bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Outcome of Inpatient CBT for Adolescents with Anxious‐Depressed School Absenteeism
Authors: Walter Daniel , Hautmann Christopher , Minkus Johannes , Petermann Maike , Lehmkuhl Gerd , Goertz‐Dorten Anja , Doepfner Manfred
Published: November 2011

Predictors of outcome of inpatient treatment based on manualized cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) were examined for 147 adolescents with anxious‐depressed school absenteeism assessed at discharge and at 2 months after the end of treatment. Outcome measures were regular school attendance and a wide variety of mental health problems rated by adolescents and parents. Socio‐demographic data, clinical ratings/diagnosis and adolescent‐reported and parent‐reported mental health problems were examined as predictors. Regression analyses indicated that none of the variables were able to predict regular school attendance in a clinically relevant way. Adolescent‐reported and parent‐reported mental health problems at intake predicted these symptoms at both discharge and follow‐up (R2 between 0.31 and 0.61). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

When treating anxious‐depressed adolescents with chronic school absenteeism in an inpatient setting using CBT, socio‐demographic data, clinical ratings, diagnosis or self‐reported and parent‐reported mental health problems cannot predict treatment outcomes on school absenteeism.

Even severely impaired adolescents do not necessarily have the worst outcome in terms of high school absence rates.

Severity of self‐reported and parent‐reported mental health problems at the start of inpatient treatment using CBT best predict these symptoms at discharge and at 2 months after the end of inpatient treatment.
Evaluation of EGFR mutation status in cytology specimens: An institutional experience
Authors: Aisner D. L. , Deshpande C. , Baloch Z. , Watt C. D. , Litzky L. A. , Malhotra B. , Sepulveda A. R. , Langer C. , Evans T. , Van Deerlin V. M.
Published: November 2011

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status has been shown to predict response to anti‐EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In patients with advanced‐stage NSCLC, evaluation of mutational status is increasingly requested on biopsy or fine‐needle aspiration specimens, which often have limited material. There are limited data on the suitability of cytology cell blocks (CB) for EGFR mutation testing. In this study, we report our institutional experience with cytology cell block material for EGFR mutation testing. We retrospectively reviewed EGFR mutation analyses performed on 234 surgical (SP) and cytology (CB) from October 2007 to May 2010. One hundred ninety‐two SP specimens and 42 CB specimens were evaluated for EGFR mutation. CB specimens were evaluated for overall specimen size based on aggregate cellularity in comparison to small biopsy specimens, and percent tumor. Of the 192 SP and 42 CB specimens, 31 (16.1%) and 11 (26.2%) were positive for EGFR mutation, respectively; there does not appear to be an association between mutation detection rate and the source of the specimen (P = 0.124). Limited DNA was obtained from 70.0% (29/42), including 81.8% (9/11) of those which were mutation positive. Additionally, 45.4% (5/11) of mutation positive specimens had extremely low DNA yields. Although 16.6% (7/42) of CB specimens had <10% tumor, all 11 mutation positive CB cases had >10% tumor. These data indicate that CB specimens provide an alternative source for molecular evaluation of NSCLC, and that tumor percentage may be more important than specimen size and/or DNA yield in determining the suitability of these specimens for testing. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:316–323. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parapharyngeal chordoma: A diagnostic challenge and potential mimic of pleomorphic adenoma on fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Castro Michael , Aslan Deniz , Manivel J. Carlos , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: November 2011

Chordomas are rare tumors that are usually located in the sacrococcygeal and sphenooccipital region. Their cytologic diagnosis is rather straightforward when sampled by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) from these characteristic locations, especially when physalipherous cells are present. However, chordomas may pose difficult diagnostic challenges when encountered in unusual locations, such as the parapharyngeal region. We report the cytologic findings of a recurrent chordoma sampled through transoral FNA from the parapharyngeal space of a 66‐year‐old woman. As the prior history of chordoma was not available during the rapid onsite evaluation, the presence of bland epithelioid nonvacuolated cells and spindle cells intimately admixed with a fibrillary, intensely metachromatic material led to an initial diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. Review of the patient's prior pathology specimen and of the Papanicolaou‐stained smears and cellblock sections showing rare multivacuolated (physalipherous) cells led to the correct diagnosis, which was supported by immunoperoxidase stains (cytokeratin AE1/AE3+, S100+, GFAP−). A review of the literature found no previous instances in which chordomas mimicked pleomorphic adenoma on FNA. However, since the two tumors show significant cytomorphologic overlap, including the presence of abundant fibrillary matrix with embedded neoplastic cells and single bland spindle and epithelioid tumor cells with occasional intranuclear pseudoinclusions, we compared their cytologic features. A review of the FNA cytologic features of this case of chordoma and of 17 consecutive cases of pleomorphic adenoma found that the presence of a more abundant, focally vacuolated cytoplasm favors chordoma over pleomorphic adenoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sugaring o'er the devil: Moral superiority and group identification help individuals downplay the implications of ingroup rule‐breaking
Authors: Iyer Aarti , Jetten Jolanda , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: November 2011

We examined how a group's claim to moral superiority influences evaluations of rule‐breaking by ingroup members. Moral superiority was manipulated among researchers (Study 1) and British citizens (Study 2), after which group members were presented with ingroup rule‐breakers: a researcher violating ethical rules (Study 1) and British soldiers abusing Iraqi prisoners (Study 2). In both studies, higher and lower identifiers in the control condition perceived the rule‐breaking as equally damaging, evaluated the rule‐breakers equally negatively and recommended equally harsh punishments. When the group had taken the moral high ground, lower identifiers perceived the rule‐breaking as more damaging than did higher identifiers. In addition, higher identifiers evaluated the rule‐breakers less negatively and recommended more lenient punishments. Results of mediation analyses demonstrated that negative evaluations of, and recommended punishment for, the rule‐breakers were explained by the perceived damage that their behaviour caused to the ingroup. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophoretic mobility measurements of fluorescent dyes using on‐chip capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Milanova Denitsa , Chambers Robert D. , Bahga Supreet S. , Santiago Juan G.
Published: November 2011

We present an experimental study of the effect of pH, ionic strength, and concentrations of the electroosmotic flow (EOF)‐suppressing polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the electrophoretic mobilities of commonly used fluorescent dyes (fluorescein, Rhodamine 6G, and Alexa Fluor 488). We performed on‐chip capillary zone electrophoresis experiments to directly quantify the effective electrophoretic mobility. We use Rhodamine B as a fluorescent neutral marker (to quantify EOF) and CCD detection. We also report relevant acid dissociation constants and analyte diffusivities based on our absolute estimate (as per Nernst–Einstein diffusion). We perform well‐controlled experiments in a pH range of 3–11 and ionic strengths ranging from 30 to 90 mM. We account for the influence of ionic strength on the electrophoretic transport of sample analytes through the Onsager and Fuoss theory extended for finite radii ions to obtain the absolute mobility of the fluorophores. Lastly, we briefly explore the effect of PVP on adsorption–desorption dynamics of all three analytes, with particular attention to cationic R6G.
Rapid qualitative evaluation of DNA transcription factor NF‐κB by microchip electrophoretic mobility shift assay in mammalian cells
Authors: Inoue Sonoko , Kaji Noritada , Kataoka Masatoshi , Shinohara Yasuo , Okamoto Yukihiro , Tokeshi Manabu , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: November 2011

We have developed a separation technique for DNA–protein complex based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) by microchip electrophoresis, which we call microchip electrophoretic mobility shift assay (μEMSA). To evaluate the μEMSA, we employed recombinant human nuclear factor‐κB (rhNF‐κB) and its consensus double‐stranded oligonucleotide (dsOligo) fluorescently labeled with Cy5. We carried out the electrophoretic separation of the consensus dsOligo‐rhNF‐κB complex and the unbound dsOligo in methylcellulose solution and confirmed rapid (∼200 s) and reliable identification and semi‐quantitation of the specific interaction between dsOligo and rhNF‐κB. The binding specificity of rhNF‐κB was confirmed by introducing non‐fluorescently labeled consensus oligonucleotide as a competitor. The progression of the binding reaction under various incubation times was monitored, and it was found that the dsOligo and rhNF‐κB complex formation reached equilibrium (ca. 90% of the dsOligo was bound to rhNF‐κB) after 5 min. Furthermore, without any purification process, even crude NF‐κB in nuclear extracts from HeLa cells was specifically detected within 120 s by the μEMSA.
Functional connectivity during recognition memory in individuals genetically at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Haase Lori , Wang MiRan , Green Erin , Murphy Claire
Published: November 2011

The medial temporal lobes (MTL) and frontal cortex have been shown to subserve memory processes. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), disrupt the neuronal networks that underlie memory processing. The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene is a genetic risk factor for AD and is associated with decrements in memory and in olfactory function. The present study utilized EQS, a structural equation modeling software program, to examine differences in the neuronal networks between non‐demented ε4 carriers and ε4 noncarriers during a cross‐modal olfactory recognition memory paradigm. Prior to fMRI scanning, participants were presented with 16 odors. During two scans, participants discriminated between names of odors presented before scanning (targets) or not presented (foils). The results indicate significant connections between bilateral frontal lobes and MTL for ε4 carriers when they misidentified a foil as a target. When ε4 noncarriers correctly identified a target, there were greater associations between the amygdala, MTL, and right frontal lobe; these associations also modeled the brain's response when ε4 noncarriers misidentified a foil as a target. During memory retrieval, affective cues may facilitate retrieval in ε4 noncarriers relative to ε4 carriers. Last, no model was found that best represented the functional network used by ε4 carriers when they correctly identified a target, which may reflect variability of neuronal recruitment within this population. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Broadband neurophysiological abnormalities in the medial prefrontal region of the default‐mode network in adults with ADHD
Authors: Wilson Tony W. , Franzen John D. , Heinrichs‐Graham Elizabeth , White Matthew L. , Knott Nichole L. , Wetzel Martin W.
Published: November 2011

Previous investigations of the default‐mode network (DMN) in persons with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have shown reduced functional connectivity between the anterior and posterior aspects. This finding was originally demonstrated in adults with ADHD, then in youth with ADHD, and has been tentatively linked to ultra low frequency oscillations within the DMN. The current study evaluates the specificity of DMN abnormalities to neuronal oscillations in the ultra low frequency range, and examines the regional specificity of these DMN aberrations in medicated and unmedicated adults with, and those without ADHD. An individually matched sample of adults with and without ADHD completed 6‐minute sessions of resting‐state magnetoencephalography (MEG). Participants with ADHD were known responders to stimulant medications and completed two sessions (predrug/postdrug). MEG data were coregistered to the participant's MRI, corrected for head motion, fitted to a regional‐level source model, and subjected to spectral analyses to extract neuronal population activity in regions of the DMN. The unmedicated adults with ADHD exhibited broadband deficits in medial prefrontal cortices (MPFC), but not other DMN regions compared to adults without ADHD. Unmedicated patients also showed abnormal cross‐frequency coupling in the gamma range between the MPFC and posterior cingulate areas, and disturbed balance within the DMN as activity in posterior regions was stronger than frontal regions at beta and lower frequencies, which dissipated at higher γ‐frequencies. Administration of pharmacotherapy significantly increased prefrontal alpha activity (8–14 Hz) in adults with ADHD, and decreased the cross‐frequency gamma coupling. These results indicate that neurophysiological aberrations in the DMN of patients with ADHD are not limited to ultra slow oscillations, and that they may be primarily attributable to abnormal broadband activity in the MPFC. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved method for retinotopy constrained source estimation of visual‐evoked responses
Authors: Hagler Donald J. , Dale Anders M.
Published: November 2011

Retinotopy constrained source estimation (RCSE) is a method for noninvasively measuring the time courses of activation in early visual areas using magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography (EEG). Unlike conventional equivalent current dipole or distributed source models, the use of multiple, retinotopically mapped stimulus locations to simultaneously constrain the solutions allows for the estimation of independent waveforms for visual areas V1, V2, and V3, despite their close proximity to each other. We describe modifications that improve the reliability and efficiency of this method. First, we find that increasing the number and size of visual stimuli results in source estimates that are less susceptible to noise. Second, to create a more accurate forward solution, we have explicitly modeled the cortical point spread of individual visual stimuli. Dipoles are represented as extended patches on the cortical surface, which take into account the estimated receptive field size at each location in V1, V2, and V3 as well as the contributions from contralateral, ipsilateral, dorsal, and ventral portions of the visual areas. Third, we implemented a map fitting procedure to deform a template to match individual subject retinotopic maps derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This improves the efficiency of the overall method by allowing automated dipole selection, and it makes the results less sensitive to physiological noise in fMRI retinotopy data. Finally, the iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) method was used to reduce the contribution from stimulus locations with high residual error for robust estimation of visual evoked responses. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using magic to throw light on tricky healthcare systems: Patient safety problem solving
Authors: Williams Linda C.
Published: November 2011

The illusions that occur in healthcare are inadvertent, certainly unintended, and unfortunately accepted as an aspect of practice with which clinicians have to cope. There are inadvertent illusions and unintended magic in medical devices, software, and in the healthcare environment generally. The engineer, programmer, manufacturer, or architect may not recognize the unintended magic in his or her own designs. Yet the clinician is seen as responsible when the illusion results in unexpected harm to a patient. By being unwilling to suspend disbelief in the face of illusion when it isn't clear what's real, clinicians can end the magic. It is possible to use magic and illusion to show the value of human factors engineering and ergonomics (HFE) in identifying and solving patient safety issues. HFE experts with this ability are equipped to unmask illusion and reveal magic at work in healthcare. Clinicians may see unmasking illusion as equivalent to accurate diagnosis of system ills and the first step in being able to treat system illness. In considering the state of healthcare culture, the use of simple magic tricks brings heightened awareness of tricky medical systems in need of repair and the need for tool‐based problem solving native to HFE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The nature and time‐course of medial temporal lobe contributions to semantic retrieval: An fMRI study on verbal fluency
Authors: Sheldon Signy , Moscovitch Morris
Published: November 2011

Recent investigations have shown that the medial temporal lobe (MTL), a region thought to be exclusive to episodic memory, can also influence performance on tests of semantic memory. The present study examined further the nature of MTL contributions to semantic memory tasks by tracking MTL activation as participants performed category fluency, a traditional test of semantic retrieval. For categories that were inherently autobiographical (e.g. names of friends), the MTLs were activated throughout the time period in which items were generated, consistent with the MTLs role in retrieving autobiographical memories. For categories that could not benefit from autobiographical or spatial/context information (e.g. governmental offices), the MTL was not implicated at any time point. For categories for which both prototypical and episodically‐related information exists (e.g. kitchen utensils), there was more robust MTL activity for the open‐ended, late generation periods compared with the more well‐defined, early item generation time periods. We interpret these results as suggesting that early in the generation phase, responses are based on well‐rehearsed prototypical knowledge whereas later performance relies more on open‐ended strategies, such as deriving exemplars from personally relevant contextual information (e.g. imagining one's own kitchen). These findings and interpretation were consistent with the results of an initial, separate behavioral study (Expt 1), that used the distinctiveness of responses as a measure of open‐endedness across the generation phase: Response distinctiveness corresponded to the predicted open‐endedness of the various tasks at early and late phases. Overall, this is consistent with the view that as generation of semantic information becomes open‐ended, it recruits processes from other domains, such as episodic memory, to support performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiproliferative effect of SOCS‐1 through the suppression of STAT3 and p38 MAPK activation in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Souma Yoshihito , Nishida Toshirou , Serada Satoshi , Iwahori Kota , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Fujimoto Minoru , Ripley Barry , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Miyazaki Yasuaki , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro , Sawa Yoshiki , Naka Tetsuji
Published: November 2011

Inflammation is a crucial driving force in the development of gastric cancers (GCs). Accordingly, persistent activation of STAT3, a transcription factor pivotal in regulating both inflammation and oncogenesis, is often detected in GC, although its mechanism remains elusive. Suppressor of cytokine signaling‐1 (SOCS‐1) is a negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine signaling and SOCS‐1 gene methylation is frequently detected in various cancers including GC. However, the significance of SOCS‐1 methylation in GC cells remains unexplored. Our study is undertaken to evaluate the role of SOCS‐1 in GC cell proliferation and its effect on signaling pathways in GC cells. Among five GC cell lines, SOCS‐1 gene was methylated in all cell lines and constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation with elevated endogenous IL‐6 production was detected in two cell lines (NUGC‐3 and AGS). Unexpectedly, anti‐IL‐6R antibody inhibited neither cell proliferation nor STAT3 phosphorylation in NUGC‐3 and AGS. In contrast, enforced SOCS‐1 expression by adenoviral vector (AdSOCS‐1) markedly suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation and proliferation of NUGC‐3 and AGS cells in vitro. Interestingly, the antiproliferative effect of SOCS‐1 was attributable not only to the inhibition of STAT3 but also to that of p38 MAPK activity, and chemical inhibitors of JAK/STAT and p38 MAPK signaling effectively suppressed proliferation of these GC cells. Furthermore, treatment with AdSOCS‐1 in vivo significantly suppressed GC proliferation in a xenograft model. These results suggest that SOCS‐1 gene methylation is a critical step in the development of GC, and enforced expression of SOCS‐1 may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of GC.
Overexpression of factor inhibiting HIF‐1 enhances vessel maturation and tumor growth via platelet‐derived growth factor‐C
Authors: Kuzmanov Aleksandar , Wielockx Ben , Rezaei Maryam , Kettelhake Antje , Breier Georg
Published: November 2011

Recent studies have revealed that the maturation state of vessels in tumors, in addition to vascularity, is a critical determinant of tumor growth. The role of oxygen‐dependent signaling pathways in hypoxia‐stimulated angiogenesis is well established, however, little is known about their impact on vessel maturation in tumors. Here, we have studied the function of the cellular oxygen sensor, factor inhibiting HIF‐1 (FIH), which controls the activity of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1. FIH silencing in mouse LM8 osteosarcoma stimulated angiogenesis but did not influence tumor growth. In contrast, FIH overexpression led to increased pericyte coverage of the tumor vasculature, reduced vessel leakiness and enhanced tumor growth. Vessel maturation was paralleled by up‐regulation of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐C in tumors and expression of PDGF receptor‐α on pericytes. Ablation of PDGF‐C in FIH‐overexpressing tumor cells reduced pericyte coverage and tumor growth. Our data suggest that FIH‐mediated PDGF‐C induction in LM8 osteosarcoma stimulates the recruitment of PDGFR‐α positive pericytes to the tumor vasculature, leading to vessel maturation and enhanced tumor growth.
Content Literacy for the 21st Century: Excavation, Elevation, and Relational Cosmopolitanism in the Classroom
Authors: Damico James S. , Baildon Mark
Published: November 2011

This article makes the a case for conceptualizing content literacy, especially in social studies, as inquiry‐based social practices for understanding and addressing complex, multifaceted problems. Two core practices especially needed for a Web‐dominated 21st century are then described—excavation and elevation. Next, these two practices are applied to the complex, multifaceted problem of climate change to suggest ways teachers and students can use excavation and elevation with two Web texts about climate change. This leads to a model for framing, understanding, teaching, and learning content in 21st‐century schools: relational cosmopolitanism in the classroom. The article concludes with attention to the ways that this model could frame a focus on climate change in middle school, secondary school, and university level classrooms.
Preparation of a promising whole cell biocatalyst of Geotrichum sp. lipase and its properties
Authors: Xu Li , Pan Xiao‐Xing , Liu Wen‐Shan , Shen Xu‐Guang , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Liu Yun , Yan Yun‐Jun
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: As a new protein expression and self‐immobilization system, cell‐surface displayed enzymes have attracted increasing attention. In this study, Geotrichum sp. lipase (GSL), an important enzyme for the enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), was first displayed on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

RESULTS: The activity of displayed GSL was higher (43.7 U g−1 dry cell) than that of Candida antarctica lipase B (26.26 U g−1 dry cell) and that of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (4.1 U g−1 dry cell). It also exhibited higher thermostability than the free lipase, and retained 89% of the original activity after incubation at 40 °C for 3 h, compared with 48% at 35 °C for the free lipase at pH 8.5. Interestingly, the displayed lipase had a wider pH range and better pH stability. It had higher activity at all pH values than the free GSL, and retained 86% of the original activity in the pH range 9.5 to 10.5, whereas the activity of the free GSL could not be detected at pH 10.

CONCLUSION: This work presented a method to prepare a whole‐cell biocatalyst with better stability and broader pH tolerance which will provide a useful strategy for other cost‐effective self‐immobilized industrial lipases. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase LIP2 in Pichia pastoris using the nitrogen source‐regulated FLD1 promoter
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Feng , Shen Xu‐Guang , Sun Yong‐Chuan , Zhao He‐Yun , Xu Li , Liu Yun , Yan Yun‐Jun
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Yarrowia lipolytica lipase LIP2 (YlLIP2) is an important industrial enzyme that has many potential applications. Although it has been successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOX1 promoter (pAOX1), there have been many efforts to develop new alternative promoters to pAOX1 in order to avoid using methanol in the fermentation. Investigation of YlLIP2 production in P. pastoris using the formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 promoter (pFLD1) is especially attractive, since little is known about its application in methanol‐free culture strategies.

RESULTS: Three fed‐batch cultivations were performed to investigate the production of YlLIP2 in a pFLD1‐based system. When methanol was used as the fed‐batch feeding substrate, the maximum YlLIP2 activity obtained in a 10‐L bioreactor was 30 000 U mL−1 after 143 h of culture, whereas the maximum YlLIP2 activity was further increased to 35 000 U mL−1 by adopting a co‐induction strategy with methanol and methylamine as a mixed fed‐batch substrate. Furthermore, the maximum YlLIP2 activity reached 13 000 U mL−1 after 80 h of cultivation in a methanol‐free culture.

CONCLUSION: The expression levels of YlLIP2 in the pFLD1‐based system were comparable with those in a pAOX1‐based system. The results suggest that pFLD1 is an attractive alternative to pAOX1, and may make it feasible to induce high yields of protein expression. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
PTHrP increases RANKL expression by stromal cells from giant cell tumor of bone
Authors: Cowan Robert W. , Singh Gurmit , Ghert Michelle
Published: November 2011

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) presents with numerous osteoclast‐like multinucleated giant cells that are principally responsible for the extensive bone resorption by the tumor. Although the precise etiology of GCT remains uncertain, the accumulation of giant cells is partially due to the high expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) from the neoplastic stromal cells. Here, we have investigated whether parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) plays a role in the pathogenesis of GCT. Immunohistochemistry results revealed PTHrP expression in the stromal cells of the tumor, and that its receptor, the parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R), is expressed by both the stromal cells and giant cells. PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the expression of PTHrP and PTH1R by isolated stromal cells from five patients presenting with GCT. Treatment of GCT stromal cells with varying concentrations of PTHrP (1–34) significantly increased both RANKL gene expression and the number of multinucleated cells formed from RAW 264.7 cells in co‐culture experiments, whereas inhibition of PTHrP with a neutralizing antibody decreased RANKL gene expression. These results suggest that PTHrP is expressed within GCT by the stromal cells and can contribute to the abundant RANKL expression and giant cell formation within the tumor. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:877–884, 2012
Managing multiple vital rates to maximize greater sage‐grouse population growth
Authors: Taylor Rebecca L. , Walker Brett L. , Naugle David E. , Mills L. Scott
Published: November 2011

Despite decades of field research on greater sage‐grouse, range‐wide demographic data have yet to be synthesized into a sensitivity analysis to guide management actions. We reviewed range‐wide demographic rates for greater sage‐grouse from 1938 to 2011 and used data from 50 studies to parameterize a 2‐stage, female‐based population matrix model. We conducted life‐stage simulation analyses to determine the proportion of variation in population growth rate (λ) accounted for by each vital rate, and we calculated analytical sensitivity, elasticity, and variance‐stabilized sensitivity to identify the contribution of each vital rate to λ. As expected for an upland game bird, greater sage‐grouse showed marked annual and geographic variation in several vital rates. Three rates were demonstrably important for population growth: female survival, chick survival, and nest success. Female survival and chick survival, in that order, had the most influence on λ per unit change in vital rates. However, nest success explained more of the variation in λ than did the survival rates. In lieu of quantitative data on specific mortality factors driving local populations, we recommend that management efforts for greater sage‐grouse first focus on increasing female survival by restoring large, intact sagebrush‐steppe landscapes, reducing persistent sources of human‐caused mortality, and eliminating anthropogenic habitat features that subsidize species that prey on juvenile, yearling, and adult females. Our analysis also supports efforts to increase chick survival and nest success by eliminating anthropogenic habitat features that subsidize chick and nest predators, and by managing shrub, forb, and grass cover, height, and composition to meet local brood‐rearing and nesting habitat guidelines. We caution that habitat management to increase chick survival and nest success should not reduce the cover or height of sagebrush below that required for female survival in other seasons (e.g., fall, winter). The success or failure of management actions for sage‐grouse should be assessed by measuring changes in vital rates over long time periods to avoid confounding with natural, annual variation. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Dopamine transporter imaging in autopsy‐confirmed Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Perju‐Dumbrava Laura D. , Kovacs Gabor G. , Pirker Susanne , Jellinger Kurt , Hoffmann Martha , Asenbaum Susanne , Pirker Walter
Published: November 2011

Dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computerized tomography can visualize dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Some studies have suggested that dopamine transporter imaging can distinguish these disorders based on a more diffuse and symmetric striatal dopamine transporter binding loss in multiple system atrophy. The present study compared patterns of striatal dopamine transporter distribution in postmortem‐confirmed Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Patients with a postmortem diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (n = 6) or Parkinson's disease (n = 8) who had undergone dopamine transporter imaging were included. Imaging had been performed after a mean disease duration of 3.6 and 4.1 years in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Visual analysis showed bilaterally reduced binding in all patients. Mean overall striatal binding was reduced by 53% in multiple system atrophy and 52% in Parkinson's disease. There was a trend for greater asymmetry of striatal binding in multiple system atrophy compared with Parkinson's disease (23% ± 15% vs 10.5% ± 7%, respectively; P = .071), with 3 multiple system atrophy patients showing more asymmetry of striatal binding than any Parkinson's disease patient. Putamen/caudate binding ratios did not differ between the groups. This is the first study comparing dopamine transporter imaging in autopsy‐confirmed multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Unexpectedly, we found a tendency for greater asymmetry of striatal binding in multiple system atrophy than in Parkinson's disease. Our findings demonstrate that these conditions cannot be differentiated by subregional analysis of striatal dopamine transporter binding. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Expression of estrogen receptor alpha switches off secretory activity in the epididymal channel of the lizard Podarcis sicula
Authors: Verderame Mariailaria , Angelini Francesco , Limatola Ermelinda
Published: November 2011

The epididymis in the male reproductive tract allows the survival, viability, and storage of spermatozoa from the testis. In the lizard Podarcis sicula, the epididymis can be regionalized to an initial segment called the caput that comprises the efferent ductules, followed by the middle and terminal segments, respectively termed the corpus and cauda. By means of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we analyzed the expression of the estrogen receptors of the alpha and beta type (ERα and ERβ) in Podarcis to test the responsiveness of the epididymal regions to estrogen in the annual reproductive cycle of this seasonal breeder. The results show that the efferent ductules and the cauda always express both ERα and ERβ throughout the year. In the corpus, the expression of ERα takes place only at the end of the mating period and continues in the non‐reproductive season whereas ERβ is expressed in all phases of the cycle. During the mating season, the cells of the corpus are engaged in massive secretory activity and do not express ERα. Experimental administration of E2 during this season does not change the expression of ERβ, nor does it affect the efferent ductules and cauda; instead, it inhibits the secretory activity in the corpus and induces the expression of ERα. Taken together, our findings suggest that in the epididymis of Podarcis, the expression of ERα may act as a switch for the secretory activity of the epididymal corpus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:107–117, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The convergence of facial nerve branches providing whisker pad motor supply in rats: Implications for facial reanimation study
Authors: Henstrom Doug , Hadlock Tessa , Lindsay Robin , Knox Christopher J. , Malo Juan , Vakharia Kalpesh T. , Heaton James T.
Published: November 2011

Introduction:

Rodent whisking behavior is supported by the buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve, but a description of how these branches converge and contribute to whisker movement is lacking.

Methods:

Eight rats underwent isolated transection of either the buccal or mandibular branch and subsequent opposite branch transection. Whisking function was analyzed after both transections. Anatomical measurements, and video recording of stimulation to individual branches, were taken from both facial nerves in 10 rats.

Results:

Normal to near‐normal whisking was demonstrated after isolated branch transection. Whisking was eliminated after transection of both branches. The buccal and mandibular branches form a convergence just proximal to the whisker pad, herein called “distal pes.” Distal to this convergence, we identified consistent anatomy that demonstrated cross‐innervation.

Conclusion:

The overlap of efferent supply to the whisker pad must be considered when studying facial nerve regeneration in the rat facial nerve model. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Supraorbital nerve conduction study in normal subjects
Authors: Therimadasamy Aravindakannan , Wilder‐Smith Einar P. , Lim Aymeric Y.T. , Yap Yan Lin , Yeo Matthew , Naidu Shenthilkumar , Lee Shu Jin
Published: November 2011

There is currently no examination technique that allows direct measurement of supraorbital nerve conduction velocity and amplitude. Therefore, in this study we describe a novel nerve conduction technique that allows measurement of the supraorbital sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) distal to the supraorbital foramen. Supraorbital SNAPs were recorded bilaterally from 17 healthy volunteers using an antidromic technique. The SNAPs were consistently recordable over the site 6 cm lateral to the midline point that was marked 10 cm above the nasion. Measured parameters included peak latency (mean 2.3 ms, SD 0.3), amplitude (mean 14.6 μV; SD 10.5), and velocity (mean 51.3 m/s, SD 6.8). The mean percentage of interside difference in amplitude was 25.6% (SD 17.3). Cut‐off values (97th percentile) were 2.7 ms (peak latency), 3.3 μV (amplitude), 41.9 m/s (conduction velocity), and 54.9% (interside difference in amplitude). Supraorbital SNAPs can be recorded in all normal subjects and used as a quantitative measure of the functioning large fibers in the nerve. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Explosion of fixed roof atmospheric storage tanks, part 2: Analytical methods to assess safety distances
Authors: Taveau Jérôme
Published: November 2011

Many flammable products are stored in large tanks at atmospheric pressure. Ignition of a hydrocarbon–air mixture in such tanks can lead to an explosion and cause lethal casualties or damage to the surrounding facilities and buildings. To apprehend this, safety distances for humans, structures, and equipments need to be defined. Several simple methodologies have been set up to estimate safety distances in case of an atmospheric storage tank explosion.

After giving an overview of past accidents [1], this second article focuses on assessment of safety distances using analytical methods available in the open literature.

A short theoretical background is first exposed to understand phenomena involved in vented gas explosions. Then, a summary of current methodologies and corresponding assumptions used to evaluate external overpressure in case of a tank explosion is given. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Application of the NFPA 654 dust layer thickness criteria—recognizing the hazard
Authors: Rodgers Samuel A.
Published: November 2011

This article is an overview of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 654 layer thickness criteria, including the 2011 Tentative Interim Amendment, and potential misinterpretations that could result in failure to recognize the hazard. Potential misinterpretations include allowing excessive floor area coverage, failure to account for layers thicker than the threshold, and failure to account for layers on equipment. The thickness criteria are applied to real‐life example situations, illustrating application of the equations. Practical guidance is provided for establishing an initial housekeeping plan, monitoring accumulation, and documenting compliance for both existing and new installations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Groups and Indicators in Post‐Industrial Society
Authors: Bell Simon , Morse Stephen
Published: November 2011

Indicators define our world. We are constantly measured and assessed. Perhaps the most important indicator in current use is Gross Domestic Product or GDP. It is the measure of a nation's success and can be key to its ability to borrow money and appear internationally credible. This paper is set against the current debate ‘Beyond GDP’ begun in November 2007 with the conference hosted by the European Commission, European Parliament, Club of Rome, OECD and WWF. The initiative, with its five actions, recognizes weaknesses in the ways in which indicators of all kinds are collected and presented, and attempts to improve the indicator world, but is the answer to effective information for policy formulation hidden in the articulation of indicators? Maybe indicator use is a function of the ways in which stakeholders are engaged in their use? Our conjecture is that indicator use is little understood and that this use dynamic can be better understood.

In this paper, the authors write from the perspective of their work undertaken in the European Union funded Framework 7 project ‘Policy Influence of Indicators’ (POINT; contract no 217207), which began in 2008. A major element of the project involved a number of group workshops designed to elicit viewpoints regarding the use of indicators (including sustainable development indicators) in sustainable development policy at EU and member‐state levels.

The paper outlines some emergent hypotheses and hints at how group approaches to indicators can be foreseen and some challenges for indicator use policy for the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Interactions of Human Endothelial Cells with Gold Nanoparticles of Different Morphologies
Authors: Bartczak Dorota , Muskens Otto L. , Nitti Simone , Sanchez‐Elsner Tilman , Millar Timothy M. , Kanaras Antonios G.
Published: November 2011

The interactions between noncancerous, primary endothelial cells and gold nanoparticles with different morphologies but the same ligand capping are investigated. The endothelial cells are incubated with gold nanospheres, nanorods, hollow gold spheres, and core/shell silica/gold nanocrystals, which are coated with monocarboxy (1‐mercaptoundec‐11‐yl) hexaethylene glycol (OEG). Cell viability studies show that all types of gold particles are noncytotoxic. The number of particles taken up by the cells is estimated using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and are found to differ depending on particle morphology. The above results are discussed with respect to heating efficiency. Using experimental data reported earlier and theoretical model calculations which take into account the physical properties and distribution of particles in the cellular microenvironment, it is found that collective heating effects of several cells loaded with nanoparticles must be included to explain the observed viability of the endothelial cells.
Graphene as a Nanocarrier for Tamoxifen Induces Apoptosis in Transformed Cancer Cell Lines of Different Origins
Authors: Misra Santosh K. , Kondaiah Paturu , Bhattacharya Santanu , Rao C. N. R.
Published: November 2011

A cationic amphiphile, cholest‐5en‐3β‐oxyethyl pyridinium bromide (PY+‐Chol), is able to efficiently disperse exfoliated graphene (GR) in water by the physical adsorption of PY+‐Chol on the surface of GR to form stable, dark aqueous suspensions at room temperature. The GR–PY+‐Chol suspension can then be used to solubilize Tamoxifen Citrate (TmC), a breast cancer drug, in water. The resulting TmC–GR–PY+‐Chol is stable for a long time without any precipitation. Fluorescence emission and UV absorption spectra indicate the existence of noncovalent interactions between TmC, GR, and PY+‐Chol in these suspensions. Electron microscopy shows the existence of segregated GR sheets and TmC ‘ribbons’ in the composite suspensions. Atomic force microscopy indicates the presence of ‘extended’ structures of GR–PY+‐Chol, which grows wider in the presence of TmC. The slow time‐dependent release of TmC is noticed in a reconstituted cell culture medium, a property useful as a drug carrier. TmC–GR–PY+‐Chol selectively enhanced the cell death (apoptosis) of the transformed cancer cells compared to normal cells. This potency is found to be true for a wide range of transformed cancer cells viz. HeLa, A549, ras oncogene‐transformed NIH3T3, HepG2, MDA‐MB231, MCF‐7, and HEK293T compared to the normal cell HEK293 in vitro. Confocal microscopy confirmed the high efficiency of TmC–GR–PY+‐Chol in delivering the drug to the cells, compared to the suspensions devoid of GR.
Stem Cell Media Culture of Melanoma Results in the Induction of a Nonrepresentative Neural Expression Profile
Authors: Anaka Matthew , Freyer Claudia , Gedye Craig , Caballero Otavia , Davis Ian D. , Behren Andreas , Cebon Jonathan
Published: November 2011

The ability of cell lines to accurately represent cancer is a major concern in preclinical research. Culture of glioma cells as neurospheres in stem cell media (SCM) has been shown to better represent the genotype and phenotype of primary glioblastoma in comparison to serum cell lines. Despite the use of neurosphere-like models of many malignancies, there has been no robust analysis of whether other cancers benefit from a more representative phenotype and genotype when cultured in SCM. We analyzed the growth properties, transcriptional profile, and genotype of melanoma cells grown de novo in SCM, as while melanocytes share a common precursor with neural cells, melanoma frequently demonstrates divergent behavior in cancer stem cell assays. SCM culture of melanoma cells induced a neural lineage gene expression profile that was not representative of matched patient tissue samples and which could be induced in serum cell lines by switching them into SCM. There was no enrichment for expression of putative melanoma stem cell markers, but the SCM expression profile did overlap significantly with that of SCM cultures of glioma, suggesting that the observed phenotype is media-specific rather than melanoma-specific. Xenografts derived from either culture condition provided the best representation of melanoma in situ. Finally, SCM culture of melanoma did not prevent ongoing acquisition of DNA copy number abnormalities. In conclusion, SCM culture of melanoma does not provide a better representation of the phenotype or genotype of metastatic melanoma, and the resulting neural bias could potentially confound therapeutic target identification.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
SPECIAL ISSUE: 2011 LOS ANGELES TALL BUILDINGS STRUCTURAL DESIGN COUNCIL
Authors: Naeim Farzad , Hart Gary C.
Published: November 2011

It is a pleasure to present the eighth annual issue developed by the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council. Each year in the December issue of the journal, readers can look forward to a collection of excellent papers written by structural engineers that have received special recognition for their contributions to tall building design. These annual combinations of paper topics are especially timely to structural engineering by authors that are leaders of the structural engineering profession. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of vehicle‐to‐grid systems on wind power integration
Authors: Hodge Bri‐Mathias S. , Huang Shisheng , Shukla Aviral , Pekny Joseph F. , Venkatasubramanian Venkat , Reklaitis Gintaras V.
Published: November 2011

Renewable energy portfolio standards have created a large increase in the amount of renewable electricity production, and one technology that has benefited greatly from these standards is wind power. The uncertainty inherent in wind electricity production dictates that additional amounts of conventional generation resources be kept in reserve, should wind electricity output suddenly dip. The introduction of plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles into the transportation fleet presents an possible solution to this problem through the concept of vehicle‐to‐grid power. The ability of vehicle‐to‐grid power systems to help solve the variability and uncertainty issuess in systems with large amounts of wind power capacity is examined through a multiparadigm simulation model. The problem is examined from the perspectives of three different stakeholders: policy makers, the electricity system operator and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle owners. Additionally, a preliminary economic analysis of the technology is performed, and a comparison made with generation technologies that perform similar functions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.