bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal study of porcine serological responses to experimental infections with T-1 and T-3 SpanishTrichinellaisolates
Authors: Bolas F. , Albarran E. , Garate T. , Parkhouse R. M. E. , Martinez A. R.
Published: June 2009

Comparison of antibody response and antigen recognition was made by ELISA and western-blot analysis in pig experimental infections by T-l and T-3 SpanishTrichinellaisolates. Two groups of Iberian pigs were experimentally infected with 150 larvae/kg body weight of GM-1 and C-76 SpanishTrichinellaisolates as representatives of T-1 and T-3 gene pools respectively. Antibody levels and antigen recognition were measured on days –14, 0, 6, 16, 20, 27, 34, 49, 63 and 82 after infection by ELISA and western-blotting assays. Antibody response against C-76 infection was significantly delayed and lower than against GM-1. The twoTrichinellaisolates were indistinguishable, however, by western blotting analysis, although recognition of larval antigens was quantitatively higher than adult ones. Interestingly, the principle larval antigenic components recognized by pigs were those recognized by the monoclonal antisera NIM-M1. Finally, there were no serological patterns indicative of the stage of infection (“antibody windows”) discriminating, for example between early versus late infections.
The use of35S-labelledToxocara canisto determine larval numbers in tissues
Authors: Carter K. C.
Published: June 2009

The potential of using35S-labelled larvae to determine the number of second-stageToxocara canislarvae present in the tissues of infected animals was assessed. Infective larvae were labelled byin vitroculture with medium containing35S-methionine. The amount of radiolabel attached to larvae decayed exponentially with time and had anin vitromean half life of 3·54±0·65 days. The ‘lost’ radiolabel was incorporated into proteins which formed part of the worm's excretory/secretory products. The levels of radioactivity present in different organs of BALB/c mice, infected with35S-labelledT. canislarvae, varied over the course of infection. Initially most of the radioactivity was present in liver, but over the course of infection35S liver levels gradually decreased and brain levels increased. By day 14 post-infection the majority of the isotope was present in the brain (p<0·01). Assessment of antibody levels on day 14 post-infection showed that infection with35S labelledT. canislarvae induced the production of parasite-specific IgM, IgG and IgG1 antibodies.
Light and scanning electron microscopy ofSpirura rytipleurites seuratiChabaud, 1954 (Nematoda: Spiruridae) fromErinaceus europaeusin Sicily
Authors: Giannetto S. , Trotti G. Canestri
Published: June 2009

Nematodes identified asSpirura rytipleurites seuratiare described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy from specimens collected from the stomach of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sicily. They differ fromS. auriti, a stomach parasite ofHemiechinus auritus, in the length of body, the position of the second pair of post-cloacal papillae in the male and the structure of the spicules. The nematodes are classified asS. rytipleurites seurati, a stomach parasite ofErinaceus algirus, but they differ slightly from it in the dimensions of the eggs, that we measured in the uterus, and in the shape of the amphids. This appears to be the first report ofS. rytipleurites seuratifrom Italy and fromE. europaeus.
Observations on the life cycle of Grysoma indica n.sp. (Trematoda: Psilostomidae)
Authors: Umadevi K. , Madhavi R.
Published: June 2009

The life history of Grysoma indica n.sp., a psilostome trematode, obtained experimentally in ducklings, after feeding with metacercariae occurring in the snail Thiara tuberculata, is elucidated. Natural infections with cercariae were found in T. tuberculata, collected from a freshwater stream at Visakhapatnam, India. Metacercarial cysts were found in the same and other species of snails in the locality. The new species differs from other species of the genus in the sucker proportions, position of the testes and distribution of the vitelline follicles.
The expulsion of Echinostoma trivolvis from C3H Mice: differences in glycoconjugates in mouse versus hamster small intestinal mucosa during infection
Authors: Fujino T. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Mucosal glycoconjugates were examined in C3H mice and in hamster small intestines infected with Echinostoma trivolvis and in uninfected rodents, using periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) and high-iron diamine-alcian blue (HID-AB) staining and three different fluorescein-conjugated lectins: Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA), Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) and Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin (GSA-II). Lectin-labelling by electron microscopy was also undertaken with WGA and HPA lectin-gold probes. HID-AB stain demonstrated that the most mature goblet cells of the mouse villi contain sulfomucins, whereas those of hamsters contain sialomucins. The expression of lectin-binding sites and the intensity of the lectin binding in the small intestines were changed by echinostome infection. Specific differences in the reaction to mucin glycoproteins were clearly observed between the mouse and hamster intestines infected with E. trivolvis; lectin-binding to hyperplastic goblet cells and crypts in the infected mice increased, while no marked increase in the number of goblet cells and reaction to the glycoconjugates were observed in the infected hamsters. These findings indicate that the expression of terminal N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, sialic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine increased in mucins secreted from hyperplastic goblet cells associated with E. trivolvis infection in mice. No marked increase in these glycoconjugates occurred in hamster infections. These findings reflect clear differences in infectivity of E. trivolvis in C3H mice versus hamsters.
Use of molecular data to discriminate pseudocerotid turbellarians
Authors: Goggin C.L. , Newman L.J.
Published: June 2009

Nucleotide sequence data from the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) in the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene cluster were used to determine the utility of molecular data to discriminate species and genera of pseudocerotid turbellarians. We sequenced 388,379 and 415 bp from the ITS1 of Pseudoceros jebborum, Pseudoceros paralaticlavus and Pseudobiceros gratus respectively, to give an aligned sequence for this region of 421 positions. The nucleotide sequence of the ITS1 of Pseudoceros jebborum differed from that of Pseudoceros paralaticlavus by 6% (24/421 positions) and from that of Pseudobiceros gratus by 36% (152/421 positions). These results indicate that sequence data from the ITS1 will be a useful taxonomic tool to discriminate pseudocerotid flatworms.
Digital image analysis and identification of eggs from bovine parasitic nematodes
Authors: Sommer C.
Published: June 2009

Computer-assisted microscopy and multivariate statistics were used to establish and evaluate a procedure for identification of bovine strongylid eggs.Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, andOesophagostomum radiatumeggs were obtained from faeces voided by monospecifically infected calves. Images of single eggs (400× magnification) were recorded by a CCD camera fitted onto a microscope and digitizied on a PC. After separation of eggs from the image background, the pixel (picture element) positions of the egg outline were analysed by algorithms to describe size and shape. A stepwise discriminant analysis was subsequently used to select and rank descriptive features of 4207 eggs according to discriminatory power. Classification criteria were developed by linear discrimination analysis on the basis of selected features, and the criteria evaluated by cross-validation. A maximum average percentage of correct classification of 85.8% resulted when nineteen features were employed in a linear classification criterion. The percentages correct classification for each species were:O. ostertagi76.3%,C. oncophora90.8%,O. radiatum87.8%,H. placei90.1%, andT. axei83.8%. Classification based on the five most important features gave an overall correct classification of 81.5%. Images of ‘unknown’ eggs could be identified automatically by the classification criteria after procedural steps performed by PC were linked in a batch program.
The structure of the community of strongyloid nematodes of domestic equids
Authors: Bucknell D. , Hoste H. , Gasser R.B. , Beveridge I.
Published: June 2009

The community structure exhibited by strongyloid nematodes from the large intestines of horses was examined using data from autopsies of 150 horses. Thirty-one species of nematodes were encountered, but they were not clearly divisible into core and satellite species. Multiple congeneric, consubfamilial and confamilial species were a prominent feature of the community and were more common than singleton infections. Multivariate analyses provided evidence of a stable community of helminths dominated by positive interactions but with few negative interactions, suggesting the absence of competition within the community.
In vitro excystment of the metacercaria of Bucephalus haimeanus from the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps)
Authors: El-Mayas H. , Kearn G.C.
Published: June 2009

The structure of the metacercarial cyst wall and excystment in vitro were studied in the bucephalid digenean Bucephalus haimeanus. Optimum excystment occurred in a mixture of 1% trypsin and 1% bile salts at pH 7.8, following a 15 min pretreatment with 1% pepsin at pH 2.0. Enzymes (pepsin, trypsin) facilitated excystment, but were not essential, since some of the active metacercariae perforated the cyst wall in their absence. Other distinctive features were the weak development of the cyst wall, the occurrence of some excystment in strongly acidic media, ability to survive for at least 2 h in acidic media (pH 2.0) and total inactivity and failure to excyst in bile salts. The possible significance of these features is considered in relation to the location of the cysts in the liver of the second intermediate host, the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps), and conditions experienced by the cysts when the goby is eaten by the definitive host, the bass (Morone labrax). Excystment occurred readily at temperatures from 10 to 40°C, but percentage and speed of excystment were reduced at 5°C.
A helminthological survey of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the metropolitan area of Copenhagen
Authors: Willingham A.L. , Ockens N.W. , Kapel C.M.O. , Monrad J.
Published: June 2009

Sixty-eight red foxes were collected from the metropolitan area of Copenhagen and examined for helminth infections. Standard faecal flotations for intestinal parasites gave the following results: Strongyle eggs (75.0%),Capillariaeggs (36.8%),Toxocaraeggs (23.5%),Taeniaeggs (1.5%), and coccidia oocysts (2.9%). Gastrointestinal helminths were collected from 21 of the 68 foxes with the following specimens found:Uncinaria stenocephala(85.7%),Toxocara canis(81.0%),Taeniaspp. (38.1%),Mesocestoides lineatus(23.8%) andPolymorphusspp. (9.5%). Faeces of 39 foxes were examined by the Baermann method for larvae of cardiopulmonary worms with 20 foxes (51.3%) being infected. Fourteen foxes (35.9%) were infected withAngiostrongylus vasorum, 11 (28.2%) were infected withCrenosoma vulpis, and 5 foxes (12.8%) were infected with both species. Muscle digestion of diaphragms from the 68 foxes indicated that none harboured larvae ofTrichinella spiralis.
Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate in Gastrothylax crumenifer and Explanatum explanatum
Authors: Ehsan H. , Rashid K.A. , Van Dongen W. , Van Onckelen H.A.
Published: June 2009

A rapid and reliable method based on immuno-affinity chromatography and preparative high pressure liquid chromatography was used for extraction and purification of cAMP from the two trematode species Gastrothylax crumenifer and Explanatum explanatum. The purified cAMP was quantified by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in an amount of 44 and 83 picomole/g fresh weight of Gastrothylax crumenifer and Explanatum explanatum respectively.
Parasites in paradise: patterns of helminth distribution in Hawaiian stream fishes
Authors: Font W.F.
Published: June 2009

Of the 13 species of helminths that parasitize stream fishes in Hawai'i, seven species are considered to be native to the archipelago and the remaining six species to be introduced by man. Sources of colonization for native species are piscivorous birds for three species, and marine fishes for four species. Non-native helminths have been brought to Hawai'i in association with the importation of parasitized exotic species of poeciliids introduced into streams for mosquito control and as aquarium releases. Many of these introduced parasites have broad host specificity and now infect the five species of native gobioid stream fishes. Exotic parasites, including a roundwormCamallanus cotti, a tapewormBothriocephalus acheilognathiand a leechMyzobdella lugubris, are more widely distributed among Hawaiian streams than are native species.
On the Early Stages of Fasciola hepatica Penetrating into the Liver of an Experimental Host, the Mouse: a Histological Picture
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

1. Excystment of the metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica by perforation of the inner cyst was witnessed, but the factors which control activation of the larva remain undetermined.

2. Excystment occurred in two instances when cysts were administered to mice by intra-peritoneal injections, active young flukes being recovered.

3. Excystment occurred when cysts were administered to one week old chicks and free flukes were recovered from the abdominal cavity in three instances, but liver lesions were not observed.

4. By means of photomicrographs an attempt has been made to demonstrate that young flukes feed primarily on hepatic cells and that they show a preference for this diet. Blood is inevitably included in the diet of young flukes, but it is claimed that these are not truly blood feeders.

5. Young flukes recovered from the liver of the mouse range in length from about 0·3 mm. at 3–4 days to 4·85 mm. at 28 days from the time cysts were administered (per os). This accords fairly well with data obtained by Sinitsin and by Schumacher in respect of flukes from rabbits and guineapigs respectively.
On Two Rictularias and a Filariid from South African Wild Carnivores
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: June 2009

Helminths from wild animals are from time to time submitted to Onderstepoort for identification and comment. Among this material are two lots of worms from carnivores which are of particular interest. One lot contains an undescribed Rictularia sp. from a Genet which is remarkable for the number of worms, over 30, collected from a single host; as a rule the number of Rictularias collected from an individual animal is very limited consisting of no more than three or four specimens and then usually only females are present. The other lot from a mongoose is of interest because of the location of the worms—liver—and their number—about 60; this parasite also appears to be new to science.
On a New Species of the Genus Chevreuxia Seurat, 1918 from India
Authors: Singh S. N. , Ali S. M.
Published: June 2009

Four male specimens of this species were once collected from the white necked Stork, Dissoura episcopus episcopus. The worms occurred under the horny layer of the gizzard.
The Output of First Stage Larvae by Cats Infested with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Authors: Hamilton J. M. , McCaw A. W.
Published: June 2009

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, the lungworm of the cat, has a world wide distribution and has been reported from countries as far apart as America, Great Britain and Palestine. It has a complex life cycle insofar as a molluscan intermediate host is essential and it is possible that auxiliary hosts also play an important part. In Britain, the incidence of active infestation of cats with the parasite has been recorded as 19·4% (Lewis, 1927) and 6·6% (Hamilton, 1966) but the latter author found that, generally, the clinical disease produced by the parasite was of a mild nature. It is known that the average patent period of the infestation in the cat is 8–13 weeks and it seems likely that, in that time, a considerable number of first stage larvae would be evacuated. Information on that point is not available and the object of the following experiment was to ascertain the number of larvae produced by cats during the course of a typical infestation.
Two New Species of the Family Allodiscocotylidae Tripathi, 1959 (Monogenoidea) from the Gills of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier and Valenciennes, with a Note on the Distribution of Vallisiopsis australis sp. nov.
Authors: Young P. C.
Published: June 2009

Gemmaecaputia australis sp. nov. and Vallisiopsis australis sp. nov. are described from the gills of the striped barracuda, Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier & Valenciennes. G. australis differs from all other species in the genus by the presence of a bifurcated copulation canal and small spines on the penis. V. australis differs from the other species in the genus because of the presence of an unsclerotised penis and seven opisthaptoral clamps. The method of adhesion of V. australis is described and an account given of its adhesion on the host gills.
Experiments with Cysts of the Potato Eelworm (Heterodera schachtii) of Different Ages
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: June 2009

One of the peculiarities of the eelworm Heterodera schachtii which makes it a very difficult parasite to control is the length of time it can survive in a dormant condition in the soil. In this state the embryonated eggs are protected by the resistant cyst wall, and, in the case of the potato strain of the eelworm, the larvae only hatch in large numbers in the presence of the host plant. On account of this property, land infected with the parasite remains infected even though the host plant is not grown. It is however well known that if “potato sick” land is rested from potatoes for a few years it is then sometimes possible to grow a potato crop giving a fairly good yield and showing little or no sign of sickness in the overground parts. In these cases, however, it is often found that the roots of the plants are heavily infested with eelworm. These and other observations have led to suggestions that other factors may be associated with H. schachtii in giving rise to the condition known as “potato-sickness.” Such factors may be due wholly or in part to soil conditions, climate, fungal attack or the time of attack by the eelworm. In some cases more than one factor may operate in addition to the nematode, and in different cases it is probable that different factors come into play.
Observations on the Destruction of the Stem Eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, by the Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Fungi, which entrap and destroy small nematodes, have been known to mycologists for many years. Drcchsler, who, for a long time, has made a special study of these forms, has recently, in an important paper (1937), described and figured several species, including many new ones belonging to a number of different genera.

Amongst these fungi is one, Arthrobotrys oligospora Fresenius, which has long been known from the investigations of Zopf (1888) for its ability to capture, destroy and feed upon small free-living nematodes and also upon the larvae of Anguillulina tritici when supplied to it under experimental conditions.
Habitats of Limnaea truncatula in England and Wales during Dry Seasons
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

1. The complacent attitude that fluke is no longer a disease of importance is attacked on the grounds that the recent low incidence of the disease is largely due to a temporary scarcity of the intermediary, Limnaea truncatnla.

2. A description is given of methods of making contacts, taking samples, and recording observations in a survey of typical habitats of L. truncatula in England and Wales.

3. Twenty-two such habitats are described in some detail.

4. These form the basis of a brief discussion on factors contributing to the ideal habitat, knowledge of which is desirable for the elaboration of new methods of control.

5. A provisional map showing the distribution of liver fluke in England and Wales is appended.
On some New and little-known free-living Nematodes
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

In the course of work undertaken in the preparation of the experimental field plots at Winches Farm it has been of interest to ascertain something about the nematode fauna of the place, especially that occurring in certain heaps of manure made at the farm and afterwards used on some of the plots. With regard to the worms recorded from sheep droppings collected from pastures these were obtained in Baermann extractions, set up by a colleague, in attempts to collect larvae of parasitic nematodes harboured by the stock. It became necessary for purposes of differentiation to determine the naturally occurring free-living nematodes which were found in great abundance. The worms described in the following pages have been encountered in the course of these investigations. Some are new to science and about others very little has previously been known so that additional information on them is here made available.
On Ancylostoma paraduodenale, a New Species from Felines, Closely Related to A. duodenale.
Authors: Biocca E.
Published: June 2009

In 1911 Looss wrote as follows : “ Up to the present time Agchylostoma duodenale is known to occur with certainty only in Man. It is true that the older works and text-books state that it has also been found in various species of animals (some species of apes, the tiger, the dog, the horse, etc.). In opposition to these statements, attempts made on various occasions to infect adult dogs, cats, rabbits, guineapigs, rats, mice, etc., with the parasite yielded entirely negative results. Only with quite young dogs and cats (not more than three or four months old) was the infection partly successful. The results of all these attempts at artificial infection thus support the view that the older statements as to the natural occurrence of Agchylostoma duodenale in animals are founded on a confusion of this species with others …”
Trichostrongylus leiperi sp. nov., a Parasite of the Eland (Taurotragus oryx) in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Leroux P. L.
Published: June 2009

A new member of the genus Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905, was collected by the writer from the gastric stomach (abomasum) and the duodenum of an old eland bull in 1981. The animal was shot at a spot amongst the Nega Nega Hills to the east of the Great North Motor Road in the Mazabuka Provincial District.

Eight males and twelve females were collected from the pyloric end of the abomasum which also harboured a large number of Haemonchus mitchelli LeRoux, 1929, and a few specimens of Ostertagia circumcincta (Stadelmann, 1894). Two more males and four females of the new species were encountered amongst a large number of Cooperia spp. including Cooperia neitzi, Mönnig, 1981.
A Review of the Trematode Genus Astiotrema in the Family Plagiorchiidae
Authors: Sheng-Liang Yeh , Fotedar D. N.
Published: June 2009

In a critical review of the genus, the authors after studying ample material arrived at the conclusion that only four of the twenty-one species are valid. The shape of the testes is shown to vary from smooth to deeply lobed, and minor differences in the sucker ratios are considered invalid.
Control of the Common Poultry Ascarid by Treating the Soil with Sodium Pentachlorophenate
Authors: Shelton G. C. , Magner J. M. , Santmyer P. H.
Published: June 2009

Chicken pens previously infested with eggs of Ascaridia lineata were sprayed with formulations containing sodium pentachlorophenate, an alkyl polyamine, and 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol.

Six-week-old chickens were placed in the treated pens for eight days, then sacrificed. The larval ascarids recovered from the intestines were counted.

The ovicidal activity of sodium pentachlorophenate was manifest by almost 65% reduction of worm burden which developed in susceptible young chickens. The other compounds investigated appeared to be relatively ineffective.
On a New Bursate Nematode, Longistriata kenyae sp. nov. from the House Rat, Rattus rattus kijabius in Kenya and the Erection of a New Genus Longistrioides
Authors: Sheng-Liang Yeh
Published: June 2009

One male and four females were recovered from the anterior part of the intestine of the house rat, Rattus rattus kijabius in Kenya. They were found to belong to an undescribed species of trichostrongyloid for which the name Longistriata (Brevispiculoides) kenyae is proposed. I wish to thank my friend Mr. W. F. J. McClelland for the material, and Professor J. J. C. Buckley for his interest in the work.
Variation in Counts ofHaemonchus contortusEggs in the Faeces of Housed Sheep
Authors: Brambell M. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Evidence is given which confirms the hypothesis of Peters (1941) that nematode eggsin McMaster slides are distributed according to the Poisson series.

2. No significant variation in egg counts due to the time of sampling was found in any of four sheep observed over a period of ten days.

3. A significant negative correlation of egg concentration with faeces output was found in three of the sheep (in the fourth it was negative but not significant).

4. The variation from day to day was relatively much less marked when the counts were expressed as total daily output than when expressed simply as eggs per gram.

5. No significant correlation was found between egg concentration and the dry matter proportion of the faeces.

6. A table derived from the Poisson formula is given to aid in the determination of the range of populations from which an egg count might reasonably have been drawn.
Helminth Parasites of Three Species of British Gulls, Larus argentatus Pont., L. fuscus L. and L. ridibundus L.
Authors: Pemberton R. T.
Published: June 2009

The results of the examination for helminth parasites of 146 Larus ridibundus, ten L. argentalus and eight L. fuscus are presented. Thirty-six parasite species were found, 27 from L. ridibundus, 21 from L. argentatus and 19 from L. fuscus. The trematodes Apophallus muhlingi, Aporchis massiliensis, Brachylecithum microtesticulatum, Knipowitschetrema echinatum, and Philophthalmus lucipetus are described. A list of British records of helminth parasites from L. ridibundus, L. argentatus and L. fuscus is appended.
Three Nematodes from Malayan Amphibians including a New Genus and Two New Species
Authors: Yuen P. H.
Published: June 2009

Three species of nematodes were collected from some Malayan frogs and toads. Two of these are bursate nematodes, one of which belongs to a new genus for which the nameBatrachostrongylusgen. nov. is proposed. The genusBatrachostrongylushas structural features of both the families Strongylidae and Trichostrongylidae. The other bursate nematode, namelyOswaldocruzia hoeppliiHsu is widely distributed in the Far East and this is the first record from the Malaysian region. This species shows considerable variation throughout its range. Another new species,Abbreviata bufonissp. nov. is from Bufo asper Boulenger. Although the larval form ofAbbreviata ranae(Walton), the only representative of the genus in Amphibia has been recorded from U.S.A., this is the first record of an adultAbbreviataparasitic in Amphibia.
On Opisthorchis caninus (Lewis and Cunningham, 1872) Barker, 1911 (Syn. Paropisthorchis caninus Stephens, 1912) the Common Liver Fluke of Indian Domestic Carnivores
Authors: Gupta V. P. , Pande B. P.
Published: June 2009

The large number of species of the genus Opisthorchis Blanchard, 1895 that have been reported from different regions of the world as parasites of dog, cat, man and lower groups of fish-eating vertebrates, have generally been identified on such adult morphological characters as the size or shape of the gonads, the position and shape of the excretory bladder and the character of the vitellaria, whether in acini or in linear distribution. The validity of the allied genera, Amphimerus Barker, 1911; Paropisthorchis Stephens, 1912 and Clonorchis Looss, 1907, proposed for some of these opisthorchids, had been questioned, among others, by Tubangui (1921), Morgan (1927), Baylis (1929), Faust (1930, 1949), Bhalerao (1935), Erhardt (1935), Wallace and Penner (1939), Price (1940), Dawes (1940), Bisseru (1957) and Watson (1960).
Predaceous Fungi: A Possible Method of Biological Control of Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Parnell I. W. , McL. Gordon H.
Published: June 2009

A predaceous fungus,Acrostalagmussp., was found attacking the larvae ofHaemonchus contortusin cultures of sheep faeces. An attempt to propagate the fungus in maize meal and infect cultures of faeces was unsuccessful. Administration to sheep of material from faecal cultures containing the fungus gave inconclusive results. The possible use of fungi of this type, which attack their prey by penetration of the cuticle after spores have become adherent, as a means for biological control of nematode parasites is briefly discussed.
Development of Haemonchus contortus in Weaned and Unweaned Lambs
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

Haemonchus contortus infective larvae were given to previously uninfected weaned and unweaned romney lambs. Difference in susceptibility between the groups was not found.
Two New Trematodes from Freshwater Turtles in India
Authors: Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: June 2009

(Based on 20 specimens and measurements on 5). Body oval to spherical, with a conical bluntly rounded anterior end, 0·783–1·017 long, 0·551–0·756 wide at midbody. Cuticle smooth. Oral sucker absent. Mouth large, subterminal, opening through a funnel-like opening into a muscular, well developed pharynx, 0·064–0·100 in diameter. Oesophagus indistinct; intestine rhabdocoel, prominent, extending to posterior level of testis. Ventral adhesive disc well developed, 0·646–0·852x0·551–0·756, occupying major portion of ventral surface of the worm, divided into 27 alveoli in two rows, 19 in peripheral and 8 in central row. Alveoli well developed, muscular. Marginal organs 19, prominent. Testis single, large, entire, almost always occupying the central position in the body, 0·192–0·275x0·233–0·371.
Susceptibilities of Various Snail Intermediate Hosts ofSchistosoma mansonito Different Strains of the Parasite
Authors: Saoud M.F.A.
Published: June 2009

In the past two decades, considerable evidence has accumulated in the literature about the differences in the susceptibility of various intermediate hosts ofSchistosoma mansonito different strains of the parasite. Comprehensive studies on this aspect of host-parasite relationship have been published by Files & Cram (1949), Abdel-Malek (1950) and Files (1951). The results of more recent studies have been reported by Wright (1962) and Saoud (1964).

In the present paper, the writer has studied the susceptibility of four intermediate hosts ofS. mansonifrom Brazil, Puerto Rico, Egypt and Tanganyika to some strains of the parasite.
Three New Species of Orientodiscus (Trematoda: Paramphistomata) from Freshwater Turtles
Authors: Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: June 2009

The genus Orientodiscus was proposed by Srivastava (1938) for O. jumnai and O. lobatus from a freshwater fish, Silundia gangeticus from India. Recently, Rhode (1963) added O. fernandoi and O. hendricksoni from freshwater turtles, Trionyx spp., from Malaysia. A large number of trematodes belonging to Orientodiscus were collected from freshwater turtles in Aligarh, India. They represent three new species.
The Occurrence of the Blood Fluke, Aporocotyle spinosicanalis Williams, 1958 in European Hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.) caught off the British Isles
Authors: Smith John W. , Williams H.Harford
Published: June 2009

Of the 1,090 hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), examined for Aporocotyh spinosicanalis, 323 were infected. Only adult flukes were found and these in the heart and bulbus arteriosus only; this habitat specificity and the apparent strict specificity of the fluke to hake are briefly discussed. The occurrence of from 1 to 5 flukes in each infected fish was common but up to as many as 60 were recorded. The incidence of infection is high in hake from shallow water in some areas to the west of Scotland; a particularly high incidence was found in the Minches and Sea of the Hebrides area. The incidence of infection was very low to the southwest of the British Isles and off Hartlepool in the North Sea; only 1 of 82 fish from these regions was infected. The possible use of A. spinosicanalis as a biological tag is discussed. A significant difference was found in the incidence of infection in hake of different length groups, the most heavily infected being those measuring 26 to 55.9cm.; small hake (25.9 cm. and below in length) from shallow water showed a low incidence of infection. Speculations are made on the possible course of the life-cycle of A. spinosicanalis. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the fluke in male and female fish and no obvious effect on the condition of the host was observed.
Performance in Chickens and Turkeys of Chicken-Adapted Heterakis gallinarum
Authors: Lund Everett E. , Chute Anne M. , Myers Sara L.
Published: June 2009

1. Helerakis gallinarum recovered from chickens, and apparently having lived exclusively or predominantly in chickens for several years, thrived better in chickens than in turkeys, when several hundred embryonated eggs were given in a single feeding.

2. Use of a smaller inoculum reduced the difference in the worm's performance in its traditional host and the new host species.

3. Performance in both species of host was the same following the feeding of small numbers of eggs from worms grown 1 generation in turkeys.
On Apharyngostrigea (Apharyngostrigea) simplex (Johnston, 1904) new comb, and A. (Apharyngostrigea) serpentia n. sp. (Strigeidae: Trematoda) with an Evaluation of the Taxonomy of the genus Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 by the method of Numerical Taxonomy
Authors: Ukoli F. M. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of Apharyngostrigea (Apharyngostrigea) simplex (Johnston, 1904) new comb, from young cattle egrets is described in detail, involving the reconstruction of its internal organisation from serial sections.

2. The relationships of the species within the genus Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 is discussed using the method of Numerical Taxonomy by Sneath and Sokal (1902). It is found that the original genus can be split into two genera. The genus Apharyngostrigea comprises two subgenera; Apharyngostrigea (Apharyngostrigea) n. subgen. and A. (Brasiliana) n. subgen. made up of seven species groups. The generic diagnosis of Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 and Chaseostrigea n. gen. are given as well as a key for separating the species of the genus Apharyngostrigea.
Nematodes of the GenusCapillariaZeder, 1800 from the Collection of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. II. Capillariids from British Birds
Authors: Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

1. Ten species ofCapillariaare recorded from eight species of British birds.C. blomeifrom the pheasant and partridge andC. exilisfrom the rook are new host records.

2. The identity ofC. resedaand the systematics ofC. blotnei, C. bursataandC. caudinflataare discussed in the light of observations made upon material in the collection.
Absorption Spectra of Blood Proteins from Intermediate and Non-intermediate Hosts of Schistosomes
Authors: Targett G. A. T.
Published: June 2009

The absorption spectra of haemoglobins from A. glabratus and P. corneus and from B. (P.) globosus and B. (B.) tropicus angolensis were established. There was no difference between the spectra of snails which transmit Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium and the spectra from related insusceptible species.

The snail haemoglobins produced absorption spectra which differed from mammalian pigments only in the position of a single peak.

Snail blood occasionally produced additional small peaks in the ultra-violet region, which may have been due to blood proteins other than the respiratory pigment.
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910: IV. Behaviour of the vectorCulicoides nubeculosusin relation to the transmission ofOnchocerca cervicalis
Authors: Mellor Philip S.
Published: June 2009

Culicoides nubeculosus, the vector ofOnchocerca cervicalis, was found to have two daily peaks of activity when attacking horses in South Hertfordshire. The evening peak occurred just before sunset and was 2–2.5 times as great as the morning peak. Most of the attacking midges (85 %) landed on the ventral mid-line of the horse in an area stretching from the front legs to the sheath or mammae. The attractiveness of the ventral surface of the host was found to be related to illumination and to the arrangement of the host's body hair. 42.1 % of the C.nubeculosuslanding on the host were successful in obtaining a blood meal.
Occurrence ofEubothrium crassum(Bloch, 1779) (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea) in Brown TroutSalmo truttaL., and Rainbow Trout S.gairdneriRichardson, 1836, from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex
Authors: R. Wootten
Published: June 2009

Both brown trout,Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout,S. gairdneri, from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex, and adjacent rearing channels, harboured Eubothriumcrassumthroughout 1968. There was no seasonal cycle of occurrence or maturation of the cestode.

2+ brown trout introduced into the reservoir in the spring acquired heavy infestations during their first summer in the reservoir. Most of these cestodes are apparently lost from fish which have been in the reservoir for a year or more. Possible reasons for this loss are discussed.
Redescription ofBovienia serialis (Bovien, 1926)(Gestoidea: Garyophyllidea) from the CatfishClarias batrachus (L.) in India.
Authors: Mackiewicz J. S. , Murhar B. M.
Published: June 2009

Recent collections of helminths from the clariid catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.) in India and Malaysia have included Bovienia serialis (Bovien), a species originally described by Bovien (1926) from a single whole specimen and fragments of others. The generic diagnosis formulated many years later by Yamaguti (1959) and based indirectly on one of these fragments has inevitably led to some confusion regarding the characters of the genus. With the collection of new material it is now possible to emend the generic diagnosis and redescribe the species.
The Effect of Repeated Anthelmintic Treatment with Phenothiazine on the Faecal Egg Counts of Housed Horses, with Some Observations on the Life Cycle of Trichonema spp. in the Horse
Authors: Gibson T. E.
Published: June 2009

It was found that in six aged horses after treatment with 30 grammes of phenothiazine the faecal egg count fell to zero but had returned to a high level after some live or six weeks. Examination of the faeces at the time of treatment showed that many worms were eliminated. Repetition of the treatment several times produced a similar result on each occasion, but there was a tendency for the egg count not to rise so high as it was before treatment, for fewer worms to be eliminated at each treatment, and for the time before the egg count reached a high level after treatment to lengthen with each successive treatment. Many treatments had to be given over a period of some three years before the egg counts of the horses were reduced permanently to a low level. Post-mortem examination of three of the horses at this stage showed their worm burdens to be low.
Chlorphenol and Related Compounds as Nematicides
Authors: Staniland L. N. , Stone L. E. W.
Published: June 2009

1. The treatment of clover and teazle seeds with solubilized chlorphenol has been carried out and found to be equally harmless to the seeds, as regards germination, as the ordinary solutions previously described. The mixing of the micellar solution, and its use, is described.

2. The use of chlorphenol in bulb baths for the treatment of narcissus bulbs infested with eelworm is reviewed in the light of the solubilization of chlorphenol. The strength of chlorphenol is reduced from 0.25 per cent, to 0.1 per cent., the percentage of detergent remaining at 0.25 per cent. Mixing of the solution and its use, are described.

3. Advice is given on the handling of chlorphenol.

4. Details are given of the solubilization of several benzene derivatives by means of detergents of the long-chain alkyl sulphate type.
Preliminary Experiments with a Defined Culture Medium for LarvalFasciola hepatica
Authors: Pullin R. S. V.
Published: June 2009

A defined medium is described as a basis forin vitroculture work with larvalFasciola hepatica. This medium, termed BCM, can be quickly made up by using a system of stock solutions. BCM contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and antibiotics, but no lipid or proteins. Rediae can be dissected from infected snails for culture, but many appear to be contaminated with bacteria. Large rediae cannot survive in BCM but free immature cercariae can complete their final maturationin vitro. This final maturation, from the 30th to the 35th day after miracidial penetration of donor snails, includes tail growth and appearance of body pigmentation. Cercariae maturedin vitroencyst successfully when transferred from BCM to water. Small rediae survive in BCM for 5 days, but show no growth or development measured as dry weight and total nitrogen.
Platyhelminths from the South African Clawed Toad, or Platanna (Xenopus laevis)
Authors: Macnae William , Rock Liebe , Makowski Matthew
Published: June 2009

Since the discovery by Shapiro and Zwarenstein (1934) that females of Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) respond to hormones present in the urine of pregnant women, this species of amphibian has proved to be a useful experimental animal. It is easily kept in captivity and can be reared through all its developmental stages without difficulty.

This species, the clawed toad or platanna, is commonly used in South African Universities as a type for first year dissection. This has given the opportunity to check large numbers of specimens for the more obvious parasites, i.e. those which live in the gallbladder, the urinary bladder, the peritoneal cavity and the pericardial cavity. A similar large scale survey of intraintestinal parasites has not been feasible, although many alimentary canals have been searched for parasites.
On Dipetalonema manson-bahri n.sp., from the Spring-hare, Pedetes surdaster larvalis, with a Note on its Development in Fleas
Authors: Nelson George S.
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology of the adult worms and the microfilariae are described of a new species of filarial worm, Dipetalonema manson-bahri.

2. Dehpsylla crassipes Jordon, 192G, a flea specific to Pedetes surdasler, was found in nature to contain infective larvae which are believed to be those of D. manson-bahri.

3. In the laboratory full development of D. manson-bahri was observed in Ctenocephalides felis and Xenopsylla cheopis.
Observations on the Biology and Pathogenicity of Cotylophoron cotylophorum (Fischoeder, 1901)
Authors: Varma A. K.
Published: June 2009

Observations were made on the biology of Cotylophoron cotylophum in respect of the hatching of miracidia, infection of the intermediary mollusc, emergence and encystment of cercariae, and on the pathogenicity of the parasite. It was noted that miracidia of this parasite hatch in 15 days at a temperature of 28-30°C. At a lower or higher temperature than this hatching is delayed. When the miracidia are mature a sudden fall in temperature hastens their hatching. Darkness has no adverse effect on hatching. These miracidia show a marked attraction towards Indoplanorbis exustus, which are proven to be the intermediary molluscs of this amphistome. At room temperature, ranging between 21-24°C. during the day and 18-21°C. at night, sporocysts develop within the snails in about 24 hours and on the 4th day rediae are seen developing inside the sporocysts.
Fractionation ofFasciola hepaticategument antigens and their application to the serodiagnosis of experimental fascioliasis by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Hillyer George V. , Serrano Adelfa E.
Published: June 2009

AFasciola hepaticategument antigen preparation was obtained from intact adult worms by solubilization with a non-ionic detergent, Nonident P-40. This antigen preparation contains antigens useful for the serodiagnosis of infection with thisparasite. However, the antigen preparation is inadequate for use in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present work demonstrates that fractionation by demulsification of this antigen preparation with ammonium sulphate results in a soluble aqueous phase which containsF. hepaticaserodiagnostic antigens which can then be applied to the ELISA. ThisF. hepaticategument antigen preparation when used m the ELISA can detect rabbit fascioliasis two weeks after infection, with antibody levels peaking by 10 to 12 weeks of infection.
The morphology ofBothriocephalus scorpii(Müller) (Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalidae) from littoral fishes in Britain
Authors: Jones Arlene
Published: June 2009

Observations have been made on the morphology ofBothriocephalus scorpiifrom littoral fishes in Britain, with particular reference to the reproductive system and the ultrastructure of the tegument. Two different kinds of microtriches, and ciliated sense organs, have been found. The shedding of proglottides by pseudoapolysis is described.
Effects of temperature on hatching and development of Nematospiroides dubius in aerated water
Authors: Murua R.
Published: June 2009

Fresh eggs obtained from female Nematospiroides dubius were cultured at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 33°C. Hatching occurred between 5°C and 30°C; third stage larvae were obtained between 5°C and 25°C. The minimum time required from hatching to development to the third stage was 3.6 days (at 20°C) and the maximum was seven days (at 5°C). Larvae cultured at higher temperatures were smaller than those cultured at lower ones.
Transformation of cercariae to schistosomula: A quantitative comparison of transformation techniques and of infectivity by different injection routes of the organisms produced
Authors: James E. R. , Taylor M. G.
Published: June 2009

Six transformation techniques ((i) incubation of cercariae in isotonic; medium; (ii) penetration of isolated skin; (iii) stimulation with crude egg lecithin; (iy) mechanical disruption by passage through a syringe and 21 gauge needle; (v) by whorling of cercariae with a vortex mixer; (vi) syringe transformation followed by incubation) were evaluated. The organisms produced were assessed for infectivity for mice by 6 different routes of infection (percutaneous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal, intravenous and intramuscular). At perfusion the largest numbers of adult worms were recovered from mice injected intramuscularly with organisms produced by the syringe technique and control mice given cercariae percutaneously. The peak for migration of schistosomula (following syringe transformation and intramuscular injection) through the lungs and the appearance of adult worms in the mesenteries was shown to be similar to cercariae administered percutaneously.
Paraphelenchus crenatus n.sp. (Aphelenchidae) from Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Das V. M. , Singh Sunita D.
Published: June 2009

A new Indian species of Paraphelenchus is described and compared with P. basili Das, 1960, also from India, and with other known species of the genus.
The Fluorescent Antibody Test in the Serological Diagnosis of the Causative Organisms of Tropical Eosinophilia and Filariasis
Authors: Jayewardene L. G. , Wijayaratnam Y.
Published: June 2009

The results of the fluorescent antibody test with sera from tropical eosinophilia and filariasis cases tested against four species of microfilariae are reported. The majority of sera from both groups showed the presence of antibody to the human parasite W. bancrofti. In the filarial group only those with clinically active disease of short duration showed a positive fluorescence reaction. Some sera of both groups reacted positively with microfilariae of the animal parasites B. ceylonensis and Setaria sp. These were species specific reactions as seen by diminished or absence of fluorescence after absorption of specific antibody.