bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cadence formulas in instrumental music of the Renaissance and early Baroque in the context of that time’s theory of music and composition practice
Authors: Nahajowski Marek
Published: August 2019

Cadence (ending) formulas are one of the most intriguing phenomena in music. They occur in works of all historical periods and styles and they have a variety of forms: from melodic and harmonic turns to rhythmic or even dynamic ones. However, this issue is important not only from the perspective of theory of music or composition technique but also performance practice as the way how a singer or instrument player understands the functioning of separate elements of a piece will impinge on the sound shape of the work presented to the public. Reading the extramusical message hidden in the structure of a piece should be regarded particularly significant for the interpretation of pieces written in times when adding precise performance guidelines in the score was not practiced.
In case of compositions written in the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries, the way how ending formulas functioned was a result of the specificity of that time’s modal system and the principles of polyphonic composition, in which the role of melodic (horizontal) thinking prevailed over the harmonic (vertical) one. The issue of cadences gains special importance while analysing instrumental works in which the absence of verbal text hinders the division of the piece into segments. It only becomes possible thanks to analysing the structure of the piece, including the allocation of modal ending formulas in separate voices of the composition.
Howsoever the topic of cadences in music of the 16th and 17th centuries has been discussed many times in the literature on the subject, it has had no satisfactory presentation related to that time’s instrumental repertoire. The present article is an attempt to elaborate on the deliberations on the topic of modal cadence formulas in instrumental works from the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries. Its first part has an introductory character and it touches on the notion of cadence in modern theoretical-musical and encyclopaedic texts compared to composition theory and practice in the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The second part of the article is an analysis of selected instrumental works from the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries meant for different types of line-ups – the four-voice canzona by Florentio Maschera, canzona by Girolamo Frescobaldi for solo instrument with basso continuo and one of the ricercati by Giovanni Bassano meant for solo melodic instrument without accompaniment.
Hammer mechanism instruments and their role in shaping the composition style of pieces written for keyboard instruments in the period of 1730-1780, part 3 – Keyboard instruments in concert halls and in the high society
Authors: Owczarek-Ciszewska Joanna
Published: August 2019

The present text is the third and last part of the cycle of articles devoted to keyboard instruments with hammer mechanism in the 18th century published in subsequent issues of the magazine “Notes Muzyczny”. The first two parts primarily touched on the history of keyboard instrument making in the 18th century: first pianos and other original inventions. The third part is in turn devoted to the changing position of the piano in the musical life of that period, namely – concerts, publications and compositions. The crowning of this part is the chronological and topic-related list (in a form of a reference chart) of the most significant phenomena and events discussed in the whole cycle of articles. The first mentions of a wider presence of keyboard instruments with hammer mechanism on the music market and concert life date back to the 1760s. In the 1770s there was a fast growth in the popularity of these instruments in the life of the high society, first of all in England and France (table instruments), as well as in Germany, even though there it took slightly more time because of the domination of the traditional clavichord. Due to the imprecise nomenclature used as long as until the 1780s and 1790s, it is often hard to decide which keyboard instrument was meant in a given case, hence it is impossible to assess how popular a specific instrument was. Some academics suggest that the presence of instruments with hammer mechanism in the musical life of that period was much greater than in might seem. Probably both hammer and tangent pianos and their other variants were not opposed to harpsichords but were treated as a special type within the same group of instruments. In the 1780s musical pieces written for both keyboard instruments, i.e., “for harpsichord or piano”, became the norm. Despite the increase in popularity of pianos (as compared to harpsichords) in the 1790s, such designation would remain on title pages of compositions until the end of that century. The period between the 1780s and 1790s was also the time when the first piano playing textbooks appeared. Expanding expressive capacities of keyboard instruments was the response to the changing needs of the galant and Empfindsamkeit styles. On the other hand, the presence of pianos had a significant influence on the styles of specific compositions. In order to illustrate these processes, the annex presents the analyses of two representative cycles of works from the 1760s written for the new instrument: Sonatas op. 1 by Johann Gottfried Eckard and Sonatas op. 5 by Johann Christian Bach.
LABORATORIUM IX
Wanda Landowska i Jej klawesyn
Authors: Mrowca Ewa
Published: August 2019

Wanda Landowska – klawesynistka i kompozytorka, przyszła na świat w Warszawie 5 lipca 1879 roku, zmarła 16 sierpnia 1959 roku w Lakeville w Connecticut w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Ze względu na okrągłą rocznicę zarówno jej urodzin, jak i śmierci, rok 2019 jest rokiem jubileuszowym, poświęconym tej wielkiej artystce. Jej wybitna osobowość muzyczna, miłość do muzyki „dawnych mistrzów1” zacięcie badacza, upór i silna wola zmieniły bieg historii muzyki i pozwoliły na rozwój ruchu, współcześnie zwanego wykonawstwem historycznie poinformowanym. Jak długa była to droga dziś doskonale to wiemy, a bez Wandy Landowskiej trudno ją sobie wyobrazić. [...]
A MERCANTILIZAÇÃO DA MORADIA E O PROGRAMA MINHA CASA, MINHA VIDA: DAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE ESTADO E AGENTES PRIVADOS À SEGREGAÇÃO SOCIOESPACIAL
Authors: Cunha Clarissa De Oliveira Gomes Marques da , Guimarães Anne Gabriele Alves
Published: August 2019

A pesquisa se propõe a analisar de que modo a mercantilização da terra e o uso crescente da habitação como ativo financeiro globalizado afetam o exercício do direito à moradia adequada. A partir de um tipo bibliográfico com viés descritivo, destaca-se o abandono de políticas públicas em que a habitação é considerada um bem social ou meio de distribuição de riqueza. A disciplina de mercado assume o protagonismo nas cidades. Nesta perspectiva, toma-se como base o Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida e suas articulações entre agentes públicos e privados para contextualizar o processo de financeirização da moradia e sua relação com a crescente segregação socioespacial no Brasil. Constata-se, portanto, que o PMCMV vem exercendo um papel ativo na perpetuação da segregação em razão da renda e na reiteração da periferia enquanto lugar dos desvalidos nas cidades brasileiras.
COLABORAÇÃO PRIVADA NA ESTRUTURAÇÃO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS: A EVOLUÇÃO DOS REGIMES DE EMPREITADAS E A MATRIZ DE RISCOS
Authors: Mânica Fernando Borges , Loures Gustavo Miranda
Published: August 2019

O presente artigo trata das diferentes formas de atuação da iniciativa privada na concepção e execução de projetos de obras públicas. Essa atuação pode ocorrer na fase interna ou na fase externa da licitação. A partir do modelo encartado pela Lei n. 8.666/93, hermético à participação da iniciativa privada, são analisados os regimes colaborativos de estruturação de projetos, previstos pelo Regime Diferenciado de Contratações e pela Lei das Estatais. Desta análise, resta consignado que a lente construída a partir da Lei Geral de Licitações não mais se aplica aos novos regimes. Doutro bordo, as ferramentas como os modelos design and build e a matriz de riscos, devem ser utilizadas em objetos específicos, com vistas à eficiência técnica e econômica do contrato.
ACERCA DO INTERESSE DE HANS-GEORG GADAMER PELO DIREITO
Authors: Pacheco Mariana Pimentel Fischer , Asfora Alessandra Macedo
Published: August 2019

No segundo pós-guerra, na Alemanha, juristas como Josef Esser, Friedrich Müller e Arthur Kaufmann se interessaram pela hermenêutica filosófica gadameriana e, inspirados nela, buscaram repensar a interpretação da norma jurídica. O contexto de recepção os levou, contudo, a descuidarem de certos aspectos do trabalho do filósofo: curiosamente, esses juristas forneceram pouca atenção às reflexões específicas de Gadamer sobre o direito. É justamente essa dimensão obscurecida do pensamento gadameriano que buscaremos, aqui, trazer à tona. Lembraremos que, partir de um questionamento acerca de ontologia e ética, Gadamer observa a atividade do jurista e a conecta à phrónesis aristotélica. Concluiremos que os juristas, hoje, têm muito a aprender com suas lições acerca do componente ético presente na necessária tarefa de adaptação da norma ao caso concreto.
Injury surveillance in a rural sub-Saharan setting: Results from a pilot surveillance initiative in Nzega District, Tanzania
Authors: Davis Laura , Bechtold Alyssa , Kaeraa Marc , Lacava Lukas , Kigwangalla Hamisi A. , L. Wilson Michael
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Ninety percent of all injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries and most of these injuries are largely preventable. Most injury surveillance systems are focused in large urban settings, which largely ignore injury mechanisms in rural contexts which are critical settings for planning future prevention efforts. Methods: Injury event information was collected from July 1 to July 31, 2013 at Nzega District Hospital (NDH) in central Tanzania using an injury questionnaire derived from World Health Organization injury surveillance guidelines. One hundred injured patients were enrolled and surveyed about the location of their injury, cause and other contextual and demographic factors. Results: Seventy-nine percent of participants were males and the most prevalent injury cause for all participants was road traffic collisions, making up 31\% of the injuries. Violence was the second most prevalent cause, accounting for 28\% of the injuries, and the number one cause of injuries for women. Twenty-three percent (n=7) of patients suffering from injuries due to road traffic collisions were given a prognosis of long-term disability of six months or more. Conclusion: Nzega District experienced a large number of injuries in a one-month period, consistent with other studies conducted in low- and middle-income country settings and is higher than several infectious diseases already considered pressing public health problems. More comprehensive data collection is required in order to fully understand the extent of this public health problem.
New mutations of env gene and its impact on virulence properties for Bovine leukemia virus
Authors: Blazhko Natalia , Vyshegurov Sultan , Donchenko Alexander , Shatokhin Kirill , Ryabinina Valeria , Plotnikov Kirill , Khodakova Alevtina
Published: August 2019

This study is the biodiversity and properties of bovine leukemia virus in Western Siberia. The researchers focused on exploring the polymorphism of the env gene and, in doing so, discovered the new genotypes Ia and Ib, which differ from genotype I. Restrictase Hae III sections the nucleotide sequence of the env gene intofragments with lengths of 316-27-95-5 bp (genotype I), 31-285-27-95-5 bp (genotype Ia), and 31-85-200-27-100 bp (genotype Ib). There are 2.57±0.55% (20 out of 779) samples of genotype Ib which does not differ significantly from 1% (χ2=2.46). Other genotypes were observed in the cattle of Siberia as wild type genotypes (their frequency varied from 17.84 to 32.73 %). This paper explores the effect of the env gene of the cattle leukemia virus on hematological parameters of infected animals. The maximum viral load was observed in animals with the II and IV viral genotypes (1000 – 1400 viral particles per 1000 healthy cells), and the minimum viral load was observed animals with genotype Ib (from 700 to 900 viral particles per 1000 healthy cells). Several hypotheses on the origin of the different genotypes in Siberia are discussed. The probability of the direct introduction of genotype II from South America to Siberia is extremely small and it is more likely that the strain originated independently in an autonomous population with its distribution also occurring independently. A new variety of genotype I (Ib) was found, which can be both a neoplasm and a relict strain.
Repression of ferritin light chain translation by human eIF3
Authors: Pulos-Holmes Mia C , Srole Daniel N , Juarez Maria G , Lee Amy S-Y , McSwiggen David T , Ingolia Nicholas T , Cate Jamie H
Published: August 2019

A central problem in human biology remains the discovery of causal molecular links between mutations identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their corresponding disease traits. This challenge is magnified for variants residing in non-coding regions of the genome. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5ʹ untranslated region (5ʹ-UTR) of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene that cause hyperferritinemia are reported to disrupt translation repression by altering iron regulatory protein (IRP) interactions with theFTLmRNA 5ʹ-UTR. Here, we show that human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) acts as a distinct repressor ofFTLmRNA translation, and eIF3-mediatedFTLrepression is disrupted by a subset of SNPs inFTLthat cause hyperferritinemia. These results identify a direct role for eIF3-mediated translational control in a specific human disease.
Complement and CD4+ T cells drive context-specific corneal sensory neuropathy
Authors: Royer Derek J , Echegaray-Mendez Jose , Lin Liwen , Gmyrek Grzegorz B , Mathew Rose , Saban Daniel R , Perez Victor L , Carr Daniel JJ
Published: August 2019

Whether complement dysregulation directly contributes to the pathogenesis of peripheral nervous system diseases, including sensory neuropathies, is unclear. We addressed this important question in a mouse model of ocular HSV-1 infection, where sensory nerve damage is a common clinical problem. Through genetic and pharmacologic targeting, we uncovered a central role for C3 in sensory nerve damage at the morphological and functional levels. Interestingly, CD4 T cells were central in facilitating this complement-mediated damage. This same C3/CD4 T cell axis triggered corneal sensory nerve damage in a mouse model of ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, this was not the case in a T-dependent allergic eye disease (AED) model, suggesting that this inflammatory neuroimmune pathology is specific to certain disease etiologies. Collectively, these findings uncover a central role for complement in CD4 T cell-dependent corneal nerve damage in multiple disease settings and indicate the possibility for complement-targeted therapeutics to mitigate sensory neuropathies.
Assessment of the factors influencing primary care physicians’ approach to vaccination of adult risk groups in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Yılmaz Karadağ Fatma , Sağlam Zuhal Aydan
Published: August 2019

Background

We aimed to assess the factors influencing primary care physicians’ (PCPs) approach to adult vaccination in specific risk groups and evaluate the compliance to adult immunization guidelines.

Methods

This cross-sectional study performed between January 2016 and April 2016 in İstanbul, Turkey. A questionnaire designed to obtain physicians’ demographical data, experience, immunization status, and attitude on prescribing or recommending vaccines for adults in the risk group. Healthy individuals older than 65 and patients suffer from chronic diseases or had splenectomy before are considered as a risk group. The questionnaire was sent via email to a randomly selected group of 1,500 PCPs. The data of 221 physicians who responded emails were recorded for statistical analysis.

Results

Of the 221 participants (123 women, 98 men), the majority were aged 31–40 years. Their vaccination rates were 74.2% for hepatitis B, 54.3% for seasonal influenza, and 47.1% for tetanus. Among participants, the highest recommendation and prescription rate of adult vaccines was recorded in PCPs aged 31–40 years. In addition, PCPs with <10 years occupational experience were found to prescribe adult vaccines more frequently than PCPs with longer occupational experience.

Conclusions

Primary care physicians with lower age and relatively less experience are more intent to prescribe adult vaccines to patients that are in risk groups. This result may be due to increased awareness of adult immunization among PCPs who had more recent medical training. However, many other factors could have caused this difference, including physicians’ approach to primary medical care.
Molecular taxonomy of endemic coastalLigiaisopods from the Hawaiian Islands: re-description ofL. hawaiensisand description of seven novel cryptic species
Authors: Santamaria Carlos A.
Published: August 2019

Past phylogeographic work has shownLigia hawaiensis,a coastal isopod species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, to be a paraphyletic complex of several highly genetically divergent yet morphologically cryptic lineages. Despite the need for a taxonomic revision of this species, the lack of morphological differentiation has proven an impediment to formally describe newLigiaspecies in the region. Molecular characters and species delimitation approaches have been successfully used to formally describe cryptic species in other crustacean taxa, suggesting they may aid taxonomic revisions ofL. hawaiensis. Herein, various distance- and tree-based molecular species delimitation approaches are applied on a concatenated dataset comprised of both mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences ofL. hawaiensisandL. perkinsi, a terrestrial species endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. Results of these analyses informed a taxonomic revision leading to the redescription ofL. hawaiensisand the description of seven new cryptic species on the basis of molecular characters:L. dante,L. eleluensis,L. honu,L. kamehameha,L. mauinuiensis,L. pele, andL. rolliensis. These coastalLigiaspecies from the Hawaiian archipelago appear to be largely limited to single islands, where they appear largely constrained to volcanic rift zones suggesting allopatric events at local scales may drive diversification for poorly dispersing organisms in the Hawaiian coastlines. Additional work remains needed to fully assess the role of said events; however, the description of these novel species underscore their potential to aid in studies of local diversification of marine organisms in Hawai‘i. Lastly, this represents the first application of molecular taxonomic approaches to formally describe genetic lineages found inLigiaisopods as species, underscoring the promise these methods hold to taxonomic revisions in other species in the genus shown to harbor cryptic genetic lineages.
“r/Thritis”, Pregnancy, and Parenting: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Reddit Forums to Explore Information Needs and Concerns of Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Chew Caitlin , Rebić Nevena , Baldwin Corisande , Amiri Neda , Proulx Laurie , De Vera Mary A.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disproportionately affects more women than men, often striking during childbearing years. Because the Internet, particularly social media, is increasingly used by patients with chronic conditions seeking and sharing information, our objective was to conduct a qualitative descriptive study of threads on the social news website, Reddit, to understand the information needs and concerns of women with RA regarding pregnancy and parenting.

Methods

We searched threads (original posts and responses) on three subreddit sites, “r/Thritis,” “r/Rheumatoid,” and “r/BabyBumps,” over a 10‐year period between October 27, 2008, and October 27, 2018. All threads were reviewed, and those that specifically mentioned having RA and fertility/family planning, pregnancy/reproduction, and/or parenting/having children were included. We applied a thematic analysis to the threads, which involved initial line‐by‐line coding, clustering of codes into subcategories and categories, and abstraction into final themes.

Results

We identified 87 threads and included 59 for qualitative analysis. The thematic analysis led to the identification of five themes. Theme one (finding a community) captures motivations for seeking information online. Themes two (making decisions about pregnancy and having children) and three (worrying about the impacts of arthritis on pregnancy and parenting) capture women's concerns and thought processes. Themes four (information needs for managing arthritis throughout the perinatal period) and five (pregnancy information and resources for women with arthritis) describe the community's specific informational needs.

Conclusion

A qualitative analysis of publicly available threads about the relationship between RA and issues of pregnancy and parenting identified areas of concern and further information need. These forums also provided an online community where women with RA sought social support and encouragement. Altogether, findings speak to the importance of supporting the information and care needs of women with RA who are pregnant or considering pregnancy.
Light‐Assisted Charge Propagation in Networks of Organic Semiconductor Crystallites on Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Matković Aleksandar , Genser Jakob , Kratzer Markus , Lüftner Daniel , Chen Zhongrui , Siri Olivier , Puschnig Peter , Becker Conrad , Teichert Christian
Published: August 2019

Introducing organic semiconductors as additional building blocks into heterostructures of 2D materials widens the horizon of their applications. Organic molecules can form self‐assembled and self‐aligned crystalline nanostructures on 2D materials, resulting in well‐defined interfaces that preserve the intrinsic properties of both constituents. Thus, organic molecules add unique capabilities to van der Waals heterostructures that have no analogues in inorganic matter. This study explores light‐assisted charge propagation in organic semiconductor networks of quasi‐1D needle‐like crystallites, epitaxially grown on insulating hexagonal boron nitride. Electrostatic force microscopy is employed to demonstrate that upon external illumination it is possible to change the conductivity of organic crystallites by more than two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, by exploiting the highly anisotropic optical properties of the organic nanoneedles, a selective charge propagation along the crystallites is triggered that matches the orientation of the molecular backbones with the incident light's polarization direction. These results demonstrate the possibility to use a “light‐gate” to switch on the conductivity of organic nanostructures and even to guide the charge propagation along desired directions in self‐assembled crystallite networks.
Efficient Charge Carrier Injection and Balance Achieved by Low Electrochemical Doping in Solution‐Processed Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yan Hao , Limbu Saurav , Wang Xuhua , Nightingale James , Hamilton Iain , Wade Jessica , Kwon Sooncheol , Lee Kwanghee , Kim Ji‐Seon
Published: August 2019

Charge carrier injection and transport in polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) is strongly limited by the energy level offset at organic/(in)organic interfaces and the mismatch in electron and hole mobilities. Herein, these limitations are overcome via electrochemical doping of a light‐emitting polymer. Less than 1 wt% of doping agent is enough to effectively tune charge injection and balance and hence significantly improve PLED performance. For thick single‐layer (1.2 µm) PLEDs, dramatic reductions in current and luminance turn‐on voltages (VJ = 11.6 V from 20.0 V and VL = 12.7 V from 19.8 V with/without doping) accompanied by reduced efficiency roll‐off are observed. For thinner (<100 nm) PLEDs, electrochemical doping removes a thickness dependence on VJ and VL, enabling homogeneous electroluminescence emission in large‐area doped devices. Such efficient charge injection and balance properties achieved in doped PLEDs are attributed to a strong electrochemical interaction between the polymer and the doping agents, which is probed by in situ electric‐field‐dependent Raman spectroscopy combined with further electrical and energetic analysis. This approach to control charge injection and balance in solution‐processed PLEDs by low electrochemical doping provides a simple yet feasible strategy for developing high‐quality and efficient lighting applications that are fully compatible with printing technologies.
Structurally Stable Manganese Alkoxide Films Grown by Hybrid Molecular Layer Deposition for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Bergsman David S. , Baker Jon G. , Closser Richard G. , MacIsaac Callisto , Lillethorup Mie , Strickler Alaina L. , Azarnouche Laurent , Godet Ludovic , Bent Stacey F.
Published: August 2019

Hybrid molecular layer deposition (MLD) has significant potential for the creation of ultrathin electrochemically active materials, due to its ability to combine organic and inorganic species to modulate film properties. However, only a limited number of hybrid MLD processes are demonstrated with electrochemically relevant elements, such as manganese. Here, a “manganicone” manganese hybrid MLD chemistry is developed using the precursors bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)manganese and ethylene glycol. The resulting manganese alkoxide coordination networks are shown to have many interesting properties, including the ability to seamlessly fill high aspect ratio vias and the chemical conversion into manganese carboxylate in air over several hours at room temperature. Linear, self‐saturating growth is reported. Importantly, hybrid manganicone films annealed to 480 °C in air demonstrate a greater stability to restructuring during electrochemical testing than their inorganic counterparts grown by atomic layer deposition, without reducing the activity of the reactive sites on the manganese surface. Thus, hybrid manganese films grown by MLD have significant promise for use as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction and as electrodes in thin film batteries.
Strong Electronic Interaction of Amorphous Fe2O3 Nanosheets with Single‐Atom Pt toward Enhanced Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
Authors: Chen Wenlong , Ma Yanling , Li Fan , Pan Lei , Gao Wenpei , Xiang Qian , Shang Wen , Song Chengyi , Tao Peng , Zhu Hong , Pan Xiaoqing , Deng Tao , Wu Jianbo
Published: August 2019

Platinum‐based catalysts are critical to several chemical processes, but their efficiency is not satisfying enough in some cases, because only the surface active‐site atoms participate in the reaction. Henceforth, catalysts with single‐atom dispersions are highly desirable to maximize their mass efficiency, but fabricating these structures using a controllable method is still challenging. Most previous studies have focused on crystalline materials. However, amorphous materials may have enhanced performance due to their distorted and isotropic nature with numerous defects. Here reported is the facile synthesis of an atomically dispersed catalyst that consists of single Pt atoms and amorphous Fe2O3 nanosheets. Rational control can regulate the morphology from single atom clusters to sub‐nanoparticles. Density functional theory calculations show the synergistic effect resulted from the strong binding and stabilization of single Pt atoms with the strong metal‐support interaction between the in situ locally anchored Pt atoms and Fe2O3 lead to a weak CO adsorption. Moreover, the distorted amorphous Fe2O3 with O vacancies is beneficial for the activation of O2, which further facilitates CO oxidation on nearby Pt sites or interface sites between Pt and Fe2O3, resulting in the extremely high performance for CO oxidation of the atomic catalyst.
Deciphering Limitations to Meet Highly Stable Bio‐Hybrid Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Fernández‐Luna Verónica , Sánchez‐de Alcázar Daniel , Fernández‐Blázquez Juan P. , Cortajarena Aitziber L. , Coto Pedro B. , Costa Rubén D.
Published: August 2019

Color down‐converting filters with fluorescent proteins (FPs) embedded in a polymer matrix have led to new bio‐hybrid light‐emitting diodes (Bio‐HLEDs), featuring stabilities of 100 h and <1 min at low and high applied currents, respectively. Herein, the FP deactivation mechanism in Bio‐HLEDs at high driving currents is deciphered. Primarily, the nonradiative energy relaxation of FPs upon excitation promotes the release of excess energy to the polymer matrix, reaching 60 °C and, in turn, a significant thermal emission quenching. This is circumvented by changing the device architecture, achieving stabilities of >300 h at high driving currents. Here, the photoinduced deactivation mechanism takes place, consisting of a slow and reversible partial dehydration followed by a quick and irreversible deactivation of the highly emissive ionic form. This is supported by steady‐state/time‐resolved emission, circular dichroism, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. Overall, the limitations of Bio‐HLEDs concerning matrix, buffers, device design, and FP stability are highlighted as key aspects to achieve efficient and stable devices.
Unidirectional Liquid Manipulation Via an Integrated Mesh with Orthogonal Anisotropic Slippery Tracks
Authors: Li Peng , Cao Moyuan , Bai Haoyu , Zhao Tianhong , Ning Yuzhen , Wang Xinsheng , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei
Published: August 2019

The rational manipulation of fluid behavior by functional interfaces plays an indispensable role in the development of advanced materials and devices involving liquid/solid interactions. Previous examples of the liquid “diode” that allows fluid penetration in only one direction rely mainly on the remarkable wettability gradient/contrast. Inspired by the wetting phenomena of the rice leaf and the Pitcher plant, an integrated mesh with orthogonal anisotropic slippery tracks (IMOAS) is presented here that can realize similar unidirectional droplet penetration using a distinct mechanism. The unidirectional droplet penetration can be conveniently switched via the 90° rotation of the IMOAS, showing a highly controllable liquid manipulation. The droplet tends to slip on the surface, which can maximize the contact area between the liquid and the tracks, and complies with the principle of the lowest surface energy. Based on this unique liquid controlling strategy, droplet manipulation of the IMOAS during fog harvesting and droplet self‐regulation has been conducted to illustrate its potential applications. The current design could aid the understanding of liquid unidirectional penetration and unlock additional possibilities for the optimization of fluid‐related systems.
Biomass Valorization via Paired Electrosynthesis Over Vanadium Nitride‐Based Electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Suiqin , Sun Xiang , Yao Zihao , Zhong Xing , Cao Yongyong , Liang Yulin , Wei Zhongzhe , Deng Shengwei , Zhuang Guilin , Li Xiaonian , Wang Jianguo
Published: August 2019

Paired electrosynthesis is a promising technology with the potential to generate value‐added products at both electrodes in a cost‐effective manner. Herein, 3D vanadium nitride (VN) and Pd/VN hollow nanospheres are successfully fabricated and coupled to carry out simultaneous electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) and electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2, 5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 2,5‐bishydroxymethyl‐tetrahydrofuran (DHMTHF), respectively. VN shows excellent ECO performance with high HMF conversion (≥98%), FDCA selectivity (≥96%), and faradaic efficiency (≥84%) after a stability test, and Pd/VN achieves high ECH selectivity for DHMTHF at ≥88% and an HMF conversion of ≥90%, with a faradaic efficiency of ≥86%. VN and Pd/VN incorporated into a membrane electrode assembly in a paired electrolysis system shows potential for large‐scale biomass conversion and upgrading. Theoretical calculations reveal that the higher performance of VN for the production of ECO can be attributed to its lower d‐band center level relative to the Fermi level compared to that of V2O5, which favors HMF chemisorption and activation. This study paves the way for developing paired electrosynthesis technologies with the potential for biomass utilization and energy conversion.
Treatment of Critical‐Sized Calvarial Defects in Rats with Preimplanted Transplants
Authors: Charbonnier Baptiste , Abdulla Mohamed , Gorgy Andrew , Shash Hani , Zhang Zishuai , Gbureck Uwe , Harvey Ed , Makhoul Nicholas , Gilardino Mirko , Barralet Jake
Published: August 2019

The local environment and the defect features have made the skull one of the most difficult regions to repair. Finding alternative strategies to repair large cranial defects, thereby avoiding the current limitations of autograft or polymeric and ceramic prostheses constitute an unmet need. In this study, the regeneration of an 8 mm critical‐sized calvarial defect treated by autograft or by a monetite scaffold directly placed in the defect or preimplanted (either cranial bone transplant or subcutaneous pocket) and then transplanted within the bone defect is compared. The data reveal that transplantation of preimplanted monetite transplant scaffolds greatly improves the skull vault closure compared to subcutaneously preimplanted or directly placed materials. Autografts, while clearly filling the defect volume with bone appear effective since bone volume inside the defect volume is obviously high, but are not well fused to the skull. The preimplantation site has a large influence on the regeneration of the defect. Transplantation of induced bone inside materials has the potential to reduce the need for autograft harvest without damaging the skeleton. This first demonstration indicates that cranial repair may be possible without recourse to bioactives or cultured cell therapies.
Surfactant‐Stripped Micelles for NIR‐II Photoacoustic Imaging through 12 cm of Breast Tissue and Whole Human Breasts
Authors: Chitgupi Upendra , Nyayapathi Nikhila , Kim Jeesu , Wang Depeng , Sun Boyang , Li Changning , Carter Kevin , Huang Wei‐Chiao , Kim Chulhong , Xia Jun , Lovell Jonathan F.
Published: August 2019

Surfactant‐stripped micelles are formed from a commercially available cyanine fluoroalkylphosphate (CyFaP) salt dye and used for high contrast photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II). The co‐loading of Coenzyme Q10 into surfactant‐stripped CyFaP (ss‐CyFaP) micelles improves yield, storage stability, and results in a peak absorption wavelength in the NIR‐II window close to the 1064 nm output of Nd‐YAG lasers used for PAI. Aqueous ss‐CyFaP dispersions exhibit intense NIR‐II optical absorption, calculated to be greater than 500 at 1064 nm. ss‐CyFaP is detected through 12 cm of chicken breast tissue with PAI. In preclinical animal models, ss‐CyFaP is visualized in draining lymph nodes of rats through 3.1 cm of overlaid chicken breast tissue. Following intravenous administration, ss‐CyFaP accumulates in neoplastic tissues of mice and rats bearing orthotopic mammary tumors without observation of acute toxic side effects. ss‐CyFaP is imaged through whole compressed human breasts in three female volunteers at depths of 2.6–5.1 cm. Taken together, these data show that ss‐CyFaP is an accessible contrast agent for deep tissue PAI in the NIR‐II window.
Adaptable and Reprogrammable Surfaces
Authors: Goldmann Anja S. , Boase Nathan R. B. , Michalek Lukas , Blinco James P. , Welle Alexander , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: August 2019

Establishing control over chemical reactions on interfaces is a key challenge in contemporary surface and materials science, in particular when introducing well‐defined functionalities in a reversible fashion. Reprogrammable, adaptable and functional interfaces require sophisticated chemistries to precisely equip them with specific functionalities having tailored properties. In the last decade, reversible chemistries—both covalent and noncovalent—have paved the way to precision functionalize 2 or 3D structures that provide both spatial and temporal control. A critical literature assessment reveals that methodologies for writing and erasing substrates exist, yet are still far from reaching their full potential. It is thus critical to assess the current status and to identify avenues to overcome the existing limitations. Herein, the current state‐of‐the‐art in the field of reversible chemistry on surfaces is surveyed, while concomitantly identifying the challenges—not only synthetic but also in current surface characterization methods. The potential within reversible chemistry on surfaces to function as true writeable memories devices is identified, and the latest developments in readout technologies are discussed. Finally, we explore how spatial and temporal control over reversible, light‐induced chemistries has the potential to drive the future of functional interface design, especially when combined with powerful laser lithographic applications.
High Signal‐to‐Noise Chemical Sensors Based on Compensated Organic Transistor Circuits
Authors: Chu Yingli , Li Hui , Huang Jia , Katz Howard E.
Published: August 2019

Operational stability and sensitivity are key issues for the practical application of organic field‐effect‐transistor (OFET)‐based sensors. Instability over time due to intrinsic device bias stress and conductance drift induced by the ambient environment can obscure responses to analytes of interest. These instabilities are well‐known hindrances to the practical application of OFET sensors. It is demonstrated for the first time that an innovative and simple two‐OFET circuit design can effectively compensate the drifts originating from bias stress and/or the environment while maintaining chemical sensitivity and increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio. This is enabled by illumination of one photosensitive OFET to compensate the drift of the other chemical‐sensing OFET, though in principle a pair of OFETs with opposing drifts generated by any mechanism could be used. The circuit, compared with individual OFET‐based sensors, achieves significantly increased environmental stability, and its enhanced response to chemical vapors is also demonstrated by detecting the representative pollutants nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3). This shows that OEFTs with drifts being compensated by any mechanism can lead to stabilized sensor circuits.
Dominance of Exciton Lifetime in the Stability of Phosphorescent Dyes
Authors: Ha Dong‐Gwang , Tiepelt Jan , Fusella Michael A. , Weaver Michael S. , Brown Julie J. , Einzinger Markus , Sherrott Michelle C. , Van Voorhis Troy , Thompson Nicholas J. , Baldo Marc A.
Published: August 2019

Organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) are widely used for mobile displays, but the relatively short lifetime of blue OLEDs remains a challenge in many applications. Typically, instability is viewed as a material‐specific chemical degradation problem. It is known to be alleviated by reducing the operating current or otherwise decreasing the exciton density. It is shown here that this view is incomplete. For archetypical phosphorescent materials, it is observed that the dependence of photostability on the triplet exciton lifetime follows a cubic power law, steeper than its dependence on exciton density. It is demonstrated that the triplet exciton lifetime not only determines the energy stored within an OLED, it also determines the loss in luminescence by controlling the yield of quenching by defects. The dominant role of the triplet exciton lifetime suggests that the stability of the best OLED materials can be significantly improved via rapid extraction of the energy stored in triplet excitons.
Enantioselective Conjugate Azidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones under Bifunctional Organocatalysis by Direct Activation of TMSN3
Authors: Humbrías‐Martín Jorge , Pérez‐Aguilar M. Carmen , Mas‐Ballesté Rubén , Dentoni Litta Antonella , Lattanzi Alessandra , Della Sala Giorgio , Fernández‐Salas Jose A. , Alemán José
Published: August 2019

An enantioselective organocatalytic conjugate azidation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones is presented. A bifunctional organocatalyst activates TMSN3, triggering the nucleophilic addition of the azido group to enones in absence of external promoters and avoiding the direct use or the pre‐formation of highly toxic and explosive hydrazoic acid. This protocol proceeds with excellent enantiocontrol under mild conditions. DFT calculations and mechanistic trials have been performed in order to demonstrate the direct activation performed by the bifunctional organocatalyst.

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Depression as a Risk Factor for Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Marín‐Lahoz Juan , Sampedro Frederic , Martinez‐Horta Saül , Pagonabarraga Javier , Kulisevsky Jaime
Published: August 2019

Objective

To longitudinally evaluate the role of depression in the development of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson disease (PD) patients.

Methods

Using data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative, we included PD patients without ICDs at baseline according to the Questionnaire for Impulsive‐Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (QUIP). Patients were prospectively evaluated first quarterly and then biannually. Development of an ICD was defined as an increase in QUIP scores during follow‐up. Using survival proportional hazard models, we studied the effect of baseline depression on ICD risk. We also evaluated this effect controlling for dopamine agonist use as a time‐dependent variable and for other potential confounders.

Results

Among 354 patients, 68 were depressed at baseline. The median follow‐up was 4.08 years. Depression at baseline was associated with higher ICD risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32–2.9, p < 0.001). This risk remained significant after controlling for dopamine agonist use (HR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.33–2.9, p < 0.001), which was also independently linked to ICD development (HR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.3–2.7, p < 0.001). Therefore, depressed patients faced an even higher ICD risk when receiving dopamine agonists. Controlling for multiple potential confounders did not alter these results.

Interpretation

Depression predisposes to the development of ICDs in PD. This risk is magnified by dopamine agonists. Dopamine agonists should thus be used cautiously in depressed PD patients. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:762–769
Polymer complexes. LXXVIII. Synthesis and characterization of supramolecular uranyl polymer complexes: Determination of the bond lengths of uranyl ion in polymer complexes
Authors: Diab M.A. , Nozha S.G. , El‐Sonbati A.Z. , El‐Mogazy M.A. , Morgan Sh.M.
Published: August 2019

The UO2(II) polymer complexes (1–5) of azo dye ligands 5(4`‐derivatives phenylazo)‐8‐hydroxy‐7‐quinolinecarboxaldehyde (HLx) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, IR spectra, thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The molecular geometrical structures and quantum chemical of the ligands (HLx) and their tautomeric forms (D and G) were calculated. Molecular docking between the HLx ligands and their tautomeric form with two receptors of the breast cancer (1JNX) and the prostate cancer (2Q7K) was discussed. From the histogram of the HOMO–LUMO energy gap (ΔE) and the estimated free energy of binding of the receptors of prostate cancer (2Q7K) and breast cancer (1JNX) for the ligands (HLx), it is observed that the ΔE values of the ligands (HLx) increases in the order HL2 < HL3 < HL4 < HL1 < HL5. The electronic structures and coordination were determined from a framework for the modeling of the formed polymer complexes. From the IR spectra of the polymer complexes, the symmetric stretching frequency υ3 values of UO22+ were used for the determination of the force constant (FU‐O (in 10−8 N/Ả)) and the bond length (RU‐O (Ả)) of the U–O bond by using Wilson, G. F. matrix method, McGlynn & Badger's formula and El‐Sonbati equations. The plot of the bond distance rU‐O (r1, r2, r3, and rt) vs. υ3 was showed straight lines with increase in the value of υ3 and decrease in rU‐O.
Tuning the pH‐responsiveness capability of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐itaconic acid)/NaOH hydrogel: Design, swelling, and rust removal evaluation
Authors: Olvera‐Sosa Miguel , Guerra‐Contreras Antonio , Gómez‐Durán Cesar F. A. , González‐García Raúl , Palestino Gabriela
Published: August 2019

The swelling behavior of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐itaconic acid)/NaOH hydrogel as well as its ability for iron and copper rust removal was studied and established for the first time. Through an experimental design, the influence of the synthesis parameters on hydrogel response was determined. It was found that pH‐responsiveness dependence of hydrogel determines its application. In alkaline media, the hydrogel acted as superabsorbent, while in acidic, the most outstanding property was its pickling capability that allowed to clean carbon steel and copper metallic surfaces. Infrared, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to determine copolymer formation, thermal properties, and morphology. Metallic crystallographic phases formed during the corrosion processes were determined by X‐ray diffractometer. Hydrogel adhesiveness followed by diffusion and dissolution of metal oxides species was identified as the main steps in the rust removal mechanism. This method offers a new, environmentally friendly perspective to eliminate corrosion from metallic surfaces compared with traditional strategies. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48403.
Behavioural characteristics of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in a submerged bag net of a setnet observed in a bycatch simulation and the development of a turtle releasing device
Authors: Shiozawa Maika , Shiode Daisuke , Okuyama Junichi , Hu Fuxiang , Tokai Tadashi
Published: August 2019

A turtle releasing device (TRD) can reduce the mortality of bycatch in setnets. Turtles that have entered the submerged bag net of setnets repeatedly push their heads up against the ceiling net (referred to here as a push‐up) in an effort to ascend to breathe. To aid the successful escape of turtles from the setnet, it is essential to understand the turtle's push‐up behaviour, as they need to reach the TRD and open its flap door.

The objectives of this study were to clarify when turtles start to perform push‐ups, how these push‐ups change, and what factors affect push‐ups under the simulated condition of bycatch. A depth, temperature, and tri‐axial acceleration data logger and a video camera were employed to determine vertical movement, ambient temperature, the level of activity, and flipper beat frequency (FBF) of the turtles. Ten trials of 10–30 minutes for five subadult loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) were conducted using a submerged bag net (30 × 10 × 10 m) of a setnet in Mie Prefecture, Japan.

Turtles started to perform push‐ups 5.1 ± 3.3 minutes after the start of each trial. FBF increased as more time elapsed in 35% of ascent phases recorded, and the level of activity during the following push‐ups was significantly higher than during other push‐ups. The level of activity in each sequence of push‐ups increased as more time elapsed; however, it started to decrease from 9.8 minutes after the first push‐up at the earliest. Therefore, the TRD should be designed to enable turtles to escape within approximately 10 minutes.

The number of push‐ups in a single sequence, the activity level, and FBF were affected by water temperature. Therefore, the closing force of the TRD flap door needs to be changed according to the different seasons and regions.