bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An XML-algebra for efficient set-at-a-time execution
Authors: Lukichev Maxim , Novikov Boris , Mehra Pankaj
Published: October 2011

The importance of XML query optimization is growing due to the rising number
of XML-intensive data mining tasks. Earlier work on algebras for XML query
focused mostly on rule-based optimization and used node-at-a-time execution
model. Heavy query workloads in modern applications require cost-based
optimization which is naturally supported by the set-at-a-time execution
model. This paper introduces an algebra with only set-at-a-time operations,
and discusses expression reduction methods and lazy evaluation techniques
based on the algebra. Our experiments demonstrate that, for queries with
complex conditional and quantified expressions, the proposed algebra results
in plans with much better performance than those produced by the
state-of-the-art algebras. For relatively simple queries, the proposed
methods are expected to yield plans with comparable performance.
Avoiding unstructured workflows in prerequisites modeling
Authors: Milasinovic Boris , Fertalj Kresimir
Published: October 2011

Integrating prerequisite relationships, partially defined as graph
components, produces a directed graph that corresponds to a well-defined and
well-behaved workflow consisting only of and-splits and and-joins. Such a
workflow often cannot be transformed to a structured workflow. This paper
presents an approach to producing a corresponding structured workflow that
will, with some adjustments in the runtime, correspond to the original
unstructured workflow. The workaround is based on element cloning and on a
workflow wrapper handling clones in order to avoid multiple element
instances. An algorithm for finding clones and an algorithm for reducing the
number of clones are proposed. Correctness of the algorithms is analyzed and
some drawbacks and possible improvements are examined.
Usage of technology enhanced learning tools and organizational change perception
Authors: Cudanov Mladen , Savoiu Gheorghe , Jasko Ondrej
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an analysis of organizational changes perceived by the
employees in the organizations where Technology Enhanced Learning was
facilitated by tools such as wiki, (we)blog, the Internet forum and the
social network, practice often considered as Elearning 2.0. Our research
focuses on the technologically advanced organizations, leaders in the CT and
IS adoption. We specifically observe the perception of influence on the
organizational structure, organizational culture and the knowledge management
processes in the organization. Our findings are that the TEL tools are
perceived to have a noteworthy impact on the organizational change in the
three mentioned areas, and that the perception of change significantly
differs in dependence on whether the employees are regular or are not regular
users of organizational structure and knowledge management processes.
A method for decision making with the OWA operator
Authors: Merigó José , Gil-Lafuente Anna
Published: October 2011

A new method for decision making that uses the ordered weighted averaging
(OWA) operator in the aggregation of the information is presented. It is used
a concept that it is known in the literature as the index of maximum and
minimum level (IMAM). This index is based on distance measures and other
techniques that are useful for decision making. By using the OWA operator in
the IMAM, we form a new aggregation operator that we call the ordered
weighted averaging index of maximum and minimum level (OWAIMAM) operator. The
main advantage is that it provides a parameterized family of aggregation
operators between the minimum and the maximum and a wide range of special
cases. Then, the decision maker may take decisions according to his degree of
optimism and considering ideals in the decision process. A further extension
of this approach is presented by using hybrid averages and Choquet integrals.
We also develop an application of the new approach in a multi-person
decision-making problem regarding the selection of strategies.
Selecting a methodology for business information systems development: Decision model and tool support
Authors: Vavpotic Damjan , Vasilecas Olegas
Published: October 2011

The paper presents a decision model and a tool that helps to find an
information systems development methodology (ISDM) for a computer-based
business information system (IS) that is suitable to a certain IS development
project or an organization dealing with IS development. The intention of the
model is not only to suggest a certain ISDM, but also to propose the
properties an ISDM should have to suite the project or the organization. It
is designed in a way that facilitates experimentation with different project,
organization and ISDM properties. Based on the model we created a tool that
has been applied on several cases in which we validated the correctness of
its recommendations and established that it can have a significant positive
contribution in the process of ISDM selection and in the process of
improvement of existing ISDM.
Improving program comprehension by automatic metamodel abstraction
Authors: Vagac Michal , Kollár Ján
Published: October 2011

The maintenance of a software system represents an important part in its
lifetime. In general, each software system is the subject of different kinds
of changes. Bug fixes and a new functionality extensions are the most common
reasons for a change. Usually, a change is accomplished by source code
modifications. To make such a modification, correct understanding the current
state of a system is required. This paper presents the innovative approach to
the simplification of program comprehension. Based on the presented method,
the affected software system is analyzed and metamodel for the selected
feature is created. The feature represents functional aspect of a system
being the subject of the analysis and change. The main benefit is that by
focusing on well known (and precisely described) parts of program
implementation, it is possible to create metamodel for implementation parts
automatically. The level of metamodel is at a higher level of abstraction
than implementation.
Arterial Stiffness Is Associated With Incident Albuminuria and Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Bouchi Ryotaro , Babazono Tetsuya , Mugishima Michino , Yoshida Naoshi , Nyumura Izumi , Toya Kiwako , Hanai Ko , Tanaka Nobue , Ishii Akiko , Uchigata Yasuko , Iwamoto Yasuhiko
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between aortic stiffness and incident albuminuria and the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We investigated 461 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients, comprising 199 women and 262 men, with a mean age of 59 ± 11 years. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median value of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), which was used to evaluate aortic stiffness. The end point was defined as the transition from normo- to microalbuminuria or micro- to macroalbuminuria. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI. The correlation between cf-PWV and rate of change in eGFR was also determined by linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

The baseline mean (± SD) cf-PWV was 9.6 ± 2.4 m/s. During a median follow-up period of 5.9 years (range 0.3–8.6), progression of albuminuria was observed in 85 patients. The 5-year cumulative incidence of the end point in patients with cf-PWV below and above the median was 8.5 and 19.4%, respectively (P = 0.002, log-rank test). cf-PWV was significantly associated with incident albuminuria (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.13–1.33, P < 0.001) by multivariate Cox regression analysis. A significant association between cf-PWV and annual change in eGFR was also suggested by multiple linear regression analysis (standardized estimate −0.095, P = 0.031).

CONCLUSIONS

Aortic stiffness is associated with incident albuminuria and the rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate in type 2 diabetic patients.
Volumetric Assessment of Airborne Indoor and Outdoor Fungi at Poultry and Cattle Houses in the Mazandaran Province, Iran
Authors: Ajoudanifar Hatef , Hedayati Mohammad , Mayahi Sabah , Khosravi Alireza , Mousavi Bita
Published: October 2011

Volumetric Assessment of Airborne Indoor and Outdoor Fungi at Poultry and Cattle Houses in the Mazandaran Province, Iran

The aim of this study was to assess the volume of airborne fungi in the indoor and outdoor environment of poultry and cattle houses in the Mazandaran Province in Iran. Indoor and outdoor air of twenty cattle houses and twenty-five poultry houses were sampled using a single-stage impactor, which draws air at 20 L min-1and impacts sampled material onto Petri plates containing malt extract agar. The plates were incubated at 30 °C for seven days, after which the resulting colonies were counted. The fungi were identified and counted microscopically and macroscopically. A total of 4,662 fungal colonies were isolated from 90 plates collected from indoor and outdoor air of cattle and poultry houses.Cladosporium(55.3 %), yeast (10.0 %), andAspergillus(9.4 %) were the most common findings. The concentration of airborne fungi in cattle and poultry houses ranged from 10 CFU m-3to 1700 CFU m-3in indoor and 10 CFU m-3to 2170 CFU m-3in outdoor environments.Cladosporiumhad the highest mean indoor (424.5 CFU m-3) and outdoor (449.7 CFU m-3) air concentration in the cattle houses. In the poultry houses, the highest mean concentrations were measured forCladosporium(551.0 CFU m-3) outdoors and yeast (440.7 CFU m-3) indoors. These levels might present an occupational risk, but threshold levels for these environments have yet to be established worldwide.
Estimation of Copper Intake in Moderate Wine Consumers in Croatia
Authors: Tariba Blanka , Kljaković-Gašpić Zorana , Pizent Alica
Published: October 2011

Estimation of Copper Intake in Moderate Wine Consumers in Croatia

To estimate Cu exposure level from wine consumption and to assess possible health risk for moderate wine consumers, wine samples were collected from different wine-growing areas of Croatia. Median concentrations were 180 μg L-1, range (76 to 292) μg L-1, in commercial wines and 258 μg L-1, range (115 to 7600) μg L-1, in homemade wines (P>0.05). Maximum permitted level of 1000 μg L-1was exceeded in three homemade wines. However, daily intake of Cu from wine (in the range from 0.02 mg d-1to 1.52 mg d-1) estimated from Cu concentration in all wine samples is lower than the tolerable upper intake level of 5 mg d-1proposed by the EU Scientific Committee on Food and does not present a risk to moderate wine consumers.
Influence of Daily Set-Up Errors on Dose Distribution During Pelvis Radiotherapy
Authors: Kasabašić Mladen , Rajevac Vedran , Jurković Slaven , Ivković Ana , Šobat Hrvoje , Faj Dario
Published: October 2011

Utjecaj pogreške u položaju bolesnika tijekom zračenja zdjelice na raspodjelu doze

Radioterapija megavoltnim snopovima fotona linearnog akceleratora oblik je lokalnog onkološkog liječenja. Njezin je cilj predati propisanu apsorbiranu dozu ciljnom volumenu, uz što nižu dozu okolnomu zdravom tkivu. Proces se sastoji od niza koraka u kojima sudjeluje tim stručnjaka iz različitih područja. Veliki broj postupaka i ljudi uključenih u radioterapijski proces, nepouzdanosti uređaja te pomaci bolesnika i unutrašnjih organa tijekom terapije mogu uzrokovati odstupanja između planirane i stvarne raspodjele doze. U ovom radu procijenili smo utjecaj pogreške položaja bolesnika tijekom terapije na raspodjelu doze, te na veličine koje služe za procjenu kvalitete plana.

Pogreške u položaju bolesnika ispitane su u skupini od 35 bolesnika. Te smo pogreške simulirali na pet bolesnika, koristeći se 3D programom za planiranje XiO (CMS Inc., St. Louis, MO, Elekta). Ispitali smo razlike u raspodjeli doze između planiranog i stvarnog položaja. Dodatno, utjecaj pogrešaka na odabir plana zračenja provjerili smo analizirajući promjene u dozno-volumnom histogramu (DVH), pokrivenost planiranog volumena (engl. PTV conformity index, CIPTV) i jednoličnost raspodjele doze u ciljnom volumenu (engl. homogeneity index, HI).

Simulacije pokazuju da promjene u položaju bolesnika mogu uzrokovati značajne razlike između planirane i stvarne raspodjele doze. Kod nekih bolesnika ako se ne korigiraju pogreške, CIPTV postaje manji od 97% što znači da plan više nije prihvatljiv za zračenje. Iznenađuje da HI nije ovisan o pomacima bolesnika kao CIPTV.

Rezultati pokazuju potrebu za smanjenjem pogrešaka, što se može postići provođenjem kontrole kvalitete u radioterapiji.
Sagittal Spinal and Pelvic Postures of Highly-Trained Young Canoeists
Authors: López-Miñarro Pedro , Muyor José , Alacid Fernando
Published: October 2011

Sagittal Spinal and Pelvic Postures of Highly-Trained Young Canoeists

The objective of this study was to determine the sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic position in standing and kneeling in the canoe in young canoeists. Forty-four young highly-trained canoeists (mean age: 15.11 ± 0.61 years) were recruited. Thoracic and lumbar curvatures and pelvic inclination were evaluated with a Spinal Mouse system in standing position and in the base position (kneeling on one knee in the canoe) and catch phase of the stroke. The mean thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination in standing were 44.66 ± 8.80º, -30.34 ± 8.31º, and 14.20 ± 7.32º, respectively. In the canoe, the thoracic, lumbar and pelvic angles were 39.66 ± 9.52º, -24.32 ± 6.79º, and 15.18 ± 4.34º, respectively, for the base position (p<0.001 with respect to standing, except for pelvic inclination), and 28.93 ± 10.45º, -13.45 ± 10.60º, and 37.61 ± 6.27º, respectively, for the catch phase of the stroke (p<0.001 with respect to standing and base position). A higher percentage of hyperkyphotic postures in standing than in the canoe was found, while thoracic hypokyphosis increased in the catch phase of the stroke. In regards to the lumbar curve, the percentage of hypolordosis postures in the base position was higher than when standing. Lumbar kyphotic postures were detected in the catch phase of the stroke. In conclusion, the standing thoracic hyperkyphosis in young canoeists may be related to factors other than the posture and movement in the canoe. The canoeists adopted a lumbar flexed posture at the catch phase of the stroke, although this position may not affect the sagittal configuration of lumbar spine in standing. Postural training should be included in the training program of canoeists to improve the thoracic posture in the standing position.
The Hydrodynamic Study of the Swimming Gliding: a Two-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis
Authors: Marinho Daniel , Barbosa Tiago , Rouboa Abel , Silva António
Published: October 2011

The Hydrodynamic Study of the Swimming Gliding: a Two-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis

Nowadays the underwater gliding after the starts and the turns plays a major role in the overall swimming performance. Hence, minimizing hydrodynamic drag during the underwater phases should be a main aim during swimming. Indeed, there are several postures that swimmers can assume during the underwater gliding, although experimental results were not conclusive concerning the best body position to accomplish this aim. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the effect in hydrodynamic drag forces of using different body positions during gliding through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology. For this purpose, two-dimensional models of the human body in steady flow conditions were studied. Two-dimensional virtual models had been created: (i) a prone position with the arms extended at the front of the body; (ii) a prone position with the arms placed alongside the trunk; (iii) a lateral position with the arms extended at the front and; (iv) a dorsal position with the arms extended at the front. The drag forces were computed between speeds of 1.6 m/s and 2 m/s in a two-dimensional Fluent® analysis. The positions with the arms extended at the front presented lower drag values than the position with the arms aside the trunk. The lateral position was the one in which the drag was lower and seems to be the one that should be adopted during the gliding after starts and turns.
Physical Activity and its Associations with other Lifestyle Elements in Polish Women
Authors: Nowak Maria
Published: October 2011

Physical Activity and its Associations with other Lifestyle Elements in Polish Women

The aim of the study was to determine associations between physical activity and other elements of women's lifestyle (nutrition, being a nonsmoker, moderate alcohol consumption, medical check-ups).

Between 1999 and 2004, 1361 women aged 20-75 were studied. They were inhabitants of cities located in the west of Poland and engaged in physical activity (purposeful selection). The subjects fell into four groups depending on the length of their physical exercise history: G I - those who had been exercising for 1 year; G II [1-4); G III [4-6); G IV [≥7). The diagnostic poll method was employed, (questionnaire and interview techniques). For the verification of the research hypotheses concerning the influence of socio-demographic factors on women's physical activity, the evaluation of changes in health-related behaviors resulting from long term physical activity, indication of associated behaviors, the independence χ2 test and multiple correspondence analysis were used.

Women's physical activity was found to be related to maintenance of proper weight (BMI) (p≤0.05), moderate consumption of low-alcohol beverages (p≤0.05) and regular dental check-ups (p≤0.05). Despite more frequent attempts to take up smoking, the respondents gave up the habit two times as often as the whole population of women in Poland. These correlations were more apparent among women with longer exercise histories, who mostly had post-secondary education. Occurrence of associated behaviors affecting health positively and negatively was also shown, the latter concerning a smaller group of respondents.

The noticed correlations between physical activity and health behaviors, which comprehensively influence lifestyle, may be of importance in gradual reduction of risk factors.
Presentation of the 1st International Symposium on Strength & Conditioning (ISSC 2011)
Authors: Marques Mário , Zajac Adam
Published: October 2011

Presentation of the 1st International Symposium on Strength & Conditioning (ISSC 2011)
Energy Cost of Resistance Exercises: an Uptade
Authors: Reis Victor , Júnior Roberto , Zajac Adam , Oliveira Diogo
Published: October 2011

Energy Cost of Resistance Exercises: an Uptade

The use of resistance exercises and of typical strength training methods have been progressively used to control body mass and to promote fat mass loss. The difficulties involved in the energy cost calculation during strength training are associated with the large amount of exercises and their several variations. Mean values between ≈3 and 30 kcal·min-1 are typically reported but our studies indicate that it may attain values as high as 40 kcal·min-1 in exercises which involve a large body mass. Therefore, in our opinion, the next step in research must be the isolated study of each of the main resistance exercises. Since the literature is scarce and that we do consider that the majority of the studies present severe limitations, the aim of this paper is to present a critical analysis of the energy cost estimation methods and provide some insights that may help to improve knowledge on resistance exercise. It seems necessary to rely on the expired O2 measurements to quantify aerobic energy. However, it is warranted further attention on how this measure is performed during resistance exercises. In example, studies on the O2 on-kinetics at various conditions are warranted (i.e. as a function of intensity, duration and movement speed). As for anaerobic lactic energy, it is our opinion that both the accumulated oxygen deficit and the blood lactate energy equivalent deserve further studies; analyzing variations of each method as an attempt to establish which is more valid for resistance exercise. The quantification of alactic anaerobic energy should be complemented by accurate studies on the muscle mass involved in the different resistance exercises. From the above, it is concluded that knowledge on the energy cost in resistance exercises is in its early days and that much research is warranted before appropriate reference values may be proposed.
Influence of the Number of Sets at a Strength Training in the Flexibility Gains
Authors: Júnior Roberto , Leite Thalita , Reis Victor
Published: October 2011

Influence of the Number of Sets at a Strength Training in the Flexibility Gains

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks of strength training with different number of sets and their influence on flexibility of young men. Sixty men were divided into three groups as follows: group that trained 1 set per exercise (G1S), group that trained 3 sets per exercise (G3S) and control group (CG). The training lasted 10 weeks, totaling 30 training sessions. The training groups performed 8 to 12 repetitions per set for each exercise. The flexibility at Sit and Reach Test was evaluated pre and post-training. Both trained groups showed significant increase in flexibility when compared to pre-training and the G3S showed significant difference when compared to CG post-training. According to this study, the strength training carried out without flexibility training promotes flexibility gains regardless the number of sets.
Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Continuous and Intermittent Cycling
Authors: Brasil Roxana , Barreto Ana , Nogueira Leandro , Santos Edil , Novaes Jefferson , Reis Victor
Published: October 2011

Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Continuous and Intermittent Cycling

The present study tested the hypothesis that the exercise protocol (continuous vs. intermittent) would affect the physiological response and the perception of effort during aquatic cycling. Each protocol was divided on four stages. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, blood lactate concentration, central and peripheral rate of perceived exertion were collected in both protocols in aquatic cycling in 10 women (values are mean ± SD): age=32.8 ± 4.8 years; height=1.62 ± 0.05 cm; body mass=61.60 ± 5.19 kg; estimated body fat=27.13 ± 4.92%. Protocols were compared through two way ANOVA with Scheffé's post-hoc test and the test of Mann- Whitney for rate of perceived exertion with α=0.05. No systematic and consistent differences in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, double product and blood lactate concentration were found between protocols. On the other hand, central rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher at stage four during continuous protocol compared with intermittent protocol (p=0.01), while the peripheral rate of perceived exertion presented higher values at stages three (p=0.02) and four (p=0.00) in the continuous protocol when compared to the results found in intermittent protocol. These findings suggest that although the aquatic cycling induces similar physiologic demands in both protocols, the rate of perceived exertion may vary according to the continuous vs. intermittent nature of the exercise.
Associations Between Dry Land Strength and Power Measurements with Swimming Performance in Elite Athletes: a Pilot Study
Authors: Morouço Pedro , Neiva Henrique , González-Badillo Juan , Garrido Nuno , Marinho Daniel , Marques Mário
Published: October 2011

Associations Between Dry Land Strength and Power Measurements with Swimming Performance in Elite Athletes: a Pilot Study

The main aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between dry land strength and power measurements with swimming performance. Ten male national level swimmers (age: 14.9 ± 0.74 years, body mass: 60.0 ± 6.26 kg, height: 171.9 ± 6.26, 100 m long course front crawl performance: 59.9 ± 1.87 s) volunteered as subjects. Height and Work were estimated for CMJ. Mean power in the propulsive phase was assessed for squat, bench press (concentric phase) and lat pull down back. Mean force production was evaluated through 30 s maximal effort tethered swimming in front crawl using whole body, arms only and legs only. Swimming velocity was calculated from a maximal bout of 50 m front crawl. Height of CMJ did not correlate with any of the studied variables. There were positive and moderate-strong associations between the work during CMJ and mean propulsive power in squat with tethered forces during whole body and legs only swimming. Mean propulsive power of bench press and lat pull down presented positive and moderate-strong relationships with mean force production in whole body and arms only. Swimming performance is related with mean power of lat pull down back. So, lat pull down back is the most related dry land test with swimming performance; bench press with force production in water arms only; and work during CMJ with tethered forces legs only.
The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces
Authors: Neiva Henrique , Morouço Pedro , Silva António , Marques Mário , Marinho Daniel
Published: October 2011

The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces

This study was conducted to determine the effect of warm-up on high-intensity front crawl tethered swimming and thus to better understand possible variations in the force exerted by the swimmers. Ten male national level swimmers (mean ± SD; age 15.3 ± 0.95 years old, height: 1.73 ± 5.2 m, body mass: 64.3 ± 7.8 kg, Fat mass 8.31 ± 3.1 kg) participated in this study. After a typical competition warm-up, the subjects performed a 30 s tethered swimming all-out effort in front crawl swimming technique. The same test was repeated in the day after but performed without warming up. Capillary blood lactate concentration was assessed before and after the swimming test and the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale was used. Without a previous warm-up, the mean ± SD values of maximum and mean forces were 299.62 ± 77.56 N and 91.65 ± 14.70 N, respectively. These values were different (p<0.05) from the values obtained with warm-up (351.33 ± 81.85 N and 103.97 ± 19.11 N). Differences were also observed when regarding to the forces relative to body mass. However, the values of lactate net concentrations after the test performed with and without warm-up were not different (6.27 ± 2.36 mmol·l-1 and 6.18 ± 2.353 mmol·l-1) and the same occurs with the values of ratings of perceived exertion (15.90 ± 2.42 and 15.60 ± 2.27). These results suggest an improvement of the maximum and mean force of the swimmer on the tethered swimming due to previous warm-up.
The Influence of Chemical Composition of Steel on Steel Desulphurization
Authors: Bulko B. , Kijac J. , Borovský T.
Published: October 2011

The Influence of Chemical Composition of Steel on Steel Desulphurization

The steel desulphurization in ladle furnace depends on temperature, oxygen and sulphur content in the steel, but mainly on chemical composition and physical properties of slag. Necessary requirement for effective desulphurization is also minimum content of easily reducible oxides in the slag. There are many correlations for expression of slag desulphurization capability, where their functional dependency on each other can be found, mainly between sulphur distribution coefficient, optical basicity, basicity, sulphide capacity, desulphurisation potential of slag and also calcium - aluminate ratio of oxides in slag or content of easily reducible oxides in slag. This work presents statistical and graphical correlation between manganese and slag parameters using the set of approximately 768 heats and based on these, the optimal parameters for slag desulphurization capability are expressed especially for steel grades internally marked as OR1, OR3 in Železiarne Podbrezová, a.s. Steel grades OR1 and OR3 were chosen because of difference in manganese content with similar chemical composition of other elements. The MnO content in the slag is one of the most important parameters. Despite the higher scatter of obtained values, the distribution coefficient of sulphur (Ls) is one of the wide range of parameters for whom exists very close dependence on MnO content in slag.
Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll Devices
Authors: Cwudziński A.
Published: October 2011

Numerical Simulation of Behaviour a Non-Metallic Inclusions in an One-Strand Slab Tundish with Steel Flow Controll Devices

An effective refining of liquid steel can be carried out either in a tundish or in the mould of a CSC machine. Being a flow reactor, the tundish performs the function of a link between the steelmaking ladle and the mould. Owing to this fact, the liquid steel resides in the tundish for a specific time, which enables the tundish to be used for refining purposes. For modification oftundish internal working space, two types of flow control device (FCD), namely a ceramic gas-permeable barrier and a subflux turbulence controller (STC), were proposed. For simulation of movement of gas phase and non-metallic inclusions, a discrete phase model was used. The obtained results unambiguously indicate which of the proposed tundish equipment configurations will be more advantageous for intensifying the process of liquid steel refining from NMIs.
Formation of Layered Mg/Eutectic Composite Using Diffusional Processes at the Mg-Al Interface
Authors: Dziadoń A. , Mola R. , Błaż L.
Published: October 2011

Formation of Layered Mg/Eutectic Composite Using Diffusional Processes at the Mg-Al Interface

A processing technique has been developed to produce a layered magnesium-intermetallic compound light composite from elemental magnesium and aluminium sheets. Structural examination and measurements of transition layer grown at the magnesium-aluminium interface at high annealing temperature were performed. It was found using Mg/Al diffusion couple that solid state diffusion results in development of Al3Mg2and Mg17Al12intermetallic compounds, which are separated into two sublayers. The rate of the layer growth substantially increases with the appearance of the liquid phase at the Mg-Al interface. The microstructure resulted from the partial solidification contains an eutectic composed of Mg17Al12intermetallic compound and solid solution aluminium in magnesium. The structural processes, which transform the magnesium-aluminium interface, can be applied for fabrication of layered magnesium-eutectic composites. Alternately stacked magnesium and aluminium sheets, formed into a packet, were heated until aluminium was exhausted throughout the course of the Mg-Al reaction with the liquid phase contribution. As a result, the composite containing residual magnesium and layers of eutectic mixture (Mg17Al12and solid solution of aluminium in magnesium) was obtained. Rapid solidification resulted in fine-grained eutectic microstructure development. Using the presented method, composites with required thickness ratio of magnesium and the eutectic layers can be obtained by choosing appropriate thickness ratio of starting magnesium and aluminium sheets.
Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Laminated Ni-Intermetallic Composites Synthesised Using Ni Sheets and Al Foils
Authors: Konieczny M. , Mola R. , Thomas P. , Kopciał M.
Published: October 2011

Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Laminated Ni-Intermetallic Composites Synthesised Using Ni Sheets and Al Foils

The laminated Ni-(NiAl3+Ni2Al3) and Ni-Ni2Al3intermetallic composites were fabricated by reaction synthesis in vacuum using Ni sheets and Al foils. The aluminium layers were completely consumed due to the formation of intermetallic phases. The Ni-Al reaction at 620°C was studied by interrupting in steps the reaction process to observe the microstructural changes. The final microstructure consisted of alternating layers of intermetallic phases and unreacted nickel can be designed easily because the stable structures of the composites depend only on the treating time. Microstructural examinations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray microprobe analysis (EDX) demonstrated that after 1h of treatment Ni2Al3is the predominant intermetallic phase. The formation of the Ni2Al3phase is thermodynamically favoured over the formation of the other phases and can be understood from the steps occurred through a series of solid state reactions. The tensile strength of the laminated composites increases with an increase of the volume fraction of the intermetallic products. However, it decreases after long heat treatment because the Ni2Al3/Ni2Al3interfaces can very easily delaminate due to a very weak bonding caused by continuous Al2O3inclusions. Observations show that the laminated composites exhibit a mixture of brittle fracture of intermetallics and ductile one of residual Ni layers.
Microstructure and Properties of Friction Stir Butt-Welded Magnesium Casting Alloys
Authors: Miara D. , Pietras A. , Mroczka K.
Published: October 2011

Microstructure and Properties of Friction Stir Butt-Welded Magnesium Casting Alloys

The article presents results of testing the quality of FSW welded joints made in plates of various magnesium casting alloys, including MCMgAl9Zn1 (AZ91), MCMgRe3Zn2Zr (ZRE1), MCMgRe2Ag2Zr (MSR-B) and MCMgY4Re3Zr (WE43). In this paper, all results for magnesium casting alloy AZ91 are presented, whereas for other alloys (ZRE1, MSR-B and WE43) only selected testing results for best parameters have been chosen and shown. Butt joints were produced on the friction welding machine built on the base of the conventional vertical milling machine. Quality assessment included the visual inspection, temperature measurements in welding region, tensile strength testing, analysis of the weld structure, hardness, weld force and torque measurements. Research aimed at the recognition of the FSW abilities to weld cast magnesium alloys, the influence of the welding conditions on the welds' properties as well as their structures. The research results have revealed that cast magnesium alloys are weldable using FSW process - it is possible to produce joints of very good quality in relatively narrow range of parameters and the strength of the joints is satisfactory. In order to acquire joints of the best quality it is recommended that workpieces should be rigidly clamped and the welding speed should be limited. The best mechanical properties have been obtained for friction with rotation speed of 355 rpm.
The Properties of Babbitt Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding Bearings
Authors: Leszczyńska-Madej B. , Madej M.
Published: October 2011

The Properties of Babbitt Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding Bearings

The analysis of the properties of babbitt bushes is presented in this article. Materials intended for examinations were charged from the TK-120 steam turbine of TG-8 turbosystem from the Power Station Stalowa Wola. The specimens were subsequently tested for Brinell hardness, microhardness, bending strength and wear resistance. The wear tests were carried out using the block-on-ring tester. The samples were also investigated by means of both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Effect of the Surface Oxidation on the Hot-Dip Zinc Galvanizing of Cast Iron
Authors: Jędrzejczyk D. , Hajduga M.
Published: October 2011

Effect of the Surface Oxidation on the Hot-Dip Zinc Galvanizing of Cast Iron

In presented work authors analyzed the high-temperature oxidation process from the point of view of its influence on effects obtained during cast iron hot-dip zinc coating. Research concerned the influence of the high-temperature oxidation, as a preliminary stage previous to coating with zinc on the change of surface layer structure as well as subsurface layer of cast iron with flake, vermicular and nodular graphite. To obtain proper results of Zn coating the special chemical etching of cast iron after oxidation is necessary. The effects were compared to these obtained during cast iron coating without preliminary thermal processing. To comparative analysis both optical and scanning microscope, RTG measurement and profile measurement gauge results were applied. As a consequence of conducted high-temperature oxidation in subsurface layer of cast iron pores have been created, that in result of coating in liquid zinc were filled with new phase and in this way the new zone with different properties was obtained. It was additionally stated that the cast iron layer enriched in zinc is considerably thicker than layers got with application of other methods. Thickness of sub-surface layer where "after-graphite" pores are filled with zinc depends directly on the kind of graphite. When the flake and vermicular/compacted graphite is observed depth of penetration reaches 120 μm, whereas in nodular cast iron it reaches only 15μm, although sometimes single voids filled with zinc are observed at 75μm depth.
Editorial Note
Authors: Zielonko Romuald
Published: October 2011

Editorial Note
Multiple Soft Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear DC Circuits Considering Component Tolerances
Authors: Tadeusiewicz Michał , Hałgas Stanisław
Published: October 2011

Multiple Soft Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear DC Circuits Considering Component Tolerances

This paper is devoted to multiple soft fault diagnosis of analog nonlinear circuits. A two-stage algorithm is offered enabling us to locate the faulty circuit components and evaluate their values, considering the component tolerances. At first a preliminary diagnostic procedure is performed, under the assumption that the non-faulty components have nominal values, leading to approximate and tentative results. Then, they are corrected, taking into account the fact that the non-faulty components can assume arbitrary values within their tolerance ranges. This stage of the algorithm is carried out using the linear programming method. As a result some ranges are obtained including possible values of the faulty components. The proposed approach is illustrated with two numerical examples.
Continuous and Discontinuous Linear Approximation of the Window Spectrum by Least Squares Method
Authors: Borkowski Józef
Published: October 2011

Continuous and Discontinuous Linear Approximation of the Window Spectrum by Least Squares Method

This paper presents the general solution of the least-squares approximation of the frequency characteristic of the data window by linear functions combined with zero padding technique. The approximation characteristic can be discontinuous or continuous, what depends on the value of one approximation parameter. The approximation solution has an analytical form and therefore the results have universal character. The paper presents derived formulas, analysis of approximation accuracy, the exemplary characteristics and conclusions, which confirm high accuracy of the approximation. The presented solution is applicable to estimating methods, like the LIDFT method, visualizations, etc.
Multiplicative Method for Reduction of Bias in Indirect Digital Measurement Result
Authors: Muravyov Sergey , Zlygosteva Galina , Borikov Valeriy
Published: October 2011

Multiplicative Method for Reduction of Bias in Indirect Digital Measurement Result

The error reduction technique, based on inverse transformation, for a shunt active resistance measurement using an ammeter and voltmeter is considered. When computing a corrected reading only multiplicative operations on two measurement results are used, namely squaring and division. The proposed method allows to increase re-sistance measurement accuracy by about two orders of magnitude what has been validated by both theoretical and experimental outcomes.
New localities of the subendemic species Berberis croatica, Teucrium arduini and Micromeria croatica in the Dinaric Alps
Authors: Kremer Dario , Randić Marko , Kosalec Ivan , Brkljačić Ana , Lukač Gordan , Krušić Irena , Ballian Dalibor , Bogunić Faruk , Karlović Ksenija
Published: October 2011

New localities of the subendemic speciesBerberis croatica, Teucrium arduiniandMicromeria croaticain the Dinaric Alps

New localities of three subendemic species (Berberis croatica, Teucrium arduiniandMicromeria croatica) have been found in the Dinaric Alps.Berberis croaticawas found at ten new locations, nine of them in Croatia and one in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Teucrium arduiniwas found on Mt Učka, Mt Velebit, Mt Biokovo and Mt Sniježnica, at nine new locations whileMicromeria croaticawas found at four new locations, only on Mt Velebit.
First national week of Croatian botanical gardens and arboreta (May 30 - June 4, 2011)
Authors: Kovačić Sanja , Stamenković Vanja
Published: October 2011

First national week of Croatian botanical gardens and arboreta (May 30 - June 4, 2011)
Professor Zvonimir Devidé, on the occasion of his 90th birthday on August 6th 2011
Authors: Krsnik-Rasol Marijana
Published: October 2011

Professor Zvonimir Devidé, on the occasion of his 90th birthday on August 6th 2011
ISAM VII at Finse, Norway, 2005
Authors: Gulden G. , Høiland K.
Published: October 2011

ISAM VII at Finse, Norway, 2005
New records of Hygrocybe hygrocyboides (Kühner) Arnolds (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Hygrocybeae)
Authors: Borgen T. , Boertmann D.
Published: October 2011

New records of Hygrocybe hygrocyboides (Kühner) Arnolds (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Hygrocybeae)

Recent collections from South Greenland and northern Sweden are referred to Hygrocybe hygrocyboides (Kühner) Arnolds, a species closely related to Hygrocybe pratensis (Pers.: Fr.) Murrill. These collections deviate slightly from the holotype both in macroscopic and microscopic characters. However, these differences are ascribed to intraspecific variation within this little known taxon. The new records of Hygrocybe hygrocyboides are the first outside The Alps.
Caring for Survivors of Breast Cancer: Perspective of the Primary Care Physician
Authors: Smith S.L. , Wai E.S. , Alexander C. , Singh–Carlson S.
Published: October 2011

Background and Objectives: Increasing numbers of women are surviving breast cancer, and survivorship care is becoming more complex. Primary care physicians provide care for most survivors of breast cancer in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The present study offers insight into the confidence of primary care physicians in their abilities to provide such care. It also explores potential ways to assist those providers in enhancing this aspect of their practice. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 1000 primary care physicians caring for survivors of breast cancer. The questionnaire explored the perspectives of the responding physicians on their ability to manage various aspects of survivorship care for breast cancer patients, identified preferences for the content and format of communication from oncologists at the time of transition from active oncology treatment to survivorship, and determined the means most commonly used to obtain knowledge about breast cancer. This 1-page, 31-item checkbox and open-answer questionnaire assessed the perceptions of primary care physicians about the care of breast cancer survivors after completion of active treatment and their personal preferences for resources providing information about breast cancer. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 59%. Primary care physicians reported being most confident in screening for recurrence and managing patient anxiety; they were least confident in managing lymphedema and providing psychosocial counselling. Compared with physicians following fewer survivors of breast cancer, those who followed more breast cancer survivors had higher confidence in managing the biomedical aspects of follow-up and in providing counselling about nutrition and exercise. Most physicians found discharge letters from oncologists to be useful. Point-form discharge information was preferred by 43%; detailed description, by 19%; and both formats, by 38%. The most useful information items identified for inclusion in a discharge letter were a diagnosis and treatment summary and the recommended surveillance and endocrine therapy. Continuing medical education events and online resources were the means most commonly used to obtain knowledge about breast cancer. Conclusions: Primary care physicians who provide follow-up for survivors of breast cancer report that they are confident in managing care and satisfied with discharge letters containing a diagnosis and treatment summary, and recommendations for surveillance and endocrine treatment. At the time of patient discharge, additional information about common medical and psychosocial issues in this patient population would be useful to primary care physicians. Preferred means to access current breast cancer information include continuing medical education events and online resources.
Saccharin Deemed “Not Hazardous” in United States and Abroad
Authors: Touyz Louis Z.G.
Published: October 2011

Banned in 1981, saccharin has long been considered carcinogenic because it produced bladder tumours in rats. Saccharin is now unbanned, with more than 100 countries worldwide legitimately allowing saccharin as a food sweetening additive[...]
A Legal Right to Die: Responding to Slippery Slope and Abuse Arguments
Authors: Benatar D.
Published: October 2011

To be forced to continue living a life that one deems intolerable when there are doctors who are willing either to end one’s life or to assist one in ending one’s own life, is an unspeakable violation of an individual’s freedom to live—and to die—as he or she sees fit.[...]
Hyperbaric Oxygen for Radiation Injury: Is it Indicated?
Authors: Feldmeier J.J.
Published: October 2011

The article by Craighead et al. in this issue of Current Oncology presents a systematic review of the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) to treat delayed pelvic radiation complications in patients with gynecologic cancer.[...]
Efficient syntheses of 25,26-dihydrodictyostatin and 25,26-dihydro-6-epi-dictyostatin, two potent new microtubule-stabilizing agents
Authors: Jiménez María , Zhu Wei , Vogt Andreas , Day Billy W , Curran Dennis P
Published: October 2011

The dictyostatins are powerful microtubule-stabilizing agents that have shown antiproliferative activity against a variety of human cancer cell lines. Two highly active analogs of dictyostatin, 25,26-dihydrodictyostatin and 25,26-dihydro-6-epi-dictyostatin, were prepared by a new streamlined total synthesis route. Three complete carbon fragments were prepared to achieve maximum convergency. These were coupled by a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction sequence and an esterification. A late stage Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction was then used to form the 22-membered macrolide. The stereoselectivity of this reaction depended on the configurations of the nearby stereocenter at C6.