bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Through Mobile Technology
Authors: Jantjies Mmaki , Joy Mike
Published: August 2017

The use of mobile technology to support teaching and learning in schools, has extended technology learning tools in schools across different socio economic divides. There have been various studies throughout the world which reflect the improvement of such technology in schools. In this chapter we reflect on a series of studies conducted in developing countries with focus on Jantjies and Joy (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015) studies. The studies were conducted in schools with the objective of providing teachers and learners with multilingual mobile learning content specifically designed to support teaching and learning in their science and mathematics classrooms and beyond. This chapter provides a culmination of lessons learnt from all studies reflecting on the journey of mobile learning in schools across South Africa. The use of mobile technology to support teaching and learning in schools, has extended technology learning tools in schools across different socio economic divides. There have been various studies throughout the world which reflect the improvement of such technology in schools. In this chapter we reflect on a series of studies conducted in developing countries. The studies were conducted in schools with the objective of providing teachers and learners with multilingual mobile learning content specifically designed to support teaching and learning in their science and mathematics classrooms and beyond. This chapter provides a culmination of lessons learnt from all studies reflecting on the journey of mobile learning in schools across South Africa.
Exploring the Role of Mobile Learning in Global Education
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes the current trends of mobile devices in education, the applications of mobile technologies in learning, the overview of Mobile Learning (m-learning), and the importance of m-learning in global education. M-learning encourages both blended learning and collaborative learning, thus allowing the learners at different locations to get in touch with their peers or others teams to discuss and learn. The m-learning environment is about access to content, peers, experts, portfolio artifacts, credible sources, and previous thinking on relevant topics. Given the convenience of m-learning, there is less time spent getting trained, and the overall costs are lowered as a results. With m-learning, learners are able to learn in their own style at their own pace. M-learning provides easy access to the learning at any place and any time, which is more convenient to the learners.
Using the Flipped Classroom to Improve Knowledge Creation of Master's-Level Students in Engineering
Authors: Ahuja Sachin
Published: August 2017

Student engagement in traditional teacher centered model of teaching is limited to independent working or working in a small group on a task designed by the teacher. Flipped classroom is a blended learning strategy that reverses the traditional educational arrangement by delivering instructional content, often online, outside of the classroom and moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. Various studies support and recommend flipped model of teaching at graduate and undergraduate level but very less have analyzed the impact of flipped classroom on academic performance and especially knowledge creation at post graduate level. In this paper we are analyzing the performance and knowledge creation of master's level students using Data Mining Techniques in a flipped classroom model.
RSS and Syndication for Educators
Authors: Webster Keith Stuart
Published: August 2017

RSS and other forms of syndication offer key opportunities for educators to engage in professional development and enrich their teaching. The use of these technologies can encourage students to become self-directed learners and provide educators with methods to leverage the content they collect and curate. This article explores the possible uses of RSS and syndication for educators and the technologies used in developing these. The current range of web services and the possibilities for integrating them has added a new level of dynamic content distribution at the educator's fingertips.
Visiting Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK)
Authors: Yu Chien , Franz Dana Pomykal
Published: August 2017

The TPACK framework has been widely discussed for effective technology integration, and the literature has also indicated TPACK has significant implications for teacher education and professional development. The purpose of this chapter is to examine interconnectedness of TPACK and teacher professional development. This chapter reviews the research on TPACK and the extensive literature on quality professional development for teachers. In addition, the chapter highlights how various content areas have addressed pedagogical content knowledge and implications for practice in technology and teacher development. The chapter seeks to contribute knowledge about the structure of professional development initiatives that involve instructional technology and integration into various content knowledge disciplines.
Dectin-1 Activation duringLeishmania amazonensisPhagocytosis Prompts Syk-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species Production To Trigger Inflammasome Assembly and Restriction of Parasite Replication
Authors: Lima-Junior Djalma S. , Mineo Tiago W. P. , Calich Vera L. G. , Zamboni Dario S.
Published: August 2017

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, a disease that can be lethal and affects 12 million people worldwide. Leishmania replicates intracellularly in macrophages, a process that is essential for disease progression. Although the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accounts for restriction of parasite replication, Leishmania is known to induce ROS upon macrophage infection. We have recently demonstrated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in infected macrophages, a process that is important for the outcome of infection. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for inflammasome activation are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that ROS induced via NADPH oxidase during the early stages of L. amazonensis infection is critical for inflammasome activation in macrophages. We identified that ROS production during L. amazonensis infection occurs upon engagement of Dectin-1, a C-type lectin receptor that signals via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) to induce ROS. Accordingly, inflammasome activation in response to L. amazonensis is impaired by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, Syk, focal adhesion kinase, and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, and in the absence of Dectin-1. Experiments performed with Clec7a−/− mice support the critical role of Dectin-1 for inflammasome activation, restriction of parasite replication in macrophages, and mouse resistance to L. amazonensis infection in vivo. Thus, we reported that activation of the Dectin-1/Syk/ROS/NLRP3 pathway during L. amazonensis phagocytosis is important for macrophage restriction of the parasite replication and effectively accounts for host resistance to Leishmania infection.
México, en la prensa chilena: análisis basado en minería de datos textuales en Twitter
Authors: Cárcamo-Ulloa Luis , Calva Rosales Delia , Ronquillo Rodríguez Nayeli , Felipe Felipe
Published: August 2017

El presente artículo investiga 3.842 menciones referidas a México y los mexicanos en la prensa chilena (290 medios), basándose en sus titulares en un período comprendido entre el 15 marzo y el 15 de junio de 2016. Metodología: La colección de datos se extrajo desde las cuentas de los medios en la red social Twitter. Objetivos: El objetivo general del estudio es describir cuánto se habla y sobre qué temas en la prensa chilena sobre la nación mexicana, así como el impacto que esto puede generar en la construcción de la imagen intercultural. Para este trabajo se utilizó una metodología basada en minería de datos, a partir de un crawler (software automatizado que recolecta metódicamente datos textuales y frecuencias de emisión) que sigue a los medios de prensa chilenos y almacena sus titulares en un servidor. Posteriormente, con el apoyo de herramientas tales como Elasticsearch y Kibana, se pudo explorar los datos textuales contenidos en la base de datos. Con posterioridad al minado clasificamos los titulares en 10 frentes informativos. Conclusiones: Entre las conclusiones podemos señalar que existe una fuerte asociación de México a los acontecimientos deportivos, a los problemas de narcotráfico, violencia y sucesos protagonizados por artistas.
Accountability en las redes sociales. Libros de estilo en continua evolución y retroalimentación a través de Twitter
Authors: Rojas Torrijos José Luis , Ramón Vegas Xavier
Published: August 2017

Se estudian las cuentas de cuatro medios periodísticos internacionales que han adaptado sus libros de estilo a Twitter. Metodología. Se analiza y compara el volumen y frecuencia de publicación, la interacción con usuarios, empleo de hashtags e hipervínculos, engagement y naturaleza de los contenidos publicados durante dos años. Resultados. Estos instrumentos de rendición de cuentas se actualizan permanentemente en Twitter. Hay dos modelos: el participativo y multimedia, y el insular y unidireccional. Discusión. Se examina el valor de nuevos instrumentos de accountability impulsados por empresas periodísticas en las plataformas digitales. Conclusiones. Los libros de estilo en Twitter se centran más en cuestiones lingüísticas que éticas, lo que limita las posibilidades de estas cuentas para los propósitos de rendición de cuentas.
Identification of Subsets of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Associated with Diarrheal Disease among Under 5 Years of Age Children from Rural Gambia
Authors: Ikumapayi Usman N. , Boisen Nadia , Hossain Mohammad J. , Betts Modupeh , Lamin Modou , Saha Debasish , Kwambana-Adams Brenda , Dione Michel , Adegbola Richard A. , Roca Anna , Nataro James P. , Antonio Martin
Published: August 2017

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) cause acute and persistent diarrhea, mostly in children worldwide. Outbreaks of diarrhea caused by EAEC have been described, including a large outbreak caused by a Shiga toxin expressing strain. This study investigated the association of EAEC virulence factors with diarrhea in children less than 5 years. We characterized 428 EAEC strains isolated from stool samples obtained from moderate-to-severe diarrhea cases (157) and healthy controls (217) children aged 0–59 months recruited over 3 years as part of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in The Gambia. Four sets of multiplex polymerase chain reaction were applied to detect 21 EAEC-virulence genes from confirmed EAEC strains that target pCVD432 (aatA) and AAIC (aaiC). In addition, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 88 EAEC strains following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. We observed that the plasmid-encoded enterotoxin [odds ratio (OR): 6.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.06–29.20, P < 0.001], aggregative adherence fimbriae/I fimbriae (aggA) [OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.16–4.29, P = 0.008], and hexosyltransferase (capU) [OR: 1.9, 95% CI 1.02–3.51, P = 0.028] were associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children < 12 months old but not in the older age strata (> 12 months). Our data suggest that some EAEC-virulent factors have age-specific associations with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in infants. Furthermore, our study showed that 85% and 72% of EAEC strains tested were resistant to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ampicillin, respectively. Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ampicillin are among the first-line antibiotics used for the treatment of diarrhea in The Gambia.
Case Report: A Case of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2 and hrp3 Gene Mutation in Bangladesh
Authors: Nima Maisha Khair , Hougard Thomas , Hossain Mohammad Enayet , Kibria Mohammad Golam , Mohon Abu Naser , Johora Fatema Tuj , Rahman Rajibur , Haque Rashidul , Alam Mohammad Shafiul
Published: August 2017

Several species of Plasmodium are responsible for causing malaria in humans. Proper diagnoses are crucial to case management, because severity and treatment varies between species. Diagnoses can be made using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), which detect Plasmodium proteins. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most virulent cases of malaria, and P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) is a common target of falciparum malaria RDTs. Here we report a case in which a falciparum malaria patient in Bangladesh tested negative on PfHRP2-based RDTs. The negative results can be attributed to a deletion of part of the pfhrp2 gene and frameshift mutations in both pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene. This finding may have implications for malaria diagnostics and case management in Bangladesh and other regions of South Asia.
Scaling Up of an Innovative Intervention to Reduce Risk of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Transmission in Uruguay in the Framework of an Intersectoral Approach with and without Community Participation
Authors: Basso César , García da Rosa Elsa , Lairihoy Rosario , Caffera Ruben M. , Roche Ingrid , González Cristina , da Rosa Ricardo , Gularte Alexis , Alfonso-Sierra Eduardo , Petzold Max , Kroeger Axel , Sommerfeld Johannes
Published: August 2017

To contribute to the prevention of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, a process of scaling up an innovative intervention to reduce Aedes aegypti habitats, was carried out in the city of Salto (Uruguay) based on a transdisciplinary analysis of the eco-bio-social determinants. The intervention in one-third of the city included the distributions of plastic bags for all households to collect all discarded water containers that were recollected by the Ministry of Health and the Municipality vector control services. The results were evaluated in 20 randomly assigned clusters of 100 households each, in the intervention and control arm. The intervention resulted in a significantly larger decrease in the number of pupae per person index (as a proxy for adult vector abundance) than the corresponding decrease in the control areas (both areas decreased by winter effects). The reduction of intervention costs (“incremental costs”) in relation to routine vector control activities was 46%. Community participation increased the collaboration with the intervention program considerably (from 48% of bags handed back out of the total of bags delivered to 59% of bags handed back). Although the costs increased by 26% compared with intervention without community participation, the acceptability of actions by residents increased from 66% to 78%.
Following the Worms: Detection of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs on Mothers’ Hands and Household Produce in Rural Kenya
Authors: Steinbaum Lauren , Swarthout Jenna , Mboya John , Pickering Amy J.
Published: August 2017

Approximately one-quarter of the world’s population is infected with at least one species of soil-transmitted helminth (STH). The role of produce and hands in STH transmission is not well understood. We collected and processed mother hand rinse and garden-grown produce rinse samples from 116 rural households in Kakamega, Kenya, in an area previously identified to have high STH egg contamination in household soil. Ascaris was the only STH species detected; 0.9% of hand rinse, 3.5% of leafy produce, and 1.8% of root produce samples had Ascaris eggs. Our results indicate produce and hands can carry Ascaris eggs. However, due to the low detected prevalence of eggs on hands and produce, and a high prevalence of cooking the produce items tested, these pathways might have a minor contribution to STH exposure in this setting.
Case Report: Clinical Features of Intermittent Migratory Swelling Caused by Gnathostomiasis with Complete Follow-up
Authors: Sharma Chollasap , Piyaphanee Watcharapong , Watthanakulpanich Dorn
Published: August 2017

A 15-year-old Thai girl was referred to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases of Mahidol University with a 3-week history of an intermittent migratory mass on the forehead. She was diagnosed with cutaneous gnathostomiasis. The patient was treated with albendazoleat 400 mg orally twice a day for 3 weeks, with good compliance. She revisited the hospital after 3 months and was seen to have been unresponsive to the initial treatment. There was intermittent swelling in her right upper eyelid along with mild redness around her right upper and lower eyelids. Another attempt of treatment was made with ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg/day for two consecutive days. This is a case of gnathostomiasis in full sequence, with complete follow-up. The case report starts from the beginning of the symptoms until the antibodies against Gnathostoma spinigerum decline to negative, confirmed by the western blot test. It took around 18 months to see the western blot test change to a negative result. The resolved clinical symptoms were possibly due to the responsiveness of the patient to ivermectin or the albendazole and ivermectin combination or even the coadministration of antibiotics afterward.
Performance of a High-Sensitivity Rapid Diagnostic Test for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Asymptomatic Individuals from Uganda and Myanmar and Naive Human Challenge Infections
Authors: Das Smita , Jang Ihn Kyung , Barney Becky , Peck Roger , Rek John C. , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Adrama Harriet , Murphy Maxwell , Imwong Mallika , Ling Clare L. , Proux Stephane , Haohankhunnatham Warat , Rist Melissa , Seilie Annette M. , Hanron Amelia , Daza Glenda , Chang Ming , Nakamura Tomoka , Kalnoky Michael , Labarre Paul , Murphy Sean C. , McCarthy James S. , Nosten Francois , Greenhouse Bryan , Allauzen Sophie , Domingo Gonzalo J.
Published: August 2017

Sensitive field-deployable diagnostic tests can assist malaria programs in achieving elimination. The performance of a new Alere™ Malaria Ag P.f Ultra Sensitive rapid diagnostic test (uRDT) was compared with the currently available SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f RDT in blood specimens from asymptomatic individuals in Nagongera, Uganda, and in a Karen Village, Myanmar, representative of high- and low-transmission areas, respectively, as well as in pretreatment specimens from study participants from four Plasmodium falciparum-induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) studies. A quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for histidine-rich protein II (HRP2) were used as reference assays. The uRDT showed a greater than 10-fold lower limit of detection for HRP2 compared with the RDT. The sensitivity of the uRDT was 84% and 44% against qRT-PCR in Uganda and Myanmar, respectively, and that of the RDT was 62% and 0% for the same two sites. The specificities of the uRDT were 92% and 99.8% against qRT-PCR for Uganda and Myanmar, respectively, and 99% and 99.8% against the HRP2 reference ELISA. The RDT had specificities of 95% and 100% against qRT-PCR for Uganda and Myanmar, respectively, and 96% and 100% against the HRP2 reference ELISA. The uRDT detected new infections in IBSM study participants 1.5 days sooner than the RDT. The uRDT has the same workflow as currently available RDTs, but improved performance characteristics to identify asymptomatic malaria infections. The uRDT may be a useful tool for malaria elimination strategies.
Bacterial expression of a neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody Fab fragment to a 150-kilodalton surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica.
Authors: Tachibana H , Takekoshi M , Cheng X J , Maeda F , Aotsuka S , Ihara S
Published: August 2017

A mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) (EH3015, IgG1 with a K light chain) prepared by hybridoma technology recognizes a 150-kD surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica and inhibits adherence and cytotoxicity of the ameba to mammalian cells. The genes encoding the light chain and the Fd region of the heavy chain of the MAb were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The plasmid used was designed for the expression of Fab with a hexa-histidine tag in the periplasmic space. Recombinant Fab fragments were purified and analyzed by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and Western immunoblot. The specificity of the recombinant Fab fragment was comparable with the parent whole IgG. In addition, the Fab fragments significantly inhibited the adherence of E. histolytica to erythrocytes. These results suggest that the production of a neutralizing MAb in Escherichia coli is practical and efficient with this expression system.
The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: Minya Governorate.
Authors: Gabr N S , Hammad T A , Orieby A , Shawky E , Khattab M A , Strickland G T
Published: August 2017

Risk factors, prevalence, and intensity of infection with Schistosoma sp. and prevalence and magnitude of morbidity caused by schistosomiasis was assessed in a stratified random sample of 16,433 subjects from 2,409 households in 33 rural communities in Minya Governorate, Egypt. The prevalence of S. haematobium ranged from 1.9% to 32.7% among the communities and averaged 8.9%. The average intensity of infection was a geometric mean egg count (GMEC) of 8.5 per 10 ml of urine and ranged from 1.6 to 30.9. Prevalence was maximum (18-20%) in those 10-20 years of age and higher in males than in females. Intensity of infection followed the same pattern. Infection with S. mansoni was present almost exclusively in a single village, confirming spread of this species up the Nile River and its focality in Minya. Risk factors for S. haematobium infection were an age from 11 to 20; male gender; males bathing in, women washing clothing or utensils in, and children swimming or playing in canals; and a history of, or treatment for, schistosomiasis. Recent history of burning micturition was associated with infection in children but not in adults, while a history of blood in urine correlated with S. haematobium infection in both age groups. Reagent strip-detected hematuria and proteinuria were highly associated, particularly in children, with S. haematobium infection. The presence of hepatomegaly or splenomegaly on physical examination was not associated with S. haematobium ova in the urine. Hepatomegaly, as measured by ultrasonography in the midclavicular line or the midsternal line, or ultrasonography-detected splenomegaly were not present more frequently in infected subjects than in uninfected subjects. Schistosoma ova were not detected more frequently in urine of subjects with ultrasonography-detected periportal fibrosis than in the urine from subjects without this finding. Ultrasonography-detected urinary bladder wall lesions were detected in only 6 (0.3%) subjects and obstructive uropathy was observed in 54 (2.7%) subjects. The absence of an association between prevalence of urinary tract morbidity and S. haematobium infections was surprising. Two possible explanations are 1) that repeated chemotherapy has reduced the prevalence of urinary tract morbidity and 2) that morbidity was not being detected by the ultrasonographic operators.
The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: Assiut governorate.
Authors: Hammam H M , Allam F A , Moftah F M , Abdel-Aty M A , Hany A H , Abd-El-Motagaly K F , Nafeh M A , Khalifa R , Mikhail N N , Talaat M , Hussein M H , Strickland G T
Published: August 2017

In the Assiut, Egypt Epidemiology 1, 2, 3 investigation, a sample of 14,204 persons in 10 villages, 31 ezbas (satellite communities), and 2,286 households was drawn from a rural population of 1,598,607. Parasitologic examination of urine and stool were made for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, and physical and ultrasound examinations were made on a 20% subsample. The overall estimated prevalence of S. haematobium was 5.2 +/- 0.5 (+/- SE). This varied considerably by village and ezba, ranging from 1.5% to 20.9%, with ezbas having a slightly higher overall prevalence than villages. The overall estimated geometric mean egg count was 6.6 +/- 0.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine and was consistently low throughout the communities. Infection with S. haematobium was associated with age (peak prevalence of 10.6 +/- 1.5% in 15-19-year-old age group) males, children playing in the canals, a history of blood in the urine, and reagent strip positivity for hematuria and proteinuria. The prevalence of either hepatomegaly or splenomegaly detected by physical examination was low (4.0% and 1.5%, respectively). The prevalence of hepatomegaly determined by ultrasonography was substantially higher, 24.1%. The prevalence of periportal fibrosis (PPF) was 12.0%, but grade II or III PPF was present in less than 1%. Ultrasonography-determined hepatomegaly, in both the midclavicular line and the midsternal line, increased by age to more than 30%. Periportal fibrosis was more common in the age groups in which infection rates were the highest. At the village and ezba level of analysis, the prevalence of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and PPF tended to be higher in communities having the highest prevalence of infection with S. haematobium.
CR1 density polymorphism on erythrocytes of falciparum malaria patients in Thailand.
Authors: Nagayasu E , Ito M , Akaki M , Nakano Y , Kimura M , Looareesuwan S , Aikawa M
Published: August 2017

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) on erythrocytes shows an inherited numerical polymorphism which correlates with a HindIII-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of the CR1 gene in various populations. To investigate the relationship between CR1 density polymorphism and disease severity, we typed 185 Thai patients with acute falciparum malaria (55 severe and 130 uncomplicated) for their genotypes of this polymorphism. The level of expression of erythrocyte CR1 from 42 randomly selected patients was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We observed a significantly higher frequency of homozygotes of the CR1 low density allele (LL) among the severe group as compared to the uncomplicated group (P = 0.005). CR1 expression on erythrocytes from patients with the LL genotype was significantly lower than homozygotes with the high density allele (HH) (P < 0.0001) and heterozygotes (HL) (P = 0.013). The results suggest that a genetically-determined low CR1 density on erythrocytes may be a risk factor for developing a more severe form of malaria in Thai subjects.
INFECTIOUSNESS OF MALARIA-ENDEMIC HUMAN POPULATIONS TO VECTORS
Authors: KILLEEN GERRY F. , ROSS AMANDA , SMITH THOMAS
Published: August 2017

Despite its key role in determining the stability and intensity of malaria transmission, the infectiousness of human populations to mosquitoes has rarely been estimated. Field-based analyses of malaria transmission have frequently relied on the prevalence of asexual parasites or gametocytes as proxies for infectiousness. We now summarize empirical data on human infectiousness from Africa and Papua New Guinea. Over a wide range of transmission intensities there is little relationship between the infectiousness of human populations to vector mosquitoes and mosquito-to-human transmission intensity. We compare these data with the predictions of a stochastic simulation model of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology. This model predicted little variation in the infectiousness of the human population for entomologic inoculation rates (EIRs) greater than approximately 10 infectious bites per year, demonstrating that the lack of relationship between the EIR and the infectious reservoir can be explained without invoking any effects of acquired transmission-blocking immunity. The near absence of field data from areas with an EIR < 10 per year precluded validation of the model predictions for low EIR values. These results suggest that interventions reducing mosquito-to-human transmission will have little or no effect on human infectiousness at the levels of transmission found in most rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unless very large reductions in transmission can be achieved, measures to prevent mosquito-to-human transmission need to be complemented with interventions that reduce the density or infectiousness of blood stage parasites.
Film Museum Practice and Film Historiography
Authors: Lameris Bregt
Published: August 2017

Rich in detail, this is a study of the interrelationships between film historical discourse and archival practices. Exploring the history of several important collections from the EYE Film Museum in Amsterdam, Bregt Lameris shows how archival films and collections always carry the historical traces of selection policies, restoration philosophies, and exhibition strategies. The result is a compelling argument that film archives can never be viewed simply as innocent or neutral sources of film history.
Early Film Theories in Italy, 1896-1922
Authors: Casetti Francesco , Alovisio Silvio , Mazzei Luca , Ward David , Ladd Marc
Published: August 2017

This collection is the first to bring together scholars to explore the ways in which various people and groups in Italian society reacted to the advent of cinema. Looking at the responses of writers, scholars, clergymen, psychologists, philosophers, members of parliament, and more, the pieces collected here from that period show how Italians developed a common language to describe and discuss this invention that quickly exceeded all expectations and transcended existing categories of thought and artistic forms. The result is a close-up picture of a culture in transition, dealing with a 'scandalous' new technology that appeared poised to thoroughly change everyday life.
Urban Traditions and Historic Environments in Sindh
Authors: Naeem Anila
Published: August 2017

Shikarpoor Historic City, in Sindh, Pakistan, has a rich historical heritage: as a central point on caravan trade routes, it served as the gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia. In recognition of that history, in 1998 the government of Sindh named it a protected heritage site-but that status hasn't prevented the ongoing destruction of the city's historic fabric. This book tells the story of Shikarpoor and presents as complete a picture of its threatened historical fabric as possible, through copious maps and images past and present.
The End of Silence
Authors: Marching Soe Tjen
Published: August 2017

In the late 1960s, between one and two million people were killed by Indonesian president Suharto's army in the name of suppressing communism-and more than fifty years later, the issue of stigmatisation is still relevant for many victims of the violence and their families. The End of Silence presents the stories of these individuals, revealing how many survivors from the period have been so strongly affected by the strategy used by Suharto and his Western allies that these survivors, still afraid to speak out, essentially serve to maintain the very ideology that led to their persecution.
On Building Peace
Authors: Schulenburg Michael
Published: August 2017

Only 25 years after the end of the Cold War, the Western-dominated global order is fading and our hopes that liberal democracy would spread and bring world peace are evaporating.

While the West is increasingly preoccupied with its internal problems, threats to global peace have fundamentally changed: wars among nation-states and their alliances, once the dominant scourge of humankind, have almost disappeared and are replaced by a triple threat from intra-state armed conflicts, the failing of nation-states and the rise of belligerent non-state actors. The global peace we felt within our reach in 1991, is escaping us.

On Building Peace seeks the answers that the UN Charter can no longer provide. Once meant as a guarantor for peace, the Charter was never designed to deal with intra-state conflicts and today its core principles are eroded. The book makes two rather simple, but possibly unpopular suggestions for preserving future peace: first, we must rescue the nation-state, not despite but because of globalization, and second, we must not further undermine the United Nations, but expand its Charter for dealing collectively with this triple threat.

The struggle for survival in a world of limited resources and environmental degradation will deepen intra-state conflicts. We must prevent slipping back into a new round of Cold War-type confrontations and focus on finding collective solutions for building peace. For the sake of billions of people of future generations, we cannot get this wrong.
Intercultural Communication
Authors: Nguyen-Phuong-Mai Mai
Published: August 2017

This book is an introduction to Intercultural Communication (IC) that takes into account the much neglected dynamic paradigm of culture in the literature. It posits that culture is not static, context is the driving force for change, and individuals can develop a multicultural mind.

It is also the first IC textbook in the field that incorporates insight from evolutionary biology and the newly emerging discipline of cultural neurosciences. Such an interdisciplinary approach provides readers with new angles, encourages critical thinking, and sometimes challenges conventional knowledge in the field. The combination of the author's multicultural academic and journalistic background contributes to a balance of diverse perspectives and world views on cultural theories and discourses.

The book is ideal for courses in Intercultural Communication with study cases, discussion topics and class activities.
A review of current knowledge concerning PM2. 5 chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China
Authors: Tao Jun , Zhang Leiming , Cao Junji , Zhang Renjian
Published: August 2017

Abstract. To obtain a thorough knowledge of PM2. 5 chemical composition and its impact on aerosol optical properties across China, existing field studies conducted after the year 2000 are reviewed and summarized in terms of geographical, interannual and seasonal distributions. Annual PM2. 5 was up to 6 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in some megacities in northern China. Annual PM2. 5 was higher in northern than southern cities, and higher in inland than coastal cities. In a few cities with data longer than a decade, PM2. 5 showed a slight decrease only in the second half of the past decade, while carbonaceous aerosols decreased, sulfate (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+) remained at high levels, and nitrate (NO3−) increased. The highest seasonal averages of PM2. 5 and its major chemical components were typically observed in the cold seasons. Annual average contributions of secondary inorganic aerosols to PM2. 5 ranged from 25 to 48 %, and those of carbonaceous aerosols ranged from 23 to 47 %, both with higher contributions in southern regions due to the frequent dust events in northern China. Source apportionment analysis identified secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion and traffic emission as the top three source factors contributing to PM2. 5 mass in most Chinese cities, and the sum of these three source factors explained 44 to 82 % of PM2. 5 mass on annual average across China. Biomass emission in most cities, industrial emission in industrial cities, dust emission in northern cities and ship emission in coastal cities are other major source factors, each of which contributed 7–27 % to PM2. 5 mass in applicable cities. The geographical pattern of scattering coefficient (bsp) was similar to that of PM2. 5, and that of aerosol absorption coefficient (bap) was determined by elemental carbon (EC) mass concentration and its coating. bsp in ambient condition of relative humidity (RH)  =  80 % can be amplified by about 1.8 times that under dry conditions. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 60 % of aerosol extinction coefficient (bext) at RH greater than 70 %. The mass scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM2. 5 ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 m2 g−1 for aerosols produced from anthropogenic emissions and from 0.7 to 1.0 m2 g−1 for natural dust aerosols. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of EC ranged from 6.5 to 12.4 m2 g−1 in urban environments, but the MAE of water-soluble organic carbon was only 0.05 to 0.11 m2 g−1. Historical emission control policies in China and their effectiveness were discussed based on available chemically resolved PM2. 5 data, which provides the much needed knowledge for guiding future studies and emissions policies.
Understanding the drivers of marine liquid-water cloud occurrence and properties with global observations using neural networks
Authors: Andersen Hendrik , Cermak Jan , Fuchs Julia , Knutti Reto , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The role of aerosols, clouds and their interactions with radiation remain among the largest unknowns in the climate system. Even though the processes involved are complex, aerosol–cloud interactions are often analyzed by means of bivariate relationships. In this study, 15 years (2001–2015) of monthly satellite-retrieved near-global aerosol products are combined with reanalysis data of various meteorological parameters to predict satellite-derived marine liquid-water cloud occurrence and properties by means of region-specific artificial neural networks. The statistical models used are shown to be capable of predicting clouds, especially in regions of high cloud variability. On this monthly scale, lower-tropospheric stability is shown to be the main determinant of cloud fraction and droplet size, especially in stratocumulus regions, while boundary layer height controls the liquid-water amount and thus the optical thickness of clouds. While aerosols show the expected impact on clouds, at this scale they are less relevant than some meteorological factors. Global patterns of the derived sensitivities point to regional characteristics of aerosol and cloud processes.
A method for measuring total aerosol oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and comparisons between an urban and roadside site of water-soluble and total OP
Authors: Gao Dong , Fang Ting , Verma Vishal , Zeng Linghan , Weber Rodney J.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. An automated analytical system was developed for measuring the oxidative potential (OP) with the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay of filter extracts that include both water-soluble and water-insoluble (solid) aerosol species. Three approaches for measuring total oxidative potential were compared. These include using methanol as the solvent with (1) and without (2) filtering the extract, followed by removing the solvent and reconstituting with water, and (3) extraction in pure water and performing the OP analysis in the extraction vial with the filter. The water extraction method (the third approach, with filter remaining in the vial) generally yielded the highest DTT responses with better precision (coefficient of variation of 1–5 %) and was correlated with a greater number of other aerosol components. Because no organic solvents were used, which must be mostly eliminated prior to DTT analysis, it was easiest to automate by modifying an automated analytical system for measuring water-soluble OP developed by Fang et al. (2015). Therefore, the third method was applied to the field study for the determination of total OP. Daily 23 h filter samples were collected simultaneously at a roadside (RS) and a representative urban (Georgia Tech, GT) site for two 1-month study periods, and both water-soluble (OPWS-DTT) and total (OPTotal-DTT) OP were measured. Using PM2. 5 (aerodynamic diameter  <  2.5 µm) high-volume samplers with quartz filters, the OPWS-DTT-to-OPTotal-DTT ratio at the urban site was 65 % with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.71 (N  =  35; p value  <  0.01), compared to a ratio of 62 % and r = 0. 56 (N  =  31; p value  <  0.01) at the roadside site. The same DTT analyses were performed, and similar results were found using particle composition monitors (flow rate of 16.7 L min−1) with Teflon filters. Comparison of measurements between sites showed only slightly higher levels of both OPWS-DTT and OPTotal-DTT at the RS site, indicating both OPWS-DTT and OPTotal-DTT were largely spatially homogeneous. These results are consistent with roadway emissions as sources of DTT-quantified PM2. 5 OP and indicate that both soluble and insoluble aerosol components contributing to OP are largely secondary.
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package: Version 2 (COSP2)
Authors: Swales Dustin J. , Pincus Robert , Bodas-Salcedo Alejandro
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package (COSP) gathers together a collection of observation proxies or satellite simulators that translate model-simulated cloud properties to synthetic observations as would be obtained by a range of satellite observing systems. This paper introduces COSP 2, an evolution focusing on more explicit and consistent separation between host model, coupling infrastructure, and individual observing proxies. Revisions also enhance flexibility by allowing for model-specific representation of sub-grid scale cloudiness, provide greater clarity by clearly separating tasks, support greater use of shared code and data including shared inputs across simulators, and follow more uniform software standards to simplify implementation across a wide range of platforms. The complete package including a testing suite is freely available.
Non-destructive estimates of soil carbonic anhydrase activity and soil
water oxygen isotope composition
Authors: Jones Sam P. , Ogée Jérôme , Sauze Joana , Wohl Steven , Saavedra Noelia , Fernández-Prado Noelia , Maire Juliette , Launois Thomas , Bosc Alexandre , Wingate Lisa
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The contribution of photosynthesis and soil respiration to net land-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange can be estimated based on the differential influence of leaves and soils on budgets of the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of atmospheric CO2. To do so, the activity of carbonic anhydrases (CA), a group of enzymes that catalyse the hydration of CO2, in soils and plants needs to be understood. Measurements of soil CA activity typically involve the inversion of models describing the δ18O of CO2 fluxes to solve for the apparent, potentially catalysed, rate of CO2 hydration. This requires information about the δ18O of CO2 in isotopic equilibrium with soil water, typically obtained from destructive, depth-resolved sampling and extraction of soil water. In doing so, an assumption is made about the soil water pool that CO2 interacts with, that may bias estimates of CA activity if incorrect. Furthermore, this can represent a significant challenge in data collection given the potential for spatial and temporal variability in the δ18O of soil water and limited a priori information with respect to the appropriate sampling resolution and depth. We investigated whether we could circumvent this requirement by inferring the rate of CO2 hydration and the δ18O of soil water from the relationship between the δ18O of CO2 fluxes and the δ18O of CO2 at the soil surface measured at different ambient CO2 conditions. This approach was tested through laboratory incubations of air-dried soils that were re-wetted with three waters of different δ18O. Gas exchange measurements were made on these soils to estimate the rate of hydration and the δ18O of soil water, followed by soil water extraction to allow for comparison. Estimated rates of CO2 hydration were 6.8 to 14.6 times greater than the theoretical un-catalysed rate of hydration, indicating that CA were active in these soils. Importantly, these estimates were not significantly different among water treatments suggesting that this represents a robust approach to assay the activity of CA in soil. As expected, estimates of the δ18O of the soil water that equilibrates with CO2 varied in response to alteration to the δ18O of soil water. However, these estimates were consistently more negative than the composition of the soil water extracted by cryogenic vacuum distillation at the end of the gas measurements with differences of up to −3.94 ‰ VSMOW. These offsets suggest that CO2 may be principally interacting with water pools associated with particle surfaces rather than the bulk water pool under the incubation conditions of this study.
Transport and degradation of perchlorate in deep vadose zone: implications from direct observations during bioremediation treatment
Authors: Dahan Ofer , Katz Idan , Avishai Lior , Ronen Zeev
Published: August 2017

Abstract. An in situ bioremediation experiment of a deep vadose zone ( ∼  40 m) contaminated with a high concentration of perchlorate (> 25 000 mg L−1) was conducted through a full-scale field operation. Favourable environmental conditions for microbiological reduction of perchlorate were sought by infiltrating an electron donor-enriched water solution using drip irrigation underlying an airtight sealing liner. A vadose zone monitoring system (VMS) was used for real-time tracking of the percolation process, the penetration depth of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the variation in perchlorate concentration across the entire soil depth. The experimental conditions for each infiltration event were adjusted according to insight gained from data obtained by the VMS in previous stages. Continuous monitoring of the vadose zone indicated that in the top 13 m of the cross section, perchlorate concentration is dramatically reduced from thousands of milligrams per litre to near-detection limits with a concurrent increase in chloride concentration. Nevertheless, in the deeper parts of the vadose zone (< 17 m), perchlorate concentration increased, suggesting its mobilization down through the cross section. Breakthrough of DOC and bromide at different depths across the unsaturated zone showed limited migration capacity of biologically consumable carbon and energy sources due to their enhanced biodegradation in the upper soil layers. Nevertheless, the increased DOC concentration with concurrent reduction in perchlorate and increase in the chloride-to-perchlorate ratio in the top 13 m indicate partial degradation of perchlorate in this zone. There was no evidence of improved degradation conditions in the deeper parts where the initial concentrations of perchlorate were significantly higher.
Spatiotemporal variability of lightning activity in Europe and the relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation teleconnection pattern
Authors: Piper David , Kunz Michael
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Comprehensive lightning statistics are presented for a large, contiguous domain covering several European countries such as France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Spatiotemporal variability of convective activity is investigated based on a 14-year time series (2001–2014) of lightning data. Based on the binary variable thunderstorm day, the mean spatial patterns of lightning activity and regional peculiarities regarding seasonality are discussed. Diurnal cycles are compared among several regions and evaluated with respect to major seasonal changes. Further analyses are performed regarding interannual variability and the impact of teleconnection patterns on convection. Mean convective activity across central Europe is characterized by a strong northwest-to-southeast gradient with pronounced secondary features superimposed. The zone of maximum values of thunderstorm days propagates southwestward along the southern Alpine range from April to July. Diurnal cycles vary substantially between both different months and regions, particularly regarding the incidence of nighttime lightning. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is shown to have a significant impact on convective activity in several regions, which is primarily caused by variations of the large-scale lifting pattern in both NAO phases. This dynamical effect is partly compensated for by thermodynamical modifications of the pre-convective environment. The results point to a crucial role of large-scale flow in steering the spatiotemporal patterns of convective activity.