bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal coupling of the Indo-Pacific warm pool and Southern Ocean over the past 30,000 years
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Yu Zhoufei , Wang Yue , Gong Xun , Holbourn Ann , Chang Fengming , Liu Heng , Cheng Xuhua , Li Tiegang
Published: September 2022

The role of the tropical Pacific Ocean and its linkages to the southern hemisphere during the last deglacial warming remain highly controversial. Here we explore the evolution of Pacific horizontal and vertical thermal gradients over the past 30 kyr by compiling 340 sea surface and 7 subsurface temperature records, as well as one new ocean heat content record. Our records reveal that La Niña-like conditions dominated during the deglaciation as a result of the more intense warming in the western Pacific warm pool. Both the subsurface temperature and ocean heat content in the warm pool rose earlier than the sea surface temperature, and in phase with South Pacific subsurface temperature and orbital precession, implying that heat exchange between the tropical upper water column and the extratropical Southern Ocean facilitated faster warming in the western Pacific. Our study underscores the key role of the thermal coupling between the warm pool and the Southern Ocean and its relevance for future global warming.
A self-assembled trimeric protein vaccine induces protective immunity against Omicron variant
Authors: He Cai , Yang Jingyun , Hong Weiqi , Chen Zimin , Peng Dandan , Lei Hong , Alu Aqu , He Xuemei , Bi Zhenfei , Jiang Xiaohua , Jia Guowen , Yang Yun , Zhou Yanan , Yu Wenhai , Tang Cong , Huang Qing , Yang Mengli , Li Bai , Li Jingmei , Wang Junbin , Que Haiying , Chen Li , Ren Wenyan , Wan Dandan , Li Jiong , Wang Wei , Shen Guobo , Zhao Zhiwei , Yang Li , Yang Jinliang , Wang Zhenling , Su Zhaoming , Wei Yuquan , Cen Xiaobo , Tanaka Yoshimasa , Song Xiangrong , Lu Shuaiyao , Peng Xiaozhong , Lu Guangwen , Wei Xiawei
Published: September 2022

The recently emerged Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has rapidly surpassed Delta to become the predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant, given the higher transmissibility rate and immune escape ability, resulting in breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals. A new generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines targeting the Omicron variant are urgently needed. Here, we developed a subunit vaccine named RBD-HR/trimer by directly linking the sequence of RBD derived from the Delta variant (containing L452R and T478K) and HR1 and HR2 in SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit in a tandem manner, which can self-assemble into a trimer. In multiple animal models, vaccination of RBD-HR/trimer formulated with MF59-like oil-in-water adjuvant elicited sustained humoral immune response with high levels of broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against Omicron variants, also inducing a strong T cell immune response in vivo. In addition, our RBD-HR/trimer vaccine showed a strong boosting effect against Omicron variants after two doses of mRNA vaccines, featuring its capacity to be used in a prime-boost regimen. In mice and non-human primates, RBD-HR/trimer vaccination could confer a complete protection against live virus challenge of Omicron and Delta variants. The results qualified RBD-HR/trimer vaccine as a promising next-generation vaccine candidate for prevention of SARS-CoV-2, which deserved further evaluation in clinical trials.
Leakage does not fully offset soy supply-chain efforts to reduce deforestation in Brazil
Authors: Villoria Nelson , Garrett Rachael , Gollnow Florian , Carlson Kimberly
Published: September 2022

Zero-deforestation supply chain policies that leverage the market power of commodity buyers to change agricultural producer behavior can reduce forest clearing in regions with rapid commodity expansion and weak forest governance. Yet leakage—when deforestation is pushed to other regions—may dilute the global effectiveness of regionally successful policies. Here we show that domestic leakage offsets 43-50% of the avoided deforestation induced by existing and proposed zero-deforestation supply chain policies in Brazil’s soy sector. However, cross-border leakage is insignificant (<3%) because soybean production is displaced to existing U.S. farmland. Eliminating deforestation from the supply chains of all firms exporting Brazilian soy to the EU or China from 2011-2016 could have reduced net global deforestation by 2% and Brazilian deforestation by 9%. Thus, if major tropical commodity importers (e.g., the EU) require traders to eliminate deforestation from their supply chains, it could help bend the curve on global forest loss.
Phylogeographic analysis reveals an ancient East African origin of human herpes simplex virus 2 dispersal out-of-Africa
Authors: Havens Jennifer L. , Calvignac-Spencer Sébastien , Merkel Kevin , Burrel Sonia , Boutolleau David , Wertheim Joel O.
Published: September 2022

Human herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a ubiquitous, slowly evolving DNA virus. HSV-2 has two primary lineages, one found in West and Central Africa and the other found worldwide. Competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain how HSV-2 migrated out-of-Africa (i)HSV-2 followed human migration out-of-Africa 50-100 thousand years ago, or (ii)HSV-2 migrated via the trans-Atlantic slave trade 150-500 years ago. Limited geographic sampling and lack of molecular clock signal has precluded robust comparison. Here, we analyze newly sequenced HSV-2 genomes from Africa to resolve geography and timing of divergence events within HSV-2. Phylogeographic analysis consistently places the ancestor of worldwide dispersal in East Africa, though molecular clock is too slow to be detected using available data. Rates 4.2 × 10−8−5.6 × 10−8 substitutions/site/year, consistent with previous age estimates, suggest a worldwide dispersal 22-29 thousand years ago. Thus, HSV-2 likely migrated with humans from East Africa and dispersed after the Last Glacial Maximum.
Mechanism of C-N bonds formation in electrocatalytic urea production revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Liu Xin , Jiao Yan , Zheng Yao , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi-Zhang
Published: September 2022

Electrosynthesis of urea from CO2 and NOX provides an exceptional opportunity for human society, given the increasingly available renewable energy. Urea electrosynthesis is challenging. In order to raise the overall electrosynthesis efficiency, the most critical reaction step for such electrosynthesis, C-N coupling, needs to be significantly improved. The C-N coupling can only happen at a narrow potential window, generally in the low overpotential region, and a fundamental understanding of the C-N coupling is needed for further development of this strategy. In this regard, we perform ab initio Molecular Dynamics simulations to reveal the origin of C-N coupling under a small electrode potential window with both the dynamic nature of water as a solvent, and the electrode potentials considered. We explore the key reaction networks for urea formation on Cu(100) surface in neutral electrolytes. Our work shows excellent agreement with experimentally observed selectivity under different potentials on the Cu electrode. We discover that the *NH and *CO are the key precursors for C-N bonds formation at low overpotential, while at high overpotential the C-N coupling occurs between adsorbed *NH and solvated CO. These insights provide vital information for future spectroscopic measurements and enable us to design new electrochemical systems for more value-added chemicals.
Linking atomic structural defects to mesoscale properties in crystalline solids using graph neural networks
Authors: Yang Zhenze , Buehler Markus J.
Published: September 2022

Structural defects are abundant in solids, and vital to the macroscopic materials properties. However, a defect-property linkage typically requires significant efforts from experiments or simulations, and often contains limited information due to the breadth of nanoscopic design space. Here we report a graph neural network (GNN)-based approach to achieve direct translation between mesoscale crystalline structures and atom-level properties, emphasizing the effects of structural defects. Our end-to-end method offers great performance and generality in predicting both atomic stress and potential energy of multiple systems with different defects. Furthermore, the approach also precisely captures derivative properties which strictly observe physical laws and reproduces evolution of properties with varying boundary conditions. By incorporating a genetic algorithm, we then design de novo atomic structures with optimum global properties and target local patterns. The method would significantly enhance the efficiency of evaluating atomic behaviors given structural imperfections and accelerates the design process at the meso-level.
High-throughput screening of room temperature active Peltier cooling materials in Heusler compounds
Authors: Luo Huifang , Li Xin , Wang Yuxiang , Jin Yeqing , Yao Mingjia , Yang Jiong
Published: September 2022

Active Peltier cooling enables Peltier heat transfer in addition to the traditional Fourier thermal conductance, which is useful in some special applications, such as the microthermostats. From the material wise, however, the study on the active Peltier cooling materials is rare. We carried out a high-throughput workflow to screen out 5 room-temperature active Peltier cooling materials, GaSbLi2, HgPbCa2, SnTiRu2, GeYbLi2, and GeTiFe2, from 2958 Heusler materials. All the five materials are semimetals or very narrow band gap systems with high electrical conductivity. Some of these materials have relatively large Seebeck coefficients due to the band asymmetry. Their effective thermal conductivity κeffs, which are the summation of active Peltier thermal conductivity and passive thermal conductivity, are all greater than Cu at the room temperature and ΔT = 1 K. The present work gives a possible way to search active cooling Peltier materials for the applications of precise temperature control.
Critical topology and pressure-induced superconductivity in the van der Waals compound AuTe2Br
Authors: Cheng Erjian , Shi Xianbiao , Yan Limin , Huang Tianheng , Liu Fengliang , Ma Wenlong , Wang Zeji , Jia Shuang , Sun Jian , Zhao Weiwei , Yang Wenge , Xu Yang , Li Shiyan
Published: September 2022

The study on quantum spin Hall effect and topological insulators formed the prologue to the surge of research activities in topological materials in the past decade. Compared to intricately engineered quantum wells, three-dimensional weak topological insulators provide a natural route to the quantum spin Hall effect, due to the adiabatic connection between them and a stack of quantum spin Hall insulators, and the convenience in exfoliation of samples associated with their van der Waals-type structure. Despite these advantages, both theoretical prediction and experimental identification of weak topological insulators remain scarce. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we show that AuTe2Br locates at the boundary between a strong and a weak topological semimetal state. We identify the key structural parameter that dictates the traversal of the topological transition, which can be easily realized in experiments. More interestingly, the critical topology of AuTe2Br persists up to an applied pressure of ~15.4 GPa before a structural phase transition accompanied by a change of electronic topology and the onset of superconductivity. Our results establish AuTe2Br as a new candidate for an effective tuning between weak and strong topological phases in a single material, with the potential to realize various other topological phases of matter.
A national-scale land cover reference dataset from local crowdsourcing initiatives in Indonesia
Authors: Hadi  , Yowargana Ping , Zulkarnain Muhammad Thoha , Mohamad Fathir , Goib Bunga K. , Hultera Paul , Sturn Tobias , Karner Mathias , Dürauer Martina , See Linda , Fritz Steffen , Hendriatna Adis , Nursafingi Afi , Melati Dian Nuraini , Prasetya F. V. Astrolabe Sian , Carolita Ita , Kiswanto  , Firdaus Muhammad Iqbal , Rosidi Muhammad , Kraxner Florian
Published: September 2022

Here we present a geographically diverse, temporally consistent, and nationally relevant land cover (LC) reference dataset collected by visual interpretation of very high spatial resolution imagery, in a national-scale crowdsourcing campaign (targeting seven generic LC classes) and a series of expert workshops (targeting seventeen detailed LC classes) in Indonesia. The interpreters were citizen scientists (crowd/non-experts) and local LC visual interpretation experts from different regions in the country. We provide the raw LC reference dataset, as well as a quality-filtered dataset, along with the quality assessment indicators. We envisage that the dataset will be relevant for: (1) the LC mapping community (researchers and practitioners), i.e., as reference data for training machine learning algorithms and map accuracy assessment (with appropriate quality-filters applied), and (2) the citizen science community, i.e., as a sizable empirical dataset to investigate the potential and limitations of contributions from the crowd/non-experts, demonstrated for LC mapping in Indonesia for the first time to our knowledge, within the context of complementing traditional data collection by expert interpreters.
Electrical conductivity and thermodynamic studies on Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate in non aqueous solvents Dimethylformamide (DMF), at different temperatures
Authors: Hammad W. A. , El-Hammamy N. H. , Morshidy M. H. , Alkamis Kholood , Darweesh M. A.
Published: September 2022

This paper threw some light on the behavior of SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate as an electrolyte. The effect of solvents on the conductance of this salt would be discussed via measurements of Λo, aoand KA, since it can be assumed that the different solvents have a little chance to impose great variations on the solvation processes. The conductance method was chosen as a tool to illustrate the electrolyte-solvent interactions. Fuoss–Onsager equation would be tested using Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate in presence of dimethylformamide solvent at different temperatures. The conductance of dilute solutions of SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate is measured in Dimethylformamide, at different temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40 °C). Accurate values ofΛowere obtained by applying the (Fuoss–Kraus–Shedlovsky) equation. Finally, the (Fuoss–Onsager) equation was solved to give the correct values of the constantsΛo,J, KAand a° (the closest distance of approach) for SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate salt in Dimethylformamide solvent.Λoand a° (solvation) increase with increasing temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters (∆G°, ∆H°, ∆S° and ∆Es) of SodiumN,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate in Dimethylformamide were calculated from conductance measurements, the activation energy (∆Es), the enthalpy change (heat of association) (∆H°) and the entropy change (∆S°) are positive, however The free energy change (∆G°) values was negative for SodiumN,N-Dimethyl dithiocarbamate in DMF systems studied with increasing the temperature.
Cancer stem cells induced by chronic stimulation with prostaglandin E2 exhibited constitutively activated PI3K axis
Authors: Minematsu Hideki , Afify Said M. , Sugihara Yuki , Hassan Ghmkin , Zahra Maram H. , Seno Akimasa , Adachi Masaki , Seno Masaharu
Published: September 2022

Previously, our group has demonstrated establishment of Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) models from stem cells in the presence of conditioned medium of cancer cell lines. In this study, we tried to identify the factors responsible for the induction of CSCs. Since we found the lipid composition could be traced to arachidonic acid cascade in the CSC model, we assessed prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a candidate for the ability to induce CSCs from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Mouse iPSCs acquired the characteristics of CSCs in the presence of 10 ng/mL of PGE2 after 4 weeks. Since constitutive Akt activation and pik3cg overexpression were found in the resultant CSCs, of which growth was found independent of PGE2, chronic stimulation of the receptors EP-2/4 by PGE2 was supposed to induce CSCs from iPSCs through epigenetic effect. The bioinformatics analysis of the next generation sequence data of the obtained CSCs proposed not only receptor tyrosine kinase activation by growth factors but also extracellular matrix and focal adhesion enhanced PI3K pathway. Collectively, chronic stimulation of stem cells with PGE2 was implied responsible for cancer initiation enhancing PI3K/Akt axis.
Explainable machine learning analysis reveals sex and gender differences in the phenotypic and neurobiological markers of Cannabis Use Disorder
Authors: Niklason Gregory R. , Rawls Eric , Ma Sisi , Kummerfeld Erich , Maxwell Andrea M. , Brucar Leyla R. , Drossel Gunner , Zilverstand Anna
Published: September 2022

Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) has been linked to a complex set of neuro-behavioral risk factors. While many studies have revealed sex and gender differences, the relative importance of these risk factors by sex and gender has not been described. We used an “explainable” machine learning approach that combined decision trees [gradient tree boosting, XGBoost] with factor ranking tools [SHapley’s Additive exPlanations (SHAP)] to investigate sex and gender differences in CUD. We confirmed that previously identified environmental, personality, mental health, neurocognitive, and brain factors highly contributed to the classification of cannabis use levels and diagnostic status. Risk factors with larger effect sizes in men included personality (high openness), mental health (high externalizing, high childhood conduct disorder, high fear somaticism), neurocognitive (impulsive delay discounting, slow working memory performance) and brain (low hippocampal volume) factors. Conversely, risk factors with larger effect sizes in women included environmental (low education level, low instrumental support) factors. In summary, environmental factors contributed more strongly to CUD in women, whereas individual factors had a larger importance in men.
Underestimation in temporal numerosity judgments computationally explained by population coding model
Authors: Kawabe Takahiro , Ujitoko Yusuke , Yokosaka Takumi , Kuroki Scinob
Published: September 2022

The ability to judge numerosity is essential to an animal’s survival. Nevertheless, the number of signals presented in a sequence is often underestimated. We attempted to elucidate the mechanism for the underestimation by means of computational modeling based on population coding. In the model, the population of neurons which were selective to the logarithmic number of signals responded to sequential signals and the population activity was integrated by a temporal window. The total number of signals was decoded by a weighted average of the integrated activity. The model predicted well the general trends in the human data while the prediction was not fully sufficient for the novel aging effect wherein underestimation was significantly greater for the elderly than for the young in specific stimulus conditions. Barring the aging effect, we can conclude that humans judge the number of signals in sequence by temporally integrating the neural representations of numerosity.
Somalian women with female genital mutilation had increased risk of female sexual dysfunction: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Mohamed Abdikarim Hussein , Mohamud Rahma Yusuf Haji , Mohamud Hussein Ali , Eraslan Aşır , Gur Metin , Omar Abdikarim Ali , Cimen Sertac
Published: September 2022

Studies regarding the impact of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) on sexual function are scarce. This study is the first to explore the rate of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among Somalian women who underwent FGM and its association with different FGM types. This study was carried out among women with a history of FGM who visited our clinic for a medical check-up. It relied on data including socio-demographic features, type of FGM determined by an examination, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores. Overall, 255 women were included. While 43.9% (n = 112) of the respondents had a history of Type 3 FGM, 32.2% had Type 2 (n = 82), and 23.9% had Type 1 (n = 61) FGM. Among all patients, 223 had FSD (87.6%). There was a significant association between the FGM type and FSD (p < 0.001). The mean total FSFI score for the patients with Type 1, 2, and 3 FGM was 22.5, 19.7, and 17.3, respectively, all indicating FSD. The FSD is prevalent among mutilated Somalian women. Patients with Type 3 FGM had the lowest mean total FSFI scores indicating that the impact on sexual function was correlated with the extent of tissue damage during FGM.
On the influence of the source of porcine colostrum in the development of early immune ontogeny in piglets
Authors: Maciag Shaiana Salete , Bellaver Franciana Volpato , Bombassaro Gabrielly , Haach Vanessa , Morés Marcos Antônio Zanella , Baron Lana Flávia , Coldebella Arlei , Bastos Ana Paula
Published: September 2022

The effects on the ontogeny of serum cytokines and immune cells caused by feeding suckling piglets with sow/gilt colostrum and milk replacer was assessed in the present study. After farrowing, the piglets born were randomized into six groups: GG and SS (n = 10/group): piglets were kept with their dam; GS (n = 10): piglets were changed from gilts to sows; SG (n = 10): piglets were changed from sows to gilts; GMR (n = 6) and SMR (n = 8): piglets from either gilts or sows were isolated from the dams and were bottle-fed ad libitum with commercial formula milk replacer. The piglets remained in the groups during the first 24 h of life and were later returned to their respective mothers. Serum immunoglobulin concentration and lymphocyte proliferation from the blood, spleen, thymus, and mesenteric lymph node of the piglets were assessed at 24 h and at 28 days of age. Serum cytokine concentrations were measured through a cytokine multiplex assay at 24 h. Overall, piglets suckling on sows (SS and GS) had a higher concentration of serum immunoglobulin at 24 h, which was also associated with a rise in plasma cytokine concentration and greater ability of B and T cells from lymphatic organs and blood mononuclear cells to respond to mitogens. We suggest a bias towards Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-cell polarizing and cytokines during the suckling period, which may be influenced by maternal immunological factors in the colostrum, such as dam parity. All findings suggest sow parity having a possible role, which may contribute to exerting a modulating action on immune response development.
An international working group consensus report for the prioritization of molecular biomarkers for Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Shulman David S. , Whittle Sarah B. , Surdez Didier , Bailey Kelly M. , de Álava Enrique , Yustein Jason T. , Shlien Adam , Hayashi Masanori , Bishop Alexander J. R. , Crompton Brian D. , DuBois Steven G. , Shukla Neerav , Leavey Patrick J. , Lessnick Stephen L. , Kovar Heinrich , Delattre Olivier , Grünewald Thomas G. P. , Antonescu Cristina R. , Roberts Ryan D. , Toretsky Jeffrey A. , Tirode Franck , Gorlick Richard , Janeway Katherine A. , Reed Damon , Lawlor Elizabeth R. , Grohar Patrick J.
Published: September 2022

The advent of dose intensified interval compressed therapy has improved event-free survival for patients with localized Ewing sarcoma (EwS) to 78% at 5 years. However, nearly a quarter of patients with localized tumors and 60–80% of patients with metastatic tumors suffer relapse and die of disease. In addition, those who survive are often left with debilitating late effects. Clinical features aside from stage have proven inadequate to meaningfully classify patients for risk-stratified therapy. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop approaches to risk stratify patients with EwS based on molecular features. Over the past decade, new technology has enabled the study of multiple molecular biomarkers in EwS. Preliminary evidence requiring validation supports copy number changes, and loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes as biomarkers of outcome in EwS. Initial studies of circulating tumor DNA demonstrated that diagnostic ctDNA burden and ctDNA clearance during induction are also associated with outcome. In addition, fusion partner should be a pre-requisite for enrollment on EwS clinical trials, and the fusion type and structure require further study to determine prognostic impact. These emerging biomarkers represent a new horizon in our understanding of disease risk and will enable future efforts to develop risk-adapted treatment.
SPACA6 ectodomain structure reveals a conserved superfamily of gamete fusion-associated proteins
Authors: Vance Tyler D. R. , Yip Patrick , Jiménez Elisabet , Li Sheng , Gawol Diana , Byrnes James , Usón Isabel , Ziyyat Ahmed , Lee Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2022

SPACA6 is a sperm-expressed surface protein that is critical for gamete fusion during mammalian sexual reproduction. Despite this fundamental role, little is known about how SPACA6 specifically functions. We elucidated the crystal structure of the SPACA6 ectodomain at 2.2-Å resolution, revealing a two-domain protein containing a four-helix bundle and Ig-like β-sandwich connected via a quasi-flexible linker. This structure is reminiscent of IZUMO1, another gamete fusion-associated protein, making SPACA6 and IZUMO1 founding members of a superfamily of fertilization-associated proteins, herein dubbed the IST superfamily. The IST superfamily is defined structurally by its distorted four-helix bundle and a pair of disulfide-bonded CXXC motifs. A structure-based search of the AlphaFold human proteome identified more protein members to this superfamily; remarkably, many of these proteins are linked to gamete fusion. The SPACA6 structure and its connection to other IST-superfamily members provide a missing link in our knowledge of mammalian gamete fusion.
Frontoparietal connectivity as a product of convergent evolution in rodents and primates: functional connectivity topologies in grey squirrels, rats, and marmosets
Authors: Schaeffer David J. , Gilbert Kyle M. , Bellyou Miranda , Silva Afonso C. , Everling Stefan
Published: September 2022

Robust frontoparietal connectivity is a defining feature of primate cortical organization. Whether mammals outside the primate order, such as rodents, possess similar frontoparietal functional connectivity organization is a controversial topic. Previous work has primarily focused on comparing mice and rats to primates. However, as these rodents are nocturnal and terrestrial, they rely much less on visual input than primates. Here, we investigated the functional cortical organization of grey squirrels which are diurnal and arboreal, thereby better resembling primate ecology. We used ultra-high field resting-state fMRI data to compute and compare the functional connectivity patterns of frontal regions in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), rats (Rattus norvegicus), and marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). We utilized a fingerprinting analysis to compare interareal patterns of functional connectivity from seeds across frontal cortex in all three species. The results show that grey squirrels, but not rats, possess a frontoparietal connectivity organization that resembles the connectivity pattern of marmoset lateral prefrontal cortical areas. Since grey squirrels and marmosets have acquired an arboreal way of life but show no common arboreal ancestor, the expansion of the visual system and the formation of a frontoparietal connectivity architecture might reflect convergent evolution driven by similar ecological niches in primates and tree squirrels.
Non-destructive mapping of stress and strain in soft thin films through sound waves
Authors: Li Guo-Yang , Gower Artur L. , Destrade Michel , Yun Seok-Hyun
Published: September 2022

Measuring the in-plane mechanical stress in a taut membrane is challenging, especially if its material parameters are unknown or altered by the stress. Yet being able to measure the stress is of fundamental interest to basic research and practical applications that use soft membranes, from engineering to tissues. Here, we present a robust non-destructive technique to measure directly in-situ stress and strain in soft thin films without the need to calibrate material parameters. Our method relies on measuring the speed of elastic waves propagating in the film. Using optical coherence tomography, we verify our method experimentally for a stretched rubber membrane, a piece of cling film (about 10 μm thick), and the leather skin of a traditional Irish frame drum. We find that our stress predictions are highly accurate and anticipate that our technique could be useful in applications ranging from soft matter devices to biomaterial engineering and medical diagnosis.
Destabilization of carbon in tropical peatlands by enhanced weathering
Authors: Klemme Alexandra , Rixen Tim , Müller Moritz , Notholt Justus , Warneke Thorsten
Published: September 2022

Enhanced weathering is a carbon dioxide (CO2) removal strategy that accelerates the CO2 uptake and removal from the atmosphere by weathering via the dispersion of rock powder. Warm and humid conditions enhance weathering and among the suggested target areas for enhanced weathering are tropical peatlands. However, the effect of enhanced weathering on peatland carbon stocks is poorly understood. Here, we present estimates for the response of CO2 emissions from tropical peat soils, rivers and coastal waters to changing soil acidity induced by enhanced weathering application. We estimate that the potential carbon uptake associated with enhanced weathering is reduced by 18–60% by land-based re-emission of CO2 and is potentially offset completely by emissions from coastal waters. Our findings suggest that in contrast to the desired impact, enhanced weathering may destabilize the natural carbon cycle in tropical peatlands that act as important carbon sinks and protect against coastal erosion.
Stain-free Gram staining classification of pathogensviasingle-cell Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning
Authors: Hu Huijie , Wang Jingkai , Yi Xiaofei , Lin Kaicheng , Meng Siyu , Zhang Xin , Jiang Chenyu , Tang Yuguo , Wang Minggui , He Jian , Xu Xiaogang , Song Yizhi
Published: September 2022

Gram staining (GS) is one of the most routine pathogen diagnosing operations. A rapid Gram feature prediction method based on single-cell Raman spectroscopy skips the tedious staining process and promotes the accuracy and efficiency for diagnosis.
Extended air, light, and heat-resistive organolead halide perovskite single-crystalline microrods for high-performance photodetectors
Authors: Lin Chang-Yu , Ulaganathan Rajesh Kumar , Subramanian Ambika , Weng Huei-Chu , Chang Yaw-Jen , Murugesan Raghavan Chinnambedu , Sankar Raman , Rozhin Alex
Published: September 2022

Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites are much attracted due to promising stable optoelectronic properties with tunable quantum well structures.
Thiazoloisoindigo-based ambipolar polymers for excellent balanced hole and electron mobility
Authors: Li Bowen , Zou Xiangyu , Xiong Miao , Li Qiyi , Kang Xu , Mu Youbing , Wang Jieyu , Pei Jian , Yang Chunming , Lan Zhenggang , Wan Xiaobo
Published: September 2022

The copolymerization of thiophene-flanked thiazoisoindigo (TzII) and thiophene-flanked dipyrrolopyrrolidone (DPP) leads to an ambipolar polymer with high and balanced charge carrier mobility (highest μe: 7.63 and highest μh: 6.11 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively).
Asymmetric Sonogashira C(sp3)–C(sp) bond coupling enabled by a copper(i) complex of a new guanidine-hybrid ligand
Authors: Li Jinzhao , Ning Lichao , Tan Qingfa , Feng Xiaoming , Liu Xiaohua
Published: September 2022

A type of new chiral nitrogen-donor hybrid ligand bearing acyclic guanidine, amide, and pyridine subunits was rationalized for Cu(i)-catalyzed asymmetric Sonogashira C(sp3)–C(sp) cross-coupling.
The mediated rheological properties of emulsions stabilized by thread-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles in combination with CTAB
Authors: Xie Danhua , Jiang Yulong
Published: September 2022

The rheological properties of Pickering emulsions stabilized by thread-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles and CTAB can be regulated by varying the CTAB concentration and adding a trace amount of acid/base.
Latest advances in sensors for optical detection of relevant amines: insights into lanthanide-based sensors
Authors: Almeida Cláudio M. R. , Magalhães Júlia M. C. S. , Barroso M. Fátima , Durães Luísa
Published: September 2022

Overview on the use of lanthanide-containing fluorimetric sensors for amine detection. Most of these sensors use only 1 lanthanide, but 2 lanthanides may allow a higher resolution. The number of lanthanides determines the sensing mechanism.
Social Co‐OS: Cyber‐human social Co‐operating system
Authors: Kato Takeshi , Kudo Yasuyuki , Miyakoshi Junichi , Owa Misa , Asa Yasuhiro , Numata Takashi , Mine Ryuji , Mizuno Hiroyuki
Published: September 2022

The novel concept of a Cyber‐Human Social System (CHSS) and a diverse and pluralistic ‘mixed‐life society’ is proposed, wherein cyber and human societies commit to each other. This concept enhances the Cyber‐Physical System (CPS), which is associated with the current Society 5.0, a social vision realised through the fusion of cyber (virtual) and physical (real) spaces following information society (Society 4.0 and Industry 4.0). Moreover, the CHSS enhances the Human‐CPS, the Human‐in‐the‐Loop CPS (HiLCPS), and the Cyber‐Human System by intervening in individual behaviour pro‐socially and supporting consensus building. As a form of architecture that embodies the CHSS concept, the Cyber‐Human Social Co‐Operating System (Social Co‐OS) that combines cyber and human societies is shown. In this architecture, the cyber and human systems cooperate through the fast loop (operation and administration) and slow loop (consensus and politics). Furthermore, the technical content and current implementation of the basic functions of the Social Co‐OS are described. These functions consist of individual behavioural diagnostics, interventions in the fast loop, group decision diagnostics and consensus building in the slow loop. Subsequently, this system will contribute to mutual aid communities and platform cooperatives.
Path planning of hyper‐redundant manipulators for narrow spaces
Authors: Su Haoxiang , Liu Manlu , Liu Hongwei , Huo Jianwen , Gou Songlin , Su Qing
Published: September 2022

Compared with the traditional manipulator, the hyper‐redundant manipulator has the advantage of high flexibility, which is particularly suitable for all kinds of complex working environments. However, the complex space environment requires the hyper‐redundant manipulator to have stronger obstacle avoidance ability and adaptability. In order to solve the problems of a large amount of calculation and poor obstacle avoidance effects in the path planning of the hyper‐redundant manipulator, this paper introduces the ‘backbone curve’ approach, which transforms the problem of solving joint path points into the behaviour of determining the backbone curve. After the backbone curve approach is used to design the curve that meets the requirements of obstacle avoidance and the end pose, the least squares fitting and the improved space joint fitting are used to match the plane curve and the space curve respectively, and the angle value of each joint of the manipulator is limited by the algorithm. Furthermore, a fusion obstacle avoidance algorithm is proposed to obtain the joint path points of the hyper‐redundant manipulator. Compared with the classic Jacobian iteration method, this method can avoid obstacles better, has the advantages of simple calculation, high efficiency, and can fully reflect the geometric characteristics of the manipulator. Simulation experiments have proven the feasibility of the algorithm.
Low‐complexity and robust MLP‐mixer aided detector design based on deep learning for differential subcarrier index modulation
Authors: Zhang Haotian , Jiang Yuan , Zhao Lei
Published: September 2022

Differential subcarrier index modulation (DSIM) system provides resource efficient information transmission without the need of channel state information and equalisation. However, maximum likelihood detector applied in DSIM possesses high complexity, which obstructs its practical application. To address this issue, in this letter, an intelligent detector is proposed to learn the transmission patterns of DSIM to demodulate the received signals with lower complexity. In this design, the received signals are pre‐processed based on the domain knowledge at first, and then input to the deep neural network composed of multi‐layer perceptrons for further bit data estimation. Complexity analysis is provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed design, and simulation results validate that the intelligent detector can achieve similar average bit error rate with higher robustness compared with the benchmark system.
Prediction of strain engineerings that amplify recombinant protein secretion through the machine learning approach MaLPHAS
Authors: Markova Evgenia A. , Shaw Rachel E. , Reynolds Christopher R.
Published: September 2022

This article presents a discussion of the process of precision fermentation (PF), describing the history of the space, the expected 70% growth over the next 5 years, various applications of precision fermented products, and the markets available to be disrupted by the technology. A range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic host organisms used for PF are described, with the advantages, disadvantages and applications of each. The process of setting up PF and strain engineering is described, as well as various ways that computational analysis and design techniques can be employed to assist PF engineering. The article then describes the design and implementation of a machine learning method, machine learning predictions having amplified secretion (MaLPHAS) to predict strain engineerings, which optimise the secretion of a recombinant protein. This approach showed an in silico cross‐validated R2 accuracy on the training data of up to 46.6% and in an in vitro test on a Komagataella phaffii strain, identified one gene engineering out of five predicted, which was shown to double the secretion of a heterologous protein and outperform three of the best‐known edits from the literature for improving secretion in K. phaffii.
A dynamic optimization method for power distribution network operation with high ratio photovoltaics
Authors: Liu Keyan , Zhan Huiyu , Wei Yuhan , Kang Tianyuan
Published: September 2022

With the high ratio distributed photovoltaics (PVs) penetration to the distribution network (DN), the bearing capacity, integration capacity, consuming capacity and controlling capacity of DN for PVs are all facing great challenges. Enhancing the flexible regulation and operation optimization capabilities of DN have become key factors to satisfy these new challenges. For the operation optimization problem of high ratio PVs penetration, a novel quasi‐equal curtailment ratio (QCR) constraint of PVs is proposed in the dynamic optimization method for DN operation. Firstly, the uncertainty of high ratio PVs and their active power deviations are discussed. And a dynamic optimization framework of PVs based on optimal power flow (OPF) has been proposed. Secondly, the optimization model for high ratio PVs is formulated with multi‐objective of maximum PVs output, minimum voltage deviation and minimum line loss, under the equality and inequality constraints of power flow, PVs power generation limit, QCR of PVs and so on. Then the multi‐objective optimization problem (MOP) is transformed into a single‐objective optimization problem (SOP) by weighting coefficients, and solved by sequential quadratic programming (SQP) with trust‐region (TR) searching algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is tested, verified and compared with the primal dual interior point (PDIP) and traditional SQP algorithms in IEEE 33‐bus, PG&E 69‐bus, 292‐bus and 1180‐bus test cases. The experimental results show the rapidity and robustness of the proposed method.
A distributed model predictive control method combined with delay compensator for multiple vehicle platoons
Authors: Xu Mingchang , Luo Yugong , Kong Weiwei , Li Keqiang
Published: September 2022

With an increasing number of vehicles on the road, multiple‐vehicle platoons have become a new solution under communication constraints. However, the existing studies seldom consider the effect of the tail vehicle on the information transfer and platoon control over long distances, and thus the control performance under time‐varying delays is unacceptable. In this study, a hierarchical multi‐platoon control architecture considering the backbone platoon and sub‐platoons is proposed under non‐ideal communication conditions, where the backbone platoon layer communication topology is designed to achieve backbone platoon control and appropriate coordination among sub‐platoons. Distributed model predictive controllers (DMPCs) for backbone‐ and sub‐platoons that integrate delay compensation have been proposed. Buffers and delay compensators in the proposed DMPC are designed to reduce the interference caused by non‐ideal communications. The asymptotic stability is analyzed at the sub‐ and multi‐platoon levels. The results show that compared with traditional DMPC without a compensator, the proposed DMPC can eliminate the velocity lag and steady‐state spacing errors and maintain the maximum velocity and spacing errors within 0.11 m/s and 0.17 m, respectively, under certain operating conditions. Thus, the proposed method guarantees the stability of multiple platoons under both the constant and time‐varying delay conditions.
A numerical study of the interplay between Fermi acceleration mechanisms in radio lobes of FR-II radio galaxies
Authors: Kundu Sayan , Vaidya Bhargav , Mignone Andrea , Hardcastle Martin J.
Published: September 2022

Context. Radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are thought to possess various sites of particle acceleration, which gives rise to the observed nonthermal spectra. Stochastic turbulent acceleration (STA) and diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) are commonly cited as potential sources of high-energy particles in weakly magnetized environments. Together, these acceleration processes and various radiative losses determine the emission characteristics of these extragalactic radio sources.

Aims. The purpose of this research is to investigate the dynamical interplay between the STA and DSA in the radio lobes of FR-II radio galaxies, as well as the manner in which these acceleration mechanisms, along with a variety of radiative losses, collectively shape the emission features seen in these extragalactic sources.

Methods. A phenomenologically motivated model of STA is considered and subsequently employed on a magnetohydrodynamically simulated radio lobe through a novel hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian framework.

Results. STA gives rise to a curved particle spectrum that is morphologically different from the usual shock-accelerated spectrum. As a consequence of this structural difference in the underlying particle energy spectrum, various multiwavelength features arise in the spectral energy distribution of the radio lobe. Additionally, we observe enhanced diffuse X-ray emission from radio lobes for cases where STA is taken into account in addition to DSA.
Low-power jet–interstellar medium interaction in NGC 7319 revealed by JWST/MIRI MRS
Authors: Pereira-Santaella M. , Álvarez-Márquez J. , García-Bernete I. , Labiano A. , Colina L. , Alonso-Herrero A. , Bellocchi E. , García-Burillo S. , Hönig S. F. , Ramos Almeida C. , Rosario D.
Published: September 2022

We present JWST/MIRI MRS spectroscopy of NGC 7319, the largest galaxy in the Stephan’s Quintet, observed as part of the Early Release Observations (ERO). NGC 7319 hosts a type 2 active galactic nucleus (AGN) and a low-power radio jet (L1.4 GHz = 3.3 × 1022 W Hz−1) with two asymmetric radio hotspots at 430 pc (N2) and 1.5 kpc (S2) projected distances from the unresolved radio core. The MRS data suggest that the molecular material in the disk of the galaxy decelerates the jet and causes this length asymmetry. We find enhanced emission from warm and hot H2 (Tw = 330 ± 40 K, Th = 900 ± 60 K) and ionized gas at the intersection between the jet axis and dust lanes in the disk. This emission is coincident with the radio hotspot N2, the hotspot closer to the core, suggesting that the jet–interstellar medium (ISM) interaction decelerates the jet. Conversely, the mid-infrared emission at the more distant hotspot is fainter, more highly ionized, and with lower H2 excitation, suggesting a more diffuse atomic environment where the jet can progress to farther distances. At the N2 radio hotspot, the ionized gas mass (Mion = (2.4–12)×105 M⊙) is comparable to that of the warm H2, but the former is more turbulent (σion ∼ 300 vs. σH2 ∼ 150 km s−1), so the mechanical energy of the ionized gas is ∼1.3–10 times higher. From these estimates, we find that only < 1% of the jet energy remains as mechanical energy in these two ISM phases at N2. We also find extended (r >  0.3–1.5 kpc) high-ionization emission ([Mg V], [Ne VI], and [Ne V]) close to the radio hotspots. This initial analysis of NGC 7319 shows the potential of MIRI/MRS to investigate the AGN feedback mechanisms due to radio jets and their radiation field in the, often heavily dust-enshrouded, central regions of galaxies. Understanding these mechanisms is an essential ingredient in the development of cosmological simulations of galaxy evolution.
Posters Presented at North American Skull Base Society 2016–2018: What Factors Influence Their Publication?
Authors: Yang S. Daniel , Seu Michelle , Qiao James B. , Tsiang John Ta-Hsiang , Pecoraro Nathan , Germanwala Anand V.
Published: September 2022

Objective Research productivity impacts an individual's academic credentials and serves to advance the field of neurosurgery at large. Poster presentations allow researchers to share preliminary results with respected colleagues; however, more critical is the ability to publish peer-reviewed articles. Key factors that lead posters to journal publication are not well understood and difficult to quantify. This study investigates the association between bibliometrics of authors who presented posters at the North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) meeting and odds of journal publication.

Methods Posters from the 2016 to 2018 NASBS archive were reviewed. Hirsch-index (h-index) of first (FH) and senior (SH) authors, research type, research topic, and number of poster authors (nAuthPost) were collected. For posters published as journal articles, number of days from poster presentation to publication (nDays), number of authors in published articles (nAuthArt), and journal impact factor (JIF) were recorded.

Results One-hundred sixty-nine of 481 posters (35.1%) were published as articles. Median FH and SH for published versus unpublished posters were 7 versus 5 (p = 0.01) and 29 versus 19 (p < 0.001), respectively. When adjusted with multivariate regression, only SH (p < 0.001) and nAuthPost (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with odds of publication. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) nDays was 361 (394). Increased authors from poster to article (p = 0.017) and lower FH (p = 0.08) were correlated with increased time to publication. Median (IQR) JIF for all publications was 1.723 (1.068).

Conclusions Bibliometrics such as h-index and number of authors from posters can help objectively characterize and predict future success in research productivity.