bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood Alcohol Concentration Determined from Urine Samples as a Practical Equivalent or Alternative to Blood and Breath Alcohol Tests
Authors: Biasotti AA , Valentine TE
Published: August 2015

The value of urine tests for determining an equivalent blood alcohol concentration in driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement cases is reviewed from a historical, theoretical, and practical perspective. The limits of precision and accuracy that can be ascribed to urine alcohol results are demonstrated through an evaluation of actual case results wherein both a first void and a subsequent urine sample were analyzed and converted to an equivalent blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using a urine to blood conversion factor of 1.3:1.
Stab Wounds and Personal Identity Determined from Skeletal Remains: A Case from Kansas
Authors: Frayer DW , Bridgens JG
Published: August 2015

Evidence for cause of death in skeletonized remains is uncommonly found and cases that involve stabbings are particularly rare. In the following report, evidence is presented for a fatal stabbing, determined from analysis of a recent homicide. Because multiple stab wounds were present and several different bones were involved, estimates of the dimensions of the murder weapon were also possible. We also review some distinct vertebral anomalies used for personal identification.
Analytical Characterization of Isoheroin
Authors: Beazley WD
Published: August 2015

The synthesis of isoheroin is presented with the analytical data (mass spectroscopy [MS], nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], infrared spectroscopy [IR], and gas liquid chromatography [GLC]) for this compound. Comparison between analytical results for heroin and isoheroin shows differentiation is possible.
Fatal In Utero Salicylism
Authors: Rejent TA , Baik S
Published: August 2015

An aspirin overdose by an eight-month primigravida proved to be the mechanism of death for the fetus. Clinical progress of the mother and postmortem concentrations of salicylate in the fetus are listed exhibiting the fetal survival time of about 18 to 20 h post ingestion by the mother.
A Review of Advances In Analytical Toxicology, Volume 1
Authors: Blanke RV
Published: August 2015

About ten years ago, the last volume of A. Stolman's series Progress hz Chemical Toxicology appeared. Now, volume one of a new series edited by R. C. Baselt is available. This series is published with similar goals, that is, to invite recognized authorities to review topics of current interest or potential interest to analytical toxicologists. Volume one emphasizes cannabinoid detection and the use of immunoassays for drug analysis.
A Review of Hazardous Metals in Toxicology
Authors: Garriott JC
Published: August 2015

This book contains comprehensive information for analysis and evaluation of metals in human toxicology. After a short general discussion on absorption, metabolism, excretion, and dose-effect relationships, a more detailed chapter deals with biological effects and monitoring exposure to toxic metals. Firstly, principles of biological monitoring are discussed in the context of biochemical effects on animal systems. Then, indices for exposure are discussed in considerable detail for each of the nine most important toxic metals. Each is dealt with in the context of interpretation and the significance of monitoring in blood, urine, hair, or other specimens.
An In Vitro Study of the Accuracy and Precision of Breathalyzer® Models 900, 900A, and 1000
Authors: Caplan YH , Yohman DT , Schaefer JA
Published: August 2015

Ninety Breathalyzer® instruments (Model 1000) and twenty instruments (Models 900, 900A) were studied using a protocol described by the Department of Transportation's “Standard for Devices to Measure Breath Alcohol.” Although the mean of each of three concentrations tested (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 g/210 L) compared favorably in both series, the standard deviation was consistently higher for the Model 1000 instruments. The Model 1000 instruments also produced a significant number of test results which exceeded the normally expected scientific deviation.
Osteometric Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism in the Sternal End of the Rib
Authors: İşcan YM
Published: August 2015

Although there have been a number of radiological studies of the entire anterior thorax, no attempt has been made to establish a method of sex determination based on direct metrical analysis of an isolated rib. The present study attempts to determine sex from the sternal end of the fourth rib. The sample (144 males, 86 females) was obtained from individuals of known age, sex, and race autopsied at a medical examiner's office. Three measurements (height, width, and sternal articular pit depth) were taken from each bone. The sample was divided into three groups: young, old, and the combined total and analyzed by means of stepwise discriminant function statistics. It was found that the accuracy of sex determination varied from 82% in the young and 89% in the old groups to 83% for the combined group. However, when a discriminant function formula developed for a different age group was used the accuracy of correct assessment diminished considerably. It was, therefore, concluded that sexual dimorphism can be detected by metrical analysis from the teens to the 70s and this dimorphism increases with age.
In Vivo Measurements of Facial Tissue Thicknesses in American Caucasoid Children
Authors: Hodson G , Lieberman LS , Wright P
Published: August 2015

Ultrasonic determinations were made of facial tissue thicknesses in 50 healthy American caucasoid children, ranging in age from 4 to 15. Twenty measurements were taken at sites along the median, right sagittal, and right lateral planes. A static scanner was used in the B-mode. Three measurements significantly increased with age, the mid-philtrum (rs = 0.43, p < 0.01) in females, the mental sulcus (rs = 0.30, p < 0.05) in males, and the frontal eminence (rs = 0.32, p < 0.05) in both sexes. Moreover, 25% of the measurements, while not statistically significant, decreased with increasing age. These data provide a basis for facial reproductions in caucasoid children.
Secreted Blood Group Substances: Distributions in Semen and Stabilities in Dried Semen Stains
Authors: Baechtel FS
Published: August 2015

A sensitive microplate hemagglutination-inhibition technique has been used to ascertain the distributions of secreted blood group substances (BGS) in a population of 176 semen specimens and to characterize the stability of these substances in dried semen stains. The BGS concentrations in semen were found to vary throughout a wide range of titer. Despite this latitude of variation, the titers for the component BGS within the blood groups could be described by a lognormal distribution function. Studies of a number of sequential semen specimens obtained from the same donors revealed that the intraindividual variation in BGS titers was much more limited than the interindividual BGS titers. Attempts to correlate variations in titers between A and H in Group A semen or B and H in Group B semen indicated that the levels of these component substances vary independently.

Studies of the stability of BGS in Groups A and O semen suggested that these substances were stable when the semen stains were stored at −20°C, 4°C, or at ambient laboratory temperature in a dry state. In contrast, stains stored at 37°C under hunmid conditions suffered a dramatic loss in BGS titer, with the half-life of the BGS being on the order of 30 days.
Using Absorbents to Collect Hydrocarbon Accelerants from Concrete
Authors: Tontarski RE
Published: August 2015

Certain finely divided powders are demonstrated to be effective for recovering accelerants from concrete. Flour and calcium carbonate are suggested as absorbents. Guidelines for absorbent use are suggested, and effectiveness is reported.
Strut Fracture in a Bjork-Shiley Aortic Valve Prosthesis
Authors: Lifschultz BD , Donoghue ER
Published: August 2015

Strut fracture can be a life-threatening adverse effect of mechanical prosthetic heart valves. This complication has occurred in the DeBakey, the Beall, the Cooley-Cutter and, most recently, the Bjork-Shiley valves. We report the case of a 35-year-old man who died suddenly 16 months after a 60° Bjork-Shiley Convexo-Concave heart valve prosthesis was inserted in the aortic position. At autopsy, the two welded attachments of the valve's outlet strut had fractured. The valve's tilting disc was found in his abdominal aorta.
A Rare Suicidal Case of a Ten-Year-Old Child Stabbing Himself in the Throat
Authors: Hasekura H , Fukushima H , Yonemura I , Ota M
Published: August 2015

A rare case is reported of a ten-year-old boy who committed suicide by stabbing himself in the throat with a pointed knife. Possibility of an accidental injury was excluded by the autopsy findings; suspicion of a homicide by his father was cleared through the deposition of his sister. The reason of suicide was attributed directly to his father's severe scolding and indirectly to his mother's death two years before.
A Review of Principles of Forensic Handwriting Identification and Testimony
Authors: Flynn WJ
Published: August 2015

The stated purpose of this book is to provide a “new approach to forensic handwriting identification theory” for the novice and experienced document analyst, trial counsel, and investigators. The “new” approach espoused by the author involves the use of set theory, calculus of probability, and the psychology of learning to provide the logical foundation for the three-part “house of truth” referred to in the text as the “tridium of handwriting identification.”
A Rapid Isolation Technique for Drugs from Tissues and Fluids: Use of the Du Pont Prep 1 System
Authors: Balkon J , Donnelly B , Prendes D
Published: August 2015

A microprocessor-controlled, automated extraction/concentration device, the Prep 1 (Du Pont Clinical Systems), was evaluated for application to the isolation of drug substances from postmortem fluids and tissue homogenates. Two classes of materials were investigated: barbiturates and the benzodiazepine, diazepam. With as little as 200 mg of tissue, barbiturate derivatives were successfully isolated and measured by gas chromatography using nitrogen-phosphorus detection with a coefficient of variation of 2 to 5%. Diazepam was measured in a similar fashion with a coefficient of variation of 4.4%. Preliminary investigation indicates that this system is applicable to a wide range of drug substances of toxicological interest.
Analysis of Long-Range Bullet Entrance Holes Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ravreby M
Published: August 2015

Bullet residue and primer particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDA) and by flame and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The residue and particles were on cloth targets around entrance holes produced by bullets fired at distances of 10 to 200 m. Primer particles and their chemical constituents were almost always detected by SEM-EDA around the holes produced by rifles and pistols fired at long ranges, and in many cases the barium and antimony associated with primer particles were detected by flameless AAS. Particles were also detected by SEM-EDA on the rear of bullets fired into and recovered from wooden blocks. Usually a hole caused by a bullet jacketed with gilding metal could be distinguished from one caused by a bullet jacketed with yellow brass alloy. Paint from bullet tips of military tracers was also detected. Analysis of the various residues around entrance holes provides a means for identifying the type of ammunition used.
Forensic Psychiatric Examinations: Competency
Authors: Koson DF
Published: August 2015

The many definitions of competency in civil, criminal, and domestic relations law are discussed with emphasis on the various legal criteria for competency and the different classes of psychiatric information required to apply the criteria to a given case. Within the context of a general discussion of forensic examinations, techniques for gathering the right kind of information are systematically related to the exigencies of evaluating past, present, or future mental states by selectively altering the focus of mental status evaluations and history-taking. In addition, special investigative techniques such as hypnosis, Amytal ® sodium interview, stress interview, psychological testing, and others are discussed.
Tempered Plate Glass as an Intermediate Target and Its Effects on Gunshot Wound Characteristics
Authors: Dixon DS
Published: August 2015

Gunshot entrance wounds may be markedly atypical when an intermediate object alters the behavior of a projectile. There may be confusion about weapon caliber, weapon type, and range of fire. A case demonstrating the effects of an intermediate glass target on a wound is presented.
Bullet Ricochet in Automobile Ceilings
Authors: Janssen DW , Levine RT
Published: August 2015

Test shots were fired into real and simulated automobile ceilings in an attempt to determine what types of evidence should be available for determining the direction of flight of the bullet. The information obtained was used in a shooting investigation.
A Supplementary Discussion of Probabilities and Human Hair Comparisons
Authors: Gaudette BD
Published: August 2015

The author presents an expanded discussion of his work on the probability of errors in forensic science comparisons of human hair. The presentation includes a clarification of some areas of past work on this topic, a discussion of the concept of error probabilities as applied to associative evidence in general and to hair comparisons in particular, an explanation of factors that differentiate hair comparisons from other forms of associative evidence, and a direct response to criticisms of the author's past work.
Color Tests for Diphenylamine Stabilizer and Related Compounds in Smokeless Gunpowder
Authors: Maloney RS , Thornton JI
Published: August 2015

Reagents containing sulfuric acid commonly used in forensic science laboratories for drug testing have an application as well for the characterization of smokeless gunpowders. Sulfuric acid, alone or with modifying materials, will react with diphenylamine stabilizer to give a considerable degree of intraclass variation among smokeless gunpowders.
Studies on Putrefactive Ethanol Production I: Lack of Spontaneous Ethanol Production Intact in Human Bodies
Authors: Clark MA , Jones JW
Published: August 2015

The possibility of the production of ethanol by bacterial metabolism of blood glucose was investigated by studying a series of 26 hospital autopsies. The patients died from a wide variety of nontraumatic causes and the bodies were transported within 4 h of death to the morgue, where they were refrigerated for 0 to 28 h before samples of vitreous humor were collected for ethanol analysis. In addition, right heart blood was obtained using sterile technique for cultures as well as ethanol and glucose determinations. Ethanol was measured using gas-liquid chromatography, and glucose values were determined with a glucose oxidase method. In 13 cases, one to three species of microorganisms were isolated, but in no case was a blood or vitreous ethanol value greater than 10 mg/dL recorded. Ethanol values were also less than 10 mg/dL in the 13 cases with negative culture results. These data strongly suggest that de-novo production of ethanol by microbial metabolism does not occur in intact bodies which are refrigerated within 4 h of death. The detection of ethanol under such conditions is therefore probably indicative of antemortem consumption.
Differentiation of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamine from 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
Authors: Soine WH , Shark RE , Agee DT
Published: August 2015

The 2,3- and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine isomers can be distinguished using the sulfuric acid color test, gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance.
Insect Activity and its Relationship to Decay Rates of Human Cadavers in East Tennessee
Authors: Rodriguez WC , Bass WM
Published: August 2015

This is the first report on an ongoing study conducted to collect data on the specific insects that are found in association with decaying human cadavers. Four nude unembalmed human cadavers were each placed, at various times of the year, within a decay research facility located in open wooded area. Data were collected daily throughout the entire decay cycle on the various insect populations that frequented each cadaver. Analysis of the data shows that there is a direct correlation between the rate of decay and the succession of insect families and species found in association with a decaying cadaver. Application of this entomological information can contribute to a more accurate estimation of “time since death” of an individual.
The Matching of Automotive Paint Chips by Surface Striation Alignment
Authors: VanHoven HA , Fraysier HD
Published: August 2015

The technique of physical comparison for paint chips by the characteristics of their physical alignment is common practice. Sometimes, however, the examiner may find only a small unremarkable area of physical alignment between paint chips. It is important in such cases to use some additional method or methods that will affect a more scientific proof of identity. This paper describes two interesting cases in which automotive paint chips are matched by the alignment of their surface scratches (striations).
A Paraquat Fatality—The Dilemma of Multiple Analyses
Authors: Rejent TA , Balkon J , Donnelly B
Published: August 2015

Presented is a case of suicidal paraquat poisoning. Postmortem analytical measurement of paraquat content in autopsy specimens was accomplished at two different analytical laboratories using different methodological approaches. Despite some disparate results, all findings indicated acute paraquat poisoning.
The Expert Witness and the Use of Videotape Recordings
Authors: Kessler JB
Published: August 2015

Juror reaction to videotape in the courtroom, and specifically to videotape's effect on witness credibility, has been explored by various communication researchers. This paper summarizes some of the research on videotape in the courtroom, discusses some of the legal issues involved, and focuses on some of the specific uses of videotape for the expert witness. The pros and cons of using videotape are also explored.
The Female Homicide Victim: Trends in a Metropolitan County from 1969 to 1980
Authors: Frazer M
Published: August 2015

The following paper reviews the case files of the female homicide victims in Cuyahoga County, OH from 1969 through 1980. The victims were most frequently married middleclass women killed by their spouse or boyfriend with a handgun. The event usually followed an altercation and took place in the victims' home. Sexual assault or criminal activity were rarely part of the scenario. The male homicide victims of this time interval were usually killed by an acquaintance or a stranger in a public place, but rarely by their spouse. The female victim's blood alcohol level was significantly lower than her male counterpart's which was between 0.1 and 0.3% (g/100 g).
Death and Injury Caused by Methyl Bromide, An Insecticide Fumigant
Authors: Marraccini JV , Thomas GE , Ongley JP , Pfaffenberger CD , Davis JH , Bednarczyk LR
Published: August 2015

Methyl bromide (MeBr) is used as an insecticide fumigant. Four deaths and three recent hospitalizations have resulted from exposures to MeBr in Dade County, FL. Six cases occurred during burglaries of tented houses over a nine-month period. In four lethal exposures, the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and malaise preceeded fulminant respiratory failure. Two of these also had seizures, delirium, and agitation. Serum or plasma bromide ion levels ranged from 40 to 583 mg/L. Pulmonary edema, hyaline membranes, and hemorrhagic alveolitis were present at autopsy along with varying degrees of cerebral edema. The nonlethal exposures resulted in symptoms of conjunctival irritation, headache, or nausea. Plasma bromide concentrations varied between 17.5 and 321 mg/L. Methyl bromide characteristics, use, morbidity, and mortality in Florida during the past 25 years are reviewed. Remedies for illegal entry are proposed.
A Review of Chemical Criminalistics
Authors: Lucas DM
Published: August 2015

The authors of this work have written from the advantageous position of being intimately familiar with their subject, a qualification not universally available to authors of books on forensic science subjects. Indeed, the major strength of this book rests with the personal description of the actual laboratory work done in real cases. A unique contribution is the provision of the specific wording of reports in many cases. This is virgin territory for authors and yet is a subject often agonized over (and debated) by forensic scientists. While one might not agree with all the report outlines, it is useful to know how such things are done elsewhere.
A Review of Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis, Vol.
Authors: Peat MA , Crouch DJ
Published: August 2015

This book is a reference book consisting of chromatographic and spectral data on 300 selected compounds. For each drug there is a monograph that lists the chemical title, molecular formula and weight, synonyms and tradenames, use, and chemical structure. For each drug, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectroscopy spectra and tabulations of gas chromatographic and high pressure liquid chromatographic data where available are included. The drugs are presented in alphabetical order. Two appendices are included; one is the listing of Kovats indices obtained using a 1.2-m by 6.35-mm (4-ft by 1/4-in.) 3% OV-1 on Chromosorb WHP 80–100 mesh column. The second appendix is a listing of the ultraviolet maxima in 0.2N sulfuric acid, basic and ethanolic solutions, respectively.
Ethical Considerations in Forensic Science Services
Authors: Kates JH , Guttenplan HL
Published: August 2015

Forensic science has for a long time been the gateway through which many criminal investigations have traveled towards their eventual destination. The availability and use of forensic science services have been previously discussed in several studies, which revolve around the diverse problems of geographical areas. However, the reports have largely been confined to statistics regarding the laboratories and their related interactions with law enforcement agencies. A strategic question that has been left untouched is the availability and even the existence of truly neutral forensic science services in the United States. To what extent are forensic science services available equally to the police, prosecution, and defense? What, if any, are the influences that could affect the availability and reliability of forensic science services? These influences, if not properly accounted and controlled for, could ultimately affect the continued assimilation process of forensic science and the criminal justice system.
A Brief Chronology of the Lindbergh Kidnapping
Authors: Haag LC
Published: August 2015

A brief chronology of the Lindbergh kidnapping case is outlined.
The Exhumation and Identification of Lee Harvey Oswald
Authors: Norton LE , Cottone JA , Sopher IM , DiMaio VJM
Published: August 2015

The investigations surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the subsequent killing of Lee Harvey Oswald resulted in many theories concerning what really happened in November 1963. One theory postulated the substitution of a Russian agent for Oswald; another that his grave was actually empty. This report documents the historical background, legal proceedings, preparations and actual exhumation, examination, and identification of the remains of Lee Harvey Oswald. The pertinent findings of a cracked vault, deteriorated casket, decomposed remains, two rings, a mastoidectomy defect, and the details of the positive dental identification are presented. Additional items covered include team formation, security measures, site selection, financial considerations, the news media, and selection of authorized witnesses.
Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin in the Presence of Other Blood Hemoglobin Pigments by Visible Spectrophotometry
Authors: Siek TJ , Rieders F
Published: August 2015

The convenience of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin has been tempered by the observation that the analysis of postmortem bloods is often biased by the presence of pigments other than oxyhemoglobin, carboxhemoglobin, and reduced hemoglobin. These other pigments include most prominently methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. Using a microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer, a method was developed depending on absorbance difference measurements at isosbestic points for oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and reduced hemoglobin that is accurate down to 2% carboxyhemoglobin in fresh blood. A correction for the error caused by methemoglobin is part of the method. Qualitative confirmation of carboxyhemoglobin by examination of spectra details, sodium dithionite reduction, and first derivative spectra is described. The analysis of denatured and autolyzed bloods is examined in the context of postmortem case reports. A number of spectra are shown in detail, including methemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, alkaline hematin, acid hematin, and mixtures of blood pigments containing varying concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin. The method has been shown to be precise, accurate, and reliable for fresh bloods. While accuracy for denatured bloods is diminished, reliability of carboxyhemoglobin identification is maintained. The analysis time is about 5 min for routine blood samples and the method is easily implemented with a precise microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer.
Differentiation of Side Chain Positional Isomers of Amphetamine
Authors: Soine WH , Thomas MN , Shark RE , Scott J , Agee DT
Published: August 2015

The eleven side chain positional isomers of amphetamine can be distinguished using a combination of color tests, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The primary amines, 1-phenylpropylamine and β-methylphenethylamine, exhibited chromatographic behavior similar to amphetamine but were readily differentiated using mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of N-methylphenethylamine was very similar to amphetamine, but using color tests and chromatography it was readily differentiated from amphetamine.
Examination of Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Impressions
Authors: Anthony AT
Published: August 2015

In theory, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) impressions as all machine impressions, should be identifiable as to their source. Exemplars from various encoding machines are examined to determine whether alignment and typeface defects occur and lead to identification of a machine from its work. The MICR E-13B character development and nomenclature are discussed.
A Review of Toxicity and Forensic Implications of Cannabis Sativa Linn
Authors: Berman E
Published: August 2015

This monograph, a review of 277 references in the Cannabis literature published 1842 between and 1975 should prove useful to many forensic scientists. The text, presented in tabular form, synthesizes topic areas like history of Cannabis use, metabolites, and toxicity. Little information concerning analysis is included.
Atypical Gunshot Wounds of Entrance: An Empirical Study
Authors: Donoghue ER , Kalelkar MB , Richmond JM , Teas SS
Published: August 2015

Atypical gunshot wounds of entrance occur when bullets deviate from their stable nose-on trajectory before entering the body. When this occurs, the resulting wound may have an atypical D-shaped appearance. Ray-like abrasions or bruises may radiate from the corners of the wound. Unstable nonaxial flight may be caused by intermediate targets, ricochets, inappropriate weapon/ammunition combinations, poor weapon construction, or use of misaligned silencers. If a bullet is deformed before entrance the configuration of the resulting wound may be bizarre, and the wound configuration may closely resemble the configuration of the striking bullet. Nine cases are presented showing the effects of various intermediate targets. A number of methods for the investigation of atypical wounds are discussed.
HLA Typing of Dried Sperm
Authors: Regueiro JR , Arnaiz-Villena A
Published: August 2015

HLA human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens −A and −B antigens are expressed on human spermatozoa. A micro- and a macro-technique are described to HLA-type dried sperm coming from unknown subjects. The high HLA genetic polymorphism allows a high degree of sperm individualization which may be of value to blame or discard suspects in forensic science cases.
The Trace Analysis for Explosives and Related Compounds Via High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photolysis-Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Krull IS , Ding X-D , Selavka C , Bratin K , Forcier G
Published: August 2015

Organic nitro compounds, such as explosives, are amenable to high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis with a variety of appropriate, selective or general, detectors. Although such compounds have been studied recently by electrochemical detection (EC) in the reductive mode, virtually nothing has been reported on the application of oxidative EC for such compounds. Since the parent compounds themselves cannot be electrochemically oxidized, nitrite (NO2−) released post-column, on-line, in real time, by photolysis of the HPLC effluent, can very readily be detected at trace levels by oxidative EC methods and techniques. A wide variety of organic nitrate esters (R-O-NO2), N-nitro (N-NO2) nitramine derivatives, as well as aliphatic/aromatic C-nitro (C-NO2) compounds, can all be analyzed at trace levels by this HPLC-photolysis-EC (HPLC-hv-EC) approach. A large number of explosives and certain drugs have been studied by these approaches. The basic high performance liquid chromatography-photolysis-electrochemical detection (HPLC-hv-EC) system has been optimized with regard to minimum detection limits (MDLs), linearity of responses as a function of concentration/amounts injected, specific HPLC separations and mobile phases compatible with hv-EC derivatization-detection, dual detector EC response ratios for individual analytes, and other suitable analytical parameters of importance and interest. Some applications of this method to real world samples of explosive debris are also described.
Automated Identification and Analysis of Fingerprints by Interferometry
Authors: Seufert WD , Côté RA
Published: August 2015

The intricate line pattern of epidermal ridges in a fingerprint can be transformed into a characteristic interferogram of the moiré type by superimposing a centrosymmetric reference pattern. The interferogram is then dissected automatically into an array of cells whose optical densities are translated into a sequence of binary digits. By this procedure, fingerprints are easily read, filed, and transmitted as well as analyzed, identified, and matched by microcomputers.
Problems in Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Drug Analysis
Authors: Lurie IS
Published: August 2015

Some problems encountered in using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug analysis are discussed. These include high procurement and operational costs, lengthy training required, excessive downtimes, lower precision in HPLC versus gas chromatography (GC), and lack of a universal sensitive detector. Some solutions to these difficulties are presented.
The Analysis of Metronidazole in Human Serum: An Unusual Overdose Case
Authors: Siegel JA , Weisz S
Published: August 2015

A case of attempted suicide involving metronidazole in conjunction with ethanol. The chemical and toxicological findings will be discussed.
Identification of Wrinkled and Charred Counterfeit Currency Offset Printing Plate by Infrared Examination
Authors: Moon HW
Published: August 2015

Badly charred and burned material present unique and difficult identification problems for the document examiner. When these qualities are coupled with badly bent and wrinkled metal objects, the problems are compounded. This paper describes how a badly wrinkled and burned sheet of aluminum metal was identified as being a 20-dollar bill counterfeit money plate. The identification was made by use of an infrared viewer and infrared film.
The Desirability of a Ph.D. Program in Forensic Science
Authors: Kobilinsky L , Sheehan FX
Published: August 2015

The results of a national survey to determine the need for and desirability of a Ph.D. program in forensic science revealed that crime laboratory scientists and administrators favor the establishment of such a program by a margin of almost three to one. Seventy-nine percent of laboratory personnel who had already received doctoral degrees also favored establishment of a Ph.D. program. Forty-five percent of all those responding to the questionnaire who do not already hold a Ph.D. indicated interest in such a program, but only 6.1% would consider leaving their present positions to matriculate.
Electrical Damages—Cause or Consequence?
Authors: Béland B
Published: August 2015

This article shows the difficulty in recognizing electrical damages that are causes from those that are consequences of a fire. Different types of mechanical damages to electrical cables illustrate the difficulty in starting an electrical fire. Damages to electrical cables in a fire environment are also illustrated. Some field cases are discussed. Many normal consequences of fires are often taken as the cause.
Suggested Guidelines for the Use of Forensic Hypnosis Techniques in Police Investigations
Authors: Timm HW
Published: August 2015

This article suggests standards and guidelines for the use of forensic hypnosis techniques in police investigations. Topics addressed include the type of procedures that should be used, intervention milieu considerations that need to be taken into account, the types of cases in which hypnosis should be avoided, and recommended qualifications for those performing the intervention. Each of these topics is discussed separately, commencing with a summary of the applicable policies established by selected law enforcement, professional, judicial, and governmental entities; a brief review of the pertinent theoretical and empirical literature; and commentary on the extent to which that information supports those policies. After laying this foundation, additional guidelines derived from the literature are presented for each section.
A Review of The Insanity Defense—Philosophical, Historical and Legal Perspectives
Authors: Tuchler MI
Published: August 2015

Donald H. J. Hermann has written a substantial volume on the insanity defense. The book is timely in its publication, as the debate on the Hinckley case continues in the media and the insanity defense is again subject to intense public scrutiny.
Ethical and Moral Dilemmas Confronting Forensic Scientists
Authors: Schroeder OC
Published: August 2015

Ethical and moral dilemmas that create “no win” situations must be changed into problems that permit “all win” solutions. Professional ethics are grounded on personal morals, hence an individual's concepts of faith, health, and justice are significant. Word professions like journalism and forensic sciences invite comparative analysis of their ethical and moral dilemmas. Examples of current dilemmas in the forensic sciences involve criminalistics, questioned documents, toxicology, pathology, psychiatry, and jurisprudence. All such specialities must elevate their ethics by professionally recognizing themselves, not as chemists, physicians, criminalists, and so forth but as forensic scientists—expert witnesses in the legislative, executive, and judicial processes of law and justice. Education in moral and ethical issues from the junior high school through professional schools and in the professional practice offers promise for resolving ethical and moral dilemmas by transforming the unsolvable dilemmas into soluble problems. An exemplary beginning in public education for professional ethics is being manifested in the area of computer ethics. Practical adjustments in ethics and morals can be achieved through “experience developed by reason and reason tested by experience.”
Ethanol, Marijuana, and Other Drug Use in 600 Drivers Killed in Single-Vehicle Crashes in North Carolina, 1978–1981
Authors: Mason AP , McBay AJ
Published: August 2015

Although the use of ethanol, marijuana, and other drugs may be detrimental to driving safety, this has been established by direct epidemiological evidence only for ethanol. In this study, the incidences of detection of ethanol (and other volatile substances), delta-9-tetrahy-drocannabinol (THC), barbiturates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine, opiates, and phencyclidine were determined in an inclusive population of 600 verified single-vehicle operator fatalities that occurred in North Carolina in 1978 to 1981. The incidence of detection of amphetamines and methaqualone were determined for drivers accepted for study during the first two years (n = 340) and the last year (n = 260), respectively. Blood concentrations of 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-carboxy-THC) were determined in THC positive drivers. EMIT cannabinoid assays were performed on blood specimens from all drivers accepted for study during the third year, and the feasibility of using the EMIT cannabinoid assay as a screening method for cannabinoids in forensic blood specimens was investigated. The incidence of detection of ethanol (79.3%) was far greater than the incidences determined for THC (7.8%), methaqualone (6.2%), and barbiturates (3.0%). Other drugs were detected rarely, or were not detected. Blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were usually high; 85.5% of the drivers whose bloods contained ethanol and 67.8% of all drivers had BECs greater than or equal to 1.0 g/L. Drug concentrations were usually within or were below accepted therapeutic or active ranges. Only a small number of drivers could have been impaired by drugs, and most of them had high BECs. Multiple drug use (discounting ethanol) was comparatively rare. Ethanol was the only drug tested for that appears to have a significantly adverse effect on driving safety.
Discriminant Function Sexing of the Tibia
Authors: Yaşar İşcan M , Miller-Shaivitz P
Published: August 2015

The objective of the study was to test whether the shaft dimensions of the tibia were as sexually dimorphic as those of the femur and to develop a new sex determination technique from the tibia. Stepwise discriminant function subroutine based on a sample of 159 tibiae of blacks and whites of both sexes of the Terry Collection was employed for the study. Osteometric measurements included were the length, proximal and distal breadths, the circumference of the nutrient foramen and of the smallest shaft regions, and anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the nutrient foramen levels. The results indicated that in all dimensions proximal epiphyseal breadth and the minimum circumference were the variables selected by the stepwise function in blacks and that all but the transverse diameter participated in the function in whites. Average accuracy of sex determination was 87.3% for whites and 90.0% for blacks. For both races proximal epiphysis was a better indicator of sex differences than the remaining dimensions. While the study provided statistically reliable results sexual dimorphism was observed to be race dependent. This was especially true for blacks who provided higher prediction accuracy and more dimorphism than whites. Thus it was suggested that determination of sex required a consideration of not only growth related sex differences, and physical activity, but also the genetic (racial) nature of a population.
Competence to Proceed: A Functional and Context-Determinative Decision
Authors: Bennett GT , Sullwold AF
Published: August 2015

Legally, the defendant's competence at any stage of criminal proceedings is defined in terms of the test set forth in Dusky v. United States, a test establishing minimum rationality as the basis for determining mental competence. A number of investigators have attempted to devise testing instruments to assist clinicians in applying this test to individual defendants being examined for competence. Competence, however, is both context-determinative and functional in nature. The evaluator must insist on being given specific information relating to the functions that the defendant is expected to perform. The evaluator must then assess the defendant's measurable skills in the light of those specified functions and articulate his findings to the court in terms of the skills and functions rather than in terms of conclusory legal labels. Competence is then best determined by the court as a legal, not a mental, health decision under the somewhat nebulous but nonetheless appropriate criterion of “fundamental fairness” in the light of the defendant's mental state.
Estimating the Postmortem Interval in Big Game Animals
Authors: Daniel Edge W
Published: August 2015

Methods for estimating the time since death in big game animals are needed to identify animals that are killed during illegal periods. Currently used methods include rigor mortis, eye appearance, carcass cooling, and potassium levels in the vitreous humor. The application and limitation of each method is discussed. The current state of available methods necessitates using several criteria when estimating the postmortem interval.
Gm(11) Grouping of Dried Bloodstains
Authors: Tahir MA
Published: August 2015

An absorption inhibition method for the detection of gamma marker Gm(11) in dried bloodstains is described. Particular reference is made to the association of Gm(11) with Gm(−1, −2). When a dried bloodstain fails to inhibit anti-Gm(1) and anti-Gm(2), this may represent a true Gm(−1, −2) result or there may be insufficient material to inhibit either antibody. The detection of Gm(11) in a bloodstain extract provides an objective means of confirming the apparent absence of Gm(1) and Gm(2) as representing a true Gm(−1, −2) result. This antigen compares very well with other blood group systems with regard to the amount of bloodstain required for analysis and its stability. No evidence is available for preferential loss of Gm(1) and Gm(2) relative to Gm(11) in dried bloodstains.
Increasing the Sensitivity of Detection of the Electrophoretic Marker Group Specific Component in Agarose Gels by Double-Staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 and Silver
Authors: Budowle B
Published: August 2015

A method is described that increases the sensitivity of detection of group-specific component (Gc) in bloodstains following agarose gel electrophoresis. Gels are stained first with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (CB) and subsequently stained with silver. Double-staining with CB first enhances the sensitivity of the silver stain from 10- to 80-fold over staining with CB alone. The method is reproducible and can easily be incorporated into the laboratory as a routine procedure.
A Review of Correctional Institutions
Authors: Peterson JL
Published: August 2015

Correctional Institutions is an ambitious, well-written, and well-documented book which should be of interest to parctitioners, academics, and students in the criminal justice field. Dr. Fox's treatment of institutions is comprehensive and constitutes a source of useful information for a field that is in a state of crisis. The United States' prison population has more than doubled in the last 10 years to the point where we now have more than 400 000 persons incarcerated. In addition, more than 150 000 individuals are held in local jails and 70 000 juveniles are held in public and private juvenile facilities. This dramatic upsurge has resulted in severe over-crowding in these institutions and has strained existing resources to their very limits. It is incumbent upon all professionals working in the criminal justice system to have an understanding of the problems facing our correctional system and this text is an excellent beginning point.
A Review of Autoerotic Fatalities
Authors: Jones AM
Published: August 2015

Written for medical, mental health, and law enforcement groups and medicolegal investigators this easy-to-read, well-documented book is an excellent addition to the medical examiner's bookshelf. Attorneys, insurance adjusters, and sex educators will also find this text beneficial.
In the Land of Agog: An Allegory for the Expert Witness
Authors: Starrs JE
Published: August 2015

Taking its cue from Paul Bunyon's allegory, The Pilgrim's Progress, and the various recastings of the Arthurian legend, this paper presents a not altogether mythical allegory on the foibles of some expert witnesses and the ineffective response of the judicial system to them. In its first part, the paper recounts the fictional plight of the King of Agog, mysteriously striken with a crippling illness, whose last recourse for recovery seems to lie in the magic of three wizards. Each of these wizards. Lord Willifred Panbred. Lord Manny Quarryful, and Lady Prunella Prudence, is fashioned after the model of some experts who have ministered as witnesses in the judicial system. Each wizard bears his or her own bag of tricks, none of which give the King any but temporary relief from his affliction. In a second part, the paper dispenses with fiction and engages in a detailed, factual, case-by-case analysis of the ways in which these wizards from a fictional past and their stock of wizardry are paradigms for the conduct of some expert witnesses today. Prescriptions for a cure more permanent than the hocus-pocus the wizards offer the King are stated.
Effects of Freezing and Frozen Storage on Histological Characteristics of Canine Tissues
Authors: Baraibar MA , Schoning P
Published: August 2015

Frozen tissues were studied histologically to determine what changes were produced by freezing. Samples of brain, lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney from 20 stray dogs were treated in 3 ways: formalin fixation (control), frozen for 2 days plus formalin fixation, or frozen for 7 days plus formalin fixation. Major histological changes caused by freezing were loss of staining, extracellular fluid accumulation, cell shrinkage, fractures, hemolysis, and hematin formation. Lesser changes included loss of bronchial cilia, prominence of collagen in alveolar septa and meninges, and intracellular vacuolization of epithelial cells. Although these changes were annoying, adequate visualization of the tissues was usually possible.
Scanning Electron Microscope Study of the Lung in Drowning
Authors: Torre C , Varetto L
Published: August 2015

The authors describe the results obtained using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study drowned lungs and control lungs. Results are compared with a previous study carried out using laboratory animals. The results from both studies are analogous, in the absence of chronic pulmonary emphysema. The diagnosis of chronic pulmonary emphysema is simple with the SEM even when dealing with autoptic material obtained 24 to 48 h after death, but the diagnosis of drowning becomes difficult in lungs with chronic emphysema.
The Legal Legacy of the Resurrectionists
Authors: Spencer JD
Published: August 2015

The availability of human cadavers for dissection has been a continuing problem for hundreds of years. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, body stealing or grave robbing became common in order to meet the demands of physicians and medical schools for bodies for dissection. The activities of the grave robbers, or “resurrectionists,” as they were also called, created a public outcry. Numerous laws were enacted to provide criminal sanctions for body snatching. It was not until the late nineteenth century, however, that body donation laws dried up the lucrative practice of the resurrectionists. Indirectly, their legal legacy persists to this day.