bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgery for Cardiac Valve Disease
Authors: Suri Rakesh M. , Orszulak Thomas A.
Published: May 2013

The decision to perform an operation for valvular disease is complex and requires a meld of multidisciplinary expertise and considerable diagnostic effort. However, the history and physical examination are as important as everything else for making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The indications for operation are based on historical events in cardiac surgery, natural history studies, and current published studies. This chapter discusses the approach to correcting valvular heart disease and illustrates a major concept: Repair of any valve is always preferable to replacement if it can be done safely and durably.
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Spittell Peter C.
Published: May 2013

Different types of peripheral vascular disease, including claudication, pseudoclaudication, acute arterial occlusion, aneurysms, thromboangiitis obliterans, livedo reticularis, chronic pernio, and erythromelalgia are reviewed in this chapter. Causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, natural history, and treatment of peripheral vascular disease are covered as well.
Renal Artery Disease
Authors: Mathew Verghese
Published: May 2013

Obstructive disease of the renal arteries can be categorized as either atherosclerosis (the majority of renal artery stenosis cases) or fibromuscular dysplasia. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis may result in hypertension or ischemic nephropathy (or both), and renal artery stenosis is the most commonly identified cause of secondary hypertension. Renal fibromuscular dysplasia occurs in younger patients, in females more than males, and often in secondary or distal branches. Renal artery revascularization for patients with renal fibromuscular dysplasia is often curative for hypertension control. Diagnostic testing methods are also reviewed.
Dyslipidemia
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Allison Thomas G. , Wright R. Scott
Published: May 2013

Abnormal cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, together with endothelial injury are the major progenitors of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of obstructive coronary artery and vascular diseases worldwide. Dyslipidemia in particular is considered an essential risk factor because atherosclerotic plaques are formed in large part from cholesterol. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a heterogenous collection of lipoproteins and can be separated into subtypes of different size and density. However, not all LDL particles have the same atherosclerotic potential. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood exists in small, intermediate, and large-sized particles, designations which reflect their cholesterol content. A large body of epidemiological data certainly suggests an inverse relationship between HDL levels in populations and risk of coronary heart disease, and that this risk is independent of LDL cholesterol.
Chronic Stable Angina
Authors: Bishu Kalkidan G. , Brozovich Frank V.
Published: May 2013

Angina pectoris typically manifests as a retrosternal discomfort in the chest and adjacent areas and can vary from being “constricting,” “crushing,” or “squeezing” to mild and pressure-like, with an occasional associated numbing or burning sensation. Typical angina is usually characterized by a crescendo increase in the intensity of pain over minutes, neither lasting hours nor occurring in brief spurts of only a few seconds. It is often precipitated by exercise, exposure to cold, or carbohydrate-rich meals and relieved within minutes by rest or nitroglycerin (or both). Diagnostic testing, risk stratification and prognosis, and therapy options for chronic stable angina are reviewed in this chapter.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Le Rachel J. , Kane Garvan C.
Published: May 2013

The normal pulmonary circulation has low-pressure, low-resistance flow through compliant, thin-walled vessels. Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest. Clinically significant pulmonary hypertension is usually associated with substantially higher pulmonary artery pressures. Although a suspicion of pulmonary hypertension can be based on echocardiographic estimates, the diagnosis cannot be established without right heart catheterization. This chapter covers the diagnosis, assessment, and approach to treatment for patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Systemic Disease and the Heart
Authors: Lin Grace , McEvoy Marian T. , Murphy Joseph G.
Published: May 2013

Many systemic diseases affect the heart either directly or indirectly. This chapter summarizes the systemic diseases most frequently encountered in clinical practice that affect the heart. An important issue is how the systemic disease modifies either the diagnosis or the management of the cardiac problem and how the cardiac disease, in turn, modifies the approach to the systemic disease.
Noncardiac Anesthesia in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Torsher Laurence C.
Published: May 2013

The perioperative period stresses the cardiovascular system due to hemodynamic and neuroendocrine physiologic changes induced by surgical trauma, underlying disease, fluid shifts, inflammation, blood loss as well as anesthetic medications and interventions. At the same time these changes are being heaped upon the patients, they are in a highly monitored setting surrounded by skilled and dedicated individuals actively intervening to minimize the magnitude and effects of the challenges the patient is facing. The challenges of providing anesthesia for patients with cardiovascular disease are addressed in this chapter.
Reflex and Humoral Control of the Circulation
Authors: Clavell Alfredo L.
Published: May 2013

Optimal regulation of the circulation is dependent on an integration of cardiovascular reflexes with local and circulating humoral factors that regulate myocardial contractility, vascular tone, and intravascular volume (intravascular volume is regulated primarily through renal sodium excretion). Under physiologic conditions, cardiovascular reflexes affect short-term cardiovascular control, whereas humoral mechanisms function more as long-term modulators of cardiovascular homeostasis. This chapter examines reflexes and humoral factors and their control of circulation.
Right Ventricular Failure and Cor Pulmonale
Authors: Frantz Robert P.
Published: May 2013

Right ventricular failure is a clinical syndrome that is often challenging to diagnose and treat. It should not be considered a freestanding diagnosis but instead should lead to a search for an underlying disease. Right ventricular failure most often occurs secondary to pulmonary hypertension or left heart failure when it is often a harbinger of a poor prognosis. Cor pulmonale is disease of the right side of the heart which initially presents as structural and morphological changes in the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy and or right ventricular dilatation) which may progress further over time to clinical right ventricular failure. This chapter reviews diagnosis and management of these related conditions.
Pharmacologic Therapy of Systolic Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure
Authors: Rodeheffer Richard J. , Redfield Margaret M.
Published: May 2013

This chapter outlines guidelines and principles of pharmacologic treatment for systolic ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, digitalis glycosides, aldosterone antagonists, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, inotropic agents, diuretics, hydralazine, and isosorbide are reviewed.
Myocarditis
Authors: Cooper Leslie T. , Blauwet Lori A.
Published: May 2013

Myocarditis is defined histologically as inflammation of the myocardium associated with injury to cardiac myocytes. Common viral infections are the most frequent cause of myocarditis, but other pathogens, hypersensitivity reactions, and systemic and autoimmune diseases should be considered and excluded during the initial evaluation. Patients with myocarditis present with a range of symptoms varying from mild dyspnea and fatigue to cardiogenic shock or even sudden death. The diagnosis of probable myocarditis can usually be made from clinical findings and noninvasive imaging, but endomyocardial biopsy may be considered in certain cases.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ommen Steve R.
Published: May 2013

The clinical definition of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy. The size and volume of the left ventricle are usually normal or smaller. Most cases are familial disease with autosomal dominant inheritance. Histologically, loose connective tissue is surrounded by myocyte hypertrophy and disarray. Arrhythmias and systolic left ventricular outflow tract gradients are common, and premature sudden death occurs in approximately 1% of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients annually. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, pathologic and morphologic features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Boilson Barry A. , Daly Richard C. , Kushwaha Sudhir S.
Published: May 2013

In the United States, an estimated 5.7 million people carry a diagnosis of heart failure and almost 300,000 people die of heart failure each year. Orthotopic cardiac transplant is a highly successful procedure for the treatment of end-stage heart disease and is the result of over 100 years of investigation and research. Despite major advances since that first transplant, the number of transplants performed worldwide has plateaued, primarily because of the limited supply of donor organs. Approximately 2,000 cardiac transplants are performed yearly in the United States, and cardiac transplant is the gold standard of cardiac replacement therapy. This chapter reviews indications for cardiac transplant, donor-recipient matching, operative details, immunosuppression, and complications related to transplantation.
Coronary Artery Physiology and Intracoronary Imaging
Authors: Prasad Abhiram
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews normal and altered coronary physiology in relation to intracoronary imaging. Intravascular ultrasonography (including use of Doppler technology), other novel imaging modalities, and intracoronary pressure measurement are discussed.
Percutaneous Treatment of Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Lloyd Margaret A. , Murphy Joseph G. , Rihal Charanjit S.
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews the principles of interventional cardiology as they pertain to structural heart disease, including the indications for aortic valvuloplasty, transcutaneous aortic valve implantation, percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation, and experimental procedures for severe mitral regurgitation.
Mating-Type Distribution and Genetic Diversity ofCercospora sojinaPopulations on Soybean from Arkansas: Evidence for Potential Sexual Reproduction
Authors: Kim Hun , Newell Annakay D. , Cota-Sieckmeyer Robyn G. , Rupe John C. , Fakhoury Ahmad M. , Bluhm Burton H.
Published: May 2013

Cercospora sojina causes frogeye leaf spot of soybean, which can cause serious economic losses in the United States. In this study, 132 C. sojina isolates were collected from six fields (from two counties, Cross and Crawford) in Arkansas. To determine mating type, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed with primers specific for C. sojina. Of the 132 isolates, 68 isolates had the MAT1-1-1 idiomorph and 64 isolates had the MAT1-2 idiomorph; no isolates possessed both idiomorphs. Both mating types were present in a variety of spatial scales, including separate lesions on individual leaves. Clone-corrected data from eight microsatellites indicated that mating-type loci were present in approximately equal proportions in all populations analyzed, which suggests that Arkansas populations of C. sojina are undergoing cryptic sexual reproduction. All six populations evaluated had high genotypic diversity of 26 to 79%. In addition, among strains isolated from a single leaf, multiple and distinct haplotypes were associated with both mating types, supporting the hypothesis that sexual reproduction occurs within the populations. Most populations showed significant gametic disequilibrium but levels of disequilibrium were relatively low, particularly in populations from Crawford County. A low differentiation index (GST) was observed for all simple-sequence repeat markers across all populations. Furthermore, the value of G statistics between populations suggests that significant genetic exchange exists among the populations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that C. sojina populations from Arkansas are genetically diverse and most likely undergoing sexual reproduction.
Correlating efficacy and desensitization with GluK2 ligand-binding domain movements
Authors: Nayeem Naushaba , Mayans Olga , Green Tim
Published: May 2013

Gating of AMPA- and kainate-selective ionotropic glutamate receptors can be defined in terms of ligand affinity, efficacy and the rate and extent of desensitization. Crucial insights into all three elements have come from structural studies of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). In particular, binding-cleft closure is associated with efficacy, whereas dissociation of the dimer formed by neighbouring LBDs is linked with desensitization. We have explored these relationships in the kainate-selective subunit GluK2 by studying the effects of mutating two residues (K531 and R775) that form key contacts within the LBD dimer interface, but whose truncation unexpectedly attenuates desensitization. One mutation (K531A) also switches the relative efficacies of glutamate and kainate. LBD crystal structures incorporating these mutations revealed several conformational changes that together explain their phenotypes. K531 truncation results in new dimer contacts, consistent with slower desensitization and sideways movement in the ligand-binding cleft correlating with efficacy. The tested mutants also disrupted anion binding; no chloride was detected in the dimer-interface site, including in R775A where absence of chloride was the only structural change evident. From this, we propose that the charge balance in the GluK2 LBD dimer interface maintains a degree of instability, necessary for rapid and complete desensitization.
Jobless growth and relative surplus populations (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Li Tania Murray
Published: May 2013

Growth can be dangerous – especially when it displaces current forms of livelihood, and fails to provide viable alternatives. The old transition narratives – farm to factory, country to city, tradition to modernity – are still promulgated by development planners and they continue to have popular appeal but they are misleading. Tania Murray Li's editorial argues that emergent patterns of jobless growth, the uneven distribution of waged work, and the tendency of large scale farms and plantations to gobble up land and expel people should be a red flag: far too many people are being relegated to the position of a “relative surplus population.”
Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the akirin 2 gene with economically important traits in Korean native cattle
Authors: Kim H. , Lee S. K. , Hong M. W. , Park S. R. , Lee Y. S. , Kim J. W. , Lee H. K. , Jeong D. K. , Song Y. H. , Lee S. J.
Published: May 2013

The akirin 2 gene, located on chromosome 9 in cattle, was previously reported to be associated with nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), involved in immune reactions and marbling of meat. To determine whether a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in akirin 2 is associated with economically important traits of Korean native cattle, the c.*188G>A SNP DNA marker in the 3′‐UTR region of akirin 2 was analyzed for its association with carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling. The c.*188G>A SNP was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the frequency of the AA, AG, and GG genotypes were 6.82%, 71.29% and 21.88% respectively. This SNP was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05), and marbling score (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.01). These results suggest that the c.*188G>A SNP of akirin 2 might be useful as a DNA marker for longissimus muscle area and marbling scores in Korean native cattle.
They Can't Have My Embryo: The Ethics of Conditional Embryo Donation
Authors: Frith Lucy , Blyth Eric
Published: May 2013

There are substantial numbers of frozen embryos in storage that will not be used by those who produced them for their own fertility treatment. One option for such embryos is to donate them to others to use in their fertility treatment. There has been considerable debate about how this process should be organized. In the US, there are embryo adoption programmes that mediate between those relinquishing embryos and potential recipients. This is a form of conditional embryo donation, where the relinquishing couple can choose the recipient of their embryo. This article examines the ethical debate over conditional embryo donation for family building and explores the question of whether those who have unused frozen embryos should be able to determine who receives their embryos. The main objections to conditional embryo donation are examined: first, the embryo is not a person and therefore such concern over the placement of an embryo is unwarranted; secondly, potential donors might impose morally problematic conditions on who should receive their embryo; and thirdly, there are practical difficulties regarding organizational arrangements and the associated costs involved. It will be concluded that these objections can be countered and that if people wish to donate and receive embryos in this way there is no ethical objection to them doing so.
The current role of T cell depletion in paediatric stem cell transplantation
Authors: Booth Claire , Lawson Sarah , Veys Paul
Published: May 2013

Haematopoeitic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative procedure for children with malignant and non‐malignant haematological disease as well as an expanding number of inherited disorders. Most patients lack a human leucocyte antigen‐matched related donor, making alternative donors, such as closely matched unrelated donors, unrelated umbilical cord blood donations and haploidentical donors, necessary choices. T cell depletion (TCD) has been employed for over 30 years to reduce the risk of graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) associated with non‐genoidentical HSCT. However, until recently overall survival had not improved with TCD due to increased rates of graft failure, disease relapse and delayed immune reconstitution. Recent advances in graft manipulation and reduced toxicity conditioning regimens have offered renewed hope, particularly for children undergoing haploidentical HSCT, where encouraging results have been achieved using negative depletion techniques to retain beneficial accessory cells, which speed immune reconstitution and reduce disease relapse. Translational work building on megadose CD34+ selected grafts, including pathogen‐specific immunotherapy, suicide gene therapy and other adoptive cellular immunotherapies, has also offered improved outcomes for such patients.
It's good to talk: developing the communication skills of an adult with an intellectual disability through augmentative and alternative communication
Authors: Hagan Leigh , Thompson Helen
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary

People with intellectual disabilities often have difficulty communicating with others.

Supporting people to get their message across can include using pictures, objects or electronic devices.

This case study describes a lady who uses an electronic device to help her talk. When she presses icons on the device, a computerised voice speaks her message.

Devices like this could be considered for other people with similar difficulties.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems have been repeatedly identified as a means of improving an individual's communication abilities and their ability to participate in interactions. However, existing literature indicates that dynamic display speech generating devices (SGDs) are not commonly introduced for adults with moderate intellectual disabilities (ID). This case study reports the impact of using an SGD on the communication abilities of a nonverbal individual with a moderate ID. Clinical assessment and therapy outcome measures include semi‐structured interviews with staff and communication dyad analyses. These measures were conducted before and after collaborative intervention from speech and language therapy and behaviour support. Findings from the study reveal that when using an SGD the individual experienced improvements in expressive communication abilities and pragmatic skills including topic maintenance, taking conversational turns and reduced communication breakdown. The clinical implications of this intervention are discussed.
Environmental Derivatives, Risk Analysis, and Conservation Management
Authors: Little L. Richard , Parslow John , Fay Gavin , Grafton R. Quentin , Smith Anthony D.M. , Punt André E. , Tuck Geoffrey N.
Published: May 2013

Two key challenges in conservation management are: (1) how to quantify and manage the risk that natural populations will fall below critical thresholds and (2) how to fund recovery plans should a population do so. Statistically estimated, process‐based simulation models of two distinct fish populations are used to forecast the species population levels, and capture the risk of crossing a management defined trigger point. We show how to calculate the environmental derivative price, which is the amount a risk‐neutral investor would require for promising a pay‐out should the species abundance fall below the trigger level. The approach provides the potential for environmental derivatives to support species recovery, and a method for measuring the underlying “health” of a managed population and calculating risk‐cost tradeoffs among alternative management strategies.
The use of cochineal and Monascus purpureus as dyes for cotton fabric
Authors: Velmurugan Palanivel , TamilSelvi Algumuthu , Lakshmanaperumalsamy Perumalsamy , Park Joonhong , Oh Byung‐Taek
Published: May 2013

This study describes the dyeing efficiency of cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) and Monascus purpureus colorants on cotton fabric. The effects of mordant, dyeing time and temperature on the shades and fastness properties of both colorants were studied. The colour coordinate values indicate that the cochineal colorant exhibited higher colour strength than M. purpureus for premordanted cotton fabric (4% owf). Optimum dyeing with M. purpureus was observed at a temperature of 80 °C for 80 min at a 30:1 liquor ratio. However, for cochineal, the optimum dyeing conditions were 60 °C for 60 min at a 40:1 liquor ratio. Furthermore, both colorants demonstrated moderate to good fastness properties. The results of the study indicate that cochineal has better dyeing properties than M. purpureus colorants.
Graft‐versus‐host disease of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes
Authors: Ziemer Mirjana
Published: May 2013

Graft‐versus‐host disease is a complex multiorgan disease which mainly occurs in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The skin is the most frequently affected organ. Care and therapy of patients requires an interdisciplinary approach with dermatology in a key position. Due to the increasing use of peripheral blood stem cells, the increasing age of transplanted patients, the increasing use of unrelated donors, and the broadening of the indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the incidence of GVHD has been rising in the last decade. Based on extensive clinical and investigational data, the following article tries to give a practical overview for the specialistís daily routine.
Reforming corporate law in an emerging market
Authors: Korkeamäki Timo , Rainio Elina , Takalo Tuomas
Published: May 2013

A sweeping and protracted reform of corporate law took place in Finland in the 1970s. We document how the reform brought significant improvements to investor protection and tightened disclosure rules at the cost of increasing the workload in corporate reporting. To study the economic consequences of the reform we develop a simple coordination game where the effects of investor protection on corporate valuation vary with equilibria. Then, using firm‐level daily stock return data, we find that the Finnish stock market generally reacts negatively to news of increased investor protection and workload, whereas news of delays in implementation of reform generate largely positive market responses. These results raise the question of whether stronger investor protection and greater transparency unambiguously promote development of stock markets.
Dothistroma Needle Blight in Slovenia is caused by two cryptic species: Dothistroma pini and Dothistroma septosporum
Authors: Piškur B. , Hauptman T. , Jurc D.
Published: May 2013

Dothistroma Needle Blight (DNB) has been known in Slovenia since 1971, but the disease symptoms have intensified in recent years. With this study, the DNB symptoms in Slovenia are for the first time connected to both phytopathogenic Dothistroma species: D. pini and D. septosporum. Based on the ITS‐rDNA comparisons, the Slovenian isolates of D. pini group with the D. pini isolates from France, Hungary and the USA and not with the D. pini isolates from Russia and Ukraine. Both mating types MAT1 and MAT2 of D. septosporum are present in Slovenia, while for D. pini, only MAT2 was found. The current widespread occurrence of D. pini in native forest stands indicates the prolonged presence of this species in Slovenia.
Politics and Religion, Community and Modernity: David Underdown in the Historiography of English Puritanism
Authors: Beaver Dan
Published: May 2013

This essay argues for “political puritanism” as a unifying theme in Underdown's work, indebted to the ideas of Christopher Hill and Michael Walzer, among others, but original in its role in Underdown's narrative of England's political culture and political transformation during the Revolution of 1648/1649. This evolving idea of “political puritanism” also makes sense of Underdown's studies of “popular politics” following Pride's Purge (1971) and makes it possible to analyze a consistent interest in problems of political ideology, from his early work on royalism to his Ford Lectures on “national politics.” A concluding section briefly considers the implications of some important recent work for Underdown's historiographic achievement.
Mice genetically inactivated in interleukin‐17A receptor are defective in long‐term control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Freches Danielle , Korf Hannelie , Denis Olivier , Havaux Xavier , Huygen Kris , Romano Marta
Published: May 2013

Interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine acting on neutrophil recruitment, is known to play an important role during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the role of IL‐17A receptor signalling in immune defence against this intracellular pathogen remains poorly documented. Here we have analysed this signalling using C57BL/6 mice genetically inactivated in the IL‐17 receptor A subunit (IL‐17RA−/−). Although early after infection bacterial growth was controlled to the same extent as in wild‐type mice, IL‐17RA−/− mice were defective in exerting long‐term control of M. tuberculosis infection, as demonstrated by a progressively increasing pulmonary bacterial burden and shortened survival time. Compared with infected wild‐type mice, IL‐17RA−/− mice showed impaired recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs at the early but not the late stage of infection. Pulmonary tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 and particularly IL‐10 levels were decreased in the absence of IL‐17RA signalling, whereas IL‐1β was increased. CD4+‐mediated and γδ‐mediated IL‐17A production was dramatically increased in IL‐17RA−/− mice (confirming part of their phenotype), whereas production of interferon‐γ and expression of the bactericidal enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase were not affected. Collectively, our data suggest that early but not late neutrophil recruitment is essential for IL‐17A‐mediated long‐term control of M. tuberculosis infection and that a functional interferon‐γ response is not sufficient to control M. tuberculosis growth when the IL‐17RA pathway is deficient. As treatment of auto‐immune diseases with anti‐IL‐17A antibodies is actually being tested in clinical studies, our data suggest that caution should be taken with respect to possible reactivation of tuberculosis.
What makes an excellent mental health nurse? A pragmatic inquiry initiated and conducted by people with lived experience of service use
Authors: Gunasekara Imani , Pentland Tina , Rodgers Tracey , Patterson Sue
Published: May 2013

Mental health nurses are in challenging positions. They have the opportunity to support people hospitalized for the treatment of mental illnesses on their recovery journeys, but are simultaneously required to manage a burgeoning administrative burden, maintain organizational ‘order’, and contain risk. While obliged by policy to engender an environment that promotes recovery, they receive little guidance about how this should be achieved. When feedback from people hospitalized in our service indicated the experience of care was variable, we undertook a pragmatic inquiry examining consumers' views about what makes an excellent mental health nurse. We interviewed 20 people with lived experience of hospitalization and analysed transcripts thematically. To ensure findings were relevant and useful, we consulted mental health nurses about nurses' needs, and incorporated this with the views of service users. The analysis demonstrated that personal qualities, professional skills, and environmental factors all influence the experience of mental health nursing. Our findings highlight a need for renewed attention to the basics of relationships and the importance for nurses of self‐awareness and support. We urge nurses to make time to really get to know the people for whom they provide care, and to work to maintain passion for mental health nursing. It seems likely that attention to the simple things has the potential to improve levels of satisfaction among service users, decrease distress, and support the development of an environment in which can nurture recovery.
Two‐Sided Markets
Authors: King Stephen P.
Published: May 2013

Whenever agents to a transaction (for example, consumers and suppliers) interact through intermediaries or a ‘platform’ that is controlled by a third party, the agents are using a two‐sided platform. Two‐sided platforms are common. However, if a two‐sided platform involves network effects, so that participants on one side of the platform care about the number of participants on the other side of the platform, it is a two‐sided market. These markets raise a variety of important issues for economists and policy‐makers. In this article, I briefly explain the nature of two‐sided markets and, using simple examples, show how they can behave very differently to standard one‐sided markets.
Identity and Foreign Policy: Canada as a Nation of the Americas
Authors: Thérien Jean-Philippe , Mace Gordon
Published: May 2013

Using Canada's relations with the Americas as a case study, this article seeks to better understand the link between identity and foreign policy. It argues that there is a gap between the Canadian government's recent efforts to construct a state identity increasingly turned toward the Americas and Canadians' national identity as it is expressed through public opinion. It concludes that the most plausible explanation for this gap probably has to do with Canada's European cultural heritage. The analysis shows that the projection of national identity into foreign policy is a much more complex process than the projection of state identity.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 Nanoplates by a Sol–Gel‐Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Chen Zhiwu , Kang Xiongbing , Lu Zhenya , He Xinhua
Published: May 2013

Well‐crystallized pure Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 (BNdT) nanoplates with rim sizes of 150–200 nm and thickness of 20–30 nm have been successfully synthesized at a temperature as low as 160°C by a novel sol–gel‐hydrothermal route, which combined the conventional sol–gel process and the hydrothermal method. It is believed that the gel precursor and hydrothermal environment play an important role in the formation of BNdT nanoplates at a low temperature. The density of sol–gel‐hydrothermal–derived BNdT ceramics was higher than that of sol–gel‐derived ceramics.
Glyburide as treatment option for gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tempe Anjali , Mayanglambam Ronita Devi
Published: May 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of glyburide in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus and to compare the maternal and fetal outcome between two groups treated either with insulin or glyburide.

Material and Methods

Women with gestational diabetes not responding to diet control were randomized into two groups: (i) the control group receiving insulin (n = 32); and (ii) the study group receiving glyburide (n = 32). Primary outcome was assessed in terms of achievement of glycemic control and secondary outcome was assessed by the incidence of maternal and fetal complications in the insulin and glyburide treated groups.

Results

The achievement of glycemic control between the insulin and the glyburide treated groups showed no significant difference (97.1%, 93.8%). The occurrence of maternal complications (P = 0.87) and fetal complications (P = 0.32) were comparable between the insulin and glyburide treated groups.

Conclusion

Glyburide was found to be as efficacious as insulin in achieving euglycemia in the treatment of gestational diabetic women who require treatment beyond diet control.
Female sexual function and associated factors during pregnancy
Authors: Corbacioglu Esmer Aytul , Akca Aysu , Akbayir Ozgur , Goksedef Behiye Pinar Cilesiz , Bakir Vuslat Lale
Published: May 2013

Aim

The objective of this study was to assess the changes in female sexual function during pregnancy and to identify associated factors among Turkish population using a validated questionnaire. Furthermore, we aimed to examine Turkish pregnant women's beliefs regarding sexual activity and describe their source of information about sexuality during pregnancy.

Material and Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, healthy heterosexual pregnant women who had been living with their partners within the last four weeks were asked to complete two self‐administered questionnaires, one of which was Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Results

A significant association was found between the decrease in intercourse frequency and trimesters, as a decline in frequency was reported by 58.3%, 66.1% and 76.5% of women in each trimester, respectively (P = 0.01). Only the trimester of gestation and employment status were independent factors associated with the decline in sexual intercourse frequency during pregnancy. When the overall FSFI score were compared according to each trimester of pregnancy, there were no statistical significant differences between the first and second trimesters (P = 0.71). The overall FSFI score in the third trimester was found to be significantly lower than the overall scores in the first two trimesters (P < 0.001 for both). In linear regression analysis, overall FSFI scores were adversely affected by only being in the last trimester. 38.7% of women and 36.2% of male partners worried that sexual intercourse may harm the pregnancy. Among the total sample, only 23.8% of women discussed sexuality with the medical staff.

Conclusion

The third trimester is the independent variable for both decreased sexual activity frequency and sexual function scores in pregnancy. Counseling about sexuality during pregnancy is not frequent in the clinical setting, but conversations about this topic should happen on a regular basis during prenatal care visits.
Effect of vitamin C on the growth of experimentally induced endometriotic cysts
Authors: Durak Yildirim , Kokcu Arif , Kefeli Mehmet , Bildircin Devran , Çelik Handan , Alper Tayfun
Published: May 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C on the growth of experimental endometriotic cysts.

Material and Methods

The endometrium of the uterine horn wall (diameter, 4 mm) was implanted onto the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall of 40 Wistar albino adult female rats, by laparotomy. The day after the implantation, the rats were randomly assigned into four groups (control group and experimental groups [V1, V2, and V3]) comprising 10 rats each. For 6 weeks, the control group (Group C) received 1 mL distilled water, whereas the experimental groups (Groups V1, V2, and V3) received 0.5 mg, 1.25 mg, and 2.5 mg of vitamin C in 1 mL of distilled water, respectively. The doses were given via oral gavage once per day. At the end of the administration, a second laparotomy was performed and endometriotic cyst volumes and weights of rats among the groups were compared. In addition, the stromal and glandular tissue and the natural killer cell contents of the cysts were compared among the groups.

Results

The cyst volume in Group V3 and the cyst weights in Groups V2 and V3 were significantly lower than those in Group C. The natural killer cell content in Groups V1, V2, and V3 was significantly lower than that in Group C. Stromal and glandular tissue contents of the groups were not significantly different.

Conclusions

The dose‐dependent vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced the volumes and weights of the endometriotic cysts.
Citizen or Subject? Blurring Boundaries, Claiming Space: Indians in Colonial South Africa
Authors: Majumdar Bijita
Published: May 2013

Citizenship and subjecthood are often seen as discrete, bounded categories, temporally disparate and conceptually distinct in law and in the social sciences. This paper challenges this predominant formulation by attesting that these legal categories are in fact, often, breached and blurred in identity struggles over claims to rights. Using the case of colonial Indians in South Africa, this paper argues that under conditions of colonialism, the colonized use the dual category of citizen/subject to claim rights while pledging allegiance to the power‐holders. Using historical sources such as petitions and referenda written by Indians to the colonial rulers and Gandhi's writings during his stay in South Africa, I explore the implications of this slippage between subject and citizen, thus contributing to the existing literature on colonial law and colonial resistance, the politics of citizenship, race relations and the politics of difference and identity.
Efficacy and safety of entecavir treatment in a heterogeneous CHB population from a ‘real‐world’ clinical practice setting in China
Authors: Hou J.‐L. , Jia J.‐D. , Wei L. , Zhao W. , Wang Y. M. , Cheng M. , Tang X. , Tan D.‐M. , Ren H. , Tang H. , Cohen D. , Llamoso C.
Published: May 2013

Chronic hepatitis B infection is an important cause of liver‐related mortality in China. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of entecavir in a heterogeneous patient population from a ‘real‐world’ clinical practice setting in China. This prospective, observational cohort provides 48‐week data on 2600 patients from 50 sites in China who received entecavir (0.5 or 1.0 mg) and were assessed for virologic, serologic and biochemical responses. Patients were nucleos(t)ide‐naïve or ‐experienced and had compensated or decompensated liver function. At Week 48, 1545/2424 (64%) patients with compensated liver disease and 30/44 (68%) patients with decompensated liver disease achieved HBV DNA <50 IU/mL. Greater proportions of nucleos(t)ide‐naïve than nucleos(t)ide‐experienced (69% vs 53%), and adefovir‐experienced than lamivudine/telbivudine‐experienced (62% vs 52%) patients achieved this endpoint. Most patients with HBV DNA <50 IU/mL also achieved HBV DNA <12 IU/L (60%, 45% and 61% of nucleos(t)ide‐naïve, nucleos(t)ide‐experienced and decompensated patients, respectively). In patients with compensated liver disease, ALT values normalized in 1532/1792 patients (85%), and HBeAg loss and HBeAg seroconversion were observed in 17% and 15% of treatment‐naïve and 15% and 11% of treatment‐experienced patients. Entecavir was generally well tolerated. Adverse event rates were comparable between treatment‐naïve and treatment‐experienced patients with compensated liver disease, but were higher in decompensated than in compensated patients, consistent with previous reports in these patients with more advanced disease. Four patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. In a ‘real‐world’ setting, entecavir was efficacious and well tolerated throughout 48 weeks in a heterogeneous Chinese CHB population.
Modernism, Celebrity and the Public Personality
Authors: Rosenquist Rod
Published: May 2013

This article takes for its subject the complex relationship between modernist literature and the celebrity system of values arising in the late nineteenth century and hitting its ascendancy in the early twentieth century. A wide range of scholarly work in the field is surveyed, particularly those investigating modernism within contexts of celebrity, promotional culture and value. The article aims to break down the relationship between modernism and celebrity into two major component parts – first, the self‐authoring and promotional side of modernism and, second, the reception of modernism within a celebrity‐culture framework, whether through the institutions, the media or the audience that make modernist figures into ‘public personalities’.
Am I nearly there yet? A method for teaching the Gillies approach to the superficial temporal fascia
Authors: Wang B. , Jankun D. , McKechnie A.
Published: May 2013

The authors describe a reliable method of teaching identification of the superficial temporal fascia in the context of the Gillies approach to the zygomatic arch.
Changes in phenolic content induced by infection with Didymella applanata and Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, the causal agents of raspberry spur and cane blight
Authors: Mikulic‐Petkovsek M. , Schmitzer V. , Stampar F. , Veberic R. , Koron D.
Published: May 2013

The phenolic profile of healthy and infected raspberry canes was investigated in three raspberry cultivars: Autumn Bliss, Himbo Top and Polka. The content of total phenols and tannins was determined using spectrophotometric methods, whilst individual phenolic acids, flavan‐3‐ols, ellagic acid derivatives and glycosides of quercetin were analysed using HPLC/MS analysis. The content of secondary metabolites varied considerably among the analysed raspberry cultivars. Moreover, Didymella applanata and Leptosphaeria coniothyrium infection significantly altered the metabolism of phenolic compounds. Flavanols represented the greatest share of all identified phenolics in raspberry canes (90%), followed by glycosides of quercetin (6%), derivatives of ellagic acid (3%) and traces of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Spur and cane blight diseases caused an increase of flavan‐3‐ols and tannins but the levels of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, conjugates of ellagic acid and quercetin glycosides were significantly reduced. Cultivars Himbo Top and Polka contained higher levels of hydroxycinnamic acid and ellagic acid derivatives in healthy and infected canes compared to cv. Autumn Bliss. Cultivar Polka also contained the highest level of flavanols and tannins. However, despite high levels of flavanols and total phenols measured in cv. Polka, the canes were highly diseased following infection with D. applanata and L. coniothyrium. The results of the study provide evidence that the level of phenolic compounds in the canes could be causally linked to the differences in disease susceptibility.
Developmental change in intentional action and inhibition: A heart rate analysis
Authors: Schel Margot A. , Windhorst Dafna A. , van der Molen Maurits W. , Crone Eveline A.
Published: May 2013

The ability to inhibit is a major developmental dimension. Previous studies examined developmental change in instructed inhibition. The current study, however, focused on intentional inhibition. We examined heart rate responses to intentional action and inhibition, with a focus on developmental differences. Three age groups (8–10, 11–12, and 18–26 years) performed a child‐friendly marble paradigm in which they had to choose between intentionally acting on, or inhibiting, a prepotent response. As instructed, all age groups chose to intentionally inhibit on approximately 50 percent of the intentional trials. A pronounced heart rate deceleration was observed during both intentional action and intentional inhibition, but this deceleration was most pronounced for intentional inhibition. Heart rate responses did not differentiate between age groups, suggesting that intentional action and inhibition reach mature levels early in childhood.
External Validity, Why Art Thou Externally Valid? Recent Studies of Attraction Provide Three Theoretical Answers
Authors: Eastwick Paul W. , Hunt Lucy L. , Neff Lisa A.
Published: May 2013

Some studies have better external validity than others, but why? Recent studies in the domain of interpersonal attraction have been tackling this question by documenting how people respond differently to hypothetical versus live interactions. In live interactions, people tend to report their experienced emotions, they evaluate others using a low‐level concrete construal, and they attempt to implement the goal of having a pleasant interaction. In hypothetical scenarios, people forecast their emotions, they evaluate others using a high‐level abstract construal, and they deliberate about others' positive and negative features. By situating the hypothetical versus live interaction distinction within the framework of strong preexisting theories (i.e., affective forecasting, construal‐level theory, mindset theory), this research reinforces the idea that there is nothing inherently invalid about laboratory studies that are cosmetically dissimilar from real life. Nevertheless, it remains highly problematic to generalize findings to a setting that elicits a countervailing set of psychological processes.
A New Method to Design Robust Power Oscillation Dampers for Distributed Synchronous Generation Systems
Authors: Kuiava Roman , Ramos Rodrigo A. , Pota Hemanshu R.
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a new methodology for the design of power oscillation dampers (PODs) for synchronous generators connected to distribution networks. The proposed methodology provides controllers capable of fulfilling robustness requirements and also making an effective trade-off between oscillation damping enhancement and generator terminal voltage performance. A description of the nonlinear dynamical model to be controlled in the form of norm-bounded linear differential inclusions (NLDIs) is adopted at the design stage of the controller. This is different from most of the existing POD design methods, where the control design is essentially based on a simplification of the nonlinear dynamical model in the form of linear time-invariant (LTI) models. The use of NLDIs allows us to consider the system nonlinearities as model uncertainties, and then we take into account such uncertainties at the controller design stage using a robust control methodology. Once that this NLDI takes the nonlinear behaviors of the system into account, it can better represent the relatively large excursions that occur in the system states, allowing us to add a constrain to the control problem formulation imposing a certain acceptable performance to the generator terminal voltage during transients. The proposed algorithm can be easily handled by using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) solvers. A cogeneration plant of 10 MW added to a distribution network constituted by a feeder and six buses is adopted as a test system. The results show that the two designed objectives are quite satisfactorily achieved.