bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results from a 78‐week, single‐arm, open‐label phase 2 study to evaluate UX007 in pediatric and adult patients with severe long‐chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC‐FAOD)
Authors: Vockley Jerry , Burton Barbara , Berry Gerard T. , Longo Nicola , Phillips John , Sanchez‐Valle Amarilis , Tanpaiboon Pranoot , Grunewald Stephanie , Murphy Elaine , Bowden Alexandra , Chen Wencong , Chen Chao‐Yin , Cataldo Jason , Marsden Deborah , Kakkis Emil
Published: February 2019

Long‐chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC‐FAOD) are rare disorders characterized by acute crises of energy metabolism and severe energy deficiency that may present with cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia, and/or rhabdomyolysis, which can lead to frequent hospitalizations and early death. An open‐label Phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy of UX007, an investigational odd‐carbon medium‐chain triglyceride, in 29 subjects with severe LC‐FAOD. UX007 was administered over 78 weeks at a target dose of 25–35% total daily caloric intake (mean 27.5%). The frequency and duration of major clinical events (hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and emergency home interventions due to rhabdomyolysis, hypoglycemia, and cardiomyopathy) occurring during 78 weeks of UX007 treatment was compared with the frequency and duration of events captured retrospectively from medical records for 78 weeks before UX007 initiation. The mean annualized event rates decreased from 1.69 to 0.88 events/year following UX007 initiation (p = 0.021; 48.1% reduction). The mean annualized duration rate decreased from 5.96 to 2.96 days/year (p = 0.028; 50.3% reduction). Hospitalizations due to rhabdomyolysis, the most common event, decreased from 1.03 to 0.63 events/year (p = 0.104; 38.7% reduction). Initiation of UX007 eliminated hypoglycemia events leading to hospitalization (from 11 pre‐UX007 hospitalizations, 0.30 events/year vs. 0; p = 0.067) and intensive care unit (ICU) care (from 2 pre‐UX007 ICU admissions, 0.05 events/year vs. 0; p = 0.161) and reduced cardiomyopathy events (3 events vs. 1 event; 0.07 to 0.02 events/year; 69.7% decrease). The majority of treatment‐related adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal or gastrointestinal pain, which can be managed with smaller, frequent doses mixed with food.
Evaluation of treatment and outcomes for Hispanic patients with gastric cancer at Commission on Cancer‐accredited centers in the United States
Authors: Zhao Beiqun , Leichman Lawrence P. , Horgan Santiago , Bouvet Michael , Kelly Kaitlyn J.
Published: February 2019

Background and Objectives

Gastric cancer in the Hispanic population commonly presents with poor clinical features. Characteristics of this vulnerable population and optimal therapy for these patients have not been clearly defined.

Methods

Using the National Cancer Database (2004‐2014), we analyzed patient demographics, clinical factors, treatment‐related factors, and outcomes for Hispanic and non‐Hispanic patients with gastric adenocarcinoma in the United States.

Results

A total of 129 666 patients were included in this analysis. Hispanics were younger, more often female, had larger tumors, and were more likely to present with metastatic disease (all P < 0.001). Hispanics were more likely to undergo staging laparoscopy (5.6% vs 4.9%; P = 0.037), gastrectomy (63.5% vs 56.9%; P < 0.001), and ≥ 15 lymph nodes examined (56.1% vs 50.5%; P < 0.001). Hispanics were less likely to have negative margins (91.2% vs 92.8%; P = 0.004). Hispanics with stage II/III disease were less likely to receive neoadjuvant therapy (31.7% vs 38.7%; P < 0.001), but more likely to receive multimodal therapy (48.9% vs 46.1%; P = 0.01). Predictors for improved overall survival in Hispanics included multimodal therapy, negative margins, and treatment at an academic center.

Conclusions

Efforts to optimize treatment of this distinct and growing population of gastric cancer patients should focus on earlier diagnosis, referral to academic centers, and high‐quality surgery.
A hierarchical screening method for detection of illegal adulterants in Fur seal ginseng pills by profiling analysis of HPLC multi‐dimensional fingerprints
Authors: Wang Ke , Zeng Huiyun , Zhang Yi , Xie Xiujuan , Yue Zhenfeng , Zhang Wei , Fu Chujun , Luo Laicheng , Fan Huajun
Published: February 2019

A novel method for hierarchical screening of illegal adulterants in Fur seal ginseng pills products was developed by multi‐dimensional fingerprint profiling analysis. Fingerprint feature of the samples was acquired by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of 11 batches of samples with diode array detector and fluorescence detector, and then potential illegal adulterants including phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitors, androgens, α receptor antagonists and yohimbine, were further separated at multiple wavelengths to reduce or remove interferences from sample matrix for highlight their chromatographic characteristics. Accordingly, a hierarchical screening strategy was designed by first‐order and second‐order fingerprints combined with spectral examination to achieve high accuracy and reliability. The method was successfully applied to screening of illegal adulterants in real samples, and it also exhibited good quantification performance through validation tests. From 16 batches of samples, three suspected samples were confirmed to be positive, containing 9.37μg/g of testosterone, 18.8 μg/g of tadalafil, and 48.5 μg/g of sildenafil, respectively. The recoveries and relative standard deviations were in the range of 83.6–103.1% and 4.2–6.8%, respectively. The proposed method provided a simple, efficient and promising alternative to monitoring functional foods.
Use of Steatotic Grafts in Liver Transplantation: Current Status
Authors: Álvarez‐Mercado Ana I. , Gulfo José , Romero Gómez Manuel , Jiménez‐Castro Mónica B. , Gracia‐Sancho Jordi , Peralta Carmen
Published: February 2019

In the field of liver transplantation, the demand for adequate allografts greatly exceeds the supply. Therefore, expanding the donor pool to match the growing demand is mandatory. The present review summarizes current knowledge of the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury in steatotic grafts, together with recent pharmacological approaches aimed at maximizing the utilization of these livers for transplantation. We also describe the preclinical models currently available to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling graft viability in this specific type of donor, critically discussing the heterogeneity in animal models, surgical methodology, and therapeutic interventions. This lack of common approaches and interventions makes it difficult to establish the pathways involved and the relevance of isolated discoveries, as well as their transferability to clinical practice. Finally, we discuss how new therapeutic strategies developed from experimental studies are promising but that further studies are warranted to translate them to the bedside.
Well‐posedness of the Laplacian on manifolds with boundary and bounded geometry
Authors: Ammann Bernd , Große Nadine , Nistor Victor
Published: February 2019

Let M be a Riemannian manifold with a smooth boundary. The main question we address in this article is: “When is the Laplace–Beltrami operator , , invertible?” We consider also the case of mixed boundary conditions. The study of this main question leads us to the class of manifolds with boundary and bounded geometry introduced by Schick (Math. Nachr. 223 (2001), 103–120). We thus begin with some needed results on the geometry of manifolds with boundary and bounded geometry. Let be an open and closed subset of the boundary of M. We say that has finite width if, by definition, M is a manifold with boundary and bounded geometry such that the distance from a point to is bounded uniformly in x (and hence, in particular, intersects all connected components of M). For manifolds with finite width, we prove a Poincaré inequality for functions vanishing on , thus generalizing an important result of Sakurai (Osaka J. Math, 2017). The Poincaré inequality then leads, as in the classical case to results on the spectrum of Δ with domain given by mixed boundary conditions, in particular, Δ is invertible for manifolds with finite width. The bounded geometry assumption then allows us to prove the well‐posedness of the Poisson problem with mixed boundary conditions in the higher Sobolev spaces , .
The potential role of Annexin 3 in diapause embryo restart of Artemia sinica and in response to stress of low temperature
Authors: Li Na , Yao Feng , Huang Huifang , Zhang Hong , Zhang Wan , Zou Xiangyang , Sui Linlin , Hou Lin
Published: February 2019

Annexins are highly conserved and ubiquitous in various somatic cell types. They are involved in membrane transport and a range of calcium‐regulated activities on the cell membrane surface, including vesicular transport, membrane fusion in exocytosis, signal transduction, and formation of calcium channels. They also regulate inflammatory response, cell differentiation, and interaction between cytoskeletal proteins. In this study, for the first time, an ANX3 gene from Artemia sinica (
As‐anx3) was cloned. The
As‐anx3 full‐length complementary DNA comprises 1,024 bp and has a 948 bp open reading frame encoding a 315‐amino‐acid polypeptide with four ANX domains. The profiles of both
As‐ANX3 mRNA and protein expression exhibited peaks at the 0 hr stage and had the same significant downregulation trend throughout the post‐diapause embryo development stage. The ERK1/2, the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, and cell cycle‐related protein (CDK4) expressions were analyzed by western blot analysis. The results showed that CDK4 presented a significantly ascending trend from 0 and 40 hr, although the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 did not increase significantly. The transcriptional and protein expressions of
As‐ANX3 were highly upregulated when the temperature was lowered from 25 to 15°C, but the expressions showed a gradual downward trend when the temperature was further lowered to 5°C. These results indicated that
As‐ANX3 plays a crucial role in restarting diapause and low‐temperature stress in
A. sinica.
Conversion from Vancomycin Trough Concentration–Guided Dosing to Area Under the Curve–Guided Dosing Using Two Sample Measurements in Adults: Implementation at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Meng Lina , Wong Tiffany , Huang Sharon , Mui Emily , Nguyen Vinhkhoa , Espinosa Gabriela , Desai Janjri , Holubar Marisa , Deresinski Stan
Published: February 2019

Study Objective

The optimal pharmacodynamic parameter for the prediction of efficacy of vancomycin is the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), and current published data indicate that dosing based on vancomycin trough concentrations is an inaccurate substitute. In this study, our objective was to compare the achievement of therapeutic target attainment after switching from a trough‐based to an AUC‐based dosing strategy as a part of our institution's vancomycin‐per‐pharmacy protocol.

Design

Prospective observational quality assurance study.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Patients

A total of 296 hospitalized adults who received vancomycin and monitoring under our institution's vancomycin‐per‐pharmacy protocol were included in the analysis. The preimplementation retrospective comparison group consisted of 179 patients in whom vancomycin was initiated using a trough‐based dosing strategy between November 22, 2017, and January 22, 2018. The postimplementation group included 117 patients in whom vancomycin was initiated using an AUC‐based dosing strategy using two‐point sampling between June 19, 2018, and July 19, 2018, after hospital‐wide implementation of this protocol on June 19, 2018.

Measurements and Main Results

AUC values were calculated from two vancomycin concentrations (peak and trough). The primary outcome was achievement of therapeutic AUC values (400–800 mg·hr/L) in the postimplementation group or therapeutic trough level values (10–20 mg/L) in the preimplementation group. Only 98 (55%) of 179 initial trough values were therapeutic in the preimplementation group (trough‐only dosing method) versus 86 (73.5%) of 117 initial AUC values in the postimplementation group (AUC‐based dosing method) (p=0.0014). A lower proportion of supratherapeutic AUC values was observed in the postimplementation group compared with supratherapeutic trough concentrations in the preimplementation group (1.7% vs 18%, p<0.0001). Overall, 62% of patients with initially therapeutic AUC values had subsequent trough value increases of 25% or greater, occurring at a median of 6 days of vancomycin therapy. Nephrotoxicity occurred in 11% of patients in the preimplementation versus 9.4% in the postimplementation group (p=0.70).

Conclusion

Compared with a trough concentration–based dosing strategy, AUC‐based dosing using two‐point sampling improved therapeutic target attainment. Implementation is feasible at any hospital that performs vancomycin peak concentration testing and is a workable alternative to using Bayesian software for estimating AUC. This approach should also be directly compared with AUC‐based dosing using Bayesian software.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and exercise capacity, a longitudinal evaluation
Authors: Toussaint‐Duyster Leontien C.C. , van der Cammen‐van Zijp Monique H.M. , de Jongste Johan C. , Tibboel Dick , Wijnen Rene M.H. , Gischler Saskia J. , van Rosmalen Joost , IJsselstijn Hanneke
Published: February 2019

Objective

Children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) suffer from long‐term pulmonary morbidity. Longitudinal data of exercise capacity in these children are lacking. We hypothesized that exercise capacity would be impaired in children with CDH and deteriorates over time. We evaluated exercise capacity and its determinants in CDH patients longitudinally until 12 years of age.

Design

Prospective longitudinal follow‐up study in tertiary university hospital.

Patients

One hundred and fourteen children with CDH born between 1999 and 2012.

Methods

Exercise capacity was evaluated using the Bruce treadmill‐protocol at the ages of 5, 8, and 12 years. Primary outcome parameter was standard deviation score (SDS) of maximal endurance time. Data were analyzed by using linear mixed models.

Results

A total of 107 children (30 treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]) performed 191 reliable exercise tests. At ages 5, 8, and 12 years, the mean (95%CI) SDS endurance time was −0.44 (−0.65 to −0.24); −1.01 (−1.23 to −0.78); −1.10 (−1.40 to −0.80), respectively, all less than zero (P < 0.001). Exercise capacity declined significantly over time irrespective of ECMO‐treatment (5‐12 years: non‐ECMO P = 0.015; ECMO P = 0.006). Duration of initial hospital stay and diffusion capacity corrected for alveolar volume were associated with SDS endurance time (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039).

Conclusions

In CDH patients exercise capacity deteriorates between 5 and 12 years of age, irrespective of ECMO‐treatment. CDH patients may benefit from long‐term assessments of exercise capacity with timely intervention.
The dual functionality of antimicrobial peptides Os and Os‐C in human leukocytes
Authors: Taute Helena , Bester Megan J. , Gaspar Anabella R.M.
Published: February 2019

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Os and Os‐C, have been identified as multifunctional peptides with antibacterial, antiendotoxin, and anti‐inflammatory properties. For further development of Os and Os‐C as therapeutic peptides, it is essential to evaluate these effects in human mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. The cytotoxicity and the effects of both peptides on MN and PMN morphology were determined with the Alamar‐Blue assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The ability of Os and Os‐C to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to protect against 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride–induced oxidative damage in both cell populations was evaluated using 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH‐DA). Using fluorescently labeled peptides, the ability of the peptides to cross the cell membranes of MN and PMN was also evaluated. At the minimum bactericidal concentrations of Os and Os‐C, neither peptide was cytotoxic. Os caused morphological features of toxicity at 100 μM, entered MN cells, and also protected these cells against oxidative damage. Os‐C caused MN and PMN leukocyte activation associated with ROS formation and was unable to penetrate cell membranes, indicating extracellular membrane interactions. This study confirms that both Os and Os‐C at less than 100 μM are not cytotoxic. The MN‐specific uptake of Os identifies it as a cell‐specific cargo‐carrier peptide, with additional anti‐inflammatory properties. In contrast, the ability of Os‐C to activate MN and PMN cells implies that this peptide should be further evaluated as an AMP, which, in addition to its ability to eradicate infection, can further enhance host immunity. These novel characteristics of Os and Os‐C indicate that these AMPs as peptides can be further developed for specific applications.
Ginsenoside Rf relieves mechanical hypersensitivity, depression‐like behavior, and inflammatory reactions in chronic constriction injury rats
Authors: Li Yangyi , Chen Chengbo , Li Shunyuan , Jiang Changcheng
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate whether ginsenoside Rf can effectively relieve pain hypersensitivity in a neuropathic pain rat model. Neuropathic pain was induced in rats by chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the right sciatic nerve. Ginsenoside Rf was administered intraperitoneally after CCI surgery. The von Frey filament test and forced swimming test were performed to examine pain hypersensitivity and depression‐like behavior in rats. Western blot was used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the spinal cord. Pretreatment of ginsenoside Rf for 7 days did not affect the onset of mechanical allodynia in CCI rats; however, a single dose of ginsenoside Rf 1 day after surgery attenuated established mechanical allodynia in CCI rats. Additionally, chronic treatment of ginsenoside Rf 1 week before and 2 weeks after CCI surgery diminished mechanical allodynia and depression‐like behavior without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity in CCI rats. Furthermore, in CCI rats, chronic ginsenoside Rf treatment partially reversed the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord and/or the DRG but elevated IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory factor, in the DRG. Ginsenoside Rf alleviated neuropathic pain and its associated depression and restored the balance between proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that ginsenoside Rf may be a potential therapy for nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain.
The addition of sugarcane bagasse and asparagus peel enhances the properties of sweet potato starch foams
Authors: Cruz‐Tirado Jam Pier , Vejarano Ricardo , Tapia‐Blácido Delia R. , Angelats‐Silva Luis M. , Siche Raúl
Published: February 2019

The agro‐industrial wastes, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and asparagus peel (AP), were used to enhance the properties of biodegradable foam trays based on sweet potato starch‐based foam trays (starch/SB and starch/AP trays, respectively). Starch/SB and starch/AP trays containing different concentrations of SB and AP (0%‐40%, w/w) were prepared, and their microstructure and physical, thermal, and mechanical properties were characterized. The addition of fibers wastes allowed obtaining a yellowish foam tray with lower luminosity and higher porosity, mechanical resistance, deformability, and better ability to absorb water as compared with the sweet potato starch foam trays without fibers. The addition of SB yielded foam trays less porous, with lower water absorption capacity and greater tensile strength than the addition of AP. Higher concentrations of AP fibers (greater than 30%) generate more extendible foam trays. The addition of fibrous wastes improved the thermal stability of the sweet potato starch foam trays. The composite foam trays produced in this work could be used as substitutes for expanded polystyrene in dry food packaging.
Development mechanisms for Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones (medicanes)
Authors: Miglietta Mario Marcello , Rotunno Richard
Published: February 2019

Midlatitude cyclones with characteristics similar to tropical cyclones (also known as Tropical‐Like Cyclones, TLCs, or medicanes) are sometimes observed in the Mediterranean region. The Wind Induced Surface Heat Exchange (WISHE) mechanism has been considered responsible for their development, in analogy with tropical‐cyclone theory. However, some recent papers have proposed a different explanation, suggesting that the deep warm core in the TLC is mainly an effect of the seclusion of warm air in the cyclone core. To investigate the latter hypothesis, two case‐studies of Mediterranean TLCs are analysed here by means of high‐resolution numerical experiments. The evolution of the near‐surface equivalent potential temperature is followed along back‐trajectories around the cyclone centre, showing for both cases a strong heating when the parcel moves from the outer part of the cyclone to its inner, warmer core. Sensitivity experiments clarify the mechanism of cyclone intensification and the way the warm‐core structure is generated, showing that sea‐surface fluxes and/or condensation latent heating are fundamental to explain the intensification of the cyclones. However, the importance of air–sea interaction processes is case dependent. For the first cyclone, the intense sea‐surface fluxes, associated with tramontane and cierzo winds over the western Mediterranean Sea, transfer a large amount of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere in the area where the cyclone developed, so that the vortex is able to sustain itself in a barotropic environment and reach a tropical‐like structure at a later stage in its lifetime. For the second cyclone, the cyclone never develops a fully tropical‐like structure, evolving in the baroclinic environment associated with the potential vorticity streamer in which the cyclone formed. Based on the distinction emerging in this and other articles, a classification of medicanes in three different categories is proposed.
Effect of surface treatments on the localized corrosion resistance of the AA2198‐T8 aluminum lithium alloy welded by FSW process
Authors: de S. C. Machado Caruline , Klumpp Rafael E. , Ayusso Victor H. , Donatus Uyime , Milagre Mariana X. , de S. Araujo João V. , F. Machado Glauson A. , Costa I.
Published: February 2019

In this work, the effect of eight types of surface treatments on the corrosion resistance of friction stir welded samples of an AA2198‐T8 Al‐Cu‐Li alloy were tested and compared in an attempt to find suitable alternatives to toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium treatments. All the samples were anodized and subjected to different post‐anodizing treatments. The post‐anodizing treatments were (1) hydrothermal treatment in Ce (NO3)3 6H2O solution; (2) hydrothermal treatment in Ce (NO3)3 6H2O solution with H2O2; (3) hydrothermal treatment in boiling water; (4) hexavalent chromium conversion coating; and (5) immersion in BTSE (bis‐1,2‐(triethoxysilyl) ethane. The corrosion resistance of the treated samples was evaluated by immersion tests in sodium chloride solution (0.1 mol L−1 NaCl) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the friction stir weldment. The results showed that among the alternative treatments, the Ce‐containing solutions presented the best corrosion resistance, especially when used without peroxide.
Biomacromolecule‐Functionalized AIEgens for Advanced Biomedical Studies
Authors: Wu Feng , Wu Xia , Duan Zhijuan , Huang Yu , Lou Xiaoding , Xia Fan
Published: February 2019

The advances in bioinformatics and biomedicine have promoted the development of biomedical imaging and theranostic systems to respectively extend the endogenous biomarker imaging with high contrast and enhance the therapeutic effect with high efficiency. The emergence of biomacromolecule‐functionalized aggregation‐induced emitters (AIEgens), utilizing AIEgens, and biomacromolecules (nucleic acids, peptides, glycans, and lipids), displays specific targeting ability to cancer cell, improved biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic effect, and so forth. This review summarizes the rational design of biomacromolecule‐functionalized AIEgens and their biomedical applications in recent ten years, including high‐resolution optical imaging of cell, tissue, and small animal model with low background; the biomarker detection for early diagnosis and prognosis; the delivery and monitoring of prodrugs; image‐guide photodynamic therapy and its combination with chemotherapy. Through illustrating their functional mechanisms and application, it is hoped that this review would open up a completely new train of research thought for attracted researchers in various fields.
Light‐Stimulated Synaptic Transistors Fabricated by a Facile Solution Process Based on Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots and Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Wang Kai , Dai Shilei , Zhao Yiwei , Wang Yan , Liu Chuan , Huang Jia
Published: February 2019

Implementation of artificial intelligent systems with light‐stimulated synaptic emulators may enhance computational speed by providing devices with high bandwidth, low power computation requirements, and low crosstalk. One of the key challenges is to develop light‐stimulated devices that can response to light signals in a neuron‐/synapse‐like fashion. A simple and effective solution process to fabricate light‐stimulated synaptic transistors (LSSTs) based on inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IHP QDs) and organic semiconductors (OSCs) is reported. Blending IHP QDs and OSCs not only improves the charge separation efficiency of the photoexcited charges, but also induces delayed decay of the photocurrent in the IHP QDs/OSCs hybrid film. The enhanced charge separation efficiency results in high photoresponsivity, while the induced delayed decay of the photocurrent is critical to achieving light‐stimulating devices with a memory effect, which are important for achieving high synaptic performance. The LSSTs can respond to light signals in a highly neuron‐/synapse‐like fashion. Both short‐term and long‐term synaptic behaviors have been realized, which may lay the foundation for the future implementation of artificial intelligent systems that are enabled by light signals. More significantly, LSSTs are fabricated by a facile solution process which can be easily applied to large‐scale samples.
Tip Work: Examining the Relational Dynamics of Tipping beyond the Service Counter
Authors: Wilson Eli R.
Published: February 2019

Tips constitute a growing form of income for roughly three million American workers today. While existing scholarship on tipping focuses on worker‐customer dynamics, it neglects the implications of gratuities beyond the service counter. Drawing on the case of restaurant workers in Los Angeles, this study analyzes tip work, the bundle of social relations and labor experiences framed by tips in commercial settings. I argue that tipping strains relations between subgroups of workers who, despite collectively producing service, are subject to unequal access to tip earnings. Tips thereby shape relations among workers in ways that exacerbate existing organizational and social hierarchies.
Phylogeny and evolution of morphological characters in tribe Chamaedoreeae (Arecaceae)
Authors: Cuenca Argelia , Dransfield John B. , Asmussen-Lange Conny B.
Published: February 2019

Within the palm family, molecular analyses have resulted in a need to re­evaluate characters previously considered useful to establish hypotheses of relationships among groups. Recent phylogenetic analyses of tribe Chamaedoreeae have shown that characters traditionally used as strong indicators of relationship, such as presence of solitary flowers and dioecy, are homoplasious within this tribe. In the largest genus, Chamaedorea, published molecular analyses recover well­supported groups not previously proposed based on morphological characters and at the same time resolve some of the current subgenera as polyphyletic. In this study we further explore the phylogenetic relationships in Chamaedoreeae and search for morphological synapomorphies for the monophyletic groups recovered. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological, nuclear (PRK, RPB2), and plastid (matK, ndhF, trnD­trnT, rps16 intron, trnL­trnF) data are performed and morphological characters are subsequently optimized on the resulting topologies. Although most of the morphological characters included are highly homoplasious, the inclusion of morphological characters in the phylogenetic analyses improves the resolution within Chamaedoreeae, particularly among species of Chamaedorea. With the exception of Synechanthus and Wendlandiella, all the genera and subgenera in Chamaedoreeae are defined by a combination of homoplasious characters, none of which is unique within the tribe. Two of the seven subgenera of Chamaedorea included in our analyses, C. subg. Eleutheropetalum and subg. Stephanostachys, are supported as monophyletic with a number of morphological synapomorphies also used in the original descriptions of these subgenera. Some morphological characters not used in the traditional subgeneric classification of Chamaedorea, such as leaf sheath structure and pistillode, gynoecium and filament connation, though homoplasious, are resolved as synapomorphies and, therefore, potentially useful when defining subgenera within this genus.
Why conservation of the nameBoletus applanatusshould be rejected
Authors: Demoulin Vincent
Published: February 2019

The proposal by Redhead & al. inTaxon55: 1029‐1030 (2006) to conserveBoletus applanatusagainstB. lipsiensiscomes anomalously late after acceptance of the nameGanoderma lipsienseas correct for what had been known asG. applanatums.str. This name was abandoned by careful taxonomists without regret for it has been used in such a variable way that it was, and remains, a permanent source of confusion. The arguments for retaining the presently correct, unambiguousG. lipsienseare presented.
Evolution and taxonomy of aquatic species in the genusRhynchostegium(Brachytheciaceae, Bryophyta)
Authors: Huttunen Sanna , Ignatov Michael S.
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic relationships of the aquatic moss genusPlatyhypnidiumand terrestrial species ofRhynchostegiumwere explored using a phylogeny based on three DNA sequence regions, the nuclear ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, and the plastidtrnL–FandtrnD–T. This is the first study usingtrnD–Tin the phyogeny of mosses.Platyhypnidiumappeared polyphyletic and most of its species were found within aRhynchostegiumclade including species from four different genera:Rhynchostegium, Eriodon, EurhynchiellaandPlatyhypnidium. Use of the nameRhynchostegiumrequires conservation againstEriodon. Within Rhynchostegium s.l., aquaticRhynchostegiumspecies (i.e.,Platyhypnidium) were resolved in four geographically delimited groups: an Afro–European group, an American–East Asiatic group, a Malesian–Australian group and a group comprising the South AmericanP. fuegianumtogether withEriodonandEurhynchiella. Topologies from independent analyses of plastid and nuclear data did not show conflict, and the occurrence of hybridzation events in the clade was therefore not supported. The phylogeny indicates numerous habitat shifts between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, as well as between different terrestrial (epiphytic and epigeic) habitats, which may have affected taxonomic complexity inRhynchostegium. New morphological characters, such as a striate leaf lamina, axillary hairs composed of relatively short cells, and clearly differentiated cells of the costa, separatePlatyhypnidiumspecies within Eurhynchioideae from those in theOxyrrhynchium–Donrichardsiaclade (Helicodontioideae). Two morphologically unique specimens,Platyhypnidium muelleriifrom Hawaii andPlatyhypnidiumsp. from Northern Australia, are described asDonrichardsia bartramiiandRhynchostegium brevinerve. The new genusHedenaesia(Helicodontioideae) is established to accommodatePlatyhypnidium austrinum.
A new tribal classification of Nyctaginaceae
Authors: Douglas Norman , Spellenberg Richard
Published: February 2019

Recent phylogenetic work shows that existing tribal concepts within Nyctaginaceae are incompatible with the principle of recognizing monophyletic taxa. We review the history of supergeneric classification in Nyctaginaceae, clarify issues pertaining to priority of certain generic names, and discuss the application of the conserved family name to the tribe Nyctagineae. Pisoniella and Phaeoptilum are moved from tribe Nyctagineae to Pisonieae and Bougainvilleeae, respectively, while tribe Abronieae, containing Abronia and Tripterocalyx, is submerged into Nyctagineae. Two distinctive genera, Caribea and Colignonia, are assigned to their own tribes, recognizing both their uniqueness and the uncertainty of their phylogenetic relationships. Finally, subtribes are not recognized in tribe Nyctagineae. Updated descriptions are provided for each tribe and one new tribe, Caribeaeae Douglas & Spellenberg, is recognized. Plant habit and general geographic distribution seem to be at least as pertinent as the often–homoplasious morphological details which had been emphasized in previous classifications.
Phylogeny of Bambusa and its allies (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) inferred from nuclear GBSSI gene and plastid psbA-trnH, rpl32-trnL and rps16 intron DNA sequences
Authors: Yang Jun-Bo , Yang Han-Qi , Li De-Zhu , Wong Khoon-Meng , Yang Yu-Ming
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic relationships among core taxa of the paleotropical bamboo clade placed in subtribe Bambusinae, comprising Bambusa s.l. (including Bambusa s.str. and its subgenera Leleba and Lingnania) and its allies (including Dendrocalamopsis, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Melocalamus and Thyrsostachys), and with Neosinocalamus and Oxytenanthera, were examined by separate and combined cladistic analyses of the nuclear GBSSI gene and plastid psbA‐trnH, rpl32‐trnL and rps16 intron sequences using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses. The taxa were strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which represents subtribe Bambusinae. Melocalamus and Thyrsostachys were confirmed as good genera. In the combined analysis, Bambusa s.l. and Dendrocalamopsis formed one of two clades with reasonable support, and Dendrocalamus clustered with Gigantochloa, Neosinocalamus and Oxytenanthera in the other. The topology also identified several taxa that were misplaced in Bambusa or Dendrocalamus. Sinocalamus (currently a subgenus of Dendrocalamus) appeared to be heterogeneous and contained taxa allied to Bambusa or Dendrocalamus. Except for Oxytenanthera, the alliance of Bambusa and allies appeared well characterized by a broadly conical, solid and typically hairy ovary summit. The taxonomic significance of rachilla and floret characters, considered useful in distinguishing subsets of genera, remains uncertain.
Five new species of Lithospermum L. (Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: Another radiation in the Amotape‐Huancabamba Zone
Authors: Weigend Maximilian , Gottschling Marc , Hilger Hartmut H. , Nürk Nicolai M.
Published: February 2019

We present a revision of Lithospermum for South America based on extensive field work and herbarium study which leads to the recognition of ten species including five new to science: Lithospermum bolivariensis, L. cuzcoensis, L. leymebambensis and L. rodriguezii from Peru, and L. azuayensis from Ecuador. The South American species group is morphologically heterogeneous and includes a wide range of growth forms, pollen types and corolla shapes. Molecular data indicate that the species from Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are monophyletic (South American species group) and represent the sister group of Mexican L. distichum. Lithospermum mediale, disjunct between Colombia/Venezuela and Guatemala/Mexico, represents an independent introduction to South America. Diversification of Andean Lithospermum appears to have progressed from South to North, with the basal taxa being present in the high Andes of southern Peru. The bulk of the species is concentrated in the Amotape‐Huancabamba Zone (northern Peru to southern Ecuador), with five neo‐endemic species being restricted to this area. Lithospermum apparently arrived in the Central Andes ca. 5 Ma and subsequently migrated and diversified northwards, possibly parallel to the uplift of the northern Andes.
Acacia, the 2011 Nomenclature Section in Melbourne, and beyond
Authors: Moore Gerry , Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Demissew Sebsebe , Lewis Gwilym , Schrire Brian , Rico Lourdes , van Wyk Abraham E.
Published: February 2019

This paper briefly reports on the developments surrounding the Acacia name conservation controversy since the Nomenclature Section meeting at the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress at Vienna in 2005. Actions taken at Vienna led to the listing of Acacia Mill. with a conserved type in Appendix III (p. 286) of the current printed version of the International code of botanical nomenclature. While decisions taken at Nomenclature Sections generally tend to resolve nomenclatural disputes, the actions taken in Vienna with regard to Acacia—i.e., treating the proposal to conserve the name Acacia with a conserved type as approved even though the majority of the votes cast were opposed to the proposal—has only resulted in increased controversy. Today, the Acacia listing in the Code continues to be met with considerable resistance from the global plant taxonomic community and beyond. We believe the “minority rule” approach used in Vienna was contrary to the procedural rules established in Vienna. As a result, an objection to the acceptance of the Vienna Code as currently printed with the Acacia listing will be raised at the Nomenclature Section meeting during the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in 2011. A procedure is outlined for handling this objection that we hope will allow the botanical community to finally resolve this matter.
Homoploid hybrid speciation in action
Authors: Abbott Richard J. , Hegarty Matthew J. , Hiscock Simon J. , Brennan Adrian C.
Published: February 2019

Homoploid hybrid speciation is the origin of a hybrid species without change in chromosome number. Although currently thought to be a rare form of speciation, especially relative to the more common allopolyploid hybrid speciation, it is feasible that many examples of homoploid hybrid species will be discovered in the future now that genetic resources are readily available for testing their occurrence. In this review, we focus on the speed of homoploid hybrid speciation, the importance of ecological and spatial isolation in the process, and the nature of genetic changes that occur in a new hybrid during its origin and establishment in the wild. With reference mainly to the extensive work carried out on homoploid hybrid species of Helianthus, and to our own work on the very recently originated diploid hybrid species Senecio squalidus, we review evidence showing: (1) that new fertile homoploid hybrid species can originate very quickly, although a longer period is likely to be required before the species becomes fully stabilized both genomically and phenotypically; (2) ecological divergence of the hybrid species from its parents is key to successful establishment, and that this can occur even in the absence of post­zygotic isolation caused by chromosomal and/or genetic sterility barriers; (3) transgressive changes in phenotypic traits and gene expression are of great importance in adapting homoploid hybrid species to habitats that are ecologically and spatially divergent from those of the parents; (4) adaptive differences distinguishing a homoploid hybrid species from its parental species are likely to be maintained in the face of parental gene flow, and evolve in concert across populations representing multiple origins of the species; (5) in the absence of parental gene flow, i.e., under conditions of geographical isolation, rapid genetic divergence of the hybrid species is likely to be enhanced due to the combined effects of founder events, genetic drift and selection.
New insights into the origin of two new epiphytic Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) from West Central Africa based on molecular phylogenetic analyses
Authors: Janssens Steven B. , Fischer Eberhard , Stévart Tariq
Published: February 2019

During recent fieldwork activities conducted in order to complete the publication of the Flora of Gabon, new material was collected of two previously unknown Impatiens species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses and a detailed comparative morphological study confirmed the status of the newly collected material. Impatiens wilksiana Stévart, S. B. Janssens & Eb. Fisch. is characterized by a dense racemose inflorescence, rather small flowers, yellow petals and red sepals, whereas I. issembei S. B. Janssens, Stévart & Eb. Fisch. has few‐flowered racemose inflorescences and larger flowers, which are entirely vivid‐red. The divergence of I. issembei and I. wilksiana is estimated at 0.96 Ma ago, an age that corresponds with a shift towards increasingly variable drier conditions situated between 1.2 and 0.8 Ma ago. During this period, the once continuous ancestral population of I. issembei and I. wilksiana was probably fragmented into two sister populations restricted to the forest refuges in the Massif du Chaillu and the Monts de Cristal. Allopatric speciation in association with such refuges may have played a role in the origin and diversification of the present day African Impatiens.
Molecular support of the classification of Greeniopsis Merr. in Aleisanthieae (Rubiaceae), with a revision of the genus
Authors: Alejandro Grecebio Jonathan D. , Meve Ulrich , Uy Millard , Mouly Arnaud , Thiv Mike , Liede-Schumann Sigrid
Published: February 2019

Greeniopsis Merr. is a small genus of Rubiaceae endemic to the Philippines. Previously, no molecular data have been available for Greeniopsis and its taxonomic position has remained controversial. Based on morphology, the genus was tentatively included in the tribe Aleisanthieae (Ixoroideae) along with the Southeast Asian genera Aleisanthia and Aleisanthiopsis. To determine the taxonomic position of Greeniopsis and evaluate the monophyly of the genus, sequences of the rps16 and trnT‐F regions of cpDNA of all seven Greeniopsis species were generated. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined plastid dataset strongly support the inclusion of Greeniopsis in Aleisanthieae as well as its monophyly. Woolly hairs on the abaxial leaf surface occur in only one Greeniopsis species and can no longer be regarded a synapomorphy of the tribe. The generic status of Aleisanthia, Aleisanthiopsis, and Greeniopsis is maintained. A revision of Greeniopsis, including a key to species, descriptions, distribution maps, and illustrations, is provided.
Molecular systematics and remodelling of Chirita and associated genera (Gesneriaceae)
Authors: Weber Anton , Middleton David J. , Forrest Alan , Kiew Ruth , Lim Chung Lu , Rafidah A.R. , Sontag Susanne , Triboun Pramote , Wei Yi-Gang , Yao Tze Leong , Möller Michael
Published: February 2019

The polyphyletic genus Chirita is remodelled after an extensive molecular phylogenetic study of species assigned to it and to other associated genera. Most of Chirita sect. Chirita and the monotypic Hemiboeopsis are amalgamated with Henckelia sect. Henckelia, resulting in a very differently circumscribed genus Henckelia and the synonymisation of Chirita. The remaining species of Chirita sect. Chirita are accommodated in the revived genus Damrongia. Chirita sect. Liebigia is recognised as the genus Liebigia. Chirita sect. Microchirita is recognised as the genus Microchirita. Chirita sect. Gibbosaccus is, together with Chiritopsis and Wentsaiboea, included in the originally monotypic and now enormously expanded genus Primulina. The necessary combinations are made and a general list showing the present accommodation of the species previously described under Chirita, Chiritopsis, Hemiboeopsis, Primulina and Wentsaiboea is provided.
A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: van Ee Benjamin W. , Riina Ricarda , Berry Paul E.
Published: February 2019

Croton (Euphorbiaceae) is a large and diverse group of plants that is most species‐rich in the tropics. We update the infrageneric classification of the New World species of Croton with new evidence from phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from all three genomes. The relationships of species that were previously placed in conflicting positions by nuclear and chloroplast data, such as C. cupreatus, C. poecilanthus, and C. setiger, are further resolved by adding the nuclear EMB2765 and mitochondrial rps3 genes to the molecular sampling. Analyses of rps3 reveal an accelerated rate of evolution within Croton subg. Geiseleria, the only one of the four subgenera that contains numerous herbaceous, annual species. We provide morphological descriptions, species lists, and a key to the 31 sections and 10 subsections recognized in the New World. New taxa that we describe include C. sects. Alabamenses, Argyranthemi, Cordiifolii, Corinthii, Cupreati, Luetzelburgiorum, Nubigeni, Olivacei, Pachypodi, Prisci, and C. subsects. Cubenses, Jamaicenses, and Sellowiorum. Additional transfers are made to the ranks of subgenus, section, and subsection. A total of 712 species of Croton are currently recognized for the New World, with 702 of them assigned here to section.