bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of opportunistic invasive aspergillosis in COVID‐19 patients with severe pneumonia
Authors: Segrelles‐Calvo Gonzalo , Araújo Glauber R. S. , Llopis‐Pastor Estefanía , Carrillo Javier , Hernández‐Hernández Marta , Rey Laura , Rodríguez Melean Nestor , Escribano Inés , Antón Esther , Zamarro Celia , García‐Salmones Mercedes , Frases Susana
Published: November 2020

Background

As the global coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19) spreads across the world, new clinical challenges emerge in the hospital landscape. Among these challenges, the increased risk of coinfections is a major threat to the patients. Although still in a low number, due to the short time of the pandemic, studies that identified a significant number of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19 who developed secondary fungal infections that led to serious complications and even death have been published.

Objectives

In this scenario, we aim to determine the prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and describe possible associated risk factors in patients admitted due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection.

Patients/Methods

We designed an open prospective observational study at the Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital (Mostoles, Spain), during the period from February 1 to April 30, 2020.

Results

In this article, we reported seven patients with COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) who had a poor prognosis. Severely ill patients represent a high‐risk group; therefore, we must actively investigate the possibility of aspergillosis in all of these patients. Larger cohort studies are needed to unravel the role of COVID‐19 immunosuppressive therapy as a risk factor for aspergillosis.

Conclusions

As the pandemic continues to spread across the world, further reports are needed to assess the frequency of emergent and highly resistant reemergent fungal infections during severe COVID‐19. These coinfections are leading a significant number of patients with COVID‐19 to death due to complications following the primary viral disease.
Dysphagia Screening in Parkinson's Disease. A diagnostic accuracy cross‐sectional study investigating the applicability of the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS)
Authors: Frank Ulrike , Radtke Julia , Nienstedt Julie Cläre , Pötter‐Nerger Monika , Schönwald Beate , Buhmann Carsten , Gerloff Christian , Niessen Almut , Flügel Till , Koseki Jana‐Christiane , Pflug Christina
Published: November 2020

Background

Simple water‐swallowing screening tools are not predictive of aspiration and dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of a multi‐texture screening tool, the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) to identify aspiration and dysphagia/penetration in PD patients compared to flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).

Methods

Swallowing function was evaluated in 51 PD participants in clinical ‘on‐medication’ state with the GUSS and a FEES examination according to standardized protocols. Inter‐rater reliability and convergent validity were determined and GUSS‐ and FEES‐based diet recommendations were compared.

Key Results

Inter‐rater reliability of GUSS ratings was high (rs = 0.8; p < 0.001). Aspiration was identified by the GUSS with a sensitivity of 50%, and specificity of 51.35% (PPV 28%, NPV 73%, LR+ 1.03, LR‐ 0.97), dysphagia/penetration was identified with 72.97% sensitivity and 35.71% specificity (PPV 75%, NPV 33.33%, LR+ 1.14, LR‐ 0.76). Agreement between GUSS‐ and FEES‐based diet recommendations was low (rs = 0.12, p = 0.42) with consistent NPO (Nil per Os) allocation by GUSS and FEES in only one participant.

Conclusions and Inferences

The multi‐texture screening tool GUSS in its current form, although applicable with good inter‐rater reliability, does not detect aspiration in PD patients with acceptable accuracy. Modifications of the GUSS parameters “coughing,” “voice change” and “delayed swallowing” might enhance validity. The GUSS' diet recommendations overestimate the need for oral intake restriction in PD patients and should be verified by instrumental swallowing examination.
The effect of chronic nausea on gastric slow wave spatiotemporal dynamics in children
Authors: Somarajan Suseela , Muszynski Nicole D. , Olson Joseph D. , Comstock Andrew , Russell Alexandra C. , Walker Lynn S. , Acra Sari A. , Bradshaw Leonard A.
Published: November 2020

Background

Chronic nausea in adolescents with functional gastrointestinal disorders is an increasingly reported but poorly understood symptom that negatively affects quality of life. Functional gastrointestinal disorders are known to correlate closely with slow wave rhythm disturbances. The ability to characterize gastric electrophysiologic perturbations in functional nausea patients could provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools for nausea patients.

Methods

We used high‐resolution electrogastrograms (HR‐EGG) to measure gastric slow wave parameters in pediatric chronic nausea patients and healthy subjects both pre‐ and postprandial. We computed the dominant frequency, percentage power distribution, gastric slow wave propagation direction, and speed from HR‐EGG.

Key Results

We observed significant differences in the dominant frequency and power distributed in normal and bradyarrhythmia frequency ranges when comparing patients and healthy subjects. Propagation patterns in healthy subjects were predominantly anterograde, while patients exhibited a variety of abnormalities including retrograde, anterograde, and disrupted patterns. There was a significant difference in the preprandial mean slow wave direction between healthy subjects (222° ± 22°) and patients (103° ± 66°; p ˂ 0.01), although the postprandial mean direction between healthy subjects and patients was similar (p = 0.73). No significant difference in slow wave propagation speed was found between patients and healthy subjects in either pre‐ (p = 0.21) or postprandial periods (p = 0.75).

Conclusions and Inferences

The spatiotemporal characterization of gastric slow wave activity using HR‐EGG distinguishes symptomatic chronic nausea patients from healthy subjects. This characterization may in turn inform and direct clinical decision‐making and lead to further insight into its pathophysiology.
Single‐cell analysis clarifies mosaic color development in purple hydrangea sepal
Authors: Yoshida Kumi , Ito Daisuke , Miki Naoko , Kondo Tadao
Published: November 2020

Hydrangea sepals exhibit a wide range of colors, from red, through purple, to blue; the purple color is a color mosaic. However, all of these colors are derived from the same components: simple anthocyanins, 3‐O‐glycosyldelphinidins, three co‐pigment components, acylquinic acids and aluminum ions (Al3+). We show the color mosaic is a result of graded differences in intravacuolar factors.

In order to clarify the mechanisms of mosaic color, we performed single‐cell analyses of vacuolar pH, and anthocyanin, co‐pigment and Al3+ content. From the sepals, a protoplast mixture of various colors was obtained. The cell color was evaluated by microspectrophotometry and vacuolar pH then was recorded by using a pH microelectrode. The organic and Al3+ contents were quantified by micro‐HPLC.

We found that the bluer the cell, the greater the ratio of 5‐O‐acylquinic acids and Al3+ to anthocyanins. Furthermore, reproducing experiments were conducted by mixing the components under various pH condition; all the colors could be reproduced in the various mixing conditions.

Based on the above, we provide experimental evidence for cell color variation in hydrangea. Our study demonstrates the expression of phenotypic differences without any direct genomic control.
Below‐ground competition favors character convergence but not character displacement in root traits
Authors: Colom Sara M. , Baucom Regina S.
Published: November 2020

Character displacement can play a major role in species ecology and evolution; however, research testing whether character displacement can influence the evolution of root traits in plant systems remains scarce in the literature. Here we investigated the potential that character displacement may influence the evolution of root traits using two closely related morning glory species, Ipomoea purpurea and Ipomoea hederacea.

We performed a field experiment where we grew the common morning glory, I. purpurea, in the presence and absence of competition from I. hederacea and examined the potential that the process of character displacement could influence the evolution of root traits.

We found maternal line variation in root phenotypes and evidence that below‐ground competition acts as an agent of selection on these traits. Our test of character displacement, however, showed evidence of character convergence on our measure of root architecture rather than displacement.

These results suggest that plants may be constrained by their local environments to express a phenotype that enhances fitness. Therefore, the conditions of the competitive environment experienced by a plant may influence the potential for character convergence or displacement to influence the evolution of root traits.
F‐box protein CFK1 interacts with and degrades de novo DNA methyltransferase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chen Jiani , Liu Jie , Jiang Jianjun , Qian Shuiming , Song Jingwen , Kabara Rachel , Delo Isabel , Serino Giovanna , Liu Fengquan , Hua Zhihua , Zhong Xuehua
Published: November 2020

DNA methylation plays crucial roles in cellular development and stress responses through gene regulation and genome stability control. Precise regulation of DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DRM2), the de novo Arabidopsis DNA methyltransferase, is crucial to maintain DNA methylation homeostasis to ensure genome integrity. Compared with the extensive studies on DRM2 targeting mechanisms, little information is known regarding the quality control of DRM2 itself.

Here, we conducted yeast two‐hybrid screen assay and identified an E3 ligase, COP9 INTERACTING F‐BOX KELCH 1 (CFK1), as a novel DRM2‐interacting partner and targets DRM2 for degradation via the ubiquitin‐26S proteasome pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We also performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing (BS‐seq) to determine the biological significance of CFK1‐mediated DRM2 degradation.

Loss‐of‐function CFK1 leads to increased DRM2 protein abundance and overexpression of CFK1 showed reduced DRM2 protein levels. Consistently, CFK1 overexpression induces genome‐wide CHH hypomethylation and transcriptional de‐repression at specific DRM2 target loci.

This study uncovered a distinct mechanism regulating de novo DNA methyltransferase by CFK1 to control DNA methylation level.
Changes in the upper airway, hyoid bone and craniofacial morphology between patients treated with headgear activator and Herbst appliance: A retrospective study on lateral cephalometry
Authors: Gu Min , Savoldi Fabio , Chan Eliza Y. L. , Tse Christine S. K. , Lau Michelle T. W. , Wey Mang C. , Hägg Urban , Yang Yanqi
Published: November 2020

Background

The present study compared the treatment changes in the upper airway, hyoid bone position and craniofacial morphology between two groups of children with skeletal class II malocclusion treated with the headgear activator (HGA) and Herbst appliance (Herbst).

Setting and sample population

Orthodontic population from the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Hong Kong.

Methods

Thirty‐four skeletal class II patients treated with the HGA (17 patients, mean age 10.6 ± 1.5 years) and the Herbst (17 patients, mean age 11.0 ± 1.4 years) were matched for sex, age, overjet, skeletal class and mandibular divergence. The patients received lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCRs) at the beginning of treatment (T1), after treatment (T2) and at follow‐up (T3). In the HGA group, patients underwent LCRs 7 months before the beginning of treatment (T0), which were used as growth reference for intra‐group comparison. Paired Student's t tests were used for intra‐ and inter‐group comparisons (α = .05).

Results

Treatment changes (T2‐T1) did not differ significantly between the groups. However, at follow‐up (T3‐T1) the Herbst group showed a smaller increase than the HGA group in the vertical position of the hyoid bone relative to the Frankfort plane (P = .013) and mandibular plane (P = .013).

Conclusions

There were no significant differences in the upper airway, hyoid bone position and craniofacial morphology between the groups at the end of treatment. However, the Herbst may provide better long‐term control of the vertical position of the hyoid bone than the HGA in children with skeletal class II malocclusion.
A bunch of grapes with a bag of marbles: The concurrence of the botryoid odontogenic cyst with a compound odontoma
Authors: Indermun Suvarna , Shaik Shoayeb , Opperman Johan
Published: November 2020

The botryoid odontogenic cyst is considered a rare multilocular variant of the lateral periodontal cyst. The clinical, radiological and histopathological features of a case with a coinciding compound odontoma, affecting the anterior mandible, are presented. A 33‐year‐old South African male presented with an asymptomatic, progressive, firm swelling of the right anterior mandible. Radiographic examination revealed a multilocular, radiolucent lesion with a corticated border causing buccal expansion and erosion of the buccal plate. In addition, well‐defined denticles were present impeding the eruption of the right mandibular canine. Removal of the lesion resulted in the loss of four teeth. Histopathological results provided a final diagnosis of a botryoid odontogenic cyst and a concurrent compound odontoma.

Statement of Clinical Significance

The botryoid odontogenic cyst is a rare entity and, thus, the information provided in this report contributes to the growing repository of literature surrounding these cysts. Furthermore, the concurrence of a compound odontoma contributes to its rarity.
Effect of oral splints on muscular temporomandibular disorders in children: A systematic review
Authors: Blanchard Jessica , Palmer Julia
Published: November 2020

Background

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a common chronic pain problem within the population. An increased prevalence of TMD in children has been noted within the literature (1%–50%). There is extensive published guidance for the treatment of TMD in adults, however, there has been little discussion with regards to advised treatment of TMD in children.

Methods

The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the effectiveness of an oral splint for the treatment of muscular TMD in children and understand the significance of this treatment intervention in reducing pain. The PRISMA guidelines were followed and searches were undertaken of MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify randomised controlled trials with a primary outcome measure of pain reduction. The Cochrane tool to assess risk of bias on interventional studies was used.

Results

Twenty‐nine potentially relevant articles were identified. Two articles met the inclusion criteria. Of the two articles, the main threats to validity were performance bias and attrition bias. Key findings and future research considerations are discussed in this review.

Conclusions

There is insufficient reliable evidence for the use of an oral splint for the treatment of myofascial pain in children. The authors believe that this is the first systematic review on this topic; it highlights the need for further research in this area. The authors suggest the need for well‐conducted RCTs that focus on sample size, method of allocation and duration of follow up.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017080976.
Severe solitary canine intrusion and minimally invasive management utilising the Benex extraction system
Authors: Casaus Abdullah , Saund Daniel , McKaig Sarah J. , Dietrich Thomas
Published: November 2020

Surgical extrusion is a recognised treatment modality in the management of an intrusion injury. Current surgical techniques available to immediately reposition a tooth may inflict further damage to a compromised periodontal ligament. Vertical extraction systems are available to preserve a tooth's supporting structure but have never been utilised in repositioning intruded teeth. This case report describes the successful management and outcome of a severely intruded upper maxillary canine using the Benex extractor system. This technique may be a promising method in preserving remaining vital periodontal ligament tissue in order to prevent further untoward sequelae.
Primary lymphoma of the trigeminal nerve presenting as infra‐orbital paraesthesia: A case report and literature review
Authors: Tocaciu Shreya , Dickinson Michael , Goh Christine , Zhao Yi , Kranz Sevastjan , Wiesenfeld David
Published: November 2020

Background

Primary lymphoma of the trigeminal nerve is very rare, with only 10 cases reported in the literature. It may present as unexplained paraesthesia of the trigeminal nerve, usually affecting all three divisions of the nerve. To date, a collation of the known cases of primary trigeminal nerve lymphoma is lacking. This study presents a literature review on trigeminal nerve lymphoma, and presents a case to illustrate diagnosis and management.

Methods

The case report of primary trigeminal lymphoma is presented, with long‐term follow‐up. A review of the known cases of primary trigeminal lymphoma is conducted, demonstrating the current understanding on diagnosis and management of these rare lesions.

Results

A 67‐year‐old man presented with a 4‐month history of infra‐orbital paraesthesia. Imaging showed an expanded infra‐orbital canal, with changes extending to the vidian canal. The lesion was biopsied via an endoscopic trans‐antral approach, and a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma was confirmed. He was managed with multi‐agent chemotherapy with a good clinical response.

Conclusions

Although rare, primary trigeminal lymphoma is an important additional differential diagnosis to consider when assessing a new finding of unexplained trigeminal nerve paraesthesia. Central nervous system imaging should be included in the work up of unexplained trigeminal paraesthesia.
Immunophenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets in newborns with biotinidase deficiency
Authors: Karaoglan Murat , Nacarkahya Gulper , Keskin Mehmet , Keskin Ozlem
Published: November 2020

Background/Aim

Biotin is a vital micronutrient that plays a role in metabolic homeostasis and the regulation of innate and adaptive immune system functions. Biotinidase deficiency (BTD) leads to impairment in biotin‐dependent immune functions. This study focused on immunophenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets in newborns with BTD.

Patients and Methods

A total of 181 (95 female and 86 male; 114 had BTD and 67 were healthy) newborns underwent biotinidase enzyme activity, molecular and lymphocyte immunophenotyping analyses. BTD is classified into four biochemical phenotypes: profound, partial, heterozygous and normal. The following lymphocyte subsets were studied in all participants: total B lymphocyte (CD19), total T lymphocyte (CD3), helper T lymphocyte (CD3/CD4), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) (CD3/CD8), natural killer T lymphocyte (CD16/56) and a T‐lymphocyte activation marker (HLA‐DR).

Results

The percentages of lymphocyte subsets were similar in newborns with and without BTD. In all newborns with BTD, the mean CD3/CD4 levels were higher in females, while the CD3/CD8 levels were higher in males (P < .001 for each). In female and male newborns, the CD3/CD4 levels were 53.83 ± 9.46 and 16.82 ± 5.19, respectively, and the CD3/CD8 levels were 48.80 ± 8.65 and 21.48 ± 6.02, respectively. A moderate negative correlation was found between CD3/CD4 and CD3/CD8 in female and male newborns (rfemale = −0.488, rmale = −0.574, P < .001).

Conclusion

This study showed that although there were no differences in the lymphocyte subsets in newborns with BTD, the CD3/CD4 levels were higher in females, and the CD3/CD8 levels were higher in males. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the CD3/CD4 and CD3/CD8 levels in both genders. Although these results indicate sexual dimorphism between CD3/CD4 and CD3/CD8 levels, whether this dissociation is unique to BTD in newborns is not fully clear.
Ask the question, be the solution: Fostering well‐being through contextualized assessment and strategy development
Authors: Petrini Laura A. , Thottathil Princy , Shih Grace , Henderson Alicia , Pasquariello Carol , Black Stephanie A.
Published: November 2020

In recent years, optimizing provider well‐being and mitigating the effects of physician burnout have become increasingly important in the field of medicine. These efforts are in part of consequence because of significant costs associated with provider burnout, for both individuals and their workplace. Accordingly, robust work has focused on development of strategies to decrease the incidence of burnout or mitigate its effects, including both individual efforts and systematic organizational change. This article describes the development and implementation of a unique assessment strategy to identify the driving factors hindering well‐being in our general anesthesiology division. We describe how collected data allowed us to identify important areas for improvement, build community, and target novel interventions to ultimately improve the well‐being of our division for all members. This manuscript does not describe survey results in any detail, but rather aims to present a creative application of the Hawthorne Effect as it applies to understanding physician well‐being.
Late bedtime reflects QTA30 anxiety symptoms in adolescents in a school checkup
Authors: Habukawa Chizu , Nagamitsu Shinichiro , Koyanagi Kenshi , Nishikii Yumi , Yanagimoto Yoshitoki , Yoshida Seiji , Suzuki Yuichi , Go Soken , Murakami Katsumi
Published: November 2020

Background

In adolescence, physical symptoms may develop due to psychosocial problems but such problems are not fully evaluated in school medical checkups. The aim of this study was to compare lifestyle factors with psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents using the subscales of the Questionnaire for Triage and Assessment with 30 items (QTA30) in school health checkups.

Methods

The QTA30 was used in checkups for 3,414 students from the fifth grade of primary school to the third grade of junior high school in south Wakayama prefecture. The QTA is a self‐completed questionnaire with five subscales of physical symptoms, depression symptoms, self‐efficacy, anxiety symptoms, and family function. Each subscale is divided into three groups of clinical, borderline, and healthy, based on the subscale score. Subscale scores were compared with lifestyle items of gender, grade, habits, life events, and school attendance.

Results

The clinical rate for all subscales was significantly higher for a higher grade (P < 0.001). Anxiety symptoms were correlated with physical symptoms (r = 0.560). Anxiety and physical symptoms were significantly higher for students who went to bed at a later time with no absences in the last month and who had problems with friends and teachers (both P < 0.001). Family function correlated with self‐efficacy (r = 0.418) but not with other subscales. Study time was most related to self‐efficacy (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The QTA30 subscale scores facilitated detection of psychosomatic stress and latent risks of psychosomatic disease at an early stage. Thus, the use of the QTA30 in a school medical checkup may permit early intervention for psychosomatic stress in adolescents.
Is the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome risk polymorphism in Membrane Cofactor Protein MCPggaac relevant in kidney transplantation? A case report
Authors: Sánchez‐Moreno Ana , de la Cerda Francisco , Rodríguez‐Barba Adela , Fijo Julia , Bedoya Rafael , Arjona Emilia , de Córdoba Santiago Rodríguez
Published: November 2020

aHUS is a rare disease characterized by episodes of TMA that frequently progresses to CKD and often recurs after KT. The most frequent cause of aHUS is defective regulation of complement activation because of genetic anomalies. Eculizumab interrupts the process of TMA and improves renal function. We describe one female patient with aHUS who debuted in 2005 at 3‐mo‐old with extrarenal manifestations and progressed to end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) within a year. Her family history included several affected members with similar bad outcomes. Our patient carries a strong aHUS genetic predisposition consisting in a pathogenic gain‐of‐function mutation in complement factor B concurrent with the MCP aHUS risk haplotype MCPggaac. She received a kidney transplant in 2011 without eculizumab prophylaxis. The graft, which was negative for the MCPggaac risk haplotype, had an unexpected excellent evolution without aHUS recurrence. Different retrospective studies have shown that the risk of aHUS recurrence after KT correlates well with the genetic load of aHUS risk factors. Knowing important contribution of the MCPggaac risk haplotype to the risk of developing aHUS in Factor B mutations carriers, we speculate whether the absence of this polymorphism in the graft that our patient received may have decreased the risk of aHUS recurrence after KT.
Transplantation in pediatric aHUS within the era of eculizumab therapy
Authors: Özçakar Zeynep Birsin , Ozaltin Fatih , Gülhan Bora , Çomak Elif , Parmaksız Gönül , Baskın Esra , Topaloğlu Rezan , Kasap Demir Belde , Canpolat Nur , Yuruk Yildirim Zeynep , Demircioğlu Kılıç Beltinge , Yüksel Selçuk , Söylemezoğlu Oğuz
Published: November 2020

aHUS is caused by the over‐activation and dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Data regarding outcomes of pediatric aHUS patients after kidney transplantation are still very scarce. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings and outcomes of pediatric aHUS patients after renal transplantation. This is a retrospective, multicenter study including 12 patients from the national registry system. Among the 12 patients, eight had received prophylactic eculizumab and none of those patients (except one) had experienced aHUS recurrence during a median follow‐up period of 58.5 (min‐max, 4‐94) months. Although eculizumab had been started on the day before transplantation in one of them, aHUS recurrence occurred during the transplantation procedure. Eculizumab had been stopped in only one patient who had no complement gene mutation after 35 months of therapy, and recurrence had not been observed during the 19 months of follow‐up. In three patients, maintenance doses had been spaced out without any recurrence. One additional patient with anti‐CFH antibody received only two doses of eculizumab for transplantation and had been followed for 46 months without aHUS recurrence. The remaining three patients had not received anti‐C5 therapy and none of those patients experienced aHUS recurrence during a median follow‐up period of 21 (min‐max, 9‐42) months. Prophylactic eculizumab is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of aHUS recurrence. Eculizumab interval prolongation, discontinuation, and transplantation without eculizumab prophylaxis can be tried in selected patients with close follow‐up.
Empathy and the Value of Humane Understanding
Authors: Bailey Olivia
Published: November 2020

Empathy is a form of emotionally charged imaginative perspective‐taking. It is also the unique source of a particular form of understanding, which I will call humane understanding. Humane understanding consists in the direct apprehension of the intelligibility of others’ emotions. This apprehension is an epistemic good whose ethical significance is multifarious. In this paper, I focus on elaborating the sense in which humane understanding of others is non‐instrumentally valuable to its recipients. People have a complex but profound need to be humanely understood. Because we respond to others’ very real need when we pursue this sort of understanding of their emotions, empathy is best understood as itself a way of caring, rather than just a means to promote other caring behavior.
Surfactants in plant disease management: A brief review and case studies
Authors: Jibrin Mustafa O. , Liu Qingchun , Jones Jeffrey B. , Zhang Shouan
Published: November 2020

In plant disease management, surfactants are generally used in combination with pesticides to facilitate delivery of the pesticide chemicals to the target sites in plants, vectors, or pathogens. Their intended use is rarely for direct effect on plant pathogens. However, trends in recent studies have revealed an appreciable increase in their use for direct management of plant diseases. In this paper, we briefly review the progress made in the use of surfactants for disease management, as adjuvants and when applied for direct effect. We carried out experiments to evaluate the effect of selected synthetic surfactants (Cohere, Kinetic, Silwet‐77, and Induce) on powdery mildew in squash and bacterial spot in tomato. Results from this study showed that the effect of surfactants on these pathogens is dependent on the type of plant pathogen or disease. All tested surfactants exhibited in vitro bactericidal activity against Xanthomonas perforans, a causal pathogen of bacterial spot of tomato. In the greenhouse, Cohere significantly reduced disease severity of powdery mildew in squash compared to the untreated control. Cohere also showed promise in field trials against bacterial spot of tomato, but the other surfactants tested promoted this disease. Our studies demonstrate the importance of evaluating surfactants for their use in management of plant diseases both for direct effect and as adjuvants in tank mix.
Considering the use of subadult and juvenile mussels for mussel reef restoration
Authors: Alder Al , Jeffs Andrew , Hillman Jenny R.
Published: November 2020

Widespread resource extraction and habitat degradation have severely reduced functionally important subtidal mussel reefs globally. While methods for restoring oyster reefs are becoming increasingly well‐established, the development of techniques for the effective restoration of mussel reefs remain in their infancy and face biological and logistical challenges. This study investigated the potential use of subadult and juvenile green‐lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) for mussel reef restoration with the aim of understanding factors related to subadult and juvenile mussel survival after transfer to the seafloor. Small‐scale (m2) field experiments were conducted subtidally in a New Zealand harbor to assess subadult and juvenile mussel survival after translocation to soft‐sediment seafloor, the efficacy of biodegradable substrate to support reef development, and whether juvenile mussel survival was related to changes in seeding density. Results demonstrated survival of cultured subadult and juvenile mussels after transfer to soft‐sediment seafloor only when completely protected from mobile predators. Attachment to biodegradable substrate alone was insufficient to prevent the loss of cultured juvenile mussels, while ~80% of wild subadult mussels survived translocation to the seafloor without predator protection—indicating a certain level of resilience. Changes in seeding density failed to prevent loss of cultured juvenile mussels. This study supports further consideration for incorporating cultured subadult and juvenile mussels into restoration, provided subadult and juvenile mussels can be protected until they become established as adults.
Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all
Authors: Baughman Owen W. , Griffen Jessica , Kerby Jay , Davies Kirk W. , Clenet Danielle , Boyd Chad
Published: November 2020

Pre‐emergent herbicides are frequently used to control exotic annual plants prior to seed‐based restoration, but seeding must generally wait until herbicide toxicity has waned. The emerging seed‐enhancement technology of herbicide protection pods (HPP) allows for simultaneous seeding and herbicide application by protecting desirable seeds inside pods or pellets containing activated carbon, allowing for single‐entry and potentially cost‐saving wildland restoration approaches. This technology has shown promise in multiple recent lab and field experiments. However, the effect of pod size on efficacy has not been formally investigated, and important small‐seeded species have either not been tested or have shown less‐promising results when used with this technology. Using emergence trials in two different laboratory environments with two small‐seeded species important to restoration in the semi‐arid western United States (Wyoming big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata Nutt ssp. wyomingensis] and Sandberg bluegrass [Poa secunda J Presl]), we investigated if HPP size affected early performance and protection from herbicide (imazapic), as well as how different sizes of HPPs compared to bare seed. For both species, smaller HPP sizes selected to match optimal seeding depths showed up to two‐fold higher emergence and aboveground biomass than larger pellets and still maintained protection from herbicide toxicity. Both species also showed 50–90% reductions in emergence and aboveground biomass due to incorporation into HPPs in general, resulting in only one species (bluegrass) showing the desired effect of HPPs: higher success than bare seed in the presence of herbicide. We suggest that additional experimentation to improve this promising technology is warranted.
Louïze Labé Lionnoize: the making of an early modern author
Authors: Amundsen Bergström Matilda
Published: November 2020

In this article, I discuss three central peritexts included in French poet Louise Labé’s Euvres de Louïze Labé Lionnoize, printed by Jean de Tournes in Lyon in 1555: the title page, the royal privilege, and a collection of celebratory poems. Arguing that the Early Modern book provided a space where women authors and their editors could engage with ongoing debates about women and their artistic capabilities, I analyse how the author figure Louise Labé is presented in these peritexts, tying that image to the contents of the book as well as to prevalent views on women authors. Highlighting the critique that a woman who published in print was likely to face, I argue that the peritexts can be connected to specific, sometimes traditional, sometimes unconventional, marketing strategies that correlate to Labé’s poetry and preface. In addition, I highlight the commercial aspects of the book, arguing that the peritexts were used to entice multiple types of readers (and buyers) to invest in the book.
Linear stability of transversely modulated finite‐amplitude capillary waves on deep water
Authors: Murashige Sunao , Choi Wooyoung
Published: November 2020

We investigate the three‐dimensional linear stability of the periodic motion of pure capillary waves progressing in permanent form on water of infinite depth for the whole range of wave amplitudes. After introducing a coordinate transformation based on a conformal map for two‐dimensional steady capillary waves, we perform linear stability analysis of finite‐amplitude capillary waves in the transformed space. To solve the linearized equations for small amplitude disturbances, it is assumed that the wavelengths of the disturbances in the transverse direction are much longer than those in the propagation direction and, therefore, the disturbances are weakly three‐dimensional. This assumption along with the periodicity of solutions allows us to write the linearized equations as an eigenvalue problem in matrix form. Following a perturbation theory for matrices, we expand the solutions of this eigenvalue problem in terms of a small parameter measuring the weak three‐dimensionality, and numerically obtain approximate eigenvalues. For weakly three‐dimensional superharmonic disturbances, the numerical results demonstrate that the pure capillary waves are two‐dimensionally stable, but three‐dimensionally unstable for almost all wave amplitudes. On the other hand, for subharmonic disturbances that are known to be two‐dimensionally unstable, it is found that the long‐wavelength disturbances in the transverse direction reduce the two‐dimensional growth rate near the critical amplitude beyond which the pure capillary waves are unstable.
Personality and psychopathology heterogeneity in MMPI‐2 and health‐related features in fibromyalgia patients
Authors: Gonzalez Bárbara , Novo Rosa , Peres Rodrigo
Published: November 2020

Personality and psychopathology features may play an important role as predisposing factors for fibromyalgia (FM). However, psychological heterogeneity of FM patients has been suggested. Based on two personality psychopathology clusters, we intend to explore psychological heterogeneity in FM patients, specifically, to identify if personality features had other psychological and psychopathological correlates. Secondarily, we also want to identify if personality features have association with health‐related correlates. The participants were female FM patients (n = 56) between 30 and 60 years old. The instruments were: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI‐2) content and supplementary scales, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS‐11). Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) identified that Cluster 2 (n = 24), characterized by a combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition, presented a more disturbed profile, with several features of symptomatic behavior, general maladjustment, and important clinical problem areas. The associations of personality variables with FM impact and self‐reported pain are null, with the exception of Disconstraint scale. In conclusion, FM patients may be very different at the psychological level, concerning personality and psychopathological features that may compromise their treatment. Personality and health‐related dimensions do not seem to be associated.
Taxation, Forced Labor, and Theft: Why Taxation is “On a Par” with Forced Labor
Authors: Moore Adam D.
Published: November 2020

In 1974, Robert Nozick famously claimed, “taxation of earnings is on a par with forced labor.” If we assume that forced labor is morally objectionable, something akin to slavery, then Nozick’s claim about taxation challenged the very heart of socialist redistributive liberalism. Moving through a series of cases starting with a version of J. J. Thomson’s violinist case, it will be argued that Nozick was basically correct. These cases will establish that 1) forcibly kidnapping someone and hooking them up to a violinist is immoral, 2) forcing others to provide necessities of life for you is morally objectionable, while forcing you to provide for your own necessities is not, 3) being related to the “forcer” does not mitigate the wrongness, 4) receiving benefits does not lessen the wrongness of forcing, 5) majority voting does not diminish the wrongness of forcing, 6) the reply that forced taxation does not really require any forcing—workers could choose to watch sunsets or go on assistance—fails to mitigate the wrongness of forced taxation, and finally 7) the view that income is a social construction is examined and rejected. It is concluded that most forms of taxation are immoral as they contain unjustified forcings and the seizures of value.
Measures and Their Countermeasures: Reflexivity and Second‐Order Reactivity in Quantifying Immigrant Integration
Authors: Petzke Martin
Published: November 2020

Sociology is inherently reflexive. It deals with actors who themselves are constantly engaged in sociological reasoning. Concepts from academic sociology are thus prone to enter and affect the very dynamics they describe. The sociology of quantification is particularly attuned to such paradoxical effects of “reactivity,” that is, measurements and categories altering observed realities. The article builds on these insights but extends them by adding one more iteration of reflexivity. Examining administrative integration departments in Germany that have implemented statistical indicators for measuring immigrant incorporation, it attends to a case where bureaucrats are themselves anticipating “reactivity” of the measurements they use. Integration officers fear that integration indicators may inadvertently reify and stigmatize the statistical category of first‐ to third‐generation immigrants, or “persons with a migration background.” Consequently, they engage in various counterstrategies to offset such effects. Most notably, they launch a counter‐campaign against negative connotations of migration background that their own measurements are reinforcing as they frame migration background as an asset for society. The article argues that this is an example of second‐order reactivity, a phenomenon as yet neglected in the literature: Officers alter reality in reaction to an anticipated reactivity of their own integration statistics.
Art in the Time of Frugality: Scarcity, Cooperation, and Change in American Art Museums
Authors: Poling Jessica
Published: November 2020

Funding for American art museums has undergone significant changes in the past 20 years. In particular, federal and corporate giving have substantially declined following the Great Recession. These changes impact museums’ ability to secure funding for exhibitions. This study addresses how funding scarcity affects American art museums, specifically with regard to staff’s ability to execute their own tasks and the strategies of action they use to compensate for these changes. Drawing from literature on resource scarcity, I explore how funding declines have prompted museum staff to use “strategic cooperation” as a means of diversifying limited financial resources. Moreover, using interviews with curators and development officers, I identify three cooperative strategies they may use: coordinating inter‐professional activities, pooling professional knowledge, and finding creative financial solutions. These findings add to work on resource scarcity by identifying inter‐group cooperation as a diversification strategy. More importantly, I add to this literature by specifically identifying multiple forms of strategic cooperation individuals may employ to combat resource scarcity. Finally, while literature on the arts has focused on museums’ propensity for inter‐professional conflict during times of duress, my work demonstrates that, despite this, cooperative action is a present and viable strategy in cultural organizations.
Ethnic variations in mothers’ and children’s positive and negative emotional expressions toward each other
Authors: Rudy Duane , Ispa Jean M. , Fine Mark A. , James Anthony G.
Published: November 2020

This study examined whether ethnicity moderated trajectories of mothers’ and children’s positive and negative emotional expressions, as well as within‐time and lagged associations between these variables. European American and Mexican American mothers’ and children’s emotional expressions toward each other were observed when children were aged 15, 25, and 37 months. Children’s positivity increased at identical rates and maternal positivity predicted subsequent levels of children’s positivity similarly in the two groups. However, Mexican American children’s negative expressivity declined at more pronounced rates than European American children. Also, whereas at 27 months, European American children’s negativity was negatively predicted by previous levels of maternal positivity, at 37 months it was predicted by previous levels of maternal negativity. Mexican American mothers’ emotional expressivity did not predict their children’s negativity. Finally, maternal negativity declined over time only among Mexican Americans. The results are interpreted with reference to ecocultural theory, the Mexican values of simpatía and respeto, the European American value of authenticity, and the fact that cultural differences become more pronounced as children age.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQA1*01:39 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Genebrier Steve , Rouzaire Paul , Texeraud Emeric , Bertrand Gerald , Renac Virginie
Published: November 2020

DQA1*01:39 differs from DQA1*01:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 49 in exon 1.
Identification of the novel HLA‐A*02:837 and ‐A*02:888 alleles by next‐generation sequencing in two Chinese individuals
Authors: Tao Sudan , He Yanmin , Wang Fang , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: November 2020

Compared with HLA‐A*02:06:01:01, HLA‐A*02:837 and HLA‐A*02:888 show one single nucleotide substitution respectively.
Treatment of invasive IMP‐4Enterobacter cloacaeinfection in transplant recipients using ceftazidime/avibactam with aztreonam: A case series and literature review
Authors: Cairns Kelly A. , Hall Victoria , Martin Genevieve E. , Griffin David W.J. , Stewart James D. , Khan Sadid F. , Abbott Iain J. , Meher‐Homji Zaal , Morrissey Catherine O. , Sia Christopher , Love Jane , Corallo Carmela E. , Bergin Peter , Sharma Ashish , Basu Gopal , Spencer Andrew , Peleg Anton Y.
Published: November 2020

Infections caused by carbapenemase‐producingEnterobacteriaceae(CPE) are an emerging threat in both solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients. Invasive CPE infections in transplant recipients are associated with a high mortality, often due to limited therapeutic options and antibacterial toxicities. One of the most therapeutically challenging group of CPE are the metallo‐β‐lactamase (MBL)‐producing Gram‐negative bacteria, which are now found worldwide, and often need treatment with older, highly toxic antimicrobial regimens. Newer β‐lactamase inhibitors such as avibactam have well‐established activity against certain carbapenemases such asKlebsiella pneumoniaecarbapenemases (KPC), but have no activity against MBL‐producing organisms. Conversely, aztreonam has activity against MBL‐producing organisms but is often inactivated by other co‐existing β‐lactamases. Here, we report four cases of invasive MBL‐CPE infections in transplant recipients caused by IMP‐4‐producingEnterobacter cloacaewho were successfully treated with a new, mechanism‐driven antimicrobial combination of ceftazidime/avibactam with aztreonam. This novel antimicrobial combination offers a useful treatment option for high‐risk patients with CPE infection, with reduced drug interactions and toxicity.
Mycetoma caused by Microsporum canis in a patient with renal transplant: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Teo Teddy S. P. , Crawford Lucy C. , Pilch Wiktor T. , Carney Bernard , Solanki Nicholas , Kidd Sarah E. , Warner Morgyn S.
Published: November 2020

Microsporum canis is a dermatophyte known to cause superficial skin infections. In immunocompromised patients, it can lead to invasive dermatophytosis. We present a case of biopsy‐proven left knee mycetoma caused by M canis in a renal transplant patient. Identification of M canis was achieved via sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions. Treatment involved surgical debridement, oral posaconazole, and reduction in immunosuppression. In addition, we provide a review of current literature on invasive M canis infections.