bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Oral Hygiene Among Urban and Urban Slum Dwellers of Ahmedabad
Authors: Solanki Kinjal , Joshi Harsh , Patel Alpesh , Bala D V
Published: November 2018

Aims and Objectives: To compare the oral hygiene practices and study the proportion of dental problems among urban and urban slum areas.

Methodology: An observational, cross sectional study was carried out in 150 people in urban and urban slum areas. The study duration was four months (June 2015 to September 2015). The data was collected in a pre-designed proforma. The knowledge of the community was considered with regards to oral hygiene and harmful effects of bad food habits and tobacco consumption. The oral problems and hygiene was assessed by using mouth mirror and probe. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 Software.

Results: Out of the total data collected, 75 of the data entries were obtained from urban area and urban slum area each. The age wise distribution was done as well in both the areas. Among them, most common age group was 20-45 years (50.7% in urban while 48.0% in urban slum) followed by 10-19 years, 46-60 years, 1-9 years and 60and above age group. The common symptoms observed like broken teeth (28%), gingivitis (13.30%), caries (21.10%) etc. were more in urban as compared to urban slum areas. Most common brushing practice was using paste (90%) followed by powder (10%) and salt (1%). More number of people in urban area (28%) consumes carbonated drinks as compared to urban slum (6.7%) (P value = 0.001). The proportion of sensitive teeth was more in urban (36%) as compared to urban slum (26.7%) (P value = 0.126). Most of the people in urban as well as urban slum area (97.3%) change their brush within 15 days-3 months.

Conclusion: The proportion of gingivitis, dental illness, grinding teeth, sensitive teeth are more commonly seen in urban areas as compared to that of the urban slums. However, the proportion of bleeding gums, awareness regarding dental problems, frequency of brushing teeth and pattern of brushing were almost similar in both of the areas.
Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Ritodrine Versus Nifedipine in Prevention of Preterm Labour in Direct Head to Head Randomized Control Trials: A Systematic Review
Authors: Panchal Viraj , Darji Nishita , Rana Devang
Published: November 2018

Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of ritodrine versus nifedipine in prevention of preterm labour at day two and seven.

Methodology: All randomised control trials which follows PRISMA guidelines 2009 and in which Ritodrine and Nifedipine was compared head to head for the treatment of Pre-term labour. Clinical trial registries,MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE database were searched for MeSH terms Ritodrine, Nifedipine, pre-term labour and having primary outcome as number of delivery at day 2 and 7. Observational studies, unpublished studies, RCTs not following PRISMA guidelines were excluded. Data was analyzed using RevMan 5.3 version® and Odd’s Ratio was calculated to determine the difference at day 2 and 7. Both fixed effect and Random effect model was utilized to calculate the difference. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The I2 will be used to measure the heterogeneity between studies and a value > 30.0 will be considered to reflect heterogeneity.

Results: A total of 6 Head to head RCTs were included in the studies. At day 2, according to fixed effect model, statistically ritodrine was having more likelihood for delivery as compared to nifedipine(Odd’s ratio=1.492, CI=1.013-2.197, P=0.043) but according to random effect model the difference was not statistically significant(Odd’s ratio=1.468, CI=0.919-2.344, P=0.108). At day 7, according to fixed effect model, ritodrine was having more likelihood for delivery as compared to nifedipine(Odd’s ratio=1.196, CI=0.852-1.679, P=0.302) and according to random effect model the difference was not statistically significant(Odd’s ratio=1.143, CI=0.720-1.815, P=0.572).

Conclusion: Ritodrine causes more deliveries at day 2 and 7, so nifedipine is a better tocolytic as compared to ritodrine.
Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Monotherapy with Carbamazepine and Phenytoin In Epilepsy : A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Shah Aashka , Rana Devang , Malhotra Supriya
Published: November 2018

Aims and Objectives

To review and analyse statistically the evidence from existing randomised controlled trials.

To compare the efficacy and safety of carbamazepine and phenytoin when used as monotherapy treatments.

To assess the effectiveness of the drug at controlling seizures and to evaluate tolerability with regard to side effects of these drugs.

Methodology: A systemic review with the comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of monotherapy with Carbamazepine and Phenytoin in epilepsy was carried out. Seven studies with Randomised Controlled Trials of carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy were taken up for Meta Analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Time to withdrawal of allocated treatment (retention time) was chosen as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included Time to achieve 12-month remission (seizure-free period), Time to achieve six-month remission (seizure-free period), Time to first seizure post-randomisation, Adverse events (including adverse events relating to treatment withdrawal. The data was entered in the MedCalc Statistical Software version 17.5.5 and analysed. The principal summary measure were the Odd’s Ratio And Hazard Ratio (HR) (at 95% Confidence Interval). Funnel Plot and Forest Plot were plotted.

Results: The overall pooled odd‘s ratio for the primary outcome (for 862 participants) was 0.882(fixed effect model) and 0.877(random effect model) (95% confidence interval (CI)0.63 to 1.22, P = 0.3643). The P value was 0.3643 which proved the statistically insignificant difference in the efficacy of the two drugs(0.05 is considered as significant p value). As for the adverse effects ; rash, dysmorphic and idiosyncratic side effects include gum hypertrophy , hirsutism , acne etc. are more frequently associated with phenytoin. Drowsiness, Tiredness, Fatigue and sedation are more associated with carbamazepine as compared to phenytoin. The overall pooled odd’s ratio for “Time to achieve 6 month remission” (for 232 participants) was 1.232(fixed) and 1.272(random) (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.732 to 2.073(fixed), P = 0.0910), indicating an advantage for phenytoin for the 6 month remission outcome.

Conclusion: The study concluded that there was no statistically significant difference achieved between the two treatment arms. Hence the neurophysician is compelled to rely on the individual patient characteristics for dispensing the drug. Hence the study provides a robust evidence that the two treatments are equally efficacious.
Variation of the photoluminescence spectrum of InAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by ion-beam deposition
Authors: Pashchenko Alexander S , Lunin Leonid S , Danilina Eleonora M , Chebotarev Sergei N
Published: November 2018

This work reports on an experimental investigation of the influence of vertical stacking of quantum dots, the thickness of GaAs potential barriers, and their isovalent doping with bismuth on the photoluminescence properties of InAs/GaAs heterostructures. The experimental samples were grown by ion-beam deposition. We showed that using three vertically stacked layers of InAs quantum dots separated by thin GaAs barrier layers was accompanied by a red-shift of the photoluminescence peak of InAs/GaAs heterostructures. An increase in the thickness of the GaAs barrier layers was accompanied by a blue shift of the photoluminescence peak. The effect of isovalent Bi doping of the GaAs barrier layers on the structural and optical properties of the InAs/GaAs heterostructures was investigated. It was found that the Bi content up to 4.96 atom % in GaAs decreases the density of InAs quantum dots from 1.53 × 1010 to 0.93 × 1010 cm−2. In addition, the average lateral size of the InAs quantum dots increased from 14 to 20 nm, due to an increase in the surface diffusion of In. It is shown that isovalent doping of GaAs potential barriers by bismuth was accompanied by a red-shift of the photoluminescence peak of InAs quantum dots of 121 meV.
DABCO- and DBU-promoted one-pot reaction of N-sulfonyl ketimines with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates: a sequential approach to (2-hydroxyaryl)nicotinate derivatives
Authors: Guin Soumitra , Gupta Raman , Majee Debashis , Samanta Sampak
Published: November 2018

An intriguing DABCO-catalyzed and DBU-promoted one-pot synthesis of an important class of (2-hydroxyaryl)pyridine derivatives bearing a carboxylate or a nitrile group suitably placed at C3 position of the aza-ring has been achieved in acceptable chemical yields with a broad functional group tolerance. This sequential C–C/C–N bond making process proceeds through a regioselective allylic alkylation/aza-Michael reaction between MBH carbonates derived from an acrylate/acrylonitrile and N-sulfonyl ketimines as C,N-binucleophiles catalyzed by DABCO, followed by elimination of SO2 under the influence of base and subsequent aromatization in an open atmosphere.
Hedychium viridibracteatum X.Hu, a new species from Guangxi Autonomous Region, South China
Authors: Hu Xiu , Huang Jia-qi , Tan Jia-chuan , Wu Yong-qing , Chen Juan
Published: November 2018

HedychiumviridibracteatumX.Hu, a new species from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, South China, is described and illustrated.HedychiumviridibracteatumX.Hu is included in the short-anther group ofHedychiumand is most similar to HedychiumvillosumWall.var.tenuiflorum Voigt ex Baker, H.villosumWall.var.villosum Wall., andH.chingmeianumN. Odyuo & D. K. Roy.
A Strategy for Role Assignment in Simulation Using Collaborative Cognition
Authors: Carey Jeanne , Woo Jennifer , Lindley Marie , Lewis Ashantà Z. , Wilburn Breanne
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this article is to present an innovative education strategy for role assignment in simulation that encourages collaboration and prioritization, while highlighting critical thinking.

Background:

Traditional methods of role assignment in simulation distribute nursing duties among multiple participants, assigning students as a primary or a secondary nurse or dictating specific tasks such as medication administration, assessment, or documentation. This allows students to divide and conquer, rather than prioritize and delegate.

Method:

In the Two-Heads-Are-Better-Than-One strategy, two students assume the role of one nurse and are instructed to move and act as if they are one person.

Results:

The Two-Heads-Are-Better-Than-One strategy requires the two students functioning as one nurse to collaborate, discuss differences of opinion, and formulate a plan of care for the simulated patient.

Conclusion:

This innovative approach to role assignment in simulation provides clinical faculty with a unique perspective for assessing critical thinking and clinical reasoning. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2018;57(11):694–697.]
Multiloculated Ciliary Body Cysts and Lenticular Coloboma: A Rare Phenotypic Variation Associated With Persistent Fetal Vasculature
Authors: Gonzalez Andres , Agarwal-Sinha Swati , Iyer Siva S. R. , Bolling James P.
Published: November 2018

A case of a 4 year-old boy with persistent fetal vasculature, lenticular coloboma, and a benign, multiloculated ciliary body mass is reviewed. The presence of ciliary body cysts in association with persistent fetal vasculature is sparsely reported. Its presence in a child can cause a diagnostic dilemma and lead to amblyopia.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2018;55:e39–e41.]
Asymmetric Lateral Rectus Muscle Insertion Presenting as Esotropia in a Child With Alagille Syndrome
Authors: Bang Seung Pil , Lee Dong Cheol , Lee Se Youp
Published: November 2018

A 2-year-old boy with Alagille syndrome who had esotropia underwent bilateral medial rectus recession. One month postoperatively, esotropia reoccurred and was aggravated thereafter. Right lateral rectus resection was unsuccessful because the insertion site could not be identified. Careful preoperative imaging may be necessary in patients with Alagille syndrome to detect any abnormal extraocular muscle insertion.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol
. 2018;55:e36–e38.]
Unique Composition of Intronless and Intron-Containing Type I IFNs in the Tibetan Frog Nanorana parkeri Provides New Evidence To Support Independent Retroposition Hypothesis for Type I IFN Genes in Amphibians
Authors: Gan Zhen , Yang Yue Cong , Chen Shan Nan , Hou Jing , Laghari Zubair Ahmed , Huang Bei , Li Nan , Nie Pin
Published: November 2018

In vertebrates, intron-containing and intronless type I IFN genes have recently been reported in amphibian model species Xenopus tropicalis and X. laevis. However, whether intronless type I IFNs in amphibians are the ancestral genes of type I IFNs in amniotes or just represent the independent divergence in amphibians is unknown or even uninvestigated. In this study, both intron-containing and intronless type I IFN genes, as well as their receptor genes, were identified in the Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri. The evidence obtained from homology, synteny, phylogeny, and divergence time showed that intronless type I IFN genes in N. parkeri and in Xenopus might have arisen from two independent retroposition events occurred in these two lineages, and the retrotransposition causing the generation of intronless type I IFN genes in amniotes is another independent event beyond the two in amphibians. It can then be proposed that intronless type I IFNs in N. parkeri and Xenopus may not be the ancestral genes of intronless type I IFNs in amniotes but may just represent two independent bifurcations in the amphibian lineage. Furthermore, both intronless and intron-containing type I IFNs in N. parkeri showed strong ability in inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes and the strong antiviral activity against frog virus 3. The present study thus provides the evolutionary evidence to support the independent retroposition hypothesis for the occurrence of intronless type I IFN genes in amphibians and contributes to a functional understanding of type I IFNs in this group of vertebrates.
Aire Controls in Trans the Production of Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells Expressing Ly-6C/Ly-6G
Authors: Morimoto Junko , Nishikawa Yumiko , Kakimoto Takumi , Furutani Kohei , Kihara Naoki , Matsumoto Minoru , Tsuneyama Koichi , Kozono Yuko , Kozono Haruo , Hozumi Katsuto , Hosomichi Kazuyoshi , Nishijima Hitoshi , Matsumoto Mitsuru
Published: November 2018

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which express a wide range of tissue-restricted Ags (TRAs), contribute to the establishment of self-tolerance by eliminating autoreactive T cells and/or inducing regulatory T cells. Aire controls a diverse set of TRAs within Aire-expressing cells by employing various transcriptional pathways. As Aire has a profound effect on transcriptomes of mTECs, including TRAs not only at the single-cell but also the population level, we suspected that Aire (Aire+ mTECs) might control the cellular composition of the thymic microenvironment. In this study, we confirmed that this is indeed the case by identifying a novel mTEC subset expressing Ly-6 family protein whose production was defective in Aire-deficient thymi. Reaggregated thymic organ culture experiments demonstrated that Aire did not induce the expression of Ly-6C/Ly-6G molecules from mTECs as Aire-dependent TRAs in a cell-intrinsic manner. Instead, Aire+ mTECs functioned in trans to maintain Ly-6C/Ly-6G+ mTECs. Thus, Aire not only controls TRA expression transcriptionally within the cell but also controls the overall composition of mTECs in a cell-extrinsic manner, thereby regulating the transcriptome from mTECs on a global scale.
Boekbespreking
Authors: Pont A.D. , Van der Westhuizen H.G. , Booysen D.J. , Van Aarde A.G.
Published: November 2018

No abstract available.
’n Korpusondersoek na huidiglik
Authors: Van Huyssteen Gerhard B.
Published: November 2018

A corpus exploration of huidiglik. In tandem with Van Huyssteen (2018a), this article examines the current usage of the word huidiglik (‘currently’) (an alleged Anglicism), together with other associated words (e.g. its base, huidig ‘current’). Based on a comprehensive literature review, Van Huyssteen (2018a) concludes that apart from stylistic preferences, none of the linguistic arguments against huidiglik holds water. In this article, a corpus exploration of some of the issues pertaining to huidiglik is undertaken. Based on evidence from a large variety of corpora, we conclude that huidiglik has become well-established in Afrikaans over the past four decades, both in formal texts and informal chat language. Since it does not displace any of its often-prescribed synonyms (like tans, deesdae, or teenswoordig), it confirms that arguments for its status as an Anglicism is rather thin. Although the inflected form huidige is mostly used as prenominal adjective, its uninflected form is also used with noticeable frequency as adverb and predicative adjective. Huidiglik, however, is used almost exclusively as adverb, rarely as inflected attributive adjective, but never as predicative adjective. Lastly, it is shown that adverbialising ⋅lik occurs with high frequency in Afrikaans, but it is not very productive. In addition, it is illustrated that ⋅ig⋅lik is an entrenched suffix pairing.
Aspects of non positive curvature for linear groups with no infinite order unipotents
Authors: Button Jack Oliver
Published: November 2018

We show that a linear group without unipotent elements of infinite order possesses properties akin to those held by groups of non positive curvature. Moreover in positive characteristic any finitely generated linear group acts properly and semisimply on a CAT(0) space. We present applications, including that the mapping class group of a surface having genus at least 3 has no faithful linear representation which is complex unitary or over any field of positive characteristic.
Poly-freeness of even Artin groups of FC type
Authors: Blasco-García Rubén , Martínez-Pérez Conchita , Paris Luis
Published: November 2018

We prove that even Artin groups of FC type are poly-free and residually finite.
A remark about supramenability and the Macaev norm
Authors: Voiculescu Dan-Virgil
Published: November 2018

We show that a finitely generated group

G

which satisfies a certain condition with respect to the Macaev norm is supramenable. The condition is equivalent to the existence of quasicentral approximate unit with respect to the Macaev norm relative to the left-regular representation of the group and has been studied by the author in connection with perturbation questions for Hilbert space operators. The condition can be also viewed as an analogue with respect to the Macaev norm of Yamasaki parabolicity. We also show that existence of quasicentral approximate units relative to the Macaev norm for

n

-tuples of operators is not preserved when taking tensor products.
Impacts of shipping emissions on PM2.5 pollution in China
Authors: Lv Zhaofeng , Liu Huan , Ying Qi , Fu Mingliang , Meng Zhihang , Wang Yue , Wei Wei , Gong Huiming , He Kebin
Published: November 2018

Abstract. With the fast development of seaborne trade and relatively more efforts on
reducing emissions from other sources in China, shipping emissions contribute
more and more significantly to air pollution. In this study, based on a
shipping emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution within
200 nautical miles (Nm) to the Chinese coastline, the Community Multiscale
Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to quantify the impacts of the shipping
sector on the annual and seasonal concentrations of PM2.5 for the base
year 2015 in China. Emissions within 12 Nm accounted for
51.2 %–56.5 % of the total shipping emissions, and the distinct
seasonal variations in spatial distribution were observed. The modeling
results showed that shipping emissions increased the annual averaged
PM2.5 concentrations in eastern China up to
5.2 µg m−3, and the impacts in YRD
(Yangtze River Delta) and PRD (Pearl River Delta) were much greater than
those in BTH (Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei). Shipping emissions influenced the air
quality in not only coastal areas but also the inland areas hundreds of
kilometers (up to 960 km) away from the sea. The impacts on the PM2.5
showed obvious seasonal variations, and patterns in the north and south of
the Yangtze River were also quite different. In addition, since the onshore
wind can carry ship pollutants to inland areas, the daily contributions of
shipping emissions in onshore flow days were about 1.8–2.7 times higher than
those in the rest of the days. A source-oriented CMAQ was used to estimate the
contributions of shipping emissions from maritime areas within 0–12, 12–50,
50–100 and 100–200 Nm to PM2.5 concentrations. The results
indicated that shipping emissions within 12 Nm were the dominant
contributor,
with contributions 30 %–90 % of the total impacts induced by
emissions within 200 Nm, while a relatively high contribution
(40 %–60 %) of shipping emissions within 20–100 Nm was
observed in the north of the YRD region and south of Lianyungang, due to the
major water traffic lanes far from land. The results presented in this work
implied that shipping emissions had significant influence on air quality in
China, and to reduce its pollution, the current Domestic Emission Control
Area (DECA) should be expanded to at least 100 Nm from the coastline.
Statistics on clouds and their relation to thermodynamic conditions at Ny-Ålesund using ground-based sensor synergy
Authors: Nomokonova Tatiana , Ebell Kerstin , Löhnert Ulrich , Maturilli Marion , Ritter Christoph , O'Connor Ewan
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The French–German Arctic Research Base AWIPEV at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, is an unique station for monitoring cloud related processes in the Arctic. For the first time, data from a set of ground-based instruments at AWIPEV observatory are analyzed to characterize the vertical structure of clouds. For this study, a 14-month dataset from Cloudnet combining observations from a ceilometer, a 94 GHz cloud radar and a microwave radiometer, is used. The total cloud occurrence of 81 %, with 44.8 % of multi-layer and 36 % of single-layer clouds was found. Among single-layer clouds the occurrence of liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds was 6.4 %, 9 % and 20.6 %, respectively. It was found, that more than 90 % of single-layer liquid and mixed-phase clouds have LWP values lower than 100 and 200 g m2, respectively. Mean values of IWP for ice and mixed-phase clouds were found to be 273 and 164 g m2, respectively. The different types of single-layer clouds are also related to in-cloud temperature and relative humidity under which they occur. Statistics based on observations are compared to the ICON model output. Distinct differences in liquid phase occurrence in observations and the model at different environmental temperatures leading to higher occurrence of pure ice clouds and lower occurrence of mixed-phase clouds in the model at temperatures between −20° and −5 °C become evident. The analyzed dataset is useful for satellite validation and model evaluation.
Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and
Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments
Authors: Abou Zaki Nizar , Torabi Haghighi Ali , Rossi Pekka M. , Tourian Mohammad J. , Klove Bjørn
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The Bakhtegan catchment, an important agricultural region in south-western Iran, has suffered groundwater depletion in recent years. As groundwater is considered the main source of fresh water in the catchment, especially for agriculture, monitoring groundwater responses to irrigation is important. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data can help determine water mass changes in catchments and assess water volume changes, but have been under-used to date in water resources management. In this study, we compared GRACE-derived water mass data against groundwater volume variations measured in situ. We also assessed the efficiency of GRACE-derived data in catchments smaller than the 200,000 km2 recommended area when using GRACE. For the study period (January 2002 through December 2011), the GRACE data showed a 7.6 mm annual decline in groundwater level, with a total volume loss of 2.6 km3 during the period. The in situ monthly measurements of groundwater level showed an average depletion of 10 m in catchment aquifers during the study period. This depletion rate was supported by the recorded decrease in precipitation volume, especially in the post-drought period after 2007. These results demonstrate that GRACE can be useful in groundwater resources management of catchments facing groundwater depletion and increasing water demand.
Stochastic downscaling of precipitation in complex orography: a simple method to reproduce a realistic fine-scale climatology
Authors: Terzago Silvia , Palazzi Elisa , von Hardenberg Jost
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Stochastic rainfall downscaling methods usually do not take into
account orographic effects or local precipitation features at spatial scales
finer than those resolved by the large-scale input field. For this reason
they may be less reliable in areas with complex topography or with sub-grid
surface heterogeneities. Here we test a simple method to introduce realistic
fine-scale precipitation patterns into the downscaled fields, with the
objective of producing downscaled data more suitable for climatological and
hydrological applications as well as for extreme event studies. The proposed
method relies on the availability of a reference fine-scale precipitation
climatology from which corrective weights for the downscaled fields are
derived. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the Rainfall Filtered
Autoregressive Model (RainFARM) stochastic rainfall downscaling algorithm. The modified RainFARM method is tested focusing on an area of complex
topography encompassing the Swiss Alps, first, in a “perfect-model
experiment” in which high-resolution (4 km) simulations performed with the
Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional model are aggregated to a
coarser resolution (64 km) and then downscaled back to 4 km and compared with
the original data. Second, the modified RainFARM is applied to the E-OBS
gridded precipitation data (0.25∘ spatial resolution) over Switzerland,
where high-quality gridded precipitation climatologies and accurate in situ
observations are available for comparison with the downscaled data for the
period 1981–2010. The results of the perfect-model experiment confirm a clear improvement
in the description of the precipitation distribution when the RainFARM
stochastic downscaling is applied, either with or without the implemented
orographic adjustment. When we separately analyze grid points with
precipitation climatology higher or lower than the median calculated over the
neighboring grid points, we find that the probability density function (PDF)
of the real precipitation is better reproduced using the modified RainFARM
rather than the standard RainFARM method. In fact, the modified method
successfully assigns more precipitation to areas where precipitation is on
average more abundant according to a reference long-term climatology. The results of the E-OBS downscaling show that the modified RainFARM
introduces improvements in the representation of precipitation amplitudes.
While for low-precipitation areas the downscaled and the observed PDFs are in
good agreement, for high-precipitation areas residual differences persist,
mainly related to known E-OBS deficiencies in properly representing the
correct range of precipitation values in the Alpine region. The downscaling
method discussed is not intended to correct the bias which may be present in
the coarse-scale data, so possible biases should be adjusted before applying
the downscaling procedure.
O homem transbordante nietzschiano e a perspectiva transpessoal
Authors: Miklos Jorge , Da Cunha Renata Bastos Carneiro
Published: November 2018

O presente artigo estabelece relações entre a expressão nietzschiana übermensch, do livro Assim falou Zaratustra e a perspectiva transpessoal, que tem como referência tanto a pessoa como o para além dela. Há aproximação de ideias sobre este homem e os pressupostos da perspectiva transpessoal, em suas disposições de abertura e de integração. Utilizou-se do método de revisão bibliográfica e concluiu-se que tanto a perspectiva transpessoal, como a visão de homem nietzschiana, levam à necessidade desses vários homens (ou estados de consciência), sendo vivenciados estados variados, como o de morte, mutação ou transbordamento.
An Investigation of the Predictive Speed of the UK VIX for the Downside Risk in European Equity Markets
Authors: Tsuji Chikashi
Published: November 2018

Using the time-series data of UK volatility index (VIX) and other four European equity indices of France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, and applying quantile regressions, this study investigates the predictive power and predictive speed of the UK VIX for the future sharp price drops in other four European equity markets. As a result, our empirical examinations derive the following findings. (1) First, we clarify that the increases of the UK VIX have statistically significant predictive power for the downside risk in other four European equity markets. (2) Second, our empirical results reveal that the two to four days before, the changes in the UK VIX can forecast the downside risk in other four European equity markets.
Chasser le loup, révéler le passé et orienter le futur parmi des éleveurs nomades de Mongolie
Authors: Charlier Bernard
Published: November 2018

En Mongolie, durant l’hiver, les éleveurs nomades de moutons, de chèvres, de vaches et de chevaux doivent souvent faire face aux attaques répétées des loups sur leurs troupeaux. Au petit matin les loups descendent des collines environnantes pour fondre sur le bétail, et, au réveil, les éleveurs découvrent avec stupeur qu’un veau a disparu ou que plusieurs moutons et chèvres mortellement blessés jonchent le sol. Lorsque les attaques des loups se multiplient, il devient nécessaire de les chasser. Cet article propose une analyse des procédures divinatoires et propitiatoires que des éleveurs nomades mongols mobilisent afin de prédire, mais aussi de faire advenir la prise de gibier et, plus spécifiquement, celle du loup gris (canis lupus chanco). À travers l’analyse de la consultation d’un calendrier astrologique, de rituels de divination et de dévotion, l’auteur examine la coexistence de trois régimes de causalité différents (mécaniste, non-relationnel et relationnel) que les éleveurs mobilisent pour réduire la dimension aléatoire inhérente à la chasse. Chaque régime de causalité implique une forme de subjectivité du chasseur plus ou moins volontaire et personnelle.
Temps, prédiction et avenir dans la divination rétrospective
Authors: Silva Sónia , Kerbiriou Anne-Hélène
Published: November 2018

Les conceptions actuelles du temps dans l’étude de la divination en Afrique nous contraignent à choisir entre les techniques prophétiques et les techniques rétrospectives. Confrontés au fait que la divination prophétique est peu fréquente en Afrique subsaharienne, nous nous tournons vers la divination que l’on appelle rétrospective. Et cependant, ces méthodes africaines qualifiées de rétrospectives sont orientées vers l’avenir. En se basant sur ses recherches sur les paniers de divination au nord-ouest de la Zambie, ainsi que sur les travaux de Bourdieu, Gell, Guyer et Zeitlyn, Silva démontre que l’orientation vers l’avenir des paniers de divination s’inscrit dans les dynamiques internes à chaque séance. La divination par panier recouvre l’intégralité de la trajectoire allant du diagnostic au pronostic. En outre, les devins tiennent chaque séance à l’intersection de deux états temporels qui se croisent et orientent le parcours des participants : le voyage divinatoire à travers le temps et l’espace, et les signes matériels que contiennent les paniers. Cela permet au passé d’être interprété rétrospectivement, à la lumière des préoccupations du présent, et à l’avenir d’être exposé comme un prolongement du présent. En se concentrant sur la temporalité du présent-en-cours-de-réalisation, un long présent qui s’étend du passé récent au futur proche, les méthodes de divination rétrospective peuvent apporter une aide au consultant en plus de contribuer à l’étude du temps et de l’avenir.
Penser avec des oiseaux
Authors: Simon Scott
Published: November 2018

L’ornithomancie, la divination par l’observation humaine du comportement des oiseaux, est particulièrement élaborée en Asie de Sud-Est et en Océanie. Les autochtones de Taïwan, qui font partie de l’aire culturelle du monde austronésien, regardaient attentivement les oiseaux afin d’anticiper les évènements de l’avenir. Dans les tribus truku et sediq, les chasseurs scrutaient la ligne de vol de l’oiseau ditsisilafin de prédire le succès ou l’échec à la chasse. Mais l’ornithomancie a perdu beaucoup de sa pertinence dans les contextes colonial et contemporain. Les gens ne vivent plus en milieu forestier. De plus, à cause de l’interdiction des activités cynégétiques, les hommes chassent clandestinement pendant la nuit et ne voient plus les oiseaux diurnes. Toutefois, les gens continuent d’en parler et adoptent les oiseaux divinatoires comme symboles nationaux de leurs tribus. Une réflexion sur l’ornithomancie et l’ethnoéthologie formosane ouvre la porte aux discussions sur l’agentivité des oiseaux dans un enchevêtrement de vies sensibles. De surcroît, la divination est en soi un symbole de la tradition vivante et figure donc au coeur du symbolisme des revendications politiques. S’identifiant ausisil, les militants autochtones réclament le recouvrement de leurs territoires traditionnels et d’un certain degré d’autonomie politique.
Les sentiers du rêve, et les pratiques divinatoires des atnas et de leurs voisins Athapaskans septentrionaux
Authors: Guédon Marie-Françoise
Published: November 2018

Les pratiques divinatoires des Athapaskans septentrionaux (dont les Atnas du Copper River, et les Nabesnas de la rivière Tanana) abordent les besoins de prévoir, percevoir et prévenir le futur de façons multiples et à de nombreux niveaux dans un ensemble complexe. Certaines pratiques simples sont utilisées quotidiennement par tous les adultes, d’autres demandent un appareillage rituel plus élaboré qui fait partie de ce que nous appelons le chamanisme, et qui pour les Athapaskans se définit par le recours au rêve. Mais en fait, toutes les pratiques divinatoires débouchent sur l’articulation qu’opèrent les Athapascans entre le monde du rêve, ou plutôt, la perspective onirique sur le monde, et le monde concret, ou plutôt, la perspective éveillée sur le monde. La plupart des techniques de divination offrent des modes de passage ou de communication d’une perspective à l’autre, en particulier des modes qui passent par le corps. Ce faisant, elles dépendent de certains aspects de la vision du monde nord-athapaskanne concernant, entre autres, la notion de personne et l’expérience de liens mentaux entre tous les êtres vivants.
Le genre du rêve
Authors: Dragani Amalia
Published: November 2018

Cet article a pour objet les représentations et les pratiques oniriques et divinatoires à la lumière du genre. La narration du rêve revêt un caractère de parole confidentielle chez les poètes touaregs qui, à la différence des auteures féminines, n’en font pas un thème poétique. Les pratiques oniriques, associées au monde des morts, des génies et à la sexualité, sont d’ordinaire perçues comme appartenant à la sphère féminine. Cependant, elles font discrètement l’objet de pratiques masculines, mais de nuit et en toute discrétion. Les tensions récemment introduites par les islamistes au Nord du Mali, lesquels condamnent les pratiques mantiques, musicales et poétiques, font que les hommes et les poètes se montrent de plus en plus discrets sur leur vie onirique et leur processus créateur.
Near‐Infrared Manipulation of Membrane Ion Channels via Upconversion Optogenetics
Authors: Wang Zhimin , Hu Ming , Ai Xiangzhao , Zhang Zhijun , Xing Bengang
Published: November 2018

Membrane ion channels are ultimately responsible for the propagation and integration of electrical signals in the nervous, muscular, and other systems. Their activation or malfunctioning plays a significant role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Using optogenetics to dynamically and spatiotemporally control ion channels has recently attracted considerable attention. However, most of the established optogenetic tools (e.g., channelrhodopsins, ChRs) for optical manipulations, are mainly stimulated by UV or visible light, which raises the concerns of potential photodamage, limited tissue penetration, and high‐invasive implantation of optical fiber devices. Near‐infrared (NIR) upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)‐mediated optogenetic systems provide great opportunities for overcoming the problems encountered in the manipulation of ion channels in deep tissues. Hence, this review focuses on the recent advances in NIR regulation of membrane ion channels via upconversion optogenetics in biomedical research. The engineering and applications of upconversion optogenetic systems by the incorporation multiple emissive UCNPs into various light‐gated ChRs/ligands are first elaborated, followed by a detailed discussion of the technical improvements for more precise and efficient control of membrane channels. Finally, the future perspectives for refining and advancing NIR‐mediated upconversion optogenetics into in vivo even in clinical applications are proposed.
Identification of Facet‐Governing Reactivity in Hematite for Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Wu Hao , Yang Tong , Du Yonghua , Shen Lei , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: November 2018

Unveiling the impact of a single parameter on the catalytic descriptor is fundamental to guide rational design principles for high‐activity catalysts. Facets with distinct surface coordination that exhibit a central role in the kinetics modulation (reactivity) of surface electrochemistry, have remained elusive in oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). Here, the relationship between the predominant facets and catalytic reactivity is revealed, and it is recognized that facets decisively govern the oxygen evolution activity descriptor in hematite nanocrystals. Specifically, the hematite shows facet‐dependent activity that follows the computed binding energy of surface‐oxygenated intermediates. Moreover, a lower kinetics energy barrier is observed on a highly coordinated surface, both experimentally and computationally, in the light of molecular orbital principles. Consequently, a record‐low overpotential and Tafel slope in iron oxides toward OER are manifested, competing against the benchmark binary transition metal oxide electrocatalysts and expelling the stereotype of the passive oxygen evolution activity of iron oxides. Significantly, the identification of facet‐governing reactivity, construction of favorable facets, and strategic regulation of surface covalency enlighten design strategies for highly active catalysts.
Gel/Solid Polymer Electrolytes Characterized by In Situ Gelation or Polymerization for Electrochemical Energy Systems
Authors: Cho Yoon‐Gyo , Hwang Chihyun , Cheong Do Sol , Kim Young‐Soo , Song Hyun‐Kon
Published: November 2018

A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is a liquid electrolyte (LE) entrapped by a small amount of polymer network less than several wt%, which is characterized by properties between those of liquid and solid electrolytes in terms of the ionic conductivity and physical phase. Electrolyte leakage and flammability, demerits of liquid electrolytes, can be mitigated by using GPEs in electrochemical cells. However, the contact problems between GPEs and porous electrodes are challenging because it is difficult to incorporate GPEs into the pores and voids of electrodes. Herein, the focus is on GPEs that are gelated in situ within cells instead of covering comprehensive studies of GPEs. A mixture of LE and monomer or polymer in a liquid phase is introduced into a pre‐assembled cell without electrolyte, followed by thermal gelation based on physical gelation, monomer polymerization, or polymer cross‐linking. Therefore, GPEs are formed omnipresent in cells, covering the pores of electrode material particles, and even the pores of separators. As a result, different from ex situ formed GPEs, the in situ GPEs have no electrode/electrolyte contact problems. Functional GPEs are introduced as a more advanced form of GPEs, improving lithium‐ion transference number or capturing transition metals released from electrode materials.
Shear wave elastography of the maternal cervix: A transabdominal technique
Authors: O'Hara Sandra , Zelesco Marilyn , Sun Zhonghua
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Reduced cervical length as seen on transvaginal ultrasound is a strong indicator of spontaneous preterm birth in the high‐risk population. In low‐risk women the appropriate method to assess this risk is still debatable. Ultrasound elastography has been used to assess cervical strength. This research aimed to assess the accuracy of shear wave speeds (SWS) obtained deep to echo free fluid‐filled structures, and the use of two‐dimensional shear wave on the maternal cervix using a transabdominal ultrasound approach.

Method

Agreement of SWS measurements obtained through fluid and directly onto an ultrasound phantom was assessed for accuracy. Speed measurements were obtained in the anterior and posterior portions of the internal and external cervical os on 50 gravid participants in the mid‐trimester of pregnancy.

Results

No difference in SWS was obtained in the phantom with either direct contact or through the saline water‐bath (P > 0.05). In 50 participants, measurements were obtainable at the external os anterior and posterior in 49 and 38 participants, respectively, and in 47 and 42 participants for internal os anterior and posterior. The mean speed obtained at the external os anterior and posterior was 2.01 ± 0.51 and 2.38 ± 0.47 m/s, respectively, and at the internal os anterior and posterior, 2.49 ± 0.50 and 2.58 ± 0.41 m/s.

Conclusion

Shear wave speed measurements can be obtained in the maternal cervix using a transabdominal approach with a moderately full maternal bladder in most patients, with a larger number of shear wave measurements obtained in the anterior cervix compared to posterior.
Photonic Hook Plasmons: A New Curved Surface Wave
Authors: Minin Igor V. , Minin Oleg V. , Ponomarev Dmitry S. , Glinskiy Igor A.
Published: November 2018

Today the surface plasmon‐polariton (SPP) waves propagating along the curve trajectory are the only plasmonic beams of the Airy family. Herein, a new class of curved surface plasmon wave, the photonic hook plasmon (PHP), is introduced. The PHP is created using the in‐plane focusing of the SPP wave through an asymmetric dielectric particle. This is fundamentally simpler than the generation of the SPP Airy‐family beams. The PHP propagates along a wavelength‐scaled curved trajectory with radius less than the SPP wavelength, which represents the smallest radius of curvature ever recorded for an SPP beam, and can exist despite the strong energy dissipation at metal surface.
The Origin of the MNXN Metallacycle Flexibility in the Chelate Iminophosphonamide and Amidinate Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Peganova Tat'yana A. , Filippov Oleg A. , Belkova Natalia V. , Fedyanin Ivan V. , Kalsin Alexander M.
Published: November 2018

A series of square planar palladium and platinum iminophosphonamides [(η3‐allyl)M{Ph2P(N‐p‐C6H4R)2}] (1a–d, M = Pd; 2a, M = Pt), having N‐aryls of various electronic properties (R = OMe, Me, iPr, COOEt), have been synthesized and structurally characterized to reveal the correlation between the electronic properties of the N‐substituents and the geometry of the MNPN metallacycle. The experimental values of the MNPN bending angles and the pyramidalization at the N‐atoms were compared to the calculated ones for 1a–d and for the amidinate analogue [(η3‐allyl)Pd{PhC(N‐p‐C6H4Me)2}] (7b). A thorough analysis of the orbital interactions for both palladium iminophosphonamide and amidinates have been carried out to elucidate the effect of the ligand's central atom (C, P) on the fluxional behavior of the MNXN metallacycle and the change of its electronic structure upon bending. The conclusions derived for palladium complexes are also supported by statistical analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database for other electronically saturated metal NPN and NCN complexes.
Bioflavonoids promote stable translocations between MLL‐AF9 breakpoint cluster regions independent of normal chromosomal context: Model system to screen environmental risks
Authors: Bariar Bhawana , Vestal C. Greer , Deem Bradley , Goodenow Donna , Ughetta Mimi , Engledove R. Warren , Sahyouni Mark , Richardson Christine
Published: November 2018

Infant acute leukemias are aggressive and characterized by rapid onset after birth. The majority harbor translocations involving the MLL gene with AF9 as one of its most common fusion partners. MLL and AF9 loci contain breakpoint cluster regions (bcrs) with sequences hypothesized to be targets of topoisomerase II inhibitors that promote translocation formation. Overlap of MLL bcr sequences associated with both infant acute leukemia and therapy‐related leukemia following exposure to the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide led to the hypothesis that exposure during pregnancy to biochemically similar compounds may promote infant acute leukemia. We established a reporter system to systematically quantitate and stratify the potential for such compounds to promote chromosomal translocations between the MLL and AF9 bcrs analogous to those in infant leukemia. We show bioflavonoids genistein and quercetin most biochemically similar to etoposide have a strong association with MLL‐AF9 bcr translocations, while kaempferol, fisetin, flavone, and myricetin have a weak but consistent association, and other compounds have a minimal association in both embryonic stem (ES) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations. The frequency of translocations induced by bioflavonoids at later stages of myelopoiesis is significantly reduced by more than one log. The MLL and AF9 bcrs are sensitive to these agents and recombinogenic independent of their native context suggesting bcr sequences themselves are drivers of illegitimate DNA repair reactions and translocations, not generation of functional oncogenic fusions. This system provides for rapid systematic screening of relative risk, dose dependence, and combinatorial impact of multitudes of dietary and environmental exposures on MLL‐AF9 translocations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60: 154–167, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forecasting of Turkey's electricity generation and CO2 emissions in estimating capacity factor
Authors: Şahin Utkucan
Published: November 2018

In this study, Turkey's electricity generation between 2017 and 2021 is forecasted. To achieve this, past data of capacity factor of thermal, hydro, geothermal, wind, and solar power plants from 2006 to 2016 is correlated by using exponentially damped sinusoidal approximation. Estimated installed capacity values of electricity generation from 2017 to 2021 are taken from Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEİAŞ). The capacity factor and electricity generation of each power plants are forecasted from 2017 to 2021 for two different scenarios which are based on TEİAŞ's 5‐year installed capacity projection. According to scenario 1 and 2, Turkey's electricity generation is projected in the range of 332.5–362.9 TWh and 322.0–345.2 TWh, respectively. Additionally, projected CO2 emissions due to electricity generation are estimated in the range of 178.7–199.2 million tons and 171.6–187.1 million tons for the Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. Also, this study is compared with Turkey's vision 2023 electricity generation targets. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 56–65, 2019