bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boulder-dominated periglacial and related landforms as palaeoclimatic and morphodynamic indicators in Breheimen, South Norway 
Authors: Marr Philipp , Winkler Stefan , Löffler Jörg
Published: March 2022

Boulder-dominated periglacial, paraglacial and related landforms are important elements which can help to improve our knowledge about past climatic conditions and morphodynamic processes. As the formation and stabilization of these landforms can be associated to cold or transitioning climatic conditions from cold to warm, putting them on a solid temporal basis is vital to connect their evolution to changing climatic conditions throughout the Holocene. In this study, Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) was performed at different landforms including sorted polygons, rock-slope failure deposits and a blockfield in and around Breheimen, South Norway. By obtaining an old and a young control point, it is possible to calculate a calibration curve, from which the respective landform ages were estimated. The SHD age estimates ranged from 8.02 ± 0.72 to 3.45 ± 0.70 ka showing their relict character. The sorted polygon ages of 6.55 ± 0.68 and 4.76 ± 0.63 ka point to a stabilization within and towards the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM; ~8.0–5.0 ka). Whereas the ages of the investigated rock-slope failures from 8.02 ± 0.72 to 3.45 ± 0.70 ka can be divided in two groups. The first group consists of two rock-slope failures with overlapping ages with a mean age of ~7.6 ka. This timing can be related to the onset of the HTM characterized by warmer temperatures possibly leading to slope weakening due to a variety of factors, such as permafrost degradation and increasing cleft-water pressure. Ages of the second group, with three rock-slope failures, cluster around ~3.7 ka, shortly after a cold climatic period between 4.75–3.85 ka. Therefore, we assume that the occurrences of these rock-slope failures could have been climatically induced by warmer temperatures. The blockfield age of 5.24 ± 0.79 ka is significantly younger than other dated blockfields in South Norway and indicates longer activity of the boulders at the blockfield surface. Surface exposure ages from boulder-dominated landforms stress that these landforms can be valuable elements in improving our knowledge about landform evolution and palaeoclimatic fluctuations within the Holocene in South Norway.
Role of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange of Ozone in the Earth System
Authors: Keeble James , Griffiths Paul
Published: March 2022

The transport of ozone from the stratosphere to the troposphere is a key contributor to the tropospheric ozone budget. It is estimated that the stratosphere-to-troposphere flux of ozone leads to ~500 Tg of ozone transported into the troposphere each year, which is comparable to the net chemical production of ozone within the troposphere. Using simulations performed with the UKESM1 Earth system model we explore how transport of ozone from the stratosphere to the troposphere has changed over the recent past, and explore the drivers of these changes. Additionally, we calculate the contribution of ozone with a stratospheric origin to tropospheric ozone radiative forcing, and explore the impacts of STE on regional air quality.
Modelling the natural flood management in medium scale lowland catchments in Thames Basin (UK)
Authors: Badjana Heou Maleki , Verhoef Anne , Cloke Hannah , Julich Stefan , McGuire Patrick , Camargos Carla , Clark Joanna
Published: March 2022

Natural flood management (NFM) is widely promoted and adopted as an effective way of managing flood risks. However, there remain many unknowns especially on its effectiveness at medium and large scales. This study has first analysed the consistency of a modelling framework that integrates the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for simulating the land based NFM in two medium scale lowland catchments within the Thames River basin (UK). Afterwards, it has assessed the effectiveness of NFM in these catchments using broadscale hypothetical scenarios. The results show that it is possible to model land-based NFM in medium scale catchments but this is highly dependent on the one hand on catchment landscape characteristics and on the other hand on the availability and quality of necessary input datasets, model choice, configuration, parametrisation and calibration and uncertainty analysis techniques. Furthermore, the NFM effects vary across the catchments and landscapes characteristics. Afforestation seems to provide less effect on large flood events in terms of reducing the peak flows compared to small events. The implementation of crop rotation scenarios, depending on the crop choice and tillage practice may lead to the increase of the peak flows. Overall, this study showed that NFM modelling in medium catchments is not straightforward and prior to any task, an extensive analysis needs to be carried out to understand the datasets, the model, and processes configuration as well as different calibration and uncertainties analysis techniques. Moreover, the choice of woodland planting only as NFM measure will require an extensive work within the catchment to produce an effect which suggests that to better minimise the flood risk, the combination with other measures that can reduce the amount of flow reaching the river channel or delay the timing of the peak flow (eg. leaky barriers) would be necessary.
Co-eruptive subsidence during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption: geodetic constraints on magma source depths and stress changes
Authors: Geirsson Halldór , Parks Michelle , Sigmundsson Freysteinn , Ófeigsson Benedikt G. , Drouin Vincent , Ducrocq Cécile , Friðriksdóttir Hildur M. , Hreinsdóttir Sigrún , Hooper Andrew
Published: March 2022

Geodetic observations during volcanic eruptions are important to constrain from where the eruptive products originate in the sub-surface. Some eruptions are sourced from magma reservoirs shallow in the crust, whereas others may tap magma directly from the mantle. The 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption took place on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, during March 19 to September 18, resulting in approximately 0.15 km3 of erupted basaltic lava. A wide-spread crustal subsidence and inward horizontal motion, centered on the eruptive site, was observed during the eruption. Nearest to the emplaced lava flows, additional localized subsidence is observed due to the loading of the lavas. The regional subsidence rate varied during the eruption: it was low in the beginning and then increased, in broad agreement with changes in the bulk effusive rate. In this study we use GNSS and InSAR data to model the deformation source(s) during different periods of the eruption, primarily aiming to resolve the depth and volume change of the magma source. We furthermore calculate crustal stress changes during the eruption and compare to the regional seismicity.
Normal growth versus Cahn-Hilliard models for kinetics of the first-order phase transformations in binary mixtures under pressure gradients
Authors: Podladchikov Yury , Utkin Ivan
Published: March 2022

The simplest kinetic normal growth model assumes linear dependence of the transformation rate (or the velocity of the phase boundary) on overstepping of equilibrium conditions (or the degree of metastability).   Under pressure gradients within the phases, the equilibrium state requires zero spatial gradient of difference of the chemical potentials of the two chemical components. This can be achieved by diffusional redistribution of the fraction of two components. At the phase boundary, equilibrium requires the equality of both chemical potentials. Accordingly, at the phase boundary, the linear kinetic model may assume the first component exchange between the phases to be proportional to the chemical potential difference of this component and the phase boundary velocity to be proportional to the chemical potential difference of the second complementary component. The phenomenological proportionality constants are needed to quantify the "mobility" of the phase boundary and intensity mass exchange between phases. These phenomenological material parameters can either be taken from an experiment or derived from a Cahn-Hilliard-type model. Cahn-Hilliard-type model resolving the fine structure of advancing phase boundary  ‘can derive, rather than postulate, a kinetic relation governing the mobility of the phase boundary and check the validity of the "normal growth" approximation’ (Truskinovsky, 1994).

Truskinovsky, L. About the “normal growth” approximation in the dynamical theory of phase transitions. Continuum Mech. Thermodyn 6, 185–208 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01135253
Convergence at continental collision zones: Insights from long-term 2D geodynamic models buoyancy-driven subduction and collision.
Authors: Laik Arijit , Schellart Wouter , Strak Vincent
Published: March 2022

Continental collision succeeds long term subduction of oceanic lithosphere into the earth's mantle whereby the negative buoyancy of the downgoing oceanic lithosphere (slab) provides the principal driving force for plate motions. Previous studies have shown that subduction-induced mantle flow could drive overriding plate shortening and orogenesis, and the arrival of the positively buoyant lithosphere at the trench affects the dynamics of the overriding plate and plate motions. The subsequent slab detachment at the subducted continent-ocean margin removes the driving force in the system and eventuates in cessation of subduction (Cloos, 1993)  and plate convergence. The India-Eurasia subduction-collision system has multiple inferred slab break-off episodes (Replumaz et al., 2010), yet convergence is still ongoing. Here, we present 2D-cartesian buoyancy-driven numerical models of continental collision after subduction of a long oceanic plate (~6000 km) in a whole mantle reservoir (2880km), investigating the dynamics of such systems in the presence of detached slabs. These models’ wide aspect ratio (6:1) allows for exploring deep subduction of oceanic slabs and detached slab(s), approximately at the centre of the domain, thereby minimising the effect of free slip sidewalls on obtained slab morphology in the mantle and associated mantle flow. Our results indicate that poloidal mantle flow induced by the sinking of the detached slab sustain long term convergence in collisional settings. Although 2D models lack the 3D components of mantle flow, these models can be used to understand the dynamics of the centre of >4000km wide subductions zones and facilitate interpretation in light of tomographic and plate reconstruction studies.

 

References:

Cloos, M. (1993). Lithospheric buoyancy and collisional orogenesis: Subduction of oceanic plateaus, continental margins, island arcs, spreading ridges, and seamounts. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105(6), 715-737.

Replumaz, A., Negredo, A. M., Guillot, S., & Villaseñor, A. (2010). Multiple episodes of continental subduction during India/Asia convergence: Insight from seismic tomography and tectonic reconstruction. Tectonophysics, 483(1-2), 125-134.
On temporal resolution of performance indicators of water resources systems 
Authors: Veena Sai , Singh Riddhi
Published: March 2022

The spatiotemporal variation of water resources and growing global requirements for freshwater necessitates planning and construction of water resource infrastructure to enable the management of a variable and potentially scarce resource. Large-scale water infrastructure serves multiple purposes including provisioning of freshwater, protection from floods, navigation, hydroelectricity, etc. At present, more than 16.7 million reservoirs with an area greater than 100 m2 exist, a majority of which serve multiple water sectors. Decision analysis for reservoir systems relies heavily on optimization techniques that identify optimal operational strategies for a dynamic systems model. All optimization frameworks require the analyst to define performance indicators, more formally, objective functions, that aggregate performance across multiple time periods in a planning horizon. A question thus arises: does the manner in which objective functions are aggregated have a substantial impact on resultant optimal operational strategy? For complex reservoir systems such as inter-basin water transfers, which require coordinating operations across multiple reservoirs, the temporal scale of operations likely impacts the system's performance. Here, we assess the impact of temporal aggregation of the objective function on resultant operational strategies for a proposed inter-basin water transfer in Southern India. We optimize monthly water transfer decisions using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that optimizes for the reliability of demand satisfaction at multiple temporal resolutions (annual, seasonal, fortnightly). We then re-evaluate the performance of all resultant strategies at fortnightly resolution. We find strategies obtained by optimizing reliability at an annual resolution that release water based on annual demands outperform the other two resolutions. This improvement in performance requires the presence of additional storage structures like lakes, ponds, check dams, etc. in the reservoir system, which is true in our study region. We further quantify the dependency between decision variables across these formulations to better understand the convergence dynamics of the optimization algorithm.
The imprint of disturbance on the global wood density distribution
Authors: Mo Lidong , Zohner Constantin , Ma Haozhi , Maynard Daniel , Crowther Thomas
Published: March 2022

Wood density is an important functional trait, linked to tree growth and carbon storage in forests. Studying biogeographic variation in this trait along with the environmental and anthropogenic drivers of this variation is therefore critical to improve present and future carbon storage estimates of global forests. We combined a global database of ~1.1 million forest inventory plots with wood density records from 10,703 tree species to quantify the global wood density distribution and its drivers. In a first step, we tested the phylogenetic imprint on wood density variation among species and communities. Using information on environmental and anthropogenic covariates, we then created a global map of wood density at ~1km resolution. By integrating this wood density map with an existing map of growing stock volume and biome-level biomass expansion factors, we estimate that 403 Gt C are presently stored in the world’s forests, which largely agrees with previous estimates. Our analysis also allowed us to explore wood density variation along human disturbance and fire frequency gradients at different spatial scales to show that disturbance effects on wood density vary between forest types, biomes and environmental conditions. This study contributes to a better understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution patterns and the effects of human and ecological disturbances on forest structure.
U-Pb geochronology of granitoids from northern Morocco: a two-step tale for the evolution of the Variscan domain in NW Africa
Authors: Leprêtre Rémi , Chopin Francis , El Houicha Mohamed , Tabaud Anne Sophie , Schulmann Karel , Barbarand Jocelyn , Míková Jitka , Chebli Ryma
Published: March 2022

The Variscan belt in NW Africa represents an intraplate orogen, which mainly developed from Late Carboniferous (ca. from the Bashkirian: 323–315 Ma) to the end of Cisuralian (283–273 Ma), in response to the closure of an oceanic domain between NW Gondwana and Laurentia. The orogenic events were accompanied by an important magmatic activity, distributed across the whole northern Morocco, north of the South Meseta Fault Zone which separates the Meseta domain in the north from the Anti-Atlas domain to the south, where no magmatic activity was recorded at that time. Moreover, an older magmatic phase occurred during the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous however the associated geodynamic context remains under debate.

In northern Morocco, existing geochronological results for these magmatic activities are mainly obtained using Rb-Sr methods (whole rock or on different minerals). However, recent U-Pb datings on different massifs in Morocco have revealed older ages. Therefore, Rb-Sr ages should be considered with caution.

In this contribution, we present new U-Pb geochronological data (LA-ICP MS on zircons) for several plutonic massifs of northern Morocco from the Western (Jebilet) and Eastern Meseta. In the later, we provide new datings on 3 magmatic facies in the High Moulouya massif, but also for the Boudoufoud, Beni Snassen, Tanncherfi, Zekkara and Merguechoum massifs. These new data reinforce the idea that two main magmatic events must be properly separated in northern Morocco. First, a clear Early Carboniferous event, possibly beginning as soon as the end of Late Devonian, is recorded within both Western and Eastern Meseta, and this magmatic event ends at around 330 Ma. Afterwards, from ca. 310–305 Ma to ca.280–275 Ma, the second magmatic event is also expressed across both Western and Eastern Meseta. While this second magmatic event is clearly related to the Variscan orogenic events, the unclear geodynamic context for our new Early Carboniferous ages allows the re-opening of the discussion about the « Eovariscan » phase in NW Africa. Finally, these two magmatic phases are compared to the magmatic records from West Europe Variscan belt.
Arctic sea-ice volume budget from satellite observations and CMIP6 models
Authors: Heorton Harry , Tsamados Michel
Published: March 2022

Sea-ice floating upon the Arctic ocean is a constantly moving, growing and melting surface. The seasonal cycle of sea ice volume has an average change of 10 000 Km$^3$ or 9 billion tonnes of sea ice. The role of dynamic redistribution of sea ice, the process by which it flows and deforms when blown by winds and floating upon ocean currents, has been observable during winter growth by the incorporation of satellite remote sensing of ice thickness and drift. CMIP6 models contain dynamic sea-ice components that simulate the drift and mass balance of Arctic sea ice.

We combine satellite-derived observations of sea ice concentration, drift, and thickness to provide maps of ice growth, melt and dynamic redistribution. Winter growth and summer melt seasons are analyzed over the CryoSat-2 period between October 2010 and April 2020. We reveal key circulation patterns that contribute to summer melt and minimum sea ice volume and extent. Specifically, we show the importance of ice drift to the interannual variability in Arctic sea-ice volume, and the regional distribution of sea ice growth and melt rates. When comparing these observations to CMIP6 models long term trends are revealed. We show how the divergence and mechanical redistribution of sea ice is a key component in the resilience of central Arctic ice volume to anthropogenic climate change.
Dangerous heat in dense settlements in a tropical African city
Authors: Van de Walle Jonas , Brousse Oscar , Arnalsteen Lien , Brimicombe Chloe , Byarugaba Disan , Demuzere Matthias , Jjemba Eddie , Lwasa Shuaib , Misiani Herbert , Nsangi Gloria , Soetewey Felix , SSeviiri Hakimu , Thiery Wim , Vanhaeren Roxanne , Zaitchik Ben , van Lipzig Nicole
Published: March 2022

With ongoing climate change and rapid urbanization, exposure to severe heat is expected to accelerate in tropical East African cities. Yet not all parts of the city are equally vulnerable. The present-day intra-urban heat stress variation in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, is quantified by deriving the daily mean, minimum and maximum Humidex Index from a network of low-cost temperature and humidity sensors operational in 2018-2019. Heat is shown to be heterogeneously distributed over the city, with a daily maximum intra-urban Humidex Index deviation of 6.4°C averaged over the observational period, but reaching 14.5°C on the most extreme day.

Also extreme heat is heterogeneously distributed over the city, putting local populations at risk of great discomfort or health danger. One station in a dense settlement reports a daily maximum Humidex Index above 40°C in 68% of the observation days, a level which was never reached at the nearby campus of the Makerere University, and only a few times at the city outskirts. About 75% of this intra-urban heat stress variability is explained by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), though strong collinearity is found with other variables like impervious surface fraction and population density.

Overall, our results highlight the importance of (i) including both temperature and humidity in heat stress studies, (ii) urban greening in city planning, and (iii) large intra-urban heat stress variations in heat action planning in tropical humid cities.
On the optical properties of mineral dust in ice-cores as revealed by light scattering techniques
Authors: Cremonesi Llorenç , Delmonte Barbara , Ravasio Claudia , Artoni Claudio , Potenza Marco
Published: March 2022

There is much information to be derived from the airborne dust that can be found in ice cores, especially about the aerosol composition and sources, including the characteristics of the atmosphere of several thousands of years ago. There is, in fact, much still to learn about both the data that can be retrieved and how to interpret them with appropriate models. One of the most striking aspects of these tiny particles is the effect their shape alone has on their scattering and absorption properties, which translate into a contribution to the Earth radiative transfer, especially at the wavelength scale. We show that aggregates of several particles behave differently from compact particles, and non-isometric compact particles can be clearly distinguished from isometric particles as their non-sphericity increases. We report the advances in this direction based on light scattering measurements on the dust content of ice cores drilled from Dome C and Dome B in Antarctica as part of the EPICA project, and provide a physical interpretation in terms of the known models in the field of light scattering by small particles.
Project IMA: Building the Belgian Seamless Prediction System
Authors: De Cruz Lesley , Deckmyn Alex , Degrauwe Daan , Dehmous Idir , Delobbe Laurent , Dewettinck Wout , Goudenhoofdt Edouard , Imhoff Ruben , Reyniers Maarten , Smet Geert , Termonia Piet , Van den Bergh Joris , Van Ginderachter Michiel , Vannitsem Stéphane
Published: March 2022

Thanks to recent advances in multisensory observation systems and high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, a wealth of information is available to feed and improve operational weather forecasting systems. At the same time, end users such as the renewable energy sector and hydrological services require increasingly detailed and timely weather forecasts that take into account the latest observations.

However, data assimilation in NWP models cannot yet leverage the full spatial or temporal resolution of today's observation systems. Moreover, the combined assimilation and model run takes significantly more time than an extrapolation-based nowcast, and cannot match its accuracy at short lead times. Therefore, many National Meteorological Services (NMSs) are moving towards seamless prediction systems. Seamless prediction aims to make optimal use of today’s rapidly available, high-resolution multisensory observations, nowcasting algorithms and state-of-the-art convection-permitting NWP models. This approach integrates multiple data and model sources to provide a single, frequently updating deterministic or probabilistic forecast for lead times from minutes to days.

We present the seamless ensemble prediction system of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, called Project IMA (Japanese for "now" or "soon"). It provides rapidly updating seamless forecasts for the next 5 minutes to 24 hours. The nowcasting component is based on two systems: (1) the open-source probabilistic precipitation nowcasting scheme pySTEPS, which now features a scale-dependent blending with NWP ensemble forecasts (also presented in this session) and (2) an ensemble of INCA-BE nowcasts using two different NWP models, for other meteorological variables. The short-range NWP component consists of a multimodel lagged Mini-EPS of two convection-permitting configurations of the ACCORD system: AROME and ALARO, running at 1.3km resolution. It features a 3-hourly DA cycle and provides high-frequency precipitation output to facilitate the blending of precipitation nowcasts and forecasts. The system runs robustly using our NodeRunner tool based on EcFlow, ECMWF's operational work-flow package. We will give an overview of the development (past and future), some lessons learned, and use cases for Project IMA.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF CORALLIGENOUS BIOCONSTRUCTIONS OFFSHORE SOUTH-EASTERN SICILY (Italy, Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Varzi Andrea Giulia , Fallati Luca , Savini Alessandra , Bracchi Valentina , Bazzicalupo Pietro , Rosso Antonietta , Sanfilippo Rossana , Basso Daniela
Published: March 2022

Coralligenous Bioconstructions (CB) include calcareous build-ups of biogenic origin that typify selected regions of the Mediterranean continental shelves, where they formed since the Holocene transgression. They can be from few to tens of meters large, displaying variable lateral continuity and thickness. Offshore Marzamemi (south-eastern Sicily, Ionian Sea) the occurrence of peculiar columnar-shaped CB have been documented in 2002, but their actual extension and distribution across the shelf was not known until recent time. The project “CresciBluReef: New technologies for knowledge and conservation of Mediterranean reefs” produced a new 17 km2 high-resolution bathymetric map using a R2Sonic2022 MBES, ground-truthed by ROV observations, that generated a good knowledge of the extension of CB in the region. The bioconstructions are preferentially distributed along selected depth ranges (from 30 to 40 m, and from 85 and 95 m of w.d.), with a good lateral continuity. The coupling of documented uplift rate (ca. 0.2 mm/yr since the Tyrrhenian time) and evidences reported in literature for Holocene relative sea-level curves, shows a good correlation between the distribution of CB and local and short stasis associated to the rapid Flandrian transgression. However, as revealed by the geomorphological map obtained by our study, a more in-depth investigation is needed to understand (1) the role of the inherited continental shelf landscape, shaped by previous low-stand periods, in creating favourable substrate for the settlement and growth of CB during the Holocene, and (2) the extent to which CB can in turn affect the evolution of present-day continental shelf landforms and landscapes.
Hydrological Analysis and Flood Hazard Mitigation in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates (UAE), SE Arabia: GIS and Remote Sensing Implication
Authors: Abu Ghazleh Shahrazad , Al Bizreh Abdallah , Sass Ingo
Published: March 2022

During the last three decades, six major floods have stricken Al Ain city, UAE, caused serious property loss. Therefore, morphometric and hydrologic characteristics of Hafit mountain basin / Al Ain city have been investigated using GIS and remote sensing. This investigation helped to determine the main factors controlling flood hazard in Al Ain city and the most affected area by flood hazard.

Watershed analysis of the study area helped to identify five main sub-basins. All of them are drained to the west as they are influenced by the surface topography and dipping slopes. This analysis explains the abundance of surface and groundwater west of Hafit Mountain.

Five pour points have been placed on the lowest point of each basin where the highest accumulation flow ratio occurs. Another pour point was identified where a big change in stream direction occurred. These pour points are considered the most threatened areas by flood hazard and consequently potential sites for building dams and stream gauges. The dams and gauges could be also used to recharge exploited groundwater aquifer that contribute significantly to sustainable water resource management in such a hyper-arid area.

The highest flow accumulation occurs in the northwestern part of Wadi Al Ain up to 140 km2, which explains the re-occurrence of flood in Al Ain City for several years.
Modeling the hydrological cycle of the Adige using the GEOframe system
Authors: Morlot Martin , Rigon Riccardo , Frometta Giuseppe
Published: March 2022

River Adige is the second longest in Italy and affects the population living in the Trentino Alto Adige and the Venetian plain for irrigation. Having an area relatively small (~11000 square kilometers), it is however affected by a complexity of issues including: high anthropization causing intensive and often conflicting water uses, displacement of water resources from one sub-catchment to another, presence of seasonal snow cover with runoff delayed from snow falling season to late Spring and Summer, glaciers depletion under the climate change impulse. All those issues make the modeling of the water cycle of the river area challenging and, at the same time urgent.

This contribution has the objective to illustrate an effort to model the basin at high resolution with the aim to search for the closure of the water and energy budgets for the years of 1980-2018. Within this budgets simulation, we want to address a quantitative assessment of the effects of recent climate changes on the availability of the resource and, for what concern, the basin area evaluate the regional variability of the resource up to the scale of sub-catchments of area of around 5km². This is done with the help of the GEOframe modeling system (Formetta et al, 2014), an open-source, semi-distributed, component-based hydrological modeling system. The different components of the system enable to model different processes of the hydrological cycle: geomorphology, radiation, evapotranspiration, rainfall-snowmelt separation, discharge calculation and the try of different hypothesis on the work of the elementary hydrological components. The results are also compared with those of the analysis conducted in Thedoros et al., 2020.

References:

Formetta, G., A. Antonello, S. Franceschi, O. David, and R. Rigon. 2014. “Hydrological Modelling with Components: A GIS-Based Open-Source Framework.” Environmental Modelling & Software 55 (May): 190–200.

Mastrotheodoros, Theodoros, Christoforos Pappas, Peter Molnar, Paolo Burlando, Gabriele Manoli, Juraj Parajka, Riccardo Rigon, et al. 2020. “More Green and Less Blue Water in the Alps during Warmer Summers.” Nature Climate Change 10 (2): 155–61.
Past hemispheric temperature variations from a Bayesian hierarchical analysis of the global geothermal dataset
Authors: Hopcroft Peter , Gallagher Kerry
Published: March 2022

As they are not directly calibrated with meteorological series, underground temperature-depth profiles provide potentially useful constraints on past climate evolution. However, the global geothermal-climate dataset is spatially clustered and is based on measurements that span nearly 60 years.  Little information is available concerning uncertainties in measurements or site conditions which could impart non-climatic signals. Furthermore, the inversion for past temperatures is ill-posed meaning that solutions are non-unique and are sensitive to these uncertainties and to noise.

We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to reconstruct climate from the global geothermal dataset. We employ a transdimensional formulation that tailors the inferred resolution of the temperature history in each location to the measurements. This avoids over-fitting through the inherent parsimony of Bayesian formulations. Additionally, we do not make any fixed assumptions about observational noise or a priori uncertainties. Instead, these are jointly inferred using a hierarchical setup.

When applied to 1012 profiles our method shows a long-term warming over the Northern Hemisphere in agreement with earlier studies. In the Southern Hemisphere recent warming follows an inferred period of stable temperatures from CE 1500-1800. Sensitivity tests show that these results are robust to choices of hyperpriors but that hard-wiring the level of observational noise influences the inferred amplitude of pre-20th Century warming over the Northern Hemisphere.
Yarkovsky and YORP Effects: Theoretical Models, Observational Confirmations, and Implications for Asteroid Evolution
Authors: Golubov Oleksiy , Scheeres Daniel J. , Krugly Yurij N.
Published: March 2022

The Yarkovsky and YORP effects originate due to the light pressure recoil force acting on the surface of an asteroid. The Yarkovsky effect changes the asteroid's orbit, whereas the YORP effect changes its rotation state. Both effects appear to be crucially important for the long-term evolution of kilometer-sized asteroids.

The talk will review the recent successes and difficulties in the theoretical modeling of these effects, the growing body of their observational confirmations, and how these effects can alter asteroids' shapes, create binary asteroids and asteroid pairs, spread asteroid families and help asteroids to migrate from the main belt to the near-Earth orbits.
Multi-hazard assessment at Mt. Etna volcano, Italy
Authors: Garcia Alexander , Sandri Laura , Selva Jacopo , Azzaro Raffaele , Bilotta Giuseppe , Branca Stefano , Coltelli Mauro , D'Amico Salvatore , Esposti Ongaro Tomaso , Ganci Gaetana , Mereu Luigi , Meroni Fabrizio , Pessina Vera , Proietti Cristina , Scollo Simona , Cappello Annalisa
Published: March 2022

The effects of volcanic hazards can be quantified by applying new methods to provide support for rational decision-making. Mt Etna is one the most active volcanoes in the world, producing both effusive and explosive eruptions together with a very intense seismic activity, which significantly affect the territory and human society. We present the preliminary results obtained in the framework of the PANACEA project (INGV’s project “Pianeta Dinamico”, funded by the Italian Ministero dell’Università e la Ricerca, MUR) regarding the multi-hazard assessment around Mt Etna. These include: (i) the production of an updated spatio-temporal probability map of vent opening at Etna, using a procedure exploiting different Kernel functions (e.g. the exponential, Cauchy, and Gaussian functions), and testing volcanic deformation patterns to explore possible dynamic, structural conditioning on the vent opening process; (ii) the identification of a set of cascading effects scenarios that account for volcanic phenomena (i.e., volcanic unrest, seismicity, volcanic explosions, volcanic effusive events, lava flows, tephra/ballistic fall, and PDC), as well as other external hazards potentially linked in such chains (e.g., flooding, forest fires, etc.); and (iii) the identification of scenarios involving systemic impacts (e.g., impacts on the functionality or connectivity of networks).
Post-CME spectroscopic observations during the 2020 total solar eclipse
Authors: Muro Gabriel , Morgan Huw
Published: March 2022

High-resolution spectral diagnostic data gathered from the total solar eclipse in Neuquen, Argentina provided a rare glimpse of Fe X, XI, XIV ions approximately ~110 minues after the initial plasma eruption that led to a near side coronal mass ejection (CME). The iron ion spectral data represents equilibrium temperatures from 0.9 to 1.9 MK and lower Mg I prominences were also observed. We present a well constrained temperature map of both sides of the corona, where the CME occurred and opposite side which is relatively unperturbed.

A geometric simulation based upon Doppler mapping from our spectrometer, perpendicular motion from other cameras, and LASCO velocity estimates is utilized to find critical CME propagation parameters that extend from the low corona until secondary detection at several solar radii. This data fills the gap of spectral measurements from other space telescopes.
Reuse of wasted bread, bioprocessed and not, as soil amendment
Authors: Cacace Claudio , Rizzello Carlo Giuseppe , Verni Michela , Brunetti Gennaro , De Mastro Francesco , Traversa Andreina , Cocozza Claudio
Published: March 2022

In an era characterized by land degradation, climate change, and a growing population, ensuring high-yield productions with limited resources is of utmost importance. In this context, the use of novel soil amendments and the exploitation of plant growth-promoting microorganism’s potential are considered promising tools for developing a more sustainable primary production. In fact, several soil properties are positively influenced after the addition of organic amendments, as the organic matter content that represents a limiting factor for the growth and production of crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this regard, bread and bakery products represent up to 20% of the total daily food waste produced, and only a little quantity is reused, mainly to feed livestock. In this study, a bioprocessed wasted bread, obtained by an enzymatic treatment coupled with fermentation using a selected lactic acid bacterium, together with unprocessed wasted bread were used as amendments in a pot trial, with and without plants. An integrated analytical plan aimed at assessing i) the modification of the physicochemical properties of a typical Mediterranean alkaline agricultural soil, and ii) the plant growth-promoting effect on escarole (Cichorium endivia var. Cuartana), used as indicator crop, was carried out. Compared to the unamended soils, the use of biomasses raised the soil organic carbon content (up to 37%) and total nitrogen content (up to 40%). Moreover, the lower pH and the higher organic acid content, especially in bioprocessed wasted bread, determined a major availability of micronutrients in amended soils. In contrast, the availability of P was reduced by the treatments. The escaroles from pots amended with raw and bioprocessed bread had a number of leaves 1.7- and 1.4-fold higher than plants cultivated on unamended pots, respectively. In addition, the yield of escarole resulted 1.95 and 1.70 times higher in the amended pots with raw and bioprocessed bread, respectively, than control soils. Therefore, no apparent phytotoxicity has been observed, confirming the possible re-utilization of such residual biomasses as agriculture amendments. Finally, since lactic acid bacteria cause an acidification of biomasses, the latter are suitable for the application as alkaline soil amendment through beneficial effects on the bioavailability of several nutrients.
Brine channel network and brine inclusions – characterization of the three-phase 3D microstructure of saline spray ice
Authors: Willibald Carolin
Published: March 2022

Brine channel networks and brine inclusions are dominating features of the microstructure of saline ice that determine the physical properties and influence thermodynamic and convective processes within the ice. Similar to sea ice, salinity and the spatial distribution of brine are important properties of sea spray ice. However, their manifestation in the microstructure and their relation to the growth conditions are scarcely investigated for spray ice. Towards a physical understanding of brine inclusion and brine drainage processes in sea spray ice, we characterize microstructures of samples from the field and from systematic experiments in the cold lab under varying growth conditions (temperatures, spray rate, salinity). By means of 3D micro-computed tomography images, we examine main characteristics of the brine features. We will present first results of the microstructure characterization and discuss their relation to the growth conditions.
Vegetation fueled summer 2021 floods in Germany and Belgium
Authors: Insua Costa Damián , Senande Rivera Martín , Miguez Macho Gonzalo , Llasat Botija María del Carmen
Published: March 2022

Plants play a key role in the hydrological cycle, yet their contribution to extreme rainfall remains uncertain. Here we show that more than half of the vast amounts of water accumulated in the recent Germany and Belgium floods were supplied by vegetation (41% from transpiration, 11% from interception loss). We found that intercontinental transport of moisture from North American forests (which contributed more than 463 billion liters of water to the event) was a more important source than evaporation over nearby seas, such as the Mediterranean or the North Sea. Our results demonstrate that summer rainfall extremes in Europe may be strongly dependent on plant behavior and suggest that significant alterations in vegetation cover, even of remote regions, could have a direct effect on these potentially catastrophic events.
Intercomparison of Global Sea Surface Salinity from Remote Sensing, Reanalysis and In-situ Products
Authors: Wang Haodi , Bao Senliang , Ni Weicheng , Chen Wen , Wang Wuxin , Ren Kaijun
Published: March 2022

Sea surface salinity (SSS) is an important indicator of hydrological cycle, oceanic processes and climate variability, and has been obtained from various methods including remote sensing, in-situ observations and numerical modelings. Due to the differences of instruments used, error correction algorithm and gridding strategy, each dataset has unique strengths and weaknesses. In this study, we conducted a multi-scale comparison of SSS among eight datasets, including satellite-based, in-situ-based and ocean reanalysis products from 2012 to 2020. Compared with WOA18 climatology, all products show good consistency in describing the dominant mode of global SSS distribution. Among eight datasets, the ISAS20 product is of the best quality, and observation-based products are generally more accurate than reanalysis products. Analysis on zonal average shows that positive bias appears in subtropic regions while negative bias distributes in subpolar areas. It was found that reanalysis products have significantly large negative biases at the polar region compared with satellite products and in-situ observations. On both the seasonal and interannual scales, high correlation coefficients (0.65-0.95) are found in the global mean SSSs between individual satellite products, in-situ analysis and ocean reanalysis products, with the differences relatively smaller among the same types of datasets. This analysis provides information on the consistency and discrepancy of different SSS products to guide future use, such as improvements to ocean data assimilation and the quality of satellite-based data.
Deep learning models  exploration for rapid forecasting of coastal tsunami impact in near field context – application to the French Mediterranean coastline.
Authors: Andraud Pierre , Gailler Audrey , Sprunck Tom , Vayatis Nicolas
Published: March 2022

Tsunami warning systems currently focus on the first parameters of the earthquake, based on a 24-hour monitoring of earthquakes, seismic data processing (Magnitude, location), and tsunami risk modelling at basin scale.

The French Tsunami Warning Center (CENALT) runs actually two tsunami modelling tools where the water height at the coast is not calculated (i.e., Cassiopee based on a pre-computed database, and Calypso based on real time simulations at basin scale). A complete calculation up to the coastal impact all along the French Mediterranean or Atlantic coastline is incompatible with real time near field or regional forecast, as nonlinear models require fine topo-bathymetric data nearshore and indeed a considerable computation time (> 45 min). Predicting coastal flooding in real time is then a major challenge in near field context, the aim being a rapid determination of shoreline amplitude and real time estimation of run-up and currents. A rapid prediction of water heights at the coast by amplification laws or derived transfer function can be used to linearly approximate the amplitude at the coastline, with error bars on calculated values within a factor 2 at best. However, such approach suffers from a limited consideration of local effects and no run-up estimation.

The goal is there to add complexity to the predicted models through deep learning techniques, which are newly explored approaches for rapid tsunami forecasting. Several architectures, treatments and settings are being explored to quickly transform a deep ocean simulation result into a coastal flooding model. The models provide predictions of maximum height and run-up, maximum retreat, and currents in 1 second. However, such approach is dependent of a large scenario base for learning. This work presents preliminary comparisons of the coastal impact captured from nonlinear time consuming tsunami simulations (ground truth) with predicted localised tsunami responses provided by rapid forecasting deep learning approaches at 10 m resolution along the French Mediterranean, for several earthquake scenarios.
Effect of temperature and gas species on toluene secondary organic aerosol: light absorption, chromophores, and chemical compositions
Authors: Jiang Feng , Saathoff Harald , Song Junwei , Gao Linyu , Gong Yiwei , Linke Cluadia , Thomas Leisner , Norra Stefen
Published: March 2022

In urban areas, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOC) like toluene can contribute largely to the aerosol particle formation. However, it is still unclear how the temperature and gas species affect toluene SOA formation and optical properties. Therefore, we simulated toluene SOA formation in Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) chamber under the temperatures of 253-313K and with the addition of different gas species (NO2, SO2, and NH3).

In all experiments, toluene SOA bulk was measured with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-MS). Toluene and less oxygenated organic aerosol were measured with Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) coupled with a particle inlet (CHemical Analysis of aeRosol ON-line Proton, CHARON). Furthermore, aerosol particles were collected on filters and analyzed in the laboratory. On the one hand, filter particles were extracted by pure methanol and the extracted solution was measured by AquaLog, which can investigate light absorption and fluorescence. Meanwhile, light absorption was measured with two Aethalometers (AE33 and MA200) and three-wavelength photoacoustic (PAS). On the other hand, filters were analyzed by a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-HR-TOF-CIMS), which investigate the molecular composition of oxygenated organic aerosol compounds. We will discuss the mass absorption efficiency, chromophore variations of toluene SOA in different conditions, and the absorption contribution from specific organic molecules will be studied as well.