bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saururus chinensis-controlled allergic pulmonary disease through NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways
Authors: Song MiKyung , Lee Soon-Young , Kim Minhee , Park Sangwoug , Park Juyeon , Kwon Yongbum , Park Dae-Hun
Published: September 2020

Saururus chinensis is a perennial herb found in the northeastern regions of Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan, and is used in traditional medicine. Studies have identified the four major constituents in Saururus chinensis water extract (LHF618®) as miquelianin (11.75 ± 0.092 mg/g), rutin (1.20 ± 0.008 mg/g), quercitrin (2.38 ± 0.389 mg/g), and quercetin (0.068 ± 0.017 mg/g). Saururus chinensis can improve the symptoms of ovalbumin- or fine dust-induced allergic pulmonary disease by suppressing the effects of WBCs and neutrophils in BALF and IgE in the serum. Saururus chinensis dose-dependently recovered morphological changes such as mucous hyper secretion (from 2.7 ± 0.46 to 0.6 ± 0.65), pulmonary epithelial cell hyperplasia (from 2.4 ± 0.55 to 0.7 ± 0.67), and inflammatory cell infiltration (from 2.3 ± 0.45 to 0.6 ± 0.43), and effectively controlled cDNA levels and protein levels of IL-13. It inhibited NF-κB translocation and COX-2 protein synthesis and suppressed the expression of PGE2. Our results show that Saururus chinensis controlled allergic pulmonary disease via the anti-inflammatory pathways, NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2. Saururus chinensis may be a promising drug candidate against fine dust-induced allergic pulmonary disease.
Distribution, habitat suitability, conservation state and natural history of endangered salamanderBolitoglossa pandi
Authors: Angarita-Sierra Teddy , Bonilla-Gómez M. Argenis , Sánchez David A. , Acosta-Galvis Andres R. , Medina-Ovalle Hefzi , Solano-Moreno Anggi , Ulloa-Rengifo Simon , Guevara-Guevara Daniela , Torres-Ramirez Juan J. , Curaca-Fierro Sebastián , Cabrera-Amaya Diego M. , Infante-Betancour Jhon A. , Londoño-Montaño Luisa F. , Albarán-Montoya Diana X. , Peña-Baez Lesly R.
Published: September 2020

Background

Pandi’s mushroom-tongue salamander (Bolitoglossa pandi) is one of the threatened amphibians in South America, as well as a flagship species for the Colombian conservation agenda. This species is endemic to the Andean cloud forests of the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, occurring only in the department of Cundinamarca within a narrow elevational range. At night,B. pandican be seen perching on the upper side of leaves at heights ranging from ground level to 2.5 m. During the day, it can be found under leaf litter or cover objects. Few studies have provided relevant information that can help the Colombian government to formulate lines of action for the conservation of this species; consequently, its threat assessments so far have been based on very limited information.

Methods

We conducted surveys for salamanders in four municipalities of Cundinamarca, Colombia, using two approaches: visual encounter surveys (Guaduas and Villeta) and the basic sampling protocol for single-species occupancy modeling (Supatá and Venecia). Multivariate analyses were employed to explore the correlation between habitat structure and natural history traits, abundance, and detection/non-detection ofB. pandi.We evaluated theB. pandiactivity pattern through kernel density curves for each sampling occasion and explored the variability of salamander abundance during their activity period by performing a nested ANOVA.

Results

We report the discovery of two new populations ofB. pandi,which represent the most northwestern records known. A significant correlation between body length, body mass, and habitat structure was observed. Multivariate analyses indicated that leaf litter depth, mean temperature, percent vegetation cover, and altitude were the habitat variables that together explained 60.3% of theB. pandiabundance variability, as well as the main determinants of its optimal habitat.Bolitoglossa pandiexhibits an activity pattern characterized by two main activity peaks, in which niche time-partitioning was observed. Across the surveyed area, we found a healthy, stable, highly dense population ofB. pandi(>1,300 individuals), with seasonal variability between development stages.

Discussion

Given the high habitat specificity ofB. pandi,the species is highly vulnerable to local changes. Thus, we recommend thatB. pandibe retained as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List, based on the IUCN Criterion B, given its restricted extent of occurrence (ca. 2,500 km2) and the ongoing threats from agriculture, cattle ranching, logging, and urban development, which continue to reduce its suitable habitat.
Study of Prefabricated Construction Methods for Mass Tread Housing Construction. Case Study: Dian Sukolilo Regency Housing, Surabaya
Authors: Susanto Stefanie
Published: September 2020

This paper discusses the prefabricated construction method by taking a case study of Dian Sukolilo Regency housing construction, Surabaya. Prefabricated construction methods are able to provide faster construction times and better quality. Stages of research will be carried out by processing real data with a simulation calculation approach to obtain the calculation of the budget plan and estimated time of construction using the prefabrication method. The main variables that influence this prefabricated construction method are four namely cost, time, quality and number of units. The increasing number of units will reduce the cost of construction of the construction unit using the prefabrication method. The results of each research calculation will guide the interview to find out the response of the housing developer to the prefabricated construction method whose results will be the conclusion of the study.
State‐space modeling clarifies productivity regime shifts of Japanese flying squid
Authors: Nishijima Shota , Kubota Hiroshi , Kaga Toshiki , Okamoto Suguru , Miyahara Hisae , Okamura Hiroshi
Published: September 2020

Regime shifts of climatic and environmental conditions potentially affect the productivity of fishery resources, posing challenges in stock management. The stocks of the Japanese flying squid (Todarodes pacificus) are suspected to suffer from regime shifts, but detecting the occurrence of regime shifts in this species is generally difficult and unreliable because the short‐lived nature of this species inherently confounds the effect of regime shifts with observation and process errors. Here we developed a new state‐space assessment model to evaluate the influence of regime shifts on the spawner‐recruit relationship of the Japanese flying squid. The model simultaneously estimates the population dynamics of multiple stocks that could share some life history parameters, thereby stabilizing parameter inference. We demonstrate that two regime shifts in productivity around 1991 and 2015 caused two‐ to threefold changes of maximum sustainable yields. The model with regime shifts clarifies the relationship between fishing pressure and spawner abundance that is difficult to detect in a model with no regime shift. The state‐space approach is a promising tool for accurately assessing stock status by separating the recruitment process from observation errors and is expected to contribute to the effective management of marine biological resources sensitive to regime shifts.
Linking Ocean's Benefits to People (OBP) with Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs)
Authors: Belgrano Andrea , Villasante Sebastián
Published: September 2020

The fundamental challenge of the inclusion of the human dimension of the oceans in the Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) provides an opportunity for a transdisciplinary approach to create synergies between the current research by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and the Intergovernmental Science‐Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). We have highlighted the importance of ocean inequality as a critical aspect to consider to unlock current barriers to integrate social sciences in marine integrated assessments. To create bridges between them, we develop an Ocean's Benefits to People (OBP) framework that embraces the blue economy, equity, the UN SDGs goals and support an Ecosystem‐Based Management (EBM) for the oceans.
Flanking aromatic residue competition influences transmembrane peptide helix dynamics
Authors: McKay Matthew J. , Greathouse Denise V. , Koeppe Roger E.
Published: September 2020

To address biophysical principles and lipid interactions that underlie the properties of membrane proteins, modifications that vary the neighbors of tryptophan residues in the highly dynamic transmembrane helix of GW4,20ALP23 (acetyl‐GGAW4A(LA)6LAW20AGA‐amide) were examined using deuterium NMR spectroscopy. It was found that L5,19GW4,20ALP23, a sequence isomer of the low to moderately dynamic GW5,19ALP23, remains highly dynamic. By contrast, a removal of W4 to produce F4,5GW20ALP23 restores a low level of dynamic averaging, similar to that of the F4,5GW19ALP23 helix. Interestingly, a high level of dynamic averaging requires the presence of both tryptophan residues W4 and W20, on opposite faces of the helix, and does not depend on whether residue 5 is Leu or Ala. Aspects of helix unwinding and potential oligomerization are discussed with respect to helix dynamic averaging and the locations of particular residues at a phosphocholine membrane interface.
Recent advances in the role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate in cancer
Authors: Pyne Nigel J. , Pyne Susan
Published: September 2020

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that binds to a family of G protein‐coupled receptors (S1P1–5) and intracellular targets, such as HDAC1/2, that are functional in normal and pathophysiologic cell biology. There is a significant role for sphingosine 1‐phosphate in cancer underpinning the so‐called hallmarks, such as transformation and replicative immortality. In this review, we survey the most recent developments concerning the role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptors, sphingosine kinase and S1P lyase in cancer and the prognostic indications of these receptors and enzymes in terms of disease‐specific survival and recurrence. We also provide evidence for identification of new therapeutic approaches targeting sphingosine 1‐phosphate to prevent neovascularisation, to revert aggressive and drug‐resistant cancers to more amenable forms sensitive to chemotherapy, and to induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Finally, we briefly describe current advances in the development of isoform‐specific inhibitors of sphingosine kinases for potential use in the treatment of various cancers, where these enzymes have a predominant role. This review will therefore highlight sphingosine 1‐phosphate signalling as a promising translational target for precision medicine in stratified cancer patients.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (
IPCC
)
Authors: Hulme Mike
Published: September 2020

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was constituted by the United Nations in 1988 to conduct periodic assessments of scientific knowledge pertaining to climate change. To date it has published five full‐scale assessment reports, together with a significant number of special reports. These reports are produced by independent experts drawn from around the world, operating under evolving protocols of knowledge assessment established by the Panel's governing body, which is elected by the world's national governments. The IPCC assessments are guided by the principle of generating policy‐relevant, but not policy‐prescriptive, knowledge. In 2007, the IPCC was awarded, jointly, the Nobel Peace Prize, but in 2010 it came under public scrutiny because of errors in its Fourth Assessment Report. A Sixth Assessment Report was scheduled to be published in 2021/2022; however, with the outbreak of COVID‐19, this publication date has been placed in doubt.
Humanistic geography
Authors: Seamon David , Larsen Thomas
Published: September 2020

First formalized by geographer Yi‐Fu Tuan in 1976, humanistic geography refers to a wide‐ranging body of research emphasizing the importance of human experience and meaning in understanding people's relationship with places and geographical environments. Recognizing that human involvement with the geographical world is complex and multidimensional, humanistic geographers interpret human action and awareness as they both sustain and are sustained by such geographic phenomena as space, place, home, mobility, landscape, region, nature, and human‐made environments. Humanistic geography was most prominent in the 1970s and 1980s. Over time, it gained new contexts when confronted with more focused conceptual approaches, including phenomenological geography, existential geography, feminist geography, poststructural geography, critical geography, and relationalist geography. Today, there is renewed interest in a humanistic approach to geographical topics, though much of this momentum arises outside geography via phenomenological research that emphasizes place, place experience, place meaning, and “lived emplacement.”
Polar vortex
Authors: Cerveny Randall S.
Published: September 2020

The term “polar vortex” refers to either of two separate phenomena, one of which is linked to the troposphere, the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere (surface to roughly 11 km), while the other is associated with the stratosphere, the atmospheric layer immediately above the troposphere (approximately 11 km to 55 km). Following widespread media attention in 2014 associated with an extreme cold outbreak in the eastern United States, the public has come to associate abrupt regional cold outbreaks with the phrase “polar vortex” and the first phenomenon. However, occurrences of an event termed “Sudden Stratospheric Warming” (SSW) and variations in ozone depletion have been linked to variations in the second phenomenon, the stratospheric polar vortex.
Global environmental assessment
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: September 2020

Global environmental assessments (GEAs) are expert‐led reviews of scientific knowledge about one or more problems arising from human uses of the biophysical world. Over 40 years old, they are now an established feature of intergovernmental decision‐making about environmental management. They also increasingly capture the attention of the news media, as reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demonstrate. Some 140 assessments have been completed so far, and many more will follow as the scale, scope, and magnitude of the human impact on the Earth increases. Over time, the processes and outcomes of assessments have evolved in a number of important ways. Though rarely the subject of formal evaluation procedures, the overall performance of assessment processes and outcomes has also seen improvement since the first assessment was completed in 1977. Even so, some argue that a new assessment paradigm is now needed in order to make assessments fit for the so‐called Anthropocene, which is the new geological epoch humans may be entering because of their unprecedented impacts on the Earth. This paradigm, according to its advocates, needs to focus less on problem identification and more on solutions delivered through technology, public policy, business initiatives, and citizen action. Operationalizing the new paradigm will be extremely challenging. Geographers have been frequent contributors to GEAs so far, and will be to any future ones, whatever form they may take. This is because GEAs cover the core academic concerns of geography and span the spectrum from natural science to the humanities.
Landscape sustainability
Authors: Musacchio Laura R.
Published: September 2020

Landscape sustainability is a new area of transdisciplinary research and application that integrates ideas from fields such as sustainable development, landscape ecology, landscape architecture, geography, and sustainability science. It emerged from research and application about how changing landscapes are influenced by human–environment relationships and how sustainable landscapes can be designed, planned, and managed. The coproduction of transdisciplinary knowledge that integrates research and application is a distinctive characteristic of the literature about landscape sustainability. Important paradigms about landscape sustainability include landscape sustainability science and design‐in‐science. Important areas of research and application include social–ecological systems and sustainable landscapes. Future challenges and opportunities in research and application emphasize the maturation of the transdisciplinary perspective of landscape sustainability, so that there is deeper integration between the paradigms of landscape sustainability science and design‐in‐science.
Microtargeting
Authors: Waters Nigel
Published: September 2020

Microtargeting is a market segmentation strategy (identifying submarkets of individuals and groups for marketing or political purposes) based on an individual's behavioral, geodemographic, and psychographic characteristics. It has its origins in the use of geodemographic and psychographic cluster analysis and was developed in part because of its effective use in the marketing of products and services to niche audiences and its perceived usefulness in political campaigns during the twenty‐first century. Its beginnings lie in the geodemographic work of social reformer Charles Booth in London during the 1880s. Significant subsequent developments include the work of urban social ecologists and the development of models of urban geodemographic structure, the introduction of new statistical models of factorial ecology and cluster analysis; the exploitation of large census databases and geographic information systems (GIS) to segment zip code and postal code geography, and the introduction of social media (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, among others) to increase temporal and spatial granularity. Recent developments have included concerns over privacy, misinformation, transparency, and market dominance.
Platial
Authors: Goodchild Michael F.
Published: September 2020

People use two methods to specify location on the surface of the Earth: coordinates, such as latitude and longitude, and place names. The former have long been the basis for geographic information systems, as they support accurate calculations of distances and directions, and the integration of diverse types of geographic information based on shared locations. Place names are the basis for human knowledge of geography, or what is termed here platial information. As humans become more adept at using digital tools to obtain route guidance and for other functions, these tools will have to become more closely aligned with a platial perspective.
Story maps
Authors: Carroll Allen
Published: September 2020

Story maps are webpages that combine maps with multimedia content to tell stories. In recent years, they have become a popular means of communicating with broad audiences about geographical phenomena, spatial analyses, and a wide array of place‐related topics. They are increasingly used by educators for instructional purposes and by students as an alternative to traditional research papers. Although custom story maps are sometimes created by teams of developers and writers, companies, including Esri and Google, enable authoring of story maps via builder functions that facilitate the creation of story maps without requiring technical skills.
Telecoupling
Authors: Liu Jianguo
Published: September 2020

New conceptual frameworks are urgently needed to understand the nature and scope of global interconnections and govern their profound impacts on the environment and human wellbeing. Telecoupling is a novel concept that integrates human–nature interactions over distances. Such integration is essential for addressing the fundamental challenge in humanity, that is, the complex relationship between socioeconomic development and environmental conservation. As an umbrella concept, telecoupling expands and encompasses various distant interactions in traditional disciplines, including teleconnection, globalization, migration, and trade. The telecoupling framework provides a comprehensive foundation to systematically understand the processes and impacts of spatial interconnections by uncovering complex flows between systems as well as their causes, effects, and agents across multiple scales. The telecoupling framework has been applied to advance multiple disciplines and tackle important issues such as biodiversity, ecosystem services, environment, human wellbeing, and sustainability. By filling critical knowledge gaps, telecoupling research can help pave pathways toward sustainable development and resolve other global challenges.
Spatial networks
Authors: Ducruet César
Published: September 2020

In geography, the spatial dimension of networks has long been taken for granted. This is not the case in natural sciences, of which physics distinguishes between spatial and nonspatial relationships. The core element at stake is thus distance, resulting in time and cost to travel the network and/or to create new links and nodes. Yet in many disciplines, spatial networks remain analyzed in a binary fashion, without taking into account the length of links and the local characteristics of nodes. This entry reviews how the spatial dimension of networks is addressed in the geographic literature and in other sciences, leading to the conclusion that there is a need for further research in this field.
Urban network
Authors: Ducruet César
Published: September 2020

The concept of urban network implies a certain degree of interdependency among cities that are connected by various linkages at different spatial scales. Geographers, but also many other scientists, have theorized the urban network, leading to a wide diversity of definitions and empirical studies. This entry reviews existing approaches through three successive steps: schools of thought across scientific disciplines; operational urban networks in relation to spatial planning; and empirical analyses of intercity transport and other systems. The scarcity of studies offering a multilayered approach to urban networks and/or integrating local socioeconomic determinants motivates further research in this field.
Populism
Authors: Agnew John
Published: September 2020

Across the world, established and emergent liberal democracies are under challenge from so‐called populist movements. This entry explores the contemporary usage of the term “populism” and the nature of the political movements to which it is applied. It also addresses the question of “the people” as assumed in many versions of populism and how the geography of electoral politics tends to limit the possibility of taking politics to the people without geographical and institutional mediation that populism presumes is the alternative to the cleavage‐based politics of established party politics.
Ktedonobacteria
Authors: Monciardini Paolo , Cavaletti Linda , Donadio Stefano
Published: September 2020

Kte.do.no.bac.te'ri.a, N.L. masc. n.
Ktedonobacter
, type genus of the family, suff. ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Ktedonobacteria
, the
Ktedonobacter
class.

Chloroflexi / Ktedonobacteria

The class
Ktedonobacteria
is delineated on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and includes the described orders
Ktedonobacterales
and
Thermogemmatisporales
. Despite low relatedness at 16S level (pairwise identity values for the type species of the five described families are <90%), all described members of the class share the following characteristics. They are aerobic, stain Gram‐positive, show mycelial growth, and form spores. Single nonmotile spores are formed on the aerial mycelium, individual spores are associated in clusters for most strains. All strains are catalase‐positive. Peptidoglycan always contains glutamic acid, ornithine, alanine, and glycine; additional amino acids characterize the different lineages. Predominant menaquinones have nine isoprene units. Phosphatydylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol are always present in the polar lipid pattern. The cultivated strains grow as either mesophilic or thermophilic heterotrophs in aerobic or microaerophilic conditions. Members of the class were isolated from soil, compost, leaves deposited on geothermal soils and from a geothermally heated biofilm.
Caldilineae
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji , Hanada Satoshi
Published: September 2020

Cal.di.li'ne.ae. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldilineales
type order of the class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldilineae
class of the genus
Caldilinea
.

Chloroflexi / Caldilineae

Cells are non‐spore‐forming, nonmotile, and filamentous. Known described species are thermophiles and neutrophiles, and grow under either aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, or strictly anaerobic conditions. Chemoorganoheterotrophs that stain Gram‐negative. Cells of some species are colored. The class
Caldilineae
is defined on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences as well as on genome‐wide comparison. The class
Caldilineae
forms a phylogenetically coherent cluster and currently contains the sole order
Caldilineales
. Detailed description is the same as for the family
Caldilineaceae
.
Chitinispirillia
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: September 2020

Chi.ti.ni.spi.ril'li.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chitinispirillales
, a bacterial order; ‐
ia
, suffix used to designate a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Chitinispirillia
the class of the order
Chitinispirillales
.

Fibrobacterota / Chitinispirillia

The class
Chitinispirillia
is a member of the phylum
Fibrobacterota
. It includes a single moderately salt‐tolerant and alkaliphilic cultured isolate from soda lakes which is a fermentative anaerobe specialized on chitin as the only growth substrate.
Chitinivibrionia
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: September 2020

Chi.ti.ni.vi.bri.o'ni.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chitinivibrionales
, type order of the class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Chitinivibrionia
, the class of the order
Chitinivibrionales
.

Fibrobacterota / Chitinivibrionia

The class
Chitinivibrionia
is a member of the phylum
Fibrobacterota
. It includes a single species of high salt‐tolerant and alkaliphilic bacteria from hypersaline soda lakes, which are fermentative anaerobes specialized on utilization of chitin as the only growth substrate.
Caldilineaceae
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji , Hanada Satoshi
Published: September 2020

Cal.di.li.ne.a.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Caldilinea
type genus of the family;
‐aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldilineaceae
family of the genus
Caldilinea
.

Chloroflexi / Caldilineae / Caldilineales / Caldilineaceae

Cells are non‐motile, non‐spore forming, Gram‐stain‐negative, and multicellular filaments. Known members of the family
Caldilineaceae
are thermophilic and grow under neutrophilic conditions. Growth occurs under either aerobic, facultatively, or strictly anaerobic conditions. All members of
Caldilineaceae
are chemoheterotrophs, growing on a range of sugars and proteinaceous compounds. Some species require yeast extract for growth. Utilization of common external electron acceptors other than oxygen is not observed for growth. The
Caldilineaceae
were isolated from thermophilic ecosystems, such as hot springs and aquifers.

DNA G + C content (mol %)
: 42.1–59.9 (HPLC).

Type genus
:
Caldilinea
Sekiguchi et al. 2003.
Thermosporotrichaceae
Authors: Yabe Shuhei , Yokota Akira
Published: September 2020

Ther.mo.spo.ro.tri.cha.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Thermosporothrix
type genus of the family; L. suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermosporotrichaceae
the family of the genus
Thermosporothrix
.

Chloroflexi / Ktedonobacteria / Ktedonobacterales / Thermosporotrichaceae

The family
Thermosporotrichaceae
contains only one genus (
Thermosporothrix
), which has two species with validly published names. Members of the family comprise aerobic, thermophilic, Gram‐positive bacteria with branched vegetative and aerial mycelia and formation of spores by budding. Oxidase‐positive, catalase‐positive. The major fatty acid is iso‐C
17:0
and the major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
2
). Cell‐wall amino acids are glutamic acid, serine, alanine, β‐alanine, and ornithine. Cell‐wall sugars include mannose. Members of the family were isolated from compost and leaves deposited on geothermally heated soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.5–53.1.

Type genus
:
Thermosporothrix
Yabe et al. 2010.
Minwuiaceae
Authors: Xu Xue‐Wei , Sun Cong
Published: September 2020

Min.wu.i.a.ce'ae, N.L. fem. n.
Minwuia
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote an family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Minwuiaceae
the family of
Minwuia
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Minwuiales / Minwuiaceae

Cells are rod‐shaped and occur singly. Gram‐stain‐positive, strictly aerobic, chemotrophic, and non‐spore‐forming. Members of the family
Minwuiaceae
are neutrophilic and halophilic. Optimal growth occurs at relatively high temperatures (>37°C). Catalase‐negative and oxidase‐positive. Bacteriochlorophyll
a
is absent. Predominant isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone‐10 (Q‐10). Major cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
3‐OH, C
19:0
cyclo ω9
c
, C
18:1
3‐OH and summed feature 8 (C
18:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18:1
ω6
c
). Main polar lipid is phosphatidylglycerol. The family currently accommodates only one genus
Minwuia
. Phylogenetic analyses of both 16S rRNA genes and genomes clearly distinguish
Minwuia
from related genera of other families of
Alphaproteobacteria
. Members of the family so far were isolated from seawater.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67–68 (Genome).

Type genus
:
Minwuia
Sun et al. 2018, 3859
VP
.
Chitinispirillaceae
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: September 2020

Chi.ti.ni.spi.ril.la.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Chitinispirillum
, a bacterial genus; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chitinispirillaceae
, the family of the genus
Chitinispirillum
.

Fibrobacterota / Chitinispirillia / Chitinispirillales / Chitinispirillaceae

The family
Chitinispirillaceae
includes obligately anaerobic, moderately salt‐tolerant, and obligately alkaliphilic bacteria living in soda lakes. They use chitin as the only substrate, fermenting its monomer
N
‐acetylglucosamine to H
2
and a mixture of organic acids and alcohols. The family consists of a single genus and species,
Chitinispirillum alkaliphilum
.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 46.0 (genome).

Type genus
:
Chitinispirillum
Sorokin et al. 2016, VL170.
Chitinivibrionaceae
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: September 2020

Chi.ti.ni.vi.bri.o.na.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Chitinivibrio
a bacterial genus; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chitinivibrionaceae
, the family of
Chitinivibrio
.

Fibrobacterota / Chitinivibrionia / Chitinivibrionales / Chitinivibrionaceae

The family
Chitinivibrionaceae
incorporates obligately anaerobic, highly salt‐tolerant alkaliphilic bacteria living in hypersaline soda lakes. They use chitin as the only substrate fermenting its monomer to H
2
and mixture of organic acids and alcohols. The family consists of a single genus and species,
Chitinivibrio alkaliphilus
.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 46.0 (genome).

Type genus
:
Chitinivibrio
Sorokin et al. 2014, VL160.
Singulisphaera
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Kulichevskaya Irina S.
Published: September 2020

Sin.gu.li.sphae'ra. L. masc. pl. adj.
singuli
single, separate; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Singulisphaera
a single spherical cell.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Isosphaerales / Isosphaeraceae / Singulisphaera

The genus
Singulisphaera
is represented by stalk‐free planctomycetes with spherical cells, which occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or in shapeless aggregates. Cells are covered with crateriform structures, which are scattered over the whole cell surface. Cell division occurs by means of budding; daughter cells are nonmotile. Attach to surfaces by means of amorphous holdfast material. Members of the genus are mesophilic and moderately acidophilic, chemoorganotrophic aerobes, which are also capable of growth in microaerobic conditions. Most sugars and
N
‐acetylglucosamine are the preferred growth substrates, but good growth occurs also on media with various biopolymers. This genus is a member of the phylum
Planctomycetes
, order
Isosphaerales
, family
Isosphaeraceae
. Representatives of this genus are common inhabitants of soils and wetlands.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 59.9–63.0 (
T
m
and genome sequence).

Type species
:
Singulisphaera acidiphila
Kulichevskaya et al. 2008
VP
.
Thermogemmatispora
Authors: Yabe Shuhei , Yokota Akira
Published: September 2020

Ther.mo.gem.ma.ti.spo'ra. Gr. masc. adj.
thermos
hot; L. masc. adj.
gemmatus
provided with buds; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed and, in biology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Thermogemmatispora
thermophilic budding‐spored organism.

Chloroflexi / Ktedonobacteria / Thermogemmatisporales / Thermogemmatisporaceae / Thermogemmatispora

Members of the genus
Thermogemmatispora
are Gram‐positive, thermophilic, aerobic, cellulolytic, heterotrophic bacteria that produce branched vegetative and aerial mycelia. Spores are formed in a cluster by budding. The spores are oval, with a rough surface. Spores are not motile. Growth occurs at 40–78°C (optimum 55–65°C). The major fatty acids include iso‐C
17:0
, iso‐C
19:0
, and 12,17‐dimethyl C
18:0
. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
2
). The cell wall contains
d
‐glutamic acid, glycine,
l
‐serine,
l
‐alanine,
d
‐alanine, β‐alanine, and
l
‐ornithine as peptidoglycan amino acids. The polar lipid pattern always includes phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The cell‐wall sugar is mannose. Members of the genus were isolated from leaves, soil, and microbial biofilms in geothermally heated areas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.1–63.1.

Type species:
Thermogemmatispora onikobensis
Yabe et al. 2011.
Longimicrobium
Authors: Pascual Javier , Genilloud Olga
Published: September 2020

Lon.gi.mi.cro'bi.um. L. masc. adj.
longus
long; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Longimicrobium
long microbe, referring to the capacity of the type species to form very long rods.

Gemmatimonadetes / Longimicrobia / Longimicrobiales / Longimicrobiaceae / Longimicrobium

The genus
Longimicrobium
accommodates Gram‐negative, non‐spore‐forming, nonmotile, short to long rod‐shaped bacteria. Cells divide by binary fission. Aerobic chemoorganoheterotrophs with optimal growth under normal atmospheric conditions. Also able to grow under micro‐oxic atmospheres, but not under anoxic conditions. Unable to reduce nitrate and ferment glucose. Cells store inorganic phosphorus as intracellular polyphosphate granules. Mesophilic, neutrophilic or slightly alkaliphilic, and non‐halophilic bacteria. Positive for catalase and cytochrome‐
c
oxidase. Slow‐growing bacteria able to grow at low nutrient concentrations. Major fatty acids include iso‐C
17:1
ω9
c
, summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
and/or iso‐C
15:0
2‐OH), C
16:0
, and iso‐C
17:0
. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified glycolipids, and three phospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐8. The diagnostic diamino acid is meso‐diaminopimelic acid. Members of the class
Longimicrobia
(formerly group 3), order
Longimicrobiales
and family
Longimicrobiaceae
. The type strain,
Longimicrobium terrae,
was isolated from a Mediterranean forest soil sampled in the Sierra de Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park, Spain. It represents the only cultured representative of the class
Longimicrobia
to date. Other not‐yet‐cultured representatives of the genus occur in soils, including rhizosphere soils, as well as endophytes and in desert hypoliths.

DNA G + C content (mol%):
67.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Longimicrobium terrae
Pascual et al. 2016
VP
.
Caldilinea
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji , Hanada Satoshi
Published: September 2020

Cal.di.li'ne.a. L. masc. adj.
caldus
hot; L. fem. n.
linea
line; N.L. fem. n.
Caldilinea
line‐shaped living in a hot environment.

Chloroflexi / Caldilineae / Caldilineales / Caldilineaceae / Caldilinea

Cells of members of the genus
Caldiniea
are nonmotile, stain Gram‐negative, and form multicellular filaments; those filaments are longer than 100 μm in length and 0.4–0.8 μm in width. Spore formation is not observed under any culture conditions. They are thermophilic, neutrophilic, and facultatively anaerobic chemoorganoheterotrophs. Photosynthetic growth is not observed. Yeast extract is required for growth. In the presence of yeast extract, carbohydrates, and proteinaceous carbon sources are utilized as energy and carbon sources. Nitrate, fumarate, sulfate, sulfite, elemental sulfur, and thiosulfate are not utilized as electron acceptors. Known habitats include hot spring sulfur‐turf and a deep hot aquifer.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.0–61.9 (HPLC) (58.8% for
C. aerophila
).

Type species
:
Caldilinea aerophila
Sekiguchi et al. 2003.
Minwuia
Authors: Sun Cong , Xu Xue‐Wei
Published: September 2020

Min.wu'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Minwuia
named in honour of Professor Min Wu on the occasion of his 60
th
birthday.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Minwuiales / Minwuiaceae / Minwuia

The genus
Minwuia
so far accommodates a single species of neutrophilic and chemotrophic bacteria. Colonies are 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter, smooth, circular, convex, and translucent after 3 days of incubation on marine agar 2216 at 37°C. Colonies with incubation times up to 1 month do not increase in size or elevation but become opaque. A key to successful isolation of
Minwuia
strains to date has been the long incubation at low temperatures. Cells of this genus are Gram‐stain‐negative rods, strictly aerobic, nonmotile, and do not form spores. The major distinctive feature of the cells is their bipolar appearance showing lower electron density at the cell poles. Optimal growth occurs at relatively high temperatures (>37°C) at pH 6.5–7.5, and cells cannot grow without NaCl. Catalase‐negative and oxidase‐positive. Bacteriochlorophyll
a
is absent. The major isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone‐10. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
3‐OH, C
19:0
cyclo ω9
c
, C
18:1
3‐OH, and summed feature 8 (C
18:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18:1
ω6
c
). The existence of C
16:0
3‐OH and C
18:1
3‐OH as major fatty acids distinguishes
Minwuia
from related genera. The main polar lipid is phosphatidylglycerol.
Minwuia
constitute a deep lineage separated from other genera of
Alphaproteobacteria,
with high bootstrap values in both 16S rRNA and genome‐based phylogenetic trees. Known habitat is seawater.
Minwuia
strains may function as part of nonphototrophic biocathode communities.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67–68 (Genome).

Type species
:
Minwuia thermotolerans
Sun et al. 2018, 3859
VP
.
Chitinispirillales
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: September 2020

Chi.ti.ni.spi.ril.la'les. N.L. neut. n.
Chitinispirillum
, a bacterial genus; ‐
ales
, ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chitinispirillales
, the order whose nomenclatural type is the genus
Chitinispirillum
.

Fibrobacterota / Chitinispirillia / Chitinispirillales

Type genus
:
Chitinispirillum
Sorokin et al. 2016, VL170.
Dynamic Click Hydrogels for Xeno‐Free Culture of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Arkenberg Matthew R. , Dimmitt Nathan H. , Johnson Hunter C. , Koehler Karl R. , Lin Chien‐Chi
Published: September 2020

Xeno‐free, chemically defined poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogels are being increasingly used for in vitro culture and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). These synthetic matrices provide tunable gelation and adaptable material properties crucial for guiding stem cell fate. Here, sequential norbornene‐click chemistries are integrated to form synthetic, dynamically tunable PEG–peptide hydrogels for hiPSCs culture and differentiation. Specifically, hiPSCs are photoencapsulated in thiol–norbornene hydrogels crosslinked by multiarm PEG–norbornene (PEG–NB) and proteaselabile crosslinkers. These matrices are used to evaluate hiPSC growth under the influence of extracellular matrix properties. Tetrazine–norbornene (Tz–NB) click reaction is then employed to dynamically stiffen the cell‐laden hydrogels. Fast reactive Tz and its stable derivative methyltetrazine (mTz) are tethered to multiarm PEG, yielding mono‐functionalized PEG‐Tz, PEG‐mTz, and dualfunctionalized PEG‐Tz/mTz that react with PEG–NB to form additional crosslinks in the cell‐laden hydrogels. The versatility of Tz‐NB stiffening is demonstrated with different Tz‐modified macromers or by intermittent incubation of PEG‐Tz for temporal stiffening. Finally, the Tz–NB‐mediated dynamic stiffening is explored for 4D culture and definitive endoderm differentiation of hiPSCs. Overall, this dynamic hydrogel platform affords exquisite controls of hydrogel crosslinking for serving as a xeno‐free and dynamic stem cell niche.
Particulate Anion Sorbents as Electrolyte Additives for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Shen Li , Wu Hao Bin , Liu Fang , Shen Jianqiang , Mo Runwei , Chen Gen , Tan Guoqiang , Chen Juner , Kong Xueqian , Lu Xing , Peng Yiting , Zhu Jian , Wang Ge , Lu Yunfeng
Published: September 2020

The performance of lithium batteries is heavily governed by the transport of ions within the electrolytes. Commercial liquid electrolytes, however, generally exhibit a low lithium‐ion transference number, causing concentration polarization, side reactions, and deteriorated battery performance. Herein, a novel class of electrolyte additives based on particles of metal–organic framework is proposed to immobilize the anions while allowing efficient transport of lithium ions in the electrolytes. The use of such additives effectively increases the lithium‐ion transference number, enhances the rate capability, and prolongs the cycling life, which provides a facile yet effective strategy toward lithium batteries with dramatically improved performances.
Coupling Nanostructured Microchips with Covalent Chemistry Enables Purification of Sarcoma‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Downstream Functional Studies
Authors: Dong Jiantong , Zhang Ryan Y. , Sun Na , Hu Junhui , Smalley Matthew D. , Zhou Anqi , Hua Yue , Rothermich Winston , Chen Mengxiang , Chen Jiayuan , Ye Jinglei , Teng Pai‐Chi , Qi Dongping , Toretsky Jeffrey A. , Tomlinson James S. , Li Mengyuan , Weiss Paul S. , Jonas Steven J. , Federman Noah , Wu Lily , Zhao Meiping , Tseng Hsian‐Rong , Zhu Yazhen
Published: September 2020

Tumor‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play essential roles in intercellular communication during tumor growth and metastatic evolution. Currently, little is known about the possible roles of tumor‐derived EVs in sarcoma because the lack of specific surface markers makes it technically challenging to purify sarcoma‐derived EVs. In this study, a specific purification system is developed for Ewing sarcoma (ES)‐derived EVs by coupling covalent chemistry‐mediated EV capture/release within a nanostructure‐embedded microchip. The purification platform—ES‐EV Click Chip—takes advantage of specific anti‐LINGO‐1 recognition and sensitive click chemistry‐mediated EV capture, followed by disulfide cleavage‐driven EV release. Since the device is capable of specific and efficient purification of intact ES EVs with high purity, ES‐EV Click Chip is ideal for conducting downstream functional studies of ES EVs. Absolute quantification of the molecular hallmark of ES (i.e., EWS rearrangements) using reverse transcription Droplet Digital PCR enables specific quantification of ES EVs. The purified ES EVs can be internalized by recipient cells and transfer their mRNA cargoes, exhibiting their biological intactness and potential role as biological shuttles in intercellular communication.
Spectrum Tailored Defective 2D Semiconductor Nanosheets Aerogel for Full‐Spectrum‐Driven Photothermal Water Evaporation and Photochemical Degradation
Authors: Yang Min‐Quan , Tan Chuan Fu , Lu Wanheng , Zeng Kaiyang , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: September 2020

The wide spectral range of the solar flux with undesirable diffused energy distribution remains a substantial impediment to the high‐efficiency utilization of the whole spectrum. Here, inspired by the spectrally selective sunlight utilization of plants, a spectrum‐tailored solar harnessing aerogel is conceived. It is composed of oxygen vacancy (Ov) defect‐rich semiconductor HNb3O8 (D‐HNb3O8) nanosheets and polyacrylamide (PAM) framework to perform all‐in‐one photochemical and photothermal full solar energy conversion. The aerogel selectively utilizes the whole solar spectrum, in which high energy ultraviolet (UV) photon is converted into high redox potential electron–hole pairs, while low energy visible‐near infrared (NIR) photons are transformed into heat. The designed solar absorber‐polymer composite shows energy harnessing‐conversion capability with desired heat insulation, reactant enrichment, rapid mass diffusion and capillary pumping characteristics, thus realizing a high efficient steam generation and photochemical activity. This cooperative photochemical and photothermal solar energy conversion, at respective optimal working spectrum, holds great promise for optimizing and maximizing the solar energy utilization, as well as opening up opportunities to explore simultaneous multifunctional usage of solar energy.
Challenges and Strategies to Advance High‐Energy Nickel‐Rich Layered Lithium Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes for Harsh Operation
Authors: Xu Gui‐Liang , Liu Xiang , Daali Amine , Amine Rachid , Chen Zonghai , Amine Khalil
Published: September 2020

Nickel‐rich layered lithium transition metal oxides (LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 and LiNi1−x−yCoxAlyO2, x + y ≤ 0.2) are the most attractive cathode materials for the next generation lithium‐ion batteries for automotive application. However, they suffer from structural/interfacial instability during repeated charge/discharge, resulting in severe performance degradation and serious safety concerns. This work provides a comprehensive review about challenges and strategies to advance nickel‐rich layered cathodes specifically for harsh (high‐voltage, high‐temperature, and fast charging) operations. Firstly, the degradation pathways of nickel‐rich cathodes including surface/interface degradation, undesired cathode–electrolytes parasitic reactions, gas evolution, inter/intragranular cracking, and electrical/ionic isolation are discussed. Then, recent achievements in stabilizing the structure/interface of nickel‐rich cathodes via surface coating, cation/anion doping, composition tailoring, morphology engineering, and electrolytes optimization are summarized. Moreover, challenges and strategies to improve the performance of Ni‐rich cathodes at the electrode level are discussed. Outlook and perspectives to promote the practical application of nickel‐rich layered cathodes toward automotive application are provided as well.
High‐Power‐Efficiency White Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Diodes Based on Selectively Optimized Intermolecular Interactions
Authors: Zhang Jing , Han Chunmiao , Du Fengsheng , Duan Chunbo , Wei Ying , Xu Hui
Published: September 2020

Besides low cost and environmental sustainability, high power efficiency is an essential condition for daily lighting applications, and one of main challenges for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLED). Here, it is demonstrated that power efficiency can be improved through accurately modulating intermolecular interactions. An asymmetrical phosphine oxide (PO) molecule named 246DBFTPO is constructed, in which the steric hindrance and inductive effect of PO groups restrain π–π stacking but form continuous intermolecular hydrogen bond networks. The steric anisotropy of PO groups leads to the heterogeneous molecular distribution in 246DBFTPO matrix, accompanied by the homogeneous intermolecular interactions. Compared to symmetrical and semi‐symmetrical PO congeners, 246DBFTPO provides balanced carrier transport, efficient host–dopant and dopant–dopant energy transfer, and effective quenching suppression. Based on its electron mobility of 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a 90% photoluminescence quantum yield of its dually doped white TADF film, 246DBFTPO is simultaneously competent as host and electron transporting material in a trilayer single‐EML full‐TADF WOLED, leading to a record power efficiency of 76.7 lm W−1.