bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on a Flagellate Parasite found in Culex fatigans
Authors: Ross Ronald
Published: May 2009

In 1898 I published1 a brief account of certain amœbulæ and flagellulæ found by me during the previous year in mosquitoes near and in Ootacamund, India. Similar parasites were frequently observed by me subsequently in various species of Culicina, especially in C. fatigans Wiedemann, and once in an Anophelina. Since then what appear to be the same, or at least closely allied, organisms have been described as occurring in Anophelina by Chatterjee, Stephens and Christophers, and L´ger, the last of whom named them Chrithidia fasciculata. Their habitat appears to be principally the intestinal cavity of the larva, pupa and imago. Many of them (as still well shown in an unstained preparation of my own made in Calcutta in 1899) have a considerable resemblance to trypanosomes—a resemblance which appears to be further suggested by the stained preparations of Léger, Christophers, and Stephens.
Note to the Foregoing Paper By Professor Ronald Ross
Authors: G. H. F. N.
Published: May 2009

In view of the great interest attached to the questions discussed in the preceding paper, and the doubt expressed therein regarding the accuracy of Schaudinn's observations on the relationship between Halteridium and Trypanosoma, it seems expedient to reprint the following short papers by Novy, MacNeal, and Torrey, and Novy and Knapp, which appeared on February 9th, 1906, in Science (vol. 23, pp. 207–208).
Mosquito Trypanosomes
Authors: Novy F. G. , Macneal W. J. , Torrey H. N.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper on Bird Trypanosomes it was pointed out that these organisms grew readily in the test-tube on blood agar and that the resulting forms resembled the flagellates which Schaudinn found in the gut of mosquitoes which had fed on owls infected with Halteridium and with H. Ziemanni. In other words, the position taken was that the flagellates observed in the mosquitoes did not represent stages in the life-history of intracellular parasites but were actually cultures in vivo of trypanosomes present in the blood of the birds used. In confirmation of this position it was desirable to show that trypanosomes could actually grow and multiply in the gut of mosquitoes and that such forms actually did correspond to those which would be obtained in vitro.
Isolation of Trypanosomes from accompanying Bacteria
Authors: Novy F. G. , Knapp R. S.
Published: May 2009

In general, it may be said that bacteria once introduced into a culture of trypanosomes tend to outgrow and check the development of the flagellates. In exceptional instances, however, the bacteria thus introduced exert little of no interference and may be even apparently beneficial. While in the former case the trypanosomes soon die out, in the latter instance the mixed cultures may be kept for six months or longer.
The Life-history of the Native Mine Labourer in the Transvaal
Authors: Irvine L. G. , Macaulay D.
Published: May 2009

In the month of June, 1905, no fewer than 99,518 natives were employed on mines and works in the labour districts of the Witwatersrand, and the neighbouring mining areas of Klerksdorp, Heidelberg, and Vereeniging. In addition to these there were also working on the gold mines over 45,000 Chinese labourers. This vast industrial army is recruited from many and in great measure from very distant sources. Of the natives employed during the year ending June, 1905, the whole of British South Africa furnished only just over 32%: less than 2% came from British Central Africa: 60% were drawn from the Southern Portuguese East Coast provinces; and 3.6% from the Portuguese provinces north of latitude 22°. German South-West Africa contributed under 1%, but this area has latterly ceased to be a source of supply.
An instance of Choke-damp free from Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Blount Bertram
Published: May 2009

It is well known that the air of wells, mines, &c. is sometimes capable of extinguishing a flame, and recent researches have shown that this is almost always due to deficiency of oxygen, accompanied by the presence of a considerable percentage of CO21. The extinctive atmosphere is popularly known as “choke-damp” or “black-damp.” The source of the CO2 is not necessarily the same in all cases. If oxidisable organic matter is present it is reasonable to suppose that the CO2 may be derived from the carbon in this organic matter by the action on it of air; but the derivation remains a supposition. Carbonaceous materials may be oxidised and yet give no CO2. The other obvious source of CO2 is the decomposition of carbonates by an acid, the acid being produced by some process of oxidation. The commonest mineral which will yield an acid by oxidation with air is pyrites, and if direct oxidation of carbonaceous matter be ruled out, it may be assumed that the occurrence of CO2 is ultimately referable to pyrites in an easily oxidisable form, for example as marcasite.
The spread of Plague in India
Authors: Bannerman W.B.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of the Indian Plague Commission in 1901, with the exception of a short paper by Hankin (1905), comparatively little has been published in scientific journals dealing with the spread of plague in India from an epidemiological view-point. Not that this has been lost sight of in India, for there are many very valuable reports in existence in the archives of the various local Governments, containing most interesting observations made by officers of the Indian Medical Service who have dealt personally with the epidemics; but as these reports are, in the nature of things, not available for reference by the public, it has been thought advisable and useful to compile a digest of them for publication.
On the Analytical Construction of Population and Death Curves to form the basis of a Life-table
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

The “graphic” method of constructing a Life-Table which is ably and lucidly expounded in the paper by Drs Newsholme and Stevenson (published in the Journal of Hygiene, vol. III. No. 3, pp. 297—324), is one way of dividing up foundation figures of population and deaths, given in groups of ages, into numbers belonging to each separate year of age, so that, either directly by the fraction , or indirectly by first obtaining , and then finding the value of , the series of px values is obtained forming the connecting link between the data and the results of the Life-Table.
On a Protozoan Parasite found in the Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes of a Dog
Authors: Gerrard P. N.
Published: May 2009

A male Pariah-Irish terrier puppy, apparently about three months old, followed me home from the hospital in Krian. This was twelve months ago, so that the dog is now fifteen months old. Of his previous history I know nothing.
On the Deviation of Complement by a Serum and its Anti-serum and its Relations to the Precipitin Test
Authors: Muir Robert , Martin W. B. M.
Published: May 2009

1. A mixture of serum and its anti-serum has the property of fixing or deviating complement and thus interfering with haemolysis. In this there is a close analogy to the fixation of complements by cellreceptors in association with immune-bodies.

2. A large number of different complements may be fixed by the same combination of serum and anti-serum: some complements however may not be fixed.

3. The amount of homologous serum necessary to produce a distinct deviation of complement is extremely small—·000,01 c.c. and even less: as a rule it is many times less than the amount necessary to give a visible precipitate with the anti-serum.

4. When a precipitate forms, the deviating substance is present in the precipitate and may be so exclusively: precipitation is however not essential, as the deviation phenomenon may be given by an anti-serum without the formation of a precipitate.

5. The precipitin and deviation tests give results which are in great part in accord as regards specificity.

6. For any given amount of anti-serum there is an optimum amount of homologous serum which gives maximum deviation of complement: above as well as below the optimum the deviation diminishes.

7. The deviation phenomenon produces an effect similar to an “anti-complement” action and the views generally held with regard to anti-complements require revision. It is however still left an open question whether true anti-complements exist.
An Inquiry into the Principal Causes of the Reduction in the Death-Rate from Phthisis during the last Forty Years, with Special Reference to the Segregation of Phthisical Patients in General Institutions
Authors: Newsholme Arthur
Published: May 2009

Phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis) is distinguished from nearly all other infectious diseases by its protracted duration and by the prolonged disability which it imposes upon enormous numbers of the total working population. It is further distinguished by the complexity of the influences which are regarded as affecting its spread or capable of controlling its prevalence. It is therefore of the first importance that the relative values of measures for controlling phthisis should be closely studied, and that special attention should be given to those which promise the greatest yield for a given expenditure. In particular it is important to be aware of any which can be set to work without the delay and expense involved in creating a new service. The present paper is intended as a contribution to this study. The facts collected in it and others of a similar kind deserve more extended investigation than it has been possible for me to give them in the intervals of official work. They are put forward here without any illusions as to the inevitable shortcomings of their presentation but with a conviction that from the economic standpoint they are of fundamental importance in the prevention of phthisis.
On the Mean Lytic Point of Red Blood Corpuscles and the Apparent Tonicity of Sheep Serum
Authors: Cornwall J. W.
Published: May 2009

1. The red blood corpuscles of different species have definite and distinct mean lytic points.

2. The apparent tonicity of sheep serum has no relation to the mean lytic point of the red corpuscles of that individual.

3. The apparent tonicity of sheep serum is not due to its proteins but to its lipoids.

4. The residue of sheep serum, after removal of proteins and lipoids, is sufficiently alkaline to cause lysis.
An Epidemic Disease affecting Salmon and Trout in England during the Summer of 1911
Authors: Arkwright Joseph A.
Published: May 2009

Epizootics of various Fish-diseases due to bacteria have been described by several observers, but most of these have affected coarse fish only, such as carp, tench and perch and the bacilli, which have been described as the causative organisms, have been quite different in their characters from those constantly found in the epizootic now under consideration.
On the Discoloured Spots sometimes present on Chilled Beef, with Special Reference to “Black Spot.”
Authors: Massee G.
Published: May 2009

The variously coloured patches appearing on the surface of chilled beef are caused by fungi. Amongst these, Cladosporium herbarum, producing black spots, is the only fungus that has become specially adapted for flourishing on such an unusual substratum, and may in consequence be expected to continue and even increase in quantity on its new matrix, unless stringent measures are adopted. This fungus is not pathogenic, and the only effect caused by its presence is the unsightly appearance of the meat and consequent deterioration in value. If extensive, the meat may be rendered unsaleable.

The beef is infected with the “black spot” fungus before, it is shipped, and to arrest the continuance of this infection special measures should be taken, with the object of exterminating the fungus, which in its specialised form can only occur in the vicinity of the establishment where meat is prepared for shipment.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Undulant or Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Bassett-Smith P. W.
Published: May 2009

The great reduction of the number of cases of Mediterranean or Undulant fever in the Naval and Military forces has been frequently noted since the year 1906, when the prophylactic measures recommended by the Commission of the Royal Society were put into force. Very few cases have been notified since, and in all, the means of infection has generally been easily explained.
On the Loss in Potency of Diphtheria Antitoxin when kept at 36°C
Authors: MacConkey Alfred
Published: May 2009

Numerouspapers have been published on the effect of heat on diphtheria antitoxin, but there appears to be no record of a series of observations carried out at a temperature nearly that of the human body. The object of this note is to fill in this slight gap in our knowledge.
Natural variation ofB. Acidi Lacticiwith respect to the Production of Gas from Carbohydrates
Authors: Arkwright J. A.
Published: May 2009

Variations in bacteria may be said to fall into two classes (1) those which are temporary, and dependent on the environment, the bacteria tending to return to the original type when subculture is made on ordinary media; and (2) those which are fixed, and persist after repeated subcultures on ordinary indifferent media.
On the Nature of the Cellular Elements present in Milk. Part IV. The Histological Appearances of the Udder
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Villar Sidney , Revis Cecil
Published: May 2009

In former reports by us, considerable attention was devoted to a study of the number and nature of the cellular elements in milk.We found that cells, sometimes in enormous numbers, are present in all milk (cow, goat, ass, man), that considerable variations in number occur without apparent cause, and that the presence of the slighter forms of non-suppurative mastitis does not seem to influence definitely the number of these cells.
Studies in the Meaning and Relationships of Birth and Death Rates. I. The Relationship between “Corrected” Death Rates and Life Table Death Rates
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: May 2009

Circumstances in connection with the recent census have again directed my attention to the laws which govern human life. I have long been of the opinion that the old ideas that birth rates and death rates had no biological relationship beyond the obvious ones, that many infants mean more deaths, etc., usually found stated in public health text books, were based on a very imperfect induction. On one aspect of this I published a paper a number of years ago in the Transactions of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (1), and last summer Sir Shirley Murphy(2) read a paper on another aspect of the same subject before the Sanitary Congress held at York. But I have hitherto refrained from publishing theories because I believe that until quantitative measures are applied no scientific results worthy of discussion can be obtained. Now that such seem to be possible, I propose to discuss in a series of papers the different relationships which I have investigated. No mathematics will be introduced in the earlier papers, but the results of all will be summarised and dealt with in their mathematical and physico-chemical relationships in a concluding communication. The first paper relates to the connection between the “corrected” death rates and the “true” death rates as found by constructing a life table.
The Isolation of Typhoid Bacilli from Faeces by means of Brilliant Green in Fluid Medium
Authors: Browning C. H. , Gilmour W. , Mackie T. J.
Published: May 2009

(1) Brilliant green exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacilli of the coli group commonly occuring in faeces, which is in general more marked than its action on B.typhosus and paratyphiod bacilli.

(2) By taking advantage of this property of brilliant green a method has been devised is the inoculation B. typhosus from faeces. The procedure adopted is the inoculation of a series of tubes of peptone-water medium containing varying amounts of brilliant green, incubating for 20–24 hours, and then inoculation on a suitable solid medium from each tube.

(3) The reason for employing a series of concentrations of brilliant green is that the optium concentration for the growth and isolation of B. typhosus varies from case to case, depending probably both on the proportion of typhoid bacilli present and on the number and character of the accompnying bacteria as well as on the organie faecal material.

(4) The method is very easily and rapidly carried out.
Note on the B. Coli Test
Authors: Houston A. C.
Published: May 2009

My friend Major Wesley Clemesha, I.M.S., in a recent contribution1 to the Journal of Hygiene is good enough inter alia to say:

“It may be safely stated that anything which Dr A. C. Houston writes on the subject of water bacteriology is received with very great interest and respect, and his recent report on the bacteriological characters of Bacillus coli in raw, stored and filtered river water (Metropolitan Water Board, 7th Report on Research Work) is no exception to the rule. The report is of very great interest to all engaged in the study of water bacteriology, particularly in England.”
Note on the Plate Method for Enumeration of Bacteria
Authors: Cunningham Andrew
Published: May 2009

In recent years much work has been done on the bacterial content of milk, chiefly with a view to demonstrating the principal sources of contamination and at the same time collecting data to aid in the fixing of a bacterial standard for “clean” milk. On looking through the various publications one is particularly impressed by the lack of uniformity in the length of the period of incubation of gelatine and agar plates. Some observers adopt a period of only a few days while others prefer to incubate for 8–10 days before counting their plates. It does not yet seem to be generally recognised, in Britain at all events, that, if the highest figures possible are to be obtained, the incubation period must be longer than three days.
Report upon Experiments
Authors: Hindle Edward , Merriman Gordon
Published: May 2009

Under the conditions of our experiments, indication was afforded that—

(1) House-flies tend to travel either against or across the wind. The actual direction followed may be determined either directly by the action of the wind, or indirectly owing to the flies being attracted by any odours it may convey from a source of food.

(2) It is likely that the chief conditions favouring the dispersal of flies are fine weather and a warm temperature. The nature of the locality is another considerable factor, as in towns flies do not travel as far as in open country, this being probably due to the food and shelter afforded by the houses.

(3) Under experimental conditions, the height at which the flies are liberated, and also the time of day, appear to influence the dispersal of the insects. As judged by one experiment, when flies are set free in the afternoon they do not scatter so well as when liberated in the morning.

(4) The maximum flight in thickly-housed localities in our experiments was about a quarter of a mile; but in one case a single fly was recovered at a distance of 770 yards. It should be noted, however, that part of this distance was across open fen-land.
An Electro-chemical Apparatus for the Disinfection and Cleansing of Cultures and Slides for Use in Bacteriological and Pathological Laboratories
Authors: Lewis Frederick C.
Published: May 2009

It is the custom in most laboratories where infected material is used during the progress of experimental work to have receptacles containing a disinfectant of some kind, placed so that the worker may drop any small piece of apparatus or culture into it which he has finished with, in order that such material should not be a source of danger to himself and to others in the laboratory. The disinfecting agent is more often than not some saponified tar-acid product, which, although lethal to naked bacteria may, or may not, destroy infection under the circumstances in which it is used. The fluid is also somewhat costly, apart from being uncertain in its action when resistant spores are being dealt with.
The Complement Fixation Reaction in Tuberculosis
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Meek W. O. , Weir H. B.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (Lancet, 4·I·1913), we published a preliminary report on this subject and are now able to give further particulars of our results and to discuss in detail certain points arising from them.
Observations on the Immune-Body Content of the Blood Serum in Pulmonary Tuberculosis, as determined by Means of the Complement Fixation Reaction
Authors: Meek W. O.
Published: May 2009

The object of this portion of the investigation was to determine

(a) Whether the amount of immune-body present in the sera of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, bore any constant relation to the stage of the disease and the condition of the patient.

(b) Whether well-marked clinical phenomena, e.g. periods of fever, attacks of pleurisy etc., were associated in any definite manner with variations in the amount of immune-body in the serum.

(c) Whether gradual definite and sustained improvement or deterioration in a patient's condition was accompanied by increase or decrease of the specific immune-body in the serum.
Report upon the Post-Mortem Examination of Rats at Ipswich
Authors: Macalister G. H. , Brooks R. St John
Published: May 2009

On June 30th, 1911, we proceeded to Ipswich, with instructions from the Local Government Board to assist in an enquiry, the purpose of which was to determine the extent of the plague epizootic amongst rats in the surrounding districts. The share of this work allotted to us consisted in examination, at the Municipal Laboratory, of the animals received, and in selection, for further investigation by the Board's pathologists in London, of material which appeared suggestive of plague. For this purpose, rats presenting features in any degree consistent with the presence of plague were regarded by us as suspicious.
On the Presence of so-called “Complement” in Milk
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Revis Cecil
Published: May 2009

Attention was first directed to the presence of a substance in milk acting as a complement by Pfaundler and Moro(1) and from that time onwards there has been much conflicting evidence published on this subject. Kopf(2) stated that complement could not be demonstrated in milk, using the method of Pfaundler and Moro, and the work of Sassenhagen and Bauer(3) would seem to show that complement is not present in milk unless the milk of cows suffering from mastitis be present. Sassenhagen(4) in a later paper states that complement is present in the colostrum of cows and goats and that it disappears as lactation progresses. Lane-Claypon(5) has followed Pfaundler and Moro and states that complement can be found in almost any milk.
Concerning Inoculation against Plague and Pneumonia and the Experimental Study of Curative Methods
Authors: Haffkine W. M.
Published: May 2009

The present notes have been written in connection with official correspondence regarding the prophylactic inoculation against plague and the study of this and other health problems in India.
The Influence of Age of the Grandparent at the Birth of the Parent on the Number of Children born and their Sex
Authors: Ewart R. J.
Published: May 2009

It has been already shown by Darwin and others that reproduction is a function of environment and that unfavourable conditions of life are likely to increase the number of seeds formed or offspring produced; hence so many are reproduced that the chance of the species being perpetuated is maintained, despite the unfavourable conditions for survival. To extend this idea, and say that a dying species tends to reproduce faster than one actively evolving, is a suggestion worthy of enquiry. It has been argued that the varying birth rates in man may to some extent reflect the future biological possibilities of his race. In so far as all environments are really functions of time, or, to put it another way, we measure the nature of an environment by the length of time it takes to produce a certain result, it is quite a natural sequence to consider the effect of time, that is, age on fertility. Dr Matthews Duncan and others have dealt with the immediate effect of time, that is personal age, and the question of the transmitted effect, if any, remains to be considered. If the idea that a species which is dying out tends to reproduce more rapidly, holds good for man, then our previous finding, that the later born do not on the average live so long as the earlier born, would suggest that they might possess as compensation an enhanced fertility. To solve this problem we must correlate the number of offspring produced by each unit with the age of the parents when he or she was born, the reproductive period being made constant.
The Sterilisation of Vaccines; and the Influence of the Various Methods Employed on their Antigenic Properties
Authors: Taylor Frank E.
Published: May 2009

A vaccine may, in general, be denned as a standardised suspension of killed bacteria. It is true that in a few instances living organisms are employed as vaccines as in the case of the Haffkine prophylactic for Cholera and the sensitised vaccines of Besredka. Notwithstanding these few exceptions it is suspensions of killed bacteria which are in most general use therapeutically as vaccines. According to Wright's method the bacteria employed in the preparation of a vaccine are killed by heat, the temperature actually employed ranging from 53° C. to 65° C. for one half to two hours. This method of sterilising vaccines has been largely employed, but has recently been subjected to much criticism. It has been stated that employment of heat in the sterilisation of vaccines has impaired the value of the vaccine, the heat coagulating albumin, increasing the toxicity and diminishing the immunising properties of the vaccine.
A Contribution to the Experimental Study of Fever
Authors: Jona Judah Leon
Published: May 2009

The condition of Pyrexia, associated with the febrile state, is a phenomenon which has been noted from the very earliest times, but only since the latter half of the last century has the experimental method been brought in to determine the cause of a phenomenon which had previously been a field of speculation only. The very old ideas can be passed over, but in the last century Johannes Müller regarded fever as a reflex process while Virchow (1853) looked upon fever as a neurosis—the condition being considered analogous to a paralytic state, a failure of the control of the vital functions of the body—while it is interesting to note that Traube (1855, 1864) and Traube and Jochman (1855) at this time determined an increase in the elimination of nitrogen from the body in fever. Both Virchow and Traube assumed the existence of a fever-producing agent, but did not proceed to elucidate its nature or origin.
The Characteristics of Tubercle Bacilli in Human Bone and Joint Tuberculosis
Authors: Eastwood Arthur , Griffith Fred
Published: May 2009

The material on which this enquiry is based consisted of tuberculous tissue, pus, or fluid obtained from the sources specified in Table II, pp. 260–268.
The types of Tubercle Bacilli occurring in Tuberculosis of the Human Genito-urinary Tract
Authors: Eastwood A. , Griffith Fred
Published: May 2009

Seventeen cases were examined, the disease affecting the genital organs in nine instances (seven testes, one salpinx, one prostate) and the urinary tract in eight.

The bacilli obtained were of “human” type in fourteen cases and “bovine” in three.

The three “bovine” cases were affections of the kidney in persons aged, respectively, 25, 19 and 20 years.
An Improved Method for the Concentration of Antitoxic Sera
Authors: Homer Annie
Published: May 2009

The method for the concentration of antitoxic sera suggested in this communication and now being used in this laboratory, presents a further step towards the desired goal, viz. the preparation, on a commercial scale for general therapeutic use, of antitoxic sera with a minimal amount of attendant protein.

In the concentration of sera on a large scale by the routine methods hitherto published the final products have shown a protein content of about 18 to 20 % with a potency per c.c. four to five times that of the original serum. The above described method yields, as a matter of routine, a final product with a protein content of about 17 to 19% and with a potency per c.c. as much as nine times that of the original serum. With the use of better processes the potency might be higher still.

It is worth while to concentrate by this method plasma or sera in which the unitage is so low that hitherto they would have been discarded as having too low a potency for use even after concentration.

The patient will receive a relatively higher percentage of antitoxic units per gram of protein than if the sera had been concentrated by other methods, for by this method the removal of 70% of the total proteins is ensured.

The heat denaturation of the proteins during the prolonged heating of the serum and consequent diminution of protein relatively to antitoxin may serve to minimise troubles with serum sickness.
A Suggestion as to the Cause of the Lessened Production of Indol in Media Containing Glucose
Authors: Homer Annie
Published: May 2009

In the British Medical Journal, Dec. 18, 1915, there is a letter by Mr Benians, in which he refers to the Toxic Bodies of the Bacillus of Malignant Oedema, and discusses the production of aromatic bodies by the action of bacteria on proteins. He also speculates as to the cause of the lessened production of indol in peptone culture media containing glucose, glycerine and other similar bodies. As the metabolic activities of some bacteria decompose these substances with the production of acid, Mr Benians wonders whether it is this acidity which so modifies the action of the proteolytic ferment that cultures, which, in the ordinary course of events are very foul remain sweet when glucose is present.
Flies and Typhoid
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: May 2009

1. The chain of evidence incriminating the house fly as a disseminator of typhoid fever is at present fairly complete, but many of the links are weak and not thoroughly strengthened by experimentation.

2. The bulk of experimental work has hitherto been done under highly unnatural and artificial circumstances and the results so obtained cannot be accepted unreservedly as giving a correct view of conditions in nature.

3. The experiments described in the present paper show that flies can ingest typhoid bacilli from natural matter,i.e.human faeces and urine, and carry them for a certain period of time.

4. There is no evidence to show that the typhoid bacilli multiply in the house fly. On the contrary the evidence goes to show that they are not adapted for prolonged life on or in the fly.

5. It thus follows that the house fly is a purely mechanical carrier of the typhoid bacillus and is not a natural “host” in the strict sense of the term.

6. Many bacilli closely resemblingB. typhosusin cultural characteristics appear to be natural or, at least, common inhabitants of the intestine of the house fly. These are extremely likely to be mistaken forB. typhosusunless the most stringent tests are employed.

7. As might be expected there is evidence to show that a process of bacterial selection occurs in the fly's intestine. Some bacteria appear to flourish but others are rapidly eliminated. Among the latter must be numberedB. typhosus.

I have to thank my colleagues at the Lister Institute, particularly Dr Ledingham, Dr Henderson Smith and Dr Petrie, for much valuable help and advice during the course of these investigations. To Prof. Bainbridge, Dr Arkwright, Dr Penfold and Dr Macalister my thanks are also due, inasmuch as they helped to smooth over many difficulties both theoretical and practical.
A Report on the Outbreak of the Plague in Colombo. 1914—1916
Authors: Philip W. M. , Hirst L. F.
Published: May 2009

Although plague broke out in India in 1896, it was not until a period of 18 years had elapsed that it reached Ceylon, notwithstanding the close proximity and the daily intercourse which takes place between the two countries. It is not surprising that this prolonged immunity, coupled with the example of the failure of the disease to thrive in such places as Madras, Singapore and other maritime towns within the tropical belt, should have created in the minds of the public in Colombo a feeling of considerable security as regards invasion by this disease, and that when it was announced that plague had at last broken out, there was the usual scepticism expressed as to the accuracy of the diagnosis. The advent of plague in Ceylon has already been announced by Castellani and Philip (1914).
The Influence of the Age of the Parent at Birth of Child on Eye-Colour, Stature and Intelligence
Authors: Ewart R. J.
Published: May 2009

We have already considered, in previous papers, the influence of parental age, on birth, marriage, sex, susceptibility, and reaction to bacterial invasion, evidence having been produced which lends support to the belief that this factor does modify the organism in its behaviour with respect to the attributes considered. It is therefore reasonable to extend the enquiry, and examine whether these variations are accompanied by modifications in structural attributes. In the present paper the characters studied are, eye-colour, stature and intelligence.
On the Statistical Interpretation of some Bacteriological Methods employed in Water Analysis
Authors: Greenwood M. , Yule G. Udny
Published: May 2009

We were recently consulted by an officer serving on the Western Front as to the significance attaching to ordinary bacteriological methods of gauging the potability of waters. He wished to know what was the probability that a given water supply did not contain more than a certain proportion of bacteria in the unit volume, it having been found that particular samples tested showed no growth while, perhaps, larger samples had done so, or that so many out of a series of samples of the same size had given positive results. Having obtained what seemed to us a reasonable solution of the particular problem proposed, we thought that the results might interest other officers and bacteriologists who have to do similar work. A survey of the criteria actually used by bacteriologists when they form an opinion as to the purity of waters seems to us to emphasise the need for some discussion.
The Bacteriolytic Action of Gland Extracts on Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Porter A. E.
Published: May 2009

The results obtained point to a consistent relationship between lipolytic activity and bacteriolytic power on tubercle bacilli.

The least bactericidal extract was lung extract; the most powerful was pancreas extract.

Liver, thymus and lymphatic glands were strongly bactericidal.

Other organs, suprarenal glands, pig and cat spleen, human and cat kidney, human and ox brain, ox thyroid, cat lung, ox bone marrow and ox pituitary glands were found to be bactericidal to a lesser degree.

The human skin extract examined for bactericidal properties was fatty and cloudy in appearance and exceptionally rich in esterases1.

Even if exceptional in its esterase activity this sample of skin bears out the relationship between lipolysis and bacteriolysis of tubercle bacilli in a striking way, as it was also extremely bactericidal.

No difference was noticed between bovine and human tubercle bacilli in susceptibility to any gland extract examined.

Other acid-fast bacilli, though on the whole less susceptible than tubercle bacilli to the influence of these extracts, were bacteriolysed by them. They were also killed by one lung extract (pig's) which contained an unusually large amount of olein lipase and which had no effect on tubercle bacilli.

I wish to express my thanks to Dr W. Cramer for his kind advice and encouragement, to Dr Cobbett for his kindly criticism, to Professor Shennan and Dr Miller for human material, and to Dr Wang for several strains of tubercle bacilli.

The expenses of this Research were met in part by a grant from the Earl of Moray Trust.
Certain Observations on the Action of Bile and Bile Salts with and without the Addition of the Salts of Calcium on Animal Red Blood Corpuscles
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S.
Published: May 2009

Bile is often referred to as if its chemical composition was constant and that by treating samples of bile with extractives similar results would be obtained, whereas samples of human bile differ to such an extent that the term bile in itself signifies little. Two samples of human bile may differ to such an extent that while one sample has the qualities of true bile as regards its bile salt content the other may be entirely devoid of lytic action on red blood cells. Numerous experiments made with human bile obtained during life and from the post mortem room have shown this to be correct. The actual bile salt content of bile can be judged by boiling the bile to remove much of the protein, and also to destroy bacterial activity and then contrast the haemolytic activity of the treated sample with a 1 per cent, solution of bile salt in normal saline.
A Comparison of Meningococci found in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid and Naso-Pharynx in Twenty-five cases
Authors: Canti R. G.
Published: May 2009

In twenty-five consecutive cases in which nasopharyngeal cultures have been made from patients suffering from bacteriologically proved cerebro-spinal meningitis, meningococci have been obtained.

A striking similarity between the organisms from the two sites has been shown to exist for not only are they of the same agglutinable type but in the majority of instances individual peculiarities of agglutination have corresponded. The closeness of relation has been further demonstrated by the carbohydrate reaction in one case in which the unusual property of bleaching glucose litmus broth to a yellow colour was possessed by both organisms. Nevertheless, in a certain number of instances, though organisms of a different agglutinable type have not been isolated, as by other workers, there have been found certain minor variations of agglutination. That most if not all of these variations are due to alteration of the agglutinable capacity of one of the organisms seems probable, as in the six cases where most marked difference existed (Nos. 1, 3 and 24 of Type I and Nos. 15, 16 and 18 of Type II) the chances of the other alternative, namely that a second infection had happened in each case to be of the same agglutinable type, are remote.

In the twenty-five cases the proportion of the types present has been shown to agree with that found by other workers during the same period. Seven of the infections (28 per cent.) have been due to Type I and eighteen (72 per cent.) to Type II.

Ten of the cases have occurred in children under the age of two years, and the proportion of the two types among them has been approximately the same as among older patients.

The writer is indebted to the members of the staff of St Bartholomew's Hospital for permission to publish their cases, and gratefully acknowledges the encouragement and assistance of Professor Andrewes at whose instigation these investigations were conducted.
A Method of Testing Antibacterial Sera, with some Observations on the Immunising Bodies in them
Authors: Crofton W. M.
Published: May 2009

The treatment which Dr A. E. Wright has advocated of certain chronic infections, by the injection of sterilised emulsions (vaccines) of the micro-organism causing the disease, is now well known, but a brief statement of its principles may make the following observations more clear.
On some Non-specific Reactions of Mallein
Authors: Südmersen H. J. , Glenny A. T.
Published: May 2009

1. Many horses immunised against other bacteria or bacterial products will give a large local reaction to mallein, but this is usually not associated with a rise in temperature. In the case of horses injected with diphtheria toxin, the size of the swelling appears to related to the degree of immunity attained. This point has not yet been established in the case of horses immunised against other bacterial products.

2. This local reaction disappears rapidly and can thus be distinguished from the reaction in the case of glandered horses.

3. In the few cases when a rise in temperature took place (3 cases out of 56) the curve was markedly different from that obtained in the case of glandered animals.

4. Other bacterial products react similarly to mallein upon immune horses.
On the Relative Efficacy of the Doulton, Berkefeld and Brownlow Filters
Authors: Bulloch William , Craw J. Anderson , Atkin E. E.
Published: May 2009

In a previous communication (1906) it was shown by Bulloch and Craw that the Doulton “white filter” prevented the direct transimmission of micro-organisms, and that the filtrates from highly contaminated waters were germ free until sufficient time had been given for the bacteria to grow through the filter mass. It was demonstrated, in fact, that the Doulton filter was at least as efficient in the retention of micro-organisms as the best material on the market, viz. the Pasteur-Chamberland filter, and excelled the latter in its rate of filtration. It was pointed out that, with the possible exception of Kieselguhr, filters, only porcelain bougies could be relied upon to prevent direct transmission of germs. During the past year we have tested the relative efficiency of porcelain and Kieselguhr filters, in particular the Doulton porcelain filter and the Berkefeld Kieselguhr filter. A few samples of the Slack and Brownlow filter (sand and porcelain mixture?) were also tested.
Cultivation of the Trypanosome found in the Blood of the Gold-fish
Authors: Thomson John D.
Published: May 2009

1. The trypanosome of the gold-fish has been successfully cultivated on the medium of McNeal and Novy.

2. Preparatory to division in culture, the original trypanosome as found in the blood of the fish assumes a somewhat tadpole-like appearance, the endoplasm and its contained structures being collected together in the swollen posterior end. The kineto-nucleus now lies close to, and alongside of, the tropho-uncleus, and the latter has become swollen and loose in structure with its chromatin broken up into chromidia. The anterior third or more of the trypano-some undergoes little or no change in form and does not take part in division. It is thus easily seen how the product of the preliminary division comes to have a Crithidia-like appearance.

3. The product of this preliminary division—Crithidia-like by the relative position of kineto-and tropho-nuclei—is capable of freely multiplying.

According to Brumpt it is in the Crithidia-like form that free multiplication of the eel trypanosome first takes place in the stomach of Hemiclepsis. It may well be that in this case also the Crithidia-like form is arrived at by steps such as are here figured and described.

4. Crithidia-like forms are found at all stages of the culture and along with them at various stages other forms where the body is elongated and the kineto-nucleus still close to the tropho-nucleus, and yet other forms where the kineto-nucleus until true trypanosome-like forms are reached.

5. These trypanosome-like forms (resembling mammalian trypanosomes rather than those of the fish from which they are derived) are most numerous in the later stages of the culture.
A Case of Tuberculosis in a Rat
Authors: Bodkin G. E
Published: May 2009

In April, 1917, while examining some rats (probably M. decumanus) in company with Mr L. D. Cleare, Jnr., my assistant, for external and internal parasites, the lungs of a male specimen were observed to be in a highly diseased condition.
A “reversion” phenomenon in Bacterial Fermentation
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G.
Published: May 2009

Two strains of B. dysenteriae isolated from cases of asylum dysentery, were found to be readily agglutinable with stock Flexner-Y serum but serum prepared from the one had only a feeble action on the other. Absorption experiments revealed a like specificity. They differed in certain particulars in their action on certain carbohydrate media, and the attempt was made to obtain, by various procedures, variants from each strain giving fermentation reactions as alike as possible.

In the course of this work, an interesting and probably hitherto undescribed type of variation was met with, viz. the capacity exhibited by one strain which fairly promptly fermented the substance employed (isodulcite), of throwing off variants having no action on the substance. These variants appeared as white papillae on the surface of the original red ancestor and the description and analysis of this “reversion” process form the main interest of this paper. Though a fairly close approximation in fermentation characters was realised by selection of variants from each of the original strains, little or no approximation was apparent in respect of the serological affinities of these final variants.
Recent Advances in the Differentiation of Lactose-fermenting (Gas-producing) Bacilli with special reference to the Examination of Water and Food Products
Authors: Wood Denys R.
Published: May 2009

1. Investigation by American bactriologists have shown that the lactose-fermenting (gas-producing) bacilli can be divided into two main types distinguishabel by the methyl-red and Voges-Proskauer reactions.

2. The methyl-red- Voges-Proskauer + type are shwon to be rare in human and animal faeces, more common in surface water, milk and sewage, and the predominant type in soil and grain, and to be more resistant than the methyl-red + Voges-Proskauer-type.

3. Investigations by the author of this paper confirm their findings as regards human and animal faeces, water, milk and grain. An investigation of the types present in soil is being undertaken and it is hoped to publish an account of this later. Already the “M.R.—” type has been found to predominate in four out of six samples of soil.

4. In the present investigation organisms of the “M.R.—” type were found in 66 samples of water out of a total of 200 containing lactose-fermenters, and in 41 samples containing this type no evidence of recent contamination could be adduced by the search for organisms of the “M.R.+” type ofStreptococci. Judgment of the water was therfore liable to modifiction in 20% of these samples by the recognition of this type.

5. Twenty-nineout of the 66 samples containing organisms of the “M.R.—” type were from sources of good repute, most of them from public supplies.

6. The presence of lactose-formenters of the “M.R.—”“V.P.+” type must be regarded with considerable less disfavour than the presence of “M.R.+” “V.P.—” organisms, and the application of tests for the recognition of these types is impotant. It is suggested that these tests should be included in all routine examinations of water and food products.

In conclusion I have pleasue in acknowledging my indebtedness to Dr. W.G.Savage for calling my attention to the reserches of American bacteriologist and for many valuable suggestions he has made in connection with this work.
Observations on the Cultivation of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Bacilli from the Stools with special reference to the Brilliant Green Enrichment Method
Authors: McLeod J. W.
Published: May 2009

The question of standardising bacteriological methods is at present under discussion and, although it is most undesirable that any one method should be forced on all bacteriologists, it is certainly resonable that any method which has given excellent results in the hands of a number of independent workers should have a strong recommendation.