bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation Methodology Development for Vibration Test of Bus Body Structure Code AIS-153:2018
Authors: Bijwe Vilas B. , Mahajan Rahul , Vaidya Rohit , Patel Kaustubh , Hiwale Diwakar , Walke Abhijit Ashok
Published: January 2024

A bus is integral part of public transportation in both rural and urban areas. It is also used for scheduled transport, tourism, and school transport. Buses are the common mode of transport all over the world. The growth in economy, the electrification of public transport, demand in shared transport, etc., is leading to a surge in the demand for buses and accelerating the overall growth of the bus industry. With the increased number of buses, the issue of safety of passengers and the crew assumes special importance. The comfort of driver and passenger in the vehicle involves the vibration performance and therefore, the structural integrity of buses is critically important. Bus safety act depicts the safety and comfort of bus operations, management of safety risks, continuous improvement in bus safety management, public confidence in the safety of bus transport, appropriate stakeholder involvement and the existence of a safety culture among bus service providers. In order to provide buses with minimal vibration resistant superstructure, CMVR- Technical Standing Committee have framed requisite guidelines on Standardization of the Bus Body. AIS-052 (Rev.1): Code of Practice for Bus Body Design Approval, which is then amended as additional Requirements for Bus Construction named ‘Amend. No. 6 to AIS-153 (01/2020)’ to cater vibration requirements.

This paper includes the numerical simulation of vibration test of a full bus body according to AIS-153:2018, clause no.2.3.1 – evaluation of Lowest Natural Frequency of Bus. Standard simulation methodology for finite element model building and analysis to describe the real physical behavior of the vehicle in accordance with this regulation was the need of industry. This paper explains Bus FE modeling methodology for worst-case representation of bus structure for its global mode stiffness and vehicle gross weight. Representation of each of the vehicle aggregates for its mass or /and stiffness is explained. Post-processing approach to distinguish global modes from local modes is formulated. CAE methodology for Bus structural global modes is validated indirectly through historical multiple correlation data points of scaled down models like mini buses, vans, cars, etc. Physically measured Center of gravity of complete bus body in kerb weight condition is one of the parameters used for FE-Test correlation. Established simulation methodology is deployed as a reference framework for Bus industry to evaluate the natural frequency of complete bus body considering the regulatory requirements, evaluation criteria and detailed documentation as per guidelines mentioned in the code.
Light Weighting of Two-Wheeler Frame with CAE - Multi Domain Optimization (MDO)
Authors: S Vishnu , Kakanur Ashok , U PE Manjunatha , Bhat Sachin , Poojary Kiran , V N Kishor
Published: January 2024

Light weighting in the automotive industry without the use of finite element methodologies is now inconceivable. With the development and enhancement of various CAE tools available, CAE-driven optimization has become part of the product development cycle. Using a variety of CAE techniques in a lightweight optimization process can significantly reduce product development lead time with good results. Traditional light weighting can be done through different iterative approaches with different manual inputs from cross-domain teams, which is usually time consuming and leads to repeated analysis. This method describes the case of a multi-domain optimization approach with the reduction of the frame weight of an e-scooter while considering important cross-domain load cases using CAE. For frame optimization, the important load cases such as Durability/Strength (Normal and Abusive), and NVH (Stiffness, Modes and Vibration) - were taken into account. This Multi Domain/Disciplinary Optimization (MDO) approach has resulted in significant weight savings in the final product, also in reducing the product lead time and cost.
Devising Guidelines and Architecture for Efficient Auto-Generation of HIS Compliant Code
Authors: Abraham Atul Varghese
Published: January 2024

Ensuring compliance with the ISO 26262 automotive functional safety standard involves meeting specific quality and complexity standards for automotive source code. However, achieving compliance becomes challenging when dealing with auto-generated code, as the code generator may not consider the required product metrics. This often leads to high metric values that exceed the permissible range. Assessing the impact of design on Hersteller Initiative Software (HIS) metrics within the visual modeling environment becomes difficult, with metrics reports only available after code generation. This makes it hard to achieve compliance through model reworking and regeneration. To address this problem, a methodology is proposed. It defines modeling guidelines and an architecture for generating HIS-compliant code. The HIS metrics are translated into corresponding model implementations, such as mapping the “Number of Function Parameters” metric to the number of subsystem ports and the guideline recommends dividing the logic into subsystems with fewer than five ports to meet the allowable range. The aim is to establish similar modeling guidelines for each attribute and create a balanced skeletal architecture diagram that ensures compliance with HIS metrics. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed guidelines, two models calculating steering motor torque are compared—one designed with the guidelines and one without. By separating decision points into distinct functions, the proposed approach reduces cyclomatic complexity, with all other HIS metrics expected to fall within the acceptable range. Adhering to the guidelines enables auto-generated code to meet HIS metrics, facilitating more efficient automotive software design.
Predictive under Hood Thermal Management Model
Authors: P V Navaneeth , Prasad Suryanarayana A N , ML Sankar
Published: January 2024

In the automotive industry, thermal management plays a very important role to solve the problems of energy saving and emission. The under hood thermal management is one of the critical aspects in vehicle thermal management since it caters to critical aspects of engine cooling, charge air cooling, air conditioning and turbocharger cooling. The appropriate thermal management of these critical components is necessary for ensuring the appropriate performance by the vehicle. Hence, under-hood thermal management is the core of the integrated vehicle thermal management.

In the thermal management analysis approaches, the numerical simulation is widely adopted as an important approach. Hence, in this paper a model is developed in MATLAB to handle 1D parametric analysis of the cooling system, while reducing the testing time and resources taken for the product development. The developed model can be used to evaluate multiple aggregate options for CAC, Radiator, Engine, Fan etc. The model predicts the Limiting Ambient Temperature (LAT), Inlet Manifold Temperature Difference (IMTD), External air flow rate, Inlet and Outlet temperatures of Air and Coolant at each aggregates using the characteristics of each aggregates (radiator, CAC, coolant pump, engine etc.) as the input.

The 1D model is capable of predicting the change in performance of the cooling system with change in position of the components relative to one another. The performance of the cooling system can be predicted for different combinations of cab, radiator, charge air cooler (CAC), engine. The model can minimize the usage of resource intensive and expensive CFD and provide results in a few minutes. Moreover, the developed model has better predictive capability compared to KULI™, a 0D simulation widely used in industry. The model predictions compared fairly accurately with physical test data.
Reduced Order Single Parameter Tuning Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition: An Application in Vehicle Dynamics
Authors: Budhi Veerendra Harshal
Published: January 2024

Vehicle design necessarily involves tuning various parameters to optimize automotive performance metrics like ride and handling. The tuning process is iterative and involves a trial-and-error approach to understand the influence of the input parameters on various output metrics. We develop tuning models and run many simulations to optimize various parameters, followed by validation. This process is computationally expensive and contingent on the output metrics. Alternatively, data-driven modelling could overcome shortcomings but requires extensive data sets to train, which may not be feasible in the initial design phase.

In this work, we demonstrate how we can use Dynamic Mode Decomposition, commonly used in Fluid Mechanics, to create Reduced Order Single Parameter Tuning Models, which are computationally lightweight and can provide the output metrics as a function of one tuning parameter. It reduces the tuning time and also helps to understand the system better. We developed reduced order models for various suspension parameters and compared their results with standard simulation results. The prediction accuracy of these models is well above the acceptance criteria, which deems them fit to incorporate in corresponding product development gateways.
Damage Tolerant Fracture Assessment of Crack for Non-Standard Geometries under Static and Fatigue Loading
Authors: Puranik Shashank Suresh , Pathan Irfan , Shinde Swapnil , Soni Nitesh , Kindleysides Andrew
Published: January 2024

Cracks on metallic components may appear due to manufacturing, handling, installation, repair, welding etc. and are controlled by quality documents. However, if cracks violate the limit defined in quality document, then either parts will be scraped or will need additional evaluation through detailed fracture mechanic’s approach. The initial size and shape of a crack, part geometry and loading, highly impacts the behavior of a crack’s growth and remaining useful life. Industry standard software like ANSYS, AFGROW, Franc3D, etc. offer the solution to estimate the stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. However, these software’s have their limitation and start showing the deviation for complex geometry and loading scenario.

Study has been performed using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to understand the effect of crack size, crack shape, multiple cracks at one location, complex geometry and stress gradient on a crack’s growth behavior and provides the solution to handle these complexities using simplified approach to overcome software limitations.
Coupled 3-D Multiphase CFD Thermal Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of Roots Blower
Authors: C Anandha Krishnan , Jambare Giridhar , Raut Nikhil , Niranjan Bhanupratap
Published: January 2024

Roots blower is a rotary positive displacement pump which operates by pumping a fluid with a pair of meshing lobes. Recent trends in automotive industry demands high power density solutions for various applications. In comparison with legacy applications, compressors for high power density applications demand continuous operation with harsher duty cycle as well as demand higher pressure ratios. Because of longer duty cycles, it will be subjected to high heat loads which will cause a rise in temperatures of timing gears, bearings, and other components within the assembly. Accurate prediction of thermal performance is critical to design a durable and efficient roots blower for high power density applications.

Thermal analysis of an assembly of roots blower involves modelling of multi-physics phenomena. This paper details a coupled CFD analysis approach to predict temperatures of roots blower components and timing gear case oil. Timing gears are lubricated using wet sump lubrication. The oil splash within the timing gear enclosure is modelled using moving reference frame model in a multiphase splash analysis. Air flow through rotors is modelled using deforming zone method in a transient CFD analysis. An approach is presented to perform steady state conjugate heat transfer to couple physics from oil splash and air flowing through rotating lobes to predict thermal performance of roots blower assembly.

The results using this approach are validated against a test case. The temperature results from 3D CFD analysis shows a variation within 10% compared to the temperature values measured using thermocouple sensors in test setup. The approach presented in this paper helps to predict the thermal profile of solid components. This will further be utilized in designing the critical clearances and understanding bearing-housing bore distortions for improving performance and durability of roots blower.
Failure Investigation and Design Improvements for Ductile Cast Iron Multi-Piece Exhaust Manifold from Medium Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Kale Pradnya , Potdar Vivek , Thakur Anil Ganeshsingh , Paygude Sachin
Published: January 2024

Exhaust manifold in engine is used to transfer the hot exhaust gas from cylinder head to the turbocharger with minimum pressure loss and to support the turbocharger assembly. This puts manifold under intense thermal and mechanical loading and makes the design very complex. While designing the manifold, resonance of the system must be avoided, and thermo-mechanical fatigue life expectations must be met. Different engine applications would call for multiple turbocharger configuration and orientations to be considered in the design layout for system level resonance assessment.

This paper talks about the failure investigation of the manifold which was designed for High mount rear out (HMRO) turbo orientation and then used with high mount front out (HMFO) layout in road miller application resulted into the manifold failures. Root cause identified was mechanical fatigue caused by resonance vibration at machine operating modes in the presence of very high mean stress from thermal expansion of the exhaust manifold. Detailed investigation included metallurgical analysis, vehicle level testing (strain and modal), exhaust manifold thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis, modal impact testing, thermal survey, engine endurance testing.

Design improvements to the manifold included conversion from two-piece design to three-piece design. Design margin improvements in all critical region. Verification of the design and incremental benefits are demonstrated analytically and using testing.
Engine Modelling with Smart Online DoE
Authors: Paulraj Lemuel Srinivasan , Varsha Anuroopa , Karadi Subramanya , Kumar Devendra
Published: January 2024

The implementation of TREM/CEV 5 emission norms on farm equipment will bring in cost pressure due to the need for exhaust after treatment systems. This cost increase needs to be reduced by bringing in more efficient and effective processes to shorten the development phase and to provide better fuel efficiencies.

In this work ETAS ASCMO Online DoE with Constraint Modelling (ODCM) was applied to execute smart online DoE on a new common rail diesel engine with EGR, whose exact bounds of operation was not available. A Global test plan with ASCMO Static was created without much focus on detailed constraints of engine operation, other than the full load curve. The parameters which were selected were Speed, Torque, Rail Pressure, Main Timing, EGR Valve Position, Pilot Separation and Quantity and Post Quantity and Separation. For these parameters, the safe operating bounds were not available.

This ASCMO Static test plan is automated and executed on engine test cell with ETAS INCAFlow. ODCM at each step delivers a next operating point to be measured on testbench and if this operating point is within the defined limits of engine operations, the point is measured or if it outside the limits, the point is skipped. At every step, ODCM uses the information generated to modify the order of remaining DoE points in which only feasible measurement are suggested and those which are not feasible are skipped.

The results of this work showed a 35% reduction in the total efforts. Since the model was Global, other variants were also covered with the same ASCMO Static Models without any requirements for additional test runs/measurements. Stringent cycle SFC mandates, which was not possible with earlier methods, was also realized with ODCM approach as ODCM extends the coverage range of measurements. The results also reduced the need for new engine development to meet the stringent requirements.
Big Data Analytics (Telematics) for Real-Time Testing Improvements and Integration Back to the Development of Future Models/EVs
Authors: Sahoo Priyabrata , Singh Saurabh , Prasad Kakaraparti Agam
Published: January 2024

The Auto industry has relied upon traditional testing methodologies for product development and Quality testing since its inception. As technology changed, it brought a shift in customer demand for better vehicles with the highest quality standards. With the advent of EVs, OEMs are looking to reduce the going-to-market time for their products to win the EV race. Traditional testing methodologies have relied upon data received from various stakeholders and based on the same tests are planned. The data used is highly subjective and lacks variety. OEMs across the world are betting big on telematics solutions by pushing more and more vehicles with telematics devices as standard fitment. The data from such vehicles which gets generated in high levels of volume, variety and velocity can aid in the new age of vehicle testing. This live data cannot be simply simulated in test environments. The device generates hundreds of signals, frequently in a fraction of seconds. Multiple such signals can be combined to create KPIs that correspond to specific traits of vehicle health. Specific telematics KPIs can be used as inputs in test benches. With this data, the vehicle gets tested against real-world conditions. Another important aspect of vehicle testing is road conditions. OEMs can only do so much in testing the vehicles in various different road conditions. However, with telematics devices road condition data can be directly generated corresponding to the international roughness index. This data along with KPIs will bring in a new perspective of vehicle development testing and enable the manufacturer to better understand market problems and to take effective countermeasures. With these KPIs, Possibilities are limitless, and these data can be used to create a digital twin of the vehicle, enabling the OEM to assess the vehicle without even physically attending.
Automotive EMC Analysis of Touch Sensing IC
Authors: Boya Vinay Kumar , Adhyapak Anoop , Komma Vineetha , Sahoo Manoranjan
Published: January 2024

The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference and Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) perspective. A lot of the latest technologies in Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which include Rear Drive Assist, Blind Spot Detection (BSD), Lane Change Assist (LCA) to name a few, and other features like Anti-Braking System (ABS), Emergency Brake Assist (EBD) etc. rely heavily on different types of sensors and their detection circuitry. In addition, a lot of other internal functions in the Engine Control Unit (ECU) also depend on such sensors’ functionalities. Thus, it becomes imperative to study the potential impact of higher field emissions on the immunity behaviour of the sensors. In this paper, we will study the immunity behaviour of such an automotive capacitive touch-sensing integrated circuit (IC) and its impact on the application of the same. A Direct Power Injection (DPI) test is conducted on the IC and the immunity behaviour is extracted by simulation methodology. In order to enhance the overall immunity performance in a practical application, a reference design board is developed, and the immunity performance is measured by the Bulk Current Injection (BCI) technique. In addition, the measured BCI test results are simulated and validated based on the extracted immunity behaviour of the IC. This study shows that the immunity performance of the sensors’ circuitry can be effectively predicted by a simulation-based approach, thereby allowing system engineers to utilize this approach in early design stages to predict possible immunity EMI/EMC test failures and make necessary changes in design to avoid multiple PCB design and EMI/EMC testing iterations.
Testing and Evaluation of Integrated Starter Generator System’s Performance and Durability Characteristics in Rig Level Using Automation
Authors: K Vishali , Patil Pratik , Kumaran Adm V
Published: January 2024

Automobiles are incorporated with advanced technologies to improve riding experience, safety, and vehicle management. Considering riding experience, major concern prevails in starting and charging system. For quick start and stop, implemented Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) in two wheelers. The ISG system consists of an ISG machine and ISG controller. ISG machine acts as motor during cranking and generator during charging, controlled by ISG controller. Automation kit is made with the help of real sensors, actuators, and microcontroller to monitor and log the performance characteristics of ISG system during te sting in rig level. Sensors continuously monitor the performance parameters and once the parameters are not meeting the specification, actuators stop the testing and raise the indication. All tested data are stored in cloud and taken for analysis. This automation kit served two purposes. One is eliminated test running on the failure sample for full long testing duration. Second is from logged data, failure conditions with respect to output, speed of ISG machine, Coil temperature, controller temperature, actual torque vs speed characteristics is derived. These conditions are simulated in vehicles and matched with actual customer field failures. From normal testing we can be able to find out actual failure modes and eliminate many trails for simulation. Performance deterioration can be analyzed from logged data through data analytics tool. This paper addresses the automation test setup readiness to monitor and log performance characteristics during testing, findings of simulating conditions by data analytics, testing the findings in actual vehicle, and solving the failure mode through detailed problem-solving techniques.
Airless Tires in the LEON-T Project: How Can They Be Modelled?
Authors: Anantharamaiah Bharath , Fagerberg Linus , Sandberg Ulf , Hansson Hans-Erik , Garcia Juan J.
Published: January 2024

For more than a century, pneumatic (air-inflated) tires have totally dominated the market for road vehicle tires. However, in the recent two decades, interest has grown in developing airless tires. Some of the authors were involved in design of an early version in composite material 15-30 years ago for passenger cars. Presently, the EU project LEON-T (Low particle Emissions and lOw Noise Tyres) includes a part in which prototypes for innovative heavy goods vehicle (HGV) tires are developed, with the main purpose to reduce noise emission by 6 dB. To reduce noise that much it is believed that airless tires are needed. A special challenge is to get a durable design able to carry typical truck tire loads.

This paper introduces the principal design of airless tires. Airless tire prototypes are intended to be developed by partner Euroturbine, in cooperation with mainly Applus+ IDIADA, VTI and subcontractor Lightness by Design. The tire consists of a rim, load-carrying spokes, composite belt, and rubber tread. The primary focus is on the modelling of static and dynamic behavior of the tire and the corresponding impact on the tire design.

By aid of FE modelling, the tire static behavior (radial, lateral, and longitudinal stiffness) is analyzed. It is found that the radial stiffness of the modelled tire is within the ranges of that of a conventional pneumatic tire, however, the longitudinal and lateral stiffnesses are 2.5 and 2 times higher, respectively. The same tire model is used to study its dynamic behavior (modal and noise characteristics) which are then compared with that from measurements. For modal studies, the point inertances are used as a reference for test and simulation validation. The same for the noise study is the noise transfer function that is measured at a predetermined location, using a microphone in the vicinity of the tire.
Design and Development of Rack and Pinion Steering Gear Assembly for Passenger Car Vehicle
Authors: Rathore Gopal Singh , Chawla Shubham
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses the overall design and development of Rack and pinion steering (RPS) gear assembly in terms of gear calculations, DVP, modeling, performance characteristics, strength analysis and physical testing. Design calculations for gear meshing included several parameters like normal module, transverse module, helix angle, no. of teeth as per steering gear ratio, pinion shaft angle etc. A complete geometry of the RPS gear assembly was developed using CAD software UG-NX as per vehicle requirements. BIW(Body in white)and its surrounding parts clearance from the RPS assembly were verified for packaging review.

Performance study of the assembly includes simulation-based prediction using MSC Adams for estimation of various output parameters like free pinion Torque and its variations over rack travel, rack force required for rotating pinion, gear ratio, relation between input torque of pinion and output load to find rack efficiency. Strength tests of the assembly are done to find the areas of stress locations using FE analysis. Rubber boot clearance study with steering gear components is assessed for various tie rod envelope conditions.

This paper will conclude with experimental testing and its correlation with simulation results.
Effect Analysis of Form Factor on Thermo-Electric Generator Performance
Authors: Bali Gaurav , Mutagi Megha Dharnendra , Ponangi Babu Rao
Published: January 2024

A significant contribution towards climate change and global warming is the residual thermal energy generated from automobiles as exhaust gases in IC engine-based vehicles and from batteries and fuel cell heating in green vehicles. This waste heat, also known as thermal energy, has the potential to be transformed into valuable electrical energy through the utilization of a thermo-electric generator (TEG). The performance of the TEG depends on various parameters such as material properties, geometries (form factor), and operating conditions. Current research focuses on the effect of the form factor, i.e., the semiconductor’s length, width, and height (thermocouple), on the overall performance of the TEG. Eleven cases are examined by varying the length, width, and height of the thermocouple. The TEG’s performance is measured using its internal resistance, open circuit voltage, maximum current, output power, and efficiency. Current work reveals that there is a significant impact on TEG’s performance due to changes in the height of the thermocouple when compared to changes in the length and width of the thermocouple.
The Ultimate Reality in the Universe: A Study on the Views of Quantum Physics and Vedanta Philosophy
Authors: Gain Jatindranath
Published: January 2024

The majority of quantum mechanics' founding fathers were sensitive to the philosophical implications of quantum mechanics. The theories of relativity developed by Einstein also turned out to have philosophical implications. Although quantum physics could seem enigmatic, it explains everything in our environment, whether we are aware of it or not. Using the abilities of quantum physics results in the expansion of innovative technologies, both for use now and maybe in the future. Everything is explained by quantum physics, which provides the greatest description we currently have of the nature of the particles in the cosmos. The efforts to explain the universe in terms of quantum physics, which regulates the behaviour of the subatomic, microscopic world, are presented in Quantum Universe. It shows a revolution in quantum physics as well as a quantum leap in our understanding of the universe's mystery and beauty. Quantum physics is trying to find a common singularity for all objects. They are trying to discover the ‘Theory of Everything, that will explain everything in this universe. Vedanta and Quantum Physics both are looking for the same underlying reality and searching for the absolute truth in the universe, though their approach to searching is different. This paper will attempt to concentrate on the perspectives of Quantum Physics & Advaita Vedanta about the ultimate reality in the universe, the nature of consciousness.
EKONOMSKA KRIZA I KONVERGENCIJA REGIONALNIH DISPARITETA
Authors: Mitrović Predrag
Published: January 2024

Overall regional disproportions in the Republic of Serbia are directly dependent on the degree of economic development of certain areas on its territory. Territorial inequality in the availability and quality of all factors of economic development, as an endogenous variable of certain regions, causes migration, i.e. human migration, as well as the allocation of every other form of capital to places of optimal use, deepening regional differences in economic development. The consequence of such developments on the regional development of the Republic of Serbia in the long term is divergence, that is, an increase in regional differences. In the short and medium term, more developed regions are in a far better position than less developed ones to take advantage of the opportunities generated by economic growth. However, in the conditions of the economic crisis, when developed national economies and regions "slow down", they feel the drop in demand faster and more strongly, and they fall back faster compared to less developed regions. This phenomenon is the main reason for the convergence of regional disparities. Key words: regional differences, the economic crisis, the level of economic development, convergence.
ДА МИЉКОВАЦ НЕ КОПНИ (ИНИЦИЈАТИВЕ ИЗ МИЉКОВЦА)
Authors: Благојевић Александар , Благојевић Слободан
Published: January 2024

Concerned for the development and survival of their village, the citizens of the village Miljkovac many years ago submitted two initiatives to the City of Niš. The first initiative is to form an educational and scientific center for young people.The other one is to make a monument in the village dedicated to the warriors who died in the battles against the occupiers, and fought for freedom of their village and the whole country. Both initiatives are followed by detailed and thorough explanation. So far neither initiative has been implemented, but the applicants will continue to demands its implementation by the local authorities. Key words: Miljkovac, initiative, educational and scientific center, arrangement of the war memorial.
Tarihsel Süreç İçerisinde Maraş ve Çevresindeki Ermeni İsyanlarına Genel Bir Bakış
Authors: Alpaslan Erhan , Kalınmeşe Semih
Published: January 2024

Western states created the concept of the Eastern Question for the nations living in the eastern regions, which they considered to pose a danger. The plans, which were designed with the aim of repelling the Turkish communities when they came to Anatolia, did not achieve their goal from the 11th century to the 19th century, when the Turks became the dominant power in the region. As a result of the end of the glorious periods of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the rise of European states, Western states targeted the Ottoman Empire within the framework of the Eastern Question both against the Ottoman pressure they had felt for centuries and in order to continue their political and economic rise. In addition, factors such as the strategic position of the Ottoman Empire and its underground and aboveground resources attracted the attention of the West. In this direction, the Western states, which were ahead of the Ottoman Empire in the fields of knowledge and technique, could not confront the Ottoman Empire directly, and wanted to weaken the state through political, economic and sometimes military methods. Within the framework of these plans, the Western states utilised their own cognates and co-religionists living in the territory of the Ottoman Empire and promised them independent nation states. Affected by this, the Ottoman nations entered into a struggle for independence with the state. Armenians, one of these nations, started the struggle for independence with Muslim Turks, with whom they had lived in the same country for centuries. In the Ottoman Empire, the region of Maraş and Zeytun, where Armenians were densely populated, became the base of Armenian rebellion movements. In this study, the activities of Armenians in and around Maraş during the last period of the Ottoman Empire and the War of Independence and the Armenian Question will be analysed.
The role of play therapy in the development of social skills in children with ASD
Authors: Аliyevа D. К. , Gаrber А.
Published: January 2024

In pursuit of reducing the severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the Intensive, Interactive, and Individual (3i) intervention method employs rigorous developmental play therapy. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 12 children engaged in the 3i approach over a 3-month period to evaluate alterations in ASD severity and identify potential influencing factors at follow-up. Systematic assessment of ASD severity using the childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and autism diagnosis interview-revised (ADI-R) was performed on 25 patients commencing 3i intervention between September and December of 2023. Of these, 12 patients (average age: 4) underwent a second evaluation at the second month of follow up. Statistical comparison via paired student’s t-tests revealed noteworthy reductions in CARS and ADI-R scores after 2 months of 3i intervention, showcasing declines of 10%, 21%, 22.5%, and 20% in interaction, communication, and repetitive behavior subscores, respectively. Approximately 34% and 40.7% of participants shifted to lower ASD severity categories based on CARS scale and ADI-R interview, respectively. Multiple linear regression models demonstrated that higher treatment intensity (exceeding 10 hours per week) correlated significantly with greater improvements in the ADI-R interaction score. Patients initially classified as verbal subjects displayed better outcomes in CARS, ADI-R interaction, and ADI-R communication scores. Additionally, older patients exhibited more substantial improvements in the ADI-R interaction score. Nevertheless, no substantial impact was observed concerning gender, ASD severity, or comorbidities at baseline. This study, involving 12 children, suggests that 3i therapy yields significant reductions in ASD severity while enhancing interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Future investigations incorporating control groups are imperative to gauge the comparative efficacy of 3i play therapy against alternative interventions.
Tolerability of Daratumumab Amongst Asian Patients with Plasma Cell Dyscrasias – A Single Centre Experience.
Authors: Tso Allison C. Y. , Wang Samuel S. Y. , Gallardo Christian A. , Christopher Dheepa , Ong Kiat Hoe
Published: January 2024

Daratumumab is increasingly incorporated into the standard treatment regimens for patients with plasma cell dyscrasias in Asia, especially with cost-containment measures implemented by various regional health authorities. This analysis aimed to study daratumumab’s tolerability amongst Asian patients. This is a retrospective medical records review of patients who received daratumumab between November 2016 and August 2021 as part of routine clinical care. Sixty-two patients were included in the study: 62.9% had renal impairment, and 27.4% had creatinine clearance (CrCl) <30ml/min. Forty-five patients (72.6%) received daratumumab combination therapy, with a median 1 line of prior therapy. The median duration of follow-up was 12.4 months, and the median duration patients were on treatment with daratumumab was 12.3 months. Twenty-one of 62 (33.9%) patients experienced infusion-related reactions (IRRs) after the first dose of intravenous daratumumab. Seven developed mostly grades 1 and 2 respiratory events, and 14 showed grades 1 and 2 non-respiratory IRRs. Only one patient experienced a grade 1 IRR with the second infusion, with none developing any IRRs in the third or subsequent infusions. Eight (12.9%) patients were affected by hematological adverse events (AEs), mostly grades 2 and 3, with one experiencing grade-4 neutropenia without sepsis. Six (9.7%) patients experienced non-hematological AEs, the commonest being pneumonia and other infections, with one developing Nocardia pneumonia (grade 4) 14 months after the initiation of daratumumab. In conclusion, daratumumab is tolerable amongst Asian patients, including the elderly, and patients with severe renal impairment and chronic lung diseases.
International Experience in the Use of Transboundary Water Resources and Issues of its Regulation
Authors: Oybek Otamirzaev
Published: January 2024

The article analyzes the ecological problems of regulating the use of transboundary waters and its protection. The contents of the documents accepted by the international community were studied. At the same time, the state environmental policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding transboundary waters and the tasks it has set for itself have been studied, and suggestions for their improvement have been given. The methods used in this research were interviews and surveys where interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including government officials, local activists, and the general public in Uzbekistan. Use surveys to collect quantitative data about public perception and awareness regarding changing views about the value of water. In summary, effective international cooperation, clear legal regulations, the establishment of a monitoring commission, and comprehensive protection measures are essential for the sustainable management of transboundary water resources in Central Asia.
Technology geared to agrarian science
Authors: Publishing South Florida
Published: January 2024

Greetings from South Florida Publishers! We are thrilled to present our latest ebook, "Technology Geared to Agrarian Science." This publication delves into the pivotal intersection of technology and agricultural sciences, unraveling the importance of these fields and the transformative impact of cutting-edge technologies. Agricultural sciences form the bedrock of our sustenance and the well-being of our planet. This e-book embarks on a journey to showcase the paramount importance of agricultural sciences, emphasizing their role in ensuring food security, fostering sustainable practices, and addressing the evolving challenges of a growing global population. In an era marked by technological advancements, agrarian science has undergone a remarkable transformation. This e-book sheds light on the innovative technologies driving progress in agriculture, from precision farming and smart irrigation systems to the integration of data analytics and artificial intelligence. It explores how these technologies not only optimize productivity but also contribute to the ecological sustainability of farming practices. As you embark on the pages of "Technology Geared to Agrarian Science," we extend a cordial invitation to witness the dynamic synergy between technology and the agricultural landscape. Discover how scientific innovation is reshaping the way we cultivate, harvest, and distribute crops, and how these advancements are instrumental in addressing global challenges such as climate change and food scarcity. In the spirit of South Florida Publishers' commitment to knowledge dissemination, we invite you to immerse yourself in the compelling narratives and insightful research presented in "Technology Geared to Agrarian Science." As we stand at the crossroads of tradition and innovation, your exploration of this e-book is an opportunity to not only understand the current state of agricultural sciences but also to envision and contribute to the future of sustainable farming practices. Join us on this intellectual journey as we celebrate the marriage of technology and agrarian science, where innovation meets tradition, and the fields flourish with the promise of a more sustainable and resilient agricultural future. Happy reading!
EVALUACIÓN DEL POTENCIAL FOTOVOLTAICO EN TEJADOS EN EL CANTÓN QUITO
Authors: Tapia Mariela , Ramos Leonard , Heinemann Detlev , Zondervans Edwin
Published: January 2024

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar el potencial técnico y económico de la energía solar fotovoltaica en tejados de las parroquias urbanas y rurales del cantón Quito en Ecuador. Para esto, primero se calculó el área disponible de tejados y terrazas usando datos de sistema de información geográfica. Posteriormente, se calculó la energía fotovoltaica que podría ser generada utilizando una herramienta de modelado en Python. Por último, se evaluó la factibilidad económica en términos del costo nivelado de electricidad (LCOE - por sus siglas en inglés) bajo tres escenarios financieros. Los resultados indican que existe una superficie total disponible de 61 km² en la que podría instalarse una capacidad total de 5403.74 MWp y generar un total de 7851.51 GWh al año, lo cual podría cubrir 2.3 veces el consumo de electricidad registrado en 2019 en el cantón. Sin embargo, la evaluación económica revela que esta tecnología es competitiva únicamente en el escenario financiero bajo. Por lo tanto, estos resultados pueden apoyar a las autoridades locales en la planificación y diseño de políticas y estrategias financieras para incrementar la penetración de sistemas fotovoltaicos en tejados y así explotar el gran potencial fotovoltaico evaluado en el cantón Quito.
EVALUACIÓN DEL SÍNDROME METABÓLICO A TRAVÉS DE PRUEBAS DE LABORATORIO EN ADULTOS MAYORES DEL CANTÓN AMBATO
Authors: Freire Jazmín , Reales Lisbeth , Ramos Martha
Published: January 2024

El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de alteraciones que involucra mayor riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus y está asociado a trastornos del metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos, presión arterial elevada y sobrepeso en especial en la población adulta mayor. El presente artículo busca plasmar la evaluación del síndrome metabólico a través de pruebas de laboratorio realizada en adultos mayores del cantón Ambato. Los parámetros de laboratorio que se tomaron como parte de este estudio fueron: glucosa en ayunas, niveles de colesterol HDL y triglicéridos, acompañados de niveles de presión arterial que se rigen con base en los criterios diagnósticos propuestos por la National Cholesterol Education Programs Adults Treatment Panel III Report (NCEP- ATP III). La metodología empleada tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo permitiéndonos relacionar los parámetros clínicos con las pruebas de laboratorio.Dentro de los resultados obtenidos, se puede mencionar que los adultos mayores del sexo femenino, fueron los más vulnerables a desarrollar síndrome metabólico con un 55,9 % de los cuales presentaban como antecedentes personales diabetes en un (48.5%) y enfermedades cardiovasculares en un (19,1 %) aumentando más el riesgo de padecer este síndrome.
Modern pedagogical technologies of physical rehabilitation of children with musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Baigaliev Adilbek M. , Ospankulov Yernar E. , Butabayeva Laura A.
Published: January 2024

The main factor of disability in the world are diseases, as well as disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Thus, the study of modern pedagogical technologies of physical rehabilitation of children with musculoskeletal disorders is an important and urgent problem for modern research activities in the field of pedagogy. The purpose is to analyse and study modern pedagogical technologies of physical rehabilitation of children with musculoskeletal disorders. The methodological basis of the research is based on a combination of various general methods of scientific cognition. The methods of information analysis and synthesis, the comparative method, as well as the method of induction and deduction, were used in this study. At the final stage of the study, the method of analysing scientific literature relevant to the subject was used. Musculoskeletal disorders are noted in 5-7% of children and may be congenital or acquired. Anomalies of development in children with motor pathology are characterised by impressive polymorphism and dissociation according to the severity of various disorders. Comprehensive support for children with musculoskeletal disorders is interdisciplinary in nature since it is at the intersection of medicine, pedagogy and special, pedagogical, and social psychology. For the development and establishment of a disabled child, the involvement of specialists is necessary: a neurologist, a speech therapist, a special psychologist, a teacher, an educator. The practical value of the study consists in the fact that it can be used as a basis for subsequent research, as well as for a comprehensive study of the presented problem.
Keywords: remedial work; programme of remedial work; development; correction; exercises; junior schoolchildren; children with musculoskeletal disorders.
Article RETRACTED due to manipulation by the authors How can Small Sided Game training methods (3 vs 3 and 6 vs 6) and VO2max affect basic soccer skills?
Authors: Yudi Alex Aldha , Sari Suci Nanda , Arifan Ikhwanul , Firdaus Firdaus , Suganda Mikkey Anggara , Suryadi Didi , Prabowo Trisnar Adi , Yati Yati , Paramitha Sandey Tantra , Aryadi Dedi , Nusri Ardi , Faridah Eva
Published: January 2024

Study purpose. Mastering the fundamentals of soccer is essential for skill development. Therefore, employing effective training techniques becomes crucial to enhance these fundamental soccer skills. This study aims to discern: (1) Variations in the impact of the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game method compared to the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method on fundamental soccer skills; (2) Disparities in the impact of high and low VO2max levels on fundamental soccer skills; and (3) The repercussions of the interaction between the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game method and the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method in conjunction with VO2max levels (high and low). Materials and Methods. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used for this experimental study methodology. 24 athletes, including 12 from the Sports Talent School (STS) West Sumatra football academy and 12 from the Indonesia Muda Soccer School, served as the research subjects. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test is the tool used to measure VO2max. The "David Lee" competence test has been adopted as the yardstick for gauging fundamental soccer abilities. Two-way ANOVA was the method of data analysis employed, with a significance level of 0.05. Results. The study's findings are outlined as follows: (1) Indicated by a significance value of (p=0.009<0.05), there exists a disparity in the impact of training between the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game and the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game on fundamental soccer skills. With an average posttest difference of 1.69 seconds, the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game training approach proves superior to the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method. (2) A significance value of (p=0.005<0.05) suggests a distinction in the effects of high and low VO2max levels on fundamental soccer skills. Displaying a posttest average difference of 6.23 seconds, higher VO2max levels are more advantageous than lower ones. (3) With a significance p value of 0.018<0.05, it is evident that an interaction exists among the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game, 6 vs. 6 small-sided game, and VO2max levels (high, low) concerning fundamental soccer skills. Cunclotion. based on outcomes The investigation found a strong relationship between the interaction of training techniques and VO2max on fundamental soccer playing abilities. These findings can be employed in the training of fundamental soccer game skills as a guide.
Keywords: Small Sided Game, VO2max, Basic Skills, Football.