bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmatics and Prisons
Authors: Whissel Kristen
Published: November 2011

In the final decade of the twentieth century, the use of computer‐generated images (CGI) and digital visual effects became a hallmark of popular, live‐action American blockbusters. Accomplished mostly in postproduction, such practices ranged from color adjustment at the level of the pixel to spectacular visual effects designed to astonish audiences. One of the first such recognizable spectacular effects was the digital morph, which created smooth transformations of a “source” image into a “target” image using software programs to cross‐dissolve and warp images. In Ron Howard's
Willow
(1988) and James Cameron's
The Abyss
(1989) characters and creatures shape‐shift their surface appearance in single scenes organized around the display of this astonishing effect; in later films, particularly in Cameron's
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
(1991), the Wachowski Brothers'
The Matrix
(1999), and Bryan Singer's
X‐Men
(2000), the ability to morph defines characters who exercise this (spectacular) power with thrilling dramatic effects. In addition to giving bodies seemingly unfettered capacity for instantaneous change, the morph also allowed landscapes and cityscapes to transform themselves with fluid ease in films like Peter Jackson's
Heavenly Creatures
(1994) and Alex Proyas's
Dark City
(1998), while in films like Chuck Russell's
The Mask
(1994) and Tom Shadyac's
The Nutty Professor
(1996) morphing gave the human body comic plasticity that allowed it to stretch, bulge, and bend in often comic and cartoonish fashion.
The Blockbuster Superhero
Authors: Beaty Bart
Published: November 2011

In a post‐credit scene included at the end of
Iron Man
(Jon Favreau, 2008), the titular hero (Robert Downey, Jr) returns to the home of his alter ego and is confronted by an intruder, S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson). Fury asks him: “You think you're the only superhero in the world? Mr Stark you've become part of a bigger universe. You just don't know it yet.” While Tony Stark lacks a sense of the bigger picture, the same can hardly be said of the filmgoers who came to this film armed with a background in the superhero comics produced by Marvel Comics. The audience of knowledgeable comic book fans anticipates key relationships, character developments, and actions that cannot possibly be encompassed by a feature‐length film. These spectators are alert to such things as the foreshadowing of the emergence of War Machine, the rival to Iron Man that will be taken on by his friend James Rhodes (Terrence Howard, replaced for the sequels by Don Cheadle), or the background shots of Captain America's partially assembled shield on Stark's workbench, an allusion to Iron Man's partner and sometime rival in Marvel's
Avengers
comic book series. Thus, when Fury, with the last line of the film, informs Stark that he would like to speak to him “about the Avenger Initiative,” it serves not only to anticipate Fury's role in the
Iron Man
sequel scheduled to be released two years later, but begins the process of advertising the
Avengers
film scheduled for release for the first weekend in May 2012. In the world of Marvel Comics, The Avengers is the superhero team that originally featured Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, the Hulk, Ant‐Man and the Wasp. In the world of Marvel Studios,
Iron Man
was the second Avengers‐related film, following
Hulk
(Ang Lee, 2003) and preceding, by one month,
The Incredible Hulk
(Louis Leterrier, 2008), and it will be followed by
Thor
(Kenneth Branagh, 2011) and
Captain America: The First Avenger
(Joe Johnston, 2011), with the casts of those four franchises combining for the potential mega‐event film
The Avengers
(Joss Whedon) in 2012. Significantly, Fury's specific use of the term “universe” directly alludes to the lexicon already in place in the comics world referring to the fictional worlds inhabited by characters across different titles and series. This quick scene informs the audience that Iron Man exists in the same world as the heroes of previous films based on Marvel characters, including Spider‐Man, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, and the X‐Men, and it also anticipates future films.
Limited Engagement
Authors: Carruthers Susan L.
Published: November 2011

Imagine a landscape of desolate streets strewn with vast mounds of garbage and burnt out vehicles. Buildings — an indistinguishable jumble of shops and homes, punctuated by golden‐domed mosques and filigreed minarets — are pock‐marked by artillery rounds where they haven't been pulverized into rubble. Everything chokes with dust. And everyone is armed — armed with a camera if not also with more lethal weapons. Cell phones serve both to detonate improvised explosive devices and to document the carnage. While “jihadis” film beheadings and suicide bombers record their last messages before martyrdom, American troops engage in their own obsessive digital self‐documentation. Flurrying shutters click to produce a gruesome montage of grins, grimaces, tears, blood, corpses, and severed body parts.
Familial Poland anomaly revisited
Authors: Baban Anwar , Torre Michele , Costanzo Sara , Gimelli Stefania , Bianca Sebastiano , Divizia Maria Teresa , Sénès Filippo Maria , Garavelli Livia , Rivieri Francesca , Lerone Margherita , Valle Maura , Ravazzolo Roberto , Calevo Maria Grazia
Published: November 2011

Poland anomaly (PA) is a pectoral muscle hypoplasia/aplasia variably associated with ipsilateral thoracic (TA) and/or upper limb anomalies (ULA). PA is usually sporadic and sometimes familial, making recurrence risk an issue in genetic counseling. Multidisciplinary evaluation of 240 PA patients was carried out, including physical examination of patients and their parents in 190 PA (subjects of the study). Familial conditions were classified into three groups. Group1: true familial PA (F‐PA): pectoral muscle defects with familial recurrence: 8(4.2%). Group2: familial Poland‐like anomaly families (F‐PLA): PA index case and ≥1 relative(s) showing normal pectoral muscles but ULA and/or TA common in PA: 16(8.4%). Group3: sporadic PA (S‐PA): 166(87.4%). F‐PA indicated a stronger male (87.5%) and left side (62.5%) prevalence, but fewer ULA (37.5%) compared to the other two groups. Maternal transmission (6/8) was more common in F‐PA. Statistical significance was not reached due to the small number of F‐PA and F‐PLA. Karyotyping and array‐comparative genomic hybridization were performed in 13 families. Three maternally inherited copy number variants were identified in three patients: 1p31.1 deletion, Xp11.22 duplication, and 16q23.1 duplication. Interestingly, the proband's mother carrying the 16q23.1 duplication displayed moderate breast and areola asymmetry, but normal pectoral muscles on ultrasound. Though there is no recent review discussing recurrence of PA, we reviewed 31 published PA families. On the basis of our study and previous reports, familial PA is not uncommon. Nonetheless, no information can be derived either regarding a molecular basis or clinical tools with which to identify cases with recurrence risk. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implantation of a Melody® valve in triscuspid position
Authors: Riede F.T. , Dähnert I.
Published: November 2011

A transcatheter pulmonary valve (Melody®) was implanted within a stenotic biological valve prosthesis in tricuspid position, as an alternative to the fourth major cardiac surgery in a 12‐year‐old girl. There were no complications. The postinterventional result was very good. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MGUard versus bAre‐metal stents plus manual thRombectomy in ST‐elevation myocarDial infarction pAtieNts—(GUARDIAN) trial: Study design and rationale
Authors: Cassese Salvatore , Esposito Giovanni , Mauro Ciro , Varbella Ferdinando , Carraturo Antonio , Montinaro Antonio , Cirillo Plinio , Galasso Gennaro , Rapacciuolo Antonio , Piscione Federico
Published: November 2011

Background: Distal embolization may decrease coronary and myocardial reperfusion after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In this setting, manual thrombectomy (MT) resulted in better perfusion and clinical outcomes when compared with “conventional” PCI (direct stenting or stenting after predilation). MGuard net protective stent (MGS, Inspire‐MD, Tel‐Aviv, Israel) is a new bare‐metal stent (BMS) with a polyethylene theraphthalate mesh coverage anchored to the external surface of the struts aiming to minimize distal embolization during PCI. Purpose: We intend to determine whether MGS implantation is comparable with a strategy of MT pretreatment followed by BMS deployment. Study design: The MGUard versus bAre‐metal stents plus manual thRombectomy in ST‐elevation myocarDial Infarction pAtieNts (GUARDIAN) is a multicentre, prospective, randomized, noninferiority, open‐label trial with a planned inclusion of 556 STEMI patients. Patients are assigned to treatment with MGS or MT pretreatment followed by BMS implantation in the infarct‐related artery. All patients are treated medically according to current international guidelines. Randomization is performed before coronary angiography. The primary endpoint is complete (≥70%) ST‐segment resolution at 60 min after PCI. Secondary endpoints are thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) coronary flow grade ≥2, corrected TIMI frame count <23, myocardial blush grade of the infarct related area ≥2, and major adverse cardiac events rate at 30‐day, 6‐month, and 1‐year follow‐up. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging substudy is planned to investigate microvascular obstruction and infarct size area reduction, at prespecified time‐points, among 80 consecutive patients enrolled. Conclusions: If MGS implantation is noninferior to a strategy of MT pretreatment followed by BMS deployment, it will lend support to the use of this treatment as another possible option for STEMI patients undergoing PCI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two melodies in concert: Transcatheter double‐valve replacement
Authors: Jux Christian , Akintuerk Hakan , Schranz Dietmar
Published: November 2011

Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation has been established as a valuable treatment option for elder children and adolescents with conduit failure in the right ventricular outflow tract. Transcatheter valve implantation in the tricuspid position is restricted to single case reports. A 26‐year‐old male initially diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries hitherto underwent a total of five open chest procedures including tricuspid valve replacement with a bioprosthesis and a pulmonary homograft exchange. He now presented with severe right heart failure due to a degenerated pulmonary homograft and calcified, severely stenotic tricuspid bioprosthesis with markedly dilated and reduced right ventricular function. We report on the first successful percutaneous transcatheter double‐valve replacement using two Melody valves in the pulmonary and tricuspid position, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective Two‐Step Labeling of Proteins with an Off/On Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Hirabayashi Kazuhisa , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Shimonishi Manabu , Terai Takuya , Komatsu Toru , Ueno Tasuku , Nagano Tetsuo
Published: November 2011

We present a novel design strategy for off/on fluorescent probes suitable for selective two‐step labeling of proteins. To validate this strategy, we designed and synthesized an off/on fluorescent probe, 1–Ni2+, which targets a cysteine‐modified hexahistidine (His) tag. The probe consists of dichlorofluorescein conjugated with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)‐Ni2+ as the His‐tag recognition site and a 2,4‐dinitrophenyl ether moiety, which quenches the probe’s fluorescence by photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) from the excited fluorophore to the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl ether (donor‐excited PeT; d‐PeT) and also has reactivity with cysteine. His‐tag recognition by the NTA–Ni2+ moiety is followed by removal of the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl ether quencher by proximity‐enhanced reaction with the cysteine residue of the modified tag; this results in a marked fluorescence increase. Addition of His‐tag peptide bearing a cysteine residue to aqueous probe solution resulted in about 20‐fold fluorescence increment within 10 min, which is the largest fluorescence enhancement so far obtained with a visible light‐excitable fluorescent probe for a His‐based peptide tag. Further, we successfully visualized CysHis6‐peptide tethered to microbeads without any washing step. The probe also showed a large fluorescence increment in the presence of His6Cys‐tagged enhanced blue fluorescent protein (EBFP), but not His6‐tagged EBFP. We consider this system is superior to large fluorescence tags (e.g., green fluorescent protein: 27 kDa), which can perturb protein folding, trafficking and function, and also to existing small tags, which generally show little fluorescence increase upon target recognition and therefore require a washout step. This strategy should also be applicable to other tags.
Virtuous Leaders: Assessing Character Strengths in the Workplace
Authors: Thun Balliett , Kevin Kelloway E.
Published: November 2011

Three studies were conducted to build, test, and compare a model of character‐based leadership. The first qualitative study used the critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1949) and Peterson and Seligman's (2004) comprehensive theoretical framework of character strengths to develop and construct a scale. The second study tested the scale's psychometric properties. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that character‐based leadership is a three‐dimensional construct and demonstrates adequate content validity. The third study tested the new scale against organizational and personal outcome measures. The resulting structural model provided a strong fit. Relationships emerged between leader wisdom and employee affective commitment, leader humanity and employee wellbeing, employee organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs), employee cognitive trust, and employee affective trust, and between leader temperance and employee trust. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD40 engagement of CD4+CD40+ T cells in a neo‐self antigen disease model ablates CTLA‐4 expression and indirectly impacts tolerance
Authors: Carter Jessica , Vaitaitis Gisela M. , Waid Dan M. , Wagner David H.
Published: November 2011

Biomarkers defining pathogenic effector T (Teff) cells slowly have been forthcoming and towards this we identified CD4+ T cells that express CD40 (CD4+CD40+) as pathogenic in the NOD type 1 diabetes (T1D) model. CD4+CD40+ T cells rapidly and efficiently transfer T1D to NOD.scid recipients. To study the origin of CD4+CD40+ T cells and disease pathogenesis, we employed a dual transgenic model expressing OVA323–339 peptide as a neo‐self antigen on islet β cells and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and a transgenic TCR recognizing the OVA323–339 peptide. CD4+CD40+ T cells and Treg cells each recognizing the cognate neo‐antigen, rather than being deleted through central tolerance, drastically expanded in the thymus. In pancreatic lymph nodes of DO11.RIPmOVA mice, CD4+CD40+ T cells and Treg cells are expanded in number compared with DO11 mice and importantly, Treg cells remain functional throughout the disease process. When exposed to neo‐self antigen, CD4+CD40+ T cells do not express the auto‐regulatory CTLA‐4 molecule while naïve CD4+CD40+ T cells do. DO11.RIPmOVA mice develop autoimmune‐type diabetes. CD40 engagement has been shown to prevent CTLA‐4 expression and injecting anti‐CD40 in DO11.RIPmOVA mice significantly exacerbates disease. These data suggest a unique means by which CD4+CD40+ T cells thwart tolerance.
Report on A Single–Topic Conference on “Chronic Viral Hepatitis–Strategies to Improve Effectiveness of Screening and Treatment”
Authors: Ward John W. , Lok Anna S.F. , Thomas David L. , El–Serag Hashem B. , Kim Ray W.
Published: November 2011

The 2010 Institute of Medicine report on “Hepatitis and Liver Cancer” indicated that lack of knowledge and awareness about chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infections and insufficient understanding about the extent and seriousness of this public health problem impeded current efforts to prevent and control hepatitis B and C. A single–topic conference was held in June 2011 to discuss strategies to improve the effectiveness of screening, care referral, and clinical management of chronic HBV and HCV infections with the ultimate goal of reducing morbidity and mortality from these infections. Various models that have been shown to improve hepatitis screening and effectiveness of hepatitis treatment in the community, including rural settings and populations that have traditionally been excluded due to comorbidities, were presented. Recent advances in laboratory testing, medical management, and new antiviral therapies will not decrease the burden of viral hepatitis if persons at risk for or who are living with viral hepatitis are not aware of the risks, have not been diagnosed, or have no access to care. Systematic changes in our health care delivery system and enhanced coordination of prevention and care services with partnerships between public health leaders and clinicians through education of the public and health care providers and linkage of infected persons with care and treatment services can increase the success of preventing viral hepatitis and the effectiveness of hepatitis treatment in the real world. Implementation of these changes is feasible and will require policy changes, coordination among government agencies, and collaboration between government agencies, health care providers, community organizations, and advocacy groups. (Hepatology 2012;55:307–315)
Genetic variants in human leukocyte antigen/DP-DQ influence both hepatitis B virus clearance and hepatocellular carcinoma development
Authors: Hu Lingmin , Zhai Xiangjun , Liu Jibin , Chu Minjie , Pan Shandong , Jiang Jie , Zhang Yixin , Wang Hua , Chen Jianguo , Shen Hongbing , Hu Zhibin
Published: November 2011

Recent genome-wide association studies showed that four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human leukocyte antigen (

HLA

)-
DP

(rs3077and rs9277535) and

HLA-DQ

(rs2856718 and rs7453920) were associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Japanese populations. More than 75% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients are attributable to persistent infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV), especially in China. We genotyped these four SNPs in 1,300 HBV-positive HCC patients, 1,344 persistent HBV carriers, and 1,344 persons with HBV natural clearance from Southeast China to further test the associations of

HLA-DP/DQ

variants and with risk of both HBV clearance and HCC development. Logistic regression analyses showed that

HLA-DQ

rs2856718 significantly decreased host HCC risk, whereas three SNPs were associated with HBV clearance (

HLA-DP

rs9277535 as well as

HLA-DQ

rs7453920 and rs2856718). In addition,

HLA-DP

rs3077 showed an approaching significant effect on susceptibility to HBV persistent infection and HCC development when considering multiple testing adjustments. Taken together, we report, for the first time, that genetic variants in the

HLA-DP

and

HLA-DQ

loci may be marker SNPs for risk of both HBV clearance and HCC development. (Hepatology 2011)
Sixty-five gene-based risk score classifier predicts overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim Soo Mi , Leem Sun-Hee , Chu In-Sun , Park Yun-Yong , Kim Sang Cheol , Kim Sang-Bae , Park Eun Sung , Lim Jae Yun , Heo Jeonghoon , Kim Yoon Jun , Kim Dae-Ghon , Kaseb Ahmed , Park Young Nyun , Wang Xin Wei , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. , Lee Ju-Seog
Published: November 2011

Clinical application of the prognostic gene expression signature has been delayed due to the large number of genes and complexity of prediction algorithms. In the current study we aimed to develop an easy-to-use risk score with a limited number of genes that can robustly predict prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The risk score was developed using Cox coefficient values of 65 genes in the training set (n = 139) and its robustness was validated in test sets (n = 292). The risk score was a highly significant predictor of overall survival (OS) in the first test cohort (

P

= 5.6 × 10−5, n = 100) and the second test cohort (

P

= 5.0 × 10−5, n = 192). In multivariate analysis, the risk score was a significant risk factor among clinical variables examined together (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.64;

P

= 0.001 for OS).

Conclusion:

The risk score classifier we have developed can identify two clinically distinct HCC subtypes at early and late stages of the disease in a simple and highly reproducible manner across multiple datasets. (Hepatology 2011)
Evaporative losses from soils covered by physical and different types of biological soil crusts
Authors: Chamizo S. , Cantón Y. , Domingo F. , Belnap J.
Published: November 2011

Evaporation of soil moisture is one of the most important processes affecting water availability in semiarid ecosystems. Biological soil crusts, which are widely distributed ground cover in these ecosystems, play a recognized role on water processes. Where they roughen surfaces, water residence time and thus infiltration can be greatly enhanced, whereas their ability to clog soil pores or cap the soil surface when wetted can greatly decrease infiltration rate, thus affecting evaporative losses. In this work, we compared evaporation in soils covered by physical crusts, biological crusts in different developmental stages and in the soils underlying the different biological crust types. Our results show that during the time of the highest evaporation (Day 1), there was no difference among any of the crust types or the soils underlying them. On Day 2, when soil moisture was moderately low (11%), evaporation was slightly higher in well‐developed biological soil crusts than in physical or poorly developed biological soil crusts. However, crust removal did not cause significant changes in evaporation compared with the respective soil crust type. These results suggest that the small differences we observed in evaporation among crust types could be caused by differences in the properties of the soil underneath the biological crusts. At low soil moisture (<6%), there was no difference in evaporation among crust types or the underlying soils. Water loss for the complete evaporative cycle (from saturation to dry soil) was similar in both crusted and scraped soils. Therefore, we conclude that for the specific crust and soil types tested, the presence or the type of biological soil crust did not greatly modify evaporation with respect to physical crusts or scraped soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of Jeune‐like syndromes with two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional sonography
Authors: Rahmani Rose , Sterling Cara L. , Bedford H. Melanie
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of three‐dimensional sonography as an adjuvant to two‐dimensional sonography facilitating an earlier and more definitive diagnosis of Jeune and Jeune‐like syndromes in the second trimester. We report two cases in which three‐dimensional sonography facilitated the diagnosis of these malformations. A diagnosis of Jeune syndrome was made in our first case. Our second case was found to be short‐rib polydactyly syndrome Type IV. Three‐dimensional skeletal survey visualized short ribs, short limbs, the presence of normal scapulae, and the absence of polydactyly in both cases. Three‐dimensional sonography can assist two‐dimensional sonography in providing a more accurate display of skeletal anomalies, limb abnormalities, and facial features. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Polyacetylene‐Type Networks Prepared by Coordination Polymerization of Diethynylarenes: New Type of Microporous Organic Polymers
Authors: Hanková Vladimíra , Slováková Eva , Zedník Jiří , Vohlídal Jiří , Sivkova Radoslava , Balcar Hynek , Zukal Arnošt , Brus Jiří , Sedláček Jan
Published: November 2011

Microporous organic polymers (MOP) of a new type have been synthesised in high yields by a simple coordination polymerization of 1,3‐diethynylbenzene, 1,4‐diethynylbenzene and 4,4′‐diethynylbiphenyl catalysed by [Rh(cod)acac] and [Rh(nbd)acac] complexes. The new MOPs are non‐swellable polyacetylene‐type conjugated networks consisting of ethynylaryl‐substituted polyene main chains that are crosslinked by arylene linkers. Prepared MOP samples have a mole fraction of branching units (by 13C CP/MAS NMR) from 0.30 to 0.47 and exhibit the BET (Brunaer‐Emmett‐Teller) surface up to 809 m2 g−1 and hydrogen uptake up to 0.69 wt% (77 K, H2 pressure 750 torr).
Consideration to minimize losses in terahertz coplanar waveguide on indium phosphide
Authors: Grimault‐Jacquin Anne‐Sophie , Tissafi Bouchra , Perret Etienne , Aniel Frédéric
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study is to analyze the losses of coplanar waveguide (CPW) in the Terahertz (THz) frequency range. A numerical analysis of the origin of losses (conductor, dielectric and radiation) for different geometries of the THz CPW on an Indium Phosphide substrate is presented. Two air‐bridges have been created over the central metallization and they are linked to the two ground planes in order to select the fundamental CPW mode by strongly reducing the unwanted slotline mode. Three numerical codes (HFSS, CST and an indigenously developed code called MAXTRA3D) are used for CPW modeling. Several CPW shapes are investigated showing that ohmic losses are dramatic for small central metallization‐ground spacing while radiation losses are dominating for large spacing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:213–219, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26448
Compact and printed, standalone wireless wide area network antenna incorporating a conductive wire at low cost
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Tse , Su Saou‐Wen
Published: November 2011

A compact and printed multiband antenna incorporating a conductive wire for wireless wide area network (WWAN) operation is presented. The antenna was formed on a low‐cost, single‐layered dielectric substrate of thickness 1 mm with the dimensions 10 × 55 mm2. The antenna is a couple‐fed short‐circuited monopole in the shape of T, which consists of two resonant paths for two wide operating bands. Unlike the conventional WWAN antennas utilizing a large system ground plane as the antenna ground to excite the antenna, the proposed antenna has a very small ground portion with comparable size to the radiating monopole and yet can also cover the GSM850/900 and GSM1800/1900/UMTS bands by incorporating a simply wire. The design is especially suited to some e‐book reader applications, in which the supporting metal frame for the E‐ink display is not required. In this case, the proposed antenna with long, narrow structure can be placed in the space between the casing and the display with the wire routed within the device. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:109–113, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26452
Broadband microstrip element design of A DBDP shared‐aperture sar array
Authors: Kong Ling‐Bing , Zhong Shun‐Shi , Sun Zhu
Published: November 2011

A new S‐band element design of S/L‐band dual‐band dual‐polarized shared‐aperture array antenna for synthetic aperture radar applications is introduced, where the stacked patch structure is used to achieved broadband characteristics and especially the unsymmetrical crossed‐slots are adopted to improve the isolation and cross‐polarization performances both of the antenna element. By using this design with the antiphase feeding technique applied in the array, the array isolation of better than −45 dB is measured over the bandwidth 16.0%, while the measured array cross‐polarization level in 3dB beam width of −30 dB for vertical polarization and that of −28 dB for horizontal polarization are achieved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:133–136, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26464
Novel NURBS‐PO method for efficiently analyzing antenna around an electrically large platform
Authors: He Zhi‐Li , Huang Kai , Liang Chang‐Hong
Published: November 2011

A novel physics optics (PO) method based on nonuniform rational B spline (NURBS) modeling is used to calculate the disturbed pattern of an antenna around an electrically large platform.Compared with the conventional NURBS‐PO method, in which the true scattered field of an antenna is replaced by the spherical wave, the new technique uses the accurate radiation field as the incident field and overcomes the limitation that the antenna must be located far away from the scatterer. In addition, the computational efficiency is significantly improved using interpolation of critical points. Two numerical examples are calculated. Compared with the results calculated by other algorithms, such as method of moments and conventional NURBS‐PO, the proposed method shows great capability to solve this particular problem precisely and efficiently. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:64–66, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26467
Microstrip antenna perturbed by a defected ground structure with a reconfigurable polarization capability
Authors: Pyo Seongmin , Sung Youngje
Published: November 2011

In this article, a novel square microstrip antenna with a reconfigurable polarization capability is proposed that utilizes a perturbing segment in a defected ground structure (DGS).To verify the perturbing method, DGSs were embedded into either the two diagonal or all four corners of an antenna. The reconfigurable characteristics are produced by independently controlling the states of the biased DGS PIN diodes. The simulated and measured results show good frequency agility and polarization diversity with remarkable radiation performances. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:58–61, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26485
Enhanced bandwidth small E‐Shaped monopole antenna for UWB applications with variable frequency band‐notch function
Authors: Karimi H. , Ghobadi Ch. , Nourinia J. , Ojaroudi M.
Published: November 2011

In this article, a novel printed monopole antenna for ultra wideband applications with variable frequency band‐notch characteristic is presented.The proposed antenna consists of an E‐shaped radiating patch with two L‐shaped arms and a T‐shaped arm which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 130% (2.9–14 GHz). By inserting two modified L‐shaped arms with variable dimensions on the E‐shaped radiating patch frequency band‐stop performance is generated and also by inserting T‐shaped arm this performance is improved. We can control band‐stop performance characteristics such as band‐notch frequency and its bandwidth. The designed antenna has a small size of 10 × 17 mm2 while showing the band rejection performance in the frequency band of 5.01–5.98 GHz. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:267–271, 2012 View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26487
Ultra‐wideband small square monopole antenna with variable frequency notch band characteristics using an interdigital slot
Authors: Zolfagharian A. R. , Azarmanesh M. N. , Ojaroudi M.
Published: November 2011

In this article, a novel printed monopole antenna for ultra‐wideband applications with variable frequency band‐notch characteristic is presented.The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch with a modified interdigital slot and a ground plane with a pair of inverted L‐shaped sleeves which provides a wide usable fractional bandwidth of more than 130% (2.9–14.6 GHz). By cutting a modified interdigital slot with variable dimensions on the radiating patch frequency band‐stop performance is generated, and we can control its characteristics such as band‐notch frequency and its bandwidth. The designed antenna has a small size of 10 × 16 mm2 while showing the band rejection performance in the frequency band of 5.04–5.96 GHz. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26488
Power‐dependent conductivity of electrolyte aqueous solutions under microwave irradiation at 915 MHz: An experimental study
Authors: Xiaoqing Yang , Shang H. , Huacheng Zhu , Ke Li , Kama Huang
Published: November 2011

The reflection coefficients from a gold‐plated coaxial line probe submerged in different electrolyte aqueous solutions are measured under different microwave powers and constant temperature. Measurements were performed at 915 MHz. Furthermore, a GA‐based inverse calculation technique was formulated and used to determine the effective conductivity of the solution from the measured reflection coefficients. A new phenomenon was observed: the effective conductivity of electrolyte aqueous solutions can be directly influenced by microwave power. Any thermal effect was excluded using multiphysics calculation and temperature measurement during the experiment for sodium chloride aqueous solution. Therefore, it was concluded that nonthermal effect of sodium chloride aqueous solution under microwave radiation exists. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:222–225, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26500
A dual‐resonance injection‐locked frequency doubler in 0.18 μm CMOS technology
Authors: Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Chang Chia‐Wei , Huang Chong‐Wei , Hsue Ching‐Wen
Published: November 2011

This article proposes a dual‐resonance CMOS LC‐tank injection‐locked frequency doubler (ILFD) fabricated in the 0.18 μm CMOS process and describes the circuit design, operation principle, and measurement results of the ILFD. The ILFD circuit is composed of a dual‐resonance first‐harmonic injection‐locked oscillator with dual‐injection ports, a wide‐band frequency doubler, and a transformer balun. At the supply voltage of 0.7 V, the dc power consumption is 5.39 mW. At the incident power of 0 dBm, the ILFD has high/low operation range from the incident frequency 3.9/1.7 to 6.1/2 GHz to provide a dual‐band signal source with the frequency 7.8/3.4–12.2/4 GHz. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:193–196, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26501
Split augmented hammerstein model with neural network for a three‐stage doherty power amplifier
Authors: Lee Mun‐Woo , Kam Sang‐Ho , Jeong Yoon‐Ha
Published: November 2011

This article describes a split augmented Hammerstein (SAH) model with a neural network (NN) for the three‐stage Doherty power amplifier (DPA). The NN in the memoryless system is used to characterize the severe nonlinear changes in the magnitude and phase distortions. Several finite impulse response filters in the memory system are used to represent the memory effects of the DPA. The three‐stage DPA implemented by Si LDMOSFETs is used to validate the performance of the proposed model. For a 2‐FA wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) signal with 10‐MHz carrier spacing, the experimental results show that the proposed model characterizes not only the inconsistent changes in the static nonlinearity, but also the memory effects of the three‐stage DPA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:124–126, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26517
A discrete element approach to elastic properties of layered geomaterials
Authors: Buechler Scott R. , Berger John R. , Mustoe Graham G. W.
Published: November 2011

Discrete element methods (DEMs) are used for layered geomaterials to investigate the dependency of traditional engineering constants on material properties and loading conditions. Shear deformations and compression tests parallel and perpendicular to layering are conducted on samples of varying kerogen volume fractions, confining pressures, porosities, and layer geometries. The goal of this article is to develop a method to better characterize oil shale (a transversely isotropic layered geomaterial) while eliminating high experimental costs. The DEM simulations conducted in this study demonstrate strong dependencies of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus on kerogen volume fraction and porosity. Furthermore, a rule of thumb for layer thickness and particle resolution is proposed for simulation design. Results agree well with robust effective medium theories, solidify the ability of DEM to model the mechanical properties of layered heterogenous materials, and encourage the use of DEM to study more complicated layered media and material failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a full reference library of MSn spectra. II: A perspective from the library of pesticide spectra extracted from the literature/Internet
Authors: Milman Boris L. , Zhurkovich Inna K.
Published: November 2011

To gain perspective on building full transferable libraries of MSn spectra from their diverse/numerous collections, a new library was built from 1723 MS>1 spectra (mainly MS2 spectra) of 490 pesticides and related compounds. Spectra acquired on different types of tandem instruments in various experimental conditions were extracted from 168 literature articles and Internet sites. Testing of the library was based on searches where 'unknown' and reference spectra originated from different sources (mainly from different laboratories) were cross‐compared. The NIST 05 MS2 library was added to the reference spectra. The library searches were performed with all the test spectra or were divided into different subsamples containing (a) various numbers of replicate spectra of test compounds or (b) spectra acquired from different instrument types. Thus, the dependence of true/false search (identification) result rates on different factors was explored. The percentage of 1st rank correct identifications (true positives) for the only 'unknown' mass spectrum and two and more reference spectra and matching precursor ion m/z values was 89%. For qualified matches, above the cut‐off match factor, that rate decreased to 80%. The corresponding rates based on the best match for two and more 'unknown' and reference spectral replicates were 89–94%. For quadrupole instruments, the rates were even higher: 91–95% (one 'unknown' spectrum) and 90–100% (two and more such spectra). This study shows that MS2 spectral libraries generated from the numerous literature/Internet sources are not less efficient for the goal of identification of unknown compounds including pesticides than very common EI‐MS1 libraries and are almost as efficient as the most productive from current MS2 spectral databases. Such libraries may be used as individual reference databases or supplements to large experimental spectral collections covering many groups of abundant compounds and different types of tandem mass spectrometers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nonparametric frequency domain EM algorithm for time series classification with applications to spike sorting and macro‐economics
Authors: Goerg Georg M.
Published: November 2011

I propose a frequency domain adaptation of the Expectation Maximization algorithm to group a family of time series in classes of similar dynamic structure. It does this by viewing the magnitude of the discrete Fourier transform of each signal (or power spectrum) as a probability density/mass function (pdf/pmf) on the unit circle: signals with similar dynamics have similar pdfs; distinct patterns have distinct pdfs. An advantage of this approach is that it does not rely on any parametric form of the dynamic structure, but can be used for nonparametric, robust and model‐free classification. This new method works for non‐stationary signals of similar shape as well as stationary signals with similar auto‐correlation structure. Applications to neural spike sorting (non‐stationary) and pattern recognition in socioeconomic time series (stationary) demonstrate the usefulness and wide applicability of the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 590–603, 2011
Third grade African American students' views of the nature of science
Authors: Walls Leon
Published: November 2011

This study examined the nature of science (NOS) views of lower elementary grade level students, including their views of scientists. Participants were 23 third‐grade African American students from two Midwest urban settings. A multiple instrument approach using an open‐ended questionnaire, semi‐structured interviews, a modified version of the traditional Draw‐A‐Scientist Test (DAST), and a simple photo eliciting activity, was employed. The study sought to capture not only the students' views of science and scientists, but also their views of themselves as users and producers of science. The findings suggest that the young African American children in this study hold very distinct and often unique views of what science is and how it operates. Included are traditional stereotypical views of scientists consistent with previous research. Additionally, participants expressed excitement and self‐efficacy in describing their own relationship with science, in and outside of their formal classrooms. Implications for teaching and learning NOS as it relates to young children and children of color are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 1–37, 2012
Genetic Counseling and Testing for FSHD (Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy) in the Israeli Population
Authors: Yanoov‐Sharav Miri , Leshinsky‐Silver Esther , Cohen Sarit , Vinkler Chana , Michelson Marina , Lerman‐Sagie Tally , Ginzberg Mira , Sadeh Menahem , Lev Dorit
Published: November 2011

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), is a dominantly inherited, late onset, progressive disease. At present, no treatment or prevention of symptoms are available. There is considerable clinical variability, even within families. The gene whose defect causes FSHD has not been identified, but molecular diagnosis can be made by analyzing D4Z4 repeat length on chromosome 4q35. The results can support or rule out the clinical diagnosis of FSHD, but there are also “gray zone”, non‐conclusive results. During the years 2000–6, 66 individuals (including 7 asymptomatic individuals), were tested in our institute for D4Z4 repeat number. In 77% of the cases the results were conclusive: two thirds of them supported a diagnosis of FSHD while in a third this diagnosis was ruled out. In 23% the results were in the gray zone. Cognitive involvement was rare, occurring only when the D4Z4 repeat size was very small (<15 kb). Maximal utilization of the existing molecular test for FSHD demands detailed clinical and family pedigree information. We recommend that comprehensive genetic counseling always be given before and after molecular testing for FSHD, in addition to the neurological follow‐up. Presymptomatic testing should only be offered when complete molecular evaluation can be offered, including 4qA and 4qB variant analysis.
De l'algèbre comme art à l'algèbre pour l'enseignement
Authors: Loget François
Published: November 2011

Bernard Salignac et Lazare Schôner ont chacun publié un traité inspiré del’Algebrade La Ramée. Pourquoi jugent-ils bon de donner suite à l'algèbre ramiste? Quelles modifications y apportent-ils? Ils font de l’algèbre une discipline d'enseignement quand le ramisme s’impose dans certains établissements d’Europe du Nord. Le premier pousse plus loin que La Ramée sa réflexion sur le langage de l’algèbre et offre une contribution originale et précoce à ce qu'on peut appeler le tournant« scripturaire » des mathématiques à la fin du XVIesiècle.
Mobilité universitaire et circulation internationale des idées Le cas du Brésil contemporain
Authors: Garcia Afrânio
Published: November 2011

Les changements des conditions d’exercice des sciences humaines et sociales au Brésil sont considérables. L’envoi d’étudiants avancés à l’étranger, dès la fin des années 1960, puis l’implantation de formations doctorales ont produit une internationalisation rapide des voies d’accès au champ du pouvoir national. Une recomposition des disciplines s’en est suivie. Les modalités d’accès aux composantes de la classe dirigeante ont été bouleversées. Ces constats éclairent les formes récentes prises par les débats sur les transformations politiques et économiques.
Different Reasons, Different Results: Implications of Migration by Gender and Family Status
Authors: Geist Claudia , McManus Patricia A.
Published: November 2011

Previous research on migration and gendered career outcomes centers on couples and rarely examines the reason for the move. The implicit assumption is usually that households migrate in response to job opportunities. Based on a two-year panel from the Current Population Survey, this article uses stated reasons for geographic mobility to compare earnings outcomes among job migrants, family migrants, and quality-of-life migrants by gender and family status. We further assess the impact of migration on couples’ internal household economy. The effects of job-related moves that we find are reduced substantially in the fixed-effects models, indicating strong selection effects. Married women who moved for family reasons experience significant and substantial earnings declines. Consistent with conventional models of migration, we find that household earnings and income and gender specialization increase following job migration. Married women who are secondary earners have increased odds of reducing their labor supply following migration for job or family reasons. However, we also find that migrating women who contributed as equals to the household economy before the move are no more likely than nonmigrant women to exit work or to work part-time. Equal breadwinner status may protect women from becoming tied movers.
Radiocarbon analysis of halophilic microbial lipids from an Australian salt lake
Authors: Bray P. Sargent , Jones Claudia M. , Fallon Stewart J. , Brocks Jochen J. , George Simon C.
Published: November 2011

Assigning accurate dates to hypersaline sediments opens important terrestrial records of local and regional paleoecologies and paleoclimatology. However, as of yet no conventional method of dating hypersaline systems has been widely adopted. Biomarker, mineralogical, and radiocarbon analyses of sediments and organic extracts from a shallow (13 cm) core from a hypersaline playa, Lake Tyrrell, southeastern Australia, produce a coherent age-depth curve beginning with modern microbial mats and extending to ~ 7500 cal yr BP. These analyses are furthermore used to identify and constrain the timing of the most recent change in hydrological regime at Lake Tyrrell, a shift from a clay deposit to the precipitation of evaporitic sands occurring at some time between ~ 4500 and 7000 yr. These analyses show the potential for widespread dating of hypersaline systems integrating the biomarker approach, reinforce the value of the radiocarbon content of biomarkers in understanding the flow of carbon in modern ecologies, and validate the temporal dimension of data provided by biomarkers when dating late Quaternary sediments.