bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Bridges: Modeling Marine Science Information to Heterogeneous Information Network for Research Data Management
Authors: Suryani Muhammad Asif , Burwicz-Galerne Ewa , Wallmann Klaus , Renz Matthias
Published: March 2024

Research Data Management (RDM) in Natural Science establishes a structured foundation for organizing and preserving scientific data. Effective management and access to these diverse data sources are crucial for supporting domain scientists in future knowledge discovery. Scientific publications, a primary data source often presented in Portable Document Format (PDF), serve as a rich source of information, encompassing text, tables, figures, and metadata. These components present information individually or collectively, offering the potential to explore exciting research directions. However, to fully address these aspects, it is necessary to be able to perform data acquisition from these publications, focusing on these data components, and conducting respective information extraction. Furthermore, modeling the extracted information into a Heterogeneous Information Network of publications enhances accessibility, collaboration, and information harvesting within the natural sciences domain.
We developed a comprehensive framework ensuring user accessibility and widespread applicability, which is capable of modeling diverse information from marine science publications into a Heterogeneous Information Network. The framework comprises three modules: Data Acquisition, Information Extraction, and Information Modeling. The Data Acquisition (DA) module extracts various data components from the relevant publications and transforms them into machine-readable formats. The Information Extraction (IE) module includes two sub-modules: Named Entity Recognition (NER) modules trained on marine science annotated text, capable of extracting eight different types of entities from plain text; and an information parser module responsible for extracting quantitative information from tabular data. It initially detects and then extracts scientific measurements, relevant spatial information, and other available characteristics. Finally, the information modeling module exhibits the extracted information from data components and performs information linking. Consequently, the information is structured into a Heterogeneous Information Network (HIN) of scientific publications, ensuring effective information delivery and providing diverse information to domain experts while supporting the Research Data Management initiative.
FastIsostasy - An accelerated regional GIA model for coupled ice-sheet/solid-Earth simulations with laterally-variable solid-Earth structures
Authors: Swierczek-Jereczek Jan , Montoya Marisa , Latychev Konstantin , Robinson Alexander , Alvarez-Solas Jorge , Mitrovica Jerry
Published: March 2024

The vast majority of ice-sheet modelling studies rely on simplified representations of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), which, among other limitations, do not account for lateral variations of the lithospheric thickness and upper-mantle viscosity. In studies using 3D GIA models, this has however been shown to have major impacts on the dynamics of marine-based sectors of Antarctica, which are likely to be the greatest contributors to sea-level rise in the coming centuries. This gap in comprehensiveness is explained by the fact that 3D GIA models are computationally expensive, seldomly open-source and require the implementation of an iterative coupling scheme to converge with the history of the ice-sheet model. To close this gap between "best" and "tractable" GIA models, we here propose FastIsostasy, a regional GIA model capturing lateral variations of the lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity. By means of Fast-Fourier transforms and a hybrid collocation scheme to solve its underlying partial differential equation, FastIsostasy can simulate 100,000 years of high-resolution bedrock displacement in only minutes of single-CPU computation, including the changes in sea-surface height due to mass redistribution. Despite its 2D grid, FastIsostasy parametrises the depth-dependent viscosity in a physically meaningful way and therefore represents the depth dimension to a certain extent. FastIsostasy is here benchmarked against analytical, 1D and 3D GIA solutions and shows very good agreement with them. It is fully open-source, documented with many examples and provides a straight-forward interface for coupling to an ice-sheet model. The model is benchmarked here based on its implementation in Julia, while a Fortran version is also provided to allow for compatibility with most existing ice-sheet models. The Julia version provides additional features, including a vast library of time-stepping methods and GPU support.
A stratigraphic framework of the Jezero upper fan succession observed in an erosional window at Gnaraloo Bay, Jezero crater, Mars. 
Authors: Barnes Robert , Gupta Sanjeev , Jones Alex , Horgan Briony , Paar Gerhard , Stack Katie , Garczynski Bradley , Bell Jim , Maki Justin , Alwmark Sanna , Ravanis Eleni , Calef Fred , Crumpler Larry , Williford Ken , Simon Justin , Gwizd Samantha , Farley Ken , Tate Christian , Annex Andrew , Kah Linda
Published: March 2024

The NASA Perseverance rover has been traversing the Jezero western fan, a clastic succession on the western rim of Jezero crater, containing a series of rocks deposited between ~3.6-3.8 Ga that show evidence of basinward prograding fluvial-deltaic depositional conditions.The lowest stratigraphy in the Jezero fan records a transition from igneous crater floor material to distal deltaic deposits. A transition to fluvio-deltaic and periodic debris flow deposition is recorded in the upper fan series: The Tenby formation sandstones are comparable to terrestrial meandering fluvial systems, planar-bedded coarse sandstones of the Otis Peak member overlie the Tenby formation, and a blocky unit of boulder deposits, referred to as the Boulder Unit tops the fan. To the west and north, the upper fan overlies a carbonate-bearing sandstone deposited on the crater rim: the Margin Unit. The contacts between these units have been obscured for much of the traverse, precluding detailed assessment of their stratigraphic relationships.  Gnaraloo Bay, visited on Sols 959 – 1000 of the mission, is an erosional window where the upper fan intersects the Margin Unit. Erosion through three key stratigraphic elements presents an opportunity to unravel the relative timing relationships of the Jezero crater rim and upper fan. We present a stratigraphic framework built from observations in Gnaraloo Bay made from images collected with the Mastcam-Z stereo-camera system.The majority of Gnaraloo Bay is formed of shallow dipping (
Unraveling the genesis of von Kármán vortices behind storm supercell by numerical simulations
Authors: Cintolesi Carlo , Grenzi Marcello , Di Sabatino Silvana , Pocù Federico
Published: March 2024

The impact of severe atmospheric events on human society and activities is becoming a primary issue, considering that the actual trend of climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of such events. Despite exceptional advancements that have been done in the Numerical Weather Prediction field in the last decades, there is still a lack of knowledge on features of atmospheric phenomena at the lower and less energetic scales. The present contribution focuses on the genesis mechanism and evolution of periodic secondary vortices, of the von Karman wake type, that arise downwind of thunderstorm supercells. These structures develop at intermediate altitudes, are often less energetic and have a shorter lifetime than the principal supercell. Therefore, they are hardly captured by meteorological observations, but they can play an important role in transporting kinematic and thermal qualities, also anticipating the impact of the supercell itself. To address this topic, a real case has been studied and numerically reproduced: the thunderstorm supercell generated on 5th September 2015 over the Gulf of Naples (Italy), which was of exceptional intensity for the Mediterranean area. The analysis of multi-platform data (including data from ERA5, ground and space-borne radar, and local measurements) enabled the identification of the secondary vortices of interest and to derive the geometric, thermal and kinematic characteristics of the system. A simplified model of the supercell was then designed and used to set up a Large-Eddy Simulation, based on computational fluid dynamics techniques, to directly solve the physics of most large and energetic scales of motion. The numerical experiment reproduced the fundamental structure of the supercell and its well-known features, including interactions with the tropopause (e.g. overshooting top, anvil, hydraulic jump, gravity waves). The wake of secondary vortices downwind of the main body of the supercell was reproduced and analysed, and the mechanism of generation of these turbulent structures was described.  To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first contribution integrating direct observations and Large-Eddy Simulation numerical simulations to analyse secondary vortex trails behind storm supercells. 
Mapping the service areas of Great Britain's electrical infrastructure for whole systems energy decarbonisation
Authors: Day Joseph , Wilson Grant , Donaldson Daniel
Published: March 2024

Electrification of presently fossil fuel-based heating and transport is recognised as a likely pathway to a net-zero energy system. However, this vector shifting will involve a significantly increased demand on the electrical network. Therefore, it is important to understand the geography of the electrical network in order to accurately anticipate where these extra demands will occur and their impact on peak demand, to in turn determine if network reinforcement or other flexibility solutions would be required.The area served by the same piece of electrical infrastructure, such as a medium voltage substation (also known as a primary) can be visualised by a polygon drawn around all the properties which are normally connected to that substation. This is a valuable addition to the energy data landscape which can enable analysis of local area-based decarbonisation scenarios. For the first time, our research group has compiled the shapefiles from the six separate regional Distribution Network Operator companies in Great Britain, into a single map and made the data available for public download on Zenodo (it has been downloaded over 150 times as of January 2024)[1].  The methods of deriving these boundaries also differ by region (most use a Voronoi polygon algorithm), so they are critically contrasted.The main benefit of opening this data is to allow the open modelling community and other stakeholders to conduct their own analysis and develop use cases with a geographical unit (the primary substation) which is relevant to the energy network, rather than an administrative or political boundary for which lots of energy datasets are currently aggregated to. In one example of these use cases, we have used open government data on annual domestic energy consumption to determine the mean domestic gas consumption for each of the 4436 primary substations in Great Britain, and place them in a decile. This gives insight into the scale of energy required to be provided through that part of the electrical network rather than the gas network, should heat be electrified to varying degrees. As a fundamental dataset and combined with network monitoring data, our output could ultimately enable advanced models such as digital twins, with applications for near and long-term energy forecasting could be used for system planning.
[1] https://zenodo.org/records/8335354
What drives the structure of the stratigraphic record? A registered report study using forward modelling
Authors: Jarochowska Emilia , Hidding Johan , Burgess Peter , Liu Xianyi , Hohmann Niklas , Spreeuw Hanno , De Vleeschouwer David
Published: March 2024

The structure of the sedimentary record comprises the information which parts of the geological history are preserved and what physical record represents this history. Different depositional environments and sedimentary basins have different types of time completeness and resolution, which affects what environmental and evolutionary information can be gleaned from them. How time is preserved in rocks is reconstructed under different paradigms, which can yield different – sometimes radically – results for the same geological sections. Two widely contrasted paradigms around the formation of stratigraphic patterns are:external forcing through changes in the orientation and tilt of the Earth’s axis and shape of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun (Milanković cycles), which – through the insolation of Earth’s surface – affect production and erosion of sediments;
autocyclicity, which can arise through the alternation of environments forming a mosaic, which is particularly prominent in carbonate settings, where it is reinforced by the dispersal and competition between sediment-producing biota.
We use carbonate forward models to create virtual stratigraphic architectures representing these two possibilities or their mixtures. As a “null model” we use architectures driven by a stochastic sea-level change, in this case an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, to account for the possibility that neither of these two paradigms allows us to obtain realistic stratigraphic patterns or that their stratigraphic expression is not implemented realistically.Our study consists of two parts:a registered report which describes how the stratigraphic architectures are produced, processed using the admtools package for the R software and then classified without supervision with respect to their driving mechanism,
an implementation using a newly developed Open Source model of carbonate platform growth, CarboKitten.jl, inspired by previous models, CarboCAT and CARBONATE 3D.
Such design allows reproducing the study using other forward models, such as SedFlux, either representing different depositional environments or using different algorithms to construct the same environment. It does not exhaust possible drivers of time-preservation in rocks. For example, it does not yet allow to account for diagenetic self-organization, i.e. stratigraphic patterns emerging post-deposition, nor lags of the climate system associated with processes such as ice dynamics. However, it allows to explore how time-completeness and distribution of gaps affects reconstructions of environmental and evolutionary processes. The forward modelling approach allows for testing hypotheses on the mechanisms of the formation of stratigraphic record in a reproducible way.
Towards SI-traceable calibration of soil moisture sensors
Authors: Andreasen Klahn Emil , Friis Østergaard Peter , Kjeldsen Henrik , Nielsen Jan
Published: March 2024

Soil moisture is one of the essential climate variables, and it is interesting from both meteorological and agricultural perspectives. At the same time, soil moisture measurements span several length scales, from in-field studies with point scale sensors, to field scale with CRNS-probes to even larger study areas investigated with remote sensing. These different techniques make use of fundamentally different physical principles for obtaining soil moisture measurements, and harmonizing these measurements requires that SI-traceability can be demonstrated. For the common metric of volumetric water content, this requires demonstrating traceability of both water and soil volume.The Danish Technological Institute (DTI) has implemented a dedicated setup for determination of water content. The setup takes samples ranging from 100 g up to 2 kg and a volume up to 2 liters, which makes measurements on representative soil samples feasible. In contrast to the to the traditional loss-on-drying method, the DTI reference setup provides SI-traceability of the water content, through measurements of air flow and dew point temperature.In this presentation, the design principles of the setup and the utilization of the setup for SI-traceable calibration of point scale soil moisture sensors are described.
Influence of Island Morphology on Micro-Endemic Biodiversity Distribution
Authors: Lemaire Anaé , Braun Jean , Acevedo-Trejos Esteban
Published: March 2024

Most islands host an endemic biota, i.e., present nowhere else on Earth like it is the case, for instance, of Madagascar. It has been shown that different populations of lemurs, endemic to the island, are mostly distributed along the watersheds surrounding the central plateau of Madagascar, creating a so-called micro-endemism, while the populations living on the central high-elevated watersheds are not showing this micro-endemism. Here we wish to address the question whether there exists a correlation between the evolution of the landforms (i.e., the morphology of the island) of Madagascar and the hybrid distribution of lemur populations? More broadly, how does the tectono-geomorphic evolution of an island influence the flourishing of micro-biodiversity?To answer these questions in a quantitative manner, we combined a Landscape Evolution Model based on the Stream Power Law and taking into account Flexural Isostasy, with a Speciation Model. We first developed a morphometric index to differentiate between Π-islands with a central plateau surrounded by smaller basins, like Madagascar, from conical Λ-islands, like Sri Lanka. We then predicted patterns of biodiversity as a function of the index value and its time evolution. We show that the tectono-geomorphic evolution influences patterns of biodiversity and evaluate the influence of varying the values for model parameters, in particular the ones characterising dispersal and mutation. We finally used phylogenetic observations to constrain some of these parameters.
EPOS-PL+ project - infrastructure for long-term InSAR monitoring of mining induced deformations in Southern Poland
Authors: Ilieva Maya , Pawłuszek-Filipiak Kamila , Teodorczyk Dominik , Wielgocka Natalia , Balak Patryk , Stasch Krzysztof , Karpina Mateusz , Bogusławski Paweł , Tymków Przemysław
Published: March 2024

The second Polish realisation of the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), namely EPOS-PL+ project (2020-2023), comprised a dedicated task for development of an Infrastructure Centre for Satellite Data Research (CIBDS in Polish). The main task of the centre was to create a methodology for monitoring, modelling and prediction of the terrain deformations related with the extensive underground mining works taking place in the region of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). This area is characterised with extremely dynamic surface changes consisting of small-scale deformation bowls (200-300m in radius) within short range from each other. The subsidence could reach between 0.6 up to 1.6 m per year, depending on the depth of the coal seams under explorations. The deposits are in depth between 400 and 1200 m, and are exploited in a multi-layer manner. The dynamics of the appearance of the subsidence patterns over time is closely related to the long-wall mining method used in this mining area. Within the CIBDS several modules for processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have been developed. An automatic system for Differential Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) processing and postprocessing was developed based on the Alaska data facility repository of Sentinel-1 data, and the European Space Agency (ESA) tools SNAP and snappy. A new methodology was introduced for integration of lower quality but more detailed DInSAR terrain deformation maps with products created by the usage of Persistent scatterers (PSInSAR) technique, which have higher accuracy but lower coverage. The integrated deformation maps are validated with the results of campaign in-situ GNSS/levelling measurements.A new methodology for modelling of the subsidence and 1-month prediction of the expected deformations have been designed on the basis of the Knothe-Budryk theory. FOr the purpose, artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities have been applied using the deformation maps generated by the DInSAR processing and external information about the rhythm and range of the mining works.The newly developed system for terrain changes monitoring target the gaps that left in the commonly used platforms like European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) that cannot cover very extensive deformations and to support and upgrade the mining management and supervision. 
Participatory modelling and knowledge integration in LTSER platforms
Authors: Gaube Veronika , Egger Claudine , Bertsch-Hörmann Bastian , Stocker-Kiss Andrea , Smetschka Barbara
Published: March 2024

Improving sustainability in local socio-ecological systems needs implementation of regionally adapted policies for sustainable development, which are based on place-based knowledge production and engaged stakeholder collaboration. One such approach is the Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) platform. The LTSER network emerged as a bottom-up process where existing local and national initiatives formed a network and were recognised as research infrastructures at European level. Conditions for joining the LTSER network include (usually): support from the local, regional and national authorities of the platform; the existence of long-term data sets (especially biodiversity indicators, but also abiotic variables); and the inclusion and integration of socio-economic data. One of these LTSER platforms is the Eisenwurzen in Austria, which has a long tradition in cooperating in inter- and transdisciplinary social-ecological research.With the proposed presentation we would like to give an insight into the organisation of the LTSER platform Eisenwurzen and the challenges and successes it faces in promoting inter- and transdisciplinary research. We will present participatory modelling projects carried out in the region. The key challenge for transdisciplinary research, which aims to integrate diverse societal and scientific knowledge systems, is to produce both societal and scientific impacts at the same time. Participatory modelling is a method that uses models in three ways: as a means to generate knowledge, to achieve knowledge integration and to enable societal impact. Agent-based modelling is a computer simulation technique that allows the simulation of different actors as agents, the socio-economic and natural environment in which they are embedded, and the interactions between agents and between agents and their environment. The models with individual farm households as agents simulate how changes in socio-economic and political conditions affect patterns of land use, agricultural production and the socio-economic situation within that region.We discuss how and why participatory modelling can help to enhance the impact potential of transdisciplinary research, as well as the limitations of different types of models. We show that participatory modelling allows for the integration of relevant societal and environmental knowledge into the models and for the development of scenarios and strategies in collaboration with stakeholders. Participatory modelling shows its strength in structuring communication about future scenarios and recommendations for action to achieve the goals of the different groups involved in transdisciplinary research. Stakeholders can use the model for effective discussion and education processes to find sustainable ways of land use development.
Fugitive hydrogen emissions from a converted national UK network of methane pipelines – stratospheric climate impacts
Authors: Peecock Anna , Schewe Lars , Haszeldine Stuart
Published: March 2024

Increased fugitive hydrogen in the stratosphere can promote chemical reactions that result in increased lifetimes and abundances of gases that have a harmful climate impact. It is therefore crucial to understand the significance of this effect, and thereon identify and mitigate potential leakage pathways within future hydrogen energy systems. Repurposing the existing high-pressure National Transmission System and low pressure local gas distribution networks for pure or blended hydrogen delivery throughout the UK, is a solution favoured by existing gas network operators. It minimises the necessary replacement of pipeline infrastructure by re-use of £30bn of already installed welded polythene pipe network and compatible assets, which will decrease associated transport costs. However, gaseous hydrogen can compromise mechanical properties of carbon steels, posing integrity concerns for pipelines and other network components. Considerable work has investigated the extent to which material integrity could affect the repurposing potential of existing infrastructure. By contrast, this study aims to quantify the ranges of anticipated increase in atmospheric hydrogen release upon conversion of existing UK gas networks for hydrogen delivery. Based on existing network architectures, provided by UK network operators, we identify the most likely locations for leakage within UK pipeline networks and present a static model to estimate potential fugitive hydrogen. Sensitivity analyses have been undertaken to assess the impact of emissions mitigation strategies, including polythene renewal in the Iron Mains Replacement Programme and replacement of wet compressor seals. Consequently, we can consider both physical leakage at joints and equipment, and permeation losses through pipe walls from natural gas leakage data. Our findings indicate that, while significant, the climate implications of determined theoretical rates of potential hydrogen leakage without mitigation are between 6.5 and 14 times less than those associated with current natural gas transport, based on respective GWP100s. It should be noted that we have considered only the potential emissions associated with pipeline transport, and have thus ignored the additional impact of embedded supply chain emissions.We further propose a geospatial distribution of these potential hydrogen emissions across the UK network. The dataset could serve as a crucial input for future climate modelling to assess the impact of emission location dependency on hydrogen’s global warming potential and quantify the benefits of mitigating leakage in identified “hotspots”. 
Multi-platform high resolution in situ observations for understanding mesoscale and sub-mesoscale processes and their role in the air-sea exchanges: Experiences and prospects from the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC field experiment
Authors: Speich Sabrina , Karstensen Johannes , Carton Xavier , Barbedo Rocha César , Bellenger Hugo , Pasquero Claudia , Parodi Antonio , Gula Jonathan , Bourras Denis , Davy Richard , renault Lionel , del Moral-Méndez Anna , Zhang Dongxiao , Fairall Chris , Farrell David , von Storch Jin-Song , Giordani Hervé , Reverdin Gilles , Horstmann Jochen , Keenlyside Noel ,   EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC Ocean-atmosphere processes
Published: March 2024

In January-February 2020, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment took place in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic with the overall goal of understanding the role of fine-scale processes in internal ocean dynamics and air-sea interaction. Four oceanographic ships, the French Atalante, the German Maria S. Merian and Meteor, and the US Ron Brown, were closely coordinated with airborne observations and autonomous ocean platforms (gliders, ©Saildrones, Argo floats, and drifters) to simultaneously measure the ocean and atmosphere from east of Barbados to the northern border of French Guyana. The multiple observations of the ocean, atmosphere, and their interface have revealed more complex ocean dynamics than expected, in particular a strong interaction between the Amazon River outflow (despite its reduced winter discharge), the North Brazil Current (NBC), and several mesoscale eddies (including the highly energetic NBC rings). This leads to even richer submesoscale dynamics that shape an important fraction of the air-sea exchange of heat, momentum, and CO2, and efficiently isolates the NBC northward flow waters from intense and continuous interactions with the atmosphere. Owing to the many complementary observations from ships and autonomous platforms, we have been able to quantify some of these processes, including the diurnal cycle and the 3D dynamics of different mesoscale eddies, as well as to map and quantify different terms of the air-sea fluxes and their impacts on the marine atmospheric boundary-layer water budget. The results have been widely used not only to validate numerical simulations of the region, but also to guide their analyses and to improve various numerical parameterizations.The collection of these observations was the result of an important international coordination between many different groups of ocean and atmospheric scientists. In addition, the special strategy for targeted data collection of meso- and submesoscale processes relied on daily planning of the field experiment and on detailed analysis of the near-real-time satellite data and the observations already obtained during the experiment, which was essential for providing the right snapshots of the ocean and atmosphere for the quantification of many processes. The lessons learned from this experiment will be implemented and extended in the upcoming major high-resolution oceanographic endeavor, the WHIRLS experiment, which will take place in June-July 2025, southwest of Africa.
Thermal transient PDC behavior induced by topographic drops: A test case at Mt. St. Helens, USA
Authors: Cerminara Matteo , Trolese Matteo , Giordano Guido , Brand Brittany , Pollock Nicholas , Cifelli Francesca , Mattei Massimo
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the influence of topography on the internal structure and dynamics of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), using the 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption as a case study. By integrating paleomagnetic data and numerical models, we observe significant temperature differences (approximately 100°C) in PDC deposits on different flanks of the volcano. These variations are attributed to local topographic features affecting air entrainment in PDCs. We find that topographic drops induce a transient regime in PDCs, altering their internal temperature, velocity, and concentration. The duration of the transient phase is proportional to the ratio between the drop height and the square root of the current thickness. The influence of topography on PDC dynamics decreases with distance from these drops or when a stationary phase is reached. Taken together, our dataset allows us to estimate a local sedimentation rate of approximately 150 ± 100 mm/s for PDC deposits in a proximal reattachment region. This research emphasizes the importance of transient dynamics in understanding PDC behavior, introduces a new method for measuring sedimentation rates, and highlights the need to consider topographic effects in hazard assessments.
Learning-Based Hyperspectral Image Compression Using A Spatio-Spectral Approach
Authors: Sprengel Niklas , Fuchs Martin Hermann Paul , Demir Prof. Begüm
Published: March 2024

Advances in hyperspectral imaging have led to a significant increase in the vol-ume of hyperspectral image archives. Therefore, the development of efficient andeffective hyperspectral image compression methods is an important research topic inremote sensing. Recent studies show that learning-based compression methods areable to preserve the reconstruction quality of images at lower bitrates compared totraditional methods [1]. Existing learning-based image compression methods usu-ally employ spatial compression per image band or for all bands jointly. However,hyperspectral images contain a high amount of spectral correlations which neces-sitates more complex compression architectures that can reduce both spatial andspectral correlations for a more efficient compression. To address this problem, wepropose a novel Spatio-Spectral Compression Network (S2C-Net).S2C-Net is a flexible architecture to perform hyperspectral image compression,exploiting both spatial and spectral dependencies of hyperspectral images. It com-bines different spectral and spatial autoencoders into a joint model. To this end, alearning-based pixel-wise spectral autoencoder is initially pre-trained. Then, a spa-tial autoencoder network is added into the bottleneck of the spectral autoencoder forfurther compression of the spatial correlations. This is done by applying the spatialautoencoder to the output of the spectral encoder and then applying the spectraldecoder to the output of the spatial autoencoder. The model is then trained usinga novel mixed loss function that combines the loss of the spectral and the spatialmodel. Since the spatial model is applied on the output of the spectral encoder,the spatial compression methods that are optimised for 2D image compression canbe used in S2C-Net in the context of hyperspectral image compression.In the experiments, we have evaluated our S2C-Net on HySpecNet-11k that isa large-scale hyperspectral image dataset [2]. Experimental results show that S2C-Net outperforms both spectral and spatial state of the art compression methods forbitrates lower than 1 bit per pixel per channel (bpppc). Specifically, it can achievelower distortion for similar compression rates and offers the possibility to reachmuch higher compression rates with only slightly reduced reconstruction quality.References[1] F. Zhang, C. Chen, and Y. Wan, “A survey on hyperspectral remote sensingimage compression,” in IEEE IGARSS, 2023, pp. 7400–7403..[2] M. H. P. Fuchs and B. Demir, “Hyspecnet-11k: A large-scale hyperspectraldataset for benchmarking learning-based hyperspectral image compression meth-ods,” in IEEE IGARSS, 2023, pp. 1779–1782.
PARATUS Forensic Analysis Approach of Past Disasters to Develop Quantifiable Multi-Hazard Impact Scenarios
Authors: Atun Funda , Romagnoli Federica , Cocuccioni Silvia , Olaya Calderon Liz Jessica , Armas Iuliana , Mocanu Ruxandra , Goksu Caglar , Kundak Seda , Pittore Massimiliano , Sliuzas Richard
Published: March 2024

Understanding complex interactions between hazardous events and dynamic risk conditions in today’s geographies requires carefully analyzing the historical data. Learning from the past will contribute to developing models and multi-hazard risk scenarios. Current disaster databases often concentrate on individual hazards and their direct consequences, lacking the ability to attribute impacts resulting from hazard interactions or adequately depict risk pathways from root causes to ensuing losses. Although the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) approach is widely used to assess physical damages, economic losses, and recovery costs following major disasters, it proves less straightforward in estimating impacts and losses for future events.In forensic analysis, when examining post-event conditions, the investigator formulates hypotheses regarding the pre-event conditions and gathers relevant evidence and facts. Forensic investigations of disasters, i.e. FORIN, highlight the necessity to characterize systemic, structural root causes and risk drivers at global, national, and local levels. While historical disaster data is indispensable, acknowledging the dynamic nature of economic, social, and environmental conditions, at the same time it challenges the prevailing notion that "the past is the key to the future."Within the realm of disaster risk literature, several forensic analysis approaches are present. In the context of the PARATUS project's development of a forensic approach, three specific methodologies are incorporated: Investigation of Disasters (FORIN), Post Event Review Capability (PERC), and Detecting Disaster Root Causes (DKKV). PARATUS approach applies a combination of these three forensic approaches to a set of learning case studies drawn from selected past disaster events to analyze and navigate the complexity of disaster impacts across diverse contexts.In PARATUS, we employ forensic analysis alongside historical datasets and earth observation across 18 learning case studies. Three primary criteria guide the selection of these case studies: 1) featuring hazard interactions representative of the European context; 2) having an impact on diverse sectors; and 3) global scenarios that could potentially occur in Europe.
Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Data Analysis for Devastating Flood Study in Northern Libya
Authors: Shults Roman , Farahat Ashraf
Published: March 2024

Floods are considered the most dangerous and destructive geohazards, leading to human victims and severe economic outcomes. Yearly, a large number of regions around the world suffer from devasting floods. The estimation of flood aftermaths is one of the high priorities for the global community. One such flood took place in northern Libya in September 2023. The presented study is aimed at the Libyan flood aftermath evaluation using Google Earth Engine opportunities. The primary task is obtaining and analyzing data that provide high accuracy and detail for the study region. Among those data that are of importance for flood and its aftermath assessment are remote sensing images. The last decades have seen an increased interest in remote sensing data thanks to the data accessibility and variety of free, open-source computational platforms. The data from Landsat, Sentinel, and similar missions are ubiquitous and well-studied. On the other hand, such software as Google Earth Engine or QGIS has a powerful toolbox for different solutions. The goal stated in the paper is related to image classification and change detection problems. The mentioned software provides various solutions based on machine-learning approaches for image classification and change detection. Miscellaneous data have been used to reach the paper’s goal. The first stage of the study was the development of a workflow for data analysis. This workflow includes three parallel processes of data analysis. The study comprised Sentinel 2 data for image classification using multispectral bands. Different supervised classification methods were examined, including random forest, support vector machines, naïve-Bayes, and CART. The different sets of hyperparameters for classification were considered. GEOEYE-1 and WorldView-2 images of four cities, Dernah, Susah, Al-Bayda, and Brega, were investigated for change detection algorithms. In addition, different NDVIs were calculated to facilitate the recognition of damaged regions. At the final stage, the analysis results were fused using the QGIS platform to obtain the damage estimation for the studied regions. As the main output, the area changes for the primary classes, and the maps that portray these changes were obtained. The recommendations for data usage and further processing in Google Earth Engine were developed.
Edge detection of magnetic data: Preliminary results of application to Episkopeion region in Olympos Ancient City (Antalya)
Authors: Deniz Toktay Hazel
Published: March 2024

Identifying and determining buried archaeological structure limits are crucial for archaeological prospection surveys. The archaeological prospection surveys can shed light on protecting cultural heritage. Magnetic is one of the most applied methods in archaeological surveys to plan the excavation process. It aims to identify buried temples, graves, city walls, and other structures by interpreting the data obtained from magnetic measurements, which is one of the non-destructive geophysical exploration methods. In the process of interpretation of magnetic data, many methods have been developed, such as Horizontal Gradient Magnitude, Analytical Signal, Theta Map, and Tilt Angle methods, which can generate information about the boundaries of potential subsurface features. By analyzing the gradients of the magnetic field data, inferences can be made to determine the edges of subsurface potential archeological structure distributions.The Olympos is an important ancient city in Antalya (the south of Turkey) and contains many structures from the Byzantine period. This research aims to detect the pipe drain as a water system of the Episkopeion region in the Olympos ancient city. To this end, Tilt Angle (TA) and Edge detection field (ED) methods were tested on the magnetic map of the synthetic model. The horizontal boundaries of the potential pipe drain elements of the region were analyzed by applying the same procedures on the magnetic map obtained from the magnetic measurements on the area that has not been excavated in the Episkopeion archaeological excavation area. Magnetic measurements were carried out in 4 different regions within the Episkopeion area, and each area was numbered and analyzed separately. Combining the results obtained, an integrated visualization of the water system in the area was achieved.Keywords: Archaeological Prospection, Edge Detection, Olympos, Tilt, Angle, Pipe drains. 
Laboratory measurements of turbulence below wind-generated waves, with and without surfactants
Authors: Buckley Marc , Gade Martin
Published: March 2024

The fluxes of momentum and mechanical energy between the atmosphere and the ocean are coupled with the complex small-scale interactions between wind and wind-generated waves. Small wind waves may carry a significant portion of the air-sea momentum flux, and their growth and dissipation are therefore critical components for the momentum budget at the ocean surface.We present novel laboratory measurements of turbulence and viscous stress under wind-generated waves using PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), under slick-free and slick-covered water surfaces. Three surface-active substances were used, with different visco-elastic properties, for wind speeds ranging from 4 m/s to 8 m/s.  Additionally, LIF (Laser-induced fluorescence) imagery was acquired to characterize the surface, including the distribution of bound and freely propagating capillary waves. The bulk of the measurements was performed at a fetch of 15.5 m.The surfactants strongly modify the onset of capillary waves characteristic of microscale breaking wind-waves, which in turn modifies the growth and evolution of the wind-waves, as well as the turbulent dynamics below microscale breaking wave crests. We will discuss the dynamical role of capillary waves and turbulence near the crest of wind-waves, for the wind-wave energy budget.
3D Modelling of pegmatites migration at the onset of partial melting
Authors: Bergogne Mathis , Le Pourhiet Laetitia , Räss Ludovic , Podladchikov Yury , Utkin Ivan , Plunder Alexis
Published: March 2024

Pegmatites (and rare metal granites) are igneous rocks with a granitic composition, characterised by crystal growth dominated texture. They are often enriched in rare elements (such as Li, Cs, Be, Nb, Ta…) and offer valuable deposit of economic interest that belong to the list of critical raw material defined by the European commission. The aim is to use modeling to understand the formation of pegmatite, and especially the parameters that control the migration distance between their sources (granite, migmatites) and their level of emplacement. We use a two phase flow finite difference code, in Julia, based on the porosity waves with compressible fluid in compressible medium, where the porosity is interpreted as melt [1,2], to model the magma migration inside migmatitics domes. To improve the yet existing codes, we implement temperature in our two phase flow formulation, it will be calculated from energy conservation to take into account the latent heat of the partial melting and the crystallisation. It will allow the to stop the experiments upon magma crystallisation. It will also be use to increase the viscosity of the melt while it cools down. We here present the results of a preliminary 1D version of our model (without temperature). It shows that an increase in the ratio of matrix permeability over the fluid viscosity results in a greater distance travelled by the melt, for a constant number of time step. For a fluid viscosity of 104 Pa.s the increase of matrix (dynamic) permeability from 10-13 to 10-11 m-2 fasten the migration of the melt of a factor 2 and the travelled distance by a factor 1. When the energy will be implemented, we will compare the impact of matrix permeability, the fluid viscosity and the geothermal gradient on the height of the magmatic migration.  References:[1] L. Räss, T. Duretz & Y.Y. Podladchikov (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz239[2] A. Plunder & al. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2022.106652
Estimates of HFC-134a Emissions over Europe informed by observations show a recent increase
Authors: Annadate Saurabh , Maione Michela , Cesari Rita , Falasca Serena , Giostra Umberto , Gonella Barbara , Moricci Federica , Arduini Jgor
Published: March 2024

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a class of greenhouse gases (GHGs) primarily used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), phased out under the Montreal Protocol. However, HFCs significantly impact global warming due to their high global warming potential. In light of the pressing need to tackle climate change and mitigate the effects of GHG emissions, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has established rigorous commitments on emission reduction. As a commitment to the UNFCCC, Annex-I countries need to report their national emission estimates for regulated GHGs, including HFCs, based on the methodologies reported in the IPCC guidelines (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). According to the guidelines, the comparison of estimates with top-down (models based on atmospheric measurements) is indicated as an effective tool for verifying the accuracy of inventories and there is a growing need for independent verification of these estimates. This study reports the most recent update on emissions of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (CH2FCF3) from 2008 to 2023, employing inverse modelling within the European domain, with a specific focus on Italy. CH2FCF3, commercially known as HFC-134a, stands as the most prevalent HFC on a global scale. Its thermodynamic properties, akin to those of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), render it an effective refrigerant for the RAC (refrigeration and air conditioning) sector. This study reveals a notable decline in HFC-134a emissions over the past decade, followed by a recent resurgence. Specifically, Italian emissions in 2020 show a 48% reduction compared to the levels of 2011 and a subsequent increase, with emissions rebounding by 25% in 2022. The availability of near real-time validated observations combined with the most recent inversion frameworks -such as Flexpart/flexinvert+ used here, could be a valuable tool to support the Inventories used to track progress and the effectiveness of the mitigation policies adopted by each country for this class of compounds (that could be extended to others major GHGs) to maximise the effectiveness of their investments.
Petrogenetic and Geochemical studies of Sittampundi Anorthosite Complex, Southern Granulite Terrain, India.
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Krishnamurthi Rajagopal , Rai Nachiketa
Published: March 2024

The Sittampundi Anorthosite complex (SAC), in the Southern Granulite terrain of Peninsular India, is a layered Archean anorthosite comprising gabbroic rocks at the base overlain by leucogabbros and anorthosites interlayered with well-developed massive chromitites. The complex has been subjected to high-pressure granulite facies (800-900°C and 11-14 Kbar) metamorphism and later retrogressed to amphibolite-facies metamorphism (550-480°C and 5.5-4.5Kbar) during exhumation (Chatterjee et al., 2022). Detailed petrography, mineral chemistry as well as major and trace element geochemistry have been used to constrain its petrogenesis and geodynamic setting.The presence of highly calcic plagioclase and igneous amphibole indicates that magma was quite hydrous in nature. Chromites are Fe-Al rich in nature, and on the differentiation diagram, they plot near to podiform chromites and supra-subduction zone setting. Geochemical trends in major and trace elements indicate that the gabbro, leucogabbro and anorthosites were derived from the fractionated magma. However, the mineral assemblage and chromite chemistry in chromitite indicate they formed due to magma mixing.  Based on experimental studies, the composition of plagioclase limits the pressure to 2-3kb and depth of crystallization to approximately 7-11 kilometres. The findings of this study indicate the hydrous magma parental to SAC originated in a subduction zone setting in the Neoarchean.