bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genocide yet again: Scenes of Rwanda and Ethical Witness in the Human Rights Memoir
Authors: Gigliotti Simone
Published: July 2010

This article investigates three recent human rights memoirs that chronicle the Rwandan genocide of 1994: Emergency Sex (and other desperate measures): True Stories from a War Zone, Shake Hands with the Devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda, and The Zanzibar Chest: a memoir of love and war. I use these memoirs to explore the complexities of bearing witness to ethnic violence and war as an autobiographical subject shaped by the memory of historical atrocity — as a besieged self in traumatic occupations of the UN protector (Roméo Dallaire), lawyer (Kenneth Cain), and war correspondent (Aidan Hartley). Finally, I suggest that the authors of these memoirs are secondary witnesses, claimants to ethical truths and writers of atrocity testimony that complicate the burgeoning life‐telling compulsion of what is and who can claim to be a genocide victim.

“Your mind with time, in fact, doesn't erase things that are traumas. It makes them clearer. They become digitally clearer and then you are able to sit back and all of a sudden have every individual scene come to you instead of the massive blur of many scenes I saw every day. The accumulation of the spirits that would come to you at night in the form of eyes, thousands of eyes, some mad, some simply there, and others bewildered, innocent children and adults, all that accumulated to the fact that I simply totally broke down”. (Roméo Dallaire)

“What's true is that we didn't understand at the time the full magnitude of what was happening. I was an ant walking over the rough hide of an elephant. I had no idea of the scale of what I was witnessing. And when I did become aware I discovered Rwanda was way beyond my limited talents as a correspondent”. (Aidan Hartley, The Zanzibar Chest)

“I don't know who saved the honor of mankind during my time in the field, but I do know that an ancestral memory of tyranny commands me not to keep silent. There is no ambiguity here. I am a witness. I have a voice. I have to write it down”. (Kenneth Cain, Emergency Sex)
The Anzac Citizen: Towards a History of the RSL
Authors: Crotty Martin
Published: July 2010

This article examines the early years of the Returned Sailors’and Soldiers’Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA, later RSL). It argues that ideas of citizenship were pivotal to the world view and activism of the RSL as it sought to advance the interests and outlooks of its members. The RSL claimed that its members had served the nation and empire to such an extent that their citizenship status was enhanced, while that of those who had not served was diminished. This philosophy provided the underpinnings and justification for the RSL's campaigns for better pension rights, employment opportunities and access to land, often at the expense of those the RSL believed were of lower civic status through a lack of war service.
Citizenship, Rights and Emergency Powers in Second World War Australia
Authors: O'Brien Ilma Martinuzzi
Published: July 2010

In times of war or the threat of war there is a heightened tension between individual rights on the one hand and public safety and the protection of the community on the other. This situation is again facing the democracies at the present time. One aspect of the way tension between these two principles affected the citizenship status and civil rights of certain individuals in Second World War Australia is examined in this article. It focuses on Australian citizens who were deprived of their liberty and interned without trial, for periods varying from a few months to a number of years. In seeking explanations for the denial of one of the basic civil rights of a section of the Australian community, this article examines some formal constructions of nationality, and considers the implications of these constructions for citizenship and civil rights in wartime Australia.1
Post‐War Reconstruction and the New World Order: The Origins Of Gough Whitlam's Democratic Citizen*
Authors: Hocking Jenny
Published: July 2010

Gough Whitlam's father was one of Australia's most significant public servants. Deputy Crown Solicitor and Crown Solicitor at a time of great constitutional and international change, Frederick Whitlam maintained an unusually advanced perspective on the use of international instruments to protect rights and to expand powers of nationhood. Gough Whitlam's war‐time experiences in the Air Force, in particular during the referendum campaign to expand Commonwealth Powers to aid post‐war reconstruction, cemented these aspects as central to his developing notions of democratic citizenship. In his 1973 Sir Robert Garran Memorial lecture, fourteen years after his father had delivered the inaugural oration, Gough Whitlam acknowledged the influence of his father as a “great public servant” committed to public service and the developing institutions of internationalism: “I am Australia's first Prime Minister with that particular background”. This paper explores “that particular background”.

I have never wavered from my fundamental belief that until the national government became involved in great matters like schools and cities, this nation would never fulfil its real capabilities.1
Shaped on the Anvil of Mars: Vance and Nettie Palmer and the Great War
Authors: Jordan Deborah
Published: July 2010

In Australia as elsewhere within the belligerent nations of the Great War, dissenting thinkers were marginalised with the mobilisation of militarism. Vance and Nettie Palmer, Australia's most important literary partnership in the interwar period, were initially critical of the war, their response typical of the English radical intelligentsia among whom they were living at the time of its outbreak. Forced back to Australia in 1915, the Palmers had to re‐establish themselves in its increasingly turbulent intellectual battlefields. Nettie's earlier anti‐war beliefs and cosmopolitanism were undermined while Vance became ever more deeply enmeshed in a discourse concerning the virtues of the “ordinary people”, which encompassed the men of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Nevertheless, in their extensive writings about Australia, neither Palmer ever endorsed the legend of the heroic Anzacs. The Great War, however, profoundly shaped their political consciousness and their choice of genre and writing strategies, as it did others of their literary generation. This article will show that the war was a far more important influence on their work than usually acknowledged in Australian literary scholarship, and thereby reveal some of the cultural patterns that shaped their generation of Australian radical writers and intellectuals — particularly in Melbourne, arguably the heartland for the tradition of democratic literary nationalism which the Palmers have been seen to epitomise.
An Australian Empire Patriot and the Great War: Professor Sir Archibald T. Strong (1876–1930)
Authors: Moses John A.
Published: July 2010

Archibald T. Strong, born in Melbourne, was the son of an Australian scholar who went to an academic post at Liverpool. The younger Strong received his secondary and tertiary education in England. There, he became proficient in modern European languages and literature. He initially planned a career in the law, but for health reasons returned to Australia to the Department of English at the University of Melbourne. Prior to the First World War, Strong became prominent in Melbourne literary circles and also a prolific commentator on world affairs. As an early member of the Round Table group in Australia, Strong assessed Imperial Germany as posing an existential threat to the British Empire and hence to Australia's security. The nation's future, he believed, lay in unwavering defence of the Empire. Strong evinced a distinct impatience with fellow citizens, especially on the socialist left, who failed, in his view, to understand the realities of Australia's position in the world and what was at stake in the Great War.
Australian Medical Intellectuals and the Great War
Authors: Damousi Joy
Published: July 2010

This article considers the way in which the Great War created unique conditions where medical intellectuals became part of a wider canvas of debate about psychology and medicine; mind and body; and, more broadly, crossed the artificial divide between the humanities and the medical sciences. Medicine has not been usually identified as a field for “intellectuals” as such. The nature of cultural and social analysis lends itself more readily to those working in the fields of sociology, political science, literature and history. But the medical intellectuals who are the subject of this article can be seen as extending our understanding of the relationship between the self and society. Such an intellectual engagement was considerably assisted, it is argued, by the advent of the Medical Journal of Australia a month before the outbreak of war. which initially served to document practices associated with medical science, but quickly evolved into a journal that connected medicine to the broader society and wider culture. The devastating impact of the war provided an extraordinary context within which these discussions took place, and radically challenged many assumptions held by the medical profession, especially with regard to the relationship between the mind and the body.
Sacred Sovereigns and Punishable War Crimes: The Ambivalence of the Wilson Administration towards a Trial of Kaiser Wilhelm II*
Authors: Kampmark Binoy
Published: July 2010

Conventional wisdom characterises President Woodrow Wilson as a progressive internationalist in the making of foreign policy, sceptical of international practices such as secret diplomacy and balance‐of‐power theories. An examination of the Wilson Administration's record in quelling Allied attempts to punish Kaiser Wilhelm II after the end of the First World War provides a contrasting view. The White House, leading figures in the State Department and a large grouping of prominent lawyers argued that punishing the German sovereign for waging war in violation of treaties would destabilise international order and lose the peace. Current American reluctance to participate in the International Criminal Court and fears of an undue intrusion of an international judiciary on the merits of foreign policy make an understanding of these reservations timely.
The “Middle Power” Concept in Australian Foreign Policy
Authors: Ungerer Carl
Published: July 2010

During the early 1990s, the Hawke and Keating Labor governments promoted Australia's diplomatic credentials as an activist and independent middle power. Labor claimed that by acting as a middle power Australia was constructing a novel diplomatic response to the challenges of the post‐Cold War world. But a closer reading of the official foreign policy record since 1945 reveals that previous conservative governments have also taken a similar view of Australia's place and position on the international stage. This essay traces the historical evolution of the middle power concept in Australian foreign policy and concludes with an assessment of the Howard government's more recent reluctance to use this label and its implications for Australia's future middle power credentials. Although its use has waxed and waned in official policy discourse and it is more commonly associated with Labor governments, the middle power concept itself and the general diplomatic style it conveys have been one of the most durable and consistent elements of Australia's diplomatic practice.
The Victorian Women on Farms Gatherings: A Case Study of the Australian “Women in Agriculture” Movement
Authors: Pini Barbara , Panelli Ruth , Dale‐Hallett Liza
Published: July 2010

This article provides a case study of the Victorian Women on Farms Gatherings (WOFG) to redress the lack of attention political historians have paid to farm women. Using materials collected by Museum Victoria, we trace the reasons for farm women's activism during the latter part of the twentieth century, and document the activities and outcomes of the Gatherings held annually since 1990. Our study demonstrates that farm women see politics as multi‐faceted and heterogeneous. In short, there are no clear binaries between the political and non‐political. This demonstrates the need to avoid masculinist and conventional definitions of politics, which obscure the political activities of women. Politics should not be conceptualised in a manner which associates women as a group with informal and non‐traditional political activity. This simply reinscribes the types of binaries that have encouraged the omission of women from political history.
“In the National Interest”: Australia's Approach to Nuclear Proliferation in a Changing International Environment
Authors: Clarke Michael
Published: July 2010

In the context of the ongoing international debate concerning the efficacy or otherwise of the NPT and IAEA in preventing or managing nuclear proliferation, Australia's undertaking to enter a nuclear cooperation agreement with the People's Republic of China (PRC), once identified as a “strategic competitor” of Australia's major alliance partner the United States (US), suggests that Australia's approach to proliferation issues is being re‐evaluated. This paper argues, utilising an analysis of the relationship between the evolving US approach to nuclear issues and Australian policy, that the Howard government's evolving approach to nuclear issues can be characterised as an attempt to balance the competing imperatives of maintaining Australia's reputation as a nuclear non‐proliferation standard bearer, regional strategic and economic considerations and the weight of the Australia‐US alliance.
John Stuart Mill on the Antipodes: Settler Violence against Indigenous Peoples and the Legitimacy of Colonial Rule
Authors: Smits Katherine
Published: July 2010

J.S. Mill's support for colonialism and empire has attracted recent critical attention in the context of debates about his status as a modern egalitarian liberal, and liberalism's historical justification for empire. While Mill defended imperialism for most of his life on the grounds that it brought progress and civilization to historically backward peoples, his later correspondence reveals that he became increasingly concerned that settler violence against subordinated populations, notably in New Zealand, India and the West Indies, undermined the civilizing mission. Mill had been a strong advocate for settler societies in Australia and New Zealand, but came to fear that colonial abuses of power over indigenous peoples would vitiate the utilitarian benefits of colonial self‐rule.
Individual Ministerial Responsibility During the Howard Years: 1996–2007
Authors: Raffin Luke
Published: July 2010

Upon winning the 1996 election, John Howard became the first Australian prime minister to codify his understanding of individual ministerial responsibility by publishing A Guide on Key Elements of Ministerial Responsibility. This article examines how this ministerial code of conduct was applied to significant allegations of ministerial impropriety that occurred during the 1996–2007 Howard era, and highlights the relationship between the media, the Prime Minister's response and the ultimate outcome. It finds that Howard's early rigorous application of the Guide to allegations of conflicts of interest involved political pain and instigated its decline. Howard retreated, redefined ministerial responsibility as requiring deliberate wrongdoing and raised the threshold required for a minister's dismissal. His inability to firmly apply the Guide to instances of ministerial misconduct betrays the traditional view that ministers are responsible for their own actions. The contemporary practice is that ministers do not resign for departmental failures for which they are not personally responsible, irrespective of the gravity of that wrongdoing.
“Real Solemn History” and its Discontents: Australian Political History and the Challenge of Social History
Authors: Bongiorno Frank
Published: July 2010

The relationship between Australian political and social history has received little historiographical attention. Political history has been lauded or, more often, dismissed as traditional historical practice, while from the 1960s social history took its place as a catch‐all phrase for various “new” histories concerned with everyday life. This article examines the place of political and social history in the nascent Australian academic historical profession of the 1950s to the early 1970s, and then explores the impact of the new social history on academic political history. It will suggest that while there was only limited exchange before the late 1980s, in the last twenty years social history has contributed modestly to a reconstituted understanding of political history as part of lived experience.

“[…] I can read poetry and plays, and things of that sort, and do not dislike travels. But history, real solemn history, I cannot be interested in. Can you?”

“Yes, I am fond of history.”

“I wish I were too. I read it a little as a duty, but it tells me nothing that does not either vex or weary me. The quarrels of popes and kings, with wars or pestilences, in every page; the men all so good for nothing, and hardly any women at all — it is very tiresome: and yet I often think it odd that it should be so dull, for a great deal of it must be invention […]”.1
The role of governmentality in the establishment, maintenance and demise of professional jurisdictions: the case of geriatric medicine
Authors: Pickard Susan
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the professionalising of geriatric medicine in the UK roughly between the 1940s and the 1970s and locates it in terms of the broader context of the relationship between the professions and the state. It looks at how this relationship shaped geriatric medicine’s professional jurisdiction, including the discourses of expertise on the one hand and the constituting of the ‘subjects’ of such expertise on the other. In contrast to other sociological approaches to the professions, which highlight the negative impact of state encroachment on professional territory, this paper contends that without the backing of the Ministry of Health the specialty may never have established itself in the face of prolonged opposition from rival specialists. However, such support was predicated on the specialty’s highlighting particular legitimating discourses and practices at the expense of others, and in framing this in terms of specific policy concerns around an ageing population. Whilst this imprinted the profession with the stamp of governmentality, it also contributed to the broader problematising of old age in the twentieth century. The paper concludes by considering the legacy of this context of professionalisation for the profession today.
Agents of their health? How the Swedish welfare state introduces expectations of individual responsibility
Authors: Michailakis Dimitris , Schirmer Werner
Published: July 2010

In recent years, the notion of individual responsibility for one’s health has been introduced into Swedish medico‐political debate. Formerly expressed as a recommendation, it has now taken on the form of expectations. In a Swedish context, this shift from collective to individual responsibility is novel because it implies a break with well‐established welfare state practice of comprehensive care for their citizens. Using a systems‐theoretical approach, we interpret this shift of expectations as a political solution to the problem of legitimate allocation of scarce resources. A more inclusive medical conception of illness has facilitated the introduction of many new diagnoses that, in turn, have lead to a strong increase in claims for medical treatment and for compensation. This semantic change in medicine aggravates the budgetary situation of the welfare state. The political solution lies in a reorientation of the expectations the medical system can have on citizens as well as a shift of the expectations regarding the rights and obligations citizens can have on the medical system. Individuals are increasingly expected to live healthy lifestyles and to avoid hazardous habits. If they do not live up to these expectations, they have to face low prioritisation or denial of treatment.
Low genetic variation and evidence of limited dispersal in the regionally important Belize manatee
Authors: Hunter M. E. , Auil‐Gomez N. E. , Tucker K. P. , Bonde R. K. , Powell J. , McGuire P. M.
Published: July 2010

The Antillean subspecies of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus is found throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean. Because of severe hunting pressure during the 17th through 19th centuries, only small populations of the once widespread aquatic mammal remain. Fortunately, protections in Belize reduced hunting in the 1930s and allowed the country's manatee population to become the largest breeding population in the Wider Caribbean. However, increasing and emerging anthropogenic threats such as coastal development, pollution, watercraft collision and net entanglement represent challenges to this ecologically important population. To inform conservation and management decisions, a comprehensive molecular investigation of the genetic diversity, relatedness and population structure of the Belize manatee population was conducted using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. Compared with other mammal populations, a low degree of genetic diversity was detected (HE=0.455; NA=3.4), corresponding to the small population size and long‐term exploitation. Manatees from the Belize City Cayes and Southern Lagoon system were genetically different, with microsatellite and mitochondrial FST values of 0.029 and 0.078, respectively (P≤0.05). This, along with the distinct habitats and threats, indicates that separate protection of these two groups would best preserve the region's diversity. The Belize population and Florida subspecies appear to be unrelated with microsatellite and mitochondrial FST values of 0.141 and 0.63, respectively (P≤0.001), supporting the subspecies designations and suggesting low vagility throughout the northern Caribbean habitat. Further monitoring and protection may allow an increase in the Belize manatee genetic diversity and population size. A large and expanding Belize population could potentially assist in the recovery of other threatened or functionally extinct Central American Antillean manatee populations.
Maned wolf survival rate in central Brazil
Authors: Sollmann R. , Furtado M. M. , Jácomo A. T. A. , Tôrres N. M. , Silveira L.
Published: July 2010

Although many carnivores are of conservation concern, most are poorly studied. The maned wolfChrysocyon brachyurusIlliger, 1811 is the largest South American canid with a broad distribution; however, the largest portion of its range is in the Brazilian Cerrado savannah, where due to intensive agricultural expansion, it is threatened by habitat loss. Maned wolf population trends are virtually unknown. We analyzed radio telemetry data from a 13‐year study in Emas National Park, central Brazil, with Burnham's live recapture/dead recovery models in the program MARK to obtain the first analytically sound estimate of the apparent maned wolf survival rate. We constructed 16 candidate models including variation in survival rate and resighting probability associated with an individual's sex or age and year of study. Apparent adult survival rate throughout the study ranged from 0.28 (se=0.08) to 0.97 (se=0.06). There was no evidence for sex specificity but strong support for time variation. Model weights supported an age effect and the subadult survival rate was 0.63 (se=0.15). Results indicate similar life patterns for male and female maned wolves and similar mortality risks for adults and subadults in the study area. The observed temporal fluctuations of adult survival rate are important for population dynamics as they decrease average population growth rates. Population dynamics are central for conservation planning and our results are an important step towards a better understanding of the maned wolf's ecology.
Staurosporine Activates a 60,000 Mr Protein Kinase in Bovine Chromaffin Cells That Phosphorylates Myelin Basic Protein In Vitro
Authors: Pavlović‐Šurjančev Biljana , Cahill Anne L. , Perlman Robert L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Bovine chromaffin cells contain a family of renaturable protein kinases. One of these, a 60,000 Mr kinase (PK60) that phosphorylated myelin basic protein in vitro, was activated fourfold when cells were treated with the protein kinase inhibitor Staurosporine. Because staurosporine inhibits protein kinase C, the role of this kinase in the regulation of PK60 activity was investigated. Fifty nanomolar Staurosporine produced half‐maximal inhibition of protein kinase C activity in chromaffin cells, whereas ∼225 nM Staurosporine was required to induce half‐maximal activation of PK60. Other protein kinase C inhibitors, H‐7 and K‐252a, did not mimic the effect of Staurosporine on PK60 activity. Chromaffin cells have three protein kinase C isoforms: α, ε, and ζ. Prolonged treatment with phorbol esters depleted the cells of protein kinase C α and ε, but not ζ. Neither activation nor depletion of protein kinase C affected the basal activity of PK60. Moreover, Staurosporine activated PK60 in cells depleted of protein kinase C α and e; thus, Staurosporine appeared to activate PK60 by a mechanism that does not require these protein kinase C isoforms. Incubation of cell extracts with Staurosporine in vitro did not activate PK60. Incubation of these extracts with adenosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate), however, caused a twofold activation of PK60. Although this suggests that PK60 activity is regulated by phosphorylation, the mechanism by which Staurosporine activates PK60 is not known. Staurosporine has been reported to promote neurite outgrowth from chromaffin cells. The role of PK60 in mediating the effects of Staurosporine on chromaffin cell function remains to be determined.
Proteasome inhibition modeling nigral neuron degeneration in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Xie Wenjie , Li Xuping , Li Chao , Zhu Wen , Jankovic Joseph , Le Weidong
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 188–199.

Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mice with UPS impairment in the nigra have been used for investigating mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and for testing pre‐clinical drugs to treat PD. However, the pathological, biochemical and behavioral features of UPS impairment animal model of PD have not been fully evaluated. For this purpose, we developed a UPS impairment model of nigral dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration by microinjection with proteasome inhibitors lactacystin, PSI or MG‐132 into the medial forebrain bundle (iMFB) of C57BL/6 mice and then systematically examined the animal’s locomotor activities, and various pathological and biochemical markers of PD. We found that lactacystin iMFB induced a sustained DA neuron degeneration, which can be reproduced by PSI iMFB and MG‐132 iMFB. In the animal model, DA neuron degenerated preferentially in the substantia nigra, accompanied by profound inhibition of proteasomal activity, activation of caspase 3, elevated insoluble ubiquitin conjugates and α‐synuclein positive inclusion‐like granules, activated glia, and decreased motor activities. Thus, this model recapitulates many neuropathological and behavioral features of PD, rendering it likely suitable for studying the mechanisms of nigral DA neuron degeneration and for testing the potential anti‐PD medications.
Fluo‐cAMP is transported by multidrug resistance‐associated protein isoform 4 in rat choroid plexus
Authors: Reichel Valeska , Kläs Juliane , Fricker Gert , Masereeuw Rosalinde
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 200–208.

The choroid plexuses (CP) are responsible for transport of micronutrients into brain and clearance of toxic compounds, in addition to its barrier function and production of CSF. Multidrug resistance‐associated protein (Mrp) 4 is one transport protein highly expressed in CP tissue and is characterized as a versatile pump for toxicants and signalling molecules. Aim of the study was to determine transport characteristics of a fluorescent cAMP analog in rat CP and to define whether fluo‐cAMP can be used for analyses of function, substrate/inhibitor specificity and regulation of Mrp4. Confocal imaging was used to analyze transport mechanisms in absence and presence of various modulators of organic anion transport in freshly isolated and functionally intact CP. Fluo‐cAMP transport was saturable, selective, concentrative and metabolism‐dependent, following an active two‐step mechanism composed of apical uptake into epithelial cells and basolateral efflux. Uptake included a Na+‐dependent and a Na+‐independent component and was inhibited by estrone sulfate, taurocholate and sildenafil indicating involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp1a5. Efflux was composed of an indirect Na+‐dependent component and a component inhibitable by, for example, the MRP4 substrates/inhibitors, sulindac sulfide and 4‐(2‐aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride. Therefore, fluo‐cAMP can be used as fluorescent model compound for studying involvement of Mrp4 in signalling pathways and neuroprotection in CP.
HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition increases cell viability and potentiates dopamine release in dopaminergic cells
Authors: Johansen Jens Leander , Sager Thomas Nikolaj , Lotharius Julie , Witten Louise , Mørk Arne , Egebjerg Jan , Thirstrup Kenneth
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 209–219.

Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) controls the expression of genes that adapts the cellular condition to accommodate oxidative stress. The potential beneficial effect of HIF up‐regulation in ischemia has recently gained interest substantiated by the known HIF‐regulation of erythropoietin and other hypoxia accommodating genes. So far the perspectives for HIF up‐regulation has been focused on anemia and ischemia related diseases but little information is available about the relevance of HIF biology for neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson’s disease. We therefore sought out to characterize the effect of HIF‐up‐regulation on survival and dopamine homeostasis in dopaminergic cells. We used a low molecular weight HIF prolyl hydroxylase (HPH) inhibitor and lentiviral based shRNA knockdown of HPH subtypes as molecular tools to increase HIF protein level and downstream HIF‐regulated genes. We show that HIF induction results in protection against oxidative stress in cellular models based on PC12 cells and LUHMES cells. In addition, HPH inhibition elevates tyrosine hydroxylase expression and activity, which causes increased dopamine synthesis and release in both PC12 cells and a primary rat ventral mesencephalic cell culture. All together these findings suggest that prolyl hydroxylases may represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention in disorders characterized by dopamine homeostasis dysregulation like Parkinson’s disease.
Acetyl‐CoA and acetylcholine metabolism in nerve terminal compartment of thiamine deficient rat brain
Authors: Jankowska‐Kulawy Agnieszka , Bielarczyk Hanna , Pawełczyk Tadeusz , Wróblewska Małgorzata , Szutowicz Andrzej
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 333–342.

The decrease of pyruvate and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activities is the main cause of energy and acetyl‐CoA deficits in thiamine deficiency‐evoked cholinergic encephalopathies. However, disturbances in pathways of acetyl‐CoA metabolism leading to appearance of cholinergic deficits remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate alterations in concentration and distribution of acetyl‐CoA and in acetylcholine metabolism in brain nerve terminals, caused by thiamine deficits. They were induced by the pyrithiamine, a potent inhibitor of thiamine pyrophosphokinase. The thiamine deficit reduced metabolic fluxes through pyruvate and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase steps, yielding deficits of acetyl‐CoA in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments of K‐depolarized nerve terminals. It also inhibited indirect transport of acetyl‐CoA though ATP‐citrate lyase pathway being without effect on its direct Ca‐dependent transport to synaptoplasm. Resulting suppression of synaptoplasmic acetyl‐CoA correlated with inhibition of quantal acetylcholine release (r = 0.91, p = 0.012). On the other hand, thiamine deficiency activated non‐quantal acetylcholine release that was independent of shifts in intraterminal distribution of acetyl‐CoA. Choline acetyltransferase activity was not changed by these conditions. These data indicate that divergent alterations in the release of non‐quantal and quantal acetylcholine pools from thiamine deficient nerve terminals could be caused by the inhibition of acetyl‐CoA and citrate synthesis in their mitochondria. They in turn, caused inhibition of acetyl‐CoA transport to the synaptoplasmic compartment through ATP‐citrate lyase pathway yielding deficits of cholinergic functions.
ASSESSING NATURAL CLAY COMPOSITION IN THE VALLEY OF OAXACA AS A BASIS FOR CERAMIC PROVENANCE STUDIES
Authors: MINC L. D. , SHERMAN R. J.
Published: July 2010

The Oaxaca Clay Survey was initiated to provide baseline data on clay composition within the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, to assist in provenance determination of prehistoric ceramics. Natural clays were sampled from 135 locations throughout the valley, and analysed using INAA in combination with ceramic petrography. Observed geographical trends in trace‐element and mineralogical composition confirm that while parent material (surficial geology) strongly affects clay composition, a continuum of variation exists within the valley. The study develops and tests a continuous spatial model of clay composition that provides greater resolution in ceramic sourcing than bedrock alone. By establishing a regional framework for Oaxaca Valley clays, the survey will support significant advances in our understanding of pottery production and exchange within the valley, and provide a more robust means for monitoring exchange between the valley and neighbouring regions.
A TEST FOR SYSTEMATIC ERROR IN AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with the problem of systematic error in aerial triangulation. It is shown that random errors produce errors of displacement that may often appear, at first sight, highly systematic; and that therefore some statistical test is necessary to confirm the reality of a suspected systematic error. A test that can be applied in practice is fully developed and an example given. The paper concludes with an attempt to justify the test and hence the assumptions made in the development.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LAND TENURE SURVEYS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO UGANDA
Authors: Smith W. P. , Whittaker B. B.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes a problem in land tenure survey current in the Kigezi District of Uganda, East Africa. The two authors, one from a commercial air survey organisation, the other from the government department concerned, comment on methods adopted and difficulties experienced both in field survey and adjudication, and in aerial photography and photogrammetric plotting.
A RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

The problem of relative orientation involves the determination of the elements of at least one orthogonal matrix. Hitherto a difficulty has arisen in that, in this context, orthogonal matrices have not been expressed in terms of three independent parameters without the use of circular functions. In this paper a more tractable form of the orthogonal matrix is used to set up a rational algebraic equation expressing the relative orientation condition. This equation turns out to be of the third order in the five unknowns. A set of such equations may be solved by a rapidly converging process of iteration.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Weightman J. A.
Published: July 2010

The salient features of a method of analytical triangulation operating directly on single photographs are described, and the close analogy with geodetic triangulation computation is demonstrated.

Any combination of photographs, whether in stereo pairs, stereo triples, strips, sub‐blocks or blocks, is handled by forming the set of observation equations for each individual photograph in turn, and then taking all these sets together and solving them simultaneously by the method of least squares.

Special procedures for dealing with very large numbers of variables are discussed, and certain applications of the method are indicated.
A PRACTICAL DRILL FOR THE AIRBORNE PROFILE RECORDER
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The paper attempts to set out detailed working procedures for the use of Airborne Profile Records, based on a number of experiments carried out by the author during the last four years and a study of experiments carried out by others.

The general working principles of A.P.R. are first described. Detailed requirements are then given with regard to the material and records which it is necessary to obtain from the contractor who will operate the A.P.R. This is followed by a description of the preliminary analysis of this material which is necessary before work can start.

Sections 8 and 9 then give two methods for computing height control from this material, which are called respectively the “Simplified” and “Indirect” methods. The latter is likely to have the wider application as the Simplified method is applicable only in very open, fairly flat country and relies on a slotted template assembly laid to plan control to conserve the scale necessary to determine the heights.

The Indirect method is applicable in all types of country and the necessary scale control is obtained from the A.P.R. record itself so that when this method is used work may be commenced immediately and is quite independent of slotted template assemblies.

Descriptions in the paper which refer to the use of Multiplex can obviously be modified to meet circumstances when employing first‐order plotting machines, the use of which should somewhat increase obtainable accuracies.

Methods of using A.P.R. which involve flying an aircraft more than once over an area to be surveyed are not described in this paper.
THE ADJUSTMENT OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION BY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Authors: Proctor D. W.
Published: July 2010

Analytical aerial triangulation is widely computed on electronic digital computers up to the block adjustment stage. Various possibilities for an analytical block adjustment are under consideration and one such method has been programmed at the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain. This paper briefly describes this adjustment and the trials so far conducted upon it. The trials suggest considerable economy without loss of accuracy when compared with the Jerie Analogue Computer at present in use.
THE THEORY OF THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper gives derivations of some of the more important results in the method of least squares in terms of matrix algebra. The following topics are covered: derivation of normal equations and their solution; residuals; estimation of standard errors; dependent unknowns; probability distribution of least‐square estimates of unknowns.
THE RECORDING OF SOME PREHISTORIC CARVINGS AT STONEHENGE
Authors: Atkinson K. B.
Published: July 2010

Non‐topographic photogrammetry is often of interest because of unusual fields of application. A recently designed Galileo‐Santoni stereometric camera has been used to photograph carvings made approximately 3500 years ago. A contour plot has provided the archaeologist with a permanent and quantitative record.
STEREOSCOPIC VIEWING OF IMAGE PAIRS WITH THE NAKED EYES
Authors: Adams L. P.
Published: July 2010

It is suggested that many photogrammetrists are unaware of their latent ability to achieve stereoscopy without artificial viewing aids.

On suggère que bien des photogrammètres connaissent mal toutes leurs possibilityés de vision stéréoscopique à l'oeil nu.

Es wird dargelegt, dass viele Photogrammeter sich ihrer Fähigkeit, stereoskopisch auch ohne Hilfsmittel zu sehen, nicht bewusst sind.
HISTORY OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY
Authors: Lamboit P.
Published: July 2010

The Photogrammetric Society was formed in 1952. The Council of the Society considered that the twentieth anniversary was a good point at which to record the events which led to its formation and the significant occasions and decisions which have taken place since 1952. Consequently, Paul Lamboit was invited to compile this History. He has placed the birth and development of the Society within the national and international photogrammetric context and his record of the deliberations which took place between 1947 and 1952 will be of particular interest to historians of our subject.

This account was first published in a limited edition in 1971. Sufficient interest has since been expressed to prompt a wider circulation through publication in the Photogrammetric Record.

The author served the Society continuously in several official capacities from 1953 to 1969 and he was elected to Honorary Membership in 1969.
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Moore E. J.
Published: July 2010

Microrelief mapping of the sea bed can only be carried out by photo‐optical methods. It is shown that suitable equipment, bought off the shelf, can produce useful results. The paper describes equipment performance trials and a practical application in a study of large scale sea bed topography.

La cartographie du microrelief de fonds sous‐marins ne peut être faite qu'à partir de photos. On montre, qu'avec un appareillage convenable on peut obtenir des résultats intéressants. On décrit les tests, ainsi qu'un travail pratique d'application à un levéà grande échelle de fonds sous‐marin.

Die kartographische Darstellung des Mikroreliefs des Meeresbodens kann nur auf photo‐optischem Wege durchgeführt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit einer geeigneten Ausrüstung günstige Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Im Artikel werden Versuche zur Testung der Ausrüstung und eine praktische Anwendung zum Studium einer grossmassstäbigen Meerestopographie beschrieben.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR COOLING TOWER SHAPE SURVEYS
Authors: Chisholm N. W. T.
Published: July 2010

Quantitative assessment of the imperfections in the shape of cooling towers is required to enable strength studies to be carried out. Terrestrial photogrammetric methods are described which provide the initial data by locating the position of surface cracks and depicting the surface by means of ring contours. These serve as a basis for further analysis.

Une description quantitative des défauts de construction des tours de réfrigération est nécessaire pour mener à bien l'étude de leur resistance. On décrit des méthodes de photogrammitrie terrestre permettant de localiser leurs fractures et de décrire leur surface au moyen de sections circulaires.

Zur Analyse der Belastung von Kühltürmen werden quantitative Angaben über die Deformation des Baukörpers benötigt. Es werden Verfahren der terrestrischen Photogrammetrie beschrieben, womit die geforderten Daten durch Lokalisierung von Rissen an der Oberfläche und Beschreibung der Oberfläche mit Umrisslinien bereitgestellt werden. Diese Angaben dienen als Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen.
THE PUPIL IN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Scott P. J.
Published: July 2010

When exit pupil and rear node do not coincide in a camera lens, the inner perspective centre is shown to depart from the rear node at close focal settings. Ignorance of the departure is demonstrated to be responsible for the variation of principal distance with object distance which is believed to exist by some photogrammetrists. Subsequently, variation of entrance pupil with incident angle is shown to produce a small change in principal distance of a different form. Theory is substantiated by experimental results.

Quand pupille de sortie et point nodal arriere ne coincident pas, le faisceau perspectif image n'est plus obligatoirement centré au point nodal arrière; c'est ce phénomène qui rend compte de la soit disant variation de la distance principale avec la distance de prise de vue. De plus, la variation de la pupille d'entrée avec l'angle d'incidence équivaut également à une légère variation de la distance principale. Résultats expérimentaux à l'appui de ces considérations.

Wenn bei einem Kameraobjektiv die Austrittspupille und der hintere Knotenpunkt nicht zusammenfallen, so weicht bei Nahaufnahmen das innere Projektionszentrum vom Knotenpunkt ab. Die Vernachlässigung dieser Abweichung führt zu der von einigen Photogrammetern angenommenen Variation der Kammerkonstanten in Abhängigkeit der Aufnahmeentfernung. Weiterhin erzeugt die Variation der Eintrittspupilie als Funktion des Einfallswinkels eine kleine Veränderung der Kammerkonstanten in verschiedener Form. Die theoretischen Darlegungen werden durch experimentelle Ergebnisse untermauert.
THE EXPERIMENTAL RECORDING OF PETROGLYPHS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Authors: Scogings D. A.
Published: July 2010

A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.

Brève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.

Kurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs‐weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.
BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT METHODS IN ENGINEERING PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Granshaw S. I.
Published: July 2010

The bundle method is a flexible analytical tool for co‐ordinating engineering and industrial structures. This paper investigates, mainly from a theoretical standpoint, what object space control, if any, need be incorporated in a bundle adjustment and it promotes the use of multistation photography for such projects. The concepts of inner accuracy and free network adjustments are introduced as being valuable in comparative precision studies. Self calibration techniques for the compensation of systematic errors, as well as the detection of gross errors, are also discussed.

La compensation par faisceaux est un outil fort intéressant pour les applications de la photogrammétrie à l'industrie et à l'ingénerie. On recherche ici, en remplaçant surtout d'un point de vue théorique, quelles doivent être alors, s'il en est besoin, les caractéristiques du canevas d'appui. On montre que les concepts d'exacitude interne et de “libre compensation” (équation d'observation indeterminée) présentent un intérêt certain pour ce genre d'étude. On tente également d'évaluer l'intérêt de l'étalouvage et la chambre de prise de vue, et on discute le problème de la détection des fautes.

Die Bündelmethode ist ein sehr flexibles analytisches Verfahren zur Koordinatenbestimmung beim Ingenieurbau und bei industriellen Konstruktionen. In der Arbeit wird, hauptsächlich vom theoretischen Gesichtspunkt, untersucht, wieviel Objektpasspunkte in einer Bündelausgleichung benötigt werden. Der Autor plädiert für die Anwendung der Multistandpunktaufnahme bei solchen Projekten. Innere Genauigkeit und freie Netzausgleichung werden als wertvolle Begriffe bei vergleichenden Genauigkeitsanalysen angesehen. Die Methoden der Selbstkalibrierung zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler werden ebenso wie die Verfahren zur Erkennung grober Fehler diskutiert.