bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Platinum Nanoparticles on Biological Activity of Humus-Accumulated Horizons
Authors: Lushchaeva Inna V. , Morgalev Yuri N.
Published: February 2015

The exponential growth of nanoparticle-containing goods and waste of the recent years will lead unavoidably to nanomaterials entering environment, generating in local biota and abiotic environment, and potentially transmitting to man. Aerial and water transmission of nanoparticles eventually will cause its generation in soil and further transmission to plants and animals via food chains.
Bioactivity and Physico-Chemical Properties of Composites on Basis of Hydroxyapatite with Lactic and Glycolic Acids Oligomers
Authors: Rasskazova Lyudmila A. , Lytkina Darya , Shapovalova Yelena , Botvin Vladimir V. , Pozdnyakov Maksim A. , Zhuk Ilya , Filimoshkin Anatoliy G. , Korotchenko Natalya , Kozik Vladimir
Published: February 2015

A new methodin situfor producing of biocompatible composites based on hydroxyapatite and oligomers of lactic and glycolic acid is described. Their thermo-mechanical, physical-chemical and biological properties are studied as well. The formation of bonds between hydroxyapatite with lactic and glycolic oligomers in composites are confirmed by IR spectroscopy of the samples, including those obtained in the Soxhlet apparatus. The formation of calcium-phosphate layer on the composite's surface containing hydroxyapatite was shown by SBF-investigation. The scaffolds based on lactic acid oligomer do not stimulate formation of a calcium-phosphate layer and they are subjected to destruction by the way of hydrolysis.
Stability of Disperse Systems during Bioassay of Nanoecotoxicity with Use of Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Morgalev Sergey Yu. , Morgaleva Tamara G. , Morgalev Yuri N. , Gosteva Irina A.
Published: February 2015

The paper is devoted to studying the stability of of dispersed systems (DS) of nanoparticles (NP) of nickel (nNi), platinum (nPt), titanium dioxide (nTiO2), zinc oxide, multicomponent nanopowder (MNP) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), formed basing on the growth media used in bioassay with application of aquatics: bacterial test-cultures Ecolum, Photobacterium phosphoreum and Escherihia coli, unicellular algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, infusoria Paramecium caudatum, cladocera Daphnia magna Straus and Ceriodaphnia affinis, fish Danio rerio. In the process of establishing a test-system the increase in the initial nanosubstance concentration of more than 5 mg/l results in the increase in the speed of aggregation of NP into DS and the decrease in their final concentration. We suggest the variants of estimation of effective concentration of NP in long-term biotesting.
Determining the Degree of Nanopowders Hydrophilicity by the Ratio Fractal Dimension to the Specific Surface
Authors: Vikulina Ludmila S. , Nomoev Andrey V. , Godymchuk Anna Yu.
Published: February 2015

The fractal dimension of a large group of nano-silica, alumina, titanium oxide, and Gd2O3and Y2O3was calculated by means of original program. Nanopowders of used oxides are created in two main ways, such as evaporation substances by relativistic electron beam and high temperature hydrolysis. The fractal dimension was calculated upon transmission electron microscopy images obtained with different magnification. It was managed to establish that it's possible to make a comparative assessment of the degree of hydrophilicity of the nano-silica's samples by means of attitude fractal dimension to the specific surface.
Implementation of Differential Scanning Calorimetry when Studying Polymerization of Compounds Based on Glycolic Acid Ether
Authors: Babkina Olga , Vaitulevich Elena , Gordeeva Olga , Sarycheva Galima , Nemoykina Anna L. , Alekseenko Kira
Published: February 2015

Using differential scanning calorimetry and synchronous thermal analysis under dynamic conditions, kinetic regularities of copolymerization of α- glycolide and a mixture of α-β-glycolidewith D,L-lactide in the presence of stannous octoate as a catalyst have been investigated. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of cationic copolymerization of monomers have been determined.
Simple Model of Intermetallic Formation in Surface Layer during Ion Implantation
Authors: Asfandyar Khan , Knyazeva Anna G.
Published: February 2015

Simple model has been formulated to describe intermetallic formation in surface layers during ion implantation. The isothermal conditions have been assumed. The reaction scheme includes three stages (a) Ni+Al→NiAl (b) 3Ni+Al→Ni3Al (c) Ni3Al+2Al→3NiAl. The finiteness of relaxation time taking into consideration in the model leads to specific distributions of elements and new phases. The general approach is illustrated with the help of some example.
Angular Distribution of XPS Peaks by Layers of a Finite Thickness
Authors: Afanas'ev Viktor , Gryazev Alexander
Published: February 2015

On the basis of the invariant imbedding method the equations describing energy spectra of X-ray photoelectron emission by layers of a finite thickness are presented. The analytical decisions describing angular distributions of electrons emitted by layer were received in small-angle approximation and neglect the backscattering factor. Approbation of the received decisions is executed on the basis of comparison with results of Monte-Carlo simulation. The limitations of the theory neglecting with processes of an electron elastic scattering are shown.
Influence of Placement Gas Infrared Emitters on the Energy-Effectiveness of their Application
Authors: Maksimov Vyacheslav , Nagornova Tatyana
Published: February 2015

Importance of creating a climate in industrial workshops for advanced materials production is becoming an urgent problem. Main role in this case plays the heating of industrial premises. To select the optimal parameters it is necessary to carry out numerical studies. The paper presents results of numerical modeling of free convection and heat transfer in a closed rectangular region heated by gas infrared radiators. A comparative analysis of heat transfer modes in the area under consideration for the two different installation of infrared emitters.
Characterization of Electroexplosive Zinc Nanopowders in Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Godymchuk Anna , Yunda Elena , Kuznetsov Denis V. , Gusev Alexander , Kosova Natalia
Published: February 2015

Zn and ZnO nanosized powders are increasingly in demand of materials engineering, power systems and biotechnology. Meanwhile, elaboration, production and application of nanopowders have created the conditions for nanoparticles release into the environment. The lack of physicochemical information about nanoparticles behaviour in liquid environment does not allow to give deep interpretation of toxic effects of nanoparticles and elaborate new techniques for testing of nanomaterials. This study is primarily focused on the characterization of nanopowder composition, shape and dispersity of electroexplosive zinc nanopowder in aqueous suspensions based on simple physiological solutions of phosphate buffering saline, glucose solution, and distilled water. With the help of SEM images, X-ray analysis, and visualization it was revealed that on the surface of sphere-like Zn nanoparticles formed insoluble oxide-hydroxide compounds with strongly developed structure. The method of laser diffraction was used to give a description of the aggregation status of nanoparticles and its evolution on the time-scale.
Modification of the Titanium Surface Layer by the Yttrium
Authors: Ivanov Yurii F. , Popova Natalja , Kalashnikov Mark , Gromov Victor , Budovskih Evgeniy , Teresov Anton D. , Nikonenko Elena L.
Published: February 2015

Modification of a titanium surface layer with yttrium using the combined technique of electroexplosive doping and the subsequent irradiation by a high-intensity electron beam is carried out. The studies on the structure, the element and the phase composition, mechanical and tribological properties of the doped layer are carried out. Formation of a multiphase submicron-nanocrystalline eutectic is revealed. A multifold increase in the microhardness, a decrease in the friction coefficient and the wear rate of the modified layer is established.
Structural and Thermochemical Analysis of Nano-Boric Acid
Authors: Linu Sam , Suba K. , Amrutha Radhakrishnan
Published: February 2015

Scientists at the US Department of Energys Argonne National Laboratory have begun to combine nanoparticles of boric acidknown primarily as a mild antiseptic and eye cleanserwith traditional motor oils in order to improve their lubricity and by doing so increase energy efficiency. In laboratory tests, these new boric acid suspensions have reduced by as much as two-thirds the energy lost through friction as heat. This could result in a four or five percent reduction in fuel consumption. Reducing the size of the particles solved a number of old problems and opened up a number of new possibilities. Boric acid owes its lubricious properties to its unique natural structure. The compound consists of a stack of crystallized layers in which the atoms tightly adhere to each other. However, these layers stack themselves relatively far apart, so that the intermolecular bonds (van der Waals forces) are comparatively weak. When stressed, the compounds layers smear and slide over one another easily, like a strewn deck of playing cards. The strong bonding within each layer prevents direct contact between sliding parts, lowering friction and minimizing wear. In our presentation it is proposed to carry out computational studies on boric acid. Their structural parameters, thermal chemistry, SCF energy and electronic structure would be presented.
Effect of Silver Nanoparticle – Glycyrrhizic Acid Complexes in Ameliorating Drug Induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: Dhanya K.C. , Nair C.K.K.
Published: February 2015

The prospective of the use of the silver nanoparticle complexes of glycyrrhizic acid in combating drug induced oxidative stress was studied by using three different model systems; paracetamol induced acute hepatotoxicity, doxorubicin induced acute cardiotoxicity and cisplatin induced acute renal toxicity in Swiss albino mice. The animals were administered with silver nanoparticle complexes of glycyrrhizic acid prior to the induction of paracetamol/doxorubicin/cisplatin toxicity and various parameters such as serum marker enzymes, tissue antioxidants and hisopathological analyses were performed. The results on the serum marker enzymes, tissue antioxidants and hisopathological analyses established the ability the complexes to offer protection to various organ systems against the oxidative damage induced by the respective drug treatments.KeywordsSilver Nanoparticle, histopathology, paracetamol, doxorubicin, cisplatin
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Banana (Musa) Sap
Authors: Deena S. , Dakshinamurthy Arun , Mosae Selvakumar Paulraj
Published: February 2015

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using banana sap as a solvent, reducing agent and capping agent is reported in this work. Banana sap has also been used as a binder to incorporate silver nanoparticles into cotton fabric. UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle coated fabric showed high antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria such asPseudomonas aureginosaandEscherichia coli, and gram positive bacteria such asBacillus subtilisandStaphylococcus aureus.KeywordsGreen synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, banana sap, antimicrobial activity
Synthesis and Spectral Analysis of PVP Capped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: Kiruba R. , Kingson Solomon Jeevaraj A.
Published: February 2015

Monodispersed polyvinylpyrrolidone capped nanostructures of zinc oxide are prepared through chemical precipitation technique. The prepared nanostructures are characterized by XRD, SEM and Photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the hexagonal structure of zinc oxide nanostructures. Nanostructures of the prepared zinc oxide are confirmed by SEM. The emission wavelength of PVP capped zinc oxide is found to be 551 nm using photoluminescence spectra.
Reduced Graphene Oxide for Room Temperature Hydrogen Storage Application
Authors: Venkatesan A. , Patel Raj Nanalal , Kannan E.S.
Published: February 2015

Graphene oxide (GO) is extracted from graphite oxide synthesized using modified Hummers method. The extracted GO solution is then drop casted onto a p type silicon substrate and dried in hot air oven. The dried solution is annealed at a temperature of about 200 degree Celsius for about one hour to obtain thermally reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Such thermally synthesized RGO usually have a lot of structural defects which can act as a binding site for hydrogen. The binding efficiency of hydrogen to defect centers can be increased by applying electric field to RGO as it changes the carrier concentration (doping) on the surface. This induces more polarization in the hydrogen molecule resulting in strong binding force, thereby increasing its hydrogen storage efficiency. In our experiment we have demonstrated room temperature electric field doping in RGO films by modulating the channel current by changing the back gate voltage which is a precursor for employing RGO in hydrogen storage applications.KeywordsGraphene oxide, Reduced graphene oxide, Field effect, Hydrogen storage, and Defects
The Accuracy Check of Peak Voltages of Industrial X-Ray Machine Using Spectrometer System
Authors: Abdullah Norhayati , Azizan Shahrul Azlan , Mohd Isa Norriza , Hashim Asmaliza , Abd Rahman Mohd Firdaus , Mohamed Nor Sarizah , Jamaluddin Zainal , Abd Jalil Mohd Muzammil , Md Isa Muhammad Jamal
Published: February 2015

Measurement of peak voltage of Philips Industrial X-ray Machine is essential to be carried out at least at annual basis to ensure the accuracy of tube voltage applied in determination of standard radiation qualities for calibrating diagnostic dosemeter. In this paper, the peak voltages for dial voltages range within 40kV to 160kV were measured using Amptek spectrometer system. All X-ray spectrums produced from the X-ray tube were calibrated against standard calibration spectrum that was established using two standard sources: 55Fe and 57Co. The peak voltage for each dial voltage was determined based on the end point energy of the X-ray spectrum. The percentage deviation of measured peak voltage relative to dial voltage was calculated. The results from measurement in 2008 to 2013 demonstrate that all peak voltages from 40kV to 160kV tube potentials are within the tolerance limit of ± 5%. These results complies the recommendation by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61676. As a conclusion, regular checks of peak voltage should be performed to ensure consistency of voltage applied to the X-ray tube thus maintain the accuracy of standard radiation qualities produced from the X-ray tube.
Wear Analysis of ZTA-MgO Ceramic Cutting Inserts on Stainless Steel 316L Machining
Authors: Mohd Ali Afifah , Azhar Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad , Ratnam Manimaran , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: February 2015

The performance of zirconia toughened alumina with addition of MgO additives is investigated. Optimized composition of MgO at 1.1 wt% was used in the composition with alumina/yittria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The composition was mixed, uniaxially pressed into rhombic 80o cutting inserts with 0.8 mm nose radius and sintered at 1600oC for 4 h in pressureless condition. For machining analysis, commercial stainless steel 316L with 12 mm diameter were used as workpiece. The workpiece was machined at 625 to 1750 rpm. Tool wear and surface roughness of workpiece were measured. Result shows three types of wear behaviour appear which are flank wear, notch wear and chipping. Flank wear and notch wear increased with the cutting speed but decrease by increasing the feedrate before increased after passing the 0.2mm/rev feedrate. While chipping very much related to the feedrate as the chipping area increased when the feedrate increased. Meanwhile, surface roughness increase with increment of cutting speed and feedrate which match the wear pattern.
Facile Preparation of Highly Crystalline Nanocellulose by Using Ionic Liquid
Authors: Xiao Yun Tan , Chin Wei Lai , Abd Hamid Sharifah Bee
Published: February 2015

In recent decades, dependence on fossil fuels resources has shifted into derivation of cellulose based materials to replace the non-renewable resources. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant feedstock on earth and is one of the promising renewable and sustainable resources. In the present study, simple preparation of nanocellulose particles by using ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate) has been introduced by investigating the influence of reaction temperature (room temperature and heat treated at 90°C). The resultant samples were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Interestingly, it was found that the high crystallinity sample could be synthesized at temperature of 90°C. The reason might be attributed to ionic liquid enter into the space between cellulose chains and caused cellulose molecules progressively swelled up when heated. Consequently, amorphous regions of cellulose were dissolved by ionic liquid and crystalline parts of cellulose were leave in the cellulose structure. From the XRD data, it could be observed that sharper crystalline peak and higher crystallinity index (CrI) present within heat-treated samples which corresponded to higher crystalline structure of cellulose I. While the broader peak and lower CrI of untreated cellulose samples indicated lower crystalline structure of cellulose I. Pretreatment of cellulose with ionic liquid can provides a facile approach for the preparation of nanocellulose particles with high crystallinity.
The Effect of Substrate on TiO2 Thin Films Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
Authors: Hussin Rosniza , Choy Kwang Leong , Hou Xiang Hui
Published: February 2015

ALD is a precision growth technique that can deposit either amorphous or polycrystalline thin films on a variety of substrates. The difference in substrate can cause a variation in the ALD process, even it is carried out using the same reactants and deposition conditions [1]. TiO2 thin films were grown using TTIP (Titanium isopropoxide) ALD on silicon wafers, glass slides, and stainless steel plates in order to study the effect of substrates on the growth of TiO2 with 3,000 deposition cycles, at 300°C.The thin films were analyzed using Xray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Spectroscopic Ellipsometer. From XRD analysis were indicates the main peak for anatase (101) (2θ= 25.3) was observed from the XRD patterns for TiO2 on all substrates. The results show that crystalline TiO2 thin films can easily grow on a crystal substrate rather than on an amorphous substrate.
Preparation and Characterization of Biological Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Obtained from Tilapia Fish Bone
Authors: Ahmad Fara Ahmad Norman Khalis , bin Yahya Mohd Azha , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: February 2015

Hydroxyapatite, (HAp), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is recognised as biomaterial that widely used for orthopedics due to its similar to the inorganic component of human bone and enamel .The elements of HAp are primarily calcium and phosphorous, with a stoichiometric calcium to phosphorous ratio of 1.67 capable of promoting bone growth. Enormous amounts of by-product wastes from fishery factory lead to generating an undesirable environmental impact. Thus, this study was conducted to obtain biological natural HAp extracted from tilapia fish bones from fishery factory. Therefore, fish bone can be as cheap resource to produce HAp and crucial contributions in medical application. The fish bones of tilapia were boiled at 100°C to remove adhere meat and other impurities. Later, were milled for 1 h to form fine powder. The powder was calcined at temperature of 800° C and 1000° C for 3h respectively. The XRD result revealed the presence derived HAp and coherent with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Powder Standard data and the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis was carried out to show the thermal stability of the HAp powder. SEM results shown hexagonal particle sHApe obtained from HAp powder. The findings present a promising future regarded on producing high added value product such as hydroxyapatite (Ca/P ratio 1.757) from fishery wastes beneficial to medical application.
Crushing Behaviour of Empty Steel Tubes under Eccentric Loading
Authors: Ismail Mohd Azizan , Ismail Al Emran
Published: February 2015

This present paper describes numerically the tube responses subjected to eccentric loading using ANSYS finite element program. According to literature review, tremendous amount of works available on discussing the axial crushing of empty tube under axial loading. However, lack of work related with the crashworthiness aspect of tube crushing under eccentric loading was identified. Therefore, the eccentric compressive loading on the empty tubes were focused. There have important parameters were studied such as the eccentric loading. According to the present result, the behaviour of crashworthiness expected to increase when the increment of eccentric loading was introduced. The crashworthiness behaviour and energy absorption capabilities demonstrated efficiently by the collected data mean crushing force and peak crashing force.
Morphology and Intermetallic Study of (Sn-8Zn-3Bi)-1Ni Solder under Liquid State Aging
Authors: Aishah Jasli Nor , Abd Hamid Hamidi , Mayappan Ramani
Published: February 2015

This study investigated the effect of Ni addition on intermetallic formation in the Sn-8Zn-3Bi solder under liquid state aging. The intermetallic compounds were formed by reacting the solder alloy with copper substrate. Different reflow time was used at temperature 220°C. Morphology of the phases formed was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and in order to determine elemental compositions of the phases, energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) was used. The formation of the reaction layer led by Cu5Zn8 intermetallic and then followed by Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn when reflow time increases. Keywords: lead free solder, intermetallic, Cu5Zn8, Cu6Sn5, liquid state aging.
Influence of Binary Carbonate on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Composite Cathode for Low-Temperature SOFC
Authors: Agun Linda , Ahmad Sufizar , Muchtar Andanastuti , Rahman Hamimah Abdul
Published: February 2015

Cathode-carbonate is a prospective material for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). The influence of carbonate on the properties of cathode LT-SOFCs was studied. Different amounts of binary carbonate (Li2CO3:Na2CO3) were prepared at molar ratios of 67:33 and 62:38. The cathode composite powders were calcined at 750 °C for 2 h before uniaxial press. X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the carbonate in cathode composite existed as amorphous phase. Therefore, carbonate has a good compatibility with cathode composite powders. High-energy ball milling maintained the composite cathode powders at the nanoscale. The developed cathode composite also gave acceptable porosity values between 26% and 27%. The findings show that that the amount of binary (Li/Na) carbonate in cathode composite influences its properties, indicating potential for LT-SOFCs applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles via Alternative Sol-Gel Preparation Routes
Authors: Samsudin Emy Marlina , Soo Chan Wai , Abd Hamid Sharifah Bee , Basirun Wan Jefrey , Lai Chin Wei , Lai Chin Wei , Lee Hwei Voon , Juan Joon Ching
Published: February 2015

In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using sol-gel technique by employing different mixing routes. The nanoparticles were characterized for field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. It is apparent that different mixing sol-gel route significantly influenced the morphology, crystallite structure, particle and crystal size and band gap of TiO2, under similar molar ratio. The differences in physicochemical and optical properties of synthesized TiO2 greatly influenced its photocatalytic activity in reactive black 5 dye degradation. In overall, mixed crystal structures of anatase and rutile showed better photocatalytic activity for the degradation of reactive black 5 dye due to a narrower band gap, as opposed to single phase TiO2.
XRD and FTIR Studies of Natural Cellulose Isolated from Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Leaf Fibres
Authors: Ibrahim Nur Ain , Azraaie Noriean , Abidin Nurul Aimi Mohd Zainul , Mamat Razali Nur Amira , Abdul Aziz Fauziah , Zakaria Sarani
Published: February 2015

Cellulosic materials derived from pineapple leaves fibers (PALF) which are being wasted after fruit harvested. There are two methods to extract cellulose from PALF. First methods were using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 2% for alkaline treatment and bleached by sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and buffer. Second method, cellulose was extracted using peroxyacetic acid delignification and bleached the sample in acidified pH 3 hydrogen peroxide solution. From X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) data’s, it is proven that both samples of cellulose have shown cellulose I structure.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Mullite Ceramics Fabricated from Treated Palm Oil Fuel Ash
Authors: Jamaludin Abdul Rashid , Mohd Shaiful Lizan Nur Shuhaida , Kasim Shah Rizal , Abdullah Mohd Zulkifly , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: February 2015

Treated palm oil fuel ash waste was used as substitution materials for silica in in order to fabricate mullite ceramic. Alumina powder was added into the treated palm oil fuel ash in order to supply a deficient alumina component according to the alumina/silica molar ratio of mullite. Mullite phase was successfully achieved upon sintering at temperature above 1220 oC besides other minor impurities, such as perovskite, Al2O3 and SiO2. The surface of samples becomes smoother as the sintering temperature increased to 1270 oC whilst forming closed pore morphology. Besides that, the hardness of the samples increased as an increasing in the sintering which is attributed not only to the full densification of pores on the surface, but also due to the presence of mullite phase.
Effect of Fe Incorporation on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Aida Ibrahim Siti , Sreekantan Srimala
Published: February 2015

Nanostructured Fe-TiO2 and TiO2 with anatase structure were synthesized via combination method of sol-gel and peptization process. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission emission microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The presence of Fe3+ ion shifted the absorption profile of TiO2 to the longer wavelength side of the spectrum, indicating an obvious photocatalytic activity under visible irradiation. Photocatalytic activity of the samples were evaluated by methyl orange (MO) discolouration under UV-light irradiation. Compared with the pure TiO2 nanoparticles, the Fe-TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited higher photocatalytic activity with 95% discoloration within 2 h.
Banana Trunk as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Subsea Applications
Authors: Ismail Azzura , Mat Nawi Anis Nazihah
Published: February 2015

Corrosion is a serious problem in every industry and can cause losses in production leading to large financial losses. International legisation body has drawn offshore chemical into several categoris based on biodegradation, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Otherwise, the inhibitor is not accept to be used as they are harmful to environment. Therefore, most industries are looking for green inhibitor for An electrochemical test has been carried out to determine the corrosion rate of carbon steel. This research aimed to investigate the potential corrosion of carbon steel in seven different immersion periods ( 1 day, 2 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days , 28 days, 35 days) using seawater 3.5 % NaCl. The pH values were set in neutral in static condition. The materials were run for tafel polarization with a scan rate of 0.5mV/sec. Each sample will be tested when achieve a predetermined time. This experiment was carried out to compare the corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl and with NaCl added 25% inhibitor. Inhibitors used were from banana trunk. The experiments were carried out at four different temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 20°C and 30°C). Before and after testing, the microstructures of each sample were observed by using Optical Microscope (OM). The results show the highest corrosion rate occurring in the shortest period of immersion for 1 day. However, the corrosion rate decreases when the longer period of immersion. The corrosion rate for 3.5% NaCl will increase with added 25% inhibitor and decrease for 3.5% NaCl when temperature decreases.
Characterization and Process Optimization in the Extraction of Gold
Authors: Ong Pek Ling , Baharun Norlia , Ismail Suhaina
Published: February 2015

Refractory gold ore understudied showed traces amount of gold from X-ray fluorescence analysis. Phases identified are quartz, muscovite and calcite. Statistical approach using response surface methodology - central composite design were performed at varying concentration of NaCN, Pb (NO3)2 and H2O2. Cyanidation experiments were conducted at room temperature at pH 11. Using the response surface methodology followed by path of steepest ascent, gold cyanidation was found to be at 467.3 ppm NaCN, 94.96 ppm Pb (NO3)2 and 0.01M H2O2, at the vicinity towards the optimum condition where 88.97% Au extracted from the ore, equivalent to 1.7231 g/t Au.
Dielectric Properties of Li2CO3 Doped Nio Measured at High Frequency
Authors: Ping C.T. , Salim Sharifah Aishah Syed , Mohamed Julie Juliewatty , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: February 2015

NiO-based ceramic has shown high dielectric constant with 103-105, as well as high dielectric loss. Previous studies showed that doping with monovalent cations can cause a considerable decrease in dielectric loss. In this research, the effect of Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) dopant on NiO was investigated. The electroceramic of LixNi1-xO were prepared by using solid state reaction method. The mixture of Li+ and NiO were ball milled for 24 hours. The samples were calcined at 800oC for 6 hours, pressed into pellet shape at 750 MPa and sintered at 1200°C for 10 hours. The sintered pellets were subjected to XRD, SEM, density testing and Impedance analyzer. XRD result shows the single phase formation of LixNi1-xO. The grain becomes larger with the increament of Li+ mole %. The dielectric constant of LixNi1-xO decrease with the increasing frequency. The highest dielectric constant was observed in x= 0.03 with 5210 at frequency range of 1GHz to 1MHz.
Recycled Carbon Fiber as Flame Retardant in Palm-Based Polyurethane Composite
Authors: Haji Badri Khairiah , Mohd Zaini Mariana , Ahmad Redfzi Ahmad Zhafreen Reza , Ngah Muhammad Syukri
Published: February 2015

The effect of recovered carbon fiber (rCF) to the burning property of polyurethane composites was investigated. The carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) in mat form was first glycolysed at 190-200 oC and characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM analyses. The rCF was added at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (w/w). The polyurethane filled with recovered carbon fiber composites (PU-rCF) have also undergone burning test. The TGA analysis of PU-rCF indicated the percentage of weight loss decreased from 95.6% to 91.4% as rCF content increased. The DSC showed the glass transition temperature, Tg of PU-rCF increased with increasing addition of rCF from 56.7 to 63.0oC. The burning rate of the PU-rCF decreased from 6.1 mm∙s-1 to 2.8 mm∙s-1 with increasing rCF. The FTIR analysis confirmed that there was no chemical interaction between the rCF and PU. The addition of rCF to PU has improved the burning property of the composite.
Identification of Phosphate Precipitates from Wastewater Digested Liquor
Authors: Wid Newati , Horan Nigel
Published: February 2015

The XRD and EDX analyses were used to identify the type of phosphate precipitate from anaerobically digested liquor of wastewater screenings. The measurements confirmed that the main phosphate compound produced from the experiments was CaCO3 and HA when the Mg:P molar ratios were 1.56:1 and 2:1, respectively. The precipitation at 1.56:1 was the initial molar ratio without chemical amendment, whereas 2:1 was carried out by chemical amendment. The results indicate that the presence of foreign ions such as calcium ion in high concentration may affect the formation of phosphate precipitates. This study shows that precipitation at 2:1 is suitable to recover phosphorus from wastewater digested liquor in the form of HA, as proved by the XRD pattern and further supported by EDX analysis. According to previous studies, the phosphate precipitate has a potential as a fertiliser or soil conditioner that can be used for agricultural purpose.
Sensitivity of HEMATEG Induced by Radiation Dose in the Diagnostic X-Ray Energy Range
Authors: Ishak Siti Atiqah , Mustafa Iskandar Shahrim , Rahman Azhar Abdul
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study is to determine sensitivity of new recipes polymer gel HEMATEG with varied x-ray exposure by using UV-visible spectrophotometer as an evaluation technique. The gels were irradiated by x-ray radiation and the polymerization of HEMATEG were followed. Polymerization was read based on absorption spectra in the range wavelength UV 300 nm to 700 nm. The dependency of polymerization with increasing of exposure dose was determined by changes in the band gap energy (Eg) and Urbach energy (∆E). In the UV-visible region, Eg with indirect transition of HEMATEG were decreased with increasing radiation dose while, ∆E were increased with increasing radiation dose. This observation supported the increase of structured disorder of the polymer with increasing radiation dose. This study proved that HEMATEG had a high potential to be used as a 3-dimensional dosimeter in the diagnostic x-ray.
Study on Optimum Low Temperature for ZnO Formation via Hot Water Treatment
Authors: Kamardin Ili Liyana Khairunnisa , Ainun Rahmahwati Ainuddin
Published: February 2015

The effects of surface oxidation of etched metallic Zn foils by hot water treatment for variable times and temperature investigated. ZnO nanostructures were obtained after undergoing hot water treatment at 50°C and 90°C for 2 to 24 hours. The SEM morphology showed ZnO nanostar-like and nanoneedle-like were observed with different hot water treatment temperature. XRD analysis confirmed the existing of ZnO nanostar-like and nanoneedle-like in a hexagonal wurzite structure. Growth of peak on (002) direction confirmed ZnO crystals are columnar in shape and anisotropic with wurzite structure oriented along c-axis. On the basis of the changes in morphology and microstructure induced by hot water treatment, it is concluded that the formation of ZnO are promising at low temperature.
Effect of Immersion and Green Inhibitor to Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel
Authors: Ismail Azzura , Ahmad Fuad Mohd Fuzaimie
Published: February 2015

Corrosion is the reaction between the material and the environment that cause degradation of the material. Corrosion reduces the essential properties of materials such as strength, appearance, toughness and life expectancy. Carbon steels are composed of a mixture of metallic iron and carbon and being used extensively in every sector due to good mechanical properties and good cost. However, carbon steel are every susceptible to corrosion attack especially in corrosive environment. The use of inhibitors is one of the best options to protect against corrosion on metals and alloys especially in a closed system. Inhibitor is a chemical substance which can reduce corrosion attack when added into electrolyte. The organic inhibitor used in this study was from banana peel (scientific name Musa sapieutum) to extract tannin-a compound which can provide protective layer on metal [1-3]. The results elucidate that banana peel can be used as green inhibitor on canbon steel, however, the effect only can be seen when added with 10% and more. The immersion test was done to evaluate the effect of corrosion product to corrosion rate. The results explained that corrosion rate fluctuated during immersion period due to developed and dissolved of soluble product into electrolyte. The research provide a set of data elucidate that corrosion product developed on carbon steel cannot provide corrosion protection on carbon steel, however, using green inhibitor in high concentrations which is purely not harmful to environment could prevent corrosion attack on carbon steel.
The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide (ATH) on the Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistivity of Palm-Based Fibreboard Prepared by Pre-Polymerization Method
Authors: Musbah Redwan Amamer , Haji Badri Khairiah , Tarawneh Mou’ad A.
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties and fire resistivity of medium density fibreboards (MDF) made from renewable biomass namely empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB) and palm-based pre-PU as the binder. Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) was added in the mixture of EFB at size of 300 to 500 μm. The ratio of EFB to PU matrix was 35:65 with ATH at varying amount of 5, 10, and 15 wt% of the overall mass of the resin. The results showed that MDF-EFB has higher mechanical properties than MDF-EFB/ATH. However, the fire test indicated lower burning rate (from 0.15 mm/s to 0.27 mm/s) as the percentage loading of ATH increased.
Effect of Titania (TiO2) Addition to Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) Phases, Hardness and Microstructure
Authors: Manshor Hanisah , Md Aris Suriyana , Azhar Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad , Abdullah Ezzat Chan , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: February 2015

Ceramic composites consist of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) with TiO2 as additive was fabricated via solid state sintering route. Numerous studies have indicated that TiO2 can be used as sintering additives for Al2O3 and the ability of microstructural control introduce by TIO2. The Vickers hardness of the obtained ZTA-TiO2 was evaluated as a function of different TiO2 addition. Each sample was dry mixed, uniaxially pressed and sintered at 1600 °C for 4 hours in pressureless condition. It is noticed that the presence of TiO2 greatly influence the microstructure of Al2O3. Al2O3 grains tend to increase in size with more addition of TiO2. Characteristics of Vickers hardness increases increases from 1516.13 HV (0 wt% TiO2) to 1615.8 HV (3 wt% TiO2). Addition of TiO2 also increases the bulk density of ZTA-TiO2 from 3.90 g/cm3 (0 wt% TiO2) to 4.10 g/cm3 (3 wt% TiO2).
Preparations of Hydroxyapatite from Tilapia Scales
Authors: SOCKALINGAM KANAGESWARY , Yahya Mohd Azha , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: February 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), classified as bioceramic materials is the major mineral constituent of vertebrate bones and teeth. In this study, the effect of temperature on isolation and characterization of HAp from tilapia fish scales have been investigated. Scales were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures (800°C and 1000°C) and microstructure of both raw and calcined scales were observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) results have revealed the best calcination temperature of tilapia scales to be 800°C due to the calculated calcium to phosphorous weight ratio (Ca/P). The Ca/P ratio for scales treated at 800°C and 1000°C were 1.598 and 1.939 respectively. The phase purity and crystallinity of produced HAp was further confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Based on the study, it can be concluded that tilapia fish scale is a good natural source of HAp with 800°C as the optimum calcination temperature in HAp production.
Gel Oxidation of Titanium at Low Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Authors: Tan Kwok Joon , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi , Idris Maizlinda Izwana , Sorrell Charles C.
Published: February 2015

Gel oxidation is an effective thermochemical method for the preparation of bioactive titanium surfaces. This study aims to investigate the effect of low concentration of NaOH on gel oxidation of titanium when subjected to various temperatures. Titanium foils were soaked in NaOH aqueous solutions with the concentration of 0.5 M or 1.0 M, followed by oxidation in the range of 400°C to 800°C. The crystallinity of the film was determined using glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD). The microstructures were examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Focused ion beam milling (FIB) was used for cross-sectional imaging. At low NaOH concentration, the amount of sodium titanate hydrogel, if present, was too low to detect after gelation. Subsequent oxidation at 400°C was insufficient to form sufficient anatase and/or rutile to be detectable by GAXRD. Oxidation at 600°C and 800°C resulted in the detection of rutile. The concentration of the NaOH solution was important that it affected the dissolution or retention of the anatase passive oxidation layer whereby low concentrations of the NaOH solution (0.5 M and 1.0 M) resulted in a low degree of dissolution.
Effect of Chemical Treatment on Crystalline Cellulose: Changes in Crystallinity and Functional Groups of Cellulose
Authors: Mamat Razali Nur Amira , Azraaie Noriean , Abidin Nurul Aimi Mohd Zainul , Ibrahim Nur Ain , Abdul Aziz Fauziah , Abdul Rahman Saadah
Published: February 2015

Cellulosic material derived from Merbau (Intsia bijuga) was extracted at atmospheric pressure. In the initial stage the sample was delignified using peroxyacetic acid to remove the amorphous. In the second stage the samples were double bleached using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). From the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data it is evident that both acid and alkali bleached celluloses have rich cellulose I structure. The results are supported by FTIR study in which all samples shown typical spectra of cellulose.
Characterisation of Plasticity Response for Reciprocating Sliding Wear Test of Ti-6Al-4V under Variables Normal Load
Authors: Harun D. , Mohd Tobi Abdul Latif , Singh Chaal A. , Md. Nasir Ramdziah
Published: February 2015

Reciprocating sliding wear test of uncoated titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V is investigated using pin-on-flat arrangement under variable applied normal load. The wear scar produced by the reciprocating sliding wear test is analysed by surface profile examination using 2D and 3D optical microscope (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Through SEM, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used to characterise the composition of the substance on the worn surface. The hardness value of the wear scar is investigated at three regions which are; worn, unworn and the end of the wear track using Micro Vickers Hardness Test. The presence of moderate oxygen composition and the increasing in hardness value at the end of wear track suggesting evidence of plastic deformation. The increase in hardness value at the end of wear track indicates increase in plastic deformation with increasing applied normal load.
Initial Efforts in Modelling Mass Transport in Microdialysis Probes: Physical Characterization of the Microdialysis Probe Membrane
Authors: Min Kho Chun , Aziz Azizan , Ahmad Zainal Arifin , Enche Ab Rahim Siti Kartini , Abdullah Norazharuddin Shah
Published: February 2015

Microdialysis is a popular sampling technique that utilizes a probe, which can be simplified as a membrane attached to a hollow needle. Although well accepted, this technique is hampered by performance issues. Many researchers argued that these issues can be addressed if mass transfer through the membrane is properly evaluated. However, due to the nature of the probe (small in size, fragile, etc.), experimental evaluation is not something typical or straightforward. Mathematical models are seen as a reliable alternative, but the success of building such representative model shall depend on various parameters that need to be identified through characterization. This paper aims to characterize the probe’s membrane using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is envisaged that the characterization efforts shall provide necessary information to complement various unknown parameters in the proposed mathematical framework.
Leached Residue Characterization of Manganese-Bamboo Saw Dust Blend: An X-Ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Ismail Suhaina , Hussin Hashim , Hashim Syed Fuad Saiyid , Abdullah Norazharuddin Shah
Published: February 2015

Manganese-bamboo sawdust leached residue (MBLR) is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of leaching reaction time on the MBLR. The initial solids of low grade manganese (LGMO) ore and bamboo sawdust (BSD) as reducing agent, as well as the leach residues, were characterized. XRD analysis showed that the pyrolusite peak has not been found in the LGMO leached residue and the peak corresponding to quartz and goethite has diminished, compared to XRD peaks of initial LGMO. The calculated crystallinity of the BSD residue has decreased from 56.12% to 52.65%. This indicated that the crystalline portion of cellulose was readily hydrolyzed during the leaching process.
Calcinations Effect on Growth of Zinc Oxide Films Prepared via Dip-Coating Technique
Authors: Ainun Rahmahwati Ainuddin , Hussin Rosniza , Saipol Yazan Mohd Noorsyakir , Rosley Rabeatul Adawiyah
Published: February 2015

Thin films and micro- and nanostructures Zinc Oxide (ZnO) are promising candidates for novel application in solar cells, sensors, emerging transistors and optoelectronic devices. The thin films prepared via dip-coating were heat treated at calcination temperatures from 400 °C to 600 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and ultraviolet visible spectroscopic (UV-vis) analysis has been conducted on ZnO thin films in order to observe the calcination effect. The results showed that, the grain size and surface roughness improved while the optical transmittance diminished with increasing the calcinations temperature.
Ilmenite Chlorination: Usage of Gaseous Carbon Tetrachloride at Relatively Lower Temperatures
Authors: Abdullah Norazharuddin Shah , Aziz Azizan , Kamarudin Hussin
Published: February 2015

Malaysian ilmenite from “amang” or tin mining waste is well known for its physical and chemical complexity, making it difficult to be treated conventionally. With knowledge of ilmenite is rich in titania and iron, extractive efforts were made in order to segregate and recover the components of ilmenite, with major interest being the removal and retrieval of titanium. In this study, the extent of chlorination execution is observed by means of weight loss studies under various parameters, with an aim of successful chlorination at lower temperatures. At 723 K, chlorination trials were done using gaseous hydrogen chloride (gHCl), carbon monoxide-chlorine gas mixtures (gCO-Cl) and gaseous carbon tetrachloride (gCT). It was clearly seen that at such a relatively low temperature, only gCT was able to obtain a good chlorination degree, with up to 90% chlorination of –45+37 μm ilmenite particles were observed after 1 hour of reaction. With similar size fraction and time, hydrogen chloride was only able to give approximately 6% of chlorination while the mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine was seen incapable of giving anything higher than a 6% reaction. Initial observation suggests that the chlorination of ilmenite by carbon tetrachloride physically resembles the core shrinking model, although proper kinetic studies needs to be done to confirm this. Changes in various parameter values are seen to be quite sensitive to the overall ilmenite chlorination (via gCT) process. This study have shown that gCT presents an interesting route for the chlorination of complex ores such as ilmenite.