bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable Delocalized Singlet Biradical Hydrocarbon for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Koike Harunobu , Chikamatsu Masayuki , Azumi Reiko , Tsutsumi Jun'ya , Ogawa Kazumichi , Yamane Wataru , Nishiuchi Tomohiko , Kubo Takashi , Hasegawa Tatsuo , Kanai Kaname
Published: December 2015

Delocalized singlet biradical hydrocarbons hold promise as new semiconducting materials for high‐performance organic devices. However, to date biradical organic molecules have attracted little attention as a material for organic electronic devices. Here, this work shows that films of a crystallized diphenyl derivative of s‐indacenodiphenalene (Ph2‐IDPL) exhibit high ambipolar mobilities in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Furthermore, OFETs fabricated using Ph2‐IDPL single crystals show high hole mobility (μh = 7.2 × 10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1) comparable to that of amorphous Si. Additionally, high on/off ratios are achieved for Ph2‐IDPL by inserting self‐assembled mono­layer of alkanethiol between the semiconducting layer and the Au electrodes. These findings open a door to the application of ambipolar OFETs to organic electronics such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor logic circuits.
Shifting the Sun: Solar Spectral Conversion and Extrinsic Sensitization in Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Wondraczek Lothar , Tyystjärvi Esa , Méndez‐Ramos Jorge , Müller Frank A. , Zhang Qinyuan
Published: December 2015

Solar energy harvesting is largely limited by the spectral sensitivity of the employed energy conversion system, where usually large parts of the solar spectrum do not contribute to the harvesting scheme, and where, of the contributing fraction, the full potential of each photon is not efficiently used in the generation of electrical or chemical energy. Extrinsic sensitization through photoluminescent spectral conversion has been proposed as a route to at least partially overcome this problem. Here, we discuss this approach in the emerging context of photochemical energy harvesting and storage through natural or artificial photosynthesis. Clearly contrary to application in photovoltaic energy conversion, implementation of solar spectral conversion for extrinsic sensitization of a photosynthetic machinery is very straightforward, and—when compared to intrinsic sensitization—less‐strict limitations with regard to quantum coherence are seen. We now argue the ways in which extrinsic sensitization through photoluminescent spectral converters will—and will not—play its role in the area of ultra‐efficient photosynthesis, and also illustrate how such extrinsic sensitization requires dedicated selection of specific conversion schemes and design strategies on system scale.
Photoredox α‐Allylation of α‐Halocarbonyls with Allylboron Compounds Accelerated by Fluoride Salts under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Suzuki Itaru , Esumi Naoto , Yasuda Makoto
Published: December 2015

Organic dyes are an attractive alternative to the use of transition‐metal complexes in photoredox catalysis. Herein, we report an inexpensive organic dye (eosin Y)‐catalyzed radical coupling of α‐bromocarbonyl compounds with allyltrifluoroborates under visible light irradiation. This reaction was accelerated by either Bu4NF or CsF. Based on mechanistic studies, the cation exchange between potassium allyltrifluoroborate and Bu4NF proceeded to generate KF. The generated KF or CsF acts as a Lewis acid to promote a single electron transfer (SET) from eosin Y to α‐halocarbonyls. The protocol was applied to bromoesters, bromoketones, and bromoamides to give the coupling products in high yields.
Fachdidaktische Anmerkungen
Authors: Gebbeken Norbert , Wetzel Markus
Published: December 2015

Die Ingenieurwissenschaften werden zu den exakten Wissenschaften gezählt. Damit verbunden ist die Notwendigkeit der Verwendung einer präzisen Sprache und einer präzisen Fachdidaktik. Schaut man in Fachaufsätze, Lehrbücher, Normen oder Gutachten, bekommt man manchmal das Gefühl, dass es sich bei der (technischen) Sprache eher um eine babylonische Sprachenverwirrung handelt. Der folgende Bericht möchte anhand von Beispielen zeigen, dass eine einheitliche und präzise Fachdidaktik das Verstehen, das Verständnis, das Lernen und die unmissverständliche Kommunikation fördert.

Remarks on technical didactics

Engineering sciences are considered to be exact sciences. Thus, both the technical language as well as technical didactics should be exact or at least precise. Reading technical papers, text books, codes or reports one might get the impression that we deal with babylonian confusion rather than with a precise language. This paper is intended to show with some examples that precise technical didactics is essential for better understanding, learning and communication.
Prozessqualität beim Planen und Bauen
Authors: Bastert Heinrich
Published: December 2015

Die tägliche Baupraxis zeigt, dass Kosten‐ und Terminüberschreitungen sowie Mängel an Gebäuden nicht (nur) aus einzelnen Planungs‐ und Bauleistungen der Beteiligten resultieren, sondern oft auch strukturelle Ursachen haben, die mit dem Sammelbegriff Prozessqualität bezeichnet werden können. Es gilt, idealerweise bereits zu Projektbeginn, Fehlentwicklungen in der Prozessqualität vorzubeugen. Experten unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen mit umfangreicher Projekterfahrung haben es sich unter Federführung des Deutschen Beton‐ und Bautechnik‐Vereins E.V. (DBV) zur Aufgabe gemacht, alle Baubeteiligten, also auch Auftraggeber und Planer, in plausibler Weise von der Notwendigkeit einer strukturierten Planungsphase für Bauprojekte zu überzeugen. Das Ergebnis wurde im Frühjahr 2015 als DBV‐Merkblatt “Qualität der Planung” vorgelegt.

Ergänzend zum DBV‐Merkblatt erschien nun das neue DBV‐Heft 32 zum Themenbereich der Prozessqualität beim Planen und Bauen, in welchem u. a. detaillierte Erläuterungen zu Planungsstrukturen und Möglichkeiten zur Vorbeugung von kostenträchtigen Planungs‐ und Ausführungsmängeln aufgezeigt und vertieft werden.

Process quality for design and construction work – DBV‐Guide to Good Practice “Quality of Planning”

The planning and development of buildings has changed dramatically over the past few decades. The parties involved have often not realized sufficiently the requirements of suitability as to planning, and execution of construction work. That is why the Guide to Good Practice “Quality of Planning” by Deutscher Beton‐ und Bautechnik‐Verein E.V. (DBV) addresses this particular requirement and deals with the necessary requirements of process qualities for design and construction work. This Guide to Good Practice gives suggestions for the complete design of structures from inception through to completion. These fundamental statements are valid for all kinds of buildings although they are based on the terms of the German Schedule of Services and Fees for Architects and Engineers (HOAI).
Effizienter und nachhaltiger Schutz vor kraftwerksinduzierten Schwingungen: Langzeiterfahrung beim Kraftwerk Hochwuhr in Feldkirch
Authors: Gerhaher Ulrich , Grass Bertram
Published: December 2015

Am Beispiel des Kraftwerks Hochwuhr in Feldkirch (A) wird eindrucksvoll gezeigt, dass die Schwingungen bei einer entsprechend dimensionierten elastischen Lagerung der Kraftwerksanlagen mit Getzner Materialien keinen nennenswerten Einfluss auf direkt benachbarte Gebäude haben. Dies setzt jedoch eine konsequente Umsetzung in der Planung und im Einbau über den Untergrund voraus.

Das Kraftwerk befindet sich nur unweit des historischen Stadtzentrums, in direkter Nachbarschaft zu schützenswerten Gebäuden. Im Zuge des Kraftwerkneubaus wurde der gesamte innere Fundamentblock, in welchem sich die beiden 2 kW Maschinen befinden, mit Elastomer‐Matten isoliert, um die Anrainer vor den negativen Auswirkungen von spürbaren Schwingungen und sekundärem Luftschall zu schützen.

Trotz komplexer geometrischer Randbedingungen konnte der Einbau der Elastomer‐Matten in kürzester Zeit realisiert werden. Die Materialauswahl erfolgte unter Berücksichtigung der vorhandenen statischen Belastung, der dynamischen Anregung und der angestrebten Isolierwirkung.
Aufbereitung und Wiederverwertung von Tunnelausbruchmaterial beim Brenner Basistunnel
Authors: Voit Klaus , Zeman Oliver , Murr Roland , Bergmeister Konrad , Arnold Roland
Published: December 2015

Bei der Errichtung von langen Tunnel fallen große Mengen an Tunnelausbruchmaterial an, welche bei entsprechender Aufbereitung einer Wiederverwertung zugeführt und für eine – zumindest teilweise – Eigenversorgung des Bauvorhabens mit aufbereiteten Gesteinskörnungen verwendet werden können. Diese Vorgangsweise birgt nicht nur ein Einsparungspotenzial hinsichtlich Anschaffung, Lagerung und Transport von Baustoffen, die ansonsten zugeführt werden müssten, sondern trägt neben einer Verringerung der Umweltbelastungen auch zur Reduzierung des benötigten Deponievolumens und damit zu einer Kostenersparnis bei.

Die Strategie eines umfangreichen Materialrecyclings wurde bereits beim Bau des Lötschberg und Gotthard Basistunnels erfolgreich umgesetzt. Aus diesem Grund gibt es auch im Zuge der Errichtung des Brenner Basistunnels Bestrebungen, eine größtmögliche Wiederverwertung von ausgebrochenem Gesteinsmaterial zu erreichen. Hier erfolgt derzeit u. a. der Vortrieb des Zufahrtstunnels Wolf in Steinach am Brenner, bei welchem Gesteine der Bündnerschieferserie ausgebrochen werden.

Aufbauend auf im Vorfeld getätigte Untersuchungen werden hier seit Herbst 2014 die höherwertigen Kalkschiefer der Bündnerschieferserie mittels dreistufigem Brechersystem und einer leistungsstarken Nassaufbereitung im Bereich der Deponie Padastertal aufbereitet und v. a. als Gesteinskörnung für Spritz‐ und Konstruktionsbeton sowie als Drainagekies für die Errichtung des Bauloses verwertet.

Processing and recycling of tunnel excavation material at the Brenner Base Tunnel

During the construction of major tunnels large quantities of excavation material are generated, that – if suitably treated and processed – can be recycled as aggregate and be used in the construction of the tunnel itself. This approach generates numerous benefits regarding the costs for material procurement, storage and transport. In addition, reduction of environmental impact and demand for landfill volume can be achieved.

The strategy of an extensive material recycling has already been successfully implemented in the construction of the Swiss Lötschberg and Gotthard base tunnel. For this reason there are significant efforts to achieve an equal high level of recycling of tunnel excavation material in the course of the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel. There, tunnel driving of the access tunnel Wolf in Steinach am Brenner is currently ongoing and rocks of the Bündner Schists are being excavated.

Building on the results of previous studies, calcareous schists of higher quality from Wolf have been recycled since autumn 2014 using a three‐stage rock crushing system followed by a high performing wet‐processing of the aggregates at the area of the Padastertal landfill site. The processed material is used primarily as aggregate for shotcrete and structural concrete as well as draining gravel.
Monolith disk chromatography separates PEGylated protein positional isoforms within minutes at low pressure
Authors: Isakari Yu , Podgornik Ales , Yoshimoto Noriko , Yamamoto Shuichi
Published: December 2015

Although PEGylation makes proteins drugs more effective, the PEGylation reaction must be controlled carefully in order to obtain a desired PEGylated protein form since various different PEGylated forms may be produced during the reaction. For monitoring the PEGylation reaction, a method with monolith disk ion exchange chromatography, which can separate positional isomers as well as PEGmers, has been developed as a process analytical tool (PAT). The method was optimized for separation of randomly PEGylated protein (lysozyme) isoforms based on the number of resolved peaks, peak resolution, analysis time and pressure drop. In order to increase the retention of mono‐ and di‐PEGylated protein isomers the mobile phase was decreased to pH 4.5, where a large number of mono‐ and di‐PEGylated isomers were resolved within a few minutes. Based on the linear gradient elution optimization model, the following values were determined: gradient slope 0.016 M/mL, disk thickness 3 mm (single disk) and flow rate 10 mL/min. Under these optimal conditions, the analysis was completed within ca. 4 min while the pressure drop was below 1 MPa. As the method was successfully applied to monitoring mono and di‐PEGylated positional isoforms in the reaction mixture of random PEGylation of lysozyme, it is expected to be an efficient PAT tool.
High‐yield secretion of recombinant proteins expressed in tobacco cell culture with a designer glycopeptide tag: Process development
Authors: Zhang Ningning , Gonzalez Maria , Savary Brett , Xu Jianfeng
Published: December 2015

Low‐yield protein production remains the most significant economic hurdle with plant cell culture technology. Fusions of recombinant proteins with hydroxyproline‐O‐glycosylated designer glycopeptide tags have consistently boosted secreted protein yields. This prompted us to study the process development of this technology aiming to achieve productivity levels necessary for commercial viability. We used a tobacco BY‐2 cell culture expressing EGFP as fusion with a glycopeptide tag comprised of 32 repeat of ”Ser‐Pro“ dipeptide, or (SP)32, to study cell growth and protein secretion, culture scale‐up, and establishment of perfusion cultures for continuous production. The BY‐2 cells accumulated low levels of cell biomass (∼7.5 g DW/L) in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium, but secreted high yields of (SP)32‐tagged EGFP (125 mg/L). Protein productivity of the cell culture has been stable for 6.0 years. The BY‐2 cells cultured in a 5‐L bioreactor similarly produced high secreted protein yield at 131 mg/L. Successful operation of a cell perfusion culture for 30 days was achieved under the perfusion rate of 0.25 and 0.5 day−1, generating a protein volumetric productivity of 17.6 and 28.9 mg/day/L, respectively. This research demonstrates the great potential of the designer glycopeptide technology for use in commercial production of valuable proteins with plant cell cultures.
Beta emitters rhenium‐188 and lutetium‐177 are equally effective in radioimmunotherapy of HPV‐positive experimental cervical cancer
Authors: Phaeton Rebecca , Jiang Zewei , Revskaya Ekaterina , Fisher Darrell R. , Goldberg Gary L. , Dadachova Ekaterina
Published: December 2015

Cervical cancer caused by the infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) remains the fourth leading killer of women worldwide. Therefore, more efficacious treatments are needed. We are developing radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of HPV‐positive cervical cancers by targeting E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins expressed by the cancer cells with the radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To investigate the influence of different radionuclides on the RIT efficacy—we performed RIT of experimental cervical cancer with Rhenium‐188 (188Re) and Lutetium‐177 (177Lu)‐labeled mAb C1P5 to E6. The biodistribution of 188Re‐ and 177Lu‐labeled C1P5 was performed in nude female mice bearing CasKi cervical cancer xenografts and the radiation dosimetry calculations for the tumors and organs were carried out. For RIT the mice were treated with 7.4 MBq of either 188Re‐C1P5 or 177Lu‐C1P5 or left untreated, and observed for their tumor size for 28 days. The levels of 188Re‐ and 177Lu‐C1P5 mAbs‐induced double‐strand breaks in CasKi tumors were compared on days 5 and 10 post treatment by staining with anti‐gamma H2AX antibody. The radiation doses to the heart and lungs were similar for both 177Lu‐C1P5 and 188Re‐C1P5. The dose to the liver was five times higher for 177Lu‐C1P5. The doses to the tumor were 259 and 181 cGy for 177Lu‐C1P5 and 188Re‐C1P5, respectively. RIT with either 177Lu‐C1P5 or 188Re‐C1P5 was equally effective in inhibiting tumor growth when each was compared to the untreated controls (P = 0.001). On day 5 there was a pronounced staining for gamma H2AX foci in 177Lu‐C1P5 group only and on day 10 it was observed in both 177Lu‐C1P5 and 188Re‐C1P5 groups. 188Re‐ and 177Lu‐labeled mAbs were equally effective in arresting the growth of CasKi cervical tumors. Thus, both of these radionuclides are candidates for the clinical trials of this approach in patients with advanced, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.
Structural Implications of Homopyrimidine Base Pairs in the Parallel‐Stranded d(YGA) Motif
Authors: Tripathi Shailesh , Paukstelis Paul J.
Published: December 2015

DNA can adopt many other structures beyond the canonical B‐form double helix. These alternative DNA structures have become increasingly significant as new biological roles are found for them. Additionally, there has been a growing interest in using non‐canonical base pairs to provide structural diversity for designing DNA architectures for nanotechnology applications. We recently described the crystal structure of d(ACTCGGATGAT), which forms a tetraplex through parallel‐stranded homo‐base pairs and nucleobase intercalation. The homoduplex region contains a d(YGA⋅YGA) motif observed in crystal and solution structures. Here, we examine the structural implications of the homopyrimidine base pair within this motif. We determined crystal structures of two variants that differ from the original structure in the homopyrimidine base pairs and number of d(YGA) motifs. Our results show that the intercalation‐locked tetraplex motif is predictable in these different sequence contexts and that substituting C⋅C base pairs for T⋅T base pairs introduces asymmetry to the homoduplex. These results have important implications for utilizing d(YGA) motifs in DNA crystal design and could provide a basis for understanding how local structures could be associated with repeat expansions.
Parallel Post‐Polyketide Synthase Modification Mechanism Involved in FD‐891 Biosynthesis in Streptomyces graminofaciens A‐8890
Authors: Kudo Fumitaka , Kawamura Koichi , Furuya Takashi , Yamanishi Hiroto , Motegi Atsushi , Komatsubara Akiko , Numakura Mario , Miyanaga Akimasa , Eguchi Tadashi
Published: December 2015

To isolate a key polyketide biosynthetic intermediate for the 16‐membered macrolide FD‐891 (1), we inactivated two biosynthetic genes coding for post‐polyketide synthase (PKS) modification enzymes: a methyltransferase (GfsG) and a cytochrome P450 (GfsF). Consequently, FD‐892 (2), which lacks the epoxide moiety at C8–C9, the hydroxy group at C10, and the O‐methyl group at O‐25 of FD‐891, was isolated from the gfsF/gfsG double‐knockout mutant. In addition, 25‐O‐methyl‐FD‐892 (3) and 25‐O‐demethyl‐FD‐891 (4) were isolated from the gfsF and gfsG mutants, respectively. We also confirmed that GfsG efficiently catalyzes the methylation of 2 and 4 in vitro. Further, GfsF catalyzed the epoxidation of the double bond at C8‐C9 of 2 and 3 and subsequent hydroxylation at C10, to afford 4 and 1, respectively. These results suggest that a parallel post‐PKS modification mechanism is involved in FD‐891 biosynthesis.
Design and Sensing Properties of a Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Oligomer
Authors: Bähring Steffen , Martín‐Gomis Luis , Olsen Gunnar , Nielsen Kent A. , Kim Dong Sub , Duedal Troels , Sastre‐Santos Ángela , Jeppesen Jan O. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: December 2015

Supramolecular polymers are a class of macromolecules stabilized by weak non‐covalent interactions. These self‐assembled aggregates typically undergo stimuli‐induced reversible assembly and disassembly. They thus hold great promise as so‐called functional materials. In this work, we present the design, synthesis, and responsive behavior of a short supramolecular oligomeric system based on two hetero‐complementary subunits. These “monomers” consist of a tetrathiafulvalene‐functionalized calix[4]pyrrole (TTF‐C[4]P) and a glycol diester‐linked bis‐2,5,7‐trinitrodicyanomethylenefluorene‐4‐carboxylate (TNDCF), respectively. We show that when mixed in organic solvents, such as CHCl3, CH2ClCH2Cl, and methylcyclohexane, supramolecular aggregation takes place to produce short oligomers stabilized by hydrogen bonding and donor–acceptor charge‐transfer (CT) interactions. The self‐associated materials were characterized by 1H NMR and UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy, as well as by concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent absorption spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses of both the monomeric and oligomerized species. The self‐associated system produced from TTF‐C[4]P and TNDCF exhibits a concentration‐dependent aggregation behavior typical of supramolecular polymers. Further support for the proposed self‐assembly came from theoretical calculations. The fluorescence emitting properties of TNDCF are quenched under conditions that promote the formation of supramolecular aggregates containing TTF‐C[4]P and TNDCF. This quenching effect has been utilized as a probe for the detection of substrates in the form of anions (i.e., chloride) and nitroaromatic explosives (i.e., 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene). Specifically, the addition of these substrates to mixtures of TTF‐C[4]P and TNDCF produced a fluorescence “turn‐on” response.
Mild Synthesis of Pt/SnO2/Graphene Nanocomposites with Remarkably Enhanced Ethanol Electro‐oxidation Activity and Durability
Authors: Qu Yunteng , Gao Yunzhi , Wang Long , Rao Jiancun , Yin Geping
Published: December 2015

We have designed a new Pt/SnO2/graphene nanomaterial by using L‐arginine as a linker; this material shows the unique Pt‐around‐SnO2 structure. The Sn2+ cations reduce graphene oxide (GO), leading to the in situ formation of SnO2/graphene hybrids. L‐Arginine is used as a linker and protector to induce the in situ growth of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) connected with SnO2 NPs and impede the agglomeration of Pt NPs. The obtained Pt/SnO2/graphene composites exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for the ethanol oxidation reaction as compared with the commercial Pt/C catalyst owing to the close‐connected structure between the Pt NPs and SnO2 NPs. This work should have a great impact on the rational design of future metal–metal oxide nanostructures with high catalytic activity and stability for fuel cell systems.
Noncovalent Interactions with Proteins Modify the Physicochemical Properties of a Molecular Switch
Authors: Amdursky Nadav , Kundu Pintu K. , Ahrens Johannes , Huppert Dan , Klajn Rafal
Published: December 2015

It is reported that spiropyran—a widely investigated molecular photoswitch—can be stabilized in aqueous environments in the presence of a variety of proteins, including human serum albumin, insulin fibrils, lysozyme, and glucose oxidase. The optical properties of the complexed photoswitch are protein dependent, with human serum albumin providing the spiropyran with emission features previously observed for a photoswitch confined in media of high viscosity. Despite being bound to the protein molecules, spiropyran can undergo a ring‐opening reaction upon exposure to UV light. This photoisomerization process can affect the properties of the proteins: here, it is shown that the electrical conduction through human serum albumin to which the spiropyran is bound increases following the ring‐opening reaction.
The Effect of Potassium Impurities Deliberately Introduced into Activated Carbon Cathodes on the Performance of Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Zhai Dengyun , Lau Kah Chun , Wang Hsien‐Hau , Wen Jianguo , Miller Dean J. , Kang Feiyu , Li Baohua , Zavadil Kevin , Curtiss Larry A.
Published: December 2015

Rechargeable lithium–air (Li–O2) batteries have drawn much interest owing to their high energy density. We report on the effect of deliberately introducing potassium impurities into the cathode material on the electrochemical performance of a Li–O2 battery. Small amounts of potassium introduced into the activated carbon (AC) cathode material in the synthesis process are found to have a dramatic effect on the performance of the Li–O2 cell. An increased amount of potassium significantly increases capacity, cycle life, and round‐trip efficiency. This improved performance is probably due to a larger amount of LiO2 in the discharge product, which is a mixture of LiO2 and Li2O2, resulting from the increase in the amount of potassium present. No substantial correlation with porosity or surface area in an AC cathode is found. Experimental and computational studies indicate that potassium can act as an oxygen reduction catalyst, which can account for the dependence of performance on the amount of potassium.
FSAP‐mediated nucleosome release from late apoptotic cells is inhibited by autoantibodies present in SLE
Authors: Marsman Gerben , Stephan Femke , de Leeuw Karina , Bulder Ingrid , Ruinard Jessica T. , de Jong Jan , Westra Johanna , Bultink Irene E.M. , Voskuyl Alexandre E. , Aarden Lucien A. , Luken Brenda M. , Kallenberg Cees G.M. , Zeerleder Sacha
Published: December 2015

Inefficient clearance of apoptotic cells and the subsequent exposure of the immune system to nuclear contents are crucially involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Factor VII‐activating protease (FSAP) is activated in serum upon contact with dead cells, and releases nucleosomes from late apoptotic cells into the extracellular environment. We investigated whether FSAP‐mediated nucleosome release from late apoptotic cells is affected in SLE patients. Nucleosome release in sera of 27 SLE patients and 30 healthy controls was investigated by incubating late apoptotic Jurkat cells with serum and analyzing the remaining DNA content by flow cytometry. We found that nucleosome release in sera of SLE patients with high disease activity was significantly decreased when compared with that in SLE sera obtained during low disease activity or from healthy individuals. Upon removal of IgG/IgM antibodies from SLE sera, nucleosome release was restored. Similarly, monoclonal antinuclear antibodies inhibited nucleosome release in healthy donor serum or by plasma‐purified FSAP. This inhibition was lost when Fab fragments were used, suggesting that antigen cross‐linking is involved. In conclusion, FSAP‐mediated nucleosome release from late apoptotic cells is greatly impaired in SLE patient sera, possibly hampering the clearance of these cells and thereby propagating inflammation.
Selective Capture of Ni2+ Ions by Naphthalene‐ and Coumarin‐Substituted Dithiolenes
Authors: Ghosh Ashta C. , Weisz Klaus , Schulzke Carola
Published: December 2015

Naphthalene‐ and coumarin‐substituted dithiolene ligands were synthesized, and their coordination behavior towards different metal ions, including biologically relevant ions like Cu+, Cu2+, and Fe3+, was tested. Both ligands bind nickel selectively and show no evidence of binding any other metal investigated. Particularly, the compound bearing the fluorophore coumarin can serve as a colorimetric (“naked eye”) and on‐off fluorometric marker for the detection of Ni2+ ions with a characteristic near‐infrared (NIR) signature even in the presence of various transition‐metal ions, which are normally difficult to differentiate from nickel. Competitive fluorescence experiments showed that the concomitant presence of Ag+, Al3+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Zn2+, and MoO42– could not inhibit or diminish the Ni2+‐specific fluorescence quenching, emphasizing the inherent Ni2+ ion selectivity of the system. The coordination behavior of the marker and Ni2+ were studied in detail by fluorescence titration experiments in THF/MeOH solution. X‐ray structures were determined to complement characterization of the precursors and the naphthalene–dithiolene–nickel complex.
Copper–Fluorenephosphonate Cu­(PO3‐C13H9)·H2O: A Layered Antiferromagnetic Hybrid
Authors: Hugot Nathalie , Roger Mélissa , Rueff Jean‐Michel , Cardin Julien , Perez Olivier , Caignaert Vincent , Raveau Bernard , Rogez Guillaume , Jaffrès Paul‐Alain
Published: December 2015

A Cu(PO3‐C13H9)·H2O hybrid compound has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method from Cu(NO3)2·3H2O and 9H‐fluorene‐2‐phosphonic acid [C13H9PO(OH)2]. Its structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction performed on a single crystal. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space group P21/a [a = 7.4977(5), b = 7.5476(5), c = 22.3702(16) Å, β = 97.794(3)°, V = 1254.23(15) Å3, Z = 4]. Its lamellar structure consists of alternating organic and inorganic layers. Its organic sub‐network is made up of a double layer of fluorene molecules, and its inorganic layer is composed of copper(II) dimers connected to phosphonate groups. In the structure, the neighbouring fluorenyl planes are almost orthogonal to each other, which indicates the absence of π stacking. A study of its magnetic properties, performed on a polycrystalline powder sample, showed antiferromagnetic interactions between the spin carriers without any ordering down to 1.8 K. The interactions between the two copper(II) species within the dimers were evaluated at J = –6.13(5) cm–1 with respect to the spin Hamiltonian H = –JSCu1SCu2. A fluorescence study under excitation at 266 nm showed the disappearance of fluorescence emission in the solid state. This has been attributed to fluorescence quenching by the metallic counterpart.
AuIII‐Halide/Phenylacetylene‐Cata­lysed Glycosylations Using 1‐O‐Acetyl­furanoses and Pyranose 1,2‐Ortho­esters as Glycosyl Donors
Authors: Mallick Asadulla , Mallikharjunarao Yakkala , Rajasekaran Parasuraman , Roy Rashmi , Vankar Yashwant D.
Published: December 2015

1‐O‐Acetylfuranoses and pyranose 1,2‐orthoesters were activated with an AuIII halide/phenylacetylene relay catalyst system, and they acted as excellent glycosyl donors. Thus, 1‐O‐acetyl‐D‐ribofuranose, 1‐O‐acetyl‐D‐lyxofuranose, and 1,2‐orthoesters selectively gave the corresponding 1,2‐trans glycosides, whereas 1‐O‐acetyl‐D‐arabinofuranose and 1‐O‐acetyl‐D‐xylofuranose both gave mixtures of 1,2‐trans and 1,2‐cis glycosides, with the 1,2‐trans glycosides predominating.
Porous Carbon Modified Electrode as a Highly‐sensitive Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Salvianolic Acid B
Authors: Cheng Qin , Zhang Miao , Huang Wensheng , Wei Piaopiao , Wu Kangbing
Published: December 2015

Porous carbon (PC) was prepared via nanocasting strategy, and used to modify the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modification of PC obviously increases the surface accumulation ability of GCE, and consequently enhances the oxidation signals of salvianolic acid B greatly. As a result, a novel electrochemical determination platform was developed for salvianolic acid B. The linear range was from 5 to 1000 μg L−1, and the detection limit was 1.16 μg L−1. It was used in the sample analysis of traditional Chinese medicines, and the accuracy was satisfactory.
Release of primary microplastics from consumer products to wastewater in the Netherlands
Authors: van Wezel Annemarie , Caris Inez , Kools Stefan A. E.
Published: December 2015

The authors estimate the release of primary microplastics from consumer products—cosmetics and personal care products, cleaning agents, and paint and coatings—via sewage effluent as an expected relevant route to the marine environment. Total estimated concentrations in the 3 scenarios are 0.2 μg/L, 2.7 μg/L, and 66 μg/L in sewage-treatment plant (STP) effluent, respectively. All product categories relevantly contribute. Predicted concentrations are compared with reported actual concentrations in STP effluents. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1627–1631. © 2015 SETAC
Quality changes and freezing time prediction during freezing and thawing of ginger
Authors: Singha Poonam , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan
Published: December 2015

Effects of different freezing rates and four different thawing methods on chemical composition, microstructure, and color of ginger were investigated. Computer simulation for predicting the freezing time of cylindrical ginger for two different freezing methods (slow and fast) was done using ANSYS® Multiphysics. Different freezing rates (slow and fast) and thawing methods significantly (P < 0.05) affected the color and composition of essential oil in ginger. Fresh ginger was found to contain 3.60% gingerol and 18.30% zingerone. A maximum yield of 7.43% gingerol was obtained when slow frozen gingers when thawed by infrared method. Maximum zingerone content of 38.30% was achieved by thawing slow frozen gingers using infrared‐microwave method. Microscopic examination revealed that structural damage was more pronounced in slow frozen gingers than fast frozen gingers. Simulated freezing curves were in good agreement with experimental measurements (r = 0.97 for slow freezing and r = 0.92 for fast freezing). Slow freezing damaged ginger's cellular structure. Data obtained will be helpful in selecting appropriate thawing method to increase desirable essential oil components in ginger. Computer simulation for predicting freezing time may help in developing proper storage system of ginger.
Koralmbahn quo vadis – Current State of the new Koralmbahn Line and essential Milestones / Koralmbahn quo vadis – Aktueller Status und wesentliche Meilensteine
Authors: Schneider Klaus , Egger Jürgen
Published: December 2015

The 130 km long Koralmbahn line between Graz and Klagenfurt is one of the most significant transport infrastructure projects in Europe. It is part of the new southern route and thus an important link in the Baltic‐Adriatic corridor. The key structure on the Koralmbahn line is the 32.9 km long Koralm Tunnel – but construction of the new high speed line will also require 12 new stations and stops, more than 100 bridges and underbridges as well as numerous further tunnels. In Austrias point of view, the Koralmbahn line will represent a considerable structural improvement, especially for Southeast Austria as an industrial location. The quickest journey time between Graz and Klagenfurt will be considerably reduced from currently almost three hours to 45 minutes, with a simultaneous improvement of accessibility.

Die 130 km lange Koralmbahn zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt zählt zu den bedeutendsten Verkehrsinfrastrukturprojekten in Europa. Sie ist Teil der neuen Südstrecke und damit auch wichtiger Bestandteil des Baltisch‐Adriatischen Korridors. Herzstück der Koralmbahn ist der 32,9 km lange Koralmtunnel – darüber hinaus besteht die neue Hochleistungsstrecke aber auch aus 12 neuen Bahnhöfen und Haltestellen, über 100 Brücken und Unterführungen sowie aus zahlreichen weiteren Tunnelbauten. Aus österreichischer Sicht bedeutet die Koralmbahn speziell für den Wirtschaftsstandort Südösterreich eine entscheidende Strukturverbesserung. So wird die schnellste Fahrzeit zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt von derzeit knapp drei Stunden auf 45 Minuten verkürzt und gleichzeitig die Erreichbarkeit deutlich verbessert.
The challenges of contract SBT1.1 “Tunnel Gloggnitz" / Die Herausforderungen des Bauloses SBT1.1 Tunnel Gloggnitz
Authors: Wagner Oliver Kai , Haas Dieter , Druckfeuchter Hubert , Schachinger Tobias
Published: December 2015

The second of the three tunnelling contract sections of the Semmering Base Tunnel is of comparable complexity to the first contract section SBT2.1. The geotechnical and hydrological conditions for sequential tunnelling are demanding and require extensive grouting and investigation measures in advance of the drives. The enormous extent of the construction works and the need to access parts of the running tunnels through an intermediate construction access are a logistical challenge. The construction time is also very ambitious. These circumstances had to be considered in the production of the tender documents.

Die zweite Ausschreibung für eines der drei Tunnelbaulose des Semmering‐Basistunnels schließt hinsichtlich Komplexität nahtlos an das erste Baulos an. Die Vortriebe haben unter geotechnisch und hydrogeologisch anspruchsvollen Bedingungen zu erfolgen und beinhalten intensive Erkundungs‐ und Injektionskampagnen. Der enorme Bauumfang sowie die Erschließung der Vortriebe über einen komplexen temporären Zwischenangriff stellen eine große logistische Herausforderung dar. Durch einen engen Bauzeitrahmen wird diese noch verstärkt. Diesem Umstand musste auch in der Vertragsgestaltung Rechnung getragen werden.
Current state of design and construction for the St. Kanzian tunnel chain / Aktueller Planungs‐ und Ausführungsstand der Tunnelkette St. Kanzian
Authors: Benedikt Johannes , Berger Klaus , Koinig Josef
Published: December 2015

The St. Kanzian tunnel chain lies near the Völkermarkt reservoir and is part of the Mittlern‐Althofen approval section of the Koralmbahn line in Carinthia. Of the six tunnels in the St. Kanzian tunnel chain, the 495 m long Kühnsdorf green tunnel (cut‐and‐cover) has already been completed. The construction of the 230 m long Peratschitzen green tunnel (a cut‐and‐cover noise protection tunnel) and the 620 m long Srejach Tunnel (top‐down construction) started in summer 2015. Work should start on the Untersammelsdorf, Stein and Lind Tunnels (all mined tunnels), in spring/summer 2016. The tunnels lie partially in challenging geological conditions (lacustrine sediments), all with shallow overburden, and require special measures for support and ground improvement (bored piles, jet grouting). Particular attention has been paid to later maintenance costs, which have to be considered in the course of the design work.

Die Tunnelkette St. Kanzian liegt im Bereich des Völkermarkter Stausees und ist Bestandteil des Einreichabschnitts Mittlern‐Althofen im Westteil der Koralmbahn in Kärnten. Von den sechs Tunneln der Tunnelkette St. Kanzian ist der 495 m lange Grüntunnel Kühnsdorf (offene Bauweise) bereits fertiggestellt. Die Herstellung des 230 m langen Grüntunnels Peratschitzen (offene Bauweise) und des 620 m langen Tunnels Srejach (Deckelbauweise) hat im Sommer 2015 begonnen. Mit den Tunneln Untersammelsdorf, Stein und Lind (alle geschlossene Bauweise) soll im Frühjahr/Sommer 2016 begonnen werden. Die Tunnelbauwerke liegen teilweise in herausfordernden geologischen Verhältnissen (Stillwassersedimente) mit durchwegs geringer Überlagerung und erfordern besondere Maßnahmen zur Stützung und Baugrundverbesserung (Bohrpfähle, Düsenstrahlverfahren). Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die späteren Erhaltungskosten gelegt, die in den Planungsentscheidungen berücksichtigt wurden.
Experience of conventional excavation in crystalline rock mass on Koralm Tunnel contract KAT3 / Erfahrungen beim zyklischen Vortrieb im Kristallinabschnitt des Bauloses KAT3
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Pilgerstorfer Thomas , Pointner Peter
Published: December 2015

The present paper discusses experience gained during tunnelling in a crystalline rock mass on Koralm Tunnel contract KAT3. It reports on the benefits and information gained from preventer‐supported exploratory drillings up to 250 m long, which were performed in consideration of predicted high water pressures in marble layers. Another case study points out the geological/geotechnical situation in a fault, featuring the remarkable finding that despite the high overburden, only small displacement magnitudes were measured, which is in stark contrast to experience gained on tunnel projects in comparable conditions. The paper concludes with the analysis of system behaviour observed in sections with highest overburden of 1,200 m. Although only small displacement magnitudes were measured, overstressing of the shotcrete lining was observed. A successful support concept was found by a targeted utilization of deformation gaps in the shotcrete lining in combination with adaptation of rock bolting according to the encountered structural situation.

Der vorliegende Beitrag erörtert die Vortriebserfahrungen im Kristallinabschnitt des Bauloses KAT3 des Koralmtunnels. Dabei wird vom Nutzen und Informationsgewinn aus bis zu 250 m langen, preventergestützten Vorauserkundungsbohrungen, die insbesondere aufgrund der prognostizierten hohen Wasserdrücke in Marmorlagen abgeteuft wurden, berichtet. Ein weiteres Fallbeispiel erörtert die geologische‐geotechnische Situation in einer Störung mit der bemerkenswerten Erkenntnis, dass trotz der tiefen Lage des Tunnels – konträr zu den Erfahrungen bei anderen Vortrieben unter ähnlichen Randbedingungen – kaum Deformationen registriert wurden. Abschließend werden die Erfahrungen in dem Abschnitt des Koralmtunnels mit der höchsten Überlagerung von rund 1.200 m aufgezeigt. Trotz geringer Deformationen wurde dort eine Überbeanspruchung der Spritzbetonschale festgestellt. Durch das gezielte Vorsehen von schmalen Verformungsschlitzen in der Schale in Kombination mit einer an die Gefügesituation angepassten Systemankerung konnte hierfür ein erfolgreiches Ausbaukonzept gefunden werden.
3D images for data collection in tunnelling – applications and latest developments / 3D‐Bilder für die Datenerfassung im Tunnelbau – Anwendung und aktuelle Entwicklungen
Authors: Gaich Andreas , Pötsch Markus
Published: December 2015

3D images combine geometric and visual data in a model that allows quick and easy inspection and interpretation on a computer. On‐going improvements of digital cameras and algorithms in photogrammetry, in particular for simultaneous processing of large sets of overlapping photos to a single consistent 3D model, have led to several applications of 3D images in tunnelling. 3D images are now used on conventional tunnel construction sites for digital face documentation and tunnel face mapping. 3D images are also suitable in mechanised tunnelling for capturing usually occluded areas of the tunnel face and visualising them in three dimensions. Furthermore, 3D images are generated from aerial imagery for documentation and volumetric assessment of deposited tunnel excavation material.

3D‐Bilder vereinigen geometrische und visuelle Informationen zu einem Modell, das einfach auf Computern betrachtet und bewertet werden kann. Die Weiterentwicklung digitaler Kameras und der Algorithmen der Photogrammetrie, insbesondere die simultane Verarbeitung größerer Mengen digitaler Fotos zu einem konsistenten 3D‐Modell, ergeben verschiedene Anwendungsmöglichkeiten rund um den Tunnelbau. Aktuell werden 3D‐Bilder für die digitale Erfassung der Ortsbrust und deren Kartierung bei konventionellen Vortrieben verwendet. 3D‐Bilder sind darüber hinaus geeignet für den maschinellen Tunnelvortrieb, um nicht sichtbare Ortsbrustbereiche aufzunehmen und dreidimensional zu visualisieren. 3D‐Bilder bieten sich auch – luftgestützt erzeugt – für die Dokumentation und volumetrische Bewertung von deponiertem Tunnelausbruchsmaterial an.
Parametric study of the seismic ground response of a linear visco‐elastic soil layer improved by stone columns or pile‐like elements
Authors: Floroiu Laurentiu , Schweiger Helmut F.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents a qualitative investigation on how soil improvement influences ground response during earthquake events. The paper focuses on how modifications to stiffness, damping ratio and unit weight of soil reflect on the amplification functions. The study is carried out by means of finite element analyses using a linear visco‐elastic material model and rigid bedrock conditions. The accelerogram recorded during the 1989 Loma Prieta (USA) earthquake is used as bedrock input motion. The results of this study suggest that under certain conditions the seismic load on the structures could be increased or decreased by changes of the eigenfrequencies and amplification functions of the natural ground conditions due to soil improvement.

Parameterstudie zur seismischen Antwort einer linear visko‐elastischen Bodenschicht mit säulenartiger Bodenverbesserung. Der Beitrag beschreibt erste Ergebnisse einer qualitativen numerischen Untersuchung zum Einfluss von Bodenverbesserung auf die seismische Antwort einer Bodenschicht infolge Erdbebenbeanspruchung. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Beurteilung des Einflusses von Steifigkeit, Dämpfung und Wichte der Bodenschicht auf die Verstärkung der seismischen Anregung. Die Analysen werden mit der Finite‐Elemente‐Methode unter Annahme linear visko‐elastischen Materialverhaltens und einer Anregung am unteren Modellrand durchgeführt, wobei als Eingangsbeschleunigung das Erdbeben von Loma Prieta (1989) verwendet wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich unter gewissen Bedingungen die seismische Beanspruchung von auf verbessertem Baugrund errichteten Gebäuden durch die Änderung der Eigenfrequenzen und der Bodenantwort des verbesserten Baugrundes verringern oder erhöhen kann.
Motivational Interviewing as an Adjunct to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety
Authors: Barrera Terri L. , Smith Angela H. , Norton Peter J.
Published: December 2015

Objective

This study examined the effect of a single session motivational interviewing (MI) intervention on engagement in a 12‐week transdiagnostic group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment for anxiety.

Method

Participants were randomized to MI (N = 20) or non‐MI (N = 19) conditions before enrolling in a 12‐week group CBT program. Participants in the MI condition received an individual 50‐minute MI session adapted from the longer MI pretreatment protocol, developed by Westra and Dozois () and Westra ().

Results

Rates of treatment initiation and treatment expectancies were significantly higher among participants who received the MI pretreatment intervention. Results indicate substantial reduction in clinician‐rated anxiety severity after transdiagnostic group CBT, with no significant differences between MI and non‐MI conditions.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that a single MI pretreatment session may have positive effects on proximal measures of treatment engagement, but that these effects may not affect the severity of anxiety symptoms over the course of CBT.
Characterization, Consideration and Catalytic Application of Novel Pyrazine‐1,4‐Diium Trifluoromethanesulfonate {[1,4‐DHPyrazine](OTf)2} as a Green and Recyclable Ionic Liquid Catalyst in the Synthesis of Amidoalkyl Naphthol Derivatives
Authors: Alinezhad Heshmatollah , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Norouzi Mohammad
Published: December 2015

An efficient and green one‐pot method has been developed for the synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthol derivatives using reusable {[1,4‐DHPyrazine](OTf)2} as an ionic liquid catalyst via condensation of aromatic aldehydes, β‐naphthol and various amides under solvent‐free conditions.
Seroprevalence rates of HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, MWPyV and KIPyV polyomaviruses among the healthy blood donors
Authors: Šroller Vojtěch , Hamšíková Eva , Ludvíková Viera , Musil Jan , Němečková Šárka , Saláková Martina
Published: December 2015

Human polyomaviruses HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, MWPyV, and KIPyV have been discovered between 2007 and 2012. TSPyV causes a rare skin disease trichodysplasia spinulosa in immunocompromised patients, the role of remaining polyomaviruses in human pathology is not clear. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of serum antibodies against above polyomaviruses in healthy blood donors. Serum samples were examined by enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA), using virus‐like particles (VLPs) based on the major VP1 capsid proteins of these viruses. Overall, serum antibodies against HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, MWPyV, and KIPyV were found in 88.2%, 65.7%, 63.2%, 31.6%, 84.4%, and 58%, respectively, of this population. The seroprevalence generally increased with age, the highest rise we observed for HPyV9 and KIPyV specific antibodies. The levels of anti‐HPyV antibodies remained stable across the age‐groups, except for TSPyV and HPyV9, where we saw change with age. ELISAs based on VLP and GST‐VP1 gave comparable seroprevalence for HPyV6 antibodies (88.2% vs.85.3%) but not for HPyV7 antibodies (65.7% vs. 77.2%), suggesting some degree of crossreactivity between HPyV6 and HPyV7 VP1 proteins. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that human polyomaviruses HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, MwPyV, and KIPyV circulate widely in the Czech population and their seroprevalence is comparable to other countries. J. Med. Virol. 88:1254–1261, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.