bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postanesthetic Pulmonary Edema In an Arab Stallion
Authors: Day Thomas K. , Holcombe Susan , Muir William W.
Published: July 2007

A six‐year‐old arabian stallion was admitted to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital for evaluation and repair of a comminuted fracture of the second phalanx. The horse developed impaired arterial oxygenation during surgey and pulmonary edema post‐operatively. We postulate that impaired arterial oxygenation resulted from atelectasis of the dependent lung during annesthesia, and the pulmonary edema occurred following re‐expansion of the atelectatic of the initiating cause of the edema, removal of excess lung water from the alveoli, and restoration of normal arterial oxygenation. The horse was fully recovered within 12 hours of initiation of clinical signs of respiratory compromise. The horse was fully recovered within 12 hours of initiation of clinical signs of respiratory compromise. This report describes re‐expansion pulmonary edema due to reperfusion injury in a horse, treatment of the condition, and a possible explanation of the pathogenesis of this pulmonary pathology.
Prognostic Value of Clinical Nutritional Assessment in Canine Patients.
Authors: Michel Kathryn E.
Published: July 2007

This makes it difficult to identify the patient population most likely to benefit from nutritional support. Five clinically used indicators of nutritional status (serum albumin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total peripheral lymphocyte count, and a “body condition” score) were evaluated on admission for 105 dogs that wer hospitalized at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for serious illness or major surgery. The prognostic relationship between these admission measurements and clinical outcome (discharged vs. died in hospital) was examined. Abnormally low serum albumin, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were associated with poor ultimate clinical outcome (p< 0.01). Hypoalbuminemia has a strong association with protein‐calorie malnutrition although serum levels of albumin can be affected by many non‐nutritional processes. Admission serum albumin level can predict clinical outcome and may identify a population of critically ill canine patients that could benefit from nutritional support.
Suspected Albuterol Intoxication In A Dog
Authors: Vite Charles H. , Gfeller Roger W.
Published: July 2007

A suspected case of intoxication of a dog by the beta2‐adrenergic agonist albuterol is discussed. Clinical abnormalities observed included hypokalemia, weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, and delirium. Treatment with high‐dose potassium supplementation helped to resolve these abnormalities.

Adrenergic control of potassium homeostasis is beta2‐mediated and causes the intracellular uptake of potassium, primarily in liver and muscle. The mechanism of action of albuterol in decreasing serum potassium, its clinical applications in humans, and possible application in dogs are discussed.
Usefulness of Venous Blood in Estimating Acid‐Base Status of the Seriously III Dog
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Van Pelt Deborah R. , Hackett Timothy , Martin Linda , Salman M. D.
Published: July 2007

The usefulness of venous blood in determining the acid‐base status of seriously ill animals has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a useful relationship exists between the acid‐base parameters of central venous and arterial blood in ill dogs.

Paired arterial and venous blood samples were obtained from 46 dogs seen in the Critical Care Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Colorado State University irregardless of their hemodynamic status. Cardiopulmonary arrest patients were not included in the study.

Results of this study indicate venous blood samples can be used in the assessment of acid‐base status. Statistical significance was seen in comparing arterial versus venous pH (P < 0.001), PCO2 (P < 0.001), and bicarbonate (P < 0.001). Linear regression equations will allow one to predict arterial values from venous samples.
Pulse Oximetry For Estimation Of Oxygenation In Dogs With Experimental Pneumothorax
Authors: White George A. , Matthews Nora S. , Walker Michael A. , Slater Margaret R.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of pulse oximetry for estimating the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in dogs with pneumothorax. Values for measured by pulse oximetry with transducers on the tongues and toes of six dogs were compared with saturation values (SaO2) computed from arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2) during experimentally induced pneumothorax (30,45, and 60 ml/kg of ambient air in the pleural space). Values for SpO2, SaO2, and PaO2 decreased with increasing volume of air. Compared to computed SaO2 values, SpO2 values obtained from the tongue tended to be less variable than those obtained from the toe, but both locations gave valuable information. Pulse oximetry appears to be a useful, relatively inexpensive method of estimating hemoglobin saturation in dogs with experimentally induced pneumothorax, and it appears to have clinical application in management of critical or traumartized dogs.
A Model For Prediction Of Survival In Critically III Dogs
Authors: King Lesley G. , Stevens Martha T. , Ostro Ernest N. So. , Diserens Deborah , Ravi Shankar J.
Published: July 2007

A system was developed for objective prediction of survival, which could be applied to all critically ill patients, regardless of disease, at an early stage of hospitaluation. Such a system would allow risk assessment of groups for experimental studies according to probability of survival and it might allow us to avoid expenditure of scarce clinical resources on animals with little chance of survival. The prospective study included 200 critically ill dogs: 93 females and 107 males, representing 62 breeds. With survival defined as alive 30 days after admisssion to ICU the overall mortality rate was 40.5% (81 of 200 dogs). Data collected included signalment and parameters that reflected vital organ function, the severity of physiologic derangement and the extent of physiologic reserve. We recorded the most abnormal value for each parameter within 24 hours of admission to ICU and logistic regression analysis was used to analyze four different weighting systems. The best model had a concordance 0f 86.5% with outcome, and it was then re‐evaluated to determine whether individual variables could be eliminated without losing predictive accuracy. Fourvariables were eliminated, resulting in a final model with 18 variables which had 86.3% concordance with outcome. At a 0.5 cut‐off for predicted risk, the model had sensitivity Of 69%, specificity ficity of 86% and positive predictive value of 77%. A Receiver Operating Curve was constructed using serial cut‐offs for predicted outcome from 0.1 to 0.9, and the area under the curve was 0.89. Thus, an equation was generated that gives an estimate of the probability of survival.
Transverse Flap Tracheostomy: A Technique for Temporary Tracheostomy of Intermediate Duration
Authors: Macintire Douglass K. , Henderson Ralph A. , Wilson Eric R. , Huber Michael L.
Published: July 2007

A technique is described which is particularly useful in obese or heavily muscled animals when a single lumen tracheostomy tube is used, or when mechanical ventilation through a cuffed tracheostomy tube is required. The technique assures easy access to a large tracheal stoma which facilitates cleaning and tube replacement.
Influence Of Allopurinol On The Pathophysiology Of Experimental Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: Guilford W. Grant , Komtebedde Jan , Haskins Steve C. , Higgins Robert J. , Snyder Jack R. , Strombeck Donald R
Published: July 2007

Gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) was surgiclly induced in 10 dogs. Five of the dogs were pretreated with 50 mg/kg PO of allopurinol to determine the effect of xanthine oxidase inhibition on the pathophysiology of GDV. After 150 minutes, the GDV was corrected, and lactated Ringer's solution was administered intravenoulsy (resuscitation). Two hundred forty minutes after relief fo GDV, the dogs were euthanatized without recovery from anesthesia. Administration of allopurinol was associated with a reduced (P<0.01) incidence of hepatic necrosis and a lower (P<0.045) serum phosphorus level than observed in the control group at the end of the experiment. The increase in base deficit in the allopurinol‐treated group after resuscitation was also less(P<0.045) than the control group. In conclusion, this study suggests that inhibition of xanthine oxidase‐derived oxygen free radicals protects against hepatic necrosis in dogs with GDV. Resuscitation appears to be a time of profound physiologic stress for dogs with GDV.
Feline Hemoperitoneum 16 Cases (1986‐1993)
Authors: Mandell Deborah C. , Drobatz Kenneth
Published: July 2007

Sixteen cases of feline, non‐traumatic hemoperitoneum were evaluated retrospectively. The median age was 5.75 years (range 1.5 ‐ 16 years). There were eight male and eight female cats. Common presenting complaints (n=13) were anorexia (37%), lethargy (31%), and recumbency (31%). Physical examination findings (n=11) included depressed mentation (100%), hypothermia (89%), pale mucous membranes (82%), and poor quality pulses (80%). The median initial peripheral packed cell volume (n=11) was 24% (range 17‐55%). In four out of six cases where abdominocentesis was performed, the packed cell volume of the abdominal fluid ranged from 18% to 24%, and matched the peripheral packed cell volume (range 15 ‐ 26%). Some common abnormalities in the serum chemistry screens 9n=6) were elevated alanine aminotransferase in 83% (5/6) of the cats (range 55‐5828 U/l) and elevated alkaline phosphatase in 50% (3/6) of the cats (range 18‐402 U/l). Ten cats (63%) were euthanized, three (19%) were presented dead on arrival, two (12%) are still alive, and one (6%) were euthanized, three (19%) were presented dead on arrival, two 912%) are still alive, and one (6%) died. The causes of hemoperitoneum were hepatic neoplasia (31%), hepatic necrosis (19%), hepatic amyloidosis (13%), non hepatic neoplasia (13%), hepatopathy (6%), hepatic rupture (6%), necrotic/hemorrhagic cystitis (6%), and ruptured bladder (6%).
Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs and the Critical Care Patient
Authors: Lukasik Victoria M.
Published: July 2007

As the management of critically ill and emergency patients intensifies and veterinary surgical procedures become more complex, more sophisticated methods of support are becoming necessary. Emergency and critical care patients are excellent candidates for the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. The main advantage of the current generation of neuromuscular blocking drugs compared to earlier agents is that they provide muscle relaxation with little or no cardiovascular effects. The pharmacology and physiology of neuromuscular blocking drugs are discussed, and their use is described with specific references to critical care patients. Monitoring techniques are described and reversal of neuromuscular blockade as well as potential side effects and adverse reactions arediscussed.
Central Venous Pressure Measurements in the Caudal Vena Cava of Sedated Cats
Authors: Machon Roslyn G. , D.V.M. Marc R. Raffe , Robinson Elaine P.
Published: July 2007

The caudla vena cava (CVA) was evaluated as an laternative site for the measurement of central venous pressure (CPV) in six healthy, sedated (ketamine 10 mg/km, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, and atropine 0.04 mg/kg IM) cats. The CVC was cathererized via medial saphenous puncture, and estimates of CPV from this site compared to those obtained via a jugular catheter. Simulataneous CPV values were recorded electronically (mmgh), via calibrated pressure transducer positioned at the level of the manubrium in cats in lateral recumbency. Five readings, performed at 1 minute intervals, were collected from the jugular and CVC catheters at rest (baseline) and following a rapid fluid bolus. Twenty‐four hours later, cats were resedated, baseline measurements repeated, and CVPs recorded following a rapid, 25% whole‐blood volume bleed. CVP measurements from the jugular and CVC were statistically compared using repeated measures ANOVA (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two sites in the baseline and bleed trials. Significant defferences between jugular and CVC CVPs were noted at 1 and 2 minutes following the fluid bolus. It was concluded that CVC is an alternative site for measurement of CPV in sedated cats.
GI PiCO2: Tissue Specific Monitoring For Improving Patient Outcomes
Authors: Wall Piper L
Published: July 2007

Improvements in human patient monitoring despite their development in animals, do not always find their way into veterinary clinical use due to financial constraints. Gastrointestinal intraluminal CO2 partial pressure (Gip1CO2) monitoring, however, is not only proving very beneficial in human trauma and critical patient care but is also very likely to become relatively inexpensive. By providing information on the perfusion adequacy of a high risk, critically important tissue, the GI mucosa, GI P1CO2 monitoring offers an easily accesible indicator of the efficacy and adequacy of resuscitative interventions. The potential for decreasing morbidity and mortality is enormous. Therefore, the practicing veterinarian should become familiar with GI P1CO2 monitoring theory and technology so he or she can be better prepared to incorporate it into practice when in becomes available.
Acute Hepatic Necrosis And Liver Failure Associated With Benzodiazepine Therapy In Six Cats, 1986–1995.
Authors: BVSc Dez Hughes , Moreau R. E. , Overall K. L. , Winkle T. J. Van
Published: July 2007

A retrospective analysis was conducted of all feline necropsies performed during a nine year period to identify cases of sever, acute, centrilobular (periacinar), hepatic necrosis (ACHN). After exclusion of cats with anemia, a series of seven cases of ACHN was identified. In addition, two similar cases were identified from tissue submitted for histopathology following, and eight had bile duct hyperplasia. Seven of the nine cats received diazepam prior to dath, and one received zolazepam. Of the seven cats that received diazepam, five were healthy prior to treatment and received oral diazepam for the treatment of inappropriate urination, intercat aggression, or skin disease. Two cats which received diazepam exhibited other clinical signs: one had chronic vomiting, and the other received diazepam after biochemical evidence of hepatocellular necrosis was present. Onset of clinical sings in cats receiving oral diazepam occurred 7–13 days following the initiation of treatment. Clinical signs and clinical biochemical analysis were compatible with severe hepatocellular necrosis and acute liver failure. All cats had lesions in other organs: five had pancreatic disease, five had cardiac disease, and five had renal disease. All cats died, or were euthanized, within 4 dyas of the onset of clinical signs and 2 days after presentation to a veterinarian. Fatal, acute, centrilobular hepatic necrosis appears to be a serious adverse reaction to diazepam therapy in certain cats.
Lactate Kinetics in veterinary Critical Care: A Review
Authors: Lagutchik Michael S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hackett Timothy B.
Published: July 2007

Elevation in blood lactate concentration, with or without accompanying metabolic acidosis, is a hallmark finding in patients with circulatory compromise, and is also consistently noted in other conditions affecting critically ill or injured individuals. Little is reported in a veterinary literature regarding lactate measurement in the emergency and critical care setting, despite impressive reports of the clinical usefulness of lactate measurement in people. The purpose of this article is to review lactate kinetics and the clinical utility of lactate measurement. Limitations to lactate evaluation will also be discussed.
Volvulus of the colon in a Cat
Authors: Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hughes Dez , Hill Chris , Walker Lynn
Published: July 2007

We report the first case of colonic volvulus in a cat. A 12‐year old spayed, female domestic shorthair cat with chronic bowel disease presentated with one‐day history of lethargy and anorexia. Physical examination abnormalities included cachexia, poor perfusion, and poor skin turgor. A large, non painful, gas‐filled, tubular structure, occupying the majority of the abdominal cavity was noted by palpation. Abdominal radiographs revealed a gas‐filled displaced colon. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed a volvulus at the root of the colonic mysetery, along with a partial torsion of the distal colon. The majority of the colon was determined to be necrotic and was surgically resected. Due to persistent hypotension and perceived poor prognosis, the cat was euthanized.
Suspected Tension Pneumomediastinum In A Dog: A Case Report
Authors: Rudloff Elke , Crowe Dennis T. , Kirby Rebecca , Mammato Bobbie
Published: July 2007

Successful resuscitation of a trauma‐induced, suspected tension pneumomediastinum in a dog is presented. The cause was a caudal cervical penetration wound which acted as a one‐way valve allowing air to enter, but not exit, the cranial mediastium. Early in the course of hospitalization, respiratory and cardiovascular collapse occurred; an emergent parasternotomy allowed decompression of the mediastinum, and the cradiovascular system immediately responded. The dog made a complete recovery following surgical exploration and removal of contaminated mediastinal tissue. Nine days of intensive care included 24‐hour monitoring, oxygen therapy, intravenous crystalloids and colloids, continuous pleural suctioning, nutritional support, antibiotics, and pain control.
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in an Adult Siberian Husky
Authors: Porzio P. , Render J. A. , Baptiste K. E.
Published: July 2007

The clinical features of severe exertional rhabdomyolysis in an athletic dog are reported. Many of the findings were similar to exertional myopathy in humans and horses. Clinical signs included hindlimb myalgia, hypovolemic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Serum enzyme concentrations including creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotrans‐ ferase were elevated as a component of the syndrome. Aggressive management and continuous supportive care produced resolution of this life threatening condition.
Arterial Blood Gases in Dogs with Bacterial Pneumonia
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Matteson Vicki L. , Hackett Timothy , Walton Ronald , Lagutchik Michael
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study is to report the aterial blood gas findings in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Arterial blood gas samples were collected from 62 dogs with culture‐confirmed bacterial pneumonia. These results were compared with 46 normal dog arterial blood gas samples. Results demonstrated that respiratory acidosis was not a problem in dogs with pneumonia in this study. Significant evidence of hypoxemia was noted with abnormal mean values in PaO2 (P<0.001) and the Alveolar‐arterial (A‐α) gradient (P<0.001).
Transcutaneous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Normal Cats
Authors: Mann F. A. , Wagner‐Mann Colette C. , Branson Keith R.
Published: July 2007

Feasibility of noninvasive oxygenation and ventilation monitoring using continuous transcutaneous oxygen (PO2‐TC) and carbon dioxide (PCO2‐TC) measurements was investigated in six healthy adult male cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Concurrent arterial blood gases, inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2), end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), PO2‐TCwere recorded during hyperoxia/normocapnia, normoxia/normocapnia, hypoxia/normocapnia, hypocapnia/hyperoxia, and hypercapnia/hyperoxia. Dorsolateral thorax and dorsal pelvis probe sites were evaluated. Probe site did not significantly affect the parameters. During normoxia and hypoxia, mean PO2‐TCwas insignificantly greater than mean PaO2(p > 0.154), but during hyperoxia PO2‐TCwas less than Pao2(p < 0.002). At each assessment (except hypercapnia for the dorsal pelvis probe site) PCO2‐TCwas greater than PaCO2. Correlations between PO2‐TCand FIO2(p < 0.05), and PaO2(p <0.001), and between PCO2‐TCand ETCO2(p < 0.001), and PaCO2(p < 0.05) were good; however, the measured values of PO2‐TCand PCO2‐TCwere not directly comparable to the measured values of PaO2and PaCO2, respectively. Clinical utility of transcutaneous monitoring in cats will require development of the appropriate conversion equation for carbon dioxide and modifications for practical application.
A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2
Authors: Wall Piper L. , Chendrasekhar Akella , Timberlake Gregory A.
Published: July 2007

The accuracy and precision of an end‐tidal infrared CO2 monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO2 partial pressure (PiCO2) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO2 gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO2 measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO2 (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO2 to actual PCO2 increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO2, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO2 partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal PiCO2 information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)
Increased Lactate Concentrations in III and Injured Dogs
Authors: Lagutchik Michael S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Hackett Timothy B. , Wingfield Wayne E.
Published: July 2007

Venous blood lactate concentrations were measured on 109 ill dogs and 20 clinically normal dogs. Ill dogs were grouped into survivor and nonsurvivor groups, and categorized based on their primary problem. Ninety‐five percent of ill dogs had lactate concentrations higher than clinically normal dogs and published normal values. Seventy‐six percent of ill dogs with increased lactate concentrations survived to be discharged. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors and clinically normal dogs. Lactate concentrations in dogs with major trauma and intoxications, and with cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic problems were significantly higher than in clinically normal dogs and dogs with other problems. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 117–127)
Use of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Dogs: 209 Cases (1988‐1995)
Authors: Reuter Jon D. , Marks Stanley L. , Rogers Quinton R. , Farver Thomas B.
Published: July 2007

The medical records of 209 dogs receivingtotal parenteral nutrition (TPN) over a 84‐month period were examined retrospectively to determine patient profiles, frequency and type of complications, and prognostic factors affecting clinical outcome. TPN administration accounted for 895 patient days. Dogs with diarrhea or vomiting associated with gastrointestinal disease, pancreatitis, or renal failure constituted the largest proportion of patient receiving TPN. The median duration of TPN administration was 3.5 days (range 0.05 to 25 days). The median length of hospitalization before initiation of TPN was 1.5 days (range 0.05 days to 15 days). and this durationwas not associated with survival. Metabolic complications were frequent (329 of 473 complications observed) and were due predominantly to hyperglycemia. Mechanical (118 of 473) and septic (26 of 473) complications occurred less commonly. The overall mortality rate for dogs receiving TPN was 48.8%. Our conclusion: TPN can be a beneficial mode of therapy for carefully selected dogs that have impaired gastrointestinal function (parvovirus, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease) and are expected to be anorectic for morethan 5 days.
Evalution of Age as a Risk Factor For Perianesthetic Morbidity and Mortality in the Dog
Authors: BVSC Giselle Hosgood , DVM Daniel T. Scholl
Published: July 2007

This study was intended to determine if age is a risk factor for perianesthetic morbidity/mortality in dogs and to identify other factors that may be important. A prospectivecohort study compiled data from 942 dogs (477 females; 465 males) ≥6 months undergoing inhalation anesthesia for≥30 minutes. were included. Serious perianesthetic complications occurred in 79 dogs. Logistic regression used a final model contanining age and ASA grade and showed a significant estimated odds ratio (OR̂) for old vs young or middle‐aged dogs of 1·89 (95% CI: 1·05,3·38). The OR̂for ASA grade increased significantly with grade — ASA grade 3:1or2 = 3.4, ASA grade 4:1or2 = 7·1, and ASA grade 5:1or2 =18·8. Thus, old dogs were nearly twice as likely to develop serious perianesthetic complications, even when accounting for ASA grade. However, conditions that increased ASA assessment by one grade had more impact on increasing the likelihood of serious perianesthetic complete.
Defining and Dealin with Emergencies
Authors: Dooley Donald R.
Published: July 2007

Over the years the meaning and definition of what constitutes an emergency have evolved but still an emergency is very much in the eye of the beholder. Certainly, clients view clinical emergencies in various ways and their expectation of care for their pets has risen with advancements in emergency and critical care medicine. The emergency clinic practitioner has the challenge of satisfying their customers, both client and referring veterinarian while striving to provide the appropriate care to their ultimate customer, the patient.
A Retrospective Study of Pemoline Toxicosis in Dogs: 101 Cases (1987–1997)
Authors: Hautekeete Larissa A. , Khan Safdar A.
Published: July 2007

Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant commonly used for Attension Deficit Disorder in humans. This study describes the clinical syndrome associated with pemoline ingestion as well as its treatment. Ten years worth (1987–1997) of records from the ASPCa National Animal Poison Control Center involving pemoline ingestion in dogs were reviewed. The data suggests that most dogs ingesting pemoline show signs of central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulation including hyperactivity, tremors, ataxia, seizure, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and mydriasis. Blood chemistry alterations included electrolyte imbalances in some dogs. The minimum dose reported to cause clinical signs was 2.8 mg/kg and the minimum dose reported to have caused death was 10 mg/kg. Dogs generally showed clinical signs within 30 minutes to 24 hours of ingestion. The duration of clinical signs ranged from 15 hours to four days. Ninety‐four percent of the dogs recovered with supportive treatment. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9:203–207, 1999)
Disorders of Serum Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium and Chloride
Authors: Schaer Michael
Published: July 2007

Fluid and electrolyte imbalances are frequently encountered in a variety of medical and surgical disorders therefore requiring the clinician's astute evaluation of his/her patient's fluid and electrolyte status. Disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and endocrine organs will frequently cause abnormalities in sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride balance. An accurate initial assessment of serum electrolyte concentrations and monitoring during the treatment is essential in order to maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Failure to do so can lead to severe clinical consequences for the patient and change a diagnostic triumph into a therapeutic failure. This presentation provides an overview of the etiologies, clinical signs, and therapeutic approaches to electrolyte disorders in the critically ill animal. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9:209–217, 1999)
Comparison of Axillary And Heating Block Methods of Activated Clotting Time (ACT) in Dogs
Authors: Bateman Shane W. , Mathews Karol A.
Published: July 2007

The activated clotting time (ACT) is commonly used in veterinary medicine as an assessment of dysfunction within the intrinsic clotting cascade. Performing the test requires little techincal expertise and no special equipment except for a heating block or constant temperature waterbath, neither of which is routinely found in veterinary practices. The purpose of this study was to determine whether performing the test using a human axilla as the heat source was accurate for both normal dogs and clinically ill dogs (with prolonged ACT's) when compared to using a heating block as the head source. The results of this study reveal that the axillary method of ACT determination has acceptable clinical agreement with the heating block method. Thus, the axillary method of ACT determination is an acceptable alternative when no constant temperature heating source is available.
A Rertrospective Analysis of Pulmonary Contusion Secondary to Motor Vehicular Accidents in 143 Dogs: 1994 ‐ 1997
Authors: Powell Lisa L. , Rozanski Elizarbeth A. , Tidwell Amy S. , Rush John E.
Published: July 2007

Medical records of 143 dogs with pulmonary contusion secondary to motor vehicular trauma were evaluated retrospectively to determine length of hospitalization, oxygen supplementation, and associated injuries. Therapeutic interventions, including the dose of intravenous fluid administration, the use of antibiotics, and the use of glucocorticoids were recorded. Initial thoracicradiographs were reviewed, and pulmonary contusion was graded as mild, moderate or severe. Pulmonary contusion severity was compared to use of supplemental oxygen, oxygen administration time, hospitalization time, and the presence or absence of fractures. The length of hospital stay and the survival rate was calculated.

The mean respiratory rate at admission was 55 ± 22 breaths per minute. Concurrent thoracicinjuries were common, and included pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Fifty‐two percent ofdogs received oxygen supplementation for a median of 35 hours. The median hospitalization time was 48 hours. Forty (28%) dogs were treated with antibiotics for a minimum of 5 days, and forty‐ five (31%) were administered glucocorticoids. Two (1%) dogs developed pulmonary infection. Dogs with more severe thoracic radiographic changes on presentation were more likely to receiveoxygen, received oxygen for longer periods of time, and had a longer hospitalization time. Eighty‐two percent of dogs survived to hospital discharge.
Bypassing The Oral Cavity: The Use of Tube Esophagostomy For Long‐Term Enteral Nutritional Support In A Foal
Authors: Masan Melissa R. , Paradis Mary Rose
Published: July 2007

A premature foal developed severe aspiration pneumonia secondary to persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate associated with marked edema of the larynx and nasopharynx. Tube esophagostomy was used successfully for long‐term nutritional supplementation. There were no complications, and bypass of the larynx and pharynx allowed resolution of the palatal abnormality and subsequent resolution of the aspiration pneumonia. (Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, 10:7–12, 2000)
Multi‐systemic Trauma in a Ferret
Authors: Kaelble Monika K.
Published: July 2007

A 5‐year old, neutered, male, domestic sable ferret presented 24 hours after escaping outside and sustaining unknown trauma. Physical examination findings included tachycardia, tachypnea, and hind limb paresis in a laterally recumbent patient. Radiographs, laboratory evaluation, and abdominocentesis revealed the presence of hemoperitoneum, blunt hepatic trauma, pneumothorax, and a small abdominal hernia. The ferret was treated with resuscitative fluids, thoracocentesis, abdominal counterpressure, and blood transfusion. This is the first case report of multi‐systemic trauma in a ferret. The ferret made a complete recovery and was discharged to the referring veterinarian three days after presentation. (Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, 10:13–18, 2000)
Peritoneal Dialysis: A Tool in Veterinary Critical Care
Authors: Ann Dzyban Lisa , Labato Mary Anna , Ross Linda A. , Murtaugh Robert J.
Published: July 2007

Peritoneal dialysis is an effective modality for the treatment of acute and chronic renal failute, specific intoxications, electrolyte abnormalities, and fluid overload. This review of peritoneal dialysis as it applies to the veterinary critical care setting includes: the indications and contraindications for dialysis; selection and placement of peritoneal catheters; description of the dialysis delivery technique; considerations for monitoring the dialysis patient and treatment of common complications of dialysis therapy. If appropriately applied, peritoneal dialysis is a viable treatment tool in veterinary critical care.
Potential Prognostic Indicators in Diffuse Peritonitis Treated with Open Peritoneal Drainage in the Canine Patient
Authors: Winkler Kevin P. , Greenfield Cathy L.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic indicators that may help to predict outcome in clinical cases of diffuse peritonitis treated with open peritoneal drainage. Medical records from 19 canine patients with generalized peritonitis treated with open peritoneal drainage between 1990 and 1996 were reviewed. The signalment, preoperative complete blood count (CBC), preoperative biochemical profiles, and number of days of open peritoneal drainage of surviving patients (n = 15) were compared to nonsurviving patients (n = 4). Significant differences were noted between the surviving and nonsurviving groups in the ALT (p = 0.02) and GGT (p = 0.01) values. Seventy‐nine percent of the patients in this study survived.
The Effect of Storage on Ammonia Concentration in Canine Packed Red Blood Cells.
Authors: Waddell Lori S. , Holt David E. , Hughes Dez , Giger Urs
Published: July 2007

Objective: To determine the effect of storage on ammonia concentration in canine packed red blood cell (pRBC) units.

Design: In vitro and in vivo study.

Setting: University Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Interventions: Ammonia concentration was measured in 7 units of canine pRBC prepared in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) and Adsolaon Days 1 and 35 of storage. Ammonia was measured in 4 additional units of canine pRBC on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Plasma ammonia was also determined in 5 anemic dogs receiving pRBC.

Measurements and Main Results: Ammonia concentration increased from 73 ± 15 mmol/L (mean ± SD) on Day 1 to 800 ± 275 mmpl/L on Day (p<0.001). When measured every 7 days in 4 units of canine pRBC, ammonia concentration increased from 23 ± 8 mmol/L on Day 0 to 179 ± 13 mmol/L (Day 7), 276 ± 56 mmol/L (Day 14). 383 ± 47 mmol/L (Day21), 466 ± 30 mmol/L (Day 28), and 562 ± 27 mmol/L (Day 35) (p<0.05 for all comparisons). In a preliminary study, plasma ammonia concentration measured in blood samples from 5 anemic dogs without primary liver disease immediately before and after transfusion with 5–10 ml/kg of stored pRBC remained in the normal reference range.

Conclusions: The ammonia concentration in stored canine pRBC increased markedly with time. In this preliminary study, ammonia concentrations in dogs without primary liver disease did not increase above the reference range after transfusion with pRBC.
Presumptive Intramural Gastric Hemorrhage Secondary to Rodenticide Intoxication in a Dog
Authors: Marks Steven L. , Gieger Tracy L. , Williams Jamie
Published: July 2007

A dog being treated for demodicosis with ivermectin was presented for intermittent vomiting. The vomiting progressed to hematemesis and an underlying coagulopathy was diagnosed. The etiology of the coagulopathy was determined to be ingested brodifacoum. Ultrasound evaluation of the abdomen revealed thickened gastric wall that was suspected to be intramural hemorrhage. Most likely, the intramural hemorrhage and resulting thickening of the stomach wall led to the clinical signs and metabolic alkalosis. This case represents an typical presentation of hemorrhage secondary to rodenticide intoxication. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):27–31, 2001).
Ibuprofen Ingestion in Ferrets: 43 Cases January 1995–March 2000)
Authors: Richardson Jill A. , Balabuszko Rachel A.
Published: July 2007

Objective: To summarize typical clinical signs, characterize the anticipated course of action, and give treatment recommendations for ibuprofen ingestion in ferrets.

Design: Retrospective study

Patients: Records of 43 cases of ibuprofen ingestion in ferrets that were reported between January 1996‐March 2000, to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC).

Measurements and Main Results: Twenty‐seven (93.1%) ferrets that had ingested ibuprofen developed neurologic signs, such as depression, coma, ataxia, recumbency, tremors, and weakness. In addition, 16 cases (55.2%) had one or more GI effects including anorexia, vomiting, retching or gagging, diarrhea, and melena. Polydipsia, polyuria, dysuria, renal failure, weight loss, shallow breathing, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and hypothermia were also reported. Death was reported in 4 cases. The lowest dose associated with death was 220 mg/kg.

Conclusion: Data in this study indicate that clinical signs of ibuprofen toxicosis in ferrets are more severe than those expected at similar dosages in dogs. The reason for this difference is poorly understood since the pathophysiology of ibuprofen is relatively unknown in ferrets. The onset of clinical signs appeared to occurr soon after ingestion and the toxic effects in ferrets typically involve the CNS, GI and renal systems. Treatment for ibuprofen toxicosis in the ferret includes stabilization, gastrointestinal decontamination, fluid diuresis, GI protection, and supportive care.(J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):53–59)
Evaluation of Abdominal Fluid: Peripheral Blood Creatinine and Potassium Ratios for Diagnosis of Uroperitoneum in Dogs
Authors: Schmiedt Chad , Tobias Karen M , Otto Cynthia M
Published: July 2007

Objective:
To determine the clinical efficacy of abdominal fluid to peripheral blood ratios of creatinine and potassium concentrations to diagnose uroperitoneum in dogs.

Design:
Records of 13 dogs with confirmed uroabdomen were retrospectively analyzed. Prospective evaluation of 8 dogs with nonrenal ascites provided data for a control population.

Setting:
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.

Animals:
Client owned dogs.

Interventions:
None

Measurements and Main Results:
Abdominal fluid potassium (mEq/L) and creatinine concentrations (mg/dl) were recorded. Peripheral blood potassium and creatinine concentrations were also recorded. Ratios were calculated based on these values. An abdominal fluid creatinine concentration to peripheral blood creatinine concentration ratio of > 2:1 was predictive of uroabdomen in dogs (specificity 100%, sensitivity 86%). An abdominal fluid potassium concentration to peripheral blood potassium concentration of > 1.4:1 is also predictive of uroabdomen in dogs (specificity 100%, sensitivity 100%). All dogs with uroabdomen had an abdominal fluid creatinine concentration that was at least 4 times normal peripheral blood levels.

Conclusion:
Abdominal fluid to peripheral blood potassium and creatinine ratios provide a means to diagnose uroperitoneum in dogs without elevated peripheral blood creatinine.
Successful Treatment of Pericarditis in a Pregnant Llama
Authors: Barr Bonnie S. , Seco Olga , Axon Jane , Sleeper Margaret M. , Baird A.N.
Published: July 2007

Objective:To describe the diagnosis and treatment of a pregnanat llama with perticardlts.

Summary:A 2‐year‐old female llama presented for lethargy of several days' duration. Partinent physical examination findings included tachycardia. muffled heart sounds, tachpnea and lethargy. Electrocardiography revealed tachycardia, second‐degree AV block and electrical alternans. Echocardiography confirmed the presence of pericardial effusion and cardiac compromise. Thoracic sonogram revealed pleural effusion. Treatment included intravenous fluids, systemic antimicrobials, systemic anti‐inflammatories, thoracocentesis and eventual pericardiocentesis with daily drainage and lavage. No etiological agent was identified. The llama reponded well to therapy well to therapy and a 3.5‐month and 2‐year follow‐up revealed no cardiac problems.

New information provided:This is the first case report of pericarditis in a llama with treatment and a favorable outcome.
Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Dog
Authors: Jenkins Christine M. , Winkler Kevin , Rudloff Elke , Kirby Rebecca
Published: July 2007

Objective:To alert emergency veterinarians of a life‐threatening soft tissue infection, necrotizing fasciitis (NF) that mimics non life‐threatening cellulitis. In this report, the rapid clinical progression, systemic effects produced by NF, and its successful treatment in a dog is described.

Case Summary:A 2‐year‐old, male, castrated Doberman Pinscher was presented for lameness. Clinical and laboratory findings suggested sepsis. Rapid progression of the infection, as well as surgical and histopathological findings were characteristic for necrotizing fasciitis of a pelvic limb caused byβ‐hemolytic streptococcusinfection. Aggressive supportive care included intravascular fluid therapy, intravenous antibiotics, plasma transfusions, nutritional support, as well as repeated surgical debridement and drainage. Mid‐femoral limb amputation was required to halt the progression of the necrotizing fasciitis.

New Information Provided:This is the first detailed description of successful treatment of necrotizing fasciitis caused byβ‐Hemolytic streptococcusin the dog.
Complications of Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate Therapy in Dachshunds with Surgically Treated Intervertebral Disc Disease
Authors: Boag Amanda K. , Otto Cynthia M. , Drobatz Kenneth J.
Published: July 2007

Objective:To compare the incidence of clinically evident post‐operative complications, financial cost and length of hospital stay for Dachshunds with acute intervertebral disc disease treated with decompressive surgery with and without the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS).

Design:Retrospective clinical study

Setting:Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Animals:Dachshunds that presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between January 1994 and December 1999 with acute intervertebral disc disease that were treated with decompressive surgery.

Intervention:None

Measurements and Main Results:Dogs were divided into 2 groups dependent upon whether they had received MPSS. Medical records were examined for evidence of post‐operative complications. Other parameters recorded included details of drugs administered (principally corticosteroids and gastrointestinal protectant drugs), length and cost of hospital stay and neurological status at 24 hours post‐operatively and at suture removal. Compared to other corticosteroids, dogs receiving MPSS had a significantly higher incidence of clinically evident post‐operative gastrointestinal complications, an increased use of gastrointestinal protectant drugs, and an increased cost for hospital stay (p<0.01).

Conclusions:The use of MPSS inDachshunds with acute intervertebral disc disease is associated with an increased post‐operative complication rate and an increased financial cost to the client. The use of MPSS should be carefully evaluated for each patient.
Atypical Reaction to Acetaminophen Intoxication in a Dog
Authors: Mariani Christopher L. , Fulton Robert B.
Published: July 2007

Objective: To report an unusual manifestation of acetaminophen intoxication in a dog.

Case Summary: A Miniature Pinscher was presented for evaluation of lethargy and facial swelling after ingestion of 500–750 mg/kg of acetaminophen. Laboratory testing revealed eccentrocytes, Heinz bodies, hemoglobinemia, and a declining packed red cell volume consistent with oxidative damage to the erythrocytes. Hepatocellular damage, as monitored by serum alanine aminotransferase, was not documented. The dog responded well to therapeutic intervention, and was discharged from the hospital. The dog returned to the hospital 2 days later with clinical signs and diagnostic tests consistent with acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which was assumed to be due to a toxic etiology. The dog responded well to therapy, regaining normal levels of tear production within six weeks.

New or Unique Information Provided: Acetaminophen intoxication may be associated with severe erythrocytic oxidative damage in the absence of detectable hepatic injury in dogs. Acetaminophen intoxication may have the potential to cause acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 123–126)
Polymerized Hemoglobin Therapy in a Foal with Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Authors: Perkins Gillian A. , Divers Thomas J.
Published: July 2007

Objective:To present the successful management of a foal with severe neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) given polymerized (bovine) hemoglobin while awaiting appropriate red blood cells for transfusion.

Case Summary:A foal with peracute neonatal isoerythrolysis, anemia and low venous oxygen tension was stabilized with intravenous polymerized hemoglobin. Polymerized hemoglobin treatment maintained the foal's oxygen requirement for up to 18 hours permitting adequate time for preparation of the donor's washed red blood cells for transfusion. The clinical findings and venous oxygen tension improved following the hemoglobin administration. No adverse effects were noted from the polymerized hemoglobin administration.

Unique information provided:This paper presents a foal with an uncommon cause of NI due to anti‐Pa antibodies and the short term management of NI using polymerized hemoglobin while awaiting a washed and packed RBC transfusion. Clinical and laboratory findings (trigger factors), which can be used to determine the need for a blood transfusion, are discussed. These “trigger factors” include weakness, tachypnea and tachycardia, increased anion gap and decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and mixed venous (pulmonary artery) oxygen tension (approximated using jugular venous samples). (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 141–146)
Serial Estimation of Survival Prediction Indices Does Not Improve Outcome Prediction in Critically III Dogs with Naturally Occurring Disease
Authors: King Lasely G. , Fordyce Hilary , Maislin Greg
Published: July 2007

Objective:The objectives of this study were to test the value of adding serial measurements to the Survival Prediction Index (SPI 2), and to investigate whether time trajectories add predictive information beyond measurements at a single point in time.

Design:Prospective clinical trial.

Setting:Intensive care unit at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Animals:63 critically ill dogs

Interventions:Physiologic data were collected within 24 hours of admission to the ICU (Day 1), and again on Day 3 of hospitalization.

Measurements:The first analysis applied the SPI 2 equation on Day 1 and again on Day3. Then a prediction model was re‐estimated using Day 1 measurements, and the incremental predictive value of adding Day 1 to Day 3 change scores was evaluated. the third analysis tested the incremental predictive value of change scores in models containing only one prognostic variable. The final analysis compared the re‐estimated Day 1 model to an analogously re‐estimated Day 3 model.

Main Results:Using the SPI 2 equation, the AUC was 7.7% higher using Day 3 measurements than that obtained using Day 1 measurements (P = 0.515). Starting with the re‐estimated Day 1 model (AUC = 0.925), forward stepwise addition of the difference score for each variable did not result in an improvement in the AUC. The AUC for the re‐estimated Day 1 model was not statistially different from that of the re‐estimated model using Day 3 measurements.

Conculusion:This study shows no benefit to repeated calculation of the SPI 2 later in hospitalization.