bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulus and Response Variations in Learning Artificial Linguistic Systems
Authors: Miller Adam , McCrimmon Russell
Published: September 2011

In 2 experiments with college students, the learning and reproduction of simple, artificial linguistic systems was studied. In Exp. I, the nature of the stimuli and responses did not affect learning efficiency, but the arrangement of associations between stimulus characteristics and response parts did affect learning efficiency of a main system and the reproduction of a subsystem after learning. In Exp. II the overlap in stimulus characteristics for adjacent stimuli facilitated learning. S-R explanations of results were adequate to account for the relationships reported and relied upon the concept of learning sets for language structure.
Effect of Operant Conditioning Techniques on Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Gorham Donald R. , Green Louise W. , Caldwell Lynn R. , Bartlett Ellen R.
Published: September 2011

The existence of a system of quarterly ratings by nurses of psychiatric patients' behavior made possible a relatively objective evaluation of the effects of the introduction of an operant conditioning program on one ward. The 66 patients in the study were rated 6 mo. prior to, immediately prior to, and 3, 6, and 9 mo. subsequent to the introduction of the new treatment regimen. Whereas the behavior on 24 rated items was stable during the period preceding the new treatment, statistically significant changes occurred on 14 behavior items during the treatment period. Worsening of a group of symptoms during the early months of treatment followed by subsequent improvement seems explainable as an aggravation of chronic schizophrenics by a change of their life style. The important finding was that after 9 mo. of operant conditioning techniques, even hard-core psychotic symptoms yielded to this form of behavior modification.
Effects of Constant Delay of Reinforcement on Wheel Running
Authors: Frazier James R.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 4 rats completed run-to-lick contingencies with delay of reward intervals of 0, 3, and 10 sec. imposed between the FR 10 running requirement and delivery of a 4% sucrose solution. Following acquisition sessions, Ss received extinction sessions which continued until instrumental responding stabilized. The experimental design continued over 4 replications. There were no differential effects of delay of reward conditions on either total acquisition or extinction responding.
Changes in Social Reactions Resulting from Early Experience with Another Species
Authors: Lagerspetz Kirsti , Heino Tuula
Published: September 2011

28 mice were reared by rat-mothers and siblings from the age of 1 to 3 days, whereas controls were reared with mouse-mothers and siblings. When adults, both groups preferred their foster-species in a social-preference test. More aggression was directed toward a mouse-partner than toward a rat-partner in both groups. The mouse-reared group was generally more aggressive than the rat-reared group. The rat-reared group showed no aggression toward rats. Being reared by rats decreased the sexual behaviour toward mice. No copulation with small (prematurely oestrous) female rats occurred, but sexual interest was shown by the rat-reared mice. Aggressive responses toward the female partner occurred significantly more often when the female did not belong to the fostering species. No differences in open-field activity were found.
Manifest Fears and Worries of Ghetto vs Middle-Class Suburban Children
Authors: Nalven Frederic B.
Published: September 2011

The manifest fears and worries of 101 ghetto fifth and sixth graders were compared with those of 150 of their suburban counterparts. The major difference was the greater number of specific animal fears (including many “rats” and “roaches”) reported by the ghetto Ss. Suggestions for developing relevant curriculum materials were made.
Toward an Anthropology of Dogmatism: Maladjustment, Modernization, and Martin Luther King
Authors: Stark Stanley , Kugel Yerachmiel
Published: September 2011

The paper has two main parts. The first presents research and prima facie reasons for suspecting inverse correlation between the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Inkeles Overall Modernity Scale. The second part suggests (a) that the more “democratic,” “openminded,” “pluralistic,” and “tolerant” a society, the more maladjusted to it will be Traditional Man and (b) that an example of such a man is Martin Luther King.
Alienation Syndrome among Male Adolescents in Prestige Catholic and Public High Schools
Authors: Propper Martin M. , Klaune Virginia , Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Dimensions of Davids' alienation syndrome, egocentricity, distrust, pessimism, anxiety, and resentment, among Catholic patochial high school males (CHS; N = 40) were comparable to those reported for predominantly Jewish public high school males (PHS; N = 80). These dimensions were assessed by projective and direct techniques. CHS showed no significant differences from PHS on all 3 measures but significantly more variability on the direct test. These startling commonalities among adolescent populations differing in social class and religious affiliation present strong evidence that Catholic high schools are not immune to the winds of change sweeping our universities and public high schools. Future research should determine whether these dimensions of alienation represent a normative trend, a transitory phenomena or a deviant aspect of psychological development among modern adolescents.
Palatability-Induced Polydipsia: Saccharin, Sucrose, and Water Intake in Rats, with and without Food Deprivation
Authors: Gilbert R. M. , Sherman I. P.
Published: September 2011

The 24-hr. intake of saccharin and sucrose solutions was higher when rats were maintained at reduced body weights than when food was freely available. Intake of both kinds of solution during 3-hr. tests, as a proportion of 24-hr. intake, increased with concentration. Water consumption outside of tests reflected solution consumption during tests. These results suggest that the increased intake of sucrose solutions during deprivation is at least partially dependent on palatability.
Anticipation vs Recall in the Paired-Associate Learning of Intellectually Average and Retarded Subjects
Authors: Blue C. Milton
Published: September 2011

A P-A (visual materials) study was conducted with 24 intellectually average and 24 educable mentally retarded individuals of high school age. Each S received 2 equivalent tasks, one in the anticipation method of presentation and the other in the recall method. The learning speed of the average Ss was significantly superior to that of the retardates. Method of presentation did not influence the learning of the average Ss but learning in the recall presentation was superior for retarded Ss.
Effects of Input Organization and Material Difficulty on Free Recall
Authors: Drew Clifford J. , Altman Reuben
Published: September 2011

The free recall performance of college students was compared as a function of 2 degrees of external input organization and 2 levels of material associative strength. Ss recalled significantly more responses from organized than unorganized lists. S's performance was significantly influenced by difficulty of material. Material difficulty did not interact with degree of organization.
Level of Aspiration and Locus of Control in Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Shore Milton F. , Riedel Wolfgang W. , Malasky Charlotte
Published: September 2011

Culturally disadvantaged and advantaged 6-yr.-olds were compared on level of aspiration and locus of control. There were no differences between disadvantaged Negro and white children on either measure, but disadvantaged children in general were characterized by higher and less accurate levels of aspiration with reference to specific performance tasks and by less internal locus of control.
Note on Stress, Anxiety and Related Defenses in a Controlled Situation
Authors: Capel W. C. , Youngblood David , Stewart G. T.
Published: September 2011

4 highly trained, experienced aquanauts were placed in a situation which they knew in advance would be hazardous but presented dangers with which they were familiar. They were accustomed to psychological tests but had never been tested with the particular instrument used in this experiment (IPAT 8-Parallel Form Anxiety Battery). The test was given 15 min. prior to the beginning of the dive, and another form of the test with a high correlation value was given 30 min. after the 48-hr. dive. Anxiety levels prior to the experiment were abnormally low as compared to the general population, indicating presumably the presence of anxiety and the erection of a defense to control it. After the dive, anxiety levels returned to or began to return to, points approximating those of the general population, exceeding them in one case but being still low in another.
Changes in ACL Scales Corresponding to Changes in Educational Levels
Authors: Ivanoff John M. , Layman Jane A. , Von Singer Ronald
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in need variables and in self-concepts among three groups of female education students. Ss were 107 beginning undergraduates in education, 74 student-teachers, and 40 graduate education students at Marquette University. The ACL was used to obtain information on changes in the need and self-concept structure defined by the ACL scales as a function of both the selective process operating within the field of education and the impact on that structure of continuing within the field itself. Analysis of variance procedures showed statistically significant differences among the three groups on over half of the ACL scales.
High Levels of State or Trait Anxiety and Performance on Selected Verbal WAIS Subtests
Authors: Knox Wilma J. , Grippaldi Ricardo
Published: September 2011

Upon entering a VA domiciliary Ss were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and WAIS subtests, Arithmetic ( A), Similarities ( S) and Digit Span ( DS). Two analyses of variance were carried out among WAIS weighted scores on the three subtests for three groups of different state or trait anxiety levels (high, medium, and low). Analyses showed significant interactions between WAIS scaled scores and anxiety: p < .05 for state anxiety and p < .001 for trait anxiety. The high-anxiety group in each instance showed the classical expectation of a lower A and DS in comparison to S; performance on DS was highest for each medium anxiety group. The study of curvilinear relationships and interaction effects in anxiety was discussed.
Sex Differences in the Effects of Frustration and Attack on Emotion and Vascular Processes
Authors: Gentry William D.
Published: September 2011

The effects of frustration (test-failure) and attack (insult) on mood, aggression, and vascular arousal were explored in 30 male and female Ss. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded prior to and immediately following provocation and Ss were asked to rate their feelings on a post-experimental mood questionnaire. The results indicated that both types of provocation led to increased vascular activity. Males evidenced a greater rise in systolic pressure than did females; whereas, no sex differences were noted for diastolic changes. No differences were found between frustration and attack regarding their effect on vascular arousal. On the mood ratings, female Ss rended to rate themselves as being weaker than males regardless of the treatment. Females also reported more felt depression after being frustrated or attacked than did control females, a pattern of emotional response not shown by male Ss. No differential effects were observed for aggression.
Sucrose-Pellet Incentive Shifts in the Double Alley
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Braud William G.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of male albino rats were given 45 double runway trials under the following conditions: (a) nonreward in goal box (GB1) throughout, (b) nonreward in GB1 for 30 trials followed by an upshift to two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 15 trials, (c) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets in GB1 throughout, or (d) two 97-mg. sucrose pellets for 30 trials followed by a GB1 downshift to nonreward for 15 trials. Sucrose incentive upshift produced a rapid runway one start speed increment, while the downshift in sucrose had little or no effect on this measure. Runway one run and goal measures and all measures of runway two performance seemed little affected by GB1 incentive magnitude, in that all groups converged toward a common asymptote.
Psychometric Evaluation of Sociological Factors in a Boys' Reformatory
Authors: Persons Roy W.
Published: September 2011

A psychological assessment battery was given ( N = 1011) in a boys' reformatory to evaluate the milieu and the psychological impact of incarceration. Increased incarceration results in greater psychopathology and criminal identification. The continuation of antisocial identification is especially pronounced with boys who have had prior incarcerations. The boys who get into trouble and who are housed in the disciplinary quarters are not the more sociopathic, but instead the more anxious and neurotic boys. Reliability, validity, normative and base-rate data are provided, and methodological implications discussed.
Role of Spatial Variables in Conditioned Conflict
Authors: Stewart Robert A. , Miller Alan R. , Steele Richard E. , Kiker Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

Food-deprived male rats were placed in conflict by pairing shock and feeding. They were trained in a runway which varied in length for different groups. Stabilimeter scores indicated that runway length during training had persisting effects on activity levels. Subsequent deprivation produced differential stabilimeter activity in the absence of runway trials, which was taken as evidence for conditioned conflict elicited by drive stimuli.
Humor Appreciation and Time to Respond
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2011

Cartoons varying in content and complexity were presented to 24 male Ss. Dependent variables included humor rating of, and time to respond to the cartoons. Within-cell correlation between these two variables was −.288. Response time was more affected by complexity of nontendentious than of tendentious humor.
Effects of Correction and Non-Correction Training Procedures on ‘Easy’ and ‘Hard’ Discrimination Learning in Children
Authors: Doan Helen Mc K.
Published: September 2011

The effects of correction and non-correction training procedures on 4- and 5-yr -old children's two-choice simultaneous visual discrimination learning were examined when either ‘easy’ or ‘hard’ tasks were presented. Forty children served as Ss. The results indicated that performance on the more difficult problem was facilitated by the use of a correction procedure. On the other hand, there was very little difference between the group trained with the correction procedure and that trained with the non-correction procedure on the ‘easy’ task.
Factor Analysis of Two Personality Tests with Differing Conceptual Frameworks
Authors: Aberman Hugh M. , Chansky Norman
Published: September 2011

The Cattell 16 PF, a nomothetic personality test, and the Runner Studies of Attitudes, an ideographic personality test, were administered in counterbalanced order to 122 graduate students in education. Intercorrelations among the subtests were computed and then factor analyzed. Six factors extracted were named anxiety, counter-dependence, extroversiveness, control, experimental attitude, and emotional independence. Though conceived in different psychometric frameworks, the two tests share common psychometric components.
Comparison of Dichotomous and Likert Formats
Authors: Greenwald Herbert J. , O'Connell Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

Responses to true-false and Likert forms of che Marlowe- Crowne Social Desirability Scale correlated significantly. Perhaps the apparently higher precision of the Likert formar can be used to reduce the number of irems of lengthy dichotomous inventories.
Correlations between Adjective Check List and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule Measures of Murray's Needs
Authors: Wohl Julian , Palmer Albert B.
Published: September 2011

Data for 3 university student groups ( ns = 76, 46, 77) are presented showing relationships between the Adjective Check List and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule scored for 15 of the Murray needs. A considerable number of significant correlations of low absolute value were found. In general, the two measures seem empirically to have very little common meaning.
Need for Control Data in Studies of Self-Esteem and Persuasibility
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: September 2011

Of 9 studies involving self-esteem and persuasibility following exposure to a mass communication, none made proper use of control data. This failure leaves unresolved the validity of interpretations which are reasonably alternative to that which supports the research hypothesis. Four of the studies are discussed in detail in order to exemplify the range of interpretations which may be considered alternative to those which, according to the authors, support their research hypotheses. The need for control data in this research area is discussed in the more general context of the purpose of control data.
The VRB Apparatus: A Cross-Validation
Authors: Schubert Josef
Published: September 2011

Cross-validation data for a test for the investigation of verbal regulation of behavior (VRB; Schubert, 1969) were reported. The initial results were confirmed with a sample of 168 clinical Ss aged 2 to 15 yr. VRB scores were significantly related to age and intelligence ( p < .001). Split-half reliability of the final test battery was .92 ( N = 100) and the correlation between VRB scores and MA was .79 ( N = 84).
Phonetic Analysis of Pronounceability
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: September 2011

Phonetic transcriptions of 239 trigram pronunciations were obtained and analyzed in order to determine the amount and type of speech information they contained, and possibly, to gain some insight into the parameters of pronounceability. When pronounced, trigrams yielded from 2 to 6 phonemes in 8 different syllable structures and were either monosyllabic or disyllabic. Neither the statistical frequency of phoneme contexts in spoken English or the motoric ease of phoneme articulation were observed to explain adequately the ease or difficulty of pronouncing trigrams. A more likely explanation, the presence or absence of grapheme-phoneme correspondence, did not appear to account for all variations in rated pronounceability.
Note on a Category Model for an Abstraction Mechanism
Authors: Allen A. L. , Shannon A. G.
Published: September 2011

In this paper a mathematical scheme is put forward which clarifies the mechanism of abstraction. Some elementary mathematical terms are included for the reader. The main result is the proof of the existence of a free universal abstraction of a given set of ideas.
Deprivation Levels and Conditioned Suppression
Authors: Carman John B.
Published: September 2011

Increases in body weight and decreases in the pre-experimental session deprivation times increased the severity of previously established conditioned suppression for a rat. The degree of operant suppression resulting from the body weight and deprivation time manipulations differentially affected response rates during successive segments of the preshock stimulus.
Personality Characteristics Inventory: I. Factor Structure for a Combined Sample of Male and Female College Students
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

A principal components analysis was performed on the self-ratings obtained from the Personality Characteristics Inventory (PC1-1) ( N = 941 male and female college students). The obtained principal components were then rotated according to the varimax procedure. The varimax factors obtained were: Independence, Purposefulness, Imagination, Knowledge, Self-regard, Diversion, Wonder, Self-honesty, Logicality, Innovativeness, and Self-awareness.
Authoritarian Traits as Predictors of Candidate Preference in 1968 United States Presidential Election
Authors: Schwendiman Gary , Larsen Knud S. , Cope Stephen C.
Published: September 2011

The literature on the relationship of authoritarianism and political behavior is complex. This study investigated the relation of candidate preference during the 1968 presidential election to scores on 4 measures of authoritarianism. A survey was administered to a random sample of 141 male and 141 female undergraduates. Significant differences between Wallace supporters and supporters of other candidates on 3 of the 4 measures indicate that general authoritarianism, in addition to right-wing authoritarianism, is predictive of candidate preference. Sex differences were reported on only one of the 4 assessments, and age correlated inversely with all measures.
Counterconditioning of Conditioned Suppression in Rats
Authors: Poppen Roger
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to suppress lever-pressing for food during a 1-min. tone CS followed by shock on 5 of 10 trials per session. Six counter-conditioning procedures were then carried our: (1) Regular Extinction; (2) Interference, in which extra food was delivered during the CS; (3) Toleration, in which a series of tones was employed starting at the lowest frequency and progressing to the original CS; (4) Toleration + Interference, a combination of the above procedures; (5) Flooding, in which a single 10-min. CS presenration was given each session; and (6) Flooding + Interference. Only Toleration + Interference significantly reduced the number of trials to a no-suppression criterion as compared with Regular Extinction. With respect to reducing the total amount of suppression during the counterconditioning period, Toleration + Interference was the most effective, followed in order by Toleration, Flooding, Interference, and Regular Extinction.
Water Metabolism with Prolonged Ethanol Consumption in the Rat
Authors: Crow Lowell T.
Published: September 2011

18 rats were maintained on an alternate day presentation schedule in which one of three alcohol concentrations was substituted for water. An apparently adequate fluid balance was attained for 6 and 12, but not for 24% alcohol.
Note on Interdependent Contacts and Coordination in Organizations
Authors: Wieland George F.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the extent of interdependent contacts and the adequacy of organizational coordination were examined in a nationwide sample of hospitals. No direct relationship was found, although an indirect positive relationship mediated by organizational strain was found as expected. It is suggested that further work be carried out on the apparent strain-reducing effects of interdependent contacts.
Systematic Errors in Rating the Quality of Themes Varying in Mode of Discourse and Grade Level
Authors: Tillman M. H. , Veal L. Ramon
Published: September 2011

Theme models were developed for assessing quality of writing within four modes of discourse: argumentative, descriptive, expository, and narrative. Compositions were obtained in each of the four modes at Grades 2, 4, and 6. Using the model themes, three raters rated all themes. In order to locate sources of systematic rater error within the context of these rating procedures, the results were analyzed by analysis of variance (Guilford, 1954) which identifies three sources of rater error: halo, leniency, and rater-trait interaction. At Grade 6, z rater leniency error was found, perhaps reflecting that raters tended to equalize time actually spent in rating themes without proper regard to the time needed to rate themes. It was suggested that attention be focused on rater attitude toward models and the subsequent ratings. Finally, it was noted that the use of different mode models did not affect the variation among raters.
Conservation of Mass, Weight, and Volume in Intermediate Grades
Authors: Bat-Haee Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2011

84 girls and 97 boys from intermediate grades were tested for quantity conservation. Results confirmed the Piaget description of the sequential attainment of the conservation of mass, weight, and volume. Sex differences were not significant. The more intelligent children scored better than those with lower IQs.
Verbal and Non-Verbal Measures of Self-Concept among Kindergarten Boys and Girls
Authors: Ozehosky Richard J. , Clark Edward T.
Published: September 2011

The present report describes a comparison of the criterion-related validity of a verbal (sentence-completion test) and of a non-verbal (pictorial) measure of self-concept. Following teacher ratings of 1,042 kindergarten children, high and low self-concept criterion groups were established (25 highest boys and girls and 25 lowest boys and girls). Each child was administered the Quantified Self-concept Inventory (Wattenberg & Clifford, 1962) and a new non-verbal test. Congruence was noted between teachers' ratings of kindergarten children's self-concepts and as assessed by a non-verbal instrument, the U-scale. Verbal devices such as sentence-completion tests have little validity at the kindergarten level.
Note on Effects of Individualized Verbal Feedback on Computer-Assisted Learning
Authors: Majer Kenneth , Hansen Duncan , Dick Walter
Published: September 2011

5 conditions for verbal feedback in a Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) program were investigated. Various conditions of verbal praise used as feedback for correct answers were not significantly related to terminal performance. However, lack of positive verbal feedback significantly increased time to complete the task.
Content Analysis: Tat Card 12BG—The Rowboat as a Symbol for Female Body Image and Sexual Activity
Authors: Mundy Jean
Published: September 2011

The symbolic meaning of stories told by mental patients in response to Card 12BG is deduced by using the guidelines set down by Phillips and Smith (1953) for content analysis.
Rater Agreement on the Reinforcement and Fear Survey Schedules
Authors: Mermis Bern Ie , Ross Don
Published: September 2011

This paper concerns the report-behavior by outside raters, of reinforcing and fear-producing stimuli for 5 target Ss, on both a Reinforcement and a Fear Survey Schedule. Schedules were filled out by 5 target Ss for themselves and then by available parents and caretakers, as they thought the targets would fill them out. Correlations between the ratings by Ss and the outside raters showed Rater-Rater agreement was greater than Rater- S agreement for both scales.
Risk Taking as a Function of Skill and Chance Orientations
Authors: Lupfer Michael , Jones Mark
Published: September 2011

Whether a person believes the outcomes of his decisions are dependent upon skill or chance presumably influences the riskiness of his choices. 32 college students made a series of decisions while playing Jeopardy, a game which was perceived as requiring skill, and another series of decisions while playing a card game, the outcomes of which were believed to depend on chance. As expected, decisions made under a skill orientation were marked by (a) a higher mean level of risk and (b) a less variable pattern of risk than decisions made under a chance orientation. However, attempts to identify the process that mediated the relationship between skill-chance orientation and risk taking were unsuccessful.
Neurochemical Changes in Brains of Albino Rats Resulting from Avoidance Learning
Authors: Kleban Morton H. , Gold Martin , Altschuler Henry , Lawton M. Powell , Miller Mark
Published: September 2011

To observe the effects of avoidance training on the brain chemistry of trained rats, 36 Wistar albino rats, 60—75 days old, were run in an automated straight-runway maze. 12 Ss received limited avoidance training followed immediately by extinction training for the avoidance response. 12 other Ss received limited avoidance training only, and 12 is acted as non-trained controls. Following training, each S's brain was removed and sectioned into three gross anatomical parts: cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. Chemical analyses for RNA, protein, and total nitrogen were performed on each brain section for each animal. Significant increases in cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum RNA were found for both trained groups. Such differences in RNA were strongly present in the brain stem and cerebrum but were nonsignificant for the cerebellum. Brain protein showed significant increases as a result of the interaction of cerebellum with avoidance training. Total nitrogen levels were unaltered. Two significant correlations obtained between neurochemistry and behavior, a zero-order correlation between brain-stem RNA and extinction behavior and a multiple correlation among brain-stem RNA, cerebral protein, and extinction behavior.
Extinction in the Pigeon after Continuous Reinforcement: Effect of Number of Reinforced Responses
Authors: Furumoto Laurel
Published: September 2011

Number of responses and time to extinction were measured after 3, 10, 1000, 3000, 5000, and 10,000 reinforced key-peck responses during conditioning. Each response was reinforced with a 045-gm. food pellet. The number of responses in extinction was a monotonically increasing function which became asymptotic beyond 1000 reinforced responses. Number of reinforced responses during conditioning significantly affected the number of responses in extinction ( p < .001) but not the time to extinction. The results support the findings of previous free-operant bar-press studies with rats. Free-operant animal studies of extinction after continuous reinforcement have consistently produced monotonically increasing functions and have typically employed relatively small amounts of reinforcement. Amount of reward may be an important parameter determining the shape of the extinction function in the free-operant studies.
Self-Disclosure Patterns among Adolescents
Authors: Rivenbark W. H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to investigate self-disclosure behavior in the late childhood and adolescent years. 149 Ss in Grades 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were administered a modified form of Jourard's self-disclosure questionnaire. It was observed, as hypothesized, that girls disclose more than boys, disclosure to peer targets increases with age, mothers are favored over fathers as disclosure targets, and same-sex peers are disclosed to more than those of the opposite sex. Disclosure difference between boys and girls increased with age only for disclosure to parents. No difference in over-all disclosure to male and female peer targets was observed.
Toward the Development of a Screening Scale for Assertive Training
Authors: Bates Henry D. , Zimmerman Saundra F.
Published: September 2011

A self-report scale was designed to select constricted (non-assertive) candidates for Assertive Training. Test items sampled stimulus persons, situations, and overt and covert responses. The scale was administered to 600 college students to assess reliability and validity. Coefficients of internal consistency and test-retest reliability were of acceptable magnitude. Constriction scores were related to, but distinct from, measures of dominance, deference, and autonomy. Constriction was positively associated with measures of neuroticism and fear and negatively related to extraversion and affiliation scores. Self-reports of satisfaction from environmental stimuli were inversely related to constriction scores. The assumption that constricted individuals are more compliant to external demands than their more assertive peers was supported by the finding that scholastic grades are a function of constriction level. Directions for future research and implications for behavior therapy are discussed.
Where Do Behavior Therapists Take Their Troubles?
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A.
Published: September 2011

The tendency to establish competing factions between insight and action therapy is like proclaiming that penicillin is better (or worse) than vitamins. Behavior therapy and insight-oriented therapy often have different aims, goals and purposes. Increased awareness and personal understanding through self-exploration is a viable goal in and of itself—especially for relatively well-functioning “behavior therapists.” Of course, most cases call for increased self-understanding and specific behavior change.
An Evaluation of Two Short Forms of the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M, for Use with a Child Guidance Population
Authors: Gayton William F.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the validity of the Terman-Merrill and Wright short forms of the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M. Both forms manifested a high degree of statistical correspondence with the full-scale Binet when used with 50 male, child guidance clinic patients. When a practical analysis was conducted, the abbreviated forms manifested certain deficiencies in predicting an individual's IQ classification.
Children's Attribution of Negative Traits to Authority Figures as a Function of Family Size and Sex
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Dykstra Dale
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward authority were measured in 196 first through fourth grade students with a semi-projective test. It was found that boys ( N = 105) had more negative attitudes toward authority than girls ( N = 91). Boys from large families had more negative attitudes than males from small families. No relationship between attitudes toward authority and family size was found for girls. The findings suggest that the social learning experiences accompanying large family life produce more negative perceptions of authority.
Alcoholic Personality: Reality or Fiction?
Authors: Gross William F. , Carpenter Linda L.
Published: September 2011

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 266 male alcoholics when they voluntarily entered the 60-day Treatment Program at the Lexington, Kentucky, Veterans Administration Hospital. These alcoholics scored significantly higher than the standardization group on 6 scales and scored significantly lower on 6 other scales. The data support the view that chronic alcoholics are a distinct personality type.
Cognitive Functions in Negro and White Children in a Child Guidance Clinic
Authors: Goldstein Harris S. , Peck Rosalind
Published: September 2011

The IQs of Negro and white children attending an inner-city child guidance clinic were examined. The tests employed were the WISC and the Harris modification of the Goodenough Draw-A-Man test. The white males ( N = 22) scored significantly higher ( p < .001) than the Negro males ( N = 34) only on the Verbal part of the WISC. The Similarities score of Negro males with low Vocabulary scores was significantly higher ( p < .001) than their Vocabulary scores. White females ( N = 18), however, achieved significantly higher scores ( p < .001) than Negro females ( N = 17) on Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs as well as on Harris scores. The differences in presenting symptomatology of Negro and white girls is seen as a determinant of these cognitive differences.
Relationship of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in an Educable Retarded Group: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Pasewark Richard A. , Fitzgerald Bernard J. , Gloeckler Ted
Published: September 2011

To determine the equivalence and relationship of Peabody and WISC scores in a retarded population, 49 students in a class for the educable retarded were tested. The Peabody IQ consistently over-estimated WISC Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Intercorrelations between IQs from the two tests were disappointingly low. A more cautious approach to use of the Peabody as a “substitute” measure for the WISC is suggested.
Geographical Location of Callers to a Suicide Prevention Center: Note on the Evaluation of Suicide Prevention Programs
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

A method of evaluating the effectiveness of suicide prevention centers is described in which the location of callers to the center is compared with the location of suicides in the community. This can serve to inform an agency whether it is reaching into the appropriate areas of a community and the agency can adjust its out-reaching activities accordingly.
Some Fundamental Problems in Experimental Psychology: An Overview
Authors: Pereboom A. C.
Published: September 2011

The application of the experimental approach to a multidimensional discipline presupposes that it will work, that control and analysis will generate explanations which will lead to a unified theory for a restricted behavior domain, and that there will be a fundamental basis for our concepts, scales, and methods which will justify the measurable generalization of that theory. Yet little of this appears to be happening. It is suggested that, in the name of basic research, more effort be directed toward fitting our empirical approach to the subject matter rather than attempting to do the reverse. This may mean less control, greater descriptive generality, and more tolerance for diverse theoretical positions.
Attribution of Mental Illness in Relation to Sex of Respondent and Sex of Rated Stimulus Person
Authors: Eisenthal Sherman
Published: September 2011

108 undergraduates rated the degree of mental illness of 10 case descriptions on a 5-point scale. Two forms were used, matched for the 10 case problems but varied for case sex. Analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for sex of the respondent and case sex. Male respondents attributed more mental illness than female respondents to the cases. The mean rating of case sex for male items was significantly higher than female items. However, 6 of the 7 items which varied sex between forms failed to differ significantly using t tests.
Factors of Interpersonal Behavior and Judgment in Social Groups
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Ksionzky Sheldon
Published: September 2011

This study explored dimensions which are used to describe persons within closely-knit social groups. Ss in the group were similar in socio-economic status and used two independent dimensions in describing one another: another's positive and negative reinforcing quality. The sociometric questionnaire which yielded these two factors is a potentially useful device for characterizing an individual within any social organization according to a four-fold classification: positively and negatively reinforcing to others, positively but not negatively reinforcing to others, negatively but not positively reinforcing, and neither positively nor negatively reinforcing. Correlations among the sociometric measures, personality measures, and sex showed that males were less affiliative and were judged as more negatively reinforcing than females.
A Developmental Study of PPVT Temporal Stability over Two 6-mo. Intervals
Authors: Raskin Larry M. , Offenbach Stuart I. , Scoonover Delmer L.
Published: September 2011

The temporal stabilities over 6 mo. of the various measures obtained on the PPVT were studied in two groups each of 17 kindergarten and 22 third grade children. For half the children in each grade, the summer holiday intervened between administrations; the others in each grade were tested within the same school year. The correlations showed age differences as well as the effects of the intervention of summer in the younger children.
Relationship between Professed Values and Emotional Adjustment of College Students
Authors: Katkin Steven , Weisskopf-Joelson Edith
Published: September 2011

To explore the relationship between value preference of college students and emotional adjustment, 209 students were given a test measuring 9 values, 5 relating to either dependency or individualism. Self-interpretation, Self-actualization, Achievement were the individualistic values, Relationship and Support were the dependent values. Based on the Kleinmuntz scale and the Goldberg index, Ss were divided into four adjustment levels. Using a 2 × 4 analysis of variance for each of the 9 values, and a trend analysis for those with significant main effects, 3 values relating to dependency or individualism differed significantly among the adjustment groups, Self-interpretation, Relationship, and Achievement. There was a significant linear trend for each value, indicating an increase in adjustment level as preference increased for the two individualistic values and a decrease in level as preference increased for the dependent value. A comparison of adjustment groups' most frequently preferred value yielded results consistent with these findings. The results suggest that there is a relationship between value deviance and adjustment.
Group Performance Related to Size and Initial Ability of Group Members
Authors: Goldman Morton
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship of group performance as a function of group size, where members within each group are of similar initial ability levels, but members in different groups are of different levels. 5 wk. later on the basis of a paper-and-pencil test, Ss were formed into groups composed of all high Ss, all medium Ss, and all low Ss, with size varying from 2 to 5 persons. Ss working as a group retook the same test. Results showed that groups with different initial levels have their own unique patterns of improvement as the size of the group increases.
Ritual in Families of Dissident and Non-Dissident Students
Authors: Gustav Alice
Published: September 2011

A group of 158 college students, many of whom had engaged in serious dissident behavior, and a group of 277 who had not been involved in dissident behavior, wrote brief descriptions of a ritual in their family life. Approximately 95% of both groups consider the family an important element in their development. A significantly larger percentage of non-dissident students reported the following experiences taking place within a family context: meals, positive communication with parents, and celebration of holidays with both immediate and extended families. A significantly larger percentage of more dissident students reported adverse communication with parents and TV watching.
Training Clinical Specialists for Behavioral Observation
Authors: Blumberg Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Some concepts and skills associated with clinically meaningful behavioral observation are described. These concepts have led to a course segment on observation presently in use at the U. S. Army Medical Field Service School for training social work/psychology specialists. A brief description of this instruction is given.
Alcoholism: Controlled Drinking and Incentives for Abstinence
Authors: Cohen Miriam , Liebson Ira A. , Faillace Louis A. , Speers Wendell
Published: September 2011

A demonstration of abstinence and controlled drinking in 4 alcoholics indicates that excessive drinking can be moderated by reinforcement contingencies. Ss could earn money each time that they abstained or stopped drinking after a priming dose for one day. The magnitude of reinforcement required for maintaining abstinence or moderation was a function of the priming dose of alcohol and the delay of reinforcement. This result suggests that controlled drinking might be maintained if the reinforcers dispensed to the alcoholic were made contingent on moderate drinking.
Effect of Saturday Classes on Grades and Attendance
Authors: Caffrey Bernard , Klugh Tom
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that lower grades are obtained by students who attend classes which meet on Saturday morning and that these low grades might be related to the tendency to “cut” Saturday classes. The validity of these arguments was tested by analyzing data from 937 students. There was a significant relationship ( p < .05) between cuts and grades in both MWF and TThS classes. Students who cut more classes tended to make lower grades. The mean number of cuts for the MWF classes was 2.32; that for the TThS classes was 2.22. Students in the Saturday classes obtained higher grades (χa = 8.27, p < .05) than the MWF group. Some compensatory mechanisms seemed to be operating to balance out the postulated tendency co “cut” Saturday classes.
Psychopathy, Repression-Sensitization, and Anxiety
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Cauthen Nelson R. , Roitzsch John C.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the hypothesis that psychopathic prisoners classified on the basis of MMPI profiles should have lower scores on the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) scale than prisoners manifesting psychiatric disturbance or normal prisoners. MMPIs were administered to 177 male prisoners, and all records ( N = 144) not grossly invalid were scored for the R-S and Taylor Manifest Anxiety (MAS) scales. Analyses of variance indicated that prisoners manifesting psychiatric disturbance had higher R-S and MAS scores than normal prisoners or psychopathic prisoners. There was no difference between normal prisoners and psychopathic prisoners. In view of anr of .84 between R-S and MAS scores, it was concluded that the two scales apparently measure the same thing. Implications of the findings for the diagnostic classification and prediction of response to treatment of prisoners were also discussed.
Review of the Internal-External Control Construct as a Personality Variable
Authors: Joe Victor Clark
Published: September 2011

This review of recent research concerning Rotter's concept of internal-external control of reinforcement is divided into 12 areas: the Internal-External (I-E) Control Scale, personality, attempts to control the environment, achievement, reactions to threat, ethnic group and social class differences, parent-child relationships, risk-taking, reactions to social stimuli, and the relation of the internal-external control measure to anxiety, adjustment, and learning. Evidence generally supports the validity of Rotter's concept. Implications and limitations of the research are presented, and suggestions for further work in specific problem areas are made.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XIII. Bibliographia Phrenologica
Authors: Walsh Anthony A.
Published: September 2011

Description of a bibliographic listing of 383 items concerned with phrenology and available from the American Society for Information Science is given. Some research underway is mentioned.
Experimenter Bias Effect as a Function of Demand Characteristics and Experimenter Investment
Authors: Jacob Theodore
Published: September 2011

To clarify the nature of the Experimenter Bias Effect (EBE), the present study attempted to evaluate the influence of experimental demand characteristics and E's investment upon emergence of the EBE. The experimental design consisted of two 2 × 2 factorial designs in which Experimenter Expectancy and Experimenter Investment were each represented on two levels. The Rorschach inkblot test and Number Estimation Test were the tasks used in the two designs. The data did not reflect an EBE with either task or with any combination of experimental conditions. The present findings were discussed in terms of Es' inaccuracies in receiving and/or retaining the stated expectancy, Es' inabilities in identifying the intended demand characteristics, and the unreliable nature of the EBE.
Mmpi Correlates with Disability in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Davis Leo J. , Osborne David , Siemens Peter J. , Brown Joe R.
Published: September 2011

The Hy-Pt index, an MMPI-derived index of “repressive defenses,” was related to independent ratings of disability in 58 cases of multiple sclerosis. More specifically, those patients with Hy greater than Pt were more likely to show significant disability than were patients with Pt greater than Hy. This was true for both vocational disability and general disability. Possible reasons for the above findings are discussed.
Using Parents as Contingency Managers
Authors: Johnson James M.
Published: September 2011

Parents were instructed how to eliminate the disturbing behaviors of their 2 children during the dinner meal. Two stages were used. The first was a combination of extinction and avoidance procedures to reduce the noisy responses by the children. The second was a fading technique to adjust the food preferences of the children. The program was carried out entirely by the parents; the children were never seen by E. The target behaviors were modified after 20 sessions under the two contingencies. Problems encountered while instructing the parents in behavioral techniques are discussed.