bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols
Authors: Zhang X. Y. , Wang Y. Q. , Niu T. , Zhang X. C. , Gong S. L. , Zhang Y. M. , Sun J. Y.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. During 2006 and 2007, the daily concentrations of major water-soluble constituents, mineral aerosol, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in ambient PM10 samples were investigated from 16 urban, rural and remote sites in various regions of China, and were compared with global aerosol. A large difference between urban and rural chemical species was found, normally with 1.5 to 2.5 factors higher in urban than in rural sites. Optically-scattering aerosols such as sulfate (~16%), OC (~15%), nitrate (~7%) and ammonium (~5%) consist of ~50% of the total aerosols with another ~35% from mineral aerosol also having a certain degree of scattering ability, indicating a dominant scattering feature of aerosols in China. Of the total OC, ~55%–60% can be attributed to the secondary organic carbon (SOC). The absorbing aerosol EC accounts for ~3.5% of the total PM10. Seasonally, maximum concentrations of most aerosol species are found in winter while mineral aerosol also peaks in spring. Second peaks were found for sulfate and ammonium in summer and for OC and EC in May and June. This can be considered as a typical seasonal pattern in various aerosol components in China. Aerosol acidity is normally neutral in most of urban areas, but becomes somewhat acidic in rural areas. Based on the surface visibility from 681 meteorological stations in China during 1957–2005, four major haze areas are also identified with similar visibility changes, namely, (1) Hua Bei Plain in N. China, plus the Guanzhong Plain; (2) E. China with the main body in the Yangtze River Delta area; (3) S. China with most areas of Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta area; (4) The Si Chuan Basin in S. W. China. The degradation of visibility in these areas is linked with the emission changes and high PM concentrations. Such quantitative chemical characterization of aerosols is essential in assessing their role in atmospheric chemistry and weather-climate effects, and in validating atmospheric models.
Trends of solar ultraviolet irradiance at Barrow, Alaska, and the effect of measurement uncertainties on trend detection
Authors: Bernhard G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Spectral ultraviolet (UV) irradiance has been observed near Barrow, Alaska (71° N, 157° W) between 1991 and 2011 with an SUV-100 spectroradiometer. The instrument was historically part of the US. National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network and is now a component of NSF's Arctic Observing Network. From these measurements, trends in monthly average irradiance and their uncertainties were calculated. The analysis focuses on two quantities, the UV Index (which is affected by atmospheric ozone concentrations) and irradiance at 345 nm (which is virtually insensitive to ozone). Uncertainties of trend estimates depend on variations in the data due to (1) natural variability, (2) systematic and random errors of the measurements, and (3) uncertainties caused by gaps in the time series. Using radiative transfer model calculations, systematic errors of the measurements were detected and corrected. Different correction schemes were tested to quantify the sensitivity of the trend estimates on the treatment of systematic errors. Depending on the correction method, estimates of decadal trends changed between 1.5% and 2.9%. Uncertainties in the trend estimates caused by error sources (2) and (3) were set into relation with the overall uncertainty of the trend determinations. Results show that these error sources are only relevant for February, March, and April when natural variability is low due to high surface albedo. This method of addressing measurement uncertainties in time series analysis is also applicable to other geophysical parameters. Trend estimates varied between −14% and +5% per decade and were significant (95.45% confidence level) only for the month of October. Depending on the correction method, October trends varied between −11.4% and −13.7% for irradiance at 345 nm and between −11.7% and −14.1% for the UV Index. These large trends are consistent with trends in short-wave (0.3–3.0 μm) solar irradiance measured with pyranometers at NOAA's Barrow Observatory and can be explained by a change in snow cover over the observation period: analysis of pyranometer data indicates that the first day of fall when albedo becomes larger than 0.6 after snow fall, and remains above 0.6 for the rest of the winter, has advanced with a statistically significant trend of 13.6 ± 9.7 days per decade.
Ducted propagation of chorus waves: Cluster observations
Authors: Yearby K. H. , Balikhin M. A. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Walker S. N. , Krasnoselskikh V. V. , Alleyne H. St. C. K. , Agapitov O.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Ducted propagation of whistler waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere-ionosphere system was discussed and studied long before the first in-situ spacecraft measurements. While a number of implicit examples of the existence of ducted propagation have been found, direct observation of ducts has been hampered by the low sampling rates of measurements of the plasma density. The present paper is based on Cluster observations of chorus waves. The ability to use measurements of the spacecraft potential as a proxy for high time resolution electron density measurements is exploited to identify a number of cases when increased chorus wave power, observed within the radiation belts, is observed simultaneously with density enchantments. It is argued that the observation of ducted propagation of chorus implies modification of numerical models for plasma-wave interactions within the radiation belts.
Water balance modelling in a semi-arid environment with limited in-situ data: remote sensing coupled with satellite gravimetry, Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania
Authors: Deus D. , Gloaguen R. , Krause P.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Accurate and up to date information on the status and trends of water balance is needed to develop strategies for conservation and the sustainable management of water resources. The purpose of this research is to estimate water balance in a semi-arid environment with limited in-situ data by using a remote sensing approach. We focus on the Lake Manyara catchment, located within the East African Rift of northern Tanzania. We use remote sensing and a semi-distributed hydrological model to study the spatial and temporal variability of water balance parameters within Manyara catchment. Satellite gravimetry GRACE data is used to verify the trend of the water balance result. The results show high spatial and temporal variations and characteristics of a semi-arid climate with high evaporation and low rainfall. We observe that the Lake Manyara water balance and GRACE equivalent water depth show comparable trends a decrease after 2002 followed by a sharp increase in 2006–2007. Despite the small size of Lake Manyara, GRACE data are useful and show great potential for hydrological research on smaller un-gauged lakes and catchments in semi-arid environments. Our modelling confirms the importance of the 2006–2007 Indian Ocean Dipole fluctuation in replenishing the groundwater reservoirs of East Africa. The water balance information can be used for further analysis of lake variations in relation to soil erosion, climate and land cover/land use change as well as different lake management and conservation scenarios. We demonstrate that water balance modelling can be performed accurately using remote sensing data even in complex climatic settings.
Positive geothermal anomalies in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age offshore Kamchatka
Authors: Delisle G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Heat flow measurements were carried out in 2009 offshore Kamchatka during the German-Russian joint-expedition KALMAR. An area with elevated heat flow in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age – detected ~30 yr ago in the course of several Russian heat flow surveys – was revisited. One previous interpretation postulated anomalous lithospheric conditions or a connection between a postulated mantle plume at great depth (>200 km) as the source for the observed high heat flow. However, the positive heat flow anomaly – as our bathymetric data show – is closely associated with the fragmentation of the western flank of the Meiji Seamount into a horst and graben structure initiated during descent of the oceanic crust into the subduction zone offshore Kamchatka. This paper offers an alternative interpretation, which connects high heat flow primarily with natural convection of fluids in the fragmented rock mass and, as a potential additional factor, high rates of erosion, for which evidence is available from our collected bathymetric image. Given high erosion rates, warm rock material at depth rises to nearer the sea floor, where it cools and causes temporary elevated heat flow.
A multi-parameter hydrochemical characterization of proglacial runoff, Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Authors: Burns P. , Mark B. , McKenzie J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The Cordillera Blanca, located in the central Peruvian Andes, is the most glacierized mountain range in the tropics. The study objective is to determine the spatial and topographic controls on geochemical and isotopic parameters in the Quilcayhuanca drainage basin. During the dry season of July 2009, surface water and groundwater samples were collected from the proglacial zone of the 90 km2 Quilcayhuanca basin which is 20% glacierized. The basin water samples (n = 25) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe(II)), major anions (F, Cl, SO4), nutrients (total N, total P, and Si), and stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H). The valley's surface water is acidic (pH 3–4) and is dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−, the last of which is likely due to pyrite oxidation. Total P and total N show no trend with elevation down valley, while Si generally increases with decreasing elevation. Groundwater samples are differentiated from surface water samples by lower pH, specific conductance, and total P and higher Na+, K+, HCO3−, Si, and δ18O. A two-component mixing model indicates that discharge from the watershed is approximately two-thirds surface water (mostly glacier melt) and one-third groundwater. The results were compared to data from the Rio Santa and indicate that this trend may persist at the regional scale.
The Effect of Laterality on Venous Thromboembolism Formation after Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Placement
Authors: Sperry Brett W. , Roskos Melinda , Oskoui Ramin
Published: September 2011

Purpose

The use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) has become widespread in hospital medicine. PICCs are preferentially placed on the right side due to anatomic ease of insertion into the superior vena cava. However, no data exists examining whether this practice is also protective against symptomatic venous thrombosis. The purpose of this study is to assess placement of right-sided versus left-sided PICCs and the resulting rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a community teaching hospital.

Methods and Results

A retrospective analysis was performed of 798 sequential PICCs placed in our community teaching hospital in 2008. Indication for PICC placement, laterality of PICC placement, and signs and symptoms leading to ultrasound assessment were examined as well as the resulting VTE location. Six hundred and seventy two patients had a total of 798 PICCs placed over the course of the year, 568 of these were right-sided catheters, and 230 were left-sided catheters. Forty-nine of these patients required 68 Doppler ultrasounds within 30 days of PICC placement. Of these ultrasounds, 47 (8.27%) followed right-sided PICCs and 21 (9.13%) followed left-sided PICCs (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.52–1.54). VTE events were documented in 1.23% of right-sided PICCs and 1.30% of left-sided PICCs (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.24–3.68). The overall incidence of this complication was 1.25%. Mean time until discovery of the thrombus was 13.6 days.

Conclusions

Laterality of PICC placement is not significantly associated with symptomatic VTE formation. The overall rate of thrombosis in our study is comparable to that of previous studies.
Nosebleeds in Children as a Potential Marker for Nonaccidental Injury and Serious Underlying Pathology: How Aware Are Hospital Clinicians?
Authors: Ismail Abdul Qader , Gandhi Anjum
Published: September 2011

Paediatric epistaxis is common and usually of benign origin. However, the differential diagnosis includes serious underlying pathology (e.g., bleeding disorders and blood cancers) and in the very young can be a marker of potential physical abuse. To assess if paediatric and A&E doctors were aware of the important differential, we asked them to complete a Likert scale questionnaire on several different clinical scenarios. Our results show that a significant proportion of doctors of all grades and in both specialties were either not aware of or not concerned about epistaxis in an infant as a possible sign of nonaccidental injury and were not willing to carry out simple blood tests to investigate recurrent nosebleeds in an older child. Our results highlight the need for education and evidence-based guidelines to avoid missing important, if infrequent, causes of paediatric epistaxis, both in the hospital and community setting.
Facile one‐pot preparation of superparamagnetic chitosan sphere and its derived hollow sphere
Authors: Zou Weiwei , Geng Hao , Lin Mingfeng , Xiong Xiaopeng
Published: September 2011

A facile and robust approach is presented to prepare superparamagnetic chitosan (CS) spheres by simply dropping iron ions and CS mixture solution to ammonia aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffractions, and thermogravimetric analyses of the obtained spheres indicate that the composite spheres consisted of CS and Fe3O4. The microstructures of the surface and the inner part of the sphere were observed by scanning electron microscope to indicate nano scale of the Fe3O4 component. The results suggest that the nano sized Fe3O4 particles can be stabilized by CS molecules in the matrix of sphere to avoid aggregation based on their binding interaction. Because of the nano scale distributed Fe3O4 particles, the composite spheres show superparamagnetic properties, and the saturation magnetization of the composite sphere increases linearly with the Fe3O4 content. An electron probe microanalyzer was employed to measure the energy dispersive spectra of the magnetic sphere, through which the element contents at different points along the radius of a magnetic CS sphere have been obtained. It has been found that the Fe3O4 content decreased gradually from outer surface to its inner core. Moreover, the composite sphere was calcined in air at 700°C to prepare spherical hollow sphere. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Distributed backtracking algorithm based on tree decomposition over wireless sensor networks
Authors: Fouchal Hacène , Habbas Zineb
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we propose a methodological approach to solve distributed nonbinary constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A distributed CSP is a CSP in which variables and constraints are distributed among multiple agents. On WSNs, it is usual to handle applications that need to solve distributed problems. Different real‐world applications can be modeled as distributed CSPs, and numerous algorithms based on enumerative search have been proposed to solve them. The most cited one is distributed backtracking algorithm in which each variable is associated to each agent. This algorithm is known as fine‐grained distributed algorithm. All the search efforts of this algorithm concerns the communication between agents that are very expensive. In addition, this approach is not realistic because, in general, an agent might control more than one variable. In this paper, we propose a generic methodology for developing coarse‐grained backtracking algorithm. Mainly, a preprocess technique breaks a single large problem into a set of smaller connected ones. These semi‐independent CSPs can be efficiently and concurrently solved and can cooperate to solve the whole problem. We illustrate the preprocess technique by the tree decomposition method for its good theoretical properties. The aim of our paper is to present an efficient approach to solve complex distributed CSPs over WSNs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐hop localization system for environmental monitoring in wireless sensor and actor networks
Authors: Brust Matthias R. , Akbaş Mustafa İlhan , Turgut Damla
Published: September 2011

Location estimation of sensor nodes is an essential part of most applications for wireless sensor and actor networks. The ambiguous location information often makes the collected data useless in these applications. Environmental monitoring relies on an accurate position estimation to process or evaluate the collected data. In this paper, we present a novel and scalable approach for positioning of mobile sensor nodes with the goal of monitoring the Amazon river. The actors in the scenario are stationary and positioned at reachable spots on the land alongside the river whereas sensor nodes are thrown into the river to collect data such as water temperature, depth, and geographical features. The actors are not equipped with positioning adaptors, and they are only aware of their distances from the other actors. The sensor nodes collect data and forward it to the actors. While floating in the river, sensor nodes are often multiple hops away from the actors, which makes it challenging to apply traditional positioning techniques. Through extensive simulations, we show that the nodes can be efficiently positioned using a multi‐hop approach with local information exchange only. The introduced approach is also applied to a scenario, where monkey swarm monitoring is simulated, to test the generalizability of the algorithm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asynchronous adaptive optimisation for generic data‐parallel array programming
Authors: Grelck Clemens , van Deurzen Tim , Herhut Stephan , Scholz Sven‐Bodo
Published: September 2011

Programming productivity very much depends on the availability of basic building blocks that can be reused for a wide range of application scenarios and the ability to define rich abstraction hierarchies. Driven by the aim for increased reuse, such basic building blocks tend to become more and more generic in their specification; structural as well as behavioural properties are turned into parameters that are passed on to lower layers of abstraction where eventually a differentiation is being made. In the context of array programming, such properties are typically array ranks (number of axes/dimensions) and array shapes (number of elements along each axis/dimension). This allows for abstract definitions of operations such as element‐wise additions, concatenations, rotations, and so on, which jointly enable a very high‐level compositional style of programming, similar to, for instance, MATLAB. However, such a generic programming style generally comes at a price in terms of runtime overheads when compared against tailor‐made low‐level implementations. Additional layers of abstraction as well as the lack of hard‐coded structural properties often inhibits optimisations that are obvious otherwise. Although complex static compiler analyses and transformations such as partial evaluations can ameliorate the situation to quite some extent, there are cases, where the required level of information is not available until runtime. In this paper, we propose to shift part of the optimisation process into the runtime of applications. Triggered by some runtime observation, the compiler asynchronously applies partial evaluation techniques to frequently used program parts and dynamically replaces initial program fragments by more specialised ones through dynamic re‐linking. In contrast to many existing approaches, we suggest this optimisation to be done in a rather non‐intrusive, decoupled way. We use a full‐fledged compiler that is run on a separate core. This measure enables us to run the compiler on its highest optimisation‐level, which requires non‐negligible compilation times for our optimisations. We use the compiler's type system to identify the potential dynamic optimisations. And we use the host language's module system as a facilitator for the dynamic code modifications. We present the architecture and implementation of an adaptive compilation framework for Single Assignment C, a data‐parallel array programming language. Single Assignment C advocates shape‐generic and rank‐generic programming with arrays. A sophisticated, highly optimising compiler technology nevertheless achieves competitive runtime performance. We demonstrate the suitability of our approach to achieve consistently high performance independent of the static availability of array properties by means of several experiments based on a highly generic formulation of rank‐invariant convolution as a case study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multicentre community‐based study of dementia cases and subcases in older people in China—the GMS‐AGECAT prevalence and socio‐economic correlates
Authors: Chen Ruoling , Ma Ying , Wilson Ken , Hu Zhi , Sallah David , Wang Jiaji , Fan Lihua , Chen Ruo‐Li , Copeland John R
Published: September 2011

Background

Previous studies indicated overall relatively low prevalence of dementia in older people in China, which may be biased by studied samples or methods. We determined the prevalence of dementia cases and subcases in China and examined their socio‐economic correlates.

Methods

Using the Geriatric Mental State interview, we examined random samples of 2917 participants aged ≥ 65 years in urban and rural Anhui, China in 2001–2003, and 3327 in four other provinces in 2008–2009. Dementia cases and subcases were diagnosed by Geriatric Mental State‐Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy.

Results

Age‐standardised prevalence for cases and subcases of dementia in the Anhui elders was 7.20% (95%CI 6.29%–8.20%) and 10.5% (9.38%–11.6%), and in the four provinces, 9.86% (8.80%–10.9%) and 8.51% (7.51%–9.52%). The matched figures among the participants who were literate were 3.05% (2.08%–4.02%) and 10.0% (8.38%–11.6%), and 4.92% (3.89%–5.96%) and 6.76% (5.55%–7.96%), respectively. There were higher prevalence rates of dementia cases and subcases in the rural elders than in the urban. Both the Anhui and four‐province studies showed an obvious association of dementia with higher and lower incomes among elders who had lower educational levels or had the lowest occupational class. The highest risk of dementia was found in those who were illiterate but had the highest income or had the job of business/nonmanual labouring.

Conclusions

People in China have a higher prevalence of dementia than previously reported. Its U‐shaped relationship with income and the excess subcases prevalence predicates a significant burden of disease, both now and for the future, suggesting preventive strategy for dementia in China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonadditive interactions between trophic levels bias the appraisal of the strength of mortality factors
Authors: Moreau Gaétan , Björkman Christer
Published: September 2011

The role of bottom‐up and top‐down factors in determining the abundance of organisms is still often evaluated in terms of the nominal (i.e., apparent) cause of death. To determine whether estimates of mortality can be influenced by nonadditive multitrophic interactions, we generated both marginal (i.e., the entirety of mortality attributable to a given factor, including its obscured fraction) and nominal estimates of the trophic forces acting on an herbivore. This was accomplished by comparing mortality rates of the willow leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima on willows affected or relatively unaffected by local growing conditions, in the presence or absence of natural enemies. Marginal estimates indicated that bottom‐up and top‐down mortality factors interacted in a synergistic or compensatory way, with the nature of the interaction varying in response to the time elapsed since the last harvest of willow plantations. In contrast, nominal estimates could not discriminate synergistic and compensatory interactions from top‐down influence. Combined with recent evidence of compensatory mortality between trophic forces in another system, this study suggests that nonadditive effects between bottom‐up and top‐down mortality factors may be common, offering an explanation through which the contrasting evidences previously presented by proponents of the bottom‐up and top‐down views can be understood.
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Utilizing Mini-Stem Humeral Components: Technique and Short-Term Results
Authors: Jost Patrick W. , Dines Joshua S. , Griffith Matthew H. , Angel Michael , Altchek David W. , Dines David M.
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Throughout the field of orthopedic surgery, there has been a trend toward using smaller incisions and implants that preserve as much normal anatomy as possible. The use of bone sparing technology, such as partial and full surface replacements of the humeral head, while attractive in younger patients, does not allow the best exposure for proper glenoid replacement. Additionally, there are other situations when the use of surface replacements is contraindicated. There are also patients with an existing total elbow replacement or a humeral malunion or deformity in which a traditional long-stem component would not fit. For these reasons, a mini-stem humeral component for total shoulder arthroplasty was developed. In this study, we hypothesized that total shoulder replacement using the mini-stem humeral component could provide low complication rates and good to excellent results, as measured by postoperative Constant–Murley and UCLA shoulder scores at minimum 2 years postoperatively.

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective review of the first 49 mini-stem shoulder replacements (47 patients) for primary osteoarthritis. There were 26 male and 23 female patients. UCLA Shoulder Score and Constant Murley Scores were obtained on all patients at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively (average 29 months; range 24–43 months). Radiographs were interpreted by a musculoskeletal radiologist. Intraoperative blood loss was documented as was postoperative pain using a visual analog pain scale.

Results

Patients experienced over 90% good to excellent results at minimum 2 year follow up. ROM improved significantly in all parameters. Postoperative UCLA scores at final follow up averaged 27.5 while Constant–Murley scores averaged 91. Small lucent lines (<1 mm) were noted in 11 patients. Five of 49 stems were placed in varus but the postoperative result was not affected in any of these patients. One patient suffered an acute subscapularis rupture that required repair.

Conclusions

This is the first report to document the efficacy of mini-stemmed humeral components used during total shoulder arthroplasty. Our study group showed good to excellent results as well as improvement in range of motion at minimum 2-year follow-up. The results presented in this study are comparable to previous outcomes achieved with conventional length humeral components, and suggest that mini-stem humeral components are an effective option for total shoulder arthroplasty.
On Nonstable and Stable Population Momentum
Authors: Espenshade Thomas J. , Olgiati Analia S. , Levin Simon A.
Published: September 2011

This article decomposes total population momentum into two constituent and multiplicative parts: “nonstable” momentum and “stable” momentum. Nonstable momentum depends on deviations between a population’s current age distribution and its implied stable age distribution. Stable momentum is a function of deviations between a population’s implied stable and stationary age distributions. In general, the factorization of total momentum into the product of nonstable and stable momentum is a very good approximation. The factorization is exact, however, when the current age distribution is stable or when observed fertility is already at replacement. We provide numerical illustrations by calculating nonstable, stable, and total momentum for 176 countries, the world, and its major regions. In short, the article brings together disparate strands of the population momentum literature and shows how the various kinds of momentum fit together into a single unifying framework.
THE BOUNDARY VOLUME OF A LATTICE POLYTOPE
Authors: HEGEDÜS GÁBOR , KASPRZYK ALEXANDER M.
Published: September 2011

For a d-dimensional convex lattice polytope P, a formula for the boundary volume vol(∂P) is derived in terms of the number of boundary lattice points on the first ⌊d/2⌋ dilations of P. As an application we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a polytope to be reflexive, and derive formulas for the f-vector of a smooth polytope in dimensions three, four, and five. We also give applications to reflexive order polytopes, and to the Birkhoff polytope.
COMMON FIXED POINTS FOR SEMIGROUPS OF POINTWISE LIPSCHITZIAN MAPPINGS IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: KOZLOWSKI W. M.
Published: September 2011

Let C be a bounded, closed, convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X. We investigate the existence of common fixed points for pointwise Lipschitzian semigroups of nonlinear mappings Tt:C→C, where each Tt is pointwise Lipschitzian. The latter means that there exists a family of functions αt:C→[0,∞) such that $\|T_t(x)-T_t(y)\| \leq \alpha _{t}(x)\|x-y\|$ for x,y∈C. We also demonstrate how the asymptotic aspect of the pointwise Lipschitzian semigroups can be expressed in terms of the respective Fréchet derivatives.
Authoritarian Institutions and Regime Survival: Transitions to Democracy and Subsequent Autocracy
Authors: Wright Joseph , Escribà-Folch Abel
Published: September 2011

This article examines how authoritarian parties and legislatures affect regime survival. While authoritarian legislatures increase the stability of dictators, political parties – even when devised to quell internal threats – can destabilize dictators. The main argument is that authoritarian parties influence the distribution of power in a subsequent new democracy by helping to protect the interests of authoritarian elites. These institutions thus increase the likelihood of democratization. Using a dataset of authoritarian regimes in 108 countries from 1946 to 2002 and accounting for simultaneity, the analysis models transitions to democracy and to a subsequent authoritarian regime. Results indicate that authoritarian legislatures are associated with a lower probability of transition to a subsequent dictatorship. Authoritarian parties, however, are associated with a higher likelihood of democratization.
Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic composition and mantle sources of Triassic rift units in the Serbo-Macedonian and the western Rhodope massifs (Bulgaria–Greece)
Authors: BONEV NIKOLAY , DILEK YILDIRIM , HANCHAR JOHN M. , BOGDANOV KAMEN , KLAIN LASLO
Published: September 2011

We report on the field occurrence and isotopic compositions of metamafic rocks exposed in the Serbo-Macedonian (Volvi and Therma bodies) and western Rhodope (Rila Mountains) massifs of Bulgaria and Greece. These metamafic units consist of high- and low-Ti gabbroic and basaltic rocks, whose Nd–Sr–Pb isotopes are compatible with mantle-derived MORB and OIB components with a small amount of crustal material involved in their melt source. These isotopic features combined with the field observations are consistent with an intra-continental rift origin of the metamafic rocks protolith, and are comparable to those of the Triassic rift-related mafic rocks in the northern Aegean region.
Naturalized Citizens and Social Mobility in Classical Athens: The Case of Apollodorus
Authors: DEENE MARLOES
Published: September 2011

Around 340 BC, Theomnestus, son of Deinias, from the deme Athmonon, prosecuted the alleged hetaira Neaira for living in marriage with Stephanus, from the deme Eroeadae, breaching the law that prohibited xenoi from feigning lawful marriage with Athenian citizens ([Dem.] 59). Under this law (59.16), foreigners who married an Athenian citizen were liable to enslavement and confiscation of property – the penalty for conviction for illegal exercise of citizen rights. Although Theomnestus is the formal prosecutor, most of the case is presented by his kinsman and supporting speaker Apollodorus, elder son of the well-known wealthy Athenian banker and former slave Pasion. It might seem incongruous that he, the son of a newly made citizen with foreign and servile origins, invoking the most sacred of Athenian laws, appeals to the Athenians to guard the purity of their citizen body. However, while Apollodorus undeniably had a hidden agenda in bringing a prosecution against Neaira, it is not surprising that false claim to and debasement of citizen status should be a source of resentment for new citizens such as he, who were anxious to protect their hard-earned privilege.
Evil, Friendship, and Iconic Realism in Augustine'sConfessions
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: September 2011

“The icon and the idol determine two manners of being … not two classes of beings.”1
Comfort, O Comfort, Corinth: Grief and Comfort in 2 Corinthians 7:5–13a
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan
Published: September 2011

Paul's correspondence with the Corinthian congregation chronicles the story of an absent leader trying to encourage an often wayward congregation to hold fast to his message of God's reconciling action in Jesus. As the conclusion to 2 Cor 2:14–7:4,1a unit in which Paul explores the nature of his apostolic relationship with the Corinthian congregation, 2 Cor 7:5–13a portrays Paul's pastoral relationship with the Corinthians as near its breaking point.2In this passage, Paul looks back to a time (before his current tentative reconciliation with the Corinthians) when Paul's trusted associate Titus had brought him comforting news of the Corinthians’ repentance and renewed faithfulness to the Pauline apostolate.3Previous studies of Paul's practice of pastoral care in 2 Corinthians have focused on comparing his approach with those advocated in Greco-Roman philosophy. Other studies of 2 Corinthians have attempted to uncover the background of Paul's theology of reconciliation in Isaiah and other texts from Israel's scriptures and have emphasized his appropriation here of the Isaianic motif of comfort from the so-called “Book of Consolation” (Isaiah 40–55). Through an examination of Paul's language of grief (λυπέω/λύπη) and comfort (παρακαλέω/παράκλησιϛ) in 2 Cor 7:5–13a, however, a more complex picture of the roots of Paul's approach to the care of the Corinthian congregation emerges. As I will show, Paul's language of grief and comfort in 2 Cor 7:5–13a differs from broader Greco-Roman understandings of these concepts, such as those we find in the writings of Epictetus. In this pericope Paul draws on his interpretation of the cycle of grief and comfort in not just Second Isaiah but also Lamentations 1–2 in order to call the Corinthians back to faithfulness to the gospel and to give voice to their own experience of loss and consolation.
AGE AND FERTILITY: CAN WOMEN WAIT UNTIL THEIR EARLY THIRTIES TO TRY FOR A FIRST BIRTH?
Authors: McDONALD JOHN W. , ROSINA ALESSANDRO , RIZZI ESTER , COLOMBO BERNARDO
Published: September 2011

Postponing the start of childbearing raises the question of fertility postponed versus fertility foregone. One of the limitations of previous studies of ‘How late can you wait?’ is that any observed decline in the probability of conception with age could be due to a decline in fecundability with age or due to a decline in coital frequency with age or due to both factors. Using data from a multinational longitudinal study conducted to determine the daily probability of conception among healthy subjects, a discrete-time event history model with long-term survivors (sterile population) is used to study the relationship between age and fecundability for childless women, while controlling for the pattern of intercourse within a menstrual cycle. The findings suggest that women can wait until their early thirties to try for a first birth, providing that they are not already sterile, as the magnitude of the decline in fecundability is very modest and of little practical importance.
A little while in the Son of God: Austin Farrer on the trinitarian nature of prayer
Authors: Vogel Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

This article explores Austin Farrer's contribution to trinitarian theology, arguing that he grounds understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity in the life of prayer. While Farrer nowhere offers a systematic presentation of the believer's experience of the Trinity, an investigation of his writings, particularly his sermons and devotional works, reveals that it is precisely in prayer that he thinks the force of the doctrine is revealed to the believer. Beginning with Farrer's ‘empirical principle’, the idea that to know anything one must exercise one's relation to it, the article attempts to show how the act of praying constitutes a living out of the doctrine of the Trinity. Living in the Son entails an adoption of an attitude of sonship towards the Father, which Farrer describes most succinctly as an ‘active openness of heart’. This filial attitude, which Christ expressed humanly throughout his life, is adopted by believers through the Holy Spirit who, according to Farrer, is not an object of direct experience. In this, his trinitarian understanding of prayer differs from Sarah Coakley's, whose reflection on this topic serves as a point of comparison at various places throughout the article. Through Coakley's work, the trinitarian nature of prayer has become a theme in contemporary theology. Thus, this article is aimed at more than simply illuminating a somewhat neglected aspect of Farrer's thought; it is also an attempt to contribute to an ongoing, constructive conversation about the Trinity in the life of faith.
Mean ergodic operators and reflexive Fréchet lattices
Authors: Bonet José , de Pagter Ben , Ricker Werner J.
Published: September 2011

Connections between (positive) mean ergodic operators acting in Banach lattices and properties of the underlying lattice itself are well understood (see the works of Emel'yanov, Wolff and Zaharopol). For Fréchet lattices (or more general locally convex solid Riesz spaces) there is virtually no information available. For a Fréchet lattice E, it is shown here that (amongst other things) every power-bounded linear operator on E is mean ergodic if and only if E is reflexive if and only if E is Dedekind σ-complete and every positive power-bounded operator on E is mean ergodic if and only if every positive power-bounded operator in the strong dual E′β (no longer a Fréchet lattice) is mean ergodic. An important technique is to develop criteria that detect when E admits a (positively) complemented lattice copy of c0, l1 or l∞.
A series of complexiton soliton solutions for nonlinear Jaulent—Miodek PDEs using the Riccati equations method
Authors: Zayed E. M. E. , Gepreel Khaled A.
Published: September 2011

We use the extended multiple Riccati equations expansion method to construct a series of double-soliton-like solutions, double triangular function solutions and complexiton soliton solutions for nonlinear Jaulent-Miodek PDEs. With the help of symbolic computation using Maple and Mathematica, we obtain many new types of complexiton soliton solutions, i.e. various combinations of trigonometric periodic functions and hyperbolic function solutions, various combinations of trigonometric periodic functions and rational function solutions, and various combinations of hyperbolic functions and rational function solutions.
Using birds to set conservation priorities for Pantanal wetland forests, Brazil
Authors: DE PINHO JOÃO BATISTA , MARINI MIGUEL ÂNGELO
Published: September 2011

The Pantanal of Brazil, one of the largest wetlands in the world, is suffering severe threats, such as forest and grassland clearance on the surrounding plateau, conversion of forests and savannas for cattle ranching and effects of large development projects. We used richness, abundance and composition of bird species in four forest types to propose conservation priorities for the northern Pantanal. Birds from 11 sites (a total of 41 points) were sampled through point counts and mist-netting. In total 215 species were recorded in the forests. Two evergreen forest types (cambarazal and landi) had higher estimates of bird richness and abundance than two dry forest types (carvoeiro and cordilheira). The evergreen forests also had more species exclusive to them and were more similar to each other than the dry forests. Selection of forests to be conserved in the northern Pantanal should give priority to evergreen forests and secondarily to dry forests. Cambarazal should be the first forests to be conserved. If the Pantanal inundation cycle is altered by the construction of hydroelectric dams or the Paraguay-Paraná waterway, cambarazal and landi may no longer become flooded, decreasing local species richness. Before our recommendations are considered for conservation and management decisions, more studies on other groups of organisms should also be taken into consideration, and similar studies should be conducted in other regions of the Pantanal. Conservation of Pantanal forest birds depends on a deeper understanding of their use of several habitats, stronger protection of the forests with higher diversity, and public policies that guarantee the long term maintenance of natural flooding cycles.
The economic cost of seabird bycatch in Argentinean longline fisheries
Authors: GANDINI PATRICIA , FRERE ESTEBAN
Published: September 2011

Seabird mortality in longline fisheries is believed to be an important cause of the reductions in many seabird populations worldwide, and results in reduced fishing efficiency and economic losses for fishing companies. We estimated the economic cost of not using seabird bycatch deterrents in Argentinean longline fisheries, with the intention of encouraging adoption of mitigation measures in those fisheries. We conducted the study in the Argentine ling Genypterus blacodes and Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides fisheries from 2001 to 2006 on three fishing vessels. Data on the incidence of seabird bycatch were collected by seabird observers specially trained in seabird identification and data on the catch rates of target species, cost of bait and fish were provided by the fishing company, supervised by Federal Inspectors from the Provincial Fisheries Agency. To estimate the bait loss, we set lines both with and without the use of deterrents (streamer lines, night setting and strategic discharge of offal) in both fisheries. Seabird bycatch varies temporally and geographically, so to estimate economic losses using deterrents in each fishery, we used different bycatch rates/1000 hooks registered for different periods and fishing areas. Bycatch rates in the absence of deterrents were two birds/1000 hooks and 1.53 birds/1000 hooks for the Patagonian toothfish and ling fisheries, respectively. These rates equate to the loss of more than 1.5 and 2 million dollars over a 10 year period for each fishery. When estimations are made with lower mortality rates, economic losses declined abruptly and were in the order of hundreds of dollars/fishing trip, for the same period of time. Results show that using deterrents, long term profits for the fishing company increase at a considerably high rate (the decrease in monetary loss is an order of magnitude), and the mortality of seabirds decreases by the same proportion (CPUE of seabirds decreases from tens of thousands to a few hundred). In these fisheries, the use of mitigation measures that reduce bait loss and seabird mortality represents a win-win situation with benefits to conservation and fishing companies.
Simulation of Eisenmenger syndrome with ventricular septal defect using equivalent electronic system
Authors: Korurek Mehmet , Yildiz Mustafa , Yüksel Ayhan , Şahin Alparslan
Published: September 2011

Background: In this study, we aim to investigate the simulation of the cardiovascular system using an electronic circuit model under normal and pathological conditions, especially the Eisenmenger syndrome. Methods and Results: The Eisenmenger syndrome includes a congenital communication between the systemic and pulmonary circulation, with resultant pulmonary arterial hypertension and right-to-left reversal of flow through the defect. When pulmonary vascular resistance exceeds systemic vascular resistance, it results in hypoxaemia and cyanosis. The Westkessel model including Resistor-Inductance-Capacitance pi-segments was chosen in order to simulate both systemic and pulmonary circulation. The left and right heart are represented by trapezoidal shape stiffness for better simulation results. The Eisenmenger syndrome is simulated using a resistance (septal resistance) connected between the left ventricle and right ventricle points of the model. Matlab® is used for the model implementation. In this model, although there is a remarkable increase in the pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricle pressure, left ventricle pressure, aortic pressure, aortic flow, and pulmonary compliance decrease in the Eisenmenger syndrome. In addition, left-to-right septal flow reversed in these diseases. Conclusion: Our model is effective and available for simulating normal cardiac conditions and cardiovascular diseases, especially the Eisenmenger syndrome.
Understanding processes contributing to regional sea level change
Authors: Stammer Detlef , Gregory Jonathan
Published: September 2011

WCRP/IOC Workshop on Regional Sea‐Level Change; Paris, France, 7–9 February 2011. A joint World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) workshop was held to discuss regional changes of sea level. The workshop was attended by 41 experts from the world over who compared observed regional sea level changes with those inferred from numerical simulations and compared future predictions and their analyses in terms of processes. Satellite altimetry observations continue to be essential in revealing that sea level is changing prominently on a regional scale. However, existing climate models are largely in disagreement about patterns and magnitudes of observed sea level variability, and it is unclear how accurate they may be in predicting regional sea level.
Interannual to decadal variability of Atlantic Water in the Nordic and adjacent seas
Authors: Carton James A. , Chepurin Gennady A. , Reagan James , Häkkinen Sirpa
Published: September 2011

Warm salty Atlantic Water is the main source water for the Arctic Ocean and thus plays an important role in the mass and heat budget of the Arctic. This study explores interannual to decadal variability of Atlantic Water properties in the Nordic Seas area where Atlantic Water enters the Arctic, based on a reexamination of the historical hydrographic record for the years 1950–2009, obtained by combining multiple data sets. The analysis shows a succession of four multiyear warm events where temperature anomalies at 100 m depth exceed 0.4°C, and three cold events. Three of the four warm events lasted 3–4 years, while the fourth began in 1999 and persists at least through 2009. This most recent warm event is anomalous in other ways as well, being the strongest, having the broadest geographic extent, being surface‐intensified, and occurring under exceptional meteorological conditions. Three of the four warm events were accompanied by elevated salinities consistent with enhanced ocean transport into the Nordic Seas, with the exception of the event spanning July 1989–July 1993. Of the three cold events, two lasted for 4 years, while the third lasted for nearly 14 years. Two of the three cold events are associated with reduced salinities, but the cold event of the 1960s had elevated salinities. The relationship of these events to meteorological conditions is examined. The results show that local surface heat flux variations act in some cases to reinforce the anomalies, but are too weak to be the sole cause.