bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Benefits from Nature Experiences Depend on Dose
Authors: Shanahan Danielle F. , Bush Robert , Gaston Kevin J. , Lin Brenda B. , Dean Julie , Barber Elizabeth , Fuller Richard A.
Published: June 2016

Nature within cities will have a central role in helping address key global public health challenges associated with urbanization. However, there is almost no guidance on how much or how frequently people need to engage with nature, and what types or characteristics of nature need to be incorporated in cities for the best health outcomes. Here we use a nature dose framework to examine the associations between the duration, frequency and intensity of exposure to nature and health in an urban population. We show that people who made long visits to green spaces had lower rates of depression and high blood pressure, and those who visited more frequently had greater social cohesion. Higher levels of physical activity were linked to both duration and frequency of green space visits. A dose-response analysis for depression and high blood pressure suggest that visits to outdoor green spaces of 30 minutes or more during the course of a week could reduce the population prevalence of these illnesses by up to 7% and 9% respectively. Given that the societal costs of depression alone in Australia are estimated at AUD$12.6 billion per annum, savings to public health budgets across all health outcomes could be immense.
Association between retinal hemorrhagic pattern and macular perfusion status in eyes with acute branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Muraoka Yuki , Uji Akihito , Tsujikawa Akitaka , Murakami Tomoaki , Ooto Sotaro , Suzuma Kiyoshi , Takahashi Ayako , Iida Yuto , Miwa Yuko , Hata Masayuki , Yoshimura Nagahisa
Published: June 2016

This prospective study included 63 eyes with acute branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) to evaluate the retinal hemorrhagic patterns at the posterior poles and explore their clinical relevance in macular perfusion differentiation. Retinal hemorrhagic patterns and macular perfusion status were evaluated via fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, respectively. Macular perfusion was judged as nonischemic in 30, ischemic in 28 and undeterminable in 5 among the 63 eyes. Predominant hemorrhagic patterns were flame-shaped in 39 (67.2%) and non-flame-shaped in 19 (32.8%) eyes. All 39 eyes with a flame-shaped hemorrhage showed a nonischemic macula. Of the 19 eyes classified as having a non-flame-shaped hemorrhage, 13 (68.4%) had an ischemic macula and 6 (31.6%) had a nonischemic macula (P < 0.001). Parallelism in eyes with a flame-shaped hemorrhage was higher than in those with a non-flame-shaped hemorrhage (P < 0.001) and in those with a nonischemic macula versus those with an ischemic macula (P < 0.001). The area under the curve for parallelism was 0.975 (P < 0.001), suggesting an accurate diagnostic parameter for macular perfusion differentiation. In conclusion, we objectively evaluated retinal hemorrhagic patterns at the posterior pole in BRVO using the parallelism method, which was useful in differentiating macular perfusion status.
The association between laminin and microglial morphology in vitro
Authors: Tam Wing Yip , Au Ngan Pan Bennett , Ma Chi Him Eddie
Published: June 2016

Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to primary innate immune responses. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. The majority of microglial studies have focused on the ramified or amoeboid morphology; however, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia have recently received much attention. Bipolar/rod-shaped microglia form trains with end-to-end alignment in injured brains and retinae, which is proposed as an important mechanism in CNS repair. We previously established a cell culture model system to enrich bipolar/rod-shaped microglia simply by growing primary microglia on scratched poly-D-lysine (PDL)/laminin-coated surfaces. Here, we investigated the role of laminin in morphological changes of microglia. Bipolar/rod-shaped microglia trains were transiently formed on scratched surfaces without PDL/laminin coating, but the microglia alignment disappeared after 3 days in culture. Amoeboid microglia digested the surrounding laminin, and the gene and protein expression of laminin-cleaving genes Adam9 and Ctss was up-regulated. Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transformation from bipolar/rod-shaped into amoeboid microglia increased the expression of Adam9 and Ctss, and the expression of these genes in LPS-treated amoeboid-enriched cultures remained unchanged. These results indicate a strong association between laminin and morphological transformation of microglia, shedding new light on the role of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia in CNS repair.
A solvent-free microbial-activated air cathode battery paper platform made with pencil-traced graphite electrodes
Authors: Lee Seung Ho , Ban Ju Yeon , Oh Chung-Hun , Park Hun-Kuk , Choi Samjin
Published: June 2016

We present the fabrication of an ultra-low cost, disposable, solvent-free air cathode all-paper microbial fuel cell (MFC) that does not utilize any chemical treatments. The anode and cathode were fabricated by depositing graphite particles by drawing them on paper with a pencil (four strokes). Hydrophobic parchment paper was used as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to allow only H+to pass. Air cathode MFC technology, where O2was used as an electron acceptor, was implemented on the paper platform. The bioelectric current was generated by an electrochemical process involving the redox couple of microbial-activated extracellular electron transferred electrons, PEM-passed H+, and O2in the cathode. A fully micro-integrated pencil-traced MFC showed a fast start-time, producing current within 10 s after injection of bacterial cells. A single miniaturized all-paper air cathode MFC generated a maximum potential of 300 mV and a maximum current of 11 μA during 100 min after a single injection ofShewanella oneidensis. The micro-fabricated solvent-free air cathode all-paper MFC generated a power of 2,270 nW (5.68 mW/m2). The proposed solvent-free air cathode paper-based MFC device could be used for environmentally-friendly energy storage as well as in single-use medical power supplies that use organic matter.
Metformin and gefitinib cooperate to inhibit bladder cancer growth via both AMPK and EGFR pathways joining at Akt and Erk
Authors: Peng Mei , Huang Yanjun , Tao Ting , Peng Cai-Yun , Su Qiongli , Xu Wanjun , Darko Kwame Oteng , Tao Xiaojun , Yang Xiaoping
Published: June 2016

EGFR is a potential therapeutic target for treating bladder cancer, but has not been approved for clinical use yet. Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug and has demonstrated interesting anticancer effects on various cancer models, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. The efficacy of gefitinib, a well-known EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with metformin was assessed on bladder cancer and underlying mechanisms were explored. This drug combination induced a strong anti-proliferative and anti-colony forming effect and apoptosis in bladder cancer cell lines. Gefitinib suppressed EGFR signaling and inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. Metformin amplified this inhibitory effect and enhanced gefitinib-induced activation of AMPK signaling pathway. In vivo intravesical treatment of metformin and gefitinib on syngeneic orthotopic mice confirmed the significant inhibitory effect on bladder tumor growth. These two drugs may be an excellent combination for the treatment of bladder cancer through intravesical instillation.
Quantitative analysis of vitamin K1in fruits and vegetables by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS
Authors: Huang Baifen , Wang Zhu , Yao Jianhua , Ke Xing , Xu Jiaojiao , Pan Xiao-Dong , Xu Xiaomin , Lu Meiling , Ren Yiping
Published: June 2016

A method has been developed for quantitative analysis of vitamin K1in vegetables and fruits by LC-MS/MS.
Mixing of exciton and charge-transfer states in light-harvesting complex Lhca4
Authors: Novoderezhkin Vladimir I. , Croce Roberta , Wahadoszamen Md. , Polukhina Iryna , Romero Elisabet , van Grondelle Rienk
Published: June 2016

Structure-based modeling of spectra of the wild-type Lhca4 and NH mutant enables us to build the exciton model of the complex that includes a charge-transfer state mixed with the excited-state manifold.
Synthesis and reactions of a zirconium naphthalene complex bearing a tetraanionic C-capped triaryloxide ligand
Authors: Nakanishi Yusuke , Ishida Yutaka , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2016

A zirconium naphthalene complex containing a C-capped triaryloxide ligand, which can act as a Zr(ii) synthon, was synthesized and fully characterized.
Push–pull flexibly-bridged bis(haloBODIPYs): solvent and spacer switchable red emission
Authors: Ray César , Bañuelos Jorge , Arbeloa Teresa , Maroto Beatriz L. , Moreno Florencio , Agarrabeitia Antonia R. , Ortiz María J. , López-Arbeloa Iñigo , de la Moya Santiago
Published: June 2016

Uncommon flexibly-bridged bis(BODIPYs) displaying switchable red emission are described.
Combined effects of metal contamination and abiotic parameters on biomarker responses in clam Ruditapes decussatus gills: an integrated approach in biomonitoring of Tunis lagoon
Authors: Chalghmi Houssem , Zrafi Ines , Gourves Pierre-Yves , Bourdineaud Jean-Paul , Saidane-Mosbahi Dalila
Published: June 2016

Assessment of the spatio-temporal metal contamination in Tunis lagoon (Tunisia) using an integrated approach and identification of the combined effects of metal contamination and abiotic parameters on the clams.
Solvothermal synthesis of CuO–MgO nanocomposite particles and their catalytic applications
Authors: Alla S. K. , Verma A. D. , Kumar Vinod , Mandal R. K. , Sinha I. , Prasad N. K.
Published: June 2016

CuO–MgO nanocomposites were prepared by a solvothermal procedure.
Design, synthesis and characterization of new 1,2,3-triazolyl pyrazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents via a Vilsmeier–Haack reaction approach
Authors: Bhat Manjunatha , G. K. Nagaraja , Kayarmar Reshma , S. K. Peethamber , R Mohammed Shafeeulla
Published: June 2016

A new series of 1,2,3-triazolyl pyrazole derivatives were synthesisedviaa Vilsmeier–Haack reaction approach and screened for theirin vitroanti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activities.
N-Methylacetamide as an electrolyte component for suppressing co-intercalation of propylene carbonate in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Lu Qiujian , Ding Yuanlei , Qu Qunting , Gao Tian , Zhang Xianlin , Shen Ming , Zheng Honghe
Published: June 2016

N-Methylacetamide as an electrolyte component can suppress co-intercalation of propylene carbonate through competitive solvation and film-formation in Li-ion batteries.
Nickel-oxide multiwall carbon-nanotube/reduced graphene oxide a ternary composite for enzyme-free glucose sensing
Authors: Prasad R. , Ganesh V. , Bhat B. R.
Published: June 2016

We report a solvent-free method of preparation for a NiO–carbon nanotube/graphene ternary composite using nickel formate as a green precursor via a thermal decomposition method.
Surface defect engineering: gigantic enhancement in the optical and gas detection ability of metal oxide sensor
Authors: Wang Wen-Chieh , Lai Chun-Yen , Lin Yu-Ting , Yua Tzu-Hsuan , Chen Zong-Yi , Wu Wen-Wei , Yeh Ping-Hung
Published: June 2016

By using surface defect engineering, the gigantic enhancement in UV and gas detection abilities of nanosensors can be achieved.
Production of propionic acid via hydrodeoxygenation of lactic acid over FexOy catalysts
Authors: Li Xinli , Zhai Zhanjie , Tang Congming , Sun Liangwei , Zhang Yu , Bai Wei
Published: June 2016

Efficient synthesis of propionic acid from lactic acid using FeyOx catalyst via hydrodeoxygenation has been achieved.
Surface selective binding of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD) on silver and gold nanoparticles: a Raman and DFT study
Authors: Maiti Nandita , Chadha Ridhima , Das Abhishek , Kapoor Sudhir
Published: June 2016

SERS and DFT studies indicated preferential binding of DMTD towards Ag and Au nanoparticles through ring N and thiocarbonyl S atoms.
A versatile and economical method for the release of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli by 1-propanol cell disruption
Authors: Lo Sewn Cen , Ramanan Ramakrishnan Nagasundara , Tey Beng Ti , Tan Weng Siang , Show Pau Loke , Ling Tau Chuan , Ooi Chien Wei
Published: June 2016

Release of enhanced green fluorescent protein from Escherichia coli by 1-propanol cell disruption.
Morphological dependence on the addition of a soft middle block segment to rigid POSS-containing triblock copolymers for forming cylindrical nanostructures
Authors: Kato Fuminobu , Chandra Alvin , Horiuchi Shin , Hayakawa Teruaki
Published: June 2016

A series of novel polyhedral oligomelic silsesquioxane (POSS)-containing triblock copolymers that self-assemble into hexagonally-packed cylinders of the POSS domain in a polystyrene (PS) matrix was developed in this study.
Catecholase and phenoxazinone synthase activities of a ferromagnetically coupled tetranuclear Cu(ii) complex
Authors: Mitra Merry , Kundu Tanay , Kaur Gurpreet , Sharma Gyaneswar , Choudhury Angshuman Roy , Singh Yogesh , Ghosh Rajarshi
Published: June 2016

A crystallographically characterized tetranuclear Cu(ii) complex [CuII4(L)4] (1) [H2L = N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxysalicylaldimine] is found to show overall ferromagnetic exchange coupling.
A comparative evaluation and optimization of performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with n-propanol/diesel, n-butanol/diesel and n-pentanol/diesel blends using response surface methodology
Authors: Rajesh Kumar B. , Muthukkumar T. , Krishnamoorthy V. , Saravanan S.
Published: June 2016

A comparative evaluation of emissions and performance of a diesel engine fueled with three high carbon bio-alcohol/diesel blends was carried out using a statistical approach.
Inhibition effects of Maillard reaction products derived from l-cysteine and glucose on enzymatic browning catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase and characterization of active compounds by partial least squares regression analysis
Authors: Xu Haining , Zhang Xiaoming , Karangwa Eric
Published: June 2016

Inhibition of tyrosinase activity by Maillard reaction products derived from cysteine and glucose (Cys-MRPs) was studied.
Neutral iodotriazoles as scaffolds for stable halogen-bonded assemblies in solution
Authors: Maugeri Leonardo , Asencio-Hernández Julia , Lébl Tomáš , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Delsuc Marc-André , Philp Douglas
Published: June 2016

Computational and experimental data are used to demonstrate that the halogen bond (XB) donor properties of neutral 1,4-diaryl-5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles are competitive with the classic pentafluoroiodobenzene XB donor.
Self-assembly of repulsive interfacial particles via collective sinking
Authors: Lee Duck-Gyu , Cicuta Pietro , Vella Dominic
Published: June 2016

We consider how interactions between many floating, electrically charged particles modify the interaction energy: interfacial deformations due to many particles are larger than those of an isolated particle. This leads to a larger binding energy than would be expected based on the pair-wise interaction potential.
Two-dimensional Nafion nanoweb anion-shield for improved electrochemical performances of lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Kim Joo Hyun , Choi Junghyun , Seo Jihoon , Kwon Jiseok , Paik Ungyu
Published: June 2016

We first demonstrate a facile and effective strategy to directly deposit a Nafion nanoweb onto a sulfur cathode to address the challenges underlying in Li–S batteries.
Ultrasmall nanoparticles and pseudo-single atoms of platinum supported on fibrous nanosilica (KCC-1/Pt): engineering selectivity of hydrogenation reactions
Authors: Dhiman Mahak , Polshettiwar Vivek
Published: June 2016

Fibrous nanosilica supported ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles were prepared as novel nanocatalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Catalysts with sub-nanometer Pt or pseudo-single atoms of Pt had excellent selectivity, which decreased drastically with an increase in particle size.
Facile synthesis of porous Ni2CO3(OH)2/functionalized graphene composites with enhanced supercapacitive performance
Authors: Tian Hua , Wang Lin , Jiang Yang , Zhang Lin , Li Yan , Hou Li , Wu Cunqi , Gao Faming
Published: June 2016

Functionalized graphene has great potential to significantly increase the surface area and decrease the pore length in its hybrid composites, beneficial to enhance the electrochemical activity of Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 for supercapacitors.
Coordination-bond-driven fabrication of crack-free photonic crystals
Authors: Shi X. D. , Liu W. Y. , Zhao D. , Li X. T. , Dou R. M. , Shea K. J. , Lu X. H.
Published: June 2016

Centimeter-scale crack-free opal PC films are prepared in which the latex spheres are bound together through coordination bonds.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzofurans and Annulated Dihydropyrans via Cooperative One-Pot Organo- and Silver-Catalysis
Authors: Kaya Uğur , Chauhan Pankaj , Deckers Kristina , Puttreddy Rakesh , Rissanen Kari , Raabe Gerhard , Enders Dieter
Published: June 2016

A low catalyst loading of a squaramide (0.5 mol%) and a silver(I) salt (1 mol%) efficiently catalyzes a one-pot asymmetric Michael addition/hydroalkoxylation reaction between 1,3-diketones and alkyne-tethered nitroalkenes. Depending on the 1,3-dicarbonyl substrate this cooperative catalytic approach opens access to tetrahydrobenzofurans or annulated dihydropyrans in moderate to excellent yields and very good to excellent enantioselectivities.
Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome in Lateral Orbital Wall Fracture: Management and Classification Update
Authors: Caldarelli Claudio , Benech Rodolfo , Iaquinta Caterina
Published: June 2016

The superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is an uncommon complication rarely occurring in association with craniofacial trauma. Work-up of a patient injured by a traumatic right orbitozygomatic complex fracture and SOFS is presented. Accurate computed tomography scan and three-dimensional reconstruction showed a medial displacement of the lateral orbital wall, compressing the right superior orbital fissure (SOF), without intraorbital bone fragment displacement or hemorrhage. Imaging also revealed a frontosphenotemporal fracture, according to Pellerin et al, that is, frequently associated with visual impairment. Our primary choice of therapy was a corticosteroid treatment in association with an early surgical approach. It consisted in en bloc reduction and osteosynthesis of the fracture through a bicoronal approach, recovering SOF size. A prompt and almost complete recovery of the abducens movement, without diplopia, was achieved in 1 week. The authors discuss indications and management of SOFS. The presence of fractures should urgently lead to surgery. We deny waiting for a medical treatment result, while preferring the prompt reduction of the fractures and extrication of the soft tissues. The main focus of this study is on patient's anatomical feature and fracture patterns.
Orbital Osteoblastoma: Technical Innovations in Resection and Reconstruction Using Virtual Surgery Simulation
Authors: Novelli Giorgio , Gramegna Marco , Tonellini Gabriele , Valente Gabriella , Boni Pietro , Bozzetti Alberto , Sozzi Davide
Published: June 2016

Osteoblastoma is a benign tumor of bone, representing less than 1% of bone tumors. Craniomaxillofacial localizations account for up to 15% of the total and frequently involve the posterior mandible. Endo-orbital localization is very rare, with most occurring in young patients. Very few of these tumors become malignant. Orbital localization requires radical removal of the tumor followed by careful surgical reconstruction of the orbit to avoid subsequent aesthetic or functional problems. Here, we present a clinical case of this condition and describe a surgical protocol that uses and integrates state-of-the art technologies to achieve orbital reconstruction.
Self-compatibility and specialisation in a fly-pollinated Acianthera (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidiinae)
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Pansarin L. M. , Martucci M. E. P. , Gobbo-Neto L.
Published: June 2016

Diptera is one of the most widespread order of pollinators within Angiosperms and the more important pollinator group of the orchid subtribe Pleurothallidinae. Acianthera aphthosa (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase was studied in a Brazilian nature reserve, covering aspects of phenology, floral morpho-anatomy, flower histochemistry, pollinators, pollination mechanisms and reproductive system. A. aphthosa possess multicellular papillae on the inner surface of the sepals, which release a fetid dung-like fragrance. The fragrance is released by apical stomata, and attracts several fly species of the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Ulidiidae. However, only one species of Acrosticta (Ulidiidae) was shown to be an effective pollinator. The upper surface of the labellum possesses a secretory tissue that apparently is related to nectar production, although the secretion is retained under the cuticle. As is common in fly-pollinated orchids, the Diptera are trapped by the flower. However, contrary to what is reported for other myophilous orchids, the pollinators of A. aphthosa are not frightened after leaving the flower and commonly visit further flowers on the same plant and inflorescence. In this case, the retention of the anther cap by the pollinarium, tend to reduce the geitonogamous self-pollination. A. aphthosa is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. To the best of our knowledge this is the first record of complete self-compatibility in Acianthera. The low amount of seeds without embryos in self-pollinated flowers, in contrast to cross-pollinations, seems to be a consequence of inbreeding depression.
Stress tolerance mechanisms in Juncus: responses to salinity and drought in three Juncus species adapted to different natural environments
Authors: Al Hassan Mohamad , López-Gresa María del Pilar , Boscaiu Monica , Vicente Oscar
Published: June 2016

Comparative studies on the responses to salinity and drought were carried out in three Juncus species, two halophytes (Juncus maritimus Lam. and Juncus acutus L.) and one more salt-sensitive (Juncus articulatus L.). Salt tolerance in Juncus depends on the inhibition of transport of toxic ions to the aerial part. In the three taxa studied Na+ and Cl– accumulated to the same extent in the roots of salt treated plants; however, ion contents were lower in the shoots and correlated with the relative salt sensitivity of the species, with the lowest levels measured in the halophytes. Activation of K+ transport at high salt concentration could also contribute to salt tolerance in the halophytes. Maintenance of cellular osmotic balance is mostly based on the accumulation of sucrose in the three species. Yet, neither the relative salt-induced increase in sugar content nor the absolute concentrations reached can explain the observed differences in salt tolerance. In contrast, proline increased significantly in the presence of salt only in the salt-tolerant J. maritimus and J. acutus, but not in J. articulatus. Similar patterns of osmolyte accumulation were observed in response to water stress, supporting a functional role of proline in stress tolerance mechanisms in Juncus.
Exclusion of
Dlx5/6
expression from the distal-most mandibular arches enables BMP-mediated specification of the distal cap
Authors: Vincentz Joshua W. , Casasnovas Jose J. , Barnes Ralston M. , Que Jianwen , Clouthier David E. , Wang Jun , Firulli Anthony B.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Within the developing mandible, proper specification and positioning of bone, tongue, and teeth are controlled by secreted morphogens. Among these morphogenetic cues, endothelin 1 (EDN1) and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) divide the nascent mandible into subdomains along a proximo-distal axis. The transcriptional mechanisms by which mandibular progenitor cells interpret morphogenetic signals to establish these subdomains are poorly understood. Here, we characterize a
Hand1
enhancer that drives gene expression specifically within the distal-most of these subdomains, the distal cap. Our findings show that Bmp-dependent transcription factors provide positive transcriptional inputs that serve to counteract the repressive activity of EDN1-dependent transcription factors within the distal cap, thus integrating the communication between BMP and EDN1 signaling that patterns the mandible.
Two distinct redox cascades cooperatively regulate chloroplast functions and sustain plant viability
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Hisabori Toru
Published: June 2016

Significance

A fundamental challenge for the plant life cycle is how to manage fluctuating light conditions. The thiol-based redox regulation in chloroplasts is a significant system for controlling chloroplast functions in response to light signals. Although chloroplasts likely possess a complex redox network supported by multiple redox-mediator proteins and target enzymes, the whole organization and biological significance have not been fully resolved. We performed biochemical and reverse-genetic studies and concluded that (i) two major redox systems via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin and NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C pathways differentially but cooperatively drive chloroplast redox regulation and (ii) their concerted action is critical for plant autotrophic growth. The regulatory circuits presented in this work contribute to the understanding of how plants survive in continuously changing environments.
LHCSR1 induces a fast and reversible pH-dependent fluorescence quenching in LHCII in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
cells
Authors: Dinc Emine , Tian Lijin , Roy Laura M. , Roth Robyn , Goodenough Ursula , Croce Roberta
Published: June 2016

Significance

Too much light can be dangerous for photosynthetic organisms because the simultaneous presence of excitation energy and molecular oxygen, as it occurs in the photosynthetic membranes, may lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species and induce photodamage. To avoid these effects, photosynthetic organisms dissipate a large part of the absorbed energy as heat in a process known as nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). This process is very complex, and the molecular understanding of its mechanisms in vivo represents a challenge. Here we have developed a “minimal NPQ cell” of the green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
. Using these cells, we could check a series of suggestions coming from in vitro studies and obtain new insights on the mechanism of NPQ in this alga.
Ablation of Liver X receptors α and β leads to spontaneous peripheral squamous cell lung cancer in mice
Authors: Dai Yu-bing , Miao Yi-fei , Wu Wan-fu , Li Yu , D'Errico Francesca , Su Wen , Burns Alan R. , Huang Bo , Maneix Laure , Warner Margaret , Gustafsson Jan-Åke
Published: June 2016

Significance

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) is classified as central or peripheral, according to the location of the primary tumor. Peripheral SCCa (PSCCa) is becoming as common as central SCCa, but the reasons for this increase are unclear. Smoking and chronic lung inflammation are recognized as risk factors for lung cancer.
LXR
α,β

Dko

mice accumulate lipid in their lungs and develop M1-macrophage-predominant chronic lung inflammation and eventually lesions resembling PSCCa. This mouse model may provide a tool to study the etiology and progression of lung PSCCa and suggests a need for examination of LXR signaling in human PSCCa.
Shallow Tidal Freshwater Habitats of the Columbia River: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Fish Communities and Density, Size, and Genetic Stock Composition of Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Sather Nichole K. , Johnson Gary E. , Teel David J. , Storch Adam J. , Skalski John R. , Cullinan Valerie I.
Published: June 2016

We investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the fish community and the density, size, and genetic stock composition of juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in shallow tidal freshwater habitats of the Columbia River. We sought to address data gaps related to juvenile Chinook Salmon in this portion of the Columbia River and thereby inform habitat restoration efforts. We examined fish communities, juvenile salmon life history characteristics, and relationships between salmon density and habitat conditions by using beach seine data collected over a 63‐month period (2007−2012) from two tidal freshwater areas: the Sandy River delta (river kilometer [rkm] 188–202) and the lower river reach (rkm 110–141). We found few differences in the fish community across the two study areas. Fish community patterns were largely attributable to seasonal changes as opposed to spatial gradients and habitat types. Juvenile Chinook Salmon were the most common salmon species in our catches; this species was the only salmonid encountered during all four seasons. Chinook Salmon density differed among three distinct habitat strata (main channel, off‐channel, and wetland channel), but FL and genetic stock composition did not. Across all habitat strata, environmental covariates (mean percent tree cover, dissolved oxygen level, and mean percent emergent vegetation) were positively associated with juvenile Chinook Salmon density. Although comparisons of environmental metrics and salmon density helped to establish a quantitative relationship between biotic and abiotic conditions, we found that juvenile salmon occupied a range of habitats. Our findings support a strategy that involves restoring a diversity of shallow tidal freshwater habitats to facilitate the recovery of threatened and endangered salmon populations in the Columbia River basin.

Received August 28, 2015; accepted February 1, 2016 Published online June 21, 2016
Detecting Unusual Temporal Patterns in Fisheries Time Series Data
Authors: Wagner Tyler , Midway Stephen R. , Vidal Tiffany , Irwin Brian J. , Jackson James R.
Published: June 2016

Long‐term sampling of fisheries data is an important source of information for making inferences about the temporal dynamics of populations that support ecologically and economically important fisheries. For example, time series of catch‐per‐effort data are often examined for the presence of long‐term trends. However, it is also of interest to know whether certain sampled locations are exhibiting temporal patterns that deviate from the overall pattern exhibited across all sampled locations. Patterns at these “unusual” sites may be the result of site‐specific abiotic (e.g., habitat) or biotic (e.g., the presence of an invasive species) factors that cause these sites to respond differently to natural or anthropogenic drivers of population dynamics or to management actions. We present a Bayesian model selection approach that allows for detection of unique sites—locations that display temporal patterns with documentable inconsistencies relative to the overall global average temporal pattern. We applied this modeling approach to long‐term gill‐net data collected from a fixed‐site, standardized sampling program for Yellow Perch Perca flavescens in Oneida Lake, New York, but the approach is also relevant to shorter time series data. We used this approach to identify six sites with distinct temporal patterns that differed from the lakewide trend, and we describe the magnitude of the difference between these patterns and the lakewide average trend. Detection of unique sites may be informative for management decisions related to prioritizing rehabilitation or restoration efforts, stocking, or determining fishable areas and for further understanding changes in ecosystem dynamics.

Received October 13, 2015; accepted February 1, 2016Published online June 22, 2016
Klamath River Thermal Refuge Provides Juvenile Salmon Reduced Exposure to the Parasite Ceratonova shasta
Authors: Chiaramonte Luciano V. , Ray R. Adam , Corum R. Alex , Soto Toz , Hallett Sascha L. , Bartholomew Jerri L.
Published: June 2016

Salmon in the Klamath River of northern California contend with water temperatures that reach stressful and sometimes lethal levels during summer, forcing them to seek thermal refuge at coolwater tributary junctions. During migration, these fish also encounter a range of pathogens that affect their survival. A significant myxozoan parasite, Ceratonova shasta, causes enteronecrosis in salmon, and this disease increases in severity as temperature and parasite dose increase. In complementary laboratory and field studies, we examined how the use of a thermal refuge (an area at least 2°C colder than the main stem) affects progression of enteronecrosis in juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon O. kisutch. We compared fish use, water temperature, and C. shasta concentration in a refuge at the Beaver Creek–Klamath River confluence during the summer in 2008 and 2010. Salmonid numbers ranged from 190 to 2,125, and temperatures were 2–8°C cooler than in the main stem. In June and July of 2008, parasite levels in the refuge were lower than in the main stem, where they exceeded 100 spores/L. In 2010, main‐stem parasite levels did not exceed 10 spores/L, and levels in the refuge were lower in June. In the laboratory, we compared the effect of fluctuating and constant temperature treatments on mortality rates of Chinook Salmon and Coho Salmon exposed to C. shasta. Under most experimental conditions, fluctuating temperature, within the range experienced by fish using thermal refuges (15.5–21°C), had no significant effect on disease progression compared with a constant midrange temperature (18.5°C) with equivalent degree‐day accumulation. We propose that in the Klamath River thermal refuges can function as disease refuges from enteronecrosis by (1) providing areas of decreased C. shasta exposure and/or (2) alleviating disease effects as a result of relatively lower water temperatures. The trend of increasing water temperatures suggests that juvenile salmon will rely even more on these critical habitats in the future.

Received October 9, 2015; accepted February 25, 2016 Published online June 22, 2016
Learning about a Moving Target in Resource Management: Optimal Bayesian Disease Control
Authors: MacLachlan Matthew J. , Springborn Michael R. , Fackler Paul L.
Published: June 2016

Resource managers must often make difficult choices in the face of imperfectly observed and dynamically changing systems (e.g., livestock, fisheries, water, and invasive species). A rich set of techniques exists for identifying optimal choices when that uncertainty is assumed to be understood and irreducible. Standard optimization approaches, however, cannot address situations in which reducible uncertainty applies to either system behavior or environmental states. The adaptive management literature overcomes this limitation with tools for optimal learning, but has been limited to highly simplified models with state and action spaces that are discrete and small. We overcome this problem by using a recently developed extension of the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) framework to allow for learning about a continuous state. We illustrate this methodology by exploring optimal control of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand cattle. Disease testing—the control variable—serves to identify herds for treatment and provides information on prevalence, which is both imperfectly observed and subject to change due to controllable and uncontrollable factors. We find substantial efficiency losses from both ignoring learning (standard stochastic optimization) and from simplifying system dynamics (to facilitate a typical, simple learning model), though the latter effect dominates in our setting. We also find that under an adaptive management approach, simplifying dynamics can lead to a belief trap in which information gathering ceases, beliefs become increasingly inaccurate, and losses abound.
Economics of Controlling Invasive Species: A Stochastic Optimization Model for a Spatial‐dynamic Process
Authors: Chalak Morteza , Polyakov Maksym , Pannell David J.
Published: June 2016

We analyze the dynamic process of invasive‐species control in a spatially explicit and stochastic setting. An integer optimization model is applied to identify optimal strategies to deal with invasive species at a steady state. Optimal strategies depend on the spatial location of invasion as well as on stochastic characteristics of spread and control. Previous studies of invasive‐species control have been stochastic or spatial, but not both. We model a landscape as consisting of multiple cells, each of which may be subject to border control or eradication within the cell. Optimal strategies from the model are characterized as eradication, containment, or abandonment of control. Representing the rate of species spread as stochastic rather than deterministic results in less‐intensive control becoming optimal at equilibrium. The optimal strategy may switch from eradication to containment or from containment to abandonment. If an infestation occurs at the boundary of the region within which it may spread, it is more likely to be optimal to eradicate or contain the species, compared to an infestation in the interior of the region. If the effectiveness of border control is stochastic, then containment is not feasible in the long term, but it is still optimal as a temporary measure in some scenarios.
Introduction to Clinical Neurology
Authors: Gelb Douglas J
Published: June 2016

Newly updated to reflect recent discoveries, the fifth edition of Introduction to Clinical Neurology covers all the take home points beneficial to everyone who relies on this quick and handy guide. This book focuses on the "how" and "why" of clinical neurology. It includes extensive factual material about individual disease processes, but the emphasis is on information that is important for understanding why patients with neurologic conditions are managed the way they are. This book covers what clinicians need to know in order to assess and manage the patients they will encounter in general medical practice, including the application of a logical approach to diagnosis, neurologic examination and how to interpret the findings, and the management of specific disease categories and symptoms. A highly accessible and engaging text, this is the go-to in all things neurology.
Where’s the Lesion?
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

The key to neurologic diagnosis is localization. By identifying the site—or sites—of nervous system dysfunction, the clinician can refine the list of likely disease processes. This approach is not unique to neurology. The main reason neurologic localization is distinctive is that the nervous system has so many different functions, each one mediated by anatomic structures that overlap or abut structures responsible for many other functions. Moreover, most of the anatomic structures are inaccessible to direct examination. The nervous system is, in effect, a black box—we can observe what goes in (sensory input) and what comes out (a person’s movements, language output, and behaviors), but not what happens inside the box. Fortunately, we know enough about the structure and function of the nervous system that by observing the “output” that results from a known sensory “input,” we can typically deduce the site of nervous system dysfunction.
What’s the Lesion?
Authors: Albers James W. , Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Although lesion localization is fundamental to the process of generating a differential diagnosis, it is only the first step. Rather, the next step is to form a hypothesis about what type of disease process might be present. Some conditions can’t be diagnosed with imaging. Even when imaging is appropriate, the urgency and choice of imaging modality depend on what disease categories are under consideration. In this chapter, we present a systematic way to analyze the history and examination in order to generate a reasonable hypothesis about the broad category of pathophysiologic process underlying the patient’s problem.
Stroke
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

This chapter focuses on the primary causes and preventions of stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a localized area in the nervous system is deprived of glucose and oxygen because of inadequate cerebral blood flow. The severity of injury is a function of how much the blood flow has been reduced and for how long. In most cases, strokes can be diagnosed purely on the basis of the history and examination. After a stroke occurs, it will continue to manifest as a region of impeded diffusion (also referred to as “restricted diffusion”) on MRI for about two weeks, but MRI scans are unnecessary when the history and examination provide compelling evidence of a stroke and the mechanism of stroke is apparent. Some studies have shown that early rehabilitation allows stroke patients to recover more quickly and perhaps to a higher level of function. Stroke prevention will continue to be the cornerstone of stroke management. Primary prevention is directed toward the early recognition and treatment of risk factors that predispose to the development of cerebrovascular disease.
Seizures
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

The clinical manifestations of a seizure depend on where the abnormal neuronal activity starts (the seizure focus) and how it spreads. Some seizures have no apparent focus—from the very beginning, they seem to involve neuronal networks spread throughout both cerebral hemispheres, called general seizures. Patients with seizures do not necessarily have epilepsy. Epilepsy represents a failure of the protective mechanisms that usually inhibit large groups of neurons from engaging in repetitive, entrained activity. Patients who present with seizures can be grouped into three broad categories: (1) those whose seizures are precipitated by clearly identified systemic factors, (2) those with epilepsy, and (3) those who experience a single unprovoked seizure with no evidence of predisposition to recurrent seizures.
Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Bromberg Mark B. , Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Unlike the central nervous system, where a single structural lesion may produce widespread effects because of disruption of ascending and descending fiber tracts, a single structural lesion in the peripheral nervous system produces symptoms in a narrowly localized region, often in a single limb. Many diseases affect the peripheral nervous system diffusely, however, and can’t be localized to a single lesion site. The autonomic, somatic sensory and somatic motor nerves are physically intermingled at some levels of the nervous system and separated at others, but it is useful to conceptualize them as distinct path- ways. Each can be associated with a variety of symptoms.
Dementing Illnesses
Authors: Selwa Linda M. , Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Dementia is defined as an acquired, persistent decline of intellectual function that causes impaired performance of daily activities, without clouding of the sensorium or underlying psychiatric disease. The decline must involve at least two of the following domains: (a) ability to learn and remember new information, (b) reasoning and judgment, (c) visuospatial perception, (d) language function, and (e) personality and behavior. Patients who have experienced an episode of brain dysfunction from a wide variety of causes may be left with significantly impaired cognitive function that subsequently remains stable or improves. These nonprogressive dementias do not present the same diagnostic or management issues as the progressive dementias.
Multifocal Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Most systemic illnesses, neuromuscular diseases, dementing illnesses, movement disorders, and sleep disorders affect the nervous system diffusely. Still, even these diffuse conditions possess some pattern and symmetry. The particular pattern of involvement is generally the basis for making a diagnosis. Unlike focal lesions and diffuse processes, multifocal conditions are characterized primarily by the lack of a consistent pattern.
Acute Mental Status Changes
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Acute mental status changes can be either focal (such as aphasia, neglect, or visual hallucinations) or diffuse (such as delirium or stupor).
Headache
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Headaches can occur independently of any other disease processes (primary headache disorders) or they can be associated with a wide variety of underlying neurologic and systemic conditions (secondary headache disorders). The pathophysiologic mechanisms are incompletely under- stood. Most research has focused on migraine headaches, with the tacit assumption that other headache syndromes, both primary and secondary, have similar mechanisms.
Visual Symptoms
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

An accurate description of visual symptoms is the key to diagnosis. Patients with static or progressive deficits can be examined while symptoms are present. It is helpful to instruct patients that if they have more episodes in the future they should cover each eye in turn during the episodes and pay careful attention to how this affects their symptoms.
Recovery of Cranberry Plants Infected WithTobacco streak virusand Incidence and Distribution of TSV in the Field
Authors: Wells-Hansen Lindsay D. , McManus Patricia S.
Published: June 2016

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) has been detected in cranberry plants in Wisconsin, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, and is associated with berry scarring symptoms. In the current study, cv. Mullica Queen plants that produced scarred, symptomatic, TSV-positive fruit in one year produced nonscarred, asymptomatic, TSV-positive fruit in subsequent years, consistent with the “recovery” phenomenon previously documented in other ilarvirus-woody plant interactions. In field trials, fruit set and berry weight were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in symptomatic, TSV-positive cranberry shoots but not in recovered, TSV-positive shoots compared with healthy, TSV-negative shoots. Likewise, return bloom in the first year following berry scarring was not negatively impacted in recovered shoots. Detection of TSV in various plant parts throughout the growing season was more variable in symptomatic shoots than in recovered shoots. Of all plant parts tested, TSV detection was lowest in berries at the time of harvest in both symptomatic and recovered shoots. Minimal increases in incidence of TSV-infected shoots in cranberry beds from one year to the next, and spatial autocorrelation of TSV-infected shoots, suggest that most new infections result from TSV spreading within a bed, rather than frequent introductions of the virus from external sources.