bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct microbial communities that differ by race, stage, or breast-tumor subtype in breast tissues of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White women
Authors: Smith Alana , Pierre Joseph F. , Makowski Liza , Tolley Elizabeth , Lyn-Cook Beverly , Lu Lu , Vidal Gregory , Starlard-Davenport Athena
Published: August 2019

Growing evidence highlights an association between an imbalance in the composition and abundance of bacteria in the breast tissue (referred as microbial dysbiosis) and breast cancer in women. However, studies on the breast tissue microbiome have not been conducted in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women. We investigated normal and breast cancer tissue microbiota from NHB and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women to identify distinct microbial signatures by race, stage, or tumor subtype. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we observed that phylum Proteobacteria was most abundant in normal (n = 8), normal adjacent to tumor (normal pairs, n = 11), and breast tumors from NHB and NHW women (n = 64), with fewer Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Breast tissues from NHB women had a higher abundance of genus Ralstonia compared to NHW tumors, which could explain a portion of the breast cancer racial disparities. Analysis of tumor subtype revealed enrichment of family Streptococcaceae in TNBC. A higher abundance of genus Bosea (phylum Proteobacteria) increased with stage. This is the first study to identify racial differences in the breast tissue microbiota between NHB and NHW women. Further studies on the breast cancer microbiome are necessary to help us understand risk, underlying mechanisms, and identify potential microbial targets.
Oral Administration of Clinically Relevant Antimalarial Drugs Does Not Modify the Murine Gut Microbiota
Authors: Denny Joshua E. , Schmidt Nathan W.
Published: August 2019

Malaria is an infectious disease responsible for the death of around 450,000 people annually. As an effective vaccine against the parasite that causes malaria is not available, antimalarial drug treatments are critical in fighting the disease. Previous data has shown that the gut microbiota is important in modulating the severity of malaria. Although it is well appreciated that antibiotics substantially alter the gut microbiota, it is largely unknown how antimalarial drugs impact the gut microbiota. We show here that the two commonly used artemisinin combination therapies of artesunate plus amodiaquine and artemether plus lumefantrine do not change the gut microbiota. The overall relative species abundance and alpha diversity remained stable after treatment, while beta diversity analysis showed minimal changes due to drug treatment, which were transient and quickly returned to baseline. Additionally, treatment with antimalarial drugs did not change the kinetics of later Plasmodium infection. Taken together, antimalarial drug administration does not affect the gut microbiota.
Overexpression of the Rieske FeS protein of the Cytochrome b6f complex increases C4 photosynthesis in Setaria viridis
Authors: Ermakova Maria , Lopez-Calcagno Patricia E. , Raines Christine A. , Furbank Robert T. , von Caemmerer Susanne
Published: August 2019

C4 photosynthesis is characterised by a CO2 concentrating mechanism that operates between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells increasing CO2 partial pressure at the site of Rubisco and photosynthetic efficiency. Electron transport chains in both cell types supply ATP and NADPH for C4 photosynthesis. Cytochrome b6f is a key control point of electron transport in C3 plants. To study whether C4 photosynthesis is limited by electron transport we constitutively overexpressed the Rieske FeS subunit in Setaria viridis. This resulted in a higher Cytochrome b6f content in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells without marked changes in the abundances of other photosynthetic proteins. Rieske overexpression plants showed better light conversion efficiency in both Photosystems and could generate higher proton-motive force across the thylakoid membrane underpinning an increase in CO2 assimilation rate at ambient and saturating CO2 and high light. Our results demonstrate that removing electron transport limitations can increase C4 photosynthesis.
An integrated Re(i) photocatalyst/sensitizer that activates the formation of formic acid from reduction of CO2
Authors: Hameed Yasmeen , Berro Patrick , Gabidullin Bulat , Richeson Darrin
Published: August 2019

cis-[Re(bpy)2(CO)2]+OTf− is a new integrated photosensitizer/catalyst for the selective visible light promoted photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to yield formic acid.
Determination of nucleobase-pairing free energies from rotamer equilibria of 2-(methylamino)pyrimidines
Authors: Štoček Jakub Radek , Bártová Kateřina , Čechová Lucie , Šála Michal , Socha Ondřej , Janeba Zlatko , Dračínský Martin
Published: August 2019

A straightforward method is proposed for the determination of free energies of nucleobase pairing by monitoring conformational changes upon intermolecular binding.
Catalytic cross-dimerisation giving reactive borylated polyenes toward cross-coupling
Authors: Hirano Masafumi , Kuramochi Ayumi , Shimada Keita , Komine Nobuyuki , Kiyota Sayori , Westcott Stephen A.
Published: August 2019

A series of borylated conjugated trienes and skipped dienes is prepared by Ru-catalysed cross-dimerisation using alkynyl-, dienyl-, and vinyl boronates.
Statistically understanding the roles of nanostructure features in interfacial ice nucleation for enhancing icing delay performance
Authors: Shen Yizhou , Xie Xinyu , Xie Yuehan , Tao Jie , Jiang Jiawei , Chen Haifeng , Lu Yang , Xu Yangjiangshan
Published: August 2019

We designed and constructed two kinds of superhydrophobic nanostructures with sealed layered porous and open cone features for the discussion of the roles of nanostructure geometrical features in interfacial ice nucleation.
Small-angle X-ray scattering of nanoporous materials
Authors: Welborn Samuel S. , Detsi Eric
Published: August 2019

Schematic of the general process of small-angle X-ray scattering acquisition, fitting, and modeling to determine material parameters of nanoporous materials.
Indole-based charge transfer complexes as versatile dual thermal and photochemical polymerization initiators for 3D printing and composites
Authors: Wang Dengxia , Garra Patxi , Fouassier Jean Pierre , Graff Bernadette , Yagci Yusuf , Lalevée Jacques
Published: August 2019

Indole-based Charge Transfer Complexes (CTCs) are newly presented dual photo/thermal initiators for safe and robust polymerizations in high tech applications.
Iron oxides with a reverse spinel structure: impact of active sites on molecule adsorption
Authors: Jian Wei , Jia Ran , Wang Jian , Zhang Hong-Xing , Bai Fu-Quan
Published: August 2019

Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 with the same crystal structure reflect different catalytically active sites leading to different catalyst properties.
A new HPLC-UV derivatization approach for the determination of potential genotoxic benzyl halides in drug substances
Authors: Ji Shunli , Gao Hongbin , Xia Xingya , Zheng Feng
Published: August 2019

Benzyl halides, widely used as alkylation reagents in drug synthesis, are potential genotoxic impurities (PGTIs) required to be controlled at trace levels.
‘Green’ Cr(iii)–glycine electrolyte for the production of FeCrNi coatings: electrodeposition mechanisms and role of by-products in terms of coating composition and microstructure
Authors: Bertero Enrico , Manzano Cristina V. , Pellicer Eva , Sort Jordi , Ulfig Robert M. , Mischler Stefano , Michler Johann , Philippe Laetitia
Published: August 2019

Electrodeposition mechanisms of a ‘green’ FeCrNi Cr(iii)–glycine electrolyte and their correlation with coatings' composition (metals/impurities), microstructure and elemental distribution variations.
Engineering an NIR rhodol derivative with spirocyclic ring-opening activation for high-contrast photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Liu Feng , Shi Xiao , Liu Xianjun , Wang Fenglin , Yi Hai-Bo , Jiang Jian-Hui
Published: August 2019

A novel NIR rhodol derivative is engineered for the development of high-contrast activatable photoacoustic imaging based on generally applicable ring-opening responsiveness.
Substrate-independent, switchable bubble wettability surfaces induced by ultrasonic treatment
Authors: Chu Dongkai , Sun Xiaoyan , Hu Youwang , Duan Ji-An
Published: August 2019

Surfaces with switchable bubble wettability have attracted increasing interest due to their wide applications in the field of underwater drag reduction, gas collection and site water treatment.
The Effect of Working Memory Training on a Clinical Marker of French-Speaking Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Stanford Emily , Durrleman Stephanie , Delage Hélène
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Our work investigates the production of 3rd-person accusative clitic pronouns in French-speaking typically developing (TD) children and children with developmental language disorder (DLD) following a novel working memory (WM) training program (12 hrs of effective training) that specifically targets the components of WM that have been shown to be impaired in children with DLD and to be directly related to the mastery of clitics (
Delage & Frauenfelder, submitted for publication
;
Durrleman & Delage, 2016
).

Method

Sixteen TD children aged 5–12 years and 26 age-matched children with DLD completed our 8-week WM training program. Furthermore, an age-matched control group of 16 TD children and 17 children with DLD followed a scholastic training regime matched for intensity and frequency. Syntax and WM were assessed prior to and following the WM/scholastic training.

Results

Significant posttraining WM gains were found in TD children and children with DLD who took part in the WM training, and the production rate of 3rd-person accusative clitics significantly increased in children with DLD following the WM training. No significant WM or syntax gains were observed in the control group.

Conclusion

These findings are noteworthy as
Melby-Lervåg and Hulme's (2013)
meta-analysis concluded that existing WM training programs show short-lived generalized effects to other comparable measures of WM, but that there is no evidence that such training generalizes to less directly related tasks. That our study led to gains in skills that were not trained (i.e., syntax) suggests that a WM training regime that is firmly grounded in theory and that targets the specific mechanisms shown to underpin the acquisition of syntax may indeed provide effective remediation for children with DLD.
Facilitator Behaviors Leading to Engagement and Disengagement in Aphasia Conversation Groups
Authors: Lee Jaime B. , Azios Jamie H.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Researchers have identified features of successful aphasia conversation groups and clinician behaviors leading to engagement and group cohesion. There has been less focus in the literature on facilitator behaviors that hinder participation or result in disengagement. This study aims to explore the behaviors of graduate student facilitators that contribute to and detract from engagement in aphasia conversation groups.

Method

Data were drawn from 4 conversation group sessions from 2 different university settings. Groups included 1 graduate student facilitator and 3 or more persons with aphasia. Sociolinguistic discourse analysis was applied to transcripts of group sessions.

Results

Three broad patterns detailing facilitator behaviors were identified. Several facilitator actions contributing to engagement were noted, including strategic use of topic elicitors, multimodal communication supports, and techniques to avoid interactional asymmetry. Behaviors associated with participant disengagement were also noted across sessions, including restricted discourse behaviors and difficulty managing the competing needs of participants. Engagement and disengagement were the product of several coordinating actions of the facilitator and group members that together influenced participation in conversation.

Conclusion

Results suggest that novice facilitators exhibit behaviors that contribute to and detract from participant engagement in aphasia conversation groups. Findings, discussed within the context of the literature on well-managed groups, highlight the skill required in managing the needs of participants with aphasia and knowing how and when to employ clinician-led strategies.
Treatment Fidelity Procedures for an Aphasia Intervention Within a Randomized Controlled Trial: Design, Feasibility, and Results
Authors: Conlon Elissa L. , Braun Emily J. , Babbitt Edna M. , Cherney Leora R.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This study reports on the treatment fidelity procedures implemented during a 5-year randomized controlled trial comparing intensive and distributed comprehensive aphasia therapy. Specifically, the results of 1 treatment, verb network strengthening treatment (VNeST), are examined.

Method

Eight participants were recruited for each of 7 consecutive cohorts for a total of 56 participants. Participants completed 60 hr of aphasia therapy, including 15 hr of VNeST. Two experienced speech-language pathologists delivered the treatment. To promote treatment fidelity, the study team developed a detailed manual of procedures and fidelity checklists, completed role plays to standardize treatment administration, and video-recorded all treatment sessions for review. To assess protocol adherence during treatment delivery, trained research assistants not involved in the treatment reviewed video recordings of a subset of randomly selected VNeST treatment sessions and completed the fidelity checklists. This process was completed for 32 participants representing 2 early cohorts and 2 later cohorts, which allowed for measurement of protocol adherence over time. Percent accuracy of protocol adherence was calculated across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition (intensive vs. distributed therapy).

Results

The fidelity procedures were sufficient to promote and verify a high level of adherence to the treatment protocol across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition.

Conclusion

Treatment fidelity strategies and monitoring are feasible when incorporated into the study design. Treatment fidelity monitoring should be completed at regular intervals during the course of a study to ensure that high levels of protocol adherence are maintained over time and across conditions.
Concurrent Validity of the Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test–Second Edition at Age 3: Comparison With Four Diagnostic Measures
Authors: Eisenberg Sarita , Victorino Kristen , Murray Sarah
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the concurrent validity of the Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test–Second Edition (Fluharty-2;
Fluharty, 2001
) for mass screenings of language at age 3 years.

Method

Participants were sixty-two 3-year-old children, 31 who had failed and 31 who had passed the Fluharty-2. Performance on the screening was compared to 4 diagnostic measures: Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test–Preschool, Second Edition; mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU
m
), finite verb morphology composite, and Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn).

Results

Children who failed the Fluharty-2 scored significantly lower on each of the diagnostic measures than children who passed the Fluharty-2, but the effect size for MLU
m
was small. Scores on the Fluharty-2 were significantly correlated with scores on the diagnostic measures. There was significant agreement for pass/fail decisions between the Fluharty-2 and diagnostic measures only for IPSyn. However, even for the IPSyn, the agreement rate for passing was only moderate (80%) and the agreement rate for failing was only fair (68%).

Conclusion

The Fluharty-2 showed limited agreement for pass/fail decisions with all 4 of the diagnostic measures. There was reason to question the validity of 2 of the diagnostic measures—Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test–Preschool, Second Edition and MLU
m
—for diagnosing language impairment in 3-year-old children. However, there were no such concerns about finite verb morphology composite or IPSyn to account for the limited agreement. Thus, it seems reasonable to conclude that the Fluharty-2 would refer both too few at-risk children and too many nonrisk children for a follow-up assessment, making it an inefficient tool for mass screenings of language.
Broadband two‐thirds photonic microwave frequency divider
Authors: Zhou Hongzhen , Liu Shifeng , Kang Xiaochen , Zhu Nan , Lv Kailin , Zhang Yamei , Pan Shilong
Published: August 2019

A broadband two‐thirds frequency divider based on two cascaded carrier‐suppressed double sideband (CS‐DSB) modulators is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The first CS‐DSB modulator is aimed to introduce an RF signal under frequency division to the system, and the second one is employed in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) loop to avoid the OEO from free running. By mixing the injection frequency and the oscillation frequency in the OEO loop, oscillation of a signal with its frequency equal to two‐thirds of the injection frequency is established. An experiment is carried out, RF signals with frequencies from 12.3 to 17.7 GHz are successfully divided into 8.2 to 11.8 GHz. The maximum power ripple is 2.79 dB and the harmonic components suppression ratio is larger than 36.13 dB.
Optimal event‐triggered sliding mode control for discrete‐time non‐linear systems against actuator saturation
Authors: Xiong Yongyang , Yang Liu , Wu Chengwei , Wu Ligang
Published: August 2019

This study investigates the optimal event‐triggered sliding mode control (SMC) problem for discrete‐time non‐linear systems with actuator saturation. A differential‐type sliding surface function outperforming the traditional linear version is constructed for the considered system. In order to save the communication resource, a state‐dependent event‐triggered scheme is designed to determine whether the current state should be transmitted or not automatically. An optimal version is designed to further decrease the computational cost. A Jacobian matrix is introduced to handle the non‐linear function error resulting from the implementation of the event‐triggered scheme. Combining the above techniques and the Lyapunov stable theory, time‐dependent sufficient conditions are developed to guarantee that the sliding mode dynamics are stable and satisfy the desired disturbance attenuation performance. Moreover, time‐independent sufficient criteria are presented to obtain the desired performance of the sliding mode dynamics by employing some inequalities. Based on the derived time‐independent conditions, sufficient conditions are provided to compute the gain for the sliding surface. A sliding mode controller with adaptive law is designed to guarantee that the trajectories of the saturated control system can be driven onto the predefined sliding manifold. Finally, simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Analysis and hardware implementation of virtual resistance based PV inverters for harmonics suppression
Authors: Zeng Jiang , Huang Zhonglong , Ling Yuchang , Yang Lin , Li Zhihua , Qiu Guobin , Yang Bo , Yu Tao
Published: August 2019

Traditional PV inverter is designed for power generation and reducing harmonic distortion without capability of actively participating in harmonic elimination of power grid. This study proposes a virtual resistance based PV inverter to suppress the voltage harmonics at point of common coupling (PCC), in which PV inverters could simultaneously deliver power for fundamental and behave as a series of virtual resistances to absorb power harmonics and then convert them into fundamental power; as a result, voltage distortion of each node of power grid is significantly reduced. No additional sensors are required to measure the non‐linear load current, such that a more flexible installation location of PV inverter can be achieved. Furthermore, current harmonics are controlled by PI controller to track the voltage harmonics multiplied by harmonic conductance, i.e. Kh, such that the PV inverter can be equivalent to a virtual resistance. In particular, the absorbed power harmonics are used to evaluate the harmonic suppression, while harmonic conductance Kh is regulated automatically to maximise the absorbed power harmonics. Both the simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the effectiveness of the propose method.
SLIC segmentation method for full‐polarised remote‐sensing image
Authors: Zhang Zhanyang , Chen Jiaqi , Liu Zhiwei
Published: August 2019

The rapid development of remote‐sensing data acquisition technology means that the resolution of remote‐sensing image has been continuously improved, resulting in the large scale of remote‐sensing image data and the increase of redundant information, which restricts the image processing and analysis. However, super‐pixel segmentation method mainly aimed at the general image segmentation algorithm, rarely for remote‐sensing image. Therefore, here, the polarisation decomposition of full‐polarised remote‐sensing images is used to synthesise pseudo‐colour images. Then, based on the region, the image segmentation algorithm based on the colour feature of SLIC super‐pixel segmentation algorithm is used to make it have important application value in remote‐sensing image target extraction. Here, the image of Danjiangkou reservoir obtained by high‐resolution space‐borne SAR is selected as the research object. Finally, the polarisation decomposition and segmentation of full‐polarised remote‐sensing images are realised, and the advantages of SLIC super‐pixel algorithm are proved.
DOA estimation for sub‐array MIMO radar with limited samples
Authors: Shan Jiaolong , Yuan Tao , Zhang Guanglei
Published: August 2019

The problem of DOA estimation for sub‐array multiple‐input multiple‐output radar is concerned. Employing compressive sampling concept and the minimum mean‐square error (MMSE) technology, the proposed algorithm alternates between updating sample covariance matrix and the MMSE filter bank values until convergence. Simplified array manifolds are considered to decrease the computational complexity. The core idea of the algorithm is to determine the DOA by calculating the spatial distribution of signal power adaptively. Simulation results show that the new algorithm performs well both in a wide SNR range and limited samples, compared with the MUSIC, PIAA‐APES, and OGSBI algorithms. The most outstanding advantage of the new algorithm is that it can maintain high estimation accuracy under limited samples without knowing the number of targets.
Driving white dwarf metal pollution through unstable eccentric periodic orbits
Authors: Antoniadou Kyriaki I. , Veras Dimitri
Published: August 2019

Context. Planetary debris is observed in the atmospheres of over 1000 white dwarfs, and two white dwarfs are now observed to contain orbiting minor planets. Exoasteroids and planetary core fragments achieve orbits close to the white dwarf through scattering with major planets. However, the architectures that allow for this scattering to take place are time-consuming to explore with N-body simulations lasting ∼1010 yr; these long-running simulations restrict the amount of phase space that can be investigated.

Aims. Here we use planar and three-dimensional (spatial) elliptic periodic orbits, as well as chaotic indicators through dynamical stability maps, as quick scale-free analytic alternatives to N-body simulations in order to locate and predict instability in white dwarf planetary systems that consist of one major and one minor planet on very long timescales. We then classify the instability according to ejection versus collisional events.

Methods. We generalized our previous work by allowing eccentricity and inclination of the periodic orbits to increase, thereby adding more realism but also significantly more degrees of freedom to our architectures. We also carried out a suite of computationally expensive 10 Gyr N-body simulations to provide comparisons with chaotic indicators in a limited region of phase space.

Results. We compute dynamical stability maps that are specific to white dwarf planetary systems and that can be used as tools in future studies to quickly estimate pollution prospects and timescales for one-planet architectures. We find that these maps also agree well with the outcomes of our N-body simulations.

Conclusions. As observations of metal-polluted white dwarfs mount exponentially, particularly in the era of Gaia, tools such as periodic orbits can help infer dynamical histories for ensembles of systems.
Pseudoexfoliationssyndrom und Glaukom
Authors: Nobl Matthias , Mackert Marc
Published: August 2019

Das Pseudoexfoliationssyndrom (PEX-Syndrom) ist eine häufige, mit dem Alter zunehmende und weltweit auftretende Erkrankung. Charakteristisch ist die Produktion und Ablagerung von extrazellulärem, fibrillärem Material im Bereich der vorderen Augenkammer. Mit einem breiten Spektrum potenzieller Komplikationen ist die Relevanz sowohl für die konservative als auch die operative Ophthalmologie groß.
Skabies und andere Infestationen durch Milben
Authors: Fölster-Holst Regina
Published: August 2019

Ektoparasitosen sind häufig und werden im Wesentlichen durch Insekten und Milben, seltener durch Larven von Würmern hervorgerufen. Während der Mensch für Läuse (Kopf-, Kleider- und Filzläuse) und Skabiesmilben auch der eigentliche und der einzige Wirt ist, stellt er für die temporären Ektoparasiten wie beispielsweise Flöhe, Wanzen und tropische Rattenmilben einen Fehlwirt dar.

Als diagnostische Kriterien der Infestationen zählen sowohl das klinische Bild (Morphologie, Prädilektionsstellen) als auch anamnestische Angaben (Kontaktpersonen betroffen, Kontakt zu Tieren). Therapeutisch werden zur Abtötung der permanenten Parasiten chemisch definierte Mittel oder Dimeticone (zur Behandlung der Pediculosis capitis) eingesetzt, während die Hautreaktionen durch die temporären Parasiten symptomatisch behandelt werden. Die Quelle der Parasiten ist zu beachten und erfordert die Behandlung der Tiere und die der Umgebung, die von Tierärzten bzw. Schädlingsbekämpfern durchgeführt wird. Im Folgenden werden Dermatitiden hervorgerufen durch Milben fokussiert.
Running Performance and Position is Not Related to Decision-Making Accuracy in Referees
Authors: Riiser Amund , Andersen Vidar , Sæterbakken Atle , Ylvisaker Einar , Moe Vegard Fusche
Published: August 2019

We aimed to assess if running performance is related to decision-making accuracy in referees. We also investigated the relationships between movement, position, decision-making and time of infringement. The study included 347 free kicks and penalties awarded during all 15 home field matches for one team in the Norwegian top league. Movement and position were measured by a radio-based positioning system, and two external experts analysed the video clips. The referees made the correct decision in 98% of the assessed foul situations. There were no associations between the correctness and running speed at the time of the infringements or total distance accumulated during the 30 s prior to the infringement (p>0.08). Decision-making accuracy was not associated with the referees’ position in relation to the infringements (p=0.82) or the area where the infringements occurred (p=0.28). Most foul play incidents were sanctioned in the central area of the field (84%) where the distance to the infringements was shorter (13.4 m, 95% CI 12.8–14.0) than in the lateral areas (21.9 m, 95% CI 20.4–23.4). Norwegian top referees were practically always right when they interfered, possess the necessary fitness to avoid fatigue that would influence decision-making accuracy, and maintain adequate positional ability throughout the matches.
Multiple Sklerose und Fettsäuren – historischer und aktueller Studienstand
Authors: Schmiedel Volker
Published: August 2019

Schon in den 1950er-Jahren gab es Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen Fettsäuren in der Ernährung und Multipler Sklerose (MS). In den kommenden Jahrzehnten
konnte dann aufgedeckt werden, über welche Mechanismen bestimmte Fettsäuren pro- oder anti-inflammatorisch wirken. Weitere Studien konnten belegen, dass die
Omega-3-Fettsäuren EPA/DHA Entzündungsmediatoren senken können. Weitere Symptome wie Depression, Schübe oder Stoffwechselparameter konnten laut Studien
ebenfalls gebessert werden.
Den Flow erleben: Therapeutisches Klettern bei Multipler Sklerose
Authors: Kern Claudia
Published: August 2019

Es ist immer noch ein ungewöhnliches Bild, wenn die Teilnehmer der Klettergruppe „MS on the Rocks“ im Rollstuhl oder mit Gehhilfen in der Kletterhalle der TU
München ankommen. Am Campus im Olympiapark wird seit fast 15 Jahren gezeigt, wie Menschen, die an Multipler Sklerose (MS) erkrankt sind, durch das Klettern
nachhaltig körperlich aktiv werden und neuen Lebensmut bekommen.

Der Beitrag fasst anhand des Forschungsstandes die Effekte des Therapeutischen Kletterns bei MS zusammen. Ein Fallbeispiel zeigt exemplarisch die positiven
Einflüsse auf psychischer, sozialer und körperlicher Ebene.
Clinical Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence: Recent Research Trends
Authors: Combi Carlo , Pozzi Giuseppe
Published: August 2019

Objectives: This survey aims at reviewing the literature related to Clinical Information Systems (CIS), Hospital Information Systems (HIS), Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems, and how collected data can be analyzed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques.

Methods: We selected the major journals (11 journals) collecting papers (more than 7,000) over the last five years from the top members of the research community, and read and analyzed the papers (more than 200) covering the topics. Then, we completed the analysis using search engines to also include papers from major conferences over the same five years.

Results: We defined a taxonomy of major features and research areas of CIS, HIS, EHR systems. We also defined a taxonomy for the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques on healthcare data. In the light of these taxonomies, we report on the most relevant papers from the literature.

Conclusions: We highlighted some major research directions and issues which seem to be promising and to need further investigations over a medium- or long-term period.
Managing Complexity. From Documentation to Knowledge Integration and Informed Decision Findings from the Clinical Information Systems Perspective for 2018
Authors: Hackl Werner O. , Hoerbst Alexander ,   Section Editors for the IMIA Yearbook Section on Clinical Information Systems
Published: August 2019

Objective: To summarize recent research and to propose a selection of best papers published in 2018 in the field of Clinical Information Systems (CIS).

Method: Each year a systematic process is carried out to retrieve articles for the CIS section of the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics and to select a set of pest papers for the section. The same query as in the last five years was used. The retrieved articles were categorized in a multi-pass review carried out by the two section editors. The final selection of candidate papers was then peer-reviewed by Yearbook editors and external reviewers. Based on the review results the best papers were then chosen at the selection meeting with the IMIA Yearbook editorial board. Text mining, and term co-occurrence mapping techniques were again used to get an overview of the content of the retrieved articles.

Results: The query was carried out in mid-January 2019, yielding a consolidated, deduplicated result set of 2,264 articles which had been published in 957 different journals. This year, we nominated twelve papers as candidates and three of them were finally selected as best papers in the CIS section. Again, the content analysis of the articles revealed the broad spectrum of topics which is covered by CIS research.

Conclusions: We could observe ongoing trends from our 2017 analysis. The patient increasingly moves in the focus of the research activities and trans-institutional aggregation of data is still an important field of work. The move to use patient and other clinical data directly for the patient and to support data driven process management, the move away from clinical documentation to patient-focused knowledge generation and support of informed decision, is gaining momentum by the application of new or already known but, due to technological advances, now applicable methodological approaches.
Artificial Intelligence in Health in 2018: New Opportunities, Challenges, and Practical Implications
Authors: Jackson Gretchen , Hu Jianying ,   Section Editors for the IMIA Yearbook Section on Artificial Intelligence in Health
Published: August 2019

Objective: To summarize significant research contributions to the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in health in 2018.

Methods: Ovid MEDLINE® and Web of Science® databases were searched to identify original research articles that were published in the English language during 2018 and presented advances in the science of AI applied in health. Queries employed Medical Subject Heading (MeSH®) terms and keywords representing AI methodologies and limited results to health applications. Section editors selected 15 best paper candidates that underwent peer review by internationally renowned domain experts. Final best papers were selected by the editorial board of the 2018 International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook.

Results: Database searches returned 1,480 unique publications. Best papers employed innovative AI techniques that incorporated domain knowledge or explored approaches to support distributed or federated learning. All top-ranked papers incorporated novel approaches to advance the science of AI in health and included rigorous evaluations of their methodologies.

Conclusions: Performance of state-of-the-art AI machine learning algorithms can be enhanced by approaches that employ a multidisciplinary biomedical informatics pipeline to incorporate domain knowledge and can overcome challenges such as sparse, missing, or inconsistent data. Innovative training heuristics and encryption techniques may support distributed learning with preservation of privacy.
A Year of Papers Using Biomedical Texts: Findings from the Section on Natural Language Processing of the IMIA Yearbook
Authors: Grabar Natalia , Grouin Cyril ,   Section Editors for the IMIA Yearbook Section on Natural Language Processing
Published: August 2019

Objectives: To analyze the content of publications within the medical Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain in 2018.

Methods: Automatic and manual pre-selection of publications to be reviewed, and selection of the best NLP papers of the year. Analysis of the important issues.

Results: Two best papers have been selected this year. One dedicated to the generation of multi- documents summaries and another dedicated to the generation of imaging reports. We also proposed an analysis of the content of main research trends of NLP publications in 2018.

Conclusions: The year 2018 is very rich with regard to NLP issues and topics addressed. It shows the will of researchers to go towards robust and reproducible results. Researchers also prove to be creative for original issues and approaches.
Advancing Artificial Intelligence in Sensors, Signals, and Imaging Informatics
Authors: Hsu William , Baumgartner Christian , Deserno Thomas ,   Section Editors for the IMIA Yearbook Section on Sensors, Signals, and Imaging Informatics
Published: August 2019

Objective: To identify research works that exemplify recent developments in the field of sensors, signals, and imaging informatics.

Method: A broad literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science, supplemented with individual papers that were nominated by section editors. A predefined query made from a combination of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and keywords were used to search both sources. Section editors then filtered the entire set of retrieved papers with each paper having been reviewed by two section editors. Papers were assessed on a three-point Likert scale by two section editors, rated from 0 (do not include) to 2 (should be included). Only papers with a combined score of 2 or above were considered.

Results: A search for papers was executed at the start of January 2019, resulting in a combined set of 1,459 records published in 2018 in 119 unique journals. Section editors jointly filtered the list of candidates down to 14 nominations. The 14 candidate best papers were then ranked by a group of eight external reviewers. Four papers, representing different international groups and journals, were selected as the best papers by consensus of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook editorial board.

Conclusions: The fields of sensors, signals, and imaging informatics have rapidly evolved with the application of novel artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques. Studies have been able to discover hidden patterns and integrate different types of data towards improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. However, the quality of papers varied widely without clear reporting standards for these types of models. Nevertheless, a number of papers have demonstrated useful techniques to improve the generalizability, interpretability, and reproducibility of increasingly sophisticated models.
Utility of Regional Anesthesia in Extremity Reconstruction
Authors: Weisberger Joseph S. , Oleck Nicholas C. , Ayyala Haripriya S. , Dalena Margaret M. , Lee Edward S.
Published: August 2019

Background Regional anesthesia (RA) may help to circumvent the well-documented risks associated with general anesthesia, increase patient comfort and satisfaction, and mitigate costs. This study aims to investigate the utility of RA in extremity reconstruction.

Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all cases of extremity reconstruction including muscle, myocutaneous, or fasciocutaneous flaps from 2005 to 2016. Two groups were created based on anesthesia technique, regional/epidural and general. Postoperative complications included reoperation, readmission, and wound complications. Propensity score matching was utilized to control for variation in sample size, significant comorbidities, and demographics in the analysis of complications.

Results A total of 2,874 cases were identified with general anesthesia utilized in 2,820 cases and RA in the remaining 54. After propensity score matching, 53 cases were identified in each group. In both unmatched and matched cohorts, there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of reoperation, readmission, or wound complication rates. In the matched cohort, mean operative time in the RA cohort was significantly shorter, 157.64 (±112.36) minutes compared with 293.06 minutes (±201.35 minutes) in the general anesthesia group (p < 0.001). While no statistically significant difference was detected in mean length of stay (LOS) between the two groups, the RA group experienced a clinically significant shorter LOS of 5.77 days (±5.87 days) compared with 7.02 (±5.61) days in the general anesthesia group (p = 0.269).

Conclusion RA may be a safe, reasonable alternative to general anesthesia in extremity reconstruction without increase in postoperative complications. Additionally, RA use is associated with a significant reduction in operative time, potentially leading to shorter and safer procedures without compromising outcomes.
Free particle and isotropic harmonic oscillator on a spheroidal surface: The Higgs-like approach
Authors: Mahdifar A. , Amooghorban E.
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of both a free particle and an isotropic harmonic oscillator constrained to move on a spheroidal surface using two consecutive projections: a projection onto a sphere surface followed by the gnomonic projection onto a tangent plane to the spheroid. We obtain the Hamiltonian of the aforementioned systems in terms of the Cartesian coordinates of the tangent plane and then quantize it in the standard way. It is shown that the effect of nonsphericity of the surface can be treated as the appearance of an effective potential. By using the perturbation theory up to the first order in the second eccentricity of the spheroid, we approximately calculate the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the free particle as well as the isotropic harmonic oscillator on the spheroidal surface. We find that the deviation from the sphericity plays an important role in splitting the energy levels of the isotropic oscillator on a sphere and lifting the degeneracy.
Transition from ion-coupled to electron-only reconnection: Basic physics and implications for plasma turbulence
Authors: Sharma Pyakurel P. , Shay M. A. , Phan T. D. , Matthaeus W. H. , Drake J. F. , TenBarge J. M. , Haggerty C. C. , Klein K. G. , Cassak P. A. , Parashar T. N. , Swisdak M. , Chasapis A.
Published: August 2019

Using 2.5 dimensional kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we simulate reconnection conditions appropriate for the magnetosheath and solar wind, i.e., plasma beta (ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure) greater than 1 and low magnetic shear (strong guide field). Changing the simulation domain size, we find that the ion response varies greatly. For reconnecting regions with scales comparable to the ion inertial length, the ions do not respond to the reconnection dynamics leading to “electron-only” reconnection with very large quasisteady reconnection rates. Note that in these simulations, the ion Larmor radius is comparable to the ion inertial length. The transition to a more traditional “ion-coupled” reconnection is gradual as the reconnection domain size increases, with the ions becoming frozen-in in the exhaust when the magnetic island width in the normal direction reaches many ion inertial lengths. During this transition, the quasisteady reconnection rate decreases until the ions are fully coupled, ultimately reaching an asymptotic value. The scaling of the ion outflow velocity with the exhaust width during this electron-only to ion-coupled transition is found to be consistent with a theoretical model of a newly reconnected field line. In order to have a fully frozen-in ion exhaust with ion flows comparable to the reconnection Alfvén speed, an exhaust width of at least several ion inertial lengths is needed. In turbulent systems with reconnection occurring between magnetic bubbles associated with fluctuations, using geometric arguments, we estimate that fully ion-coupled reconnection requires magnetic bubble length scales of at least several tens of ion inertial lengths.
Axial conduction and dissipation in oscillatory laminar pipe flow at low and high frequencies
Authors: Brereton G. J. , Jalil S. M.
Published: August 2019

The problem of fully developed laminar fluid flow in pipes, driven by an oscillatory pressure gradient, can be solved exactly for the time-dependent velocity field and related quantities such as flow rate and tidal displacement. When dissipation is neglected and the momentary axial variation of temperature is assumed to be linear, the corresponding thermal energy equation describing heat transfer along a pipe connecting two reservoirs at different temperatures can also be solved to yield exact solutions for the time-dependent temperature field, axial heat flux, and effective axial conductivity. In this paper, it is shown that these exact solutions for the unsteady temperature field are invalid at low Womersley numbers because the momentary axial variation of temperature is not linear. When the thermal energy equation is written in quasisteady form, approximate quasisteady analytical solutions can be found for the temperature field, which yield effective axial conductivities several orders of magnitude greater than those given by the low-Womersley-number, unsteady-flow solution. It is also shown that the conditions under which effects of dissipation on axial heat transfer become significant, at high Womersley numbers, can be determined by a simple criterion. When dissipation is significant, exact solutions for the unsteady temperature field are invalid at high Womersley numbers because the momentary axial variation of temperature is also nonlinear.
Particle acceleration and fast magnetic reconnection
Authors: Boozer Allen H.
Published: August 2019

Mathematics demonstrates that the exponential separation of neighboring magnetic field lines, which naturally increases during an ideal evolution in three dimensions, leads to an exponentially increasing connection-breaking nonideal magnetic field. On a time scale that depends only logarithmically on the magnitude of the nonideal terms, a fast magnetic reconnection will generally occur, which has a rate determined by Alfvénic, not resistive, physics. The traditional assumption that the reconnecting flux must be dissipated by an electric field is false. In three dimensions, an ideal evolution can spatially mix the magnetic flux. Flux mixing conserves magnetic helicity, which limits the energy that can be transferred from the magnetic field to the plasma. The magnetic evolution is quasi-ideal during a fast magnetic reconnection, and the energy loss is given by the dot product of the magnetic field line velocity u→⊥ with the j→×B→ Lorentz force. Energy loss occurs through Alfvén waves and two other effects, which are also present in an ideal evolution. One is an effective parallel electric field E||, which can accelerate particles despite the particle acceleration due to the true parallel electric field E|| being negligible, and a coefficient νK, which gives a rate for exponentiation of the kinetic energy of particle motion along the magnetic field.
Computing long time scale biomolecular dynamics using quasi-stationary distribution kinetic Monte Carlo (QSD-KMC)
Authors: Agarwal Animesh , Hengartner Nicolas W. , Gnanakaran S. , Voter Arthur F.
Published: August 2019

It is a challenge to obtain an accurate model of the state-to-state dynamics of a complex biological system from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In recent years, Markov state models have gained immense popularity for computing state-to-state dynamics from a pool of short MD simulations. However, the assumption that the underlying dynamics on the reduced space is Markovian induces a systematic bias in the model, especially in biomolecular systems with complicated energy landscapes. To address this problem, we have devised a new approach we call quasistationary distribution kinetic Monte Carlo (QSD-KMC) that gives accurate long time state-to-state evolution while retaining the entire time resolution even when the dynamics is highly non-Markovian. The proposed method is a kinetic Monte Carlo approach that takes advantage of two concepts: (i) the quasistationary distribution, the distribution that results when a trajectory remains in one state for a long time (the dephasing time), such that the next escape is Markovian, and (ii) dynamical corrections theory, which properly accounts for the correlated events that occur as a trajectory passes from state to state before it settles again. In practice, this is achieved by specifying, for each escape, the intermediate states and the final state that has resulted from the escape. Implementation of QSD-KMC imposes stricter requirements on the lengths of the trajectories than in a Markov state model approach as the trajectories must be long enough to dephase. However, the QSD-KMC model produces state-to-state trajectories that are statistically indistinguishable from an MD trajectory mapped onto the discrete set of states for an arbitrary choice of state decomposition. Furthermore, the aforementioned concepts can be used to construct a Monte Carlo approach to optimize the state boundaries regardless of the initial choice of states. We demonstrate the QSD-KMC method on two one-dimensional model systems, one of which is a driven nonequilibrium system, and on two well-characterized biomolecular systems.