bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of gas record alteration in very low-accumulation ice cores
Authors: Fourteau Kévin , Martinerie Patricia , Faïn Xavier , Ekaykin Alexey A. , Chappellaz Jérôme , Lipenkov Vladimir
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We measured the methane mixing ratios of enclosed air in five ice core sections drilled on the East Antarctic Plateau. Our work aims to study two effects that alter the recorded gas concentrations in ice cores: layered gas trapping artifacts and firn smoothing. Layered gas trapping artifacts are due to the heterogeneous nature of polar firn, where some strata might close early and trap abnormally old gases that appear as spurious values during measurements. The smoothing is due to the combined effects of diffusive mixing in the firn and the progressive closure of bubbles at the bottom of the firn. Consequently, the gases trapped in a given ice layer span a distribution of ages. This means that the gas concentration in an ice layer is the average value over a certain period of time, which removes the fast variability from the record. Here, we focus on the study of East Antarctic Plateau ice cores, as these low-accumulation ice cores are particularly affected by both layering and smoothing. We use high-resolution methane data to test a simple trapping model reproducing the layered gas trapping artifacts for different accumulation conditions typical of the East Antarctic Plateau. We also use the high-resolution methane measurements to estimate the gas age distributions of the enclosed air in the five newly measured ice core sections. It appears that for accumulations below 2 cm ice equivalent yr−1 the gas records experience nearly the same degree of smoothing. We therefore propose to use a single gas age distribution to represent the firn smoothing observed in the glacial ice cores of the East Antarctic Plateau. Finally, we used the layered gas trapping model and the estimation of glacial firn smoothing to quantify their potential impacts on a hypothetical 1.5-million-year-old ice core from the East Antarctic Plateau. Our results indicate that layering artifacts are no longer individually resolved in the case of very thinned ice near the bedrock. They nonetheless contribute to slight biases of the measured signal (less than 10 ppbv and 0.5 ppmv in the case of methane using our currently established continuous CH4 analysis and carbon dioxide, respectively). However, these biases are small compared to the dampening experienced by the record due to firn smoothing.
JULES-BE: representation of bioenergy crops and harvesting in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator vn5.1
Authors: Littleton Emma W. , Harper Anna B. , Vaughan Naomi E. , Oliver Rebecca J. , Duran-Rojas Maria Carolina , Lenton Timothy M.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We describe developments to the land surface model JULES,
allowing for flexible user-prescribed harvest regimes of various perennial
bioenergy crops or natural vegetation types. Our aim is to integrate the
most useful aspects of dedicated bioenergy models into dynamic global
vegetation models, in order that assessment of bioenergy options can benefit
from state-of-the-art Earth system modelling. A new plant functional type
(PFT) representing Miscanthus is also presented. The Miscanthus PFT fits well with growth
parameters observed at a site in Lincolnshire, UK; however, global observed
yields of Miscanthus are far more variable than is captured by the model, primarily
owing to the model's lack of representation of crop age and establishment
time. Global expansion of bioenergy crop areas under a 2 ∘C
emissions scenario and balanced greenhouse gas mitigation strategy from the
IMAGE integrated assessment model (RCP2.6-SSP2) achieves a mean yield of 4.3 billion tonnes of dry matter per year over 2040–2099, around 30 % higher
than the biomass availability projected by IMAGE. In addition to perennial
grasses, JULES-BE can also be used to represent short-rotation coppicing,
residue harvesting from cropland or forestry and rotation forestry.
Effects of sea-level rise on tides and sediment dynamics in a Dutch tidal bay
Authors: Jiang Long , Gerkema Theo , Idier Déborah , Slangen Aimée B. A. , Soetaert Karline
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Sea-level rise (SLR) not only increases the threat of coastal flooding, but may also change tidal regimes in estuaries and coastal bays. To investigate such nearshore tidal responses to SLR, a hydrodynamic model of the European Shelf is downscaled to a model of a Dutch coastal bay (the Oosterschelde, i.e., Eastern Scheldt) and forced by SLR scenarios ranging from 0 to 2 m. This way, the effect of SLR on tidal dynamics in the adjacent North Sea is taken into account as well. The model setup does not include meteorological forcing, gravitational circulation, and changes in bottom topography. Our results indicate that SLR up to 2 m induces larger
increases in tidal amplitude and stronger nonlinear tidal distortion in the
bay compared to the adjacent shelf sea. Under SLR up to 2 m, the bay shifts
from a mixed flood- and ebb-dominant state to complete ebb dominance. We
also find that tidal asymmetry affects an important component of sediment
transport. Considering sand bed-load transport only, the changed tidal
asymmetry may lead to enhanced export, with potential implications for
shoreline management. In this case study, we find that local impacts of SLR
can be highly spatially varying and nonlinear. The model coupling approach
applied here is suggested as a useful tool for establishing local SLR
projections in estuaries and coastal bays elsewhere. Future studies should
include how SLR changes the bed morphology as well as the feedback effect on
tides.
Chronostratigraphic framework and provenance of the Ossa-Morena Zone Carboniferous basins (SW Iberia)
Authors: Pereira M. Francisco , Gama Cristina , Dias da Silva Ícaro , Silva José B. , Hofmann Mandy , Linnemann Ulf , Gärtner Andreas
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Carboniferous siliciclastic and silicic magmatic rocks from the Santa Susana-São Cristovão region contain valuable information regarding the timing of synorogenic processes in SW Iberia. In this region of the Ossa-Morena Zone (OMZ), Late Carboniferous terrigenous strata (i.e. the Santa Susana Formation) unconformably overlie Early Carboniferous marine siliciclastic deposits alternating with volcanic rocks (i.e. the Toca da Moura volcano-sedimentary complex). Lying below this intra-Carboniferous unconformity, the Toca da Moura volcano-sedimentary complex is intruded and overlain by the Baleizão porphyry. Original SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon are presented in this paper, providing chronostratigraphic and provenance constraints, since available geochronological information is scarce and only biostratigraphic ages are currently available for the Santa Susana-São Cristovão region. Our findings and the currently-available detrital zircon ages from Paleozoic terranes of SW Iberia (Pulo do Lobo Zone- PLZ, South-Portuguese Zone- SPZ, and OMZ), were jointly analyzed using the K-S test and MDS diagrams to investigate provenance. The marine deposition is constrained to the age interval of c. 335–331 Ma (Visean) by new U-Pb data for silicic tuffs from the Toca da Moura volcano-sedimentary complex. The Baleizão porphyry, intrusive in the Toca da Moura volcano-sedimentary complex, yielded a crystallization age of c. 317 Ma (Bashkirian), providing the minimum age for the overlying intra-Carboniferous unconformity. A comparison of detrital zircon populations from siliciclastic rocks of the Cabrela and Toca de Moura volcano-sedimentary complexes of the OMZ suggests that they derived from distinct sources more closely associated with the SPZ and PLZ than the OMZ. Above the intra-Carboniferous unconformity, the Santa Susana Formation is either the result of the recycling of distinct sources located in the Laurussian-side (SPZ and PLZ) and Gondwanan-side (OMZ) of the Rheic suture zone. The best estimate of the crystallization age of a granite cobble found in a conglomerate from the Santa Susana Formation yielded c. 303 Ma (Kasimovian-Gzhelian), representing the maximum depositional age for the terrestrial strata. The intra-Carboniferous unconformity seems to represent a stratigraphic gap of approximately 12–14 Ma, providing evidence of the rapid post-accretion/collision uplift of the Variscan orogenic belt in SW Iberia (i.e. the OMZ, PLZ and SPZ).
Observation of an optical anisotropy in the deep glacial ice at the geographic South Pole using a laser dust logger
Authors: Rongen Martin , Bay Ryan Carlton , Blot Summer
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We report on a depth-dependent observation of a directional anisotropy in the recorded intensity of back-scattered light as measured by an oriented laser dust logger. The measurement was performed in a drill hole at the geographic South Pole, about a kilometer away from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The drill hole remains open for access, after the SPICEcore collaboration had retrieved a 1751 m ice core. We find the measured anisotropy axis of 126 ± 3° to be compatible with the local flow direction. The observation is discussed in comparison to a similar anisotropy observed in data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and is able to dismiss Mie scattering based explanations in favor of a birefringence based scenario. In the future, the measurement principle, when combined with a full-chain simulation, may be used to provide a continuous record of fabric properties along the entire depth of a drill hole.
Field test of an active flap system on a full scale wind turbine
Authors: Gomez Gonzalez Alejandro , Enevoldsen Peder B. , Barlas Athanasios , Madsen Helge A.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This article describes a series of validation tests of an active flap system (AFS) on a multi-MW wind turbine. A single blade of a 4 MW turbine with 130 m rotor diameter (SWT-4.0-130) is retrofitted in the outer 15–20 m with the AFS. The AFS is controlled remotely with a pneumatic pressure supply system located in the hub of the turbine. The measurements are performed between October 2017 and June 2019 using two different AFS configurations on the blade. A description of the system setup is given, as well as comparisons of measurements and aeroelastic simulations. The measurements quantify the static load control authority of the AFS in atmospheric conditions, providing a preliminary estimate of load impact potential for the concept. The article presents furthermore a new method for the characterization of the load impact of the system and its dynamic response based on a blade-to-blade load comparison.
Impact of Teacher-Learner Rapport on L2 Learning: A Study of Public Sector University, Sindh Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti Aisha , Pathan Habibullah , Ali Shah Syed Waqar
Published: March 2020

Nowadays English language plays a crucial role in every field of educational institutes in Pakistan. It is considered as the base of education because the entire scientific studies are in English. The topic of this research paper is impact of teacher-Learner rapport on L2 learning. In today’s civilization having positive teacher-student rapport is more vital than ever before. The purpose of my research paper is to know learners’ point of view about impact of teacher-learner rapport on second language learning. Total 209 participants were selected through random sampling. There are three main public sector universities in Jamshoro, Sindh and among those universities I have selected UoSJ and MUET. The data was conducted quantitatively thus Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient a nonparametric test was applied to measure the correlation between impact of teacher-learner rapport on second language learning proficiency. The study findings clearly depict that there is strong positive relationship between rapports and second language learning. Undoubtedly for successful learning and teaching outcomes, it is very essential to create rapport for positive classroom environment which provides the enormous opportunities and appropriate conditions to enhance and improve students’ classroom performance in L2 learning. Therefore, at higher/ tertiary level education, teaching and learning environment requires more attention on teacher-learner rapport because at this level learners are more aware and mature enough to understand the ways teacher behaves that directly impacts on leaner’s psychological nurturing and willful leaning.
An Exploration of Attitudinal and Situational Factors Related to Intrinsic Motivation and Autonomy in Teacher Education Students
Authors: Rovai Alfred P. , Ponton Michael K. , Derrick M. Gail , Wiggers Nancy Rhea , Flannagan Jenny Sue
Published: March 2020

Teachers who are autonomous in their learning are able to serve as both role models and facilitators of autonomy in their students. Because the manifestation of autonomy in pursuit of individual learning goals often spurs intrinsic motivation, this study used multiple correlation analysis in order to determine how well attitudinal and situational factors in teacher education students (N = 320) were related to intrinsic motivation as a proxy measure for learner autonomy. The attitudinal factors used were three components of extrinsic motivation, amotivation, classroom community, school community, and self-esteem; the situational factors were student status (undergraduate or graduate) and course type (online or face-to-face). Study results suggest that the most important factors related to intrinsic motivation are the three types of regulation associated with extrinsic motivation, graduate student status, enrollment in an online course, and self-esteem. In particular, online students were more intrinsically motivated than face-to-face classroom students. Possible explanations for this result are that (a) students with greater levels of intrinsic motivation self-select online versus face-to-face courses or (b) online instructors, course design, and pedagogy are better able to strengthen intrinsic motivation (and, by assumption, learner autonomy) in students.
Impact of 25 years of grazing exclusion and shrub removal on plant community structure and soil characteristics in a xerophytic rangeland
Authors: Arévalo Jose R. , García José E. , Mellado Miguel , Encina-Domínguez Juan A. , Dueñez José , Suárez-Hernández Eliseo
Published: March 2020

Aim of study: We tested the hypothesis that long periods of grazing exclusion in areas with a history of high grazing intensity will have a positive impact on soil nutrient conditions and favor soil infiltration, increase biomass and lead to a recovery in vegetation.Area of study: Noria de Guadalupe, Zacatecas, Mexico.Material and methods: We analyzed the impact of grazing exclusion on biomass, species richness, evenness, soil nutrient content and soil water infiltration after 25 years of exclusion during each of the four seasons by  excluding two 15 × 15 m plots of grazing and compared with two control plots.Main results: Exclusion management did not lead to biomass increases; however, it did lead to an important recovery in the plant community. Moreover, soil nutrient content was more affected by the seasonality of rainfall in the study site than by 25 years of exclusion. The elimination of dominant shrubs in the excluded area led to a faster recovery in palatable shrubs and shortgrass vegetation, which was improved by better infiltration values during the end of spring and summer explaining some of the differences in nutrient avaibility.Research highlights: In our study, exclusion management can lead to an important recovery in vegetation without affecting the growth of Atriplex canescens, a valuable source of fodder. Although biomass presented a higher dependence on seasonality and was not related to the treatment, the impact on the forage quality is evident by the different plant communities established after 25 years of exclusion.
Impact of Talent Management on Organizational Performance: The Moderating Role of an Effective Performance Management System
Authors: Ali Almohtaseb Ahmad , A Kareem Shaheen Hisham , Mohummed Alomari Khalid , Yousef Almahameed Mohmmad Adnan
Published: March 2020

Despite the theoretical and empirical evidence that talent management improves organizational performance it is still one of the main challenges facing organizations worldwide and specifically in the health sector. This study examines the moderating effect of an effective performance management system on the relationship between talent management and organizational performance. This study was carried out on the public health sector and was specifically focused on public health workers in Jordan. The study focused on 30 public hospitals in Jordan. A survey of 430 respondents that were made up of public health workers was used for the analysis. SEM in AMOS statistical analysis package was used is this study. The findings showed that a performance management system moderates the relationship between talent management and organizational performance. This suggests that performance management system can be used as a strategy to identify talented employees; integrate, re-strategize and strengthen management-employee relationship to improve their organizational performance.
The influence of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) on Management Controllers: A Study in the Tunisian Context
Authors: Rouissi Chiraz
Published: March 2020

The information system and in particular Enterprise Resource Planning are essential tools for management controllers. Nowadays, in large and medium-sized enterprises, information integration is carried out in most cases in an ERP environment. Management controllers have also seen the birth of their profession thanks to the changes made in organizations on information systems.

The main aim of this article is a question of identifying the expectations of the firm, of characterizing the ERP and of determining their potential impact on the management control systems.

This paper will present the influence of the key success factors (KSF) on the satisfaction of the management controller through quantitative research with a survey. To collect the data necessary for this research, a quantitative confirmatory study will be conducted.
PRESENÇA DE ORTOREXIA NERVOSA EM ESTUDANTES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E NUTRIÇÃO
Authors: Silva Mayara Rodrigues da , Fernandes Paula Lima
Published: March 2020

The objective of the study was to evaluate the presence of orthorexia nervosa in undergraduate students of nutrition and physical education and its relation with the use of social networks. This is a cross-sectional study, which included undergraduate students of nutrition and physical education from an university of the São Paulo countryside, both men and women, over 18 years of age, who agreed to attend on the study. The Orto-15 questionnaire was used to evaluate ortorexia nervosa behaviors. The association of social networks use with ortorexia nervosa was also evaluated. The results showed high prevalence of orthorexic behavior (85.1%). The prevalence was higher in physical education course (53.3%), which has majority of male students. Prevalence in nutrition course was 46.7%. There was no association of orthorexia with social networks use.
Concepção de Objetos Virtuais de Aprendizagem como uma Prática Multidisciplinar proveniente de Pressupostos da Computação
Authors: Ellwanger Cristiane , Santos Cristina Paludo
Published: March 2020

A concepção de Objetos Virtuais de Aprendizagem equipara-se ao processo de desenvolvimento de software, consequentemente conhecimentos advindos da área da computação podem ser empregados em seu desenvolvimento. Sob esta perspectiva, este artigo apresenta CAHES - um modelo híbrido estruturado por conceitos advindos das áreas de Engenharia de Software, IHC e Tomada de decisão e se estabelece como um arcabouço teórico-prático direcionado à auxiliar profissionais da educação na construção destes objetos.
Oportunidades e desafios no desenvolvimento de Recursos Educacionais Abertos Multiculturais
Authors: Santana Edie Correia , Silveira Ismar Frango
Published: March 2020

A atenção aos aspectos multiculturais no projeto de recursos educacionais abertos se demonstra de alta importância, pois pode impactar na capacidade do aluno acessar o recurso e aprender a partir de seu conteúdo, já que determinadas representações, apropriadas para uma cultura, podem não ser adequadas para outra. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é delinear a relevância desse tema como um desafio da área de Informática na Educação, contribuindo com novas perspectivas no design de recursos educacionais abertos multiculturais.
Virtue as Empowerment
Authors: Dennis Matthew J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

Virtue ethical interpretations of Nietzsche are increasingly viewed as a promising way to explain his moral philosophy, although current interpretations disagree on which character traits he regards as virtues. Of the first-, second-, and third-wave attempts addressing this question, only the latter can explain why Nietzsche denies that the same character traits are virtues for all individuals. Instead of positing the same set of character traits as Nietzschean virtues, third-wave theorists propose that Nietzsche only endorses criteria determining whether a specific character trait is a virtue or vice for a specific individual. The article examines the criteria-based approaches of third-wave theorists Lester Hunt and Christine Swanton, showing how they urgently need revising to explain Nietzsche’s endorsement of non-acquisitive character traits (such as those involving sensitivity and receptivity). To do this I explore Nietzsche’s unpublished remarks on Spinoza, which I contend better explains why he understands non-acquisitive character traits as virtues.
Bild und Logos bei Fichte. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Sollen und Freiheit mittels der Bildstruktur
Authors: Fantasia Francesca ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

This article shows how the correlation between duty and freedom in the moral philosophy of Fichte can be seen as an image constellation. From the perspective of the real being, the act of the absolute opening of reflexivity in the conditional is an object of an ethical duty. Moral law regulates the transition from self-evidence of the absolute to its actual occurrence. Moral law is a logos: It forms people ontologically, and it regulates the process of ‘becoming image’ of the absolute. The genesis of reality, according to Fichte, occurs only through freedom, the theoretical-practical formational principle of the world. This law is the basis of ideals. As such, it is not the basis of the real. Through freedom – spontaneity and non-law – it produces itself, on the one hand, negatively in the real. As the basis of ideals, on the other hand, this law occurs as an ethical norm – non-freedom – and retains its difference to the real. Freedom, in contrast, is the basis and formational principle of reality. As such, it produces, for one, through the negative relationship to the law and forms the real. As genesis and spontaneity, freedom occurs always as non-law and, as such, retains its difference to ideals. In this double negation, the correlation between real and ideal being is simultaneously formed. Freedom remains the object of an absolute duty.Der Beitrag zeigt, wie der Zusammenhang zwischen Sollen und Freiheit in der Moralphilosophie Fichtes als Bildzusammenhang gesehen werden kann. Aus der Perspektive des realen Seins ist der Akt der unbedingten Öffnung der Reflexivität hin zum Bedingten Gegenstand eines ethischen Sollens. Das Moralgesetz regelt den Übergang von der Selbstdurchsichtigkeit des Absoluten zu seinem wirklichen Geschehen. Das Gesetz ist ein Logos: Es bildet ontologisch den Menschen und es regelt den Prozess der ‚Bild Werdung‘ des Absoluten. Die Genese der Realität vollzieht sich nach Fichte nur durch die Freiheit, als dem theoretisch-praktischen bildenden Prinzip der Welt. Das Gesetz ist die Grundlage des Idealen. Als solches ist es keine Grundlage des Realen: Durch die Freiheit – Spontaneitat und Nicht-Gesetz – stellt es sich einerseits, negativ, in dem Realen her. Als Grundlage des Idealen andererseits, tritt das Gesetz als ethische Norm – Nicht-Freiheit – auf, und behält seine Differenz zu dem Realen. Die Freiheit ist dagegen Grundlage und bildendes Prinzip der Wirklichkeit. Als solche stellt sie sich einerseits durch die negative Beziehung zu dem Gesetz her, und bildet das Reale. Als Ursprung und Spontaneität tritt die Freiheit andererseits immer als Nicht-Gesetz auf und behält als solche ihre Differenz zu dem Idealen. In dieser doppelten Negation stellt sich zugleich der Zusammenhang zwischen realem und idealem Sein her. So bleibt die Freiheit Gegenstand eines unbedingten Sollens.
Die Freiheit des Absoluten und die seiner Erscheinung
Authors: Jacobs Wilhelm G. ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

Fichte denies the sin, the evil. Can he thereby affirm freedom of the phenomenon, of man?Fichte leugnet die Sünde, das Böse. Kann er so Freiheit der Erscheinung, des Menschen behaupten?
Le Vorbild comme clef de voûte de l’image et de l’usage de Platon chez Fichte
Authors: Bazzan Marco Rampazzo ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

The question whether Fichte was or not Platonist is not to be considered harmless. This is first and foremost a question that Fichte asks himself in front of his students during his Lecture on Ethics at the University of Berlin (SL-1812 GA II /13, 318). In this way Fichte pretended to clarify a point that he considered decisive for characterizing his conception of ethics. Thus, the question of his Platonism no longer concerns his knowledge nor his interpretation of Plato, but rather his manner and reasons for referring to him. In the following pages I try to identify the features and stakes of Plato’s image in Fichte’s texts. In this way, my aim is at identifying the function that the reference to Plato deploys in Fichte’s arguments. That means to elaborate an ethic to be thought over the formalism that Fichte imputed to Kant. From this angle, ,Plato‘ becomes to all effects a ,conceptual person‘ allowing Fichte to forge a singular concept, that of ,Vorbild’. My thesis is finally that Fichte’s Platonism enigma – or the deepest meaning that we can attach to this question – is recovered by that concept. The Vorbild is the keystone for a new conception of ethics, which Fichte elaborated under the name of ,superior morality‘.La question de savoir si Fichte a été ou non ‘platonicien’ ne peut pas être considérée comme anecdotique. Déterminer s’il a été ou non platonicien, c’est avant tout une question que Fichte se pose lui-même devant ses étudiants, durant le cours de La Doctrine de l’éthique (Sittenlehre) à l’Université de Berlin (SL-1812 GA II/13, 318). Ce questionnement de sa part nous intéresse ici parce que, par ce biais, Fichte veut éclaircir un point qui est à ses yeux décisif pour caractériser sa conception de l’éthique. Ainsi, la question de son platonisme ne porte plus sur ses connaissances ou son interprétation de Platon, mais plutôt sur sa manière et sur ses raisons de s’y référer. Dans les pages suivantes, nous tâcherons de cerner les traits et les enjeux de l’image de Platon dans les textes de Fichte.Nous voulons ainsi dégager le rôle que la référence à Platon joue dans ses argumentations en vue de l’élaboration d’une éthique qui puisse être pensée par-delà le formalisme que Fichte impute à Kant. Sous cet angle, ‚Platon‘ devient alors un ‘personnage conceptuel’ permettant à Fichte de forger un concept singulier, celui de ‚Vorbild‘. La thèse que nous allons donc défendre est que l’énigme du platonisme de Fichte – ou bien le sens le plus profond que nous pouvons attacher à cette question – tient exactement au concept de Vorbild qui deviendrait, ainsi, la clef de voûte pour une nouvelle conception de l’éthique, élaborée sous le nom de ‘morale supérieure’.
Image and Freedom in Fichte’s Doctrine of the State of 1813
Authors: Corsico Luciano ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In this paper, my aim is to offer an approach to the practical meaning of the concept of image in Fichte’s Doctrine of the State of 1813. The word “image” (Bild) plays an important role within Fichte’s philosophical terminology, especially during the last period of his intellectual production and his academic life, after leaving the University of Jena. Even a superficial reading of the several different versions of the Doctrine of Science allows one to recognize that the above-mentioned term is used by Fichte more frequently during his years in Berlin (1800–1814). Despite this, the determination of the concrete meaning of the term “image” represents a difficult interpretative challenge for readers of Fichte’s philosophy. From my point of view, Fichte uses the term “image” not only at the level of theoretical or methodological reflection, but also at that of praxis. For this reason, Fichte’s transcendental reflection in the Doctrine of the State contains not only an analysis of the negative relationship between image and being, but also, necessarily, an analysis of the positive relationship between image and freedom (Freiheit). Although his Doctrine of the State is based on a theological-religious conception, which could be questioned from the perspective of a secularized rationality, Fichte maintains a consistent conception of knowledge as an image of a world ordered by the moral law. Definitively, this image plays a central role as an original model for the action of every rational being in the sensible world.
La Doctrine de la science à l’usage des artistes
Authors: Ralickas Eduardo ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

This paper addresses some of the figurative properties of Fichte’s philosophical discourse. In many texts from the so-called Spätphilosophie the WL is depicted as an »image of knowing«. In keeping with this idea, the author examines how figure and discourse are inextricably bound up in the space of Fichtean philosophy. The 1794 lectures Concerning the Difference Between the Sprit and the Letter Within Philosophy are particularly telling in this respect, for they foreground metaphor as the necessary vehicle for philosophical expression. Thus, Fichtean philosophy, understood both as discourse (in the sense of pragmatic linguistics) and as »material image«, openly embraces figural modes of knowing, for knowing itself is fundamentally an imagistic activity. In the final analysis, Fichte’s discourse does not separate concept and figure, philosophy and metaphor; instead, it opens up philosophy to the space of the figural – a space from which it ultimately stems and which constitutes the medium of the Wissenschaftslehre as such. In closing, the author reconsiders one of Fichte’s most striking metaphors, i.e., philosophy as Eucharist, in order to shed new light on a famous portrait of Fichte from 1812. He argues that the latter sustains in painterly form a meditation on the place of the figurative in philosophical discourse.Cet article est consacré à la question de la figurabilité du discours philosophique chez Fichte. La WL, on le sait grâce aux textes de la Spätphilosophie, incarne ce que Fichte appelle en 1812 l’»image du savoir«. Cet énoncé constitue le point de départ de notre réflexion sur les liens entre figure et discours dans la philosophie fichtéenne. À la lumière de quelques énoncés métaphilosophiques incontournables pour l’intelligence de la WL nous envisageons, dans un premier temps, le rôle de la métaphore dans l’enseignement fichtéen. Nous démontrons que la philosophie fichtéenne, entendue comme discours (au sens de la linguistique pragmatique) et comme »image matérielle«, doit épouser les traits d’une figure afin qu’on puisse la transmettre à autrui. Ainsi, loin de séparer concept et figure, philosophie et image, le dispositif fichtéen ouvre au contraire l’espace de la philosophie sur l’espace figural dont il est issu et qui en constitue le véritable médium. Dans un deuxième temps, en revenant sur une des métaphores les plus prégnantes dans le discours de Fichte, à savoir la philosophie comme Eucharistie, nous proposons l’analyse d’un célèbre portrait de Fichte qui n’a pas encore reçu l’attention philosophique qui lui revient et qui constitue, selon notre hypothèse, une réflexion inédite sur la figurabilité du discours en philosophie.
Zeit der Bilder und Bilder der Zeit – Fichtes Religionskritik in ideologiekritischer Perspektive
Authors: Stahl Jürgen ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In the framework of his religion and social criticism, Fichte expounds noteworthy approaches to ideological criticism. When it apparently comes to the belief in the autonomous content of consciousness, he calls into question the truth of it (revelation, miracle), he deciphers the social practices which are connected with it in their function as the rules in terms of social caste. Thereby, based on a subject producing law and order, he works against any duality of a divine and an earthly world. For him there exists only the earthly world in which man has to prove himself. The different forms of consciousness connected with it are understood as moments of reason which come into themselves, as “material for the imagining of one’s life of convenience”. They are manifested in a process of awareness of the imagination which constructs the world. However, they are not unfamiliar, passive reflections streaming into the subject, but are formed through an effect resulting from inseparable interweaving of these actions in malleable images. While Fichte tries to give reasons for social-emancipatorial hopes in faith or knowledge of transcendental reason, they become evidence of a dimension looking beyond the religious form; in the process of forming an image, the subjectivity passes beyond it’s inward nature, bringing knowledge and life into communion.Fichte entfaltet im Rahmen seiner Religions- und Sozialkritik bemerkenswerte ideologiekritische Ansätze. Wo es um scheinbar autonome Bewusstseinsinhalte im Glauben geht, stellt er deren Wahrheit in Frage (Offenbarung, Wunder), dechiffriert er die sich damit verbindenden sozialen Praktiken in ihrer Funktion im ständischen Herrschaftsgefüge. Dabei setzt er auf ein Gesetz und Ordnung hervorbringendes Subjekt, damit jeglicher Verdoppelung in eine himmlische und eine irdische Welt entgegen arbeitend. Für ihn gibt es einzig die irdische Welt, in der sich der Mensch bewähren muss. Die sich damit verbindenden unterschiedlichen Bewusstseinsformen werden als Momente einer zu sich kommenden Vernunft, als »Materialien zum Bilde des Einen Vernunftlebens« gefasst. Es manifestiert sich damit ein Bewusstwerden der die Welt konstituierenden Bilder. Diese sind jedoch keine dem Subjekt fremde, passiv auf ihn einströmende Ab-Bilder, sondern als in dessen Wirken formierte, folglich in dessen Tun untrennbar verwobene, bildbare Bilder. Indem Fichte im Religiösen sozial-emanzipatorische Hoffnungen rational zu begründen sucht, tritt im Glauben an bzw. Wissen um die transzendentale Vernunft eine Dimension hervor, die uber die Religionsform hinaus weist: Im Vorgang des Bildens überschreitet die Subjektivität ihre Innerlichkeit, bringt sie Wissen und Leben zur Einheit.
»Es ist so, weil ich es so mache.« Fichtes Methode der Konstruktion
Authors: Schmid Jelscha ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In this paper I develop an account of Fichte’s conception of philosophical construction. Following the latter’s definition of philosophy as the ‘science of science’, philosophy is to be understood as a normative theory of what should qualify as science. In order to ground scientific knowledge-production as such, philosophy itself has to acquire a scientific method, through the application of which the constitution of scientific knowledge is secured. In systematic continuity to Kant’s account of geometrical construction, Fichte develops a philosophical method that exploits the special epistemic conditions of performativity. Construction is then defined as an experimental, self-reflexive performance that exemplifies consciousness. Throughout its acts of exemplification this reflexive kind of self-observation yields a particular type of experience, which ultimately satisfies the Science of Knowledge’s demand for certainty, that is intellectual intuition.Der vorliegende Aufsatz zeichnet Fichtes Verständnis der philosophischen Methode der Konstruktion nach. Folgend aus seiner Bestimmung der Philosophie als ‘Wissenschaft der Wissenschaft’ ergibt sich als deren Gegenstand das Wesen des Wissens selbst; Wissenschaftslehre als normative Wissenschaftstheorie bestimmt, was als wissenschaftlicher Bezug auf Welt gelten darf und stellt diesen zugleich sicher. Philosophie als Wissenschaft thematisiert also gerade die Natur jenes ausgezeichneten epistemischen Bezugs. Seine Sicherstellung erfolgt über eine Ausweisung der Wissenschaftlichkeit des philosophischen Verfahrens selbst, der Konstruktion. In systematischer Kontinuität zu Kants Beschreibung der geometrischen Konstruktion entwickelt Fichte eine philosophische Methode, welche sich die speziellen epistemischen Bedingungen des Selbst-Handelns zunutze macht. Konstruktion wird schließlich als experimenteller, selbstreflexiver Vollzug der Exemplifikation von Bewusstsein bestimmt. Dieses reflektierende Selbstbeobachten im Akt der Exemplifikation wiederum führt zu einer spezifischen Form von Erfahrung, welche ihrerseits der Wissenschaftslehre die geforderte Gewissheit verleiht: der intellektuellen Anschauung.
Bedeutung als Problem
Authors: Munster Harald ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

This essay presents the fundamental problem of the meaningfulness of language, which is explained by the structure of linguistic signs itself and afterwards solved by Fichte’s theorem of pure will from the “Doctrine of Science nova methodo”. In this respect, Fichte’s philosophy can make an essential contribution to the foundation of a philosophy of language.Der vorliegende Aufsatz nimmt seinen Ausgang vom grundsätzlichen Problem der Bedeutungsfähigkeit der Sprache. Dieses wird auf die Struktur sprachlicher Zeichen selbst zurückgefuhrt, um es anschließend mithilfe von Johann Gottlieb Fichtes Theorem des reinen Willens aus der „Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo“ aufzulösen. Auf diese Weise kann Fichtes Philosophie einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Begründung einer Philosophie der Sprache leisten.
Fichtes Intellektualisierung der Anschauung
Authors: Olk Carsten ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

The power of imagination fulfills a special function with respect to particular intuition and to the forms of intuition of space and time a function that exceeds Kant’s deliberations on imagination. Not just the forms themselves, but also their manifold are orignally generated by that capability. While Kant’s theory of experience starts with a given mannifold and shows how the rule-making role of reason provides productive imagination with a way of assimilating that manifold into a unified perspective, Fichte’s philosophy has the productivity of the imagination reaching further as a novel, revealing inheritance. As a fully autonomously proceeding entity, it further devises not only space and time and their constituent diversity, but also simultaneously generates categories without being dependent on the reason that in the B-version of the Critique is necessary for understanding the composition of time and space. When Kant speaks for example in the Opus Postumum under the heading cogitabile ut dabile about the constitution of the manifold, that form of constitutive act is not to be interpreted as an original genesis. Hence the act of constitutive and determinative synthesis has a different meaning in the two systems.Die Einbildungskraft erfullt bei Fichte eine ganz besondere Funktion in Hinblick auf die einzelne Anschauung und die Anschauungsformen von Raum und Zeit, die über die Kantischen Ausführungen zur Einbildungskraft hinausgehen. So werden nicht nur letztere, sondern auch das in Raum und Zeit enthaltene Mannigfaltige ursprünglich durch die Einbildungskraft generiert. Wahrend die Kantische Theorie der Erfahrung ihren Ausgang vom gegebenen Mannigfaltigen nimmt und zeigt, wie der regelgebende Verstand vermittelst der produktiven Einbildungskraft dieses Mannigfaltige zur – stets begriffenen – Einheit der Anschauung konstituiert, reicht die Produktivität der Einbildungskraft in der Philosophie Fichtes als originar welteroffnendes Vermögen also wesentlich weiter. Vollkommen autonom verfahrend entwirft sie ferner nicht nur Raum, Zeit und das darin enthaltene Mannigfaltige, sondern generiert zugleich die Kategorien, ohne – wie speziell in der B–Auflage der Kritik – auf die Regel eines für die Zeit- und Raumkonstitution notwendig vorauszusetzenden Verstandes angewiesen zu sein. Spricht Kant, wie etwa im Opus Postumum vor dem Hintergrund des Gedankens eines cogitabile ut dabile, von der Bestimmung des Mannigfaltigen, dann ist diese Art der Intellektion nicht im Sinne einer ursprüngliche Erzeugung zu verstehen. Der Akt der anschauungserzeugenden und bestimmenden Synthesis hat in beiden Systemen also eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung.
Zwischen Selbsttätigkeit und Passivität. Ein Beitrag zur Rolle der Einbildungskraft und des Bildes bei Fichte und Heidegger
Authors: Höfele Philipp ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

This paper outlines a systematic relation between Fichte and Heidegger concerning their interpretations of imagination (Einbildungskraft) and image, drawing on their early and in particular their later writings. In 1929, Heidegger deems it necessary to develop his interpretation of the concept of imagination as referring to the temporality of Dasein in opposition to its interpretation as a subjective faculty in idealism, particularly in Fichte. At the same time, however, an affirmative use of the concept of imagination (Einbildung), in analogy to Fichte, can also be observed in Heidegger’s writings, as, in the 1930s, he uses it to describe the unavailable ‘event’ of Being. Moreover, in spite of his pronounced criticism of the modern understanding of the ‘world as image’, Heidegger is also aware of a positive concept of the image, that he claims for art: understood that way, the image, according to Heidegger, is able to disclose the ‘happening of truth’ (das Geschehen der Wahrheit) in the ‘shape’ (Ge-bild) of art. Conversely, in his early writings Fichte already interprets the imagination as a structure generating time and preceding the I. Yet it is only after 1800 that Fichte’s interpretation shows some analogies to Heidegger’s concept of the image, when he argues for the pictorial character of all apparent reality. Fichte conceptualises this specific character of reality both as a generating principle and as something that both originates from and is related to a concept that is situated behind reality and cannot be visualised.Der Beitrag zeigt mit Blick auf die frühen und insbesondere spateren Schriften Fichtes und Heideggers eine Nahe zwischen beiden Denkern hinsichtlich ihrer Deutungen der Einbildungskraft und des Bildes auf. Zwar meint Heidegger 1929 zunächst, seine auf die Zeitlichkeit des Daseins bezogene Interpretation der Einbildungskraft in einen Gegensatz zu der vermögenstheoretischen Auslegung derselben im Idealismus und insbesondere bei Fichte rücken zu müssen. Doch lässt sich bei ihm zugleich auch ein affirmatives Heranziehen des Einbildungsbegriffes analog zu Fichte beobachten, insofern er ihn in den dreißiger Jahren sogar zur Beschreibung des unverfügbaren ‚Ereignissesʻ des Seins heranzieht. Trotz seiner vehementen Kritik des neuzeitlichen Begreifens der ‚Welt als Bildʻ kennt überdies auch Heidegger einen positiven Bildbegriff, den er für die Kunst einklagt, die im ‚Ge-bildʻ das ‚Geschehen der Wahrheitʻ offenzulegen vermöge. Umgekehrt lässt sich auch schon beim frühen Fichte eine Interpretation der Einbildungskraft nachweisen, die diese als eine Zeit generierende und dem Ich vorgelagerte Struktur herausstellt. Doch erst nach 1800 betont Fichte ähnlich wie Heidegger die bildliche Verfasstheit aller erscheinenden Wirklichkeit, welche er in ihrem Werdecharakter sowie in ihrer Verwiesenheit auf und Abkünftigkeit von etwas dahinter noch zu Situierendem und nicht zu Verbildlichendem herauszustellen sucht.
The Phenomenology of Social Institutions in the Schutzian Tradition
Authors: Belvedere Carlos , Gros Alexis ,   Zeta Books
Published: March 2020

There is a broad consensus that the study of social institutions is one of the fundamental concerns of the social sciences. The idea that phenomenology has ignored this topic is also widely accepted. As against this view, the present paper aims at demonstrating that especially Schutzian phenomenology—that is, the social-phenomenological tradition started by Alfred Schutz and continued by Thomas Luckmann and Peter Berger, among others—provides rich insights on the nature and workings of social institutions that could contribute to enriching the current social-scientific debate on the issue. In order to show this, the authors attempt to unearth and systematically reconstruct Schutz’s and Berger and Luckmann’s insights on social institutions and to confront them with current approaches.
Newleavers and Educational Institutions
Authors: Fernández-Vavrik Germán D. ,   Zeta Books
Published: March 2020

As a consequence of the explosion of enrollments, higher education institutions have been confronted by new categories of students the last forty years. In this paper, cultural and political dimensions of the integration of students into educational institutions will be explored. The focus will be on the experience of what I called “newleavers,” namely, people who are leaving their environment of origin without knowing if they will return. The contradictory commitments and challenges faced by newleavers will be studied with a sociological approach based on intercultural, phenomenological and praxiological research. To sketch an analysis of the experience of newleavers in general, I will explore strangeness and uprooting in an educational setting; the research is based on the experience of Huarpes students at the University of Cuyo, in Argentina. I claim that newleavers who keep ties with their environment of origin develop an “ethnographic stance,” namely, a moral posture and a cognitive perspective allowing them to critically identify rules, norms, and values, by comparing environments and groups.
Drab og berigelsesforbrydelser i U.S.A.
Authors: Lassen Erik
Published: March 2020

See abstract in article.
Chapter 2
Authors: Baruch Adele
Published: March 2020

Phase 2 of the Courage and Moral Choice Project (CMCP) involved a more structured and planned learning experience than had Phase 1. Two teachers at an alternative public high school collaborated with researchers and artist educators to develop an integrated, three-month learning experience around stories of helping. Students participated on a voluntary basis and focused on these stories through language arts, history, art, and service learning experiences. They were encouraged to tell their own stories of courageous moral choices, and their exchanges led to more general disclosure and trust in the learning environment. Artist educators were brought into the schools to encourage students to translate their experiences of moral choice into poetry, essays, art, and songs. Teachers and students reported a more cohesive sense of community as well as increased empathy and awareness of the help of others among participants.
Appendices
Authors: Baruch Adele
Published: March 2020

Appendix A presents a further discussion of methodology as it relates to both the Courage and Moral Choice Project (CMPC) and the Zakynthos and Hurricane Katrina interviews and analyses. Appendix B contains the interview questions. Appendix C presents a curriculum map for those interested in undertaking a project similar to the CMCP.