bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Identity, Racial Context, and Ingroup Status: Implications for Attributions to Discrimination Among Black Canadians
Authors: Outten H. Robert , Giguère Benjamin , Schmitt Michael T. , Lalonde Richard N.
Published: September 2009

Using Self-Categorization Theory as a conceptual framework for understanding attributions to discrimination, the primary aim of this study was to move beyond focusing on the degree to which racial minorities define themselves in terms of their race (i.e., racial centrality). Specifically, the authors examined how multiple dimensions of Black racial identity affected attributions to racial discrimination in two attributionally ambiguous situations. For Black Canadians exposed to intergroup contexts, racial identity beliefs that emphasize the distinctiveness of the Black experience (low public regard and nationalist ideology) were associated with greater perceived discrimination across the two situations, whereas racial identity beliefs that stress the similarities between the Black experience and that of other groups (assimilationist and humanist ideologies) were associated with perceiving less discrimination. Racial identity beliefs did not predict attributions when the target and potential perpetrator were members of the same racial group. Implications for studying the relationship between Black racial identity and perceived discrimination are discussed.
Thoughts Versus Deeds: Distal and Proximal Intent in Lay Judgments of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Plaks Jason E. , McNichols Nicole K. , Fortune Jennifer L.
Published: September 2009

The authors propose that two central ingredients in lay models of intentionality are (a) “distal intent” (the actor’s mind is focused on a broader goal) and (b) “proximal intent” (the actor’s mind is focused narrowly on the act itself). Study 1 established that participants rate an actor with both forms of intent more responsible than an actor with only one form of intent or neither form of intent. In Study 2, when the actor had only distal intent, participants with a high-level construal rated the actor more responsible than did those with a low-level construal. In Study 3, when the actor had only distal intent, participants primed with psychodynamic concepts rated the actor more responsible than did those primed with cognitive-control concepts. However, when the actor had only proximal intent, the effect reversed. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the literatures on moral reasoning and law.
Are Providers More Likely to Contribute to Healthcare Disparities Under High Levels of Cognitive Load? How Features of the Healthcare Setting May Lead to Biases in Medical Decision Making
Authors: Burgess Diana J.
Published: September 2009

Systematic reviews of healthcare disparities suggest that clinicians’ diagnostic and therapeutic decision making varies by clinically irrelevant characteristics, such as patient race, and that this variation may contribute to healthcare disparities. However, there is little understanding of the particular features of the healthcare setting under which clinicians are most likely to be inappropriately influenced by these characteristics. This study delineates several hypotheses to stimulate future research in this area. It is posited that healthcare settings in which providers experience high levels of cognitive load will increase the likelihood of racial disparities via 2 pathways. First, providers who experience higher levels of cognitive load are hypothesized to make poorer medical decisions and provide poorer care for all patients, due to lower levels of controlled processing (H1). Second, under greater levels of cognitive load, it is hypothesized that healthcare providers’ medical decisions and interpersonal behaviors will be more likely to be influenced by racial stereotypes, leading to poorer processes and outcomes of care for racial minority patients (H2). It is further hypothesized that certain characteristics of healthcare settings will result in higher levels of cognitive load experienced by providers (H3). Finally, it is hypothesized that minority patients will be disproportionately likely to be treated in healthcare settings in which providers experience greater levels of cognitive load (H4a), which will result in racial disparities due to lower levels of controlled processing by providers (H4b) and the influence of racial stereotypes (H4c).The study concludes with implications for research and practice that flow from this framework.
Additional Patient Outcomes and Pathways in Evaluations of Testing
Authors: Bossuyt Patrick M. M. , McCaffery Kirsten
Published: September 2009

Before medical tests are introduced into practice, they should be properly evaluated. Randomized trials and other comprehensive evaluations of tests and test strategies can best be designed based on an understanding of how tests can benefit or harm patients. Tests primarily affect patients’ health by guiding clinical decision making and downstream management, such as the decision to order more tests or to start, stop, or modify treatment. In this article, the authors demonstrate that tests can have additional effects on patient outcome, which may be cognitive, emotional, social, or behavioral. They present a framework to help researchers and policy makers consider the cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral effects of testing. These additional effects may be important themselves and may also influence the clinical outcomes of testing through different pathways. The authors provide examples from test evaluations in the literature to illustrate how these additional effects can be important in the evaluation of testing or indeed any health intervention.
Hill-Sachs Defects and Repair Using Osteoarticular Allograft Transplantation
Authors: Sekiya Jon K. , Wickwire Alexis C. , Stehle Jens H. , Debski Richard E.
Published: September 2009

Background

Humeral head defects have been associated with failed anterior shoulder instability repairs. Quantitative data are required to determine (1) the critical defect size for consideration of surgical repair and (2) the ability of proposed repair techniques to restore normal joint function.

Hypotheses

Increasing defect size will decrease stability and anterior translation before dislocation. Stability will decrease in shoulder positions where the defect is oriented in line with the anterior glenoid. Osteoarticular repair will restore joint stability to intact shoulder level.

Study design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

A robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system was used to apply joint compression (22 N) and an anterior load (40 N) to cadaveric shoulders (n = 9) with all soft tissues removed (intact) at joint orientations with 60° of glenohumeral abduction and 0° and 60° of external rotation. Four posterolateral osteoarticular defects were created (12.5%, 25.0%, 37.5%, and 50.0% defect) followed by an osteoarticular allograft transplantation (repair). The loading protocol was repeated in each shoulder state for both joint orientations. The anterior translation and stability ratio (anterior load/compressive load) were recorded before dislocation.

Results

All shoulders dislocated at 60° of external rotation with all sizes of defects. At 0° of external rotation, shoulders with the 12.5% to 37.5% defects did not dislocate, and only 2 shoulders with the 50.0% defect dislocated. At 60° of external rotation, the 25.0% defect and 37.5% defect had significantly less anterior translation before dislocation, as compared with the intact ( P < .05), both of which became similar to the intact after repair ( P > .05). The stability ratio at 60° of external rotation significantly decreased in the 25.0% and 37.5% defects, as compared with the intact ( P < .05), representing a 25% and 40% decrease in stability ratio. The stability ratio became similar to intact after repair ( P > .05).

Conclusion

The size and orientation of the defect has important contributions to glenohumeral joint function. Increasing defect size required less anterior translation before dislocation and decreased the stability ratio, thereby increasing the risk of recurrent instability.

Clinical Relevance

Defects as small as 12.5% of the humeral head have biomechanical consequences that may affect joint stability. In addition, shoulders with large osteoarticular defects (37.5% or 50.0%) may benefit from osteoarticular allograft transplantation to restore shoulder stability.
Sequential Alterations in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings After Autologous Osteochondral Mosaicplasty for Young Athletes With Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum
Authors: Iwasaki Norimasa , Kato Hiroyuki , Kamishima Tamotsu , Minami Akio
Published: September 2009

Background

The goal of osteochondral mosaicplasty (mosaicplasty) against osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum (capitellar OCD) is to allow patients to return to their sports activities without functional disturbance of the affected elbow. Consequently, the rehabilitation protocol and the interval before returning to sports activities must be established. Although surgeons need this type of data for establishing sequential alterations of grafts in the elbow, no such data have been published.

Hypothesis

The findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improve with increasing time after mosaicplasty for capitellar OCD.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Ten young male athletes with advanced lesions of capitellar OCD, treated with mosaicplasties, underwent MRI scans at 3, 6, and 12 months, postoperatively. The surgical technique involved obtaining small-sized cylindrical osteochondral grafts from the lateral periphery of the femoral condyle at the level of the patellofemoral joint and transplanting them to the capitellar lesion. The MRI findings were semiquantitatively assessed according to the scoring system of Henderson et al (4, normal; 16, no repair).

Results

At 12 months, all patients returned to their competitive level of sports without any disturbances of the operated elbow. Fluid surrounding the graft was found in all patients at 3 months and 4 patients at 6 months. The grafts were all well seated within the recipient sites, with no MRI evidence of graft loosening at 12 months. The overall MRI scores significantly improved from 3 to 12 months.

Conclusion

The MRI findings indicate that the graft incorporation to the surrounding tissues occurs around or after 6 months, postoperatively. This finding suggests that rehabilitation precautions be taken for up to 6 months after mosaicplasty for young athletes with capitellar OCD.
Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Kinematics After Reconstruction of an Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Van de Velde Samuel K. , Wing David W. , Oh Luke S. , Hosseini Ali , Li Guoan
Published: September 2009

Background

The actual in vivo tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-reconstructed knee joint are unknown.

Hypothesis

Current single-bundle PCL reconstruction is unable to correct the abnormal tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics caused by rupture of the ligament.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study/case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Seven patients with an isolated PCL injury in 1 knee and the contralateral side intact were included in the study. Magnetic resonance and dual fluoroscopic imaging techniques were used to compare the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics between the intact contralateral (control group), PCL-deficient, and PCL-reconstructed knee during physiologic loading with a single-legged lunge. Data were collected preoperatively and 2 years after single-bundle reconstruction.

Results

The PCL reconstruction reduced the abnormal posterior tibial translation in PCL-deficient knees to levels not significantly different from those of the intact knee. Posterior cruciate ligament deficiency resulted in an increased lateral tibial translation between 75° and 120° of flexion, and reconstruction was unable to restore these values to normal. No differences were detected among the groups in varus-valgus and internal-external rotation. The PCL reconstruction reduced the increased patellar flexion of PCL-deficient knees between 90° and 120° of knee flexion and the lateral shift at 120°. The abnormal patellar rotation and tilt seen in PCL deficiency at flexion angles of 75° and greater persisted after reconstruction.

Conclusion

Single-bundle PCL reconstruction was successful in restoring normal anteroposterior translation of the tibia, as well as the patellar flexion and shift. However, single-bundle PCL reconstruction was unable to achieve the same success in mediolateral translation of the tibia or in the patellar rotation and tilt.

Clinical Relevance

The persistent abnormal mediolateral translation of the tibia, as well as decreased patellar rotation and tilt, provide a possible explanation for the development of cartilage degeneration after reconstruction of an isolated PCL injury.
Effects of Parental Education Level on Fluid Intelligence of Philippine Public School Students
Authors: Vista Alvin D. , Grantham Tarek C.
Published: September 2009

This study examines the effect of parental education levels (PELs) on the fluid intelligence of Filipino public school students. The data were drawn from a normative study of a nonverbal intelligence test involving more than 2,700 students sampled across the country. As expected, PELs have a significant impact on fluid intelligence as measured through a nonverbal intelligence test. The results indicate that PELs account for an increase of roughly three IQ points for every increment in PEL. Students with college-graduate parents scored significantly higher (d ratio = .66) compared to those with parents who never graduated from elementary. However, a comparison of mean scores between PELs that are adjacent (i.e., high school graduate vs. college graduate) shows relatively small differences (d ratio = .23 to .25).
Biological Response of Osteosarcoma Cells to Size-Controlled Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Zhongli Shi  , Xin Huang  , Bing Liu  , Huimin Tao  , Yurong Cai  , Ruikang Tang
Published: September 2009

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor, most prevalent in children and adolescents, and is usually highly aggressive and eventually lethal. Despite multimodal therapies, there is no effective approach to treat this malignant disease. In this study, we observed the biological response of osteosarcoma cells to two kinds of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Nano HA), NanoHA-S and NanoHA-L. These nanospheres have the same crystallinity (phase) and morphology, but they differ in size. Cells treated with two kinds of Nano HA were inhibited and mainly led to apoptotic cell death. Caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway plays a role. It was interesting that the suppression and the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells was directly related to the size of nanoparticles and that the larger-sized Nano HA exhibited more effectiveness than the smaller one. This in vitro study suggested the potential of size-controlled calcium phosphate nanoparticles for use in therapeutic replacement and reconstruction of bone merits after osteosarcoma extraction.
Effect of a New Titanium Coating Material (CaTiO3-aC) Prepared by Thermal Decomposition Method on Osteoblastic Cell Response
Authors: Inoue Miho , Rodriguez Andrea P. , Takagi Tohru , Katase Naoki , Kubota Midori , Nagai Noriyuki , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Inoue Masahisa , Nagaoka Noriyuki , Takagi Shin , Suzuki Kazuomi
Published: September 2009

Titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA) are widely used as biomaterials for dental and medical applications. HA-coated titanium implants have excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, the adherence of HA film formed on titanium substrate is weak because of the lack of chemical interaction between HA and titanium. A solution to this problem is to form an intermediate film on titanium substrate, which provide excellent adherence to both titanium substrate and HA. We developed a novel biomaterial called calcium titanate-amorphous carbon (CaTiO3-aC) coating prepared by modified thermal decomposition method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CaTiO 3-aC and HA coating (positive control), and Ti (negative control) on osteoblastic (MT3T3-E1) cell responses. An increased cellular proliferation was observed in CaTiO3-aC coating compared to HA coating. The maximum expressions of ALP activity, Col I and ALP mRNA were higher and achieved in shorter period of time in CaTiO3-aC coating compared to others. These results demonstrated that CaTiO3-aC promoted better cell attachment, cellular proliferation, and osteoblastic differentiation compared with HA. In conclusion, we suggested that CaTiO3-aC could be considered as an important candidate as a coating material.
Phenotypic Re-expression of Near Quiescent Chondrocytes: The Effects of Type II Collagen and Growth Factors
Authors: Wong Chin-Chean , Chiu Li-Hsuan , Lai Wen-Fu T. , Tsai Tsung-Tan , Fang Chia-Lang , Chen Shih-Ching , Tsai Yu-Hui
Published: September 2009

After extensively expanding in monolayer culture, the cultured chondrocytes become quiescent. The aim of this study was to establish the hypothesis that the phenotypic function of extensively expanded primary chondrocytes may be restored with extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions with or without growth factors. The restoring effects of these microenvironmental factors on the near quiescent passage 9 (P9) chondrocyte were investigated. The data showed that exogenous type I collagen and type II collagen at 1:1 ratio stimulate cell proliferation greatly while type II collagen alone was enough to revive most of cartilaginous functions of near quiescent P9 chondrocytes. Exogenous type II collagen by itself was more effective in restoring cell proliferation rate, elevating glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation and promoting the re-expression of type II collagen mRNAs in the near quiescent chondrocytes. The supplement of P9 chondrocytes with type II collagen plus TGF- β1 and IGF-I appeared essential for the re-expression of aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA in monolayer culture. In 3D type II collagen construct, P9 chondrocytes appeared healthy as chondrocytes and showed clear lacuna. However, in 3D type I collagen matrix, only some P9 chondrocytes exhibited lacuna. The cartilaginous microenvironments are crucial to restoring chondrocyte-phenotypic features of the quiescent or ‘dedifferentiated’ chondrocytes, implicating the potential of expanding a scarcity of healthy chondrocytes for cartilage repair or regeneration.
Police interviews with suspected paedophiles: a discourse analysis
Authors: Benneworth Kelly
Published: September 2009

A review of the literature suggests that the principles of investigative interviewing in the UK do not translate well to the interviewing of suspects (Clarke and Milne, 2001). In fact, studies have revealed that rather than encourage uninterrupted ordinary narratives from suspects, police officers seek institutionally preferred versions of events (Auburn et al., 1995) and adopt legal discourse which is excessively precise (Gibbons, 2003) and, in interviews with suspected paedophiles, sexually explicit (Benneworth, 2006). This article will explore how an interviewing officer manages this conflict in an interaction with a suspected paedophile. An investigative interview with a 54-year-old male suspected of sexually assaulting a female between the ages of 8 to 12 years was transcribed and examined using a discourse analytic framework. The analysis identifies interactional difficulties faced by the interviewer and considers the implications for the progression of the investigative interview. The findings suggest how interviewers might manage these challenges to maximize information acquisition, highlighting the importance of encouraging uninterrupted narratives from suspected paedophiles. This article considers the wider application of discourse analysis to the criminal investigation.
Racism and xenophobia in immigrants’ discourse: the case of Argentines in Spain
Authors: Del-Teso-Craviotto Marisol
Published: September 2009

This study examines how racist and xenophobic discourses of Spanish elite groups are appropriated and contested in an Internet forum for Argentines in Spain. Specifically, I examine the discursive strategies involved in the identification of the in-group and the out-group (Spanish citizens vs immigrants), the descriptions of the social actors, and the stances adopted by the participants in the forum, three dimensions that have been found to be key in the production of xeno-racist discourses. The results show that this group of forum participants aligns with the racist and anti-racist ideologies articulated in political debates and the mass media in Spain, thus providing evidence of racist and xenophobic discourses working in a top—down fashion. At the same time, however, the analysis offers an example of how the discourses of dominant social groups can be challenged and reformulated to serve the purposes of the subordinate social groups.
Press self-censorship in China: a case study in the transformation of discourse
Authors: Tong Jingrong
Published: September 2009

This article examines the way in which newspaper discourse gets changed. Original reports of three social problem events that journalists sent to two different newsrooms and reports that were published are compared using critical discourse analysis. It is argued that the practice of self-censorship helps newsrooms bypass political 'minefields', and at the same time increase the possibilities of the publication of reports on highly politically sensitive topics. In this sense, in the Chinese authoritarian media system, self-censorship has potentially become a force that increases media freedom instead of a threat to media freedom. This special function of self-censorship fits what Gramsci describes as a 'war of position' for Chinese journalism.
Codes of Conduct and the Promise of a Change of Climate in Worker Organization
Authors: Gökhan Koçer Rüya , Fransen Luc
Published: September 2009

Do codes of conduct adopted by multinational companies help to advance the position of workers in emerging economies? We focus on three workplaces in the Turkish clothing industry in order to assess their ability to promote Freedom of Association, in the context of a restrictive legal framework, extensive subcontracting relations and different degrees of formality of manufacturing sites. We conclude that under specific conditions codes can make a positive contribution to worker organization; but given the imbalance of power between workers and employers, often sustained by national regulation, they make little contribution to Freedom of Association.
The Impact of Industrialization on Paid Domestic Work: The Case of France
Authors: Devetter François-Xavier , Rousseau Sandrine
Published: September 2009

Domestic services, and notably house-cleaning, are a growing sector of employment in many European countries. There has also been a shift from individualized ‘master-servant’ relations to the mediation of service companies. Does this improve the status and conditions of employees? Drawing on experience in France, this article compares the quality of employment under the two systems.
Micro-Tomography to Study High-performance Sandwich Structures
Authors: Davies Peter , Choqueuse Dominique , Bourbouze G.
Published: September 2009

Although X-radiography has been widely used in studies of damage in composite materials, micro-tomography has received less attention, due to the high cost and limited availability of equipment. However, micro-tomographic analysis is a powerful tool, allowing 3D images of sections through sandwich materials to be obtained without specimen preparation. Four examples from a recent study are presented here, which show how micro-tomography can provide unique information on the quality of honeycomb sandwich structures, information on damage mechanisms and internal details of through thickness reinforcement in pinned foam cores.
Organizational Atmospheres: Foam, Affect and Architecture
Authors: Borch Christian
Published: September 2009

This article discusses the contribution of Peter Sloterdijk’s theory of spheres to organization theory. Specifically, I apply Sloterdijk’s sphereological notion of foam to obtain a new perspective on organizations. It is argued that a foam-theoretical approach provides a simultaneous focus on organizational dynamics of affective imitation, on the spatial and architectural dimensions of organizations and, finally, on the politics of organizational atmospheres. The article opens with a brief introduction to Sloterdijk’s sphere theory and then proceeds by applying his notion of foam to organizations. This includes a comparison between the foam-theoretical angle and existing perspectives in organization theory. Next I discuss Sloterdijk’s analyses of the spatiality of foam. In the final part of the article, I argue for taking seriously the politics and management of organizational atmospheres.
Amateur experts
Authors: Baym Nancy K. , Burnett Robert
Published: September 2009

• With the rise of Web 2.0 have come increased opportunities for fans to serve as filters, influencing the global flow of cultural materials. On the one hand, this represents a giant leap forward for fans, who can now serve new roles without industry support. On the other, it represents a potentially exploitative transformation of media industries in which unpaid volunteers do the labour that professionals are paid to do. This article examines this tension with a close analysis of the global Internet scene around Swedish independent music. Interviews with music industry actors and particularly active fans are used to establish the value of fan practices to the industry and to examine how the fans understand the tensions between their own costs and rewards, exploitation and empowerment. •
America Online volunteers
Authors: Postigo Hector
Published: September 2009

• This article continues previous work that analysed the case of America Online (AOL) volunteers from critical perspectives of immaterial and free labor, and incorporates newly acquired documents and interviews by the United States Department of Labor (DOL) with volunteers. Specifically, this article puts forth the AOL volunteers’ case as an instance of co-production that eventually met its demise when organizational changes resulted in the rise of a labor consciousness among some volunteers that made the ongoing relationship impossible. This article shows the types of co-productive labor that took place during the height of the AOL/volunteer relationship and the structures put in place to help AOL harness the power of a free distributed workforce. The research posits that the success of the co-productive relationship was a function of a balance between a numbers of elements: (1) the perceived reasonable compensation on the part of volunteers, (2) social factors and attitudes towards work such as a sense of community, creativity, and (3) a sense of accomplishment. •
The mediation is the message
Authors: Barra Luca
Published: September 2009

• The article focuses on the co-creational labour made by professionals (and non-professionals) who, in a non-Anglo-Saxon country such as Italy, adapt and modify (heavily or slightly) the ‘original’ media products (i.e. TV series) in order to make them accessible to the domestic audience. After a concise introduction on the ‘Italianization’ process, the article proceeds to describe two ways of adapting nationally: the professional translation and dubbing system and the grassroots fansubbing phenomenon. The attention is both on the production routines and on their influence on the meaning of the text. •
Working for the text
Authors: Milner R.M.
Published: September 2009

• This study used a discourse analysis of the official Fallout 3 forum to investigate how fans of the digital-game series perceived their labor contribution to the game development process. Framing this analysis, I proposed that the concept of the New Organization is a useful paradigm when considering the autonomous and collaborative nature of fan labor. As knowledge workers in the New Organization, fans contribute an immaterial labor (consisting of information and interpretation) to the texts they esteem. In my analysis, I observed that fans view uncompensated labor as a foregone conclusion, and that fans were more loyal to the text than the organization producing it. Both of these results have implications for how producers and researchers might approach fan labor. Given fan preference for autonomous and collaborative input, researchers and producers alike could benefit from understanding fan labor from a New Organizational perspective. •
All for love: The Corn fandom, prosumers, and the Chinese way of creating a superstar
Authors: Yang Ling
Published: September 2009

• The 2005 season of Super Girl not only turned Li Yuchun into a household name in China but also witnessed the birth of Corn fandom, a massive and predominantly female fan group. In this article, I examine Corns’ dedicated support of Li Yuchun’s music career, and analyse their free labour from a fan perspective. I argue that with the emergence of ‘participatory culture’, Corns have been able to participate in the star-making process of Chinese music-entertainment industry on an unprecedented scale. They begin to assume the intriguing new role of ‘prosumers’ that integrates fan production, fan promotion, and fan consumption all in one. But Corns’ partnership with the industry is highly problematic. While it provides a channel for them to assert their collective agency and power, it also leads to target marketing and aggravated corporate exploitation. •
Readiness to change level of physical activity in leisure time among physically inactive Danish adults
Authors: Pedersen Pia V. , Kjøller Mette , Ekholm Ola , Grønbæk Morten , Curtis Tine
Published: September 2009

Aims: The study examined readiness to change the level of physical activity in leisure time among physically inactive adults, the sociodemographic, lifestyle-related and social factors associated with readiness to change, and finally the various kinds of help to become more physically active required by people who are ready to change and by those not ready to change. Materials and methods: Data were derived from the national representative Danish Health Interview Survey 2005 and included 9,160 physically inactive persons between 16 and 79 years of age. Data were analysed using multiple logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis. Results: In all, 52 % of the physically inactive respondents stated they were ready to change their level of physical activity. Men had higher odds of being ready to change than women. Readiness to change decreased with age and increased with increasing levels of education. Those ready to change led an active and social lifestyle characterized by considerable health-oriented engagement, while the opposite characterised those not ready to change. Those ready to change wanted help to become more physically active in the form of e.g. opportunities for physical activity at work or help and support from the family. Those not ready to change wanted help from a general practitioner or did not want help at all. Conclusions: Those ready to change and those not ready to change were characterized by very different sociodemographic, lifestyle-related and social factors. This knowledge will benefit prevention initiatives and elucidates the necessity of targeting the initiatives.
A cinemusicaliterary analysis of the American dream as represented by biographical jazz comedepictions in the golden age of Hollywood biopics: Blow, Horatio, Blow; O, Jakie, O; Go,Tommy, Go; No, Artie, No
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: September 2009

This essay argues that our grasp of marketing theory benefits from an awareness of the rags-to-riches ethos that characterizes the paradigmatic American Dream. In this connection, the essay presents a cinemusicaliterary analysis of how this success-story ideal has shaped some artistic manifestations of the consumer culture in ways that have appeared conspicuously in various literary, cinematic, and musical creations. Thus, beginning with the literary works of Horatio Alger and their reification of the rags-to-riches prototype, the essay traces the evolution of this success-story paradigm through its cinematic embodiment in The Jazz Singer (1927) to its appearance in the underlying musical structures that characterize five comedepictions of jazz heroes during the golden age of Hollywood biopics: The Fabulous Dorseys (1947); The Glenn Miller Story (1954); The Benny Goodman Story (1955); The Five Pennies (1959); and The Gene Krupa Story (1959). The essay ends by considering an instructive counterexample based on the life and writings of a different kind of hero, Artie Shaw, who abandoned $ucce$$ as an enormously popular musician to pursue different artistic goals as an author.
Obstacle detection: A pilot study investigating the effects of lamp type, illuminance and age
Authors: Fotios S. , Cheal C.
Published: September 2009

A novel apparatus was used to examine the effect of light source, illuminance and observer’s age on the ability to detect obstacles in peripheral vision, simulating a raised paving slab under mesopic visual conditions. The data collected were used to determine the height of obstacles above the paving surface required for 50% detection. From these detection heights it was determined that: (1) obstacle detection was influenced by illuminance, the 50% detection height being lower at 20 lux than at 0.2 lux, (2) the young observers (<45 years old) showed the smaller 50% detection height at 0.2 lux, but at 20 lux there was no difference in obstacle detection height between the younger and older (>60 years old) age groups, and (3) obstacle detection was affected by lamp type at 0.2 lux, with the 50% detection height decreasing as lamp S/P ratio increased, but at 2.0 and 20 lux there was no significant difference between the three test lamps.
The Effects of Servant Leadership Behaviours of School Principals on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction
Authors: Cerit Yusuf
Published: September 2009

This article examines the effects of servant leadership behaviours of primary school principals on teacher job satisfaction. The population of this study is 29 primary schools in Düzce, Turkey. Data were collected from 595 teachers working in primary schools in Düzce province of Turkey. Servant leadership behaviours of principals were determined with the servant leadership scale developed by Laub (1999) while teacher job satisfaction was determined using the job satisfaction scale developed by Mohrman et al. (1977). Mean, standard deviation, correlation and multi-regression test was used in data analysis. Strong positive relationship was revealed between servant leadership behaviours of school principals and teachers’ job satisfaction and servant leadership was a significant predictor of teacher job satisfaction.
Species War: Law, Violence and Animals
Authors: Kochi Tarik
Published: September 2009

The law of war contains a hidden foundation. This foundation is species war. In this paper I begin to develop the idea of species war and show how our modern conceptions of the laws of war contain within them the historical and contemporary operation of species war. In focussing upon how legal and moral decisions about “legitimate violence” are made with respect to judgements about the “value” of “life,” I show how species war operates as a fundamental, but often forgotten category, of legal and political philosophy.
A Critical History of Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Leung Gilbert
Published: September 2009

This article excavates certain hidden and suppressed moments in the ancient and modern history of cosmopolitanism. In contradistinction to mainstream cosmopolitanism, which generally reduces the concept to a liberal politics of global pacification, an essential agonism between cosmos and polis that is further reflected in the aporetic relation between freedom and law will be revealed. Cosmopolitanism is not only a philosophy of perpetual peace, it is also, paradoxically, a call to perpetual provocation.
Clinical pharmacology of antithrombotic drugs in coronary artery disease
Authors: Fauler Joachim
Published: September 2009

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world. Antithrombotic therapy is the cornerstone of its successful treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated that antithrombotic therapy reduces the risk for recurrent myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants interfere with haemostasis and thus bleeding is a major risk factor of these drugs. The benefit of antithrombotic therapy must therefore be carefully balanced with the risk of bleeding and other potential adverse reactions of these drugs. However, to date there is no firm evidence that dosage adaptation of aspirin or clopidogrel according to platelet aggregation testing translates directly into any clinical benefit. Resistance to antithrombotic drugs is a serious problem because these patients are at a higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. It has most recently been demonstrated that resistance to clopidogrel is at least in part caused by polymorphism of CYP2C19. Clinical trials have also demonstrated that optimal benefit in different settings depends unequivocally on the meticulous choice of the various drugs. Thus, profound knowledge of the clinical pharmacological profiles of the different antithrombotic drugs is indispensable for successful treatment.
The robotic surgery era and the role of laparoscopy training
Authors: Abaza Ronney
Published: September 2009

It has been suggested that the robotic surgery platform is an enabling technology that allows surgeons that are not trained in standard laparoscopy to perform minimally-invasive surgery. This raises the question of whether or not training in laparoscopy is necessary for current and future surgeons. The current status of laparoscopy in urology in the United States is reviewed along with a perspective regarding the potential future role of laparoscopic training as robotic surgery becomes increasingly applied to most major urologic procedures.
Testosterone and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors: new strategy for preventing endothelial damage in internal and sexual medicine?
Authors: Aversa Antonio , Bruzziches Roberto , Francomano Davide , Natali Marco , Lenzi Andrea
Published: September 2009

Normal vascular endothelium is essential for the synthesis and release of substances affecting vascular tone (e.g. nitric oxide; NO), cell adhesion (e.g. endothelins, interleukins), and the homeostasis of clotting and fibrinolysis (e.g. plasminogen inhibitors, von Willebrand factor). The degeneration of endothelial integrity promotes adverse events (AEs) leading to increased atherogenesis and to the development of vascular systemic and penile end-organ disease. Testosterone (T) is an important player in the regulation of vascular tone through non-genomic actions exerted via blockade of extracellular-calcium entry or activation of potassium channels; also, adequate T concentrations are paramount for the regulation of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) expression and finally, for the actions exerted by hydrogen sulphide, a gas involved in the alternative pathway controlling vasodilator responses in penile tissue. It is known that an age-related decline of serum T is reported in approximately 20 to 30% of men whereas T deficiency is reported in up to 50% of men with metabolic syndrome or diabetes. A number of laboratory and human studies have shown the combination of T and other treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED), such as PDE5 inhibitors, to be more beneficial in patients with ED and hypogonadism, who fail monotherapy for sexual disturbances.

The aim of this review is to show evidence on the role of T and PDE5 inhibitors, alone or in combination, as potential boosters of endothelial function in internal medicine diseases associated with reduced T or NO bioavailability, i.e. metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, that share common risk factors with ED. Furthermore, the possibility of such a strategy to prevent endothelial dysfunction in men at increased cardiovascular risk is discussed.
Results of Lapidus Arthrodesis and Locked Plating With Early Weight Bearing
Authors: Sorensen Matthew D. , Hyer Christopher F. , Berlet Gregory C.
Published: September 2009

In the endeavor toward Lapidus fusion, the authors have studied a new application of locked plating for the first tarsometatarsal joint. The goal was to assess the time to fusion, time to ambulation, rate of delayed union/nonunion, rate of revision, and need for hardware removal following the use of locked-plate technology in the fusion of the first tarsometatarsal joint. The findings denoted an average of 6.95 weeks to radiographic fusion, an average of 2 weeks to ambulation, a 9.52% rate of asymptomatic mal-union, a 0% rate of delayed union or nonunion, and a 0% rate of revision. The rate of need for hardware removal was 4.76%.
Cracking the Cultural Code of Gambling
Authors: Latour Kathryn A. , Sarrazit Franck , Hendler Rom , Latour Michael S.
Published: September 2009

International expansion by Las Vegas casino operators has so far been uneven, notably in Macao. Information on different cultures’ understandings of gambling, which is scant, could be instrumental in supporting international expansion. Instead of using the common-macro level cultural comparison survey-based method, this research uses early childhood memory elicitation to focus on how individuals in three countries were initially exposed to gambling in their own families as children. This method is used to uncover the cultural code of gambling in the United States, the People’s Republic of China, and France. The analysis indicates that each culture has its own code for gambling, a code that reveals that culture’s gambling myth. These codes should help marketers understand the underlying motivations for gambling in each culture and should assist casino operators to market more effectively.
The Physical Safety and Security Features of U.S. Hotels
Authors: Enz Cathy A.
Published: September 2009

The physical attributes or features that signal safety and security are a critical part of the overall “servicescape” of a hotel and help to define the service experience. An investigation of the safety and security features of 5,487 U.S. hotels revealed significant differences in the distribution of these key amenities in various hotel price segments. Differences in these physical attributes were also found among hotels of various sizes, ages, and locations (e.g., urban, airport, small town). Analyzing hotel scores across several different categories revealed an average safety index score of 70 and a security index score of 64 out of a possible score of 100. Overall luxury and upscale hotels, newer hotels, larger hotels, and those located in urban and airport locations recorded the highest scores for safety and security. Using partial correlation analysis, safety and security scores were positively correlated with the published rate of the hotels, even when controlling for hotel size, age, location, and price segment, suggesting that offering more comprehensive physical safety and security features is associated with the advertising of a higher rate.
In vivo prostaglandin E2 treatment alters the bone marrow microenvironment and preferentially expands short-term hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Frisch Benjamin J. , Porter Rebecca L. , Gigliotti Benjamin J. , Olm-Shipman Adam J. , Weber Jonathan M. , O'Keefe Regis J. , Jordan Craig T. , Calvi Laura M.
Published: September 2009

Microenvironmental signals can determine hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate choices both directly and through stimulation of niche cells. In the bone marrow, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to affect both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, whereas in vitro it expands HSCs and affects differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors. We hypothesized that in vivo PGE2 treatment could expand HSCs through effects on both HSCs and their microenvironment. PGE2-treated mice had significantly decreased number of bone trabeculae, suggesting disruption of their microarchitecture. In addition, in vivo PGE2 increased lineage− Sca-1+ c-kit+ bone marrow cells without inhibiting their differentiation. However, detailed immunophenotyping demonstrated a PGE2-dependent increase in short-term HSCs/multipotent progenitors (ST-HSCs/MPPs) only. Bone marrow cells transplanted from PGE2 versus vehicle-treated donors had superior lymphomyeloid reconstitution, which ceased by 16 weeks, also suggesting that ST-HSCs were preferentially expanded. This was confirmed by serial transplantation studies. Thus in vivo PGE2 treatment, probably through a combination of direct and microenvironmental actions, preferentially expands ST-HSCs in the absence of marrow injury, with no negative impact on hematopoietic progenitors or long-term HSCs. These novel effects of PGE2 could be exploited clinically to increase donor ST-HSCs, which are highly proliferative and could accelerate hematopoietic recovery after stem cell transplantation.
A new pet for myeloma
Authors: Dimopoulos Meletios-Athanassios , Moulopoulos Lia A. , Terpos Evangelos
Published: September 2009

In this issue of Blood, Bartel and colleagues report the independent predictive value of the PET/CT and of the FDG suppression before transplantation in newly diagnosed myeloma patients who were treated using the TT3 regimen.1
Bone morphogenetic proteins
Authors: Towler Dwight A.
Published: September 2009

BMP2 and BMP4 play crucial inductive roles during development. In this issue of Blood, Shao et al demonstrate that an intricate network of paracrine BMP2/4 signals also regulates angiogenesis—and will very likely interact with endocrine BMP cues during wound repair.1
PI3Kβ goes to the head of its class
Authors: Newman Debra K.
Published: September 2009

In this issue of Blood, Canobbio and colleagues report on the unique and redundant contributions of 2 isoforms of PI3K, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ, to platelet activation by GPCRs and ITAM–coupled receptors.1