bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grazing Intensity and Nitrogen Fertilization Affect Litter Responses in ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass Pastures: I. Mass, Deposition Rate, and Chemical Composition
Authors: Liu Kesi , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Silveira Maria L. , Newman Yoana C. , Vendramini João M.B.
Published: January 2011

Plant litter deposition and composition affect nutrient cycling and sustainability of grazed grasslands, but the effect of management practices on litter responses has not been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of grazing intensity (postgraze stubble height, SH) and N fertilization on existing litter mass, litter deposition rate, and litter chemical composition in rotationally stocked ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) pastures. Three levels of SH (8, 16, 24 cm) were compared at the same interval between grazing events (28 d) and amount of N fertilization (250 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Three levels of N fertilization (50, 150, and 250 kg N ha−1 yr−1) were compared when SH (24 cm) and regrowth interval were constant (28 d). Existing litter mass (1730–2510 kg ha−1) and litter deposition rate (10–30 kg ha−1 d−1) increased as SH increased, but N fertilization had no effect on litter mass or deposition rate. Increasing SH from 8 to 24 cm resulted in lower existing litter N (20.5 vs. 19.2 g kg−1) and lignin (186 vs. 148 g kg−1) concentrations and a greater C/N ratio (24 vs. 26). Increasing N fertilization increased litter N concentration from 11.5 to 19.2 g kg−1 and decreased C/N ratio from 43 to 26, but N had no effect on lignin and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations. Bermudagrass litter quantity was affected more by grazing intensity than by N fertilization, but N fertilization had a greater impact on litter composition than did grazing intensity.
Planting Date Effects on Fall Forage Production of Oat Cultivars in Wisconsin
Authors: Coblentz W. K. , Bertram M. G. , Martin N. P.
Published: January 2011

Previous research has shown that cereal‐grains, such as oat (Avena sativa L.), that undergo stem elongation following late‐summer establishment will likely exhibit a 2:1 advantage in forage dry matter (DM) yield before winter compared to other cereals that remain vegetative until spring. Our objectives for this project were to assess the effects of planting date on the fall forage growth of one forage‐ and three grain‐type oat cultivars. Over a 3‐yr trial, oat cultivars were planted on three target dates (15 July, 1 August, and 15 August), and subsequently evaluated over five harvest dates (15 September, 1 October, 15 October, 1 November, and 15 November) each year. For the 15 July planting date, a late‐maturing forage cultivar (ForagePlus) produced maximum annual yields ranging from 4501 to 8100 kg ha−1, and these responses were explained generally by linear (P < 0.01) and quadratic (P ≤ 0.03) effects of time. Accumulation of DM was superior to grain‐type cultivars because ForagePlus matured slowly, and was better able to respond to sometimes erratic late‐summer precipitation. With a 1 August planting date, maximum forage yields generally were similar to those observed with a mid‐July planting date, but peak yield often was delayed by approximately 2 wk. For the 15 August planting date, maximum yields of forage DM were only 42.3, 79.9, and 20.5% of those observed following planting dates on 1 August of 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. Under these circumstances, the late‐maturity characteristics of ForagePlus were less advantageous, often resulting in poorer yields throughout early harvest dates compared to grain‐type cultivars.
Temporal event-structure coding in developmental dyslexia: Evidence from explicit and implicit temporal processes
Authors: Elliott Mark , Shanagher Louise
Published: January 2011

As an alternative to theories positing visual or phonological deficits it has
been suggested that the aetiology of dyslexia takes the form of a temporal
processing deficit that may refer to impairment in the functional
connectivity of the processes involved in reading. Here we investigated this
idea in an experimental task designed to measure simultaneity thresholds.
Fifteen children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia, alongside a matched
sample of 13 normal readers undertook a series of threshold determination
procedures designed to locate visual simultaneity thresholds and to assess
the influence of subthreshold synchrony or asynchrony upon these thresholds.
While there were no significant differences in simultaneity thresholds
between dyslexic and normal readers, indicating no evidence of an altered
perception, or temporal quantization of events, the dyslexic readers reported
simultaneity significantly less frequently than normal readers, with the
reduction largely attributable presentation of a subthreshold asynchrony. The
results are discussed in terms of a whole systems approach to maintaining
information processing integrity.
Influence of depth cues on multiple objects tracking in 3D scene
Authors: Vidakovic Vesna , Zdravkovic Suncica
Published: January 2011

Multiple-object-tracking tasks require an observer to track a group of
identical objects moving in 2D space. The current study was conducted in an
attempt to examine object tracking in 3D space. We were interested in testing
influence of classical depth cues (texture gradients, relative size and
contrast) on tracking. In Experiment 1 we varied the presence of these depth
cues while subjects were tracking four (out of eight) identical, moving
objects. Texture gradient, a cue related to scene layout, did not influence
object tracking. Experiment 2 was designed to clarify the differences between
contrast and relative size effects. Results revealed that contrast was a more
effective cue for multiple object tracking in 3D scenes. The effect of
occlusion was also examined. Several occluders, presented in the scene, were
occasionally masking the targets. Tracking was more successful when occluders
were arranged in different depth planes, mimicking more natural conditions.
Increasing the number of occlusions led to poorer performance.
Effects of rotation on MHD flow past an accelerated isothermal vertical plate with heat and mass diffusion
Authors: Muthucumaraswamy R. , Lal Tina , Ranganayakulu D.
Published: January 2011

An exact analysis of rotation effects on unsteady flow of an incompressible
and electrically conducting fluid past a uniformly accelerated infinite
isothermal vertical plate, under the action of transversely applied magnetic
field has been presented. The plate temperature is raised to Tw and the
concentration level near the plate is also raised to C?w . The dimensionless
governing equations are solved using Laplace-transform technique. The
velocity profiles, temperature and concentration are studied for different
physical parameters like thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, Schmidt
number, Prandtl number and time. It is observed that the velocity increases
with increasing values of thermal Grashof number or mass Grashof number. It
is also observed that the velocity increases with decreasing magnetic field
parameter.
Thermophoresis effects on non-Darcy MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge in the presence of suction/injection
Authors: Loganathan P. , Arasu Puvi
Published: January 2011

An analysis is presented to investigate the effect of thermophoresis particle
deposition and variable viscosity on non-Darcy MHD mixed convective heat and
mass transfer of a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting fluid
past a porous wedge in the presence of suction/injection. The wall of the
wedge is embedded in a uniform non-Darcian porous medium in order to allow
for possible fluid wall suction or injection. The governing partial
differential equations of the problem, subjected to their boundary
conditions, are solved numerically by applying an efficient solution scheme
for local nonsimilarity boundary layer analysis. Numerical calculations are
carried out for different values of dimensionless parameter in the problem
and an analysis of the results obtained show that the flow field is
influenced appreciably by the applied magnetic field. The results are
compared with those known from the literature and excellent agreement between
the results is obtained.
Collective Information Literacy in Massively Multiplayer Online Games
Authors: Martin Crystle , Steinkuehler Constance
Published: January 2011

This article explores the forms of information literacy that arise in commercial entertainment games like World of Warcraft. Using examples culled from eight months of online ethnographic data, the authors detail the forms of information literacy that arise as a regular part of in-game social interaction, emphasizing (ironically) the intellectual nature of such purportedly ‘barren’ forms of play and highlighting the ways in which such practices help redefine the current model of what constitutes information literacy by bringing the collective and collaborative nature of such practices to the fore. Implications for future research are also discussed.
Reinventing Education: New Technology Does Not Guarantee a New Learning Culture
Authors: Giest Hartmut
Published: January 2011

Analyzing the contradictory relation between a media-theoretical and a media-pedagogical point of view, some basic problems regarding a new learning culture using Web 2.0 online tools are discussed. Against this background, data and findings from an empirical investigation (evaluation of an in-service teacher training e-learning project ‘Reinventing Education’ in the state of Brandenburg in cooperation with the IBM Foundation) are presented that point to the principal problems of implementing e-learning projects in educational systems. Conclusions show the necessity for significant changes in the approach of in-service teacher training projects in order to meet the requirements of new media in coherence with a new learning culture. These changes have to address the quality of knowledge to be acquired (competencies which allow a knowledge transfer instead of skills and superficial abilities), collaborative instead of individual learning, and ICT as a tool for knowledge construction instead of a tool for collecting information.
Analytical performance of a fast multi-element method for titanium and trace elements determination in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals by ICP-AES
Authors: Zachariadis George , Sahanidou Efrosini
Published: January 2011

A multi-element analytical method based on inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was developed for trace elements in pharmaceutical tablets and cosmetics. Titanium was also included in the analytes since it is widely used in pharmaceuticals. Critical ICP conditions, like RF incident power, argon gas flow rate and nebulizer sample uptake flow rate were optimized. The most sensitive spectral line of each analyte was selected as optimum for further study. Detection limits in the low µg g−1 range were obtained. Prior to chemical analysis, the samples were decomposed by acid digestion, using various mixtures of HCl, HNO3 and HF. Yttrium was used as a suitable internal standard in order to correct for possible matrix effects. The method was applied to the analysis of six different pharmaceutical products (anti-biotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive) in the form of tablets with film coating and also three cosmetic products like hair and face masks.
Cadmium and lead recovery from yeast biomass
Authors: Kordialik-Bogacka Edyta
Published: January 2011

The feasibility of the application of various eluents for recovery of lead and cadmium from Saccharomyces biomass has been investigated. Desorbing agents such as HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, EDTA and NaOH at concentrations of 0.05–0.5 M were used. The possibility of re-using of S. pastorianus for cadmium removal was assessed. Among the desorbing agents EDTA and mineral acids were the most effective, as approximately 85% of lead and cadmium could be recovered. However, when HNO3 and EDTA were used as desorbing agents, a dramatic loss in the cadmium adsorption by the biomass in the next cycles was observed.
Dispositional Goal Orientation, Beliefs about the Causes of Success and Intrinsic Satisfaction in Young Elite Paddlers
Authors: Ruiz-Juan Francisco , Gómez-López Manuel , Pappous Athanasios , Cárceles Fernando , Allende Gabriel
Published: January 2011

Dispositional Goal Orientation, Beliefs about the Causes of Success and Intrinsic Satisfaction in Young Elite Paddlers

The purpose of this study was to primarily examine the psychometric properties of the castillan version of three commonly used psychological scales in sport (Perception of Success Questionnaire, Beliefs About the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire and the Sport Satisfaction Instrument); secondly, to verify the degree of intrinsic satisfaction in a sample of young Spanish paddlers. The participants of this study were 209 elite paddlers classed in the junior category (13-14 years old). Results show that the Castilian versions of the questionnaires demonstrate acceptable validity and reliability in a sample of young paddlers. Athletes report high scores on perception of success oriented task scale, which is positively related with enjoyment and the attribution that success in sport depends on effort. This study also confirmed gender differences in questionnaire responses.
Changes in the diet composition of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus on Skadar lake (Southern Montenegro)
Authors: Vizi Andrej , Vizi Ondrej
Published: January 2011

Changes in the diet composition of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus on Skadar lake (Southern Montenegro)

Diet changes of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus, a piscivorous bird feeding primarily on fish up to 15 cm long, were studied on Skadar Lake. The breeding population on the lake was estimated at over 2,000 pairs in 2005 and 1,260 pairs in 2006, comprising about 5-8% of the regional population of SE Europe & Turkey. The first diet analysis, based on stomach contents of specimens hunted in the course of the breeding season, was carried out in the period 1973-1975 in order to identify the influence of the birds on commercial fishery. Further samples of regurgitated or accidentally dropped food items during the feeding of nestlings were collected and analyzed in the 2006 breeding season. Results from both periods are presented and changes in diet composition in the course of over 30 years are discussed. Between 1973-1975 and 2006, the Pygmy Cormorant's diet on Skadar Lake changed drastically. Only one fish species, Rudd Scardinius knezevici, was found to be common to both study periods. Pygmy Cormorant's diet in the period 1973-1975 consisted of 11 fish species (N = 224 specimens), belonging to five families. The most abundant fish species were Roach Rutilus ohridanus and Albanian Roach Pachychilon pictum. Diet analysis in 2006 revealed only six species (N = 98 specimens) from two families, and also showed that the introduced Goldfish Carassius auratus became a major food source for Pygmy Cormorant, constituting 84.7% of the total specimen number. Age class analysis of Goldfish items revealed that juvenile specimens (45-90 mm) comprised 89.0% of the total Goldfish compound. The study confirms that the Pygmy Cormorant is not a species-specific hunter and suggests it is not affected by the changes in composition of fish community in the littoral zone of the lake. Fish consumption by Pygmy Cormorants on Skadar Lake in 2006 was estimated at 45 t during the most intensive foraging period (June-August).
Compact Solar Combisystem for an Apartment Building
Authors: Bolonina Alona , Rochas Claudio , Kibure Inese , Rosa Marika , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: January 2011

Compact Solar Combisystem for an Apartment Building

The Riga Technical University Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, in cooperation with three Latvian companies, is implementing the project "Compact solar and pellet module" financed by the European Union. Within the framework of this project a combisystem will be installed in the Grandeg Ltd modular pellet boiler house. The solar combisystem will provide domestic hot water and space heating load for an apartment building in Sigulda. Due to the limited amount of space in the modular boiler house, optimal decisions should be made on the technical parameters of the system, including the volume of the heat storage tank and the surface area of solar collectors. Every alternative has both advantages and disadvantages. Economic factors of various alternatives are analyzed.
The case for extended brief interventions
Authors: Heather Nick
Published: January 2011

The case for extended brief interventions

Brief interventions directed against hazardous and harmful drinking have become popular in recent years, both among researchers and, to some extent, among general practitioners and other health professionals. There is a strong evidence-base, at least in primary health care, to justify this popularity. But there is often confusion about what exactly alcohol brief intervention consists of. In fact, the term ‘brief intervention’ does not describe a single, well-defined activity but rather a family of interventions that differ in a range of ways. Although they all share the characteristics of being briefer than most formal treatment programmes for alcohol problems and of being aimed at drinkers with less severe problems and levels of dependence than those typically attending specialized treatment services, brief interventions differ among themselves in duration over time, number of scheduled sessions, procedures and accompanying materials, styles of interaction, delivery personnel and settings, and the underlying theoretical approach on which they are based.
IRT-Based Measurement of Short-Term Changes of Ability, With an Application to Assessing the “Mozart Effect”
Authors: Gittler Georg , Fischer Gerhard
Published: January 2011

The article extends and applies previous approaches by Klauer and Fischer to the statistical evaluation of ability changes in tests conforming to the Rasch model (RM). Exact uniformly most powerful unbiased (UMPU) hypothesis tests and uniformly most accurate (UMA) confidence intervals (CIs) for the amount of change can be constructed for each testee separately. Under the H0 of no change, the individual p values of testees can be aggregated also within groups. The current results extend this method by an estimator for a group effect, an exact UMPU test of its significance, a corresponding UMA CI, and a likelihood ratio test for group comparisons. All these methods are applied to two sets of data concerning a highly controversial issue in literature: the so-called Mozart Effect (ME). As test material, a unidimensional test of spatial ability by Gittler and Arendasy was presented to two samples of testees (Studies I and II). On the basis of these data, the occurrence of a short-term effect of the experimental condition can be demonstrated which, however, seems to be related to the relaxation between pretest and posttest rather than to the musical priming.
(Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox phase of the filled Ti2Ni type with × ± 0.75 in the quaternary Cr–Fe–Nb–O system
Authors: Malfliet A. , Chassagne F. , Mithieux J.-D. , Blanpain B. , Wollants P.
Published: January 2011

The effect of O on the phase equilibria in Nb–Fe–Cr alloys, more specifically on the formation of a Ti2Ni type phase, has been studied. Nb–xFe–yCr alloys with × = 37.4 – 41.4 at.%, y = 7.6 – 8.6 at.% were subjected to long term annealing experiments at 950 8C after oxygenation. The phases were identified and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. In the pure Nb-37Fe-8Cr and Nb-41Fe-9Cr alloys respectively a two phase equilibrium between (Nb) and l FeNb and a three phase equilibrium between (Nb), l FeNb and Fe2Nb are established. In the oxygenated alloys a Ti2Ni type phase with composition (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox appears mainly at the expense of the l FeNb phase. With respect to composition and crystallographic parameters the (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox phase has large similarities with the Fe2.4Nb3.6O and Fe6Nb6O phase. From wavelength dispersive spectroscopy measurements, it is concluded that × equals 0.75 when (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox is in equilibrium with (Nb), l FeNb and Fe2Nb. × is higher when this phase is in equilibrium with NbO. The structure of (Fe, Cr)6Nb6Ox is also analyzed with Rietveld refinement. This analysis reveals that Cr atoms partially replace Fe atoms only on the 16d site and not on the 32e site.
Critical investigation of high temperature gas nitriding of a PM tool steel
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Theisen Werner
Published: January 2011

The nitrogen uptake of high-alloyed steels, especially tool steels, from gaseous atmospheres at elevated temperatures is a well known effect. Besides, for instance, the nitrogenbased case hardening, one application arises in the field of powder metallurgy. Here, introducing nitrogen containing atmospheres during sintering of high-alloyed powder metallurgically produced tool steels could lead to an optimization of the sintering process and an improvement of the materials properties. In this context, several works deal with the application of computational thermodynamics for considering the nitrogen uptake. The scope of this contribution is to investigate in detail the agreement of calculated and experimentally found nitrogen contents. Therefore, one typical gas-atomized powder of a ledeburitic cold work steel was sintered at a temperature of 1230°C, varying the nitrogen partial pressure during sintering between 0.02 MPa and 0.2 MPa. The measured nitrogen contents are compared with values obtained from equilibrium calculations. Additionally, the distribution of nitrogen in the microstructure is investigated by time-resolved optical emission spectrometry and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry measurements. The results exhibit good agreement between calculated and measured values for low partial pressures of less than 0.1 MPa and an increasing deviation for higher partial pressures. Furthermore, the transformation of vanadium-containing MC carbides to M(C, N) carbonitrides was verified.
The ability of cast composite technology to enhance ductility of wrought magnesium and alloys
Authors: Paramsothy Muralidharan , Nguyen Quy Bau , Tun Khin Sandar , Chan Jimmy , Kwok Richard , Kuma Joshua V. M. , Gupta Manoj
Published: January 2011

At ambient temperature, hexagonal close packed magnesium has limited ductility due to low availability of active slip systems. In this work, 3 methods of enhancing the ductility of wrought magnesium are discussed, namely: (1) addition of microparticles such as Ti, Mo and SiC (Method 1), (2) addition of various oxide nanoparticles as well as carbon nanotubes (Method 2) and (3) use of aluminium based core as continuous reinforcement (Method 3). In Method 1, the magnesium matrix is softened (Ti microparticle case), delocalized in deformation (Mo microparticle case) or in a reduced state of stress around the microparticle after heat treatment (SiC microparticle case). In Methods 2 and 3, the basal plane in magnesium is sometimes tilted from 0° to 45° (to the force axis), enabling basal slip to occur more easily in the composite. In the cases where the basal plane is oriented parallel to the force axis, non-basal slip at room temperature occurs more easily between the aligned basal planes. In Method 2, the nanoparticles present also provide sites where cleavage cracks are opened ahead of the advancing crack front. An attempt is made to correlate the ductility enhancement of wrought magnesium as a function of the way it is reinforced.
Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-10Cr-0.4Zr filamentary in-situ composites
Authors: Deng Jianqi , Zhang Xiuqing , Shuzhen Shang , Zhao Zuxin , Ye Yifu
Published: January 2011

Cu-10Cr-0.4Zr alloy and in-situ composites based on the alloy were prepared. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the Cu-10Cr-0.4Zr filamentary insitu composites were investigated. It was found that with the increasing of drawing strains from 2.1 to 6.2, the thickness of Cr filaments decreased from about 5 100 nm to 300 nm, and the ultimate tensile strength increased from 510 MPa to 1089 MPa. With increasing drawing strain up to 4.2, the Cr filaments were constrained to fold or twist (even overlapped together) on cross-sections, this could be attributed to deformation compatibility between the Cu matrix and Cr filaments, as well as the deformation mechanisms of bcc-Cr. Meanwhile, with the increasing of drawing strains from 2.1 to 6.2, the ultimate tensile strength values calculated by a modified strengthening model were in good agreement with the experimental values.
Knowledge and Social Roles: A Virtue Approach
Authors: Wright Sarah
Published: January 2011

Attributor contextualism and subject-sensitive invariantism both suggest ways in which our concept of knowledge depends on a context. Both offer approaches that incorporate traditionally non-epistemic elements into our standards for knowledge. But neither can account for the fact that the social role of a subject affects the standards that the subject must meet in order to warrant a knowledge attribution. I illustrate the dependence of the standards for knowledge on the social roles of the knower with three types of examples–focusing on knowledge attribution, action, and a mix of the two–and show why neither attributor contextualism nor subject-sensitive invariantism can explain them. I then suggest that subject-sensitive invariantism should be supplemented with insights from virtue epistemology so that it can explain the dependence of the standards of knowledge on social roles. This supplementation of subject-sensitive invariantism helps to solve a persistent problem facing that theory: the case of knowledge attributions made by those in high-stakes contexts about subjects in low-stakes contexts.
Understanding Atmospheric Behaviour in Terms of Entropy: A Review of Applications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to Meteorology
Authors: Liu Ying , Liu Chongjian , Wang Donghai
Published: January 2011

The concept of entropy and its relevant principles, mainly the principle of maximum entropy production (MEP), the effect of negative entropy flow (NEF) on the organization of atmospheric systems and the principle of the Second Law of thermodynamics, as well as their applications to atmospheric sciences, are reviewed. Some formulations of sub-grid processes such as diffusion parameterization schemes in computational geophysical fluid dynamics that can be improved based on full-irreversibility are also discussed, although they have not yet been systematically subjected to scrutiny from the perspective of the entropy budgets. A comparative investigation shows that the principle of MEP applies to the entropy production of macroscopic fluxes and determines the most probable state, that is, a system may choose a development meta-stable trajectory with a smaller production since entropy production behavior involves many specific dynamical and thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere and the extremal principles only provide a general insight into the overall configuration of the atmosphere. In contrast to the principle of MEP, the analysis of NEF is able to provide a new insight into the mechanism responsible for the evolution of a weather system as well as a new approach to predicting its track and intensity trend.
Fluoride Consumption and Its Impact on Oral Health
Authors: Jiménez-Farfán María Dolores , Hernández-Guerrero Juan Carlos , Juárez-López Lilia Adriana , Jacinto-Alemán Luis Fernando , De la Fuente-Hernández Javier
Published: January 2011

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate caries and dental fluorosis among Mexican preschoolers and school-aged children in a non-endemic zone for fluorosis and to measure its biological indicators. Methods. DMFT, DMFS, dmft, dmfs, and CDI indexes were applied. Fluoride urinary excretion and fluoride concentrations in home water, table salt, bottled water, bottled drinks, and toothpaste were determined. Results. Schoolchildren presented fluorosis (CDI = 0.96) and dental caries (DMFT = 2.64 and DMFS = 3.97). Preschoolers presented dmft = 4.85 and dmfs = 8.80. DMFT and DMFS were lower in children with mild to moderate dental fluorosis (DF). Variable fluoride concentrations were found in the analyzed products (home water = 0.18–0.44 ppm F, table salt = 0–485 ppm F, bottled water = 0.18–0.47 ppm F, juices = 0.08–1.42 ppm F, nectars = 0.07–1.30 ppm F, bottled drinks = 0.10–1.70 ppm F, toothpaste = 0–2,053 ppm F). Mean daily fluoride excretion was 422 ± 176 µg/24 h for schoolchildren and 367 ± 150 µg/24 h for preschoolers. Conclusions. Data from our study show that, despite values of excretion within an optimal fluoride intake range, the prevalence of caries was significant in both groups, and 60% of the 11- to 12-year-old children presented with dental fluorosis. In addition, variable fluoride concentrations in products frequently consumed by children were found.
The Discovery of Small-Molecule Mimicking Peptides through Phage Display
Authors: Dudak Fahriye Ceyda , Boyaci Ismail Hakki , Orner Brendan P.
Published: January 2011

Using peptides to achieve the functional and structural mimicry of small-molecules, especially those with biological activity or clear biotechnological applications, has great potential in overcoming difficulties associated with synthesis, or unfavorable physical properties. Combinatorial techniques like phage display can aid in the discovery of these peptides even if their mechanism of mimicry is not rationally obvious.The major focus of this field has been limited to developing biotin and sugar mimetics. However, the full “mimicry” of these peptides has not yet been fully established as some bind to the target with a different mechanism than that of the natural ligand and some do not share all of the natural ligand’s binding partners. In this article, mimicry of small-molecules by phage display-discovered peptides is reviewed and their potential in biochemical and medical applications is analyzed.
Come on Home: Visiting Friends and Relatives—The Cape Breton Experience
Authors: Brown Keith G.
Published: January 2011

This article investigates visiting friends and relatives (VFR) tourists visiting Cape Breton Island in Atlantic Canada during the summer of 2008. Family and friends who return to Cape Breton Island to attend local festivals and special events and visit tourism attractions were sampled.
More specifically, the purpose of this quantitative study is to demonstrate the development of the events and attractions component of the Cape Breton tourist product, establish an understanding of the effects of current marketing approaches of the events and attractions on the VFR market
segment of tourists visiting Cape Breton Island, and to investigate if the marketing of unique attractions affects the decisions of the VFR tourist to return to Cape Breton. A randomized sample of 105 completed surveys was conducted at ten special events or locations. The work provides the
investigator with data regarding which stimuli are ultimately the most effective when marketing Cape Breton Island to this market segment.
The Spectacle of Piety on the Brittany Coast
Authors: Coughlin Maura
Published: January 2011

Writing in the early 20th century, sociologist Max Weber found the modern world increasingly "disenchanted": belief in the magical and sacred had receded to its uncolonized margins. In France, these margins on the Brittany coast drew a seasonal crowd of cultural tourists throughout
the 19th century. Artists and writers who journeyed to the coast of Western Brittany were fascinated by the spectacle of local festive displays such as the yearly religious pardons at St. Anne de Palud. But instead of understanding ritual festivities on the Brittany coast as simply the encounter
of an outsider and his or her rural other, we can read these events as collective experiences that provided many ways to be both spectacle and spectator. This article departs from previous studies of art in Brittany in two significant ways: it considers the experience of local travel
to coastal festivities (such as pardons) rather than taking tourism only to mean travel on a wider national or international scale. It also widens the focus of previous critical considerations of pardons in paintings to an expanded archive of visual and material culture from the late 19th
and early 20th centuries. Rather than equating rural life and representations of it with an outsider's longings for an imaginary past, I employ methodologies drawn from feminist cultural criticism and the anthropology of material culture to view Breton pardons and their forms of visual culture
as vibrant and ever changing performances and mediations of place and cultural identity. I consider these yearly public rituals as occasions that are marked as separate from ordinary daily routine yet that are also retrospectively integrated to everyday experience through their material
and visual culture. Although paintings are central to my argument, this article takes a short detour away from concerns with artistic representation in order to engage with the bodily experience of the pardon, and then makes a return to the visual. This shift attempts to move past a primary
focus on the "tourist gaze" and toward an interest in the experiential, concrete poetics of the festive and its relationship to the "everyday."
Ouverture maussienne
Authors: Caillé Alain
Published: January 2011

Une brève présentation de l’histoire du MAUSS (Mouvement anti-utilitariste en science sociale) et des choix théoriques qu’il développe en science sociale sous la bannière du « paradigme du don et de la reconnaissance ».
Mauss et l'invention de la réciprocité
Authors: Hénaff Marcel
Published: January 2011

Mauss ne se présente pas immédiatement comme un théoricien de la réciprocité, même pas dans l’ Essai sur le don , où l’absence surprenante de ce concept explique sans doute les difficultés de l’auteur à rendre compte de l’ obligation de donner. La contrainte sociale durkheimienne ne résout rien. C’est plutôt à un penseur comme Peirce qu’il faut faire appel ; sa théorie de la triade comme rapport insécable entre partenaires par la médiation d’une chose permet de comprendre l’échange comme un dispositif d’implication action-réaction (tel un jeu à deux partenaires selon des règles) ; c’est exactement ce que Lévi-Strauss entend par échange . C’est seulement après l’ Essai que Mauss problématise le concept de réciprocité ; il lui confère même un statut d’une grande richesse en le repérant dans les relations diachroniques entre générations selon ce qu’il appelle une « réciprocité alternative indirecte ».
Total Social Fact: Structuring, Partially Connecting, and Reassembling
Authors: Kasuga Naoki
Published: January 2011

Le fait social total : structurant, partiellement communiquant et rassembleur L’idée du « fait social total » est le principal résultat de la tentative de Mauss pour développer une approche scientifique de la vie sociale dans l’ Essai sur le don . Ce texte explore la nature de cette méthode en comparant Mauss à certains de ses successeurs, en l’occurrence Claude Lévi-Strauss, Marilyn Strathern et Bruno Latour. Mauss n’est-il pas vivant pour autant qu’on puisse le considérer lui-même comme un fait social total ?
Le cadeau empoisonné : séduction et amours clandestines
Authors: Bourgeon Dominique
Published: January 2011

Lors d’un précédent article, nous avons montré que l’évolution étymologique du mot cadeau renvoie aux concepts de sexualité, d’apparition, de naissance et de don de vie ; idées contenues par la notion hellénique de la grâce. Nous avons également rapproché le papier-cadeau du dévoilement de la mariée lors des rites nuptiaux de la Grèce antique. Sur cette base, nous pouvons réinterroger la notion de « cadeau empoisonné », notamment en substituant au mot poison celui de venin qui a, plus précocement, véhiculé l’idée d’une substance mortelle. Lequel renvoie directement à l’incarnation de l’amour qu’est Vénus (même racine indo-européenne) et aux notions de séduction et de corruption. En fait, le cadeau empoisonné suggère la flèche empoisonnée suscitant l’amour interdit. Il s’agit d’offrandes visant à transgresser l’ordre social, à rompre les alliances établies ou envisagées. Mais les cadeaux toxiques peuvent être envisagés, plus globalement, comme des vecteurs modifiant le comportement du donataire. Ils suppriment toute possibilité de refus et le don perd son essence première : celle d’obligation et de liberté mêlée.
Adopting an Obligation: Moral reasoning about the duty to provide Bougainvillean children with access to social services in New Ireland
Authors: Sykes Karen
Published: January 2011

Entériner une obligation morale : à propos de la responsabilité visant à améliorer l’accès des enfants de l’île de Bougainville aux services sociaux Cette étude de cas tirée du travail ethnographique examine une situation où les enfants d’une île de Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée furent adoptés par les habitants d’une autre. Le processus d’adoption révèle des traits saillants de la structure sociale traditionnelle en même temps qu’il montre comment il s’est avéré une opportunité pour les populations locales d’exercer une pression morale sur leur gouvernement. Cette étude éclaire l’approche maussienne de l’obligation morale et offre un commentaire sur la méthode anthropologique.
Le don est un rythme...
Authors: Fixot Anne-Marie
Published: January 2011

Le rythme est énergie, mouvement, expression de la vitalité. Différent de la cadence mécanique du métronome, il s’organise en impulsions successives. La lecture de l’ Essai sur le don de Marcel Mauss invite à penser que le cycle du donner-recevoir-rendre s’éclaire à la lumière de cette conception du rythme confrontée à celle mise en œuvre par Henri Lefebvre dans Rythmanalyses .
Coopération, sentiments et engagement dans les organisations
Authors: Alter Norbert
Published: January 2011

Si le bénéfice des échanges réalisés entre collègues pouvait résulter d’une quelconque comptabilité, ce système d’échange ne durerait pas pour au moins deux raisons : la première est que les donataires font souvent preuve d’ingratitude, la seconde tient au fait que les donateurs ne donnent pas à un autre, mais à un « tiers ». Ce tiers peut être le projet, le métier ou la mission. S’y consacrer permet d’éprouver le « sentiment d’appartenance ». Et, au nom de ce sentiment, les salariés s’engagent dans leur activité, infiniment plus et mieux que ne le suppose leur contrat de travail.
Marcel Mauss et le don dans l'art contemporain
Authors: Sansi Roger
Published: January 2011

Mauss est une référence-clé de la pratique artistique de la seconde moitié du XX e siècle, au moment même où l’art contemporain commence à redéfinir ses pratiques en passant de la production d’œuvres représentatives à la production de relations sociales et d’expériences. Si l’on peut à juste titre objecter à la superficialité de certaines de ces lectures de Mauss, cet article ne s’intéresse pas tant à les critiquer qu’à comprendre comment les travaux de ce dernier a permis d’ouvrir un nouveau champ de possibilités dans les pratiques artistiques et en théorie de l’art.
Mauss in the Tropics : Love, Money and Reciprocity in Brazilian Popular Music
Authors: Oliven Ruben George
Published: January 2011

Mauss sous les Tropiques : amour, argent et réciprocité dans la musique populaire brésilienne La musique populaire offre un accès privilégié pour saisir les relations sociales et leurs représentations. Dans maintes sociétés, la majorité des compositeurs et producteurs de musique sont des hommes qui utilisent cette voie pour exprimer plus librement leurs sentiments personnels dans l’espace public. Ils chantent ainsi à propos de leurs faiblesses, de leurs peurs de la perte, de leurs sentiments envers les femmes. La musique populaire ne parle pourtant pas que de l’amour mais également de l’argent, du travail, des inégalités sociales et des relations entre les sexes. Cet article interroge la musique populaire brésilienne des années 1930, 1940 et 1950 sous l’angle du don et de l’amour.
Mauss en Angleterre (1898). Trois lettres à Henri Hubert
Authors: Bert Jean-François
Published: January 2011

En Angleterre, en 1898, Marcel Mauss entretient avec son proche ami, l’archéologue Henri Hubert, une importante correspondance, en particulier concernant la rédaction de l’ Essai sur la nature et fonction du sacrifice, qui sera publié l’année suivante dans L’Année sociologique . Ces trois lettres de Mauss, inédites, permettent de mieux comprendre un certain nombres de ses choix, mais renseignent également sur les réseaux que le jeune anthropologue fréquente lors de son séjour à Oxford.
Durkheim, Mauss et Bourdieu : une filiation ?
Authors: Fournier Marcel
Published: January 2011

Du point de vue d’une histoire des idées, qui le plus souvent consiste en l’étude de l’influence d’un auteur (qui est antérieur) sur un autre auteur (qui lui est postérieur), c’est là une question qui en cache deux : quelle est l’influence de Durkheim sur son neveu Marcel ? Quelle est l’influence de Mauss sur Bourdieu ? En d’autres mots, Mauss est-il durkheimien ? Bourdieu est-il maussien ? Toute filiation est faite de nuances, d’inflexions, parfois même de distanciations.
En finir avec le don ?
Authors: Godbout Jacques T.
Published: January 2011

Don charitable, qui abaisse celui qui reçoit, oui, certainement. Mais est-ce aussi facile ? Et n’est-il pas nécessaire de comprendre pourquoi ce type de don renaît toujours de ses cendres, contrairement à ce qu’on a cru au moment de gloire de l’État providence ? Il a aujourd’hui le vent en poupe. Les solutions politiques sont toujours insuffisantes tout en étant nécessaires. Car l’analyse du don ne nous conduit pas seulement à découvrir des règles, contrairement à ce que croyait Mauss en commençant sa quête (« Quelles sont les règles... »), mais à ce qui se passe avant les règles. Mauss, au lieu de se contenter de trouver des règles, a révélé « l’instant fugitif où la société prend » comme il l’écrit en terminant son Essai sur le don .
Homo maussianus : totalité ou dissociation ?
Authors: Berthoud Gérald
Published: January 2011

Montrer en quoi Mauss est en prise sur l’époque actuelle est moins aisé qu’il peut apparaître au premier abord. La notion de totalité est une catégorie fondamentale de la sociologie maussienne. Mais cet apport majeur fait problème en raison d’une insistance à diviser l’humanité en deux catégories : les individus « dissociés » de l’élite et la grande masse des êtres « totaux ». Quelle position prendre face à cette apparente confusion entre la totalité comme un principe méthodologique et comme un terme dépréciatif, désignant à la fois l’homme « primitif » et l’homme « moyen » de la modernité ? Reconnaissons que certains aspects de l’œuvre de Mauss sont proprement dépassés, pour mieux faire ressortir ceux qui permettent de porter un regard à la fois critique et constructif sur le monde actuel.
« L'instant fugitif ou la société prend. »
Authors: Chanial Philippe
Published: January 2011

Si, selon Mauss, le don est avant tout une forme spécifique de prestation sociale, il est aussi plus que cela : ce « roc » sur lequel sont bâties les sociétés humaines. Cet article propose d’interroger ces deux dimensions du don – comme partie et comme totalité – et de les articuler afin de formaliser, en clé de don, une grammaire des relations humaines.
Mauss, Weber et les trajectoires historiques du don
Authors: Silber Ilana
Published: January 2011

Le dialogue entre les traditions maussienne et wébérienne n’en est encore qu’à ses tout débuts. Cet article commence par rappeler les divergences essentielles entre Mauss et Weber, qui expliquent en partie ce silence prolongé. Mais il existe aussi de réelles convergences, ainsi que des pistes de recherche complémentaires importantes méritant d’être mieux explorées. Me concentrant sur le don, j’illustrerai la fécondité possible d’un rapprochement des deux traditions, en montrant comment il peut contribuer à éclairer certains aspects jusque-là négligés des trajectoires historiques du don.
Recent Developments in Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Palucka Karolina , Ueno Hideki , Banchereau Jacques
Published: January 2011

The adoptive transfer of cancer Ag-specific effector T cells in patients can result in tumor rejection, thereby illustrating the immune system potential for cancer therapy. Ideally, one would like to directly induce efficient tumor-specific effector and memory T cells through vaccination. Therapeutic vaccines have two objectives: priming Ag-specific T cells and reprogramming memory T cells (i.e., a transformation from one type of immunity to another, for example, regulatory to cytotoxic). Recent successful phase III clinical trials showing benefit to the patients revived cancer vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in generation of immune responses, and as such represent targets and vectors for vaccination. We have learned that different DC subsets elicit different T cells. Similarly, different activation methods result in DCs able to elicit distinct T cells. We contend that a careful manipulation of activated DCs will allow cancer immunotherapists to produce the next generation of highly efficient cancer vaccines.
Stable orbit equivalence of Bernoulli shifts over free groups
Authors: Bowen Lewis
Published: January 2011

Previous work showed that every pair of nontrivial Bernoulli shifts over a fixed free group are orbit equivalent. In this paper, we prove that if

G_1

,

G_2

are nonabelian free groups of finite rank then every nontrivial Bernoulli shift over

G_1

is stably orbit equivalent to every nontrivial Bernoulli shift over

G_2

. This answers a question of S. Popa.
On Beauville surfaces
Authors: Fuertes Yolanda , González-Diez Gabino , Jaikin-Zapirain Andrei
Published: January 2011

We prove that if a finite group

G

acts freely on a product of two curves

C_1 \times C_2

so that the quotient

S=C_1 \times C_2/G

is a Beauville surface then

C_1

and

C_2

are both non hyperelliptic curves of genus

\geq 6

; the lowest bound being achieved when

C_1 = C_2

is the Fermat curve of genus

6

and

G=\left(\mathbb{Z}/5\mathbb{Z} \right)^2

. We also determine the possible values of the genera of

C_1

and

C_2

when

G

equals

S_5

,

\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb{F}_7)

or any abelian group. Finally, we produce examples of Beauville surfaces in which

G

is a

p

-group with

p=2,3

.
The end of the curve complex
Authors: Schleimer Saul
Published: January 2011

Suppose that

S

is a surface of genus two or more, with exactly one boundary component. Then the curve complex of

S

has one end.
A COMPARISON OF EXPERIENTIAL INSTURCTIONAL STRATEGIES UPON THE SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS OF URBAN ELEMENTARY STUDENTS
Authors: Mabie Rachel , Baker Matt
Published: January 2011

Efforts to improve teaching and learning in science education are concurrent with endeavors in agricultural education to increase agricultural literacy. Science educators advancing an experiential approach to teaching might be interested in using agriculturally-oriented strategies, especially if such strategies positively impact science process skill development. Science process skills include the ability to observe, communicate, compare, order, relate, and infer. The intent of this study was to explore the impact that two types of agriculturally-oriented experiential instructional strategies had upon science process skill development. The data collection approach was qualitative in nature and included direct researcher observation of written and verbal student responses to a series of activities. Three classrooms were observed during a 10 week period in which one classroom was taught science using short, in-class projects, another was taught using an ongoing gardening project, and the other class taught using a traditional, teacher-oriented expository strategy. Science process skills were observed both prior to the study and after the study. Findings from the study supports that participation in agriculturally-oriented experiential activities positively impacts the development of science process skills.