bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Surface Quality Standards and Tolerance Costs Based on 1929-1930 Precision-Grinding Practice
Authors: Harrison R. E. W.
Published: April 2023

In an earlier paper presented at a meeting of the Chicago Section of the A.S.M.E. on March 18, 1929, the author reviewed the process of evolution through which the art of precision of cylindrical grinding had passed up to that date. This paper reviews some of the defects which exist in the present-day accepted standards of finish of mechanical components, and represents an endeavor to maintain continuity by carrying the discussion through to the present-day standards of finish attainable by the abrasive process. It is pointed out that it is useless to specify extremely close limits of accuracy unless the measurements are made across basically plane surfaces.

Size control and its effect on cost of production, as well as the length of useful life, is discussed, and better finishes are advocated as a means of reducing the ill effects of high initial wear. A scheme for the establishment of definite standards of finish is put forward, and a finish-calibrating instrument is described. Emphasis is laid on the fact that there is no available short-cut method of obtaining ultra-fine-finished surfaces with a minimum of initial wear, and the author points out that standardization of finishes can be attained at low cost with little disruption of present methods; also that the subject of longer useful life to mechanical components is closely interlocked with the provision of a better standard of finish and the attendant benefits derived from close adherence to true limits of accuracy.
Refinements in Finishing Cylindrical Bores
Authors: Hindes J. W. , Young James G.
Published: April 2023

The limitations of boring, reaming, burnishing, and broaching as finishing operations on cylindrical bores have led to the general use of abrasives for such work. Improvements in manufactured abrasives and study of operating data, together with improved methods of application, have made grinding a precision process. The cost of operation and the difficulty of bearing maintenance of planetary-type grinders have brought about the use of the expanding grinder or so-called “honing” method. The latter method has the advantage of speed, improved accuracy and finish, and low cost. It also makes possible the precision grinding of long tubes, gun-barrel rifling, and bores with ports, keyways, and relieved portions.
Cemented Tungsten Carbide for Cutting Tools
Authors: St. Clair L. J.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author tells of the origin of cemented tungsten carbide and the most satisfactory method for making it. Because of its hardness its use for wear-resisting tools is valuable, and particular emphasis is placed on its use for cutting tools. The physical properties of cemented tungsten carbide and its economic value as a cutting medium are discussed. Design and care of the tools are essential factors in successful application. Proper support for the cemented-tungsten-carbide tip and allowance for proper clearance angles are essentials of design.

The tool set-up should be as rigid as possible, as chatter or vibration is detrimental to successful life. The critical speed at which the tool should run for a particular job should be determined, and the machine be operated below this. Grinding of the tool is important, and the author tells of proper grinding methods. Use of cemented tungsten carbide for cutting tools has resulted in increased machine speed, longer life per grind, reduced tool maintenance, less waste of material in setting up, and greater accuracy throughout a long run.
Materials-Handling Methods in the Fisk Tire Plant
Authors: Maynard C. E.
Published: April 2023

The paper discusses the part that handling equipment has played in a program of cost reduction and quality improvement in the Fisk Tire Company Plant. In recent years there has been a tendency for the plant to become more “conveyorized,” coordinating groups of operations. The Trucking and Mechanical Departments are mainly responsible for the materials-handling equipment. The Engineering Department, a subdivision of the Mechanical Department, is expected to develop improvements. The cost of improvements has to be justified by a reduction in operating cost or an improvement in quality. There are no limitations on the cost of materials-handling equipment providing a saving can be made within a reasonable length of time. Comparing trucking costs of 1925 with the present, a 50 per cent reduction is noted. In spite of the tremendous savings that were made in materials-handling methods during the last four or five years, the possibilities of further improvement are far from being exhausted.
Handling Materials at the Postum Company
Authors: Pratt P. P.
Published: April 2023

This paper offers a discussion of various types of conveyors in general use, together with descriptions of a few specialized conveyors. Practically every phase of manufacturing at the Postum plant embraces operations performed on the material in course of handling—especially is this true of modern automatic packaging machinery, referred to in this article. An enlarged section treats with the operation and mechanical details of the “intercommunicating pilot-car package-conveying system,” used as a connecting link between shipping points. This system automatically handles a wide variety of cased products and offers selective loading at each of four shipping points. It has effected quite considerable economies and has made it possible to utilize widely separated storage spaces, more or less as a unit.
Synchronization of Production Control With Conveyorization
Authors: Olin E. M. , Beattie W. C.
Published: April 2023

Mass-production methods are applied to a plant making a variety of things by concentrating for a definite period on one thing, making a supply for distribution over a certain length of time, and then turning the plant’s efforts to producing another type of product. This paper deals with the production control of a partly conveyorized plant of the Westinghouse Company where 1500 operators produce certain domestic and commercial heating devices.
The Quiescent Combustion Chamber
Authors: Spanogle John A.
Published: April 2023

The term “quiescent” is originated as describing more accurately than “non-turbulent” the condition of the combustion chamber in some fuel-injection engines at the time of injection of the fuel. Such a combustion chamber is considered quiescent if the movement of the air has no appreciable effect on the distribution of the fuel to the air with which it must unite during the process of combustion. Performance tests of a single-cylinder unit furnished the material for the paper, in the general program of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in investigating the compression-ignition, fuel-injection engine as a source of power for aircraft. The simplest combustion chamber is the quiescent one, and the simplest injection orifice is the round hole; and the main tests were directed toward obtaining the optimum combination of these two elements.
Lubrication of Textile Machinery
Authors: Baudoin L. A.
Published: April 2023

Cotton textiles require absolute cleanliness during manufacture and finishing, and all operations including the lubrication of the equipment are secondary to this requirement. Present designs incorporate modern developments which aid lubrication, and also provide a reserve supply of lubricant with ample protection to the fabric. Frequent application of minimum quantities of lubricant is accepted practice, but “freak” oils are not necessary. A list is included which indicates the frequency of application, cleaning period, and the product required.
Repairing Oil Trunk Lines by Arc Welding
Authors: Horne Albert N.
Published: April 2023

Repairs to oil trunk lines should be made in the field without interruption to the service, and the methods of fixing up split joints, leaking couplings, and line breaks by the use of arc welding are described. Pipe line that has been corroded or that has become badly pitted also is patched and repaired by this means. Data are given to show that patch welding pays.
Developments in the Stabilization of Painting Practice for Wood
Authors: Browne F. L.
Published: April 2023

Painting practice is changing from a craft to a part of engineering. The Forest Products Laboratory has tested the painting characteristics of softwoods. The tests included edge-grain and flat-grain boards, light woods consisting mostly of spring-wood and heavy woods with wide bands of summer-wood, white lead and prepared paint, various combinations of paint, linseed oil, thinner, and drier for the priming coat, and aluminum paint as a first coat. Conditions of dryness and of humidity entered into the tests. The basic factors responsible for the chief uncertainties of paint behavior were studied, and the way is pointed for a possible stabilization of painting practice for wood through further research.
The Theory of the Autogiro
Authors: de la Cierva Juan
Published: April 2023

The author, realizing the fundamental limitations of the ordinary airplane, has worked for years to produce a new system of flying. Passing the helicopter and ornithopter stage, a machine was devised with articulating blades that could flap freely, the dissymmetry of the reactions on opposite blades being thereby overcome.
The Problem of Catapulting Aircraft From Commercial Vessels
Authors: Fellers Wm. M.
Published: April 2023

After describing the catapult mechanism and the launching car, the author discusses the development of catapult launching by the U. S. Navy. Following this he outlines the several steps in launching a plane, stating the precautions which should be taken. In conclusion he discusses the possibilities of a ship-to-shore plane service, using catapults. It is his belief that the same mechanisms employed successfully in the Navy can be transferred almost intact to any commercial vessel, and that planes can be launched from shipboard with a degree of regularity and safety compatible with commercial operation.
Recent Developments in Aircraft Engines
Authors: Geisse John H.
Published: April 2023

Improvements in engine design for airplanes during the year have been gradual. Production facilities now exceed the demand and developments should come more rapidly. There has been a trend during the year toward the “in-line” or air-cooled types of engines. However, the radial type still possesses a number of advantages. Manifolding in radial engines is quite a problem due to the impossibility of getting symmetry except in nine-cylinder types where three three-way manifolds may be used.

Cylinder construction with a steel sleeve having machined cooling fins and a cast-aluminum head is accepted quite generally, and there is a trend toward the use of heat-treated alloys for the crankcase. Many interesting developments in the Diesel types of airplane engines can be expected.
Development of the Drop-Forged Metal Propeller
Authors: Caldwell Frank W.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author tells of various types of metal propellers for airplanes, and their advantages and disadvantages. These include a tubular type, a type built up of various structural members riveted or welded together, the plate type, and the drop-forged type which is the latest development. Hollow blades of aluminum alloy suitable for drop forging are used. The weight of these is slightly more than similar wooden propellers, and the limit of life has not yet been established.
Installation of Air-Cooled Radial Engines
Authors: Taylor P. B.
Published: April 2023

This paper tells of some of the installation problems of air-cooled radial engines, and the author points out some improvements that are desirable. Engine exhaust and cowling systems are described, and the purposes of carburetor air heaters and cleaners are given. Variation of the viscosity of oil with temperature, together with its low heat conductivity, causes many difficulties in the lubricating system. Oil foaming is another source of concern to designers. An effective method of preventing this is to discharge the oil on a plate sloping into the oil volume and allow it to run down the sides into the oil tank.

There are many types of fuel systems, and the author gives some general considerations that should be followed in installation. To provide for inverted flight requires special arrangements to give satisfactory results.
Silencing the Airplane
Authors: Dryden H. L.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author tells how sound is produced and defines intensity. Experiments and investigations made by the aeronautics branch of the Department of Commerce are described. These deal with the theory of engine mufflers and sound-proofing of airplane cabins. There appears to be no prospect that a device will be developed which at the cost of a pound or two of additional weight will eliminate the noise.
Metallizing the Airplane
Authors: Thaden H. V.
Published: April 2023

At present there appears to be a gradual trend toward the use of metal in airplane construction. There are many design problems to be solved by research and experiments. Three basic materials or their alloys are now used in airplane construction. They are steel, aluminum, and magnesium. Extruded sections of duralumin can be formed readily and afford wide possibilities for moldings, trim, and primary structural members.

Internal cantilever wing bracing has developed to a point where it compares favorably in weight with externally braced structures. A smooth surface covering is most efficient, and rounding or filleting of corners and fairing the curves of the structure give high aerodynamic efficiency. The paper gives advantages and disadvantages of metal construction for airplanes.
The Problem of the Propeller With Minimum Loss of Energy
Authors: Pistolesi Enrico
Published: April 2023

In previous papers the author has indicated the necessity of a thorough study of propeller problems, and has indicated the basis upon which such a study should be established. In his present contribution he undertakes to determine the distribution of velocity in an infinitely distant section of the slipstream which, for a given thrust, will result in a minimum loss of energy.
Natural Frequency of Gears
Authors: Peterson R. E.
Published: April 2023

The natural frequency of machine parts as related to the noise problem in machine operation is discussed in a general manner. Vibration phenomena in disks and rings are described in detail, following which the author discusses the manner in which a gear vibrates at its natural frequency. An empirical formula is given for the natural frequency of a gear in terms of its dimensions and material.
Performance of Oil-Ring Bearings
Authors: Karelitz G. B.
Published: April 2023

This paper comprises notes on the performance of oil-ring-lubricated bearings. The safety of the bearing determined by the minimum oil-film thickness is discussed; a diagram for computation of this value is given. The end leakage and the amounts of oil supplied by oil rings are shown, and the mechanism of operation of oil rings is described. The friction losses and the heat dissipation in oil-ring bearings are estimated and a way to predetermine the temperature rise of a bearing is indicated.
Crankless Reciprocating Machines
Authors: Michell Anthony G. M.
Published: April 2023

The general features and properties of the crankless type of reciprocating machine, as compared with the crank-connecting-rod type, are described and illustrated. A few varieties of the crankless type are briefly described, including the author’s slant-slipper form of the mechanism. The limitations of the crank type are pointed out and it is suggested that mechanical science is due to supply a type of machine for various present and probable future applications not efficiently served by either purely rotary machines or reciprocating machines of the crank type. A case is presented for the crankless type as satisfying this need.
The Effect of Occasional Overstress and Subsequent Annealing on Chain Steel and Welded Chain Steel
Authors: Andrews H. Ivan
Published: April 2023

The results of the tests reported in this paper indicate that occasional overload tends to increase the static and fatigue strength of unwelded chain steel at the expense of the ability to resist the energy of shocks. They also indicate that the effect of annealing after overstress is to reduce the static and fatigue strength of the unwelded metal to values as low or lower than those for the metal before overstress, and that the benefit of annealing consists in the complete or partial restoration of the shock-resisting capacity of the metal.
Automotive Brakes With Servo-Action
Authors: Loewenberg F.
Published: April 2023

The retardation produced in braking automotive vehicles results from the pressing of a fixed body against a moving surface. This paper discusses a method in which the friction forces themselves produce higher pressure. This has been called “self-actuation” or “self-energization.” Various conditions and arrangements are discussed, and the forces developed are worked out mathematically.
Smoke-Abatement Progress in Salt Lake City
Authors: Billeter J.
Published: April 2023

An observation tower 267 ft. above the street provides a convenient means of observing smoke conditions in Salt Lake City. A decrease in smoke from 10,891 min. per week in 1921 to 1050 min. per week in 1925 resulted from an active campaign. In 1925 active smoke-abatement work was discontinued, but was resumed again in 1927. During this time the minutes of smoke per week increased from 1050 to 2482. Police-court prosecution is found to produce but temporary results, and should be avoided if possible.
Economic Status of Anthracite and Factors Affecting Its Use as a Domestic-Heating Fuel
Authors: Duemler A. F.
Published: April 2023

Pennsylvania anthracite as a smokeless fuel for domestic-heating purposes occupies an important economic position, and the producing fields are located central to the most densely populated area of the United States. The anthracite industry has for the past several years been engaged in extensive research pertaining to the utilization of this fuel for domestic heating. This work is being carried on in three stages, as follows:

1 By direct service contact with the consumer in an extensive survey to determine and classify factors affecting efficient utilization.

2 By laboratory research to determine relative efficiencies of various sizes of anthracite as one size or varying mixtures of sizes.

3 By laboratory research for the development and testing of equipment which will provide greatest convenience and efficiency in utilization.

The research work in the first stage has been particularly valuable in that it brings out the factors to be shared and considered by interests other than the anthracite industry.
Stokers for Heating and Small Industrial Power-Plant Boilers
Authors: Harrington Joseph
Published: April 2023

Satisfactory small stokers for domestic or apartment-building heating are needed. The author describes the underfeed and overfeed principles of stoking and the design of the overfeed forced-blast progressive-combustion type.
A Graphic Method for Determining Expansion Stresses in Pipe Lines
Authors: Mitchell C. T.
Published: April 2023

The modern engineer recognizes an expansion problem in every pipe that carries steam. Increasing temperatures and pressures may compel the labeling of every important joint in the piping of a power plant with the bending stress allotted to it, the same as the stress diagram of a truss. The paper describes a serviceable method for determining the stresses. The claimed advantages are that it is graphic and thus free of tables and formulas; it is concerned only with the entire pipe structure from one anchor point to another; it is a standardized method applicable to any pipe structure in one or more planes; it involves less work with greater accuracy.
A Calorimetric Determination of Thermal Properties of Saturated Water and Steam From 0 Deg. Cent., to 270 Deg. Cent.
Authors: Osborne N. S. , Stimson H. F. , Fiock E. F.
Published: April 2023

In this paper a description is given of the method, apparatus, measurements, results, and formulations involved in the work on steam which has been completed to date at the Bureau of Standards.

The method has been developed in accordance with the principles set forth in a rigorous analysis of the thermodynamic processes involved in a change in state of a saturated fluid.

The apparatus has been designed and built to provide a means for accurately controlling, observing, and accounting for the amount, the change in state, and the change in energy of a sample of water.

The observations have been carried out as a systematic series of experiments in the range from 0 deg. cent., to 270 deg. cent., (to 55 atmospheres pressure) yielding as a result the values of three characteristic thermal properties of the saturated fluid.

The formulation of the results establishes the values of heat content, latent heat, and entropy, and constitutes an exhibit of the thermal behavior of saturated steam in the region covered by the experiments.

The results are assembled in a coherent, consistent table of the properties of steam, available as a foundation for a more complete steam table.

It is found that, when reduced to a uniform basis, after critical study and analysis, most of the source data on saturated steam are in satisfactory accord.
Working Stresses for Steel at High Temperatures
Authors: Jacobus D. S.
Published: April 2023

Certain of the published results for the stress to produce creep at higher temperatures have led to apprehension in the employment of stresses that have been used, and it is the object of the paper to dispel such apprehension for the particular stresses which are discussed.

The results secured in practical experience are used for setting the maximum working stresses for drums and superheater headers up to temperatures of 800 deg. fahr., and for temperatures above 800 deg. fahr., the working stresses are scaled down in proportion to the falling off of the stresses that produce creep. The first curve of creep stresses published by Mr. H. J. French of the Bureau of Standards was used, and the working stresses for a given temperature are taken at 2/3 the creep stress. The effect on the stress of piercing a boiler shell with holes and of transmitting heat through the shell is discussed, as well as the tendency toward equalization of stress through extension of the most-strained fiber. The tendency of the creep to equalize the stresses is also brought out.

The method of extrapolation used by different authorities is discussed, and the conclusion is reached that more exact results are obtained by using the method employed by Prof. F. H. Norton in his book on the “Creep of Steel at High Temperatures” than by some other methods.
Economics of Heat Transfer
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J.
Published: April 2023

There is a set of proportions ideal for the operation of every manufacturing structure, the discovery of which is predicated upon ascertaining what may be called the economic units into which any structure may be divided. A statement of the cost of operation of an economic unit is here called the economic factor. Such factors assume, depending on their form, either maximum or minimum values for the ideal set of proportions. It is shown how an attack from this point of view may be employed in an attempt to evaluate ideal proportions for the heat-absorbing surface of a steam generator.
Mechanics of Hydraulic-Turbine Pressure Regulation
Authors: Pfau Arnold
Published: April 2023

Problems of pressure control or the pressure variations resulting from the action of the governor complicate calculations of hydraulic turbines. This paper describes mechanical means whereby desired field results can be obtained under existing conditions of operation and of pipe-line characteristics. Calculations, formulas, and examples of speed and pressure control take up such points as closing gates, passing through position of static balance of turbine gates, formulas for speed regulation, effect of pressure variations on speed, and calculations of pressure rises in pipe lines.
Power—Steam or Hydro, or Both
Authors: Tefft Wm. W.
Published: April 2023

Emphasis is placed on the necessity of including all pertinent factors in a comparison of steam with hydro power, drawing attention to the fact that any conclusions based upon a part of these factors will be erroneous, misleading, and valueless. In considering the various factors that go to make up the final conclusion attention is called to the superiority of steam power where need for power is immediate, where the more profitable hydro sites have already been developed, and where the actual load factor is very high. It is also made clear that hydro power is superior in reliability and as reserve capacity, and can operate to advantage at a much lower load factor than can steam. It might be said that the paper deals largely with load factor. Curves based upon a large number of developments in each case indicate that usually for 60 per cent load factor or less the hydro plants are superior, the statement being made that no steam plant can now be built for 25 per cent load factor that will produce current for 1 cent per kw-hr., but there are many water-power plants, most of them in fact, that can do this.

It is concluded that there is ample proof that a power system combining both steam and hydro plants can generate power cheaper than either kind of prime mover.
The Flow of Fluids Through Orifices in Six-Inch Pipes
Authors: Beitler S. R. , Bucher Paul
Published: April 2023

In this paper the authors tell of work done in the calibration of orifices and a nozzle in a six-inch pipe line using water and steam as the fluids to be metered. Two series of orifices were tested. One series included concentric orifices with from 15 per cent to 84 per cent diameter ratio. The second series included concentric orifices with from 64 per cent to 87 per cent diameter ratio. The nozzle tested was a one-flow type with 58 per cent diameter ratio.
Protection of Movable Material-Handling Bridges Against Windstorm Hazards
Authors: Burton C. O.
Published: April 2023

Present-day speeds and efficiency in handling enormous tonnages of bulk materials, such as coal, coke, ore, crushed stone, etc., have been made possible only by the development of modern types of material-handling bridges. Such bridge structures now seem to be absolutely essential in the operation of coal docks, blast furnaces, and steel plants for unloading, stocking, and reloading the bulky raw materials of industry. Since they are so indispensable, it follows that their protection against all possible causes of loss or damage becomes of vital importance. By reason of their great length and height, such bridges present large wind-resistive areas, making them particularly susceptible to windstorm damage. This paper discusses some of the factors of design and construction that affect the safety of these structures, and describes and discusses the special equipment designed to increase the operating safety of bridges. The author tells of the development of material-handling bridges, and their constructional elements, so that the more specific features of bridge protection against storm damage may be better understood.
Continuous Reheating Furnaces for Rolling Mills
Authors: Culbertson A. L.
Published: April 2023

The subject of this paper is one which is indeed much broader than could be expected from a casual glance, due to the many types of furnaces used for the various rolling-mill operations. The subject matter is confined to those furnaces used for reheating purposes, necessary for serving, rolling, and piercing mills. Even this reduced field leaves it an extremely broad one when considering the types of furnaces required for the different operations.

The author discusses the various classes, using only broad subdivisions of each, and with this in mind a chart is given to show this classification, in order to permit of some common points of comparison, both as to design and operation.
The Application of Metallic Recuperators to Industrial Furnaces
Authors: Mantle G. D.
Published: April 2023

Increasing cost of fuels and the growing pressure of competition make apparent the necessity of heat salvage in metallurgical furnaces. The paper asserts that there are few industrial furnaces that cannot be made 20 per cent more efficient by the installation of heat recuperators. A properly applied recuperator may result in an increased efficiency of 50 per cent. The actual value of heat salvaged from the waste gases by recuperation or regeneration is little appreciated by the average engineer.
Twelve Years’ Experience With Economic Production Quantities
Authors: Best C. H.
Published: April 2023

For twelve years economic production quantities have governed the sizes of production orders in the plant of Eli Lilly and Company, manufacturers of pharmaceutical and biological products, at Indianapolis, Ind. This paper outlines briefly some of the major results of this practice, both direct and indirect, and discusses some of the cost-accounting problems that were encountered in the derivation of the formulas. The discussion of cost-accounting problems is limited to such problems as might be generally encountered in other plants.
Fundamentals Which Should Be Observed in Design and Application of Tramrail Systems
Authors: Bennington E. T.
Published: April 2023

The design of overhead conveyors and tramrail systems has gone through its period of expansion, change, and improvement with the results that this type of machinery is playing a very important part in a great many intensified and concentrated production schedules, and it is the expectation of those that are following the development of this business that it is destined to play a far more important part in the very near future.

There are many fundamental principles of design for overhead-conveying machinery that cannot be safely overlooked if a system is to be subjected to severe service. Even if it is not to be subjected to severe service, from the standpoint of safety and ease of handling, these principles should all be understood and observed. This paper contains only a few of the more important principles of design and application.
Placing Wet Concrete With Belt Conveyors
Authors: Benson E. L.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author tells of various construction jobs where belt conveyors have been used successfully for placing the wet concrete. Figures are given to show the economies of belt-conveyor use for such purposes, and the particular types that best meet specific conditions. There are a number of things that must be given consideration in the design of conveyors for handling wet concrete. The author tells how special conditions are met.
Hidden Costs in Materials Handling
Authors: McCormick J. I.
Published: April 2023

A large variety of material-handling equipment and methods are used at the East Pittsburgh plant of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. The author tells how material is handled in different departments and the type of handling equipment found best suited to the requirements. He discusses various material-handling problems in a general way and tells of methods that are essential to reduce handling to a minimum.
Service Characteristics of Diesel-Engine Lubricating Oil
Authors: Flowers A. E. , Dietrich M. A.
Published: April 2023

Diesel-engine lubrication has presented difficulties owing to the high compression pressures and the high temperatures and to the great weight of engine parts. Results are given of a study of the progressive record of the characteristics of the lubricating oil used in a Diesel engine in regular service for about a year installed in a freight-switching locomotive running 23 hours of the day.
The Gas Engine and Its Application in Oil-Field Engineering
Authors: Reid George L.
Published: April 2023

The paper presents specific information in regard to engineering problems and progress relative to the processes of oil lift. Drilling is accomplished by two methods in the United States. The older one is by the cable tool, standard, or percussion system, and the later one is by the rotary system. Engineering in respect to drilling is on a firm basis. The geologist has predetermined the structures. The tools and power requirements are known within a close factor of accuracy. In order to reduce the tremendous losses sustained through dry holes or wells which fail to pay for themselves, it was necessary that scientific methods be developed.
Joint Use of Diesel and Steam Engines to Balance Heat and Power
Authors: Kates Edgar J.
Published: April 2023

This paper deals with the use of Diesel engines in steam-power plants supplying both heat and power, the purpose being to increase the efficiency of steam utilization. This is accomplished by reducing the amount of unused exhaust steam and results in lower over-all costs for power and heat. The meaning of “exhaust-use factor” is illustrated by simplified examples. Similar examples are used to show the effect of Diesel power on over-all thermal economy and upon over-all costs.
Diesel Power-Plant Records
Authors: Reed M. J.
Published: April 2023

The advice to keep records of Diesel-engine power-plant operation has been given often, but the author here states the kinds of records that should be kept and the inferences and conclusions that may be drawn from them. No attempt is made to draw up a general or standard power-plant log, but informative data are listed so that individual operators may decide how far they may wish to go in the recording of the performances of their plants.
Power Plant and Diesel Generating Installation of R. H. Macy & Co., Inc.
Authors: Pogue George D.
Published: April 2023

To meet the demand for electricity for lighting, elevators, escalators, ventilating fans, etc., in Macy’s store, New York City, two Diesel-driven units each of 1000 b.hp. are used. The rates for purchased power were such that it could not be considered in comparison with a company-owned plant. The author in this paper describes the load demands and shows the advantages of Diesel-driven units in addition to steam-driven units.
Pressure Fluctuations in a Common-Rail Fuel-Injection System
Authors: Rothrock A. M.
Published: April 2023

The instantaneous pressures at the discharge orifice of a common-rail fuel-injection system were determined by analyzing the stem-lift records of an automatic injection valve. The fuel injection was obtained by releasing fuel under high pressure from a reservoir by means of a cam-operated timing valve. The period of injection was controlled by the opening of a second cam-operated valve which reduced the fuel pressure between the timing valve and the injection valve to atmospheric pressure. The results show that pressure-wave phenomena occur between the high-pressure reservoir and the injection valve, but that these pressure waves can be controlled in a manner advantageous to the injection of the fuel. The results also give data as to the design of such an injection system for a high-speed fuel-injection engine. An injection system of this type insures the same rate of fuel discharge regardless of engine speed.
Effect of Hydrogen Sulphide on Wire Rope
Authors: Vollmer Leslie W. , Wescott Blaine B.
Published: April 2023

Drilling operations in West Texas called attention to the brittleness induced in steel by contact with hydrogen sulphide. This paper is concerned with the investigation of this action on cable tool drilling lines. A sensitive test and the apparatus developed for determining embrittlement in wire are described. The effect of hydrogen sulphide on cold-drawn and annealed plain carbon steels of varying carbon content was determined, and the influence of carbon content and amount of cold work was evaluated. The probable mechanism of the action is explained. The values of several protective metallic coatings were also found.
Production Engineering in the Printing Plant, a Factor That Can Be Merchandised
Authors: Lewis H. R.
Published: April 2023

As a result of an analysis of plant, equipment, personnel, costs, and merchandising methods the company with which the author is connected specializes on the manufacture of hard-bound books. A straight line system of production was worked out which made it necessary to enlarge various departments. The author tells of the changes that were made and the result accomplished.
Paper and Printing
Authors: Reed E. O.
Published: April 2023

Paper must have certain physical properties to be suitable for use with the different printing processes. Technical specifications for paper and paper testing have been developed to secure proper quality for a specific purpose, but it is not possible to standardize paper made by all mills on a few physical and chemical tests. Such factors as appearance, color, feel, finish, formation, or printability are distinctive mill characteristics. The qualities discussed by the author are paper finish, moisture content, and relationship to printing inks.
Permanence Standards for Printing and Writing Papers
Authors: Scribner B. W.
Published: April 2023

Experience with printed and written records has shown the necessity of having adequate standards of permanency for selection of record papers. Sufficient technical knowledge is available for the formulation of such standards, and there is sufficient interest in their establishment to make such a project feasible. This paper outlines the available information on the permanence of papers and indicates how it may be applied to formulate definite technical specifications for permanence qualities. The history of paper making is traced to show its relation to the deterioration of papers, and the causes of deterioration as shown by the history of papers and by research are outlined. From this information is shown the necessity of dependence on performance and purity tests for selection of papers. The strength of paper and its purity, both cellulosic and non-cellulosic, are the important factors in its aging quality. A classification based on strength and purity is suggested, which places papers in the following four groups: (1) Papers of absolute permanence, (2) papers having a minimum life of 100 years, (3) papers having a minimum life of 50 years, (4) papers for temporary use.
The Printing Engineer and Printing Profits
Authors: Churchill W. L.
Published: April 2023

While the average earnings of printing and publishing plants is above the average of manufacturing industries, fully one-third of the businesses reporting showed a deficit averaging 9.26 per cent of their sales. Here is a highly technical industry manned by those who have had to devote years to specialized training and that operates with a high average of loss and with earnings insufficient to perpetuate the business. The engineer should be trained to think in terms of profits. Profits do not necessarily follow savings. Proper management requires that the engineering mind discover and eliminate the factors that prevent or destroy profits.
Forces in Connection With the Reciprocating Beds of Flat-Bed Cylinder Printing Presses
Authors: Stevens B. D. , Golber H. E.
Published: April 2023

This article deals with printing-press beds, their mechanisms, and forces. The mechanisms of some well-known presses are described sufficiently to show that the dynamic problems are identical for all. The forces are examined as to their effect upon the motor, the machine, and the building. Reference is made to certain methods which have been tried for reducing or counterbalancing them, and some criticisms and suggestions are made.
Alloy Steels in the Railroad Field
Authors: McKnight Charles
Published: April 2023

There is increased interest in the use of alloy steels by railroads. They are used purely as a matter of economics. Better work must be done at the same cost or the same work at less cost. The use of alloy miscellaneous castings materially cuts down weight with the same strength and same cost as carbon-steel castings. There are three ranges of steels: carbon steels are used for the vast majority of railroad purposes, with alloy steels for special applications, and semi-alloy steels, which are slightly more expensive than carbon steels and with slightly better properties, as a compromise. Some of their uses include boiler materials, forgings, and castings. Corrosion-resisting materials, nitriding, and miscellaneous metals are discussed and the economics of operation are given.
Research Relating to the Action of 4-Wheel Freight-Car Trucks
Authors: Symington T. H.
Published: April 2023

This paper includes a study of operating and maintenance problems of car trucks that have resulted from increased weights, greater rigidity, and high speeds. The author discusses the 4-wheel truck as a whole, and includes such features of design as cross-equalization, swiveling resistance, self-squaring, car roll and nosing, guard-rail shocks, lateral motion, and four-point suspension.

Harmonic truck-spring action is discussed at considerable length. It is felt that excessive harmonic spring oscillation at critical train speeds may be caused by eccentricity of wheels. Tests will be made to determine this, and the author outlines various tests for determining unknown factors.
Design and Operation of Range or In-Train Drives for Finishing Plants
Authors: Brown Wendell S.
Published: April 2023

Marked progress is being made toward grouping finishing-plant machinery in series or in ranges. This, among other important advantages, eliminates intermediate handling. Range drives may be divided into three classes:

1 Adjustable-speed motors, which include direct-current constant-voltage equipment, direct-current multi-voltage equipment, and alternating-current equipment.

2 Constant-speed motors or mechanically driven shafts, speed adjustment being obtained through such a device as the mechanical variator.

3 Adjustable-speed steam-engine drives.

Range drives prove advantageous in many combinations, from cloth in the rope form to cloth in the open form. Examples are given.

The successful operation of finishing machinery in ranges is dependent upon the attainment of certain advantages, such as elimination of in-between losses, improved uniformity and quality of product, saving in power and maintenance expense, and saving in executive work.

There are also certain possible disadvantages, such as the present market tendency toward a multiplicity of small lots and varied styles, and the demand for samples. Range speeds are limited to that of the slowest member, breakdowns tie up production, additional building construction is necessary to accommodate extra length, operating losses due to cloth damage in earlier processes continue unnecessarily through subsequent processes, and there is somewhat greater initial expense.
Advances in Control of Plain, Chase, and Schreiner Calenders
Authors: Campbell James A.
Published: April 2023

A better product from the textile finishing plants has resulted in the past few years, together with greater economies in the processing of goods, as the result of scientific study to obtain the facts. To operate at a profit the modern plant must meet present economic conditions by taking advantage of every opportunity to improve on quality and process. Calendering has become a most important process, as a larger proportion of cotton materials are now so treated; and the paper compares the principles, the designs of machines used, the methods of operation, and amount of production at the present time compared with 1910.
Firesafe Lumber
Authors: Storm Raymond W.
Published: April 2023

Methods are given of rendering wood non-inflammable by impregnation with various chemicals in aqueous solutions, together with the subsequent drying of the treated lumber and the important characteristics of the products thus produced. The author has sought to emphasize mainly the commercial or practical side of manufacture and use rather than the purely technical or theoretical aspects of “Firesafe” wood.
End-Matching, Edge-Jointed and Surface-Laminated Wood Parts for Auto-Body Building
Authors: White G. G.
Published: April 2023

Advantages and savings from cutting lumber to final dimensions at the point of supply are discussed in this paper. Freight charges on waste and on the moisture removed in kiln drying are saved. In addition a lower grade of lumber can be used, and by cutting to size and shipping in bundles, the cost of handling is reduced and much less storage space is needed. The author describes various manufacturing processes used in the construction of wood frames for automobile bodies. Use of laminated woods has done much to conserve the timber supply because species of woods not previously used can be worked satisfactorily.
Manufacturing Upright- and Grand-Piano Cases
Authors: Lindsey Joseph T.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author tells of the various manufacturing operations that are necessary to complete piano cases, and describes the system of following work used by the Foster-Armstrong Company. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an efficient planing system is most essential to obtain best results. Operations carried out in the various departments together with the special machine tools used are described.
Insight Into Recompression Brayton Cycle
Authors: Tatli Akif Eren , You Dongchuan , Ghanavati Ashkan , Metghalchi Hameed
Published: April 2023

Recompression cycles have the potential to offer high performance when design parameters such as feasibility, performance, and compactness are considered. These cycles have recently gained attention especially in nuclear and concentrating solar power plants because of their high efficiency and environmentally friendly. A study has been done to investigate and learn more about recompression cycles. In this paper, a recompression Brayton cycle has been analyzed by performing parametric studies on the effectiveness of recuperators, pressure ratio, and split ratio as well as other input variables. To understand the relations between these factors and the performances of the cycle, argon was used as a working fluid because of its constant specific heat. The solution to temperatures at each state has been derived analytically, which is presented as a function of independent input variables. Thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of this cycle have been determined in these analyses. The model indicates following results: entropy generation of recuperators is lower at a minimum split and decreases with increasing effectiveness. When the cycle is optimized for maximum efficiency it does not operate on maximum specific net work. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the cycle increase with increasing pressure ratio reaching a maximum value at the optimum pressure ratio. The effect of split ratio on temperature difference around recuperators shows that energy recovered at low temperature is higher at a minimum split which yields a higher efficiency in the cycle. The performance of the cycle is strongly affected by turbine inlet temperature.