bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociologics of the economy: the social logic, composition and structuration of economic behavior
Authors: Zafirovski Milan
Published: December 2004

The article outlines a modified sociological principle for analyzing the economy. This principle conceptualizes economic behavior as a particular form of social action, and the economy as a constituent of society. For convenience the principle is termed “sociologics” in order to convey and stress the inherently social nature, structure and dynamics of the economy. After defining sociologics, the main part of the article identifies the (primarily) sociological reasons for the presence and salience of social variables in economic behavior. Such sociological reasons are identified as social-structural, sociopsychological and sociocultural, and are conjoined with an additional category of cognitive-technical factors.
A New Computational Method for Prediction of Transient Hygroscopic Stresses during Moisture Desorption in Laminated Composite Plates with Different Degrees of Anisotropy
Authors: Tounsi A. , Bedia E. A. Adda , Benachour A.
Published: December 2004

A theoretical study is presented for predicting the hygrothermal behavior of laminated composite plates during moisture desorption. This investigation is aimed at overcoming the computational difficulties in the determination of transient hygroscopic stress distribution through laminated plates and in the evaluation of the effect of anisotropy on the evolution of such stresses. To calculate such stresses during desorption phase, we present a new method by which we are able to predict directly the evolution of transient hygroscopic stresses within laminated composite plates without the calculation of moisture concentrations as in the case of Benkeddad’s method in which we are obliged to determine the moisture distribution across the plate before the calculation of such stresses. This is very important and must be taken into account in the design of composite material, particularly aerospace structures for example, aircraft.

The second part of this investigation is devoted to the analysis of the effect of anisotropy on the hygrothermal behavior of laminated plates during moisture desorption. The polar representation method of anisotropic properties is selected as a convenient tool for this study. By this method, the author is able to assess the anisotropy of composite laminated plates using the degree of anisotropy. Some stacking sequences with different in-plane degree of anisotropy were investigated in order to show the effect of anisotropy on the transverse hygroscopic stresses. Finally, the results of this paper can be used to guide the derivation of future by opening a way for the optimal design of composite structures submitted to a moist environment.
Interaction and interactives: collaboration and participation with computer-based exhibits
Authors: Heath Christian , Lehn Dirk Vom , Osborne Jonathan
Published: December 2004

It is increasingly recognized that social interaction and collaboration are critical to our experience of museums and galleries. Curators, museum managers and designers are exploring ways of enhancing interaction and in particular using tools and technologies to create new forms of participation, with and around, exhibits. It is found, however, that these new tools and technologies, whilst enhancing “interactivity,” can do so at the cost of social interaction and collaboration, inadvertently impoverishing co-participation, and cooperation. In this paper we address some of the issues and difficulties that arise in designing for “interactivity” and in particular point to the complex and highly contingent forms of social interaction which arise with, and around, exhibits. The paper is based on a series of video-based field studies of conduct and interaction in various museums and galleries in London and elsewhere including the Science Museum and Explore@Bristol.
Public culture and public understanding of genetics: a focus group study
Authors: Bates Benjamin R.
Published: December 2004

As the role of genetic science in everyday life has grown, policymakers have become concerned about Americans’ understandings of this science. Much effort has been devoted to formal schooling, but less attention has been paid to the role of public culture in shaping public understanding of genetics. Research into public cultural messages about genetics has claimed that the public is likely to adopt problematic accounts, but few studies have explored the public’s articulation of these messages. This study is based on 25 focus groups convened to explore the lay public’s understanding of genetics. The study found that the public processed a greater variety of messages than assumed by previous researchers, including documentaries, non-sciencefiction films, and popular television in addition to previous researchers’ focus on science fiction and news media. The study also found that the public does not process the messages through the linear, transmission model assumed by previous research. The public processes messages about genetics complexly and critically. On the basis of these findings, the study suggests that researchers should include a greater variety of texts about genetics in their research and attend more fully to audience processing in addition to content analyses of these texts.
Imagining nanotechnology: cultural support for technological innovation in Europe and the United States
Authors: Gaskell George , Eyck Toby Ten , Jackson Jonathan , Veltri Giuseppe
Published: December 2004

This paper compares public perceptions of technologies in the United States and Europe. Asked whether nanotechnology will improve our way of life, 50 percent of the US sample say “yes” and 35 percent say “don’t know.” The European figures are almost the mirror image, 29 percent saying “yes” and 53 percent saying “don’t know.” People in the US are also more optimistic than Europeans about eight more familiar technologies. We suggest that people in the US assimilate nanotechnology within a set of pro-technology cultural values. By contrast, in Europe there is more concern about the impact of technology on the environment, less commitment to economic progress and less confidence in regulation. These differences in values are reflected in media coverage, with more emphasis on the potential benefits of nanotechnology in the US than in the UK. Finally, we speculate on possible futures for the reception of nanotechnology in the US and Europe.
Comparisons in Evolution and Engineering: The Collective Intelligence of Sorting
Authors: Scholes Sam , Wilson Matt , Sendova-Franks Ana B. , Melhuish Chris
Published: December 2004

Collaboration between biologists and roboticists can facilitate the creation of new behavioral algorithms by roboticists and help biologists by exposing the underlying mechanisms that allow the algorithms to function (for a review see Webb, 2000). This paper makes a direct comparison between robot annular puck sorting using real robots (Wilson, Melhuish, Sendova-Franks & Scholes, 2004) and brood sorting in the ant Leptothorax albipennis (Franks & Sendova-Franks, 1992). We compared the ants’ and robots’ structures in terms of radial displacement, shape, compactness, completeness and separation. This showed the effectiveness and limitations of using metrics developed for robots to quantify structures built by ants and helped relate common aspects of the structures to possible common aspects of the underlying algorithms. The ant behavioral rule set is still under investigation and a better understanding of the structure it creates has proved a very useful tool to examine aspects of the algorithm. We draw the conclusions that firstly, the size of the area available for sorting affects the robot algorithm and ant algorithm in opposite ways, secondly, the metrics have proved very useful in aiding discrimination between the robot and ant structures and thirdly, application of the metrics to the ant structure has offered biologists new ideas and a better understanding of the structure and how it is built.
Using Optimal Foraging Models to Evaluate Learned Robotic Foraging Behavior
Authors: Ulam Patrick , Balch Tucker
Published: December 2004

A key challenge in designing robot teams is determining how to allocate team members to specific roles according to their abilities and the demands of the environment. In this paper we explore this issue in the context of multi-robot foraging, and we show that optimal foraging theory can be used to evaluate our work in learned multi-robot foraging tasks. We present a means by which members of a multi-robot team may use reinforcement learning to allocate themselves to specific foraging roles appropriate to their environment and their abilities. We test this approach in environments with different distributions of various types of attractors and by varying the relative effectiveness of different foraging strategies. We then examine the effectiveness of the algorithm by comparing the distributions learned by the individual robots to those predicted by several optimal foraging models. We show the resulting learned distributions are substantially similar to those predicted by the optimal foraging theory models.
Moisture Performance of an Airtight, Vapor-permeable Building Envelope in a Cold Climate
Authors: Simonson Carey J. , Ojanen Tuomo , Salonvaara Mikael
Published: December 2004

Vapor-permeable building envelopes have received renewed interest because they can moderate indoor humidity levels and improve the drying of the envelope during summer condensation conditions. In this paper, the moisture performance of a vapor-permeable building envelope is presented with field measurements and numerical simulations. The results show that the diffusion resistance of the internal surface should be greater than that of the external surface (typically recommended ratio of 3: 1 or 5: 1), but that the vapor resistance of the vapor retarder can be significantly below that provided by polyethylene and still result in a safe structure, even in a cold climate.
Contingency and Judgement in Oakeshott’s Political Thought
Authors: Haddock Bruce
Published: December 2004

The article focuses on Oakeshott’s attempt to maintain a categorial distinction between political philosophy and normative prescription. It accepts the thrust of Oakeshott’s argument against rationalism in politics, but contends that the residual normative dimension in Oakeshott’s thinking should not be dismissed as philosophically irrelevant. The article takes seriously the practical demands made on agents in difficult circumstances. It focuses specifically on what may be said to be going on when we ‘pursue intimations’. By concentrating on what Oakeshott actually does (rather than what he claims to be doing) the article places Oakeshott much closer to the mainstream in western political philosophy.
The Rule of Law in the Modern European State
Authors: Boucher David
Published: December 2004

The idea of the rule of law is central in the European Union’s conception of itself, and stands as one of the most important political criteria of the enlargement process. Some clarification of this core concept is essential if it is to play a meaningful role in enlargement and, indeed, if we are able to make a judgement about whether the criterion is substantive or merely rhetorical. In other words, what purpose must the rule of law serve within a state, beyond the rather trite beliefs that the law rather than individuals rule, and that no one is above the law, if a state is to be admitted to the European Union of states? I want to suggest that its principal purpose has been to guard against arbitrary rule, and if the rule of law is to be a substantive criterion for expansion of the European Union it must be cognizant of what the criterion entails, and face up to the implications for admitting states with cultures where the rule of law has not featured significantly in their political and social landscapes. The article looks at one of the most sophisticated attempts to delineate the ideal character of the rule of law in recent philosophy, namely that of Michael Oakeshott, to clarify the meaning that it has in its use in modern European history and in relation to the modern European state.
Ridge‐regression algorithm for gravity inversion of fault structures with variable density
Authors: Chakravarthi Vishnubhotla , Sundararajan Narasimman
Published: December 2004

We derive an analytical expression for gravity anomalies of an inclined fault with density contrast decreasing parabolically with depth. The effect of the regional background, particularly the interference from neighboring sources of a fault structure, is ascribed by a polynomial equation. We have developed an inversion technique employing the ridge‐regression iterative algorithm to infer the shape parameters of the fault structure, in addition to the effect of regional background. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique by inverting a gravity anomaly of a theoretical model, both with and without adding a regional background. The technique is insensitive to the effect of regional background. Two density‐depth models of the Godavari subbasin in India are used in our interpretation of the gravity anomalies of the Ahiri‐Cherla master fault. The interpreted results of a parabolic density model are found to be more geologically reasonable in comparison with the constant density model. The variations of the misfit function of the theoretical and observed gravity anomalies, the damping factor, and the shape parameters of the fault against the iteration number indicate the reliability of the interpretation.
Generalized radial inversion of 2D potential‐field data
Authors: Silva João B. C. , Barbosa Valéria C. F.
Published: December 2004

We introduce a new 2D method for inverting potential‐field data with model constraints designed by the interpreter. Our method uses an interpretation model consisting of a source with polygonal cross‐section whose vertices are described by polar coordinates with an origininside the source. With this coordinate system, constraints in an inversion are easier to develop and apply. Our inversion method assumes a known physical property contrast for the source and estimates the radii associated with the polygon vertices for a fixed number of equally spaced angles from 0° to 360°. A wide variety of constraints may be used to stabilize the solutions by introducing information about the source shape. The method recovers stable solutions whose shapes range from almost circular or pear‐shaped to elongated in one or more directions. The convexity constraint applied to the source shape, despite requiring no quantitative information, is more versatile than the other constraints. The convexity constraint efficiently recovers source geometries that are either isometric or elongated in one direction.
Seismic imaging of reservoir flow properties: Time‐lapse amplitude changes
Authors: Vasco Don W. , Datta‐Gupta Akhil , Behrens Ron , Condon Pat , Rickett James
Published: December 2004

Asymptotic methods provide an efficient means by which to infer reservoir flow properties, such as permeability, from time‐lapse seismic data. A trajectory‐based methodology, similar to ray‐based methods for medical and seismic imaging, is the basis for an iterative inversion of time‐lapse amplitude changes. In this approach, a single reservoir simulation is required for each iteration of the algorithm. A comparison between purely numerical and the trajectory‐based sensitivities demonstrates their accuracy. Analysis of a set of synthetic amplitude changes indicates that we are able to recover large‐scale reservoir permeability variations from time‐lapse amplitude data. In an application to actual time‐lapse amplitude changes from the Bay Marchand field in the Gulf of Mexico, we are able to reduce the misfit by 81% in 12 iterations. The time‐lapse observations indicate lower permeabilities are required in the central portion of thereservoir.
Portable dense geophone array for shallow and very shallow 3D seismic reflection surveying: Part 1—Data acquisition, quality control, and processing
Authors: Bachrach Ran , Mukerji Tapan
Published: December 2004

A strategy is presented for 3D seismic reflection imaging of shallow and very shallow targets, utilizing a portable dense geophone array. A dense 2D geophone array identifies faint shallow reflections and suppresses coherent noise. Fixing the receiver locations enables the design of quality control (QC) procedures that improve event identification. The number of shots, shot locations, and their effect on target illumination can be evaluated with various QC tools during acquisition to improve overall data quality. At the same time the portability of the array increases the cost effectiveness. Radially projected supergathers enable the choice of efficient processing parameters. With sufficiently high fold and 3D frequency–wavenumber filtering, the dense geophone array is shown to image reflectors from 8 to 50 ms, along with a dominant 20‐ms water table reflection.
The effect of texture and porosity on seismic reflection amplitude in granular sediments: Theory and examples from a high‐resolution shallow seismic experiment
Authors: Bachrach Ran , Mukerji Tapan
Published: December 2004

Sediment properties such as grain shape, sorting, porosity, and the effective stress applied on the grains affect the elastic behavior of granular aggregates and, with it, the propagation of seismic waves. Seismic reflections from boundaries within granular sedimentary packs such as sands carry information about variation in the sediment properties. In this paper we analyze elastic contact mechanics models of granular media to show that within mineralogically uniform, homogeneously saturated sediments, the reflection strength can be theoretically related to variations in texture and porosity. The theoretical formulation indicates that in dry, mineralogically uniform sediments, seismic reflection amplitude depends strongly on changes in textures (such as angularity or sorting). In saturated sediments at low confining pressures, the reflection amplitude is primarily related to changes in porosity. Shallow seismic field data are interpreted quantitatively within the context of the theory. The field seismic data and supportive evidence from a nearby well are consistent with our interpretation of reflections arising from changes in textural properties of the sediment above the water table. This analysis can be used to quantify texture and porosity changes within sedimentary packets from measurements of seismic reflection strength and, thus, spatially map sedimentary properties in aquifers.
The Concept of Hope and its Relevance to Product Evaluation and Choice
Authors: MacInnis Deborah J. , de Mello Gustavo E.
Published: December 2004

This conceptual article uses an appraisal theory perspective to define the construct of hope and describe its relevance to consumer behavior, marketing, and public policy in the domains of product evaluation and choice. Using the appraisal dimensions of hope, the authors identify a set of marketing tactics that are designed to stimulate hope. They posit that hope plays a moderating role in the relationship between well-known antecedent variables (e.g., involvement, expectations) on the one hand and evaluative judgments (e.g., attitudes, satisfaction) and consumer choices on the other hand. The authors advance specific propositions that describe the effects. Furthermore, they argue that the effects have implications for marketing and public policy. The article concludes with a call for additional research relevant to the study of hope.
Nuclear fibroblast growth factor-2 interacts specifically with splicing factor SF3a66
Authors: Gringel Susanne , van Bergeijk Jeroen , Haastert Kirsten , Grothe Claudia , Claus Peter
Published: December 2004

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) has a dual role as a classical extracellular signaling protein and as an intracellular factor. Isoforms of FGF-2, resulting from alternatively used start codons on one mRNA species, locate differentially to nuclear compartments. In this study we aimed to analyze functions of intracellular FGF-2 by identification of interacting proteins. We identified the 66-kDa subunit of splicing factor 3a (SF3a66) as a binding partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed this interaction by pull-down assays. The splicing factor interacted with the 18-kDa (FGF-218) and with the 23-kDa (FGF-223) isoforms, indicating an interaction with a domain common to both isoforms. Moreover, FGF-2 interacted with the C-terminus of SF3a66, a sequence that has not previously been assigned a functional role. In a functional neurite outgrowth assay, SF3a66 enhanced neurite lengths similar to FGF-218. We have previously identified the spliceosomal assembly factor survival of motoneuron (SMN) protein as a protein interacting specifically with the FGF-223isoform [Claus et al., J. Biol. Chem.278(2003), 479–485]. The identification of two FGF-2 interacting proteins from the same biochemical pathway suggests a novel intranuclear role of FGF-2.
Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Walker Marilyn
Published: December 2004

Shamanism and the Eighteenth Century. Gloria Flaherty. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992. 320 pp. $35.00 (cloth).
Sorecery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru
Authors: Bonde Kirsten
Published: December 2004

Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru. Donald Joralemon and Douglas Sharon. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993. 306 pp. $35.00 (cloth).
Shifts of Consciousness in Consensual S/M, Bondage, and Fetish Play
Authors: Zussman Mira , Pierce Anne
Published: December 2004

The literature on sado‐masochism (S/M) and dominance and submission (D/S) tends to focus either on the psychodynamics of perversion or, in more magnanimous moments, on rites of reversal in the power relations of participants. This paper shifts the focus of analysis to the altered states of consciousness achieved in consensual S/M, bondage and fetish play and demonstrates the self‐conscious affinity between S/M and ecstatic religious practices like those well documented in the anthropological literature. The paper will explore sensory and other shifts used to produce what one informant called "that transformative experience." It is posited that "dominance/ submission" and "top/bottom" are not simply asymmetrical relations in terms of power relations, but that they evoke fundamentally different states of consciousness. Further, altered states in consensual bondage and fetish play differ significantly in hetero‐ and homosexual play. The reasons for this appear to have both historical and political implications which are explored briefly in the paper.
Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/'hoansi
Authors: Michrina Barry P.
Published: December 2004

Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalaharilu/'hoansi Richard Katz Megan Biesele and Verna St Denis Rochester Vermont: Inner Traditions, 1997. 214pp. $29.95
Harrison M. Trice 1984 "Rites and Ceremonials in Organizational Cultures"
Authors: Jacobson Claire
Published: December 2004

In Perspectives on Organizational Sociology and Research S. B. Bacharach and S. M. Mitchell (Eds.) Greenwich, Conn JAI Press, Vol. 4.

Trice M. Harrison and Janice M. Beyer. 1984 "Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials," Academy of Management Review. Vol. 4, NO.
Styles of Urban Policing: Organization, Environment, and Police Styles in Selected American Cities
Authors: DeRoche Constance P.
Published: December 2004

Styles of Urban Policing: Organization, Environment, and Police Styles in Selected American Cities. Slovak, Jeffrey S. New York: New York University Press,1986 198 pp.
From Traps to Draggers: Domestic Commodity Production in Northwest Newfoundland, 1850–1982
Authors: Silverman Marilyn
Published: December 2004

From Traps to Draggers: Domestic Commodity Production in Northwest Newfoundland, 1850–1982. Sinclair. Peter R. Memorial University, Newfoundland: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1985.156 pages. $9.00 Can.
The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank
Authors: Simon Scott
Published: December 2004

The Price of. Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank, David Bornstein. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Occupational Hazards of Drug Crop Cultivation in Latin America
Authors: Leons M. Barbara
Published: December 2004

Coca Mama–The War On Drugs. Jan Thielen. 52 minutes. Color. New York: Filmakers Library, 2001.

Voices of the Sierra Tarahumara. Robert Brewten and Felix Arthur, Gehm. 52 minutes. Color. Berkeley: University of California Extension and Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2001.
Careers and Influence in a Mexican City: The Case of Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Chambers Erve
Published: December 2004

Anthony Leeds observed more than a decade ago, that the ways in which careers are structured in modern societies provide important clues to the social organization and development of those societies. This paper is concerned with the relationship between career patterns, class background, and personalistic values among urban Mexican schoolteachers. Informal relationships with persons of influence (palancas) are described as an example of how values of personalism can be adapted to modern social environments. The patterning of palanca ties differs between teachers from lower and middle class backgrounds, with teachers from lower class backgrounds demonstrating a significantly greater acceptance of these relatively new kinds of relationships. Similarities and differences between the findings of this research and Leeds' study of Brazilian career patterns are discussed.
Stance and Subjectivity
Authors: KOCKELMAN PAUL
Published: December 2004

Stance may be understood as the semiotic means by which we indicate our orientation to states of affairs, usually framed in terms of evaluation (e.g., moral obligation and epistemic possibility) or intentionality (e.g., desire and memory, fear and doubt). Using data from Q'eqchi'‐Maya and English, stance is operationalized in terms of complement‐taking predicates and the grammatical category of status. Using frameworks from Goffman and Jakobson, it is argued that these lexical and grammatical domains disambiguate principals from animators (here called the commitment event and the speech event, respectively). It is argued that stances may be crosslinguistically grouped and ordered as a function of the degree to which the commitment event subsumes, or coincides with, the narrated event. And it is argued that “subjectivity in language” is not the issue; rather, research should focus on the intersection of a crosslinguistic account of commitment events and community‐specific understandings of a speaker's contribution to event construal.
Visual Metaphor as Method in Interviews with Children
Authors: CLARK CINDY DELL
Published: December 2004

A challenge to child‐centered anthropology is to develop methods of exploring children's worlds that accommodate children's own ways of communicating meaning, including nonverbal, visual means. The article proposes an approach, the Metaphor Sort Technique, and illustrates this method based on an ethnographic study of childhood diabetes and asthma. The Metaphor Sort Technique employs pictures selected by children as metaphors for their impressions of illness and its treatment. The Metaphor Sort Technique, as a feature of discourse, stimulated, complemented, and supported children's verbal utterances. The study demonstrates that when modes of discourse include visual, nonliteral tasks, this can activate a child's discursive power, reducing deference and enhancing the child's authority in an adult–child encounter.
How to Keep Your Language Alive: A Commonsense Approach to One‐on‐One Language Learning.
Authors: CASTILLO JEANIE
Published: December 2004

How to Keep Your Language Alive:. Commonsense Approach to One‐on‐One Language Learning Leanne Hinton with Matt Vera, Nancy Steele, and the Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival Berkeley: Heydey Books, 2002 xvii. 144 pp.
Cognitive Dimensions of Social Science.
Authors: DANZIGER EVE
Published: December 2004

Cognitive Dimensions of Social Science Mark Turner Oxford: University Press, 2001 183 pp.
Nazi‐Deutsch/Nazi German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich.
Authors: DOW JAMES R.
Published: December 2004

Nazi‐Deutsch/Nazi German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich Robert Michael and Karin Doerr. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002 xx. 480 pp.
Reserve Memories: The Power of the Past in a Chilcotin Community.
Authors: NG EVE
Published: December 2004

Reserve Memories: The Power of the Past in. Chilcotin Community David W. Dinwoodie Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002 xi. 120 pp.
Style and Sociolinguistic Variation.
Authors: RENDLE‐SHORT JOHANNA
Published: December 2004

Style and Sociolinguistic Variation Penelope Eckert and John R. Rickford, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001 xvi; 341 pp.
Reviews, Catalogs, & New Publications
Authors: Parker Linda
Published: December 2004

Mary Douglas. ed. 1987 Constructive Drinking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 22.7 cm. 15 cm, 291 pp., index, individual bibliography for each paper. ISBN 0‐521‐33504‐3 hardback.
Understanding Reproductive Technologies as a Surveillant Assemblage: Revisions of Power and Technoscience
Authors: Lowry Deborah Wilson
Published: December 2004

Critical scholars have indicated the potential of reproductive technologies to perpetuate race, class, and gender inequalities. This article aims to enhance this literature by applying Haggerty and Ericson's concept of the surveillant assemblage. This model enriches previous work by focusing on reproductive technologies as fluid networks of surveillance that promote abstraction, fetishism, transformation of bodies into commodified information, and perceptions of reduced risk. Understanding reproductive technologies in this way demonstrates the extent to which they are translations of these particular values and power relations and at the same time acknowledges a multiplicity of interests. I argue that opportunities for reshaping the current politics of reproduction do not lie in the eradication of individual reproductive technologies but in attention to their assemblage(s), their propensity to abstract and objectify via surveillance, and their efforts to promote technological translations of other interests.
How Whites Play Their Race Card: Drylongso Stories Reveal “the Game”
Authors: Elise Sharon
Published: December 2004

This article analyzes the “self-portrait” rendered through interviews with blacks in John Langston Gwaltney's Drylongso to highlight a theory of whiteness and race from the standpoint of “drylongso”—meaning ordinary—blacks. The game metaphor that emerges in Gwaltney's ethnography is extended in this analysis to further our understanding of the privileged position of whites and the strategies undertaken by diverse “players” to defend it. The “game” begins with the assignment of a rAce card to whites, one that grants them access to a life that is different from that of blacks, who are dealt a low card that consigns them to the role of a “losing player.” Gwaltney's ethnography and this game metaphor provide a means for ongoing analyses of continuity and change among blacks, of “whiteness,” of white privilege, and of white racism.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Conditions as Moderators of Family Resource Transmission: High School Completion among At-Risk Youth
Authors: Fischer Mary J. , Kmec Julie A.
Published: December 2004

We investigate how neighborhood socioeconomic conditions (SES), family resources during adolescence, and high school completion are related for a sample of at-risk youth. Borrowing from the “neighborhood effects” and family literatures, we investigate whether the effects of family economic resources, connections to the community, school, and religious institutions and family structure on high school completion depend on levels of neighborhood SES. Analyses using panel data on nearly five hundred families in urban Philadelphia confirm that high SES neighborhoods enhance parental ability to turn some but not all of their resources into positive educational outcomes for their children. The results provide a basis for understanding the processes whereby neighborhoods influence parent-child resource transmission.
Four‐Component Relativistic Electronic Structure Theory
Authors: Visscher Lucas
Published: December 2004

An accurate description of the electronic structure of heavy elements requires a relativistic description of the motion of electrons. The quantum mechanical Dirac equation provides the theoretical framework for this description and is used either directly or in an approximated form in modern quantum chemical calculations. This paper discusses the foundation of the theory, the possible approximations that may be made, and the computational characteristics of the resulting algorithms.
Individual differences in children's suggestibility: a review and synthesis
Authors: Bruck Maggie , Melnyk Laura
Published: December 2004

Over the last decade, there has been a significant growth in the study of individual differences factors predicting children's suggestibility. In this paper, we synthesize the results of 69 studies examining the relationship of demographic factors (socioeconomic status and gender), cognitive factors (intelligence, language, memory, theory of mind, executive functioning, behavioural ratings of distractibility, and creativity), and psycho‐social factors (social engagement, self concept/self‐efficacy, stress/emotional arousal/state anxiety, maternal attachment styles, parent‐child relationship, parenting styles, temperament, and mental health) and children's suggestibility. We found that for cognitive factors, language ability and creativity were fairly consistently related to suggestibility. The highest correlations for psycho‐social factors and suggestibility were obtained for measures of self‐concept/self‐efficacy, maternal attachment, and the parent‐child relationship. Implications for future research and mechanisms underlying children's suggestibility are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of Correlated Zero‐inflated Count Data
Authors: Dagne Getachew A.
Published: December 2004

This article presents two‐component hierarchical Bayesian models which incorporate both overdispersion and excess zeros. The components may be resultants of some intervention (treatment) that changes the rare event generating process. The models are also expanded to take into account any heterogeneity that may exist in the data. Details of the model fitting, checking and selecting alternative models from a Bayesian perspective are also presented. The proposed methods are applied to count data on the assessment of an efficacy of pesticides in controlling the reproduction of whitefly. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Investigation on the Allelic Chi‐Square Test Used in Genetic Association Studies
Authors: Kang Seung‐Ho , Shin Dong‐Wan , Oh Man‐Suk , Ahn Chul W.
Published: December 2004

Case‐control studies are primary study designs used in genetic association studies. Sasieni (Biometrics 1997, 53, 1253–1261) pointed out that the allelic chi‐square test used in genetic association studies is invalid when Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) is violated in a combined population. It is important to know how much type I error rate is deviated from the nominal level under violated HWE. We examine bounds of type I error rate of the allelic chi‐square test. We also investigate power of the goodness‐of‐fit test for HWE which can be used as a guideline for selecting an appropriate test between the allelic chi‐square test and the modified allelic chi‐square test, the latter of which was proposed for cases of violated HWE. In small samples, power is not large enough to detect the Wright's inbreeding model of small values of inbreeding coefficient. Therefore, when the null hypothesis of HWE is barely accepted, the modified test should be considered as an alternative method. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micro Array Based Gene Expression Analysis using Parametric Multivariate Tests per Gene – A Generalized Application of Multiple Procedures with Data‐driven Order of Hypotheses
Authors: Schuster Ernst , Kropf Siegfried , Roeder Ingo
Published: December 2004

Micro array technology allows the simultaneous analysis of ten‐thousands of genes. Most often, however, the analysis is based on a few replications only. This causes problems in the application of classical multivariate tests which require sample sizes exceeding the number of observed variables. To overcome these problems, a class of stable, multivariate procedures based on the theory of spherical distributions has been proposed by Läuter, Glimm, and Kropf (1996). These methods allow the use of multivariate information of many genes for testing differential gene expression. Furthermore, multiple testing procedures based on these principles have been constructed (e.g., Kropf, Läuter, 2002), which strictly keep the familywise type I error rate (FWE).

In this paper, these methods have been generalized to allow for the use of full multivariate information on expression intensities of individual genes analysed by the Affymetrix GeneChip technology. In contrast to the usual strategy, which constructs an expression score for each gene, based on averaging of the different oligonucleotide (perfect‐ and miss‐match) information, and then performs some test on these summarized expression values, we suggest using a test procedure based on the complete multivariate perfect match information. We show that a multiple FWE‐controlling procedure for normally distributed data proposed by Westfall, Kropf, and Finos (2004), can be generalised to a more powerful procedure based on left‐spherically distributed scores derived from the perfect match information, without losing the FWE‐controlling property.

To illustrate the proposed test procedures, which have been implemented in the statistical programming environment R, we analyse two already published data sets, comparing gene expression of tumour and healthy tissues within identical patients and between two groups of different patients, respectively. Using these examples, we demonstrated that the incorporation of the multivariate perfect match information is superior to classical expression score based methods with respect to the number of identifiable differentially expressed genes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation Following a Group Sequential Test
Authors: Liu Aiyi , Troendle James F. , Yu Kai F. , Yuan Vivian W.
Published: December 2004

We consider estimation after a group sequential test. An estimator that is unbiased or has small bias may have substantial conditional bias (Troendle and Yu, 1999, Coburger and Wassmer, 2001). In this paper we derive the conditional maximum likelihood estimators of both the primary parameter and a secondary parameter, and investigate their properties within a conditional inference framework. The method applies to both the usual and adaptive group sequential test designs. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Parents' perspectives on young suicide
Authors: Stanley Nicky
Published: December 2004

Strategies for the prevention of adolescent suicide are frequently designed to identify those young people who represent a high risk in order that services and support can be effectively targeted. This study explored the experiences of parents who had lost a child through suicide. The findings suggest that the range of behaviours perceived by parents was too broad and diverse to allow for a checklist approach to the identification of risk. The parents' responses did produce some valuable reflections on their experiences of professional support as well as some key messages on parenting which could be disseminated to all parents of adolescents.
The Social Costs of Child Poverty: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Evidence
Authors: Attree Pamela
Published: December 2004

This paper describes a systematic review of qualitative studies of children living in material disadvantage, which compares and confirms experiences across a pool of studies that meet predetermined quality criteria. The review found that, according to children's narratives, the costs of poverty are not only material but also profoundly social. The evidence suggests that, despite their efforts to maximise their resources, many poor children experience a gradual narrowing of their horizons, both socially and economically. In conclusion the paper suggests the need for further research from children's viewpoints, given the UK government's commitment to reducing child poverty and associated problems of social exclusion.
Algebraic preconditioning versus direct solvers for dense linear systems as arising in crack propagation problems
Authors: Bängtsson Erik , Neytcheva Maya
Published: December 2004

Preconditioned iterative solution methods are compared with the direct Gaussian elimination method to solve dense linear systems Ax=b which originate from problems, discretized by boundary element method (BEM) techniques. Numerical experiments are presented and compared with the direct solution method available in a commercial BEM package, which show that the preconditioned iterative schemes are highly competitive with respect to both arithmetic operations required and memory demands. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive repressor activity of CD33 on human monocytes requires sialic acid recognition and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐mediated intracellular signaling
Authors: Lajaunias Frédéric , Dayer Jean‐Michel , Chizzolini Carlo
Published: December 2004

Human CD33 is a myeloid‐restricted transmembrane protein of the sialic acid‐binding Ig‐like lectin (Siglec) family. While structural analysis predicts an inhibitory function, it remains unknown under which circumstances CD33 may operate as an inhibitory molecule. Here we show that treatment of human monocytes with anti‐CD33 mAb induces the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐8. However, decreased CD33 surface expression obtained by RNA interference using cognate small interfering RNA (siRNA) was specifically paralleled by spontaneous cytokine production. Similarly, sialic acid (CD33 ligand) removal from the monocyte surface by neuraminidase resulted in IL‐1β up‐regulation, while the addition of red blood cells or sialyllactosamine (but not lactosamine) reversed the effect of neuraminidase treatment, thus demonstrating the importance of ligand recognition by CD33 for repression of monocyte activation. Finally, inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) dramatically enhanced the IL‐1β response to anti‐CD33 and neuraminidase, while inhibition of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) abolished it. Simultaneous addition of both inhibitors resulted in low levels of IL‐1β, suggesting that CD33 exerts an inhibitory role mediated by PI3K, while p38 MAPK signaling is required for IL‐1β production. These data indicate that by controlling monocyte activation, CD33 is a key molecule in the inflammatory response, depending on the sialic acid microenvironment for its repressor activity.
Peripheral T cell tolerance occurs early during spontaneous prostate cancer development and can be rescued by dendritic cell immunization
Authors: Degl'Innocenti Elena , Grioni Matteo , Boni Andrea , Camporeale Annalisa , Bertilaccio Maria T. S. , Freschi Massimo , Monno Antonella , Arcelloni Cinzia , Greenberg Norman M. , Bellone Matteo
Published: December 2004

In the tumor‐prone transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model we followed the fate of the immune response against the SV40 large T antigen (Tag) selectively expressed in the prostate epithelium during the endogenous transformation from normal cells to tumors. Young (5–7‐week‐old) male TRAMP mice, despite a dim and patchy expression of Tag overlapping foci of mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, displayed a strong Tag‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response after an intradermal injection of peptide‐pulsed dendritic cells (DC). This response was weaker than the one found in vaccinated wild‐type littermates, and was characterized by a reduced frequency and avidity of Tag‐specific CTL. Early DC vaccination also subverted the profound state of peripheral tolerance typically found in TRAMP mice older than 9–10 weeks. The DC‐induced CTL response indeed was still detectable in TRAMP mice of 16 weeks, and was associated with histology evidence of reduced disease progression. Our findings suggest that tumor antigens are handled as self antigens, and peripheral tolerance is associated with in situ antigen overexpression and cancer progression. Our data also support a relevant role for DC‐based vaccines in controlling the induction of peripheral tolerance to tumor antigens.
Stimulation via Toll‐like receptor 9 reduces Cryptococcus neoformans‐induced pulmonary inflammation in an IL‐12‐dependent manner
Authors: Edwards Lorna , Williams Andrew E. , Krieg Arthur M. , Rae Aaron J. , Snelgrove Robert J. , Hussell Tracy
Published: December 2004

Cytosine‐phosphate‐guanosine‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) are important vaccine adjuvants that promote Th1‐type immune responses. Cryptococcus neoformans is a serious human pathogen that replicates in the lung but may disseminate systemically leading to meningitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Immunization of susceptible C57BL/6 mice with CpG ODN deviates the immune response from a Th2‐ toward a Th1‐type response following infection with C. neoformans. CpG also induces IL‐12, TNF, MCP‐1 and macrophage nitric oxide production. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN‐γ increase in frequency, while those producing IL‐5 decrease. More importantly, pulmonary eosinophilia is significantly reduced, an effect that depends on IL‐12 and CD8+ T cells but not NK cells. CpG treatment also reduces the burden of C. neoformans in the lung, an effect that is IL‐12‐, NK cell‐ and T cell‐independent and probably reflects a direct effect of CpG on pathogen opsonization or an enhancement of macrophage antimicrobial activity. An equivalent beneficial effect is also observed when CpG ODN treatment is delivered during established cryptococcal disease. This is the first study documenting that promotion of lung TLR9 signaling using synthetic agonists enhances host defense. Activation of innate immunity has clear therapeutic potential and may even be beneficial in patients with acquired immune deficiency.
Moving‐interface computations with the edge‐tracked interface locator technique (ETILT)
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela A. , Celentano Diego J. , Tezduyar Tayfun E.
Published: December 2004

We describe, for simulation of flows with moving interfaces, a computational method based on the edge‐tracked interface locator technique (ETILT). The method described has been designed by bearing in mind the ease in managing a node‐based interface representation and the interface sharpness and volume conservation features of the Moving Lagrangian Interface Technique. We evaluate the performance of the method with a number of test problems: filling of a step cavity, gravity‐driven flow of an aluminium alloy in an obstructed channel, collapse of a liquid column, and the bore problem. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of transonic aerodynamic flows based on a hierarchical formulation
Authors: Hafez Mohamed , Wahba Essam
Published: December 2004

In this paper, steady two‐dimensional potential flows over airfoils are calculated with and without entropy and vorticity corrections, due to the presence of shock waves and/or laminar boundary layers. The results are in agreement with the corresponding solutions of Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. The present approach is briefly described and some extensions are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.