bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing u2 by a stationary set preserving forcing
Authors: Claverie Benjamin , Schindler Ralf
Published: January 2009

We show that if I is a precipitous ideal on ω1 and if θ > ω1 is a regular cardinal, then there is a forcing ℙ = ℙ(I, θ) which preserves the stationarity of all I-positive sets such that in Vℙ, ⟨Hθ; ∈, I⟩ is a generic iterate of a countable structure ⟨M; ∈, Ī⟩. This shows that if the nonstationary ideal on ω1 is precipitous and exists, then there is a stationary set preserving forcing which increases . Moreover, if Bounded Martin's Maximum holds and the nonstationary ideal on ω1 is precipitous, then .
Reverse mathematics, computability, and partitions of trees
Authors: Chubb Jennifer , Hirst Jeffry L. , McNicholl Timothy H.
Published: January 2009

We examine the reverse mathematics and computability theory of a form of Ramsey's theorem in which the linear n-tuples of a binary tree are colored.
On generically stable types in dependent theories
Authors: Usvyatsov Alexander
Published: January 2009

We develop the theory of generically stable types, independence relation based on nonforking and stable weight in the context of dependent theories.
An inner model for global domination
Authors: Friedman Sy-David , Thompson Katherine
Published: January 2009

In this paper it is shown that the global statement that the dominating number for κ is less than 2κ for all regular κ, is internally consistent, given the existence of 0#. The possible range of values for the dominating number for κ and 2κ which may be simultaneously true in an inner model is also explored.
Arithmetic on semigroups
Authors: Ganea Mihai
Published: January 2009

Relations between some theories of semigroups (also known as theories of strings or theories of concatenation) and arithmetic are surveyed. In particular Robinson's arithmetic Q is shown to be mutually interpretable with TC, a weak theory of concatenation introduced by Grzegorczyk. Furthermore, TC is shown to be interpretable in the theory F studied by Tarski and Szmielewa, thus confirming their claim that F is essentially undecidable.
PDL with intersection and converse: satisfiability and infinite-state model checking
Authors: Stefan Göller  , Lohrey Markus , Lutz Carsten
Published: January 2009

We study satisfiability and infinite-state model checking in ICPDL, which extends Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL) with intersection and converse operators on programs. The two main results of this paper are that (i) satisfiability is in 2ΕΧΡΤΙΜΕ, thus 2ΕΧΡΤΙΜΕ-complete by an existing lower bound, and (ii) infinite-state model checking of basic process algebras and pushdown systems is also 2ΕΧΡΤΙΜΕ-complete. Both upper bounds are obtained by polynomial time computable reductions to ω-regular tree satisfiability in ICPDL, a reasoning problem that we introduce specifically for this purpose. This problem is then reduced to the emptiness problem for alternating two-way automata on infinite trees. Our approach to (i) also provides a shorter and more elegant proof of Danecki's difficult result that satisfiability in IPDL is in 2ΕΧΡΤΙΜΕ. We prove the lower bound(s) for infinite-state model checking using an encoding of alternating Turing machines.
Stacking mice
Authors: Jensen Ronald , Schimmerling Ernest , Schindler Ralf , Steel John
Published: January 2009

We show that either of the following hypotheses imply that there is an inner model with a proper class of strong cardinals and a proper class of Woodin cardinals. 1) There is a countably closed cardinal κ ≥ ℵ such that □κ and □(κ) fail. 2) There is a cardinal κ such that κ is weakly compact in the generic extension by Col(κ, κ+). Of special interest is 1) with κ = ℵ3 since it follows from PFA by theorems of Todorcevic and Velickovic. Our main new technical result, which is due to the first author, is a weak covering theorem for the model obtained by stacking mice over Kc∥κ.
Prime models of finite computable dimension
Authors: Semukhin Pavel
Published: January 2009

We study the following open question in computable model theory: does there exist a structure of computable dimension two which is the prime model of its first-order theory? We construct an example of such a structure by coding a certain family of c.e. sets with exactly two one-to-one computable enumerations into a directed graph. We also show that there are examples of such structures in the classes of undirected graphs, partial orders, lattices, and integral domains.
Finding paths through narrow and wide trees
Authors: Binns Stephen , Kjos-Hanssen Bjørn
Published: January 2009

We consider two axioms of second-order arithmetic. These axioms assert, in two different ways, that infinite but narrow binary trees always have infinite paths. We show that both axioms are strictly weaker than Weak König's Lemma, and incomparable in strength to the dual statement (WWKL) that wide binary trees have paths.
A Comparison of the Breakage Mechanisms for Attrition of Selected Polymers in Pneumatic Transport and Spouted Beds
Authors: Al-Senawi Suma , Hadi Bashar , Briens Cedric , Chabagno Jean-Michel
Published: January 2009

Predicting the amount of attrition that will occur in a pneumatic transport system is very important in preventing product degradation. Considerable work has been performed on the mechanisms of attrition in fluidized beds; hence, they are well understood. On the other hand, there are fewer correlations that can be used to predict the attrition rate in pneumatic transport and spouted beds. In this study, polymethyl methacrylates particles were attrited in a pneumatic transport pilot plant and the experimental attrition rate was determined. The same particles were also used in a spouted bed with a sonic attrition jet and the attrition rate was measured. Finally, a fluidized bed correlation was applied to the spouted bed and a model was used to determine whether the attrition mechanism in pneumatic transport can be related to the attrition mechanism in the spouted bed.
The Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aromatic Nitro Ketone in a Microreactor: Reactor Performance and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Tadepalli Sunitha , Lawal Adeniyi
Published: January 2009

Catalytic hydrogenation of nitro aromatics is an important class of reactions in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. These reactions are extremely fast and highly exothermic in nature; hence, mass and heat transfer limitations play an important role when these reactions are conducted in conventional batch reactors. The use of a micro-channel reactor for such reactions provides improved mass transfer rates which may ensure that the reaction operates close to intrinsic kinetics. In the present study, the hydrogenation of a model aromatic nitro ketone was conducted in a packed-bed microreactor. The effects of different processing conditions were studied using 5%Pd/Alumina catalyst, viz.: hydrogen pressure, substrate concentration, temperature, and residence time on the conversion of substrate, Space Time Yield (STY), and selectivity of product. Internal and external mass and heat transfer limitations in the microreactor were examined. The kinetic study was undertaken in a differential reactor mode, keeping the conversion of the reactant at less than 10%. The overall reaction was treated as comprising two separate reactions: first, the reduction of the nitro compound to hydroxylamine and then, the reduction of the hydroxylamine to amine. Two rate equations for the two consecutive reactions assuming the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism provided the best fit to the experimental data. These two rate equations predicted the experimental rates satisfactorily and the differences were within 10% error. Experiments were also carried out in an integral reactor, and the reactor performance data were found to be in agreement with the predictions of the theoretical models.
The Optimization of an Ammonia Synthesis Reactor Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad Taghi , Kavianiboroujeni Azam
Published: January 2009

An industrial ammonia synthesis reactor was studied in order to optimize its operational conditions by means of increasing overall ammonia production. A heterogeneous, one-dimensional model and a two-dimensional rigorous model were utilized to evaluate the process behavior. The simulation results of the two models were compared with data from an industrial ammonia plant. The one-dimensional model was found to be adequate for optimization purposes. Applying the Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a powerful method for complex problems, the model was employed to optimize the reactor performance in varying its quench flows. The optimal temperature profile along the fixed bed reactor was studied by changing independent variables including the quench temperature and the quench flow rates. Optimization results show that the optimum quench temperature is about 615°K and that the optimum quench flows can enhance ammonia production rate by 3.3%.
The Rheological Properties of Turkish Delight
Authors: Yilmaz Zurriye , Dogan Mehmet , Alkan Mahir , Dogan Serap
Published: January 2009

In the food industry, rheological properties, such as viscosity, shear rate, and shear stress, are the most important parameters required in the design of a technological process. Therefore, in this study, we determined the flow behavior and the time-dependent flow properties of Turkish Delight (TD) in the temperature range of 25-75°C using a capillar rheometer. The structure and thermal properties of TD were investigated by XRD and a simultaneous DTA/TG analysis. The shear rate values ranged from 5 to 300s-1. We found that: (i) TD behaved as non- Newtonian pseudoplastic foodstuff; (ii) while the measurement temperature increased, viscosity decreased; and (iii) TD was a rheopectic material. The effect of temperature on viscosity was described by means of the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for the flow of pseudoplastic TD varied from 50.1-74.2 kJ/mol, depending on shear rate. Three models were used to predict the flow behavior of TD, namely, the Power law, Bingham and Casson models. The Power law model adequately described well the flow behavior of TD at different temperatures.
An Evaluation of Different Bioreactor Configurations with Immobilized Yeast for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Rivaldi Juan Daniel , Sarrouh Boutros F , da Silva Silvio Silvério
Published: January 2009

The bioethanol industry expects a huge expansion and new technologies are being implemented with the aim of optimizing the fermentation process. The behavior of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in PVA-LentiKats, during the production of bioethanol in two reactor systems, was studied. The entrapped cell in LentiKats lenses showed a different profile using stirred tank reactor (STR) and packed column reactor (PCR). Low free cells accumulation in the medium was observed for the STR after 72 h of fermentation. On the other hand, no free cells accumulation was observed, probably due to the absence of mechanical agitation in PCR configuration. Better fermentation results were obtained working with STR (final cellular concentration = 13 g.L-1, Pf = 28 g.L-1, Qp = 1.17 g.L-1.h-1,and Yp/s = 0.3 g.g-1) in comparison to PCR (final cellular concentration = 11.4 g.L-1, Pf = 20 g.L-1, Qp = 0.83 g.L-1.h-1,and Yp/s = 0.25 g.g-1). Such results are probably due to the mechanical agitation of the medium provided by STR configuration, which permitted a better heat and mass transference.
Modeling of Reverse-Flow Reactor for VOC Incineration with Account of Reversible Adsorption: The Way to Minimize the Negative Influence of Desorption Phenomena
Authors: Zagoruiko Andrey
Published: January 2009

The paper discusses the influence of adsorption/desorption phenomena on the purification performance of the reverse-flow catalytic incinerator for abatement of volatile organic compounds (VOC). It is shown that the reversible adsorption of VOC at the catalyst surface may occur at the catalyst bed inlet in the end of the cycle, followed by desorption into outlet gases after flow reversal leading to decrease of the process purification efficiency. The mathematical modelling results showed that inert material beds in combination with proposed process control strategy are needed to avoid negative influence of adsorption effects.
Impact of Communicating Familial Risk of Diabetes on Illness Perceptions and Self-Reported Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Pijl Miranda , Timmermans Danielle R.M. , Claassen Liesbeth , Janssens A. Cecile J.W. , Nijpels Giel , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Marteau Theresa M. , Henneman Lidewij
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the potential effectiveness of communicating familial risk of diabetes on illness perceptions and self-reported behavioral outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Individuals with a family history of diabetes were randomized to receive risk information based on familial and general risk factors (n = 59) or general risk factors alone (n = 59). Outcomes were assessed using questionnaires at baseline, 1 week, and 3 months.

RESULTS

Compared with individuals receiving general risk information, those receiving familial risk information perceived heredity to be a more important cause of diabetes (P < 0.01) at 1-week follow-up, perceived greater control over preventing diabetes (P < 0.05), and reported having eaten more healthily (P = 0.01) after 3 months. Behavioral intentions did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Communicating familial risk increased personal control and, thus, did not result in fatalism. Although the intervention did not influence intentions to change behavior, there was some evidence to suggest it increases healthy behavior.
Combined Measurement of Fasting Plasma Glucose and A1C Is Effective for the Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sato Kyoko Kogawa , Hayashi Tomoshige , Harita Nobuko , Yoneda Takeshi , Nakamura Yoshiko , Endo Ginji , Kambe Hiroshi
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

We prospectively assessed whether the combined measurements of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and A1C were effective for predicting type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Study participants included 6,736 nondiabetic Japanese men aged 40–55 years. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed in those who had an FPG ≥126 mg/dl or who were being treated with an oral antidiabetic agent or insulin. The models including FPG, A1C, and both were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves.

RESULTS

During the 4-year follow-up period, we confirmed 659 diabetes cases. In multivariate analysis, both FPG and A1C were independently associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The model including both FPG and A1C had a greater AUROC curve than that including FPG alone (0.853 vs. 0.818; P < 0.001) or A1C alone (0.853 vs. 0.771; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The combined measurement of FPG and A1C was effective for predicting type 2 diabetes.
Admission Hyperglycemia Predicts a Worse Outcome in Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Poppe Alexandre Y. , Majumdar Sumit R. , Jeerakathil Thomas , Ghali William , Buchan Alastair M. , Hill Michael D.
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE

Admission hyperglycemia has been associated with worse outcomes in ischemic stroke. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia (glucose >8.0 mmol/l) in the hyperacute phase would be independently associated with increased mortality, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH), and poor functional status at 90 days in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using data from the prospective, multicenter Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES), the association between admission glucose >8.0 mmol/l and mortality, SICH, and poor functional status at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale >1) was examined. Similar analyses examining glucose as a continuous measure were conducted.

RESULTS

Of 1,098 patients, 296 (27%) had admission hyperglycemia, including 18% of those without diabetes and 70% of those with diabetes. After multivariable logistic regression, admission hyperglycemia was found to be independently associated with increased risk of death (adjusted risk ratio 1.5 [95% CI 1.2–1.9]), SICH (1.69 [0.95–3.00]), and a decreased probability of a favorable outcome at 90 days (0.7 [0.5–0.9]). An incremental risk of death and SICH and unfavorable 90-day outcomes was observed with increasing admission glucose. This observation held true for patients with and without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

In this cohort of IV-tPA–treated stroke patients, admission hyperglycemia was independently associated with increased risk of death, SICH, and poor functional status at 90 days. Treatment trials continue to be urgently needed to determine whether this is a modifiable risk factor for poor outcome.
Halphen pencils on weighted Fano threefold hypersurfaces
Authors: Cheltsov Ivan , Park Jihun
Published: January 2009

On a general quasismooth well-formed weighted hypersurface of degree Σi=14 a i in ℙ(1, a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4), we classify all pencils whose general members are surfaces of Kodaira dimension zero.
On the solutions of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov system
Authors: Sakhnovich Lev
Published: January 2009

We consider the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov system of linear differential equations. The coefficients of this system are rational functions. We prove that under some conditions the solution of the KZ system is rational too. We give the method of constructing the corresponding rational solution. We deduce the asymptotic formulas for the solution of the KZ system when the parameter ρ is an integer.
Three-dimensional terminal toric flips
Authors: Fujino Osamu , Sato Hiroshi , Takano Yukishige , Uehara Hokuto
Published: January 2009

We describe three-dimensional terminal toric flips. We obtain the complete local description of three-dimensional terminal toric flips.
The Chemical Degradation of Leather
Authors: Larsen René
Published: January 2009

The chemical deterioration of vegetable tanned leather is caused by acid hydrolysis and oxidation due to environmental deteriorative factors like air pollutants, heat and light. In addition, the type of tannin material influences the rate of deterioration. The degree of deterioration
can be measured by the fall in the shrinkage temperature (Ts) of the leather. New analysis of data shows that, although environmental factors have a generally larger influence on the deterioration, the average degree of oxidation is greater in older leathers and it significantly influences
the Ts in these materials. Moreover, it is also shown that acid pollution is indicated in the relation between pH and the sulphate content measured in the leathers although ammonia is released by oxidation of amino acids and may influence the pH value in acid-damaged leathers.
Current Research on Artificial Arsenic Sulphide Pigments in Artworks: A Short Review
Authors: Grundmann Günter , Richter Mark
Published: January 2009

A general re-examination of the artificial arsenic sulphide pigments orpiment, realgar and alacranite using polarised light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy and wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX, WDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
revealed the following results: wet-process precipitation products of artificial orpiment consist of golden yellow, amorphous, spherical particles ranging from 0.2 to 2 ?m Ø. Dry-process roasting and/or sublimation products with an arsenolite/sulphur mixture consist mainly of amorphous
golden yellow oval drops and spherules of amorphous arsenic sulphide glass (g-AsxSx) with a smooth surface ranging from 1 to 20 ?m Ø in association with arsenolite crystal aggregates and members of the alacranite solid solution series (As8S8)–(As8S9).
A bright lemon yellow to orange-red arsenic sulphide pigment on a sixteenth/seventeenth-century South German polychrome recumbent sculpture and a seventeenth-century Dutch painting attributed to Rembrandt's studio has been identified as an artificial orpiment produced with dry-process (roasting/sublimation)
methods. The recumbent figure contains (i) yellow, orange or red-brown amorphous splintery fragments and spherules of arsenic sulphide glass of up to 25 ?m Ø, (ii) yellow, brown or red-brown crystalline spherules and splintery fragments of alacranite, (iii) lemon yellow to red-brown
agglomerates of arsenic sulphide glass, and (iv) colourless irregular fragments or octahedral crystals of arsenolite. This type can be classified as 'complex artificial orpiment'. The arsenic sulphide pigment in the yellowish paint layers of the Rembrandt studio painting proved to be very
uniform bright yellow spherules (max. 9 ?m Ø) of arsenic sulphide glass, which can be classified as 'purified artificial orpiment glass'. A deep red historic arsenic sulphide cake from the collection of the Landesmuseum Joanneum (Graz, Austria) called 'Realgar' turned out to be an
amorphous arsenic sulphide glass matrix (approx. g-As2S3) filled with numerous red crystal aggregates of alacranite (approx. As8S9) in the form of spherules, which fill gas bubbles and pores with an average 3 ?m Ø (max. 20 ?m Ø).
A very fine-grained light red arsenic sulphide powder called 'Realgar' from an archaeological excavation of a historic arsenic smelter near Strassegg (Steiermark, Austria) turned out to be a member of the alacranite solid solution series (As8S8)–(As8S9)
in the form of idiomorphic crystals and complex twinned crystal aggregates (average 10 ?m Ø, max. 30 ?m Ø). All red-colored crystals or crystal aggregates of artificial arsenic sulphides that have been called 'realgar' in the past are in fact members of the alacranite solid
solution series. The occurrence of pararealgar as a secondary photochemical reaction product is not exclusively linked with realgar, but can also form on members of the alacranite solid solution series (As8S8)–(As8S9).
The Editor as Gap-Filler: The Letters of Margaret Laurence and Adele Wiseman
Authors: Panofsky Ruth
Published: January 2009

Ruth Panofsky, co-editor with John Lennox of Selected Letters of Margaret Laurence and Adele Wiseman (University of Toronto Press 1997), discusses the editorial problems that arise during the course of compiling collections of correspondence. Panofsky acknowledges Robert Stephen Becker's distinction between editorial approaches that ascribe to the manuscripts either complete textual authority or varying interpretations (‘The Sacred Text’ versus ‘The Sensible Text’). It is the job of the editor, argues Panofsky, to present as complete a sense of her or his subject as possible. If there are gaps in the archival records, such as the limited extant letters of Wiseman, it is up to the editor to balance the records through careful scholarly research and editing. The intended market for the book and the reactions of the living relatives of the subject are also considered.
Personalities in Publishing: Ian Norrie
Authors: Bell Hazel
Published: January 2009

The eleventh essay in this series profiles bookseller, author, historian of publishing, and publisher Ian Norrie. After embarking on a career as a journalist, Norrie was encouraged by friend, colleague, and bookseller Martyn Goff to work as his manager at a bookshop in Seaford, Sussex. Norrie founded High Hill Press in 1968, serving as the publisher, editor, and occasional author of twenty-eight books on Hampstead and London. He was on the executive of the National Book League for thirteen years and served on the management committee of the Booker Prize for five years. He is now retired and lives in Barnet, on the northern edge of London, where he remains active as a journalist and has recently completed a novel.
From Gutenberg to Gateway: Electronic Publishing at University Presses
Authors: Siler Jennifer M.
Published: January 2009

Using the results from a publishers&apos survey conducted in June 1999 of the Association of American University Presses, Jennifer Siler creates a baseline record of university presses' current involvement in electronic publishing. Scholarly publishers launch electronic publishing projects for a variety of purposes, such as marketing and discussion tools for clothbound books, teaching and research tools for specialized markets, the timeliness of the electronic form (including the ability to update the material with relative ease), and the capability of on-demand printing. Other scholarly publishers prefer not to participate in forms of electronic publishing because of the need for specially trained staff, the additional cost of the technology and labour, a perceived limited market, and, in some cases, a lack of appropriate product for the electronic form. Siler argues that, given the rapid changes in technology and the developing trend towards electronic dissemination of research, publishers will have to be prepared to provide their markets with the markets' format of choice. Siler concludes that the book will nevertheless survive the new technology as it has in the past.
The General Reader Market for University Press Books in the United States, 1990–9, With Projections for the Years 2000 through 2004
Authors: Greco Albert N.
Published: January 2009

Throughout the 1990s, university presses in the United States sustained a tectonic shift in the marketplace because of the serials crisis. However, during that decade, the general reader market for university press books emerged as an exceptionally important channel of distribution. How vital was the general reader market to the university press community in the 1990s? What is the prognosis for future growth in this market between 2000 and 2004? What is the elasticity of demand for the general reader market? What book purchasing patterns exist among general readers? Is it likely that general readers will accept quickly electronic hand-held readers (‘e-books’) and eschew printed books? Albert Greco analyses detailed statistical data, covering the years 1990–9 with projections through 2004, to address these substantive issues and questions.
Scholarly Journal Publishing in Malaysia
Authors: Hew Merina
Published: January 2009

Exploring the nature and extent of scholarly publishing in Malaysia, Merina Hew observes that, despite the country's body of productive scholarship, publishing reputable, recognized scholarly journals is extremely difficult. A general problem with limited funding and a dearth of technical, editorial, and academic specialization among journal editors makes the sustained success of these journals difficult. The growing numbers of journals and the fact that many are bilingual (English and Bahasa Melayu), thus broadening their potential audience, points certainly to the potential of Malaysian scholarly publishing.
‘Schoeffling’ the Editorial Deck: A Tongue-In-Cheek Personal Note on Editing Two University Press Series with Ron Schoeffel
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: January 2009

An academic acknowledges the partnership between editors and authors in the development of new fields of scholarly inquiry.
Overview of Dose Assessment Developments and the Health of Riverside Residents Close to the “Mayak” PA Facilities, Russia
Authors: Standring William  J.F. , Dowdall Mark , Strand Per
Published: January 2009

The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) has been involved in studies related to the Mayak PA and the consequences of activities undertaken at the site for a number of years. This paper strives to present an overview of past and present activities at the Mayak PA and subsequent developments in the quantification of health effects on local populations caused by discharges of radioactive waste into the Techa River. Assessments of doses to affected populations have relied on the development of dose reconstruction techniques for both external and internal doses. Contamination levels are typically inhomogeneous and decrease with increasing distance from the discharge point. Citations made in this paper give a comprehensive, though not exhaustive, basis for further reading about this topic.
Smoking and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Parallel Epidemics of the 21st Century
Authors: Laniado-Laborín Rafael
Published: January 2009

One hundred million deaths were caused by tobacco in the 20th century, and it is estimated that there will be up to one billion deaths attributed to tobacco use in the 21st century. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is rapidly becoming a global public health crisis with smoking being recognized as its most important causative factor. The most effective available treatment for COPD is smoking cessation. There is mounting evidence that the rate of progression of COPD can be reduced when patients at risk of developing the disease stop smoking, while lifelong smokers have a 50% probability of developing COPD during their lifetime. More significantly, there is also evidence that the risk of developing COPD falls by about half with smoking cessation. Several pharmacological interventions now exist to aid smokers in cessation; these include nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline. All pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation are more efficacious than placebo, with odds ratios of about 2. Pharmacologic therapy should be combined with nonpharmacologic (behavioral) therapy. Unfortunately, despite the documented efficacy of these agents, the absolute number of patients who are abstinent from smoking at 12 months of follow-up is low.
Molecular Neuropathology of TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Authors: Neumann Manuela
Published: January 2009

The identification of TDP-43 as the major component of the pathologic inclusions in most forms of sporadic and familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) resolved a long-standing enigma concerning the nature of the ubiquitinated disease protein under these conditions. Anti-TDP-43 immunohistochemistry and the recent development of novel tools, such as phosphorylation-specific TDP-43 antibodies, have increased our knowledge about the spectrum of pathological changes associated with FTLD-U and ALS and moreover, facilitated the neuropathological routine diagnosis of these conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding on the molecular neuropathology and pathobiology of TDP-43 in FTLD and ALS.
Mechanochemical Effects on the Synthesis of Copper Orthophosphate and cyclo-Tetraphosphate Bulks by the Hydrothermal Hot Pressing Method
Authors: Onoda Hiroaki , Okumoto Ken-ichi , Nakahira Atsushi , Tanaka Isao
Published: January 2009

Copper orthophosphate, Cu3(PO4)2, and cyclo-tetraphosphates, Cu2P4O12, were synthesized using phosphoric acid and basic copper carbonate, and then treated with a planetary mill for up to 360 minutes. The un-milled and milled samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. SEM images, particle size distribution, specific surface area, UV-Vis reflectance spectra were also used to evaluate the materials. The un-milled and milled materials were used to fabricate copper phosphate bulks by a hydrothermal hot pressing method. The influence of powder condition on the sintering behavior of the copper phosphates was studied.
Origen y trayectoria de una técnica esquiva: el dorado sobre metal
Authors: Perea Alicia , Montero Ignacio , Gutiérrez P. Carolina , Climent-Font Aurelio
Published: January 2009

La investigación sobre la técnica del dorado al fuego con amalgama de mercurio durante la Prehistoria y Antigüedad no ha hecho más que comenzar debido a que su identificación y caracterización es totalmente dependiente de las técnicas analíticas, fundamentalmente las no destructivas, puestas a punto desde la Arqueometría para facilitar el estudio del material arqueológico. Actualmente contamos con escasos datos analíticos, que se reducen drásticamente si nos situamos en la Península ibérica y concentramos nuestro interés en las primeras etapas de su utilización, porque... nadie encuentra lo que no se busca. Presentamos una recopilación de este tipo de datos mediante las técnicas analíticas XRF y PIXE para caracterizar dos grupos de materiales peninsulares, por un lado las fíbulas de pié vuelto con animales y escenas de caza, fabricadas en plata dorada; y por otro, el tesoro visigodo de Torredonjimeno, Jaén. De la discusión de estos resultados ha surgido la hipótesis de un origen local para el dorado al fuego en época ibérica hacia el siglo IV a.C., al margen de otros focos de invención posibles en el Mediterráneo o Europa. La etapa final estaría representada por la orfebrería visigoda, que cierra el ciclo del ámbito tecnológico de la antigüedad tardía.
El cuarzo como material votivo y arquitectónico en el complejo funerario megalítico de Palacio III (Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla): Análisis contextual y mineralógico
Authors: Forteza González Matilde , García Sanjuán Leonardo , Hernández Arnedo María Jesús , Salguero Palma Jara , Wheatley David
Published: January 2009

Este trabajo examina un conjunto de objetos de cuarzo, tales como monocristales (variedades cristal de roca y prasio) y cantos rodados, encontrados en dos contextos arqueológicos espacial y cronológicamente distintos del complejo megalítico de Palacio III (Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla), excavado por las universidades de Sevilla y Southampton entre 2001 y 2002. Estos objetos se describen, en primer lugar, desde un punto de vista macroscópico atendiendo a sus características mineralógicas y cristalográficas. Se han utilizado técnicas difractométricas y de microscopía electrónica de barrido sobre las muestras inalteradas para determinar su composición mineralógica y química. A continuación se listan y describen casos de ítems semejantes registrados en contextos funerarios de la Prehistoria Reciente del Sur de la Península Ibérica. Finalmente se valoran distintas interpretaciones para los mismos, desde un punto de vista tanto funcional como simbólico, discutiéndose el significado de su presencia dentro de contextos espacialmente distintos y crono-culturalmente distantes.
Experimental Boundary Layer Study on Hovering Rotors
Authors: Tanner W. H. , Yaggy P. F.
Published: January 2009

A study has been conducted in an effort to gain basic knowledge about the boundary layer of rotors in the hovering condition. The results were obtained using evaporative chemical films, pressure probes and hot wire anemometers. Tuft and oil film studies were also conducted for comparison
with the chemical film technique. Information is presented on the location of transition from laminar to turbulent flow, on the forming of tip vortices and other aerodynamic features. A slightly inward flow of the boundary layer over a large part of the airfoil surface was noted, indicating
that, for the hovering rotor, the pressure forces along the blade and the effects of the contraction of the wake have to be taken into account besides the centrifugal acceleration. Also presented are preliminary velocity measurements in the boundary. Results using the chemical film and pressure
probe measurement techniques on rotating rotors are compared to non‐rotating tests conducted in a wind tunnel.
An Improved Computational Model for Predicting the Unsteady Aerodynamic Loads of Rotor Blades
Authors: Daughaday H. , Piziali R. A.
Published: January 2009

The computation of the time‐varying air loads of rotor blades is considered with the view of improving the treatment of unsteady aerodynamic effects in currently available programs without unduly increasing the required computational time. A computational model is proposed for
accomplishing this objective and is evaluated by applying it to the two‐dimensional oscillating airfoil problem for which the exact solution is available.
Concepts and Techniques for Helicopter Airframe Fatigue Tests
Authors: Lane Walter A.
Published: January 2009

Between February 1961 and June 1963, Sikorsky Aircraft, under the sponsorship of the U. S. Navy Bureau of Naval Weapons, performed the first laboratory fatigue test of a full scale helicopter airframe. This paper presents the concepts and techniques developed by Sikorsky for such tests.
Airframe fatigue test concepts are directed toward defining modes of fatigue cracking, measuring rates of crack propagation, and demonstrating the adequacy of recommended inspection techniques and intervals to provide “fail safe” structural integrity. The experimental design includes
consideration of the test article configuration, acceleration of test loads, loading spectra, and evaluation of test fractures. The design of the SH‐3A airframe fatigue test facility to provide automatic simulation of flight and landing loads, and the development problems encountered
in achieving this capability are described. The facility and techniques to be used for CH‐53A airframe fatigue tests reflect improvements resulting from SH‐3A test experience. Correlation of airframe fatigue test results and service experience demonstrates the validity of the
test concepts and techniques as well as the “fail safe” characteristics of the SH‐3A airframe.
An Analytical Method for Predicting Rotor Wake Geometry
Authors: Landgrebe Anton J.
Published: January 2009

An analytical method for predicting the distorted geometry of a helicopter rotor wake is described. The development of this method is ultimately directed toward providing a more accurate aerodynamic theory for computing the instantaneous rotor flow field and associated blade airloads. It is shown that: (1) realistic self‐induced distortions of a rotor wake represented by numerous discrete vortex elements can be computed by application of the classical Biot‐Savart law and numerical integration techniques and (2) by dividing the wake into a series of near and far wake regions, the computation requirements which have previously prohibited the use of such an analysis as a cost‐effective engineering tool can be appreciably reduced. Sample comparisons of analytical and experimental wake geometries of a rotor in forward flight are presented and indicate the ability of the analysis to predict the characteristic distortion features of the wake.
Simplified Aircraft Instrument Landing System (SAILS)
Authors: Rupp Edward W.
Published: January 2009

The SAILS system employs a small, lightweight, helicopter borne radar which tracks a beacon located at or near the desired touchdown point. The resultant position information is used to generate cross pointer signals representing the deviation from the desired glide slope and approach
path. Range and range rate are also provided. Provision is made to offset the touchdown point up to 2 miles north and east and 1000 ft vertically from the beacon position. The approach path, glide slope, and offsets are selected by the pilot. All measurements and computations are performed
in the aircraft.
Executive dysfunction in a survival environment
Authors: Porter Heather , Leach John
Published: January 2009

Victims often respond to survival incidents with maladaptive behaviours that suggest impairment in executive function. To examine this hypothesis the authors tested sub‐components of executive function during an intensive military survival exercise. Compared to a control group the survival course participants showed significant impairment in the incongruent condition of the Stroop task; the mean repetition gap and adjacent letter pair components of the random letter generation task; and the planning and action components of the Tower of London task. No impairment was found in dual‐task performance nor in verbal fluency. The pattern of the data suggests that the maladaptive behaviour frequently observed in survival incidents may be explained by dysfunction in the supervisory system‐contention scheduler interface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zweidimensionale Polymere: nur ein Traum von Synthetikern?
Authors: Sakamoto Junji , van Heijst Jeroen , Lukin Oleg , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: January 2009

Vermutlich werden synthetische 2D‐Polymere auf vielen Gebieten der Naturwissenschaft und Technik Bedeutung erlangen, und zwar grundlegende ebenso wie praktische. Daher überrascht es, dass auf diesem Gebiet bisher so wenige Fortschritte zu verzeichnen sind. In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind zwar viele Ansätze zur Synthese solcher Polymere beschrieben worden, die tatsächliche Synthese eines kovalent verknüpften, periodischen, molekularen Films mit der Dicke einer Monomereinheit ist bisher jedoch nicht gelungen. Unser Aufsatz liefert einen Überblick über bisherige Strategien sowie eine Analyse, wie die Synthese eines 2D‐Polymers wohl gelingen könnte. Bei unserer Analyse wird die Polymerisation in einer (anfänglich) homogenen Phase mit der Polymerisation an Grenzflächen verglichen, und es werden strukturelle Aspekte von Monomeren sowie möglicherweise bevorzugte Verknüpfungsmodi berücksichtigt. Es werden auch Aspekte wie Schrumpfung sowie Domänen‐ und Rissbildung behandelt, und es wird kurz darauf eingegangen, wie die Chancen für eine erfolgreiche Strukturanalyse des Endprodukts verbessert werden könnten.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Ultrathin Tin–Phthalocyanine Films on Ag(111) at the Single‐Molecule Level
Authors: Wang Yongfeng , Kröger Jörg , Berndt Richard , Hofer Werner
Published: January 2009

Kopf oder Zahl? Die Entwicklung der strukturellen und elektronischen Eigenschaften von Zinn‐Phthalocyanin‐Filmen wurde von einer Submonoschicht‐ bis zu einer Multischichtbedeckung mithilfe der Niedertemperatur‐Rastertunnelmikroskopie analysiert. Zwei Molekülkonformationen wurden beobachtet: zufällig verteilt in der ersten Schicht und als Inseln mit einer einzigen Konformation in den folgenden Schichten.

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A Two‐State Reactivity Model Explains Unusual Kinetic Isotope Effect Patterns in CH Bond Cleavage by Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complexes
Authors: Klinker Eric J. , Shaik Sason , Hirao Hajime , Que Lawrence
Published: January 2009

Die Bindungsstärke zählt: Die Werte für den kinetischen Isotopeneffekt (KIE) bei der Spaltung von C‐H‐Bindungen durch zwei verwandte Oxoeisen(IV)‐Komplexe zeigen eine ungewöhnliche Abhängigkeit von der C‐H‐Bindungsstärke: Große, nichtklassische KIE‐Werte treten bei Bindungsstärken unter 93 kcal mol−1 auf, semiklassische Werte darüber (siehe Bild; DHA=9,10‐Dihydroanthracen). Dieses unerwartete Verhalten lässt sich mithilfe eines Zwei‐Zustands‐Reaktivitätsmodells verstehen.

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A Selective Inhibitor Gal‐PUGNAc of Human Lysosomal β‐Hexosaminidases Modulates Levels of the Ganglioside GM2 in Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Stubbs Keith A. , Macauley Matthew S. , Vocadlo David J.
Published: January 2009

Der hoch selektive Inhibitor Gal‐PUGNAc (siehe Bild) für die β‐Hexosaminidasen HEXA und HEXB ist zellgängig und moduliert die Aktivität von HEXA und HEXB in Gewebekulturen in einer Weise, dass die Spiegel des Gangliosids GM2 erhöht werden. Gal‐PUGNAc sollte es ermöglichen, die Rolle dieser Enzyme auf der Zellebene zu analysieren, ohne dass durch gleichzeitige Inhibition der O‐GlcNAcase ein chemisch komplexer Phänotyp entsteht.

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Hydrogenation of N‐Acylcarbamates and N‐Acylsulfonamides Catalyzed by a Bifunctional [Cp*Ru(PN)] Complex
Authors: Ito Masato , Koo Lee Wei , Himizu Akio , Kobayashi Chika , Sakaguchi Ayaka , Ikariya Takao
Published: January 2009

Es geht auch mit weniger: Der difunktionelle Komplex 1 erleichtert die Wechselwirkung mit Substraten, die weniger elektrophile Kohlenstoffatome enthalten als Ketone, Epoxide und Imide. Die Titelreaktion konnte für die Reduktion von Evans' asymmetrischen Alkylierungsprodukten zu den chiralen Alkoholen genutzt werden, wobei das chirale Oxazolidinon‐Auxiliar zurückgewonnen wurde. EWG=elektronenziehende Gruppe.

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Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Naturally Occurring Antibiotics
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Chen Jason S. , Edmonds David J. , Estrada Anthony A.
Published: January 2009

Ever since the world‐shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug‐development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
A Two‐State Reactivity Model Explains Unusual Kinetic Isotope Effect Patterns in CH Bond Cleavage by Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complexes
Authors: Klinker Eric J. , Shaik Sason , Hirao Hajime , Que Lawrence
Published: January 2009

It's in the bond: The cleavage of CH bonds by two related oxoiron(IV) complexes shows a range of kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values that exhibit an unusual dependence on the CH bond strength. Large nonclassical KIEs are observed for bond strengths below 93 kcal mol−1, while semiclassical values are found above this value (see graph, DHA=9,10‐dihydroanthracene). This nonintuitive behavior can be rationalized by invoking a two‐state reactivity model.

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Enantioselective Intermolecular Crossed‐Conjugate Additions between Nitroalkenes and α,β‐Enals through a Dual Activation Strategy
Authors: Zhong Cheng , Chen Yunfeng , Petersen Jeffrey L. , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Shi Xiaodong
Published: January 2009

Double the fun: The title reaction was developed by using a Lewis base/iminium activation strategy (see scheme). The reaction proceeded with excellent yields and ee values, and the products were additionally transformed into a single enantiomer of a substituted pyrrolidine with excellent retention of configuration.

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The effect of alkalization and fiber loading on the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber composites, Part 1: — Polyester resin matrix
Authors: Das Mahuya , Chakraborty Debabrata
Published: January 2009

Bamboo strips [10 cm × 1.5 cm × (1−1.5) mm] were treated with caustic solutions for 1 h at different concentrations e.g., 0, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. Bamboo strips reinforced polyester resin composites were fabricated by hand‐lay‐up technique using both alkali‐treated and untreated bamboo strips, using a room temperature curing system for the polyester resin. This study aims at the evaluation of the influence of caustic concentration on the mechanical properties of bamboo strips reinforced polyester resin composites at a constant 50% loading of reinforcement. Maximum improvement in property was achieved possibly with 20% of caustic treated strip reinforcements. Beyond 20%, there was degradation in all the strength properties because of failure in mechanical properties of the reinforcements itself. The effect of fiber loading variation upon mechanical properties was also studied. It was observed that superior mechanical properties were obtained with 60% filler loading. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009