bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of the paired fins: a view from the sequential evolution of the lateral plate mesoderm
Authors: Tanaka Mikiko , Onimaru Koh
Published: September 2012

The origin of paired fins has long been a focus of both paleontologists and developmental biologists. Fossil records indicate that the first pair of fin‐like structures emerged in the body wall of early vertebrates. However, extant agnathan lampreys and hagfishes lack paired fins, and thus it has been difficult to determine the developmental processes underlying the ancestral acquisition of paired fins in vertebrates. Fortunately, recent advances in our knowledge of the developmental mechanisms of the lateral plate mesoderm among different taxa have provided clues for understanding the evolutionary origin of vertebrate paired appendages.
Ontogenetic modulation of branch size, shape, and biomechanics produces diversity across habitats in the Bursera simaruba clade of tropical trees
Authors: Rosell Julieta A. , Olson Mark E. , Aguirre‐Hernández Rebeca , Sánchez‐Sesma Francisco J.
Published: September 2012

Organismal size and shape inseparably interact with tissue biomechanical properties. It is therefore essential to understand how size, shape, and biomechanics interact in ontogeny to produce morphological diversity. We estimated within species branch length‐diameter allometries and reconstructed the rates of ontogenetic change along the stem in mechanical properties across the simaruba clade in the tropical tree genus Bursera, measuring 376 segments from 97 branches in nine species in neotropical dry to rain forest. In general, species with stiffer materials had longer, thinner branches, which became stiffer more quickly in ontogeny than their counterparts with more flexible materials. We found a trend from short stature and flexible tissues to tall statures and stiff tissues across an environmental gradient of increasing water availability, likely reflecting a water storage–mechanical support tradeoff. Ontogenetic variation in size, shape, and mechanics results in diversity of habits, for example, rapid length extension, sluggish diameter expansion, and flexible tissues results in a liana, as in Bursera instabilis. Even species of similar habit exhibited notable changes in tissue mechanical properties with increasing size, illustrating the inseparable relationship between organismal proportions and their tissue mechanics in the ontogeny and evolution of morphological diversity.
Small‐plot studies comparing pheromone and juice baits for mass‐trapping invasive Synanthedon myopaeformis in Canada
Authors: Marius Aurelian V. , Evenden Maya L. , Judd Gary J.R.
Published: September 2012

Recent introduction of Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) into organic apple‐growing areas of Canada has stimulated research on semiochemical‐based management of this European pest. Replicated, small‐plot (0.16 ha) experiments were conducted to compare sex pheromone, 3Z,13Z‐octadecadienyl acetate (10 mg), Concord grape juice (300 ml), or their combination, as mass‐trapping lures at trap densities equivalent to 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 traps ha−1. Total numbers of male and female moths removed from test plots increased significantly with trap density in all juice‐based mass‐trapping experiments. In pheromone mass‐trapping experiments, however, total catches of males did not increase significantly as trap densities were increased and catches appeared to plateau with 25–50 traps ha−1. With pheromone‐based mass‐trapping, significantly fewer males were caught in pheromone‐baited assessment traps at the centre of each mass‐trapping plot than in identical traps in untreated plots. This reduction is indicative of significant trap interference or trap ‘shut‐down’. Increasing the density of juice‐based mass‐trapping had no effect on catches of male or female moths in juice‐baited assessment traps, indicating a short range of attraction and lack of interference between juice traps. Pheromone‐ and juice‐based mass trapping removed similar numbers of males at each trap density tested, respectively, but summed catches of males and females were greatest with juice baits. Combining pheromone and juice into a single mass‐trapping treatment (50 traps ha−1) did not significantly increase catches of males or females relative to either treatment alone. If a practical bisexual mass‐trapping system is going to be developed for S. myopaeformis, then identification of volatile kairomones in Concord grape juice may be useful.
Alternative female kangaroo care for procedural pain in preterm neonates: a pilot study
Authors: Johnston Celeste , Byron Jasmine , Filion Francoise , Campbell‐Yeo Marsha , Gibbins Sharyn , Ng Eugene
Published: September 2012

Aim:  To determine the feasibility and effect size of kangaroo care (KC) for pain from heel lance in preterm neonates provided by either the infant’s mother (MKC) or an unrelated alternate female (AFKC).

Methods:  Using a randomized crossover design, preterm neonates (n = 18) between 28 and 37 weeks gestational age within 10 days of life from two university‐affiliated level III NICU’s undergoing routine heel lance were assigned to receive KC 30 min before and during the procedure from either their mother (MKC) or an unrelated woman. In the second heel lance procedure at least 24 h later but within 10 days, the infants were crossed over to the other condition.

Results:  There was a 48% participation rate, with only 40 of 82 eligible cases having maternal consent. The main reason for refusal was discomfort with another woman providing kangaroo care. The effect sizes on the pain scores (PIPP) were small, ranging from .23 to .43 across the first 2 min of procedure.

Conclusion:  The difference between nonrelated females and the mother in decreasing pain response is small, although not negligible. Given the high refusal rate, nonrelated females are a less desirable alternative to mothers than fathers.
Extraction of Capsicum annuum Oleoresin by Maceration and Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction: Influence of Parameters and Process Modeling
Authors: Fernández‐Ronco María P. , Gracia Ignacio , de Lucas Antonio , Rodríguez Juan F.
Published: September 2012

The use of oleoresin as natural colorant is widely used in daily food and beverages. However, there is still a lack of information about the solid–liquid extraction process to obtain this oily extract from sweet paprika.

The effects of different operating variables, such as extraction technique, temperature, powder‐to‐solvent ratio and type of solvent on oleoresin extraction, were investigated through experiments and the leaching process was theoretically modeled. The results indicated that although extraction yields are not affected by the extraction technique, ultrasound‐assisted extraction reduces the extraction time required to achieve them. Hexane as solvent and 298 K were the conditions to reach higher coloring capacities of the extracted oleoresins and, thus, they were selected to model the process. Calculations report a powder‐to‐solvent ratio of 1:4.3 to obtain the maximum oleoresin recovery (84 wt %) in one single contact stage.

Practical Applications

In this work, the results obtained from the detailed study about the effect of operating variables on the oleoresin extraction throw light on this process, enhancing the knowledge of the conventional production process and opening new possibilities to achieve the industrial extraction of sweet paprika. In this context, ultrasound‐assisted extraction has been proved to be an efficient technique to obtain similar extraction yields to those from the conventional process, but reducing by a factor of at least 24 the extraction times. Furthermore, the modeled results can serve for further scale‐up of paprika companies.
Cultural and social influences of negative illness appraisals in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Upthegrove Rachel , Atulomah Onyekachi , Brunet Kat , Chawla Rajan
Published: September 2012

Background

In the UK, there has been growing concern about the incidence and prognosis of psychosis in minority ethnic groups for a number of years. Negative self‐appraisals after first‐episode psychosis (FEP) are associated with post‐psychotic depression, poor functioning and suicidality. In carers, appraisals of loss and decreased control are linked with high expressed emotion and relapse; however, as yet there has been no investigation as to how ethnicity and culture relate to these negative appraisals in FEP.

Aims

The study aims to investigate the occurrence of negative illness appraisals, for example, loss and shame, in FEP within different ethnic and social‐cultural groups. In addition, it aims to explore influence of insight, recovery style and carers’ appraisals in the development of negative appraisals.

Methods

There were 67 patients and 46 carers who completed reliable and valid measures on beliefs about illness, insight and recovery style. Data on ethnicity and deprivation were also collected.

Results

Black patients experienced significantly less loss, lack of control and entrapment than White, Asian and mixed ethnicity patients, yet these were not explained by lower levels of insight or recovery style. Patient's and carer's appraisals were highly correlated.

Conclusion

Black patients, in spite of higher incidence and poorer outcome in FEP, experienced less loss and shame. Possible explanations, including a protective aspect of alternative health belief models, are explored. This area provides much scope for further investigation. Strong relationships between patient and carer appraisals indicate that family interventions are essential to improved clinical outcomes.
Controversies, Questions, and Prospects for Spontaneous Social Inferences
Authors: Uleman James S. , Rim SoYon , Adil Saribay S. , Kressel Laura M.
Published: September 2012

Three decades of research on spontaneous social inferences, particularly traits, have settled some questions and generated more. We describe that research in terms of these controversies and questions. If you think you know the story, read on because it continues to surprise all of us. It deals with such broader issues as automatic and controlled processing, the nature of meaning, causality, stages of forming inferences about others, the role of consciousness, and differences between implicit and explicit impressions. Evidence on neurological substrate is growing. Spontaneous inferences continue to be a useful tool for illuminating impression formation processes.
The Pricing of Risk and Sentiment: A Study of Executive Stock Options
Authors: Chang Charles , Chen Li‐jiun , Fuh Cheng‐der
Published: September 2012

Option pricing models accounting for illiquidity generally imply the options are valued at a discount to the Black‐Scholes value. Our model considers the role of sentiment, which offsets illiquidity. Using executive stock options and compensation data from 1992 to 2004 for S&P 1500 firms, we find that executives value employee stock options (ESOs) at a 48% premium to the Black‐Scholes value. These premia are explained by a sentiment level of 12% in risk‐adjusted, annualized return, suggesting a high level of executive overconfidence. Subjective value relates negatively to illiquidity and idiosyncratic risk, and positively to sentiment in all specifications, consistent with the offsetting roles of sentiment and risk aversion.
Why Do Insiders Sell Shares Following IPO Lockups?
Authors: Chen Hsuan‐Chi , Chen Sheng‐Syan , Huang Chia‐Wei
Published: September 2012

We examine long run returns subsequent to the lockup expiration of firms having gone public. We find that returns are negatively associated with abnormal selling by senior executives but unrelated to selling by other insiders. Our results suggest that even though lockup expirations provide an initial opportunity for insiders to diversify their holdings by selling a firm's shares, sales by senior executives are still motivated in part by private information. Sales by other insiders, on the other hand, are consistent with portfolio diversification.
Structural Basis for Benzothiazinone-Mediated Killing of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Neres João , Pojer Florence , Molteni Elisabetta , Chiarelli Laurent R. , Dhar Neeraj , Boy-Röttger Stefanie , Buroni Silvia , Fullam Elizabeth , Degiacomi Giulia , Lucarelli Anna Paola , Read Randy J. , Zanoni Giuseppe , Edmondson Dale E. , De Rossi Edda , Pasca Maria Rosalia , McKinney John D. , Dyson Paul J. , Riccardi Giovanna , Mattevi Andrea , Cole Stewart T. , Binda Claudia
Published: September 2012

The crystal structure of the mycobacterial DprE1 reveals how the TB drug benzothiazinone BTZ043 blocks this microbial enzyme target.
Preclinical Experiments on the Release Behavior of Biodegradable Nanofibrous Multipharmaceutical Membranes in a Model of Four-Wall Intrabony Defect
Authors: Chen Dave Wei-Chih , Lee Fu-Ying , Liao Jun-Yi , Liu Shih-Jung , Hsiao Chao-Ying , Chen Jan-Kan
Published: September 2012

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy has been widely used to regenerate lost periodontium from periodontal disease. However, in terms of regenerative periodontal therapy, a multidrug-loaded biodegradable carrier can be even more promising in dealing with periodontal disease. In the current study, we fabricated biodegradable nanofibrous collagen membranes that were loaded with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and lidocaine by an electrospinning technique. Thein vitrorelease behavior and the cytotoxicity of the membranes were investigated. A four-wall intrabony defect was created in rabbits forin vivorelease analysis. The bioactivity of the released antibiotics was also examined. The experimental results showed that the drug-loaded collagen membranes could provide sustainable release of effective amoxicillin, metronidazole, and lidocaine for 28, 56, and 8 days, respectively,in vivo. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the released antibiotics remained high, with average bioactivities of 50.5% for amoxicillin againstStaphylococcus aureusand 58.6% for metronidazole againstEscherichia coli. The biodegradable nanofibrous multipharmaceutical membranes developed in this study may provide a promising solution for regenerative periodontal therapy.
Optimizing Echinocandin Dosing and Susceptibility Breakpoint Determination via
In Vivo
Pharmacodynamic Evaluation against Candida glabrata with and without
fks
Mutations
Authors: Lepak Alexander , Castanheira Mariana , Diekema Daniel , Pfaller Michael , Andes David
Published: September 2012

Echinocandins are a preferred therapy for invasive candidiasis due to their potency and broad spectrum. Resistance, especially in
Candida glabrata
, is an emerging threat to their use. Pharmacodynamic (PD) studies examining reduced susceptibility secondary to
fks
mutations in
C. glabrata
are lacking. The current study explored PD targets for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin in an
in vivo
invasive candidiasis model against 11
C. glabrata
isolates with known or putative
fks
mutations. The PD targets were compared to those of 8 wild-type (WT) isolates. The MIC ranges in the WT group were 0.03 to 0.25 mg/liter for anidulafungin, 0.03 to 0.25 mg/liter for caspofungin, and 0.01 to 0.06 mg/liter for micafungin. The MIC ranges for mutants were 0.06 to 4, 0.25 to 16, and 0.13 to 8 mg/liter for the same compounds, respectively. The mean free drug 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUCf)/MIC ratio associated with a stasis endpoint for the WT group was 13.2 for anidulafungin, 2.04 for caspofungin, and 6.78 for micafungin. Comparative values for mutants were 3.43, 2.67, and 0.90, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data from patients suggest that the
C. glabrata
PD targets needed for success in this model could be achieved based on MIC values of 0.25 mg/liter for anidulafungin, 2 mg/liter for caspofungin, and 0.5 mg/liter for micafungin. These values are higher than recently identified epidemiology cutoff values (ECVs). The results suggest that drug-specific MIC breakpoints could be increased for caspofungin and micafungin against
C. glabrata
and could include organisms with mutations in
fks-1
and
fks-2
. While identification of genetic mutants is epidemiologically important, the phenotype (MIC) provides a better predictor of therapeutic efficacy.
Prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk tank milk and associated risk factors in Scottish dairy herds
Authors: Humphry R. W. , Brülisauer F. , McKendrick I. J. , Nettleton P. F. , Gunn G. J.
Published: September 2012

Bulk tank milk samples were collected from 374 dairy farms in Scotland in 2007/2008 along with questionnaire data relating to the management of the farm. Milk samples were tested for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) using a commercially available (Svanova) kit and percentage positivity scores calculated according to the manufacturer's guidelines. There were 220 farms that did not routinely vaccinate for bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), and these were distributed according to the Swedish BVD eradication classes as 12.7 per cent, 22.3 per cent, 44.5 per cent and 20.5 per cent for Classes 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A more sophisticated statistical method (finite mixture modelling) which does not depend on arbitrary thresholds and categories suggested a 73 per cent prevalence of herds with high mean levels of antibodies. Risk factor analysis suggested that routine vaccination for BVD, suspicion of BVD, housing of pregnant cows with calves, total number of cows and the proportion of cows that were dry were all associated with increased BVDV antibodies in bulk milk. The inclusion of BVD within the farm's health plan was associated with decreased BVDV antibodies in the bulk milk.
Detailed mechanistic investigation into the S-nitrosation of cysteamine
Authors: Morakinyo Moshood K. , Chipinda Itai , Hettick Justin , Siegel Paul D. , Abramson Jonathan , Strongin Robert , Martincigh Bice S. , Simoyi Reuben H.
Published: September 2012

The nitrosation of cysteamine (H2NCH2CH2SH) to produce cysteamine-S-nitrosothiol (CANO) was studied in slightly acidic medium by using nitrous acid prepared in situ. The stoichiometry of the reaction was H2NCH2CH2SH + HNO2 → H2NCH2CH2SNO + H2O. On prolonged standing, the nitrosothiol decomposed quantitatively to yield the disulfide, cystamine: 2H2NCH2CH2SNO → H2NCH2CH2S–SCH2CH2NH2 + 2NO. NO2 and N2O3 are not the primary nitrosating agents, since their precursor (NO) was not detected during the nitrosation process. The reaction is first order in nitrous acid, thus implicating it as the major nitrosating agent in mildly acidic pH conditions. Acid catalyzes nitrosation after nitrous acid has saturated, implicating the protonated nitrous acid species, the nitrosonium cation (NO+) as a contributing nitrosating species in highly acidic environments. The acid catalysis at constant nitrous acid concentrations suggests that the nitrosonium cation nitrosates at a much higher rate than nitrous acid. Bimolecular rate constants for the nitrosation of cysteamine by nitrous acid and by the nitrosonium cation were deduced to be 17.9 ± 1.5 (mol/L)–1 s–1 and 6.7 × 104 (mol/L)–1 s–1, respectively. Both Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions were effective catalysts for the formation and decomposition of the cysteamine nitrosothiol. Cu(II) ions could catalyze the nitrosation of cysteamine in neutral conditions, whereas Cu(I) could only catalyze in acidic conditions. Transnitrosation kinetics of CANO with glutathione showed the formation of cystamine and the mixed disulfide with no formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The nitrosation reaction was satisfactorily simulated by a simple reaction scheme involving eight reactions.
THERMODYNAMICAL PROPERTIES AND QUASI-LOCALIZED ENERGY OF THE STRINGY DYONIC BLACK HOLE SOLUTION
Authors: YANG I-CHING , CHEN BAI-AN , TSAI CHUNG-CHIN
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we calculate the heat flux passing through the horizon TS|rhand the difference of energy between the Einstein and Møller prescription within the region [Formula: see text], in which is the region between outer horizon [Formula: see text] and inner horizon [Formula: see text], for the modified GHS solution, KLOPP solution and CLH solution. The formula [Formula: see text]TS is obeyed for the mGHS solution and the KLOPP solution, but not for the CLH solution. Also, we suggest a RN-like stringy dyonic black hole solution, which comes from the KLOPP solution under a dual transformation, and its thermodynamical properties are the same as the KLOPP solution.
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ON SCHWARTZ DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: SARDANASHVILY G.
Published: September 2012

Differential operators on Schwartz distributions usually are defined as the transpose of differential operators on test functions. However, they do not exhaust all differential operators. In a general setting, Schwartz distributions on sections of compact support of a vector bundle Y over a smooth manifold X are considered. They constitute a C∞(X)-module. We follow a generic algebraic notion of differential operators on a module over a commutative ℝ-ring C∞(X). Such a differential operator on Schwartz distributions is proved to be the transpose of a differential operator on sections of Y → X if and only if it is continuous.
THERMODYNAMICS OF FERROMAGNETIC CRYSTALS
Authors: FRANCAVIGLIA MAURO , RESTUCCIA LILIANA , ROGOLINO PATRIZIA
Published: September 2012

In a previous paper we have sketched a geometrical model for ferromagnetic crystals within a geometrized framework of simple materials with internal variables. Using a model of magnetizable media investigated by Maugin and coworkers, in the state vector the magnetization vector together with its space gradient (subjected to an evolution equation depending on both internal and external magnetic field) were included. In this paper we deepen the study of this geometrical model. In particular, from the exploitation of Clausius–Duhem inequality the entropy production and the state laws are calculated explicitly and starting from one appropriate dynamical system the expression for the entropy function and necessary conditions for its existence are got. Finally, using a Maugin's technique, the heat equation in the first and second form is derived.
Study on Glass-Epoxy-Based Low-Cost and Compact Tip-Truncated Triangular Printed Antenna
Authors: Kanth Rajeev Kumar , Liljeberg Pasi , Tenhunen Hannu , Chen Qiang , Zheng Lirong , Kumar Harish
Published: September 2012

Printed antennas based on glass epoxy substrate have been developed. On the basis of required specifications and assigned frequencies, tip-truncated triangular printed antennas have been designed, analyzed, and fabricated. The performances of the antennas have been measured in terms of return loss, frequency of operation, bandwidth, and radiation pattern. Triangular microstrip antenna (TMSA) configuration consisting of copper as active radiating patch and glass epoxy as dielectric substrate has been screened out to achieve the essential characteristics and satisfying recommended low-cost antenna. The Method of Moment (MOM) analyzing techniques have been employed to realize the required specific properties, whereas optimized tip truncation technique and varying feed point location give rise to suitable LHCP or RHCP configuration of the printed antenna. The coaxial probe signal feed arrangement have been considered for this work. The proposed printed antennas are suitable for communication links between ships or buoys and satellites specially for navigation purpose.
Consumer Feedback following Participation in a Family-Based Intervention for Youth Mental Health
Authors: Lewis Andrew J. , Bertino Melanie D. , Robertson Narelle , Knight Tess , Toumbourou John W.
Published: September 2012

Background. This paper presents findings derived from consumer feedback, following a multicentre randomised controlled trial for adolescent mental health problems and substance misuse. The paper focuses on the implementation of a family-based intervention, including fidelity of delivery, family members’ experiences, and their suggestions for program improvements.Methods. Qualitative and quantitative data (n=21) were drawn from the Deakin Family Options trial consumer focus groups, which occurred six months after the completion of the trial. Consumer focus groups were held in both metropolitan and regional locations in Victoria, Australia.Findings. Overall reductions in parental isolation, increases in parental self-care, and increased separation/individuation were the key therapeutic features of the intervention. Sharing family experiences with other parents was a key supportive factor, which improved parenting confidence and efficacy and potentially reduced family conflict. Consumer feedback also led to further development of the intervention, with a greater focus on aiding parents to engage adolescents in services and addressing family factors related to adolescent’s mood and anxiety symptoms.Conclusions. Participant feedback provides valuable qualitative data, to monitor the fidelity of treatment implementation within a trial, to confirm predictions about the effective mechanisms of an intervention, and to inform the development of new interventions.
RGD-Dependent Epithelial Cell-Matrix Interactions in the Human Intestinal Crypt
Authors: Benoit Yannick D. , Groulx Jean-François , Gagné David , Beaulieu Jean-François
Published: September 2012

Interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrin receptors trigger structural and functional bonds between the cell microenvironment and the cytoskeleton. Such connections are essential for adhesion structure integrity and are key players in regulating transduction of specific intracellular signals, which in turn regulate the organization of the cell microenvironment and, consequently, cell function. The RGD peptide-dependent integrins represent a key subgroup of ECM receptors involved in the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis. Here we review recent findings on RGD-dependent ECM-integrin interactions and their roles in human intestinal epithelial crypt cells.
Effect of Head Rotation on Cerebral Blood Velocity in the Prone Position
Authors: Højlund Jakob , Sandmand Marie , Sonne Morten , Mantoni Teit , Jørgensen Henrik L. , Belhage Bo , van Lieshout Johannes J. , Pott Frank C.
Published: September 2012

Background. The prone position is applied to facilitate surgery of the back and to improve oxygenation in the respirator-treated patient. In particular, with positive pressure ventilation the prone position reduces venous return to the heart and in turn cardiac output (CO) with consequences for cerebral blood flow. We tested in healthy subjects the hypothesis that rotating the head in the prone position reduces cerebral blood flow.Methods. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), stroke volume (SV), and CO were determined, together with the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAVmean) and jugular vein diameters bilaterally in 22 healthy subjects in the prone position with the head centered, respectively, rotated sideways, with and without positive pressure breathing (10 cmH2O).Results. The prone position reduced SV (by5.4±1.5%;P<0.05) and CO (by2.3±1.9%), and slightly increased MAP (from78±3to80±2 mmHg) as well as bilateral jugular vein diameters, leaving MCAVmeanunchanged. Positive pressure breathing in the prone position increased MAP (by3.6±0.8 mmHg) but further reduced SV and CO (by9.3±1.3% and7.2±2.4% below baseline) while MCAVmeanwas maintained. The head-rotated prone position with positive pressure breathing augmented MAP further (87±2 mmHg) but not CO, narrowed both jugular vein diameters, and reduced MCAVmean(by8.6±3.2%).Conclusion. During positive pressure breathing the prone position with sideways rotated head reduces MCAVmean~10% in spite of an elevated MAP. Prone positioning with rotated head affects both CBF and cerebrovenous drainage indicating that optimal brain perfusion requires head centering.
Can Adults Become Fluent Readers in Newly Learned Scripts?
Authors: Abadzi Helen
Published: September 2012

Adults learning new scripts have difficulty becoming automatic readers. They typically read haltingly, understand little of what they read, and may forget letter values. This article presents the hypothesis that halting reading among adult neoliterates is due to low-level perceptual functions in the brain that have a sensitive period. These may be related to feature integration; whether illiterate or educated, adults learning a new script may be perceiving letters as connected segments rather than unbreakable units. The time needed to resolve ambiguities and determine how the segments are combined may delay identification and result in letter-by-letter reading. This phenomenon could be called “adult neoliterate dyslexia.” It has received little research or attention, possibly because few adults need to learn new scripts. Also unschooled illiterates are rare in industrialized countries where most reading studies are carried out. Research is needed to probe into the neuropsychological origin of the adults’ fluency difficulty. Potential remedies may include action videogames and thousands of trials through computerized media.
Comparison of the Effects of Fluidized-Bed and Fixed-Bed Reactors in Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Decomposition of TCE by Hydrogen
Authors: Ren Lili , Zhang Jin
Published: September 2012

Trichloroethylene (TCE) decomposition by hydrogen with microwave heating under different reaction systems was investigated. The activities of a series of catalysts for microwave-assisted TCE hydrodechlorination were tested through the fixed-bed and the fluidized-bed reactor systems. This study found that the different reaction system is suitable for different catalyst type. And there is an interactive relationship between the catalyst type and the reaction bed type.
Electrochemical Degradation of Reactive Yellow 160 Dye in Real Wastewater Using C/PbO2‐, Pb + Sn/PbO2 + SnO2‐, and Pb/PbO2 Modified Electrodes
Authors: Gaber Mohamed , Abu Ghalwa Nasser , Khedr Abdalla M. , Salem Munther F.
Published: September 2012

Three modified electrodes (C/PbO2, Pb + Sn/PbO2 + SnO2, and Pb/PbO2) were prepared by electrodeposition and used as anodes for electrochemical degradation of Reactive Yellow 160 (RY160) dye in aqueous solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process including current density, temperature, initial concentration of (RY160), pH, conductive electrolyte and time of electrolysis were studied and optimized. The best degradation occurred in the presence of NaCl (4 g L−1) as a conductive electrolyte. After 15 min, nearly complete degradation of RY160 was achieved (97.9%, 96.65 and 95.35% using C/PbO2, Pb+Sn/PbO2 + SnO2, and Pb/PbO2 electrodes, resp.) at pH 7.13. Higher degradation efficiency was obtained at 25°C. The optimum current density for the degradation of RY160 on all electrodes was 50 mA cm−2. The prepared C/PbO2, Pb+Sn/PbO2 + SnO2 and Pb/PbO2 electrodes were found to be highly efficient in the treatment of effluents obtained from dyeing factory which contain RY160 dye with very slight matrix effect.
Preeclampsia Is Associated With Compromised Maternal Synthesis of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Leading to Offspring Deficiency
Authors: Mackay Vanessa A. , Huda Shahzya S. , Stewart Frances M. , Tham Kahmeng , McKenna Louise A. , Martin Iain , Jordan Fiona , Brown E. Ann , Hodson Leanne , Greer Ian A. , Meyer Barbara J. , Freeman Dilys J.
Published: September 2012

Obesity and excessive lipolysis are implicated in preeclampsia (PE). Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with low maternal body mass index and decreased lipolysis. Our aim was to assess how maternal and offspring fatty acid metabolism is altered in mothers in the third trimester of pregnancy with PE (n=62) or intrauterine growth restriction (n=23) compared with healthy pregnancies (n=164). Markers of lipid metabolism and erythrocyte fatty acid concentrations were measured. Maternal adipose tissue fatty acid composition and mRNA expression of adipose tissue fatty acid–metabolizing enzymes and placental fatty acid transporters were compared. Mothers with PE had higher plasma triglyceride (21%,
P
<0.001) and nonesterified fatty acid (50%,
P
<0.001) concentrations than controls. Concentrations of major n−6 and n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes were 23% to 60% lower (all
P
<0.005) in PE and intrauterine growth restriction mothers and offspring compared with controls. Subcutaneous adipose tissue Δ−5 and Δ−6 desaturase and very long-chain fatty acid elongase mRNA expression was lower in PE than controls (respectively, mean [SD] control 3.38 [2.96] versus PE 1.83 [1.91],
P
=0.030; 3.33 [2.25] versus 1.03 [0.96],
P
<0.001; 0.40 [0.81] versus 0.00 [0.00],
P
=0.038 expression relative to control gene [square root]). Low maternal and fetal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in PE may be the result of decreased maternal synthesis.
Utility of Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score for Predicting Cardiac Risk After Stroke
Authors: Towfighi Amytis , Markovic Daniela , Ovbiagele Bruce
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality among stroke patients after the acute period. Simple risk stratification of stroke patients without known CHD may permit prompt implementation of CHD-specific management strategies for those who are at high risk for cardiac events. We assessed the utility of the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score (FCRS) as a prognosticator in stroke patients without known CHD.

Methods—

Post hoc analysis of a trial dataset of 3509 recent ischemic stroke patients who were aged 35 years or older, recruited from 56 centers, and followed-up for 2 years. Patients were categorized as having known CHD, high FCRS (≥20%), and low/intermediate FCRS (<20%). The predictive values between baseline FCRS and primary (myocardial infarction [MI]), secondary (MI or vascular death), and tertiary (recurrent stroke) outcomes were assessed in multivariate analyses.

Results—

Rates of first MI at 2 years were 6.34%, 4.65%, and 1.44% for the known CHD, high FCRS, and low/intermediate FCRS groups. Compared with stroke patients with low/intermediate FCRS, individuals with high FCRS had a higher risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.70; 95% confidence interval, 2.14–6.38) and MI or vascular death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.48–3.28). High FCRS did not predict recurrent stroke.

Conclusion—

Among patients with a recent ischemic stroke without known CHD, high FCRS was associated with a higher risk of MI and vascular death, but not stroke. FCRS could be a simple way to identify recent stroke patients who may benefit from additional CHD-specific management.
SeaCycler: A Moored Open-Ocean Profiling System for the Upper Ocean in Extended Self-Contained Deployments
Authors: Send Uwe , Fowler George , Siddall Greg , Beanlands Brian , Pittman Merle , Waldmann Christoph , Karstensen Johannes , Lampitt Richard
Published: September 2012

The upper ocean, including the biologically productive euphotic zone and the mixed layer, has great relevance for studies of physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem processes and their interaction. Observing this layer with a continuous presence, sampling many of the relevant variables, and with sufficient vertical resolution, has remained a challenge. Here a system is presented that can be deployed on the top of deep-ocean moorings, with a drive mechanism at depths of 150–200 m, which mechanically winches a large sensor float and smaller communications float tethered above it to the surface and back down again, typically twice per day for periods up to 1 year. The sensor float can carry several sizeable sensors, and it has enough buoyancy to reach the near surface and for the communications float to pierce the surface even in the presence of strong currents. The system can survive mooring blowover to 1000-m depth. The battery-powered design is made possible by using a balanced energy-conserving principle. Reliability is enhanced with a drive assembly that employs a single rotating part that has no slip rings or rotating seals. The profiling bodies can break the surface to sample the near-surface layer and to establish satellite communication for data relay or reception of new commands. An inductive pass-through mode allows communication with other mooring components throughout the water column beneath the system. A number of successful demonstration deployments have been completed.
Current Patterns in the Inner Sound (Pentland Firth) from Underway ADCP Data*
Authors: Goddijn-Murphy Lonneke , Woolf David K. , Easton Matthew C.
Published: September 2012

Numerous acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys were performed in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, a channel between the Orkney Islands and the northern coast of Scotland connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. The Pentland Firth has the highest tidal streams of the British Isles, and one of the highest that can be found around the globe. Here, the tidal energy industry is in its demonstration phase, but not many real current measurements are in the public domain. The authors present real current data, measured during different phases of the tidal cycle, using a vessel-mounted ADCP. The tidal changes can be rapid, and because the underway measurements take time, the apparent spatial patterns are affected by temporal variation. A method is described that estimated and corrected this temporal distortion using a hydrodynamic model. It appeared that ebb and flood streams did not fully overlap, and that the tidal streams were more complicated, turbulent, and variable than existing models suggest. The data were analyzed for characteristics pertinent to practical tidal stream energy exploitation, and two favorable sites in the Inner Sound are identified. All original current data are available from the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC).
Foodwork or Foodplay? Men’s Domestic Cooking, Privilege and Leisure
Authors: Szabo Michelle
Published: September 2012

Market research documents a rising passion for cooking among men. Yet, some feminists argue that men see cooking as ‘leisure’ in part because they have distance from day-to-day care obligations. However, empirical research on men’s home cooking is still limited. This article investigates the relationship between cooking and leisure among 30 Canadian men with significant household cooking responsibilities. Drawing on interview, observational and diary data, and poststructural conceptualizations of leisure, I ask, to what extent do these men understand cooking as leisure and why? Opposing the notion that women’s cooking is ‘work’ and men’s, ‘leisure’, I find that these men experience cooking as ‘work-leisure’ complicated by worries about others’ preferences, health and approval. However, I also argue that participants create leisurely cooking by manipulating cooking spaces and time(s), and it is in the ease with which they do so that gender (as well as class and race) hierarchies become more visible.
Fetotoxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats and the protective role of vitamin E
Authors: Mazhar Fatma M , Moawad Karima M , El-Dakdoky Mai H , Amer Amany S
Published: September 2012

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential role of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in inducing developmental toxicity and oxidative damage in pregnant rats and their fetuses as well as to assess the efficacy of vitamin E to prevent or alleviate such defects. Pregnant rats received 2,4-D (100 mg/kg bw) alone or in combination with vitamin E (100 mg/kg bw) daily from gestation day 1 to 19. The number of implantations, viable and resorbed fetuses and sex ratio were not statistically different among groups. However, fetuses maternally treated with 2,4-D were characterized by lower body weight and higher morphologic and skeletal defect rate. 2,4-D induced oxidative stress in the liver of mothers and fetuses which was indicated by a significant elevation of malondialdehyde level with reduction in catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity. Coadministration of vitamin E can counteract the deleterious effects of 2,4-D by successive reduction in the oxidative stress.
We Are Not Joking
Authors: Fernández-González Liria , O’Leary K. Daniel , Muñoz-Rivas Marina Julia
Published: September 2012

Underreporting of intimate partner aggression is an important issue in the interpretation of self-reports of such aggression, especially by males. However, both males and females are less likely to report negative behaviors about themselves than about their partners. With 863 adolescents from Madrid, social desirability had a small but significant association with reports of dating aggression, but covariance corrections for social desirability did not alter the conclusions about such aggression. Using uncorrected or corrected means for social desirability, males engage in more sexual aggression against their partners and females engage in more psychological and physical aggression. Maximal dyadic reports based on reports by either self or partner significantly increased the rates of aggression, although conclusions about perpetration and victimization did not differ with this correction. Rates of aggression dropped roughly half when corrected for aggression in a joking context, but more females still reported engaging in physical aggression against their partners. The corrections one wishes to use depend upon the sample under study—i.e., adolescent versus adult populations—and one’s research or clinical question, but the use of social desirability controls seems ill-founded. Finally, there is a need for in-depth interviews with both partners in dating relationships to determine more about the contextual factors associated with dating aggression and to assist in knowing what correction factors seem most valid.
Planning for Possibility: Opening Democracy in an Ordinary City
Authors: Overfelt David
Published: September 2012

This article discusses a participatory planning process that opened democratic possibilities in Columbia, MO and argues that similar processes can and should be utilized to encourage broader participation in the public sphere. While grassroots participation is ideal, communities can use the language of dialogue and deliberation to turn instrumental processes toward more democratic outcomes. In the concluding remarks the author discusses both implications for research and the methods of political process organization that can help to create just and equal spaces.
Specialized Palliative Care Services in Japan
Authors: Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Morita Tatsuya , Hamano Jun , Nagaoka Hiroka , Miyashita Mitsunori , Tsuneto Satoru
Published: September 2012

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the availability and utilization of specialized palliative care services among patients with cancer in Japan.

Methods:

We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 828 institutions predicted to provide specialized palliative care services.

Results:

Responses were received from 751 institutions (response rate, 91%); of these, 541 had specialized palliative care services. Adding the census data of palliative care units, the total estimated number of institutions with specialized palliative care services was 659. Of all the patients with cancer who died in the period from April 2009 to May 2010 in Japan, the estimated proportion who utilized specialized palliative care services was 24%.

Conclusions:

Usage of specialized palliative care services in Japan have increased explosively in the past decade.
Transient response analysis of multi-span pipe conveying fluid
Authors: Bao-hui Li , Hang-shan Gao , Yong-shou Liu , Zhu-feng Yue
Published: September 2012

The method of reverberation-ray matrix proposed by Pao et al. is applied to analyze the transient response of a multi-span pipe conveying fluid. The pipe under transverse vibration is considered as Timoshenko beam conveying axial flow. In the process of analysis, fast Fourier transform is used to convert the partial differential equation into ordinary differential equation. The support points of the pipe are chosen as the elements’ nodes. The transient wave motions at each node are divided into incident and reflected wave. By virtue of continuity and balance condition, the scattering relation is established between the above wave motions. The transient response is obtained by inverse fast Fourier transform. In the examples, the natural frequencies are calculated for single- and multi-span pipe conveying fluid with different fluid velocity, and great agreement is shown with the published literature. And then the transient responses, such as deformation, velocity, shear force and bending moment are obtained for a two-span pipe conveying fluid under different fluid velocity.
Persistent Preoccupations
Authors: Glatter Ron
Published: September 2012

In 1975, the fourth Annual Conference of the British Educational Administration Society (BEAS, now BELMAS) had as its theme ‘Autonomy and Accountability in Educational Administration'. In their concluding comments, the editors of the published Proceedings wrote: ‘Our concern has been with accountability and autonomy, not as alternatives, but as significant and meaningful concepts which need to be better understood in relation to each other, having regard to specific organisational settings.’ This is the same connection that the then newly installed coalition government made 35 years later in their 2010 schools White Paper, a major policy document. The emphasis on this theme had persisted and indeed grown sharply during the intervening period. This trajectory is outlined in the article but its main purpose is to analyse the forces underlying what has become a preoccupation in English schools policy, making some reference to international evidence and practice. It is argued that the last six words of the quotation above from the 1975 editors' conclusion, ‘having regard to specific organisational settings’, were particularly significant and are highly relevant to an explanation of the staying power of these concepts.
Leadership and Diversity
Authors: Coleman Marianne
Published: September 2012

As part of the special edition recognizing the 40th anniversary of Educational Management Administration & Leadership this article reviews the coverage of leadership and diversity issues in the journal. The majority of articles concerning diversity have focused on gender, with attention turning to the wider concept of diversity since the year 2000. This article considers two main aspects: the impact of diversity on becoming a leader and the impact of diversity on the practice of educational leadership. The article finishes by raising some of the debates around diversity and suggesting areas for further research and publication.
Likes Attract
Authors: Redding Richard E.
Published: September 2012

Inbar and Lammers (2012, this issue) contribute to the growing empirical evidence of discrimination against conservative (i.e., right-of-center) people and ideas not only in social and personality psychology, but within the academy generally. Because sociopolitical values are often a core component of self-identity that significantly impact our interpersonal relationships, sociopolitical discrimination is difficult to overcome. There is a tendency to marginalize the sociopolitical “other,” along with a groupthink that implicitly presupposes that this form of discrimination is acceptable (e.g., because conservatives are self-interestedly motivated, conservative ideas are incorrect, or conservatism is well represented elsewhere in society and thus need not be in the academy). Yet discrimination must be overcome because sociopolitical diversity is vital for scholarly inquiry, pedagogy, and for ethical professional practice. Recent research suggests that the assumptions underlying psychology’s value system of promoting racial, ethnic, gender, or sexual orientation diversity—that is, that doing so recognizes people’s personal identities, ameliorates discrimination, and has educational benefits—may be all the more compelling with respect to sociopolitical ideas.