bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain heating induced by near infrared lasers during multi-photon microscopy
Authors: Podgorski Kaspar , Ranganathan Gayathri
Published: June 2016

Two-photon imaging and optogenetic stimulation rely on high illumination powers, particularly for state-of-the-art applications that target deeper structures, achieve faster measurements, or probe larger brain areas. However, little information is available on heating and resulting damage induced by high-power illumination in the brain. Here we used thermocouple probes and quantum dot nanothermometers to measure temperature changes induced by two-photon microscopy in the neocortex of awake and anaesthetized mice. We characterized heating as a function of wavelength, exposure time, and distance from the center of illumination. Although total power is highest near the surface of the brain, heating was most severe hundreds of microns below the focal plane, due to heat dissipation through the cranial window. Continuous illumination of a 1mm2area produced a peak temperature increase of approximately 1.8°C/100mW. Continuous illumination with powers above 250 mW induced lasting damage, detected with immunohistochemistry against Iba1, GFAP, heat shock proteins, and activated Caspase-3. Higher powers were usable in experiments with limited duty ratios, suggesting an approach to mitigate damage in high-power microscopy experiments.
Two distinct scene processing networks connecting vision and memory
Authors: Baldassano Christopher , Esteva Andre , Beck Diane M. , Fei-Fei Li
Published: June 2016

A number of regions in the human brain are known to be involved in processing natural scenes, but the field has lacked a unifying framework for understanding how these different regions are organized and interact. We provide evidence from functional connectivity and meta-analyses for a new organizational principle, in which scene processing relies on two distinct networks that split the classically defined Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA). The first network consists of the Occipital Place Area (OPA/TOS) and posterior PPA, which contain retinotopic maps and are related primarily to visual features. The second network consists of the caudal Inferior Parietal Lobule (cIPL), Retrosplenial Cortex (RSC), and anterior PPA, which connect to the hippocampus and are involved in a much broader set of tasks involving episodic memory and navigation. This new framework for understandingthe neural substrates of scene processing bridges results from many lines of research, and makes specific functional predictions.
Modular non-repeating codes for DNA storage
Authors: Holmes Ian
Published: June 2016

1

We describe a strategy for constructing codes for DNA-based information storage by serial composition of weighted finite-state transducers. The resulting state machines can integrate correction of substitution errors; synchronization by interleaving watermark and periodic marker signals; conversion from binary to ternary, quaternary or mixed-radix sequences via an efficient block code; encoding into a DNA sequence that avoids homopolymer, dinucleotide, or trinucleotide runs and other short local repeats; and detection/correction of errors (including local duplications, burst deletions, and substitutions) that are characteristic of DNA sequencing technologies. We present software implementing these codes, available athttps://github.com/ihh/dnastore, with simulation results demonstrating that the generated DNA is free of short repeats and can be accurately decoded even in the presence of substitutions, short duplications and deletions.
Transcriptome analysis in whole blood reveals increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia
Authors: Olde Loohuis Loes M , Mangul Serghei , Ori Anil PS , Jospin Guillaume , Koslicki David , Yang Harry Taegyun , Wu Timothy , Boks Marco P , Lomen-Hoerth Catherine , Wiedau-Pazos Martina , Cantor Rita M , de Vos Willem M , Kahn René S , Eskin Eleazar , Ophoff Roel A
Published: June 2016

The role of the human microbiome in health and disease is increasingly appreciated. We studied the composition of microbial communities present in blood across 192 individuals, including healthy controls and patients with three disorders affecting the brain: schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and bipolar disorder. By using high quality unmapped RNA sequencing reads as candidate microbial reads, we performed profiling of microbial transcripts detected in whole blood. We were able to detect a wide range of bacterial and archaeal phyla in blood. Interestingly, we observed an increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia patients compared to the three other groups. We replicated this finding in an independent schizophrenia case-control cohort. This increased diversity is inversely correlated with estimated cell abundance of a subpopulation of CD8+ memory T cells in healthy controls, supporting a link between microbial products found in blood, immunity and schizophrenia.
Family ownership and dividend payout in Malaysia
Authors: Benjamin Samuel Jebaraj , Wasiuzzaman Shaista , Mokhtarinia Helen , Rezaie Nejad Niloufar
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of family ownership on dividend payout from the perspective of agency costs in Malaysia.

Design/methodology/approach

– Annual financial, board and family ownership data of 160 firms listed on the Bursa Malaysia are collected for the period 2005-2010. Analyses are carried out using descriptive statistics,χ2 tests, Tobit regression and three-stage least square regression analysis.

Findings

– The empirical results suggest that family share ownership at the dispersed level from between 0 to 5 percent is negatively associated with dividend payout and positively associated from the 5 to 33 percent level with dividend payout. Consistent with the extant literature, the observed relationship between family share ownership and dividend payout is stronger in firms with smaller total assets (size), low debt and low-growth opportunities. Further examination of investment decisions lends support to arguments which attribute higher agency costs as a result of family ownerships.

Research limitations/implications

– The observed results at the different family ownership levels are attributed to the possible expropriation in family-owned firms and accordingly, to the proportional pressure by minority and other shareholders for dividend payout.

Practical implications

– For policy makers, findings from this study could serve to justify initiatives to further strengthen the institutional and regulatory architectures that would enhance the power of minority and other shareholders of public listed firms in Malaysia.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to the growing literature on dividend policy and family firms. Particularly, it provides further understanding of the effect of family ownership on dividend policy.
Defined strategies for financial working capital management
Authors: Talonpoika Anna-Maria , Kärri Timo , Pirttilä Miia , Monto Sari
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop strategies for financial working capital management and to present previous literature on financial working capital management and its measures.

Design/methodology/approach

– Qualitative comparative analysis is used to formulate the strategies, and the variables in the analysis have been selected from previous literature. Empirical data consists of 91 companies listed in the Helsinki Stock Exchange during 2008-2012.

Findings

– The results indicate 11 possible strategies for financial working capital management which all aim at increasing financial working capital. There are suitable strategies for all companies independent from their profitability, capital intensity or working capital requirements.

Research limitations/implications

– The presented strategies have been created theoretically and have not been tested in companies, which could be done in future research.

Originality/value

– This study has three contributions. First, previous literature on financial working capital management is reviewed. Second, a novel measure for financial working capital is developed. Third, strategies for financial working capital management are presented.
Drivers of retail on-shelf availability
Authors: Moussaoui Issam , Williams Brent D. , Hofer Christian , Aloysius John A. , Waller Matthew A.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to: first, provide a systematic review of the drivers of retail on-shelf availability (OSA) that have been scrutinized in the literature; second, identify areas where further scrutiny is needed; and third, critically reflect on current conceptualizations of OSA and suggest alternative perspectives that may help guide future investigations.

Design/methodology/approach

– A systematic approach is adopted wherein nine leading journals in logistics, supply chain management, operations management, and retailing are systematically scanned for articles discussing OSA drivers. The respective journals’ websites are used as the primary platform for scanning, with Google Scholar serving as a secondary platform for completeness. Journal articles are carefully read and their respective relevance assessed. A final set of 73 articles is retained and thoroughly reviewed for the purpose of this research. The systematic nature of the review minimizes researcher bias, ensures reasonable completeness, maximizes reliability, and enables replicability.

Findings

– Five categories of drivers of OSA are identified. The first four – i.e., operational, behavioral, managerial, and coordination drivers – stem from failures at the planning or execution stages of retail operations. The fifth category – systemic drivers – encompasses contingency factors that amplify the effect of supply chain failures on OSA. The review also indicates that most non-systemic OOS could be traced back to incentive misalignments within and across supply chain partners.

Originality/value

– This research consolidates past findings on the drivers of OSA and provides valuable insights as to areas where further research may be needed. It also offers forward-looking perspectives that could help advance research on the drivers of OSA. For example, the authors invite the research community to revisit the pervasive underlying assumption that OSA is an absolute imperative and question the unidirectional relationship that higher OSA is necessarily better. The authors initiate an open dialogue to approach OSA as a service-level parameter, rather than a maximizable outcome, as indicated by inventory theory.
Supplier development for sustainability: contextual barriers in global supply chains
Authors: Busse Christian , Schleper Martin C. , Niu Menglei , Wagner Stephan M.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore contextual barriers to supplier development for sustainability (SDS) in global supply chains and managerial remedies to mitigate such barriers.

Design/methodology/approach

– A dyadic case study design was adopted with a Western European buyer and six of its Chinese suppliers. The database consists of 41 interviews and 81 documents.

Findings

– Contextual barriers to SDS in global supply chains derive from complexities in the sustainability concept, socio-economic differences, spatial and linguistic distance, as well as cultural differences between buyers and suppliers. Partial remedies include effective joint communications, an open organizational culture, and the fostering of cross-contextual understanding.

Research limitations/implications

– The findings contribute to theory development at the intersection of sustainable and global supply chain management research. They help to explain why scarce sustainability-related progress in global supply chains has occurred in recent years.

Practical implications

– The identified barriers facilitate managerial decision making that will expedite SDS progress in global contexts.

Social implications

– By diffusing knowledge regarding available remedies, the study contributes to improving SDS effectiveness, thereby fostering sustainability capabilities and performance of suppliers.

Originality/value

– This research highlights the criticality of contextual barriers to SDS. The barrier effects that stem from differing real-world conceptions of sustainability may inform future sustainable supply chain management research within and beyond SDS.
Evidence-based design and transformative service research for the healthcare in hospitals
Authors: Hamed Sara , El-Bassiouny Noha , Ternès Anabel
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to combine the two fields of transformative service research (TSR) and evidence-based design (EBD) to improve the healthcare service provided in hospitals. TSR and EBD are two separate research fields that aim to improve the well-being of consumers within the service sector. Research propositions for making changes in the hospital physical environment to improve the patient well-being are developed to link the two fields.

Design/methodology/approach

This work takes a theoretical approach to develop research propositions based on the literature. The research propositions guide the development of the framework developed for future studies under TSR and EBD.

Findings

The research propositions should be tested empirically in future studies to develop a methodology for transforming a hospital physical environment. The implementation of these propositions would allow hospitals to reach a new and more sustainable competitive advantage.

Originality/value

The relationship between the domains of TSR and EBD has not been explored before in the literature. This study presents an unprecedented work that is needed to improve patient well-being. It contributes to TSR and EBD by providing a research agenda for healthcare practitioners and researchers to pave the way for achieving improved healthcare services focusing on patient well-being and sustainability.
After-hours availability expectations, work-related smartphone use during leisure, and psychological detachment
Authors: Mellner Christin
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– Modern working life is characterized by increased expectations for employees to be available to deal with work issues outside regular work hours and by using new communication technology. This implies more individual freedom in organizing work in time and space, but also places increased demands on employees to manage the boundaries between work and personal life. This, in turn, can be expected to be crucial to their ability to mentally detach from work during free time. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether individual perceptions of boundary control moderate the impact of after-hours availability expectations and work-related smartphone use during off-work hours on psychological detachment.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study population comprised 2,876 gainfully employed professionals from four large organizations in both the public and private sector, representing various businesses and occupations. Univariate correlations and multiple, linear hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed.

Findings

– High after-hours availability expectations, high frequency of work-related smartphone use, and low boundary control were associated with poor psychological detachment. Furthermore, boundary control moderated the relationships between both after-hours availability expectations and work-related smartphone use, respectively, and psychological detachment. As such, boundary control mitigated the negative effects of both after-hours availability expectations and work-related smartphone use during leisure on psychological detachment.

Practical implications

– Modern work organizations would benefit from introducing availability policies and helping employees reduce their work-related smartphone use outside regular work hours, thus helping them achieve successful boundary control and subsequent psychological detachment.

Originality/value

– In a working life characterized by blurred boundaries, employees’ ability to achieve boundary control can be regarded as crucial.
Workaholism and incivility: stress and psychological capital’s role
Authors: Lanzo Lauren , Aziz Shahnaz , Wuensch Karl
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships among incivility, stress, workaholism, and psychological capital (PsyCap).

Design/methodology/approach

– Data on incivility, stress, workaholism, and PsyCap were collected, through administration of an online survey, from 168 employees.

Findings

– Workaholism and stress were positively related to uncivil behaviors, while PsyCap was negatively linked to incivility. Additionally, workaholism was positively associated with stress and negatively related to PsyCap. Finally, PsyCap acted as a mediator between workaholism and uncivil behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

– Future researchers should obtain a larger number of minority participants, assess the instigators of incivility, and implement a longitudinal model.

Practical implications

– Managers should focus on reducing stress and uncivil behaviors, and implement interventions to reduce workaholism and stress and increase PsyCap.

Originality/value

– It is the first study to examine measurable traits that are likely to lead to negative behaviors, and includes an emotional tool, PsyCap, that can be developed to limit the negative influence of incivility on the organization.
Workplace health and wellbeing in construction and retail
Authors: Carmichael Fiona , Fenton Sarah-Jane Hannah , Pinilla-Roncancio Monica Viviana , Sing Marea , Sadhra Steven
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the health and wellbeing issues faced within the construction and retail sectors and the difficulties faced in addressing these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a small, qualitative pilot study based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a purposively sampled group of representatives with expert knowledge from seven firms in the construction sector and three firms in the retail sector.

Findings

– Health and safety concerns in construction were pervasive. Causes were strongly tied to industry practice and structures such as short-term and sub-contracting as well as long hours and a masculine culture. In the retail establishments concerns tended to be more holistic, focusing on wellbeing and encompassing work satisfaction. Industry leaders in construction are proactive in trying to address these issues, particularly in regard to safety. The multi-dimensionality of the concept of workplace wellbeing implies the need for a holistic approach to interventions.

Research limitations/implications

– This research was initiated as a pilot study, as part of a wider project in collaboration with a business partner, and is limited by the sample size.

Practical implications

– These findings should be incorporated into sector specific research on workplace wellbeing and occupational health initiatives.

Social implications

– Workplace wellbeing programmes need to be constructed holistically as wellbeing is a multi-dimensional concept encompassing quality of life as well as effects of work on health.

Originality/value

– An in-depth study with industry experts that increases knowledge of the underlying causes of workplace health and wellbeing issues in construction and retail and the barriers to addressing them.
Workplace aggression targets’ vulnerability factor: job engagement
Authors: Ford Dianne P. , Myrden Susan E. , Kelloway E. Kevin
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how job engagement affects the experience of workplace aggression and the related outcomes. Job engagement is introduced as a context variable for the stressor-strain model to explain differences for targets of workplace aggression.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey was conducted with a sample of 492 North American working adults from a large variety of industries and jobs.

Findings

– Consistent with the hypotheses, fear and anger mediate the relationship between workplace aggression and strain. Job engagement moderated the relationship between workplace aggression and anger, such that aggression related to anger only for those employees who were engaged in their job. These data are consistent with the suggestion that engagement may create vulnerability for employees.

Research limitations/implications

– In this study, the authors highlight the need to include contextual factors that may explain differences in impact of workplace aggression and employee wellness.

Practical implications

– While practitioners may seek to increase job engagement, there appears to be a greater cost should there be workplace aggression. Thus, the key implication for practitioners is the importance of prevention of workplace aggression.

Originality/value

– With this study, the authors illustrate how job engagement may have a “dark side” for individuals. While previous research has shown that job engagement helps protect employee wellness, others show engagement decreases after incidents of workplace aggression. The authors suggest those who are engaged and targeted will experience worse outcomes. Also, the authors examine the role of anger for targets of workplace aggression as it relates to fear and strain in this study.
Understanding why the role of accounting is unchanged in Indonesian public hospitals
Authors: Fahlevi Heru
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to understand why an expected enhanced role of accounting in Indonesian public hospitals has not occurred, although serial organizational changes and reform of hospital payment systems have taken place.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a multiple case study research approach. It was carried out in two Indonesian public hospitals. Interviews were the main tool used for collecting data. The primary interviewees were the top managers, accountants and senior physicians in the hospitals surveyed.

Findings

Insights from the interviews revealed that the owners’ traditional role of funding deficits plus the conventional mindsets of managements and physicians who are only interested in health outcomes have hindered the infiltration of economic and accounting logic into the management of these two public hospitals. Consequently, the expected accounting innovations, i.e. an enhanced role of accounting in the hospitals’ daily activities did not emerge.

Research limitations/implications

This case study is not a longitudinal study and the interviewees, particularly senior physicians, were selected based on their availability and willingness to participate in the interviews. Thus, the findings should be treated with caution.

Practical implications

An enhanced role of accounting and other accounting innovations would indicate that the hospitals are responding as expected to the institutional and financial reforms.

Originality/value

Contingency theory and institutional theory have been used together in this study which aims to not only discuss the reasons for accounting changes occurring or not occurring, but also to understand the motivations behind the accounting changes or lack of change. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of accounting innovations is expected.
Institutional entrepreneurship and change
Authors: Elliot Viktor Hugo
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Using Arroyo’s (2012) institutional entrepreneurship (IE) framework, the purpose of this paper is to enhance our understanding of how top managers interpret change in the macro-political and economic environment and integrate it into their performance management systems (PMSs).

Design/methodology/approach

The paper combines multiple data sources to study PMS change in the big four Swedish banks over the deregulations’ first quarter of a century.

Findings

The findings support previous research by identifying IE as a collective phenomenon. Moreover, it points to the importance of distinguishing between different types of field-level events, when investigating change initiated by such events. Finally, the findings also indicate that change at different levels of analysis have separate timings, advising future research on change to pay closer attention to the aspect of time.

Social implications

The paper tests Arroyo’s (2012) multi-level framework in an accounting setting and specifically focuses on top managers’ interpretation and integration of field-level events. It does so in the specific context of banks and thereby contributes to our understanding of how different field-level events affect banks’ PMS. In the post-financial crisis era, organizational and accounting scholars should engage time and effort to better understand this complex industry, not least to advice policymakers and regulators in the ongoing re-regulation of the financial markets.

Originality/value

Inspired by organizational studies of IE, this paper uses a longer time-frame and includes more organizations, than conventional management accounting case studies. By studying a field, rather than a single organization, the paper opens up to a “wider perspective” on PMS change.
Rural and remote communities, technology and mental health recovery
Authors: Burmeister Oliver K. , Marks Edwina
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This study aims to explore how health informatics can underpin the successful delivery of recovery-orientated healthcare, in rural and remote regions, to achieve better mental health outcomes. Recovery is an extremely social process that involves being with others and reconnecting with the world.

Design/methodology/approach

An interpretivist study involving 27 clinicians and 13 clients sought to determine how future expenditure on ehealth could improve mental health treatment and service provision in the western Murray Darling Basin of New South Wales, Australia.

Findings

Through the use of targeted ehealth strategies, it is possible to increase both the accessibility of information and the quality of service provision. In small communities, the challenges of distance, access to healthcare and the ease of isolating oneself are best overcome through a combination of technology and communal social responsibility. Technology supplements but cannot completely replace face-to-face interaction in the mental health recovery process.

Originality/value

The recovery model provides a conceptual framework for health informatics in rural and remote regions that is socially responsible. Service providers can affect better recovery for clients through infrastructure that enables timely and responsive remote access whilst driving between appointments. This could include interactive referral services, telehealth access to specialist clinicians, GPS for locating clients in remote areas and mobile coverage for counselling sessions in “real time”. Thus, the technology not only provides better connections but also adds to the responsiveness (and success) of any treatment available.
Vertical specialization in the Korean manufacturing sector
Authors: Lee Chang-Soo , Song Backhoon
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to answer for questions regarding vertical specialization in the Korea’s key exporting industries, such as the changing pattern toward VS or VS1 and the changing trend in the location of slicing up the value chain in these industries.

Design/methodology/approach

– The framework of Koopmanet al.(2014) is adopted to calculate the industry-level vertical specialization indices, VS and VS1.

Findings

– VS1 is a dominant type of vertical specialization in the key exporting industries of Korea. The increasing net vertical trades (VS1−VS) verifies the upward trends in the locations of slicing up the value chain in the industries empirically.

Research limitations/implications

– The net vertical trade (VS1−VS) of each industry is an important indicator of the location of slicing up the value chain in the environment of the international production network.

Originality/value

– The industry-level calculations of VS and VS1 are necessary in order to remedy the aggregation bias from the country-level calculation of VS and VS1 functioning in the opposite direction.
Exploring housing maintenance and vacancy in Western Australia
Authors: Cozens Paul , Tarca Marc
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate “image management” as an important element within the concept to the Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Globally, guidance tends to focus on promoting surveillance and few studies have explored how vacant poorly maintained housing might affect perceptions of crime and CPTED.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper contrasts the perceptions of 168 members of the public and 12 built environment professionals with regards to a detached property in Perth, Western Australia. Using two photographs to elicit responses (one poorly maintained and one well-maintained) respondents were asked about their perceptions of crime, and the extent to which CPTED features were perceived to be present. These results are contrasted with a site audit of the CPTED qualities visible in both images.

Findings

– The CPTED audit recorded significantly higher scores for the well-maintained property than for the poorly maintained dwelling. Most respondents indicated they felt less safe, perceived more crime and lower levels of CPTED in relation to the poorly maintained house. The findings provide support that there is a link between poorly maintained housing and the perceptions of CPTED, crime and the fear of crime.

Originality/value

– This innovative study utilised two photographic images of the same property to probe “image management”, perceptions of crime and CPTED qualities. It highlights the need to consider these issues throughout the different stages of the development process and presents idea of the “cradle to the grave” life-cycle of criminal opportunities.
Developing definitions of research information metadata as a wicked problem? Characterisation and solution by argumentation visualisation
Authors: Riechert Mathias , Biesenbender Sophie , Dees Werner , Sirtes Daniel
Published: June 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of definitional standards for research information as a wicked problem. A central solution strategy for such problems, increasing transparency by argumentation visualisation, is being evaluated.

Design/methodology/approach

– Qualitative formal content analysis is used in order to examine whether the process of definition standardisation in the project can be characterised as a wicked problem. Action Research is used to assess the effect of argumentation visualisation in the project.

Findings

– The results of the content analysis confirm the interpretation of the standardisation process as a wicked problem. The implementation of argumentation visualisation shows to increase the meetings’ focus and effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications

– The relationship between information exchange, transparency and acceptance of the development result should be addressed in future empirical analyses. Visualisation solutions require further development in order to accommodate needs of the stakeholders.

Practical implications

– Argumentation visualisation is of high value for finding a consensus for definitional standards and should be considered for managing and exchanging information.

Originality/value

– Applying solution strategies from design research on wicked problems to large-scale standardisation efforts opens up new possibilities for not only handling such projects but also providing new avenues of research for both the design and research information communities.
Does hunting or hiking affect wildlife communities in protected areas?
Authors: Kays Roland , Parsons Arielle W. , Baker Megan C. , Kalies Elizabeth L. , Forrester Tavis , Costello Robert , Rota Christopher T. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , McShea William J.
Published: June 2016

Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging from hiking to legal hunting, disrupts wildlife enough to alter their space use or community structure.

We evaluated the effect of managed hunting and recreation on 12 terrestrial wildlife species by employing a large citizen science camera trapping survey at 1947 sites stratified across different levels of human activities in 32 protected forests in the eastern USA.

Habitat covariates, especially the amount of large continuous forest and local housing density, were more important than recreation for affecting the distribution of most species. The four most hunted species (white‐tailed deer, raccoons, eastern grey and fox squirrels) were commonly detected throughout the region, but relatively less so at hunted sites. Recreation was most important for affecting the distribution of coyotes, which used hunted areas more compared with unhunted control areas, and did not avoid areas used by hikers.

Most species did not avoid human‐made trails, and many predators positively selected them. Bears and bobcats were more likely to avoid people in hunted areas than unhunted preserves, suggesting that they perceive the risk of humans differently depending on local hunting regulations. However, this effect was not found for the most heavily hunted species, suggesting that human hunters are not broadly creating ‘fear’ effects to the wildlife community as would be expected for apex predators.

Synthesis and applications. Although we found that hiking and managed hunting have measureable effects on the distribution of some species, these were relatively minor in comparison with the importance of habitat covariates associated with land use and habitat fragmentation. These patterns of wildlife distribution suggest that the present practices for regulating recreation in the region are sustainable and in balance with the goal of protecting wildlife populations and may be facilitated by decades of animal habituation to humans. The citizen science monitoring approach we developed could offer a long‐term monitoring protocol for protected areas, which would help managers to detect where and when the balance between recreation and wildlife has tipped.
INDEFINITE PUNISHMENT AND THE CRIMINAL RECORD: STIGMA REPORTS AMONG EXPUNGEMENT‐SEEKERS IN ILLINOIS*
Authors: ISPA‐LANDA SIMONE , LOEFFLER CHARLES E.
Published: June 2016

Although criminal records in the United States are more publicly accessible than ever before, we lack knowledge about how record‐bearers seek to overcome the negative consequences associated with a visible criminal record as they apply for jobs, housing, and financial aid. Furthermore, although criminal histories record all arrests—and not just those that result in conviction—researchers have yet to compare how those with more extensive versus minor criminal records cope with criminal record stigma. We present interview data from a comparative study of expungement‐seekers (N = 53) who have petitioned the courts to remove their criminal records from public view. One group had extensive criminal records (46 percent); the other group had more minor criminal records (54 percent). Several key findings emerged. First, both groups of participants tried, but failed, to persuade potential employers and landlords to overlook the criminal record. They also faced restricted educational opportunity. Second, participants in both groups expressed distress that criminal justice contact could follow them throughout their lives, subjecting them to ongoing stigma. However, those with extensive versus minor criminal records offered different rationales explaining why the visible criminal record history unfairly burdened them. Implications for reintegration theory and policy are discussed.
Steroid therapy and conduction disturbances after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Havakuk Ofer , Konigstein Maayan , Ben Assa Eyal , Arbel Yaron , Abramowitz Yigal , Halkin Amir , Bazan Samuel , Shmilovich Haim , Keren Gad , Finkelstein Ariel , Banai Shmuel
Published: June 2016

Background

Direct mechanical compression of the frame struts on the adjacent bundle branch with local inflammatory reaction might cause conduction system disturbances and need for pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We assessed the impact of preprocedural anti‐inflammatory steroid therapy on the occurrence of conduction disturbances following TAVI.

Methods and results

From a cohort of 324 patients who underwent transfemoral TAVI, 39 (12%) were pretreated with steroids because of iodine allergy (n=29) or active obstructive pulmonary disease (n=10). We compared the rate of occurrence of new conduction disturbances and pacemaker implantation between TAVI patients with (n=39) and without (n=285) steroid treatment, using Cox logistic regression estimates and proportional hazards models. The overall occurrence of new conduction defects and the need for new pacemaker implantation were similar among steroid and non‐steroid‐treated patients (38.4% vs 37.5% and 25.6% vs 25.3%, respectively). New conduction disturbances were more prevalent in patients treated with CoreValve prosthesis, low implantation, and smaller aortic annulus diameter (P<.001, P<.001, and P=.006, respectively). Thirty‐day mortality and complication rates were similar between the groups.

Conclusion

Although safe, steroid treatment prior to TAVI failed to reduce the incidence of new conduction defects and the need for pacemaker implantation.
Abnormal functional–structural cingulum connectivity in mania: combined functional magnetic resonance imaging‐diffusion tensor imaging investigation in different phases of bipolar disorder
Authors: Martino M. , Magioncalda P. , Saiote C. , Conio B. , Escelsior A. , Rocchi G. , Piaggio N. , Marozzi V. , Huang Z. , Ferri F. , Amore M. , Inglese M. , Northoff G.
Published: June 2016

Objective

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) in the cingulum in bipolar disorder (BD) and its various phases.

Method

We combined resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging and probabilistic tractographic diffusion tensor imaging to investigate FC and SC of the cingulum and its portions, the SC–FC relationship, and their correlations with clinical and neurocognitive measures on sustained attention in manic (n = 21), depressed (n = 20), and euthymic (n = 20) bipolar patients and healthy controls (HC) (n = 42).

Results

First, we found decreased FC between the anterior and posterior parts of the cingulum in manic patients when compared to depressed patients and HC. Second, we observed decreased SC of the cingulum bundle, particularly in its anterior part, in manic patients when compared to HC. Finally, alterations in the cingulum FC (but not SC) correlated with clinical severity scores while changes in the cingulum SC (but not FC) were related with neurocognitive deficits in sustained attention in BD.

Conclusion

We demonstrate for the first time a reduction in FC and concomitantly in SC of the cingulum in mania, which correlated with psychopathological and neurocognitive parameters, respectively, in BD. This supports the central role of cingulum connectivity specifically in mania.
MNCs, Rents, and Corruption: Evidence from China
Authors: Zhu Boliang
Published: June 2016

How does multinational corporation (MNC) activity affect corruption in developing countries? The existing literature tends to suggest that economic integration helps reduce corruption, as it increases market competition and efficiency and promotes the diffusion of good governance. In this article, I argue that such a generalization oversimplifies the consequences of MNC activity in host countries. The entry and presence of MNCs may contribute to rent creation in developing countries, thereby leading to a high level of corruption. To test this argument, I conduct a case study on China and draw from original data of filed corruption cases to construct measures of corruption. I find that provinces with more MNC activity are strongly associated with more corruption. The results are robust and consistent when possible endogeneity, law enforcement, and alternative measures of corruption are considered. This finding has important implications for domestic governance in developing countries.
Endophthalmitis after small‐gauge vitrectomy: a retrospective case series from Sweden
Authors: Czajka Marcin Piotr , Byhr Eva , Olivestedt Göran , Olofsson Eva M.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

To investigate the anatomical and functional outcomes of acute‐onset endophthalmitis after small‐gauge vitrectomy.

Methods

Retrospective case series of patients who underwent 23‐ or 25‐gauge vitrectomy at four centres in Sweden between 2008 and 2012. Postvitrectomy endophthalmitis was identified through the search of the journal records of each institution, and the diagnosis was based on clinical criteria regardless of culture results.

Results

Twenty‐four patients (24 eyes) were included. The incidence of endophthalmitis following small‐gauge vitrectomy was 0.14%. Indications for small‐gauge vitrectomy enclosed epiretinal membrane (n = 13), retinal detachment (n = 5) and others (n = 6). Surgical technique included 23‐ and 25‐gauge vitrectomy (23:1). Four eyes had sutured sclerotomies, and two had postoperative hypotony <7 mmHg. Days to endophthalmitis presentation varied between 1 and 21 (mean 6 ± 6). Treatment methods included the following: tap and antibiotic injection (n = 7), tap, antibiotic injection with subsequent vitrectomy (n = 2) and prompt vitrectomy with antibiotics (n = 15). Sixteen eyes (66.7%) were culture positive, whereas the other eight cases were culture negative. Anatomical results included evisceration (n = 1), phthisis (n = 1), and globe intact (n = 22). Presenting best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were hand motion (n = 14), light perception (n = 7), counting fingers (n = 2), and no data (n = 1). Functionally 19 eyes (79%) had Snellen VA ≥0.1; 11 eyes (46%) had VA ≥0.5 Mean logMar BCVA preoperatively and at the last follow‐up were 2.07 ± 0.6 and 0.79 ± 0.99, respectively.

Conclusions

In spite of good anatomical and functional results, this study showed higher rate of endophthalmitis than the latest reports suggesting that small‐gauge vitrectomy has reached the safety level of standard 20‐gauge vitrectomy when infectious endophthalmitis is concerned.
Anisometropia of ocular refractive and biometric measures among 66‐ to 79‐year‐old female twins
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Kauppinen Markku , Kaprio Jaakko , Rantanen Taina
Published: June 2016

Purpose

To examine the prevalence of anisometropia of spherical refraction (AnisoSR), astigmatism (AnisoAST) and spherical equivalent (AnisoSE) and their associations with spherical refraction (SR), refractive astigmatism (AST), spherical equivalent (SE) and interocular differences of ocular biometric parameters among elderly female twins.

Methods

Refraction of 117 monozygotic (MZ) and 116 dizygotic (DZ) female twin subjects aged 66–79 years was assessed with an auto‐refractor (Topcon AT) and controlled by subjective refraction. Corneal refraction, anterior chamber depth and axial length were measured with a Zeiss IOL Master. Participants with eyes operated for cataract or glaucoma were excluded, but the grade of nuclear opacity was not recorded. The associations between the absolute values of AnisoSR, AnisoAST and AnisoSE with SR, AST, SE, corneal refractive power (CR), corneal astigmatism (CAST), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) and with their interocular differences were calculated. When calculating the interdependencies of the differences, the real and absolute differences between the right and left eye were used.

Results

Means ± standard deviations for AnisoSR, AnisoAST and AnisoSE were 0.67 ± 0.92 D, 0.42 ± 0.41 D and 0.65 ± 0.71 D, respectively. AnisoSR, AnisoAST and AnisoSE >1.0 D were present in 14.7%, 4.2% and 17.7% of cases, respectively. Anisometropia of spherical refraction (AnisoSR), AnisoAST and AnisoSE were higher the more negative the values of SR or SE. Hyperopic ametropia did not increase these anisometropia values. The correlations of AnisoSR and AnisoSE with the absolute values of interocular differences in CR and AL were non‐significant. Using the real values of the interocular differences, the respective correlations were significant. The correlation between the real interocular differences in CR and AL was negative (r = −0.258, p < 0.001). Thus, the combined effect of the real interocular differences in CR and AL was a decrease in AnisoSR and AnisoSE (emmetropization).

Conclusion

Higher AnisoSR and AnisoSE were associated with more myopic refraction and longer AL. Higher AnisoAST was associated with more negative SR and higher AST and CAST. The negative correlation between real interocular differences in CR and AL indicated their influence of emmetropization in AnisoSR and AnisoSE.
The evaluation of meibomian gland function, morphology and related medical history in Asian adult blepharokeratoconjunctivitis patients
Authors: Yin Yue , Gong Lan
Published: June 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the meibomian gland function, morphology and the related medical history of patients with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) in comparison with healthy population and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)‐induced evaporative dry eye (EDE) patients.

Methods

Twenty‐two eyes of 22 Asian adult patients with BKC were enrolled as the BKC group. Healthy volunteers and MGD‐induced EDE patients were recruited in a 1:1 ratio and were matched in age, and the gender compositions of the three groups were also comparable. Examinations included meibum quality, meibomian gland expressibility, meibomian gland dropout and relevant ocular surface tests. Related medical history was recorded.

Results

The BKC group had higher incidences of chalazion (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.29–16.33) and eyelid surgery (OR 4.91, 95% CI 1.33–18.21) than the control group (chalazion, p = 0.007; eyelid surgery, p < 0.001) and EDE group (chalazion, p = 0.031; eyelid surgery, p = 0.005) had. All clinical indexes were worse in the BKC group than in the control group (all p < 0.05). The EDE group had better meibum quality (p = 0.049) and less meibomian gland dropouts (all p < 0.05) than the BKC group. The dropouts of the BKC group were the highest among the three groups, and the distribution over the tarsal plate was even in the BKC group (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Patients with BKC had worse meibomian gland function, poorer morphology and a higher rate of medical histories related to the meibomian gland than the healthy population. The BKC clinical features of meibum quality and meibomian gland dropout were different from other MGD diseases.
Advancing the Psychology of Entrepreneurship: A Review of the Psychological Literature and an Introduction
Authors: Gorgievski Marjan J. , Stephan Ute
Published: June 2016

This article provides a narrative review of psychology of entrepreneurship research published in leading psychology journals, based on which we develop an organising framework for future psychological contributions to this field. Furthermore, we introduce the manuscripts collected in this special issue. Our review identified five research areas, broadly corresponding with basic psychological domains, namely personal differences; careers; health and well‐being; cognition and behaviour; and leadership; as well as three cross‐cutting themes: gender issues; genetic and biological foundations; and context. With the aim to stimulate integration across different approaches and disciplines, we propose a framework to understand how psychologists can offer innovative contributions to the multi‐disciplinary entrepreneurship literature. This includes a focus on the entrepreneur embedded in and in interaction with his or her immediate and wider context; attention to different types of entrepreneurs; and a focus on dynamic within‐person processes evolving over time.