bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bloodshed over Vietnam’s Northern Border Region
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the three phases of China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam. During the first phase (17–25 February), Chinese forces broke through the Vietnamese first line of resistance and captured the provincial capitals of Cao Bang and Lao Cai and a key border town, Dong Dang, the gateway to Lang Son. The second phase (26 February–5 March), consisted of a full-scale Chinese assault on Lang Son in the east and additional military engagements in the areas of Sa Pa and Phong Tho in northwestern Vietnam. The final phase (early to mid-March) saw a continued mopping-up campaign against sporadic enemy resistance while Chinese forces razed military and economic installations before withdrawing from Vietnam on 16 March. The invasion highlighted serious deficiencies in the People's Liberation Army (PLA), preventing it from living up to its leaders' expectations. The most notable problem was the outdated doctrine, command and control system, operational tactics, and force structure, and the military's performance convinced the Chinese leadership that the PLA had to be reformed.
From Command to Governance
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the origins and development of the territorial provinces; it explores how the geographic area of administration (the province) came to be different from the traditional military campaign (the provincia) and what the consequences of this differentiation were for the Roman understanding of command. The acquisition of overseas territories gradually caused the concept of the provincia to expand and to signify a territorial possession, which was generally pacified (at least internally) and was perpetually assigned as a provincia to a Roman commander. This was a gradual process: the territories were simply provinciae (tasks) at first, but the continual assignment of those territories year after year made them permanent provinciae (the defense of conquered territory) and finally just provinces (territories).
The Late Republic (100 to 49 BC)
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the rapid development and manipulation of traditional ideas of provinciae. By the mid-first century BC, consuls were regularly receiving permanent provinciae as their commands. This change made it easier for ambitious men to manipulate the process of provincial assignment, using the popular assemblies to receive choice provinciae and even to combine multiple permanent provinciae into a single command. This manipulation decreased the role that provincial assignment had traditionally played in separating commanders into different spheres of activity, forcing the Romans to begin thinking of alternate ways to establish precedence of command independent of the definition of a man’s provincia. This thinking would ultimately lead the Romans to begin imagining that military authority (imperium) could be defined in greater and lesser terms, providing a new means for establishing precedence of command.
What Would Jesus Read?
Authors: Smith Erin A.
Published: January 2016

Since the late nineteenth century, religiously-themed books in America have been commercially popular yet scorned by critics. Working at the intersection of literary history, lived religion, and consumer culture, this book considers the largely unexplored world of popular religious books, examining the apparent tension between economic and religious imperatives for authors, publishers, and readers. The book argues that this literature served as a form of extra-ecclesiastical ministry and credits the popularity and longevity of religious books to their day-to-day usefulness rather than their theological correctness or aesthetic quality.
Introduction
Authors: Finch Aisha K.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter recontextualizes the 1844 La Escalera trials in Cuba, in which a period of repression had descended over the then Spanish colony. While the La Escalera brutalities had written a poignant colonial narrative in more recent histories, many of the more important lessons learned during 1844 remained largely neglected. Prominent among these are the stories of rural black people who organized a strategic and widespread movement, developing political cultures and social networks as they went, and who became part of a larger mobilization to challenge slavery and colonialism. Calling attention to the hidden labors of resistance often performed by women and less visible men, this study invites larger questions about how the 1844 movement was assembled, where and with whom the movement began, and how scholars can expand the terms of collective protest.
Africans in Colonial Matanzas
Authors: Finch Aisha K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the social and political landscape of Cuba during the first half of the nineteenth century. During the years leading up to 1844, the sugar economy expanded exponentially in Cuba. The alliances of 1844 emerged from this expanding economy and from the vortex of anti-Spanish dissent in a context of disintegrating social conditions for free people of color, liberal white creole desire for independence, British frustration with the illegal slave trade, and of course the murderous experiences of the plantation slave. During the early years of the nineteenth century, slaves were brought to Cuba in unprecedented numbers. By the time of the 1844 movement, the institution of slavery had been radically altered to reflect a labor-intensive economy and a sugar monoculture built on rigid racial hierarchies. Many of the slaves who literally built that monoculture would eventually play critical roles in the 1844 movement.
The Battle of Ezra Church and the Struggle for Atlanta
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

Fought on July 28, 1864, the Battle of Ezra Church was a dramatic engagement during the Civil War's Atlanta Campaign. Confederate forces under John Bell Hood desperately fought to stop William T. Sherman's advancing armies as they tried to cut the last Confederate supply line into the city. Confederates under General Stephen D. Lee nearly overwhelmed the Union right flank, but Federals under General Oliver O. Howard decisively repelled every attack. After five hours of struggle, 5,000 Confederates lay dead and wounded, while only 632 Federals were lost. The result was another major step in Sherman's long effort to take Atlanta. This study presents an account of the fighting at Ezra Church. Detailing Lee's tactical missteps and Howard's vigilant leadership, it challenges many common misconceptions about the battle. This work sheds new light on the complexities and significance of this important engagement, both on and off the battlefield.
A Delicate Movement
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the first phase of Major General William T. Sherman's Atlanta campaign in 1864. Sherman relied on a combination of maneuver and fighting to deal with each fortified Confederate position from Dalton down to the Chattahoochee River. There was hard fighting at Resaca, New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Kennesaw Mountain, but the key to Union progress had always been Sherman's ability to pin the Confederates in their works and move part of his army group to flank each position. He thereby compelled enemy forces to retreat or risk losing their line of communications. To Henry W. Halleck, the chief of staff in Washington, D.C., Sherman explained that, rather than “attacking Atlanta direct, or any of its forts, I propose to make a circuit, destroying all its railroads. This is a delicate movement and must be done with caution.”
They Are Sherman’s Flankers
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter showcases the critical weight of decisionmaking undergone during the Atlanta campaign, as well as how the nature of the internal politics at play within both Federal and Confederate ranks could shift decisions in battle. During this time, Major General John A. Logan would be replaced by Oliver O. Howard for command of the Army of the Tennessee. On the Confederate side, Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee would formally take command of John Bell Hood's old corps on July 27 as the Federals were marching around the northern perimeter of Atlanta. The general aim of both parties was to secure the railroad leading to Macon, as it was the vital link to Atlanta.
The Bloody Effects of That Half Day’s Work
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the battlefield of Ezra Church in the aftermath of the July 28 skirmish. The sight of the dead lying in rows saddened many, with men and vegetation both sheared down by musketry and smeared in blood, though some of the bodies had already been cleared away by Confederate soldiers. The Federals were left to clean up the battlefield, and they began to bury the dead early on July 29, using the pioneers who were attached to every brigade and division in Sherman's army group. The death toll remains unclear, however, as inadequate data hampers the historian's effort to pin down Confederate losses. While the total has been variously reported as high as 5,000, the most authoritative estimate placed Confederate casualties at 3,000 or 26.2 percent of the number engaged.
Our True Move
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter details the Union and Confederate positions in the aftermath of the battle of Ezra Church. The point behind moving Howard's Army of the Tennessee from the east of Atlanta to the west of the city was to cut the last rail link supplying Hood's army. Despite the enormous bloodletting, Lee's attacks at Ezra Church stopped that movement temporarily. The Federals resumed their efforts to extend south on July 29, continuing on until August 2. The Confederates, meanwhile, were observing their enemy and moving troops on both flanks of their extended line. Confederate cavalrymen noted activity in the Federal camp and reported that the Yankees were moving troops away from their position northeast of Atlanta.
Coda On Accidental Racists
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This coda examines the role of South musicians as the symbols of interracial cooperation and southern music as a space where the races come together as equals. These notions have become central to nearly every aspect of the memory and marketing of southern music. Music producers and record executives use this dual-theme of racial crossover in a growing series of reissues that map out the shared spaces between styles, as well as to structure the promotion of new artists and recording projects. Many of the older musicians themselves have made it central to the way they present and remember their careers. The chapter highlights the single, “Accidental Racist,” a collaboration between white country singer Brad Paisley and black hip-hop artist LL Cool J. The song features a white southerner and a black northerner discussing the historical legacies and contemporary realities of racism and ultimately achieving a friendly, though tentative, understanding.
An Honorable Murderer
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's role as part of the defense team for Congressman Daniel Sickles, who was charged with the murder of Philip Barton Key. In February 1859, Samuel F. Butterworth, a noted figure of New York's Tammany Hall, received an urgent note from Sickles, his old Tammany friend, asking that he come to the mansion Sickles rented on the west side of Jackson Square, within sight of the White House. Butterworth learned from Sickles that his wife, Teresa, had confessed to an affair with Key. The rest of this chapter discusses Key's death at the hands of Sickles, the latter's trial, and his acquittal as his lawyers successfully invoked the temporary insanity defense. It also considers Stanton's increasing tendency to associate with the more conservative elements of the Democratic Party to which he belonged, along with his meeting with President James Buchanan at the White House.
The Cabal
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's power as secretary of the War Department during the Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln's visit with General Winfield Scott represented the latest in a series of consultations he had sought as part of his military education. He had a conversation with retail tycoon Alexander T. Stewart about the war in general, and the Virginia theater in particular, with Stewart pronouncing Major General George B. McClellan a great humbug, and suggesting John Pope as his replacement. The next day Lincoln and Stanton then conferred with General Irvin McDowell in Manassas. The rest of this chapter discusses the short-lived reconciliation between McClellan and Stanton, Henry Halleck's appointment as general in chief, Lincoln's call for volunteers to reinforce the Army of the Potomac and his proclamation freeing rebels' slaves, and Stanton's persecution of Brigadier General Charles P. Stone. It also considers Stanton's orders nullifying much of the Bill of Rights.
Minister of Propaganda
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's propaganda campaign for incumbent Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election at the height of the Civil War. The Union's summer campaigns of 1861 had flourished and flickered out independently. Two major offensives began together late in April 1863, but it was Ulysses S. Grant who introduced the concept of multiple, simultaneous incursions that would prevent the Confederacy from shifting their own forces. The rest of this chapter discusses Stanton's reaction to the publication by the New York World and the Journal of Commerce, both conservative sheets, of a proclamation supposedly signed by Lincoln and William Seward regarding Grant's “first Virginia campaign.” It also considers the dispute between Congress and the White House over Reconstruction, the Wade-Davis Manifesto, and Stanton's effort to ensure Lincoln's victory in the 1864 presidential election.
The Gift of Martyrdom
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's role in the investigation of those responsible for the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in 1865 as the Civil War continued to rage. As Lincoln's second term was approaching, there was intense speculation over which cabinet officers he would retain. Meanwhile, Stanton met with a gathering of black religious leaders in Savannah, Georgia. In accordance with the majority wish of the gathered ministers, William T. Sherman arranged for at least the temporary settlement of Savannah's freedmen on separate parcels of confiscated land. The rest of this chapter discusses Lincoln's travel to Virginia and Stanton's proposal for restoring both Virginia and North Carolina to the Union. It also considers Stanton's reaction to Lincoln's death at the hands of John Wilkes Booth, along with his activities after the assassination and the military trial of the accused.
End of Consensus
Authors: Parcel Toby L. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: January 2016

One of the nation's fastest growing metropolitan areas, Wake County, North Carolina, added more than a quarter million new residents during the first decade of this century, an increase of almost 45 percent. At the same time, partisanship increasingly dominated local politics, including school board races. Against this backdrop, this book considers the ways diversity and neighborhood schools have influenced school assignment policies in Wake County, particularly during 2000–2012, when these policies became controversial locally and a topic of national attention.
Assigning Children to Public Schools
Authors: Parcel Toby L. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on public school assignments in Wake County, North Carolina. It begins by highlighting the importance of education as a placement mechanism in our society, as well as the importance of diversity in school assignments for promoting upward mobility. It then introduces social capital theory and examines how various types of social capital, including bridging, bonding, norms, and trust, operate within families and among families, schools, and communities. The chapter describes two models of public school assignment: one based on neighborhood schools, the other based on diversity. It demonstrates how heterogeneity in public school assignments and reliance on neighborhood schools relate to social capital in different ways. It also provides basic information on the size and geography of Wake County, which play a role in the county's school assignment policy change.
Native American Whalemen and the World
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

In the nineteenth century, nearly all Native American men living along the southern New England coast made their living traveling the world’s oceans on whaleships. Many were career whalemen, spending twenty years or more at sea. Their labor invigorated economically depressed reservations with vital income and led to complex and surprising connections with other Indigenous peoples, from the islands of the Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. At home, aboard ship, or around the world, Native American seafarers found themselves in a variety of situations, each with distinct racial expectations about who was “Indian” and how “Indians” behaved. Treated by their white neighbors as degraded dependents incapable of taking care of themselves, Native New Englanders nevertheless rose to positions of command at sea. They thereby complicated myths of exploration and expansion that depicted cultural encounters as the meeting of two peoples, whites and Indians. Highlighting the shifting racial ideologies that shaped the lives of these whalemen, this book shows how the category of “Indian” was as fluid as the whalemen were mobile.
The Gay Head Harpooner
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores how race informed native New England men’s participation in the whaling industry, as employers in search of a large, flexible workforce drew on racial presuppositions selectively. The Indian harpooner stereotype simultaneously restricted and enhanced native men’s position in the industry. By attributing Indian whalemen’s successes to racial characteristics, this characterization hid from view what made them valuable as officers. And yet at the same time, being imagined as the ideal boatsteerer put them in the right place for promotion. For ship owners, whose primary objective was to make a profit, favoring familiar racial hierarchies that would have kept native whalemen in the forecastle because of their color made less sense than promoting native whalemen into positions of authority.
Cycles of Conquest
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the cycles of “conquest” that informed colonial practices, most notably in how the colonial powers incorporated natives from one part of the globe and then another, just as the whaling industry exhausted one whaling ground after another. The wealth and human resources expropriated from one place became a building block to colonization in another place, with enlistment of a workforce being a key component to the success of future ventures. Nineteenth-century North American native whalemen personified this entire process of colonization, from cultural encounters to deeper engagement through trade to life under colonialism. Long since dispossessed and marginalized by Europe and conquest, they now went far afield themselves to engage in cultural encounters and trade with other native peoples.
Degradation and Respect
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter details the ways in which the natives of New England attained both degradation and respect for their participation in the whaling industry, especially under the scrutiny of nineteenth-century prejudice. Degradation came in the form of racial ideologies borne out of a long colonizing process in which the Native Americans found themselves politically displaced by their white colonizers, as well as the stereotypes associated with these natives with regard to their whaling work. Respect came in the form of positive native memories regarding their work in the whaling industry, as their participation thereof allowed them to attain the kind of opportunities and respect that would otherwise be denied them in New England’s racial climate.
Playing Case Manager
Authors: Silver Lauren J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the inequalities between program settings, including Supervised Independent Living (SIL) apartment sites, the SIL administrative office, and the private agency’s business office. Case managers often feel discounted by administrative supervisors, if they don’t feel appreciated in their positions. As such, they are unable to provide comprehensive care to their clients. A general inability to sustain long-lasting and meaningful relationships also hinder care. However, identifying “caring” caseworkers and getting rid of the “uncaring” ones would not improve service provision overall. SIL environments have shaped interactions in ways that have compromised concern, irrespective of any individual worker’s intentions, suggesting that an individualized approach to care will not address the effects of structural inequalities and stigma narratives. Fragmentation within and between bureaucracies compromise the kind acts of participants and limit effective service provision.
Moving from Disconnected Systems to Communities of Care
Authors: Silver Lauren J.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter provides an update on the federal, state, and local legislative landscape concerning SIL and services for youth in care, and proposes some ideas for innovating SIL. The broad legislative landscape appears to have improved since the completion of this research. The federal government now grants states the option to provide services to youths in the child welfare system until the age of twenty-one through the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008. For the improvement of SIL, the youth aging out of care, including young mothers with their children, could be placed in college communities, and different types of suites could accommodate a young family, a single youth, and those living with roommates. Youth residents in care could simultaneously attend college; those who are not yet ready for college could attend high school in the local community or a General Educational Development (GED) preparation program.
The Product of Our Souls
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

In 1912 James Reese Europe made history by conducting his 125-member Clef Club Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. The first concert by an African American ensemble at the esteemed venue was more than just a concert—it was a political act of desegregation, a defiant challenge to the status quo in American music. This book explores how Europe and other African American performers, at the height of Jim Crow, transformed their racial difference into the mass-market commodity known as “black music.” The book shows how Europe and others used the rhythmic sounds of ragtime, blues, and jazz to construct new representations of black identity, challenging many of the nation's preconceived ideas about race, culture, and modernity and setting off a musical craze in the process.
Do All we could to Get What we Felt Belonged to us by the Laws of Nature
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores how, by embracing and selling racial difference, black musicians were able to become leading cultural innovators, symbols of modern black representation, and central players in the formation of modern American culture. This emerging racial formation was essentially strengthened by its diversity within the Manhattan marketplace. The popularity of ragtime empowered African American musicians to intervene in the city's local—but nationalizing—commercial culture industries with new and inventive musical commodities that, in turn, further propelled black innovators to the top of Manhattan markets. This reflexive, mutually propelling circuit promoted the increase of black artistry alongside the expansion of New York culture industries such as song publishing, musical theater, and vaudeville. It reinforced the idea that African American entertainers were some of the best in New York City and, increasingly, throughout America.
To Promote Greater Efficiency among its Members
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This chapter tells the story of James Reese Europe and his struggles to find a niche as a musician in Jim Crow New York. As his professional opportunities expanded, he would eventually instigate a revolution in both the professional and cultural values of black musicians in New York. The Clef Club Inc., New York's first labor union and booking agency for black ragtime musicians, represented Europe's efforts to raise the value of African American entertainers and their arts. His Clef Club filled the gap left behind by his predecessors in the Hotel Marshall community. Furthermore, his focus on ragtime and other musical indications of blackness had reinforced black modernity and progress, even as the very nature of black music would continue to reinforce notions of black primitiveness in the ears of the whites.
A New Type of Negro Musician
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses how Europe's partnership with the famous dancing couple, Irene and Vernon Castle, invigorated Americans' interest in the popular music coming out of New York City in the second decade of the twentieth century. It also reinforced African American musicians' incomparable status within the nationalizing commercial markets growing out of Manhattan. As such, the notions of black musical authenticity that Hotel Marshall musicians had constructed, debated, and promoted since the late nineteenth century, circulated out of Manhattan entertainment markets and across the United States during the prewar years. The ways that African Americans like Europe used America's burgeoning mass consumer markets to both sell the idea of black musical exceptionalism and promote ideas of authentic Negro music set the stage for the arrival of jazz music from New Orleans and Chicago, as well as for the arrival of “race records” during the war years and the 1920s.
Let Those Who Ride Decide
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the end of the federal government's helmet regulation and the growing alliance between motorcyclists and the Right. It explores the motorcyclists' changing ideological struggles that gave rise to a grassroots movement, the different organizations that came together to oppose helmets, and the issues that attracted conservative politicians to the motorcycle rights movement. This alliance was by no means guaranteed. Motorcyclists directly challenged the Right's support of “law and order” and a politics of family that emphasized everything the outlaw was not, but the average motorcyclist's support of the individual and his opposition to regulation eventually attracted Republican politicians who were anxious to expand their constituency and bolster their own arguments about freedom and big government. By the mid-1970s, Reagan, in opposition to Ralph Nader, became one of the leading opponents of helmet regulation, and as president he defied his own free-trade ideology to save Harley-Davidson.
The Last Male Refuge
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores how ideas about gender and sexuality affected motorcycle culture. By the 1960s and 1970s, women's participation was growing in this culture, but it was accompanied by the rise of the scantily clad motorcycle model and the increasing commodification of women's bodies in motorcycle culture. The conflict revealed the influence and limits of feminism and the limits of the motorcycle rights movement, which challenged opposition to women's objectification as another example of regulation. Additionally, fears about homosexuality profoundly shaped the conflict between motorcyclists and the counterculture, contributed to the motorcyclist's conventional ideas about gender and politics, and gave rise to the image of the “husky” biker who was violent but also conspicuously heterosexual.
Epilogue
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter further highlights the associations between politics and motorcycle culture. Recent events suggest that the public continues to struggle to accept motorcyclists despite the ways in which they have challenged their marginal status over the years. The motorcyclists' opposition to helmets was grounded in an ideological embrace of freedom and individuality that promoted limited government and the expansion of the private sphere, but it also restricted the roles gays, women, and men and women of color could play in motorcycle culture. Yet as the generation that had sparked the biker culture continues to age, an expanding consumer base abroad and a growing body of riders at home increases the likelihood of more women riders and more men and women of color speeding down the roadways, keeping pace with a motorcycle culture that continues to evolve with the times.
Introduction
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter discusses the evolving image of the motorcyclist during the early half of the twentieth century, taking into account the cultural and historical factors that have shaped the postwar image of the motorcyclist as outlaws. Sensationalist portrayals in the media only account for a small portion of a much larger political machine that had churned out the motorcycle culture as it is recognized today—be it through the influence of the 1969 movie Easy Street or via postwar anxieties, but especially through the 1947 motorcycle rally in the sleepy town of Hollister, California. The increasing attention motorcyclists received at Hollister came in the wake of nearly two decades of nationwide instability and uncertainty characterized by massive unemployment, dislocation, and war.
Christian Reconstruction
Authors: McVicar Michael
Published: January 2016

This is a critical history of Christian Reconstruction and its founder and champion, theologian and activist Rousas John Rushdoony (1916–2001). Drawing on access to Rushdoony’s personal papers and correspondence, this book demonstrates the role Reconstructionism played in the development of the radical Christian Right and an American theocratic agenda. As a religious movement, Reconstructionism aims at nothing less than “reconstructing” individuals through a form of Christian governance that, if implemented in the lives of U.S. citizens, would fundamentally alter the shape of American society.
The Anti-Everything Agenda
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the coalescing conservative milieu of the mid-twentieth century. It pays particular attention to the emergence of the “mainstream” or “fusionist” intellectual wing of the American conservative movement during the 1950s and 1960s, by exploring how this coalition developed at the expense of religious conservatives such as Rushdoony and other committed sectarians determined to purify politics through a specific religious vision. Through a history of Rushdoony’s connections with Spiritual Mobilization, the William Volker Charities Fund, and the Center for American Studies, the chapter lays the foundation for a broader argument that illustrates how these understudied, but highly influential, midcentury organizations and conflicts over sectarian religion helped form the ephemeral but nonetheless sociologically robust conceptions of “mainstream” versus “extreme” (or “radical”) conservatism.
Lex Rex
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses how Christian Reconstructionism had grown out of Rushdoony’s hostile relationship with the editors of Christianity Today, most notably Carl F. H. Henry, as he tried to challenge other conservative Christians to see Mosaic law as the antidote to the perceived lawlessness of the 1960s. After failing to create an expedient alliance with businessman and philanthropist J. Howard Pew in an attempt to influence Christianity Today and the neoevangelical coalition it represented, Rushdoony turned his attention to fully articulating his vision of Biblical law as an alternative to the “law and order” discourse emerging among his fellow conservatives. He argued that Biblical law could provide the necessary mechanism to reconstruct America into a neofeudal Protestant state that would eventually usher in Christ’s second coming.
Dominion Men
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter documents the growth of the Christian Reconstruction into an intellectual and political force during the 1970s and 1980s. It details the relationship between Rushdoony’s work as an education and legal reformer and a wider trend on the part of evangelical Protestants to engage in direct political activism. The narrative expands far beyond the legacy of Rushdoonian Christian Reconstruction to explore diverse expressions of the movement cultivated by his son-in-law Gary North, theologian Greg L. Bahnsen, and lawyer-activist John W. Whitehead. By tracing the interconnected work of these activists and many others, the chapter highlights the practical aspects of Reconstructionism by following its influence in politics, seminaries, and court cases across the United States. These Reconstructionist-inspired activists marshaled grassroots Christian revolts in local politics, in Christian higher education, and against America’s system of compulsory state education.
American Heretics
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter closes this narrative of the Christian Reconstruction with an assessment of the fracturing of Reconstructionism into a decentralized movement without a central organizational or intellectual leader during the 1980s and 1990s. As the movement grew, a greater number of theologically and socially conservative Christians became aware of its agenda, inspiring both emulation and contempt. Meanwhile, a second generation of Reconstructionists heavily influenced by the antistatist sentiments of Rushdoony’s system developed separatist communities in Texas and elsewhere. These church-centered groups created their own closed economies built around guns, gold, and bomb shelters designed to protect Reconstructionists from the imminent collapse of the federal government. In the midst of it all, Rushdoony continued his efforts to make homeschooling legal, even as the movement he founded fractured and became the topic of intense debates in both evangelical and secular media outlets.
To a Thousand Generations
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter charts the aftermath of Rushdoony’s theological legacy. As a result of Rushdoony’s ill health, financial setbacks, and the premature deaths of theologians such as Bahnsen and Chilton, the 1990s and early 2000s marked an era of change for Rushdoony’s Chalcedon Foundation and North’s ICE. Worse, the theology of R.J. Rushdoony has since become a screen upon which critics project competing interpretations of the proper place of religion in American society. By using Reconstructionism to embody “bad” religion, such narratives reify the normative and naïve assumption that “good” American evangelicalism simply seeks to bring the light of Christ’s Gospel to a fallen world. Such saccharine discourses, however, conveniently ignore that both evangelicalism and secularism are culturally constituted systems of exclusion facilitated by powerful institutional, legal, and governmental mechanisms.
Introduction
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the lives of young African American women living in the American South, particularly in Louisiana, during legalized segregation—a period of state-sponsored racism and white supremacy under the Jim Crow laws. It highlights the Louisiana Weekly's editorial on William McGee's conviction and death as the controversy is a variation on a familiar theme of racialized violence in the segregated South—the (extralegal or legal) lynching of black men who allegedly engaged in sex with white women—which served to prove white supremacist logic for segregation. The chapter mentions that much of the violence against black girls remained in the shadows. Not only did black women and girls face the restraints of legalized segregation and the violence of white supremacy, they also negotiated middle-class African Americans' notions of what a proper girl should be: pure and respectable, thereby finding themselves trapped in a double bind.
Suppose They Don’t Want Us Here?
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This chapter attempts to map the geography of Jim Crow New Orleans, where black children learned the difference between “white” and “colored.” It looks into how black children mapped the world around them to understand the politics of segregation, and how these maps helped them learn how color and power related to their lives and assisted them in developing their sense of self in relationship to their place in the city. These mental maps are “multi-layered” and “fragmented” scales of New Orleans. They reflect children's own experiences, their cognitive development, and their growing sense of the world. With regards to the segregation, mental maps provided “imaginative order” to black girls' worlds and helped them form a growing “awareness of racialized space.” This was important to African American children, as they had to constantly learn and relearn the proper space and deportment of “colored” citizens.
Defending Her Honor
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores incidents of interracial sexual violence as well as the contradictions young black women faced as they attempted to act respectably in the face of sexual violence. It highlights the attempted rape of fourteen-year-old Hattie McCray by a white police officer, Charles Guerand. The controversy reveals the inner workings of gendered Jim Crow violence, particularly the ways in which black girls' bodies were subject to assault by white men. To understand further the life of McCray, it is crucial to understand both the politics of silence and the politics of respectability in black girls' lives. The chapter describes silence as one that performs discursive work and has a life of its own. Silence is absence; it is stories half-told, knowing glances, and narratives and lives ignored. Histories of black girlhood and sexual violence expose the curious silences in discourses of race and sex in the Jim Crow South.
The Geography of Niceness
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This chapter analyzes the emotional toll of the “double bind” in the lives of two black girls living in downtown New Orleans—Jeanne Manuel and Ellen Hill—who were interviewed by social scientists while they were teenagers in 1938, against the backdrop of the Jim Crow laws and the Great Depression. Their life narratives reveal that that sexuality, and more specifically chastity, was at the core of the girls' subjectivities. Both were concerned with maintaining the designation of a “nice girl” living in a nice space and constantly feared that they might lose their respectability. The chapter reviews Manuel's and Hill's life stories which were collected by the government-sponsored Negro Youth Study (NYS), which sought to examine the character and personality of black children, and analyzed the “abnormal position” of black youth in U.S. society. The study reveals the centrality of geography to the girls' subjectivities.
Relationships Unbecoming of a Girl Her Age
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the “delinquent” girls that stayed at the House of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic delinquency home for black and white girls. It looks into how the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, along with the Jim Crow municipal authority, stigmatized black girls' bodies by marking the youth in their care as “sexually delinquent”—they were accused not only of having acted immorally but also having both diseased and criminal bodies. Their experiences provide a glimpse into the world of young women who did not live up to middle-class standards of “niceness.” The records of the delinquency home help in reconstructing the intersection of race, stigma, and sexuality in Jim Crow New Orleans. By linking a girl's sexuality to criminality, the chapter describes how the girls both trespassed the boundaries of respectability and the negotiated the double bind at the same time.
Make-Believe Land
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores how black girls found pleasure in Jim Crow New Orleans. It mainly highlights three “pleasure cultures” on a black girl's life during the period of segregation: the reading and writing culture of romance stories, the dance culture as evidenced at the local “colored” Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), and the pleasure cultures of the festival of Mardi Gras. These pleasure cultures illustrate “make-believe worlds” that the black youth created to forge moments of intimacy away from the violence of state-sponsored racism. The chapter describes two principal components that made up the ideological systems that defined black women's sexuality. First, the silence stemmed from the overarticulation of black women's sexuality by racist ideologies. Black women and girls were defined as promiscuous, as an “Other,” and as always an object of someone else's pleasure. Second, the silence is also caused by a self-imposed culture of dissemblance, which afforded them privacy.
A Grenade With the Fuse Lit: William S. Burroughs and Retroactive Utopias in Cities of the Red Night
Authors: Grattan Sean
Published: January 2016

In 1981, William S. Burroughs—often considered a writer of devastatingly apocalyptic dystopian vision—published “Cities of the Red Night,” his first foray into utopian writing. This article examines Burroughs’s conception of the “retroactive utopia.” It highlights Burroughs’s ambivalence toward utopian projects and invokes both his hope and his disappointment in the ability for utopian writing to engender political change.
Michael Flürscheim: From the Single Tax to Currency Reform
Authors: Sargent Lyman Tower
Published: January 2016

Michael Flürscheim (1844–1912) was an important but now largely forgotten utopian of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who was at the center of a nexus of economic and social reforms focusing on the single tax, land nationalization, and an improved currency. He wrote a number of utopias in both German and English, was involved with two intentional communities, and established exchange banks in New Zealand where people could exchange goods and services directly or through the notes the banks issued.
In eine bess’re Welt entrückt: Reflections on Music and Utopia
Authors: Levitas Ruth
Published: January 2016

Schubert’s lied An die musik celebrates music’s capacity to transport the listener or performer into a better world. That capacity renders music utopian for it is this better world and the experience of its prefiguration that is the defining character of utopianism. This article explores the ways in which music may be distinctive in its utopian force, and thus suggests several approaches to researching the underdeveloped area of music and utopia. It draws particularly on Ernst Bloch’s analysis and on work by Daniel Barenboim and Edward Said to argue that there are two distinct aspects to the ‘special case’ for music: abstraction or unutterability, and performance. Neither of these elements is straightforward, since neither is peculiar to music, although they are arguably present in music in distinct ways, rendering it qualitatively different from other forms of utopian expression.
“Utopian Punk”: The Concept of the Utopian in the Creative Practice of Björk
Authors: Webb Peter , Lynch John
Published: January 2016

This article is an attempt to firstly locate and situate the creative practice of Björk in the cultural and musical milieu of late 1970s, early 1980s punk and post-punk world. It traces the impacts, relevancies and typifications that were a part of this milieu and describes their affect on the development of Björk’s work. Secondly it sugg ests that this particular cultural practice worked through notions of the utopian that were and are imbued within processes of cultural hybridity and evolved through a globalized travelogue that was always a transitory moment of unification in different locations and situations. This analysis attempts to give a sense of how the utopian can be actualized momentarily in ‘pirate spaces’ but also how a body of knowledge and practical work can be developed and turned into ‘lifeworld’ practice by these continued engagements. The article utilizes and develops ideas from Schutz, Deleuze and Guattari, Bloch, Levitas and Durrschmidt.
Neonatal haemostasis
Authors: Revel-Vilk Shoshana
Published: January 2016

The maturation and postnatal development of the human coagulation system results in significant and important differences in the coagulation and fibrinolysis of neonates and young children compared to older children and adults. Importantly, these differences, which mostly reflect the immaturity of the neonatal haemostasis system, are functionally balanced. Healthy neonates show no signs of easy bruising or other bleeding diathesis and no increased tendency to thrombosis for any given stimulus compared to adults.

Systemic diseases may affect haemostasis, thus predisposing ill neonates to increased risk for haemorrhagic or thrombotic complications. In hospitalized children, neonates have increased risk of developing thrombosis compared to infants and children, mostly associated with the presence of central venous catheter. For diagnosis of haemostasis disorders, diagnostic laboratories processing pediatric samples should use age, analyzer and reagent appropriate reference ranges. Age specific guidelines should be followed for the management of neonates with hemostatic disorders.
Cross Kissing: Keeping One’s Word in Twelfth-Century Rus'
Authors: Mikhailova Yulia , Prestel David K
Published: January 2016

In this study, Yulia Mikhailova and David Prestel suggest that the political culture of pre-Mongolian Rus’ may be similar to that of post-Carolingian Europe, where public order still existed in the absence of a strong centralized authority. In Rus’ as also in the west, there was an order of norms rather than of institutions. Drawing on sources such as theTestament of Vladimir Monomakhand theHomily of Princes, Mikhailova and Prestel maintain that cross kissing was considered a sacred obligation for Rus’ rulers, a view given further support by the behavior of princes as recorded in the chronicles. They appear to trust oaths made on the cross and accept that there will be negative consequences for those who break them. Violations threaten one's salvation, and when chroniclers are favorably disposed to certain princes, they attempt to demonstrate that their violations are justified by an offence on the part of the prince with whom the agreement was enacted.