bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Acquired Pneumonia Due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae versus Non-Mycoplasma Pneumoniae: A Comparative Analysis from a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Gandhi Chhavi , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay , Chawla Kiran , Chaudhry Rama
Published: October 2021

Aims: The study aims to compare the clinical and microbiological profile in adult, hospitalised patients of community acquired pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) vs other bacterial agents.

Study Design: Prospective, observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: Study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal in a span of eighteen months (August 2014 to February 2016).

Methodology:   A Hospital based study in a tertiary care center was conducted. Adult hospitalised patients suspected of community acquired pneumonia (according to IDSA guidelines) were included in the study. Cases with immunosuppression and prior hospital admission were excluded. Respiratory samples were collected and cultured for all the studied cases. PCR was performed for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by targeting P1 gene.

Results: The study cases (n=140) had mean age of 57 years and mean hospital stay of 7 days, comprising 67.6%  males and 32.4% females. Amongst all the cases of CAP that were included in the study, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in 23(16.4%) cases with 12 (52.2%) cases due to MP alone and 11 cases (47.8%) had multiple bacterial etiology. Symptoms such as chest pain (91.7%), joint pains (45.8%), earache (41.7%) and sepsis (56.5%) were significantly higher (p<0.005) when Mycoplasma pneumonia was the detected pathogen. Moreover worsening of clinical condition and mortality was also observed higher in this group.

Conclusion: Association of higher morbidity and mortality, as observed in current study, highlights the importance of early and timely diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Evaluation of Some New Generation Fungicides against Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) Wilt Causal agent Fusarium udum under in vitro Conditions
Authors: Reddy B. Deepak , Kumar Birendra
Published: October 2021

Pigeonpea wilt disease caused by Fusarium udum is one of the most devastating soil borne disease. The objective of this investigation was to determine the antifungal activities of fungicides which can be used to control wilt disease of pigeonpea. Among all the fungicides Azoxystrobin+Tebuconazole, Carbendazim, Tebuconazole+Trifloxystrobin, Hexaconazole, Tebuconazole exhibited 100% inhibition at all the concentrations, followed by Azoxystrobin+ Difenconazole which exhibited 92.22%, 94.4%, 94.4% and 100% inhibition at 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis Detected by Enzyme Immunoassay Coproantigen among People Living with HIV/AIDS Attending Selected Hospitals in Maiduguri, Nigeria
Authors: M. Umoru Askira , Samaila A. B. , Panda S. M. , Iliyasu M. Y. , Kadaura U. M. , Umar M. A. , Hamafylto H. S , Bukar U. A. , Wakawa H. U.
Published: October 2021

Background: Cryptosporidium species are intestinal parasites that infect both humans and animals; it causes cryptosporidiosis which usually resulted to diarrhea especially among those with impaired immunity. It was observed that enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) be ascertain was never been used as one of the techniques in the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum antigen in Maiduguri, Borno state.

Materials and Methods: Four hundred stool and blood samples were collected in four selected hospitals in the study area. Stool samples were analyzed by Enzyme link immunosorbent assay to detect fecal Cryptosporidium antigen, while the blood samples were analyzed with Partec sysmex ® flow cytometric machine for CD4 T-lymphocyte counts.

Results: Demographically, female are 275 while male 125 in number. The result of the stool samples have shown that, of the four hundred samples, seventy nine (79) patients  were positive for Cryptosporidium  species with an infection rate of 19.8%. According to gender, females have the highest infection rate of 14.25% while males 5.5%.based on age, patients between the ages of 20-39 have the highest prevalence of 9.5% followed by 40-59 with 7.5% and lastly 0-19 and >60 old are1.25 and 1.5% respectively. Traders (businessmen and women) demonstrated the highest infection rate of 8.0% followed by housewives 6.25%, civil servants 4.25% and lastly student and farmer with 1.0 and 0.25% respectively. In terms of CD4-T-lymphocyte count, those with CD4 <200cells/µl has an occurrence rate of 8.25% followed by 201-499 with 7.0% and >500 with 4.5%. on the bases of clinical details, the results have shown that patients with diarrhea has a prevalence of 13.0% while those without diarrhea has 6.75%, however, according to the hospitals the patients attended, the result has that, USUMH has 7.0%.Followed by UMTH 6.5%, SSHM 3.75%, and MSMH 2.5% respectively.

Conclusion: It was concluded that those with cd4 count bellow 200 are at risk of contacting the parasites and hence is one of the causes of diarrhea among HIV patients. It is recommended that proper hygiene practice should be encouraged.
Inhibition Effect of Atenolol on Copper Corrosion in 1M HNO3: Experimental Study and DFT
Authors: Ahissan Donatien Ehouman , Kafoumba Bamba , Roland Kogbi Guy , Amara Bamba , Adjoumani Rodrigue Kouakou , Diarrassouba Fatogoma
Published: October 2021

Atenolol was examined as a copper corrosion inhibitor in 1M nitric acid solution using the mass loss technique and quantum chemical studies, based on density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level with the base 6-311G (d,p). The inhibitory efficiency of the molecule increases with increasing concentration and temperature. The adsorption of the molecule on the copper surface follows the modified Langmuir model. The thermodynamic quantities of adsorption and activation were determined and discussed. The calculated quantum chemical parameters related to the inhibition efficiency are the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital E(HOMO), the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital E(LUMO), the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, the hardness (η), softness (S), dipole moment (μ), electron affinity (A), ionization energy (I), absolute electronegativity (χ),absolute electronegativity (χ), fraction (ΔN) of electrons transferred from Atenolol to copper and electrophilicity index(ω). The local reactivity was analyzed through the condensed Fukui function and condensed softness indices to determine the nucleophilic and electrophilic attack sites. There is good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results.
Assessing the Cell Phone Behaviours of Undergraduate Regular University Students: Implications for Counselling
Authors: Odurowaa Edjah Jane , Francis Ankomah , Kwarteng-Nantwi Eugene
Published: October 2021

The use of mobile phones has become increasingly popular in recent years and it is more prevalent among university students. The widespread usage of cell phones has attracted the attention of many students, thereby increasing their rate of cell phone dependency. This study aimed to describe cell phone behaviours among undergraduate regular students at the University of Cape Coast. A survey research design was adopted for the study. Through the use of the stratified sampling technique, a sample of 2,061 undergraduate regular students participated in the study. Questionnaire adapted from Choliz’s (2012) Test of Mobile-phone Dependence (TMD) was used. The internal consistency, estimated using McDonald’s omega coefficient, ranged from .84 to .95. Means and standard deviations were used in analyzing the data for the study. The findings of the study revealed that students were prevalent in the use of cell phones in sending text messages, followed by surfing of the internet, length of time spent on the cell phone, and use of cell phone as a source of entertainment. It was recommended among other things that students should consciously regulate their use of cell phones so that it does not jeopardize their academic work.
A Research Protocol to Evaluate the Efficacy of Powerball versus Mulligan Mobilization with Movement on Pain and Function in Patients with Lateral Epicondylitis
Authors: Uttamchandani Shivani , Phansopkar Pratik
Published: October 2021

Background: Amongst the most frequently repeated stress conditions within the elbow joint includes lateral epicondylitis (LE). The extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle attachment is affected mostly. The management of an individual with LE that manifests itself in repetitive upper extremity motions is the purpose of this research. There seems to be no study on the effects of PowerBall device training on the pain and function in individuals with Lateral Epicondylitis. “PowerBall device” practice is a type of strength training.

Methods / Design: After conducting initial evaluations and allocation, the subjects (n=50) with LE will be involved in a randomized controlled study and classified either in an intervention group or a conventional group. The interventional group will do “PowerBall device” exercises, while others in the control group, doing MMWM. These groups will receive basic movements and ultrasound in accordance with the procedures.

Discussion: The PRTEE scale measured the intervention's impact on pain and function in patients with LE, and a Hand-held Dynamometer was utilized to quantify grip strength. The findings will give considerable support for the use of the "PowerBall device" exercise and MMWM on LE patients.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn post study so as to see whether PowerBall device is more helpful or Mulligan Mobilization with Movement on pain and function in patients with LE. This study will give better approach to the therapist in managing the condition.
Fabrication of Open‐Cell Microcellular Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composite Foams with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Han Yingxia , Yu Zhen , Zhang Tao , Zhang Xin , Phule Ajit Dattatray , Zhang Zhen Xiu , Jang Sung Hwan
Published: October 2021

Porous materials are becoming progressively more popular because of their potential applications in the fields of oil−water separation, drug delivery, gas adsorption, and chemical sensing. Herein, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) porous materials by the etching method and supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) foaming after the etching method are proposed. On this basis, ABS porous conductive composites are prepared by adding conductive carbon black (CCB). The results show that as the content of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the blend increases to 50 phr, the ABS materials prepared by SC‐CO2 foaming after the etching method all become open‐cell structures. When the content of CCB reaches 6%, the conductivity of ABS porous materials prepared by the etching method is 2.56 Sm−1; after etching, the conductivity of ABS porous materials prepared by SC‐CO2 foaming can reach 15 Sm−1 and electromagnetic shielding can reach 23 dB. When the content of CCB is greater than 6%, the conductivity is significantly improved. The conductivity of the ABS open‐pore materials prepared by the two methods can reach 15 Sm−1, and the maximum electromagnetic shielding can reach 33 dB. The developed foam has a great potential in electronics and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding application.
Microfluidic Arrays of Breast Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening and Personalized Cancer Therapies
Authors: Prince Elisabeth , Kheiri Sina , Wang Yihe , Xu Fei , Cruickshank Jennifer , Topolskaia Valentina , Tao Huachen , Young Edmond W. K. , McGuigan Alison. P. , Cescon David W. , Kumacheva Eugenia
Published: October 2021

One of the obstacles limiting progress in the development of effective cancer therapies is the shortage of preclinical models that capture the dynamic nature of tumor microenvironments. Interstitial flow strongly impacts tumor response to chemotherapy; however, conventional in vitro cancer models largely disregard this key feature. Here, a proof of principle microfluidic platform for the generation of large arrays of breast tumor spheroids that are grown under close‐to‐physiological flow in a biomimetic hydrogel is reported. This cancer spheroids‐on‐a‐chip model is used for time‐ and labor‐efficient studies of the effects of drug dose and supply rate on the chemosensitivity of breast tumor spheroids. The capability to grow large arrays of tumor spheroids from patient‐derived cells of different breast cancer subtypes is shown, and the correlation between in vivo drug efficacy and on‐chip spheroid drug response is demonstrated. The proposed platform can serve as an in vitro preclinical model for the development of personalized cancer therapies and effective screening of new anticancer drugs.
Titanium Carbide‐Based Adsorbents for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions and Radionuclides: From Nanomaterials to 3D Architectures
Authors: Dong Xinsheng , Bhattacharjee Subhajit , Zhang Chonghuan , Chai Fang
Published: October 2021

Heavy metal ions (HMIs) and radionuclides pose serious threats to food safety, human health, and marine ecosystems. Titanium carbides are advantageous owing to their good hydrophilicity, controllable surface charge, specific active groups, and high radiation stability, which make them effective candidates for removing toxic HMIs and radionuclides from wastewater. Recently, a lot of research is conducted to discover new methods for preparing functional titanium carbide composite materials to enhance the adsorption performance and overcome the shortcomings of conventional nanomaterials. Since 2011, the titanium carbide‐based adsorbents have undergone a developmental process from a single 2D nanosheet to a wide range of composite materials and 3D architectures. In this review, the development and progress in the design and synthesis methods of various titanium carbide‐based adsorbents are summarized. These methods are practical, scalable, and controllable in terms of structure and surface chemistry. The application of these surface‐modified composite materials in the adsorption of HMIs and radionuclides is also discussed, and the adsorption mass transfer mechanism of the adsorbates on titanium carbide‐based adsorbents is analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of titanium carbide composite materials for future applications in the domain of metal ion adsorption are discussed.
Emerging Roles of Energy Metabolism in Ferroptosis Regulation of Tumor Cells
Authors: Yao Xuemei , Li Wei , Fang De , Xiao Chuyu , Wu Xiao , Li Menghuan , Luo Zhong
Published: October 2021

Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death, which is characterized by the iron‐dependent accumulation of lethal lipid peroxides and involved in many critical diseases. Recent reports revealed that cellular energy metabolism activities such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and tricarboxylic acid cycle are involved in the regulation of key ferroptosis markers such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), therefore imposing potential regulatory roles in ferroptosis. Remarkably, tumor cells can activate adaptive metabolic responses to inhibit ferroptosis for self‐preservation such as the upregulation of glycolysis and PPP. Due to the rapid proliferation of tumor cells and the intensified metabolic rate, tumor energy metabolism has become a target for disrupting the redox homeostasis and induce ferroptosis. Based on these emerging insights, regulatory impact of those‐tumor specific metabolic aberrations is systematically characterized, such as rewired glucose metabolism and metabolic compensation through glutamine utilization on ferroptosis and analyzed the underlying molecular mechanisms. Additionally, those ferroptosis‐based therapeutic strategies are also discussed by exploiting those metabolic vulnerabilities, which may open up new avenues for tumor treatment in a clinical context.
Genetic structure in patchy populations of a candidate foundation plant: a case study ofLeymus chinensisusing genetic and clonal diversity
Authors: Guo Jian , Richards Christina L. , Holsinger Kent E. , Fox Gordon A. , Zhang Zhuo , Zhou Chan
Published: October 2021

Premise

The distribution of genetic diversity on the landscape has critical ecological and evolutionary implications. This may be especially the case on a local scale for foundation plant species because they create and define ecological communities, contributing disproportionately to ecosystem function.

Methods

We examined the distribution of genetic diversity and clones, which we defined first as unique multilocus genotypes (MLG), and then by grouping similar MLGs into multilocus lineages. We used 186 markers from inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR) across 358 ramets from 13 patches of the foundation grassLeymus chinensis. We examined the relationship between genetic and clonal diversities, their variation with patch size, and the effect of the number of markers used to evaluate genetic diversity and structure in this species.

Results

Every ramet had a unique MLG. Almost all patches consisted of individuals belonging to a single multilocus lineages. We confirmed this with a clustering algorithm to group related genotypes. The predominance of a single lineage within each patch could be the result of the accumulation of somatic mutations, limited dispersal, some sexual reproduction with partners mainly restricted to the same patch, or a combination of all three.

Conclusions

We found strong genetic structure among patches ofL. chinensis. Consistent with previous work on the species, the clustering of similar genotypes within patches suggests that clonal reproduction combined with somatic mutation, limited dispersal, and some degree of sexual reproduction among neighbors causes individuals within a patch to be more closely related than among patches.
Quantifying the effect of shade on cuticle morphology and carbon isotopes of sycamores: present and past
Authors: Milligan Joseph N. , Flynn Andrew G. , Wagner Jennifer D. , Kouwenberg Lenny L.R. , Barclay Richard S. , Byars Bruce W. , Dunn Regan E. , White Joseph D. , Zechmann Bernd , Peppe Daniel J.
Published: October 2021

Premise

Reconstructing the light environment and architecture of the plant canopy from the fossil record requires the use of proxies, such as those derived from cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes. All approaches assume that plant taxa will respond predictably to changes in light environments. However, most species‐level studies looking at cell wall undulation only consider “sun” or “shade” leaves; therefore, we need a fully quantitative taxon‐specific method.

Methods

We quantified the response of cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes of Platanus occidentalis using two experimental setups: (1) two growth chambers at low and high light and (2) a series of outdoor growth experiments using green and black shade cloth at different densities. We then developed and applied a proxy for daily light integral (DLI) to fossil Platanites leaves from two early Paleocene floras from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico.

Results

All traits responded to light environment. Cell wall undulation was the most useful trait for reconstructing DLI in the geological record. Median reconstructed DLI from early Paleocene leaves was ~44 mol m−2 d−1, with values from 28 to 54 mol m−2 d−1.

Conclusions

Cell wall undulation of P. occidentalis is a robust, quantifiable measurement of light environment that can be used to reconstruct the paleo‐light environment from fossil leaves. The distribution of high DLI values from fossil leaves may provide information on canopy architecture; indicating that either (1) most of the canopy mass is within the upper portion of the crown or (2) leaves exposed to more sunlight are preferentially preserved.
Diversification, spread, and admixture of octoploid strawberry in the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Bird Kevin A. , Hardigan Michael A. , Ragsdale Aaron P. , Knapp Steven J. , VanBuren Robert , Edger Patrick P.
Published: October 2021

Premise

Polyploid species often have complex evolutionary histories that have, until recently, been intractable due to limitations of genomic resources. While recent work has further uncovered the evolutionary history of the octoploid strawberry (Fragaria L.), there are still open questions. Much is unknown about the evolutionary relationship of the wild octoploid species, Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, and gene flow within and among species after the formation of the octoploid genome.

Methods

We leveraged a collection of wild octoploid ecotypes of strawberry representing the recognized subspecies and ranging from Alaska to southern Chile, and a high‐density SNP array to investigate wild octoploid strawberry evolution. Evolutionary relationships were interrogated with phylogenetic analysis and genetic clustering algorithms. Additionally, admixture among and within species is assessed with model‐based and tree‐based approaches.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two octoploid strawberry species are monophyletic sister lineages. The genetic clustering results show substructure between North and South American F. chiloensis populations. Additionally, model‐based and tree‐based methods support gene flow within and among the two octoploid species, including newly identified admixture in the Hawaiian F. chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis population.

Conclusions

F. virginiana and F. chiloensis are supported as monophyletic and sister lineages. All but one of the subspecies show extensive paraphyly. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships among F. chiloensis populations supports a single population range expansion southward from North America. The inter‐ and intraspecific relationships of octoploid strawberry are complex and suggest substantial gene flow between sympatric populations among and within species.
Vegetation‐type conversion of evergreen chaparral shrublands to savannahs dominated by exotic annual herbs: causes and consequences for ecosystem function
Authors: Pratt R. Brandon
Published: October 2021

Woody, evergreen shrublands are the archetypal community in mediterranean‐type ecosystems, and these communities are profoundly changed when they undergo vegetation‐type conversion (VTC) to become annual, herb‐dominated communities. Recently, VTC has occurred throughout southern California chaparral shrublands, likely with changes in important ecosystem functions. The mechanisms that lead to VTC and subsequent changes to ecosystem processes are important to understand as they have regional and global implications for ecosystem services, climate change, land management, and policy. The main drivers of VTC are altered fire regimes, aridity, and anthropogenic disturbance. Some changes to ecosystem function are certain to occur with VTC, but their magnitudes are unclear, whereas other changes are unpredictable. I present two hypotheses: (1) VTC leads to warming that creates a positive feedback promoting additional VTC, and (2) altered nitrogen dynamics create negative feedbacks and promote an alternative stable state in which communities are dominated by herbs. The patterns described for California are mostly relevant to the other mediterranean‐type shrublands of the globe, which are biodiversity hotspots and threatened by VTC. This review examines the extent and causes of VTC, ecosystem effects, and future research priorities.
Turning Renewable Feedstocks into a Valuable and Efficient Chiral Phosphate Salt Catalyst
Authors: Antenucci Achille , Messina Monica , Bertolone Massimiliano , Bella Marco , Carlone Armando , Salvio Riccardo , Dughera Stefano
Published: October 2021

Solketal, the chiral acetonide of glycerol, has been employed as the starting material in the design of a novel punctually chiral phosphate sodium salt for catalytic applications in organic and asymmetric synthesis. The racemate and the two enantiomers of the substrate are economic and commercially available, straightforwardly prepared in high yields from naturally occurring feedstocks. Therefore, remarkably, both enantiomers of the final catalyst can be synthesized by simple procedures in high yield and in compliance with several principles of green chemistry. To further demonstrate the usefulness of the novel catalyst, its application in a solventless protocol for cyanohydrin synthesis from a series of aldehydes has been presented.
Ether‐Based Electrolyte Chemistry Towards High‐Voltage and Long‐Life Na‐Ion Full Batteries
Authors: Liang Hao‐Jie , Gu Zhen‐Yi , Zhao Xin‐Xin , Guo Jin‐Zhi , Yang Jia‐Lin , Li Wen‐Hao , Li Bao , Liu Zhi‐Ming , Li Wen‐Liang , Wu Xing‐Long
Published: October 2021

Although ether‐based electrolytes have been extensively applied in anode evaluation of batteries, anodic instability arising from solvent oxidability is always a tremendous obstacle to matching with high‐voltage cathodes. Herein, by rational design for solvation configuration, the fully coordinated ether‐based electrolyte with strong resistance against oxidation is reported, which remains anodically stable with high‐voltage Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPF) cathode under 4.5 V (versus Na+/Na) protected by an effective interphase. The assembled graphite//NVPF full cells display superior rate performance and unprecedented cycling stability. Beyond that, the constructed full cells coupling the high‐voltage NVPF cathode with hard carbon anode exhibit outstanding electrochemical performances in terms of high average output voltage up to 3.72 V, long‐term cycle life (such as 95 % capacity retention after 700 cycles) and high energy density (247 Wh kg−1). In short, the optimized ether‐based electrolyte enriches systematic options, the ability to maintain oxidative stability and compatibility with various anodes, exhibiting attractive prospects for application.
A comparative study at bioprocess and metabolite levels of superhost strain Streptomyces coelicolor M1152 and its derivative M1581 heterologously expressing chloramphenicol biosynthetic gene cluster
Authors: Kumar Kanhaiya , Bruheim Per
Published: October 2021

Microbial superhost strains should provide an ideal platform for the efficient homologous or heterologous phenotypic expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of new and novel bioactive molecules. Our aim in the current study was to perform a comparative study at the bioprocess and metabolite levels of the previously designed superhost strain Streptomyces coelicolor M1152 and its derivative strain S. coelicolor M1581 heterologously expressing chloramphenicol BGC. Parent strain M1152 was characterized by a higher specific growth rate, specific CO2 evolution rate, and a higher specific l‐glutamate consumption rate as compared with M1581. Intracellular primary central metabolites (nucleoside/sugar phosphates, amino acids, organic acids, and CoAs) were quantified using four targeted LC‐MS/MS‐based methods. The metabolite pathways in the nonantibiotic producing S. coelicolor host strain were flooded with carbon from both carbon sources, whereas in antibiotic‐producing strain, the carbon of l‐glutamate seems to be draining out through excreting synthesized antibiotic. The 13C‐isotope‐labeling experiments revealed the bidirectionality in the glycolytic pathway and reversibility in the non‐oxidative part of PPP even with continuous uptake of d‐glucose. The change in the primary metabolites due to the insertion of BGC disclosed a clear linkage between the primary and secondary metabolites.
Infants can breathe and swallow at the same time?
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Henton Patricia , Suárez‐Quian Carlos A.
Published: October 2021

The concept that infants can breathe and swallow simultaneously due to distinct breathing and swallowing channels was propagated primarily by Edmund Crelin and his student, Jeffrey Laitman. Our evaluation of the primary research article that supported this concept found the article to be unconvincing due to numerous misrepresentations of prior data as well as those presented in the article. Despite clear evidence that newborns cannot breathe and swallow simultaneously, Crelin and Laitman continued to support this concept well into the 21st century, which resulted in the concept becoming imbedded in popular literature and the internet, with potentially significant negative clinical consequences. We suggest that a partial explanation why this anatomically and physiologically illogical concept was able to propagate is the paucity of the teaching of newborn anatomy to medical professionals.
Implementierung einer PID‐Regelung in multiregionale Wärmesimulationen in OpenFOAM®
Authors: Röger Markus , Bahle Jonathan , Freiberger Tobias
Published: October 2021

In Verpackungsanlagen werden Produkte häufig mithilfe der Heißsiegeltechnologie verschlossen. Aufgrund ständig steigender Anforderungen an das Verpackungsmaterial wird eine hohe Prozessstabilität beim Heißsiegeln immer wichtiger. Für ein besseres Prozessverständnis wurde auf Basis des OpenFOAM®‐Lösers chtMultiRegionFoam ein numerischer Löser entwickelt, mit dem in multiregionalen Wärmesimulationen zusätzlich eine Sensor‐ und Heizerregion über eine PID‐Regelung gekoppelt wird. Ziel ist es, Maschinenprozesse im Vorfeld möglichst realitätsnah vorhersagen zu können.
Quand une influence minoritaire suffit à rendre plus tolérant à la fraude: Une étude expérimentale au sein de petits groupes
Authors: Sardais Cyrille , Guinovker Alexandre , Bellavance François , Agogué Marine
Published: October 2021

This paper studies minority influence on individual tolerance to certain instances of fraud. Using an experimental approach, we divided 100 students from a business school into 25 groups and compared the individual trajectory of each group according to whether they were in a group composed of only fraud‐intolerant individuals (control), in a group with one fraud‐tolerant individual (minority), or in a group with two fraud‐tolerant individuals (equality). Our results indicate that individual fraud tolerance increases significantly after a group discussion in which only one more fraud‐tolerant individual participates, demonstrating the magnitude of the minority influence on the trajectory of individuals who were initially fraud intolerant.
Halogen‐Dance‐Based Synthesis of Phosphonomethoxyethyl (PME) Substituted 2‐Aminothiazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases
Authors: Česnek Michal , Šafránek Michal , Dračínský Martin , Tloušťová Eva , Mertlíková‐Kaiserová Helena , Hayes Michael P. , Watts Val J. , Janeba Zlatko
Published: October 2021

A series of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) was designed as inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases (ACs), where adenine was replaced with 2‐amino‐4‐arylthiazoles. The target compounds were prepared using the halogen dance reaction. Final AC inhibitors were evaluated in cell‐based assays (prodrugs) and cell‐free assays (phosphono diphosphates). Novel ANPs were potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) from Bordetella pertussis and edema factor (EF) from Bacillus anthracis, with substantial selectivity over mammalian enzymes AC1, AC2, and AC5. Six of the new ANPs were more potent or equipotent ACT inhibitors (IC50=9–18 nM), and one of them was more potent EF inhibitor (IC50=12 nM), compared to adefovir diphosphate (PMEApp) with IC50=18 nM for ACT and IC50=36 nM for EF. Thus, these compounds represent the most potent ACT/EF inhibitors based on ANPs reported to date. The potency of the phosphonodiamidates to inhibit ACT activity in J774A.1 macrophage cells was somewhat weaker, where the most potent derivative had IC50=490 nM compared to IC50=150 nM of the analogous adefovir phosphonodiamidate. The results suggest that more efficient type of phosphonate prodrugs would be desirable to increase concentrations of the ANP‐based active species in the cells in order to proceed with the development of ANPs as potential antitoxin therapeutics.
Fabrication of Flexible Co‐salen Integrated Polymers for Hydration of Epoxides and Alkynes via Cooperative Activation
Authors: Li He , Chen Jian , Liu Jiali , Li Chunzhi , Liu Lina , Yang Qihua
Published: October 2021

Most cross‐linked polymers with integrated active sites in the network have poor flexibility, which inhibits their applications in catalysis involving a cooperative activation pathway. Herein, a flexible organic polymer with high concentration of salen ligand in the network (SOP) was successfully synthesized by the reaction of meso‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine and 1,3,5‐tris(3’‐tert‐butyl‐4’‐hydroxy‐5’‐formylphenyl)benzene. The post‐synthesis coordination with CoII followed by further oxidation results in the formation of SOP−Co−OTs. The large amounts uptake of benzene of SOP and variation of the BET surface area after coordination with different metal cations confirmed the network flexibility. Consequently, SOP−Co−OTs could efficiently catalyze the epoxides hydration to afford turnover frequency up to 2400 h−1 via cooperative activation. Furthermore, SOP−Co−OTs works cooperatively with Amberlyst‐15 in the hydration of phenylacetylene to afford higher yield than homogeneous Co‐salen. Our primary results suggest the potential applications of flexible polymer catalysts in reactions involving cooperative activation pathway.
Single‐Molecule Charge‐Transport Modulation Induced by Steric Effects of Side Alkyl Chains
Authors: Jiang Wenlin , Tan Zhibing , Almughathawi Renad , Wu Qingqing , Liu Zitong , Liu Junyang , Hou Songjun , Zhang Guanxin , Lambert Colin J. , Hong Wenjing , Zhang Deqing
Published: October 2021

The experimental investigation of side‐chain effects on intramolecular charge transport in π‐conjugated molecules is essential but remains challenging. Herein, the dependence of intra‐molecular conductance on the nature of branching alkyl chains is investigated through a combination of the scanning tunneling microscope break junction (STM‐BJ) technique and density functional theory. Three thiophene‐flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives with different branching alkyl chains (isopentane, 3‐methylheptane, and 9‐methylnonadecane) are used with phenylthiomethyl groups as the anchoring groups. The results of single‐molecule conductance measurements show that as the alkyl chain becomes longer, the torsional angles between the aromatic rings increase due to steric crowding, and therefore, the molecular conductance of DPP decreases due to reduction in conjugation. Both theoretical simulations and 1H NMR spectra demonstrate that the planarity of the DPPs is directly reduced after introducing longer branching alkyl chains, which leads to a reduced conductance. This work indicates that the effect of the insulating side chain on the single‐molecule conductance cannot be neglected, which should be considered for the design of future organic semiconducting materials.
Privileged Biorenewable Secologanin‐Based Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis for Pseudo‐Natural Alkaloids: Uncovering Novel Neuroprotective and Antimalarial Frameworks
Authors: Zhu Huajian , Cai Yunrui , Ma Shijia , Futamura Yushi , Li Jinbiao , Zhong Wen , Zhang Xiangnan , Osada Hiroyuki , Zou Hongbin
Published: October 2021

Bioprivileged molecules hold great promise for supplementing petrochemicals in sustainable organic synthesis of a diverse bioactive products library. Secologanin, a biorenewable monoterpenoid glucoside with unique structural elements, is the key precursor for thousands of natural monoterpenoid alkaloids. Inspired by its inherent highly congested functional groups, a secologanin‐based diversity‐oriented synthesis (DOS) strategy for novel pseudo‐natural alkaloids was developed. All the reactive units of secologanin were involved in these operation simplicity protocols under mild reaction conditions, including the one‐step enantioselective transformation of exocyclic C8, C8/C11, and C8/C9/C10 as well as the chemoenzymatic manipulation of endocyclic C2/C6 via the attack by various nucleophiles. A combinatory scenario of the aforementioned reactions further provided diverse polycyclic products with multiple chiral centers. Preliminary activity screening of these newly constructed molecules led to the discovery of antimalarial and highly potent neuroprotective skeletons. The application of green biorenewable secologanin in diversity‐oriented pseudo‐natural monoterpenoid alkaloid synthesis might encourage the pursuit of valuable bioactive frameworks.
Effect of land use change on hydrology of forested watersheds
Authors: Dogan Fatma Nihan , Karpuzcu Mahmut Ekrem
Published: October 2021

Land use/cover changes (LUCCs) in megacities can be rapid and extensive and lead to unintended consequences in sustainable watershed management. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of LUCC on hydrological components using Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in Terkos Basin, Turkey. Four LUCC scenarios (deforestation, urbanization, decrease in agricultural land and expansion in agricultural land) were set up regarding possible future land use changes in the watershed. Surface runoff was the main hydrological component that was impacted by LUCCs. Urbanization and conversion into agricultural lands scenarios resulted in considerable increases in surface runoff. Annual change of surface runoff for urbanization and conversion into agricultural lands scenarios was over 45% when compared to the baseline scenario. More remarkable changes were seen in dry months among the scenarios. Controlling the overall response of the hydrological systems to LUCC depends on better understanding of surface runoff processes. LUCC scenarios were also assessed based on freshwater availability components blue water and green water. The average annual total blue water potential, annual total green water flow and average green water storage of studied sub‐basin were 537, 584 and 108 mm/year for the baseline scenario, respectively. The trends of the blue water flow and green water storage were similar for each scenario, in that they were closely related to precipitation. This study provides valuable insight into hydrological impacts of possible land use changes on forested watersheds.
Test and characterization of reversible solid oxide cells and stacks for innovative renewable energy storage
Authors: Hauch Anne , Ploner Alexandra , Pylypko Sergii , Cubizolles Geraud , Mougin Julie
Published: October 2021

This work aims at developing a renewable energy storage solution, based on reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) technology. Firstly, the initially high performing cells were tested as single cells with long‐term reversible SOFC/SOEC load cycles as part of the test sequence. Secondly, similar cells were integrated in a stack design optimized for reversible operation at high degrees of utilization. The long‐term single cell tests showed significant degradation in galvanostatic test periods during electrolysis but not in fuel cell mode prior to starting the reversible load cycling test part. The degradation diminished during the subsequent rSOC operation of the cells operating at 700 °C, +0.6 (SOFC) and −1.2 A cm−2 (SOEC) at fuel utilization up to 80 % in both modes. The long‐term stack tests were conducted applying different switches between SOFC and SOEC modes. Initially, long duration tests (100 h each mode) were performed at pH2O/pH2: 50/50 to investigate effect of the polarisation only. The alternating cycle SOEC/SOFC was repeated over 1800 h of testing. Then stack switched daily from SOEC mode (8 h in pH2O/pH2 : 90/10 at −0.84 A cm−2) to SOFC (16 h in H2 at 0.26 A cm−2) for 500 h. Stack tests included reversible mode operation for up to several thousands of hours.
Differential training of innate leukocytes getting compartmentalized
Authors: Geng Shuo , Li Liwu
Published: October 2021

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from acidic soils favors production of tomatoes and lycopene concentration
Authors: Aguilera Paula , Becerra Ninozhka , Alvear Marysol , Ortiz Nancy , Turrini Alessandra , Azcón‐Aguilar Concepción , López‐Gómez Miguel , Romero Juan K , Massri Mariajosé , Seguel Alex , Mora María de La Luz , Borie Fernando
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Tomato is widely consumed throughout the world for its flavor and nutritional value. This functional food largely depends on the implementation of new strategies to maintain the nutraceutical value, e.g. lycopene concentration, and overcome the challenges of sustainable production and food security. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)‐based biostimulants represents one of the most promising tools for sustainable management of agricultural soils, being fundamental for organic food production, reducing fertilizers and pesticides use, and decreasing environmental damage. This study aimed at elucidating whether native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could positively affect tomato yield and lycopene concentration.

RESULTS

Native AMF inoculum consisted of two inoculum types: the single species Claroideoglomus claroideum, and a mix of Scutellospora calospora, Acaulospora laevis, Claroideoglomus claroideum, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. At the end of the study up to 78% of the root system was colonized by single inoculum. Tomato diameters in single and mix mycorrhizal plants showed increases of 80% and 35% respectively. Fresh weights were 84% and 38% higher with single and mix inocula compared with the controls, respectively. The lycopene concentration in tomato fruits of plants with single and mix inoculum was higher than controls. The lycopene concentration was 124.5% and 113.9% greater in single and mix than non‐inoculated plants.

CONCLUSION

Tomato diameters, fresh weight and lycopene concentration was significantly higher in plants colonized by AMF compared with uninoculated plants. Results suggest that the role of single species Claroideoglomus claroideum could generate better plant performance due to its high production of extraradical mycelium. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of inheritance of aphid resistance in cowpea genotypes and identification of single sequence repeat markers linked to resistance genes
Authors: Ouedraogo Adelaїde P. , Danquah Agyemang , Tignegre Jean‐Baptiste , Poda Leandre S. , Batieno Joseph B. , Asante Isaac K. , Ouedraogo Jeremy T. , Ayertey Jonathan N. , Ofori Kwadwo
Published: October 2021

An understanding of the mode of inheritance is fundamental to plant breeding. The choice of an appropriate selection method considers the number of genes involved and their modes of action. In plant breeding, markers can overcome the false resistance that may arise from greenhouse screening. The goal of this study was to facilitate the better use of cowpea genotypes resistant to aphids. Specifically, we sought to determine the number of genes involved in the ability of cowpeas to survive aphid infestation and identify single sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to aphid resistance genes. Two pairs of parents (Tiligre × KVX295‐124‐2‐99 and Tiligre × IT97K556‐6) were used to generate two F2 populations. Each of these populations was screened with aphids to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to aphids in cowpeas. SSR markers were used to screen parent, F1, and F2 individuals to locate polymorphic markers and markers linked to the genes involved in resistance to aphids. The results showed that the ability to survive under aphid infestation in KVX295‐2‐124‐99 and IT97K556‐6 is controlled by two nonallelic genes. The markers MA61 and MA70 were found linked to aphid resistance in cowpea.
Whole‐exome sequencing identified first homozygous frameshift variant in the COLEC10 gene in an Iranian patient causing 3MC syndrome type 3
Authors: Mohammadi Pouria , Salehi Siavashani Elham , Mohammadi Mohammad Farid , Bahramy Afshin , Almadani Navid , Garshasbi Masoud
Published: October 2021

Background

3MC syndrome type 3 is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the COLEC10 gene besides other genes like COLEC11 and MASP1. This disorder is characterized by facial dysmorphism, cleft lip and palate, postnatal growth deficiency, cognitive impairment, hearing loss, craniosynostosis, radioulnar synostosis, genital and vesicorenal anomalies, cardiac anomalies, caudal appendage, and umbilical hernia.

Methods

In the present study, whole‐exome sequencing was performed in order to identify disease causing variant in an Iranian 7‐year‐old affected girl with craniosynostosis, dolichocephaly, blepharoptosis, clinodactyly of the 5th finger, high myopia, long face, micrognathia, patent ductus arteriosus, downslanted palpebral fissures, telecanthus, and epicanthus inversus. Identified variant confirmation in the patient and segregation analysis in her family were performed using Sanger sequencing method.

Results

A novel homozygous frameshift deletion variant [NM_006438.5: c.128_129delCA; p.(Thr43AsnfsTer9)] was identified within the COLEC10 gene. Up to now, only three 3MC syndrome patients with mutations in the COLEC10 gene have been reported, and here, we report the fourth patient and the first homozygous frameshift variant.

Conclusion

Other genes and factors responsible for 3MC syndrome occurrence are remained to be discovered. We believe further investigation of the genes in the lectin complement pathway is needed to be done for the identification of other causes of this disease.
Multi‐Mechanistic Antidiabetic Potential of Astaxanthin: An Update on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
Authors: Gowd Vemana , Xiao Jianbo , Wang Mingfu , Chen Feng , Cheng Ka‐Wing
Published: October 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a cluster of physiological dysfunctions typified by persistent hyperglycemia. Diet plays a paramount role in human health, and regular consumption of a fruit‐ and vegetable‐rich diet can delay or prevent DM and its associated complications. The promising effect of fruits and vegetables could be partly attributed to their antioxidant constituents, including carotenoids. Carotenoids are natural antioxidants that occur in many vegetables, fruits, microalgae, and other natural sources. Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid predominantly present in microalgae and some red‐colored marine organisms. It is currently marketed as a health supplement and is well‐known for its antioxidant capacity. Accumulating evidence indicates that astaxanthin exerts its beneficial effects against DM by acting on various molecular targets and signaling pathways in multiple organs/tissues. Astaxanthin can lower blood glucose levels by preserving β‐cell function, improving insulin resistance (IR), and increasing insulin secretion. This manuscript summarizes the connection between glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DM. This is followed by a review of recent studies on astaxanthin's pharmacological effects against IR, microvascular (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and neurological damage), and macrovascular DM complications emphasizing the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. A few lines of clinical evidence supporting its antidiabetic potential are also highlighted.