bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The lifestyle behaviours of young adults with intellectual disabilities as they transition from school to adulthood: A pilot and feasibility study
Authors: Mitchell Fiona , Stevens Gemma , Jahoda Andrew , Matthews Lynsay , Hankey Catherine , Murray Heather , Melville Craig
Published: June 2018

Background

In the general population, the transition from adolescence to adulthood has been identified as a “high‐risk” period for weight gain. There has been no research examining health behaviours over this transition in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Methods/design

The feasibility of recruitment, retention and relevant health behaviours were measured in 31 adolescents with mild‐moderate intellectual disabilities. Anthropometric, objective physical activity, dietary and self‐determination measures were collected over a 12‐month transitional period from school to adulthood.

Results

Key results suggest weight and BMI increased significantly from month 6 to month 12 (p = 0.044 and p = 0.043). Waist circumference increased significantly from baseline to month 12 (p = 0.049), and from month 6 to month 12 (p = 0.03).

Discussion

Recruiting and retaining young adults with intellectual disabilities over a 12‐month health behaviour study is feasible. The data indicate the transition from school to adulthood may be the start of a high‐risk period for weight gain.
Violent incidents in a secure service for individuals with learning disabilities: Incident types, circumstances and staff responses
Authors: Malda Castillo Javier , Smith Ian , Morris Lucy , Perez‐Algorta Guillermo
Published: June 2018

Background

The issue of violence in secure services has long been recognized both in the UK and worldwide. However, there is currently scarce literature available about violence within learning disability (LD) secure settings.

Methods

Secondary data analysis was conducted on violent incidents, using information routinely collected by the staff over a 1‐year period.

Results

Physical assaults were the most frequent type of incident, and the distribution in terms of days or months was homogenous and incidents were concentrated in the corridors, lounges and dining rooms of secure facilities. Antipsychotic medication was not regularly prescribed. Generalized linear modelling analyses revealed significant predictors that increased the chances of seclusion and physical restraint, such as being female or directing the violence towards staff.

Conclusions

These findings can inform staff training on violence prevention and suggest that increased ward‐based supervision and enhanced use of psychological formulations may help in reducing violence within this service context.
The role of dermoscopy in the diagnosis of deep mycoses and systemic mycoses with cutaneous involvement
Authors: Sławińska M. , Hlebowicz M. , Iżycka‐Świeszewska E. , Sikorska M. , Sokołowska‐Wojdyło M. , Smiatacz T. , Nowicki R. J. , Sobjanek M.
Published: June 2018

Linked article: This article is commented on by G. Dabas et al., pp. e33–e55 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15152
Psoriasis, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors. A population‐based study
Authors: Fernández‐Armenteros J.M. , Gómez‐Arbonés X. , Buti‐Soler M. , Betriu‐Bars A. , Sanmartin‐Novell V. , Ortega‐Bravo M. , Martínez‐Alonso M. , Garí E. , Portero‐Otín M. , Santamaria‐Babi L. , Casanova‐Seuma J.M.
Published: June 2018

Background

Psoriasis is a very prevalent systemic chronic inflammatory disease. Major cardiovascular events are the main cause of mortality in these patients which suggests an association between psoriasis and traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Objective

To identify classic cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with psoriasis, their possible association with its severity and compare it with the non‐psoriatic population.

Methods

This is an observational and cross‐sectional population study in Lleida (Spain) from a joint hospital/primary care database.

Results

The database comprised 398 701 individuals. There were 6868 cases registered as psoriasis (1.7%), and 499 of them (7.3%) were classified as moderate–severe psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis had a higher prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors than non‐psoriatic population: diabetes mellitus 2 (13.9% vs 7.4%, OR 2.01), dyslipidaemia (28.8% vs 17.4%, OR 1.92), arterial hypertension (31.2% vs 19.0%, OR 1.93), obesity (33.7% vs 28.1%, OR 1.30), altered fasting basal glycaemia (21.4% vs 15.1%, OR 1.54), low cholesterol HDL (38.1% vs 32.3%, OR 1.29), hypertriglyceridaemia (45.7% vs 35.2%, OR 1.55) and high waist circumference (75.7% vs 72.3%, OR 1.19). MS was more prevalent in psoriatic patients (28.3% vs 15.1%, OR 2.21), and cardiovascular risk factors were similar between psoriasis severity groups. Psoriatic patients had a higher prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (3.3% vs 1.8%, OR 1.87) and vascular cerebral accidents (1.8% vs 1.2%, OR 1.55). A model for MS showed a significant nonlinear relationship with age and sex and significant differences between patients with and without psoriasis.

Conclusion

We found statistically significant differences in relation to the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, MS and major cardiovascular events in psoriatic patients. However, differences were not seen between psoriasis severity groups. Our work reinforces the need for a multidisciplinary approach and close monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in these patients to prevent a cardiovascular event.
International nurses to the rescue: The role and contribution of the nurses of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Anton‐Solanas Isabel , Wakefield Ann , Hallett Christine E.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To describe the life and work of the international nurses of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War and to examine their role in relation to their contribution to Spanish nursing in this period.

Methods

This historical study is based primarily on the memoirs of the international nurses who joined the war health services of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. The evidence that was elicited from these sources was compared and contrasted with other contemporary documents in order to compare their perspectives with those of other contemporaries.

Results

The nurses of the International Brigades joined the front line health services as part of the mobile medical and surgical teams that were attached to the fighting units. They lived and worked under extreme conditions, often under fire. Their work while in Spain was not limited to care delivery but also included managerial and educational aspects. The international nurses' observations of Spanish nursing at the time were not always accurate, which might be explained by a lack of contact with qualified Spanish nursing staff due to a shortage of fully qualified nurses.

Conclusion

In the absence of the voices of the Spanish nurses themselves, the written records of the international nurses were invaluable in analyzing Spanish nursing in this period. Their testimonies are, in essence, the international nurses’ legacy to the Spanish nurses who stayed behind after the departure of the International Brigadists in 1938.
Instagrowth: A Longitudinal Growth Mixture Model of Social Media Time Use Across Adolescence
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Holmgren Hailey G. , Stockdale Laura A.
Published: June 2018

This study examined differential patterns of time spent using social media in a sample of 457 adolescents over a 6‐year period. The majority of adolescents (83%), termed moderate users, reported steady social media use over time. A second group (increasers: 12%) reported low social media use that increased gradually and ended high at the end of the study. A third group, called peak users (6%), reported low social media that increased quickly after a few years and then returned to baseline levels. Low self‐regulation predicted being an increaser or peak user. Being a moderate user tended to be related to lower levels of depression, aggression, delinquency, social media problems, and cyberbullying across time, as compared with the other groups.
Efficacy of essential oils combination on performance, ileal bacterial counts, intestinal histology and immunocompetence of laying hens fed alternative lipid sources
Authors: Mousavi Asma , Mahdavi Amir Hossein , Riasi Ahmad , Soltani‐Ghombavani Masoud
Published: June 2018

This study was carried out to assess the effects of a blend of herbal essential oils (namely Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus offisinalis and Anethum graveolens) and different dietary lipid sources on the performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, intestinal histological alterations and immune responses in laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 150 laying hens were randomly allocated to six experimental treatments with five replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of three levels of a mixture of essential oils (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and two sources of lipid (soybean oil and fish oil containing different ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids) fed to the animals during an 80‐days feeding trial. Findings indicated that dietary administration of fish oil not only increased significantly the spleen relative weight (p < 0.01) and the antibody titre against Newcastle virus (p < 0.05) but also led to reductions in liver relative weight (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mixture of herbal essential oils brought about declines in hepatic relative weight, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05) and intestinal pathogen populations (p < 0.01). Mention must also be made of the improvements it made in spleen weight (p < 0.01), antibody titres against SRBC (p < 0.01) and Newcastle virus (p < 0.05), villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01), goblet cell numbers (p < 0.05), lamina propria lymphatic follicle diameters (p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.06). It may be claimed that the enhancements observed in the performance of laying hens fed fish oil and 200 mg/kg of the blend of essential oils could have potentially been associated with improved intestinal health indices as well as cellular and humoral immune responses.
Global implications of the new WHO and UNICEF implementation guidance on the revised Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative
Authors: Aryeetey Richmond , Dykes Fiona
Published: June 2018

Although breastfeeding confers both short‐ and long‐term benefits for children and their mothers, breastfeeding practice remains suboptimal, globally. In addition to barriers including misperceptions and inappropriate marketing of breast milk substitutes, inadequate support for breastfeeding remains a challenge in many settings. To improve access to appropriate health system support, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reviewed the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which ensures provision of optimal clinical care and support to mothers and their infants. This review has resulted in revision of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, which form the core standards of (BFHI). These now consist of critical management procedures to support breastfeeding (Steps 1 and 2) and key clinical practices to support breastfeeding (Steps 3‐10). In Step 1, there is now specific emphasis on compliance with the WHO Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes and relevant World Health Assembly resolutions as well as on internal monitoring. There are also significant position shifts like the recommendation to “Counsel mothers on the use and risks of feeding bottles, teats, and pacifiers,” which is a departure from the earlier position of avoiding reference to these technologies. These revisions require countries and states to revise activities and tools for their local situation but without compromising the standards.
Dissecting the basis of novel trait evolution in a radiation with widespread phylogenetic discordance
Authors: Wu Meng , Kostyun Jamie L. , Hahn Matthew W. , Moyle Leonie C.
Published: June 2018

Phylogenetic analyses of trait evolution can provide insight into the evolutionary processes that initiate and drive phenotypic diversification. However, recent phylogenomic studies have revealed extensive gene tree–species tree discordance, which can lead to incorrect inferences of trait evolution if only a single species tree is used for analysis. This phenomenon—dubbed “hemiplasy”—is particularly important to consider during analyses of character evolution in rapidly radiating groups, where discordance is widespread. Here, we generate whole‐transcriptome data for a phylogenetic analysis of 14 species in the plant genus Jaltomata (the sister clade to Solanum), which has experienced rapid, recent trait evolution, including in fruit and nectar colour, and flower size and shape. Consistent with other radiations, we find evidence for rampant gene tree discordance due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and to introgression events among the well‐supported subclades. As both ILS and introgression increase the probability of hemiplasy, we perform several analyses that take discordance into account while identifying genes that might contribute to phenotypic evolution. Despite discordance, the history of fruit colour evolution in Jaltomata can be inferred with high confidence, and we find evidence of de novo adaptive evolution at individual genes associated with fruit colour variation. In contrast, hemiplasy appears to strongly affect inferences about floral character transitions in Jaltomata, and we identify candidate loci that could arise either from multiple lineage‐specific substitutions or standing ancestral polymorphisms. Our analysis provides a generalizable example of how to manage discordance when identifying loci associated with trait evolution in a radiating lineage.
Outcomes of patients with autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Boonpheng Boonphiphop , Thongprayoon Charat , Wijarnpreecha Karn , Medaura Juan , Chebib Fouad T , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: June 2018

Background

Complications related to peritoneal dialysis (PD) in patients with autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), including intraperitoneal rupture of renal cyst, hernia, membrane failure and peritonitis, have been reported. However, long‐term clinical outcomes of ADPKD patients on PD remain unclear. We performed this meta‐analysis to assess the risks of death, technique failure and peritonitis in ADPKD patients on PD.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases from inception to October 2017 to identify studies that evaluated the outcomes of ADPKD patients on PD, including the risks of death, technique failure and peritonitis. Non‐ADPKD patients on PD were used as controls. Effect estimates from the individual study were extracted and combined using the random‐effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.

Results

Twelve cohort studies with a total of 14 673 patients on PD (931 ADPKD and 13 742 non‐ADPKD patients) were enrolled. Compared with non‐ADPKD status, ADPKD was associated with significantly decreased mortality risk with pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53–0.86; I2 = 0). There were no associations of ADPKD with the risks of technique failure of PD and peritonitis with pooled OR of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.79–1.10; I2 = 0) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.75–1.05; I2 = 0), respectively. We found no publication bias as assessed by Egger's regression asymmetry test, with P = 0.90, 0.28 and 0.60 for the risks of mortality, technique failure and peritonitis in ADPKD patients on PD, respectively.

Conclusion

Compared with non‐ADPKD patients on PD, our study demonstrates that ADPKD patients on PD have 0.68‐fold decreased mortality risk. There are no associations of ADPKD status with the risks of technique failure or peritonitis.
Carbonic anhydrase IX is a prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Cetin Bulent , Gonul Ipek Isık , Gumusay Ozge , Bilgetekin Irem , Algin Efnan , Ozet Ahmet , Uner Aytug
Published: June 2018

The identification of prognostic factors in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents an area of increasing interest. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA‐IX), a hypoxia marker, correlates with tumor progression in a variety of human cancers. However, the role of CA‐IX in GBM remains largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic role of CA‐IX in GBM patients. In total, 66 consecutive patients with GBM who received concomitant chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide were retrospectively reviewed, and all patients received temozolomide chemotherapy for at least 3 months. Kaplan–Meier curves and log‐rank tests were used for analysis of progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was employed to identify factors with an independent effect on survival. The median OS was longer in patients with low levels of CA‐IX expression (18 months) compared to patients overexpressing CA‐IX (9 months) (P = 0.004). There was not a statistically significant difference in median PFS (3.5 vs. 8 months, P = 0.054) between patients with high or low levels of CA‐IX expression. In multivariate analysis, the variables that were identified as significant prognostic factors for OS were preoperative Karnofsky performance scale score (KPS) (hazard ratio (HR), 3.703; P = 0.001), CA‐IX overexpression (HR, 1.967; P = 0.019), and incomplete adjuvant temozolomide treatment (HR, 2.241; P = 0.003) and gross‐total resection (HR, 1.956; P = 0.034). Our findings indicated that CA‐IX may be a potential prognostic biomarker in the treatment of GBM.
Marker‐assisted backcross breeding for improvement of drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)
Authors: Rai Neha , Bellundagi Amasiddha , Kumar Prashant K. C. , Kalasapura Thimmappa Ramya , Rani Sushma , Sinha Nivedita , krishna Hari , Jain Neelu , Singh Gyanendra P. , Singh Pradeep K. , Chand Suresh , Prabhu Kumble Vinod
Published: June 2018

Drought stress is presently a major productivity limiting factor in wheat. This study developed five wheat lines with inbuilt tolerance to drought stress using marker‐assisted backcross breeding (MABB) approach employing three linked quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in an initial population of 516 BC1F1 plants. The high‐yielding wheat cultivar ‘HD2733’ grown over last few years extensively in the eastern plains of India is largely sensitive to drought and is used as the recurrent parent. ‘HI1500’ released for water‐limiting conditions and carrying drought‐tolerant QTLs was used as donor parent. MABB lines were advanced using foreground and background selection, coupled with stringent phenotyping. We identified 29 lines that were homozygous for targeted QTLs in different combinations with background recovery range of 89.2%–95.4%. Further evaluation of selected lines for physiological traits and distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) characters under rainfed condition identified five potential varieties for national varietal evaluation programme in the zone. The report is first of its kind in implementing known QTLs for the development of drought‐tolerant wheat lines through MABB approach.
Detection and validation of QTLs associated with seed longevity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Liu Wenqiang , Pan Xiaowu , Li Yongchao , Duan Yonghong , Min Jun , Liu Sanxiong , Sheng Xinnian , Li Xiaoxiang
Published: June 2018

Seed longevity in rice is a major determinant in seed production and germplasm preservation. In this paper, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 172 lines derived from the cross between Xiang743 and ‘Katy’ was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed longevity (SL) after seed storage for 18 and 30 months under ambient conditions. Two putative QTLs, qSL‐2 and qSL‐8, were detected and located on chromosomes 2 and 8, respectively. qSL‐2 is an allele from Xiang743 allele and increases seed longevity. qSL‐8 was a novel QTL from ‘Katy’ allele and increases seed longevity. qSL‐8 explained 15.29% and 17.35% of the phenotypic variance after seed storage for 18 and 30 months, respectively. Furthermore, qSL‐8 was validated in a secondary population developed by self‐pollination of a residual heterozygous line (RHL) selected from the RIL population, which explained 25.93% of the phenotypic contribution. These results provide an opportunity for map‐based cloning of qSL‐8. Furthermore, qSL‐8 may be a target for improving seed longevity by marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in rice.
Rapid generation cycling of an F2 population derived from a cross between Lens culinaris Medik. and Lens ervoides (Brign.) Grande after aphanomyces root rot selection
Authors: Lulsdorf Monika M. , Banniza Sabine
Published: June 2018

Cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is susceptible to aphanomyces root rot (ARR), whereas partial resistance is present in wild lentil including Lens ervoides (Brign.) Grande. Approximately six generations of selfing are required to fix a desired trait in a population, which usually requires 2 years in a breeding programme, so the primary objective was to develop a rapid generation cycling (RGC) technique that achieves this goal in 1 year. Rapid generation cycling was then tested on an F2 population (LR‐59) derived from a L. culinaris × L. ervoides cross in combination with a reliable ARR screening technique, which generates a wide range of disease severities conducive to selection. Phenotyping of an F2 population of more than 1,200 plants resulted in scores ranging from 2.4 to 4.0 on a scale from zero to five. Plants with scores lower than 4.0 were selected for advancement for five generations using a modified single‐seed descent method, optimum growing conditions, 20‐hr photoperiod and harvest of immature seeds. Seeds were germinated in a 100 μM gibberellin solution. Average generation length after phenotyping was 56 days resulting in five generations within approximately 300 days. Using a modified inoculation protocol, ARR phenotyping of the F7 population resulted in scores ranging from 1.4 to 4.0. This inexpensive, nonsterile speed breeding protocol saves 1 year in the development of lentil varieties with improved ARR resistance.
Molecular characterization of genetic basis of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) resistance in Saccharum spp. hybrid
Authors: Islam Md Sariful , Yang Xiping , Sood Sushma , Comstock Jack C. , Wang Jianping
Published: June 2018

Sugarcane (Saccharum Spp.) produces 80% of the world's sugar along with other by‐products. The production of sugarcane is vulnerable to infestation of sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) worldwide. A study was conducted using an F1 segregating population derived from CP95‐1039 × CP88‐1762 to identify the genetic factors underlying SCYLV resistance. The disease infection data were measured using tissue blot immunoassay after 6 years of exposure to the virus under natural field conditions. Genetic maps were created using genotyping by sequencing‐based markers for each parent separately following a pseudo‐testcross approach. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected for SCYLV resistance accounting for 28% of the phenotypic variation. A major QTL qSCYLR79 located on linkage group 79 and linked with marker 3PAV3154 appears to be unique for SCYLV resistance in sugarcane. Progeny having a combination of two major alleles had 31% less SCYLV incidence than progeny with a combination of major and minor alleles in the genomic region of qSCYLR79. Thus, selection against the minor allele may decrease the SCYLV incidence in sugarcane.
Breeding for provitamin A biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Maqbool Muhammad Amir , Aslam Muhammad , Beshir Abdurahman , Khan Muhammad Sarwar
Published: June 2018

Vitamin A deficiency is widely prevailing in children and women of developing countries. Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness, growth retardation, xerophthalmia and increases the susceptibility against epidemic diseases. Among different interventions of overcoming malnutrition, biofortification is the most acceptable and preferred intervention among researchers, growers and consumers. Maize is grown and consumed in those regions where vitamin A deficiency is most prevalent; thus, targeting this crop for provitamin A biofortification is the most appropriate solution. Different breeding strategies including diversity analysis, introduction and stability analysis of exotic germplasm, hybridization, heterosis breeding, mutagenesis and marker‐assisted selection are practised for exploring maize germplasm and development of provitamin A‐enriched cultivars. Genome‐wide association selection and development of transgenic maize genotypes are also being practised, whereas RNA interference and genome editing tools could also be used as potential strategies for provitamin A biofortification of maize genotypes. The use of these breeding strategies for provitamin A biofortification of maize is comprehensively reviewed to provide a working outline for maize breeders.
Cutaneous manifestations of metastatic Crohn's disease
Authors: Schneider Samantha L. , Foster Katherine , Patel Devika , Shwayder Tor
Published: June 2018

Metastatic Crohn's disease is a rare cutaneous complication of primary Crohn's disease. It is a granulomatous inflammatory process, similar to the pathogenic mechanism of Crohn's disease, that occurs in sites discontiguous from the gastrointestinal tract. Metastatic Crohn's disease can precede the development of Crohn's disease by months to years, and children are more likely to present with metastatic Crohn's disease in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Given that approximately 30% of individuals with Crohn's disease present in childhood, early recognition of extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease such as metastatic Crohn's disease can aid in timely diagnosis and management of bowel disease. We present data from two pediatric cases of metastatic Crohn's disease recently seen at our institution in addition to the 61 reported cases of pediatric metastatic Crohn's disease in the literature. This review article will focus on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and histology of and treatment options for pediatric metastatic Crohn's disease.
The effect of pre‐phototest sun exposure on minimal erythema dose and minimal melanogenic dose among skin phototypes III, IV and V
Authors: Wong Lok Chin , Jamil Adawiyah , Md Nor Norazirah
Published: June 2018

Background

Ethnicity, skin phototype and colour influenced minimal erythema dose (MED). Sun exposure has been postulated to increase MED. We determined immediate pigment darkening dose to UVA (IPDDA), MED and minimal melanogenic dose (MMD) for UVB and UVA, and investigated factors affecting these doses.

Methods

Skin phototype was determined using Fitzpatrick phototype quiz, DSMII ColorMeter measured skin colours, sun exposure quantified using an index (SEI) and phototest performed with MEDlight‐Multitester.

Results

A total of 167 healthy volunteers participated. There were 110 (66%) females and 56 (34%) males; 124 (74.7%) were Malay, 27 (16.3%) Chinese and 14 (8.4%) Indians. One hundred and nine (65.7%) skin phototype IV, 30 (18.1%) phototype III and 27 (16.3%) phototype V. IPDDA ranges from 6 ± 1.5‐5.7 ± 1.4 J/cm2. MED‐UVB were 96.9 ± 17.6, 124 ± 29.3 and 118.6 ± 27.4 mJ/cm2 for phototype III, IV and V, respectively. All MED‐UVA were outside the tested dose range of 3.6‐11 J/cm2. MMD‐UVB were 106 ± 18.2, 134 ± 25.6 and 136 ± 31.1 mJ/cm2 while MMD‐UVA were 4.1 ± 4.1, 4.9 ± 3.8 and 5.7 ± 3.7 J/cm2 respectively for phototypes III, IV and V. MED‐UVB, MMD‐UVB and MMD‐UVA did not depend on skin phototype. Facultative skin whiteness (L*), erythema (E) and melanin content (M) correlated significantly with MED‐UVB while constitutive skin colours were significant for L*, yellowness (b*), E and M. Sun exposure did not significantly correlate with MED‐UVB and MMDs, however, an inverse relationship with MED‐UVB was demonstrated.

Conclusion

Minimal erythema doses in our cohort were slightly different from other regional countries. Constitutive and facultative skin whiteness, erythema and melanin content correlated with MED. There was no association between skin phototype and sun exposure with MED or MMD.
Microglena redcarensis sp. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae), a brackish water chlamydomonad with contractile vacuoles
Authors: Nakada Takashi , Takahashi Shunsuke , Tomita Masaru
Published: June 2018

In 1960, Butcher isolated a strain of unicellular green alga, ‘Chlamydomonas subehrenbergii’ SAG 18.89, from a brackish water locality in England, facing the North Sea. Although C. subehrenbergii Butcher was previously described by the same author in 1959, the strain SAG 18.89 is in fact morphologically different, possessing shorter flagella, a different‐shaped papilla, and different‐sized vegetative cells. Light and fluorescence microscopy, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and ITS2 comparisons revealed that this strain represents an undescribed species of the genus Microglena (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae), described here as M. redcarensis sp. nov. The presence of contractile vacuoles, which are osmoregulatory organelles, suggests potential inhabitation in freshwater. Contractile vacuole activity and growth of M. redcarensis were therefore examined in media of different salinity.
A Bayesian Time Varying Approach to Risk Neutral Density Estimation
Authors: Casarin Roberto , Molina German , Horst Enrique
Published: June 2018

We expand the literature of risk neutral density estimation across maturities from implied volatility curves, which are usually estimated and interpolated through cubic smoothing splines. The risk neutral densities are computed through the second derivative, which we extend through a Bayesian approach to the problem, featuring an extension to a multivariate setting across maturities and over time, a flexible estimation approach for the smoothing parameter, which is traditionally assumed common to all assets, known and fixed across maturities and time, but now potentially different between assets and maturities, and over time, and information borrowing about the implied curves and risk neutral densities not only across different option maturities, but also dynamically.
The trafficking of metal ion transporters of the Zrt‐ and Irt‐like protein family
Authors: Bowers Katherine , Srai Surjit K. S.
Published: June 2018

Metal ion transporters of the Zrt‐ and Irt‐like protein (ZIP, or SLC39A) family transport zinc, iron, manganese and/or cadmium across cellular membranes and into the cytosol. The 14 human ZIP family proteins are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and function in many different cellular processes. Many of these proteins (including ZIP1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6/10, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14) are situated, at least some of the time, on the plasma membrane, where they mediate metal ion uptake into cells. Their level on the cell surface can be controlled rapidly via protein trafficking in response to the ions they transport. For example, the cell surface level of many ZIPs (including ZIP1, 3, 4, 8 and 12) is mediated by the available concentration of zinc. Zinc depletion causes a decrease in endocytosis and degradation, resulting in more ZIP on the surface to take up the essential ion. ZIP levels on the cell surface are a balance between endocytosis, recycling and degradation. We review the trafficking mechanisms of human ZIP proteins, highlighting possible targeting motifs and suggesting a model of zinc‐mediated endocytic trafficking. We also provide two possible models for ZIP14 trafficking and degradation.
Conjunctival bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility of captive and free‐living sea turtles in Brazil
Authors: Cardoso‐Brito Vinícius , Raposo Ana Cláudia S. , Pires Thaís T. , Pinna Melissa H. , Oriá Arianne P.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To describe the aerobic conjunctival bacterial flora of 3 especies of free‐living and under human care sea turtles and determine its antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro.

Method

Thirty‐six sea turtles (72 eyes), juveniles and adults, 7 free‐living Chelonia mydas and 8 Chelonia mydas, 4 Caretta caretta, 11 Eretmochelys imbricata, and 6 Lepidochelys olivacea under human care, were evaluated. Conjunctival cultures were collected for identification of aerobic bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, oxacillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline, and tobramycin using antibiotic disks. Bacterial strains showing no sensitivity to 4 or more antimicrobials were considered multiresistant to this panel.

Results

Bacterial growth was observed in 12/14 (85.71%) samples in the free‐living sea turtles, and there was growth in 100% (58/58) of the samples from captive animals. There were 94 strains isolated and 15 species identified. There was a predominance of Gram‐positive bacteria in free‐living Chelonia mydas, most of which were Bacillus and Staphylococcus. The most commonly isolated Gram‐negative species were enterobacteria for free‐living and under human care animals. The strains were predominantly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin, and less sensitive to oxacillin or polymyxin B. Ten multiresistant strains were isolated. Yeast were identified in 13.89% (10/72) of the samples.

Conclusions

These results, showing differences in the conjunctival bacterial flora of free‐living and captive animals, may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of ocular disorders in sea turtles.
Phylogeography of the Northern Alligator Lizard (Squamata, Anguidae): Hidden diversity in a western endemic
Authors: Lavin Brian R. , Wogan Guinevere O. U. , McGuire Jimmy A. , Feldman Chris R.
Published: June 2018

Western North America includes the California Floristic Province and the Pacific Northwest, biologically diverse regions highlighted by a complex topography, geology, climate and history. A number of animals span these regions and show distinctive patterns of dispersal, vicariance and lineage diversification. Examining phylogeographic patterns in the fauna of this area aids in our understanding of the forces that have contributed to the generation and maintenance of regional biodiversity. Here, we investigate the biogeography and population structure of the Northern Alligator Lizard (Elgaria coerulea), a wide‐ranging anguid endemic to western North America. We sequenced two mtDNA fragments (ND2 and ND4) for 181 individuals across the range of the species and analysed these data with phylogenetic approaches to infer population and biogeographic history, and date major divergences within the taxon. We further used Bayesian clustering methods to assess major patterns of population structure and performed ecological niche modelling (ENM) to aid in our interpretation of geographic structure and diversification ofE. coerulealineages. Our phylogeographic examination ofE. coeruleauncovered surprising diversity and structure, recovering 10 major lineages, each with substantial geographic substructure. While some divergences within the species are relatively old (Pliocene, 5.3–2.6 mya), most intraspecific variation appears to be of more recent origin (Pleistocene, 2.6 mya‐11,700 ya). Current diversity appears to have arisen in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and spread west and north since the Pliocene. Finally, our ENMs suggest that much of the Coast Ranges in California provided ideal habitat during the Last Glacial Maxima (LGM) that has since contracted dramatically and shifted northwards, whereas significant portions of the Sierra Nevada were unsuitable during the LGM and have since become more suitable. Interestingly,E. coeruleashares a number of genetic boundaries with other sympatric taxa, suggesting common historical events and geomorphological features have shaped the biota of this region.
Effects of Freezing on Cytoskeletal Structure of Fibroblasts in Engineered Tissues
Authors: Seawright Angela , Han Bumsoo
Published: June 2018

Successful preservation of functional cells and tissues are critical to cell/tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. One of the most reliable methods of cell/tissue preservation is cryopreservation; in which cells and tissues are frozen before storage and thawed when needed. Since the cellular viability and the microstructure of extracellular matrix (ECM) directly correspond to the functionality of a tissue, successful cryopreservation should maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructure as well as cellular viability post-thaw. A few recent studies [1,2] reported that complex cell-fluid-matrix interaction occurred during freezing of tissues, and this interaction might determine the post-thaw ECM microstructure and affect the cellular viability. These studies also suggested that the cells within tissues might exert or sense mechanical stress during freezing through the cytoskeleton connected to the ECM via cell-matrix adhesion complexes.
CFD Study on Effect of Branch Sizes in Human Coronary Arteries
Authors: Shrestha Liza , Garvin Justin , Downe Richard W. , Sonka Milan , Wahle Andreas , Vigmostad Sarah C.
Published: June 2018

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. The link between Wall Shear Stress (WSS) and CAD development is well established, with studies indicating the accumulation of lesions in regions of low WSS, flow separation, and in the regions where there is departure from axially aligned unidirectional flow [5]. It has been well established that blood flow patterns are highly affected by branch flows, as bifurcations are one of the leading locations of plaque accumulation [5]. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an important tool for quantifying hemodynamics.
Effects of Muscle Activation on Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Impacts
Authors: Beeman Stephanie M. , Kemper Andrew R. , Madigan Michael L. , Duma Stefan M.
Published: June 2018

Human occupant responses in motor vehicle collisions are commonly predicted and evaluated using computational models and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). However, these are validated using post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) studies, which do not include the effects of muscle activation. Studies have shown that tensed muscles can change occupant kinematics and subsequently the kinetics during an automotive collision [1,2,3]. Consequently, the resulting injury patterns can be altered based on muscle activation. Continued development and validation of the aforementioned research tools necessitates further analysis of the effects of muscle activation on an occupant’s biomechanical response in car crashes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of muscle tension on the occupant kinematics and kinetics in low-speed frontal sled tests.
Initial Collagen Fiber Alignment Determines the Mechanical and Structural Response of Cell-Compacted Tissue-Equivalents Under Indentation
Authors: Lake Spencer P. , Barocas Victor H.
Published: June 2018

The mechanical behavior of connective soft tissues depends largely on their structural organization, particularly of the collagen network. Previous studies have utilized polarized light imaging techniques to quantify collagen organization and fiber kinematics under tensile load (e.g., [1–2]). Many native tissues function in non-tensile loading environments, however, and the microstructural response to such loads is poorly understood. For example, fiber-reinforced soft tissues can be subjected to indentation in vivo (e.g., supraspinatus tendon in shoulder, flexor tendons that wrap around bones), resulting in a complex combination of compressive (near indentation site) and tensile forces (away from indentation site) being applied to the tissue. In order to understand and predict a tissue’s response to such loading, the respective roles of the collagen and non-fibrillar matrix must be elucidated. In particular, how do the properties of the collagen network (e.g., density/organization) and non-fibrillar matrix (e.g., type/quantity) modulate behavior under load? In order to address these questions, our group has utilized type I collagen gel tissue-equivalents (TEs) as a simplified model system to evaluate properties and relationships of tissue components. TEs are particularly useful because organizational and compositional properties can be controlled during formulation (e.g., mold geometry altered to induce changes in collagen fiber alignment [3]). While our other work has used co-gel tissue analogs to evaluate the contribution of non-fibrillar matrix to indentation [4], the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of initial collagen organization on tissue behavior in indentation using cell-compacted TEs as a model system.
Smooth Mesh Generation for Numerical Analysis of Blood Vessel Fluid Flow
Authors: Culak Juraj , Peet Yulia V. , Chopp David L.
Published: June 2018

A Matlab-based approach to image segmentation and mesh generation for creating high-quality hexagonal meshes is developed. The successful use of the procedure in patient-specific simulations of blood flow in a carotid artery is demonstrated.
Structural and Mechanical Differences Between Pure Collagen and Fibrin Gels and Partially Digested Co-Gels
Authors: Frey Christina R. , Lai Victor K. , Barocas Victor H.
Published: June 2018

Natural and bio-engineered tissues are often composed of multiple fiber networks (fibrin, collagen, elastin, etc.). The microstructure and interactions between components determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of the tissues. Examples of multi-fiber networks include skin (collagen and elastin) and thrombus during the wound healing process (collagen and fibrin). In addition, tissue engineers (eg. [1]) use fibrin as a scaffold to seed cells for tissue growth; over time, networks of collagen and fibrin coexist as the fibrin is degraded and replaced with cell-synthesized collagen. Our group has previously investigated the mechanical properties of single fiber networks of fibrin and collagen, but has shown that these do not obey the law of mixtures in a collagen-fibrin co-gel [2]. The goal of this project was to understand the interactions between the collagen and fibrin networks in a collagen-fibrin co-gel.
Viscoelastic Characterization of Minke Whale Blubber for Tracking Tag Simulation
Authors: Zenier Scott H. , Parmigiani John P.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this paper is to outline a process for determining the viscoelastic mechanical properties of whale blubber for use in computer simulations to improve tracking tag designs. Tracking tags are attached to whales to determine migration paths and critical habitats. Tags are secured by implanting the sharp-tipped, barbed, metal cylinder externally through the skin and blubber layers.
Automatic Assessment of Lower Extremity Deformity Based on Patient Specific Computer Models
Authors: Xing Qi , Theiss Mark M. , Yang Wenzhen , Chen Jim X. , Li Jihui
Published: June 2018

Lower extremity deformity can cause joint pain and malfunction. Patients with severe deformity usually need a correction surgery or total knee replacement (TKR) surgery to realign the orientation of the femur and tibia. Lower extremity deformity needs to be accurately assessed before any clinical decision can be made. In practice, physicians and radiologists rely mainly on X-ray images to evaluate the deformity, and CT is used in complex cases only. Manual assessment on X-rays is tedious, time consuming and inaccurate [1]. Computer aided diagnosis was proved efficient to understand patients’ anatomy, analyze lower limb deformity and plan the possible surgery [2]. However, notable interactive works were required during the identification of the anatomic features, and the accuracy was unguaranteed when the physician is not familiar with the diagnosis software. In this study we developed an automatic assessment system to identify patients’ anatomic features and quantify lower extremity deformity.
Probabilistic Study of a Lumbar Motion Segment: Sensitivity of Kinematics to Material and Anatomical Variability
Authors: Barnes Kelli S. , Armstrong Jeffrey R. , Agarwala Amit , Petrella Anthony J.
Published: June 2018

Finite element modeling of the lumbar spine has advanced significantly in the last decade [1] and become a relatively well established method for examining fundamental biomechanics as well as new spinal implants and procedures. However, most of these models only represent a single subject and do not account for normal subject-to-subject variation. This limitation can be addressed using a probabilistic simulation in which virtual specimens are used to represent a broad population of subjects. The greatest challenge to implementing probabilistic techniques in biomechanical simulation is parameterization of anatomy to capture normal variation across subjects. In the present study, shape variation was captured using a statistical shape model (SSM) and implemented in a probabilistic framework to evaluate biomechanics of a single motion segment. The Monte Carlo (MC) method is a common probabilistic simulation technique that is robust even for non-monotonic or highly non-linear systems. The purpose of this study was to perform a probabilistic study of a lumbar motion segment using MC simulation to determine the sensitivity of spinal rotations to changes in geometry and soft tissue material properties.
Modeling Study for the Design of an Innovative Composite Membrane Inflation Test
Authors: Ziegler Kimberly A. , Yatnalkar Ravi , Ramesh K. T. , Nguyen Thao D.
Published: June 2018

The focus of this study is to develop a dynamic membrane inflation test to characterize the mechanical response of human corneal and scleral tissues at high rates representative of blast conditions and to model the dynamic loading conditions experienced in ocular blast injuries. Previous studies investigate the quasistatic inflation response of these tissues at pressures in the physiological range (Anderson et al. 2004, Burnstein et al. 1995, Myers et al. 2010, Voorhies 2003). Test data reveals considerable rate-dependence, as both tissues exhibit greater stiffening effects at higher rates.
Blood test may predict cancer immunotherapy benefit
Authors: Garber Ken
Published: June 2018

Counting tumor mutations could identify right treatment
The power of many
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

A series of simple steps can explain the momentous transition from single cells to multicellular life
Enhanced photovoltage for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells
Authors: Luo Deying , Yang Wenqiang , Wang Zhiping , Sadhanala Aditya , Hu Qin , Su Rui , Shivanna Ravichandran , Trindade Gustavo F. , Watts John F. , Xu Zhaojian , Liu Tanghao , Chen Ke , Ye Fengjun , Wu Pan , Zhao Lichen , Wu Jiang , Tu Yongguang , Zhang Yifei , Yang Xiaoyu , Zhang Wei , Friend Richard H. , Gong Qihuang , Snaith Henry J. , Zhu Rui
Published: June 2018

Perovskite layers make the grade

Inverted planar perovskite solar cells offer opportunities for a simplified device structure compared with conventional mesoporous titanium oxide interlayers. However, their lower open-circuit voltages result in lower power conversion efficiencies. Using mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite and a solution-processed secondary growth method, Luo
et al.
created a surface region in the perovskite film that inhibited nonradiative charge-carrier recombination. This kind of solar cell had comparable performance to that of conventional cells.

Science
, this issue p.
1442
Global extent of rivers and streams
Authors: Allen George H. , Pavelsky Tamlin M.
Published: June 2018

Expanding the role of rivers

The surfaces of rivers and streams are interfaces for a host of chemical exchanges with the atmosphere and biosphere. For instance, carbon dioxide outgassing from rivers is estimated to be equivalent to one-fifth of combined emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production. Allen and Pavelsky used satellite imagery to estimate the surface area of rivers and streams (see the Perspective by Palmer and Ruhi). The stunning map that they generated results in an upward revision, by about one-third, to the total surface area of rivers and streams on Earth.

Science
, this issue p.
585
; see also p.
546