bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Appointment of Bishops in Early-Modern Portugal (1495–1777)
Authors: Paiva José Pedro
Published: February 2012

The author explains the theoretical model that was used in early-modern Portugal for appointing bishops, based on original research of 505 episcopal appointments. The author argues that the model enabled monarchs to better control the prelates and consequently the Portuguese Church, which reinforced the power of the state over the spiritual sphere in the realm.
Appropriating Sacred Space: Private-Chapel Patronage and Institutional Identity in Sixteenth-Century Rome—The Case of the Office of Ceremonies
Authors: DeSilva Jennifer Mara
Published: February 2012

The author explores the efforts of papal ceremonialist Paris de' Grassi (1504-28) to transform the Office of Ceremonies from a group of semi-corporate, specialized papal attendants into a curial college with fixed regulations and social clout. The reform bull Pastoralis officii (1513) permanently reserved benefices at the Church of Ss. Celso and Giuliano in Rome, where de' Grassi served as archpriest. Between 1524 and 1551 ceremonialists endowed three private chapels at Ss. Celso and Giuliano; in 1578 another ceremonialist established a chapel at the Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina, where a personal monument did not reference or depend on de' Grassi's legacy. The construction of memorial chapels at Ss. Celso and Giuliano allowed ceremonialists to establish both individual and collected corporate identities and reveals the continued entwining of private and institutional goals in both patronage and the papal bureaucracy.
Talking the “Immigrant Talk”: Immigration Narratives and Identity Construction among Colombian Newcomers
Authors: Pozniak Kinga
Published: February 2012

In this paper I explore the role of popular Canadian immigration narratives in shaping the experiences and subjectivities of immigrants to Canada, and the ways in which immigrants negotiate these narratives to construct their experiences and identities. My research is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted with Colombian immigrants to Canada residing in London, Ontario. I identify two narratives that characterize Canadian discourse on immigration, and explore how Colombian newcomers both apply and challenge these two narratives in talking about everyday experiences and challenges. I show that i) hegemonic immigration narratives are a powerful lens through which Colombian newcomers construct their experiences and identities, and that ii) newcomers manipulate these narratives to negotiate between the representations of immigrants in mainstream discourse and their desired self-representations.

Dans cet article, j’étudie d’une part en quoi les récits populaires canadiens de l’immigration ont mar-qué les immigrants au Canada sur le plan subjectif et dans leur expérience, et, d’autre part, la manière dont ils travaillent leurs histoires pour structurer celle-ci ainsi que leur identité. Ma recherche s’appuie sur un travail ethnographique de terrain et des entrevues d’immigrants colombi-ens résidant à London en Ontario. Elle me permet d’identifier deux sortes de discours pour carac-tériser l’immigration au Canada et d’étudier comment les nouveaux arrivants de Colombie ont recours à ces deux approches tout en les contestant, lorsqu’ils parlent de leur expérience quotidienne et de défis auxquels ils doivent faire face. Je montre donc 1) que les narrations dominantes d’immigration servent de loupe puissante à travers laquelle les nouveaux arrivants colombiens structurent leurs expériences et leur identité, et 2) que ceux-ci manipulent ces histoires pour louvoyer entre la représentation des immigrants dans le discours de monsieur Tout le monde et l’image d’eux-mêmes qu’ils voudraient mettre en avant.
The Benshi Track: Mizoguchi Kenji's The Downfall of Osen and the Sound Transition
Authors: Kinoshita Chika
Published: February 2012

Drawing on production memos, film magazines, and censorship records, this essay locates the formative moment of Mizoguchi's style within the sound transition. The Downfall of Osen , with the benshi (film lecturer) narration recorded on its soundtrack, weaved the transformation of exhibition practice and the emergent "talkie" aesthetics into its textuality.
"There's More Than One Way to Lose Your Heart": The American Film Industry, Early Teen Slasher Films, and Female Youth
Authors: Nowell Richard
Published: February 2012

Whereas scholars have suggested that early teen slasher films like Halloween (John Carpenter, 1978) and Prom Night (Paul Lynch, 1980) were made primarily for male youth, this article reveals the extent to which producers and distributors tailored the films and their marketing campaigns to appeal to teenage girls and young women.
After New Latin American Cinema
Authors: Schroeder Rodríguez Paul A.
Published: February 2012

This essay examines the evolution of Latin American cinema over the past forty years, from a neobaroque phase of the New Latin American Cinema in the 1970s and 1980s, to the emergence since the 1990s of a melorealist cinema whose production and representational strategies are simultaneously global and local.
Composite Substances as True Wholes: Toward a Modified Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Theory of Composite Substances
Authors: Kronen John , Tuttle Jacob
Published: February 2012

In the Categories Aristotle defined substance as that which is neither predicable of nor in another. In saying that a substance is not predicable of another, Aristotle meant to exclude genera and species from the category substance. Aman is a substance but not man. In saying that a substance is not in another, Aristotle meant to exclude property particulars from the category. A man is a substance, not his color.

The Categories treats substances as simples. Though a particular substance, Bucephalus the horse, has parts, it is nevertheless a single entity in the category substance and, hence, incomplex in the way a black thing or a running man are not. Black things and runners are complex because they are aggregates of substances and property particulars. Even if a horse is one substance and, thus, an entity (unlike a substance cum some of its attributes or a group of related substances), a horse is made of parts and one may wonder how it is related to its parts, as well as how its being made of parts coheres with the definition of substance given in the Categories.
Self Visitation, Traveler Time, and Compatible Properties
Authors: Carroll John W.
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Ted Sider aptly and concisely states the self-visitation paradox thus: ‘Suppose I travel back in time and stand in a room with my sitting 10-year-old self. I seem to be both sitting and standing, but how can that be?’ (2001, 101). I will explore arelativistresolution of this paradox offered by, or on behalf of, endurantists. It maintains that the sitting and the standing are relative to thepersonal timeorproper timeof the time traveler and is intended to yield the result that Ted is sitting at a certain initial personal/proper time but is not standing relative to that time. Similarly, it is also supposed to yield that Ted is standing relative to a later personal/proper time, but not sitting relative to that time. Such atraveler-time relativismhas been offered by Paul Horwich (1975, 433-5; 1987, 114-15) and also by Simon Keller and Michael Nelson (2001, 344). I will show that this relativist approach is a non-starter. It is so because Ted is sittingandstanding atboththe initial and the later personal/proper time.
Plato’s Conception of Knowledge
Authors: Wolfsdorf David
Published: February 2012

Plato’s epistemology is closely related to his metaphysics and ethics. The basic reason for this is that Plato thinks that knowledge ( ἐπιστήµη )—in at least one of the senses in which he uses this word—requires explanation. Fully adequate explanation must refer to what is metaphysically primary. The Form of the Good is metaphysically primary. Hence, fully adequate explanation must be teleological. This paper endeavors to clarify these fundamental points through an examination of Plato’s treatment of knowledge in three dialogues: Meno , Theaetetus , and Republic .
Dziga Vertov, The First Shoemaker of Russian Cinema
Authors: Fore Devin
Published: February 2012

We are told that the mechanization of production has dire effects on the functionality of language as well as human capacities for symbolic communication in general. This expropriation of language by the machine results in the deterioration of the traditional political public sphere, which once privileged language as the exclusive medium of intersubjectivity and agency. The essay argues that the work of the Soviet media artist Dziga Vertov, especially his 1931 "film-thing" Enthusiasm , sought to redress the antagonism between technology and politics faced by modern industrial societies. Vertov's public sphere was one that did not privilege language and abstract discourse, but that incorporated all manner of material objects as means of communication. As Vertov instructed, the public sphere must move beyond its linguistic bias to embrace industrial commodities as communicative social media.
Drawing Cure: Children's Drawings as a Psychoanalytic Instrument
Authors: Wittmann Barbara
Published: February 2012

This essay deals with the special case of drawings as psychoanalytical instruments. It aims at a theoretical understanding of the specific contribution made by children's drawings as a medium of the psychical. In the influential play technique developed by Melanie Klein, drawing continuously interacts with other symptomatic (play) actions. Nonetheless, specific functions of drawing within the play technique can be identified. The essay will discuss four crucial aspects in-depth: 1) the strengthening of the analysis's recursivity associated with the graphic artifact; 2) the opening of the analytic process facilitated by drawing; 3) the creation of a genuinely graphic mode of producing meaning that allows the child to develop a "theory" of the workings of his own psychic apparatus; and 4) the new possibilities of symbolization associated with the latter. In contrast to classical definitions of the psychological instrument, the child's drawing is a weakly structured tool that does not serve to reproduce psychic processes in an artificial, controlled setting. The introduction of drawing into the psychoanalytic cure is by no means interested in replaying past events, but in producing events suited to effecting a transformation of the synchronic structures of the unconscious.
Churches and the Economy of Sāmoa
Authors: Macpherson Cluny , Macpherson La‘avasa
Published: February 2012

Christian churches have assumed a central role in the social, economic, and political life of Sāmoa. Samoans are intensely committed to religion and express this commitment in participation in, and support for, the work of the churches. This article makes no comment on the rights of churches to seek contributions from their adherents, or of adherents to make contributions. However, the cash and labor contributed to churches has economic and social consequences for the trajectory of both village and national development. This article presents a profile of these contributions, a preliminary estimate of the scale of contributions to the Church, and an evaluation of the significance of these levels of support for the Church for Samoan village and national economies. The article also considers the sustainability of the trends outlined and some evidence of shifts in these historical patterns.
Choreographing Difference: The (Body) Politics of Banaban Dance
Authors: Teaiwa Katerina Martina
Published: February 2012

This article discusses Banaban choreography as an expression of historical and postcolonial identities and, more specifically, relations between Banabans and I-Kiribati in terms of what I understand as the Banaban production of difference through dance. This process is shaped by a strategic approach to representing and reconstructing the past and kinship. I explore some of the tensions around history, kinship, and performance that resulted from the impact of phosphate mining and eventual displacement of Banabans from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (now Kiribati and Tuvalu) to Rabi in Fiji. I also discuss how this research opens up possibilities for a more corporeal approach to Pacific studies.
Personal Stories: Voices of Latino Youth Health Advocates in a Diabetes Prevention Initiative
Authors: Toussaint Danielle W. , Villagrana Maria , Mora-Torres Hugo , de Leon Mario , Haughey Mary Hoshiko
Published: February 2012

The YMCA–Silicon Valley Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) U.S. Proyecto Movimiento (PM) Action Community project is a community-based partnership that aims to reduce the prevalence of diabetes among Latinos in the Greater Gilroy, California, area by delivering a prevention campaign across generations. A critical component of PM has been the creation of a Youth Health Advocate (YHA) afterschool club at three public high schools in Gilroy. The YHAs, who are trained on health, nutrition, diabetes, basic leadership skills, and digital storytelling, are at the forefront of the campaign targeting Gilroy youth. In their own words, the YHAs describe why they decided to become a YHA, the positive health impact of YHA activities on themselves and their family, and the positive impact on burgeoning leadership skills. The voices of YHAs in this prevention campaigns have brought value to the PM evaluation, and this qualitative element bears further examination in other community-based prevention campaigns.
Mentoring Undergraduate University Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Reilly Rosemary C. , D'Amico Miranda
Published: February 2012

This inquiry describes the role of mentoring for undergraduate women survivors of trauma. It employed a comparative case approach. Interviews elicited stories from participants reflecting the role mentors have played in their life course and educational experiences. Four major themes emerged: Fantasy mentors, mentor as mirror, mentor as nurturer and supporter, and mentor as the embodiment of a profession. Issues of women's identity were particularly salient to these themes. Deviant cases provided an opportunity to reexamine the limits of the data and exhibited themes of self-reliance or seeing mentoring as controlling. Implications for mentoring women in higher education are discussed.
Academic Performance Enhancement: A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions and Habits of Prescription Stimulant–Using College Students
Authors: Aikins Ross D.
Published: February 2012

This study explores the developmental implications of cognitive enhancement among college students. Data comes from interviews with a purposive sample of licit and illicit users of stimulant medications at a highly selective West Coast University. A semistructured protocol revolved around students’ habits and perceptions relating to stimulant medication use. Key findings identify academic use justifications, diversion pathways, and frames use within a biopsychosocial development model that impacts perceived self-efficacy, suggesting that academic dependence may develop differently between licit/ illicit users.
College Students and Service: A Mixed Methods Exploration of Motivations, Choices, and Learning Outcomes
Authors: Chesbrough Ronald D.
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to add to our understanding of the motivations toward service among college students, to get a clearer sense of how students choose their service involvements, and to better understand the learning outcomes from service involvement during college. Findings indicated differences in how students spoke about their service and learning outcomes based on gender, hours of service, and year in college. Implications of research findings include recommendations for marketing of service opportunities to students, involving students in service early in their college years, and expanding and centralizing service as a core mission of the college or university.
On the New Student Politics
Authors: Koffler Daniel
Published: February 2012

On the morning of November 3, 2004, the city of New Haven, Connecticut, looked like a town in mourning. Wards 1 and 2, which include all of Yale University's on-campus housing, had voted overwhelmingly in favor of John Kerry for president. Much of the rest of the country had not. Except for the occasional, exultant Bush supporter, the pedestrians on the campus or the nearby streets stared intently at their feet, avoiding not just conversation but eye contact. Every now and then, I saw a young man or woman slouched in a corner, sobbing.
Totalitarianism Revisited
Authors: Rabinbach Anson
Published: February 2012

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the debate over the American war in Iraq, revived talk of totalitarianism among liberals and leftists thinking about radical Islamists and Middle East dictatorships. With varying degrees of enthusiasm, respected former dissidents such as Vaclav Havel and Adam Michnik and distinguished intellectuals in Europe and America such as Paul Berman, André Glucksmann, Richard Herzinger, Christopher Hitchens, Michael Ignatieff, as well as Nobel Peace Prize recipient José Ramos-Horta justified, if not military intervention, then an aggressive and principled policy toward Saddam Hussein's regime—largely on liberal-humanitarian grounds, invoking the imperative of resisting totalitarianism. Though he explicitly opposed the unilateral use of military force, Joschka Fischer, then Germany's foreign minister, spoke of a "third totalitarianism"—after Nazism and communism—"as the major challenge facing the international community in the twenty-first century." In December 2004, in "An Argument for a New Liberalism, a Fighting Faith," Peter Beinart, editor of the New Republic, complained that "three years after September 11 brought the United States face-to-face with a new totalitarian threat, liberalism has still not been fundamentally reshaped by the experience." British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw called terrorism the "new totalitarianism," the world's greatest threat to democracy. The return of this term is instructive, because its history is not at all as luminescent as its advocates would have us believe.
The Future of Global Unions: Is Solidarity Still Forever?
Authors: Howard Alan
Published: February 2012

Last November in Vienna, fifteen years after the demise of the Soviet Union and well into the third decade of corporate-driven globalization, the international trade union movement was reorganized to eliminate its debilitating cold war political divisions and to enhance coordination across industrial lines made obsolete by globalization. The founding of this new organization, the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), which represents 168 million workers in 153 countries, was hailed as historic by the few dozen people who follow these things, which it may well be, though you probably missed the coverage in your local newspaper. Earlier this year AFL-CIO president John Sweeney met with Iraqi trade unionists in Jordan (there being no place secure enough in Iraq to hold such a meeting) to support Iraqi union resistance to an array of Bush administration policies, particularly on the privatization and denationalization of the oil industry; Teamster president James Hoffa and Service Employees International Union president Andy Stern were in China with a delegation of Change to Win (CTW) unions, the group that split from the AFL-CIO, meeting with communists and capitalists to exchange views on worker rights in the global economy. In Ottawa, Steelworker president Leo Gerard announced a merger that would bring together nearly three million American, Canadian, British and Irish workers in one union, and Communication Workers president Larry Cohen was in Athens to raise the visibility of an organizing campaign aimed at the world’s largest cell phone service company, which operates in twenty-five countries on four continents.
Growth and Inequality: Understanding Recent Trends and Political Choices
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: February 2012

In current debates about the world economy, "growth is good" often appears as a truism. Growth leads to wealth, it is said, and greater wealth is surely desirable, especially for the poorer developing countries. Closer inspection, however, leads to a far more nuanced assessment.
Calling the Shots in Public Education: Parents, Politicians, and Educators Clash
Authors: Gold Eva , Henig Jeffrey R. , Simon Elaine
Published: February 2012

The gap between calls for parental engagement in education and institutional realities is wide. Educators say they value parent participation, but by that they often mean a junior partner role in which parents monitor homework, make sure kids get to school on time, show up at school-sponsored events, and generally act as an extension of the teacher and school. Many parents and community advocates see themselves as more than just the supporting cast. When a neighborhood school fails to perform well on standardized tests, should it be closed, turned over to private management, or reinforced with more resources and stronger leadership? When budgets are tight, is it music and art instruction that should be scaled back, social studies, or are there other options to explore? Those who favor strong democracy over simple representative democracy argue that parents and community groups should play an active role in setting public priorities, debating public options, and negotiating policy solutions.
The First Gerrymander?: Patrick Henry, James Madison, James Monroe, and Virginia's 1788 Congressional Districting
Authors: Hunter Thomas Rogers
Published: February 2012

Though the term gerrymander was coined following Massachusetts' state senate districting in 1812, many scholars have posited that it was actually Patrick Henry who first practiced this art, by designing an unnatural district that would ensure his rival James Madison's defeat in Virginia's first congressional elections in early 1789. Historians have ample evidence to buttress such claims, for numerous Founding Fathers bitterly complained that Henry was going out of his way to design a district for Madison's defeat. Through hard and smart campaigning, however, Madison managed to defeat his opponent, James Monroe—thus marking the only congressional election in American history pitting two future presidents against each other. This article closely examines Virginia's 1788 congressional districting and finds that, contrary to the accepted wisdom, ingenious and artificial combinations were not used to design Madison's district, for it was composed of a compact group of whole counties entirely within the Piedmont region, and bounded on all sides by natural geographic features; Madison's true problem was not the district's formulation, but that he lived in an area that was predominantly Anti-Federalist. In fact, Virginia's entire 1788 districting scheme shows no marks of partisan purpose, for it was both politically fair and one of the most geographically logical plans in all of American history.
Job Search, Emotional Well-Being, and Job Finding in a Period of Mass Unemployment: Evidence from High-Frequency Longitudinal Data
Authors: Krueger Alan B. , Mueller Andreas
Published: February 2012

This paper presents findings from a survey of 6,025 unemployed workers who were interviewed every week for up to 24 weeks in the fall of 2009 and winter of 2010. We find that the amount of time devoted to job search declines sharply over the spell of unemployment; we do not observe a rise in job search or job finding around the time that extended unemployment insurance (UI) benefits expire. The workers in our survey express much dissatisfaction and unhappiness with their lives, and their unhappiness rises the longer they are unemployed. The unemployed appear to be particularly sad during episodes of job search, and they report feeling more sad during job search the longer they are unemployed. We also find that in the aftermath of the Great Recession the exit rate from unemployment was low at all durations and declined gradually over the spell of unemployment. Both the amount of time devoted to job search and the reservation wage help predict early exit from UI.
What Is an Explorer?
Authors: Craciun Adriana
Published: February 2012

This essay argues that the undertheorized “Explorer” was a later nineteenth-century back-formation, and not the origin of exploration practices and texts. Comparing diverse early nineteenth-century Greenland voyages to 1730s geodetic expeditions, we can see how and why the Explorer began to appear at the turn of the nineteenth century. The distinct regulatory and corporate domains, predisciplinary vantage points, and bibliographic codes, through which exploration accounts were produced often differed radically from those in commercial authorship in the long eighteenth century. I suggest that the commonplace identification of Explorer with the proprietary commercial Author is misleading, and that it provides an opportunity for discerning asynchronous strands in the history of authorship and print.
The Adaptation of Migrant Children
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Rivas Alejandro
Published: February 2012

Alejandro Portes and Alejandro Rivas examine how young immigrants are adapting to life in the United States. They begin by noting the existence of two distinct pan-ethnic populations: Asian Americans, who tend to be the offspring of high-human-capital migrants, and Hispanics, many of whose parents are manual workers. Vast differences in each, both in human capital origins and in their reception in the United States, mean large disparities in resources available to the families and ethnic communities raising the new generation. Research on the assimilation of these children falls into two theoretical perspectives. Culturalist researchers emphasize the newcomers' place in the cultural and linguistic life of the host society; structuralists, their place in the socioeconomic hierarchy. Within each camp, views range from darkly pessimistic—that disadvantaged children of immigrants are simply not joining the American mainstream—to optimistic—that assimilation is taking place today just as it has in the past. A middle ground is that although poorly endowed immigrant families face distinct barriers to upward mobility, their children can overcome these obstacles through learning the language and culture of the host society while preserving their home country language, values, and customs. Empirical work shows that immigrants make much progress, on average, from the first to the second generation, both culturally and socioeconomically. The overall advancement of the immigrant population, however, is largely driven by the good performance and outcomes of youths from professional immigrant families, positively received in America. For immigrants at the other end of the spectrum, average socioeconomic outcomes are driven down by the poorer educational and economic performance of children from unskilled migrant families, who are often handicapped further by an unauthorized or insecure legal status. Racial stereotypes produce a positive self-identity for white and Asian students but a negative one for blacks and Latinos, and racialized self-perceptions among Mexican American students endure into the third and fourth generations. From a policy viewpoint, these children must be the population of greatest concern.
The authors cite two important policy measures for immigrant youth. One is to legalize unauthorized migrants lest, barred from conventional mobility channels, they turn to unorthodox means of self-affirmation and survival. The other is to provide volunteer programs and other forms of outside assistance to guide the most disadvantaged members of this population and help them stay in school.
Early Care and Education for Children in Immigrant Families
Authors: Karoly Lynn A. , Gonzalez Gabriella C.
Published: February 2012

A substantial and growing share of the population, immigrant children are more likely than children with native-born parents to face a variety of circumstances, such as low family income, low parental education, and language barriers that place them at risk of developmental delay and poor academic performance once they enter school. Lynn Karoly and Gabriella Gonzalez examine the current role of and future potential for early care and education (ECE) programs in promoting healthy development for immigrant children. Participation in center-based care and preschool programs has been shown to have substantial short-term benefits and may also lead to long-term gains as children go through school and enter adulthood. Yet, overall, immigrant children have lower rates of participation in nonparental care of any type, including center-based ECE programs, than their native counterparts. Much of the participation gap can be explained by just a few economic and sociodemographic factors, the authors find. To some extent, the factors that affect disadvantaged immigrant children resemble those of their similarly disadvantaged native counterparts. Affordability, availability, and access to ECE programs are structural barriers for many immigrant families, as they are for disadvantaged families more generally. Language barriers, bureaucratic complexity, and distrust of government programs, especially among undocumented immigrants, are unique challenges that may prevent some immigrant families from taking advantage of ECE programs, even when their children might qualify for subsidies. Cultural preferences for parental care at home can also be a barrier.
Thus the authors suggest that policy makers follow a two-pronged approach for improving ECE participation rates among immigrant children. First, they note, federal and state ECE programs that target disadvantaged children in general are likely to benefit disadvantaged immigrant children as well. Making preschool attendance universal is one way to benefit all immigrant children. Second, participation gaps that stem from the unique obstacles facing immigrants, such as language barriers and informational gaps, can be addressed through the way publicly subsidized and private or nonprofit programs are structured.
Immigrants in Community Colleges
Authors: Teranishi Robert T. , Suárez-Orozco Carola , Suárez-Orozco Marcelo
Published: February 2012

Immigrant youth and children of immigrants make up a large and increasing share of the nation's population, and over the next few decades they will constitute a significant portion of the U.S. workforce. Robert Teranishi, Carola Suárez-Orozco, and Marcelo Suárez-Orozco argue that increasing their educational attainment, economic productivity, and civic engagement should thus be a national priority. Community colleges offer one particularly important venue for achieving this objective. Because they are conveniently located, cost much less than four-year colleges, feature open admissions, and accommodate students who work or have family responsibilities, community colleges are well suited to meet the educational needs of immigrants who want to obtain an affordable postsecondary education, learn English-language skills, and prepare for the labor market. The authors explore how community colleges can serve immigrant students more effectively. Already, more immigrant students attend community colleges than any other type of post-secondary institution. But community colleges could attract even more immigrant students through outreach programs that help them to apply and to navigate the financial aid system. Federal reforms should also allow financial aid to cover tuition for English as a Second Language courses. Community colleges themselves could raise funds to provide scholarships for immigrants and undocumented students.
Although there are many good ideas for interventions that can boost enrollment and improve the performance of immigrant students in community colleges, rigorous research on effective programs is scant. The research community and community colleges need to work together closely to evaluate these programs with a view toward what works and why. Without such research, policy makers will find it difficult to improve the role of community colleges in increasing the educational achievement of immigrant students.
Haplography in the Hebrew Vorlage of LXX Jeremiah
Authors: Lundbom Jack R.
Published: February 2012

Opinions of nineteenth century scholars assessing the text of Jeremiah, where the LXX is one-eighth shorter than MT, were divided. Movers (1837) favored the shorter LXX text, while Graf (1862) favored the longer MT, believing that LXX Jeremiah had been abridged and corrupted by its translator. Since Duhm (1901) the shorter text of Jeremiah has been given consistent preference, and the MT seen as an expansionist text. The discovery of a fragment of the short Hebrew text of Jeremiah at Qumran (4QJer b ) led Janzen (1963) and others to conclude that the LXX translator did not abridge his Vorlage , but translated a Hebrew text of comparable length, localized in Egypt where the translation was made. While Janzen did not believe that shorter is always better, he nevertheless supported the consensus view that MT is by and large an expansionist text. The present article challenges this view, arguing that the LXX translated from a seriously flawed Hebrew text of Jeremiah, one containing more than 300 arguable cases of haplography, accounting for 64% of its word loss. The article also presents evidence to show that Biblia Hebraica failed to cite many LXX omissions, and was unjustly biased in favor of the shorter LXX readings. The longer MT of Jeremiah is far and away the better text, comparable to LXX Samuel, which is also longer and better. What we have then in Jeremiah is not so much proto-MT expansion by busy scribes in Babylon, but proto LXX loss by careless and inattentive scribes in Egypt.
"Lest Ye Perish in the Way": Ritual and Kinship in Exodus 4:24-26
Authors: Hays Christopher B.
Published: February 2012

This study develops two ideas about God's attack on Moses in Exod 4:24-26 in light of the ancient Near Eastern context and traditional Jewish interpretations. First, Zipporah's act of circumcision may be compared to ancient practices of apotropaic magic and sacrifice, rituals that sought divine protection. Second, her statement, "Surely you are a חַתַן-דָּמִים to me," invokes Yahweh's mercy by claiming her family's relationship to the Divine Kinsman.
Heterodoxos en cautiverio: de Cipriano de Valera a los protestantes del norte de África
Authors: Ohanna Natalio
Published: February 2012

This article explores a rare Early Modern work on captivity in Islamic lands: the Tratado para confirmar en la fe cristiana a los cautivos de Berbería (1594), by Cipriano de Valera, addressed to the Spanish Protestant community with forced residence in North Africa. In this work, Valera exploits the captivity treatise model of the period, but rather than promoting Islamophobia, he introduces, for the first time, the ideological struggle of the Reformation in Islamic lands. In so doing, he asserts that the main threat to his readers' faith comes not from the Turkish-Berber milieu, but rather from sharing space with fellow Christian captives who are followers of the Roman Catholic Church. In this way Valera subverts the discursive configuration of Europe based on the notion of irreconcilable religious opposition to an enemy that is both external and culturally other.
Berkeley's "Defense" of "Commonsense"
Authors: Bordner S. Seth
Published: February 2012

Nearly as famous as his denial of the existence of matter is Berkeley's insistence that his philosophy is somehow a defense of commonsense. This is most often taken to mean that Berkeley thinks of his philosophy as supporting commonsense beliefs. However, the inadequacies of such views have persuaded some to disregard entirely Berkeley's claims about commonsense. Both readings are undesirable. Extant interpretations misunderstand the relationship between Berkeley's philosophy and commonsense. In this paper, I present a new account of how to understand Berkeley's so-called defense of commonsense; it is not a defense- cum ­-apology for commonsense beliefs, but a defensive attack against a skeptical threat. I then examine two rival accounts of the defense of commonsense and show how each fails to satisfy the criteria for a successful account. Finally, I briefly address the implications this view has for future scholarship.
Human Rights Protections for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups: The Contributions of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Authors: Chapman Audrey R. , Carbonetti Benjamin
Published: February 2012

Recognition of the need to protect the rights and interests of the vulnerable and disadvantaged has been a recurrent theme in the work of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). This article reviews the work of the CESCR to ascertain whether the Committee has had a clear-cut framework or criteria to determine which individuals or groups should be considered vulnerable and disadvantaged and what measures are required to protect their human rights. The first section reviews the Committee's reporting guidelines. The second analyzes the treatment of vulnerability in the Committee's general comments and statements. The third evaluates how the CESCR has approached the subject of vulnerability in its concluding comments for state party reports reviewed between 1997 and 2009. The fourth concludes that despite the importance the CESCR accords to the subject of vulnerability, it does not offer a clear-cut conception or definition of vulnerability or related terminology. Nor does it provide criteria for identifying which individuals or groups qualify as vulnerable or disadvantaged in general or in specific contexts. Moreover, the CESCR is often vague about what protecting and improving the status of the vulnerable and disadvantaged entails. Therefore the paper recommends that the CESCR address vulnerability in a more conceptually robust and integrated fashion through issuing a general comment or a statement on the topic.
Gender Justice in Puerto Rico: Domestic Violence, Legal Reform, and the Use of International Human Rights Principles
Authors: Roure Jodie G.
Published: February 2012

This article examines the state of domestic violence in Puerto Rico. It investigates the ways by which grassroots movements and governmental agencies work collaboratively and independently towards the eradication of violence and discrimination against women on the islands. It also explores the island's past experience in managing change to create systems and programs that ensure women's human rights and gender equality. It analyzes related legal reform in Puerto Rico within the context of human rights.
Building an Understanding of the Role of Media Literacy for Latino/a High School Students
Authors: Boske Christa , McCormack Susan
Published: February 2012

Popular media is a social phenomenon, especially for young audiences. This qualitative study examined how eleven Latino/a high school students and a Latino teacher understood the impact of media messages in an animated children's film. Findings suggest participants identified negative cultural messages embedded throughout the film regarding Latino/a as well as lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/queer/intersex/ally (LGBTQIA) populations. Authors discuss implications and recommendations for educators and school leaders to consider when presenting media. These suggestions include integrating media literacy to engage students in understanding the construction of popular media and to critically reflect on the impact of such messages.
Negotiating Muslim Youth Identity in a Post-9/11 World
Authors: Tindongan Cynthia White
Published: February 2012

The post-9/11 era is poignant for a number of populations and groups in the United States. Each of those communities wrestles with the abject impact of the events of 9/11 in its own way marshaling strengths and excavating pre-9/11 identities toward a new way of being members of those communities and participants in U.S. society. Muslims and immigrants to the U.S. are among those most affected by the reconfiguration of mainstream American life. As students in public schools Muslim youth engage in challenges unique to those with their religious, cultural and/or national backgrounds. Given the historical and current implications of colonialism, and postcolonial and transnational issues for immigrants, this discussion of the literature centers on postcolonial and transnational theories and post-9/11 dispositions as possible frameworks for discussing the lived experiences of Muslim immigrant children in U.S. public schools. Additionally, I will look at a variety of identity issues as they may be applied to Muslim youth with a particular emphasis on post-9/11 concerns in U.S. public schools.
Promising Homework Practices: Teachers' Perspectives on Making Homework Work for Newcomer Immigrant Students
Authors: Bang Hee Jin
Published: February 2012

This study examines the homework practices of eight teachers working in a high school designed to serve newcomer immigrant students. Individual structured interviews were conducted in which teachers working in an innovative setting explained their purposes of assigning homework, their beliefs about factors affecting their students' homework completion, and any adjustments they may make in designing or assessing homework for their immigrant students. The responses of these teachers provide insight into challenges that newcomer students encounter in their efforts to complete assignments outside of class, as well as ways in which homework may be adapted to support student learning. Implications for schools and teachers serving diverse students are discussed.
A Preliminary Investigation of Academic Disidentification, Racial Identity, and Academic Achievement Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Cokley Kevin , McClain Shannon , Jones Martinique , Johnson Samoan
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine academic disidentification along with demographic and psychological factors related to the academic achievement of African American adolescents. Participants included 96 African American students (41 males, 55 females) in an urban high school setting located in the Southwest. Consistent with previous research, academic disidentification was determined by looking for an attenuation of the correlation between academic self-concept and grade point average (GPA) of male and female students. The relationship between academic self-concept and grade point average significantly decreased for African American males, while it significantly increased for African American females. Demographic factors included age and sex, while psychological factors included academic self-concept, devaluing academic success, and racial identity. Results of a hierarchical regression indicated that sex and academic self-concept were significant positive predictors of GPA, while age and racial identity were significant negative predictors, accounting for 50% variance. Academic self-concept was the strongest predictor of GPA. Implications of the results are discussed.
Filipinos in Nueva España: Filipino-Mexican Relations, Mestizaje, and Identity in Colonial and Contemporary Mexico
Authors: Guevarra Rudy P.
Published: February 2012

This essay examines how the Manila-Acapulco galleon era (1565-1815) under Spanish colonialism forged the early mestizaje between Filipino Indio men and Mexican Indian and mixed race women, which produced children who became the first multiethnic Mexican-Filipinos in Nueva España (Mexico). This story is juxtaposed with current migrations of Filipinos to Mexico via the vacation cruise liners, which share a story of contemporary mixing between Filipinos and Mexicans. By acknowledging both their identities and looking to the past, these modern day multiethnic Mexipinos and Filipinos connect to a long historical web of interconnectedness which underpins the mestizaje that began in the sixteenth century.
The Alchemist and His Ball
Authors: Rozenberg Guillaume
Published: February 2012

Alchemy plays an important part in Burmese Buddhism as one means, among several, of gaining access to salvation. The practice of alchemy figures centrally in a specific religious orientation, the path of the superman (weikza lan) that offers a way to reach nirvana through seeking near-immortality. Within this ideological frame, defined by the ultimate horizon of deliverance, alchemy makes it possible—by means of understandings, technical manipulations, and the forces with which it deals—for the practitioner to act upon his person through the intermediary of a material double, the ball which serves as the object of alchemical activity, allowing him in this way to become the master of his own being and gain some control over his fate. Alchemy appears to be a form, religiously defined and socially meaningful, of self-making.
The Republican Rhetoric of a Frontier Controversy: Newspapers in the Illinois Slavery Debate, 1823-1824
Authors: Rowe Adam
Published: February 2012

This essay uses the printed debate over legalizing slavery in Illinois to examine local leaders' rhetorical and ideological approach to bondage in the early 1820s. Though the controversy over slavery was more heated in Illinois than almost anywhere else, the printed debate reveals a remarkable degree of consensus in the way leaders on both sides approached the issue. Those favoring slavery believed it would hasten the state's development, a motive that became both widespread and pressing in the wake of a severe economic depression. But they were categorically unwilling to argue that bondage would serve Illinois's long-term social or political interests. This reluctance became glaring as the debate entered the press, where proslavery writers attempted to clothe the powerful economic motives for introducing bondage in high minded, republican terms. Though Americans in this era read their newspapers in the same grog-soaked taverns that hosted local political disputes, they expected arguments in the press to appeal to republican principles rather than material interests. Certainly, the two could be combined; antislavery writers proved adept at doing just that. But proslavery writers were considerably less successful. As leaders on both sides of the Illinois slavery contest turned to the newspapers to persuade the electorate, they inevitably brought the debate into this high-minded framework, encouraging those who had demanded slavery as hard-pressed residents on the frontier to consider it as disinterested citizens of a republic. Although history provides many examples of proslavery writers defending slavery in these terms, they were unwilling to do so in Illinois.
Edmund Burke and the Emotions
Authors: Dwan David
Published: February 2012

The emphasis Burke placed on the role of feeling in moral and political life is an obvious feature of his thought. Less obvious is what Burke understood by a feeling and it is a question that has been largely overlooked in modern scholarship. This article suggests that Burke entertained different and incompatible theories of emotion. In early works, he often endorsed a non-cognitive theory of affect: here emotions were essentially non-reasoning states. But he later rejected this position and insisted upon the intrinsic rationality of feeling. This article examines the philosophical content and political significance of these rival outlooks.
From Sukkot to Saturnalia: The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth-Century Chronological Scholarship
Authors: Nothaft Carl Philipp Emanuel
Published: February 2012

The article deals with the burgeoning scholarly critique of Christmas celebrations in the late sixteenth century, giving special attention to the chronological discussions of the historical birthday of Jesus Christ. A look at these discussions reveals that the basic outlines of modern debates on the “origins” of Christmas are already present in the works of Matthaeus Beroaldus, Joseph Justus Scaliger, Isaac Casaubon, and others.