bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial self-phase modulation of a Gaussian beam transmitted through a ferrofluid
Authors: Yang Xiangpeng , Li Decai , Li Qian , Meng Xiangshen
Published: October 2020

We report on the experimental observation of the diffraction pattern formed in the far-field region when a high-power continuous-wave laser convergent or divergent Gaussian beam passes through a cuvette with ferrofluid. Two different types of diffraction rings with opposite light-intensity distribution are shown in the far field. The difference between the diffractive patterns is attributed to the interaction of the strong spatial self-phase modulation caused by the refractive index change of the medium with wavefront curvature of the input Gaussian beam. The observed behavior of the diffraction pattern dynamics is interpreted theoretically based on the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral. The negative polarity of nonlinear refraction can be identified by the central interference profiles and the diffraction pattern. At the same time, the self-defocusing phenomena of the ferrofluid can be determined by the type of pattern. The nonlinear refraction coefficients of the ferrofluid were estimated to be

∼

−

2.89

×

10

−
5

c
m

2

/

W

(convergent Gaussian beam) and

∼

−

3.53

×

10

−
5

c
m

2

/

W

(divergent Gaussian beam). In addition, the corresponding third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of the sample was also estimated as

∼

1.43

×

10

−
5

e
s
u

and

∼

1.75

×

10

−
5

e
s
u

, respectively. The experimental results imply a novel potential application of ferrofluid in nonlinear phase modulation devices.
Fano-control of down-conversion in a nonlinear crystal via plasmonic–quantum emitter hybrid structures
Authors: Artvin Zafer , Gunay Mehmet , Bek Alpan , Tasgin Mehmet Emre
Published: October 2020

Control of the nonlinear response of nanostructures via path interference effects, i.e., Fano resonances, has been studied extensively. In such studies, a frequency conversion process takes place near a hot spot. Here, we study the case where the frequency conversion process takes place along the body of a nonlinear crystal. Metal nanoparticle–quantum emitter dimers control the down-conversion process, taking place throughout the crystal body, via introducing interfering conversion paths. Dimers behave as interaction centers. We show that two orders of magnitude enhancement is possible, on top of the enhancement due to localization effects. That is, this factor multiplies the enhancement taking place due to the field localization.
Propagating multi-channel four-wave mixing process in the modulated moving photonic band gap
Authors: Hu Mingliang , Qin Zhiyong , Che Junling , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: October 2020

Three and four electromagnetically induced transparency windows generate the multi-channel four-wave mixing (FWM) process are observed in a four-level atomic system. The transmission of the probe field and the reflection of the FWM are investigated in the modulated moving photonic band gap structures which are caused by the coupling fields with a relative small detuning offset when scanning detuning frequency of the probe field and the dressing field, respectively. The experimental results show that the more channels spectrum signal of the FWM process can be modulated and the generated multi-channel can be further modulated by adding a dressing field. We have also explained theoretically these experimental results which may have applications in the design of photonic crystal and optical signal amplifiers.
Experimental entanglement-assisted weak measurement of phase shift
Authors: Stárek Robert , Mičuda Michal , Hošák Radim , Ježek Miroslav , Fiurášek Jaromír
Published: October 2020

Weak value amplification is a popular method in quantum metrology for enhancing the sensitivity at the expense of the signal intensity. Recently, it was suggested that the trade-off between signal intensity and sensitivity can be improved by using an entangled auxiliary system. Here, we experimentally investigate such entanglement-assisted weak measurement of small conditional phase shifts induced by an interaction between ancilla and meter qubits. We utilize entangled photon pairs and implement the required three-qubit quantum logic circuit with linear optics. The circuit comprises a two-qubit controlled phase gate and a three-qubit controlled-controlled phase gate with fully tunable conditional phase shifts. We fully characterize the output states of our circuit by quantum state tomography and perform a comprehensive analysis of the trade-off between the measurement sensitivity and the success probability of the protocol. The observed experimental results are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions, but the overall performance of our setup is limited by various experimental imperfections. We provide a detailed theoretical analysis of the influence of dephasing of the entangled ancilla state, which is one of the main sources of imperfections in the experiment. We also discuss the ultimate scaling with the dimension of the entangled ancilla system.
On-chip TIRF nanoscopy by applying Haar wavelet kernel analysis on intensity fluctuations induced by chip illumination
Authors: Jayakumar Nikhil , Helle Øystein I. , Agarwal Krishna , Ahluwalia Balpreet Singh
Published: October 2020

Photonic-chip based TIRF illumination has been used to demonstrate several on-chip optical nanoscopy methods. The sample is illuminated by the evanescent field generated by the electromagnetic wave modes guided inside the optical waveguide. In addition to the photokinetics of the fluorophores, the waveguide modes can be further exploited for introducing controlled intensity fluctuations for exploitation by techniques such as super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). However, the problem of non-uniform illumination pattern generated by the modes contribute to artifacts in the reconstructed image. To alleviate this problem, we propose to perform Haar wavelet kernel (HAWK) analysis on the original image stack prior to the application of (SOFI). HAWK produces a computational image stack with higher spatio-temporal sparsity than the original stack. In the case of multimoded non-uniform illumination patterns, HAWK processing breaks the mode pattern while introducing spatio-temporal sparsity, thereby differentially affecting the non-uniformity of the illumination. Consequently, this assists nanoscopy methods such as SOFI to better support super-resolution, which is otherwise compromised due to spatial correlation of the mode patterns in the raw image. Furthermore, applying HAWK prior to SOFI alleviates the problem of artifacts due to non-uniform illumination without degrading temporal resolution. Our experimental results demonstrate resolution enhancement as well as reduction in artifacts through the combination of HAWK and SOFI.
3D-printed optical probes for wafer-level testing of photonic integrated circuits
Authors: Trappen Mareike , Blaicher Matthias , Dietrich Philipp-Immanuel , Dankwart Colin , Xu Yilin , Hoose Tobias , Billah Muhammad Rodlin , Abbasi Amin , Baets Roel , Troppenz Ute , Theurer Michael , Wörhoff Kerstin , Seyfried Moritz , Freude Wolfgang , Koos Christian
Published: October 2020

Wafer-level probing of photonic integrated circuits is key to reliable process control and efficient performance assessment in advanced production workflows. In recent years, optical probing of surface-coupled devices such as vertical-cavity lasers, top-illuminated photodiodes, or silicon photonic circuits with surface-emitting grating couplers has seen great progress. In contrast to that, wafer-level probing of edge-emitting devices with hard-to-access vertical facets at the sidewalls of deep-etched dicing trenches still represents a major challenge. In this paper, we address this challenge by introducing a novel concept of optical probes based on 3D-printed freeform coupling elements that fit into deep-etched dicing trenches on the wafer surface. Exploiting the design freedom and the precision of two-photon laser lithography, the coupling elements can be adapted to a wide variety of mode-field sizes. We experimentally demonstrate the viability of the approach by coupling light to edge-emitting waveguides on different integration platforms such as silicon photonics (SiP), silicon nitride (TriPleX), and indium phosphide (InP). Achieving losses down to 1.9 dB per coupling interface, we believe that 3D-printed coupling elements represent a key step towards highly reproducible wafer-level testing of edge-coupled photonic integrated circuits.
All-dielectric unidirectional complementary media for transmission enhancement
Authors: Huang Min , Li Xun , Luo Jie
Published: October 2020

Complementary media, possessing permittivity and permeability with the exact same magnitude but of opposite sign to their counterpart media, can optically cancel out the counterpart media. This renders fascinating applications including perfect lens, illusion optics, invisible gateway, opening up virtual holes in a wall, etc. However, the realization of complementary media generally requires metallic resonating structures, leading to challenging fabrication technology and inevitable material loss. In this work, we demonstrate a type of all-dielectric unidirectional complementary media by using symmetric dielectric multilayers. We find that such symmetric dielectric multilayers can be regarded as effective media with flexible effective permittivity and permeability, which can operate as unidirectional complementary media of almost arbitrary media including metal, air, zero-index media, etc. Based on this interesting property, we show that unidirectional wave transmission through metal films, as well as extremely impedance-mismatched zero-index media, can be greatly enhanced by using the proposed all-dielectric unidirectional complementary media. Our work opens a simple but efficient approach for transmission enhancement, that may find practical applications in transparent electrodes and tunneling WiFi signals through walls of buildings.
Triple-views aerial display to show different floating images for surrounding directions
Authors: Yasugi Masaki , Yamamoto Hirotsugu
Published: October 2020

To realize a triple-views aerial image floating in the center of the passages that can be displayed in front of an user and passed through, we propose a novel display device using aerial imaging with retro-reflection with polarization. We confirmed that our device can form aerial images in the center of the intersection of three passages and can display different contents to users in each passage without using the material as screen.
A functional context for heterogeneity of the circadian clock in cells
Authors: Merrow Martha , Harrington Mary
Published: October 2020

Characterization of circadian systems at the organism level—a top-down approach—has led to definition of unifying properties, a hallmark of the science of chronobiology. The next challenge is to use a bottom-up approach to show how the molecular workings of the cellular circadian clock work as building blocks of those properties. We review new studies, including a recently published PLOS Biology paper by Nikhil and colleagues, that show how programmed but also stochastic generation of variation in cellular circadian period explain important adaptive features of entrained circadian phase.
‘They have to help themselves’: Saw and the horrors of neo-liberalism
Authors: Brown Logan
Published: October 2020

Critical examinations of theSawfilms have generally focused on their post-9/11 production context and the link between the War on Terror and images of spectacular violence. This article argues thatSawand its sequels can instead fruitfully be understood as products of new neo-liberal regimes of subjecthood. As neo-liberal ideology and policy push market logics further into everyday lives, new forms of immaterial labour force the worker to act both as disciplining manager and as disciplined worker. By tracing neo-liberal subjectivity’s emphasis on individualized agency and responsibility through Jigsaw’s ideology, this piece shows thatSawdramatizes the parody of freedom offered by late capitalism. Jigsaw, like neo-liberalism itself, operates through a complex assemblage of technology, ethics and guilt, which forces the neo-liberal subject to enact its own punishment.Saw’s trademark traps are explored through the series’ use of video game logic and language in order to position Jigsaw’s victims within the more subtle mechanisms of control necessitated by contemporary capitalism.
Multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium complex species in Egyptian farm animals, veterinarians, and farm and abattoir workers
Authors: Abdelsadek Hossam A. , Sobhy Hassan M. , Mohamed Kh. F. , Hekal Sahar H. A. , Dapgh Amany N. , Hakim Ashraf S.
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is a group of mycobacteria that are important human pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis cause serious chronic life-threatening disease and also significant economic losses in both production and remedication. Recently, emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) complex has generated global recognition of the need for rapid and sensitive diagnosis and development of new treatments. The current study illustrates the isolation/identification of MTBC strains in specimens obtained from cows and humans by conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques. Further, the study assesses sensitivity to antituberculosis drugs in isolated MDR strains.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1464 samples from cattle (1285 raw milk and 179 lymph node), and 149 human sputum samples, were collected from farms and abattoirs in Delta Egypt. Conventional methods (culture and Ziehl–Neelsen staining) were implemented as were RT-PCR using MTBC universal DNA. The effect of some antituberculosis drugs on obtained isolates was assayed using drug susceptibility proportion and qualitative suspension techniques.

Results: The MBTC detection rate using the culture method was higher than for Ziehl–Neelsen staining; raw cow milk (2.56 vs. 1.63%), lymph nodes (51.59 vs. 48.04%), and human sputum (5.36 vs. 4.02%). A total of 135 isolates were obtained. Application of RT-PCR detected 138 isolates from the same set of samples. MBTC isolates were resistant to first-line antituberculosis drugs, such as pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol by 78.5, 59.3, 40.7, and 31.8%, respectively, and could be highly resistant to kanamycin (82.3%) and amikacin (80.7%). However, isolates remained sensitive to ciprofloxacin (71.1%) and clarithromycin (73.3%) as second-line drugs.

Conclusion: There is a growing risk for isolation of MDR-TB from raw milk and lymph nodes of field tuberculin positive cattle as well as sputum of veterinarians and workers existed in farms and abattoirs. PCR-based techniques have become the gold standard for the identification of mycobacterial species, showing high efficiency compared to bacteriological and microscopic examination. Application of the first- and second-line antituberculosis drugs in combination could counter the MDR-TB concern once infections are identified.
A Educação de Jovens e Adultos como campo de pesquisas e de epistemologias
Authors: Abreu Anderson Carlos Santos de , Laffin Maria Hermínia Lage Fernandes
Published: October 2020

Perante os desafios, e até mesmos dos retrocessos que o nosso país tem enfrentado sobre a pesquisa, em especial daqueles do campo da Educação, este artigo tem o objetivo de situar a importância da pesquisa para ampliação e compreensão da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) como área de conhecimento. Para tanto, levantam-se evidências de que as atuais políticas da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Ensino Superior (CAPES) não consideram em sua Tabela de Área de Conhecimento e Avaliação a EJA como uma área de conhecimento. Sabendo disso, defenderemos a premissa de que a EJA, a partir de suas pesquisas, tem a finalidade de proporcionar às instituições de ensino, pesquisa e extensão uma sistematização teórica de conhecimentos produzidos a partir de categorias, as quais podem ser classificadas em empíricas, analíticas e filosóficas. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a EJA é muito mais que uma modalidade da Educação Básica, ela é um campo de pesquisa importante para a educação brasileira, e, como tanto produz epistemologias.
STRUKTUR FORMAL FASADE BANGUNAN UTAMA BERSEJARAH (Kawasan Kota Lama Semarang)
Authors: Setiawan Deni Wahyu , Sardjono Agung Budi , Rukayah Raden Siti , Harsritanto Bangun IR
Published: October 2020

Struktur suatu kawasan berkembang dan dikembangkan  melalui suatu aturan yang terkadang berubah-ubah tetapi dapat menghasilkan keselarasan. Kota Lama Semarang terbentuk sejak zaman VOC berdiri di Nusantara. Proses perkembangan bangunan dan infrastrukturnya tidak terjadi hanya pada satu kurun waktu. Beragam fungsi bangunan yang mengisi Kawasan benteng kota lama Semarang membuat kehidupan di dalamnya dapat bertahan.  Pada era kiwari, fungsi bangunan dan tambah-kurang bangunan terjadi di Kawasan ini. Perubahan tersebut kurang dapat dirasakan jika kita melewati Kawasan bersejarah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa struktur formal fasade bangunan utama di dalam Kawasan Benteng Kota Lama Semarang. Hasil observasi lapangan yang dibahas menggunakan literatur tentang struktur formal, fasade, dan kajian historiografi untuk menghasilkan dugaan struktur formal pada fasade bangunan utama di Kawasan ini
SEKOLAH TINGGI DESAIN DI PEKANBARU DENGAN PENDEKATAN DE STIJL
Authors: Madina Fajria , Aldy Pedia , Al Husaini Muhd. Arief
Published: October 2020

Pendidikan merupakan salah satu sumber penyedia SDM yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam dunia industri kreatif, salah satunya pendidikan desain. Hal yang sangat disayangkan apabila pendidikan ini tidak didukung sarana prasarana serta fasilitas yang memadai. Maka dari itu, dibutuhkan suatu wadah yang mampu menampung kegiatan tersebut. Wadah untuk menampung kegiatan pendidikan desain tersebut dapat berbentuk Sekolah Tinggi Desain. Seiring berjalannya waktu, pendidikan desain ini mengalami beberapa perkembangan yang dilahirkan dari kritik-kritik keras dari pada seniman dimasa lalu, yang melahirkan berbagai kelompok, salah satunya membentuk pendekatan De Stijl. Pembahasan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan beberapa alternative penerapan De Stijl pada perancangan Sekolah Tinggi Desain di Pekanbaru.
EFEKTIVITAS SKYLIGHT SEBAGAI BUKAAN PENCAHAYAAN ALAMI PADA MASJID
Authors: Vidiyanti Christy , Suherman Suherman
Published: October 2020

Skylight sebagai salah satu jenis bukaan atas dapat menjadi salah satu strategi dalam memasukkan cahaya alami ke ruang yang tidak dapat dijangkau oleh sistem pencahayaan samping. Masjid Jami’e Darussalam merupakan salah satu masjid yang menggunakan skylight. Penggunaan skylight menjadi dilema karena cahaya matahari langsung dapat masuk kedalam ruang yang dapat menyebabkan silau pada ruang. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji skylight sebagai salah satu strategi dalam sistem pencahayaan alami pada masjid. Masjid biasanya dirancang dengan pencahayaan rendah, namun pada masjid Jami’e Darussalam terdapat skylight yang dapat menghasilkan pencahayaan yang tinggi. Hal ini perlu dikaitkan dengan kenyamanan visual dari pengguna. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas skylight sebagai bukaan pencahayaan alami dalam menghasilkan kuantitas dan kualitas pencahayaan pada masjid; dan untuk mengetahui kenyamanan visual yang dirasakan oleh responden pada masjid Jami’e Darussalam. Metode yang dipakai adalah metode evaluatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan skylight walaupun menghasilkan tingkat pencahayaan yang tinggi, namun tidak berpotensi menimbulkan silau. Hal tersebut didukung oleh kenyamanan visual yang dirasakan oleh pengguna Masjid Jami’e Darussalam.
Kinetic Study of Kapok Seed Oil Esterification using BMIM-PF6 Catalyst
Authors: Sudrajat Bagus Agang , Widayat Widayat , Widiantara Ngurah , Satriadi Hantoro , Siahaan Maria , Pinem Wira
Published: October 2020

Biodiesel offers better combustion efficiency, lower sulfur content and aromatic compounds, higher cetane numbers than diesel fuel, biodegradable and renewable properties that are not possessed by conventional fuels such as diesel fuel. This study aims to study the modeling of esterification process of Kapok seed oil using 3 % liquid ionic catalyst 1-Butyl-3-MethydidazoliumHexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6). The validation results of reaction kinetic models for experiments and simulations provide an adjacent correlation value, that is R2 = 0.99526, with the rate constant value (k) based on experimental data are 0.003815 L/mol.s and 0.0038 L/mol.s for the simulation data. Based on the simulation results, the proper reaction order for this esterification reaction is the first order reaction equation with a value of R2 = 0.99526, while the second order reaction gives the value R2 = 0.89453. The reaction kinetics parameters obtained from the experimental results are A = 0.012 L/mol.s and -Ea = -0.437 kJ/mol, while the reaction parameters of the simulation are A = 1.0384 L/mol.s and -Ea = -89.5 kJ/mol.Keywords: Esterification, Ionic Liquid Catalyst, Kinetic
Case study (studium przypadku)
Authors: Sobczak Izabela
Published: October 2020

Artykuł stanowi opracowanie hasła case study (studium przypadku) ze zwróceniem uwagi na historię terminu i jego transdyscyplinarne zastosowanie: wychodząc od medycyny i socjologii, przez prawo, psychiatrię, psychologię i seksuologię, kończąc na literaturoznawstwie. Autorka stara się zarysować rozróżnienie między studium przypadku jako formą gatunkową (Brigit Lang, Joy Damousi, Alison Lewis, Yiannis Gabriel) a studium przypadku jako strategią badawczą (Bent Flyvbjerg, Gerring John, Ryszard Nycz) – stosowaną od niedawna także w literaturoznawstwie. Wyznaczaniu zakresu oraz cech case study towarzyszy analiza opisu jako kluczowego narzędzia wspierającego przebieg „opowieści o przypadku”.
An Entropy-Based Information Sharing Rule for Asymmetric Information Economies
Authors: Meo Claudia
Published: October 2020

The possibility to compare information partitions is investigated for economies with asymmetric information. First, we focus on two potentially suitable instruments, the Boylan distance and the entropy, and show that the former does not fit the purpose. Then, we use the entropy associated with the information partition of each trader to construct a partially endogenous rule which regulates the information sharing process among traders. Finally, we apply this rule to some examples and analyze its impact on two cooperative solutions: the core and the coalition structure value.
In vitro bactericidal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anticoagulant, and hemolytic effect of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Allium sativum clove extract incubated at various temperatures
Authors: Andleeb Saiqa , Tariq Faiza , Muneer Areesha , Nazir Tooba , Shahid Beenish , Latif Zahid , Abbasi Shahab Ahmed , Haq Ihsan ul , Majeed Zahid , Khan Salah Ud-Din , Khan Shahab Ud-Din , Khan Taj Muhammad , Al Farraj Dunia A.
Published: October 2020

The current research aimed to evaluatein vitrobiological activities of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using theAllium sativumclove extract. The stability of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated via storage at 4°C, room temperature (37°C), and calcined at 300°C, 500°C, and 700°C. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using agar well, spread plate, biofilm reduction, and cell proliferation inhibition assays. The cytotoxic and antidiabetic effects were determined via brine shrimp lethality, protein kinase inhibition, and α-amylase inhibition assays. DPPH scavenging, iron-chelating, anticoagulant, and hemolytic effects were evaluated. The highest inhibition ofKlebsiella pneumoniaewas observed when freshly prepared, calcined (300°C), and stored nanoparticles (4°C and 37°C) were applied (9.66, 9.55, 7.33, and 6.65 mm) against freshly prepared and calcined at 700°C which showed the highest inhibition ofPseudomonas aeruginosa(8.55 and 7.66 mm). Cell viability assay, biofilm reduction assay, and spread plate method showed a significant antibacterial effect of freshly prepared silver nanoparticles. Freshly prepared and calcined nanoparticles at 300°C and 500°C possessed strong antioxidant and iron-chelating activity. Among all the synthesized silver nanoparticles, freshly prepared and calcined nanoparticles (300°C and 500°C) increases the prothrombin time. Silver nanoparticles possessed significant anticoagulant properties and less toxic at least concentration toward human RBCs. In brine shrimp lethality assay, freshly prepared nanoparticles showed a stronger toxic effect and caused high mortality of larvae. Protein kinase inhibition assay revealed that freshly prepared nanoparticles had the highest zone of inhibition (18.0 mm) at 50 µg/disc. Green-synthesized nanoparticles would be used as potential therapeutic agents to overcome both infectious and noninfectious diseases.
Experiencing a Biblical Self-Consuming Artifact: Jesus’ Genealogy (Matt 1:2-17)
Authors: Doane Sébastien
Published: October 2020

Matt 1:17 indicates that Jesus’ genealogy is formed by three series of fourteen generations; however, this total number of generations does not match the preceding list in Matt 1:2-16. Interpreters have proposed multiple ways to understand this inconsistency which have yet to be collected and evaluated. A double literature review displays the limitations of this seemingly insoluble biblical conundrum. This article presents the tension between verse 17 and verses 2-17 of Matthew’s gospel as a puzzling reading experience that can best be described, in line with Stanley Fish, as a self-consuming artifact: an experience of incongruity in which the text and the reader are transformed through a process of negation. This approach also highlights other potential reversals in Matthew 1, such as Davidic traditions, that can yield a renewed outlook on this gospel.
Some misinterpretations and lack of understanding in differential operators with no singular kernels
Authors: Atangana Abdon , Goufo Emile Franc Doungmo
Published: October 2020

Humans are part of nature, and as nature existed before mankind, mathematics was created by humans with the main aim to analyze, understand and predict behaviors observed in nature. However, besides this aspect, mathematicians have introduced some laws helping them to obtain some theoretical results that may not have physical meaning or even a representation in nature. This is also the case in the field of fractional calculus in which the main aim was to capture more complex processes observed in nature. Some laws were imposed and some operators were misused, such as, for example, the Riemann–Liouville and Caputo derivatives that are power-law-based derivatives and have been used to model problems with no power law process. To solve this problem, new differential operators depicting different processes were introduced. This article aims to clarify some misunderstandings about the use of fractional differential and integral operators with non-singular kernels. Additionally, we suggest some numerical discretizations for the new differential operators to be used when dealing with initial value problems. Applications of some nature processes are provided.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Sawtooth Waves Are Associated with Widespread Cortical Activations
Authors: Frauscher Birgit , von Ellenrieder Nicolás , Dolezalova Irena , Bouhadoun Sarah , Gotman Jean , Peter-Derex Laure
Published: October 2020

Sawtooth waves (STW) are bursts of frontocentral slow oscillations recorded in the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Little is known about their cortical generators and functional significance. Stereo-EEG performed for presurgical epilepsy evaluation offers the unique possibility to study neurophysiologyin situin the human brain. We investigated intracranial correlates of scalp-detected STW in 26 patients (14 women) undergoing combined stereo-EEG/polysomnography. We visually marked STW segments in scalp EEG and selected stereo-EEG channels exhibiting normal activity for intracranial analyses. Channels were grouped in 30 brain regions. The spectral power in each channel and frequency band was computed during STW and non-STW control segments. Ripples (80-250 Hz) were automatically detected during STW and control segments. The spectral power in the different frequency bands and the ripple rates were then compared between STW and control segments in each brain region. An increase in 2-4 Hz power during STW segments was found in all brain regions, except the occipital lobe, with large effect sizes in the parietotemporal junction, the lateral and orbital frontal cortex, the anterior insula, and mesiotemporal structures. A widespread increase in high-frequency activity, including ripples, was observed concomitantly, involving the sensorimotor cortex, associative areas, and limbic structures. This distribution showed a high spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Our results suggest that STW are associated with widely distributed, but locally regulated REM sleep slow oscillations. By driving fast activities, STW may orchestrate synchronized reactivations of multifocal activities, allowing tagging of complex representations necessary for REM sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSawtooth waves (STW) present as scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) bursts of slow waves contrasting with the low-voltage fast desynchronized activity of REM sleep. Little is known about their cortical origin and function. Using combined stereo-EEG/polysomnography possible only in the human brain during presurgical epilepsy evaluation, we explored the intracranial correlates of STW. We found that a large set of regions in the parietal, frontal, and insular cortices shows increases in 2-4 Hz power during scalp EEG STW, that STW are associated with a strong and widespread increase in high frequencies, and that these slow and fast activities exhibit a high spatiotemporal heterogeneity. These electrophysiological properties suggest that STW may be involved in cognitive processes during REM sleep.
Cancer occurrence in Turner syndrome and the effect of sex hormone substitution therapy
Authors: Viuff Mette Hansen , Stochholm Kirstine , Lin Angela , Berglund Agnethe , Juul Svend , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg
Published: October 2020

Objective

Although the overall risk of cancer is not increased in Turner syndrome, the pattern of cancer occurrence differs from the general population. We aim to describe the cancer morbidity pattern in Turner syndrome and evaluate the effect of long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Design

Nationwide epidemiological study.

Methods

1156 females with Turner syndrome diagnosed during 1960–2014, were linked with data from the Danish National Patient Registry. Statistics Denmark randomly identified 115 578 female controls. Stratified Cox regression was used to analyze cancer morbidity, mortality and effect of HRT.

Results

Overall risk of cancer was not elevated (hazard ratio 1.04 (95% CI: 0.80–1.36)). The risk of skin cancer and benign skin neoplasms was two-fold increased, while the risk of breast cancer was decreased (hazard ratio 0.4 (0.2–0.9)). Turner syndrome (45,X) had a two- to five-fold increased risk of benign CNS tumors, colon and rectal cancers, benign skin neoplasms and skin cancer. Turner syndrome women with a 45,X/46,XX karyotype had an increased risk of tongue cancer. HRT had no impact on the risk of any cancer investigated in this study.

Conclusions

The lack of one X chromosome might play a role in skin neoplasms, CNS tumors, colon and rectal cancers. The risk of breast cancer is lower than in the general population. Long-term HRT during the premenopausal age range seems not to exert a cancerous effect in Turner syndrome. Increased vigilance concerning specific types of cancer in Tuner syndrome harboring a 45,X karyotype is needed.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Pioneer transcription factors in pituitary development and tumorigenesis
Authors: Harris Juliette , Gouhier Arthur , Drouin Jacques
Published: October 2020

Pioneer transcription factors have key roles in development as master regulators of cell fate specification. Only a small fraction of all transcription factors have the pioneer ability that confers access to target genomic DNA sites embedded in so-called ‘closed’ heterochromatin. This ability to seek and bind target sites within the silenced portion of the epigenome is the basis for their role in changing cell fate. Upon binding heterochromatin sites, pioneer factors trigger remodeling of chromatin from a repressed into an active organization. This action is typically exerted at enhancer regulatory sequences, thus allowing activation of new gene subsets. During pituitary development, the only pioneer with a well-documented role is Pax7 that specifies the intermediate lobe melanotrope cell fate. In this review, a particular focus is placed on this Pax7 function but its properties are also considered within the general context of pioneer factor action. Given their potent activity to reprogram gene expression, it is not surprising that many pioneers are associated with tumor development. Overexpression or chromosomal translocations leading to the production of chimeric pioneers have been implicated in different cancers. We review here the current knowledge on the mechanism of pioneer factor action.
El Tribunal del Canciller de Competencias y los conflictos entre la jurisdicción real y la eclesiástica en la Corona de Aragón a finales del Antiguo Régimen (1707-1835)
Authors: Franch Ricardo
Published: October 2020

El sistema utilizado para la resolución de los conflictos de competencias entre la jurisdicción real y la eclesiástica en la Corona de Aragón se basaba en la concordia de 1372, que dio lugar al surgimiento del tribunal del canciller. Al tratarse de un procedimiento acordado, se le ha atribuido el mérito de atenuar los graves enfrentamientos que surgían entre ambas jurisdicciones en los restantes territorios de la monarquía hispánica. El presente trabajo pretende comprobar la validez de esta hipótesis examinando los principales conflictos planteados por el clero y los obispos de las diócesis valencianas en la primera mitad del siglo XVIII. Así mismo, los informes emitidos por las Audiencias de los diversos territorios de la Corona de Aragón sobre la posibilidad del restablecimiento del tribunal tras su abolición por las Cortes de Cádiz ponen de manifiesto los problemas que planteaba el funcionamiento del sistema a finales del Antiguo Régimen.
Intendencia, justicia y gobierno: la Real Cédula de 5 de marzo de 1760 ¿Nuevo triunfo del orden tradicional?
Authors: López Díaz María
Published: October 2020

Este artículo reconsidera el significado de la Real Cédula de 5 de marzo de 1760 a la luz del conflicto de competencias que lo motivó. Trata sobre las atribuciones de los intendentes en asuntos de jurisdicción ordinaria y los problemas que suscita la aplicación de la Ordenanza de 1749 con las Audiencias y Chancillerías territoriales, especialmente en el reino de Galicia, foco del conflicto. Después de examinar las causas, el desarrollo y el desenlace del proceso, con su trasfondo constitucional, valora el alcance jurídico de la medida. Asimismo, su relevancia política como precedente del decreto de 1766 que separa Intendencias y Corregimientos.
Usefulness of Radial Artery as a Carotid Artery Patch in Simultaneous Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Operation with Complete Arterial Revascularization
Authors: Hazar Abdussamet , ALTINBAŞ ÖZGÜR , Aydın Mehmet Salih , Koçarslan Aydemir
Published: October 2020

Background: Serious coronary artery diseases including left main coronary artery disease, proximal left anterior descending artery disease, and three-vessel coronary artery disease with carotid artery stenosis are required simultaneous operations. By using complete arterial revascularization technique for coronary artery bypass graft operation, radial artery can be used safely as a patch material for carotid endarterectomy in combined surgery.
Methods: Between 2016 and 2018, 14 patients who had serious coronary artery disease with the stenosis of unilateral carotid artery equal/over 70% were included in the study. Complete arterial revascularization was performed in all patients and radial artery was used as a patch material in carotid endarterectomy.
Results: All patients were discharged without any complication and carotid artery colored Doppler ultrasound was performed to the patients in the 3rd months, 6th months, and first year of the operation. There was no restenosis detected.
Conclusion: In conclusion, radial artery is useable for carotid patch angioplasty in patients who underwent simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft operation with complete arterial revascularization. Further studies including a large number of patients are needed to examine the long-term patency of this graft.
Circulating microRNA-21 as Stable Blood-Based Markers for Patients With ISR After PCI
Authors: Zhang Xiong , Xiao Xiao-Ping , Ren Xu- Ai , Xue Wei
Published: October 2020

It recently has been reported that the in-stent restenosis (ISR) of expanded area after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within six months can become a serious postoperative complication. A real-time quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of serum miR-21 in 33 ISR and 37 non-ISR patients after PCI. Expression of miR-21 was significantly higher in the ISR group compared with that in the NISR group, and a similar trend also occurred in factor- (TNF-α) level, Interleukin -6 (IL-6) level, and plaque area (PLA). However, a contrary trend occurred in the external elastic membrane area (EEM) and minimal lumen area (MLA). This study suggests that the increased expression of serum miR-21 is related to ISR after PCI, and miR-21 can be a new predictor of ISR.
A Quality Improvement Initiative To Optimize Antibiotic Use in a Level 4 NICU
Authors: Meyers Jeffrey M. , Tulloch Jamey , Brown Kristen , Caserta Mary T. , D’Angio Carl T. ,   THE GOLISANO CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL NICU ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP TEAM
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

Given the risks associated with antibiotics, efforts to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in the NICU have become increasingly urgent. In 2016, a comprehensive 3-year quality improvement (QI) initiative was conducted in a level 4 NICU that sought to decrease the antibiotic use rate (AUR) by 20%.

METHODS:

This local QI initiative was conducted in the context of a multicenter learning collaborative focused on decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use. Improvement strategies focused on addressing gaps in the core elements of antibiotic stewardship programs. Outcome measures included the AUR and the percent of infants discharged without antibiotic exposure. Process measures included the percent of infants evaluated for early-onset sepsis (EOS) and duration of antibiotics used for various infections. Statistical process control charts were used to display and analyze data over time.

RESULTS:

The AUR decreased from 27.6% at baseline to 15.5%, a 43% reduction, and has been sustained for >18 months. Changes most attributable to this decrease include implementation of the sepsis risk calculator, adopting a 36-hour rule-out period for sepsis evaluations, a 36-hour antibiotic hard stop, and novel guideline for EOS evaluation among infants <35 weeks. The percent of infants discharged without antibiotic exposure increased from 15.8% to 35.1%. The percent of infants ≥36 weeks undergoing evaluation for EOS decreased by 42.3% and for those <35 weeks by 26%.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our efforts significantly reduced antibiotic use and exposure in our NICU. Our comprehensive, rigorous approach to QI is applicable to teams focused on improvement.
Wie Facebook den Regionaljournalismus verändert
Authors: Lischka Juliane A. , Werning Markus
Published: October 2020

Facebook ist zur wichtigsten Quelle für Webseiten-Traffic von Online-Nachrichten-Angeboten geworden. Um den Facebook-Traffic-Anteil zu maximieren, müssen Nachrichten möglichst weit innerhalb von Facebook verbreitet werden – und die Nachrichtenanbieter den Spielregeln des News Feed-Algorithmus folgen. Diese Studie untersucht, inwieweit sich durch Facebooks algorithmusgesteuerte, interaktionsbelohnende Nachrichtendistribution die redaktionelle Themenselektion verändert. Dazu werden die Themen von Facebook-Posts und Printausgaben von drei deutschen Regionalzeitungen für 2015 und 2016 inhaltsanalytisch verglichen. Ergänzend werden Experteninterviews mit Social-Media-Redakteuren zweier Regionalzeitungen geführt. Ergebnisse zeigen eine Interaktions- und Algorithmusorientierung bei der Themenselektion der Social-Media-Redakteure. Die Redakteure folgen den Spielregeln des News Feed-Algorithmus jedoch nicht bedingungs- und strategielos. Um die Interaktion und Reichweite zu maximieren – aber auch um Hardnews zu platzieren – werden verstärkt Human-Interest-Themen gepostet. Diese Softnews sorgen für Reichweite und Interaktionen, Hardnews für die Informiertheit der User. Somit verzichten Redaktionen der Regionalzeitungen nicht auf relevante Themen auf Facebook, aber nutzen einen höheren Anteil an Softnews, um ihre Facebook-Reichweite nicht zu gefährden.
Materia y mutabilidad
Authors: Borrego-Gómez-Pallete Ignacio
Published: October 2020

Si elevamos el discurso al nivel ontológico, tal y como sugiere la aproximación en esta edición, debemos acudir a las propiedades trascendentales de la materia. Si, además, en este distanciamiento intelectual introducimos la conciencia contemporánea de dirigirnos hacia una economía circular, entonces nos toparemos con la mutabilidad y reutilización de la materia, que como veremos no depende tanto de sus propiedades físicas sino en la forma en la que ésta es manipulada. Esta hipótesis se tratará de revisar a través de un acercamiento más interdisciplinar para alcanzar en última instancia el ámbito de la arquitectura, y proponer finalmente que la esencia de las construcciones está en su forma, y no en la propia materia, que es sustituible, corruptible, prescindible. La importancia reside en los sistemas y relaciones entre los diferentes elementos que componen una construcción. La identidad no está en la materia, sino en la información que ésta alberga.
Circularidad de los materiales: emulando a la naturaleza
Authors: Quirós Manuel
Published: October 2020

La transición de una economía lineal hacia un modelo circular trae consigo una serie de desafíos prácticos para toda la cadena de procesos: desde la extracción de la materia prima, su procesamiento, el diseño de productos o servicios, la fabricación, el uso y el fin de uso. Podríamos preguntarnos: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias para entender y aplicar este nuevo paradigma hacia una economía circular? Este artículo trata algunos aspectos, dentro de un marco de ideas en este complejo sistema circular, para avanzar y guiar de algún modo a diseñadores y emprendedores relacionados con los materiales en el cambio de paradigma. Se describen también algunas de las estrategias de la naturaleza desde una perspectiva sistémica y sus analogías potenciales de aplicabilidad.
Against Anti-Democratic Shortcuts: A Few Replies to Critics
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: October 2020

In this essay I address several questions and challenges brought about by the contributors to the special issue on my book Democracy without Shortcuts. In particular, I address some implications of my critique of deep pluralism; distinguish between three senses of ‘blind deference’: political, reflective, and informational; draw a critical parallelism between the populist conception of representation as ‘embodiment’ and the conception of ‘citizen-representatives’ often ascribed to participants in deliberative minipublics; defend the democratic attractiveness of participatory uses over empowered uses of deliberative minipublics; clarify why accepting public reason constraints does not imply limiting deliberation to questions about constitutional rights; and argue that overcoming a state-centric conception of democracy does not require replacing the ‘all subjected’ principle with the ‘all affected’ principle.
It’s Not Just the Taking Part that Counts: ‘Like Me’ Perceptions Connect the Wider Public to Minipublics
Authors: Pow James , van Dijk Lisa , Marien Sofie
Published: October 2020

Many deliberative democrats herald the potential of minipublics to help improve the quality of democratic decision-making. Yet these democratic innovations present a paradox: how can the use of minipublics be perceived as legitimate by the maxi-public when most citizens cannot participate? In this article, we address this question in the context of Lafont’s argument that minipublics amount to ‘shortcuts’ in the democratic process. We challenge this argument by hypothesising that non-participants perceive minipublics to be legitimate when they perceive minipublic participants to be like them – and when they perceive politicians to be unlike them. Similarly, we expect that the relative importance of descriptive similarity will be related to the issue in question. We test our hypotheses in the deeply divided context of Northern Ireland, where a minipublic was held on the salient and contentious question of the polity’s constitutional future. Survey evidence confirms that ‘like me’ perceptions constitute a significant predictor of minipublic legitimacy perceptions. Our results have implications for the communication of minipublic features to the broader public, for the use of minipublics alongside conventional decision-making processes, and for further empirical research.
Эволюция представлений о жилище и его номинаций в древне- и среднеанглийский периоды
Authors: Растворова Ю. С. , Пушкарев Е. А.
Published: October 2020

Статья посвящена вопросу о развитии и изменении представлений носителей английского языка о жилище в пределах др.-а.–с.-а. периодов. Авторы моделируют концепт жилище двух периодов через анализ его языковых репрезентаций. В фокусе внимания – причины появления новых когнитивных признаков исследуемой категории и исчезновения старых в сознании средневекового британца. Диахронический анализ лексики, манифестирующей изучаемый концепт, осуществляется в рамках интерпретационных полей, что предположительно дает возможность проследить эволюцию категоризации действительности средневековым сознанием в области жилища на примере двух временных отрезков (VII–XI вв. и XI–XIV вв.). Для большей объективности авторы опираются не только на языковые средства, репрезентирующие категорию жилище, но и на доступные артефакты: архитектурные памятники Британии VII–XIV вв. и другие материальные свидетельства устройства быта эпохи. Выявляются характерные черты жилища др.-а. и с.-а. периодов и реконструируются представления англоязычного концептоносителя в этой области.