bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NMR, IR, Mössbauer and quantum chemical investigations of metalloporphyrins and metalloproteins
Authors: SANDERS LORI K. , ARNOLD WILLIAM D. , OLDFIELD ERIC
Published: August 2002

We review contributions made towards the elucidation of CO and O2binding geometries in respiratory proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and quantum chemistry have all been used to investigate the Fe –ligand interactions. Early experimental results showed linear correlations between17O chemical shifts and the infrared stretching frequency (νCO) of the CO ligand in carbonmonoxyheme proteins and between the17O chemical shift and the13CO shift. These correlations led to early theoretical investigations of the vibrational frequency of carbon monoxide and of the13C and17O NMR chemical shifts in the presence of uniform and non-uniform electric fields. Early success in modeling these spectroscopic observables then led to the use of computational methods, in conjunction with experiment, to evaluate ligand-binding geometries in heme proteins. Density functional theory results are described which predict57Fe chemical shifts and Mössbauer electric field gradient tensors,17O NMR isotropic chemical shifts, chemical shift tensors and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (e2qQ/h) as well as13C isotropic chemical shifts and chemical shift tensors in organometallic clusters, heme model metalloporphyrins and in metalloproteins. A principal result is that CO in most heme proteins has an essentially linear and untilted geometry (τ = 4 °, β = 7 °) which is in extremely good agreement with a recently published X-ray synchrotron structure. CO / O2discrimination is thus attributable to polar interactions with the distal histidine residue, rather than major Fe–C–O geometric distortions.
Photodynamic therapy and diagnostic measurements of basal cell carcinomas using esterified and non-esterified δ-aminolevulinic acid
Authors: THOMPSON MARCELO SOTO , GUSTAFSSON LOTTA , PÅLSSON SARA , BENDSOE NIELS , STENBERG MARIA , KLINTEBERG CLAES AF , ANDERSSON-ENGELS STEFAN , SVANBERG KATARINA
Published: August 2002

Various optical techniques were used to investigate relevant parameters involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic and therapeutic outcome when using topically applied methyl-esterified δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-ME) and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). A total of 35 pathologically verified BCCs in 14 patients were investigated. A diode laser, emitting continuous light at 633 nm, was used to induce PDT. The diagnostic measurements were performed before, during, and after PDT. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to monitor the build-up of the ALA/ALA-ME-induced protoporphyrin IX ( PpIX ). The superficial tissue perfusion was measured with laser-Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and the temperature of the lesion and the surrounding tissue was imaged with an IR-camera. A clear demarcation between the lesion and the normal skin was detected with LIF before the treatment for both PpIX precursors. The fluorescence measurements suggest that PpIX builds up to a higher degree and more selectively in the tumour following ALA-ME as compared to ALA. The LDPI measurements indicate a local transient restriction in blood perfusion immediately post-PDT. The measurement with the IR-camera revealed a temperature rise of about 1–2 °C during the treatment.
Synthesis of N-phytochlorin-substituted [60]fulleropyrrolidines
Authors: EFIMOV ALEXANDER , TKATCHENKO NIKOLAI V. , VAINIOTALO PIRJO , LEMMETYINEN HELGE
Published: August 2002

A series of new phytochlorin–fullerene dyads was prepared. Synthetic pathway includes attachment of glycine to aldehyde-containing phytochlorins via reductive amination, where 3- and 7-carbonyl-substituted pheophorbides exhibit surprisingly different reactivity. The appropriate conditions of reactions (e.g. solvents and reducing agents) were determined in each case.
Improvement of reproducibility for quantitative analysis of real samples by NIR FT‐Raman spectroscopy using a thermal box
Authors: Ito Kazuhiro , Kato Tadaya , Ona Toshihiro
Published: August 2002

Near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman (FT) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical method, but, quantitative analysis is often difficult owing to changes in the environmental temperature. The feasibility of using a commercial FT‐Raman spectrometer (equipped with an InGaAs detector operated at room temperature) in a thermal box to obtain ±0.1 °C with minimum investment was examined for the quantitative analysis of real samples (polystyrene and cellulose). The reproducibility was improved significantly by using a thermal box and this was also demonstrated for both solid‐ and powder‐state samples, even in the practical range of room temperature (15.0–22.0 or 22.5 °C). Since the effect of both samples and laser could be ignored in this study, the thermal effect causing the decease in reproducibility was concluded to be the response of the detector. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural study on acid‐induced unfolding intermediates of myoglobin by using UV resonance Raman scattering from tryptophan residues
Authors: Hashimoto Shinji , Fukasaka Jyun‐ichi , Takeuchi Hideo
Published: August 2002

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of sperm whale myoglobin were examined at various pH in the presence and absence of a helix‐stabilizing anion, SO42−. Sperm whale myoglobin contains two Trp residues (Trp7 and Trp14) in helix A. The 229 nm excited Raman spectra of metmyoglobin and apomyoglobin in the native form at pH 7 show that these Trp residues are located in hydrophobic environments and their indole nitrogen atoms are hydrogen bonded to proton acceptors, presumably to water molecules. The Raman intensity of Trp decreases in two successive steps as the pH is lowered. The intensity decrease in the transition from the native form to an unfolding intermediate at pH 4 is ascribable to a decrease in environmental hydrophobicity of Trp14 caused by unfolding of helix E, from which the hydrophobic side‐chains of three Leu residues protrude toward Trp14 in the native structure. Addition of 30 mM SO42− to a solution of the unfolding intermediate results in a marked change of the Trp14 side‐chain torsion angle, |χ2,1|, as evidenced by a wavenumber shift and an increase in bandwidth of the W3 band of Trp. The fully unfolded form at pH 2 is partially refolded by the binding of SO42−. Although the secondary structure of the refolded form is similar to that of the unfolding intermediate, the tertiary structure differs between the two forms. Ultraviolet resonance Raman scattering from Trp residues is a good probe for protein structure in the folding or unfolding pathway. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ micro Raman investigation of electrochemically formed halide and pseudohalide films on mercury electrodes
Authors: Brolo Alexandre G. , Odziemkowski Marek , Porter Julia , Irish Donald E.
Published: August 2002

Oxidation of pure mercury electrodes was followed by in situ surface‐unenhanced Raman spectroscopy. A special spectroelectrochemical cell allowed the observation of spectral features of the oxidation products using a Raman microprobe. The electrochemical behaviour of mercury in basic solution, halide (F−, Cl−, Br− and I−) and pseudohalide (SCN−) media was investigated. Insoluble films were formed during the anodic processes in all these systems. The identities of the electrochemically generated films were clearly determined from the Raman spectra. The main product of the electrochemical oxidation of mercury in basic solutions was solid HgO. The anodic behaviour of mercury in the presence of halide yielded insoluble Hg2X2 compounds (where X is the halide). The time dependence of the Raman signals indicated a diffusion‐controlled growth of the halide films. The oxidation of mercury in SCN− solutions also produced a solid precipitate [Hg2(SCN)2]. Raman bands due to soluble mercury(II) thiocyanate complexes [Hg(SCN)x2−x], present in the electrochemical diffusion layer, were also observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing strategic innovation: supporting people over the design and implementation boundary
Authors: Braganza Ashley , Ward John
Published: August 2002

Organizations especially those that are large and mature need to undertake strategic innovation (i.e. design and implement radical change) as a result of environmental dynamism. Business leaders have to craft the direction and magnitude of the change.

Much of the current literature deals with the design aspects of innovative strategic change and the probable causes of failure at the implementation stage. Researchers and practitioners agree that people are often at the centre of strategic innovations failing.

This paper examines how ICL, a major technology organization, created and deployed a holistic business process for managing people through a strategic innovation.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile flavour compounds in suspension culture of Agastache rugosa Kuntze (Korean mint)
Authors: Kim Tae Hwan , Shin Joong Han , Baek Hyung Hee , Lee Hyong Joo
Published: August 2002

For the production of volatile flavour compounds from Agastache rugosa Kuntze (Korean mint) suspension culture, callus was obtained from the leaves of A rugosa. Cell growth of A rugosa suspension culture was improved when cells were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 50 g l−1 sucrose and 1 mg l−1 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Volatiles were isolated from a 15‐day‐old suspension culture by liquid–liquid continuous extraction and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐butanone was the most abundant compound, followed by 2,4,5‐trimethyl‐3‐oxazoline, 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene and 1,3‐butanediol. However, the volatile profile of the suspension culture was totally different from that of the intact plant. Fourteen aroma‐active compounds were detected by aroma extract dilution analysis. The most potent aroma‐active compounds representing characteristic aroma of A rugosa suspension culture were 2,3‐butanedione (buttery/cheese), (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal (cucumber/melon) and (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadien‐1‐ol (cucumber/sweet). Some alcohols and unknown compounds are thought to contribute to the wine‐like aroma characteristics of A rugosa suspension culture. Through a time course study, A rugosa suspension culture was revealed to have an inverse relationship between cell growth and flavour production.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Rate constants for the reaction of Cl atoms with O3 at temperatures from 298 to 184 K
Authors: Beach Simon D. , Smith Ian W. M. , Tuckett Richard P.
Published: August 2002

Using the standard, low pressure, discharge‐flow technique, with resonance fluorescence in the vacuum ultraviolet to observe Cl atoms, rate constants have been determined for the reaction of Cl atoms with O3 at temperatures down to 184 K. The measured rate constants for 298–184 K fit the Arrhenius expression

k(T) = (3.1 ± 1.35) × 10−11 exp((−280 ±100 K)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1.

The results extend the data on this key atmospheric reaction to slightly lower temperatures. The data are in fairly good agreement with those currently in the literature but suggest that the rate constant is approximately 15% lower than that given by currently recommended rate expressions at the lowest temperatures found in the stratosphere.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 104–109, 2002
Measurement of the binding forces between von Willebrand factor and variants of platelet glycoprotein Ibα using optical tweezers
Authors: Arya Maneesh , López José A. , Romo Gabriel M. , Dong Jing‐Fei , McIntire Larry V. , Moake Joel L. , Anvari Bahman
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Thrombus formation is initiated by adhesion of the platelet receptor, glycoprotein (GP) Ib‐IX‐V complex, to its adhesive ligand, von Willebrand factor (vWf), in the subendothelium or plasma. The vWf‐binding domain of GP Ib‐IX‐V is in the GP Ibα subunit of the complex and contains a leucine‐rich repeat region. The adhesion of different leucine‐rich repeats was studied using optical tweezers in order to determine which ones were critical for the vWf/GP Ibα interaction.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Canine GP Ibα does not normally bind to human vWf, and thus canine‐human GP Ibα chimeras were constructed by sequentially replacing human GP Ibα structural regions with their canine counterparts. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are frequently used to express platelet GP complexes, were transfected with the chimeric proteins. Optical tweezers (λ = 830 nm) were used to investigate bond strengths between vWf and different GP Ibα canine‐human chimeras. Since vWf does not bind GP Ibα without high shear stress, the compounds botrocetin and ristocetin were used to induce binding between human vWf and the chimeras.

Results

All human‐canine GP Ibα chimeras bound to vWf in the presence of botrocetin. Replacement of the N‐terminal flanking sequence and the first leucine‐rich repeat resulted in lower GP Ibα/vWf bond strengths than the wild‐type human GP Ibα/vWf bond strength (P < 0.05). Chimeras lacking the second leucine‐rich repeat did not adhere to vWf with ristocetin acting as modulator.

Conclusion

The N‐terminal flanking sequence and the first leucine‐rich repeat of GP Ibα were found to be important but not necessary for GP Ibα to adhere to vWf. The second leucine‐rich repeat was found to be critical for GP Ibα to bind vWf and could potentially be used in the development of a novel recombinant anti‐thrombotic drugs. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:306–312, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of oligonucleotide complexes with drugs, metals, and proteins
Authors: Beck Jennifer L. , Colgrave Michelle L. , Ralph Stephen F. , Sheil Margaret M.
Published: August 2002

I.
Introduction
61

II.
Binding of Small Molecules to DNA
62

A.   Covalent Binding
62

B.   Reversible (Noncovalent) DNA‐Binding Agents
65

III.
DNA–Metal Ion Complexes
67

A.   Platinum Complexes
70

B.   Other Metal Ions
73

IV.
DNA–Protein Complexes
74

A.   Introduction
74

B.   ESI‐MS of DNA–Protein Complexes
76

C.   ESI‐MS Analysis of Proteolytic Products of DNA–Protein Complexes
79

D.   ESI‐MS of Ternary DNA–Protein–Ligand Complexes
80

V.
Conclusions
80

Abbreviations
81

References
81

Interactions of DNA with drugs, metal ions, and proteins are important in a wide variety of biological processes. With the advent of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), mass spectrometry (MS) is now a well‐established tool for the characterization of the primary structures of biopolymers. The gentle nature of the ESI process, however, means that ESI‐MS is also finding application for the study of noncovalent and other fragile biomolecular complexes. We outline here the progress, to date, in the use of ESI‐MS for the study of noncovalent drug—DNA and protein—DNA complexes together with strategies that can be employed to examine the binding of small molecules and metal complexes to DNA. In the case of covalent complexes with DNA, sequence information can be derived from ESI‐MS used in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and/or enzymatic digestion. MS/MS can also be used to probe the relative binding affinities of drugs that bind to DNA via noncovalent interactions. Overall, the work in this area, to date has demonstrated that ESI‐MS and MS/MS will prove to be valuable complements to other structural methods, offering advantages in terms of speed, specificity, and sensitivity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 20: 61–87, 2001
Transgene stability and features of rasH2 mice as an animal model for short‐term carcinogenicity testing
Authors: Suemizu Hiroshi , Muguruma Kaori , Maruyama Chika , Tomisawa Masashi , Kimura Minoru , Hioki Kyoji , Shimozawa Nobuhiro , Ohnishi Yasuyuki , Tamaoki Norikazu , Nomura Tatsuji
Published: August 2002

The transgenic mouse rasH2 line, in which the mouse carries the human c‐Ha‐ras gene under the control of its own enhancer and promoter, has been proposed as one of the alternative short‐term models for carcinogenicity testing. To apply this purpose, we have produced a genetically homogeneous population as C57BL/6JJic‐TgN(RASH2) (Tg‐rasH2) by continuous backcrossing. In this study, we examined the transgene stability between different generations and the detailed transgene architecture of the integrated human c‐Ha‐ras gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the integrated human c‐Ha‐ras gene was stably located on chromosome 15E3 in Tg‐rasH2 mice at generation number (N) 15 and 20. Southern and Northern blot analysis did not show any differences in the hybridized band pattern in each generation. Southern blot analyses showed that the Tg‐rasH2 mouse contained three copies of the human c‐Ha‐ras gene arrayed in a head‐to‐tail configuration. We also determined the nucleotide sequence of the transgene in the Tg‐rasH2 mouse at N20 and confirmed that the sequence of the coding region was perfectly matched with human c‐Ha‐ras cDNA. Cloning and sequencing of genome/transgene junctions revealed that integration of the microinjected human c‐Ha‐ras gene into mouse host genome resulted in a 1820‐bp deletion in the rasH2 line. The deleted sequence did not have any sequence homologies with known functional genes. We assumed that either the deletion or the transgene insertion, or both, would not cause insertional mutation. In short‐term carcinogenicity testing with a genetically engineered mouse model, confirmation of the transgene or modified gene stability at each generation is one of the important factors that affect the sensitivity to carcinogenic compounds in the same way as the genetic background, age and route of administration. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model and interactive algorithm of bi‐level multi‐objective decision‐making with multiple interconnected decision makers
Authors: Shi Xinping , Xia Hong Sheng
Published: August 2002

Furthering a prior research on two‐person bi‐level multi‐objective decision‐making problems of the leader‐follower Stackelberg game, we present an extended model of bi‐level multi‐objective decision‐making with multiple interconnected decision makers at the lower level. In the model, the upper level decision maker acts as a leader and the lower level decision makers behave as the followers, and inter‐connections and interactions exist among these followers in decision‐making scenarios. Following the rules of leader‐follower Stackelberg game, we develop an interactive algorithm of the model for solving multi‐objective decision‐making problems and reflecting the interactive natures among the decision makers. Finally, the authors exemplify the model and algorithm, and draw a conclusion on points of contributions and the significance of this study in decision‐making and support. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural mechanisms underlying peak‐dose dyskinesia induced by levodopa and apomorphine are distinct: Evidence from the effects of the alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan
Authors: Fox Susan H. , Henry Brian , Hill Micheal P. , Peggs David , Crossman Alan R. , Brotchie Jonathan M.
Published: August 2002

Dyskinesia, secondary to dopamine replacement therapy, is the major complication of currently available therapies for Parkinson's disease. Alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonists, such as idazoxan, can significantly reduce levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐lesioned, nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease and in human. This action of adrenoceptor antagonists may involve blockade of the actions of noradrenaline synthesised from levodopa. We hypothesise that, because dopamine receptor agonists, such as apomorphine, cannot be metabolised to produce noradrenaline, activation of adrenoceptors may not be involved in dyskinesia produced by such agents. If this were the case, idazoxan would not be expected to reduce apomorphine‐induced dyskinesia.

MPTP‐lesioned marmosets with stable dyskinesia induced by prolonged levodopa therapy were given an acute challenge with apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) or levodopa (8.0 mg/kg p.o.), these doses produced equivalent peak‐dose dyskinesia. Idazoxan (2.5 mg/kg p.o.), or vehicle, was then administered with either apomorphine or levodopa. Idazoxan abolished levodopa‐induced dyskinesia but did not affect apomorphine‐induced dyskinesia (P < 0.05 and P > 0.05, respectively, Wilcoxon matched pairs test). Idazoxan also extended the anti‐parkinsonian actions of levodopa but did not affect those of apomorphine.

The pharmacological characteristics of the neural mechanisms underlying levodopa‐induced dyskinesia and apomorphine‐induced dyskinesia in parkinsonism thus appear to be distinct, at least with respect to the involvement of alpha2 adrenoceptors. Specifically, levodopa, but not apomorphine‐induced dyskinesia, involves activation of adrenoceptors. This finding may have major implications for understanding dyskinesia and should be borne in mind when designing clinical studies in which levodopa or dopamine receptor agonist challenges are employed to assess potential anti‐dyskinetic properties of drugs. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Effect of anisotropic permeability on Darcy's law
Authors: Payne L. E. , Rodrigues J. F. , Straughan B.
Published: August 2002

The concept of structural stability is discussed and briefly reviewed within the context of fluid flow in porous media. Then the equations for non‐Boussinesq (penetrative) convection in a porous medium with anisotropic permeability are analysed. It is shown, by deriving truly a priori estimates, that the solution exists in the natural functional framework and depends continuously on changes in the permeability. Since under appropriate circumstances the onset of thermal convection may be via Hopf bifurcation rather than stationary convection, such a priori continuous dependence estimates are of much value. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast, higher order three‐dimensional finite‐element analysis of microwave waveguide devices
Authors: Liu Jian , Jin Jian‐Ming , Yung Edward K. N. , Chen Ru Shan
Published: August 2002

A fast, higher order three‐dimensional finite‐element method is presented for the efficient and accurate analysis of microwave waveguide devices. Two solution algorithms are designed. The first one uses mixed‐order triangular prism elements in conjunction with a special frontal solver. It has a very low memory requirement, and is extremely fast for waveguide devices with one dimension longer than the other two. However, the solution must be repeated at each frequency. The second solution algorithm employs higher order tetrahedral elements, which are particularly suitable for modeling complex devices, in conjunction with the multifrontal solver. This algorithm has the major advantage that it can be combined with the asymptotic waveform evaluation and complex frequency‐hopping techniques to perform fast frequency‐sweep calculations to obtain the response of a device over a wide band. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of both solution algorithms and their higher order convergence. It is shown that, using the first solution algorithm, the solution accuracy increases with the order of elements for a fixed number of unknowns, while the computing time and memory requirements remain basically unchanged. With the second solution algorithm, the solution accuracy improves even faster with the increase in the order of elements for a fixed number of unknowns, and very surprisingly, the computing time and memory requirements actually decrease sometimes. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 344–352, 2002.
Comparison of the experimental performance of ferroelectric CPW circuits with method‐of‐moment simulations and conformal mapping analysis
Authors: Van Keuls F. W. , Chevalier C. T. , Miranda F. A. , Carlson C. M. , Rivkin T. V. , Parilla P. A. , Perkins J. D. , Ginley D. S.
Published: August 2002

Experimental measurements of coplanar waveguide circuits atop thin films of ferroelectric BaxSr1−xTiO3 (BST) were made as a function of dc bias from 0 to 200 V and frequency from 0.045 to 20 GHz. The resulting phase shifts are compared with method‐of‐moments electromagnetic simulations and a conformal mapping analysis to determine the dielectric constant of the BST films. The accuracy of the resulting dielectric constants is analyzed and compared to low‐frequency measurements of interdigitated capacitor circuits on the same films. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 34–37, 2001.
FDTD analysis and design of probe‐fed dual‐polarized circular stacked patch antenna*
Authors: Paul Dominique L. , Craddock Ian J. , Railton Chris J. , Fletcher Paul N. , Dean Michael
Published: August 2002

This contribution shows that the FDTD technique is an effective design tool for producing dual‐polarized circular stacked patch antennas. Computational requirements may be minimized by careful modeling of the coaxial feedline, including the use of mode filtering at the aperture plane of the antenna. The design process for an antenna at a frequency of 4.7 GHz is described, and results obtained for return loss and coupling between the two ports of the antenna and radiation patterns are presented. These are in very good agreement with experimental data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 223–226, 2001.
Reflective antenna efficiency measurements in reverberation chambers
Authors: Hallbjörner Paul
Published: August 2002

Traditional reverberation chamber antenna measurements consist of transmission measurements between a fixed antenna inside the chamber and the antenna under test. A novel method for measuring antenna efficiency is presented, in which only the reflection coefficient of the antenna under test is measured. Measurements indicate that the method is accurate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 332–335, 2001.
Treatment of children and adolescents with localized parameningeal sarcoma: Experience of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group protocols IRS‐II through ‐IV, 1978–1997*†
Authors: Raney Richard Beverly , Meza Jane , Anderson James R. , Fryer Christopher J. , Donaldson Sarah S. , Breneman John C. , Fitzgerald Thomas J. , Gehan Edmund A. , Michalski Jeff M. , Ortega Jorge A. , Qualman Stephen J. , Sandler Eric , Wharam Moody D. , Wiener Eugene S. , Maurer Harold M. , Crist William M.
Published: August 2002

Background

We reviewed 611 patients with parameningeal sarcoma entered on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) Protocols‐II through‐IV (1978–1997), to delineate treatment results and evaluate prognostic factors.

Procedure

Primary sites were the middle ear/mastoid (N = 138), nasopharynx/nasal cavity (N = 235), paranasal sinuses (N = 132), parapharyngeal region (N = 29), and the pterygopalatine/infratemporal fossa (N = 77). Treatment was initial biopsy or surgery followed by multiagent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (XRT). Beginning in 1977, patients with cranial nerve palsy, cranial base bony erosion, and/or intracranial extension at diagnosis were considered as having meningeal involvement. They received triple intrathecal medications, whole brain XRT, and then spinal XRT. These treatments were successively eliminated from 1980 to 1991.

Results

The 611 patients' overall survival rate at 5 years was 73% (95% confidence interval, 70–77%). Favorable prognostic factors were: age 1–9 years at diagnosis; primary tumor in the nasopharynx/nasal cavity, middle ear/mastoid, or parapharyngeal areas; no meningeal involvement; and non‐invasive tumors (T1). Thirty‐five of 526 patients (6.7%) with information about presence/absence of meningeal involvement at diagnosis developed central nervous system (CNS) extension at 5–164 weeks (median, 46 weeks) after starting therapy. The estimated 5‐year cumulative incidence rate of CNS extension during the study period was 5–7% (P = 0.88).

Conclusions

Biopsy, XRT to the target volume, and systemic chemotherapy are successful treatments for the large majority of patients with localized parameningeal sarcoma. Carefully defining and irradiating the initial volume should reduce the risk of CNS failure. Aggressive initial surgical management of these patients is unnecessary. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:22–32. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the aqueous‐phase structure of 6‐O‐methylerythromycin from NMR constraints
Authors: Steinmetz Wayne E. , Sadowsky Jack D. , Rice Jeffrey S. , Roberts John J. , Bui Yen K.
Published: August 2002

The three‐dimensional structure of the antibiotic 6‐O‐methylerythromycin in water was determined via constrained molecular mechanics using constraints derived from NMR spectra. The NMR structure is compared with its crystal structure and the structures of other derivatives of erythromycin. Distance constraints were obtained from NOESY, ROESY and GOESY spectra and torsional constraints from proton–proton and proton–carbon vicinal coupling constants. The modeling calculations employed Version 6.5 of SYBYL and the 1994 release of the Merck Molecular Force Field. The three‐dimensional structure is defined by four structures that minimize the energy and satisfy all the experimental NMR data. It has the following characteristics: the macrolide ring adopts a folded‐out conformation, the cladinose and desosamine rings adopt chair conformations, the cladinose ring is parallel to the plane of the macrolide ring and the desosamine ring is perpendicular to the macrolide ring. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13C NMR spectra of halocarbons
Authors: Foris Anthony
Published: August 2002

13C NMR chemical shifts and 13C–19F and 13C–1H coupling constants are reported for 103 halocarbons. Methods used for analyzing complex spectra (e.g. simultaneous 1H and 19F broadband decoupling, 2D INADEQUATE/FRED, HMQC, 35,37Cl isotope effects) are briefly illustrated. Longitudinal relaxation times for CF3CCl2CH2CHClF are reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survey of NMR experiments for the determination of nJ(C,H) heteronuclear coupling constants in small molecules
Authors: Marquez Brian L. , Gerwick William H. , Thomas Williamson R.
Published: August 2002

A survey of heteronuclear correlation experiments for the measurement of heteronuclear coupling constants is presented. The purpose of this survey is to evaluate several recent experiments for measuring nJ(C,H) (n = 2, 3) couplings in one comprehensive review. Ten experiments are presented and evaluated relative to one another in terms of experimental usability, ease of data interpretation and number of usable correlations. The experiments compared in this survey are the sensitivity‐improved hetero‐(ω1)‐half‐filtered TOCSY (HETLOC), carbon‐sorted HETLOC (HSQC‐HECADE), coupled/decoupled HSQC‐TOCSY, GSQMBC, HSQMBC, G‐BIRDR,X‐HSQMBC, J‐resolved HMBC‐2, J‐IMPEACH‐MBC and methods for extracting heteronuclear coupling constants from gradient‐selected variants of the magnitude‐mode and phase‐sensitive HMBC. The plant alkaloid strychnine was used as a model compound for this study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infectious and immune factors in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: Epidemiology, hypotheses, and animal models
Authors: Hornig Mady , Lipkin W. Ian
Published: August 2002

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia. Some heritable disorders approach 100% penetrance; nonetheless, even in these disorders, subtle aspects of clinical disease expression may be influenced by the environment. In other disorders with genetic influences, exogenous factors, and the timepoint(s) during nervous system development at which they are introduced, modulate expression of disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms guiding this intricate interplay between host response genes, environmental agents, and the neurodevelopmental context within which these interactions occur, is necessary to understand the continuum of clinical outcomes. This chapter will review the evidence that infectious and immune factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, describe an animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders based upon viral infection, identify processes by which neural circuitry may be compromised, and outline areas for future research. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:200–210. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embedded MR fluoroscopy: High temporal resolution real‐time imaging during high spatial resolution 3D MRA acquisition
Authors: Fain Sean B. , Riederer Stephen J. , Huston John , King Bernard F.
Published: August 2002

A method termed “embedded fluoroscopy” for simultaneously acquiring a real‐time sequence of 2D images during acquisition of a 3D image is presented. The 2D images are formed by periodically sampling the central phase encodes of the slab‐select direction during the 3D acquisition. The tradeoffs in spatial and temporal resolution are quantified by two parameters: the “redundancy” (R), the fraction of the 3D acquisition sampled more than once; and the “effective temporal resolution” (T), the time between temporal updates of the central views. The method is applied to contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (CE‐MRA). The contrast bolus dynamics are portrayed in real time in the 2D image sequence while a high‐resolution 3D image is being acquired. The capability of the 2D acquisition to measure contrast enhancement with only a 5% degradation of the spatial resolution of the 3D CE‐MR angiogram is shown theoretically. The method is tested clinically in 15 CE‐MRA patient studies of the carotid and renal arteries. Magn Reson Med 4:690–698, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3‐D surface reconstruction of multiple sclerosis lesions using spherical harmonics
Authors: Goldberg‐Zimring D. , Azhari H. , Miron S. , Achiron A.
Published: August 2002

A new approach to approximate the 3‐D shape of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and to calculate their volumes is presented. The suggested method utilizes sets of MS lesion contours taken from segmented MR images and approximates their 3‐D surfaces by spherical harmonics. This method was applied to obtain 3‐D reconstructions of in vivo and simulated MS lesions and to calculate their volumes. The results show good geometrical approximations of the original MS lesions' 3‐D shapes and good consistency in volume estimation independent of the size of the lesions. The average volume estimation error was smaller than the commonly used technique of slice stacking (15.5 ± 13.4% and 13.1 ± 10.1% vs. 25.0 ± 17.0%). The method presented here offers a tool for analyzing the geometrical characteristics of MS lesions in 3‐D as well as their volumes. The geometrical information may potentially serve as an additional clinical index for monitoring the disease. Magn Reson Med 46:756–766, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual analysis of variance: A tool for quantitative assessment of fMRI data processing and analysis
Authors: McNamee Rebecca L. , Eddy William F.
Published: August 2002

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is widely used for the study of experimental data. Here, the reach of this tool is extended to cover the preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This technique, termed visual ANOVA (VANOVA), provides both numerical and pictorial information to aid the user in understanding the effects of various parts of the data analysis. Unlike a formal ANOVA, this method does not depend on the mathematics of orthogonal projections or strictly additive decompositions. An illustrative example is presented and the application of the method to a large number of fMRI experiments is discussed. Magn Reson Med 46:1202–1208, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Training by low‐frequency stimulation of tibialis anterior in spinal cord–injured men
Authors: Harridge Stephen D.R. , Andersen Jesper L. , Hartkopp Andreas , Zhou Shu , Biering‐Sørensen Fin , Sandri Claudia , Kjær Michael
Published: August 2002

The tibialis anterior muscle of nine paraplegic men was chronically stimulated (2–6 h per day; at 10 Hz, 5 s on, 5 s off) under isometric loading conditions for 5 days per week for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of training, muscle fatigue resistance in an electrically evoked test had increased by an average of 75% (P < .01, n = 9), but there were no changes in the relative composition of the three myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Five of the subjects continued training for an additional 5 weeks (2 h per day, 3 days per week). Although there was a tendency for twitch time to peak torque to increase after this additional period, no change occurred in relative MHC isoform content. However, in situ hybridization analysis revealed that even after 2 weeks of stimulation, there was evidence of upregulation of the mRNA for the MHC‐I isoform and downregulation of the MHC‐IIX isoform, a development that continued in weeks 4 and 9. This study provides evidence, at the level of gene transcription, that a fast‐to‐slow change in MHC isoform composition may be possible in human muscle when its usage is significantly increased. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Quadriceps muscle function and fatigue in women with Addison's disease
Authors: Jakobi Jennifer M. , Killinger Donald W. , Wolfe Bernard M. , Mahon Jeffrey L. , Rice Charles L.
Published: August 2002

In nine patients with Addison's disease (mean ± SE: 51 ± 2 years) receiving conventional steroid treatment, and nine age‐matched healthy controls (56 ± 2 years), we investigated maximum voluntary quadriceps force (MVC) and contractile properties evoked with stimulation and central activation both at rest and during a submaximal intermittent fatigue task. The MVC was similar (−3%), but twitch tension (−27%) and central activation were significantly less (−7%), and tetanic half‐relaxation time was ∼40% slower in the patients. Twitch amplitudes were potentiated by 6% in the patients, but unchanged in the control group. The patients self‐terminated a submaximal intermittent fatigue protocol (0.6 duty cycle) at ∼5 ± 1 min, whereas the controls stopped when they lost 50% of MVC force (∼10 ± 1 min). Force loss was similar between groups over the first 5 min of the fatigue task. In the patient group, maximal and submaximal relative integrated electromyogram (IEMG) increased significantly in the first minute of fatigue and remained elevated, whereas the controls exhibited a gradual increase in submaximal IEMG with little change in maximal IEMG. These results indicate that conventionally treated Addison's patients have similar MVC strength, but altered contractile properties and decreased endurance compared with controls. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1040–1049, 2001
The dystrophin–glycoprotein complex, cellular signaling, and the regulation of cell survival in the muscular dystrophies
Authors: Rando Thomas A.
Published: August 2002

Mutations of different components of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGC) cause muscular dystrophies that vary in terms of severity, age of onset, and selective involvement of muscle groups. Although the primary pathogenetic processes in the muscular dystrophies have clearly been identified as apoptotic and necrotic muscle cell death, the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to cell death remain to be determined. Studies of components of the DGC in muscle and in nonmuscle tissues have revealed that the DGC is undoubtedly a multifunctional complex and a highly dynamic structure, in contrast to the unidimensional concept of the DGC as a mechanical component in the cell. Analysis of the DGC reveals compelling analogies to two other membrane‐associated protein complexes, namely integrins and caveolins. Each of these complexes mediates signal transduction cascades in the cell, and disruption of each complex causes muscular dystrophies. The signal transduction cascades associated with the DGC, like those associated with integrins and caveolins, play important roles in cell survival signaling, cellular defense mechanisms, and regulation of the balance between cell survival and cell death. This review focuses on the functional components of the DGC, highlighting the evidence of their participation in cellular signaling processes important for cell survival. Elucidating the link between these functional components and the pathogenetic processes leading to cell death is the foremost challenge to understanding the mechanisms of disease expression in the muscular dystrophies due to defects in the DGC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1575–1594, 2001
An additional phase in PCr use during sustained isometric exercise at 30% MVC in the tibialis anterior muscle
Authors: Houtman C. J. , Heerschap A. , Zwarts M. J. , Stegeman D. F.
Published: August 2002

The occurrence of an abrupt acceleration in phosphocreatine hydrolysis in the tibial anterior muscle during the last part of a sustained isometric exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction until fatigue is demonstrated in seven out of eight healthy subjects by applying in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy at 1.5 T field strength. This additional third phase in PCr hydrolysis, is preceded by a common biphasic pattern (first fast then slow) in PCr use. The NMR spectra, as localized by a surface coil and improved by proton irradiation, were collected at a time resolution of 16 s. Mean rates of PCr hydrolysis during exercise were −0.44 ± 0.19% s−1, −0.07 ± 0.04% s−1, and −0.29 ± 0.10% s−1 for the three successive phases. The increased rate of PCr hydrolysis, and also the loss of fine force control evident in the force records are consistent with increased involvement of large, fast‐fatiguable units later in the contraction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial proton spectroscopy, magnetization transfer ratio and T2 relaxation in pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions
Authors: Cucurella M. Gràcia , Rovira Alex , Grivé Elisenda , Tintoré Mar , Montalban Xavier , Alonso Julio
Published: August 2002

In some rare cases, demyelinating plaques appear on contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images as pseudotumoral, cyst‐like lesions (hypointense, ring enhancing). Serial proton MR spectroscopy, T2 relaxometry and magnetization transfer ratios (MTR) were performed on three pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions to obtain information about their pathological basis. Baseline and 1‐month MTR and T2 values were similar to those of cerebrospinal fluid, while spectra showed lactate, lipids and choline. Three‐month and 1 year exams showed recovery of MTR, T2 and N‐acetylaspartate, approaching the contralateral values, while creatine and choline were normal or surpassed contralateral values. Lipids and lactate gradually disappeared. These results suggest that pseudotumoral, cyst‐like, ring‐enhancing lesions may be characterized by an accumulation of oedema in the extracellular space with an almost complete absence of cells. Reduction of the oedema allows restoration of the tissue to its original location, indicating that cellular destruction was less important than was expected after the first exam. Thus, the evolution of this kind of lesion should be kept in mind when considering lesion volume from T1‐weighted images as a marker of disability or irreversible cellular destruction in MS. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of chronic denervation and denervation‐reinnervation on cytoplasmic creatine kinase transcript accumulation
Authors: Washabaugh Charles H. , Ontell Martin P. , Kant Jeffrey A. , Daood Monica J. , Watchko Jon F. , Watkins Simon C. , Ontell Marcia
Published: August 2002

The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of adult mice were chronically denervated or denervated and allowed to reinnervate. Muscles were evaluated 1, 5, 14, 21, and 52 days after sciaticectomy. In terms of weight loss, myofiber atrophy, degeneration, and fibrosis, the soleus muscle was more affected than the EDL by chronic denervation. Fifty‐two days after chronic denervation, the number of molecules of MCK/ng total RNA in both muscles (determined with competitive PCR) decreased, with the soleus muscle being more affected. At that stage, BCK mRNA levels in the denervated soleus were unchanged, but they were increased (>50%) in the EDL. Reinnervation restored MCK transcript accumulation in the EDL, whereas, in the soleus MCK, transcripts exceeded control values by 57%, approaching levels in the reinnervated EDL. Despite restoration of MCK mRNA levels, the number of molecules of BCK mRNA/ng total RNA was four‐ to fivefold higher in reinnervated versus control muscles, suggesting that the genes encoding the CK mRNAs are not coordinately regulated in adult muscle. The role of denervation induced, fiber type changes in regulating CK mRNA accumulation has been evaluated. Electron microscopic analyses have established that fibrosis is not a factor that determines BCK mRNA levels in the chronically denervated or denervated‐reinnervated muscles. CK isozyme analyses support the hypothesis that a greater proportion of BCK mRNA found in 52 day chronically denervated and denervated‐reinnervated muscles is produced in myofibers vs. nonmuscle cells than in control muscles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 194–206, 2001
Finite element simulation of the steel plates hot rolling process
Authors: Cavaliere Miguel A. , Goldschmit Marcela B. , Dvorkin Eduardo N.
Published: August 2002

In this paper we discuss our finite element procedure for simulating the hot rolling of flat steel products. We couple an Eulerian rigid‐viscoplastic model of the steel plates deformation to a Lagrangian elastic model of the rolls deformation. This latter model incorporates the bending deformation of the work rolls supported by the back‐up rolls and the flattening of the contact areas (Hertz problem) via an enhanced beam model.

The finite element model is validated comparing its predictions with actual industrial measurements and then it is used to analyse different rolling set‐ups. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Path‐following analysis of thin‐walled structures and comparison with asymptotic post‐critical solutions
Authors: Garcea G. , Trunfio G. A. , Casciaro R.
Published: August 2002

A path‐following non‐linear elastic analysis for structures composed of assemblages of flat slender elastic panels is presented. The proposed path‐following method employs FEM technology and a kinematical model to analyse these structures using a Koiter asymptotic approach. As a result it is possible to verify the accuracy achieved by the asymptotic method. The proposed mixed path‐following formulation is both efficient and robust with regards to the locking extrapolation phenomenon that strongly affects compatible formulations. The use of an HC finite element makes it possible to avoid the problem of the finite rotations in the space, maintaining a high degree of continuity and making the numeric formulation simple and efficient. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steelcase learns how teamwork evolves effectively under lean production
Authors: Mann David W.
Published: August 2002

In 1973, the Sears Tower was completed in Chicago. Only one company had the capacity and logistical wherewithal
to furnish it: Steelcase. No other company could have dreamed of such an accomplishment. Today, things have changed.
Competitors have become more capable, industry capacity has burgeoned now to excess, and as one would expect,
competitive pressures on pricing and margins have become intense. Lean production systems are one of a suite of
strategic approaches Steelcase is undertaking to prosper in what has become a highly competitive environment.

Teamwork and employee involvement are integral elements of lean systems, so as we implement lean we're also
creating conditions for teamwork that previously were lacking. Since 1989 Steelcase has tried three times to
establish effective work teams in its dozen main North American manufacturing plants. This time, however, the
company expects to succeed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.