bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On‐Water Polymerization of Phenylacetylene Catalyzed by Rh Complexes Bearing Strong π‐Acidic Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene Ligand
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Wang Hanghang , Shi Xiaosong , Yan Xinwen , Wu Xiaolu , Zhang Shaowen , Yao Bo , Feng Xiao , Zhi Junge , Li Xiaofang , Tong Bin , Shi Jianbin , Wang Lin , Dong Yuping
Published: January 2017

A series of new mononuclear neutral and water‐soluble cationic rhodium (Rh) complexes bearing strong π‐acidic dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (dbcot) diene ligand have been synthesized and structurally characterized. In the polymerization of phenylacetylene, the dbcot Rh complex exhibits higher catalytic activity than the corresponding cod‐based Rh complex in both of organic solvent and aqueous media, affording the high cis‐transoidal PPAs with up to 99% of cis‐contents, moderate molecular weights, and moderate to broad molecular weight distributions. Moreover, on‐water polymerization of substituted phenylacetylenes is achieved by these complexes under air atmosphere, in which 3‐ to 163‐fold acceleration of the polymerization rate is observed in aqueous polymerization compared to that in organic solvents. The nature of the Rh complex, solvent, polymerization temperature, and substituted group on the phenylacetylene impact on the polymer's yield, stereoselectivity, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. In addition, the water‐soluble cationic Rh complexes can be reused for three times. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 716–725
Tuning of PEDOT:PSS Properties Through Covalent Surface Modification
Authors: Guselnikova Olga A. , Postnikov Pavel S. , Fitl Premysl , Tomecek David , Sajdl Petr , Elashnikov Roman , Kolska Zdenka , Chehimi Mohamed M. , Švorčík Vaclav , Lyutakov Oleksiy
Published: January 2017

Conductive polymer (poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is an attractive platform for the design of flexible electronic, optoelectronic, and (bio)sensor devices. Practical application of PEDOT:PSS often requires an incorporation of specific molecules or moieties for tailoring of its physical–chemical properties. In this article, a method for covalent modification of PEDOT:PSS using arenediazonium tosylates was proposed. The procedure includes two steps: chemisorption of diazo‐cations on the PEDOT:PSS surface followed by thermal decomposition of the diazonium salt and the covalent bond formation. Structural and surface properties of the samples were evaluated by XPS, SEM‐EDX, AFM, goniometry, and a range of electric and optical measurements. The developed modification procedure enables tuning of the PEDOT:PSS surface properties such as conductivity and optical absorption. The possibility to introduce various organic functional groups (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic) and to create new groups for further functionalization makes the developed procedure multipurpose. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 378–387
Budesonide reduces hospital admission rates in preschool children with acute wheezing
Authors: Razi Cem Hasan , Cörüt Nazlı , Andıran Nesibe
Published: January 2017

Background

The object of this study was to determine whether high doses of inhaled budesonide provide additional benefits to a standardized treatment regimen that includes systemic steroids and salbutamol in preschool patients presented to the emergency department (ED) with acute wheezing attacks. Methods This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel group trial was conducted in children, 6 months–6 years with moderate or severe acute wheezing epizode, as determined based on a pulmonary index score (PIS) of 7–13 points. We compared the addition of budesonide 3 mg versus placebo to standard acute asthma treatment, which included salbutamol and a single 1 mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone given at the beginning of therapy. The primary outcome was differences in hospitalization rates within 4 hr. Secondary outcome was difference in median PIS between treatment groups at 2 hr. Results One hundred patients were enrolled. Cumulative hospitalization rate at 120, 180, and 240 min were 0.72, 0.62, and 0.58 in placebo group; and 0.44, 0.30, and 0.24 in budesonide group. Discharged rate in budesonide group was significantly higher than the placebo group (log‐rank = 12.407 ve P < 0.001). Expected mean discharged times were 200.4 (95%CI = 185.3–215.5) min in placebo group and 164.4 (95%CI = 149.4–179.4) min in budesonide group. Median (25–75%) PIS at the 120th min was significantly lower in budesonide group than the placebo group (5 [4–8] vs. 8 [5–9] respectively, P = 0.006). Conclusions The addition of budesonide nebulization may decrease the admission rate of preschool children who have moderate to severe acute wheezing epizodes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:720–728. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallelization in the time dimension of four‐dimensional variational data assimilation
Authors: Fisher Michael , Gürol Selime
Published: January 2017

The current evolution of computer architectures towards increasing parallelism requires a corresponding evolution towards more parallel data assimilation algorithms. In this article, we consider parallelization of weak‐constraint four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (4D‐Var) in the time dimension. We categorize algorithms according to whether or not they admit such parallelization and introduce a new, highly parallel weak‐constraint 4D‐Var algorithm based on a saddle‐point representation of the underlying optimization problem. The potential benefits of the new saddle‐point formulation are illustrated with a simple two‐level quasi‐geostrophic model.
Seamless Integration of Predictive Analytics and CRM Within An Undergraduate Admissions Recruitment and Marketing Plan
Authors: Langston Randall , Loreto David
Published: January 2017

The field of strategic enrollment management has become increasingly invested in data‐informed practices. In 2015, The College at Brockport, State University of New York implemented a recruitment strategy that incorporated both predictive analytics and customer relationship management (CRM) technology. This effort both reduced budget expenditures and yielded the largest incoming first‐year cohort in over 30 years. A step‐by‐step pragmatic approach is introduced to allow key enrollment management leaders the ability to understand how to seamlessly integrate statistical modeling with constituent relationship marketing platforms. By providing key components related to design, development procedures for statistical model development, and outcomes,SEMmanagers can utilize the knowledge gained from this primer in theirSEMefforts.
Covalently Bonded PIDA on SBA‐15 as Robust Pd Support: Water‐Tolerant Designed Catalysts for Aqueous Suzuki Couplings
Authors: Doustkhah Esmail , Rostamnia Sadegh , Hossieni Habib Golchin , Luque Rafael
Published: January 2017

In this work, a new catalyst based on Pd (II) supported SBA‐15 has been has been introduced and discussed. The designed catalyst was characterised by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT‐IR, BET surface area analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analyses. For the first time, lobster‐like N‐propyliminodiacetate (PIDA) has been incorporated as ligand onto SBA‐15 to form a stable complex with Pd ions to design a highly active, stable and reusable catalyst for Suzuki‐Miyaura couplings.
First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Ligraminol E
Authors: Gangar Mukesh , Goyal Sandeep , Hathiram Vankodoth , Ramdas Wasnik Ashik , Rao Vajja Krishna , Nair Vipin A.
Published: January 2017

Stereoselective total synthesis of Ligraminol E has been achieved in 8 steps in 23.9 % overall yield by employing an imidazolidinone based chiral auxiliary. The key steps involved in the synthesis are the asymmetric glycolate alkylation of (R)‐3‐(2‐(benzyloxy)acetyl)‐4‐isopropyl‐1‐((S)‐1‐phenylethyl)imidazo‐lidin‐2‐one with substituted benzyl bromide and the Mitsonobu reaction of a secondary alcohol and phenolic group.
Mild and Efficient Synthesis of 5‐(2,2‐difluoro‐1‐phenyl cyclopropyl)‐N‐substituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐amines via Graphene Oxide as Catalyst under Ultrasonic Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Reddy Sirigireddy Sudharsan , Reddy Bijivemula N. , Reddy Peddiahgari Vasu Govardhana , Reddy Gajulapalli Vishwakshan , Sarma Loka Subramanyam
Published: January 2017

We disclosed herein a series of novel 5‐(2,2‐difluoro‐1‐phenylcyclopropyl)‐N‐substituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐amines from the reaction of 2,2‐difluoro‐1‐phenylcyclopropane carbohydrazide and various isothiocyanates in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) and 1,8‐diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) under conventional and ultrasonic irradiation conditions. It was found that the reaction was completed in a short period of time with good to excellent yields by virtue of attributes offered by GO catalyst. Further, the reaction underwent smoothly in ethanol and ionic liquids. Noteworthy, GO can be recycled and reused for five cycles without considerable loss in activity. The oxidative activity and morphology of GO catalyst was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques.
3‐substituted‐1H‐indazoles as Catalytic Inhibitors of the Human DNA Topoisomerase IIα
Authors: Janežič Matej , Pogorelčnik Barbara , Brvar Matjaž , Solmajer Tom , Perdih Andrej
Published: January 2017

Catalytic inhibitors represent an attractive possibility of revisiting the established anticancer target human DNA topoisomerase IIα, taking advantage of the many different inhibition steps in its catalytic cycle. In this study we present our efforts to expand the chemical space of inhibitors of the human DNA topoisomerase IIα with a combination of in silico and in vitro methods. Using our previously reported compounds as a base, we constructed a ligand‐based pharmacophore and conducted a virtual screening campaign. This led to the discovery of 1H‐indazole inhibitors for which the SAR data was subsequently expanded. Additionally, several in vitro methods; cleavage assay, competitive cleavage assay, ATPase assay and microscale thermophoresis (MST) binding studies were employed to study the inhibitory mechanism, and it was confirmed that our compounds are catalytic inhibitors that bind to the ATPase domain. IC50 values were in the lower micromolar range with multiple compounds showing stronger inhibitory activity than the established topoisomerase poison etoposide. Using in silico methods we proposed a binding mode and evaluated it using molecular dynamics simulation. 1H‐indazoles represent a new versatile scaffold that could be utilized for further development of catalytic inhibitors of the human DNA topoisomerase IIα targetting the ATPase domain where ATP binding site is located.
Graphene Grafted N‐Methyl‐4‐pyridinamine (G‐NMPA): An Efficient Heterogeneous Organocatalyst for Acetylation of Alcohols
Authors: Panahi Farhad , Fareghi‐Alamdari Reza , Khajeh Dangolani Soheila , Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Golestanzadeh Mohsen
Published: January 2017

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was modified with N‐methyl‐4‐pyridinamine in order to synthesize a novel nitrogen‐containing graphene‐based material for application as heterogeneous catalyst in organic transformations. To prepare this catalyst system, first, chlorine‐functionalized graphene (CFG) was synthesized using reaction of GO and thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and then it was reacted with N‐methyl‐4‐pyridinamine. As a result, aminopyridine fragments connected to the graphene surface covalently via a C−N linker and form graphene grafted N‐methyl‐4‐pyridinamine (G‐NMPA) catalyst. The G‐NMPA material was characterized using some different techniques and used as a heterogeneous catalyst in acetylation of alcohols. Results of catalyst activity evaluation demonstrate that G‐NMPA has high activity in acetylation of alcohols. Furthermore, the catalyst system was reusable at least for 8 times without remarkable decreasing in its catalytic activity.
Selective Participation of Methane in Olefin Upgrading over Pd/ZSM‐5 and Ir/ZSM‐5: Investigation using Deuterium Enriched Methane
Authors: He Peng , Wen Yumeng , Jarvis Jack , Gatip Richard , Austin Danielle , Song Hua
Published: January 2017

The upgrading of olefins under methane environment is a promising process. Not only is the olefin content reduced, which is critical for the storage and transportation of oil products, but also are high value‐added products produced from methane. The study on the reaction intermediates during this process is crucial for a better understanding of the involved catalytic reaction mechanism as well as catalyst development. Catalysts that displayed high selectivity towards olefin upgrading including Ir/ZSM‐5 and Pd/ZSM‐5 in our previous research are studied in this work. CD4 is employed as the methane source in the reaction to track the evolution of hydrogen in the methane molecule. The significant change of the allylic hydrogen peak on 1H NMR spectra upon CD4 introduction demonstrates that the hydrogen sites on the carbon atoms adjacent to the double bond moieties are selectively occupied by deuterium atoms, suggesting that these sites are preferred by methane hydrogen atoms and may play a key role in the reaction pathway. The evolution of methane and the interaction between methane and olefin over the catalyst are observed in the DRIFT spectra. The IR resonance due to O−D stretching of the terminal silanol hydroxyl group at 2753 cm−1 is observed under CD4 environment, while the O−D stretching of bridging hydroxyl group is not detected, indicating the interaction between methane and the catalyst is highly selective, which may contribute to the high selectivity in methane hydrogen evolution.
A Single and Simple Receptor as a Multifunctional Chemosensor for the Al3+/Cu2+ ions and Its Live Cell Imaging Applications.
Authors: Murugan Arumugam Senthil , Pandi Mohan , Annaraj Jamespandi
Published: January 2017

A simple and smart chemosensor (DSA) has been developed using Schiff base ligand for highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of Al3+/ Cu2+ in partial aqueous DMSO mixture (1:1) as a solvent medium. It showed a rapid fluorescence response (∼ 10 Sec) with Al3+ as greenish yellow from weak orange fluorescence while, Cu2+ ions affords yellow colour from fade orange colour and it can be sensed even by naked eyes. Besides showing great selectivity, the probe gives a lower sensitivity of 20 nM for Al3+ and 0.27 μM for Cu2+ in the fluorescence and UV‐vis. spectral studies respectively. The solid state colorimetric and fluorescence changes of the probe were examined in silica supported TLC plates. The sensing mechanism of the proposed probe in the presence of Al3+ and Cu2+ was determined with the support of a job's plot, 1H‐NMR, ESI‐Mass and theoretical (DFT) analysis. Based on the observed results from the absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopic studies, a logic circuit was designed with the combination of OR, NOT and AND logic gates. Moreover, the probe DSA has been employed for live cell imaging to detect Al3+ ions in C6 glioma cells and it showed a good cell permeability and efficiency in the detection of Al3+ ions.
Isolation and Quantification of Alternariols from Endophytic Fungus, Alternaria alternata: LC‐ESI‐MS/MS Analysis
Authors: Deshidi Ramesh , Devari Shekaraiah , Kushwaha Manoj , Gupta Ajai P. , Sharma Rashmi , Chib Reena , Khan Inshad A. , Jaglan Sundeep , Shah Bhahwal Ali
Published: January 2017

An endophytic fungus, Alternaria alternata was isolated from Grewia asiatica. Upscaling of the fermentation broth led to the isolation of a new structural isomer of alternariol (3), along with alternariol (1) and alternariol 9‐methyl ether (2). Additionally, an LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of 1–3 through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The limit of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) were fewer than 5.0, 2.0, 0.3 and 1.5, 0.7, 0.1 μg/ml, respectively for 1–3. Furthermore, 1 and 3 showed significant activity against gram‐positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and 1 displayed MIC comparable to that of ciprofloxacin against VRE and MRSA.
Comprehensive Synthesis of Photoreactive Phenylthiourea Derivatives for the Photoaffinity Labeling
Authors: Ishida Akiko , Wang Lei , Tachrim Zetryana Puteri , Suzuki Takeyuki , Sakihama Yasuko , Hashidoko Yasuyuki , Hashimoto Makoto
Published: January 2017

Phenylthiourea (PTU) is well known as bioactive compound and one of the reversible inhibitors for tyrosinase. Tyrosinase plays very important roles for tyrosine metabolisms to maintain the skin homeostasis from sunlight with forming melanin. Synthesis of photoaffinity label reagents of PTU will be attractive thesis to elucidate functional analysis for tyrosinase.
Donor Substituted Pyrazabole Monomers and Dimers: Design, Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Patil Yuvraj , Jadhav Thaksen , Dhokale Bhausaheb , Butenschön Holger , Misra Rajneesh
Published: January 2017

We report the design and synthesis of ferrocene and triphenylamine substituted D–π– A–π–D and D–π–A–π–A–π–D type of symmetrical pyrazabole monomers (3 and 5) and dimers (6 and 7). Their optical, thermal, electrochemical and computational properties were investigated. The electronic absorption spectra of pyrazaboles 3−7 exhibit absorption bands in UV region. The TGA study reveals that pyrazaboles 3−7 show good thermal stability and pyrazabole monomers are thermally more stable as compared to pyrazabole dimers. The electrochemical studies show that pyrazaboles 3−7 exhibits one reversible oxidation and two reduction waves. The theoretical investigation shows that the triphenylamine substituted pyrazaboles (5 and 7) exhibit low HOMO − LUMO gap values compared to ferrocenyl pyrazaboles (3 and 6).
Hydrogenolysis of Benzyl Protected Phenols and Aniline Promoted by Supported Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Albano Gianluigi , Evangelisti Claudio , Aronica Laura Antonella
Published: January 2017

A preliminary study was conducted on the hydrogenolysis of benzyl protected substrates using palladium nanoparticles supported on different inorganic and organic matrices, under mild experimental conditions (1 mol% Pd, T=35 °C, PH2=1 atm). The activity of commercially available Pd/C systems was compared with that of nanosized catalysts prepared by the Metal Vapour Synthesis (MVS) technique. MVS‐derived systems resulted more efficient, affording phenols and aniline with complete chemoselectivity. Preliminary investigation on metal leaching during the reactions, indicated the presence of very low amount of palladium in solution, thus suggesting a heterogeneous behavior of the catalysts
Steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Synthesis and Biology
Authors: Yarnold Christopher , Bainbridge J. Marie , Boehm Helen S. , Brewer Mark , Courtney Stephen , Deboves Hervé , Di Lucrezia Raffaella , Giles Paul , Hamelin Estelle , Jungmann Jörn , Leonardi Amedeo , Meniconi Mirco , Riva Carlo , Scheel Andreas , Selvaratnam Suganthan , Shanmugathasan Sakthi , Sironi Giorgio , Tavecchia Paolo , Willows David
Published: January 2017

The development of selective steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists with improved pharmacological profiles over existing marketed drugs is an attractive goal. Such compounds offer potential for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure and renal disease. With this aim, new spirolactones were prepared exploring substitutions at carbons 6, 7, 9–11, 15–16 and 21. Spirolactones 11 a and 20 were identified with promising biological profiles. Both compounds restored Na+/K+ ratios to physiological levels in an in vivo model
Liquid Crystal Organization of Calix[4]arene‐Appended Schiff Bases and Recognition towards Zn2+
Authors: Romero Judith , Barberá Joaquín , Blesa María‐Jesús , Concellón Alberto , Romero Pilar , Serrano José Luis , Marcos Mercedes
Published: January 2017

The synthesis and liquid crystalline behavior of new calixarene Schiff base derivatives are reported. The materials were obtained by reaction of a tetraaminocalix[4]arene derivative with three aldehydes as mesogenic promotor moieties: 4‐(4′‐decyloxybenzoyloxy)benzaldehyde (A), 4‐(4′‐decyloxybenzoyloxy)salicylaldehyde (B) and 4‐(3′,4′‐didecyloxybenzoyloxy)salicylaldehyde (C). All of the compounds exhibit liquid crystalline properties and these were studied by optical microscopy, DSC and X‐ray diffraction. The relationship between the structure and the mesomorphic behavior of the compounds is discussed. The binding recognition and selectivity towards cations have been studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy
Ethylzinc‐ and Zinc–bis–fluoroalkoxides
Authors: Petersen Thies Olaf , Weigel Simon , Kratzert Daniel , Fischer Anna , Krossing Ingo
Published: January 2017

We describe synthesis routes from fluorinated ethylzinc alkoxides to ether adducts of fluorinated binary homoleptic zinc alkoxides with fluorinated residues such as ORF (OC(CF3)3), ORHF (OC(H)(CF3)2), ORHT (OC(CH3)(CF3)2), ORAF (perfluoroadamantoxy) and ORCY (OC(CF3)(CF2)5). Their structures depend on the nature of the fluorinated residue: perfluorinated alkoxides ORXF tend to give monomeric ether adducts (ether)2Zn(ORXF)2, while partially fluorinated residues ORYF lead to dimers of type (ether)(YFRO)Zn(μ‐ORYF)2Zn(ORYF)(ether). The monomeric (Et2O)2Zn(ORF)2 was tested for its possibility to form fluorine doped zinc oxide upon thermal decomposition in inert atmosphere. Indeed, upon thermal degradation, homogenously doped materials (EDX mapping) with fluoride contents of 5.5 to 6 weight‐% form (EDX, ion chromatography).
Liquid Phase Furfural Hydrotreatment to 2‐Methylfuran with Carbon Supported Copper, Nickel, and Iron Catalysts
Authors: Jaatinen Salla K. , Karinen Reetta S. , Lehtonen Juha S.
Published: January 2017

In this study inexpensive, non‐toxic, and noble metal free mono‐ and bimetallic catalysts on activated carbon were tested in liquid phase catalytic furfural hydrotreatment to a potential biofuel component 2‐methylfuran. High yields of 2‐methylfuran were achieved in the study, the highest yield was achieved with 10 wt‐% Ni/C (48.9%) in 120 minutes and good results were obtained also with bimetallic 2/2 wt‐% CuNi/C and CuFe/C (yield 44.2 and 41.0%, respectively). These high yields were achieved applying significantly shorter reaction time (60 – 120 min) compared to many published studies. The activity of nickel catalysts was very high resulting eventually in further hydrogenation of 2‐methylfuran. With increasing nickel loading also ring‐opening and decarbonylation reactions were promoted. Addition of iron to nickel was beneficial for decreasing decarbonylation and other side reactions. Copper/nickel and copper/iron combinations were observed to have beneficial interaction as activity and selectivity to MF increased significantly.
Chiral Nitroxide/Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols: Atroposelective Oxidative Desymmetrization
Authors: Carbó López Marta , Chavant Pierre Y. , Molton Florian , Royal Guy , Blandin Véronique
Published: January 2017

A series of chiral imidazolidinone‐based hydroxylamines were evaluated as catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols in the presence of CuIOTf/bpy/NMI as co‐catalysts. In such conditions, the in situ produced nitroxides catalyze the oxidation of benzylic alcohols. When the imidazolidinone ring is substituted by a copper‐coordinating heterocycle, the outcome of the oxidation is clearly improved in terms of rate and maximal conversion. Enantiopure catalysts featuring a bipyridine unit covalently attached in close vicinity to the hydroxylamine could be readily prepared and used in the enantioselective aerobic oxidation of three model axially‐prochiral diols. These results demonstrate for the first time the validity of a O2/chiral nitroxide/copper combination for enantioselective oxidations.
Reduced Graphene Oxide – Zinc Sulfide Composite for Solar Light Responsive Photo Current Generation and Photocatalytic 4‐Nitrophenol Reduction
Authors: Ibrahim Sk , Chakrabarty Sankalpita , Ghosh Surajit , Pal Tanusri
Published: January 2017

Solution processable Reduced Graphene Oxide – Zinc Sulfide (RGO‐ZnS) composite has been synthesized by a simple single step one‐pot solvothermal route. As‐ synthesized composite was characterized structurally and optically. The photo induced charge generation of RGO‐ZnS in solid phase as well as in solution phase has been investigated under simulated solar light illumination. RGO‐ZnS thin film photo detector shows an excellent photocurrent generation with a high degree of reproducibility. The photosensitivity (ratio of photo to dark current) of the detector varies linearly with the light intensity, which is advantageous to tune the optoelectronic device performance and paves the way for its application. A remarkable increase of photoreduction efficiency of RGO‐ZnS compare to controlled ZnS / controlled RGO towards the reduction of 4‐Nitrophenol was observed.Here RGO plays a crucial role as solid state electron mediator to separate the photoexcited electron and holes and subsequently hinders the electron–hole pair recombination probability. Which consequently increases the photocurrent generation and photocatalytic activity of the composite.
Inhibiting Solid Tumor Growth In Vivo by Non‐Tumor‐Penetrating Nanomedicine
Authors: Lv Shixian , Tang Zhaohui , Song Wantong , Zhang Dawei , Li Mingqiang , Liu Huaiyu , Cheng Jianjun , Zhong Wu , Chen Xuesi
Published: January 2017

Nanomedicine (NM) cannot penetrate deeply into solid tumors, which is partly attributed to the heterogeneous microenvironment and high interstitial fluid pressure of solid tumors. To improve NM efficacy, there has been tremendous effort developing tumor‐penetrating NMs by miniaturizing NM sizes or controlling NM surface properties. But progress along the direction of developing tumor penetrating nanoparticle has been slow and improvement of the overall antitumor efficacy has been limited. Herein, a novel strategy of inhibiting solid tumor with high efficiency by dual‐functional, nontumor‐penetrating NM is demonstrated. The intended NM contains 5,6‐dimethylxanthenone‐4‐acetic acid (DMXAA), a vascular‐disrupting agent, and doxorubicin (DOX), a cytotoxic drug. Upon arriving at the target tumor site, sustained release of DMXAA from NMs results in disruption of tumor vessel functions, greatly inhibiting the interior tumor cells by cutting off nutritional supply. Meanwhile, the released DOX kills the residual cells at the tumor exterior regions. The in vivo studies demonstrate that this dual‐functional, nontumor penetrating NM exhibits superior anticancer activity, revealing an alternative strategy of effective tumor growth inhibition.
Group Model Building in a Pressure Cooker: A Field Experiment with Public Policy
Authors: Gerrits Lasse , Vaandrager David
Published: January 2017

Group Model Building has established itself as a credible method to uncover the systemic reality of persistent problems in organizations. The contextual nature of the method and the flexibility required during the process mean that it is hard to build up evidence of what works and what does not. One major question is the extent to which the method can be compressed, for example, due to time or budget constraints. We present an experiment, carried out with a public organization, in which we tested two shortcuts. Firstly, we substituted the expert‐driven preliminary model for a client‐made model. Secondly, we allowed for a homogenous group because enlarging the group would be too time consuming. We defined several factors at the individual level and at the group level as dependent variables. We conclude that the shortcuts had a negative effect on most variables. We therefore recommend against these changes to the basic model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of FeO/MgO Ratio on Dissolution and Leaching of Magnesiowüstite
Authors: Strandkvist Ida , Sandström Åke , Engström Fredrik
Published: January 2017

If slag is to be used as construction material, the leaching of some elements, such as chromium must be limited. The leaching of slag depends on the leaching properties of the minerals in the slag. However, the leaching/dissolution properties of individual slag minerals are usually not studied. One common slag mineral that can contribute to the leaching of chromium is magnesiowüstite. The object of this study is to determine whether magnesiowüstite can be modified to avoid chromium leaching. Magnesiowüstite samples with different FeO/MgO ratios with and without chromium content are manufactured. The dissolution is evaluated at pH 7 and 10 using the magnesiowüstite samples without chromium, at size fraction 20–38 μm, by measuring the acid consumption required to maintain constant pH level. The magnesiowüstite samples with chromium content are leached at pH 10; the leachate is analyzed for chromium. The results are unanimous, with increasing FeO content the dissolution of magnesiowüstite and leaching of chromium decrease. At pH 10 the magnesiowüstite, with ≥60 wt% FeO show no sign of dissolution and no chromium leaching could be detected with ≥70 wt% FeO. The results prove that the FeO content can stabilize magnesiowüstite and, thereby, prevent chromium leaching.
Die Butterfly Bridge in Kopenhagen
Authors: Morgen Karl , Lüdders Jan
Published: January 2017

Zur Anbindung des Innenstadtbereichs von Kopenhagen an das Quartier Christianshavn und an die neue Oper sollte ein Brückenzug für Radfahrer und Fußgänger von der Innenstadt bis zur Oper realisiert werden. Aus einem internationalen Wettbewerb ging der Siegerentwurf für eine zweiflügelige Klappbrücke über den Christianshavn‐ und Tran graven‐Kanal hervor. Wenn beide Flügel aufgeklappt sind, ähnelt das Bauwerk einem überdimensionalen Schmetterling. Aus diesem Grunde nennen es die Kopenhagener Butterfly Bridge. Die Brücke sollte möglichst filigran sein, sich in kurzer Zeit öffnen lassen und sich gut in die historische Umgebung einfügen.
Stahlbau – Quo vadis?
Authors: Bärtschi Roland
Published: January 2017

Stahlbau ist eine unverzichtbare Bauweise. In den letzten Jahren haben sich die wirtschaftlichen Herausforderungen der Stahlbau‐Branche jedoch stark verschärft. Globalisierung und Digitalisierung sind Segen und Fluch zugleich. Noch viel stärker sind die Herausforderungen durch die normative Benachteiligung der Stahlbauweise bei den Planungs‐ und Vertragsnormen und durch die oft ungenügenden Kompetenzen der Planenden im Umgang mit Stahlbau. Demgegenüber ist der Stahlbau als bereits historisch industrialisierte Bauweise im Vorteil gegenüber anderen Bauweisen bei der Digitalisierung und Industrialisierung der Bauprozesse.

Der vorliegende Artikel stellt einige der größten Herausforderungen und Chancen der Stahlbaubranche in einem Überblick zusammen.
Prediction of Pancreatic Fistula After Distal Pancreatectomy Based on Cross‐Sectional Images
Authors: Chang Ye Rim , Kang Jae Seung , Jang Jin‐Young , Jung Woo Hyun , Kang Mee Joo , Lee Kyung Bun , Kim Sun‐Whe
Published: January 2017

Background

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the most common and clinically relevant complications after distal pancreatectomy (DP), occurring in 5–40% of patients. Determining risk factors for this complication may aid in its prevention. This study sought to predict the development of POPF after DP preoperatively and objectively based on radiologic findings.

Methods

This study included 60 patients who underwent DP using a stapler for pancreatic division between June 2011 and January 2013. Fatty infiltration, apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) on preoperative MRI, pathologic fat, and fibrosis were measured. Pancreatic thickness and cross‐sectional area of the pancreas stump on CT scan were also measured.

Results

Mean patient age was 60.5 years, 26 patients (46.3%) had pancreatic cancer and 20 (33.3%) underwent laparoscopic surgery. Clinically relevant POPF was observed in 12 patients (20.0%). Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between fat quantification on MRI and pathologic fat (pathologic fat = 1.978 × MR fat −6.393, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.777). Univariate analysis showed that ≤8% fat on MRI (p = 0.040), ≤5% pathologic fat (p = 0.002), ADC ≤ 1.3 × 10−3 mm2/s (p = 0.020), thicker pancreas (p = 0.007), and wider cross‐sectional area of the pancreas (p = 0.013) were significantly associated with clinically relevant POPF after DP. Multivariate analysis revealed that pancreas thickness >17.6 mm [odds ratio (OR) 6.532, p = 0.064] and cross‐sectional area >377 mm2 (OR 12.676, p = 0.052) were marginally related to clinically relevant POPF.

Conclusions

Pancreatic thickness and cross‐sectional area of the transected surface of the pancreas are marginally significant risk factors for POPF development after DP. Measuring pancreatic thickness and cross‐sectional area can be a promising tool for the preoperative prediction of POPF.
Noonan syndrome-causing genes
Authors: El Bouchikhi Ihssane , Belhassan Khadija , Moufid Fatima Zohra , Houssaini Mohammed Iraqui , Bouguenouch Laila , Samri Imane , Atmani Samir , Ouldim Karim
Published: January 2017

Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, congenital heart disease and facial dysmorphia with an incidence of 1/1000 to 2500 live births. Up to now, several genes have been proven to be involved in the disturbance of the transduction signal through the RAS-MAP Kinase pathway and the manifestation of Noonan syndrome. The first gene described was PTPN11, followed by SOS1, RAF1, KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, MAP2K1, and RIT1, and recently SOS2, LZTR1, and A2ML1, among others. Progressively, the physiopathology and molecular etiology of most signs of Noonan syndrome have been demonstrated, and inheritance patterns as well as genetic counseling have been established. In this review, we summarize the data concerning clinical features frequently observed in Noonan syndrome, and then, we describe the molecular etiology as well as the physiopathology of most Noonan syndrome-causing genes. In the second part of this review, we assess the mutational rate of Noonan syndrome-causing genes reported up to now in most screening studies. This review should give clinicians as well as geneticists a full view of the molecular aspects of Noonan syndrome and the authentic prevalence of the mutational events of its causing-genes. It will also facilitate laying the groundwork for future molecular diagnosis research, and the development of novel treatment strategies.
John Bull and the American Revolution: The Transatlantic Afterlives of Arbuthnot's Character
Authors: Orr Leah
Published: January 2017

How did the character John Bull come to be so widely recognized as a stand-in for the British government or people? John Arbuthnot created the character in 1712 in a series of five pamphlets criticizing the British role in the War of the Spanish Succession, and for fifty years the character was mentioned only in references to Arbuthnot. In the late eighteenth century, John Bull began to appear in newspaper articles relating to other political contexts, eventually appearing in satires on all manner of British policies and characteristics, from taxes and the economy to xenophobia and imperialism. This essay argues that the American colonists adapted the character to their own purposes. This analysis contributes to the understanding of the content, political engagement, and spread of the press in eighteenth-century Britain and America. It also reveals one way that writers about British national identity and its symbolism accounted for an increasingly diverse global empire that could not be represented adequately by a single figurehead.
Bound up with Meaning: The Politics and Memory of Ribbon Wearing in Restoration England and Scotland
Authors: Legon Edward
Published: January 2017

During the Exclusion Crisis (1678–83), political opinion polarized around the issue of who, or indeed what, should succeed Charles II. In addition to the labels “Whigs” and “Tories,” the rapid polarization of politics after 1681 resulted in the adoption of blue and red ribbons distinguishing the two movements. This article focuses on the Whigs’ blue ribbon, arguing that the device created the sense of an “imagined consensus” within the group's varied support base. The Whigs’ enemies used memories of Britain's troubled past in order to claim that ribbon wearing replicated the behavior of the Covenanter and Parliamentarian movements of the 1630s to 1650s. The history of ribbon wearing in England and Scotland since the 1630s suggests the Whigs were conscious of the blue ribbon's significance. This consciousness reflected an identification with the Covenanter and Parliamentarian movements that survived the Restoration. Evident in contemporary writings and speech, it has been overlooked by scholars of Restoration memory and remembering.
Evaluating the survivor or the relatives of those who do not survive: the role of genetic testing
Authors: Tester David J. , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: January 2017

The molecular millennium has bestowed clinicians and researchers with the essential tools to identify the underlying genetic substrates for thousands of genetic disorders, most of which are rare and follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. The genetic basis of potentially lethal and heritable cardiomyopathies and cardiac channelopathies has been identified and are now better understood. Genetic testing for several of these heritable conditions has made its transition from discovery through translation and have been commercially available clinical tests for over a decade. Now that clinical genetic testing is available more readily and delivers a disease-specific impact across the triad of medicine – diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic – it is important for the community of cardiologists to not only be familiar with the language of genomic medicine but to also be wiser users and even wiser interpreters of genetic testing so that wise decisions can be rendered for those patients and their families being evaluated with respect to the presence or absence of one of these potentially lethal yet highly treatable genetic disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a foundational understanding of genetic testing in clinical cardiology. Here, we will present some benefits of genetic testing: indications for either post-mortem genetic testing for the major cardiomyopathies and channelopathies or pre-mortem genetic testing among the decedent’s surviving relatives; the need for careful interpretation of genetic testing results; the importance of genetic counselling; and some points on the ethical and societal implications of genetic testing.
Sudden death due to aortic pathology
Authors: Papagiannis John
Published: January 2017

Sudden death from aortic dissection of an ascending aortic aneurysm is an uncommon but important finding in all series of sudden death in young, apparently healthy athletes. Individuals at risk include those having any of a variety of conditions in which structural weakness of the ascending aorta predisposes to pathological dilation under prolonged periods of increased wall stress. These conditions include Marfan syndrome, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and the vascular form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Diagnostic criteria, surveillance strategies, medical management, and surgical indications are discussed. Finally, the current recommendations for sports participation are provided.
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome: lessons learnt and lessons remaining
Authors: Benson D. Woodrow , Cohen Mitchell I.
Published: January 2017

The Wolff–Parkinson–White pattern refers to the electrocardiographic appearance in sinus rhythm, wherein an accessory atrioventricular pathway abbreviates the P-R interval and causes a slurring of the QRS upslope – the “delta wave”. It may be asymptomatic or it may be associated with orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia; however, rarely, even in children, it is associated with sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation resulting from a rapid response by the accessory pathway to atrial fibrillation, which itself seems to result from orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia. Historically, patients at risk for sudden death were characterised by the presence of symptoms and a shortest pre- excited R-R interval during induced atrial fibrillation <250 ms. Owing to the relatively high prevalence of asymptomatic Wolff–Parkinson–White pattern and availability of catheter ablation, there has been a need to identify risk among asymptomatic patients. Recent guidelines recommend invasive evaluation for such patients where pre-excitation clearly does not disappear during exercise testing. This strategy has a high negative predictive value only. The accuracy of this approach is under continued investigation, especially in light of other considerations: Patients having intermittent pre-excitation, once thought to be at minimal risk may not be, and the role of isoproterenol in risk assessment.
A legal perspective on athlete screening and disqualification
Authors: Paterick Timothy E. , Paterick Zachary R. , Patel Nachiket , Ammar Khawaja A. , Chandrasekaran Krishnaswamy , Tajik Abdul J.
Published: January 2017

Physicians participate in the screening, routine medical supervision, and disqualification of student-athletes. In doing so, they should understand that eligibility/disqualification decisions inevitably have associated liability issues. It is the responsibility of physicians to take the lead role in the student-athlete medical assessment process to allow for optimum safety in sports programmes. The first duty of the physician is to protect the health and well-being of the student-athlete. However, because there is potential liability associated with the screening/disqualification process, physicians are wise to develop sound and reasonable strategies that are in strict compliance with the standard of care. This article focusses on cardiac screening and disqualification for participation in sports.
Glutamate Water Gates in the Ion Binding Pocket of Na+ Bound Na+, K+-ATPase
Authors: Han Minwoo , Kopec Wojciech , Solov’yov Ilia A. , Khandelia Himanshu
Published: January 2017

The dynamically changing protonation states of the six acidic amino acid residues in the ion binding pocket of the Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) during the ion transport cycle are proposed to drive ion binding, release and possibly determine Na+or K+selectivity. We use molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) simulations to determine the protonation scheme of the Na+bound conformation of NKA. MD simulations of all possible protonation schemes show that the bound Na+ions are most stably bound when three or four protons reside in the binding sites, and that Glu954 in site III is always protonated. Glutamic acid residues in the three binding sites act as water gates, and their deprotonation triggers water entry to the binding sites. From DFT calculations of Na+binding energies, we conclude that three protons in the binding site are needed to effectively bind Na+from water and four are needed to release them in the next step. Protonation of Asp926 in site III will induce Na+release, and Glu327, Glu954 and Glu779 are all likely to be protonated in the Na+bound occluded conformation. Our data provides key insights into the role of protons in the Na+binding and release mechanism of NKA.
Substrate-dependent electronic structure and film formation of MAPbI3 perovskites
Authors: Olthof Selina , Meerholz Klaus
Published: January 2017

We present investigations on the interface formation between the hybrid perovskite MAPbI3 and various substrates, covering a wide range of work functions. The perovskite films are incrementally evaporated in situ while the electronic structure is evaluated using photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results show that there is an induction period in the growth of the perovskite during which volatile compounds are formed, catalyzed by the substrate. The duration of the induction period depends strongly on the nature of the substrate material, and it can take up to 20–30 nm of formal precursor deposition before the surface is passivated and the perovskite film starts forming. The stoichiometry of the 2–3 nm thin passivation layer deviates from the expected perovskite stoichiometry, being rich in decomposition products of the organic cation. During the regular growth of the perovskite, our measurements show a deviation from the commonly assumed flat band condition, i.e., dipole formation and band bending dominate the interface. Overall, the nature of the substrate not only changes the energetic alignment of the perovskite, it can introduce gap states and influence the film formation and morphology. The possible impact on device performance is discussed.
A label-retaining but unipotent cell population resides in biliary compartment of mammalian liver
Authors: Viil Janeli , Klaas Mariliis , Valter Kadri , Belitškin Denis , Ilmjärv Sten , Jaks Viljar
Published: January 2017

Cells with slow proliferation kinetics that retain the nuclear label over long time periods–the label-retaining cells (LRCs)–represent multipotent stem cells in a number of adult tissues. Since the identity of liver LRCs (LLRCs) had remained elusive we utilized a genetic approach to reveal LLRCs in normal non-injured livers and characterized their regenerative properties in vivo and in culture. We found that LLRCs were located in biliary vessels and participated in the regeneration of biliary but not hepatocyte injury. In culture experiments the sorted LLRCs displayed an enhanced self-renewal capacity but a unipotent biliary differentiation potential. Transcriptome analysis revealed a unique set of tumorigenesis- and nervous system-related genes upregulated in LLRCs when compared to non-LRC cholangiocytes. We conclude that the LLRCs established during the normal morphogenesis of the liver do not represent a multipotent primitive somatic stem cell population but act as unipotent biliary progenitor cells.
Continental drift and plateau uplift control origination and evolution of Asian and Australian monsoons
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Dong Buwen , Yin Zhi-Yong , Smith Robin S. , Guo Qingchun
Published: January 2017

Evolutions of Asian and Australian monsoons have important significance for understanding the past global change but are still a controversial subject. Here, we explore systematically the effects of plate movement and plateau uplift on the formation and evolution of the Asian and Australian monsoons by numerical simulations based on land-sea distributions and topographic conditions for five typical geological periods during the Cenozoic. Our results suggest that the timings and causes of formation of the monsoons in South Asia, East Asia and northern Australia are different. The Indian Subcontinent, which was located in the tropical Southern Hemisphere in the Paleocene, was influenced by the austral monsoon system simulated at that time. Once it moved to the tropical Northern Hemisphere in the Eocene, the South Asian monsoon established and remained persistently thereafter. However, the monsoons of East Asia and northern Australia did not appear until the Miocene. The establishment of the simulated low-latitude South Asian (northern Australian) monsoon appeared to have strongly depended on the location of mainland India (Australia), associated with northward plate motion, without much relation to the plateau uplift. On the contrary, the establishment of the mid-latitude East Asian monsoon was mainly controlled by the uplift of Tibetan plateau.