bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El sistema de relaciones territoriales entre las fortificaciones del Cilento interior. Una propuesta de estudio a través de SIG
Authors: Cianci Maria Grazia , Colaceci Sara , Mondelli Francesca Paola
Published: May 2020

The territorial relations system between the fortifications of the inner Cilento. A proposal for study through GISThe landscape of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, south of Campania, is dotted with a wide variety of fortresses, castles, towers and all kinds of fortifications. The populations who settled there since the early Middle Ages have left traces of their presence through buildings that, from the initial purpose of independent defense of the individual settlement, have changed over time, especially in the Norman period, in a broader system and structured for the control of the territory. The diversity of the architecture that we still find today, determined by the different origins of the fortifications (sometimes Lombard, sometimes Norman, up to the coastal towers built in the Angevin-Aragonese period to defend against Saracen incursions), however, hides a complex system that connects these artifacts, creating a network that covers large portions of the territory.  It is not easy today to recognize such relationships and rebuild this network that has in fact laid the foundations for the current layout of the Cilento landscape. The aim of the research is therefore to study, recognize and map this structure through the use of historical maps and direct relief. Starting from the portion of the territory related to the area of the Ancient Cilento, identified by the Monte della Stella Massif, we intend to start a mapping of the fortifications through GIS in order to provide the tools for the study of the geometries and territorial relations that were established between the different settlements, and how these were placed with respect to the surrounding territory. The use of the territorial information systems will also allow a systematic data collection that will open the way for a subsequent phase of survey and documentation of the artifacts scattered over the territory, through which it will be possible to create a typological abacus of the fortifications related to the different historical phases.
La rocca Paolina di Perugia. Da baluardo dell’inaccessibilità a landmark dell’accessibilità
Authors: Belardi Paolo , Martini Luca , Menchetelli Valeria
Published: May 2020

The Rocca Paolina of Perugia. From a fortress of inaccessibility to a landmark of accessibilityBuilt in the Perugia acropolis in the mid-sixteenth century as a physical expression of the oppressive reprisal of Pope Paul III against the city’s seigniory of the Baglioni family, the Rocca Paolina has always been hated by the Perugia people who, on several occasions during the nineteenth century, did not hesitate to demolish it. The historical events of this fortified architecture are ambiguously linked with its iconographic value, oscillating around a balance in continuous evolution that sees it on the one hand as a fortress of inaccessibility and on the other hand as a flywheel of accessibility.
El parque arqueológico de la fortaleza de Bairén. Un proyecto de puesta en valor en el contexto de transformación de las políticas de turismo patrimonial de la ciudad de Gandia
Authors: Negre Joan
Published: May 2020

Bairén fortress archaeological park. A valorisation project within the context of designing new politics of heritage tourism for the city of GandiaThis work emphasises the cultural value of archaeological heritage through the design of an archaeological park at the Islamic fortress of Gandia. The city, heavily tight to traditional tourism visitors, attracted by climatic easiness and beach facilities, tries now to develop an alternative course of action in order to complement its offer. Therefore, a wide project has been designed so as to put all the efforts together and get present a complete valorisation project within the current renewal dynamics regarding tourist local products. Beyond heritage and tourism, this text focuses on the importance of research and innovation in heritage politics driven by municipal institutions.
La batteria Valdilocchi alla Spezia, rilievo digitale e documentazione di un’architettura alla fine di un’epoca
Authors: Verdiani Giorgio , Marinaro Ludovica , Reitano Denise
Published: May 2020

The “Valdilocchi Battery” in La Spezia, digital survey and documentation of an architecture on the edge of an epochAll the fortifications have their time. They respond to specific way of defending and attacking they change in time accordingly to the terrible habits of the weaponry and technology evolution. For a long time, from the age of the great fortifications, to the use of cannons, to the invention of the aerial war, the military built heritage have seen a long transformation made of sudden architectural changes, until the moment when the possibility of bombing and attacking from the sky signed the sunset of the large over ground buildings in favour of mimetic and underground structures. The “Valdilocchi Battery” belong to the last age of the large fortress, capable to resist to ground attack while showing the aspect of an inexpugnable stronghold. Sited on the top of a hill in the eastern part of the La Spezia gulf, this battery had the function of second line defense to control the neighboring valleys. The particular pentagonal plant and the state of excellent preservation, except for a part of collapse on the front of the gorge due to the German bombing, make it an artifact of great value.
Gallipoli nel paesaggio fortificato del Mediterraneo
Authors: Cacudi Giovanna
Published: May 2020

Gallipoli in the Mediterranean fortified landscapeThe paper, through the study of the main maps and historical imagery, intends to describe through pictures  the fortified city of Gallipoli alongside the evolution of the Mediterranean coastal landscape  and, specifically of the Salento peninsula. Starting from the analysis of the Piri Reis map, a specific selection of depictions shows how the city with its castle, its fortifications and its ancient port overlooking the Ionic coast, was always identified as territorial landmark; it has been geographically recognizable since the first maps and views, both for the structure intended to protect from incursions from the sea and for the commercial exchanges with other mediterranean countries. From the analysis of images made at different times and for different purposes, it appears that the Gallipoli has always been seen as a center of primary importance in the fortified coastal landscape, like it still are today. In spite of the progressive urban growth, the phenomena of conurbation and the transformations of the coasts caused by coastal anthropization remain fully recognizable in their original structure and in their inseparable relationship with the marine and terrestrial landscape.
L’architettura militare italiana della Cittadella di Ancona: tecniche costruttive e sistemi difensivi del XVI secolo
Authors: Rinaldi Simona
Published: May 2020

The Italian military architecture of Ancona’s Citadel: construction techniques and defensive systems in the sixteenth centuryThe objective of this research is regarding the construction techniques used in the military architecture of Cittadella-Fortezza (Ancona, Marche, Italy). In this case, attention will focus primarily on historical, bibliographic and archive research, then through a comprehensive analysis of building methods used in the sixteenth century and on the strategic function that this fortification covered in the coastal strip of the Middle Adriatic. Together with Rocca Paolina (Perugia) and Fortezza da Basso (Florence), it has in fact a remarkable importance in the military architecture’s history, as it was one of the first experiments of fronte bastionato all’italiana. Built from 1532 by Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane, it rises on the top of Astagno hill in a panoramic and defensive position, overlooking the city and the port. It clearly distinguishes itself from the surrounding building fabric as it is characterized by five mighty bastions in bricks and by the central bulwark with the vaulted ground floor. The study aims to investigate the structural details of Ancona’s fortress such as the modeling of walls, the suppression of protruding volumes, the extension and rounding of the corner towers and the introduction of the central type plan. A great understanding of this research will be analyzed in the drawings and the volumes’ reliefs, which highlighted the general geometric data, the materials used for the realization of the work, the angle of the curtain walls and the technical/constructive strategies. Therefore, the methodical-metric knowledge of the parts will be made more accessible also in relation to the three-dimensional modeling of the fortress, in addition to the critical comparison based on other historical examples of military architecture in the Renaissance period.
Chiese fortificate all’Isola d’Elba tra l’XI e XVI secolo
Authors: Empler Tommaso , Quici Fabio , Caldarone Adriana , Fusinetti Alexandra , Rossi Maria Laura
Published: May 2020

Fortified churches between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries on Elba IslandAgainst the threat of Islamic, Norman and Greek pirates, starting from the eighth century, or due to conflicts with the Genoese, Catalans, Neapolitans and French, up to the English and Dutch corsairs from the sixteenth century, Elba island is organized with a respectable defensive apparatus, especially thanks to the Pisans and the Lordship of the Appiano. In addition to a system of fortresses, towers positioned on the shore of the beaches and watch towers placed on the mountain, the presence of some fortified churches from the eleventh century until the sixteenth century is very unusual: the church of San Niccolò in San Piero in Campo, the church of Sant’Ilario, the church of San Niccolò in Poggio, and of the church of Saints Martyrs Giacomo and Quirico in Rio nell’Elba. Main tasks of the research are: study of the transformations of the churches of San Niccolò in San Piero in Campo and of the church of Sant’Ilario, located on the southern slope of Monte Capanne, where was used the construction technique of the granite of the Elba; the way of communicating cultural heritage among scholars or tourists who are fascinated by such structures. Through an initial operation of instrumental survey with 3D laser scanning and drone photogrammetry it is possible to return the current 3D models of the churches. The second step goes on two main directions: on one hand identifying the conservative restoration operations for the fortified churches; on the other hand allowing the dissemination to a wider public of the history of the two fortified churches.
Architettura e vicende costruttive della Rocca di Capalbio (GR): un modello di torrione quattrocentesco ai confini della Repubblica senese
Authors: Mussari Bruno
Published: May 2020

Architecture and construction events of the fortress of Capalbio (GR): a fifteenth century tower model on the borders of the Republic of SienaCapalbio (GR) is located in the heart of the southern Maremma, along the border strip that in the second half of the fifteenth century marked the line between the Republic of Siena –became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany with the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis of 1559– and the Papal State. The historic center, built around the hill on which it stands, enclosed by a double circle of walls, emerges in the skyline of the surrounding landscape. The fortified structure of Capalbio has a non-simple construction history, especially for the remote phases, but that gradually becomes simpler from the second half of the sixteenth century. The reasons why the defence structure was built were exhausted in a relatively short period of time. The advent of firearms and the evolution of the tools and techniques to which the art of war used, as is well known, imposed a radical transformation of military architecture, which only in some cases, responding to a necessarily changed strategy, they were updated or completely renewed. The fortress of Capalbio was not part of the renovation program and this decision allowed the Maremma village to maintain its historic medieval core until the modern era. The results of this research derive from the identification and study of fifteenth century construction accounting documents, compared with the structures that still exist. It was thus possible to retrace the main construction and transformation phases of the fortified complex, identifying the period in which it was built. Finally, it is not by chance that in that context the fortress of the Rocca replicates a reiterated model, probably due to the widespread use of Ticino and itinerant Lombard workers, also documented on this site.
Albanian bunkers. Modern fortifications built in socialism
Authors: Veizaj Denada , Islami Gjergji , Maliqari Andrea
Published: May 2020

During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Albania built nearly 200 000 bunkers as a measure of protection towards an imaginary attack from (un)known enemies of the Popular Socialist Republic. Most of these structures built in concrete are still part of the landscapes almost in every part of the territory. While the most common type is small and identified from the semi spherical shape, particular bunkers have quite large dimensions and specific features related to their function and location. During the last five years, three of the most unique modern fortifications built during socialism for the displacement of the governmental authorities in case of war, were revealed and made accessible to the public. These structures, transformed today in museums, cultural spaces or simply visitable attractions, are the symbol of an auto-referenced reality within Europe, where the paranoia produced an unusual typology of modern age fortifications. These bunkers, planned to withstand twentieth century military attacks, are extraordinary structures in terms of engineering and building features, and at the same time they represent a very valuable heritage related to the history of communism in Albania. This article aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the fortification of the Albanian territory during the twentieth century as an overall country defence plan, while focusing on the governmental bunkers in order to understand how the ideological differences with the rest of the world created the need for protection and produced an amazing military infrastructure. The discussion on the future of these structures seems to be strongly related to the ability of recognising these modern fortifications on the Mediterranean as cultural heritage.
La cinta muraria di Lastra a Signa: metodologie di rilievo digitale integrato
Authors: Bertocci Stefano , Pancani Giovanni , Cottini Anastasia
Published: May 2020

The city wall of Lastra a Signa: integrated digital survey methodologiesThe survey of the Lastra a Signa city walls (built between the second half of 1300 and the first half of 1400) is the result of three different survey campaigns made in 2006-2007-2008 and of the following data processing carried out as part of a Master thesis. It is a paradigmatic example of the overcoming of the concept of “survey as a mere measurement and graphic representation of a certain element”, by using a methodology protocol. At that time, survey operations became more complex because it was necessary to coordinate with a scientific basis the different survey phases: preliminary documentation, data taking with several instruments, data processing, data filing and cataloguing, two-dimensional representation of plans, cross-sections and elevations, wall decay interpretation and building materials analysis. The survey subject became a dynamic and ever-changing process, thanks to the introduction of digital survey and the availability of new technologies. This paper describes the methodologies that were used in each different part of the survey campaign, of the data cataloguing operations and of the representation process, underlining the importance of the strict hierarchy of the acquired and rendered data. This hierarchy allowed to manage information obtained from topographic, laser, direct and photographic survey, and then to discretise, clean, georeference and make two-dimensional representations of the acquired data. Ultimately, it allowed creating a database that contains all these elements and ensures that the archived data can be updated in the future.
Architettura fortificata tra conservazione e riuso: i progetti di restauro novecenteschi del forte di Castelfranco a Finale Ligure
Authors: Brusa Enrica , Stanga Chiara
Published: May 2020

Fortified architecture between preservation and reuse strategies: the twentieth century restoration projects of Castelfranco in Finale LigureThe town of Finale Ligure, situated on the western coast of Liguria, was the site of the Del Carretto Marquisate until the sixteenth century. After that, it was under the control of the Spanish Crown (seventeenth century) and it has been an independent territory of the Republic of Genoa for a long time. The three castles were built on the top of Finale hills and they were the symbol of its independence. Gavone castle, established on the top of the historical town, has been the site of the Marquisate since the twelfth century. S. Giovanni castle was built by the Spanish in order to improve the town defensive system in the second half of the seventeenth century. Castelfranco, built by the Genoese in the fourteenth century, was rehashed many times by the Spanish and in the nineteenth century by the Savoia family. The three castles still recall these historical events and are therefore witnesses of the Finale present and past history. They are the result of the different transformations occurred over the centuries. In recent times, Castelfranco has been opened to the public and today it houses art exhibitions and cultural events. The restoration of the castle is the last step of a long-lasting rehabilitation project history that has been developed since the 1900s, when the Municipality suggested to turn it into a hotel. The article analyses the restoration projects of Castelfranco that have been carried out in the first half of the twentieth century, which had different methodologies and approaches. Though this study the article highlights the perception that the town had about the castle, identifying the changes in the balance between reuse and conservation strategies after the first Italian preservation laws.
Dal Theatrum Sabaudiae: disegni di fortificazioni nelle raffigurazioni celebrative di una dinastia
Authors: Novello Giuseppa , Bocconcino Maurizio Marco
Published: May 2020

From the Theatrum Sabaudiae: drawings of fortifications in celebratory representations of a dynastyIn order to make the lands and places of their possessions known to European courts and communities, first Duke Carlo Emanuele II of Savoy (1634-1675) and then the Duchess Regent Maria Giovanna Battista of Savoy Nemours (1644-1724) published in 1682, in Amsterdam, at the printing works founded by the publisher and cartographer Joan Blaeu (1596-1673), the publication Theatrum Statuum Regiae Celsitudinis Sabaudiae Ducis, Pedemontii Principis, Cypri Regis. The contribution extracts and comments the graphic transcription made to represent the fortifications depicted in the views, comparing within synoptic paintings divided by theme or components, the recurrent codes of an iconographic nature contained in the one hundred and forty-five plates.
Genoese Traces in the Black Sea Coast of Turkey’s Forts
Authors: Burak Nurhilal
Published: May 2020

The Black Sea is an interior sea and located between Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia and Turkey. The Black Sea flows through the Bosporus and reaches the Marmara Sea. Strong winds and stream has seen in the Black Sea in most of times in a year. Because of that natural bays were preferred while the ports and settlements were established. Republic of Genoa has started to plan the trade routes that will be carried out on the Black Sea coast since the Treaty of Nymphaeum signed in 1261. The settlements of the Genoese colonies along the Black Sea coast were not simultaneous. From 1266 onwards, there had been a growth of about 200 years. They intervened in some of the defense structures in these ports. They have placed their own coat of arms on the walls of the defensive structures they had built or repaired. The information is obtained about the colonies in these ports from the trade records which kept by Genoese (Massaria di Caffa, Massaria di Pera), the maritime maps (portolans) produced in those centuries and the medieval historians. The scope of this paper is to be examined that between Bulgaria and Georgia borders the Black Sea port of Turkey’s remaining strongholds which Genoese used for trade. Historical documents and maps will be used as well. In the light of these methods, the ports used by the Republic of Genoa on the shores of the Black Sea, established colonies and construction activities in the thirteenth - fifteenth centuries will be examined.
Il castello dei conti di Biandrate: indagini sulle strutture superstiti
Authors: Guiso Bianca , Tappari Maria Vittoria
Published: May 2020

Castello dei Conti di Biandrate: surveys on the surviving structureBiandrate is a northern Italian village in the province of Novara that lies in the Po plain between the Sesia and Ticino rivers. Border area disputed between Vercelli and Novara, since the early Middle Ages it represented an important crossing point because there were the fords of the Sesia river nearby, on the road axis joining Novara and Ivrea. Its importance grew in the tenth century, when the Pieve was erected, today disappeared, dedicated to Santa Maria and, in 1029, the Counts of Pombia family settled in the Biandrate castrum. In 1168 the castrum was destroyed by the armies of Milan, allied with Novara and Vercelli, that in 1194 carved up the territory. In the second half of the thirteenth century the village of Biandrate was divided into the Borgo Vecchio, vercellese, to the west, and the Borgo Nuovo, novarese, to the east. They developed around the canonica of S. Colombano, the hospital and the ruins of the Count’s castrum. The castrum, almost totally destroyed, continued to represent an area with particular rights: in fact the Statues established that the Podestà could pronounce sentences only “in castro veteri Blanderati”. Nowadays the collegiata of S. Colombano stands on the Biandrate castrum ruins; the collegiata was mentioned for the first time in 1146, but was altered various times over the centuries. In particular, portions of the ancient wall are visible in the lower part of the west wall of the church of Santa Caterina, incorporated within the complex of the collegiate of S. Colombano. It is noticed that the ancient castrum had very thick walls made primarily with river pebbles, roughly cut stones in a herringbone pattern and binding mortar.
Geometrie dello sguardo nel paesaggio calabrese
Authors: Fatta Francesca , Marraffa Andrea , Patanè Claudio
Published: May 2020

Geometries of the gaze in the Calabrian landscapeHaving lost their function of sighting as an instrument of strategic control, inclusion and protection from presumed pirate invasions, the coastal towers of Calabria Ultra, represented in the Diary of Wonders of the end of the sixteenth century, called Codice Romano Carratelli, will act as the key and device of the gaze that links the land to the expanse of water. A vast geometric, precise and linear system that will connect, through the gaze, the “terracqueo landscape”, unstable and multiform, continuously changing. The ninety-nine watercolour maps of the Codice are an immense heritage of clues, traces, geometries and measurements on which to think in order to bring to the surface of the earth, military tactics that have become latent in history as a palimpsest. The use of ancient and modern techniques of survey and graphic representation, want to accompany the contemporary traveler to turn his gaze towards new strategies of “reception”, rather than aversion of a silent landscape, where merge and mix. The “stratigraphies of the gaze” are sections perpendicular to the “horizontal plane” of a “living” landscape from which routes, artefacts, signs, traces, fragments of history can be distilled for a widespread cultural regeneration of the territory. The experimental character of this research, recounted in these pages, lies in the application of an innovative strategy of communication and information, based on the creation of cultural routes structured in museums, widespread or located on the coastal landscape of Calabria.
Reinterpretación del trazado de la coracha zirí de Granada a la luz de los nuevos datos arqueológicos
Authors: Reyes Martínez Antonio , Reyes Martínez Encarnación
Published: May 2020

Reinterpreting the layout of Granada’s ziri coracha in the light of new archaeological data This article talks about the archeological intervention carried out in Concepción de Zafra street n°3 of Granada next to the Darro river. The house uses the perimeter wall East of Nasrid Maristan. Under this wall another tapial wall was discovered and possibly belonging to the coracha of the eleventh century.
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XII (FORTMED2020)
Authors: Navarro Palazón Julio , García-Pulido Luis José
Published: May 2020

FORTMED 2020 is the fifth edition of the International Conference on Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast. The Conference has been held in March 26th, 27th and 28th 2020 in Granada (Spain), at the Laboratory of Archaeology and Architecture of the City (Laboratorio de Arqueología y Arquitectura de la Ciudad, LAAC) of the School of Arabic Studies (Escuela de Estudios Árabes, EEA), a research centre that belongs to the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC). The main objective of FORTMED conferences is to exchange and share knowledge for a better understanding, assessment, management and exploitation of the built Cultural Heritage. The focus is on defensive architecture in the Mediterranean area, from the Antiquity to the present day, although it does not exclude other fortifications built overseas but high influenced by those on the Mediterranean.
Aspectos curriculares da educação do campo e a modelagem matemática: relações possíveis
Authors: Vargas Andressa Franco , Bisognin Eleni
Published: May 2020

O presente trabalho discute aspectos curriculares que constam nos documentos oficiais do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e analisa se a Modelagem Matemática quanto metodologia de ensino pode ser inserida neste cenário. Para isso traçamos como objetivo analisar os documentos que norteiam a Educação do Campo no Rio Grande do Sul com o intuito de verificar se a metodologia da Modelagem Matemática pode ser utilizada nesta realidade e se a mesma pode satisfazer ou não os objetivos propostos. Foram visitadas algumas escolas do campo no interior do estado e foi possível constatar que ainda há muito a ser melhorado nas escolas do campo quanto à organização curricular, novas metodologias e acesso à informação. Da leitura dos documentos, podemos concluir que não há uma política que assegure a formação continuada para que estes profissionais possam se adaptar às diversidades do ambiente, assim, a educação nestas localidades, acaba por seguir os modelos educacionais urbanos, excluindo a riqueza e pluralidade cultural das comunidades.
Temperature response measurements from eucalypts give insight into the impact of Australian isoprene emissions on air quality in 2050
Authors: Emmerson Kathryn M. , Possell Malcolm , Aspinwall Michael J. , Pfautsch Sebastian , Tjoelker Mark G.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Predicting future air quality in Australian cities dominated by eucalypt emissions requires an understanding of their emission potentials in a warmer climate. Here we measure the temperature response in isoprene emissions from saplings of four different Eucalyptus species grown under current and future average summertime temperature conditions. The future conditions represent a 2050 climate under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, with average daytime temperatures of 294.5 K. Ramping the temperature from 293 to 328 K resulted in these eucalypts emitting isoprene at temperatures 4–9 K higher than the default maximum emission temperature in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). New basal emission rate measurements were obtained at the standard conditions of 303 K leaf temperature and 1000 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation and converted into landscape emission factors. We applied the eucalypt temperature responses and emission factors to Australian trees within MEGAN and ran the CSIRO Chemical Transport Model for three summertime campaigns in Australia. Compared to the default model, the new temperature responses resulted in less isoprene emission in the morning and more during hot afternoons, improving the statistical fit of modelled to observed ambient isoprene. Compared to current conditions, an additional 2 ppb of isoprene is predicted in 2050, causing hourly increases up to 21 ppb of ozone and 24-hourly increases of 0.4 µg m−3 of aerosol in Sydney. A 550 ppm CO2 atmosphere in 2050 mitigates these peak Sydney ozone mixing ratios by 4 ppb. Nevertheless, these forecasted increases in ozone are up to one-fifth of the hourly Australian air quality limit, suggesting that anthropogenic NOx should be further reduced to maintain healthy air quality in future.
Quantifying cloud adjustments and the radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions in satellite observations of warm marine clouds
Authors: Douglas Alyson , L'Ecuyer Tristan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions and their resultant forcing remains one of the largest sources of uncertainty in future climate scenarios. The effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci) is a combination of two different effects, namely how aerosols modify cloud brightness (RFaci, intrinsic) and how cloud extent reacts to aerosol (cloud adjustments CA; extrinsic). Using satellite observations of warm clouds from the NASA A-Train constellation from 2007 to 2010 along with MERRA-2 Reanalysis and aerosol from the SPRINTARS model, we evaluate the ERFaci in warm, marine clouds and its components, the RFaciwarm and CAwarm, while accounting for the liquid water path and local environment. We estimate the ERFaciwarm to be -0.32±0.16 Wm−2. The RFaciwarm dominates the ERFaciwarm contributing 80 % (-0.21±0.15 Wm−2), while the CAwarm enhances this cooling by 20 % (-0.05±0.03 Wm−2). Both the RFaciwarm and CAwarm vary in magnitude and sign regionally and can lead to opposite, negating effects under certain environmental conditions. Without considering the two terms separately and without constraining cloud–environment interactions, weak regional ERFaciwarm signals may be erroneously attributed to a damped susceptibility to aerosol.
Spatial variations in sedimentary N-transformation rates in the North Sea (German Bight)
Authors: Bratek Alexander , van
Beusekom Justus E. E. , Neumann Andreas , Sanders Tina , Friedrich Jana , Emeis Kay-Christian , Dähnke Kirstin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In this study, we investigate the role of sedimentary N cycling in the
southern North Sea. We present a budget of ammonification, nitrification and
sedimentary NO3- consumption and denitrification
in contrasting
sediment types of the German Bight (southern North Sea), including novel net
ammonification rates. We incubated sediment cores from four representative
locations in the German Bight (permeable, semi-permeable and impermeable
sediments) with labeled nitrate and ammonium to calculate benthic fluxes of
nitrate and ammonium and gross rates of ammonification and nitrification.
Ammonium fluxes generally suggest oxic degradation of organic matter, but
elevated fluxes at one sampling site point towards the importance of
bioirrigation or short-term accumulation of organic matter. Sedimentary
fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen are an important source for primary
producers in the water column, supporting ∼7 % to 59 % of
the average annual primary production, depending on water depth. We find that ammonification and oxygen penetration depth are the main
drivers of sedimentary nitrification, but this nitrification is closely
linked to denitrification. One-third of freshly produced nitrate in
impermeable sediment and two-thirds in permeable sediment were reduced to
N2. The semi-permeable and permeable sediments are responsible for
∼68 % of the total benthic N2 production rates,
which, based solely on our data, amounts to ∼1030 t N d−1 in the southern North Sea. Thus, we conclude that semi-permeable
and permeable sediments are the main sinks of reactive N, counteracting
eutrophication in the southern North Sea (German Bight).
Las caras del andrógino.De Benito Pérez Galdós a Luis Landero
Authors: Otero Elizabeth
Published: May 2020

La figura del andrógino atrae un sinfín de fenómenos que ponen en cuestión la identidad humana, en su conexión con el origen, con la Modernidad y con la utopía. Cuando se encarna en un personaje novelesco, el rol andrógino recibe miradas diversas, que van desde lo monstruoso hasta lo sobrehumano. En tanto que halo invisible, lo andrógino condensa en estas novelas el modus operandi del hermetismo grotesco, simbolismo moderno donde esta figura y otras –como el hombre inútil– se cargan de nuevos sentidos.
Las lenguas minoritarias de China: consideraciones desde la perspectiva ecolingüística
Authors: Du 杜雯 Wen
Published: May 2020

La globalización trae consigo un proceso de cambios apresurados en nuestra moderna civilización, un buen número de lenguas minoritarias del mundo están en peligro de desaparición, y algunas de ellas ya pueden considerarse extintas, lo cual significa una grave amenaza a la diversidad lingüística. Considerando dichas circunstancias, en el presente artículo presentamos estas lenguas minoritarias supervivientes de China desde una nueva perspectiva: la ecolingüística. Con la ayuda de esta disciplina analizamos la relación existente entre la diversidad lingüística y la biodiversidad, así como el panorama general de las lenguas minoritarias de China y su situación ecológica, prestando una especial importancia a la protección de las mismas, con una serie de propuestas que consideramos adecuadas para mejorar en la medida de lo posible su estado actual.
Las expresiones epistémicas en el nivel léxico español y chino
Authors: Xie 谢宇 Yu , Fuentes Rodríguez Catalina
Published: May 2020

La modalidad epistémica es una noción cognitiva que se vincula con la visión del mundo del hablante, en concreto, con su juicio subjetivo sobre la veracidad de lo enunciado. Para indicar una evaluación epistémica, podemos utilizar en español recursos lingüísticos muy heterogéneos pertenecientes al plano léxico. Actúan de manera gradual. A pesar de que el chino y el español pertenecen a lenguas de raíces distintas, las expresiones epistémicas en español pueden traducirse al chino sin ninguna dificultad y sin perder matices. Por otro lado, hay expresiones epistémicas propias de ambas lenguas que no tienen equivalentes directos en la otra. En este caso, su relación de equivalencia es indirecta.
Diplomática del pésame. Breve estudio documental de cartas de condolencia reales bajomedievales de la Corona de Aragón
Authors: López Gómez Érika
Published: May 2020

El artículo realiza un acercamiento a la diplomática del pésame tomando como fuente de información la reciente colección de cartas de condolencia y anunciadoras de fallecimientos del Archivo General de la Corona de Aragón (siglos XIII al XVI). A través del análisis de la estructura documental de noventa y tres cartas de condolencia, conoceremos el modo de articular el discurso real ante la noticia del fallecimiento de un familiar o conocido, cómo se manifiesta el duelo y las emociones más íntimas de las élites sociales y en qué medida se reflejan la doctrina cristiana y el concepto que sobre la muerte había en la Edad Media. También advertiremos que a pesar de las desafortunadas circunstancias, el fin de la vida supone una ocasión propicia para comentar la situación política del reino y establecer nuevas relaciones entre casas reales. En definitiva, con este breve estudio pretendemos poner sobre la mesa el valor y utilidad de este tipo de diplomas para la investigación histórica.
Las cláusulas notariales complementarias al dispositivo: la guarentigia en documentación notarial del siglo XVI, el caso de Málaga
Authors: Marchant Rivera Alicia
Published: May 2020

Se ofrecerá un análisis sobre el empleo de la cláusula guarentigia en los instrumentos públicos notariales de la Málaga de la primera mitad del siglo XVI; delimitando para ello, de entre un corpus, una selección de 17 documentos de variada tipología, pertenecientes a diversas escribanías públicas de la ciudad, cuya transcripción, fragmentada, se ofrece en el apéndice documental. Para ello se llevará a cabo un previo análisis historiográfico del nacimiento y consolidación de la cláusula guarentigia en las escrituras públicas de la península ibérica, así como del eco que halló el empleo de la misma en los textos doctrinales de plena Edad Moderna, hasta su posterior desaparición. Todo ello nos conducirá a determinar el nivel de instrucción y preparación del que gozaban los escribanos públicos del número de la ciudad en cuestión, de qué textos doctrinales se nutrían y en qué grado, dentro de su praxis, respetaban la fidelidad a las fórmulas, en pos de una creciente inmediatez en la plasmación escrituraria de las transacciones civiles, carácter que marca los primeros pasos de la consolidación de la modernidad.
Kjønnsperspektiv på flytteforskning om ungdom
Authors: Rye Johan Fredrik
Published: May 2020

I denne artikkelen diskuteres anvendelsen av kjønnsperspektiver i studier av ungdoms flyttepraksiser. Artikkelens første del viser hvordan fremveksten av kjønnsperspektivene på ungdoms flytting reflekterer den mer allmenne utviklingen innen samfunnsvitenskapene de siste tre-fire tiårene. Det gis en oversikt over denne utviklingen, og jeg skisserer de viktigste innfallsvinklene som kvinne-, kjønns- og feministisk teori har bidratt med. Den neste delen gir videre et overblikk over hvordan disse kjønnsperspektivene er anvendt i analyser av ungdoms flytting innenfor ruralsosiologien, med vekt på eksempler fra den norske litteraturen på feltet. I artikkelens tredje og siste del problematiseres kjønnsperspektivene, og det diskuteres hvordan de kan bidra til bedre analyser av ungdom sine migrasjonspraksiser.
Fra redaksjonen
Authors: Korsvold Tora , Tingstad Vebjørg
Published: May 2020

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Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Food Research, Vol. 9 No. 3
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: May 2020

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.

Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: jfr@ccsenet.org

Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 3

 

Asima Asi Begic-Akagic, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Bosnian

Bruno Alejandro Irigaray, Facultad de Química, Uruguay

Diego A. Moreno-Fernández, CEBAS-CSIC, Spain

Djilani Abdelouaheb, Badji Mokhtar University, Algeria

Gisele Fátima Morais Nunes, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Jintana Wiboonsirikul, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Thailand

Leonardo Martín Pérez, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Argentina

Liana Claudia Salanta, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Romania

Luis Patarata, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal

Mariana de Lourdes Almeida Vieira, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute, Malaysia

Palmiro Poltronieri, National Research Council of Italy, Italy

Qinlu Lin, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, China

Rigane Ghayth, Organic Chemistry-Physics Laboratory, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Rozilaine A. P. G. Faria, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Shalini A. Neeliah, Ministry of Agro-industry and food security, Mauritius

Winny Routray, McGill University, Canada

Won Choi, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Mathematics Research, Vol. 12, No. 3
Authors: Wang Sophia
Published: May 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2020.
Legal Aspects of Ensuring Security When using Personal Electric Transport in Russia and Abroad
Authors: Vladimirovich Iroshnikov Denis , Yurievna Nemova Ninel , Vladimirovich Shevchenko Kirill , Ivanovich Utkin Nikolay
Published: May 2020

Transport plays a fundamental role in the life of society. The fast pace of life, especially in metropolises and cities, imposes new requirements towards human mobility. With the development of technologies unprecedented transport solutions have become popular. Specifically, in different countries personal electric transport (segway, self-balancing scooter, electric scooter, unicycle etc.) has assumed widespread use. The number of such vehicles is constantly growing. As known, any means of transport presents a hazard. That is why it is important to pay special attention to personal security when using this kind of transport.

Based on the analysis of the current Russian and foreign legislations, case materials, scientific sources, the article investigates legal problems of ensuring personal security when using personal electric vehicles. In this respect, the authors consider the issues of ensuring safety of both a driver and a pedestrian, and third parties as well.

The conducted legal research has allowed us to make a conclusion on the necessity of improving legislation in the sphere of using personal electric transport. In the authors’ opinion, one should start with statutory recognition of the very notion of “personal electric transport”, which must include characteristic features that allow to differentiate between this particular kind of transport and other vehicles. Nothing but comprehensive legal regulation based on a detailed analysis of possible risks, can prevent personal security hazards when using personal electric transport.
De Tijdelijke wet COVID-19 Justitie en Veiligheid
Authors: Rietveld S. , Stroeve L.E.
Published: May 2020

De Tijdelijke wet COVID-19 Justitie en Veiligheid. Meer mogelijkheden voor rechtspersonen tot het gebruik van elektronische communicatiemiddelen en het uitstellen van termijnen

In deze bijdrage bespreken de auteurs de op 24 april 2020 in werking getreden Tijdelijke wet COVID-19 Justitie en Veiligheid. Deze wet geeft verschillende voorzieningen voor vergaderingen van bestuur en raad van commissarissen, algemene vergaderingen, ledenvergaderingen en verslaglegging door tijdelijke afwijkingen van en aanvullingen op Boek 2 BW toe te staan.
De rechten van certificaathouders onder de wettelijke geschillenregeling
Authors: Blom M.A.
Published: May 2020

De rechten van certificaathouders onder de wettelijke geschillenregeling

Dit artikel beschrijft de positie van de STAK en certificaathouders binnen de wettelijke geschillenregeling, mede in het licht van het recent gewezen arrest Cox/Widdershoven. De auteur betoogt dat de certificaathouders meer mogelijkheden moeten krijgen om van de regeling gebruik te maken. De auteur doet daarvoor enkele concrete voorstellen.
Crosstalk between TGF-β1 signalling pathway
and microRNAs in renal cancer
Authors: Bogusławska Joanna
Published: May 2020

Alterations in TGF-β1 signalling in renal cancer are accompanied by disturbed
expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). TGF-β1 is an important
regulator of key cellular processes and contributes to the development
of many diseases, including cancer. At early cancer stages, TGF-β1 inhibits
proliferation and tumour growth, while as the disease progresses,
TGF-β1 stimulates metastasis. This dual TGF-β1 effect in cancers is
called the “TGF-β1 paradox”. miRNAs – small, noncoding RNAs which
regulate genes expression may contribute to the switching of TGF-β1
from suppressor to oncogenic function. The article presents the latest
information regarding mutual regulation between miRNAs and the
TGF-β1 signalling pathway as well as its potential role in the treatment
of kidney cancer.
En ny kurs for Libanon?
Authors: Nordenson Jon , Dølerud Magnus , Lorentzen Sogge Erling
Published: May 2020

I flere måneder har demonstranter tatt til gatene i libanesiske byer med krav om politikerklassens avgang og en ny retning for det kriserammede landet. I hvilken grad markerer protestene begynnelsen på noe nytt?
Lior B. Sternfeld Between Iran and Zion Stanford University Press , 2019.
Authors: Kvindesland Eirik
Published: May 2020

Anmeldt av Eirik Kvindesland.
Jacob Høigilt Comics in Contemporary Arab Culture I.B. Tauris, 2019.
Authors: Ottosson al-Bitar Astrid
Published: May 2020

Anmeldt av Astrid Ottosson al-Bitar.
Cognitive Bias and Facial Depiction from Skeletal Remains
Authors: Wilkinson Caroline
Published: May 2020

The human face is physically, psychologically, and socially significant, and facial appearance is crucial to social identity. Therefore, the facial depiction of people from the past is a useful tool for the social interpretation of archaeological remains. However, scientific assumptions surrounding the interpretation of ancient remains influence how the individual is depicted, and facial depictions can contribute to and perpetuate confirmation bias.

The primary goals of facial depiction of people from the past are humanistic; re-socializing, and re-personifying, and these aims may create an environment where the interests of the museum visitor influence the level of realism presented in a facial depiction, even where there is little evidence to justify many facial details. Enhanced levels of realism have led to the depiction of character and personality through facial expression. Facial depictions will also influence popular notions of race and gender identity, and the application of contemporary gender and population characteristics to ancient populations may not be justifiable.

Facial depiction practitioners should be aware of cognitive bias in their work and make all attempts to avoid the effects. Practitioners should be involved in the decision-making process around the presentation of these exhibits in museums or by the police.

El rostro humano es fisica, psicologica y socialmente significativo y la apariencia facial es crucial para la identidad social. Por lo tanto, la representacion del rostro de personas del pasado es una herramienta util para la interpretacion social de los restos arqueologicos. Sin embargo, las presunciones que los cientificos toman entorno a la interpretacion de los restos antiguos influyen en como se representa al individuo, asi como las representaciones faciales pueden contribuir y perpetuar el sesgo de confirmacion.

Los objetivos principales de la representacion facial de personas del pasado son humanistas; re-socializar y re-personificar. Estos objetivos pueden crear un entorno donde los intereses del visitante del museo influyen en el grado de realismo presentado en una representacion facial, incluso cuando las evidencias son pocas para justificar muchos detalles faciales. Los niveles mejorados de realismo han llevado a la representacion del personaje y la personalidad a traves de la expresion facial. Las representaciones faciales tambien influiran en las nociones populares de identidad de raza y genero, y la aplicacion de las caracteristicas contemporaneas de genero y poblacion a las poblaciones antiguas puede no ser justificable.

Los profesionales que crean las representaciones faciales deben ser conscientes del sesgo cognitivo en su trabajo y hacer todo lo posible para evitar los efectos. Los profesionales deben participar en el proceso de toma de decisiones en torno a la presentacion de estas exhibiciones en museos o por la policia.