bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous TiN Microspheres with Hierarchical Chambers and Enhanced Visible Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Guisheng , Zhang Peng , Bian Zhenfeng , Zhu Jian , Wu Ling , Li Hexing
Published: June 2013

Mesoporous titanium nitride (TiN) microspheres with tunable chamber structures were synthesized through NH3 nitridation of organotitania obtained via solvothermal alcoholysis. Owing to high content of organic species in organotitania, which stabilized the original structure and also promoted the nitridation at low temperature, TiN duplicated the solid, yolk–shell, and hollow chambers of organotitania in NH3 nitridation and also formed the mesoporous structure after removing organic species. During visible light‐induced photocatalytic water splitting, the yolk–shell TiN demonstrated a higher H2 evolution efficiency than the solid, hollow, and crushed TiN; the yolk–shell TiN obtained through N2 nitridation; and other semiconductor photocatalysts reported so far without the aid of noble metals. This could be attributed mainly to the narrow energy band gap for absorbing visible light, high surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity, which facilitated light harvesting, reactant adsorption, and photoelectron–hole separation to suppress their recombination. Moreover, it could be easily recycled and thus used repetitively.
A View of Dyslexia in Context: Implications for Understanding Differences in Essay Writing Experience Amongst Higher Education Students Identified as Dyslexic
Authors: Carter Christine , Sellman Edward
Published: June 2013

This article applies socio‐cultural theories to explore how differences in essay writing experience are constituted for a group of students identified as dyslexic. It reports on a qualitative study with eleven student writers, seven of whom are formally identified as dyslexic, from the schools of archaeology, history and philosophy in a ‘traditional’ UK university. Semi‐structured interviews before, during and after writing a coursework essay revealed well‐documented dyslexia‐related difficulties and also strong differences in how writing was experienced. The multiple and fluid dimensions that construct these differences suggest the importance of position within the context, previous and developing writing and learning experience, and metacognitive, meta‐affective and metalinguistic awareness. They also suggest tensions between specialist and inclusive policies in relation to writing pedagogy for students identified as dyslexic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of statistical tools in field testing of putative effects of genetically modified plants on nontarget organisms
Authors: Semenov Alexander V. , van Elsas Jan Dirk , Glandorf Debora C. M. , Schilthuizen Menno , de Boer Willem F.
Published: June 2013

To fulfill existing guidelines, applicants that aim to place their genetically modified (GM) insect‐resistant crop plants on the market are required to provide data from field experiments that address the potential impacts of the GM plants on nontarget organisms (NTO's). Such data may be based on varied experimental designs. The recent EFSA guidance document for environmental risk assessment (2010) does not provide clear and structured suggestions that address the statistics of field trials on effects on NTO's. This review examines existing practices in GM plant field testing such as the way of randomization, replication, and pseudoreplication. Emphasis is placed on the importance of design features used for the field trials in which effects on NTO's are assessed. The importance of statistical power and the positive and negative aspects of various statistical models are discussed. Equivalence and difference testing are compared, and the importance of checking the distribution of experimental data is stressed to decide on the selection of the proper statistical model. While for continuous data (e.g.,pHand temperature) classical statistical approaches – for example, analysis of variance (ANOVA) – are appropriate, for discontinuous data (counts) only generalized linear models (GLM) are shown to be efficient. There is no golden rule as to which statistical test is the most appropriate for any experimental situation. In particular, in experiments in which block designs are used and covariates play a role GLMs should be used. Generic advice is offered that will help in both the setting up of field testing and the interpretation and data analysis of the data obtained in this testing. The combination of decision trees and a checklist for field trials, which are provided, will help in the interpretation of the statistical analyses of field trials and to assess whether such analyses were correctly applied.
Adaptive Capacity: Tensions across Scales
Authors: Hill Margot , Engle Nathan L.
Published: June 2013

Climate variability and climate change impacts on hydrological conditions prescribe the need to better understand favourable conditions for developing and mobilising adaptive capacity. This paper presents new cases to the body of evidence on adaptive capacity in the context of institutional arrangements for water management. It aims to contribute insights into the challenges of developing approaches across governance scales for dealing with climate variability and climate change impacts. The different case studies explored in this article represent an exploration of the challenges across temporal and spatial scales in relation to the adaptive capacity of water governance to hydro‐climatic stresses. The studies use a suite of governance related indicators to explore adaptive capacity in relation to past extreme hydrological events. Analysis is based on qualitative open ended interviews and questionnaires. Results indicate that tensions persist in developing proactive capacity and mobilising reactive capacity at different scales of governance to different scales of change. Findings support the increasing recognition in the literature for top down and bottom up approaches to be better balanced in efforts to improve resilience to climate variability and change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Models of Representation and Participation in Model Forests: Dilemmas and Implications for Networked Forms of Environmental Governance Involving Indigenous People
Authors: Klenk Nicole Lisa , Reed Maureen G. , Lidestav Gun , Carlsson Julia
Published: June 2013

Our study of two Model Forests illustrates the complex nature of representation in governance networks, in which different traditions of governance, persistent political disagreement and historical adversaries work together to achieve some goal. Using Pitkin's (1967) models of representation, we examined the role of social practices in giving meaning to representation in two model forests in Canada and in Sweden. Two normative models of representation (e.g., trustee and delegate) guided our interpretation of the enactment of representation in the two model forests mainly by highlighting how such models may be culturally biased–resulting in dilemmas of governance for actors that do not ascribe such meanings to representation. These insights led to a greater appreciation for the significance of politics in the enactment of representation, especially with regards to the political aspirations that motivate participatory and deliberative environmental governance. Our analysis suggests that the legitimacy and effectiveness of natural resource and environmental governance networks are affected by the rules structuring participation and deliberation, which are substantiated in social practices of representation in these networks. Our work further suggests that the analysis of representation in network forms of governance cannot be separated from an analysis of the politics of competing interests, especially whose interests are advanced and how these interests are given voice in steering environmental governance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of virgin olive oil to improve the process efficiency
Authors: Clodoveo Maria Lisa , Durante Viviana , La Notte Domenico , Punzi Rossana , Gambacorta Giuseppe
Published: June 2013

Malaxation is a basic step in the mechanical olive oil extraction process that may affect yield, quality, and health properties of virgin olive oil (VOO). The operative conditions of malaxation, such as temperature and time, are fundamental to favor the oil coalescence process and, consequently, the duration of the VOO extraction process. The aim of this study was to improve the extraction process efficiency by using an ultrasound treatment of olive paste before the malaxation step. The ultrasonic treatment was applied to Coratina and Peranzana, which are two of the most popular Southern Italian olive varieties characterized by extremely different technological performance. Different times of ultrasound treatments were tested (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min) and free acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270, sensory analysis, tocopherols, total carotenoids, chlorophyll, and total polyphenols were determined. Results showed that the ultrasound treatment caused a quick heating of the olive paste as a function of the ultrasound treatment time. Times of treatment of 8 and 10 min allowed the reduction of the malaxation phase from 60 to about 40 min. The ultrasound technique improved antioxidant content in both VVOs, except for polyphenols that decreased. However, the reduction of polyphenol concentration in Coratina VOO improved its taste by reducing the bitter and pungent notes, which are not always accepted by consumers.

Practical applications: In this study we propose an innovative application of ultrasound in VOO processing. Ultrasound treatment was applied to olive paste before malaxation in order to increase the process efficiency by reducing the malaxation step. Further, this strategy makes it possible to reduce the number of kneaders, thus reducing the plant costs. The resulting VOO after the ultrasound treatment presents a more harmonic taste and an appealing and desirable color when applied to a variety notoriously characterized by strong bitter and pungent notes such as Coratina, making the oil more attractive for consumers with respect to the traditional ones.
Synthesis of Cyclic Peptidotriazoles with Activity Against Phytopathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Güell Imma , Vilà Sílvia , Micaló Lluís , Badosa Esther , Montesinos Emilio , Planas Marta , Feliu Lidia
Published: June 2013

Cyclic peptidotriazoles derived from the antimicrobial cyclic peptide c(Lys‐Lys‐Leu‐Lys‐Lys‐Phe‐Lys‐Lys‐Leu‐Gln) (BPC194) were prepared by incorporating a triazolyl amino acid at the 3‐position. The synthesis was accomplished on solid‐phase and involved as the key step a copper‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between a resin‐bound alkyne or a resin‐bound azide and a range of azides or alkynes in solution, respectively. This methodology was also applied to the synthesis of a conjugated peptide containing a cyclic and a linear peptidyl sequence linked through a triazolyl ring. Cyclic peptidotriazoles were obtained in excellent purities starting either from an alkynyl or an azido peptidyl resin. These compounds were screened in vitro for their growth inhibition of bacterial phytopathogens and for their cytotoxic effects on eukaryotic cells. Peptide sequences with high antibacterial activity and low hemolysis were identified, constituting good candidates for the design of new antimicrobial agents.
Isocyanide Cyclization Reactions: 4‐Methylene‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazine, 3‐Benzyl‐4‐methylene‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolines and 3‐(4‐Benzyl)‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐ones – Experiment and Theory
Authors: Neue Benedikt , Reiermann Ralph , Fröhlich Roland , Wibbeling Birgit , Bergander Klaus , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: June 2013

2‐Isocyanoacetophenone (3a) was found to be an easily accessible starting material for the unexpected formation of various heterocyclic systems. Thus, a hitherto unknown rather unstable 4‐methylene‐4H‐benzoxazine derivative 4, which could be characterized by NMR spectroscopy, was formed in situ by the reaction of 3a in the presence of weak acids. In the presence of benzylamines, a new class of 3,4‐dihydroquinazoline derivatives 6 and their oxidation products, quinazolin‐4‐ones 9, were obtained. The starting materials and products were completely characterized by spectroscopic and X‐ray analysis. The scope and limitations of these cyclization reactions were investigated under various reaction conditions. High‐level quantum chemical calculations were carried out to elucidate the mechanisms leading to scaffolds 4 and 6. The calculations suggest that the formation of 4 and 6 involves the generation of an unusual six‐membered N‐heterocyclic carbene or its C‐protonated form as a reaction intermediate, followed by tautomerisation. This mechanism might also be applicable to other isocyanide cyclization reactions.
Tandem Ring‐Closing/Cross‐Metathesis Approach for the Synthesis of Synargentolide B and Its Stereoisomers
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Shankaraiah Kontham , Yadav Jhillu S.
Published: June 2013

The stereoselective syntheses of synargentolide B and its three stereoisomers have been accomplished from L‐(+)‐ and D‐(–)‐diethyl tartrates, D‐ribose, and D‐mannitol as chiral pool starting materials. The key step was a tandem ring‐closing/cross‐metathesis reaction in which lactone formation and fragment coupling were accomplished in one pot. The spectroscopic data of synthetic product 2c were in agreement with those reported for the natural product. Synargentolide B isolated by Rivett et al. and the compound isolated by Pereda‐Miranda et al. are not diastereomers, but rather they are identical.
Retro‐Diels–Alder Protocol for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine and Pyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindole Enantiomers
Authors: Miklós Ferenc , Tóth Zita , Hänninen Mikko M. , Sillanpää Reijo , Forró Enikő , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: June 2013

A simple protocol was introduced to prepare several enantiomerically pure heterocycles by using (–)‐(1R,2R,3S,4S)‐3‐aminonorbornene‐2‐carboxylic acid as a chiral auxiliary. The protocol is based on a domino ring‐closure reaction, in which the relative configuration of the new asymmetric center is controlled by the stereochemistry of the amino acid, followed by a microwave‐induced retro‐Diels–Alder reaction.
Diagnostics to assess toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic models with interval‐censored data
Authors: Xu X. , Dixon P. M. , Zhao Y. , Newman M. C.
Published: June 2013

In ecotoxicology, toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic models are increasingly being used to relate toxicant concentration to survival. These have a toxicokinetic component that specifies a model for toxicant uptake and elimination and a toxicodynamic component that specifies a model for the relationship between internal body concentration of toxicant and the hazard rate. Often, the toxicodynamic model is a proportional hazards model and the data to evaluate the model is interval censored. We develop diagnostic methods to assess the appropriateness of the toxicokinetic and hazard models for interval‐censored data. A log‐cumulative hazard plot is used to assess visually the proportional hazard assumption. This can be further evaluated by an approximate test based on a linear regression. Martingale residuals for interval‐censored data are poorly behaved, and their use is not recommended. If the proportional hazard assumption is valid, the kinetic model can be assessed by a plot of toxicant concentration against the average of log‐cumulative hazard for each concentration. The use of these diagnostic tools is illustrated by using data on Hyalella azteca survival during and after exposure to copper sulfate and sodium pentachlorophenol. The model that was initially proposed did not fit the data well, but the diagnostic tools suggested appropriate modifications. The diagnostic tools can be applied more generally to interval‐censored survival data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying New Zealand, Southeast Australia, and Southwest Pacific historical weather data sources using Ian Nicholson's Log of Logs
Authors: Chappell Petra R. , Lorrey Andrew M.
Published: June 2013

Historical meteorological data are essential for increasing the level of understanding about past, present, and future climates. In the Northern Hemisphere, a significant amount of research has been dedicated to rescuing climate data from historical sources such as ship logbooks (e.g. RECLAIM, CLIWOC, and ICOADS). However, limited research in this field has focused on New Zealand, Southeast Australia, and the Southwest Pacific. Because these regions were colonized recently by Europeans (~200 years ago), only 50–100 years of land‐based meteorological data exist for many locations. However, meteorological information contained in ship logbooks may extend and reinforce the existing historical climate record for these regions. The Log of Logs is a catalogue of ships that visited Australia, New Zealand, and surrounding waters in the
th and 20th centuries of the Common Era. These volumes provide a record of the location of ship logbooks. This study extracted information from the Log of Logs for New Zealand, Southeast Australia, and the Southwest Pacific for 1786–1900. The purpose of this was to locate ship logbooks that may contain meteorological data. The next stage of this project is to gather, image, digitize, and to analyse the data from the prioritized logbooks. These data have application for local climate reconstruction, extension of regional circulation indices, and augmentation of the extended reanalysis without radiosondes effort.
The ozone hole indirect effect: Cloud‐radiative anomalies accompanying the poleward shift of the eddy‐driven jet in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Grise Kevin M. , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Tselioudis George , Wu Yutian , Zelinka Mark D.
Published: June 2013

This study quantifies the response of the clouds and the radiative budget of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) to the poleward shift in the tropospheric circulation induced by the development of the Antarctic ozone hole. Single forcing climate model integrations, in which only stratospheric ozone depletion is specified, indicate that (1) high‐level and midlevel clouds closely follow the poleward shift in the SH midlatitude jet and that (2) low‐level clouds decrease across most of the Southern Ocean. Similar cloud anomalies are found in satellite observations during periods when the jet is anomalously poleward. The hemispheric annual mean radiation response to the cloud anomalies is calculated to be approximately +0.25 W m−2, arising largely from the reduction of the total cloud fraction at SH midlatitudes during austral summer. While these dynamically induced cloud and radiation anomalies are considerable and are supported by observational evidence, quantitative uncertainties remain from model biases in mean‐state cloud‐radiative processes.
THE IMPACT OF MENTAL AND SUBSTANCE‐USE DISORDERS ON EMPLOYMENT TRANSITIONS
Authors: Baldwin Marjorie L. , Marcus Steven C.
Published: June 2013

The cyclic nature of serious mental illness (SMI) and substance‐use disorders (SUD) suggests that persons with these conditions may experience high rates of transitions among employment states (full‐time, part‐time, and no employment). This study uses longitudinal data from two waves of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcoholism and Related Conditions to examine employment transitions for persons with SMI/SUD relative to a no‐disorder control group. Conditional on employment status in Wave I, we estimate conditional odds ratios and marginal effects of each diagnosis on the probabilities of part‐time or full‐time employment in Wave II, holding constant other characteristics that influence employment decisions.

The results show transitions across employment states are common for all groups but more frequent for persons with SMI/SUD than the controls. Persons with SMI are less likely, and persons with SUDs more likely, to transition out of no employment than the controls. Part‐time employment is a relatively transitory state, particularly for persons with SMI/SUD, but full‐time employment brings a measure of job stability to all groups. After controlling for differences in observable characteristics, the marginal effects of SMI and alcohol disorders on employment transitions are largely significant, but the effects of drug disorders are not. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEMIPARAMETRIC MODELING OF AGE‐SPECIFIC VARIATIONS IN INCOME RELATED HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Authors: Siegel Martin , Mosler Karl
Published: June 2013

A Gini‐type concentration index is combined with semiparametric estimation techniques to derive a varying inequality index that works without a priori sample stratification. The new approach is used to investigate the question how income inequalities and income‐related gradients in the distribution of health vary across age groups. With health data from the 2005 survey of the German microcensus, it is demonstrated that significant inequalities to the detriment of the deprived evolve in early mid‐life and reach their maximum around the age for retirement. Some leveling is found for the elderly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CXC motif ligand 12 as a novel diagnostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Chung Soo Young , Park Eon Sub , Park So Yeon , Song Joo‐Yeon , Ryu Han Suk
Published: June 2013

Background

We subjected chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) to immunohistochemistry to determine its utility as a novel diagnostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in comparison to cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Hector Battifora mesothelial epitope‐1 (HBME‐1), and galectin‐3.

Methods

We analyzed the expressions of CXCL12, CK19, HBME‐1, and galectin‐3 using immunohistochemical staining in 258 cases of thyroid lesions (196 PTCs and 62 thyroid lesions excluding PTC).

Results

Remarkably, CXCL12 expression was exclusively found in PTC compared to other thyroid lesions (90.8% vs 3.2%; p < .001). In total, 91.1% (62 of 68) of the variant PTCs and 90.6% of conventional type (116 of 128) were associated with CXCL12 immunohistochemical expression, irrespective of the histological subtype. In contrast, very few of the thyroid lesions, excluding PTC, were positive for CXCL12 (2 of 62; 3.2%). Diagnostic performances for PTCs were as follows: sensitivity, 90.8%; specificity, 96.8%; positive predictive value, 98.9%; negative predictive value, 76.9%; and diagnostic accuracy, 92.2%.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that CXCL12 might serve as an effective novel supplementary diagnostic marker for PTC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1005–1012, 2014
Venous malformations of the head and neck: A diagnostic approach and a proposed management approach based on clinical, radiological, and histopathology findings
Authors: Aboelatta Yasser Abdallah , Nagy Eman , Shaker Mohamed , Massoud Karim Samir
Published: June 2013

Background

There is no easy road map for venous malformations (VMs) of the head and neck according to which treatment modality can be chosen. The purpose of this study was to identify different types of VMs of the head and neck based on clinical, histopathology, MRI, and venography findings that help in specification of different treatment modalities.

Methods

Sixty‐nine patients with VMs of the head and neck were included in this study.

Results and Conclusion

Our results proposed a diagnostic approach for VMs of the head and neck. MRI, venography, and clinical examination had important impact in decision‐making, whereas histopathology had no impact. A management approach has been suggested for each type and its subtypes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1052–1057, 2014
Continuous intra‐arterial chemotherapy for downstaging locally advanced oral commissure carcinoma
Authors: Wu Chih‐Fung , Chang Kao‐Ping , Huang Chih‐Jen , Chen Chun‐Ming , Chen Ching‐Yi , Steve Lin Chen‐Lung
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness, safety, and efficacy of intra‐arterial (IA) infusion chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced oral commissure cancer.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients with stages III and IV squamous cell carcinoma involving the mouth angle were recruited. Methotrexate (MTX; 50 mg/day) was continuously infused into the external carotid artery for a mean period of 8 days, followed by weekly IA bolus of 25 mg MTX for a mean period of 10 weeks.

Results

Thirteen patients (62%) achieved a complete response (CR) and 7 patients (33%) had a partial response (PR). At a median follow‐up of 69 months, the estimated 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year survival rates of the patients with CR versus PR were 100% versus 57%, 92% versus 43%, and 80% versus 43%, respectively.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that continuous IA chemotherapy could achieve a competitive acceptable survival rate and improved locoregional control of advanced oral commissure cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1027–1033, 2014
Association between metformin use and improved survival in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sandulache Vlad C. , Hamblin John S. , Skinner Heath D. , Kubik Mark W. , Myers Jeffrey N. , Zevallos Jose P.
Published: June 2013

Background

Metformin use has been linked to improved cancer outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of metformin on the survival of patients with laryngeal cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 205 patients with a diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Results

Patients taking metformin presented with more early‐stage tumors (T1 and T2) and less regional metastasis (N0; 81% metformin+ vs 50% metformin‐) compared to patients with diabetes not taking metformin. At last follow‐up, 76% of patients taking metformin were alive, compared to 41% for diabetics not on metformin and 51% for nondiabetics. Metformin users demonstrated increased disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with nonmetformin users and nondiabetics.

Conclusion

Patients with diabetes taking metformin present with earlier stage disease and have more favorable clinical outcomes when compared to their diabetic counterparts and nondiabetics. Combined with previously published retrospective studies, our results suggest that prospective clinical trials evaluating the role of metformin in head and neck cancer are warranted. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1039–1043, 2014
New 9,10‐Secosteroids from Biotransformations of Hyodeoxycholic Acid with Rhodococcus spp.
Authors: Costa Stefania , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Fantin Giancarlo , Medici Alessandro , Pedrini Paola
Published: June 2013

The biotransformations of hyodeoxycholic acid with various Rhodococcus spp. are reported. Some strains (i.e., Rhodococcus zopfii, Rhodococcus ruber, and Rhodococcus aetherivorans) are able to partially degrade the side chain at C(17) to afford 6α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐23,24‐dinor‐5β‐cholan‐22‐oic acid (2; 23%) and 6α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐23,24‐dinorchol‐1,4‐dien‐22‐oic acid (3; 23–30%), together with two new 9,10‐secosteroids 4 and 5 (10–45%), still bearing the partial side chain at C(17) and adopting an intramolecular hemiacetal form. In addition, the 9,10‐secosteroid 5 showed an unprecedented C(4)‐hydroxylation. The new secosteroids were fully characterized by MS, IR, NMR, and 2D‐NMR analyses.
AcidBase Properties of Adenosine 5′‐Monophosphate, Guanosine 5′‐Monophosphate, and Inosine 5′‐Monophosphate in Aqueous Solutions of Methanol
Authors: Gharib Farrokh , Abbaszadeh Mehran , Pousti Mohammad
Published: June 2013

The protonation constants of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, guanosine 5′‐monophosphate, and inosine 5′‐monophosphate were determined in binary mixtures of H2O containing 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% MeOH, using a combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods at a constant temperature (25°) and constant ionic strength (0.1 mol⋅dm−3 NaClO4). The protonation constants were analyzed using the normalized polarity parameter (E$\rm{{_{T}^{N}}}$), and Kamlet, Abboud, and Taft (KAT) parameters. A linear correlation of log K vs. the normalized polarity parameter was obtained. Dual‐parameter correlation of log K vs. π* (dipolarity/polarizability) and α (H‐bond‐donor acidity), as well as π* and β (H‐bond‐acceptor basicity) also gives good results in various aqueous organic solvent mixtures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of the effect of solvent on the protonation equilibria.
Crotofolane‐ and Casbane‐Type Diterpenes from Croton argyrophyllus
Authors: e Silva Filho Francisco Artur , Nunes da Silva Junior José , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , de Simone Carlos Alberto , Silveira Edilberto Rocha , Lima Mary Anne Sousa
Published: June 2013

Phytochemical analysis of Croton argyrophyllus led to the isolation of five new diterpenes named (5β,6β)‐5,6 : 13,16‐diepoxycrotofola‐4(9),10(18),13,15‐tetraen‐1‐one (1), (5β,6β)‐5,6 : 13,16‐diepoxy‐2‐epicrotofola‐4(9),10(18),13,15‐tetraen‐1‐one (2), (5β,6β)‐5,6 : 13,16‐diepoxy‐16‐hydroxy‐2‐epicrotofola‐4(9),10(18),13,15‐tetraen‐1‐one (3), (5β,6β)‐5,6 : 13,16‐diepoxy‐16‐hydroxy‐2‐epicrotofola‐4(9), 10(18),13,15‐tetraen‐1‐one (4) and (2E,5β,6E,12E)‐5‐hydroxycasba‐2,6,12‐trien‐4‐one (5), in addition to the known diterpenes crotonepetin and depressin, and acetylaleuritolic acid and spinasterol. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by a combination of spectroscopic methods, including HR‐ESI‐MS, 2D‐NMR, and X‐ray crystallography.
New Eunicellin Diterpenes and 9,10‐Secosteroids from the Gorgonian Muricella sibogae
Authors: Li Ting‐Ting , Tang Xu‐Li , Chen Can‐Ling , Zhang Xing‐Wang , Wu Rong‐Cui , Zhu Hong‐Yan , Li Ping‐Lin , Li Guo‐Qiang
Published: June 2013

Bioactivity‐guided isolation of the rare gorgonian Muricella sibogae (Nutting) yielded the two new eunicellin diterpenes sibogin A and B (1 and 2), the three new 9,10‐secosteroids sibogol A–C (6–8), together with the three known eunicellin diterpenes 3–5 and the five known 9,10‐secosteroids 9–13. Their structures were established by extensive spectral analysis (1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, IR, and MS). The cytotoxicity of the isolates 1–13 was evaluated in vitro against the selected tumor cell lines P388 and BEL‐7402. All the compounds showed only weak activity against P388 cell lines, with an inhibition rate ranging from 10 to 60% at a concentration of 50 μg/ml, whereas the were inactive against BEL‐7402 cell lines.
Juglanones A and B: Two Novel Tetralone Dimers from Walnut Pericarp (Juglans regia)
Authors: Li Cong‐Ying , Du Hong‐Jian , Su Xue‐Hui , Zhong Yu‐Jiao , Yuan Zhi‐Peng , Li Yan‐Fang , Liang Bing
Published: June 2013

Two novel tetralone dimers, with an O‐bridge, named juglanones A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the AcOEt extract of walnut pericarps. These compounds are the first examples of O‐bridged dimeric tetralones. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including HR‐TOF‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. Biological evaluation of these two isolates against a number of human cancer cell lines is also described.
Casson fluid flow and heat transfer past a symmetric wedge
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Swati , Mondal Iswar Chandra , Chamkha Ali J.
Published: June 2013

Boundary‐layer forced convection flow of a Casson fluid past a symmetric wedge is investigated. Similarity transformations are used to convert the governing partial differential equations to ordinary ones and the reduced equations are then solved numerically with the help of the shooting method. Comparisons with various previously published works on special cases are performed and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. A representative set of graphical results is obtained and illustrated graphically. The velocity is found to increase with an increasing Falkner–Skan exponent whereas the temperature decreases. With the rise of the Casson fluid parameter, the fluid velocity increases but the temperature is found to decrease in this case. The skin friction decreases with increasing values of the Casson fluid parameter. It is found that the temperature decreases as the Prandtl number increases and thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with increasing values of the Prandtl number. A significant finding of this investigation is that flow separation can be controlled by increasing the value of the Casson fluid parameter. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 42(8): 665–675, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21065
Solution of nonlinear boundary layer equation for flat plate via optimal homotopy asymptotic method
Authors: Mabood Fazl E. , Khan Waqar A. , Ismail Ahmad Izani
Published: June 2013

In this article, we use the optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) to compute the solution of two‐dimensional incompressible laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate (Blasius problem). The obtained results for the stream function and velocity profile were comparable in terms of accuracy with that obtained by Esmaeilpour and Ganji (2007) who studied the same problem using the homotopy perturbation method and results obtained by using a numerical method (RK4). The good agreement obtained shows the effectiveness of OHAM. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(3): 197–203, 2014; Published online 19 June 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21070
Past and future changes in frost day indices in Catskill Mountain region of New York
Authors: Anandhi Aavudai , Zion Mark S. , Gowda Prasanna H. , Pierson Donald C. , Lounsbury David , Frei Allan
Published: June 2013

Changes in frost indices in the New York's Catskill Mountains region, the location of water supply reservoirs for New York City, have potentially important implications. Frost day is defined as a day with Tmin < 0 °C. The objective of this study was to investigate past and predicted changes in minimum temperature (Tmin) and six frost indices in the Catskill Mountains covering six reservoir watersheds. Studied frost indices included (1) number of frost days, (2) number of months with frost, (3) last spring freeze date (LSF), (4) first fall freeze date (FFF), (5) growing season length (GSL), and (6) frost season length. Past changes in the frost indices were studied using observed daily Tmin for each watershed for the periods 1960–2008. Future changes in frost indices for the periods (2045–2065 and 2080–2100) were studied for emission scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1) downscaled from global climate models (GCMs). Results indicated a general increase in average Tmin and GSL and a decrease in number of frost days, months with frost, frost season length, earlier LSF, and later FFF from the historical to the future periods, and the magnitude of change varied among the watersheds and GCMs. For the period 1960–2000, in all watersheds (except Cannonsville), LSF occurred earlier by 2.6–4.3 days/decade, FFF occurred later by 2.7–3.2 day/decade, and GSL was longer by 2.4–4 day/decade. Among the scenarios and GCMs, LSF occurred earlier by 4–11 and 4.5–15 days/decade for the periods 2045–2065 and 2081–2100, respectively; FFF occurred later by 1–10 and 4–13 days/decade for the periods 2045–2065 and 2081–2100, respectively; and GSL was longer by 10–25 and 13–40 days/decade for the periods 2045–2065 and 2081–2100, respectively. The increase in GSL is expected to affect hydrologic, ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes with increased net primary productivity and a resulting increase in total annual evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does HPA‐Axis Dysregulation Account for the Effects of Income on Effortful Control and Adjustment in Preschool Children?
Authors: Lengua Liliana J. , Zalewski Maureen , Fisher Phil , Moran Lyndsey
Published: June 2013

The effects of low income on children's adjustment might be accounted for by disruptions to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)‐axis activity and to the development of effortful control. Using longitudinal data and a community sample of preschool‐age children (N = 306, 36–39 months) and their mothers, recruited to over‐represent low‐income families, we explored the associations among diurnal cortisol levels and effortful control, and we tested a model in which diurnal cortisol and effortful control account for the effects of family income on child adjustment. Continuous indicators of morning cortisol level and diurnal slope, as well as dichotomous indicators reflecting low morning levels and flat diurnal slope, were examined as predictors of rank‐order changes in two dimensions of effortful control, executive control and delay ability. Low income was related to a flat diurnal cortisol slope, and above the effects of family income, a flat diurnal cortisol slope predicted lower social competence. Low morning cortisol level predicted smaller gains in executive control and higher total adjustment problems. Further, delay ability predicted lower adjustment problems above the effects of income and diurnal cortisol levels. The results suggest that HPA‐axis dysregulation and effortful control contribute additively to children's adjustment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mediational Role of Effortful Control and Emotional Dysregulation in the Link Between Maternal Responsiveness and Turkish Preschoolers' Social Competency and Externalizing Symptoms
Authors: Orta Irem Metin , Corapci Feyza , Yagmurlu Bilge , Aksan Nazan
Published: June 2013

This cross‐sectional study relied on circumscribed measures of emotion regulation and dysregulation to examine their role in mediating the associations of maternal responsiveness and effortful control with social competency and externalizing symptoms. We examined those associations in an understudied cultural context, Turkey, with 118 preschoolers. Emotion regulation and dysregulation showed differential associations with broad indices of self‐regulation such that emotion dysregulation predicted both low social competency and high externalizing symptoms but emotion regulation was only associated with high social competency. Effortful control was unrelated to emotion regulation but was associated with lower levels of emotion dysregulation. Effortful control had both direct and mediated associations with externalizing and social competency (mediated by lower emotion dysregulation). Findings also showed that maternal responsiveness was associated with better social competency and lower externalizing. Those associations were both singly (through effortful control) and doubly mediated (through effortful control and lower emotion dysregulation), similar to US samples. The study contributes to a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that speak to children's self‐regulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significantly different proliferative potential of oral mucosal epithelial cells between six animal species
Authors: Kondo Makoto , Yamato Masayuki , Takagi Ryo , Murakami Daisuke , Namiki Hideo , Okano Teruo
Published: June 2013

There has been an upsurge in regenerative medicine in recent years. In particular, because oral mucosal epithelial cells can be obtained noninvasively, cultured epithelial cell sheets have been used in a number of ectopic transplantations. Additionally, the verification of the properties of experimental animals' cultured cells has accelerated the application of regenerative medicine. In the present study, the properties of oral mucosal epithelial cells were compared between six animal species. The human and pig epithelia were relatively thicker than the epithelia of the other species. The colony‐forming efficiency of the rat was the highest, followed by those of the dog, human, rabbit, and pig, whereas the colonies of the mouse cells were all paraclone and uncountable in the colony‐forming assay. We also found that the rabbit and pig cells proliferated poorly and were unable to form cell sheets without feeder layers. In contrast, even in the absence of feeder layers and cholera toxin, cultured dog and mouse cells formed contiguous sheets, when the cell seeding density was high. These results indicate that interspecies variation is considerable in oral mucosal epithelial cells and that specific experimental animal or human cells must be chosen according to the intended use. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1829–1837, 2014.
Synthetic tracheal mucus with native rheological and surface tension properties
Authors: Hamed R. , Fiegel J.
Published: June 2013

In this study, the development of a model tracheal mucus with chemical composition and physical properties (bulk viscoelasticity and surface tension) matched to that of native tracheal mucus is described. The mucus mimetics (MMs) were formulated using components that are abundant in tracheal mucus (glycoproteins, proteins, lipids, ions, and water) at concentrations similar to those found natively. Pure solutions were unable to achieve the gel behavior observed with native mucus. The addition of a bifunctional cross‐linking agent enabled control over the viscoelastic properties of the MMs by tailoring the concentration of the cross‐linking agent and the duration of cross‐linking. Three MM formulations with different bulk viscoelastic properties, all within the normal range for nondiseased tracheal mucus, were chosen for investigation of surfactant spreading at the air–mimetic interface. Surfactant spread quickly and completely on the least viscoelastic mimetic surface, enabling the surface tension of the mimetic to be lowered to match native tracheal mucus. However, surfactant spreading on the more viscoelastic mimetics was hindered, suggesting that the bulk properties of the mimetics dictate the range of surface properties that can be achieved. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1788–1798, 2014.
Engineering copolymeric artificial cornea with salt porogen
Authors: Zellander Amelia , Wardlow Melissa , Djalilian Ali , Zhao Chenlin , Abiade Jeremiah , Cho Michael
Published: June 2013

Artificial corneas or keratoprostheses (KPros) are designed to replace diseased or damaged cornea. Although many synthetic KPros have been developed, current products are often inappropriate or inadequate for long term use due to ineffective host integration. This study presents an alternative approach of engineering a KPro that comprises a combination of poly (2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and sodium chloride (NaCl) as porogen. Based on the core‐skirt model for KPro, the porous outer portion of artificial cornea (skirt) was engineered by combining NaCl with HEMA and MMA monomers to promote tissue ingrowth from the host. The central optic (core) was designed to provide >85% light transmission in the visible wavelength range and securely attached to the skirt. Mechanical tensile data indicated that our KPro (referred to as salt porogen KPro) is mechanically stable to maintain its structure in the ocular environment and during implantation. Using human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs), we demonstrate that the cells grew into the pores of the skirt and proliferated, suggesting biointegration is adequately achieved. This novel PHEMA‐PMMA copolymeric salt porogen KPro may offer a cornea replacement option that leads to minimal risk of corneal melting by permitting sufficient tissue ingrowth and mass transport. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1799–1808, 2014.
Responses of RAW264.7 macrophages to water‐dispersible gold and silver nanoparticles stabilized by metal–carbon σ‐bonds
Authors: Hashimoto Masanori , Toshima Hirokazu , Yonezawa Tetsu , Kawai Koji , Narushima Takashi , Kaga Masayuki , Endo Kazuhiko
Published: June 2013

Nanometals are currently receiving considerable attention for industrial and biomedical applications, but their potentially hazardous and toxic effects have not been extensively studied. This study evaluated the biological responses of novel water‐dispersible gold (Au‐NPs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) stabilized by Au‐C or Ag‐C σ‐bonds in cultured macrophages (RAW264.7), via analysis of the cell viability, the integrity of the plasma membrane, and the inflammatory and morphological properties. The cultured RAW264.7 was exposed to metal‐NPs at various concentrations. The Ag‐NPs showed cytotoxicity at high NP concentrations, but the cytotoxic effects of the Au‐NPs were smaller than those of the Ag‐NPs. For the microscopic analysis, both types of particles were internalized into cells, the morphological changes in the cells which manifested as an expansion of the vesicles' volume, were smaller for the Au‐NPs compared with the Ag‐NPs. For the Ag‐NPs, the endocytosis abilities of the macrophages might have induced harmful effects, because of the expansion of the cell vesicles. Although an inflammatory response was observed for both the Au‐ and Ag‐NPs, the harmful effects of the Au‐NPs were smaller than those of the Ag‐NPs, with minor morphological changes observed even after internalization of the NPs into the cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1838–1849, 2014.
Osteoblasts behavior on chemically treated commercially pure titanium surfaces
Authors: Oliveira D. P. , Palmieri A. , Carinci F. , Bolfarini C.
Published: June 2013

Surface modifications of commercially pure titanium (Cp‐Ti), a material widely used to produce dental implants, can induce specific responses on osteoblastic cells after implantation. This work aims to investigate the influence of chemically modified surfaces of Cp‐Ti by acid etching or acid etching plus alkaline treatment on the gene expression of human osteoblastic (Hob) cells. Roughness and contact angle measurements were carried out to evaluate the surface properties of the samples. The surface morphology was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Chemical composition was analyzed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The expression levels of some bone‐related genes (ALPL, COL1A1, COL3A1, SPP1, RUNX2, and SPARC) were analyzed using real time Reverse Transcription‐Polymerase Chain Reaction (real time RT‐PCR). The results showed that all the chemical modifications studied in this work influenced the surface morphology, wettability, roughness and induced an osteoconductive behavior. The samples that were acid etched and alkaline treated showed a more pronounced effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1816–1822, 2014.
Intelligent Business Process Management: Hype or Reality?
Authors: Fanning Kurt , Centers David P.
Published: June 2013

According to Gartner, a leading information technology (IT) research and analysis firm, companies are moving to improve their Business Process Management (BPM) systems by integrating them with their Business Intelligence (BI) Systems—thus making them an “intelligent.” Companies with these new systems would arguably have a competitive advantage. But is this really true? The authors of this article explain what Intelligent Business Process Management (iBPM) actually is and how users may benefit from it in the future. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overcoming the Challenge of Systems Integrators
Authors: Worster Art , Weirich Thomas R. , Andera Frank
Published: June 2013

Companies and information technology (IT) departments often hire outside Systems Integrators (SIs) to help build or upgrade a computer application. It sounds simple enough. But then why do problems often crop up between SI consultants and their clients? This article examines the most important points of failure in the client–SI relationship, and shows how to establish a governance process to prevent problems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to Counter Cybercrime Intrusions
Authors: McGee Jo Ann , Byington J. Ralph
Published: June 2013

According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), the global price tag for white collar crime (WCC) has reached a staggering $3.6 trillion annually. This growth has been facilitated by information technology (IT) advances that have made it easier to commit WCC by using the computer and/or the Internet. When the computer is used in conjunction with the Internet to perpetrate the crime, it is referred to as cybercrime. The authors take an updated look at the various types of computer intrusions that threaten companies—and offer a checklist of countermeasures that can help prevent losses to cybercrime. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.