bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling of delamination factor on drilling of ARALL composites through RSM
Authors: Jenarthanan M.P. , M. Karthikeyan , Neeli Naresh
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model for delamination during drilling by using a response surface methodology (RSM) and also to determine how the input parameters (tool diameter, spindle speed and feed rate) influence the output response (delamination) in machining of fiber metal laminates.

Design/methodology/approach

Three factors and a three-level central composite design in RSM are used to carry out the experimental investigation. A video measuring system is used to measure the width of maximum damage of the machined FML composite. The “Design Expert 7.0” is used to analyze the data collected graphically. Analysis of variance is carried out to validate the model and for determining the most significant parameter.

Findings

The response surface model is used to predict the input factors influencing the delamination on the machined surfaces of the ARALL composite at different cutting conditions with the chosen range of 95 percent confidence intervals. Analysis of the influences of entire individual input machining parameters on the delamination has been carried out using RSM.

Originality/value

The effect of delamination on drilling of ARALL composites with solid carbide tools of various diameters has not been analyzed yet using RSM.
Eigen value approach for dual phase lag micropolar porous thermoelastic circular plate with ramp type heating
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Kaushal Priyanka , Sharma Rajni
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a two dimensional problem of micropolar porous thermoelastic circular plate subjected to ramp type heating.

Design/methodology/approach

Three phase lag theory of thermoelasticity has been used to formulate the problem. A numerical inversion technique is applied to obtain the result in the physical domain. The numerical values of the resulting quantities are presented graphically to show the effect of porosity and dual phase lag model. Some particular cases are also presented.

Findings

The Laplace and Hankel transforms are employed followed by the eigen value approach to obtain the components of displacements, microrotation, volume fraction field, temperature distribution and stresses in the transformed domain.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils the need to study the two-dimensional problem of micropolar porous thermoelastic circular plate subjected to ramp type heating.
Biometric template security: an overview
Authors: Riaz Naveed , Riaz Ayesha , Khan Sajid Ali
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The security of the stored biometric template is itself a challenge. Feature transformation techniques and biometric cryptosystems are used to address the concerns and improve the general acceptance of biometrics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different techniques and processes for securing the biometric templates. Furthermore, the paper explores current research trends in this area.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the authors provide an overview and survey of different features transformation techniques and biometric cryptosystems.

Findings

Feature transformation techniques and biometric cryptosystems provide reliable biometric security at a high level. There are many techniques that provide provable security with practical viable recognition rates. However, there remain several issues and challenges that are being faced during the deployment of these technologies.

Originality/value

This paper provides an overview of currently used techniques for securing biometric templates and also outlines the related issues and challenges.
Active migration is associated with specific and consistent changes to gut microbiota in Calidris shorebirds
Authors: Risely Alice , Waite David W. , Ujvari Beata , Hoye Bethany J. , Klaassen Marcel
Published: November 2017

Gut microbes are increasingly recognised for their role in regulating an animal's metabolism and immunity. However, identifying repeatable associations between host physiological processes and their gut microbiota has proved challenging, in part because microbial communities often respond stochastically to host physiological stress (e.g. fasting, forced exercise or infection).

Migratory birds provide a valuable system in which to test host–microbe interactions under physiological extremes because these hosts are adapted to predictable metabolic and immunological challenges as they undergo seasonal migrations, including temporary gut atrophy during long‐distance flights. These physiological challenges may either temporarily disrupt gut microbial ecosystems, or, alternatively, promote predictable host–microbe associations during migration.

To determine the relationship between migration and gut microbiota, we compared gut microbiota composition between migrating and non‐migrating (“resident”) conspecific shorebirds sharing a flock. We performed this across two sandpiper species, Calidris ferruginea and Calidris ruficollis, in north‐western Australia, and an additional C. ruficollis population 3,000 km away in southern Australia.

We found that migrants consistently had higher abundances of the bacterial genus Corynebacterium (average 28% abundance) compared to conspecific residents (average <1% abundance), with this effect holding across both species and sites. However, other than this specific association, community structure and diversity was almost identical between migrants and residents, with migration status accounting for only 1% of gut community variation when excluding Corynebacterium.

Our findings suggest a consistent relationship between Corynebacterium and Calidris shorebirds during migration, with further research required to identify causal mechanisms behind the association, and to elucidate functionality to the host. However, outside this specific association, migrating shorebirds broadly maintained gut community structure, which may allow them to quickly recover gut function after a migratory flight. This study provides a rare example of a repeatable and specific response of the gut microbiota to a major physiological challenge across two species and two distant populations.
Size and spacing rules can balance conservation and fishery management objectives for marine protected areas
Authors: Fovargue Rachel , Bode Michael , Armsworth Paul R.
Published: November 2017

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly integrated into fishery management for coastal systems. Size and spacing rules (SSRs) have been proposed as simple MPA design guidelines, especially in regions where population connectivity data are limited.

We assessed whether SSRs allow managers to design effective MPA networks under spatiotemporally varying dispersal patterns using a spatially realistic population model parameterized for a commercially‐exploited fish species on the Great Barrier Reef.

SSRs are used to design MPA networks, and population simulations are used to measure the mean and variance of the resulting population size and fishery catch.

We show that SSR performance is contingent on the extent of the MPA network, and whether species’ connectivity data can be used to target areas for protection. For example, in the absence of connectivity data, a “many small” MPAs rule provides the least variable management outcome.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that the performance and usefulness of size and spacing rules (SSRs) as guidelines for marine protected areas (MPAs) depend on the level of knowledge about larval dispersal, as well as the level of current exploitation in the fishery. These context‐dependent results offer particularly relevant guidance to future MPA design projects in regions with limited connectivity data.
Woodland resilience to regional drought: Dominant controls on tree regeneration following overstorey mortality
Authors: Redmond Miranda D. , Weisberg Peter J. , Cobb Neil S. , Clifford Michael J.
Published: November 2017

Drought events occurring under warmer temperatures (i.e. “hotter droughts”) have resulted in widespread tree mortality across the globe, and may result in biome‐level vegetation shifts to alternate vegetation types if there is a failure of trees to regenerate. We investigated how overstorey trees, understorey vegetation, and local climatic and edaphic conditions interact to influence tree regeneration, a key prerequisite for resilience, in a region that has experienced severe overstorey tree mortality due to hotter droughts and beetle infestations.

We used detailed field observations from 142 sites that spanned a broad range of environmental conditions to evaluate the effects of climate and recent tree mortality on tree regeneration dynamics in the spatially extensive piñon (Pinus edulis)‐juniper (Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus monosperma)woodland vegetation type of the southwesternUSA. We used a structural equation modelling framework to identify how tree mortality and local climatic and edaphic conditions affect piñon and juniper regeneration and electivity analyses to quantify the species‐specific associations of tree juveniles with overstorey trees and understorey shrubs.

Piñon regeneration appears to be strongly dependent upon advanced regeneration, (i.e. the survival of juvenile trees that established prior to the mortality event), the survival of adult seed‐bearing trees (inferred from basal area of surviving trees) and the facilitative effects of overstorey trees for providing favourable microsites for seedling establishment. Model results suggest that local edaphoclimatic conditions directly affected piñon and juniper regeneration, such that stands with hotter, drier local climatic conditions and lower soil available water capacity had limited tree regeneration following large‐scale dieback.

Synthesis. We identify four indicators of resilience to hotter drought conditions: (1) abundant advance regeneration of tree seedlings; (2) sufficient canopy cover for survival of emergent seedlings and existing regeneration; (3) sufficient seed source from surviving trees with high reproductive output; (4) areas with cooler and wetter local climates and greater soil available water capacity. In the absence of these conditions, there is greater likelihood of woodlands transitioning to more xeric vegetation types following dieback.
Scatterhoarders drive long‐ and short‐term population dynamics of a nut‐producing tree, while pre‐dispersal seed predators and herbivores have little effect
Authors: Elwood Elise C. , Lichti Nathanael I. , Fitzsimmons Sara F. , Dalgleish Harmony J.
Published: November 2017

Both seed predators and herbivores can have profound effects on individual plant growth, reproduction and survival, but their population‐level effects are less well understood. While most plants interact with a suite of seed predators and herbivores over their life cycle, few studies incorporate the effects of multiple interacting partners and multiple life stages on plant population growth.

We constructed a matrix model using 6 years of data from a rare, seed‐producing population of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). We combined field demographic data with published experimental results on the effects of pre‐dispersal seed predators (weevils) and post‐dispersal seed predators (scatter‐hoarding vertebrates) and incorporated the effect of vertebrate herbivores estimated from the field data. We explored the impact of these three different animal interactions for short‐term (transient) and long‐term (asymptotic) tree population growth. In addition, we used the model to explore the conditions under which scatter hoarding would function as a mutualism.

Seed predators had greater effect on both short‐ and long‐term population growth than herbivores. Although weevil infestation can greatly reduce the probability of germination, pre‐dispersal seed predators had smaller effects on both short‐ or long‐term population growth than post‐dispersal predators. The elasticities of weevil‐related parameters were also small. The effect of browsers on both the short‐ and long‐term population growth rate were the smallest of the effects studied. Post‐dispersal seed predation affected population growth the most in the interactions studied. The probability of seed removal was among the largest elasticities, similar in magnitude to survival of large trees.

Synthesis. Our results indicate that neither weevils nor the intensity of browse damage observed at our study site are likely to hinder tree regeneration or reintroduction, although both reduced population growth. Although researchers and forest managers often assume that seeds are unimportant for long‐lived tree populations, our test of this assumption shows that scatterhoarders and other post‐dispersal seed consumers can significantly limit natural regeneration. Forest management that alters scatterhoarder behaviour could have significant effects on tree population dynamics that are largely unexplored.
Role of mitochondria and mitochondria‐targeted agents in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Ajith Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan
Published: November 2017

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in the fatty acid oxidation and have been found to be affected early during the macrovesicular fat accumulation in the hepatocytes. The fatty infiltration is the primary cause of oxidative stress and inflammation in the non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can lead to the peroxidation of phospholipids, such as cardiolipin. Oxidative stress‐induced damage to mitochondrial DNA can result in the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and further increases the generation of reactive oxygen species. The mitochondrial damage may eventually lead to apoptotic death of hepatocytes. The apoptosis along with the generated cytokines from the stellate and Kupffer cells further augment the fibrotic changes to advance the disease. Hence, alleviation of the mitochondrial impairment, particularly in the early stages of NAFLD, may prevent the progression of the disease. Among the various experimentally studied mitochondrial‐targeted agents, triphenylphosphonium cation ligated ubiquinone Q10 and vitamin E, Szeto‐Scheller peptides, and superoxide dismutase mimetic‐salen manganese complexes (EUK‐8 and EUK‐134) have been found to be most promising. In addition to these mitochondrial‐targeted agents, a novel area of therapy called mitotherapy have also emerged. However, clinical studies conducted so far are still fragmentary to validate their efficacy. This review article discusses the mitochondria‐targeted molecules and their potential role in the treatment of NAFLD.
Dynamic changes of the composition of plasmaHDLparticles in patients with cardiac disease: Spotlight on sphingosine‐1‐phosphate/serum amyloid A ratio
Authors: Egom Emmanuel E , Shiwani Haaris A , Pharithi Rebabonye B , Canning Rebecca , Khan Barkat , Hiani Yassine El , Maher Vincent
Published: November 2017

Several epidemiological studies reported an inverse relationship between plasma high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, therapeutic interventions targeted at raisingHDL‐cholesterol failed to improve cardiovascular outcomes, suggesting thatHDLcomponents distinct from cholesterol may account for the anti‐atherothrombotic effects attributed to this lipoprotein. Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) and the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) have been identified as integral constituents ofHDLparticles. Evidence suggests that S1P andSAAlevels withinHDLparticles may be affected by inflammation and oxidative stress, which are coexisting processes underlyingASCVD. BecauseSAA, an inflammation‐related marker, and S1P, an anti‐atherothrombotic marker, have relatively clear opposite characteristics among theHDL‐associated proteins, the approach of assessing the two markers simultaneously may provide new insights in clinical practice (S1P/SAAIndex). This review focuses on evidence in support of the concept that the S1P/SAAIndex may affect theHDLatheroprotective properties and may, therefore represent a potential target for therapeutic interventions.
The importance of ‘extremely unlikely’ events: tail risk and the costs of climate change
Authors: Quiggin John
Published: November 2017

In assessing the risks associated with climate change, ‘tail risks’ (low‐probability extreme events) often play a much larger role than their probability alone might indicate. There are three main reasons for this: the linear relationship between sensitivity and warming; the convexity of the damage function; and the concavity of the utility function. Ignoring the upper tail of the distribution of possible outcomes will result in serious underestimates of the social cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and of the socially optimal price for emissions.
Current Trends in Ancient Grains‐Based Foodstuffs: Insights into Nutritional Aspects and Technological Applications
Authors: Boukid Fatma , Folloni Silvia , Sforza Stefano , Vittadini Elena , Prandi Barbara
Published: November 2017

For centuries, ancient grains fed populations, but due to their low yield, they were abandoned and replaced by high‐yielding species. However, currently, there is a renewed interest in ancient wheat and pseudocereal grains from consumers, farmers, and manufacturers. Ancient wheat such as einkorn, emmer, spelt, and Kamut®, are being reintegrated because of their low fertilizer input, high adaptability and important genetic diversity. New trends in pseudocereal products are also emerging, and they are mostly appreciated for their nutritional outcomes, particularly by the gluten‐free market. Toward healthier lifestyle, ancient grains‐based foodstuffs are a growing business and their industrialization is taking 2 pathways, either as a raw ingredient or a functional ingredient. This paper deals with these grain characteristics by focusing on the compositional profile and the technological potential.
Glutathione S‐transferase genes and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Role of sexual dimorphism, gene–gene and gene–smoking interactions in disease susceptibility
Authors: Azarova Iuliia , Bushueva Olga , Konoplya Alexander , Polonikov Alexey
Published: November 2017

Background

Compromised defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered important in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); therefore, genes encoding antioxidant defense enzymes may contribute to disease susceptibility. This study investigated whether polymorphisms in genes encoding glutathione S‐transferase M1 (GSTM1), T1 (GSTT1), and P1 (GSTP1) jointly contribute to the risk of T2DM.

Methods

In all, 1120 unrelated Russian subjects (600 T2DM patients, 520 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy subjects), were recruited to the study. Genotyping was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR; del/del polymorphisms ofGSTM1andGSTT1) and TaqMan‐based PCR (polymorphisms I105V and A114V ofGSTP1). Plasma ROS and glutathione levels in study subjects were analyzed by fluorometric and colorimetric assays, respectively.

Results

Genotype del/delGSTT1was significantly associated with the risk of T2DM (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–2.21,P = 0.003). Gender‐stratified analysis showed that the deletion genotypes ofGSTM1(OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.30–3.05;P = 0.0002,Q = 0.016) andGSTT1(OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.22–4.09;P = 0.008,Q = 0.0216), as well as genotype 114A/V ofGSTP1(OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.44–5.62;P = 0.005,Q = 0.02) were associated with an increased risk of T2DM exclusively in males. Three genotype combinations (i.e.GSTM1+ × GSTT1+,GSTM1+ × GSTP1114A/A andGSTT1+ × GSTP1114A/A) showed significant associations with a decreased risk of T2DM in males.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates, for the first time, that genes encoding glutathione S‐transferases jointly contribute to the risk of T2DM, and that their effects on disease susceptibility are gender specific.
Molluscan evidence for diet and environment at Saar in the early second millennium BC
Authors: GLOVER EMILY
Published: November 2017

Molluscan shells were abundant throughout the archaeological deposit at Saar. Analysis of species composition and abundance provided evidence for marine food in the diet and for local marine environments. The most important edible species were bivalves such as pearl oyster and clams with smaller numbers of gastropods, for example conch and muricid snails. The range of archaeological species indicated that there were no major changes in the intertidal marine habitats. They have not provided further evidence for the location of the prehistoric coastline which might have differed from the present day. Flotation samples contained small freshwater gastropods which have not been recorded previously from sites in the Arabian Gulf. These gave evidence for the use of water in the site and for nearby freshwater springs.
Evidence for a Kassite temple at Qala'at al‐Bahrain?
Authors: HØJLUND FLEMMING
Published: November 2017

Four stone blocks decorated with T‐shaped grooves indicate the presence of a Mesopotamian‐style temple in the tell of Qala'at al‐Bahrain on the north coast of the island of Bahrain.
Checks, Balances, and Resistance: The Impact of an Anti‐Immigrant Federal Administration on a School for Immigrant Teenagers
Authors: Miranda Chandler P.
Published: November 2017

The 2016 presidential election was dominated by anti‐immigrant rhetoric where truths counted for less than bombast, obscuring the fact that the majority of refugees and immigrants are women and children. This article describes how teachers and students in a school for newly arrived immigrants are adapting to the reality of the new administration.
Making Sense of the Now
Authors: Fisher Lee C. , Sterner Sara K.
Published: November 2017

In this poem, we explore the implications of our emotional and pedagogical choices as teacher educators working in “neutral” academic spaces on November 9, 2016. The poem unveils two different yet simultaneous responses as representative of the internal, emotional wrestling that happened after the presidential election.
Ethnography with Love andDuende: The Promise of Ethnography in a Democratic Society (On Receiving The CAE 2016 George and Louise Spindler Award)
Authors: Gilmore Perry
Published: November 2017

This article is a slightly edited version of my invited award talk, delivered just days after the presidential election, when I received the George and Louise Spindler Award at the annual business meeting of the Council on Anthropology and Education, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 2016. In those first days after the election we were all stunned and trying to understand what the new Trump era would mean and how we as educational anthropologists would go forward with our continued efforts to conduct research that contributed to a more democratic and just society. Grave concerns, renewed determination, and an abundance of emotion were prominent in shaping my remarks that night.
Iontophoretic collagen cross‐linking versus epithelium‐off collagen cross‐linking for early stage of progressive keratoconus – 3 years follow‐up study
Authors: Cantemir Alina , Alexa Anisia‐Iuliana , Galan Bogdan Gabriel , Anton Nicoleta , Ciuntu Roxana Elena , Danielescu Ciprian , Chiselita Dorin , Costin Danut
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To compare 3‐year iontophoretic corneal collagen cross‐linking (I‐CXL) outcomes with epithelium‐off corneal collagen cross‐linking (epi‐off CXL) for early stage of progressive keratoconus.

Methods

Eighty eyes of 80 patients with early progressive keratoconus treated by I‐CXL (n = 40) or epi‐off CXL (n = 40) were included in this study. Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, refraction, corneal topography and pachymetry were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months of follow‐up.

Results

Visual acuity (VA) showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) at the end of follow‐up in both groups. In the I‐CXL group, the UDVA showed a rapid recovery after 3 months (p = 0.04). There was a statistically significant different trend in CDVA between groups with a more favourable outcome for the standard CXL group (p < 0.01). The cylinder improved beginning with 3 months after CXL in both groups. Maximum keratometry showed a significant reduction by 0.9 dioptres (D) in the I‐CXL group and by 1.2 D in the epi‐off CXL group after 36 months (p = 0.283). Pachymetry values decreased at 3 months while a statistically significant increase occurred in both groups at 24 months. Progression occurred to one patient (2.5%) in I‐CXL group. Adverse effects occurred to eight eyes (20%) in the epi‐off CXL group.

Conclusion

Iontophoretic corneal collagen cross‐linking (I‐CXL) is non‐inferior to epi‐off CXL for stopping the progression of keratoconus in its early stages with a higher degree of safety for the patients and a faster recovery of VA.
Comparison of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in categorizing refractive error data in children
Authors: Sankaridurg Padmaja , He Xiangui , Naduvilath Thomas , Lv Minzhi , Ho Arthur , Smith Earl , Erickson Paul , Zhu Jianfeng , Zou Haidong , Xu Xun
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To systematically analyse the differences between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refractive errors (RE) in children and to determine if the predictive value of noncycloplegic RE in categorizing RE can be improved.

Methods

Random cluster sampling was used to select 6825 children aged 4–15 years. Autorefraction was performed under both noncycloplegic and cycloplegic (induced with 1% cyclopentolate drops) conditions. Paired differences between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) RE were determined. A general linear model was developed to determine whether cycloplegic SE can be predicted using noncycloplegic SE, age and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA).

Results

Compared to cycloplegia, noncycloplegia resulted in a more myopic SE (paired difference: −0.63 ± 0.65D, 95% CI: −0.612 to −0.65D, 6017 eligible right eyes) with greater differences observed in younger participants and in eyes with more hyperopic RE and smaller AL. Using raw noncycloplegic data resulted in only 61% of the eyes being correctly classified as myopic, emmetropic or hyperopic. Using age and uncorrected VA in the model, the association improved and 77% of the eyes were classified correctly. However, predicted cycloplegic SE continued to show large residual errors for low myopic to hyperopic RE. Applying the model to only those eyes with uncorrected VA <6/6 resulted in an improvement (R2 = 0. 93), with 80% of the eyes correctly classified. A higher VA cut‐off (i.e., ≤6/18) resulted in 97.5% of eyes classified correctly.

Conclusion

Noncycloplegic assessment of RE in children overestimates myopia and results in a high error rate for emmetropic and hyperopic RE. Adjusting for age and applying uncorrected VA cut‐offs to noncycloplegic assessments improves detection of myopic RE and may help in identifying myopic RE in situations where cycloplegia is not available but does not help in identifying the magnitude of refractive error and therefore is of limited value.
Provenance signatures and changes of the southwestern sector of the Barents Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation
Authors: Kaparulina Ekaterina , Junttila Juho , Strand Kari , Lunkka Juha P.
Published: November 2017

Southwestern Barents Sea sediments contain important information on Lateglacial and Holocene environmental development of the area, i.e. sediment provenance characteristics related to ice‐flow patterns and ice drifting from different regional sectors. In this study, we present investigations of clay, heavy minerals, and ice‐rafted debris from three sediment cores obtained from the SW Barents Sea. The sediments studied are subglacial/glaciomarine to marine in origin. The core sequences were divided into three lithostratigraphical units. The lowest, Unit 3, consists of laminated glaciomarine sediments related to regional deglaciation. The overlying Unit 2 is a diamicton, dominated by mud and oversized clasts. Unit 2 reflects a more ice‐proximal glaciomarine sedimentary environment or even a subglacial depositional environment; its deposition may indicate a glacial re‐advance or stillstand during an overall retreat. The uppermost Unit 1 consists of Holocene marine sediments and current‐reworked sedimentary material with a relatively high carbonate content. A significant proportion of the sedimentary material could be derived from Svalbard and transported by sea ice or icebergs to the Barents Sea during the late deglacial phase. The Fennoscandian sources and local Mesozoic strata from the bottom of the Barents Sea are the likely provenances of sediments deposited during the deglacial and ice re‐advance phases. Bottom currents and sea‐ice transport were the main mechanisms influencing sedimentation during the Holocene. Our results indicate that the provenance areas can be reliably related to certain ice‐flow sectors and transport mechanisms in the deglaciated Barents Sea.
Review: How should child mental health services respond to the refugee crisis?
Authors: Eruyar Seyda , Huemer Julia , Vostanis Panos
Published: November 2017

Background

Child mental health services and related agencies are faced with an increasing challenge in responding to the influx of refugee children around the world. There is strong evidence on the prevalence and complexity of these children's mental health problems and broader needs.

Aims

To review the research literature on risk and protective factors, and associated mental health interventions for refugee children.

Methods

Peer‐reviewed studies were included for the period 2004–2017; if they included refugee, asylum‐seeking or internally displaced children under 18 years; and adopted a quantitative design. Vulnerability and protective factors for refugee children were considered in this context, followed by the respective types of interventions at pre‐, peri‐ and postmigration stage, and across high‐ and low‐/middle‐income countries. Eighty‐two peer‐reviewed studies fulfilled the selection criteria.

Results

The existing body of literature is largely based on identifying risk factors among children with mental health problems and predominantly designing trauma‐focused interventions to reduce their symptomatic distress. Recent research and services have gradually shifted to a broader and dynamic resilience‐building approach based on ecological theory, that is at child, family, school, community and societal level. There is increasing evidence for the implementation and effectiveness of multimodal interventions targeting all these levels, despite the methodological constraints in their evaluation.

Conclusions

In high‐income countries, child mental health services need to collaborate with all agencies in contact with refugee children, establish joint care pathways, and integrate trauma‐focused interventions with family and community approaches. In low‐ and middle‐income countries, where specialist resources are sparse, resilience‐building should aim at maximising and upskilling existing capacity. A six‐dimensional psychosocial model that applies to other children who experience complex trauma is proposed.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study of 4‐isochromanone hybrids bearing N‐benzyl pyridinium moiety as dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (part II)
Authors: Wang Jia , Wang Chaolei , Wu Zheng , Li Xinnan , Xu Shengtao , Liu Jie , Lan Qinying , Zhu Zheying , Xu Jinyi
Published: November 2017

A series of novel 4‐isochromanone compounds bearing N‐benzyl pyridinium moiety were designed and synthesized as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. The biological evaluation showed that most of the target compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activities against AChE. Among them, compound 1q possessed the strongest anti‐AChE activity with an IC50 value of 0.15 nm and high AChE/BuChE selectivity (SI > 5,000). Moreover, compound 1q had low toxicity in normal nerve cells and was relatively stable in rat plasma. Together, the current finding may provide a new approach for the discovery of novel anti‐Alzheimer's disease agents.
How Evolution Constrains Human Numerical Concepts
Authors: Cantlon Jessica F.
Published: November 2017

The types of cognitive and neural mechanisms available to children for making concepts depend on the problems their brains evolved to solve over the past millions of years. Comparative research on numerical cognition with humans and nonhuman primates has revealed a system for quantity representation that lays the foundation for quantitative development. Nonhuman primates in particular share many human abilities to compute quantities, and are likely to exhibit evolutionary continuity with humans. While humans conceive of quantity in ways that are similar to other primates, they are unique in their capacity for symbolic counting and logic. These uniquely human constructs interact with primitive systems of numerical reasoning. In this article, I discuss how evolution shapes human numerical concepts through evolutionary constraints on human object‐based perception and cognition, neural homologies among primates, and interactions between uniquely human concepts and primitive logic.
Circulating B‐type natriuretic peptide in women with and without recent gestational diabetes: The impact of current glucose intolerance
Authors: De Souza Leanne R. , Ye Chang , Hanley Anthony J. , Connelly Philip W. , Sermer Mathew , Zinman Bernard , Retnakaran Ravi
Published: November 2017

Context

Circulating B‐type natriuretic peptide, as measured by the N‐terminal fragment of its prohormone (NT‐proBNP), is inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but positively related to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recognizing that gestational diabetes (GDM) identifies women at future risk for both T2DMandCVD, we sought to determine whether gestational glucose tolerance relates toNT‐proBNPin the years after delivery.

Design/Patients/Measurements

Three hundred and forty women underwent a glucose challenge test (GCT) and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnancy, yielding 4 gestational glucose tolerance groups:GDM(n = 105); gestational impaired glucose tolerance (n = 59); abnormalGCTwith a normalOGTT(n = 98); and normalGCTwith normalOGTT(n = 75). At 3‐year postpartum, they underwent cardiometabolic characterization (including measurement of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), adiponectin andNT‐proBNP) and repeated theOGTT, revealing 69 women with glucose intolerance (prediabetes/diabetes).

Results

At 3‐year postpartum, serumNT‐proBNPdid not differ between the 4 original gestational glucose tolerance groups (P = .44), but instead progressively decreased across current glucose tolerance strata, from normal to prediabetes to diabetes (P = .006). Indeed, on logistic regression analysis,NT‐proBNPemerged as a negative predictor of prediabetes/diabetes (OR = 0.903, 95%CI0.825‐0.988,P = .026). On multiple linear regression analyses ofNT‐proBNP, the significant association with current glucose intolerance was ultimately attenuated in a fully adjusted model, revealing two independent determinants ofNT‐proBNP:eGFR(t = −2.71,P = .007) and adiponectin (t = 2.44,P = .015).

Conclusion

SerumNT‐proBNPrelates to current glucose intolerance, rather than preceding gestational dysglycaemia. Thus, the diabetic (rather than vascular) risk implications ofNT‐proBNPpredominate in young women.
Developing the methodology of colour gamut analysis and print quality evaluation for textile ink‐jet printing: Delphi method
Authors: Ding Yi , Parrillo‐Chapman Lisa , Freeman Harold S.
Published: November 2017

This research used the Delphi method to investigate current colour gamut analysis methods, which is a critical component of colour management systems (CMS). Thirteen ink‐jet printing experts were interviewed to understand how they manage colour and their process for analysing and comparing colour gamut. A significant result of this study was the development of a four‐stage process model for colour gamut analysis and print quality evaluation for textile ink‐jet printing. The optimal process model was verified and approved by experts. This study uncovered an industry initiative toward the improvement of CMS for more accurate colour matching, a need to stabilise variables in the manufacturing process, and a need to standardise related tests and evaluations. The study also revealed new CMS software and technologies developed for ink formulation and pre‐/post‐treatment methods to facilitate high quality production in textile ink‐jet printing.
Long non‐coding RNAs in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Xingye , Jiang Chao , Qian Wenwei , Tse Gary , Chan Matthew T.V. , Wu William K.K.
Published: November 2017

Rheumatoid arthritis, a disabling autoimmune disease, is associated with altered gene expression in circulating immune cells and synovial tissues. Accumulating evidence has suggested that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which modulate gene expression through multiple mechanisms, are important molecules involved in immune and inflammatory pathways. Importantly, many studies have reported that lncRNAs can be utilized as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognostication. Recently, dysregulation of lncRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases has been revealed. Experimental studies also confirmed their crosstalk with matrix metalloproteinases, nuclear factor‐κB signalling and T‐cell response pertinent to autoimmunity and inflammation. Circulating lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, differentiated patients with rheumatoid arthritis from healthy subjects. Taken together, lncRNAs are good candidates as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Further investigation on in vivo delivery of these regulatory molecules and large‐cohort validation of their clinical applicability may be useful.
Sleep problems in Dravet syndrome: a modifiable comorbidity
Authors: Licheni Shane H , Mcmahon Jacinta M , Schneider Amy L , Davey Margot J , Scheffer Ingrid E
Published: November 2017

Aim

Many children with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies experience significant sleep disturbance, causing major disruption to the family's quality of life. We aimed to determine the frequency and nature of sleep problems in individuals with Dravet syndrome.

Methods

The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and a seizure questionnaire were distributed to the parents/guardians of 96 patients with Dravet syndrome. Sixteen patients had two nights of home oximetry.

Results

Fifty‐seven out of 96 questionnaires were completed. Forty‐three out of 57 (75%) individuals had sleep problems. Twenty‐five out of 57 (44%) individuals had an abnormal total sleep score, with difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep (22 out of 57, 39%), sleep–wake transition disorders (20 out of 57, 35%), and sleep breathing disorders (19 out of 57, 33%). Twenty‐two out of 57 (39%) individuals took medication to assist sleep, predominantly melatonin (n=14). Thirty out of 57 (53%) recently had nocturnal seizures. Overnight oximetry showed 14 out of 16 (88%) had a higher oxygen desaturation index (>3%), and six out of 16 (38%) had higher mean pulse rates than normative values. Home oximetry was normal or inconclusive in all patients.

Interpretation

Seventy‐five per cent of individuals with Dravet syndrome had sleep problems, highlighting the importance of routinely assessing sleep and initiating appropriate behavioural and pharmacological interventions to improve the patient and family's quality of life. A high oxygen desaturation index and mean pulse rates on pulse oximetry may reflect unrecognized nocturnal seizures.

What this paper adds

More than 70% of patients with Dravet syndrome have sleep problems.

Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep was most common, particularly in those older than 20 years.

Second most common were sleep–wake transition disorders, affecting more than 50% of those younger than 5 years.

Sleep breathing disorders were a frequent problem across all age groups.

Oximetry was not diagnostic of sleep‐disordered breathing or obvious seizures.
Mortality and acute complications in children and young adults diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, UK: a cohort study
Authors: Evans‐Cheung T. C. , Bodansky H. J. , Parslow R. C. , Feltbower R. G.
Published: November 2017

Aims

To examine all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in a population‐based cohort of people with early and late onset of Type 1 diabetes.

Methods

The Yorkshire Register of Diabetes in Children and Young People includes individuals with early (0–14 years) and late (15–29 years) Type 1 diabetes onset, diagnosed between 1978 and 2013. This register was linked to death certification data from the Office for National Statistics to calculate standardized mortality ratios, cumulative mortality curves using Kaplan–Meier survival estimates, and Cox regression modelling. Ethnicity was derived using Onomap. Deprivation status was classified using the Townsend index. The underlying cause of death in each case was clinically verified.

Results

There were 229 deaths in 5498 individuals with 100 959 person‐years of follow‐up. The overall standardized mortality ratio was 4.3 (95% CI 3.8 to 4.9). There were no significant differences in standardized mortality ratios according to age of onset, sex or deprivation status. The standardized mortality ratios were significantly higher for people of white ethnic origin [8.1 (95% CI 6.9 to 9.4)] than for those of South‐Asian ethnic origin [3.4 (95% CI 1.7 to 6.4)]. The mortality risk was lower in those diagnosed in later years (2002 to 2013 for the early‐onset and 2006 to 2013 for the late‐onset group) compared with earlier years (1991 to 1997 for the early‐onset and 1991 to 1997 for the late‐onset group) for both onset groups [hazard ratio 0.13 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.33) vs 0.24 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.81)]. Mortality risk improved over time for chronic complications in the early‐onset group only, but there was no improvement in either onset group with regard to acute complications.

Conclusions

An excess of deaths in the population with Type 1 diabetes remains. Although the all‐cause mortality risk has fallen over time, no improvement has been found in the mortality risk associated with acute complications.
Clinical and genetic features of patients with facial‐sparing facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: He J.‐J. , Lin X.‐D. , Lin F. , Xu G.‐R. , Xu L.‐Q. , Hu W. , Wang D.‐N. , Lin H.‐X. , Lin M.‐T. , Wang N. , Wang Z.‐Q.
Published: November 2017

Background and purpose

Facial‐sparing scapular myopathy (SHD) is the most common atypical form of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), clinically defined as without apparent facial muscle weakness on neurological examination. The clinical profiles and genetic features of SHD are limited.

Methods

A cohort of 21 Chinese patients with SHD were confirmed by molecular genetic analysis based on pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. The clinical assessments and methylation analysis were noted.

Results

The patients had FSHD‐related EcoRI fragments with 4qA haplotype ranging from 18 kb to 33 kb (mean 26.3 ± 4.6 kb). The mean onset age was 25.52 ± 8.3 years. Over half of the patients had scapular winging and asymmetry weakness consistent with FSHD, without facial symptoms during their visit. Their facial electromyogram results were almost normal or mild myogenic damage, as well as the myopathology and serum creatine kinase. A conflict was unexpectedly found in intergenerational DR1 methylation analysis.

Conclusion

Facial‐sparing scapular myopathy is characterized as mild myopathic symptoms and chronic progression of weakness. The diagnosis should be accurately confirmed through FSHD‐sized fragment detection and 4qA/B variant determination. Although the next generations of SHD had more severe muscular symptoms, local hypomethylation within D4Z4 was not found as a modifier for clinical heterogeneity.
Transmission traits of malaria parasites within the mosquito: Genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and consequences for control
Authors: Lefevre Thierry , Ohm Johanna , Dabiré Kounbobr R. , Cohuet Anna , Choisy Marc , Thomas Matthew B. , Cator Lauren
Published: November 2017

Evaluating the risk of emergence and transmission of vector‐borne diseases requires knowledge of the genetic and environmental contributions to pathogen transmission traits. Compared to the significant effort devoted to understanding the biology of malaria transmission from vertebrate hosts to mosquito vectors, the strategies that malaria parasites have evolved to maximize transmission from vectors to vertebrate hosts have been largely overlooked. While determinants of infection success within the mosquito host have recently received attention, the causes of variability for other key transmission traits of malaria, namely the duration of parasite development and its virulence within the vector, as well as its ability to alter mosquito behavior, remain largely unknown. This important gap in our knowledge needs to be bridged in order to obtain an integrative view of the ecology and evolution of malaria transmission strategies. Associations between transmission traits also need to be characterized, as they trade‐offs and constraints could have important implications for understanding the evolution of parasite transmission. Finally, theoretical studies are required to evaluate how genetic and environmental influences on parasite transmission traits can shape malaria dynamics and evolution in response to disease control.
Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change
Authors: Alexander Jake M. , Chalmandrier Loïc , Lenoir Jonathan , Burgess Treena I. , Essl Franz , Haider Sylvia , Kueffer Christoph , McDougall Keith , Milbau Ann , Nuñez Martin A. , Pauchard Aníbal , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Rew Lisa J. , Sanders Nathan J. , Pellissier Loïc
Published: November 2017

Rapid climatic changes and increasing human influence at high elevations around the world will have profound impacts on mountain biodiversity. However, forecasts from statistical models (e.g. species distribution models) rarely consider that plant community changes could substantially lag behind climatic changes, hindering our ability to make temporally realistic projections for the coming century. Indeed, the magnitudes of lags, and the relative importance of the different factors giving rise to them, remain poorly understood. We review evidence for three types of lag: “dispersal lags” affecting plant species’ spread along elevational gradients, “establishment lags” following their arrival in recipient communities, and “extinction lags” of resident species. Variation in lags is explained by variation among species in physiological and demographic responses, by effects of altered biotic interactions, and by aspects of the physical environment. Of these, altered biotic interactions could contribute substantially to establishment and extinction lags, yet impacts of biotic interactions on range dynamics are poorly understood. We develop a mechanistic community model to illustrate how species turnover in future communities might lag behind simple expectations based on species’ range shifts with unlimited dispersal. The model shows a combined contribution of altered biotic interactions and dispersal lags to plant community turnover along an elevational gradient following climate warming. Our review and simulation support the view that accounting for disequilibrium range dynamics will be essential for realistic forecasts of patterns of biodiversity under climate change, with implications for the conservation of mountain species and the ecosystem functions they provide.