bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Modifications of Anterior Teeth in the Danish Viking Age
Authors: Alexandersen Verner , Lynnerup Niels
Published: May 2018

Inspired by previous finds of filed, likely ornamental grooves on upper incisors of Swedish and Danish male Vikings, a Viking sample from Denmark (ca. AD 800–1050) was studied (M=69, F=45, 90=?). We found evidence of modifications that could be distinguished from normal wear and linear enamel hypoplasia. In 24 individuals single or multiple filed horizontal grooves occurred on labial surfaces of the central upper incisors and some lateral incisors (22/159 or 13.8 percent). All grooves were inconspicuous and shallow, and other unrelated worn labial facets were found. This occurrence is unlike the grooves in male Swedish Vikings. The variation observed, as well as experiments with iron files and whetstones, leads us to suggest that the Danish Viking grooves could be made intentionally but more often developed as a result of task activities.
Tooth Ablation in Early Neolithic Skeletons from Taiwan
Authors: Pietrusewsky Michael , Lauer Adam , Tsang Cheng-Hwa , Li Kuang-Ti , Douglas Michele Toomay
Published: May 2018

This chapter documents tooth ablation in early Neolithic skeletons (ca. 5000–4200 BP) from the Nankuanli East (NKLE) site in southwestern Taiwan and makes comparisons to Iron Age skeletons (1800–500 BP) from Shihsanhang (SSH) in northwest Taiwan and other groups from Taiwan and surrounding regions. The most common pattern of tooth ablation in the NKLE skeletons is symmetrical removal of the upper lateral incisors and canines in adult males and females. No ablation was observed among the Iron Age skeletons from Taiwan. The manner and timing of tooth removal, a possible marker of cultural/kinship identity, and its absence in the SSH teeth are discussed. The pattern of tooth ablation observed in the NKLE skeletons is rare in other regions surveyed. Studies of skeletons from Mainland China help identify the possible origin of the pattern of dental modification observed in Taiwan’s earliest Neolithic inhabitants.
Biocultural Perspectives on Jomon Dental Ablation
Authors: Harvey Amanda R. , Scott G. Richard , Pellegrini Evan , Turner Christy G.
Published: May 2018

Ritual dental ablation involves the culturally prescribed extraction of healthy teeth. In Japan, this form of dental extraction was extensively practiced by groups from the Middle Jomon to Late-Final Jomon Periods. Dental extraction comes in many forms, affects multiple tooth combinations, and varies by sex and age. Traditionally, Jomon ablation patterns have only been assessed skeletally. Using an artist’s rendition of ancient Jomon individuals, this chapter “fleshes out” skulls to show how specific patterns of ablation might have appeared in the living. Considering the human face, or visage, is one of the most interactive parts of the body, dental ablation is an immediate and permanent identity marker. Jomon ablation patterns served multiple purposes within their social complexity, highlighting homogeneity while marking internal differentiation of positions within the hunter-gatherer society. For the Ancient Jomon, dental ablation is a constant, visual, biocultural indicator of identity and social complexity.
Use of Stable Isotope Analysis to Reveal Relationships between Diet and Tooth Ablation Types in Jomon Period Japan
Authors: Kusaka Soichiro
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the practice of ritual tooth ablation in Japan in relation to diet and migration. Ablation was practiced extensively among hunter-gatherers, and the tradition typically followed one of two patterns, type 4I and type 2C, depending on whether the lower incisors or canines were extracted, respectively. To test the hypothesis that a dependence on marine resources for food differed depending on ablation type during childhood and adulthood, stable isotope ratios of bone collagen and tooth enamel were measured. It was discovered that diets did vary among individuals with different ablation types in the Inariyama population. The findings provide important evidence that biocultural dietary differences were related to ablation type in the Jomon period.
Social Complexity and Intraregional and Interregional Variation in Dental Modification
Authors: Mayes Arion T. , Barber Sarah B. , Joyce Arthur A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the ways intentional dental modification intersects with other aspects of social organization between the Terminal Formative (150 BC–AD 100) and Late Classic (AD 500–800) periods. The practice is examined for diachronic change, relationship with social status, regional variation, and regional comparisons to Romero’s (1958, 1970) typology system. It is asserted that downplaying the presence of dental modification in favor of grave offerings when assessing status may result in a failure to acknowledge the significant resource deployment the practice required and its potential as a physical embodiment of inscribed status in Mesoamerica. Modification within the Lower Río Verde Valley mirrors types identified throughout Oaxaca and greater Mexico, with evidence of greater social complexity and long-distance interaction over time.
Dental Modification and the Expansion and Manipulation of Mesoamerican Identity into Northwest Mexico
Authors: Watson James T. , García M. Cristina
Published: May 2018

This chapter characterizes dental modification in a skeletal sample dating to the Middle (A.D. 500–1200) and Late Ceramic (A.D. 1200–1600) periods from Sonora, Mexico. Fifteen individuals from El Cementerio display dental modification including ablation and tooth filing. Dental modification may be a biocultural trait that spread from Mesoamerica along the West Mexican coast around A.D. 1000. El Cementerio represents the furthest northern expanse of this practice within Mexico, but the site is completely devoid of material evidence for Mesoamerican influence. The site may be a regional center for a settlement system stretching the middle Rio Yaqui. Some residents, influenced by trading partners along the coast, appear to have adopted dental modification (and cranial modification) as a way to manipulate their identity to visibly connect to more influential groups along the West Mexican coast and support the management of status within the middle Rio Yaqui area.
Out of Regard to Custom
Authors: Milner George R.
Published: May 2018

This overview of the volume’s chapters focuses on intentional modifications of teeth, specifically alterations of crown shape or removal, as known from historical and ethnographic sources, archaeological studies, and observations of contemporary peoples. Anterior teeth, a highly visible aspect of a person’s appearance, were altered for different reasons by past and present peoples. While purposeful modifications of the dentition are of principal interest, they must be distinguished from features that can mimic them, including use wear, pathological features, and decay or trauma-related tooth loss.
ImagiNations from a History of Space to a History of Movement
Authors: Ette Ottmar
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a postnational perspective on Cuban history, culture, and its literature, from the moment of its invention until the Castro era. Many of our theories and epistemologies are informed by spatial and static views that keep us from recognizing the highly dynamic developments and processes at their base. As an alternative, Ette appeals to a transition from history informed by spatiality to a history shaped by movement. By examining the first examples of early modern cartography, Ette argues that Cuba had been perceived from the moment of discovery as a potential global island. Furthermore, the author cites prime examples of Cuban literature, among them the works of José Martí, that follow a logic of inclusion, not one of exclusion, based on a theory of global relationality. Given the fact that Cuban literature has been written on all continents—mostly in Spanish, but also on a translingual level in the respective languages of the countries of exile—the idea of Cuba as a global island could become part of a trans-areal archipelago, one built upon the foundation of symmetrical relations that develop a relational logic in accordance with the ongoing process of globalization.
Voluntary Exiles, New Identities, and the Emergence of a Postnational Sensibility in Contemporary Latin American Literature
Authors: Brignole Francisco
Published: May 2018

Brignole explores the question of postnational identity by proposing a reading of three novels that signal a transition point in the literature of exile and displacement in Latin America. The characters portrayed in El síndrome de Ulises (2005) by Santiago Gamboa, Travesuras de la niña mala(2006) by Mario Vargas Llosa, and El exilio voluntario (2009) by Claudio Ferrufino-Coqueugniot are the fictional counterparts of a new generation of voluntary exiles that has started to replace, in diachronic progression, the traditional figures of leftist revolutionaries and political exiles. The typical voluntary exile is not fixated on an attempt to recover a lost identity, like the traditional exile, nor does he attempt to assimilate into the cultural make-up of the new countries he inhabits, like the immigrant. Instead, he remains in an indefinite state of “foreignness” by adopting an interstitial position, located somewhere between those of the exile and the immigrant. Instead of assigning unwarranted importance to a nation, an ideology, or a race, the protagonists of these novels project a new postnational sensibility. They emphasize the shared experience of all exiles, draw attention to the futility of borders, and forge productive fraternal bonds with individuals coming from different cultural heritages.
Cosmopolitan Postnationalists
Authors: de Alba Francisco Fernández
Published: May 2018

Fernández de Alba’s chapter presents a synthesis of cosmopolitanism and nationalism by examining the works of Virgilio Piñera and Wifredo Lam, two cosmopolitans sui generis, who participated in the construction of a national Cuban culture. Cosmopolitanism and nationalism are often presented either as an absolute form of universality or as an uncompromising localism, when, in reality, both terms are dynamic cultural categories. In defiance of a homogeneous view of Cuban culture that accentuated the Creole experience of the late colonial period, Piñera and Lam fought against the establishment of a national identity that would elevate a single racial and ethnic heritage over all others. In doing so, the author argues, both writers contributed to a cosmopolitan view on national identity, one based on a wider sense of cultural citizenship. Furthermore, they devoted themselves to creating a national culture that could be cosmopolitan in form while fundamentally rooted in Cuban society and history.
The Postnational Reception of Carlos Ruiz Zafón’s La sombra del viento
Authors: Steenmeijer Maarten
Published: May 2018

Since the 1980s, the Spanish novel has become a constant presence in the international literary arena. This chapter deals with the degree in which contemporary Spanish literature tends to be received in a postnational frame of reference. The author focuses on the international reception of La sombra del viento (2001), Carlos Ruiz Zafón’s towering bestseller. The plot stands out for its strong heteronomous context—Barcelona before and after the Spanish Civil War—which makes Ruiz Zafón’s novel an interesting case study to test the postnational status of contemporary Spanish literature. The chapter focuses on four countries that hold an important or even central position in the world republic of letters: Germany, France, the U.S., and England.
“Skilful Jockies” and “Good Sadlers”
Authors: Boulware Tyler
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces and assesses the roles horses played in the economies and societies of eighteenth-century southeastern Indians. Villagers throughout the region found horses essential in hunting, trade, and war. If the future of borderlands history centers partly on issues of spatial mobility and ambiguities of power, then horses are especially relevant to borderlands scholarship. In the early South, horses facilitated cross-cultural and economic exchanges while undermining the structures of authority for both Indians and whites. A closer look at the interrelationship between Indians, horses, and the environment affords new insights into borderlands history by underscoring how human and animal mobility not only complicated territorial boundaries and cross-cultural interactions but also subtly modified the socioeconomic foundations and ecological landscape of southeastern Indians.
Borderlands Redemption
Authors: Mulder Philip N.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the range of approaches that Protestant missionaries took to their work in Ohio. In particular, it shows how Presbyterian Joseph Badger brought redemption to Ohio. Beginning in 1800, he made several journeys to proselytize in the region. Aggressively confronting the inhabitants of this “unbroken wilderness,” Badger made Ohio his own spiritual and physical frontier, a place to be transformed by the religion and culture he would impose. His approach contrasted with most immigrants to Ohio who dismissed Indians as pagans, strangers, and enemies, objects to be transformed or removed. Badger, however, detoured from the path many other Protestant proselytizers followed by sometimes befriending Native American neighbors and defending them against the onslaught of other American settlers. His efforts preserved a remnant of Ohio before it became a frontier for missionaries and settlers. Badger sustained the past compromises that had made Ohio a “middle ground,” a place where negotiations among various Europeans and Indians trumped the purposes of any one party. Badger’s competitors ran roughshod over his designs and efforts as they charged into Ohio and trampled any hope of preserving compromise.
Introduction
Authors: Hawkins Karen M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces Craven Operation Progress, the nation’s first rural Community Action Agency (CAA), and how its experiences help to add to the standard narrative of the War on Poverty.
Stress Fractures
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

Stress fractures (or fatigue fractures) are covered in this chapter. Stress fractures are assumed to occur due to microcracks from repetitive forces that accumulate to result in a complete bone break, but these fractures can result from a single traumatic event. The most common location for stress fractures is the vertebral column; two common vertebral stress fractures include spondylolysis and clay-shoveler’s fractures. Spondylolysis fractures, which occur on the lumbar vertebrae, are the most often reported stress fractures. Non-activity causes of stress fractures and the closely related stress hernias, called Schmorl’s nodes, have been found in twin studies; these fractures and hernias seem to be correlated with normal anatomical variation found in the vertebral column. These anatomical variations are likely determined by genes.
Conclusions
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter concludes with the major theme that ran through the previous chapters; how much of each of these skeletal activity reconstruction features are a result of environmental influences (i.e., activities) and how much of the variation in these features are a result of genes. Biological confounds, which are largely genetic, have been found in all of the skeletal features covered in the previous chapters. For example, evolutionary body type rules (i.e., Bergmann’s and Allen’s Rules) affect measures of cross-sectional geometries. Plus, age is known to increase entheseal change scores. Furthermore, twin studies have revealed hereditary etiologies for osteoarthritis and Schmorl’s nodes. Yet, not all of the variance is genetic and, thus, the question remains whether skeletal indicators of activity can still be used to reconstruct activity patterns. Methods that avoid circular reasoning and aim to use only skeletal features with predictive validity should be the ultimate goal for those studying skeletal remains. If skeletal indicators of activity cannot be used to reconstruct what people did in the past, then perhaps these skeletal features can help in other ways, such as improving age estimates or drawing better conclusions about biological relatedness.
The Antigovernment Impulse
Authors: Cebul Brent
Published: May 2018

Presidential candidates on both the left and the right have, since the 1960s, criticized the government for its size, overreach, and inefficiency. Once elected, these presidents made few changes and continued delivering the programs and social goods Americans demanded. Such actions devalued civic virtue, sacrifice, and the public good, which decreased the likelihood of finding collective solutions to problems affecting the entire polity.
From Educator to Creditor in Chief
Authors: Shermer Elizabeth Tandy
Published: May 2018

American higher education expanded significantly in the economic boom years following the Second World War. The federal government underwrote the growth of these institutions as providers of mass education and as modern research universities. Presidents played a key role in nurturing the nascent student loan industry.
Parallel Ladders to the Glass Ceiling
Authors: Laird Pamela Walker
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 compares the appointment of women in presidential cabinets to top executive positions in corporations. The author argues that the record of promoting women to CEO posts in corporate America has been inferior to their elevation in cabinet posts. Overall, in both civic and business arenas, glass ceilings continue to inhibit upward movement for women despite meritocratic rhetoric to the contrary.
Executive Stewardship of America’s Credit Card Economy
Authors: Vanatta Sean H.
Published: May 2018

Under the auspices of the Credit Control Act of 1969, President Jimmy Carter sought to restrict inflationary forms of credit—especially the use of credit cards. These unpopular actions contributed significantly to his loss of the presidency to Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. Other presidents in recent decades have instead encouraged Americans to make extensive use of credit cards.
Computerizing America
Authors: Mcgee Andrew Meade
Published: May 2018

From its military origins during the Cold War, the computer migrated into the civilian sector. Aerospace and defense corporations led the nation into the digital age, with presidents urging for its wider and wider applications. Recent presidential elections (and politics in general) have increasingly relied upon advancing computer technology.
The President and American Retirement Planning
Authors: Gajewski Paula K.
Published: May 2018

In 1974, President Gerald Ford signed the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, which revolutionized American private retirement practices. The legislation created the Individual Retirement Account (IRA), the cornerstone of modern retirement planning. The creation of massive individual and corporate retirement accounts has significantly reshaped financial markets.
The President, Congress, and Federal Social Policy in the 1970s
Authors: Amsterdam Daniel
Published: May 2018

Rather than a sharp break from the liberal policies of the 1960s, the 1970s constituted a period of gradual transition to the following conservative decades. Under President Jimmy Carter, the federal government continued to actively engage with the problem of poverty. Carter embraced the new Public Service Employment program, which provided 750,000 jobs for the poor. This chapter suggests an alternative view of the War on Poverty’s end.
Ecological Imperialism Revisited
Authors: Elmore Bartow
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows how two presidents, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, engaged the biotechnology debates of the 1980s and 1990s. Their actions reveal how diplomacy as well as domestic political concerns shaped executive policies regarding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Bush and Clinton supported biotech innovation not because of the potential to feed the hungry multitudes but because it promised to aid American agribusiness in competitive world markets.
Wings for Hummingbirds to Fly With
Authors: Eberl Markus
Published: May 2018

This chapter employs the famous rabbit-duck illusion to develop a dialectical approach to change. While individuals perceive only rabbit or duck at a given moment, most, if not all, can also see the other. Switching back and forth between the rabbit and the duck creates consciousness about knowledge. This dialectical approach is applied to a symbolic model of creativity. The latter refers to the human capacity to question interpretations of the world and to find new relationships among constituent elements. Metonyms and metaphors are fundamental to human discourse and link knowledge domains in newbutincomplete ways. By hovering between domains, they build meta-awareness. The ancient Maya creator, the god Itzamnaaj, helps to illustrate key aspects of this model of creativity.
Stillman Wanders, Babel Rises
Authors: Eberl Markus
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 discusses how innovation changes social structures. Fault lines traverse societies. Their structures are complex, their statuses differentiated, and their power structures unequal. Rather than existing in the abstract, these aspects of social life materialize in concrete actions, things, and people. Diacritical consumption sets members of society apart based on culture-specific values. To work as status-differentiating items, these values should be understood, at least partially, by members of society, especially as they develop meta-awareness through their interaction with social frames. For social change, these individual experiences have to be converted into a public discourse about structures. Inventions then materialize personal visions of society and become novel arguments in the public discourse. As people adopt them, they shift the course of their society.
Of Environments and Landscapes
Authors: Baird Melissa F.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the environmental contexts of cultural landscapes in Mongolia (climate change) and coastal sites in Alaska (oil spill) to show how landscapes intersect with environmental concerns and contexts. The case studies are placed within the larger debates surrounding the research and management of Indigenous heritage and the sociopolitical contexts and implications of heritage practices in environmental contexts to argue that the political contexts of heritage landscapes are often not identified within debates on sustainable development. The chapter demonstrates how ideas of sustainability, wilderness, and nature are central to how ideas of place are established, and urges that cultural heritage hold a more prominent position in ongoing debates.
Experts and Epistemologies
Authors: Baird Melissa F.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the consequences of landscapes as heritage and discusses the culture of expertise in heritage negotiations. Drawing on the author's role as a heritage expert and interviews with heritage experts and practitioners, this chapter fleshes out the epistemological criteria upon which expert claims of ownership, authenticity, and identity are made and why this matters. It demonstrates that the multiple theories and methods that are brought to bear in interpreting cultural landscapes, referred to as the “epistemologies of landscapes,” intersect with issues related to cultural and natural heritage, landscape preservation, and identity. Although developments within the landscape paradigm have enabled greater flexibility in design and practice, the majority of models heritage experts draw on were developed within a modern and western framework. In many ways, this genealogical legacy structures whose interests are defined and given legitimacy in how landscapes are imagined and explained, and has tangible implications for descendant and stakeholder communities. The chapter also examines the intersecting frameworks of ecosystems services and natural capital that are increasingly central to heritage negotiations to show how these have become a currency that multinational corporations, the nation-state, private sector, and other decision makers have increasingly drawn on in decisions and management.
“Wondering Under Which Head I Come”
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

Anna Julia Cooper condemns ideals of abstraction and universality within the traditions of U.S. Constitutionalism, Episcopalianism, and in the literature of leading establishment writers, including William Dean Howells. As articulated in Chapter 3, “‘Wondering under Which Head I Come’: Sounding Anna Julia Cooper’s Fin-de-Siècle Song,” an avowed embrace of difference, pluralism, and conflict characterizes Cooper’s prose, while her analyses of black male gender bias in the realm of higher education signal keen insights into the nuanced constraints of ostensibly liberal politics of the era. In A Voice From the South (1892), her reconceptualization of dominant tenets of civility and equality as “critical regard”; her invocation of musical metaphor; and her irruptions of sarcasm, compel a radical reevaluation of ways of recognizing social change. Cooper also extends an indictment of the provinciality and subtle maintenance of racial hierarchies within the (white) Women’s Movement which holds relevance today.
“Mammy Ain’t Nobody Name”
Authors: Fox Regis M.
Published: May 2018

Novels such as Sherley Anne Williams’ Dessa Rose, as well as the focus of “‘Mammy Ain’t Nobody Name’: Power, Privilege, and the Bodying Forth of Resistance,” provoke dialogue with Wilson, Keckly, and Cooper in important ways. Exploring Williams’s engagement with previous legacies of resistance, Chapter 4 draws attention to her disruption of a “neoliberal problematic” via her distinct problematization of the mind-body split and associated tropes of mediation such as the “as-told-to” dynamic. Like Wilson, Williams interrogates the indecipherability of black rage within both interracial and intra-racial liberal matrices of privilege and authority; like Keckly, she destabilizes the “Mammy” figure and undercuts liberal models of interracial friendship; and like Cooper, Williams cultivates an insurgent politics of sound. Becoming together with Wilson, Keckly, and Cooper in the aforementioned ways, Williams’s fiction exhibits a comparable attentiveness to situating blackness beyond conventional registers of containment, intervening into Enlightenment-era discourses of knowledge and self.
Introduction
Authors: Kozakavich Stacy C.
Published: May 2018

The introduction contextualizes long history of North American intentional communities within what we assume to be fundamentally American visions and values. It introduces how social, economic, and literary movements inspired groups to seek alternatives to the mainstream's perceived flaws and injustices. The chapter introduces archaeology's disciplinary contributions to better understanding past communities and describes the multiscalar method of organizing archaeological views presented in subsequent chapters.
At Home, Work, and Worship
Authors: Kozakavich Stacy C.
Published: May 2018

The domestic, devotional, and work spaces inhabited by past intentional community members hold traces of their family structures and can provide evidence of the dynamic nature of community building. Repairs to the Ephrata Colony's Kedar and a remnant abandoned arch in a Shaker basement are two examples of buildings as processes of negotiation and inhabitation that were physically changed as their builders' needs, abilities, and expectations changed. And as they were inhabited, buildings worked upon their residents to reinforce behaviors central to community belief, from the separating brothers' and sisters' staircases of Shaker family houses to the gathering rooms of the Oneida Mansion House. In providing examples from archaeological and architectural history approaches to intentional communities' built environments, this chapter demonstrates the strength of this scale in accessing family structures and identifying built responses to members' long- and short-term visions and goals.
Material Visions
Authors: Kozakavich Stacy C.
Published: May 2018

Artifacts made, bought, and used within past intentional communities demand careful interpretation. They may reaffirm or challenge our long-held ideas about a group, and as mute witnesses to the past can invite conflicting views among scholars and community descendants. This chapter spans the volume's widest temporal range, from eighteenth-century ceramics and food remains left by Pennsylvania's Ephrata Cloister to twentieth-century vinyl records listened to by members of California's Chosen Family. Examples from the Shakers, Harmonists, and Moravians demonstrate the importance of building community-specific contexts of interpretation that are sensitive to differences between individual groups as well as temporal changes within long-lived communities.
Remaking Communities
Authors: Kozakavich Stacy C.
Published: May 2018

Reconstructions and restorations at intentional community sites, such as Shaker and Moravian villages, are popular tourist destinations and valuable resources for public education. How do these sites present past groups' ideals within a modern societal context that largely contradicts many of their fundamental principles? How can visitors seek inspiration from intentional communities' unique efforts to enact or embody societal change when modern reconstructions often focus on quaint agrarian lifestyles that celebrate nostalgia for a shared, uncontested past, or highlight small innovations and inventions that align with our American ideals of individualism and entrepreneurial spirit? This chapter seeks to open a broad conversation among archaeologists about our role in interpreting and presenting community pasts as acts of social critique. Moving forward, we must acknowledge the modern social and political assumptions and motivations behind our interpretations of past communities, whether they are picturesque visions of an imagined simpler time, critical reflections on the discriminatory beliefs entwined with many group's histories, or calls to rekindle a movement or spirit from which we can learn today.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Reginald K.
Published: May 2018

The introduction provides an overview of the research and places James Edward Shepard in historical context by analyzing the discourse of race relations in North Carolina. I examine the dialogue of black Durham’s participation in the “race issue” of the early twentieth century and evaluate black higher education throughout the United States during this time period. I discuss the famous Washington versus Du Bois debate. This chapter also presents the main argument of the manuscript--that black college presidents of the early twentieth century were more than academic leaders. They were race leaders, as can be seen in the case of Dr. James Edward Shepard. For these presidents the real debate was not the struggle between liberal arts and vocational education but “what was the most practical way to uplift the Negro Race.”
“Don’t Crash the Gate but Stand on Your Own Feet!”
Authors: Ellis Reginald K.
Published: May 2018

Scholars often consider the Brown decision of 1954 as the chief legal victory for African Americans in the twentieth century. Although the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s legal team achieved their goal of gaining access to public education for black citizens, historians studying this movement generally praise the outcome of Brown while not focusing on the unintended consequences of that victory. Such circumstances as the ultimate demise of many southern-based black institutions in the name of integration. Researchers have often labelled the leaders of such institutions as obstructionist, gradualists, accommodationist or even worse, “Uncle Toms.” Much of this criticism came from individuals who did not carry the burden of leading either a southern-based institution or community during the early 1900s. Despite these negative labels, black college administrators such as Shepard were responsible for creating a southern black professional class, and future Civil Rights leaders through their institutions of higher learning. Consequently, this essay will explore how Shepard navigated the currents of southern white supremacy, and northern black radicalism while creating an institutional legacy that remains today despite his “gradualist” approach during the long Civil Rights Movement.
Introduction
Authors: Kimmelman Burt
Published: May 2018

The essays in this book take up various related aspects of Guillaume de Machaut’s legacy, especially as established by his judgment series. The salient features of that legacy include the focus on fame and authorial reputation; and, within this context, there is both the intra- and extratextual self to be contemplated, along with the emergence of an I possessing ontological fullness. The Machaldian poem manifests a shifted cultural understanding that comprehended a poetic machinery, one in which the poet (the real Guillaume) and the poet’s I (his intratextual confection) together modulate the flow of literary, social, and even political power, within the text and sometimes beyond it. The flow is most often realized through the institution of patronage. The dramatizations of the patronage system become integral within a conceptualization of authorship that is nearly modern, not so readily recognizable as medieval. In the work of Machaut and his heirs we find the problematizing of authority, the theatrics of the very notion of judgment, the late medieval dit’s capacity to leave judgment to its reader, as well as the thought-provoking ambivalence of an un-concluded jeu-parti.
“Le Contraire Effacies”
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses questions of literary and political authority in the writings of two of medieval France’s best known authors, Alain Chartier (c.1385–1430) and Guillaume de Machaut (1300–1377). Chartier was steeped in a rich culture of literary, political, and intellectual debate. His literary debates are heavily inflected by Machaut’s judgment poems. Chartier and Machaut’s positioning within the tradition of the reception of their works marks them as authority figures, or “sites” of authority, and that authority is paradoxically reinforced by textual and material attempts to erase it. In Machaut's “Judgement of the King of Navarre” (1349), the personification of Discretion urges the king of Navarre, appointed judge, to “le contraire effacies” (erase the opposite, v. 3432), or in other words perhaps: to spin the debate to give the desired outcome.
Courting Controversy?
Authors: Swift Helen
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses Machaut’s JRB and JRN as a launch-pad for reading the relationship of response between Martin Le Franc’s Champion des dames (c.1442) and Complainte du livre du Champion des dames a maistre Martin le Franc son acteur, with the aim of understanding better the stakes at play in the fifteenth-century false retraction. The Champion references explicitly to Machaut’s judgment poems, and both the Champion and Complainte entertain an analogous interaction of metatextuality, intertextuality, and historical reference. This results in a similarly enticing and subtle interlacing of poetry and court politics. Le Franc and Machaut contribute distinctively to a characteristically late-medieval reflection on authorship as a dialogic process concerned as much with book reception as with its production.
The Judge as Reader, the Reader as Judge
Authors: Mcgerr Rosemarie
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the links between reading and judgment in Machaut’s Jugement dou roy de Navarre and shows how the poem interweaves several literary genres into a vernacular “mirror for princes.” Like Dante’s Commedia and Gower’s Confessio amantis, Machaut’s poem echoes John of Salisbury’s association of reading, law, and good kingship in the Policraticus. Each poem depicts the poet’s reading skills to be under scrutiny; yet the poems also present models for contemporary rulers to become wise judges through the “reading lessons” that the poems construct.
Bohemian Gower
Authors: Burke Linda
Published: May 2018

The English poet John Gower has long been recognized as a Ricardian, that is, a poet in the artistic orbit of England’s King Richard II. This essay explores the importance of Richard’s Queen Anne of Bohemia as a patron in her own right and even more essential than her spouse to the special qualities of Gower’s Confessio Amantis. Anne’s pervasive presence in Gower’s English masterpiece is discovered in its engagement with the legacy of Machaut, especially his two judgment poems, Le Jugement dou roi de Behaingne and its “palinode,” Le Jugement dou roi de Navarre. These poems were dedicated (respectively) to Anne’s grandfather John of Luxembourg and (mostly likely) her aunt Bonne, the latter referenced through honorific wordplay on her name. Gower pays homage to Anne with the traditional pun on her name (in the tale of Alcestis, a figure also associated with Anne in Chaucer’s Legend of Good Women), the honor paid to Bohemian culture, and most important, the prominence of good women (especially faithful wives) throughout the Confessio. The final section delves deeper into the literary strategies and ethics of love as embodied by the English poem, especially its commonalities to the defense of women in Machaut’s Navarre.
Proust and the Amorous Fountain
Authors: Naish Camille
Published: May 2018

This chapter takes as its point of departure a curious scene in Sodom and Gomorrah in which a fountain maliciously drenches a society lady, almost raping her in the sight of a bluff, guffawing Grand Duke. Critics have long pondered the significance of the incident. So far, no one has suggested as a possible influence the title of Machaut’s La Fonteinne Amoureuse, an edition of which appeared in Paris in 1908 just as Marcel Proust was beginning work on the texts that developed into In Search of Lost Time. While this hypothesis cannot be proved beyond all doubt, one cannot fail to be struck by a number of similarities between the Proust and Machaut texts: both feature insomniac first-person narrators who produce self-fertilizing narratives displaying a high degree of reflexivity. Both narrators must overcome modest backgrounds as they seek to rise in society. The chapter suggests that Proust, intrigued by the idea of an “amorous” fountain, half-remembered and literalized it—but then occluded the fascinating source, inhibited by a complicated nexus of feelings involving his gay, half-Jewish identity, his addiction to onanism, Machaut’s occasionally anti-semitic diatribes and the rampant anti-semitism of Paris society in the Dreyfus era.
Authorial Second Lives
Authors: Palmer R. Barton
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that the formal structure of the dit, as perfected by Guillaume de Machaut, was a decisive influence on the poetry of Geoffrey Chaucer, who likewise deploys a first-person, self-conscious, pseudoautobiographical, and obtrusive narrator in all his major works. This concept of narrative fiction in important senses both personal and authorial was thus shared by the chief figures in the English and French Middle Ages, and it has appeared in centuries since as an important strand in what modern criticism calls “the novel.” This is especially true in the so-called narcissistic fiction of the contemporary postmodern period, with American novelist Philip Roth emerging as a figure whose works, especially the Zuckerman Bound trilogy, bear an uncanny formal resemblance to those of Machaut and Chaucer.
European Influence on Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Cemeteries
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

A European-style cemetery space was also examined to understand ways in which these differed from African-influenced cemetery spaces. The Bahamas was a British colony so the focus is on cemetery spaces in Great Britain and colonies in the Americas up to the nineteenth century. Burial spaces we know as cemeteries were first created in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The landscaped, park-like cemeteries date to the nineteenth century. Cemeteries served an entire district or town and were usually located close to a settlement. By the second half of the eighteenth century there were known health risks of burying the dead too close to living populations so regulations required cemeteries to be located away from settled areas. In the Caribbean, until the late eighteenth century, African people, especially in urban areas, were allowed to choose how to memorialize their dead. Centre Burial Ground, an early eighteenth-century cemetery and the oldest surviving cemetery in the Bahamas, is directly across the street from the Northern Burial Ground. Earlier limited excavations within this site indicated this was a park-like, landscaped space until the early twentieth century when it was covered by storm surge.
St. Matthew’s Northern Burial Ground
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

St. Matthew’s Parish was created in the 1790s to accommodate the increased population with the migration of Loyalist refugees to the Bahamas. Several new cemeteries were also established but these were not formally consecrated until 1826, shortly after a bishop was appointed for the Anglican Diocese of Jamaica, which included the Bahamas. The Northern Burial Ground was especially for blacks, enslaved and free. Based on the documentation of the consecration, it seemed that the Northern Burial Ground was only established in the 1790s. Loyalist immigrants acted to impose more strict code of racial segregation in the colony than had existed prior to their arrival. The Northern Burial Ground is on the main road leading into the town so the African-derived grave treatments in this cemetery served as a public declaration of the cultural affiliation of this community. By the late nineteenth century the cemetery was surrounded by a low wall topped with a wooden fence that would have shielded the articles on graves from passersby. The cemetery was used until the early 1900s. Hurricane storm surges covered it in the 1920s, and in the 1930s a sidewalk was built through the site but there was no public protest at this destruction.
Bioarchaeological Analysis of Remains
Authors: Turner Grace
Published: May 2018

Presumably in constructing the sidewalk, the bones from these shallow burials were disposed of elsewhere. Remains of five adults and one child were excavated. Seven subadult teeth were surface-collected around a hole at the western edge of the site. Being buried in moist sand meant that most bones excavated were fragmented. Bones and teeth were examined for evidence of pathologies. This small sample is not representative of the community, but the pathologies provide insight on these persons’ lives. The linea aspera on the only femur excavated is fairly robust. The individual’s sex was indeterminate, but this ambiguity reinforced the point that both men and women in this community engaged in physically demanding work. Cranial fragments from two individuals were thickened, an indicator of anemia resulting from nutritional deficiency or disease. Cribra orbitalia was noted in the eye socket of one individual, another indicator of nutritional deficiency. Two of the child’s incisors have transverse lines, evidence of enamel hypoplasia, an indicator of infectious disease and nutritional stress. Individuals buried in this cemetery were likely of low social status, living in congested and unsanitary conditions with limited food. These pathologies raise questions about the extent these conditions existed among African-Bahamian communities. Economic opportunities for free and enslaved workers would have been limited.
Site Stratification and Cultural Stratification
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes site stratigraphy. Site deposition appears to have been dominated by windblown sand that was sufficient to bury lithic assemblages creating a stratified sequence at Harney Flats. Excavation profiles at Harney Flats were dominated by some two meters of pedogenically modified sands. The upper 1.6 meters of sand contained archaeological deposits dominated by a Bolen/Suwannee component concentrated from 100 to 130 centimeters below surface and a Newnan component from roughly 60 to 90 centimeters below surface. A much more ephemeral later period ceramic component was present from about 40 to 60 centimeters below surface. Of significance is that a dense hardpan soil zone present from about 75 to 85 centimeters below surface prevented stratigraphic mixing of the Newnan and Bolen/Suwannee assemblages.
Intra-Site Spatial Analysis
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes attempts to elucidate the internal site structure of the Suwannee-Bolen component at Harney Flats which was a major goal of the project. SYMAPS of the flake distributions and piece-plotted artifact distributions for each excavation area are illustrated and examined with respect to ethnoarchaeological models of hunter-gatherer site structure. Spatial patterning within each area is less clear than patterning between areas. That is, while the three areas are generally similar in the range of tool types they contain, they do differ in the relative frequencies of those tool types. The assemblages of Areas 2 and 3 are interpreted to represent activities primarily associated with tool manufacture and core reduction. The Area 1 assemblage differs from the other two areas and is interpreted as a living area. Moreover, Area 1 is situated on the highest and flattest portion of the site, with Areas 2 and 3 situated farther downslope.
Context of Paleo-lndian in Central Florida
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

Unfortunately, as elsewhere in the Southeast, most Florida Paleoindian sites exist as isolated lanceolate points and alleged kill sites. Most purported associations of Paleoindian points with extinct Ice Age fauna remain dubious. Probably the most well-known Paleoindian sites are Little Salt Spring and Warm Mineral Springs, both in Sarasota County. These two sites contained both Paleoindian and Archaic diagnostic artifacts. Artifacts from Warm Mineral Springs, for example, appear to be temporally related to Archaic points or, at best Transitional, such as Greenbriar point. Besides Harney Flats, the only other location that produced in situ Paleoindian tools was the Silver Springs Site in Marion County. Although the Suwannee point and its variants is thought to be the predominant Florida Paleoindian diagnostic artifact, it remains undated. It is agreed by most professional archaeologists, nevertheless, that Suwannees represent Florida’s earliest point type and are the most characteristic Paleoindian tool in Florida.
Settlement Systems and Technology: A Summary Model
Authors: Daniel I. Randolph , Wisenbaker Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter summarizes the preceding analyses by looking at the relationship between hunter-gatherer settlement systems and technology. Situated on a ridge slope overlooking the large inland basin of Harney Flats, the site is topographically well positioned to serve as a residential base providing a vantage point to observe animals in the basin, provide access to water, and obtain nearby suitable toolstone. Indeed, the site assemblage has been influenced by the readily available quantities of knappable chert. Manufacturing different tool types is seen as a principal activity at the site, and inferences are made with regard to the overall roles of these tools within the settlement system. With respect to technological organization, distinctions are made between expedient tools (manufactured for short-term use on-site) and curated tools (manufactured for long-term use elsewhere in the settlement system). Other items such as hammerstones, cores, and abraders were likely stored at the site awaiting reuse.
Regular Revolutions
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: May 2018

Evincing a transnational feminist account of women’s revolutionary politics in the novels of Julia Alvarez, Chapter Four recasts what it means to posit “women’s rights as human rights,” especially with regards to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.