bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ability of three nickel–titanium mechanized systems to negotiate and shape MB2 canals in extracted maxillary first molars: a micro‐computed tomographic study
Authors: Camargo E. J. , Duarte M. A. H. , Marques V. A. S. , Só M. V. R. , Duque J. A. , Alcalde M. P. , Vivan R. R.
Published: December 2018

Aim

To evaluate the influence of three engine‐driven NiTi file systems manufactured from different NiTi alloys for the preparation of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals in extracted maxillary first molars using a micro‐computed tomographic (micro‐CT) scanner.

Methodology

Thirty maxillary molars with two canals in the mesiobuccal root were selected and randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): Reciproc [REC; size 25, .08 taper; VDW, Munich, Germany], ProDesign R [PDR; size 25, .06 taper; Easy, Belo Horizonte, Brazil] and Mtwo [MO; size 25, .06 taper; VDW, Munich, Germany]. Before and after root canal preparation of the MB2 canal, the teeth were scanned using a micro‐CT to evaluate canal transportation, centring ability, dentine thickness and volume change. The working time to achieve working length was also evaluated. All parameters were compared statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn test for multiple comparisons, with a significance level of 5%.

Results

There was no significant difference amongst the groups regarding canal transportation and centring ability (P > 0.05). However, the PDR size 25, .06 taper group had significantly lower canal volume and volume of dentine removal compared with a MO size 25, .06 taper and REC size 25, .08 taper (P < 0.05). A root perforation was detected in MO size 25, .06 taper and REC size 25, .08 taper groups, respectively. Regarding the working time, the PDR size 25, .06 taper required a significantly longer time to achieve working length than MO size 25, .06 taper and REC size 25, .08 taper (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

All NiTi systems had similar canal transportation, centring ability and increase in apical volume after preparation of MB2 canals. However, the PDR size 25, .06 taper had less volume of dentine removal, absence of root canal perforation and required a longer time to accomplish the root canal preparation.
Juggling between ex‐ante and ex‐post audit in Greece: A difficult transition to a new era
Authors: Kontogeorga Georgia N.
Published: December 2018

Supreme audit institutions (SAIs) contribute decisively to the quality and efficiency of financial management in each country. Over the last few years, SAIs have adopted new approaches to government auditing, which has led to a fundamental change of the public finances control model.

However, the Hellenic Court of Audit still follows a traditional model of preventive audit in almost all transactions of public entities without parallel performance audit. This paper looks at which audits are deemed effective by auditors and auditees. The research result shows that both categories converge on the view that the existing system needs to be modernized, despite difficulties that seem to delay progress. This article will be relevant to other SAIs that are in a transitional period.
Early development of the Australia and New Zealand Musculoskeletal Clinical Trials Network
Authors: Buchbinder Rachelle , Bourne Allison , Latimer Jane , Harris Ian , Whittle Samuel L. , Richards Bethan , Taylor William J. , Clavisi Ornella , Green Sally , Hinman Rana S. , March Lyn , Day Richard , Ferreira Manuela L. , Billot Laurent , Maher Chris G. ,   on behalf of the ANZMUSC Clinical Trial Network
Published: December 2018

The Australia and New Zealand Musculoskeletal (ANZMUSC) Clinical Trials Network was formed to build capacity and infrastructure for high‐quality musculoskeletal clinical trials in our region. The purpose of this paper is to describe the steps taken in its formation to help others interested in establishing similar networks. In particular, we describe the steps taken to form the collaboration and our progress in achieving our vision and mission. Our aim is to focus on trials of highest importance and quality to provide definitive answers to the most pressing questions in our field.
Assessment, incidence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in older Aboriginal Australians
Authors: Smith Kate , Sutherland Ailsa , Hyde Zoë , Crawford Ruth , Dwyer Anna , Malay Roslyn , Skeaf Linda , Flicker Leon , Atkinson David , LoGiudice Dina
Published: December 2018

Background

Little is known about urinary incontinence in older Aboriginal Australians.

Aim

To describe urinary incontinence assessment, prevalence, incidence and associated conditions in older Aboriginal Australians.

Methods

Wave 1 consisted of 363 Aboriginal participants aged ≥45 years from Western Australia; 289 participants participated in Wave 2, with 184 included at both time points. Urinary incontinence was assessed by self‐report, family report and the modified International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ). We investigated factors associated with incontinence with binary logistic regression. Sensitivity and specificity analyses of incontinence measures were undertaken using the ICIQ score ≥2 as the reference standard.

Results

Participant mean age was 61.2 ± 11.2 years. Prevalence of incontinence at Wave 2 (n = 289) using self‐report was 24.6%; using ICIQ ≥2 was 22.5%; and family report 14.2%. Incidence after follow‐up of 6.7 years was 33 (23.6%), higher than estimates of 5–20% in other populations. Cross‐sectional associations with incontinence include female sex (odds ratio (OR) = 6.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.98–15.57), stroke (OR = 3.55; 95% CI 1.43–8.77), head injury (OR = 3.15; 95% CI 1.54–6.45) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01–1.14). Longitudinal associations were age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.01–1.09) and female sex (OR = 2.37; 95% CI 0.99–5.67). Sensitivity (81.5%) and specificity (93.5%) of self‐report were high.

Conclusion

The prevalence and incidence of urinary incontinence in Aboriginal Australians is high with risk factors of older age and female sex. The modified ICIQ and self‐report appear to be appropriate incontinence screens. Further research to understand causes and treatments within this population is urgently required.
Clinical practice of Chinese medicine navel therapy for chronic diarrhea: A literature review
Authors: Chen Meng‐rui , Zhao Jiang , Fu Shu‐fei , Yu Jia‐qi , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Qi‐yang , Zhou Zhi‐huan
Published: December 2018

Chronic diarrhea is one of the most common complaints in clinical practice for both adults and children. The purpose of this study was to assess the commonly used Chinese herbal medicine navel therapy for the treatment of chronic diarrhea (traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of spleen deficiency). The literature search was up to June 2018. Four types of studies (clinical trials, case series, case reports, and experts' experience) researched on Chinese medicine navel therapy used alone or combined with other therapies for the treatment of chronic diarrhea all included. Information on prescriptions, effectiveness, and safety of intervention was collected. Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System V2.5 was used to do data analysis. We included 416 studies. All these studies carried out in 194 cities of China. We obtained the most commonly used single herbs, herbal medicine combination, and Chinese patent medicine for both adults and children. The top 3 single herbs were Caryophylli Flos (Dingxiang), Cinnamomi Cortex (Rougui), and Euodiae Fructus (Wuzhuyu). The most frequently used Chinese patent medicines were Ding Gui Infantile Navel Paste and Huoxiang Zhengqi Liquid. The effectiveness assessment was based on clinical trials, but we did not perform a meta‐analysis because of different study design and unsatisfactory methodological quality. No serious adverse reaction happened in original studies. The application of Chinese medicine navel therapy could be one of the ideal treatments for chronic diarrhea in the future, especially for children. However, high‐quality studies are very needed to provide clear evidence.
Rupture of perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm at 34 weeks’ gestation: A nonendometriosis case of spontaneous hemoperitoneum in pregnancy
Authors: Nitahara Kenta , Sasaki Megumi , Ichikawa Saori , Tsuji Keita , Yoshida Yuji
Published: December 2018

Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in pregnancy (SHiP) has mainly been discussed in the context of endometriosis. With hormonal changes and enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy, tumors can also increase the chance of rupture and consequent SHiP. We report a case of a 30‐year‐old primiparous woman presented with sudden‐onset intraabdominal hemorrhage at 34 weeks’ gestation. The source of bleeding was rupture of a perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm on the left round ligament of the uterus. The pregnancy ended with an uncomplicated, full‐term, vaginal delivery. We performed an additional post‐partum surgery to resect the left round ligament and transposition of the right ovary. In cases of SHiP, the possibility of a nonendometriosis origin should be considered. Preoperative imaging and histologic examinations of bleeding lesions are crucial for managing SHiP.
Young adults with chronic kidney disease: An exploration of their relationships and support networks
Authors: Coyne Emma , Langham Heather , Tomlin Matthew , Hope Wendy , Johnson Catherine , Byrne Catherine , Bebb Charlotte , Buchanan Heather
Published: December 2018

Background

Young people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a number of key issues and life changes to manage while also possibly transitioning into adult care. During this time, the nature of their support networks including, social, romantic, family and health care relationships, is changing.

Objective

To explore these young people's experience and perceptions of their past, current and future relationships and support networks.

Design

Qualitative study.

Participants and Methods

Fourteen young adults (8 male, 6 female, aged 18–26 years) with CKD Stages 3–5 participated. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in order to explore the relationships (friends, family and partners) of young adults with CKD at two UK NHS hospitals. These were transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results

There were four themes identified. ‘Disclosure—To tell or not to tell?’ identified the challenges young adults face when disclosing their condition to friends and prospective partners. ‘Managing support networks’ showed that participants appreciated support from other young adults with CKD but also desired just ‘being normal’ with their friends. While family support is still significant and much appreciated, some young adults also found it harder to develop their independence. ‘Relationship strains and carer needs’ highlights the impact of CKD on all relationships. Participants were also aware of the needs of their ‘carers’. In ‘Happy ever after?’ young adults expressed concerns about meeting a partner and having children.

Conclusions

Young adults with CKD need support in helping them manage new and existing relationships, at a time where relationships are taking on different forms and significance. Moreover, support needs for young adults extend beyond the patient, to those who support them; support services need to reflect this.
DNA barcoding evaluation of Vicia (Fabaceae): Comparative efficacy of six universal barcode loci on abundant species
Authors: Wu Fei‐Fei , Gao Qiu , Liu Fang , Wang Zan , Wang Jian‐Li , Wang Xian‐Guo
Published: December 2018

Vicia L. is an invaluable genus with considerable agricultural and economic importance due to its high value as feed, green manure, and medicine. However, most of this genus is not well known and remains underutilized. Due to the imprecise circumscription and delineation of Vicia species, the taxonomic history of this genus is controversial, which has hindered the identification of species with high economic potential. Therefore, rapid and accurate identification of Vicia species is essential. Simultaneously, species identification through DNA barcoding has become an effective taxonomic classification tool. Here, the species‐discrimination abilities of matK, rbcL, trnH‐psbA, trnL‐trnF, ITS1, and ITS2 were tested in 161 Vicia species with both sequence similarity (nearest neighbor, best match, and best close match) and tree‐based (maximum likelihood tree) methods. Among the single barcode sites, trnH‐psbA had the highest level of polymorphism (52.4% variable sites; nucleotide diversity, 0.1338). Additionally, trnH‐psbA had the highest mean interspecific distance (0.1352) and intraspecific distance (0.0071). The combined barcode matK+trnH‐psbA had the highest correct identification rate by the sequence similarity method. Both trnH‐psbA (75.38%) and matK (70.73%) showed higher species discrimination rates than the other barcodes when using the tree‐based method. Based on overall performance, matK and trnH‐psbA, alone or in combination, were the best barcodes for Vicia. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) also showed good performance and provided essential information regarding nuclear DNA, so this site is also recommended as a backup barcode for Vicia. These Vicia barcodes can be used to identify species and to evaluate germplasm resource collections.
Association between life span and body condition in neutered client‐owned dogs
Authors: Salt Carina , Morris Penelope J. , Wilson Derek , Lund Elizabeth M. , German Alexander J.
Published: December 2018

Background

There is an association between overweight status and life span in kenneled dogs, but a similar association has not been reported for pet dogs.

Objectives

To examine the effects of being overweight in middle age on the life span of neutered client‐owned dogs.

Animals

Fifty‐thousand seven‐hundred eighty seven middle‐aged neutered client‐owned dogs attending a network of approximately 900 veterinary hospitals across North America.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study. For each of 12 breeds, groups of dogs aged between 6.5 and 8.5 years were identified as being in “overweight” or “normal” body condition. Within each breed and sex, differences in life span between dogs in normal body condition and overweight body condition in the 2 groups were then analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

For all breeds, instantaneous risk of death for dogs in overweight body condition was greater than those in normal body condition throughout the age range studied, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.35 (99.79% confidence interval [CI] 1.05‐1.73) for German Shepherd dog to 2.86 (99.79% CI 2.14‐3.83) for Yorkshire Terrier. In all breeds, median life span was shorter in overweight compared with normal weight dogs, with the difference being greatest in Yorkshire Terriers (overweight: 13.7 years, 99.79% CI 13.3‐14.2; normal: 16.2 years, 99.79% CI 15.7‐16.5) and least in German Shepherd dogs (overweight: 12.1 years, 99.79% CI 11.8‐12.4; normal: 12.5 years, 99.79% CI 12.2‐12.9).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Veterinary professionals should consider promoting healthy body condition for dogs, particularly from midlife onward.
Snails wearing green heatproof suits: the benefits of algae growing on the shells of an intertidal gastropod
Authors: Kagawa O. , Chiba S.
Published: December 2018

Positive interactions are known to play important roles in ecological divergence but have received less attention than negative interactions in studies on intertidal communities. Here, we show that growth of the mat‐forming green alga Pseudocladophora conchopheria on the shells of a intertidal gastropod (Lunella coreensis) provides them with benefits for living in intertidal rocky habitats. We found that P. conchopheria covered a large proportion of the shell surface in all L. coreensis inhabiting an exposed rocky shore habitat, but none or only a small proportion of the shell surface in L. coreensis inhabiting a damp boulder shore habitat. Thermal exposure experiment showed that L. coreensis originating from the boulder shore habitat had a higher mortality rate and temperatures inside the shell than those originating from the exposed rocky shore habitat. These differences disappeared when P. conchopheria was removed from the shell or was dried out, indicating that an increased coverage and dampness of the alga suppressed the increase in temperature inside the shell. These support the hypothesis that the growth of P. conchopheria on L. coreensis shells suppresses thermal stress in the hosts; the benefits of P. conchopheria may enable the hosts to exploit habitats where considerable thermal stress is present during air exposure.
Comparison between Japanese online and standard administrations of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 2 and effects of post‐warning
Authors: Wachi Taeko , Watanabe Kazumi , Yokota Kaeko , Otsuka Yusuke , Hirama Kazuki
Published: December 2018

Purpose

This study aimed to develop the Japanese online version of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 2 (GSS2). The effects of post‐warning and free recall on suggestibility were also examined.

Methods

A total of 442 people aged between 20 and 59 years took the Japanese online version of the GSS2, and their scores were compared with those obtained via administration of the Japanese standard version in a previous study and those of the British normative sample. The influence of post‐warning (a technique in which the participant is given an apology for the incorrect negative feedback provided on the first day) and free recall instruction on suggestibility was examined in 10 out of the 20 GSS test questions 2 days after the administration of the online GSS2.

Results

There were no differences in Yield2, Shift, and Total suggestibility scored between the Japanese online and standard versions of the GSS2. The difference in Yield1 scores between the two versions was also small. However, there were significant differences between the Japanese online and British versions in all GSS scores other than Total suggestibility. Further, post‐warning and free recall effectively avoided an increased number of misled responses to leading questions.

Conclusions

The results obtained demonstrate the validity of the Japanese online version of the GSS2. It was also found that certain instructions could be used to prevent further response suggestibility when any misleading questions were provided.
Inferring prey size variation from mandible acceleration in northern elephant seals
Authors: Adachi Taiki , Hückstädt Luis A. , Tift Michael S. , Costa Daniel P. , Naito Yasuhiko , Takahashi Akinori
Published: December 2018

Prey size is an important factor for predators as it affects prey quality (energy content) and hence total energy gain. However, it remains challenging to obtain information about prey size from free‐ranging marine predators. Here, we developed a method that estimates prey size using mandible acceleration in captive northern elephant seals and then applied it to 34 free‐ranging seals. In captive seals, the number of feeding‐related acceleration signals were positively related to prey size category (<15 cm). In free‐ranging seals, smaller number of acceleration signals occurred frequently in both mesopelagic (200–1,000 m) and bathypelagic layers (>1,000 m), suggesting that seals foraged mainly on smaller prey (possibly <15 cm). However, the quantity of larger acceleration signals increased in the bathypelagic layers, suggesting that seals were more likely to forage on larger prey (>15 cm) at deeper depths. These results suggest that seals might compensate for higher energetic costs of deeper‐diving by targeting larger prey. Although our study has practical limitations (e.g., calibrating prey size in captive conditions), our method allows concurrent inference of prey size and foraging behavior, being potentially useful to investigate how predators adjust their behavior in response to the changes in the foraging environment.
Beyond the Parochial: Parish Realities and a Synodal Church
Authors: Pendergast Martin
Published: December 2018

This article is a personal reflection on the twelve-year experience of being a parish without a resident priest. The article offers a socio-historical picture of St. Joseph's Parish, Bunhill Row, London EC1. It considers how some Church documents refer to ‘parish’, including the Code of Canon Law; the 1980 National Pastoral Congress; and Pope Francis’ vision of ‘parish’ in ‘The Joy of the Gospel’ and some other addresses. It concludes with some personal reflections.
Stressors experienced by children with autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan: Perspectives of children and their parents
Authors: Chin Wei‐Chih , Li Hsin‐Mei , Chao Kuo‐Yu , Chang Hsueh‐Ling
Published: December 2018

Autism spectrum disorder has only recently been recognized as a developmental disability in Taiwan. We conducted an exploratory qualitative descriptive study with children (n = 14, mean age = 13.57 years) and their parents to understand stressors experienced by children with autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan. An analysis of face‐to‐face interviews revealed that children with autism spectrum disorder experienced stressors of daily living, which included environmental stimuli, academic and behavioral expectations, deviations in routine, behavioral expectations, and emotional control, and stressors of socializing, which included bullying, communication, personal interactions, conflict resolution, and difficulty understanding others' emotions. Stressors resulted from the core symptoms and characteristic behaviors of autism spectrum disorders, and also Taiwanese cultural expectations. Our findings could help develop individualized educational plans and culturally‐sensitive behavioral interventions. Facilitation of these interventions could be used by nurses and health‐care professionals to help facilitate problem solving and communication skills, which could reduce the stress for children with autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan.
Radical vs conservative treatment of intraosseous ameloblastoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hendra Faqi Nurdiansyah , Natsir Kalla Diandra Sabrina , Van Cann Ellen M. , de Vet Henrica C. W. , Helder Marco N. , Forouzanfar Tymour
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to assess the outcomes of radical and conservative treatment approaches of solid/multicystic and unicystic ameloblastoma in terms of recurrence rates.

Material and methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted based on the PRISMA statement. Search was performed using PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Web of Science for articles published from January 1969 until March 2018. Quality assessment of the selected articles was conducted using the Quality Appraisal of Case Series Studies Checklist. The meta‐analysis was performed using the MedCalc program.

Results

The search strategy yielded 6,984 articles; 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled recurrence rate of solid/multicystic ameloblastomas following radical treatment was 8%, while conservative treatment caused recurrences in 41%. For unicystic ameloblastomas, these values were 3% and 21%, respectively. The risk of recurrences in both types of ameloblastomas following radical treatment was lower than following conservative treatment.

Conclusions

The present study showed statistically significant differences in recurrence favoring radical treatment for both unicystic and solid/multicystic ameloblastoma. The solid/multicystic type showed more recurrences than the unicystic type. Unfortunately, since only retrospective studies were available, the evidence is less strong as wished for.
Using photo‐elicitation and interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore possessions as links to self‐concept and the identities of others in hoarding disorder
Authors: Kings Christopher A. , Knight Tess , Moulding Richard
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the importance of possessions as extensions of self‐concept and connections to significant others for people that hoard.

Design

A total of 10 participants were recruited through hoarding group treatment programmes. Participants photographed significant possessions in their home and discussed these in semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Analysis of transcripts using interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed three interrelated superordinate themes: (1) time travels with you; (2) possessions are me, they're a reflection of my life; and (3) they're linked: I look at them and I think of people. Challenging early life factors were the source of significant self‐uncertainty. Possessions were often touchstones of self‐confidence and reminders of both positive and negative relationships.

Conclusions

The results highlight the many dimensions of possessions’ links to both self‐concept and the identities of others, providing a distinct contribution to the hoarding literature. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed.

Practitioner points

Problematic attachments to items may be formed as a compensatory response to challenging early life experiences.

Possessions may reflect self‐confidence, uniqueness, and be perceived to be physical extensions of who people that hoard are.

Belongings can be reminders of interpersonal relationships for people that hoard.
Chemical and isotopic markers detect water deficit and its influence on nutrient allocation in Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Smith Millicent R. , Fuentes David , Merchant Andrew
Published: December 2018

The impact of drought on plant growth and yield has been widely studied and is considered a major limitation to crops reaching yield potential. Less known is the impact of water deficit on the nutritional quality of the resulting yield. This study characterised the impact of water deficit on carbon assimilation, modelled water use efficiency from carbon isotope discrimination and analysed the concentration of mineral nutrients, amino acids and sugars in leaf, phloem and pod pools collected from Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) grown in a controlled environment. Water deficit led to an isohydric response, impacting on carbon isotope abundance in all tissues though not translating to any significant treatment differences in water use efficiency or nutrient content in tissues over the course of plant development. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that nutrient content of P. vulgaris yield was not impacted by the availability of water. The absence of significant changes in the nutrient content of individual seeds highlights the plasticity of developing reproductive tissue to changes in whole plant water availability.
Similar time courses for word form and meaning preactivation during sentence comprehension
Authors: DeLong Katherine A. , Chan Wen‐hsuan , Kutas Marta
Published: December 2018

Current psycholinguistic research generally acknowledges that aspects of sentence comprehension benefit from neural preactivation of different types of information. However, despite strong support from a number of studies, routine specific word form preactivation has been challenged by Ito, Corley, Pickering, Martin, and Nieuwland (2016). They suggest that word form prediction is contingent upon having enough processing time and resources (afforded by slower input rates) to progress through unidirectional, productionlike stages of comprehension to arrive at word forms via semantic feature preactivation. This conclusion is based on findings from their ERP study, which used a related anomaly paradigm and reported form preactivation at a slow (700 ms) word presentation rate but not a faster one (500 ms). The present experimental design is a conceptual replication of Ito et al. (2016), testing young adults by measuring ERP amplitudes to unpredictable words related either semantically/associatively or orthographically to predictable sentence continuations, relative to unrelated continuations. Results showed that, at a visual presentation rate of two words per second, both types of related words show similarly reduced N400s, as well as varying degrees of increased posterior post‐N400 positivity. These findings indicate that word form preactivation during sentence comprehension is detectable along a similar time course as semantic feature preactivation, and such processing does not necessarily require additional time beyond that afforded by near‐normal reading rates.
The origins of external knowledge inflows and the impact of university technologies
Authors: Natalicchio Angelo , Ardito Lorenzo , Messeni Petruzzelli Antonio , Del Giudice Manlio
Published: December 2018

This paper analyses how universities leverage knowledge coming from different technological, institutional, and geographical domains to develop technologies exerting a relevant impact for firms’ technological advancements. The analysis is based on a panel of 219 worldwide universities that filed, at least, a patent belonging to the alternative energy production sector in the period 2002–2010. Results show that using external knowledge originating in different technological and institutional domains exerts an inverted U‐shaped effect on the firms’ subsequent technological progress, while the geographical origin seems to do not exert any influence.
The “Inter” Within Interdisciplinary Research: Strategies for Building Integration Across Fields
Authors: Morss Rebecca E. , Lazrus Heather , Demuth Julie L.
Published: December 2018

As emphasis on interdisciplinary and convergent research grows, researchers and institutions can benefit from additional insights into how to build interdisciplinary integration within the research process. This article presents signs of successful interdisciplinary research and proposes strategies that researchers can implement to help create and sustain integration across fields. Drawing on the authors’ experiences, other examples from hazards research, and the literature on interdisciplinarity, the article asserts that successful interdisciplinary research incorporates full intellectual participation by each contributing field, forming a multiway partnership. Such work can frame new research questions, develop novel approaches, and generate innovative insights across and within disciplines. It can also address complex questions at the intersections of established fields, beyond what the collection of contributing fields can produce on their own. To build integration across fields, researchers can use strategies such as interweaving perspectives in the research foci, interacting regularly at the working level, and interconnecting knowledge and ideas throughout the research process. Another strategy is leadership that enables contributions from multiple fields and empowers interdisciplinary synthesis. During the research process, researcher commitment, curiosity, willingness to take risks, and flexibility are also important, along with patience and persistence as challenges arise.
Politics, Science, and Termination: A Case Study of Water Fluoridation Policy in Calgary in 2011
Authors: O'Neill Brenda , Kapoor Taruneek , McLaren Lindsay
Published: December 2018

Policy termination is identified as a rare occurrence and thus difficult to study. However, one policy area, community water fluoridation, has seen an apparent increase in termination in recent years. We examine the specific case of termination in Calgary, Alberta in 2011 with a specific goal to apply Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach to the policy termination framework. Our findings suggest that of key importance for the termination of water fluoridation was the impending need for an upgrade to the fluoridation infrastructure, the effectiveness of the local anti‐fluoridation activists, the speed of decision making, and a prominent framing of the issue in ethical terms. The opening of a policy window made possible by the 2010 Calgary municipal election, one that introduced a number of new members to council, as well as the presence of a policy entrepreneur who took advantage of the window's opening, were of specific importance to the success of policy termination.
Diversity and burglary: Do community differences matter?
Authors: Gulma Usman L. , Evans Andy , Heppenstall Alison , Malleson Nick
Published: December 2018

Diversity within a population has been linked to levels of both social cohesion and crime. Neighborhood crimes are the result of a complex set of factors, one of which is weak community cohesion. This article seeks to explore the impacts of diversity on burglary crime in a range of neighborhoods, using Leeds, UK as a case study. We propose a new approach to quantifying the correlates of burglary in urban areas through the use of diversity metrics. This approach is useful in unveiling the relationship between burglary and diversity in urban communities. Specifically, we employ stepwise multiple regression models to quantify the relationships between a number of neighborhood diversity variables and burglary crime rates. The results of the analyses show that the variables that represent diversity were more significant when regressed against burglary crime rates than standard socio‐demographic data traditionally used in crime studies, which do not generally use diversity variables. The findings of this study highlight the importance of neighborhood cohesion in the crime system, and the key place for diversity statistics in quantifying the relationships between neighborhood diversities and burglary. The study highlights the importance of policy planning aimed at encouraging community building in promoting neighborhood safety.
Politics of dissensus in geographies of architecture: Testing equality at Ed Roberts Campus, Berkeley
Authors: Kullman Kim
Published: December 2018

This paper evokes the writings of Jacques Rancière to propose a concept of politics for geographies of architecture that is attentive to the polemical conditions under which more equal ways of composing built environments emerge. Discussing Ed Roberts Campus, a building designed and operated by the disability community in Berkeley, California, it argues for a politics of architecture that does not entail conflicts over power or identity, but revolves around a testing of materials that alters the bodily circumstances built form offers for collective inhabitation. Such testing sets in motion an uncertain process where a building undergoes constant destabilisation by new claimants who verify and expand its equality. The paper then counterpoises this disruptive politics to institutional practices in order to investigate how its fragile after‐effects might be sustained.
The use of whole blood in US military operations in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan since the introduction of low‐titer Type O whole blood: feasibility, acceptability, challenges
Authors: Vanderspurt Cecily K. , Spinella Philip C. , Cap Andrew P. , Hill Ronnie , Matthews Sarah A. , Corley Jason B. , Gurney Jennifer M.
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in military and civilian traumatic injury. Blood product resuscitation improves survival. Low‐titer Type O Whole Blood (LTOWB) was recently re‐introduced to the combat theater as a universal resuscitation product for hemorrhagic shock. This study assessed the utilization patterns of LTOWB compared to warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) and blood component therapy (CT) in US Military Operations in Iraq/Syria and Afghanistan known as Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) and Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) respectively. We hypothesized LTOWB utilization would increase over time given its advantages.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Using the Theater Medical Data Store, patients receiving blood products between January 2016 and December 2017 were identified. Product utilization ratios (PUR) for LTOWB, WFWB, and CT were compared across Area of Operations (AORs), medical treatment facilities (Role 2 vs. Role 3), and time. PUR was defined as number of blood products transfused/(number of blood products transfused + number of blood products wasted).

RESULTS

The overall PUR for all blood products was 17.4%; the LTOWB PUR was 14.3%. Over the study period, the total number of blood products transfused increased 133%. Although the total whole blood (WB) increased from 2.1% to 6.6% of all products transfused, WFWB use remained at 2% while LTOWB transfusions increased from 0.5% to 4%. Transfusion of LTOWB occurred more in austere Role 2 facilities compared to Role 3 hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS

LTOWB transfusion is feasible in austere, far‐forward environments. Further investigation is needed regarding the safety, clinical outcomes, and drivers of LTOWB transfusions.
Journey to the East: A Review of Hollywood’s Film Localization Efforts for China’s Film Market
Authors: Song Xu
Published: December 2018

The film market of China has been growing rapidly and is now the world’s second largest film market. Hollywood studios have been sending transnational films to China to receive additional revenues. This research investigates the three channels (i.e., flat-rate buyouts, co-productions, and revenue-sharing titles) through which Hollywood studios can enter their films in China’s film market and reviews the China-focused localization efforts that Hollywood studios have made to appeal to China. The review findings show that exporting Hollywood films to China as revenue-sharing titles has become the favorite approach for major Hollywood studios to gain additional revenues. To improve revenue-sharing films’ box-office performance, localization efforts of Hollywood studios are executed throughout a film’s theatrical life cycle, from a film’s planning and production stages to its distribution, promotion, and exhibition stages. Implications and suggestions as to how Hollywood studios can further utilize film localization efforts to enhance box-office success in China are also discussed in the present study.
Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Perfectionistic Cognitions as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Bingöl Tuğba Yılmaz , Batık Meryem Vural
Published: December 2018

Psychological well-being which is an important concept for individual mental health involves maintaining meaningful aims in life, developing quality relationships with others and struggling with life to ensure personal development. Based on the importance of the concept of psychological well-being, in this study, it is aimed to determine the predictors of psychological well-being of prospective teachers who are expected to make a contribution in the healthy development of students. A total of 378 prospective teachers have participated to the study which was conducted according to the general screening model. Path analysis was used in the analysis of the data to test the predictive roles of unconditional self-acceptance, perfectionistic cognitions and perceived income levels of prospective teachers on their psychological well-being level. Results indicated that psychological well-being has a positive significance but low correlation with unconditional self-acceptance and perfectionistic cognitions. In addition, it was found that of unconditional self-acceptance, perfectionistic cognitions and perceived income level accounted for 16% of the total variance of psychological well-being. It was also determined that female participants’ psychological well-being scores were higher than males’ and psychological well-being levels of participants who perceived their income level as good were higher than those perceived their income level as medium and low.
Electrically-assisted nanoimprint of block copolymers
Authors: Mayer Andre , Ai Wenyang , Rond Johannes , Staabs Johannes , Steinberg Christian , Papenheim Marc , Scheer Hella-Christin , Tormen Massimo , Cian Alesandro , Zajadacz Joachim , Zimmer Klaus
Published: December 2018

Guiding of the phase separation of a block copolymer (BCP) by an electric field perpendicular to the substrate is investigated in order to obtain vertical structures that can provide a mask for subsequent etching. Because of practical aspects, the substrate is bare Si without any neutral brush and the process time is limited to 1 h. A polystyrene-block polymethylmethacrylate lamellar material is employed in the study. For a unique guiding of the lamellar phase, an ordering mechanism orthogonal to the electric field is introduced by the interaction with the stamp in a thermal nanoimprint process. The naturally low surface energy of the stamp shall induce the formation of lamellae along the sidewalls of linear cavities. In order to fully utilize these two ordering mechanisms, the stamp sidewalls and the electric field, the imprint process is conducted in such a way that no residual layer remains below the stamp structures and the whole BCP is accumulated inside the cavities which are just partly filled. The electrically-assisted imprint process is studied analytically, considering the capacitive effects due to the local electric field in the cavity and in particular in the BCP. In addition, a numerical simulation is performed for the actual experimental conditions to compute the electric vector field in the BCP. In this way, an extensive understanding of the situation is gained which is the basis for choosing optimal experimental conditions for electrically-assisted thermal nanoimprint. Furthermore, the ambiguity of the electric field in a thermal nanoimprint process with partly filled cavities is addressed. The field shall induce vertical phase separation but, due to instabilities, it also may induce capillary bridges that represent replication defects. An improvement of the vertical phase separation by applying an electric field as high as 25 V/μm could be identified under specific experimental conditions. However, the guiding effect within the cavities and thus the long-range order of the lamellae remained limited. This may be due to a field strength too low in the BCP; in the present configuration, higher field strengths are prohibited by an electrical breakthrough.
Analysis of multipole fields for a practical wire lens of an aberration corrector
Authors: Nakano Tomonori , Yamazawa Yu
Published: December 2018

A new type of aberration corrector with a “wire lens” instead of conventional magnetic material pole pieces has been developed in order to avoid magnetic hysteresis and inhomogeneity. The wire lens consists of symmetric parallel lines alongside the optical axis and contains no magnetic materials. Multipole fields as means of aberration correction are generated by the currents running through the parallel lines. Previous studies have proved the possibility of aberration correction by parallel lines (wire lens) under a hypothetical condition. In particular, the wire lens is assumed to have an ideal shape (infinite lines) and generate rectangular multipole field distributions. In this study, more practical configurations, i.e., closed loops for the current flows and the finite length of the lines, are presumed. Furthermore, analytical equations of multipole fields for the practical wire lens are derived to verify the aberration correction.
Does the semantic content or syntactic regularity of masker speech affect speech-on-speech recognition?
Authors: Calandruccio Lauren , Buss Emily , Bencheck Penelope , Jett Brandi
Published: December 2018

Speech-on-speech recognition differs substantially across stimuli, but it is unclear what role linguistic features of the masker play in this variability. The linguistic similarity hypothesis suggests similarity between sentence-level semantic content of the target and masker speech increases masking. Sentence recognition in a two-talker masker was evaluated with respect to semantic content and syntactic structure of the masker (experiment 1) and linguistic similarity of the target and masker (experiment 2). Target and masker sentences were semantically meaningful or anomalous. Masker syntax was varied or the same across sentences. When other linguistic features of the masker were controlled, variability in syntactic structure across masker tokens was only relevant when the masker was played continuously (as opposed to gated); when played continuously, sentence-recognition thresholds were poorer with variable than consistent masker syntax, but this effect was small (0.5 dB). When the syntactic structure of the masker was held constant, semantic meaningfulness of the masker did not increase masking, and at times performance was better for the meaningful than the anomalous masker. These data indicate that sentence-level semantic content of the masker speech does not influence speech-on-speech masking. Further, no evidence that similarities between target/masker sentence-level semantic content increases masking was found.
The β
4
subunit of Ca
v
1.2 channels is required for an optimal interferon response in cardiac muscle cells
Authors: Tammineni Eshwar R. , Carrillo Elba D. , Soto-Acosta Rubén , Angel-Ambrocio Antonio H. , García María C. , Bautista-Carbajal Patricia , del Angel Rosa M. , Sánchez Jorge A.
Published: December 2018

A regulatory subunit of a voltage-gated calcium channel translocates to the nucleus to promote an antiviral response.
Restricting mitochondrial GRK2 post-ischemia confers cardioprotection by reducing myocyte death and maintaining glucose oxidation
Authors: Sato Priscila Y. , Chuprun J. Kurt , Grisanti Laurel A. , Woodall Meryl C. , Brown Brett R. , Roy Rajika , Traynham Christopher J. , Ibetti Jessica , Lucchese Anna M. , Yuan Ancai , Drosatos Konstantinos , Tilley Doug G. , Gao Erhe , Koch Walter J.
Published: December 2018

Preventing GRK2 from localizing to mitochondria lessens the damage induced by myocardial infarction.
Targeting PD-1
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: December 2018

Loss of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets PD-1 for degradation leads to inefficient antitumor responses by T cells.
Cross-Presentation of Skin-Targeted Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus 2/1 Transgene Induces Potent Resident Memory CD8
+
T Cell Responses
Authors: Gross David-Alexandre , Ghenassia Alexandre , Bartolo Laurent , Urbain Dominique , Benkhelifa-Ziyyat Sofia , Lorain Stéphanie , Davoust Jean , Chappert Pascal
Published: December 2018

rAAVs display numerous characteristics that could make them extremely attractive as vaccine carriers, including an excellent safety profile in humans and great flexibility regarding serotypes and choice of target tissue. Studies addressing the ability of rAAV to induce protective T cell responses, however, are scarce. Notably, the potential to induce a tissue-resident memory T cell response has never been described for rAAV vectors, strongly limiting further interest for their use as vaccine carriers. Using a model rAAV2/1 vaccine delivered to the skin, our study demonstrated that rAAV vectors can induce bona fide skin resident T
RM
and provides additional clues regarding the cellular mechanisms underlying this process. These results will help widen the field of rAAV applications.
Role of Sphingomyelin in Alphaherpesvirus Entry
Authors: Pastenkos Gabrielle , Miller Jonathan L. , Pritchard Suzanne M. , Nicola Anthony V.
Published: December 2018

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an ubiquitous pathogen affecting cattle populations worldwide. Infection can result in complicated, polymicrobial infections due to the immunosuppressive properties of the virus. Available vaccines limit disease severity and spread but do not prevent infection. The financial and animal welfare ramifications of BoHV-1 are significant. In order to develop more effective prevention and treatment regimens, a more complete understanding of the initial steps in viral infection is necessary. We recently identified a low pH endocytosis pathway for BoHV-1. Here, we examine the role of cellular factors responsible for membrane integrity and repair in alphaherpesviral entry. This study allows comparisons of the BoHV-1 entry pathway with those of other alphaherpesviruses (pseudorabies virus [PRV] and herpes simplex virus 1 [HSV-1]). Lastly, this is the first report of sphingomyelin and lysosomal sphingomyelinase playing a role in the entry of a herpesvirus. The results may lead to the development of more effective prevention and treatment regimens.