bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Non-destructive’ biocomputing security system based on gas-controlled biofuel cell and potentially used for intelligent medical diagnostics
Authors: Zhou Ming , Zheng Xiliang , Wang Jin , Dong Shaojun
Published: December 2010

Motivation: Biofuel cells (BFCs) based on enzymes and microbes are the promising future alternative sources of sustainable electrical energy under mild conditions (i.e. ambient temperature and neutral pH). By combining the adaptive behavior of BFCs self-regulating energy release with the versatility of biocomputing, we construct a novel gas-controlled biocomputing security system, which could be used as the potential implantable self-powered and ‘smart’ medical system with the logic diagnosis aim.

Results: We have demonstrated a biocomputing security system based on BFCs. Due to the unique ‘RESET’ reagent of N2 applied in this work, the prepared biocomputing security system can be reset and cycled for a large number of times with no ‘RESET’ reagent-based ‘waste’. This would be advantageous for the potential practical applications of such keypad lock as well as the development of biocomputing security devices. In order to validate the universality of the system and also to harvest energy directly from biofuels with enhanced power output, we replace the glucose with orange juice as the biofuel to operate BFCs-based biocomputing system, which also possesses the function of keypad lock. In addition, by introducing BFCs into the biocomputing security system, the adaptive behavior of the BFCs self-regulating the power release would be an immense advantage of such security keypad lock devices in potential self-powered implantable medical systems.

The designed sequence gives the maximum power output and discriminate itself from the rest of the sequences. From this, we find that maximizing the dimensionless ratio of gap versus SD of the power output spectrum (a funnel in power outputs) gives the quantitative optimal design criterion. Therefore, our construction here may also provide a practical example and microscopic structural basis for mimicking the real biological network systems and bridge the gaps between the theoretical concepts and experiments important for biomolecular systems and synthetic biology.

Contact:  dongsj@ciac.jl.cn; jin.wang.1@stonybrook.edu

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SurreyFBA: a command line tool and graphics user interface for constraint-based modeling of genome-scale metabolic reaction networks
Authors: Gevorgyan Albert , Bushell Michael E. , Avignone-Rossa Claudio , Kierzek Andrzej M.
Published: December 2010

Summary: Constraint-based modeling of genome-scale metabolic networks has been successfully used in numerous applications such as prediction of gene essentiality and metabolic engineering. We present SurreyFBA, which provides constraint-based simulations and network map visualization in a free, stand-alone software. In addition to basic simulation protocols, the tool also implements the analysis of minimal substrate and product sets, which is useful for metabolic engineering and prediction of nutritional requirements in complex in vivo environments, but not available in other commonly used programs. The SurreyFBA is based on a command line interface to the GLPK solver distributed as binary and source code for the three major operating systems. The command line tool, implemented in C++, is easily executed within scripting languages used in the bioinformatics community and provides efficient implementation of tasks requiring iterative calls to the linear programming solver. SurreyFBA includes JyMet, a graphics user interface allowing spreadsheet-based model presentation, visualization of numerical results on metabolic networks represented in the Petri net convention, as well as in charts and plots.

Availability: SurreyFBA is distributed under GNU GPL license and available from http://sysbio3.fhms.surrey.ac.uk/SurreyFBA.zip.

Contact:  a.kierzek@surrey.ac.uk
An Algorithm for Difficult Airway Management, Modified for Modern Optical Devices (Airtraq Laryngoscope; LMA CTrach ™)
Authors: Amathieu Roland , Combes Xavier , Abdi Widad , Housseini Loutfi El , Rezzoug Ahmed , Dinca Andrei , Slavov Velislav , Bloc Sébastien , Dhonneur Gilles
Published: December 2010

Background

Because algorithms for difficult airway management, including the use of new optical tracheal intubation devices, require prospective evaluation in routine practice, we prospectively assessed an algorithm for difficult airway management that included two new airway devices.

Methods

After 6 months of instruction, training, and clinical testing, 15 senior anesthesiologists were asked to use an established algorithm for difficult airway management in anesthetized and paralyzed patients. Abdominal, gynecologic, and thyroid surgery patients were enrolled. Emergency, obstetric, and patients considered at risk of aspiration were excluded. If tracheal intubation using a Macintosh laryngoscope was impossible, the Airtraq laryngoscope (VYGON, Ecouen, France) was recommended as a first step and the LMA CTrach™ (SEBAC, Pantin, France) as a second. A gum elastic bougie was advocated to facilitate tracheal access with the Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes. If ventilation with a facemask was impossible, the LMA CTrach™ was to be used, followed, if necessary, by transtracheal oxygenation. Patient characteristics, adherence to the algorithm, efficacy, and early complications were recorded.

Results

Overall, 12,225 patients were included during 2 yr. Intubation was achieved using the Macintosh laryngoscope in 98% cases. In the remainder of the cases (236), a gum elastic bougie was used with the Macintosh laryngoscope in 207 (84%). The Airtraq laryngoscope success rate was 97% (27 of 28). The LMA CTrach™ allowed rescue ventilation (n = 2) and visually directed tracheal intubation (n = 3). In one patient, ventilation by facemask was impossible, and the LMA CTrach™ was used successfully.

Conclusions

Tracheal intubation can be achieved successfully in a large cohort of patients with a new management algorithm incorporating the use of gum elastic bougie, Airtraq, and LMA CTrach™ devices.
Tolumonas osonensis sp. nov., isolated from anoxic freshwater sediment, and emended description of the genus Tolumonas
Authors: Caldwell Matthew E. , Allen Toby D. , Lawson Paul A. , Tanner Ralph S.
Published: December 2010

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a strain of an unknown Gram-negative, non-motile, saccharolytic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, strain OCF 7T, isolated from anoxic freshwater sediment. The strain grew optimally at 22 °C and pH 7.5, and was able to grow under strictly anaerobic conditions. Major fermentation products from glucose metabolism were formate, acetate, ethanol and lactate. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain OCF 7Twas phylogenetically related to the type strain ofTolumonas auensis(97.2 % similarity) within the familyAeromonadaceaeof theGammaproteobacteria. However, OCF 7Tdid not produce toluene from phenylacetate, phenylalanine, phenoxyacetate, phenylsuccinate or phenylbutyrate in the presence of glucose. Phenol was not produced from tyrosine or phenoxyacetate in the presence of glucose. Dominant fatty acids of this micro-organism included C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7cand C16 : 1ω7c(and/or iso-C15 : 02-OH). Major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-8. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain OCF 7Twas 52.1 mol%. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, strain OCF 7Tshould be classified as a representative of a novel species ofTolumonas, for which the nameTolumonas osonensissp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is OCF 7T( = DSM 22975T = ATCC BAA-1908T). An emended description of the genusTolumonasis also given.
Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense sp. nov., isolated from healthy infant faeces
Authors: Morita Hidetoshi , Nakano Akiyo , Onoda Hiromi , Toh Hidehiro , Oshima Kenshiro , Takami Hideto , Murakami Masaru , Fukuda Shinji , Takizawa Tatsuya , Kuwahara Tomomi , Ohno Hiroshi , Tanabe Soichi , Hattori Masahira
Published: December 2010

Strains HM2-1 and HM2-2T were isolated from the faeces of a healthy infant and were characterized by determining their phenotypic and biochemical features and phylogenetic positions based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. They were Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming, non-gas-producing, and catalase-negative non-motile rods. They did not grow at 15 or 45 °C in anaerobic bacterial culture medium, and their DNA G+C content was in the range 56–59 mol%. In enzyme activity tests, strains HM2-1 and HM2-2T were positive for α/β-galactosidases and α/β-glucosidases but negative for β-glucuronidase and cystine arylamidase. An analysis of the cell-wall composition of strains HM2-1 and HM2-2T revealed the presence of glutamic acid, alanine and lysine. The presence of fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase shows that isolates HM2-1 and HM2-2T are members of the genus Bifidobacterium. These two isolates belong to the same species of the genus Bifidobacterium. Strain HM2-2T was found to be related to Bifidobacterium catenulatum JCM 1194T (97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity: 1480/1520 bp), Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum JCM 1200T (97.2 %: 1472/1514 bp), Bifidobacterium dentium ATCC 27534T (96.7 %: 1459/1509 bp) and Bifidobacterium angulatum ATCC 27535T (96.5 %: 1462/1515 bp). The predominant cellular fatty acids of strains HM2-1 and HM2-2T were 16 : 0 and 18 : 1ω9c, with proportions greater than 18 % of the total. Phylogenetic analyses involving phenotypic characterization, DNA–DNA hybridization and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing proves that the strains represent a novel species of the genus Bifidobacterium, for which the name Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HM2-2T ( = JCM 15439T  = DSM 21854T).
Nocardiopsis flavescens sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from marine sediment
Authors: Fang Caiyuan , Zhang Jianli , Pang Huancheng , Li Yuyi , Xin Yuhua , Zhang Yabo
Published: December 2010

A Gram-positive, aerobic bacterium, strain SA6T, was isolated from marine sediment taken at a depth of 20 cm on the seashore of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China. Strain SA6T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, no diagnostic sugars, type PIII phospholipids, and MK-10(H2) and MK-10(H4) as the predominant menaquinones. The organism showed a range of chemical and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Nocardiopsis. The almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SA6T was aligned with corresponding sequences of representatives of the genus Nocardiopsis and related taxa by using two tree-making algorithms. Strain SA6T formed a distinct phyletic line within the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Nocardiopsis and was related most closely to the type strain of Nocardiopsis lucentensis. Strain SA6T could be distinguished from its nearest phylogenetic relatives in the genus Nocardiopsis based on DNA–DNA relatedness data and a combination of phenotypic properties. Strain SA6T should therefore be assigned to the genus Nocardiopsis as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Nocardiopsis flavescens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SA6T ( = CGMCC 4.5723T  = JCM 17424T).
Methylothermus subterraneus sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic methanotroph isolated from a terrestrial subsurface hot aquifer
Authors: Hirayama Hisako , Suzuki Yohey , Abe Mariko , Miyazaki Masayuki , Makita Hiroko , Inagaki Fumio , Uematsu Katsuyuki , Takai Ken
Published: December 2010

A novel methane-oxidizing bacterium, strain HTM55T, was isolated from subsurface hot aquifer water from a Japanese gold mine. Strain HTM55T was a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, coccoid bacterium with a single polar flagellum and the distinctive intracytoplasmic membrane arrangement of a type I methanotroph. Strain HTM55T was a moderately thermophilic, obligate methanotroph that grew on methane and methanol at 37–65 °C (optimum 55–60 °C). The isolate grew at pH 5.2–7.5 (optimum 5.8–6.3) and with 0–1 % NaCl (optimum 0–0.3 %). The ribulose monophosphate pathway was operative for carbon assimilation. The DNA G+C content was 54.4 mol% and the major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (52.0 %) and C18 : 1ω7c (34.8 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain HTM55T was closely related to Methylothermus thermalis MYHTT (99.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), which is within the class Gammaproteobacteria. However, DNA–DNA relatedness between strain HTM55T and Methylothermus thermalis MYHTT was ≤39 %. On the basis of distinct phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological characteristics, strain HTM55T represents a novel species of the genus Methylothermus, for which the name Methylothermus subterraneus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HTM55T ( = JCM 13664T = DSM 19750T).
Solirubrobacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field
Authors: An Dong-Shan , Wang Liang , Kim Minseok S. , Bae Heon-Meen , Lee Sung-Taik , Im Wan-Taek
Published: December 2010

A Gram-reaction-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic rod, designated BXN5-15T, was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field on Baekdu Mountain in China. Strain BXN5-15T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 6.0–7.0 in the absence of NaCl on R2A agar. Strain BXN5-15T displayed β-glucosidase activity, which allowed it to transform ginsenoside Rb1 (one of the dominant active components of ginseng) via Rd to minor ginsenoside F2. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain BXN5-15T was shown to belong to the genus Solirubrobacter. The closest phylogenetic relatives were Solirubrobacter soli Gsoil 355T (98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Solirubrobacter pauli B33D1T (96.4 %). Lower sequence similarities (<96.0 %) were found with all of the other recognized members of the order Solirubrobacterales. The predominant quinone was MK-7(H4). The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C18 : 1ω9c, iso-C16 : 0 and C18 : 3ω6,9,12c. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.6 mol%. DNA−DNA relatedness between strain BXN5-15T and S. soli KCTC 12628T was 23.3 %. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain BXN5-15T represents a novel species within the genus Solirubrobacter, for which the name Solirubrobacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BXN5-15T ( = KACC 20671T  = LMG 24459T).
Actinomycetospora rishiriensis sp. nov., isolated from a lichen
Authors: Yamamura Hideki , Ashizawa Haruna , Nakagawa Youji , Hamada Moriyuki , Ishida Yuumi , Otoguro Misa , Tamura Tomohiko , Hayakawa Masayuki
Published: December 2010

An actinomycete, strain RI109-Li102T, was isolated from a lichen sample obtained from Rishiri Island in Japan. Cells of strain RI109-Li102T were Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile and formed bud-like spore chains. The isolate grew with 0–3 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 5–9 and at 10–30 °C (optimum 30 °C). The whole-cell hydrolysate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H4) and the diagnostic phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 1 H. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain RI109-Li102T was most closely related to Actinomycetospora corticicola 014-5T (99.0 % rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Actinomycetospora chiangmaiensis YIM 0006T (98.4 %). However, DNA–DNA hybridization assays, as well as physiological and biochemical analyses, showed that strain RI109-Li102T could be differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relatives. It is proposed that strain RI109-Li102T ( = NBRC 106356T  = KCTC 19782T) be classified as the type strain of a novel species, with the name Actinomycetospora rishiriensis sp. nov.
Differential Effects of Prenylation andS-Acylation on Type I and II ROPS Membrane Interaction and Function
Authors: Sorek Nadav , Gutman Orit , Bar Einat , Abu-Abied Mohamad , Feng Xuehui , Running Mark P. , Lewinsohn Efraim , Ori Naomi , Sadot Einat , Henis Yoav I. , Yalovsky Shaul
Published: December 2010

Prenylation primarily by geranylgeranylation is required for membrane attachment and function of type I Rho of Plants (ROPs) and Gγ proteins, while type II ROPs are attached to the plasma membrane by S-acylation. Yet, it is not known how prenylation affects ROP membrane interaction dynamics and what are the functional redundancy and specificity of type I and type II ROPs. Here, we have used the expression of ROPs in mammalian cells together with geranylgeranylation and CaaX prenylation-deficient mutants to answer these questions. Our results show that the mechanism of type II ROP S-acylation and membrane attachment is unique to plants and likely responsible for the viability of plants in the absence of CaaX prenylation activity. The prenylation of ROPs determines their steady-state distribution between the plasma membrane and the cytosol but has little effect on membrane interaction dynamics. In addition, the prenyl group type has only minor effects on ROP function. Phenotypic analysis of the CaaX prenylation-deficient pluripetala mutant epidermal cells revealed that type I ROPs affect cell structure primarily on the adaxial side, while type II ROPs are functional and induce a novel cell division phenotype in this genetic background. Taken together, our studies show how prenyl and S-acyl lipid modifications affect ROP subcellular distribution, membrane interaction dynamics, and function.
The effect of ethinylestradiol‐containing contraceptives on the serum concentration of olanzapine and N‐desmethyl olanzapine
Authors: Haslemo Tore , Refsum Helge , Molden Espen
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Olanzapine is metabolized via CYP1A2, which is inhibited by ethinylestradiol‐containing contraceptives (ECC).

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS

• A lower serum concentration of the metabolite N‐desmethyl olanzapine during co‐administration of ECC confirms a CYP1A2‐inhibitory action of ethinyl estradiol.

• The CYP1A2‐inhibitory action of ethinylestradiol does not provide a clinically relevant change in serum concentrations of unmetabolized olanzapine.

• Concurrent use of ECC is not expected to increase the side effect risk of olanzapine

AIM To investigate the potential interaction between olanzapine, a CYP1A2 substrate, and ethinylestradiol‐containing contraceptives (ECC).

METHODS The study was carried out at a routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. To identify patients who were co‐administered ECC or other contraceptives, a questionnaire was sent to the physician who ordered serum monitoring of olanzapine for women aged 18–40 years during an 18 month period. The physicians were asked to provide information about contraceptive use and smoking habits. When questionnaires were returned by the physicians, the respective serum concentration data were included in the analysis. Patients were stratified into users of ECC, progestogen‐based contraceptives (PBC) or no contraceptives. Dose‐adjusted serum concentrations of olanzapine and the metabolite N‐desmethyl olanzapine were compared between the subgroups.

RESULTS A total of 149 patients were included in the study (10 ECC users and 10 PBC users). In users of ECC, we found no differences in serum concentrations of olanzapine, but significantly lower concentrations of the CYP1A2‐mediated metabolite N‐desmethyl olanzapine compared with users of PBC (P = 0.019) and non‐contraceptive users (P = 0.012).

CONCLUSION The present study confirms that ECC exhibit CYP1A2‐inhibitory properties in terms of significantly lower exposure of N‐desmethyl olanzapine. However, the inhibition does not provide clinically relevant changes in serum concentrations of olanzapine.
Relationship of endotoxin and tobacco smoke exposure to wheeze and diurnal peak expiratory flow variability in children and adolescents
Authors: LAWSON Joshua A. , DOSMAN James A. , RENNIE Donna C. , BEACH Jeremy , NEWMAN Stephen C. , SENTHILSELVAN Ambikaipakan
Published: December 2010

Background and objective:  The relationship between endotoxin exposure and asthma severity (wheeze and airways obstruction) is not well described. The effects of endotoxin and tobacco smoke exposure on self‐reported wheeze and diurnal PEF variability (DV‐PEF) were examined in children aged 6–18 years with asthma or wheeze.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was performed in a rural area. From this study, children who reported wheeze in the previous 12 months or a physician diagnosis of asthma (n = 98) were selected for a case–control study. These subjects, who were the basis for the present analysis, completed: (i) a home environmental assessment, including dust collection to measure endotoxin levels: (ii) a clinic visit, including saliva collection to measure cotinine levels; and (iii) 2 week monitoring of twice daily symptom records, including wheeze, and PEF to calculate DV‐PEF.

Results:  Among these children, 22.4% reported wheeze during the monitoring period. Greater DV‐PEF was associated with higher endotoxin loads in play areas (P < 0.05). The association between salivary cotinine levels and high DV‐PEF was modified by gender. In females, higher cotinine levels were associated with an increased risk of high DV‐PEF compared with lower cotinine levels (P < 0.05), but this was not observed among males.

Conclusions:  Higher endotoxin exposure was associated with greater DV‐PEF among children with asthma or wheeze. While previous studies have suggested that endotoxin exposure protects against the development of asthma, individuals with the disease should avoid high exposure levels to limit exacerbations. The effect of tobacco smoke exposure on lung health may differ between male and female children.
Dopamine agonists in the treatment of prolactinoma: are they still first choice?
Authors: Ogilvie C. M. , Milsom S. R.
Published: December 2010

Dopamine agonist therapy has been the cornerstone treatment for prolactinoma since the 1970s, replacing surgery in the primary management of this condition. These agents are effective in the management of prolactin excess, have a low side‐effect profile, and in some cases may even be curative. However, recent studies of high dose dopamine agonists used in Parkinson's disease have raised the possibility that these drugs may be associated with cardiac valvulopathy. This paper discusses the modern use of dopamine agonists in a patient with prolactinoma.
SPANISH LIBERTARIAN COLLECTIVES: A UNIQUE HISTORICAL CASE OF WORKER SELF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Ovejero Anastasio
Published: December 2010

This article presents an analysis of the libertarian collectivizations created during the Spanish civil war (1936–1939). The examination of this historical experience is relevant to social psychology, industrial psychology, and political psychology. The structure, organization, and internal functioning of the collectivizations are described and an explanation is given to account why this collectivistic movement is widely ignored in the literature. Some possible implications of this anarchist experience both for the current organization of industry and society as well as for research on the individualism‐collectivism dimension are suggested.
Structural Requirements of Isoquinolones as Novel Selective c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase 1 Inhibitors: 2D and 3D QSAR Analyses
Authors: Du Juan , Xi Lili , Lei Beilei , Liu Huanxiang , Yao Xiaojun
Published: December 2010

The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases are attractive targets because of their involvement in several diseases. In this work, a combined molecular modeling study for a set of isoquinolones as inhibitors of JNK1 was performed by molecular docking, genetic algorithm–multiple linear regression and comparative molecular field analysis to rationalize the structural requirements responsible for the inhibitory activity of these compounds. Molecular docking study was employed to explore the binding mode of the active compound at the active site of JNK1. Based on the docked conformations, highly predictive 2D, 3D quantitative structure–activity relationship models were developed. The best 2D quantitative structure–activity relationship model was established using genetic algorithm–multiple linear regression method containing four molecular descriptors. The best comparative molecular field analysis model was obtained with a cross‐validated coefficient q2 of 0.562, non‐cross‐validated r2 values of 0.994. The information from quantitative structure–activity relationship models and molecular docking is useful for the design of novel JNK1 inhibitors with improved activities.
The Influence of Sodium on Liking and Consumption of Salty Food
Authors: Lucas Lisa , Riddell Lynn , Liem Gie , Whitelock Susie , Keast Russell
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Excessive sodium (Na) intake has been linked to development of hypertension and related pathologies. In this study, we assessed if the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in a prototypical food influences the liking and intake of that food. In study 1, detection and recognition thresholds for NaCl were assessed, and perceived salt intensity and liking for hash browns of varying sodium concentrations (40 mg, 120 mg, 170 mg, and 220 mg Na/100 g) were compared in a lab setting. In study 2, detection and recognition thresholds for NaCl were assessed in a lab setting, and lunches consisting of hash browns, basic salad, and beverages were consumed freely in a dining setting on 4 separate occasions. Intake and liking ratings for hash browns were recorded after the lunch. In both studies, detection and recognition thresholds for NaCl were not associated with perceived saltiness, liking, or intake of hash browns. Liking and perceived salt taste intensity of hash browns were correlated (r= 0.547 P < 0.01), and in study 1 the 220 mg sodium hash brown was most liked (P < 0.05). In study 2, there was no association between Na concentration and liking or consumption of hash browns. In summary, liking of hash browns were influenced by whether testing was in a lab or dining room environment. In a dining room environment, large decreases (>50%) of sodium content of food were achievable with only minor decrease in liking and no effect on consumption of the food.
Advances in melanoma senescence and potential clinical application
Authors: Giuliano Sandy , Ohanna Mickaël , Ballotti Robert , Bertolotto Corine
Published: December 2010

Normal cells possess a limited proliferative life span, after which they enter a state of irreversible growth arrest, called replicative senescence, which acts as a potent barrier against transformation. Transformed cells have escaped the process of replicative senescence and theoretically can not re‐enter senescence. However, recent observations showed that transformed cells, and particularly the melanoma cells, can still undergo oncogene or stress‐induced senescence. This senescence state is accompanied by many of the markers associated with replicative senescence, such as flattened shape, increased acidic β‐galactosidase activity, characteristic changes in gene expression and growth arrest. Interestingly, in some cancers, senescence induction following chemotherapy has been correlated with a favorable patient outcome. In this review, we gathered recent results describing senescence‐like phenotype induction in melanoma cells and discuss why senescence may also be exploited as a therapeutic strategy in melanoma.
Ageing, Labour Force Participation and Education: Comparing the Implications for Economic Growth in China and India
Authors: Hicks John , Basu Parikshit K. , Sappey Richard B.
Published: December 2010

An ageing population will result, over the next forty years, in a fall in China’s labour force as the more youthful Indian labour force continues to grow. However, we find that growth in output per capita has been dominated, in both countries, by growth in labour productivity. China’s stronger labour productivity performance has resulted, until recently, from a stronger growth in their capital/labour ratio. Now, however, it is the growth of China’s total factor productivity, driven by a much stronger public investment in education, that keeps them ahead. To match China, India must increase participation in education and in the workforce, especially amongst women.
Fiscal Neglect in a Monetary Union*
Authors: Libich Jan , Savage James , Stehlík Petr
Published: December 2010

The Duchy of Grand Fenwick, having satisfied all requirements of Eurozone accession, recently became its newest member. As the small dukedom has discontinued its use of the Fenwick Pound, its independent central bank has had its tasks relegated to the monitoring of the twelve banks that exist there, and no longer the exercising of monetary policy. Before joining the Eurozone, the Duchy's central bank had a hierarchical mandate, targeting low inflation, and subject to that the stability of unemployment. With a recent groundswell of popular opinion against the ruler, Duchess Gloriana XII, her government has sought to placate its subjects with free dental care, an increased state pension and subsidised wine. It can do this, now, in relatively safe knowledge the European Central Bank will not punish the Duchy's fiscal recklessness with higher interest rates – unlike the Duchy's independent central bank in the past.
Effects of Clopidogrel and Aspirin on Platelet Aggregation, Thromboxane Production, and Serotonin Secretion in Horses
Authors: Brainard B.M. , Epstein K.L. , LoBato D. , Kwon S. , Papich M.G. , Moore J.N.
Published: December 2010

Background:Critically ill horses are susceptible to thrombotic disease, which might be related to increased platelet reactivity and activation.

Objectives:To compare the effect of oral clopidogrel and aspirin (ASA) on equine platelet function.

Animals:Six healthy adult horses.

Methods:Horses received clopidogrel (2 mg/kg PO q24h) or ASA (5 mg/kg PO q24h) for 5 days in a prospective randomized cross‐over design. Platelet aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen via optical aggregometry, and platelet secretion of serotonin (5HT) and production of thromboxane B2(TXB2) by ELISA were evaluated. In horses receiving clopidogrel, high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis for clopidogrel and its carboxylic‐acid metabolite SR 26334 was performed.

Results:SR 26334 was identified in all clopidogrel‐treated horses, although the parent compound was not detected. Clopidogrel resulted in decreases in ADP‐induced platelet aggregation persisting for 120 hours after the final dose. ADP‐induced platelet aggregation decreased from a baseline of 70.2 ± 14.7% to a minimum of 15.9 ± 7.7% 24 hours after the final dose (P< .001). Collagen‐induced aggregation decreased from a baseline of 93 ± 9.5% to a minimum of 70.8 ± 16.9% 48 hours after the final dose (P< .001). ASA did not decrease platelet aggregation with either agonist. ASA decreased serum TXB2from a baseline value of 1310 ± 1045 to 128 ± 64 pg/mL within 24 hours (P< .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Clopidogrel effectively decreases ADP‐induced platelet aggregation in horses, and could have therapeutic applications for equine diseases associated with platelet activation.
Comparative Study of Phenolic-Based and Amine-Based Underfill Materials in Flip Chip Plastic Ball Grid Array Package
Authors: Kornain Z. , Jalar A. , Rasid R. , Abdullah S.
Published: December 2010

Phenolic and amine epoxy systems are widely used as hardeners in underfill materials for flip chip packaging. A comparison was made between these two systems in order to evaluate the reliability performance of a flip chip plastic ball grid array (FC-PBGA). The coefficient of thermal expansion, glass transition temperature (Tg), Young’s modulus (E), and fracture toughness were revealed by using a thermal mechanical analyzer, a dynamic mechanical analyzer, and a single-edge notch three-point bending test, while moisture absorption study was performed using an 85°C/85% relative humidity chamber. The adhesion strength with different conditions of temperature and humidity was performed using a die shear test. The series of standard reliability tests such as accelerated temperature cycle test, pressure cooker test, thermal humidity storage test, and high temperature storage test were executed upon the FC-PBGA, which was filled by phenolic and amine epoxy systems of underfill materials. It was found that the adhesion strength of phenolic-based underfills is better than that of amine-based underfills in almost all test conditions. Phenolic-based underfills also demonstrated better reliability compared with amine-based underfills.
Translation Solder Self-Alignment Mechanics Modeling for a Flip Chip in the Presence of a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Fennell Brett , Lee Sangil , Baldwin Daniel F.
Published: December 2010

Conventional flip chip on board processing involves four major steps: flux application, solder reflow, underfill flow, and underfill cure. The latter two steps are particularly time consuming. To address this issue, a new flip chip process has been developed in which underfill is dispensed prior to chip placement or directly on the wafer and solder reflow and underfill cure occur simultaneously. This reduces the cycle time required for manufacturing. However, the presence of the underfill can affect the flip chips’ capacity for self-alignment. Self-alignment occurs in controlled collapse bonding when the solder interconnects become liquidus and, driven by surface tension, pull the chip into registration with the substrate. To study flip chip self-alignment in the presence of underfill, the viscous forces acting on the chip during realignment are modeled after Couette flow and the overall system is modeled as a spring-mass-damper. This paper details the modeling process and includes parametric studies to predict those conditions that are more conducive to alignment, as well as those which are not.
Optimization of a Single-Cell Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Sembler William J. , Kumar Sunil
Published: December 2010

To determine the effects of various parameters on the performance of a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a series of simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The first step in this process was to create a 3-dimensional CFD model of a specific single-cell SOFC for which experimental performance data had been published. The simulation results using this baseline model were validated by comparing them to the experimental data. Numerous CFD simulations were then performed with various thermal conditions at the cell’s boundaries and with different air- and fuel-inlet temperatures. Simulations were also conducted with fuel-utilization factors of from 30% to 90% and air ratios of from 2 to 6. As predicted by theory, conditions that resulted in higher cell temperatures or in lower air and fuel concentrations resulted in lower thermodynamically reversible voltages. However, the higher temperatures also reduced Ohmic and, when operating with low to moderate current densities, activation losses, which often caused the voltages actually being produced by the cell to increase. Additional simulations were performed during which air and fuel supply pressures were varied from 1 to 15 atmospheres. Although the increased pressure did result in higher cell voltages, this benefit was significantly reduced or eliminated when the air- and fuel-compressor electrical loads were included. CFD simulations were also performed with counterflow, crossflow, and parallel-flow fuel-channel to air-channel configurations and with various flow-channel dimensions. The counterflow arrangement produced cell voltages that were equal to or slightly higher than the other configurations, and it resulted in a differential temperature across the electrolyte that was significantly less than that of the parallel-flow cell and was close to the maximum value in the crossflow cell, which limits stress caused by uneven thermal expansion. The use of wider ribs separating adjacent channels reduced the resistance to the electrical current conducted through the ribs; however, it also reduced the area over which incoming fuel and oxygen were in contact with the electrode surfaces and, consequently, impeded diffusion through the electrodes. Reducing channel height reduced electrical resistance but increased the pressure drop within the channels. Plots of voltage versus current density, together with temperature and species distributions, were developed for the various simulations. Using this data, the effect of each change was determined and an optimum cell configuration was established. This process could be used as a guide by fuel-cell designers to better predict the effect of various changes on fuel-cell performance, thereby facilitating the design of more efficient cells.
Modeling Analysis of Different Renewable Fuels in an Anode Supported SOFC
Authors: Andersson Martin , Paradis Hedvig , Yuan Jinliang , Sunde´n Bengt
Published: December 2010

It is expected that fuel cells will play a significant role in a future sustainable energy system. They are energy efficient, fuel can be produced nearly locally and, when a renewable fuel such as ethanol, methanol and biogas is used, there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases. Fuel cells have during recent years various progresses, but the technology is still in the early phases of development, however the potential is enormous. In this study a CFD approach (COMSOL Multiphysics) is employed to investigate effects of different fuels such as biogas, pre-reformed methanol, ethanol and natural gas. The fuel composition and inlet temperature are varied to study the effect on temperature distribution, molar fraction distribution and reforming reaction rates within a singe cell for an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). The developed model is based on the governing equations of heat-, mass- and momentum transport, which are solved together with global reforming kinetics. The result shows that the heat generation within the cell depends mainly on the initial fuel composition and the inlet temperature. The water-gas shift reaction proceeds to the right as hydrogen is consumed and water generated in the electrochemical reactions at the anodic three-phase boundaries.
Effect of Platinum Particle Size on Catalyst Activity in Practical Gas-Phase PEFC MEAs
Authors: Limjeerajarus Nuttapol , Yamaguchi Takeo
Published: December 2010

The Pt particle-size effect on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of Pt/C catalyst in liquid-phase polymer electrolyte fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies (PEFC MEAs) is a topic researched widely in the field of surface science. However, the conclusion has not yet been clarified whether the size of Pt particle affects the ORR activity. In this research, to verify this effect, PEFC MEAs was systematically investigated in gas-phase systems in which the phase and physical characteristics are under similar conditions as those in practical applications and are significantly different from those in liquid-phase systems. PEFC MEAs experimented in this study were prepared with different Pt particle sizes ranging from 2–8 nm. The ORR activity was observed to be almost constant at each cell temperature in a range of 25–80 °C, irrespective of the particle size. By stripping voltammetry, the quantity of oxygen-containing species adsorbed on the Pt surface was found to be linearly dependent on the potential and the relative humidity, and this dependence was identical to all sizes. This implies that there was no particle-size effect on electronic properties of the Pt surface, resulting in no change in the ORR activity due to the size variation.
Bi-Functionally Graded Electrode Supported SOFC Modeling and Computational Thermal Fluid Analysis for Experimental Design
Authors: Shi Junxiang , Xue Xingjian
Published: December 2010

A comprehensive 3D CFD model is developed for a bi-electrode supported cell (BSC) SOFC. The model includes complicated transport phenomena of mass/heat transfer, charge (electron and ion) migration, and electrochemical reaction. The uniqueness of the modeling study is that functionally graded porous electrode property is taken into account, including not only linear but nonlinear porosity distributions. Extensive numerical analysis is performed to elucidate the effects of both porous microstructure distributions and operating condition on cell performance. Results indicate that cell performance is strongly dependent on both operating conditions and porous microstructure distributions of electrodes. Using the proposed fuel/gas feeding design, the uniform hydrogen distribution within porous anode is achieved; the oxygen distribution within the cathode is dependent on porous microstructure distributions as well as pressure loss conditions. Simulation results show that fairly uniform temperature distribution can be obtained with the proposed fuel/gas feeding design. The modeling results can be employed to guide experimental design of BSC test and provide pre-experimental analysis, as a result, to circumvent high cost associated with try-and-error experimental design and setup.
Optimum Design of O-Ring Shapes for a PEM Fuel Cell Stack With Carbon Based Bipolar Plates
Authors: Chung Tien-Tung , Lin Chin-Te , Shiu Huan-Ruei , Chen Kuei-Han , Chen Chi-Chang , Lu Chih-Yun
Published: December 2010

Carbon based bipolar plates and O-rings are key components and account for most weight and about half cost of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack. One function of bipolar plates is to channel fluids through a PEM fuel cell stack, and O-rings are used to avoid leaks of these fluids. However, inappropriate designs of O-ring shapes cannot seal the fluids in operation, and may induce the failure of bipolar plates in the assembly process. In this paper, we use an optimum design program and a commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software to find the best shape of O-rings for a PEM fuel cell stack whose bipolar plates are made of carbon. First of all, the behaviors of the original O-ring shape are determined by FEA with a two-dimension structural model. Non-linear material properties are also considered in the structural analysis. According to the results, the original O-ring design has drawbacks and might damage the carbon bipolar plates during the assembling. Therefore, an optimum design problem is formulated to improve the performance of O-rings. The objective of this optimum design program is to find a set of parameters to minimize the bipolar plate stress. The constraints include geometrical limit, functional requirement, and the structural safety of bipolar plates. Finally, a structural optimization program integrated with FEA software and an optimum design program is developed for this optimum design problem. Approximation concepts are also implemented in the optimum search process to reduce the computing time. The results of the optimization promote the stack structure.
Relationship of Micro-Structure Morphology to Impedance in Heterogeneous Functional Materials
Authors: Rabbi Fazle , Reifsnider Kenneth
Published: December 2010

In the present work, we are concerned with heterogeneous material systems that have multiple distinct materials and void phases, and associated interfaces, for which the geometric scale and specific morphology at the micro/nano-level play an essential role in the global properties, functional behavior, and material system performance. Such materials are at the heart of revolutionary advances in devices that convert and store energy (e.g., batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, capacitors, and many electro-optical devices), and other membrane-based devices used in chemical and fuel processing, sequestration, and extraction. In recent years, advances in a variety of additive manufacturing methods and techniques have made it possible to design, control, and fabricate specific micro- or nano-structure to achieve prescriptive functional performance of the material systems and devices in which they appear. However, systematic multiphysics analysis methods properly set on field equations that represent the local details is not available, so that first-principles understandings and designs of those materials are not properly founded. Recently, the doe established an energy frontiers research center for physics based nanostructure design and fabrication of heterogeneous functional materials, called the HeteroFoaM center, to address this and related questions. The present paper presents some initial findings of part of that effort related specifically to morphology. For the present study, a finite element model (FEM) was developed Using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS to predict impedance behavior when the field equations are set on the local features of regular geometric micro-structures The results for are compared with experimental data obtained from impedance spectroscopy of single SOFC fuel cell elements. For the model, equivalent idealized geometric structures were assumed corresponding to the YSZ material morphology of the fuel cell. Continuously aligned pore structures were represented by rectangular extrusions and regular porosity was represented by geometric shapes such as circles, rectangles and triangles. For experimental data, fragments of a button cell were used with silver paste contacts on the electrodes. For the model, the geometric microstructure was varied by using different shapes i.e. circles, rectangles and triangles while keeping the total material quantity constant, and by using equivalent areas for each of the geometric shapes. Impedance response for the frequency range from 1Hz to 1MHz was obtained for both the models and the experiments. Observations and interpretations of morphology effects are presented.
Modeling of Durability Effect on the Flooding Behavior in the PEFC Gas Diffusion Layer
Authors: Mukherjee Partha P. , Mukundan Rangachary , Borup Rodney L.
Published: December 2010

The gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a critical role in the overall performance of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), especially in the mass transport control regime due to suboptimal liquid water transport. Liquid water blocks the porous pathways in the catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer thereby causing hindered oxygen transport from the channel to the active reaction sites. This phenomenon is known as “flooding” and is perceived as the primary mechanism leading to the limiting current behavior in the cell performance. The pore morphology and wetting characteristics of the cathode GDL are of paramount importance in the effective PEFC water management. Typical beginning-of-life GDLs exhibit hydrophobic characteristics, which facilities liquid water transport and hence reduces flooding. Experimental data, however, suggest that the GDL loses hydrophobicity over prolonged PEFC operation and becomes prone to enhanced flooding. In this work, we present a pore-scale modeling framework to study the structure-wettability-durability interplay in the context of flooding behavior in the PEFC GDL.