bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON LONG-TERM THERAPY FOR
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Glikman Jacques , Pazart Lionel , Casadebaig Françoise , Philippe Alain , Lachaux Bernard , Kovess Viviane , Terra Jean-Louis , Durocher Alain
Published: July 2002

Objective: Our aim was to assess the impact of six recommendations
regarding drug prescription on the clinical practices of French psychiatrists.
The recommendations were part of the conclusions of a consensus conference
entitled “Long-term therapy of schizophrenia” (Paris, January
1994).

Methods: The impact of the conference was assessed on the basis of
awareness of the existence of the conference, knowledge of its conclusions,
and actual changes in clinical practice. We performed: a) a survey of a
representative sample of 396 psychiatrists 2 years after the conference; and
b) an analysis of changes in drug prescriptions in a cohort of 2,407 patients
with schizophrenia under treatment at the time of the conference.

Results: Overall, 78% of interviewed psychiatrists were aware of
the existence of the conference and 70% of its conclusions. Declared
prescription practices conformed with conference conclusions about 60%
(10%–95%) of the time. No difference in practices was noted between
psychiatrists who were aware of the recommendations and those who were not.
Single neuroleptic prescriptions increased in the cohort study in line with
the main conference recommendation. The increase was small, but significant
from 51.1% to 56.4%, and mainly concerned patients recently put on treatment.
Contrary to recommendations, prescriptions of anticholinergics plus
neuroleptics inexplicably rose from 48.2% to 54.3%.

Conclusion: Small changes in prescription habits occurred in the
wake of the consensus conference, but we cannot really ascribe them to a
direct impact of the conference. Despite the great pains we took in
disseminating the conclusions of the conference as widely as possible, it is
clear that a more forceful action plan (e.g., including continuous medical
education) is required.
Plant secondary compounds in the canopy and understorey of a tropical rain forest in Gabon
Authors: DOWNUM KELSEY , LEE DAVID , HALLÉ FRANCIS , QUIRKE MARTIN , TOWERS NEIL
Published: July 2002

Given their difficulty of access, the canopies of tropical rain forests are considered a last frontier of biological/ecological research (Lowman & Nadkarni 1995). Climbing techniques are arduous and do not reach the tips of
branches; towers, cranes and walkways limit the spatial exploration of the forest.
ON CLASSES OF LIFETIME DISTRIBUTIONS WITH UNKNOWN AGE
Authors: Willmot Gordon E. , Cai Jun
Published: July 2002

Some class properties of the used better (worse)
than aged [UBA (UWA)] and the used better (worse)
than aged in expectation [UBAE (UWAE)] classes
of lifetime distributions are considered. Relationships
with the decreasing (increasing) mean residual lifetime
[DMRL (IMRL)] class and the decreasing (increasing)
variance residual lifetime [DVRL (IVRL)] class
are established. Discrete UBA and UWA distributions are
introduced and studied. Characterizations of UBA and UWA
distributions are derived by using discrete aging properties
of mixed Poisson distributions. Applications of these results
to queueing theory and ruin are then considered. In particular,
preservation of UBA (UWA) and UBAE (UWAE) under a transform
of life distributions is given.
DIMENSIONS OF REGISTER VARIATION.Douglas Biber. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xvii + 428. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: Adamson H. D. , Yaeger-Dror Malcah
Published: July 2002

The book under review follows other research by Biber in the field of register variation (cf.
Biber, 1988; Biber & Finegan, 1994). It further develops the thesis that multidmensional
analysis of many different linguistic variables can help posit theoretical and conceptual
primitives for the analysis of register. It also explores a corollary that the primitive for register
variation in different languages can be productively compared.
THE DESIGN OF LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE
LINGUISTICS.Terry Crowley, John Lynch, Jeff Siegel, & Julie Piau.
Auckland: Longman Paul, 1995. Pp. xv + 471.
Authors: Stalmaszczyk Piotr
Published: July 2002

The Design of Language is a comprehensive introduction to general descriptive
linguistics and the typology of language. The book is divided into nine chapters, which discuss
linguistic levels, sounds and phonemes, more abstract phonology, grammatical categories,
morphemes, morphophonemics, morphosyntax, syntax, and more abstract syntax. The chapters
on abstract phonology and syntax introduce slightly more advanced issues (such as underlying
levels, transformational rules, and Universal Grammar); otherwise, the book covers topics
introduced at the undergraduate level. The supplementary readings at the end of most sections
refer students to other textbooks and primary literature.
PROCESSING INTERCLAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS: STUDIES IN THE
PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION OF TEXT.Jean Costermans and Michel
Fayol (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. x + 290. $59.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Campbell Bruce G.
Published: July 2002

The 13 essays of the present volume deal with how adults understand and how children
develop coherence and textual cohesion. The collection possesses unity because the editors
requested that the contributors emphasize the clause-level and linguistic markers, that they
present an overview of current research, and that they show how the acquisition of particular
cohesive functions manifests general principles.
LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH SOCIAL COMPUTING: OCCASIONAL
PAPERS OF THE APPLIED LINGUISTICS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA, 16.Robert Debski, June Gassin, and Mike Smith (Eds.). Melbourne: ALAA &
The Horwood Language Centre, 1997. Pp. viii + 224. A$12.00 paper.
Authors: Chapelle Carol A.
Published: July 2002

The papers in Language learning through social computing introduce the
classroom practices and philosophical underpinnings of computer-assisted language learning
(CALL), which builds on collaborative approaches to L2 teaching and learning. The majority of
the essays address general issues in collaborative learning through CALL, describing the
authors' experience and reflections on L2 activities designed to engage learners in
interesting discussions and projects, many of which rely on target language materials from the
Internet.
The windmills of your mind: commentary inspired
by Cervantes (1615) on Rispoli's review of
Rethinking innateness
Authors: ELLIS NICK C.
Published: July 2002

Rethinking innateness (RI) is a quixotic book,
enthusiastic and visionary. It
is hard not to be provoked as each author races full tilt towards their
chosen
combat. Some readers, like Fodor (1997), respond in kind. Rispoli is more

measured. Nonetheless, every reader chooses their own windmills to elevate

into giants, and each believes their battle righteous. Are Elman et
al.
‘building castles in the air’, or is Rispoli
‘taking the wrong sow by the ear’?
Passages, Interférences, Hybridations: Le Film de théâtre
Authors: Picon-Vallin Béatrice
Published: July 2002

The cinema's developments in lighting, sound and image technology have helped the theatre, and have also allowed its aesthetics to become lighter (Strehler) as well as more complex (Langhoff). Films have originated in plays (not least Louis Malle's Vanya on 42nd Street, which has been accused of wiping away all traces of the theatre, when, in fact, this eradication was part of the staged work itself); and films have passed into plays (for example, Miracle in Milan staged by Zadek in 1993 after De Sica's film). The distinction between text and image, which defined the theatre/cinema split, is far less useful than distinctions between different types of images. The flux of audiovisual, informational and advertising images today has put the relationship between image and truth, as conceived by Bazin in the 1950s, into deep crisis. The theatre film transfers the dialogue between the stage and the audience into a dialogue between theatre and cinema, and is a meeting, rather than a fusion, between these two arts.
Efficient DOP Calculation for GPS with and without Altimeter Aiding
Authors: Jwo Dah-Jing
Published: July 2002

Geometric Dilution Of Precision (GDOP) is a factor that describes the effect of geometry on
the relationship between measurement error and position determination error. It is used to
provide an indication of the quality of the solution. Conventional closed-form GDOP
calculation formula applied to all possible combinations of visible satellites is rather time
consuming, especially as the number of satellites grows. Approximations, such as the
maximum volume method, are faster but optimum selection is not guaranteed. In this paper,
a more concise but efficient solution for the calculation of GDOP value in the case of four
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites is firstly reviewed and then extended to cover the
other forms of dilution of precision (DOP) values, including vertical DOP (VDOP) and
horizontal DOP (HDOP). Secondly, a review and extension of the conventional solution is
performed in the case of three GPS satellites aided by an altimeter. Based on the ideas gained
from these two approaches, a simpler closed-form DOP formula for three GPS satellites
aided by an altimeter is derived. The advantage of the proposed formulation is that it is
simpler and thus reduces the computational load in comparison to the conventional one.
Possible Russian Contribution to the ERNP
Authors: Denisov Vladimir , Kent Peter
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following five papers, were presented
during the NAV 97 Conference held
at Church House, Westminster, London on 11th and 12th November 1997. A
full listing of
the Conference, and how to obtain a copy of the proceedings, is shown on
Page 279.

The Government of the Russian Federation has made available, subject
to certain conditions,
the GLONASS satellite radionavigation system for civil use. Use
of the
system is free and there
is no intention to introduce coding or to cause any
deterioration to the accuracy of the signals.
Discussions are currently taking place between the European Commission
and the Russian
Federation on cooperation concerning the implementation of a navigation
satellite system for
civil purposes. Discussions are also taking place between interested European
Governments
and the Russian Federation into the possibility of developing joint Chayka/Loran-C
chains
wherever this is feasible, and in particular, to cover the Barents Sea,
the Baltic Sea and the
Black Sea. The development of a concept on integration of radionavigation
systems would
probably be a significant contribution to the European Radionavigation
Plan.
Data exchange and software integration: Interdisciplinary
design challenges
Authors: WILSON DAVE
Published: July 2002

Hewlett-Packard develops and markets a family of
computer-aided engineering products used by high-frequency
designers to model the signal path in contemporary communications
systems. As design frequencies, clock speeds and packaging
densities continue to increase, more designers are finding
that system and circuit simulation products need to be
complemented by electromagnetic simulation software to
develop models for basic circuit functionality or to characterize
and compensate undesired parasitic effects. The HP High-Frequency
Structure Simulator (HP HFSS) is a frequency-domain, finite
element-based simulator, which enables engineers to characterize
high-frequency behavior in 2D (transmission lines) and
arbitrary 3D structures. Links with mechanical computer
aided design (CAD) software have also become more important
as the 3D structures to be analyzed by HP HFSS can involve
packaging parasitics when the housing in which the electrical
circuitry is enclosed becomes an influence on the signal
path. Depending upon the complexity of the structure to
be analyzed, HP HFSS can require hundreds of Mbytes of
RAM and disk during automated adaptive solution convergence
processes which determine field and circuit parameter solution
results to user-specified accuracies. Although computer
resource requirements will always be an important consideration
for users of this type of product, another important situation
to address for the future involves the exchange of data
between the different simulation and modelling tools required
to take design from concept through simulation to manufacture.
The introduction of physical simulation tools into the
traditional circuit simulation arena changes the design
process flow and increases the demand for improved integration
and interoperability of circuit simulators, numerical EM
simulators, and mechanical CAD software. This paper provides
an overview of data exchange issues in high-frequency
electrical–physical–mechanical design processes.
Serotypes/groups distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive pneumococcal isolates: implications for vaccine strategies
Authors: KYAW M. H. , CLARKE S. , EDWARDS G. F. S. , JONES I. G. , CAMPBELL H.
Published: July 2002

Based on the invasive pneumococcal isolates referred to reference laboratories in Scotland in
1988–99, we identified the distribution of serotypes/groups and their antimicrobial resistance
patterns in order to evaluate the coverage of polysaccharide and the new pneumococcal
conjugate vaccines. A total of 5659 invasive isolates were included. Of these, 5124 (90·5%)
were blood isolates, 308 (5·5%) were CSF isolates, 143 (2·5%) were blood and CSF and 84
(1·5%) were other normally sterile isolates. The most prevalent 11 serotypes/groups were 14, 9,
19, 6, 23, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 18, in numerical order. These accounted for 84% of total
serotypes/groups.

The serotypes/groups included in the 23 and 14-valent polysaccharide vaccines accounted for
96% and 88% of all isolates. Both vaccines accounted for 98% of penicillin non-susceptible
and 100% of erythromycin non-susceptible isolates. The 7, 9, and 11-valent conjugate vaccines
covered 61, 68 and 80% of invasive isolates respectively. The coverage of these vaccines was
substantially higher in youngest age group with 84, 86 and 93% of invasive isolates in children
< 2 years included in the 7, 9 and 11-valent conjugate vaccines compared with 58, 64 and 77%
in adults [ges ] 65 years of age.

The serotype/group distribution of invasive isolates in Scotland varied from year to year
over the period 1993–9. The coverage of the 23-valent vaccine remained above 95% in each
year but the coverage of the 7, 9 and 11-valent conjugate vaccines showed more marked
fluctuation with coverage as low as 53, 60 and 75% in some years. Continued surveillance of
invasive pneumococcal isolates is required to inform the development of appropriate vaccine
strategies to prevent pneumococcal disease in Scotland.
Population-based surveillance for bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic: implications for control by vaccination
Authors: GOMEZ E. , PEGUERO M. , SANCHEZ J. , CASTELLANOS P. L. , FERIS J. , PEÑA C. , BRUDZINSKI-LaCLAIRE L. , LEVINE O. S.
Published: July 2002

Quantifying the local burden of disease is an important step towards the introduction of new
vaccines, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine. We adapted a generic
protocol developed by the World Health Organization for population-based surveillance of
bacterial meningitis. All hospitals that admit paediatric patients with meningitis in the National
District, Dominican Republic were included in the system and standard laboratory methods
were used. The system identified 111 cases of confirmed bacterial meningitis. Hib was the
leading cause of bacterial meningitis, followed by group B streptococcus, S. pneumoniae, and
N. meningitidis. Unlike hospital-based case series, this population-based system was able to
calculate incidence rates. The incidence of Hib meningitis was 13 cases per 100 000 children
< 5 years old. The data from this study were used by the Ministry of Health to support the
introduction of routine Hib vaccination and will be used to monitor its effectiveness.
Presence of campylobacter and salmonella in sand from
bathing beaches
Authors: BOLTON F. J. , SURMAN S. B. , MARTIN K. , WAREING D. R. A. , HUMPHREY T. J.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic
Campylobacter spp.
and Salmonella spp. in sand from non-EEC standard and EEC standard
designated beaches in
different locations in the UK and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains
were present.
Campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples
and Salmonella spp. in
10/182 (6%). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92
(50%) of samples from non-EEC
standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from EEC standard beaches. The prevalence
of
Campylobacter spp. was greater in wet sand from both types of
beaches but, surprisingly, more
than 30% of samples from dry sand also contained these organisms. The major
pathogenic
species C. jejuni and C. coli were more prevalent in
sand from non-EEC standard beaches. In
contrast, C. lari and urease positive thermophilic campylobacters,
which are associated with
seagulls and other migratory birds, were more prevalent in sand from EEC
standard beaches.
Campylobacter isolates were further characterized by biotyping and serotyping,
which
confirmed that strains known to be of types associated with human infections
were frequently
found in sand on bathing beaches.
M genotyping and DNA fingerprinting of Streptococcus
pyogenes isolates from an area of central Italy
Authors: MENCARELLI M. , CORBISIERO R. , MARZOCCHI B. , GISTRI A. , SIGNORI R. , ROSSOLINI A. , CELLESI C.
Published: July 2002

M protein gene typing was used to analyse Streptococcus pyogenes

clinical isolates collected
between 1983 and 1995 in an area of central Italy from patients presenting
different types of
infections; the same isolates were also characterized by means of DNA fingerprinting.

M type 1 was the most common (50% of study strains), followed by M types
4, 12 and 6.
The proportion of M type 12 decreased with time, whereas M type 1 increased,
in agreement
with data obtained in many different areas. Most invasive strains belonged
to types M1 (30%)
and M12 (30%); on the other hand, the M1 type did frequently occur also
among non-invasive
isolates. DNA fingerprinting showed a correlation between M types and DNA

patterns. This report provides epidemiological information from a geographic
area not sampled
recently, and further shows the usefulness of the M genotyping technique,
which offers
potential advantages over conventional serological typing methods.
Genetic subtyping of Escherichia coli O157 isolates from 41
Pacific Northwest USA cattle farms
Authors: RICE D. H. , McMENAMIN K. M. , PRITCHETT L. C. , HANCOCK D. D. , BESSER T. E.
Published: July 2002

Escherichia coli O157 (n = 376) from 41 cattle farms were subtyped using pulsed field gel
electrophoresis of endonuclease cleaved chromosomal DNA. Cleavage with XbaI resulted in 81
subtypes. Fifty-one isolates from subtypes found in more than one herd, or in herds on
multiple sample collection dates were compared using the endonuclease NotI, resulting in 23
additional subtypes. Up to 11 XbaI subtypes were found per farm with up to 7 subtypes/farm
identified from a single date. Indistinguishable subtypes (both XbaI and NotI) were found to
persist on 4 farms for 6–24 months. Five subtypes were found on more than one farm
separated by up to 640 km. Dairy farms where cattle had moved onto the farm had a similar
number of subtypes as farms with no movement of cattle, and feedlots had more subtypes than
dairy farms. These data indicate that there is a mechanism for multiple herd exposure to
specific subtypes, there are multiple sources of exposure for cattle on farms, and on-farm
reservoirs other than cattle may exist.
Estimation of the under-reporting rate for the surveillance of
Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 cases in Ontario, Canada
Authors: MICHEL P. , WILSON J. B. , WAYNE MARTIN S. , CLARKE R. C. , McEWEN S. A. , GYLES C. L.
Published: July 2002

Two models estimating the proportion of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 cases not reported in the
Ontario notifiable diseases surveillance system are described. The first model is a linear series
of adjustments in which the total number of reported cases is corrected by successive under-reporting coefficients. The structure of the second model is based on a relative difference in the
proportion of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 cases which are hospitalized between the surveillance database
and the underlying population.

Based on this analysis, the rate of under-reporting of symptomatic cases of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7
infection in Ontario ranges from 78 to 88% corresponding to a ratio of 1 reported case for
approximately 4–8 symptomatic cases missed by the surveillance system. This study highlights
the need to increase awareness among public health workers of the potential biases that may
exist in the interpretation of routine surveillance data.
Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli from seagulls
Authors: MAKINO S. , KOBORI H. , ASAKURA H. , WATARAI M. , SHIRAHATA T. , IKEDA T. , TAKESHI K. , TSUKAMOTO T.
Published: July 2002

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from a seagull in Japan
were examined. A total of 50 faecal samples was collected on a harbour bank in Hokkaido,
Japan, in July 1998. Two different STEC strains, whose serotypes were O136[ratio ]H16 and
O153[ratio ]H− , were isolated from the same individual by PCR screening; both of them were
confirmed by ELISA and Vero cell cytotoxicity assay to be producing active Stx2 and Stx1,
respectively. They harboured large plasmids, but did not carry the haemolysin or eaeA genes of
STEC O157[ratio ]H7. Based on their plasmid profiles, antibiotic resistance patterns, pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis analysis (PFGE), and the stx genes sequences, the isolates were different.
Phylogenic analysis of the deduced Stx amino acid sequences demonstrated that the Stx toxins
of seagull-origin STEC were closely associated with those of the human-origin, but not those
of other animal-origin STEC. In addition, Stx2Φ-K7 phage purified from O136 STEC
resembled Stx2Φ-II from human-origin O157[ratio ]H7, and was able to convert non-toxigenic
E. coli to STEC. These results suggest that birds may be one of the important carriers in terms
of the distribution of STEC.
The Roman intermezzo and Sacchini's La contadina in corte
Authors: RICE JOHN
Published: July 2002

The origins of the Roman intermezzo, an important and influential sub-genre of Italian comic opera, can be traced back to the 1730s, when the composer and librettist Benedetto Micheli wrote several two-part intermezzi for the Teatro Valle and other theaters in Rome for performance during the intermissions of spoken plays. The Valle cultivated the intermezzo with particular consistency during the next six decades, presenting works by many distinguished composers, including Sacchini, Paisiello, and Cimarosa. Sacchini's La contadina in corte, on a libretto derived from Giacomo Rust's three-act comic opera of the same title, may serve as a good example of the Roman intermezzo.
Symmetries, ansätze and exact solutions of
nonlinear second-order evolution equations with convection terms
Authors: CHERNIHA ROMAN , SEROV MYKOLA
Published: July 2002

New Lie and conditional symmetries of nonlinear
diffusion equations with convection terms
are constructed. Examples of new ansätze and exact solutions for some
nonlinear equations
(in particular, for the Murray and the Newell–Whitehead equations)
are presented.
A competitive algorithm for managing sharing in

the distributed execution of functional programs
Authors: AHARONI GAD , BARAK AMNON , RONEN AMIR
Published: July 2002

Execution of functional programs on distributed-memory

multiprocessors gives rise to the

problem of evaluating expressions that are shared between several

Processing Elements (PEs).

One of the main difficulties of solving this problem is that, for a

given shared expression, it

is not known in advance whether realizing the sharing is more cost

effective than duplicating

its evaluation. Realizing the sharing requires coordination between

the sharing PEs to ensure

that the shared expression is evaluated only once. This coordination

involves relatively

high communication costs, and is therefore only worthwhile when the

shared expressions

require much computation time to evaluate. In contrast, when the

shared expression is not

computation intensive, it is more cost effective to duplicate the

evaluation, and thus avoid the

communication overhead costs. This dilemma of deciding whether to

duplicate the work or

to realize the sharing stems from the unknown computation time that

is required to evaluate

a shared expression. This computation time is difficult to estimate

due to unknown run-time

evolution of loops and recursion that may be part of the expression.

This paper presents an

on-line (run-time) algorithm that decides which of the expressions that

are shared between

several PEs should be evaluated only once, and which expressions should

be evaluated locally

by each sharing PE. By applying competitive considerations, the

algorithm manages to exploit

sharing of computation-intensive expressions, while it duplicates the

evaluation of expressions

that require little time to compute. The algorithm accomplishes this

goal even though it has

no a priori knowledge of the amount of computation that is

required to evaluate the shared

expression. We show that this algorithm is competitive with a hypothetical

optimal off-line algorithm, which does have such knowledge, and we prove
that the

algorithm is deadlock free. Furthermore, this algorithm does not require

any programmer intervention, it has low

overhead, and it is designed to run on a wide variety of distributed systems.
Lambda terms for natural deduction,
sequent calculus and cut elimination
Authors: BARENDREGT HENK , GHILEZAN SILVIA
Published: July 2002

It is well known that there is an isomorphism between natural deduction derivations and
typed lambda terms. Moreover, normalising these terms corresponds to eliminating cuts in the
equivalent sequent calculus derivations. Several papers have been written on this topic. The
correspondence between sequent calculus derivations and natural deduction derivations is,
however, not a one-one map, which causes some syntactic technicalities. The correspondence
is best explained by two extensionally equivalent type assignment systems for untyped lambda
terms, one corresponding to natural deduction (λN)
and the other to sequent calculus (λL).
These two systems constitute different grammars for generating the same (type assignment
relation for untyped) lambda terms. The second grammar is ambiguous, but the first one is
not. This fact explains the many-one correspondence mentioned above. Moreover, the second
type assignment system has a ‘cut-free’ fragment
(λLcf). This fragment generates exactly
the typeable lambda terms in normal form. The cut elimination theorem becomes a simple
consequence of the fact that typed lambda terms possess a normal form.
The contribution of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) to language learning environments or the mystery of the secret agent
Authors: ESCH EDITH , ZÄHNER CHRISTOPH
Published: July 2002

In this paper, E. Esch and C. Zähner argue that the learners themselves are the key
agents in the construction of new language learning environments. Learners differ in their ability to
import new elements – such as ICTs – into their model of what constitutes an
appropriate language learning environment. It is argued that accessibility, autonomy, ‘reflectivity’ and
interactivity are conditions which must be met if ICTs are to become truly relevant to language learners.
The way these principles have been guiding the development of the network-based language learning
environment installed by the Language Centre of the University of Cambridge is described.
Infections in elderly patients
Authors: MacLennan WJ
Published: July 2002

There is considerable debate as to the effects of aging on the susceptibility of old people to infection, and the extent to which this modifies the signs and symptoms of infection. Factors that may be of even greater importance are the effects of poor nutrition, multiple pathology and polypharmacy on their response to infection, and the effectiveness of their immune systems.
Blood tests in elderly people and their interpretation
Authors: Kafetz Kalman
Published: July 2002

The importance of a specialist viewpoint on blood tests in elderly people and their interpretation was established by Hodkinson. He described the need for full investigation, the choice of suitable reference populations in old age, the difference in reference ranges between older and younger people and the effect of the special features of medicine in old age on appropriate testing strategies. In this journal, Rochman has discussed problems in chemical pathology interpretations in the elderly. This review builds on previous work by looking at recent papers relevant to biochemical and haematological investigations of practical relevance to the clinical medicine of old age. It is based on a Medline search combining sets of papers relating to specific investigations and clinical situations with those using the key word ‘elderly’. Added to these papers are others known to the author and colleagues.
Depression in old age
Authors: Katona Cornelius LE , Shankar Kuttalingam K
Published: July 2002

Depression in old age is common, disabling and undertreated. This review will examine recent advances in our understanding of its clinical presentation, epidemiology, management and prognosis. The relationship of depression in old age with dementia and with physical illness is also discussed, as are the links between suicides, deliberate self-harm and depression in old age.
Towards a unified analysis of French floating quantifiers
Authors: De Cat Cécile
Published: July 2002

In French, a quantifier can appear in various positions outside of the NP it quantifies over, whether this NP is the subject or the (direct or indirect) object of the sentence. This phenomenon, often referred to as ‘floating’, has been investigated since the early stages of the generative framework, and several analyses have been proposed to account for both the quantifier subject and the quantifier object in a unified way. However, to my knowledge, none of them has succeeded in providing such a unified account without recourse to non-explanatory restrictions. The main aim of this paper is to propose an analysis that does not require any such restrictions. The focus will be on anaphoric quantifiers (i.e. quantifiers that have to be linked to some other argument position in order to be interpretable), the analysis of which will be shown to extend straightforwardly to pronominal and adverbial quantifiers, according to the principles of Government and Binding theory.

The study of floating quantifiers raises the broader question of how to account for locality requirements in a satisfactory way. Basically, there are two possible ways to account for the restrictions on the distribution of floating quantifiers: either they flow from derivational restrictions, or they are subject to representational restrictions. I will argue in favour of the latter.

The analysis proposed here is essentially syntactic. However, reference will be made to the semantic interpretation of various structures: the position occupied by the floating quantifier at S-structure will be shown to constrain its interpretation. The semantics of floating quantifiers will however not be investigated beyond this.
Opinion. Collecting and conservation: cause and effect
Authors: Collar N. J.
Published: July 2002

The killing of birds for scientific reference causes debate and dispute whose intensity is in inverse proportion to its relevance as a conservation issue, with similar degrees of heat being generated only by such momentous things as the standardization of vernacular bird names. Doubtless this is because these are seemingly simple, black-and-white issues over which many people feel they have sufficient personal clarity and power to achieve a resolution. Really important matters – global warming, intransigent debt arrangements for developing nations, exponential human population growth, obliteration of habitats for short-term human gain, scandalous abuses of biocide in agriculture, saturation-level corruption and incompetence in state conservation agencies, all of which are poised to degrade the ornithological environment beyond recognition – belong to another dimension altogether in which most of us are simply sleepwalking towards doomsday. It is important, then, to get the collecting issue into reasonable perspective as soon as humanly possible.
Re-grouping information in a domain-theoretic data model
Authors: PUHLMANN HERMANN
Published: July 2002

In recent years, the problem of incorporating a set-building type-constructor

into a domain theoretic data model has been addressed by different authors.

In Jung and Puhlmann (1995)
and Puhlmann (1995) we have shown why the so-called snack powerdomain is
particularly
suitable for modelling a set constructor. We obtain a generalized database
model that covers
the nested relational model.

While, with the snack powerconstruction, the data structure of domain
theoretic
databases seems clear, suitable operations for the data model are still
to be defined.

In this paper we start this task by defining the operations nest and
unnest for the
passage between different nesting-levels of the snack powerconstruction.
These functions are
shown to form an embedding-projection pair, a property that the corresponding
functions of
nested relational databases do not have. This demonstrates the usefulness
of the
domain-theoretic approach for modelling databases: for the first time we
have operators for
re-grouping nested data that respect the idea of an information ordering.

The use of the snack powerdomain leads to fairly complex formulas. To
help the reader,
illustrations and pictorial interpretations of formulas are given throughout
the paper.
On the History of the Automobile in Everyday Life
Authors: Koshar Rudy
Published: July 2002

Alexander von Vegasack and Mateo Kries, eds., Automobility – Was uns bewegt (Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, 1999), exhibition catalogue, Vitra Design Museum, 551 pp., ISBN 3-931-936-17-1. Paride Rugafiori, ed., La capitale dell'automobile: Imprendatori, cultura e società a Torino (Venice: Marsilio, 1999), 262 pp., Lire 35,000. ISBN 8-831-77194-9. Ulrich Kubisch, Das Automobil als Lesestoff: Zur Geschichte der deutschen Motorpresse, 1898–1998 (Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 1998), 80 pp., ISBN 3-895-00072-8. David Thoms, Len Holden, and Tim Claydon, eds., The Motor Car and Popular Culture in the 20th Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), 307 pp., ISBN 1-859-28461-2. Sean O'Connell, The Car in British Society: Class, Gender and Motoring, 1896–1939 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998), 240 pp., ISBN 0-71-905506-7
The role of maternal age in the assisted reproductive technologies
Authors: Damario Mark A , Davis Owen K , Rosenwaks Zev
Published: July 2002

Age is perhaps the most important single variable influencing outcome in the assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The effect of advancing age on clinical ART outcome is manifested not only in the pattern of ovarian response to stimulation regimens, but also in reduced implantation efficiency and an increased spontaneous abortion rate. The clinical importance of these factors is compounded by the fact that increasing numbers of older women are presenting for ART treatment. Delayed childbearing is becoming increasingly common in the western world. The availability of methods of birth control, educational and career priorities for women, and the increased rates of divorce and remarriage are some of the factors contributing to this phenomenon.
Business Ethics, Stakeholder Theory, and the Ethics of Healthcare
Organizations
Authors: WERHANE PATRICIA H.
Published: July 2002

Until recently (before managed care), business
issues in healthcare organizations (HCOs) were relatively
insulated from clinical issues, for several reasons. The
hospital at earlier stages of its development operated
on a combination of charitable and equitable premises,
allowing for providing care to be separated from financial
support. Physicians, who were primarily responsible for
clinical care, constituted an independent power nexus within
the hospital and were governed by their own professional
codes of ethics. In exchange for a great deal of control
over their conditions of practice, they took almost complete
responsibility for patient care. Thus clinical and professional
ethics could to some extent be compartmentalized from the
business issues—a much easier feat when, as in much
of the last few decades, virtually all care was reimbursed
from some source or other. In addition, many HCOs were
not categorized or treated as businesses, although of course
they were presumed to be governed by the same expectation
for good management as any other organization.
The Worth of a Child, by Thomas H. Murray. Berkeley,
California: University of California Press, 1996. 207 pp.
Authors: McGee Glenn
Published: July 2002

A lot of people owe kind words to Tom Murray. Not
because they hurt his feelings, or because he is easily
the nicest guy in bioethics. The debt stems from the palpable
silence that accompanied the release of Murray's trenchant
and beautiful book, The Worth of a Child. Somehow,
in the shuffle to write and rewrite books about cloning
and octuplets and $50,000 eggs, Murray's astonishingly
comprehensive treatment of the meaning of the parent–child
relationship passed undetected across the radar screens
of virtually everyone who writes about reproduction and
genetics. In the year since I read The Worth of a Child,
I have paused dozens of times while reading or listening
to scholars lament the dearth of careful work on the changing
nature of baby-making. Each time this happens I grow more
surprised that Murray's Child, which is handsomely
bound, well-indexed, and published in the best style by
University of California Press, isn't mentioned. This
review is one scholar's attempt to right the balance.
The Worth of a Child by Thomas Murray is the most
rigorous, most even-handed, and most comprehensive book
ever written about the ethical issues associated with making
a baby. It is also a very good read, a sensitive and moving
portrayal of the struggle to be good at making and raising
a child.
Effects of labour analgesia on the baby
Authors: Reynolds Felicity
Published: July 2002

Pharmacological analgesia given to a mother during labour may affect the fetus and newborn in a number of ways. Firstly a drug may cross the placenta and exert a direct effect on the baby. Secondly a method of analgesia may alter maternal physiology or biochemistry and in so doing it may have an indirect effect on the baby. Thirdly it may affect the interaction between mother and baby after delivery. This latter aspect is rather the province of the psychologists. The effects on the baby of different methods of anaesthesia for operative delivery are well researched but are more exclusively the responsibility of anaesthetists and therefore of less import to obstetricians than is analgesia. These will be discussed only insofar as research findings may also be applicable to analgesic methods.
Activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro by injection of bovine and human spermatozoa or their cytosolic fractions
Authors: Okitsu Osamu , Yamano Shuji , Aono Toshihiro
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bovine spermatozoa possess
so-called sperm factor in the cytosolic fraction (CF) which activates bovine
oocytes, and whether bovine oocytes matured in vitro are activated
by microinjection of CF extracted from spermatozoa of other species. In the
first experiment, bovine and human spermatozoa were microinjected into
ooplasm of bovine oocytes matured in vitro. Secondly, CF from
bovine and human spermatozoa were injected into bovine oocytes. In the
third, CF from human spermatozoa was injected into human unfertilised
oocytes obtained 18-20 h after clinical intracytoplasmic sperm injection
(ICSI). We found that microinjection of bovine spermatozoa into bovine
oocytes induced oocyte activation, as shown by resumption of meiosis and
formation of a female pronucleus, at a significantly higher rate than the
bovine sham injection (63.0% vs 43.0%; p < 0.05). On the other
hand, there was no significant difference in activation rate between the
human sperm injection (35.9%) and the human sham injection
(22.9%). Furthermore, microinjection of bovine sperm CF into bovine oocytes
induced oocyte activation at a significantly higher rate than the human CF
injection or sham injection (75.9% vs 14.8%, 20.4%; p < 0.01). Formation
of a single female pronucleus and second polar body extrusion was observed
in 95.1% of activated oocytes after bovine sperm CF injection. When human
sperm CF was injected into human unfertilised oocytes, the activation rate
was significantly higher than following sham injection (76.9% vs 44.0%;
p < 0.05). These results indicate the presence of sperm factor
in bovine sperm CF which activate bovine oocytes, and suggest the possibility
that sperm factor has species-specificity at least between bovine and human.
“DETERMINED RAPTURES”: ST. SEBASTIAN AND THE VICTORIAN DISCOURSE OF DECADENCE
Authors: Kaye Richard A.
Published: July 2002

“I unreservedly confess, for myself, that I cannot leave my natural perception of what is natural and true, at a palace door, in Italy or elsewhere, as I would leave my shoes if I were traveling in the East. I cannot forget that there are certain expressions of face, natural to certain passions, and as unchangeable in their nature as the gait of a lion, or the flight of an eagle. I cannot dismiss from my certain knowledge such common-place facts as the ordinary proportions of men’s arms, and legs, and heads; and when I meet with performances that do violence to these experiences and recollections, no matter where they may be, I cannot admire them.”

— Charles Dickens, Pictures from Italy (1846)

IN HIS ACCOUNT of his 1844 trip to Rome, Charles Dickens expressed bewilderment that the martyrdom of St. Sebastian should have been so commonly exploited as a subject by Italian artists. The novelist took the opportunity to disparage the “indiscriminate and determined raptures” of certain critics of Renaissance painting as “incompatible with the true appreciation of the really great and transcendent works of art . . . Neither am I partial to libelous Angels, who play on fiddles and bassoons, for the edification of sprawling monks apparently in liquor.” Dickens concluded that representations of St. Sebastian did not “have very uncommon and rare merits, as works of art, to justify their compound multiplication by Italian painters” (195).1
Dynamical influence of large valleys on the propagation of coastally trapped disturbances
Authors: Reason C J C , Jackson P L , Fu Hai
Published: July 2002

The influence on the propagation of coastally trapped disturbances (CTD) of large gaps in the bounding coastal mountains is studied via application of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). By large gap it is meant that the width is of order 25–50% of the Rossby radius. In order to isolate the effects of the gaps, idealised simulations are used. Thus, RAMS is configured with a straight north‐south coastline with a ramp‐shaped coastal mountain range in which a gap is inserted and a gravity current‐like CTD generated through cooling the low level atmosphere at the southern end of the domain. Radiative, land surface and cloud parameterisations are turned off to avoid sea breeze generation and other thermal effects and to focus on the dynamical effect of the gaps. Four simulations are conducted: no gap in the coastal mountain barrier, an insertion of a narrow (80 km) gap, a wide (160 km) gap, and an idealised island in the barrier. It is found that the gaps influence CTD propagation by effectively stalling the propagation at their mouth for a period and subsequently weakening the gravity current‐like features (vertical extent, strength and abruptness of the wind and stratification changes at the leading edge). The idealised island has a less obvious impact since it is bounded by relatively narrow straits and does not allow communication with the model interior like the gaps do. Although lack of data and the nature of the idealised simulation prevents a detailed assessment of the simulations against real cases, qualitative comparisons with observed events in western North America and south‐eastern Australia are made. Application of these results to air quality and forecasting issues is discussed. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Orographic influences during winter precipitation events on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland
Authors: Banfield C E , Hudak D R , Thomson A D
Published: July 2002

Precipitation enhancement over a low coastal hill in winter is demonstrated for particular associations of synoptically determined onshore airflow and local geography encountered over southeastern Newfoundland. Four such cases, involving a mixture of pre‐warm‐frontal precipitation types at surface temperatures just below freezing, are analysed using comparative surface gauge records from sites at the coast and hill summit and detailed volume scan data from a Doppler radar. Whilst precipitation at the hill summit and upwind coast was of similar overall duration in each case, the surface rates on the hilltop exceeded those at the coast by 1.0–4.0 mm h−1 during different stages of the events. Analysis of the Doppler reflectivity patterns reveals that intensities are especially enhanced near the windward hill crest, supporting the observed association of greatest enhancement with a strong local upslope wind component exceeding 20 m s−1. In the majority of these cases the enhancement is maintained primarily by the ‘seeder–feeder’ mechanism, which appears to be accelerated during precipitation transitions and with the surface warm front 120–150 km distant; however, a preliminary phase of enhancement due to topographically induced uplift of stable pre‐frontal air is also recognised in one case. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Forecasting precipitation over Delhi during the south‐west monsoon season
Authors: Mohanty U C , Ravi N , Madan O P
Published: July 2002

The south‐west monsoon (June–September) is the major rainy season over India. Information about the occurrence of precipitation and the expected quantity at a specific place is important in many sectors of human activity. In this study, objective methods are developed to forecast the probability of precipitation (POP) and provide the quantity of precipitation forecast (QPF) over Delhi. As the onset of the monsoon at Delhi is around 30 June, the models are developed for the months of July, August and September (JAS) using surface and upper‐air data for the period 1985–90 and tested with data from JAS for 1994 and 1995. A multiple linear regression equation is developed to forecast the POP and multiple discriminant analysis is used to produce the QPF in terms of one of four groups (0.1–1.0; 1.1–10.0; 10.1–30.0; and ≥30.1 mm). The QPF model is used only if precipitation is expected to occur (the POP forecast is turned into a categorical forecast). The categorical forecasts based on the POP exhibit positive skill scores consistently with both the development and independent data sets. The model for QPF also performed satisfactorily Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society