bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800-1850
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800–1850: Stammering the Nation investigates the long process of transition from a world of empires to a world of nation-states by narrating the biographies of a group of people who were born within empires but came of age surrounded by the emerging vocabulary of nationalism, much of which they themselves created. It is the story of a generation of intellectuals and political thinkers from the Ionian Islands who experienced the collapse of the Republic of Venice and the dissolution of the common cultural and political space of the Adriatic, and who contributed to the creation of Italian and Greek nationalisms. By uncovering this forgotten intellectual universe, Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean retrieves a world characterized by multiple cultural, intellectual, and political affiliations that have since been buried by the conventional narrative of the formation of nation-states. The book rethinks the origins of Italian and Greek nationalisms and states, highlighting the intellectual connection between the Italian peninsula, Greece, and Russia, and re-establishing the lost link between the changing geopolitical contexts of western Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans in the Age of Revolutions. It re-inscribes important intellectuals and political figures, considered ‘national fathers’ of Italy and Greece (such as Ugo Foscolo, Dionysios Solomos, Ioannis Kapodistrias, and Niccolò Tommaseo), into their regional and multicultural context, and shows how nations emerged from an intermingling, rather than a clash, of ideas concerning empire and liberalism, Enlightenment and religion, revolution and conservatism, and East and West.
Serial verbs
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: December 2018

This chapter sets out the initial parameters for the concept of serial verbs with some initial examples and a list of definitional properties. The classification of serial verbs into symmetrical and asymmetrical is introduced. The components of a serial verb may have to be strictly contiguous. Alternatively, other constituents may intervene between them. Serial verbs may form one grammatical word, or they may consist of several words. Various grammatical categories can be marked on each components (concordant marking) or be expressed just once per construction (single marking). Verb serialization can be productive, or it can be limited. The history of studies of serial verbs is discussed in some detail in the Appendix. Special focus is on the empirical basis of our cross-linguistic analysis based on the investigation of c.700 grammars of languages from every part of the world, and the author’s own fieldwork in Amazonia and New Guinea.
The many facets of serial verbs
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: December 2018

A single language can have more than one kind of serial verb construction. Serial verbs may differ along the parameters of wordhood and contiguity. Different types of serial verbs may differ in their meanings and the degree of their grammaticalization or lexicalization. The closer the components are in surface structure, the more likely they are to grammaticalize or to lexicalize, and the more restrictions they will display. We expect single-word serial verbs to be more cohesive in their semantics than multi-word serial verbs, in accordance with the principle of iconic motivation. Semantic groups of verbs which are likely to occur in serial verb constructions form a hierarchy, with verbs of direction and motion being most likely, and stative verbs the least likely to occur. If a language has serial verb constructions, we expect directional serial verbs to develop before any other type. All the languages with symmetrical serial verbs also have asymmetrical ones.
Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921
Authors: Böhler Jochen
Published: December 2018

The Great War had come to an end in Europe in November 1918, but Central Europe did not come to a rest. The demise of the German, Austrian, and Russian Empires had left a geographical void, a theatre of armed conflicts between the imperial heirs for years to come: the Central European nation states. The Second Republic of Poland was one of them. Historiography has described these postwar struggles as rather unrelated conflicts. This book argues that they were much more part of one Central European Civil War. Since re-erected Poland was at the center of events, it provides a perfect case study and tells the story of this civil war in a nutshell. It challenged its neighbors on all frontiers: Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and Soviets to the northeast, Germans to the west, and Czechs to the south. A concise history of these related conflicts questions their common perception as moments of national bravado. In the embattled borderlands, nationality was not a constant, and national independence therefore not a matter of course. The people living there experienced the Central European Civil War rather as a tragedy, when brothers had to fight against brothers. Clearly defined nations did not exist in late 1918 Central Europe, they were rather forged in the fires of a civil war which shook the area for almost three years. Furthermore, in the leeway of these conflicts, Poland—like many other parts of Europe—witnessed a wave of paramilitary violence, with its own soldiers running wild beyond the battlefields.
The Central European Civil War
Authors: Böhler Jochen
Published: December 2018

Between 1918 and 1921, Central Europe witnessed several military conflicts which in the past were regarded as rather isolated. Chapter 3 argues that we learn much more about their nature if we underline their similarities rather than their differences. Actually, they can be interpreted as part of a Central European Civil War, which served the new nation states to secure their share of the imperial heritage. Civil war is thus defined as a common experience of fratricidal war in postwar Central Europe. Subsequently, the conflicts at Poland’s borders from the northeast to the southwest are described with an emphasis on their paramilitary character and the way they affected the civil population which was caught in their crossfire. Simultaneously, inner conflict threatened the state’s existence: its leadership prepared for a domestic war, and even the Soviet invasion of 1920 did not motivate Polish peasants to join the colors.
Grammaticalization in Africa
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: December 2018

Sub-Saharan Africa is an area for which hardly any earlier written documents are available. The student of African languages is therefore at a disadvantage when it comes to reconstructing processes of grammaticalization. That this is nevertheless possible has been demonstrated in a number of studies, using a conjunction of internal reconstruction and diachronic typological generalizations as a tool. After presenting an overview of the state of the art in grammaticalization studies in African languages, the present chapter is concerned with a more theoretical issue, namely the question of how grammaticalization processes arise. To this end, two contrasting hypotheses are discussed, namely the ‘parallel reduction’ and the ‘meaning-first’ hypotheses. Evidence from African languages suggests that it is the second hypothesis that is correct, but that both hypotheses nevertheless have their place in a framework of grammaticalization.
Grammaticalization in Oceanic languages
Authors: Moyse-Faurie Claire
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates the main grammaticalization processes found in Oceanic languages. In connection with verbs of posture and localization (‘sit’, ‘be at a place’), of motion (‘go up/down’, ‘come’, ‘return’, ‘follow’) and with verbs such as ‘take’, ‘make’, ‘do’ as sources, different paths of development will be described that give rise to various grammatical morphemes, often preserving the original function and meaning of the verb. A few cases of grammaticalization involving nouns, as well as cases of relexification and unusual developments such as ‘degrammation’, will be discussed as well. The perspective of my analysis will be both a typological and a semantic one, underlining the importance of spatial representation, the contribution of serial verb constructions, and the role of metonymy and reanalysis in the grammaticalization processes found in Oceanic languages.
Diachronic stories of body-part nouns in some language families of South America
Authors: Zariquiey Roberto
Published: December 2018

The present chapter deals with some well-attested diachronic developments of body-part nouns in languages belonging to a sample of language families of South America. Body-part nouns in these languages are often implicated in the development of locative adpositions, classifiers of different sorts, and body-part prefixes (as described for Panoan languages). This chapter argues that it is possible to postulate at least four different source constructions for these developments, including incorporated nouns, derivative compounds, generic genitives, and locative compounds. As shown in this chapter, there is an intrinsic relation between these constructions and body-part nouns, and this fact, in addition to the special cognitive nature of body-part expressions, may explain why these nouns undergo the grammaticalization processes described here. Due to its widespread distribution, the recruitment of body-part nouns for the development of grammatical elements such as adpositions, classifiers, and prefixes might be considered an areal feature of South American languages.
Addressing questions of grammaticalization in creoles
Authors: Smith Hiram L.
Published: December 2018

Claims about grammaticalization in creole languages are often made without applying empirical tests. For Palenquero Creole, the habitual morpheme asé bears formal resemblance to Spanish hacer ‘do’, providing easy fodder for provenance theorists. While the origins of asé have been debated for decades, we have no studies. In the present study, claims made by scholars were converted into testable hypotheses which make specific synchronic predications regarding asé’s functions and distributions relative to attested cross-linguistic trends in the development of tense and aspect expressions. Rigorous tests or ‘grammaticalization indices’ were then applied in order to determine asé’s degree of conformity. The results of multivariate analysis revealed that asé is walking a tightrope of being an emerging yet advancing grammatical morpheme, although not obligatory. I stress that it was only through the application of accountable data mining and analytical procedures that we could build a solid case for grammaticalization of asé habitual.
Is grammaticalization in creoles different?
Authors: McWhorter John H.
Published: December 2018

Most work on creoles and grammaticalization has focused on creoles’ calquing of grammaticalizations in their source languages, which is of little import to scholars of grammaticalization itself. Beyond this, arguments that creoles emerge not from pidgins but from the same kind of language mixture that yields other languages has discouraged any sense that creoles’ grammaticalizations are of any particular interest. I argue here that this sense is mistaken. There is indeed no kind of grammaticalization particular to creole languages. However, grammaticalization has taken place at a much more rapid rate, and has been more prolific, in creoles than in older languages, as can be seen in how much of Saramaccan’s grammatical machinery is traceable to grammaticalization after the language’s emergence. I propose that the reason for this proliferation is that creoles originally, even as full languages, have more ‘space’ for the emergence of new items because of their origin in second-language acquisition of a highly substractive nature—i.e. what many analysts would term ‘pidginization’.
The Voices of Nimes
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century women of the middling and lower levels of society left no letters or diaries. Criminal courts and magistrates kept few records of their testimonies, and no ecclesiastical court records are known to survive for the French Roman Catholic Church between 1540 and 1667. For the most part, we cannot hear the voices of ordinary French women—but this study allows us to. Based on 1,200 cases brought before the consistories—or moral courts—of the Huguenot church of Languedoc between 1561 and 1615, this book allows us to access ordinary women’s everyday lives: their speech, behaviour, and attitudes to love, faith, marriage, friendship, and sex. Women appeared frequently before the consistory because one of the chief functions of moral discipline was the regulation of sexual sin, for which women were thought to be primarily responsible. The registers include over a thousand testimonies by and about women. Women also featured prominently because of an unintended consequence of the system: women quickly learnt how to use the consistory. The registers therefore offer unrivalled evidence of women’s agency in a range of different contexts and let us see how independent, self-determining, and vocal women could be in an age when they had limited legal rights, little official power, and few prospects. This book suggests we need to reconceptualize female power: it was not just hidden, manipulative, and devious, but also far more public than previously recognized. Women emerge as more resourceful, more violent, and more powerful than we ever thought.
Imagining the Witch
Authors: Kounine Laura
Published: December 2018

This book explores levels of personhood through witch trials in early modern Germany. Witchcraft was not a uniquely female crime; a significant minority of those tried for witchcraft in the Holy Roman Empire were men. Concepts of witchcraft also centred on the notion that emotions could have deadly physical consequences. Not all suspicions led to formal accusations, nor did all trials lead to the stake; just over half of those tried for witchcraft in early modern Europe were executed. To understand how early modern people imagined the witch, we must examine how people understood themselves and others; to grasp how the witch could be a member of the community, yet inspire visceral fear. Through an examination of case studies, this book examines how the community, the church, and the law sought to identify the witch, and how ordinary men and women fought to avoid the stake. It further explores witchcraft in this period to establish why witchcraft could be aligned with strong female stereotypes, but also imagined as a crime that could be committed by male or female, young or old. By moving beyond stereotypes of the witch, this book argues that what constituted witchcraft and the ‘witch’ appears far more contested and unstable than previously thought, and suggests new ways of thinking about early modern selfhood. Indeed, the trial process itself created the conditions for a diverse range of people to give meaning to emotions, gender, and the self in early modern Lutheran Germany.
Generalized Kähler Metrics from Hamiltonian Deformations
Authors: Gualtieri Marco
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a new characterization of generalized Kähler structures in terms of the corresponding complex Dirac structures. It then gives an alternative proof of Hitchin’s partial unobstructedness for holomorphic Poisson structures. Its main application is to show that there is a corresponding unobstructedness result for arbitrary generalized Kähler structures. That is, it shows that any generalized Kähler structure may be deformed in such a way that one of its underlying holomorphic Poisson structures remains fixed, while the other deforms via Hitchin’s deformation. Finally, it indicates a close relationship between this deformation and the notion of a Hamiltonian family of Poisson structures.
Spectral Curves for the Triple Reduced Product of Coadjoint Orbits for SU(3)
Authors: Hurtubise Jacques , Jeffrey Lisa , Rayan Steven , Selick Paul , Weitsman Jonathan
Published: December 2018

This chapter gives an identification of the triple reduced product of three coadjoint orbits in SU(3) with a space of Hitchin pairs over a genus zero curve with three punctures, where the residues of the Higgs field at the punctures are constrained to lie in fixed coadjoint orbits. Using spectral curves for the corresponding Hitchin system, the chapter identifies the moment map for a Hamiltonian circle action on the reduced product. Finally, the chapter makes use of results from Adams, Harnad and Hurtubise to find Darboux coordinates and a differential equation for the Hamiltonian.
‘Epic’ Performances
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: December 2018

This opening chapter explores what identifying ‘epic’ in performance entails. This is essential given Brecht’s avowedly anti-Aristotelian ‘Epic Theatre’, which is for the most part very far from what the editors and most of the contributors to this volume understand by ‘epic performances’. This general introduction also examines what an ‘epic’ source means—in broad terms a long narrative hexameter poem, composed in either Greek or Latin—and will explore exactly how mediated that source can be before it ceases to be an ancient ‘epic’ source. It also begins to ask how one might account for the recent ‘epic turn’ in performance. It ends with a discussion of certain recurrent formal elements in the epic performances under discussion in the volume and concludes that there are more overlaps with Brecht’s ‘Epic Theatre’ than might have initially been imagined.
Epic Bodies
Authors: Crawley Marie-Louise
Published: December 2018

Tracing the author’s experience of performing epic as a filter for past texts and past forms—both in Mnouchkine’s company Théâtre du Soleil and as a solo artist exploring the potential of principles from the ancient Roman solo pantomime form, tragoedia saltata—together with an inherent understanding of performance as the art of the embodied and present moment, this chapter considers from the performer’s perspective how and where epic is sited in the body. What is an epic body? How does the solo, as opposed to the ensemble form, affect the performance of epic? In performing and dancing epic, is it indeed possible simultaneously to filter the past and embody the present? If it is, how do these shifting temporalities operate within the performing body?
Epic Poetry into Contemporary Choreography
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers two recent dance adaptations of the Odyssey: New Movement Collective’s 2013 work Nest and Cathy Marston’s ‘Choreographing the Katabasis’, a project undertaken in 2015 at the APGRD, Oxford. The chapter analyses how both these works engage with the epic poem in ways that have historically been of interest to classical scholars. As a site-specific and multi-authored work, Nest emphasized the sense of multiplicity that has been noted both of the Odyssey’s mode of creation and its narration process. In developing her adaption from the Homeric text with the expertise of Oxford scholars, Cathy Marston produced a dance version of Odysseus’ encounter with the shade of his mother, Anticlea, which closely engaged with the formulaic aspects of the hexameter text in order to explore the interplay of rhythm and representation in both verbal and non-verbal languages.
Multimodal Twenty-First-Century Bards
Authors: Greenwood Emily
Published: December 2018

This chapter analyses the conceit of the poet as (Homeric) bard in the work of the contemporary British poets Simon Armitage and Alice Oswald. In both poets, the figure of the bard conjures up the immanence of live performance and raises both historical questions about the remainder of orality in contemporary adaptations of Homer and questions of vocality as these poems circulate across different media: live performances, poetry readings, audiobooks, multimedia recordings, and printed books. The Homeric bard furnishes a trope for thinking about the presence and absence of the poet’s voice in contemporary responses to the Homeric epics, as well as the significance of orality for conveying the immersive experience which lies at the heart of our imagined traffic with classical antiquity.
Epic Performance through Invenção de Orfeu and An Iliad
Authors: Rankine Patrice
Published: December 2018

The body is a problem for epic performance: as a text, epic absents the body, and such absence is a barrier to the modern audience’s full participation. The modern poet might attempt to resolve this issue in one of two ways, either by using the absence as a rhetorical strategy or, alternatively, by reintroducing the body into performed epic. Jorge de Lima’s Invenção de Orfeu (The Invention of Orpheus) (1952) presents one extreme in addressing the absence of the poet’s body, through textual strategies, in his celebration of the literary condensation of past epics as embodiment. By contrast, An Iliad (2014), a stage adaptation by Lisa Peterson and Denis O’Hare, based on Robert Fagles’s translation of Homer’s Iliad, is an actual embodied performance of epic poetry.
Performing Walcott, Performing Homer
Authors: McConnell Justine
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores three performances of Derek Walcott’s epic poem, Omeros. The first was never realized, but can be traced in the draft scripts and storyboards that Walcott penned for a film of Omeros; the second was adapted and directed by Bill Buckhurst, and staged at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse at Shakespeare’s Globe in London in 2014 and 2015; the third is the artist Isaac Julien’s filmic installation piece, Paradise Omeros (2002). Each of these reworks Walcott’s poem for performance in ways that reflect on the multiple oral traditions from which his poem draws, as well as on the intervening appropriation of those spoken forms into literary texts.
Classical Epic in Early Musical Theatre
Authors: Stead Henry
Published: December 2018

This chapter is about Kane O’Hara’s Midas as a performance of the myth found in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. As a musical theatre piece it was first performed in Ireland in the 1760s. As a relatively short afterpiece the burletta became a London hit and was still in production in the 1830s. The chapter sets this forgotten blockbuster in its historical, social, and cultural context. It introduces the reader to the presence of the classical in British and Irish comic opera and puppet theatre traditions. The burletta of Midas and especially in his puppet fora, just as other eighteenth- and nineteenth-century burlesques, provided access to classical culture for those who were by formal education excluded from it. In this way, Midas supplemented as well as fed on the classical experience of a newly diverse culture-consuming public, including middle- and lower-class citizens and upper-class women.
Sacrilegious Translation
Authors: Dudouyt Cécile
Published: December 2018

François Ponsard’s Ulysse met with a merciless reception when it premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1852. At the time, this setback of an otherwise successful playwright was attributed to the very nature of his endeavour. His critics blamed him primarily for daring to attempt to stage the Odyssey. This chapter seeks an alternative explanation for the play’s failure. Ponsard worked as a verse translator, not from the ancient text itself, but from Anne Dacier’s 1716 prose translation, and his missteps were those of a translator. He stripped Homeric epic of its familiar prestige without wrapping it in the new glamour that would become the norm in the 1870s, in such foreignizing translations as those by Leconte de Lisle’s that coincided with the rediscovery of ancient open-air venues. This ‘naked’ version of the Odyssey was deemed by many critics as nothing short of blasphemy.
Verb Second in Medieval Romance
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: December 2018

This book provides the first book-length study of the controversial subject of Verb Second and related properties in a range of Medieval Romance languages. Both qualitative and quantitative data are examined and analysed from Old French, Occitan, Sicilian, Venetian, Spanish, and Sardinian to assess whether the languages were indeed Verb Second languages. The book argues that unlike most modern Romance varieties, V-to-C movement is a point of continuity across all the medieval varieties, but that there are rich patterns of synchronic and diachronic variation in the medieval period which have not been noted before. These include differences in the syntax–pragmatics mapping, the locus of verb movement, the behaviour of clitic pronouns, the syntax of subject positions, matrix/embedded asymmetries, and the null argument properties of the languages in question. The book outlines a detailed formal cartographic analysis both of both the synchronic patterns attested and of the diachronic evolution of Romance clausal structure.
Old Italo-Romance
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a detailed account of the word order properties of Old Sicilian and Old Venetian. It shows that the two Old Italo-Romance varieties have much in common, namely a preverbal field not specialized for subjects, a dominant V2 order, two types of V2-related inversion, and matrix/embedded asymmetries. However, certain texts differ with respect to the regularity with which the verb appears in second position, the types of verb-initial and verb-third orders found, and whether new information focus can occur in the left periphery. The Tobler–Mussafia clitic system is also shown to be subject to intertextual variation.
Old Spanish
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: December 2018

This chapter engages with recent criticism of Spanish’s status as a V2 language, suggesting that the criticism is ill-founded and arguing that it was a relatively strict V2 language, showing a prefield comparable to other V2 systems, Germanic-inversion, and direct object fronting without clitic resumption. Both verb-initial and verb-third orders are also shown to be heavily restricted in certain later Old Spanish texts when compared to other Medieval Romance V2 varieties. The chapter challenges the notion that Old Spanish was a symmetrical V2 language, presenting quantitative data that it showed word order asymmetries between matrix and embedded clauses, which are typical of asymmetric V2 systems such as Modern German and Dutch.
How to Be an Epistemic Expressivist
Authors: Ridge Michael
Published: December 2018

Arguments from the practicality of moral judgment are typically taken to be among the more powerful arguments for meta-ethical expressivism. However, analogous arguments seem unpromising in meta-epistemology. Morality is obviously practical in a very direct way, whereas epistemic judgments tell one what to believe, not what to do. It is argued in this chapter that what epistemologists call ‘pragmatic encroachment’ provides the best starting point for an argument from practicality in meta-epistemology. However, the best argument drawing on this idea seems compelling only for judgments about what someone has sufficient reason to believe, not judgments about what there is some reason to believe. But a similar dichotomy can be found in the moral context, and seeing why this does not spell doom there helps in the meta-epistemological context too. The chapter concludes by defending a better strategy for defending epistemic expressivism which relies on a specific conception of non-representational ‘direction of fit’.
Epistemic Planning, Epistemic Internalism, and Luminosity
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, a “doxastic planning model” of epistemic evaluation is employed to argue for a form of epistemic internalism. In doing so, a response is first given to Schoenfield’s recent argument against the author’s previous attempt to develop such an argument. Various ways in which that argument might be understood are distinguished, and it is discussed how both internalists and externalists might make use of the ideas within it. It is then argued that, despite these complexities, the doxastic planning model continues to support a modest form of epistemic internalism. The chapter concludes by showing that, far from conflicting with “anti-luminosity” arguments in epistemology, this form of internalism is best understood as a natural reaction to these arguments.
Literary Representations of Naples in Flavian Poetry
Authors: Buongiovanni Claudio
Published: December 2018

Claudio Buongiovanni explores Naples’ cultural diversity, suggesting that the influx of Italians forced on the region by Sulla in 82 BCE revitalized the reputation of ‘learned Parthenope’ among the Roman aristocracy and intellectual elite as a centre where learning flourished in an environment of elegance, luxury, and refinement. Statius’ pride especially in his native Campania with its bicultural tradition encourages him to play down the devastation caused by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE and focus rather on restoration and regeneration in the region and on the euergetism of leading citizens who readily contribute their wealth and talent to construct public buildings and enhance the coastline with tasteful architecture.
Statius and His Renaissance Readers
Authors: Fielding Ian
Published: December 2018

This chapter shows that Statius’ renascence from the discovery of his Silvae in 1417 allows fifteenth-century Neapolitan poets to escape from the shadow of Virgil and follow Statius’ model of lighter, occasional poetry set in the picturesque and culturally stimulating landscape of Campania. Statius’ pride in his native Campania so delights Neapolitan humanists that the poet Panormita assembles an anthology of Statius’ Laudes Neapolitanae and composes a dedication for a new statue of the Flavian poet. Poets such as Panormita and Pontano develop in their own poetic work points of contact with Statius’ Silvae, including the beneficent influence of Campania’s pastoral landscape and mild climate on their poetic output. Pontano’s protégé, Sannazaro, would later compile a lexical and metrical study of Statius whose Silvae would influence both the style and content of Sannazaro’s own ‘villa’ poems.
Reconstructing Random Jigsaws
Authors: Balister Paul , Bollobás Béla , Narayanan Bhargav
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Reconstructing Random Jigsaws” examines the reconstruction problem for a family of discrete structures, asking whether it is possible to uniquely reconstruct a structure in this family from the “deck” of all its substructures of some fixed size. Reconstruction problems involving combinatorics and randomness have a very rich history. The oldest such problem is perhaps the graph reconstruction conjecture of Kelly and Ulam; analogous questions include reconstructing finite sets satisfying symmetry conditions, reconstructing finite abelian groups, and reconstructing finite subsets of the plane. A natural line of enquiry is to ask how the answer to the reconstruction problem changes when it is necessary to reconstruct a typical (as opposed to an arbitrary) structure in a family of discrete structures. This chapter presents a theoretical case study of interest for all the complex architectures of networks: a reconstruction problem connected with DNA sequencing via the shotgun-sequencing technique.
Multilevel News Networks
Authors: Sluban Borut , Smailović Jasmina , Grčar Miha , Mozetič Igor
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Multilevel News Networks” describes how to construct time-varying, multilayer networks linking entities from online news articles. It builds on preliminary research on extraction of entity co-occurrence networks from news and extends it by a comparative analysis of usual and unusual events in the news. The construction of a time-varying network of entities appearing in worldwide news is described. In this network, the links between the entities are enriched by textual context and sentiment, thus creating different network layers. The chapter then compares the news networks with other empirical networks, drawing interesting conclusions about the role of geographical proximity, proposes an approach for identifying the most relevant events linking different entities, and, through sentiment analysis, shows that top news is not as positive as general news.
Allosteric theory
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of allostery, the modulation of protein activity that is caused by an indirect interaction between structurally remote binding sites. In this mode of intramolecular regulatory control, the binding of ligand at a protein’s active site is influenced by the binding of another ligand at a different site in the same protein. This interaction at a distance is mediated by a ligation-induced transition between alternative conformational states. Hemoglobin is regarded as the “allosteric paradigm,” and the oxygenation-linked transition between alternative quaternary conformations provides a textbook example of how allostery works. This chapter reviews different theoretical models, such as the Monod-Wyman-Changeux “two-state” model, to explain the allosteric regulation of hemoglobin function.
Gene duplication and hemoglobin isoform differentiation
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 explores the physiological significance of gene duplication and hemoglobin isoform differentiation. Repeated rounds of gene duplication and divergence during the evolution of jawed vertebrates promoted the diversification of the subfamilies of genes that encode the different subunit chains of tetrameric hemoglobin, leading to functional differentiation between hemoglobin isoforms that are expressed during different stages of prenatal development and postnatal life. The differentiation in oxygenation properties among developmentally regulated hemoglobin isoforms has clear adaptive significance in viviparous and oviviparous vertebrates alike. In some cases, a physiological division of labor between coexpressed isoforms may also contribute to the adaptive enhancement of tissue oxygen delivery.
Biochemical adaptation to environmental hypoxia
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 8 explores mechanisms of hemoglobin adaptation to environmental hypoxia. Vertebrates living in hypoxic environments face the physiological challenge of optimizing the trade-off between oxygen loading at the respiratory surfaces and oxygen unloading in the tissue capillaries. In air-breathing and water-breathing vertebrates alike, fine-tuned adjustments in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity provide an energetically efficient means of compensating for a reduced oxygen tension of arterial blood. The adaptive significance of such changes is indicated by evolved changes in hemoglobin function in high-altitude mammals and birds, and erythrocytic acclimatization responses to environmental hypoxia in teleost fishes. An important goal for future research is to elucidate the specific physiological mechanisms by which changes in the oxygenation properties of hemoglobin translate into enhancements of whole-animal aerobic performance.
The grammar of indefinites
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the two indefinites that have been treated as specific indefinites in scholarship on Classical Latin: quidam ‘a certain’ and aliquis ‘some (or other)’. While with quidam the referent is introduced as known to the speaker, aliquis expresses ignorance on the part of the speaker with respect to the exact identity of the discourse referent. As concerns quidam, the pragmatic conditions it obeys in Classical and Late Latin are examined, and possible causes for the fact that it is not continued in Romance are discussed. In the case of aliquis, it is argued that a better description of its semantic properties can be reached by treating it as an epistemic indefinite. In Late Latin some of the distributional constraints to which it was subject in the Classical language disappear: aliquis extends into polarity contexts, preluding the behavior of its Romance continuations.
Conclusions
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This chapter summarizes the main conclusions reached through the investigation of Latin indefinites and of their Romance continuations. In the case studies under analysis, the process of change originates from phenomena taking place already in Late Latin. In particular, developments affecting the syntax of negation in Late Latin play a fundamental role, triggering lexical renewal and functional shifts in the domain of indefinites. It is frequently the case that Romance languages, while sharing significant similarities, differ profoundly from Classical Latin: for the cases discussed here, they ‘differentiate in parallel’ because they inherit from Late Latin the fundamental prerequisites for later changes. The results of this study, thanks to the interplay of theoretical and diachronic linguistics, confirm the systematic nature of change at the syntax–semantic interface.
Social Aspects of Rationality
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers how social communities arise which are committed to a specific way of understanding or investigating our world, and how they transmit their ideas and values. Particular attention is paid to the notion of ‘epistemic communities’, and how they are able to communicate with each other, despite their different understandings of what it means to be ‘reasonable’. The concept of tradition—meaning a settled understanding of how the world is to be understood and explored—is considered, particularly in relation to the challenge this poses to the idea that reason is something that is historically and culturally invariant.
Complexity and Mystery
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the limited capacity of human reason to make sense of a complex world, and how this expresses itself in the notion of ‘mystery’. How does being receptive to mystery help us cope with our complex world? The concept of mystery is explored with particular reference to Gabriel Marcel and Austin Farrer, and as this is expressed in the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. The chapter considers whether a ‘mystery’ is simply a synonym for an ‘irrationality’, or whether it can be seen as a recognition of the limits placed upon the human mind to grasp a vast and complicated universe. What are the scientific and theological consequences of the limited capacity of the human mind? How can we expand our grasp of reality?
Introduction
Authors: Matzner Sebastian
Published: December 2018

The Foreword provides an introduction to the background and rationale of this volume and gives an account of the phenomenon under discussion. In fleshing out what is meant by ‘complex inferiorities’ and the poetics of the ‘weaker voice’, the discussion also connects the issues at stake here, within the particular context of Latin studies, with concerns, intellectual developments, and conceptual frameworks of modern critical theory that variously underwrite the individual chapters and inform the cognitive interest of the volume as a whole. The Foreword then introduces the individual contributions and offers commentary on their multiple relations with each other. In setting out the main clusters of themes treated in the collection’s essays and teasing out the often overlapping dimensions that variously bind together individual chapters, it underscores in particular the relevance of intersectionality for the study of the strategic assumptions and manipulations of the weaker voice.
Distinguishing Legislation giving Expression to Fundamental Rights
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

The specificity of fundamental rights policy-making is that the superior legal value of the right enhanced through legislation creates an extraordinary appeal for a constitutional narrative, while the uniquely sensitive nature of EU intervention in the field warrants great political legitimacy. This tension between constitutional and legislative forms of protection reaches an apex when it comes to policy-making at the EU level on matters of fundamental rights. To what extent could challenges similar to those identified in the context of EU equality law in previous chapters arise in other contexts? Chapter 4 seeks to distinguish legislation giving expression to fundamental rights, where the relationship between constitutional and legislative rights is particularly intimate, from ‘ordinary’ legislation. This warrants an enquiry into the constitutional framework in which legislation is enshrined and to which it relates, as well as into the design of the relevant legislative framework. It will be argued that equal treatment clauses which are scattered across EU directives designed to ensure the protection of atypical workers and legally residing third-country nationals should be treated as clearly distinct from the primary right to equal treatment. In contrast, EU data protection law may be driven by dynamics comparable to those identified in relation to mainstream EU equality law. This is likely to lead to increased confusion between primary and secondary layers of norms in the field.
Conclusion
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

Developing a fully fledged fundamental rights discourse is a delicate endeavour. Narratives of fundamental rights carry a notably authoritative and moralizing tone; yet, the precise limits of a given fundamental right, as well as its relationship to other fundamental rights, can swiftly become divisive. This paradox reaches an apex when the EU exercises competences that purport to flesh out a fundamental right. It is therefore in many ways unsurprising that EU equality law has in recent years been the forum for several high profile cases blurring the distinction between constitutional and legislative expressions of the right to equal treatment. The controversies surrounding these cases have important constitutional implications. EU law is a uniquely powerful supranational tool. When applied to fundamental values and to balances between them, this machinery may be perceived as very corrosive for domestic constituencies. Chapter 6 recalls that, besides constitutional forms of protection, political decision-making on fundamental rights also performs a very important legitimating function in a supranational legal order such as that of the EU. This function ought to be carefully preserved by the plurality of actors involved so as to stimulate legal innovation and to make sure to embed the fundamental rights culture supported by the EU in domestic legal cultures.
Basic notions
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 specifies how issues, information states, propositions, and conversational contexts are formally defined in inquisitive semantics. It also defines a number of fundamental relations that may hold between such entities. For instance, it specifies what it means for an information state to resolve an issue or to support a proposition, what it means for a context to be updated with a proposition, and when one proposition entails another.
Questions
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 discusses how the meaning of various types of questions in English can be captured in the basic inquisitive semantics framework presented in the previous chapters. Several kinds of questions, including polar questions, alternative questions, and wh-questions, are given a formal analysis. Question coordination and conditional questions are also considered.
Conditionals
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

Chapter 7 argues that inquisitive semantics is not only relevant for questions, but also for statements. The argument is based on recent experimental work on counterfactual conditionals, which shows that even if two premises A and B have exactly the same truth-conditions, the counterfactuals “If A then C” and “If B then C” may have different truth conditions. This means that it is impossible to give a compositional account of counterfactuals based on a purely truth-conditional notion of meaning. On the other hand, the relevant contrast finds a natural explanation once conditionals are analysed in inquisitive semantics. Further benefits of the account are discussed as well: it solves a well-known problem that classical analyses of conditionals have with disjunctive antecedents, and it naturally extends to unconditionals and conditional questions.
Common Enemies: Crime, Policy, and Politics in Australia-Indonesia Relations
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

Over the last two decades, Australia and Indonesia have built a remarkable partnership in the fight against terrorism and other transnational crimes. Common Enemies: Crime, Policy, and Politics in Australia–Indonesia Relations is the first in-depth study of this partnership, examining both its successes and its failures. Drawing on over 100 interviews and extensive archival material, the book tells the inside story of the joint police investigation into the 2002 terrorist bombings in Bali, the extradition of Indonesian corruption fugitive Adrian Kiki Ariawan, the public campaigns in support of Australians detained in Indonesia for drug trafficking, and the 2013 spying scandal that led to a freeze in cooperation. It also investigates many cases that never made the headlines in an effort to understand the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between these two very different countries. The book reveals a tension between parochial politics and policy ambition at the heart of the bilateral relationship, and explores how politicians, bureaucrats, and private actors animate this tension. It also considers how various ‘wars on crime’ since the 1970s have shaped the relationship, and the importance of reciprocity in maintaining the relationship. Based on this analysis, it identifies strategies for enhancing cross-border cooperation to combat crime. The mix of engaging case studies and novel theorizing in Common Enemies will appeal to both practitioners and scholars of transnational policing, international relations, regulation, and global governance.
The Securitization of Transnational Crime
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter asks: what is driving criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia? By tracing various ‘wars on crime’ waged by both countries since the 1970s, it reveals how the politicization—and ultimately ‘securitization’—of transnational crime has provided much of the impetus for cooperation between them. This helps correct the standard view that such cooperation is simply a response to a growth in transnational criminal activity. The chapter concludes that the greater the politicization of a transnational problem, the greater the political will to pursue international cooperation in response. It does not follow, however, that the politicization of transnational crime within each country will necessarily result in cooperation between them. In fact, the very act of politicization can (somewhat paradoxically) make cooperation harder to achieve.
The American Short Story and the Prodigal Son
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

The prevalence of the Prodigal Son paradigm in the American short story tradition is analysed as offering a perspective on issues of independence and identity. The significance of the personal change brought about by the experience of breaking away from home is discussed in short stories by Irving, Poe, Harte, Garland, James, Cather, and Wolfe, many of whom refer directly to the parable in their work. Many of the characters in the stories are compelled to leave home by circumstance or choice, often in the search for redemption or personal happiness. They may seek to return, but the impossibility of a successful homecoming after the revolution involved in leaving is a key feature in this tradition, on a personal level and beyond.