating institutions for an interactive learning platform to supplement the existing face-to-face lectures and tutorials are the highest priority of this initiative.
Future Directions in Training Veterinarians for Careers in Toxicological Pathology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Scudamore Cheryl L. , Smith Sionagh H.
Published: February 2011

There is currently a global shortage of veterinary pathologists in all sectors of the discipline, and recruitment of toxicological pathologists is a particular problem for the pharmaceutical industry. Efforts to encourage veterinarians to consider alternative career paths to general practice must start at the undergraduate level, with provision of structured career guidance and strong role models from pathology and research disciplines. It is also imperative that both the importance of biomedical research and the role of animal models be clearly understood by both university staff and undergraduates.

Traditionally, much post-graduate training in toxicological pathology is done “on the job” in the United Kingdom, but completion of a residency and/or PhD program is recognized as a good foundation for a career in industry and for successful completion of professional pathology examinations. New models of residency training in veterinary pathology must be considered in the United Kingdom to enable a more tailored approach to training toward specific career goals. A modular approach to residency training would allow core skills to be maintained, while additional training would target specific training requirements in toxicological pathology. Exposure to laboratory-animal pathology, toxicology, research methodology, and management skills would all be of benefit as an introduction to a career in toxicological pathology.

However, long-term funding for UK residencies remains a problem that must be resolved if future recruitment needs in veterinary pathology are to be met.
North American Veterinary Pathology Residency Training Programs: An Overview of Where they are Today and Where They Were Five Years Ago, with an Analysis of Trends
Authors: Fitzgerald Scott D. , Reed Willie M. , Kaneene John B.
Published: February 2011

An e-mail/telephone survey of all active North American residency training programs in veterinary pathology was conducted in September 2005. The purpose of this survey was to determine current numbers of trainees, their program length and type, and salaries; to compare current numbers to five years earlier; and, finally, to gauge interest in expanding current programs. All 41 training institutions contacted responded to the survey. Briefly, the survey found that there are currently 235 veterinary pathology residents, for a mean of 5.7 residents per training program. The number of residents currently in training programs and the number of applicants for these programs has increased compared to five years earlier. There is widespread interest in further expanding capacity in these programs, and the coalition of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists and the Society of Toxicologic Pathology is a well-known source of possible funding for additional residents. This survey report further documents the numbers of combined residency/PhD programs, average starting salaries for new residents, outside sponsorship effects on pathology training programs, and some of the common concerns regarding veterinary pathology training programs voiced by the respondents. While residency training capacity has expanded in the last five years, and there is widespread desire to further expand these training programs, a shortage of veterinary pathologists for future market needs will need to be addressed by increased funding from as yet unspecified sources.
The European College of Veterinary Pathologists (ECVP): The Professional Body for European Veterinary Pathologists
Authors: Kipar Anja , Aleksandersen Mona , Benazzi Cinzia , Suter Maja
Published: February 2011

The European College of Veterinary Pathologists (ECVP) was established in 1995 with the aim of advancing veterinary pathology and promoting high standards within the specialty in Europe. The ECVP is one of 21 European colleges recognized by the European Board of Veterinary Specialisation (EBVS), which represents a quality-assurance system for European veterinary specialists. Until the ECVP was founded, there was no unified European system recognizing the specialty of pathology, and many European countries followed their own qualification systems, which varied in form and standard. The ECVP provides an annual certifying examination, the passing of which is required to gain membership (diplomate status) in the college. This qualification is now accepted on equal terms by the well-established American College of Veterinary Pathologists (ACVP). In line with EBVS requirements, the ECVP has also established a standard continuing professional development (CPD) and re-registration system for its membership. Furthermore, it has promoted and unified European post-graduate training in veterinary pathology by setting up requirements for residency training programs and making registration and monitoring of these programs by the ECVP a prerequisite for approval of an institution as a training facility. The concurrent establishment, together with the European Society of Veterinary Pathology, of an annual summer school that trains residents for the certifying examination has further fostered European post-graduate training. Within 10 years, the ECVP has succeeded in establishing common standards and a unified approach to veterinary pathology throughout Europe. This article describes the evolution and organization of the ECVP.
Virtual International Experiences in Veterinary Medicine: An Evaluation of Students’ Attitudes toward Computer-Based Learning
Authors: French Brigitte C. , Hird David W. , Romano Patrick S. , Hayes Rick H. , Nijhof Ard M. , Jongejan Frans , Mellor Dominic J. , Singer Randall S. , Fine Amanda E. , Gay John M. , Davis Radford G. , Conrad Patricia A.
Published: February 2011

While many studies have evaluated whether or not factual information can be effectively communicated using computer-aided tools, none has focused on establishing and changing students’ attitudes toward international animal-health issues. The study reported here was designed to assess whether educational modules on an interactive computer CD elicited a change in veterinary students’ interest in and attitudes toward international animal-health issues. Volunteer veterinary students at seven universities (first-year students at three universities, second-year at one, third-year at one, and fourth-year at two) were given by random assignment either an International Animal Health (IAH) CD or a control CD, ParasitoLog (PL). Participants completed a pre-CD survey to establish baseline information on interest and attitudes toward both computers and international animal-health issues. Four weeks later, a post-CD questionnaire was distributed. On the initial survey, most students expressed an interest in working in the field of veterinary medicine in another country. Responses to the three pre-CD questions relating to attitudes toward the globalization of veterinary medicine, interest in foreign animal disease, and inclusion of a core course on international health issues in the veterinary curriculum were all positive, with average values above 3 (on a five-point scale where 5 represented strong agreement or interest). Almost all students considered it beneficial to learn about animal-health issues in other countries.

After students reviewed the IAH CD, we found a decrease at four universities, an increase at one university, and no change at the remaining two universities in students’ interest in working in some area of international veterinary medicine. However, none of the differences was statistically significant.
OLIVER: An Online Library of Images for Veterinary Education and Research
Authors: McGreevy Paul , Shaw Tim , Burn Daniel , Miller Nick
Published: February 2011

As part of a strategic move by the University of Sydney toward increased flexibility in learning, the Faculty of Veterinary Science undertook a number of developments involving Web-based teaching and assessment. OLIVER underpins them by providing a rich, durable repository for learning objects. To integrate Web-based learning, case studies, and didactic presentations for veterinary and animal science students, we established an online library of images and other learning objects for use by academics in the Faculties of Veterinary Science and Agriculture. The objectives of OLIVER were to maximize the use of the faculty's teaching resources by providing a stable archiving facility for graphic images and other multimedia learning objects that allows flexible and precise searching, integrating indexing standards, thesauri, pull-down lists of preferred terms, and linking of objects within cases. OLIVER offers a portable and expandable Web-based shell that facilitates ongoing storage of learning objects in a range of media. Learning objects can be downloaded in common, standardized formats so that they can be easily imported for use in a range of applications, including Microsoft PowerPoint, WebCT, and Microsoft Word. OLIVER now contains more than 9,000 images relating to many facets of veterinary science; these are annotated and supported by search engines that allow rapid access to both images and relevant information. The Web site is easily updated and adapted as required.
Unique Educational Methods to Improve the Veterinary Employment Selection Process for Rural Mixed-Animal Practices
Authors: White Brad J. , Gwinner Kevin P. , Andrus David M. , Prince J. Bruce
Published: February 2011

The rural mixed-animal veterinarian is a critical control point for safe, wholesome, affordable food production and security. The population of students entering food-animal practice is decreasing, and future shortages are likely. Veterinary practice owners will continue to struggle to find associates to fill open positions. Identifying and hiring the correct veterinarian for an open position is a challenging proposition for the rural practitioner. Kansas State University hosted a forum to facilitate the hiring process and provide education regarding the mechanism of an effective selection interview. A unique experiential technique known as “speed interviews” was used to facilitate communication between conference participants and to practice newly acquired skills. A survey of participants revealed similar viewpoints toward most job attributes. Veterinary students and prospective employers expressed realistic expectations of job requirements, salaries, and debt load. Students expressed willingness to work and desire to practice in the types of practices defined by the veterinarians. The symposium provided valuable insight for practitioners and students regarding the recruitment process. Appropriate and accurate representation at the time of job/associate selection is critical for long-term success and employee retention. The goal of the event was to provide a service to both prospective employers and students by offering education regarding the employment selection interview process and placing attendees in an environment rich with people who have complimentary goals.
The Critical Need for Federal Legislation to Provide for the Expansion of the Veterinary Workforce
Authors: Dierks Richard , Maccabe Andrew , Heider Lawrence
Published: February 2011

American veterinary medical education stands at a crucial point. To maintain the status quo and to meet ever-increasing societal needs within the United States and globally, it is essential that the veterinary medical profession expand its horizons and capabilities. If it does not, it will lose its current status. The profession faces a crucial shortage in the workforce it needs both to continue to perform its current functions and, more importantly, to meet its growing responsibilities. This is not a new situation, and the profession can learn from its past successes and failures. Action is necessary. The profession has the capability and expertise to meet these challenges, but it must activate these skills in order to succeed.
Development of a Theory-Based Intervention to Increase Prescription of Inspiratory Muscle Training by Health Professionals in the Management of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Simms Alanna M. , Li Linda C. , Reid W. Darlene
Published: February 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide an overview of the literature on barriers to evidence-based practice (EBP) and the effectiveness of implementation interventions in health care; and (2) to outline the development of an implementation intervention for improving the prescription of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) by physical therapists and other health professionals for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Summary of Key Points: Individuals, organizations, and the research itself present barriers to EBP in physical therapy. Despite the evidence supporting the use of IMT, this treatment continues to be under-used in managing COPD. Current health services research shows that traditional information-based approaches to implementation, such as didactic lectures, do not adequately address the challenges health professionals face when trying to make changes in practice. We propose the development of a theory-based intervention to improve health professionals' use of IMT in the management of COPD. It is postulated that a behavioural intervention, based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), may be more effective than an information-based strategy in increasing the prescription of IMT by health professionals.

Conclusion: TPB may be used to understand the antecedents of health professionals' behaviour and to guide the development of implementation interventions. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this proposed intervention in the management of people with COPD.
Law, Love and Computers
Authors: Bankowski Zenon
Published: February 2011

This article is the revised text of an inaugural lecture delivered in the Faculty of Law, University of Edinburgh, on 24 November 1994. The paper examines what it means to live under rules in general, considering first the problem of an individual up against the law, then secondly, and using a computer analogy and metaphor, what it means to place oneself under the governance of rules, and, finally, how love links the first two parts because it fulfils rather than destroys the law.
Thinking About Scots Law
Authors: Rodger Alan
Published: February 2011

This article is the revised text of the first W A Wilson Memorial Lecture, given in the Playfair Library, Old College, in the University of Edinburgh, on 17 May 1995. It considers various visions of Scots law as a whole, arguing that it is now a system based as much upon case law and precedent as upon principle, and that its departure from the Civilian tradition in the nineteenth century was part of a general European trend. An additional factor shaping the attitudes of Scots lawyers from the later nineteenth century on was a tendency to see themselves as part of a larger Englishspeaking family of lawyers within the British Empire and the United States of America.
Experimental Animal Models of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis for Prevention Studies and Their Relevance to Human Disease
Authors: Takahashi Mami , Hori Mika , Mutoh Michihiro , Wakabayashi Keiji , Nakagama Hitoshi
Published: February 2011

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to cure, so its prevention is very important. For this purpose, animal model studies are necessary to develop effective methods. Injection of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) into Syrian golden hamsters is known to induce pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, the histology of which is similar to human tumors. Moreover, K-ras activation by point mutations and p16 inactivation by aberrant methylation of 5’ CpG islands or by homozygous deletions have been frequently observed in common in both the hamster and humans. Thus, this chemical carcinogenesis model has an advantage of histopathological and genetic similarity to human pancreatic cancer, and it is useful to study promotive and suppressive factors. Syrian golden hamsters are in a hyperlipidemic state even under normal dietary conditions, and a ligand of peroxizome proliferator-activated receptor gamma was found to improve the hyperlipidemia and suppress pancreatic carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation is a known important risk factor, and selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 also have protective effects against pancreatic cancer development. Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic agents can thus be considered candidate chemopreventive agents deserving more attention.