bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cue-less consumers in factory outlet stores: reference price effects on consumer evaluations when semantic phrases are missing
Authors: Carlson Jay P. , Compeau Larry D.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Prior research has demonstrated that reference prices can affect consumer responses, but the reference prices examined have been presented along with semantic cues [e.g. manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) and Compare At]. This study is unique in investigating the effects of reference prices that do not include a semantic cue (i.e. “cue-less”) on consumers’ responses. It also studies consumers’ beliefs about factory outlet stores, a seldom-studied store type in which cue-less reference prices are used.

Design/methodology/approach

One qualitative study and one experiment were carried out in this research.

Findings

The qualitative study revealed that a price tag including cue-less reference prices was unlikely to be viewed as a seller mistake or with suspicion, but nonetheless did confuse some respondents. The experiment demonstrated that while consumers find cue-less reference prices to be somewhat less believable that high MSRPs, these beliefs do not appear to come into play when consumers judge attractiveness (e.g. perceived value). Additionally, the results suggest that consumers believe that a product available for sale in a factory outlet store is likely to have been previously available at a different type of store.

Originality/value

This research advances the theory of the effects of reference prices on consumers’ responses by examining the common practice of not labeling reference prices with semantic cues. It also extends the literature regarding consumer beliefs about factory outlet stores.
Digital banking, customer experience and financial performance
Authors: Mbama Cajetan Ikechukwu , Ezepue Patrick , Alboul Lyuba , Beer Martin
Published: November 2018

Purpose

This study aims to examine managers’ perceptions of digital banking’s (DB) effect on customer experience and banks’ financial performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The research uses interviews from the senior UK bank managers to gather their views on DB’s impact on customer experience and financial performance. The interviews were thematically analysed to produce results and a model.

Findings

The attributes affecting DB experience are as follows: service quality, functional quality, perceived value, service customisation, service speed, employee–customer engagement, brand trust, DB innovation, perceived usability and perceived risk. They affect customer experience, satisfaction and loyalty and financial performance. The research revealed relationships amongst these attributes (e.g. brand trust and loyalty).

Research limitations/implications

The study is a UK bank specific and can be replicated in other developed countries’ banks, helping in further comparison. However, DB is conducted globally, which implies that the findings are robust enough to be potentially applied in other countries. The proposed model shows customer experience drivers and outcomes through managers’ views, which can be theoretically tested.

Practical implications

The findings suggest important attributes (as above) for consideration to improve DB customer experience and financial performance. They show the relevance of employee–customer interaction, service personalisation, value proposition, quality service offering and DB experience, which have useful implications for improving DB design and interactive marketing.

Originality/value

Gauging DB customer experience as perceived by bank managers has not been studied in this way, highlighting DB effectiveness, which is important for multi-channel marketing and banks’ financial performance, and advances theory.
Management trade‐offs on ecosystem services in apple orchards across Europe: Direct and indirect effects of organic production
Authors: Samnegård Ulrika , Alins Georgina , Boreux Virginie , Bosch Jordi , García Daniel , Happe Anne‐Kathrin , Klein Alexandra‐Maria , Miñarro Marcos , Mody Karsten , Porcel Mario , Rodrigo Anselm , Roquer‐Beni Laura , Tasin Marco , Hambäck Peter A.
Published: November 2018

Apple is considered the most important fruit crop in temperate areas and profitable production depends on multiple ecosystem services, including the reduction of pest damage and the provision of sufficient pollination levels. Management approaches present an inherent trade‐off as each affects species differently.

We quantified the direct and indirect effects of management (organic vs. integrated pest management, IPM) on species richness, ecosystem services, and fruit production in 85 apple orchards in three European countries. We also quantified how habit composition influenced these effects at three spatial scales: within orchards, adjacent to orchards, and in the surrounding landscape.

Organic management resulted in 48% lower yield than IPM, and also that the variation between orchards was large with some organic orchards having a higher yield than the average yield of IPM orchards. The lower yield in organic orchards resulted directly from management practices, and from higher pest damage in organic orchards. These negative yield effects were partly offset by indirect positive effects from more natural enemies and higher flower visitation rates in organic orchards.

Two factors other than management affected species richness and ecosystem services. Higher cover of flowering plants within and adjacent to the apple trees increased flower visitation rates by pollinating insects and a higher cover of apple orchards in the landscape decreased species richness of beneficial arthropods.

The species richness of beneficial arthropods in orchards was uncorrelated with fruit production, suggesting that diversity can be increased without large yield loss. At the same time, organic orchards had 38% higher species richness than IPM orchards, an effect that is likely due to differences in pest management.

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that organic management is more efficient than integrated pest management in developing environmentally friendly apple orchards with higher species richness. We also demonstrate that there is no inherent trade‐off between species richness and yield. Development of more environmentally friendly means for pest control, which do not negatively affect pollination services, needs to be a priority for sustainable apple production.
Melatonin in the seasonal response of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Barberà Miquel , Escrivá Laura , Collantes‐Alegre Jorge Mariano , Meca Giuseppe , Rosato Ezio , Martínez‐Torres David
Published: November 2018

Aphids display life cycles largely determined by the photoperiod. During the warm long‐day seasons, most aphid species reproduce by viviparous parthenogenesis. The shortening of the photoperiod in autumn induces a switch to sexual reproduction. Males and sexual females mate to produce overwintering resistant eggs. In addition to this full life cycle (holocycle), there are anholocyclic lineages that do not respond to changes in photoperiod and reproduce continuously by parthenogenesis. The molecular or hormonal events that trigger the seasonal response (i.e., induction of the sexual phenotypes) are still unknown. Although circadian synthesis of melatonin is known to play a key role in vertebrate photoperiodism, the involvement of the circadian clock and/or of the hormone melatonin in insect seasonal responses is not so well established. Here we show that melatonin levels in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum are significantly higher in holocyclic aphids reared under short days than under long days, while no differences were found between anholocyclic aphids under the same conditions. We also found that melatonin is localized in the aphid suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) and in the thoracic ganglionic mass (TGM). In analogy to vertebrates, insect‐type arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferases (i‐AANATs) are thought to play a key role in melatonin synthesis. We measured the expression of four i‐AANAT genes identified in A. pisum and localized two of them in situ in the insect central nervous systems (CNS). Levels of expression of these genes were compatible with the quantities of melatonin observed. Moreover, like melatonin, expression of these genes was found in the SOG and the TGM.
Comparative analyses of susceptibility to chemicals associated with fermentation between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii
Authors: Kim YiSeul , Lee Sungho , Kim Yeong Ho , Kim Young Ho
Published: November 2018

Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Drosophila suzukii Matsumura are taxonomically close Drosophila species belonging to the family Drosophilidae and melanogaster group. D. melanogaster is thought to be evolutionarily adapted to overripe, decaying, and fermented fruits, in which large amounts of chemicals such as ethanol, acetic acid, and 2‐phenylethanol are produced, whereas, D. suzukii is attracted to fresh ripening fruit. Considering the distinct habitats of the two flies, D. suzukii is hypothesized to exhibit higher susceptibility to these chemicals than D. melanogaster. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the survival rate of the flies at various concentrations of three chemicals (2‐phenlyethanol, acetic acid, and ethanol) and calculated the lethal concentration (LC) values to compare the tolerance and susceptibility of D. melanogaster and D. suzukii to the chemicals. Our results revealed that D. melanogaster exhibited higher tolerance than D. suzukii to all chemicals, supporting the hypothesis of different evolutionary adaptations to distinct habitats of the two flies.
Species composition, seasonal prevalence and flavivirus occurrence of mosquitoes in Daegu and Gunwi, South Korea during the period of 2015–2016
Authors: Kim Da Yeong , Choi Moon Bo , Lee Wook‐Gyo , Kwon Ohseok
Published: November 2018

As the vector‐borne diseases rapidly increased due to climate change, we investigated the incidence of flavivirus occurrence among female mosquito species in urban and rural study sites in Daegu and Gunwi, South Korea using Realtime PCR. We collected more individuals and more species of mosquito in 2016 than in 2015. In 2015, we recorded a total of 22,033 mosquitoes (Trap Index, 224.8) representing 10 species from 5 genera, whereas in 2016, a total of 27,137 mosquitoes (Trap Index, 278.7) representing 13 species from 6 genera were collected. The number of mosquitoes in 2016 was higher in all study sites, except in the migratory bird habitats where the number decreased. Of the 14 species collected over the two years,Aedes vexans nipponii and Anophelesspp. were dominant in the cowsheds in rural farmland;Culex pipienscomplex, in urban residential areas; and,Anophelesspp. andCu. pipienscomplex in migratory bird habitats caught in a black light trap.Cu. pipienscomplex andAe. albopictusin urban parks andAe. albopictusandArmigeres subalbatusin migratory bird habitats were the dominant species caught in BG‐sentinel traps. We found that the number of mosquitoes was highest during July–September. We analyzed 1,725 pools to detect flavivirus, where Chaoyang virus was detected amongAe. vexans niponiicollected from cowsheds in rural farmland in 2016. The increased number of mosquitoes recorded in 2016 was mainly due to increased temperatures in the study areas, and reflected the change in study sites.
Breast cancer diagnosis in a specialised breast clinic: Are cancers detected by ultrasound alone less aggressive?
Authors: Gutierrez Blanco Carmen , Evans Elizabeth B , Porter Alan J
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the way breast cancer is diagnosed and its prognostic features.

Methods

We studied new primary invasive and non‐invasive breast cancers (670) diagnosed between 2013 and 2015 where detection included at least clinical examination, mammography and breast ultrasound (BUS). The cancers were classified into six Diagnostic Groups according to the results of each modality.

Results

Overall, 79% of cancers were positive on mammography, but another 20% were diagnosed on BUS after a negative mammogram. The largest group (37.6% of cases), had all three modalities positive (Group 1). BUS was the only modality positive in 14.6% (Group 4). Mammography alone was positive in 21.2%, of which 73.9% were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Invasive lobular carcinoma comprised 9.6% of the groups where mammography was positive, but 16.5% of the groups where mammography was negative and BUS positive. Dense breast tissue was more common in the groups where mammography was negative and BUS positive. Invasive cancers comprised 82.7% of Group 4 and 95.2% of Group 1. For those in Group 4, the average size (10.2 mm) and the percentages with lymphovascular invasion (11.1%), lymph node involvement (17.3%) and poor differentiation (12.3%) were less than half the corresponding figures for Group 1 (27.3 mm, 35%, 44%, 44%).

Conclusion

This study illustrates the complementary benefits of mammography and BUS, especially where breast density is high. Tumours diagnosed by BUS alone had better prognostic features in terms of size, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node status, differentiation and hormone receptors, compared with cancers where all three modalities were positive.
Ultrastructural analysis of spores from diverse Bacillales species isolated from Brazilian soil
Authors: de Andrade Cavalcante Danilo , De‐Souza Marlene Teixeira , de Orem Juliana Capela , de Magalhães Maria Inês André , Martins Paulo Henrique , Boone Tyler J. , Castillo José A. , Driks Adam
Published: November 2018

Many species in the order Bacillales form a specialized cell type called a spore that is resistant to a range of environmental stresses. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the spore is comprised of a series of concentric shells, surrounding an interior compartment harbouring the spore DNA. The outermost of these shells varies considerably in morphology among species, likely reflecting adaptations to the highly diverse niches in which spores are found. To better characterize the variation in spore ultrastructure among diverse species, we used TEM to analyse spores from a collection of 23 aerobic spore‐forming bacteria from the Solo do Distrito Federal (SDF strains), spanning the genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus and Brevibacillus, isolated from soil from central Brazil. We found that the structures of these spores varied widely, as expected. Interestingly, even though these isolates are novel strains of each species, they were structurally very similar to the known examples of each species in the literature. Because in most cases, the species we analysed are poorly characterized, our data provide important evidence regarding which structural features are likely to be constant within a taxon and which are likely to vary.
Stress responding and stress‐related changes in cue reactivity in heavy smokers, problem gamblers, and healthy controls
Authors: Wemm Stephanie E. , Cao Zhimin , Han Liqiao , Wulfert Edelgard
Published: November 2018

Addictions, both substance and behavioral, have been conceptualized as involving similar biopsychosocial processes with different opportunistic expressions. A maladaptive stress response in combination with craving or urges to engage in the addictive behavior may be among the underlying factors common to behavioral and substance addictions. The current study compared the neuroendocrine (cortisol) and subjective responses to stress of gamblers and smokers to healthy controls. We assessed if participants responded differently to smoking or gambling cues before and after a psychosocial stressor. To this end, the subjective urges/cravings of all participants were measured in response to smoking or gambling cues versus neutral cues, once under normal conditions and again after exposure to a stressor. Salivary cortisol was measured prior to, immediately following, and 10 minutes after conclusion of the stressor. Smokers and gamblers showed a similar blunted cortisol response to the acute stressor that differed from the control group's response. Following a stressor, subjective craving in smokers increased whereas gamblers' urges decreased. In smokers, a blunted cortisol and subjective stress response were related to increased urges. In contrast, for gamblers, changes in cortisol levels were unrelated to urges, and higher subjective stress was associated with decreased urges. In conclusion, individuals with a substance and a behavioral addiction share common patterns of reactivity to stress. However, while the stressor enhanced cue‐related craving in smokers, it generally had the opposite effect on gamblers. Further research is necessary to elucidate the complicated patterns of similarities and differences that underlie substance and behavioral addictions.
The impact of childhood bullying on the daily lives of Nordic children and young adolescents
Authors: Krusell Magnus Kirketerp , Hohwü Lena , Bjereld Ylva , Madsen Kathrine Bang , Obel Carsten
Published: November 2018

Aim

Childhood bullying may negatively affect the mental health in children and adolescents, but few studies have explored this potential link. We aimed to investigate the association between childhood bullying and the impact of poor mental health on the daily life in a population of Nordic children and adolescents aged 5–16 years.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was based on data from the Nordic survey on Children's Health and Wellbeing (NordChild) from 2011. The study population included 4966 children from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Mental health was measured by a parent‐reported version of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds ratios of poor mental health in bullied compared to non‐bullied children and adolescents while adjusting for sex, age, body mass index and parental socioeconomic status.

Results

Bullied children and adolescents were four times more likely than their non‐bullied peers to have mental health problems with negative impact on their daily life at home, in their relations to friends, learning in school or leisure activities (adjusted odds ratio: 4.32; 95% CI: 3.54–5.26).

Conclusion

This study found negative impact on the mental health in bullied children and adolescents, which affected several arenas of daily life.
Forests, law and customary rights in Indonesia: Implications of a decision of the Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2012
Authors: Hidayat Herman , Yogaswara Herry , Herawati Tuti , Blazey Patricia , Wyatt Stephen , Howitt Richard
Published: November 2018

This paper reviews the emerging effects of the 2012 decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia relating to the customary management of Indonesia's traditional forests. It focuses on the challenge of moving from legal to political and societal recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights. In its advocacy of customary land rights, Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) successfully applied to the Constitutional Court for judicial review of the Forest Law 41 1999. It argued the law breached the constitutional rights of its members in permitting the state to permit exploitation and development rights over traditional forest without their consent. The flow‐on effect of allocating such rights included widespread deforestation and land use change without agreement from customary communities that have used and occupied these forests for centuries, thus ignoring traditional customary law that regards these forests as the property of such communities. The paper reflects critically on international experience in the interface between legal recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights, and their translation into sustainable and meaningful societal transformation.
Photographing absence in deathscapes
Authors: Heng Terence
Published: November 2018

How do visual methods, particularly the practice of photography, help us to visualise and understand absence in deathscapes? In this paper I will argue that photographs, with their ability to freeze moments, are able to capture what I term points of praxis – moments in which practices by individuals inscribe meaning onto deathscapes, and in that intense and captured presence, evoke the feeling of absent individuals. Such points of praxis can exist in two ways – the praxis of the body and the praxis of objects – both of which I will illuminate with the use of visual ethnographic methods. To support my argument, I present work taken from a three‐year visual ethnographic study of Bukit Brown Cemetery, specifically drawing on the social and cultural documentation of the Hungry Ghost Festival.
From neighbourhood to “globalhood”? Three propositions on the rapid rise of short‐term rentals
Authors: Rae Alasdair
Published: November 2018

This Commentary is an attempt to understand the recent, rapid rise of short‐term property rentals in some of the world's most popular neighbourhoods, and what it means for communities, whether urban or rural. The literature to date has tackled the issue from a number of different perspectives, but there is no clear consensus on what the key issues are within this sector of the so‐called “sharing economy.” Despite claims to the contrary, I argue that there is something new about this phenomenon, in relation to its growth, intensity and spatial concentration. I also argue that it represents a kind of double disruption, and that home sharing can usefully be conceptualised as neighbourhood sharing if we want to arrive at a better understanding of local reactions to it, and how we might best respond to it from a regulatory point of view.
Colonization of preterm gnotobiotic piglets with probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusGG and its interference withSalmonellaTyphimurium
Authors: Splichalova A , Jenistova V , Splichalova Z , Splichal I
Published: November 2018

A balanced microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a prerequisite for a healthy host. The GIT microbiota in preterm infants is determined by the method of delivery and nutrition. Probiotics can improve the GIT microbiota balance and suitable animal models are required to verify their harmlessness. Preterm gnotobiotic piglets were colonized with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to evaluate its safety and possible protective action against infection with an enteric pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Clinical signs (anorexia, somnolence, fever and diarrhea), bacterial interference and translocation, intestinal histopathology, transcriptions of claudin-1, occludin and interferon (IFN)-γ, intestinal and systemic protein levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-12/23 p40 and IFN-γ were compared among (i) germ-free, (ii) LGG-colonized, (iii) ST-infected and (iv) LGG-colonized and subsequently ST-infected piglets for 24 h. Both LGG and ST-colonized the GIT; LGG translocated in some cases into mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen but did not cause bacteremia and clinical changes. ST caused clinical signs of gastroenteritis, translocated into mesenteric lymph nodes, the spleen, liver and blood, increased claudin-1 and IFN-γ transcriptions, but decreased occludin transcription and increased local and systemic levels of IL-8 and IL-12/23 p40. Previous colonization with LGG reduced ST colonization in the jejunum and translocation into the liver, spleen and blood. It partially ameliorated histopathological changes in the intestine, reduced IL-8 levels in the jejunum and plasma and IL-12/23 p40 in the jejunum. The preterm gnotobiotic piglet model of the vulnerable preterm immunocompromised infant is useful to verify the safety of probiotics and evaluate their protective effect.
Abnormal immunolabelling of SMAD4 in cell block specimens to distinguish malignant and benign pancreatic cells
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Esaka Shikine , Suzuki Akemi , Hamashima Yuri , Imaizumi Masayuki , Matsukawa Miho , Fujii Yuko , Aida Junko , Takubo Kaiyo , Ishiwata Toshiyuki , Nishimura Makoto , Arai Tomio
Published: November 2018

Background

Accurate diagnosis of malignant and benign pancreatic lesions can be challenging, especially with endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) samples that are small and/or degraded. In the present study, we determined how to best evaluate abnormal SMAD4 expression by immunohistochemical staining on cell block specimens from EUS‐FNA samples.

Results

In surgically resected pancreas, when abnormal SMAD4 immunolabelling was evaluated as negative SMAD4 expression, the sensitivity was low (33%), but when it was evaluated as decreased SMAD4 expression, the sensitivity improved (53%). Specificity and positive predictive value were high for both evaluations. There were no false‐positive cases. In cell block specimens, decreased SMAD4 expression showed 47% sensitivity and 72% specificity, while negative SMAD4 expression showed lower sensitivity (20%) and higher specificity (100%). Both evaluations in cell block specimens showed lower sensitivity and specificity compared to resected specimens. False‐positive and ‐negative rates were higher for cell blocks than for resected specimens.

Conclusions

Decreased SMAD4 immunolabelling provided improved sensitivity as compared to negative SMAD4 immunolabelling; therefore, it is important to compare SMAD4 expression in a sample to its expression in normal cells. Abnormal SMAD4 labelling showed low sensitivity and high specificity; therefore, SMAD4 staining using EUS‐FNA samples might be helpful to detect malignancies that possess SMAD4 gene abnormalities.
Home‐based early intervention in infants and young children with visual impairment using the Developmental Journal: longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Dale Naomi J , Sakkalou Elena , O'Reilly Michelle A , Springall Clare , Sakki Hanna , Glew Sarah , Pissaridou Eleni , De Haan Michelle , Salt Alison T
Published: November 2018

Aim

To investigate the effects of home‐based early intervention in children with severe visual impairment (SVI) using the Developmental Journal for babies and young children with visual impairment (DJVI).

Method

A longitudinal observational study was undertaken with a national cohort (OPTIMUM) of infants with congenital disorders of the peripheral visual system (CDPVS) and profound‐SVI; and followed up after 12 months and 24 months. Intervention was categorized according to the practitioner diary records of their usual practice over 12 months from baseline comparing those receiving the DJVI and those receiving ‘Other Support’. Outcome measures of cognition and language, behaviour difficulties, parenting stress, and satisfaction with parent–practitioner partnership were collected.

Results

In the 54 children (26 males, 28 females, baseline mean age 13.5mo, SD 2.3mo, range 8–17mo) with ‘total’ CDPVS (including 16 ‘complex’ and 38 ‘simple’ with or without known brain disorder respectively), linear mixed effects pointed towards acceleration in sensorimotor understanding and expressive language especially in the ‘simple’ subsample (11.72 developmental quotient, 95% confidence interval −1.17 to 24.61, p>0.05) in those receiving the DJVI. Vision level also predicted outcomes (p<0.05). The DJVI group showed improvements in behavioural withdrawal (η2=0.20, p=0.02, ‘simple’) and parenting stress (d=0.78, d=0.92, p=0.02 total and ‘simple’ respectively) and perceived practitioner–parent relationship (η2=0.16, p=0.01).

Interpretation

Infants and young children with visual impairment receiving home‐based early intervention using the DJVI with a structured developmental approach had better outcomes than those receiving ‘other’ home‐based early interventions. Moderate to large effect improvements were found in child cognition and language, behaviour and parenting stress and the perceived practitioner‐parent relationship, although cognition did not reach 5% significance level.

What this paper adds

Early intervention using the Developmental Journal for babies and young children with visual impairment was associated with enhanced developmental outcomes compared to other approaches.

Improvements were also found in child behaviour, parenting stress, and perceived parent practitioner outcomes.

Type and complexity of visual impairment also influenced outcomes.
Sharks, rays and marine protected areas: A critical evaluation of current perspectives
Authors: MacKeracher Tracy , Diedrich Amy , Simpfendorfer Colin A.
Published: November 2018

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly advocated for the conservation and management of sharks and rays. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding which species can benefit from MPAs. Meanwhile, area‐focused protection targets have spurred recent and rapid gains in the creation of large MPAs, many of which carry vague objectives set by a diverse group of stakeholders with potentially different notions of “success.” Here, we capture and critically evaluate current views on the use of MPAs for shark and ray conservation. Through interviews with scientists, MPA managers, fisheries experts, conservation practitioners, advocates and policy experts (n = 53), we demonstrate a variety of perspectives regarding: (a) the effectiveness of MPAs as a tool for shark and ray conservation; (b) which factors influence the success of MPAs for sharks and rays; and (c) the desired outcomes of these MPAs. While MPAs created specifically for sharks and rays were viewed to be slightly more effective than regular MPAs as a tool for shark and ray conservation, both were generally considered insufficient in isolation. Despite greater emphasis on social success factors (e.g., local support) over biophysical success factors (e.g., size), biological outcomes (e.g., increased abundance) were prioritized over social outcomes (e.g., livelihood benefits). We argue that a stronger focus on achieving social outcomes can enhance the potential for MPAs to benefit sharks and rays. In revealing current thinking regarding the drivers and indicators of MPA success for sharks and rays, the results of this study can inform efforts to conserve and manage these species.
Propeptide glycosylation and galectin‐3 binding decrease proteolytic activation of human proMMP‐9/progelatinase B
Authors: Boon Lise , Ugarte‐Berzal Estefania , Martens Erik , Vandooren Jennifer , Rybakin Vasily , Colau Didier , Gordon‐Alonso Monica , van der Bruggen Pierre , Stöcker Walter , Becker‐Pauly Christoph , Witters Peter , Morava Eva , Jaeken Jaak , Proost Paul , Opdenakker Ghislain
Published: November 2018

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are secreted as proenzymes, containing propeptides that interact with the catalytic zinc, thereby controlling MMP activation. The MMP‐9 propeptide is unique in the MMP family because of its post‐translational modification with an N‐linked oligosaccharide. ProMMP‐9 activation by MMP‐3 occurs stepwise by cleavage of the propeptide in an aminoterminal (pro‐AT) and carboxyterminal (pro‐CT) peptide. We chemically synthesized aglycosyl pro‐AT and pro‐CT and purified recombinant glycosylated pro‐ATSf−9. First, we report new cleavage sites in the MMP‐9 propeptide by MMP‐3 and neutrophil elastase. Additionally, we demonstrated with the use of western blot analysis a higher resistance of glycosylated versus aglycosyl pro‐AT against proteolysis by MMP‐3, MMP‐9, meprin α, neutrophil elastase and by protease‐rich synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Moreover, we investigated the effect of glycosylation on proteolytic activation of human proMMP‐9 with the use of zymography and dye‐quenched gelatin cleavage analysis. Compared to recombinant Sf‐9 proMMP‐9 glycoforms, larger oligosaccharides of human neutrophil proMMP‐9 increased resistance against proteolytic activation. Additionally, proMMP‐9 from Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation patients, compared to healthy controls, showed a higher activation rate by MMP‐3. Finally, we demonstrated that glycan‐galectin‐3 interactions reduced proMMP‐9 activation. In conclusion, modification of MMP‐9 propeptide glycosylation is a fine‐tuning mechanism and co‐determines the specific activity of MMP‐9 in physiology and pathology.

Enzymes

MMP‐9 EC 3.4.24.35, MMP‐3 EC 3.4.24.17, meprin α EC 3.4.24.18, neutrophil elastase EC 3.4.21.37, trypsin EC 3.4.21.4 and PNGase F EC 3.5.1.52.
ce‐Subpathway: Identification of ceRNA‐mediated subpathways via joint power of ceRNAs and pathway topologies
Authors: Feng Chenchen , Song Chao , Ning Ziyu , Ai Bo , Wang Qiuyu , Xu Yong , Li Meng , Bai Xuefeng , Zhao Jianmei , Liu Yuejuan , Li Xuecang , Zhang Jian , Li Chunquan
Published: November 2018

Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) represent a novel mechanism of gene regulation that may mediate key subpathway regions and contribute to the altered activities of pathways. However, the classical methods used to identify pathways fail to specifically consider ceRNAs within the pathways and key regions impacted by them. We proposed a powerful strategy named ce‐Subpathway for the identification of ceRNA‐mediated functional subpathways. It provided an effective level of pathway analysis via integrating ceRNAs, differentially expressed (DE) genes and their key regions within the given pathways. We respectively analysed one pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and one myocardial infarction (MI) data sets and demonstrated that ce‐Subpathway could identify many subpathways whose corresponding entire pathways were ignored by those non‐ceRNA‐mediated pathway identification methods. And these pathways have been well reported to be associated with PAH/MI‐related cardiovascular diseases. Further evidence showed reliability of ceRNA interactions and robustness/reproducibility of the ce‐Subpathway strategy by several data sets of different cancers, including breast cancer, oesophageal cancer and colon cancer. Survival analysis was finally applied to illustrate the clinical application value of the ceRNA‐mediated functional subpathways using another data sets of pancreatic cancer. Comprehensive analyses have shown the power of a joint ceRNAs/DE genes and subpathway strategy based on their topologies.
MANY INSTRUMENTS AND/OR REGRESSORS: A FRIENDLY GUIDE
Authors: Anatolyev Stanislav
Published: November 2018

This paper surveys the state of the art in the econometrics of regression models with many instruments or many regressors based on alternative – namely, dimension – asymptotics. We list critical results of dimension asymptotics that lead to better approximations of properties of familiar and alternative estimators and tests when the instruments and/or regressors are numerous. Then, we consider the problem of estimation and inference in the basic linear instrumental variables regression setup with many strong instruments. We describe the failures of conventional estimation and inference, as well as alternative tools that restore consistency and validity. We then add various other features to the basic model such as heteroskedasticity, instrument weakness, etc., in each case providing a review of the existing tools for proper estimation and inference. Subsequently, we consider a related but different problem of estimation and testing in a linear mean regression with many regressors. We also describe various extensions and connections to other settings, such as panel data models, spatial models, time series models, and so on. Finally, we provide practical guidance regarding which tools are most suitable to use in various situations when many instruments and/or regressors turn out to be an issue.
Introducing functional and dysfunctional self‐licensing: Associations with indices of (un)successful dietary regulation
Authors: Prinsen Sosja , Dohle Simone , Evers Catharine , de Ridder Denise T. D. , Hofmann Wilhelm
Published: November 2018

Objective

Giving in to food temptations is typically labeled as self‐regulation failure. However, when indulgence stems from self‐licensing processes, that is, relying on reasons to justify diet deviations, these instances might actually promote successful goal striving. This research aimed to theoretically define and test under what conditions self‐licensing would be considered functional (e.g., when it ultimately serves the long‐term goal of weight control) and dysfunctional (e.g., when it threatens successful goal striving).

Method

First, a pool of items reflecting functional and dysfunctional ways of self‐licensing was tested and representative items were selected (Study 1; N = 194). Next, their classification was corroborated by examining the associations with indices of (un)successful dietary regulation (Study 2; N = 147). Finally, it was tested whether (dys)functional self‐licensing predicted unhealthy snack intake, by means of participants keeping an unhealthy snack diary (Study 3; N = 54).

Results

The theorized distinction was confirmed, and the obtained correlational patterns supported the proposed (dys)functionality of the two types of self‐licensing. Importantly, results showed that dysfunctional self‐licensing predicted higher snack intake, whereas functional self‐licensing predicted lower snack intake.

Conclusion

The present studies provide evidence for the existence of two types of self‐licensing, and thereby contribute to theoretical development.
Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in patients with chronic HCV genotype 3 infection: An integrated phase 2/3 analysis
Authors: Flamm Steven , Mutimer David , Asatryan Armen , Wang Stanley , Rockstroh Jürgen , Horsmans Yves , Kwo Paul Y. , Weiland Ola , Villa Erica , Heo Jeong , Gane Edward , Ryder Stephen D. , Welzel Tania M. , Ruane Peter J. , Agarwal Kosh , Ng Teresa I. , Xue Zhenyi , Lovell Sandra S. , Krishnan Preethi , Kopecky‐Bromberg Sarah , Trinh Roger , Mensa Federico J. , Wyles David L.
Published: November 2018

Glecaprevir coformulated with pibrentasvir (G/P) is approved to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and was highly efficacious in phase 2 and 3 studies. Treating HCV genotype (GT) 3 infection remains a priority, as these patients are harder to cure and at a greater risk for liver steatosis, fibrosis progression and hepatocellular carcinoma. Data were pooled from five phase 2 or 3 trials that evaluated 8‐, 12‐ and 16‐week G/P in patients with chronic HCV GT3 infection. Patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis were either treatment‐naïve or experienced with interferon‐ or sofosbuvir‐based regimens. Safety and sustained virologic response 12 weeks post‐treatment (SVR12) were assessed. The analysis included 693 patients with GT3 infection. SVR12 was achieved by 95% of treatment‐naïve patients without cirrhosis receiving 8‐week (198/208) and 12‐week (280/294) G/P. Treatment‐naïve patients with cirrhosis had a 97% (67/69) SVR12 rate with 12‐week G/P. Treatment‐experienced, noncirrhotic patients had SVR12 rates of 90% (44/49) and 95% (21/22) with 12‐ and 16‐week G/P, respectively; 94% (48/51) of treatment‐experienced patients with cirrhosis treated for 16 weeks achieved SVR12. No serious adverse events (AEs) were attributed to G/P; AEs leading to study drug discontinuation were rare (<1%). G/P was well‐tolerated and efficacious for patients with chronic HCV GT3 infection, regardless of cirrhosis status or prior treatment experience. Eight‐ and 12‐week durations were efficacious for treatment‐naïve patients without cirrhosis and with compensated cirrhosis, respectively; 16‐week G/P was efficacious in patients with prior treatment experience irrespective of cirrhosis status.
Writing Vagrant Nation
Authors: Goluboff Risa L.
Published: November 2018

In my response to reviews by Christopher Agee, Christopher Schmidt, Karen Tani, and Laura Weinrib, I explain some of the challenges of writing Vagrant Nation: Police Power, Constitutional Change, and the Making of the 1960s. In particular, I explore the challenge of creating narrative coherence without losing the essential multiplicity of the story or compromising my methodological commitment to constitutional history across the many actors involved in the legal change process. I ultimately constructed such coherence on three levels: narrative, thematic, and doctrinal. Narratively, I settled on a larger role for the Supreme Court than initially anticipated, while still de-centering the Court substantively, methodologically, and causally. I located thematic coherence largely in a new vision of the “sixties.” The decade that emerges was marked by a common claim against the idea that everyone had a proscribed place from which they could not escape; an evolving if incomplete effort to disentangle difference from danger; and the crucial role of both sympathy and empathy in the success of the challenge to vagrancy laws. Though numerous legal arguments ran through that challenge, doctrinal multiplicity—the refusal to flatten or narrow the complex set of arguments and harms that vagrancy cases presented—became its own form of coherence.
The Formal Ramifications of Bruckner's Bipartite Sonata Form
Authors: LAI ERIC
Published: November 2018

As a composer who had received intensive training in music theory, notably through Simon Sechter and Otto Kitzler, Bruckner's understanding of sonata form as a bipartite design as addressed inFormenlehremanuals is no secret to us. By taking as its point of departure an examination of the treatises of Ernst Friedrich Richter and Johann Christian Lobe, which Bruckner had consulted, this paper broadens our understanding of Bruckner's treatment of form and content in the sonata discourse by exploring his compositional approaches within a specific formal area – the music surrounding the onset of the recapitulation – in order to show how the perception of the development plus recapitulation as a unified formal space is reinforced. Analyses of opening movements and finales of his symphonies have revealed three major strategies of projecting the binary construction: ‘false recapitulation’, Type 2 sonata (Hepokoski and Darcy 2006), and what I call ‘enclosure’; the third strategy provides an additional means of evading the boundary between the development and recapitulation. At a time when composers such as Berlioz and Liszt had already discarded sonata form and were experimenting with new formal criteria, tonal‐harmonic options and alternative aesthetics, Bruckner remained faithful to it and expressed his belief in its potential for the symphonic medium.
From San Luis, A Few Words of Gratitude
Authors: Ferrari Gabriela , Montaña Maria Paulina
Published: November 2018

The Photochemical Research Group from San Luis (Argentina) highlights the contributions of Dr. Norman Andino García to the development of the group as a way to show him our gratitude for all his support.
Microhabitat suitability as a tool to improve the success rate of a translocation or reintroduction, case‐study of the bullhead (Cottus perifretum) in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Van Liefferinge Chris , Dillen Alain , Vught Inne , Auwerx Johan , Meire Patrick
Published: November 2018

Microhabitat suitability models are useful tools to enhance the reintroduction success of fish. Since 2008, a translocation and reintroduction program has been carried out in Flanders to prevent substantial loss of genetic variability in the Cottus perifretum (bullhead) population, and to meet the goals set by the Habitat Directive. To this end, habitat suitability of potential headstreams was assessed on a macrohabitat and microhabitat scale prior to the reintroduction. On a macrohabitat scale, water quality, habitat structure, food availability, and fish community were screened. Based on microhabitat models for bullhead in the summer period, microhabitat suitability was assessed in headstreams where macrohabitat characteristics showed a high potential for success. Both macro‐ and microhabitat assessment showed that reintroduction of bullheads in the Nellebeek, Bruelbeek, and Mollendaalbeek would most likely lead to self‐sustaining populations. For the Sint‐Annabeek, the microhabitat suitability model, considering depth and stream velocity, estimates that 7.5–9.5% of the headstream is suitable for bullhead. However, when substratum is taken into account, the microhabitat suitability index shows that only 4.3–5.8% of the brook is suitable. The current habitat quality and quantity in the Sint‐Annabeek is estimated to support a mean total population of 812 bullheads. However, the microhabitat suitability can be substantially improved by the artificial deposition of medium‐sized gravel (5–50 mm) and large gravel (50–100 mm). By doing so, the mean estimated population size could increase up to 1,330 individuals. Our results show that habitat improvement is necessary prior to the reintroduction of bullheads in the Sint‐Annabeek.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DPA1*02:12 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Cargou Marine , Ralazamahaleo Mamy , Blouin Laura , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: November 2018

HLA‐DPA1*02:12 differs from HLA‐DPA1*02:07:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 224 in exon 4.
Students shooting videos to learn pharmacology
Authors: Decloedt Eric H , van Schalkwyk Susan
Published: November 2018

Background

Patient education videos are an effective medium of communication to improve patient knowledge. Developing patient‐centered communication requires a reflection on the social dynamics and economic realities of patients, aspects that are essential for the professional development of students, but often not overtly present in the curriculum. We tasked medical students to develop patient education videos and were interested in their experience of the process, including how this medium facilitated reflection on health care in the country.

Methods

Groups of students conceptualised and then made a 2‐minute video educating patients on pharmacotherapy, aimed at the layperson. We adapted an existing tool for developing and assessing public communication material to design a marking rubric, and collected student feedback.

Results

Students conveyed universal factual therapeutic information in a uniquely South African context, using depictions that patients could relate to, and framed the information within the social circumstances of patients. The videos addressed various therapeutic topics, including some not covered in the module, and demonstrated that students were able to apply classroom knowledge in the health care environment. Students relayed complex concepts through visually innovative and easy‐to‐understand ways.

Students conveyed universal factual therapeutic information in a uniquely South African context

Discussion

Health care practitioners should be responsive to the needs of their patients, which demands a sensitivity to local imperatives, social dynamics and economic realities. Although the principles of patient‐centredness are taught in the curriculum, the depth of understanding evident in the videos demonstrated emergent learning from the hidden curriculum. Students can be architects of their own learning in creative and meaningful ways.