bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 12-Year Climate Record of Wintertime Wave-Affected Marginal Ice Zones in the Atlantic Arctic based on CryoSat-2
Authors: Zhu Weixin , Liu Siqi , Xu Shiming , Zhou Lu
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Wave-affected marginal ice zone (MIZ) is an integral part of the sea ice cover and key to the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the polar region. While we mainly rely on in-situ campaigns for studying MIZs, great challenges still exist for the remote sensing of the MIZs by satellites. In this study we develop a novel retrieval algorithm for wave-affected MIZs based on the delay-Doppler radar altimeter onboard CryoSat-2 (CS2). CS2 waveform power and the waveform stack statistics are used to determine the part of the ice cover affected by waves. Based on the CS2 data since 2010, we generate a climate record of wave-affected MIZs in the Atlantic Arctic, spanning 12 winters between 2010 and 2022. As indicated by the MIZ record, no significant change of either the mean MIZ width or the extreme width is detected, although large temporal and spatial variability is present. In particular, extremely wide MIZs (over 300 km) are observed in the Barents Sea, while in other part of the Atlantic Arctic, MIZs are generally narrower. We also compare the CS2-based retrieval with those based on the laser altimeter of ICESat2 and the synthetic aperture radar images from Sentinel-1. Under spatial and temporal collocation, we attain good agreement among the MIZ retrievals based on the three different types of satellite payloads. Moreover, the traditional sea ice concentration based definition MIZ yields systematically narrower MIZs than CS2, and there is no statistically significant correlation between the two. Besides CS2, the proposed retrieval algorithm can be adapted for various historical and future radar altimetry campaigns. The synergy of multiple satellites can further improve the spatial and temporal representation of the altimeters' observation of the MIZs.
Research on online data transmission technology in a marine controlled-source electromagnetic transmitter
Authors: Wang Chentao , Deng Ming , Duan Nini , Ma Xiaoxi , Wang Meng
Published: September 2023

Abstract. This paper proposes a method for acquiring complete status information and data from the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) transmitter during offshore experiments. The subordinate machine system is constructed on the STM32 platform and incorporates a real-time operating system. It utilizes the internet of things (IoT) concept to interconnect various modules within the transmitter, enabling intelligent control and management. At the same time, data are uploaded to the control room on the deck through photoelectric composite cables, and the host computer's software, designed with Python language, will process and store all the data. This allows workers on the deck to control the subordinate computer and obtain high-precision, complete data in real time. The joint tests between the subordinate and host computers have demonstrated the stability and reliability of the online transmitter system, which provides significant convenience for offshore exploration.
Modelling seismic ground motion and its uncertainty in different tectonic contexts: Challenges and application to the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20)
Authors: Weatherill Graeme , Kotha Sreeram Reddy , Danciu Laurentiu , Vilanova Susana , Cotton Fabrice
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Current practice in strong ground motion modelling for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) requires the identification and calibration of empirical models appropriate to the tectonic regimes within the region of application, along with quantification of both their aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. For the development of the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) a novel approach for ground motion characterization was adopted based on the concept of a regionalized scaled backbone model, wherein a single appropriate ground motion model (GMM) is identified for use in PSHA, to which adjustments or scaling factors are then applied to account for epistemic uncertainty in the underlying seismological properties of the region of interest. While the theory and development of the regionalized scaled backbone GMM concept has been discussed in earlier publications, implementation in the final ESHM20 required further refinements to the shallow seismicity GMM in three regions, which were undertaken considering new data and insights gained from the feedback provided by experts in several regions of Europe: France, Portugal and Iceland. Exploration of the geophysical characteristics of these regions and analysis of additional ground motion records prompted re-calibrations of the GMM logic tree and/or modifications to the proposed regionalization. These modifications illustrate how the ESHM20 GMM logic tree can still be refined and adapted to different regions based on new ground motion data and/or expert judgement, without diverging from the proposed regionalized scaled backbone GMM framework. In addition to the regions of crustal seismicity, the scaled backbone approach needed to be adapted to earthquakes occurring in Europe’s subduction zones and to the Vrancea deep seismogenic source region. Using a novel fuzzy methodology to classify earthquakes to according to different seismic regimes within the subduction system, we compare ground motion records from non-crustal earthquakes to existing subduction GMMs and identify a suitable backbone GMM for application to subduction and deep seismic sources in Europe. The observed ground motion records from moderate and small magnitude earthquakes allow us to calibrate the anelastic attenuation of the backbone GMM specifically for the Eastern Mediterranean region. Epistemic uncertainty is then calibrated based on the global variability in source and attenuation characteristics of subduction GMMs. With the ESHM20 now completed, we reflect on the lessons learned from implementing this new approach in regional scale PSHA and highlight where we hope to see new developments and improvements to the characterization of ground motion in future generations of the European Seismic Hazard Model.
Big data in Antarctic sciences – current status, gaps, and future perspectives
Authors: Graiff Angelika , Braun Matthias , Driemel Amelie , Ebbing Jörg , Grossart Hans-Peter , Harder Tilmann , Hoffman Joseph I. , Koch Boris , Leese Florian , Piontek Judith , Scheinert Mirko , Quillfeldt Petra , Zimmermann Jonas , Karsten Ulf
Published: September 2023

Abstract. This paper was initiated by a multidisciplinary Topic
Workshop in the frame of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Priority Program 1158 “Antarctic
Research with Comparative Investigations in Arctic Ice Areas”, and hence it
represents only the national view without claiming to be complete but is
intended to provide awareness and suggestions for the current discussion on
so-called big data in many scientific fields. The importance of the polar regions and their essential role for the Earth
system are both undoubtedly recognized. However, dramatic changes in the climate
and environment have been observed first in the Arctic and later in
Antarctica over the past few decades. While important data have been
collected and observation networks have been built in Antarctica and the
Southern Ocean, this is a relatively data-scarce region due to the challenges
of remote data acquisition, expensive labor, and harsh environmental
conditions. There are many approaches crossing multiple scientific
disciplines to better understand Antarctic processes; to evaluate ongoing
climatic and environmental changes and their manifold ecological, physical,
chemical, and geological consequences; and to make (improved) predictions.
Together, these approaches generate very large, multivariate data sets,
which can be broadly classified as “Antarctic big data”. For these large
data sets, there is a pressing need for improved data acquisition, curation,
integration, service, and application to support fundamental scientific
research. Based on deficiencies in crossing disciplines and to attract
further interest in big data in Antarctic sciences, this article will (i)
describe and evaluate the current status of big data in various Antarctic-related scientific disciplines, (ii) identify current gaps, (iii) and provide
solutions to fill these gaps.
Characterization of Marine Heat Waves in the IBI Region in 2022
Authors: Castrillo-Acuña Lluís , Alonso-Valle Axel , de Pascual-Collar Álvaro
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Marine heat waves (MHWs) are defined as prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperatures. These events have a profound impact on marine ecosystems resulting in ecological and economic impacts such as coral bleaching, reduced surface chlorophyll due to increased surface layer stratification, mass mortality of marine invertebrates due to heat stress, rapid species’ migrations, fishery closures or quota changes, among others. This research focuses on the study of the MHWs that occurred in the IBI region during the year 2022, assessing their climatologic properties, the mean values for the year 2022 and discretizing the events in four subregions representative of the entire domain. Satellite derived sea surface temperature data was used to detect and characterise the events, revealing that in some areas the year 2022 showed up peak anomaly values of (i) 10 MHWs events, (ii) 100 days of mean durations and (iii) 190 total days of MHW, above normal. Through observational and modelling data, the discrete events located in the Bay of Biscay were also examined in the subsurface layers, demonstrating a strong seasonal modulation and heat diffusion through deeper layers. Where cold season events reach higher MHW mean depth values and subsurface positive anomalies of temperature can remain during weeks once a MHW has ended.
Maintenance Policies of Single and Multi-Unit Systems in the Past and Present
Authors: Sarkar Asis , Suresh Kumar E.
Published: September 2023

This paper surveys the literature related to maintenance policies for single and multi-unit systems. The emphasis is on work appearing in different periods. The literature is divided into two main categories single and multi unit system. The single unit system is divided into six sub-categories like: Agedependent, Periodic, Failure limit policy, Sequential, Repair limit, Repair number counting and reference time policy. Similarly policies of multi-unit are divided into two subcategories; viz Group and Opportunistic maintenance policies; Each kind of policy has different characteristics, advantages and disadvantages with lot of contributions from Research scientist and Technologists. Around 150 authors and their research works are presented in the reference section. It will help the reader to select the exact policy for their organization and the reference section will be helpful for further study and further knowledge about different existing maintenance practices.
Fluid Dynamic Simulation Studies in a Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Kalivarathan G. , Jaiganesh V.
Published: September 2023

Fluid Dynamic based models are always referred to “Multidimensional models”, due to their ability to provide complete geometric information on the flow field, based on the solution of the governing equations. It is well known that over the last one decade, computers were extensively used for simulation in modeling purposes and building powerful, integrated-database systems. In general, computer based simulations have been built by the theoretical foundations and it is used in a wide range of applications. Engine flow simulation normally represents turbulence to predict various types of motions of turbulence like swirl, squish, tumble and eddies. Basically turbulent flow deals with the lateral and longitudinal motion, which is due to eddy motion. Eddy is a large group of fluid particles, which moves laterally, and longitudinally in the flow field. During this type of motion, it can change its shape or stretch and rotate or breaks into two or more eddies. Eddies are generally generated in the region of high shear in the mean flow field, near the boundary in a pipe or channel flow or in the vicinity of interface between two streams flowing at different velocities and parallel to one another. The size of large eddy will be the size of flow basically or the diameter of the pipe in which flow is analyzed. The eddies of different sizes are embedded in each other and it is impermanent in nature. The larger the eddied, which are continuously formed are breaks into smaller and smaller eddies, until they are dissipated through viscous shear finally. Large Eddy Simulation is a viable option for simulating the turbulent reacting processes that occur within the diesel environment and it has high potential to represent engines unsteadiness. LES has been developed to address the largescale unsteady phenomenon and it is assumed for engine flow simulation with promising results, since it concerns the smaller part of spectrum. Normally, it is predicted that RANS can be used for preliminary design explorations, whereas LES can be used for detailed investigations. In this paper, engine flow simulation with LES is reviewed to represent the unsteady phenomenon in a diesel engine. In recent years, since the availability of high speed computing systems, the simulation techniques have become faster, easier and more accurate also. Therefore, the systems, which were upto now, not responsive for simulation techniques, have come under the purview of simulation studies. The modeling of the engine process continuous to develop as the understanding of physic sand chemistry of the phenomenon of interest steadily expands, and as the capability of the computers to solve complex equations, continues to increase.
Development and Testing of Asbestos Free Brake Pad Material
Authors: Vijay R. , Rajesh Kumar S. , Satish V. , Thiyagarajan V.
Published: September 2023

An attempt is made through this project to incorpate 20% alumina fiber in automotive brake pad friction composites. Ingredients such as glass fiber, steel wool, rock wool, phenolic resin, barite, graphite, chalk powder and friction dust are added with alumina fiber to make up the composition. The developed brake pad composites have exhibited consistent coefficients of friction in the range of 0.3-0.4 and wear resistances are 1.2 times greater than asbestos frictional materials.
Creep Modeling in An Orthotropic FGM Cylinder
Authors: Singla Ashish , Garg Manish , Deepak Dharmpal , Gupta V. K.
Published: September 2023

A mathematical model has been developed to estimate steady state creep in an orthotropic cylinder made of functionally graded composite. The FG cylinder is assumed to undergo creep according to Power law. The model developed has been used to investigate the steady state creep response of the FGM cylinder for varying orthotropicity of the material. The results obtained are compared with those estimated for a similar FGM cylinder but having isotropic properties. The result reveals that the presence of orthotropicity in the FGM cylinder may significantly modify its creep response.
Multi-Objective Optimization of the Electro-Discharge Diamond Surface Grinding Process
Authors: Sunder Shyam , Yadava Vinod
Published: September 2023

Grinding of Metal matrix composites (MMCs) which are making inroads in various engineering applications have proved to be extremely difficult to machine due to presence of hard ceramic reinforcement. Electro-discharge machining (EDM) of MMCs containing electrically non conducting phases possess few problems in terms of hampering the process stability and impeding the material removal process. Use of combination of grinding and EDM has potential to overcome these problems. This article presents the optimization design of an electro-discharge diamond surface grinding (EDDSG) process performed on aluminum-metal matrix composite (Al-MMC). The major performance characteristics selected to evaluate the process are material removal rate (MRR) and average surface roughness (Ra). The input machining parameters used in the present study were current, pulse on-time, wheel speed, and duty factor. Experiments were carried out on newly self developed surface grinding setup for electro-discharge diamond grinding (EDDG) process for Al-10wt.%SiCp composites. The experimentations are planned as per L9 orthogonal array. Grey relational analysis (GRA) is used for optimizing the machining parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) is coupled with GRA to evaluate the weighting values corresponding to various performance characteristics that their relative importance can be properly described. The most significant factor has been found as pulse on-time effecting the robustness of electrodischarge diamond surface grinding (EDDSG) process.
Investigation of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Chandrashekar A. , Ajay Kumar B. S. , Anandkumar V. , Raghothama Rao P.
Published: September 2023

Friction stir welding is now extensively used in aluminum industries for Joining and Material processing applications. The Technology has gained increasing interest and importance. In the present paper, the Mechanical and Microstructural properties of AA 5083(AlMg4.5Mn0.7) butt joints produced by Friction Stir Welding have been investigated. Different welding trials with two rotating speed of the tool have been done. The Mechanical properties of the welded joints have been evaluated though micro hardness measurements (HV) and Mechanical Tests. Metallurgical characterization has been done by means of optical microscopy to investigate size, morphology and distribution evolution of the metallic matrix and precipitates present in this type of aluminum alloy. The change in microstructure across the welded joints was characterized by the presence of severely deformed grains in the region of the weld nugget.
Machining Study of TI-6AL-4V Using PVD Coated TiAlN Inserts
Authors: Andriya Narasimhulu , Venkateswara Rao P. , Ghosh Sudarsan
Published: September 2023

This paper deals with machining Ti6Al4V material. The experimental analysis was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The detailed experiments under wet and dry conditions using the PVD coated TiAlN tools. In the present work the relationship of Ti6Al4V’s surface roughness and cutting forces with critical machining parameters and conditions, based on experimental input and output data, has been derived during the turning operation. It has been found through design of experiments technique that linear model is best fitted for predicting feed force and surface roughness under both dry and wet cutting environment. Linear model is also fitted for thrust force prediction during dry cutting. However under wet cutting condition a quadratic model is more suited for prediction of the thrust force. 2FI (2 Factor Interaction) model is found to be fitted for cutting force prediction under both the cutting environment.
Experimental Investigations of Traveling Wire Electro-Chemical Spark Machining (TW-ECSM) of Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Bhuyan Basanta Kumar , Yadava Vinod
Published: September 2023

Traveling Wire Electro-Chemical Spark Machining (TW-ECSM) is an innovative hybrid machining process, combining the features of the Electro Chemical Machining (ECM) and Wire-Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM). It is more suitable for machining of electrically non-conductive engineering materials. Conventional machining methods and some unconventional machining methods cannot be effectively applied for machining of borosilicate glass due to the resulting problems of air borne dust, tool wear and thermal damage. In this paper an inhouse TW-ECSM setup has been designed and fabricated successfully and employed for experimentation. The results about the feasibility of the process and its performance during machining of borosilicate glass have been illustrated. Borosilicate glass, which is frequently used as a material for fabrication of micro structures, was used as a workpiece. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of specimen thickness along with different type of wires on material removal rate (MRR). For same set of input parameters, material removal rate is found to decrease initially but after achieving certain value, it begins to increase with increase in specimen thickness.
The Thermodynamic Study of Turbocharger Pressure Ratio and Ambient Temperature Variation on Exergy Destruction Estimation of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Cogeneration System
Authors: Trivedi Shailesh Kumar , Haleem Abid
Published: September 2023

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) technology is different from conventional combustion technologies. It has the combination of lean and premixed fuel air mixture and charge is compression ignited so it has multiple ignition points throughout the combustion chamber thus eliminating the high peak temperature inside the combustion chamber. This new engine technology is helpful in production of ultra low NO and particulate emissions. The use of lean and X unthrottled operation yields higher efficiency and better fuel economy also. In this paper, a new HCCI engine combined cycle cogeneration system is proposed and studied. The system is equipped with turbocharger, fuel vaporizer, engine, catalytic converter, different components of Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and further heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for waste heat utilization from the exhaust gases to obtain process heat. An exergy analysis is applied to the different components of HCCI engine cogeneration system to examine the thermodynamic losses in terms of exergy destruction and the effect of ambient temperature and turbocharger pressure ratio is obtained. The result shows a ranking among the components of the system on the basis of thermodynamic losses or the exergy destruction. This paper shows how an exergy method can yield effect of ambient conditions and design parameters values to reduce losses in various components of HCCI engine cogeneration system.
Performance Comparison of Single and Double Layer Microchannel Using Liquid Metal Coolants: A Numerical Study
Authors: Sharma Deewakar , Garg Harry , Bajpai P. P.
Published: September 2023

With increase in demand for new cooling solutions, double layer configuration of microchannels has been extensively studied. Recently liquid metals have also been proposed to further improve cooling owing to their high thermal conductivity. However, their advantages with double layer system are yet to be explored. A comparative study is made between single and double layer microchannel using liquid metals (liquid gallium) as the cooling medium. The type of configuration (counter or parallel) best suited is analysed and the results are compared with single layer for four different lengths. The cross-sectional area of single layer is such that it has same flow area as that of double layer microchannel. The performance of both is compared under the conditions of same flow rate and pump power. It is judged on the basis of maximum temperature attained and minimal temperature variations at the heated surface. It is observed that with liquid metal (gallium) as coolants, the double layer arrangement doesn’t prove much advantageous and better results can be obtained using single layer. Results also favour liquid metals for small lengths of microchannels showing their favourability for miniaturized cooling systems.
Structural and Optical Investigation of Aluminium-Lithium- Borate Glasses
Authors: Singh Gurinder Pal , Kaur Parvinder , Kaur Simranpreet , Arora Deepawali , Singh D. P.
Published: September 2023

Glass samples of compositions xAl O -(30- ) 2 3 x Li CO –70B O with x varying from 0 to 8% mole fraction are 2 3 2 3 prepared by melt quench technique. Decrease in the band gap from 3.12 to 2.91 eV for lithium borate glasses with an increase in the Al O content has been observed and discussed. The 2 3 FTIR spectral studies have pointed out the conversion of structural units of BO to BO . Due to the formation of BO and 3 4 4 AlO units, changes in the atomic structure with Al O 6 2 3 composition are observed and discussed.
A FEM and Image Processing Based Method for Simulation of Manufacturing Imperfections
Authors: Javed Arshad , Sengar A. K. , Rout B. K.
Published: September 2023

Use of appropriate methods to capture manufacturing imperfection at the conceptual stage is a major challenge for the designer and researchers in industry. Imperfections are observed in almost all type of in macro, micro and nano-machining domain of manufacturing process. These imperfections lead to undesirable performance in application phase. In the present work, a simulation based approach to handle manufacturing imperfection is implemented using image processing operators. This method simulates the image of the component due to manufacturing imperfections. The usage of these image processing operators facilitates a realistic simulation of manufacturing errors, in macro, micro, and nano domain manufacturing. The simulated image is further processed for its structural properties i.e. maximum deflection, reactions, Von Mises stress, and change in amount of material, corresponding to its intended application. In order to generate these results based on modified image of beam, the concept of “Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization”(SIMP) is utilized along with 2-D finite element routine. An example of a simple cantilever beam is selected to illustrate the proposed methodology, and the results are analyzed. The present work discusses a simple and easy method to predict the behavior of designed componentprior to its manufacturing.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GATE VALVE
Authors: Jatkar K. H. , Sunil S. Dhanwe
Published: September 2023

Gate valves are used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. Gate valves are so named because the part that either stops or allows flow of fluid through the valve acts somewhat like the opening or closing of a gate and is called, appropriately, the gate. The objective of this paper to perform a stress analysis of the critical component of Gate Valve. The critical components in the Gate Valve are Body, Gate Stem, and slab gate. This paper comprises Finite element analysis of Gate Valve. A model of each element of Gate Valve is developed in CATIA V5R17, and analyzed in ANSYS 11. Gate valve stress analysis is done by FEM using ANSYS 11 and validation is supported by stress analysis using classical theory of mechanics. Finally, the result obtained from FEM software and classical analytical theory are compared.
The Design and Fabrication of Compression and Extension Testing Machine
Authors: Amiebenomo S. O. , Yesufu S.
Published: September 2023

This study was carried out to design and fabricate a cost effective and efficient compression – extension machine to alleviate the problem of the dearth of equipment in our laboratories in most of our higher institutions. In carrying out the project work a thorough study of the foreign testers and the requirements of the Nigerian industrial standards, was done. Design drawings and calculations were established and the machine was fabricated with well selected materials and components all sourced locally. The performance of the fabricated machine was finally evaluated against a standard foreign machine employing a stress-strain diagram that enable the comparison of the mechanical properties of aluminum. Test results reveal absolute errors of measurement of 3.79%, 3.97% 2.17% and 2.53% for ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, yield strength and ductility. Performance characteristic in the various mechanical tests evaluated was found satisfactory. The machine provides a low cost solution for engineering and engineering technology programs that wish to expand their material testing capabilities but are not capable of funding the acquisition of commercially available compression and extension testing machines.
Scientific Investigations on the Claims of the Magnetic Water Conditioners
Authors: Kotb Ashraf , Abd El Aziz A. M.
Published: September 2023

A lot of study has gone into the principles and function of magnetic “Water Softeners” around the world. The results have been mixed, the tests run of the function of these devices by the device manufacturers usually turn out fine, while tests run by anybody else usually don’t. Although a variety of claims are made about magnetic water conditioners for softening water, through “Pre-precipitation”, changing the hardness in the water from Sticky” crystals to “Non-sticky”, or somehow rendering the hardness ions inert. This article focuses specifically on the claimed benefits of magnetically treated water, by scientific investigation for five commercial water conditioners from different manufacturers and for different purposes, the manufacturer’s instructions are considered. The investigation is carried out based on measurable and analyzed parameters (pH, TDS, Hardness). After a lot of serious laboratory measurements and chemical analysis, it is concluded that; the magnetic water conditioners have no effect on the water pH, total dissolved salts, and hardness.
Some Studies on D-Gun Sprayed ASTM SAE213 T22 Steel for High Temperature Applications
Authors: A.S Walia  , S. S Aulakh  , G. Kaushal
Published: September 2023

Detonation gun spray coatings are known for their high density, high bond strength and better wear/corrosion resistance. In this study, detonation gun spray technique was used to deposit WC-12Co and Cr3C2-25NiCr coating on boiler steel ASTM SAE213 T22 steel. The specimens with and without coating were subjected to cyclic oxidation at 500oC for 50 cycles in air environment to ascertain usefulness of the coating at the said temperature. The weight change technique was used to establish the kinetics of oxidation/corrosion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FE-SEM/EDS techniques were used to analyze the exposed samples. The behavior of the uncoated and coated samples supported by various characterization techniques in detail have been reported in the present study.
Influence of Tool Pin Profile on Mechanical Properties of Joint of Aluminium Alloys 2014 and 6082, Welded With Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Ashwani Kumar  , Pardeep Kumar  , Balwinder S. Sidhu
Published: September 2023

It is challenging to obtain defect free welded joints of Aluminum Alloys with the help of fusion welding processes. In fusion welding, oxide layer of aluminum alloys penetrate inside, which has the tendency to thicken at higher temperatures, which in turn results in the defects like porosity and cracks in the weld joint. In contrast, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is proved to be a very good solid state welding technique, which has got a worldwide attraction, especially in aerospace industry. FSW doesn’t involve actual melting of the materials, rather the welding is done at visco-plastic state of the materials, which helps to reduce the heat affected zone in the weld joint and original characteristics of material are protected from getting changed, as far as possible. Combination of 2xxx series and 6xxx series of aluminum alloys are highly used in aerospace and automobile industry due to their good-strength to weight ratio, mechanical properties and anti-corrosion properties. The work has been done to improve the strength and quality of Friction Stir Welded joints by changing process parameters. Tool pin profile also has a great impact on the strength and quality of friction stir welded joints. The present paper investigates the influence of different pin profiles on the mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminum alloys, welded with FSW. Aluminum alloys 2014 and 6082 were successfully welded by using three (Square, Pentagon and Hexagon) different pin profiles. From the results, it was observed that that the joint fabricated by using pentagonal pin profiled tool given superior tensile and micro-hardness properties as compared to other joint.
Erosion Resistance Behavior of SS304 Steel Hardfaced By SMAW With Addition of Molybdenum
Authors: Chamkaur Jindal  , Hazoor Singh Sidhu
Published: September 2023

In this work the degradation of the steel SS304 used in pulverized coal burner nozzle is studied under the solid particle erosion conditions. Steel is hardfaced by tubular hardfacing electrodes of high chromium type and further Molybdenum content is added in the hardfacing electrode powder. The hardfacing is done by shielded metal arc welding process. Erosion test is conducted using Air Jet Erosion Testing Rig by varying the working temperatures (room temperature and 400°C) and impact angle of 30° and 90°. It is observed that by increasing the molybdenum content the degradation by erosion reduced at 90° impact angle at both room temperature and 400°C temperature. Microstructure characterization and microhardness analysis is also done along with SEM/EDS analysis. The elements in the hardfacing layer are uniformly distributed as observed by the EDS analysis and the content of tungsten and molybdenum increased in hardfacing layer than the substrate material. The increase in percentage of Molybdenum and tungsten improves the formation of carbides in hardfacing layer. Normally the harder materials have high erosion resistance at 30° impact angle but in our case the erosion resistance is maximum at 90° impact angle. The microstructure shows dendritic formation.
Corrosion Studies on HVOF Sprayed Ni-20Cr and Ni-50Cr Coatings on ASTM A213 TP347H Boiler Steel at 7000C
Authors: T.S Bedi  , S. S Aulakh  , G. Kaushal
Published: September 2023

Ni-20Cr and Ni-50Cr coatings were deposited on ASTM A213 TP347H boiler tube steel by High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. High temperature corrosion studies were conducted to investigate the comparative performance of the coatings. The tests were conducted in a simulated boiler environment (Na2SO4–60%V2O5) at 7000C for 50 cycles. Each cycle consisted 1 hour of heating in the silicon carbide tube furnace followed by 20 min of cooling in air. The weight change measurements were recorded after each cycle to establish the kinetics of high temperature corrosion. The corroded samples were characterized by SEM/EDS analysis. It was observed that Ni-50Cr coated specimen was found to be more protective than Ni-20Cr coated specimen.
Effect of Various Flux Compositions Mixed With Slag on Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel Weld Using Submerged ARC Welding
Authors: Gupta Amit , Sapra Pawan Kumar , Singla Naveen , Ram Gora
Published: September 2023

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a process in which welding joint is obtained by heating the metal with an arc set between bare electrode and work piece. Intense heat produced during the process fuses the metal and filler metal. Flux is used as a shielding agent which is placed over the welding area to protect the molten pool from atmospheric contamination. It also shields the spatter of arc. This flux gets converted into slag after solidification at the surface of welding metal. The wastage of flux in the form of slag increases the cost of process. In the present study different flux and slag compositions are used to analyse the effect of slag/flux mixture on mechanical properties of submerged arc welded joint performed on mild steel plates. Present work is an attempt to utilize this slag as flux and reduce the cost of SAW welding process. For the investigation three agglomerated flux compositions are prepared and slag is mixed in these compositions in percentage of 10, 20, and 30 respectively. The various tests such as tensile test, impact test, microhardness test, microstructure test were performed on the welded specimens, to study the mechanical behaviour of structural steel. It is found that the mechanical properties of the welded joint by mixing slag in all three flux compositions are significant according to AWS requirement.
Preliminary Study on Slotted-Electrical Discharge Diamond Face Grinding of Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Yadav Ravindra Nath , Yadava Vinod
Published: September 2023

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are highly required in field of advanced engineering. Due to the abrasive nature of the reinforcements into matrix, machining of the MMCs is yet a challenge for manufacturing industries. In this paper, a new hybrid machining process named as slotted-electrical discharge diamond face grinding (S-EDDFG) has been proposed for machining of the end surface of the electrically conductive hard and brittle materials. The performance of the developed process has been tested on EDM machine with application of the compound grinding wheel. The role of discharge voltage, current, pulse on-time, pulse off-time and wheel RPM has been investigated on MRR and Ra during machining of the Al/SiC composite. The experimental results show that MRR increases and Ra value decreases with increase of the wheel RPM due to enhances in the flushing efficiency of the dielectric.
Comparative Study on Corrosion Behavior of SA213T22 and SA213T91 Steels in Molten Salt Environment of Na2SO4-60% V2O5 at 900oC
Authors: Mittal Rutash , Goyal Lucky , Sidhu Buta Singh
Published: September 2023

The hot corrosion behavior of boiler tube steels SA213T91 (T91) and SA213T22 (T22) after exposure to molten salt of Na2SO4 – 60% V2O5 were investigated at a temperature of 900oC in a cyclic manner. Thermo-gravimetric technique was used to establish oxidation kinetics for T91 and T22 steels in salt at 900oC under cyclic conditions for 50 cycles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/ Energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) techniques were used to characterize the oxide scales. The hot corrosion behavior of T91 steel was found to be better than T22 steel exposed to oxidation under salt condition.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of FSW Al 2014 T4 & Al 6061 T6 Alloys
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Sapra Pawan Kumar , Sidhu Balwinder Singh
Published: September 2023

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is fairly a recent technique that uses a non-consumable rotating welding tool to generate frictional heat and plastic deformation at the welding location while the material is in solid state. The principal advantages are low distortion, absence of melt related defects and high joint strength. Tool design and material plays a vital role in addition to the important parameters like tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial force. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process to join materials by generating frictional heat between a rotating tool and materials being welded. It was invented at The Welding Institute (TWI), Cambridge (U.K.) in 1991. Since then FSW has become a major joining process in the aerospace, railway and ship building industries especially in the fabrication of aluminium alloys. It is difficult to weld the aluminium alloys, using arc welding, gas welding and other welding processes. Friction Stir Welding on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and better surface finish is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point. In this research work, rotational speed and traversing speed was considered for friction stir welding butt joint of Al alloy 2014 T4 & 6061 T6 alloys and further mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Vickers hardness and micro structure was studied.
Fabrication of Aluminium Composite Using Stir Casting Process and Optimization of Machining Parameters
Authors: S.Johny James  , M.Kumar  , B.Ramesh  , K.Venkatesan  , P.Kuppan
Published: September 2023

In this study an attempt has been made to fabricate aluminium metal matrix composite with a composition of 5 wt% Silicon carbide and 4 wt% graphite using stir casting method. Silicon carbide has been added because it is well known for its hardness and its abrasive nature and graphite is a solid lubricant, result of its addition can change the surface roughness. The combined effect of four machining parameters including nose radius (R), cutting speed (s), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d) on the basis of single performance characteristic of surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. As Surface finish gives low co-efficient of friction and it shows the quality of the mechanical component. Optimal machining parameter has been calculated using design of analysis using Taguchi design or an orthogonal array.
Non-Linear Signal Analysis Applied to Surface Wear Condition Monitoring in Reciprocating Sliding Testing Machines
Authors: Mohammad Amin Rashidifar  , Ali Amin Rashidifar
Published: September 2023

When the surfaces of two elastic bodies present relative motions under certain amount of contact pressure the mechanical system can be instable. Experiments conducted on elastic bodies in contact shown that the dynamical system is self-excited by the non-linear behavior of the frictional forces. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the friction force using the vibrations signals, measured on a reciprocating wear testing machine, by the proposed non-linear signal analysis formulation. In the proposed formulation the global output is the sum of two outputs produced by a linear path associated in parallel with a non-linear path. This last path has a non-linear model that represents the friction force. Since the linear path is identified by traditional signal analysis the non-linear function can be evaluated by the global input/output relationships. Validation tests are conducted in a tribological system composed by a sphere in contact with and a prismatic body, which has an imposed harmonic motion. The global output force is simultaneously measured by a piezoelectric load cells. The sphere and prismatic body vibrations are measured by a laser Doppler vibrometer and by an accelerometer respectively. All signals are digitalized with the same time base and the data is transferred to a microcomputer. The non-linear signal analysis technique uses this data to identify the friction force.
Study on Magnetic Abrasive Finishing of Brass Rods Using SiC-Based Abrasives
Authors: Amit Goyal  , G. Kaushal
Published: September 2023

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) process is one of the advanced machining processes for finishing non-ferrous materials, in which the cutting force is controlled by input current to the magnetic coils. MAF set-up was designed and mounted on the lathe machine for finishing CuZn37 brass rods. Effect of different process parameters (current, rotational speed and percentage composition of abrasives) is evaluated by using Taguchi experimental design and further the most critical parameter for finishing CuZn37 is determined by using MINITAB software. The results along with observations are discussed in detail in the present study. Based upon the results, circumferential speed of the workpiece is very useful parameter in improving the surface roughness. The change in surface roughness increases by increasing circumferential speed in magnetic abrasive finishing process
Development of Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Process to Finish Brass Rods
Authors: Iqbal Singh  , Gagandeep Kaushal  , Hazor Singh Sidhu
Published: September 2023

Surface finish plays an important role in manufacturing industry. There are many traditional processes used to reduce the surface roughness, Magnetic abrasive is one of them. In present study a setup was prepared for machining of brass rods. The setup was designed to study the effect of various parameters such as working gap, machining time and grit size. Abrasive particles (Emery) and magnetic particles (Iron) were used. Taguchi approach was used to reduce the number of experiments. L9 orthogonal array was used. “Talysurf” surface roughness tester was used for measurement of roughness. Results showed that most optimum working gap is 8mm, grit size 180 grit and 12 minutes machining time. MINITAB software was used for further analysis.
Effect of Welding Parameters on The Properties of Aluminium Alloys 6063 and 6101 Welded with Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Yadwinder Pal Sharma  , Pardeep Kumar
Published: September 2023

Friction stir welding (FSW) has got wide attraction in aerospace and automobile industries, as conventional fusion welding techniques are susceptible to various welding defects like cracks and porosity, Welding of aluminum alloys were also a matter of concern because of the thin oxide layer formation on the surface of alloys as this oxide layer tends to thicken at higher temperatures. Friction stir welding process shows several advantages to weld aluminum alloys. In the present research the optimization of the mechanical properties of welded joint of aluminum alloy of 6000 series are considered. This aluminium alloy series is used for architectural fabrication due to good surface finish, high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. The aluminium alloys 6063 and 6101 are successfully welded with friction stir welding technique. Two different rotation speeds of tool 1600 rpm and 1200 rpm and two different pin profiles tools square & hexagonal are selected for this work. From the results it is observed that the joint welded with hexagonal pin profile at 1200 rpm tool rotation speed gives superior mechanical properties.
Evaluation of Wear, Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of TIG Re-Melted Stellite 6 Cladded Over AISI-304 L Stainless Steel
Authors: Manjit Singh  , Amit Handa  , Sandeep Singh Sandhu
Published: September 2023

Stellite 6 is a cobalt based super alloy with major percentage of cr (27-32%), w(4-6%), c (0.9-1.4%) and other alloying elements like ni, fe, si, mn and mo. it is used for the improvement of wear resistance and mechanical properties of stainless steel engineering components used in harsh environment. the use of shielded metal arc welding (smaw) process for cladding of stellite 6 on stainless steel is getting attention due to high deposition rate and low dilution. initially bead on plate experiments were performed to optimize the single pass cladding process parameters i.e. current, electrode manipulation (stringer and weaving technique) and speed. 80 amp current with weaving technique were found to be optimum parameter for cladding with minimum dilution and maximum hardness with finer microstructure were found. these parameters were then used for multi pass multilayer cladding of stellite 6 on aisi 304 l. further the comparative study was performed for seven layer seven pass (slsp) and five layer five pass tig remelted (flfptr)stellite 6 cladding. the aim of this work is to analysis the effect of tig re-melting on wear, metallurgical and mechanical properties of aisi 304 l cladded with stellite 6.
Investigations for Statistically Controlled TIG Welding Solution of 304 SS
Authors: Rupinder Singh
Published: September 2023

The purpose of the present investigations is to study statistically controlled solution (from sensitization point of view) for 304 stainless steel (ss) joints using tungsten inert gas welding (tig) process. starting from the parametric optimization of tig welding process parameters (based upon taguchi design), welded joints were produced for functional validation. the output parameters selected for controlling the sensitization were selected as hardness and tensile strength of welded joints. the results are supported by sem analysis. further the study suggests that the tig welding process was found to be under statistical control (at optimized settings suggested by taguchi design) as regard to sensitization of welded joint is concerned.