bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in the Suppression or Enhancement of Responses Related to Drug Habits as a Function of Stimulus Classes and Competing Response Categories
Authors: Haertzen Charles A. , Ross Frances E.
Published: September 2011

Male prisoners who were opiate addicts ( N = 47) were given three Process Association Tests of Addiction containing stimuli which evoked responses characteristic of three levels of drug habits: beginning and ending stage of addiction, intermediate stage of addiction, and an advanced level of addiction. Each test required subjects to associate 278 word stimuli with one of five options which were randomly selected from among 20 options covering the stages of addiction, steps in drug taking, and drug effects. The purpose of the study was to determine whether responses to particular options suppressed or enhanced responses to other options. A strong interaction was found between the classes of stimuli and the response options which produced suppression or enhancement. This interaction made it possible to develop a suppression scale to measure the effect of each class of stimulus. Popular responses most frequently suppressed responses of other options. Thus, when the stimuli were clean, responses of “to be clean” and “to live a normal life,” which are sensitive indicators of the beginning or ending stages of addiction, suppressed responses of other stages. The response of “to be high,” a prime indicator of an intermediate habit, suppressed responses of other options when the stimuli were drug names. Responses of “to be hooked” and “to fix,” which are specific indicators of a strong habit, and “to be high,” which is a nonspecific indicator of a strong habit, suppressed responses of many other options. In the development of new association tests the analysis of suppression could provide a basis for selectively varying option groupings in order to increase or decrease the frequency of certain responses.
Statistical Data for Basic Traits of Graphoanalysis: IGAS Trait Norm Project
Authors: Stockholm Emilie
Published: September 2011

500 specimens of handwriting were analyzed according to the principles of Graphoanalysis for the purpose of establishing trait norms and standard scores. The analyses were performed by Certified and Master Graphoanalysts. The statistical data, computed from 55,000 raw scores, are presented.
Processing of Information about Location during Locomotion: Effects of Amount of Visual Information about the Locomotor Patterns
Authors: Böök Anders , Gärling Tommy
Published: September 2011

How maintenance of orientation during locomotion in unfamiliar environments is accomplished was investigated by presenting subjects ( n = 32) a target in different locations in a dark room, having them walk linearly behind a moving light line (1.12 m/sec.), and from a stopping point 12 and 22.6 m away, numerically estimate direction and distance to the target. An equal number of subjects was assigned to each of 2 × 2 treatment levels: the starting point either visible or invisible from the stopping point and the target either visible only from the starting point or throughout each trial. In the conditions with invisible targets there were mainly negative effects of the visible starting point, partially the same as those previously obtained for a concurrent task during locomotion. The results suggested that maintenance of orientation is achieved by recurrent central processing of information, which if postponed leads to impaired performance mainly because forgetting occurs.
Dimensional Approach to the Study of Sighting Dominance
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Cei Alberto , Ceridono Davide , Bergerone Chiara
Published: September 2011

This study proposes a dimensional and noncategorical approach to research on sighting dominance. Let us suppose that no eye dominance exists as well as results concerning right and left eye dominance. We modified a classical alignment test to measure along a continuum the ocular dominance of 47 female undergraduate students in psychology. Data seem to confirm the hypothesis emphasizing the presence of subjects with no ocular dominance as well as right- and left-dominant subjects. Moreover, another group has been classified. The subjects with fluctuating dominance show an alternation in their dominance. Thus an hypothesis of the functionality of the two hemispheres is suggested.
Personality Characteristics of Army Helicopter Pilots
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Boyd Sandra T.
Published: September 2011

The personality characteristics of 15 male Army helicopter pilots were ascertained by means of the MMPI and compared to those of 16 male nonpilot Army Officers. The pilots manifested more pathology than nonpilots for the significant data, as evidenced by significantly higher scores on the Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychasthenia, and Social Introversion-Extroversion scales.
Scaling of Very, Very Short Visual Extents
Authors: Masin S. C.
Published: September 2011

Using the magnitude estimation and production methods, the psychophysical function for very, very short visual extents was shown to be a straight line. The argument is made that the linearity of the psychophysical function is independent of past experience. Such a linear relation is plausibly due to the linearity of the transformation, through perceptual constancy, of the physical extents into apparent extents.
An Ink-Blot Story Technique with Children, Preliminary Observations
Authors: Edington George E.
Published: September 2011

A technique for eliciting stories from children in response to self-made ink blots was developed and used. Some of the results are noted and discussed.
Relationship between Behavioral Indices of Aggression and Hostile Content on the Tat for Incarcerated Young Women
Authors: Martin Roger D. , Bastian James
Published: September 2011

The role played by fantasy in moderating the overt expression of aggression was investigated by examining the relationship between aggressive behavior and hostile content on the Thematic Apperception Test. A Behavior. Rating Scale, Behavior Checklist, and Aggressiveness of Offense Scale (Matranga, 1976) were used to measure the aggressive behavior of 15 incarcerated women between 16 and 20 yr. old. No support was found for the hypothesis that hostile content on the TAT is negatively correlated with behavioral measures of aggression. Instead, results suggested that there is no significant relationship between these variables, at least with an incarcerated, predominantly Native female population.
Successful and Unsuccessful Strategies of Search in Auditory Memory
Authors: Bisiacchi Patrizia , Morais José
Published: September 2011

In a multiple-target single-probe experiment on auditory memory, evidence was obtained for two different strategies of search, one being more efficient than the other both in terms of accuracy and rapidity. The result urges us to be cautious in the interpretation of experiments in which a large number of subjects low in accuracy are discarded in the screening phase.
Response Format and Coding Procedures in Research on Time Perspective: A Methodological Commentary
Authors: Rakowski William , Barber Clifton E. , Seelbach Wayne C.
Published: September 2011

The dimension of time perspective for extension of personal future was examined as it may be affected by response format and coding procedures. A total of 75 undergraduate students responded to a questionnaire containing one of three formats for reporting anticipated future life-events, varying in the structure imposed on responding. Temporal estimates of life-event occurrence were coded using two procedures, each of which permitted a near and a far value. Analyses suggest that the greatest degree of caution should occur in considering the representativeness of far estimates of extension provided under an open-event format. While coding procedures each produced a significant near/far difference, cross-procedure comparisons were not as impressive, despite also being significant. Questions can therefore be raised regarding techniques for obtaining time perspective data and preparing them for analysis.
Length Judgments of Body Parts
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

Independent groups of subjects judged the size of four body-parts and four nonbody stimuli under two size-instruction conditions. The shapes of the nonbody stimuli approximated the shapes of the body-parts. For both apparent and objective size instructions, the pattern of errors of body-part judgments confirmed the findings of Shontz (1969); judgmental errors of head-width and forearm-length were significantly greater than judgmental errors of hand-length and foot-length. Although not significant statistically, a similar pattern of errors was obtained for nonbody size judgments.
Hemispheric Differences on a Novel Task Requiring Attention
Authors: Salmaso Dario
Published: September 2011

16 students, 8 men and 8 women, ranged in age from 18 to 25 yr., served as subjects in an experiment, where 320 pairs of consonants and 320 pairs of lines were presented tachistoscopically to the left and to the right visual field. One pair, both for letters and for lines, constituted the nonsignal event and the remainder the signals. A high event rate and a low signal density were used. Subjects were instructed to press a key when a signal had been presented. Performance was scored according to nonparametric estimates of sensitivity and criterion. The main results were a clear-cut dissociation between the two measures, a greater sensitivity for the presentation in the right visual field, irrespective of the type of material, and different effects on detection and response bias for men and for women. The importance of these findings with respect to lateralization and information processing is discussed.
Characteristics of Upper Limb Movements in a Sample of Meningomyelocele Children
Authors: Brunt Denis
Published: September 2011

This study examined the movement characteristics of 41 children diagnosed as having meningomyelocele to whom 13 items from the Southern California Sensory Integration Test were administered. From factor analysis three factors of movement ability emerged. The first factor accounted for 40.1% of the variance and described a pattern representing both constructional and gestural apraxia. Factor II accounted for 16.2% of the variance and was indicative of bilateral coordination. The third factor accounted for 8.2% of the variance where it was observed that some subjects had ataxic-like movements which affected fine motor performance.
Advisability of Pretest Designs in Psychological Research
Authors: Oliver Richard L. , Berger Philip K.
Published: September 2011

The advantages, disadvantages, and appropriateness of pretest designs vis-a-vis posttest-only investigations are reviewed from a pragmatic perspective. Generally, pretests provide information on pretreatment states of nature and allow analysis of change scores, but they also tend to introduce main effects and interactions as well as difficulties in analysis which preclude an unambiguous interpretation of treatment effects. These problems are illustrated with data from a field experiment conducted in the manner of a Solomon (1949) design. The results showed that three alternative analyses of pretested subjects yielded conclusions which conflicted with those obtained in both an after-only group analysis and a factorial analysis of the complete Solomon design. It was concluded that pretesting may introduce more interpretative problems than it resolves and that the cost-efficient posttest-only design may be adequate in many cases.
Anxiety Reduction in Hospitalized Schizophrenics through Thermal Biofeedback and Relaxation Training
Authors: Hawkins Raymond C. , Doell Susanne R. , Lindseth Paul , Jeffers Vicki , Skaggs Shirley
Published: September 2011

Biofeedback training and muscular relaxation have therapeutic value for general reduction of tension in non-patient and patient populations. The present study investigated the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and relaxation as adjunctive treatments to antipsychotic medication for reduction of anxiety in 40 hospitalized schizophrenics who were randomly assigned to four groups: biofeedback, relaxation, biofeedback and relaxation, and minimal treatment control. Significant reduction in anxiety followed treatment, but there were no between-group differences. One-year follow-up and post hoc analyses indicated a subgroup of “anxious” schizophrenics who showed substantial reduction in anxiety following treatment with biofeedback and relaxation.
A Practical Approach to the Psychological Evaluation of Elderly Patients
Authors: Wolber Greg
Published: September 2011

Traditional psychodiagnostic batteries are not always appropriate for the evaluation of elderly patients. This paper presents a suggested evaluative package developed for use with a psychiatric geriatric population. Presented are four areas of assessment which include the following: (1) psychosocial history, (2) mental status, (3) basic living skills assessment, and (4) psychological testing. Each suggested component is discussed relevant to a geriatric psychiatric population. The psychological report is also discussed.
Environmental Influences on a Pegboard Task
Authors: Paterson Chris E. , Philips Craig W. , Pettijohn Terry F.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the influence of social and physical environmental size on the time 120 junior high students required to place 25 pegs into a pegboard. Physical room size significantly affected performance (with the best time occurring in the large room), while social size did not have an effect.
Bias in Petrie's Alternate-Form Procedure for Kinesthetic Aftereffect
Authors: Mishara Brian L. , Baker A. Harvey
Published: September 2011

Kinesthetic aftereffect, commonly administered with alternate forms given on two separate occasions, has been used to assess individual differences in personality and perceptual style. Recent criticisms have questioned whether this task gives a worthwhile measure of individual differences. This paper represents a further response to such criticisms by extending to Petrie's alternate-form procedure our argument that lack of test-retest reliability is associated with practice effects which differentially bias second-session scores. Findings indicate that second session bias does occur with this procedure, and, as expected, there was an inverse relationship between magnitude of retest reliability and differential bias. Although use of the alternative-form procedure is contraindicated, a single-session procedure remains a promising personality measure since it is not affected by differential bias.
Hemispheric Asymmetry: A Signal Detection Analysis
Authors: Shefsky Michael W. , Stenson Herbert H. , Miller Leon K.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were asked to indicate, by a simple motor response, the presence or absence of a predesignated target letter in unilaterally presented consonant trigrams. Perceptual sensitivity (d′) was significantly greater in the right visual hemifield and did not depend upon hand of response. Reaction times were slightly higher in the left hemifield and for the left hand. Response bias (β) did not differ between hemifields. Models of perceptual asymmetry as a consequence of information loss transcallosally are weakened by the results.
Influence of Familiarity on Responses to Visual Qualities of Neighborhoods
Authors: Nasar Jack L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between familiarity with neighborhood environments and preference for them. Color photographs, eight each from two married student housing complex neighborhoods, were presented to residents of each complex to classify in terms of pleasantness, interestingness and familiarity, χ2 tests were used to analyze the data. As was expected, residents evaluated scenes proximate to them as more familiar than distant scenes. All respondents evaluated one neighborhood as more pleasant and more interesting than the other. Nevertheless, evaluations were also influenced by familiarity such that familiarity was related to a decrement in interest and an increment in pleasantness. Familiarity's likely association with a decrease in perceived complexity may well have produced less interest. On the other hand, it is likely that the hedonic response associated with familiarity produced an increment in rated pleasantness. Thus, the positive feelings for familiarity overpowered the negative affect associated with decreased environmental complexity.
An Experimental Analysis of Discrimination of Pulse Transit Time
Authors: Martin John E. , Epstein Leonard H.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to determine if individuals could be trained to discriminate changes in their own pulse transit time, an indirect estimate of relative (systolic) blood pressure. A single-subject ABAB reversal-reinstatement design was used in an experimental analysis of the effects of feedback on pulse transit time discrimination in a normotensive and essential hypertensive subject. Subjects engaged a response button on a free-operant schedule each time they felt pulse transit time was momentarily below a predetermined mean. After baseline, visual feedback was provided contingent on correct responses (feedback) and incorrect responses (reversal). Procedures also assessed the role of respiration as a possible discriminative stimulus. For both subjects discrimination improved during feedback, showed disruption when the reversal was implemented, and subsequently improved during the second feedback phase. Respiration did not appear to have served as the discriminative stimulus. Results are discussed in terms of the need for refining procedures, especially to ensure generalization to no-feedback conditions, and the potential applications and importance of training of pulse transit time.
Are There Sex-Related Asymmetries in Foot Size?
Authors: Pomerantz Arthur P. , Harris Lauren Julius
Published: September 2011

Foot size was measured in 7-, 11-, and 15-yr.-old right-handed children ( ns = 21, 22, and 19). Significant asymmetries were found in two groups: 15-yr.-old boys (longer right than left feet) and 11-yr.-old girls (longer left than right feet). Among the other age × sex groups, the avenge margins of difference were not significantly different from zero. The results are compared with those reported by Levy and Levy (1978), who found sex-related asymmetries in foot size across a wide age range.
Relation between Raters' Characteristics and Halo Error
Authors: Buffardi Louis , Gibson James F.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effect of personality characteristics and cognitive style of raters on halo error. To control the information available to raters, a vignette concerning two fictitious individuals was presented. The two individuals were rated on 10 traits by 60 undergraduate raters. These raters also completed a Group Embedded Figures Test and a Thurstone Temperament Schedule. Raters characterized as dominant, vigorous, and stable were less susceptible to halo error than others. These results appear compatible with previous research on the characteristics of accurate raters. The hypothesis that field-independent raters would be less susceptible to halo error than field-dependent raters was not fully supported by the data. Suggestions for the direction of future research are given.
Depth Perception in Moving Line Patterns
Authors: Shoji Kenji , Sumi Shigemasa , Fujita Hiroichi
Published: September 2011

By means of a computer system, the two-dimensional projections of a three-dimensional random wire figure, rotated clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) about the vertical axis, were produced and displayed on a CRT. Generally the stimulus display appeared as an object rotating in depth, changing direction of movement frequently from clockwise rotation to counterclockwise, and vice versa. In the experiment, the three subjects observed the displays of three different types of projection, two polar projections and a parallel one. They were instructed to judge the direction of the seen motion and asked to report it using the button-switches. Both duration of the rotation perceived in either direction and frequency of the apparent reversals between those two were measured from the output sheets of a pen-recorder. The results showed the effects of the type of projection. (1) The veridical motions were perceived more continuously and durably in the polar projections than in the parallel one, (2) the opposite relation was found with the non-veridical motions, and (3) the reversals of moving direction were seen more frequently in the parallel projection than in the polar ones.
Visual Effects of Exercise: Sensory or Decision Criterion Change
Authors: Vlahov Eric
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine if improvement in resolution acuity due to exercise was based on changes in sensory discrimination or decision criterion. Two subjects participated in 15 exercise sessions of 1100 kpm per min. on a bicycle ergometer and 5 control sessions. After each exercise and non-exercise condition, resolution acuity was determined using a Yes-No indicator-response method. Significant improvement of resolution acuity was found after the exercise sessions. Threshold probabilities did not change significantly when corrected for spurious Yes responses, suggesting that differences were probably effects in sensory discrimination.
Filling Time versus Affective Response to the Activity That Fills the Time: Independent Effects on Time Judgment?
Authors: Allen Deborah A.
Published: September 2011

Previous time perception research has confounded manipulations intended to evoke different affective reactions to the task with different levels of nontemporal processing demands. An attempt was made to separate these dimensions by a social comparison procedure aimed at making the same concurrent task (card sorting) appear differentially interesting to two groups of college students. Response uncertainty varied within the task so that processing demands could be compared while reported interest in the task varied between groups. Magnitude of time estimates related inversely to response uncertainty, but reported interest in the task made no independent contribution to the variance of estimates.
Stability of Scores on the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory in an Outpatient Population
Authors: Gabrys Jan Bernard
Published: September 2011

This paper reports a test-retest study of the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory for 257 boys and girls 7 through 16 yr. of age who were receiving psychological services in a public health facility in an urban area of British Columbia. The obtained reliability coefficients of .7 and .8 place the present findings within the context of data reported for the British standardization sample and support the test author's claims over a 30-day period of relative stability of the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory as a measure of Extra-version and Neuroticism. The support for the test's reliability comes from a rather homogeneous sample of learning and behaviourally disordered children. The usefulness of this inventory for research purposes is discussed.
Rhythmic Control of a Push-Pull Movement
Authors: Nagasaki H. , Nakamura R.
Published: September 2011

Rhythmic movement control was investigated in a ‘push-pull’ movement. The subject was asked to move a handle on the smooth rails forward (push) and backward (pull) alternatively between two plates and to synchronize each push and pull movement with periodic sound signals (1 to 5.8 Hz). All subjects synchronized one cycle of the push-pull movement accurately and steadily with two periods of signals over all input frequencies above 2 Hz. As for two components of the movement, i.e., the push and the pull, 9 out of 10 subjects (using the preferred hand) controlled each of them rhythmically so as to deviate equally from the signal towards the opposite directions, but 2.5 and 5 Hz were the exceptional regions at which the rhythmicity disappeared. These characteristics were fundamentally the same as those of finger tapping. It is concluded that the human alternating movement is controlled through the formation of specific rhythm and that this rhythm has intrinsic instabilities around 5, 2.5, … Hz.
The Cause of Control Movements in a Tracking Task
Authors: Marken Richard
Published: September 2011

The classical cause-effect or input-output model of behavior breaks down when there is feedback from response to stimulus. Using a compensatory tracking task it is shown that response variations on different occasions can be nearly identical while stimulus variations on these occasions are completely unrelated. This result seems to rule out stimulus variations as the cause of responses which control (stabilize) the stimulus. When feedback exists, the cause of control must be viewed as an internal reference rather than an external stimulus.
Comparison of Writing and Drawing Performance of Dyslexic Boys
Authors: Stanley Gordon , Watson Mary
Published: September 2011

A group of 10 dyslexic boys and 10 control boys matched for age and nonverbal IQ were asked to draw a person and to write about their favourite television program. The two groups did not differ on mean raw scores or time taken on the drawing but differed in number of spelling errors and writing time. The ratios of spelling/number of words written and grammatical errors/number of words written differed for the groups. The former measure was reliable at 8-mo. retest for dyslexics and the latter was reliable at 8 mo. for controls. Correlations between measures showed a different pattern for the dyslexics and controls.
Effects of Alcohol on Velocity Perception: I. Stimulus Velocity and Change in Performance over Time
Authors: McNamee Jane E. , Tong J. E. , Piggins D. J.
Published: September 2011

17 subjects who were required to estimate the time of arrival at a target of a moving light overestimated less after alcohol treatment than after placebo.
Perceived Severity and Justifiability of a Deviant Act and Their Relationship to Suggested Sanctions
Authors: Hoffman Eric
Published: September 2011

Previous research with mock jurors which concerned attribution of responsibility for a deviant/criminal act traditionally varied the “severity” of the act presented to subjects. Yet severity and justifiability of that act are seldom if ever differentiated. These dimensions are, both practically and theoretically, potentially disparate yet past research has neglected the dimension of justifiability. To test this possible distinction defendant's social status, victim's social status, severity of the crime (armed robbery vs petty larceny), and compensation to the victim were systematically varied in written criminal cases presented to 168 male and 228 female student subjects, randomly chosen. Subjects made a distinction between the two dimensions and both were highly associated with the recommended sanctions. These data were taken as evidence that (1) previous research has been remiss in not distinguishing between these two dimensions and (2) Heider's Level 5 of developmental stages of responsibility attribution (justifiability) was given support.
Sex and Handedness in Simple and Integrated Task Performance
Authors: Berry Gene A. , Hughes Richard L. , Jackson Linda D.
Published: September 2011

Spatial and sequential tasks which were performed both independently and jointly were compared for 40 college undergraduates grouped by sex and dominant hand. The two tasks were selected based on prior research suggesting that each is controlled in a different brain hemisphere. When the two tasks were performed independently there was no handedness effect nor was there any sex-hand interaction. There was an expected slight spatial superiority of males. However, when both tasks were performed simultaneously, there was a significant advantage for right-handers and again a slight advantage for males. Results were attributed to the hemispheric interference left-handers experienced on the joint task due to their less distinct hemispheric specialization.
Suggestibility and the Verbal Transformation Effect
Authors: Donohoe Anthony J. , Smith Howard V.
Published: September 2011

55 student volunteers listened to 8 words each played for 3 min. (73 repetitions) and, as instructed, reported illusory changes heard. Scores on the Barber Suggestibility Scale correlated significantly ( rho = .34) with the number of times subjects alternated between hearing different forms (perceptual organizations) but not with the number of different forms reported. Differences in the ability to concentrate on subjective experiences associated with suggestibility are proposed to account for the relationship. It is suggested that hearing different forms and alternating between them may depend on different mechanisms.
Signal Detection Analysis of Visual Flicker in Deaf and Hearing Individuals
Authors: Bross Michael , Sauerwein Hannelore
Published: September 2011

A comparison of deaf and hearing subjects on temporal visual resolving power was conducted within a signal-detection paradigm. Subjects were required to make forced-choice judgments of a visual-flicker task under three stimulus probability conditions (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75). A total of 600 trials were given each subject from which d′ and Beta, indices for sensory sensitivity and response bias respectively, were computed. No significant differences existed on sensory sensitivity or response bias which questions some traditional assumptions about sensory compensation.
Obesity, Compatibility, and a Taste Preference
Authors: Stalling Richard B. , Sobotowicz William
Published: September 2011

Ratings and proportions of two cookies eaten by obese and normal-weight individuals were affected by the requirement that subjects eat with their nonpreferred hands. Subjects were run in blocks either before or after dinner; it was only before dinner that strong preferences between the two cookies emerged. Normal weight subjects ate approximately equal proportions of the two cookies when using preferred hands but strongly favored the cashew cookie when using their nonpreferred hands. Obese subjects ate more of the cashew cookie when using the preferred hands but more of the oatmeal cookie when using nonpreferred hands. Also, subjects were given fictitious information about previous subjects' preferences between the cookies. Only the normal ones were affected by this information; the obese subjects ate more of the cashew cookie regardless of the “external” cue about other subjects' preferences.
Future Orientation and Social Status
Authors: Koenig Fredrick , Swanson William , Harter Carl
Published: September 2011

Interviews were conducted with 172 adults to determine their social class level based on occupational prestige, income and education. They were also administered the circle test for future orientation. It was hypothesized that future dominance would be found more frequently for people in the upper class levels. The hypotheses were borne out at an acceptable level of significance, as measured by the chi squared test, for occupational prestige, and income, but not for education.
Auditory-Visual Integration and its Relationship to Reading Achievement: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kavale Kenneth
Published: September 2011

A review of research examining the relationship of auditory-visual integration and reading achievement is presented. The techniques of meta-analysis were used to integrate statistically the findings from 31 studies. A total of 146 correlations were collected and aggregated across assessment procedures, reading skills, grade levels, and subject characteristics. Also, partial correlations and a step-wise multiple regression were used to describe the interrelationships among auditory-visual integration, intelligence, reading skills, and other auditory perceptual skills. These analyses indicate that auditory-visual integration is a correlate of reading ability but the magnitude of the relation varies with the combination of descriptive variables considered in relation to reading achievement.
Effects of Feedback and Reinforcement in Tachistoscopic Training on a Fault-Detection Task
Authors: Bustamante Jose , Moreno Patricio , Rehbein Lucio , Vizueta Aldo
Published: September 2011

This study looked at possible differential effects of feedback and reinforcement on a simulated fault-detection task. Volunteer college students, 11 females and 13 males, participated in the study. Subjects were assigned to three different groups and tachistoscopically presented with series of slides of intact and faulty cups randomly arranged. Subjects in Group 1 were shown a highly preferred slide following each correct detection (positive reinforcement). In Group 2, subjects received a second, longer presentation of every item responded to and every critical one omitted (knowledge of results). Subjects in Group 3 faced a blank screen during inter-stimulus intervals (practice control). Detection scores along five decreasing stimulus presentation times were recorded. Data indicate the treatment conditions as equally efficient and significantly better than the control condition. However, performance of the control group did improve significantly throughout training which suggests the use of tachistoscope as a training device per se. Commission and omission errors did not differ significantly within treatments, though both types of error were significantly elevated for the control group. A possible dissociation between the effects of reinforcers and feedback is discussed, and experiments which would tax higher levels of information processing are suggested to probe this issue further.
Body Build-Behavioral Stereotypes, Self-Identification, Preference and Aversion in Black Preschool Children
Authors: Wright Dianne Coley , Bradbard Marilyn Reisman
Published: September 2011

60 black 5-yr.-olds were rated for body type on the Ponderal Index and by two independent judges. The children were shown three black, same-sex stimulus figures corresponding to the endomorphic (chubby), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (thin) body builds. The children were asked to select the figure that (a) looked like them, (b) they liked best, and (c) they did not like at all, and (d) which figure best fitted each of 16 adjective descriptors. The results indicated that the children were not able to identify their own body types and they did not have a particular preference for any of the body types. However, like previous samples, a significant number of these children expressed dislike for the endomorphic body type.
Hemispheric Specialization in Normally and Slowly Developing Children: A Tachistoscopic and Dichaptic Evaluation
Authors: Williams H. G. , Keough V. A. , Fisher J. M. , Seymour C. J. , Tanner M. G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was a description of hemispheric specialization characteristics of normally developing right- and left-handed children and determination of what differences in such characteristics, if any, existed between young normally developing and older slowly developing children. With dichaptic and tachistoscopic methods, hemispheric specialization characteristics of 15 slowly developing children (5-0 to 9-6 yr.) and 25 normally developing children (6-0 to 6-11 yr.) were assessed. Latencies and the number of correct responses were analyzed. Both right- and left-handed normally developing 6-yr.-olds showed considerable evidence of bilateralization of hemispheric functions for spatial and verbal information processing; slowly developing children exhibited unusual patterns of hemispheric specialization usually opposite those typically expected in children or adults. Response latency measures of performances of slowly developing children suggested a bilateralization of hemispheric function for processing of verbal and spatial information; number of correct responses indicated that lateralization of such functions was present.
Relationship between Ocular Dominance and Field-Dependence/Independence
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Bergerone Chiara , Cei Alberto , Ceridono Davide
Published: September 2011

This research was undertaken to study the relationship between field-dependence/independence and ocular (sighting) dominance for 37 female undergraduate subjects. The intention was to verify whether differences in field-dependence/independence exist between subjects showing right, left, intermediate, and fluctuating dominance on a test of ocular dominance.
Effects of Onset and Type of Fathers' Absence on Children's Levels of Psychological Differentiation
Authors: Gershansky Ira S. , Hainline Louise , Goldstein Harris S.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between onset and type of father's absence and children's levels of psychological differentiation defined along the perceptual dimension of field-dependence/independence. The portable Rod-and-frame Test was used to measure the level of psychological differentiation for 100 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. In agreement with previous findings, boys were significantly more field-independent than girls. A significant interaction was noted between the reason for the father's absence and the age of the child when the father left the home.
Distribution of Eyeblink Amplitude Recorded by an Electrode Hookup: Re-Examination
Authors: Yamada Fumio , Yamasaki Katsuyuki , Nakayama Makoto , Miyata Yo
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was run to re-examine the distributional properties of the eyeblink amplitude elicited by a burst of 110-dB white noise, recorded by an electrode hookup as recommended in our previous report (Yamada, Yamasaki, & Miyata, 1979). 103 volunteers, 54 males and 49 females, were tested. Analysis showed that the amplitudes were distributed normally when a logarithmic transformation was performed but not when the raw scores were used. We conclude that the amplitude of the startle eyeblink reflex has a log-normal distribution property.
Teaching Strategies, Modes of Evaluation, and Field-Dependence Factor
Authors: Provost Guy L.
Published: September 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible interactions of aptitude and treatment between (a) two teaching strategies and the cognitive styles of field-dependence and field-independence and (b) two modes of evaluation and the same cognitive styles. Subjects high on the cognitive style scale scored higher on all the posttests. However, no interactions of treatment and cognitive style were found. A significant interaction of sex and treatment occurred on measures of affect and motivation. It shows that female subjects preferred the passive-responding treatment over the active-responding treatment. They worked harder on their preferred treatment and also reached significantly higher performance scores. The exact opposite was true for the males who preferred, worked harder, and obtained higher performance scores with the active-responding treatment. The expected interaction between the cognitive styles and the modes of evaluation was not observed.
Parents of Disturbed Enuretic and Non-Enuretic Children
Authors: Fisher Eve P. , Fisher Rhoda L.
Published: September 2011

The values and child-rearing attitudes of parents of three groups of children (enuretics, clinically symptomatic non-enuretics, normals) were evaluated with the Study of Values and Parental Attitude Research Instrument. The parents of the clinically symptomatic enuretics and non-enuretics did not differ. However, the parents of the two clinical groups differed significantly from the parents of the normals on a number of PARI variables.
Inappropriate Constancy Scaling Theory and the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Madden Theodore M. , Burt George S.
Published: September 2011

Gregory's Inappropriate Constancy Scaling explanation for visual illusion was investigated. If perceptual experience with real-life edges and angles, near and far, leads to constancy scaling which is inappropriately applied to the Mueller-Lyer configuration, then configurations which are based upon angles of regard in between the two extreme field patterns would produce illusory effects between the two conventional Mueller-Lyer effects. A model representing one edge of a cubic figure, i.e., one vertical and four horizontal lines, was constructed of wooden dowel rods and photographed at predetermined angles. Transparencies based on the photographed images were then used to determine the PSE at each of these angles. Generally, we interpret our results as supportive of the theory, since PSEs increase as a function of angular change from 0° to 180°. The linear trend is complicated by an unexpected cubic trend, but an explanation is proposed.
Comparability of Verbal and Nonverbal Measures of Affective Meaning in Bilinguals' Two Languages
Authors: French Patrice
Published: September 2011

The Graphic Differential and Japanese and English versions of the Semantic Differential were administered to 22 Japanese-English bilinguals to assess their comparability. As predicted, the ratings of translation-equivalent concepts were more similar when rated on the Graphic Differential than on Semantic Differential in the two languages. However, the relation of the two scales is approximately the same for the Evaluation factor only. Their comparability varied for Potency and Activity factors between the languages tested. This variability suggests that the meaning of these nonverbal scales is probably not exactly the same across languages.
Role of the Lombard Effect in Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Lowe Robert
Published: September 2011

Lingual sensory, auditory, and vocal intensity interactions were investigated for 20 subjects. Lingual vibrotactile measurements were obtained from the lingual dorsum after normal reading, reading during exposure to auditory masking producing the “Lombard effect,” and reading with matched Lombard loudness with no auditory masking. Results do not demonstrate a significant shift in threshold for lingual sensitivity in the presence of auditory masking that previous studies have shown. The observed results are discussed with reference to possible physiological properties and experimental and procedural variables.
Self-Monitoring and Social Perception
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: September 2011

This study examined subjects' attribution of self-monitoring processes to themselves and to others, as well as their actual self- and ideal self-perceptions. High self-monitors attributed significantly lower self-monitoring to people they liked, but there were no significant differences in attributions of self-monitoring to themselves and people they disliked. Low self-monitors, on the other hand, attributed significantly higher self-monitoring to both liked and disliked others than to themselves. There was a significant difference between the actual self-perceptions of high and low self-monitors on nearly half of the 20 rating scales, yet only a few significant differences in the ideal self-perceptions of the two groups.
Lecture Size and Students' Ratings of Instructional Effectiveness
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ogasawara Todd H.
Published: September 2011

Study investigated relationship between class size and end-of-semester evaluation ratings. Size was most highly related to Group Intimacy/Interaction ratings.
Development of Selective Auditory Attention Skills in Children
Authors: Cherry Rochelle Silberzweig
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the development of selective auditory attention skills of 53 children aged 5 through 9 yr. old. Each child was tested individually via headphones at a comfortable listening level. The task required pointing to the appropriate picture of a monosyllabic word presented diotically. The task was presented first in quiet and then under each of three noise (distractor) conditions, white noise (nonlinguistic), speech backwards (linguistic nonsemantic), and speech forward (semantic). Age and type of distractor significantly influenced test scores. The semantic distractor caused the greatest distraction for all children.
Rate of Optokinetic Nystagmus to the Left and Right and Performance on the Portable Rod and Frame Test
Authors: Rosenberg Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

Deviations from the true vertical on the Rod and Frame Test were studied in relation to optokinetic nystagmus response during varied mental activities in 14 right-handed male college students. Judgment of the vertical was more accurate for 7 subjects whose frequency of optokinetic nystagmus was high or low in both directions than for those 7 whose optokinetic nystagmus frequency was high in one direction and low in the other. Asymmetries in the degree to which subjects' optokinetic nystagmus frequency was raised during periods when they were instructed to perform presumed left-hemisphere mental tasks were related to asymmetries in their Rod and Frame Test performance.
Trail Making Scores as a Prediction of Aggressive Behaviour in Personality-Disordered Patients
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Roberts Joanna C.
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates the relationship between Trail Making scores and observer rated aggressive behaviour of 33 patients in a therapeutic community. Significant correlations (.34 to .59) were found between Trail Making scores and aggressive outbursts.
Pupillary Response to Auditory versus Visual Mental Loading: A Pilot Study Using Super 8-Mm Photography
Authors: Taylor James S.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation was two-fold in purpose: to test the hypothesis that auditory mental loading would require greater mental effort and larger resultant pupillary dilation than visual mental loading, and to provide evidence for the feasibility of super 8-mm photography for pupillometric research. Subjects were 30 college students. Stimuli to be stored in memory and repeated aloud in reverse order were seven-digit number series. Series were either presented visually from 35-mm slides or auditorily from a taped recording. Pupillary responses were recorded with a super 8-mm movie camera. Pupil diameter was measured to the neatest centimeter on a projected image. Results did not support the hypothesis, but methodologically strong evidence supported 8-mm photography for pupillometry research.
Children's Reaction Times to Verbal and Nonverbal Tachistoscopic Stimuli Exposed to the Left and Right Visual Hemifields
Authors: Messina T. M. Fogliani , Foguani A. M.
Published: September 2011

Tachistoscopic tests of the left and right visual hemifields to identify three-letter words and simple geometric figures were administered to 64 children (32 boys, 32 girls) in the age group 7 to 8 yr. and in their second year of school. The results show no significant differences in visual perceptual threshold between the two hemifields for either of the two tests (three-letter words and simple geometric figures). The authors interpret the results as confirming a lesser and not definitely determined lateralization in children.
Effect of Instructions on How People Predict Three Balls Falling into Three Cells
Authors: Van DenBrink Wulfert P.
Published: September 2011

A study by Lieberman (1963) was replicated to investigate the influence of instructions on subjects' responses. While an example presented in the instructions may be needed to clarify the problem at hand, such an example can contaminate the results of the experiment.