bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Childhood Intervention and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Reynolds Arthur J. , Chan Heesuk , Temple Judy A.
Published: March 2007

We investigated the relation between participation in the Child-Parent Center and Expansion Program durtng preschool to third grade and measures of adolescent dehnquency for low- income, mostly Black youths in the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Based on analyses of 1,262 program and compartson-group children, duration of program participation (0 to 6 years) and extensive participation in the program were significantly associated with lower rates of school- reported delinquency infractions at ages 13 and 14. Extended program participation was only marginally associated with a lower rate of delinquency infractions over ages 12 to 16. Preschool participation alone had no systematic relation with delinquency but was marginally associated with delinquency reports at ages 15 and 16. Reductions in school-reported delinquency were due to less frequent school mobility and to postprogram parent involvement in school. Given the high costs of crime to society, even the relatively modest effects of early childhood intervention on delinquency suggest that such programs can provide another weapon in the war on crime.
An Evaluation of the Baltimore Community Lead Education and Reduction Corps (CLEARCorps) Program
Authors: Duckart Jonathan P.
Published: March 2007

This evaluation examines the effectiveness of the Baltimore Community Lead Education and Reduction Corps (CLEARCorps) program in reducing lead dust levels in low-income urban housing in Baltimore, Maryland, through minor lead-reduction activities and tenant lead pocsoning prevention education. Lead dust data collected before and after lead-reduction activities show statistically significant mean declines for floors, window sills, and window wells. Limited data using sign tests also show that follow-up lead dust levels collected 6 months after the CLEARCorps intervention were significantly lower than preintervention lead levels. Al though there are many important limitations of this analysis, the findings suggest that in-place management may be an effective method in reducing childhood lead poisoning in high-risk areas.
Tansformation of the Canadian Association of University Schools of Nursing
Authors: Richardson Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this historical research was to analyze the 1967 restructuring of the Canadian Association of University Schools of Nursing (CA USN) from a powerless, loose affiliation of individual nurse academics into a potentially powerful association of deans and directors. After its 1967 restructuring, CAUSN became active nationally and collaborated with the Canadian Nurses Association on doctoral education, accreditation for nursing education programs, and baccalaureate entry to practice. It also successfully implemented a national program of voluntary accreditation of baccalaureate education. The transformation of CA USN was analyzed using primary data located in the Queen s University Archives, Kingston, Ontario, the Canadian Nurses Association Archives, Ottawa, Ontario, and from selected interviews. Secondary data was used to augment and corroborate interpretation of primary data.
Use of the Multitrait Multimethod (MTMM) to Analyze Family Relational Data
Authors: Sidani Souraya , Jones Elaine
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors propose the logic of the multitrait multimethod (MTMM) approach for analysis of data as an alternative solution for examining family relational data. Application of the MTMM logic permits the assessment of commonperspectives shared byallfamily members and of the unique perspectives of individuals. The advantages of using this approach in family research include the ability to (a) maintain consistency between systems theory views of familyas-a-unit, and (b) delineate patterns of agreement, disagreement, or both amongfamily members.
Health Care Needs of Persons with HIV/AIDS in Various Settings
Authors: Berk Ronald A. , Baigis-Smith Judith , Nanda Joy P.
Published: March 2007

This study describes the psychosocial and physiological health care needs of persons with HIV/AIDS in hospital, outpatient, home care, and long-term care settings. A cross-sectional descriptive design with 386 patients selectedfrom thefour settings was used to test between-setting differences on Healthcare Needs Scales. Univariate analyses of variance of scale and subscale scores and Kruskal-Wallis analyses of variance by ranks on item scores were computed. There was neither a relationship between psychosocial and physiological health care needs nor a distinctive pattern of needs across settings by HIV classification. The patients' needs varied between settings on health behaviors/social support, health management, and eliminationiphysicall sensory functions but were quite similar in psychosocial/financial support and neurological/ digestive functions. These results question assumptions about the relationships among stage of HIV infection, level and type of health care need, and type of setting and suggest that health system resources and nursing care focus on both the psychosocial and physiological needs of persons with HI V/AIDS using individualized protocols.
Elder Care Recipients' Care-Seeking Process
Authors: Russell Cynthia K.
Published: March 2007

The care-seeking process used by elders residing in a continuing-care retirement community to elicit care from caregivers and engage caregivers in care interactions is described. Generated from 8 months of ethnographic field research that incorporated semistructured interviewing, participant observation, and focus group interviewing data collection strategies with 47 elders, the care-seeking process emerged as the sequentialphases and stages that evolved over time in elders' interactions with their formal and informal caregivers The findings extend what is currently known about the active and thoughtful role elders assume in their care interactions. An understanding of the ways elders elicit care and engage caregivers may assist nurses to maximize their care interactions with elders.
Teaching Research Utilization to Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Feldman Harriet R.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an undergraduate nursing research course that focuses on research utilization. Critical appraisal skills were used to critique articles that formed the bases of a research utilization project. Groups of students formed research utilization teams and developed proposals for identifying, initiating, and evaluating a clinical innovation.
Recruitment and Retention of Families in Clinical Trials with Longitudinal Designs
Authors: Motzer Sandra Adams , Moseley Jean Reynolds , Lewis Frances Marcus
Published: March 2007

The Family Home Visitation Program: Nurse as Coach was a 3-year, National Cancer Institute-funded, multisite, randomized trial of a nursing intervention. It tested the effectiveness of an in-home coaching intervention designed to enhance long-term adjustment of breast cancer's effect on familyfunctioning. We summarize our recruitment and retention experiences, review accrual and retention issues identified from our experiences and those of other researchers, and suggest 24 specific strategies to maximize sample size in future clinical trial studies. Our target sample consisted of 200 women with early stage breast cancer and their male partners and children. We obtained 313 eligible referrals from 91 sites: 217 participants (69.3%) were accrued, 96families (30.7%) refused, 181 participants (83.4%) were retained, 11 (5.1%) were dropped because of changes in eligibility status or because of scheduling error, and another 25 (11.5%) elected to withdraw.
Communication of Sexual Risk Behavior among Late Adolescents
Authors: Lock Sharon E. , Ferguson Stephanie L. , Wise Carl , Kennedy Carol W. , Anderson Nancy Lois Ruth , Heineken Jan
Published: March 2007

A grounded theory approach was used to describe how males and females in late adolescence communicate with their sexualpartners about sexual risk behaviors. Interviews were audiotaped with 18 women and 15 men from a university in the southeastern United States. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Building trust was identified as the core variable for both men and women. For women, prerequisites for building trust were being involved in caring relationships and indirectly gathering information about potential sexual partners. For men, prerequisites were being involved in caring relationships and using their instincts. Women usually initiated safe-sex talk, but men were willing to discuss it, once the conversation was initiated. Findings can serve as a guide for developing nursing strategies that promote more effective communication about sexual risk behavior in this age group.
Mentoring and Nurse Practitioner Student Self-Efficacy
Authors: Hayes Eileen F.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between nurse practitioner students and their clinical teachers (preceptors) may have an impact on students' confidence in their ability to take on the advanced practice role of the nurse practitioner. This descriptive, correlational study investigated the relationship between nurse practitioner students'perceptions of mentoring by their clinical preceptors and student selfefficacy. Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory and Biddle's Role Theory provided the frameworkfor the research. Study results may have an impact on graduate nursing program philosophy, clinical placement management strategies, and preceptor selection.
Gardens in Early Indian Court Life
Authors: Ali Daud
Published: March 2007

He indeed is king whose abode has spacious pleasure gardens with long pools made brilliant by beautiful lotus blossoms covered with humming bees....

Wealth, friends well-versed in the arts, the sound of melodious lutes, and beautiful women with young and charming bodies— all these will be without fruit for the king seeking the pleasure of all, if there are no pleasure gardens.

Śā rngadharapaddhati
Working-class opinion and welfare strategies: beyond the state and the market
Authors: Hyde Mark , Deacon Bob
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a recent survey into the attitudes of a small sample of working-class voters in Plymouth. The survey in general reinforces the conclusions of previous studies regarding the perceptions of who benefits from state welfare, which are the preferred and less preferred services, the existence of a bedrock of defence of state welfare coexisting with reported negative experiences of some aspects of state welfare. The new contribution of this pilot survey is to test the potential receptivity of voters to a range of alternative welfare strategies in the light of the experience of Thatcherism ranging from free market, through welfare pluralism, the status quo, and welfare corporation, to radical redistribu don and the alternative social strategy. The potential if minority support for radical redistribution and the alternative social strategy on the one hand and welfare pluralism on the other is reported. The free-market and welfare-corporatist strategies are not preferred.
Restructuring, resistance and privatisation in the non-custodial sector
Authors: Ryan Mick , Ward Tony
Published: March 2007

The government has recently announced plans to restructure the probation service in England and Wales and to expand the use of the volumary sector, and also of for profit agencies, in deafing with effenders. This article suggests that the rationale behind these changer is not mainly secure greater consistency or a more cost-effective services but primaris to croerve the probation service into delivering tougher alternatives to custody. Particular consideration is give to the proposed extension of the voluntary sector as a means of bypassing opposition within the statutory sector to harsher punishments; and to the future relationship between these sectors isthe government's poposals are translated into practice.
The 'Underclass': a class apart?
Authors: Robinson Fred , Gregson Nicky
Published: March 2007

This article examines the concept of the underclass. It reviews the use of this term both in the US and in Britain, showing how it is rooted within political debates about poverty. The underclass concept is vague and its
Windows of opportunity in rotting frames? Care providers' perspectives on community care and black communities
Authors: Walker Reg , Ahmad Waqar
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the findings of a survey in Bradford of a range of care providers' perspectives on the broad implications of community care policy, with a particular focus on ethnic minorities. Viewing the policy from various standpoints, there is a consensus on it being a mixture of threat and opportunity and that community care policy must be seen in the context of the realignment of state welfare.
Women and the new paradigm of health and medicine
Authors: Nettleton Sarah
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that there is a 'new paradigm in health and medicine'. The biomedical model is being overlain by a psycho-socio-epidemio logical model. Many feminist writers demonstrated that a system of health care which was dominated by the biomedical model was especially damaging for women. However, a system which is underpinned by the psycho-socio-epidemiological model may also have some potentially detrimental consequences for women. Drawing on the concepts of 'risk', 'surveillance' and the 'rational self', this paper offers a critical analysis of health promotion—a core feature of the new paradigm—and concludes by setting out six key implications for women and health.
Crime prevention and community safety
Authors: Gilling Daniel , Barton Adrian
Published: March 2007

Having been to all intents and purposes 'banished' from the criminal jus tice domain, welfarism made a return in the 1980s through the vehicle of crime prevention, and especially through its 1990s incarnation, com munity safety. This article charts the process of this return and questions the wisdom of welfarist objectives in social policy becoming associated with a new form of crime control. The dangers for welfarism lie in alternative agendas that entwine community safety with a bid for re legitimation, which ties it to the coat tails of a new urban policy and seeks to 'criminalize the discourses of social policy'.
Asian Indian “Self-Suppression” and Self-Disclosure
Authors: Hastings Sally O.
Published: March 2007

This article studies the cultural influences guiding Asian Indians in deciding whether to express or suppress self-disclosures and self-expressive actions. Philipsen’s definition of ritual is used as a heuristic for examining situations in which overt self-expressions are prohibited or discouraged. The analysis provides a catalyst for reviewing Philipsen’s definition of ritual to include intrapersonal communicative resources that meaningfully reflect and constitute the social realities and the social interactions of participants. Ethnographic interviews with Asian Indian sojourners to the United States are used to examine how, on certain occasions, Asian Indians invoke a culturally meaningful set of thought processes about appropriate role conduct and use a widely intelligible cultural rationale to prompt self-suppression. The findings suggest that this form of communicative conduct adapts to the cultural context by allowing a greater range of disclosures and self-expressive actions and that it guides sojourners’ interpretations of some intercultural encounters.
When the Survival of a Language is at Stake
Authors: Louis Winnifred , Taylor Donald M.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the functional roles of English, French, and Inuttitut in arctic Québec. In their concern with disadvantaged members of society and their focus on functional differences in language use, the authors draw on early research by Robinson concerning language and social behavior for working- and middle-class speakers. First, they present evidence concerning the importance of sustained heritage language (Inuttitut) development in second-language acquisition and address the implications of this finding in terms of additive versus subtractive bilingualism in the North. Second, they contrast the language proficiencies of children in the two dominant languages, English and French, exploring variations in status and their concomitant effects on language acquisition. Finally, they compare the conversational versus academic language proficiencies of Inuit children in the context of minority versus dominant language education and discuss implications for the debate on language deficits versus differences for disadvantaged children.
“D’You Like a Drink then Do You?”
Authors: Antaki Charles
Published: March 2007

Peter Robinson’s abiding interests in language, the categorization of persons, and the use and abuse of truth motivate this study of interviewer practice. Using data from a psychological assessment interview, the author makes the argument that when interviewers edit scripts, they do so in ways that make plain their understandings of their respondent, and so demonstrate (and perhaps construct) a certain image of the individual in front of them. When there is a mismatch between the demands of the official script and the perceived situation of the respondent, this may result in the person being constructed as a social incompetent.
Imposed Identity and Linguistic Strategies
Authors: Louw-Potgieter Joha , Giles Howard
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to investigate intragroup variability and its effect on social identity. Based on assumptions of power differentials within groups, and the attempts of the relatively more powerful to impose their notion of group membership on the relatively less powerful, a set of theoretical propositions regarding identity and dissent is formulated. These propositions deal with instances of congruence between the notions of identity held by the powerful and the powerless, instances of incongruence between the notions of these two subgroups, and possible reactions of the powerless in the latter instances. The role of language in these attempts at identity imposition, and reactions to it, is examined in detail.
Structured Causal Beliefs and Their Defence in Accounts of Student Political Action
Authors: Antaki Charles
Published: March 2007

It is argued that an explanation can be thought of as a structure of causal beliefs, each of which can be defended by the explainer. A method for get ting respondents to show how they organise and defend their causal explanations is described. Using the method, a study of explanations of a vivid event in local campus politics is reported. Differences in the explanations of groups of respon dents were only discovered when a full structural measure was used. It is argued that the method reported here is a more sensitive treatment than traditional single-shot attribution measures, especially for events explained in a thoughtful and systematic manner.
Effects of Gender Inclusive/Exclusive Language in Religious Discourse
Authors: Greene Kathryn , Rubin Donald L.
Published: March 2007

Religious speech (i.e. preaching) is a prominent language event, yet it has received scant attention in research on language and attitudes. In recent years, many religious institutions have adopted reforms mandating gender-inclusive (non-sexist) language. Only a few studies have examined the effects of gender-inclusive or gender-exclusive language use on listeners' judgments of speakers, and none of these examine religious discourse in particular. In addition, few studies have examined how variables like gender-role typing or attitude toward equal rights for women and men might mediate between gender-linked language and judgments of speakers. In the present study, a male and a female audiotaped each of two sermon texts in both gender-inclusive and gender-exclusive language guises. Findings indicate that ministers who adopt gender-inclusive language suffer no negative evaluations. Three mediating variables proved to be especially potent in predicting listeners' responses to the stimulus sermons: attitude toward sexist language, expressive gender-role typing, and perceptions of women's rights. Implications for language reform policies and for further research on gender-inclusive language are discussed.
Internal Working Models of Relationships and Marital Communication
Authors: Fitzpatrick Mary Anne , Fey Joyce , Segrin Chris , Schiff Janet L.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to examine marital schemata, attachment relations, and marital communication. The first study involved 162 couples who completed questionnaires concerning dimensions of importance in their marriage, their attachment patterns, and communication patterns during conflict. The second study consisted of in-depth interviews of 18 individuals concerning their memories of early family life and concurrent relational functioning. It was hypothesized that partners who shared the same marital schema would also have similar attachment patterns. This hypothesis was not supported by the data. It was also predicted that couples in different types of marriages would report different patterns of communication during conflict. This hypothesis was strongly supported. Finally, it was predicted that the Separate marital types would have a less secure attachment style than either the Traditional or the Independent marital types because they exhibit less interdependence with their spouses and are more likely to avoid conflict with them. Both Separates and Independents had an avoidant attachment style. Traditionals had the most secure attachment style. The interview data indicated that Traditionals were preoccupied with their relationships, whereas Independents were somewhat dismissive. Directions for future research are discussed.
Pick Your Verbs with Care When You Formulate a Question!
Authors: de Poot Christianne J. , Semin Gun R.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examining how the use of action or state verbs in question formulation influences the locus of causal origin in answers are reported. The first study identifies a number of methodological problems for the selection of action and state verbs in the formulation of semantically symmetrical questions. This study shows a semantic asymmetry between action and state verbs. The second study finds support for the hypothesis that questions formulated with action verbs cue the logical subject of the question sentence as the causal origin for answers and that those formulated with state verbs cue the logical object Additionally, the influence that the actor-observer perspective has on the explanation of social events is shown to be modified by the type of verb used in the formulation of questions. The implications of thesefindings fora number of basic and applied settings are discussed.
Close Encounters of the Numinous Kind: Personal Experience Narratives and Memorates in Goalpara, West Bengal
Authors: Korom Frank J.
Published: March 2007

'They heard horses', said the dream man. Old Johanna, her eyes shut, her head inclined toward her lap, seemed to shudder in her stiff chair. 'They heard the breathing and stamping of horses who were trying to keep still', the dream man said. The husband reached out and touched his wife. 'Horses?' he said. The woman got out of bed and went to the courtyard window. She would swear to this day that the courtyard was full of soldiers on horseback—but what soldiers they were! They wore armor! The visors on their helmets were closed and their murmuring voices were as tinny and difficult to hear as voices on a fading radio station. Their armor clanked as their horses shifted restlessly under them.1
Inter-School Links, Liaison and Networking: Collaboration or Competition ?
Authors: Lomax Pamela , Darley Janet
Published: March 2007

Pamela Lomax is Professor of Educational Research and Janet Darley a lecturer in the School of Economics, Kingston University. In this paper they report on research which examines how primary schools have collaborated and what effects (if any) the changes associated with LMS have had on their relationship with each other. The competition for pupils is singled out as the main cause of breakdown of good relationships and the decline of the role of the LEA is identified as forcing heads to develop 'new' inter- school links.
Administrative Ritual and Ceremony
Authors: Samier Eugenie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and forms of ritual and ceremonial behaviour in the social life of organizations, in order to suggest how administration can be conceptualized systematically in ritual terms. Proposed is a cultural studies intepretive approach to organizational structure, functions and behaviour as ritual systems, derived in part from Max Weber's theory of social action. This involves examining organization through developmental and functional aspects of ritual systems as they apply to organizational reality in both constitutive and punitive form.
Factors Affecting the Perceived Effectiveness of Planning in Hong Kong Self-Managing Schools
Authors: Wong Edwin K. P. , Sharpe Fenton G. , McCormick John
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on an investigation into factors affecting planning effectiveness in Hong Kong self-managing schools. Questionnaire survey data from teachers in schools participating in the Phases 1 and 2 of the School Management Initiative scheme in Hong Kong, are analysed. Principal's support and resource support are found to be significant factors in predicting positive outcomes of planning. The concept of flexible planning is explored and conceptualized in terms of built-in flexibility and flexibility through evaluation. An interactive model, `A Self-Managing School Planning Model', which is responsive, recurrent and flexible in nature is proposed.
The Demon-Seed
Authors: Clark Nigel
Published: March 2007

Spearheaded by Beck and the ‘world risk society’ thesis, contemporary commentators in search of evidence of political renewal ‘from below’ have discerned a convergence of environmental and cosmopolitan sensibilities. But through its foregrounding of the destabilization of matter by new technologies, this ‘environmental cosmopolitanism’ tends to reenact the conventional binary of passive nature and dynamic culture. It is suggested that this expresses a metropolitan detachment from the everyday experience of working with flows of matter and life. Drawing on the pivotal role of bioinvasion in the European colonization of the temperate periphery, an alternative perspective on ecological globalization is presented which takes account of the ‘weedy opportunism’ and inherent mobility of biological life. In this way, ‘globalization from below’ takes on the meaning of an opening of culture to the ‘unsettling’ influence of biological and geological histories that manifest themselves at global scales.
Chaosmopolis
Authors: Conley Verena Andermatt
Published: March 2007

In a world dominated by speed, global cities have become all powerful. They often seem to impose one world culture and eradicate citizens’ rights. In this article I will argue that, without going back to older ways of being, we can adapt the concept of cosmopolis to propose a world (as) city with multiple tiny centers that would diverge from the hegemonic global city. In a world as cosmopolis, singularities and aesthetics, multiplicities and ethics would prevail.
Human Rights and the Challenge of Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Woodiwiss Anthony
Published: March 2007

The article outlines the diverse willed and unwilled developments which have attenuated international human rights discourse so that it still cannot be used to hold governments to account for their failures to respect the economic and social rights of their citizens. These developments range from geopolitical manoeuvres, through changed modes of enunciation (that is, the displacement of political theory by law as the source of human rights language), to the absence of appropriate governmentalist techniques for measuring economic and social compliance. It then questions and counters the doctrine of `justiciability' (i.e. the claim that only civil and political rights are legally enforceable) that is the discursive node of this structure of impotence. It concludes by proposing a strategy for the development of a more truly cosmopolitan international human rights discourse.
On the Elementary Forms of the Socioerotic Life
Authors: Weitman Sasha
Published: March 2007

In this article I undertake an analysis of erotic sexual intercourse - commonly, and more accurately, designated as love-making - in the spirit of Durkheim's social analysis of religion. Thus, based on a phenomenological semiotic analysis of the peculiar things we do and feel in the course of making love, I propose, first, to uncover the implicit `logic' that generates and governs these distinctly sociable doings and sociable feelings. Second, I proceed to suggest that the sameself logic, albeit in an attenuated version, also generates and governs the broad class of `social occasions proper', and that this homology calls for gathering erotic and social occasions under one and the same rubric, which I propose to call the `socio-erotic' (since the term `social' has been denatured through overuse). Third, I conclude with a discussion of how socio-erotic domains fit into a larger world structured and governed mainly by interest-driven and power-driven conflictual fields.
By Accident
Authors: Botting Fred , Wilson Scott
Published: March 2007

This article interrogates postmodern and Levinasian conceptions of ethics with recourse to Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs and certain psychoanalytical concepts formulated in Jacques Lacan's Ethics of Psychoanalysis. Since Levinas, ethical thinking has, in some quarters, moved away from conventional questions about moral agency, rights and social justice, on to a concern towards the ultimate unknowability of `the other'. Ethics depends, for Levinas, on an unpredictable, accidental encounter with something Other, that, in its singularity, demands a response; it is precisely the contingency of the encounter that constitutes the ethical difference from the realm of morality and law. Tarantino's movie narratives are also structured around accidents, disclosing the pain and jouissance of accidental expenditures that lie at the heart of any relation to the Other. In the midst of trauma, the Thing ( das ding) emerges, around which goods and signification circulate, that both delimits the identification of the Good and marks a space beyond moral law that becomes the site of radical ethical questioning.
Purity or Expediency?
Authors: Walker Nigel
Published: March 2007

Many people were impressed and stimulated by Prof Walker's address to Conference last October and we have received several requests to reprint it. We are happy to print two extracts here, and are grateful to Nigel Walker for permission to do so.

The first deals with the thorny question of expediency and eclecticism versus single-minded moral or theoretical approaches; the second with a peculiarly British injustice: our apparent lack of concern to protect the anonymity of defendants.
The Road to Custody is Paved with Good Intentions
Authors: Thomas H.A.
Published: March 2007

Social work intervention can unintentionally push the young offender closer toward a custodial sentence. Social workers and probation officers are not entirely blameless in accounting for the large number of young people in detention centres and borstals. As part of the sentencing process probation officers need to be mindful of their part in the operation of the sentencing tariff.
Intermediate Treatment: A Theory for Practice
Authors: Lacey Malcolm
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the conceptual confusion about IT, offering a clearer theoretical base for progressive Probation Service practice, and suggestions for a four-level programme of action.
Birmingham Prison Bail Survey
Authors: Stanton Andrew
Published: March 2007

An initiative to apply American experience of bail criteria to a sample of English remand prisoners shows that the majority had strong community ties which seemed insufficiently recognised in the decision to hold them in custody. The author argues for urgent reform of Bail law and practice.
Community Developments in Probation: Which Way Forward?
Authors: Broad Bob
Published: March 2007

The author identifies the kind of community involvement which can inform the choices for the Serivce in accepting the Home Office invitation to work'in the wider community'. He argues that all are problematic but that 'patch work' may offer the more fruitful lead.
Induction Groups : Means and Ends
Authors: Caddick Brian , Dorey Gundula
Published: March 2007

Using an Induction Group for probationers, pioneered in Bristol ten years ago and now routine practice, the authors evaluate clients' experience of the detailed programme to show how exercises vary in their usefulness in achieving overall objectives, and can be re-shaped to better effect.
The Marginality of Community Service and the Threat of Privatisation
Authors: Vass Antony
Published: March 2007

We have allowed community service to become a separate and second class zone, occupied by a 'new breed of professional, with different skills, tasks and values, having little in common with those of a probation officer'. Such discrimination and indifference has impoverished the Service and leaves CS exposed to any privatisation bid.
"Square Roots and Algebra": Understanding Perceptions of Combined Risk/Needs Assessment Measures
Authors: Colombo Anthony , Neary Mike
Published: March 2007

The Home Office's emphasis on a new risk-based agenda for the Probation Service has been the hallmark of both legislation and a large number of policy documents. Yet very little is currently known about how probation officers view these changes. Here, Anthony Colombo and Mike Neary use their initial research findings to gain a clearer understanding of the practical concerns probation officers have about combined risk/needs measures, and assess the implications for future progress in the assessment and management of offender risk.
Braille Reading by Children: Is there a Phonological Explanation for their Difficulties?
Authors: Greaney John , Reason Rea
Published: March 2007

Do problems in learning to read in braille result from the complexity of its symbol system and the tactile processing involved or do findings regarding the role of phonological processing in sighted children also hold when learning to read in Braille? The present Study uses an adapted form of the Phonological Assessment Battery (Frederlckson, Frith & Reason, 1997) to address this question. It compares the phonological skills of two Braille readers, one a struggling learner and the other making good progress, to discuss the notion of phonological dyslexia and Its Implications for Braille teaching.
Kinaesthetic sensitivity and motor skills of school-aged children with a congenital visual impairment
Authors: Wyver Shirley R. , Livesey David J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between kinaesthetic sensitivity and motor development of children with a congenital visual impairment resulting in partial vision (PV) or severe visual impairment (SVI). It was hypothesised that both groups would exhibit reduced scores on: (i) the Kinaesthetic Acuity component (KAc) of the Kinaesthetic Sensitivity Test (KST) and (ii) tasks derived from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC), when compared to matched peers with full vision. Mean differences in the hypothesised direction were found in the comparisons involving children with SVI on M-ABC tasks, and KAc score differences approached statistical significance. Children with PV did not have reduced KAc scores and were found to have poorer scores on static and dynamic balance tasks, but not manual dexterity tasks from the M-ABC. This may suggest different developmental processes underlying the difficulties in acquisition of motor skills of children with PV and SVI.
Albinism: observations on attitude and behaviour
Authors: Tylor Anna
Published: March 2007

The author, who is herself an albino, has discussed this subject extensively with doctors, psychologists and geneticists, and also with albinos drawn from various racial groups. In this article she describes the difficulties of diagnosing the disease, the misconceptions and prejudiced attitudes which make the condition more distressing than it need be, and the role of the Albino Fellowship.
Assessment procedu res for use with young visually handicapped children (Part one)
Authors: Best Tony
Published: March 2007

Recent seminars at the University of Birmingham examined many of the available procedures for the assessment of young visually handicapped children. This paper brings together some of the observations of experienced practitioners who attended the seminars, and provides some suggestions for the evaluation and use o f such material. In the second part (to be published in BJVI, Spring 1988) details will be given o f many o f the available procedures.
The teaching of music to primary children in schools for the visually handicapped compared with mainstream schools
Authors: MacLeod Vera
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a dissertation submitted in part-fulfilment of the Diploma in Special Education (VH), Birmingham University. The article compares the teaching of music in the primary schools for the blind and partially sighted in the United Kingdom with a random selection of mainstream primary schools in Manchester.
An apparatus for recording hand movements
Authors: Millar Susanna
Published: March 2007

An apparatus is described which makes it possible to conduct detailed analyses of hand and finger movements in braille reading. The device records movements in relation to detailed features on the text from below transparent surfaces, synchronously with voice output and cumulative real (1/100sec) time. The apparatus makes it possible to analyse the timing and location of finger movements of the two hands in relation to very small details of the text in continuous prose reading. It has a major application as a didactic aid in training courses for instructors, and in analysing and correcting braille reading problems.
Living Paintings: some impressions and opinions
Authors: Raffray Monique
Published: March 2007

The first album produced by The Living Paintings Trust has been enthusiastically acclaimed, welcomed with reservations, and strongly criticized. What follows is an attempt to summarise and bring together some of the opinions expressed by people contacted by the British Journal of Visual Impairment.
Let's play together!
Authors: Buultjens Marianna , Ferguson Roseann
Published: March 2007

The authors outline the initial findings from the first year of a study (1993/94) of how young blind children may be helped to develop exploratory skills, their own creativity, and their understanding and representa tional use of objects. This first year concentrated on the play behaviour of young educationally blind children aged sixteen months to six years. The sixteen children in the study were visited monthly and videoed at play. Preliminary results indicate that it is easy to overlook or misinterpret what is happening in a blind child's play. In fostering play, adults should have a vital, but unobtrusive, role.
Multiple Disability and Sight Loss: Children, Parents & Professionals
Authors: Laffan Christine
Published: March 2007

it is important to apply flexible testing methodologies to arrive at a proper assessment of children with multiple disabilities, to give proper weight to their individual and compounded effects and to establish a multi disciplinary approach amongst professionals and an Integrated relationship between them, parents and the child to optimise development; the needs of the child, parents and professionals are discussed and tabulated.
Building Design: The Importance of Flooring Pattern and Finish for People with a Visual Impairment
Authors: Bright Keith , Cook Geoffrey , Harris John
Published: March 2007

The design of public access buildings offers opportunities to select features, patterns and finishes for building elements which are optimal for the residual vision of visually impaired people. As part of a larger questionnaire survey, a sample of 676 visually impaired people reported on where they looked while moving about in buildings and which floor designs and finishes they found helpful or detrimental. The results suggest that visual aspects of floor design are especially important to visually impaired people when obtaining information for navigation and that plain uniform patterning with matt finishes are preferred. Some implications for designers are discussed.
How are We Doing? The Impact of Motives and Information Use on the Evaluation of Romantic Relationships
Authors: Wayment Heidi A. , Campbell Susan
Published: March 2007

A multidimensional model of self-evaluation was modified to examine individuals' perceptions of how they evaluate their romantic relationships. Participants provided estimates of the frequency and usefulness of 10 types of information (objective information, feedback from others, personal standards, feared future relationships, future ideals, positive and negative past relationship information, upward, lateral, and downward social comparison) for meeting four motives (enhancement, improvement, verification, and accuracy) in the context of a romantic relationship. Results from three studies indicate that, overall, personal standards, objective information, and future ideals information were perceived as being used most often to evaluate one's romantic relationship. These types of information were reported as being most useful for meeting all four motives. Social comparison information was reported as least useful and used least often for relationship evaluation. The discussion focuses on the usefulness of considering multiple motives and information types in order to understand how individuals may be evaluating their romantic relationships.
Getting Acquainted: The Relationship of Self-Disclosure and Social Attraction to Positive Affect
Authors: Vittengl Jeffrey R. , Holt Craig S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the association between social relationship facilitation and affect. Young adults who did not know one another engaged in brief, get-acquainted conversations. Participants rated their positive affect and negative affect before and after conversations. After conversations, participants also rated their self-disclosure, social attraction to partners, and contribution to the conversation relative to their partners. In support of the hypotheses, positive affect increased from before to after conversations, and greater self-disclosure and social attraction predicted the increase in positive affect. A greater contribution, however, did not predict the increase in positive affect but did predict the significant decrease in negative affect. These results support Baumeister and Leary's (1995) proposed need for social relationships in which positive affect accompanies relationship facilitation.
Predicting Coercive Sexual Behavior Across the Lifespan in a Random Sample of Canadian Men
Authors: Senn Charlene Y. , Desmarais Serge , Verberg Norine , Wood Eileen
Published: March 2007

In order to end or at least reduce the amount of sexual violence in our society, it is necessary to identify the factors that play a part in men's sexual aggression against women they know. One hundred and ninety-five men ranging in age from 19 to 82 were randomly sampled from enumeration records of a small Canadian city and completed questionnaires. Overall, 73 percent of men reported never having been sexually coercive. Logistic regression analysis, using a dichotomous coercion criterion, established that childhood abuse, adolescent promiscuity, and restrictive emotionality all increased the likelihood of sexual coercion. Early sexual socialization and aspects of the male role related to emotional expressivity appear to be important in the development of coercive behavior. As such, prevention programs must be aimed at earlier interventions in families, communities, and schools.
Endings and Continuity of Social Relationships: Maximizing Intrinsic Benefits within Personal Networks when Feeling Near to Death
Authors: Lang Frieder R.
Published: March 2007

Changes within an individual's personal network may reflect either non-deliberate endings, such as loss, or active choice of social partners. This research explores to what extent perceptions of limited future time are associated with deliberate endings of social relationships and active maximization of intrinsic benefits in one's personal network. In a longitudinal follow-up study, the personal networks of 206 older adults aged between 70 and 103 years were assessed twice within a 4-year time interval. Change of personal networks and change within social relationships were explored in association with age cohort, subjective health, cognitive functioning, neuroticism, extraversion, and subjective nearness to death. Most changes within personal networks occurred in less close relationships, while close emotional relationships proved stable. More than half of discontinued relationships were ended for deliberate reasons. Within ongoing social relationships, emotional closeness after 4 years was improved when social partners were family members and emotional supporters (e.g. confidants). When older adults felt near to death, emotional closeness with others decreased, except within relationships with family members and with social companions. The findings suggest that individuals actively shape the compositions of their personal networks in order to maximize the availability of intrinsic and extrinsic benefits from others.
Disclosure and Secrecy in Marriage: Do Both Contribute to Marital Satisfaction?
Authors: Finkenauer Catrin , Hazam Hana
Published: March 2007

This article proposes that not only disclosure but also secrecy should have a beneficial effect on satisfaction in close relationships. Disclosure and secrecy are determined by dispositional characteristics of relationship partners and by the unique relationship context in which they occur. Dispositional and contextual measures of disclosure and secrecy were included in a correlational study among married participants to answer the following questions: (1) do dispositional measures of disclosure and secrecy predict marital satisfaction? and (2) do contextual measures of disclosure and secrecy predict marital satisfaction? In addition, it examined to what extent dispositional measures of disclosure and secrecy predict communicative behavior between partners. Results showed that dispositional measures contributed only marginally to marital satisfaction, while contextual measures strongly contributed to marital satisfaction. Contextual disclosure and secrecy independently contributed to marital satisfaction. Dispositional measures failed to predict communicative behavior between partners. These findings suggest that both disclosure and secrecy are powerful mechanisms in marital relationships and that it is the process that occurs when partners interact with each other, rather than the characteristics of either or both, that affects marital satisfaction.
Comparing Men's and Women's Loss of Perceived Social and Work Resources Following Psychological Distress
Authors: Bansal Anita , Monnier Jeannine , Hobfoll Stevan E. , Stone Brenda
Published: March 2007

We explored the influence of anger and depressive mood on the receipt of perceived workplace social support and perceived workplace resources among 121 postal workers over a period of 3 months. We theorized that emotional distress would result in perceptions of decreased social support and workplace resources for women, but not men. The hypothesis was partially supported. Interaction effects revealed that, whereas women perceived losing support and resources when experiencing depression and anger, respectively, these emotions had only limited negative consequences for men. The findings suggest that emotions are more closely linked with perceptions of social support and workplace resources for women than for men.