bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Technology as a Challenge to European Contract Law
Authors: Grundmann Stefan , Hacker Philipp
Published: August 2017

Offering an overview of the interactions between digital technologies and contract law, we identify three pillars in this architecture: the regulatory framework; digital interventions over the life cycle of the contract; and digital objects of contracting. The regulatory framework, which itself may draw on digital technology to effectively pursue its ends, shapes, and is shaped by, the other two pillars. More specifically, on the one hand, we show how four key technologies – digital platforms, Big Data analytics, artificial intelligence, and blockchain – are being used at different stages of the contractual process (from the screening for contractual partners to formation, enforcement and interpretation) and engender novel market dynamics that, in many instances, necessitate regulatory responses. On the other hand, digitally facilitated contracting increasingly relates to digital content as the object of the contract; however, while this area has notably been the subject of the proposed Directive on Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and thus has received some first ‘European structure’, we argue that a number of important blind spots remain that fail to be addressed by the directive. All in all, the use of digital technology in contracting will likely reinforce an adaptive, relational view and practice of contracting. This increased fluidity engenders a vast potential for preference-conforming, time-sensitive contracts; however, to the extent that it also mirrors novel asymmetries of information and power, the ordering mechanisms of the law may simultaneously be more needed than ever.
Analysis of the Transdanubian region of Hungary according to plant species diversity and floristic geoelement categories
Authors: Bartha Dénes , Tiborcz Viktor
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to describe the proportion of floristic geoelements and plant biodiversity in the macroregions of Transdanubia. The core data source used for the analysis was the database of the Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme. The analysed data were summarized in tables and distribution maps. The percentage of continental elements was higher in dry areas, whereas the proportion of circumboreal elements was higher in humid and rainy parts of Transdanubia. According to the climatic zones, the highest value of continental geoelement group occurred in the forest-steppe zone. The plant species diversity and geoelements were analysed also on a lower scale, with Transdanubia specified into five macroregions. The highest diversity values were found in the Transdanubian Mountain and West-Transdanubian regions because of the climatic, topographic, and habitat diversity.
Salinity tolerance of Dodonaea viscosa L. inoculated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: assessed based on seed germination and seedling growth characteristics
Authors: Yousefi Sonia , Kartoolinejad Davoud , Bahmani Mohammad , Naghdi Reza
Published: August 2017

The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of different strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to reduce the effects of salinity stress on the medicinal hopbush plant. The bacterium factor was applied at five levels (non-inoculated, inoculated by Pseudomonas putida, Azospirillum lipoferum + Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chroococcum + Pseudomonas putida, and Azospirillum lipoferum + Azotobacter chroococcum + Pseudomonas putida), and the salinity stress at six levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 50 dS m-1. The results revealed that Pseudomonas putida showed maximal germination percentage and rate at 20 dS m-1 (18.33% and 0.35 seed per day, respectively). The strongest effect among the treatments was obtained with the treatment combining the given 3 bacteria at 15 dS m-1 salinity stress. This treatment increased the root fresh and dry weights by 31% and 87.5%, respectively (compared to the control). Our results indicate that these bacteria applied on hopbush affected positively both its germination and root growth. The plant compatibility with the three bacteria was found good, and the treatments combining Pseudomonas putida with the other one or two bacteria discussed in this study can be applied in nurseries in order to restore and extend the area of hopbush forests and akin dry stands.
The generalization of the Bernstein operator on any finite interval
Authors: Miclăuş Dan
Published: August 2017

The paper presents the generalized form of the Bernstein operator associated with any real-valued function

f
:

[
a
,
b
]

→
ℝ

{f\colon[a,b]\to\mathbb{R}}

.
For this generalized Bernstein operator, we study the qualitative and quantitative aspects concerning uniform convergence, order of approximation and asymptotic behavior.
Early child care education: Evidence from the new law in Chile
Authors: Castillo Felipe Aravena , Lobos Marta Quiroga
Published: August 2017

In the last decade, Chile has focused on early childhood education and care (ECEC) as a key opportunity to increase student-learning outcomes and decrease socio-economic inequalities. The creation of Chile’s Under-Secretariat of ECEC in 2015 highlights the relevance of this educational stage. The purpose of this study is to analyse the new law (no. 20.835) on ECEC from the perspective of policy formulation. This study employs a discourse analysis that is based on a conceptual frame analysis of two concepts: relationships and roles. The findings indicate that the creation of the Superintendence of Education is an attempt at introducing accountability processes to ensure the quality of early childhood education. This is sustained by neoliberal policies, standardization and external influences. This study contributes to understandings of the relationship between stakeholders and school organizations and the degree of coherence and impact. Furthermore, the aim is to contribute to the international discussion surrounding educational policies beyond country-specific contexts.
On Complete Carbon Emission of China’s Industries Based on Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Qin Changcai , Liu Shulin
Published: August 2017

This article establishes a useful analytical framework for complete carbon emission of the industries in China and then makes comparison on carbon emission among these industries based on the latest data derived from China’s Input-Output Table and Energy Statistics in 2007. It is found that some industries are “invisible high-carbon” sectors by the definitions of directly-embodied coefficient and perfectly-embodied coefficient and that others have made contributions to carbon leakage by measure of importing and exporting carbon emission volume. Finally, this article provides suggestions to industrial strategies, trade policies and the comprehensive economic management policy in order to effectively achieve energy conservation and emission reduction.
A Study on the Asymmetry in the Role of Monetary Policy by Using STR model
Authors: Zheng Guihuan , Shang Yan , Wu Ying , Wang Jue
Published: August 2017

The effects of monetary policy on the economy show different with respect to its direction, power and the different economic cycle. That is to say, there exists asymmetry in the role of monetary policy. It’s important to research this asymmetry for monetary policy making and keeping economy’s steady growth In this paper, we aim to study the asymmetry in the role of monetary policy with respect to the different economic cycle. First, monetary shock is estimated by using monetary gap and output gap is calculated via HP filter method. Second, based on the monetary gap and output gap, the asymmetric impacts of monetary gap are measured by STR model. The results show that the impacts of monetary shock on economy are asymmetrical significantly. The impact of monetary policy on economy in upturn stage is larger than its impact in downturn stage.
Representations of the Black Death: Multimodality and Assessment in the History Classroom
Authors: Insulander Eva
Published: August 2017

In this article I explore how pupils are permitted to use different modes and media to express their knowing of a particular subject area, ‘The Middle Ages’. I combine social semiotics with a design-oriented perspective on learning. In both perspectives, multimodality is central. Data comes from a field study of representation, resources and meaning making in two different history classrooms with contrasting learning designs and use of digital technology. In the paper, I show how the different learning- and assessment designs, and text creation practices, affect pupils’ learning. The paper also discuss the need for development of new assessment tools.
The Effect of Political Connections on the Firm Performance in a Newly Democratised Country
Authors: Bencheikh Fayrouz , Taktak Neila Boulila
Published: August 2017

The study of the effect of political connections on the Tunisian firm performance after the 2011 uprising is the focal point of the paper. First, by applying a multiple linear regression model, the results show that political connections are positively associated with the market firm performance. Thereafter, a difference in difference model is applied to separate the connected and non-connected firms. Such a method is most likely to determine the factors driving the market performance of politically connected firms. Hence, results reveal that leverage, age and equity holdings increase the market performance of politically connected firms.
Democracy and Contributions of Town Union to Educational Development in Ebonyi State: A Focus on Some Selected Rural Communities
Authors: Nwobashi Humphrey Nwefuru , Itumo Anthony
Published: August 2017

This study interrogates the nexus between democratic governance and the contributions of town unions to provision basic education in rural communities in Ebonyi State. The study was carried out in twelve selected rural communities chosen across the three senatorial zones of the state. The study was provoked by need to empirically test the contentious debate among development scholars over the correlation between democracy and development. The data for the study were gathered through the use of questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation and documentary methods. The study adopted community action theory as its framework of analysis. The data were analyzed using simple percent, contingency tables, and histogram while chi square was used for the test of hypotheses. The findings revealed that democratic governance has increased contributions of town unions in the provision of basic education in rural communities in Ebonyi State. The study equally revealed that lack of enlightenment, illiteracy, and poverty among the rural dwellers poses challenge to the contributions of town unions in the provision of basic education. The study recommended that government should provide periodic subventions to town unions to enable them mobilize adequate funds for the provision of basic educational projects. Besides, leadership trainings should be organized on regular basis to educate and enlighten town union executives on the best global practices on rural development.
Factors Affecting Performance Manager and Its Impact on Competitive Advantage: Studies Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in The Shoes Industry Mojokerto East Java Province
Authors: Bashor Choirul , Purnama Chamdan
Published: August 2017

This study aims to describe and analyze the factors which affect the performance of managers consisting of entrepreneurial orientation and creativity factors and their impact on competitive advantage. Apart from that in this study also seeks to want to know how big the impact is directly entrepreneurial orientation and creativity to competitive advantage and influence indirectly through manager performance. The research was conducted on a sample of 170 manager’s small medium enterprises (SMEs) in the shoe industry Mojokerto East Java Province, sampling using random sampling techniques. Through the analysis of the results of structural equation modeling (SEM) found that the first-factor entrepreneurial orientation and creativity positive effect on manager performance. Second, the factors of entrepreneurial orientation and creativity direct positive effect on the competitive advantage. Third, through manager performance, factors of entrepreneurial orientation and creativity indirectly positively effects on the competitive advantage. Fourth, manager performance positively affects competitive advantage.
Innovation of education for the development of key competencies of university graduates
Authors: Bašková Renáta , Struková Zuzana
Published: August 2017

Competency-based education is a new trend in the process of teaching to support and develop the competencies of graduates. This challenge of the European Union aimed at changes in learning processes contributes to improvement in the educational qualifications of the population. Recently, in Europe and Slovakia, several research studies aimed at key competencies of graduates have been conducted. This paper provides the results of the study aimed at identification of key competencies of graduates of the study program Construction Technology and Management. A proposal for innovations in learning forms is presented as an output of the national project “Universities as Engines of Knowledge Society Development”. The innovations will influence the development of profession-specific and transferable competencies of graduates of the afore-mentioned study program at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Technical University of Košice, Slovakia.
IDEOLOGEME AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF IDEOLOGY IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE
Authors: Lylo Taras
Published: August 2017

The paper systematises and analyses basic definitions, classifications, functions, and forms of expression of the ideologeme as a fundamental unit of ideology, as well as reveals the specific features of functioning of ideologemes in the media discourse. In particular, it elaborates on the issue of ideologeme and mythologeme convergence, which can cause mythologization of ideology and ideologization of mythology. A special emphasis is placed on the ability of ideologemes to adapt the structural units of the myth to their content. The purpose of the article is to determine the ability of ideologeme to represent an ideology in the media discourse in the light of its definition framework and functional parameters.
“SOMETHING IS IMMENSELY ROTTEN IN THE MEDIA REPUBLIC”. THE INFORMATION DIMENSION OF THE REFUGEE CRISIS IN EUROPE
Authors: Melnyk Iurii
Published: August 2017

The article analyzes the reaction of German media to the assaults on women in Cologne and other German and European cities on New Year’s Eve 2015/2016. Nationwide TV channels and newspapers, with rare exceptions, did not report about the events till January 4 or even 5, causing outrage in social networks. This is serious evidence of deep problems in German and Western journalism. Due to the abundance of information resources, the mainstream media hold no monopoly on news delivery anymore. If they continue to compromise themselves, there is a danger of reorientation of the Western audience towards alternative sources of information: extremist Internet resources and foreign media, first of all the Russian ones.
Opera as Reflected in Antonín Hořejš’s Papers in Bratislava in the Inter-War Period
Authors: Laslavíková Jana
Published: August 2017

Antonín Hořejš was one of the most prominent opera critics working in Bratislava in the inter-war period. With his distinctive views, he often stood in sharp opposition to traditionalist efforts, viewing them as a threat to the artistic growth of modern Slovak culture. This year’s fiftieth anniversary of his death is a good occasion for an assessment of his contribution to musical theatre, which he followed from the establishment of the Slovak National Theatre to the beginning of the Second World War.
Enjeux de la notion de genre en sémiotique
Authors: Badir Semir
Published: August 2017

What is a genre? Applied to the textual domain, this question has received a descriptive answer in language studies. Genres would thus be distinguished from one another through formal (syntactic and lexical) traits and specific enunciative markers, as well as through the specificities of punctuation on the layout. Such response presupposes a global model where genres assemble texts (that actually undergo analysis) and are in turn integrated into discourse. I question this model in the name of empiricism: genres, as governed by usage, do not allow for such integration. Genres are heterogeneous by nature and their description cannot be rigid. The reason is that genres are a product of a certain type of interpretative practice of texts and, beyond texts, of all sorts of works. The aim of this study is to show how genre is the categorization that corresponds to a hermeneutics of appropriation and, in this sense, is reluctant to being disclosed through a formal description. Greimas seems never to have doubted this, since his semiotic project was precisely centered in the neutralization of generic categories.
Folk medicines of Bafra (Samsun-Turkey)
Authors: Karcı Elif , Gürbüz İlhan , Akaydın Galip , Günbatan Tuğba
Published: August 2017

Objective

In this study, determination and documentation of folk medicines that are being used by indigenous people in Bafra was aimed.

Materials and methods

Scientific trips were organised to the region and folk medicines were identified by interviewing individuals which have knowledge of folk medicine. One hundred and fifty-five plant samples were collected during the study. Obtained data were statistically analysed by using four quantitative indices; “informant consensus factor”, “use value”, “relative frequency of citation” and “cultural importance index”.

Results

Fifty-three genera and 62 taxa belonging 33 families were recorded to be used in the treatment of different diseases. The usage of five species (Anthemis coelopoda var. coelopoda, Tanacetum corymbosum, Quercus frainetto, Salvia forskahlei and Lavatera punctate) as folk medicine was previously undocumented in Turkey. In addition, new usages of 13 folk medicines [Allium porrum, Brassica oleracea, Corylus maxima, Foeniculum vulgare, Helianthus annuus, Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima, Petroselinum crispum, Plantago major subsp. intermedia, Prunus avium, Punica granatum, Sedum pallidum, Vitis sylvestris and Zea mays] in Turkey were also detected. Folk medicines are mostly used for muscle-skeletal (FIC=0.6935), respiratory (FIC=0.6909) and dermatological system disorders (FIC=0.5555). In addition, Cydonia oblonga (UV value=0.23), Urtica dioica (UV value=0.19), Sambucus ebulus (UV value=0.18) and Allium cepa (UV value=0.16) were the most cited species in Bafra.

Conclusion

Once again, the present investigation has highlighted the gradual reduction in the use of folk medicines, and ethnobotanical knowledge has been falling into oblivion rapidly. Therefore, ethnobotanical inventory surveys should be undertaken throughout Turkey before this important cultural heritage becomes lost.
Shear Alfvén Wave with Quantum Exchange-Correlation Effects in Plasmas
Authors: Mir Zahid , Jamil M. , Rasheed A. , Asif M.
Published: August 2017

The dust shear Alfvén wave is studied in three species dusty quantum plasmas. The quantum effects are incorporated through the Fermi degenerate pressure, tunneling potential, and in particular the exchange-correlation potential. The significance of exchange-correlation potential is pointed out by a graphical description of the dispersion relation, which shows that the exchange potential magnifies the phase speed. The low-frequency shear Alfvén wave is studied while considering many variables. The shear Alfvén wave gains higher phase speed at the range of small angles for the upper end of the wave vector spectrum. The increasing dust charge and the external magnetic field reflect the increasing tendency of phase speed. This study may explain many natural mechanisms associated with long wavelength radiations given in the summary.
[Mg2+]o/[Ca2+]o determines Ca2+ response at fertilization: tuning of adult phenotype?
Authors: Ozil Jean-Pierre , Sainte-Beuve Thierry , Banrezes Bernadette
Published: August 2017

Alteration of the postnatal phenotype has sparked great concern about the developmental impact of culture media used at fertilization. However, the mechanisms and compounds involved are yet to be determined. Here, we used the Ca2+responses from mouse eggs fertilized by ICSI as a dynamic and quantitative marker to understand the role of compounds in egg functioning and establish possible correlations with adult phenotypes. We computed 134 Ca2+responses from the first to the last oscillation in media with specific formulations. Analyses demonstrate that eggs generated two times as many Ca2+oscillations in KSOM as in M16 media (18.8 ± 7.0 vs 9.2 ± 2.5). Moreover, the time increment of the delay between two consecutive oscillations, named TIbO, is the most sensitive coefficient characterizing the mechanism that paces Ca2+oscillations once the egg has been fertilized. Neither doubling external free Ca2+nor dispermic fertilization increased significantly the total number of Ca2+oscillations. In contrast, removing Mg2+from the M16 boosted Ca2+oscillations to 54.0 ± 35.2. Hence, [Mg2+]o/[Ca2+]oappears to determine the number, duration and frequency of the Ca2+oscillations. These changes were correlated with long-term effects. The rate of female’s growth was impacted with the ‘KSOM’ females having only half the fat deposit of ‘M16’ females. Moreover, adult animals issued from M16 had significantly smaller brain weight vs ‘KSOM’ and ‘control’ animals. TIbO is a new Ca2+coefficient that gauges the very early functional impact of culture media. It offers the possibility of establishing correlations with postnatal consequences according to IVF medium formulation.

Free French abstract: A French translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/154/5/675/suppl/DC1.
A Comparative Analysis of Genetic Ancestry and Admixture in the Colombian Populations of Chocó and Medellín
Authors: Conley Andrew B , Rishishwar Lavanya , Norris Emily T , Valderrama-Aguirre Augusto , Mariño-Ramírez Leonardo , Medina-Rivas Miguel A , Jordan I King
Published: August 2017

At least 20% of Colombians identify as having African ancestry, yielding the second largest population of Afro-descendants in Latin America. To date, there have been relatively few studies focused on the genetic ancestry of Afro-Latino populations. We report a comparative analysis of the genetic ancestry of Chocó, a state located on Colombia’s Pacific coast with a population that is >80% Afro-Colombian. We compared genome-wide patterns of genetic ancestry and admixture for Chocó to six other admixed American populations, with an emphasis on a Mestizo population from the nearby Colombian city of Medellín. One hundred sample donors from Chocó were genotyped across 610,545 genomic sites and compared with 94 publicly available whole genome sequences from Medellín. At the continental level, Chocó shows mostly African genetic ancestry (76%) with a nearly even split between European (13%) and Native American (11%) fractions, whereas Medellín has primarily European ancestry (75%), followed by Native American (18%) and African (7%). Sample donors from Chocó self-identify as having more African ancestry, and conversely less European and Native American ancestry, than can be genetically inferred, as opposed to what we previously found for Medellín, where individuals tend to overestimate levels of European ancestry. We developed a novel approach for subcontinental ancestry assignment, which allowed us to characterize subcontinental source populations for each of the three distinct continental ancestry fractions separately. Despite the clear differences between Chocó and Medellín at the level of continental ancestry, the two populations show overall patterns of subcontinental ancestry that are highly similar. Their African subcontinental ancestries are only slightly different, with Chocó showing more exclusive shared ancestry with the modern Yoruba (Nigerian) population, and Medellín having relatively more shared ancestry with West African populations in Sierra Leone and Gambia. Both populations show very similar Spanish ancestry within Europe and virtually identical patterns of Native American ancestry, with main contributions from the Embera and Waunana tribes. When the three subcontinental ancestry components are considered jointly, the populations of Chocó and Medellín are shown to be most closely related, to the exclusion of the other admixed American populations that we analyzed. We consider the implications of the existence of shared subcontinental ancestries for Colombian populations that appear, at first glance, to be clearly distinct with respect to competing notions of national identity that emphasize ethnic mixing (mestizaje) vs. group-specific identities (multiculturalism).
Rebuilding downtown: The importance of activity generators in downtown revitalization
Authors: McConnell Patrick
Published: August 2017

This paper looks at recent history of small-metro downtowns, examining their fall from prominence and attempts at revitalization.  The paper suggests activity generators, such as events, venues and attractions, are vital parts of the initial focus of downtown revitalization attempts where office-building employment has remained strong but a disconnect has emerged between the office workers and the rest of the downtown. The impact of activity generators is explored via a case study of London, Ontario. The case study concludes that financial incentives are insufficient on their own but play an important supporting role when paired with effective activity generators.

Keywords: downtowns, urban revitalization, farmers markets, public libraries, revitalization, sporting events
Guidelines for personal exposure monitoring of chemicals: Part I
Authors: Hashimoto Haruo , Yamada Kenichi , Hori Hajime , Kumagai Shinji , Murata Masaru , Nagoya Toshio , Nakahara Hirohiko , Mochida Nobuyuki
Published: August 2017

This Document, “Guidelines for personal exposure monitoring of chemicals” (“this Guideline”), has been prepared by “The Committee for Personal Exposure Monitoring” (“the Committee”) of the Expert Division of Occupational Hygiene & Ergonomics, Japan Society for Occupational Health. Considering the background of the growing importance of personal exposure monitoring in risk assessment and the need to prepare for the introduction of monitoring using personal samplers from an administrative perspective in recent years, the Committee was organized in November 2012. The Committee has prepared this Guideline as a “practical guideline” for personal exposure monitoring, so as to offer proposals and recommendations to the members of the Japan Society for Occupational Health and to society in general. The scope of this Guideline covers all chemical substances and all related workplaces regarded as targets for general assessment and the management of risk. It thus is not to be considered to comment on legal regulations and methodology. The main text provides the basic methods and concepts of personal exposure monitoring, while 31 “Appendices” are provided later in this Guideline throughout the series; technical descriptions, statistical bases, and actual workplace examples are provided in these appendices, to assist better understanding. The personal exposure monitoring described as per this Guideline is equivalent to an “expert-centered basic method to reasonably proceed with the assessment and management of risk at workplaces.” It is considered that practicing and expanding on this method will significantly contribute in reforming the overall framework of occupational hygiene management in Japan.
Curso de Teologia
Authors: Teocomunicação Equipe
Published: August 2017

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A equidade da formação docente na modalidade a distância
Authors: Santarosa Lucila Maria Costi , Conforto Debora
Published: August 2017

Este artigo problematiza os desafios enfrentados por pessoas com deficiência em contextos de formação a distância, com o objetivo de sintonizar essa modalidade de ensino às contemporâneas configurações da escola tecnológica e inclusiva. O Curso de Formação de Professores em Tecnologias Digitais Acessíveis operou como corpus de análise para que o campo de conhecimento da acessibilidade e da usabilidade fosse discutido e explicitado na organização curricular e gerencial desse espaço de formação. Ao aproximar o discurso e a prática da inclusão em processos educacionais para sistemas Web, as estratégias de reconhecimento das especificidades humanas implementadas conduziram ao desenvolvimento de uma plataforma digital acessível. Esse processo e a customização de materiais didáticos e de flexibilização curricular ilustram os resultados que consolidam ações de inclusão essenciais e eletivas no âmbito da educação a distância.
Editorial
Authors: Dos Santos Andréia Mendes
Published: August 2017

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Contribuições de Jürgen Habermas para o debate epistemológico iniciado por Karl Popper e Theodor Adorno
Authors: De Araujo Ramos Rubia
Published: August 2017

O Objetivo deste artigo consiste em apresentar fundamentos da propostaepistemológica de Jürgen Habermas, identificados em obras precedentes à suaTeoria do agir comunicativo. A partir de Teoria analítica da ciência e dialética seráexplorada a proposta do autor, tendo percorrido antecipadamente pela querela entre Popper e Adorno; posteriormente busca-se analisar como Habermas, em debate com seus contemporâneos, retrata sua proposta em Técnica e ciência como ideologia, considerado um marco para a Escola de Frankfurt.
Homeschooling: entre dois jusnaturalismos?
Authors: Cury Carlos Roberto Jamil
Published: August 2017

Resumo Este artigo pretende tomar como alvo a tensão existente entre o direito à educação e o dever da família de colocar as crianças na escola. Essa tensão, no caso do movimento intitulado homeschooling, toma partido do direito e, neste sentido, questiona a obrigatoriedade. Dado o caráter genérico de determinadas Declarações Internacionais das quais o Brasil é signatário, há famílias pleiteando a possibilidade de educação escolar doméstica. Para tanto, podem-se buscar dois fundamentos do movimento. Uma vertente do movimento se apoia tanto na liberdade de ensino, quanto no direito da família pelo qual cabe a ela escolher que tipo de escola quer para seus filhos e que tipo de educação quer para eles. Procura cumprir, suo modo, a obrigatoriedade escolar em casa, já que se trata de um mandamento legal. Outra se apoia na liberdade de ensino, contestando a obrigatoriedade nos termos legais estabelecidos pelo Estado. Ao colocar o direito da família ou a liberdade como prévios a qualquer obrigação advinda do Estado, este movimento parece retomar, como fundamento de sua argumentação, ao menos de modo amplo, a tese ou as teses do jusnaturalismo, seja ele pela vertente medieval, ou pela moderna. Justificar as razões dessa obrigatoriedade e insistir na importância do ensino obrigatório na faixa etária prevista em lei, com a devida presença dos alunos em instituições próprias de ensino presencial, é próprio do dever do Estado. É dessa tensão que este artigo se ocupa.
Direito de excluir ou dever de acolher? A migração forçada como questão ética
Authors: Gomarasca Paolo
Published: August 2017

Resumo O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é analisar se e em que sentido a resposta, especificamente europeia, à crise migratória de 2015 pode ser considerada antiética. A fim de aprofundar este ponto, vamos examinar o Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM), que desde 2005 constitui o framework geral da UE no que tange às migrações e às políticas de asilo. O segundo objetivo é tentar justificar uma ética da imigração, argumentando em favor da tese de que cuidar dos refugiados é um valor fundamental para a cidadania e uma contribuição à justiça social.
The face of the other: the particular versus the individual
Authors: Farago Claire
Published: August 2017

Abstract Five interrelated case studies from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries develop the dynamic contrast between portraiture and pictorial genres newly invented in and about Latin America that do not represent their subjects as individuals despite the descriptive focus on the particular. From Jean de Léry’s genre-defining proto-ethnographic text (1578) about the Tupinamba of Brazil to the treatment of the Creole upper class in New Spain as persons whose individuality deserves to be memorialized in contrast to the Mestizaje, African, and Indian underclass objectified as types deserving of scientific study, hierarchical distinctions between portraiture and ethnographic images can be framed in historical terms around the Aristotelian categories of the universal, the individual, and the particular. There are also some intriguing examples that destabilize these inherited distinctions, such as Puerto Rican artist José Campeche’s disturbing and poignant image of a deformed child, Juan Pantaléon Aviles, 1808; and an imaginary portrait of Moctezuma II, c. 1697, based on an ethnographic image, attributed to the leading Mexican painter Antonio Rodriguez. These anomalies serve to focus the study on the hegemonic position accorded to the viewing subject as actually precarious and unstable, always ripe for reinterpretation at the receiving end of European culture.
Isolamento e caracterização de espécies de Pythium de ambientes aquáticos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e avaliação da patogenicidade em modelo experimental
Authors: Zambrano Cristina G. , Fonseca Anelise O.S. , Valente Júlia S.S. , Braga Caroline Q. , Sallis Elisa S.V. , Azevedo Maria Isabel , Weiblen Carla , Santurio Janio M. , Botton Sonia A. , Pereira Daniela Isabel B.
Published: August 2017

RESUMO: Foram coletadas 186 amostras de água de ambientes pantanosos em 13 municípios das regiões Sul, Central e Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar espécies de Pythium e avaliar a sua patogenicidade empregando coelhos como modelo experimental. Em 11,8% (n=22) das águas coletadas foram isoladas diferentes espécies de Pythium incluindo: P. insidiosum (n=1), P. catenulatum (n=3), P. pachycaule voucher (n=1), P. rhizo-oryzae (n=3), P. torulosum (n=4) e Pythium spp. (n=10). Zoósporos desses micro-organismos foram produzidos in vitro e inoculados por via subcutânea em coelhos, os quais foram avaliados durante 45 dias. Dentre os oomicetos testados, apenas P. insidiosum evidenciou patogenicidade, causando pitiose no modelo experimental, evidenciando que, em nossas condições, apenas esta espécie de Pythium é patógena para mamíferos.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Novel Targeted Agents
Authors: Cheson Bruce D. , Heitner Enschede Sari , Cerri Elisa , Desai Monali , Potluri Jalaja , Lamanna Nicole , Tam Constantine
Published: August 2017

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication associated with the treatment of some cancers. If left untreated, TLS may result in acute renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmia, neurologic complications, seizures, or death. Tumor lysis syndrome is most commonly observed in patients with hematologic malignancies with a high proliferation rate undergoing treatment with very effective therapies. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), historically, TLS has been observed less often, owing to a low proliferation rate and slow response to chemotherapy. New targeted therapies have recently been approved in the treatment of CLL, including the oral kinase inhibitors, idelalisib and ibrutinib, and the B-cell lymphoma-2 protein inhibitor, venetoclax. Several others are also under development, and combination strategies of these agents are being explored. This review examines the diagnosis, prevention, and management of TLS and summarizes the TLS experience in CLL clinical trials with newer targeted agents. Overall, the risk of TLS is small, but the consequences may be fatal; therefore, patients should be monitored carefully. Therapies capable of eliciting rapid response and combination regimens are increasingly being evaluated for treatment of CLL, which may pose a higher risk of TLS. For optimal management, patients at risk for TLS require prophylaxis and close monitoring with appropriate tests and appropriate management to correct laboratory abnormalities, which allows for safe and effective disease control.
In Reply
Authors: Gradishar William , Brown Krystal , Mundt Erin , Manley Susan
Published: August 2017

This Letter to the Editor responds to concerns regarding a recently published analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant classifications between a single testing laboratory (Myriad Genetic Laboratories) and a database of user-submitted variant classifications (ClinVar).
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ION IMPLANTATION ON HARDNESS AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF THE Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY
Authors: Bambang Siswanto Sudjatmoko, Lely Susita R.M., Wirjoadi,
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF NITROGEN ION IMPLANTATION ON HARDNESS AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF THE Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY. The nitrogen ion implantation technique was chosen for improving surface hardness and the wear resistance properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. An optimum nitrogen ion dose of 5 ´ 1016 ion/cm2 and ion energies of 70, 80 and 100 keV were used in this study. Microstructure, chemical composition and surface morphology studied using the technique of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Analysis of the SEM-EDX micrographs and XRD diffraction patterns indicate that implanted layer on the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy sample showed the presence of Ti2N and TiN phases which very hard and excellent wear resistance properties. Microhardness was measured by Vickers method, and the wear resistance was determined using the wear test equipment that work based on the amount of samples material lost during wear time. The results of measurements clearly indicate that implanted layer on surface of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy sample produced an optimum enhancement of hardness properties and wear resistance, and it occurs at ion energy of 80 keV and ion dose of 5 ´ 1016 ion/cm2. It is obtained that the hardness of implanted layer was increased by a factor of 2.1; whereas the wear resistance increased up to a factor of 27 compared to the standard sample. The increase in hardness and wear resistance of implanted layer are mainly due to the formation of Ti2N and TiN phases.
Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Selulosa Bakteri Tercangkok Poliakrilonitril dan Teramidoksimasi Menggunakan Teknik Pra-iradiasi
Authors: Oktaviani Oktaviani , Budianto Emil , Danu Sugiarto
Published: August 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kopolimerisasi cangkok akrilonitril pada selulosa bakteri (SB) dengan inisiasi radiasi serta penambahan hidroksilamin untuk menghasilkan gugus amidoksim. Pencangkokan akrilonitril pada SB diharapkan dapat meningkatkan ketahanan termal SB. Sedangkan SB yang bersifat sebagai pengkelat ion-ion logam berat, diharapkan dapat dihasilkan melalui penambahan hidroksilamin. Film selulosa bakteri telah berhasil dibuat dari air kelapa yang diinokulasi dengan bakteri Acetobacter xylinum. Film selulosa bakteri (SB) selanjutnya diiradiasi dengan berkas elektron pada rentang dosis 15-120 kGy, laju dosis 15 kGy/pass pada suhu 30 + 1 0C. Setelah diiradiasi, SB tersebut dikopolimerisasi cangkok dengan monomer akrilonitril. Kondisi optimum untuk kopolimerisasi cangkok akrilonitril pada SB adalah pada dosis 75 kGy, suhu 600C, waktu 3 jam, dan konsentrasi akrilonitril 30% b/b. Derajat pencangkokan tertinggi yang diperoleh adalah 56,03 %. Selulosa bakteri tercangkok akrilonitril (SB tercangkok PAN) selanjutnya diamidoksimasi. Amidoksimasi dilakukan dengan penambahan hidroksilamin hidroklorida 6 % b/v dalam pelarut metanol:air = 50:50 v/v pada pH 7, dan diperoleh waktu optimum selama 2 jam dengan densitas gugus amidoksim sebesar 5,425 mmol/ g. Hasil karakterisasi dengan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) menunjukkan adanya spektrum spesifik gugus siano setelah proses pencangkokan akrilonitril pada SB dan intensitasnya menurun setelah diamidoksimasi. Hal tersebut diperkuat dengan hasil uji Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) yang memperlihatkan adanya gugus siano yang menempel setelah pencangkokan, dan gugus tersebut tidak terlihat lagi setelah amidoksimasi. Dari hasil uji dengan X-ray Diffraction (XRD), indeks kristalinitas SB tercangkok PAN akan semakin rendah dengan meningkatnya derajat pencangkokan dan pengujian dengan Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan panas SB tercangkok PAN meningkat.
Peningkatan Aktivitas Enzim Selulase dan Produksi Glukosa Melalui Fermentasi Substrat Jerami Padi Dengan Fungi Aspergillus niger yang Dipapari Sinar Gamma
Authors: Mulyana Nana , Dyah Larasati Tri Retno , Nurhasni Nurhasni , Ningrum Meliana
Published: August 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas enzim selulase dan produksi glukosa dalam substrat jerami padi dengan fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma Chamber 4000A. Kaldu kentang dektrosa (PDB), garam mineral dengan substrat jerami padi 0 dan 5% berat/volum digunakan sebagai medium cair. Fungi Aspergillus niger dalam media agar miring (slent) dipapari dengan iradiasi gamma pada dosis 0 (kontrol),125, 250, 375, 500 dan 625 Gy. Fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma 500 Gy memiliki aktivitas selulase  lebih tinggi (2,5 kali) dibanding kontrol (0 Gy) yaitu 2,02 U/ml-2,28 U/ml untuk fungi yang dipapari iradiasi gamma dan 0,60 U/ml-1,12 U/ml untuk kontrol. Pada fermentasi fase padat substrat jerami padi dengan kadar kelembaban awal 81% selama 14 hari menggunakan fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma 500 Gy dan kontrol. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa  fungi Aspergillus niger 500 Gy memiliki aktivitas selulase lebih tinggi (3,9 kali) dibandingkan kontrol yaitu 31,01 U/g untuk fungi yang dipapari sinar gamma dan 7,85 U/g untuk kontrol. Di samping itu, fungi Aspergillus niger (500 Gy) mampu memproduksi glukosa lebih tinggi (2,6 kali) yaitu 125,79 mg/g sedangkan kontrol (0 Gy) adalah 48,00 mg/g. Penggunaan ekstrak enzim kasar yang dihasilkan oleh fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapar sinar gamma 500 Gy sesuai untuk hidrolisis substrat jerami padi dalam memproduksi glukosa serta mampu meningkatkan aktivitas selulase. Kata kunci : Aspergillus niger, iradiasi gamma, aktivitas selulase, glukosa, fermentasi padat
Kajian Komparatif Parameter Kualitas Tanah di Beberapa Tataguna Lahan Sub DAS Cisadane Hulu dengan Pb-210 excess dan Cs-137
Authors: Aliyanta Barokah
Published: August 2017

Analisis inventori Pb-210 excess dan Cs-137 serta parameter kualitas tanah dan estimasi laju erosi telah dilakukan di 4 tataguna lahan di sub DAS Cisadane Hulu. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan dengan alat corer sampai kedalaman 20 cm pada tiap tataguna lahan secara transek. Satu sampel scrap dan 4 sampelcoresdiambil di Hutan Pinus, Pasir Jaya, untuk mendapatkan inventori pembanding.Erosi yang cukup serius telah terjadi di 4 tataguna lahan di sub DAS Cisadane Hulu. Kandungan Pb-210 excess mempunyai korelasi positif dengan kandungan organik karbon tanah  (79% C) dan kandungan nitrogen ( 56 % N) dalam tanah, sedangkan Cs-137 berkorelasi positif masing-masing dengan 23% C dan 33 % N dalam tanah. Fakta-fakta ini memberikan informasi bahwa inventori Pb-210 excess lebih efektif dari inventori Cs-137 sebagai sarana untuk mempelajari dinamika transport karbon akibat erosi maupun mengetahui status kualitas tanah. Katakunci : parameter kualitas tanah, Pb-210 excess, Cs-137, inventori
Kemampuan Sitotoksik dan Profil Kromatogram Umbi Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia Pendans Merr. & Perry) Setelah Diiradiasi Gamma
Authors: Katrin Ermin , Fauziah Siva , Susanto Susanto , Winarno Hendig
Published: August 2017

Umbi sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans Merr. & Perry) memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik. Salah satu usaha pengawetan simplisia umbi sarang semut dilakukan dengan iradiasi gamma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh iradiasi gamma pada sitotoksisitas dan profil kromatogram fraksi aktif dari umbi sarang semut. Serbuk kering umbi sarang semut diiradiasi gamma dengan beberapa macam dosis radiasi yaitu : 0 (kontrol); 5; 7,5; 10; dan 15 kGy. Percobaan dilakukan dengan dua kali ulangan untuk masing-masing dosis. Setelah iradiasi, serbuk dimaserasi bertahap berdasarkan tingkat kepolarannya dengan n-heksan, etil asetat, dan etanol. Setiap ekstrak diuji aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel leukemia L1210. Dari hasil yang diperoleh didapatkan bahwa ekstrak etanol merupakan ekstrak yang paling aktif (IC50 9,88 μg/ml) dibandingkan ekstrak n-heksan (IC50 23,44 μg/ml) dan etil asetat (IC50 17,32 μg/ml). Ekstrak etanol dari masing-masing dosis difraksinasi secara kromatografi kolom menghasilkan 7 fraksi. Berdasarkan uji aktivitas sitotoksik fraksi-fraksi tersebut, fraksi 1 adalah fraksi yang paling aktif (IC50 ≤ 3,23 μg/ml ). Pada identifikasi KLT-densitometri dari fraksi 1 dan ekstrak etanol mengalami penurunan dan kenaikan bercak setelah diiradisi. Hasil kromatogram fraksi 1 dari KCKT menunjukkan bahwa puncak utama mengalami penurunan setelah diiradiasi. Dosis maksimum untuk iradiasi umbi sarang semut tanpa merusak aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel leukemia L1210 adalah 5 kGy. Kata kunci : iradiasi gamma, ekstrak dan fraksi etanol umbi sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans Merr. & Perry), sel kanker Leukemia L1210, IC50, aktivitas sitotoksik, profil kromatogram.
Potensi Pemuliaan Mutasi untuk Perbaikan Varietas Padi Lokal Indonesia
Authors: Sobrizal Dr.
Published: August 2017

Potensi Pemuliaan Mutasi untuk Perbaikan Varietas Padi Lokal Indonesia. Padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan tanaman sereal penting dalam memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi manusia. Padi terbagi kedalam dua sub-spesies yaitu Indika dan Japonika. Sub-spesies Japonika terdiri dari Temprate dan Tropical Japonika (disebut dengan Javanika). Sebagian besar Javanika berasal dari Indonesia yaitu sebagai varietas lokal dengan jumlah lebih dari 8000 varietas. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas potensi pemuliaan mutasi, keberhasilan dan kegiatan yang sedang berjalan untuk perbaikan genetik varietas padi lokal Indonesia. Secara alami varietas lokal telah teruji ketahanannya terhadap berbagai cekaman biotik dan abiotik sehingga merupakan kumpulan sumberdaya genetik yang sangat bermanfaat. Varietas lokal biasanya beradaptasi baik pada daerah asalnya dengan rasa nasi dan aroma sesuai selera masyarakat setempat. Namun demikian padi lokal memiliki kekurangan seperti umur dalam, batang tinggi sehingga mudah rebah, tidak responsif terhadap pemupukan dan produksi rendah. Pengadaan benih biasanya dilakukan dengan menyisihkan dari hasil panen petani sendiri sehingga mutu benih, terutama tingkat kemurniannya sangat rendah. Perbaikan mutu benih diupayakan melalui pemurnian dan pelepasan varietas. Bahkan beberapa varietas diperbaiki terlebih dahulu melalui pemuliaan mutasi radiasi sebelum dilepas, seperti varietas Pandan Putri yang lebih genjah dibandingkan varietas asalnya Pandan Wangi dari Kabupaten Cianjur. Keberhasilan memperbaiki varietas Pandan Wangi telah memicu Pemerintah Daerah lainnya untuk ikut memperbaiki sifat-sifat agronomis padi lokal mereka melalui teknologi nuklir, karena diyakini pemuliaan mutasi radiasi mampu memperbaiki kelemahan varietas padi lokal tanpa merubah sifat lain yang disukai.