bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The American Work of the International Commission on the Teaching of Mathematics
Authors: Smith David Eugene
Published: January 2021

The Fourth International Congregs of Mathematicians. held at Rome in 1908, adopted a resolution empowering Professors Klein of Göttingen, Sir George Greenhill of London, and Fehr of Geneva to form an international commission for the investigation of the teaching of mathematics in the secondary schools of the different nations, and to report to the next congress, which is to be held in England in 1912. This committee on organization met and took counsel as to the method of selecting the members of the commission, and finally decided that each of the countries represented by at least two dckgates in at least two international congresses should have two or three delegates. They also decided that countries participating in the congresses but not having the required number o f representatives should be entitled to one delegate, and that other countries likely to contribute valuable in formation should be invited to name a delegate who should act without vote. The committee on organization further decided that inasmuch as the term “secondary schools” had various meanings in different countries, the investigation should consider the teaching of mathematics in a broader sense, covering the entire field from the first steps through the cou rses required for any line of advanced work. Briefly, this may be described as the field of mathematics from the kindergarten through the work in the calculus, but inasmuch as it also concerns the preparation of teachers for all this. field, it is necessarily extended to include the nature of the instruction in higher mathematics.
Some Suggestions in the Teaching of Geometry
Authors: Schwatt Isaac J.
Published: January 2021

The average student seems to have less understanding of geometry than of any other of the elementary mathematical disciplines. Even calculus—of which Luebsen, one of the ablest writers of mathematical text-books, has said, that out of ten who study the subject only two understand it and still fewer are able to apply it—is not excepted. This is in part due to the extreme difficulty of the subject of geometry, the age at which the study of it is usually attempted. and to the relatively small amount of time alloted to it.
Objectives in Teaching Demonstrative Geometry
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

In The Mathematics Teacher for November, 1925 I published an article on “Objectives in the Teaching of Mathematics,” a large part of which was a list of specific objectives in elementary algebra. In the March 1927 issue of the same magazine I published a list of objectives to be attained in teaching intermediate algebra. In the preparation of these lists I had the assistance of a large number of my students in Teachers College who are mature teachers of experience. The objectives therein presented have furnished many groups with basic lists of aims which have been used in preparing new courses of study in various parts of the country. In the last two years I have also prepared, with the help of my students a list of objectives to be obtained in the teaching of demonstrative geometry. As was the case with the other two lists, this new group of objectives is not intended to be final, but tentative. We are willing to present them to the readers of The Mathematics Teacher because we hope that in this way they will be discussed and some more definite aims established in the teaching of geometry.
Introduction to The Infinite
Authors: Smith David Eugene
Published: January 2021

Our Attitude to the lnfinite.—It is not a matter of much moment that we should or should not teach the various methods of factoring an expression in the form of ax2 + bx + c. Most of the common methods are worthless when we come to the actual use of these factors in the theory of algebraic polynomials, and any application of the work to a “real” problem in algebra is rarely seen. What is said of this detail of elementary algebra may be said of various others; they have a value, bnt in many cases this value is relatively slight; each concerns a single unimportant muscle of the body algebraic, bnt it scarcely touches the soul.
Contributions of Mathematcis to Modern Life
Authors: Camp C. C.
Published: January 2021

The English mathematician and philosopher, Bertrand Russell, has defined mathematics as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about nor whether what we are saying is true. Perhaps this definition will appeal to some of you as fitting in well with your experience!
Individual Work in Algebra
Authors: Cooke Martha C.
Published: January 2021

The value and efficiency of individual work as compared with group work is much discussed and is far from settled. Many educators feel that individual work in all studies is as good or better than class work. Others feel that at least in "tool subjects," where discussion is of minor importance and the object is only to master a technique or acquire a skill, the individual work plan can be used more profitably than class work.
How Much Do Pupils Enjoy Mathematics?
Authors: Butler Charles H.
Published: January 2021

Some Time Ago the writer endeavored to get some idea of the extent to which students in one Junior-Senior High School enjoyed work in mathematics. The inquiry took the form of a questionnaire in which the students were asked to answer eight specific questions.
Methods of Arithmetic Problem Solving
Authors: R. Hanna Paul
Published: January 2021

The Purpose Of This Study is to compare experimentally the merits and defects of three methods of arithmetic problem solving. This experiment attempts to measure the gains in ability to solve problems which follows an extended period of drill on the three experimental factors or methods* of problem solving.
On the Computation of Square Roots
Authors: Ward L. E.
Published: January 2021

This paper is intended not only to exhibit a method for computing the square root of a given positive number, but also to give by purely algebraic reasoning a rigorous proof of the correctness of the method, a feature which is sadly lacking in numerous discussions in some of our elementary text books. No originality is claimed for the method.
A Mathematics Teacher Seeks Guidance in Guidance
Authors: Parks G. Hapgood
Published: January 2021

If I had been asked, until very recently, just why mathematics is included in the curriculum of every school, I believe I would have voiced the sentiment of most mathematics teachers by replying "Why, mathematics is so valuable for its own sake! Every pupil needs experience in mathematics in order to fit himself to solve the problems which he will meet in life." But I wonder just how many mathematics teachers have analyzed intelligently the "courses" they are offering to their pupils, to see just bow much of the material which is included can be classified truthfully as capable of fitting those pupils to solve life's problems. I wonder, too, just how carefully these same teachers have examined their own methods of instruction, to see just how closely they parallel actual life situations, to see just how capable they are of insuring the pupils' recognition and appreciation of actual practical values and their successful application.
Applications of Complex Numbers to Geometry
Authors: A. Shaw Allen
Published: January 2021

Introduction. It was with a real pleasure that the present writer read the two excellent articles by Professors L. L. Smail and A. A. Schelkunoff on geometric applications of the complex variable.1 Both papers are important for the doctrine they expound and for the good training they give the reader in rigorous geometric reasoning on the Argand diagram. While Smail prefers the use of the complex variable in the two-dimensional form, x+iy, Schelkunoff employs and recommends the usage of the single variable z to prove the same theorems and obtains very simple and elegant demonstrations.
What Mathematics Means to the World
Authors: Hedrick E. R.
Published: January 2021

1. Introduction.—The title that I have chosen—“What Mathematics Means to the World”—has an intentional double meaning that will be evident to you.
Practical Mathematics of Roman Times
Authors: Fields Margaret
Published: January 2021

Few professional writings have exerted so great an influence on the practitioners of art as the De Architectura of Vitruvius (c. 20 B.C.). Upon the invention of printing it was one of the first books to be published, three editions being included among the incunabula, and during the Renaissance it was the handbook of all the great architects and engineers.
Should Children Help Each Other in Arithmetic?
Authors: Riggs F. B.
Published: January 2021

Boys and girls often help each other in their school work. Is this help beneficial to the pupil? Let us confine our question to the skills of arithmetic, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of the whole numbers and fractions, and the operations of percentage, exponents, and the like.
Jacques Bernoulli
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

It is interesting that Jacques Bernoulli should have been born in the very year of the correspondence between Pascal and Fermat which laid the foundations of the study of probability, for Jacques Bernoulli's many important contributions to mathematics, perhaps the most significant was his Ars Conjectandi, published posthumously in 1713. This work contained the first use of the term “permutation”; the Pascal triangle, given as an original invention; and Bernoulli's Theorem which Todhunter said “will ensure him a permanent place in the history of probability.”1 This theorem is stated by Cajori in these terms: “If (r+s)nt, where the letters are integers and t=r+s, is expanded by the binomial theorem, then by taking n large enough the ratio of u (denoting the sum of the greatest term and the n preceding terms and the n following terms) to the sum of the remaining terms may be made as great as we please. Letting r and s be proportional to the probability of the happening and failing of an event in a single trial, then u corresponds to the probability that in nt trials the number of times an event happens will lie between n(r−1) and n(r+1), both inclusive.”2
The Social Qualities of Mathematics
Authors: Rorer J. T.
Published: January 2021

Mathematics as it should be taught in high schools is both useful and necessary as a preparation for acquiring other useful knowledge and as a helpful daily tool in most life situations. Arithmetic problems need but brief explanations or comment. They are conspicuously social; they are commercial, industrial, economic, governmental, and scientific. In today's parlance, mathematics is a core-subject.
The Changing Content of Ninth Grade Mathematic Texts
Authors: Olson Ruth
Published: January 2021

Ninth grade mathematics has for some time offered a problem to curriculum makers. Many have held that a subject which occasioned such a large percentage of failures was ill-fitted to hold its place in our courses of study, and numerous efforts have been made to adapt it to the needs of the child. Texts have been written which aim to integrate algebra with arithmetic and intuitive geometry. Problems based directly upon the experience of the child have been included. Topics such as highest common factor and cube root have almost disappeared, and in their places one may find bits of trigonometry and statistics in graphic form. To furnish a picture of the changes which have occurred in the make up of ninth grade mathematics in the last few decades and to show to what extent these changes agree with modern theories of education was the purpose of an investigation which is reported here.
Vitalizing Geometry Through Illustrative Material
Authors: Waters Idella
Published: January 2021

Most high school teachers are likely to feel that college professors are theorists whose ideas would be more practical if they were actually engaged in teaching the high school pupil of today and if they were actually confronted by the problems which most of us are forced to meet. We have heard much discussion about educating the young people to take their places in a new social order, about educating for leisure time, and about the necessity of vocational guidance. Yet most of us have not been serious enough about it to realize that we should have a new philosophy of teaching and should alter our courses of study to meet new objectives.
Gaspard Monge
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

The mathematical work of Gaspard Monge is of too advanced a character to be included in this series of biographical notes, but the other details of his career present many points of interest to the high school student. The account which follows is based chiefly on the histories of Ball and Cajori, and on Professor D. E. Smith's essay “Gaspard Monge, Politician” which appeared in Scripta Mathematica, and which was reprinted in The Poetry of Mathematics and Other Essays, Scripta Mathematica Library, Vol. 1.
Third Report of the Committee on Geometry
Authors: Beatley Ralph
Published: January 2021

The first two reports of the Committee on Geometry of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published in The Mathematics Teacher for November 1932 and October 1933 gave a list of the membership of the committee and a plan of action having as its goal the stimulation of experiments in the teaching of geometry by classroom teachers with a view to improving instruction in demonstrative geometry and making it mean more to the pupils.
Third Report of the Committee on Geometry
Authors: Beatley Ralph
Published: January 2021

Recommends (p. 106) that “instruction in concrete geometry, with numerous exercises, be introduced into the grammar school to familiarize the pupil with the facts of plane and solid geometry.” Recommends also that algebra “should be studied five hours a week during the first year,1 and for about two hours and a half a week during the two years next succeeding; that the study of demonstrative geometry should begin at the end of the first year's study of algebra, and be carried on by the side of algebra for the next two years, occupying about two hours and a half a week.”
A Psychological Analysis of Students' Reasons for Specific Errors on Drill Materials in Plane Geometry
Authors: Henry Lyle K.
Published: January 2021

I. problem: The aim of this investigation was to determine why students made certain specific errors on drill exercises in plane geometry. The fact that the pupil does not know the right answer is no reason at all, psychologically. When an incorrect answer is given, the response is due to certain factors just as surely as when the right answer is given. The aim of the study was to discover these factors, in so far as possible, by individual conferences with the pupils on specific errors made. It should be emphasized that the cause of specific errors was the point of investigation rather than the type of material in which errors occurred.1
Mathematics and Poultry Farming
Authors: Smith Harold A.
Published: January 2021

Judging from accurate records, the depression has not seriously affected the poultry farmer. However, it is not my purpose to show the economic condition of the poultry farmer, but to show that he uses mathematics.
Activity in Mathematics—The Slow-Moving Pupil
Authors: Mallory Virgil S.
Published: January 2021

A great deal has been written in current educational publications about the slow-moving pupil. It is generally recognized that his slowness in academic subjects is not in general compensated for by special ability in the arts and crafts. In mathematics the slow pupil becomes a serious problem in the ninth grade when he attempts to take the ordinary course in college preparatory algebra. Probably the following general statement of the problem will be accepted by most mathematics teachers.
Improving Ability in Fractions
Authors: Guiler Walter Scribner
Published: January 2021

During the school year 1932–33 Donnld Garrison conducted under the direction of the writer a diagnostic and rcmedial project in fractions with the sixth-, srvrnth- and eighth-grade pupils in the Franklin Township Centralized School, Darke County, Ohio. The procedure utilized and the results attained are rerported in this article. The project extended over a period of twenty-four weeks, utilizing one forty-five minute period per week. The actual time devoted to the remedial work did not exceed eighteen hours.
The Art of Teaching a New Department
Authors: Sprague James B.
Published: January 2021

Why teach algebra? For years educators have been trying to formulate a satisfactory answer to this question. Hundreds of aims have been proposed; some definite, worthy and specific, others vague, unjustifiable and remote.
Some Psychological Phases of Student Success in High School Mathematics
Authors: Eli Allen J.
Published: January 2021

In Mathematics just as in any other field of learning, there is today very wide diversity of achievement by the boys and girls in our high schools. This paper is an effort to indicate some of the situations that condition pupils for successful learning of mathematics.
An Incidental or an Organized Program of Number Teaching?
Authors: Thiele C. L.
Published: January 2021

The question of an incidental or an organized program of number teaching is being answered in various ways. In the main American schools are following organized programs of instruction in arithmetic. There is, however, a marked tendency to place the teaching of numbers on an incidental basis in the primary grades. In certain centers this practice is being extended throughout the elementary school years. In that the question seems to be receiving so much consideration at the present time, a discussion of the two programs would seem to be timely.
The Art of Teaching
Authors: Nyberg Joseph A.
Published: January 2021

The article by Wallace B. Graham in the March issue of The Mathematics Teacher suggests two interesting questions: What is the rule for order of operations? How should a pupil be taught substitution in a formula?
Use of Figures in Solving Problems in Algebra and Geometry
Authors: Neal Offa
Published: January 2021

There are many educators who share the opinion that mathematics as arranged in the present school program is too difficult for those of the grades in which the various phases of the subject are required. This opinion seems to prevail most as affecting algebra and geometry and, as a remedy, it has been suggested that they be moved up in the program to a higher grade in which the student will have had more experience and training in preparation for them.
Converses of Algebraic Problems
Authors: Nyberg Joseph A.
Published: January 2021

A farmer mixes 40 bu. of wheat worth 90c. a bushel with 60 bu. of corn worth 50c. a bushel to make some chicken feed. How many bushels of feed will he get and what is it worth per bushel? (In the usual manner, we disregard the work and expense of grinding and the shrinkage in volume.)
Enriched Secondary Mathematics
Authors: Hart Walter W.
Published: January 2021

Secondary school pupils now include over 90% of the youth of this country between the ages of twelve and twenty, scattered variously in Grades 7 to 12. They have not been subjected to rigid standards of promotion in the previous grades, as formerly, so that they are more alike in chronological age than in intellectual age, or in achievement in separate subjects. Many, if not a majority, however, have had richer school and extraschool experiences than pupils formerly, have had their initiative and independence developed, and have been encouraged to seek ways of catering to their own needs and interests, real or fancied. They will not be required to follow a regimented education.
How the National Council of the Teachers of Mathematics May Serve Negro Teachers and How They May Serve the Council
Authors: Grubbs Ethel Harris
Published: January 2021

The assigned subject—“How the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics may Serve Negro Teachers and How They may Serve the Council”—lends itself to development from a highly theoretical viewpoint. This paper, however will consider the subject first, as a plain, practical projection of the problems encountered by Negro teachers of mathematics in schools for Negroes; second, as a series of recommendations of cooperative action between Negro teachers and the Council.
An Investigation of Mathematics Teachers in Minnesota
Authors: Gundlach W. B.
Published: January 2021

Any attempt to improve teacher training program must proceed from a knowledge of conditions under which teacher work. The purpose of the present investigation is to present such information relative to mathematics teachers in Minnesota. In addition to the value of the facts presented, it is hoped, that the investigation will serve as a pattern for similar reports from other localities, so that a more adequate basis for the work of improving teacher training programs will become available.
The Use of Arithmetic in the Out-of-School Life of Children
Authors: Willey Roy DeVerl
Published: January 2021

The utility arithmetic research studies of Wise, Woody, Thorndike, Mitchell, Charters, Sclwrling, Bobbitt, Wilson and Bowden were all concerned with the use of arithmetic by adults.1 These studies have clone much in eliminating superfluous arithmetic from our public schools, but they have also resulted in a questionable practice of imposing adult standards on pupils with little consideration of immediate needs and interests. Valuable as the results of the studies of adult usage have been, they cannot and should not continue to dominate our curricula without proper supplementation by research in child usage.
Measurement in Arithmetic Textbooks for Grade Three
Authors: Gunderson Agnes G.
Published: January 2021

This study was undertaken in an attempt to discover the amount and kind of measurement contained in arithmetic texts for Grade Three. It was felt that such information would be of help in planning the course of study in arithmetic for Grade Two. In other words it is an endeavor to find at least a partial answer to the question “What knowledge of measures should the child have upon entering the third grade?”
The War on Euclid
Authors: Salkind Charles
Published: January 2021

To recite the history of the attempts, since even before the turn of the century, to modify the method and content of the Plane Geometry Course or “Euclid,” is to invite upon oneself the charge of banality. From the early efforts of Perry and Russell in England, of Laisant in France, of Klein in Germany, of Moore and Hedrick in our own country, to the two most recent reports by the Progressive Education Association and the Joint Commission, through article after article in The Mathematics Teacher and other professional magazines, the battle for reform has been and still is raging.
Recent Trends in Revising the Curricula in Mathematics for Junior High Schools in New York City
Authors: Arenwald Mesmin
Published: January 2021

A new course of study in arithmetic for Elementary Schools in New York City, Grades 1A-8B, was introduced into the Elementary Schools and into the seventh and eighth year of the Junior High Schools in September, 1929.
Statistics—The Mathematics for Social Problems
Authors: Scates Douglas E.
Published: January 2021

Quantitative considerations, in ways more fundamental than we are prepared immediately to realize, are playing an increasingly significant role in our everyday lives. In the mechanical world, which we have to some extent reordered according to our convenience, our dependence on mathematics is clear and unmistakable. In the social world, which we have not yet brought into wholly creditable order, we have only begun to recognize that facts must be faced in quantitative terms. World conditions, however, are rapidly forcing upon us an era in which planning, both for individual affairs and for society at large, is heavily weighted with quantities.
Engineering Students versus Other Students in Freshman College Mathematics
Authors: Bergen M. C.
Published: January 2021

The writer had the pleasure, a few years ago, of conversing with the dean of liberal arts of a middle-western university. The dean made the statement that he, the writer, would discover in the course of time that future engineers make the poorest students of college mathematics. The statement seemed rather unfair to engineers considering the fact that so much has been said about the need for mathematics in the field of engineering, and that only students who have ability in mathematics ought to choose engineering for a profession. It was then and there decided that the writer would in the future keep a file of all students in his classes, such students to be classified as to the curriculums in which they were enrolled. A comparison could then be made of their achievement. Of course, a few more years of data collecting would result in a greater distribution for each curriculum, but the strong desire to see the comparisons has prompted the writer to publish the data now.
Adams Did It 125 Years Ago: Salient Features of the Scholar's Arithmetic
Authors: Sueltz Ben A.
Published: January 2021

The Scholar's Arithmetic by Daniel Adams which was printed by John Prentiss of Keene, New Hampshire in 1819 differs from other books of the period and from other editions of Adams. In this volume, Adams used the workbook idea, he featured meaning and understanding, he used tables, and included a section of less commonly used topics which might serve as reference materials for “men in particular callings and pursuits of life.” Furthermore, in his advice to scholars, Adams anticipated many of the weaknesses in arithmetic that high school and college teachers now find so apparent. These special features are some which many of us have considered as developments in the twentieth century.
What the Word “Function” Means to Algebra Teachers
Authors: Cronbach Lee J.
Published: January 2021

Teachers are well aware of the fact that the pupil who can repeat the definition of a word may not really understand what that word means. Since understanding of technical terms in a subject like mathematics is essential, it is important for the teacher to determine whether the pupil has really mastered basic words. In one of a series of studies, the writer sought to construct a test which would determine how well pupils understand the word function, a term generally considered basic in work in advanced high school algebra and college mathematics. While attempting to build the test, it was found that teachers often did not agree as to whether a given expression should be called a function; this suggested that it might be important to determine just what is being taught as the meaning of function, since agreement as to what is being tested is necessary before a test can be constructed. The present article reports an attempt to determine what typical teachers of algebra mean when they speak of a function.
Can Arithmetic Be Correlated with the Unit of Study?
Authors: Maguire Hattie
Published: January 2021

First Teacher: “Well, you seem to be able to correlate arithmetic with the unit, but I couldn't possibly get enough arithmetic out of my unit to satisfy my parents.”
Teaching a Unit in Logical Reasoning in the Tenth Grade
Authors: Lloyd Daniel B.
Published: January 2021

We realize the need for training our students to reason logically upon all questions that they may encounter, and we feel that all subjects in the curriculum should contribute to some extent to this end. But when and where in the curriculum should we best afford some systematically organized training in logical thinking?
New Horizons Through Integrated Mathematics
Authors: Oakley Chauncey W.
Published: January 2021

It is impossible in the space devoted to this paper to cover completely the topic of integration. Nor is it the purpose of this report to conclude the topic here. However, from the ideas presented, be they old or new, there should come some thought which will bring profitable results in the mathematics class room.
Mathematics that Functions in War and Peace
Authors: Christofferson H. C.
Published: January 2021

The Army and Navy in their training courses as shown in recent issues of The Mathematics Teacher, have emphasized greatly the practical and educational values of mathematics. In the V-12 and A-12 programs planned for prospective officers, mathematics and science make up over half of the work. In the training of inductees persisent stress is placed upon knowledge of basic mathematical skills and abilities. It is regrettable that it took a war to make schools realize the large values inherent in mathematical education. Our complex civilization is becoming constantly more and more scientific and mathematical, yet both mathematics and science had been receiving before the war a relatively smaller and smaller place in the curriculum.
Which Shall It Be: Mechanical Drill or Development in Understanding All the “Whys”?
Authors: Mossman Edith L.
Published: January 2021

Shall we try to look squarely at both sides of the issue and do our best to choose the one holding greater power of really good, far-reaching accomplishment? Then must we work with all our might to see it set plainly in all its importance, its fine possibilities before our teacher training institutions.
Possible Articulation for the Junior High School with the Elementary School and the Senior High School
Authors: Rogers Mary
Published: January 2021

The job which faces mathematics teachers in the years just ahead promises to become an ever increasingly important but difficult one. In a world where quantitative situations must be dealt with again and again accurately and with great precision, mathematical literacy is equally as important as the ability to read and write —to express oneself with clarity and conviction.
Ptolemy's Theorem and Regular Polygons
Authors: Shively L. S.
Published: January 2021

It might be both profitable and interesting to attempt to evaluate the relative importance of some of the outstanding theorems of elementary geometry by means of a poll of mathematicians. If this were done, there is little doubt that the theorem of Pythagoras would in the opinion of most people, head the list. It is not so clear just how other important theorems would be ranked. But without doubt, Ptolemy's theorem concerning an inscribed quadrilateral is deserving of a high place. This judgemnt is warranted, both from the point of view of the use which Ptolemy made of it, and from a consideration of its power as a tool for geometric study.
The Role of Quantitative Thinking in Education
Authors: Cook A. J.
Published: January 2021

With the physical violence of war at an end, it is easy for us in such a pleasant land as ours to live ostrich-wise in terms of immediate or prospective comforts. Warnings about atomic bombs are likely to have less effect than we imagine upon us, because horror is far away enough to be unreal, and we can always hope that somehow things will be all right.
The revision of certification requirements for secondary mathematics teachers in Oklahoma
Authors: Zant James H.
Published: January 2021

An account of how Oklahoma and its institutions of higher education work on certification requirements for secondary mathematics teachers.
Historically Speaking,—: Tangible arithmetic I: Napier's and Genaille's rods
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

Harold Larsen commented that Napier's “bones” or “rods” are well known with several accessible articles on them when he published the drawing of Genaille's rods which is our Figure 4.
Mathematicians and automata
Authors: Brock Paul
Published: January 2021

A paper about one of the most modern developments in the field of mathematics—the computing field. Valuable information which all teachers need to adequately assist young people in selecting a suitable vocation.
An exploratory approach to solving equations
Authors: Beberman Max , Meserve Bruce E.
Published: January 2021

Discovery or “directed structuring” of a complex idea is not new. But is it used to good advantage by secondary teachers?
For a better mathematics program 2) In high-school geometry
Authors: Wren F. Lynwood
Published: January 2021

Euclidean geometry is now under attack from well-informed centers. “What should be done about it?” is a very real question for the high-school teacher.
Points and Viewpoints: Some thoughts on teacher education
Authors: Mayor John R.
Published: January 2021

Nearly all scientific organizations have recently established committees on teaching. Some have definite programs already in operation, and others are studying the problem of improving the quality of science teaching, with the hope that a conclusion may be reached as to the best kind of activities to undertake. The deep concern of scientists, engineers, and scientific organizations concerning science teaching, results from the present and anticipated shortage of scientific personnel.
Concept learning in algebra
Authors: Sobel Max A.
Published: January 2021

What does meaningful learning contribute to mastery of mathematical concepts? This study furnishes one bit of evidence which can be used in formulating a hypothesis.
Educational Values of Geometry
Authors: Decker F. F.
Published: January 2021

It is doubtless quite unnecessary to point out to an audience of members of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics in the Middle States and Maryland the nature of mathematics or in particular of Euclidean geometry; yet because of its importance as a foundation for an intelligent discussion of methods of teaching geometry we shall refer briefly to it.
El amor en A. Machado y M. de Unamuno
Authors: López Ruiz Patricia Teresa
Published: January 2021

Aun teniendo en cuenta el interés de ambos por la cuestión de la otredad, la obra machadiana y unamuniana resultan dispares si pensamos en las estrategias literarias que emplearon para otraerse o en la finalidad que tenían. Machado, para conocerse a sí mismo, recurrió a una creación de figuraciones que se expresaran por sí mismas más similar a la de Pessoa −aunque sin llegar a alcanzar tal grado de desvinculación−, esto es, y pese a las diversas denominaciones que les ha dado la crítica, a la creación de unos apócrifos. Por el contrario, Unamuno, anehelando la inmortalidad, introdujo su figura de autor como personaje, puso parte de lo que él era en la construcción de estos seres que quedarían dentro de la historia de la literatura o creó un yo ex futuro poeta (en el caso de Rafael), más ajeno a su persona de lo que lo son los apócrifos, pero no tanto como para que lo podamos denominar heterónimo. A pesar de estas diferencias, nuestros dos escritores convergieron a la hora de hallar en el amor el motor necesario para dar el salto de lo uno hacia lo otro. 

Even taking into account their interest in the question of otherness, the machadian and unamunian works, are disparate if we think about the literary strategies they used for others or in the purpose they had. Machado, to know himself, resorted to a creation of figurations that would express themselves, more similar to that of Pessoa -although without reaching such a degree of disconnection- namely, and despite the various denominations that criticism have given, to the creation of apocryphal. On the contrary, Unamuno, yearning for immortality, introduced his figure of author as a character, put part of what he was in the construction of these beings that would remain within the history of literature or created a poet ex-future self (in the case of Rafael), more alien to his person than the apocryphal are, but not so much so that we can call it heteronym. Despite these differences, our writers converged at the time of finding in love the engine necessary to jump from one the other.
Le voyage comme palimpseste identitaire dans Grande Section, le premier roman d’Hadia Decharrière
Authors: Soto Ana Belén
Published: January 2021

En el contexto actual, el viaje y el movimiento desempeñan un papel esencial en la definición de fronteras geopolíticas a la vez que identitarias. En este sentido, cabe poner de relieve cómo el mosaico literario de las xenografías francófonas contemporáneas refleja la impronta de los procesos migratorios actuales que dibujan un nuevo paseo y paisaje en las letras románicas. En el presente artículo, nos proponemos analizar Grande Section, la primera novela de Hadia Decharrière, con el objetivo de ilustrar la preponderancia de la escritura autoficcional en el ámbito literario ya citado. Asimismo, esta novela nos permitirá abordar los matices particulares que la temática del viaje adquiere en su proyecto escriptural. Su temática, inicialmente ligada al desplazamiento geográfico, nos permitirá esbozar las consecuencias de este desarraigo identitario con significado ontológico.

In the current context, travel and movement play an essential role in the definition of geopolitical borders as well as identity. In this sense, it is worth highlighting how the literary mosaic of contemporary Francophone xenographs reflects the imprint of current migratory processes that draw a new path and landscape in Romanesque literature. In this article, we propose to analyse Grande Section, Hadia Decharrière’s first novel, with the aim of illustrating the preponderance of autofictional writing in the aforementioned literary field. Also, this novel will allow us to address the particular nuances that the topic of the trip acquires in its scriptural project. Its theme, initially linked to geographical displacement, will allow us to outline the consequences of this identity uprooting with ontological meaning.
Relación entre la práctica de actividad física y el apoyo social percibido de los adolescentes de la provincia de Soria
Authors: Sanz-Martín D. , Ruiz-Tendero G. , Fernández-García E.
Published: January 2021

Existe cierta preocupación social por conocer los niveles de práctica de actividad física de los adolescentes, para poder llevar a cabo propuestas de mejora si fuera necesario. Este estudio fue diseñado con la finalidad de conocer esos niveles de los adolescentes de Soria y el apoyo social que perciben para su práctica, tanto de familiares como de amigos, en función del sexo del alumnado, e identificar el tipo de relación existente entre su práctica y la percepción del apoyo social. La muestra estuvo formada por 694 adolescentes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de la provincia de Soria, a los cuales se les administró Four by one day physical activity questionnaire, parent support scale y peer support scale. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de actividad física y de apoyo social en función del sexo del alumnado y se obtuvo correlación significativa entre estos niveles y el apoyo percibido.

There is a social concern about knowing the levels of physical activity practice of adolescents, in order to carry out improvement proposals if necessary. This study was designed with the purpose of getting to know those levels of adolescents of Soria and the social support they perceive for their practice, from family and friends, depending on the gender of the students, and identifying the type of relationship between their practice and social support perceived. The sample selected was 694 adolescents of Compulsory Secondary Education from the province of Soria, to whom Four by one day physical activity questionnaire, parent support scale and peer support scale, were administered. The results showed significant differences in physical activity levels and social support according to the gender of the students and a significant correlation has been obtained between these levels and the support perceived.
Effect of Loop Length On Thermal Comfort Properties of Mesh Knitted Fabrics
Authors: TAŞTAN ÖZKAN Esra , KAPLANGİRAY Binnaz
Published: January 2021

In this study, it is aimed to change the loop length of knitted fabrics with a mesh structure and to investigate the effect of loop length differences on thermal and moisture transmission properties. For this purpose, six fabrics with different loop lengths were produced in two different knittings and yarn types. Thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity, thermal resistance, air permeability and moisture management properties of these fabrics were measured according to standard test methods. The results showed that as the yarn gets finer and loop length increases, the air permeability values will increase. It was observed that as the loop length increase, the overall moisture management capacity (OMMC) and thermal absorptivity of the fabrics will decrease. The thermal resistance values of two ply textured polyester mesh knitted fabrics decreased with increasing density and the highest loop length two ply textured polyester mesh knitted fabric showed the highest thermal resistance value.
Laminasyon Tekniği İle Üretilen Sim İpliklerden Örülen Kumaşların Tekstil Terbiye İşlemlerine Karşı Dayanımının İncelenmesi
Authors: YILMAZ Elif , ALTAŞ Sevda , ADMAN Nildeniz , YALÇIN ÖZKAN Burçin
Published: January 2021

The pre-finishing, finishing, and dyeing processes applied to the fabrics are carried out at high temperatures, in acidic or alkaline environments. Conventional metalized yarns which are produced by metalized yarn companies cannot resist these conditions that change due to raw material type. Metalized parts exfoliate when exposed to these conditions, and shiny appearance disappears completely. Therefore, in order to be a solution for this problem for the products that the use of metalized yarn is required, companies produce fabrics by using metalized yarns that were colored in bobbin form and choose proper application conditions for metalized yarns. However, because this solution increases production time and workmanship, the production costs and the product’s sale price increase correspondingly. The use of metalized yarns with untreated fiber is more advantageous than the method mentioned above for companies in terms of both cost and ease of production process. For this purpose, in this study, the resistance of metalized yarns that were produced by using lamination technique was tested against the chemicals which metalized yarns can be exposed during textile finishing processes, and the appearances of the fabrics were evaluated. Because metalized yarns are commonly used in the production of cotton and polyester fabrics, finishing processes that are applied to cotton and polyester fabrics were applied to metalized fabrics in a textile finishing laboratory. Then post-processing appearances of fabrics were evaluated subjectively.
Pituitary stem cells produce paracrine WNT signals to control the expansion of their descendant progenitor cells
Authors: Russell John P , Lim Xinhong , Santambrogio Alice , Yianni Val , Kemkem Yasmine , Wang Bruce , Fish Matthew , Haston Scott , Grabek Anaëlle , Hallang Shirleen , Lodge Emily J , Patist Amanda L , Schedl Andreas , Mollard Patrice , Nusse Roel , Andoniadou Cynthia L
Published: January 2021

In response to physiological demand, the pituitary gland generates new hormone-secreting cells from committed progenitor cells throughout life. It remains unclear to what extent pituitary stem cells (PSCs), which uniquely express SOX2, contribute to pituitary growth and renewal. Moreover, neither the signals that drive proliferation nor their sources have been elucidated. We have used genetic approaches in the mouse, showing that the WNT pathway is essential for proliferation of all lineages in the gland. We reveal that SOX2+ stem cells are a key source of WNT ligands. By blocking secretion of WNTs from SOX2+ PSCs in vivo, we demonstrate that proliferation of neighbouring committed progenitor cells declines, demonstrating that progenitor multiplication depends on the paracrine WNT secretion from SOX2+ PSCs. Our results indicate that stem cells can hold additional roles in tissue expansion and homeostasis, acting as paracrine signalling centres to coordinate the proliferation of neighbouring cells.
Ca2+ signaling driving pacemaker activity in submucosal interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine colon
Authors: Baker Salah A , Leigh Wesley A , Del Valle Guillermo , De Yturriaga Inigo F , Ward Sean M , Cobine Caroline A , Drumm Bernard T , Sanders Kenton M
Published: January 2021

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate pacemaker activity responsible for phasic contractions in colonic segmentation and peristalsis. ICC along the submucosal border (ICC-SM) contribute to mixing and more complex patterns of colonic motility. We show the complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling in ICC-SM and the relationship between ICC-SM Ca2+ transients and activation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using optogenetic tools. ICC-SM displayed rhythmic firing of Ca2+transients ~ 15 cpm and paced adjacent SMCs. The majority of spontaneous activity occurred in regular Ca2+ transients clusters (CTCs) that propagated through the network. CTCs were organized and dependent upon Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances, L- and T-type Ca2+ channels. Removal of Ca2+ from the external solution abolished CTCs. Ca2+ release mechanisms reduced the duration and amplitude of Ca2+ transients but did not block CTCs. These data reveal how colonic pacemaker ICC-SM exhibit complex Ca2+-firing patterns and drive smooth muscle activity and overall colonic contractions.
Quality of radiation protection aprons and quality control routines at different diagnostic imaging modalities
Authors: Bjørkås Linda Wie , Blø Sandra , Rekdal Magnus Kristoffersen , Rusandu Albertina
Published: January 2021

Keywords: Radiation protection apron, Quality control, Routines, Radiation protection, Radiation doses
 
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this project was to assess the quality of lead aprons at different departments at two hospitals and to investigate whether there was a connection between routines for controlling lead aprons and the actual condition of the lead aprons.
Methods: Lead aprons were tested in several diagnostic modalities in two hospitals. The lead aprons were inspected visually and by palpation. Furthermore, the lead aprons were scanned with a fluoroscopy unit and the size of the defect was recorded. The radiation dose was measured behind defects exceeding 0,4 cm in length. Radiation protection officers at the two hospitals were contacted for a review of the procedures.
Results: Defects were detected in 19% of the tested aprons. Most findings were discovered in emergency room 1, where 62,5% of the lead aprons had one or more defects. The measured radiation doses behind the defects ranged from 3.996 nGy to 83.370 nGy. No defects were detected on nuclear medicine 1, emergency room 2, CT 2 and intervention 2. Both hospitals' routines were based on the Norwegian Radiation Protection Regulations. Hospital 2 controlled most of the lead aprons one month prior to this project.
Conclusion: A possible connection between the hospitals’ routines and the quality of the lead aprons is indicated by the fact that the hospital with the most defective lead aprons also had the least follow-up of the routines.
When student-activating teaching conflict with students' desire for efficiency. A communication perspective on undergraduate students' media use
Authors: Bjørgen Anne Mette , Fritze Yvonne
Published: January 2021

This article explores how students on a bachelor's course in Media Education understand the educational framework for teaching based on how they choose to participate in the teaching communication. The Norwegian Educational Quality Reform has promoted expectations of student-activating teaching methods to increase the scope of student-active learning. Digital technology was introduced in response to this challenge. Data was gathered through group interviews, a survey, and information from activity logs in the university college's learning platform. The article aims to shed light on what media practices the students consider as important and how their experiences correspond with the teachers' academic use of media. Students seem to prefer to study effectively, at the expense of activating teaching methods and of being active producers of learning. Although students are expected to be digitally competent, it should not be assumed that they master technology as expected in higher education. By drawing on Luhmann's communication theory the educational consequences of the students' media use in teaching and in independent study work is discussed.