bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Inspired Copper(II) Complex on Disposable Graphite Pencil Electrode for Effective Simultaneous Detection of Hypoxanthine, Xanthine, and Uric Acid
Authors: Odewunmi Nurudeen A. , Kawde Abdel‐Nasser , Ibrahim Mohamed
Published: July 2018

A facile electrochemical method was developed by in‐situ electrochemical complexation of Cu(II) ions with uric acid (UA), xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HXA) on the disposable graphite pencil electrode (DGPE) surface for sensitive and selective simultaneous determination of UA, XA and HXA in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.00±0.20). Raman Spectroscopy revealed the fluorescence nature of the corresponding Cu(II) – complexes of phosphate ions, UA, XA and HXA on DGPE while Density Function Theory (DFT) calculation was used to estimate their binding energies which are responsible for the enhanced peaks of UA, XA, and HXA as a result of their stronger interaction with copper atoms than phosphate ions. Square wave voltammetry was used in the analytical part. The calculated limits of detections were 14.42 nM, 5.04 nM and 4.93 nM for UA, XA and HXA, respectively. Potential interferences showed almost no significant effect on the peaks of UA, XA, and HXA, and the developed method was successfully utilized for simultaneous determination of the three analytes on human serum and urine with impressive percentage recovery.
Study of prebiotic potential and antioxidant activity in Plantago spp. leaves after enzymatic hydrolysis with hemicellulase and xylanase
Authors: Lukova Paolina , Karcheva‐Bahchevanska Diana , Mollova Daniela , Nikolova Mariana , Mladenov Rumen , Iliev Ilia
Published: July 2018

The leaves of Plantago species have been known as a rich source of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and iridoids. In the recent years, some authors have examined the relative influence of carbohydrate compositions and polyphenols on their antioxidant and prebiotic activity. In this study enzymatic hydrolysis of Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, and Plantago media leaves with hemicellulase and xylanase was carried out. The chemical composition of the enzyme‐derived hydrolysis products was determined. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl‐hydrate, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays. The utilization of the carbohydrate complex from the obtained hydrolysates to stimulate the production of certain glycohydrolases from Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic strains was investigated. The HPLC analysis of the hydrolysis products showed the presence of galactose and arabinose in 1:3 and 1:4 ratios. The highest concentration of total sugars was determined in P. major hydrolysates with hemicellulase (386.71 mg/g dry weight). The antioxidant activity according to the three methods was the highest in P. media hydrolysates, which correlated with their total phenolic concentration. L. plantarum S27 showed the highest values of α‐galactosidase activity at the 24‐h fermentation process when it was cultivated in a broth with the presence of P. major hydrolysates with hemicellulase and xylanase (0.129 U/mg and 0.133 U/mg, respectively).
Noise Phenomena in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Elsøe K. , Kraglund M. R. , Grahl‐Madsen L. , Scherer G. G. , Hjelm J. , Jensen S. H. , Jacobsen T. , Mogensen M. B.
Published: July 2018

In this study, the origin of noise in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra measured on a variety of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs) has been investigated. EIS was measured during operation at various current densities of seven different PEMECs divided in five different cell types including both acidic PEMECs and alkaline PEMECs. The noise pattern differed between various types of cells and between cells of the same cell type. Integration time had no influence on the EIS noise level, whereas the AC amplitude seems to influence the EIS noise level. Other electrical noise sources influencing the EIS measurements have been studied with oscilloscope. No noise was observed at DC. A hypothesis explaining the relation between bubble formation during electrolysis and EIS noise is proposed based on the experimental findings.
The effects of state‐level pharmacist regulations on generic substitution of prescription drugs
Authors: Song Yan , Barthold Douglas
Published: July 2018

Substituting generic for brand name drugs whenever possible has been proposed to control prescription drug expenditure growth in the United States. This work investigates two types of state laws that regulate the procedures under which pharmacists substitute bioequivalent generic versions of brand name drugs. Mandatory substitution laws require pharmacists to use the generic as a default, and presumed consent laws allow them to assume that the patient agrees to the substitution. Both situations can be overruled by the patient. Using plausibly exogenous changes in states' laws, we use difference‐in‐differences and a discrete choice model to show that although the mandatory switching laws have little effect, the presumed consent laws reduce consumers' probability of purchasing brand name drugs by 3.2% points. The differential effectiveness of the laws is likely caused by pharmacists' profit motives. These results offer important implications for policies that seek to reduce drug expenditures by incentivizing the use of generic drugs.
No difference in human mast cells derived from peanut allergic versus non‐allergic subjects
Authors: Larsen Lau F. , Juel‐Berg Nanna , Hansen Anker , Hansen Kirsten S. , Mills E. N. Clare , van Ree Ronald , Rådinger Madeleine , Poulsen Lars K. , Jensen Bettina M.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Mast cells are the primary effector cells of allergy. This study aimed at characterizing human peripheral blood‐derived mast cells (PBdMC) from peanut allergic and non‐allergic subjects by investigating whether the molecular and stimulus‐response profile of PBdMC discriminate between peanut allergic and healthy individuals.

Methods

PBdMC were generated from eight peanut allergic and 10 non‐allergic subjects. The molecular profile (cell surface receptor expression) was assessed using flow cytometry. The stimulus‐response profile (histamine release induced by secretagogues, secretion of cytokines/chemokines and changes in miRNA expression following anti‐IgE activation) was carried out with histamine release test, luminex multiplex assay and miRNA arrays.

Results

Expression of activating receptors (FcϵRI, CD48, CD88, CD117, and C3aR) on PBdMC was not different among peanut allergic and non‐allergic subjects. Likewise, inhibitory receptors (CD32, CD200R, CD300a, and siglec‐8) displayed comparable levels of expression. Both groups of PBdMC were unresponsive to substance P, compound 48/80 and C5a but released comparable levels of histamine when stimulated with anti‐IgE and C3a. Interestingly, among the secreted cytokines/chemokines (IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐23, IL‐31, IL‐37, MCP‐1, VEGF, GM‐CSF) PBdMC from peanut allergic subjects showed a different secretion pattern of IL‐31 compared to non‐allergic subjects. Investigating miRNA expression from resting or activated PBdMC revealed no significantly difference between peanut allergic and non‐allergic subjects.

Conclusion

The molecular and stimulus‐response profile revealed that PBdMC from peanut allergic subjects differently express IL‐31 compared to non‐allergic subjects. However, since only one altered parameter was found among 893 investigated, it is still questionable if the pathophysiological mechanisms of peanut allergy are revealed in PBdMC.
GPRC5A deficiency leads to dysregulated MDM2 via activated EGFR signaling for lung tumor development
Authors: Song Hongyong , Sun Beibei , Liao Yueling , Xu Dongliang , Guo Wenzheng , Wang Tong , Jing Bo , Hu Min , Li Kaimi , Yao Feng , Deng Jiong
Published: July 2018

GPRC5A, a retinoic acid induced gene, is preferentially expressed in lung tissue. Gprc5a gene deletion leads to spontaneous lung tumor development. However, the mechanism of Gprc5a‐mediated lung tumor suppression is not fully understood. Here we showed that MDM2, a p53‐negative regulator, was dysregulated in Gprc5a‐knockout (ko) mouse tracheal epithelial cells (KO‐MTEC) compared to wild type ones. Targeting MDM2 in 1601—a Gprc5a‐ko mouse derived lung tumor cell line—and A549—human lung cancer cells, by MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin‐3a or small hairpin RNA (sh‐RNA)—restored p53 signaling pathway, reduced cancer stem cell markers, and inhibited tumorigenicity. This suggests that dysregulated MDM2 pathway is essential for the oncogenic activities of these cells. MDM2 was found to be stabilized mainly by activated EGFR signaling as targeting EGFR by Erlotinib or sh‐RNA repressed MDM2 in a transcription‐independent manner. Importantly, overexpression of MDM2 and reduced GPRC5A expression at both protein and mRNA levels were frequently found in clinical human lung cancer tissues. Taken together, GPRC5A deficiency contributes to dysregulated MDM2 via activated EGFR signaling, which promotes lung tumor development.
HPV knowledge, vaccine knowledge, and vaccine acceptance in women with cervical cytology anomalies attending colposcopy clinics in Puerto Rico
Authors: Roura‐Monllor Jaime , Nieves‐Muñoz Jose , Ortiz Ana P. , Romaguera Josefina
Published: July 2018

Objective

To assess HPV knowledge as well as knowledge and acceptance of HPV vaccines.

Methods

The present cross‐sectional study surveyed women with cervical cytology anomalies referred to colposcopy clinics at the University of Puerto Rico and San Juan City Hospital between November 1, 2013, and November 30, 2015. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models.

Results

Of 418 participants, 333 had heard of HPV. Of these, 273 of 331 (82.5%) knew it causes cervical cancer and 284 of 332 (85.8%) knew it is sexually transmitted; 313 were aware of the vaccine(s). Of 278 participants, 270 (97.1%) were willing to vaccinate their children and 125 of 285 (43.9%) desired vaccination. Only 13 (10.9%) of 119 age‐eligible women had been vaccinated. Women who had completed high school had increased odds of having heard of HPV (adjusted OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.4; P=0.014), with a similar increase in the odds of having heard of the vaccine(s). Women who knew about HPV had greatly increased odds of knowing about the vaccine(s) (adjusted OR 19.7, 95% CI 9.8–41.6).

Conclusion

Knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccine(s) was high, but vaccine uptake was low in the study population. Physicians’ active roles in HPV education and vaccination are crucial.
Segmentation of Drosophila heart in optical coherence microscopy images using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Duan Lian , Qin Xi , He Yuanhao , Sang Xialin , Pan Jinda , Xu Tao , Men Jing , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Li Airong , Ma Yutao , Zhou Chao
Published: July 2018

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are powerful tools for image segmentation and classification. Here, we use this method to identify and mark the heart region of Drosophila at different developmental stages in the cross‐sectional images acquired by a custom optical coherence microscopy (OCM) system. With our well‐trained CNN model, the heart regions through multiple heartbeat cycles can be marked with an intersection over union of ~86%. Various morphological and dynamical cardiac parameters can be quantified accurately with automatically segmented heart regions. This study demonstrates an efficient heart segmentation method to analyze OCM images of the beating heart in Drosophila.
Different miniaturized extraction methodologies followed by GC–MS/MS analysis for the determination of UV filters in beach sand
Authors: Vila Marlene , Llompart Maria , Garcia‐Jares Carmen , Dagnac Thierry
Published: July 2018

Four different miniaturized methodologies were developed and applied to the analysis of 11 UV filters in sand samples. These approaches were based on ultrasound and vortex extractions, on‐column lixiviation, and ultrasound extraction followed by solid‐phase microextraction. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for quantitative analysis. The analytical performance provided by the four methods was evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and limits of quantification. Lixiviation was discarded since it provided the lowest recoveries and the highest limits of quantification. In contrast, ultrasound and vortex extractions, and ultrasound extraction followed by solid‐phase microextraction were suitable, with recoveries in general >85% and limits of quantification at the low ng/g level. Moreover, ultrasound extraction followed by solid‐phase microextraction allowed using external calibration with aqueous standards and it provided higher sensitivity, with limits of quantification in general one order of magnitude lower than those achieved with the other techniques. The methodologies were applied for the analysis of four marine sand samples, and the results were statistically compared performing an analysis of variance. Eight out of the eleven target UV filters were detected. Octocrylene was found at very high concentrations (up to 1000 ng/g) followed by ethylhexyl salicylate, 4‐methylbenzylidene camphor, homosalate, and 2‐ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate.
Poly[(2‐(acryloyloxy) ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate monolith on‐line solid‐phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the fast determination of salicylic acid in foodstuffs
Authors: Wang Man‐Man , Li Na , Ai Lian‐Feng , Li Li , Chen Xue‐Lei , Jia Ye‐Qing , Wang Xue‐Sheng
Published: July 2018

We report the fabrication of an anion‐exchange monolithic column in a stainless‐steel chromatographic column (10 mm × 2.1 mm i.d.) using [2‐(acryloyloxy) ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride as the monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. The prepared monolith was developed as the adsorbent for the on‐line solid‐phase extraction of salicylic acid in various animal‐origin foodstuffs combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The monolith was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis, and elemental analysis. Potential factors affecting the on‐line solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis were studied in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the total analysis time including cleanup and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry separation was 17 min. The developed method gave the linear range of 15–750 μg/kg, detection limits (S/N = 3) of 5 μg/kg, and quantification limits (S/N = 10) of 15 μg/kg. The recoveries obtained by spiking 10, 20, and 100 μg/kg of salicylic acid in the animal‐origin food samples were in the range of 85.2–98.4%. In addition, the monolith was stable enough for 550 extraction cycles with the precision of peak area ≤11.6%.
Sustainable Approach to Superhydrophobic Surfaces Based on Water‐Born Electrospinning
Authors: Doimoto Mitsunobu , Greiner Andreas
Published: July 2018

Superhydrophobic surfaces are obtained by a sustainable approach by electrospinning of water‐based acrylate dispersion followed by mild silanization and removal of template polymer. The resulting nonwovens show very high superhydrophobicity and very low roll angle. In contrast to many other approaches, pores provide the required morphology to achieve superhydrophobicity. This new material provides a new approach to electrospun nonwoven coatings which can be of interest for textile applications.
Part 2: Dynamic mixed beam radiotherapy (DYMBER): Photon dynamic trajectories combined with modulated electron beams
Authors: Mueller S. , Manser P. , Volken W. , Frei D. , Kueng R. , Herrmann E. , Elicin O. , Aebersold D. M. , Stampanoni M. F. M. , Fix M. K.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a treatment technique for dynamic mixed beam radiotherapy (DYMBER) utilizing increased degrees of freedom (DoF) of a conventional treatment unit including different particle types (photons and electrons), intensity and energy modulation and dynamic gantry, table, and collimator rotations.

Methods

A treatment planning process has been developed to create DYMBER plans combining photon dynamic trajectories (DTs) and step and shoot electron apertures collimated with the photon multileaf collimator (pMLC). A gantry‐table path is determined for the photon DTs with minimized overlap of the organs at risk (OARs) with the target. In addition, an associated dynamic collimator rotation is established with minimized area between the pMLC leaves and the target contour. pMLC sequences of photon DTs and electron pMLC apertures are then simultaneously optimized using direct aperture optimization (DAO). Subsequently, the final dose distribution of the electron pMLC apertures is calculated using the Swiss Monte Carlo Plan (SMCP). The pMLC sequences of the photon DTs are then re‐optimized with a finer control point resolution and with the final electron dose distribution taken into account. Afterwards, the final photon dose distribution is calculated also using the SMCP and summed together with the one of the electrons. This process is applied for a brain and two head and neck cases. The resulting DYMBER dose distributions are compared to those of dynamic trajectory radiotherapy (DTRT) plans consisting only of photon DTs and clinically applied VMAT plans. Furthermore, the deliverability of the DYMBER plans is verified in terms of dosimetric accuracy, delivery time and collision avoidance. For this purpose, The DYMBER plans are delivered to Gafchromic EBT3 films placed in an anthropomorphic head phantom on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator.

Results

For each case, the dose homogeneity in the target is similar or better for DYMBER compared to DTRT and VMAT. Averaged over all three cases, the mean dose to the parallel OARs is 16% and 28% lower, D2% to the serial OARs is 17% and 37% lower and V10% to normal tissue is 12% and 4% lower for the DYMBER plans compared to the DTRT and VMAT plans, respectively. The DYMBER plans are delivered without collision and with a 4–5 min longer delivery time than the VMAT plans. The absolute dose measurements are compared to calculation by gamma analysis using 2% (global)/2 mm criteria with passing rates of at least 99%.

Conclusions

A treatment technique for DYMBER has been successfully developed and verified for its deliverability. The dosimetric superiority of DYMBER over DTRT and VMAT indicates utilizing increased DoF to be the key to improve brain and head and neck radiation treatments in future.
Discovering aspects of health—experiences of a web‐based health diary among adults with primary immunodeficiency
Authors: Petersson Christina , Björkander Janne , Fust Ramona
Published: July 2018

Aim

Advances in technology generate new opportunities to develop e‐health tools to help individuals in self‐management by assessing symptoms of illness and its relation to treatments. Self‐management is central when living with primary immunodeficiency diseases. The aim was to explore the experiences of people living with primary immunodeficiency, who used a pilot version of the web‐based health diary.

Design

Explorative design.

Methods

In total, 16 participants (median age 59) attended one of three focus groups. Inductive content analysis was used.

Results

The participants could be encouraged to discover aspects of their health by contributing to documentation which could support the health concept. A greater understanding about their own health and communicating with healthcare professionals during encounters was expressed. The web‐based health diary is a helpful tool to discover aspects of health that affects the individuals’ life situation and assists the self‐management of a long‐term condition such as immunodeficiency.
Benefits of combining change‐point analysis with disproportionality analysis in pharmacovigilance signal detection
Authors: Trinh Nhung T.H. , Solé Elodie , Benkebil Mehdi
Published: July 2018

Background

Change‐point analysis (CPA) is a powerful method to analyse pharmacovigilance data but it has never been used on the disproportionality metric.

Objectives

To optimize signal detection investigating the interest of time‐series analysis in pharmacovigilance and the benefits of combining CPA with the proportional reporting ratio (PRR).

Methods

We investigated the couple benfluorex and aortic valve incompetence (AVI) using the French National Pharmacovigilance and EudraVigilance databases: CPA was applied on monthly counts of reports and the lower bound of monthly computed PRR (PRR‐). We stated a CPA hypothesis that the substance‐event combination is more likely to be a signal when the 2 following criteria are fulfilled: PRR‐ is greater than 1 with at least 5 cases, and CPA method detects at least 2 successive change points of PRR‐ which made consecutively increasing segments. We tested this hypothesis by 95 test cases identified from a drug safety reference set and 2 validated signals from EudraVigilance database: CPA was applied on PRR‐.

Results

For benfluorex and AVI, change points detected by CPA on PRR‐ were more meaningful compared with monthly counts of reports: More change points detected and detected earlier. In the reference set, 14 positive controls satisfied CPA hypothesis, 6 positive controls only met first requirements, 3 negative controls only met first requirement, and 2 validated signals satisfied CPA hypothesis.

Conclusions

The combination of CPA and PRR represents a significant advantage in detecting earlier signals and reducing false‐positive signals. This approach should be confirmed in further studies.
Club cell secretory protein (CC16) in gastric fluid at birth and subsequent lung disease in preterm infants
Authors: Hagman Cecilia , Björklund Lars J. , Hellgren Gunnel , Tufvesson Ellen , Hansen‐Pupp Ingrid
Published: July 2018

Background

Club cell secretory protein (CC16) probably has a role in protecting the lung from inflammation.

Aim

To evaluate if low levels of CC16 in gastric fluid at birth, reflecting low levels of CC16 in the lung, would be associated with lung inflammation and respiratory morbidity.

Methods

A study of 64 infants with mean gestational age 26.1 weeks. CC16 was analyzed in gastric fluid at birth. CC16, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and MMP‐9 were analyzed in tracheal aspirate within 24 h from birth.

Results

CC16 in gastric fluid increased with gestational age (P = 0.033). Lower concentrations of CC16 in gastric fluid at birth were associated with higher concentrations of IL‐1β (P = 0.028), TNF‐α (P = 0.034), and MMP‐9 (P = 0.015) in tracheal aspirate. Infants who needed mechanical ventilation at 24 and 72 h of age had lower CC16 in gastric fluid than those not ventilated at these ages (P = 0.011 and P = 0.024, respectively). Lower CC16 in gastric fluid was associated with higher FiO2 at 6 h (P = 0.009), higher PaCO2 at 24 h (P = 0.03), more ventilator days (P = 0.012) and more days with supplemental oxygen (P = 0.03). Infants who had either died or were still treated with supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age had lower CC16 in gastric fluid than infants with none of these outcomes (P = 0.049).

Conclusion

A low CC16 concentration in gastric fluid at birth was associated with increased inflammation in the trachea within the first 24 h of life and with more need for respiratory support in the neonatal period.
Anomalous Hall and Nernst Effects in 2D Systems: Role of Cubic Rashba Spin–Orbit Coupling
Authors: Krzyżewska Anna , Dyrdał Anna , Barnaś Józef , Berakdar Jamal
Published: July 2018

The anomalous Hall and Nernst effects are considered theoretically for the model Hamiltonian describing properties of electronic states formed at the interfaces of semiconductor heterostructures or perovskite oxide junctions and surfaces. Using the Matsubara Green's function formalism and linear response theory we find, among others, substantial intrinsic contributions to both effects. Additionally, a change of sign in the anomalous Nernst conductivity occurs for temperatures preceding the magnetic phase transition.
The Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire: The theoretical development and empirical validation of an evaluation instrument for stakeholders working with sustainable development
Authors: Gericke Niklas , Boeve‐de Pauw Jelle , Berglund Teresa , Olsson Daniel
Published: July 2018

In this paper, the concept of sustainability consciousness, an individual's experience and awareness of sustainable development, is introduced. Based on UNESCO's definition of sustainable development, a sustainability consciousness questionnaire (SCQ) is theoretically and empirically developed. Using the data of 638 respondents from Sweden aged 18–19 years old, the scale is developed in two versions. The long version (SCQ‐L) can be used to measure individuals' environmental, social and economic knowingness, attitudes and behaviour (nine valid and reliable subscales), in addition to the second order constructs of sustainability knowingness, sustainability attitudes and sustainability behaviour, as well as the third order construct, sustainability consciousness. For the short version (SCQ‐S) 27 items were identified that can be used to measure the second and third order constructs. Both versions of the scale present excellent psychometric quality. Possible applications of the questionnaire instruments in the context of evaluation of sustainability policies, practices and stakeholder engagement are discussed.
On the angular distribution of Λb → Λ(→ N π)τ +τ − decay
Authors: Das Diganta
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We present a full angular distribution of the four body Λ
b
→ Λ(→ N π)ℓ+ℓ− decay where the leptons are massive and the Λ
b
is unpolarized, in an operator basis which includes the Standard Model operators, new vector and axial-vector operators, and scalar and pseudo-scalar operators. The angular coefficients are expressed in terms of transversity amplitudes. We study several Λ
b
→ Λ(→ pπ)τ +τ − observables in the Standard Model and in the presence of the new operators. For our numerical analysis, we use the form factors from lattice QCD calculations.
Cosmological aspects of the clockwork axion
Authors: Long Andrew J.
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The clockwork axion refers to a family of aligned multi-axion models that lead to an exponential hierarchy between the scale of Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking and the scale of the axion decay constant. The clockworking can bring the Peccei-Quinn-scale particles to within reach of collider experiments. In this work we are interested in whether cosmological observations impose any new constraints on the clockwork axion. If the universe reheats above the scale of Peccei-Quinn breaking, then the ensuing cosmological phase transition produces a network of topological defects, which have a qualitatively different behavior from the string-wall network in the usual axion models. We estimate the relic abundances of axion dark matter and dark radiation that arise from the emission of axions by the defect network, and we infer a constraint on the scale of Peccei-Quinn breaking and the mass spectrum. We find that the defect contribution to the axion dark matter relic abundance is generally negligible. However, the defect production of relativistic axion dark radiation becomes significant if the scale of Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking is larger than 100 TeV, and measurements of ΔN
eff provide a new probe of this class of models.
Predicting Engagement in Smoking Cessation Treatment Following a Brief Telephone Evaluation and Referral Session
Authors: Petersen Angela , Jabaiah Suraya , Chen Timothy , Doran Neal , Myers Mark
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Smoking cessation treatment combining medication and counselling yields the best outcomes; however, few smokers employ both modalities.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine variables predicting treatment attendance.

Methods: This was a chart review of US military Veterans (N = 340; 89% male, 59% non-Hispanic white) referred for smoking cessation, who completed a telephone call to encourage treatment utilization. Treatment engagement was defined as attending a smoking cessation session within 30 days following telephone contact. A logistic regression analysis examined predictors (demographics, smoking variables, and psychiatric diagnoses) of treatment engagement.

Results/Findings: Greater age (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.06), more cigarettes (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06), and higher perceived importance of quitting (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23) predicted engaging in treatment within 30 days (all p values < 0.05).

Conclusion: Veterans who attended treatment were older, smoked more cigarettes, and perceived quitting as more important than those who did not attend. These findings are consistent with prior studies examining factors associated with treatment utilization. Results highlight the need to identify strategies for engaging into treatment smokers who are younger, smoke fewer cigarettes, and view quitting as less important.
Dilated cardiomyopathy due to premature ductus arteriosus constriction
Authors: Okada Seigo , Muneuchi Jun , Iwaya Yuki
Published: July 2018

Herein, we present the first case of dilated cardiomyopathy due to premature constriction of the ductus arteriosus. A fetal echocardiography showed narrowing in the ductus arteriosus, and colour Doppler flow mapping could not identify blood flow through the ductus. Neonatal echocardiography revealed a left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, and the cardiomyopathy had fully resolved at 6 months of age.
Thailand Trapped: Catch-up Legacies and Contemporary Malaise
Authors: Kanchoochat Veerayooth
Published: July 2018

A better understanding of Thailand's contemporary malaise needs a perspective that combines political and economic aspects without losing sight of history. This article applies the concept of path dependence to examine how pre-1997 catch-up industrialisation shaped the post-crisis trajectory. It argues that the catch-up process has left a number of important legacies, especially the symbiotic relationship between the military, banking conglomerates, and technocrats; dominant growth narrative with a focus on macroeconomic stability; and overly centralised and bloated state structures. These legacies have shaped the strategies and legitimacies of today's political actors and rendered the pursuit of growth increasingly contradictory to maintaining order.
Internal Tide Generation at the Vitória‐Trindade Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Paiva Afonso M. , Daher Victor B. , Costa Vladimir S. , Camargo Simone S. B. , Mill Guilherme N. , Gabioux Mariela , Alvarenga João B. R.
Published: July 2018

Sea surface height data from multiple satellite altimetric missions are analyzed in order to investigate the surface manifestation of internal tides generated at the Vitória‐Trindade Ridge (VTR), in the western South Atlantic Ocean. The VTR is formed by a sequence of submerged seamounts disposed in a west‐east alignment around 20.5°S, extending for over 1,000 km from the Brazilian continental margin to the Trindade and Martim Vaz islands. Point‐wise harmonic analysis of the along‐track sea surface height data, combined with a two‐dimensional plane wave fitting at selected subregions, depicts well‐organized northbound and southbound wave beams radiating from the VTR, and propagating as far as ~1,000 km from the ridge. Energy convergence is observed at a focal point located circa 300 km south of the VTR, associated with a lens effect due to the arc‐shaped ridge. Wavenumber spectra show highest energy associated with wavelengths of 140 and 70 km, close to the theoretical values expected for the first and second baroclinic modes, respectively. Energy fluxes for the mode 1 principal lunar (M2) constituent reach values of 2 to 3 kW/m for the southward beams and 1 kW/m north of the VTR. Judging from its surface signature, the VTR appears to be the most significant internal tide generation site in the western South Atlantic.
Slow Long‐Term Exhumation of the West Central Andean Plate Boundary, Chile
Authors: Avdievitch Nikita N. , Ehlers Todd A. , Glotzbach Christoph
Published: July 2018

We present a regional analysis of new low‐temperature thermochronometer ages from the Central Andean fore arc to provide insights into the exhumation history of the western Andean margin. To derive exhumation rates over 10 million‐year timescales, 38 new apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages were analyzed along six ~500‐km long near‐equal‐elevation, coast parallel, transects in the Coastal Cordillera (CC) and higher‐elevation Precordillera (PC) of the northern Chilean Andes between latitudes 18.5°S and 22.5°S. These transects were augmented with age‐elevation profiles where possible. Results are synthesized with previously published thermochronometric data, corroborating a previously observed trenchward increase in cooling ages in Peru and northern Chile. One‐dimensional thermal‐kinematic modeling of all available multichronometer equal‐elevation samples reveals mean exhumation rates of <0.2 km/Myr since ~50 Ma in the PC and ~100 Ma in the CC. Regression of pseudovertical age‐elevation transects in the CC yields comparable rates of ~0.05 to ~0.12 km/Myr between ~40 and 80 Ma. Differences between the long‐term mean 1‐D rates and shorter‐term age‐elevation‐derived rates indicate low variability in the exhumation history. Modeling results suggest similar background exhumation rates in the CC and PC; younger ages in the PC are largely a function of increased heat flow and consequently an elevated geothermal gradient near the arc. Slow exhumation rates are suggestive of semiarid conditions across the region since at least the Eocene and deformation and development of the Andean fore arc around this time.
An Increase of the Indonesian Throughflow by Internal Tidal Mixing in a High‐Resolution Quasi‐Global Ocean Simulation
Authors: Sasaki H. , Kida S. , Furue R. , Nonaka M. , Masumoto Y.
Published: July 2018

The impact of internal tidal mixing on the volume transport of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is examined by a comparison of high‐resolution quasi‐global ocean simulations with and without a tidal mixing scheme. The ITF transport is found to be increased in the presence of tidal mixing. This is because tidal mixing decreases the density within and below the lower thermocline and increases the buoyancy of the water column. As a result, the surface pressure and the sea surface height (SSH) are raised. The magnitude of the SSH increase is larger for the tropical Pacific Ocean than for the other basins, possibly because many islands exist in the tropical Pacific and tidal mixing is effective around their shallow and rough topographies. Since SSH increases more in the tropical Pacific than in the Indian Ocean, the pressure difference between the two basins is enhanced and thus the ITF transport is strengthened.
Evaluation of Reconstructions of Snow/Ice Melt in Greenland by Regional Atmospheric Climate Models Using Laser Altimetry Data
Authors: Sutterley Tyler C. , Velicogna Isabella , Fettweis Xavier , Rignot Eric , Noël Brice , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: July 2018

The surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet critically depends on the intensity of ice melt/snowmelt in its ablation zone, but in situ data have been too limited to quantify the error of regional climate models. Here we use 23 years of NASA satellite and airborne laser altimetry from the Airborne Topographic Mapper; Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor; and Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite to generate time series of elevation change to compare with surface mass balance products from the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model and from the Modèle Atmosphérique Régional. For 1994–2016, the results agree at the 15–26% level, with the largest discrepancy in North Greenland. During the cold summer of 2015, the root‐mean‐square discrepancy is 40% in the north, 30% in the southwest, and 18–25% at low elevation. The difference drops to 23% in the southwest and 14% at low elevation during the 2016 warm summer.
Buoyant Asthenosphere Beneath Cascadia Influences Megathrust Segmentation
Authors: Bodmer Miles , Toomey Douglas R. , Hooft Emilie E. E. , Schmandt Brandon
Published: July 2018

Great megathrust earthquakes (magnitude 8+) do not typically rupture an entire convergent margin but rather are limited to one or more along‐strike segments. A fundamental question of subduction zone dynamics and hazard assessment is what physical properties or dynamic processes govern megathrust segmentation. Here we use onshore‐offshore teleseismic delay time data to tomographically image the upper mantle seismic structure of the Cascadia subduction zone. Our results reveal along‐strike segmentation in the oceanic asthenosphere beneath the subducting plate with pronounced low‐velocity anomalies below regions of increased plate locking and greater occurrence of episodic tremor and slip. We attribute the anomalous asthenospheric velocities to independent mantle upwellings associated with hot spot‐derived material in northern Cascadia and fragmentation processes at a diffuse plate boundary in southern Cascadia. Based on these relations, we hypothesize that subslab buoyancy modulates the plate coupling force at the thrust interface, thereby contributing to the localization of subduction zone segmentation.
The Formation of Clay‐Enriched Horizons by Lessivage
Authors: Calabrese Salvatore , Richter Daniel D. , Porporato Amilcare
Published: July 2018

Soils with argillic horizons comprise more than 25% of the Earth's surface. Although their origin is still debated, lessivage is often invoked to explain them, but the long timescales involved hinder its direct experimental verification. We present a parsimonious model of clay transport, formulated for long timescales over which lessivage is modeled stochastically, complemented by detailed field observations. This probabilistic description allows us to predict the clay profile, the depth of the Bt horizon from the surface, and the mean clay residence time. The results are tested with field measurements at different locations in the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory. Dimensional analysis unveils two dimensionless parameters governing lessivage dynamics, leading to a classification based on erosion rates and lessivage characteristics. We identify static and eluviated regimes, in which erosion or eluviation prevails, and an illuviated regime, in which the balance between lessivage and erosion brings about the formation of a Bt horizon.
Microburst Scale Size Derived From Multiple Bounces of a Microburst Simultaneously Observed With the FIREBIRD‐II CubeSats
Authors: Shumko Mykhaylo , Sample John , Johnson Arlo , Blake Bern , Crew Alex , Spence Harlan , Klumpar David , Agapitov Oleksiy , Handley Matthew
Published: July 2018

We present the observation of a spatially large microburst with multiple bounces made simultaneously by the Focused Investigation of Relativistic Electron Bursts: Intensity, Range, and Dynamics II (FIREBIRD‐II) CubeSats on 2 February 2015. This is the first observation of a microburst with a subsequent decay made by two coorbiting but spatially separated spacecraft. From these unique measurements, we place estimates on the lower bounds of the spatial scales as well as quantify the electron bounce periods. The microburst's lower bound latitudinal scale size was 29 ± 1 km and the longitudinal scale size was 51 ± 1 km in low Earth orbit. We mapped these scale sizes to the magnetic equator and found that the radial and azimuthal scale sizes were at least 500 ± 10 km and 530 ± 10 km, respectively. These lower bound equatorial scale sizes are similar to whistler mode chorus wave source scale sizes, which supports the hypothesis that microbursts are a product of electron scattering by chorus waves. Lastly, we estimated the bounce periods for 200‐ to 800‐keV electrons and found good agreement with four common magnetic field models.
Impacts of 1.5 and 2.0 °C Warming on Pan‐Arctic River Discharge Into the Hudson Bay Complex Through 2070
Authors: MacDonald Matthew K. , Stadnyk Tricia A. , Déry Stephen J. , Braun Marco , Gustafsson David , Isberg Kristina , Arheimer Berit
Published: July 2018

Discharge projections into the Hudson Bay Complex to 2070 are investigated for global mean temperature warming levels of 1.5 and 2.0 °C. Median precipitation increases from 1986–2005, ranging from 2% during summer to 19% during winter, are projected to increase discharge in all seasons except summer. The rise in discharge is greatest furthest north, into Foxe Basin, Ungava Bay, and Hudson Strait, exceeding 10% above historical annual means. A 2.0 °C warming results in higher discharge than 1.5 °C warming owing to greater precipitation (e.g., 6.5% greater spring discharge increase); however, summer discharge for 2.0 °C warming is lower due to enhanced evaporation and lower precipitation increase from historical (4.0% lower summer discharge increase). Extreme daily high flows are projected to be greater than historical, more so for 2.0 °C warming than 1.5 °C warming, and this is greatest in the eastern and northern regions. These projections suggest continued increasing river discharge into pan‐Arctic coastal oceans.
The Role of the Parallel Electric Field in Electron‐Scale Dissipation at Reconnecting Currents in the Magnetosheath
Authors: Wilder F. D. , Ergun R. E. , Burch J. L. , Ahmadi N. , Eriksson S. , Phan T. D. , Goodrich K. A. , Shuster J. , Rager A. C. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. , Strangeway R. J. , Plaschke F. , Magnes W. , Lindqvist P. A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V.
Published: July 2018

We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of reconnecting current sheets in the magnetosheath over a range of out‐of‐plane “guide” magnetic field strengths. The currents exhibit nonideal energy conversion in the electron frame of reference, and the events are within the ion diffusion region within close proximity (a few electron skin depths) to the electron diffusion region. The study focuses on energy conversion on the electron scale only. At low guide field (antiparallel reconnection), electric fields and currents perpendicular to the magnetic field dominate the energy conversion. Additionally, electron distributions exhibit significant nongyrotropy. As the guide field increases, the electric field parallel to the background magnetic field becomes increasingly strong, and the electron nongyrotropy becomes less apparent. We find that even with a guide field less than half the reconnecting field, the parallel electric field and currents dominate the dissipation. This suggests that parallel electric fields are more important to energy conversion in reconnection than previously thought and that at high guide field, the physics governing magnetic reconnection are significantly different from antiparallel reconnection.
A Numerical Study of Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sediment Dynamics on the Australian North West Shelf
Authors: Dufois François , Lowe Ryan J. , Rayson Matthew D. , Branson Paul M.
Published: July 2018

Owing to their strong forcing of the ocean surface, tropical cyclones strongly modify the hydrodynamics of Australia's North West Shelf (one of the world's tropical cyclone hot spots), which in turn plays a dominant role in its sediment dynamics. Previous modeling studies have focused on describing the short‐term sediment dynamics during individual tropical cyclones but have lacked validation of the responses using field observations. As a consequence, the long‐term cumulative impact of the tropical cyclones on the residual sediment transport pathways at the shelf scale remains unclear. In this study we apply a sediment transport model over the North West Shelf, validate its performance using an extensive field data set, and implement a 14‐year‐long model simulation to assess the sediment fluxes. The model results confirm the overwhelming role tropical cyclones play on sediment transport processes over most of the shelf, despite each cyclone only influencing a small portion of the shelf at a particular time. Overall, we identified 19 tropical cyclone events over the 14‐year period, which, despite accounting for less than 5% of time, were found to drive the majority of both the suspended sediment alongshore and seaward cross‐shore transport. The results revealed significant interannual variability of the tropical cyclone‐induced sediment dynamics with greater suspended transport during the three consecutive Ningaloo Niño years (2011–2013) where sea surface temperatures off northwestern Australia were anomalously warm with elevated tropical cyclone activity.
Roles of Cloud Microphysics on Cloud Responses to Sea Surface Temperatures in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Experiments Using a High‐Resolution Global Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Ohno Tomoki , Satoh Masaki
Published: July 2018

The high‐cloud amount responses to sea surface temperature (SST) changes were investigated based on simulations with radiative‐convective equilibrium configuration using a high‐resolution nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model. The radiative‐convective equilibrium was calculated using a nonrotating sphere with Earth radius and a 14‐km horizontal mesh with uniform SSTs of 300 and 304 K. Two types of cloud microphysics schemes (single‐ and double‐moment bulk schemes) and two types of vertical layer configurations (38 and 78 layers) were tested. The radiatively driven circulation weakens with increasing SST in all simulation pairs due to the increase in the static stability, as suggested in previous studies. In contrast, the high‐cloud amount increases in three simulation pairs and decreases in one pair. These indicate that the weakening of radiatively driven circulation with increasing SST does not always accompany the high‐cloud amount decrease. We determined that the tropopause layer was wet (dry) in simulations that showed positive (negative) high‐cloud cover responses. The radiatively driven upward moisture transport just below the wet tropopause layer increases with increasing SST in the simulation pairs with positive high‐cloud amount responses, and this causes the supply of ice condensate to the lower layer through the sedimentation process, while this feedback was not observed in the simulation pair with the negative response. These indicate that the high‐cloud cover response depends on the occurrence of the feedback and there is a feedback threshold among the variety of simulations. And furthermore, these speculate that whether the feedback mechanism is effective or not has the large impact on high‐cloud responses in the real atmosphere.
Large ice loss variability at Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier, Northeast-Greenland
Authors: Mayer Christoph , Schaffer Janin , Hattermann Tore , Floricioiu Dana , Krieger Lukas , Dodd Paul A. , Kanzow Torsten , Licciulli Carlo , Schannwell Clemens
Published: July 2018

Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden is a major outlet glacier in Northeast-Greenland. Although earlier studies showed that the floating part near the grounding line thinned by 30% between 1999 and 2014, the temporal ice loss evolution, its relation to external forcing and the implications for the grounded ice sheet remain largely unclear. By combining observations of surface features, ice thickness and bedrock data, we find that the ice shelf mass balance has been out of equilibrium since 2001, with large variations of the thinning rates on annual/multiannual time scales. Changes in ice flux and surface ablation are too small to produce this variability. An increased ocean heat flux is the most plausible cause of the observed thinning. For sustained environmental conditions, the ice shelf will lose large parts of its area within a few decades and ice modeling shows a significant, but locally restricted thinning upstream of the grounding line in response.