bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manhood in Contradiction
Authors: Haenfler Ross
Published: May 2004

This article examines the contradictory nature of the straight edge movement, a maledominated youth movement struggling to create a more progressive masculinity. By comparing straight edge to other men’s movements, it is shown how the movement proposes a more progressive vision of manhood yet, in many ways, still reflects hegemonic constructions of masculinity. The article also discusses the multiple expressions of masculinity that emerge within a single men’s movement, and it highlights the problems of reconstructing manhood in a masculine context. Finally, it is suggested that such work will aid an understanding of the barriers profeminist men’s movements face in recreating masculinity.
Machines and Masculine Subjectivity
Authors: MellstrÖm Ulf
Published: May 2004

This article draws on anthropological work among two groups of technical specialists, mechanics in Malaysia and engineers in Sweden. From a cross-cultural perspective, it focuses on and critically examines ways in which masculine bonds are mediated and communicated through interactions with machines, in particular, motorbikes and cars. In these different social settings, technologies can be understood as means of an embodied communication for forming homosocial bonds. These masculine practices continuously exclude women and perpetuate highly genderized societal spheres where men form communities based on passion for machines. Such passion involves an anthropomorphization of the man-machine relationship in which the machines are transformed into subjects in what might be termed a heterosexual, masculine, technical sociability and subjectivity.
Community Policing and Family Violence Against Women: Lessons Learned from a Multiagency Collaborative
Authors: Giacomazzi Andrew L. , Smithey Martha
Published: May 2004

Although traditional attitudes and policies toward family violence are now changing to reflect its magnitude and severity in the United States, multiagency collaborative partnerships have emerged in an effort to develop a system that promotes the safety and welfare of victims of family violence and to prevent further abuse. This study analyzes the process of a multiagency collaborative involving a large, municipal police department and other service providers as an attempt to find meaningful solutions to family violence against women in a southwestern metropolitan area. The results suggest that even in an era of multiagency collaboration, one cannot presume that personnel of relatively autonomous organizations have the organizational capacity and/or the willingness among personnel to truly collaborate. Formidable barriers toward effective collaboration abound and result in a less effective process of negotiation rather than collaboration.
Using Police as Custodial Officers: An Analysis from the Perspective of International Human Rights Standards
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Light Stephen C. , Verma Arvind
Published: May 2004

This study explores the situation in which police officers are responsible for the care of prisoners. International human rights standards require these persons to have special expertise. Do police officers have such expertise? If not, then the use of police as custodial officers may violate prisoners' human rights. Police officers were interviewed in a sample taken in 10 nations from the 6 populated continents of the world. Results of the study suggest that the use of police officers in an extended custodial capacity may increase the likelihood of human rights violations, as set forth in United Nations agreements. The authors call for further research on the extent to which prisoners are being guarded by police officers across the world, and the outcomes that this situation creates for the incarcerated persons under their care.
Mailed Postcards as a High-Response-Rate Data-Collection Instrument
Authors: King William R.
Published: May 2004

This research note describes the use of postcards as a data collection instrument for mailed surveys. Postcard survey instruments provide surveyors the advantages of both low cost and high response rates. Past uses of postcard surveys have yielded response rates of between 77% and 100%, with only one or two waves of mailing. Suggested uses for this unique survey instrument and tips on utilizing it are offered.
The Problems of Police Chiefs: An Examination of the Issues in Tenure and Turnover
Authors: Rainguet Fred W. , Dodge Mary
Published: May 2004

The alarmingly high rates of police chief turnover have created concern in the public and private sectors. The average police chief tenure is discussed in public administration circles as being dangerously short, but there is little evidence of exactly why this is so. The position, in major cities and small towns, has become a virtual “revolving door” that results in numerous expenses for local agencies. This article explores factors related to short tenures for police executives. This exploratory research is based on in-depth interviews with former and incumbent chiefs. The data reveal that health concerns, stress, politics, and personnel issues are related to short tenures.
The Interrelationships of Psychological Testing, Psychologists' Recommendations, and Police Departments' Recruitment Decisions
Authors: Ho Taiping
Published: May 2004

The application of a battery of psychological tests intends to “weed out” police applicants who are deemed mentally and psychologically unfit in terms of abnormality of personality traits and deficiency in psychometric measures (e.g., intelligence). This study employed various statistical analyses on a battery of psychological tests to analyze the interrelationship between psychologists' recommendations and police departments' recruitment decisions. This study's results showed that the applicant's general intelligence and police-oriented vocational profiling in a variety of social activities or interests demonstrated a significant effect on psychological assessment and hiring recommendation in terms of the applicants' fitness for being a police officer. Another important finding of this study was that the effect of the applicants' race was not statistically significant on police departments' recruitment decisions and psychologists' recommendations of hiring, while controlling for other factors.
Police Officer Burnout: A Partial Replication of Maslach's Burnout Inventory
Authors: Hawkins Homer C.
Published: May 2004

This study examined police officer burnout and the relationship between emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment on the job. Special attention was given to personal characteristics such as sex, age, religion, marital status, educational level, length of time in a particular job assignment, length of time in law enforcement, and race. To gather data for the study, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to 452 sworn police officers in four departments policing cities with populations ranging from 65,000 to 240,000. There was a strong correlation when emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were correlated individually with personal accomplishment. In addition, these variables in tandem were highly significant when regressed with personal accomplishment via the multiple regression statistical technique. High emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scores meant low personal accomplishment scores. Relationships were also found with some demographic characteristics, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization.
Pink and Blue: Outcomes Associated With the Integration of Open Gay and Lesbian Personnel in the San Diego Police Department
Authors: Belkin Aaron , McNichol Jason
Published: May 2004

We examine whether the integration of open gay and lesbian officers has undermined the organizational effectiveness of the San Diego Police Department (SDPD). Based on an analysis of prior research and a 3-day site visit, our finding is that a quiet process of normalization has reduced much of the emotional charge that heterosexual officers originally anticipated. Although integration has proceeded largely uneventfully, subtle forms of discrimination do persist, and gay officers who do not already enjoy respect may face challenges. Despite these uneven effects, integration has enhanced cohesion as well as the SDPD's standing with the communities it serves
A Cross-Cultural Consideration of the Police and Human Rights
Authors: Bracey Dorothy H.
Published: May 2004

Most discussions of police and human rights occur when police are clearly violating human rights as they enforce the law or when the laws that they are enforcing clearly violate human rights. This article examines situations that are not so clear. It suggests that the definition of human rights is not always clear and that historical and cultural contexts matter. The concept of human rights is an evolving one, and it evolves through conversation and debate. Finally, police are urged to participate in these conversations, bringing to the table their unique experience and expertise.
Supervisory Challenges Arising from Racial Profiling Legislation
Authors: Buerger Michael E.
Published: May 2004

This article addresses problems faced by police supervisors who must ensure compliance with legal and organizational requirements of new laws concerning racial profiling. Newresponsibilities and difficulties can be expected in six main areas: (a) equipping officers to deal with new public expectations (and misunderstandings) about racial profiling, (b) dealing with instances of “monkey-wrenching” resistance, (c) mediating disputes and citizen complaints, (d) handling cases of discipline and morale problems, (e) selling the program to subordinates (perhaps the most important duty of all), and (f) “managing up” within the organization to provide appropriate resources. In some jurisdictions, supervisors will face a seventh requirement: attending at the scene of any consent search. The article looks only briefly at the distinction between intentional targeting of minorities for unequal treatment and the more insidious influence of cultural biases and stereotypes: The focus is rather on the day-to-day ensuring of compliance. By extension, the article addresses the concerns of street-level officers.
Disparity and Racial Profiling in Traffic Enforcement
Authors: Novak Kenneth J.
Published: May 2004

Although prior research on racial profiling has consistently reported that minorities are overrepresented among traffic stops compared with the population, published research has been exclusively conducted in either large police departments or state highway patrols. Using research from a suburban police department, this study finds that although the police stop a disproportionate number of minorities, the relationship between race and the decision to stop is very weak. Multivariate models indicate minorities stopped by the police are more likely to be stopped at night and to reside outside the city. Minorities are significantly less likely to receive formal sanction than majorities, suggesting officers are using traffic violations for pretextual stops.
Citizen Perceptions of Police Services: Race, Neighborhood Context, and Community Policing
Authors: Schafer Joseph A. , Huebner Beth M. , Bynum Timothy S.
Published: May 2004

Studies considering perceptions of the police have traditionally focused on very broad outcome measures (e.g., global views of the police). In an era of community policing, it is imperative to consider how the public perceives the police and police services using measures reflecting this alternative paradigm of policing. In addition, recent research suggests that perceptions of the police are formed within the context of respondents’neighborhood cultures and contexts. This research examines factors predicting citizen perceptions of police services in a Midwestern community, incorporating variables reflecting respondents’ demographic traits, experiences, and neighborhood contexts. The analysis tests the predictive power of these factors using both traditional outcome measures and perceptions of police services based on community-policing criteria. The findings demonstrate the need for multidimensional constructs of citizen perceptions of police services and highlight important dimensions of public perceptions of community policing.
An Examination of the Ethical and Value Orientation of Criminal Justice Students
Authors: Bjerregaard Beth , Lord Vivian B.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this research was to compare the values, likelihood of engaging in ethical violations, and perceptions of the seriousness of a variety of ethical violations of criminal justice students with students in other disciplines while controlling for their gender and interest in law enforcement. Few differences were found between criminal justice students and other students in terms of their value orientations. Although criminal justice students were found to be less likely to believe they would engage in ethical violations and more likely to view such violations as serious, these relationships were found to be insignificant. The variable found to have the most effect in all models was the gender of the student. Women were less likely to commit ethical violations and more likely to view them as more serious. Overall, the research lends more credence to the socialization or occupational opportunity theories for explaining the existence of the police subculture.
Comparing Benchmark Methodologies for Police-Citizen Contacts: Traffic Stop Data Collection for the Pennsylvania State Police
Authors: Engel Robin Shepard , Calnon Jennifer M.
Published: May 2004

The political and social pressure for police departments to collect race-based traffic and pedestrian contact information has led to the accumulation of abundant sources of police-citizen contact data. Many of the current data collection efforts, however, do not include accurate benchmarks for data comparisons. The strengths and limitations of the six most prominent benchmark measures used in current studies of police citizen contacts—census data, observations of roadway usage, official accident data, assessments of traffic violating behavior, citizen surveys, and internal departmental comparisons—are described. Focusing on the Project on Police-Citizen Contacts, a large-scale data collection effort of traffic stops for the Pennsylvania State Police, four different benchmarks for statewide comparisons are described. The continued improvement of data collection efforts at the local and state levels through the use of multiple benchmark measures is discussed.
The Influence Of Driver’S Race on Traffic Stops in Missouri
Authors: Rojek Jeff , Rosenfeld Richard , Decker Scott
Published: May 2004

A small but growing body of research has produced several consistent findings regarding race and ethnic differences in traffic stops, searches, and arrests. However, prior research has not adequately addressed the potential bias associated with the use of residential population data to estimate the racial composition of the drivers in local areas. The authors present a new method of imputing the racial composition of drivers in a given locality based on the size and composition of nearby areas. Applying the method to traffic-stop data for 92 Missouri municipalities, the authors produce more accurate estimates than those based on residential population data of racial disproportionality in traffic stops for several suburban areas surrounding the city of St. Louis. Nonetheless, they find small but persistent group differences in the probability of being pulled over by the police for the 92 municipalities and larger differences in the probability of being searched and arrested.
Sex Differences in the Response of Rat Heart Ventricle to Calcium
Authors: Schwertz Dorie W. , Beck Jenny M. , Kowalski Jill M. , Ross James D.
Published: May 2004

Calcium (Ca2+ ) is a key mediator of myocardial function. Calcium regulates contraction, and disruption of myocellular Ca2+ handling plays a role in cardiac pathologies such as arrhythmias and heart failure. This investigation examines sex differences in sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+ and myofibrillar Ca2+ delivery in the ventricular myocardium. Sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca2+ was measured in weight-matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats using the skinned ventricular papillary muscle fiber and Ca2+ -stimulated Mg2+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity methodologies. Calcium delivery was examined by measuring the contractile response to a range of extracellular Ca2+ concentrations in isolated ventricular myocytes, papillary muscle, and the isolated perfused whole heart. Findings from studies in the whole heart suggest that at a fixed preload, the male left ventricle generates more pressure than a female ventricle over a range of extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. In contrast, results from myocyte and papillary muscle studies suggest that females require less extracellular Ca2+ to elicit a similar contractile response. Results obtained from the 2 methods used to determine sex differences in Ca2+ sensitivity were equivocal. Further studies are required to elucidate sex differences in myocardial Ca2+ handling and the reasons for disparate results in different heart muscle preparations. The results of these studies will lead to the design of sex-optimized therapeutic interventions for cardiac disease.
Testosterone as a Modulator of Vascular Behavior
Authors: Littleton-Kearney Marguerite , Hurn Patricia D.
Published: May 2004

Male sex is an acknowledged risk factor for many forms of cardiovascular disease, and vascular disease prevalence patterns appear to be different in men versus women. The vascular properties of the principal mammalian androgen, testosterone, are complex and linked to dose, duration of exposure, presence of underlying vascular disease, and, possibly, biological sex. Data from isolated vessels and animal models suggest that pharmacological doses of testosterone, or its potent intracellular metabolite dihydrotestosterone, produce vasodilation. Testosterone’s major effect on vascular beds at physiologic concentrations remains unclear, with documentation of both vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive actions. Results of various studies suggest that testosterone can alter vascular tone through both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms in a variety of vascular beds and vessel types. Testosterone’s endothelium-dependent effects are likely mediated at least in part through nitric oxide (NO) elaboration, whereas mechanisms of endothelium-independent effects involve 1 or more types of smooth muscle ion conductance channels. Data from clinical studies indicate that, in men, androgen replacement may provide beneficial effects when coronary artery disease is present. Conversely, in women, testosterone may augment existing hypertension, increase risk for cardio-vascular events, or promote atherogenesis. However, it should be emphasized that most of these observations are anecdotal or come from small-scale clinical studies, and limited information is available in women. New research is required to understand the potential efficacy of androgen therapy, or lack thereof. This review focuses on current understanding of testosterone’s physiological effects on vascular behavior and of testosterone’s putative role in vascular health and disease.
Is there a Sex Difference in the Course Following Traumatic Brain Injury?
Authors: Kirkness Catherine J. , Burr Robert L. , Mitchell Pamela H. , Newell David W.
Published: May 2004

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of death and disability in the United States. Sex has not been thoroughly examined as a factor that may influence outcome following TBI. Clinical studies involving humans that have focused on sex and TBI outcome have yielded inconclusive results, yet sex-related physiologic differences have been demonstrated in animal studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction of sex and age in relation to outcome at 3 and 6 months postinjury in a population of individuals with TBI. The sample includes 157 subjects (124 males, 33 females), 16 to 89 years of age, admitted to a level 1 trauma center following TBI. Physiologic data and information about injury severity and clinical course were gathered during hospitalization. Outcome was assessed at 3 and 6 months postinjury using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) and Functional Status Examination (FSE). In this sample, there was a significant relationship between sex and age with respect to functional outcome at 6 months following TBI, controlling for initial injury severity. Females age 30 years or older had significantly poorer outcome as measured by the GOSE (P = 0.031) and the FSE (P = 0.037) than either males or younger females. There was also a very different rate of recovery, with women age 30 years and older, on average, showing no improvement between 3 and 6 months postinjury. Further study is needed to elucidate the reasons why sex may affect outcome following TBI.
Sexual Selection
Authors: Vandermassen Griet
Published: May 2004

Today the modern Darwinian theory of evolution is the unifying theory within the biological sciences. A consideration of its implications for feminism is, however, impossible without a critical evaluation of its history of male bias. The aim of this article is therefore threefold. First, to explain what sexual selection entails. Second, to discuss male bias in and feminist reactions to Darwinian theory in general and sexual selection theory in particular. Third, to demonstrate that it would be a loss for feminism to keep rejecting an evolutionary framework if we want to understand the roots of gender difference. This article is informed by a Darwinian feminist perspective.
Gender and Time at the Top
Authors: Lyon Dawn , Woodward Alison E.
Published: May 2004

The demand for long working hours in leading positions is seen as a primary obstacle for women entering decision-making, leading to suggestions that public policy support better compatibility between work life and home. The paradox of high-level positions is that while leaders are said to have it all in terms of autonomy and self-determination, they are subject to significant temporal constraints. This article explores the character of the time of women and men pursuing high-level careers in business and politics in Belgium, where state support for the domestic sphere is high, and yet women’s advance in management and politics has been relatively low. This research is based on a questionnaire survey and career history interviews. Women and men engaged in demanding careers organize their domestic worlds in segmented and rationalized ways, while their work has the character of more open and fluid time. This article suggests that assumptions about the character of time in different spheres of life need to be reviewed before further efforts are made to use family-friendly policies to increase women’s presence in decision-making.
Researching Networked Management Learning
Authors: Hodgson Vivien , Watland Philip
Published: May 2004

After a review of the dominant approaches that have been used to research networked learning, the article focuses on research that has been reported in the management education and learning literature over the period 1999–2002. The authors argue that, to date, despite the rising importance of networked management learning, it is a topic that has not received sufficient attention in the management education research literature. In addition, the methods and approaches used to research networked learning in the management education and learning field have arguably not been consistent with the educational principles and ideas supposedly associated with networked learning. The article concludes by suggesting possible fruitful agendas and approaches for future research and studies of networked management learning.
Cages in Tandem: Management Control, Social Identity, and Identification in a Knowledge-Intensive Firm
Authors: Kärreman Dan , Alvesson Mats
Published: May 2004

Developments in organization studies downplay the role of bureaucracy in favour of more flexible arrangements and forms of organizational control, including socio-ideological control. Corporate culture and regulated social identities are assumed to provide means for the integration and orchestration of work. Knowledge-intensive firms, which typically draw heavily upon socio-ideological modes of control, are often singled out as organizational forms that use social identity and the corporatization of the self as a mode for managerial control. In this article we explore and discuss social identity and identification in a large IT/management consultancy firm with a strong presence of socioideological or normative control, but also with strong bureaucratic features. Structural forms of control—formal HRM procedures and performance pressures are considered in relation to socio-ideological control. We identify organizational and individual consequences of identification in a context of social, structural, and cultural ‘closures’ and contradictions, including the tendency to create an ‘iron cage of subjectivity’.
Why a World State is Inevitable
Authors: Wendt Alexander
Published: May 2004

Long dismissed as unscientific, teleological explanation has been undergoing something of a revival as a result of the emergence of self-organization theory, which combines micro-level dynamics with macro-level boundary conditions to explain the tendency of systems to develop toward stable end-states. On that methodological basis this article argues that a global monopoly on the legitimate use of organized violence — a world state — is inevitable. At the micro-level world state formation is driven by the struggle of individuals and groups for recognition of their subjectivity. At the macro-level this struggle is channeled toward a world state by the logic of anarchy, which generates a tendency for military technology and war to become increasingly destructive. The process moves through five stages, each responding to the instabilities of the one before — a system of states, a society of states, world society, collective security, and the world state. Human agency matters all along the way, but is increasingly constrained and enabled by the requirements of universal recognition.
Dynamics of Conflict and System Change: the Great Transformation Revisited
Authors: Halperin Sandra
Published: May 2004

Karl Polanyi’s analysis in The Great Transformation has played a prominent role in shaping our understanding of the nature and outcome of both globalization and the movements that have emerged to resist it. However, this article argues that Polanyi’s account of the rise and demise of Europe’s 19th-century market system is, in important respects, incomplete and misleading. Its central concern is Polanyi’s neglect of class structures and processes and how this leads him to mischaracterize both the international and domestic institutions of Europe’s 19th-century market system, and the central dynamic driving its development and ultimate collapse. The article critically reviews key features of Polanyi’s analysis. Based on this review, it then presents a re-reading of the history of Europe’s unregulated market system. Finally, it considers the implications of this alternative account for how we view the context and conditions for globalization and the ways it can best be resisted or shaped in less destructive ways.
Three Years Later: Culture in Psychology—Between Social Positioning and Producing New Knowledge
Authors: Valsiner Jaan
Published: May 2004

Since the previous editorial analysis (Valsiner, 2001) the journal has continued as an intellectually exciting forum for international and creative scholarship. For further development of the field, it needs to live up to its claim for interdisciplinary synthesis of ideas and support for new research practices that are built on the axioms of the systemic and dynamic units of analysis. Cultural psychology shares the fate of all social sciences to be under the constraints of the social demand system that expects simplified practically usable suggestions from it. In contrast, cultural psychology is a basic science where general knowledge about culture within psychological processes is created. It is through generalized abstract knowledge that psychology at large can become applicable for specific ends within a society
Guilt, Shame and Embarrassment: Revelations of Face and Self
Authors: Ho David Yau-Fai , Fu Wai , Ng S. M.
Published: May 2004

The authors derive evidence on guilt, shame and embarrassment from (a) Chinese and Japanese cultural data on expressions of emotion, (b) empirical studies of losing face, and (c) multilingual-multicultural clinical experiences. A scheme that has transcultural applicability is proposed for differentiating guilt, shame and embarrassment. The evidence supports the conclusion that these three emotions are marked by qualitatively different attributes. Probes into emotional life serve to reveal aspects of face and self. Face defined both as self presented to others, and as self perceived by others, mirrors the duality of self. Two methodological issues are discussed: what is meant by ‘private experience’; and the need for an extended conception of selfhood.
Politics@Japan
Authors: Tkach-Kawasaki Leslie M.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses how Japanese political parties and candidates have been using the Internet to compete for public support in two national elections held in 2000 and 2001. The major question examined is how far the unique institutional context within Japan of long-standing one-party rule and a controlled media environment has affected the development of Web campaigning by political actors. This question is addressed through analysis of trends over time in party activity online and content analysis of websites. It is concluded that the Internet has had a significant impact on the fortunes of minor parties, opening up cross-party competition and enhancing their calls for legislative reform.
Sub-National Sources of Multipartism in Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Park Myoungho
Published: May 2004

Acknowledging the importance of diverse political institutions in explaining party system fragmentation, this is the first attempt to extend the existing perspective on local elections to legislative elections under a ‘single-member simple-plurality electoral system in a decentralized unitary context’. The importance of electoral competition patterns in local elections is assessed to determine electoral multipartism in a given district in legislative elections. The unit of analysis is thus the ‘electoral district’ in which a legislative election under an SMSP is basically held. With evidence from the Korean case, it is argued that ‘local/district partisan characteristics’ - different levels of partisan strength and subsequent partisan fragmentation - influence the degree of electoral multipartism in legislative elections across districts, while all other district-level factors are held constant. The findings suggest that we need to consider sub-national and sub-provincial local elections if we are to obtain a systematic understanding of electoral multipartism in legislative elections.
Explaining the Limited Success of the Communist-Successor Left in Slovakia
Authors: Haughton Tim
Published: May 2004

Most of the literature on communist-successor parties has focused on their successful return to power in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s. This article aims to contribute to the wealth of knowledge on communist-successor parties by focusing on the limited success of the Party of the Democratic Left (SDL’) in Slovakia. Although the role of the party during the revolution and its immediate aftermath (1989–90) is shown to be important in shaping the chances for SDL’, the distorting role played by another party, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS), and the strategic errors committed by the SDL’ leadership also played their part in the party’s fortunes during the 1990s and help explain SDL’’s ignominious removal from parliament in 2002 when the party gained a paltry 1.36 percent of the vote. The article concludes by drawing the factors together in a modified path-dependent explanation.
Factional Persistence within Parties in the United States
Authors: Reiter Howard L.
Published: May 2004

Factionalism within parties is a subject that is crucial in understanding how parties operate and how well they carry out the functions they are widely assumed to perform. However, factionalism has been undertheorized. In order to provide some theoretical content to the study of factions within parties, I develop a three-part typology of factionalism based on the degree of persistence of factional coalitions and what underlies them. An examination of presidential nominating contests in the major parties of the United States concludes that the degree of factional persistence is due to exogenous factors, and I infer from it a developmental theory. I conclude by suggesting ways in which the analysis might be extended to other nations.
Voter Profiles and Fragmentation in the Turkish Party System
Authors: Baslevent Cem , Kirmanoglu Hasan , Senatalar Burhan
Published: May 2004

Based on the multinomial logit estimates of an individual vote intention function, we perform restriction tests to make pairwise comparisons of the voter profiles of the major political parties in Turkey. The economic variables in the model are items that represent the well known hypotheses of economic voting theory, i.e. whether individuals vote retrospectively and/or prospectively, and whether they are sociotropic and/or pocketbook. The non-economic factors include socio-demographic characteristics as well as issues and identity variables that are likely to be good predictors of the party choice. In many cases, restriction tests provide evidence refuting the general view that the Turkish party system is artificially fragmented.
Professional ëdevelopmentí and Professional ëLearningí: Bridging the Gap for Experienced Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Armourand Kathleen M. , Yelling Martin
Published: May 2004

This article analyses the career-long continuing professional development (CPD) of 85 experienced physical education (PE) teachers in England. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews (20 teachers) and open-ended profile questionnaires (a further 65 teachers) to find out what forms of professional development these teachers had undertaken in their careers, what they thought of their experiences and any recommendations they would make for changes to either the nature or quality of CPD provision. The research was undertaken in a climate of growing government interest in teachers’ professional development as a means of raising educational standards, and promises of increased funding to encourage more and better CPD. However, very little is known about the nature and quality of existing CPD in PE, or about PE teachers’ views on their professional learning requirements. The findings of this study suggest that PE teachers’ CPD experiences lack coherence and relevance. It is also suggested that there may be something of a gap between teachers’ ambitious aspirations for pupils in PE and the professional development available to help them achieve those aspirations. It is argued, therefore, that professional development should be restructured and refocused to ensure that PE teachers’ career-long learning needs are met.
Exploring Popper’s Relevance for the Evaluation Community
Authors: Rieper Olaf
Published: May 2004

The article focuses on the relevance of Karl R. Popper to the evaluation community. Donald T. Campbell and Charles E. Lindblom are used as prisms through which Popper becomes visible to evaluators. The two authors hold different positions with regard to the theory of knowledge and to the use of evaluation. How can both be associated with Popper? The article presents references to Popper from these and other authors within evaluation. The relevance of Popper to evaluation is visible in relation to the issue of evaluative knowledge, the use of evaluation and unintended consequences of interventions.
Scale, Complexity and the Representation of Theories of Change
Authors: Davies Rick
Published: May 2004

International aid agencies face major problems when attempting to evaluate their achievements. Activities, intended beneficiaries, partner institutions and social contexts are diverse because of their global scale. How can agencies’ ‘theories of change’ be adequately represented in summary forms that respect the complexity and diversity? This article, the first of two, looks at a range of types of change processes and how they can be represented. It starts with linear processes, traditionally represented via the Logical Framework, and ends with network processes. The solutions proposed are informed by three related cross-disciplinary theoretical perspectives: evolutionary theory; complex adaptive systems; and social network analysis. Examples draw on the author’s consultancy experience with international development aid programmes in Vietnam, Bangladesh, Cameroon and Burkina Faso.
Theory-Based Evaluation and Types of Complexity
Authors: Stame Nicoletta
Published: May 2004

Theory-based evaluations have helped open the ‘black box’ of programmes. An account is offered of the evolution of this persuasion, through the works of Chen and Rossi, Weiss, and Pawson and Tilley. In the same way as the ‘theory of change’ approach to evaluation has tackled the complexity of integrated and comprehensive programmes at the community level, it is suggested that a theory-oriented approach based on the practice of realistic cumulation be developed for dealing with the vertical complexity ofmulti-level governance.
Family Work in Adolescent Psychosis: The Need for More Research
Authors: Wright Barry , Casswell Geraldine , White David , Partridge Ian
Published: May 2004

Family work is often provided when young people present with psychotic illness, either on an inpatient basis or before or after admission. Whilst it seems intuitively sensible, for example, to provide information, support for the family and plan family-based support on return home, there is little evidence base for such work in adolescents. The largely adult-based literature is the main source of published work. There is a paucity of randomized controlled research on family work in adolescent psychosis. This article reviews the literature in the light of the practice of one such unit that has for some years routinely embarked upon family work with psychotic young people. It sets out some of the goals of this work and the evidence (or lack of it) supporting those goals. By so doing it highlights the need for more research in this area.
Adapting Non-directive Play Therapy for Children with Attachment Disorders
Authors: Ryan Virginia
Published: May 2004

Brief, intensive, non-directive play therapy with a looked after child in transition who had serious attachment problems is discussed in this article. As a background to deriving practice suggestions from this difficult and largely unsuccessful intervention, the play therapy literature on maltreated children is presented. Heard and Lake’s extension of attachment theory, ‘the dynamics of attachment and interestsharing’, is then used to analyse and understand the complexities of the intra-and interpersonal relationships within this intervention from the child’s, carers’, social worker’s and therapist’s viewpoints. Finally, practice suggestions are made, namely, that: (i) in complex cases for shorter term work, consultations based on Heard and Lake’s theory, rather than direct work by the therapist, should be considered; and (ii) a combination of filial therapy and the use of Heard and Lake’s theory can provide both the depth of understanding needed by professionals and the development of appropriate adult–child attachment relationships in longer term work.
Evaluation of a New Mental Health Service for Looked after Children
Authors: Callaghan Jane , Young Bridget , Pace Francis , Vostanis Panos
Published: May 2004

A mental health team for looked after children, and the evaluation of its first phase are presented. The team combines primary mental health worker, psychology and psychiatry skills. It offers telephone and face-to-face consultation to local authority staff, assessment, treatment and training. Forty-five children and their carers, who consecutively attended the service, were independently assessed by a researcher at the time of referral and at five-month follow-up. Outcome measures included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) and a service satisfaction questionnaire. At 5 months, children had significantly improved on a number of HoNOSCA scales, and on the emotional SDQ scales. Carers perceived the interventions as targeting different aspects of the child’s functioning, but wished they were more involved in decision-making. Carers and children were generally positive about their clinical contact. The findings are discussed in the context of developing mental health services for vulnerable children and young people, and interagency partnership.
Parenting Teenagers: Setting Up and Evaluating a Therapeutic Parent Consultation Service: Work in Progress
Authors: Jarvis Charlotte , Trevatt David , Drinkwater Denise
Published: May 2004

The parenting of adolescents has been the focus of prolific international academic research, but in the UK there has been little attempt to develop clinical services targeted at the parents of teenagers. This article describes setting up a Parent Consultation Service (PCS), provided by child and adolescent psychotherapists, alongside a psychotherapy service for young people. The service is targeted at parents whose adolescents refuse, or fail, to engage in treatment in their own right. The parents of these troubled young people are often left with great anxiety for their children and can be bearing the brunt of their children’s emotions and behaviour without any access to sources of help. The PCS utilizes two measures; the Problem Perception Questionnaire and the Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents (SIPA), to provide data about the difficulties experienced by parents and to evaluate the outcome of the service. The results of a statistical analysis of the data show significant changes in parents’ perceptions of the problems in their relationship with their adolescent and in the stress levels they experience. A service evaluation survey shows that parents rate all aspects of the service highly. The results are discussed and linked to research on ‘authoritative’ parenting.
Diagnostic and Treatment Decisions in US Healthcare
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. , Ganiats Theodore G. , Frosch Dominick L.
Published: May 2004

The practice of medicine links diagnosis to treatment. However, for many diagnosed conditions diagnosis and treatment may not affect health outcome. Examples include low-grade cancers that do not influence life expectancy or quality of life. Further, there is considerable uncertainty about the point along a biologic continuum where treatment should begin. Changes in diagnostic thresholds often increase healthcare costs even though the benefit of the treatment is uncertain. Although this uncertainty is understood by the healthcare providers, it often is not shared with patients. We advocate a new paradigm called shared medical decision making that makes uncertainty about diagnosis and treatment transparent to patients and engages them in the treatment decision process.
Discursive Practices and Democratic Participation: Negotiating Language Use in Mental Health Services
Authors: De Pinheiro Odette Godoy , Spink Mary Jane P.
Published: May 2004

Collective health refers to a field of knowledge that was developed in Latin America in the 1970s. In Brazil, it has been intrinsically related to the creation of the Unified Health System. One of the key notions in this new health system is integrality of care: the development of responses that are sensitive to the health needs of the population. This study takes integrality as its context and explores the meaning of mental suffering for users of mental health services. Three aspects are discussed: the population’s lack of knowledge about what is offered; the difficulty in translating ‘mental suffering’ into a language understood by health care professionals; and the tendency to deny this suffering because of the fear of stigmatization.
Interplay between Self and Community: A Role for Health Psychology in Eastern Europe’s Public Health
Authors: Piko Bettina F.
Published: May 2004

It is a well-known phenomenon that since the 1970s, there has been a growing difference in health status between populations in Eastern Europe and those in western countries. This phenomenon has been found to relate to unhealthy lifestyles. Individuals’ health behavior, as a part of their lifestyle, stems from an interplay between self and community; between individual traits and states, and community orientations. Theories of health psychology should play an important role in Eastern Europe’s public health. One of the biggest challenges in this process is the lack of people’s motivation rooted in the harmful psychological effects of the past socialist dictatorship in this region. There is a need for converting learned helplessness, often found in people because of the nature and collapse of the old regime, into learned optimism.
Psychology and the Workers’ Health Movement in the State of São Paulo (Brazil)
Authors: Sato Leny , De Castro Lacaz Francisco Antonio , Bernardo Mírcia Hespanhol
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the ways in which psychology has contributed to a new range of public health services concerned with the health of working people in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It begins by discussing the political, institutional and theoretical bases from which the Workers’ Health Movement emerged in the early 1980s as a replacement for previous approaches to occupational health. It provides examples of some of the different actions and practices that were developed and which had a key role in the battle for better working conditions and for an enhanced role for workpeople in organizational change. Finally it shows how the dialogue between the field of Workers’ Health and psychology was crucial for the construction of psychology’s social agenda.
Discourses in the European Commission’s 1996–2000 Health Promotion Programme
Authors: Sykes Catherine Marie , Willig Carla , Marks David F.
Published: May 2004

This article is a discourse analysis of ‘The Community Action Programme on Health Promotion, Information, Education and Training 1996–2000’. The analysis uses six stages to discourse analysis. A religious discourse is used to construct the Programme and a military discourse is used to construct its implementation. These discourses are embedded in a scientific discourse. This analysis reveals that despite rhetorical endorsement of the concept of empowerment in health promotion, this Programme disempowers through vagueness, clear hierarchies of power and an emphasis on scientific methods of evaluation. The analysis also reveals that there has been a shift in blame in recent health promotion policy, the reflection is now on the collective as opposed to individual behaviour.