bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of desmocollin 3 in mice leads to epidermal blistering
Authors: Chen Jiangli , Den Zhining , Koch Peter J.
Published: August 2008

Desmocollin 3 (DSC3) belongs to a subfamily of cadherins and is a major component of desmosomes in keratinocytes of stratified epithelia, such as the epidermis. Based on its amino acid sequence homology to classical cadherins, such as E-cadherin, it has been postulated that DSC3 functions as a cell-adhesion molecule. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the function of DSC3 in the development and maintenance of stratified epithelia, in particular the epidermis and hair follicles. Using a conditional null allele, we show that loss of Dsc3 function in the epidermis causes impaired cell–cell adhesion, leading to intra-epidermal blistering and telogen hair loss. Furthermore, the lesions in Dsc3-null skin resemble those observed in individuals with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), indicating that impaired Dsc3 function could be a potential cause of PV-like inherited or acquired skin blistering diseases.
Rhodium-catalyzed Highly Enantioselective [4 + 2] Annulation of 2-Alkynylbenzaldehydes with Acyl Phosphonates
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Tanaka Rie , Nishida Goushi , Noguchi Keiichi , Hirano Masao
Published: August 2008

A cationic rhodium(I)/(R)-Segphos® [(4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5′-diylbis(diphenylphosphine)] complex catalyzes the highly enantioselective [4 + 2] annulation of 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes with acyl phosphonates, leading to benzopyranones with a phosphonate-substituted quaternary carbon center in moderate to high yields with excellent ee’s.
Oligosaccharide Synthesis Based on a One-pot Electrochemical Glycosylation–Fmoc Deprotection Sequence
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Tsuyama Hiroaki , Shibuya Akito , Nakatsutsumi Takayuki , Yoshida Jun-ichi
Published: August 2008

We have found that tetrabutylammonium triflate (Bu4NOTf) serves as an effective electrolyte for electrochemical glycosylation using thioglycosides. Based on this method, a one-pot electrochemical glycosylation–Fmoc group deprotection sequence has been developed. This sequence has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a pentasaccharide.
A New Carbazole-based Conjugated Multibranched Molecule and Its Tetramer as Hole Transporting Materials
Authors: Lee Tae Wan , Kim Hong Suk , Cho Min Ju , Kim Kyung Hwan , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: August 2008

A conjugated multibranched molecule, 1,3,5-tris{(E)-2-[9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl]vinyl}benzene (THCEB) and its tetramer, 1,3,5-tris((E)-2-{9-[6-(3-{(E)-3,5-bis[(E)-2-(9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)vinyl]styryl}-9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl}vinyl)benzene (4(THCEB)), have been synthesized through Heck coupling and Horner–Emmons reactions in moderately good yields. These compounds exhibited good self-film-forming properties by spin coating. These two large molecules showed an absorption maxima at around 346–348 nm in their solution states. The maximum PL intensities of THCEB and 4(THCEB) films were commonly observed at around 450 nm, except for a strong emission band at 535 nm in THCEB. In the tetramer, the emission at 535 nm was highly suppressed. This observation was explained in terms of the time-resolved photophysical properties of these molecules with the help of a possible mechanism.
Decision Biases in Revenue Management: Some Behavioral Evidence
Authors: Bearden J. Neil , Murphy Ryan O. , Rapoport Amnon
Published: August 2008

We study a problem of selling a fixed number of goods over a finite and known horizon. After presenting a procedure for computing optimal decision policies and some numerical results of a simple heuristic policy for the problem, we describe results from three experiments involving financially motivated subjects. The experiments reveal that decision makers employ decision policies of the same form of the optimal policy. However, they show systematic biases to demand too much when they have many units to sell and too little when they have few to sell, resulting in significant revenue losses.
Bivalirudin for Patients with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Czosnowski Quinn A , Finks Shannon W , Rogers Kelly C
Published: August 2008

Objective

To evaluate the uso of bivalirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

Data Sources:

Relevant information was identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966–April 2008), international Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1960–April 2008), and Cochrane Databases (publications archived until April 2008) using the terms bivalirudin, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and cardiovascular surgery.

Study Selection And Data Extraction:

Prospective and retrospective studies, case reports, and case series in adults were eligible for inclusion if bivalirudin had been used in a patient with known HIT undergoing any cardiovascular surgical procedure other than percutaneous coronary intervention.

Data Synthesis:

Two small, open-label, multicenter clinical trials were identified that evaluated treatment with bivalirudin in patients with HIT undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ono looked at on-pump cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), while the other looked at off-pump CPB. Procedural success was achieved at day 7 in 94% (n = 46) of patients in the on-pump CPB study and in 92% (n = 47) of patients in the off-pump CPB study. Dosing strategies varied between the 2 trials, with the on-pump study using a 1-mg/kg bivalirudin bolus followed by a 2.5-mg/kg/h infusion; the off-pump study used a 0.75-mg/kg bolus followed by a 1.75-mg/kg/h infusion. In addition, 10 case reports met the criteria to be included in the review and are summarized. In these cases, procedural success was reported using various bivalirudin doses in valve repair and replacement, right ventricular assist device implantation, and heart transplantation.

Conclusions:

Growing data demonstrate procedural success with bivalirudin in patients with HIT undergoing cardiovascular surgery. However, bivalirudin dosing and goal-activated clotting times varied between the studies and case reports. Bivalirudin represents a viable alternative to heparin in patients with HIT undergoing cardiovascular surgery; however, further trials are warranted to identify optimal dosing and monitoring parameters.
Sensitivity of Patient Outcomes to Pharmacist Interventions. Part III: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Hyperlipidemia Management
Authors: Machado Márcio , Nassor Nermine , Bajcar Jana M , Guzzo Giovanni C , Einarson Thomas R
Published: August 2008

Background

Hyperlipidemia increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and control is pivotal ror preventing disease complications. Multidisciplinary interventions, including those performed by pharmacists, are important for improving patients’ outcomes.

Objective:

To quantify the impact of pharmacist interventions in enhancing patients’ outcomes.

Methods

TWO reviewers searched International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. 3rd Quarter, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (all from inception to July 2007) for pharmacist interventions in hyperlipidemia. Quality was assessed using the Downs-Black scale. Data extracted included the number of patients enrolled; study characteristics; intervention type; and pre- and postintervention measures for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, total cholesterol, adherence, and quality of life. A random effects meta-analysis combined data. Heterogeneity of effects was tested using χ5 analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and the Begg-Mazumdar statistic.

Results:

Forty-eight studies were found; 23 met inclusion criteria. Study settings included medical clinic/center (n = 12), community pharmacy (n = 8), hospital (n = 2), and patient homes (n = 1). Article quality was good (71% ± 7.0%). Patient education (78%) and medication management (74%) were the most common interventions. Total cholesterol was significantly reduced from baseline (mean ± SD; 34.3 ± 10.3 mg/dL; p < 0.001) and above that for controls (22.0 ± 10.4 mg/dL: p = 0.034). LDL-C was reduced significantly from baseline (32.6 ± 11.3 mg/dL; p = 0.004), but not significantly more than controls (17.5 ± 10.9 mg/dL; p = 0.109). A clinically relevant but not statistically significant reduction in triglycerides was found. No impact on HDL-C levels was found. Patients’ adherence to pharmacotherapeutic regimens and quality of life were considered possibly not sensitive and possibly sensitive to pharmacist interventions, respectively.

Conclusions:

Total cholesterol is sensitive to pharmacist interventions, while LDL-C and triglyceride levels are possibly sensitive to those interventions. Further research is required for these outcomes.
Oxandrolone in Pediatric Patients with Severe Thermal Burn Injury
Authors: Miller James T , Btaiche Imad F
Published: August 2008

Objective

To review the rolo of oxandrolone in pediatric patients with severe thermal burn injury.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE (1950–April 2008) and Science Citation Index (1900–April 2008) searches were performed using the key terms oxandrolone, burn, and children.

Study Selection And Data Extraction:

All English-language articles that evaluated the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in pediatric patients with severe thermal burn injury were included in this review.

Data Synthesis:

Oxandrolone stimulates protein synthesis by binding to androgen receptors. The efficacy and safety of adjunct oxandrolone therapy in pediatric patients (≤18 y old) with severe thermal burn injury (total body surface area burn >20%) were evaluated in 8 clinical studies. Oral oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg twice daily increased protein synthesis, lean body mass accretion, and muscle strength; improved serum visceral protein concentrations; promoted weight gain; and increased bone mineral content. During the postburn rehabilitation period, oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg/day improved muscle strength, especially when combined with exercise. Based on clinical studies, oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg twice daily is safe when given for up to 12 months. However, mild increases in serum liver transaminase concentrations and reversible sexual changes were observed during therapy. Although data on the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in severely burned children are supported by prospective, randomized, controlled studies, limitations of available data aro that they originated from a single study center and that wound healing measurement is lacking in children with severe thermal burns.

Conclusions:

The benefits of adjunct oxandrolone therapy in severely burned pediatric patients have been demonstrated in the acute postburn injury and long-term postburn rehabilitation periods. Close monitoring of liver function, sexual development, and growth pattern is recommended during oxandrolone treatment.
Mental models or methodological artefacts? Adults' naïve responses to a test of children's conceptions of the earth
Authors: Nobes Gavin , Panagiotaki Georgia
Published: August 2008

Vosniadou and Brewer (1992) claim that children's drawings and answers to questions show that they have naïve, theory‐like ‘mental models’ of the earth; for example, they believe it to be flat, or hollow with people inside. However, recent studies that have used different methods have found little or no evidence of these misconceptions. The contrasting accounts, and possible reasons for the inconsistent findings, were tested by giving adults (N=484) either the original task (designed for 5‐year olds) or a new version in which the same drawing instructions and questions were rephrased and clarified. Many adults' responses to the original version were identical to children's ‘naïve’ drawings and answers. The new version elicited substantially fewer non‐scientific responses. These findings indicate that even adults find the original instructions and questions ambiguous and confusing, and that this is the principal reason for their non‐scientific drawings and answers. Since children must find the task even more confusing than adults, this explanation very probably applies to many of their non‐scientific responses, too, and therefore accounts for the discrepant findings of previous research. ‘Naïve’ responses result largely from misinterpretation of Vosniadou and Brewer's apparently simple task, rather than from mental models of the earth.
Dynamic and Structural Properties of the Skeleton in Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Rubin Mishaela R , Dempster David W , Zhou Hua , Shane Elizabeth , Nickolas Thomas , Sliney James , Silverberg Shonni J , Bilezikian John P
Published: August 2008

Hypoparathyroidism, a disorder in which PTH is absent, is associated with BMD that is above average. We studied associated structural and dynamic properties of the skeleton in hypoparathyroidism. Thirty-three subjects with hypoparathyroidism and 33 age- and sex-matched control subjects with no known metabolic diseases underwent percutaneous iliac crest bone biopsies after double-labeling with tetracycline. The main outcome was histomorphometric assessment of structural and dynamic skeletal parameters. Subjects with hypoparathyroidism had greater cancellous bone volume (mean ± SD; BV/TV: 23.5 ± 8 versus 19.7 ± 5%, p = 0.02), trabecular width (Tb.Wi: 136.1 ± 37 versus 119.3 ± 21 μm, p = 0.03), and cortical width (Ct.Wi: 923.4 ± 420 versus 753.5 ± 246 μm, p = 0.05) than control subjects. Dynamic skeletal indices, including mineralizing surface (MS: 0.85 ± 1.58 versus 4.27 ± 3.32%, p < 0.0001) and bone formation rate (BFR/BS: 0.006 ± 0.014 versus 0.032 ± 0.028 μm3/μm2/d, p < 0.0001), were profoundly suppressed in the hypoparathyroid subjects. We conclude that hypoparathyroidism is characterized by markedly unusual structural and dynamic properties of bone.
Lack of Bone Neoplasms and Persistence of Bone Efficacy in Cynomolgus Macaques After Long-Term Treatment With Teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)]
Authors: Vahle John L , Zuehlke Ulrich , Schmidt Allen , Westmore Michael , Chen Peiqi , Sato Masahiko
Published: August 2008

In rats, teriparatide [rhPTH(1-34)] causes marked increases in bone mass and osteosarcoma. In primates, teriparatide causes lesser increases in bone mass, and osteosarcomas have not been reported. Previous studies in primates were not designed to detect bone tumors and did not include a prolonged post-treatment observation period to determine whether tumors would arise after cessation of treatment. Ovariectomized (OVX), skeletally mature, cynomolgus monkeys (n = 30 per group) were given teriparatide for 18 mo at either 0 or 5 μg/kg/d subcutaneously. After 18 mo of treatment, subgroups of six monkeys from both groups were killed and evaluated, whereas all remaining monkeys entered a 3-yr observation period in which they did not receive teriparatide. Surveillance for bone tumors was accomplished with plain film radiographs, visual examination of the skeleton at necropsy, and histologic evaluation of multiple skeletal sites. Quantitative assessments of bone mass, architecture, and strength were also performed. After the 18-mo treatment period, vertebral BMD, BMC, and strength (ultimate load) were increased by 29%, 36%, and 52%, respectively, compared with OVX controls. Proximal femur BMD, BMC, and strength were also increased by 15%, 28% and 33%, respectively. After 3 yr without treatment, no differences in bone mass or strength at the vertebra were observed relative to OVX controls; however, the femoral neck showed significant persistence in stiffness (20%), BMC (14%), and trabecular BV/TV (53%), indicating a retention of teriparatide efficacy at the hip. Radiographs and histology did not identify any bone proliferative lesions or microscopic lesions of osteosarcoma at the end of the treatment or observation period. These data indicate that teriparatide did not induce bone proliferative lesions over a 4.5-yr interval of observation, including 18 mo of treatment and 3 yr of follow-up observation. Bone analyses confirmed that teriparatide caused increases in bone mass and strength, consistent with previous studies. During the withdrawal phase, beneficial effects of teriparatide treatment on the vertebra were lost; however, some of the beneficial effects on the proximal femur persisted for 3 yr after cessation of treatment. Although the lack of bone tumors in this study provides some additional reassurance regarding the safety of teriparatide for the primate skeleton, the small group size and other limitations of this, or any other animal study, limit the ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding the risk of bone tumor developments in patients.
Bone Structure and Volumetric BMD in Overweight Children: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wetzsteon Rachel J , Petit Moira A , Macdonald Heather M , Hughes Julie M , Beck Thomas J , McKay Heather A
Published: August 2008

The effect of excess body fat on bone strength accrual is not well understood. Therefore, we assessed bone measures in healthy weight (HW) and overweight (OW) children. Children (9–11 yr) were classified as HW (n = 302) or OW (n = 143) based on body mass index. We assessed total (ToD) and cortical (CoD) volumetric BMD and bone area, estimates of bone strength (bone strength index [BSI]; stress-strain index [SSIp]), and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) at the distal (8%), midshaft (50%), and proximal (66%) tibia by pQCT. We used analysis of covariance to compare bone outcomes at baseline and change over 16 mo. At baseline, all bone measures were significantly greater in OW compared with HW children (+4–15%; p ≤ 0.001), with the exception of CoD at the 50% and 66% sites. Over 16 mo, ToA increased more in the OW children, whereas there was no difference for change in BSI or ToD between groups at the distal tibia. At the tibial midshaft, SSIp was similar between groups at baseline when adjusted for muscle CSA, but low when adjusted for body fat in the OW group. At both sites, bone strength increased more in OW because of a greater increase in bone area. Changes in SSIp were associated with changes in lean mass (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) but not fat mass. In conclusion, although OW children seem to be at an advantage in terms of absolute bone strength, bone strength did not adapt to excess body fat. Rather, bone strength was adapted to the greater muscle area in OW children.
Local regression: a new approach for measurement system comparison analysis
Authors: Geistanger Andrea , Berding Christoph , Vorberg Ewald , Herlan Mark
Published: August 2008

A new graphical approach for analysis of measurement system comparison studies is proposed. Unlike the established linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis, it does not depend on the assumption of a linear relationship. We review the established analysis approaches and propose a difference plot with non-parametric regression as an adequate tool to describe the relationship between two measurement systems. Along with pre-defined level-dependent acceptance limits, this approach may provide evidence for metrological equivalence between two measurement systems. Several data examples are given to illustrate this approach.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1211–9.
Rationalization of the Gene as a Corporate Stakeholder Based on International Laws
Authors: Okada Yoshihiro , Watanabe Kazuo N.
Published: August 2008

The concept of the gene as a corporate stakeholder was examined for the corporate social responsibility on the commercial use of genes. Discussion was made on the evidence for the concept and, it was addressed on the inseparability of the natural environment and genes, drawing from the context of international laws and soft regimes.
Application of an Epac Activator Enhances Neurotransmitter Release at Excitatory Central Synapses
Authors: Gekel Isabella , Neher Erwin
Published: August 2008

cAMP regulates secretory processes through both PKA-independent and PKA-dependent signaling pathways. Their relative contributions to fast neurotransmission are unclear at present, although forskolin, which is generally believed to enhance intracellular cAMP levels by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity, was shown to increase vesicular release probability (p) and the number of releasable vesicles (N) in various neuronal preparations. Using low-frequency (0.2 Hz) electrophysiological recordings in the presence of the Epac-selective cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (ESCA1), we find that Epac activation by this analog accounts on average for 38% of the forskolin-induced increase in evoked EPSC amplitudes and for 100% of the forskolin-induced increase in miniature EPSC (mEPSC) frequency in dissociated autaptic neuronal cultures from mouse hippocampus. From paired-pulse facilitation experiments, and considering the enhancement of mEPSC frequency, we conclude that ESCA1-induced Epac activity is presynaptic in origin and increasesp. In addition, preapplication of ESCA1augmented a subsequent enhancement of evoked EPSC amplitudes by phorbol ester (PDBu). This effect was maximal when ESCA1application preceded the PDBu application by 3 min. Because the PDBu response was abolished after downregulation of intracellular PKC activity, we conclude that ESCA1-induced Epac activation leads to presynaptic changes involving Epac-to-PKC signaling.
Zn2+Influx Is Critical for Some Forms of Spreading Depression in Brain Slices
Authors: Dietz Robert M. , Weiss John H. , Shuttleworth Claude W.
Published: August 2008

Spreading depression (SD) is wave of profound depolarization that propagates throughout brain tissue and can contribute to the spread of injury after stroke or traumatic insults. The contribution of Ca2+influx to SD differs depending on the stimulus, and we show here that Zn2+can play a critical complementary role in murine hippocampal slices. In initial studies, we used the Na+/K+ATPase inhibitor ouabain and found conditions in which SD was always prevented by L-type Ca2+channel blockers; however, Ca2+influx was not responsible for L-type effects. Cytosolic Ca2+increases were not detectable in CA1 neurons before SD, and removal of extracellular Ca2+did not prevent ouabain-SD. In contrast, cytosolic Zn2+increases were observed in CA1 neurons before ouabain-SD, and L-type channel block prevented the intracellular Zn2+rises. A slow mitochondrial depolarization observed before ouabain-SD was abolished by L-type channel block, and Zn2+accumulation contributed substantially to initial mitochondrial depolarizations. Selective chelation of Zn2+withN,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) abolished SD, implying that Zn2+entry can play a critical role in the generation of ouabain-SD. TPEN was most effective when synaptic activity was reduced by adenosine A1receptor activation, and a combination of Ca2+and Zn2+removal was required to prevent ouabain-SD when A1receptors were blocked. Similarly, Zn2+chelation could prevent SD triggered by oxygen/glucose deprivation but Zn2+accumulation did not contribute to SD triggered by localized high K+exposures. These results identify Zn2+as a new target for the block of spreading depolarizations after brain injury.
Nonperiodic Synchronization in Heterogeneous Networks of Spiking Neurons
Authors: Thivierge Jean-Philippe , Cisek Paul
Published: August 2008

Neural synchronization is of wide interest in neuroscience and has been argued to form the substrate for conscious attention to stimuli, movement preparation, and the maintenance of task-relevant representations in active memory. Despite a wealth of possible functions, the mechanisms underlying synchrony are still poorly understood. In particular,in vitropreparations have demonstrated synchronization with no apparent periodicity, which cannot be explained by simple oscillatory mechanisms. Here, we investigate the possible origins of nonperiodic synchronization through biophysical simulations. We show that such aperiodic synchronization arises naturally under a simple set of plausible assumptions, depending crucially on heterogeneous cell properties. In addition, nonperiodicity occurs even in the absence of stochastic fluctuation in membrane potential, suggesting that it may represent an intrinsic property of interconnected networks. Simulations capture some of the key aspects of population-level synchronization in spontaneous network spikes (NSs) and suggest that the intrinsic nonperiodicity of NSs observed in reduced cell preparations is a phenomenon that is highly robust and can be reproduced in simulations that involve a minimal set of realistic assumptions. In addition, a model with spike timing-dependent plasticity can overcome a natural tendency to exhibit nonperiodic behavior. After rhythmic stimulation, the model does not automatically fall back to a state of nonperiodic behavior, but keeps replaying the pattern of evoked NSs for a few cycles. A cluster analysis of synaptic strengths highlights the importance of population-wide interactions in generating this result and describes a possible route for encoding temporal patterns in networks of neurons.
Developmental Neuronal Death in Hippocampus Requires the Microglial CD11b Integrin and DAP12 Immunoreceptor
Authors: Wakselman Shirley , Béchade Catherine , Roumier Anne , Bernard Delphine , Triller Antoine , Bessis Alain
Published: August 2008

In several brain regions, microglia actively promote neuronal apoptosis during development. However, molecular actors leading microglia to trigger death remain mostly unknown. Here, we show that, in the developing hippocampus, apoptotic neurons are contacted by microglia expressing both the integrin CD11b and the immunoreceptor DAP12. We demonstrate that developmental apoptosis decreases in mice deficient for CD11b or DAP12. In addition, function-blocking antibodies directed against CD11b decrease neuronal death when injected into wild-type neonates, but have no effect when injected into DAP12-deficient littermates. This demonstrates that DAP12 and CD11b act in converging pathways to induce neuronal death. Finally, we show that DAP12 and CD11b control the production of microglial superoxide ions, which kill the neurons. Thus, our data show that the process of developmental neuronal death triggered by microglia is similar to the elimination of pathogenic cells by the innate immune cells.
The Orientation Selectivity of Color-Responsive Neurons in Macaque V1
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth N. , Hawken Michael J. , Shapley Robert
Published: August 2008

Form has a strong influence on color perception. We investigated the neural basis of the form–color link in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) by studying orientation selectivity of single V1 cells for pure color patterns. Neurons that responded to color were classified, based on cone inputs and spatial selectivity, into chromatically single-opponent and double-opponent groups. Single-opponent cells responded well to color but weakly to luminance contrast; they were not orientation selective for color patterns. Most double-opponent cells were orientation selective to pure color stimuli as well as to achromatic patterns. We also found non-opponent cells that responded weakly or not at all to pure color; most were orientation selective for luminance patterns. Double-opponent and non-opponent cells' orientation selectivities were not contrast invariant; selectivity usually increased with contrast. Double-opponent cells were approximately equally orientation selective for luminance and equiluminant color stimuli when stimuli were matched in average cone contrast. V1 double-opponent cells could be the neural basis of the influence of form on color perception. The combined activities of single- and double-opponent cells in V1 are needed for the full repertoire of color perception.
Potential Adaptive Function for Altered Long-Term Potentiation Mechanisms in Aging Hippocampus
Authors: Boric Katica , Muñoz Pablo , Gallagher Michela , Kirkwood Alfredo
Published: August 2008

Age-dependent alterations in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) are well documented, providing a likely neural basis for memory decline associated with aging. Studies of neural plasticity are also important to understand the neural basis of individual differences in aging, ranging from significant cognitive impairment to preservation of function on a par with younger adults. To examine the cellular mechanisms that distinguish such outcomes, we studied the induction of LTP in male outbred young and aged rats behaviorally characterized in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. We evaluated,in vitro, the magnitude of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent and -independent forms of LTP induced in the Schaffer collateral to CA1 synapses. We found that age substantially reduces NMDAR-dependent LTP across the spectrum of cognitive outcomes, whereas increased NMDAR-independent LTP occurs distinctively in high-performing aged rats. Moreover, in young rats, behavioral performance correlates strongly with the magnitude of NMDAR-LTP, whereas NMDAR-independent LTP correlates with behavioral performance only in aged rats. Together with similar previous findings on the mechanisms for LTD in this model, these results support the notion that a shift from NMDAR-dependent to NMDAR-independent mechanisms for neural plasticity during aging is associated with better cognitive outcomes.
Targeting of the 5-HT1ASerotonin Receptor to Neuronal Dendrites Is Mediated by Yif1B
Authors: Carrel Damien , Masson Justine , Al Awabdh Sana , Capra Catherine Borg , Lenkei Zsolt , Hamon Michel , Emerit Michel Boris , Darmon Michèle
Published: August 2008

The 5-HT1Areceptor (5-HT1AR) is the most extensively characterized serotonin (5-HT) receptor mainly because of its involvement in the mode of action of antidepressants. The 5-HT1AR is confined to the somatodendritic domain of central neurons, where it mediates serotonin-evoked hyperpolarization. Our previous studies underlined the role of the short 5-HT1AR C-terminal domain in receptor targeting to dendrites. We used this 17 aa region as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, and identified, for the first time, an intracellular protein interacting with the 5-HT1AR. This protein is homologous to the yeast Yif1p, previously implicated in vesicular trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, but not yet characterized in mammals. We confirmed 5-HT1AR–Yif1B interaction by glutathioneS-transferase pull-down experiments using rat brain extracts and transfected cell lines. Yif1B is highly expressed in the brain, and specifically in raphe 5-HT1AR-expressing neurons. Colocalization of Yif1B and 5-HT1AR was observed in small vesicles involved in transient intracellular trafficking. Last, inhibition of endogenous expression of Yif1B in primary neuron cultures by small interfering RNA specifically prevented the addressing of 5-HT1AR to distal portions of the dendrites, without affecting other receptors, such as sst2A, P2X2, and 5-HT3Areceptors. Together, our results provide strong evidence that Yif1B is a member of the ER/Golgi trafficking machinery, which plays a key role in specific targeting of 5-HT1AR to the neuronal dendrites. This finding opens up new pathways for the study of 5-HT1AR regulation by partner proteins and for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
Direct Restorative Treatment of Missing Maxillary Laterals with Composite Laminate Veneer: A Case Report
Authors: Bagis Bora , Aydoğan Elif , Bagis Yildirim H.
Published: August 2008

This clinical report describes a direct composite laminate veneer restoration of the maxillary anterior teeth in one chair time to produce a better esthetic appearance in a patient with diastemata and missing laterals.
The Recent Decline of the Arctic Summer Sea-Ice Cover in the Context of Internal Climate Variability
Authors: Dorn W. , Dethloff K. , Rinke A. , Kurgansky M.
Published: August 2008

By means of a 21-year simulation of a coupled regional pan-Arctic atmosphere-ocean-ice model for the 1980's and 1990's and comparison of the model results with SSM/I satellite-derived sea-ice concentrations, the patterns of maximum amplitude of interannual variability of the Arctic summer sea-ice cover are revealed. They are shown to concentrate beyond an area enclosed by an isopleth of barotropic planetary potential vorticity that marks the edge of the cyclonic rim current around the deep inner Arctic basin. It is argued that the propagation of the interannual variability signal farther into the inner Arctic basin is hindered by the dynamic isolation of upper Arctic Ocean and the high summer cloudiness usually appearing in the central Arctic. The thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover in recent years is likely to be jointly responsible for its exceptionally strong decrease in summer 2007 when sea-ice decline was favored by anomalously high atmospheric pressure over the western Arctic Ocean, which can be regarded as a typical feature for years with low sea-ice extent. In addition, unusually low cloud cover appeared in summer 2007, which led to substantial warming of the upper ocean. It is hypothesized that the coincidence of several favorable factors for low sea-ice extent is responsible for this extreme event. Owing to the important role of internal climate variability in the recent decline of sea ice, a temporal return to previous conditions or stabilization at the current level can not be excluded just as further decline.
Could Some Ball Lightning Observations be Optical Hallucinations Caused by Epileptic Seizures?
Authors: Cooray Gerald , Cooray Vernon
Published: August 2008

The great difficulty of encompassing all observed features of ball lightning into a single theory makes it highly probable that many observations and experiences which have no connection to ball lightning are also categorized as ball lightning experiences. In this note we compare the eyewitness reports of ball lightning and the symptoms of epileptic seizures of the occipital lobe as described in the medical literature and show that a person experiencing such a seizure for the first time may believe that he has witnessed a ball lightning event. Since many of the ball lightning reports are associated with nearby lightning strikes, the possibility that the rapidly changing magnetic field of a close lightning strike could trigger an epileptic seizure is analyzed. The results show that the time derivative of the magnetic field in the vicinity of an intense lightning flash is strong enough to stimulate neurons in the brain. This strengthens the possibility of inducing seizures in the occipital lobe of a person located in the vicinity of lightning strikes.
Rotavirus Infection in Small Bowel Transplant: A Histologic Comparison with Acute Cellular Rejection
Authors: Eisengart Laurie J. , Chou Pauline M. , Iyer Kishore , Cohran Valeria , Rajaram Veena
Published: August 2008

Pediatric small bowel transplant recipients are susceptible to diarrhea due to rejection or infectious enteritis, particularly of viral etiology. The most common causes of viral enteritis in this setting are rotavirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. This study is the first to compare the histologic findings of rotavirus infection with acute cellular rejection in small bowel transplant biopsies. Three patients with small bowel transplants had rapid stool antigen test–proven rotavirus infection. Endoscopic biopsies during infection were examined, including material from the allograft, native small bowel, stomach, and colon. Biopsies from 2 of the patients during unrelated episodes of mild acute cellular rejection were also evaluated. Blunting of villi was the most common finding in rotavirus infection. Additionally, there was a mononuclear infiltrate that was “top heavy,” or denser towards the lumen. There were surface apoptoses but no increase in crypt apoptotic figures. In contrast, during mild acute cellular rejection, there was no villous blunting, the mononuclear infiltrate was diffuse, and there were increased crypt apoptosis. As expected, the changes of acute cellular rejection were confined to the graft, in contrast to rotavirus infection, in which case native bowel often had more pronounced changes. Although the small number of patients limits this study, several histologic features were helpful in identifying rotavirus infection. These were blunting of villi, distribution of the inflammatory infiltrate, number and location of apoptotic bodies, and anatomic location of the effect. A larger follow-up study would be valuable to confirm these findings.
Nasal Airway Volume and Resistance to Airflow
Authors: Zhang Gehua , Solomon Philip , Rival Richard , Fenton Ronald S. , Cole Philip
Published: August 2008

Background

In modern rhinological practice and research, rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry are widely used. The goal of this study was to determine whether there is correlation between rhinomanometrically derived nasal airflow resistances and acoustic rhinometrically derived nasal airway volumes.

Methods

To achieve the goal, a prospective cross-sectional study of a total of 316 patients complaining of nasal obstruction was performed. Resulting data were compared by means of Spearman rank correlations of the total number of patients and of subgroups.

Results

The total number of patients, and most subgroups, in both their untreated and decongested states showed significant negative correlation unilaterally between nasal airflow resistances and nasal volumes.

Conclusion

Rhinomanometric nasal airflow resistances and concurrent acoustic rhinometric nasal airway volumes are closely correlated. The combination of the two objective methods provides insight into nasal airflow physiology and nasal airway anatomy.
A Prospective Controlled Trial of Pulsed Nasal Nebulizer in Maximally Dissected Cadavers
Authors: Valentine Rowan J. , Athanasiadis Theo , Thwin May , Singhal Deepti , Weitzel Erik K. , Wormald Peter-John
Published: August 2008

Background

Nasal douching is common practice in treatment of chronic sinusitis and after endoscopic sinus surgery. Current nasal delivery techniques show inconsistent sinus penetration. The aim of this study was to compare sinonasal penetration of nasal douching to an optimized nasal nebulizer in an operated cadaver model.

Methods

Fourteen preserved cadavers were used receiving complete sphenoethmoidectomies with a Draf III, wide maxillary antrostomy, or medial maxillectomy. Seven control cadavers received nasal douching with one standardized squeeze bilaterally of a 200-mL nasal irrigation bottle and seven intervention cadavers were nebulized with 3 minutes of the PARI sinus device bilaterally. Douching solutions were stained with methylene blue. Independent observers documented sinonasal anatomy, staining intensity, and percentage area covered by dye using standardized grading protocols.

Results

Combined data showed a significant increase in intensity of stain (2.06 versus 0.26, p < 0.001), percentage of stain (49.96% versus 4.19%, p < 0.001), and circumference stained (76.59% versus 12.7%, p < 0.001) with the plastic nasal irrigation squeeze bottle versus PARI device. Analysis of individual sinuses consistently showed significant increases in indices of nasal douching relative to nebulization. The PARI sinus nebulizer was noted to reach the ethmoids regularly (92% incidence), whereas the other sinuses were not reached as regularly with incidences noted at frontal (43%), maxillary (46%), and sphenoid (54%). This compares to 96% of all sinuses being stained by the squeeze bottle.

Conclusion

In all measured indices, the nasal douching method with the squeeze bottle was superior to the PARI sinus nebulizer in highly dissected sinonasal cadaver models.
Impact of Menthol Inhalation on Nasal Mucosal Temperature and Nasal Patency
Authors: Lindemann Joerg , Tsakiropoulou Evangelia , Scheithauer Marc O. , Konstantinidis Iordanis , Wiesmiller Kerstin M.
Published: August 2008

Background

Menthol is a natural herbal compound. Its isomer L-menthol presents the characteristic peppermint scent and is also responsible for the cooling sensation when applied to nasal mucosal surfaces because of stimulation of trigeminal cold receptors. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of menthol inhalation on end-inspiratory nasal mucosa temperature and nasal patency.

Methods

Eighteen healthy volunteers with a mean age of 30 years were enrolled in this study. Objective measurements included the septal mucosal temperature within the nasal valve area by using a miniaturized thermocouple as well as active anterior rhinomanometry before and after inhalation of l-menthol vapor. All subjects completed a visual analog scale (VAS; range, 1–10) evaluating nasal patency before and after menthol.

Results

The mean end-inspiratory mucosal temperature ranged from 27.7°C (±4.0) before menthol inhalation to 28.5°C (±3.5) after menthol inhalation. There were no statistically significant differences between the temperature values before and after menthol inhalation (p > 0.05). In addition, no statistically significant differences between the rhinomanometric values before and after menthol inhalation were observed. Sixteen of the 18 subjects reported an improvement of nasal breathing after menthol inhalation by means of the VAS.

Conclusion

Menthol inhalation does not have an effect on nasal mucosal temperature and nasal airflow. The subjective impression of an improved nasal airflow supports the fact that menthol leads to a direct stimulation of cold receptors modulating the cool sensation, entailing the subjective feeling of a clear and wide nose.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Outcomes after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Mace Jess , Smith Timothy L.
Published: August 2008

Background

Limited clinical research exists concerning surgical outcomes for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and comorbid fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with CRS and concurrent fibromyalgia experience quality-of-life (QOL) improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and whether this improvement is similar to that seen in patients without fibromyalgia.

Methods

An adult (≥18 years of age) population (n = 283) with medically refractory CRS was assessed using two disease-specific QOL instruments: the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS). A nested case-control analysis of matched subjects (n = 18) with and without fibromyalgia was performed to compare pre- and postoperative QOL.

Results

Improvement in postoperative QOL was found in patients with CRS and comorbid fibromyalgia (p ≤ 0.004). After controlling for age, gender, and disease severity, this improvement was similar to that seen in patients without fibromyalgia for all RSDI subscales as well as the CSS total and CSS symptom subscales. Patients with fibromyalgia reported significantly less improvement on the CSS medication subscale than patients without fibromyalgia (p = 0.027).

Conclusion

Patients with CRS and comorbid fibromyalgia showed similar improvements in QOL after ESS when compared with patients without fibromyalgia when controlling for age, gender, and disease severity.
A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study of Nasal Mucosa in Leatherworkers
Authors: Palomba Annarita , Iaia Tonina Enza , Biancalani Mauro , Conti Stefano , Battista Giuseppe , Papaleo Bruno , Franchi Alessandro
Published: August 2008

Background

The association between intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma and the occupational exposure to leather dusts has been widely documented, but the identification of precursor lesions in exposed workers has remained controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the histological changes and modifications in the phenotype of epithelial cells in nasal mucosa of leather workers.

Methods

Biopsy specimens of the mucosa of the middle turbinate were obtained from 139 subjects who had been employed in leather factories for 10–48 years (median, 29 years). Tissue fragments were routinely processed for histological examination and immunostainings for cytokeratin 20, CDX-2, and MUC-2 were performed.

Results

Regarding the surface epithelium, the most common histopathological finding was the presence of squamous metaplasia (64.7%), which was associated with mild to moderate dysplasia in 37 cases (41.1%), and goblet cell hyperplasia was identified in 30 biopsy specimens (21.6%). Positivity for MUC-2 was detected in goblet cells of 20 of the 30 samples with goblet cell hyperplasia (66.6%), whereas no immunostaining was observed for cytokeratin 20 and CDX-2. Presence of goblet cell hyperplasia was significantly associated with longer occupational exposure in leather tanning activities (p = 0.03). None of the alterations observed (squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, or goblet cell hyperplasia) showed correlation with smoking habits. Similarly, there was no correlation between squamous metaplasia with or without dysplasia and type and duration of occupational exposure.

Conclusion

Our data identify goblet cell hyperplasia as possible work-related alterations of nasal mucosa in leather workers. Additional investigations are needed to clarify the significance of these findings in the development of sinonasal intestinal-type carcinoma.
Effect of Weight Reduction on Rhinometric Measurements in Overweight Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Kemppainen Tatu , Ruoppi Pirkko , Seppä Juha , Sahlman Johanna , Peltonen Markku , Tukiainen Hannu , Gylling Helena , Vanninen Esko , Tuomilehto Henri
Published: August 2008

Background

Elevated nasal resistance and obesity predispose to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Weight loss has been shown to result in an alleviation of OSA, but its effect on nasal airflow has not been studied.

Methods

This study was a prospective, randomized, controlled study with two parallel groups. A total of 52 adult overweight patients (body mass index [BMI], 28–40 kg/m2) with mild obstructive sleep apnea (apnea–hypopnea index {AHI}, 5–15) were randomized into two study groups. The intervention group (n = 26) followed a very low calorie diet with a supervised lifestyle intervention while the control group (n = 26) received routine lifestyle counseling. The changes in BMI, total nasal resistance, total nasal volume, and quality of life scores (Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, MiniRQLQ) were assessed at baseline and after the intervention at 3 months.

Results

The reduction in BMI in the intervention group was significantly greater than that achieved by patients in the control group (5.4 kg/m2 versus 0.5 kg/m2). Accordingly, AHI was reduced by 3.2 events/hour in the intervention group and by 1.3 in the control group. However, there were no significant changes in rhinometric measurements despite significant weight loss. There was no correlation between the reduction of BMI and the change in nasal resistance or MiniRQLQ scores.

Conclusion

Weight reduction does not seem to have any effect on nasal resistance or volume in overweight patients with mild OSA. Patients with OSA and impaired nasal breathing need specific medical or surgical treatment to restore nasal airflow.